bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ambient atmosphere on the formation and evolution of conjugated structure of pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Wang Bin , Lei Shuai , Li Chenggao , Gao Aijun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The ambient atmosphere has the remarkable effect on the chemical reaction mechanism and the formation of characteristic chemical structures and conjugated structures for pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN). In the present paper, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) were used to characterize the variations of chemical reaction characteristic structures and conjugate structures of copolymerized PAN in nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. Combined with the multivariate reaction model proposed by the predecessors, it can be found that two main conjugated structures (conjugated polyene and conjugated aromatic heterocycle) formed during the pre-oxidation process of copolymerized PAN. In nitrogen atmosphere, the formed main structure units were the conjugated diene and conjugated double ring with 1–2 double bonds. By contrast, the formed main units in air were the conjugated diene and conjugated tricyclic with a double bond. During the whole pre-oxidation process, the maximum unit numbers of conjugated double bonds and conjugated rings were no more than four and six, respectively. Increasing the heat treatment temperature favored to form more conjugate structures than prolonging the heat treatment time. Furthermore, with the increase of heat treatment temperature or time in air, the main conjugate unit numbers had no obvious change, while the maximum unit numbers increased slightly. For the exposure in nitrogen atmosphere, the main conjugated polycyclic structure was transformed into conjugated tricyclic structure after the heat treatment at 250 °C for more than 3 h. In addition, when the heat treatment temperature and time were 280 °C for more than 4 h, the main conjugated polyene structure was transformed into conjugated triene, and the maximum conjugated unit numbers increased slightly.
Investigation of ferronickel slag powder for marine applications by using MIP method
Authors: Shanmugasundar G , Krishnan Ganesh Sai , Babu L Ganesh , Kumar S , Makos Mebratu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The main aim of this work is to study the performance of the ferro-nickel slag in the powder form and to analyze the permeability performance using MIP method. The test is carried out under two different conditions. It is performed in clean water and a marine environment. Under these conditions different admixture conditions were examined. The change in impermeability of soil and cements for various admixture conditions were examined and the values were measured. A Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter (MIP) was used to examine the pore structure. Permeability values shown increasing trend in both clean water and in a marine environment. The Impermeability values shown increasing trend in marine environment compared with the clean water. During experimentation when Ferronickel slag powder exceeds 20 percentage. The impermeability reduces gradually and it gets decreased.40 percentages of ferronickel slag powder obtained were seemed to be optimum. Based on the results obtained from Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter (MIP), synergetic integration of ferro nickel slag powder on mixing with the soil-cement creates a micro-aggregate effect and the porosity of soil-cement which in turn increased the resistance for sea water erosions.
Social information use about novel aposematic prey depends on the intensity of the observed cue
Authors: Mulà Clelia , Thorogood Rose , Hämäläinen Liisa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Animals gather social information by observing the behavior of others, but how the intensity of observed cues influences decision-making is rarely investigated. This is crucial for understanding how social information influences ecological and evolutionary dynamics. For example, observing a predator’s distaste of unpalatable prey can reduce predation by naïve birds, and help explain the evolution and maintenance of aposematic warning signals. However, previous studies have only used demonstrators that responded vigorously, showing intense beak-wiping after tasting prey. Therefore, here we conducted an experiment with blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) informed by variation in predator responses. First, we found that the response to unpalatable food varies greatly, with only few individuals performing intensive beak-wiping. We then tested how the intensity of beak-wiping influences observers’ foraging choices using video-playback of a conspecific tasting a novel conspicuous prey item. Observers were provided social information from 1) no distaste response, 2) a weak distaste response, or 3) a strong distaste response, and were then allowed to forage on evolutionarily novel (artificial) prey. Consistent with previous studies, we found that birds consumed fewer aposematic prey after seeing a strong distaste response, however, a weak response did not influence foraging choices. Our results suggest that while beak-wiping is a salient cue, its information content may vary with cue intensity. Furthermore, the number of potential demonstrators in the predator population might be lower than previously thought, although determining how this influences social transmission of avoidance in the wild will require uncovering the effects of intermediate cue salience.
Persisting chemosensory impairments in 366 healthcare workers following COVID-19: an 11-month follow-up
Authors: Bussiere Nicholas , Mei Jie , Levesque-Boissonneault Cindy , Blais Mathieu , Carazo Sara , Gros-Louis Francois , Laforce Robert , De Serres Gaston , Dupre Nicolas , Frasnelli Johannes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OD, GD) are prevalent symptoms following COVID-19 and persist in 6%–44% of individuals post-infection. As only few reports have described their prognosis after 6 months, our main objective was to assess the prevalence of OD and GD 11-month post-COVID-19. We also aimed to determine intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of chemosensory self-ratings for the follow-up of chemosensory sensitivity. We designed an observational study and distributed an online questionnaire assessing chemosensory function to healthcare workers with a RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection 5- and 11-month post-COVID-19. Specifically, we assessed olfaction, gustation, and trigeminal sensitivity (10-point visual analog scale) and function (4-point Likert scale). We further measured clinically relevant OD using the Chemosensory Perception Test, a psychophysical test designed to provide a reliable remote olfactory evaluation. We included a total of 366 participants (mean [SD] age of 44.8 (11.7) years old). They completed the last online questionnaire 10.6 months (0.7) after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Of all participants, 307 (83.9%) and 301 (82.2%) individuals retrospectively reported lower olfactory or gustatory sensitivity during the acute phase of COVID-19. At the time of evaluation, 184 (50.3%) and 163 (44.5%) indicated reduced chemosensory sensitivity, 32.2% reported impairment of olfactory function while 24.9% exhibited clinically relevant OD. Olfactory sensitivity had a high test–retest reliability (ICC: 0.818; 95% CI: 0.760–0.860). This study suggests that chemosensory dysfunctions persist in a third of COVID-19 patients 11 months after COVID-19. OD appears to be a common symptom of post-COVID-19 important to consider when treating patients.
Unpacking strategic behavior in cyberspace: a schema-driven approach
Authors: Gomez Miguel Alberto , Whyte Christopher 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe contemporary literature on cybersecurity and related interstate interactions often cites the need to overcome uncertainty due to an inherent information deficit about cyber operations. While this notion remains relevant in studies that advance our understanding of state behavior in cyberspace, noticeable gaps persist. These stem from the limited utility of cyber operations to shift the balance of strategic power between states or to signal intent and resolve effectively. In response, this article advances a cognitive-cultural framework, wherein behavior reflects preferences derived from schema usage. Using cross-national wargames, the article illustrates the schematic use of strategic culture as a basis for deriving strategic objectives and the means of achieving these. Consequently, the article is an initial foray aimed at expanding our understanding of interstate behavior in cyberspace.
Engaging students in dialogic interactions through questioning
Authors: Yang Zi , Brindley Sue 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a study of EFL classroom talk with the focus on how teachers successfully encourage and elicit student dialogic talk through questioning. It is based on observation data from forty-nine classes involving eleven teaching staff in a university in central China. The findings reveal the difficulty of engaging students to be the first to participate in dialogic interactions in a culture where deeply engrained reserve is the accepted norm. Two teacher questioning patterns are identified that are effective in eliciting students’ first dialogic contribution in each interaction. These patterns can also serve as a profitable investment to elicit subsequent productive talk from students. This study also argues for a situated, contextualized analysis of classroom talk.
Rethinking referral pathways: qualitative evaluation of general practice networks to increase access to intrauterine contraception
Authors: Bell Sara F E , Harvey Caroline , Mack Fiona , Lambert Stephen , Lazarou Mattea , Strom Kay , Dean Judith A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Long-acting reversible contraceptives are recommended first-line contraception; however, intrauterine device (IUD) uptake remains low in Australia.

Objectives
To describe the outcomes of an independent evaluation of the General Practitioner IUD Insertion Network (GPIIN), a project designed to address access barriers through formalized referral pathways between general practitioners (GPs) inserting IUDs and noninserters.

Methods
An independent qualitative pragmatic inductive evaluation, involving 14 in-depth interviews with GPIIN members, was conducted 18 months post-GPIIN implementation in 2 Australian jurisdictions to identify and explore critical success factors and limitations of the model.

Results
Local GP-to-GP IUD referral networks were considered a useful model to assist affordable and timely IUD access, improve noninserters’ IUD knowledge and inserters’ reflection on best practice. However, pathway simplification is needed to determine optimal integration of the concept into pragmatic GP-to-GP referral arrangements.

Conclusions
GPIIN provides an opportunity to improve IUD access in Primary Health Care. Further consideration of organizations best positioned and resourced to facilitate sustainable delivery and coordination is necessary.
Contrasting elevational patterns and underlying drivers of stream bacteria and fungi at the regional scale on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Jiawen , Zhao Wenqian , Ren Minglei , Liu Yongqin , Xu Yan , Wang Jianjun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractElevational gradients are the focus of development and evaluation of general theories on biodiversity. However, elevational studies of microorganisms and the underlying mechanisms remain understudied, especially at regional scales. Here, we examined stream bacterial and fungal communities along an elevational gradient of 990–4600 m with a geographic distance up to 500 km in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and further analyzed their elevational patterns and drivers of three biodiversity indicators, including species richness, ecological uniqueness, and community composition. Bacteria and fungi showed distinct elevational trends in species richness and consistently decreasing patterns in their ecological uniqueness. The distance–decay relationships were concordant for the two microbial groups, while fungi showed higher dissimilarity and a lower turnover rate. Interestingly, bacterial and fungal compositions substantially differed between the elevations below and above 3000 m. Climate predictors, such as the mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality, had greater effects than local environment drivers. Notably, fungal diversity was mainly influenced by climate, while bacterial diversity was explained by the shared contributions of climate and local factors. Collectively, these findings revealed the elevational patterns of stream microbial biodiversity across mountains on a large spatial scale and highlight their underlying response mechanisms to environmental predictors.
Affective forecasting in elections: A socio-communicative perspective
Authors: Tenenboim-Weinblatt Keren , Baden Christian , Aharoni Tali , Overbeck Maximilian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn orienting themselves to the future, people form expectations not only on what will happen but also on how they will feel about possible future occurrences. So far, such affective forecasting—the prediction of future feelings—has been studied mainly from a psychological perspective. This study aims to show the importance of a socio-communicative perspective for understanding the predictors, manifestations, and consequences of affective forecasting, especially when collective futures are at stake. Using the case study of the 2019–2021 Israeli elections and a combination of a 12-wave survey and 25 focus groups, we show how political affective forecasts are associated with socio-communicative factors, are used in social interactions, and have consequences for political polarization and participation. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for future research on affective forecasting in communication studies.
Catastrophic health expenditure on private sector pharmaceuticals: a cross-sectional analysis from the state of Odisha, India
Authors: Haakenstad Annie , Kalita Anuska , Bose Bijetri , Cooper Jan E , Yip Winnie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
India has high rates of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE): 16% of Indian households incur CHE. To understand why CHE is so high, we conducted an in-depth analysis in the state of Odisha—a state with high rates of public sector facility use, reported eligibility for public insurance of 80%, and the provision of drugs for free in government-run facilities—yet with the second-highest rates of CHE across India (24%). We collected household data in 2019 representative of the state of Odisha and captured extensive information about healthcare seeking, including the facility type, its sector (private or public), how much was spent out-of-pocket, and where drugs were obtained. We employ Shapley decomposition to attribute variation in CHE and other financial hardship metrics to characteristics of healthcare, controlling for health and social determinants. We find that 36.3% (95% uncertainty interval: 32.7–40.1) of explained variation in CHE is attributed to whether a private sector pharmacy was used and the number of drugs obtained. Of all outpatient visits, 13% are with a private sector chemist, a similar rate as public primary providers (15%). Insurance was used in just 6% of hospitalizations and its use explained just 0.2% (0.1–0.4) of CHE overall. Eighty-six percent of users of outpatient care obtained drugs from the private sector. We estimate that eliminating spending on private drugs would reduce CHE by 56% in Odisha. The private sector for pharmaceuticals fulfills an essential health system function in Odisha—supplying drugs to the vast majority of patients. To improve financial risk protection in Odisha, the role currently fulfilled by private sector pharmacies must be considered alongside existing shortcomings in the public sector provision of drugs and the lack of outpatient care and drug coverage in public insurance programs.
Suleiman-El-Hattab syndrome: a histone modification disorder caused by TASP1 deficiency
Authors: Riedhammer Korbinian M , Burgemeister Anna L , Cantagrel Vincent , Amiel Jeanne , Siquier-Pernet Karine , Boddaert Nathalie , Hertecant Jozef , Kannouche Patricia L , Pouvelle Caroline , Htun Stephanie , Slavotinek Anne M , Beetz Christian , Diego-Alvarez Dan , Kampe Kapil , Fleischer Nicole , Awamleh Zain , Weksberg Rosanna , Kopajtich Robert , Meitinger Thomas , Suleiman Jehan , El-Hattab Ayman W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: TASP1 encodes an endopeptidase activating histone methyltransferases of the KMT2 family. Homozygous loss-of-function variants in TASP1 have recently been associated with Suleiman-El-Hattab syndrome. We report six individuals with Suleiman-El-Hattab syndrome and provide functional characterization of this novel histone modification disorder in a multi-omics approach. Methods: Chromosomal microarray/exome sequencing in all individuals. Western blotting from fibroblasts in two individuals. RNA sequencing and proteomics from fibroblasts in one individual. Methylome analysis from blood in two individuals. Knock-out of tasp1 orthologue in zebrafish and phenotyping. Results: All individuals had biallelic TASP1 loss-of-function variants and a phenotype including developmental delay, multiple congenital anomalies (including cardiovascular and posterior fossa malformations), a distinct facial appearance and happy demeanor. Western blot revealed absence of TASP1. RNA sequencing/proteomics showed HOX gene downregulation (HOXA4, HOXA7, HOXA1 and HOXB2) and dysregulation of transcription factor TFIIA. A distinct methylation profile intermediate between control and Kabuki syndrome (KMT2D) profiles could be produced. Zebrafish tasp1 knock-out revealed smaller head size and abnormal cranial cartilage formation in tasp1 crispants. Conclusion: This work further delineates Suleiman-El-Hattab syndrome, a recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome. Possible downstream mechanisms of TASP1 deficiency include perturbed HOX gene expression and dysregulated TFIIA complex. Methylation pattern suggests that Suleiman-El-Hattab syndrome can be categorized into the group of histone modification disorders including Wiedemann–Steiner and Kabuki syndrome.
Empirical use of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations does not increase mortality compared with cloxacillin and cefazolin in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a propensity-weighted cohort study
Authors: Willekens Rein , Puig-Asensio Mireia , Suanzes Paula , Fernández-Hidalgo Nuria , Larrosa Maria N , González-López Juan J , Rodríguez-Pardo Dolors , Pigrau Carles , Almirante Benito 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of empirical therapy with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BL/BLICs) for MSSA bacteraemia.

Methods
We conducted a post hoc analysis of all adult patients with MSSA bacteraemia who were hospitalized at a Spanish university hospital between 2013 and 2018. We compared 30 day mortality among patients receiving initial therapy with BL/BLICs (de-escalated to cloxacillin or cefazolin within 96 h) versus cloxacillin or cefazolin, using propensity score analysis with the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method.

Results
We evaluated 373 patients with MSSA bacteraemia. Among them, 198 patients met the eligibility criteria, including 127 patients in the BL/BLICs group and 71 patients in the cloxacillin/cefazolin group. Patients in the BL/BLICs group had a higher Charlson comorbidity index (median, 2 [IQR, 1–4.5] versus 2 [IQR, 0–4]); an increased proportion of high-risk sources (i.e. endocarditis, respiratory sources and bacteraemia of unknown origin [34.6% versus 18.3%]); and an earlier start of antibiotic treatment (median, 0 days [IQR, 0–0] versus 1 day [IQR, 1–2]). Thirty day mortality did not significantly differ between the BL/BLICs and the cloxacillin/cefazolin groups (27 patients [21.3%] versus 13 patients [18.3%]; IPTW-adjusted OR = 0.53 [95% CI, 0.18–1.51]). For secondary outcomes, 7 day mortality and 90 day relapse were not statistically different between study groups (8.7% versus 5.6% [P = 0.62] and 6.2% versus 3.8% [P = 0.81], respectively).

Conclusions
BL/BLICs might be an effective empirical treatment for MSSA bacteraemia when de-escalated to cloxacillin or cefazolin within 96 h from the index blood culture.
Genomic epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Enterobacter cloacae complex causing potential community-onset bloodstream infections in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Authors: Manandhar Sulochana , Nguyen Quynh , Nguyen Thi Nguyen To , Pham Duy Thanh , Rabaa Maia A. , Dongol Sabina , Basnyat Buddha , Dixit Sameer M. , Baker Stephen , Karkey Abhilasha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Community-onset bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) species are increasing internationally. This observation suggests that ECC are emerging pathogens, requiring for detailed understanding on their genomic epidemiology including transmission dynamics and antimicrobial resistance profiles.

Patients and methods
We performed WGS on 79 Enterobacter spp. isolated from the patients with clinically significant BSIs and admitted to emergency department of a major tertiary hospital in Nepal between April 2016 and October 2017.

Results
We identified 5 species and 13 STs of ECC. Enterobacter xiangfangensis ST171, one of the globally emerging carbapenem resistant ECC clones with epidemic potential, was the most prevalent (42%). Phylogenetic analysis showed a large (&gt;19 400 SNPs) core genome SNP distance across major STs, which was minimal (&lt;30 SNPs) among the isolates of each prevalent ST, suggesting the relatively recent importation of major STs followed by local clonal expansions. Genomic evidence for resistance to all major antimicrobial classes except for colistin and macrolides was detected. A limited number of isolates also carried blaNDM-1 (n = 2) and blaOXA-48 (n = 1) carbapenemase genes. Virulence factors encoding siderophores (24%), T6SSD (25%) and fimbriae (54%) were detected.

Conclusions
Our study highlighted that MDR ECC clones are important pathogens of BSIs in community. Though of low prevalence, carbapenem resistance observed in our ECC isolates raised concern about further community dissemination, underscoring the need for community surveillance to identify MDR ECC clones with epidemic potential.
Optimal Time-Consistent Government Debt Maturity, Fiscal Policy, and Default
Authors: Kiiashko Sergii 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
I develop a tractable model to study the optimal debt maturity structure and fiscal policy in an environment with incomplete markets, lack of commitment, and opportunity to default by the government. I show that the Lucas and Stokey time-consistency result can be extended to environments with an opportunity of outright default. The maturity is used to resolve the time-consistency problem. I show that if both risk-free interest rates and risk premiums can be manipulated, then the optimal maturity structure tends to have a decaying profile: The government issues debt at all maturity dates, but the distribution of payments over time is skewed toward the short end. The model allows for numerical characterization of the optimal maturity structure of debt with an arbitrarily large number of maturities. Debt maturity data across countries are consistent with model predictions.