bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research with Numbers
Authors: Mair Michael , Sharrock Wes W. , Greiffenhagen Christian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews Harold Garfinkel’s work on method in the social sciences, focusing specifically on research with numbers. Ethnomethodology has had a vexed relationship with the social sciences, and Garfinkel’s remarks on sociology’s methods have often been presented as a skeptical attack on the very possibility of social research. Ethnomethodology has also frequently been portrayed as being particularly critical of quantitative research, and has sometimes been taken to argue for qualitative methods as an alternative to quantitative methods. The authors argue that these readings of Garfinkel and ethnomethodology miss the mark. With increasing numbers of contemporary researchers coming back to themes first broached by Garfinkel, this is an ideal moment to revisit Garfinkel’s position. The chapter shows that rather than simply critiquing quantitative methods, ethnomethodology offers an alternate orientation to practices of quantification, since ethnomethodology is interested in quantification as practiced. Drawing together various strands in Garfinkel’s work on method across his career and a small field study by the authors, the chapter explores ethnomethodology’s re-specification of quantification as number work.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Lanita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s central hook—why do notions of “realness” matter to African American comics and their audiences when the proverbial –ish hits the fan and, then again, when things are calm and still?—as part of a larger unfolding story. I begin this “quest narrative” by reviewing the intellectual and moral stakes that pre-figure the way I (and most anthropologists) respond to a query like, “Is Obama Black enough?” Whereas I and most members of my tribe would dutifully respond that the question is flawed from the start since “race is a social construction,” Black standup comics and their audiences convinced me: (a) not to bracket the query prematurely and (b) instead ask why this and similar questions might matter to Black folks in the first place. I likewise distinguish between the essentialist assumptions of “the real” and the more universal and productive entailments of “a real” in my vetting of Black standup comedy; I also explore “seduction” as a useful analytic for understanding the intersubjective entailments of my ethnographic fieldwork and the “sexy” allure of my very subject: authenticity. I review literature within and beyond anthropology that fuel this study of how and why Black comics deploy stances around “a/the” real in jokes concerning 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, Hurricane Katrina, Michael Richards’ (i.e., “Kramer’s”) infamous racist outburst at a Los Angeles comedy club, and their own lives—including Kevin Hart’s—as a globally recognized standup comic with mad trickster acuity.
“The Arab Is the New Nigger”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by analyzing the response of African American standup comedy to the fateful events of September 11, 2001. Tracing ambivalent patriotism, the cynically hailed arrival of a “new nigger,” and jokes that expose the lie of post-9/11 unity given enduring racial injustice, the chapter explores how 9/11 humor served as both a balm and critique for African American comics and audiences. It explores not only why African American comics were among the first humorists to joke about 9/11, but also how their jokes relied on essentialist understandings of Blacks’ and others to wage critiques against racial profiling, “us” versus “them” rhetoric, and other ahistorical renditions of America’s victimhood post-9/11 – in expected and un-expected ways.
“Why We Gotta Be Refugees?”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how and why notions of racial authenticity inform African American comics’ jokes about Hurricane Katrina. As in their jokes about 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, Black comics’ quips reflect a pervasive Du Boisian double-consciousness and widely shared sense of “racial despair.” For example, many Black comics decried the framing of African American Katrina victims as “refugees” and “looters” and deployed stances implicating racial authenticity to ask, ostensibly: Can you feel me?, Can you empathize with me?, Can you recognize my/our shared humanity? These jokes bespeak a reality as sobering then as it is now: race—namely, Blackness—shapes who can be seen as an “empathetic” subject, with life or death consequences. Comics also intervened in controversial media and comedic representations of African Americans in New Orleans through jokes containing sly and candid appeals to Black authenticity and resilience, again emphasizing how Black humor provides both a balm and an incisive critique in moments of crisis and calm.
News and Democratic Citizens in the Mobile Era
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
People increasingly use mobile phones for many tasks including consuming news, which affects what they pay attention to and learn. Using mobile devices as a case, this book argues that by differentiating between physical and cognitive access to content we can better understand how technology structures information delivery and presentation. Moreover, a model for post-exposure processing offers a means to generate and test for communication technology’s effects on cognitive access. This book helps to reconcile accounts that paint smartphones as either the democratic leveler or divider and offers an approach to understanding media effects as situated in the context of changing information communication technology. The authors argue that this approach adds to our understanding of how communication technology changes what we know about media effects, with consequences for the informed citizenry a democracy requires.
Diffractive Inquiring, or How I Came to Care
Authors: Augustine Anne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Drawing on classical Pragmatist, feminist technoscience, and care ethics literatures—and in particular the writings of Karen Barad, Donna Haraway, Milton Mayeroff, and John Dewey—this chapter explores the ongoing and generative interplay of diffractive inquiring (DI)—an experimental, difference-oriented noticing of affect and effect in empirical encounters. Central to DI is abductive logic, ethical practising, and fidelity to experience. DI offers possibilities for a different—ontologically processual—experience of knowing, where everything is moving, and in the making; and where data is beyond categorization. In three performative vignettes on care ethics, the author shows how, in noticing differently and noticing difference, an ethos of caring emerges through everyday social experiences, including emotions and relationships, leading to consequential collaborative action.
Gender Quotas for Corporate Boards
Authors: Teigen Mari 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The predominance of men in top-position in the corporate world regularly attracts considerable international attention. To address this gender equality problem and to promote change in the gendered structure of economic life, Norway introduced in 2003 gender quotas for corporate boards. This quota regulation was fully implemented in 2008. Despite great opposition to such gender equity policies both among politicians and among those who were directly affected within the corporate sector, the supporters succeeded to have such legislation passed by the Norwegian parliament. The results so far clearly suggest that gender quotas for corporate boards have been a programmatic policy success in terms of fulfilling the main aim of promoting gender balance on corporate boards. Politically a success in the sense that criticism has disappeared from the debate, business leaders have become supporters, and similar regulation is circulating in many European countries. However, the policy scheme has also been criticized for its limited social impact. Hence, the case of gender quota for corporate boards illustrates lands in the grey area of in-between success (cf. McConnell 2010). However, on balance, the positives certainly outweigh the negatives.
The Finnish Model of Conscription
Authors: Kosonen Jarkko , Mälkki Juha 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Finnish conscription model dates to the end of the nineteenth century when Finland was still an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire. Conscription has maintained its legitimate role as the basis of the armed defence ever since. The chapter explores Finland’s conscription programme as a policy success over time and covers which factors have fortified the endurance of the programme for over a hundred years. It also discusses the counternarratives that have been used to challenge the policy success of the programme of conscription. All Finnish citizens are subject to a national defence obligation by constitutional law. Conscription is mandatory for men, and their service completion rate varies due to political, social and health reasons. The law for volunteer military service for women came into effect in 1995. Conscription in Finland forms the basis for a political programme of national defence. The armed defence of the state is part of Finland´s national defence policy and comprehensive security. The endurance and legitimacy of conscription has traditionally held strong support among politicians and public opinion. The conscription model has been challenged in the political sphere with either the opportunity to transition to a professional standing army or to a mandatory, gender-neutral national service model for the entire age group. A professional standing army would be a costly alternative compared to an economically efficient conscription model. It is more likely that in the future a gender-neutral national service model will become relevant in political discourse.
Introduction: A Magical Faculty
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Even in the more recent Hume scholarship, the persistent contrast between how important the imagination is in Book 1 of the Treatise and how little attention interpreters have paid to it is only partially overcome. A lingering problem has been the worry that Hume’s conception of the imagination lacks theoretical unity. This is also an issue in contemporary philosophy of the imagination. A list of the principal works of Hume’s imagination can introduce its main function and the ground of its unity: closing the cognitive gaps of sensible representation, open in correspondence with ideas necessary to our best cognitive practices, by complementing object representing with inferentially determined contents. This content-constitutive function of the imagination provides its necessary support to Hume’s programme of reforming philosophy with a naturalization of the mind, in contrast with rationalist philosophies; his qualified epistemological optimism; and his systematic confrontation with scepticism.
As if It Were Universal
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hume explains with the imagination the conceptual modes of generality, aspectual distinctions, and intentional directedness. This explanation is crucial for Hume’s campaign against intellectual ideas and rationalism. Hume’s theory of abstraction closes the cognitive gap of generality by treating the contents of general ideas as inferential rather than object representing. This allows us to explain how particular ideas make it possible to conceive, for application in reasoning, all the possible degrees of qualities and quantities. The mechanism of abstraction involves resembling object-representing ideas, resembling acts of naming, and custom-based inferences of the imagination. The imagination responds to the represented resemblances of names and of ideas with a transition to an abridged, partial conception of ideas. Generality is the inferential potential associated to ideas by this conception. This inferentialist account also holds of our capacities to distinguish aspects in object-representing ideas and to direct purposefully our conceptions.
That Intelligible Quality
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Necessity is an aspect of our idea of cause and it comes into view in ideas like power or production. The idea of causal necessity is intelligible; what makes it obscure is the attempt to ground it representationally or a priori. Hume explains it with his conceivability account of modality applied to the new, imagination-based conditions of conception that constitute causal inferential potentials. The same customary transitions that produce the inferential idea of cause make us feel a determination to conception; this causes the idea of a necessary causal connection. This idea is projected on the objects represented by the ideas involved in such transitions. Hume summarizes his inferentialism about causal content in the two definitions of cause. Based on the second definition, the cognitive function of causal necessity seems to be enabling reflective, idea-comparing, ordinary causal reasoning, thus realizing the inferential potential of the idea of cause.
Skywatching
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents the emergence of observationally focused forms of natural philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which were critical of earlier Aristotelian approaches. The chapter opens with an account of the shift from Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system to the heliocentric model of Copernicus and the hybrid model of Tycho Brahe. The strongly theological approach of Johann Kepler is noted, particularly his broad conception of natural philosophy which drew heavily on geometrical modes of thinking and the musical notion of harmony. Galileo’s use of optical instruments to extend the reach of the human eye is noted, as well as the importance of the theoretical interpretation of those observations, especially as these were seen to support Kepler’s model of the solar system. Finally, Galileo’s reflections on mathematical as the language of nature is considered, along with its implications for these new forms of natural philosophy.
English Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the emergence of an experimental natural philosophy in England during the seventeenth century, focusing on Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton. Bacon’s experimental natural philosophy stressed the importance of experimentation as a means of challenging ‘idols of the mind’, including preconceptions about nature inherited from the past or influential cultural figures. Robert Boyle consolidated Bacon’s approach, making important connections between the experimental method and human knowledge production. Boyle highlighted the importance of ‘physico-theology’—a form of theology which resulted from the methods of natural philosophy. Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica raised the profile and prestige of natural philosophy by demonstrating its explanatory capacities, particularly in the unification of celestial and terrestrial mechanics. The chapter also notes the importance of natural philosophy as a moderating influence in the aftermath of the English Civil War, allowing discussion of the natural world without the intrusion of religious polemics.
Reconceiving Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens the second part of this volume, and lays the framework for a proposed strategy of retrieval of natural philosophy as a viable disciplinary imaginary. The chapter explores the pressures that led to disciplinary fragmentation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Mary Midgley’s notion of ‘mapping’ our complex world is introduced as a spatial metaphor which enables the imaginative reconnection of the disciplines that were originally enfolded in seventeenth-century approaches to natural philosophy. Finally, the chapter draws on Karl Popper’s notion of the ‘three worlds’ to set out the three broad categories of the human experience of nature that need to be reconnected: its theoretical, objective, and subjective aspects. These aspects of the natural world are engaged in the next three chapters, and set within the framework of a retrieved natural philosophy.
Theory
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter engages Karl Popper’s ‘World Three’ (theory) and explores how the theoretical aspects of natural philosophy enfold both scientific attempts to explain the natural world, and ethical or spiritual aspects of the human behaviour towards nature. This chapter includes an extended discussion of Hans-George Gadamer’s account of theory, which stresses that theory and practice are inseparable. A theoretical account of nature is thus intimately connected with the formulation of an appropriate way of behaving towards and within nature. Theory change (such as that envisaged in Thomas Kuhn’s idea of a ‘paradigm shift’) involves seeing the natural world in a new way, and thus behaving towards it in a new manner. These ideas can also be expressed using the notion of a ‘social imaginary’, as set out in the works of Charles Taylor.
Credit Disbursal versus Green Shoots
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic had sent financial markets worldwide into a tailspin. In order to provide relief from its adverse impact, an amalgamation of monetary, fiscal, and regulatory interventions was announced by the Indian Government along with the RBI. The corrective measures were initiated to mitigate the negative impact of the novel coronavirus on demand as well as the supply side of the economy and to ensure close to normal functioning of the financial markets. The easing of financial conditions was done to boost system- level liquidity and sector- specific funding. The chapter investigates if the deployment of conventional and unconventional tools that the RBI had resorted to, for restoring financial stability had yielded the desired results?
Behavioural Nudge
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As forecasted and anticipated by experts and economists, Q1, 2020 results showed a major contraction in the growth of the Indian economy. Looking ahead, data for economic indicators in August 2020 brought some cheer and a ray of hope for the Indian economy. Economists were deliberating in terms of the country witnessing a V- shaped recovery as the economy slowly and steadily unlocked and regulations were eased. McKinsey in July 2020 had indicated that consumer sentiments were at a low and reflective of the uncertainty created by the virus. The chapter discusses how there had been a shift to mindful shopping including some trading down of value. It delves into how the novel coronavirus had led to a behavioural change in consumers and changed consumer preferences. RBI, in its Consumer Confidence Survey report published on 6 August 2020, stated that consumer confidence had plummeted in July 2020 with the Current Situation Index (CSI) show an all-time- time low. With consumers hesitant to step out of their homes to shop, there was an absence of the demonstration effect of customers. The unprecedented situation created by the virus required organizations to go back to the drawing board and re-strategize. The chapter discusses how with the festival season coming up and keeping in mind that consumer behaviour was influenced deeply by cultural factors, brands and companies could have explored utilizing the ‘Nudge theory’ in wooing back customers.
Judicial Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In light of the pandemic, a conducive business environment and building a scenario of facilitating investrequisites pre-requisites for economic revival and moving India back into the trajectory of economic growth. One of the key parameters on which India has been faring low and needs to put its act together is that of Enforcing Contracts. On the index of enforcing contracts, India ranked 163rd place in EODB 2020. This indicator measures the cost and time involved in the resolution of a commercial dispute and the quality of the judicial processes, thereby evaluating the efficiency and quality of the existing judicial system operating in the country. The relevant point being when issues fail to get resolved mutually amongst the involved business partners, the dispute is taken to the judiciary or the related tribunals. Investors cannot afford to waste precious time and unnecessary delays in the process might lead to cost escalation in projects, higher interest outgo to banks, contested tax revenue, and failure to meet domestic and international commitments— which might even lead to loss of market forever and consequently reduce investment levels in the country. The chapter discusses the relevance and importance of judicial reforms is urgently needed. Indian courts are known to operate at 50% of their sanctioned capacity (February 2020). The twin problems of the chronic shortage of judges and inexperience are crippling the Indian judicial system, and the executive and judiciary in joint consultation need to find a quick and competent solution.
The Renewal of Achilleus’ Destructive Desires
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
After his expansive treatment of the Trojan War superplot in Iliad 3–7, Homer returns in Books 8 and 9 to the epic’s main plot, that is, Achilleus’ plot for revenge and the redemption of his status. Focusing on Iliad 9, this chapter shows how Agamemnon’s embassy to Achilleus offers the audience the prospect of narrative satisfaction, but instead prolongs Achilleus’ plot by rekindling his driving aggressive desires. Along the way, the hero appears again as a queer narrative agent, who deviates from the masculine norm of solidarity with fellow fighters on the battlefield. Meanwhile, Zeus’s prophecy of the unexpected denouement of Achilleus’ plot makes the audience eager to follow its development, and our complex engagement with characters further invests us in the upcoming battle narrative and asks us to evaluate Achilleus’ righteousness.
The Oppositional Desires of Hera and Patroklos
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how competing desires prolong the Iliad’s “Great Day of Battle” for almost eight full books and set the stage for the epic’s grand finale. Though Zeus asserts his will (boulē) to advance Achilleus’ plot for the worsting of the Greeks in Iliad 11–12, Hera subdues that will and asserts her own through a deceptive seduction of her husband in Book 14, enabling the Achaians to rally under Poseidon’s leadership. Even after Zeus reassumes control, Hera’s desire for Troy’s destruction informs the divine king’s prophecy of a second arc of the epic’s main plot featuring Greek success on the battlefield. In Book 16, Zeus’s revised will manifests in Patroklos’ wish to help the Achaian army and aggressive desire to defeat the Trojans, in another challenge to Achilleus’ plot that leads to Patroklos’ death in battle and catalyzes the main plot’s new arc.