bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misuse of appetite- stimulant drugs in Babylon#
Authors: K. Saleh Shafaq 
Published: September 2022

Drug misuse is defined as using of drugs for a non-therapeutic or non-medical purpose. In Iraq drug misuse is a major problem because almost any drug can be easily obtained from pharmacies. Appetite- stimulant drugs are example of drugs that are widely used without a prescription. The study included 230 patients who use these drugs in Babylon. A questionnaire included the following questions ; age, sex, marital state, the reason for use the drug , whether the drug is prescribed by physician or not , type of drug used , the frequency of daily dose and lastly the extent of side effects of the drugs used. The results showed that the age range of 35% of subjects were (17-21) years old and 70% of participants were females. The study also showed that 62% of them are unmarried and the reason for use, in 48% of subjects, was to increase the body weight. Furthermore, this study revealed that about 68% of those subjects utilized these drugs without prescription and the steroids are the most drug type used (33%). Additionally, 44% of subjects used these drugs twice daily and 80% of subjects who used steroids developed marked side effects. It can be concluded that there is a misuse of appetite- stimulant drugs in subjects participated in this study and most of these drugs are not used on therapeutic or scientific bases.
Key words : Misuse of drug , appetite-stimulant, dexamethasone.
The Correlation between Serum Total Adiponectin and Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients without Microalbuminuria
Authors: S. Khamis Ammar , H. Ali Shatha , I. Al-Lehibi Khalid 
Published: September 2022

Low serum total adiponectin is associated with a high incidence of type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease in the general population. Paradoxically, serum total adiponectin is elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as overt diabetic nephropathy. The current study aimed to investigate whether or not anemia to be dependently associated with serum level of total adiponectin in non-albuminuric male patients with type 2 diabetes . The study included 42 type 2 diabetic male patients. Anemia was deï¬ned as hemoglobin (Hb) below 14.0g/dL. All the patients were without microalbuminuria, to exclude diabetic nephropathy. The diabetic patients were divided into 2 groups according to the hemoglobin level in addition to 16 healthy control group. Serum total adiponectin levels were measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In all 42 patients with type 2 diabetes, serum total adiponectin levels were correlated positively with serum creatinine and age, whereas, negative correlations were found with Hb. A stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that among several signiï¬cant variables, Hb had the strongest independent inï¬‚uence on total adiponectin (Î² = -0.512, at P < 0.01). In conclusion, anemia could be associated with a marked elevation in serum total adiponectin levels of diabetic patients without a detectable nephropathy (-ve microalbuminuria).
Key words: Type2 Diabetes, Adiponectin, Hemoglobin,Microalbuminuria.
Phytochemical Study of Flavonoid "Casticin" Present in the Fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: A. Shakir Aous , J. Awad Zainab 
Published: September 2022

This study detects the presence of an important flavonoid "Casticin" in the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. grown in Iraq. The pharmaceutical importance of Casticin arise from its consideration as anti-tumor substance and have cytotoxic effects, and the absence of any study concerning Casticin content of this medicinal plant in Iraq, gave this study its importance. This study concerned with the extraction, identification, isolation and purification of Casticin from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. The extraction of this compound was carried out using two methods. Identification of this compound was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in which three different solvent system has been tried. This identification was further augmented by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and then this
compound was isolated and purified. Identification of the isolated Casticin was carried out using melting point (M.P.), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Infrared spectroscopy (IR). This study confirms the presence of Casticin in the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. grown in Iraq.
Key words : Vitex agnus â€“ castus , Flavanoid , Casticin
Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of Esters and Amides Derivatives of Naproxen as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Authors: N â€“ A . Omar Tagreed 
Published: September 2022

4-chloro and 4- nitro substituted phenol and aniline incorporated to a carboxylic group of naproxen a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to increase bulkiness were synthesized for evaluation as a potential anti-inflammatory agents with expected COX-2 selectivity. In vivo acute anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds (I-IV) was evaluated in rats using egg-white induced edema model of inflammation in a dose equivalent to (2.5 mg/Kg) of naproxen. All tested compounds produced a significant reduction in paw edema with respect to the effect of propylene glycol 50% v/v (control group). Moreover, compounds I and IV might show higher effect comparable to that of naproxen and to that of compounds II & III which may attribute to the higher effect of nitro group than chloride group. The results of this study indicate that esterification and amidation of naproxen with selected pharmacophoric groups enhance or maintain its anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords: anti-inflammatory; naproxen derivatives.
Comparative Analysis of the Fatty Acid Pattern of Silybum marianum with Nigella sativa by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: N. Sabir Mohammed , K. Rachid Shwan 
Published: September 2022

Many studied were conducted to evaluate the antihepatotoxic and antioxidant activities of Silybum marianum and proved these actions. The Naturally grown seed in Iraqi-Kurdistan Region also were studied for its chemical contents and biological activities. Vegetable oils occur in various plant parts mainly concentrated in the seeds.
In this study comparison was made between the fatty acid patterns of two plant seeds, Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa. Seed sample of Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa were exposed for extraction and isolation of the fatty acid contents using two different solvents (petroleum ether and n-hexane) at 60-80oC using soxhlet apparatus and the oily extract were purified and analysed by GC-MS triplet system.
Result showed that extraction with petroleum ether yielded 23% and 24% of total weight of the seeds of Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa respectively and comparable results with n-hexane extract yielded 17% and 22% of total seed weight of Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa respectively showing significant differences in the fatty acids patterns of both plants under research.
Key words: Fatty acids, GC-MS, Silybum marianum, natural products, cardiovascular diseases.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Comparative Cytotoxic Evaluation of bis-(2- mercaptoacetate) gold (III) chloride
Authors: A. AlOmari Nohad 
Published: September 2022

In recent years , the interest in gold (III) species have gained more and more attention for cancer chemotherapy , this was stimulating by the possibility to develop new agents with mode of action and clinical profile different from the established platinum metalodrugs.
With this frame, recently new square planar Au(III) complexes (Au(L)(L')n); where L=SCH2COO- ; L'=HSCH2COO- had been synthesized with S/O â€“ donor ligands.
In this article and by the aim to replace, one of (L') ligand by anion chloride ligand (which supposedly more relevant for the biodistribution of the compound than for its pharmacodynamic effects), new complex (Au(L')2 Cl) was synthesized :
(H (AuCl4) + 2 HSCH2COO -Na+ Au(L')2 Cl)
The prepared complex was characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, H'NMR, UV, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility and its anticancer activity was tested against Hep-2 cell line.
The comparative figure of the cytotoxic activities of all the synthesized complexes against Hep-2 cell line , showed cytotoxic profile variant to the well- known anticancer drug cisplatin , indicated that there is no direct correlation exists between the nature of the ligands (L),(L') and (Cl-) , their different arrangements around central metal core with their collectives cytotoxic results.
Key words: S/O â€“ donor ligands. , gold (III), cytotoxic
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Study of Possible Mutual Prodrugs of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole by Direct and Indirect Coupling through Spacer
Authors: A. Ali Beg Ammar , J. Qasir Ahlam 
Published: September 2022

Amoxicillin have been conjugated with metronidazole as possible mutual prodrug to get a wider spectrum of activity by acting on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, have antifungal activity, to provide protection for beta lactam ring of amoxicillin and also to improve patient compliance as it given as a single dose therapy. The structures of the synthesized compound were confirmed and characterized using elemental microanalysis (CHN), IR and some physiochemical properties. Biological study was done by using disc diffusion method against different bacterial strains which are , Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella typhie , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , E. coli , Klebsiella pneumonia and fungi ( Candida albicans) . using nutrient agar medium and 5 mm diameter paper discs. The synthesized compounds showed maintenance or improvement of the antimicrobial activity especially compound (II) showed superior activity in comparison with compounds (I, III) .
Key words: Amoxicillin , Metronidazole , Mutual prodrug .
Preparation, Characterization, and in - vivo Evaluation of Daptomycin Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Microspheres
Authors: H. Samein Laith 
Published: September 2022

Polymeric microsphere devices occupy a wide range in the field of controlled drug delivery. Subcutaneous injectable preparations of Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere of Daptomycine were prepared by solvent extraction/evaporation technique using different copolymers ratio and molecular weights. Four formulations were prepared (F1-F4) and characterized in term of particle size, surface morphology, bulk density and porosity in addition to the drug content. The effects of the above parameters on the in-vitro release study were evaluated. These formulas were evaluated also for their in-vivo release profile using rat (as an animal model) and their serum daptomycin concentration were evaluated accordingly. A trapezoidal method was used to estimate the cumulative AUC parameter and the effect of copolymers ratio and molecular weights on the shape of AUC for four formulas were evaluated. Simulation study was performed (for 7 or 10 days dosing of F1 and F2 and 15 day dosing for F3 and F4) as a predictor of the steady state concentration and other pharmacokinetics parameters. It was inferred from this study that by using tailored formulation approach, long and short acting preparations of injectable daptomycin microsphere could be developed helping to provide the clinicians more flexibility to select the suitable preparation according to the patient need.
Key words: Daptomycin, trapezoidal,microsphers ,simulation .
Guggulusome - A Novel Vesicular Carriers for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery
Authors: Dave Vivek , Yadav Sachdev , Sharma Swapnil , Panwar Nitesh 
Published: September 2022

The present work describes guggul as a novel carrier for some anti-inflammatory drugs. Guggulusomes containing different concentration of guggul with aceclofenac were prepared by sonication method and characterized for vesicle shape, size, size-distribution, pH, viscosity, spread ability, homogeneity, and accelerated stability in-vitro drug permeation through mouse skin. The vesicles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 93.2 Â± 12%, vesicle size of 0.769 Â± 3Î¼m and a zeta potential of - 6.21mV. In vitro drug release was analyzed using Franzâ€™s diffusion cells. The cumulative release of the guggulusomes gel (G2) was 75.8% in 18 hrs, which is greater than that all the gel formulation. The stability profile of prepared system assessed for 45 days. The vesicular suspension was kept in sealed vials (10ml) at 4 Â± 2ÂºC and at room temperature for 45 days no change was showned in entrapment efficiency. The optimized guggulusomes formulation showed transdermal flux 216.1Î¼g/cmÂ²/hr. The result advocates the potential of guggulusomes formulation to treat diseases where facilitated penetration of the drug into muscle and synovial fluid is desirable. In the end of the tests guggulusomes gel G2 with carbopol 934K was the most stable. The paw edema and percentage inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats treated with aceclofenac guggulusomes gels and commercial formulation of aceclofenac gel marketed gel. The formulation G2 were devoid of any irritation potential and no edema formation was observed in any case. Irritation score for aceclofenac guggulusomes gels was zero, which indicated its acceptability for topical administration.
Keywords: Aceclofenac, Gel, Carbopol, Guggulu carrier.
Synthesis of New B-adrenoceptor Blocking Agent Including 1,3,4 Thiadiazole with Expected Adrenoceptor Blocking Activity
Authors: H. Zain Al-Abdeen Salah , J. Qasir Ahlam 
Published: September 2022

Î²-Adrenergic blocking agents, mostly comprising of Î²-amino alcohols, are of pharmaceutical significance and have received major attention due to their utility in the management of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders related to the sympathetic nervous system. Most compounds available for clinical use belong to the aryloxypropanolamine series, which is considered the second generation of Î²-blocking agents. The present study includes the synthesis of compounds with an N-substituted oxypropanolamine moiety attached to the 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives. According to this information, eight compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR spectra and elemental microanalysis that confirmed the structural formula of these compounds.
Keywords: Î²-adrenoceptor blockers, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, Schiff base
Kelimpahan Plankton di Perairan Pantai Kampung Enggros, Kota Jayapura
Authors: Tasak Albida Rante , Ayer Popi Ida Laila 
Published: September 2022

The aim of this research is to determine the abundance of plankton. This abundance has a tendency to explain the level of fertility in the sea waters of Enggros Village. The study was undertaken in April 2018. The method of this study is using random sampling in four stations and these samples were analyzed in the Laboratory of Management of Coastal Resources, Ottow Geisler University, Jayapura. The data from samples were analyzed by using excel software to describe the result from each station. The result showed that 7 genera of plankton consisting of 5 genera phytoplankton, namely Thalassionema, Pleurosigma, Skeletonema, Ceratium and 3 genera zooplankton they are Calanus sp, Clausocalanus sp, Acatia sp. The abundance of Thalassionema (177 sel/L) has significant at station I, while the abundance of Ceratium (22 sel/L) has lowest values at station III. The total abundance of the plankton has fluctuated in each station. It was found that the total abundance of plankton was linear with the availability of nutrients and vice versa in the waters of Enggros villages.Keywords: Plankton abundance; Random sampling; Enggros Villages
Keanekaragaman dan Asosiasi Intra-Spesies Tumbuhan Lamun di Perairan Manggari Pulau Numfor
Authors: Baransano Miryam , Indrayani Ervina , Dimara Lisiard 
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan asosiasi intra-spesies tumbuhan lamun. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2016 sampai Januari 2016, di perairan laut Kampung Manggari, Pulau Numfor. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik penelitian observasi, puporsive sampling dam transek kuadrat. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 8 jenis lamun yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Halopila minor, Halopila ovalis, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea serullata, Cymodocea rotundata dan Syringodium isoetifolium. Indeks keanekaragaman (H¢) jenis lamun tertinggi terdapat pada transek 1 dengan nilai 1,66, sedangkan terendah pada transek 3 dengan nilai 0,94. Terdapat 28 pasangan asosiasi jenis lamun dan hanya 15 pasangan asosiasi yang bersifat nyata, dimana 8 pasangan asosiasi jenis lamun yang bersifat nyata pada taraf kepercayaan 5% yaitu 3,48, dan 7 pasangan asosiasi jenis lamun bersifat nyata pada taraf kepercayaan 1% yaitu 6,63 (X2 hitung > X2 tabel). Berdasarkan analisis tipe asosiasi terhadap 15 pasangan asosiasi yang bersifat nyata dari hasil uji chi-square, diketahui bahwa 7 pasangan asosiasi lamun memiliki tipe berasosiasi positif dan 8 jenis berasosiasi negatif. Tiga jenis lamun yang memiliki asosiasi kuat adalah Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata dan Cymodocea serullata.Kata Kunci: Keanekaragaman; Asosiasi intra-spesies; Lamun; Uji chi-square; Kampung Manggari
Analisis Kesesuaian dan Daya Dukung Kawasan Wisata Pantai Hamadi Kota Jayapura
Authors: Limbong Aldia Rante , Kalor John Dominggus , Hamuna Baigo 
Published: September 2022

Hamadi Beach is one of the beaches that is quite popular among the Jayapura community. However, there is no data and information or adequate scientific studies regarding the level of suitability of the area and carrying capacity of the environment so that it is feared that it can affect the comfort and safety of visitors, which is actually a reference in the management and development of a tourist area, so that sustainability is also constant maintained and can be sustainable. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of suitability of the Hamadi Beach area as a tourist location at Jayapura City and find out the carrying capacity of the Hamadi Beach Tourism Area. The research was conducted in December 2018 to May 2019 in the coastal tourism area of Hamadi, Tobati Village, South Jayapura District, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The method used is the method of observation and literature. The results obtained from the study showed that the suitability level of the Hamadi Beach area as a tourist location in Jayapura City with the tourist suitability index at station 1 was 91.43% (S1 category or highly suitable), station 2 was 91.43% (S1 category or highly suitable) and station 3 is 74.29% (S2 category or suitable), with the average suitability value of all stations is 85.72% classified as S1 category or highly suitable. The carrying capacity of the Hamadi Beach Tourism Area is 9,117 people/day, of which 5,736 people/day for swimming activities and 3,381/day for beach recreation activities.Key Words: Suitability; Carrying capacity; Recreation; Hamadi beach
IMPACTO DA PRÁTICA REGULAR DE EXERCÍCIO AERÓBICO NA QUALIDADE DO SONO
Authors: Dias Ana Júlia , Silva Pereira Isabella Carolina , Melo Fernanda Kelly de , Mariano Isadora Gomes Alves , Drummond Lucas Rios , Salgado José Vitor Vieira 
Published: September 2022

O sono é um estado cíclico que proporciona alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais responsáveis pela manutenção funcional e cognitiva. A prática de exercício aeróbio pode proporcionar efeitos positivos tanto no sono, quanto na qualidade de vida. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interferência da prática regular de exercício aeróbico na qualidade do sono nos participantes do Projeto de extensão “Caminhar e Correr para Viver Melhor”, durante o ano de 2018. Os voluntários responderam o questionário Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), antes do início das atividades e após 12 semanas de treinamento, com atividade de caminhada e/ou corrida três vezes por semana com duração média de 60 minutos. Participaram do estudo 15 voluntários de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 32,6 anos (± 12,5). Observou-se que os índices de qualidade subjetiva do sono (1,23 ± 0,83 vs. 0,69 ± 0,48; p = 0,04) e no PSQI Total (7,61 ± 2,69 vs. 5,15 ± 2,76; p = 0,02), apresentaram uma redução significativa, demostrando eficiência do treinamento e, consequentemente, melhora desses fatores. Assim, nota-se que a prática de exercícios física aeróbica nas modalidades de caminhada e corrida pode ser um fator benéfico para melhora na qualidade do sono.
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ПРИКОРДОННИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ
Authors: МЕЙКО Олександр 
Published: September 2022

Актуальність представленої публікації полягає в тому, що автор намагається проаналізувати проблему стану соціальних інститутів українського суспільства, у період перехідного періоду. Основна увага зосереджена на проблемах функціонування Державної прикордонної служби України. Мета запропонованої статті полягає в аналізі тих наукових підходів, що лежать в основі забезпечення формування та оцінки прикордонних підрозділів зазначеного відомства держави.
Автором проведено аналіз наукових джерел згідно із заявленою темою публікації, зокрема це і праці вітчизняних науковців (переважно зі сфери управління) і зарубіжних, які присвятили свої праці проблемам ефективності суспільних утворень.
За сформульованою метою статті здійснено виклад основного матеріалу. В його основі аналіз ключових наукових підходів і розкриття їх зв’язку із проблемою ефективності прикордонних підрозділів. Такими теоретико-методологічними підходами є системний, акмеологічний, компетентісний, синергетичний, аксіологічний, особистісно-орієнтований. Подано аналіз змісту кожного із зазначених наукових підходів.
Сформульовано результати наукового дослідження у формі відповідних рекомендацій та узагальнених міркувань щодо проведеної роботи.
Подано узагальнені висновки наукового пошуку, цінність яких полягає у поєднанні теоретичного аналізу із практичним досвідом автора статті.
Виокремлено напрями подальших наукових досліджень, які варто зосередити на аналізу зарубіжного досвіду забезпечення ефективності прикордонних підрозділів у різних країнах світу із різними цивілізаційними моделями існування (західними та східними, високим та середнім рівнем розвитку).
МЕХАНІЗМ ФІНАНСОВОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ В ДЕРЖАВНІЙ ПРИКОРДОННІЙ СЛУЖБІ УКРАЇНИ У КОНТЕКСТІ ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ ОПЕРАТИВНО-СЛУЖБОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ
Authors: ОРЕЛ Олександр , ЛЕВЧУК Наталія 
Published: September 2022

У статті обґрунтовано важливість належного фінансування Державної прикордонної служби України, як суб’єкта реалізації державної політики у сфері безпеки державного кордону України та охорони суверенних прав України в її виключній (морській) економічній зоні. Проведено аналіз нормативно-правових документів у сфері фінансового планування бюджетних установ та зокрема Державної прикордонної служби України. Автором надано характеристику бюджетного процесу України та визначено місце і роль прикордонного відомства у ньому. Досліджено процес проведення фінансового планування Державної прикордонної служби України, враховуючи особливості її діяльності, а саме: порядок складання та затвердження Бюджетної декларації; порядок складання проекту Державного бюджету України; заходи, що вживає Міністерство внутрішніх справ України, як головний розпорядник Державної прикордонної служби; права та обов’язки щодо фінансового планування Адміністрації Державної прикордонної служби України, як відповідального виконавця; порядок формування бюджетного запиту Міністерством внутрішніх справ України. Акцентовано увагу на правильність вибору методів фінансового планування. При фінансовому плануванні оперативно-службової діяльності Державної прикордонної служби України пропонується використовувати наступні методи: нормативний, розрахунково-аналітичний, балансовий, оптимізації, моделювання, метод коефіцієнтів, економіко-математичні, метод системного аналізу та синтезу, послідовний та інші.
Визначено, що саме належна організація та проведення фінансового планування створює передумови фінансової стабільності у забезпеченні Державної прикордонної служби України усіма необхідними для охорони державного кордону України ресурсами.