bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Ageing and Medical Hygiene
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
From the mid-eighteenth century, doctors of women’s diseases began considering that women were more often ill, and aged faster and more poorly, and were therefore in need of a higher level of both medical surveillance and self-care, captured in the concept of l’hygiène. The hygiene of ageing and life crises became an important pedagogic topic at the Montpellier faculty in the nineteenth century, where it encountered the other interest in women’s diseases blossoming since the late seventeenth century. Montpellier scholars espoused the vitalist idea that bodies could heal themselves through the power of the vital force within, so long as the ‘laws of nature’ were obeyed: eating enough but not too much food—mostly of the fresh kind found in peasant diets—breathing fresh air, drinking clean water, having the correct amount of sleep, exercise, and sexual relations; and, for women, bearing children, and avoiding nervous perturbations to which they were thought more sensitive. Medical theses produced between 1799 and 1840 developed a rich in hygienic discourse, advising urban women to live like peasants to avoid the ravages of menopause. Section Headings: • The Emergence of Ideas about Women’s Ageing and Hygiene: Between Montpellier and Paris • The Need for Hygiene in the Critical Age of the Cessation of Menses • Rural versus Urban Menopause as the Model for the Hygiene of Women’s Ageing • Menopausal Hygiene of Sexual Desire • Conclusion
Fibroids, Hysterectomy, and the Opotherapy-Surgical Technology Nexus
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the new rise of gynaecological surgery produced an important surge of international research and intercultural communication between medical scholars with an interest in women’s ageing reproductive organs. Women in their forties with common benign tumours and cysts were now seen, by some surgeons in both France and England, as important targets for the experimental development of surgeries of the abdomen. In French medicine, the uterus and ovaries had long been viewed as monstrous and troublesome throughout women’s lifespan, from puberty to pregnancy, in menstruation, lactation, and menopause, causing nervous and mental illnesses as well as cancers and other gynaecological pathologies. In young women they were deemed necessary for conception, particularly in the intensifying pronatalist culture of the late nineteenth century and increasing anxieties about negative population growth. In older women, on the other hand, the uterus and ovaries were often described by doctors as shrivelled and useless at best, often perverting, cancerous, or degenerate at worst. French treatments of ovarian opotherapy for the alleviation of symptoms of surgical menopause produced by hysterectomy and oophorectomy were quickly extrapolated to women in natural menopause. This was the origin of current practices of treating older women with hysterectomy and hormone replacement therapy.Section Headings: • The Emergence of Gynaecological Surgery and Artificial Menopause • Jules Péan’s Dangerous Experimental Surgeries and Their Rationales • The Internationalism and Caution of Samuel Pozzi • Ovarian Opotherapy in the Treatment of Surgical and Natural Menopause
Introduction
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter develops an innovative—relational, material and practice-based—approach to the study of international law’s institutional life. It draws on original interview material to articulate the central puzzle of the book: the dissonance between public law vocabularies in the field of international institutional law and the managerial heuristics, professional habits and prosaic techniques of legal practice that constitute international law’s material mode of existence inside the World Bank. It thereby sets the stage for a historical and socio-legal study of the organization’s legal department and the important, yet unexplored, role of its General Counsel. The ethnomethodological tools of actor–network theory, it argues, provide a promising way of grasping the practice and politics of international law that differs from both liberal constitutional imaginaries and standard repertoires of critique. In tracing the messy practices of relationality, translation and materiality through which international law is composed, this chapter introduces the four main contributions of the book: it (i) provides an account of the precariousness of law’s authority; (ii) reveals salient transformations in the cultural technique and political performance of international law; (iii) provides new perspectives on the various institutional effects that are engendered through the intervention of legal expertise; and (iv) gives an account of how the organization expanded and evolved from its early programmes of ‘governance reform’ to current routines of risk and resilience. An array of empirical sources and methodological approaches are thereby mobilized to tell an original story about the changing performances, practices and politics of international law.
Law’s Metamorphosis—Rupture, Reconstruction and Recollection
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Part II explores the institutional interventions, cosmopolitan aspirations and changes in legal culture enacted and embodied by Roberto Dañino, General Counsel from 2003 to 2006. Chapter 4 starts by exploring the difficulties facing the legal department in the context of President James Wolfensohn’s arrival and Shihata’s later departure. It shows how, in Shihata’s shadow, ‘the law had become fossilized’. Second, the chapter analyses the crisis narratives and strategies adopted by Dañino to make the legal department ‘relevant again’. It traces the managerial changes he instated, which fundamentally altered legal practice in the institution. Drawing on original interview material and a wide range of sources (legal strategies and opinions, project appraisals and public talks and presentations), the chapter reveals the immense labour invested in Dañino’s agenda of professional change. It signals the substantive direction of this agenda, expressed in new templates of risk assessment, the professional prototype of the ‘how to’ lawyer and the ideal of ‘client satisfaction’. Third, while the chapter gives an account of transformation, it also displays that—even at this pivotal juncture—the life of law is marked by both change and continuity. This shows the importance of studying legal ‘culture’ and the slow, arduous and conflictious process of ‘cultural change’. In tracing these changes, the chapter sheds light on an important episode in the history of the World Bank’s legal department and the institution more generally. This was an episode in which new professional vocabularies, operational ambitions, corporate templates and moral aspirations were projected on practices of international law(yering).
‘Of course we are bound by those’—Dañino’s Human Rights Agenda
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 engages with one key aspect of Dañino’s ambition and legacy: his project to adopt a new ‘human rights agenda’ in the World Bank. In doing so, it elaborately engages with a debate that has received much attention in legal scholarship: the (legal) status of the institution under international (human rights) law. The chapter qualifies ‘human rights’ not as a stable normative object with fixed properties and effects but as a relational assemblage of aspirational discourses, political projects, institutional ideals and professional alliances undergoing continuous translation. Drawing on interview material, internal documents and correspondences, this chapter maps this assemblage and traces key tenets of Dañino’s ‘human rights agenda’. These observations shed a new light on the political orientation and institutional function of his human rights opinion (which was applauded by human rights scholars such as Philip Alston). Rather than instilling operational accountability or engendering empowerment, this ‘human rights agenda’ entails both a ‘dramatic’ expansion in political reform projects and a technology of audit attuned to private sector assessments of financial ‘risk’. This account of Dañino’s ‘human rights’ ideal (and the universalist tropes it draws upon) is remarkably different from existing literature on the topic. It shows the normative and political ambiguity of this cosmopolitan human rights discourse and its deep entanglement with corporate, deformalized and post-political visions on law and global governance. This also displays how the tools of actor–network theory can be used in critical studies of legal discourses and objects, and open new pathways toward political contestation.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter ties together the book’s key threads of argumentation. This is a story of law’s fragility (and the labour invested in its assertion and assemblage); its transformation as a material, professional practice; its performative institutional effects; and its interconnection with ruling governmental rationalities. This conclusion also engages with the book’s poignant cover painting— with Le Sarcophage’s sentiment of surrender, its depiction of a dramatic departure, a sense of an ending. This painting could have been commissioned by those interviewees who spoke about their labour in explicit eulogical terms (‘legal thinking in the Bank has died’). Indeed, much of what my empirical account reveals is the gradual (and occasionally engineered) institutional marginalization of a specific professional sensibility, habitus and mindset: the displacement of a mode of legal practice attuned to the social grammar and material tenets of a particular tradition of public international law. Yet, this book does not revel in nostalgia or strive to restore past bricolages of legal expertise. While Garouste gazes backwards, Le Sarcophage floats on—rocky, unruly, undirected. The methodology adopted in this book —inspired by actor–network theory, relational sociology and new materialism—allows us to follow these unexpected pathways, to trace how new tools and techniques become nested in old forms and to reflect on what these passages tell us about the altering performances, promises and pathologies of international law.
Art and Architecture
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Birkbeck had a well-established art school in the nineteenth century, most famously providing a lecturing space for the celebrity painter Benjamin Robert Haydon. The Art School was closed in 1912–13 but returned nearly thirty years later when Nikolaus Pevsner was appointed Professor of Art History. He was the most influential architectural historian of the twentieth century, known for his celebration of the Englishness of English art and architecture. His Buildings of England (forty-six volumes) sought to provide a comprehensive account of all buildings of architectural interest in England from the Saxon period to the present. Art and architecture—and, more recently, film and photography, and related creative fields—have been central to the College since its foundational years.
Dancing the Polka
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The theatre at Birkbeck used to be one of London’s great attractions, renowned for hosting the most talented and popular entertainers, as well as for its elocution lessons, poetry readings, concerts, and musical recitations. It launched the career of Arthur Wing Pinero, one of the most distinguished dramatists and stage directors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the director who brought the ‘New Woman’ to the stage. The first signs of problems appeared as early as the 1920s, when Birkbeck began shedding its less ‘academic’ programmes in its bid to become a member of the University of London. Worse was to come in the 1950s. Plans for a new building in Malet Street did not even include a theatre. The Birkbeck theatre saw a temporary reprieve in the 1980s when members of the English Department reawakened the Birkbeck Players.
The Ethnographer as Conceptual Persona
Authors: Mohammed Sideeq 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is a long tradition of ethnographic work that is premised upon the reflexive acknowledgement that the ethnographer changes, grows, and develops as they learn about and experience the field, enabling them to form new connections, associations, and relations to the actors within it. Yet the figure of the ethnographer, imbued with coherency and author(ity), means that there is always an assumed fixity and stability to the field, as it is observed by a subject that is understood to be reflexively aware of its own becomings and yet still an unchanging entity that observes the fieldsite. In this chapter, we present an ethnographic account of a shopping centre as experienced by various ‘conceptual personae’. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari (1994), we will develop an account of how conceptual personae make available different shopping centres, by allowing new connections and disconnections, conjunctions and disjunctions, associations and dissociations, giving rise to their own concepts and imminently produced ways of knowing. We will explore the shopping centres of the disembodied, the insomniac, and the paramnesiac, each of which offers different ways of noticing a shopping centre and the capitalist milieu of which it is a part.
Eight Ways to Notice Mindfully in Process Organization Studies
Authors: Brummans Boris H. J. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to highlight how the parallels between Buddhism and process philosophy may inform process organization studies. Drawing on these parallels, it shows, through the interplay of textual form and content, eight mutually-supporting ways process organization scholars may cultivate mindfulness of the eventful, non-dual nature of phenomena in their work, so they can hone their ability to notice mindfully. The accompanying commentaries, in turn, provide explanation and show how each way plays out in the practice of research. Thus, these ways offer fleeting insights and small—grassroots, or maybe bamboo shoots—actions that enable you to become-with the processes of organizational becoming you’re intending to study and understand. By acting as Buddhist ‘pith instructions’, their aim is to demonstrate different manners of attuning to the multiple and singular, actual and potential, as well as latent and manifest in process organization research.
Healing the Breach between Writers and Scholars?
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTurning from the South to the West, Chapter 3 focuses on Wallace Stegner, the founder of the creative writing programme at Stanford University. When Stegner took up his position at Stanford, the East Coast establishment nearly forgot about him. ‘It was as though I stepped off a pier into the Pacific Ocean without a ripple,’ he later said. Like Paul Engle, Stegner saw himself as an outsider who would never really fit amongst the East Coast literary elite. And like Engle, he presented creative writing as an integral part of a literary training that should also include scholarship and criticism. In the long term, however, neither Engle nor Stegner managed to unite the creative and the critical—a failure that has had enduring consequences on their discipline.
Beyond Academia
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 9 examines the development of creative writing courses outside the academic system in Britain—starting in the late 1960s with the creation of Arvon, to the present day and the proliferation of courses sponsored by publishers (such as Faber) and literary agents. As in the case of the Famous Writers School in the United States, aspiring writers are sold the dream of a glamorous writing lifestyle characterized by fame and freedom. Once again, academia is criticized for its blandness and conformity, while the non-academic world is associated with autonomous creativity.
The Legislative Priority Rule and the EU Internal Market for Goods
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The process of integrating the internal market for goods is intrinsically bound up with the question of how to divide and exercise public power without undermining free movement. The founding Treaties allow for this debate to play out by both protecting the free movement of goods and allowing for national regulatory input. The EU legislator is also empowered to resolve persisting tensions in this field between diversity and centralization, market integration, and market regulation, and as regards the question of who decides. As guarantor of the rule of law, the European Court of Justice must pay heed to such legislative input in a manner that preserves both the principle of institutional balance and the hierarchy of norms. To do so, it often relies on the Legislative Priority Rule as its constitutional compass. Founded on the principles of pre-emption and the presumption of constitutionality, this Rule casts exhaustive EU (product) legislation as the Court’s sole norm of reference to resolve regulatory disputes, to the exclusion of Articles 34–36 TFEU. To avoid any resulting normative inversion, EU (product) legislation must be acknowledged as accommodating a more complex vertical distribution of power than what is often assumed. To this end, the book suggests replacing harmonization models with a new framework to improve the description of EU product legislation and the assessment of its impact, and to facilitate transparent and Treaty-compliant dispute resolution.
‘Living Longer, Working Longer’
Authors: von Nordheim Fritz , Kvist Jon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the Danish life expectancy indexing of pensionable ages as case, this chapter examines to what extent a policy that objectively can help avoid recurrent conflicts as well as large economic and social challenges, can be deemed a success, even though it fits poorly with the PPPE model, as it was adopted, tightened, and continued without involving major stakeholders, and is neither fair nor popular. After briefly introducing the demographic challenges to pensions and explaining the positive potential of linking the pensionable age to developments in longevity, the chapter presents the paradoxes of the Danish case. In 2006 Denmark was a rather unlikely candidate to take a vanguard position in pension reform. Its economic situation and the fiscal health of the pension system in no way necessitated such a policy. Raising the pensionable age did not fit the priorities of most of the political parties that supported its initiation. Even more remarkable: the policy was tightened in 2011 by a government in which the main parties had campaigned against it and it was first implemented (2014) and later continued (2020) by other reluctant governments. Given these oddities, the focus is on explaining which constellation of circumstances and actors allowed such a novel pension policy to be adopted and continued, how this conditioning affected its design, implementation and longer-term effects, and assessing to what degree and in what ways it has been, is and may continue to be a ‘successful’ policy in certain dimensions.
Student Financing for Social Equity in Norway, 1947–2020
Authors: Askim Jostein 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Norway’s higher education student financing policy programme from its genesis in 1945, through transformations including the incorporation of non-repayable grants in the late 1950s, the conversion from needs-based to universal eligibility for support around 1970 and the introduction of progression-dependent grants in the 2000s. With the student financing programme, Norway’s political leaders have sought to tackle multiple challenges, including inequalities between the rich and the poor, the urban and the rural population, and men and women. The chapter argues the programme is a success, although not a success any of the 22 governments that have come and gone since 1945 can claim for themselves. Success was enabled by governments repeatedly taking the long view and seeking political compromise solutions rather than trying to build ideological, party-political, prestige projects. As a result, governments have, in the main, incrementally changed the programme and avoided reversing past governments’ reforms. This rationalistic approach to policymaking was assisted by a long list of ad hoc advisory committees consisting of experts and interested parties providing policy proposals. The policy story, therefore, has strong elements of corporatism and evidence-based policymaking.
The Swedish Carbon Tax
Authors: Hildingsson Roger , Knaggård Åsa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Swedish carbon tax of 1991, one of the first of its kind, has positioned Sweden as a forerunner in climate governance. It is often depicted an international success and today constitutes the backbone of Swedish climate policy. At first, however, the tax received widespread criticism and had limited political support. The policy design process was short, with limited time for deliberation. While providing the required tax revenues for the tax reform of which it was part, it was set at a level too low to reach the political goal of stabilizing carbon emissions. However, over the years, the tax has been redesigned, strengthening its delivery and gradually increasing political support. Discounts for industry motivated by competitiveness concerns have eased opposition, while households have carried the main burden. This has formed the basis for a counter-narrative about distributive impacts, which, however, has not yet succeeded in getting hold politically and only temporarily hindered continued increases in the tax rate. In terms of the four success dimensions in the PPPE assessment framework (programmatic, process, political and endurance), it represents what McConnell (2010) would call a ‘resilient success’—not perfect but a policy successful to a second-best degree. This chapter tells the story of how a highly energy dependent and export-oriented Nordic country came to introduce this novel policy so early on, and how a policy that initially was not seen as a success, over time came to be taken for granted.
Back from the Brink
Authors: Tranøy Bent Sofus , Sigurjonsson Throstur Olaf 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The story of Iceland’s successful economic recovery from financial meltdown in 2008 is different from the rest of this book. Temporally, it deals with a dramatic episode of crisis management, not ongoing public policy. Furthermore, while the typical policy success refers to a circumscribed programme, a full-scale economic crisis demands that fires are put out all over the place. Iceland had to deal with foreign policy, the IMF, financial, economic and social issues, simultaneously. To do so it combined Keynesian crisis fighting means such as propping up demand and capital controls We deem Iceland’s ability to stop the largest financial meltdown in history (relative to GDP) from wreaking lasting real economic damage a policy success along all four dimensions specified by the (PPPE)-framework, although the political success experienced by those who handled most of the clean-up job turned out to be more precarious than what they would have hoped for.