bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Measuring Efficiency of Waqf Fund
Authors: Herindar Evania , Rusydiana Aam Slamet 
Published: March 2022

This study will try to measure the efficiency of waqf funds in zakat institutions in Indonesia using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The objects in this study are eight zakat institutions that manage waqf funds in Indonesia. The data in this study comes from the annual reports of each of these institutions during the period 2013-2020. The input variables in this study include operational costs and HR costs. In comparison, the output variables in this study include the collection and distribution of waqf funds. This study indicates that during 2013-2020, the efficiency of zakat institutions in managing waqf funds has a fluctuating trend. This study will also look at the possibility of improving inefficient programs from input and output variables; in general, the main factor in the efficiency of waqf funds lies in the output variable, namely the acceptance and distribution of waqf funds. In addition, this study provides a reference for other decision-making units (DMUs) in improving efficiency, and the average DMU used as a reference is the one who has good professionalism and innovation.
Keyword : Waqf fund, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Efficiency, Indonesia
Una aproximación desde el Derecho Internacional a la protección de los desplazados ambientales. El riesgo de las respuestas sencillas para problemas complejos
Authors: SALINAS ALCEGA SERGIO 
Published: March 2022

La protección internacional de los desplazados ambientales debe
abordarse de una perspectiva práctica, valorando especialmente si las propuestas
que se presentan serán aceptadas por los Estados, que en términos generales se
han mostrado poco predispuestos a asumir más obligaciones internacionales en
materia de desplazamiento. En ese sentido el planteamiento dirigido a aprovechar
lo ya disponible se ajusta al escenario actual y permite comenzar a andar ese camino.
Por otra parte, la dificultad de afirmar quién es desplazado ambiental y las
consideraciones éticas que plantea que quien no lo sea, y no entre en la categoría
de refugiado, va a quedar a su suerte conducen a un régimen protector internacional
en el que se incluya a todos aquellos que, por circunstancias ajenas a su voluntad,
se ven obligados a buscar su destino lejos de sus hogares.
Ingurumen-arrazoien ondorioz lekualdatu diren pertsonen
nazioarteko babesa ikuspegi praktikotik jorratu behar da. Hori horrela, bereziki
kontuan hartuan behar da ea estatuek onartuko ote dituzten aurkezten diren
proposamenak, gogoan izanda estatuok, orokorrean, ez direla oso prest egon
lekualdaketen arloan nazioarteko betebehar gehiago hartzeko. Ondorioz, gaur
egun dauden aukerak aprobetxatzea sustatzen du egungo testuinguruak, eta, hala,
bide horretan aurrera egiten hasteko aukera ematen du. Bestalde, ingurumenaren
zioz lekualdatu diren pertsonak zein diren baieztatzea zaila denez eta, kontuan
hartuta izaera hori ez duena, eta, beraz, errefuxiatuaren kategorian sartzen ez
dena babes hori gabe geratzeak planteatzen dituen gogoeta etikoak, beharrezkoa
da nazioarteko babes-araubide bat ezartzea, non sartuta egongo baitira beren
borondatetik kanpoko arrazoien ondorioz etxetik urrun joan beharra duten
pertsona guztiak.
The international protection of environmentally displaced persons
must be dealt with from a practical perspective, especially assessing whether the States, which in general terms have shown little inclination to assume more
international obligations regarding displacement, will accept the proposals
that are presented. In this sense, the approach aimed at taking advantage of
what is already available is consistent with the current scenario and allows
us to start down that path. On the other hand, the difficulty of affirming who
is environmentally displaced and the ethical considerations that suggest that
whoever is not, and does not fall into the category of refugee, will be left to their
own devices lead to an international protective regime that includes all those who,
due to circumstances beyond their control, are forced to seek their destiny far
from their homes.
BIODIGESTION EFFECTS OF COW DUNG, POULTRY DROPPINGS AND MAIZE COBS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EFFLUENTS
Authors: Chomini Meyiwa Stephen , Joshua Victoria Ibukun 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To assess its effects on microbial community, biogas yield and some physico-chemical properties of the effluents. Methodology: Triplicate slurries of each of the biomass were separately loaded into locally constructed batch-reactor systems, under strict anaerobic condition and kept for eight(8) week retention period. Separate treatment fractions were subjected to standard methods to determine their microbial contents before and during anaerobic digestion (AD). Weekly variations in temperature and weight were followed during the retention period.Findings: The microbial isolates included 7fungal species, Six (6) non-methanogens, four (4) methanogens and two (2) yeasts. Only Chaetomium thermophile, Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus nidulans were isolated at the 5th WOD. The methanogens were predominantly present throughout the digestion period, with increased frequency of occurrence ranging from 50-100%. There was a general % reduction in total viable counts for all microbial isolates, except for the methanogens, with %increase ranging from 83.48% -205.42%. Treatments E(2961.0ml) and B(1713.2ml) had the highest and lowest significant(p < 0.05) cumulative biogas production, with the co-substrates yielding more than the mono-substrates. All treatments showed progressive temperature rise and average weight loss, which suddenly dropped after the 6th and 4th WOD respectively, with the average weight loss ranging from 23.7±1.9 to 34.3±4.6.Contribution to theory, practice and policy: There was a strong positive correlation between gas production and weight loss as well as with temperature variation. This initiative engendered alternative energy source, agro-wastes management, while ensuring sustainable environmental rejuvenation.
Oil palm production: Actors, roles and activities in the value chain
Authors: Ngwangkfu Yolar , Enwgali Fon , Lengha Tohnain 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: Oil palm is the highest oil producing plant, with an average yield of 3.5 tons of oil/ha/year. In 2006, palm oil became the world’s most important edible oil with 37 million tons produced, accounting for 25% of the total oils and fats production. The study on the Oil palm production: Actors, roles and activities was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-stage sampling technique.
Methodology: The target population for this study were smallholder growers/processors and marketers involved in the oil palm value chain and the sample size was four hundred (400) assuming that the growers/processors and marketers in the Littoral region are more than 100000 distributed within two divisions. The study made used of primary and secondary data sources. The methods used for the study were interviews, focus group discussions, sources documents analysis and participatory observation. A simple descriptive statistical method was also used for the study.
Findings: Findings indicated that the main actors identified in the field were the input suppliers, nurseries, growers/processors, marketers and consumers.
Recommendation(s): The study therefore recommends that the state through the local authorities such as the council could set up fixed prices for oil palm products, create farm to markets roads, and provide farmers with quality seedlings and fertilizers. And also growers should constitute themselves in to common initiatives groups and cooperatives.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS CARROT CULTIVARS UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BALOCHISTAN
Authors: Ali Malik , Lehir Sher , Bangulzai Bashir , Ahmed Shafique , Babar Muhammad , Nadeem Mohammad , Kashif Mohammad , Dawood Mohammad , Langove Abdul 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: Comparative study of growth and yield performance of various carrot cultivars under climatic conditions of Balochistan
Methodology: An experimental trial was conducted at Agriculture Research Vegetable Seed Production situated at Quetta, Balochistan. In order to determine the growth and yield of different carrot cultivars were collected throughout the country and planted during the year 2018 in three replicated randomized complete block design (RCBD) having a plot size of 6 m x 6 m (36 m2).
Finding: Out of 10 cultivars of carrot for higher productivity, all the growth traits was statistically significant except no of leaves, the cultivar Faisalabad T-29 was recorded high yielding (54.47 tons/ha) root yield of carrot, followed by Long Red India (48.49 tons/ha), T29 (VSF)(44.91 tons/ha), Amech (41.69 tons/ha),New Croda (32.87 tons/ha), D-C-3 (30.64 tons/ha),D-C96 (27.65 tons/ha), MP- 4(25.42 tons/ha) and Orange(23.05 tons/ha) root yield of carrot, respectively. However, minimum root yield (18.20 tons/ha) of carrot was recorded in D-C-W.
Unique contribution to theory and practice: Main aim of this study was to reveal the potential existing germplasm of carrots regarding their morphological aspect. Also this study has deep impact on growing communities of province
Empirical Factors Influencing Food Security in Nigeria. Do Local Farmer Investors In Farming Activities Mitigate Food Shortages? Evidence in the Short and Long Run.
Authors: Nnaemeka Nathaniel Obasi 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: What are the significant factors influencing food security in Nigeria? What is the food security status of rural farmers? Do local farmer investors positively influence agricultural output productivity and mitigate food shortages in the long run and short run? What is the alternative source of mitigating food shortages? Through these questions, the objective of this research was to identify factors that affect food security as well as identifying empirical sources of improving food security and putting good policies in place to actualise it.
Methodology: The study has a research design covering a sample size of 145 farmers using a structured questionnaire with random sampling technique to investigate the empirical factors influencing food security in Nigeria and method of data analysis used was logistic regression analysis. Time series data from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2019) was used to investigate the role of local farmer investors in agricultural productivity/mitigation of food shortages using Johansen co-integration (long run) and Granger causality (short run) techniques.
Findings: The logistic regression result computed from the survey data from the respondent farmers revealed that age, total cost of production, farm income and health expenditure are significant factors that influence food security. Result further showed that food security status of rural farmers is not secured. Through the short run and long run investigation, the empirical results covering the period of 1980-2018 in Nigeria revealed that local farmer investors positively influence agricultural productivity and mitigate food shortages by 2.99 percent. The findings further revealed that foreign farmer investors contribute to agricultural output productivity and mitigate food shortages by 4.90 percent, thus an alternative source of mitigating food shortages in Nigeria.
Unique contribution to practice and policy: Its unique contribution to practice and policy is that policy makers will shift in line with the findings. Policy makers should ensure that policies that encourage local farmer investors as well as foreign farmer investors are put in place and adhered to help mitigate food shortages in Nigeria.
UTILISATION OF BIODEGRADABLE SOLID WASTE TO BOOST CROP PRODUCTION AMONG FARMERS IN MBARARA CITY, SOUTH WESTERN UGANDA
Authors: Twesigye Naboth , Twinamatsiko Medard , Tumwesigye Wycliffe 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: Determining the utilisation of biodegradable solid waste in boosting crop productivity among farmers in Mbarara City.
Methodology: Mixed methods were used with simple random sampling and purposive sampling to obtain 111 and 31 respondents respectively - altogether constituting 142 respondents. Data was collected from the respondents using a questionnaire and an interview guide. The study adopted both descriptive and correlational data analysis.
Findings: The study identified some practices that were used in managing biodegradable solid waste for application in boosting crop productivity among farmers in Mbarara city. These were communal collection, door-to-door collection, and others like roadside dumping and dustbins. The application of biodegradable solid waste in boosting crop productivity among farmers of Mbarara city was found to be relatively low, notwithstanding the fact that for those who applied the biodegradable solid waste in farming, it increased crops yields. The study further identified compositing of biodegradable solid waste as the main innovative strategy for proper utilization of solid wastes towards crop productivity. This was because the strategy is environmentally friendly at the same time it enriches the soil with both soil and crop growth support nutrients.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: A strong cooperation between the community and the city council authorities should be cultivated for purposes of enhancing community participation in the management of biodegradable solid waste hence enhancing food crop production in the area. There is also need to explore the opportunities of reducing, reusing, recycling and rethinking and composting in waste management among urban communities to minimize waste and increase economic benefits. Successfully adoption of sustainable methods of waste management by the communities can be done by making awareness programmes simple and accessible to change the mind-set of urban residents to perceive waste as resources rather a problem.
ULTRA VIRES AND THE LIMITS OF LEGALITY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL (UNSC)
Authors: Oguno Prof. P. E. O. , Nnalue Michael O. 
Published: March 2022

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is, in many ways, a unique institution. It exercises legislative, judicial and executive powers; operates with few legally binding checks and balances and has even been described as being ‘unbound by law’. The UNSC represents one of the organs of the United Nations. The Council has broad powers to maintain international peace and security, most notably under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and its decisions are binding on UN members. At the same time, some of the Council’s actions have been labelled as ultra vires and the lack of a binding, legal oversight mechanism to reign in Council action has been decried. Accepting that there is a difficulty in imposing legally binding checks and balances on the UNSC, this article argues that approaching the Council’s Chapter VII powers as a form of emergency powers may help to illuminate the role that non-legal restraints can play in curbing its power. In particular, this article uses Oren Gross’ ‘extra-legal measures model’ to show how the extra-legal measures model offers a descriptive account of UNSC action under Chapter VII and then builds on the gap in the application of the model to the Council to highlight areas for the development of better restraints. The first section provides a brief history of the United Nations as an International Institution; the second section sketches the United Nations Security Council and its powers under Chapters VI and VII of UN Charter; the third section looks at the Ultra Vires acts of the UNSC; the concluding section looked into various models and most especially “Oren Gross” model as an extra legal measure that would provide answer to the limits of legality of the UNSC. To achieve this, the work explored various relevant literatures and also using data and information retrieved from both the primary sources and secondary sources as reference bank.
Märkte im Schock
Authors: Kireev Maxim 
Published: March 2022

St. Petersburg/Frankfurt. Der russische Angriff auf die Ukraine erschüttert die Energie- und Agrarmärkte. Die Kurse für Getreide und Ölsaaten gehen steil nach oben. Unterdessen bereitet Brüssel Sanktionen gegen Russland vor. Die Agrarwirtschaft ist tief besorgt.
Was für Raps und Leguminosen spricht
Authors: Behme Dagmar 
Published: March 2022

Frankfurt a.M. Ein höherer Raps- und Leguminosenanbau kann helfen, mehr Eiweiß auf deutschen Äckern zu erzeugen. Welche Flächen wären künftig verfügbar? Die agrarzeitung (az) stellt Eckpunkte aus einem neuen Ufop-Szenario vor.
Pelaksanaan Zakat Susu Perah di Desa Bendosari Kecamatan Sanan Kulon Kabupaten Blitar Ditinjau dari Fikih Zakat Yusuf Qardlawi
Authors: Supriyanto Supriyanto , Tri Lestari Ratna 
Published: March 2022

Abstrak: Zakat mal merupakan zakat yang digunakan untuk membersihkan harta dari kotoran. Zakat mal terdiri dari dua macam, yaitu zakat mal klasik yang telah dijelaskan dalam nash dan zakat mal modern/kontemporer yang tidak dijelaskan dalam nash. Salah satu contohnya adalah zakat produksi peternakan sapi perah. Pada masa sekarang zakat produksi peternakan sapi perah masih awam di kalangan masyarakat. Mereka beranggapan bahwa hasil produksi peternakan sapi perah tidak wajib dikeluarkan zakatnya. Padahal jika dilihat dari ‘illat hukumnya, zakat produksi peternakan sapi perah bisa berkembang secara kuantitas serta dapat menghasilkan keuntungan. Oleh karena itu, hasil produksi peternakan sapi perah harus dikeluarkan zakatnya, seperti zakat susu. Penelitian ini menggunakan observasi lapangan dan wawancara langsung dengan para informan yang berkaitan dengan bidang kajian. Adapun literatur dan dokumentasi yang didapatkan mengenai persoalan yang terkait digunakan sebagai sumber data sekunder. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Bendosari telah melaksanakan zakat susu sapi perah sebagaimana yang telah disyari’atkan oleh agama. Akan tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya mereka menganalogikan zakat susu sapi perah dengan zakat perdagangan, sehingga pelaksanaan zakat susu sapi perah yang mereka laksanakan tidak sesuai dengan Fiqh zakat Yusuf Qardlawi karena Yusuf Qardlawi beranggapan bahwa susu harus diperlakukan sama dengan madu, sehingga zakatnya dianalogikan dengan zakat pertanian.
Penguasaan Hak Asuh Anak di bawah Umur kepada Bapak
Authors: Hidayatul Ulya Fawzia , Hatul Lisaniyah Fashi , Mu’amaroh Mu’amaroh 
Published: March 2022

Abstrak: Hadhanah adalah persoalan pemeliharaan anak/hak asuh anak. Didalam KHI Pasal 105 hufuf a menyatakan bahwa pemeliharaan anak yang belum mumayyiz atau belum berumur 12 tahun adalah hak ibunya. Kemudian didalam Pasal 156 KHI juga dijelaskan bahwa, apabila ibu meninggal dunia atau tidak memenuhi persyaratan sebagai pengasuh, maka sesuai urutan akan dikuasakan kepada garis keturunan ibu. Tetapi dalam beberapa kasus salah satunya di dalam putusan No 0830/Pdt.G/2019/PA.Dmk mengabulkan permohonan pemohon dengan menetapkan hak asuh anak dibawah umur kepada bapak, yang dalam ini berkedudukan sebagai pemohon. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian normatif, analisis data dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Kesimpulan yang dapat dijelaskan dalam penelitian ini, adalah; Pasal 105 Kompilasi Hukum Islam bahwa hak asuh anak yang masih berusia dibawah 12 tahun adalah hak ibunya, tetapi ada beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia yang dapat dijadikan acuan agar hak asuh anak di bawah umur tersebut dapat dikuasakan kepada bapak kandungnya, diantaranya Pasal 41 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, Pasal 49 Undang-Undang Perkawinan mengenai permintaan pencabutan hak asuh anak oleh salah satu ataupun kedua orang tua maupun keluarga dari anak tersebut dan Pasal 14 Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak mengenai pemisahan seorang anak dengan salah satu atau kedua orang tua.
Hak Istri dalam Rujuk Menurut Fikih Empat Mazhab dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam (Perspektif Maqasid Al-Shari’ah)
Authors: Za’im Muhibbulloh Muhammad , Niswatin Khoiroh Dewi , Rofi’ud Darojad A 
Published: March 2022

Abstrak: Rujuk dalam hukum Islam sah tanpa sepengetahuan atau sepertujuan istri. Imam-imam Mazhab dalam literatur kitab fikih, semuanya sepakat bahwa tidak diperlukan izin istri dalam proses rujuk, sehingga seorang suami berhak merujuk istrinya kapan saja selama dia masih dalam masa iddah tanpa kerelaan seorang istri sedangkan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI), rujuk sah hukumnya apabila sudah mendapat izin dari istri tertuang dalam pasal 165 KHI yang bunyinya demikian “Rujuk yang dilakukan tanpa persetujuan bekas istri, dapat dinyatakan tidak sah dengan putusan Pengadilan Agama”. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian pustaka, bersifat kualitatif deskriptif analitik yang berusaha menganalisanya sehingga mendapatkan hasil yang komprehensif dan mendalam untuk mengambil kesimpulan yang selaras dengan pokok masalah menggunakan teori Maqasid al-Shari’ah. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa, izin istri diperlukan dalam rujuk agar selaras dengan tujuan-tujuan syari’ah (Maqasid al-Shari’ah): Mengatur hubungan laki-laki dan perempuan, Menjaga keturunan, Menciptakan keluarga yang sakinah, mawaddah, wa rahmah, Menjaga garis keturunan, Menjaga keberagaman dalam keluarga, Mengatur pola hubungan yang baik dalam keluarga dan Mengatur aspek finansial keluarga.
Manajemen Membangun Keluarga Sakinah Bagi Pasangan LDM (Long Distance Marriage)
Authors: Hatul Lisaniyah Fashi , Shodiqoh Mira , Sucipto Yogi 
Published: March 2022

Abstrak: Menjadi Keluarga sakinah adalah dambaan setiap pasangan suami istri yang menjalani kehidupan rumah tangga. Hal tersebut juga tidak lepas dari keinginan pasangan yang menjalani hubungan jarak jauh atau disebut dengan Long Distance Marriage. Untuk mendapatkan keluarga sakinah memanglah tidak mudah. Dalam kehidupan rumah tangga harus bisa mengatur dan mengolah dengak baik, agar tercapai tujuan dari kebahagiaan rumah tangga tersebut. Maka diperlukan ilmu Manajemen keluarga sakinah yang harus dikuasai oleh setiap pasangan suami istri. Utamanya mereka yang menajalani hubungan jarak jauh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi kepustakaan, dimana dalam penyusunan artikel ini dari buku-buku dan literatur yang berhubungan dengan kajian yang dibahas. Maka metode yang disajikan adalah deskriptif analitis. Dengan hasil penelitiannya, Keluarga Sakinah merupakan keluarga yang memberikan ketentraman agar keinginan manusia dapat tercapai lahir dan batin, dimana manajemen berinteraksi antara suami istri perkawinan jarak jauh dengan mengikuti pola komunikasi antara lain: instrumen yang digunakan ketika berkomunikasi, inisiatif dalam berkomunikasi, kesan dan pesan yang dibangun di atas komunikasi, waktu dalam berkomunikasi, motif dalam berkomunikasi, efek setelah berkomunikasi. Selain itu harus memenuhi konsep keluarga sakinah sebagai berikut, memilih kriteria calon suami atau istri dengan tepat, dalam keluarga harus ada mawaddah dan rahmah mawaddah saling mengerti antara suami-istri saling menghargai, saling menerima, saling mempercayai, saling mempercayai, suami-istri harus menjalankan kewajibanya masing-masing, suami istri harus menghindari pertikaian, hubungan antara suami istri harus atas dasar saling membutuhkan, suami istri harus menjaga aqidah yang benar suami istri harus senantiasa menjaga makanan yang halal dan suami istri harus menjaga aqidah yang benar.