bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mentoring diverse graduate students in agriculture, geoscience, and related disciplines: Are you a mentor?
Authors: Duncan Candice M. 
Published: October 2022

Mentoring diverse graduate students in agriculture, geoscience, and related disciplines: Are you a mentor?
Candice M. Duncan, an Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland explains how a mentor guides a student from situation to solution using their lived experiences and expertise, and a good mentor can provide beneficial interactions to and for their current or past students while maintaining professional boundaries, and sustaining academic rigour. While explaining the need for advisors who mentor, and mentoring underrepresented minority (URM) students, she insists that a good mentor will empathize with the situations brought to them by diverse students while guiding them to their goal of success, problem solution, or major life decision.
Upregulation of hnRNPC1/C2 expression in preeclampsia: a potential rationale for vitamin D insensitivity
Authors: Wang Yuping , Lewis David F. 
Published: October 2022

Upregulation of hnRNPC1/C2 expression in preeclampsia: a potential rationale for vitamin D insensitivity
Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific disorder in humans, is characterized by newly-onset maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. This pregnancy disorder complicates 5-8% of all pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia is also a predisposing factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases in women later in life. Although the etiology of preeclampsia is heterogenous, epidemiological studies revealed that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for preeclampsia development. Here, Drs Yuping Wang and David F. Lewis from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport discuss hnRNPC1/C2 upregulation, a potential rationale for vitamin D insensitivity.
Improving the quality of life for people with brittle bone disease: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Guillot Pascale V. 
Published: October 2022

Improving the quality of life for people with brittle bone disease: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare genetic disease that starts to manifest in the womb by bone fractures and deformities of the skeleton. The severity of the disease ranges from mild (people can almost live a normal life) to severe (using a wheelchair as being unable to move), with the most severe cases not surviving the neonatal period and dying before birth or shortly after. This is because there are over a thousand different mutations in the DNA coding for type I collagen gene, which result in either insufficient amounts of type I collagen or an abnormal type I collagen molecule. Here Pascale V Guillot, at the University College London, looks toward improving the quality of life for those with Osteogenesis imperfecta both physically and mentally.
Mendel, Darwin, and Lysenko: the battle toward understanding genetics
Authors: Deichmann Ute 
Published: October 2022

Mendel, Darwin, and Lysenko: the battle toward understanding genetics
August 1948 saw the Soviet government ban all teaching and research in genetics. Within a year, “the doctrine of agronomist Trofim Lysenko – dubbed ‘Soviet Creative Darwinism’ – replaced genetics in curricula and research plans of biological, medical, veterinary, and agricultural institutions.” (Krementsov 2010). Here, Ute Deichmann on the occasion of Gregor Mendel’s 200th birthday in 2022, commemorates his great achievements as a pioneer of genetics as well as the strongest attack on the gene concept in the history of science, launched in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
Drugs and Biodiversity Loss: Narcotraffic-Linked Landscape Change in Guatemala
Authors: N. Winter Steven , Eastwood Gillian , A. Barrios-Izás Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Characteristic of the Anthropocene, human impacts have resulted in worldwide losses in forested land cover, which can directly and indirectly drive biodiversity loss. The global illicit drug trade is one source of deforestation directly implicated with habitat loss in Central America, typically for drug trafficking and livestock production for money laundering. Given reports of deforestation in Central America linked to narcotraffic, we explored vegetation changes within Guatemala’s highly biodiverse Maya Biosphere Reserve by examining trends suggestive of deforestation in a protected area. As such, we collected satellite-derived data in the form of enhanced vegetation index (EVI), as well as history of burned areas, published human-“footprint” data, official population density, and artificial light activity in Laguna del Tigre National Park from 2002 to 2020 for descriptive analysis. We found consistent reductions in EVI and trends of anomalous losses of vegetation despite a baseline accounting for variation within the park. Analyses revealed weak correlations (R2 ≤ 0.26) between EVI losses and official sources of anthropogenic data, which may be attributable to the data’s limited spatial and temporal resolution. Alarmingly, simple analyses identified vegetation losses within a protected area, thus emphasizing the need for additional monitoring and science-based, but interdisciplinary policies to protect this biodiversity hotspot.
Association of the Expiration of Child Tax Credit Advance Payments With Food Insufficiency in US Households
Authors: Bovell-Ammon Allison , McCann Nicole C. , Mulugeta Martha , Ettinger de Cuba Stephanie , Raifman Julia , Shafer Paul 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceAdvance Child Tax Credit (CTC) monthly payments administered to more than 35 million households with children in the US between July and December 2021 were associated with a substantial decrease in food insufficiency. These monthly payments expired in January 2022 after Congress failed to extend the policy, and the subsequent impact on food insufficiency is currently unknown.ObjectiveTo assess whether the expiration of monthly CTC payments in January 2022 was associated with changes in food insufficiency in US households with children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis study used repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative data from multiple waves of the Household Pulse Survey, conducted by the US Census Bureau. Online data collection occurred from July 21, 2021, to July 11, 2022, and data analysis was performed in July 2022.ExposuresThe first missed advance CTC payment on January 15, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was unadjusted prevalence of household food insufficiency. Event study specification was used to estimate the association between the expiration of the CTC payments and household food insufficiency with the exposure of being in a household with children present.ResultsThe sample (592 044 respondents, representing households with and without children, for a weighted population size of 123 350 770 individuals) was majority female (362 286 individuals [51.3%]) and non-Hispanic White (425 497 individuals [62.2%]), and a plurality of respondents (248 828 [48.3%]) were aged 25 to 44 years at the time of the survey. During the survey wave just before CTC expiration (reference wave, December 29, 2021, to January 10, 2022), unadjusted household food insufficiency was 12.7% among households with children. In late January and early February 2022, following the first missed CTC monthly payment, 13.6% of households with children reported food insufficiency, increasing to 16.0% by late June and early July 2022. The event study specification estimated a 3.2 percentage point increase (95% CI, 1.4-5.0 percentage points; P &amp;lt; .001) in food insufficiency by the most recent wave available after the first missed CTC payment (June 29 to July 11, 2022) among households with children compared with the reference wave, a 25% increase.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that there was an increase in food insufficiency among households with children after they stopped receiving monthly CTC payments. Given the well-documented associations between inability to afford food and poor health outcomes across the life span, Congress should consider swift action to reinstate this policy.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer
Authors: McNerney Megan E. , Rosenberg Ari J. , Le Beau Michelle M. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
The malignant cells of most patients who have leukemia, lymphoma, or a solid tumor have acquired clonal chromosomal abnormalities, the identification of which can aid in establishing the correct diagnosis and prognosis, and in the selection of therapy. Today, our arsenal of approaches to characterize an individual's malignant disease combines pathologic evaluation, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular studies. The advent of high‐throughput methods, such as next‐generation sequencing, capable of surveying the entire genome or large panels of cancer‐related genes presents new options for a revolutionary change in the way we diagnose, characterize, and treat cancer. The vision for the future entails an integrated molecular profile, i.e., chromosomal pattern, gene/miRNA expression, DNA methylation/epigenomic pattern, gene mutation status, pharmacogenomic profile, and chemosensitivity of each patient's tumor, as well as predisposition to disease, facilitating the development of an individualized treatment plan with decreased toxicities and prolonged survival.
Aberrant Signaling Pathways in Cancer
Authors: Grumolato Luca , Aaronson Stuart A. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Most, if not all, human cancers harbor aberrant activation of one or several signaling pathways, contributing to tumor initiation and/or progression. In this article, we describe how growth factors signal to receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity to promote cell proliferation and survival, largely through activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3′‐kinase(PI‐3‐K)/Akt and Ras/MAPK pathways. Using different paradigmatic examples of oncogenic alterations in growth factor signaling, we discuss functional implications and relevance of these pathways for human cancer. General cell signaling principles in both normal and tumor cells will be addressed, and we briefly discuss how the initiation and progression of specific cancer types can be affected by the deregulation of certain other pathways.
Finally, we discuss the concepts of oncogene addiction and targeted therapy and provide a few representative examples to illustrate how increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying signaling pathway aberrations in cancer has been translated to the clinic.
Cancer Cell Immortality: Targeting Telomerase and Telomeres
Authors: Mender Ilgen , Dikmen Zeliha G. , Shay Jerry W. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Finding specific targeted agents for cancer therapy remains a challenge. One of the hallmarks of cancer is the limitless proliferation (immortalization) of cancer cells, which correlates with the activation of the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex called telomerase. Since 85–90% of primary human cancers express telomerase activity, while most normal cells do not, telomerase is a unique and almost universal therapeutic target for cancer. Although there have been several approaches developed for telomerase targeted therapies, there is still no successful therapeutic agent that has been approved. This article reviews the different approaches to target telomerase and summarizes preclinical and clinical results.
Statistical Innovations in Cancer Research
Authors: Lee J. Jack , Berry Donald A. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewCancer research is rapidly changing, with fast‐growing numbers of possible cancer targets and drugs to investigate and no end in sight. Advances in genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, and immune oncology provide remarkably detailed profiles of each patient's tumor and its microenvironment and, as a result, allow science to consider each patient as unique, with the goal of delivering individualized precision medicine. The low success rates of late‐phase clinical oncology trials, high costs, and long duration of bringing new drugs to market, however, have necessitated changes in the drug‐development process. Statistical innovations can help in the design and conduct of clinical trials to facilitate the discovery and validation of biomarkers and streamline the clinical trial process. The application of Bayesian statistics provides a sound theoretical foundation that can encourage the development of adaptive designs to improve trial flexibility and efficiency, while maintaining desirable statistical‐operating characteristics.
Clinical and Research Informatics Data Strategy for Precision Oncology
Authors: Hartman Douglas , Chandran Uma , Davis Michael , Dhir Rajiv , Shirey William E. , Silverstein Jonathan C. , Becich Michael J. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewOncology informatics in the era of precision oncology is challenging because no unified comprehensive system exists linking Health Information Technology (HIT) deployed in clinical settings to the translational needs of researchers. Many advanced informatics solutions have been developed for clinical trials, biobanking, cancer imaging, and high‐throughput‐omic technologies. These are fundamentally transforming the treatment and management of cancer patients. However, the lack of fully developed interoperable cancer research informatics and HIT technologies to move between the bench and the bedside remains a significant challenge. Oncologists and translational cancer investigators require knowledge of informatics, data science, and advanced machine learning (artificial intelligence) as these are the major change agents influencing the development of new therapies, especially in the era of Precision Medicine and Learning Health Systems for oncology. In addition, cancer care delivery is very dependent on new developments in clinical practice and requires a thorough, systematic reevaluation of the electronic health records (EHRs) in use today. The ability (through mobile computing) to have information “on demand” during daily oncology practice is reshaping our thinking of how we record, document, and share data toward the common purpose of improving cancer outcomes for the patients we serve. This article looks at HIT and clinical, translational, and research informatics for oncologists and cancer researchers and begins to paint a picture of what an “ideal” environment for cancer care delivery would look like to support Precision Oncology and Learning Health Systems.
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Authors: Hofseth Lorne J. , Weston Ainsley , Harris Curtis C. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewHuman exposure to chemical carcinogens can result in cancer. What dictates this outcome is relatively predictable but highly variable. Factors governing the outcome include type of exposure, amount of exposure, time of exposure, and genetic makeup of the human host. The latter is comprised of variations in single nucleotides within genes (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes), as well as the metabolomic, proteomic, microbiomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic background of the individual. It is becoming increasingly clear that these endpoints and signatures can be modified by chemical carcinogens and that the inflammatory load influences outcome. To this end, the past decade has seen an explosion of extremely sensitive and highly accurate technology for measuring the impact of carcinogens. Linking this technology to the rapid development of bioinformatics has enabled us to begin merging the totality of lifetime exposure (“exposome”) with the totality of metabolomic, proteomic, microbiomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and other “omic” profiles. We feel optimistic that the next decade will bring the development of tools to identify an individual's weighted risk signature as a biomarker for cancer risk and develop a personalized and precise approach to cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
Inflammation and Cancer
Authors: Todoric Jelena , Umemura Atsushi , Taniguchi Koji , Karin Michael 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Epidemiological studies and experimental evidence have provided strong support to the long‐standing notion that chronic inflammation stimulates the development and progression of malignant neoplasms. It is now clear that preexisting inflammation caused by persistent viral and microbial infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental irritants, and even obesity promote tumor development and may account for up to 20% of all cancer deaths. Inflammation also appears subsequent to cancer development and such “tumor‐elicited inflammation” plays a key role in the malignant progression and metastatic dissemination of most cancers. Although some common anti‐inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, substantially reduce cancer risk, there is still an unmet need for the clinical development of new therapeutics that target cancer‐associated inflammation.
Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Herfs Michael F. , Crum Christopher P. , Munger Karl 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Even after the 2008 Nobel prize awarded to Prof. Harald zur Hausen, the field of HPV continues to advance rapidly with new insights into pathogenesis, the discovery of novel genotypes/variants, refined screening approaches using HPV testing, and the recent commercialization of vaccines covering several carcinogenic HPV types. The squamocolumnar junction, which is involved in approximately 90% of (pre)neoplastic lesions, has been more precisely characterized, and its potential as a target for prevention in women beyond optimal age for vaccination is being discussed. HPV testing is assuming a major role in screening women over the age of 30, at the expense of the Papanicolaou smear, which will be largely limited to women between age 20 and 30, with a reduction or the elimination of cervical screening for women under the age of 20. For prevention of cervical neoplasia, new broader spectrum vaccines (such as a 9‐valent vaccine) were introduced allowing for targeting of extended range of high‐risk HPVs.
Parasites
Authors: Azzouni Mervat El , Matar Charbel F. , Galal Radwa , Jabra Elio , Shamseddine Ali 
Published: October 2022

OverviewSeveral parasites were investigated for a possible role in oncogenesis. Among the well‐known parasitic infections,Schistosoma haematobiumwas proved to play an important role in developing urinary bladder cancer. Moreover,Schistosoma japonicumis classified as a colorectal carcinogen especially in the Far East. Other class of parasites, such as helminthsClonorchisandOpisthorchisare proved to induce hepatobiliary cancer. In Africa, a strong correlation between Ebstein‐Barr virus infection and Burkitt lymphoma is present, with an evident enhancing role forPlasmodium falciparum. Chronic inflammation was incriminated to be the most accepted mechanism for parasite‐induced cancer; however, the roles of certain carcinogens, oncogenes, DNA mutations, and others were all approved as mechanisms enhancing carcinogenesis in parasitic infections. Strikingly, despite the above‐mentioned data, it seemed that certain parasites could modulate the host immune response in a manner that would lead to cancer regression or prevention. This is in the prospect of revaluation of the clinical importance of infectious agents; an issue that requires future concern.
Chemoprevention of Cancer
Authors: Hawk Ernest , Maresso Karen C. , Brown Powel , Savage Michelle I. , Lippman Scott M. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
The field of cancer chemoprevention is underpinned by two phenomena of neoplasia: field carcinogenesis and multistep carcinogenesis. Accurate cancer risk models are critical to chemoprevention, and may accelerate drug development in this setting. The Food and Drug Administration has approved several chemoprevention agents. This article describes cancer risk modeling and phase II/III chemoprevention clinical trials focused on the four major cancer sites in Western populations (lung, colon and rectum, prostate, and breast), as well as broader, site‐agnostic chemoprevention studies. Immunoprevention strategies, including vaccines, are highlighted.
Principles of Radiation Oncology
Authors: Floyd Scott R. , Adamson Justus , Connell Philip P. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Willett Christopher G. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Ionizing radiation can halt the growth of cells, mainly through the induction of damage in DNA. Cancerous cells differ from normal cells in their response to this radiation‐induced DNA damage, creating a therapeutic window that is exploited in the clinical practice of radiation oncology to stop cancer cells while protecting normal tissues. This article will introduce the basic concepts behind the physics of radiation interaction with tissues, radiation treatment modalities and the radiation biology of treatment responses. Current concepts from the forefront of radiation physics and biology that may shape the future of radiation oncology are also presented.
Integrative Oncology in Cancer Care
Authors: Lopez Gabriel , Liu Wenli , Narayanan Santhosshi , Cohen Lorenzo 
Published: October 2022

OverviewIntegrative medicine seeks to merge conventional medicine and complementary therapies in a manner that is comprehensive, personalized, evidence‐based, and safe. Integrative oncology is the term used to describe the application of integrative medicine to cancer care. The field of integrative oncology is a constantly evolving set of disciplines. This article reviews the role of integrative medicine in cancer care with an emphasis on effective communication, an overview of the evidence, integrative‐based resources to guide health care providers and patients, and presents a model of how to effectively incorporate integrative medicine within cancer care. Existing research suggests that the majority of cancer patients desire communication with their doctors about integrative medicine. It is the health care professional's responsibility to ask patients about their use of complementary medicines and to provide evidence‐based advice to guide patients in this evolving area. Key findings in the areas of mind‐body practices, massage, and acupuncture are presented. Mind‐body practices help to improve mood, sleep quality, physical functioning, and overall well‐being. Massage is helpful at relieving pain, anxiety, and increasing relaxation. Acupuncture has the greatest evidence to support its use in managing symptoms such as chemotherapy‐induced nausea, vomiting, and pain; additional research suggests benefit in providing relief for radiation‐induced xerostomia, hot flashes, arthralgias, and other symptoms. Many authoritative resources now exist to help guide patients' appropriate use of complementary therapies, allowing the medical team to follow evidence‐based guidelines.
Health Services Research
Authors: Dinan Michaela A. , Check Devon K. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Health services research (HSR) describes a diverse group of research strategies and fields that seek to evaluate the impact of health care on patients and populations and has been a critical component of understanding the use, outcomes, and costs associated with oncology care since its inception over 100 years ago. In modern times, physicians and researchers often tout “bench to bedside” innovations as the goal of biomedical research. However, patients, physicians, and health care systems in the real world are subjected to a host of factors that impact patient care before, during, and after an intervention occurs at the bedside. Although HSR is a complex and evolving concept, a basic understanding of the key principles of HSR is needed to accurately assess, quantify, and optimize the real‐world impact of progress in oncology today and in the future.