bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Whatever their plans to rebuild national power and sustain the Empire, the British elite could not turn back the hands of time and repair the damage done by the war, or arrest changes in the international system that were beyond anyone’s control. The book has demonstrated how much was expected from the future, and how the war had, and appeared to have, impacted upon the British Empire and British power from the perspective of 1945. This chapter draws all the strands together to construct an explanation of why the superpower vision failed and the plans and expectations of the political elite went largely unfulfilled. A range of factors account for the gap between the expectations of 1945 and the realities of the post-war world and are explored in this chapter. They include the rapidly expanding nature of the Soviet threat, American attitudes and actions, colonial and dominion nationalism, the working out of the revolution in military affairs that the global conflict had stimulated, and the cost of fighting a total war. There were then Britain’s financial and economic travails, at least some of which dated from before the war even began, the loss of prestige engendered by wartime defeats, the continuing decline of the legitimacy of imperialism both nationally and internationally, and the shifts in the language and discourse that attended it.
Trevarthen’s Primary Intersubjectivity
Authors: Harrison Alexandra Murray , Tronick Ed 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Trevarthen’s contribution to the field of infancy studies is legendary and ranges from theories of intersubjectivity originating in bodily movements and sensations of infants in the womb to the ‘functional brain science’ of infant–caregiver communication and the aesthetic of communicative musicality. He developed his ideas about the intrinsic capacities of the infant and the infant’s self-awareness in the 1960s and 1970s, including expanding his theory to the creative sharing of adults and cultural experience. In an expansion of Trevarthen’s theory, we add the creation of hidden meanings made by reactivity levels, thresholds, set points, and other features of neurosomatic biopsychological systems that form polysemic bundles of meaning. These polysemic bundles of meanings populate dyadic states of consciousness that guide how individuals thrust themselves into the world. We suggest that dyadic states of consciousness are not static intersubjective endpoints. Rather, they are dynamic states continuously influencing the creation of newly emerging states of consciousness.
Empathy as Developmental Achievement
Authors: Solms Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that the function of empathy cannot be reduced to that of mirror neurones and thereby to the mechanism of embodied simulation. Empathy is not an inborn reflex; rather, it is a developmental achievement that is attained in the face of strong emotional resistances. This is why empathy is considered to be a good thing, both empirically and morally. Feeling your way into the affective state of others (accurately) is not only good for you, it is also good of you. Cast within a neuropsychoanalytic theoretical framework, this chapter describes and illustrates the emotional and cognitive roots of empathy with reference to an extreme clinical case: anosognosia for hemiplegia following right-hemisphere stroke.
Human Vocal Production Learning
Authors: Merker Bjorn 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A hypothesis to account for our so far unexplained evolutionary path to vocal production learning—our capacity to learn to duplicate by voice sound patterns received by ear—is proposed. This capacity is essential for our singing and talking, but absent in other primates, making it a watershed adaptation on our path to humanhood. Many bird species and a scattering of mammals do, however, possess this capacity. Using recently uncovered features of the cerebral organization of vocal production learning in birds, I introduce the heterosomatic yoking hypothesis to account for its first beginnings in our line by way of the likelihood that our prehuman ancestors were under selection for beat-based group synchrony of voices. The hypothesis explicates how our chanting and stomping together in time, though functionally unrelated to vocal learning, nevertheless would have equipped us with a necessary neurological prerequisite for vocal production learning.
The Artistic Imagination of Colwyn Trevarthen
Authors: Kevin Nugent J. , Johnson Lise C. , Nicolson Susan , Paul Campbell 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Forsaking the conventional objective approach to the study of the child, Colwyn Trevarthen and Berry Brazelton took the radical step of deciding to learn about babies by engaging and interacting personally with them. The picture that emerged from this approach is of the infant as a well-coordinated purposeful agent who deliberately communicates intentions and feelings to people. They describe the newborn as actively ‘looking for companionship’ and for engagement with mothers, fathers, other adults, peers, and siblings—whoever offers the baby human respect. This chapter discusses how Colwyn Trevarthen’s ideas and research influenced the development of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) system. The chapter goes on to describe the NBO as a strengths-based relationship-building tool, used to support the choreography and music of communication.
Walking, Affective Ties, Words, and Play in an Autistic Child
Authors: Danon-Boileau Laurent , Rhode Maria 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter shows how the psychoanalytic treatment of a very young girl with autistic features could change her access to walking and communication. Autistic children are often described as overreactive to other people’s emotional states, and yet indifferent to what happens around them. Their language is often paradoxical as it does not seem meant for communication. Most autistic children have difficulties in addressing others but often speak to themselves. As regards symbolic play, many show no interest in classical toys such as dolls but are keen on trains or little cars. This paper suggests explanations for such paradoxes and shows how more typical attitudes can appear during the treatment. Psychoanalysts believe that children develop if they can enjoy what they do and share that pleasure with adults who find meaning in what they see them doing. This trust in shared creative sublimation is very close to Colwyn Trevarthen’s theory of intersubjectivity and companionship.
Universes of the past and future
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We apply all of the ideas developed in the last few chapters to a number of different model universes. The Robertson-Walker spaces filled with a perfect fluid provide a range of models, many of which start with a Big Bang. The Einstein Universe is static, but unstable; the Einstein-de Sitter model expands without bound and the Lemaître model has a coasting period. The standard models of cosmology have zero cosmological constant Λ, and all begin with a Big-Bang singularity.
The Schwarzschild geometry
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 21 we discuss the Schwarzschild metric, which describes a stationary, spherically-symmetric distribution of mass. The Schwarzschild metric is static, asymptotically flat. Birkhoff’s theorem says that any spherically-symmetric solution to Einstein’s equation is identical to the Schwarzschild solution.
Motion in the Schwarzschild geometry
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Schwarzschild metric describes a stationary, spherically-symmetric distribution of mass. We determine the possible motions allowed by a Schwarzschild metric in Chapters 22, including the examples of the gravitational redshift caused by Schwarzschild geometry and also the radial plunge, in which a massive particle starts at rest at infinity and plunges towards a star along a radial line.
Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We describe a set of coordinates which are useful for studying black hole singularities. These Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates successfully remove the singularity at the Schwarzschild radius. They suggest that the coordinates can be extended to cover, apparently unphysical, regions of spacetime. Kruskal coordinates and their link to Schwarzschild coordinates can be understood by analogy to the relation between Minkowski coordinates and accelerating Minkowski coordinates. The conformal structure of the extended system reveals how the singularity can be thought of as living at the edge of spacetime.
Hawking radiation
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 28 we discuss black hole thermodynamics. Black holes radiate Hawking radiation through a process where a particle-antiparticle pair is created at the event horizon. Energy is transported out to infinity. A set of laws of black hole mechanics can be formulated that closely resemble the laws of thermodynamics. Surface gravity is analogous to temperature and the area of the event horizon is analogous to entropy.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the arms trade, its connection to atrocity, and the potential for accountability through International Criminal Law. It sets out the proposal that individuals, whether businesspeople, state officials, or arms traffickers, can be held responsible for crimes committed with weapons they supply, even if their actions are remote from the actual violence. Indeed, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has considered investigating arms traders, but has never brought charges. The chapter unpacks the items, actors, and conduct of the global trade, and the blurred distinctions between its lawful and unlawful sectors. It presents three research questions, about existing arms regulation, the evolution of complicity doctrines, and the perceptions of legal practitioners. A central theme emerges: the structural causes of violence and system criminality are often eclipsed by an assumption that the paragon of international justice is to hold political and military leaders to account.
Imagining the Arms Trade in ICC Case Selection
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines how the International Criminal Court (ICC)’s institutional culture may play an under-acknowledged role in the selection of cases for investigation and prosecution. The prevailing view among ICC judges and lawyers, discussed in the previous chapter, was that arms traders are not appropriate targets to pursue, a perspective that appeared rooted in cultural beliefs about the Court’s objectives and aspirations, rather than on legal grounds. Case selection under the Rome Statute (discretionary in nature) is open to being shaped significantly by these perceptions, while the legalistic culture of the Court tends to obscure or deny the influence of non-legal factors in decision-making. The ICC’s tendency to favour cases against military and political figures reveals that these doctrines are not as monolithic and abstract as often suggested. Rather, they are dynamically shaped by beliefs about the Court’s aims and purposes. Acknowledging and addressing these cultural biases, the chapter argues, could broaden the range of actors prosecuted, to include arms traders, ultimately enhancing the Court’s mandate to provide accountability.
Introduction
Authors: Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Honour is widely regarded as a cause of violence. Anxieties over reputation inured societies at war and individual duellists to the loss of life in the nineteenth century. However, honour’s interplay between ‘outer’ concerns with status and ‘inner’ virtue also gave it a humanitarian purpose. No custom epitomized more than parole the potential of honour to alleviate the suffering of prisoners of war and internees. Building on customary reciprocities of the knightly class in the high Middle Ages, early modern armies permitted officers and civilian detainees of equal rank to pledge their reputation as men of integrity in return for different degrees of freedom. In the process, honour became a tradeable commodity that required a modicum of trust between enemies.
Honour Betwixt and Between
Authors: Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter explores the emotional compartmentalization honed by participants in wars of the mid-nineteenth century. They submitted to the growing destructive capabilities of military technology to achieve victory with grim determination, yet many lavished compassion on opponents once they had been disarmed and taken prisoner. Three case studies, namely the Crimean War (1853–1856), the French intervention in Mexico (1862–1868), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), illuminate the emotional disposition that permitted such transitions. The success of captivity-as-hospitality varied when national prejudices gained the upper hand, but in the Franco-Prussian War the turbo-charged politicization of parole yielded unexpected areas of convergence between enemies who found themselves in agreement in their views on the core values of military honour.
How Do We Decide Who Is Sentenced to Death?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the process by which jurors decide who is sentenced to death. The question of the death penalty in US jurisprudence has been debated by the Supreme Court for decades. Justices and legislators have worked over both trial procedures and jury instructions in an effort to correct problems with capital sentencing. These efforts aim at fashioning a process that minimizes arbitrary sentencing decisions based on legally irrelevant criteria such as race, wealth, and gender while simultaneously allowing jurors to consider the unique circumstances of each case. The issue confronting the Court has been whether this delicate balance can be achieved in practice, whether death sentencing can be both fair and rational.
Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Debates about the legality of the death penalty in the United States span decades. Of importance, the Supreme Court has been asked repeatedly to define the Eighth Amendment’s phrase “cruel and unusual punishment” as it pertains to capital punishment. The chapter explores the history of executions, the means of state-sponsored killings, and the relative “humaneness” of the various methods used. From hanging, to firing squads, electric chairs, gas chambers, and lethal injection, the process of execution has been repeatedly refined and sanitized. Although the US public finds the idea of physical torture reprehensible, the psychological torture of death row receives little notice.
A Categorization of Theories of Normativity
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter identifies three fundamentally different ideas about normativity. (1) Normative formalism claims there is no such thing as robust normativity. There is only the normativity found in games. If this is correct, there is no problem providing a naturalistic account of normativity. (2) Normative conceptualism claims that normativity is fundamentally a property of our concepts and ways of thinking. Naturalists could concede that normative concepts lack naturalistic analyses since this concession is compatible with a naturalistic view about the world. (3) Normative objectualism claims that there are robustly normative properties, such as the property of wrongness, and there are robustly normative states of affairs, such as torture’s being wrong. These properties and states of affairs have the property of being robustly normative. The chapter argues that a philosophically satisfying theory of robust normativity must be objectualist. And it must provide a reductive (presumably naturalistic) metaphysical analysis of robust normativity.
Naturalism II: Structural Varieties
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The naturalist holds that ethical properties are natural properties, but this raises many questions. What is the relation between ethical properties and non-normative natural properties? Reductive naturalists think there are reductive naturalistic metaphysical analyses of the ethical properties and of the property of being robustly normative. Non-reductive naturalists do not accept this. Naturalists might be expected to hold that ethical facts are metaphysically grounded by non-normative natural facts, but some might not accept this. This chapter discusses technical questions about reduction, metaphysical analysis, and grounding. For example, is a metaphysical analysis of a property compatible with identifying it with the proposed analysans property? The chapter says “yes.” It proposes that a metaphysical analysis is a theory about the essential nature of the analysandum. Are there two distinct grounding relations, metaphysical grounding and normative grounding? This chapter says “yes.” If there is only one grounding relation, some metaethical positions are untenable.
Naturalism III: Substantive Varieties
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores five naturalist theories. It asks, what kinds of non-normative natural properties figure in their analyses of ethical properties? What account can they give of robust normativity? (1) Cornell Realism is a kind of non-reductive naturalism and does not answer these questions (Sturgeon, Boyd, etc.). (2) The Canberra Plan proposes that the content of “mature folk morality” determines which non-normative natural facts are the moral facts (Jackson and Pettit). It does not purport to explain robust normativity. (3) Neo-Humean Subjectivism holds that facts about a person’s reasons reduce to facts about their desires, either actual desires (Schroeder), or desires in ideal circumstances (Smith, etc.). (4) Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism holds that the nature of human beings and their ways of life fixes the criteria of goodness for humans (Foot, Hursthouse, Bloomfield). (5) Pluralist-Teleology offers a unified account of normative moral, prudential, and epistemic reasons. It analyzes robust normativity in relation to “problems of normative governance” (Copp).
The Negotiation of Moral Improprieties in the Everyday Interactions of Young Adult Romantic Partners
Authors: Korobov Neill 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discursively examines morality as social and relational fluency within the context of everyday conversations between young adult romantic partners. The analytic focus is on interactively occasioned moral improprieties, including negative category attributions of nonpresent others, insults, criticisms, and accusations of infidelity among young adult heterosexual romantic couples engaged in spontaneously recorded natural conversations in their natural ecological contexts, and in speed-dates involving potential romantic partners. The general finding across both data sets is that far from being adversarial, the range of moral improprieties explored tended to be useful for pursuing affiliation/intimacy precisely because they presented interactive trouble. The data suggest that morally risky forms of social action may serve as preliminaries for intimacy between potential romantic partners. In this way, it can be argued that the ways romantic partners affiliate around quotidian moral breaches are part of the nitty-gritty work of maintaining a close relationship.
Narrating the Indian Hip Hop OG
Authors: Singh Jaspal Naveel , Cardozo Elloit 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter shows how Indian hip hop narrators evoke the OG (Original Gangsta) as a figure of personhood indexing chronotopic firstness and underground authenticity to construct morality in discourse. Drawing on the sociolinguistic and discourse analytical literature on stance, the chapter explicates how the narrative figure of the OG constructs moral (deontic) stances that are intertwined with knowledge-related (epistemic) stances and how such stance-taking allows narrators to position themselves and others in relation to past and future identities (chronotopes). The narratives discussed in this chapter are taken from linguistic-ethnographic interview research in four Indian cities in 2021 as well as from the lyrics of Indian rap songs.
SamBop NYC
Authors: Gidal Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book explains the music, demographics, cultural issues, and industry surrounding Brazilian jazz composed and performed in New York City by professional musicians between 2000 and 2020. An ethnomusicological study based on original fieldwork and fifty-plus interviews, the book describes how musicians combine nationally associated genres and navigate the music industry while they expand their self-identities transnationally. Chapter 1 compares an original dataset of 173 musicians, their instruments, and social categories (nationality, race, and gender) to published data about Brazilian immigrants in the United States and jazz musicians in New York. It argues that systemic racism, sexism, and classism have caused imbalanced demographics among the musicians: approximately 70 percent are male and 70 percent are white; half are Brazilians, a quarter are US-born Americans, and the rest immigrated from Japan, Israel, Canada, Europe, and elsewhere in South America. Chapter 2 applies a framework of transnational polymusicalities—combining transnationalism with bimusicality from ethnomusicology—to interpret musicians’ affinities and identifications with Brazil and the United States, acquired through prolonged engagement with music. Chapter 3 considers the popularity of bossa nova among Brazilian-jazz fusions, as well as its relationship with jazz and, compared to Carnival samba, its alternative image of femininity and romance. Chapter 4 explains the fusion of genres in samba jazz, an improvised, up-tempo, instrumental style related to bossa nova. Chapter 5 outlines changing business practices by musicians, show presenters, and record producers from the 1990s into the Covid-19 pandemic that started in 2020.
“Bossa Nova York”
Authors: Gidal Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3, “ ‘Bossa Nova York’: Popularity, Singers, and Anxieties,” discusses several topics concerning the prominence of bossa nova among Brazilian-jazz fusions in New York City between 2000 and 2020 and its relationships with jazz. A comparison of several renditions of the song “Dindi” by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Aloysio de Oliveira illustrates distinctive musical interpretations and nuances of musical notation. Portraits of three prominent singers of bossa nova—Maúcha Adnet, Luciana Souza, and Vinícius Cantuária—highlight their connections to jazz practices of interpretation, improvisation, and experimentation. Turning to North American stereotypes of Brazil, bossa nova suggests alternative notions of Brazilian femininity and romantic intimacy compared to the prevailing stereotype abroad of dancing women in Carnival parades and hypersexuality. Lastly, musicians hold differing opinions about the popularity of bossa nova in New York’s jazz industry, which has caused anxieties for those who try to perform other types of Brazilian jazz.