bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of a human immunodeficiency virus case with discordant antiviral drug resistance profiles in cerebrospinal fluid compared with plasma: a case report
Authors: Bang Didi , Fonager Jannik , Johansen Isik Somuncu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated neurocognitive disorder is a known complication in individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid escape, which is defined as discordant higher cerebrospinal fluid viremia than plasma, may occur in antiretroviral therapy-experienced individuals. Different cerebrospinal fluid versus plasma mutation patterns have been observed in individuals with cerebrospinal fluid escape.

Case presentation
A 46-year-old adult African male with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome based on cerebral toxoplasmosis and a chronic hepatitis B virus infection developed cerebrospinal fluid escape. A different human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance profile was observed in plasma compared with cerebrospinal fluid. Brain biopsy and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging indicated the development of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. A discordant protease inhibitor mutation/wild-type T74PT in plasma but not in cerebrospinal fluid indicated poor central nervous system penetration due to the selective pressure of drug therapy. An intensified antiretroviral therapy regimen including dolutegravir with good central nervous system penetration improved conditions.

Conclusions
This case shows the importance of measuring human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in cerebrospinal fluid, which might differ from resistance detected in plasma samples and target effective antiretroviral therapy treatment accordingly.
Tumor lysis syndrome, acute kidney injury and disease-free survival in critically ill patients requiring urgent chemotherapy
Authors: Abdel-Nabey Moustafa , Chaba Anis , Serre Justine , Lengliné Etienne , Azoulay Elie , Darmon Michael , Zafrani Lara 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening complication during the treatment of malignant neoplasia. We sought to describe characteristics and predictors of acute kidney injury (AKI), remission and mortality in high-risk TLS patients. In this retrospective monocentric study, we included all patients with the diagnosis of biological and/or clinical TLS from 2012 to 2018. The primary outcome was the prevalence of AKI during the acute phase of TLS. Secondary outcomes were overall mortality and remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year.

Results
Among 153 patients with TLS, 123 (80.4%) patients experienced AKI and 83 (54.2%) required renal replacement therapy. mSOFA score (OR = 1.15, IC 95% [1.02–1.34]), age (OR = 1.05, IC 95% [1.02–1.08]) and male gender (OR = 6.79, IC 95% [2.59–19.44]) were associated with AKI. Rasburicase use (HR = 2.45, IC 95% [1.17–5.15]) was associated with remission of the underlying malignancy at 1 year. Parameters associated with mortality at 1 year were mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.96, IC 95% [1.02–3.78]), vasopressors (HR = 3.13, IC 95% [1.59–6.15]), age (HR = 1.02, IC 95% [1–1.03]), spontaneous TLS (HR = 1.65, IC 95% [1.01–2.69]) and delay of chemotherapy administration (HR = 1.01, IC 95% [1–1.03]).

Conclusions
AKI is highly prevalent in TLS patients. Rasburicase is associated with better outcomes regarding remission of the underlying malignancy. As rasburicase may be an indirect marker of a high degree of tumor lysis and chemosensitivity, more studies are warranted to confirm the protective role of urate oxidase. Delaying chemotherapy may be deleterious in terms of long-term outcomes.
Chrysoeriol isolated from Melientha suavis Pierre with activity against the agricultural pest Spodoptera litura
Authors: Ruttanaphan Torranis , Thitathan Wirin , Piyasaengthong Narisara , Nobsathian Saksit , Bullangpoti Vasakorn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Flavonoids, a class of plant phenolic compounds, act as plant defense chemicals. Chrysoeriol is a naturally occurring flavonoid produced by Melientha suavis Pierre. The goal of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential and mode of action of chrysoeriol isolated from M. suavis against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).

Results
The effects of chrysoeriol on second-instar S. litura larvae were determined by topical application. Chrysoeriol was highly toxic to S. litura (24- and 48-h LD50 values of ~ 6.99 and 6.51 µg/larva, respectively). Moreover, mode-of-action experiments demonstrated that this compound significantly decreased the activities of both detoxification-related enzymes [carboxylesterases (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and neurological enzymes (acetylcholinesterase).

Conclusions
These results indicate that chrysoeriol isolated from M. suavis could be used as a potential agent with activity against S. litura. However, it is necessary to determine the potential side effects on nontarget species for the further development of these novel insecticides.

Graphical Abstract
Urinary bladder Schistosoma haematobium-related squamous cell carcinoma: a report of two fatal cases and literature review
Authors: Efared Boubacar , Bako Aïchatou Balaraba Abani , Idrissa Boubacar , Alhousseini Daouda , Boureima Habiba Salifou , Sodé Haboubacar Chaibou , Nouhou Hassan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Schistosomiasis is still a public health issue in certain areas of developing countries (especially in sub-saharan Africa). Schistosoma haematobium is a proven carcinogenic agent that causes mainly bladder squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer has characteristic epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features with poor prognosis as compared to other urinary bladder cancers not associated with this parasite.

Cases presentation
We report two fatal cases of advanced-stage bladder squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium in a sub-saharan developing African country (Niger), illustrating the devastating complications of this tropical neglected disease. The two cases were a 38-year-old woman and a 37-year-old male. They presented with chronic pelvic pain and hematuria. The clinical and radiological work-up revealed invasive urivary bladder tumor extended to the pelvis, that was histopathologically proven to be an invasive squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium. The two patients died shortly after the diagnosis before chemotherapy prescription.

Conclusion
Schistosoma-associated bladder squamous cell carcinoma has characteristic features with dismal prognosis. Eradication of this parasite remains the only efficient way to prevent the devastating consequences of this particular cancer.
Child linear growth trajectories during the first three years of life in relation to infant iron status: a prospective cohort study in rural Vietnam
Authors: Hanieh Sarah , Braat Sabine , Tran Thach D. , Ha Tran T. , Simpson Julie A. , Tuan Tran , Fisher Jane , Biggs Beverley-Ann 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Early childhood growth patterns have long-term consequences for health and disease. Little is known about the interplay between growth and iron status during childhood. We explored the interplay between linear growth and iron status during early childhood, by assessing child growth trajectories between 6 and 36 months (m) of age in relation to infant iron status at 6 months of age.

Methods
A cohort study of infants born to women who had previously participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation, conducted in rural Vietnam. The relationship between child linear growth trajectories and infant iron status (ferritin concentration) was examined using latent growth curve modeling. Primary outcomes were height for age z scores (HAZ) and growth trajectory between 6 and 36 m of age.

Results
A total of 1112 infants were included in the study. Mean [SD] HAZ scores decreased over time from –0·58 [0·94] at 6 m, to –0·97 [0·99] at 18 m, to –1·14 [0·89] at 36 m of age. There was a steep linear decline in the HAZ scores between 6 and 18 m of age, followed by a slower linear decline from 18 to 36 m of age. Ferritin concentration at 6 m of age was inversely associated with HAZ score at 6 m of age (-0·145, 95% CI [-0.189, -0.101]). There was no association between infant ferritin at 6 m of age and child growth trajectory between 6 and 36 m of age.

Conclusions
Iron status at six months of age did not influence a child’s later linear growth trajectory in this cohort of rural Vietnamese children. Longitudinal studies with repeated ferritin and height measurements are required to better delineate this relationship and inform public health interventions.
A pragmatic evaluation of a public health knowledge broker mentoring education program: a convergent mixed methods study
Authors: Clark Emily C , Dhaliwal Bandna , Ciliska Donna , Neil-Sztramko Sarah E , Steinberg Marla , Dobbins Maureen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Public health professionals are expected to use the best available research and contextual evidence to inform decision-making. The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools developed, implemented, and evaluated a Knowledge Broker mentoring program aimed at facilitating organization-wide evidence-informed decision-making in ten public health units in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this study was to pragmatically assess the impact of the program.

Methods
A convergent mixed methods design was used to interpret quantitative results in the context of the qualitative findings. A goal-setting exercise was conducted with senior leadership in each organization prior to implementing the program. Achievement of goals was quantified through deductive coding of post-program interviews with participants and management. Interviews analyzed inductively to qualitatively explain progress toward identified goals and identify key factors related to implementation of EIDM within the organization.

Results
Organizations met their goals for evidence use to varying degrees. The key themes identified that support an organizational shift to EIDM include definitive plans for participants to share knowledge during and after program completion, embedding evidence into decision-making processes, and supportive leadership with organizational investment of time and resources. The location, setting, or size of health units was not associated with attainment of EIDM goals; small, rural health units were not at a disadvantage compared to larger, urban health units.

Conclusions
The Knowledge Broker mentoring program allowed participants to share their learning and support change at their health units. When paired with organizational supports such as supportive leadership and resource investment, this program holds promise as an innovative knowledge translation strategy for organization wide EIDM among public health organizations.
A comprehensive review on incremental deformation in rolling processes
Authors: Agrawal Prajwal , Aggarwal Sangeet , Banthia Neil , Singh Udit Suraj , Kalia Arnav , Pesin Alexander 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIncremental deformation is a well-known concept among material scientists, when applied with advanced automation it becomes very efficient. It has advanced in leap and bounds over time and has established itself in mainstream industrial applications. Yet, there are a few common problems associated with this technique. Many of these problems are related to predicting material behavior, inaccuracies in setting roller angles and distance, and the velocity of rollers and workpieces. This review paper attempts to concisely present these processes, problems, and the advances that have been made over the years. Firstly, in this review, a detailed overview of the rolling processes, carried out in different academic universities, based on conventional and generic techniques is given. Secondly, an outline of various rolling techniques like thread rolling, incremental rolling, shape rolling, and some other advanced techniques like corrugated rolling, riblet rolling, and symmetric and asymmetric rolling, are discussed in detail with their merits, demerits, and applications. This is followed by a study of recent reports on the finite element methods (FEM), consisting of work on numerical methods by research scholars and practical experiments such as experiments based on the topic like specific material usage or the enhancement of the rolling process through different methods. Finally, a decisive summary of the challenges behind the novel concepts, and the specific domains requiring further enhancements are mentioned.
Spectral consistency of satellite and airborne data: Application of an equivalent dipole layer for combining satellite and aeromagnetic data sets
Authors: Dilixiati Yixiati , Baykiev Eldar , Ebbing Jörg 
Published: February 2022

We present a novel approach for the combination of aeromagnetic and satellite data applying an equivalent dipole layer and spherical harmonic (SH) expansion of the dipoles. The method involves two steps: (1) inversion for the magnetic parameters of the equivalent dipole layer and (2) conversion of the magnetic parameters into SH coefficients. With this approach, SH analysis can be used for a regional study area, and, for example, the long-wavelength range of aeromagnetic data can be replaced with satellite data. We test our approach on the third, fourth, and fifth editions of the Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia, which were releveled using independent aeromagnetic data sets for long-wavelength correction. The results indicate that the magnetic compilations leveled to long-haul control lines have a good agreement with the LCS-1 satellite model in the range of SH degree 40 to 110 (corresponding to half-wavelengths between 180 to 500 km), whereas the third edition of the Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia demonstrates poor control over long- wavelengths in this spectral range. Our analysis suggests that even the carefully processed fifth edition would benefit from the replacement of long-wavelength data with satellite data.
Racial Differences in Treatments and Toxicity in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Thoracic Radiation Therapy
Authors: Laucis Anna Mary Brown , Hochstedler Kimberly A. , Schipper Matthew J. , Paximadis Peter A. , Boike Thomas P. , Bergsma Derek P. , Movsas Benjamin , Kretzler Annette , Spratt Daniel E. , Dess Robert T. , Mietzel Melissa A. , Dominello Michael M. , Matuszak Martha M. , Jagsi Reshma , Hayman James A. , Pierce Lori J. , Jolly Shruti 
Published: February 2022

PURPOSE: Historical racial disparities in lung cancer surgery rates resulted in lower survival in Black patients. Our objective was to examine racial differences in thoracic radiation treatments and toxicities in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A large institutional review board–approved statewide patient-level database of patients with stage II-III non–small-cell lung cancer who received definitive thoracic radiation from March 2012 to November 2019 was analyzed to assess associations between race and other variables. Race (White or Black) was defined by patient self-report. Provider-reported toxicity was defined by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Patient-reported toxicity was determined by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Lung quality-of-life instrument. Univariable and multivariable regression models were fitted to assess relationships between race and variables of interest. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients were calculated between provider-reported toxicity and similar patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred forty-one patients from 24 institutions with mean age 68 years (range, 38-94 years) were evaluated. Race was not significantly associated with radiation or chemotherapy approach. There was significantly increased patient-reported general pain in Black patients at the preradiation and end-of-radiation time points. Black patients were significantly less likely to have provider-reported grade 2+ pneumonitis (odds ratio 0.36, P = .03), even after controlling for known patient and treatment factors. Correlation coefficients between provider- and patient-reported toxicities were generally similar across race groups except for a stronger correlation between patient- and provider-reported esophagitis in White patients. CONCLUSION: In this large multi-institutional study, we found no evidence of racial differences in radiation treatment or chemotherapy approaches. We did, however, unexpectedly find that Black race was associated with lower odds of provider-reported grade 2+ radiation pneumonitis. The stronger correlation between patient- and provider-reported esophagitis and swallowing symptoms for White patients also suggests possible under-recognition of symptoms in Black patients. Further research is needed to study the implications for Black patients.
It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Girnita Leonard , Smith Terry J , Janssen Joseph A M J L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Context
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR.

Objective
Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both.

Evidence
IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs.

Conclusions
Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.
Driving Factors to Pursue Endocrinology Training Fellowship: Empirical Survey Data and Future Strategies
Authors: Tsai Karen , Long Clarine , Liang Tom Z , Napolitano Jason , Khawaja Raheela , Leung Angela M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
There is a current and anticipated labor shortage of endocrinologists in the United States. Over the past decade, the number of applications to endocrinology fellowship programs has plateaued despite increased available positions, and interest in endocrinology has declined relative to other internal medicine subspecialty fields. The examination of driving factors for pursuit of endocrinology as a subspecialty career is needed.

Methods
A 12-question online survey was developed to identify the primary reasons for current endocrinology fellows/trainees to pursue the field. This survey was sent to 152 U.S. endocrinology fellowship program directors for completion by their fellows between July and August 2021.

Results
A total of 176 of 629 fellows (28.0%) completed the survey. The majority (57.4%) had decided to pursue endocrinology as a career during residency, while 27.3% had decided during medical school. The endocrinology rotation during residency was ranked by 79 fellows (44.9%) as the most influential factor, followed by having positive experiences with a clinical mentor (27.3%). Endocrinology exposure during medical school was sparse, with only 2.8% noting the availability of an endocrinology student interest group, while 59.7% reported inadequate endocrinology exposure during their medical school curriculum.

Conclusion
The majority of current endocrinology fellows/trainees report that exposure to the field during medical school was limited, and that their endocrinology elective and mentorship experiences during residency were the most influential factors for pursuing endocrinology as a subspecialty. Improved integration of endocrinology experiences between medical school and residency may enhance career interest in endocrinology.
The Problem of Colonialism
Authors: Pillay Suren 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article explores the ways in which Latin American decolonial theory is drawn on to make sense of colonial legacies in contemporary Africa. For Latin American decolonial theory, colonialism is characterized by enforced assimilation enacted through epistemic violence. Latin American decolonial theory self-consciously rejects thinking about colonialism as historically specific in favor of the more abstract concept of coloniality. When Latin American decolonial theory travels to Africa, its emphasis on colonial assimilation obscures a significant experience of colonialism that enforced difference rather than assimilation. The article discusses the key underpinnings of apartheid education as a form of colonial education, in order to show how colonialism was responsive to particular conditions and combined both epistemology and institutions. To think the problem of colonialism in the present requires a comparative account of the problem of colonialism that embraces both the history of assimilation and the history of difference in a way that survives colonial assimilation.