bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene Pollution from Combustion in Greenhouses1
Authors: Hanan Joe J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene (C2H4) is a by-product of combustion, regardless of precautions taken to ensure complete burning. To avoid crop damage in greenhouses where burning is used to supply CO2, flue gases must be diluted. Tests in different greenhouses in the Denver region showed that C2H4 may reach significant levels in flue gases from large unit heaters vented into the house–unless the unit is equipped with a distribution tube to force complete air recirculation, bringing fresh air to the burner. The free air entry for combustion should be double the National Fire Protection Code requirements ca. 1 cm2 100 kcal−1hr−1 (2 in2 per 5000 BTU hr−1), and specific provision should be made in the greenhouse structure for combustion air entry.
Effect of Several Herbicide Systems on Weed Control and Yield of Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Lane R. P. , Daniell Jeff W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Diuron at 2.2,4.4, and 8.9 kg/ha was ineffective in controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in a muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) vineyard while diuron at 4.4 or 8.9 followed by dalapon at 5.5 kg/ha gave effective weed control with no visible phytotoxicity. Yields were significantly reduced at the 2.2 and 8.9 kg/ha diuron rates and by diuron at 8.9 in combination with dalapon at 5.5 kg/ha. A simazine, dalapon, and 2,4-D system also controlled weeds in the vineyard with no influence on yield. Herbicide treatments had no effect on soluble solids of the fruit.
Learning the Art of Effective Communication
Authors: Meister Richard T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
All of us are uneasy about the future of agriculture and, more specifically, horticulture. The winds of change are blowing violently and we wonder if we are using our energies and talents in the right way. Are we sleeping while cataclysmic forces build up? Recent articles in HortScience warn, “We have some running to do to catch up with the world”. Or, “The public is getting the wrong message”.
Influence of Ethylene on Stored Late-season ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit1
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Late-season ‘Marsh’ grapefruit was stored for 4, 8, and 12 weeks at 10°C in air containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 ppm ethylene. Rind stickiness was noted on all fruit exposed to ethylene for 8 and 12 weeks, while that unexposed to ethylene was not sticky. After 4 weeks storage, only fruit exposed to 200 ppm ethylene was sticky. After 8 weeks storage, and especially after 12 weeks, the rind of fruit exposed to ethylene was significantly more orange-yellow than that of fruit not exposed to ethylene. After 12 weeks storage, rind injury, presumably caused by ethylene, was observed only on fruit exposed to 20 and 200 ppm ethylene. Ethylene had no significant effects on aging and decay. Pitting was never observed throughout the investigation. Ethylene during storage had no significant effects after storage on fruit held for 2 weeks at 21°. Palatability of fruit was acceptable, and no significant treatment differences could be detected.
NAA and Sevin on Composition, Development, and Abscission of Apple Fruit1
Authors: Schneider G. W. , Lasheen A. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray to apple trees on May 7 reduced fruit set, number of seed per fruit, percent and amount of reducing sugar in flesh of young fruits but did not affect protein level or fruit size. Fruit from trees sprayed with NAA on May 18 had more seed and less reducing sugar than the checks. The late NAA spray also reduced fruit size and set but did not affect the protein level of flesh or seed. Sprays of 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (Sevin) applied on the same dates reduced fruit set but did not affect other factors measured. We propose that the reduced metabolite supply (reducing sugar) in the young fruit is the primary reason for reduced fruit set on trees sprayed with NAA and that effect on seed number is not related to this change in composition.
Naturally Occurring Toxicants Of Horticultural Significance1
Authors: Liener Irvin E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While Nature has generously provided man with a liberal supply of plants which can serve as a source of food, it is ironic to note that she has at the same time seen fit to endow many of the plants with the genetic capacity to synthesize a wide variety of chemical substances, which, because of their toxicity to insects, nematodes, grazing animals, and even man, have permitted plants to survive in a hostile environment. When chemicals are added to foods, we rely on appropriate governmental agencies to enact legislation to protect the consumer. But, unlike chemicals which are deliberately added to foods, natural toxicants cannot be legislated out of existence. Furthermore, unlike a chemical additive which should be assumed to be toxic unless proved otherwise, a natural food is generally assumed to be safe if it has been consumed by man for centuries with apparent impunity.
Quality of Canned ‘Babygold 7’ Peaches as Affected by Maturity and Processing Time1
Authors: Owens Charles R. , Drake Stephen R. , Ammerman G. R. , Dull Gerald 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heat penetration data showed that a 3 minute process at 104°C (220°F) with an FMC Steriotort reel speed of 5 rev/min was an adequate process for a high acid food product with an average pH of 3.9. Shear force, succulometer values, and Hunter “b” values were significantly related to maturity, but not to processing time.
Process time can be varied to produce a canned immature, medium-ripe, and ripe ‘Babygold 7’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] with characteristics similiar to a commercial product. The most acceptable process for the immature, medium-ripe, and ripe fruit was 7, 9, and 5 minutes, respectively at 104°C with a reel speed of 5 rev/min in the Steriotort. Panelists preferred the ripe and medium-ripe fruit.
Boron Levels in Stems, Leaves, and Flower Parts of Carnation1
Authors: Heuterman Gretchen A. , Woodbridge C. G. , Kali Elwood W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The B levels of green tissues of Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Improved White Sim grown in sand culture increased but those of the important reproductive parts did not vary as solution B concentration increased over a range of adequate levels.
Sound Abatement with Hedges1
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Stowers Jacob F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Woody ornamental shrub species with varying leaf size maintained as hedges were found to be effective in attenuating sounds from sources such as a random noise generator, a rotary lawnmower, and an automobile. The nature of the sound and leaf characteristics of the plant appear to be more important than the specific width of the hedge.
Influence of Temperature on the Development of Flower Buds from the Visible Stage to Anthesis of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace11
Authors: Roh S. M. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Ace’ lilies were placed in growth chambers at the visible flower bud stage under a 12-hour photoperiod with all possible day and night temperature combinations of 15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2°C. At a constant day and night temperature of 15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2° the time to flowering was 50, 28, 25, and 24 days, respectively. At a day temperature of 21.1°, night temperatures above 21.1° had little effect on flowering, but 15.6° greatly retarded flowering.
Leaf vs. Fruit Coverage with Antitranspirants for Sizing Fruit1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Uriu K. , Hagan R. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A film-forming antitranspirant sprayed on trees of olive (Olea europa L. cv. Sevillano) increased equally the growth of bagged (to prevent spray contact) and unbagged fruit. Hence, enhanced fruit growth depends upon film formation on stomata-bearing leaf surfaces, rather than direct contact of fruit by the spray.
Florida's Program for Economical Citrus Production1
Authors: Jackson L. K. , Lawrence F. P. , Crocker T. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research in the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) has developed production techniques whereby oranges can be produced for approximately 30-35¢ per 90 lb. box (40.8 kg). However, a 1968 survey has indicated that many growers had costs several times this figure. To counteract this, extension specialists at the University of Florida developed a “Program for Economical Citrus Production.” A research-documented text with an extensive bibliography and a series of charts with duplicate 35 mm colored slides for group presentation was prepared. Extension citrus agents received packages of the text material along with intensive training in each segment of the program. This text material is now used in a unified, statewide program whereby all extension personnel concerned with citrus can conduct intensive programs on specialized topics.
Educational Institutions Offering Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Programs in the United States and Canada
Authors: Childers Norman F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This directory of institutions offering horticultural and landscape training in the U.S. and Canada has been assembled for use by ASHS members, administrators and teachers of horticulture. This effort is a part of the activities of the Education Committee of the American Society of Horticultural Science. My sincere gratitude is expressed to the many horticulturists and others in the respective areas who assisted in this survey.
The listings which follow likely will have some errors and omissions with changing programs from year to year. Will you kindly notify the author of corrections in your area so they can be included as the listing is updated from time to time. Thank you. We would like to build our listing with your help from Canada, Mexico and other foreign countries, inasmuch as the American Society of Horticultural Science membership is expanding increasingly around the globe.
The Fruiting Nursery: Ultrahigh Density for Evaluation of Blueberry and Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H. , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Approximately 80% of the seedlings of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and 55% of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruited the 2nd year after seed harvest when grown rapidly at densities of 16 plants/m2 for blueberry and 8 plants/m2 for peach. This permits roguing of plants on the basis of fruit characters in the 2nd year from seed harvest (24 months) and evaluation of remaining plants the following year. The fruiting nursery system, based on intensive care of seedlings at ultrahigh densities to achieve rapid growth, is suggested to improve breeding efficiency.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Wilkins Harold F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the May 1971 issue of Smithsonian I read that Neanderthal man evidently used flowers in some manner to honor his dead, since pollen counts were higher than average in the soil near the burial place, particularly around the head. One wonders whether these men were first to place a flower stem into water, some 60,000 years ago, in order to prevent wilting. Indeed, have we progressed enough in all these years in developing and disseminating information on the proper care of harvested flowers? I fear the answer is, “No!” I would venture to say that in this very metropolitan area that not more than 30% of the flowers locally grown or shipped ever see an ounce or even 1 ppm of a floral preservative, much less a clean sterile water bucket in the wholesaler's or retailer's refrigerators on their long tortuous journey to the consumer.
Reduction of Flat-podded Rogues in Seed Lots of Snap Bean1
Authors: Kerr L. B. , Campbell W. F. , Pollard L. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Measurable differences in length, width, and depth of seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), from normal and flat-podded “rogues” were observed. Selective milling removed more than half of the seeds that would have given rise to flat pods, resulting in faster and easier field roguing in subsequent crops. The method is suitable only for stock seed purification because of the high loss (60 to 90%) of normal seeds.
Components of Pollination of Commercial Strawberries in Michigan1
Authors: Connor Lawrence J. , Martin E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Based upon cage studies with 11 cultivars of strawberry, self-pollination was responsible for 53% achene development, the addition of wind-motion resulted in 67% achene development, and the addition of insect pollination resulted in 91% achene development Insects contributed most to pollination in cultivars with stamens shorter man the receptacles, and least in cultivars with stamens taller. Stamen height was correlated with achene development in primary and secondary flowers in cloth- and screen-covered cages which excluded bees.
Containers for Strawberry Shipment1
Authors: Porter F. M. , Tietjen W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Clear polystyrene, foam polystyrene, and paper-pulp pint baskets caused significantly less cutting and bruising of strawberries than the widely-used plastic mesh basket (7.7, 8.1, and 6.4 vs. 18.2%, respectively). The excellent visibility afforded by the polystyrene baskets, and the relatively small storage space needed for the empty baskets, are potential ancillary assets of the clear polystyrene containers.
Response of ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ Red Raspberry to SADH Applications1
Authors: Craig D. L. , Aalders L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied as 1000 and 2000 ppm sprays to ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ red raspberries on 4 dates during the 1970 and the 1971 growing seasons did not effect bud survival, yield, or number of flowers per lateral. Inconsistent reductions occurred in berry weight, number of flowering laterals, and buds per cane diameter. In all instances cane height was reduced.
Sugar Enhancement in Apple Fruit1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methyl 3,6-dichloro-o-anisate (disugran)3 applied as a pieharvest apple spray gave significant increases in soluble solids in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit. Sugar enhancement with ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ was not significant but an enhancement trend was indicated. Other maturity indices were not influenced by disugran application.
Problems Encountered Using Cycloheximide to Produce Abscission of Oranges1
Authors: Wilson W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sprays of 3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2hydroxyethyl]-glutarimide (cycloheximide) for abscission of early and midseason oranges loosen fruit, but utilizing this response with a shaker + pickup machine harvest system generally show economic gain only on very large trees. Abscission chemicals (abscisors) lend to overloosen the oranges that are easiest to remove, yet fail to loosen adequately those that are normally most difficult to remove. In Florida, current economic conditions do not justify fruit removal much less than 100%. Fruit drops of up to 80% will probably result if abscisors are used to reduce pull forces of nearly all fruits on a given tree to 2.2 kg, the theoretical level desired for mechanical harvesting.
A Benzothiadiazole Extends Cut Carnation Flower Life1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Immersion of cut carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Red Sim’ at the open, partially open or tight bud stage for 6-24 hours in 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (MCED) at 5 ppm in combination with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8HQS) at 200 ppm and 1.5% sucrose increased flower life. The greatest increase occurred when flowers were immersed in the solution at the partially open and tight bud stages for 12 to 24 hours.
Tree Wound Healing and Radial Growth Correlations11
Authors: Neely Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The hypothesis that wounds on all species and sizes of trees heal equal amounts per unit of radial growth was not confirmed by this experiment. Tree species affected rate of healing as did size of wound. The rate of healing for soft maple and American elm (Ulmus americana L.) was significantly greater than for white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muench.), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos f inermis (L.) Zabel].
Parthenocarpy—A Factor Contributing to the Production of Blank Pistachios1
Authors: Crane Julian C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During a 4-year period, ‘Kerman’ pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) produced an average of 26% blank nuts. Production of blanks by individual trees remained relatively constant from year to year and was not associated with yield or position of the trees in relation to pollinators. Blank production was also found to be a characteristic of P. atlantica Desf. and P. chinensis Bunge. Results demonstrated that production of blanks, at least in ‘Kerman’, is partly the result of parthenocarpy.
Callus and Cell Culture from Grape Berries1
Authors: Hawker J. S. , Downton W. J. S. , Wiskich D , Mullins M. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of callus from immature grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Sultana, Muscat Gordo Blanco, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Clare Riesling and Rhine Riesling is described. Callus has been successfully subcultured on solid and liquid media.
Influence of the Herbicide R-7465 on Cranberry Fruit Development1
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Demoranville I. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The experimental herbicide 2-(naphthoxy-N,N-diethylpropionamide (R-7465) was compared with Morcran [a formulated mixture of sodium N-1-naphtylphthalamate (naptalam) and isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham)] and dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) on fruit development of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black). R-7465 had no significant influence on yield, berry size, berry dry weight, pectin content, or anthocyanin development.
Growth Responses of Standard and Dwarf Cucumber Cultivars to Applied Gibberellins1
Authors: Makus D. J. , Lower R. L. , Pharr D. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘New Hampshire Tiny Dill’, a dwarf cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was more responsive to applied gibberellins (GA) in terms of hypocotyl growth than ‘Gynoecious 3’ and ‘Chipper’, standard vine types. The dwarf gave a more prolonged response to GA3. Treatment of all lines with GA4+7 significantly increased both the fresh and dry weight of the hypocotyl and hypocotyl unit, but not of the cotyledons.
Extension of Onion Bulb Dormancy by Plant Growth Regulators and its Importance in Water Permeability Determinations1
Authors: Pedeliski A. V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The % of dormant bulbs from onion (Allium cepa L.) plants treated 2 weeks before harvest with maleic hydrazide (MH) and (2,chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) remained uniformly high from November through May, as compared with bulbs from plants treated with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide, ethyl hydrogen 1-propyl phosphonate (EHPP), and control bulbs, most of which were no longer dormant by March. Similarly treated lots stored at 3°C showed no striking prolongation of bulb dormancy although the number of marketable bulbs was greatly increased. It was possible to obtain uniform, low water permeability constants from nongrowing bulbs treated with maleic hydrazide or ethephon through June.
Time and Pressure Regulated Steam for Peeling Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Burkhardt G. J. , Merkel J. A. , Scott L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A batch peeler using time-regulated, high-pressure steam is briefly described. Use of the equipment with sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] avoided explosion of the roots encountered with conventional high-pressure steam peelers and resulted in effective peeling with minimal enzymatic discoloration of the product.
Effects of Ethephon upon Fruit Development and Ripening of Highbush Blueberries in the Greenhouse1
Authors: Warren James M. , Ballinger Walter E. , Mainland Charles M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) plus 0.1% polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 20) was applied as a fruit cluster dip at 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm to highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Morrow) at different stages of berry development. Earliest ripening was obtained with 8000 ppm treatment made late in Stage II. Ripening date was not related to concentration when applied in Stage III. Harvest period was shortest, less than 1 week, when treatments were applied in Stage III, regardless of concentration. Berry weight decreased with increased concentration, but little difference was noted with respect to stage of development at time of application. Generally, pH decreased with increasing concentration of ethephon and with advancement in stage of development at time of treatment. An increase in ethephon concentration resulted in an increase in acidity, decrease in soluble solids (SS) and decrease in SS/acid ratio at each time of application until Stage III of fruit development. Stage III treatments showed no concentration effect with the exception of the acidity response to the 8000 ppm treatment. Optimum time of application was near the end of Stage II and the beginning of Stage III.
Changes in Pectic Substances of Lemon Albedo Infected with Phytophthora citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian1
Authors: Cohen E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The total amounts of pectic fractions in the albedo tissue of infected and uninfected fruit of lemon [ Citrus lemon (L.) Burm.] were almost the same, but changes were found in different fractions: the water-soluble pectic fraction decreased in the infected fruit, while the alkali-soluble fraction increased and the acid-soluble fraction remained unchanged. Such changes in pectic substances may be typical of fruits exhibiting a firm type of rot.
The Minnesota Story1
Authors: Hunt Elderd M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Minnesota, a state of the Northern Great Plains, has a total area of 84,000 square miles (61 million acres). Its population, 3,800,000, is one-third rural and two-thirds urban. The climate is “temperate,” although temperatures range from -50°F in winter to 100°+ in summer. Average annual rainfall is 25inches. Soils vary greatly -- from excellent agricultural loam, to heavy clay loam, to sand. Alkalinity is a problem in a considerable area along the western border.
Reduction of Pesticide Deposits on Pear Following Overtree Irrigation1
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Kiigemagi Ulo , Lombard P. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Overtree irrigation of pear trees following application of pesticides by speedsprayer resulted in lowering most insecticide deposits by 30-90%. Addition of a spreader sticker to pesticide sprays did not reduce pesticide loss.
Susceptibility of Certain Apple Rootstocks to Black Root Rot and Woolly Apple Aphids
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Latham A. J. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Mayton E. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Malling-Merton (MM) 104’ rootstock was significantly more susceptible to black root rot than seedling and “MM 106’ rootstocks. However, ‘MM 111’ was not significantly less susceptible to black root rot than ‘MM 104’ rootstock. Seedling rootstocks were more susceptible to woolly aphid infestations than ‘MM 104’, ‘MM 106’, and ‘MM 111’ rootstocks. Woolly apple aphid incidence was higher on “MM 111’ rootstock than on ‘MM 104’ and ‘MM 106’ rootstocks.
Changes in Pectic Substances During Ripening of Avocados1
Authors: Rouse A. H. , Barmore C. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Changes in pectinesterase activity and in the 3 pectic fractions of avocados (Persea americana Mill. cv. Lula) during ripening were investigated at 21.1° and 10°C storage. Decrease in pectinesterase activity just prior to softening was very rapid, and when softening occurred, this activity became minimal Tissue softening during storage was accompanied by a general increase in water-soluble pectin and a drop in ammonium oxalate- and sodium hydroxide-soluble pectins.