bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles: HDL Cholesterol as a Plausible Biomarker of Breast Cancer Risk. The Norwegian EBBA Study
Authors: Furberg Anne-Sofie , Jasienska Grazyna , Bjurstam Nils , Torjesen Peter A. , Emaus Aina , Lipson Susan F. , Ellison Peter T. , Thune Inger 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an important component of the metabolic syndrome and has recently been related to increased breast cancer risk in overweight and obese women. We therefore questioned whether serum HDL-C might be a biologically sound marker of breast cancer risk. We obtained cross-sectional data among 206 healthy women ages 25 to 35 years who participated in the Norwegian EBBA study. We included salivary ovarian steroid concentrations assessed by daily samples throughout one entire menstrual cycle, metabolic profile with measures of adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and truncal fat percentage], serum concentrations of lipids and hormones (insulin, leptin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrostendione sulfate, insulin-like growth factor-I, and its principal binding protein), and mammographic parenchymal pattern. We examined how components of the metabolic syndrome, including low serum HDL-C, were related to levels of hormones, and free estradiol concentration in particular, and studied predictors of mammographic parenchymal patterns in regression models. In women with BMI ≥ 23.6 kg/m2 (median), overall average salivary estradiol concentration dropped by 2.4 pmol/L (0.7 pg/mL; 13.2% change in mean for the total population) by each 0.33 mmol/L (12.8 mg/dl; 1SD) increase in serum HDL-C (P = 0.03; Pinteraction = 0.03). A subgroup of women characterized by both relatively high BMI (≥23.6 kg/m2) and high serum LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (≥ 2.08; 75 percentile) had substantially higher levels of salivary estradiol by cycle day than other women (P = 0.001). BMI was the strongest predictor of overall average estradiol with a direct relationship (P&lt; 0.001). Serum HDL-C was inversely related to serum leptin, insulin, and dehydroepiandrostendione sulfate (P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.01, and P &lt; 0.05, respectively). There was a direct relationship between breast density and healthy metabolic profiles (low BMI, high serum HDL-C; P &lt; 0.001) and salivary progesterone concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). Our findings support the hypothesis that low serum HDL-C might reflect an unfavorable hormonal profile with, in particular, increased levels of estrogens and gives further clues to biomarkers of breast cancer risk especially in overweight and obese women.
Pap Screening in a U.S. Health Plan
Authors: Insinga Ralph P. , Glass Andrew G. , Rush Brenda B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends cervical cancer screening begin with the onset of sexual activity and be repeated at least every 3 years until age 65. Previous studies examining the annual utilization and frequency of Pap screening have relied on patient self-report, found to be less reliable than medical records and administrative data. We estimate the age-specific rate and frequency of Pap screening in a U.S. health plan using 1998–2002 administrative data on 150,052 female enrollees within the Kaiser Permanente Northwest health plan, Portland, OR. We analyze the age-specific rate of cervical and vaginal Pap screening and age-specific proportion of routinely screened women receiving cervical screening at various yearly intervals. Of the enrolled women, 31.2% received a Pap smear in 1998, with utilization highest for ages 25–29 (62.4%). Among routinely screened women, 36% were estimated to receive annual cervical smears, versus 22% biennial, 13% triennial, and 29% less frequent screening. Less frequent screening was observed with increasing age. These are the first age-specific estimates of Pap screening frequency and annual utilization in a general healthcare setting, derived from administrative data, rather than self-report. Overall Pap utilization was lower than found in national surveys based on self-report. Despite limited evidence of benefit from more frequent screening, a substantially higher proportion of women was found to receive annual rather than either biennial or triennial screening. Sporadic screening was also more prevalent than expected based on prior self-reported data. Further opportunities exist for improving screening adherence, even within traditionally less vulnerable populations.
DNA Stability and Serum Selenium Levels in a High-Risk Group for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Karunasinghe Nishi , Ryan Jacqueline , Tuckey John , Masters Jonathan , Jamieson Michael , Clarke Larry C. , Marshall James R. , Ferguson Lynnette R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The essential micronutrient, selenium, is at low levels in the New Zealand diet. Selenium is a component of a number of proteins involved in the maintenance of genomic stability, and recommended daily allowances (RDA) are set on saturation levels for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a key enzyme in surveillance against oxidative stress. It has been assumed but not proven that this level will be adequate for other key selenoenzymes. The “Negative Biopsy Trial” identifies a group of New Zealand individuals at high risk of prostate cancer, whose serum selenium levels will be monitored and who will be supplemented with a yeast-based tablet, with or without selenium, over an extended time. Access to patients on this trial provides the opportunity to ask the more generic question as to whether selenium levels in this population are adequate to maintain genomic stability. The single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was used to study DNA damage in blood leukocytes harvested from these volunteers. Average serum selenium levels before randomization was 97.8 ± 16.6 ng/ml, low by international standards. For the half of the population below this mean value, lower serum selenium levels showed a statistically significant inverse relationship (P = 0.02) with overall accumulated DNA damage. Although other interpretations cannot be excluded, the data suggest that the selenium intake in half of this population is marginal for adequate repair of DNA damage, increasing susceptibility to cancer and other degenerative diseases. It also raises the question as to whether glutathione peroxidase saturation levels are appropriate indicators of the optimal selenium levels for a given population.
A Prospective Study of Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer in Young Adult Women
Authors: Al-Delaimy Wael K. , Cho Eunyoung , Chen Wendy Y. , Colditz Graham , Willet Walter C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between smoking and invasive breast cancers characterized by their estrogen receptor status in a large prospective study of mainly premenopausal women. Method: 112,844 women aged 25–42 years in 1989 were followed 10 years; questionnaire information on medical illnesses and risk factors was collected biennially and information on diet was collected in 1991 and 1995. During this period of follow-up (1,077,536 person-years), 1009 incident breast cancer cases were documented. Results: In the multivariate-adjusted models, smoking status was not significantly related to overall breast cancer risk: compared with never smokers, the relative risks (RRs) were 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.36] for past smokers and 1.12 (95% CI 0.92–1.37) for current smokers. Increasing duration of smoking before the first pregnancy was associated with a greater risk of breast cancer, although little increase was seen in the highest category: compared with never smokers, RRs were 1.42 (95% CI 1.10–1.83) for 15–19 years of smoking and 1.10 (95% CI 0.80–1.52) for ≥20 years of smoking (P for trend = 0.01). Smoking was related most strongly to the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. For women who had smoked for ≥20 years, the RR of estrogen receptor-positive cancer was 1.37 (95% CI 1.07–1.74) and the RR of estrogen receptor-negative cancer was 1.04 (95% CI 0.71–1.53). For smoking before age 15, the RRs were 1.49 (95% CI 1.03–2.17) for estrogen receptor-positive cancer and 1.19 (95% CI 0.69–2.08) for estrogen receptor-negative cancer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that longer duration of smoking may be related to the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer but possibly less so for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.
Hepatitis C Virus and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Population-Based Case-Control Study among Connecticut Women
Authors: Morton Lindsay McOmber , Engels Eric A. , Holford Theodore R. , Leaderer Brian , Zhang Yawei , Zahm Shelia Hoar , Boyle Peter , Zhang Bing , Flynn Stuart , Tallini Giovanni , Owens Patricia H. , Zheng Tongzhang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: Previous epidemiologic studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) have yielded conflicting results, perhaps due to differences in the classification of B-NHL and the choice of non-population-based control groups that may not reflect the background population prevalence of HCV. To further investigate the link between HCV and NHL, we conducted HCV testing on serum samples of 998 women (464 cases; 534 controls) from a population-based case-control study of women in Connecticut. Methods: Serum samples were screened for HCV antibodies using an enzyme immunoassay; positive samples were confirmed by additional testing for HCV antibodies and for serum HCV RNA. Results: Approximately 2% (8 of 464) of cases and 1% (5 of 534) of controls tested positive for HCV. The risk of NHL associated with HCV infection appeared to be concentrated among B-cell lymphomas [odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6, 8.2], particularly among follicular lymphomas (OR 4.1, 95% CI 0.8, 19.4). Conclusion: The primary strength of this study is our use of a population-based study design, although the low prevalence of HCV among women in Connecticut resulted in wide CIs for the estimated association between HCV and B-NHL subtypes. Our study suggests that HCV may be associated with increased risk of development of B-NHL, and that this risk may vary by B-NHL subtype among women. Due to the relatively low prevalence of HCV in our study population and the scarcity of population-based epidemiological research on this subject, our study highlights the need for additional large, population-based studies of the role of HCV in the etiology of B-NHL.
Glutathione-S-Transferase Variants and Adult Glioma
Authors: Wrensch Margaret , Kelsey Karl T. , Liu Mei , Miike Rei , Moghadassi Michelle , Aldape Kenneth , McMillan Alex , Wiencke John K. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Conflicting findings have been reported for associations of primary brain tumors and constitutive polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). Methods: We genotyped population-based cases ascertained through rapid case ascertainment and controls identified through random-digit dialing in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1991–1994 (series 1) and 1997–2000 (series 2) for homozygous deletion or presence of GSTM1 (μ) and GSTT1 (𝛉) genes and for two variants in GSTP (π i.e., I105V and A114V). A single neuropathologist for each series determined histological type. Blood or buccal swabs were obtained from about 53.8% of cases and 64.6% of controls. Case-control genotype frequencies were compared overall and by histological type and by age group (≤40, 41–60, and &gt;60), gender, and series. Results: Among whites, 367 cases (179 glioblastoma, 62 other astrocytoma, 94 oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma, and 32 other histologies) and 428 controls were genotyped for all four polymorphisms. Multivariate logistic models including the four GST loci, age, gender (except in gender-specific models), and series showed no significant case-control differences for GST genotypes. Among cases over age 60, prevalence of GSTP I105V Val/Val was 6.4% of 108 cases versus 15% of 176 controls [odds ratio (OR) 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–0.93; P = 0.03]. GSTT1 deletion was nearly significantly more common among glioblastoma cases with tumor p53 mutation than for those whose tumors did not have p53 mutation (OR 2.8; 95% CI 0.93–8.4; P = 0.07). Conclusions: There is little evidence for associations of GST variants with major glioma histological subtypes, but GST polymorphisms might influence certain molecular subtypes or progression.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, IGF Binding Protein-3, and Breast Cancer in Young Women: A Comparison of Risk Estimates Using Different Peptide Assays
Authors: Rinaldi Sabina , Kaaks Rudolf , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Arslan Alan A. , Shore Roy E. , Koenig Karen L. , Dossus Laure , Riboli Elio , Stattin Pär , Lukanova Annekatrin , Toniolo Paolo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its major binding protein IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) have been associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer, although risk estimates varied broadly. An extension of a case-control study (138 cases, 259 matched controls) on IGF-I and breast cancer in premenopausal women nested in the New York University Women's Health Study cohort offered the opportunity to address the hypothesis that such variability may have been the result of variations in the ability of different IGFBP-3 assays to specifically measure intact/functional forms of the protein. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 had originally been measured using in-house RIAs. These measurements were repeated using commercially available ELISAs [Diagnostic System Laboratories (DSL), Webster, Texas], and a third ELISA with greater specificity for active forms for IGFBP-3. Pearson's correlations between IGF-I concentrations in the original study and DSL ELISA were very high [r = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.90-0.94]. Correlations with DSL ELISA were much lower for IGFBP-3 (r = 0.58; 0.49-0.66) and even lower still with the assay for functional IGFBP-3 (r = 0.33; 0.20-0.44). IGF-I and IGFBP-3 measurements by the DSL ELISA methods showed statistically significant relationships with risk. The odds ratios (OR) for top versus bottom quartiles were 1.93 (1.00-3.72; P = 0.02) and 2.03 (1.09-3.76; P = 0.02), respectively, in agreement with the original observations. In contrast, measurements of functional IGFBP-3 tended to be unrelated to risk [ORs for the top versus bottom quartile, 0.97 (0.44-2.11)]. The association with IGF-I became substantially weaker and lost statistical significance after adjustment for IGFBP-3 using DSL ELISA, but became considerably stronger when adjusting for the functional IGFBP-3 measurements [OR = 2.43 (1.21-4.90); P = 0.005], or when considering the molar ratio of IGF-I to IGFBP-3 [OR = 2.37 (1.13-5.00); P = 0.02]. These results are consistent with an association of breast cancer risk in young women with elevated IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and show that for IGFBP-3, the strength of such an association could vary substantially depending on the assay used.
High Incidence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Native People of Sarawak, Borneo Island
Authors: Devi Beena C. R. , Pisani Paola , Tang Tieng Swee , Parkin D. Maxwell 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is generally a rare malignancy with a few well-known exceptions, notably South-East China. In this article, we describe evidence of a high risk of NPC in the population of Sarawak State, Malaysia, and particularly in one native ethnic group. Sarawak State is one of the two provinces of Malaysia located on the island of Borneo. The native population (71.6%) includes the Iban, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, and diverse smaller ethnic groups. The Chinese are the largest nonindigenous group (27.5%). We identified 392 newly diagnosed cases (292 males and 100 females) of NPC in 1996–1998 in Malaysian citizens, permanent residents of Sarawak. Age-standardized rates by sex and ethnic group were compared with the highest rates in the world. The age-adjusted rate (ASR) in Sarawak residents was 13.5/100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.2–15.0] and 6.2/100,000 (95% CI 5.7–6.7) in males and females, respectively. The risk in the Bidayuh people was 2.3-fold (M) and 1.9-fold (F) higher than the Sarawak average, and about 50% higher than that in Hong Kong—the highest recorded by any population-based registry for the same period. Local dietary habits, environmental exposures, and genetic susceptibility deserve investigation in this population.
Dietary Fish Intake and Risk of Leukaemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Fritschi Lin , Ambrosini Gina L. , Kliewer Erich V. , Johnson Kenneth C. ,   Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiologic Research Group
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether fish intake was protective against leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and if our previous finding of a protective effect of fish-related occupations on the risk of these diseases was due to dietary intake of fish. We used data from a population-based case-control study undertaken in Canada in 1994–1998. Dietary information was available for 919 leukemia cases, 287 myeloma cases, 1418 NHL cases, and 4202 controls. The risk of each of the three cancers was determined using multiple logistic regression analysis according to quartiles of weekly fresh fish intake, percentage of total energy intake from fresh fish, and percentage of total fat intake from fresh fish. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, BMI, and proxy status, people who consumed greater proportions of their total energy intake from fresh fish had a significantly lower risk of each of the three types of cancer, and there was a significant dose-response for risk of leukemia and NHL. Those in the highest quartile for percentage of fat intake from fish were at lowest risk: leukemia odds ratio (OR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.89; multiple myeloma OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45–0.90; NHL OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.60–0.85; and all LH cancers combined OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.81. The protective effect previously observed for working with fish on the risk of leukemia and lymphoma was independent of fish intake. These findings suggest that a diet high in fish may be protective against lymphohematopoietic cancers and confirm the reduced risk among fish workers.
Modifying Attributions of Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Lipkus Isaac M. , Skinner Celette Sugg , Green La Sonya G. , Dement John , Samsa Gregory P. , Ransohoff David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We report how a four-group risk communication intervention targeted to individuals in the carpentry trade affected their perceived causes (i.e., attributions) for increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The intervention varied the amount of information presented on CRC risk factors and whether participants received tailored feedback on their risk factors. In baseline and 3-month follow-up telephone surveys, carpenters (N = 860) reported their perceived absolute and comparative CRC risks, perceived causes for increased CRC risk, and knowledge of CRC risk factors. At follow-up, neither the type or amount of information provided, nor the use of tailoring, appreciably and consistently affected whether participants mentioned their specific risk factor (e.g., lifestyle, occupational) emphasized in their intervention information. Furthermore, attributions did not affect CRC risk perceptions. These results suggest that participants do not integrate sufficiently CRC risk factor information into their conceptualizations of CRC risk, and that more effective methods are needed to contextualize risk factors information to achieve the goal of modifying CRC risk perceptions.
No Evidence of an Association of JC Virus and Colon Neoplasia
Authors: Newcomb Polly A. , Bush Angela C. , Stoner Gerald L. , Lampe Johanna W. , Potter John D. , Bigler Jeannette 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is an ubiquitous human polyomavirus that frequently resides in the kidneys of healthy individuals and is excreted in the urine of a large proportion of the adult population. Polyomaviruses are associated with disease largely in immunocompromised individuals (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy). Colorectal cancers can show chromosome instability and it was hypothesized that JCV may account for some of this instability. We screened urine from 45 healthy donors and 233 colorectal cancer/normal tissue pairs for the presence of JCV sequences using a Taqman assay. This assay could detect 1 virus genome in 10 human genomes. In the urine samples, we found an infection rate of approximately 70%. The JCV isolates in these samples could be categorized into four JCV types (2B, 4, 7, and 8), none of which had a rearranged regulatory region. Among the colon tissues, one normal tissue (&lt;0.5%) and none of the matched tumors tested positive for JCV. There is no evidence in these data to indicate that JCV is the cause of genetic instability in colorectal cancer.
Adipose Organochlorine Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Danish Women
Authors: Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Pavuk Marian , LeBlanc Alain , Dumas Pierre , Philippe Weber Jean , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Olsen Jørgen H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: Exposure to environmental organochlorines has been examined as a potential risk factor for human breast cancer with mixed results. Our purpose was to examine associations between organochlorines and the development of breast cancer in a large prospective study using stored adipose tissue. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of 409 postmenopausal women who developed breast cancer and 409 controls selected from the 29,875 women enrolled in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. We measured concentrations of 14 pesticides and 18 polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue, collected upon enrollment, and estimated relative risk (RR) of breast cancer using conditional logistic regression. Results: The results showed no higher risk of breast cancer among women with higher levels of any pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls; the RR associated with the upper quartile of 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene concentration was 0.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.5-1.2] contrasting the lower quartile, and for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls the similar risk was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7-1.7). We observed a pattern of substantially lower risk of estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer in association with higher levels of most of the pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls; the RR for the higher quartile of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene was 0.1 (95% CI, 0.0-0.5) and for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls it was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.1-0.9). Conclusion: The results do not support that higher organochlorine body levels increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The interpretation of the inverse association for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer is currently unclear.