bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Texture of Peripheral-Milled Surfaces Using a Neural Network and Fractal Method With Evidence of Chaos
Authors: Stark G. A. , Moon K. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modeling texture of milled surfaces using analytic methods requires explicit knowledge of a large number of variables some of which change during machining. These include dynamically changing tool runout, deflection, work-piece material properties, displacement of the workpiece within its fixture and others. Due to the complexity of all factors combined, an alternative approach is presented utilizing the ability of neural networks and fractals to implicitly account for these combined conditions. In the initial model, predicted surface points are first connected using splines to reconstruct 3D surface maps. Results are presented over varying several cutting parameters. Then, replacing splines, an improved fractal method is presented that determines fractal characteristics of milled surfaces to reconstruct more representative surface maps on a small scale. The fractal character of self-similarity within surfaces as manifested by the fractal dimension provides evidence of chaos in milling.
Feasible Machining Strip Evaluation for 5-Axis CNC Die and Mold Machining
Authors: Lee Yuan-Shin , Ji Hong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This research is focused on the investigation of robust surface interrogation tools which can support the planning and programming of 5-axis die/mold surface machining. Surface curvature information is evaluated to determine optimal tool orientation for 5-axis machining. A method for calculating machining strip width is proposed for 5-axis cutter path generation. This paper is focused on the development of computational geometry techniques and their application to design, analysis, and manufacturing automation. The proposed planning and programming methodology consists of two steps: 1) machining strip width evaluation, and 2) optimum tool orientation for 5-axis machining. This proposed research can be used to improve the quality of 5-axis die/mold machining.
Residual Stresses and Workpiece Deformation due to Polishing and Plating of Computer Hard Disk Substrates
Authors: Klamecki Barney E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Residual stress distributions due to plating and polishing were determined for nickel-phosphorus plated aluminum alloy disks. Knowledge of these stresses provides insight into the material deformation and removal processes, information as to the effects of processing conditions on residual stress magnitude and can also serve as a basis for development of models of material deformation and removal in polishing. Measured disk shape data was fitted to an analytical solution for plate displacement due to bending moments, and residual stresses were calculated. Plating and polishing residual stresses were separated. Polishing residual stress is compressive indicating differential plastic deformation between the surface and interior regions of the workpiece. Residual stresses produced in polishing operations in which process motions were constrained so that polishing was unidirectional were measured. The results show large differences between amounts of deformation in the polishing direction and the direction perpendicular to it.
Development of Force-Control Model for Edge-Deburring With Filamentary Brush
Authors: Chen Lienjing , Stango Robert J. , Cariapa Vikram 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In recent years, edge finishing with filamentary brushes has received much attention within the applied research and manufacturing engineering communities. This interest may be attributed, in part, to the ease with which brushing tools can be introduced into an automated machining environment. That is, such tools exert relatively small machining forces, remove material incrementally, and minimize the risk of generating abrupt, unstable forces that can lead to tool/workpart damage during the finishing operation. Although brushes have been successfully used in automated finishing applications, much uncertainty remains regarding the proper use of brushes for removal of edge burrs. Consequently, the implementation of automated brush deburring operations is often accompanied by costly trial-and-error experimentation, and in many cases, is met with only marginal success.
This paper is concerned with the development of a force-control model for edge deburring with filamentary brushes. The model is based upon experimentally obtained “master curves”; that is, material removal data that corresponds to the actual machining performance of the brush/workpart system during the incremental burr removal process. Such master curves are generated by machining specially prepared edge projections having a geometry similar to flash that is produced along the edges of cast components. This information is used in conjunction with the on-line brush machining force to compute the brush feed rate that ensures complete removal of the edge burr. Example problems are reported for two cases, namely, the removal of edge flash having (i) unknown, constant height, and (ii) unknown variable height. The results indicate that the present force-control model provides straight forward approach for computing brush feed rates that lead to complete removal of edge burrs, and suggests that implementation can be carried out without the use of sophisticated sensing apparatus or complex control strategies.
Automated Scarfing and Surface Finishing Apparatus for Curved Composite Structures
Authors: Erlbacher Edwin A. , Godwin Lester E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the justification and design of a Scarfing Tool for Automated Repair of Composites (STARC) system. The repair of aircraft composites is currently a manual process that subjects workers to adverse working conditions often leading to costly mistakes and poor repair quality. Commercial robots are finishing many types of materials in many industries, but none are performing scarfing repairs. A lightweight, portable manipulator is needed to automate the scarfing process.
A pneumatic, parallel link Stewart Platform manipulator will provide necessary grinding trajectories. The primary benefits of Stewart Platform manipulators is their high stiffness to weight ratio and their simple modular design. For the STARC, a commercially available Adjustable Force Device (AFD) would be mounted on the underside of the movable platform. In this configuration, the platform would meet all the major design goals of providing a substantial work envelope, the required six degrees-of-freedom, and relatively light weight portability without sacrificing rigidity.
CBGA Solder Fillet Shape Prediction and Design Optimization
Authors: Li Y. , Mahajan R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical analysis to predict the solder fillet shape for ceramic ball grid array joints. Unlike the past analyses, the solder fillet is not assumed to be linear. The solder fillets on both the module and the card side are represented as arcs, and the solder shape is calculated from an analysis that incorporates the major factors affecting the solder fillet, including the solder volume, the pad size, the solder ball size, the wetting angle between the solder and the solder ball, and the gap between the solder ball and the pad. Three of these parameters (the card pad size, the solder ball size and the card-side eutectic solder volume) were selected for investigation of their effect on the reliability of solder joints. To this end, a central composite design of experiment was set up, and the mathematical analysis and finite element methods were used to predict the fatigue life corresponding to each of the design settings in the design array. The results of analyzing the data reveal that the solder volume, the solder ball size and their interaction are statistically significant; the interaction between the pad size and the solder volume is also significant but to a less degree; the pad size and the interaction between the pad size and the solder ball size are not significant. In addition, a response surface model was built to find the optimum settings for maximum reliability. Finally, inaccuracy due to the linear solder fillet assumption is assessed in light of the present analysis.
Direct Observations of the Chip-Tool Interface in Machining
Authors: Madhavan V. , Chandrasekar S. , Farris T. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental study has been made of the chip-tool interface and its evolution in the low speed cutting of metals. Specially prepared transparent glass and sapphire tools have been used to cut commercially pure metals such as lead, aluminium and copper. The chip-tool interface has been observed in situ using optical microscopy and recorded on film and video tape. By observing the motion of inhomogeneities in the chip, and pro-filometry of the chip and tool surfaces, it has been established that there is intimate sliding contact between the chip and the tool at and near the cutting edge. Farther away from the cutting edge and close to the end of the chip-tool contact, metal transfer and sticking are observed between the chip and tool surfaces. It has been shown that metal deposition on the tool rake surface initially occurs near the end of contact and progressively extends outward and away from the cutting edge as the length of contact increases. The sticking and sliding zones are unchanged when these pure metals are machined with tungsten carbide tools.
Ultrasonic Machining: 1907 to Present
Authors: Wang Hsueh-Ming S. , Plebani Louis , Sathyanarayanan G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The term Ultrasonic machining (USM) can be applied to any machining process which uses ultrasonic energy to erode brittle materials. The process has been successfully used to assist deburring, polishing, lapping, grinding, and drilling operations. Hardened steel, glass, ruby, and ceramics have been finish machined with a control of geometry and surface roughness under one micron. Applications have included optical products, dies and molds, structural ceramics and IC chips. The main topics of this article include machine tool renovation, work material application, accuracy of workpiece tolerance, the changing market and past research. Original developments in the Soviet Union, Germany, England, Japan, and the USA are surveyed. Possible areas of future research are identified.
Machinability of Graphitic Silicon Carbide Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite GrA-Ni™
Authors: Songmene V. , Stephenson T. F. , Warner A. E. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Metal-Matrix Composites (MMC) are being developed for high wear resistance applications. A new MMC, a graphitic aluminum metal matrix composite consisting of an aluminum matrix reinforced with SiC particles and nickel-coated graphite particles, GrA-Ni™, has been developed by INCO Limited. The addition of nickel-coated graphite to SiC particulate reinforced aluminum plays a similar role to flake graphite in grey cast iron. However, like other MMCs, this composite is demanding in terms of requirements for cutting conditions and cutting tool materials.
This paper assesses the machining data for this new composite, in regards to tool life, surface finish and cutting forces. The tests included milling, turning, and drilling conducted with carbide and diamond tools. The test results showed that GrA-Ni™ with 10 vol% SiC – 5 vol% Gr, is easier to machine than existing aluminum composites reinforced with SiC particles, such as 20 vol% SiC reinforced aluminum composite.
A Study on the Dynamics of Toolholders
Authors: Jouraij Joseph , Du Ruxu , Yang Juhchin A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There are two types of common toolholder defects: toolholder run-out (eccentric error) and toolholder fretting. Toolholder run-out is caused by either manufacturing error or assembly error and can be easily measured and corrected. On the other hand, toolholder fretting may be caused by the relative vibration between the machine spindle and the toolholder. It is much less understood and an effective correction method remains an engineering challenge. In this paper, the dynamics of the toolholders are investigated by means of mathematical modeling, finite element simulation, as well as modal analysis. The investigations consistently indicate that toolholder fretting is caused by high frequency vibration of the toolholder and it may be corrected by changing the toolholder design (e.g., extending the tool overhang and/or increasing the diameter of the toolholder).
Formation and Breaking of Side-Curl Dominated Short-Spiral Chips
Authors: Li Zhenjia , Qu Guimin , Xu Yihong , Rong Yiming (Kevin) 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the formation of side-curl dominated chips is first discussed, as well as the side-curl radius. The chip width and thickness in 3-D side-surl is studied for the side-curl radius prediction. The formation and and breaking of side-curled short-spiral chips in metal cutting is particularly studied. It is found that the collision of the swinging chip and the unmachined workpiece surface or tool holder flank surface plays an important role in chip breaking. Based on a force analysis, a chip breaking criterion is established and the chip length is estimated. The relationship of chip breaking length and cutting parameters is derived and verified by experiment results, which can be used in chip length prediction.
Theoretical Examination of a New Calibration Method for Multi-Axis Machines
Authors: Wang Y. , Moon K. S. , Sutherland J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new method of calibration of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and multi-axis machine tools using a 2-D ball array is proposed in this paper. Combined with the use of a 3-D capacitive probe or a magnetic socket, this method can improve the efficiency of calibration greatly. A new kind of artifact called a 2-D ball array is proposed. The 2-D ball array combines the advantages of ball plate and 1-D ball array. Using the 2-D ball array, it is convenient to perform calibration and it is cost effective. Two methods are put forward for using a 2-D ball array in the calibration of the machines. The general method needs the 2-D ball array to be measured at only 4 different positions in the machine working zone, and the 21 parametric errors of the machine can be obtained. The second method is based on the error separation theory. By this method, information of the artifact can be fully utilized without the need to accurately a priori calibrate the artifact. These proposed methods can be used in the calibration and error compensation of CMMs and machine tools.
Design of Extruded Aluminum Space Frame Front End Structures for Crash Energy Management: Part I
Authors: Mahmood Hikmat F. , Baccouche Mohamed R. , Barthelemy Bruno 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The present crash energy management design work is comprised of two parts. Part I, this current paper, discusses the CAE analysis and testing results of extruded aluminum components for a front end structure of a space frame vehicle. The components consist of front and back-up rails with various rail reinforcement and triggering mechanisms. Rail and reinforcement members are manufactured using aluminum alloys extruded through a closed hat and aluminum sheet shaped in an open hat cross-section respectively. Aluminum alloys series 5xxx and 6xxx were used with the reinforcement while only 6xxx series extruded aluminum alloy was used with the front and back-up main rails. Triggering was applied to reinforcements in various configurations. Further details on the reinforcement and triggering are discussed throughout the paper. CAE models for the front end components were built and analysis was performed to determine the mean crush load, energy absorbing capability, mode of collapse, and folding pattern of each component. Component testing was conducted to verify the CAE prediction and to provide additional comparative design data as to the stability, mode of collapse, number of folds, folding pattern, stack-up, etc.
Part II, a second paper to be published at a later date, reviews briefly the components testing results and presents a detailed discussion of the CAE modeling and models results for the full front end of the extruded aluminum space frame structure.
Recurrent Artificial Neural Networks for Crashworthiness Analysis
Authors: Omar Tarek A. , Bedewi Nabih E. , Eskandarian Azim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The initial velocity and structural characteristics of any vehicle are the main factors affecting the vehicle response in case of frontal Impact. Finite Element (FE) simulations are essential tools for crashworthiness analysis, however, the FE models are getting bigger which increases the simulation time and cost. An advanced recurrent Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to store the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the vehicle structure. Therefore, hundreds of impact scenarios can be performed quickly with much less cost by using the trained networks. The equation of motion of the dynamic system was used to define the inputs and outputs of the ANN. The back-propagation learning rule was used to adjust the connecting weights and biases of the developed Network. To include the dynamics of the system, the delayed acceleration was fed back as an input to the ANN together with the velocity and displacement.
A Finite Element (FE) model for a simple box beam with rigid mass attached to it was developed to represent a general crushable object. The simulation results were performed by impacting this model into a rigid wall with different initial velocities. The displacement, velocity and acceleration curves obtained from the simulation — for the C.G. of the moving mass — were used to train the ANN. After a successful training phase, the ANN was tested by predicting a new acceleration curve. The points of the acceleration curve were predicted sequentially since only one point of the curve is predicted through one cycle of the NN operation. The predicted acceleration curve showed a good correlation with the actual curve obtained from the simulation. During the recall phase, the predicted acceleration of a new state was integrated twice to obtain the velocity and displacement by using a second order integration scheme. Then, the displacement, velocity and acceleration of this new state were fed to the ANN to predict the next state acceleration, and so forth.
The results indicated that the recurrent ANN can accurately capture the frontal crash characteristics of any impacting structure, and predict the crash performance of the same structure for any other crash scenario within the training limits. The current paper considered only the front impact, however, an offset and oblique impact scenarios will be included in further research.
Finite Element Vehicle Impact Simulation for Highway Safety Applications
Authors: Tabiei Ala , Wu Jin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The subject of this investigation is the development of an accurate simulation of a truck impacting a G4 (1S) strong-post w-beam guardrail. The objective of the study is to provide a check and an additional measures of reliance of the results from the crash tests and identify critical roadside components for a crashworthy design. Identification of critical parameters will be used for design improvement of the G4 (1S) system for truck roll-over.
A Dynamic Finite Element Simulation of the Impact of Motorcycle Helmets
Authors: Scott De-Shin Liu , Fan Chih-Ming , Lee Maw-Chang , Yen Chung-Yet 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fact that helmets can prevent head injury is well-established. This paper describes the use of a dynamic, inelastic and large deformation finite element code LS-DYNA3D to simulate the impact response of motorcycle helmets. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the simulation results of helmet drop on steel anvils were compared with experiments. The numerical predicted results matched experimental data very well. We then study the effects of ventilation holes. EPS shell with ventilation holes absorbed shock better than intact one when impacting the flat anvil, but not when impacting the hemi-sherical anvil. Next, a full FEM model which contain Hybrid III head, neck, and chest has been developed and couple with helmet FEM model for analyzing the kinematics of the neck motion and the associated dynamic transient response of the head subjected to various impact angles. The critical characteristics such as head C.G. acceleration, section forces and moments at the head-neck section and neck-chest section are investigated for each cases. Thus we have established a reliable 3D finite element model which can help us to better design the helmet.
Transient Thermal Analysis of Outdoor Electronic Equipment
Authors: Yeh L. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An outdoor electronic equipment is under consideration. In order to attain the desired system performance and reliability, the junction temperature of all electronic components and the base plate temperature of the power supply under the worst environmental conditions must be kept below 105°C and 85°C, respectively.
A system level transient analysis is performed to determine the temperatures of the internal air and the power supplies which are mounted to the internal structures of the system. The transient is caused by the daily cycle of ambient temperature and solar flux. The internal air temperature and the base plate temperature of the power supply are computed for a 24-hour period. The above thermal design limits are met with the computed internal air temperatures and flow rates.
On the Creation of Stagnation Points in a Rotating Flow
Authors: Mullin T. , Tavener S. J. , Cliffe K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report the results of a numerical study of the creation of stagnation points in a rotating cylinder of fluid where both end-walls are rotated. Good agreement is found with previous results where the stagnation points are formed on the core of the primary columnar vortex. Novel phenomena have been uncovered at small aspect ratios where stagnation occurs off-axis directly and the secondary vortex which is created forms a toroid. The case is then considered of a small cylinder placed along the centre of the flow and despite the qualitatively different boundary condition, the phenomena are found to be robust.
Limiting Ship Motions for Small Ships in Heavy Seas
Authors: Rossignol Grant A. , Thomas William L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents two independent methodologies for defining the seakeeping performance of vessels in various sea conditions. The results of a unique series of sea trials are compared to a new time domain computer program (FREDYN) that predicts ship performance and dangerous operating conditions in extreme seas. Both methods independently define the seakeeping performance during various ship operations such as transiting and weather deck operations.
Sea trials were conducted during various operations for two classes of small ships (less than 220 feet long) in a wide range of sea conditions. The use of improved trial procedures at specific geographical locations enabled these trials to establish operational limitations and provide challenging environmental conditions for this size ships.
The computer prediction (FREDYN) was developed by the Cooperative Research Navies (CRNAV) Dynamic Stability Working Group to provide a unique method of predicting seakeeping performance in extreme sea conditions. Dangerous events such as broaching and capsizing are able to be predicted, along with more accurate motion predictions than in the past. This method will be especially useful in the future for the designs of small ships.
The operational performance of ships A and B begins to decline in sea state 5 conditions as indicated by higher motion levels as well as coursekeeping and broaching problems. Capsizing events are predicted for ship A in sea state 6 and 7 conditions; and for ship B in sea state 7 conditions. The good agreement between the sea trial results and FREDYN predictions adds greatly to the credibility of the predictions of these events.