bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite data track spatial and temporal declines in European beech forest canopy characteristics associated with intense drought events in the Rhön Biosphere Reserve, central Germany
Authors: West E. , Morley P. J. , Jump A. S. , Donoghue D. N. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

The increasing intensity and frequency of droughts under climate change demands effective ways to monitor drought impacts. We sought to determine how different satellite remote sensing sources influence our ability to identify temporal and spatial impacts on European beech forest canopy health during intense drought events.

Imagery from three satellite series (MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel‐2) was used to observe changes in canopy health during the intense droughts of 2003 and 2018 in the Rhön Biosphere Reserve, central Germany. Monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomalies were calculated for each satellite between 2000–2020 and compared against temperature, precipitation and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI).

Severe canopy impacts in 2003 and 2018 were associated with low NDVI in August and September. At the stand‐scale, Sentinel‐2 data allowed a spatially detailed understanding of canopy‐level impacts, while MODIS provided the clearest temporal progression of the drought’s impacts on the forest canopy. Low NDVI values were not exclusively associated with extremes of either temperature and precipitation individually; however, low canopy NDVI in August was associated with SPEI values below −1.5.

Although the intense drought of 2018, as defined by meteorological parameters, peaked in July, canopy NDVI did not decline until August, highlighting that our ability to detect canopy impact during drought events is sensitive to the timing of image acquisition. No single satellite sensor affords a full picture of the temporal or spatial progression of drought impacts. Consequently, using sensors in tandem provides the best possible representation of canopy health during intense drought events.
In contrast to diatoms, cryptophytes are susceptible to iron limitation, but not to ocean acidification
Authors: Camoying Marianne G. , Thoms Silke , Geuer Jana K. , Koch Boris P. , Bischof Kai , Trimborn Scarlett 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPrevious field studies in the Southern Ocean (SO) indicated an increased occurrence and dominance of cryptophytes over diatoms due to climate change. To gain a better mechanistic understanding of how the two ecologically important SO phytoplankton groups cope with ocean acidification (OA) and iron (Fe) availability, we chose two common representatives of Antarctic waters, the cryptophyte Geminigera cryophila and the diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia subcurvata. Both species were grown at 2°C under different pCO2 (400 vs. 900 μatm) and Fe (0.6 vs. 1.2 nM) conditions. For P. subcurvata, an additional high pCO2 level was applied (1400 μatm). At ambient pCO2 under low Fe supply, growth of G. cryophila almost stopped while it remained unaffected in P. subcurvata. Under high Fe conditions, OA was not beneficial for P. subcurvata, but stimulated growth and carbon production of G. cryophila. Under low Fe supply, P. subcurvata coped much better with OA than the cryptophyte, but invested more energy into photoacclimation. Our study reveals that Fe limitation was detrimental for the growth of G. cryophila and suppressed the positive OA effect. The diatom was efficient in coping with low Fe, but was stressed by OA while both factors together strongly impacted its growth. The distinct physiological response of both species to OA and Fe limitation explains their occurrence in the field. Based on our results, Fe availability is an important modulator of OA effects on SO phytoplankton, with different implications on the occurrence of cryptophytes and diatoms in the future.
Preservation of Fe/Mn‐redox fronts in sediments of an oligotrophic, oxygenated deep‐water lake (Lago Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego)
Authors: Neugebauer Ina , Thomas Camille , Ordoñez Luis , Waldmann Nicolas D. , Recasens Cristina , Vizcaino Alexis , Jimenez‐Espejo Francisco J. , Ariztegui Daniel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChanging redox conditions in water columns or sediment–water interfaces of lakes are captured as sedimentary archives, and are often influenced by climate. Their study therefore permits the reconstruction of past climate change on (sub‐) annual to longer timescales. In Lago Fagnano (54°S Argentina/Chile), a large oligotrophic and deep‐oxygenated lake, alternations of light grey clay and dark greenish and black laminae are preserved throughout the Holocene sedimentary record. This study aims to clarify the mechanism of laminae formation and preservation in Lago Fagnano, and their relation to changing redox conditions in the lake. High‐resolution major element scanning and mapping along with detailed mineralogical analyses of sediment cores allowed identifying Fe‐oxides, Mn‐oxides and Fe‐(mono) sulphides as responsible for the lamination. Based on the interpretation of redox processes at the current sedimentary redox boundary and of buried palaeo‐redox fronts underlying mass‐transported deposits, the greenish laminae enriched in Fe‐oxides are interpreted as palaeo‐redox fronts. The preservation of such former interfaces in Lago Fagnano sediments is most likely promoted by rapid increases of sedimentation due to higher runoff related to stronger Southern Hemisphere Westerlies. The formation of black laminae, showing only traces of Fe‐(mono) sulphides and organic matter, is obscured by oxidation and early diagenetic processes, i.e. degradation and partial pyritization. These layers were presumably generated by small changes in bottom‐water oxygenation due to reduced mixing and/or higher productivity. This study highlights the value of high‐resolution sediment−geochemical analyses to better understand redox and diagenetic processes in oligotrophic mixed lakes.
A possible dose‐response equation: Viral load after plasma infusion in COVID‐19 patients and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody titers in convalescent plasma
Authors: He Rui , Wang Jue , Wang Zhenmeng , Liu Yu , Xu Haixia , Zhang Xuejun , Deng E. , Yin Yundi , Ji Xin , Guan Xiaoyu , Ren Qi , Wu Caixia , Chen Yongjun , Li Ling , Zhang Wei , Liu Zhong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundClinical trials of convalescent plasma therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are extensive, but the relationship between antibody titers, infused volume of plasma and virus clearance in patients remains unknown. This study proposed a possible estimating equation for clinical use of high antibody titer convalescent plasma.MethodsA total of 38 patients were recruited in the Guanggu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province from March 1 to 30, 2020. COVID‐19 convalescent plasma was collected and high‐titer (≥1:640) anti‐S‐RBD units used. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid viral load was measured 24 h before and 72 h after convalescent plasma infusion.ResultsConvalescent plasma therapy was associated with reduced viral load in patients with moderate and severe severity. The viral negative rate at 72 h was 65.8%. The disappearance of viral nucleic acid in study patients was positively correlated with infuscate antibody titer and volume (r = 0.3375, p = 0.04). A possible estimation equation was as follows: Log10(Reduction in viral load) = 0.18 + 0.001 × (Log2S‐RBD antibody titer × Plasma infusion volume) (r = 0.424, p = 0.009). In a single case, the viral nucleic acid persisted 14 days after the fourth plasma infusion.ConclusionsThis study proposes a potential dose–response equation that adds a convenient way to estimate the dose of convalescent plasma product. It is beneficial to facilitate the rational allocation of plasma with high antibody titers and provide an individualised use strategy for convalescent plasma therapy.
Low rate of RNAemia in blood donations collected during the first wave of COVID‐19 in France
Authors: Le Cam Sophie , Gallian Pierre , Ricard Céline , Narboux Céline , Barlet Valérie , Maugard Claude , Hauser Lisette , Brisbarre Nadège , Cappy Pierre , Pillonel Josiane , Laperche Syria , Morel Pascal 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 via blood, we conducted retrospective molecular screening in blood donated during the first pandemic peak in the two French regions with the highest community transmission.MethodsArchived plasma samples randomly selected from donations collected between March 23 and 29, 2020, in Eastern and Northern regions of France were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in minipools of 4 donations (MP4) using the Grifols ProcleixSARS‐CoV‐2 assay. Reactive MP4 and the four corresponding plasmas were further tested with alternative RT‐PCRs and sequencing. Testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies and in vitro infectivity in cell culture were also performed.ResultsAmong the 2818 MP4 (corresponding to 9672 donations) tested for viral RNA, 5 were weakly reactive. Among the 20 plasmas included in these five MP4, one presented low‐level reactivity with RT‐PCRs and Procleix SARS‐CoV‐2 and was confirmed on sequencing. The estimated prevalence was 1.03/10,000 (95% CI 0–3.1). The 20 plasmas were antibody nonreactive and none of them showed cytopathic effects in cell culture. When recalled, the index‐donor declared having had symptoms compatible with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection a few days after donation. The two immunocompromised recipients transfused with red blood cells and an inactivated pooled platelet product did not develop COVID‐19.ConclusionOur results indicated a low prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in the plasma of asymptomatic blood donors during the pandemic peak and no evidence of infectivity in vivo and in vitro. The transfusion risk remains theoretical and does not justify the implementation of SARS‐CoV‐2 NAT for blood donations.
Equations of Motion of Dynamical Systems From Kinematic Characteristics of the Phase Space
Authors: Das Tuhin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the analysis of most engineering dynamical systems, relativistic considerations are unnecessary, allowing an absolute time and simultaneity of events to be assumed. In this article, it is first established that this simultaneity links all generalized coordinates and velocities via simple kinematic relations in the phase space. Subsequently, it is shown that equations of motion of dynamical systems can be derived by imposing these kinematic relations on a generating equation, which is a generalized form of the Jacobi’s integral. A specific process is presented for combining the kinematic relations with the generating equation to yield correct equations of motion. The process is validated by using it to prove the Lagrange’s equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate the approach. The aforementioned kinematic relations are fundamental characteristics of the phase space of general dynamical systems. They provide a novel perspective on equations of motion in analytical dynamics, which leads to a new method of deriving them.
Surface Coating Modification of Cathode Material for Long-Term Stable All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Li Suli , Tang Weichao , Zhao Wei , Li Junyi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The decomposition of solid electrolytes at the surface of the cathode has become one of the critical bottlenecks in the further widespread of all-solid-state batteries. To this end, we applied a fluidized bed coating method on the cathode and obtained the LiAlO2-coated NCM622 (LiAlO2@NCM622) and Al2O3-coated NCM622 (Al2O3@NCM622). The morphologies, structures, and electrochemical properties of NCM622, LiAlO2@NCM622, and Al2O3@NCM622 were characterized by SEM, EDS, ICP-AES, XRD, laser particle size analyzer, and electrochemical tests. For LiAlO2@NCM622 and Al2O3@NCM622, the coating layers are uniformly distributed on the surface of the cathode active material while the intrinsic structures of NCM622 remain unchanged after coating. Besides, the particle sizes of LiAlO2@NCM622 and Al2O3@NCM622 are larger than NCM622. Furthermore, solid-state batteries were assembled with NCM622, LiAlO2@NCM622, and Al2O3@NCM622 as cathodes, respectively, polyoxyethylene as the solid electrolyte and lithium metal as the anode. The electrochemical tests show that the assembled batteries with LiAlO2@NCM622 and Al2O3@NCM622 exhibit better cycle performance than pristine NCM622. The capacity retention decreases to 80% at the 28th cycle for NCM622, 64th cycle for LiAlO2@NCM622, and 55th cycle for Al2O3@NCM622, respectively, demonstrating that the compatibility between the surface-coated cathode and the solid electrolyte has been significantly improved. This work promotes the application of surface modification technology and paves the way toward next-generation solid-state batteries.
Social Network Word-of-Mouth Integrated Into Agent-Based Design for Market Systems Modeling
Authors: Zadbood Amineh , Hoffenson Steven 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Improving engineering design in the context of market systems requires a deep understanding of the decision-making processes of multiple interacting stakeholders and how they affect the success of new products. One key group of stakeholders in this system is consumers, who make purchase choices that directly influence each product’s market share and profits. Since real-world individual decisions are influenced by social communications, supporting product development efforts with social network analysis can enable producers to predict demand much more accurately.This article presents an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework for design for market systems analysis that incorporates social network word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendations. To investigate influences of homophily-driven WOM and network structures on consumer preferences and the prediction of market demand, the random and small-world networks are generated based on the concept of homophily to study the differences in the emergent system-level behaviors. We compare the output of the models against a similar model that excludes WOM influences, using a case study of the top-selling midsize sedans in the US automobile industry. The results show that the addition of WOM improves the ability to accurately forecast consumer demand in a statistically significant way. This suggests that producers who invest in supporting their product development efforts with design for market systems analyses that account for social networks may be able to better optimize their decision-making and increase their market success.
A Review of Bat-Inspired Shape Morphing Robotic Design
Authors: Sui Tingting , Zou Ting 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBy virtue of distinguished wing shape morphing characteristics, the unrivaled agility and flight maneuverability of bats have inspired scientists and engineers to develop novel forms of robots that can fly like bats. The unique wing conformations, flight kinematics, and aerodynamics offer significant advantages over the conventional form of miniature air vehicle in terms of quiet, safe operations, improved efficiency, and enhanced maneuverability. Meanwhile, they also pose substantial challenges for robot design from multiple perspectives, including mechanical design, sensing, control, etc. The practical benefits and technical bottleneck have motivated the development of bat-inspired robots in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the designing principles and report current state-of-the-art of bat-inspired robot designs, emphasizing the respective distinguishing features of each paradigm, along with the room for further improvement. Rather than showcasing advancement in wing materials, we will focus on the mechanical design and control methodology. This paper will help researchers new in this realm to get familiar with the bat-inspired robots by adopting features from existing designs. It also concludes technical challenges associated with future development, involving biological research, aerodynamic modeling, mechanical design, and control technique.
Determination of Critical Temperature of Scuffing for AISI 8620 Steel Gear Contacts Lubricated by Dexron 6 Through Computational Simulation of Experiment
Authors: Li Sheng , Kolivand Ali , Wei Jing 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study establishes the critical temperature of scuffing for contacts of gears made of AISI 8620 steel alloy, lubricated by Dexron 6 oil. Through thermal mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication modeling, experimental scuffing failures are simulated to determine the associated maximum surface temperature, which consists of bulk and flash components. This temperature is referred as the limiting/critical temperature of scuffing and is believed to be independent of operating conditions, while vary for different solid material and lubricant pairs. It is found that sump lubricant temperature rise affects surface temperature by contributing to the bulk component. The flash component is largely dictated by asperity interactions within the contact zone, where Hertzian pressure is not an appropriate measure of micro-scale asperity contact loading. The observed scuffing scars are shown to be in good agreement with the high temperature zone predicted by the computational model.
Effect of Zn2+ and K+ as Retarding Agents on Rock-Based Geopolymers for Downhole Cementing Operations
Authors: Chamssine Fawzi , Khalifeh Mahmoud , Saasen Arild 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Geopolymer material has a potential to function alongside Portland Cement as an efficient cementitious material for well cementing and plug and abandonment applications. Geopolymer material requires retarding agents to be displaced into the well while considering the properties required to maintain efficient zonal isolation through superior mechanical properties. Chemical admixtures affect the material structure and can, in some cases, jeopardize material integrity if not engineered properly to suite downhole conditions. The present article shows the effect of Zn2+ and K+ species have as retarding agents on slurry, mechanical, and microstructural properties. The approach has been carried out to obtain a preliminary overview of how retarding agents can behave in mix design slurries where eventually sealing performance was examined. Samples were cured and examined for periods of 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days at downhole conditions. The results obtained confirm a retardation effect by the addition of Zn2+ and K+ species and some shortcomings in early strength development due to a poisoning mechanism by Zn2+ species. This phenomenon indicates the formation of Ca-Zn phase that can hinder the nucleation of the geopolymeric gel structure. No significant effects were observed on the microstructural development throughout the curing period. The effect of Zn2+ species was also observed in increasing threshold for hydraulic sealability. It may be concluded that the tested retarding agents require furthermore development to minimize shortcomings in mechanical properties specifically early strength development.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of the Pressure Drop of an Iso-Thermal and Turbulent Upward Bubbly Flow Through a Vertical Pipeline Using Population Balance Modeling Approach
Authors: Lotfi Marzieh , Chimeh Arash Fassadi , Dabir Bahram , Mohammadi Amir H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the two-phase flow is presented to simulate isothermal, turbulent, upward bubbly flow in a pipeline for the purpose of forecasting a mean pressure reduction along the pipe (a three-dimensional (3D) multiphase flow, by Eulerian–Eulerian strategy combined with population balance model (PBM)). A set of experimental data from the literature for water (liquid) and air (gas) in an isothermal pipe is used where the internal diameter of which is 200 mm; it tends to analyze radial void fraction and bubble diameter distributions as well as the axial pressure distribution of fluid flow. The CFD model is applied to grids of minimum control volumes. The interfacial forces, including nondrag and drag forces, where the former can be categorized into turbulent scattering, lift, and wall lubrication, have been noticed in simulations. The comparison between CFD forecasts with experimental data demonstrates that the coring phenomena plus observed wall peaking could be predicted with this CFD-PBM modeling approach. The primary aim of this study was to anticipate the axial pressure distribution of bubbly flow in the pipe by CFD modeling in a large vertical pipe. Acceptable agreement between models predictions and experimental data indicates that CFD can be a beneficial method for investigating pressure drop of an upward and multiphase flow.
Parental terminal cancer and dependent children: a systematic review
Authors: Wray Alexandra , Seymour Julie , Greenley Sarah , Boland Jason W 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundWhen a parent has terminal cancer, their children are part of that experience. Parents often want to protect their children from their disease and prognosis. Knowledge of dependent children’s experience will help ensure they receive appropriate support. To date, there is lack of synthesis of this evidence examining children’s perspectives.ObjectivesTo systematically search and synthesise the qualitative literature exploring the experiences of dependent children when their parent has terminal cancer.MethodsDatabases of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Assia and the Cochrane library were searched systematically from inception to July 2020 to determine eligible studies. Included studies were appraised for quality and thematically synthesised using Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis framework.ResultsFourteen studies were included, which interviewed children about their experiences (n=654 children aged 4–18 years at the time of parental death), from six countries. Five descriptive themes were identified, further categorised into two broad themes: (1) finding out about parental cancer and its impact on the family and (2) coping with life with parental cancer, death and beyond.ConclusionChildren want to be involved in their parent’s cancer experience and to help support the family. Healthcare professionals are ideally placed to support and encourage parents to include their children. They should reassure parents that children can cope well and that maintaining normality will help, and explain the benefits of honest and open communication and how they can include dependent children from diagnosis and beyond.
Direct photons emission rate and electric conductivity in twice anisotropic QGP holographic model with first-order phase transition
Authors: Aref’eva Irina Ya. , Ermakov Alexey , Slepov Pavel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe electric conductivity and direct photons emission rate are considered in the holographic theory with two types of anisotropy. The electric conductivity is derived in two different ways, and their equivalence for the twice anisotropic theory is shown. Numerical calculations of the electric conductivity were done for Einstein-dilaton-three-Maxwell holographic model (Aref’eva et al. in JHEP 07:161, 2021). The dependence of the conductivity on the temperature, the chemical potential, the external magnetic field, and the spatial anisotropy of the heavy-ions collision (HIC) is studied. The electric conductivity jumps near the first-order phase transition are observed. This effect is similar to the jumps of holographic entanglement that were studied previously.