bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Shock and Other Comparison Tests of Austenitic and Ferritic Steels for Main Steam Piping—A Summary Report
Authors: Stewart W. C. , Schreitz W. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Test results are summarized for thermal-shock specimens and mock-ups of ferritic and austenitic steels. In addition, complete test data are reported for a laboratory test program which was undertaken to supplement the full-scale tests. Thermal-shock tests of 6-in. pipe-and-valve assemblies in both 18-8 Cb and 2¼ Cr, 1 Mo materials are described. Specimens were of two weights, schedules 80 and 160. The 160-schedule thermal-shock specimens each contained a section of dissimilar pipe which introduced transition and composite welded joints. The shock treatment was designed to simulate the quenching action that might result from the carry-over of boiler water into a pipe line carrying steam at 1050 F temperature. The steam pressure for the 80-schedule specimens was 900 psi, and for the 160-schedule specimens, 2000 psi. Each assembly was subjected to 100 shocks. The effect of mechanical loading on full-scale members was investigated by testing mock-ups which were designed to simulate expansion bends. The report contains considerable high-temperature test data that were obtained for laboratory specimens. The specimens were taken from pipe and casting assemblies which were fabricated and heat-treated in the same manner as the full-scale test members. Results include tensile properties to 1100 F; and stress-rupture, creep, and fatigue properties at 1000 and 1100 F temperatures. Tests were also made of specimens taken from thermal-shock specimens and mock-ups.
Metal-Cutting Chatter and Its Elimination
Authors: Hahn R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The practical problem of suppressing chatter in a machine tool often can be solved by a study of the modes of vibration and the proper application of dampers. Concerning the cause of chatter, three phenomena may be recognized: namely, primary chatter, transitional instability, and feedback effect. Primary chatter is believed to be caused by the lag of the temperature and stress state in the vicinity of the shear plane. Transitional instability is associated with a work-hardened skin and may occur whenever all or part of the cutting edge operates in this region. Constructive and destructive feedback effects are demonstrated and a method of utilizing these effects to suppress chatter is suggested.
Contribution to the Theory of Oil Whip
Authors: Poritsky H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Oil whip of a rotor consists in a whipping or whirling motion of the rotor shaft, of frequency essentially equal to the critical frequency of the rotor; it occurs at rotor speeds roughly exceeding double the critical speed. In the paper it is shown that an explanation of oil-whip phenomena, at least for small eccentricities, can be obtained from the equations of hydrodynamic forces and the dynamical equations of motion, provided that the hydrodynamic-force expressions be modified to delete from the oil forces the hitherto included contributions from the regions of negative pressure.
Contributions to Hydraulic Control: 3—Pressure-Flow Relationships for 4-Way Valves
Authors: Blackburn J. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of several types of 4-way flow-control valves are derived without making linearizing assumptions. These characteristics are plotted as load flow versus load pressure, in a manner analogous to the plate characteristics of a vacuum tube. Several differential coefficients are derived and tabulated, and the valves are compared from the standpoint of linearity, sensitivity, power output, and losses.
The Effects of Cold-Drawing, Microstructure, and Thermal Treatments on the Machinability and Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steel
Authors: Dreves Ford E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of the cold-finished steel mill in the field of metal cutting. With constant advances in machining techniques, the mill is looked upon to supply more closely controlled material to meet the demands of the production engineers and machinists. Production engineers are now more conscious of metal-cutting economics than ever before. They are confronted with innumerable factors that affect machinability. However, they desire more knowledge of the tangible factors such as the material, and how it will affect their production including secondary operations such as cold crimping, heat-treating, and so forth. Where cold-finished steel bars are concerned, there are several ways such bars can be produced, one of which may be the most suited for a particular application. The cold-finishing operations are described briefly. The effects of cold-drawing on the machinability and mechanical properties of some common grades of steel are explained. Microstructure plays an important role in the machining of all grades of steel. Its effect on the machinability of plain-carbon grades and medium-carbon constructional alloy grades is discussed, along with the common thermal treatments employed to control it. The advantages of stress-relieving for certain applications are mentioned.
Temperature and Gas-Analysis Surveys in the Combustion Zone of a Gas-Fired Gas-Turbine Combustor
Authors: Rieke K. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In a gas-turbine combustor, optimum conditions with respect to fuel, mixing of fuel and oxidant, and piloting the combustion must be accomplished under extreme space limitations and over a wide range of fuel-air ratios. To achieve such a design, data such as given in the paper as to the admission of the fuel and oxidant and their mixing and reacting are desirable.
The Mechanism of Disintegration of Liquid Sheets
Authors: York J. L. , Stubbs H. E. , Tek M. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The disintegration of a plane sheet of liquid of finite thickness, moving tangentially relative to a surrounding fluid, is subjected to mathematical and experimental analysis. Instability and wave formation at the interface are established as the major factors in the breakup of the sheet of liquid into drops. An equation is derived relating four significant dimensionless groups, and a graphical presentation of the quantitative relationship among these groups is included. The force balance between the interfacial tension and aerodynamic forces is the basic concept, and the criteria for stability and instability are determined from it. It is possible to predict the conditions for maximum instability, and therefore for the most rapid disintegration of the sheet. Short-exposure photographs of the actual disintegration of the sheet are included to support the analysis, and a prediction of drop size in the spray compares favorably with measurements by other methods.
European Practice With Sulzer Monotube Steam Generators
Authors: Gastpar Jacques 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Most important basic assumptions and considerations have led to the choice of systems and designs adopted in a number of typical monotube installations, for which interesting operating experiences have been obtained. Since the advantages of once-through boilers are more pronounced for highest working pressures and temperatures, the paper discusses application to present and future industrial as well as public-utility purposes.
Approaching the Control Problem of the Automatic Chemical or Petroleum Plant
Authors: Long M. V. , Holzmann E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In an effort to gain a more thorough understanding and to rationalize the design of process-control systems in the chemical and petroleum industries, a complementary program of field tests and analytical studies is being undertaken. The paper presents two practical examples of the implementation of this program. One of these examples is the operational analysis of a continuous catalytic-reaction process and its associated control system. The other example refers to field tests on a turbine speed-control system. Presentation of the results is followed by a discussion of some of the problems encountered in the experimental determination of process characteristics in the field. A technique based on correlation analysis is suggested as a possible solution to certain of these difficulties.
The paper cites some of the outstanding benefits to be expected from computer control. The computer controller in the chemical and petroleum plant of the future is to be regarded as an aid to, rather than a substitute for, the human operator. Practical engineering difficulties, manpower problems, and above all, questions of economic feasibility, point to a compromise solution between fully automatic and manually assisted control as the goal toward which the industry will be working in the next few years.
Requirements for Large Light-Metal Forgings and Extrusions in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Papen G. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the aircraft-industry requirements for large forgings and extrusions and supports these requirements by analyzing the effect of the trend in performance on aircraft structure, function, and production. The paper confirms that large integral structural components satisfy these trends better than a continuation of conventional “bits and pieces” structure. It further concludes that large forgings and extrusions are the most economical methods to produce an integral-type structure. In addition, detail requirements of large forgings and extrusions relative to physical properties, tolerances, and refinements are presented. Statistical studies are given to indicate the high potential use of large forgings and extrusions.
Design and Construction of Large Forging and Extrusion Presses for Light Metals
Authors: Stone M. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The author, whose company is engaged in building 110,000 capacity tons of large forging and extrusion presses for light metals, gives a comprehensive review of all aspects of the current heavy-press program. An Appendix is included which gives basic mathematical data pertaining to forging and extrusion.
Effect of Absorbed Water on Physical Properties of Phenolic Plastics
Authors: Quackenbos H. M. , Hill J. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The absorption of water by phenolic plastics obeys Fick’s law and can be described completely by a saturation constant, a diffusion constant, and a simple relation between diffusion constant and temperature. Two important consequences of water absorption are that mechanical properties change and all dimensions expand, the magnitude of each seeming to remain roughly constant for each per cent of water absorbed. In practice, expansion may give rise to undue warping and high stresses (or even failure) and is directly connected with dimensional stability. It is shown how these effects may be analyzed rationally by using the coefficient of expansion and the constants describing absorption.
Stress Conditions in Flanged Joints for Low-Pressure Service
Authors: Waters E. O. , Williams F. S. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The test program reported in this paper was undertaken to establish the critical levels of strain, stress, and deflection that exist in flanged joints having dimensions typical of those used with steel pipe lines in potable water-supply systems. Such water systems generally operate at low or moderate pressure levels. The investigation was limited to flanges of the low-hub and plain-ring types attached to the pipe by fillet welds. The design of flanged joints and connections for high-pressure and high-temperature connections has been well explored and reduced to standard procedures. Conditions that exist in water-supply service are generally more favorable than those encountered in similar industrial piping or in pressure-vessel service. Therefore it was hoped that the test program might shed light on possible modifications to the established design approach that prevails in the general field of design.
A New Method for Determining the Static Temperature of High-Velocity Gas Streams
Authors: Clark J. A. , Rohsenow W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The general problem of measuring the static temperature of gases flowing at high and low temperatures and at low and high velocities is reviewed. Thermodynamic methods are discussed and a new method is presented with experimental results. This proposed temperature-measuring method has several important and desirable features: (a) The calculated static temperature is practically independent of gas composition in so far as composition is characterized by the specific-heat ratio k; (b) like the thermocouple, the temperature determined by this method is a “point” value, not a mean value at the flow cross section where the measurements are made; (c) unlike the thermocouple, the method improves in accuracy as both the gas temperature and velocity are increased; and (d) the instrument required is relatively simple to build, is not subject to the effects of corrosion, and is extremely rugged when installed. The instrument requires no special handling and can be installed conveniently and easily in ducts of any shape or in a stream of unconfined gas.
An Instantaneous and Continuous Sodium-Line Reversal Pyrometer
Authors: El Wakil M. M. , Myers P. S. , Uyehara O. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The theory, development, and calibration of an electro-optical sodium-line reversal pyrometer are given. This pyrometer instantaneously and continuously determines and indicates the black-body temperature of a non-luminous flame made luminous at the sodium wave length by the addition of sodium. Typical data obtained on a spark-ignition engine are presented and compared with data obtained by previous investigators. A correlation of these data with combustion-chamber design indicates the possible existence of a high temperature in the flame front.
A New High-Yield-Strength Alloy Steel for Welded Structures
Authors: Bibber L. C. , Hodge J. M. , Altman R. C. , Doty W. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper concerns a new kind of steel, its development, its metallurgical characteristics, its welding and gas-cutting characteristics, its low-temperature toughness, its applications, and its engineering potentialities. This steel was developed by the United States Steel Company to offer to industry a plate steel having a unique combination of properties, such as a far higher strength than has hitherto been available, superior toughness, and good weldability. As will be evident from the test results which will be described in detail, these rather formidable goals have been achieved. This new USS “Carilloy” steel has been designated “T-1.” It is characterized by yield-strength levels of 100,000 psi and above. At these high strengths it retains its toughness to much lower temperatures than ordinary structural steels. In addition, welds which develop the full strength of the base metal can be made in T-1 steel without preheating or postheating.
Line-Reversal Techniques in the Determination of Temperature of Gun Flash or Other Rapid Transient Phenomena
Authors: Agnew J. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A modification of the conventional line-reversal technique has been utilized for the determination of the temperature of an exploding gas mixture. A monochromator, employing either a photomultiplier or lead-sulphide photoconductive cell as the detector, has been used to isolate characteristic sodium, potassium, and water-vapor radiation at 0.589, 0.77, and 0.942 microns, respectively. Peak temperature values were determined for the external gaseous explosion commonly known as secondary flash, associated with the firing of a gun. Values obtained by reversal of the characteristic radiation just mentioned did not agree even when corrected for the possible error due to the variation in emissivity of the tungsten comparison source. This result was not unexpected and is discussed in terms of the reaction kinetics involved. A general discussion of the significance of temperature of gaseous explosions is also presented. It is believed that techniques such as those presented should be useful in combustion research.
Relaxation of Stress in a Heat-Exchanger Tube of Ideal Material
Authors: Davis E. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Since relaxation tests are usually run on tensile specimens, the behavior of members under a state of combined stress is not well known. Analytical solutions of the relaxation of an elasticoviscous tube in a rigid tube sheet in both plane stress and a modified plane strain are worked out. The effect of reloading tensile specimens in relaxation is discussed and results of tests on an aluminum alloy are presented to illustrate these effects.
A Contribution to the Problem of Designing Radial Turbomachines
Authors: Balje O. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A method is outlined for computing the characteristic values, such as pressure coefficient and efficiency of centrifugal compressors and radial inward-flow turbines, as function of Reynolds number and Mach number, whereby the latter values are defined in such a manner as to represent the weight flow and the pressure ratio of the turbomachine. The influence of blade number, blade angle, speed and diameter ratio of the impeller on the efficiency and pressure coefficient is discussed. The application of this method for computing the characteristic of a particular turbomachine is shown.
Some Design Factors Relating to Performance and Operation of Reheat Boilers
Authors: Hemenway H. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Reheat boilers designed to operate with low furnace exit-gas temperatures and at the same time to provide control of superheater and reheater-outlet steam temperatures over a wide load range are illustrated and described. Various means for controlling primary and reheat-steam temperatures are discussed as are design provisions for some of the operating and maintenance problems peculiar to reheat units. Some advantages and disadvantages of indirect reheating are given.
Summary of Investigation of Two-Stroke-Cycle Gas-Generator Aircraft Engine
Authors: Sather B. I. , Schuricht F. R. , Biermann A. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An investigation of a two-stroke-cycle gas-generator type of aircraft engine is described. A theoretical analysis of the performance of the ideal gas-generator engine, an analysis of methods of achieving ideal performance when the engine components are fixed, and some experimental results are included. The experimental work was performed on the reciprocating component only and consisted of data obtained from three types of two-stroke-cycle single-cylinder test engines. Information presented in previously published NACA reports on the gas-generator engine together with some unpublished work on component requirements and gas-generator evaluation are summarized. Certain practical problems connected with the gas-generator type of engine are discussed also. The results of this investigation indicate that an engine of the two-stroke-cycle gas-generator type would provide a power plant of low specific weight and fuel consumption with favorable altitude performance characteristics. It was found possible to operate a two-stroke-cycle cylinder at the pressure and temperature levels required for the gas-generator engine. Mechanical functioning of the piston engine under gas-generator operating conditions was, in general, satisfactory.
Angles for Machining
Authors: Spotts M. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
For a machining operation, trial and error is ordinarily used to orient an inclined plane of a workpiece into the proper position on a machine tool. This process is wasteful of time and often results in spoiled work. This article attempts to correct the situation by describing in detail some simple mathematical methods for calculating the angles required to rotate the inclined plane into the horizontal. Numerical examples accompany all the mathematical developments.
Hydraulics Applied to Molten Aluminum
Authors: Richins D. S. , Wetmore W. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It has long been recognized in foundry practice that visual agitation or riling of molten metals susceptible to dross formation or gas absorption may affect casting quality adversely. Accordingly, flow systems are continually being sought which permit the flow of quiet nonriled metal at controlled delivery rates. Some of the more common fluid-dynamic properties of a molten aluminum alloy when flowing in sand ducts are reported in this paper. These were evaluated in the initial phase of an investigation to determine the effects of various configurations of casting flow systems upon casting quality.
Rupture and Creep Characteristics of Titanium-Stabilized Stainless Steel at 1100 to 1300 F
Authors: Freeman J. W. , Comstock G. F. , White A. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Rupture and creep strengths were established at 1100, 1200, and 1300 F for 18-8 + Ti steel heat-treated at 1900 and 2050 F. Several Ti/C ratios were included as a variable. Creep and rupture strengths were higher for the higher-temperature heat-treatment. The lower Ti/C ratio steel had the higher strengths for a given heat-treatment, although this effect was somewhat less than that of temperature of heat-treatment. Limited tests indicated that water-quenching prior to testing slightly improves strength at 1100 F and reduces it at 1300 F. The steels varied in susceptibility to sigma-phase development during testing. The lower Ti/C ratio steels were less susceptible than the higher. In the commercial steels tested, those steels which developed sigma phase had abnormal creep characteristics, with first-stage creep virtually absent and increasing creep rates at short-time periods and low creep rates. This indication of premature third-degree creep was false in that prolonged testing established a true secondary creep rate as predicted by the rupture tests. Use of the minimum creep rates of short duration for establishing the usual creep strengths led to values estimated to be 1000 to 3000 psi high. The creep and rupture strengths of 18-8 + Ti and 18-8 + Cb steels probably have about the same range in strengths at high temperatures. Under present specifications it is entirely possible to have very low or very high strengths for both steels.
How to Obtain Instrument Accuracy With Proportioning Pumps
Authors: Swarr J. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Proportioning pumps can be used as flow-rate controllers to good advantage, if the stroke and speed are known and controllable, and if the volume discharged by the pump is equal to its displacement. The discharge may be greater or less than the displacement, depending upon the relationships between such parameters as rate of plunger displacement, friction losses in the suction-side and discharge-side piping, masses of liquor in both the suction and discharge lines which must be accelerated and decelerated at each stroke, elevations of supply and discharge tanks, and so forth. The relationships between these factors, as they affect pump volumetric performance, are eveloped on a theoretical basis, and simple tests are devised which will enable an engineer to predetermine whether or not a proposed installation will be satisfactory, and which indicate what changes must be made to correct an unsatisfactory design. The conclusion is drawn that the range of conditions under which a proportioning pump will give satisfactory performance as a meter is considerably restricted so that a careful and thorough analysis of each proposed installation is essential.
Discharge Coefficients of Herschel-Type Venturi Tubes
Authors: Jorissen A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An analysis has been made of a large number of calibration curves of Herschel-type Venturi tubes, in order to obtain average values of the coefficient of discharge, both in the range of constant coefficient and of coefficient varying with Reynolds number. The data furnished by American practice have been compared with foreign standards of flow measurement.