bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downloading Competition Law from a Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) - A Strategy to Introduce Competition Law in Bolivia and Ecuador
Authors: Marcos Francisco 
Published: April 2022

Bolivia and Ecuador have proved resistant to the adoption of competition laws. Despite several drafts having been discussed in the last few years, to date no competition rules have been enacted in these countries.
Notwithstanding, both are members of the Andean Community (CAN) which in 2005 adopted new rules aimed at fighting anticompetitive practices at supranational level. These new rules mirror Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty and provide Andean institutions with investigation and sanction powers; however, no merger review is provided. The CAN competition rules foresee the possibility that Ecuador and Bolivia use them in their domestic settings as if they were national rules until national competition laws are adopted (i.e. they can download them into their national legal system).
Although this provision is well-intended and it may help overcome the impasse in the processes leading to the adoption of national competition laws in both countries, this article will argue that it may have undesirable effects. Not only may it undermine the competition rules contained in the Regional Trade Agreement, but may also worsen the prospect of domestic competition rules being adopted. Besides, the transfer of Andean rules to the national system requires considerable effort to adapt them to a national institutional background, and even in that case some conflicts and interferences may arise afterwards. Notwithstanding all these difficulties and problems, downloading CAN competition rules may be a good alternative in preparing the Bolivian and Ecuadorian legal systems for the adoption of their own domestic competition rules.
Antitrust Transitions
Authors: Weber Waller Spencer , Woods Jennifer 
Published: April 2022

Antitrust enforcement is entering a period of transition in the United States. The election of Barack Obama as President and his executive branch, regulatory, and judicial appointments will have important consequences for antitrust law and enforcement, although most observers believe that these changes will be relatively modest both substantively and in comparison to the matters of banking reform and economic stimulus.
As part of that process of change, there has been no shortage of advice offered to first the Transition Team and now the Administration about how to handle competition policy going forward. Two of the more substantial efforts in this regard have come from well-established antitrust groups with very different perspectives and memberships. Both the Antitrust Section of the American Bar Association and the American Antitrust Institute have offered sophisticated lengthy public advice to the new Administration on how best to proceed in the competition law field. The reports are very different in nature and reflect the different nature of the institutions that prepared them. This essay takes a brief look at the transition reports offered by each organization and the vision they would offer for the new Administration.
Contract and Restitution Law and the Private Enforcement of EC Competition Law
Authors: Di Giò Alessandro 
Published: April 2022

In the context of private enforcement of competition law, most attention and efforts have been traditionally drawn to the area of tort law. Claims for tortious damages have recently been regarded as a crucial instrument for strengthening private enforcement also in EC antitrust law. This article aims to highlight that a significant role may also be played by contractual and restitutionary remedies.
The article analyzes the following areas where such remedies might become relevant to the private enforcement of EC competition law:
(1) disputes between co-contractors to an agreement prohibited by Article 81 in respect of the sanction of voidness and the related restitutionary claims;
(2) anticompetitive agreements and the validity of subsequent contracts;
(3) abuse of dominant position, abuse of economic dependence, and their relationship with contractual remedies against ‘unfair’ contracts.
Arguably, the effectiveness of the Commission’s action, and most probably, the legal consistency and certainty of a future legal framework of European antitrust private litigation would be improved if contractual and restitutionary claims were dealt with in addition to tortious claims. Furthermore, a reflection on the above-referred issues may provide mutual sources of inspiration for the development of private enforcement of antitrust and for the debate on European harmonized contract law.
European Competition Enforcement Policy: Integrating Restitution and Behaviour Control
Authors: Hodges Christopher 
Published: April 2022

This paper takes a fresh look at the problem of penalties and damages for breach of competition law. It argues that current European Union (EU) policy, in trying to add private mechanisms on to existing public sanctions, is bound to produce major complications. Instead, a fresh look at the goals and available mechanisms is needed. First, the fundamental responsibility of an enforcement agency should be maintaining a balanced market. Second, there should be an integrated approach to public and private consequences and enforcement policy. Third, a just solution can only be reached if restitution of market balance (damages) is achieved before imposition of public penalties. Fourth, a public enforcement policy that incentivizes restitution can avoid the delay, cost, complexity and many undesirable consequences of private enforcement. This paper begins by stating the primary policy objectives for enforcement in competition infringements. It then summarizes the historical approach to enforcement, in which the influential system of private enforcement in the United States is contrasted with the public enforcement regime of the EU. That analysis leads to identification of the current conundrum for policy makers of how to 'add on' private damages, hence private enforcement procedures, to the EU public enforcement regime. Since that approach has met with considerable objections and political resistance, the paper attempts to take a step back and proposes a different approach.
Energy Liberalization in Antitrust Straitjacket: A Plant Too Far?
Authors: Sadowska Malgorzata 
Published: April 2022

The European Commission (EC) has launched a number of antitrust investigations against the major energy incumbents in the aftermath of the energy sector inquiry. Most of them have already been settled under Article 9 of the EC Regulation 1/2003 and the undertakings offered far-reaching, sometimes structural, commitments. This article studies the 2008 investigation into price manipulation in the German electricity wholesale market. In spite of no convincing evidence and flaws in the assessment, the Commission was able to negotiate from E.ON substantial capacity divestments. The Commission is straightforward about using antitrust rules to open up energy markets. Sector inquiries, commitment procedure, and structural remedies allow for a quick intervention and flexible problem-solving and bring about decisive changes in the energy market setting. However, harnessing antitrust for the purpose of energy liberalization policy has an adverse impact on competition enforcement itself. First, it leads to a number of 'weak' cases, based on far-fetched arguments. Second, it results in remedies that are not tailored to the abuse at issue but are in line with a wider objective of energy market liberalization and, as an outcome of negotiations, further swayed by the firm's own interest in the ultimate shape of the commitment package.
From Mono to Stereo: Fine-Tuning Leniency and Settlement Policies
Authors: Guttuso Laura 
Published: April 2022

The article brings out the ambivalent role played by leniency and settlement policies in today’s cartel enforcement. Both occupy a prime position in the prosecution of cartels, whilst nevertheless having the potential, if not carefully managed, to undermine deterrence. The article first discusses leniency and settlements within the context of economic theories on deterrence and optimal sanctions. The key practical challenges in the operation of leniency and settlement policies are then outlined, providing examples from recent European Commission and United Kingdom practice, as well as from experiences further afield. There is a risk that over-reliance on leniency and settlements compromises fairness, particularly in the context of the often one-dimensional manner in which these tools are deployed. In the second part, the article argues that beyond a purely economics-driven paradigm, the effective administration of leniency and settlement policies requires fairness and due process to be accommodated in equal measure. Due process within penalty-setting has multiple facets, such as respecting the principles of transparency and equality of treatment, to name but a few. The message in the final part is that competition agencies need to consider ways in which to administer remedies more effectively, addressing the goals of deterrence, restoration and behaviour control in a more coherent manner.
Neoclassical Price Theory, Effects, or Judicial Narrowing in US Predation Law
Authors: Strader Jay Matthew 
Published: April 2022

Predation claims have become progressively more difficult for US plaintiffs to establish. I examine whether Neoclassical Price Theory (NPT) has caused this result. To identify the concept in the case law, I explain how market power, cost tests, and recoupment analysis derive from the NPT concepts of rationality, competition, and efficiency. Competition and efficiency refer to the state of the market in perfect competition relative to monopoly, and thus explicate how predation can harm consumers. Rationality refers to profitability, consumer harm, and the incentive to predate. The concepts create a conceptual framework through which the legal elements assist in predicting the effects of predation. I reviewed all published US federal appellate decisions considering predation from 1950 to 2014. I also examine on what effects judges have focused, whether such effects depart from NPT, and the relationship between effects and plaintiffs’ success rate. Brooke Group defined effects as recoupment, and plaintiffs subsequently have won a single published case. Because the Supreme Court viewed predation as rarely successful and the claim itself as systemically inhibiting pricecuts, lower courts have interpreted cost and market power evidence within the confines of NPT, but strictly. Only the Court can alter this spin on the claim.
Brexit and Competition Law: Future Directions of Domestic Enforcement
Authors: Dabbah Maher M. 
Published: April 2022

Brexit – the UK’s exit from the European Union – brings unprecedented challenges and opportunities of historic magnitude across a raft of legal and policy fields. One of these fields is competition law. These challenges and opportunities deserve careful assessment – whatever shape the outcome of the detachment process might eventually take – in order to prepare for an increasingly uncertain future ahead.
This article considers and analyses the future directions for UK domestic competition law enforcement in light of Brexit. The article addresses a range of issues, including: the likelihood of significant post-Brexit reform; the government’s commitment to competition in local markets; the relevance of industrial policy; the issue of regulation; and aspects of institutional structure of the UK competition law regime. The article will also consider changes to UK competition law which currently appear on the horizon.
Brexit, UK competition law, Domestic enforcement, Competition and Markets Authority
Happily Ever After?: Vertical and Horizontal Mergers in the US Media Industry
Authors: Budzinski Oliver , Stöhr Annika , Noskova Victoriia , Kunz-Kaltenhäuser Philipp , Gaenssle Sophia 
Published: April 2022

This article provides an economic analysis of recent vertical and horizontal mergers in the US industry for audio-visual media content, including the AT&amp;T–Time Warner and the Disney– Fox mergers. Using a theory-driven approach, we examine economic effects of these types of mergers on market competition, focusing on digital media content distribution.
In doing so, we address three research questions: (1) Is the current development of the industry with its recent merger activity concerning? (2) Would vertical or horizontal integration be more preferable for overall welfare and competition in this industry? (3) What are implications for antitrust policy?
We conclude from our analysis that in the already highly horizontally concentrated US market for audio-visual content the process of further vertical integration creates concerns from a competition policy perspective. Moreover, even though horizontal concentration on some of the market stages may be anticompetitive as well, vertical integration is likely to be more harmful. As a consequence, we recommend a stricter approach to vertical merger control in this industry, as well as a more active abuse control against already vertically integrated media companies.
competition policy, antitrust, industrial economics, digitization, media economics, institutional economics, industrial organization, mergers, vertical integration, horizontal integration
Hybrid Restraints and Hybrid Tests Under US Antitrust and EU Competition Law
Authors: Balasingham Baskaran 
Published: April 2022

The distinction between horizontal and vertical agreements is not always as obvious as suggested in case law. In particular, under US antitrust law, the current case law on section 1 of the Sherman Act sets out a dichotomy between horizontal and vertical restraints. Yet, the commercial reality, as seen for instance in the e-commerce sector, is that the line between those two types of restraints is sometimes blurred. As more recent cases have shown, the legal assessment of vertical restraints that have horizontal effect is more difficult compared to purely vertical or horizontal restraints. Under US antitrust and EU competition law the assessment of those ‘hybrid restraints’ is further obfuscated due to the emergence of intermediate approaches to the rule of reason/per se rule in section 1 of the Sherman Act and arguably the restriction by object/restriction by effect categories in Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) respectively. This article explores whether those intermediate approaches are suitable for the legal assessment of vertical restraints with horizontal effect and how the analyses could be conducted in order to be more administrable.
vertical restraints, horizontal restraints, hybrid restraints, Most-Favoured Nation clauses, resale price maintenance, rule of reason, per se rule, restriction by object, restriction by effect, Article 101 TFEU
Estrategias de inclusión de alimentos alcalinos en dietas servidas a pacientes hospitalizados
Authors: Rojas Yenifer , López Michelle 
Published: April 2022

La acidosis metabólica subclínica resultante de una carga ácida de la dieta constituye un factor de riesgo para diversas patologías. Objetivo: Determinar si los pacientes ingresados en el Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad logran modificar el contenido ácido de la dieta que consumen durante su hospitalización, mediante una Intervención Educativa (IE). Métodos: se analizó la Carga Ácida Potencia Renal (CAPR) de las dietas completa (C), de protección gástrica (PG), hiposódica (H) y para diabéticos (D). Se identificaron las preferencias de los pacientes en cuanto a alimentos ácidos y alcalinos antes y después de la IE. Resultados: La CAPR (mEq/día) antes y después de la IE fue: <0: 9 vs 26 pacientes; 0-20: 11 vs 21; >20: 40 vs 13. Después de la IE 49 (81,6%) pacientes disminuyeron la CAPR de su dieta y 11 (18,4%) la aumentaron (p<0,0001). El promedio de la CAPR para todas dietas antes vs después de la IE fue de 29,35 vs 4,60 (p<0,0001): dieta C 27,67 vs 2,43; dieta de PG 89,55 vs -10,1; dieta H 22,27 vs -10,61; dieta D 35,66 vs 30,53. El promedio de la CAPR de todas las dietas elegidas por los pacientes para el desayuno, almuerzo y cena antes vs después de la IE fue de 20,32 vs 16,32 (p<0,01), 0,02 vs -11,80 (p<0,001) y 10,38 vs 0,55 (p<0,0001) respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las dietas elegidas por los pacientes antes de la IE tuvieron una CAPR ácida. La mayoría de los pacientes disminuyó la CAPR de la dieta después de la IE.
Hernia inguinal, correlación entre las diversas curas operatorias laparoscópicas y el nivel de satisfacción en los pacientes pediátricos.
Authors: Campos Bellandria Hella Bárbara , Prada Silvy Carlos Eduardo , Peña Zabala Adriana Carolina 
Published: April 2022

La hernia inguinal (HI) es la condición quirúrgica más común en niños, con prevalencia de 0,8 a 4,4%. Las técnicas laparoscópicas pueden reparar la (HI) más rápido, mejor visualización, menos dolor, rápida recuperación y reincorporación a actividad física, con mejores efectos estéticos. Objetivos: Analizar correlación entre las técnicas de cura operatoria de (HI) por laparoscopia y el nivel de satisfacción de pacientes pediátricos. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico, diseño prospectivo no contemporáneo, corte longitudinal. Revisión de 52 historias clínicas de pacientes operados de (HI) por laparoscopia entre 2016– 2020. Se aplicó un cuestionario y encuesta de evaluación física y del nivel de satisfacción, vía WhatsApp. Se realizó análisis estadístico: tablas de frecuencia y análisis de varianza. Resultados: Al 100% se le realizó técnica intrabdominal preperitoneal (TIAPP), la resección del saco sin cierre del peritoneo fue la técnica más frecuente realizada en pacientes masculino, tiempo quirúrgico promedio 55 min. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias, se presentaron hematomas y sangrado leve en el cordón como dificultades técnicas. La Burnia presentó menor dolor posoperatorio (PO). Todas las cicatrices son estéticas, un solo paciente presentó infección de herida en el (PO) y no se presentó recurrencia de (HI). Conclusiones: La laparoscopia permite realizar diagnóstico preciso del tipo de (HI) y de hernia colateral. Existen diversas técnicas, las (TIAPP) y técnicas extracorpóreas percutánea asistidas por laparoscopia (TEPAL) ambas en manos entrenadas son beneficiosas para el paciente. Los padres refieren gran satisfacción por los resultados de la cirugía.
YAPAY ZEKA TEKNİKLERİ İLE KRİPTO PARA DEĞERİ TAHMİNİ
Authors: KOCABAŞ AKAY Mehlika , CANİK Fatma , YEŞİLYURT Ceren , ŞAHİN GÜNKUT Meral 
Published: April 2022

Para ve diğer ödeme araçları bugüne kadar birçok değişikliğe uğramıştır. Teknolojik gelişmelerin beraberinde getirdiği yaygın internet kullanımı ile, bugün ödeme araçlarına alternatif olarak kripto paralar tercih edilmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kripto para birimlerinin gelecek fiyat tahminlemesini gerçeğe en yakın şekilde yapacak yöntemi araştırmaktır. Böylece ödeme araçlarında meydana gelen gelişmelere katkıda bulunarak, piyasa analizlerinde kolaylık sağlanacaktır.
Çalışmanın yapılması sırasında yapay sinir ağları (YSA) ve uzun kısa süreli bellek (LSTM) yapay zeka yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan iki yöntemin de sonuçları ayrı ayrı değerlendirilerek, üretilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda performans kıyaslaması yapılmıştır.
Çalışmada tercih edilen üç adet kripto para birimi XRP, BNB ve ETH olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda incelenecek veriler yahoo web aderesinden çekilmiştir ve veri seti 01.01.2020-07.05.2021 tarihler arasını kapsamaktadır.
Yapılan kıyaslama analizleri sonucunda yapay sinir ağları aracılığı ile gerçekleştirilmiş olan matlab uygulamasında tahminleme sonuçlarının başarılı ve anlamlı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis, Emerging Zoonosis in the World and Current Situation in Mexico
Authors: del Carmen Gutiérrez-Castillo Adriana , Henri Paasch-Martínez Leopoldo , Leticia Calderón-Apodaca Norma 
Published: April 2022

Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the furthermost common zoonotic infections around the world that are transferred. The spread of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (ST) has increased dramatically in the last 50 years due to the consumption of food contaminated and the emergence of SE and ST infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. Retrospective investigations imply an epidemiological link between people and poultry. It has been argued that farm modernization and global exports of progenitor birds have had a vital role in spreading SE and ST. On the other hand, campylobacteriosis is more common than salmonellosis in affluent countries. Campylobacter jejuni has been identified as the primary cause of acute diarrheal illnesses, frequently associated with animal-derived foods, particularly poultry meat. The current review examines immunological and molecular biological techniques that allow for the quick detection of asymptomatic animal carriers, as well as recent characterizations of relevant taxonomic and pathogenic characteristics of these organisms. We further urge epidemiological research to evaluate the incidence of human diseases arising from poultry eating, based on preliminary non-publisher findings implying a prevalence of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis in Mexican poultry farms comparable to other nations.
Deltagelse – en ret, en pligt eller en institutionel mulighed for børn i dagtilbud
Authors: Bernstorff Benedicte 
Published: April 2022

DK resumé Artiklen beskriver og diskuterer, hvordan børns perspektiver på deltagelse kan indfanges på måder, hvor også børns underprivilegerede stemmer synliggøres. Artiklens teoretiske, metodiske og empiriske baggrund er et ph.d.-projekt omhandlende børns deltagelse i den selvorganiserede legs legefællesskaber i børnehaven. Først indkredser artiklen den teoretiske forståelse af relationelle sammenhænge mellem objektive strukturer og subjektive handlinger af betydning for deltagelsesforståelser. Dernæst viser artiklen empirisk, hvordan børns deltagelsesmodstand kan ses som et underverdensoprør mod den institutionelle deltagelsesforståelse, som en underprivilegeret stemme, der bringes til syne og til drøftelse. Afslutningsvis drøfter artiklen forskningsetiske udfordringer og fordele ved at anlægge et undersøgelsesdesign, der kan indfange børns perspektiver på deres institutionelle hverdagsliv.
Abstract – UK Participation – a right, an obligation or an institutional opportunity for children in daycare describes and discusses how children’s perspectives can be captured in ways children’s underprivileged voices as well can be made visible. The theoretical, methodological, and empirical background of the article is a PhD-research concerning children’s participation in the self-organized play and play-communities in kindergarten. First, the article outlines the theoretical understanding of relational coherences between objective structures and subjective actions of significance for participatory understandings. Next, the article empirically shows how children’s resistance to participation can be seen as an underworld rebellion against the institutional understanding of participation, as an underprivileged voice that is brought into view and discussed. Finally, the article discusses research ethics challenges and benefits of constructing a study design able to capture children’s perspectives on their institutional everyday life.