bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biblical Assemblages in Breivik’s Manifesto
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter analyses invocations of “the Bible” and references to biblical texts in Breivik’s manifesto. The argument of the chapter is that these references are arranged in such a way that they constitute two different biblical assemblages: the War Bible and the Civilisation Bible. The “War Bible” assemblage is made up of biblical texts pertaining to violence which are combined with the far-right conspiracies that fill the manifesto, including allusions to the medieval crusades and stories of Muslim persecution of Christians. The “Civilisation Bible” assemblage is made up of references to “the Bible” that connect to assumptions about the civilisational roots and cultural achievements of Europe. It connects to classic Western literature and art, forming part of the vision of the manifesto for combatting the decline of Europe and the perceived threats of Islam and immigration.
The Civilisation Bible
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Civilisation Bible assemblage. Examining conservative philosophical (and pop-philosophical) arguments about Western civilisation and European culture, the chapter demonstrates how the emphasis on the uniqueness of a Western Christian scriptural tradition feeds into far-right views about the impossibility of integrating Islam into Europe. The chapter argues that the territorialisation of the Civilisation Bible is not the result only of such recent philosophical claims, however, but is also connected to early modern tendencies to posit “the Bible” as a repository for European culture. Further, the Civilisation Bible assemblage connects to the cultural and theological capital enjoyed by Bibles during colonialism. The Civilisation Bible works effectively when it is combined with particular assumptions about “religion” and “culture”, and has gained traction with the clash of civilisations thesis that has become so pervasive around the globe.
Biblical Lines of Flight
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarises the main argument of the study, namely, that two biblical assemblages—the War Bible and the Civilisation Bible—are operant in contemporary counterjihadist writings, transnational right-wing movements, and conservative philosophy, as well as having connections and continuities with past Bible-use. The chapter goes on to reflect on the implications for research in biblical reception and the discipline of biblical studies more broadly. With a more experimental and expansive view of biblical studies, an important implication is that antiquity should not be the presumed or privileged site of study. Drawing on scholars such as Vincent Wimbush, the chapter advocates for extending research in biblical reception in multiple directions, working on different scales, with differing scope, and following a variety of actors, undertaking contextual and comparative work.
Bratton’s Transition (1994)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Newly elected Mayor Giuliani appointed Bill Bratton police commissioner in 1994. One visible problem, of "squeegee" men, had just been addressed by the previous administration. Bratton stepped into his role just as a major corruption scandal broke that immediately tested his reputation. Bratton assembled his executive team: Jack Maple as deputy commissioner, Louis Anemone as chief of patrol, Mike Julian as chief of personnel, John Timoney as chief of department, and John Miller as the deputy commissioner of public information. Bratton announced the NYPD’s mission was to fight crime, fear of crime, and disorder, and he promised a major crime reduction in his first year. He exceeded his goal. Bratton’s Deputy Commissioner, Jack Maple, asks how many shootings there were the previous year, and nobody seemed to know. The answer turns out to be 5,933. Maple gets the idea to hold weekly crime meetings at Police Headquarters to focus on crime fighting, something that had never been before. These meetings evolved into Compstat, which began in April 1994.
Colonial Military
Authors: Graham Aaron 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Alongside the garrison the assembly also maintained its own colonial forces, ranging from the militia to the parties of Maroons and blackshot sent into the interior after runaway slaves. On occasion the assembly even voted funds for large companies of semi-permanent troops. These enabled the planters to project power into the interior of the island, and to fight a ‘tropical’ way of war that required special skills which the imperial garrison did not possess. Such measures also offered opportunities for free and even enslaved people of colour to obtain rewards, giving them a stake in the system of plantation slavery and helping to break up dangerous racial solidarities. The trade-off was that the expansion of this system, especially after 1815, as the imperial government began to reduce the size of the garrison, meant that the growing cost of maintaining these auxiliaries increasing fell on the colonial state.
In Pursuit of Sustainability
Authors: Burton Philip J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Development of a quantitative approach to sustained-yield timber production, sometimes referred to as “scientific forestry,” marked a revolutionary shift in forward thinking. Timber sustainability can be achieved with a uniform areal distribution of even-aged stands representing all age classes in a fully regulated forest. A sustainable supply of timber can also be achieved through uneven-aged management at the stand level, marked by declining densities of successively larger trees. Many forest management debates involve preferences for even-aged management (with trees usually harvested by clearcutting) or uneven-aged management, which maintains continuous forest cover. The optimal age for harvesting trees to achieve maximum sustained fiber yield results in shorter rotations than required to sustain other forest values. Successful application of sustained-yield forestry has several requirements that are often compromised by changing conditions such as natural disturbances and unfavorable weather events, requiring a flexible approach with frequent replanning. Extending sustained-yield principles to multiple forest values under the moniker of sustainable forest management becomes even more challenging. Stakeholder consultation and negotiations are typically needed to clarify interpretations and priorities of what is to be sustained over what area. While long-term forest sustainability remains a worthwhile aspirational goal, its implementation requires a resilient and adaptive approach.
Resilience through Adaptive Management
Authors: Burton Philip J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Recurrent monitoring and assessment of forest conditions is required in order to evaluate whether management actions are achieving their stated goals, and to inform adjustment to changing conditions. Efficient monitoring requires the selection of responsive indicators of broader system status and trends. Many features of forests are repeatedly measured in support of forest certification systems and corporate or government reporting requirements, but often with little impact on forest policies or practices. Resilient forest management requires monitoring activities to be embedded in a formal system of adaptive management in which specific questions are addressed or comparisons are made, and where there is a genuine commitment to information-based decision-making. Multiple indicators are required to assess forest composition, structure, and function at stand and landscape levels, and it is advisable to condense or simplify those many indicators in communicating to managers and the public. Attention to the relative health or persistence of environmental conditions in response to disruptions and changing conditions can inform tactics for resilient forest management. Although informed by monitoring, it is a social decision to identify particular criteria and thresholds for selecting forest resistance, recovery, adjustment, reconfiguration, or transformative approaches.
The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes
Authors: 9780191884320  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes presents a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the languages of the Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia—the only such volume available in English. Descriptive efforts to document Central Andean languages, as well as philological research into colonial documentation and texts, have blossomed in recent decades; here, the major protagonists and drivers of these exciting developments are given the opportunity to showcase these research achievements in one volume. Internationally leading experts on particular languages contribute extensive descriptions that reflect current knowledge but often also add new aspects to our understanding of their phonological and grammatical structures. The volume also features substantial typological comparative analyses that reflect the pivotal role Central Andean languages have played in investigations into topics of current theoretical interest, such as notions of linguistic complexity and evidentiality. It includes chapters that shed light on the cultural, geographical, and sociolinguistic settings in which Central Andean languages are or were spoken, discusses past and present language contact situations, and considers philological aspects of their study. Central Andean languages have also played a key role in exploring the interfaces of historical linguistics with archeology, in particular the relationship between the introduction of agricultural techniques and language expansion in prehistory. Central Andean languages have influenced—and continue to influence—linguistic thinking in multiple respects; this volume is a nuanced and multifaceted yet coherent and substantial guide to these fascinating languages.
Mochica
Authors: Urban Matthias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter sketches the major phonological and morphosyntactic features of the Mochica language of the North Coast of Peru [ISO 369-3: omc, Glottocode: moch1259]. Mochica, a dormant language that has been documented in various stages of development between the 16th and early 20th centuries and that that is currently revitalized, is of particular interest to Central Andean linguistics for its typological features that are often considered to make the language stand out in the Central Andean context. These features include unusual consonant phonemes, in particular a rich, diachronically unstable system of lateral consonants, a comparably loose morphosyntactic organization that relies heavily on clitics rather than affixes, possessive classification, and an etymologically transparent system of numeral classification.
Syntactic structures in the languages of the Central Andes
Authors: Gijn Rik van 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Syntax is an understudied topic in the languages of the Central Andes. This is certainly in part because these languages are morphologically very rich so that part of what we tend to regard as syntax has been morphologized, or contains clear morphological components. In this contribution I go through the (morpho)syntactic structure of Quechuan, Aymaran, Uru–Chipaya, and Híbito–Cholonón languages, as well as that of the isolates Puquina and Mochica and the mixed language Kallawaya. I start with the minimal building block for syntax, the grammatical word, and work toward the structure of complex sentences. Central Andean languages share a considerable part of their syntax, but in some areas they are clearly distinct, likely highlighting the complex history of these languages that involve both intensive contact and independent developments.
Discourse, information structure, and evidentiality in the Central Andes
Authors: Grzech Karolina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the grammatical devices used in the languages of the Central Andes to make discourse coherent and cohesive. These include marking of information-structural categories such as topic and focus, evidential marking, tail–head linkage, and grammaticalized ways of tracking reference in discourse. Most attention is granted to the Quechuan and Aymaran languages, since they are the ones for which the most relevant data is available. Uru–Chipaya evidential and discourse marking is also discussed in significant detail. The concluding section aims to point toward the common structural and semantics patterns of expressing discourse-related meanings in the Central Andes, and references a wider range of languages spoken in the region.
The Andean–Amazonian interface
Authors: Emlen Nicholas Q. , van Gijn Rik , Norder Sietze 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter examines the language ideologies–ways in which value is brought to bear upon the form and use of language in society–in relation to the use of the Quechuan languages in highland Peru and Bolivia, in contemporary times and based on the author’s field research. After a brief synopsis of language ideologies in colonial times and an overview of the sociolinguistic context of Quechuan languages in relation to other Central Andean Indigenous languages, the study takes discourse as its object, both at the “micro” level as people reflect on their own language use and that of others, and at the “macro” level of state legislative, policy, and planning actions. The study of language ideologies in postcolonial settings such as those of the Central Andes helps to identify discriminatory attitudes and practices that can uphold inequality, challenge them, and provide arguments upon which to build more equitable societal arrangements.
The Islamic Agricultural Revolution
Authors: Decker Michael 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Islamic Agricultural Revolution: Myths and Realities Since its first advancement by Andrew Watson in 1974, the ‘Watson Thesis’ of a marked expansion of agricultural activity under the first centuries of Islamic rule over western Eurasia and North Africa has gained wide acceptance. Under a new agrarian regime, predicated on thriving urban markets, access to irrigation technologies, plants, and farming technologies, significant economic gains were realized. This chapter offers a modified picture of agrarian change during the Early Islamic period in which these changes are suggested to have been slower and less dramatic than previously thought. In light of recent evidence from Sasanian Persia and Rome, we are able to further hypothesize and contextualize a more linear development in the agrarian regimes of the lands of the Mediterranean basin.
Landholding, Investment, and Irrigation in Lower Iraq during the First Two Centuries of Islam
Authors: Lucas Noëmie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Lower Iraq is a sub-region of the Iraqi province where the irrigation system plays a key role in the agricultural development. Despite issues related to the presence of swamps and other water issues, Lower Iraq was a far-reaching cultivated area during the first two centuries of Islam. This chapter pursues previous investigations about the Iraqi agriculture and assesses the role of the Islamic state. First, it argues that two kinds of investment coexisted in Lower Iraq: a ‘private’ one factoring the formation of a Muslim group of landowners and constituting an original way of becoming landlords; and a ‘public’ one, which contributed to the development of the Islamic state and its economic policy through control over land. Second, it investigates the way the Islamic state sought to organize the irrigation system ensuring the functioning of the agricultural economy and controlling it at the same time.
Dynamics of Agricultural Investment in al-Ahwaz in the Early Islamic Period
Authors: Soroush Mehrnoush 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter challenges the hypothesis of overall decline in the urban and agricultural economy of Khuzistan after the Sasanians. It suggests, instead, that in the early Islamic period, the lower plains of Khuzistan became the focus of agricultural investment and economic development, at the expense of the more ancient centres of production to the north, such as Susa and Shushtar. The new dynamics encouraged the foundation of a new metropolis, ‘Askar Mukram, in the underdeveloped areas between Shushtar and Ahwaz. This means that ‘Askar Mukram was not built on the foundations of the Sasanian city of Rustam Kawād/Rustāqubād, and that the early Islamic Masruqān canal, modern Gargar, irrigated the plains between ‘Askar Mukram and Ahwaz, rather than the Miyanab plain.
Anthropology
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter explores the perceived conflicts in the science and religion debate that relate to the ‘content’ of each ‘discipline’: in effect, the extent to which the ‘facts’ generated by science are understood to be in conflict with the ‘beliefs’ of religion. It begins by looking at the physical sciences, specifically cosmology, before moving on to the life sciences, specifically but not exclusively evolution. In the process it develops the argument that it is in fact the nature and status of the human that lies at the heart of most perceived conflicts here. The chapter then proceeds to examine in greater detail where the apparent tension lies in this area of the landscape, highlighting eight areas pertaining to the soul, morality, human uniqueness, free will, religious experience, the idea that humans are made in the image of God, the origins of religion itself, and the challenge to any religious doctrine that draws a firm boundary line around humanity. Having explored these tensions, the chapter looks at how these can be accommodated, showing how both science and religion can be conceived in a less conflictual way here. However, it concludes by outlining two remaining potential points of tension, the first relating to gradualism and the category of the human, and the second relating to the apparent inherency and necessity of pain and suffering within creation. These remain important outstanding questions for this debate.
Public Authority and Public Reasoning
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks at the perception of conflict between science and religion in the areas of social and ethical contention. Issues like abortion, euthanasia, genetic engineering, and stem cell research have long had a perceived ‘science and religion’ dimension to them, and current data show opinions on them correlating with different attitudes to science and to religion. This chapter explores the nature of those tensions, before looking at the deeper ‘orientations’ of both science and religion, which underlie these disagreements. Ultimately, it argues, the potential for tension resides in different attitudes to the givenness of life and nature, and attendant disagreements over the extent to which both can be modified. This tension acknowledged, the chapter shows that the perceived conflicts here are neither universal nor necessary, nor specific to science and religion. Where the tension does lie, the chapter argues, has less to do with the issues themselves, or even the respective ethical orientations that people sense within science and religion, but rather in perennial questions of public authority—who has authority to adjudicate on issues of shared and contentious public concern?—and the attendant question of public reasoning—on what basis? These are indeed live and outstanding questions within the science and religion debate, but not problematic ones, not least as they are questions inherent within all liberal, plural, democratic societies.
Weaponizing Civilian Protection
Authors: Gregory Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theoretical framework that underpins this book, which is premised on the idea that the violence inflicted upon the battlefield cannot be understood in isolation from the interpretative schemes that constitute certain populations as populations that need protecting and others as populations that can be eliminated. Languishing between these two extremes are those lives that seem losable in the quest to protect the former and eliminate the latter. Crucially, the chapter will argue that the distinction between those lives that are grievable and those lives that are ungrievable is not something that registers post mortem, but is also active ante mortem, and is evident in those measures that target certain populations with direct violence, expose them to indirect violence, or abandon them to death and destruction. This chapter outlines the specific theoretical and methodological tools that are needed to show how the various measures that were meant to protect civilians actually worked to enable the violence inflicted upon them, helping them to recalibrate the violence used to achieve certain objectives, and mitigate the harm caused to civilians.
(Not) Shooting Civilians
Authors: Gregory Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the measures that successive commanders imposed on coalition ground engagements to eliminate the superfluous harm inflicted upon civilians that was aggravating the local population and threatening to derail the coalition in its struggle against insurgents. The chapter outlines the often-hidden impact these ground engagements had on the civilian population, focusing particular attention on the civilians killed in force protection incidents and the violence inflicted during night raids on Afghan homes, as well as the various technical fixes that coalition officials introduced to ensure that tactical victories did not degenerate into strategic setbacks. Alongside these technical fixes, the chapter explores the novel mechanisms that commanders used to regulate how coalition troops conducted themselves when dealing with potential threats, focusing on the expectation that soldiers demonstrate ‘courageous restraint’ when deciding whether to open fire on suspected insurgents during force protection incidents and night raids.
The networked reading of Victorian illustrations
Authors: Thomas Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The proliferation of illustrations in Victorian culture necessitated a viewing in which illustrations were seen alongside each other in a set of shifting and multifarious networks. The networks examined in this chapter reveal the increasing complexity and significance of illustration through the period. A common network revolved around the illustrator’s name, which adopted a new signifying status in this period; readers often had illustrations by specific artists in the back, or the front, of their minds as they read. The mobility of readers and of illustrations generated other networks of illustrations, such as illustrated advertisements, which intruded on the reading process from their location inside and outside the text, and illustrations in penny dreadfuls, which formed their own nefarious networks. As illustrations became a dominant cultural form, their shared iconographic features and subject matter resulted in a mental ‘clustering’ of images: seeing an illustration was said to evoke the memory of other illustrations. This comes to the fore in the illustrative trope of mothers reading picture books to their children, an image that generates a network of similar illustrations in the reading mind’s eye and points to the pervasiveness of illustration in Victorian culture.