bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a novel flipped classroom intervention to increase medical students’ knowledge of physical activity guidelines
Authors: Gilbert Georgia , Sharland Emma , Harper Alice M , Fawkner Samantha G , Kelly Paul , Harden Jeni , Osborne Scott Alexander , Adams Jacob Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Background: It is important medical students, as tomorrow’s doctors, have knowledge of physical activity (PA) guidelines. Previous data suggests only 14.9% of medical students knew adult PA guidelines. This study aimed to assess how a novel flipped classroom intervention impacted undergraduate medical students’ knowledge of PA guidelines and their confidence applying these in clinical practice. Methods and Results: This study utilised a prospective repeat measures quantitative design to evaluate the educational intervention. Survey results of the intervention group were compared to the comparison group. 45% of students who received the intervention knew adult guidelines, compared to 12% of students who did not receive the intervention (χ²(2, N = 244) = 33.07, p < 0.001). 39% of the intervention group knew child guidelines, compared to 20% who did not receive the intervention (χ²(2, N = 244) = 10.59, p = 0.001). The intervention group felt more confident in PA training and asked for less PA training in the future. Conclusion: The results suggest a flipped classroom intervention had a positive impact on medical students’ knowledge of PA guidelines, and confidence in PA training. Further research is required to assess longer-term impacts of this teaching and follow-up the same year group pre- and post-intervention.
Virtual peer teaching in the gross anatomy lab: a format of peer teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hielscher Abigail C. , Everse Stephen 
Published: July 2022

Background: Peer teaching is a powerful educational tool utilized in medical school curricula. Previously, first year medical students taught their peers about the gross anatomical structures they had dissected in the anatomy lab. While this strategy provided an opportunity for students to learn from one another, there were unintended outcomes including difficulty engaging all students. Considering these observations, along with needing to limit student numbers in the lab due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a strategy was developed where students could conduct their anatomy peer teaching in a virtual environment. The goal was to establish an effective and efficient means for students to teach and learn from one another virtually. Methods: Students, working in groups of four, were tasked to: 1) Find and label 4-5 assigned structures on cadaver-based images; 2) Provide a rationale for labeling; 3) Discuss something relevant about the structure; 4) Prepare a 5-minute video presentation of steps 1-3; and 5) Review and provide meaningful feedback on another group’s presentation. Student performance on virtual peer teaching assignments was evaluated using a structured rubric and grades were weighted based on two separate faculty assessments. Student feedback was obtained via discussions with the course director, a semi-structured 1-hour virtual focus interview and from course evaluation data. Results: While students performed well on these assignments, feedback from students indicated several drawbacks such as excess time editing their videos, concerns about the validity of information provided by their peers, and the timing of peer teaching to be non-conducive to learning. Conclusions: Although the students viewed the virtual peer teaching negatively, we were successful in developing a platform in which students participated more equally in peer teaching. Recommendations to those considering this platform include careful consideration of timing of peer teaching activities and faculty feedback as well as technology used.
Bridging the gap between resonance and adiabaticity: a compact and highly tolerant vertical coupling structure
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Cheng Qixiang , Roelkens Günther , Penty Richard 
Published: July 2022

We present a compact, highly tolerant vertical coupling structure, which can be a generic design that bridges the gap between conventional resonant couplers and adiabatic couplers for heterogeneously integrated devices. We show insights on relaxing the coupler alignment tolerance and provide a detailed design methodology. By the use of a multisegmented inverse taper structure, our design allows a certain proportion of the odd supermode to be excited during the coupling process, which simultaneously facilitates high tolerance and compactness. With a total length of 87 μm, our coupler is almost threefold shorter than the state-of-the-art alignment-tolerant adiabatic couplers and outperforms them by demonstrating a more than 94% coupling efficiency (for

<
0.3

dB

coupling loss) with

±
1

μm

misalignment tolerance, which, to our best knowledge, is a new record for III-V-on-silicon vertical couplers. Furthermore, our design has high tolerance to fabrication-induced structural deformation and ultrabroad bandwidth. These features make it particularly suitable for building densely integrated III-V-on-silicon photonic circuits with commercially available microtransfer printing assembly tools. The proposed design can be widely adopted in various integration platforms.
Spatiotemporal mapping of major trauma in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Beck Ben , Zammit-Mangion Andrew , Fry Richard , Smith Karen , Gabbe Belinda 
Published: July 2022

Background
Spatiotemporal modelling techniques allow one to predict injury across time and space. However, such methods have been underutilised in injury studies. This study demonstrates the use of statistical spatiotemporal modelling in identifying areas of significantly high injury risk, and areas witnessing significantly increasing risk over time.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of hospitalised major trauma patients from the Victorian State Trauma Registry, Australia, between 2007 and 2019. Geographical locations of injury events were mapped to the 79 local government areas (LGAs) in the state. We employed Bayesian spatiotemporal models to quantify spatial and temporal patterns, and analysed the results across a range of geographical remoteness and socioeconomic levels.

Results
There were 31,317 major trauma patients included. For major trauma overall, we observed substantial spatial variation in injury incidence and a significant 2.1% increase in injury incidence per year. Area-specific risk of injury by motor vehicle collision was higher in regional areas relative to metropolitan areas, while risk of injury by low fall was higher in metropolitan areas. Significant temporal increases were observed in injury by low fall, and the greatest increases were observed in the most disadvantaged LGAs.

Conclusions
These findings can be used to inform injury prevention initiatives, which could be designed to target areas with relatively high injury risk and with significantly increasing injury risk over time. Our finding that the greatest year-on-year increases in injury incidence were observed in the most disadvantaged areas highlights the need for a greater emphasis on reducing inequities in injury.
Correlation between tuberculosis-specific interferon-γ release assay and intrathoracic calcification: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Yamatani Izumi , Komiya Kosaku , Shuto Hisayuki , Yamanaka Marimu , Yamasue Mari , Yoshikawa Hiroki , Hiramatsu Kazufumi , Kadota Jun-ichi 
Published: July 2022

Background
Although persistent tuberculosis (TB) infection is known to cause calcification in the lungs, the relationship between intrathoracic calcification and the results of the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to assess the association between intrathoracic calcification and IGRA results.

Methods
We retrospectively included consecutive patients who concurrently underwent chest X-ray, chest computed tomography (CT), and an IGRA. Patients with a current diagnosis of active TB or treatment history of active TB or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) were excluded. The association between calcification according to the chest X-ray or CT and IGRA results were analyzed using binomial logistic regression.

Results
This study included 574 patients, and 38 (7%) patients had a positive IGRA result. Patients with a positive result were significantly older and had a higher proportion of comorbidities, and history of tuberculosis exposure compared to those with a negative result. Calcification of the lung field and mediastinal lymph nodes according to chest CT was more frequently observed in patients with a positive IGRA result, whereas no significant difference was observed concerning the proportion of lung field calcification on chest X-ray between patients with positive and negative IGRA results. In multivariate analysis, calcification of mediastinal lymph nodes alone (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.76–8.26) and the combination of lung field and mediastinal lymph node calcification (adjusted OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.51–11.76) on chest CT was independently associated with positive IGRA results.

Conclusions
The finding of mediastinal lymph node calcification, with or without lung field calcification, on chest CT was associated with positive IGRA results independent of TB exposure history. Previous TB infection including eliminated TB infection and LTBI can be suspected when calcified lymph nodes in are observed the mediastinum on chest CT.
Prevalence of malaria and helminth infections in rural communities in northern Sierra Leone, a baseline study to inform Ebola vaccine study protocols
Authors: Baiden Frank , Fleck Suzanne , Leigh Bailah , Ayieko Philip , Tindanbil Daniel , Otieno Tuda , Lawal Bolarinde , Tehtor Mattu , Rogers Maariam , Odeny Lazarus , Hodges Mary H. , Sonnie Mustapha , Samai Mohamed , Ishola David , Lowe Brett , Watson-Jones Deborah , Greenwood Brian 
Published: July 2022

Introduction
Recurrent parasitic infections may influence the immune response to vaccines. In the Partnership for Research on Ebola VACcinations extended follow-UP and clinical research capacity build-UP (PREVAC-UP) study being undertaken in Mambolo, northern Sierra Leone, participants are being followed up to assess the potential impact of exposure to malaria and/or helminth infections on long-term immune response to two Ebola vaccines. To support the development of the assays that will be used in this evaluation, a parasitological survey was conducted in Mambolo between November 2019 and February 2020.

Methods
Healthy individuals aged ≥1 year who were resident in Mambolo Chiefdom were selected using a stratified sampling approach and questionnaires were administered to explore their sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopy was used to detect malaria parasites, intestinal helminths and urinary schistosome infections. Rapid blood tests were used to detect infections with Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti. We estimated the overall prevalence of these infections and used adjusted logistic regression models to explore risk factors for malaria and hookworm infection.

Results
Eight hundred and fifteen (815) residents, 50.9% of whom were female were surveyed. Overall, 309 (39.1%) of 791 persons tested for malaria had a positive blood slide; Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species. Helminth infection was detected in 122 (15.0%) of 815 stool samples including three mixed infections. The helminth infections comprised 102 (12.5%) cases of hookworm, 11 (1.3%) cases of Trichuris trichiura, 10 (1.2%) cases of Schistosoma mansoni and two (0.2%) cases of Ascaris lumbricoides. Being male (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.15–3.50) and residing in a non-riverine community (OR = 4.02, 95%CI 2.32–6.98) were the factors associated with hookworm infection. Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti infections were found in 3.3% and 0.4% of participants respectively.

Conclusion
Malaria and hookworm are the most prevalent parasite infections and those most likely to influence long-term immune response to Ebola vaccines among the trial participants.
John Rawls and R. M. Hare: A Study of Canonization
Authors: Kuklick Bruce 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhy is someone enduringly prized as a philosopher? To answer this question, this historical case study examines the intersecting careers of John Rawls and R. M. Hare. It looks at their writings, a complex chain of disagreements, the argumentative dimension. The essay moreover explores the clash of differing temperaments. Finally, themes in addition to ratiocination and personality are factored in: the leanings of the institutions that control access to intellectual endeavor; the public square—politics widely conceived—into which the two men were thrown; and the cultural rivalry between England and America after World War Two.
Does Post-truth Expand or Restrict Political Choice? Politics, Planning, and Expertise in a Post-truth Environment
Authors: Lynch William T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSteve Fuller has replied to my critique of his endorsement of a post-truth epistemology. I trace the divergence in our approach to social epistemology by examining our distinct responses to the principle of symmetry in the sociology of scientific knowledge. Fuller has extended the concept of symmetry and challenged the field to embrace a post-truth condition that flattens the difference between experts and the public. By contrast, I have criticized the concept of symmetry for policing the field to rule ideology critique out of court. I argue that a focus on post-truth populism obscures the role of counter-elites and ideologies that restrict political choice. A better way to promote democracy would be to support minority positions within science that promise to open up suppressed political possibilities and to seek the coordinated use of different disciplines to address significant public problems.
Sprachliche Studierfähigkeit im Spiegel produktiver und rezeptiver Wortschatzkompetenz
Authors: Möhring Jupp 
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag untersucht rezeptive und produktive Wortschatzkompetenzen von N = 340 internationalen Studierenden an deutschen Hochschulen mittels frequenzbasierter Wortschatztests. Es wird untersucht, inwiefern Wortschatzkompetenz und Studienerfolg zusammenhängen und ob die Absolvent:innen verschiedener Sprachtests zum Nachweis sprachlicher Studierfähigkeit (z. B. DSH, TestDaF) vergleichbare Wortschatzkompetenzen aufweisen.
Design optimization of armored wheeled vehicle suspension lower control arm
Authors: Demli Uğur Özhan , Acar Erdem 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, design optimization of the lower control arm, one of the main parts of double wishbone system widely used in the armored wheeled vehicles, is performed. The crucial factor in design is to keep the vehicle weight at a minimum especially for the amphibious vehicles that can operate in both the land and water. In this study, after the validation of the finite element (FE) analysis of suspension lower control arm with on-vehicle tests, weight optimization study is performed by using surrogate models. In FE model validation, strain values are collected with strain-gauge from the lower control arm of the 8 × 8 wheeled vehicle and the similar boundary conditions are applied to the FE model. A surrogate based approach is used in optimization. The training points for surrogate models are generated by using central composite design. Genetic aggregation surrogate modelling technique available in ANSYS Workbench. It is found that the weight of the control arm can be reduced from 25.2 to 21.8 kg, indicating a weight reduction of 13.3%. This leads to approximately 27 kg weight reduction in total for 8 × 8 vehicle. Finally, the performance of the optimized design is evaluated under two off-design quasi-static load scenarios (pothole strike and pavement crushing) that may be exposed on the suspension while the vehicle is in motion and preferred by vehicle manufacturers. It is observed that obtained stress values are below the yield strength of the material, and the off design performance of the control arm is verified with the safety factor of 1.46 for pothole strike scenario, and 1.08 for pavement crushing.
Improving the fatigue life of produced dental implants by the thread-rolling process
Authors: Aktas Serkan , Kisioglu Yasin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study was aimed to produce and test dental implants made out of biocompatible commercial pure titanium (Grade 4) material with improved mechanical strength. The implant samples were designed and manufactured in real sizes using both machining and thread-rolling (TR) processes. This study is also discovering the benefits of cold forming (TR) versus machining processes in terms of increased efficient strength and reduced costs. To produce the samples using the TR method, a suitable TR processing bench including a pair of reverse threaded flat dies and relevant jigs and fixtures were designed and manufactured. The produced implant samples were tested with static and dynamic loads considering the requirements of the ISO14801:2016 standards. The obtained results were compared in terms of mechanical strength and fatigue life. Their microscopic structures and micro-hardnesses were examined to realize the effects of the manufacturing processes. In addition, the effects of hardness, surface roughness, and residual stresses on both mechanical strength and fatigue life of the implants were also evaluated. Therefore, the obtained results showed that the TR process is extremely effective to improve the implant strength and fatigue life.
Influence of residual oxygen during laser beam welding under vacuum
Authors: Twiehaus Thorsten , Olschok Simon , Reisgen Uwe 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Laser beam welding under vacuum (LaVa) offers advantages regarding the achievable weld penetration depths compared to conventional laser beam welding. Thus, it is increasingly used in industry. Despite the high weld penetration depths that can be achieved and the good inner seam qualities, undesirable reworking is often necessary due to surface deposits on the welded sample. The causes of these surface deposits have not yet been investigated in depth. In this context, the influence of the residual oxygen present inside the vacuum chamber is investigated in this study. For this purpose, the oxygen content within the chamber is recorded for LaVa welds at different working pressures and different evacuation times. The welded specimens are evaluated metallographically and investigated with regard to an influence of the oxygen content within the working chamber. This study shows that the residual oxygen content considerably influences the weld formation and the surface weld appearance for all working pressures investigated. For lower oxygen contents, the weld penetration depth decreases, and the weld width, on the other hand, increases. These observations can be explained in good agreement with findings for the influence of oxygen on the weld appearance for other material joining processes, such as TIG welding.
Thermal and mechanical analyses of an EN AW 6082 alloy with static and dynamic precipitations
Authors: Atapek Ş. Hakan , Erdoğan Yiğit A. , Kahrıman Fulya , Kaya Hasan , Polat Şeyda 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, the microstructural characterization of a solution annealed and quenched EN AW 6082 alloy was performed that was subjected to cold deformation (10 and 30%) and equal channel angular pressing. The findings showed that a band structure was formed, the crystallite size decreased significantly as well as that the dislocation density and stored energy increased due to severe plastic deformation. Static and dynamic precipitations in the processed alloys were characterized by thermal analyses and it was observed that precipitation sequence in heating shifted to lower temperatures due to increased kinetics caused by deformation. Increased precipitation kinetics due to severe plastic deformation could be seen in the variation of hardness during aging at 190 °C and the peak hardness of deformed alloys shifted to shorter aging times. The peak hardness of conventional heat-treated alloy was attained as 122 HV0.5 for 300 min, whereas the same hardness was achieved for an aging time of 45 min in the 30% cold-deformed alloy. By severe plastic deformation, the highest peak hardness was obtained as 130 HV0.5 after aging for 15 min. Microstructural characterization on overaged alloys indicated that the alloy having the highest stored energy had the highest tendency for recrystallization.
Surface states by grinding thin strips of electrochemically deposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron
Authors: Hoffmann Joachim E. , Pawar Vrushali , Eifler Dietmar , Eyrisch Tina , Hielscher Torsten , Saumer Monika , Klär Patrick , Schmitt Martin-Tobias , Starke Peter 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThin strips of electrochemically deposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron with thicknesses of 320 or 330 µm are modified by defined grinding. Small changes in the cutting depth and the variation of the grinding process, up cut or down cut, result in different surface states. X-ray diffraction provides the analyses of the microstructures and residual stresses on the surfaces. In the initial state, the grain sizes have an average value of 9.3 nm, the micro strains 0.74% and the residual stresses predominantly values in the low-pressure range. Up grinding with the smallest depth of cut 1 µm causes the lowest compressive residual stresses at workpiece surface due to cold plastic deformation. Larger cutting depths and surface temperatures reduce the mechanical effects. Then prevailing thermal effects cause tensile residual stresses through thermoplastic deformation and through changes in the microstructure, which can be observed by grain enlargements and decreases in micro strains. However, the recovery and recrystallization processes are only partial. Down grinding with a cutting depth of 3 µm thus leads to a maximum grain size increase to 23.4 nm and a maximum decrease in micro strain to 0.41% as well as to maximum residual stresses of 880 MPa.