bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Peace Facility and the UN Arms Trade Treaty: Fragmentation of the International Arms Control law?
Authors: Altamimi Abdulmalik M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In March 2021, the European Council set up the European Peace Facility (EPF), to serve as a legal instrument for the provision of security and peace assistance measures. It includes the supply of military and defence-related equipment to the European Union’s partner countries worldwide. The official aim of the EPF is to prevent conflict, preserve peace and strengthen international security and stability. The European Council assures its Member States that these measures will be accompanied by risk assessments and legal safeguards that respect international law, and comply with arms export control laws. However, the EPF’s biggest challenge is circumnavigating the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which primarily aims to prevent the diversion of and illicit trade in conventional arms. This article examines the legality of the EPF’s assistance measures by referring to the ATT, and the law of international responsibility. This timely analysis will be relevant to policymakers and lawyers responsible for regulating the international transfer of conventional arms.
Branching Time Axiomatized With the Use of Change Operators
Authors: Łyczak Marcin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We present a temporal logic of branching time with four primitive operators: $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ – it may change whether; $\forall {\mathcal {C}} $ – it must change whether; $\exists \Box $ – it may be endlessly unchangeable that; and $\forall \Box $ – it must be endlessly unchangeable that. Semantically, operator $\forall {\mathcal {C}}$ expresses a change in the logical value of the given formula in every state that may be an immediate successor of the one considered, while $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ expresses a change in the logical value of the given formula in some state that is a possible immediate successor. $\forall {\mathcal {C}} $ and $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ are not normal operators, they are not mutually definable and have unusual properties: $\forall {\mathcal {C}} A\leftrightarrow \forall {\mathcal {C}} \neg A$ and $\exists {\mathcal {C}} A \leftrightarrow \exists {\mathcal {C}} \neg A$ are axioms. Operators $\exists \Box $ and $\forall \Box $ express endless unchangeability in some and all paths, respectively. Our axiomatization contains two infinitary rules that allow one to obtain $\exists \Box A$ from infinitely many combinations of formulas with $A, \neg , \forall {\mathcal {C}}, \land $, and to get $\forall \Box A$ from infinitely many combinations of formulas with $A, \neg , \exists {\mathcal {C}}, \land $. We show that our formalism is complete by presenting a bridge between our logic and logic $\textsf {UB}$, which is a fragment of $\textsf {CTL}$ in which until operators does not occur.
Higher proportions of a healthy gastric mucosa in healthy Japanese adults with later birth year: analysis of 41 957 participants
Authors: Saito Yoko , Kikuchi Shogo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
In Japan, most gastric cancers are associated with gastric mucosal atrophy caused by chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Recognizing the condition of the gastric mucosa and determining the infection status of H. pylori are important for predicting the individual risk of gastric cancer. This study aimed to determine the proportion of Japanese adults with a healthy gastric mucosa (without H. pylori infection) among 12 birth-year groups encompassing 1935–1990 by morphological images.

Methods
The gastric mucosa was classified as healthy or having gastritis based on routine double-contrast upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray radiography. The participants included 41 957 healthy Japanese adults. Serum or urine H. pylori antibody levels were also assessed.

Results
In total, 25 424 participants had healthy mucosa without a history of H. pylori eradication. The proportions of participants with a healthy mucosa by birth year were 19.8% (57/288), 27.1% (306/1128), 32.4% (569/1756), 37.6% (1808/4811), 49.2% (3207/6522), 60.1% (3966/6550), 71.2% (5224/7342), 77.2% (5114/6624), 80.6% (3342/4149), 85.0% (1404/1652), 85.3% (302/354) and 94.7% (125/132) in 1935, 1940, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985 and after 1990, respectively (P for trend &lt;0.01). All the participants with a healthy mucosa showed negative results in the H. pylori antibody tests.

Conclusions
The proportion of participants with normal gastric mucosa linearly increased with the birth years. The prevalence of morphologically healthy gastric mucosa could have consistently increased with decreasing prevalence of H. pylori infection.
Hydrodynamic modelling of pulsation period decrease in the Mira-type variable T UMi
Authors: Fadeyev Yuri A 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Pulsation period decrease during the initial stage of the thermal pulse in the helium-burning shell of the Mira-type variable T UMi is investigated with numerical methods of stellar evolution and radiation hydrodynamics. To this end, a grid of evolutionary tracks was calculated for stars with masses on the main sequence $1\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }\le M_\mathrm{ZAMS}\le 2.2\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and metallicity Z = 0.01. Selected models of AGB evolutionary sequences were used for determination of the initial conditions and the time-dependent inner boundary conditions for the equations of hydrodynamics describing evolutionary changes in the radially pulsating star. The onset of period decrease during the initial stage of the thermal pulse is shown to nearly coincide with the peak helium-burning luminosity. The most rapid decrease of the period occurs during the first three decades. The pulsation period decreases due to both contraction of the star and mode switching from the fundamental mode to the first overtone. The time-scale of mode switching is of the order of a few dozen pulsation cycles. The present-day model of the Mira-type variable T UMi is the first-overtone pulsator with small-amplitude semiregular oscillations. Theoretical estimates of the pulsation period at the onset of period decrease and the rate of period change three decades later are shown to agree with available observational data on T UMi for AGB stars with masses $1.04\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }\le M\le 1.48\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$.
On the nature of fast blue optical transients
Authors: Lyutikov Maxim 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Short rise times of fast blue optical transients (FBOTs) require very light ejected envelopes, $M_{\rm ej} \le 10^{-1} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, much smaller than of a typical supernova. The detection by Chandra of X-ray emission in AT2020mrf of LX ∼ 1042 erg s−1 after 328 d implies total, overall dominant, X-ray energetics at the gamma-ray burst level of ∼6 × 1049 erg. We further develop a model of Lyutikov and Toonen, whereby FBOTs are the results of a late accretion-induced collapse of the product of double white dwarf (WD) merger between ONeMg WD and another WD. Small ejecta mass, and the rarity of FBOTs, results from the competition between mass-loss from the merger product to the wind, and ashes added to the core, on a time-scale of ∼103–104 yr. FBOTs proper come from central engine-powered radiation-dominated forward shock as it propagates through ejecta. All the photons produced by the central source deep inside the ejecta escape almost simultaneously, producing a short bright event. The high-energy emission is generated at the highly relativistic and highly magnetized termination shock, qualitatively similar to pulsar wind nebulae. The X-ray bump observed in AT2020mrf by SRG/eROSITA, predicted by Lyutikov and Toonen, is coming from the breakout of the engine-powered shock from the ejecta into the preceding wind. The model requires total energetics of just few × 1050 erg, slightly above the observed X-rays. We predict that the system is hydrogen poor.
Long-Term Trends in the Gender Income Gap within Couples: West Germany, 1978–2011
Authors: Haupt Andreas , Strauß Susanne 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Coupled women typically have lower earnings than their male partners. This gender income gap within couples has declined over time, but we lack information about the drivers behind the decline. Here, we analyze the role of increased participation in education and the labor market, as well as changes in social policies, on the decline of the gender income gap within couples in West Germany from 1978 to 2011, using Microcensus data. We show that women’s increased labor market participation and their increased transfer incomes are the major sources of the reduction in the gap. Both trends are strongly connected to family policies. We also shed light on the role of men in the overall trend. Their increased full-time premiums and educational attainment are important counter-trends that outweigh the role of increased unemployment and part-time employment levels among men in reducing the gap.
Prognostic value of MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin scores in double valve replacement
Authors: Yu Yu-Juan , Tse Yi-Kei , Yu Si-Yeung , Lam Lok-Yee , Li Kwan-Yu , Chen Yan , Wu Mei-Zhen , Ren Qing-Wen , Yu Shuk-Yin , Wong Pui-Fai , Tse Hung-Fat , Yiu Kai-Hang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
Patients who undergo concomitant aortic and mitral double valve replacement (DVR) have poor postoperative clinical outcomes. The modified Model for End-Stage Liver Disease excluding international normalized ratio (MELD-XI) score and the modified Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score with albumin replacing international normalized ratio (MELD-albumin) score have been reported as predictors of adverse events in hepato-cardiac diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical prognostic value of the two modified Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores in patients undergoing DVR.

Methods:
A total of 210 patients undergoing DVR were evaluated. Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded, and EuroSCORE II was calculated for each patient. The outcome of interest was the composite of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality.

Results:
Patients undergoing DVR had a high prevalence of hepato-renal dysfunction. During a median follow-up of 71 months, the MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin scores independently predicted adverse outcomes (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.09 [1.03–1.16] and 1.11 [1.06–1.16], P < 0.01, respectively). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that high MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin scores were associated with an increased risk of adverse events. MELD-Albumin provided incremental prognostic value to clinical parameters and EuroSCORE II (net reclassification index [NRI] = 0.34; P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Both the MELD-XI score and MELD-Albumin score can provide useful information to predict adverse outcomes in patients undergoing DVR. The present study supports the monitoring of modified MELD scores to improve preoperative risk stratification for these patients.
Combined lipid goal attainment in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A head-to-head comparative trial of statins
Authors: Wu Tsung-Hui , Lee I-Te , Ho Low-Tone , Sheu Wayne H.-H. , Hwu Chii-Min 
Published: June 2022

Background:
This study compared the efficacy of two statin treatments (simvastatin vs rosuvastatin) in achieving the combined goal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <2.6 mmol/L and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) <3.4 mmol/L in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Methods:
After a 5-week run-in, 89 patients with type 2 diabetes having fasting triglyceride (TG) levels of 1.7 to 5.7 mmol/L or non–HDL-C levels of 3.4 to 5.2 mmol/L were randomized to receive simvastatin 20 mg daily for 4 weeks followed by 40 mg for 8 weeks or rosuvastatin 10 mg for 4 weeks followed by 20 mg for 8 weeks. The primary end-point was the percentage of patients achieving the combined goal at week 12.

Results:
Although significant between-group differences were observed in changes in LDL-C and non–HDL-C levels, both study treatments were sufficiently intensive for a 40% to 55% LDL-C reduction. At the end of the study, the two groups had similar percentages of patients who achieved the combined lipid goal (84% vs 89%, p = 0.66). All patients who attained the combined lipid goal also met the apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) target of <0.9 g/L. No between-group differences were noted in changes in HDL-C and TG levels at week 12. The patients tolerated both treatments well.

Conclusion:
In our study, ≈85% of patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia could achieve the combined lipid goal with statin monotherapy. The two statin treatments could sufficiently control diabetic dyslipidemia (NCT00506961).
Contact Dermatitis With the Homoeopathic Medicine Calendula officinalis: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Bhardwaj Ankit , Mukherjee Shoma , Manjhi Mukesh 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Herbal medicines and other traditional medicines are well accepted in India and are readily available as over-the-counter preparations. With their increased use, the safety and quality of homoeopathic medicines have become a major concern for health authorities, pharmaceutical industries, and consumers. It is difficult to assess the adverse effects of homoeopathic medicines due to a lack of scientific evidence regarding their safety and efficacy in clinical trials or post-marketing surveillance.
Here, we reported a patient with contact dermatitis due to the homoeopathic medicine Calendula officinalis.

Case presentation:
A 33-year-old previously healthy woman presented with pruritus, redness, and swelling over the entire face and upper neck. The symptoms developed within about 1 hour after the use of a homoeopathic skin ointment containing 2% Calendula officinalis as the major ingredient in an aqueous base. Cutaneous examination revealed periorbital edema and facial swelling with multiple vesicular eruptions over erythematous edematous plaques on the face. A clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis was considered.

Discussion:
Many herbal preparations in India are available without safety data. Calendula officinalis extract (oil expressed from seeds) is used in various skin products. The exact allergens present in Calendula officinalis are unknown, but the flowers reportedly contain a variety of phenolic acids and phenylpropanoids that have elicited contact dermatitis.

Conclusion:
Anecdotal case reports of accidental exposure/sensitization and experimental studies provide sufficient evidence to confirm the causal relationship between contact dermatitis with Calendula Officinalis. Post-marketing surveillance of all homoeopathic medicines should be mandatory, and the availability of such preparations as over-the-counter drugs must be restricted.
The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the European College for the Study of Vulval Disease (ECSVD) and the European Federation for Colposcopy (EFC) Consensus Statements on Pre-invasive Vulvar Lesions
Authors: Preti Mario , Joura Elmar , Vieira-Baptista Pedro , Van Beurden Marc , Bevilacqua Federica , Bleeker Maaike C. G. , Bornstein Jacob , Carcopino Xavier , Chargari Cyrus , Cruickshank Margaret E. , Erzeneoglu Bilal Emre , Gallio Niccolò , Heller Debra , Kesic Vesna , Reich Olaf , Stockdale Colleen K. , Temiz Bilal Esat , Woelber Linn , Planchamp François , Zodzika Jana , Querleu Denis , Gultekin Murat 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the European College for the Study of Vulval Disease (ECSVD), and the European Federation for Colposcopy (EFC) developed consensus statements on pre-invasive vulvar lesions in order to improve the quality of care for patients with vulvar squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, vulvar Paget disease in situ, and melanoma in situ. For differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), an excisional procedure must always be adopted. For vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (VHSIL), both excisional procedures and ablative ones can be used. The latter can be considered for anatomy and function preservation and must be preceded by several representative biopsies to exclude malignancy. Medical treatment (imiquimod or cidofovir) can be considered for VHSIL. Recent studies favor an approach of using imiquimod in vulvar Paget’s disease. Surgery must take into consideration that the extension of the disease is usually wider than what is evident in the skin. A 2 cm margin is usually considered necessary. A wide local excision with 1 cm free surgical margins is recommended for melanoma in situ. Following treatment of pre-invasive vulvar lesions, women should be seen on a regular basis for careful clinical assessment, including biopsy of any suspicious area. Follow-up should be modulated according to the risk of recurrence (type of lesion, patient age and immunological conditions, other associated lower genital tract lesions).
Pediatric Transport–Specific Illness Severity Scores Predict Clinical Deterioration of Transported Patients
Authors: Schmidt Carly D. , Thompson Alexis N. , Welsh Sarah S. , Simas Darlene , Carreiro Patricia , Rozenfeld Ranna A. 
Published: June 2022

Objective
The Transport Risk Assessment in Pediatrics (TRAP) and Transport Pediatric Early Warning Scores (T-PEWS) are transport-specific pediatric illness severity scores that are adjunct assessment tools for determining disposition of transported patients. We hypothesized that these scores would predict the risk of clinical deterioration in transported patients admitted to general pediatric wards.

Methods
Activation of a rapid response team (RRT) in the first 24 hours of admission was used as a marker of deterioration. All pediatric transports between March 2017 and February 2020 admitted via critical care transport were included. Transports to the emergency department (ED) were excluded. This retrospective chart review evaluated TRAP and T-PEWS scores at 3 points: (1) arrival of transport team at referring hospital, (2) admission to the children’s hospital, and (3) RRT activation, if occurring within 24 hours of admission.

Results
There were 1137 team transports during this period. Three hundred ninety-nine patients transported to the ED were excluded, leaving 738 included patients; 405 (55%) admitted to the general wards and 333 (45%) admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Twenty-five patients admitted to the wards (6%) had an RRT activation within 24 hours of admission. Statistical analysis used 2-sample t tests. There was a statistically significant difference in scores for ward admissions between those who had RRT activation and those who did not.

Conclusions
Both TRAP and T-PEWS can be used to predict the risk of clinical deterioration in transported patients admitted to general wards. These scores may assist in assessing which patients admitted to the wards need closer observation.
Preparedness of Residents to Manage Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A National Survey
Authors: Patel Namrata , Discepolo Valentina , Asfour Nour , Azzam Ruba K. 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reported to be the most common chronic pediatric liver disease. Little information is available on the adherence of residents in-training to the published guidelines for the evaluation and management of pediatric NAFLD. The goals of this study are as follows: (i) to assess the consistency of screening and evaluation for NAFLD in obese and overweight children at continuity clinics by upper level residents, and (ii) to determine the residents’ extent of training, knowledge, comfort, and competence levels in NAFLD care.

Methods:
An electronic survey developed using REDCap was emailed to accredited Pediatric Residency Programs in the United States. Program directors and coordinators were requested to forward the survey to their upper level pediatric and medicine/pediatrics residents. Statistical analysis of responses (n = 399) was performed.

Results:
More than 88% of residents reported to be exposed to obese and overweight children, representing at least 25% of the patients encountered in clinics. Regardless of their training level, they inconsistently screened for (>60%), initiated evaluation of, or provided counseling on NAFLD in these patients, not following the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines. Over 80% of residents perceived to have received inadequate training resulting in insufficient knowledge on NAFLD, which they identified as their biggest barrier (25.7%). There was minimal statistically significant difference in the survey findings between training levels (PGY-2 vs PGY-3/4).

Conclusions:
Educational interventions should be implemented by pediatric residency programs to enhance educational core curricula for the early detection and initiation of management of NAFLD, an emerging public health problem.
Relationship between weight gain and insulin resistance in people living with HIV switching to integrase strand transfer inhibitors-based regimens
Authors: Milic Jovana , Renzetti Stefano , Ferrari Davide , Barbieri Sara , Menozzi Marianna , Carli Federica , Dolci Giovanni , Ciusa Giacomo , Mussini Cristina , Calza Stefano , Guaraldi Giovanni 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
The primary objective was to explore weight and BMI changes in people with HIV (PWH) undergoing integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI)-based regimens (vs. non-INSTI) in a large cohort and in the subsets of individuals without diabetes and insulin resistance (IR) at the time of switch to INSTI. The secondary objective was to identify risk factors for IR and cut-off of weight or BMI increase associated with IR in PWH switching to INSTI.

Design:
A longitudinal matched-cohort study including PWH attending Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, Italy.

Methods:
PWH were divided into two groups: non-INSTI and INSTI-switch. The effect of switching to INSTI on weight and BMI change was tested through a linear mixed model. A mediation analysis explored the mediation effect of weight and BMI change in the association between the switch to INSTI and IR.

Results:
We analyzed 2437 PWH (1025 INSTI-switch, 1412 non-INSTI), in 54 826 weight assessments. Trends for weight increase were significantly higher in early-INSTI-switch (vs. early-non-INSTI), but no difference was observed in the late period after the switch. In the subset of 634 PWH without IR, switching to INSTI (vs. non-INSTI) was associated with a lower risk of IR (hazard ratio = 0.70, 95% confidence interval: 0.51, 0.98). A weight increase by 1% reduced the total protective effect of INSTI by 21.1% over 1 year of follow-up, which identifies a 5% weight increase as a clinically meaningful weight gain definition.

Conclusion:
A cut-off of 5% weight gain from the time of INSTI-switch is associated with IR, which may be a clinically meaningful endpoint that could be used in clinical and research settings.