bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 24: The Right to Health
Authors: Whalen Christian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractArticle 24 reflects the perspective of the drafters that the right to health cannot be understood in narrow bio-medical terms or limited to the delivery of health services. Rather, in its reference, for example, to food, water, sanitation, and environmental dangers, it recognises the wider social and economic factors that influence and impact on the child’s state of health. Thus, the text of Article 24 sets out: a broad right to health for all children combined with a right of access to health services a priority focus on measures to address infant and child mortality, the provision of primary health care, nutritious food and clean drinking water, pre-natal and post-natal care, and preventive health care, including family planning the need for effective measures to abolish traditional practices harmful to children’s health a specific obligation on States Parties to cooperate internationally towards the realisation of the child’s right to health everywhere, having particular regard to the needs of developing countries. The right to health is a prime example of the interelatedness of child rights as it is contingent upon and informed by the realization of so many other rights guaranteed to children under the convention. This chapter analyses the child’s right to health in relation to four essential attributes. The first attribute of the child’s right to the highest attainable standard of health emphasizes what an exacting standard this human rights norm contains. Taking a social determinants of health perspective the right entails not just access to health services but programmatic supports in sanitation, transportation, education and other fields to guarantee the enjoyment of health. The second attribute focuses on the Basic minimum criteria of the right to health as reflected in Article 24(2). A third attribute is the insistence upon child health accountability mechanisms using the Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality Accountability Framework. Finally, given the wide discrepancies in enjoyment of children’s right to health across the globe, a fourth attribute focuses upon international cooperation to ensure equal access to the right to health.
Article 37: Prohibition of Torture, Capital Punishment, and Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty
Authors: Whalen Christian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractArticle 37 is inspired by the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, it extends the ICCPR’s provisions to the protection of the children by: (1) imposing the prohibition of life imprisonment for children without the possibility of release; (2) demanding that detention of a child shall be used as a measure of last resort and be imposed for the shortest period of time; and (3) providing to children deprived of liberty the right to maintain contacts with their family members. Article 37 imposes a child-centred understanding of its provisions and rights. These rights extend beyond the ambit of child justice administration to all situations where children may be deprived of liberty, including, for example, child protection settings, health care settings, and immigration settings. This chapter analyses Article 37 rights in accordance with four essential attributes, as enumerated in its four constituent paragraphs: (1) the prohibition in paragraph (a) on torture or ill-treatment, specifically ruling out capital punishment and life imprisonment without parole for minors; (2) the prohibition in paragraph (b) of unlawful and arbitrary deprivations of liberty, insisting that such sanctions are a measure of last resort that must only be imposed for the shortest appropriate period; (3) the limitations on the deprivation of liberty, including the core commitment in paragraph (c) to upholding the child’s inherent dignity and right to be treated with humanity in such circumstances; and (4) the right, in paragraph (d), to minimal due process guarantees which must accompany any child’s deprivation of liberty. While youth criminal justice practice varies greatly from state to state, Articles 37 and 40 have emerged as a codification of global standards set out in the Beijing Rules and a summary prompt to the adoption of guidelines and minimum rules for the protection of children deprived of liberty and the prevention of youth crime. Article 37 should therefore be applied consistently with the recent General Comment no. 24 (2019) on Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System.
Background
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technology is a scientific field emerged in the middle of the twentieth century with the rapid development of science and data technology. It manifests itself as the accurate sensing of abnormalities in the manufacturing process, or the health monitoring of equipment, sites, or machinery in a specific operating site. FDD includes abnormality monitoring, abnormal cause identification, and root cause location.
Probabilistic Graphical Model for Continuous Variables
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMost of the sampled data in complex industrial processes are sequential in time. Therefore, the traditional BN learning mechanisms have limitations on the value of probability and cannot be applied to the time series. The model established in Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-8044-1_13 is a graphical model similar to a Bayesian network, but its parameter learning method can only handle the discrete variables. This chapter aims at the probabilistic graphical model directly for the continuous process variables, which avoids the assumption of discrete or Gaussian distributions.
Simulation Platform for Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe previous chapters have described the mathematical principles and algorithms of multivariate statistical methods, as well as the monitoring processes when used for fault diagnosis. In order to validate the effectiveness of data-driven multivariate statistical analysis methods in the field of fault diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct the corresponding fault monitoring experiments. Therefore this chapter introduces two kinds of simulation platform, Tennessee Eastman (TE) process simulation system and fed-batch Penicillin Fermentation Process simulation system. They are widely used as test platforms for the process monitoring, fault classification, and identification of industrial process. The related experiments based on PCA, CCA, PLS, and FDA are completed on the TE simulation platforms.
Niedrige Inzidenz von SARS-CoV‑2-Infektionen bei Krankenhausmitarbeitern eines Maximalversorgers
Authors: Hupf Julian , Burkhardt Ralph , Gessner André , Maier-Stocker Constantin , Zimmermann Markus , Hanses Frank , Peterhoff David 
Published: January 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitswesen mit Kontakt zu COVID‑19-Patienten sind einem erhöhten Risiko einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV‑2 ausgesetzt. Ziel dieser seroepidemiologischen Studie war es, das Infektionsrisiko für Klinikmitarbeiter eines Maximalversorgers zu evaluieren.

Methodik
Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Kohortenstudie wurden von März bis Juli 2020 (1. Welle) bei unmittelbar in der Versorgung von COVID‑19-Patienten eingesetzten Mitarbeitern im Abstand von jeweils 2 Wochen serologische Untersuchungen auf Antikörper gegen SARS-CoV‑2 durchgeführt. Von Dezember 2020 bis Februar 2021 (2. Welle) fand eine erneute Untersuchung des Antikörperstatus statt.

Ergebnisse
Die Seroprävalenz von Antikörpern gegen SARS-CoV‑2 betrug am Studienende im Februar 2021 5,1 %. Die kumulative Inzidenz betrug nach einer medianen Beobachtungsdauer von 261 Tagen 3,9 %.

Schlussfolgerung
In der untersuchten Kohorte von Klinikmitarbeitern, die in der Akutversorgung von COVID‑19-Patienten eingesetzt werden, fand sich unter den angewandten Hygiene- und Schutzmaßnahmen ein niedriges und mit der Gesamtbevölkerung vergleichbares Risiko einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion.
Positionspapier Schlaganfallnachsorge der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft – Teil 1: Nachsorge nach einem Schlaganfall: Status quo der Versorgungsrealität und Versorgungsdefizite in Deutschland
Authors: Kaendler Stephen , Ritter Martin , Sander Dirk , Elstner Matthias , Schwarzbach Christopher , Wagner Markus , Meisel Andreas ,   Mitglieder Kommission Nachsorge der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Akutversorgung des Schlaganfalls in Deutschland hat ein sehr hohes Niveau, dargestellt durch die Stroke-Units. Die Erkrankung Schlaganfall hat eine Akutphase, gefolgt von einer chronischen Phase mit einem hohen und qualifizierten multi- und interprofessionellen Versorgungsbedarf. Die Deutsche Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG) hat 2020 eine Nachsorgekommission gegründet, mit dem Ziel der Darstellung der aktuellen Versorgungssituation und zur Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für eine Verbesserung der Versorgung nach der Akutphase. In dieser Arbeit wird der Status quo ermittelt und Defizite benannt. Analysiert wurden Beiträge unterschiedlicher Beteiligter im deutschen Gesundheitswesen, dargestellt werden unterschiedliche Projekte einer Nachsorge. In Deutschland existiert kein anerkanntes strukturiertes Nachsorgekonzept für Patienten nach einem Schlaganfall. Die bestehende hausarztbasierte Versorgung ohne eine zukünftig stärkere und abgestimmte Integration der Neurologen erschwert eine leitlinien- und qualitätsgesteuerte Nachsorge. Aufgabenverteilungen sowie notwendige Ausbildungsstandards für ihre leitliniengerechte Erfüllung durch die Fachgruppen liegen nicht vor. Zu selten werden neben den medizinischen Domänen die physischen, sozialen und emotionalen Domänen durch ein multiprofessionelles Versorgungsteam beachtet. Zu diskutieren ist eine Weiterentwicklung eines regionalen Care-Management-Konzeptes. Evaluiert werden müssen die Ergebnisse und die Kosten eines Nachsorgekonzeptes vor einer breiten Anwendung.
International consensus on the use of tau PET imaging agent 18F-flortaucipir in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tian Mei , Civelek A. Cahid , Carrio Ignasi , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Kang Keon Wook , Murakami Koji , Garibotto Valentina , Prior John O. , Barthel Henryk , Zhou Rui , Hou Haifeng , Dou Xiaofeng , Jin Chentao , Zuo Chuantao , Zhang Hong ,   Molecular Imaging-based Precision Medicine Task Group of A3 (China-Japan-Korea) Foresight Program
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Positron emission tomography (PET) with the first and only tau targeting radiotracer of 18F-flortaucipir approved by FDA has been increasingly used in depicting tau pathology deposition and distribution in patients with cognitive impairment. The goal of this international consensus is to help nuclear medicine practitioners procedurally perform 18F-flortaucipir PET imaging.

Method
A multidisciplinary task group formed by experts from various countries discussed and approved the consensus for 18F-flortaucipir PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), focusing on clinical scenarios, patient preparation, and administered activities, as well as image acquisition, processing, interpretation, and reporting.

Conclusion
This international consensus and practice guideline will help to promote the standardized use of 18F-flortaucipir PET in patients with AD. It will become an international standard for this purpose in clinical practice.
Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors, Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Trauma Patients
Authors: Walusimbi Mbaga , Dossa Avafia Y , Faryar Kiran , Markert Ronald J , McCarthy Mary C 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe literature on upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) is not as abundant as that on lower extremities. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for UEDVT, associated mortality and morbidity in trauma patients and the impact of pharmacological prophylaxis therein.MethodsA 3‐year retrospective review of patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center was conducted. Patients aged 18 years or older who had experienced a traumatic event and had undergone an upper extremity ultrasound (UEUS) were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors that contributed to UEDVT.ResultsA total of 6,607 patients were admitted due to traumatic injuries during the study period, of whom 5.6% (373) had at least one UEUS during their hospitalization. Fifty‐six (15%) were diagnosed with an UEDVT, as well as three non‐fatal pulmonary emboli (PE) and four (7.1%) deaths, p = 0.03. Pharmacological prophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin showed a protective effect against UEDVT; among the patients positive for UEDVT, 14 of 186 patients (7.5%) received LMWH, while 42 of 195 (21.5%) did not receive LMWH (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that the presence of upper extremity fractures, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) were independent risk factors for UEDVT.ConclusionsUEDVT are associated with a higher mortality. The presence of upper extremity fractures, PICC lines, and TBI were independent risk factors for UEDVTs. Further, pharmacological prophylaxis reduces the risk of UEDVT.
Effect of oat supplementation interventions on cardiovascular disease risk markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Llanaj Erand , Dejanovic Gordana M. , Valido Ezra , Bano Arjola , Gamba Magda , Kastrati Lum , Minder Beatrice , Stojic Stevan , Voortman Trudy , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Stoyanov Jivko , Metzger Brandon , Glisic Marija , Kern Hua , Muka Taulant 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Oat supplementation interventions (OSIs) may have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, dietary background can modulate such effect. This systematic review assesses the effects of OSIs on CVD risk markers among adults, accounting for different dietary backgrounds or control arms.

Methods
We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that assessed the effect of oat, oat beta-glucan-rich extracts or avenanthramides on CVD risk markers.

Results
Seventy-four RCTs, including 4937 predominantly hypercholesterolemic, obese subjects, with mild metabolic disturbances, were included in the systematic review. Of these, 59 RCTs contributed to the meta-analyses. Subjects receiving an OSI, compared to control arms without oats, had improved levels of total cholesterol (TC) [weighted mean difference and (95% CI) − 0.42 mmol/L, (− 0.61; − 0.22)], LDL cholesterol [− 0.29 mmol/L, (− 0.37; − 0.20)], glucose [− 0.25 nmol/L, (− 0.36; − 0.14)], body mass index [− 0.13 kg/m2, (− 0.26; − 0.01)], weight [− 0.94 kg, (− 1.84: − 0.05)], and waist circumference [− 1.06 cm, (− 1.85; − 0.27)]. RCTs on inflammation and/or oxidative stress markers were scarce and with inconsistent findings. RCTs comparing an OSI to heterogeneous interventions (e.g., wheat, eggs, rice, etc.), showed lowered levels of glycated haemoglobin, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. The majority of included RCTs (81.1%) had some concerns for risk of bias.

Conclusion
Dietary OSIs resulted in lowered levels of blood lipids and improvements in anthropometric parameters among participants with predominantly mild metabolic disturbances, regardless of dietary background or control. Further high-quality trials are warranted to establish the role of OSIs on blood pressure, glucose homeostasis and inflammation markers.
Geological and soil engineering properties of shallow landslides occurring in the Kutupalong Rohingya Camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
Authors: Kamal A. S. M. Maksud , Hossain Farhad , Rahman Md. Zillur , Ahmed Bayes , Sammonds Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN), historically known as ‘Rohingya’ who fled the 2017 ethnic atrocities and genocide in the Northern Rakhine State of Myanmar, took shelter in Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh. The camp network, known as Kutupalong Rohingya Camp (KRC), is situated in the tectonically active tertiary hilly terrain. The KRC has been experiencing hydrometeorological hazards, where landslides are frequent. This study investigated the slopes’ geological condition, engineering properties and human interventions, which influence the landslides. The exposed slopes were relatively high (> 10 m) and steep ranging from 40° to 60° that have numerous polygonal tension cracks and fissures. From the geological and geotechnical aspects, there are three successive units of slope materials: (1) residual soils of sandy silt with clay, (2) highly weathered silty sandstones and (3) shale/clay with silt and fine sand intercalations at the bottom of the slopes. Field observations revealed that most slope failures occurred in the residual soil and weathered silty sandstone units. The residual soils have a bulk density of 1.49–1.97 g/cm3, a liquid limit of 25–48%, a plasticity index of 5–16% and an undrained shear strength of 23–46 kPa. The silty sandstones have a bulk density of 1.44–1.94 g/cm3, an internal friction angle of 34°–40° and a cohesion of 0.5–13 kPa. The mineralogical composition determined by the X-ray diffraction shows low clay mineral content, which does not affect landslides. However, the slope geometry, low shear strength with strain softening properties and torrential rainfall accompanied by anthropogenic factors cause numerous landslides every year. This study will help take proper mitigation and preparedness measures for slope protection in the KRC area and surroundings.
Fatigue fracture characterization by cyclic material forces in viscoelastic solids at small strain
Authors: Khodor Jad , Özenç Kaan , Qinami Aurel , Lin Guoyu , Kaliske Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe study at hand introduces a new approach to characterize fatigue crack growth in small strain linear viscoelastic solids by configurational mechanics. In this study, Prony series with n-Maxwell elements are used to describe the viscoelastic behavior. As a starting point in this work, the local balance of energy momentum is derived using the free energy density. Moreover, at cyclic loading, the cyclic free energy substitutes the free energy. Using the cyclic free energy, the balance of cyclic energy momentum is obtained. The newly derived balance law at cyclic loading is appropriate for each cycle. In the finite element framework, nodal material forces and cyclic nodal material forces are obtained using the weak and discretized forms of the balance of energy momentum and cyclic energy momentum, respectively. The crack driving force and the cyclic crack driving force are determined by the nodal material forces and the cyclic nodal material forces, respectively. Finally, numerical examples are shown to illustrate path-independence of the domain integrals using material forces and cyclic material forces. The existence of the balance of energy momentum and cyclic energy momentum are also illustrated by numerical examples.
What is morally at stake when using algorithms to make medical diagnoses? Expanding the discussion beyond risks and harms
Authors: de Boer Bas , Kudina Olya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the qualitative moral impact of machine learning-based clinical decision support systems in the process of medical diagnosis. To date, discussions about machine learning in this context have focused on problems that can be measured and assessed quantitatively, such as by estimating the extent of potential harm or calculating incurred risks. We maintain that such discussions neglect the qualitative moral impact of these technologies. Drawing on the philosophical approaches of technomoral change and technological mediation theory, which explore the interplay between technologies and morality, we present an analysis of concerns related to the adoption of machine learning-aided medical diagnosis. We analyze anticipated moral issues that machine learning systems pose for different stakeholders, such as bias and opacity in the way that models are trained to produce diagnoses, changes to how health care providers, patients, and developers understand their roles and professions, and challenges to existing forms of medical legislation. Albeit preliminary in nature, the insights offered by the technomoral change and the technological mediation approaches expand and enrich the current discussion about machine learning in diagnostic practices, bringing distinct and currently underexplored areas of concern to the forefront. These insights can contribute to a more encompassing and better informed decision-making process when adapting machine learning techniques to medical diagnosis, while acknowledging the interests of multiple stakeholders and the active role that technologies play in generating, perpetuating, and modifying ethical concerns in health care.
Infrared Absorption and Its Sources of CdZnTe at Cryogenic Temperature
Authors: Maeshima Hiroshi , Matsumoto Kosei , Hirahara Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Takao , Koga Ryoichi , Hanamura Yusuke , Wada Takehiko , Nagase Koichi , Oyabu Shinki , Suzuki Toyoaki , Kokusho Takuma , Kaneda Hidehiro , Ishikawa Daichi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo reveal the causes of infrared absorption in the wavelength region between electronic and lattice absorptions, we measured the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient ofp-type low-resistivity ($$\sim 10^2~ \Omega \mathrm{cm}$$∼102Ωcm) CdZnTe crystals. We measured the absorption coefficients of CdZnTe crystals in four wavelength bands ($$\lambda =6.45$$λ=6.45, 10.6, 11.6, 15.1$$~\mu $$μm) over the temperature range of$$T=8.6$$T=8.6-300 K with an originally developed system. The CdZnTe absorption coefficient was measured to be$$\alpha =0.3$$α=0.3-0.5$$\mathrm{cm}^{-1}$$cm-1at$$T=300$$T=300K and$$\alpha =0.4$$α=0.4-0.9$$\mathrm{cm}^{-1}$$cm-1at$$T=8.6$$T=8.6K in the investigated wavelength range. With an absorption model based on transitions of free holes and holes trapped at an acceptor level, we conclude that the absorption due to free holes at$$T=150$$T=150-300 K and that due to trapped-holes at$$T<50$$T<50K are dominant absorption causes in CdZnTe. We also discuss a method to predict the CdZnTe absorption coefficient at cryogenic temperature based on the room-temperature resistivity.