bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Modified Phallourethroplasty’ as a Surgical Alternative to Phalloplasty With Urethral Lengthening: Technique, How We Present This Option to Patients, and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Smith Shannon M. , Yuan Nance , Lee Grace , Stelmar Jenna , Ray Edward , Garcia Maurice M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Most complications after masculinizing genital gender-affirming surgery (gGAS) are associated with urethral lengthening (+UL). While many transmasculine patients desire +UL for standing urination, not all patients prioritize this benefit over the significantly increased risk of complications. Currently, phalloplasty without UL (−UL) appears to be seldom offered, and previous −UL techniques create genital anatomy that is visibly different from the anatomy created by phallourethroplasty+UL (P+UL).

Aim
To describe a novel surgical technique to create a normal-appearing phallus tip, scrotum, and perineal urethral opening that avoids urethral complications associated with +UL.

Methods
We describe our surgical technique and approach to patient counseling. We report patient satisfaction outcomes from the first cohort of patients to undergo this ‘modified phallourethroplasty’ (−UL) approach to date.

Outcomes
Among patients who elected phalloplasty over metoidioplasty, 13/40 (32.5%) patients elected P−UL. Prior to 1/2020, before we standardized how we presented this option to patients, 17.4% elected this option. Of the patients that elected P−UL, 8 have completed first-stage and 7 have completed second-stage surgeries.

Results
All patients that have undergone P−UL have expressed satisfaction with body image and urinary function. Among patients asked to rank which of 14 preoperative factors were most important (1 = most important, 14 = least important), having a normal-appearing phallus (mean rank 4.14) and minimizing complications (mean rank 8.14) were ranked more highly than ability to urinate in a standing position (mean rank 9.14). When asked what factors most influenced their choice to have −UL (ranked from 1 to 9), elimination of risks was rated the most important (mean rank 2.71) and expected decrease in risk of needing revision surgery was rated the second most important (mean rank 3.57).

Clinical Implications
The significant reduction in +UL-related complications decrease morbidity, urgent revision surgeries, and cost to our healthcare system.

Strengths and Limitations
Strengths include a novel technique that provides a surgical alternative to P+UL that eliminates the majority of phalloplasty related postoperative complications. Limitations include the small number of patients who have completed first and second stage surgery, and short follow up time.

Conclusion
It is important to understand what factors drive individual patients’ choices. Patients considering masculinizing gGAS should be offered both +UL and −UL options. The costs and benefits of each option should be presented objectively and in the context of each patient's unique priorities and needs.
The Algorithmic Leviathan: Arbitrariness, Fairness, and Opportunity in Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems
Authors: Creel Kathleen , Hellman Deborah 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the complaint that arbitrary algorithmic decisions wrong those whom they affect. It makes three contributions. First, it provides an analysis of whatarbitrarinessmeans in this context. Second, it argues that arbitrariness is not of moral concern except when special circumstances apply. However, when the same algorithm or different algorithms based on the same data are used in multiple contexts, a person may be arbitrarily excluded from a broad range of opportunities. The third contribution is to explain why this systemic exclusion is of moral concern and to offer a solution to address it.
What Makes Personal Data Processing by Social Networking Services Permissible?
Authors: Wolmarans Lichelle , Voorhoeve Alex 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSocial networking services provide services in return for rights to commercialize users’ personal data. We argue that what makes this transaction permissible is not users’ autonomous consent but the provision of sufficiently valuable opportunities to exchange data for services. We argue that the value of these opportunities should be assessed for both (a) a range of users with different decision-making abilities and (b) third parties. We conclude that regulation should shift from aiming to ensure autonomous consent towards ensuring that users face options that they will use to advance individual and common interests.
Transport Safety Concerning a Patient Infected With SARS-CoV-2 and Emergency Service Officers in an Ambulance Accident—A Case Study
Authors: Mikos Marcin , Dymura Krzysztof , Gałązkowski Robert , Rzońca Patryk , Żurowska-Wolak Magdalena 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The manifestation of a new pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), constitutes a new problem for modern health care systems. Developing updated standards for all emergency services working at an accident site during the pandemic has been a continuous challenge. The principal method of preventing the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the use of personal protective equipment, such as protective suits, masks and goggles, or face shields. The study aims to present the recommended on-site procedures during the coronavirus pandemic based on the description of an accident of an ambulance transporting a patient with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, emphasizing the actions taken by the emergency services sent to the accident site.
Factors Influencing Wearing Face Mask in Public During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Qualitative Study
Authors: He Wei , Cai Duanying , Geng Guiling , Klug David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
Wearing face masks is believed to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus transmission by filtering respiratory droplets. This study was to explore the factors influencing wearing face masks in public in China during COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods:
This study was a qualitative semi-structured interview research design and was guided by the Protection Motivation Theory. Participants from Jiangxi Province China were interviewed by means of WeChat video call. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results:
Recruitment efforts were suspended when 21 participants (aged 23 to 72 y) were successfully enrolled and the data reached thematic saturation. Four themes were identified when participants described factors influencing them to wear face masks: knowledge of disease (subthemes were severity of disease, and individual vulnerability to disease), environmental facilitators and constraints (subthemes were government recommendations, public opinion, and affordability and availability of face masks), understanding of protection effectiveness (subthemes were protection effectiveness of wearing face masks, and selection of protective measures), and past experiences.

Conclusions:
Individuals’ decision to wear face masks was influenced by the combination of factors identified. Identification of these factors provides guidance for explaining wearing face masks in public and helps policy-makers develop feasible recommendations for wearing face masks during COVID-19 outbreak.
Prevention and Control Measures for Imported SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During the Postpandemic Period in Shenzhen, China
Authors: He Xuru , Gong Fangfang , Sun Xizhuo , Hu Guangyu , Lin Jinchun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn China, most cities have gradually controlled the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and brought coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) under control locally. This means that crucial work has shifted from internal management of the pandemic to external prevention and control, especially management of international travelers and imported goods. There is much uncertainty about variants of concern for SARS-CoV-2, which pose challenges to the steady resumption of social and economic life once the mutant strains begin to spread. The sporadic outbreaks of COVID-19 in different provinces of China caused by these mutant strains emphasizes the need for both prevention and control measures. Therefore, we introduce China’s experience with preventing and controlling COVID-19 in the postpandemic period, which may serve as a reference in various settings.
Preparation Work and On-Site Management of Large-Scale COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing: Report From the Field
Authors: Zhao Han , Junhui Yan , Xiuming Zhang , Lisha Huang , Xiaoping Lei , Xiaowei Wei , Hui Xing , Xiaoli Ye 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Routine coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) screening found 1 asymptomatic COVID-19 patient. An emergency sampling team was organized consisting of 1200 health-care workers, and a total of 3.2228 million COVID-19 samples had been collected and detected. This study summarizes the on-site management experience in large-scale COVID-19 nucleic acid testing from various aspects: staff preparation, materials preparation, site layout, logistics support, and information system support. Suggestions are put forward for the deficiencies and parts needing improvement. Such deficiencies included some sampling sites were not properly chosen, different areas were unclearly marked off from each other, and some site moving lines were confounding; how to communicate with the street service workers who had little professional knowledge on the epidemic spread or the working principles of the workflow and site layout; and the way to resolve conflicts on site.
Training of Medical Responders to Nuclear Disaster: Hybrid Program in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tomisawa Toshiko , In Naoya , Ota Kazuki , Tsujiguchi Takakiyo , Kudo Hiromi , Osanai Minoru , Mikami Kasumi , Hosokawa Shota , Terashima Shingo , Kitajima Maiko , Saga Ryo , Yamaguchi Masaru , Tsuchiya Ryoko , Urushizaka Mayumi , Hosokawa Yoichiro , Hanada Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
The spread of COVID-19 has made it difficult to provide training in medical treatment in a radiation disaster. In this study, we will examine the effects and challenges of using a hybrid approach that combines online and face-to-face components.

Methods:
A total of 5 face-to face and 25 online medical staff participated in the training program. This program was conducted by using multiple cameras for live coverage, while protective clothing and decontamination kits had been sent in advance to the participants so that they could experience face-to-face and online learning at the same time.

Results:
Participants reported a high level of satisfaction and achievement with the style of delivery. They also experienced problems such as fatigue due to long hours, and dissatisfaction with the debriefing.

Conclusions:
In designing new online training, it is necessary to consider the quantity and content of the program, and to take participant fatigue into consideration.
Chow groups andL-derivatives of automorphic motives for unitary groups, II.
Authors: Li Chao , Liu Yifeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this article, we improve our main results from [LL21] in two directions: First, we allow ramified places in the CM extension$E/F$at which we consider representations that are spherical with respect to a certain special maximal compact subgroup, by formulating and proving an analogue of the Kudla–Rapoport conjecture for exotic smooth Rapoport–Zink spaces. Second, we lift the restriction on the components at split places of the automorphic representation, by proving a more general vanishing result on certain cohomology of integral models of unitary Shimura varieties with Drinfeld level structures.
Raqeeb, Haastrup, and Evans: Seeking Consistency through a Distributive Justice-Based Approach to Limitation of Treatment in the Context of Dispute
Authors: Cameron James , Savulescu Julian , Wilkinson Dominic 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhen is life-sustaining treatment not in the best interests of a minimally conscious child? This is an extremely difficult question that incites seemingly intractable debate. And yet, it is the question courts in England and Wales have set out to answer in disputes about appropriate medical treatment for children.
INTRODUCTION Health Law and Anti-Racism: Reckoning and Response
Authors: Goodwin Michele , Lynch Holly Fernandez 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLaw and racism are intertwined, with legal tools bearing the potential to serve as instruments of oppression or equity. This Special Issue explores this dual nature of health law, with attention to policing in the context of mental health, schools, and substance use disorders; industry and the environment in the context of food advertising, tobacco regulation, worker safety, and environmental racism; health care and research in the context of infant mortality, bias in medical applications of AI, and diverse inclusion in research; and anti-racist teaching and practice in the context of building an interprofessional curriculum and medical-legal partnerships.
Double trouble: untangling mixed sequence signals in bird samples with avian haemosporidian co-infections
Authors: Yeo Huiqing , Harjoko Denise Nastaya , Rheindt Frank E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBlood parasites comprise some of the most prevalent pathogens in nature, and their detection and identification are major objectives in varied fields such as ecology and biomedicine. Two approaches were compared, one based on Sanger sequencing and the other next-generation sequencing (NGS) based, in terms of their performance in detecting avian blood parasites across tropical Southeast Asian birds. Across a panel of 528 bird individuals, 43 birds were ascertained to be infected with avian haemosporidians using a polymerase chain reaction-based detection method. Among these samples, NGS-based barcoding confirmed co-infections by multiple blood parasites in all eight cases where Sanger sequencing produced double peaks. Importantly however, the NGS-based method produced another five diagnoses of co-infections (62.5%) in which Sanger-based barcoding remained equivocal. In contrast to Sanger sequencing, the NGS-based method was able to identify co-infecting haemosporidian lineages via their barcodes. The accuracy of avian haemosporidian lineage identification was not compromised by the shorter length of NGS sequences, with ~94% of NGS barcodes producing matches identical to those of the Sanger barcodes. The application of NGS-based barcoding methods promises to enhance parasite identification and reduce erroneous inferences based on artefacts.
Predicting eating disorder and anxiety symptoms using disorder-specific and transdiagnostic polygenic scores for anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Yilmaz Zeynep , Schaumberg Katherine , Halvorsen Matthew , Goodman Erica L. , Brosof Leigh C. , Crowley James J. ,   Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative,   Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Tourette Syndrome/Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Mathews Carol A. , Mattheisen Manuel , Breen Gerome , Bulik Cynthia M. , Micali Nadia , Zerwas Stephanie C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundClinical, epidemiological, and genetic findings support an overlap between eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety symptoms. However, little research has examined the role of genetics in the expression of underlying phenotypes. We investigated whether the anorexia nervosa (AN), OCD, or AN/OCD transdiagnostic polygenic scores (PGS) predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms in a large developmental cohort in a sex-specific manner.MethodsUsing summary statistics from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium AN and OCD genome-wide association studies, we conducted an AN/OCD transdiagnostic genome-wide association meta-analysis. We then calculated AN, OCD, and AN/OCD PGS in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms, stratified by sex (combined N = 3212–5369 per phenotype).ResultsThe PGS prediction of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety phenotypes differed between sexes, although effect sizes were small. AN and AN/OCD PGS played a more prominent role in predicting eating disorder and anxiety risk than OCD PGS, especially in girls. AN/OCD PGS provided a small boost over AN PGS in the prediction of some anxiety symptoms. All three PGS predicted higher compulsive exercise across different developmental timepoints [β = 0.03 (s.e. = 0.01) for AN and AN/OCD PGS at age 14; β = 0.05 (s.e. = 0.02) for OCD PGS at age 16] in girls.ConclusionsCompulsive exercise may have a transdiagnostic genetic etiology, and AN genetic risk may play a role in the presence of anxiety symptoms. Converging with prior twin literature, our results also suggest that some of the contribution of genetic risk may be sex-specific.
Factional Model-making in China: Party Elites’ Open Political Contention in the Policy Process
Authors: Cheung Olivia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article introduces the analytical framework of “factional model-making” to describe and explain the open political contention of Chinese Communist Party elites in the policy process. Party elites undertake factional model-making to express policy disagreements and to signal their power to the regime: by flouting the Party line publicly without punishment, they show that they can influence the Party line and therefore pressurize the regime into acknowledging their position in the opaque power structure. This article chronicles the history of factional model-making from the 1960s to 2012 and examines in detail the making of Henan's Nanjie Village into a re-collectivization model by the Party's left. The process began in the 1990s and ended soon after Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, which prompted Nanjie's patrons to recast the village as a Party model trumpeting Xi's line. The suppression of factional model-making under Xi is discussed in the conclusion.
Another Defense of Common Morality
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRobert Baker and Rosamond Rhodes each argue against the universality “common morality,” the approach to ethics that comprises four fundamental principles and their application in various settings. Baker contends that common morality cannot account for cultural diversity in the world and claims that a human rights approach is superior in the context of global health. Rhodes maintains that bioethics is not reducible to common morality because medical professionals have special privileges and responsibilities that people lack in everyday life. Baker fails to demonstrate how the human rights approach to global ethics is more sensitive to culture than the use of bioethics principles that comprise common morality. Rhodes has a narrow interpretation of “common morality,” which when understood more broadly, accounts for the special privileges and obligation of medical professionals.
How to Deal with Counter-Examples to Common Morality Theory: A Surprising Result
Authors: Herissone-Kelly Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTom Beauchamp and James Childress are confident that their four principles—respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice—are globally applicable to the sorts of issues that arise in biomedical ethics, in part because those principles form part of the common morality (a set of general norms to which all morally committed persons subscribe). Inevitably, however, the question arises of how the principlist ought to respond when presented with apparent counter-examples to this thesis. I examine a number of strategies the principlist might adopt in order to retain common morality theory in the face of supposed counter-examples. I conclude that only a strategy that takes a non-realist view of the common morality’s principles is viable. Unfortunately, such a view is likely not to appeal to the principlist.
Reference centiles for left ventricular longitudinal global and regional systolic strain by automated functional imaging in healthy Egyptian children
Authors: Kotby Alyaa A. , Ebrahim Sahar O.S. , Al-Fahham Marwa M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground:Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography-derived left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain is an important myocardial deformation parameter for assessing the systolic function of the left ventricle. Strain values differ according to the vendor machine and software. This study aimed to provide normal reference values for global and regional left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain in Egyptian children using automated functional imaging software integrated into the General Electric healthcare machine and to study the correlation between the global longitudinal left ventricular systolic strain and age, body size, vital data, and some echocardiographic parameters.Methods:Healthy children (250) aged from 1 to 16 years were included. Conventional echocardiography was done to measure the left ventricular dimensions and function. Automated functional imaging was performed to measure the global and regional peak longitudinal systolic strain.Results:The global longitudinal strain was −21.224 ± 1.862%. The regional strain was −20.68 ± 2.11%, −21.06 ± 1.84%, and −21.86 ± 2.71% at the basal, mid, and apical segments, respectively. The mean values of the systolic longitudinal strain become significantly more negative from base to apex. Age differences were found as regard to global and regional longitudinal strain parameters but no gender differences. The global peak longitudinal systolic strain correlated positively with age. No correlations were found with either the anthropometric parameters or the vital data.Conclusions:Age-specific normal values for two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived left ventricular longitudinal regional and global systolic strain are established using automated functional imaging.
Specifying and Reasoning about CPS through the Lens of the NIST CPS Framework
Authors: NGUYEN THANH HAI , BUNDAS MATTHEW , SON TRAN CAO , BALDUCCINI MARCELLO , GARWOOD KATHLEEN CAMPBELL , GRIFFOR EDWARD R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces a formal definition of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) in the spirit of the CPS Framework proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It shows that using this definition, various problems related to concerns in a CPS can be precisely formalized and implemented using Answer Set Programming (ASP). These include problems related to the dependency or conflicts between concerns, how to mitigate an issue, and what the most suitable mitigation strategy for a given issue would be. It then shows how ASP can be used to develop an implementation that addresses the aforementioned problems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potentials of the proposed methodologies.