bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La dégradation d’un métier rare : les fabricants d’arbalètes (Saint-Empire, XVI e siècle)
Authors: Delle Luche Jean-Dominique 
Published: April 2022

L’arbalète, arme essentielle dans l’armement urbain à la fin du Moyen Âge en Europe, devient obsolète militairement avec le progrès des armes à feu. L’article examine l’évolution du métier des fabricants d’arbalètes dans le Saint-Empire au xvi e siècle et propose d’examiner, à partir d’une documentation dispersée et hétérogène (suppliques, livres de bourgeoisie, délibérations du conseil, registres de tir), le processus de déclin progressif et de mutation d’un métier médiéval. L’effondrement de la demande bouleverse un métier jusque-là vital, puisque l’entretien des arsenaux publics et privés favorise l’emploi de ces experts militaires dans chaque ville. Les arbalétriers deviennent des artisans dépendants d’une clientèle réduite, celle des sociétés de tir, dont le maintien de cette sociabilité des élites garantit la survie précaire du métier. Le déclin de la spécialité, avec la concentration de l’activité sur un seul poste par ville, et une diminution progressive des villes pratiquant le tir à l’arbalète entraînent néanmoins des stratégies de redéfinition du métier ou d’autres stratégies pour obtenir les postes vacants. La qualification comme métier libre permet aux artisans de rechercher pour eux ou leurs fils des formations de substitution dans le travail du bois ou de la corne, ou complémentaires comme le manchage d’arquebuse ; des stratégies de réseau familiales et professionnelles permettent de postuler aux postes les plus opportuns dans le Saint-Empire.
De la sociedad fósil a la sociedad hipocarbónica: la ciudad inteligente como estrategia facilitadora
Authors: López-Mesa Belinda 
Published: April 2022

Los problemas ambientales actuales tienen su origen en los cambios de fuentes de energía y de metabolismo productivo (circular-lineal) a lo largo de la historia. En respuesta a dichos problemas, Europa ha definido una estrategia de transición energética, reforzada con estrategias de economía circular y de captura de carbono, con el fin de convertirse en el primer continente climáticamente neutro. Las ciudades desempeñan un papel muy relevante en la transición energética porque acogen una buena parte de las actividades humanas y son responsables de una buena parte de los consumos. En este artículo proponemos una clasificación de las distintas sociedades a lo largo de la historia desde el punto de vista medioambiental y energético, que distingue cuatro sociedades: la orgánica, la mineral, la fósil y la hipocarbónica. Las analizamos considerando aspectos urbanos, tecnológicos y relativos a las fuentes de energía y consumos. Las transiciones energéticas a lo largo de la historia se han prolongado mucho en el tiempo. La ciudad smart se vislumbra como una de las innovaciones que permitirán implementar la transición energética en Europa de forma rápida y progresiva. La escala global de la descarbonización se ve, sin embargo, como uno de los mayores retos a superar.
Programar y gobernar. Disputas tecnológico-políticas en la época de las smart cities
Authors: Maximiliano Tello Andrés 
Published: April 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la emergencia reciente del discurso político-corporativo en torno a la noción de smart city, describiendo el vínculo entre las tecnologías digitales que conforman su infraestructura básica y las relaciones de poder que subyacen a sus modos de aplicación y gestión en el espacio urbano. Adoptamos el enfoque analítico de los estudios de gubernamentalidad (Foucault), pues esta perspectiva crítica de las racionalidades de gobierno sobre las conductas de la población considera tanto los dispositivos de control como los procesos de subjetivación y resistencia que atraviesan a las nuevas formas de gobierno smart-neoliberal de la vida urbana. El análisis de las estrategias gubernamentales de las smart cities mostrará que sus apuestas de gobierno en las ciudades consisten principalmente en la programación de las dinámicas urbanas. De ese modo, apuntaremos a una necesaria reflexión sobre las disputas tecnológico-políticas que surgen en el corazón de las llamadas ciudades inteligentes, tensionando así tanto sus premisas como sus prácticas de gestión de la población asociadas a las tecnologías digitales.
Periodontal Disease and Oral Ageing: Influence of Genetic (HLA) and Environmental Factors
Authors: Pettenati-Soubayroux I. , Bonfil J. J. , Susini G. , Boëtsch G. 
Published: April 2022

The general process of ageing involves both physiological ageing (endogenous and\or innate) and ecological ageing (exogenous and\or acquired). Physiological ageing is the functional ageing that affects all individuals, leading to the decline of organic functions and systems of control.
However, physiological ageing is also programmed genetic ageing, creating disparity among individuals with regard to old age and longevity. [...]
Comparison of elevated cardiac troponin I with SAPS-II and APACHE-II score in predicting outcome of severe intoxications
Authors: Mirakbari Seyed Mostafa , Kazemifar Amir Mohammad , Namdar Peyman , Seddighi Mahyar , Allami Abbas , Barikani Ameneh 
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:
To date, different methods have been invented to risk-stratify critically ill patients, however, there is a paucity of information regarding assessing the severity of poisonings. This study was designed to determine the comparative efficacy of Simplified Acute Physiology Score-II (SAPS-II) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II (APACHE-II)score with cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in predicting severe intoxication outcomes.

Methods:
This was a prospective study conducted on patients who fulfilled defined severe intoxication criteria necessitating intensive care unit (ICU) admission over a period of 6 months. SAPS-II and APACHE-II scores were calculated and cTnI concentrations were measured. These indicators were compared to determine which has the better ability to prognosticate mortality and complications.

Results:
A total of 55 cases (median age, 35 [24-49] years) were enroled. Eight patients (14.5%) died. Mean SAPS-II, median APACHE-II score and median cTnI concentrations were 32.05 ± 11.24, 13 [10-17] and 0.008 [0.002-0.300] ng/ml, respectively, which were significantly different between the survivors and non-survivors. Receiver operating characteristics curve results of SAPS-II, APACHE-II score and cTnI concentrations in predicting mortality were 0.945, 0.932 and 0.763 and in predicting complications were 0.779, 0.739 and 0.727, respectively. High cTnI concentration (>0.37 ng/ml) correlated with soft clinical outcomes, including length of ventilatory support, length of ICU stay and length of hospital stay (LOS) (r: 0.928, 0.881 and 0.735 respectively; all P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
SAPS-II scores were superior in predicting death and complications, while cTnI correlated more closely with soft clinical outcomes, such as the length of ventilator support, length of ICU stay or LOS.
A comparative study of ultrasound assisted versus landmark technique for combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Khan Mohd Anas , Gupta Madhu , Sharma Siddharth , Kasaudhan Sonia 
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:
Spinal anatomy is better visualised in the para sagittal oblique view with the aid of ultrasonography. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether preprocedural ultrasonography can facilitate the ease of establishing combined spinal epidural (CSE) via paramedian approach versus landmark approach in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.

Methods:
This prospective randomised study was conducted in 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I-II patients, aged 18-60 years requiring CSE and randomly divided into two groups: Ultrasound-assisted (USG) group (n = 50) and Surface landmark (SLG) group (n = 50). The primary outcome was to compare the first pass needle success rate to establish CSE and the secondary outcomes were to compare the number of needle puncture attempts, time to establish landmarks (t1), time to accomplish CSE (t2) and complications.

Results:
First pass needle success rate in USG group was 43 (86.0%) versus 36 (60.0%) in SLG group (P = 0.001). Number of attempts taken to establish CSE was lower in USG group as compared to SLG group (P = 0.023).t1 was greater in USG group (1.45 ± 0.47) minutes as compared to (0.79 ± 0.34) minutes in SLG group (P = 0.003). t2 was reduced in USG group (1.47 ± 0.55) minutes versus (2.73 ± 1.36) minutes in SLG group (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:
Preprocedural USG for CSE via paramedian approach increases first pass needle success rate and reduces needle puncture attempts in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.
Delirium associated with buprenorphine use in cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Selvaraj Thiruvenkadam , Thangavel Periyasamy , Siddhaarth K 
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:
Delirium is defined as an acute disturbance in consciousness along with impaired thought processing and easy distraction. Buprenorphine is a mixed agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Few case reports have been published about the possible association between buprenorphine and delirium. The aim of this study was to look for an association between buprenorphine and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.

Methods:
Retrospective data from 100 cases of off-pump CABG were collected. The patients were divided into two groups (50 patients each). In group I, buprenorphine was used for postoperative analgesia. In group II, buprenorphine was not used for postoperative analgesia.

Results:
On post-operative day 0, there was no incidence of delirium in both groups. On post-operative days two and three, there was no incidence of delirium in group II, but a statistically significant incidence of delirium was seen in group I (P = 0.012, relative risk >1). The overall (all four days) incidence of delirium was higher in group I which was statistically significant (P = 0.006). The total number of delirium cases was seven (14%) in group I and out of the seven delirium cases, five patients (10%) had hyperactive delirium, and two patients (4%) had hypoactive delirium.

Conclusion:
Use of buprenorphine was associated with post-operative delirium, particularly of the hyperactive motoric subtype in off-pump CABG patients.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Low Birth Weight Newborns at Different Types of Feeding
Authors: Chernenkov Yuri V. , Bochkova Larisa G. , Kadymova Irina I. , Kiselev Anton R. 
Published: April 2022

Context:
Preterm infants need plenty of energy and nutrients supplied by carbohydrates, in particular glucose.

Aims:
The aim was to study the associations of the carbohydrate content in blood and in feces with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and different types of feeding in low birth weight (LBW) preterm infants.

Subjects and Methods:
This prospective study included 173 preterm infants with LBW, including those with IUGR. The dynamic monitoring of carbohydrates indicators in blood and feces, as well as the analysis of these parameters depending on the birth weight and type of feeding, have been performed.

Results:
Infants with LBW exhibited a higher excretion of carbohydrates with feces in preterm infants who received breast milk by the end of the neonatal period. The low level of glycemia in newborns during breastfeeding is explained by the fact that with this type of feeding the use of glucose is more intensive.

Conclusions:
LBW preterm infants had an increased level of carbohydrates in feces, which implied an enzymatic insufficiency that has persisted throughout the observation period. However, the level of excretion depended, first of all, on the type of feeding of the preterm infants. The level of hypoglycemia was significantly associated with the occurrence of IUGR.
Clinical Outcome of Preterm Babies Managed for Respiratory Distress Syndrome using Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Surfactant
Authors: Adejuyigbe E. A. , Ugowe Osagie Joseph , Anyabolu Chineme Henry , Babalola Toluwani Ebun 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm babies. It is caused by a deficiency of surfactant; hence, there is reduced lung compliance and increased work of breathing. The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation, a noninvasive form of ventilation, as well as the administration of exogenous surfactant, has proven to be very useful in the management of RDS. The use of less invasive techniques in ventilation and administration of surfactant have also been shown to reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adverse effect of intubation.

Objective:
The objective is to determine mean oxygen saturation at 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h after commencement of CPAP, the mean values of FiO2 and positive end-expiratory pressure before and after administration of surfactant, and the overall case-fatality rate and birth weight-specific mortality rates.

Methods:
Study design was a prospective observational study and subjects were inborn babies between 26 and 34 weeks gestation who were managed for RDS with CPAP alone or with additional surfactant.

Results:
All 104 recruited preterm babies were managed with CPAP. Fifty-six (53.8%) babies also had surfactant administered. The mean weight of the babies was 1.35 (±0.322) kg, and the mean gestational age was 30.95 (±2.24) weeks. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and LBW constituted 11.5%, 55.8%, and 32.7% of the study population, respectively. The mean SPO2 before CPAP and 12 h after were 90.93 (±5.39) % and 96.5 (±3.30) %, respectively. The overall case-fatality rate was 18.2%, and birth-weight-specific mortality rates for ELBW, VLBW, and LBW were 58.3%, 15.5%, and 9.7%, respectively.

Conclusion:
From this study, it is clear that the prompt use of a cost-effective CPAP devices and the administration of surfactant are very effective in reducing morbidity and mortality among VLBW babies. While most local studies focused on the experience with the use of CPAP alone, this study goes further to demonstrate that the use of CPAP and surfactant is more effective in the management of RDS.
Chemical Contents in Relation to the Antimicrobial Efficacies of Solanum Spp. Sect. Petota
Authors: Aladesida Adeyinka A. , Adepoju Adeyinka O. , Adesola-Famade Bunmi , Ajiboye Temitope Olushola , Fagbolu Tolulope A. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Both Solanum lycopersicum and S. Pimpinellifolium possess much nutritional and therapeutic usefulness.

Aim:
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemical, chemical and antimicrobial contents of foliar extracts of both plants.

Methodology:
The analyses were carried out using standard methods; the organic contents of the extracts were determined by GC-MS before the extracts were tested for antibacterial and antifungal potentials using the disc diffusion method.

Results:
The biochemical analysis revealed the presence of crude fibre, crude fat, crude carbohydrate, moisture content, total ash, dry matter and crude protein. Various mineral elements such as Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron and Phosphorus were detected in the extracts, even as GC-MS revealed 6 different organic compounds belonging to two groups of chemicals (ester and alkanol). The methanolic extract of both plants showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities on some of the test organisms at a dose range of 5 and 25mg/ml. Cardiac glycosides was observed to be the highest constituent of the phytochemicals detected and it has been reported to inhibit sodium and potassium pump which in turn cause an increase in the amount of calcium ions and are thus useful in the treatment of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.

Conclusion:
This study concluded that the leaf extracts of both plants investigated are highly nutritive, containing appreciable amounts of nutrients which are required in human and animal diet. Recommendation: An advocacy for a higher consumption of these tomatoes as well as their use in the formulation of antimicrobial agents and drugs is highly recommended.
ASSESSED EFFICACY OF POLYOXIDONIUM IN MEDICATED TREATMENT OF MODELLED CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)
Authors: Sarkisyan N. G. , Drozdova L. I. , Umarova D. S. , Solovyova D. A. , Khlystova K. A. 
Published: April 2022

This article highlights current issues on medical treatment of chronic periodontitis. The lack of effective comprehensive approach to treatment of chronic periodontitis requires to seek for new treatment strategies, which will be based on pathogenetic features of disease development. Experimental study with Wistar rat strain was used as a model of chronic periodontitis created by inserting a 12 mm needle into the periodontal space of the lower incisor. More than 30 models of chronic periodontitis were obtained. A method of conservative therapy by using an immunomodulator (polyoxidonium) was proposed. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of polyoxidonium in treatment of chronic periodontitis model. To do this, we compared efficacy of treatment with polyoxidonium and treatment with an antibacterial drug, Metrogil Denta gel. Development of model of chronic periodontitis was performed in two groups of our study. In the first group, periodontitis was treated with polyoxidonium injected into alveolar process mucosa of the lower jaw. In the second group – antibacterial gel “Metrogil Denta” was applied to the area of inflammation. Finally, clinical and histological assessment of therapeutic efficacy was performed. It was found that the main clinical parameters after immunomodulatory therapy were not inferior to those obtained after treatment with Metrogil Denta gel. During treatment, hyperemia, edema, and bleeding gums were decreased in both groups. Evaluation of clinical data after treatment with polyoxidonium suggested that improved parameters evidenced about good immune-mediated activity of the drug and need to continue further efficacy examination in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. To assess the histological picture, 60 decalcified sections were examined (two per each animal, respectively). Data from control group without treatment were described previously, and were used for comparison. Histological examination confirmed ongoing healing process in all three groups. In group 1 treated with immunomodulator, pharmacological properties of polyoxidonium favorably affected regeneration of periodontal tissue, which, however, required longer period of time, more than 20 days. It proves a pronounced efficacy of polyoxidonium in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, even as a standalone therapy without combining with antibacterial drugs.
El impacto de la gestión integral de riesgo en el contexto actual
Authors: Reina José Oswaldo Franco 
Published: April 2022

Los desastres naturales, tienen una gran incidencia e impacto sobre el ser humano, y esto debido a la acción u omisión del hombre en implementar medidas de prevención y mitigación ante las amenazas, una constante en la historia de Latinoamérica. Sin desconocer su capacidad de resiliencia y de recuperación post desastres que ha sido loable, valiente, no se puede olvidar las enormes pérdidas de vidas humanas, el dolor y sufrimiento de los sobrevivientes y la destrucción de infraestructuras socioeconómicas, paralizando el desarrollo de las localidades y deteriorando la calidad de vida de la sociedad e impactando en fuentes de trabajo, servicios de salud y educación. Este articulo busca una reflexión sobre la necesidad de un enfoque integral en la gestión de riesgos, proyectándonos al futuro, cuyo principal reto será la reducción del riesgo de desastres con un cambio de enfoque, pasando de una visión ligada a lo imprevisible e inevitable de su ocurrencia, a considerarlos como un problema vinculado a los procesos de desarrollo sostenible productivo de las organizaciones, comunidades, regiones y países, en la sociedad, que impacten positivamente en la comunidad , de la mano sobre el uso, planeación y ordenamiento del territorio que estas ocupan. Este renovado enfoque integral implica un componente fundamental, la reducción de la vulnerabilidad existente, así como el impulso y fomento de esquemas de transformación de la sociedad. La gestión de riesgo es un proceso y como tal no deberá existir como una práctica, actividad o acción aislada, más bien debe ser considerada como un componente íntegro, holístico y funcional del proceso de gestión del desarrollo global, sectorial, territorial, urbano, local, comunitario o familiar y de la gestión ambiental, en búsqueda de la sostenibilidad. La nueva visión de gestión de riesgo debe ir de la mano con el desarrollo sostenible productivo, que tienda repotenciar la calidad de vida de las personas, así como su capacidad de contar con bienes y servicios, como la salud, educación, vivienda, oportunidades de trabajo y crecimiento. Una gestión de riesgo construida con todos los actores públicos y privados, políticos, empresariales, financieros, sociales, académicos, técnicos. La pandemia provocada por el virus del COVID 19 nos sigue dejando lecciones dolorosas, que deben urgir a los gobiernos, las empresas y las sociedades a acelerar en innovar, crear nuevos sistemas de desarrollo económicos y sociales que mejoren nuestra resiliencia colectiva y capacidad de respuesta a impactos y que, a la vez, reduzcan la desigualdad, mejoren la salud y protejan al planeta.
The benefits and barriers of hosting students within allied health private practice settings: The perspective of private practice and clinical education coordinators
Authors: Forbes Roma , Dinsdale Alana , Copley Jodie , Booth Jodie , Cain Daniella , Crabb Meagan , Dunwoodie Ruth , Hunter Lucy , Sher Auriel , Hill Anne 
Published: April 2022

Background: Allied health graduates are increasingly employed in private practice settings despite limited placement opportunities during training. Understanding the benefits and barriers of hosting allied health student placements is an important step in supporting initiatives to expand clinical placement capacity within this sector. Aims: This study aimed to explore the benefits and barriers of hosting allied health students within private practice organisations from the perspective of practices who currently, have previously, and who have never hosted students and university clinical education coordinators. Methods: A thematic analytical approach was applied to interview data (private practices n=26) and focus group data (clinical education coordinators n=13) and a thematic network tool was used to determine common themes. Results: Three overarching themes were generated: 1) Local and wider perceived value of placements, 2) Challenges and concerns, and 3) Weighing up. Conclusion: The findings of this study have highlighted a range of benefits and challenges of hosting students that are carefully weighed up by practices within allied health professions. The perceived benefits to the practice and staff, as well as the wider professions are weighed up against the required resources of time, physical spaces and opportunities for students to participate in client care.