bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radar cross section statistical characteristics of stealth aircraft using the Weibull‐generalized gamma mixture model
Authors: Wang Jianbo , Ye Jianyu , Hua Guang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTo analyze the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of stealth targets, radar cross section (RCS) values of the typical stealth aircraft model are evaluated by electromagnetic simulation. Based on the RCS electromagnetic simulation results, RCS statistical histograms of the stealth aircraft model are created. For describing the RCS statistical characteristics of stealth aircrafts, a Weibull‐generalized gamma mixture distribution model is proposed in this study. Some special cases of the Weibull‐generalized gamma mixture distribution model are summarized. Utilizing the nonlinear least squares technique, fitting results of the proposed and conventional RCS distribution models for the RCS statistical characteristics of typical stealth aircarfts are compared. Mean square error test and R‐square () test results show that the proposed distribution model obtains better fitting results than the conventional RCS distribution models, which indicates that the proposed distribution model is a more efficient RCS statistical model.
Discrimination of ginseng origin by using laser‐induced breakdown spectrum and machine learning algorithms
Authors: Zheng Kexin , Li Xiaolin , Song Shaozhong , Gao Xun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the ginsengs from five ginseng origins are discriminated by using laser‐ induced breakdown spectrum (LIBS) combined with random forest‐ support vector machine (RF‐ SVM) and random forest‐ multilayer perception (RF‐ MLP) machine learning algorithms. The raw LIBS of ginseng is pretreated by using the wavelet threshold method, denoise the background information and normalazation to improve the signal‐ to‐ background ratio and the experimental reliability. The RF algorithm is used to select 10 characteristic spectral lines as the input vectors of the MLP and the SVM models to identify the ginseng orgin. The experimental results show that the discrimination accuracy rates of RF‐ MLP and RF‐ SVM models are 99.75% and 99.5%, respectively. The disrimination accuracy of ginseng origin used in the RF‐MLP machine algorithm model is slightly higher than that of the RF‐ SVM model, and then calculated the speed of the RF‐ MLP model is faster than the RF‐ SVM model. The results show that LIBS combined with machine algorithms are both promising rapid discrimination methods for ginseng origin.
Automated counting of cerebral penetrating vessels using optical coherence tomography images of a mouse brain in vivo
Authors: Choi Woo June , Li Yuandong , Wang Ruikang K. , Kim Jun Ki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRationale and objectivesPenetrating blood vessels emanating from cortical surface vasculature and lying deep in the cortex are essential vascular conduits for the shuttling of blood from superficial pial vessels to the capillary beds in parenchyma for the nourishment of neuronal brain tissues. Locating and counting the penetrating vessels is beneficial for the quantification of a course of ischemia in blood occlusive events such as stroke. This paper seeks to demonstrate and validate a method for automated penetrating vessel counting that uses optical coherence tomography (OCT).Materials and methodsThis paper proposes an OCT method that effectively identifies and grades the cortical penetrating vessels in perfusion. The key to the proposed method is the harnessing of vascular features found in the penetrating vessels, which are distinctive from those of other vessels. In particular, with an increase in the light attenuation and flow turbulence, the contrast in the mean projection of the OCT datacube decreases, whereas that in the maximum projection of the Doppler frequency variance datacube increases. By multiplying the inversion of the former with the latter, its binary thresholding is sufficient to highlight the penetrating vessels and allows for their counting over the projection image.ResultsA computational method that leverages the decrease in mean OCT projection intensity and the increase in Doppler frequency variance at the penetrating vessel is developed. It successfully identifies and counts penetrating vessels with a high accuracy of over 87%. The penetrating vessel density is observed to be significantly reduced in the mouse model of focal ischemic stroke.ConclusionThe OCT analysis is effective for counting penetrating blood vessels in mice brains and may be applied to the rapid diagnosis and treatment of stroke in stroke models of small animals.
Longitudinal dysphagia assessment in adult patients with nephropathic cystinosis using the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile
Authors: Sullivan Stacey , Grant Natalie , Hammond Colleen , David William S. , Eichler Florian , Sadjadi Reza 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroduction/AimsNephropathic cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disorder with known myopathic features, including dysphagia. Evaluation of oropharyngeal swallowing physiology can be standardized using the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP), a validated assessment tool used to analyze and rate swallowing across 17 distinct physiologic domains. Our objective was to better characterize swallowing impairments in nephropathic cystinosis using MBSImP analysis.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 40 video fluoroscopic swallowing studies performed at two time points over 1 y in patients with nephropathic cystinosis with various levels of oral and pharyngeal stage dysphagia. Patients completed two self‐administered dysphagia outcome measures (the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory [MDADI] and the 10‐item Eating Assessment Tool [EAT‐10]).ResultsWe demonstrated oral stage and pharyngeal stage dysphagia across domains that impacted bolus control, transit, and clearance through both the oral cavity and pharyngeal lumen. Also captured were deficits related to onset and completeness of laryngeal closure that impact airway protection during swallow. There were significant correlations between pharyngeal total score and EAT‐10 (r = 0.5, p < 0.001) and between oral total score and EAT‐10 (r = 0.7, p < 0.001), MDADI‐e (r = −0.6, p < 0.001), MDADI‐p (r = −0.5, p < 0.001) and MDADI‐c (r = −0.6, p < 0.001). There were no differences in oral or pharyngeal total scores across the 1‐y time span.DiscussionThis study identifies oral and pharyngeal stage dysphagia as crucial to patients with nephropathic cystinosis and paves the path for future studies of treatment targets.
Potential Implications of Excluding Live-Bottom Habitat from a Bottom-Trawl Survey in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Christiansen Heather M. , Tyler-Jedlund Amanda J. , Switzer Theodore S. , Keenan Sean F. , Stahl Scott D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Data provided by the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) shrimp/groundfish trawl survey have long been used in assessing diverse managed taxa, including several reef fishes; however, there are rising concerns over the impacts of trawling on live-bottom habitats. Using data collected from summer SEAMAP trawl surveys (2009–2016; N = 1,103), we examined how avoiding areas of live-bottom habitat might affect the survey's ability to assess interannual changes in abundance of managed reef fish taxa. Trawl samples at 48% of sampling sites contained &lt;50 kg of sponge, and 12% of sampling sites contained at least 50 kg of sponge, while 40% of sites had zero sponge bycatch. Mean number of taxa, taxonomic richness, and taxonomic diversity were significantly higher as sponge bycatch increased, while the total number of individuals remained the same. To examine interannual variability of managed reef fish taxa, annual indices of relative abundance were calculated on different subsets of data (all data, data excluding sites with sponge bycatch ≥50 kg, and data excluding all sites with sponge bycatch). For Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus and pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum, indices and general trends were largely unaffected by excluding sites with sponge, but for most selected taxa (e.g., Gray Triggerfish Balistes capriscus and Red Grouper Epinephelus morio), overall trends were affected by excluding sites that contained sponge bycatch, and in some cases the frequency of occurrence did not meet the requirement to calculate an index of abundance (i.e., &lt;5%) when sponge sites were excluded (e.g., Hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus). Efforts to mitigate survey interactions with live-bottom habitats will likely alter the utility of survey data and the ability to assess managed species, so careful consideration is needed to evaluate any trade-offs between the benefits of the trawl survey for fishery assessments and the benefits of protecting the habitat.
Controllable synthesis of silver nanowires via an organic cation‐mediated polyol method and their application as transparent electrode for touch screen
Authors: Ye Huangqing , Zhuang Guisheng , Pan Yingying , Wang Haibo , Li Yanlin , Lin Yishan , Wang Yu , Zeng Xiping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs an organic cation, quaternary ammonium salt was introduced as a control agent to synthesize silver nanowires. The important influence of quaternary ammonium salt on the preparation of silver nanowires was seriously investigated by varying the length of carbon chain and its amount. Results showed that using quaternary ammonium salt as the control agent can successfully control the growth of silver nanowires, of which the diameters ranging from 35.06 to 46.60 nm. The diameters of the as‐prepared silver nanowires tended to be smaller with a longer carbon chain. This work provides a new aspect for controllable preparation of silver nanowires. Furthermore, the as‐prepared silver nanowires were used to prepare transparent electrodes. They exhibited good optical performance with 95.6% transmittance at a low sheet resistance of 18 Ω/square, demonstrating their great potential in the application for touch screens.
Fabrication of biodegradable hydrogels based on chitosan and poly(azomethine‐urethane) containing phenyl triazine for drug delivery
Authors: Kamaci Musa , Kaya İsmet 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA series of biodegradable hydrogels based on chitosan and polyurethanes was fabricated to be applied to the drug delivery application, and the fabricated hydrogels were characterized by using SEM, and FT‐IR techniques. Polyurethanes were also synthesized by using the different diisocyanates, and the diisocyanate's effect on the properties of the hydrogels was clarified. The mechanical and thermal properties, % swelling capacity, biodegradation, and hydrophilic or hydrophobic behaviors of the chitosan and polyurethane hydrogels were also clarified. The fabricated hydrogels were demonstrated good biodegradable and antibacterial behaviors. The cumulative drug release of the hydrogels was revealed that they have around 50% drug release capacity, and according to the obtained results, the chitosan and polyurethane‐based hydrogels have a potential drug delivery application of 5‐fluorouracil.
Fabrication of fatigue‐resistant hydrogel via annealing‐assisted salting‐out method as flexible strain sensors
Authors: Zhao Chunxia , Dong Zhonghua , Guo Min , Liu Liang , Wu Yuanpeng , Li Yuntao , Xiang Dong , Li Hui , Lai Jingjuan , Wang Li 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHydrogels exhibit unique properties such as softness, biocompatibility, and responsiveness, which render such types of materials widely applicable in wearable devices. Although the toughness of hydrogels has been significantly improved over the past years to resist fracture deformations under the application of a single mechanical cyclic load, the already existing tough hydrogels are still prone to fatigue fracture when they are subjected to multiple cyclic mechanical loads. In this work, an annealing‐assisted salting‐out method was used to fabricate microcrystalline areas within the hydrogel to prepare anti‐fatigue P(AAm‐co‐MPC)/PVA hydrogels. Interestingly, the fatigue threshold of these materials reaches the value of 480 J m−2, much higher than that of the conventional synthetic hydrogel (1–100 J m−2). In addition, the proposed hydrogel structures exhibit excellent sensing performance, with a conductivity value of 0.42 S m−1, and a long‐term stable strain‐current response (2500 cycles). The applicability of this technique is not limited only to conductive hydrogels, but can also be extended to enhance other functional hydrogels with poor fatigue resistance properties.
Procedural rights as safeguard for human rights in platform regulation
Authors: Bayer Judit 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn what way can coregulation and regulation (like that included in the NetzDG and envisaged by the Digital Services Act) ensure individual users' right to procedural fairness, through ensuring due process and transparency? In other words, how could users be treated fairly when it comes to removing their objectionable content: For example, by being appropriately informed, being able to raise complaints against removal of their content, and by being able to challenge the platform's decision? The current state of the play is to push the responsibility of deciding about questions related to freedom of expression on social media platform providers. In the triangle of freedom of expression social media platforms enjoy a disproportionate power to the detriment of the other two actors: authorities and individuals. This article takes note about how platforms act as proxies for state authority in content governance and examines how procedural fairness could ensure a safety zone to protect freedom of expression.
A green synthetic toolbox from organocatalytic alternating copolymerization of renewable epoxides and dihydrocoumarin
Authors: Ji He‐Yuan , Wang Bin , Pan Li , Liu Xiao‐Hui , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe ring‐opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of biorenewable glycidyl ethers with 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin (DHC) was achieved by using metal‐free Lewis pair as catalyst. This mild process provided access to renewable polyesters with perfectly alternating structures and functional groups fidelity. Remarkably, we observed highly regioregular arrangement of substituents along with poly(phenol ether‐alt‐ester) backbone. A one‐step strategy to block copolymer could also be realized by terpolymerization of DHC, epoxides with cyclic anhydrides via pre‐rate‐determining selectivity. Post‐polymerization modification of the resultant polyesters was further performed by thiol‐ene click reaction of vinyl, Diels–Alder reaction of furyl, cleavage reaction of benzyl ethers and tetrazine click reaction. By incorporating two different pendant functional groups into a copolymer, combinatorial and selective functionalization was achieved for introducing additional functionality, giving a route to highly modifiable polyesters. Therefore, this work provides a paradigm for designing functional and regioregular polyesters as a green synthetic toolbox derived from organocatalysis and renewable feedstocks.
Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas applications in dentistry
Authors: Zhou Wen , Wang Xiuqing , Huang Xiaojing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAP) is widely used for various therapeutic applications in health care. With the enormous progress in the understanding of plasma physics and development of plasma devices, the application of CAP is greatly promoted in dentistry. The reactive chemical species and electromagnetic radiation generated by CAP can activate and control various biochemical procedures. Therefore, CAP showed promising usage in surface modification of dental materials, biofilm removal, disinfection, endodontic therapy, periodontitis treatment, wound healing, and head and neck cancer control. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to present recently published studies on CAP in dentistry.
Review of the Effects of Polymer Binder Properties on Microstructure and Irreversible Volume Growth of Plastic Bonded Explosives Formulations
Authors: Pietron Jeremy J. , Mirkarimi Paul B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe rational design of effective polymeric binders for the formulation of plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX) is challenging due to their inherent compositional complexity. The composites comprise irregularly shaped energetic material (EM) powders coated with low weight fractions of polymer via non‐equilibrium processes such as slurry coating. Defects can deleteriously affect PBX stability and performance: nano‐ to micrometer‐scale voids can act as loci for hot spots, lowering deflagration and detonation temperatures in unpredictable ways. Furthermore, some nominally desirable polymer properties are at odds with each other: e. g. good flow characteristics are desirable for coating and adhesion, but mechanical stiffness is needed to prevent deformation and cracking of PBX under mechanical stress. Good binder adhesion is critical, but the best means to predict and measure adhesion in PBX is not obvious. Experimental methods of determining binder adhesion on model surfaces may not capture polymer structural configurations relevant to deposition during coating. Molecular dynamics‐based computational models have predicted key observables in PBX formulation, suggesting that they may be powerful tools for binder selection. In this review, primarily recent (∼2006 and later) literature on polymeric binders for insensitive HE (IHE) is surveyed. We focus on how binder properties influence observable PBX properties as resistance to irreversible volume growth and void formation in PBX formulations mainly (but not exclusively) featuring 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) as the EM (e. g. PBX 9502, LX‐17 and others). Conclusions from these studies yield useful guidelines for choosing HE binder candidates, as well as for the general design of highly‐filled polymer composite materials. Finally, studies describing challenges in PBX formulation with the newer and more energetically dense high explosive, LLM‐105, will be discussed.
Topological dynamics of an intrinsically disordered N‐terminal domain of the human androgen receptor
Authors: Sheikhhassani Vahid , Scalvini Barbara , Ng Julian , Heling Laurens W. H. J. , Ayache Yosri , Evers Tom M. J. , Estébanez‐Perpiñá Eva , McEwan Iain J. , Mashaghi Alireza 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHuman androgen receptor contains a large N‐terminal domain (AR‐NTD) that is highly dynamic and this poses a major challenge for experimental and computational analysis to decipher its conformation. Misfolding of the AR‐NTD is implicated in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease, yet our knowledge of its structure is limited to primary sequence information of the chain and a few functionally important secondary structure motifs. Here, we employed an innovative combination of molecular dynamics simulations and circuit topology (CT) analysis to identify the tertiary structure of AR‐NTD. We found that the AR‐NTD adopts highly dynamic loopy conformations with two identifiable regions with distinct topological make‐up and dynamics. This consists of a N‐terminal region (NR, residues 1–224) and a C‐terminal region (CR, residues 225–538), which carries a dense core. Topological mapping of the dynamics reveals a traceable time‐scale dependent topological evolution. NR adopts different positioning with respect to the CR and forms a cleft that can partly enclose the hormone‐bound ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of the androgen receptor. Furthermore, our data suggest a model in which dynamic NR and CR compete for binding to the DNA‐binding domain of the receptor, thereby regulating the accessibility of its DNA‐binding site. Our approach allowed for the identification of a previously unknown regulatory binding site within the CR core, revealing the structural mechanisms of action of AR inhibitor EPI‐001, and paving the way for other drug discovery applications.
Formation of fog due to stratus lowering: An observational and modelling case study
Authors: Fathalli M. , Lac C. , Burnet F. , Vié B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe numerically investigate the processes responsible for a fog event formed by stratus cloud lowering, observed on December 1–2, 2016, during the experimental campaign in the northeast of France. The observations revealed a complex temporal evolution with stratus followed by a relatively drier period and then its reformation leading to fog formation by stratus lowering. Microphysical observations below a tethered balloon exhibit different vertical profiles of liquid water content and droplet concentration between the stratus and the fog formed below. A simulation at 100‐m grid spacing reproduced the main observed characteristics of the cloud life cycle despite a time lag in stratus formation due to large‐scale conditions. The advection of cloud water in the stratus and at its top appears crucial to feed the stratus lowering, resulting in radiative cooling, vertical transport, droplet sedimentation, evaporation, and cooling of the sub‐cloud layer. The advection of cold or warm air in the lowest 250 m, mainly driven by fine‐scale orographic circulations, impacts the fog formation due to stratus cloud lowering. When non‐local conditions are favourable, the most important microphysical process to favour fog formation is the droplet sedimentation, leading to the cooling and moistening in the sub‐cloud layer by evaporation. Droplet sedimentation appears more efficient when the droplet concentration is low, and a two‐moment microphysical scheme more appropriate than a one‐moment scheme to reproduce the observed variability of the droplet concentration. Given the predominance of non‐local processes on this case study, a three‐dimensional high‐resolution model appears crucial to perform accurate forecasts of fog by stratus lowering.
Synthetic community improves crop performance and alters rhizosphere microbial communities
Authors: Kaur Simranjit , Egidi Eleonora , Qiu Zhiguang , Macdonald Catriona A. , Verma Jay Prakash , Trivedi Pankaj , Wang Juntao , Liu Hongwei , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionHarnessing synthetic communities (SynCom) of plant growth‐promoting (PGP) microorganisms is considered a promising approach to improve crop fitness and productivity. However, biotic mechanisms that underpin improved plant performance and the effects of delivery mode of synthetic community are poorly understood. These are critical knowledge gaps that constrain field efficacy of SynCom and hence large‐scale adoption by the farming community.Material & MethodsIn this study, a SynCom of four PGP microbial species was constructed and applied to either as seed dressing (treatment T1, applied at the time of sowing) or to soil (treatment T2, applied in soil at true leaf stage) across five different cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars. The impact of SynCom on plant growth, rhizosphere microbiome and soil nutrient availability, and how this was modified by plant variety and mode of applications, was assessed.ResultsResults showed that the seed application of SynCom had the strongest positive impact on overall plant fitness, resulting in higher germination (14.3%), increased plant height (7.4%) and shoot biomass (5.4%). A significant increase in the number of flowers (10.4%) and yield (8.5%) was also observed in T1. The soil nitrate availability was enhanced by 28% and 55% under T1 and T2, respectively. Results further suggested that SynCom applications triggered enrichment of members from bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria in the rhizosphere. A shift in fungal communities was also observed, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of fungi from phyla Chytridiomycota and Basidiomycota in SynCom treatments. A structural equation model suggested that SynCom directly increased crop productivity but also indirectly via impacting the alpha diversity of bacteria.ConclusionOverall, this study provides mechanistic evidence that SynCom applications can shift rhizosphere microbial communities and improve soil fertility, plant growth, and crop productivity, suggesting that their use could contribute toward sustainable increase in farm productivity.