bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged silent carriage, genomic virulence potential and transmission between staff and patients characterize a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Madera Sharline , McNeil Nicole , Serpa Paula Hayakawa , Kamm Jack , Pak Christy , Caughell Carolyn , Nichols Amy , Dynerman David , Li Lucy M. , Sanchez-Guerrero Estella , Phelps Maira S. , Detweiler Angela M. , Neff Norma , Reyes Helen , Miller Steve A. , Yokoe Deborah S. , DeRisi Joseph L. , Ramirez-Avila Lynn , Langelier Charles R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) that confers significant morbidity and mortality.Objective:Improving our understanding of MRSA transmission dynamics, especially among high-risk patients, is an infection prevention priority.Methods:We investigated a cluster of clinical MRSA cases in the NICU using a combination of epidemiologic review and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of isolates from clinical and surveillance cultures obtained from patients and healthcare personnel (HCP).Results:Phylogenetic analysis identified 2 genetically distinct phylogenetic clades and revealed multiple silent-transmission events between HCP and infants. The predominant outbreak strain harbored multiple virulence factors. Epidemiologic investigation and genomic analysis identified a HCP colonized with the dominant MRSA outbreak strain who cared for most NICU patients who were infected or colonized with the same strain, including 1 NICU patient with severe infection 7 months before the described outbreak. These results guided implementation of infection prevention interventions that prevented further transmission events.Conclusions:Silent transmission of MRSA between HCP and NICU patients likely contributed to a NICU outbreak involving a virulent MRSA strain. WGS enabled data-driven decision making to inform implementation of infection control policies that mitigated the outbreak. Prospective WGS coupled with epidemiologic analysis can be used to detect transmission events and prompt early implementation of control strategies.
The First Large Absorption Survey in Hi(FLASH): I. Science goals and survey design
Authors: Allison James R. , Sadler E. M. , Amaral A. D. , An T. , Curran S. J. , Darling J. , Edge A. C. , Ellison S. L. , Emig K. L. , Gaensler B. M. , Garratt-Smithson L. , Glowacki M. , Grasha K. , Koribalski B. S. , Lagos C. del P. , Lah P. , Mahony E. K. , Mao S. A. , Morganti R. , Moss V. A. , Pettini M. , Pimbblet K. A. , Power C. , Salas P. , Staveley-Smith L. , Whiting M. T. , Wong O. I. , Yoon H. , Zheng Z. , Zwaan M. A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe describe the scientific goals and survey design of the First Large Absorption Survey in Hi(FLASH), a wide field survey for 21-cm line absorption in neutral atomic hydrogen (Hi) at intermediate cosmological redshifts. FLASH will be carried out with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope and is planned to cover the sky south of$\delta \approx +40\,\deg$at frequencies between 711.5 and 999.5 MHz. At redshifts between$z = 0.4$and$1.0$(look-back times of 4 – 8 Gyr), the Hicontent of the Universe has been poorly explored due to the difficulty of carrying out radio surveys for faint 21-cm line emission and, at ultra-violet wavelengths, space-borne searches for Damped Lyman-$\alpha$absorption in quasar spectra. The ASKAP wide field of view and large spectral bandwidth, in combination with a radio-quiet site, will enable a search for absorption lines in the radio spectra of bright continuum sources over 80% of the sky. This survey is expected to detect at least several hundred intervening 21-cm absorbers and will produce an Hi-absorption-selected catalogue of galaxies rich in cool, star-forming gas, some of which may be concealed from optical surveys. Likewise, at least several hundred associated 21-cm absorbers are expected to be detected within the host galaxies of radio sources at$0.4 < z < 1.0$, providing valuable kinematical information for models of gas accretion and jet-driven feedback in radio-loud active galactic nuclei. FLASH will also detect OH 18-cm absorbers in diffuse molecular gas, megamaser OH emission, radio recombination lines, and stacked Hiemission.
The Politics of Li Yu'sXianqing ouji
Authors: Lu Tina 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSeventeenth-century Chinese literature thematizes market segmentation, the idea that functionally similar but different objects can be produced for and marketed to different ranks of people. A 1671 collection of classical essays,Xianqing ouji閑情偶寄 by Li Yu 李漁 (1611–80), has generally been understood to be the most influential of lifestyle guides, containing essays about the theater, everyday life, and material culture. This article argues that price and quality differentiation when it comes to a variety of consumer goods forms a central organizing principle for the volume and provides a prism through whichXianqing oujidiscusses social inequity and hierarchy.
Investigating mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with childhood maltreatment from post-parturition period to one-year follow-up
Authors: Gumpp Anja M. , Behnke Alexander , Ramo-Fernández Laura , Radermacher Peter , Gündel Harald , Ziegenhain Ute , Karabatsiakis Alexander , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildhood maltreatment (CM) exerts various long-lasting psychological and biological changes in affected individuals, with inflammation being an interconnecting element. Besides chronic low-grade inflammation, CM might also affect the energy production of cells by altering the function and density of mitochondria, i.e. the body's main energy suppliers. Here, we compared mitochondrial respiration and density in intact peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), from women with and without CM between two time points, i.e. at the highly inflammatory phase within 1 week after parturition (t0) and again after 1 year (t2).MethodsCM exposure was assessed with theChildhood Trauma Questionnaire. Whole blood was collected fromn= 52 healthy women within the study ‘My Childhood – Your Childhood’ at both time points to isolate and cryopreserve PBMC. Thawed PBMC were used to measure mitochondrial respiration and density by high-resolution respirometry followed by spectrophotometric analyses ofcitrate-synthaseactivity.ResultsOver time, quantitative respiratory parameters increased, while qualitative flux control ratios decreased, independently of CM. Women with CM showed higher mitochondrial respiration and density att0, but not att2. We found significant CM group × time interaction effects forATP-turnover-related respiration and mitochondrial density.ConclusionsThis is the first study to longitudinally investigate mitochondrial bioenergetics in postpartum women with and without CM. Our results indicate that CM-related mitochondrial alterations reflect allostatic load, probably due to higher inflammatory states during parturition, which normalize later. However, later inflammatory states might moderate the vulnerability for a second-hit on the level of mitochondrial bioenergetics, at least in immune cells.
Understanding the relationship between family income and conduct problems: findings from the mental health of children and young people survey
Authors: Piotrowska P. J. , Stride C. B. , Maughan B. , Ford T. , McIntyre N. A. , Rowe R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren from low-socioeconomic backgrounds exhibit more behavioural difficulties than those from more affluent families. Influential theoretical models specify family stress and child characteristics as mediating this effect. These accounts, however, have often been based on cross-sectional data or longitudinal analyses that do not capture all potential pathways, and therefore may not provide good policy guidance.MethodsIn a UK representative sample of 2399 children aged 5–15, we tested mediation of the effect of household income on parent and teacher reports of conduct problems (CP) via unhealthy family functioning, poor parental mental health, stressful life events, child physical health and reading ability. We applied cross-lagged longitudinal mediation models which allowed for testing of reciprocal effects whereby the hypothesised mediators were modelled as outcomes as well as predictors of CP.ResultsWe found the predicted significant longitudinal effect of income on CP, but no evidence that it was mediated by the child and family factors included in the study. Instead, we found significant indirect paths from income to parental mental health, child physical health and stressful life events that were transmitted via child CP.ConclusionThe results confirm that income is associated with change in CP but do not support models that suggest this effect is transmitted via unhealthy family functioning, parental mental health, child physical health, stressful life events or reading difficulties. Instead, the results highlight that child CP may be a mediator of social inequalities in family psychosocial functioning.
Intellectual Property and International Clean Technology Diffusion: Pathways and Prospects
Authors: CHENG Wenting 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInternational clean technology diffusion is essential to mitigate and adapt to climate change, while fast and optimal diffusion can be prevented by the paywall of patents. This article explores the deficiency in clean technology diffusion caused by the legal fragmentation and rule complex of international environmental law and intellectual property law. It systematically examines three pathways to foster international clean technology diffusion through: restriction of intellectual property, including imposing external restraints in environmental law; striking internal balancing in maximizing TRIPS flexibilities; and keeping the status quo. It argues that treaty pathways may not work, and an operable pathway to promote clean technology diffusion is to maximize and consolidate TRIPS flexibilities in national laws. This option challenges the popular proposal of a “Doha-like” declaration on TRIPS and climate change due to the paralyzed multilateral trade mechanism, asymmetrical negotiation power of developing countries, prolonged negotiation process, and categorization problem in treaty negotiations.
Extrapolating Empirical Models of Satellite‐Observed Global Mean Sea Level to Estimate Future Sea Level Change
Authors: Nerem R. S. , Frederikse T. , Hamlington B. D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe estimate a quadratic model of climate‐driven global mean sea level (GMSL) change based on the satellite altimetry record (1993–2020), including a rigorous assessment of the errors in the quadratic coefficients. We then extrapolate this model 30 years into the future to 2050 and compute the 90% confidence interval. We find GMSL rise in 2050 relative to 2020 will be 16.4 cm higher, with an uncertainty range of 11.3–21.4 cm. This prediction agrees within uncertainties with IPCC SROCC and AR6 sea level projections. In addition, a hindcast extrapolation prior to 1993 agrees well with the tide gauge record of GMSL change over the 2nd half of the 20th century. We believe this shows the value of short‐term observationally driven extrapolations as an additional tool for predicting future sea level change.
Groundwater Variability Across India, Under Contrasting Human and Natural Conditions
Authors: Panda Dileep K. , Tiwari Virendra M. , Rodell Matthew 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCharacterizing local to regional scale water cycles and water resources will be crucial for achieving the United Nations' water‐related Sustainable Developmental Goals. However, quantification and understanding of groundwater extraction across scales have been hampered by inadequate water usage reporting and limited information on irrigation practices. Here we analyze observations from ∼15,000 groundwater monitoring wells and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites together with irrigation, agricultural, and meteorological datasets to show how drought‐induced coupling between natural and anthropogenic groundwater storage variations has caused sustainability challenges in India, the world's biggest consumer of groundwater for irrigation. Notably, the mechanisms and consequences of such coupling differ significantly depending on aquifer types. In Andhra Pradesh's hard rock aquifer, groundwater declines have been limited, despite the nearly constant water scarcity that its farmers face. Moreover, its free farm power policy involves an annual irrigation energy consumption of 26 billion kWh that costs US$ 2.5 billion, possibly unparalleled compared to any other part of the world of similar size (0.27 million km2). In West Bengal's highly permeable alluvial aquifer, the water table is declining rapidly (15 cm/yr) due to a policy that encourages irrigation. Situated between these two states, Odisha's aquifer shows substantial resilience to drought, owing to the state's relatively natural landscape and forest restoration policy. The findings of this study provide new insights to understand the divergent aspects of groundwater irrigation in north versus south India, which can enable development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to avert the looming water crisis.
Effect of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation on the Madden Julian Oscillation Teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Sena Ana C. T. , Peings Yannick , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the main source of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. MJO modulates rainfall in remote areas in the Southern Hemisphere by exciting tropical and extratropical wave trains. We use newly released reanalysis data to analyze how the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) can influence the MJO's effects over the Southern Hemisphere, focusing on precipitation anomalies over South America. The anomalies in the intensity of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and precipitation over Southeastern South America during MJO phases 1 and 4 are intensified during the easterly QBO. The extratropical wave train excited by the anomalous convection over the maritime continent during MJO phase 4 is affected by the QBO, with a stronger, better‐defined pattern during westerly QBO. The conclusions are supported by a perturbation experiment of a case study, conducted using a high‐top atmospheric global climate model where the QBO and MJO are controlled.
Discontinuity of Diurnal Temperature Range Along Elevated Regions
Authors: Jang Yi‐Shin , Shen Sheng‐Feng , Juang Jehn‐Yih , Huang Cho‐ying , Lo Min‐Hui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLow‐clouds and fog moderate the diurnal temperature range (DTR) through radiative effects. Consequently, frequent foggy events make montane cloud forests (MCFs) stable and unique. However, high‐resolution observations in the forest understory are rare. To investigate the DTR variation in elevations, we surveyed the Central Cross‐Island Highway in central Taiwan along the altitude of 0–3,000 m across both the non‐cloud forest and MCFs. The results from paired weather stations revealed that the DTR increases significantly with altitude in open fields but not in the forest's understory. Furthermore, the continuous observations in altitude indicate that smaller DTRs were found in both open field and understory sites in the MCF compared with those in low‐ and high‐altitude sites. The DTR discontinuity highlights the indispensability of MCF for the mountain ecosystem. Further simulating the integrative effect of the climate and land‐use change on fog is crucial for the ecoclimate in mountainous regions.
PSP Observations of a Slow Shock Pair Bounding a Large‐Scale Plasmoid/Macro Magnetic Hole
Authors: Zhou Zilu , Xu Xiaojun , Zuo Pingbing , Wang Yi , Wang Ludi , Ye Yudong , Wang Ming , Chang Qing , Wang Xing , Luo Lei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSlow shocks are introduced to be the main dissipation sites in Petschek reconnection model, but they are seldom observed in interplanetary space. We report a slow shock pair bounding a plasmoid/macro magnetic hole observed by Parker Solar Probe. The jump conditions across the shocks are examined and confirmed to satisfy the Rankine‐Hugoniot relations. The flow speed in the preshock and postshock regions of both shocks match up with the characteristics of slow shocks. The slow shock pair is suggested to be a part of a curved slow shock bounding the plasmoid produced by magnetic reconnection. Our findings append a new dissipation site to the picture of energy conversion through solar wind magnetic reconnection. In addition, the results suggest that plasmoids emitted by local magnetic reconnections could be a possible origin of macro magnetic holes in the solar wind.
Precipitating Electron Energy Spectra and Auroral Power Estimation by Incoherent Scatter Radar With High Temporal Resolution
Authors: Tesfaw Habtamu W. , Virtanen Ilkka I. , Aikio Anita T. , Nel Amoré , Kosch Michael , Ogawa Yasunobu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study presents an improved method to estimate differential energy flux, auroral power and field‐aligned current of electron precipitation from incoherent scatter radar data. The method is based on a newly developed data analysis technique that uses Bayesian filtering to fit altitude profiles of electron density, electron temperature, and ion temperature to observed incoherent scatter spectra with high time and range resolutions. The electron energy spectra are inverted from the electron density profiles. Previous high‐time resolution fits have relied on the raw electron density, which is calculated from the backscattered power assuming that the ion and electron temperatures are equal. The improved technique is applied to one auroral event measured by the EISCAT UHF radar and it is demonstrated that the effect of electron heating on electron energy spectra, auroral power, and upward field‐aligned current can be significant at times. Using the fitted electron densities instead of the raw ones may lead to wider electron energy spectra and auroral power up to 75% larger. The largest differences take place for precipitation that produces enhanced electron heating in the upper E region, and in this study correspond to fluxes of electrons with peak energies from 3 to 5 keV. Finally, the auroral power estimates are verified by comparison to the 427.8 nm auroral emission intensity, which shows good correlation. The improved method makes it possible to calculate unbiased estimates of electron energy spectra with high time resolution and thereby to study rapidly varying aurora.
Water Vapor Transport Across an Arid Sand Surface—Non‐Linear Thermal Coupling, Wind‐Driven Pore Advection, Subsurface Waves, and Exchange With the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Louge M. Y. , Valance A. , Xu J. , Ould el‐Moctar A. , Chasle P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough vapor exchanged across hyper‐arid surfaces without free liquid affects the water budget of sand seas, its mechanism is poorly documented for want of accurate instruments with fine spatial resolution. To rectify this, we report bulk density profiles and spatiotemporal variations of vapor mass fraction just below the surface of a mobile dune, acquired with a multi‐sensor capacitance probe sensitive to tiny water films adsorbed on sand grains. We also record wind speed and direction, ambient temperature and relative humidity, net radiation flux, and subsurface temperature profiles over 2 days. The data validate a non‐linear model of vapor mass fraction. Unlike heat, which conducts through grains, vapor percolates across the interstitial pore space by advection and diffusion. On time scales longer than evaporation, adsorbed films equilibrate with their surroundings and hinder molecular diffusion. Their non‐linear coupling with subsurface temperature generates inflections in vapor profiles without counterpart in simpler diffusive systems. Pore advection arises as wind induces subtle pressure variations over the topography. During periods of aeolian transport, flowing sand dehydrates the surface intermittently, triggering evanescent vapor waves of amplitude decaying exponentially downward on a characteristic length implying an adsorption rate governed by a kinetic‐limited activated process. Finally, the probe yields diffusive and advective exchanges with the atmospheric boundary layer. During the day, their combined flux is smaller than expected, yet nearly proportional to the difference between vapor mass fraction at the surface and aloft. Under stabler stratification at night, or during aeolian sand transport, this relation no longer holds.
Greenland Mass Trends From Airborne and Satellite Altimetry During 2011–2020
Authors: Khan Shfaqat A. , Bamber Jonathan L. , Rignot Eric , Helm Veit , Aschwanden Andy , Holland David M. , van den Broeke Michiel , King Michalea , Noël Brice , Truffer Martin , Humbert Angelika , Colgan William , Vijay Saurabh , Kuipers Munneke Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe use satellite and airborne altimetry to estimate annual mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We estimate ice loss corresponding to a sea‐level rise of 6.9 ± 0.4 mm from April 2011 to April 2020, with a highest annual ice loss rate of 1.4 mm/yr sea‐level equivalent from April 2019 to April 2020. On a regional scale, our annual mass loss timeseries reveals 10–15 m/yr dynamic thickening at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ from April 2016 to April 2018, followed by a return to dynamic thinning. We observe contrasting patterns of mass loss acceleration in different basins across the ice sheet and suggest that these spatiotemporal trends could be useful for calibrating and validating prognostic ice sheet models. In addition to resolving the spatial and temporal fingerprint of Greenland's recent ice loss, these mass loss grids are key for partitioning contemporary elastic vertical land motion from longer‐term glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) trends at GPS stations around the ice sheet. Our ice‐loss product results in a significantly different GIA interpretation from a previous ice‐loss product.
A Posteriori Random Forests for Stochastic Downscaling of Precipitation by Predicting Probability Distributions
Authors: Legasa M. N. , Manzanas R. , Calviño A. , Gutiérrez J. M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis work presents a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of random forests, a well‐known machine learning technique, for the statistical downscaling of precipitation. Building on the experimental and validation framework proposed in the Experiment 1 of the COST action VALUE—the largest, most exhaustive intercomparison study of statistical downscaling methods to date—we introduce and thoroughly analyze a posteriori random forests (AP‐RFs), which use all the information contained in the leaves to reliably predict the shape and scale parameters of the gamma probability distribution of precipitation on wet days. Therefore, as opposed to traditional random forests, which typically provide deterministic predictions, our AP‐RFs allow realistic stochastic precipitation samples to be generated for wet days. Indeed, as compared to one particular implementation of a generalized linear model that exhibited an overall good performance in VALUE, our AP‐RFs yield better distributional similarity with observations without loss of predictive power. Noteworthy, the new methodology proposed in this paper has substantial potential for hydrologists and other impact communities which are in need of local‐scale, reliable stochastic climate information.