bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal diversity gradient dynamics during Carboniferous to Triassic icehouse and greenhouse climates
Authors: Zhang Shu-Han , Shen Shu-Zhong , Erwin Douglas H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Understanding the complex patterns of latitudinal diversity gradients (LDGs) in deep time has been hampered by the absence of long-term records of LDGs through multiple climatic changes. We used records of marine invertebrate fossils to generate LDGs in each age bin from the Carboniferous icehouse to the Triassic greenhouse climates. We evaluated LDGs by subsampling, calculated evolutionary rates for different latitudinal zones, and assessed the modularity of the fossil data within latitudinal zones using the Louvain algorithm. Our results suggest that the LDG peaks may be shaped by multiple factors rather than alternating icehouse and greenhouse climates, although icehouse climates usually restrict diversity at high latitudes. In nearly all clades, peak diversity shifted northward during the late Carboniferous and early Permian, reflecting the northward drift of plates and increased habitat area. Changes in the steepness of the LDG was most pronounced at low latitudes and during biotic crises and recovery, while icehouse to greenhouse transitions created more deviation at high latitudes. Our results show a strong historical influence from previous LDG patterns in LDG dynamics, but one that was interrupted by upheavals in composition after dramatic environmental changes.
Aetiology and outcomes of prolonged neonatal jaundice in tertiary centres: data from the China Neonatal Genome Project
Authors: Xiao Tiantian , Wang Jin , Wang Huijun , Mei Hongfang , Dong Xinran , Lu Yulan , Cheng Guoqiang , Wang Laishuan , Hu Liyuan , Lu Wei , Ni Qi , Li Gang , Zhang Ping , Qian Yanyan , Li Xu , Peng Xiaomin , Wang Yao , Shen Chun , Chen Gong , Dou Ya-lan , Cao Yun , Chen Liping , Kang Wenqing , Li Long , Pan Xinnian , Wei Qiufen , Zhuang Deyi , Chen Dong-mei , Yin Zhaoqing , Wang Jianshe , Yang Lin , Wu Bingbing , Zhou Wenhao 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of aetiologies and outcomes in neonates with prolonged neonatal jaundice.DesignAn observational study.SettingMultiple tertiary centres from the China Neonatal Genome Project.PatientsTerm infants with jaundice lasting more than 14 days or preterm infants with jaundice lasting more than 21 days were recruited between 1 June 2016 and 30 June 2020.Main outcome measuresAetiology and outcomes were recorded from neonates with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (PUCHB) and prolonged conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (PCHB).ResultsA total of 939 neonates were enrolled, and known aetiologies were identified in 84.1% of neonates (790 of 939). Among 411 neonates with PCHB, genetic disorders (27.2%, 112 of 411) were the leading aetiologies. There were 8 deceased neonates, 19 neonates with liver failure and 12 with neurodevelopmental delay. Among 528 neonates with PUCHB, a genetic aetiology was identified in 2 of 219 neonates (0.9%) who showed disappearance of jaundice within 4 weeks of age and in 32 of 309 neonates (10.4%) with persistent jaundice after 4 weeks of age. A total of 96 of 181 neonates (53.0%) who received genetic diagnoses had their clinical diagnosis modified as a result of the genetic diagnoses.ConclusionKnown aetiologies were identified in approximately 80% of neonates in our cohort, and their overall outcomes were favourable. Genetic aetiology should be considered a priority in neonates with PCHB or the persistence of jaundice after 4 weeks of age. Moreover, genetic data can modify the clinical diagnosis and guide disease management, potentially improving outcomes.
Discharge outcome analysis of 1089 transgender young people referred to paediatric endocrine clinics in England 2008–2021
Authors: Butler Gary , Adu-Gyamfi Kirpal , Clarkson Kerry , El Khairi Ranna , Kleczewski Sara , Roberts Alice , Segal Terry Y , Yogamanoharan Karththeepan , Alvi Sabah , Amin Nadia , Carruthers Paul , Dover Stacey , Eastman Joanna , Mushtaq Talat , Masic Una , Carmichael Polly 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe destination of transgender and gender variant young people referred by the National Health Service (NHS) Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) to, and discharged from the two English paediatric endocrine liaison clinics is not known.Methods1151 young people referred after full assessment by the GIDS; 827 to University College London Hospital since 2008; 324 to Leeds Children’s Hospital since 2013. Discharge categorisation was by agreed criteria. Eleven emigrated and 51 self-discharged. 1089 had known outcomes.Results999/1089 (91.7%) continued identifying as gender variant. 867/999 (86.8%) were discharged to adult gender identity clinics (GICs). 166/867 (19.1%) of these were <16 years and 701/867 (80.9%) ≥16 years at initial endocrine referral. No sex differences were seen. 38/999 (3.8%) opted for non-NHS services.90/1089 ceased identifying as gender variant. In 32/1089 (2.9%), this was subsequent to their first clinic appointment.58/1089 (5.3%) stopped treatment either with the gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) or gender-affirming hormones (GAH) and reverted to their birth gender: <16 years (20/217; 9.2%); ≥16 years (38/872; 4.4%).Subdividing further, 16/217 (7.4%) <16 years ceased GnRHa and 4/217 (1.8%) after GAH. Of those ≥16 years, 33/872 (3.8%) ceased GnRHa and 5/872 (0.6%) GAH.ConclusionsAt discharge, 91.7% continued as transgender or gender variant, 86.8% sought ongoing care through NHS GICs. 2.9% ceased identifying as transgender after an initial consultation prior to any endocrine intervention and 5.3% stopped treatment either with GnRHa or GAH, a higher proportion in the <16 year compared with the ≥16 year groups.
Overall quit in triple users of conventional cigarette, e-cigarette and heated tobacco product among healthy adults: a Korea Medical Institute health check-up study
Authors: Yun Hye Won , Jung Keum Ji , Jee Sun Ha , Kimm Heejin 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveWhile multiuse patterns of e-cigarettes (EC) or heated tobacco products (HTP) with conventional cigarettes (CC) have been reported, smoking cessation of multiusers is not well known. We aimed to analyse overall quit in triple users of CC, EC and HTP among healthy adults.MethodsA questionnaire was conducted on 89 360 adults who visited the Korea Medical Institute health check-ups in Seoul, Korea, from May 2018 to September 2019. Among 38 812 ever smokers, 9252 were ever triple users of CC, EC and HTP. Frequency and related factors of overall quit were analysed in the cross-sectional study.ResultsThe average age was 38.8±9.0 years, and 8458 (91.4%) were men. There were 5329 (57.6%) current triple users, 3547 (38.3%) single or dual product quitters and 376 (4.1%) overall quitters. Among the former triple users, the most common tobacco product use pattern was ‘dual quit of EC and HTP (eg, current CC use)’ both in men (21.3%) and women (26.3%). Age 60s or older (OR 8.5, 95% CI 5.2 to 13.8), women (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5), no hyperlipidaemia and married status were significantly related to overall quit.ConclusionThe most common pathway for ‘ever triple users’ of the three tobacco products was ‘current triple users’, and the second was ‘CC users’. Single or dual product quitters could continue to smoke by EC or HTP instead of quit. Further research on overall quit will be needed to develop effective regulations.
Risk prediction models for breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Zheng Yadi , Li Jiang , Wu Zheng , Li He , Cao Maomao , Li Ni , He Jie 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesTo systematically review and critically appraise published studies of risk prediction models for breast cancer in the general population without breast cancer, and provide evidence for future research in the field.DesignSystematic review using the Prediction model study Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) framework.Data sourcesPubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase were searched from inception to 16 December 2021.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies reporting multivariable models to estimate the individualised risk of developing female breast cancer among different ethnic groups. Search was limited to English language only.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently screened, reviewed, extracted and assessed studies with discrepancies resolved through discussion or a third reviewer. Risk of bias was assessed according to the PROBAST framework.Results63 894 studies were screened and 40 studies with 47 risk prediction models were included in the review. Most of the studies used logistic regression to develop breast cancer risk prediction models for Caucasian women by case–control data. The most widely used risk factor was reproductive factors and the highest area under the curve was 0.943 (95% CI 0.919 to 0.967). All the models included in the review had high risk of bias.ConclusionsNo risk prediction models for breast cancer were recommended for different ethnic groups and models incorporating mammographic density or single-nucleotide polymorphisms among Asian women are few and poorly needed. High-quality breast cancer risk prediction models assessed by PROBAST should be developed and validated, especially among Asian women.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020202570.
Gender differences of health literacy in persons with a migration background: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chakraverty Digo , Baumeister Annika , Aldin Angela , Seven Ümran Sema , Monsef Ina , Skoetz Nicole , Woopen Christiane , Kalbe Elke 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate gender differences of health literacy in individuals with a migration background.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. OVID/MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched in March 2018 and July 2020.SettingStudies had to provide health literacy data for adult women and men with a migration background, collected with a standardised instrument, or report results that demonstrated the collection of such data. Health literacy data were extracted from eligible studies or requested from the respective authors. Using a random-effects model, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess standardised mean differences (SMDs) of health literacy in men and women. Two researchers independently assessed risk of bias for each included study using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies.ResultsTwenty-four studies were included in this systematic review. Thereof, 22 studies (8012 female and 5380 male participants) were included in the meta-analyses. In six studies, gender-specific health literacy scores were reported. The authors of additional 15 studies provided their data upon request and for one further study data were available online. Women achieved higher health literacy scores than men: SMD=0.08, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.159, p=0.04, I2=65%. Another 27 studies reported data on female participants only and could not be included due to a lack of comparable studies with male participants only. Authors of 56 other eligible studies were asked for data, but without success.ConclusionMen with a migration background—while being much less frequently examined—may have lower health literacy than women. As heterogeneity between studies was high and the difference became statistically insignificant when excluding studies with a high risk of bias, this result must be interpreted with caution. There is a paucity of research on the social and relational aspects of gender in relation to health literacy among people with a migration background, especially for men.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018085555.
Mixed-methods study to examine the response of opioid addiction treatment programmes to COVID-19: a study protocol
Authors: Choi Sugy , Naik Rhea , Kiszko Kamila , Neighbors Charles , D’Aunno Thomas 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic is forcing changes to clinical practice within traditional addiction treatment programmes, including the increased use of telehealth, reduced restrictions on methadone administration (eg, increased availability of take-home doses and decreased requirements for in-person visits), reduced reliance on group counselling and less urine drug screening. This paper describes the protocol for a mixed-methods study analysing organisational-level factors that are associated with changes in clinic-level practice changes and treatment retention.Methods and analysisWe will employ an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design to study the treatment practices for opioid use disorder (OUD) patients in New York State (NYS). For the quantitative aim, we will use the Client Data System and Medicaid claims data to examine the variation in clinical practices (ie, changes in telehealth, pharmacotherapy, group vs individual counselling and urine drug screening) and retention in treatment for OUD patients across 580 outpatient clinics in NYS during the pandemic. Clinics will be categorised into quartiles based on composite rankings by calculating cross-clinic Z scores for the clinical practice change and treatment retention variables. We will apply the random-effects modelling to estimate change by clinic by introducing a fixed-effect variable for each clinic, adjusting for key individual and geographic characteristics and estimate the changes in the clinical practice changes and treatment retention. We will then employ qualitative methods and interview 200 key informants (ie, programme director, clinical supervisor, counsellor and medical director) to develop an understanding of the quantitative findings by examining organisational characteristics of programmes (n=25) representative of those that rank in the top quartile of clinical practice measures as well as programmes that performed worst on these measures (n=25).Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of NYU Langone Health (#i21-00573). Study findings will be disseminated through national and international conferences, reports and peer-reviewed publications.
Gender differences in the price elasticity of demand for waterpipe and cigarette smoking in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine: a volumetric choice experiment
Authors: Awawda Sameera , Chalak Ali , Khader Yousef , Mostafa Aya , Abla Ruba , Nakkash Rima , Jawad Mohammed , Salloum Ramzi G , Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesThis study assessed the extent to which the elasticity of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco products differs between men and women. We also explored the levels of substitution and complementarity in tobacco products among men and women.SettingThe study examines tobacco elasticities in three Arab countries: Lebanon, Jordan and the West Bank of Palestine.ParticipantsWe used data from nationally representative surveys of adults aged ≥18 years in Lebanon (n=1680), Jordan (n=1925) and Palestine (n=1679). The proportion of women was 50.0% of the sample in Lebanon and Palestine, and 44.6% in Jordan.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA zero-inflated Poisson regression model estimated own-price and cross-price elasticities for two variations of cigarettes and five variations of waterpipe tobacco products. Elasticities were measured based on eight scenarios of prices.ResultsDemand for waterpipe tobacco products was elastic for both men and women. The cross-price elasticities in the three countries indicate the existence of substitution between cigarettes and waterpipe products and by different varieties within each of the two tobacco products. Gender differences varied across the three countries whereby higher cross-price elasticities were observed for women in Jordan and Palestine. For example, the price elasticity for discount waterpipe was −1.4 and −0.6 for women and men in Jordan, respectively.ConclusionsResults on the elasticity of demand for tobacco products and the existence of substitution between tobacco products reveal the higher responsiveness of men and women to changes in tobacco prices. This should be taken into consideration in tobacco control strategies particularly when reducing tobacco consumption via taxation policies.
Determinants of well-being and their interconnections in Australian general practitioners: a qualitative study
Authors: Naehrig Diana , Glozier Nick , Klinner Christiane , Acland Louise , Goodger Brendan , Hickie Ian B , Milton Alyssa 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesThe well-being of doctors is recognised as a major priority in healthcare, yet there is little research on how general practitioners (GPs) keep well. We aimed to address this gap by applying a positive psychology lens, and exploring what determines GPs’ well-being, as opposed to burnout and mental ill health, in Australia.DesignSemi-structured qualitative interviews. From March to September 2021, we interviewed GPs working in numerous settings, using snowball and purposive sampling to expand recruitment across Australia. 20 GPs participated individually via Zoom. A semi-structured interview-guide provided a framework to explore well-being from a personal, organisational and systemic perspective. Recordings were transcribed verbatim, and inductive thematic analysis was performed.ResultsEleven female and nine male GPs with diverse experience, from urban and rural settings were interviewed (mean 32 min). Determinants of well-being were underpinned by GPs’ sense of identity. This was strongly influenced by GPs seeing themselves as a distinct but often undervalued profession working in small organisations within a broader health system. Both personal finances, and funding structures emerged as important moderators of the interconnections between these themes. Enablers of well-being were mainly identified at a personal and practice level, whereas systemic determinants were consistently seen as barriers to well-being. A complex balancing act between all determinants of well-being was evidenced.ConclusionsGPs were able to identify targets for individual and practice level interventions to improve well-being, many of which have not been evaluated. However, few systemic aspects were suggested as being able to promote well-being, but rather seen as barriers, limiting how to develop systemic interventions to enhance well-being. Finances need to be a major consideration to prioritise, promote and support GP well-being, and a sustainable primary care workforce.
Is in situ simulation in emergency medicine safe? A scoping review
Authors: Truchot Jennifer , Boucher Valérie , Li Winny , Martel Guillaume , Jouhair Eva , Raymond-Dufresne Éliane , Petrosoniak Andrew , Emond Marcel 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesTo provide an overview of the available evidence regarding the safety of in situ simulation (ISS) in the emergency department (ED).DesignScoping review.MethodsOriginal articles published before March 2021 were included if they investigated the use of ISS in the field of emergency medicine.Information sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane and Web of Science.ResultsA total of 4077 records were identified by our search strategy and 2476 abstracts were screened. One hundred and thirty full articles were reviewed and 81 full articles were included. Only 33 studies (40%) assessed safety-related issues, among which 11 chose a safety-related primary outcome. Latent safety threats (LSTs) assessment was conducted in 24 studies (30%) and the cancellation rate was described in 9 studies (11%). The possible negative impact of ISS on real ED patients was assessed in two studies (2.5%), through a questionnaire and not through patient outcomes.ConclusionMost studies use ISS for systems-based or education-based applications. Patient safety during ISS is often evaluated in the context of identifying or mitigating LSTs and rarely on the potential impact and risks to patients simultaneously receiving care in the ED. Our scoping review identified knowledge gaps related to the safe conduct of ISS in the ED, which may warrant further investigation.
Economic evaluation of tranexamic acid for the treatment of acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a cost-effectiveness analysis using data from the HALT-IT randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bazeer Nuha , Miners Alec , Roberts Ian , Shakur-Still Haleema , Jairath Vipul , Williams Jack 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo perform an economic evaluation of tranexamic acid (TXA) versus no-TXA, in addition to current clinical practice, for acute gastrointestinal bleeding, using the results of the HALT-IT trial (NCT01658124), a large randomised controlled trial which included 11 937 patients.DesignA cost-effectiveness modelling analysis, performed over a lifetime time horizon.SettingThe analysis was performed from a UK health service perspective.ParticipantsThe model includes adults with acute gastrointestinal bleeding.Outcomes measuresThe model reports costs in Great British pounds in 2021 and outcomes as life years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), reported as the cost per QALY gained.MethodsA Markov model was developed to calculate the overall costs and health outcomes of TXA administration versus no-TXA. The model used data of the treatment effectiveness from the HALT-IT trial, which showed that TXA administration for acute gastrointestinal bleeding did not reduce all-cause mortality (risk ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.16) compared with no-TXA. Data on health-related quality of life, costs and long-term mortality risks were derived from the literature. Costs and effects are discounted at 3.5% per annum.ResultsTXA was associated with marginally fewer LYs and QALYs, and lower costs, than treatment without TXA. The ICER associated with no-TXA was £1576 per LY gained and £2209 per QALY gained. No-TXA was 64% likely to be cost-effective at a £20 000 willingness-to-pay threshold, while TXA was 36% likely to be cost-effective.ConclusionThough inexpensive, TXA administration for patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding is unlikely to be cost-effective.
Mortality of elder financial and psychological abuse victims in rural Malaysia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Yunus Raudah Mohd , Hairi Noran N , Awang Halima B , Choo Wan Yuen , Jamaludin Siti Zaharah , Hairi Farizah , Samsuddin Jamali , Mokhtar Mohammad Mafrukhin , Fauzi Syed Mohd , Peramalah Devi , Sooryanarayana Rajini , Ismail Norliana , Ali Zainudin Mohd , Abdul Razak Inayah , Ahmad Sharifah Nor , Othman Sajaratulnisah , Awang Mahmud Awang Bulgiba 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesTo determine the longitudinal impact of elder financial and psychological abuse on risk of death among older Malaysians.Design7-year prospective cohort study. Baseline data were collected in late 2013 and respondents were followed up in June 2020.SettingKuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.Participants1927 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 or older randomly sampled from the national census. Individuals with severe cognitive impairment were excluded.Outcome measureMortality data were provided by the Malaysian National Registration Department and linked to respondents’ national identification numbers. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to examine victims’ survival periods and the impact of abuse on risk of death.ResultsOverall, 450 respondents (23.4%) died after 7 years. Among financial and psychological abuse victims, death percentage was 25.8% compared with 23.3% among those who did not experience these types of abuse. Kaplan-Meier curves showed shorter survival among abuse victims, but Cox regression found no significant impact of financial and psychological abuse on mortality risk (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.41). Among all the variables studied, only cognitive impairment led to higher mortality risk (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.69).ConclusionOur findings contradict prior empirical studies that supported the link between elder abuse and neglect (EAN) and mortality, even though we focused on two abuse subtypes. Results in this study are more in line with the recently emerging evidence that showed no association between EAN and mortality.