bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POINCARÉ’S RELATIVITY THEORY
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhile lecturing at the Sorbonne, Poincaré compared the competing ether theories and gauged them according to their compatibility with the principle of relativity and the principle of reaction. He decided that the ether, having been the object of so many conflicting theories, was not as substantial as ordinary matter and therefore could not be detected through ether-drift experiments. He thus was the first author to assert the strict validity of the relativity principle in optics and electrodynamics. Toward the end of the century, he deplored that Lorentz’s theory violated the principle of reaction and satisfied the relativity principle only in an artificial and partial manner. In 1900, he interpreted Lorentz’s transformed states, including the local time, as the states measured by moving observers. In 1905, he gave the exact Lorentz transformations as the formal expression of the relativity postulate. He constructed the electron and the gravitational force so as to respect this symmetry.
THE RELATIVITY THEORY OF EINSTEIN, MINKOWSKI, AND LAUE
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractYoung Einstein developed an electrodynamics of moving bodies similar to Lorentz’s, including ideas for testing the effects of the ether wind. He eventually gave up and assumed the exact validity of the relativity principle: he required the expression of physical laws to be the same in every inertial frame. He first tried and failed to achieve this by making the velocity of light depend on the velocity of the source. In 1905, he reconciled the relativity principle with the constancy of the velocity of light by redefining time through optical synchronization. From these premises he derived now familiar results of special relativity, including the equivalence between mass and energy. In 1907, Minkowski reinterpreted Einstein’s theory in a new four-space of events equipped with a powerful tensor algebra. His work seduced the electron theorists, who had been supporting Abraham’s purely electromagnetic electron. Max Laue used it to construct a relativistic continuum dynamics.
FROM RIEMANN TO RICCI
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the 1820s Gauss characterized the intrinsic geometry of a surface through a metric formula and the associated curvature. Riemann later generalized these notions to a manifold of arbitrary dimensions and gave the general expression of the intrinsic curvature, without proof. Dedekind, Christoffel, and Lipschitz struggled to reconstruct the missing calculations, mostly in the algebraic context of the equivalence of two (quadratic) differential forms. The end result was Ricci-Curbastro’s “absolute differential calculus,” which contained the basic apparatus of modern differential calculus on a manifold. The geometric interpretation came after general relativity, when Levi-Civita explained Riemann’s curvature tensor through a new concept of parallel displacement. Riemann’s geometry went beyond the synthetic non-Euclidean geometries earlier proposed by Bolyai and Lobachevsky. There was frequent speculation, especially from astronomers, that the new geometries may apply to the physical world. Riemann and Clifford even conceived that space curvature might express the presence of matter.
Contextual Emergence in Condensed-Matter Physics
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn Chapter 5 it is argued that condensed-matter physics (CMP) offers demonstrably many-bodied and multiscale/intrascale examples of the contextual emergence pattern. Most notably, we have many-bodied systems with long-range entanglements operating under various multiscale constraints and stability conditions. This chapter is devoted to CMP because it offers a powerful and, in many ways, unique multiscale glimpse into the inherently relational nature of reality and the role of contexts as fundamental.
Contextual Emergence in Biology and Neuroscience
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe focus of this Chapter 6 is biology and neuroscience. We see that the same pattern of contextual emergence arises in these domains. The chapter begins by digging into systems biology (Section 6.2), and then turns to neuroscience and cognitive science (Section 6.3). In these areas, multiscale contexts and contextual emergence play key roles in all the phenomena. The chapter concludes with some briefer examples from biology and ecology that illustrate the broadness of the contextual emergence pattern.
What Happened to the Soviet University?
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This monograph explores how one of the largest geopolitical changes of the twentieth century—the dissolution of the Soviet Union—triggered and inspired the reconfiguration of the Soviet university. The reader is invited to engage in a historical and sociological sensemaking of radical and incremental changes affecting 69 former Soviet universities since the early 1990s. The monograph departs from traditional deficit-oriented, internalist explanations of change and illustrates how global flows of ideas, people, and finances have impacted higher education transformations in this region. It also identifies areas of persistence. The processes of marketisation, internationalisation, and academic liberation are analysed to show that universities have maintained certain traditions while adopting and internalising new ways of fulfilling their education and research functions. Soviet universities have survived chaotic processes of post-Soviet transformations and have self-stabilised with time. Most of them remain flagship institutions with large numbers of students and relatively high research productivity. At the same time, the majority of these universities operate in a top-down, one-man management environment with limited institutional autonomy and academic freedom. As the homes of intellectuals, universities represent a duality of opportunity and threat. Universities can nurture collective possibilities, imagining and bringing about a different future. At the same time, or perhaps because of this, the probability is high that universities will continue to be perceived as threats to governments with authoritarian inclinations. One message to take away from this monograph is that the time is ripe for former Soviet universities to loosen their last remaining chains.
Seeing Things in Poetry
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractConsidering the visual elements of prose poetry, both in some formal qualities and in how visual aspects are portrayed and perceived in the time and space of Baudelaire’s poetic prose, this chapter explores the longstanding and conflictual relationship between poetry and the visual: one of the key themes of Baudelaire’s poetic imaginary, one that defines both poetic form and the process for other writers of the period. The encounter between the poetic and the visual (as well as the limitations of the senses more generally) is played out in “Le Fou et la Vénus,” as well as in the broader context of Baudelaire’s writing on sculpture and visual arts. The senses’ relationship to art is problematized and brought to the fore in a discussion of the thematic of Time, and how our experience of poetry exists, for better or worse, within it, in the space between what can be seen and what can be expressed.
The Dialect of Modernity
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWith its analysis of licentious poetry, the figure of the prostitute, and the hypocrisy inherent to societal notions of gallantry which permeated literary language of the mid-nineteenth century, this chapter considers the extent to which modernity sought to shock and disrupt as a very condition of its being. Such aspects layers of the modern lexicon are key elements to the contradiction present in the very notion of the modern prose poem. By listening to elements that had heretofore remained inaudible and by situating visual cues within the broader context of the tension between sights and sounds, we gain access to additional layers and dimensions that contribute to the coexistence that is inherent to Baudelaire’s poetic prose.
Epilogue
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis closing chapter looks at the prose poem in the nineteenth century, after Baudelaire, through a few brief textual analyses that shed light on the early years of Baudelaire’s enduring influence. It specifically considers the link between the posthumous publication of Baudelaire’s prose poems and Arthur Rimbaud’s poetic innovations, in which Rimbaud’s formal innovations push far beyond Baudelaire’s prose poetry. This Epilogue also poses a new question about the very role of poetry: as an essential manner of negotiating a modern world in a way which defies linearity, and any kind of clear delimitation between prose writing and poetry as distinct forms. The relationship between form and modernity is more intricately linked than before in Rimbaud’s poetry, and the poetic enterprise remains as essential as ever.
Legitimacy in Global Governance
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis opening chapter sets the stage for the book. It first elaborates the motivation of the study in terms of the need to understand levels, patterns, and sources of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, including in particular possible gaps between public and elite opinion in this regard. Next, the chapter reviews the state of existing knowledge on the subject and thereby identifies the distinctive empirical, theoretical, and methodological contributions of the book. The chapter then sets out the study’s theoretical approach and research design, followed by a summary of main results and their implications for research and politics. The introductory chapter finishes with a plan for the rest of the book.
Explaining Legitimacy Beliefs in Global Governance
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the book’s theory of elite and citizen legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, and the gap between the two. It elaborates the study’s individual-level theoretical approach, as well as the four explanations that focus respectively on socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust. For each explanatory logic, the chapter spells out expectations about citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs, as well as the gap in elite–citizen legitimacy. The final section of the chapter operationalizes each of the four logics in terms of a pair of indicators.
Explaining Elite Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines possible individual-level explanations of elite legitimacy beliefs, in terms of socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust. It also investigates how elites’ professional characteristics (i.e., sector, issue focus, work orientation, and experience with international organizations) are related to confidence in international organizations. Regression analyses find that, overall, domestic institutional trust most consistently relates to elite legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations, followed by socioeconomic status, political values, and geographical identification. The applicability of these four explanations for elite opinion varies across international organizations and countries, which suggests that organizational and country contexts matter for the explanatory power of the individual-level logics. Professional characteristics are also found to shape elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance to some degree.
Patterns of Legitimacy Crises in 32 International Organizations
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a large-N analysis of legitimacy crises in international organizations (IOs). It introduces a quantitative measure of legitimacy crisis based on media coverage of elite criticisms and mass protests in leading global newswires. This measure captures historical peaks in legitimacy challenges from different legitimacy audiences over time. The analysis of 32 global and regional IOs between 1985 and 2020 reveals that many, but not all, IOs in the underlying sample have undergone some form of legitimacy crisis. One third of the IOs in this sample have not experienced anything that comes close to a legitimacy crisis, and many others only face relatively weak or unique challenges. The descriptive analysis identifies a concentration of legitimacy crises between 1995 and 2005 while some IOs experienced the worst crisis after 2015, like the EU in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, the G20 with clashes in Hamburg in 2017, and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter also reveals a large variation in legitimacy crises at the level of their constitutive audiences, from state to nonstate actors, from geographical or organizational insiders to outsiders, from social elite members to protesters at street level.
The Legitimacy Crises of the WTO and the UNFCCC
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth analysis to show how legitimacy crises unfold in two particular cases: the international trade regime, with the World Trade Organization (WTO) at its core, and the international climate regime, built upon the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The analysis confirms the crisis years identified in Chapter 3 for both international organizations (IOs). In addition, it identifies additional crises and establishes connections between some crisis years, grouping some of them together into longer crisis periods—for the WTO from 1998 to 1999 and between 2001 and 2005, for the UNFCCC from 2000 to 2001 and in 2009. The chapter finds that all four crises share various properties that were established in the conceptualization in Chapter 2: They are dominated by constituent audiences and a high degree of normative depth, and, with one exception, a high degree of social breadth, i.e., they are spanning various state and nonstate, elite, and mass audiences. These complementary findings confirm the methodological approach, i.e., that the intensity of legitimacy crises—and their potential to affect an IO’s capacity to rule—is best assessed by a combination of methods.
Conclusion
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter draws on both parts of the book to better understand the research problem identified at the outset: why is it that crises of legitimacy in multilateral governance, despite the benefits for any organization of having legitimacy, sometimes do not affect the targeted organizations or—contrary to received predictions—even strengthen their capacity to rule? It synthesizes the main contributions across chapters and highlights how they address existing gaps in research on legitimacy in global governance. The chapter revisits the theoretical contribution that helps to understand how crises affect the strength of multilateral institutions in both positive and negative ways. The chapter then moves on to broader implications of these results beyond the empirical confines of this study, pertaining to the problems in both politics and political science that the study was designed to address. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for existing literature, future research opportunities, and political debates on the liberal world order, human challenges in global politics, and the proper role of legitimacy, as analyzed in this research field, in political discourses and practice.
Michał Kalecki on International Equilibrium and Full Employment
Authors: Osiatyński Jerzy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Kalecki’s ideas on the problem of equilibrium in the balance of payments while pursuing the policy of achieving and maintaining full employment. In 1943 the respective American and British plans to establish an International Stabilization Fund and an International Clearing Union known, after the names of their main authors, as the White and the Keynes plans respectively, were published. The essence of Kalecki’s extension of Keynes’s plan is examined here, as well as Kalecki’s practical experience, a few years later, in the context of his supervision of the United Nations reports on full employment policies pursued by individual UN member countries and on their balance of trade positions.
The Keynes Plan and the White Plan at Bretton Woods
Authors: Clarke Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the context in which a Keynes plan, and then a rival White plan had originated from 1941 onwards; and how to understand why Keynes contrived to agree on the proposals that became the agenda for Bretton Woods in 1944. For this represented a dilution, or even a betrayal, of the Keynes plan in the form in which it had originally been presented and discussed. In this context, it can be seen that much in the Keynes plan that had initially attracted Kalecki’s sympathetic attention in 1943 had meanwhile been subsumed or subverted within an agreed compromise that was closer to the American White plan. And the responsibility for this reorientation lay with Keynes himself, now acting not as an economist so much as an emissary of the increasingly beleaguered British Government, with its dependence on American support ever more evident.
Prebisch’s Critique of Bretton Woods Plans
Authors: Pérez Caldentey Esteban , Vernengo Matías 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHaving explained Prebisch’s proposal for a national autonomous monetary policy, and his dismissal from the Central Bank of Argentina just as the new international monetary plans were being developed, this chapter centres on Prebisch’s critique of Keynes’s and White’s international monetary plans. This critique touches on the question of monetary autonomy that Prebisch considered was necessary for developing countries to industrialise. Next, the chapter focuses on Prebisch’s preferred option, Williams’s ‘key currency proposal’, and highlights the existing similarities between Kalecki’s views on the international monetary plans and the changes needed to transform these into a workable alternative with those by Prebisch.
The Rise and Fall of the Bretton Woods Systems and the Re-Emergence of Private Debt in Developing Economies
Authors: Levy-Orlik Noemi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that the Bretton Woods system was dysfunctional because it required private financial capital to be inactive and rested on one national currency, originating in the economy of the United States, needed to run external deficits to provide worldwide liquidity. Fixed exchange rates, although adjustable, failed to guarantee enough liquidity for international trade or financial stability. Long-term loans were insufficient to finance the economic growth and development of backward regions. Thus, the multilateral system failed, and beggar-thy-neighbour practices reappeared, along with an unregulated financial market (Eurodollar market), which planted the seeds that destabilized the international financial system at the beginning of the 1970s. This was the genesis of a new international financial order that internationalized and even globalized domestic economic structures, spreading financial and economic instability.
The Incomparable Monsignor
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Monsignor Francesco Bianchini’s birth in Verona and his education in Bologna, Padua, and Rome. It mentions how Bianchini emerged well-trained in the Jesuit humanistic curriculum and Galilean science. He was a diplomat by nature and necessity and his ambitions were moderate, as were his means, namely his parents, Gaspare and Cornelia, that were Venetian subjects of the merchant class. The chapter describes the Bianchini family that lived at the Ponte delle Navi, a bridge over the Adige close to the church of San Fermo Maggiore. Bianchini’s nephew and first biographer, Alessandro Mazzoleni, mentioned singular piety as the first among his uncle’s character traits.
A Galilean Education
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“A Galilean Education” centers on Bianchini’s training first at the Jesuit College in Bologna, then in the Galilean school of Geminiano Montanari in Padua, and finally in the eclectic metropolitan science practiced at Giovanni Giustino Ciampini’s Physico-Mathematical Academy in Rome. The chapter develops Bianchini’s character as a scholar, humanist, diplomat, and pious but not bigoted Catholic. As the eldest son of a family of modest means, he had to prepare early in life for an independent career. At first his ambitions centered on a post in the Vatican Library, but important patronage from the Ottoboni family, procured through an uncle, enabled him to do much better when Pietro Ottoboni became Pope Alexander VIII.
Jacobite Adventures
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After spectacular defeat while attempting to take Britain by force in 1715, James III moved from France to Italy. With papal support, he established a court first at Urbino and then in Rome; Bianchini frequently attended him in both places. The pope, still Clement XI, urged James to marry and produce a second generation of claimants to the thrones of his ancestors. The search for an eligible bride willing to risk her chances with a king without a kingdom was long and difficult; finally, Charles Wogan, an Irish mixture of d’Artagnan and Cyrano de Bergerac, located a suitable princess in the form of Jan Sobieski’s granddaughter and Clement’s goddaughter, Maria Clementina Sobieski. Her rescue by Wogan from a castle in which she was imprisoned at the request of the new king of England, George I, who wanted to prevent the marriage, gained James a consort, Wogan the citizenship of Rome, and Bianchini a perfect model of Catholic feminine virtue. New medallions were embedded in the floor of Santa Maria degli Angeli in honor of the royal couple. The marriage was not a happy one. Bianchini took Clementina’s part and was cut off from the Jacobite court.
Digging into History
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Digging into History” describes Bianchini’s wide-ranging work in archaeology and early church history during the years between Clement XI’s death in 1721 and his own in 1729. His major achievements were an investigation of a newly exposed columbarium with niches containing urns filled with the ashes of the slaves and free servants of Livia, the wife of Emperor Augustus, and a fanciful reconstruction of the palace of Domitian inspired by finds on the Palatine hill. From inscriptions he took from the urns, Bianchini analyzed the house-hold duties of Livia’s servants and so threw light on the social life of the palace. From ruins excavated as he watched and principles of symmetry he ascribed to Vitruvius, Bianchini designed Domitian’s palace as if it were one for an emperor of his own time. While thus over-engaged, he found time to deposit his great learning about early church history in annotations to the collection of lives of the popes compiled in the 8th century by Anastasius Bibliothecarius.