bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prescribing Characteristics Associated With Opioid Overdose Following Buprenorphine Taper
Authors: Bozinoff Nikki , Men Siyu , Kurdyak Paul , Selby Peter , Gomes Tara 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceRetention in buprenorphine therapy is associated with a lower risk of opioid overdose. Nevertheless, many patients discontinue treatment, and there is limited evidence to guide buprenorphine tapering.ObjectiveTo understand what prescribing characteristics are associated with opioid overdose following buprenorphine taper.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a population-based, retrospective, cohort study of adults who were maintained on buprenorphine for at least 60 days and underwent a buprenorphine taper. The study was conducted in the Canadian province of Ontario, using linked administrative health data. New buprenorphine treatment episodes were accrued between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2019, and the maximum follow-up was April 30, 2020. Data analysis was performed from December 2020 to August 2022.ExposuresThe primary exposure of interest was time to taper initiation (≤1 year vs &amp;gt;1 year). Secondary exposures included mean rate of taper, percentage days during which the dose was decreasing, and taper duration.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was time to fatal or nonfatal opioid overdose within 18 months following treatment discontinuation.ResultsAmong 5774 individuals, the median (IQR) age at index date was 34 (28-44) years, and 3462 individuals (60.0%) were male. Time to taper initiation longer than 1 year vs 1 year or less (6.73 vs 10.35 overdoses per 100 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-0.997), a lower mean rate of taper (≤2 mg per month, 6.95 overdoses per 100 person-years; &amp;gt;2 to ≤4 mg per month, 11.48 overdoses per 100 person-years; &amp;gt;4 mg per month, 17.27 overdoses per 100 person-years; ≤2 mg per month vs &amp;gt;4 mg per month, aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46-0.91; &amp;gt;2 to ≤4 mg per month vs &amp;gt;4 mg per month, aHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51-0.93), and dose decreases in 1.75% or less of days vs more than 3.50% of days during the taper period (5.87 vs 13.87 overdoses per 100 person-years; aHR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93) were associated with reduced risk of opioid overdose; however, taper duration was not.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study, buprenorphine tapers undertaken after at least 1 year of therapy, a slower rate of taper, and a lower percentage of days during which the dose was decreasing were associated with a significantly lower risk of opioid overdose, regardless of taper duration. These findings underscore the importance of a carefully planned taper and could contribute to reduction in opioid-related overdose death.
Medical Advising
Authors: Foley Kasey A. , MacGeorge Erina L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Within the discipline of health communication, medical advising typically refers to the provision of a formal recommendation by a clinician to a patient or caregiver on what action to take in response to a health‐related concern. Medical advising is a common and consequential form of support and influence within medical interactions, and has been a central focus in the research agenda of health communication researchers since the discipline's start. Research on clinician–patient communication points to several psychological and behavioral factors that influence recipient perceptions of and responses to medical advice.
Pharmaceutical Advertising
Authors: Dan Viorela 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pharmaceutical advertising involves the for‐pay transmission of messages about drugs and other types of medication, with the ultimate goal of increasing demand for the product advertised. Pharmaceutical companies manufacture and advertise three different types of medication: prescription drugs (Rx), over‐the‐counter drugs (OTC), and dietary supplements (DS). Numerous regulations set boundaries to pharmaceutical advertising. They concern who can be targeted (i.e., healthcare providers vs. laypeople) and what type of information must be included. OTC and DS advertising targets mainly laypeople, and a warning statement urging audiences to talk to a health provider about risks and side effects is considered sufficient. Rx advertising targets mainly healthcare providers, with visits by pharmaceutical representatives being the most common instrument, known as detailing. In all countries except the United States and New Zealand, direct‐to‐consumer advertising for prescription medication (DTCA) is prohibited. In these two countries, it is stipulated that a “fair balance” between drug benefits on the one hand and risks and side effects on the other must be achieved. Existing research indicates that pharmaceutical advertising may resort to untoward means, both in its interactions with healthcare providers and in its materials targeting laypeople. Pharmaceutical companies are criticized for what is perceived as an attempt to circumvent the demand for a fair balance using message design features (e.g., by pairing the narration of risks and side effects in the voiceover with distracting visuals) and for attempts to alter medical doctors' prescribing behaviors through gifts and other types of incentives.
Social Capital
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis entry offers an introduction to social capital and its functions in regards to health communication, including health media campaigns and health media messaging. Common operational definitions of social capital include group membership, social trust, neighborliness, perceptions of place, and social and community ties. Social capital has been found to be positively associated with beneficial health outcomes at both individual and collective levels. With this basis, research has implemented three different general frameworks to model how health communication functions in tandem with social capital. First, using an audience segmentation framework, people with different levels of social capital tend to have different patterns of health communication. Second, using a mediation framework, health communication can spur increases in social capital, which, in turn, can influence improvements in health outcomes. Third, using a moderation framework, social capital moderates the effects of health communication on health outcomes. Research in these three areas underscores the importance of health communication in social capital processes, deriving important implications for research and practice. Future research can help advance knowledge on how these three frameworks function in general and across health contexts and health outcomes.
Textual Analysis
Authors: Silva Vesta T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Textual analysis allows critics to analyze written, visual, and aural messages in their historical context. It uses techniques of close reading to highlight particular cultural understandings of health, medicine, and society, revealing in particular unspoken norms, values, and beliefs that shape individuals' choices and actions in specific health settings. Textual analysis requires the critic to have a rich understanding of their chosen texts, their contexts, and the cultural codes that ground them.
Media Content, News
Authors: Araújo Rita 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The production of news is influenced by several factors, namely media organizations, characteristics of journalists, and their organizational practices. News is the result of a complex process that involves the gathering of information, mostly through news sources, and then the application of newsworthiness criteria that allow journalists to decide whether a story is worth publishing. Within the health field, journalists rely heavily on news sources due to the technical nature of information and their lack of specialization. Even though health and science desks are now very common amongst media organizations, they encompass a wide category of news stories that includes diseases, new treatments or services, health products or procedures, medical research, and so on. News media are often a primary source of health information to the general public, and their coverage may be decisive in the decision‐making process about one's health.
Shared Decision Making
Authors: Pieterse Arwen H. , Gulbrandsen Pål , McCaffery Kirsten , Henselmans Inge 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shared decision making is the process by which patients and clinicians make decisions about care together, in order to choose management options that fit the individual patient best. This decision model is in place when there is uncertainty about the best option for a particular patient, which is often the case. Many definitions of shared decision making exist, which share key elements. In clinical practice, shared decision making is still not common. Various barriers have been identified to explain why shared decision making has not been widely implemented yet, and a fundamental barrier may relate to the vulnerable position in which patients find themselves with respect to clinicians. Multiple measures of shared decision making have been designed, but assessment remains a challenge, and effects on patient outcomes are still unclear. Effective implementation of shared decision making is increasingly being considered as requiring a multifaceted approach, including a particular focus on individuals with lower health literacy skills. Overall, continuing efforts to substantiate, fine‐tune, and promote shared decision making are required to ensure that decisions are made that align with what matters most to individual patients.
Interprofessional Collaboration
Authors: Fox Stephanie , Mallette Simon , Ginoux Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is a cornerstone of today's healthcare organizations. IPC is intended to address fragmentation in healthcare systems and increasingly complex healthcare needs, which exceed the expertise of one profession. It requires that clinicians from different professions work together with patients, their families, carers, and communities to provide comprehensive services and quality care. Often linked to quality improvement initiatives, IPC is thought to enhance health outcomes, patient safety and satisfaction, and quality of care. Depending on the interdependence between collaborating clinicians, IPC practices can take various forms. The effectiveness of IPC depends on a set of interrelated factors involving healthcare systems and policy, healthcare organizations, interprofessional teams, and individuals. Communication is a key element of IPC effectiveness but remains undertheorized in much IPC literature. While IPC communication entails the accurate and timely transfer of information, it is also how clinicians negotiate and define patient care, and establish relationships with team members, patients, and their families. Health communication scholars can thus contribute nuanced understandings of IPC communicative practices. Future research should investigate the role of artifacts and especially the role of the person receiving IPC care.
Mobile Health, Developing Countries
Authors: Chib Arul , Li Caining 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry describes the introduction and evolution of the application and impacts of mHealth in developing countries. The initial phase of mHealth was characterized by mobile phone‐based voice and text health communication primarily for improving healthcare delivery systems, and was focused on communicable diseases and maternal/child health. Recently, more advanced technologies such as mobile applications have emerged to address patients' and consumers' self‐care practices. Although pilot mHealth projects reported promising outcomes, there is a lack of a credible evidence base regarding the long‐term sustainability of mHealth on a large scale. In summary, mHealth initially seemed promising for improving health practices in developing countries, but has yet to live up to its true potential for transforming healthcare systems. Mobile health technologies are continuously evolving, with promising emergent areas, although these continue to be constrained by challenges unique to developing economies.
Appeals: Fear
Authors: Janssen Loes 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides a definition of fear appeals in health communication and a chronological overview of the main theoretical models on fear appeal processing. Fear appeals are threatening health communications that aim to convince their audience to eliminate or prevent behaviors that are damaging to their health. Fear appeals typically stress the severity of negative consequences of not following up on message recommendations, as well as the audience's susceptibility to these aversive consequences. By convincing people that the recommended response effectively averts the threat (response efficacy), and that they are able to follow up on these recommendations (self‐efficacy), the audience is expected to engage in danger control, which is an adaptive coping process. However, when efficacy is low, threat appraisal may result in fear control and defensive responding, which interferes with persuasion. Meta‐analyses have tested the robustness of fear appeal effects on attitudes, intentions, and behavior, and conclude that fear appeals are only effective when perceived efficacy is high. This entry concludes with addressing the practical application of fear appeal theory and future research directions.
Health Disparities: Indigenous: Africa
Authors: Muturi Nancy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry focuses on factors that contribute to health disparities in the African context. Whereas the region is disproportionately impacted by several communicable and noncommunicable diseases, some of which are exacerbated by the tropical conditions that support pathogenic microbes, their impact on populations is varied based on socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, behavioral, and communication‐related factors that lead to inequities in health outcomes and access to healthcare. As the culture‐centered approach to health communication is emphasized, cultural elements including religious beliefs, values, and practices need to be taken into consideration in addition to other socioeconomic, behavioral, and environmental factors that contribute to health inequities in Africa. Health literacy and indigenous knowledge of alternative and traditional medicine are also crucial in communication interventions that seek to address health and healthcare disparities from a cultural perspective.
Medical Mistrust
Authors: Williamson Lillie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Medical mistrust is a nuanced construct that refers to mistrust of various actors and levels of the healthcare system. This mistrust of the motives of the medical system and its actors, which is consistently higher among historically marginalized groups, acts as a barrier to engagement in several health behaviors. Its association with decreased likelihood of engaging in health behaviors, along with higher levels of mistrust being reported by historically marginalized populations, positions medical mistrust as a contributor to health disparities. Although scholarship has focused on Black Americans, there are other communities for whom this construct is thought to be influential. Alongside being a barrier to health behaviors of interest, it is both an antecedent to and outcome of communication; interpersonal communication, campaign messages, and news media can all contribute to medical mistrust. Medical mistrust stands as a barrier to engagement in health behaviors, particularly for historically marginalized communities, that can be both heightened by and potentially ameliorated by communication.
Hetero‐Atomic Pairs with a Distal Fe3+‐Site Boost Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhu Yanping , Chen Gao , Chu You‐Chiuan , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Wang Jiali , Tung Ching‐Wei , Chen Hao Ming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe hetero‐atomic interaction has been the subject of many investigations, due to their heterogeneity, the individual roles of the atoms are still difficult to realize. Herein, an electrocatalyst with a hetero‐atomic pair confined on a tungsten phosphide (WP) substrate so that the Fe3+‐site of the pair is distal to the surface is shown to deliver an extremely low overpotential of 192 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and one of the highest oxygen production turnover frequencies (TOF) of 2.1 s−1 at 300 mV under alkaline environment for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Operando characterization shows the Lewis acidic Fe3+ site boosts a large population of Co4+/3+ and the deprotonation of coordinated water, allowing simultaneously enhanced electron‐transfer as well as the proton‐transfer. A significant contribution from the WP substrate modulates the order of hydroxide transfer in the pre‐equilibrium step (PES) and rate‐determining‐step (RDS), leading to a remarkable OER performance.
Microwave absorbing properties of polyaniline coated Buckypaper reinforced epoxy resin composites
Authors: Xia Zhiqiang , Wang Rui , Qu Bo , Wu Qingshi , Zhuo Dongxian , Zheng Yuying 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWith the development of science and technology and electronic industry, electromagnetic wave pollution has become the fifth largest pollution in the world today, so it is very important to develop a material with good wave absorbing properties. In this study, polyaniline was loaded onto the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) bundles in Buckypaper by electropolymerization, and epoxy resin was used as the matrix to prepare a polyaniline (PANI)/Buckypaper/EP composite absorber with integrated structure and function. The research shows that the CNTs are prepared into Buckypaper with a three‐dimensional porous structure by vacuum filtration. This three‐dimensional porous structure ensures that CNTs can be added at a high content and uniformly dispersed in epoxy resin. PANI adjusts the impedance matching of Buckypaper and adds more loss mechanisms. Under the optimal matching thickness of 1.5 mm, the optimal reflection loss reaches −29.31 dB, and the absorption bandwidth is 3.12 GHz. At the same time, the interaction between the π–π noncovalent bond of PANI and the delocalized π electrons on the surface of CNTs improves the mechanical strength of Buckypaper. The tensile strength reached 42.17 MPa, an increase of 92.82% compared with pure BP/EP. The research in this article is expected to provide a feasible idea for the preparation of structure–function integrated materials.
Conservation planning for threatened marine megafauna: Moving forward with a better approach
Authors: Huang Shiang‐Lin , Wu Haiping , Li Qiuhui , Jefferson Thomas A. , Chen Mo , Peng Chongwei , Wang Xianyan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

For threatened marine megafauna, such as the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis), sound conservation planning should aim to ensure demographic and ecological persistence of populations. One method to address this challenge is through ecosystem‐based conservation planning (ECP) based on threatened marine megafauna distribution, biodiversity richness, and ecosystem functionality.
ECP exercises for the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin in Chinese and adjacent northern Vietnamese waters were conducted based on the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin distribution, Hill‐2 biodiversity index, and marine net primary productivity. Habitat protection priorities were scored using the program MARXAN and were used to identify special areas for conservation (SACs) for the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin.
To ensure the minimal risk of local extinction, the SACs enclosed a total of 26,858 km2 of waters, accounting for 49.9% of core habitats of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin and 24.3% of the IUCN Red List species in the study region. To enclose 30% of biodiversity richness and ecosystem functionality, a total of 40,179 km2 SACs was required.
In the context of threatened marine megafauna conservation, megafauna distribution can be used to highlight focal areas, while information on biodiversity richness and ecosystem functionality should be factored in. Using surrogates with different ecological niches would be a better tactic to ensure sufficient protection coverage by minimizing the omission bias.
The conservation of threatened marine megafauna in coastal and estuarine waters shares similar objectives with global marine biodiversity conservation. The challenges to conduct ECP exercises come from data scarcity and poor data quality in representing distributions of biodiversity features. A certified open‐access database that shares survey effort, occurrence, population density, and habitat mapping at national and local scales is recommended. Such a result requires national planning, investment, and policing.
Recent Trends in Sense‐and‐Release Platforms Employing Electrochemically‐Triggered Payload (Drugs) Release – A Review
Authors: Badenhorst Ronaldo , Smutok Oleh , Katz Evgeny 
Published: September 2022

AbstractElectrochemically‐triggered payload release as a potential method for signal‐responsive “smart drug” development has been increasingly utilized in the field of modern pharmaceuticals. Among the various approaches to design electrochemically‐triggered payload release systems, the basis of using electrochemical reactions to develop sensing and releasing electrodes allows for increased diversity and adaptability with regards to signal, payload, and release conditions. In this review, an overview of the two main categories (pH‐independent and pH‐dependent) of electrochemically‐triggered release and their most commonly used subsets were summarized. These variations provided the foundational basis from which an electrochemically‐triggered payload release system can be designed and adapted to meet the demands of potential treatment requirements. Moreover, different practically demonstrated adaptions of electrochemically‐triggered payload release sensing and releasing electrodes were evaluated comprehensively and the advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Finally, some overarching recommendations for optimized use of these electrochemical systems were proposed.
PROTOCOL: Critical appraisal of methodological quality and reporting items of systematic reviews with meta‐analysis in evidence‐based social science in China: A systematic review
Authors: Guo Liping , Zhou Wenjie , Xing Xin , Wei Zhipeng , Yang Minyan , Ma Mina , Yang Kehu , White Howard 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: (1) To evaluate the reporting quality of systematic reviews published in Chinese social science journals against the PRISMA and MOOSE standards; (2) To evaluate the methodology quality of systematic reviews published in Chinese social science journals against the AMSTAR‐2 and DART standards; and (3) To analyze other characteristics of systematic reviews published in Chinese social science journals using content analysis.