bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol‐related diarrhea
Authors: Chiba Toshimi , Phillips Sidney F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlcohol generates a large caloric yield without supplying any essential nutrients; alcoholics may thus maintain body weight while suffering from malnutrition. In addition, diarrhea is a common complaint of both acute and chronic alcoholics. Here, we review the effects of alcohol on gastrointestinal morphology, function, its nervous system and motility. Acute morphological changes such as erosions, inflammatory cell infiltrations and microvascular changes are seen in the stomach and small intestine in acute alcoholics. In addition, atrophic gastritis, reduced villous height and decreased mucosal surface area of the small intestine have been described in chronic alcoholics. Acute administration of alcohol inhibits absorption of nutrients and fluids, and can stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes. Bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine and decreased pancreatic secretions have been also described in chronic alcoholics. The well‐known deleterious effects of alcohol on the central nervous system raise the possibility of similar acute and chronic effects of the enteric nervous system. Such effects could alter motility and transit. Indeed, esophageal dysmotility and delayed gastric emptying have been observed with high concentrations of alcohol in experimental studies and in chronic alcoholics. Small bowel motility and transit may be abnormal in both acute and chronic alcoholics, and colonic propulsive motility is increased after acute administration of alcohol. Any, or all, of these changes in gastrointestinal functions may contribute to diarrhea in acute binge drinkers and chronic alcoholics. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic studies of the pathophysiology of alcohol abuse, and an integrating concept of the diarrhea of alcoholics is still not possible.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Hand or Foot: Conservative Surgery andRadiotherapy
Authors: Jyothirmayi Rema , Sittampalam Yoga , Harmer Clive 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Conservative treatment in the form of limited surgery and post‐operative
radiotherapy is controversial in hand and foot sarcomas, both due to poor radiation
tolerance of the palm and sole, and due to technical difficulties in achieving adequate
margins.This paper describes the local control and survival of 41 patients with soft tissue
sarcoma of the hand or foot treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy.
The acute and late toxicity of megavoltage radiotherapy to the hand and foot are described.
The technical issues and details of treatment delivery are discussed.
The factors influencing local control after radiotherapy are analysed.Subjects . Eighteen patients had sarcomas of the hand and 23 of the foot.
All patients received post‐operative radiotherapy, the majority receiving a dose of 60
Gy in 2‐Gy daily fractions using a two‐phase treatment.Results . The acute and late toxicity of treatment were within acceptable limits.
The actuarial 5‐year overall survival of the whole patient group was 67.6% and the
local relapse‐free survival was 44%.The local control was similar in tumours of hand
and foot, and in patients treated at first presentation or relapse.Discussion. Post‐operative radiotherapy to the hand or foot appears to be a well
tolerated treatment resulting in long‐term local control in a significant proportion of patients.
The increased frequency of recurrence within the high‐dose volume
suggests the need for the use of higher total doses of radiotherapy.
Hypercalcemia Caused by Metastatic Adamantinoma: Response to Radiotherapy
Authors: Lyons Janice A. , Budd G. Thomas , Crownover Richard L. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. To describe successful palliation of a patient with
metastatic adamantinoma presenting with lung metastases and hypercalcemia
resulting from a parathormone‐like substance released from the tumor.Methods and materials. The records of a patient with a history of
a tibial adamantinoma who presented with symptoms of hypercalcemia 20 years after
the original surgery, as well as the literature concerning hypercalcemia and adamantinoma
were reviewed and summarized.Results. After thorough review of the literature we found no
prior reports of radiation being used for palliation of hypercalcemia associated with
metastatic adamantinoma.We report rapid improvement in symptoms and
normalization of serum calcium levels following a course of radiation therapy.
The patient remains asymptomatic 15 months following radiotherapy despite a
gradual return of elevated serum calcium levels.Discussion. Radiation therapy should be considered as a palliative option for
patients who are not surgical candidates presenting with medically refractory
hypercalcemia.
Vinculin Is Part of the Cadherin–Catenin Junctional Complex: Complex Formation between α-Catenin and Vinculin
Authors: Weiss Elisabeth E. , Kroemker Martina , Rüdiger Angelika-H. , Jockusch Brigitte M. , Rüdiger Manfred 
Published: July 2002

In epithelial cells, α-, β-, and γ-catenin are involved in linking the peripheral microfilament belt to the transmembrane protein E-cadherin. α-Catenin exhibits sequence homologies over three regions to vinculin, another adherens junction protein. While vinculin is found in cell–matrix and cell–cell contacts, α-catenin is restricted to the latter. To elucidate, whether vinculin is part of the cell–cell junctional complex, we investigated complex formation and intracellular targeting of vinculin and α-catenin. We show that α-catenin colocalizes at cell–cell contacts with endogenous vinculin and also with the transfected vinculin head domain forming immunoprecipitable complexes. In vitro, the vinculin NH2-terminal head binds to α-catenin, as seen by immunoprecipitation, dot overlay, cosedimentation, and surface plasmon resonance measurements. The Kd of the complex was determined to 2–4 × 10−7 M. As seen by overlays and affinity mass spectrometry, the COOH-terminal region of α-catenin is involved in this interaction.
Complex formation of vinculin and α-catenin was challenged in transfected cells. In PtK2 cells, intact α-catenin and α-catenin1-670, harboring the β-catenin– binding site, were directed to cell–cell contacts. In contrast, α-catenin697–906 fragments were recruited to cell–cell contacts, focal adhesions, and stress fibers. Our results imply that in vivo α-catenin, like vinculin, is tightly regulated in its ligand binding activity.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I Gene Expression in Single Neurons of the Central Nervous System: Differential Regulation by Interferon (IFN)-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α
Authors: Neumann H. , Schmidt H. , Cavalié A. , Jenne D. , Wekerle H. 
Published: July 2002

This study examined the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the induction of MHC class I–related genes in functionally mature brain neurons derived from cultures of dissociated rat hippocampal tissue. Patch clamp electrophysiology combined with single cell RT-PCR demonstrated that ∼50% of the untreated neurons contained mRNA for MHC class I heavy chains, while, with few exceptions, the cells failed to transcribe β2-microglobulin and TAP1/TAP2 gene transcripts. No constitutive expression of MHC class I protein was detectable by confocal laser microscopy on the surface of neurons.
All neurons transcribed the α-chain of the interferon-type II receptor (binding IFN-γ) along with the p55 receptor for TNF-α. Sustained exposure to IFN-γ resulted in transcription of β2microglobulin and TAP1/TAP2 genes and MHC class I surface expression in a minor part of the neurons, but did not alter their electrophysiological activities as assessed by whole cell electrophysiology. Suppression of neuronal electric activity by the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin drastically increased to almost 100% IFN-γ-mediated induction of MHC class I chains, of both TAP transporters, and of membrane expression of MHC class I protein. The effect of tetrodotoxin is at least partly reverted by the neurotransmitter glutamate.
In contrast to IFN-γ, treatment with TNF-α did neither upregulate TAP1/TAP2 nor β2microglobulin gene expression, but induced MHC class I heavy chain gene transcription in all neurons. Consequently, no MHC class I molecules were detectable on the membranes of TNF-α-treated neurons.
Docking of hydrophobic ligands with interaction-based matching algorithms.
Authors: Rarey M , Kramer B , Lengauer T 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Matching of chemical interacting groups is a common concept for docking and fragment placement algorithms in computer-aided drug design. These algorithms have been proven to be reliable and fast if at least a certain number of hydrogen bonds or salt bridges occur. However, the algorithms typically run into problems if hydrophobic fragments or ligands should be placed. In order to dock hydrophobic fragments without significant loss of computational efficiency, we have extended the interaction model and placement algorithms in our docking tool FlexX. The concept of multi-level interactions is introduced into the algorithms for automatic selection and placement of base fragments. RESULTS: With the multi-level interaction model and the corresponding algorithmic extensions, we were able to improve the overall performance of FlexX significantly. We tested the approach with a set of 200 protein-ligand complexes taken from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB). The number of test cases which can be docked within 1.5 A RMSD from the crystal structure can be increased from 58 to 64%. The performance gain is paid for by an increase in computation time from 73 to 91 s on average per protein-ligand complex. AVAILABILITY: The FlexX molecular docking software is available for UNIX platforms IRIX, Solaris and Linux. See http://cartan.gmd.de/FlexX for additional information.
EMBL-Align: a new public nucleotide and amino acid multiple sequence alignment database
Authors: Lombard V. , Camon E. B. , Parkinson H. E. , Hingamp P. , Stoesser G. , Redaschi N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The submission of multiple sequence alignment data to EMBL has grown 30-fold in the past 10 years, creating a problem of archiving them. The EBI has developed a new public database of multiple sequence alignments called EMBL-Align. It has a dedicated web-based submission tool, Webin-Align. Together they represent a comprehensive data management solution for alignment data. Webin-Align accepts all the common alignment formats and can display data in CLUSTALW format as well as a new standard EMBL-Align flat file format. The alignments are stored in the EMBL-Align database and can be queried from the EBI SRS (Sequence Retrieval System) server.
Availability: Webin-Align: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Submission/align_top.html, EMBL-Align: ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/embl/align, http://srs.ebi.ac.uk/
Contact: align@ebi.ac.uk
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
The in-vitro activity of moxifloxacin against Legionella species and the effects of medium on susceptibility test results
Authors: Ruckdeschel G. , Dalhoff A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The in-vitro activities of moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and rifampicin against 49 Legionella spp. isolates were determined by an agar dilution method with buffered charcoal yeast extract agar containing α-ketoglutarate. Because the inhibitory effects of charcoal in the test media were pronounced (92% for quinolones, 90.5% for rifampicin and 92.5% for erythromycin), the MICs were corrected for the charcoal-bound fraction of the antibiotics. The corrected geometric mean MICs were 0.018 mg/L for moxifloxacin, 0.02 mg/L for ciprofloxacin, 0.27 mg/L for erythromycin and 0.005 mg/L for rifampicin.
Childhood maltreatment: The role of concurrent advantageous experiences on adolescents' psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Ronzón‐Tirado Román , Redondo Natalia , Muñoz‐Rivas Marina J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite the growing body of evidence concerning the harmful effects of childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure (IPVE) and their correlates, little is currently known about the effects of co‐occurring advantageous family conditions (e.g., instrumental support, inductive parenting, positive communication) and how they may serve to offset the detrimental effects of maltreatment and IPVE. The present study applied a three‐step latent class analysis to identify the co‐occurrence patterns of childhood maltreatment and advantageous family conditions among 1379 Spanish adolescents. The study also sought to identify the sociodemographic risk markers and psychosocial adjustment associated with each latent class membership. The analyses revealed four classes, namely (1) violent family context, (2) emotionally neglectful family context, (3) adverse and advantageous family conditions, and (4) positive family context. Having a lower socioeconomic status and being a migrant were both risk markers for membership to the violent family context as well as to the adverse and advantageous family conditions class. Adolescents who were exposed to advantageous family conditions (e.g., the positive family context or the adverse and advantageous family conditions) exhibited fewer psychosocial problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, somatisation) and lower frequencies of teen dating violence (TDV) when compared with those in the violent family context. Moreover, membership to the emotionally neglectful family context class was related to more psychological symptoms and a higher prevalence of TDV when compared with membership to the positive family context class, despite the absence of IPVE and maltreatment. Overall, the results provide evidence that advantageous family conditions contribute to better psychosocial adjustment on the part of adolescents even when exposed to IPV and maltreatment. Identifying the experiences that contribute to adolescents' psychosocial adjustment could help clinical and governmental interventions tailor their often‐limited resources to children who are at greater risk of negative outcomes.
Evidence‐based region of interest (ROI) definition for surface‐guided radiotherapy (SGRT) of abdominal cancers using deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH)
Authors: Song Yulin , Zhai Xingchen , Liang Yubei , Zeng Chuan , Mueller Boris , Li Guang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo define and evaluate the appropriate abdominal region of interest (ROI) as a surrogate of diaphragm positioning in deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH) for surface‐guided radiotherapy (SGRT) of abdominal cancers using 3D optical surface imaging (OSI). Six potential abdominal ROIs were evaluated to calculate their correlations with the diaphragm position using 4DCT images of 20 abdominal patients. Twelve points of interest (POIs) were defined (six on the central soft tissue and six on the bilateral ribs) at three superior–inferior levels, and different sub‐groups represented different ROIs. ROI‐1 was the largest, containing all 12 POIs from the xiphoid to the umbilicus and between the lateral body midlines while ROI‐2 had only eight inferior POIs, ROI‐3 had six lateral POIs, and ROI‐4 had four superior‐lateral POIs over the ribs, ROI‐5 contained six central and two most inferior‐lateral POIs and ROI‐6 contained six central and four inferior‐lateral POIs. Internally, the right diaphragm dome was used to represent its positions in 4DCT (0% and 50% within the cycle). The Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the diaphragm dome and all 12 external POIs individually or grouped as six ROIs. The quality of the abdominal ROIs was evaluated as potential internal surrogates and, therefore, potential ROIs for SGRT DIBH setup. The four most inferior POIs show the highest mean correlation (r = 0.75) with diaphragmatic motion, and the correlation decreases as POIs move superiorly. The mean correlations are the highest for ROIs with little or no rib support: r = 0.67 for ROI‐2, r = 0.64 for ROI‐5, and r = 0.63 for ROI‐6, while lower for ROIs with rib support: ROI‐1 has r = 0.60, ROI‐3 has r = 0.50, and ROI‐4 has only r = 0.28. This study demonstrates that the rectangular/triangular soft‐tissue ROI (with little rib support) is an optimal surrogate for body positioning and diaphragmatic motion, even when treating tumors under the rib cage. This evidence‐based ROI definition should be utilized when treating abdominal cancers with free‐breathing (FB) and/or DIBH setup.
Bubble‐Mediated Mass Production of Graphene: A Review
Authors: Shi Zhiyuan , He Peng , Wang Ningzhen , Liu Yuan , Chen Xiang , Li Yanxiang , Ding Guqiao , Yu Qingkai , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe large‐scale industrial applications of graphene highly depend on its mass production with efficiency (high‐yield, time‐saving, and low‐cost) and controllability (high‐quality, safe, and environmentally friendly). However, this requirement can hardly be satisfied by incumbent chemical exfoliation methods exploiting liquid–solid interactions. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that the usage of bubbling as a new tool makes a big difference in multiple aspects of graphene production. Benefiting from their unique properties, the bubbles can be employed as the driving force to cleave graphite layers for graphene preparation or as the favorite interface for graphene growth at a high temperature. Therefore, the bubble‐mediated technique represents a new strategy promising to achieve efficient and controllable preparation of graphene. Here, the formation and evolution of bubbles in liquid media are first analyzed. Then, two routes including “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” toward mass production of graphene with the assistance of bubbles are summarized and discussed. This review sheds light on the introduction of gas to realize the mass production of graphene for the development of graphene's applications on large scale.
Reversibly Compressible Supramolecular Aerogels with Low Density and Sound Insulation Performance
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Yuangang , Li Huajing , Liu Minghua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt is still a great challenge for supramolecular materials to be used as polymer systems. Here, reversibly compressible supramolecular aerogels with low density and sound insulation performance are reported, which are exclusively composed of small molecules. It is found that the mixture of melamine and isonicotinic acid can form supramolecular hydrogel. Then it could be transformed into aerogel via a simple freeze‐drying method to allow gas to replace the position of water in the 3D network skeleton pores of the hydrogel. This supramolecular aerogel is characterized of low density (1.2 mg cm‐3), high porosity (99.9%), and no volume shrinkage. In addition, the supramolecular aerogel exhibits intrinsically elastic and strong fatigue resistance under compress loading/unloading cycles. The mechanical efficiency of the supramolecular aerogel can be maintained in a wide density range without significant stiffness degradation. Remarkably, such supramolecular aerogel can be used as a sound insulator and exhibits a good sound insulation performance. Compared with the polymeric foam insulation materials, the supramolecular aerogel is environmentally friendly, easy to be fabricated and disposed. This work demonstrates the fabrication of supramolecular aerogel and expands the application of self‐assembled supramolecular materials.
Nanostructured α‐Fe2O3 Photoelectrodes with Transparent and Conducting Sb‐Doped SnO2 Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kim Eunsoo , Yang Hyunwoo , Seo Seongrok , Park Jong Hyeok , Shin Hyunjung 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAntimony (Sb)‐doped tin oxide (ATO), as a transparent conducting oxide, is successfully deposited through atomic layer deposition (ALD). Thin films (≈270 nm) with various dopant concentrations are fabricated by sequential mixing of Sn‐ and Sb‐containing oxide layers in each ALD supercycle. The crystal structure, chemical composition, and morphologies of different films are characterized. Increasing the dopant concentration decreases the lattice parameter along the c‐axis and the overall grain size, as observed from X‐ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy images. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra show increasing Sb content with increasing Sb to Sn subcycle ratio. The plasmonic loss feature, which is usually observed in highly doped degenerate semiconductors, is also found. Hall measurements are carried out to determine the electrical properties of each film, and films with ≈5% dopant concentration show the optimal conductivity. The carrier concentration continues to increase with increasing dopant concentration in the range of 0–20%, while the mobility decreases, which leads to a trade‐off and results in an increase in resistance if the dopant concentration exceeds 5%. The optimized ATO ALD process is demonstrated to fabricate core–shell structured nanotube arrays, which show its potential usage for photoelectrochemical applications.
Reagent‐Controlled Chemodivergent Approach to Thiazolines and Thiazines from α‐N‐Hydroxyimino Dithioesters
Authors: Ray Subhasish , Singh Saurabh , Kumar Ganesh , Shukla Gaurav , Shankar Singh Maya 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA chemoselective route to thiazolines and thiazines has been devised by heterocyclization of viable α‐N‐hydroxyimino‐β‐oxodithioesters with 2‐chloroethylamine hydrochloride/3‐chloropropylamine hydrochloride, which does not require metals or additives and proceeds at 0–60 °C. The overall transformation involves base mediated intramolecular cyclization of α‐N‐hydroxyimino‐β‐oxodithioesters to 4‐membered oxazete‐4‐thione intermediates followed by coupling with chloroalkyl amines via tandem ring cleavage and C−N/C−S bonds formation enabling the construction of thiazolines/thiazines in one‐pot. This strategy allows broadening the arsenal of synthetic methods to obtain N,S‐heterocycles utilizing substrates prepared according to reported procedures.magnified image
Decoupling gaseous hydrogen production from liquid water using a magnetic‐photo‐thermal coupling reactor
Authors: Wang Shujian , Lu Kejian , Hu Anlan , Li Naixu , Feng Yeti , Jing Dengwei , Liu Maochang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTaking monolithic TiO2/nickel foam as a model photocatalytic material, we hereby report the application of magnetic‐photo‐thermal coupling field toward enhanced solar photocatalytic hydrogen production. This enhancement is attributed to the increased temperature induced by eddy current effect and effective charge separation caused by the electric field force under the alternating magnetic field condition. Particularly, we demonstrate that a proper set of the position of the monolithic catalyst relative to the reaction solution, that is, at the water‐air interface, will lead to a further enhancement of the photocatalytic activity because of the improved mass transfer property of the reactants, with a hydrogen evolution rate of 104.3 μmol h−1. Specifically, the increased temperature of the catalyst leads to the rapid evaporation of water. Hydrogen generation is thus decoupled from liquid water, avoiding kinetically disfavored bubble formation. This work provides a novel strategy to facilitate photocatalytic performance with the application of external field.