bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systems Thinking to Combat Malaria
Authors: Jha Savyasachee , Gurtoo Anjula 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A systems-thinking approach studies structures through their constituent parts and the interconnections between them. It forms a powerful strategy for designing and evaluating disease interventions and their effects on health systems. In this chapter, we review literature on malaria interventions and malaria frameworks to understand their role in shaping health systems using systems thinking. Malarial interventions are categorized using the six defined building blocks in the World Health Organization (WHO) health systems framework: namely service delivery, workforce, information systems, financing, access to medical technologies, and leadership and governance. Other anti-malaria frameworks are compared to the WHO framework. Analysis demonstrates many interventions target one or more of the six aforementioned subsystems. A close relationship exists between various building blocks, and hence there is a strong argument for anti-malaria interventions to change from being “vertical”, that is, separated from other parts of a health system, to being diagonal, or more integrated. Additionally, the analysis brings forth a need for health systems (and the WHO framework) to be more forward-looking by considering factors such as population movement, climate change-led health impacts, and cultural practices.
Human Rights and Social Inclusion in Health Policies
Authors: Amin Mutamad , MacLachlan Malcolm , Mannan Hasheem , Elhussein Durria M. , Swartz Leslie , Munthali Alister , Rooy Gert Van , McVeigh Joanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents analyses of nine HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria policies across Namibia, Malawi, South Africa, and Sudan, using EquiFrame, a framework that encourages a systems approach. The Global Fund partnership invests approximately US$ 4 billion per year in support of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programs. However, the prevalence of these diseases remains substantial, particularly in Africa. Crucially, these pandemics disproportionately affect the world’s poorest and most marginalized people. Inclusive access to prevention and treatment for vulnerable groups is key to addressing these diseases and is increasingly recognized as a human rights issue. EquiFrame evaluates policies’ commitment to twenty-one core concepts of human rights and inclusion of twelve vulnerable groups. The analyses presented here highlighted strong and weaker policies, and country-specific patterns. For the Global Fund to reach the most vulnerable, it should support policy development that incorporates human rights of vulnerable groups, a vital step toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Socratic Idiosyncrasy and Cynic Exhibitionism
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Roman Stoic philosophers made Socrates and Diogenes into virtual models of wisdom and rationality, but they excised the extraordinary personalities that had made both men into iconic figures for their Greek contemporaries. Plato in fact promoted the development of Greek biography as a literary genre by his memorable representations of Socrates. This chapter asks where we should situate Socrates’ theatrical persona in the mores of his time. It also compares the peculiarities Plato confers on Socrates with the self-fashioning of Diogenes and the personae of Antisthenes and the sophists.
Aristotle on Eudaimonia, Nous, and Divinity
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ever since antiquity Aristotle’s interpreters have puzzled over the respective roles he assigned in his ethics to practical and theoretical rationality. No one doubts, however, that he regarded the essence of the human self as the godlike capacity of intellect (nous). This chapter argues that the divinity of nous pertains to reason’s contributions to happiness throughout the Nicomachean Ethics. Hence the work is not bifurcated, as commonly supposed, into the political goal of moral virtue and the intellectual end of contemplation. The latter is the highest human function, but it should be regarded as ancillary to the mainly practical thrust of Aristotelian ethics.
Introduction
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction explains the book’s two central aims—to develop and defend a constitutive account of normative reasons as premises of good reasoning, and a broader fittingness-first account of the structure of the normative domain, of which the account of normative reasons is a part. Having explained these aims in turn, and how they fit together, the Introduction outlines the argumentative strategy to be pursued. It then indicates some assumptions the book makes. These concern the ontology of reasons, the distinction between authoritative and formal normativity, and the nature of and motivation for constitutive accounts. The Introduction ends by providing a plan for the rest of the book.
Fittingness
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question: what is fittingness? Since the book takes fittingness to be normatively basic, the chapter answers this question by providing elucidation rather than a constitutive account. It begins with examples that provide an initial grasp of fittingness. The chapter then describes four marks of fittingness. They are that the fittingness of a response is insensitive to incentives bearing on that response, that fittingness is intuitively stronger than permissibility but weaker than ought, that the absence of a response cannot be fitting, and that the fittingness of a response does not depend, in general, on a subject’s epistemic position. It is argued that these marks distinguish fittingness from permissibility and ought, and count against analysing fittingness in terms of reasons. The chapter ends by discussing what makes beliefs, intentions, desires, and emotions fitting.
The Explanatory Role of Reasons I
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the first part of an account of the explanatory role of normative reasons—the role they play in determining deontic status. Whether you ought to respond in a certain way depends on the strength of the overall case for that response in comparison to alternatives. The strength of the case for a response depends on the weights of the reasons for that response. This chapter provides an account of the weights of reasons. The central idea is that one reason outweighs another when it’s good reasoning to respond to the former and not the latter. The chapter spells out and illustrates this idea, showing how it accommodates desiderata which other accounts of the weights of reasons struggle with. It shows how the idea delivers plausible results when combined with the account of good reasoning in Chapter 2 and can accommodate conditions and modifiers of reasons.
Reasons for Belief, Action, and Emotions
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines some categories of reasons that may appear problematic for the account of reasons defended in this book. It first considers certain types of reason for belief, including reasons based on perception and reasons for credences. It argues that, where these reasons are genuine, the account can capture them. The chapter then describes a problem about reasons for action and defends a solution on which reasons for action are to be understood as reasons for intention. Finally, the chapter considers how the account accommodates reasons for emotions. While there are reasons for emotions, many doubt that emotions can feature in reasoning. The chapter argues that this doubt is misplaced. It also addresses a recent argument that there are no reasons for emotions.
Conclusion
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book develops and defends a constitutive account of reasons and an account of the structure of the normative domain. According to the former, a reason for a response is a non-redundant premise of good reasoning from fitting responses to that response. According to the latter, the normative domain has a foundational structure with fittingness at its base. Reasons depend on fittingness because they depend on good reasoning, which is reasoning that preserves fittingness other things equal. Since deontic status depends on reasons, it also ultimately depends on fittingness. Value depends on the fittingness of valuing attitudes. Thus, in the normative domain, fittingness is first. The Conclusion summarizes these central claims of the book and the further issues that have been addressed. It notes issues that remain to be addressed and further debates that the views defended in the book bear on.
Introduction
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Already in antiquity, Dionysius of Halicarnassus highlighted the idiosyncrasy of Thucydides’ style. In fact, Dionysius rewrites several Thucydidean passages, and his streamlined versions show that Thucydides frequently uses abstract nouns in places where a more commonplace idiom might prefer personal and verbal phrases. Upon closer analysis, it turns out that several general characterisations used by Dionysius to describe Thucydides’ style also reflect Thucydides’ representation of the Peloponnesian War. The book’s central hypothesis is based on this correspondence between style and content: Thucydides tends to employ abstract nominal phrases because they enable him to highlight a distinctive feature of events. By diverting attention from persons and their actions, the abstract phrases highlight forces beyond human control. Thus, beside the problem of Thucydides’ abstract style, the theme of necessity emerges as the book’s second major focus. Since recent scholarly work has stressed the importance of contingency in Thucydides, the book also seeks to explain how it is possible for necessity and contingency to coexist in Thucydides’ thought.
The Passivity of the Powerful
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
At two central places in the History, Thucydides indicates that events are subject to a circular pattern, thus implying that the course of events is not entirely open. The prevalence of the depersonalizing style in both passages suggests a link between abstract language and necessity. The Archaeology provides a clue regarding the nature of this necessity: a quest for power emerges as the driving force of the development of early empires. This process also fuels the rise of the Athenian empire according to the Athenian ambassadors at Sparta, who use impersonal phrases that suggest the general exposure of human beings to forces beyond their control. Thucydides’ own account of the rise of the Athenian empire in the Pentecontaetia confirms the main point of the ambassadors: the Athenians have been caught up in a process that paradoxically reduces them, despite their immense power, to a passive role.
Decision-Making Overshadowed by Necessity
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter investigates the dominant forces in three major decisions recounted by Thucydides. First, in his account of the ‘truest cause’ of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides makes stylistic choices that highlight the subjection of the major players to an impersonal process: a pull unleashed by power and collective impulses. Secondly, the aftermath of the Athenian triumph at Pylos gives the paradoxical picture that victors and losers alike are passive in the face of the irrational forces confronting them. Finally, the Athenians’ decision to undertake the Sicilian Expedition takes place under the influence of rampant passions that impose themselves upon the Athenians and are represented as the forces that ultimately prompt the vote in favour of the expedition. In all three major decisions the implications of the abstract style suggest the prevalence of forces beyond the control of human agents. This exposure of all humans to far-reaching processes and collective forces is more fundamental than the contrast, however blatant, between the Athenian and Spartan character.
Dual Motivation
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the constraint exerted by general forces intertwines with the contingency of individual action in Thucydides’ presentation of the Athenian decision in favour of the Sicilian Expedition. The chapter thus complements the emphasis on necessity in chapters 3 to 5. This interaction crystallizes around Alcibiades: he is depicted both as the personification of general forces (viz. ἔρως and ἐλπίς) and as a recognizable individual. The history of Greek thought provides a prototype for this interaction of different levels of motivation: the dual motivation model, which usually combines divine and human factors. Herodotus’ treatment of the downfall of Croesus is a case in point. Although Croesus’ undoing is predestined, the events leading to the fated outcome display an immanent logic free from glaring superhuman interventions. In particular, all of Croesus’ decisions arise naturally from his character. This background helps to explain the interaction of necessity and individual agency in Thucydides: just as in Herodotus fate asserts itself through Croesus’ natural choices, so in Thucydides Alcibiades’ individual agency opens the door for necessity to run its course. Thus, the patterns set by transpersonal forces do not obliterate individual action. Instead, a stark manifestation of the general level is reflected in an equally marked expression of individual agency.
Necessity and Leeway for Choice
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Thucydides knows examples of decisions that might easily have played out differently and of individuals who withstand the general current of human nature. Thus, necessity in Thucydides cannot mean that every single event is predetermined. Homer and Herodotus are Thucydides’ most important predecessors for gauging the interplay between necessity and choice. The stories of the homecoming of Odysseus and of Croesus’ rescue after his downfall show that the most important events in Homer and Herodotus are foreordained, but that there is considerable leeway concerning the manner of their realization. This latitude gives scope to individual agents to have some impact on the formation of events. Thucydides’ account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War follows this model: the necessity of war is set, but there is flexibility with regard to the timing and the specific way in which the War is unleashed. In Thucydides, human nature regularly asserts itself over individuals and communities because it is inherently more powerful than they are. Nonetheless, the actions of enlightened individuals can temporarily modify the destructive potential. People make choices, but they are always more or less qualified by the thrust of necessity. In the long run, however, necessity rooted in human nature will assert itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pericles’ successful agency poses a challenge to the book’s thesis that necessity prevails in the world of political action according to Thucydides. The Conclusion explains how these two positions can coexist: the general prevalence of necessity vs. the possibility that specific agents can make a difference for the better. Necessity in Thucydides is based on innate predispositions that will inevitably break out at some point. This model differs from modern causal determinism in settling outcomes but not the road that leads to these outcomes. Prudent agents are ultimately powerless against the necessity of outcomes, but they can wield some influence on whether, or not, the destructive potential will erupt. This type of agency, however, requires an exceedingly rare combination of intelligence and ability to get things done. Moreover, ongoing success in the realm of politics tends to produce circumstances that are increasingly averse to the emergence of reason-guided leaders. This tragic dialectic ultimately prevents rational agents following in the footsteps of Pericles from guiding the affairs of a city in perpetuity.
Principles of Criminal Evidence
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter extends an ‘invitation to criminal evidence’. It outlines the conceptual scope of the field—and by extension the book’s aims and topical coverage—and differentiates this book’s approach from more traditional common law conceptions of the law of evidence. From a normative perspective, criminal evidence combines epistemology, political morality, and jurisprudence. These multiple dimensions are distilled into ‘five foundational principles of criminal evidence’. Doctrinal sources of criminal evidence are surveyed, extending beyond legislation and case-law to include human rights law, constitutional law, and ‘hard-working soft law’ (miscellaneous doctrinally inferior yet in practice highly influential directives, guidelines and advice). A central institutional tension between rule-based decision-making and judicial discretion is introduced and explored through preliminary examples. The book’s structure and topical organization are briefly outlined.
Confessions
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores one of the oldest, most persuasive, and routinely problematic forms of judicial evidence: the accused’s confession. The common sense apprehension that full confessions are conclusive proof of guilt is challenged both by modern psychological research demonstrating the reality of false confessions and by the inherently coercive nature of criminal investigations creating pressures towards unreliable admissions. For a time, common lawyers conceptualized informal party admissions as falling within an exception to the hearsay rule (so long as they were ‘voluntary’), but their admissibility at trial is now governed in England and Wales by section 76 of PACE 1984. The institutional context of police interrogation is sketched, highlighting PACE Code C’s normative framework of detainee rights and the jurisprudential evolution and practical realties of suspects’ access to custodial legal advice, before turning to detailed evidentiary analysis. PACE 1984 s.76 establishes both an inclusionary basis for (partly) ‘adverse’ statements, and two primary exclusionary rules targeting (a) oppression and (b) circumstances conducive to unreliability. In neither case is the truth of the confession decisive. Confessions are inadmissible unless the prosecutor can disprove (a) and/or (b), whenever either is raised on the facts, beyond reasonable doubt. The admissibility of contested confessions is determined on the voir dire (‘trial within a trial’). Doctrinal exposition critically examines procedural matters (e.g. Mushtaq directions), consequential discoveries (‘fruit of the poisoned tree’), admissibility jurisprudence interpreting section 76(2), special rules for vulnerable suspects (PACE 1984 s.77 directions), and confessions adduced by a co-accused (PACE 1984 s.76A).
The Accused’s Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the accused’s ‘privilege against self-incrimination’ and associated ‘right to/of silence’. The topic overlaps with confessions, inasmuch as self-incriminating admissions may be compelled and silence in the face of accusations may itself be regarded as suspicious or incriminating. The privilege against self-incrimination boasts a celebrated historical pedigree as a bulwark of liberty and constitutional assurance against governmental oppression. The modern jurisprudential position is more conflicted. Having clarified conceptual and definitional issues, a survey of underlying normative rationales (intrinsic, conceptual, and instrumental) produces, at best, only qualified vindication. Shaky theoretical foundations may partly account for modern law’s attenuation of the privilege. This has occurred both in relation to the proliferation of statutory duties mandating compulsory disclosure of potentially incriminating information (partly accomplished through the legislative device of ‘use immunity’); and also, more controversially, through legislative curtailment of the common law right of silence by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Neither development has been significantly hampered by modern human rights law, notwithstanding the European Court of Human Rights’ creative interpretations of Article 6(1) in Funke and Saunders to ‘read in’ the privilege. Legislation curtailing the right of silence in the police station (s.34) and at court (s.35) was politically-motivated and dubiously evidence-based. It has spawned an extensive and complex case-law, requiring trial judges to deliver very detailed directions on the permissible evidential uses of ‘significant silences’. The implications of suspects having relied on legal advice to remain silent has repeatedly been litigated, including before Strasbourg. Theoretically, this topic exemplifies the modern development of forensic reasoning rules, partly through elucidation in hard-working soft law instruments (especially the Crown Court Compendium).
Introduction
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Beginning with a description of the 1971 international conference of the Fountain Trust, this chapter introduces the notion of a reanimation of Christianity in the Anglo-world in the second half of the twentieth century. It explains the theoretical understanding of a charismatic imaginary and a ‘Spiritscape of charismatic renewal’ which underpins the study. Various ecumenical dimensions and the scope of charismatic renewal are assessed, delineating the categories of mainline charismatic, independent charismatic, and charismaticised pentecostal. Charismatic renewal is placed alongside three key historical scholarly themes concerning the global 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s: secularisation, authenticity, and cosmopolitanism.
Potential
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the standard, explanatory ‘myths of origin’ of charismatic renewal in the Anglo-world and presents an alternative richer, complex pre-history of charismatic potential. It traces transnational flows of mainline healing, Catholic apostolates, empowered evangelicalism and pentecostal revivalism, through time and space, before their convergence as the Spiritscape of charismatic renewal. Examining lineages including Cursillo, Legion of Mary, the Oxford Group, Camp’s Farthest Out, and the Order of St Luke, the chapter describes a mid-century religious flux, in which ‘seekership’, small groups, and developing notions of the Self provided the conditions in which charismatic renewal was able to emerge.
Crafting
Authors: Lutz Deborah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 moves even further away from more traditional ideas about “authorship” to focus on the notion of “writing” as a more experimental act. Paper and text-related materials had talismanic, decorative, and artistic purposes. Needlework skills helped authors revise manuscripts or craft blank books to be filled with composition. Writing needn’t include ink, as Victorian women were adept at exploiting. Embroidery on paper, pinpricks through paper, cut-out silhouettes, and needle-books inscribed or shaped like books locate the work of women’s hands in a continuum of craft. Samplers provided a mode of composition so labor intensive that the makers sometimes invested them with magical significance. The Victorian novelist and botanist Anna Atkins made albums of seaweed, ferns, flowers, and lace using cyanotype technology, an early form of camera-less photography that marked the shadow of the object directly on the page. Atkins also made these “photograms” of her handwriting, turning text and autograph into ghostly absence.