bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missionary Self-Transformations in the Cross-Cultural Mission
Authors: Arnold Maik 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article analyses the implications of religious mission as a specific type of ‘human enhancement’ linked to the optimisation of human nature in light of missionaries’ beliefs. The study draws on the autobiographical narratives of German Protestants, which show that missionary intent is inseparably linked to the Christian imaginations of the ‘renewed person’. This can best be characterised by (a) cultural adjustment, (b) persuasive communication, and (c) self-alterations of others. Hence, missions represent a specific prototype of goal-directed, intentional, and strategic human action aiming for the self-transformation of others and missionaries themselves.
Church Talks on Peace Talks
Authors: Crisostomo-Pilario Junesse d.R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article studies the rhetoric of a traditional Protestant denomination, the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP), in advocating the resumption of peace talks during the Duterte administration. The church believes that the peace negotiations between the Philippine government and communist revolutionary groups will solve the fifty-year conflict that has claimed thousands of lives of combatants and civilians in the countryside.
At the beginning of Duterte’s term, the UCCP extended support for his administration. This was based on the alignment between the church and the President’s goals of purging of systemic sins in Philippine society through peacemaking. Using the theological rhetoric of the social gospel as framework, the UCCP first considered President Duterte as the ideal rhetorical audience who can address urgent needs through the resumption of peace talks. However, after two years of Duterte’s broken campaign promises, the church began to address its own constituents as the rhetorical audience they need to persuade in order to purge the systemic sins of Philippine society. Church members must be in solidarity with their leaders in opposing President Duterte’s policies. Through a shift from a rhetoric of transcendence to that of resistance, the church persuades its audiences of the sacredness of political support or opposition, giving religious justification to the mission of social reform.
Introductory Formulae and Jesus’s Teaching in James
Authors: Parker Thomas J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While many scholars note the presence and influence of Jesus’s teaching in James, this study seeks to focus on whether there are any recurrent words or phrases that may introduce, indicate, or ‘demark’ the presence of Jesus’s teaching within James. This study analyses the presence of the words ‘hear’ and ‘listen’, ἀδελφός language, and the phrases ἄγε νῦν and ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί and their potential connection with Jesus’s teaching found within the epistle of James. As a result, this study notes the correlation between the use of these phrases and the subsequent presence of Jesus’s teaching, which suggests the potential for these phrases to ‘demark’ or introduce the presence of the words of Jesus in James’s epistle. Consequently, this study suggests that these key words and phrases function in the introduction to Jesus’s teaching within James, highlighting the upcoming presence of a Jesus saying to the audience.
Intraductal Papilloma on Breast Biopsy: Upstaging Rate and Implications for Practice Guidelines
Authors: Jee Yoonsun , Bakht Azad , Burner Jordan M. , Coldren Daniel L. , Howard-McNatt Marissa , Chiba Akiko 
Published: April 2022

Background The recommendation for management of intraductal papilloma has not been clearly established and its surgical excision criteria remain controversial. This study determines the institutional malignancy upstage rate of benign intraductal papillomas and identifies risk factors for upstage. Methods Retrospective review was conducted on female patients who were diagnosed with intraductal papillomas without atypia on core needle biopsy at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Hospital between 1/2012 and 6/2021. Patients were excluded if there was a concomitant malignancy or atypia or deemed to be discordant with imaging. Features associated with upstage on imaging and histopathology were obtained from the electronic medical record. Results This study included 245 intraductal papillomas without atypia in 231 women (mean age, 59.1 ± 12.3 [SD] years). Approximately 31% (76/245) of the papillomas were excised, whereas 69% (169/245) of the papillomas underwent surveillance. Of the patients who underwent excisional biopsy, upstage rate for DCIS was 1.3% (1/76) and 5.3% (4/76) for atypia. All of the papillomas upstaged to DCIS or atypia had lesion size ≥10 mm on imaging. Out of the 139 intraductal papillomas that underwent radiologic surveillance, two (1.4%) developed malignancy and three (2.2%) developed atypia. Discussion The risk of upstaging of intraductal papilloma without atypia to malignancy remains extremely low. Therefore, routine surgical excision may not be necessary. While the papillomas upstaged to either malignancy or atypia have size abnormality ≥10 mm, other potential selective excision criteria should be explored to further decrease the risk of an upstage.
NSAIDs Reduce Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in a Rodent Model of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
Authors: Sok Daniel , Raval Sarvgna , McKinney Jay , Drissi Hicham , Mason Amadeus , Mautner Ken , Kaiser Jarred M. , Willett Nick J. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Intra-articular injections of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) have shown promise in slowing cartilage degradation in posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Clinical use of cell therapies for osteoarthritis has accelerated in recent years without sufficient scientific evidence defining best-use practices. Common recommendations advise patients to avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use before and after cell injection over concerns that NSAIDs may affect therapeutic efficacy. Recommendations to restrict NSAID use are challenging for patients, and it is unclear if patients are compliant. Hypothesis: NSAIDs will reduce the efficacy of hMSC therapy in treating a preclinical model of PTOA. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Lewis rats underwent medial meniscal transection (MMT) surgery to induce PTOA or a sham (sham group) surgery that did not progress to PTOA. Rats received naproxen solution orally daily before (Pre-NSAID group) or after (Post-NSAID group) hMSC treatment, throughout the course of the experiment (Full-NSAID group), or received hMSCs without NSAIDs (No NSAID). Cartilage morphology and composition were quantified using contrast-enhanced micro–computed tomography and histology. Pain (secondary allodynia) was measured using a von Frey filament. Results: Injection of hMSCs attenuated cartilage degeneration associated with MMT. hMSCs prevented proteoglycan loss, maintained smooth cartilage surfaces, reduced cartilage lesions, reduced mineralized osteophyte formation, and reduced pain by week 7. The Pre-NSAID group had decreased proteoglycan levels compared with the hMSC group, although there were no other significant differences. Thus, pretreatment with NSAIDs had minimal effects on the therapeutic benefits of hMSC injections. The Post-NSAID and Full-NSAID groups, however, exhibited significantly worse osteoarthritis than the hMSC-only group, with greater proteoglycan loss, surface roughness, osteophyte volume, and pain. Conclusion: Use of NSAIDs before hMSC injection minimally reduced the therapeutic benefits for PTOA, which included preservation of cartilage surface integrity as well as a reduction in osteophytes. Use of NSAIDs after injections, however, substantially reduced the therapeutic efficacy of cellular treatment. Clinical Relevance: Our data support the clinical recommendation of avoiding NSAID use after hMSC injection but suggest that using NSAIDs before treatment may not substantially diminish the therapeutic efficacy of cell treatment.
The Effect of the Medicare Advantage Value-Based Insurance Design Model Test on Utilization in 2017
Authors: Eibner Christine , Buttorff Christine , Cefalu Matthew , Khodyakov Dmitry , Taylor Erin A. 
Published: April 2022

In 2015, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced the Medicare Advantage (MA) Value-Based Insurance Design (VBID) model test, which allows MA insurers to use flexible benefit design strategies, such as reduced cost-sharing, to encourage beneficiaries with chronic disease to use high-value care. During the first year of implementation (2017), nine MA insurers offered VBID in 45 health plans to a total of 96 053 eligible beneficiaries. We used MA encounter data to estimate the impact of VBID on health services utilization in 2017 using a difference-in-differences research design. We found that VBID increased use of 10 out of 18 targeted services, and led to general increases in primary care visits, specialty care visits, and drug fills across eligible beneficiaries. The model was also associated with increases in ambulatory care sensitive inpatient and emergency department visits, an unanticipated effect that may be temporary. Overall, our findings suggest that VBID successfully increased the use of high-value services among eligible MA beneficiaries, an important first step along the pathway to better chronic disease management, lower spending, and improved beneficiary health.
Increased Incidence of Indinavir Nephrolithiasis in Patients with Hepatitis B or C Virus Infection
Authors: Malavaud Bernard , Dinh Barbara , Bonnet Eric , Izopet Jacques , Payen Jean-Louis , Marchou Bruno 
Published: April 2022

Materials and Methods A HIV-1 patient database was scanned in March 1998, and 750 patients were identified who had received HAART including indinavir. Of these, 28 cases had nephrolithiasis; and 85 asymptomatic indinavir-treated patients were randomly selected as controls. The characteristics of cases and controls were compared by analysis of variance for quantitative parameters and by Fisher's exact test for classes. Results We observed a significant increase in the incidence of nephrolithiasis in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and either hepatitis C virus (HCV) (HCV RNA-positive) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) (HBs antigen-positive) (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals: 2.8 and 1.1–7.7), whereas no significant differences were demonstrated between cases and controls with regard to age (42.4±8.0 versus 39.8±9.8 years), sex (male patients 70.4 versus 74.1%), duration of HIV-1 infection (8.6±3.1 versus 7.7±4.0 years), duration of indinavir treatment (16.1±5.8 versus 14.1±5.4 months), AST increase ≥1.25 of normal (29.6 versus 25.9%), or ALT increase ≥1.25 of normal (33.3 versus 22.4%). In co-infected patients, ALT increase (≥1.25 of normal), but not AST increase, at the time of indinavir initiation was statistically related to the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. Conclusions We found a significant increase of nephrolithiasis incidence in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HCV or HBV, which suggests that underlying multifactorial hepatic damage may limit liver catabolism of indinavir, and consequently increase its renal excretion and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Caution is therefore advised when initiating indinavir treatment in HIV patients with evidence of HBV or HCV infection.
Intensification of Background Antiretroviral Therapy with Abacavir during Low-Level Failure May Restore Optimal Suppression
Authors: Degen Olaf , Van Lunzen Jan , Stellbrink Hans-Jürgen 
Published: April 2022

Objective To investigate the antiviral activity of abacavir added to stable background therapy. Design: Retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods In 27 subjects with detectable plasma viraemia during stable treatment abacavir was added as the only agent. Patients were pre-treated for 180 weeks (mean) with regimens containing zidovudine (102 weeks) and lamivudine (88 weeks). Results were analysed in two groups: group 1, >400 HIV RNA copies/ml; group 2, 25–399 copies/ml. In 7/13 group 1 patients genotypic resistance analysis was performed prior to abacavir. Results Median follow-up was 28 weeks, median HIV RNA load at baseline 2.48 log10 copies/ml (3.52 and 1.66 log10 copies/ml in groups 1 and 2, respectively). Plasma viraemia was reduced to less than 400 HIV RNA copies/ml in 2/13 subjects in group 1 and 11/11 in group 2 (week 24). Only one patient in group 1 responded transiently to less than 25 HIV RNA copies/ml. In contrast, 10/14 and 11/11 in group 2 reached values below this threshold at weeks 12 and 24, respectively. Overall, 7/13 group 1 patients were found with ≥2 zidovudine resistance-associated mutations. The lamivudine resistance-associated mutation M184V was present in four of seven cases. All of these patients showed only a moderate and transient reduction of plasma viraemia (medium peak reduction of 0.73 log10 after 20 weeks). Conclusions The addition of abacavir during low-level treatment failure may restore or achieve suppression to levels below the cut-off of the ultrasensitive PCR.
Prevalence of Genotypic Resistance among Antiretroviral Drug-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients in Belgium
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh K , Debaisieux L , De Cabooter N , Declercq C , Desmet K , Fransen K , Maes B , Marissens D , Miller K , Muyldermans G , Sprecher S , Stuyver L , Vaira D , Verhofstede C , Zissis G , Van Ranst M , De Clercq E , Desmyter J , Vandamme A-M 
Published: April 2022

Objectives To estimate the prevalence and the evolution over time (1995–1998) of genotypic resistance to antiviral drugs in antiretroviral drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients in Belgium. Design Belgian Aids Reference Laboratories provided retrospective samples and clinical data from antiretroviral drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients who visited the hospital for the first time in 1995 ( n=45), 1997 ( n=75) and 1998 ( n=111). Genotypic resistance to the three available classes of drugs was monitored using the Line Probe Assay (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium). Additionally, ARMS-151 was performed for scoring multinucleoside resistance. Results The prevalence of genotypic resistance at baseline to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were each between 10% and 20% for 1995, 1997 and 1998 without an increasing trend over time. For NRTIs, resistance mutations were mainly related to zidovudine in 1995, whereas in 1997 and 1998 baseline resistance was scored for zidovudine, lamivudine or for both drugs simultaneously. No patients displayed the multi-nucleoside resistance Q151M mutation. Baseline resistance mutations to protease inhibitors (PIs) did not rise significantly: 4.4% in 1995, 8% in 1997 and 9.9% in 1998. When scoring any resistance-related mutation, 26.6% displayed genotypic baseline resistance in 1995, 26.6% in 1997 and 31.5% in 1998. Discussion The prevalence of genotypic baseline resistance to any drug, as scored with LiPA, in naive HIV-1 patients in Belgium is 29%, with baseline resistance mutations to one or several drugs from all available classes of antiviral drugs. The ability of LiPA to pick up minor variants could be an explanation for the higher overall prevalence we observe, when compared to recent estimates in other countries of 16.3% and 22%, which were based on sequencing methods. According to the European guidelines for resistance testing, resistance testing in Belgium before starting antiviral therapy should be considered.
Avanti 3: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Lamivudine plus Zidovudine versus Lamivudine plus Zidovudine plus Nelfinavir in HIV-1-Infected Antiretroviral-Naive Patients
Authors: Gartland Martin ,   Steering Committee, Clumeck N , Cooper DA , Gatell J , Gazzard B , Gerstoft J , Goebel F , Lange J , Montaner J , Reiss P , Rozenbaum W , Vella S ,   Centres and Investigators, Cooper DA , Haberl M , Clumeck N , Luyts D , Montaner J. , Rachlis A , Marina R , Gerstoft J , Mathiesen L , Soelberg U , Molina J-M , Pialloux G , Rozenbaum W , Cosby C , Goebel FD , Staszewski S , Hug M , Milazzo F , Moroni M , Panebianco R , Clotet B , Artigas JM Gatell , GonzalezLahoz J , Leal M , Gandarias B , Gazzard B , Johnson M , Watkins K , Page V , Sandstrom E , Darbyshire J ,   Agouron Pharmaceuticals:, Petersen A , Athisegaran R , Coughlan M , Fiddian P , Gartland M , Harrigan R , Henry T , Larder B , Maguire M , Millard J , Moore S , Patel K , Shortino D , Tisdale M , Vafidis I , Yeo J 
Published: April 2022

The objective of our randomized, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the safety, tolerability, and antiretroviral and immunological effect of double and triple combination therapy regimens. A total of 105 antiretroviral therapy-naive patients were randomized to receive either zidovudine (300 mg twice per day) plus lamivudine (150 mg twice per day) plus nelfinavir placebo (three times per day) ( n=52), or zidovudine/lamivudine (dose as before) plus nelfinavir (750 mg three times per day) ( n=53) for 28 weeks. After this time, patients were allowed to switch to open-label zidovudine/lamivudine/nelfinavir. The overall log10 reduction from baseline in plasma HIV-1 RNA was significantly greater in the zidovudine/lamivudine/nelfinavir group than the zidovudine/lamivudine group ( P=0.001; median treatment difference, –1.01 log10 copies/ml; 95% confidence interval –1.23 to –0.79), as measured by the average area under the curve minus baseline over 28weeks. Increases from baseline in CD4 cell counts were statistically significantly greater in the zidovudine/lamivudine/nelfinavir group (101.5 cells/ml) than the zidovudine/lamivudine group (47.0 cells/ml; P=0.027) at week 28. Of note, the addition of nelfinavir from weeks 28–52 led to an increase in the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/ml from 17% (9/52 patients on zidovudine/lamivudine) to 50% (13/26 patients who switched to zidovudine/lamivudine/nelfinavir). Incidence of drug-related adverse events was similar in the two groups, except for nausea (more common in zidovudine/lamivudine group; 40 versus 17%) and diarrhoea (more common in zidovudine/lamivudine/nelfinavir group; 45 versus 14%). In conclusion, our study confirms the efficacy of triple combination therapy with two nucleoside analogues and a protease inhibitor compared with double-nucleoside therapy. Interestingly, the addition of nelfinavir to zidovudine/lamivudine, even after 6 months of double nucleoside therapy, led to a substantial virological benefit that was sustained over 24weeks in a subset of patients.
Treatment Intensification with Abacavir in HIV-Infected Patients with at Least 12 Weeks Previous Lamivudine/Zidovudine Treatment
Authors: Rozenbaum Willy , Katlama Christine , Massip Patrice , Bentata Michelle , Zucman David , Delfraissy Jean-Francois , Trepo Christian , David Frederique , Lanier E Randall , Vavro Cindy , Mamet Jean-Philippe 
Published: April 2022

Objectives To demonstrate that lamivudine and zidovudine, given separately (lamivudine/zidovudine) or as a single combination tablet (Combivir™), had equivalent efficacy. To evaluate the safety and antiretroviral activity of intensification with abacavir in patients treated with lamivudine/zidovudine for ≥12 weeks. Design A 12-week, equivalence study of lamivudine/ zidovudine versus Combivir. Patients who completed this study could enter a 48-week, intensification study of Combivir plus abacavir. Methods In the equivalence study, treatment-naive patients were assessed for HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count and genotype. The same assessments plus phenotype were made in the intensification study. Serious adverse events were recorded in the equivalence study and all adverse events in the intensification study. Results Lamivudine/zidovudine ( n=40) and Combivir ( n=35) gave equivalent reductions in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at week 12. An identical proportion of patients (74%) in each treatment group harboured virus with the M184V mutation after 12 weeks. Fifty-two patients entered the intensification study and 44 completed 48 weeks of treatment. At the time of intensification with abacavir, all 35 patients with evaluable isolates harboured HIV-1 containing M184V. Addition of abacavir to Combivir led to further decreases in plasma HIV-1 RNA and increases in CD4 cell counts compared with the start of intensification ( P<0.001 at week 48). After 48 weeks of triple therapy, multi-nucleoside resistance mutations at codons 69 and 151 were not detected in any patients. All treatment regimens were generally well tolerated. Conclusion: Lamivudine/zidovudine and Combivir have equivalent antiretroviral activity over 12 weeks. Adding abacavir to Combivir can be a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients, including those harbouring virus with the M184V mutation.
Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1-Infected Subjects during Protease Inhibitor-Containing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy with Nelfinavir or Indinavir
Authors: Yerly Sabine , Rickenbach Martin , Popescu Matei , Taffe Patrick , Craig Charles , Perrin Luc ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Battegay M , Bernard M-C , Bernasconi E , Bucher H , Bürgisser Ph , Egger M , Erb P , Fierz W , Flepp M , Francioli P , Furrer HJ , Gorgievski M , Günthard H , Grob P , Hirschel B , Kind C , Klimkait T , Ledergerber B , Lauper U , Opravil M , Paccaud F , Pantaleo G , Perrin L , Piffaretti J-C , Rickenbach M , Rudin C , Schupbach J , Telenti A , Vernazza P , Wagels T , Weber R 
Published: April 2022

Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate treatment outcome and characterize the pattern of genotype mutations in subjects with treatment failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) containing nelfinavir or indinavir. Study design and methods The database of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study was screened for all subjects naive to protease inhibitor (PI) treatment who started HAART with nelfinavir or indinavir, responded initially (HIV-RNA <400 copies/ml) and received >24 weeks of treatment. Responders with subsequent treatment failure (HIV-RNA >1000 copies/ml, bordered by HIV-RNA >400 copies/ml) were selected for genotypic analysis. Results Initial treatment response, maintenance of response and subsequent virological failure were observed at a comparable frequency in 1143 nelfinavir and 1555 indinavir subjects. Of the treatment-naive patients, 13% who took nelfinavir and 16% who took indinavir had HIV-RNA >1000 copies/ml at least once. These values increased to 24 and 27%, respectively, for reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced subjects. Genotypic analysis in a subset of subjects with virological failure identified 30N as the only primary mutation in the nelfinavir subjects (8 out of 21, 38%) whereas isolated or combined 82A/T and 46I/L mutations were detected in the indinavir subjects (9 out of 20, 45%). Conclusions In this population of previously PI-naive subjects, the rate of virological failure and the frequency of resistance mutations at the time of virological failure were comparable in subjects receiving nelfinavir- or indinavir-containing HAART. In nelfinavir subjects, 30N was the only primary mutation whereas isolated or combined 82A/T and 46I/L mutations were detected in indinavir subjects.