bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitution
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In many cases, value tracks meaning. In particular, when some natural entity has value for us on account of its meaning, and that meaning depends on some context, y, then the entity’s value for us will typically depend on y. More precisely, the entity will be of constitutive value—of value, that is, because it is part of, rather than a means to, y. This part–whole model of value sheds light on the case studies presented in Chapters 3 and 4. In each of those cases, some natural entity has value because it contributes (though not of course intentionally) to some meaningful whole which, in turn, qualifies as valuable by virtue of its links with human well-being. Take the example of the Saami’s reindeer. The reindeer play an important role in the Saami’s cultural identity. If, as seems likely, their having that identity contributes to their well-being, then, by the lights of the part–whole model, the reindeer have constitutive value for the Saami. This conception of constitutive value is then compared with three other kinds of value—namely, (1) value for us, (2) value all things considered, and (3) aesthetic value.
Beyond Value for Us
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
So far, the discussion has focused on nature’s value for us—that is, the value it has by virtue of the contributions it makes to human well-being. Readers towards the dark green pole of the environmental spectrum may dismiss this focus on human well-being as unacceptably anthropocentric. But to highlight nature’s constitutive value for us is not to deny that it can have other kinds of value. And in fact there are reasons to think that some natural entities have constitutive value because of the meanings they have for certain non-human animals. Besides, whether or not meaning-apprehension is a distinctively human capacity, some such entities certainly can have instrumental value for animals, as berries have value for bears or aspen twigs value for beavers. In addition to this, there are reasons to think that some natural entities are valuable for their own sakes, and not simply for the sake of other things, such as those human or non-human beings to whose well-being they contribute. There are reasons, that is, to think that some natural entities have intrinsic value. The relations between nature’s intrinsic values and its constitutive values are explored by means of a tenth case study, Dugong hunting.
Blood and Demons
Authors: Zellentin Holger M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using the double prohibition of murder, on the one hand, and the consumption of animal blood and of improperly slaughtered animals, on the other, as first case study, the first chapter introduces the laws given to Noah and his offspring in Genesis 9. It argues that these laws, legally as well as narratively, form the background also of the laws given to the non-Israelite residents of the Holy Land, the gerim, in Leviticus 17. The chapter further considers the entirety of the gerim laws in Leviticus 17–26 and argues that these laws underlie not only the Decree of the Apostles but also the rabbinic Noahide Laws, following different exegetical hermeneutics. This allows for a triangulation of the exegetical background of both legal narratives, and equally highlights two key differences between the stricter Christian and the more lenient rabbinic tradition of gentile law. The chapter then traces the prohibition of idol meat, blood, and carrion throughout late antique Christianity and up to the Qur’an. It argues that the gentile purity laws defined in the Decree of the Apostles, though partially softened or even dismissed by a small minority of Church Fathers since the fourth century, remained part of mainstream Christianity throughout late antiquity and were universally appreciated as well as repeatedly connected to Leviticus 17. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the Qur’an’s food laws, arguing that the Qur’an dismisses pagan Arabian food laws and instead takes the appreciative and especially the expansive Christian tradition of gentile food laws as its point of departure, all the while expanding some of its regulations and prohibitions pertaining to impurity and introducing dispensations for specific circumstances.
Purity and Punishment in the Qur’an
Authors: Zellentin Holger M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In lieu of a conclusion, this chapter will synthesize this study’s findings from the point of view of their implications for the interrelated subjects of purity and this-worldly punishment, which we will consider in three steps. First, we will briefly consider some of the Qur’an’s notions of purity and impurity, along with the adjacent issue of sacredness. Establishing the Islamic Scripture’s concepts of purity and of the holy will allow for a broader comparison of similar notions in the Hebrew Bible and in various streams within the Jewish and Christian traditions. Second, we will revisit Christian and especially rabbinic takes on the biblical concept of “impurity of the land”—which proved essential for the biblical concept of prohibited impurity—in order to probe their relevance for understanding the respective qur’anic notion of “corruption in the land.” Third, a comparative consideration of the few qur’anic passages that delineate modes of this-worldly punishment will allow for a comparison of qur’anic with biblical, Jewish, as well as especially late Roman Christian modes of punishment, leading us to a concluding assessment of the role that prohibited impurity plays in the various penal codes.
An Outlook
Authors: Zellentin Holger M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Outlook offers a very brief restatement of key findings and then considers which questions this volume raised, and how they may be addressed in future scholarship. Issues include the role of Middle Eastern law more broadly and Arabian legal culture more specifically; questions of orality and of translations of the Bible; the relationship of the Qur’an with specific types of Judaism and Christianity; the importance of epigraphy and of traditional Islamic sources for the study of the Qur’an and of pre-Islamic Arabia; the value of the insights of the later Islamic jurists for the understanding of the Qur’an; and the relationship of Islamic jurisprudence with ancient Arabian as well as with Jewish, Christian, especially Byzantine, and plausibly Aksumite law.
Disentangling Neanderthal-Modern Human Interactions in Western Europe
Authors: Gravina Brad , d’Errico Francesco , Bachellerie Frçncois 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights methodological challenges for an understanding of acculturation and creolization in early prehistory. The authors note that this is especially evident in situations such as the Châtelperronian where there is little chronological definition. In reference to the Châtelperronian, it is recognized as remarkable how such a restricted spectrum of evidence proves to be so incredibly agile, producing such outwardly conflicting and occasionally paradoxical models. It is also noted that concepts such as acculturation and creolization flounder when confronted with the period’s temporal resolution and lack of direct evidence for individual and group-level interactions. The authors recognize that the satisfactory furtherance of this research depends upon a thorough archaeological and taphonomic analysis of key sites.
Economic Environment
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the economic environment of the law of real security, in particular in the context of secured lending. Agriculture was the most important sector of the Roman economy and it was precisely this sector of the economic environment that initially triggered important developments in the law of real security. From circa 250 bc onwards there was a shift in agriculture towards commercialization and specialization, as well as a substantial increase in trade, commerce, and credit. In the late Republic and Principate, ‘irritations’ produced by the financial sector became significant stimuli for the evolution of the Roman law of real security. This chapter will look at the role of bankers and elite financiers in the Roman credit markets. It will review various forms of credit, as well as categories of capital goods serving as collateral. Finally, it will discuss the significance of real security for the (urban and rural) rental markets.
Origins
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the origins of pignus and its remedies in the Republic will be discussed. The pledges we encounter in Cato’s De agricultura are ancestors of the tenant’s pledge of invecta et illata and are early and important examples of transactional practices with formative effect. In the first century bc, for the first time in the history of Roman law specific legal remedies were developed for pignus: the interdictum Salvianum and the interdictum de migrando. Not long after the introduction of these interdicts, the actio Serviana was included in the praetor’s edict, perhaps originally exclusively for tenant’s pledges. In republican law a second form of real security was already originated: fiducia cum creditore. This chapter will also review the origin and early evolution of this form of real security and examine its historical and structural relationships with pignus.
From Special to General Pledge
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the second half of the second century ad a pledge originated which extended to all the assets which were from time to time part of the debtor’s patrimony. For centuries the general pledge has given rise to two questions: what was its object and what were its legal consequences? This chapter will first look at generic pledges as ancestors of the general pledge. The origin of the general pledge, via the intermediate stage of the so-called cetera bona pledge, will then be charted. The remaining sections of this chapter will review the legal consequences of the general pledge. It will appear that the Roman general pledge can be regarded as a ‘floating’ charge, which covered all the assets which were from time to time in the debtor’s patrimony and which allowed the debtor to dispose of these assets free from pledge.
Adaptedness of Pignus and Hypotheca
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The central questions of this chapter are: was the Roman law of real security adapted to its economic environment, and did it contribute to economic growth? The findings of law and economics on the role of the law of secured credit in modern economies are to be applied to Roman law. It will appear that classical Roman law had all but one (public title registries) of the features of effective collateral laws identified in economic analyses of modern law. The negative effects of the Romans’ failure to set up a public register for ownership and security interests in the western part of the empire, may have been neutralized by contractual practices and social norms for a long time. This makes it plausible that for most of the Principate, the Roman law of real security was capable of facilitating credit in a similar manner as its descendants do in modern economies and did contribute to growth of the Roman economy.
Anther development—The long road to making pollen
Authors: Marchant D Blaine , Walbot Virginia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Anthers express the most genes of any plant organ, and their development involves sequential redifferentiation of many cell types to perform distinctive roles from inception through pollen dispersal. Agricultural yield and plant breeding depend on understanding and consequently manipulating anthers, a compelling motivation for basic plant biology research to contribute. After stamen initiation, two theca form at the tip, and each forms an adaxial and abaxial lobe composed of pluripotent Layer 1-derived and Layer 2-derived cells. After signal perception or self-organization, germinal cells are specified from Layer 2-derived cells, and these secrete a protein ligand that triggers somatic differentiation of their neighbors. Historically, recovery of male-sterile mutants has been the starting point for studying anther biology. Many genes and some genetic pathways have well-defined functions in orchestrating subsequent cell fate and differentiation events. Today, new tools are providing more detailed information; for example, the developmental trajectory of germinal cells illustrates the power of single cell RNA-seq to dissect the complex journey of one cell type. We highlight ambiguities and gaps in available data to encourage attention on important unresolved issues.
Multispecies Probiotic Can Prevent Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: September 2022

According to this study:

Although a multispecies probiotic didn't reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children when the most stringent definition of the condition was used, it did, however, have a beneficial effect on the overall risk of diarrhea during and seven days after antibiotic treatment.The authors point out that the cause of diarrhea may not be relevant so long as the preventive intervention is effective.
Exome sequencing in a Swedish family with PMS2 mutation with varying penetrance of colorectal cancer: investigating the presence of genetic risk modifiers in colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Bryant Patrick , Walton Bernstedt Sophie , Thutkawkorapin Jessada , Backman Ann-Sofie , Lindblom Annika , Lagerstedt-Robinson Kristina 
Published: September 2022

Objective
Lynch syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, such as the PMS2 gene, and is characterised by a familial accumulation of colorectal cancer. The penetrance of cancer in PMS2 carriers is still not fully elucidated as a colorectal cancer risk has been shown to vary between PMS2 carriers, suggesting the presence of risk modifiers.

Methods
Whole exome sequencing was performed in a Swedish family carrying a PMS2 missense mutation [c.2113G>A, p.(Glu705Lys)]. Thirteen genetic sequence variants were further selected and analysed in a case-control study (724 cases and 711 controls).

Results
The most interesting variant was an 18 bp deletion in gene BAG1. BAG1 has been linked to colorectal tumour progression with poor prognosis and is thought to promote colorectal tumour cell survival through increased NF-κB activity.

Conclusions
We conclude the genetic architecture behind the incomplete penetrance of PMS2 is complicated and must be assessed in a genome wide manner using large families and multifactorial analysis.
Approaches to Estimating Clearance Rates for Human Papillomavirus Groupings: A Systematic Review and Real Data Examples
Authors: Wijstma Eline S. , Jongen Vita W. , Alberts Catharina J. , de Melker Hester E. , Hoes Joske , Schim van der Loeff Maarten F. 
Published: September 2022

Introduction:
Approaches to estimating clearance rates, an important metric of human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance, for HPV groupings differ between studies. We aimed to identify the approaches used in the literature for estimating grouped HPV clearance rates. We investigated whether these approaches resulted in different estimations, using data from existing studies.

Methods:
In this systematic review, we included articles that reported clearance rates of HPV groupings. We identified approaches to data in the HAVANA cohort, comprising adolescent girls, and the H2M cohort, comprising men who have sex with men. We estimated clearance rates for six HPV groupings (bivalent-, quadrivalent- and nonavalent vaccine-related, and low-risk, high-risk, and any HPV).

Results:
From 26 articles, we identified 54 theoretically possible approaches to estimating clearance rates. These approaches varied regarding definitions of clearance events and person–time, and prevalence or incidence of infections included in the analysis. Applying the nine most-used approaches to the HAVANA (n = 1,394) and H2M (n = 745) cohorts demonstrated strong variation in clearance rate estimates depending on the approach used. For example, for grouped high-risk HPV in the H2M cohort, clearance rates ranged from 52.4 to 120.0 clearances/1000 person–months. Clearance rates also varied in the HAVANA cohort, but differences were less pronounced, ranging from 24.1 to 57.7 clearances/1000 person–months.

Conclusions:
Varied approaches from the literature for estimating clearance rates of HPV groupings yielded different clearance rate estimates in our data examples. Estimates also varied between study populations. We advise clear reporting of methodology and urge caution in comparing clearance rates between studies.
Community Mitigation Strategies, Mobility, and COVID-19 Incidence Across Three Waves in the United States in 2020
Authors: Ledesma Jorge R. , Zou Lin , Chrysanthopoulou Stavroula A. , Giovenco Danielle , Khanna Aditya S. , Lurie Mark N. 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Summarizing the impact of community-based mitigation strategies and mobility on COVID-19 infections throughout the pandemic is critical for informing responses and future infectious disease outbreaks. Here, we employed time-series analyses to empirically investigate the relationships between mitigation strategies and mobility on COVID-19 incident cases across US states during the first three waves of infections.

Methods:
We linked data on daily COVID-19 incidence by US state from March to December 2020 with the stringency index, a well-known index capturing the strictness of mitigation strategies, and the trip ratio, which measures the ratio of the number of trips taken per day compared with the same day in 2019. We utilized multilevel models to determine the relative impacts of policy stringency and the trip ratio on COVID-19 cumulative incidence and the effective reproduction number. We stratified analyses by three waves of infections.

Results:
Every five-point increase in the stringency index was associated with 2.89% (95% confidence interval = 1.52, 4.26%) and 5.01% (3.02, 6.95%) reductions in COVID-19 incidence for the first and third waves, respectively. Reducing the number of trips taken by 50% compared with the same time in 2019 was associated with a 16.2% (−0.07, 35.2%) decline in COVID-19 incidence at the state level during the second wave and 19.3% (2.30, 39.0%) during the third wave.

Conclusions:
Mitigation strategies and reductions in mobility are associated with marked health gains through the reduction of COVID-19 infections, but we estimate variable impacts depending on policy stringency and levels of adherence.
Tarsal Ectropion Repair With Modified Bick Eyelid Tightening and Inverting Sutures
Authors: Wang Diane , Deng Wenyu , Shinder Roman 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
The authors report on a 10-year experience of correcting tarsal ectropion using a combined method of modified Bick eyelid tightening (MBLT) and inverting sutures.

Methods:
Retrospective, interventional case series of consecutive patients with tarsal ectropion who underwent MBLT and inverting sutures by a single surgeon (RS) between July 2010 and July 2020. Thirty-four patients, 24 of whom were female, with a mean age of 81.6 years (range 59–92) were included. Eight patients had bilateral disease. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia in an office setting. Treatment success was defined by eyelid position, symptoms, and need for reoperation.

Results:
Thirty-one patients (91%) had a successful outcome. Three patients (9%) had satisfactory results with improved symptoms and mild residual ectropion, for which further surgery was not required. No patients had poor results. The mean follow-up time was 4.5 months (range 3–11 months). The inverting sutures were well tolerated in all cases and none had to be removed due to ocular surface discomfort. There were no visible scars from the inverting sutures in any patient at postoperative month 3.

Conclusions:
A combination of eyelid tightening using MBLT and inverting sutures is a simple and effective treatment for lower eyelid tarsal ectropion with minimal tissue dissection.
Implantable Electronic Cardiovascular Device Complications Related to Electrocautery During Ophthalmology Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tauber Jenna , Tingley Jennifer P. , Barmettler Anne 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
Implantable electronic cardiovascular device such as cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillators are common life-saving devices. Device-related complications can arise when undergoing surgical interventions with electrosurgical tools due to electromagnetic interference, based on electrocautery type, implantable electronic cardiovascular device type, electrocautery location, and a number of other factors. The risk of device-related complications due to electrocautery in oculoplastic surgery has not been established. This systematic literature review assesses prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of electrocautery-related device complications in oculoplastic surgery.

Methods:
Systematic literature review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis guidelines and used the search terms “pacemaker,” “implantable cardioverter defibrillator,” “electrocautery,” “cautery,” and “electrosurgery” through June 2022. Inclusion criteria were full-text articles, discussing ocular, oculoplastic, or other facial surgery. Exclusion criteria were non-English language or surgery focused on other parts of the body. Full-text manuscripts of identified articles were reviewed and relevant data were extracted.

Results:
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Two studies were level I and II evidence, while 10 studies were level III or IV. There were no reports of electromagnetic interference with bipolar cautery use. With monopolar cautery use, cases of electromagnetic interference were reported, but without related significant morbidity or mortality. Safety recommendations to minimize electrical flow through the implantable electronic cardiovascular device are described.

Conclusions:
There were no reports of implantable electronic cardiovascular device–related complications from bipolar or thermocautery use in ophthalmic or oculoplastic surgeries. Monopolar have been associated with electromagnetic interference, but additional preoperative and perioperative measures can be taken to mitigate this risk.
Obesity Classification of the Body Mass Index Does Not Predict Participation Restrictions at Work
Authors: Arnold Christopher , Linden Michael , Warnke Max Holger 
Published: September 2022

Objective
The objective was to explore the differences of the three body mass index (BMI) obesity classes regarding sociodemographic data, medical and psychological well-being, but especially participation restrictions at work.

Methods
A specialist in psychosomatic medicine reported on the health and occupational status of 190 patients (BMI >30), who were treated as inpatients in a psychosomatic rehabilitation unit.

Results
Significant increases in severity or work limitations were found for higher BMI groups concerning metabolic, cardiologic, and orthopedic comorbidity. There were no differences regarding indicators of occupational participation. Independent of the obesity status, about three quarters were seen as fit for work.

Conclusions
The initial hypothesis is rejected, as no difference concerning objective parameters of work participation were found between the BMI classes. The data suggest that BMI class I to BMI class III do not allow predictions of the ability to work.