bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revolution in electric vehicles
Authors: Sagwal Amandeep , Agrawal Paras , Randeep  , Bhullar Mangladeep 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNowadays electric vehicles play an effective role in reducing greenhouse gases emission by the transportation sector. In recent times, electric vehicles such as battery, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell electric vehicles are becoming an advanced area of research related to the automobile industry. This article focuses on the latest emerging technologies in electric vehicles including various aspects of electric vehicles, their types, innovations in electric vehicle technology in terms of their motors, batteries as well as their applications, future perspectives, and different challenges associated with electric vehicles.
Numerical Assessment of Highly Efficient Tin-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Gupta Uddeshya , Gupta Neha , Goyal Amit Kumar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Interface science of Perovskite Solar cells (PSCs) has a very crucial role in increasing the efficiency of solar cells. The process of numerical simulation has also helped the solar cell’s efficiency to grow rapidly from 3.8% in 2009 to around 11% in 2010 in such a short period. This was a great achievement at that time and from then it kept on improving. Not only its rapid increase in efficiency attracted the researchers but also its low manufacturing cost and high Voc. In this work, we will discuss the Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) due to its non-toxic nature. A lot of research has already been done on Perovskite Solar Cell that has led to an increase in its efficiency. Despite the truth that they are toxic and can harm us anyway. The prime motive of producing electricity by using solar cells is to provide a cleaner way to produce electricity but if we are using toxic materials in the manufacturing of the cell, we are getting diverted. That’s why this research paper will focus on the cell having Sn in its absorber layer. The model we are discussing here will have CH3NH3SnI3 (Absorber) as the Perovskite Layer which is non-toxic also the following different layers were also used in simulating our device such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) as the front contact, ZnO (Zinc Oxide) as electron transporting layer (ETL), CuI is acting as Hole transport layer (HTL) and we are using Gold (Au) as a back contact. The motive of this research is to make it non-toxic that we have already achieved and to make it highly efficient and the efficiency of the proposed device is 24.72%.
Numerical and CFD analysis of a heat transfer enhancement in turbulent flow through a circular pipe using nanofluid
Authors: Gupta S , Singh J , Gill B K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents numerical and CFD simulation of an Al2O3-water nanofluid turbulent flow in a circular pipe which has a 36 mm diameter with a constant heat flux at the pipe wall using ANSYS FLUENT 2020 R2. The turbulent flow under different Reynolds numbers, from Re = 10000 to 50000 was used to process the numerical experiments. Different concentrations of nanoparticles, ranging from 1% to 4%, were used. The results were computed utilizing the single-phase approach. The coefficient of transfer of heat of nanofluids is found to be greater than that of base liquid. Enhancement in transfer of heat is also observed with rising in volume concentration of particles.
Impact of 3% Molybdenum(Mo) nanoparticles on the interfacial and shear properties of lead-free Sn58Bi/Cu solder joint
Authors: Singh Amares , Durairaj Rajkumar , Ganesh Kumar K , Kuan Seng How 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The research investigates the impact of 3 % molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles onthe interfacial properties and shear stress of the leadfree Sn58Bi (SB) solder joint. The research aims to providea resemblance between the interfacial and shear properties withthe additions of Mo nanoparticles. The interfacial between Mo added to the solder joint comprises of the common intermetallic (IMC) layer of Cu6Sn5andadditional IMCs of MoSn2. that acted as further strengthening mechanism for the joint. Therefore, the shear strength of Mo reinforced solder joint was 32% higher compared to the pristine solder. The introduction of Mo into the SB solder resulted in an advantageous outcome.
Characterization of Plastics and Polymers: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Hassan Tarik , Srivastwa A K , Sarkar Subhasis , Majumdar Gautam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since the beginning of polymer synthesis, a huge modification and development have taken place in this field which resulted in a world where people cannot think of a single day without a polymer product. They are light in weight, affordable and have the potential to provide a similar strength like the traditional metallic objects. As the demand for polymer products is increasing rapidly, its characterization and evaluation of mechanical properties become essential for making a reliable, scientific and cost-effective product design. Recently the incorporation of biopolymers in the global market has made this industry more attractive to consumers and government bodies. But the main challenge lies in its characterization as plastics and polymers found in nature or synthesized artificially have a wide range of physical and chemical properties. So, a particular set of instruments that can evaluate the properties of a group of polymers, may not be usable for a different group with the same accuracy and technique. Researchers are working incessantly to find out effective methods for this purpose and many of them are successful in finding some crucial properties of polymers like strength, elastic modulus, viscosity, hardness etc. The present work briefly discusses the superiority of polymer materials and the research work that has been carried out so far for the characterization of the same. Study on the biopolymer, its characterization and necessity in the context of environmental sustainability are also included in this literature.
Finite Element Modelling for Bending and Vibration Analysis of Composite and Sandwich Spherical Shells
Authors: Parmar Vikram , Rahman Najeeb ur , Alam Naushad , Sharma Varun , Alam Aftab 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Finite element modelling is used to illustrate the bending and vibration response of composite and sandwich spherical shells. ABAQUS is used to model the shell as a three-dimensional deformable solid part. Composites are modelled using mixed modelling technique. The quadrilateral continuum shell element, which has eight nodes, is used for finite element meshing. For a three-layered composite spherical shell with simply supported boundary conditions, the accuracy of the employed element is first evaluated. After that, three potential end conditions are evaluated for further analysis: cantilever (CFFF), two opposing sides clamped (CFCF), and all sides clamped (CCCC). Bending response is produced by applying two types of pressure loads to the exterior surfaces of composite and sandwich spherical shells: uniformly distributed load (UDL) and sinusoidal load (SINO). For various span to thickness ratios, free vibration response and forced vibration response (Time History) are provided under step pressure (UDL and SINO) loading. The element type being used is found to be quite precise and sturdy.
A Study on Milk Adulteration and methods of detection of various Chemical Adulterants qualitatively
Authors: Chugh Riya , Kaur Gurmeet 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The food Adulteration now becomes a worldwide issue as the emergent nations are at very high risk associated with this Adulteration. The milk is an important part of our daily life and is consumed on the daily basis but, now a days milk is being adulterated by several chemicals due to lack of monitoring, unhygienic conditions and for financial gain. Unfortunately, various chemical Adulterants can pose danger health risks that lead to many lethal diseases including heart problems, diarrhoea, CNS disorders, irritation and gastrointestinal disorders. Various common Adulterants like benzoic acid, urea, water, skimmed milk powder, sugar, detergent were detected in the pure milk samples which concludes that the milk samples doesn’t meet the expected quality accepted as standard. Many studies have been carried out on milk Adulteration and detection techniques. This Present work gives a clear view of the quality of milk. This article gives a comprehensive review of the common Adulterants added in milk along with the various methods of detection qualitatively.
IoT based Resuscitation and Hypoxemia Diagnosis System using Embedded Microcontroller Architecture and IFTTT Implementation
Authors: Mohanty N , Ghosh A , Jindal S K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In recent times, the World has taken a critical blow from the novel Coronavirus. Moreover, with its research ongoing and multiple variants emerging, uncertainty is on the rise. Lung damage and cardiac issues occur during and post recovery which is why there is a requirement to constantly monitor the patient’s vitals. This also applies to patients suffering from other lung diseases and heart conditions. They need immediate attention to avoid complications and further deterioration in their health. The proposed system aims to do so by observing the health parameters such as oxygen saturation in blood and heartbeat constantly and making the data available for the user by displaying it. In case of abnormality, it alerts the person related to the patient about the developments and relays the required information to help like symptom details and the patient’s location, this ensures that actions are taken quickly. Simultaneously, it provides assistance in breathing during the interlude till professional help arrives and the patient receives the necessary treatment. This is achieved with a combination of sensors, modules and other components integrated with a microcontroller as well as the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) using a web service.
Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour Analysis of Mg-Alloys Used for Orthopaedics and Vascular Implants
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Katyal Puneet , Gupta Munish , Singh Vijender 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mg-alloys having bone liked mechanical properties are biodegradable, biocompatible and osteoconductive metallic materials are potential candidates used for orthopaedics and vascular implants. Therefore, present experimentation is an effort to analyse the corrosion behaviour of Mg based alloys such as AZ81 and ZM21 for their usage as bio-degradable implant materials. The corrosion behaviour is analysed using the electrochemical workstation. SEM and EDS are used for high-resolution images and composition of magnesium-based alloys. Using Potentiodynamic polarization curves and Nyquist plots, corrosion rates were observed for 3.0 hours studies on ZM21(193.53 mm/year) and AZ81 (24.22 mm/year) for Mg-alloys. AZ81 shows higher corrosion resistance than ZM21. The results of these experimental findings may be helpful for the designers and researchers in selecting and improving the clinical performance of Mg-based implants for biomedical applications.
Study on Defect Reduction in Casting of Ni-Cr alloy (UNS N06003)
Authors: Samvatsar Kaustubh , Dave Harsh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In modern times, selection criteria of materials are solely based on its utilization. The characteristics of materials like high temperature sustainability with regard to its strength and corrosion resistance is the primary requirement to satisfy its operations. Industries categorised in sectors like energy, manufacturing, electronics etc. greatly rely on input materials and their purity decides their performance. Amongst many developed alloys, nickel-based alloys find their position in applications having temperatures from cryo to nuclear ranges. One of such unique materials, being used from minute components of semiconductor industry to huge components of marine industry is UNS N06003. It is basically Ni-Cr based alloy having greater than three-fourth fraction of nickel. For major applications wrought material is widely used, but cast material marks their positions in selected applications. This paper deals with casting of UNS N06003 and improving its quality. The reasons associated with cast defects and drawbacks of defects in terms of performance have been discussed. To minimize casting defects and produce a sound casting, this research adopts a novel approach of removal of unwanted gaseous elements. In degassing stage, molten metal is introduced with the combination of calcium-based fluxes which mainly remove the entrapped gases and lighter impurities in the form of slag. It has been found that the addition of quicklime (CaO) in combination with calcium carbide (CaC2) resulted in reduction of gaseous elements like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Up to 33% reduction of gaseous elements has been detected.
Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of Wire Electrical Discharge Machined Ti-6A1-4V alloy
Authors: Manderna Sanyukt Kumar , Katyal Puneet , Gupta Munish , Singh Vijender 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of the current research work is to study the wear and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. WEDM is preferred over conventional machining for Ti alloys, as they are hard-to-machine materials. Wear and corrosion tests were performed using wear and friction monitor (Ducom Model TR20-LE) and electrochemical workstation (Autolab PGSTAT204) respectively. SEM and EDS were also carried out on each sample for evaluating the surface morphology and to know the exact composition of the material. WEDM rough and trim-cut modes improve the surface hardness of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy and hence affects their c.o.f. and wear rates. The outcomes of the present research work promote WEDM trim-cut mode over rough-cut mode because it results in lower values of c.o.f., wear and corrosion rates.
Hydrophobicity changes of polluted silicone rubber introduced by spatial and dose distribution of plasma jet
Authors: LI Shuang , GUO Xinzheng , FU Yongqiang , LI Jianjun , ZHANG Ruobing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The hydrophobicity of polluted silicone rubber was improved rapidly under plasma jet treatment. It is an important phenomenon of the interaction between the plasma jet and the porous surface, and shows a wide application prospect in the power system. In this process, the spatial characteristics and dose of plasma jet are very important. Therefore, the variation of hydrophobicity of polluted silicone rubber under plasma jet treatment was studied, and the spatial characteristics and dose of plasma jet on polluted silicone rubber were also investigated in the work. The results show that the surface property (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) depended on the dose of plasma applied to the surface. The effective treated area was a circle, and the contact angles changed along the radial direction of the circle. This was attributable to the diffusion of plasma bullets on the surface and the distribution of plasma species. The plasma dose could be characterized by the energy density of the plasma applied on the surface. With the increase of plasma dose, the surface contact angles first increased rapidly and then decreased gradually.
Sustainable electrodes for the next generation of redox flow batteries
Authors: Thielke Michael W , Tian Gengyu , Jorge Sobrido Ana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The development of alternative energy storage technologies is key to advance renewable energy resources. Among them, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been identified to be one of the most promising technologies in the field of stationary batteries. The carbon-based electrodes in these batteries are a crucial component and play an important part in achieving high efficiency and performance. A further leap into this direction is the design of fossil-free materials by incorporating sustainable alternative resources as the carbon component in the processing of the electrodes. The use of biomass as carbon precursor for electrode applications has also been a focus of research for other energy storage devices and in the case of RFBs, it has become an emergent topic in recent years. This short review presents the recent advances in the design of biomass-derived carbon materials as electrodes in RFBs, strategies to enhance their electrocatalytic properties, challenges, and future outlook in the design of sustainable electrode materials.
Curvature-free linear length bounds on geodesics in closed Riemannian surfaces
Authors: Cheng Herng Yi 
Published: February 2022

This paper proves that in any closed Riemannian surface

M
M

with diameter

d
d

, the length of the

k
k

th-shortest geodesic between two given points

p
p

and

q
q

is at most

8
k
d

8kd

. This bound can be tightened further to

6
k
d

6kd

if

p
=
q

p = q

. This improves prior estimates by A. Nabutovsky and R. Rotman [J. Differential Geom. 89 (2011), pp. 217–232; J. Topol. Anal. 5 (2013), pp. 409–438].
Evaluation of Combinations of Nudging, Pricing, and Labeling Strategies to Improve Diet Quality: A Virtual Grocery Store Experiment Employing a Multiphase Optimization Strategy
Authors: Shin Soye , Chakraborty Bibhas , Yan Xiaoxi , van Dam Rob M , Finkelstein Eric A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Several intervention strategies have been shown to improve diet quality. However, there is limited evidence on the increase in effectiveness that may be achieved through select combinations of these strategies.

Purpose
This study aimed to identify an effective multicomponent intervention to improve diet quality of a grocery basket by applying a Multiphase Optimization Strategy framework and testing various combinations of four promising strategies using a fully functional web-based grocery store: (i) front-of-pack food labels and real-time feedback of the healthiness of the shoppers’ grocery basket, (ii) a tax, (iii) ordering products by a nutritional quality score, and (iv) healthier substitute offers.

Methods
We conducted a hypothetical shopping study (N = 756) with a randomized full factorial design (16 conditions) to estimate main and interaction effects of the four interventions.

Results
The “food labels & real-time feedback” and “ordering” strategies had significantly positive main effects on overall diet quality of the shopping basket (both at p &lt; .001). We found no effects on diet quality for the “tax” and “healthier substitute offers.” None of the two-way interaction effects for different strategies on overall diet quality and nutrients were significant.

Conclusions
Having “food labels & real-time feedback” and “ordering” simultaneously seemed to be more effective at improving diet quality, compared to having only one of these interventions. These results suggest that a combination of food labels with real-time feedback and ordering interventions can be part of a promising multicomponent strategy to improve diet quality in online shopping platforms.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04632212.
Systemic Inflammation Contributes to the Association Between Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Midlife Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors: Natale Brianna N , Manuck Stephen B , Shaw Daniel S , Matthews Karen A , Muldoon Matthew F , Wright Aidan G C , Marsland Anna L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with increased risk for chronic inflammation and cardiometabolic disease at midlife.

Purpose
As it is presently unknown whether inflammation mediates the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and adulthood cardiometabolic risk, we investigated associations between retrospectively reported childhood SES, circulating levels of inflammatory markers, and a latent construct of cardiometabolic risk in midlife adults.

Methods
Participants were 1,359 healthy adults aged 30–54 (Adult Health and Behavior I&II; 52% women, 17% Black) who retrospectively reported childhood SES (parental education, occupational grade). Measures included plasma interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cardiometabolic risk factors. Structural equation modeling was conducted, with cardiometabolic risk modeled as a second-order latent variable with adiposity, blood lipids, glucose control, and blood pressure as first-order components.

Results
Lower childhood SES was associated with greater risk for cardiometabolic disease at midlife (β = −0.08, CI[−0.04, −0.01], p = .01) in models adjusted for demographics, but this association was attenuated in models that adjusted for adulthood SES and health behaviors. In fully-adjusted models, the relationship between lower childhood SES and adult cardiometabolic risk was partially explained by higher circulating levels of CRP (β = −0.05, CI[−0.02, −0.01], p = .001), but not by IL-6. In an exploratory model, lower adulthood SES was also found to independently contribute to the association between childhood SES and adult cardiometabolic risk (β = −0.02, CI[−0.01, −0.001], p = .02).

Conclusions
The current study provides initial evidence that systemic inflammation may contribute to childhood socioeconomic disparities in cardiometabolic risk in midlife. Future work would benefit from prospective investigation of these relationships.
Biomarker discovery and development for frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Katzeff Jared S. , Bright Fiona , Phan Katherine , Kril Jillian J. , Ittner Lars M. , Kassiou Michael , Hodges John R. , Piguet Olivier , Kiernan Matthew C. , Halliday Glenda M. , Kim Woojin Scott 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia refers to a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by behaviour and language alterations and focal brain atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons resulting in muscle wasting and paralysis. Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are considered to exist on a disease spectrum given substantial overlap of genetic and molecular signatures. The predominant genetic abnormality in both frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an expanded hexanucleotide repeat sequence in the C9orf72 gene. In terms of brain pathology, abnormal aggregates of TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 are predominantly present in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Currently, sensitive and specific diagnostic and disease surveillance biomarkers are lacking for both diseases. This has impeded the capacity to monitor disease progression during life and the development of targeted drug therapies for the two diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the status of current biofluid biomarker discovery and development in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The major pathogenic proteins implicated in different frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis molecular subtypes and proteins associated with neurodegeneration and the immune system will be discussed. Furthermore, the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool to identify new biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will be summarized.