bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideal gas law and fluid dynamics simulation: characterizing an air bubble rising from the bottom of a lake
Authors: Mohottala H E , Higgins Brent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The use of animations, simulations, and remote lab experiments has taken a new turn during the pandemic. When teaching introductory-level physics courses, the simulations and animations play an important role. Carefully designed simulations assist students visualize real-life situations and help understand complex physics concepts behind them. Some of these simulations guide students to understand the problem itself and encourage them to adjust variables and observe the changes. Not to mention, both students and instructors can benefit from these simulations in any environment, remote, or in-person. We designed a simulation to demonstrate the rise of an air bubble from a certain depth of a lake. Assuming the gas trapped inside the air bubble to be ideal, using Ideal Gas Law, we designed the simulation to show how the volume of the bubble expands as it ascends. To solve for volume as it reaches the surface, we employed knowledge from fluid dynamics. We incorporated equations to account for the pressure variations with the depth. Unlike in other simulations, here we share a link with the user, permitting them to alter the program. This gives users an opportunity to understand the coding of the simulation, if they are interested in creating similar animations in the future.
Spoke-resolved electron density, temperature and potential in direct current magnetron sputtering and HiPIMS discharges
Authors: Held J , George M , von Keudell A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spokes are long wavelength oscillations observed in the magnetized region of direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS), high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), as well as other

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discharges. Spokes rotate in front of the cathode with velocities between about 2 km s−1 and 15 km s−1, making it difficult to perform quantitative measurements. This is overcome by synchronizing Langmuir probe measurements to the movement of spokes in DCMS to obtain the probe current–voltage (I–V) characteristic without averaging out the spoke influence. The I–V curves are then evaluated using magnetized probe theory, revealing the strong plasma parameter modulations, caused by the spokes. The plasma density was found to oscillate between 2.5 × 1016 m−3 and 1.7 × 1017 m−3, which corresponds to a modulation strength of more than 70% or an almost seven times increase of density. In good agreement with previous work, a plasma potential minimum of −55 V is found ahead of the spoke followed by a sudden increase to about 2 V inside the spoke. The electron temperature was found to oscillate between 3 eV and 7 eV. On top of that oscillation, electrons experience a sudden energy increase as they move inside the spoke, crossing the potential jump at the leading edge for the spoke. On basis of these observations a model is presented to explain spokes in DCMS. These results are then compared to HiPIMS spokes under otherwise similar conditions. The plasma parameter modulation found for HiPIMS is much weaker than for DCMS, which is explained by the higher collision frequency for electrons in HiPIMS plasmas.
Magnetization loops and non-scaling behavior of flux pinning force of Fe1+y
Te1−x
Se
x
studied by numerical simulation
Authors: Huang Xiaofei , Sun Yue , Pan Yongqiang , Shi Zhixiang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The magnetization of type-II superconductors has usually been described using the critical state models (CSMs). However, CSMs do not consider the time-dependent magnetic relaxation. In this work, to study the influence of magnetic relaxation on the magnetic hysteresis loops (MHLs), critical current density J
c, and flux pinning force F
p, a numerical method proposed by (Qin and Yao 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 7536) was adopted and extended to the quasi-two-dimensional case. MHLs at different temperatures measured by using applied field with different sweeping rates can be well reproduced. The critical current density after relaxation J
s, and F
p can also fit the experimental results well. Based on the numerical simulation, the non-scaling behavior of field-dependent normalized pinning force has been proven to be due to the magnetic relaxation. By comparing the normalized pinning force with the Dew-Hughes model, the dominant pinning type in Fe1+y
Te0.6Se0.4 has been confirmed to be the volume Δκ pinning. In addition, the second peak effect is found to be related to the flux lattice transition from elastic lattice to plastic lattice (E-P transition).
Extinction theorem for a temporal gas-plasma boundary
Authors: Bakunov M I 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Temporal discontinuity in a medium’s dielectric properties (temporal boundary) is a useful model for considering electromagnetic phenomena in dynamic materials and metamaterials. Here a counterpart of the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem of classical optics is derived for light scattering at a temporal boundary. In particular, it is shown that the extinction of the initial electromagnetic wave and its replacement by the frequency shifted waves at a temporal gas-plasma boundary can be understood as a result of a superposition of the elementary waves scattered by the suddenly appeared individual free electrons. In contrast to the classical extinction theorem, the extinction at a temporal boundary is closely related to causality and transient effects; the electromagnetic field at any observation point is formed by the elementary waves arriving from a sphere expanding with the speed of light.
Dynamic mechanism of nonlinear waves for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized variable-coefficient shallow water wave equation
Authors: Wu Xiao-Yu , Sun Yan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under investigation in this paper is a (3+1)-dimensional generalized variable-coefficient shallow water wave equation, which can be used to describe the flow below a pressure surface in oceanography and atmospheric science. Employing the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy reduction, we obtain the breather and lump solutions in terms of Grammian. We investigate the generation mechanism and conversion of the breathers, lumps and rogue waves. We find that the breather is produced by the superposition of three parts: The soliton part, the periodic wave part and the background part. The angle between the soliton part and the periodic wave part affects the shape of the breather. Considering the influences of the variable coefficients, we observe the breathers propagating on the periodic backgrounds, with double peaks and the breathers propagating periodic with time, respectively. Taking the long-wave limits, we get the rational solutions which describe the lumps. We find that the characteristic lines keep unchanged on the x − y plane, which means that the lump is similar to a part of the breather. Linear rogue waves only appear on the y − z plane.
The rise of the primordial tensor spectrum from an early scalar-tensor epoch
Authors: Chowdhury Debika , Tasinato Gianmassimo , Zavala Ivonne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Primordial gravitational waves (PGW) produced during inflation span a large range of frequencies, carrying information on the dynamics of the primordial universe. During an early scalar-tensor dominated epoch, the amplitude of the PGW spectrum can be enhanced over a wide range of frequencies. To study this phenomenon, we focus on a class of scalar-tensor theories, well motivated by high energy theories of dark energy and dark matter, where the scalar is conformally and disformally coupled to matter during the early cosmological evolution. For a conformally dominated epoch, the PGW spectrum has a flat step-like shape. More interestingly, a disformally dominated epoch is characterised by a peaked spectrum with a broken power-law profile, with slopes depending on the scalar-tensor theory considered.
We introduce a graphical tool, called broken power-law sensitivity curve, as a convenient visual indicator for understanding whether a given broken power-law profile can be detected by GW experiments. We then analyse the GW spectra for a variety of representative conformal and disformal models, discussing their detectability prospects with the Einstein Telescope (ET), Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO), and Big Bang Observer (BBO).
Flat spectra of cosmic gravitons in the nHz and audio bands
Authors: Giovannini Massimo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The spectra of the relic gravitons are customarily normalized in the low-frequency domain where the signal of the concordance paradigm is expected to peak and this is why their contribution to the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the microwave background is only described by the tensor to scalar ratio. If the consistency relations are broken, the same strategy is accomplished by introducing the tensor spectral index as a further independent parameter. When the dominant component of the spectral energy density is distributed for frequencies much larger than the aHz, the logic behind this conventional approach is much less compelling. The improved bounds in the audio band and the current data from the pulsar timing arrays in the nHz region motivate a new strategy for the absolute normalization of the cosmic background of relic gravitons. After introducing a general four-dimensional action for the analysis of the relic gravitons the new approach is illustrated in the case of conventional and unconventional inflationary models.
Stability of the replica-symmetric solution in the off-diagonally-disordered Bose–Hubbard model
Authors: Piekarska Anna M , Kopeć Tadeusz K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We study a disordered system of interacting bosons described by the Bose–Hubbard Hamiltonian with random tunneling amplitudes. We derive the condition for the stability of the replica-symmetric solution for this model. Following the scheme of de Almeida and Thouless, we determine if the solution corresponds to the minimum of free energy by building the respective Hessian matrix and checking its positive semidefiniteness. Thus, we find the eigenvalues by postulating the set of eigenvectors based on their expected symmetry, and require the eigenvalues to be non-negative. We evaluate the spectrum numerically and identify matrix blocks that give rise to eigenvalues that are always non-negative. Thus, we find a subset of eigenvalues coming from decoupled subspaces that is sufficient to be checked as the stability criterion. We also determine the stability of the phases present in the system, finding that the disordered phase is stable, the glass phase is unstable, while the superfluid phase has both stable and unstable parts.
A transiting temperate-subtropical mixed forest: carbon cycle projection and uncertainty
Authors: Kim JiHyun , Kim Yeonjoo , Kim Jeongbin , Cho Kyeungwoo , Hong Jinkyu , Hong Je-Woo , Jo Sungsoo , Park Chanwoo , Chun Jung Hwa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems respond to climate change in various ways, making it crucial to improve our understanding of these dynamics and uncertainty in projections. Here, we investigate how the species composition in a temperate-subtropical mixed forest on Jeju Island, South Korea, would change by 2099 and analysed the resultant effects on phenological timings and carbon flux using an individual cohort-based model—the ecosystem demography biosphere model version 2. We use the analyses of variance to decompose the contribution of model parameters (four sets) and climate inputs (four global climate models under four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios) to the total uncertainty in the leaf area index (LAI) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) projections. We find that with increases in temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and vapour pressure deficit, the dominance of subtropical species will gradually increase by approximately 11%, from 30.2% in 2013 to 41.1% by the end of this century, yet there was a large variation in the projections depending on the model parameter and climate inputs. We also show the increases in the LAI and length of growing season by the end of this century, resulting in an increased NEP at the rate of up to 62.7 gC m−2 yr−1 per decade under the RCP8.5. The uncertainty in the LAI projection was largely due to the model parameter (and its interaction with climate inputs); however, the uncertainty contribution of climate models is as large as the emission scenario in the NEP projection. This study highlights the importance of identifying uncertainty sources for a robust projection of terrestrial ecosystem and carbon cycle.
Microwave studies of the spectral statistics in chaotic systems
Authors: Stöckmann Hans-Jürgen , Kuhl Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An overview over the microwave studies of chaotic systems is presented, performed by the authors and their co-workers in Marburg and Nice. In an historical overview the impact of Fritz Haake in particular in the beginning of the experiments is recognized. In the following sections two subjects are presented he was particularly interested in. One of them is the Bohigas–Giannoni–Schmit conjecture stating that the universal features of the spectra of chaotic systems are well described by random matrix theory. Microwave realizations of seven of the ten universal ensembles have been achieved, starting with the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble in the very first experiment, and ending with the chiral ensembles in a recent work. To do the measurements the systems have to be opened by attaching antennas to excite the microwaves. Antennas are theoretically taken into account in terms of a non-Hermitian effective Hamiltonian with an imaginary part taking care of the coupling to the environment. Results on level spacing and widths distribution in open systems are presented as well as on resonance trapping observed when changing the coupling to the environment.
Preparation and characterization of quarter-wave plate at 12.4 μm based on CdSe single crystal
Authors: Yang Ming , Huang Duohui , Li Lin , Zeng Tixian , Zhang Zhiyong , Deng Qiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
CdSe single crystal with good optic properties is great candidates for optical devices. In this paper, CdSe single crystal was grown by the modified vertical unseeded vapor sublimation method with the diameter of 36 mm and the length of 40 mm. The quarter wave plates of CdSe single crystal with size of 20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm was cut along the (001) orientation. The transmittance of the CdSe wave plate was about 69% in the range of 8–14 μm, where the absorption coefficient was about 0.04 cm−1. The phase delay was 90.71176° at 12.4 μm, which less than 5%. This work disclosures a high-quality and large size wave plate of CdSe single crystal, such wave plate has wide application prospects in mid-infrared.
A duality connecting neural network and cosmological dynamics
Authors: Krippendorf Sven , Spannowsky Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We demonstrate that the dynamics of neural networks (NNs) trained with gradient descent and the dynamics of scalar fields in a flat, vacuum energy dominated Universe are structurally profoundly related. This duality provides the framework for synergies between these systems, to understand and explain NN dynamics and new ways of simulating and describing early Universe models. Working in the continuous-time limit of NNs, we analytically match the dynamics of the mean background and the dynamics of small perturbations around the mean field, highlighting potential differences in separate limits. We perform empirical tests of this analytic description and quantitatively show the dependence of the effective field theory parameters on hyperparameters of the NN. As a result of this duality, the cosmological constant is matched inversely to the learning rate in the gradient descent update.
The Histopathology of Anorectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
Authors: Cox Brian K , Larson Brent K , Hutchings Danielle A , Morgan Margie , Balzer Bonnie L , Waters Kevin M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of the anorectal tract is often asymptomatic and infrequently biopsied, but pathologists can be tasked with identifying the histologic features of possible infection. The study was undertaken to better characterize clinical and morphologic features of confirmed anorectal gonococcal infection.

Methods
From 2011 to 2020, 201 positive gonococcal nucleic acid amplification testing samples from 174 patients collected from the distal colorectum and/or anus were matched to eight patients with concurrent biopsy specimens of the distal anorectum. Complete demographic, clinical, and infectious information was collected for each biopsied patient. The histomorphologic features of each biopsy were systematically tabulated.

Results
All eight gonococcal cases were obtained from men who have sex with men. Each case showed at least mild acute inflammation with moderate activity identified in one case with concurrent cytomegalovirus infection. Intense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was not commonly seen (two of eight). Half of the cases showed mucosal ulceration, and seven of eight cases demonstrated lymphoid aggregates.

Conclusions
The microscopic features are mild compared with other well-described types of infectious proctitis, with most cases displaying mild acute inflammation and scattered lymphoid aggregates. These findings highlight the importance of obtaining a complete patient history and recommending additional infectious workup even when only subtle changes are present.
Estimating Vaccine Effectiveness by Linking Population-Based Health Registries: Some Sources of Bias
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Morrison Douglas Ezra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the importance of observational studies of real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) to help answer urgent public health questions. One approach to rapidly answering questions about real-world VE relies on linking data from a population-based registry of vaccinations with a population-based registry of health outcomes. Here we consider some potential sources of bias in linked registry studies, including incomplete reporting to the registries, errors in linking individuals between registries, and errors in the assumed population size of the catchment area of the registries. We show that the direction of the bias resulting from one source of error by itself is predictable. However, if multiple sources of error are present, the direction of the bias can be either upward or downward. The biases can be so strong as to make harmful vaccines appear effective. We provide explicit formulas with which to quantify and adjust for multiple biases in estimates of VE which could be used in sensitivity analyses. While this work was motivated by COVID-19 vaccine questions, the results are generally applicable to studies that link population-based exposure registries with population-based case registries to estimate relative risks of exposures.
Community detection and reciprocity in networks by jointly modelling pairs of edges
Authors: Contisciani Martina , Safdari Hadiseh , De Bacco Caterina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To unravel the driving patterns of networks, the most popular models rely on community detection algorithms. However, these approaches are generally unable to reproduce the structural features of the network. Therefore, attempts are always made to develop models that incorporate these network properties beside the community structure. In this article, we present a probabilistic generative model and an efficient algorithm to both perform community detection and capture reciprocity in networks. Our approach jointly models pairs of edges with exact two-edge joint distributions. In addition, it provides closed-form analytical expressions for both marginal and conditional distributions. We validate our model on synthetic data in recovering communities, edge prediction tasks and generating synthetic networks that replicate the reciprocity values observed in real networks. We also highlight these findings on two real datasets that are relevant for social scientists and behavioural ecologists. Our method overcomes the limitations of both standard algorithms and recent models that incorporate reciprocity through a pseudo-likelihood approximation. The inference of the model parameters is implemented by the efficient and scalable expectation–maximization algorithm, as it exploits the sparsity of the dataset. We provide an open-source implementation of the code online.
A simple DEB-based ecosystem model
Authors: van der Meer Jaap , Hin Vincent , van Oort Pepijn , van de Wolfshaar Karen E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A minimum stoichiometric carbon and nitrogen model of an entire ecosystem based on Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is presented. The ecosystem contains nutrients, producers, consumers, decomposers and detritus. All three living groups consist of somatic structure and either one (consumers and decomposers) or two (producers) reserve compartments, hence the living matter is described by seven state variables. Four types of detritus are distinguished. As the system is closed for matter, the dynamics of the nutrients carbon dioxide and ammonium follow automatically from the dynamics of the other 11 state variables. All DEB organisms in the model are V1-morphs, which means that surface area of each organism is proportional to volume. The resulting ontogenetic symmetry implies that complicated modelling of size structure is not required. The DEB V1-morph model is explained in detail, and the same holds for the idea of synthesizing units, which plays a key role in DEB modelling. First results of system dynamics are presented.
The effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on lipid parameters among patients with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Ghorbani Zeinab , Kazemi Asma , U.P. Bartolomaeus Theda , Martami Fahimeh , Noormohammadi Morvarid , Salari Arsalan , Löber Ulrike , Balou Heydar Ali , K. Forslund Sofia , Mahdavi-Roshan Marjan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although the available evidence emphasizes the beneficial effects of probiotics in normalizing various cardiometabolic markers, there is still substantial uncertainty in this regard. Thus, we set out to determine the effect sizes of probiotics on blood lipid parameters more coherently. A systematic literature search of the Medline (PubMed) and Scopus databases was conducted from inception to 12 February 2021, applying both MeSH terms and free text terms to find the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was conducted based on a random-effect model to calculate the mean effect sizes demonstrated as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). To explore the heterogeneity, the Cochrane χ2 test, and analysis of Galbraith plots were performed. Meta-analysis of data from 40 RCTs (n = 2795) indicated a significant decrease in serum/plasma triglyceride [WMD (95% CI) = –12.26 (–17.11 to –7.41) mg/dL; P-value &lt;0.001; I2 (%) = 29.9; P heterogeneity = 0.034], total cholesterol (with high heterogeneity) (WMD (95% CI) = –8.43 (–11.90 to –4.95) mg/dL; P-value &lt;0.001; I2 (%) = 56.8; P heterogeneity &lt; 0.001), LDL-C [WMD (95% CI) = –5.08 (–7.61, –2.56) mg/dL; P-value &lt;0.001; I2 (%) = 42.7; P heterogeneity = 0.002], and HDL-C (with high heterogeneity) (WMD (95% CI) = 1.14 (0.23, 2.05) mg/dL; P-value = 0.014; I2 (%) = 59.8; P heterogeneity &lt; 0.001) following receiving probiotic/synbiotic supplements. Collectively, the current preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness of probiotics/synbiotics in improving dyslipidaemia and various lipid parameters more prominently among subjects with hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, large and well conducted RCTs are required to provide further convincing support for these results.