bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranberry, Grub Control, 1984
Authors: Brodel Charles F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular insecticides were applied on 21 May at Site 1 and 15 May at Site 2 using a hand shaker made from a pint jar with perforated lid. Treatments were arranged in a 5 X 5 Latin square of contiguous, 7 x 7-ft plots at Site 1 and in 3, widely separated randomized blocks of 12 x 8-ft plots at Site 2. A portable overhead irrigation system was used to apply about 2.5 inches of water to each site in a 20 h period. The soil at Site 2 consisted almost entirely of sand, whereas that at Site 2 contained much organic matter. Pre- and post-treatment grub counts were done in the same manner. At Site 1, four, square-foot samples dug to a depth of 6 inches were removed from each plot, placed on a large, plastic sheet, and examined for both grub species. At Site 2, four, 2 x 2-ft samples were dug to a depth of 4 inches in each plot, rolled back, and inspected for P. anxia. Counts were made 16 and 9 days prior to treatment and 21 and 24 days after treatment at Sites 1 and 2, respectively. All specimens were placed in plastic vials, identified in the laboratory, and classified according to head capsule width.
Control of Imported Currantworm on Currant, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Imported currantworm larvae, in late stadia, were collected 11 Jun at the Plant Environmental Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO. Larvae were divided into groups of 5 and placed in petri dishes, for a total of 55 larvae/treatment. Immediately after collection, foliage was sprayed until point of run-off, with a hand operated compressed air sprayer. After foliage dried, it was collected and fed to larvae. Mortality of larvae was observed 48 h after treatment.
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes in California, 1984
Authors: Beevers M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a mixed population of leafhoppers in a randomized block design consisting of 3 vine plots replicated 4 times per treatment. One application was made on 19 Jul ’84 with an orchard handgun operated at 200 lb/in2 delivering 400 gal/acre to 5-year-old vines. Evaluations were made by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs per 10 leaves for each plot.
Insecticidal Control of the Grape Berry Moth, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An 18-year-old experimental vineyard at Wooster, OH was used for this experiment. Rows were 2.7 m on center with 2.4 m between vines within a row. Plots consisted of single vines having 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Insecticidal applications for this experiment were made on 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 16 Jul and 1 Aug. All applications were made at the rate of 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-operated constant pressure CO2 sprayer at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 psi) and equipped with a 9505E-Tee Jet nozzle. On 3 Oct, 10 clusters of grapes were harvested at random from each replicate, and the number of stung berries were recorded.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of Leaf Form of Grape Phylloxera, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Separate tests were conducted and evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Test 1 (‘Concord’) consisted of 6 treatments applied on 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 18 Jul, and 6 Aug. Test 2 (‘Clinton’) consisted of 4 treatments applied on 7 Jun, 20 Jun, and 2 Jul. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Temik granules (Test 2) were distributed by hand uniformly in the bottom of 5-cm-deep furrows 0.45 m away from each side of the row and immediately covered with soil on 18 May. Soil moisture was good at time of application; granules were not watered-in. Other treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi (3.52 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505E Tee Jet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 700 liters/ha. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Orange Tortrix Larva Control, 1984
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chamberlain Jimmie D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Single treated rows, 200-250 ft long and 9 ft apart, were alternated with untreated rows of the same length. Each treated row was divided into 4 or 5 subunits. Larval counts from each subunit were compared with counts from adjacent subunits in the untreated rows on each side of the treated row. The insecticides were applied as sprays with a vertical boom in 115 gal of water per acre at 150 psi. The first spray was applied on 18 Jun ’84, which was ca. 2 wk after the peak catches of male orange tortrix moths in pheromone traps (ca. 150/trap/week). Heavy rains on Jun 19 and 20 (total 1.7 inches) plus very low larva populations on 26 Jun caused us to reapply the sprays on 2 Jul. No rain fell during the following week. Treatments were evaluated on 9 Jul by examining 50 primocane tips in each subunit. The number of larval-infested tips was recorded.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1984
Authors: Childers Carl C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. Trees were on a 25 x 25-ft spacing (70 trees/acre) and approximately 22 ft tall with an 18-ft canopy diameter. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 11 to 13 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 24 May. Water pH was 7.0. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10X hand lens. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in the San Joaquin Valley, 1984
Authors: Elmer H. S. , Morse J. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations on navel oranges at the Lindcove Field station near Exeter, CA. All but 1 treatment were applied with a hand gun using a hydraulic sprayer at ca. 500 psi applying ca. 12 gal/tree (1200 gal/acre). The fourth treatment (**) was applied as a low-volume coverage (100 gal/acre) with an FMC CP-267. Each treatment was replicated in 3 4-tree plots with 2 of the 4 trees selected at random prior to treatment as data trees that were then used on each sample date (6 total). Using a hand lens, live adult female mites were counted on randomly selected leaves (2 leaves from each of 4 terminals per quadrant; 32 per tree) on each sample date.
Corn Earworm Control on Snap Bean, 1984
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap beans were planted 10 Aug at the Jerry Marler farm at Lowell, AR. Plots were four 50-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 6-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row buffers were left between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 7 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a manually propelled bicycle sprayer when the majority of plants bore 2-inch pods (9 Oct). Final spray volume was 11.5 gal/acre. Insecticide effectiveness on corn earworm larvae was compared 11 Oct by making 25 sweeps with a 15-inch diam insect net on each of the eastern-most rows in each plot. This procedure was repeated 17 Oct on the remaining rows. Plots were harvested 29 Oct by hand-picking 2 row-m from the center rows of each plot. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by comparing the % pod damage and the no. earworm larvae in each harvested sample.
Control of Cabbage Aphids on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Bowman J. S. , Everich R. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A block of cabbage transplanted on 10 Jul ’84 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N.H., was utilized. A high population of cabbage aphid developed soon after transplanting making it possible to obtain information on its control even though the treatments were intended for the control of cabbage caterpillars. Spray applications of the various treatments were made on 3 and 10 Aug to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) at a rate of 29 gal/acre. Aphid control evaluations were made on 14 Aug by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least 1 established aphid colony.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Tom , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was direct-seeded on 27 Jun at Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, Centre County, PA. Three-row plots 20 ft long on 36-inch centers were arranged in a randomized comlete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 28 Aug and 5 Oct. Applications were made using a tractor-mounted boom delivering 22 gal per acre at 66 psi. Ortho X-77 surfactant was added to all treatments. Thiodan 3E (2 lb/acre) was applied on 7, 13 and 24 Jul to control flea beetles. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 10 plants/plot and counting the no. of ICW and CL larvae. Cabbage looper populations were very low in 1984. Cabbage was harvested on 8 Nov and rated for foliage injury as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding: 2) 0-1% of leaf area eaten; 3) 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) 6-10% leaf area eaten, minor damage to head; 5) 11-30% leaf area eaten, moderate to heavy damage to head; 6) considerable feeding on head and leaves. Heads receiving a rating of 1 or 2 were considered suitable for fresh market.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1984
Authors: Leibee Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted 21 Feb in Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Central Florida Research and Education Center in Sanfbrd. A plot consisted of one 30 ft row with 12 inch plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by 2 unplanted rows; row spacing was 30 inches. Nemacur 15G 2 lb (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-inch band for nematode control. Randox 4EC and Vegedex 4EC both at 3 lb (AI)/acre were applied for weed control. Treatments were replicated in 5 randomized complete blocks separated by 25 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers Model G tractor. Three nozzles (D3-45) were used per row; 1 overhead and 1 drop on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 2 mph. Sprays were applied 17, 19, 25, 30, Apr, 8 and 16 May. In each plot on 29 May 20 plants were rated for damage on the head and first 4 wrapper leaves using a scale of 1-6 as in Green et al., Jour, of Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800. The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm Larvae on Collards with Insect Viruses and Bacillus Thvringiensis Formulations, 1984
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Young Janet M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 11 Jul collards were direct seeded in Norfolk “A” loomy sand in 4 row plots 20 ft long. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 1 of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Since the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) do not infect the imported cahbageworm all of the micrisporidian and virus treated rows also had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus applied so that damage primarily from cabbage looper could be assessed. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 14, 21, 28 Aug and 5 Sep and on 11 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows:(1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; (2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; (3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; (4) 26-50 damage = most leaves with holes; and (5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
European Corn Borer Control in Snap Beans, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap beans were planted at Bancroft, WI on 3 Jun '85 in 3 blocks 10 rows × 240 ft. Each block consisted of 19 treatments and 2 untreated checks each 10 rows × 10 ft. European corn borer (ECB) eggs (ca. 350 eggs/plot) were pinned to the center 20 plants at 28, 25, 18 and 14 days before harvest (dbh) (pre-bud, bud, 10% bloom, and full bloom, respectively) in individual rows for each egg placement date. Insecticide treatments were applied 18 dbh (full bloom/no pods) with a 10 ft boom (20 gpa, 2.5 mph, 25 psi, 8002 Tee Jet tips on 20 in centers) perpendicular to the rows. At harvest 20 plants from each egg infestation date in each insecticide treatment were evaluated for the number of stems and/or pods damaged and the number of ECB in the stem or pods. Larvae were saved for instar determination, beans per plant were counted, and the sieve size of the beans was determined to gauge maturity. The design allowed the evaluation of the influence of infestation date and crop development of insecticide effectiveness. Damaged pods could only result from ECB moving from the stems to the pods after the insecticide treatment.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control on Snap Beans, 1985
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap beans were planted on May 13 at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, Virginia. Each plot consisted of a single, 30-ft row bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows (3-ft row spacing). Treatements were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer with 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row delivering 75 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Spray applications were made on 21, 28, Jun 5, and 12, Jul. Evaluation criteria consisted of counting the number of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae per 6 ft of row.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 15 Jul. Plots consisted of a single r ow 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 centered over the row calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 3 Sep and 12 Sep. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (26 Sep), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 17 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at ieast 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 2 Oct).
Efficacy of Ammo on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Worms, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft long, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18 to 24-inch interplant spacing on 16 Apr ’81. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Ammo was applied at 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 lb ai/acre on 26 May, 3, 10, 17, and 24 Jun, and 1,8, 14, and 20 Jul using a nozzle system mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The insecticide was applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET hollow-cone nozzles positioned with 1 nozzle above and 1 on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were irrigated as necessary with sprinklers providing 0.38 acre-inches/irrigation. Overall efficacy was determined by the % of uncontaminated/undamaged heads in lots of 20 examined. The number of insects present was determined from 10 heads taken at random from the middle of the plots 2 days after the final application. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Thrips Palmi on Cantaloupes, 1985
Authors: Schreiner Ilse 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupes were planted 18 Dec ’84 in Inarajan in plots consisting of two 9 m rows, 1.2 m apart. Plots were 2 m apart. Six hills were planted in each row at even spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were sprayed to the drip point with insecticides with a backpack sprayer twice a week beginning 15 Jan. Once a week, all plots were sprayed with Benlate (1 tsp/gal) to prevent downy mildew. Sticker, Triton B-1956 was applied with all treatments. It was observed that the naturally occurring thrips infestation was very low, so on 12 Feb all plots were artificially infested with thrips. Five heavily infested cucumber leaves were placed within the foliage of each plot. On 19 Mar thrips were sampled by randomly selecting 20 tips per plot, removing the tenth leaf from the tip and counting the thrips. All yields were harvested.
Carrot Weevil Control on Carrot, 1985
Authors: Woodson W. David , Edelson Jonathan V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Long Imperator 58’ carrots were direct-seeded into 2 row beds on 40-inch centers on 1 Apr at the Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Annex, Mercedes Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 blocks and 8 treatments. Plots were 4 beds wide by 20 ft long. Insecticides were applied on 1 Aug, 14 Aug, 4 Sep and 20 Sep with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 2 mph and a boom pressure of 40 psi. TX4 nozzles ca 10 inches above the plants were used to apply the insecticides at a rate of 10 gal per acre. Control plots were not sprayed. Ten carrots from the center 2 beds of each plot were checked on 26 Jul and 21 Aug while 20 per plot were checked on 27 Sep. Carrot roots and foliage were examined for larval feeding damage, unhatched eggs, hatched eggs and larvae.
Leafminer Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Grafius E. , Hayden J. , Ingerson-Mahar J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trials were conducted in a severely infested field of celery near Hudsonville MI (Ottawa Co.). Adult populations were in excess of 500 per 50 sweeps and flies were present on nearly every new leaf. Defoliation exceeded 80% (only new growth was free of mines). Plots were 3 rows by 25 ft, arranged linearly along the eastern border of the field, 3 replications per treatment, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied to the center row of each plot on 10 Sep and 17 Sep ’85 with a CO2 hand sprayer with a single nozzle over the row at 50 gpa and 30 psi. New leaflets without visible mines (10 per plot) were randomly sampled immediately after treatment, as soon as the spray had dried. The leaflets were placed in plastic bags, returned to the laboratory and kept at room temperature. Larvae and pupae were counted 9 and 13 days after collection and were retained in screen-covered vials for assessment of adult emergence. Older leaflets were also randomly collected immediately after treatment (10 per plot) and returned to the laboratory for evaluation. Larvae and pupae were counted 6 days after collection and retained in vials. Numbers of emerged adults were recorded 20 days after collection. 8 days after the 2nd application, 3 plants were randomly selected from each plot. For each plant, the terminal leaflet from each of the newest 3 stalks was collected, number of visible mines recorded and larval and adult emergence measured, as before. The oldest of these 3 stalks was generally the same age as stalks sampled as “new growth without mines” at the beginning of the study. Several had already had their terminal leaflets removed during the earlier sampling. All pupae were retained for several weeks to allow time for emergence of parasitoids.
Control of Fall Armyworms on Late Season Sweet Corn with Whorl Treatments, 1985.
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study utilized ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn planted on the Henry Murphy Farm, Derry, NH on 15 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-foot row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied to the whorls on 23 Jul. Sprays were applied using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand. Evaluation of the percentage of whorls injured by FAW was made on 30 Jul.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 14 Jul ’85 so that ear formation coincided with expected peak European corn borer (ECB) and initial corn earworm (CEW) activity. Twenty-six chemical treatments and 2 stratified untreated checks were replicated in 4 randomized complete blocks 75 ft × 134 rows. Each treatment consisted of 4 rows. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All treatments were applied with a Hagie Hiboy (20 gpa, 3 mph, 25 psi, boom with 8002 Tee Jet tips on 19-inch centers). The plot design was to compare rate and interval effects of potential commercial insecticides when treatment dates were adjusted to light trap catches, adult/eggs monitoring in the plot area, and heat unit accumulations during the late whorl to 16 days before harvest treatment period. At harvest, 25 ears from each replicate were evaluated for damage: “clean” (no yellow kernels eaten), “tip”, “side”, and “tip & side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of ECB and/or CEW in the early (E), mid (M), or late (L) instar stage.
Apple, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied to 34-year-old trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (ca 8 gal per tree). We used a randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 29 May, 5 and 19 Jun, 2, 16 and 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Rosy apple (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (GAA), woolly apple aphid (WAA), and Japanese beetle (JAP) infestations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. Major direct fruit insect damage was evaluated by randomly picking a minimum of 2 bushels of fruit per tree on 25 Sep and evaluating damage by specific insects.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 6 May at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were two 20-ft rows (42-inch spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Six sprays (9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 Jul) were applied during silking to each side of each treated row with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 nozzles. Final volume was 40 gpa. Plots were harvested 22 Jul and ears were categorized as follows: cull, CEW damage beyond the apical inch; acceptable damage, CEW damage confined to the apical inch; and non-damaged. Treatment effectiveness was compared on % non-damaged ears, % marketable ears (non-damaged + acceptable), % culled ears and damage index. The damage index was calculated where 1 = cull, 2 = acceptable and 3 = non-damaged.