bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Wireworms and Aphids with Soil Applied Insecticides and Nematicides, 1986
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco var. NC2326’ was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, (BBTRS) on 16 Apr in a Faceville sandy clay soil (pH 5.5). Plots were 16 feet wide (4 rows) and 40 feet (22 plants) long arranged in a randomized complete-block design, having 14 treatments and 3 blocks. On 8 Apr broadcast preplant treatments (BC-PPI) were applied with a COa powered backpack sprayer fitted with two 8004 flat fan nozzles. At 25 psi and ca. 2 mph, this delivered 25 gpa finished spray. The 15 inch band application (15 B) of Standak was applied as above with the exception of the use of a single nozzle and slower speed. Granular materials were applied in a 24 inch band with a Noble� granular applicator. Materials were incorporated to a depth of ca. 6 inches within 1 h of applicaiton with a spring tooth harrow. After all BC-PPI treatments were applied, the remaining plots were harrowed and the entire field ridged within 24 h. Soil moisture was poor. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were applied at 200 gpa with a single row transplanter. Side-dress applications 1 and 2 weeks post-transplant (SD-1 and -2) were applied in 6 inch bands on both sides of the row with a Noble granular applicator and incorporated with a rolling cultivator. Ten plants per plot were gently pulled from the second row 19 days post-treatment (30 Apr) and rated for wireworm damage as follows; 0 = no damage, 1 = scars on stalk surface, 2 = feeding reaching pith but tunnelling &lt; 1 cm, 3 = pith tunnelling &lt; 1 cm, and 4 = dead plant. All plants in the 3rd row per plot were rated on 11 Jun for aphid colonization as follows: 0 = no aphids, 1 = 1 to 10, 2 = 11 to 100, 3 = 101 to 1000 and 4 &lt; 1000 aphids/plant. On 9 May flue-cured tobacco ‘var. NC82’ was transplanted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station, Reidsville, NC, (UPRS) into a Cecil sandy loam (pH 5.9). Plots were 4 rows (45 inches on center) wide randomized complete-block design having 14 treatments and 4 blocks. On 2 May, the BC-PPI and 15 B treatments were applied as previously described. The BC-PPI treatments were applied in a 24 inch band centered over the row. Treatments were by incorporated vi ridging of rows. Soil moisture was adequate. TPW treatments were applied at 320 gpa with a single row transplanter. Wireworm damage was rated 22 days post-treatment (26 Jun) as previously described. Aphids were rated on 1 Jul as above. Counts were analyzed by ANOVA.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 6-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation was used in this test. A randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment was used. Materials were applied on 16 May as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Treatment date was determined by the first appearance of fourth instar WALH nymphs. Leafhopper populations were monitored by counting the nymphs found on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Post-treatment mite population levels for selected treatments were determined by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting the mites of each species recovered.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1984
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 21.3 ft (13 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows) plots on 8 May. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. The test site had a Chesterfleld-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil with a 5.8 pH and ca. 2% organic matter. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of solution/acre (116 ml/plant) using a hand-operated transplanter. Temik 15G was applied in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a pushcart on 2 May. It was then incorporated with a rotary tiller and the soil was bedded up for transplanting. Insect counts were made once every 1-2 weeks from mid May to mid August. On the first 3 days flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot. Throughout the study, flea beetles and green peach aphids on 4 upper leaves were counted on 5 plants/plot. Tobacco in one row of each plot was harvested, cured and graded by a USDA Marketing Service grader to determine yield and market price. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using DMRT.
Chemicals Applied to the Soil for the Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1985
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted 2 May near Blackstone, VA. Treatment plots consisted of 2 rows 40 ft long on 4 ft centers. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretransplant treatments were applied and incorporated on 30 Apr. Liquid treatments were applied in a 12 inch band through a single 8004E tip that delivered 10 gal finished spray/acre. Granular formulations were applied broadcast or in a 12 inch band with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a 4-wheel utility vehicle. Treatments were incorporated by tilling once and disking once. The land was then bedded for transplanting. Side-dress treatments were applied to each side of the row with a tractor-mounted granular applicator and incorporated by tilling on 16 May. The test site was on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.8 and ca. 2% organic matter. Precipitation was 2.7, 2.4, 2.9 and 3.5 inch for May, Jun, Jul and Aug, respectively. Insect counts were made at various times between late May and mid Aug. Tobacco was harvested and cured for yield determination.
Aphid Control in Winter Wheat with In-Furrow Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluate.! to determine their effect on grain aphids and grain yield. Plots were planted on 30 Aug ‘85 on the Washington State University, Roza Research Farm neai Prosser, Washington, using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Plots were furrow irrigated in the spring. Treatments were made at planting through the grain drill with the seed. Plots were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) by 17 ft ii length, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control was determined on the basis of Berlese-Tullgren funnel aphid extraction': (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Plots were harvested 25 Jul ‘86 with a Hege Combine.
Aphid Control on Wheat in the Spring with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were evaluated as late spring applications to determine their effect on grain aphids and grain yield. Plots were planted on 27 Sep ‘85 using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Plots were furrow-irrigated in the spring. Applications were made at milk and soft dough stages of wheat on 3 Jun (Capture and Lorsban only) and 12 Jun ‘86 (Capture excluded), respectively, using a CO2 plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage. Sprayer output was 58 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) by 17 ft in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control was determined on the basis of Berlese-Tullgren funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Plots were harvested 21 Jul ‘86 with a Hege Combine.
Control of Whiteflies on Anthurium, Hawah, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted at the Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii on potted anthuriums growing in volcanic cinder under a fiberglass greenhouse. There were 8 plants per block and 4 blocks arranged in a CRD. After a sufficient population was obtained in all plants (determined by the visual observation of white waxy secretions in the sheath), 5 applications of selected insecticides at 2 week intervals were applied to runoff (ca. 250 GPA) using a compressed COa sprayer with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader-sticker, Triton B 1956, was added to each treatment at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal. Sprays were directed to the area of the sheath. Treatments were evaluated by examining 8 sheath samples (one from each plant), under a dissecting microscope. Adults, pupa, nymphs and eggs were noted as present or absent.
Fall Armyworm, Leafhopper, and Planthopper Control in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Whitford Fred , Quisenberry Sharron , Bagley C. Pat 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticide test was conducted at the Rosepint Research Station on 'Common' Bermudagrass. A RCB design with 6 treatments, each replicated 4 times, was used in the study. Insecticide treatments wen applied to Common plots (6.3 by 15 m) with a C02 backsprayer calibrated to deliver 161.5 L/ha using.a 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 2.1 m boom. Ten pendulum sweeps per plot were taken with a sweep-net (38 cm diam) at pretreatment (day 0) and 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
Apple, Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to approximately 0.12 acre plots arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates of alternating ‘York Imperial’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. One Golden Delicious and York Imperial tree to the center of each plot was used for monitoring. All treatments except the dilute application of Insegar were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa, 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2.3 mph. The first 4 treatments were applied using the alternate side technique on the following dates: 4, 11, 19 and 26 Jun; 3 Jul (Alsystin only); 5, 13, 22 and 29 Aug. The first 2 Insegar treatments were applied to both sides of trees on the following dates: 22 Jul and 5 Aug (2nd treatment only). The third Insegar treatment was applied using a high pressure handgun to the point of run-off on 22 Jul. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicide Dithane M45 as well as calcium chloride were applied to all plots. The effect of treatments on ERM, TSSM and AF was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv York Imperial only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all apples on the center Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees at harvest as well as all drops up to harvest. Pest pressure was moderate.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Insecticides on a Golf Course at Syracuse, Ny, September, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, NY on 15 Sep for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (50%), annual bluegrass (45%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). Thatch was minimal (&lt;.25 in) in all plots. The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: soil temp (1 inch), 62°F; (3 inch), 62; water pH, 6.78; soil moisture, 21%. Posttreatment counts were taken 31 DAT (16 Oct) by cutting a 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs were counted. Species identification were made in the field. At this time most Japanese beetles were third instars, with some second and first instars; all European chafers were third instars.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Labelled Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, Syracuse, Ny, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, NY on 21-22 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). Thatch was minimal (&lt;.25 in.) with plot. The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (21 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp (1 inch); 78°F; (3 inch), 75°F; soil pH, 5.64; water pH, 6.78; soil moisture, 23%. The nematodes, HeterorhabdUis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann), were applied a day later at a rate of 2000 per inch2 in 11.4 liters of water to the center 4 ft2 of each plot. Following treatment, the plots were irrigated by sprinkler for 10 min. Posttreatment counts were taken 47-48 DAT (8 Oct) by cutting 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs were counted. In the nematode-treated plots, separate sets of samples (four 1-ft2 samples) were taken from the center 4 ft2, where nematodes had been applied, and the surrounding 6 ft2. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs were predominantly third instars with some second instars; all European chafer grubs were third instars.
Apple, Dilute Test of Acaricides, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial, both spur types. Trees were planted to a spacing of 6.1 × 10.7 m. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 5.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Spray dates were as follows: 25 Apr (Morestan and ABG-6162 alone treatments), 6 May (ABG-6162, Apollo alone, PH 70-23 treatments), 3 Jun (Kelthane, BAS 276001, Omite, Plictran treatments), 5 Jun (R0 08-4947 treatments), 18 Jun and 16 Jul (all treatments), 4 Aug (Savey, low rate of ABG-6162, Kelthane 4F, Omite, Plictran treatments). Morestan was applied only on 25 Apr. Apollo alone was applied only on 6 May. General sprays of fungicides (Cyprex, Benlate, Polyram, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin, Systox), and calcium chloride were made at ca. one-to two-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Cumulative number of mite days were calculated as the mean of two successive counts multipled by the number of intervening days, and summed over the season. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). The russet ratings for treatments as listed in tables are as follows: 67, 58, 72, 68, 58, 54, 69, 64, 68, 70, 67, 84, 90, 82, 69, 57, 73.
Efficacy Comparison of Dipel and Biobit Against Beet Armyworm, 1986
Authors: Harris M. , Begley J. , Warkentin D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Leaves were dipped in treatment solutions, allowed to air dry and placed in individual 1 oz plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper. Individual larvae were placed in each cup which was capped with a, plastic snap-on lid. There were 10 larvae per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment. Field (generation 4) and lab colony (gen. 30) neonate, early instai and late instar larvae were treated. Mortality evaluations were made at 1 and 4 DAT.
Control of the Green Peach Aphid on Chrysanthemum, 1986
Authors: Yost Jeffrey T. , Yost Gregory J. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a Tuff-Tank handsprayer at 40 ps; on 3 Mar to 12 ft sections of benches on which were planted potted chrysanthemums ca. 6 weeks old. Ten terminals per treatment area were selected an&lt;' tagged on the basis of uniform aphid density. The top 5 leaves of each selected terminal were inspected and the number of live aphids was recorded. Lif&lt; stages of aphids were not distinguished.
Beet Armyworm Control Using Selecron 6EC, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selecron 6EC was evaluated in Jun for control of early and late larval instar beet armyworm. For residual efficacy Mountain Peak var. mum leaves were sprayed with hand-held atomizers, allowed to air dry then placed in 1 oz plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper. Individual beet armyworm larvae, reared on artificial diet, were placed in the cups which were covered with plastic snap-on lids. For contact efficacy, larvae were sprayed then placed on clean mum leaves in plastic cups. Each rate test was replicated 4 times with 10 larvae per replicate. Mortality evaluations were made at 1, 2, & 3 DAT.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp, 70°F; % RH, 68; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 12; soil pH, 6.8; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 1 Aug treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sample by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Control of Flor'S Leafhopper on Firethorn, 1986
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Freeman R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on ornamental firethorn in Stockton, CA. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each replicate was uniform firethorn, 34 ft wide by 24 ft long, in a parking lot barrier with a 9 ft wide by 24 ft long buffer between plots. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 315 gal water/acre. Three yellow sticky traps (Whitefiy—Seabright Enterprises, Ltd.) were placed in each replicate and monitored ca once a week from 9 Jul through 16 Oct. The mean leafhopper population (adults and nymphs combined) did not differ significantly among treatments prior to application.
Aphicide Ad Phytotoxicity Screening on Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potted hibiscus were inoculated during Jul with aphids collected from hibiscus stock. Plants were held in a greenhouse until well populated with aphids. Pretreatment counts were made by summing all aphids on a 2-stem sample from each replicate pot. Sampled stems were tagged and plants subsequently sprayed to runoff with hand-held mist bottles. Each treatment was applied to 5 replicate pots. Applications were continued on a schedule of 2 per week for a total of 4 sprays. Evaluations of aphid numbers on tagged stems were made prior to each spray and 3 days following the final treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Plant Fertilizer Spikes for Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Young plants at first cutback stage in 6-inch pots of Metro Mix 500 medium were placed in an enclosed greenhouse and inoculated with green peach aphids from a cultured colony in Apr. A concurrent melon aphid infestation was allowed to develop naturally during the trial period. After ca. 7 days, test fertilizer spikes (6g, 1% insecticide, 3-2-2 fert.) were inserted in the soil of each pot. There were 3 replicate pots per treatment. After 3 weeks, counts of all live aphids (both species pooled) were made for each pot.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Marigolds, 1986
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Payne Richard , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse grown marigolds, 6-8 inches high, planted in 4 inch pots, were artificially infested with twospotted spider mites. The plants were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The marigolds were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer and a surfactant was added to each treatment. Applications were made on 26 Jun, 30 Jun, 3 Jul and 8 Jul. Spider mite infestations were evaluated at 3-4 DAT. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves per plant and counting the number of live spider mites per leaf. The leaves were chilled prior to examination.
Coffee Root Mealybug Control in Potted Palms, Hawah, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H. , Notley E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in Nov '84 on areca and neanthebella palm in Kapaau, Hawaii. Palms were grown under 80% polypropylene net shade in a 30:70 peat and volcanic cinder mix with a pH of 6.8. Severely infested palm: chosen for insecticide evaluation were arranged in a randomized complete block with 2 blocks and 4 pots per block. Pretreatment counts of mealybugs pes pot were taken on 19 Nov. Plants were watered on 27 Nov and drenched on 28 Nov. Six inch pots were drenched with 500 ml of insecticide solution and b inch pots with 700 ml of solution. Saucers were placed under each pot to ensure equal delivery and removed one day after treatment.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine, 1986
Authors: Cladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted on loblolly pines at the OSU Horticulture Research Nursery in Stillwater. Field grown pines, 6 to 7 ft tall, were treated on 1 Aug. Treatments were made with a Marco R-20 sprayer and the trees were sprayed until runoff at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity was 100°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 3 trees per replication. Larval infestations were evaluated by sampling 20 damaged terminals per tree at 12 and 24 days after treatment.