bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy and schooling: The paradox of co-operative schools in a neoliberal age?
Authors: Woodin Tom , Gristy Cath 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
From the first co-operative trust school at Reddish Vale in Manchester in 2006, the following decade would witness a remarkable growth of ‘co-operative schools’ in England, which at one point numbered over 850. This paper outlines the key development of democratic education by the co-operative schools network. It explains the approach to democracy and explores the way values were put into practice. At the heart of co-operativism lay a tension between engaging with technical everyday reforms and utopian transformative visions of an educational future. A new arena of debate and practice was established with considerable importance for our understanding of democratic education within the mainstream.
Discovering disagreement: The story of an undergraduate Wartime Quartet reading group
Authors: McCallion Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper describes and analyses the experience of the participants of an undergraduate reading group on ‘The Wartime Quartet’. In the first section, I explain the set-up of the reading group. In the second section, I discuss what the participants shared and the trends we noticed in our experiences as women and marginalised genders studying undergraduate philosophy In the third section, I explain why the philosophy of the Quartet was itself vital to our development and how it enabled us to begin critically engaging with the material presented in our courses. My fourth section introduces a phenomenon I call disassociated disagreement (DD) and uses testimonies from former members of the reading group to illustrate why this phenomenon is central to understanding the confusion that sometimes presents in students of philosophy. I then discuss a strategy for combating DD and illustrate how students’ seeming confusion can provide a pathway to unique and insightful philosophical perspectives. I conclude by situating my discussion within the broader framework of research into women's representation in philosophy and close by arguing that the concept of DD can be a potent tool for encouraging more philosophy undergraduates who belong to marginalised groups to pursue further study.
Creating and sustaining democratic spaces in education
Authors: Haynes Joanna , Suissa Judith 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article explores the context for the accompanying suite of papers on creating and sustaining democratic spaces in education. Prompted by the centenary of Summerhill, the internationally famous democratic school founded in Suffolk, England, in 1921, by A.S. Neill, this collection of papers explores and broadens out the central questions at the heart of experiments in democratic education. We suggest that, at a time of distrust in and questioning of the central institutions of democratic government, and in the wake of challenges to the mainstream system of state schooling, these questions are more relevant than ever. We argue that detailed attention to the everyday practice of creating democratic spaces in a variety of educational and social contexts can highlight the myriad ways in which educators, students, families and communities can keep democratic values and principles alive, thereby enriching our discussions about the meaning and value of democratic education.
A closer look at disparities in earnings between white and minoritized dentists
Authors: Nasseh Kamyar , Frogner Bianca K. , Vujicic Marko 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the factors that account for differences in dentist earnings between White and minoritized dentists.Data SourcesWe used data from the American Dental Association's Survey of dental practice, which includes information on 2001–2018 dentist net income, practice ZIP code, patient mix between private and public insurance, and dentist gender, age, and year of dental school graduation. We merged the data on dentist race and ethnicity and school of graduation from the American Dental Association masterfile. Based on practice ZIP code, we also merged the data on local area racial and ethnic composition from the American Community Survey.Study DesignWe used a linear Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition to assess observable characteristics that explain the gap in earnings between White and minoritized dentists. To assess differences in earnings between White and minoritized dentists at different points of the income distribution, we used a re‐centered influence function and estimated an unconditional quantile Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition.Data Extraction MethodsWe extracted data for 22,086 dentists ages 25–85 who worked at least 8 weeks per year and 20 hours per week.Principal FindingsObservable characteristics accounted for 58% of the earnings gap between White and Asian dentists, 55% of the gap between White and Hispanic dentists, and 31% of the gap between White and Black dentists. The gap in earnings between White and Asian dentists narrowed at higher quantiles of the income distribution.ConclusionsCompared to other minoritized dentists, Black dentists have the largest earnings disparities relative to White dentists. While the level of the explained component of the disparity for Black dentists is comparable to the explained part of the disparities for other minoritized dentists, the excess percentage of the unexplained component for Black dentists accounts for the additional amount of disparity that Black dentists experienced. Persistent income disparities could discourage minoritized dentists from entering the profession.
Adaptive evolution in the Saccharomyces kudriavzevii Aro4p promoted a reduced production of higher alcohols
Authors: Tapia Sebastián M. , Pérez‐Torrado Roberto , Adam Ana Cristina , Macías Laura G. , Barrio Eladio , Querol Amparo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe use of unconventional yeast species in human‐driven fermentations has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. This tool allows the alcoholic beverage industries to solve problems related to climate change or the consumer demand for newer high‐quality products. In this sense, one of the most attractive species is Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, which shows interesting fermentative traits such as the increased and diverse aroma compound production in wines. Specifically, it has been observed that different isolates of this species can produce higher amounts of higher alcohols such as phenylethanol compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this work, we have shed light on this feature relating it to the S. kudriavzevii aromatic amino acid anabolic pathway in which the enzyme Aro4p plays an essential role. Unexpectedly, we observed that the presence of the S. kudriavzevii ARO4 variant reduces phenylethanol production compared with the S. cerevisiae ARO4 allele. Our experiments suggest that this can be explained by increased feedback inhibition, which might be a consequence of the changes detected in the Aro4p amino end such as L26Q24 that have been under positive selection in the S. kudriavzevii specie.
Assessing land‐use/water‐quality relationships across contrasting geologic areas in New Jersey
Authors: Procopio Nicholas A. , Zampella Robert A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn all, 13 stream water‐quality parameters, including specific conductance (SC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), three nutrients, and six major ions were compared between the northern bedrock and southern coastal plain regions of New Jersey, USA and related to watershed‐disturbance gradients characterized by the percentage of urban land, impervious surface (IS), agriculture, and altered land (sum of urban land and agriculture) in the watersheds. SC, DO, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were greater in the north. DOC was higher and pH was lower in the south. Nutrient, potassium, and sulfate concentrations did not differ between regions. Regional water‐quality differences are attributed to geologic setting and land use. Except for DO in southern streams, all water‐quality parameters were related to urban land, agriculture, or both. Significant correlations between urban land and IS and water‐quality variables were similar in both regions with differences in unitless correlation coefficients ranging from 0.00 to 0.06. Compared to urban land and agriculture, relationships between most water‐quality variables and altered land were stronger in the south. The extent of urban and agricultural lands in the watersheds did not differ by region. Altered land was correlated with urban land in both regions and with agriculture only in the south. Although focused on New Jersey, this study has broader implications for watershed planning.
Frailty assessment tools and associated postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing elective surgery: A prospective pilot study
Authors: Rabelo Luis G. , Bjornsdottir Anna , Jonsdottir Anna B. , Einarsson Sveinn G. , Karason Sigurbergur , Sigurdsson Martin I. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for a feasible tool to assess the risk of frailty prior to surgery. We aimed to identify the ratio of abnormal results for three clinically applicable screening tools to assess the risk of frailty, and their association with adverse outcomes in a cohort of elderly surgical patients.MethodsIn this prospective pilot study, patients ≥65 years undergoing preoperative evaluation for elective surgery were included and subjected to three frailty screening tests; Program of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy 7‐item questionnaire (PRISMA7), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). The primary outcome was the incidence of abnormal testing, and secondary outcomes were the association between abnormal tests and mortality, readmission, delirium, surgical complications and non‐home discharge.ResultsOut of 99 patients, 41%, 37%, and 43% had abnormal PRISMA7, TUG, and CDT screening, respectively. Postoperative delirium was more likely to occur in patients with abnormal TUG screening (19% vs. 3%, p = .011) and CDT (17% vs. 2%, p = .019). When analyzing screening tool combinations, patients with abnormal PRISMA7 and TUG had a higher rate of non‐home discharge (38% vs. 17%, p = .029); and patients with abnormal TUG and CDT had a higher rate of postoperative delirium (25% vs. 3%, p = .006) and any surgical complication (58% vs. 38%, p = .037); and patients with abnormal results from all three tools had a higher rate of postoperative delirium (21% vs. 5%, p = .045) and non‐home discharge (42% vs. 18%, p = .034).ConclusionApproximately 40% of elderly surgical patients have abnormal PRISMA7, TUG, and CDT screening tests for frailty, and they are associated individually or in combination with increased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. The results will aid in designing studies to further risk‐stratify patients at risk of frailty and attempt to modify associated outcomes.
Alcohol‐related dysmorphic features as predictors of neurodevelopmental delay in infants and preschool‐aged children: Results from a birth cohort in Ukraine
Authors: Bandoli Gretchen , Coles Claire , Kable Julie , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Delker Erin , Wertelecki Wladimir , Yevtushok Lyubov , Zymak‐Zakutnya Natalya , Granovska Iryna , Plotka Larysa , Chambers Christina ,   the CIFASD
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundCardinal and non‐cardinal dysmorphic features are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE); however, their association with neurodevelopment is less clear. The objective of this study was to determine whether alcohol‐related dysmorphic features predict neurodevelopmental delay in infants and toddlers.MethodsWe analyzed a prospective pregnancy cohort in western Ukraine enrolled between 2008 and 2014. A dysmorphology examination comprising body size and three cardinal and 14 non‐cardinal dysmorphic features was performed at approximately 6 to 12 months of age. PAE was self‐reported and operationalized as absolute ounces of alcohol per day around the time of conception. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6 to 12 months with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II (BSID‐II), and at 3.5 to 4.5 years of age with the Differential Ability Scales‐II, the Child Behavior Checklist, and multiple measures that were used to create an executive functioning factor score. We performed logistic regression to predict children's neurodevelopment from dysmorphic features, growth measures, sex, and PAE.ResultsFrom an analytic sample of 582 unique children, 566 had BSID‐II scores in infancy, and 289 completed the preschool battery. Models with all cardinal and non‐cardinal dysmorphic features, growth measures, sex, and PAE performed better than models with subsets of those inputs. In general, models had poor performance classifying delays in infancy (area under the curve (AUC) <0.7) and acceptable performance on preschool‐aged outcomes (AUC ~0.75). When the sample was limited to children with moderate‐to‐high PAE, predictive ability improved on preschool‐aged outcomes (AUC 0.76 to 0.89). Sensitivity was relatively low for all models (12% to 63%), although other metrics of performance were higher.ConclusionPredictive analysis based on dysmorphic features and measures of growth performed modestly in this sample. As these features are more reliably measured than neurodevelopment at an earlier age, the inclusion of dysmorphic features and measures of growth in predictive models should be further explored and validated in different settings and populations.
All alcohol exposure counts ‐ testing parental, older sibling, best friend and peer exposure on young adolescent drinking in a seven‐wave longitudinal study
Authors: Cook Megan , Smit Koen , Kuntsche Emmanuel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsRole models around the adolescent, including parents, peers, best friends and older siblings, all act in ways to socialize the adolescent into alcohol use. This study aims to examine the effect of exposure to siblings’ drinking alongside the more traditionally examined role models on alcohol use among adolescents.DesignA longitudinal study followed adolescents (45.6% male) who completed a questionnaire every 6 months over 3 years (seven in total).SettingNetherlandsParticipantsThis resulted in 5112 observations clustered in 765 participants aged between 10 and 16 years.MeasurementsWe examined three alcohol use measures: alcohol use in the last 6 months, in the last 4 weeks and binge drinking in the last 4 weeks—both cross‐sectionally at each time‐point and their change from one time‐point to the next in a series of multi‐level logistic regression models.FindingsResults revealed a non‐significant difference in any of the exposure or alcohol use variables between those with or without older siblings. Higher exposure to sibling drinking was significantly associated with all alcohol use outcomes: use in the last 6 months, odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25–1.91; last 4 weeks, OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.60–2.60; and binge drinking, OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.82–3.05. When adding the other role models (i.e. peers, mothers, fathers and best friends), the significant association between siblings’ exposure and adolescents’ alcohol use remains.ConclusionsIt would appear that, after adjustment for the effect of role models, adolescents who are exposed to more sibling drinking are more likely to have drunk alcohol during the past 6 months and past 4 weeks and also to binge drink.
The association between objectively measured exposure to tobacco outlets and smoking cognitions: a study among non‐smoking adolescents in four Dutch cities
Authors: van Deelen Tessa R. D. , de Vet Gabriëlle , Zijp Anne , van den Putte Bas , Kunst Anton E. , Kuipers MirteA. G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsExposure to tobacco products and advertising at the point of sale may be associated with pro‐smoking cognitions. However, previous studies on this topic measured exposure based on self‐report and did not include European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the association between objectively measured exposure to tobacco outlets and non‐smoking adolescents' smoking attitudes, beliefs and norms.DesignThis cross‐sectional study combined survey data with Global Positioning Systems data using geographic information system.SettingThe four Dutch cities of Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Haarlem and Zwolle.ParticipantsWe retrieved data of 308 13 to 17‐year‐old non‐smoking adolescents, mainly girls (61%), adolescents attending pre‐university secondary education (71%) and without smoking friends (58%).MeasurementsExposure was measured with a smartphone app registering for 2 weeks how often participants were within 10 m of a tobacco outlet. We distinguished between outlets without visible tobacco promotion (i.e. supermarkets), with only internal visibility and with both internal and external visibility. Participants' reported smoking cognitions were dichotomised into pro‐smoking or anti‐smoking. We applied multi‐level logistic regression analyses and adjusted for age, sex, educational level and smoking friends.FindingsOn average, adolescents were exposed to 1.18 (SD = 1.23) tobacco outlets per day. Higher exposure to tobacco outlets was associated with higher odds of pro‐smoking injunctive norm ( OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.04–1.75). Associations with attitude (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91–1.38), social beliefs (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.93–1.43), health beliefs (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.97–1.44) and descriptive norm (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.91–1.44) were also positive, but non‐significant. Overall, associations were strongest for outlets with internal visibility, for instance, for injunctive norm (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.03–1.81).ConclusionsGlobal Positioning Systems‐measured exposure to tobacco outlets was associated with pro‐smoking cognitions among non‐smoking adolescents in the Netherlands.
Testing the importance of individual nest‐site selection for a social and group‐living vulture
Authors: Johnson Thomas Frederick , Murn Campbell 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNest‐site selection by species is expected to be adaptive and lead to improved breeding productivity, but in some settings, there exist mismatches between preferred nesting habitat and breeding productivity. We tested the expectation that nest‐site selection is adaptive in a sample of 63 nests of a long‐lived social species that breeds and forages in groups: the critically endangered white‐backed vulture (Gyps africanus). By studying breeding groups in the same area, we controlled for landscape‐level effects on habitat selection and investigated how fine‐scale nest‐site characteristics affect breeding productivity. We developed models to assess how nine characteristics of nest sites selected by breeding vultures compared with 70 random trees and tested associations between these characteristics and breeding productivity. White‐backed vultures selected nest sites in taller trees (>7 m), but neither tree height nor any other nest‐site characteristics had a clear effect on breeding productivity. Vultures selected nest trees closer to each other than random trees, and the associations between nest density, nearest neighbour distance and breeding success were all positive. These positive associations and the absence of an observable effect between nest‐site characteristics and breeding productivity suggest that for this semi‐colonial breeder, the social imperative of proximity to conspecifics (i.e., nesting near other vultures and group foraging) may be more important than individual nest‐site selection.
Anaesthesia for vascular emergencies – a state of the art review
Authors: Boucher N. , Dreksler H. , Hooper J. , Nagpal S. , MirGhassemi A. , Miller E. 
Published: October 2022

SummaryIn this state‐of‐the‐art review, we discuss the presenting symptoms and management strategies for vascular emergencies. Although vascular emergencies are best treated at a vascular surgical centre, patients may present to any emergency department and may require both immediate management and safe transport to a vascular centre. We describe the surgical and anaesthetic considerations for management of aortic dissection, aortic rupture, carotid endarterectomy, acute limb ischaemia and mesenteric ischaemia. Important issues to consider in aortic dissection are extent of the dissection and surgical need for bypasses in addition to endovascular repair. From an anaesthetist's perspective, aortic dissection requires infrastructure for massive transfusion, smooth management should an endovascular procedure require conversion to an open procedure, haemodynamic manipulation during stent deployment and prevention of spinal cord ischaemia. Principles in management of aortic rupture, whether open or endovascular treatment is chosen, include immediate transfer to a vascular care centre; minimising haemodynamic changes to reduce aortic shear stress; permissive hypotension in the pre‐operative period; and initiation of massive transfusion protocol. Carotid endarterectomy for carotid stenosis is managed with general or regional techniques, and anaesthetists must be prepared to manage haemodynamic, neurological and airway issues peri‐operatively. Acute limb ischaemia is a result of embolism, thrombosis, dissection or trauma, and may be treated with open repair or embolectomy, under either general or local anaesthesia. Due to hypercoagulability, there may be higher numbers of acutely ischaemic limbs among patients with COVID‐19, which is important to consider in the current pandemic. Mesenteric ischaemia is a rare vascular emergency, but it is challenging to diagnose and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Several peri‐operative issues are common to all vascular emergencies: acute renal injury; management of transfusion; need for heparinisation and reversal; and challenging postoperative care. Finally, the important development of endovascular techniques for repair in many vascular emergencies has improved care, and the availability of transoesophageal echocardiography has improved monitoring as well as aids in surgical placement of endovascular grafts and for post‐procedural evaluation.
Efficacy of biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence in an Asian population
Authors: Ng Wee Kiat Daniel , Chok Aik Yong , Ng Yvonne Ying‐Ru , Seow‐En Isaac , Tan Emile Kwong‐Wei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundFaecal incontinence (FI) is a debilitating condition which reduces quality of life (QOL). Conservative management with education, pelvic floor exercise and pharmacological agents are first‐line treatment. Following which, biofeedback therapy (BFT) is recommended. Although well described in the West, existing literature on its efficacy in Asian populations remains sparse. The primary aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of BFT in improvement of symptoms, QOL and overall satisfaction in our Asian population.MethodsPatients with moderate FI in Singapore General Hospital between 2012 and 2016 were enrolled. Rockwood FI quality of life scale (FIQL) and Wexner scale were used to evaluate QOL across four domains, and symptom severity respectively. They were scored at baseline and again after four sessions of BFT, with an additional overall satisfaction score (OSS).ResultsA total of 137 patients were included. Mean age was 62 years and 72.3% were female. Majority demonstrated improvement in Wexner score (68.6%) and FIQL (65%). Sixty‐five patients (47.4%) reported improvement in both. Positive correlation was found between Wexner score and OSS (r = 0.206), and Wexner score and FIQL across all four domains. Only one FIQL domain—coping/behaviour, showed statistically significant correlation with OSS (r = 0.263).ConclusionBFT is effective in our Asian population in both symptom reduction and improving QOL. Wexner score demonstrated low correlation with FIQL and OSS—suggesting that FI requires a multi‐dimensional approach beyond symptom treatment, of which ability to cope appears crucial. BFT, consistent with the biopsychosocial model, shows benefit in this regard.