bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing the Rule of Law and Human Rights Protection through United Nations Mandated Mechanisms
Authors: Syed Khan Yousuf , Majinge Charles 
Published: February 2022

Over the past fifteen years, the international community has increasingly relied upon United Nations mandated mechanisms comprising commissions of inquiry, fact- finding missions, and investigations to help address gross violations of human rights and the often blatant disregard for the rule of law during periods of civil unrest, conflict, and post-conflict contexts. The primary reason for why this approach has been preferred centres upon the fact that achieving accountability through internationally mandated tribunals and prosecutions is not only difficult to realize but further complicated due to realpolitik permeating among relevant international decision- making structures. For example, to activate meaningful judicial accountability at the international level, agreement amongst the highest echelons of the United Nations vis- a- vis a Security Council resolution is required to mandate an accountability mechanism. Indeed, even a referral to the permanent International Criminal Court underpinned by the Rome Statute requires a Security Council referral for non- State parties. The complexity of activating these measures, however, has served to ensure the continuation of numerous protracted armed conflicts – characterized by the perpetration of atrocity crimes, violations of international humanitarian law, and violations and abuses of human rights – to the detriment of millions of civilians worldwide.
This contribution finds that the Commissions of Inquiry on Syria and Libya have been able to advance the rule of law and the protection of human rights by investigating and reporting publicly on findings by all parties to these respective conflicts, in particular on atrocity crimes, violations of international humanitarian law, and violations and abuses of human rights perpetrated by non- State actors. Both Commissions have taken similar positions on the application of human rights to non- State actors, in that non- State actors that cannot formally become parties to international human rights treaties must nevertheless respect the fundamental human rights of persons in areas where such actors exercise de facto control.
The contribution continues by exploring the roles of the Commissions of Inquiry for Syria and Libya in the general quest for prevention: i.e., can the establishment of these mechanisms deter belligerents from perpetrating abuses of human rights and disregarding the rule of law? The article argues that if UN- mandated mechanisms – including commissions of inquiry, fact- finding missions, and investigations – are well supported, especially when concerned States grant such bodies protected access on the ground, they can significantly act as a deterrent and contribute to the respect for human rights and the rule of law. This may be achieved particularly through their cooperation and sharing with accountability bodies and the documentation and preservation of evidence collected.
Replanteando la acción social por la música
Authors: Baker Geoffrey 
Published: February 2022

¿Cómo podemos comprender mejor el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la Acción Social por la Música (ASPM)?
Este libro pionero examina el desarrollo de La Red de Escuelas de Música de Medellín, una red de 27 escuelas fundada en 1996 en la segunda ciudad principal de Colombia como respuesta a su reputación como la ciudad más peligrosa en la Tierra. Inspirada en El Sistema, el programa venezolano fundacional de educación musical, La Red es, no obstante, notablemente diferente: su historia es una de múltiples reinvenciones y de una búsqueda continua para mejorar su oferta educativa y alcanzar mejor sus objetivos sociales. Sus reflexiones internas e intentos de transformación arrojan luz valiosa sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de ASPM.
Basado en un año de trabajo de campo intensivo en Colombia y escrito por Geoffrey Baker, autor de El Sistema: Orchestrating Venezuela’s Youth (2014), este importante volumen ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre ASPM y su evolución tanto en el ámbito académico como en la práctica. Será de interés para un público muy variado: empleados y líderes de programas ASPM; educadores musicales; patrocinadores y responsables políticos; y estudiantes y académicos de campos como ASPM, la educación musical, la etnomusicología y otros campos relacionados.
The GPM-DPR Blind Zone Effect on Satellite-Based Radar Estimation of Precipitation over the Andes from a Ground-Based Ka-band Profiler Perspective
Authors: Valdivia Jairo M. , Gatlin Patrick N. , Kumar Shailendra , Scipión Danny , Silva Yamina , Petersen Walter A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A vertically pointing Ka-band radar (Metek MIRA-35C) installed at the Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation Laboratory (LAMAR) Huancayo Observatory, which is located at an elevation of 3.3 km MSL in the Andes Mountains of Peru, is used to investigate the effects of terrain on satellite-based precipitation measurement in the Andes. We compare the vertical structure of precipitation observed by the MIRA-35C with Ka-band radar measurements from the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core satellite using an approach based on Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen turbulence that attempts to reduce the impact of spatiotemporal offsets between these two radar measurements. From 3 April 2014 to 20 May 2018, the DPR measured precipitation near LAMAR during 15 of its 157 coincident overpasses. There were six simultaneous observations with MIRA-35C. We found that the average of the DPR’s lowest clutter-free bin is 1.62 km AGL, but the presence of precipitation worsens the situation, causing a 0.4-km-deeper algorithm-detected blind zone for the DPR at the Huancayo Observatory. In the study area, the depth of the clutter layer observed with DPR often extends above the melting layer but can be highly variable, extending even as high as 5 km AGL. These results suggest that DPR estimates of stratiform precipitation over the Andes Mountains are likely underestimated because of the terrain effects on the satellite measurements and problems in its blind zone detection algorithms, highlighting the difficulty in estimating precipitation in mountainous terrain from spaceborne radar.
Drought Characteristics Encompassing Climate Indices in the Yangtze River Basin Using Nonstationary and Copula-Based Methods
Authors: Huang Mengjie , He Xinguang , Zhang Xinping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this study, a nonstationary standardized precipitation index (NSPI) is calculated by fitting precipitation data to the nonstationary gamma model with climate indices as covariates and compared with stationary standardized precipitation index (SSPI) in fitting observed precipitation and identifying meteorological droughts during 1964–2016 in the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Results show that changing trends of NSPI are roughly consistent with those of SSPI, but the NSPI performs better than SSPI for fitting precipitation. Using the NSPI, spatiotemporal variations and joint return period of drought characteristics are investigated by using modified Mann–Kendall and copula function. It is found that the west YRB experiences mostly severe droughts but shows a mitigating tendency, while in the north-central region, moderate droughts are dominant but have an aggravating tendency. Drought peak shares a spatial distribution pattern similar to intensity, with higher averages in the west and south-central basin and lower averages in the north-central part, but they exhibit a higher occurrence frequency of droughts. The joint return periods of drought characteristics reveal that slight and moderate droughts with duration D of no more than 3 months are more likely to occur in the YRB with return periods of 2–25 years. The severe- and extreme-intensity droughts with more than 3-month duration occur rarely in the YRB, but extreme peak droughts with slight or moderate intensity could hit most of the basin in 100 years. In addition, for most drought scenarios, droughts exhibit longer return periods in the north-central and southeast parts relative to other regions of the YRB.

Significance Statement
Computation of a widely used standardized precipitation index depends heavily on the assumption of stationarity in precipitation, but this assumption is questionable under a changing climate. This study is the first time that a nonstationary standardized precipitation index is calculated to comprehensively assess drought in the Yangtze River basin (YRB). Results show that the basin is prone to no more than 3-month-duration slight and moderate droughts with return periods of 2–25 years, while extreme-intensity droughts longer than 3 months occur rarely. In addition, for most drought scenarios, the droughts exhibit longer return periods in the north-central and southeast parts relative to other regions of the YRB. These results are important for drought monitoring and early warning in the YRB.
Development and Testing of an Advanced Hydrometeor-Phase Algorithm to Meet Emerging Needs in the Aviation Sector
Authors: Reeves Heather Dawn , Lis Nathan , Zhang Guifu , Rosenow Andrew A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNew regulations are being issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that require three-dimensional hydrometeor-phase diagnosis, including discrimination between freezing rain (FZRA) and freezing drizzle (FZDZ), for all commercial airports in the United States. Herein, a novel hydrometeor-phase algorithm, the spectral bin classifier (SBC), is adapted to meet these requirements. First, the SBC’s particle size distribution (PSD) is upgraded to be variable rather than fixed. This, along with some changes to the logic, allows for drizzle (DZ)/FZDZ to be diagnosed. Second, the SBC is modified to provide a low-altitude (LA), aboveground diagnosis (SBC-LA). Last, necessary changes to account for resolution issues in NWP thermal profiles are presented. Adding a dynamic-PSD capability improves the probability of detection (POD) by about 12%, but adapting the algorithm to include DZ/FZDZ worsens the PODs. This is due to potentially errant reports of rain (RA)/FZRA in environments that are more conducive to DZ/FZDZ. Assuming a diagnosis of DZ is a hit when RA is observed, and likewise for FZRA/FZDZ, increases the POD by between 35% and 60%. Although performance statistics for SBC-LA cannot be computed, about one-third of all RA and DZ soundings herein have an elevated layer of FZRA/FZDZ, underscoring the importance of an aboveground diagnosis for the aviation sector. The comparatively low vertical resolution of NWP profiles is found to degrade the SBC’s performance. Interpolating to a higher resolution helps to mitigate this problem. Several case studies of mixed phases at different airports are presented to highlight the enhanced decision support made possible by the above modifications.
Uncertainty in the Winter Tropospheric Response to Arctic Sea Ice Loss: The Role of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Internal Variability
Authors: Sun Lantao , Deser Clara , Simpson Isla , Sigmond Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the past four decades and climate models project a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean by the middle of this century, with attendant consequences for regional climate. However, modeling studies lack consensus on how the large-scale atmospheric circulation will respond to Arctic sea ice loss. In this study, the authors conduct a series of 200-member ensemble experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) to isolate the atmospheric response to past and future sea ice loss following the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) protocol. They find that the stratospheric polar vortex response is small compared to internal variability, which in turn influences the signal-to-noise ratio of the wintertime tropospheric circulation response to ice loss. In particular, a strong (weak) stratospheric polar vortex induces a positive (negative) tropospheric northern annular mode (and North Atlantic Oscillation), obscuring the forced component of the tropospheric response, even in 100-member averages. Stratospheric internal variability is closely tied to upward wave propagation from the troposphere and can be explained by linear wave interference between the anomalous and climatological planetary waves. Implications for the detection of recent observed trends and model realism are also presented. These results highlight the inherent uncertainty of the large-scale tropospheric circulation response to Arctic sea ice loss arising from stratospheric internal variability.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Hydrometeorological Extremes over 1986–2015 in Nepal
Authors: Poudel Arati , Cuo Lan , Gyawali Ayush Raj , Li Ning 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To better understand the hydrometeorological mean conditions and changes in Nepal, this study analyzes annual and monthly changes of mean and extreme precipitation indices for 34 stations (1986–2015) and streamflow indices for 19 stations (different available periods ranging from 1962 to 2014). The annual and monthly precipitation–streamflow relations in the major basins of Nepal are also analyzed. Nepal has heterogeneous precipitation spatial patterns in its mean and changes. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation shows that the dry regions are prone to dry extremes and wet regions are prone to wet extremes during the past three decades. However, the annual precipitation trend is decreasing in general and the monsoon-dominated regions, namely, southern, eastern, and central Nepal, are becoming drier with less intensive precipitation while the western region is getting wetter. The trend of annual precipitation on average is decreasing at the rate of 4.2 mm yr−1. The risk of drought is increasing in Nepal as 100% of stations show a positive trend of consecutive dry days (CDD) and the all-Nepal trend is 0.8 days yr−1, which can put stress on the agriculture and health sector. The highest increase in CDD is at Ilam in the eastern hills with 2.9 days yr−1. The Southeast Asian monsoon index shows a statistically significant 1-month-lagged influence on country-wise precipitation in Nepal. The effect of decreasing precipitation is seen in the streamflow trend as the majority of stations show decreasing runoff in June and July, as opposed to an increase in the winter months. CDD and maximum 1-day (Rx1day) and 5-day (Rx5day) precipitation significantly decrease with elevation.
The Attenuation Effect of Jet Filament on the Eastward Mesoscale Eddy Lifetime in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Liu Ran , Wang Guihua , Chapman Christopher , Chen Changlin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe interaction between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) jets and mesoscale eddies plays a prominent role in the dynamics of the ACC. However, few studies have investigated the influence of the jets on the statistics of the mesoscale turbulence field. This study combines a mesoscale eddy detection algorithm with the jet-detection technique to extract their interaction in the Southern Ocean from 1993 to 2016. It is found that stronger jet filaments can effectively shorten eddy lifetime, thus introducing a negative correlation between eddy lifetime and matched jet filament velocities. It can also be seen along the pathway of the ACC whether the eddy is located upstream or downstream of topography. A series of numerical experiments suggest that the stronger zonal jet plays the role of a waveguide to facilitate the stronger and faster eastward linear Rossby wave field induced by the mesoscale eddy. A stronger eastward Rossby wave phase speed, enabled by the jet-induced Doppler shift, results in a more rapid loss of eddy energy and shortens the eddy lifetime.
Contamination of Finescale Strain Estimates of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation by Frontal Physics
Authors: Ferris Laur , Gong Donglai , Merrifield Sophia , Laurent Louis St. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Finescale strain parameterization (FSP) of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate has become a widely used method for observing ocean mixing, solving a coverage problem where direct turbulence measurements are absent but CTD profiles are available. This method can offer significant value, but there are limitations in its broad application to the global ocean. FSP often fails to produce reliable results in frontal zones where temperature–salinity (T/S) intrusive features contaminate the CTD strain spectrum, as well as where the aspect ratio of the internal wave spectrum is known to vary greatly with depth, as frequently occurs in the Southern Ocean. In this study we use direct turbulence measurements from Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) and glider microstructure measurements from Autonomous Sampling of Southern Ocean Mixing (AUSSOM) to show that FSP can have large biases (compared to direct turbulence measurement) below the mixed layer when physics associated with T/S fronts are meaningfully present. We propose that the FSP methodology be modified to 1) include a density ratio (Rρ)-based data exclusion rule to avoid contamination by double diffusive instabilities in frontal zones such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio, and 2) conduct (or leverage available) microstructure measurements of the depth-varying shear-to-strain ratio Rω(z) prior to performing FSP in each dynamically unique region of the global ocean.

Significance Statement
Internal waves travel through the ocean and collide, turbulently mixing the interior ocean and homogenizing its waters. In the absence of actual turbulence measurements, oceanographers count the ripples associated with these internal waves and use them estimate the amount of turbulence that will transpire from their collisions. In this paper we show that the ripples in temperature and salinity that naturally occur at sharp fronts masquerade as internal waves and trick oceanographers into thinking there is up to 100 000 000 times more turbulence than there actually is in these frontal regions.
A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part I: Updating an Observed Variable
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A general framework for deterministic univariate ensemble filtering is presented. The framework fits a continuous prior probability density function (PDF) to the prior ensemble. A functional representation for the observation likelihood is combined with the prior PDF to get a continuous analysis (posterior) PDF. Cumulative distribution functions for the prior and analysis are also required. The key innovation is that an analysis ensemble is computed so that the quantile of each ensemble member is the same as its prior quantile. Many choices for the prior PDF family and the likelihood function are described. A choice of normal prior with normal likelihood is equivalent to the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. Some other choices for the prior include gamma, inverse gamma, beta, beta prime, lognormal, and exponential distributions. Both prior distributions and likelihoods can be defined over a set of intervals giving additional flexibility that can be used to implement methods like a Huber likelihood for observations with occasional outliers. Priors and likelihoods can also be defined as sums of distributions allowing choices like bivariate normals or kernel filters. Empirical distributions, for instance piecewise linear approximations to arbitrary PDFs and functions can be used. Another empirical choice leads to the rank histogram filter. Results here are univariate and can be used to compute increments for observed variables or marginal distributions for any variable for a reanalysis. Linear regression of increments can be used to update state variables in a serial filter to build a comprehensive data assimilation system. Part 2 will discuss other methods for extending the framework to multivariate data assimilation.

Significance Statement
Data assimilation is used to combine information from model forecasts with subsequent observations to obtain better estimates of the current state of the atmosphere or other parts of the Earth system. Ensemble data assimilation uses a number of forecasts to get more information about uncertainty. A new method allows much more flexibility in the assumptions that must be made when doing ensemble data assimilation. As an example, the method can be better for quantities that are bounded like the amount of an atmospheric trace pollutant.
Current Predictors of Mortality in Veteran Patients Undergoing Major Lower Extremity Amputations: Risk Factors Have Not Changed and Mortality Remains High
Authors: Tsai Shirling , Lanier Heather D. , Tran Nguyen , Pham Thai , Huerta Sergio 
Published: February 2022

Major lower extremity amputation (LEA—above the ankle) carries a high rate of mortality. In the present study, we performed an institutional review of all patients submitting to LEAs at a Veteran Administration Hospital (between 2009 and 2021) accompanied with a review of the literature. For the past 12 years, 1042 LEAs were performed in 603 patients at our hospital. The 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortalities were 8.5%, 28.9%, and 53.0%, respectively. Age, hypoalbuminemia, and Clavien-Dindo Class were independent predictors of mortality in all the time intervals in the analysis. Cardiac disease was not an independent predictor of mortality. In 39 studies reviewed, the average 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortality was 14%, 36%, and 56%, respectively. There was no difference in mortality in multiple studies analyzed. No significant temporal variation was identified between 1950 and 2000 vs. 2001 and 2021. Predictors of mortality were not substantially different from our institutional experience. The mortality rate for LEAs remains constant over time. Increasing age and hypoalbuminemia are strong predictors of short- and long-term mortality.