bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where have all the ions gone, long time passing? Tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers with atmospheric pressure ionization sensitivity gains since the mid‐1970s. A perspective
Authors: Covey Tom 
Published: July 2022

The gains in sensitivity since 1975 for quadrupole mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure ionization (API), and in particular triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (QqQs) since 1981, have been driven by the needs of the environmental, biomedical, agricultural, and other scientific research, industrial, regulatory, legal, and sporting communities to continually achieve lower limits of quantitation and identification. QqQs have realized a one‐million‐fold improvement in sensitivity attempting to address these needs over the past two score years. It is the purpose of this article to describe how that came about, not through an exhaustive review of the literature, but rather by describing what general approaches were used across the industry to improve sensitivity and provide some examples to illustrate its evolution. The majority of the gains came from the ion source and its interface to the vacuum system. “Sampling efficiency” is a measurement of the losses in this area so will be a focus of this review. The discovery of the phenomenon of collisional focusing was key to improving sampling efficiency because it enabled designs that increased the ion‐containing gas loads from the ion source, using staged differential pumping backed by increasingly larger pumps, and prevented the scattering losses of ions in the resulting gas expansion inside vacuum. Likewise, systems with smaller pumps and lower ion‐containing gas loads could be designed with size and cost reduction in mind while maintaining reasonable sampling efficiencies. As a consequence, advancements in the designs of both larger and smaller turbomolecular vacuum pumps were accelerated by pump manufacturers to accommodate the explosive growth in the use of API‐QqQ and API‐ion trap mass spectrometers that occurred in the 1990s and continued into the new millennium. Sampling efficiency was further improved by increasing the ion yield from electrospray by increasing the rate of droplet desolvation. An estimate of the practical limit to further sensitivity improvements beyond what has been achieved to date is provided to shed light on what to expect in the future. Lastly, the implications and unforeseen consequences of the sensitivity gains are considered with a particular focus on how they have enabled a dramatic increase in daily sample throughput on triple quadrupole and other types of mass spectrometers.
Dynamic event‐triggered strategies for tracking control of directed multi‐agent systems with Lipschitz nonlinear dynamics
Authors: Zhang Tianyong , Xu Yong , Sun Jian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article considers synchronization of Lipschitz nonlinear multi‐agent systems under dynamic event‐triggered mechanisms in a directed network. To achieve synchronization with less requirement of communications, a distributed event‐triggered state feedback control protocol as well as corresponding dynamic event‐triggered mechanism are proposed in a directed network, where the designed dynamic event‐triggered mechanism can boil down to existing static triggering mechanisms as special examples. Then, our scheme is extended to design an observer‐based event‐triggered protocol and a dynamic triggering law when the system states are unmeasurable. It is shown that the proposed dynamic event‐triggered mechanisms can not only guarantee synchronization of Lipschitz nonlinear multi‐agent systems with Zeno‐freeness, but also avoid continuous communications among agents. Moreover, by comparing the static and dynamic trigger mechanisms, it proves that the minimum inter‐execution time of the dynamic trigger mechanism cannot be smaller than that of the static case. Finally, two numerical examples are given to verify the theoretical analysis.
A post quantum secure construction of an authentication protocol for satellite communication
Authors: Dharminder Dharminder , Dadsena Pradeep Kumar , Gupta Pratik , Sankaran Sathya 
Published: July 2022

SummarySatellite's communication system is used to communicate under significant distance and circumstances where the other communication systems are not comfortable. Since all the data are exchanged over a public channel, so the security of the data is an essential component for the communicating parties. Both key exchange and authentication are two cryptographic tools to establish a secure communication between two parties. Currently, various kinds of authentication protocols are available to establish a secure network, but all of them depend on number–theoretical (discrete logarithm problem/factorization assumption) hard assumptions. Due to Shor's and Grover's computing algorithm number theoretic assumptions are breakable by quantum computers. Although Kumar and Garg have proposed a quantum attack‐resistant protocol for satellite communication, it cannot resist stolen smart card attack. We have analyzed that how Kumar and Garg is vulnerable to the stolen smart card attack using differential power analysis attack described in He et al and Chen and Chen. We have also analyzed the modified version of signal leakage attack and sometimes called improved signal leakage attack on Kumar and Garg's protocol. We have tried to construct a secure and efficient authentication protocol for satellites communication that is secure against quantum computing. This is more efficient as it requires only three messages of exchange. This paper includes security proof and performance of the proposed authentication and key agreement protocol.
How do technological innovation and renewables shape environmental quality advancement in emerging economies: An exploration of the E7 bloc?
Authors: Onifade Stephen Taiwo , Bekun Festus Victor , Phillips Agboola , Altuntaş Mehmet 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEmissions from several emerging economies currently constitute the largest contributions to the global carbon emissions levels thereby triggering concerns on the prospects for achieving global environmental sustainability‐related goals (SGDs‐13 and 11). Thus, this research examines whether technological innovation and renewables pose any moderating roles in the environmental quality advancements of rapidly emerging economies using the bloc of the emerging seven (E7) economies. The empirical framework of the study capitalizes on the strengths of the novel CS‐ARDL technique in addressing the pitfalls of cross‐sectional dependence (CD) from common factors that marred the understudied panel observations for the bloc between 1992 and 2018. The long‐run estimations provide crucial insights into the environmental sustainability dynamics of the E7 bloc. First, the observed impacts of the rapid economic expansion alongside the fast‐growing energy consumption were significantly detrimental to environmental sustainability over the period of study (1992–2018). Second, the duo of technological innovations and renewables place the E7 on an environmental sustainability path as they significantly dampen the CO2 emissions level in the bloc. Third, the inverted U‐shape growth‐emission conjecture of the EKC was confirmed for these groups of emerging economies within the innovation‐environment nexus exploration. Fourthly, although both innovations and renewable energy consumption enhance sustainability, however, the magnitude of their desirable environmental impacts is quite low compared to the observed impacts of the pollution damages created by the observed energy consumption‐driven economic growth expansion in the bloc over the years. Overall, the results are indicative that the E7 needs to do more in terms of investments in environmental‐related technological innovations and the expansion of renewables in overall energy portfolios to harness the inherent benefits of the duo to position the bloc on a sustainability path. More recommendations for environmental sustainability enhancement from technological innovation and renewable perspectives were further enunciated for the E7 bloc in the main text.
Genetic mapping of sorghum resistance to an Illinois isolate of Colletotrichum sublineola
Authors: Khanal Ashmita , Adhikari Pragya , Kaiser Christopher , Lipka Alexander E. , Jamann Tiffany M. , Mideros Santiago X. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAnthracnose leaf blight (ALB) is an economically important disease of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola Henn. ex Sacc. & Trotter. Although qualitative and quantitative resistance have been identified for ALB, the usefulness of resistance loci differs depending on the pathogen pathotype. Identifying resistance effective against unique pathogen pathotypes is critical to managing ALB, as the disease is managed primarily through the deployment of host resistance. We isolated C. sublineola from ALB‐infected leaves collected in Illinois and found that the strain was a novel pathotype, as it produced a unique combination of virulence against a set of differential lines. Using this isolate, we inoculated 579 temperate‐adapted sorghum conversion lines in 2019 and 2020. We then conducted a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and a metabolic pathway analysis using the Pathway Associated Study Tool (PAST). We identified 47 significant markers distributed across all chromosomes except chromosome 8. We identified 32 candidate genes based on physical proximity with significant markers, some of which have a known role in host defense. We identified 47 pathways associated with ALB resistance, indicating a role for secondary metabolism in defense to ALB. Our results are important to improve the understanding of the genetic basis of ALB resistance in sorghum and highlight the importance of developing durable resistance to ALB.
Exploring terms and proposing a framework for leadership learning through games
Authors: Egan John D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTo advance games as a teaching strategy, leadership educators may benefit from a common understanding of associated terms. However, achieving this purpose is complicated by no agreed upon definition of game and scholarly debate around terms such as gamification. This article explores gaming terms and proposes a framework intended to provide a common language for assessing, discussing, and writing about games for leadership learning.
Leadership learning through games in co‐curricular settings
Authors: Hill Jessica , Cebulski Adam R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDeveloping leaders through games in the co‐curriculum provides an opportunity for creative and innovative program design across learning taxonomies. Game‐based learning provides a value‐added experience for busy students who are balancing competing demands on their times. Additionally, co‐curricular participants are often more receptive to less‐traditional pedagogy incorporating technology, social connections, and fun. This article offers practitioners insight into developing and assessing games for co‐curricular experiences.
Studienanfängerinnen und -anfänger im Lehramtsstudium Mathematik, ihr Studienverlauf und Studienerfolg
Authors: Gerdes Arne 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungIndividuelle Bedingungsfaktoren des Studienerfolgs und -verlaufs von Bachelorstudierenden des gymnasialen Mathematiklehramtes werden in einer Stichprobe von Studierenden der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von insgesamt $$n=1093$$

n
=
1093

Mathematikstudierenden des gymnasialen Lehramtes und, als Vergleich der Studierendengruppen, $$n=837$$

n
=
837

fachwissenschaftlichen Mono-Bachelorstudierenden der Mathematik untersucht. Gefragt wird nach dem Einfluss einer Auswahl an Heterogenitätsmerkmalen zu Studienbeginn, nämlich Alter, Geschlecht, Note der Hochschulzugangsberechtigung, gymnasialer Hochschulzugangsberechtigung, dem Vorliegen eines Erststudiums und der Wahl des zweiten Studienfaches, auf eine Auswahl kurz-, mittel- und langfristiger Kriterien des Studienerfolgs und -verlaufs. Hier werden Teilnahme, Bestehen und Note der Prüfungen der Pflichtveranstaltungen des ersten Semesters, Rückmeldung in das dritte Semester nach Studienbeginn und Erreichen des Studienabschlusses und ggf. zugehörige Abschlussnote in Mathematik betrachtet. Unter anderem zur besseren Beurteilungsmöglichkeit von Studienabbruchquoten wird in Hinblick auf den relativen Anteil und Gruppenunterschiede dem Phänomen von Parkstudierenden nachgegangen. Der gemeinsame Besuch von Lehramts- und fachwissenschaftlichen Studierenden von Lehrveranstaltungen zu Studienbeginn motiviert die Frage nach Unterschieden dieser beiden Studierendengruppen hinsichtlich der oben genannten Merkmale.
Program and Course Evaluation in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: dela Peña Bandalaria Melinda 
Published: July 2022

AbstractOpen, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE) has potential to help educational institutions address the various challenges which usually result in the disruptions of the learning process. This system of education is flexible, agile, and resilient enough to adjust to the different contexts and also enables the academic institution to respond to some expectations like making available lifelong learning opportunities to all types of learners. There is, however, a lingering perception that ODDE is of lower quality compared to the conventional mode of education despite results of research showing otherwise which can prevent the realization of the full potential of this system of instruction.Through an intensive review of literature, this chapter looked at how quality in ODDE was and is being articulated with respect to curricular programs and courses and how they are evaluated for quality with the goal of determining if there are gaps which need to be addressed to help dispel that perception of lower quality. Eleven Quality Assurance (QA) Frameworks developed by various organizations from different parts of the world during the last 20 years (2000–2019) were evaluated for a more focused review process. Results showed that there is a general agreement as to what constitutes quality in this system of education. For the methodologies for program and course evaluation, some improvements and innovations can be done as informed by the QA Frameworks and tapping on what information can the technology provide as in the case of learning analytics which served as basis for the recommendations made.
Human myelin proteolipid protein structure and lipid bilayer stacking
Authors: Ruskamo Salla , Raasakka Arne , Pedersen Jan Skov , Martel Anne , Škubník Karel , Darwish Tamim , Porcar Lionel , Kursula Petri 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe myelin sheath is an essential, multilayered membrane structure that insulates axons, enabling the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. The tetraspan myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) is the most abundant protein of compact myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The integral membrane protein PLP adheres myelin membranes together and enhances the compaction of myelin, having a fundamental role in myelin stability and axonal support. PLP is linked to severe CNS neuropathies, including inherited Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2, as well as multiple sclerosis. Nevertheless, the structure, lipid interaction properties, and membrane organization mechanisms of PLP have remained unidentified. We expressed, purified, and structurally characterized human PLP and its shorter isoform DM20. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering revealed a dimeric, α-helical conformation for both PLP and DM20 in detergent complexes, and pinpoint structural variations between the isoforms and their influence on protein function. In phosphatidylcholine membranes, reconstituted PLP and DM20 spontaneously induced formation of multilamellar myelin-like membrane assemblies. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin enhanced the membrane organization but were not crucial for membrane stacking. Electron cryomicroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction experiments for membrane-embedded PLP/DM20 illustrated effective membrane stacking and ordered organization of membrane assemblies with a repeat distance in line with CNS myelin. Our results shed light on the 3D structure of myelin PLP and DM20, their structure–function differences, as well as fundamental protein–lipid interplay in CNS compact myelin.
Remote Training of Neurointerventions by Audiovisual Streaming
Authors: Hanning Uta , Bechstein Matthias , Kaesmacher Johannes , Boulouis Grégoire , Chapot René , Andersson Tommy , Boccardi Edoardo , Psychogios Marios , Cognard Christophe , de Dios Lascuevas Marta , Rodrigues Marta , Rodriguez Caamaño Isabel , Gargalas Sergios , Simonato Davide , Zupancic Vedran , Daller Cornelia , Meyer Lukas , Broocks Gabriel , Guerreiro Helena , Fiehler Jens , Martínez-Galdamez Mario , Kalousek Vladimir 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Remote access of trainees to training centers via video streaming (tele-observership, e‑fellowship) emerges as an alternative to acquire knowledge in endovascular interventions. Situational awareness is a summary term that is also used in surgical procedures for perceiving and understanding the situation and projecting what will happen next. A high situational awareness would serve as prerequisite for meaningful learning success during tele-observerships. We hypothesized that live perception of the angiographical procedures using streaming technology is feasible and sufficient to gain useful situational awareness of the procedure.

Methods
During a European tele-observership organized by the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) and its trainee association (EYMINT), a total of six neurointerventional fellows in five countries observed live cases performed by experienced neurointerventionalists (mentors) in six different high-volume neurovascular centers across Europe equipped with live-streaming technology (Tegus Medical, Hamburg, Germany). Cases were prospectively evaluated during a 12-month period, followed by a final questionnaire after completion of the course.

Results
A total of 102/161 (63%) cases with a 1:1 allocation of fellow and mentor were evaluated during a 12-month period. Most frequent conditions were ischemic stroke (27.5%), followed by embolization of unruptured aneurysms (25.5%) and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (15.7%). A high level of situational awareness was reported by fellows in 75.5% of all cases. After finishing the program, the general improvement of neurointerventional knowledge was evaluated to be extensive (1/6 fellows), substantial (3/6), and moderate (2/6). The specific fields of improvement were procedural knowledge (6/6 fellows), technical knowledge (3/6) and complication management (2/6).

Conclusion
Online streaming technology facilitates location-independent training of complex neurointerventional procedures through high levels of situational awareness and can therefore supplement live hands-on-training. In addition, it leads to a training effect for fellows with a perceived improvement of their neurointerventional knowledge.
Effect of Comorbidity Burden and Polypharmacy on Poor Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Barow Ewgenia , Probst Ann-Cathrin , Pinnschmidt Hans , Heinze Marlene , Jensen Märit , Rimmele David Leander , Flottmann Fabian , Broocks Gabriel , Fiehler Jens , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Comorbidities and polypharmacy are risk factors for worse outcome in stroke. However, comorbidities and polypharmacy are mostly studied separately with various approaches to assess them. We aimed to analyze the impact of comorbidity burden and polypharmacy on functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT).

Methods
Acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with MT from a prospective observational study were analyzed. Relevant comorbidity burden was defined as a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score ≥ 2, polypharmacy as the intake of ≥ 5 medications at time of stroke onset. Favorable outcome was a score of 0–2 on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days after stroke. The effect of comorbidity burden and polypharmacy on favorable outcome was studied via multivariable regression analysis.

Results
Of 903 patients enrolled, 703 AIS patients (mean age 73.4 years, 54.9% female) with anterior circulation LVO were included. A CCI ≥ 2 was present in 226 (32.1%) patients, polypharmacy in 315 (44.8%) patients. Favorable outcome was less frequently achieved in patients with a CCI ≥ 2 (47, 20.8% vs. 172, 36.1%, p < 0.001), and in patients with polypharmacy (69, 21.9% vs. 150, 38.7%, p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis including clinical covariates, a CCI ≥ 2 was associated with lower odds of favorable outcome (odds ratio, OR 0.52, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.33–0.82, p = 0.005), while polypharmacy was not (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52–1.27, p = 0.362).

Conclusion
Relevant comorbidity burden and polypharmacy are common in AIS patients with LVO, with comorbidity burden being a risk factor for poor outcome.
PSMA-PET und „radio-guided surgery“ bei zervikaler Lymphadenektomie
Authors: Lingl Julia P. , Böhm Felix , Wiegel Thomas , Beer Ambros J. , Hoffmann Thomas K. 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungWir berichten über einen 75 Jahre alten Patienten mit suspekten linksseitig zervikalen Lymphknoten in Region IV. Detektiert wurden diese in der PSMA-PET-MRT (Prostataspezifisches Membranantigen-Positronenemissions-Magnetresonanztomographie) zum Restaging bei bekanntem Prostatakarzinom mit laborchemischem PSA(Prostataspezifisches Antigen)-Anstieg in der onkologischen Nachsorgeuntersuchung. Zur histologischen Sicherung wurde eine hochselektive Lymphadenektomie in der linksseitigen Region IV unter γ‑Sonden-Kontrolle nach 99mTc(Technetium-99m)-PSMA-Markierung durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden 2 vergrößerte Lymphknoten mit deutlicher Traceraufnahme entfernt. Die histopathologische Untersuchung ergab die Diagnose von Lymphknotenmetastasen des bekannten Prostatakarzinoms. Mithilfe der „radio-guided surgery“ können unter Verwendung eines adäquaten Tracers supraselektiv pathologische Lymphknoten im Kopf-Hals-Bereich detektiert und sanierend entnommen werden.