bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Wolverton Mark 
Published: February 2022

A primer on nuclear weapons, from the science of fission and fusion to the pursuit of mutual assured destruction, the SALT treaties, and the Bomb in pop culture.
Although the world's attention has shifted to drone-controlled bombing and cyberwarfare, the threat of nuclear war still exists. There are now fourteen thousand nuclear weapons in the hands of the nine declared nuclear powers. Even though the world survived the Cold War, we need to understand what it means to live with nuclear weapons. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Mark Wolverton offers a primer on nuclear weapons, from the science of fission and fusion to the pursuit of mutual assured destruction, the SALT and START agreements, and the Bomb in pop culture.
Wolverton explains the basic scientific facts, offers historical perspective, and provides a nuanced view of the unique political, social, and moral dilemmas posed by nuclear weapons. He describes the birth of the Bomb in 1945 and its use against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; explains how a nuclear bomb works; recounts episodes when the world came close to waging nuclear war, including the Cuban missile crisis in 1962; discusses nuclear policy and nuclear treaties; and traces the influence of such films as On the Beach, Dr. Strangelove, and The Day After.
European Objects
Authors: Laurent Brice 
Published: February 2022

How interventions based on objects—including chemicals, financial products, and consumer goods—offer a path to rethink European integration.
Interventions based on objects, Brice Laurent claims, have become a dominant path for European policy-making. In European Objects, Laurent analyzes the political consequences of these interventions and their democratization. He uses the term “European objects” to describe technical entities that are regulated—and thereby transformed—by European policies. To uncover the bureaucratic and regulatory intricacies of European governance, Laurent focuses on a series of these objects, including food products, chemicals, financial products, consumer goods, drinking water, and occupational environments. Laurent argues that taking European objects seriously offers a way to rephrase the dreams of harmonization and, eventually, rethink the constitutional strength of European integration.
Laurent doesn't just clarify how European regulation works, but also explores ways to realize long-term objectives for European integration, such as a harmonized market or an objective expertise. Regulation is best understood as “regulatory machinery” bringing together various types of legal constraints, material interventions on objects, and the imagining of desirable futures. Analyzing European objects enables Laurent to explore what regulation has become after years of evolution have made it a central component of the European policy world. He offers practical illustrations of how the regulatory machinery functions today. If Europe succeeds at reinventing the terms of its legitimacy with objects that matter for the European publics, it will provide a telling demonstration that the opposition of expertise and populism is not the unavoidable fate of liberal democracies.
Empirical evaluation of an architectural technical debt index in the context of the Apache and ONAP ecosystems
Authors: Verdecchia Roberto , Malavolta Ivano , Lago Patricia , Ozkaya Ipek 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundArchitectural Technical Debt (ATD) in a software-intensive system denotes architectural design choices which, while being suitable or even optimal when adopted, lower the maintainability and evolvability of the system in the long term, hindering future development activities. Despite the growing research interest in ATD, how to gain an informative and encompassing viewpoint of the ATD present in a software-intensive system is still an open problem.ObjectiveIn this study, we evaluate ATDx, a data-driven approach providing an overview of the ATD present in a software-intensive system. The approach, based on the analysis of a software portfolio, calculates severity levels of architectural rule violations via a clustering algorithm, and aggregates results into different ATD dimensions.MethodTo evaluate ATDx, we implement an instance of the approach based on SonarQube, and run the analysis on the Apache and ONAP ecosystems. The analysis results are then shared with the portfolio contributors, who are invited to participate in an online survey designed to evaluate the representativeness and actionability of the approach.ResultsThe survey results confirm the representativeness of the ATDx, in terms of both the ATDx analysis results and the used architectural technical debt dimensions. Results also showed the actionability of the approach, although to a lower extent when compared to the ATDx representativeness, with usage scenarios including refactoring, code review, communication, and ATD evolution analysis.ConclusionsWith ATDx, we strive for the establishment of a sound, comprehensive, and intuitive architectural view of the ATD identifiable via source code analysis. The collected results are promising, and display both the representativeness and actionability of the approach. As future work, we plan to consolidate the approach via further empirical experimentation, by considering other development contexts (e.g.,proprietary portfolios and other source code analysis tools), and enhancing the ATDx report capabilities.
Determination of Some Heavy and Precious Metals from Printed Circuit Board (PCB) from a Television Set by Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer
Authors: Gbarakoro S. L. , Konne J. L. 
Published: February 2022

Aim: This research work aimed to determine the concentrations of some heavy and precious metals from printed circuit board (PCB) of a television set using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in order to identify elements with higher concentration as target source of raw materials for metal recovery.
Study Design: Grab sampling technique was applied in this study. The study area was a refuse dumb site at computer village Ogbunabali, Port Harcourt.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at computer village Ogbunabali, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria between 2020 and 2021.
Methodology: The metal fractions attached to the PCB were subjected to mechanical separation, placed inside a 75ml Kjeldahl flask and thereafter digested with a 20ml nitric acid (HNO3). The prepared sample was filtered, then made up to 100ml using distilled water and analysed using AAS (Shimadzu model AA6300).
Results: The results showed the presence of some heavy metals such as: (Fe,0.0644mg/l, Pb, 0.0732mg/l, Cu,0.0627mg/l, Ni, 0.1076mg/l and Cd, 0.0001mg/l) in higher concentrations (apart from Cd) than the precious metals (Au, 0.0297mg/l, Pd, 0.0042mg/l, Ag, 0.0316mg/l and Li, 0.0019mg/l). This confirmed that the PCB which is an electronic waste was largely made up of heavy and precious metals.
Conclusion: Metals can be determined effectively from electronic waste using HNO3 and AAS. It is therefore, recommended that proper recycling methods should be put in place in order to reduce the pollution caused by these electronic wastes.
Genotype by Trait Biplot Studies on Yield, Physiological and Nutritional Traits in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
Authors: Priyanka Veerala , Penumalli Shanthi , Reddy D. M. 
Published: February 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Dry land farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati in Kharif 2018 to study the effect of Plant Growth Regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of sorghum. The objective of the study was to assess the visual comparison among genotypes on the basis of multiple traits and also to graphically describe the interrelationships among all measured traits on the basis of overall pattern of the data for the 42 genotypes of pearl millet that were evaluated for 22 physiological, nutritional, and yield related traits in a randomized complete block design, using GT biplot analysis through which, the principal components PC1 and PC2 explained 45.63% of the total variation based on all the traits and the genotypes. The GT biplot analysis is a powerful statistical tool for studying relationship among traits, evaluating cultivars based on multiple traits and for identifying those that are superior in certain traits. Few yield related traits, SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), harvest index, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Duration (LAD) and protein content had a positive relationship with yield which were recognized as crucial traits for boosting grain yield and nutritional quality. The genotypes ATP-15, ATP-13, ATP-10, ATP-16, ATP-5, ATP-7, ATP-11, ATP-18, ATP-14 and ATP-12 showed superior performance for grain yield as well as other yield contributing traits. Whereas, the genotypes ICHiFe-18, ICHiFe-12, ATP-3, ICHiFe-21, ATP-2, ICHiFe-20, ATP-4, ATP-8, ATP-15, ICHiFe-14, ICHiFe-4, ICHiFe-2 and ICHiFe-5 showed superior performance for nutritional traits. By considering all the studied traits, the genotype ATP-15 was selected as the ideal and most desirable cultivar.
Tailoring Local Electrolyte Solvation Structure via a Mesoporous Molecular Sieve for Dendrite‐Free Zinc Batteries
Authors: Miao Zhenyu , Zhang Feng , Zhao Hang , Du Min , Li Houzhen , Jiang Hechun , Li Wenzhi , Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Wang Shuhua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are low cost with a promising theoretical capacity and inherent safety, and thus have drawn increasing attention as prospective energy storage devices in large‐scale energy storage systems. However, severe dendrite growth and side reaction problems hinder the practical application of ZIBs. Here, molecular sieves with ordered mesoporous channels are constructed to tailor the local electrolyte solvation structure on the zinc surface. Different high‐concentration solvation structures can be realized by adjusting the pore diameter of the molecular sieve, and the optimal pore geometry is a mesoporous channel with a diameter of 2.5 nm that induces the formation of a locally concentrated electrolyte and affords a lower Zn2+ de‐solvation energy in Mobil composition of matter number 41 (MCM41). The resulting MCM41‐Zn anode exhibits high cycling stability for Zn stripping/plating under different current densities (over 1800 h at 1 mA cm–2, 1 mAh cm–2, and 2200 h at 5 mA cm–2, 1 mAh cm–2). Moreover, the CaV8O20·nH2O//MCM41‐Zn full cell shows a high capacity of 274.2 mAh g−1 and a long lifespan (no capacity decay after 1000 cycles at 4 A g–1).
Synergistic Energy Absorption Mechanisms of Architected Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Jeon Seung‐Yeol , Shen Beijun , Traugutt Nicholas A. , Zhu Zeyu , Fang Lichen , Yakacki Christopher M. , Nguyen Thao D. , Kang Sung Hoon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA unique rate‐dependent energy absorption behavior of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)‐based architected materials is reported. The architected materials consist of repeating unit cells of bistable tilted LCE beams sandwiched between stiff supports. The viscoelastic behavior of the LCE causes the energy absorption to increase with strain rate according to a power‐law relationship, which can be modulated by changing the degree of mesogen alignment and the loading direction relative to the director. For a strain rate of 600 s−1, the unit cell exhibits up to a 5 MJ m−3 energy absorption density, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the same structure fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer and is comparable to the dissipation from irreversible plastic deformation exhibited by denser metals. For a multilayered structure of unit cells, nonuniform buckling of the different layers produces additional viscoelastic dissipation. This synergistic interaction between viscoelastic dissipation and snap‐through buckling causes the energy absorption density to increase with the number of layers. The sequence of cell collapse can be controlled by grading the beam thickness to further promote viscous dissipation and enhance the energy absorption density. It is envisioned that the study can contribute to the development of lightweight extreme energy‐absorbing metamaterials.
Design and Construction of Fluorescent Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Ruyi , Liu Yuqian , Seidi Farzad , Deng Chao , Liang Fangyuan , Xiao Huining 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are featured with low toxicity, non‐trivial biocompatibility, and cell membrane penetration capability, which allow the constructions of nanoplatforms for biosensing and in vivo imaging. Interfacing CNCs and fluorescent materials into sensors/probes is thus highly topical and has received tremendous interest. This review covers the development of CNC extraction methods and, in particular, their impacts on the surficial properties of CNCs. Whereafter, recently reported strategies for fluorescent functionalizations of CNCs are summarized based on chemical modification, physical adsorption, or in situ growth. Choosing the most suitable strategy, according to the properties of both CNCs and fluorophores, for constructing fluorescent CNCs is also emphasized. With regard to applications of the fluorescent CNCs, this work focuses on the studies which have involved but not been limited to metal ion sensing, physiological pH detection, cell imaging, and tumor antiproliferation. Being aware of the highly flexible construction, appealing structural/optical properties, and outstanding performances in analysis/imaging, it is believed that CNCs are bound to be increasingly investigated in the future and widely applied in the biomedical area.
One‐Step Bottom‐Up Growth of Highly Liquid Repellent Worm‐Like Surfaces on Planar Substrates
Authors: Chen Zhengtao , Nguyen Tien H. , Rumrill Shayna M. , Lau Kenneth K. S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHighly liquid repellent (superhydrophobic, superoleophobic) surfaces are fabricated using mostly top‐down approaches and liquid‐based processing. Top‐down approaches, like lithography and templating, are highly process‐intensive, while liquid‐based processing, like etching and fluoropolymer solution coating, rely on solvents that often damage the substrate. Ultimately, to suppress liquids from spreading, the goal is to create a surface with low surface energy and a hierarchically roughened topology. Here, a bottom‐up approach that achieves these two prerequisite criteria in one single step is demonstrated. Relying on a liquid‐free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process, worm‐like protrusions of a semicrystalline fluoropolymer (poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate)) directly grow on flat substrates without prior surface pretreatment. The nano/microworm surfaces display super‐liquid repellency (>150° contact angle) to water and oil. Worm formation (as opposed to conformal thin film formation) is attributed to preferential crystal nucleation, orientation, and growth on the substrate plane.
In Situ Atomistic Insight into Magnetic Metal Diffusion across Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Quintuple Layers
Authors: Lu Weichao , Cui Wenjun , Zhao Wen , Lin Weixiao , Liu Chengshan , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Sang Xiahan , Zhao Wenyu , Zhang Qingjie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDiffusion and occupancy of magnetic atoms in van der Waals (VDW) layered materials have significant impact on applications such as energy storage, thermoelectrics, catalysis, and topological phenomena. However, due to the weak VDW bonding, most research focus on in‐plane diffusion within the VDW gap, while out‐of‐plane diffusion has rarely been reported. Here, to investigate out‐of‐plane diffusion in VDW‐layered Bi2Te3‐based alloys, a Ni/Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 heterointerface is synthesized by depositing magnetic Ni metal on a mechanically exfoliated Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (0001) substrate. Diffusion of Ni atoms across the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 quintuple layers is directly observed at elevated temperatures using spherical‐aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the diffusion energy barrier of Ni atoms is only 0.31–0.45 eV when they diffuse through Te3(Bi, Sb)3 octahedron chains. Atomic‐resolution in situ STEM reveals that the distortion of the Te3(Bi, Sb)3 octahedron, induced by the Ni occupancy, drives the formation of coherent NiM (M = Bi, Sb, Te) at the heterointerfaces. This work can lead to new strategies to design novel thermoelectric and topological materials by introducing magnetic dopants to VDW‐layered materials.
Three‐Layer Composite Fabric with the Gradient of Wettability Inspired by Populus euphratica Root Pressure for Drying and Cooling
Authors: Li Zhijiang , Guo Ning , Lu Yanping , Zhang Peihua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFabric with efficient sweat release and heat dissipation is highly desirable in a broad range of applications. However, creating such materials still remains a tough challenge. Here, inspired by the root pressure water of Populus euphratica and jade heat dissipation, a three‐layer composite fabric (T‐CF) for highly efficient personal drying and cooling is presented. The obtained T‐CF is formed by three individual layers with designed functions. The inner layer, middle layer, and surface layer are composed of cool polyester yarns, cool polyester/bamboo composite yarns, and bamboo yarns, respectively, to form a wetting gradient property. The biomimetic design offers the fabric with promising advantages, such as the unidirectional water conductivity of 800.34%, the water evaporation rate of 0.2611 g h−1, the instantaneous contact cool feeling of 0.186 ± 0.009 w cm−2, and the maximum cool temperature in wet state of 4.74 °C. Consequently, the T‐CF not only has good moisture absorption and moisture conduction, but also has heat dissipation and a certain sense of contact cooling. It is believed that the strategy reported in this work can provide a facile route for new‐generation functional fabric development regarding human health management.
Stimulation and Enhancement of Near‐Band‐Edge Emission in Zinc Oxide by Distributed Bragg Reflectors
Authors: Kothe Linda , Albert Maximilian , Meier Cedrik , Wagner Thorsten , Tiemann Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe free exciton transition (near‐band‐edge emission, NBE) of ZnO at ≈388 nm can be strongly enhanced and even stimulated by an underlying photonic structure. 1D Photonic crystals, so‐called distributed Bragg reflectors, are utilized to suppress the deep‐level emission of ZnO (DLE, ≈500–530 nm). The reflector stacks are fabricated in a layer‐by‐layer procedure by wet‐chemical synthesis. They consist of low‐ε porous SiO2 layers and high‐ε TiO2 layers. Varying the thickness of the SiO2 layers allows tuning the optical bandgap in a wide range between ≈420 and 800 nm. A ZnO layer is deposited on top of the reflector stacks by sol–gel synthesis. The spontaneous photoluminescence (PL) emission of the ZnO film is modulated by the photonic structure. When the optical bandgap of the reflector is in resonance with the deep‐level emission of ZnO (DLE, ≈500–530 nm), then this defect‐related emission mode is suppressed. Strong NBE emission is observed even when the ZnO layer does not show any NBE emission (due to low crystallinity) in the absence of the photonic structure. With this cost‐efficient synthesis method, emitters for, e.g., luminescent gas sensors can be fabricated.
Local Release of TGF‐β Inhibitor Modulates Tumor‐Associated Neutrophils and Enhances Pancreatic Cancer Response to Combined Irreversible Electroporation and Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Huiming , Shen Jian , Long Xin , Zhou Xiaoqi , Zhang Jiaqi , Xu Xina , Huang Teng , Xu Hui , Sun Shuguo , Li Chun , Lei Ping , Wu Heshui , Zhao Jun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with little response to standard therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a novel ablative technique for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Combinations of IRE and immunotherapies, including anti‐programmed death 1 (αPD1) immune checkpoint blockade, have shown promising efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, tumor recurrence remains an obstacle that needs to be overcome. It herein is shown that IRE induces a substantial infiltration of neutrophils into pancreatic tumors. These neutrophils are then polarized into a protumor phenotype by immunosuppressive cues, in particular transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β). Using glutathione‐responsive degradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with SB525334, an inhibitor of TGF‐β1 receptor, it is demonstrated that local inhibition of TGF‐β within the tumor microenvironment promotes neutrophil polarization into an antitumor phenotype, enhances pancreatic cancer response to combined IRE and αPD1 therapy, and induces long‐term antitumor memory. The therapeutic efficacy is also attributed to tumor infiltration by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, depletion of regulatory T cells, and maturation of antigen‐presenting dendritic cells. Thus, modulating neutrophil polarization with nanomedicine is a promising strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.
Artificial Nociceptor Using Liquid Ionic Memory
Authors: Sial Qadeer Akbar , Kumar Mohit , Iqbal Shahid , Kalanur Shankara S. , Seo Hyungtak 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe incorporation of the different functions of a biological nervous system into electronic devices is challenging in the realization of humanoid robotics, which can recognize and respond in a manner that is similar to humans. Emerging synaptic devices that can process electronic signals by neuromorphic functions that operate in a similar manner to that of biological nervous systems. In this study, an acid‐sensitive artificial nociceptor device, which simultaneously detects acid concentration and generates synaptic signals, is developed for electronic nose application. The transition metal oxide (WO3)‐based device electrochemically performs neuromorphic sulfuric acid (H2SO4) sensing. The current–voltage curves demonstrate loop opening, with the change in the molarity of the acid, indicating memory storage ability and tunability of the developed nociceptor device.
Colonised minds and community psychology in the academy: Collaborative autoethnographic reflections
Authors: Drake Eleanor , Jeffrey Grant , Duckett Paul 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe reflect on decolonization and in particular the process of decolonizing our own minds. We discuss the need for radical decolonization of psychology and for critique of community psychology's relationship to both psychology and the Academy, noting ways in which community psychology itself becomes appropriated for the colonizing project of the Academy. Using collaborative autoethnography (CAE), a method that involves “collaborative poetics,” which chimes with the emphasis on participatory research in community psychology and the decolonialist emphasis on rescuing repressed epistemologies, we review our own careers and identify ways in which our values have been compromised and our work assimilated into wider colonizing and oppressive practices that sustain the modern university. We conclude that community psychology can only decolonize if it is positioned in an agonistic relationship to mainstream psychology and exists as a radical, explicitly political, and ethical practice outside the Academy. The message of the decolonization and disalienation movements is that the biggest barrier to our effectiveness, and to social justice, is the fascism of our minds. Succumbing to the power and privilege embedded in the Academy and the oppressive and colonizing practices that sustain it conflicts with community psychology's purported values.