bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF CHART ON STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO WRITE EXPLANATION TEXT
Authors: Suhartini Ade , Herawati Atti , Irdiyansyah Iyan 
Published: August 2022

It is not doubt that writing has important role in real life. People can communicate, give information, and share their ideas through written way. Writing is classified as difficult skill because there are some components that should be considered, some kinds of text that should be understood, some steps that should be done, etc. Many students face difficulty to write explanation text, especially for generating the ideas. For that reason, chart is chosen as the media. The aim of this research is to find out the use of chart on students’ ability to write explanation text. It is conducted to the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Jonggol. In this research, Pre Experimental method and Pre-test Post-test Group design are used. There are 36 students from class XI MIPA 1 taken as the sample by using random sampling. The data were taken from pre-test and post-test which were analyzed by using t-test formula after having the normal data. Based on the data calculation, the mean of gain is 20.04, and the total of deviation of gain is 9.46. Moreover, t-test value is 9.45. Meanwhile, t-table value is 2.03 at significant level 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) is 35. In this case, the t-test value is higher than that of the t-table value (9.45 more than 2.03). It means that null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. Therefore, the use of chart affects students’ ability to write explanation text.
How to Police a Porous Fortress?
Authors: den Boer Monica 
Published: August 2022

How to Police a Porous Fortress? Evolving Practices in Policing Europe’s Borders
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the way in which the European Union has gradually but steadily built a security architecture based on the control of mobility and borders. Different logics of policing are interwoven in several projects, which are strongly interdependent with technological innovation. Furthermore, the European policing of mobility is primarily performed by mounting surveillance – both inside and beyond European borders – by means of which all forms of movement (transactions, travelling, etc.) are subjected to intensive monitoring by multiple actors who are interlinked through strategies and systems. The main finding is that border policing is shifting in a fundamental way from fixed to fluid, from territorial to virtual, and from physical to technological. Hence, paradoxically, though mobility is strongly promoted as one of the main virtues of the European Union, Europe’s precautionary protection may be at ill-ease with the free movement of people. The article seeks to stimulate the knowledge and debate about deeper shifts in Europe’s security apparatus and develops this from a law enforcement perspective.
Police Science in Germany: History and New Perspectives
Authors: Kersten Joachim , Burchard Ansgar 
Published: August 2022

Police Science in Germany: History and New Perspectives
In the German speaking academic world Police Science (Polizeiwissenschaft) is a fairly new and little known area of social science. Accordingly, the academic status of police science is anything but firmly established but rather at a ‘hybrid’ stage of development. The very combination of policing and academic study/research seems to remain largely incompatible not only to police managers but also to main stream sociology. German police science differs substantially from the Anglo-American-Australian approach. One main difference pertains to legal traditions, others are due to historical and cultural developments that will be taken up in this descriptive essay. However, Anglo-American-Australian police theories have a lot to offer to German and European police scientists and this will be demonstrated. For a future common approach to an evolving European police science similar descriptions will be required from other European countries to establish a comparative foundation of joint EU police studies. Some of the principal dimensions of such a comparison will be sketched in this essay. It concludes with a presentation of empirically based police studies carried out by instructors and Master students at the newly founded German Police University in Münster. Topics are media coverage of clashes between police and demonstrators, a typology of third party intervention in cases of assault in public places and COREPOL (EU FP7), a comparative security research project aiming at an improvement of police-minority relations through means of restorative justice programs.
Frontex and Denmark
Authors: Stevnsborg Henrik 
Published: August 2022

Frontex and Denmark
Denmark, as is known, maintains four EU cooperation opt-outs as a result of its Maastricht Treaty referendum on 18 May 1993. In spite of this, Denmark remains an active partner in matters relating to the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, known as Frontex. The facts are that the Danish police have maintained a staff of Seconded National Experts (SNEs) in Warsaw since Frontex’s operational launch in 2005, and that Danish police regularly provide staff for Frontex Joint Support Teams (FJSTs) and are consequently also involved in related – and quite extensive – joint exercises. Denmark also contributes to the central Frontex registry for technical equipment for use in specific operational theatres, the so-called Centralised Record of Available Technical Equipment (CRATE), and it is no great secret that Denmark contributed to Frontex’s rapid border intervention team when Greece requested emergency assistance from Frontex because of the stress caused by immigration along the Greek-Turkish border from November 2010 to February 2011. Given Denmark’s judicial opt-out, how did Denmark come to participate in this type of cooperation? That is a question which is examined in greater detail in the article, which shows how the Danish Frontex cooperation is based upon interpretation of the notion to ‘build upon’ in the Protocol on the Integration of the Schengen Rules into the European Union, annexed to the Union Treaties.
Corruption and trust in the police
Authors: Thomassen Gunnar 
Published: August 2022

Corruption and trust in the police: A cross-country study
International surveys show that trust in the police varies substantially between countries. This study investigates the underlying causes of this variation, and in particular the effect of perceived corruption in the public sector. A regression analysis of 50 countries worldwide suggests that both perceived corruption in the public sector and trust in government are important predictors of trust in the police. The homicide rate is also statistically significant but seems to have a more modest effect on trust. The findings are compatible with previous research findings that procedural concerns trump outcomes in explaining trust. Moreover, a correlation analysis suggests that perceived corruption in the public sector is more damaging to trust in the police than to trust in other government institutions. A plausible explanation for this is that many consider the police to be an indispensable institution for social order, and corruption is antithetical to this mission.
Information-sharing in interorganizational collaboration between the police and other authorities in Finland
Authors: Niemi Jenni , Sahramäki Iina , Jukarainen Pirjo 
Published: August 2022

Information-sharing in interorganizational collaboration between the police and other authorities in Finland
Due to the complexity of crime phenomena and crime control, the extent and importance of collaboration and strategic partnership between security actors has notably increased during the last decades. These changes pose challenges to the police organization and management. This joint paper of three individual research projects discusses collaboration between the police and other authorities in Finland within these contemporary type of inter-organizational networks. The data was in each case collected via thematic interviews of the police and various other authorities. The focus is on information exchange. We analyse factors that promote information sharing, as well as factors that hinder it. We also consider the communication practices from the viewpoint of more profound collaboration and knowledge creation. Our research shows that police officers consider inter-organizational collaboration as a substantial part of today’s crime prevention, but the change in policing is still on-going. The collaboration between the police and other authorities is still largely based on concrete actions and specific cases. Deeper collaboration and knowledge creation on larger issues mostly takes place at the managerial level. In the future, a challenge is to bring knowledge creation practices into local collaboration and planning of concrete actions. Three individual studies enable a wide examination of inter-organizational collaboration in crime control. Focus on information exchange from the police point of view sheds light on the practices of everyday policing. The examples are from the Finnish police, but the results on mechanisms of collaboration can be applied to police work in other countries as well.
Policing Sofia
Authors: Devroe Elke , Petrov Manol 
Published: August 2022

Policing Sofia: From centralisation to decentralisation
In this article, which is embedded in the special issue of the Journal which focuses on the comparative research project ‘Policing European Metropolises’, the general aim is to provide an answer to the research question: ‘Are underlying Anglo-American assumptions regarding trends towards plural policing recognisable in European local geographical settings’? Our underlying question in this article concerns whether or not the local empirical situation in Sofia differs from more general evolutions of policing in Europe. This article will inquire specifically about the (national) influence of a ‘country in transition’ (Bulgaria) on the territory of the city of Sofia. For reasons of feasibility the article is limited to an exploration of the organisation of Bulgarian police. The following main questions are answered in this article: (1) What is the nature of the division between the national police apparatus and local policing bodies?, (2) Are tendencies towards fragmentation and centralisation determined at the same time? and (3) Are tendencies towards private governance present within the public domain? Answering these questions requires an exploration of the historical and contextual background, so that insight into the related Bulgarian realities, particularly those of Sofia, might be gained. This article explores the official arrangements regarding the policing of crime and disorder in Sofia; it is based on desktop research, mostly internal research from the Ministry of the Interior. In the concluding section, the article summarises the different aspects of policing security in Sofia, framing the reality of this city within the article’s theoretical starting points regarding security governance and plural policing.
Labor productivity and productivity pressure in the Finnish police force
Authors: Vuorensyrjä Matti 
Published: August 2022

Labor productivity and productivity pressure in the Finnish police force
In times of cost cuts, improvements in productivity are critically important for sustainable public spending. However, in labor-intensive organizations such as law enforcement, persistent attempts at productivity improvements tend to put pressure on the human resource base of the organization. This study tracks two changes using data from 2000–2012. What has happened to labor productivity in the Finnish police force? What has happened to productivity pressure as experienced by the personnel of the police force? We find that, in recent years, labor productivity has been increasing in the Finnish police force. We also find that perceived time pressure has been on the rise and that there is a rather close connection between objectively measured labor productivity and subjective time-pressure experience. The paper further demonstrates that increasing perceived time pressure is associated with a growth in the rates of self-reported sick leave and burnout scores. We conclude that it is important to be able to determine the hazard level of time-pressure experience and to use this information in everyday human resource management practices.
Interculturalism in the Police
Authors: Klimke Daniela 
Published: August 2022

Interculturalism in the Police: Diversity or Assimilation?
The German police force has so far largely been unaffected by the growing minority of migrants. In contrast to many large companies that have understood that diversity is rewarding, the police have operated as a closed shop towards migrants. Diversity management is a very recent concept in the German police forces compared to other countries. While the active police force largely expresses some resistance to the integration of migrants, police administration has understood that the integration of migrants into the police force is now of vital importance. However, this process is still hampered by the existing police and cop culture and, correspondingly, the rejection of anything foreign.
Private Policing of Financial Crime
Authors: Gottschalk Petter 
Published: August 2022

Private Policing of Financial Crime: Key Issues in the Investigation Business in Norway
Fraud examiners, financial crime specialists and counter fraud specialists are in the business of private internal investigations for their clients. Four problematic issues related to their roles are discussed in this article: privatization of law enforcement, disclosure of investigation reports, competence of private investigators, and limits by investigation mandate. A sample of thirty-two investigation reports is presented to illustrate these key issues. In addition, the issue of regulation of the investigation business is discussed. The focus and message of this article on financial crime specialists is an intriguing one, and it is a topic that is ripe for more sustained scrutiny.
The Use of Force by Police Officers
Authors: Noppe Jannie 
Published: August 2022

The Use of Force by Police Officers: What is the Role of Moral Beliefs?
This article aims to contribute to the empirical literature that deals with the relationship between moral beliefs and the use of force by police officers. We, therefore, develop an integrative action theory in which we combine the key principles of Situational Action Theory (Wikström, 2010) with the major insights of Muir (1977) and Mesko and Tankebe (2015) on how police officers cultivate legitimacy in their own police role. By means of a paper-and-pencil survey amongst 137 (mainly Belgian) police officers we test two main hypotheses: (1) To what extent does perceived audience legitimacy, self-legitimacy and police officers’ beliefs about the use of social skills predict their beliefs about the use of force? (2) To what extent do those attitudes and moral beliefs predict the actual use of force? First, we found that the less police officers are concerned with other people and the more they believed that citizens had no trust in or respect for the police, the more likely it is that they morally support the use of force. Second, we determined that police officers who are morally supportive towards the use of force are more likely to use force.
The establishment of Police Scotland
Authors: den Heyer Garth 
Published: August 2022

The establishment of Police Scotland: An analysis of the reform
In September 2011, the Scottish Justice Secretary announced that in order to address significant reductions in government appropriations, the eight local police forces would be replaced on 1 April 2013 with a single national Police Scotland. The statement heralded the most significant changes in the history of policing in Scotland, sharply contrasting with the current emphasis placed on community policing and localism in police services in other western democratic countries. This article presents an examination into the planning and the development of the Scottish police merger 12 months after the establishment of Police Scotland. Based on a number of semi-structured interviews with policy and decision makers, the research found that the Scottish Government decision to reform policing in Scotland does not appear to have been based on best evidence or best practice and that the implementation process has been mechanical by primarily relying on the introduction of legislation.
Tackling Trafficking in Human Beings in a security integrated Europe
Authors: Koulouri Anastasia 
Published: August 2022

Tackling Trafficking in Human Beings in a security integrated Europe: Addressing the challenges using Trafficking Schematics
This paper aims to conceptualise trafficking in human beings (THB) as an organised crime by drawing on the rational choice theory. Utilising crime scripting principles, it proposes trafficking schematics to capture and visualise THB in its entirety. Stemming from its transnational nature and varying conceptualisations, combatting THB faces challenges, such as the lack of harmonisation of policy instruments and differing stakeholder agendas. To mitigate these challenges, this paper proposes trafficking schematics. Their core lies in the modelling of THB constituent elements, including stages and their sequence, key actors and relationships, and financial modus operandi. Trafficking schematics may therefore contribute to addressing THB in a holistic, dynamic and integrated way, by enriching stakeholders’ understanding of the phenomenon and facilitating collaboration to address it. The paper contributes to theory and practice by drawing up a model of the procedural, human, logistical and environmental elements of THB that may be viewed as an instrument of public value creation.
Migration and crime
Authors: Ludwig Anika , Johnson Derek 
Published: August 2022

Migration and crime: A spatial analysis in a borderless Europe
The expansion of the EU has generated vast media interest and political debate about an alleged crime–migration nexus. The gradual disappearance of border controls within the EU has created opportunities for easier people movement, and potentially for offenders to commit criminal offences in other countries. However, little work has been undertaken to understand the general nature of criminal activity by intra-EU migrant populations. This paper discusses the complexity of carrying out research on this issue using openly available data sources across the EU and in particular notes a significant lack of data for informed policy development. Spatial clustering of individual nationalities is evident, distinct differences in movements on a regional scale in England are shown. There is also evidence of limited recording practices and data availability across the EU. Data on localised offending by foreign nationals can be used to inform intelligence by national and international police agencies, to generate effective cross-border information exchange, and inform crime reduction policies.
Acceptance Denied
Authors: Dekkers Tim , van der Woude Maartje 
Published: August 2022

Acceptance Denied: Intelligence-led Immigration Checks in Dutch Border Areas
Even though police organizations are increasingly making use of technology as part of the shift towards intelligence-led policing (ILP), the use of this technology in practice remains an understudied subject. This article aims to shed some light on the practical use of technology in the context of immigration control by making use of over 800 hours of observation and 13 focus groups with officers of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (RNM), which is responsible for migration and border controls in the Netherlands. By applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the case study, this article will contribute to understanding which factors explain why technology is accepted, and therefore used, by RNM officers. It also offers a critical assessment of the TAM model in the light of immigration and border control. The results show that the factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, quality of information and timeliness of information that are part of the TAM for law enforcement officers are verified. This case study also calls for an expansion of the model to include ‘transparency’ as a critical factor.
Wasting opportunities – prevention of illicit crossborder waste trafficking
Authors: Sahramäki Iina , Favarin Serena , Mehlbaum Shanna , Savona Ernesto , Spapens Toine , Kankaanranta Terhi 
Published: August 2022

Wasting opportunities – prevention of illicit crossborder waste trafficking
This study aims to construct a consolidated crime script of cross-border illicit waste trafficking by analysing similarities in modus operandi. In addition, factors enabling illicit waste trafficking were studied. Research questions were analysed from a situational crime prevention point of view by applying crime script analysis to 13 judiciary case studies of illicit cross-border waste trafficking obtained from the Netherlands, Italy and Finland. The findings suggest that the potential offender usually has advanced knowledge of the waste market and of the legislation and regulation. The case studies also suggest that the lack and misuse of appropriate licenses and falsified documentation, as well as taking advantage of illicit and licit networks in facilitating activities, are prevailing characteristics in the illicit cross-border trafficking of waste. Despite the small number of cases, the findings imply the need to focus crime prevention efforts on the early stages of the crime commission process, such as planning the crime.
From ‘what works?’ to ‘who am I?’: Existential research in the extended policing family
Authors: White Adam , Hayat Imogen 
Published: August 2022

From ‘what works?’ to ‘who am I?’: Existential research in the extended policing family
Police forces are long established organizations shot through with tradition and confident of their underlying organizational identity. This means that when police practitioners collaborate with academics, they tend to be more concerned with pragmatic questions of ‘what works?’ than they are with existential questions of ‘who am I?’. However, on the fringes of the ‘extended policing family’, where organizational identities are far more fluid, a different picture emerges. These less established organizations are often equally interested in both types of question. This presents an opportunity for academics and practitioners to work together on deeper questions regarding the constitution of the policing landscape. Through the lens of Hatch and Schultz’s (2002) model of organizational identity dynamics, this article profiles one such example which revolves around a research collaboration between the Security Industry Authority – the public body tasked with regulating the UK private security industry – and the University of Sheffield.