bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Family History of Surgically Treated Low Back Pain and Adolescent Low Back Pain
Authors: Heikkala Eveliina , Karppinen Jaro , Mikkola Ilona , Hagnäs Maria , Oura Petteri 
Published: February 2022

Study Design.
Cross-sectional.

Objective.
To study the associations between a family history of surgically treated low back pain (LBP) and adolescent LBP.

Summary of Background Data.
A family history of LBP is related to adolescent LBP, but whether a family history of back surgery is relevant to adolescent LBP is not known.

Methods.
A subpopulation of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 was contacted when they were aged between 18 and 19years. The postal questionnaire asked the participants to report their LBP and a relative's (mother, father, sibling) LBP and back surgery, and to provide data on potential covariates. The association between a family history of LBP (“no family history of LBP,” “family history of LBP but no surgery,” and “family history of LBP and surgery”) and adolescent LBP (no LBP, occasional LBP, and frequent LBP) were evaluated using logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for sex, smoking, and psychological distress.

Results.
Of the 1374 adolescents in the study, 33% reported occasional LBP and 9% frequent LBP. Both the “family history of LBP but no surgery” and “family history of LBP and surgery” categories were associated with frequent LBP (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.09, 95% CI 1.38–3.16; aOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.02–4.90, respectively). Occasional LBP was associated with the “family history of LBP and surgery” category. A subgroup analysis of adolescents with a family history of LBP found no statistically significant associations between family history of back surgery and adolescent LBP.

Conclusion.
Our findings suggest that adolescents who report a family history of LBP have higher odds of frequent LBP irrespectively of a family history of back surgery.

Level of evidence: 4
Granulation process analysis technologies and potential applications in traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Cui Tongcan , Hou Yizhe , Feng Huimin , Wu Sijun , Li Wenlong , Li Zheng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production, during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations. The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing, which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the pharmaceutical granulation technology. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology (PAT) in 2004, many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination. In this article, we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process, namely, single CQA and multi-CQA PAT, with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process. Furthermore, the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.
Pain, opioid use, depressive symptoms, and mortality in adults living in precarious housing or homelessness: a longitudinal prospective study
Authors: Jones Andrea A. , Cho Lianne L. , Kim David D. , Barbic Skye P. , Leonova Olga , Byford Alexandra , Buchanan Tari , Vila-Rodriguez Fidel , Procyshyn Ric M. , Lang Donna J. , Vertinsky A. Talia , MacEwan G. William , Rauscher Alexander , Panenka William J. , Thornton Allen E. , Barr Alasdair M. , Field Thalia S. , Honer William G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Pain and related consequences could contribute to comorbid illness and premature mortality in homeless and precariously housed persons. We analyzed longitudinal data from an ongoing naturalistic prospective study of a community-based sample (n = 370) to characterize risk factors and consequences of bodily pain. The aims were to describe bodily pain and associations with symptoms and psychosocial function, investigate factors that may increase or ameliorate pain, and examine the consequences of pain for symptoms, functioning, and all-cause mortality. Bodily pain severity and impact were rated with the 36-item Short Form Health Survey Bodily Pain Scale monthly over 5 years. Mixed-effects linear regression models estimated the effects of time-invariant and time-varying risk factors for pain, verified by reverse causality and multiple imputation analysis. Regression models estimated the associations between overall person-mean pain severity and subsequent functioning and suicidal ideation, and Cox proportional hazard models assessed association with all-cause mortality. Bodily pain of at least moderate severity persisted (>3 months) in 64% of participants, exceeding rates expected in the general population. Greater pain severity was associated with depressive symptom severity and month-to-month opioid use, overlaid on enduring risk associated with age, arthritis, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The frequency of prescribed and nonprescribed opioid use had nonlinear relationships with pain: intermittent use was associated with severe pain, without reverse association or change with the overdose epidemic. Greater longitudinal mean pain severity was associated with premature mortality, poorer functioning, and suicidal ideation. Considering the relationships between pain, intermittent opioid use, and depressive symptoms could improve health care for precariously housed patients.
Extramuscular and Intramuscular Course of the Nerve Innervating the Abdominal Part of the Pectoralis Major Muscle: An Anatomical Study with Regard to Transaxillary Endoscopic Subpectoral Breast Augmentation
Authors: Pretterklieber Bettina , Metka Susanne , Klöppel Markus , Pretterklieber Michael L. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
During transaxillary endoscopic subpectoral breast augmentation, the innervation of the abdominal part of the pectoralis major muscle can be injured. The question has been raised whether this could even be of value, as for a better result, the caudal fibers of the pectoralis major muscle have to be detached from their origin. The authors’ aim was to identify the exact position and the intramuscular course and target of these nerve branches.

Methods:
Fifty pectoralis major muscles and their supplying nerve branches from 27 formalin-fixed anatomical specimens were studied using macroscopic dissection and anthropometry. Furthermore, eight muscles underwent the modified Sihler procedure to determine the intramuscular course and target of the supplying nerve branches.

Results:
The branches for the abdominal part of the pectoralis major muscle pierced the pectoralis minor muscle or coursed around its lower border 3.2 to 8.4 cm from the tip of the coracoid process. Within the muscle, at least one small nerve branch, innervating the abdominal part, ascended into the lowermost portion of the sternocostal head, and anastomosed with the lowest small branch of its supplying nerve branches.

Conclusions:
Because of the variable position of the nerve branches, they may often cross the operative field during transaxillary endoscopic breast augmentation. However, their interruption can be of value, because weakening of the lower part of the pectoralis major muscle is desired to keep the implant in place, and to avoid animation deformity.
Revising Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Goodreau Adam M. , Driscoll Cassandra R. , Nye Anthony , Nigro Lauren C. , Blanchet Nadia P. 
Published: February 2022

Summary:
Prepectoral prosthetic breast reconstruction continues to gain popularity, largely due to its decreased postoperative pain, animation deformity, and operative time as compared to subpectoral reconstruction. Widespread use has led to opportunities for surgical revisions. While some techniques for submuscular reconstruction revisions, such as implant exchange and fat grafting, also apply to prepectoral revisions, others require modification for the prepectoral space. The prosthesis’ unique reliance on the mastectomy flaps and acellular dermal matrix for support leads to a progressive alteration of the breast footprint, conus, envelope, and nipple-areola complex position. To date, revisions of prepectoral reconstructions have not been addressed in the literature. This article presents the senior author’s (N.P.B.) techniques for (1) revising prepectoral breast reconstructions, including staged and direct-to-implant reconstructions, with a special focus on nipple-sparing reconstruction, and (2) minimizing undesirable outcomes of prepectoral reconstruction.
A Prospective, Comparative Study (before and after) for the Evaluation of Cryothermogenesis’ Efficacy in Body Contouring: Abdomen and Saddlebags
Authors: Suvaddhana Loap Sarin , SidAhmed-Mezi Mounia , Meningaud Jean Paul , Hersant Barbara 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Cryolipolysis is a noninvasive method that allows selective reduction of adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of cryothermogenesis, the repetitive applications of cryotherapy, in body contouring of the abdomen and saddlebag areas.

Methods:
Thirty participants were included in the study. Premenopausal women with an overload of subcutaneous abdominal and saddlebag adipose tissue were enrolled. For each participant, five cryothermogenesis sessions were carried out using a medical device equipped with two cooling probes. The primary endpoint was metric measurement. The secondary endpoints were the measurement of subcutaneous fat mass using a Lunar iDXA whole-body scanner (GE Healthcare, Madison, Wis.) and a metabolic assessment conducted before treatment and 15 days after treatment.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 36.72 ± 7 years. Participants had different phototypes and an average body mass index of 23.0 ± 1.41 kg/m2. A decrease in body mass index was observed 3 months after the last session; the body mass index dropped to 20.5 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (p = 0.004 compared to baseline). Waist measurements showed a significant decrease, with an average loss of 4.1 cm after 15 days and 4.62 cm after 3 months. Concerning the circumference of saddlebags, a decrease was observed 3 months after treatment. These results were confirmed by iDXA computed tomographic measurements, showing a significant fat mass reduction in the treated areas.

Conclusion:
The results indicate that subcutaneous fat in the abdomen and saddlebags was reduced after five successive cryothermogenesis sessions, without any complications, in a cohort of participants with different phototypes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap Operative Techniques
Authors: Rabbani Cyrus C. , Lee Andrew H. , Desai Shaun C. 
Published: February 2022

Summary:
Regional flaps are an important component of the reconstructive ladder and represent a versatile option in reconstructing various oral cavity defects. An axial buccal flap based on the facial artery, the facial artery musculomucosal flap, was first described by Pribaz et al. and has been shown to have good functional outcomes with minimal morbidity. Indeed, other surgeons have praised its favorable arc of rotation, reliability, and role as an alternative to free tissue transfer, with shorter duration of general anesthesia and allowance for earlier postoperative mobilization. The facial artery musculomucosal flap has significant versatility, as it can be superiorly or inferiorly based and can be performed in either single- or two-stage fashion. It is of particular advantage for reconstruction of the oral cavity (retromolar trigone, hard palate, alveolar ridge, lip, tongue, and floor of mouth), oropharynx (tongue base, lateral pharynx, and soft palate), and sinonasal structures. Despite its advantages, its widespread use has been limited by a lack of familiarity and difficulty in safely raising a reliable flap consistently. The senior author (S.C.D.) has successfully utilized a high volume of facial artery musculomucosal flaps with a low complication rate in a broad array of oral cavity and oropharyngeal defects. In this article, the authors share technical details on how to harvest and inset this flap by incorporating key landmarks in a reliable fashion.
Pediatric Juxtaepiphyseal Phalangeal Fractures Are Distinct from Salter-Harris Type II Fractures and More Frequently Need Operative Fixation
Authors: Stash Bryce D. , Xu Kyle Y. , Posorske Alyx , Plikaitis Christina M. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Salter-Harris type II fractures are the most common pediatric phalangeal fracture. A juxtaepiphyseal fracture is a distinct fracture pattern that, although similar in radiographic appearance, occurs 1 to 2 mm distal to the growth plate. Although subtle, there are important differences in the behavior and management of these fracture types. The purpose of this study was to compare these two fracture patterns in terms of clinical features and treatment.

Methods:
An institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review was conducted of patients presenting to our tertiary care pediatric hospital. One hundred fifty-eight patients with either Salter-Harris type II or juxtaepiphyseal phalangeal fractures were identified. Primary outcomes analyzed included angulation at initial presentation, stability of reduction if attempted in the emergency department, and need for operative fixation with and without Kirschner wire fixation, with final angulation measurements.

Results:
Salter-Harris type II fractures were more common than juxtaepiphyseal fractures (83 percent versus 17 percent, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two fracture types in the patient’s age, sex, or mechanism of injury. Juxtaepiphyseal fractures were radiographically more angulated on presentation than Salter-Harris type II fractures (p = 0.02). Juxtaepiphyseal fractures required significantly more operative fixation by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning compared to Salter-Harris type II fractures (42.9 percent versus 10.8 percent, respectively; p = 0.002). There was no difference in final outcomes obtained between the two groups.

Conclusions:
Juxtaepiphyseal phalangeal fractures are a distinct entity from Salter-Harris type II fractures. Presenting with significantly more radiographic angulation and clinical instability, juxtaepiphyseal fractures more frequently required operative fixation. Recognizing the differences between these pediatric fracture types is important to help guide clinical management for successful healing.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, II.
Three-Dimensional Printing Model Enhances Craniofacial Trauma Teaching by Improving Morphologic and Biomechanical Understanding: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Nicot Romain , Druelle Charles , Chazard Emmanuel , Roland-Billecart Thomas , Nuytten Alexandra , Richard Florence , Dupré Aurélie , Raoul Gwénaël , Ferri Joël , Lacroix Dominique , Gosset Didier , Schlund Matthias , Truffert Patrick 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Teaching about craniofacial traumas is challenging given the complexity of the craniofacial anatomy and the necessity for good spatial representation skills. To solve these problems, three-dimensional printing seems to be an appropriate educative material. In this study, the authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. The authors’ main objective was to compare the performance of the undergraduate medical students in an examination based on the teaching support: three-dimensionally printed models versus two-dimensional pictures.

Methods:
All participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups using a random number table: the three-dimensionally–printed support group (three-dimensional group) or the two-dimensionally–displayed support group (two-dimensional group). All participants completed a multiple-choice question evaluation questionnaire on facial traumatology (first, a zygomatic bone fracture; then, a double mandible fracture). Sex and potential confounding factors were evaluated.

Results:
Four hundred thirty-two fifth-year undergraduate medical students were enrolled in this study. Two hundred six students were allocated to the three-dimensional group, and 226 were allocated to the two-dimensional group. The three-dimensionally printed model was considered to be a better teaching material compared with two-dimensional support. The global mean score was 2.36 in the three-dimensional group versus 1.99 in the two-dimensional group (p = 0.008). Regarding teaching of biomechanical aspects, three-dimensionally–printed models provide better understanding (p = 0.015). Participants in both groups exhibited similar previous student educational achievements and visuospatial skills.

Conclusions:
This prospective, randomized, controlled educational trial demonstrated that incorporation of three-dimensionally–printed models improves medical students’ understanding. This trial reinforces previous studies highlighting academic benefits in using three-dimensionally–printed models mostly in the field of understanding complex structures.
Buttocks Volume Augmentation with Submuscular Implants: 100 Cases Series
Authors: Petit François , Colli Mattia , Badiali Valerio , Ebaa Sabri , Salval André 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Permanent aesthetic augmentation of the gluteal region can be achieved with fat graft and/or implants. Implant-based augmentations have been proposed since the late 1960s. Buttock implants can be placed in four different planes according to distinct surgical techniques: subcutaneous, subfascial, intramuscular, and submuscular.

Methods:
In this retrospective analysis, a 100 case series of patients seeking volume and shape amelioration of the gluteal region were studied. All of them had primary gluteoplasty performed with a submuscular implant placement by first author (F.P.) with a new technique, as described in the article.

Results:
Data on surgery time, implant volume selection, and postoperative complications were collected. The most frequent complications were delayed healing of the incision and implant flipping.

Conclusions:
Submuscular implant positioning is a safe and reliable technique for buttock augmentation with implants. Whatever the implant volume, submuscular gluteal augmentation carries the benefit of perfectly covering, protecting, and hiding the implant, making it almost impalpable and invisible.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones in Integrated Plastic Surgery Programs: How Competency-Based Assessment Has Been Implemented
Authors: Kearney Aaron M. , Rokni Alex M. , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The plastic surgery milestones are a central component of resident assessment. The authors performed a survey to evaluate how milestones have been implemented across integrated plastic surgery programs and how faculty perceive the Milestones Project has impacted their program.

Methods:
A 25-question survey was directed to the head of the clinical competency committee of all 82 integrated plastic surgery programs through the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons. The survey queried the composition of the committee, how ratings are generated, and the data used in generating these ratings.

Results:
Committee leaders from 57 programs (69.5 percent) responded to the survey. For most programs (73 percent), one faculty member completed milestone ratings for each resident and reviewed them with the residents. To determine milestone ratings, 92 percent utilized resident assessment after every rotation, and 63 percent utilized in-service examination scores. For documented resident assessment overall, 96 percent of programs assess residents after every rotation; 37 percent asses after every procedure. Feedback is most frequently provided to residents after every rotation (52 percent), rather than only during committee reviews (32 percent) or after every documented assessment (16 percent). Sixty-four percent of respondents did not believe that milestones have helped in the mentorship role.

Conclusions:
Implementation of the milestones has varied among integrated plastic surgery programs. Structured training for core faculty directed to methods of assessment will make milestones a more effective a tool by which to improve resident evaluation and education. These findings provide a key data set by which to revise the milestones for their second iteration.
Reproducible Research Practices in the Plastic Surgery Literature
Authors: Ascha Mona , Katabi Leila , Stevens Erica , Gatherwright James , Vassar Matthew 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Reproducible research—defined as the ability to replicate a study with its published materials and procedures—is integral to ensuring the validity of published studies and promoting scientific advancement. The primary aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the reproducibility and transparency of research in the plastic surgery literature.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was performed. Articles published in 12 plastic surgery journals over a 5-year period were randomly selected. Reproducibility-related and transparency-related variables were blindly and independently collected by two reviewers using previously published methods. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were performed for outcomes of interest.

Results:
The initial search yielded 18,461 publications, from which 400 were randomly selected. A total of 397 publications met inclusion criteria, of which 203 were empirical studies eligible for analysis of reproducibility-related and transparency-related variables. Among the empirical studies, most did not have a data availability statement (97.0 percent; 95 percent CI, 93.7 to 98.9). Only seven (3.4 percent; 95 percent CI, 1.4 to 7.0) were linked to an accessible protocol, four (2.0 percent; 95 percent CI, 0.5 to 5.0) were preregistered, and no studies provided analysis scripts or claimed to replicate another study. Of the 202 studies evaluated for material availability, only 17 (8.4 percent; 95 percent CI, 5.0 to 13.1) had a material availability statement.

Conclusions:
There is an evident lack of reproducible research practices in plastic surgery literature. The majority of plastic surgery publications do not provide information and raw materials necessary to reproduce empirical studies. Increasing awareness at the individual and institutional levels can improve research quality and transparency.