bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbal number in Idi
Authors: Schokkin Dineke 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper provides a first description of verbal number in Idi, a language of the Pahoturi River family spoken in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Idi shows an intricate system of marking verbal number, evident in verb stems and two sets of suffixes occurring in different positions on the verb, based on a distinction between nonplural (1 or 2) versus plural (more than 2). Verbs also agree in person and number with core arguments; this system of nominal number is distinguishing singular (1) from nonsingular (more than 1). Elements from the two systems are combined to arrive at composite number values for both events and participants. In addition, verbal number interrelates with a lexical aspectual distinction of punctual/telic versus durative/atelic, manifesting on verb stems and in inflectional patterns. The paper provides evidence for the thesis that verbal number in Idi is not merely lexically determined, but largely inflectional.
Third quantization for scalar and spinor wave functions of the Universe in an extended minisuperspace
Authors: Kan Nahomi , Aoyama Takuma , Hasegawa Taiga , Shiraishi Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We consider the third quantization in quantum cosmology of a minisuperspace extended by the Eisenhart–Duval lift. We study the third quantization based on both Klein–Gordon type and Dirac-type equations in the extended minisuperspace. Spontaneous creation of ‘Universes’ is investigated upon the quantization of a simple model. We find that the quantization of the Dirac-type wave function reveals that the number density of universes is expressed by the Fermi–Dirac distribution. We also calculate the entanglement entropy of the multi-universe system.
Modeling bismuth insertion in 1D hybrid lead halide TMSO(Pb
x
Bi
y
)I3 pseudo-perovskites
Authors: Pipitone Candida , Ursi Federica , Giannici Francesco , Longo Alessandro , Guagliardi Antonietta , Masciocchi Norberto , Martorana Antonino 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The structures of the disordered 1D (pseudo-)perovskites of general TMSO(Pb
x
Bi
y
)I3 formulation [TMSO = (CH3)3SO+], obtained by doping the TMSOPbI3 species with Bi3+ ions, are investigated through the formulation of a statistical model of correlated disorder, which addresses the sequences of differently occupied BI6 face-sharing octahedra (B = Pb, Bi or vacant site) within ideally infinite [(BI3)−]
n
chains. The x-ray diffraction patterns simulated on the basis of the model are matched to the experimental traces, which show many broad peaks with awkward (nearly trapezoidal) shapes, under the assumption that the charge balance is fully accomplished within each chain. The analysis allowed to establish a definite tendency of the metal species to cluster as pure Pb and Bi sequences. The application of the model is discussed critically, in particular as what concerns the possibility that further B-site neighbors beyond the second may influence the overall B-site occupancies.
Spatially enhanced electric field induced second harmonic (SEEFISH) generation for measurements of electric field distributions in high-pressure plasmas
Authors: Raskar S , Orr K , Adamovich I V , Chng T L , Starikovskaia S M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The spatial resolution of the ps electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation has been enhanced by using non-collinear pump laser beam arrangements. The pump laser beam (1064 nm, nominal pulse duration 150 ps, pulse energy 20–40 mJ) is separated into two coaxial or crossing beams, overlapping only near the focal point. The spatially enhanced EFISH (SEEFISH) signal is generated over a shorter beam overlap region compared to the collinear beam arrangement. Blocking of either of the two beams results in a complete suppression of the signal. The signal is spatially isolated from the ‘conventional’ EFISH signal and measured by a photomultiplier detector. Measurements of a known Laplacian field generated between two parallel cylinder electrodes in ambient air shows that SEEFISH improves the spatial resolution of the measurements by up to a factor of 2, such that the measurement results agree with the Laplacian field distribution. The spatial resolution is improved further by reducing the focal distance of the lens. The magnitude of the SEEFISH signal is significantly lower compared to that of the single-beam EFISH and decreases rapidly as the beam crossing angle is increased, due to the phase mismatch. This approach has a significant potential for measurements of electric field distributions in high-pressure plasmas, with an additional benefit of removing the stray second harmonic signal from the optical access windows.
On constriction and striation of a diffuse DBD in large gap filled with moderate pressure helium diluted by the air and easily ionized impurity
Authors: Akishev Yuri , Alekseeva Tatyana , Karalnik Vladimir , Petryakov Alexander 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The experimental results on studying the plane-to-plane dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) excited in a very large volume (120 × 120 × 120 mm3) are presented. The DBD was powered by sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of 100 kHz. The plasma-forming gas is helium, which is slightly diluted by the air and trace impurity of an easily ionized gas. The total pressure of the working gas was varied within of 20–100 Torr. A moderate gas pressure allowed one the creation of non-typical DBD with a very long plasma column of 12 cm in length. Such a long gap DBD exhibits new features in its behavior compared to the well-known DBD in short gaps of several millimeters in length. Immediately after the discharge ignition, a long and uniform diffuse plasma column occurs that occupies the entire space of the inter-electrode bulk. However, this transversally homogeneous plasma mode is unstable. The ionization-thermal instability develops in the plasma owing to gas heating by the discharge. Therefore, the transversally uniform plasma breaks into several separate narrow current channels that move chaotically relative to each other. After a while, they eventually integrate into a single constricted plasma column located in the center part of the discharge volume. At the very beginning of its formation, the constricted plasma column is longitudinally uniform. But soon, it becomes streated. The strata are almost standing and their shape differs from that in a DC glow discharge at low pressure in a sealed tube. The revealed features in the slow spatial-temporal behavior of the long gap DBD are discussed with the involvement of mathematical analysis describing the small plasma disturbance development in the linear approximation.
Extended instability of kinetic ballooning modes induced by ion temperature gradient and impurity in tokamaks
Authors: Shen Yong , Dong J.Q. , Peng X.D. , Han M.K. , He H.D. , Li J.Q. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) instability in tokamak plasmas is studied with gyrokinetic theory. It extends and improves on the theory of higher order KBM which is not subject to second stabilization (Hirose et al 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett.
72 3993). It is verified that increasing ion temperature gradient (η

i
) significantly enhances the instability of KBMs, and causes extended instability in the second MHD stable regime. Especially when η

i
≳  1, the mode is unstable almost in the whole β space from an experimental point of view, here β is the ratio of kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure. It is found that for the case with a relatively low safety factor (1 ≲ q ≲ 2) and η

i
≈ 0, which is generally in the central regions of a tokamak plasma, the KBM instability can also be extended to the region of β or α far beyond the second MHD stability boundary due only to impurity effect, here α = −Rq
2(dβ/dr). It has characteristics similar to the extended instability induced by η

i
, while its instability window is narrower than the latter. From the observations, the unstable window of extended instability is finite. As the safety factor q and magnetic shear

s

^

(≡ r dq/q dr) increases, the ‘theoretical’ critical β of the second stable regime decreases and the α threshold increases. When the impurity effect is combined with the η

i
effect, the unstable window of the extended instability induced by η

i
can be greatly reduced by the former. In some cases, for instance as η

i
≳  1 and q is larger, and in the presence of impurity with mediate mass number, the impurity effect can even make the second stable regime of ‘experimental significance’ re-appear in KBMs. The influence of η

i
and impurity effects on broadening mode structure of KBMs are smaller than q and

s

^

. The stability boundary based on

s

^

–
α

plane confirms the above results.
The concept of the application of modelling and simulation to simplify and reduce the cost of durability tests of vehicles and their components
Authors: Lozia Zbigniew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper deals with durability tests of road vehicle components. They may be performed in a real work environment or in the laboratory. New or modified structures of vehicles and their components should and are tested in an accelerated manner in real or simulated conditions, corresponding to the anticipated conditions of use. The work presents the concept of using modelling and simulation to determine the inputs during the tests of the car’s structural components (assemblies, subassemblies, and parts), without the need to test the entire vehicle. The author proposes the use of physical and mathematical models of vehicles to determine the excitations affecting the assembly, subassembly, or element of interest during the research tests of the entire vehicle. This approach reduces the dimensionality of the experimental research and limits its scope to the structural node of interest, which in turn reduces the costs. The next, more extensive publication will present an exemplary application of the presented concept.
Quasi-static research of cornering stiffness for selected tires of UTV/ATV vehicles
Authors: Jackowski J , Żmuda M , Wieczorek M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The cornering stiffness is an important feature of the tire influences the dynamic behavior of the vehicle in curvilinear motion. The article presents results of quasi-static research of cornering stiffness. Two non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) of similar size and a pneumatic tire for utility terrain vehicles (UTVs) or all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were selected for the research. The analysis of the research results showed a significant influence of the flexible structure of NPTs on the values of lateral forces.
The influence of seatback reclination on body kinematics during low-speed frontal impact
Authors: Górniak A , Górniak W , Matla J , Zawiślak M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Safety tests are generally performed in accordance with strict procedures that involve the use of a carefully positioned dummy. Safety tests are rarely conducted with the occupant being in a non-standard position. In real life driving, occupants, especially passengers, choose a more comfortable reclined position, and in such a case the body dynamics are different from those investigated in the standard safety test. Furthermore, with the rapid development of autonomous vehicles, which provide the possibility of the position of occupants being unrestricted, the investigation of “out of position” body kinetics is becoming more important. The presented study aimed to evaluate body dynamics with various seatback reclinations. Body dynamics were verified by simulating frontal impact on a sled system with the use of a standard 50 percentile Hybrid III dummy. Points of interest located on the dummies head, neck, pelvis, and legs were traced, which allowed its trajectory to be evaluated. Additionally, the maximal extrusion and the time of motion were evaluated. It was found that the maximal extrusion in the longitude direction is the same for semi and fully reclined seats. Furthermore, a reclined seat causes head rotation, which can result in neck injuries.
Driving Simulator as a Tool for Reaction Time Measurement
Authors: Čulík K. , Štefancová V , Kalašová A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe reaction times of a driver were measured in a driving simulator environment in this article. Young drivers under the age of 26 were the focus of the study. They cause many accidents. Each participating driver provided basic information later used for mathematical-statistical analysis. The main advantage of driving simulators is limitless usage. It is possible to simulate situations that would be unacceptable in real road traffic. Therefore, this study could focus also on drivers influenced by alcohol. The main goal of the article is to evaluate the reaction times. Then it was possible to evaluate if gender, practice, and alcohol, statistically significantly affect the reaction time. We also focused on drinking before driving for a smaller number of drivers. For these mathematical-statistical purposes, we used a one-sample t-test, paired-samples t-test, and independent-sample t-test.
Influence of harsh braking parameters on safety of load transport
Authors: Zuska A , Grabski P , Jaśkiewicz M , Jurecki R , Kurczyński D , Łagowski P , Stańczyk T , Szumska E 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Loads acting on transported cargo are the result of the inertia forces associated with the movement of the motor vehicle. Longitudinal inertia forces acting on the goods transported by a vehicle may result from accelerating or braking the car. The maximum values of acceleration acting on cargo are important in terms of the selection of methods and tools used to secure the transported goods.
The paper presents the results of experimental tests of harsh braking of a tractor unit with a semi-trailer. The experiment was divided into three measurement series. Two of them were carried out on asphalt pavement, while the last one was carried out on concrete pavement. One series consisted of ten braking tests. The values of maximum decelerations recorded during the tests were subjected to statistical analysis and then compared with the values of the average full deceleration of braking determined for individual braking cases.
A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people
Authors: Stańko-Pająk K , Bursa B , Seńko J , Detka T , Korczak S , Nowak R , Popiołek K , Lisiecki J , Paczkowski A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article presents the construction of a prototype three-wheeled vehicle for people with disabilities, approved in the L2e category. The vehicle is equipped with a special tilt mechanism that allows people with disabilities, who cannot balance their body, to return to an upright position after completing a driving maneuver on a curve of the road. The tilt angle of the vehicle depends on its speed and steering angle. When designing the vehicle, the availability and price of spare parts for scooters and motorcycles were taken into account to make the vehicle as cheap as possible.
The use of probabilistic networks in the analysis of risks to the components of the bus power system with hydrogen fuel cells
Authors: Kasperek D , Bartnik G , Marciniak A , Małek A , Pieniak D , Gil L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Probabilistic networks can be a useful tool for reliability modelling and risk analysis in the operation of technical facilities. In the article, the authors present the method of using probabilistic networks in the analysis of threats to the elements of the electric bus power supply system with a hydrogen fuel cell. Both the use of probabilistic networks as a tool supporting decision-making processes and the use of the latest achievements in the field of non-emission propulsion indicate a new area of research. The article presents the construction of a hydrogen bus with particular emphasis on the hydrogen storage and transmission installation. Next one specific case is considered where there is a leak in the hydrogen system with the simultaneous appearance of an ignition initiator in the form of a short circuit in the electrical system. Authors considered Fault Tree-Event Tree method in context of Bayesian networks technology. The conducted research has shown that there is a real risk of hydrogen explosion in a hydrogen fuel cell-powered bus and that it can be accurately calculated.
On the relationship between Scandinavian extreme precipitation days, atmospheric blocking and Red Sea coral oxygen isotopes
Authors: Rimbu Norel , Felis Thomas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the context of ongoing climate change towards a warmer world, it is important to gain insights into the frequency and intensity of weather and climate extreme events over longer periods of time prior to the start of instrumental observations. Reconstructions of their variability are usually hampered by the rareness of natural archives for the pre-instrumental period that document climate variability at a sub-seasonal resolution. A potential archive for extreme events are annually banded reef corals which incorporate isotopic proxies of temperature and hydrology into their carbonate skeletons at sub-seasonal resolution, grow for centuries, and overlap with the observational period. Here, we investigate the relationship between the frequency of heavy precipitation days in southwestern Scandinavia and colder conditions in the northern Red Sea during winter, as documented by a coral oxygen isotope record from the northernmost area of tropical reef growth in the European sector of the Northern Hemisphere. Statistical analysis of observational data reveals that cold conditions in the northern Red Sea are associated with an increased frequency of heavy precipitation in southwestern Scandinavia. From a synoptic-scale perspective, this teleconnection can be explained by winter atmospheric blocking over mid-latitude Europe, which is a large-scale pattern of atmospheric pressure that can be active for several days or weeks. We show that increased winter blocking activity in the European region is related to an increased frequency of extreme moisture transport by atmospheric rivers affecting southwestern Scandinavia, as well as to an increased meridional advection of cold continental air from the north towards the subtropical northern Red Sea. The coral-based Scandinavian heavy precipitation reconstruction shows strong decadal variations during the pre-instrumental period. Our results provide insights into the frequency of winter atmospheric blocking events and related daily precipitation extremes in the European region, as well as into the impact of mid-latitude climate extremes on coral reef ecosystems in the northern Red Sea, during the last centuries.
Inter-State Conflicts and the Implications for Foreign Intellectual Property Right Holders
Authors: Ferguson Alexander 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When there is a conflict between states, what happens to a foreigner holding an intellectual property right (IPR) in one of those states? This issue arose recently in the form of economic and diplomatic conflicts. It also arose throughout the 20th Century in the context of armed, economic and diplomatic conflicts. Drawing on those events, I observe three pathways that international law can follow. First, international law can strengthen the hand of the foreign IPR holder. Second, international law can weaken their hand. Third, new or existing protections can be relied upon, but with limited effect. These pathways are illustrated by drawing on mostly well-known treaties and some less well-known disputes brought thereunder.
Comparative health systems analysis of differences in the catastrophic health expenditure associated with non-communicable vs communicable diseases among adults in six countries
Authors: Haakenstad Annie , Coates Matthew , Bukhman Gene , McConnell Margaret , Verguet Stéphane 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries may have implications for health system performance in the area of financial risk protection, as measured by catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). We compare NCD CHE to the CHE cases caused by communicable diseases (CDs) across health systems to examine whether: (1) disease burden and CHE are linked, (2) NCD CHE disproportionately affects wealthier households and (3) whether the drivers of NCD CHE differ from the drivers of CD CHE. We used the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health survey, which captured nationally representative samples of 44 089 adults in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Using two-part regression and random forests, we estimated out-of-pocket spending and CHE by disease area. We compare the NCD share of CHE to the NCD share of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) or years of life lost to disability and death. We tested for differences between NCDs and CDs in the out-of-pocket costs per visit and the number of visits occurring before spending crosses the CHE threshold. NCD CHE increased with the NCD share of DALYs except in South Africa, where NCDs caused more than 50% of CHE cases but only 30% of DALYs. A larger share of households incurred CHE due to NCDs in the lowest than the highest wealth quintile. NCD CHE cases were more likely to be caused by five or more health care visits relative to communicable disease CHE cases in Ghana (P = 0.003), India (P = 0.004) and China (P = 0.093). Health system attributes play a key mediating factor in how disease burden translates into CHE by disease. Health systems must target the specific characteristics of CHE by disease area to bolster financial risk protection as the epidemiological transition proceeds.
HL7 FHIR-based tools and initiatives to support clinical research: a scoping review
Authors: Duda Stephany N , Kennedy Nan , Conway Douglas , Cheng Alex C , Nguyen Viet , Zayas-Cabán Teresa , Harris Paul A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe HL7® fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR®) specification has emerged as the leading interoperability standard for the exchange of healthcare data. We conducted a scoping review to identify trends and gaps in the use of FHIR for clinical research.Materials and methodsWe reviewed published literature, federally funded project databases, application websites, and other sources to discover FHIR-based papers, projects, and tools (collectively, “FHIR projects”) available to support clinical research activities.ResultsOur search identified 203 different FHIR projects applicable to clinical research. Most were associated with preparations to conduct research, such as data mapping to and from FHIR formats (n = 66, 32.5%) and managing ontologies with FHIR (n = 30, 14.8%), or post-study data activities, such as sharing data using repositories or registries (n = 24, 11.8%), general research data sharing (n = 23, 11.3%), and management of genomic data (n = 21, 10.3%). With the exception of phenotyping (n = 19, 9.4%), fewer FHIR-based projects focused on needs within the clinical research process itself.DiscussionFunding and usage of FHIR-enabled solutions for research are expanding, but most projects appear focused on establishing data pipelines and linking clinical systems such as electronic health records, patient-facing data systems, and registries, possibly due to the relative newness of FHIR and the incentives for FHIR integration in health information systems. Fewer FHIR projects were associated with research-only activities.ConclusionThe FHIR standard is becoming an essential component of the clinical research enterprise. To develop FHIR’s full potential for clinical research, funding and operational stakeholders should address gaps in FHIR-based research tools and methods.