P181 Mucor in the land of the liver: a case report
Authors: Deb Sreya , Savio Jayanthi , Padaki Priyadarshini A. , M. Limesh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Poster session 2, September 22, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM

Introduction and Objectives
Mucormycosis is a rare, highly lethal opportunistic fungal infection affecting immune-compromised patients. It accounts for about 2% of invasive fungal infections occurring within 1 year after solid organ transplantation. Among renal recipients, Rhinocerebral is the commonest manifestation and Rhizopus species is the most frequent pathogen.
The objectives are:

Method
A 29-year-old male patient was admitted with severe abdominal pain on day 28 post-live related renal transplantation. Patient was hypertensive, on oral steroids for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic kidney disease with venous thromboembolism-presumed chronic interstitial nephritis, and maintained on hemodialysis for the last 1 year. Post-transplant he was on triple immunosuppressants.
Initial ultrasound of abdomen and transplant doppler were normal. CT of abdomen in view of worsening hypotension and non-resolving abdominal pain, revealed hepatomegaly with multiple discrete, coalescing hypodense areas in both lobes of liver with minimal subcapsular extension. Initial cultures included interventional radiology-guided liver aspirate and blood culture. Patient was started on antibiotics and antifungals. Patient continued to deteriorate and a repeat abdominal CT revealed an increase in liver size and rupture of liver abscess. Sample collected on pigtail catheter insertion was also sent for culture.

Results
The pus aspirate was received for bacterial and fungal culture. Aerobic bacterial culture yielded Klebsiella species. Examination with KOH Calcofluor revealed broad aseptate fungal hyphae. However, fungal culture did not yield any growth. Pain resistant (PDR) Klebsiella species was isolated from blood culture. Pigtail catheter sample also yielded the same. Aseptate fungal hyphae were observed in the pigtail catheter sample also. The team decided on conservative management and patient was started on intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate(50 mg/day), tigecycline, and meropenem. Immunosuppressants were withheld. The clinical course worsened and the patient succumbed to illness after 18 days of antifungal therapy. The pus sample was then sent to the referral center PGIMER for PCR and sequencing where it was identified as Lichtheimia species.

Conclusion
Mucormycosis is an increasingly emerging invasive fungal infection especially in immune-compromised patients, including solid organ transplant recipients. Though uncommon it is frequently a fatal mycosis in transplant patients. Hepatic mucormycosis in renal transplant recipients has been reported in three patients so far. None are due to Lichtheimia species. The diagnosis of hepatic mucormycosis was confirmed as microscopy was positive in two successive samples. Our patient also had bacteremia with PDR Klebsiella.
Diagnosis is challenging and often delayed, as the clinical presentation is non-specific. Although mucormycosis in a renal transplant recipient is rare, a high index of suspicion and critical microscopic examination is warranted for early initiation of specific therapy which includes liposomal amphotericin B and surgery. Often cultures yield no growth and gene sequencing proves to be efficient and time-saving. This probably is the way ahead, especially for culture-negative samples to establish the etiological diagnosis.