bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethel Smyth, The Boatswain’s Mate (1913–14)
Authors: Lumsden Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethel Smyth’s The Boatswain’s Mate (1913–14) is Smyth’s fourth opera, and the first opera for which she wrote the music and libretto alone. Loosely based on a short story by W. W. Jacobs, Boatswain chronicles the experiences of a widowed business owner (Mrs. Waters) as she humorously outsmarts the various men in her community. In Mrs. Waters’s two solo scenes (part 1, scene 6, and part 2, scene 8) Smyth uses motive-driven chromaticism to provide a complex, multifaceted depiction of Mrs. Waters, and to represent her philosophical struggles with aging and love. In Smyth’s hands, a seemingly simple embellishing chromatic motive generates significant musical moments, both small-scale and large-scale, which illustrate the evolution of this intrepid female character over the course of the opera. The motivic “wrinkles” that Smyth weaves into these two solos help to depict Mrs. Waters’s increasing self-awareness: rather than lamenting her supposedly lost youth, by the end of the opera Mrs. Waters accepts herself, wrinkles and all.
Ruth Crawford, “To an Angel” from Chants for Women’s Chorus (1930)
Authors: Hisama Ellie M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inspired by Eastern monastic chanting, Ruth Crawford’s Chants for Women’s Chorus (1930) displays her commitment to manifesting in music a “spiritual ideal.” This chapter explores the ethereal hummed floating sound-world of “To an Angel,” Crawford’s second chant in which she forges an unusual, non-hierarchical relationship between the solo and the choral voices. Drawing upon primary source documents, the author explores aspects of this work which establish it as a touchstone in forging Crawford’s compositional voice, one that prefigures her celebrated String Quartet 1931 in its unusual treatment of register and voice leading. This chant projects collective unity through its emphasis on what Crawford identified as monotony—of timbre, tempo, and sound-world—in all three voices. Her experimental approach, illuminated by the author’s “twist tool” that measures registral relationships among the voices, reinforces the chant’s projection of group solidarity through the deliberate de-emphasis of the solo voice as virtuosic.
J. M. Beyer, String Quartet No. 2 (1933–34)
Authors: Boland Marguerite 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of String Quartet No. 2 (1936) by German-American composer Johanna Beyer (1888–1944). The analysis demonstrates Beyer’s application of the principles of melodic dissonation, theorized by Charles Seeger, to multiple levels of this four-movement work. Beyer quotes and dissonates Mozart’s famous aria “Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen” from The Magic Flute, and the analysis defines pitch motives and a structural pitch frame derived from this material that serve to unite the piece. At the same time, the analysis shows the way Beyer works with this common material to create four idiosyncratic movements that are exemplary of her unique musical imagination. Through the analysis of String Quartet No. 2, this chapter touches on Beyer’s broader interest in the experimental methods and concerns of the ultramodernist composers in the first decades of the twentieth century.
Objects
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As we perceive and act, we automatically organize our surroundings into objects. This organization occurs so immediately and effortlessly that it feels like a perceptual capacity. At the heart of our knowledge of objects, however, is a cognitive system for representing interconnected, abstract properties of objects: properties beyond the limits of any perceptual system. Before infants learn what the objects around them look like or how they can be acted on, infants appreciate that objects are solid and cannot interpenetrate, that objects interact on contact but not at a distance, and that objects exist and move continuously whether they are visible or hidden. These abilities testify to a cognitive system that takes its inputs from our perceptual systems and provides infants with an early, abstract, commonsense understanding of the physical world that remains with us throughout our lives.
Number
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Like adults, infants are sensitive to number, and they represent number abstractly, matching the number of objects in a visible array to the number of events in an accompanying sequence of sounds. Infants also compare visual arrays based on their numerical magnitude, whether the arrays remain in view or are hidden, and they combine and divide arrays in accord with the operations of elementary arithmetic. Nevertheless, infants’ numerical representations are limited: They are inexact and compressed: They view 4 and 8 as far more different than 14 and 18. Like representations of objects and places, core representations of number are formed automatically and unconsciously in adults, but only when we apply our limited powers of attention to the entities we enumerate. Despite these limits, the core number system contributes to our uniquely human talents for learning and reasoning about formal mathematics.
Core Knowledge
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Research on infants’ knowledge of objects, places, and number provides evidence for core cognitive systems that capture abstract, interconnected concepts and are early-emerging, present throughout life, innate, and supportive of learning. These systems also are ancient (they are shared by a wide range of other animals), sharply limited, unconscious, automatically activated, and dependent on our limited attentional resources. Here the author suggests that these properties collectively form a natural kind: a cognitive system with some of these properties will likely have all of them. Notably, a cognitive system shared by diverse, distantly related animals will gain a primordial blessing of abstraction: For example, the core place system will represent only the abstract geometric properties that apply to all the environments of the navigating animals that possess it, including terrestrial rats, flying birds, and aquatic fish. In the coming chapters, the author uses these arguments to propose three more systems of core knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How should spiritual experiences be regarded? Psychologist, physician, and philosopher William James pondered this question in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, published in 1902, and the search continues for answers. Given advances in the sciences of brain, mind, and behavior over the past century and the diminished reliance on entirely religious explanations, how can modern people make sense of these experiences? The aim of this chapter is to introduce William James’s influential work while describing the state of the art of scientific research on meaningful “spiritual” experiences in psychology, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, and neuroscience. This chapter describes the intention to pick up where James left off with the benefit of over a century’s worth of scholarly and scientific work.
The Varieties: The Classic Text and Its Impact
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Varieties of Religious Experience is a special book. Over the years, it has become William James’s most well-known work and has quietly cemented itself into the Western Canon. In it, James aimed to shift focus away from religious beliefs and theological doctrines and to instead examine religious experience. In contemporary psychological research, it is now taken for granted that religion and spiritualty can be broken down into different elements. This chapter describes how spiritual experience can be studied with some degree of independence from beliefs, and that this is important—because atheists, agnostics, the “spiritual but not religious,” as well as Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims (and many others) all report spiritual experiences.
The Psychology of Spiritual Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
James was world famous in his day but his legacy was eclipsed for several decades by figures in psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and other subfields of psychology. The scientific study of spiritual experience followed a similar pattern, resurfacing only relatively recently as a viable topic of psychological research. This chapter describes several false starts in the field of psychology on the study of spiritual experience, followed by several conceptual and statistical advances that have made the contemporary scientific study of spiritual experiences possible. This chapter argues that only recently has the field of psychology become capable of fully pursuing James’s scientific vision as he described it in The Varieties.
The Pragmatic Principle
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The approach advocated by James in The Varieties was to look to the psychological outcomes of spiritual experience in order to judge their value. According to James, it is not the origin (roots) of the experience that ought to determine the value of each experience for each individual, but rather the outcomes (fruits) of an experience. This approach remains a useful perspective with which to proceed with contemporary scientific study. The fields of psychiatry, psychopharmacology, neuroimaging, clinical psychology, and positive psychology provide measures with which to examine the outcomes of spiritual experience quantitatively. While Sigmund Freud and many others have tended to pathologize spiritual experiences throughout history, this chapter describes how research shows that the vast majority of spiritual experiences are associated with positive outcomes.
Numinous Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Each chapter of Part II considers one or more of the kinds of spiritual experience described in the typology introduced in the previous chapter. The first chapter of Part II focuses on numinous experience, the feeling of being in touch with divinity or God. This kind of spiritual experience may constitute the prototypical religious or spiritual experience. Our own research data show that numinous experiences are the most prevalent kind of experience that people report. Each of the chapters in Part II describe William James’s perspective on the particular type of experience, followed by contemporary scholarship and psychological research, including findings related to pathological and positive aspects. Finally, the discussion turns to neuroscience research on each type of experience.
Before the Kingdom of the Hittites
Authors: Barjamovic Gojko 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the history of Anatolia prior to the formation of the Hittite State in the seventeenth century bc. At this time, the region was divided into several dozen micro-states, each centered on a ruling couple and their residence. These “grand residences” were the locus of extensive court societies led by cadres of landholding officials who oversaw local production and managed a system of international trade. The trade was based on mercantilist principles of geographical monopoly and strong political protectionism guaranteed by treaty. States invested in their physical infrastructure to attract and protect merchants. Trade was both an important source of income and a way to obtain exotica in societies where social power was built on overt displays of wealth and the enactment of status through prestige objects and grand feasts. The period leading up to the Hittite state saw a gradual centralization of political and executive power into a smaller number of states with hierarchies of multiple local urban centers and courts.
Egypt’s Middle Kingdom
Authors: Willems Harco 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a critical overview of scholarly opinion on Middle Kingdom Egypt. Departing from a longue durée perspective, it problematizes the concept of what constitutes a historical period. It goes on to argue that the Middle Kingdom in fact covers two eras that were very different in social and cultural terms and that rather than marking a new era, the early Middle Kingdom continued the clientelist structures that went hand in hand with the creation of regional polities in the late Old Kingdom. Concerning the long-standing debate whether or not contemporary Egyptian literary sources reflect political sensitivities and may even be considered “propagandistic,” the chapter highlights that the sources indicate, from an inside perspective, which developments the contemporaries considered central. Key topics otherwise covered are the politics underlying the advent of the Twelfth Dynasty; the issue of co-regency; the role of royal patronage; and how Egypt’s role in international politics led to demographic and social changes that in turn contributed to the emergence of a society based less on patronage and more on individual agency in the context of dynamic social networks—a phenomenon that may also explain the complex system of royal succession in the Thirteenth Dynasty.
Middle Kingdom Egypt and Africa
Authors: Bard Kathryn A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses Egypt’s relationships with peoples and cultures to the south in Africa during the Middle Kingdom period, when they became increasingly complex due to the rise of a state in Upper Nubia centered at Kerma, as well as the Pan-Grave peoples in the Eastern Desert. Although the Egyptians built forts in Lower Nubia, where C-Group peoples were located, Kerma controlled the Nile in Upper Nubia and probably also overland routes to the southeast. No longer was it possible to directly obtain the exotic raw materials from Punt, especially incense, via overland routes. Instead, Egyptian seafaring expeditions were sent to Punt and Bia-Punt from a harbor located at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (ancient Saww) on the Red Sea. The materials excavated at this harbor suggest that a major source of imported materials was the Sudanese-Eritrean lowlands (Kassala region), the location of the Gash Group culture, where there is considerable evidence of connections with Egypt.
Egypt’s Middle Kingdom
Authors: Grajetzki Wolfram 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Middle Kingdom (late Eleventh to mid-Thirteenth Dynasty) is the classical age of Egyptian art, and its language was seen as a model in later times. This chapter discusses the cultural and social history of this crucial period, which saw the production of the first written texts in Egypt that can be called literature. With the exception of its founder, Mentuhotep II, who created a unique burial complex in Thebes, the Middle Kingdom kings were buried in pyramids in Lower Egypt, while local governors initially erected their own monumental rock-cut tombs in their provinces. Temples in all parts of the country were placed under state control and were furnished with reliefs and statues—unheard of in earlier Egyptian history. Art production reached new heights at the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, and a key development was the invention of the portrait, when royal sculpture no longer showed an idealized youthful ruler but instead depicted the aging king with specific features. The later part of the Middle Kingdom period saw a drastic centralization as the provincial governors lost importance and the resources of the country were concentrated at a few royal centers, causing the local cultural traditions that flourished in the early Middle Kingdom period to disappear.
Introduction
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The German ballad has long occupied a strange position in German literature. The ballad canon is probably among the most widely known set of poems among everyday Germans, but they have played a secondary role in literary studies. Ballads were poems one lived and interacted with, not necessarily poems that one studied. Part of the reason is that ballad aesthetics seemed to contravene the central impulses that propelled poetics with the onset of modernism: they tended to emphasize narrative over lyricism, convention over formal innovation, and an engagement with the outside world over autonomy. This introduction shows why these poems nevertheless allow us to tell a cultural history of Germany over the last 200 years.
Giving Well: Philanthropy for Human Rights
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The standard view is that states are responsible for protecting human rights. In this chapter, the author makes the case that non-state actors have human rights responsibilities. The author argues that philanthropists, nonprofits, and their stakeholders have human rights responsibilities and that those responsibilities impact how philanthropy should be practiced. This argument is based on United Nations documents, specifically, the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The Guiding Principles recognize the human rights responsibilities of business organizations. The author shows that they also apply to donors, nonprofits, and their stakeholders. In the end, if philanthropy meets its human rights responsibilities, it will regain its social license.
Philanthropy’s Democracy Problem
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Philanthropy is at risk of undermining democracy. When people donate huge amounts of money to a cause, they can determine the social agenda. When they also take a charitable tax deduction for their gift, they deprive the state of money it needs to implement democratically chosen preferences. Although states have a duty to protect all human rights, many states do not or cannot do so. Surely, whether philanthropy undermines democracy depends on the charities that receive funding. When donors give to human rights, they do not determine what the good is; rather, the human right does. The author illustrates this argument with a comparison of the philanthropy of George Soros and that of the Koch brothers.
Pornography and the Philosophy of Language
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rae Langton and Jennifer Hornsby have argued that Austin’s theory of speech acts can illuminate both the nature of the harm pornography does to women, and the way in which pornography contributes to the perpetuation of sexual violence. This essay, first, disputes Langton’s contention that pornography is an illocutionary act. Even if we concede that pornography is some kind of speech act, the subordination it (supposedly) causes can be related only contingently to the speech act, and therefore cannot be an illocutionary effect. Second, the essay challenges Hornsby’s claim that pornography silences women by preventing the uptake of their refusals. Their applications of speech-act theory are misguided—both from a philosophical point of view and from a pragmatic, political point of view.
Because I Said So
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Feminism is an antiauthoritarian movement that has sought to unmask many traditional “authorities” as ungrounded. Given this, it might seem as if feminists are required to abandon the concept of authority altogether. But, this essay argues, the exercise of authority enables us to coordinate our efforts to create and realize social goods that would not be attainable otherwise. Moreover, feminist principles support women’s need and right to assert authority—to be relied upon and listened to in an institutionally backed way. Authority must therefore be preserved. What is needed, though, and what is provided for here is a way to distinguish legitimate authority from objectionable authoritarianism. This essay argues that two necessary conditions for a system of authority to be properly grounded are that it contain (a) a reliable system of authority marking (those marked as authorities must, in general, possess the competence and the good will necessary to fulfill their appointed roles) and (b) provisions for critique and redress in case abuses of authority occur.
“Human Nature” and Its Role in Feminist Theory
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Feminist theorists divide on the question the notion of “human nature”: Some argue that progressive political demands need grounding in a theory of human nature, while others argue that there is no such thing as human nature, and that the notion has served historically to rationalize social hierarchy. This essay distinguishes different senses given to the term “human nature” and argues that there is such a thing as human nature in one of these senses (deriving from cognitive science). Human genotypes determine complex functions from environments to phenotypes (“norms of reaction”). Genetic similarities together with environmental regularities together ground provide empirical warrant for normatively important generalizations about human psychology. Such generalizations evade feminist and postmodernist objections to appeals to “human nature.” They do not support biological determinist views of gender, race, or social class, and they do not entail the erasure of difference. Understood this way, “human nature” provides a needed ground for liberatory politics.
The Infrastructure of Empire
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays out those elements of the Roman system that underpinned its strategic execution. It starts with a discussion of Rome’s extensive system of frontier defense, which allowed it to conserve troops when on defense and provided a covered zone to concentrate force for offensive operations. The frontier networks also made it possible for Rome to control trade and diplomatic relations across their frontiers, often to surprising extents—several hundred miles or more. This frontier system was supported by thousands of miles of paved roads that made it possible for Rome to rapidly move legions to threatened frontiers or provinces. Just as crucially, this extensive road system made it possible to feed the legions in whatever part of the Empire they were concentrated.
An Army for Empire
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To paraphrase Josephus, Rome’s army was unbeatable because of its training. Its exercises were bloodless battles so that their battles could be bloody exercises. Almost to the end, the Roman army overmatched any force it encountered on the battlefield. Given anything approaching even odds, then, the combat results were almost preordained. This combat effectiveness was the result of organization, harsh discipline, and training regimes designed to give Roman formations unparalleled maneuverability, endurance, and striking power. This chapter lays out in detail the organization of the legions, their auxiliaries, and supporting elements. It also discusses their training and how these forces were employed in combat.
The Julio-Claudian Empire
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with Augustus’s victory in the Roman Civil War, which made him the undisputed master of the Roman Empire. It then traces the Empire’s path through the remainder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, including the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero. It highlights the importance of the military campaigns in Germania, including the Battle of Teutoburg Wald, which marked the end of Rome’s expansion in the north. I also detail the problems with integrating regions such as Pannonia, Thrace, and the eastern provinces. Finally, the chapter details the early wars with the Parthian Empire. Although these mostly went Rome’s way, they sowed the seeds for nearly five hundred years of persistent conflict.