bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression of prothrombin in the human kidney and its potential relevance to kidney stone disease
Authors: Stapleton  , Timme  , Ryall  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine whether urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1), which shows considerable promise as a critical determinant of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation, is manufactured by the human kidney.Materials and methods Ribonucleic acid was isolated from eight kidneys, two spleens and one liver. Using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, mRNA corresponding to the UPTF1 portion of prothrombin was analysed by agarose‐gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting.Results Six kidney specimens showed clear evidence of prothrombin gene expression; expression in the kidney was less than that in the liver.Conclusion This is the first demonstration of prothrombin gene expression within the human kidney, a finding that not only has implications for CaOx stone disease but also potentially for blood coagulation.
Fixation disparity and near visual acuity
Authors: Jenkins T. C. A. , Abd‐Manan F. , Pardhan S. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryTwenty patients having associated heterophoria values of 2 Δ and greater, as recorded with a Mallett unit, had their near monocular and binocular visual acuities measured. In the latter case, measurements were taken both with the associated heterophoria corrected by prisms and without prism correction. Bradford Near Vision charts, specially designed to measure visual acuity at near in seconds of arc, were used in the acuity measurement. The improvement of binocular acuity compared with monocular acuity was less than would occur in normal subjects without associated heterophorias. When the associated heterophorias were corrected with prisms the improvement in binocular over monocular acuity was similar to that found in normal subjects, with zero associated heterophoria readings.
Beyond the linear approximations of the conventional approaches to the theory of chemical relaxation
Authors: Bianucci Marco , Grigolini Paolo , Palleschi Vincenzo 
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear coupling between the reacting system and its molecular bath results in a generalized Langevin equation with a memory kernel which is nonstationary as well as dependent on the reaction coordinate. In a preceding paper by Grigolini [J. Chem. Phys. 89, 4300 (1988)] a theory was developed to determine the reaction rate of a physical system characterized by a nonlinear interaction between system and bath. It is here shown that the local linearization adopted in that paper extends to this nonlinear condition the linear theory of Grote and Hynes, disregards also nonlinear effects, which does not conflict with the conservation of the Smoluchowski structure necessary to apply the standard first passage time approach. Here a clear distinction is made between the second-order local linearization (SOLL) and the infinite-order local linearization (IOLL). When deriving the Kramers equation from a microscopic description, it is possible to go beyond the SOLL approximation without contravening the basic requirement of keeping our description within a standard Fokker–Planck form.
Thus, the influence of nonstationary memory kernel as well as that of the anharmonic contribution of the reaction potential can be conveniently described. The next step, of basic importance for a simple expression of the chemical reaction rate in the space diffusion regime to be found, consists of deriving the Smoluchowski equation. This must be taken in a careful way so that in the linear case the Grote and Hynes theory is recovered. The study of the simple linear case shows indeed that the contraction over the variable velocity of a Kramers equation which is not fully renormalized does not lead to a correctly renormalized Smoluchowski equation, even if the IOLL is applied. A simple rule to take into account the effects of higher-order terms is then found. In the linear case, this simple rule leads to a result coincident with the exactly renormalized structure. In the nonlinear case, at the second order in the interaction between system and bath, the novel expression coincides with the results provided by the current methods to take into account the anharmonic effects produced by colored noises. The final step of our approach consists of deriving the Smoluchowski equation from this fully renormalized Kramers equation by adopting the IOLL aproximation. The final result is more general than those previously derived by Grigolini, thereby also naturally including the Grote and Hynes theory.
GCSE mathematics in further education: challenging beliefs and practices
Authors: Swan Malcolm 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the outcomes of a two‐year study on the beliefs and practices adopted by four FE teachers in their attempt to teach one‐year GCSE retake classes and the subsequent effects on students' learning. In the second year of the study, an attempt was made to perturb these practices by introducing a substantial collection of classroom discussion resources. These focused on well‐known conceptual obstacles and were intended to provoke cognitive conflict and reflection. Modest, yet significant learning gains were observed with two of the classes, but not with the others. Reasons for this appear to be related to teachers' beliefs about learning.
The role of powerful pedagogical strategies in curriculum development
Authors: Leat David , Higgins Steve 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTDespite the frenetic pace of curriculum change in England and Wales it is highly questionable to what extent classrooms have changed since the inception of the National Curriculum, as little attention has been paid to teacher development. This article describes a human‐scale approach to professional and curriculum development that relies upon powerful pedagogical strategies. The characteristics and popularity of these strategies are described. The model developed in the study of Effective Teachers of Numeracy (Askew et al., 1997) is used to explain how the use of the strategies can lead to professional and curriculum development. Particular attention is paid, through the reflective accounts of teachers who have used the strategies, to the role of pupil response in accelerating change. Finally the article discusses the way in which the strategies accord with much of what is known about how teachers plan.
Alcohol and heart muscle disease
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ‐SOLÀ JOAQUIM , ESTRUCH RAMON , URBANO‐MARQUEZ ALVARO 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Ethanol consumption may induce acute and chronic effects on the myocardium. High‐dose acute ethanol intake may induce a decrease in myocardial contraction and produce a variety of rhythm disturbances. These effects are more relevant in patients with underlying cardiomyopathy. Chronic ethanol intake may induce the development of a dilated cardiomyopathy, which is clinically and functionally similar to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is potentially reversible with abstinence. The prognosis depends on the persistence or abstinence of ethanol intake. There is a positive correlation between alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the presence of other ethanol‐related diseases, such as skeletal myopathy and cirrhosis. In patients with a specific ethanol‐related disease, the possible presence of other complications of alcoholism should be ruled out. Although there are several factors potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol‐related myocardial damage, ethanol itself may induce direct myocardial lesions, which are dose‐related and independent of nutrition, protein or ionic deficiencies. The most relevant pathogenic studies on alcoholic cardiomyopathy are based on the disruption of membrane permeability and ionic fluxes mediated by ethanol, inducing a decrease in the calcium transients through the sarcolemma and interfering with the excitation‐contraction coupling of myocytes. Cell energy depletion or protein‐turnover disruption may contribute to the deleterious effect of ethanol on the myocardium.
SAWTED: Structure Assignment With Text
Description—Enhanced detection of remote homologues with
automated SWISS-PROT annotation comparisons
Authors: MacCallum Robert M. , Kelley Lawrence A. , Sternberg Michael J. E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Sequence database search methods often identify putative sub-threshold hits of known function or structure for a given query sequence. It is widespread practice to filter these hits by hand using knowledge of function and other factors; to the expert, some hits may appear more sensible than others. SAWTED (Structure Assignment With Text Description) is an automated solution to this post-filtering problem which will be applicable to large scale genome assignments.
Results: A standard document comparison algorithm is applied to text descriptions extracted from SWISS-PROT annotations. The added value of SAWTED in combination with PSI-BLAST has been shown with a benchmark of difficult remote homologues taken from the SCOP structure database.
Availability: A SAWTED PSI-BLAST Web server is available to perform sensitive searches against the protein structure database (http://www.bmm.icnet.uk/servers/sawted).
Contact: R.MacCallum@icrf.icnet.uk
PIR: a new resource for bioinformatics
Authors: McGarvey Peter B. , Huang Hongzhan , Barker Winona C. , Orcutt Bruce C. , Garavelli John S. , Srinivasarao Geetha Y. , Yeh Lai-Su L. , Xiao Chunlin , Wu Cathy H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The Protein Information Resource (PIR) has greatly expanded its Web site and developed a set of interactive search and analysis tools to facilitate the analysis, annotation, and functional identification of proteins. New search engines have been implemented to combine sequence similarity search results with database annotation information. The new PIR search systems have proved very useful in providing enriched functional annotation of protein sequences, determining protein superfamily-domain relationships, and detecting annotation errors in genomic database archives.
Availability: http://pir.georgetown.edu/.
Contact: mcgarvey@nbrf.georgetown.edu
Characterization of bothrojaracin interaction with human prothrombin
Authors: Monteiro Robson Q. , Bock Paul E. , Bianconi M. Lucia , Zingali Russolina B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBothrojaracin (BJC) is a 27‐kD snake venom protein from Bothrops jararaca that has been characterized as a potent thrombin inhibitor. BJC binds to exosites I and II, with a dissociation constant of 0.7 nM, and influences but does not block the proteinase catalytic site. BJC also binds prothrombin through an interaction that has not been characterized. In the present work we characterize the interaction of BJC with prothrombin quantitatively for the first time, and identify the BJC binding site on human prothrombin. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrated calcium‐independent, 1:1 complex formation between fluorescein‐labeled BJC ([5F]BJC) and prothrombin, whereas no interactions were observed with activation fragments 1 or 2 of prothrombin. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that binding of BJC to prothrombin is endothermic, with a dissociation constant of 76 ± 32 nM. The exosite I‐specific ligand, hirudin54–65 (Hir54–65 (SO3−), displaced competitively [5F]BJC from prothrombin. Titration of the fluorescent hirudin54–65 derivative, [5F]Hir54–65(SO3−), with human prothrombin showed a dissociation constant of 7.0 ± 0.2 μM, indicating a ∼100‐fold lower binding affinity than that exhibited by BJC. Both ligands, however, displayed a similar, ∼100‐fold increase in affinity for exosite I when prothrombin was activated to thrombin. BJC efficiently displaced [5F]Hir54–65(SO3−) from complexes formed with thrombin or prothrombin with dissociation constants of 0.7 ± 0.9 nM and 11 ± 80 nM, respectively, indicating that BJC and Hir54–65(SO3−) compete for the same exosite on these molecules. The results indicate that BJC is a potent and specific probe of the partially exposed anion‐binding exosite (proexosite I) of human prothrombin.
Investigation of Inactive Disease States Among Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry
Authors: Mannion Melissa L. , Xie Fenglong , Beukelman Timothy ,   for the CARRA Registry Investigators
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveInactive disease is the treatment goal for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), but there are multiple measures for disease activity. The objective was to compare individuals with JIA who meet different definitions for inactive disease.MethodsDisease activity measures were determined at the 1‐year follow‐up visit for all patients with JIA enrolled in a North American multicenter registry from 2015 to 2019, the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry. Patient and disease characteristics between those who met only one composite definition of inactive disease were compared by χ2 for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum for continuous variables. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for simple disease measures.ResultsAmong all 2904 patients with JIA enrolled in the CARRA Registry with 1‐year visit data, 1984 (68%) had no active joints, 1485 (51%) had a physician global score of 0, 1366 (47%) had a patient/parent global score of 0, 1293 (45%) met the American College of Rheumatology provisional criteria for clinical inactive disease (ACR CID), and 1325 (46%) had a clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (cJADAS10) of 1 or less. Almost half (47%) did not meet either composite definition of inactive disease, and 38% met both ACR CID and cJADAS10 of 1 or less.ConclusionIn a multicenter cohort of patients with JIA in North America, a large proportion of patients had inactive disease by single or composite measures after 1 year of observation in the Registry. There was significant overlap between patients who met ACR CID criteria and those who had a cJADAS10 of 1 or less. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the reasons for discordance in inactive disease measures.
Multiple Coordination‐Derived Bioactive Hydrogel with Proangiogenic Hemostatic Capacity for Wound Repair
Authors: Luo Meng , Wang Yidan , Xie Chenxi , Lei Bo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBioactive hydrogels with multifunctional properties have shown promising potential in promoting wound repair and skin tissue regeneration. The regulation on different stages of skin wound healing (hemostasis and inflammation) is important for wound repair. Herein, a multiple coordination‐derived bioactive hydrogel (SGPA) with anti‐inflammatory proangiogenic hemostatic capacity for wound repair is reported. The SGPA is prepared through a facile multiple metal coordination action based on the sodium alginate, metal ions (Gd3+), and bisphosphate functionalized polycitrate. The SGPA exhibits a large porous structure, good injectability, and self‐healing performance, as well as controlled biodegradation. Furthermore, the SGPA has good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and can further promote the migration of endothelial cells. The SGPA hydrogel presents good hemostasis capacity in a liver hemorrhage model in vivo. The full‐thickness cutaneous wound model demonstrates that the SGPA hydrogel can effectively accelerate the wound repair through down‐regulating the inflammatory factors and stimulating the angiogenesis around the wound beds. This work suggests that the multiple metal‐organic coordination may be a good strategy to construct the multifunctional bioactive hydrogel for wound repair.
A Bioprinted Bruch's Membrane for Modeling Smoke‐Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Degeneration via Hybrid Membrane Printing Technology
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Kong Jeong Sik , Kim Hyeonji , Jo Yeonggwon , Cho Dong‐Woo , Jang Jinah 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) not only forms the outer blood‐retinal barrier (oBRB) but also plays a multifunctional role in the ocular system. The loss of this epithelium leads to serious diseases resulting in vision impairment. No effective treatment is available for the repair of RPE damage. A functional in vitro RPE model that allows the recapitulation of oBRB‐related pathophysiological responses is lacking. Here, a hybrid membrane printing technology is developed to fabricate cellular monolayers on the basement membrane to mimic human Bruch's membrane (BM). Using this technology, in vitro oBRB model containing the RPE monolayer on the printed BM with stable mechanical properties and fibril diameter similar to that of natural BM is developed. Compared to traditional collagen bioink, BM‐based bioink significantly promotes RPE functions in vitro. Finally, smoking‐like conditions are exposed to the model to recapitulate the absorption of mainstream cigarette smoke which is known as one of the risk factors for the disease progression. RPE function is damaged due to oxidative stress. Furthermore, the versatility of the model as a drug‐testing platform is confirmed by the suppression of oxidative stress via antioxidants. This technology shows potential for fabricating a functional oBRB model that reflects patient conditions.
Self‐Propelling Nanomotors Integrated with Biofilm Microenvironment‐Activated NO Release to Accelerate Healing of Bacteria‐Infected Diabetic Wounds
Authors: Xie Shuang , Huang Kun , Peng Jiawen , Liu Yuan , Cao Wenxiong , Zhang Dandan , Li Xiaohong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcer (DFU) treatment is challenged by persistent bacterial infection and hyperglycemia‐caused vascular dysplasia. Herein, self‐propelled nanomotors are designed to achieve biofilm microenvironment (BME)‐activated multistage release of NO for effective sterilization and subsequent angiogenesis promotion. CaO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are capped with PDA layers, followed by complexation with Fe2+ and surface grafting of cysteine‐NO to obtain Janus Ca@PDAFe‐CNO NPs. In response to low pH in BME, the decomposition of CaO2 cores generates O2 from one side of Janus NPs to propel biofilm penetration, and the released H2O2 and Fe2+ produce •OH through Fenton reaction. The concurrent glutathione‐triggered release of NO can be converted into reactive nitrogen species, which exhibit significantly higher bactericidal efficacy than those with only generation of •OH or NO. The slow release of NO for an extended time period promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration. On Staphylococcus aureus‐infected skin wounds of diabetic mice, NP treatment eliminates bacterial infections and significantly elevates blood vessel densities, leading to full wound recovery and regeneration of arranged collagen fibers and skin accessories. Thus, the self‐propelling and multistage release of NO provide a feasible strategy to combat biofilm infection without using any antibiotics and accelerate angiogenesis and wound healing for DFU treatment.
Coordination Symmetry Breaking of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Robust and Efficient Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Cheng Xue‐Feng , He Jing‐Hui , Ji Hao‐Qing , Zhang Hao‐Yu , Cao Qiang , Sun Wu‐Ji , Yan Cheng‐Lin , Lu Jian‐Mei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNitrate electrocatalytic reduction (NO3RR) for ammonia production is a promising strategy to close the N‐cycle from nitration contamination, as well as an alternative to the Haber–Bosch process with less energy consumption and carbon dioxide release. However, current long‐term stability of NO3RR catalysts is usually tens of hours, far from the requirements for industrialization. Here, symmetry‐broken Cusingle‐atom catalysts are designed, and the catalytic activity is retained after operation for more than 2000 h, while an average ammonia production rate of 27.84 mg h−1 cm−2 at an industrial level current density of 366 mA cm−2 is achieved, obtaining a good balance between catalytic activity and long‐term stability. Coordination symmetry breaking is achieved by embedding one Cu atom in graphene nanosheets with two N and two O atoms in the cis‐configuration, effectively lowering the coordination symmetry, rendering the active site more polar, and accumulating more NO3− near the electrocatalyst surface. Additionally, the cis‐coordination splits the Cu 3d orbitals, which generates an orbital‐symmetry‐matched π‐complex of the key intermediate *ONH and reduces the energy barrier, compared with the σ‐complex generated with other catalysts. These results reveal the critical role of coordination symmetry in single‐atom catalysts, prompting the design of more coordination‐symmetry‐broken electrocatalysts toward possible industrialization.
Skin‐Interfaced Microfluidic System with Machine Learning‐Enabled Image Processing of Sweat Biomarkers in Remote Settings
Authors: Baker Lindsay B. , Seib Melissa S. , Barnes Kelly A. , Brown Shyretha D. , King Michelle A. , De Chavez Peter John D. , Qu Shankang , Archer Julian , Wolfe Anthony S. , Stofan John R. , Carter James M. , Wright Donald E. , Wallace Jessica , Yang Da Som , Liu Shanliangzi , Anderson John , Fort Tucker , Li Weihua , Wright John A. , Lee Stephen P. , Model Jeffrey B. , Rogers John A. , Aranyosi Alexander J. , Ghaffari Roozbeh 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDehydration has many deleterious effects on cognitive and physical performance as well as physiological function, in the context of sports, industrial work, clinical rehabilitation, and military applications. Because sweat loss and electrolyte loss vary across individuals, conventional sweat testing strategies using absorbent patch techniques are employed in laboratory settings to characterize sweat biomarkers; however, these techniques are not suitable for remote environments. Here, an updated wearable microfluidic sweat testing system targeted for recreational athletes is presented that includes a microfluidic patch accommodating a broad range of sweating rates, and a smartphone app incorporating digital image processing algorithms to enable real‐time analysis under different lighting conditions and patch orientations. Expansive field trials (n = 148 subjects) show significant correlations between the microfluidic patch and standard absorbent patch in measuring sweating rate and sweat chloride concentration during recreational exercise. This validation study demonstrates the applicability of the microfluidic patch and software platform for field testing in recreational athletes.