bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Nonsurgical Treatment of Neonatal Ear Anomalies
Authors: Moss Colleen Reilly , Gargaro Clare 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Inspection and evaluation of the neonate's ears are important parts of the neonatal examination. Neonates display a wide variety of ear size and configuration. In many cases, ear molding techniques obviate the need for future surgical correction. This article provides a review of the fetal ear development and describes common physical examination findings of the newborn's external ear. A case report reviews a successful nonsurgical treatment of a minor ear deformity.

Clinical Findings:
Newborn infant with near absent to very thin bilateral helical rims and otherwise normal bilateral ear shape and structures.

Primary Diagnosis:
Bilateral Stahl's ear deformity.

Interventions:
The EarBuddies product was applied to bilateral ears in an outpatient pediatric plastic surgery clinic. This product remained in place for 8 weeks.

Outcomes:
The family was pleased with the overall progress and shape of their child's ears. At 18 months of age, the family has no desire to pursue surgical correction of their child's ears.

Practice Recommendations:
Assessment of the newborn's external ear is part of a routine admission examination. Careful attention to abnormal or unusual findings allows for prompt evaluation and nonsurgical intervention.
Surgical procedures with questionable indications: an update
Authors: Jargin Sergei 
Published: July 2022

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<p>This review summarizes available data on invasive procedures applied with questionable clinical indications in Russia in the recent past: mastectomy with the removal of muscles, extensive gastric resections for peptic ulcers, thoracic and abdominal surgery for diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma and other respiratory conditions, overuse of surgery in tuberculosis, overtreatment of alcoholics. Among factors contributing to the use of invasive procedures with unproven efficiency have been the partial isolation from international scientific community, disregard for the principles of informed consent and scientific polemics. It is known that invasive procedures can exert a placebo effect. By definition, placebo must be harmless.</p>
Evaluating the neuropeptide–social cognition link in ageing: the mediating role of basic cognitive skills
Authors: Polk Rebecca , Horta Marilyn , Lin Tian , Porges Eric , Ojeda Marite , Nazarloo Hans P. , Carter C. Sue , Ebner Natalie C. 
Published: July 2022

The roles of oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) as crucial modulators of social cognition and related behaviours have been extensively addressed in the literature. The involvement of these neuropeptides in social cognition in ageing, however, and a potential mediating effect of basic cognitive capacities on this link, are not well understood. To fill these research gaps, this study assessed associations of plasma OT and AVP levels with dynamic emotion identification accuracy in generally healthy older men (aged 55–95 years) and probed the underlying roles of crystallized and fluid cognition in these associations. Higher plasma OT levels were associated with lower accuracy in dynamic emotion identification, with this negative relationship fully mediated by cognition. For plasma AVP levels, in contrast, there was no association with dynamic emotion identification accuracy. Integrated within existing theoretical accounts, results from this study advance understanding of the neuropeptide–social cognition link in ageing and support basic cognitive capacities as mediators in this association.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
Sex-specific and social experience-dependent oxytocin–endocannabinoid interactions in the nucleus accumbens: implications for social behaviour
Authors: Borie Amélie M. , Young Larry J. , Liu Robert C. 
Published: July 2022

Oxytocin modulates social behaviour across diverse vertebrate taxa, but the precise nature of its effects varies across species, individuals and lifetimes. Contributing to this variation is the fact that oxytocin's physiological effects are mediated through interaction with diverse neuromodulatory systems and can depend on the specifics of the local circuits it acts on. Furthermore, those effects can be influenced by both genetics and experience. Here we discuss this complexity through the lens of a specific neuromodulatory system, endocannabinoids, interacting with oxytocin in the nucleus accumbens to modulate prosocial behaviours in prairie voles. We provide a survey of current knowledge of oxytocin–endocannabinoid interactions in relation to social behaviour. We review in detail recent research in monogamous female prairie voles demonstrating that social experience, such as mating and pair bonding, can change how oxytocin modulates nucleus accumbens glutamatergic signalling through the recruitment of endocannabinoids to modulate prosocial behaviour toward the partner. We then discuss potential sex differences in experience-dependent modulation of the nucleus accumbens by oxytocin in voles based on new data in males. Finally, we propose that future oxytocin-based precision medicine therapies should consider how prior social experience interacts with sex and genetics to influence oxytocin actions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
Oxytocin interactions with central dopamine and serotonin systems regulate different components of motherhood
Authors: Grieb Zachary A. , Lonstein Joseph S. 
Published: July 2022

The role of oxytocin in maternal caregiving and other postpartum behaviours has been studied for more than five decades. How oxytocin interacts with other neurochemical systems to enact these behavioural changes, however, is only slowly being elucidated. The best-studied oxytocin–neurotransmitter interaction is with the mesolimbic dopamine system, and this interaction is essential for maternal motivation and active caregiving behaviours such as retrieval of pups. Considerably less attention has been dedicated to investigating how oxytocin interacts with central serotonin to influence postpartum behaviour. Recently, it has become clear that while oxytocin–dopamine interactions regulate the motivational and pup-approach aspects of maternal caregiving behaviours, oxytocin–serotonin interactions appear to regulate nearly all other aspects including postpartum nursing, aggression, anxiety-like behaviour and stress coping strategy. Collectively, oxytocin's interactions with central dopamine and serotonin systems are thus critical for the entire suite of behavioural adaptations exhibited in the postpartum period, and these sites of interaction are potential pharmacological targets for where oxytocin could help to ameliorate deficits in maternal caregiving and poor postpartum mental health.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
Oxytocin and testosterone administration amplify viewing preferences for sexual images in male rhesus macaques
Authors: Jiang Yaoguang , Sheng Feng , Belkaya Naz , Platt Michael L. 
Published: July 2022

Social stimuli, like faces, and sexual stimuli, like genitalia, spontaneously attract visual attention in both human and non-human primates. Social orienting behaviour is thought to be modulated by neuropeptides as well as sex hormones. Using a free viewing task in which paired images of monkey faces and anogenital regions were presented simultaneously, we found that male rhesus macaques overwhelmingly preferred to view images of anogenital regions over faces. They were more likely to make an initial gaze shift towards, and spent more time viewing, anogenital regions compared with faces, and this preference was accompanied by relatively constricted pupils. On face images, monkeys mostly fixated on the forehead and eyes. These viewing preferences were found for images of both males and females. Both oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide linked to social bonding and affiliation, and testosterone (TE), a sex hormone implicated in mating and aggression, amplified the pre-existing orienting bias for female genitalia over female faces; neither treatment altered the viewing preference for male anogenital regions over male faces. Testosterone but not OT increased the probability of monkeys making the first gaze shift towards female anogenital rather than face pictures, with the strongest effects on anogenital images of young and unfamiliar females. Finally, both OT and TE promoted viewing of the forehead region of both female and male faces, which display sexual skins, but decreased the relative salience of the eyes of older males. Together, these results invite the hypothesis that both OT and TE regulate reproductive behaviours by acting as a gain control on the visual orienting network to increase attention to mating-relevant signals in the environment.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
Effect of hospital assignment on mortality for AMI patients
Authors: Grøsland Mari , Telle Kjetil , Øien Henning 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInternational guidelines recommend percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to treat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) if PCI can be performed within two hours. PCI is a centralized treatment, and therefore a common trade-off is whether to send AMI patients directly to a hospital that performs PCI, or postponing a potential PCI-treatment by first receiving acute treatment at a non-PCI-hospital. In this paper, we estimate the effect of sending patients directly to a PCI-hospital on AMI mortality. Since the underlying health of patients may affect both hospital assignment and mortality, estimates from traditional multivariate risk adjustment models are likely biased. We therefore apply an instrumental variable (IV) model using the historical municipal share that is sent directly to a PCI-hospital as an instrument for being sent directly to a PCI-hospital. Our results disclose that patients sent directly to a PCI-hospital are younger and have fewer comorbidities than patients who are first sent to a non-PCI-hospital. Our IV results suggest that those initially sent to PCI-hospitals have 4.8 percentage points decrease (95% CI (-18.1)-8.5) in mortality after one month compared to those initially sent to non-PCI-hospitals. However, the estimates are too imprecise to conclude that health personnel should change their practice.
Trauma-informed approaches in primary healthcare and community mental healthcare: a mixed methods systematic review of organisational change interventions
Authors: Lewis Natalia V , Bierce Angel , Feder Gene S , Macleod John , Turner Katrina M , Zammit Stan , Dawson Shoba 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA trauma-informed approach is a framework for organisational (synonym system) change interventions that address the universal prevalence and impact of trauma. This mixed methods systematic review assessed the effects of trauma-informed approaches on psychological, behavioural, and health outcomes in healthcare providers and adult patients in primary care and community mental healthcare. We searched five databases and grey literature and consulted experts for reports published in January 1990-June 2021. The quantitative descriptive and qualitative framework syntheses were integrated through a line of argument and mapped onto a logic model. We included six non-randomized studies that evaluated eight interventions with varied theoretical development, components, and outcomes. The most common components were budget allocation, workforce development, identification/response to violence and trauma, and evaluation. Evidence for intervention effects was limited and conflicting. Four studies reported improvement in provider readiness and sense of community, while three reported conflicting effects on provider behaviour regarding delivery of trauma-informed care. Four studies reported some improvement in patient readiness for disease management and access to services; however, the evidence for patient satisfaction was conflicting. Two studies found that patients and providers felt safe.While one study reported improvement in patient quality of life and chronic pain, another found no effect on substance use, and three studies reported conflicting effects on mental health. Interventions mechanisms included a package of varied components, tailoring to the organisational needs, capacities, and preferences, staff education and self-care, creating safe environments, shared decision-making. Intervention effects were moderated by contextual (health system values, policies, governance, business models, trauma-informed movement, organisational culture, social determinants of health) and intervention factors (buy-in from all staff, collective learning through conversations, equal attention to staff and patient well-being, sustainable funding). No studies measured adverse events/harm, cost effectiveness, or providers’ health. We need more methodologically robust evaluations of trauma-informed organisational change interventions.A preprint of this article has previously been deposited in the preprint server for health sciences [1].
An integrated multi-omics analysis of sleep-disordered breathing traits across multiple blood cell types
Authors: Kurniansyah Nuzulul , Wallace Danielle A , Zhang Ying , Yu Bing , Cade Brian , Wang Heming , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Reiner Alexander P , Ramos Alberto R , Smith Joshua D , Cai Jianwen , Daviglus Martha , Zee Phyllis C , Kaplan Robert , Kooperberg Charles , Rich Stephen S , Rotter Jerome I , Gharib Sina A. , Redline Susan , Sofer Tamar 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundSleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) is characterized by repeated breathing reductions or cessations during sleep, often accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation. How SDB affects the molecular environment is still poorly understood.MethodsWe studied the association of three SDB measures: the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), average and minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep (AvgO2 and MinO2) with gene expression measured using RNA-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, and T-cells, in ∼500 individuals from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). We developed genetic instrumental variables (IVs) for the associated transcripts as polygenic risk scores (tPRS), then generalized and validated the tPRS in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). Next, we constructed the tPRS and studied their association with SDB measures (to identify potential reverse causal associations) and with serum metabolites (to identify downstream effects) in ∼12,000 and ∼4,000 participants, respectively, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Finally, we estimated the association of these SDB measures with transcript IV-associated metabolites in HCHS/SOL, to verify complete association pathways linking SDB, gene expression, and metabolites.ResultsAcross the three leukocyte cell types, 96 gene transcripts were associated with at least one SDB exposure (False Discovery Rate (FDR) p-value <0.1). Across cell populations, estimated log-fold expression changes were similar between AHI and MinO2 (Spearman correlations>0.90), and less similar between AvgO2 and the other exposures. Eight and four associations had FDR p-value<0.05 when the analysis was not adjusted and adjusted to BMI, respectively. Associations include known genes that respond to (PDGFC) and regulate response to (AJUBA) hypoxia. We identified a complete “chain” linking AvgO2,P2RX4, and butyrylcarnitine (C4), suggesting that increased expression of the purinergic receptorP2RX4may improve average oxyhemoglobin saturation and decrease butyrylcarnitine (C4) levels.ConclusionsOur results support a mechanistic role for purinergic signaling and hypoxic signaling, among others, in SDB. These findings show differential gene expression by blood cell type in relation to SDB traits and linkP2XR4expression to influencing AvgO2 and butyrylcarnitine (C4) levels. Overall, we employed novel methods for integrating multi-omic data to evaluate biological mechanisms underlying multiple SDB traits.
Stalled malaria control – root causes and possible remedies
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundMalaria control has been stalled for some years in many African countries. We suggest reasons for the stalling, and ways of remedying the situation.MethodsWe analyse malaria data from Kenya and Tanzania using mathematical analysis and a deterministic model for mosquito and malaria population dynamics. The model was produced in Microsoft Excel and is usable by persons who are neither mathematicians nor specialised modellers.ResultsIn Kenya, there was no significant decline in malaria incidence during the last decade, despite 50-80% of the human population owning and using insecticide-treated bed-nets (ITN). Similar situations exist in Tanzania and Uganda. There were only limited declines in malaria incidence in Kenyan counties where indoor spraying of residual insecticides covered about 90% of the dwellings. This is especially surprising since, in the earlier decade, a rapid drop in malaria incidence followed much less intense control operations. While there have been well documented increases in resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to various pyrethroids, these are not sufficient to explain the stalled control. Instead, we suggest that this is largely due to a change in the species composition and behaviour of the vector populations, consequent on the widespread use of ITN. Quantitative support for this view is offered by our mathematical analyses and modelling of published data on changes in malaria incidence and levels of access to, and use of, ITN. The modelling also suggests that a resumed decline in the incidence of malaria might best be achieved by increasing ITN coverage as close as possible to 100% and supplementing this effort with limited application of control measures that kill mosquitoes attempting to feed off non-humans. Particular attention deserves to be given to the insecticide treatment of cattle hosts and the refinement of artificial baits for outdoor deployment.ConclusionsCurrent levels of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and ITN will not result in any significant improvement. If, however, ITN ownership and effective use can be increased closer to 100%, modest levels of additional control outdoors should result in substantial reductions in incidence. Treatment of adult mosquitoes visiting livestock is a promising option.
Psilocybin-induced reduction in chronic cluster headache attack frequency correlates with changes in hypothalamic functional connectivity
Authors: Madsen Martin K. , Petersen Anja Sofie , Stenbæk Dea S. , Sørensen Inger Marie , Schiønning Harald , Fjeld Tobias , Nykjær Charlotte H. , Ulv Larsen Sara Marie , Grzywacz Maria , Mathiesen Tobias , Klausen Ida L. , Overgaard-Hansen Oliver , Brendstrup-Brix Kristoffer , Linnet Kristian , Johansen Sys S. , Fisher Patrick M. , Jensen Rigmor H. , Knudsen Gitte M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractChronic cluster headache (CCH) is an excruciating disorder of unknown pathophysiology, but hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated. CCH is difficult to treat but on a case-basis, the psychedelic compound psilocybin is said to have beneficial effects. In this first-ever clinical trial (NCT04280055), we evaluate in a small open-label study of CCH patients the feasibility and prophylactic effect of three low-to-moderate doses of psilocybin as well as effects on hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC), using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment was well-tolerated and without serious adverse reactions. Attack frequency was on average reduced by 30% from baseline to follow-up (PFWER=0.008). One patient experienced 21 weeks of complete remission. Changes in hypothalamic-diencephalic FC correlated negatively with relative reduction in attack frequency, implicating this neural pathway in treatment response. Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm the safety and prophylactic efficacy of psilocybin for CCH and hypothalamic involvement in treatment response.
Sex-bias in utero alters ovarian reserve but not uterine capacity in female offspring
Authors: Geijer-Simpson Annika V , Tinning Haidee , de Bem Tiago H C , Tsagakis Ioannis , Taylor Alysha S , Hume Laura , Collins Lisa M , Forde Niamh 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTEnvironmental stressors to which a foetus is exposed, affect a range of physiological functions in post-natal offspring. Such stressors include disproportionate steroid hormone concentrations in the uterine environment. We aimed to determine the in-utero effect of steroid hormones on reproductive potential of female offspring using a porcine model. Hypothesising that an in-utero sex bias will influence ovarian reserve and endometrial morphology in the breeding gilt. Reproductive tracts of pigs from female-biased litters (>65% female, n=15), non-biased litters (45-54.9% female, n=15), and male-biased litters (<35% females, n=9) were collected at slaughter (95-115 kg). Ovaries and uterine horns were processed for histological approaches and stained using H&E or IHC techniques. All measurements were conducted in QuPath (Bankhead et al, 2017). Variability of data within groups was analysed with a Levenes test, whilst data was analysed using linear models in R. In the ovarian reserve, there was a significant interaction between the birth weight and the sex ratio of a litter from which a pig originated (p=.015), with low-birth-weight pigs from male-biased litters having a higher number of primordial follicles and the opposite trend seen in pigs from female-biased litters. This was not reflected in recruited, nor atretic follicles. In the uterine horn sex bias held no effect on development as seen in this study. Birth weight held more effects on the gilts. A lower BW decreased the proportion of glands found in the endometrium (p=.045). BW was found to be far more variable in both male-biased and female-biased litters (p=.026). The variability of primordial follicles from male-biased litters was greater than non-and female-biased litters (p=.014). Similarly, endometrial stromal nuclei had a greater range in male- and female-biased litters than non-biased litters (p=.028). There was a greater effect on both ovarian reserve and uterine development of piglet BW than the litter bias. There seems a benefit of being androgenised on ovarian reserve whilst no effects were found for the morphology or endometrial gland proliferation of the uterine horns. However, a crucial finding was in the variability of the data. Both primordial follicles in the male-biased ovary, and stromal nuclei in the male- and female-biased uterine horns had a wider spread in numbers than non-biased litters. This could be inflating the variability of reproductive success seen in animals form male-biased litters by two means. Firstly, by a higher likelihood of insufficient primordial pools. Secondly, through a potential impact on stromal-derived growth factors or insufficient support of the underlying implantation structures, leading to an increased variability in uterine implantation capabilities, and thus survival of the embryo.