bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
W. S. Graham
Authors: Nowell Smith David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Only in recent years has W. S. Graham come to be recognised as one of the great poets of the twentieth century. On the peripheries of UK poetry culture during his lifetime, he in many ways appears to us today as exemplary of the poetics of the mid-century: his extension of modernist explorations of rhythm and diction; his interweaving of linguistic and geographic places; his dialogue with the plastic arts; and the tensions that run through his work, between philosophical seriousness and play, between solitude and sociality, regionalism and cosmopolitanism, between the heft and evanescence of poetry’s medium. In the first concerted study of Graham’s poetics in a generation, David Nowell Smith draws on newly unearthed archival materials - poems, manuscripts, and visual/mixed-media work - to orient Graham’s poetics around the question of the ‘art object’. Graham sought throughout his work to craft his poems into honed, finished ‘objects’; yet he was also intensely aware that poems only live when released into their afterlives: the poem’s ‘finished object’ is never wholly finished. Nowell Smith situates this tension with broader debates around literary objecthood and builds up a broader reflection on language as a medium for art-making.
‘A poem is made of words’
Authors: Nowell Smith David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks Graham’s dictum, ‘A poem is made of words.’ At once an entire poetic philosophy and a statement of the obvious, the phrase embodies the transformation Graham’s writing undergoes, as he shifts from understanding ‘words’ as individual materials of meaning-production, towards a thinking that approaches language as relation: he starts to explore what is ‘between’ the words, but also the role words play in setting up spaces of communication, in allowing us to orient ourselves in the world. The chapter situates Graham’s early writings within a longer modernist-aestheticist lineage, in conflict with the engaged Scottish nationalist poetry of many of his contemporaries, and in productive dialogue with the artists of the St Ives School, in order to reflect on language as a medium for art-making.
‘Speaking to you and not’
Authors: Nowell Smith David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In ‘Dear Bryan Wynter’, perhaps Graham’s most famous poem, he gives a succinct depiction not just of the elegist addressing the departed friend, but the lyric poet in general: ‘Speaking to you and not / Knowing if you are there / Is not too difficult. / My words are used to that.’ Drawing on radio scripts and mixed-media work as well as poems, this chapter situates Graham’s addresses both within the broader lyric double-bind of direct speech and textual indirection, and within the abiding concerns of Graham’s verse: his tropes of epistolarity and voicing; his networks of patronage, friendship, and circulation; and the tension in his poetic addresses between public and private speech acts.
Postscript
Authors: Nowell Smith David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This brief postscript documents the contributions made by many of Graham’s friends, patrons, publishers, and critics, demonstrating the role played by broader networks both in the development of Graham’s oeuvre and in the survival of his archive. Graham’s commitment to poetic autonomy, to living by poetry alone, made him particularly dependent on networks of patronage and support, and the manuscript drafts, letters, and sketches that inform this work would not have been kept were in not for particular patrons of Graham’s purchasing them and archiving them. It finishes with acknowledgements and thanks for the many friends of Graham’s, collectors and archivists, and critics, who aided the research for the book.
Women’s Ministry
Authors: Ross Susan A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSince 1976, when the first ordained women in the Episcopal priesthood in the US were approved by the national governing body, and 1992, when women were first admitted to the priesthood in the Church of England, officials of the Catholic Church have expressed their dismay over these actions, calling them an obstacle to closer relationship between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. For their part, many feminists within the Catholic Church have advocated for the ordination of women while also arguing for a transformation of the structure of the Catholic priesthood. This chapter builds on the historical situation but also on the possibilities for conversation among women working in parish contexts. The argument of the chapter is that focusing on the ‘official’ Catholic position is generally unproductive, but encouraging women pastoral leaders to meet, pray, and talk together offers greater possibilities for collaborative work. Paying greater attention to the common work that Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Catholic women are doing is a step forward and beyond the impasse of ordination.
Comparative Theology’s Interesting Asymmetries with Receptive Ecumenism
Authors: Clooney SJ Francis X. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAt the 2014 Fairfield conference on Receptive Ecumenism, Clooney gave a paper in which he highlighted the striking resemblances between Comparative Theology and Receptive Ecumenism with respect to attentiveness, patience, and the willingness to learn and to be transformed in the learning. This chapter is a recapitulation and development of that paper. If Comparative Theology and Receptive Ecumenism are so strikingly similar, should we not be concerned that we are prescinding from doctrinal and communal issues and simply stressing the common learning process? Receptive Ecumenism presumes the commonalities of Christian belief and practice, whereas Comparative Theology, particularly regarding religions other than Judaism and Islam, should engage differences too in belief and practice. If such differences matter, we can profitably and honestly talk about them, provided we do not lose hold of the disciplines’ remarkable similarities and agility in not getting bogged down over doctrinal differences.
Green and Pleasant Land
Authors: Whittaker Jason 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
During the early years of the twenty-first century, ‘Jerusalem’ has been increasingly used in the arts and popular culture to represent England, a sign of the resurgence of English nationalism that has played out in various formats from music and sport to politics. The chapter explores the differences in reception of the Blake–Parry hymn by various sports and sporting events. It is during this period (1997–2016) that the popularity of the hymn has also drawn attention to the divided nature of the country and what Blake’s words and Parry’s music represent, especially during the run-up to the European Union membership referendum in 2016 and the resulting Brexit.
The ‘Physiologists’ and Material Minds
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Beginning with Locke, many philosophers argued that experience and thinking could be powers of matter or else extra capabilities divinely imposed on matter ‘suitably organised.’ Absent a substantial soul, this raised the threat of mortalism, permanent death. ‘Simplists’ opposed the idea that complexity could give rise to the impression of an individual self and to the coherence of its experiences as belonging to it. Kant opposed simplism as a metaphysical doctrine. Cartesian thinking substance—spiritualism—was unprovable, but then so was Lockean thinking matter—materialism. Even the critical philosopher, he argued, is permitted to conceive him or herself as something unified and enduring and to hope for a post-mortem existence. Perhaps the unknowable noumenon or noumena lies or lie at the basis, not only of ‘matter’ as it manifests itself to us, but also of my ‘mind’ as it manifests itself to me.
Epilogue
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Kant’s admirers in his own time regarded him as the renewer of metaphysics, who had put deterministic science in its place and shown space, time, and causality to be illusions and faith in God to be warranted and necessary. Few modern commentators appear to venerate Kant for these reasons. Somewhat implausibly, from the intellectual and social historian’s perspective, they present him as an advocate for self-determination and equal rights, and as a progressive supporter of eighteenth century natural and social science, rather than as determined to box up science in its place preventing any spill over into moral theory. Most admirable in Kant’s theorising, in view of the author, was his conception of what makes humans different from other animal species. These differentiating features are the deeply rooted will to harm and exploit others for one’s own benefit; the feeling for morality that is the counterweight to it; and the transmissibility of acquired knowledge and practice from generation to generation.
Divinization and the Transformation of Rome from Republic to Principate
Authors: Xinyue Bobby 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the poetry produced around the time of the battle of Actium, and argues that the poets’ deployment of divinizing imagery is synchronized with the dawning realization that a new political order is about to emerge in Rome. The chapter begins by examining Horace’s Epode 9 and Satire 2.1, and suggests that the language of ‘aboveness’ in these poems not only underlines the emergence of a power gap between Octavian and the rest but also reflects an attempt by Horace to work out and reconcile with the new regime. Then this chapter presents a reading of the shifting relationship between poet and Caesar in Virgil’s Georgics, and argues that the interactions between these two figures in the course of Virgil’s poem dramatize Rome unstoppable drift towards autocracy. The final part of this chapter fleshes out a recurrent theme in Horace’s and Virgil’s representations of Octavian around the time of Actium—namely Octavian’s growing stature as a legal authority. This theme is explored further with a reading of Propertius 2.7 and 4.11, both of which deal with Augustan marriage legislation. Here it is argued that Propertius’ divinizing language in these poems highlights the extent to which personal speech and individual action are increasingly coming under state control as Rome steps out of the shadows of the civil war.
Arts, Aesthetics, and Managers
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to briefly survey the perspectives of the Athenian, Western, and Eastern philosophers on arts and aesthetics. In a broad sense, approaches to arts seek to explain ‘what art is’ and ‘what art does’. It is a bare fact that artist(e)s as managers have a more intimate understanding of aesthetics in comparison to professional managers of arts organizations. Indeed, professional managers who do not understand the aesthetic significance of art forms will not be in a position to assess, present and project their organizations in a convincing manner to the outside world. Further, knowledge of aesthetics helps managers gauge the larger impact of their activities on artist(e)s as well as consumers. The chapter underscores the importance of managers of arts organizations adopting the idea of wholesomeness in their approach to arts. The chapter also highlights the importance of arts organizations adopting branding efforts to project their organizations. It is argued that by creating space for artist/artiste freedom and proactively engaging with connoisseurs and other opinion creators, it is possible for arts organizations to enhance their customer base. The chapter concludes by stating that managers need to play a major role in determining how far their organization’s offerings are in tune with the cultural and arts policies laid down by the State.
Theatres
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at four performing arts theatres, namely the Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Theatre in Russia, the Kabuki-za Theatre in Japan and the National Centre for Performing Arts (NCPA), and ‘Nepathya’ from India. While the first two are large repertory theatres, the NCPA is a non-repertory theatre. Nepathya, by contrast, is a micro-repertory theatre that specializes in Kutiyattom. The chapter revisits the organizational design of these theatres and closely examines the funding strategy and governance systems adopted by these theatres. The major proposition advanced in this chapter is that the size of a theatre has little bearing on its ownership structure, organizational design, or funding systems. Of the four theatres, Mariinsky and Nepathya are predominantly financed by the State. The Kabuki-za is financed by non-Government revenues and grants. The NCPA is also funded largely from non-Government sources. While the Mariinsky Theatre is State-owned, the Kabuki-za which is organized as a Company, is run by another Company (the Shochiku Company) on an agency mode. The NCPA, which is governed as an autonomous ‘Trust’, is neither Government owned nor Corporate controlled. The micro-theatre Nepathya, on the other hand, is registered as a ‘Society’ ( a variant of a ‘Trust’). In terms of their organizational design, the Mariinsky and the Kabuki-za Theatres are of the ‘open-loop’ type, while the NCPA is a linear organization. Nepathya, by contrast, is a closed-loop organization. The chapter surveys the common management challenges faced by the four types of theatres. It concludes with a discussion on the larger implications of performing arts theatres on cultural and arts policies.
Economics of the Unique
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the critical economic concepts of relevance to managers of arts organizations. The chapter delves on the unique character of arts resources, the difficulties of pricing intangible cultural heritage resources that do not enter the market place, and the possible manner in which non-market tools of valuation such as contingent valuation, hedonic valuation, and the travel costs method can be employed to value arts and heritage. The chapter examines how cultural and arts policies can influence consumer preferences through incentive mechanisms. Also examined is the phenomenon of asymmetric information that leads to the prevalence of trade in spurious art works. Also looked into are the systems of financing arts organizations in different parts of the world. The chapter finally explores the functioning of art auction markets, and the advent of unique financial techniques like secured lending which facilitate transactions in works of art.
From Bitesize Morsels to Thyestean Feasts
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Every grammar-school boy learnt the building blocks of Seneca’s Latin, but the most ambitious of those who went on to university took their learning to the next level and composed whole tragedies in the neo-Senecan style. These works were designed to wow peers, impress tutors, and compete with the fashions on the London stage. The Latin-based tradition of revenge tragedy at Oxford and Cambridge is less familiar to us than the English-based tradition, but it is equally influential in the development of English drama, not least because the majority of the London-based playwrights were scholars who had trained at the universities. In this chapter I explain how Seneca’s plays, and his Thyestes in particular, came to be regarded as symbols of competitive spirit and ambition for English playwrights right across the board, from university colleges to the London playhouses.
What Can Be Taken On?
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Belief in God’s embodiment or incarnation was fundamental to Christian faith. When Pico published a thesis about this doctrine in his Conclusions, the Pope swiftly attacked it as heretical. Pico relied on eminent authorities like Henry of Ghent and used suppo- words to defend his position. As a matter of Christian orthodoxy, who was right about the sacred dogma of incarnation: the prince or his papal opponents? Answers to this threatening question turned on suppo- words. The intemperate author of the Apology revered a Church that executed people like himself, before and after his heresy trial, because the Church’s agents condemned wrong answers to such questions as grievous sins, not just misunderstandings—as insults to God that deserved capital punishment. Mistakes about terminology could be fatal.
Knowing as you are Known
Authors: Strobel Kyle 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter attends to the nature of Christian prayer as a form of shared presence. How might one respond if one experiences abandonment, isolation, or condemnation in prayer? This practical question follows more theoretical material on how Christian prayer assumes a twofold presence: God’s unique presence to the Christian and the Christian’s call to reciprocate that presence with a significant personal presence. The chapter grounds prayer theologically, before addressing prayer by faith alone. Following this, first, a feature of Eleonore Stump’s profound articulation of personal presence is narrated. Second, the chapter uses the notion of faith to articulate the mode of Christian prayer, and the implications for understanding one’s experience of prayer. Finally, the chapter addresses the seemingly ubiquitous experience of alienation in prayer, utilizing two key biblical passages. Reformed theology is drawn on for various instincts and constructs that can speak into the odd reality of prayer.
‘Guard this rich trust’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the theme of human entrustedness by God, arguing that there is more language of people being entrusted, especially in the Pauline corpus and the gospels, than has been recognized. God’s and Christ’s therapeutic trust in humanity, which trusts them even though they are not yet reliably trustworthy, in the confidence that they will grow in trustworthiness, plays a vital role in the divine‒human relationship. Individuals and communities are entrusted with the gospel, with stewardship and oversight of churches, with a wide range of gifts, with teachings and traditions, with being an example for others, with care for one another, and with care for the material world. Being entrusted is both a gift and an obligation, and is strongly eschatological in focus. The relationship between trust and the spirit and between entrustedness and power are discussed, and it is argued that trust precedes the reception and gifts of the spirit, and that spiritual power depends on trust. Finally, this chapter offers an outline of an ‘ethic of entrustedness’, exploring how faithful individuals and communities might understand themselves as entrusted today, and with what implications for their behaviour and relationships.
Introduction
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe introduction sets out the three main lines of analysis in this book: the conceptualization of algorithmic reason, the approach focused on the government of self and other, and the methodology of the scene. Algorithmic reason renders the conditions of possibility of governing practices and helps us understand how seemingly messy and mundane practices are held together and circulate globally. We approach algorithmic reason from the perspective of the government of self and other to analyse how boundaries are redrawn algorithmically, and differences recast. What had in the past required strong narratives of difference and identity is now produced through permanent algorithmic operations. The book develops a methodology of the ‘scene’ to understand how algorithmic reason and operations emerge through controversies and encounter frictions, refusal, and resistance. Finally, the introduction outlines the structure of this work in three parts: ‘Rationalities’ (Part I), ‘Materializations’ (Part II), and ‘Interventions’ (Part III).
Decision
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHow do algorithms make decisions, how do they draw lines of difference? Mobilizing the lesser-known critical theory of Günther Anders, this chapter argues that we need to approach algorithmic decision-making through the prism of production and distributed human-machine work. To this end, we develop a methodology to ‘follow an algorithm’ marketed by CivicScape, a predictive policing company. Algorithmic decisions emerge via geometrical calculations and the spatialized partitioning of data points. These decisions become difficult to trace, given what Anders calls their infra-sensible and supra-sensible character. By situating our analysis within the scene of predictive policing, we show that a new rationality of partitioning is constitutive of algorithmic reason and the government of difference.
Accountability
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs facial recognition is increasingly deployed around the world, from the US to China, civil liberties activists and democratic actors have drawn attention to its error rates and privacy invasions. The chapter unpacks new facets of algorithmic accountability, as it emerged nationally and transnationally by producing accounts of algorithmic error and by providing trustworthy explanations of what algorithms do. An algorithmic accountability and auditing industry has emerged to answer growing concerns that humans cannot trust fast-developing algorithms. Rather than analysing accountability through techniques of verification and responsibilization, we draw on scenes of contestation of facial recognition in China to develop another form of calling to account through refusal. Attending to refusal as a form of accountability expands the political scene of algorithmic interventions and challenges how liberal and authoritarian imaginaries to technological innovation are allocated following geopolitical lines.
Politics and Resistance
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter critically examines the roles of the United Central Refugee Council under the Communist Party of India’s leadership and the Sara Bangla Bastuhara Sammelan under Praja Socialist Party’s leadership in the massive refugee satyagraha of March–April 1958. It looks at the forms of resistance and modes of mobilisation, and assesses their revolutionary potential. It also unpacks the contradictions between different layers of political leadership in this refugee movement, shows how the caste question was deliberately suppressed by the Leftist leadership, although it was very much present in the structure of the movement. It also looks at the movement led by Jogendranath Mandal’s East India Refugee Council that deliberately raised the caste issue and examines critically the consequences of its rightward political drift. Finally, it tries to explain why the Dalit refugees were ultimately abandoned by the bhadralok political elite, forcing them to go to Dandakaranya.
What Is a Person, and What Is Gender?
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter expands my earlier work on the debate between female philosopher Sulabha and philosopher-king Janaka. Here, the debate is examined in its context in the Mahabharata. It is preceded by other debates between male sages, which analyse the nature of the living being (jīva) and the body. Sulabha’s analysis of gender, based on Sāṅkhya philosophy, grows out of her analysis of a person (vyakti) as an expression (vyakti), not a permanent reality. She discusses how a foetus develops, acquiring sex and gender at birth. In addition to gender, she addresses the unreality of varṇa and āshrama; she herself flouts the social conventions attached to all these categories.