bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of soil aggregate‐associated carbon as influenced by simulated tillage and runoff
Authors: Li Lu , Wang Enheng , Cao Wei , Zhao Pengzhi , Lin Lin , Zhai Guoqing , Cruse Richard M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTillage practices and water erosion are the most important anthropogenic and natural processes, respectively, driving soil organic C turnover in agricultural land. The aim of this study was to explore the responses of soil organic C (SOC) turnover to tillage and runoff by comparing the variation of soil aggregate‐associated organic C (AOC) and intra‐aggregate particulate organic C (iPOC) under simulated tillage and runoff conditions. Soil samples were collected from a native vegetation land with no cultivation history in the Mollisol region of Northeast China. After a series of simulated tillage (ST) and simulated runoff (SR) treatments, the samples were incubated for 30 d and then separated through 2‐, 1‐, 0.25‐, and 0.053‐mm sieves by wet‐sieving to obtain different aggregate size fractions. Each aggregate fraction was subsequently shaken for 18 h in 0.5% hexametaphosphate to get different intra‐aggregate particle size fractions. The proportion of the fractions and their AOC and iPOC were determined. The ST treatment promoted the reaggregation of macroaggregates (>2 mm) by accelerating the turnover of their coarse iPOC (0.25–2 mm), leading to a lower concentration of AOC. Runoff transformed larger aggregates (>0.25 mm) to smaller particles (<0.25 mm) without catalyzing C turnover. Fine iPOC (0.053–0.25 mm) could serve as an indicator for AOC (>1 mm) dynamics, especially associated with tillage operations. Our findings highlight the different influences of tillage and runoff, and the negative effect of tillage on SOC dynamics.
Machine learning approach in investigating carbonation depth of concrete containing Fly ash
Authors: Tran Van Quan , Mai Hai‐Van Thi , To Quynh Trang , Nguyen May Huu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUnderstanding and predicting concrete carbonation are significant in designing durability and maintaining the service life of reinforced concrete structures. However, this purpose can hardly be reached because of complex carbonation mechanisms depending on various variables such as cement content (C), fly ash content (FA), water content (W), concentration of CO2, relative humidity (RH), temperature (T°C), and exposition time (Time). This investigation proposes a machine learning (ML) approach including eight ML algorithms such as four single ML models: XGB, GB, RF, and SVM, and four hybrid ML models: XGB_RRHC, GB_RRHC, RF_RRHC, and SVM_RRHC for investigating and predicting concrete carbonation depth containing fly ash. To achieve this purpose, a dedicated database consisting of 688 samples and seven input variables is built, and the performance of eight machine learning models is compared. Single ML model Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) using the default hyperparameters exhibited the highest performance with R2 = 0.9770, RMSE = 2.2725 and MAE = 1.5218. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identifies the most influential feature and order of feature effect on concrete carbonation depth. The first four important features can be sorted in order: time of exposition > cement content > water content > CO2 concentration. Moreover, at a higher value of exposition time, water content, CO2 concentration, fly ash content, temperature and relative humidity, the carbonation depth of concrete increases. Using high content of cement can reduce the carbonation depth of concrete.
Modeling blended cement concrete tensile creep for standard ring test application
Authors: Zhang Yingda , Afroz Sumaiya , Nguyen Quang Dieu , Kim Taehwan , Castel Arnaud , Xu Tengfei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe tensile creep of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is investigated in this paper. A total of 21 series of tensile creep tests using dog‐bone specimens under uniaxial tensile loading have been carried out. The cement replacement rates considered were 30% fly ash, 40% and 60% GGBFS. The characteristic compressive strength of concrete was ranging from 25 to 100 MPa. The tests were conducted from the age of 2 days until 28 days. It is observed that the tensile creep of fly ash concretes was slightly lower than that of the reference mixtures without SCM. For GGBFS concrete, the higher the GGBFS content, the higher the tensile creep. Existing creep models, originally developed for creep in compression, could not predict the experimental tensile creep results. Thus, a new tensile creep model was proposed including creep prediction for concrete with fly ash and GGBFS. The new model was calibrated only for controlled environmental conditions (23°C and 50% RH) and has been validated by analyzing the development of concrete tensile stress in the restrained ring test.
Paper Selfies: Centering Students' Identities in Baseline Writing
Authors: Sciurba Katie , Uphus Kate , Escobar Sonia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this teaching tip, we—a literacy professor and two K–12 teachers—encourage a rethinking of the baseline writing assessment by sharing our experiences with “The Paper Selfie,” an activity that juxtaposes the arts and young people's personal writing. By centering students' identities, their hopes, beliefs, dreams, and realities, alongside images they create to depict themselves, The Paper Selfie can serve a role in enabling young people to see themselves in their learning as we gather important data to guide our writing instruction. As such, this teaching tip provides an example of how a baseline writing assessment can be informative and meaningful.
A new fluid dynamical model coupling horizontal heat with an application to interior separations
Authors: Liu Ruikuan , Yang Jiayan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBased on the Newton's second law and Boussinesq equations, a new fluid dynamical model coupling horizontal heat is established. Moreover, the sufficient conditions of interior separation for this new model are obtained. It is shown that the sufficient conditions, determined by the initial value, may provide an approach to predict when and where the interior separations occur. In addition, an example is constructed to illustrate our main results.
Preparation of RNA Polymerase Complexes for Their Analysis by Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Pilsl Michael , Heiss Florian B. , Pöll Gisela , Höcherl Mona , Milkereit Philipp , Engel Christoph 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRecent technological progress revealed new prospects of high-resolution structure determination of macromolecular complexes using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). In the field of RNA polymerase (Pol) I research, a number of cryo-EM studies contributed to understanding the highly specialized mechanisms underlying the transcription of ribosomal RNA genes. Despite a broad applicability of the cryo-EM method itself, preparation of samples for high-resolution data collection can be challenging. Here, we describe strategies for the purification and stabilization of Pol I complexes, exemplarily considering advantages and disadvantages of the methodology. We further provide an easy-to-implement protocol for the coating of EM-grids with self-made carbon support films. In sum, we present an efficient workflow for cryo-grid preparation and optimization, including early stage cryo-EM screening that can be adapted to a wide range of soluble samples for high-resolution structure determination.
Tethered MNase Structure Probing as Versatile Technique for Analyzing RNPs Using Tagging Cassettes for Homologous Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Teubl Fabian , Schwank Katrin , Ohmayer Uli , Griesenbeck Joachim , Tschochner Herbert , Milkereit Philipp 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMicrococcal nuclease (MNase) originating from Staphylococcus aureus is a calcium dependent ribo- and desoxyribonuclease which has endo- and exonucleolytic activity of low sequence preference. MNase is widely used to analyze nucleosome positions in chromatin by probing the enzyme’s DNA accessibility in limited digestion reactions. Probing reactions can be performed in a global way by addition of exogenous MNase, or locally by “chromatin endogenous cleavage” (ChEC) reactions using MNasefusion proteins. The latter approach has recently been adopted for the analysis of local RNA environments of MNasefusion proteins which are incorporated in vivo at specific sites of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. In this case, ex vivo activation of MNase by addition of calcium leads to RNA cleavages in proximity to the tethered anchor protein thus providing information about the folding state of its RNA environment.Here, we describe a set of plasmids that can be used as template for PCR-based MNase tagging of genes by homologous recombination in S. cerevisiae. The templates enable both N- and C-terminal tagging with MNase in combination with linker regions of different lengths and properties. In addition, an affinity tag is included in the recombination cassettes which can be used for purification of the particle of interest before or after induction of MNase cleavages in the surrounding RNA or DNA. A step-by-step protocol is provided for tagging of a gene of interest, followed by affinity purification of the resulting fusion protein together with associated RNA and subsequent induction of local MNase cleavages.
Godwin’s Law and the Limits of Bioethics and Holocaust Studies
Authors: Bedzow Ira 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways in which Godwin’s Law disallows good bioethical discussion on controversial topics in healthcare because of the ways in which it invokes improper Holocaust analogies. However, rather than concluding that contemporary bioethics never use the Holocaust as a point of reference, the chapter suggests productive ways that lessons of the Holocaust can inform moral deliberation in bioethics.
The Holocaust as an Inflection Point in the Development of Research Ethics
Authors: Gallin Stacy , Bedzow Ira 
Published: July 2022

AbstractModern research ethics arose as a response to the scientific and medical communities’ participation in the Holocaust. The Holocaust remains the only example of medically sanctioned genocide and thus can provide critical lessons regarding the importance of valuing basic ethical principles ahead of the potential for scientific progress in the contemporary context of research ethics. This chapter will explore the trajectory of research ethics using the Holocaust as an inflection point. It will briefly describe the difference between medical and research ethics before and after the Holocaust, and then show how the lessons of the Holocaust not only influenced the creation of the Nuremberg Code but also the subsequent development of the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (The Common Rule) and the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects.
Bioethics and the Holocaust in a Multicultural Context
Authors: Maroudas Filotheos-Fotios , Grigoriadis Barnabas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the importance of diversity and interfaith initiatives in human rights and bioethicseducation, by showing its relevance in the study of the Holocaust. In the first section, a concise reference is made to those political and religious events that created the basic state and theological groundwork, respectively, which in turn led to the early formation of human rights and the confessional dialogue. The second section emphasizes contemporary actions and writings that contributed to the denial of freedom and of self-determination, including anti-Judaic sermons and their perversion into anti-Semitic ones. The third section discusses the creation after the Holocaust of global organizations and institutions, their international impact and modern developments in interfaithinteraction focusing on human rights and bioethics. The fourth section presents educational, multicultural, and inter-religious initiatives that contribute decisively to the increase of awareness and awakening of learners, so that the field of education is transformed into a multidimensional place that generates world citizens.
The Goals of Medicine in a Post-Holocaust Society
Authors: Gallin Stacy 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDetermining the goals and purpose of the medical profession has long been a topic of debate among physicians and scholars alike. If medicine is a practice, then it is necessary to define the aim of the practitioner’s actions. Regardless of the differing perspectives, there is consensus that the promotion and preservation of individual health and well-being is a primary component of medicine. However, an exploration of the medical community’s active participation in the systematic labeling, persecution, forced sterilization, experimentation and eventual mass murder of millions of people deemed inferior or unfit during the Holocaust reveals decidedly different goals. Examining the process by which healers became killers provides an opportunity to hold the profession accountable, take stock of the moral vulnerabilities of physicians and use these lessons to create a post-Holocaust moral ethos that values rehumanization and human dignity.
Teaching Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Debunking the Myth that the Nazi Physicians Abandoned Their Ethics
Authors: Chelouche Tessa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn discussions on Nazi medicine, it is often presumed that the Nazi physicians abandoned or ignored all forms of medical ethics. This notion is far from the truth even though it is very difficult to come to terms with. It would be more comfortable to believe that Nazi physicians were a marginal group of madmen and what transpired in medicine during that period was unique and irrelevant to modern medicine. However, today we know that the Nazi physicians not only had a very detailed ethical code in place, but also that they were the first in the world to teach medical ethics at medical schools. These ethics courses were compulsory at every medical school in Nazi Germany and were based on the use of a specially published textbook, calledMedical Jurisprudence and Rules of the Medical Profession. The textbook provides a unique insight into the values and beliefs systems of the Nazi physicians, many of which were greatly influenced by the political and social culture of the time, and some that resonate with the current practice of medicine. Discourse on medical ethics during the Nazi period, as demonstrated by this manual, serves to remind physicians that we are all vulnerable to ethical transgressions and could do well by learning the lessons from this past.
The Transformation of Physicians from Healers to Killers: The Role of Psychiatry
Authors: Miller Susan M. , Gallin Stacy 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter will examine the direct and systematic involvement of psychiatry in the labeling, persecution and eventual mass murder of millions of those deemed “unfit.” While the entire medical profession can and should be held accountable for the abrogation of ethics that took place during the Holocaust, the role of psychiatrists, specifically, must be explored because of their ability to conflate clinical diagnoses with the worth of an individual. The theory of eugenics allowed psychiatry to provide the scientific justification and the practical mechanisms for the “mercy killing” of “life unworthy of life.” The leadership and expertise of psychiatrists paved the way for a powerful merger of medicine and politics that ultimately led to the mass murder of millions under the guise of scientific and societal progress.
Medicalization of Social Policies: Defining Health, Defining Illness
Authors: Caleb Amanda M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the process of medicalization as it relates to both social policies implemented during the Nazi regime and contemporary social policies. Medicalization is the process of framing a social problem as a medical condition, thereby identifying the source of the problem as one of individual accountability and emphasizes the need to treat or cure the individual. When applied to social policies, this framework perpetuates dividing practices that create categories of social health and social sickness and allow for the control of individuals and groups of individuals. Nazi social policies were grounded in their racial hygiene agenda, which meant medicalizing individuals who participated in so-called deviant behavior, who contributed, or failed to contribute, to the nation’s welfare, and who were considered a threat to the citizenry and the health of the nation. This same medicalization of social policies is evident today in countries’ approaches to regulating sexual and criminal behavior, limiting government assistance, and restricting borders.
What trauma patients need: the European dilemma
Authors: Hietbrink Falco , Mohseni Shahin , Mariani Diego , Naess Päl Aksel , Rey-Valcárcel Cristina , Biloslavo Alan , Bass Gary A. , Brundage Susan I. , Alexandrino Henrique , Peralta Ruben , Leenen Luke P. H. , Gaarder Tina ,   the Visceral Trauma Section of the European Society of Trauma, Emergency Surgery
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere is a need for implementation and maturation of an inclusive trauma system in every country in Europe, with patient centered care by dedicated surgeons. This process should be initiated by physicians and medical societies, based on the best available evidence, and supported and subsequently funded by the government and healthcare authorities. A systematic approach to organizing all aspects of trauma will result in health gain in terms of quality of care provided, higher survival rates, better functional outcomes and quality of life. In addition, it will provide reliable data for both research, quality improvement and prevention programs. Severely injured patients need surgeons with broad technical and non-technical competencies to provide holistic, inclusive and compassionate care. Here we describe the philosophy of the surgical approach and define the necessary skills for trauma, both surgical and other, to improve outcome of severely injured patients. As surgery is an essential part of trauma care, surgeons play an important role for the optimal treatment of trauma patients throughout and after their hospital stay, including the intensive care unit (ICU). However, in most European countries, it might not be obvious to either the general public, patients or even the physicians that the surgeon must assume this responsibility in the ICU to optimize outcomes. The aim of this paper is to define key elements in terms of trauma systems, trauma-specific surgical skills and active critical care involvement, to organize and optimize trauma care in Europe.
A systematic review of diagnostic tests to detect pelvic floor myofascial pain
Authors: Kapurubandara Supuni C. , Lowes Basia , Sansom-Daly Ursula M. , Deans Rebecca , Abbott Jason A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
Myofascial pain arising from pelvic floor muscles occurs in women with vaginismus, interstitial cystitis and endometriosis but is often overlooked. The aim is to examine alternative diagnostic tests to detect pelvic floor myofascial pain compared with standardized vaginal palpation of pelvic floor muscles as the reference test.

Methods
A systematic review was prospectively conducted (PROSPERO-CRD42020183092) according to PRISMA guidelines. Databases searched included Ovid Medline 1946–, Embase 1957–, Scopus 1960–, Cochrane Combined, Clinical trials, Google Scholar (top 200 articles), Web of Science, TRIP, BIOSIS, DARE, CINHAL, EmCare, PEDro, ProQuest and EBSCOhost up to July 2020. Articles were independently screened by two authors and assessed for bias using QUASDAS-2 tool.

Results
A total of 26,778 articles were screened and 177 were selected for full text review, of which 5 were selected for final analysis. Five studies included 9694 participants of which 1628 had pelvic floor myofascial pain. Only one study reported data to calculate sensitivities and specificities of the index test, which utilized a score of > 40 on the Central Sensitization Inventory to detect women with pelvic floor myofascial pain and revealed a sensitivity of 34.8% and a specificity of 84.9% compared to the reference test.

Conclusions
This systematic review did not reveal any diagnostic test superior to the pre-defined reference test. There is a lack of consensus on the definition of pelvic floor myofascial pain and a lack of a validated diagnostic criteria which must be addressed to progress with meaningful research in this field.
Ask the shark: blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) as a sentinel of plastic waste on the seabed
Authors: Sbrana Alice , Cau Alessandro , Cicala Davide , Franceschini Simone , Giarrizzo Tommaso , Gravina Maria Flavia , Ligas Alessandro , Maiello Giulia , Matiddi Marco , Parisi Antonio , Sartor Paolo , Sbrana Mario , Scacco Umberto , Valente Tommaso , Viva Claudio , Russo Tommaso 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe presence of plastic waste in the marine environment has driven the scientific community to make significant efforts to study and mitigate its possible effects. One of the critical aspects is to determine if and how an increase in ingestion events may occur as a result of the accumulation of plastic waste on the seabed. In this study, G. melastomus is examined for its ability to indirectly provide information on the amount of macroplastics accumulating on the seafloor. Plastic ingestion is explored by describing the feeding habits of the species, which have the potential to provide very useful information regarding biological or ecological issues. The diet of G. melastomus mainly consisted of cephalopods, bathypelagic fishes, and decapod crustaceans, increasing in diversity during growth. The generalist-opportunistic feeding behaviour of this species leads to the incidental ingestion of plastic particles (N = 47, with a mean (± SD) of 1.47 ± 0.28 per specimen) which can be indirectly associated to the presence of macroplastics on the seafloor. Indeed, our results indicate a significant relationship between the amount of macroplastics present on the seabed and the frequency of ingestion of plastic particles by blackmouth catshark. We propose G. melastomus as an excellent candidate for developing a valid monitoring strategy for the presence of plastics on the seabed, as requested by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.