bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow and heat transfer characteristics of a fractal microchannel heat sink with three‐dimensional fractal tail
Authors: Tang Zhibo , Sun Liang , Qi Cong , Wang Yuwei , Chen Lanqi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn order to solve the problem of weak heat transfer capacity on the peripheral part of the disk‐shaped fractal microchannel heat sink (FMHS), different from the traditional plane fractal, a higher‐order fractal was carried out at the end of the fractal microchannel, and the end of the microchannel was transformed into a three‐dimensional fractal to strengthen the heat transfer in the peripheral part of the FMHS. Different forms of bionic FMHSs were established based on the fractal number and fractal topology at the tail, and the flow and heat transfer characteristics of different fractals were studied. The results showed that with the increase of fractal number, the pressure drop is increased by 5.96–8.29%, the heat transfer effect is enhanced, the surface temperature of the FMHS gradually decreases, and the temperature uniformity is improved. For each topological relationship and fractal number, the heat transfer capacity of the four fractals microchannel with B‐type topological relationship is the strongest, and the comprehensive performance index can reach 1.29 (Re = 200).
Conjugated microporous polymer‐coated sponges for effectively removal of oils and trace aromatic pollutions in water
Authors: Hasi Qi‐Meige , Guo Yuping , Wang Shanshan , Yu Jiale , Han Zhichao , Xiao Chaohu , Zhang Yuhan , Chen Lihua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEfficient elimination of organics or oils in water has become a global concern due to their severely environmental pollution. In this work, two kinds of absorbents based on the doping of conjugated microporous polymers onto sponges (CMPs@sponges) were prepared by in situ Sonogashira‐Hagihara coupling reaction of the monomers in the presence of melamine sponge. The as‐synthesized CMPs@sponges possess excellent thermal and physicochemical stability. Owing to the excellent hydrophobic character of the CMPs@sponges, which exhibit high oil/water separation efficiency through adsorption process. The CMPs@sponges show desirable ability for the adsorption of oils and organic solvents with the values of 24–64 g/g and 13–36 g/g, and the adsorption properties remain unchanged after 10 cycles with excellent cycling stability. Even the CMPs@sponges are immersed in different pH solutions, which still maintain their original superhydrophobicity. In addition, CMPs@sponges can constantly separate and recover oil and organic solvent based on the help of vacuum pump, and the separation efficiency still remained above 95% after 10 repetitions. It was worth noting that the CMPs@sponges can remove not only the organic solvents but also the trace benzene contaminants from water, and with the removal rate of more than 85%. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized CMPs@sponges possess high oil/water separation properties that may be attributed to the physical adsorption, and the π‐π interactions and hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, due to the designable flexibility of CMPs, which make the CMPs‐based novel materials are excepted to an excellent candidate for applications of oil/water separation and water purification.
Solvent‐free, B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed S−H Insertion of Thiophenols and Thiols with α‐Diazoesters
Authors: Wang Peng , Gong Yulin , Wang Xiaoyu , Ren Yangqing , Wang Lei , Zhai Lele , Li Huilin , She Xuegong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDescribed herein is a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed S−H insertion reaction of thiophenols and thiols with α‐diazoesters to access valuable α‐thioesters. With the established protocol, an array of α‐thioester products are generated in moderate to good yields with broad scope and functional group tolerance. In addition, this reaction maintains its high efficiency on gram scale and the product can be easily transformed into other useful motifs. This reaction proceeds under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature, and generally finishes in twenty minutes upon magnet stirring, which offers an expedient way for the synthesis of thioether‐containing compounds.
Enzyme‐Powered Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Wang Xi , Zhang Dang , Bai Yu , Zhang Jian , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe incidence and lethal rate of cancers are rapidly rising recently, however current treatments of cancers, such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy, usually require long treatment period and have more side effects and high recurrence rate. Enzyme‐powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs), with powerful self‐propulsion, enhanced permeability and good biocompatibility, have shown great potential in crossing biological barrier and targeted drug transportation for cancer treatment; moreover, advanced approaches based on EMNMs such as photothermal therapy and starvation therapy have also been widely explored in cancer treatment. Although there are several review works discussing the progress of micro/nanomotors for biomedical applications, there is not one review paper with the focus on the cancer treatment based on EMNMs. Therefore, in this review, we try to concisely and timely summarize the recent progress of cancer treatment based on enzyme‐driven micro/nanomotors, such as brain tumors, bladder cancer, breast cancer and others. Finally, the challenges and outlook of cancer therapy based on EMNMs are discussed, hoping to provide fundamental guidance for the future development.
Characterization of rare histological subtypes of ovarian cancer based on molecular profiling
Authors: Takahashi Nobutaka , Hatakeyama Keiichi , Nagashima Takeshi , Ohshima Keiichi , Urakami Kenichi , Yamaguchi Ken , Hirashima Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivePan‐cancer analysis across The Cancer Genome Atlas has revealed the molecular profiles of major types of carcinomas. High‐grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) have been characterized; however, in ovarian cancer, the profile of carcinoma with minor histopathological changes remains unclear. This study aimed to perform the molecular profiling of rare malignant ovarian tumors, including non‐epithelial tumors (NETs; germ cell tumors and sex cord tumors) and clear cell carcinoma (CCC), to determine how they differ from the major HGSCs.MethodsSixty‐nine malignant ovarian tumors surgically resected at the Shizuoka Cancer Center between January 2014 and March 2019 were classified based on their histopathological types. The germline and somatic mutations in these carcinomas, including NETs, were determined using next‐generation sequencing. Gene expression analysis was performed to investigate the major pathways of drug resistance, which is a characteristic of CCC.ResultsNETs harbored copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity, accompanied by a high homologous recombination deficiency score; germline mutations of PALB2 and BARD1 were identified in two patients with NET. In chemoresistant CCC, the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition pathway was activated regardless of ABC transporter expression.ConclusionThis study revealed some genomic characteristics of rare malignant ovarian tumors, including NETs and CCC.
Minimal‐Invasive Method for the Evaluation of Liquid Fractions in Foams with a Point Level Sensor
Authors: Staud Rolf , Heller Daniel , Knüpfer Leon , Heitkam Sascha , Einfalt Daniel , Jasch Katharina , Scholl Stephan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLiquid foams occur whether intentionally or unintentionally across different industrial sectors. The detection of foam and characterization of liquid content currently requires complex measurement methods such as electrical conductivity measurements. This paper presents a novel method for foam detection and characterization of its liquid fraction based on a capacitive level sensor. A correlation between the sensor output signal and defined liquid fractions of dry to wet foam indicated a high accuracy of this sensor technique. Regarding the sensor operation in different liquid solutions, a minimum screw‐in depth is presented. The sensor allows minimal invasive inline measurements in equipment regardless of the wall material and of extreme process conditions, e.g., explosion hazard areas.
Quantitative models for the inference of intratumor heterogeneity
Authors: van den Bosch Tom , Vermeulen Louis , Miedema Daniël M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is an omnipresent property of cancers and predicts poor survival in most types of cancer. The propensity to metastasize and the regrowth of tumors after therapy are both associated with ITH. Quantification of the level of ITH in a malignancy is hence of great interest, and accurate inference of ITH could guide clinical decision making. However, ITH is an emergent property of billions of cells and requires mathematical modeling for inference from a limited number of measurements. Over the last decade, numerous mathematical and computational models have been introduced to infer ITH from variant‐allele frequencies, copy number variations, or from data of experimental model systems. These quantitative modeling efforts have advanced the understanding of tumor evolution, underlined poor prognosis associated with ITH, and elucidated the importance of functional heterogeneity, that is, cancer stem cells. Yet, a comprehensive overview of the different mathematical models, their underlying assumptions, their limitations, and their strengths is missing. In this Perspective, we highlight the achievements of mathematical modeling and present a framework which allows better understanding of the mathematical models themselves.
Design of ultra wideband power amplifier based on a refining of exact harmonic impedance space
Authors: Li Mingyu , Li Qing , Dai Zhijiang , Wang Peng 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThis paper introduces a new theory which can be applied for the design of over‐octave ultra‐wideband power amplifier (PA). In this methodology, the impedance space of the ultra‐wideband PA can be refined, and the fundamental and various harmonic impedances have the same impedance space. This theory solves the problem that the harmonic impedance is not located in the fundamental impedance space because of its pure reactance form in the traditional hybrid continuous mode. To verify this theory, an ultra‐wideband PA with operating frequency range of 0.5–3.0 GHz (relative bandwidth of 143%) has been designed and fabricated. The experimental results show that the saturated output power over the entire operating band is 38.6–42.4 dBm, the power gain is 10.2–14.6 dB, and the corresponding saturated drain efficiency is between 50.1% and 65.1%.
Effect of social instability stress in adolescence or adulthood on sensitivity to sucrose concentration in a social context in male and female Long‐Evans rats
Authors: Herlehy Racheal A. , Lim Stephanie , Murray Shealin H. , Baumbach Jennet L. , van Wingerden Marijn , McCormick Cheryl M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlthough there is evidence of sex differences in responding to social stress, and that age when stressed matters, females are understudied and adult‐stress comparisons are few. Here, we investigated stress effects on reward sensitivity by examining rats’ choice of social versus sucrose reward in a continuous spatial allocation design. We predicted social instability stress (SS) in adolescence would result in greater social discounting (spend less time near a novel peer when provided access to sucrose) relative to nonstressed controls (CTLs) and relative to SS in adulthood. All increased sucrose intake as the concentration increased, with no evidence of social discounting. SS males tested soon after the stress had a decrease in intake, whereas those tested long after had an increase in both time near the peer and in intake. CTL and SS females did not differ in intake, although their dose–response curves differed when tested soon after the SS. We also tested whether SS changed the stimulus value of the rat as a social peer; when tested in triads, CTL rats spent similar time in interaction with SS versus CTL rats. In sum, effects of SS on reward sensitivity were greater for males irrespective of administered in adolescence versus adulthood.
Socioeconomic status in early adolescence predicts blunted stress responses in adulthood
Authors: Loeb Emily L. , Gonzalez Marlen Z. , Hunt Gabrielle , Uchino Bert N. , de Grey Robert G. Kent , Allen Joseph P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIndividuals who grow up in families with lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to experience disproportionate rates of chronic stress. The “freeze” response, characterized by blunted cardiovascular reactivity and reduced engagement with the environment, is associated with chronic stress and may be utilized when an individual is unable to escape or overcome environmental stressors. Using a diverse community sample of 184 adolescents followed from the age of 13 to 29 years, along with their friends and romantic partners, this study examined links between family SES and stress responses in adulthood. Low family SES at the age of 13 years directly predicted blunted heart rate responding and fewer attempts to answer math problems during a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Task at the age of 29 years. Indirect effects were found from low family SES to blunted respiratory sinus arrhythmia responding and the number of words spoken during a speech task. SES at the age of 29 years mediated many of these relations. Findings held after accounting for a number of potential confounds, including adolescent academic and attachment functioning and body mass index. We interpret these findings as evidence that low familial SES may predict freezing‐type responses in adulthood.
Spatial coherence and the persistence of high diversity in spatially heterogeneous landscapes
Authors: Vikrant Ankit , Pettersson Susanne , Nilsson Jacobi Martin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOur planet hosts a variety of highly diverse ecosystems. The persistence of high diversity is generally attributed to factors such as the structure of interactions among species and the dispersal of species in metacommunities. Here, we show that large contiguous landscapes—that are characterized by high dispersal—facilitate high species richness due to the spatial heterogeneity in interspecies interactions. We base our analysis on metacommunities under high dispersal where species densities become equal across habitats (spatially coherent). We find that the spatially coherent metacommunity can be represented by an effective species interaction‐web that has a significantly lower complexity than the constituent habitats. Our framework also explains how spatial heterogeneity eliminates differences in the effective interaction‐web, providing a basis for deviations from the area‐heterogeneity tradeoff. These results highlight the often‐overlooked case of high dispersal where spatial coherence provides a novel mechanism for supporting high diversity in large heterogeneous landscapes.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Need for a Meaningful Regulatory Plant Protection Product Testing Strategy
Authors: Sweeney Christopher J. , Bottoms Melanie , Ellis Sian , Ernst Gregor , Kimmel Stefan , Loutseti Stefania , Schimera Agnes , Carniel Leticia Scopel Camargo , Sharples Amanda , Staab Frank , Marx Michael T. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform key soil ecosystem services and, because of their symbiotic relationship with plant roots, may be exposed to the plant protection products (PPPs) applied to soils and crops. In 2017, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of PPPs for in-soil organisms, recommending the inclusion of AMF ecotoxicological testing in the PPP regulatory process. However, it is not clear how this can be implemented in a tiered, robust, and ecologically relevant manner. Through a critical review of current literature, we examine the recommendations made within the EFSA report and the methodologies available to integrate AMF into the PPP risk assessment and provide perspective and commentary on their agronomic and ecological relevance. We conclude that considerable research questions remain to be addressed prior to the inclusion of AMF into the in-soil organism risk assessment, many of which stem from the unique challenges associated with including an obligate symbiont within the PPP risk assessment. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps and the further research required to enable development of relevant, reliable, and robust scientific tests alongside pragmatic and scientifically sound guidance to ensure that any future risk-assessment paradigm is adequately protective of the ecosystem services it aims to preserve. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1808–1823. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
National characterization of pesticide runoff and erosion potential to put USEPA standard ecological scenarios in context for pyrethroids
Authors: Ritter Amy , Desmarteau Dean , Hendley Paul , Holmes Christopher M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Decision-making for pesticide registration by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) relies upon crop-specific scenarios in a tiered framework. These standard modeling scenarios are stated to represent “…sites expected to produce runoff greater than would be expected at 90% of the sites for a given crop/use.” This study developed a novel approach to compare the pesticide runoff + erosion (SumRE) mass flux potential of a hydrophobic chemical using 36 of these ecological regulatory scenarios with national-scale distributions of modeled SumRE from over 750 000 USA-wide agricultural catchments to provide real-world context for the simulated transport predictions used for regulatory decision-making. For the standard scenarios and national scale modeling, “edge of field” SumRE mass flux was estimated using regulatory guidance for a hypothetical pyrethroid. The national-scale simulations were developed using publicly available soil, hydrography, and crop occurrence /regional timings databases. Relevant soil and crop combinations identified by spatial overlay along with weather data were used in a regulatory model to generate daily SumRE estimates, which were assigned to the catchments. The resulting average annual total SumRE mass fluxes were ranked to produce distributions to compare with the standard regulatory scenario outputs. These comparisons showed that SumRE flux from 25 of the 36 USEPA ecological regulatory crop-specific scenarios modeled ranked above the 99th percentile of pyrethroid runoff + erosion vulnerability from any catchment growing that crop; SumRE flux from six scenarios was more severe than any catchment. For 12 USEPA regulatory scenarios, the resulting eroded sediment corresponds to highly erodible land (HEL), which the US Department of Agriculture mandates should not be cropped without substantial additional erosion prevention controls for sustainability. Since the pesticide regulatory framework already incorporates many acknowledged assumptions to ensure it conservatively meets protection goals, these HEL observations suggest that the standard scenarios overestimate potential aquatic exposure and that the regulatory process is more protective than intended. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:175–190. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Toward a cochlear implant electrode array with shape memory effect for post‐insertion perimodiolar positioning
Authors: Rau Thomas S. , Ehmann Tim , Zuniga M. Geraldine , Plaskonka Katarzyna , Keck Andreas , Majdani Omid , Lenarz Thomas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFor cochlear implants (CI) a final position of the electrode array (EA) along the inner wall of the spirally shaped cochlea is considered to be beneficial because it results in a closer proximity to the auditory nerve fibers. A shape memory effect (SME) could facilitate such shift of the EA toward the cochlear inner wall, but its implementation remains to be solved. The current study presents an EA prototype featuring the SME with minute adjustments of the material properties of Nitinol, a shape memory alloy, in combination with a suitable cooling strategy to prevent premature curling. Ten samples were successfully inserted by a CI surgeon into an artificial cochlear model submerged into a temperature‐controllable water bath to simulate temporary hypothermia of the inner ear (31°C). Gentle insertions were possible, with an average insertion speed of 0.81 ± 0.14 mm/s. After recovery of body temperature, the desired position shift toward the modiolus was observed in all trials. Angular insertion depth increased by approximately 81.8° ± 23.4°. We demonstrate for the first time that using the body temperature responsive SME for perimodiolar EA positioning is feasible and does not impede a gentle surgical insertion.
Electrospun PMMA fibers blended with core‐shell PCM/PS microspheres for thermal regulating applications
Authors: Chang Kai‐Jie , Chen Huan‐Ru , Hsu Hsun‐Hao , Kao Tzu‐Hsun , Lo Tse‐Yu , Lin Huan‐Wei , Chen Jiun‐Tai 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPhase changing materials (PCMs) have been widely investigated because of their unique properties and applications. In recent years, PCMs have been embedded into polymer fibers for thermal regulating purposes. The PCM‐containing polymer fibers, however, usually suffer the leakage problem because PCMs are not covered well by polymers in fibers. To solve this problem, in this study, we develop a facile strategy to fabricate PCM‐containing polymer fibers without the leakage problem. The PCM/polystyrene (PS) core‐shell microspheres are first prepared by suspension polymerization, in which n‐hexadecane is used as the PCM. By blending the PCM/PS microspheres into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) solutions, The PMMA fibers blended with core‐shell PCM/PS microspheres can be prepared via electrospinning. Acetic acid is chosen as the solvent, which can selectively dissolve PMMA and cannot dissolve PS. Therefore, the morphologies of the core‐shell PCM/PS microspheres can be maintained during the electrospinning processes. The microspheres and fibers are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal imaging results demonstrate that the PCM‐containing fibers can effectively regulate temperatures and fibers with higher contents of PCM exhibit better thermal regulating behaviors. Repeated thermal regulating experiments are also conducted for up to 4 cycles.