bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Evildoers”: Who (or What) Earns the Title?
Authors: Burris Christopher T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 makes the case that there is a pull toward explaining “evil” behavior in terms of an actor’s characteristics (internal attribution) rather than circumstances (external attribution) even if the actor is neither human nor visible (such as a demon). The characteristics of an evil person, neatly summarized in Baumeister’s “myth of pure evil,” include a presumably unchanging, unrelenting capacity to inflict unjustifiable harm. Consequently, evildoers—which, in the popular imagination, include evil spirits, perpetrators of satanic ritual abuse, and serial killers—pose the ultimate threat. People may therefore resort to extreme measures (like potentially lethal exorcism attempts) to resist, punish, or destroy them. Places and things, by virtue of their association with evildoers and/or their capacity to evoke raw negative feelings such as dread, can sometimes function as evil symbols.
Serial Killers
Authors: Burris Christopher T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 proposes that although the challenges of securing good data and persistent sensationalism reflected in true crime narratives make separating fact from myth difficult, serial killers are not “monsters.” Significant psychopathology such as personality disorders is less frequent than most expect, so few serial killers have succeeded with an insanity defense. Given the apparent range of motives (e.g., arousal and excitement, pride and satisfaction, hedonistic pleasure linked to material gains) and methods, a consistent set of factors that “makes” someone a serial killer has yet to be identified. Understanding serial killers’ predatory behavior in terms of sadism or deviant leisure therefore makes sense given the common theme of positive emotional payoff (versus the elimination of perceived threat more typical among those who kill). Like most people who are confronted with their own wrongdoing, serial killers often attempt to justify their actions and highlight their positive qualities.
Majority Minority
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the prospect of a majority minority demographic distribution in the United States and its politics, which have affected other countries that have settled large numbers of immigrants in the past half-century. It explains how demographic change has fueled culture wars that have produced a political stalemate and legislative paralysis amid the racialization of American politics and the politicization of American life. In the context of related research, the chapter outlines the book’s unique approach to studying the way that societies respond to such a milestone and introduces the six case countries, each of which has already experienced a majority minority transition across different historical circumstances. Chapter 1 also provides an overview of the book and its principal findings.
“An Unnatural Country”
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Singapore. Singapore is a window into what a state—ethnocentrically Chinese and with the luxury of vast resources devoted to all-consuming control—does to sustain and justify its power to a diverse and highly educated citizenry. First, the state pursues population control, the strict regulation of immigrants’ admission, integration, and removal. Second, the state pursues identity control, the construction and reinforcement of ethnic boundaries, segregating its people into crude classes in every civic matter. Third, to justify its overt racialization of Singaporean social relations, the state pursues narrative control, the telling of the national story. This chapter looks at the government’s portrayals of national history in museums, textbooks, and other media.
None for All
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Bahrain. Whereas other multiethnic and multireligious states wield nationalism to unify diverse publics, Bahrain sustains a transactional approach to citizenship and residency. The royal family offers stable prosperity in exchange for dutiful allegiance or labor. This approach remains unique in the world but suppresses a set of universal questions that concern all cases in this book: Who are its people? Who belongs? What is the source of identity that binds their country’s people together? Bahrain privileges the status of different groups for different political purposes. The result is a state without a nation, where conceptions of “the people” and its culture become irrelevant because all exist in service to the Crown. This chapter explores the way ethnic and sectarian political tensions keep everyone off-balance and the way disparate groups of Bahrainis make sense of their identity and nationality.
Where We Belong
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Mauritius. After arriving as slaves imported by Dutch colonists in 1641, African-origin Creoles accounted for three-quarters of Mauritius’s population until the 1820s. Over nearly two centuries of slavery, fugitives persistently established maroon settlements in Mauritius’s forbidding woodlands. When the British finally emancipated slaves in 1834, Mauritius recruited indentured laborers from India, who swiftly outnumbered people of African origin and came to define the island. Outnumbered before they could claim independence or nationhood, Creoles now embrace the legacy of maroons’ defiance as their claim to sovereignty over an island they never did rule. This chapter examines the segregated history of social relations in Mauritius, exploring how Creole identity is understood in two maroon villages, Le Morne and Chamarel—rare symbols of Creole self-determination in an Indian-dominated country.
Culture Change
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Hawai‘i is a valuable case study in demographic change and national identity because Native Hawaiians had to internalize immigration-driven diversity and accept its contradictions. The arrival of Americans in Hawai’i in the nineteenth century spread disease, spurred immigration, and eventually toppled the Hawaiian Kingdom and its system of cultural norms. By the time Native Hawaiians organized during the 1960s “Hawaiian Renaissance,” they had intermarried and intermingled their traditions, culture, and genealogies with people from China, Japan, Portugal, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the United States. This chapter explores four different ways Hawaiians have renegotiated their sense of identity and power in the aftermath of demographic transformation: (1) the reestablishment of genealogical bloodlines, (2) legal quests to reassert Hawaiian national sovereignty, (3) the resurrection of the Hawaiian language, and (4) the reclamation of ancestral lands and revival of farming cooperatives.
From Backlash to Coexistence
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 resumes the comparative historical analysis, now contextualized by the case studies. In all six of the majority minority cases, demographic change led to calls for greater power-sharing by once-subjugated social groups and subsequent backlash against them. While demographic change destabilizes the elementary components of a nation, change alone does not predict social conflict. Rather, this chapter finds that institutionalized social conflict is contingent on whether the state equally enfranchises the newcomer population and whether its subsequent redefinition of the national identity is inclusive or exclusive—according to the posture of state institutions and leaders’ rhetoric.
Nation-Building
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 considers the effect of strategic “messages” and different messengers on public opinion about migration and demographic change. Using nationally representative surveys across nineteen European countries, the chapter explores how public attitudes liberalize when citizens are presented with information that frames demographic change—not as a threat to the nation but as a tool for national survival. Are people more resistant to cultural threat frames once they understand the way immigration allows their nation to maintain current population levels? The second part of the chapter reports the results of an experiment testing the extent to which white Republicans in the United States update their attitudes on immigration policy when exposed to messages from in-group (white Republican) elites who provide counter-stereotypical cues on immigration by advocating a moderate perspective.
Borderline White
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 examines the way that debates over national identity are often played out at the level of individual identity choices. The Majority Minority milestone of the nineteenth-century United States was co-opted when the federal government admitted European-origin ethnic minorities into the American concept of whiteness. This chapter reports the results of survey research that evaluates the likelihood that this might happen again. Indeed, a century later, American society is becoming more ethnically mixed than it has ever been and today’s population trends reflect the growing embrace of identity choice, fluidity, and multiplicity. Does a rhetorical environment that excludes people of foreign origins or minority backgrounds deter borderline white Americans from adopting multiple identities that bridge different groups or pressure them to “drift” toward whiteness?
Reimagined Communities
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 clarifies the goal of any multiethnic society confronting swift demographic change: expand the sense of who “we” are. This goes far beyond who holds citizenship; it is a matter of reimagining the boundaries of the nation—the people with whom we perceive we share a common experience, such that we may identify them as an extension of ourselves, that we may empathize with their plight, and that we may expect them to listen to our own. This chapter argues that this reimagining and unification of disparate groups must become a criterion for governance—a multidecade endeavor, the greatest social challenge of our times.
Sharing Territories
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Territorial rights are shared between overlapping political units, not exclusively held by states. This book takes this claim to be both an empirical observation and a philosophical goal. A theory of territorial rights should be able to inform the normative relationship between overlapping territorial units. In order to do this, Nine’s view defends a river model of territorial rights. On a river model, political units are assumed to be interdependent and overlapping. This model stands in contrast to the prevailing desert island model, where political units are assumed to be independent and distinct from each other. Drawing on Pufendorf’s natural law philosophy and feminist theory, Nine’s view argues for the establishment of foundational territories around geographical areas like rivers. Usually lower-scale political entities, foundational territories overlap with and serve as grounding blocks of larger territorial units. Examples of foundational territories include not just river catchment areas but also urban areas, drawn around individuals who hold obligations to collectively manage their surroundings together. Foundational territorial authorities manage spatially integrated areas where agents are interconnected by dense and scaffolded physical circumstances. In these areas, individuals cannot fulfil their natural obligations to each other without the help of collective rules. Because foundational territories overlap the territories of other political units, this book frames a theory of nested and shared territorial rights.
Natural Law, Methods, and Basic Needs
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces and defends the normative framework used to ground arguments throughout the book. Nine’s theory grows from modern natural law, especially borrowed from Samuel Pufendorf. Chapter 2 defends the adoption of Pufendorf’s claim that the fundamental principle of natural law is to be sociable, to live in peaceful coexistence with others under conditions that respect the natural equality of persons. This chapter elaborates upon how this fundamental principle of natural law relates to specific rules of natural law. It applies a rule-utilitarian method and derives the natural right to secure access to the objects of our basic needs from the principle of sociability.
Resource Domains
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine’s theory of use-rights focuses on the physical act of incorporation. Multiple agents can claim use-rights to the same resource domain/system when the resources are physically incorporated into the way agents pursue plans or interests. Examples include using rivers for irrigation and the Antarctic ice sheet to regulate worldwide meteorological systems. The “enough and as good” proviso holds that legitimate acquisition of exclusive claims to resources requires compensating users who will no longer be able to use the required resources. Where circumstances make this difficult or impossible, property rights can only be legitimate where users and property rights holders share a legitimate political jurisdiction. This version of the sustainability proviso is derived from the principle of sociability. A system of rights over resources must ensure sustainable management of ecosystems and resources to support the capacity of current or future generations to live together sociably in the area.
Self-Determination and Overlapping Territories
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 identifies two problems with prevailing theories of self-determination and territorial rights. First, they fail to represent the political standing of small-scale groups in their overall account. Second, they face a boundary problem. The set of legitimate residents of territories and the set of persons who have a justified obligation to obey the territorial rule of law need to match. Unfortunately, these sets often do not match, and this throws up practical and normative obstacles. The chapter draws three conclusions. First, theories should vary the justification for political obligations according to scale. Second, theories should develop a place-based account of political obligations. And third, theories ought to break down the right of collective self-determination into its component parts to analyse how political units at various scales may share the component rights.
Place, Self-Determination, and Foundational Territories
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 defends the theory of foundational territories. It draws attention to the way that physical proximity often entails a kind of mutual obstruction. Residents in places of spatial integration—that entail entrenched and scaffolded mutual coordination—automatically become members of a political association tasked with coordinating local behaviour, just because of their location. This political obligation is necessary to meet the conditions of natural law. Because sharing space and resources in a place prohibits the fulfilment of obligations, people in that place must abide by collective rules to (a) justify their actions that prevent others from fulfilling obligations, and (b) establish peaceful relations. River catchment areas and cities are archetypes of foundational territories. Chapter 8 also distinguishes three clusters of rights and obligations of self-determination. Foundational territories sit at the ground level. They constitute jurisdictional domains that cannot be divided, diminished, or extinguished by fiat.
Vertical Institutional Structures
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 defends the narrow principle of subsidiarity applied to foundational territories embedded within higher-scale governments. It argues that both lower-scale foundational units and higher-scale political units like states or federal systems share metajurisdictional authority to determine which issues should fall under whose jurisdictional authority. In addition, foundational territorial units hold pre-emptive rights to control the jurisdictional issues and competencies over local issues that serve to protect the natural rights and obligations of their members. When mediation and negotiation between metajurisdictional rights-holders are needed, it should be guided by narrow principles of subsidiarity and the logic of achievement.
Resource Rights
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how resource rights can be shared by overlapping groups with territorial rights. The allocation of resource rights between groups will follow roughly the same principles as the allocation of jurisdictional rights and competencies argued for in Chapters 9 and 10. The allocation of resource rights between units should, first, support the functional autonomy of each unit, relative to its jurisdictional remit and competencies. Second, the allocation of resource rights between units should follow the narrow principle of subsidiarity and the logic of achievement. The second half of the chapter argues that groups can legitimately acquire use-rights and property rights over resources, uniquely limited by the sustainability proviso. The final section introduces a warning against greedy takings that can be found in both Pufendorf’s and Locke’s work.
The Global Commons
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the book’s theory of use-rights to resource domains that are sometimes argued to be part of the “global commons”. It resists the claim that any resource—regardless of its legal status—of vital global importance ought to be under global control. In addition, it contends that the designation of a resource domain as a global commons does not morally prohibit its private acquisition. The chapter concludes that parts of Antarctica can be legitimately acquired and that forest carbon sinks should not be brought under global control. Finally, it argues that territory and property rights to the Antarctic ice and to forest carbon sinks are constrained by the basic needs and sustainability provisos. In the case of forest carbon sinks, humanity must, where they can, compensate the territorial rights-holders for the costs of complying with this use-right to provide for humanity’s basic needs.
Aftermath
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter will explore the larger question of how social memories and acts of forgetting take shape in an unsettled state of formation, in this case during the immediate decades after Cromwell’s death. On the one hand, Cromwell’s reputation already preceded his 1649 invasion, as he was demonized in the pamphlet literature of the English civil wars, in a trope that crossed over and would become central to many memorializations of the man in Ireland. At the same time, writers during the Restoration years and beyond also were noticeably silent about Cromwell and “his men,” though that silence was significant in its own right. This chapter will engage with petitions and legal claims as well as the work of Irish poets, playwrights, historians, and memoirists to uncover the earliest sources that set the template for future memorializations not only of Cromwell but, relatedly, of his “henchmen” who came to be known as the Cromwellians.
Political Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cromwell was either an uncomfortable memory or an effective weapon to wield in political polemics from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. It will be argued here that his use across political rhetoric would not have been possible were it not for the persistence of his name as a live memory and a powerful one. This chapter will begin with late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century republicans such as Robert Molesworth and John Toland, and the accusations against them as Cromwellian “rabble” and “descendents of Cromwell’”; it will also explore the allusions to and memorializations of Cromwell through the Jacobites, Charles Lucas and his movement, the United Irishmen and the beginnings of the Orange Order. All kept alive in some way a steady if flickering political memory of Cromwell; while the memorializing evocation of Cromwell’s name exploded in the nineteenth century, supercharged as it was by nationalism and Unionism, those movements did not invent but exploited and repurposed a new ogre (or hero) for the age.
Migrated Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Working from recent studies on the migratory memory, this chapter will explore the manner in which memories of Cromwell lived on beyond Ireland, using Irish immigrants in America as a case study. Beginning with the memories of early colonial American families, this chapter continues through the Revolutionary War years and beyond, touching on important figures such as Matthew Carey and his own contribution to perpetuating remembrance, however minor, of Cromwell. A theme of this chapter is the way in which bitter memories of Cromwell collided in the new country with more positive estimations of the man, evident among Puritans or those such as John Brown who embraced Thomas Carlyle’s epic mythification of the man. Another important aspect that will be covered centers on the dissemination of memory, through Irish-American newspapers, lecture tours, and popular literature, not to mention prominent Irish figures who constantly traveled back and forth from Ireland to America. Equally important was the presence of those who would later become known as the Scots-Irish, and the Cromwellian remembrances that they in turn drew upon in forging social identities in America.
Conclusion
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Memories of Cromwell persisted into the twentieth century, attaching themselves to the new and distinct historical contexts of the time. This chapter will survey some of those remembrances in historiography and the poetry of Yeats and Brendan Kennelly, just as it will touch upon the ways in which he was evoked by various political actors from Éamon de Valera through Ian Paisley, and in the famous mural of Cromwell in Belfast. The treatment of Cromwell in Protestant and Catholic educational programs will also be discussed, in addition to his deployment in contemporary popular culture, media, and folklore. The mythmaking that accrued around Cromwell was not a phenomenon unique to Ireland, however. Countries such as Hungary, France, or Russia had their own ways of using and embellishing historical figures toward particular ends, which renders Ireland only one among many countries that utilized such figures in the defining of national identities.
Introduction to Constitutions
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The nature and purpose of constitutions is considered, in particular the relationship between written constitutions, the formal document presented as the constitutional foundation of the state, and constitutions, taken as a set of rules that constitute the state. It is argued that would be costs as well as benefits if the UK were to adopt a written constitution. Some of the ambiguities created by the UK’s unwritten constitution permit multiple visions of the constitution to coexist, and may allow people with different constitutional ideologies to accept the structures of the state. Perhaps counter-intuitively, it is not always desirable for the constitution to give definitive answers to disputes.