bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17 Determination of Various Dietary Levels of Inorganic Zinc onin Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Diets Fed to Cervids as Compared to Other Established Protocols
Authors: Thibodeaux Reese J , Urso Phil , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy M , Stewart Chris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The captive white-tailed deer breeding industry has an estimated economic impact of $1.6 billion, annually. However, nutritional requirements for cervids are determined through previous research based on sheep and goats. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for harvesting rumen fluid from cervids for in vitro fermentation to analyze differences in dry matter disappearance with varying levels of supplemental zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Rumen fluid was collected in conjunction with private hunts with partnership from a high fence producer. A European red hind (Cervus elaphus) and axis doe (Axis axis) were collected at separate times, each having a fermentation period utilizing the operating protocol for the Daisy incubator and A200 Fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY). The gastrointestinal tract was removed and tied at the terminal end of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum to prevent leakage. The tract was placed in a cooler with water at 39oC and transported to the laboratory in Huntsville, Texas. Each jar (3) served as an experimental unit, with Zn doses of 0.36, 3.6, and 36 g/d equivalents as treatments. Filter bags were filled with feed provided by the producer for the incubator prior to collection. Followed by Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) analysis with the fiber analyzer. The red deer NDF and ADF values ranged from 27.8% to 20.6% and 15.7% to 13.7% based on treatment, respectively. The axis NDF and ADF values ranged from 18.8% to 20.0% and 11.0% to 12.5% based on treatment, respectively. Previous in vitro digestibility studies conducted on sheep and cattle have produced similar NDF and ADF values with similar feed products. This preliminary study illustrated that the protocol is viable and will produce appropriate IVDMD results from NDF and ADF after in vitro rumination.
35 Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value of Legume-grass Baleage: A Comparison of Alfalfa-bermudagrass and Red Clover-bermudagrass in the Southeast
Authors: Osorio Doblado Andrea M , Burt Justin J , Whatley Kendall S , Ciriaco Francine M , Henry Darren D , Baxter Lisa , Tucker Jennifer J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When interseeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has shown to increase herbage accumulation and improve forage nutritive value in Southern forage systems. However, data is limited on biennial red clover (Trifolium pratense) when interseeded into bermudagrass in the same manner. Therefore, a 2-yr evaluation was implemented in Tifton, GA to evaluate the herbage accumulation and nutritive value of annually seeded ‘Barduro’ red clover interseeded into ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (CLO) to an existing stand of ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa interseed into ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (ALF) (est. in 2016) when harvested as baleage. Treatments were randomly assigned in a randomized complete block design (2 treatments, 5 reps) to 0.2-ha plots and CLO treatments were established in winter of each year prior to evaluation. Plots were harvested once legume component reached early bloom stage (10%) every 28-35 d, baled at 40 to 60% moisture, cored for analysis, and individually wrapped. Harvested plots were evaluated for herbage accumulation, botanical composition, and nutritional value. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as repeated measurements with the fixed effect of treatment, time, and their interactions, and random effect of block. Plot was considered the experimental unit. For both years ALF (Y1=1,753 and Y2=2,158 kg of DM ha-1, respectively) had a greater (P ≤ 0.048) herbage accumulation when compared to CLO (Y1=1,165 and Y2=1,946 kg of DM ha-1, respectively). Nutritive value was similar (P ≥ 0.122) for both treatments. Where ALF and CLO average 17.4, 50.7, 32.4, 63.2% (CP, NDF, ADF, TDN, respectively) with a SEM ≤ 0.943%. Both mixtures had similar nutritive value; therefore, adding legumes into bermudagrass can improve forage nutritive value. However, alfalfa-bermudagrass mixture had a greater yield in both years. Annually seeded red-clover bermudagrass mixtures provide an opportunity to produce baleage with similar nutritional value to alfalfa-bermudagrass but lower yielding.
107 Comparison of Vegetative Indices Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Satellite Imagery in Heifers Grazing Annual Ryegrass
Authors: Montgomery Sarah M , Karisch Brandi B , Czarnecki Joby 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Grazing management is heading towards a more digitized world where producers can use technology such as satellite imagery, drone imagery and global positioning system (GPS) data sets for matching real-time forage availability to livestock nutritional needs. The objective of this study was to compare vegetative indices between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and satellite imagery to observe changes in forage mass in relation to environment and grazing pressure. This project took place at the H. H. Leveck Animal Research Center located in Starkville, MS where nine, two-hectare pastures planted in Marshall annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were utilized. Each pasture was monitored with a satellite and UAV over a 76-day grazing period with images taken every 14-days. Images from the UAV were captured at 121.9 m above ground level using a DJI inspire 2 rotor wing fitted with a MicaSense RedEdge camera (MicaSense®; Seattle,WA). Satellite images were captured using a constellation of satellites from Planet (Plant Labs Inc.; San Francisco, CA). Images were processed using Pix4D (Pix4D SA; Prilly, Switzerland) and analyzed in ArcGIS (ArcGIS; Esri; Redlands, CA). Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for both imagery platforms. In addition, forage samples were collected for future analysis every 14-days to calculate biomass and observe forage nutritive value. Each UAV image was resampled using cubic convolution to match spatial resolution of the satellite image. Raster calculator in ArcGIS was utilized to calculate NDVI values between images. Reported NDVI value data were analyzed in the NPAR1WAY procedure of SAS® software, Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 2013). using a significance level of α = 0.05. Greenness of vegetation was significantly greater (P&lt; 0.0001) for the UAV compared to the satellite imagery with NDVI being 0.80 compared to 0.78 respectively. In conclusion, vegetation observed by UAV imagery reports greater density of green vegetation.
81 Reproductive Dysfunction in Cattle Following Vaccination Not a Result of Viral Infection of the Reproductive Tract
Authors: Epperson Kaitlin M , Rich Jerica J J , Northrop-Albrecht Emmalee J , Beck Erin , Perkins Stephanie , Daly Russell F , Perry George A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Impairment of bovine reproductive function and decreased pregnancy rates have been reported in modified-live vaccinated females. The objective of this study was to determine if virus could be found in various areas of the bovine reproductive tract following vaccination. Previously vaccinated beef females (n = 50) were administered a single dose of one of three treatments on d0 of the estrous cycle; BoviShield (n = 20), Titanium 5 (n = 20), or ViraShield (n = 10) based on estrus expression. Blood samples were collected on d0, 15, and 30 to evaluate Infectious Bovine-Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) titers and progesterone concentrations. On d15/16, half the animals from each treatment were non-surgically flushed with sterile saline (Uterine Fluid), and uterine biopsies (Uterine Tissue) were collected. On d17, follicular fluid and granulosa cells were collected by follicle aspirations. Remaining animals had uteri flushed and uterine tissue collected on d29, and follicles aspirated on d31. All samples were evaluated for presence of virus. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sub-luteal progesterone concentrations were observed in 15% of the BoviShield and Titanium treatments on d15 and d30, versus 0% in the ViraShield treatment. Virus isolation and RT-PCR results were negative in all samples for all animals. Titers for BVDV-1 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.99) or treatment by time (P = 0.48). Titers for IBR tended to differ by treatment (P = 0.09) and treatment by time (P = 0.06), while BVDV-2 titers were affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.01) and treatment x time (P &lt; 0.01). Sub-luteal progesterone animals had a rapid rise in IBR and BVDV-2 titers from d0 to d15 and then tended (P &lt; 0.07) to decrease to d30, compared to animals that had normal cycles where titers increased from d0 to d15 and remained elevated on d30. Collectively, these results indicate an alternative mechanism of impacting reproductive efficiency, possibly through an immune response.
Awardee Talk: Supplementing Omega-6 Fatty Acids to Beef Cows--An Alternative to Improve Overall Beef Production Efficiency.
Authors: Brandão Alice 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate: (1) effects of calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation to Bos taurus beef cows post-AI on conception rates and (2) on pregnancy establishment factors; (3) effects of CSSO supplementation to late gestating beef cows on the performance of the offspring; (4) the viability of utilizing low-moisture molasses-based blocks (LMB) as a delivery method for CSSO. In Exp. 1, 1,771 cows were divided into groups, and inseminated on d 0. After AI, groups received CSSO (n = 11), or prilled saturated fat (CON; n = 11) from d 0 to 21. Cows receiving CSSO had greater (P = 0.01) pregnancy rates. In Exp. 2, 90 cows housed in 18 pens were assigned to the same treatments and timed AI program from Exp. 1. On d 15, selected cows were assigned to conceptus collection. On d 20 blood was sampled for RNA extraction. CSSO supplementation increased (P = 0.05) mRNA expression of IFNT by the conceptus, and blood mRNA expression of ISGs. In Exp. 3, cows were assigned to receive: CSSO (n = 52) or CON (n = 52) during late gestation. CSSO cattle had greater (P ≤ 0.02) colostrum and plasma IgG; greater (P ≤ 0.05) expression of adipogenic and myogenic genes; required fewer microbial treatments for BRD (P = 0.05) and had greater longissimus muscle area compared to CON cohorts. In Exp. 4, 36 cows (n = 9 pens) were assigned to receive: 1) NOSUPP; 2) LMB, 24.7% CSSO; 3) CONC, hand-fed, 24.7% CSSO. Plasma FA were modified (P &lt; 0.01) in CONC and LMB vs. NOSUPP cows. Collectively, these results present CSSO supplementation as a strategy to improve reproductive success in Bos taurus beef cows and productive performance of offspring born from supplemented dams. These results are associated to effects of linoleic acid and its ω-6 derivates. Additionally, the use of LMB seems to be a valid delivery method for CSSO supplementation, and consequently ω-6 FA, to beef cows.
131 Pilot: Does Drinking Water Availability Affect Stocker Cattle Grazing Wheat Pasture?
Authors: Garcia Taylor J , Menghini Mariano , Jeffus Jancy , Reuter Ryan R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine if restricting drinking water affects animal performance and hematological responses in cattle grazing high-moisture-content, fresh wheat pasture. Angus-cross steers (n = 10, 411 kg ± 24.5 kg) were randomly assigned to either 100% or 50% of baseline (d -7 to 0) water intake. The design of this experiment was a completely randomized design with 5 replications, with steer as experimental unit. Steers were individually hand-watered 1X per d for the entire experiment (d -7 to 28). Body weight, packed-cell volume (PCV), plasma total solids (PTS), fecal DM (F_DM), eyeball recession score (ERS) and skin turgor score (STS) were recorded from each steer weekly. Forage mass and forage DM were calculated weekly by hand-clipping ten, randomly-located samples using a 0.96-m forage hoop. Data were analyzed using ANOVA methods in SAS v9.4, and pairwise comparisons of means were completed using Fisher’s LSD methods at the nominal 0.05 level of significance. Restricted steers gained less than unrestricted steers (P &lt; 0.01, 1.04 vs. 1.35 kg / d, respectively). Fecal DM percentage did not differ (P = 0.26). There was no difference in PCV (P = 0.15) or PTS (P = 0.27); however PCV and PTS linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from d -7 to 28 for both treatment groups. Eyeball recession score and STS did not differ between treatment groups (P = 0.34). The mean forage mass and forage DM (d -7 to 28) were 2,229 kg per hectare and 24%, respectively. In conclusion, restricting water intake to cattle grazing wheat pasture resulted in lower ADG; however differences in hematological measures of dehydration were not observed in this study.
134 Using a 100% Extruded DDGS Cube on Steers Grazing Native Range
Authors: Grigsby Zane N , Beck Paul A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 2-year trial was conducted at the Marvin Klemme Range Research Station in Bessie, OK, to analyze the effects of supplementing steers on native range with extruded 100% DDGS cubes (MasterHand Milling, Lexington, NE). Two main plot treatments were: Positive Control (PC, 249 ± 3.5 kg) supplemented with DDGS cubes at 1.8 kg/steer on alternate days only in late summer stocked at 2.5 ha/steer and High Supplement (HS, 247 ± 3.5 kg),1/3 increase in stocking rate with 0.75% of BW supplement rate with DDGS cubes 5 days per week for the entire duration of the season. For both years all steers were implanted with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate (Synovex S, Zoetis Animal Health) upon arrival. Three reimplant treatments were applied in mid-summer: 1) no reimplant; 2) Synovex S; or 3) 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (Revalor G, Merck Animal Health). In each pasture, 1/3 of the steers received each reimplant treatment. Steers grazed from mid to late May to late September in both 2019 and 2020. Data recorded for both years were combined and were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a split-plot experimental design, with supplement treatment in the main plot and mid-season reimplant in the split plot. Early season ADG for HS was 0.36 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) than PC. However, late season ADG did not differ (P ≥ 0.81). Gain per hectare was 43.3 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) for HS as compared to PC. Results from this 2-year trial show that the use of an extruded 100% DDGS cube is a viable option to successfully increase stocking while not only minimizing the potential lack of performance on an individual animal basis, but instead increased the performance of these animals in western Oklahoma. More research needs to be done to determine the effect on range condition.
2 Conducting and Communicating Environmental Impacts of Research: Forage Production, Soil Health, Sustainability
Authors: Johnson Myriah D , Dubeux José C , Franzluebbers Alan J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sustainability research is complex and involves the evaluation of tradeoffs. Environmental, economic, and social aspects should ideally be considered. Even when one only pillar of sustainability is evaluated, results should be assessed within the broader context of overall sustainability. Environmental impacts from forage and livestock systems, as well as confined animal feeding operations, can be positive and negative, depending on the type of operation, environmental setting, weather episodes, and management conditions. These systems also have associated social and economic impacts. As in all agricultural management systems, there are likely to be hotspots of damage due to a particular management style combined with the right soil, landscape, and climatic conditions. Widespread, positive benefits of pasture-based management are possible when forage resources are utilized ideally with best grazing management principles leading to enhanced soil organic carbon storage, high water infiltration, efficient nutrient cycling, and minimal water and nutrient runoff into nearby water bodies. Research to quantify the environmental impacts of livestock management systems can be designed in detail on research stations to understand the direct implications of management differences on plant biomass production that captures atmospheric CO2, on carbon stored in soil organic matter, and on greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock fed controlled diets. On-farm research is also valuable to characterize the impacts of a particular style of management across a diversity of environments using a system-level approach integrated across the farm. Communication strategies engaging major stakeholders from the livestock industry are key to deliver a consistent message to the general public. Perceived benefits, challenges, and opportunities must be science based, seeking opportunities to reduce negative impacts, and enhancing the positive ones. Messaging to the lay audience about environmental impacts can be focused on solutions from positive benefits or problems from negative effects, but should also address economic and social components.
84 Carcass Characteristics, Meat Color and Fatty Acid Profile of Feedlot Lambs Fed Novel Anthocyanin-rich Corn Cobs
Authors: Quadros Danilo G , Xu Wenwei , Kerth Chris , Tolleson Douglas , Whitney Travis R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hi-A™ is a unique type of corn developed by Texas A&M AgriLife that has high anthocyanin. A completely randomized design trial was used to evaluate the effects of three roughages, Hi-A™ corn cobs, low-A (regular) corn cobs and bermudagrass hay (BGH), in feedlot Rambouillet ewe lamb (n = 10/treatment) diets on carcass characteristics, meat color and fatty acids (FA) profile. Lambs were fed experimental diets (20% roughage and 80% concentrate) for 63-d. Then, lambs were harvested, and the carcasses evaluated. Boneless lamb loin chops, 2.5 cm thick, were fabricated and analyzed for color and FA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for a completely randomized design with diet as fixed effects and animal as a random effect with an alpha of 0.05. Carcass weight, loin eye area (LEA), body wall thickness, fat thickness, leg score, marbling, skeletal maturity, lean maturity, and flank streaking did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Dressing percentage was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the lambs fed BGH compared to Hi-A™ diets; neither of which differed (P &gt; 0.05) from lambs fed Low-A. Instrumental color characteristics L* (darkness to lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness) and chroma (total color) of fresh lamb loin chops measured under retail display did not vary (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Hue Angle (discoloration) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in loin chops from lambs fed Hi-A™ than Low-A diets, while BGH did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from the other treatments. Retail display day influenced (P &lt; 0.05) all the instrumental color characteristics, with the highest values of L*, a*, b*, and chroma on day 1 and Hue Angle on days 3 and 4. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed in the meat FA profile. No advantages of using Hi-A™ corn cobs in feedlot lamb diets were observed regarding carcass characteristics, meat color and FA profile.
73 Successful Development and Transition to a Hybrid Livestock Science Camp Experience
Authors: Pickworth Carrie L , Adams Madison 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ongoing pandemic has created a need to pivot many face-to-face programs into virtual and hybrid formats. In 2017, NC State created a week-long, immersive residential Livestock Science Camp for high school aged youth. The 2020 rapid transition to all-virtual programming reduced participation in half (36 down to 18) due to lack of perceived kinesthetic learning opportunities and direct engagement with animals. The objective herein is to describe the development and implementation of the Hybrid Livestock Science Camp Experience. The hybrid format and a scholarship program yielded diverse participation (38 in 2021). The camp included four, 5-hour days of live virtual experiential learning, a resource website, and in person workshop. Virtual programming included tours by industry leaders; at-home lab activities; interactive lab experiences, educational lectures; and collaborative reflection in break-out rooms. Following the virtual programming, campers were divided into two cohorts to attend an action filled, hands-on animal workshop for engagement with six livestock rotations. The hybrid format increased camper diversity (race, economic status, first generation college seeking, and urban youth). Campers completed a post-event survey that collected feedback on the programming and impact of camp on future goals. The results of the surveys conveyed that virtual programming was engaging and educational (mean= 4.6/5.0) and that break-out reflections are valued (mean = 4.3/5.0) meanwhile the live workshop was rated superior (mean 5.0/5.0). Additionally, over 85% of virtual Livestock Science Campers increased interest in participating in-person programming, attending college in Animal Science, and pursuing a career in a livestock industry. As one participant reflected… “My love for livestock animals has only grown in the aftermath of this camp!” Overall, a hybrid camp can be transformational in youth knowledge and perception of the livestock industries if experiences are interactive, relevant, and novel.
Egg production in the porcellanid crab Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 (Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae) in southern Brazil
Authors: Horch Amanda P , Terossi Mariana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We analysed the egg production of the porcellanid crab Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 in two coastal locations (Tramandaí and Torres) in southern Brazil. The number of eggs and egg volume were analysed during one year and compared between locations and seasons. A total of 438 ovigerous females were collected from sand banks formed by the polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863. The eggs were measured, classified into three stages of development, and quantified. Females with stage-I eggs were more frequent than those with stages II and III, possibly because it is the longest-duration stage. A positive correlation between female body size and fecundity (stage I) was observed, represented by a power function. The ovigerous females of Tramandaí and Torres had the mean/median (Tramandaí) and the maximum (both locations) fecundity higher than previously recorded for the species, nevertheless they also reached the largest body sizes. Fecundity differences were found between locations and among seasons, all attributed mainly to female size, air exposure time, and temperature. Pachycheles laevidactylus did not follow the expected latitudinal pattern of fecundity. The volume of stage-I eggs fluctuated between seasons in Tramandaí only, showing a tendency to be smaller in the warmer seasons. Ovigerous females in Torres lost 36.8% of their eggs between stages II and III, whereas no egg loss was detected in Tramandaí. A similar increase in egg volume was found from stage I to III in both locations, 44.4% in Tramandaí and 41.2% in Torres.