bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Endoscopic and Radiologic Healing Is Associated With a Better Prognosis Than Endoscopic Healing Only in Patients With Crohn's Disease Receiving Anti-TNF Therapy
Authors: Oh Kyunghwan , Oh Eun Hye , Noh Soo Min , Park Seong Ho , Kim Nayoung , Hwang Sung Wook , Park Sang Hyoung , Yang Dong-Hoon , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Myung Seung-Jae , Yang Suk-Kyun , Ye Byong Duk 
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Although endoscopic healing (EH) is recommended as the therapeutic goal in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), combined EH and radiologic healing (RH) could be a more ideal therapeutic goal considering the transmural nature of CD. We compared the prognosis of patients with CD who achieved EH, RH, both EH and RH (deep healing; DH), or no healing under treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents.

METHODS:
We analyzed 392 patients with CD who received anti-TNF treatment for more than 1 year and evaluated with CT enterography or magnetic resonance enterography together with colonoscopy within 3 months between July 2017 and December 2018. Major outcomes (anti-TNF dose intensification, switch to other biologics, CD-related bowel resection, and hospitalization) were compared according to the EH and RH status.

RESULTS:
During the follow-up (median 18 months; interquartile range, 15–21), the DH group showed a better rate of major outcome-free survival compared with other groups (P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, elevated C-reactive protein (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.166; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.508–3.110; P < 0.001), EH-only (aHR, 3.903; 95% CI, 1.635–9.315; P = 0.002), RH-only (aHR, 3.843; 95% CI, 1.545–9.558; P = 0.004), and no healing (aHR, 8.844; 95% CI, 4.268–18.323; P < 0.001) were associated with increased risks of major outcomes.

DISCUSSION:
Patients with CD who achieved DH under anti-TNF therapy showed a better prognosis compared with those who only achieved EH. The possibility of DH being used as a new therapeutic target for patients with CD should be investigated in further studies.
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Disease Prevalence, Classification, and Comorbidities: A Cohort Study of the UK BioBank
Authors: Spagnolo Daniel M. , Greer Phil J. , Ohlsen Celeste Shelton , Mance Shannon , Ellison Mitchell , Breze Cameron , Busby Ben , Whitcomb David C. , Haupt Mark 
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Pancreatitis is a complex syndrome that results from many etiologies. Large well-characterized cohorts are needed to further understand disease risk and prognosis.

METHODS:
A pancreatitis cohort of more than 4,200 patients and 24,000 controls were identified in the UK BioBank (UKBB) consortium. A descriptive analysis was completed, comparing patients with acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). The Toxic-metabolic, Idiopathic, Genetic, Autoimmune, Recurrent, and severe pancreatitis and Obstructive checklist Version 2 classification was applied to patients with AP and CP and compared with the control population.

RESULTS:
CP prevalence in the UKBB is 163 per 100,000. AP incidence increased from 21.4/100,000 per year from 2001 to 2005 to 48.2/100,000 per year between 2016 and 2020. Gallstones and smoking were confirmed as key risk factors for AP and CP, respectively. Both populations carry multiple risk factors and a high burden of comorbidities, including benign and malignant neoplastic disorders.

DISCUSSION:
The UKBB serves as a rich cohort to evaluate pancreatitis. Disease burden of AP and CP was high in this population. The association of common risk factors identified in other cohort studies was confirmed in this study. Further analysis is needed to link genomic risks and biomarkers with disease features in this population.
Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome: Pancreatitis of the Disconnected Pancreas and Its Role in the Development of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Thiruvengadam Nikhil R. , Forde Kimberly A. , Miranda Janille , Kim Christopher , Behr Spencer , Masharani Umesh , Arain Mustafa A. 
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) is a recognized complication of necrotizing pancreatitis (NP). Manifestations include recurrent peripancreatic fluid collections (R-PFC) and pancreatocutaneous fistulae (PC-Fistulae). Pancreatitis of the disconnected pancreatic segment (DPDS-P) and its relationship to new-onset diabetes after pancreatitis (NODAP) are not well characterized.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with NP admitted to University of California, San Francisco from January 2011 to June 2019. A diagnosis of a disconnected pancreatic duct (PD) was confirmed using computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. DPDS was defined as a disconnected PD presenting with R-PFC, PC-Fistulae, or DPDS-P. The primary outcome was NODAP, defined as diabetes mellitus (DM) occurring >3 months after NP. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the relationship between DPDS and NODAP.

RESULTS:
Of 171 patients with NP in this study, the mean clinical follow-up was 46 ± 18 months and the imaging follow-up was 38 ± 20 months. Twenty-seven patients (16%) developed DPDS-P at a median of 28 months. New-onset DM occurred in 54 of the 148 patients (36%), with 22% developing DM within 3 months of NP and 14% developing NODAP at a median of 31 months after AP. DPDS-P was associated with NODAP when compared with non-DPDS patients (adjusted hazard ratio 5.63 95% confidence interval: 1.69–18.74, P = 0.005) while R-PFCs and PC-Fistulae were not.

DISCUSSION:
DPDS and NODAP occurred in 28% and 14% of the patients, respectively. Pancreatitis of the disconnected pancreas occurred in 16% of the patients and was associated with higher rates of NODAP when compared with patients with other manifestations of DPDS and patients without DPDS.
Mechanisms and Consequences of Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Disinhibition in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Wu Wan-Chen , Bradley Samual P. , Christie Jason M. , Pugh Jason R. 
Published: January 2022

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy, is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. In addition to debilitating muscle degeneration, patients display a range of cognitive deficits thought to result from the loss of dystrophin normally expressed in the brain. While the function of dystrophin in muscle tissue is well characterized, its role in the brain is still poorly understood. The highest expression of dystrophin in the mouse brain is in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), where it colocalizes with GABAAreceptor clusters. Usingex vivoelectrophysiological recordings from connected molecular layer interneuron (MLI)–PC pairs, we investigated changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission caused by dystrophin deficiency. In malemdxmice (which lack long-form dystrophin), we found that responses at MLI–PC pairs were reduced by ∼60% because of both decreased quantal response amplitude and a reduced number of functional vesicle release sites. Using electron microscopy, we found significantly fewer and smaller anatomically defined inhibitory synapses contacting the soma of PCs inmdxmice, suggesting that dystrophin may play a critical role in synapse formation and/or maintenance. Functionally, we found reduced MLI-evoked pauses in PC firing in acute slices.In vivorecordings from awakemdxmice showed increased sensory-evoked simple spike firing in positively modulating PCs, consistent with reduced feedforward inhibition, but no change in negatively modulating PCs. These data suggest that dystrophin deficiency in PCs disrupts inhibitory signaling in the cerebellar circuit and PC firing patterns, potentially contributing to cognitive and motor deficits observed inmdxmice and DMD patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is primarily characterized by progressive muscle weakening caused by genetic mutations in the gene for dystrophin. Dystrophin is also normally expressed in the CNS, and DMD patients experience a range of nonprogressive cognitive deficits. The pathophysiology of CNS neurons resulting from loss of dystrophin and the function of dystrophin in neurons are still poorly understood. Using cerebellar PCs as a model, we found that the loss of dystrophin specifically disrupts the number and strength of inhibitory synaptic connections, suggesting that dystrophin participates in formation and/or maintenance of these synapses. This work provides insight into the function of dystrophin in the CNS and establishes neuronal and synaptic dysfunction, which may underlie cognitive deficits in DMD.
Brief Stimuli Cast a Persistent Long-Term Trace in Visual Cortex
Authors: Fritsche Matthias , Solomon Samuel G. , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: January 2022

Visual processing is strongly influenced by recent stimulus history, a phenomenon termed adaptation. Prominent theories cast adaptation as a consequence of optimized encoding of visual information by exploiting the temporal statistics of the world. However, this would require the visual system to track the history of individual briefly experienced events, within a stream of visual input, to build up statistical representations over longer timescales. Here, using an openly available dataset from the Allen Brain Observatory, we show that neurons in the early visual cortex of the mouse indeed maintain long-term traces of individual past stimuli that persist despite the presentation of several intervening stimuli, leading to long-term and stimulus-specific adaptation over dozens of seconds. Long-term adaptation was selectively expressed in cortical, but not in thalamic, neurons, which only showed short-term adaptation. Early visual cortex thus maintains concurrent stimulus-specific memory traces of past input, enabling the visual system to build up a statistical representation of the world to optimize the encoding of new information in a changing environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the natural world, previous sensory input is predictive of current input over multisecond timescales. The visual system could exploit these predictabilities by adapting current visual processing to the long-term history of visual input. However, it is unclear whether the visual system can track the history of individual briefly experienced images, within a stream of input, to build up statistical representations over such long timescales. Here, we show that neurons in early visual cortex of the mouse brain exhibit remarkably long-term adaptation to brief stimuli, persisting over dozens of seconds, and despite the presentation of several intervening stimuli. The visual cortex thus maintains long-term traces of individual briefly experienced past images, enabling the formation of statistical representations over extended timescales.
Median Raphe Nonserotonergic Neurons Modulate Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
Authors: Huang Wenqiang , Ikemoto Satoshi , Wang Dong V. 
Published: January 2022

Hippocampal theta oscillations (HTOs) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep play an important role in mnemonic processes by coordinating hippocampal and cortical activities. However, it is not fully understood how HTOs are modulated by subcortical regions, including the median raphe nucleus (MnR). The MnR is thought to suppress HTO through its serotonergic outputs. Here, our study on male mice revealed a more complex framework indicating roles of nonserotonergic MnR outputs in regulating HTO. We found that nonselective optogenetic activation of MnR neurons at theta frequency increased HTO amplitude. Granger causality analysis indicated that MnR theta oscillations during REM sleep influence HTO. By using three transgenic mouse lines, we found that MnR serotonergic neurons exhibited little or no theta-correlated activity during HTO. Instead, most MnR GABAergic neurons and Vglut3 neurons respectively increased and decreased activities during HTO and exhibited hippocampal theta phase-locked activities. Although MnR GABAergic neurons do not directly project to the hippocampus, they could modulate HTO through local Vglut3 and serotonergic neurons as we found that MnR GABAergic neurons monosynaptically targeted Vglut3 and serotonergic neurons. Additionally, pontine wave recorded from the MnR during REM sleep accompanied nonserotonergic activity increase and HTO acceleration. These results suggest that MnR nonserotonergic neurons modulate hippocampal theta activity during REM sleep, which regulates memory processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe MnR is the major source of serotonergic inputs to multiple brain regions including the hippocampus and medial septal area. It has long been thought that those serotonergic outputs suppress HTOs. However, our results revealed that MnR serotoninergic neurons displayed little firing changes during HTO. Instead, MnR Vglut3 neurons were largely silent during HTO associated with REM sleep. Additionally, many MnR GABAergic neurons fired rhythmically phase-locked to HTO. These results indicate an important role of MnR nonserotonergic neurons in modulating HTO.
Retos y necesarias transformaciones en el Procedimiento de Comunicaciones de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño para que se constituya en un nuevo escenario de litigio climático
Authors: Lucero Pantoja Jairo Enrique , Ravetllat Ballesté Isaac 
Published: January 2022

Based on the analysis of the supra-individual environmental rights contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the specific observation of the Communication of 23 September 2019 (Sacchi and others v. Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany and Turkey), this study will determine the legal possibilities for pursuing a climate complaint through the individual communications mechanism provided for in the Third Optional Protocol to that international instrument. Thus, first of all, it will focus on the particularities, both substantive and procedural, of such a mechanism when the issue in dispute concerns the supra-individual - environmental - rights contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. We will then analyse the significant obstacles of a (i) jurisdictional nature, (ii) non-exhaustion of domestic remedies and (iii) lack of differentiation in the State commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement with regard to MtCO2 emissions. Finally, we conclude that the aforementioned obstacles hinder the guarantee of access to climate justice through the communications mechanism, and that some amendments to the Optional Protocol are necessary to achieve this purpose.
Renuencia a hablar en clase y estilos de aprendizaje entre los estudiantes de ELE en Taiwán
Authors: Mendoza Puertas Jorge Daniel 
Published: January 2022

In the field of foreign language learning and teaching, the reluctance to speak in class is a complex and polyhedral phenomenon hinders the proper development of communication skills. This phenomenon, with a great presence in East Asian classrooms, has traditionally been linked to the image of a student who are not very participating, silent and with a preference for passive learning styles. In this work, based on the application of two questionnaires, the Reticence Scale-12 and the CHAEA, we analyse the phenomenon of communicative reticence and learning preferences of Taiwanese SFL learners over a sample of university students. Later, using statistical correlations, we observe if there is any relationship between the refusal to speak in class and the different learning styles. The results obtained reveal a significant number of learners are reluctant to communicate. Along with a mostly moderate preference for all styles except the reflective style. For the latter, the majority of the respondents present a low preference, contrary to what would be expected. Finally, statistical tests reveal negative and significant, but low correlations between active and pragmatic styles and reluctance to speak in class.
Optimized Neural Networks-PID Controller with Wind Rejection Strategy for a Quad-Rotor
Authors: Ben Jabeur Chiraz , Seddik Hassene 
Published: January 2022

In this paper a full approach of modeling and intelligent control of a four rotor unmanned air vehicle (UAV) known as quad-rotor aircraft is presented. In fact, a PID on-line optimized Neural Networks Approach (PID-NN) is developed to be applied to angular trajectories control of a quad-rotor. Whereas, PID classical controllers are dedicated for the positions, altitude and speed control. The goal of this work is to concept a smart Self-Tuning PID controller, for attitude angles control, based on neural networks able to supervise the quad-rotor for an optimized behavior while tracking a desired trajectory. Many challenges could arise if the quad-rotor is navigating in hostile environments presenting irregular disturbances in the form of wind modeled and applied to the overall system. The quad-rotor has to quickly perform tasks while ensuring stability and accuracy and must behave rapidly with regards to decision making facing disturbances. This technique oﬀers some advantages over conventional control methods such as PID controller. Simulation results are founded on a comparative study between PID and PID-NN controllers based on wind disturbances. These later are applied with several degrees of strength to test the quad-rotor behavior and stability. These simulation results are satisfactory and have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed PD-NN approach. In fact, the proposed controller has relatively smaller errors than the PD controller and has a better capability to reject disturbances. In addition, it has proven to be highly robust and efficient face to turbulences in the form of wind disturbances.
Los Morteros: una aproximación al proceso de formación de un montículo precerámico costero
Authors: Mauricio Llonto Ana Cecilia 
Published: January 2022

Los Morteros es un sitio arqueológico Precerámico (5700-5000 cal AP), que tiene forma de montículo escalonado (200 m x 200 m x 15 m) y está cubierto de arena eólica. Este sitio se ubica al borde de una línea se playa fósil, sobre una llanura aluvial denominada Pampa de las Salinas, en la margen sur del valle bajo de Chao, costa norte del Perú. Los Morteros fue descubierto en 1976 por Mercedes Cárdenas y su equipo de investigación, quienes identificaron a este montículo como una duna fosilizada que había sido utilizada como zona funeraria por las poblaciones precerámicas de la zona. Nuevas excavaciones intensivas en este montículo, realizadas desde el año 2012 han descubierto el carácter artificial del montículo y sucesivas fases de ocupación, las que incluyen arquitectura monumental. El enfoque geoarqueológico empleado en las diversas temporadas de investigación en Los Morteros, nos ha permitido reconstruir el proceso de formación de este sitio, donde su ubicación, medio ambiente y cronología jugaron un papel relevante. La continua y dinámica ocupación de Los Morteros hace de este sitio un lugar clave para entender los procesos involucrados en el desarrollo de la arquitectura monumental en los Andes.
Resources of families adapting the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A mixed-method study of coping strategies and family and child outcomes
Authors: Langmeyer Alexandra N. , Guglhör-Rudan Angelika , Winklhofer Ursula , Chabursky Sophia , Naab Thorsten , Pötter Ulrich 
Published: January 2022

Objective: The aim of the present work is to analyse families’ coping with the COVID-19 pandemic depending on available resources by examining the family as a cohesive system.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected families in several ways, with many studies reporting a decreased well-being of children and parents. How families cope with the new situation is dependent on family resources and personal resources.
Method: A mixed-method approach combines data from an online survey (N = 11,512) and complementary qualitative interviews. The study was conducted in spring 2020 during the initial COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. The study analyses how familial and individual resources affect the family climate and child well-being.
Results: The study uncovered that although structural conditions, processes within the family, and individual ressources, especially the mothers working situation, are relevant for the COVID-19 experience. Family processes are the essential factor for positive family well-being. However, these processes meet their limits if the pre-existing conditions in the families are unfavorable. Nonetheless, children are also capable of developing their coping strategies.
Conclusion: Future studies should examine families and their available resources as a whole system and include the children’s perspective.
INTERFERENCE OF STUDENTS' NATIVE LANGUAGE IN THEIR ORAL PRODUCTION OF ENGLISH
Authors: Mariani Nanik 
Published: January 2022

Abstract: This research aims to describe the phonological interference in the students' English pronunciation. This research is descriptively designed. The subjects are the students with the Banjarese background. The instruments used in this research are questionnaires and oral test. Data were contrastively analyzed. The research showed the students’ pronunciation problems due to the use of Banjarese phonology. There are 23 types of phonological interference found in the English pronunciation. The factors of the linguistic phenomena are: (1) the existence of a given sound in English, but absence from the Banjarese. The Banjarese (L-1) has vowels: /a/, /u/, /i/, /e/, and /o/, whereas English (L-2) has vowels: /I/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /ə/ /i:/, /ɜ:/, /ɑ:/, /ɔ:/, /u:/. The L-1 has three diphthongs, namely: /ai/, /au/, and /ui/, while the L-2 has eight diphthongs, namely: /Iə/, /oʊ/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/, and /ɔə/. The L-1 has the consonants: /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /c/, /j/, /s/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ny/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, and /y/, while the L-2 has the following consonants: /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /v/, /ɵ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/ and /h/. Second, both languages have the same phonetic segments but differ in their distributions. Third, both languages have voiced stop consonants /p, k, and t/, but they are differently realized in a particular position. One of the phonological rules is what is called ‘aspiration. Thus, the students need to more practice in oral production.
KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA SMP KELAS VIII DALAM MEMECAHKAN MASALAH PADA MATERI ZAT ADITIF DAN ADIKTIF SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Kartina Aninda Ayu , Suciati Suciati , Harlita Harlita 
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat keterampilan berpikir kreatif materi aditif dan adiktif. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP di salah satu sekolah di Kabupaten Ngawi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode tes. Tes terdiri dari dua belas soal dengan empat aspek keterampilan berpikir kreatif yaitu fluency, flexibility, originality dan elaboration. Tes dilakukan online selama pandemi covid-19 menggunakan google form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase keterampilan berpikir kreatif siswa adalah: fluency (28,02%), flexibility (24,43%), originality (37,36%), dan elaboration (27,59%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa sebesar 29,35%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keterampilan berpikir kreatif siswa pada materi aditif dan adiktif selama pandemi Covid-19 tergolong rendah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengembangan dalam desain pembelajaran ataupun bahan ajar yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa