bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A spectral hardening in the Fermi-LAT Data of 1ES 0502+675
Authors: Zeng Yuhang , Yan Dahai , Hu Wen , Wang Jiancheng 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The γ-ray spectral feature of the blazar 1ES 0502+675 is investigated by using Fermi Large Area Telescope Pass 8 data (between 100 MeV and 300 GeV) covering from 2008 August to 2021 April. A significant (∼4σ) hardening at ∼1 GeV is found in the γ-ray spectrum during a moderately flaring state (MJD 55050–55350). The photon index below and above the break energy is Γ1 = 2.36 ± 0.31 and Γ2 = 1.33 ± 0.11, respectively. In the rest of the observations, the γ-ray spectrum can be described by a power-law form with the photon index of ≈1.6. In the frame of a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model, the spectral hardening is interpreted as the transition between the synchrotron component and the SSC component. This could be the result of a slight increase of the break or maximum Lorentz factor of the electrons.
Negative and positive feedback from a supernova remnant with SHREC: a detailed study of the shocked gas in IC443
Authors: Cosentino G , Jiménez-Serra I , Tan J C , Henshaw J D , Barnes A T , Law C-Y , Zeng S , Fontani F , Caselli P , Viti S , Zahorecz S , Rico-Villas F , Megías A , Miceli M , Orlando S , Ustamujic S , Greco E , Peres G , Bocchino F , Fedriani R , Gorai P , Testi L , Martín-Pintado J 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Supernova remnants (SNRs) contribute to regulate the star formation efficiency and evolution of galaxies. As they expand into the interstellar medium (ISM), they transfer vast amounts of energy and momentum that displace, compress, and heat the surrounding material. Despite the extensive work in galaxy evolution models, it remains to be observationally validated to what extent the molecular ISM is affected by the interaction with SNRs. We use the first results of the ESO–ARO Public Spectroscopic Survey SHREC to investigate the shock interaction between the SNR IC443 and the nearby molecular clump G. We use high-sensitivity SiO(2-1) and H13CO+(1-0) maps obtained by SHREC together with SiO(1-0) observations obtained with the 40-m telescope at the Yebes Observatory. We find that the bulk of the SiO emission is arising from the ongoing shock interaction between IC443 and clump G. The shocked gas shows a well-ordered kinematic structure, with velocities blue-shifted with respect to the central velocity of the SNR, similar to what observed towards other SNR–cloud interaction sites. The shock compression enhances the molecular gas density, n(H2), up to &gt;105 cm−3, a factor of &gt;10 higher than the ambient gas density and similar to values required to ignite star formation. Finally, we estimate that up to 50 per cent of the momentum injected by IC443 is transferred to the interacting molecular material. Therefore, the molecular ISM may represent an important momentum carrier in sites of SNR–cloud interactions.
The age gradients of galaxies in EAGLE: outside-in quenching as the origin of young bulges in cluster galaxies
Authors: Pfeffer Joel , Bekki Kenji , Couch Warrick J , Koribalski Bärbel S , Forbes Duncan A 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Many disc galaxies in clusters have been found with bulges of similar age or younger than their surrounding discs, at odds with field galaxies of similar morphology and their expected inside-out formation. We use the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) simulations to test potential origins for this difference in field and cluster galaxies. We find, in agreement with observations, that on average disc-dominated field galaxies in the simulations have older inner regions, while similar galaxies in groups and clusters have similarly aged or younger inner regions. This environmental difference is a result of outside-in quenching of the cluster galaxies. Prior to group/cluster infall, galaxies of a given present-day mass and morphology exhibit a similar evolution in their specific star formation rate (sSFR) profiles. Post-infall, the outer sSFRs of group and cluster galaxies significantly decrease due to interstellar medium stripping, while the central sSFR remains similar to field galaxies. Field disc galaxies instead generally retain radially increasing sSFR profiles. Thus, field galaxies continue to develop negative age gradients (younger discs), while cluster galaxies instead develop positive age gradients (younger bulges).
Deep learning in searching the spectroscopic redshift of quasars
Authors: Rastegarnia F , Mirtorabi M T , Moradi R , Vafaei Sadr A , Wang Y 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Studying the cosmological sources at their cosmological rest frames is crucial to track the cosmic history and properties of compact objects. In view of the increasing data volume of existing and upcoming telescopes/detectors, we here construct a 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) with a residual neural network (ResNet) structure to estimate the redshift of quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV) catalogue from the Data Release 16 Quasar-only (DR16Q) of the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey on a broad range of signal-to-noise ratios, named FNet. Owing to its 24 convolutional layers and the ResNet structure with different kernel sizes of 500, 200, and 15, FNet is able to discover the local and global patterns in the whole sample of spectra by a self-learning procedure. It reaches the accuracy of 97.0 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for the velocity difference for redshift, $|\Delta \nu |\lt 6000\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, and 98.0 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for $|\Delta \nu |\lt 12\,000\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, while QuasarNET, which is a standard CNN adopted in the SDSS routine and is constructed of four convolutional layers (no ResNet structure), with kernel sizes of 10, to measure the redshift via identifying seven emission lines (local patterns), fails in estimating redshift of $\sim 1.3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of visually inspected quasars in the DR16Q catalogue, and it gives 97.8 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for $|\Delta \nu |\lt 6000\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$ and 97.9 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for $|\Delta \nu |\lt 12\,000\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$. Hence, FNet provides similar accuracy to QuasarNET, but it is applicable for a wider range of SDSS spectra, especially for those missing the clear emission lines exploited by QuasarNET. These properties of FNet, together with the fast predictive power of machine learning, allow FNet to be a more accurate alternative for the pipeline redshift estimator and can make it practical in the upcoming catalogues to reduce the number of spectra to visually inspect.
High-resolution imaging of a black hole shadow with Millimetron orbit around lagrange point l2
Authors: Likhachev S F , Rudnitskiy A G , Shchurov M A , Andrianov A S , Baryshev A M , Chernov S V , Kostenko V I 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Imaging of the shadow around supermassive black hole (SMBH) horizon with a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) is recognised recently as a powerful tool for experimental testing of Einstein’s General relativity. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has demonstrated that an Earth-extended VLBI with the maximum long base (D = 10 700 km) can provide a sufficient angular resolution θ ∼ 20 μas at λ = 1.3 mm (ν = 230 GHz) for imaging the shadow around SMBH located in the galaxy M87*. However, the accuracy of critically important characteristics, such as the asymmetry of the crescent-shaped bright structure around the shadow and the sharpness of a transition zone between the shadow floor and the bright crescent silhouette, both of order Δθ ∼ 4 μas, is still to be improved. In our previous paper, we have shown that Space-Earth VLBI observation within a joint Millimetron and EHT configuration at the near-Earth high elliptical orbit can considerably improve the image quality. Even more solid grounds for firm experimental validation of General relativity can be obtained with a higher resolution available within the joint Millimetron and EHT program at the Lagrangian point L2 in the Sun-Earth system with an expected imaging resolution at 230 GHz of Δθ ∼ 5 μas. In this paper, we argue that in spite of limitations of L2 orbit, an adequate sparse (u, v) coverage can be achieved and the imaging of the shadows around Sgr A* and M87* can be performed with a reasonable quality.
Overcoming barriers in the design and implementation of clinical trials for acute kidney injury: a report from the 2020 Kidney Disease Clinical Trialists meeting
Authors: Lazzareschi Daniel , Mehta Ravindra L , Dember Laura M , Bernholz Juliane , Turan Alparslan , Sharma Amit , Kheterpal Sachin , Parikh Chirag R , Ali Omar , Schulman Ivonne H , Ryan Abigail , Feng Jean , Simon Noah , Pirracchio Romain , Rossignol Patrick , Legrand Matthieu 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing epidemic and is independently associated with increased risk of death, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular events. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in this domain are notoriously challenging and many clinical studies in AKI have yielded inconclusive findings. Underlying this conundrum is the inherent heterogeneity of AKI in its etiology, presentation and course. AKI is best understood as a syndrome and identification of AKI subphenotypes is needed to elucidate the disease's myriad etiologies and to tailor effective prevention and treatment strategies. Conventional RCTs are logistically cumbersome and often feature highly selected patient populations that limit external generalizability and thus alternative trial designs should be considered when appropriate. In this narrative review of recent developments in AKI trials based on the Kidney Disease Clinical Trialists (KDCT) 2020 meeting, we discuss barriers to and strategies for improved design and implementation of clinical trials for AKI patients, including predictive and prognostic enrichment techniques, the use of pragmatic trials and adaptive trials.
Thermal phenotypic plasticity of the second limb in Daphnia
Authors: Kim Keonho , Taylor Derek J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thermal plasticity is expected to affect the responses of freshwater zooplankton to climate perturbations. We tested the hypothesis of thermal plasticity in the rigid setae of the second limb of Daphnia galeata. We also aimed to test the role of allometry and the ability to induce a rapid plastic response within an individual lifetime (i.e. postnatal). In all, 300 specimens of Daphnia were dissected from four sets of clonal thermal transfers and seasonal variants from nature. Specimens of D. galeata were cultured under identical conditions save temperature (10 and 20°C). Clonal neonates were reciprocally transferred across temperature regimes to determine the degree of postnatal plasticity. Setae length ratios supported thermal plasticity of rigid seta 2, but a thermal effect was not significant for the length ratios of the soft setae. Simple linear regressions of body length (mm) and setae lengths (mm) under warm and cold conditions revealed significant slope differences (i.e. allometry) among temperatures for the three setae examined. The rigid seta had the largest thermal effect size (slope difference), growing larger at colder conditions for a given body size compared to the soft seta. Rapid thermal plasticity in non-filtering limbs is more important than previously appreciated for Daphnia.
The epistemic, production, and accountability prospects of social impact: An analysis of strategic research proposals
Authors: Lauronen Juha-Pekka 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article addresses the debate on pre-evaluative choices of impact depictions and the forms of responses between applicants and funders. By adopting a reflexive perspective on the social impact of social sciences, this article explores researchers’ vocabularies in the research proposals and mid-term reports of consortiums during the Strategic Research Council (SRC) calls in the period 2015–18. This article develops a logical–contextual approach to identify the rationale and structure of the correspondence between the researchers’ depictions and the funders’ guidance. Moreover, the article shows that the logic of social impact and interaction is disconnected from the epistemic contextualization of social problematics. I argue that productional style vocabularies used by funders call for mechanistic depictions of impact, the logical gaps of which researchers attempt to fill through research design and stylistic embellishments for stakeholder interaction. Impact assessment could benefit greatly from relying on the integrity of the epistemic contextualization of public policy problems rather than on the summative forms of social outcomes or interactions. This article provides reflexive means of designing evaluation of usefulness and utilization of research.
Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Petrou Panayiota , Kassis Ibrahim , Ginzberg Ariel , Hallimi Michelle , Karussis Dimitrios 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Neurofilament light chains (NF-L) were shown to serve as a reliable biomarker of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). The chemokine receptor CXCL13 was shown to correlate with CNS inflammatory activity and to predict the future progression of MS.

Objective
To evaluate the levels of NF-L and CXCL13 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in patients with progressive MS.

Methods
The CSF samples were obtained from 48 patients with progressive MS who participated in a double-blind randomized phase II clinical trial that tested the effects of intrathecal (IT) or intravenous (IV) transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), at baseline (before the first injection of the MSC) and at 6 months following treatment with MSC, or sham treatment. The CSF specimens were tested in a blinded way, using a single-molecule array (SIMOA) technique.

Findings
The CSF levels of NF-L were significantly lower at 6 months following treatment with MSC-IT when compared with the baseline, pre-treatment measurements (P = .026, Wilcoxon paired test). Nine out of 15 tested patients in the MSC-IT group had a reduction in NF-L levels of more than 50% (median decrease: −4449 pg/mL) when compared with 5/15 in the MSC-IV group (median decrease: −151 pg/mL) and 1/15 in the placebo group (median increase: +2450 pg/mL) (P = .001 for MSC-IT vs. placebo, chi-square test). CXCL13 levels were also reduced at 6 months following MSC-IT treatment but not to a statistically significant level.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate possible neuroprotective effects of MSC transplantation in patients with MS.

Clinical trial registration
NCT02166021
Quantitative bacterial counts in the bone marrow of Vietnamese patients with typhoid fever
Authors: Van Be Bay Pham , Wain John , Phuong Le Thi , Ho Vo Anh , Hien Tran Tinh , Parry Christopher M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Bone marrow culture (BMC) is the reference standard for typhoid fever diagnosis. We studied the additional yield of BMC over blood culture (BC) and the relationship between quantitative BMC counts and severe disease.

Methods
Hospitalised Vietnamese patients with suspected typhoid fever were prospectively investigated with a BC, BMC, faecal culture and quantitative BMC counts.

Results
Salmonella typhi was isolated in 195 of 231 patients: from BC and BMC in 144 (73.8%), from BMC alone in 33 (16.9%), from BC alone in 12 (6.2%) and from faeces alone in 6 (3.1%). In 167 patients the median extracellular count of S. typhi was 2.5 cfu/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 0–10) and the intracellular count was 10.5 cfu/mL (IQR 2–42) with a ratio of 1.3 bacteria/cell (IQR 0.6–2.5). The median count of intracellular bacteria in 24 patients with severe disease was 46 bacteria/cell (IQR 9–105) compared with 6.5 bacteria/cell (IQR 2–34) in 143 with non-severe disease (p=0.005). The intracellular BMC count was negatively correlated with the peripheral white cell count and positively correlated with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, aspartate transaminase, a positive BC and the fever clearance time following treatment with azithromycin, ofloxacin or a combination of the two.

Conclusions
BMC gave a moderate additional yield over BC. Intracellular BMC counts may reflect the bacterial load in typhoid fever.
Rediscovering the overlooked genus Murphydoris (Nudibranchia: Goniodorididae): the first phylogeny and addition of four new species
Authors: Paz-Sedano Sofía , Smirnoff Dimitri , Candás María , Gosliner Terrence M , Pola Marta 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sigurdson (1991) erected the monospecific genus Murphydoris to include the species Murphydoris singaporensis. This species differed from the rest of the genera in Goniodorididae by the lack of lamellae on the rhinophores and gill branches around the anus. Since its original description, Murphydoris singaporensis has only been found in Singapore and Thailand. Recently, the paratypes of Murphydoris singaporensis were studied and compared with remaining type species of Goniodorididae, showing that the apomorphies of the genus were unclear and some undescribed species reported as Goniodoridella could belong to Murphydoris. In this study, we examined four undescribed species from the Indo-Pacific region. The internal anatomy was studied by dissections, and electron microscope photographs are included to show details of their radulae, labial cuticles and penises. One specimen was also studied under micro-computed tomography. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear partial sequences of the species were obtained. As a result, we describe in detail four new species of Murphydoris: M. adusta sp. nov., M. cobbi sp. nov., M. maracabranchia sp. nov. and M. puncticulata sp. nov. We additionally present the first phylogenetic tree that includes sequences of Murphydoris.
Risk Factors for Infection and Subsequent Adverse Clinical Results in the Setting of Operatively Treated Pilon Fractures
Authors: Yeramosu Teja , Satpathy Jibanananda , Perdue Paul W. , Toney Clarence B. , Torbert Jesse T. , Cinats David J. , Patel Tejas T. , Kates Stephen L. 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
To determine patient-specific and injury-specific factors that may predict infection and other adverse clinical results in the setting of tibial pilon fractures.

Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Level 1 academic trauma center.

Patients:
Two hundred forty-eight patients who underwent operative treatment for tibial pilon fractures between 2010 and 2020.

Intervention:
External fixation and/or open reduction and internal fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Fracture-related infection rates and specific bacteriology, risk factors associated with development of a fracture-related infection, and predictors of adverse clinical results.

Results:
Two hundred forty-eight patients were enrolled. There was an infection rate of 21%. The 3 most common pathogens cultured were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (20.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (16.7%), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (15.5%). There was no significant difference in age, sex, race, body mass index, or smoking status between those who developed an infection and those who did not. Patients with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.0001), open fractures (P = 0.0043), and comminuted fractures (OTA/AO 43C2 and 43C3) (P = 0.0065) were more likely to develop a fracture-related infection. The presence of a polymicrobial infection was positively associated with adverse clinical results (P = 0.006). History of diabetes was also positively associated with adverse results (P = 0.019).

Conclusions:
History of diabetes and severe fractures, such as those that were open or comminuted fractures, were positively associated with developing a fracture-related infection after the operative fixation of tibial pilon fractures. History of diabetes and presence of a polymicrobial infection were independently associated with adverse clinical results.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
BMI and blood pressure control among United States adults with hypertension
Authors: Foti Kathryn , Hardy Shakia T. , Chang Alex R. , Selvin Elizabeth , Coresh Josef , Muntner Paul 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
Less than half of United States adults with hypertension have controlled blood pressure (BP). Higher BMI is associated with an increased risk for hypertension but the association between BMI and BP control is not well characterized. We examined hypertension awareness, antihypertensive medication use, and BP control, by BMI category.

Methods:
Data for 3568 United States adults aged at least 18 years with hypertension (BP at least 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication) from the 2015 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. BMI was categorized as normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2), class 1 obesity (30 to <35 kg/m2), or class 2 or 3 obesity (≥35 kg/m2). Hypertension awareness and antihypertensive medication use were self-reported. BP control was defined as BP less than 140/90 mmHg using the average of up to three measurements.

Results:
Among United States adults with hypertension, 15.6% had normal BMI, 31.3% had overweight, 26.2% had class 1 obesity, and 26.8% had class 2 or 3 obesity. Among those with normal BMI, overweight, class 1 obesity, and class 2 or 3 obesity: 67.9, 76.8, 84.0, and 87.8% were aware they had hypertension, respectively; 88.1, 88.1, 90.9, and 90.2% of those aware were taking antihypertensive medication, respectively; 63.5, 65.9, 71.1, and 64.1% of those taking antihypertensive medication had controlled BP, respectively; and 37.1, 44.3, 53.8, and 50.8% of those with hypertension had controlled BP, respectively.

Conclusion:
United States adults with hypertension and normal BMI were less likely to be aware they had hypertension and have controlled BP compared with those with overweight or obesity.
White-coat hypertension/effect is associated with higher arterial stiffness and stroke events
Authors: Saunders Alec , Nuredini Gani N. , Kirkham Frances A. , Drazich Erin , Bunting Eva , Rankin Philip , Ali Khalid , Okorie Michael , Rajkumar Chakravarthi 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
The risk profile of white-coat hypertension/effect (WCH/E) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between WCH/E, markers of cardiovascular risk and cerebrovascular events.

Methods:
This is a sub-group analysis of The Arterial Stiffness In lacunar Stroke and Transient ischemic attack (ASIST) study, which recruited 96 patients aged at least 40 years old with a diagnosis of transient ischemic attack or lacunar stroke in the preceding 14 days. Thirty-two patients with target blood pressure (clinic blood pressure <140/90 mmHg and daytime ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg) and 30 patients with WCH/E (clinic blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg and daytime ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg) were included in the analysis.

Results:
Patients with WCH/E were older and had a higher BMI. Central SBP (145 ± 13 vs. 118 ± 8 mmHg, P < 0.001) and DBP (82 ± 8 vs. 76 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.004) were higher in those with WCH/E. They also had higher arterial stiffness measured by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (11.9 ± 3.0 vs. 9.6 ± 2.3 m/s, P = 0.002) and cardio-ankle vascular index (10.3 ± 1.3 vs. 9.4 ± 1.7, P = 0.027). Regression analysis showed an independent relationship between WCH/E and both measures of arterial stiffness. Lacunar strokes were more prevalent in those with WCH/E (47 vs. 22%, P = 0.039) and individuals in this group were more likely to have had a lacunar stroke than a transient ischemic attack (odds ratio 9.6, 95% CI 1.5-62.6, P = 0.02).

Conclusion:
In this cohort of patients with lacunar stroke and transient ischemic attack, WCH/E was associated with elevated markers of cardiovascular risk and a higher prevalence of lacunar stroke. These results suggest that WCH/E is associated with adverse cardiovascular risk.