bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pedagogy of Tears
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thanks to their ability to bring together physical and moral sensibility, tears came to constitute the centre of a comprehensive pedagogy based on the idea that crying is sympathetically contagious. This chapter shows this mechanism at work particularly clearly in the expressive forms most favoured by eighteenth-century sentimental philosophy, that is, novels and theatre. The chapter argues that these literary genres do not represent a sort of trivializing application of the philosophy of moral sense; rather, they convey significant changes in investigations of the emotions. In sentimental novels, the abstract analysis of the emotional sphere—a process in which the reader remained completely passive (suffice to cite the seventeenth-century traités des passions)—was definitively supplanted by the idea of an active analysis of emotionality in which both the literary character and reader take active part in the theoretical investigation. The ‘pedagogical’ ideal of shaping readers’ sensibility typical of sentimental novels had an important counterpart in contemporary theatre, as theatre of the time was increasingly characterized by a flurry of philosophical exploration of the possible forms emotions and pathos might take during a performance, both on stage and among audience members. This thesis is demonstrated, in the last part of the chapter, through a specific analysis of the role tears play in two of the most influential theatrical genres of the period, namely comédie larmoyante (tearful comedy) and bourgeois drama.
The Tears of the Revolution
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the dual political function that tears and their representation performed in the years of the French Revolution. On one hand, tears were an instrument of brotherhood and pacification; on the other hand, they often accompanied the bloodshed carried out in the name of social revenge and freedom. Their disruptive force, celebrated in the fabled verse La force des larmes (1772) by Claude-Joseph Dorat, appears above all on the occasion of revolutionary festivals where the collective sensibility was forged and expressed. This sympathetic conception of crying changed with the unfolding of the Reign of Terror (1793–94), an era that constitutes a fundamental watershed in the history of emotion. The chapter identifies the sensational murder of Jean-Paul Marat—a supporter of sentimentality and the diaphragmatic conception of crying—as a true apotheosis of sentimentalist rhetoric; at the same time, it argues that this event contained the seeds of a process of ‘erosion’ of sentimentalism that went on to characterize the final revolutionary years. The case of tears shed during the royals’ trials or public executions in particular indicate the birth of a new emotional rhetoric, one focused on ‘false sensibility’ and the potential danger of insufficiently regulated emotion (both private and collective).
Sentimental Onanism and the De-moralization of Crying
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which the eighteenth-century conception of crying, linked mainly to the analysis of sensibility, gradually gave way to the nineteenth-century conception characterized by an increasingly suspicious view of tears. Indeed, lachrymal secretions were considered the expression of sensiblerie, a neologism coined by Mercier in 1801 to indicate the pathological degeneration of sensibility itself. First, the chapter analyses Henry Mackenzie’s novel The Man of Feeling (1771) in which sentimentality is the subject of internal criticism. Second, it establishes a comparison between two writings by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe—The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) and The Triumph of Sensibility (1777)—to highlight how this author contributed both to the rise of sensibility and to the condemnation of its excesses. Finally, it shows how the aesthetic and moral rejection of pathos in France in the tournant des Lumières period was most effectively expressed in the parody of sentimentality and tears to the point that the so-called ‘popular genre’, having established itself during the 1840s thanks to Eugène Sue’s Mystères de Paris, remained the last bastion of nineteenth-century sentimentalism. In this tear-jerking machine, the doctrine of sensibility was now reduced to a consoling and self-defeating rhetoric devoid of any philosophical-moral basis.
Pathological Tears
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how tears were cast into doubt on the physiological level in the first decades of the nineteenth century, with lachrymal secretions increasingly considered to represent a pathological degeneration of sensibility that had to be ‘cured’ by both physicians and philosophers. The epistemological conviction underlying the idea of a link between tears and pathology was fairly simple: disease, by virtue of the fact that it modifies the element of physique, makes it possible to grasp with greater clarity the repercussions that emotions have on morals, thus allowing scientists to analyse both of sensibility’s twofold facets. This investigative method can be seen particularly vividly in descriptions of the pathology of ‘vapours’ (vapeurs), one of the most curious and fascinating expressions of the synergy between medicine, literature, and philosophy in French culture. While ‘vapours’ involved an excess of tears, early nineteenth-century physicians were more concerned with the absence of lachrymal secretions. Particularly, the emerging field of psychiatry—which found fertile ground for its development in the philosophical environment of the Idéologues—took as one of its great challenges the task of providing a medical and scientific explanation for the inability to cry. This issue was central to the ‘moral therapy’ theorized by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry.
Epistemic Risk and the Demands of Rationality
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHow much does rationality constrain what we should believe on the basis of our evidence? According to this book, not very much. For most people and most bodies of evidence, there is a wide range of beliefs that rationality permits them to have in response to that evidence. The argument, which takes inspiration from William James’ ideas in ‘The Will to Believe’, proceeds from two premises. The first is a theory about the basis of epistemic rationality. It’s called epistemic utility theory, and it says that what it is epistemically rational for you to believe is what it would be rational for you to choose if you were given the chance to pick your beliefs and, when picking them, you were to care only about their epistemic value. So, to say which beliefs are permitted, we must say how to measure epistemic value, and which decision rule to use when picking your beliefs. The second premise is a claim about attitudes to epistemic risk, and it says that rationality permits many different such attitudes. These attitudes can show up in epistemic utility theory in two ways: in the way you measure epistemic value; and in the decision rule you use to pick beliefs. This book explores the latter. The result is permissivism about epistemic rationality: different attitudes to epistemic risk lead to different choices of prior beliefs; given most bodies of evidence, different priors lead to different posteriors; and even once we fix your attitudes to epistemic risk, if they are at all risk-inclined, there is a range of different priors and therefore different posteriors they permit.
The Role of Law in Fostering or Inhibiting Resilient Energy Systems
Authors: Bankes Nigel , Godden Lee , Guayo Íñigo del 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses resilience theory and socio-ecological systems theory and their application in cases of disruption to energy systems. This analysis embraces crucial theoretical components such as ecosystems, stability domains, tipping points, system self-organization, and ‘coupling’ between sub-systems and the role of resilience within a system. The chapter moves then into considering how resilience concepts are applied in law, and how resilience and social-ecological systems theory are applied to energy and related systems. Particular attention is paid to the concept of a ‘stability domain’, in trying to identify what systemic factors may trigger a change from one stable domain to another, and the role of law as a catalyst. This conceptual background is used as a platform to consider the real world implications of resilience thinking in energy systems. For this purpose, several situations are examined from the European energy sector, such as the adoption of flexibility principles, unbundling, and resilience thinking in planning energy infrastructure. Finally, the chapter reflects on the contribution that resilience may make during a period of disruption and change in energy systems, and in light of their increasing complexity. This section offers some potential pathways in which resilience may be further integrated into energy systems and energy law.
Planning for Resilience
Authors: Banet Catherine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The need to integrate different requirements related to energy, environmental protection, and climate change has resulted in the creation of new monitoring tools. Among them, planning is experiencing a revival. At the international, state, and local levels, this is taking the form of so-called ‘energy and climate plans’. Because global concerns need local implementation measures, the energy and climate plans are intended to ensure, on the one hand, that climate and energy measures are realized (thereby serving as a monitoring and compliance tool) and, on the other hand, that the different considerations are integrated and the different planning regimes are better coordinated (serving as an integrating and coordinating tool). Those plans come in addition to other existing plans within spatial and natural resources management. The increasing occurrence and impacts of disruptive nature-based events add another dimension to planning processes, calling for the integration of social-ecological resilience thinking into planning law. This chapter analyses the extent to which resilience is defined as a criterion in the legislation applying to the four planning processes for energy, climate, spatial, and natural resources management, and whether strategic environmental assessment rules could better support its integration and consistent application. It questions the legal nature of the resulting plans and thereby their enforceability. It identifies good practices across diverse jurisdictions and provides for recommendations to improve the legal framework.
Resilient Energy Systems in the European Union
Authors: Roggenkamp Martha M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Energy systems are becoming increasingly complex as well as their governance. Technically, an energy system is no longer merely a pipe or a cable but also includes more and more ICT technology. Also the management and organization of the infrastructure have become more complex. In the EU, network activities are increasingly unbundled from production and supply. This led to various communication challenges and complicates the operations of the system. Increasingly, energy production and supply is also taking place at the local level, which requires additional ICT technology and management structures. Hence, the level and types of disruptions have become more diverse and the potential for supply disruptions has increased. Disruptions may be the result of external causes (damages to pipelines and cables due to construction work), internal causes (lack of communication between parties) but increasingly also of cybercrime. This chapter examines these developments and the regulatory regime in the EU to protect energy systems and safeguard supply security.
Resilience and Energy Law in China in an Era of Energy Decarbonization
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Through the lens of scholarly discussion on law, resilience, and adaptive capacity, this chapter critically discusses the extent to which energy law and governance in China has been steered towards better resilience. By looking at the laws and regulations in China’s electricity sector, this chapter argues that China’s efforts to create a more resilient and adaptive electric power system that can respond to disruptions is challenged by three key factors. The first of these is the historic focus in China on assuring adequate supplies of energy to support economic growth; an approach that relies more on engineering resilience rather than transformational resilience. The second factor is the multi-level, fragmented, and authoritarian governance structure in China’s energy sector that opens the door to local authorities and SOEs favouring especially coal generation and curtailing generation from renewable energy sources. Finally, the laws that support the transition to a cleaner, lower carbon, and more efficient energy system in China and that are essential to transformational resilience need to be strengthened since simply adopting policies have not achieved the desired result.
How Strong Can You Stand If You’re on Your Knees? Financing Crises in Africa
Authors: Mostert Hanri , Adomako-Kwakye Chris , Chisanga Kangwa-Musole , van den Berg Meyer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the recourse taken in South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, and Ghana to close the financial gaps where crises affect the natural resource and energy sectors. The COVID-19 pandemic is used to contextualize the economic challenges developing countries face, but other disasters contribute to the heavy toll: the experiences in Zambia and Namibia of the El Niño weather effect, specifically the drought of 2017–2018, feed into the discussion, showing how crisis-clustering affects countries whose financial positions limit or exclude resilient responses. Many African countries were already on their knees in economic terms before the COVID-19 health pandemic struck. For them, it is impossible to deal with the economic fall-out of this latest crisis in the cluster without external funding support. This may lead to debilitating national debt. Also, countries’ strategic choices in this regard will have a significant impact on the extent of their resource dependency in years to come. For instance, such countries might choose to compromise existing policy mechanisms designed to support their sovereignty. The chapter considers the options for financing developing countries’ responses to crises, highlighting some of the pitfalls and concludes on a cautionary note.
Natural Damage Insurance
Authors: Bull Hans Jacob 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the Norwegian compensation system for natural damage, with a semi-compulsory insurance scheme as the central factor and with state-financed compensation schemes as a supplement. The insurance scheme is based on a solidarity principle. The premium rate is the same regardless of risk and the compensation paid is pooled and distributed among the insurance companies based on their gross fire insurance sums. The Norwegian system is contrasted with risk-based insurance schemes in other countries, and the expediency of the system as a viable measure of economic resilience in an energy and natural resources setting is discussed.
Perfect Change in Plato’s Sophist
Authors: Irani Tushar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper examines how Plato’s rejection of the friends of the forms at 248 a–249 b in the Sophist is continuous with the arguments that he develops shortly after this part of the dialogue for the interrelatedness of the forms. I claim that the interrelatedness of the forms implies that they are changed, and that this explains Plato’s rejection of the friends of the forms. Much here turns on the kind of change that Plato wants to attribute to the forms. I distinguish my view of the sort of change that the forms experience from other kinds of change—such as ‘Cambridge change’—that scholars have believed Plato has in mind in rejecting the friends of the forms. On the view that I advance, a form experiences a change (which I call ‘perfect change’) in its association with another form that distinguishes it as the distinctive being that it is—that is, through its possession of its distinctive properties.
Plato on Perceiving through the whole Body
Authors: Thomas Kjeller Johansen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Timaeus shows a strong interest in what we would call ‘embodied cognition’, developing a detailed account of the physiology of perception. One striking aspect is that Plato presents the whole body as involved in perception. The cardiovascular system allows the blood to transmit sensory affections to every part of the body, while the soul-filled marrow, which is particularly sensitive, extends via the bones throughout body. Timaeus reserves for the intellectual part (to phronimon) a distinctive role in perception providing rational content and reflexivity to our perceptual experiences. He seeks to integrate the intellect within the perceptual system, not just anatomically, but also by showing perception itself to be a form of intelligence (phronēsis). The whole ensouled body thus emerges as a single perceptual system, gathering, sharing, and reflecting on perceptual information as one. Timaeus’ theory belongs to Presocratic views about the involvement of the whole body in perception.
Experience and Preconception in Epicurus’ Refutation of Determinism
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Among Epicurus’ On Nature 25 arguments against determinism, the view that everything comes to be by accidental necessity (kata to automaton anangkēn), is a previously unnoticed semantic argument. Epicurus argues that since our preconception (prolēpsis) of causal responsibility (aitia), or of being causally responsible (aitios), originates in our experience (pathos) of acting through ourselves (di’ hēmōn autōn), the thesis of determinism is self-refuting. This is because the thesis of determinism requires use of the preconception of causal responsibility, which would not be available to the determinist if it were true that everything that happens, including our actions and experiences, is caused by necessity from our original constitution and environment. In the wake of this argument, Epicurus challenges the determinist to show that we should not consider our own agency to belong to the preconception of causal responsibility, and to explain the difference between our experiences of voluntary and compelled action.
‘Set All Things in a Perfect Order’
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As Ralph Rishton lay on his deathbed in 1573, lawsuits in several courts were pending that would determine the lawfulness of his marriages and the disposition of his property. His deathbed scene—reconstructed from witness testimony in those legal cases—encapsulates many of the dilemmas that make his life a compelling case study in how people of his time, place, and social rank used law. This chapter introduces the themes that shape the remainder of the book. First, legal pluralism: the complex, interconnected nature of the many courts and legal systems through which sixteenth-century English people manoeuvred. Next, law’s stories: the narratives that formed the basis of legal actions, shaped by litigants, witnesses, lawyers, and courts, and how to recover and read them. Finally, participatory governance: the many ways that networks of Tudor-era gentry acted in order to make law operational, and the law consciousness that shaped their perceptions and actions. The chapter then reconstructs the court systems of Lancashire. The Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster and the new Diocese of Chester during this period are understudied, despite the richness of their surviving records. They reveal one regionally distinctive aspect of the ways in which the English state extended its reach over the course of the 1500s.
Symeon Stylites the Younger and Late Antique Antioch
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Symeon Stylites the Younger and Late Antique Antioch explores the authority of a holy man and its limitations in times of crisis, with a particular focus on the little-studied Antiochene stylite Symeon the Younger. Symeon the Younger (c.521–92) lived through a period of repeated disasters in the region of Antioch, including earthquakes, plagues, and Persian invasions. The book explores how Symeon and his supporters reacted to these crises, which posed a powerful challenge to the claims of holy men to be able to protect their supplicants. It argues that crisis laid bare theological and emotional tensions that had always existed around the role of a holy man as intercessor between God and his supplicants. It considers various texts associated with the stylite, including his sermon collection, his hagiographic Life, and the Life of his mother, Martha, setting these in the broader context of society and culture in the late Roman empire and of developments in hagiography over time. The sermon collection and the Life of Symeon show that the stylite was a divisive figure who played on social tensions and scapegoated the wealthy notables of Antioch for disaster. The Life of Martha reflects a reorientation of priorities for the cult, offering an original vision of holiness based on participation in liturgy and the sacraments. The tensions evinced in these texts are reflected in other hagiographies from the period, offering a new perspective on the state of the Roman empire in the sixth and seventh centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Symeon Stylites the Younger, providing a summary of his life and the evidence associated with his cult. It sets his life in the context of debates about the sixth-century eastern Roman empire and the age of Justinian, which has sometimes been seen as the last golden age of Rome, and sometimes as a period of rising social tensions, economic disparities, and eschatological fears. It reflects upon the profound methodological challenges of writing history on the basis of hagiography, a notoriously problematic body of source material. It argues for the importance of considering developments in hagiography over time, and of reading hagiography ‘against the grain’ to uncover the tensions and debates that inspired its creation. It summarizes and introduces the chapters and arguments of the book as a whole.
The Sermons of Symeon Stylites the Younger
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sermon collection attributed to Symeon, which sheds light on how a holy man could construct his spiritual authority. The chapter considers the state of scholarship on late antique sermons and preaching, before discussing the evidence relating to the authorship of the sermon collection attribute to the stylite. It argues that there is good evidence to think that the collection was created at Symeon’s monastery at an early date and may well reflect the saint’s own preaching. Whereas Symeon’s hagiographer presents his healing miracles as the basis of his popularity, the sermons reveal the power of the stylite’s own rhetoric: starkly polarized in his thought, he eschews the compromises adopted by many clerical preachers, focusing on the opposition of demon and monk, rich and poor, and heaven and hell. He presents himself as a visionary prophet, bringing a stark message. Although the sermons are shorn of specific references to their social context, they do suggest that Symeon at times played a divisive role in society, playing on social tensions to increase his authority. He vehemently criticizes the rich, going so far as to associate them with one of the most vilified groups in Christian society: pagans.