bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Evaluation of Common Quantitative Metrics for Clinical Acceptance of Automatic Segmentation: a Case Study on Heart Contouring from CT Images by Deep Learning Algorithms
Authors: van den Oever L. B. , van Veldhuizen W. A. , Cornelissen L. J. , Spoor D. S. , Willems T. P. , Kramer G. , Stigter T. , Rook M. , Crijns A. P. G. , Oudkerk M. , Veldhuis R. N. J. , de Bock G. H. , van Ooijen P. M. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOrgans-at-risk contouring is time consuming and labour intensive. Automation by deep learning algorithms would decrease the workload of radiotherapists and technicians considerably. However, the variety of metrics used for the evaluation of deep learning algorithms make the results of many papers difficult to interpret and compare. In this paper, a qualitative evaluation is done on five established metrics to assess whether their values correlate with clinical usability. A total of 377 CT volumes with heart delineations were randomly selected for training and evaluation. A deep learning algorithm was used to predict the contours of the heart. A total of 101 CT slices from the validation set with the predicted contours were shown to three experienced radiologists. They examined each slice independently whether they would accept or adjust the prediction and if there were (small) mistakes. For each slice, the scores of this qualitative evaluation were then compared with the Sørensen-Dice coefficient (DC), the Hausdorff distance (HD), pixel-wise accuracy, sensitivity and precision. The statistical analysis of the qualitative evaluation and metrics showed a significant correlation. Of the slices with a DC over 0.96 (N = 20) or a 95% HD under 5 voxels (N = 25), no slices were rejected by the readers. Contours with lower DC or higher HD were seen in both rejected and accepted contours. Qualitative evaluation shows that it is difficult to use common quantification metrics as indicator for use in clinic. We might need to change the reporting of quantitative metrics to better reflect clinical acceptance.
Effects of a Sexual Risk-Reduction Intervention for Teenagers: A Cluster-Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Gómez-Lugo Mayra , Morales Alexandra , Saavedra-Roa Alejandro , Niebles-Charris Janivys , Abello-Luque Daniella , Marchal-Bertrand Laurent , García-Roncallo Paola , García-Montaño Eileen , Pérez-Pedraza Diana , Espada Jose P. , Vallejo-Medina Pablo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficacy of the COMPAS program in the short term and 6 months after its application. For the initial sample, 2047 teenagers aged 14–19 years from 14 schools in 11 Colombian cities participated; eight schools were randomly assigned to the experimental condition and six to the control group. The participants completed self-report assessments that evaluated several variables theoretically associated with protective sexual behaviors. In the short term, the experimental group showed increased knowledge about HIV and other STIs, sexual assertiveness, self-efficacy, greater behavioral intention toward condom use, and more favorable attitudes toward HIV and condom use than the control group. After 6 months, most psychological and health variables also showed a significant positive change. In conclusion, the COMPAS program is the first school-based sexuality education program that has been shown to be effective in reducing mediating and behavioral variables associated with sexual risk reduction in Colombia.
Minority Stress and Loneliness in a Global Sample of Sexual Minority Adults: The Roles of Social Anxiety, Social Inhibition, and Community Involvement
Authors: Elmer Eddy M. , van Tilburg Theo , Fokkema Tineke 
Published: January 2022

AbstractResearch suggests that loneliness among sexual minority adults is associated with marginalization, but it is unclear which processes may underlie this relationship. This cross-sectional study examined five possibilities: stigma preoccupation, internalized homonegativity, sexual orientation concealment, social anxiety, and social inhibition. The study also examined the possible protective role of LGBTQ community involvement. Respondents were 7856 sexual minority adults aged 18–88 years from 85 countries who completed an online survey. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that marginalization was positively associated with both social and emotional loneliness, and that part of this relationship was indirect via proximal minority stress factors (especially stigma preoccupation) and, in turn, social anxiety and social inhibition. Moreover, while LGBTQ community involvement was associated with greater marginalization, it was also associated with lower levels of proximal stress and both forms of loneliness. Among those who were more involved in the LGBTQ community, the associations between marginalization and proximal stress were somewhat weaker, as were those between stigma preoccupation and social anxiety, and between social inhibition and social loneliness. In contrast, the associations between concealment and social anxiety were somewhat stronger. Model fit and patterns of association were similar after controlling for the possible confounding effect of dispositional negative affectivity, but several coefficients were lower. Findings underscore the continuing need to counter marginalization of sexual minorities, both outside and within the LGBTQ community, and suggest possible avenues for alleviating loneliness at the individual level, such as cognitive-behavioral interventions targeting stigma preoccupation and social anxiety.
Robust regression via error tolerance
Authors: Björklund Anton , Henelius Andreas , Oikarinen Emilia , Kallonen Kimmo , Puolamäki Kai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractReal-world datasets are often characterised by outliers; data items that do not follow the same structure as the rest of the data. These outliers might negatively influence modelling of the data. In data analysis it is, therefore, important to consider methods that are robust to outliers. In this paper we develop a robust regression method that finds the largest subset of data items that can be approximated using a sparse linear model to a given precision. We show that this can yield the best possible robustness to outliers. However, this problem is NP-hard and to solve it we present an efficient approximation algorithm, termed SLISE. Our method extends existing state-of-the-art robust regression methods, especially in terms of speed on high-dimensional datasets. We demonstrate our method by applying it to both synthetic and real-world regression problems.
Risk factors for COVID-19-related death, hospitalization and intensive care: a population-wide study of all inhabitants in Stockholm
Authors: Hergens Maria-Pia , Bell Max , Haglund Per , Sundström Johan , Lampa Erik , Nederby-Öhd Joanna , Östlund Maria Rotzén , Cars Thomas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the scientific community has explored determinants of Covid 19 disease severity. However, the majority of studies are based on in-hospital patients with high risk of collider- or selection bias. The present investigation details risk factors associated with overall mortality, hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in Covid-19 infections, with complete population coverage and high-resolution data on patient characteristics and comorbid conditions This population-based observational study comprises all residents 18 years and older in Stockholm Region—1.8 million inhabitants—using the real-time Covid-19 monitoring framework. The observation period lasted between March 1 to December 31, 2020. Hazard ratios (HR) for risk factors of Covid-19 disease severity were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. In total, 3322 deaths, 11,508 hospitalizations and 1423 ICU-admissions related to Covid-19 occurred during the study period. Kidney failure, diabetes and obesity increased risk of mortality and so did heart failure and ischemic heart disease. However, atrial fibrillation and hypertension did not. Risk of hospitalization follow a similar pattern, whereas admission to intensive care differs; triage processes where clearly present as certain co-morbid conditions were associated with lower ICU admission. Observed differences in risk of mortality and hospitalization among patients with Covid 19 raise important questions about potentially protective comedication which will be further addressed using the real-time Covid-19 monitoring framework.
Healthy lifestyle in older adults and life expectancy with and without heart failure
Authors: Limpens Marlou A. M. , Asllanaj Eralda , Dommershuijsen Lisanne J. , Boersma Eric , Ikram M. Arfan , Kavousi Maryam , Voortman Trudy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeveral lifestyle factors have been linked to risk for heart failure (HF) and premature mortality. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of a healthy lifestyle on life expectancy with and without HF among men and women from a general population. This study was performed among 6113 participants (mean age 65.8 ± 9.7 years; 58.9% women) from the Rotterdam Study, a large prospective population-based cohort study. A continuous lifestyle score was created based on five lifestyle factors: smoking status, alcohol consumption, diet quality, physical activity and weight status (assessed 1995–2008). The lifestyle score was categorized into three levels: unhealthy (reference), intermediate and healthy. Gompertz regression and multistate life tables were used to estimate the effects of lifestyle on life expectancy with and without HF in men and women separately at ages 45, 65 and 85 years (follow-up until 2016). During an average follow-up of 11.3 years, 699 incident HF events and 2146 deaths occurred. At the age of 45 years, men in the healthy lifestyle category had a 4.4 (95% CI: 4.1–4.7) years longer total life expectancy than men in the unhealthy lifestyle category, and a 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.1) years longer life expectancy free of HF. Among women, the difference in total life-expectancy at the age of 45 years was 3.4 (95% CI: 3.2–3.5) years and was 3.4 (95% CI: 3.3–3.6) years longer for life expectancy without HF. This effect persisted also at older ages. An overall healthy lifestyle can have a positive impact on total life expectancy and life expectancy free of HF.
A Rod Theory for Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Authors: Goriely Alain , Moulton Derek E. , Angela Mihai L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe derive a general constitutive model for nematic liquid crystalline rods. Our approach consists in reducing the three-dimensional strain-energy density of a nematic cylindrical structure to a one-dimensional energy of a nematic rod. The reduced one-dimensional model connects directly the optothermal stimulation to the generation of intrinsic curvature, extension, torsion, and twist, and is applicable to a wide range of liquid crystalline rods subject to external stimuli and mechanical loads. For illustration, we obtain the shape of a clamped rod under uniform illumination, and compute the instability of an illuminated rod under tensile load. This general framework can be used to determine the shape and instabilities of nematic rods with different cross-sections or different alignment of the nematic field.
Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Different Felsic Metagabbros Under Hydraulic Coupling
Authors: Zhang Tongzhao , Ji Hongguang , Su Xiaobo , Quan Daolu , Zhang Zhou , Li Jinzhe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe mechanical properties of the deep rock are impacted not only by the complicated stress environment but also by the mineral composition. To reveal the relationship between mineral development characteristics and acoustic emission signals in the mechanical evolution of deep rocks, metagabbros with different feldspar mineral development were subjected to acoustic emission tests under hydraulic coupling. The characteristic parameter of acoustic emission signals and their correlation characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical property of the metagabbro with feldspar mineral development was better than that without feldspar mineral. The metagabbro with feldspar mineral development had much larger AE ringing counts and absolute energies, as well as stronger rock brittleness features than that without feldspar mineral development. With increasing feldspar mineral content in metagabbro, the AE signals showed a longer duration and a higher amplitude. During the unstable crack propagation stage, metagabbro without feldspar mineral development exhibited four peak frequency ranges, while that with feldspar mineral development displayed five frequency ranges. The metagabbro with nonuniform feldspar mineral development had more pores and microcracks than that with uniform mineral development. The permeability of the rocks was highly correlated with the uniformity of mineral development. This study provides a theoretical foundation for monitoring and early warning of water inrush risk in deep rock engineering.
Depressive symptoms improve over 2 years of type 2 diabetes treatment via a digital continuous remote care intervention focused on carbohydrate restriction
Authors: Adams Rebecca N. , Athinarayanan Shaminie J. , McKenzie Amy L. , Hallberg Sarah J. , McCarter James P. , Phinney Stephen D. , Gonzalez Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDepressive symptoms are prevalent among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and, even at low severity levels, are associated with worse diabetes outcomes. Carbohydrate restriction is an effective treatment for T2D but its long-term impacts on depressive symptoms are unclear. In the current study we explored changes in depressive symptoms over 2 years among 262 primarily non-depressed T2D patients participating in a continuous remote care intervention emphasizing carbohydrate restriction. Subclinical depressive symptoms decreased over the first 10 weeks and reductions were maintained out to 2 years. Increased frequency of blood ketone levels indicative of adherence to low carbohydrate eating predicted decreases in depressive symptoms. Concerns have been raised with recommending restrictive diets due to potential negative impacts on quality-of-life factors such as mood; however, results of the current study support positive rather than negative long-term impacts of closely monitored carbohydrate restriction on depressive symptoms.
Collaborative Inquiry with Men Who Use Intimate Partner Violence: Service User Perspectives on Expertise in Domestic Violence Services for Men
Authors: Jury Rebecca 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConcerns have been expressed regarding the efficacy of services for heterosexual men who use intimate partner violence. In addition, there has been limited research into the perspectives of these men regarding their use of services. The Australian study outlined in this article sought to examine the experiences of heterosexual men who use intimate partner violence (IPV) when they access domestic violence services. Collaborative inquiry was undertaken with men who were attending a residential domestic violence service to explore the research question; What does expertise look like in domestic violence services for men? When discussing expertise, twenty men identified four themes: lived experience and book knowledge, services and supports, professional helping skills and expertise, and non-professional helping and expertise. These collaborative researchers described expertise as a product of book knowledge and lived experience knowledge, indicating these knowledges could be located within the one person or shared between professionals and service attendees. The informants suggested cultural mentoring, peer support and co-production are important inclusions in men’s domestic violence services. They also highlighted positive peer affirmations as supporting their behaviour change and suggested sociological frameworks are central to successful interventions with men. Men who use IPV may have important insights about expertise in domestic violence services for men which can inform future practice.
Switching Interacting Particle Systems: Scaling Limits, Uphill Diffusion and Boundary Layer
Authors: Floreani Simone , Giardinà Cristian , Hollander Frank den , Nandan Shubhamoy , Redig Frank 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper considers three classes of interacting particle systems on $${{\mathbb {Z}}}$$
Z
: independent random walks, the exclusion process, and the inclusion process. Particles are allowed to switch their jump rate (the rate identifies the type of particle) between 1 (fast particles) and $$\epsilon \in [0,1]$$

ϵ
∈
[
0
,
1
]

(slow particles). The switch between the two jump rates happens at rate $$\gamma \in (0,\infty )$$

γ
∈
(
0
,
∞
)

. In the exclusion process, the interaction is such that each site can be occupied by at most one particle of each type. In the inclusion process, the interaction takes places between particles of the same type at different sites and between particles of different type at the same site. We derive the macroscopic limit equations for the three systems, obtained after scaling space by $$N^{-1}$$

N

-
1

, time by $$N^2$$

N
2

, the switching rate by $$N^{-2}$$

N

-
2

, and letting $$N\rightarrow \infty $$

N
→
∞

. The limit equations for the macroscopic densities associated to the fast and slow particles is the well-studied double diffusivity model. This system of reaction-diffusion equations was introduced to model polycrystal diffusion and dislocation pipe diffusion, with the goal to overcome the limitations imposed by Fick’s law. In order to investigate the microscopic out-of-equilibrium properties, we analyse the system on $$[N]=\{1,\ldots ,N\}$$

[
N
]
=
{
1
,
…
,
N
}

, adding boundary reservoirs at sites 1 and N of fast and slow particles, respectively. Inside [N] particles move as before, but now particles are injected and absorbed at sites 1 and N with prescribed rates that depend on the particle type. We compute the steady-state density profile and the steady-state current. It turns out that uphill diffusion is possible, i.e., the total flow can be in the direction of increasing total density. This phenomenon, which cannot occur in a single-type particle system, is a violation of Fick’s law made possible by the switching between types. We rescale the microscopic steady-state density profile and steady-state current and obtain the steady-state solution of a boundary-value problem for the double diffusivity model.
Rubiscosome gene expression is balanced across the hexaploid wheat genome
Authors: Caruana Louis , Orr Douglas J. , Carmo-Silva Elizabete 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFunctional and active Rubisco is essential for CO2 fixation and is a primary target for engineering approaches to increasing crop yields. However, the assembly and maintenance of active Rubisco are dependent on the coordinated biosynthesis of at least 11 nuclear-encoded proteins, termed the ‘Rubiscosome’. Using publicly available gene expression data for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we show that the expression of Rubiscosome genes is balanced across the three closely related subgenomes that form the allohexaploid genome. Each subgenome contains a near complete set of homoeologous genes and contributes equally to overall expression, both under optimal and under heat stress conditions. The expression of the wheat thermo-tolerant Rubisco activase isoform 1β increases under heat stress and remains balanced across the subgenomes, albeit with a slight shift towards greater contribution from the D subgenome. The findings show that the gene copies in all three subgenomes need to be accounted for when designing strategies for crop improvement.
Impact of postanesthesia care unit delirium on self-reported cognitive function and perceived health status: a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Kainz Elena , Stuff Karin , Kahl Ursula , Wiessner Christian , Yu Yuanyuan , von Breunig Franziska , Nitzschke Rainer , Haese Alexander , Graefen Markus , Fischer Marlene 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) delirium on self-reported cognitive function and perceived health status 3 months after surgery.

Methods
This prospective observational cohort study was performed in a PACU at a high-volume prostate cancer center. We used a convenience sample of patients > 60 years undergoing elective radical prostatectomy. Patients with a history of cerebrovascular or neurodegenerative disease were excluded. Fifteen, 30, 45, and 60 following extubation, patients were screened for signs of delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Three months after surgery self-reported cognitive function was assessed with the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, and health status was evaluated with the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).

Results
Signs of PACU delirium were present in 32.4% (n = 72/222) of patients, and 80.2% (n = 178/222) completed the 3-month follow-up. The presence of PACU delirium signs was not significantly associated with self-reported cognitive failures (B = 0.60, 95% CI: −1.72; 2.92, p = 0.61) or SF-36 physical component scores (B = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.02; 0.36, p = 0.03) or SF-36 mental component scores (B =  −0.03, 95% CI: −0.18, 0.11, p = 0.66) 3 months after radical prostatectomy.

Conclusions
In a cohort of educated, highly functioning, elderly male patients who were assessed immediately after surgery and at a 3-month follow-up, we found no association between PACU delirium and self-reported cognitive failures or perceived health status, which implies that PACU delirium may be an event of limited duration and impact.

Trial registration
The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04168268, Date of registration: November 19, 2019).
Business-as-usual reading instruction in 2nd grade: teacher centered and rarely evidence-based
Authors: Peters Martin T. , Förster Natalie , Forthmann Boris , Souvignier Elmar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe goal of the current study was to gain insight into what elements encompass business-as-usual (BAU) reading instruction and to what extent BAU reading instruction includes elements that have been found to positively impact reading competence. In addition, we examined whether and how these evidence-based elements are incorporated and how they cluster. In total, in 52 2nd grade classrooms from 30 schools, reading instruction was systematically observed by a trained student assistant. In 24 of these classrooms, a second co-observer rated the lesson to assess inter-rater reliability. In addition, teachers were asked about content-related aspects of their reading instruction using a questionnaire. The observations showed that BAU reading instruction was predominantly teacher centered and characterized by many phases in which students worked independently. Evidence-based elements of reading instruction were rarely observed. Further, teachers rated their instruction as more differentiated than did observers. Our cluster analysis of evidence-based elements of reading instruction revealed that in BAU reading instruction, various aspects of strategy instruction are primarily implemented together.