bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2018
Authors: Strom Martin 
Published: March 2022

The second half of 2018 highlights that the aviation sector continues to see developments new in competition law. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with greater detail of each of these developments. One major development is the July 2018 judgment by the European Court of Justice in the dispute between flyLAL, on the one hand, and Riga Airport and Air Baltic, on the other. The court ruled that flyLAL was entitled to bring an action for damages against Riga Airport and Air Baltic (both Latvian companies) in Lithuania. In doing so, the Court clarified the interpretation of both Articles 5(3) and 5(5) of Regulation 44/2001. In particular, it ruled that loss of earnings caused by predatory pricing can constitute initial damage for the purposes of Article 5(3) and clarified the circumstances in which a tortious claim can be brought in the location of a branch of the defendant under Article 5(5). ASL has launched a claim for damages before the General Court arguing that the European Commission’s (the ‘Commission’) decision to block the proposed acquisition of TNT Express by UPS, on the grounds that the intra-EEA (European Economic Area) express small packages delivery services market would be reduced in a large number of Member States, has caused ASL to incur losses of EUR 263m. The Commission’s decision to block the merger has since been overturned by the General Court, and an appeal brought by the Commission is currently pending before the European Court of Justice. This period has also continued to see a succession of State aid cases heard in the General Court, with no less than five judgments involving Ryanair. Ryanair appealed decisions by the Commission concerning State aid at airports in Nîmes, Angoulême, Altenburg-Nobitz and Pau-Pyrénées (where Transavia also lodged an appeal), but was unsuccessful in each. However, the General Court did annul a Commission decision, insofar as it related to Ryanair and its subsidiary, finding that they had received illegal State aid at Zweibrücken airport in Germany.
Adoption of the Building Blocks for the Development of an International Framework on Space Resource Activities
Authors: - - 
Published: March 2022

On 12 November 2019, The Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group adopted the Building Blocks for the Development of an International Framework on Space Resource Activities by consensus.
The Working Group was established in 2016 with the purpose to assess the need for a governance framework for space resource activities and lay the groundwork for such framework. The Building Blocks reflect four years of discussions among the members and observers of the Working Group, representing industry, space agencies, international organizations, governments, academia and civil society.
The first draft of the Building Blocks was presented in 2017 in order to solicit feedback from the international community. This draft was also published this Journal (Developments of the Hague Space Resources Governance Working Group, 42(6) Air &amp; Space L. 625–634 (2017)). The comments received, as well as input from the Technical and the Socio- Economic Panels of the Working Group, were taken into account for subsequent revisions of the Building Blocks.
The final version of the Building Blocks presented here below will be complemented by a Commentary, to be published in the Spring of 2020.
Space resources, space mining, adaptive governance, priority rights, sharing of benefits
Legal Aspects of Satellite Constellations
Authors: Bielicki Damian M. 
Published: March 2022

In recent years a few entrepreneurs proposed launching into space large fleets of satellites, consisting of hundreds of satellites, often referred to as ‘constellations’. Their role is to provide satellite services to the largest possible number of users on Earth. This article provides a review of key legal issues associated with satellite constellations, including responsibility and liability for potential damages caused by satellites being a part of a constellation, insurance, registration of space objects, allocation of radio frequencies and orbital slots, and space debris.
satellite constellations, space law, space insurance, liability, space debris
An EU Perspective of ‘Fair Competition’ in Global Air Transport
Authors: Schneider Scott 
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the framework of the European Union (EU) prohibition on anti-competitive behaviour in the context of benefits and risks to actors within its air transport market. The significance of third countries endorsing variant regulatory frameworks as the EU begs the question of what constitutes ‘fair competition’. The lack of a universal meaning of this concept may be an opportunity for the EU to lead a discussion in reaching a global approach to ‘fair competition’ in line with the foundations of its internal framework while also appealing to the wider, international, industry. The recent initialling of a comprehensive air services agreement between Qatar and the EU provides discussion on a proactive way forward for reconciling EU competition policy to the approaches among the external air transport market. Ultimately, this article considers whether the EU’s model of promoting competition is fit for a global air transport market and whether or not there may be another approach to bring about a cohesive playing field not only within Europe but among the international air transport market worldwide.
competition, aviation, transport, market, regulation.
The Future of the United Kingdom’s Space Industry in a Post-brexit World: Mitigating the Effects of Brexit on the UK’S Commercial Space Industry
Authors: Crawford Hannah 
Published: March 2022

International cooperation exists as the fundamental legal cornerstone of space exploration and has underpinned the United Kingdom’s role in outer space. Instigated by a surge of commercial activity in outer space, mankind is approaching a second space age whilst many of the world’s governments are captivated by increasing levels of nationalism. Focusing on the nationalism of the United Kingdom and corresponding ideology, this article purports that ‘Brexit’ poses a risk to the survival of the United Kingdom’s commercial space industry. As such, this article seeks to consider the ways in which this former great power can hone in on its history of integration and alliance in outer space and thrive in these burgeoning commercial space ventures.
European Union, Space Policy, Brexit
The End of Closed Airspace in the Middle East: A Final Move on the Regional Chess Board?
Authors: Mendes de Leon Pablo 
Published: March 2022

Closure of airspace has become a new topic on the aviation agenda of the twenty-first century. States adopted this measure to begin with on 11 September 2002. The US closed its airspace for about five days after the occurrence of this tragedy in New York for all air traffic. European States did the same after the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. Pakistan shut its airspace in February 2019 after India carried out an air strike against a presumably terrorist training camp in Pakistani territory.
While the above measures could be labelled as ‘incidental’ in terms of time period, the closures of airspace implemented in the second half of the second decade of this century are more ‘systematic’. They last longer and have a deeper background. Reference is made to the closure of airspace in the Middle East, and in practically all States following the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
This brief paper will focus on the closure of airspace in the Middle East, which came to an end in January 2020, and pay attention to the regulatory proceedings surrounding it. These can only be understood against the wider political, historical and perhaps also religious background. Those factors contribute to the fragility of the legal arrangements underpinning the diplomatic deal.
closure of airspace, sovereignty and territorial jurisdiction, non-discrimination, air traffic services, compensation of damages
Saving Competition in Hong Kong’s Aviation Market
Authors: Lee Jae Woon 
Published: March 2022

Hong Kong is a regional and international aviation hub and aviation is the lifeblood of the Hong Kong economy, providing connectivity for the flow of people and goods between the city and the rest of the world. Despite its significance to Hong Kong’s economy, Hong Kong’s aviation market has a number of ambiguities from a competition perspective. As one of the most regulated industries, aviation intersects with competition law, and their intersection requires a systematic approach. There are ex ante regulatory powers available to aviation regulators and ex post competition law powers in many areas of the aviation market. Without coordination between the Hong Kong Competition Commission (HKCC) and aviation agencies in Hong Kong, overlapping areas will be regulated haphazardly. Since Hong Kong’s current aviation regulations do not consider competition review, the overlapping areas will be subject to the HKCC’s ex post enforcement power. The current system creates confusion and uncertainty for airlines, who would assume that their business activities have been approved by aviation regulators. This article identifies competition law issues in Hong Kong’s aviation market and makes recommendations on how to address them.
Hong Kong, Aviation Market, Aviation Law, Competition Law, Hong Kong Competition Commission
The Fragmentation of Property Rights in the Law of Outer Space
Authors: Tjandra Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

Neither customary international law nor existing outer space treaties provide clear answers as to whether property rights can exist in outer space. In this Article, I will argue that under international law, there exists a fragmented system of property rights, namely, a right to use outer space with a limited right of exclusion. This interpretation is supported by an analysis of Roman private law and common law philosophical theories of property. However, I argue that this fragmented system of property rights is insufficient to deal with the problems of scarcity and unequal distribution of technology that arise from the unique context of outer space.
Space law, property rights, Roman law, territorial sovereignty, national appropriation
The Interception of Civil Aircraft
Authors: Schubert Francis 
Published: March 2022

This article investigates the regulatory framework that governs the interception of civil aircraft. It analyses the various circumstances that may justify such interventions as well as the main legal principles that apply to their conduct. Particular attention is given to the States’ obligations under the Chicago Convention, and more specifically the obligation of due regard for the safety of civil aircraft that applies to the adoption by States of regulations for their State aircraft. The research investigates the civil-military cooperation framework and the procedures that must be followed by the various civil and military stakeholders involved with a view to reducing the need for interceptions and to ensure that those that ultimately need to be undertaken can be executed without endangering the safety of civil aircraft.
Interception; Due regard; Civil military cooperation; Article 3bis; Unidentified and strayed aircraft
CUT OFF VALUE OF GOOD PRONOSTIC FACTOR OUTCOMES IN LARGE TERRITORY ISCHEMIC STROKE UNDERGOING EARLY DECOMPRESSIVE CRANIECTOMY
Authors: Boontoterm Panu , Sakoolnamarka Siraruj , Feungfoo Pusit , Udommongkol Chesda 
Published: March 2022

Background: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) significantly reduces mortality in large territory ischemic strokes that develop intractable cerebral edema. However, evidence for functional benefit remains sparse and contradictory.
Objective: This study aimed to assess cut-off value for predictor outcomes of early DC.
Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study from December 2016 to June 2021. Patients were screened for ischemic stroke involving the middle cerebral, internal carotid artery or both using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. All patients underwent DC. Multivariate analysis was performed for an array of clinical variables in relation to functional outcomes according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. Clinical outcome was assessed after 3- and 6-month follow-up.
Results: In total, 243 patients were included in this study. Age ≤71 years (AUC=0.955, p <0.001 accuracy 89.7%), onset to DC ≤9 hours (AUC=0.824, p <0.001 accuracy 78.8%), volume of infarction ≤155 cm3 (AUC=0.939, p <0.001 accuracy 93.6%) and the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score or ASPECT score ≥6 (AUC = 1, p <0.001 accuracy 100%) were significantly associated with good clinical outcomes in early DC (mRS 0 to 3).
Conclusion: Among patients with large territory ischemic strokes undergoing early DC, age ≤71 years, onset to DC ≤9 hours, volume of infarction ≤155 cm3 and ASPECT score ≥6 was significantly associated with good clinical outcomes. All prognostic factors in early DC correlated well with functional outcomes at 6 months which could be used to predict outcome, and consider clinical indications and informed postoperative complications among patients with large territory ischemic stroke.
A comparative study of the capability of MSCs isolated from different human tissue sources to differentiate into neuronal stem cells and dopaminergic-like cells
Authors: Ababneh Nidaa A. , Al-Kurdi Ban , Jamali Fatima , Awidi Abdalla 
Published: March 2022

Background
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and degeneration. The regeneration of neurons is minimal and neurogenesis is limited only to specific parts of the brain. Several clinical trials have been conducted using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from different sources to establish their safety and efficacy for the treatment of several neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Aim
The aim of this study was to provide a comparative view of the capabilities of MSCs, isolated from different human tissue sources to differentiate into neuronal stem cell-like cells (NSCs) and possibly into dopaminergic neural- like cells.

Methods
Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human bone marrow, adipose, and Wharton’s jelly (WJ) tissue samples. Cells were characterized by flow cytometry for their ability to express the most common MSC markers. The differentiation potential was also assessed by differentiating them into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages. To evaluate the capacity of these cells to differentiate towards the neural stem cell-like lineage, cells were cultured in media containing small molecules. Cells were utilized for gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis at different time points.

Results
Our results indicate that we have successfully isolated MSCs from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and Wharton’s jelly. WJ-MSCs showed a slightly higher proliferation rate after 72 hours compared to BM and AT derived MSCs. Gene expression of early neural stem cell markers revealed that WJ-MSCs had higher expression of Nestin and PAX6 compared to BM and AT-MSCs, in addition to LMX expression as an early dopaminergic neural marker. Immunofluorescence analysis also revealed that these cells successfully expressed SOX1, SOX2, Nestin, TUJ1, FOXA2 and TH.

Conclusion
These results indicate that the protocol utilized has successfully differentiated BM, AT and WJ-MSCs into NSC-like cells. WJ-MSCs possess a higher potential to transdifferentiate into NSC and dopaminergic-like cells. Thus, it might indicate that this protocol can be used to induce MSC into neuronal lineage, which provides an additional or alternative source of cells to be used in the neurological cell-based therapies.
A Pilot Study on Horti-Poultry Integrated Farming Model
Authors: Reshi P. A. , Khan A. A. , Bhat J. A. , Sheikh G. G. , Ahanger F. A. , Banday S. A. , Nazir G. , Muzamil S. , Haq Z. 
Published: March 2022

Aims: Under the innovative concept of integrated farming, a trial using vanraja birds was conducted to find out the comparative performance of birds reared in confinement and outdoor in orchards.
Study Design: 600 Vanraja birds of one month age were divided into two equal groups was conducted. One group (T1) that served as control was confined to shed and put on concentrate feeding and the another group (T2) were given free access to the KVK orchard during day and confined to shelter during night and were allowed to feed on herbage, insects and other scavenging resources during the day and in the evening hours were offered kitchen waste comprising of leftover rice, vegetable waste, egg shells, leftover pulses etc. collected from the hostels of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Shuhama that are in the close vicinity of the Kendra.
Methodology: The two groups of vanraja birds were compared with respect to body weight gain, egg production and mortality rate and at the end of 40 weeks trial the concentrate feeding cost in case of free range reared birds was reduced and there was less mortality, increase in the body weight and egg production with additional income from the existing orchards as compared to the control group kept confined to sheds
Results and Conclusion: This innovative model of integrating the poultry with horticulture has been termed as horti-poultry model that proved to increase performance of birds with respect to decreased mortality, lower body weight (fat accumulation) that caused increased egg production and lower mortality. Further an additional income of 101850/hectare of land was observed. The model when replicated in fields is expected to be game changer in improving rural income by rearing birds in orchards.
Standardization of Irrigation and Fertigation Requirement for Snake Gourd under Rain Shelter
Authors: Saji A. , Hussain A. , Patidar G. , Diveena A. S. , Jinu A. , Wilson A. 
Published: March 2022

Aim: The study entitled “standardization of irrigation and fertigation requirement for snake gourd under rain shelter” was taken up to standardize the irrigation and fertigation requirement of snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) of Manusree variety under rain shelter.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was performed in instructional farm of PFDC, KCAET, Tavanur, Kerala, between October 2020 and January 2021.
Methodology: Penman Monteith method was used for the determination of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling. There were three levels of irrigation i.e., T1 – 60%, T2 – 80% and T3 – 100% of ETc and three levels of fertigation viz: R1 – 100%, R2 – 125% and R3- 150% of recommended dose of fertilizer. Different crop and soil parameters and yield is noted in each bed.
Results: The treatment T3R3 showed comparatively better performance in yield and other growth characteristics as compared to the other treatment. These plants yield longer fruits and bloomed early compared to other fertigation levels. The cultivation is found to be feasible since the benefit cost ratio is greater than one. The result of the study can be used as a guide for the farmers to plan their irrigation and cropping pattern. Also the result can be extrapolated to the future to analyse the trends in future crop water demands.
Conclusion: The farming can run feasibly if we follow precision farming. Through this study we got that the optimum water content of snake gourd is 100%of Etc and 150% fertigation.
A Study on Adoption and Factors Determining the Adoption of Recommended Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices by the Farmers of Telangana State
Authors: Yuvaraj C. , Shankar K. Ravi , Rao I. Sreenivasa , Supriya K. , Sailaja A. D. , Sreenivas G. 
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted to identify the adoption of various Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices and factors determining the adoption of recommended CSA practices. Expost facto research design were followed and selected 300 respondents by using random sampling method indicated that majority of the farmers coming under the category of medium (59.7%) extent of adoption of various CSA practices followed by high (30.7%) and low (9.7%). The factors determining the adoption of CSA practices were grouped under seven categories namely Personal, Social, Economic, Environmental, Technological, Marketing and Transfer of technology.
Majority of the farmers have size of land holding is very small, followed by the constraint of lack of awareness about adaption strategies were major constraint faced by the farmers. Most of the farmers are not inclined much to be in touch with the changes in environmental climate change, this trend may be due to the idiosyncratic behaviour established by the virtue of their medium to old age, less education and possessing low degree of other profile characteristics and majority of them seemed to be not following the WBAAS regularly as they were taking up the farm activities naturally with time. Then Non availability of the recommended inputs in the market and sometimes due to shortage of the availability of quality inputs, traders sell the inputs at high cost resulting in non-adoption of input intensive CSA technologies. Poor availability and accessibility to short duration drought tolerant crop varieties were observed as a hindrance factors in the adoption of CSA technologies.
A Study of Adenosine Deaminase Activity and its Isoenzymes in COPD Patients with Acute Exacerbations
Authors: Khalil Heba Attia Mahmoud , Ahmed Amira Yousef , Ebrahim Ibrahim Salah El-din , El-emery Fawzy Abo El-Naga 
Published: March 2022

Background: The activity of adenosine deaminase decreases in COPD patients and the level of adenosine increases. Decreasing ADA activity in COPD patients can play a significant role in the formation of pulmonary injury.
Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in serum total ADA level and its isoenzymes (ADA1 and ADA2) in COPD patients with acute exacerbations to determine the possible contribution of these enzymes in COPD.
Subjects and Methods: This study was carried out on 60 subjects at Chest Department, Tanta University Hospitals and were divided into three equal groups: group I included 20 healthy non-smokers subjects as control group, group II included 20 asymptomatic smokers and group III included 20 COPD patients with acute exacerbations.
Results: There was statistically significant decrease in the activity of ADA total and ADA isoenzyme (ADA1 and ADA2) in COPD patients compared with control group. A positive correlation between ventilatory functions of COPD patients and activity of ADA total and ADA isoenzyme.
Conclusion: These data are strongly suggestive of the role of adenosine deaminase activity and its isoenzymes in formation of pulmonary injury in COPD.