bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Microbiologically Induced Corrosion in the Presence of Streptococcus Mutans
Authors: Duncan Austin , Suganthan Baviththira , Asadi Hamid , Zolti Or , Ramasamy Ramaraja 
Published: November 2022

Titanium and titanium alloys are used in biomedical implants such as dental screws due to their excellent mechanical strength and high resistance to corrosion. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is largely due to the formation of a passive oxide layer on the titanium surface when in contact with oxygen. For the application of use in dental implants, titanium’s ability to withstand corrosion in the presence of oral bacteria is of utmost importance, specifically in the presence of Streptococcus mutans, the most common plaque causing oral bacteria. Previous literature has explored the effects of the formation of a S. mutans biofilm on the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium [1]. A decrease in corrosion resistance is observed following the formation of the biofilm, however this decrease in corrosion resistance does not invalidate the viability of titanium for use in orthodontic systems. Due to the electrochemical and material similarities between titanium and zirconium, including the formation of a passive oxide layer on the zirconium surface and high material strength, there is evidence to suggest zirconium and zirconium alloys may be a viable alternative to titanium for these applications [2]. Previous literature has explored the use of titanium-zirconium alloys in such applications and found no decrease in their ability to withstand colonization and microbiologically induced corrosion in the presence of Streptococci species relative to commercially available titanium [3]. The aim of this current research is to begin the exploration of the feasibility of zirconium based materials in orthodontic applications by investigating the microbiologically induced corrosion of commercially pure zirconium and a zirconium-niobium alloy in the presence of S. mutans and compare them against commercially pure titanium.

References:

[1] Souza, Júlio C.M., et al. “Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium in the Presence of Streptococcus Mutans.” Journal of Dentistry, vol. 41, no. 6, 2013, pp. 528–534., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.008.
[2] Renganathan, Gunarajulu, et al. “Orthopedical and Biomedical Applications of Titanium and Zirconium Metals.” Fundamental Biomaterials: Metals, 2018, pp. 211–241., https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102205-4.00010-6.
[3] Siddiqui, Danyal A., et al. “Evaluation of Oral Microbial Corrosion on the Surface Degradation of Dental Implant Materials.” Journal of Periodontology, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–81., https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.18-0110.
Ultimate Localization
Authors: Schmuki Patrik 
Published: November 2022

We report approaches to grow directly noble-metal-(NM)-decorated nanotubes by self-organized anodization. Key to obtain highly defined tubes is an optimized and controlled anodization of Ti-Pt (or other NM) alloys in fluoride containing solutions. In general, the morphology of porous TiO2 and of the tubular layers is affected strongly by the electrochemical growth parameters. NM-decorated titanium-dioxide is a highly functional material that has numerous interesting properties, for example, in solar energy conversion, catalysis of the decomposition of organic compounds (self-cleaning). Therefore this simple approach to produce this highly defined nanoscopic form of NM-TiO2 bears a high potential for technological exploitation. Over the years numerous efforts have been devoted to the shrinkage of the NM-particles to enhance the usage of the noble metal. Evidently the most extreme case of shrinkage is the use of an isolated single atoms of Pt. The use of single atoms as a co-catalyst in photocatalysis has in recent years attracted strong interest, not only because the single atom state represents a maximized surface to volume efficiency, but also because single atom reactivity allows for unprecedented reaction pathways.
In the presentation we discuss the formation of Pt dispersed and anchored as single atoms on TiO2 nanotubes and the use of such tubes in highly effective photocatalysis.
(Invited) Overview of the Ordering Phenomena in Li and Na Layered Oxide Electrode Materials
Authors: Delmas Claude , Guignard Marie , Weill Francois 
Published: November 2022

AX(M)O2 layered oxides (A = Li, Na) are considered as the best positive electrode materials either for Li ion and Na ion batteries. In most of the systems, the shape of the voltage curve shows change in slope of the curve which indicate the occurrence of structural transitions due to: (i) electronic configuration modification in the MO2 slab, (ii) change in the slab packing, (iii) alkali ion-vacancy ordering. Moreover, in AX(M,L)O2 materials a M/L ordering can occur within the (M,L)O2 slab for the pristine material.
Lithium and sodium tends to be ordered in the deintercalated materials for peculiar compositions. Nevertheless, due to the larger ionic radii of Na+ vs Li+, the repulsive interaction between sodium ions are stronger for sodium, leading to many Na+/vacancy patterns in the interslab space.
Moreover, transition element orderings can occur within the (L,M)O2 slab if the difference in size is significant and if the cation ratio corresponds to a specific composition (1/3, ½, 2/3...). Then an interesting behaviour is observed as the sodium/vacancy ordering in the interslab space can be st superimposed to the cation ordering.
Another original situation is also observed for cations (d2 or d3) which like to form M-M bonds. In this case, the pattering of short bond and long bond in the MO2 slab is directly related to the Na+/vacancy distribution and to the M3+/M4+ ratio.
(Charles W. Tobias Award) Advancing Porous Electrodes for Electrochemical Systems
Authors: Brushett Fikile R. 
Published: November 2022

Electrochemical processes are poised to play a pivotal role in the evolving global power system as the efficient interconversion of electrical and chemical energy can enable the deployment of sustainable technologies that support the decarbonization of the electric grid, power the automotive fleet, and offer new opportunities in chemical manufacturing. However, advances in electrochemical science and engineering are needed to address the stringent performance, cost, and scale requirements of these emerging application spaces. Many prominent electrochemical technologies (e.g., flow batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers) leverage forced convection to increase volumetric productivity. Of particular importance to these systems are porous electrodes which provide surfaces for electrochemical reactions, manage reactant distribution, facilitate mechanical compression, and conduct electrons and heat. Accordingly, the systematic design and engineering of porous electrodes can greatly improve cell performance and durability.
In this presentation, I will describe methods for disaggregating and quantifying resistive losses in porous electrodes using redox probes, diagnostic flow cells, and electrochemical modeling. I will then discuss how these tools can be used to guide the design of new electrode architectures with tailored property sets. Specifically, using redox flow batteries as an example, I will offer three vignettes. First, I will discuss the role of electrode microstructure and surface chemistry in balancing electrochemical and fluid dynamic performance within flow cells. Second, building on these results, I will describe efforts to develop electrodes using non-solvent induced phase separation, a synthetic approach which enables property combinations difficult to achieve via current manufacturing processes. Third and finally, I will highlight the potential of conductive particle suspensions as flowable, reconfigurable electrodes whose unusual electrochemical, rheological, and transport properties may unlock more versatile reactor designs.
(Europe Section Alessandro Volta Award) From the Oil Barrel to Reactive Metals: An Approach to the Energy Transition
Authors: Passerini Stefano 
Published: November 2022

Our society is facing a millennial challenge to slow down global warming below 2 °C in the long term.[1] Ambitious policy frameworks and policy intentions are a must to achieve this target. In fact, analyzing the status quo, International Energy Agency (IEA) concluded that the related carbon dioxide tra- jectories are not compatible with the climate targets, even if current policy commitments and pledges by governments are implemented.[2,3] The challenging issues are the limited use of renewables, merely considered for power generation, but only marginally addressing other carbon-intensive industrial sectors (e.g., cement, steel, smelting), and the practical reduction of CO2 emissions from the transport sector.
Reactive metal-based storage systems are a new alternative to support the clean energy transition. Herein, the cases of Al and Na are presented, both preliminarily fulfilling the constraints regarding sustainability, but employing two rather different processes. Both, the steam combustion of molten Al for H2 and heat production,[4,5] and a new rechargeable battery, which makes use of seawater and sodium as electrodes, show promising round-trip efficiencies.[6] The latter technology also allows CO2-trapping, desalination, Na metal, and chlorine production. It is argued that further research efforts are needed to verify the sustainability and ability of reactive metal-based technologies to compete with other storage technologies.
References
[1] Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, FCCC/CP/2015/10/ Add.1, United Nations Framework on Climate Change, United Nations, New York 2016.
[2] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2016, International Energy Agency, Paris 2016.
[3] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2019, International Energy Agency, Paris 2019.
[4] H. Ersoy, M. Baumann, L. Barelli, A. Ottaviano, L. Trombetti, M. Weil, S. Passerini, Adv. Mater. Technol. 2022, 2101400.
[5] L. Barelli, M. Baumann, G. Bidini, P. A. Ottaviano, R. V. Schneider, S. Passerini, L. Trombetti, Energy Technol. 2020, 8, 2000233.
[6] Y. Kim, M. Kuenzel, D. Steinle, X. Dong, G.-T. Kim, A. Varzi, S. Passerini, Energy Environ. Sci., 2022, 15, 2610.
Electrodeposited NiMo Alloy Coatings for Improved Molten Salt Compatibility
Authors: Hall Timothy , Garich Holly , Radhakrishnan Rajeswaran , Pint Bruce , Parker Cory , Sulejmanovic Dino , Beamer Chad 
Published: November 2022

The use of molten halide salts as a primary coolant within next generation molten salt nuclear reactors (MSRs) has the potential to improve efficiency and nuclear reactor safety by operating at low pressures and high temperatures without boiling. However, these coolants will require the development of new corrosion resistant material systems that will have to meet or supersede existing standard codes for these systems. Therefore, new MSRs will require validation and testing of new material systems that can produce robust component structures and enable them to withstand these corrosive environments. Furthermore, any next generation process to apply protective coatings must allow for a conformal, thick, dense, and bonded material to be formed onto an ASME code approved material (e.g. type 316H stainless steel) that will comprise the structure of heat exchanger and containment vessel components.
Within this context, Faraday Technology Inc. in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Lab and Quintus Technologies is working to develop and demonstrate the effectiveness of a low cost and high value corrosion-resistant alloy coating for next generation molten salt reactors. The manufacturing process involves the application of a functionally graded NiMo coating by electrodeposition onto 316H alloy substrates and their subsequent high temperature corrosion evaluation in molten fluoride salt at 700°C. After application the components were hot isostatically pressed (HIPped; at Quintus) to create a diffusion bond between the coating and alloy substrate. Initially, 316H alloy coupons were coated for evaluation (Figure 1 Left) in Mo capsules with static FLiNaK salt known to be corrosive due to metallic impurities. The next stage of testing involved evaluating coatings on the inner diameter of 316H tubes (25mm outer diameter; Figure 1 Middle). Coated tubes (75mm long) had coated endcaps welded to either end and were filled with the same FLiNaK salt and tested for 500 h at 700°C and 1000 h at 750°C. In addition, the microstructure and salt performance of butt welds were evaluated for joints between coated 316H tubes and joints between coated and uncoated 316H tubes. Results from the static capsule testing will be presented including the effect of coating composition and heat treating conditions on the depth of attack in the molten salt as feedback for the coating development process. The final phase of testing will include 200 mm long coated 316H tube sections in the hot and cold legs of a flowing FLiNaK thermal convection loop experiment which is currently being fabricated (Figure 1 R).

Acknowledgements: The financial support of DOE Contract No. DE-SC0019602 is acknowledged.

Figure 1: Corrosion characterization test plan. (Left) static coupon studies, (Middle) static pipe studies, and (Right) continuous flow loop pipe studies.

Figure 1
A High Throughput Experimentation & Material Informatics Platform for the Discovery of Molten Salt Reactor Candidate Structural Materials
Authors: Goh Bonita , Wang Yafei , Nelaturu Phalgun , Moorehead Michael , Papailiopoulous Dimitris , Thoma Dan , Chaudhuri Santanu , Hattrick-Simpers Jason , Sridharan Kumar , Couet Adrien 
Published: November 2022

ASME Sec(III) Div(5) code-certified structural alloys for Molten (halide) Salt Reactors (MSRs) such as 800H, SS316, and IN617 have significant Cr content. This makes them readily-degradable in molten halide salts due to the thermodynamic favorability of soluble chromium halide formation. It is therefore imperative to discover alloys with corrosion resistance that exceeds those of currently-certified alloys, which also possess the necessary high hardness and irradiation-resistance at reactor operating temperatures as a prerequisite for the licensing and deployment of MSRs.
The largely-unexplored quasi-infinite quarternary FeCrMnNi High Entropy Alloy space shows promise to yield desired alloys. We present a high-throughput (HTP) process demonstrating a turnaround time from fabrication to corrosion-testing and analysis of 1 week for 25 samples. 70 alloy samples of 1cm2 were each corrosion-tested on 0.3g salt droplets in isolated corrosion environments. The HTP platform includes the development of an in-situ high-temperature electrochemical sensor system capable of automating the analysis of dissolved corrosion product analytes in the salt.
The results of the 70 corrosion tests were used to train a Machine Learning model to predict corrosion performance metrics (eg. Elemental corrosion concentration into salt) based on an input vector parametrizing the physical properties (“descriptors”) of the alloys in the sample set. The model was tested on 20 additional samples and demonstrated conservative predictive capability as well as facilitated the reduction of input feature space from 62 dimensions to 4 dimensions with negligible loss in predictive accuracy.
Multiphase Alloy Nuclear Waste Forms Developed for Pyrochemical U-10Mo Scrap Recovery Waste Streams
Authors: Gattu Vineeth Kumar , Ebert William L 
Published: November 2022

The US High Performance Research Reactor (USHPRR) Conversion program is developing an Al-clad Zr-bonded U-10Mo nuclear fuel foil to enable the conversion of research reactors to high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) alloy fuel. Fabrication scrap from the fuel manufacturing will be electrorefined to recover the HALEU, which will generate waste streams consisting of Zr, Mo, and residual U retained in the stainless steel anode basket used in the electrorefiner. Four alloys were formulated with different relative amounts of Zr, Mo, and 316L-SS to represent the expected range of waste compositions. Laboratory-scale ingots were made and metallurgically characterized to assess differences in the microstructures and distributions of the surrogate waste metals. Different amounts of the same dominant phases with similar compositions were formed in most materials: a γ-austenite based matrix, two ZrFe2 intermetallic phases that could host residual uranium, an FeCrMo sigma (σ) intermetallic phase, a chi (χ) phase, and a secondary austenite (γ2) phase. Electrochemical tests were conducted to compare the corrosion behaviors in acidic and alkaline brine solutions for a range of simulated environmental redox conditions. Corrosion of the Mo-rich γ and γ2 solid solutions and the σ and χ intermetallic phases occurred. The multiphase alloy waste form formulated with the lowest molybdenum and highest zirconium contents showed the highest corrosion resistance and has sufficient amounts of ZrFe2 to immobilize trace amounts of residual uranium in the waste stream. The alloy formulation strategy and testing approach will be presented with key results.
Work conducted at Argonne National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under contact DE-AC02-06CH11357.
In Situ Visualization of the Hydrogen Distribution in an Fe Sheet Under Corrosion Conditions Using Polyaniline
Authors: Kakinuma Hiroshi , Ajito Saya , Hojo Tomohiko , Koyama Motomichi , Hiromoto Sachiko , Akiyama Eiji 
Published: November 2022

High-strength steels are known to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Even small amounts of hydrogen which enter the high-strength steels under corrosion conditions could cause the hydrogen embrittlement. In order to elucidate the mechanism of hydrogen entry in corrosive environments, and to prevent the corrosion-induced hydrogen embrittlement, the simultaneous analysis of the corrosion behavior and the hydrogen entry is required. Some techniques, such as scanning Kelvin probe force microscope, have been reported for visualizing the hydrogen distribution in metals with a high spatial resolution. However, it is still challenging to visualize the hydrogen distribution of an observation area of several tens of millimeters with high spatial and temporal resolutions. In this study, we succeeded the visualization of the distribution of hydrogen entering a pure Fe sheet immersed in a NaCl aqueous solution using a conductive polymer.
A pure Fe sheet (99.5 %) was used as a specimen. The Fe sheet was electrically polished in a mixed solution of perchloric acid and acetic acid. The thickness of the Fe sheet was 0.4 mm after the polishing. In order to visualize the hydrogen distribution in the Fe sheet, a polyaniline (PANI) layer was formed on one side of the Fe sheet. It was reported that the PANI layer changes its color owing to the reaction with atomic state hydrogen in Fe sheets.1 To enhance the sensitivity of the PANI layer to hydrogen, a Ni interfacial layer was formed between the PANI layer and the Fe sheet. The PANI layer was formed on the Ni interfacial layer through electrolytic polymerization at a constant voltage of 1 V in a 0.5 M H2SO4-0.5 M aniline aqueous solution. On the other side (bare Fe side) of the Fe sheet, an electrode area of 1 cm × 1 cm was prepared using a resin. Only the bare Fe side was immersed in a 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution. In addition to the open-circuit potential measurements, the corrosion behavior was observed in situ using a digital camera during the corrosion test. The PANI layer was exposed to air without contacting the NaCl solution. During the corrosion test, the color of the PANI layer was observed in situ using another digital camera. It was confirmed that the small amount of hydrogen entering the Fe sheet due to corrosion can be visualized using the PANI layer. The distribution of hydrogen that entered the Fe sheet was analyzed based on the color distribution of the PANI layer. The in situ simultaneous observation of the corrosion behavior and the hydrogen entry revealed that the hydrogen entry was promoted on the dissolved area of the Fe sheet in the NaCl solution.

Reference

H. Kakinuma, S. Ajito, T. Hojo, M. Koyama, E. Akiyama, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2101984 (2022).
Evolution of Surface Oxides of UNS S13800 during Cathodic Polarization in Chloride Solutions
Authors: Anderson Rachel M. , Hangarter Carlos M , Policastro Steven A 
Published: November 2022

Solutions arising from atmospheric processes can have varying chloride concentrations, often higher than seawater as salt deposits accumulate in thin layer electrolytes. Understanding the corrosion behavior of stainless-steel fastener components is important to predicting its behavior in a galvanic couple with less noble materials. Here we have focused on the cathodic kinetics of UNS S13800 stainless steel over a range of chloride concentration electrolytes. The different oxides formed under these varying conditions are studied using surface analytical techniques. This information is then used to inform a model for fitting of the potentiodynamic polarization curves. The evolving composition of the surface oxide affects the polarization curve in the activation region of the oxygen reduction reaction. This additional cathodic current is accounted for in the model and the different reaction components of the polarization curve are extracted and analyzed.
Acknowledgments
The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory sponsored this project as part of their base program. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Office of Naval Research, the U.S. Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government
Exploring the Safety Aspects of Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Juarez-Robles Daniel , Rauhala Taina , Jeevarajan Judith 
Published: November 2022

Redox flow batteries are energy storage systems consisting of liquid electrolytes containing one or more electroactive species. Electrolytes flow through the electrochemical cell where chemical energy is converted into electricity. The energy stored by the redox flow batteries depends on the volume of electrolytes in the tanks and the size of the electrochemical battery. If the electrolytes deteriorate, they can be replaced, and the battery's capacity will get restored.
Factors and components affecting performance have been extensively studied but not the response to off-nominal tests. In this work, performance (cycle life) and safety tests (overcharge, overdischarge and short circuit) are carried out on two conventional redox battery systems, Vanadium (V) and Zinc-Bromine (Zn-Br). The vanadium-based flow battery is of a table-top lab-scale size, whereas, the Zn-Br batteries are residential-scale systems.