bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Part 1: Edward Young in England
Authors: Bucknell Clare 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This two-part chapter considers the case of Edward Young (1683–1765), poet and Fellow of All Souls. Young entered All Souls in 1708 and left twenty-two years later when he secured a Church living in the College’s gift. He divided his time between Oxford and literary London, writing poetry and plays with an eye to securing potential political and ecclesiastical patrons. He achieved international fame with his Night Thoughts (1742–5), a long blank-verse poem mourning three bereavements and arguing for the consolation of immortal life after death. In the first part this chapter, Clare Bucknell considers the changing fortunes of Young’s literary reputation – and in particular the reputation of the Night Thoughts – in Britain during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She suggests that common knowledge of Young’s efforts to advance himself socially did much to colour readings of his work during the Victorian period, but that in the years around the Great War he became something of a focus for new, non-biographical approaches to poetry.
The Consequentializing Argument Against…Consequentializing?
Authors: Hurley Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Consequentializing involves both a strategy and conditions for its successful implementation. The strategy takes the features a target theory holds to be relevant to deontic evaluation of actions, and builds them into a counterpart ranking of outcomes. It succeeds if the result is 1) a substantive version of consequentialism that 2) yields the same deontic verdicts as the target theory. Consequentializers typically claim and their critics allow that all plausible alternative theories can be consequentialized. I demonstrate that even standard alternatives such as Aristotelian virtue ethics and Kantian ethics cannot be. The strategy either leaves out features relevant to deontic evaluation on such target theories, resulting in failure of deontic equivalence, or, if it is altered to include these features, fails to produce a substantive version of consequentialism. The consequentializing strategy thus demonstrates not that we are all consequentialists now, but why so many of us are not, that it is misguided to impose a consequentialist account of deontic evaluation upon alternative theories, that it is the commitment to a constraint on value rationales that distinguishes consequentialist theories, and that the plausibility of this distinctive constraint should be the focus of the debate going forward.
Other Schools and Authors
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter examines the use of the dialogue in a variety of intellectual environments other than the Academy and Peripatos. It discusses the dialogue in the Minor Socratic schools of the Megarians and Cyrenaics, in particular its use by Stilpo of Megara and Hegesias of Cyrene. Next sections are dedicated to the three major Hellenistic traditions—the Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans—and trace their employment of dialogue (for instance, representation of mentors and colleagues in conversation, parodic dialogues, and incorporation of dialogized passages into paraenetic discourse). The dialogue format was also used by Timon of Phlius who had his teacher Pyrrho explain his skeptical philosophy and refute dogmatic philosophers and by the renowned Hellenistic scholar, poet, and polymath Eratosthenes of Cyrene. The last two sections are devoted to early imperial period dialogues by Philo of Alexandria and the Tablet of Cebes.
Introduction
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter maps the main arguments and methodology of the work. The introduction begins by highlighting the variety of instances in which the human rights of workers and employees have been infringed upon by their employer. The central question that runs throughout the chapters is whether those rights are effectively and appropriately protected by the labour laws of England and Wales. An overview of the chapters will be given, as well as an explanation of the methodology underpinning the analysis offered, noting a focus upon the qualified rights of the European Convention on Human Rights and how they are protected against the employer’s managerial authority. The horizontal effect of human rights in disputes between private parties is the foundation of the evaluation of national labour law offered in the book. A brief account of this feature concludes the chapter.
The Role of Human Rights in Labour Law
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the role of human rights in the discipline of labour law. There are numerous benefits to introducing a human rights lens within the labour sphere, including the globally understood moral and legal force of fundamental rights, their universal and inalienable nature, and the strict scrutiny that should be applied wherever a right is interfered with. To integrate these benefits within a wider theory of labour law, one might consider an exclusive or a pluralist approach. Building a foundation for labour law based only upon human rights ideals may lead to several undesirable consequences, such as the relegation of any non-rights claims to a secondary status and a significant contraction of the realm of labour and employment laws when compared to current frameworks. Instead, a pluralist approach would place the protection of human rights amongst a range of other values and objectives that labour law can be considered to pursue, such as dignity, social justice, and democracy in the workplace. This chapter will also consider how the concepts, principles, and mechanisms employed to protect human rights at work must be sensitive to the context of employment relations, discarding irrelevant doctrines that have developed within international human rights cases and taking into account novel features such as the horizontal nature of disputes between workers and their employers.
The Existing Patchwork of Rights Protection
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides important context to the more detailed studies in the subsequent chapters. Many central pieces of labour law legislation provide protection for the human rights of workers against infringement by their employer. The chapter focuses on the Equality Act 2010, the Trade Union (Labour Relations) Consolidation Act 1992, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. These are not the only tools for ensuring that Convention rights are enforced between employers and employees. Various methods of horizontal effect—whereby human rights are given effect in horizontal relationships between private parties—are also possible under the Human Rights Act 1998. Statutory horizontality, which ensures that existing legislation is read in a manner compatible with the Convention, will be given specific attention given its relevance to areas of law that are dominated by statutory provisions such as labour law. At the end of this chapter, some of the difficulties of enforcing Convention rights through existing statutory mechanisms will be introduced. The Equality Act 2010 will be used as an example.
The Merits of Contractual Human Rights Protection
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on whether the possibility of contractual protection for the human rights of employees is desirable. There are several limitations that this approach would inherit from the existing common law principles, notably a narrow relational scope and very minimal damages. In addition, the threat that employers would seek to contradict or contract out of any implied obligation that provides rights protection must be tackled. The European Court of Human Rights is thorough in scrutinizing any attempt to waive one’s fundamental rights, whereas the domestic courts do not engage in any examination of the quality of the waiver. This chapter will also discuss a wider difficulty: the common law’s role in constructing and reinforcing the relationship of subordination between employer and employee. Thus far, there has been an absence of recognition that the employee’s exercise of their fundamental rights will make inroads into the employer’s realm of prerogative. Without this recognition, those rights will never be fully enforced at common law.
A Bill of Rights for Workers
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to propose a piece of legislation that would render the Convention rights enforceable between workers and their employers. Detailed consideration is given to how the Bill of Rights should be framed, how questions of justification should be examined, and how the relational scope of the rights should be determined. Additional measures to encourage respect for human rights in the workplace, including pre-emptive duties to take rights into account, will also be put forward. How the domestic courts should consider the case law of the European Court of Human Rights will be discussed, suggesting an approach that is based upon the principles that flow from the Court’s decisions. Finally, the chapter proposes a role for fundamental social rights as an aid to the interpretation of the Bill’s provisions.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Timmermann Jens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The eighth and final chapter presents some conclusions and implications of the moral psychology presented in his book for Kant’s practical philosophy as a whole. There are five distinct topics: (i) the phenomenon of ‘normative silencing’, i.e. the idea that non-moral value can somehow be invalidated by moral judgement; (ii) the question of what happens when our natural, inevitable desire for happiness is frustrated by morality; (iii) the phenomenon of frailty, most prominently discussed in the 1793 Religion; (iv) the inadequacies of the language of ‘reasons’ for Kantian moral philosophy; and (v) the question whether Kant’s theory of practical reason as construed in this book deserves to be called a new ‘constitutivism’.
Spreading the word of god
Authors: Coulmas Florian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLanguages have been disseminated and religions have been disseminated. These two dynamics are entwined in complex dynamics for which a uniform theoretical explanatory model is not available. Instead, this chapter explores four ways in which the language choices of religious leaders and their followers relate to mobility and connectivity, and which have directly or indirectly impacted the linguistic map of the world. They can be described and analysed under the headings, origin, mission, immigration, and pilgrimage. The association of major religions, that is, ‘book religions’ with a doctrine laid down in scriptures and the role of writing in the diffusion of languages are discussed on the basis of comparing present-day world maps of the distribution of religions and writing systems, for writing gives a vernacular a normative frame and thus language status, much like it gives a cult the status of a religion.
From cosmopolis to ethnopolis
Authors: Coulmas Florian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe past two centuries were marked by rapid urbanization. This chapter examines how migration to the city affects social formations and language-use patterns. In the age of industrialization cities were the social and geographic centre of the formation and diffusion of language standards which, enabling individuals to gain freedom of movement, helped to create new social bonds beyond kinship and neighbourhood. Today we are living through another social transformation driven by rapid demographic change, that is, ageing in and migration flows to the most affluent and advanced countries. A high degree of socio-economic, ethnic, religious and cultural diversity has become common in cities and towns across Europe and North America where an ethos of mixing in urban public life has become quite normal, which raises the question of how the language standards of modern society are affected.
Virtual contacts
Authors: Coulmas Florian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractComputer mediated communication (CMC) has changed everyday life, including the ways we use language—which takes us back to where we began: algorithms. It is not the term that concerns us here but how we use what has been described as the ‘most potent tool that people have had at their disposal since the beginnings of human history’. Its applications are expanding by the day, and the changes brought about by digitalization based on it are manifold affecting us in unanticipated ways, including the nexus of language and mobility. Our focus in this chapter is on this relationship under conditions of the ever-increasing interconnectedness thanks to the algorithmic advances we have experienced over the last few decades. In order to understand the ongoing changes, it puts the medial development from small-scale orality to world-spanning CMC in historical context.
Comparative National Outsourcing Safeguards
Authors: Jenart Cedric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter inquires into the standards and guarantees that outsourced rules must heed in order to comply with the principles of good rulemaking in a similar manner to the traditional Legislature and Executive. The principles of good rulemaking selected are: transparency, a place in the hierarchy of rules, judicial review, representativeness, and efficiency or effectiveness. These principles of good rulemaking were inspired by the five principles of good governance that the European Commission developed in response to similar criticism as those which were met by autonomous public, private, and hybrid actors; namely, a perceived lack of political accountability. This chapter applies the second research hypothesis concerning the safeguarding of outsourced rules, attempting to develop a ‘law of rules’ with which all rules must comply, regardless of the entity that creates them.
World Anti-Doping Agency Case Study
Authors: Jenart Cedric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as a non-traditional, hybrid rulemaking body that has received rulemaking powers from various national rulemakers through the techniques defined in this monograph. Its flexibility and global relevance make WADA the ideal case study with which to integrate the findings of the previous chapters. Chapter 6 therefore examines whether and how the countries researched implement WADA-made rules by outsourcing some of their own rulemaking powers. In the light of this, the chapter will also discuss whether rules are made by other autonomous national anti-doping actors (NADOs) in those countries. The case study addresses and integrates both research hypotheses in its analysis. It discusses which constitutional principles have limited the outsourcing of rulemaking powers to anti-doping actors in the countries researched and describes how these anti-doping actors have met the five principles of good rulemaking in their rules (i.e. transparency, an established position within the hierarchy of rules, judicial review, representativeness, and efficiency or effectiveness).
The Cognitive Unconscious in Everyday Life
Authors: Bargh John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The type of unconscious influences that matter in the everyday lives of everyday people are those of which they are unaware, whether or not they are aware of the events, people, and situations that trigger them. Research across multiple domains of psychology shows that our “free” choices, preferences, motives, and social behavior are all shaped by these unconscious operations. They arise from various sources, including (1) evolved primary motives for survival and safety, (2) early childhood experiences for which there is later no explicit memory; (3) carryover (priming) effects of experiences from one situation into the next; and (4) the transformational impact of our active goals on attention, preferences, and behavior. These effects have now been demonstrated in many real-life settings, including eating and health behavior, consumer purchasing, and teamwork and individual performance in the workplace, with unconscious effects in the field significantly stronger than those in the lab.
Implicit Social Cognition
Authors: Kurdi Benedek , Banaji Mahzarin R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Research on implicit social cognition has produced myriad insights into the automatic operation of social attitudes (i.e., evaluation along a good–bad dimension) and stereotypes (beliefs about the specific traits and other attributes associated with social groups). This chapter offers a summary of significant issues that are settled and those that remain open. Following a brief historical overview, addressing (1) basic findings, including the magnitude of effects and demographic variation in implicit social attitudes and stereotypes; (2) the relationship of implicit social attitudes and stereotypes with other measures, including explicit measures and intergroup behavior; (3) the neural underpinnings of implicit social attitudes and stereotypes; (4) stability and change of implicit attitudes and stereotypes, including developmental stability, situational malleability, and change over long periods of time; and (5) ongoing work on aggregate-level analyses, the representational format of implicit attitudes and stereotypes, and the role of language in shaping implicit social cognition.
How to Tell Impactful Stories
Authors: O’Brien Soledad , Arce Rose 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter gives specific storytelling examples and demonstrates applicable frameworks for telling public health stories. Particular directives for telling impactful stories include using accessible language; making connections relevant to the audience or listeners; starting with small examples and building to paint a larger picture; discussing data in terms of narratives rather than numbers; emphasizing the value of the story’s message; repeating the story across audiences and platforms; putting public health professionals in front of the camera; and using storytelling as a force for change and as the tactic that it is. As a public health practitioner, the impact of good storytelling lies in the resonance of the message with the listener, which could lead to a spark that shifts one’s perspective or to inspiration to support public health initiatives. The goal of a good story is to push for change that is in the interest of better community health and safety.
“I do not look to heaven but at what God does here on Earth”
Authors: Michaelson Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses Jacob Frank’s antinomianism: his rejection of traditional religion and its norms. Frank’s critique is neither Kabbalistic/Sabbatean nor nihilistic in nature but based on skepticism, theodicy, humanism, materialism, and a surprising universalism. For Frank, religious restrictions are ineffectual and thwart human flourishing. Joy and life, for Frank, are signs of the Divine, while mourning and self-abnegation are from the “side of death.” Since only the material is real, Frank has contempt for the strictures of traditional religion, which accomplish nothing and divide people against one another. Frank’s God rewards the transgressor, epitomized by Abraham, who breaks human laws to obey God. As he says in §1089 of ZSP, “I do not look to heaven for aid to come from there. I only look at what God does here on earth, in this world.”
“Everything that is of the spirit has to be turned into flesh”
Authors: Michaelson Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Materialism is the defining feature of Jacob Frank’s theology, discussed in chapter 3. Our world is entirely physical, populated by beings with magical powers, and is created not by God but by three flawed and evil demigods. Like contemporaneous forms of Western esotericism, Frank rereads Biblical text in material-magical terms, transforming Shaddai, normally a name for God, into a powerful, magical being, and regarding the Temple (and Częstochowa) as a quasi-technological power place. Yet our world is but one one-thousandth of the universe: behind a “curtain” lies a hidden, good, blessed world inhabited by immortal beings, chiefly the Big Brother, a kind of demigod in possession of the secrets of immortality. This theology is exemplified in Frank’s rereading of the biblical story of Jacob, who sought and sometimes obtained magical objects but ultimately was too afraid to complete his mission—which Jacob Frank will now do. And it is reflected in numerous tales of magical beings and power.
“To make a man in wholeness, stable and possessing eternal life”
Authors: Michaelson Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Frankist quest, discussed in chapter 4, is to access the “world behind the curtain” and attain immortality. This journey, from baptism to Edom to Das—Frank’s term for his new religion, which may be understood as gnosis, the primary goal of Western esotericism—is a staged process involving secret keys, new clothes, rule over animals, mythical creatures drawn from Kabbalistic traditions, uniting with the Maiden, and finally passing through the “curtain” to meet the Big Brother. The quest is both heroic and tragic: Frank’s questing tales are chivalric and triumphalist, but his own mission has failed, which he blames on his followers. Chapter 4 engages with this material in the context of Leon Festinger’s classic study When Prophecy Fails and its subsequent critics. Preached by a failed leader in a borrowed castle in 1784, Frank’s myths promise power and immortality.
“With this deed we go to the naked thing”
Authors: Michaelson Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Frankism is perhaps most notorious for its alleged sexual libertinism, though the rumors of it far exceed the evidence. Chapter 5 presents the evidence that does exist and discusses the challenges in interpreting and theorizing Frankist sexual antinomianism. This included not only a libertine attitude toward sex and apparently rare, choreographed sexual ritual, but women taking leadership roles in the community and a conception, inherited from Sabbateanism, that the liberation of women and sexuality is part of the messianic age. Frank tropes this liberation as devotion to the Maiden—a syncretic, messianic figure who is a perennial, feminine incarnation of sensuality. Drawing on feminist and queer readings of religious texts, chapter 5 explores four meanings of sexual praxis in Frankism: sexuality as worldly ecstasy, the remasculinization of the Jewish hero, messianic enactment, and the liberation of the “feminine.” Religion’s subordination of material to spiritual, female to male, is ascribed by Frank to the demonic, while Frankist sexual practice offers a privatized and displaced messianic experience in opposition to it. Sexual liberation is a foretaste of the messianic age.
“The gods of the freemasons will have to do what those two have done”
Authors: Michaelson Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 situates Frankism in the context of eighteenth-century Western esotericism, the movement which, like Frank, sought the secret knowledge (gnosis/da‘at) of hidden realms or aspects of existence and which scandalously taught that traditional religion is but the surface atop magical and mythic truths it only half-understands. Mid-eighteenth-century Europe witnessed an explosion in initiatic secret societies clustered around esoteric and occult ideas, of which the Frankist sect at the time of Words of the Lord was one. Socially, it was closely connected to Masonic networks, which it exploited for political gain, and Frank was in direct contact with other Western esotericist figures and charlatans. And ideologically, ZSP’s theology is closer to Western esotericism than Kabbalah, syncretizing materialism, libertinism, folklore, and quasi-Enlightenment rationalism. The Frankist court resembles a secret society, and the teachings of ZSP resemble a Western esoteric theology, with equal parts tradition and modernity, rationalist critique and magical occultism.