bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
× Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘Silver Dust’1
Authors: March Sylvester G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
× Cupressocyparis leylandii (Jack. & Dallim.) Dallim. ‘Silver Dust’, P.I. 405936, N.A. 38186, originated as a sport of × C. leylandii ‘Leighton Green’ Mitchell.
‘Butternut Ponca’ Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir.) is one of the most popular types of winter squash grown in the United States. Most Butternut squash is unstable for fruit shape and mutation to crookneck fruit occurs at a high frequency. Seed stocks need to be rogued frequently in order to keep the no. of crookneck and dimorphic plants at a low level. Two cultivars, small fruited ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ (NHBN) and large fruited ‘Waltham Butternut’, stable for fruit shape have been introduced. The fruit of the former cultivar is considered to be too small for general use. ‘Waltham Butternut’ has attractive fruit shape and high yield, but is considered to have a different flavor and texture than older butternut cultivars. The purpose of my breeding program was to develop a medium size butternut squash free of the crookneck rogue and with a flavor and texture similar to ‘Butternut 23’ (Asgrow Seed Co.).
A Plan for National Fruit and Nut Germplasm Repositories
Authors: Brooks Howard J. , Barton Donald W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The tremendous success of the fruit and nut breeding programs in this country has been largely due to the accessibility of a wide range of germplasm. Much of this germplasm was brought in from other countries since most fruit and nut crops are not indigenous to the U.S. Each breeder made his own arrangements and provided for his own program needs. There has been no national plan for coordinating the introduction, evaluation, maintenance, and preservation of this germplasm which requires distinctly different propagation methods than those used for seed crops. This paper describes a plan to establish a national fruit and nut germplasm repository system.
Genetic Dwarfness in Camellia L.1
Authors: Ackerman W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nine dwarf seedlings among 34 arose from interspecific hybridization between Camellia sasanqua Thunb (Plant Introduction 319285) and C. oleifera Abel (Plant Introduction 162561). One dwarf plant flowered and appears to have potential horticultural value.
Tumid Spider Mite Control on Parlor Palm Grown in Containers1
Authors: Reinert James A. , Neel P. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The tumid spider mite (Tetranyehus tumidus banks) is the most common and destructive spider mite species on palms in nursery and landscape plantings. Treatments with two applications of aldicarb, dienochlor, Tricychohexyltin hydroxide (Dowco-213), propargite, oxythioquinox, and hexakis (beta, beta-dimethylphenethyl)-distannoxane, (SD-14114), left less than 1 mite per 3 leaflet sample on container-grown parlor palms (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.). This degree of control was also obtained but with phytotoxicity by chlordimeform, 0-[5-chloro-1-(methylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] 0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate (CGA-12223), oxamyl, and S-tricyclohexyltin 0, 0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate (R-28627). Other miticides which caused significant population reduction and no phytotoxicity were acephate and tetradifon. Treatments of chlorobenzilate, dicofol, and formetanate reduced populations significantly but resulted in plant damage.
Conifer Tree Seedling Response to Nursery Soil Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Gouin Francis R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) produced longer stems when grown in seedbeds amended with 224 dry MT/ha screened composted sewage sludge or top-dressed with 1 MT/ha of Osmocote 18–6–12 or 112 dry MT/ha of screened composted sewage sludge applied at the end of the first growing season. More seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were produced in soils amended with 112 dry MT/ha of unscreened composted sewage sludge than in soils amended with 448 dry MT/ha of screened composted sewage sludge or in the 0 treatment levels. Soils amended with composted sewage sludge had higher pH, Mg, and P level than soils top-dressed with Osmocote 18–6–12 and mulched with pine sawdust.
Peach Storage in a Controlled Atmosphere with Intermittent Warming: A Pilot Test Using Inexpensive Flowmeters and Plastic Bags as CA Chambers1
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Penny R. W. , Smith W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruits of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) stored in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and intermittently warmed (IW) after 3 weeks of storage at 0°C retained better quality than did those stored in air with no warming (NW) through 6 weeks storage. Large plastic bags used as CA chambers maintained an average level of 1.4% O2 and 5.0% CO2 throughout the test. An inexpensive U tube manometer calibrated for flow rates of 3.5 to 25 liter/hr controlled the gas atmospheres within the plastic CA chambers.
Influence of Light Intensity on Flower Initiation and Differentiation in Hybrid Geranium
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Wetzstein Hazel Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Actively expanding apical meristems of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) growing in ambient light or in 60% shade were viewed with a scanning electron microscope at weekly intervals. Floral initiation was 37 days earlier in plants receiving ambient light and differentiation time was reduced by 7 days compared with shadegrown plants. Leaves of shade-grown plants emerged more slowly and were smaller when plants were young compared with ambient light-grown plants. Flowers of shadegrown plants were smaller and fewer in number compared with ambient-grown plants, both during differentiation and at anthesis. Shade-grown plants had 22–24 nodes at flower initiation compared with 16–18 nodes in ambient-grown plants.
‘Harson’ Peach
Authors: Layne Richard E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Harson’ is an attractive, high-quality, yellow-fleshed, freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] that ripens in the midseason 2 days before ‘Redhaven’. It was introduced in 1982 for the Ontario fresh market to advance the season of ‘Redhaven’-type peaches by 2 days and reduce the gap in harvest sequence between ‘Sunhaven’ and ‘Redhaven’. The tree is of medium vigor, cold hardy, productive, and appears to have moderate field tolerance to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). The fruit appear to be resistant to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Sm.) Dows.], brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey], split pits, preharvest drop, and flesh oxidation. They are wellsuited for the fresh market, including local sales and shipping, and for preservation at home, especially as canned halves and frozen slices. Research and grower cooperators in southern Ontario and near Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia report that ‘Harson’ is performing well in their trials compared with other midseason cultivars and encouraged its introduction. This new cultivar is likely to be adapted to most regions where ‘Redhaven’ is grown successfully. The name ‘Harson’ honors T.B. Harrison for his many years of service to the Western Ontario Fruit Testing Association and the fruit industry of Ontario.
Introduction To The Symposium
Authors: Wann E. V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Genetic engineering is a relatively recent concept in the science of genetics and plant breeding. Although systematic efforts toward genetic improvement of crop plants are as old as agriculture itself, this new concept utilizes a vastly different approach. It includes cell culture, protoplast fusion, and recombinant DNA. Indeed, genetic engineering has emerged as a result of recent advances in laboratory techniques and the knowledge of cell physiology and molecular biology. The basic research leading up to the development of this new technology was begun many years ago in laboratories devoted to studying cell physiology, plant growth regulators, and, most importantly, the structure and chemical nature of DNA, the basic unit of heredity. Simply defined, genetic engineering is the application of special techniques to modify DNA and to incorporate the restructured DNA into a suitable host for the purpose of changing its heritable characteristics.
The Application Of New Plant Biotechnology To Crop Improvement
Authors: Bliss Fredrick A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crop productivity is measured by the yield and quality of a commercial product used for food, feed, fiber, or fuel. Both yield and quality are complex attributes that depend on the genotype of the cultivar and vary with changes in environmental factors and production practices (Fig. 1). Crop improvement is the selection of superior genotypes with attributes that increase productivity or reduce the effects of stress factors that decrease productivity. Clear delineation of the plant characteristics that are to be modified must be included in the research objectives, if effective crop improvement is to be realized by either conventional breeding or new plant biotechnology.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Strawberry
Authors: Wang Dayuan , Wergin William P. , Zimmerman Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Immature zygotic embryos of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA), developed morphogenically active structures formed by folding of the cotyledonary tissue on their surfaces; these structures eventually developed into somatic embryos. The frequency for initiating embryogenic tissue was highest in the presence of 5 mg/liter 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/liter BA, arid 500 mg/liter casein hydrolysate. Few of the embryogenic tissues developed into somatic embryos. Morphologically normal plants were obtained from somatic embryos that were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) or 0.5 mg/liter BA + 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Screening of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for Sensitivity to Ozone
Authors: Reinert R. A. , Dunning J. A. , Heck W. W. , Benepal P. S. , Rangappa M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ozone (O3) is the most damaging air pollutant affecting agricultural crops in the United States and bean is one of the most O3-sensitive crop species. More than 2000 plant introductions of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were evaluated for sensitivity to O3 by exposing bean plants to 0.6 ppm O3 for 2 hours under controlled environmental conditions; 54 insensitive and 67 highly sensitive plant introductions were identified based on foliar injury symptoms.
Effects of Apple Tree Size and Canopy Density on Spray Chemical Deposit
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Yoder K. S. , Horsburgh R. L. , Barden J. A. , Donohue S. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar copper deposits varied by a factor of 5-fold when copper was applied with an airblast sprayer at a rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gallons/acre) to trees of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Higher deposits were recorded as tree size decreased. Chemical deposit was related inversely to percentage of light penetration through the canopy.
Factors Influencing Diphenylamine Residues on Apples
Authors: Lee Shih-Lo , Velasquez Asela , Kaplan Hesh J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When diphenylamine (DPA) bath temperature was at 35°C, DPA residue on fruit of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was higher than at bath temperatures of 5° to 21°. No significant differences in residues were found when apple temperatures were 13° or 22°; however, significantly less residue resulted when fruit were at 4°. Increasing DPA concentration in the bath from 0 to 2500 ppm increased DPA residues. Dipping time of 30 seconds was sufficient to obtain the desired residue level; dipping for longer periods did not increase DPA residue. Addition of 3% calcium chloride and 500 or 1250 ppm of a surfactant did not influence DPA uptake. Different liquid formulations provided different residues. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Delicious’ had a higher DPA residue than did ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Jonathan’, or ‘Rome Beauty’.
Blackberry Viruses in the United States
Authors: Converse Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Virus and virus-like diseases occur on cultivated and wild blackberries (Rubus) throughout the United States. “Blackberries” in this review will include members of the Rubus subgenus Batus, as well as blackberry-raspberry (subgenus Idaeobatus) hybrids. These diseases cause recognizable symptoms or severely weaken the plants in a few cases. Most of them, however, are latent and depress plant vigor and yield only moderately. The causal agents of some of these diseases are not known, and future research may reveal that they are not viruses. The term “virus diseases” will be used hereafter to cover all graft-transmissible virus and virus-like diseases. Virus and virus-like agents (i.e., mycoplasmas, rickettsias, and viroids) will continue to cause their effects for the life of the plant and are graft-transmissible or otherwise identifiable by sap transmission, serology, or electron microscopy (14).
Developing a Mechanical Harvesting System for Blackberries
Authors: Morris Justin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mechanization of the blackberry industry has been necessary due to the increasing scarcity and expense of hand-labor which threatened to eliminate blackberries as a processing crop. The Univ. of Arkansas has been a leader in this mechanization effort with the development of a tractor-drawn prototype harvester in 1964 (3, 9). The self-propelled, hydraulically driven commercial model was developed subsequently and is now a prominent harvester in the major production areas of the United States (4). A mechanical pruner for erect blackberries also was developed at the Univ. of Arkansas. This mechanization of harvesting and pruning has allowed, indeed required, the development of an efficient new integrated production system for blackberries (7, 8, 9).
In Vitro Propagation of Camellia japonica Seedlings
Authors: Samartin A. , Vieitez A. M. , Vieitez E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tip explants from 4- to 5-month-old plants of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog’s mineral medium (MS) containing 6-benzylamino purine (BA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and 20 mg/liter adenine sulphate. Best shoot proliferation occurred in the presence of 1 mg/liter BA; kinetin had no effect on shoot multiplication either alone or in combination with BA. Root initiation was induced by dipping the basal ends of the in vitro-grown shoots in concentrated solutions of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and subsequent transfer to a basal medium with no growth regulators. The best rooting results (90%) were obtained using immersion in 0.5 g/liter IBA for 20 min. Plantlets transferred to soil developed normally.
Screening of Egyptian Apricot Seedlings for Response to Salinity
Authors: Hassan M. M. , Catlin P. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Individual Egyptian apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seedlings differed considerably in their response to 87 and 174 mm NaCl in nutrient solution supplied to roots. Wilting and/or necrosis of leaves were indices of sensitivity and survival. Damage occurred sooner, and more plants were affected at 174 mm salt. Some seedlings survived longer than others at both levels of NaCl. Root systems were reduced with prolonged treatment and some root death appeared to occur. Root damage occurred in some plants before toxicity symptoms appeared on leaves. Attempts to identify further apricot germplasm with improved tolerance to salinity appear warranted.
Rapid Multiplication of Peach Seedlings by Herbaceous Stem Cuttings
Authors: Okie W. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-node stem cuttings of 23- to 79-day-old seedlings of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rooted readily under mist in 3 weeks and rooted better than 1-node cuttings. Cuttings from young seedlings rooted well without leaf-trimming or hormone treatments. Rooting of cuttings from lower nodes of older seedlings was improved by an indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) dip. Soil mix (1 soil : 1 peat : 1 vermiculite, by volume), Metro-Mix 300, vermiculite, and peat pellets all allowed adequate rooting in contrast to sand. Slow-release fertilizer improved root growth. Survival rates of 70–95% were obtained using vigorous young stock plants, 2-node cuttings, and soil mix plus Osmocote. Subsequent growth appeared similar to seedling growth.
Pruning Technique Affects Dieback and Cytospora Infection in Peach Trees
Authors: Wilson Charles L. , Miller Stephen S. , Otto Brian E. , Eldridge B. Joe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The degree of Cytospora infection, gumming, and internal discoloration was significantly influenced by the type of pruning cuts used on 10-year-old ‘Loring’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Time of pruning did not affect gumming or Cytospora infection. Pruning cuts which leave a raised collar of tissue at the branch junction resulted in the least infection, external dieback, and internal discoloration.
Estimating Daily Water Use for Potted Chrysanthemum Using Pan Evaporation and Plant Height
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Daily water use for potted Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. ‘Spirit’ was estimated from pan evaporation and plant height data collected over 2 seasons using 3 different growing environments (glass greenhouse, saranhouse, and outside—no structure). Regression equations derived using pan evaporation and plant height were not significantly improved with the inclusion of plant width as an additional variable to estimate water use.
Translocation of Glyphosate in Cirsium arvense
Authors: Beuerman Deborah S. N. , Hensley David L. , Carpenter Philip L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The extent and time required for translocation of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] was determined by application to single shoots of a rhizome system and detachment of treated shoots at intervals. Glyphosate caused more extensive injury to Canada thistle at the 2.8 × 10−2 m rate than the 1.4 × 10−2 m rate. Emersing an entire shoot was more injurious than emersing a single leaf. Enough glyphosate had entered the plants to cause injury to the entire plant 3 hours after a single leaf dip. Injury of untreated, rhizome-connected shoots required 3 to 4 hours for glyphosate to move from the emersed shoot to the untreated shoot. Injury in the field occurred circularly from the point of application, and effective control extended 30 cm beyond sprayed areas between nursery rows.
‘Vermont Sun’ Forsythia
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , Brainerd Kim E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forsythia is a popular plant for the landscape in many regions of the northern hemisphere. Inadequate cold hardiness of flower buds often results in few spring flowers on most cultivars in northern regions. Forsythia mandschurica Uyeki has flowered every year since 1970 at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research Center (3). This species is described in Chinese language with a plate of herbarium specimens and a plant distribution map (2).
Specificity and Interaction among Auxins, Light, and pH in Rooting of Australian Woody Species in Vitro
Authors: Williams Richard R. , Taji Acram M. , Bolton Janet A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A number of Australian woody species are shown to differ widely in adventitious root production in vitro in response to the type and combination of hormones applied, although the most effective combinations usually included IBA. Shoots of Eremophila lanii F. Muell produced roots on a medium containing cytokinins and no auxin. Two species, Prostanthera striatiflora F.v.M and Correa decumbens F.v.M., required reduced pH and a period of darkness for root induction, whereas these conditions inhibited Grevillea biternata Meissner. There also is an interaction among hormone treatment, media pH, and the effect of continuous light vs. a period of darkness. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); naphthhalene acetic acid (NAA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); B-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA); 6-furylaminopurine (KIN); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Electrolyte Leakage and Ethylene Production Induced by Chilling Injury of Papayas
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Sanxter Suzanne , Couey H. Melvin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Papayas (Carica papaya L.) were stored at 5° or 10°C for 1, 4, 7, 14, or 21 days. Chilling injury was detectable as visible skin discolorations after 4 days at 5°. Differences in electrolyte leakage and Hunter “L” values between fruit stored at 5° and 10° were not significant until after 7 days of storage. Fruit stored at 5° for more than 4 days also produced more ethylene upon transfer to warmer temperatures than did fruit stored at 10°. Differences in ethylene production between fruit stored under chilling temperatures, 5°, and nonchilling temperatures, 10°, increased with length of storage. Papayas chilled for 14 days at 5° retained a capacity to convert ACC to ethylene.
Effect of Chemical Deposits from Spraying Adjacent Rows on Efficacy of Peach Bloom Thinners
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Donohue S. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Airblast spray applications of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) were made to individual peach trees in a single row or to small blocks 5 rows wide and 10 trees long to determine if drift from adjacent rows increased bloom thinning. Increased flower thinning was found in the center row of the 5-row-wide-block when compared by regression analysis to applications made to trees in a single row. Ethylene-bisdithio-carbamate (Zineb 78WP) was used to determine the amount of spray deposit contributed by airblast sprays to adjacent rows. Airblast spraying of peach trees in full bloom contributed chemical deposits to peach flowers in the adjacent row equal to 43% of that deposited on the sprayed row, and 26% to the second row removed.
Resistance to Powdery Mildew from Some Small-fruited Malus Cultivars
Authors: Gallott J. C. , Lamb R. C. , Aldwinckle H. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Progenies from 48 small-fruited Malus species and cultivars were tested for heritable, high-level resistance to powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salm.]. Six-week-old seedlings from controlled crosses and open pollination were inoculated by dusting with conidia in the greenhouse. ‘David’, ‘White Angel’, M. × robusta (Robusta 5), M. × robusta ‘Korea’, and an unnamed selection M. × robusta (24-7-7,8) all produced some seedlings in their progenies that remained free of infection after inoculation. The mode of inheritance of resistance was not clear.
Vegetative and Reproductive Apical Dominance in Pistachio
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pronounced vegetative apical dominance in pistachio was exhibited by sparse lateral branching and by response to conventional pruning. This dominance necessitates a pruning procedure different from other deciduous fruit and nut species. Marked apical dominance also occurred both in the patterns of fruit set in the inflorescence as a whole and in the individual branches composing it. The percentage of fruit set was highest in the apical portion of the inflorescence and generally decreased to the proximal portion. Similarly, although only 8% of the flowers on the branches of the inflorescence occupied a terminal position, 60% of the total fruit produced were terminal.