bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preprocessing Tools for Data Preparation
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis data preparation chapter is of paramount importance for implementing statistical machine learning methods for genomic selection. We present the basic linear mixed model that gives rise to BLUE and BLUP and explain how to decide when to use fixed or random effects that give rise to best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE or BLUEs) and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP or BLUPs). The R codes for fitting linear mixed model for the data are given in small examples. We emphasize tools for computing BLUEs and BLUPs for many linear combinations of interest in genomic-enabled prediction and plant breeding. We present tools for cleaning, imputing, and detecting minor and major allele frequency computation, marker recodification, frequency of heterogeneous, frequency of NAs, and three methods for computing the genomic relationship matrix. In addition, scaling and data compression of inputs are important in statistical machine learning. For a more extensive description of linear mixed models, see Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-89010-0_5.
Overfitting, Model Tuning, and Evaluation of Prediction Performance
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTheoverfittingphenomenon happens when a statistical machine learning model learns very well about the noise as well as the signal that is present in the training data. On the other hand, anunderfittedphenomenon occurs when only a few predictors are included in the statistical machine learning model that represents the complete structure of the data pattern poorly. This problem also arises when the training data set is too small and thus anunderfittedmodel does a poor job of fitting the training data and unsatisfactorily predicts new data points. This chapter describes the importance of the trade-off between prediction accuracy and model interpretability, as well as the difference between explanatory and predictive modeling: Explanatory modeling minimizes bias, whereas predictive modeling seeks to minimize the combination of bias and estimation variance. We assess the importance and different methods of cross-validation as well as the importance and strategies of tuning that are key to the successful use of some statistical machine learning methods. We explain the most important metrics for evaluating the prediction performance for continuous, binary, categorical, and count response variables.
Linear Mixed Models
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe linear mixed model framework is explained in detail in this chapter. We explore three methods of parameter estimation (maximum likelihood, EM algorithm, and REML) and illustrate how genomic-enabled predictions are performed under this framework. We illustrate the use of linear mixed models by using the predictor several components such as environments, genotypes, and genotype × environment interaction. Also, the linear mixed model is illustrated under a multi-trait framework that is important in the prediction performance when the degree of correlation between traits is moderate or large. We illustrate the use of single-trait and multi-trait linear mixed models and provide the R codes for performing the analyses.
Bayesian and Classical Prediction Models for Categorical and Count Data
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we explain, under a Bayesian framework, the fundamentals and practical issues for implementing genomic prediction models for categorical and count traits. First, we derive the Bayesian ordinal model and exemplify it with plant breeding data. These examples were implemented in the library BGLR. We also derive the ordinal logistic regression. The fundamentals and practical issues of penalized multinomial logistic regression and penalized Poisson regression are given including several examples illustrating the use of theglmnetlibrary. All the examples include main effects of environments and genotypes as well as the genotype × environment interaction term.
Support Vector Machines and Support Vector Regression
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, the support vector machines (svm) methods are studied. We first point out the origin and popularity of these methods and then we define the hyperplane concept which is the key for building these methods. We derive methods related to svm: the maximum margin classifier and the support vector classifier. We describe the derivation of the svm along with some kernel functions that are fundamental for building the different kernels methods that are allowed in svm. We explain how the svm for binary response variables can be expanded for categorical response variables and give examples of svm for binary and categorical response variables with plant breeding data for genomic selection. Finally, general issues for adopting the svm methodology for continuous response variables are provided, and some examples of svm for continuous response variables for genomic prediction are described.
Zusammenführungen
Authors: Kirsten Karina 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungDie diskursanalytischen und intertextuellen Analysen haben aus dem Untersuchungskorpus von Psycho, Psycho II-IV und Bates Motel verschiedene Genremarkierungen und Iterationen herausgelöst und in ihren Zuschreibungen, Gestaltungsweisen und Semantiken als Genresignaturen beschrieben. Die abschließenden Ausführungen führen die zentralen Erkenntnisse noch einmal zusammen und bündeln diese in einer diskurshistorischen Gesamtperspektive, die die Genresignaturen in ihren wesentlichen Differenzerscheinungen skizziert. Der Fokus auf Genresignaturen verbindet aber nicht nur die einzelnen Produktionen zu einer Genregeschichte, sondern er funktioniert des Weiteren als ein integratives Analysekonzept, das die Komplexität von Genres beschreibbar macht und auf andere generische Szenarien anwendbar ist.
Methodik der Skalenkonstruktion für das Big-Data-Glaubenssystem und erste empirische Evidenzen
Authors: Lünich Marco 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungAn dieser Stelle beginnt der empirische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit, der zum einen in diesem Kapitel 8 einen Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie man das Big-Data-Glaubenssystem (BDGS) einer empirischen Messung zuführen kann und wie die einzelnen konzeptuellen Dimensionen des BDGS im Rahmen dieser zu entwickelnden Messung operationalisiert werden können. Zum anderen sollen Untersuchungsergebnisse referiert werden, die erste Erkenntnisse über die Ausprägung des BDGS in der deutschen Bevölkerung und den Einfluss des BDGS auf kognitive, affektive und konative Komponenten der Einstellung in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen berichten, in denen KI-Anwendungen zum Einsatz kommen.
Studie 1 – Durchführung der Skalenkonstruktion
Authors: Lünich Marco 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungIm Folgenden wird die Durchführung der Online-Befragungen der ersten Studie zur Skalenkonstruktion dokumentiert. In diesem Rahmen wurden drei Erhebungen durchgeführt, die nachfolgend als Erhebung 1.1, 1.2 und 1.3 bezeichnet werden. Die erste Erhebung 1.1 diente der Identifikation geeigneter Frageitems und der Prüfung der zugrunde liegenden Modellstruktur, die Erhebungen 1.2. und 1.3 der Validierung der in Erhebung 1.1 ermittelten Modellstruktur.
Ausgewählte linguistische Entwicklungen in der Erzählforschung
Authors: Ackermann Ulrike 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungDie linguistische Erzählforschung wendet ihre Aufmerksamkeit drei Kernbereichen zu, die auch als Entwicklungsphasen mit eigenen Interessensschwerpunkten verstanden werden können: a) die schriftliche Erzähltextanalyse unter dem Einfluss des Strukturalismus und zu Teilen der Literaturwissenschaften, b) die mündliche Erzählforschung unter dem Einfluss der pragmatischen Wende und der Gesprächsanalysec) sowie das Erzählen in den Neuen Medien bzw. digitalen Medien insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der Computer-vermittelten-Kommunikation (computer-mediated-communication (CMC)). Durch die spezifischen Interessensschwerpunkte entstanden unterschiedliche Gewichtungen der Perspektiven und Beschreibungsansätze, die zwar zu verschiedenen Forschungsrichtungen mit ihren eigenen Untersuchungsmethoden führen, sich aber durchaus auch gegenseitig ergänzen können.
Higher-order QCD corrections to H → b$$ \overline{b} $$ from rational approximants
Authors: Boito Diogo , London Cristiane Y. , Masjuan Pere 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We use rational approximants to study missing higher orders in the massless scalar-current quark correlator. We predict the yet unknown six-loop coefficient of its imaginary part, related to Γ(H → b$$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

), to be c5 = −6900 ± 1400. With this result, the perturbative series becomes almost insensitive to renormalization scale variations and the intrinsic QCD truncation uncertainty is tiny. This confirms the expectation that higher-order loop computations for this quantity will not be required in the foreseeable future, as the uncertainty in Γ(H → b$$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

) will remain largely dominated by the Standard Model parameters.
Charakteristika und klinische Manifestation katheterassoziierter Thrombosen bei Frühgeborenen
Authors: Tippmann S. , Schmitz K. , Whybra C. , Staatz G. , Kampmann C. , Mildenberger E. 
Published: January 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In der Neonatologie sind peripher eingeführte zentrale Katheter ein häufiger Zugangsweg zur parenteralen Ernährung und Verabreichung von Medikamenten und Flüssigkeit. Die Vorteile stehen den Risiken wie Infektion, Thrombose und Fehllage gegenüber.

Fragestellung
Welche Charakteristika und klinischen Zeichen weisen auf das Vorliegen einer katheterassoziierten Thrombose hin?

Material und Methoden
In einer retrospektiven Betrachung aus dem Zeitraum 2010–2016 wurden alle Fälle von katheterassoziierten Thrombosen untersucht. Identifiziert wurden 10 Frühgeborene, deren Indikation zur Katheteranlage, Zugangsweg, Lage der Katheterspitze, Liegedauer, klinische Symptome und Krankheitsverlauf analysiert wurden.

Ergebnisse
Bei 10 Frühgeborenen mit einem Gestationsalter von 23 + 4 bis 34 + 5 SSW wurden 11 Thromboseereignisse beobachtet. Zehn der 11 Thromboseereignisse betrafen die V. cava inferior nach Katheteranlage an der unteren Extremität. Die Indikation zur Katheteranlage waren parenterale Ernährung und chirurgische Eingriffe. Bei 9 Patienten traten perinatale Komplikationen auf. Bei allen Patienten bestand während der Liegedauer der Katheter der Verdacht auf eine Infektion. Das Auftreten der Thrombose wurde nach 3 bis 27 Tagen sonographisch dokumentiert. In 8 Thromboseereignissen war eine Thrombozytopenie, in 4 Fällen eine Beinschwellung auffällig.

Diskussion
Das Patientenkollektiv zeigt Gemeinsamkeiten im klinischen Verlauf und bei den Symptomen, welche auf das Vorliegen einer Thrombose deuten. Auffällig ist außerdem, dass die meisten Thromboseereignisse das Stromgebiet der V. cava inferior betrafen.
Fatty Liver Index and Skeletal Muscle Density
Authors: Pasco Julie A. , Sui Sophia X. , West Emma C. , Anderson Kara B. , Rufus-Membere Pamela , Tembo Monica C. , Hyde Natalie K. , Williams Lana J. , Liu Zoe S. J. , Kotowicz Mark A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAccumulation of fat in the liver and skeletal muscle is associated with obesity and poor health outcomes. Liver steatosis is a characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and myosteatosis, of poor muscle quality in sarcopenia. In this study of 403 men (33–96 years), we investigated associations between the fatty liver index (FLI) and muscle density, as markers of fat accumulation in these organs. We also investigated associations between the FLI and parameters of sarcopenia, including DXA-derived appendicular lean mass (ALM) and handgrip strength by dynamometry. Muscle density was measured using pQCT at the radius and tibia. FLI was calculated from BMI, waist circumference, and levels of triglycerides and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There was a pattern of decreasing muscle density across increasing quartiles of FLI. After adjusting for age and lifestyle, mean radial muscle density in Q4 was 2.1% lower than Q1 (p < 0.001) and mean tibial muscle density was 1.8% lower in Q3 and 3.0% lower in Q4, compared to Q1 (p = 0.022 and < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for age and sedentary lifestyle, participants in the highest FLI quartile were sixfold more likely to have sarcopenia. In conclusion, our results suggest that fat accumulation in the liver co-exists with fat infiltration into skeletal muscle.
Evidence of a range expansion in sunfish from 47 years of coastal sightings
Authors: Lyashevska Olga , Brophy Deirdre , Wing Steve , Johns David G. , Haberlin Damien , Doyle Thomas K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlmost nothing is known about the historical abundance of the ocean sunfish. Yet as an ecologically and functionally important taxa, understanding changes in abundance may be a useful indicator of how our seas are responding to anthropogenic changes including overfishing and climate change. Within this context, sightings from a coastal bird observatory (51.26$$^\circ$$

∘

N, 9.30$$^\circ$$

∘

W) over a 47 year period (from April to October 1971–2017) provided the first long-term index of sunfish abundance. Using a general linear mixed effect model with a hurdle to deal with imperfect detectability and to model trends, a higher probability of detecting sunfish was found in the 1990s and 2000s. Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) phytoplankton color indices and the annual mean position of the 13 $$^{\circ }$$

∘

C sea surface isotherm were significantly correlated with the probability of detecting sunfish. An increase in siphonophore abundance (as measured by the CPR) was also documented. However, this increase occurred 10–15 years after the sunfish increase and was not significantly correlated with sunfish abundance. Our results suggest that the observed increase in sunfish sightings is evidence of a range expansion because it was significantly correlated with the mean position of the 13 $$^{\circ }$$

∘

C isotherm which moved northwards by over 200 km. Furthermore, the observed increase in sunfish occured 10 years before sunfish sightings are documented in Icelandic and Norwegian waters, and was concurrent with well-known range expansions for other fish species during the 1990s. This study demonstrates how sustained citizen science projects can provide unique insights on the historical abundance of this enigmatic species.
Role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve
Authors: Haider Achi , Bengs Susan , Portmann Angela , Rossi Alexia , Ahmed Hazem , Etter Dominik , Warnock Geoffrey I. , Mikail Nidaa , Grämer Muriel , Meisel Alexander , Gisler Livio , Jie Caitlin , Keller Claudia , Kozerke Sebastian , Weber Bruno , Schibli Roger , Mu Linjing , Kaufmann Philipp A. , Regitz-Zagrosek Vera , Ametamey Simon M. , Gebhard Catherine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
A growing body of evidence highlights sex differences in the diagnostic accuracy of cardiovascular imaging modalities. Nonetheless, the role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve (CFR) is currently unclear. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of female and male sex hormones on myocardial perfusion and CFR.

Methods
Rest and stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was conducted by small animal positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]flurpiridaz in a total of 56 mice (7–8 months old) including gonadectomized (Gx) and sham-operated males and females, respectively. Myocardial [18F]flurpiridaz uptake (% injected dose per mL, % ID/mL) was used as a surrogate for myocardial perfusion at rest and following intravenous regadenoson injection, as previously reported. Apparent coronary flow reserve (CFRApp) was calculated as the ratio of stress and rest myocardial perfusion. Left ventricular (LV) morphology and function were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.

Results
Orchiectomy resulted in a significant decrease of resting myocardial perfusion (Gx vs. sham, 19.4 ± 1.0 vs. 22.2 ± 0.7 % ID/mL, p = 0.034), while myocardial perfusion at stress remained unchanged (Gx vs. sham, 27.5 ± 1.2 vs. 27.3 ± 1.2 % ID/mL, p = 0.896). Accordingly, CFRApp was substantially higher in orchiectomized males (Gx vs. sham, 1.43 ± 0.04 vs. 1.23 ± 0.05, p = 0.004), and low serum testosterone levels were linked to a blunted resting myocardial perfusion (r = 0.438, p = 0.020) as well as an enhanced CFRApp (r = −0.500, p = 0.007). In contrast, oophorectomy did not affect myocardial perfusion in females. Of note, orchiectomized males showed a reduced LV mass, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on CMR, while no such effects were observed in oophorectomized females.

Conclusion
Our experimental data in mice indicate that sex differences in myocardial perfusion are primarily driven by testosterone. Given the diagnostic importance of PET-MPI in clinical routine, further studies are warranted to determine whether testosterone levels affect the interpretation of myocardial perfusion findings in patients.
Postoperative Delirium in Lung Cancer Anatomical Resection—Analysis of Risk Factors and Prognosis
Authors: Ishibashi Hironori , Wakejima Ryo , Asakawa Ayaka , Sugita Yusuke , Ishikawa Yuya , Hanafusa Mariko , Baba Shunichi , Nakashima Yasuhiro , Seto Katsutoshi , Okubo Kenichi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of postoperative delirium after anatomical lung resection ranges from 5 to 16%. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors and prognosis of postoperative delirium in anatomical lung resection for lung cancer.MethodsThis study included 1351 patients undergoing anatomical lung resection between April 2010 and October 2020. We analyzed the perioperative risk factors of postoperative delirium. We also compared postoperative complications and survival between the delirium and non‐delirium groups.ResultsPostoperative delirium was identified in 44 (3.3%) of 1351 patients who underwent anatomical lung resection for lung cancer. Age, peripheral vascular disease, depression, and current smoking status were independent risk factors for postoperative delirium in the multivariate analysis. The percentage of postoperative delirium was 0.6% in never smokers and 6.0% in current smokers. The delirium and non‐delirium groups showed significant differences in overall survival (p = 0.0144) and non‐disease‐specific survival (p = 0.0080). After propensity score matching, the two groups did not significantly differ in overall survival (p = 0.9136), non‐disease‐specific survival (p = 0.8146), or disease‐specific survival (p = 0.6804).ConclusionsAge, peripheral vascular disease, depression, and current smoking status were considered independent risk factors for postoperative delirium in anatomical lung resection for lung cancer. Smoking cessation for at least four weeks before surgery is recommended for reducing incidence of post‐operative delirium.
Coronary blood flow in heart failure: cause, consequence and bystander
Authors: Heusch Gerd 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHeart failure is a clinical syndrome where cardiac output is not sufficient to sustain adequate perfusion and normal bodily functions, initially during exercise and in more severe forms also at rest. The two most frequent forms are heart failure of ischemic origin and of non-ischemic origin. In heart failure of ischemic origin, reduced coronary blood flow is causal to cardiac contractile dysfunction, and this is true for stunned and hibernating myocardium, coronary microembolization, myocardial infarction and post-infarct remodeling, possibly also for the takotsubo syndrome. The most frequent form of non-ischemic heart failure is dilated cardiomyopathy, caused by genetic mutations, myocarditis, toxic agents or sustained tachyarrhythmias, where alterations in coronary blood flow result from and contribute to cardiac contractile dysfunction. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by genetic mutations but can also result from increased pressure and volume overload (hypertension, valve disease). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is characterized by pronounced coronary microvascular dysfunction, the causal contribution of which is however not clear. The present review characterizes the alterations of coronary blood flow which are causes or consequences of heart failure in its different manifestations. Apart from any potentially accompanying coronary atherosclerosis, all heart failure entities share common features of impaired coronary blood flow, but to a different extent: enhanced extravascular compression, impaired nitric oxide-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and enhanced vasoconstriction to mediators of neurohumoral activation. Impaired coronary blood flow contributes to the progression of heart failure and is thus a valid target for established and novel treatment regimens.
Simulation of crack propagation based on eigenerosion in brittle and ductile materials subject to finite strains
Authors: Wingender Dennis , Balzani Daniel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a framework for the simulation of crack propagation in brittle and ductile materials is proposed. The framework is derived by extending the eigenerosion approach of Pandolfi and Ortiz (Int J Numer Methods Eng 92(8):694–714, 2012. 10.1002/nme.4352) to finite strains and by connecting it with a generalized energy-based, Griffith-type failure criterion for ductile fracture. To model the elasto-plastic response, a classical finite strain formulation is extended by viscous regularization to account for the shear band localization prior to fracture. The compression–tension asymmetry, which becomes particularly important during crack propagation under cyclic loading, is incorporated by splitting the strain energy density into a tensile and compression part. In a comparative study based on benchmark problems, it is shown that the unified approach is indeed able to represent brittle and ductile fracture at finite strains and to ensure converging, mesh-independent solutions. Furthermore, the proposed approach is analyzed for cyclic loading, and it is shown that classical Wöhler curves can be represented.