bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Union Scoring System (NUSS): Is It Enough in Clinical Practice?
Authors: Gaddi Diego , Gatti Simone D. , Piatti Massimiliano , Poli Andrea , De Rosa Laura , Riganti Andrea , Zatti Giovanni , Bigoni Marco , Turati Marco 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Bone consolidation defects represent a real orthopedic challenge because of the absence of validated treatment guidelines that can assist the surgeon in his choices. The aim of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of the Non-Union Scoring System NUSS treatment protocol in the management of long bone non-unions by comparing it to the experience-based therapeutic approach carried out in our facility.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a comparative outcome study of a retrospective series of 89 patients surgically treated for long bone non-union in our facility vs. clinical results reported by Calori et al. obtained following the NUSS treatment protocol.

Results
Radiographic healing was reached in 13/13 non-unions (100%) in group NUSS 1, in 58/62 (93.5%) in group NUSS 2, and in 13/14 (92.9%) in group NUSS 3. The mean time to radiographic healing was 5.69 ± 2.09 months in group 1, 7.38 ± 3.81 months in group 2 and 9.23 ± 2.31 months in group 3. 91% of patients in group I, 69% in group II and 48% in group III received what would be considered by the NUSS treatment protocol an “overtreatment”, especially from a biological stand point. The comparative outcome analysis shows that our case series achieved significantly higher global healing rates (p value = 0.017) and shorter radiological healing times in groups NUSS 1 and 2 (p value < 0.001).

Conclusion
From the results obtained, we can assume that the NUSS treatment protocol might underestimate the necessary therapies, particularly from a biological point of view.
Overlapping worlds of art and plastic surgery: developing a concept model and its implications in surgical education
Authors: Nguyen Audrey , Duong Dawn , O’Sullivan Patricia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Editorials speculate on the relationship between art and plastic surgery, and studies of limited art education in surgical training show intriguing benefits. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could advance incorporating artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training and curriculum.

Methods
Using a grounded theory approach, we interviewed plastic surgeons and formally trained or self-identified artists and then analyzed the transcripts. During the process, we used a constant comparison approach while coding along with data collection. The team developed the codebook from initial transcripts; 2 members coded each transcript. We reconciled codes and summarized codes into themes based on discussion among the team.

Results
15 plastic surgeons aged 36–80 years and 16 artists aged 19–62 years were interviewed. We then developed a concept model, “Ways of Making,” to illustrate the shared aspects of the artistic and surgical process through their ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking. Both plastic surgeons and artists recognized that strong technical foundational skills are key to developing competency. Both groups spoke about the Elements of Art and Principles of Design, though artists know this formally. Artists and plastic surgeons shared that awareness to one’s surroundings or to human features facilitates identifying problems or ideas. They described how technical skills, manual dexterity, and three-dimensional thinking can be taught and nurtured. Both groups also recognized that creativity played a major role in their work. While creativity was seen as innate, participants can learn to be innovative through critical thinking.

Conclusion
This study provides a model for how plastic surgery and art overlap using data from interviews. Though there are differences between the two fields, the ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking are key components of the artistic and surgical processes. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could help enhance curricula seeking to incorporate artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training.
Comparing the Dynamics of Free Subduction in Cartesian and Spherical Domains
Authors: Chen Fangqin , Davies D. Rhodri , Goes Saskia , Suchoy Lior , Kramer Stephan C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe effects of sphericity are regularly neglected in numerical and laboratory studies that examine the factors controlling subduction dynamics. Most existing studies have been executed in a Cartesian domain, with the small number of simulations undertaken in a spherical shell incorporating plates with an oversimplified rheology, limiting their applicability. Here, we simulate free‐subduction of composite visco‐plastic plates in 3‐D Cartesian and spherical shell domains, to examine the role of sphericity in dictating the dynamics of subduction, and highlight the limitations of Cartesian models. We identify two irreconcilable differences between Cartesian and spherical models, which limit the suitability of Cartesian‐based studies: (a) the presence of sidewall boundaries in Cartesian models, which modify the flow regime; and (b) the reduction of space with depth in spherical shells, alongside the radial gravity direction, which cannot be captured in Cartesian domains. Although Cartesian models generally predict comparable subduction regimes and slab morphologies to their spherical counterparts, there are significant quantitative discrepancies. We find that simulations in Cartesian domains that exceed Earth's dimensions overestimate trench retreat. Conversely, due to boundary effects, simulations in smaller Cartesian domains overestimate the variation of trench curvature driven by plate width. Importantly, spherical models consistently predict higher sinking velocities and a reduction in slab width with depth, particularly for wider subduction systems, enhancing along‐strike slab buckling and trench curvature. Results imply that sphericity must be considered for understanding the dynamics of Earth's wider subduction systems, and is already a significant factor for slabs of width 2,400 km.
Net Equatorward Shift of the Jet Streams When the Contribution From Sea‐Ice Loss Is Constrained by Observed Eddy Feedback
Authors: Screen James A. , Eade Rosemary , Smith Doug M. , Thomson Stephen , Yu Hao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe examine the midlatitude jet stream responses to projected Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss and global ocean warming in coordinated multi‐model experiments from the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project. Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss cause an equatorward shift of the winter jet stream in the southern and northern hemisphere, respectively, on average across the models. Models with stronger eddy feedback simulate farther equatorward jet shifts in response to both Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss. The models simulate too weak eddy feedback compared to the real world, particularly in the northern hemisphere, resulting in an underestimation of the boreal jet response to Arctic sea‐ice loss. More precise estimates of the jet shifts are obtained by using the observed eddy feedback as a constraint and suggest that the equatorward jet shifts in response to Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss exceed in magnitude the simulated poleward shifts due to ocean warming.
Significant Contribution of Paleogeography to Stratospheric Water Vapor Variations in the Past 250 Million Years
Authors: Xia Yan , Li Xiang , Hu Yongyun , Huang Yi , Zhao Chuanfeng , Xie Fei , Guo Jiaqi , Lan Jiawenjing , Lin Qifan , Yuan Shuai 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStratospheric water vapor (SWV) variations play an important role in influencing the Earth's energy budget. Here, we investigate the SWV variations in the past 250 million years (Myr) using a fully coupled Earth System Model. It is found that both CO2 concentration and paleogeography have prominent influences on the SWV variations, while solar insolation plays a minor role. The SWV increases with surface warming and stratospheric moistening rate is accelerated during the warm periods in the past 250 Myr except for the Pangea supercontinent stage. The ratio of stratospheric moistening to surface warming is smaller in the warm Pangea supercontinent stage compared to that during the warm Cretaceous Period, which is due to the ascending and consequent cooling of the tropical tropopause layer associated with the severe surface warming over the tropical Pangea supercontinent. Our results suggest that paleogeography is an important factor in regulating SWV variations in deep‐time climate.
Direct Observation of the Transitional Stage of Mixing‐State‐Related Absorption Enhancement for Atmospheric Black Carbon
Authors: Zhai Jinghao , Yang Xin , Li Ling , Ye Xingnan , Chen Jianmin , Fu Tzung‐May , Zhu Lei , Shen Huizhong , Ye Jianhuai , Wang Chen , Tao Shu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe addition of coating to the black carbon (BC) enhances its absorption as more light is focused by the coating “lens.” The absorption enhancement factor (Eabs) of BC is difficult to quantify due to an inadequate representation of its mixing structure and the interaction with radiation. Here, by tracking the evolution of the fresh BC particles in the ambient, we found a transitional stage of the particle Eabs with the non‐BC‐to‐BC mass ratio (RBC) at ∼2, below which there were insufficient coating materials to encapsulate the BC core and the absorption enhancement was not significant (∼14%). When the RBC >∼ 2, obvious absorption enhancement occurred as the BC cores were fully covered. Secondary inorganic species played the most critical role in the coating materials to enhance the “lensing effect.” We suppose the particle‐resolved core‐shell Mie model can be applied in the Eabs prediction for most cases.
Formation of Beading Auroral Arcs at Substorm Onset: Implications of Its Variability Into the Generation Process
Authors: Ohtani S. , Motoba T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe formation of auroral beads, wavy onset arcs, is often discussed in terms of substorm initiation. The present study addresses several aspects of their development and propagation by examining ground all‐sky images for representative events for each aspect. The results are summarized as follows: (a) the expansion and propagation of auroral beads do not depend on whether they form east or west of a preceding equatorward flow; (b) Auroral beads propagate either eastward or westward when the westward auroral electrojet intensifies apparently not preceded by the approach of an equatorward flow in neighboring sectors; (c) A nearby arc does not seem to be affected even if auroral beads form only a few tenths of degree apart in latitude; (d) two wavy arcs occasionally form next to each other and propagate in different directions; (e) the evolution of beading arcs is not always conjugate in two hemispheres. Results (a) and (b) suggest that meso‐ or large‐scale ionospheric convection as inferred from ground magnetic disturbances does not regulate the development and propagation of auroral beads. Results (c) and (d) imply that the development of auroral beads can be attributed to a small‐scale process, possibly a convection flow, at a latitudinal scale of a few tenths of degree or less. Such a small‐scale process may not be conjugate in two hemispheres, which potentially explains Result (e). These results do not necessarily mean that the cause of auroral beads is ionospheric, but suggest that the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling plays an important role in their development.
Identifying an Evaporative Thermal Refugium for the Preservation of Coral Reefs in a Warming World—The Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)
Authors: Abir Shai , McGowan Hamish A. , Shaked Yonathan , Lensky Nadav G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCoral bleaching events are more frequent and severe as global temperatures rise. However, analysis of the surface energy fluxes that substantially affect the thermoregulation of shallow reef environments is rare. Previous work on evaporative cooling in a humid reef environment led to the hypothesis that in proximity to desert regions, drier air enhances evaporative cooling of water overlying coral reefs, reducing the risk of extreme high‐water temperatures. Eddy Covariance measurements made over a shallow desert fringing coral reef in the Gulf of Eilat (Israel) during summer measured evaporation of 10.3 mm d−1 which is maintaining water temperature much lower than the overlying air temperature. In addition, measurements of the most severe marine heatwave that was ever documented in the region are presented as a case study for future reference to the processes that lead to and proceed a marine heatwave, which is induced by synoptic scale events that cause a ∼50% reduction in evaporation rate. Results are compared to similar measurements from a tropical coral reef, where a lower evaporation rate suppressed by higher humidity is unable to offset the heating of water overlying the reef. We conclude that evaporative cooling is a key mechanism protecting coral reefs located in deserts from extreme high‐water temperatures, thereby representing possible thermal refugium for corals against background global warming.
Changes in NO3 Radical and Its Nocturnal Chemistry in Shanghai From 2014 to 2021 Revealed by Long‐Term Observation and a Stacking Model: Impact of China's Clean Air Action Plan
Authors: Zhu Jian , Wang Shanshan , Zhang Sanbao , Xue Ruibin , Gu Chuanqi , Zhou Bin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNitrate radical (NO3), an important nocturnal tropospheric oxidant, was observed continuously in the eastern Chinese megalopolis of Shanghai from July 2018 to August 2021using differential optical absorption spectroscopy equipped with LED lamp. To assess changes in NO3 radical during the implementation of China's Clean Air Action Plan, a stacking model was developed to predict historical NO3 radical from 2014 to 2018 with good performance. Combining the observed and predicted data sets, the highest concentration of NO3 exceeded 300 pptv in 2021, while the highest monthly mean of 36.2 ± 30.9 pptv occurred in summer 2017. The impact of meteorology, precursors, and emissions on the evolution of nocturnal NO3 was quantified using the Kolmogorov‐Zurbenko filter. The rapid increase in annual NO3 from 2014 to 2017 was caused by a combination of persistently high precursor O3 concentrations, insufficient SO2‐represented primary pollutant reductions, and meteorological conditions favorable to NO3. As China's clean air actions advanced further, significant CO‐represented and SO2‐represented emission reductions overcame the impact of meteorological conditions and significantly lowered the NO3 levels between 2018 and 2021. These efforts drastically affected nocturnal NO3 chemistry, reducing NO3 loss rates by approximately 30% in both spring and summer in 2021 compared to 2014, although the NO3 levels were comparable between the 2 years. In addition, substantial reductions in CO‐represented and SO2‐represented primary pollutants, as well as effective management of NO2 and PM2.5, resulted in varying decreases in the rates of direct (removal by reactions with VOCs, etc.) and indirect (removal by heterogeneous consumption of N2O5) losses, thereby moderating secondary aerosol formation.
Southern Hemisphere Response to the Secondary Planetary Waves Generated During the Arctic Sudden Stratospheric Final Warmings: Influence of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation
Authors: Qin Yusong , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Teng Chen‐Ke‐Min , Yang Zhenlin , Sun Ruidi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBased on the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 reanalysis and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder geopotential height observations, the anomalously strong secondary planetary waves (PWs) with westward zonal wavenumber 1 and periods of 10–16 days are unexpectedly captured in the Southern (summer) Hemisphere (SH) during the Arctic sudden stratospheric final warmings (SSFWs) in 2015 and 2022, while no distinct secondary PW signal occurs in the SH during the 2005, 2014, and 2016 Arctic SSFWs. The Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux diagnostics show that the secondary PWs during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs have strong trans‐equatorial components at ∼35–60 km, but the southward EP flux from the Northern Hemisphere during the other three SSFWs decays dramatically around the equator. Further diagnostic results on the background conditions indicate that the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the middle stratosphere plays a crucial role in the SH response to the secondary PW during SSFW. The strong equatorial westward winds at ∼32–42 km result in the critical layers and negative waveguides for the secondary W1 PW during the 2005, 2014, and 2016 SSFWs, which significantly block the trans‐equatorial propagation of PW. Such PW suppression is not observed during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs since the middle stratospheric QBO is in the eastward phase. Moreover, the strong secondary PW in the SH during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs can additionally induce the poleward residual circulation to facilitate the mesospheric total residual circulation transition from summer pattern to winter pattern in the SH.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Lunar Seismic Scattering and Comparison Between the Earth, Mars, and the Moon
Authors: Onodera Keisuke , Kawamura Taichi , Tanaka Satoshi , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Maeda Takuto 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe intense seismic scattering seen in Apollo lunar seismic data is one of the most characteristic features, making the seismic signals much different from those observed on the Earth. The scattering is considered to be attributed to subsurface heterogeneity. While the heterogeneous structure of the Moon reflects the past geological activities and evolution processes from the formation, the detailed description remains an open issue. Here, we present a new model of the subsurface heterogeneity within the upper lunar crust derived through a full 3D seismic wave propagation simulation. Our simulation successfully reproduced the Apollo seismic observations, leading to a significant update of the scattering properties of the Moon. The results showed that the scattering intensity of the Moon is about 10 times higher than that of the heterogeneous region on the Earth. The quantified scattering parameters could give us a constraint on the surface evolution process of the Moon and enable the comparative study for answering a fundamental question of why the seismological features are different on various planetary bodies.
Application and Evaluation of the Gravel Parameterization Scheme in WRF‐CLM4 Model
Authors: You Huiqi , Lyu Shihua , Zhang Shaobo , Xu Yue , Ma Cuili , Tao Xingyu , Chen Pan , Yang Fan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs the gravel is a vital component of soil that affects the soil hydrothermal condition, its application can help improve the numerical simulations. In this study, a soil data set containing gravel content suitable to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model‐Community Land Model version 4 (WRF‐CLM4) is firstly established, and a gravel parameterization scheme is coupled to the WRF‐CLM4. On this basis, numerical simulations are conducted over the Tibetan Plateau, whose results are further compared with the global atmospheric Re‐Analysis released by the China Meteorological Administration (CRA‐40) for evaluation. The results show that the new scheme can improve the simulation effect of soil temperature to a certain extent. The correlation coefficient (R) with the CRA‐40 data for soil temperature is enhanced in the shallow soil layer in the new scheme. Besides, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of soil temperature are significantly reduced in shallow soil layer. Comparatively, the new scheme has a better simulation effect for soil moisture. The values of R increase significantly for soil moisture in the shallow soil layer. The RMSEs for soil moisture in both shallow and deep layers are greatly reduced. Regional‐averages over the three areas and time series show that gravel has large impact on soil temperature and moisture compared with the old scheme. Overall, the values of R and RMSEs for soil temperature and moisture in the new scheme have been greatly improved, while their trends in the shallow layer are closer to the comparison data.
Modified dementia risk score as a tool for the prediction of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 239745 participants
Authors: Wang Zuo-Teng , Fu Yan , Zhang Ya-Ru , Chen Shi-Dong , Huang Shu-Yi , Yang Liu , Li Hong-Qi , Ou Ya-Nan , Feng Jian-Feng , Dong Qiang , Cheng Wei , Tan Lan , Wang Hui-Fu , Yu Jin-Tai 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBased on risk profiles, several approaches for predicting dementia risk have been developed. Predicting the risk of dementia with accuracy is a significant clinical challenge. The goal was to create a modified dementia risk score (MDRS) based on a big sample size. A total of 239,745 participants from UK Biobank were studied (mean follow-up of 8.7 years). The score value of each risk factor was estimated according to the β coefficient in the logistic regression model. The total dementia risk score was the sum of each risk score. Kaplan Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess the associations between total score and dementia. Among all participants included, 3531 incident cases of all-cause dementia (ACD), 1729 cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 925 cases of vascular dementia (VD) were identified. Several vascular risk factors (physical activity, current smoking status, and glycemic status) and depressive symptoms were found to be significantly related to dementia risk. The modified dementia risk scores predicted dementia well (model 1, area under curve 0.810; model 2, area under curve 0.832). In model 1, the cut-off value for high risk (HR) was 81 or higher, and in model 2 (including the APOE4), it was 98 or higher. According to Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, patients in the HR group had faster clinical progression (p < 0.0001) in either model 1 or 2. Cox regression analyses for HR versus low risk (LR) revealed that the Hazard radio for ACD was 7.541 (6.941 to 8.193) in model 1 and 8.348 (7.727 to 9.019) in model 2. MDRS is appropriate for dementia primary prevention, and may help quickly identify individuals with elevated risk of dementia.
Defective proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Mahali Sidhartha , Martinez Rita , King Melvin , Verbeck Anthony , Harari Oscar , Benitez Bruno A. , Horie Kanta , Sato Chihiro , Temple Sally , Karch Celeste M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractImpaired proteostasis is associated with normal aging and is accelerated in neurodegeneration. This impairment may lead to the accumulation of protein, which can be toxic to cells and tissue. In a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau) cases, pathogenic mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene are sufficient to cause tau accumulation and neurodegeneration. However, the pathogenic events triggered by the expression of the mutant tau protein remain poorly understood. Here, we show that molecular networks associated with lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic function are disrupted in brains from FTLD-tau patients carrying a MAPT p.R406W mutation. We then used human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and 3D cerebral organoids from patients carrying the MAPT p.R406W mutation and CRISPR/Cas9, corrected controls to evaluate proteostasis. MAPT p.R406W was sufficient to induce morphological and functional deficits in the lysosomal pathway in iPSC-neurons. These phenotypes were reversed upon correction of the mutant allele with CRISPR/Cas9. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors led to tau degradation specifically in MAPT p.R406W neurons. Together, our findings suggest that MAPT p.R406W is sufficient to cause impaired lysosomal function, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis and serve as a cellular phenotype for drug screening.