bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patriots, Pietists, and Prophets
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter delineates three Christian approaches to the state. The first is a synthetic view of church and state the chapter calls “Christianism.” This political theology holds that the church has a responsibility to transform political orders in line with the character of God, and sees little incongruity between the Christian faith and the exercise of political power. The second is an approach of separation from the world, here called “detachment.” This theology seeks to remove Christians from the corrupting influence of the public square altogether. Rejecting both of these approaches as being incompatible with the ethic of Jesus, the chapter then describes a third way: “prophetic witness.” This theology countenances neither the politicization of Christianity nor its withdrawal from public life. Instead, prophetic witness requires principled distance from the powers of the world, while speaking truth to these very powers from the margins.
The Path Forward
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The assumption that Christians should seek political power for the glory of God has proven to be enduring and powerful. However, that this supposition has long been with us does nothing to confirm its veracity. The conclusion of this book returns to the place where it started: theology. Drawing once again on the ethic of Jesus found in the Gospels and the teachings of the apostles, it lays out seven theological insights that can help the church recapture its prophetic vocation, while rejecting the temptation of political empowerment.
Bureaucracies and Localized Bargaining
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the theory of localized bargaining, which posits that bottom-up bargains by territorial administrations shape the allocation of policy benefits. It explores the institutional environment under which such a pattern of distribution would emerge. In particular, it examines how a central bureaucracy with fragmented authority limits top-down interference and makes bottom-up bargaining efforts by those local agents crucial determinants of policy outcomes. The chapter then describes the varying levels of bargaining power of local bureaucratic actors and the bargaining strategies they employ. A brief discussion of how localized bargaining supplements existing explanations in distributive politics follows. The chapter ends with a summary of testable hypotheses derived from the core argument.
The “Cardinals” and the “Clerics”
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies the institutional sources of differential bargaining power across localities. It presents insights from an original data set indicating the prominence of cities and their policy proposals in the official policy planning documents of their superiors (i.e., the provincial governments). It finds that concurrent appointment in the provincial decision-making bodies indicates greater institutionalized bargaining power. Cities whose leaders hold such appointments, cardinals, were able to insert a greater number of local proposals into their provincial governments’ five-year planning documents. The chapter attributes the differences to these localities’ enhanced abilities in influencing or even controlling their superiors’ policy agendas through their positions. Unequal representation of localities in the party-state’s decision-making bodies enables these localities to translate political privileges into tangible economic and policy benefits, often at the expense of those without institutional privileges, the cleric localities.
Militaries, Militias, and Violence
Authors: Albrecht Holger , Koehler Kevin , Manekin Devorah , Szekely Ora 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the makers and beneficiaries of organized political violence—militaries and militias—which have become extremely prominent in recent decades. Yet the two long have been studied from divergent perspectives, hindering theoretical progress. The chapter shows that the MENA scholarship has inspired a new, more unifying framework to study how violence is produced, one that marries tools from comparative politics with insights from international relations. Comparing national militaries (e.g., the Egyptian army) and nonstate militaries (e.g., ISIS) shows that common questions about institutional leadership, ideological origins, and social organization apply to all producers of organized violence. Variation across these axes helps explain diverse types of conflicts and wars. Finally, the chapter suggests that even the conceptual boundaries between national militaries and nonstate militaries have become blurry, which compels us to reconsider how sovereignty and statehood will function in the coming decades.
Political Economy and Development
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand , Hatab Shimaa , Hertog Steffen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The MENA region has long presented abundant puzzles for theories of comparative political economy, from high inequality to the seemingly paradoxical effects of oil wealth. The events of the past decade, however, have catalyzed a momentous rethinking in how political institutions and economic development affect one another, making the region a testing ground for new ideas. For instance, contemporary underdevelopment may be path-dependent, the result of centuries-old legal structures and other distant historical causes. Moreover, debates about the role of the state and welfare policies boil down not just to material distributions but to political trade-offs reflecting authoritarian commitments as well—something especially prevalent with the rise of crony capitalism. Finally, the problem of rentier wealth continues to undercut popular assumptions: oil-rich states have not succumbed to instability and conflict as predicted by many political scientists, but their social demands and institutional complexities have also immensely grown.
Migration and Displacement
Authors: Arar Rawan , Brand Laurie , Khoury Rana B. , Lori Noora , Mourad Lama , Pearlman Wendy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows why the large-scale movement of human populations in the MENA has manifest importance to states and societies across the region. Whether driven by economic concerns, violence, or some combination of the two, the migration of peoples—which, in its most tragic form, produces refugee crises—has become an indelible part of the regional landscape. The chapter traces the history of such migration prior to the Arab uprisings and locates the applicability of outside literatures to help understand the experiences of migrants and refugees. Research on the relationship between conflict and migration, labor migration, state-level governance of migration, global governance and international institutions, and the nexus between diasporas and states all receive close attention. The ethics of studying displaced communities also invokes discussion. Key debates, notable cases, and avenues for future research are hence mapped out in systematic detail.
Earthly Order
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
How does natural order in the universe connect to social and political order on Earth? Pragmatically, answering such a fundamental question is key for society to confront global environmental and economic challenges. Earthly Order tackles this grand question of human inquiry for a broad audience through coverage of foundational knowledge for scientific literacy of the general public. The book argues that the complexity of current planetary processes requires us to embrace a hybrid form of order in which natural emergence from chaos and human technological innovations are intertwined. As a systems scientist and geographer, the author brings together his personal journey of intellectual growth from his childhood years in Pakistan to his studies in the natural sciences and environmental planning in the United States to weave a rich tapestry of learning that informs the parameters of global sustainability conversations. While resisting the temptation of environmental determinism, the narrative sets forth natural constraints and hierarchies under which trajectories of social, economic, and political systems must be charted to maintain an “earthly order” wherein humanity can thrive.
Sex, Population, and Sustainability
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Starting from a discussion of the development of matrimonial order in human societies, this chapter considers procreation and population growth in the context of sustainability. The despicable history of social Darwinism in imposing particular forms of genetic order for the ostensible “greater good” is discussed, as well as the stark Neo-Malthusian exhortations of Lifeboat Ethics from Garrett Hardin. Demographic concepts that have led to broader development planning debates on the stabilization of global populations are considered in the context of anti-aging research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gender as a key form of contested social order and how some of the insights from D’Arcy Thompson’s classic work On Growth and Form can inform a more nuanced discussions of social categories and stereotypes.
Introduction
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates the book and summarizes its main arguments. It explains that the book’s principal contribution consists of demonstrating that state-driven reform has triggered an arbitral backlash. Changes in investment treaty design have failed to change interpretive outcomes in investment arbitration as new treaties are being interpreted like old ones in practice. While “growing pains” with the regime adjusting to the new treaty design as well as misaligned incentives in investment arbitration are proximate causes for the lack of impact of treaty design innovation, the ultimate cause lies in the bifurcation of the treaty universe into new- and old-generation agreements. Old investment agreements directly (by diverting claims) and indirectly (by rooting interpretation in outdated practice) undermine innovation in new treaties. This introduction then presents the three parts of the book that, respectively, (1) trace state-driven change, (2) explain the arbitral backlash, and (3) suggest how to preserve and amplify state-driven reform.
Nominal predication
Authors: Ajanki Rigina , Laakso Johanna , Skribnik Elena 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the areal distribution of major strategies of nominal predication in Uralic: with an obligatory copula taking all necessary TAM and agreement markers, and without a copula (often in indicative present). The predicate nominal can in the latter case carry a) only markers of agreement in number, b) only markers in agreement in person and number, b) tense markers and agreement markers. Other important parameters are the number of copulas and the case-marking strategies for the predicate nominal: no marking (= only nominative), two-case opposition (e.g. nominative for static and translative for dynamic characterization in terms of ”relative time stability“), and more complex types of oppositions, coded with up to four possible cases (e.g. splitting of dynamic characterization in Ingrian into ‘beginning’, i.e. ’becoming something’, with the translative and ’ending’, i.e. ’stopping being something’, with the excessive case).
Russia’s Shattered Naval Dream
Authors: Kowner Rotem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the way the battle affected Russian actions in the following years and the way it has been commemorated ever since. The battle sealed the fate of the Baltic Fleet and left only the Black Sea Fleet, which made up less than one-third of the entire force of the Imperial Russian Navy on the eve of the war, intact. From the world’s third largest naval power in early 1904, Russia declined in the aftermath of the battle into near-insignificance. Thereafter, tsarist Russia was not in any hurry to rebuild its fleet. In fact, the blow was so heavy that the navy entered an extended period of relative paralysis, and even decline, from which it only emerged during the Cold War, now as the navy of the Soviet Union. In addition, the chapter explores the three stages that mark the battle’s memory in Russia, in the Soviet Union, and again in present-day Russia during the subsequent century: shock, condemnation, and nostalgia.
Worldwide Reactions and Assessments
Authors: Kowner Rotem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As the long voyage of the Baltic Fleet towards East Asian waters was followed by throngs of journalists and naval observers, the encounter between the Russian and the Japanese navies was a thing both expected and inevitable. This chapter examines the various immediate reactions to the battle in the world media, and among contemporary decision makers and naval specialists. The world press evaluated the results of the battle with a great deal of surprise but mostly also with an equal share of enthusiasm. In the battle’s immediate aftermath, as well as in the following months, the Anglo-Saxon press, as well as the press in the colonial world, hailed Japan as the harbinger of a Western-like nation that was able to modernize successfully and rein technology and science in the service of defeating a despotic and backward Russia. In much of continental Europe, the enthusiasm over the Japanese victory was transcended by fears of the insubordination of peoples under the colonial yoke and the transformation of the early 20th-century world order, often masked by references to Japan as a Yellow Peril.
The Battle and Naval Development
Authors: Kowner Rotem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Battle of Tsushima was the only major naval battle during the 111-year period between the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) and the Battle of Jutland (1916). But, unlike the latter, it was also a decisive battle, one of those rare naval engagements that end in the total annihilation of one side and in the near-intactness of the other. This chapter analyses the impact of the battle on naval development and thought. In their reports home, these observers confirmed the Mahanian concept of an all-encompassing decisive battle between large battleships. More specifically, this chapter examines the battle’s impact on the development of the all-big-gun battleship as embodied by the HMS Dreadnought, the naval race between Great Britain and Germany before the First World War, and the use of surface warships during the Second World War.
Family Generations
Authors: Santos Mariana 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Mariana Santos shows how relational wealth chains are based on high-trust status-based relationships between clients and suppliers. Santos investigates transgenerational wealth management, a market where wealth managers carefully cultivate close relationships with ultra-high-net-worth individuals to maintain ties over generations. In this market 500 individuals will pass over $2.1 trillion to heirs over the next 20 years. Wealth managers engage in relational work to foster intimacy and trust between ultra-high-net-worth clients and professional suppliers located in private banking and the wealth-management industry. This includes influencing parents and children on emotional and financial commitments and investing time in financial education and elite networking events. Based on extensive fieldwork in Lisbon, London, Geneva, and Zurich, Santos analyzes the careful cultivation of the affective bonds that fortify relational wealth chains.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Using examples from the early eighteenth century, from leading evangelical figures like Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley, the conclusion points out that the challenges and tensions confronting divine revelation (in chapters 6 and 7) continued to be prevalent. Particularly, the conclusion notes that by the early 1700s, there was already a marked shift in the way that such leaders approached and understood the purpose and use of divine revelation. Specifically, Edwards and Wesley considered contemporary experiences of divine revelation as something that was unverifiable and outside their ability to scrutinize, demarcating a major rupture between their generation of Protestants and those of the previous century.
“An Iron Fist in a Silk Glove”
Authors: Jewkes Yvonne 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws on The Society of Captives to explore the pains of imprisonment at Halden prison in Norway, frequently held up in the world’s media as the “model prison” to which all other countries that profess to care about rehabilitation should aspire. The chapter draws on empirical research data to reveal a more complex picture that underlines the basic tenet of Sykes’ argument, which is that any conditions of confinement – however attractive they seem to outsiders – can be experienced as inherently painful and dehumanizing. In fact, the research showed that the aesthetically-pleasing public “face” of Halden may simply do a more effective job of masking pain within, bringing its own insidious form of control as it camouflages the fact of deep-end incarceration. Several prisoners interviewed suggested that the normalized aesthetics and natural beauty of Halden were experienced as a more profound pain than they had experienced in other prisons; a kind of sleight-of-hand, taunting them with a small sense of freedom, that ultimately is denied.
The Changing “Regime of the Custodians”
Authors: Liebling Alison 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Acts of distrust (the escapes of high profile prisoners from local prisons) led to the establishment of the high security estate in England and Wales in 1968. Problems of disorder followed, despite efforts made to “combine security with humanity”, via decent interpersonal treatment and meaningful regimes. The 1984 Control Review Committee famously stated that control and security flow from “getting relationships right” (Home Office, 1984). This is far from straight-forward. Officers sometimes describe staff-prisoner relationships as a form of “quiet power” (Liebling & Price, 2001, p. 92). This chapter describes four distinct visions forms of order found in high security prisons between 1988 and 2019, describing what happens when relationships decline, when staff or prisoners discover and exploit new power bases, or when staff resort to avoidance rather than negotiation and exchange.
Particular disorder models
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The simplest of all disorder models – the nearest-neighbour Markov chain (or Growth disorder model) - is described and the form of the scattered intensity derived. An alternative treatment for the Markov chain using stochastic matrices is explored. Next the Markov chain is compared to the 1D Ising model, which has a seemingly quite different basis but in 1D is shown to be entirely equivalent. A comparison of the Markov or growth-disorder formulation with the Ising formulation is again found instructive in an exploration of models involving second-nearest and more distant neighbours.
Displacements in two or three dimensions
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Many of the disorder models that were obtained for binary models can be adapted for use with Gaussian variables to represent atomic displacements. These may be used to introduce both transverse and longitudinal correlations into a model lattice. The magnitudes of displacements may be controlled by the variance of the Gaussian variables. Highly distorted paracrystal lattices can be produced using high variances and high nearest neighbour correlations. Hexagonal paracrystals can be obtained using three independent sets of random variables. It is shown that 2D Gaussian growth models can easily be extended to 3D and higher. (95 words)
Urea inclusion compounds
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In these compounds the ‘host’ substructure consists of an open framework of hydrogen-bonded urea molecules, in which exist parallel one-dimensional tunnels of diameter about 5.5 – 6 Å that accommodate ‘guest’ molecules such as the n-alkanes or similar long-chain molecules. A description is given of how diffuse X-ray scattering in conjunction with Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulation can be used to investigate guest-host interactions, with particular reference to n-hexadecane-urea (HD-urea) and 1,10-dibromo-n-decane-urea (DBD-urea). The MC modeling identified the origins of different features of the diffraction patterns. Along the channels the alkanes form a pseudo 1D crystal. There is short-range order between the orientations of molecules in neighbouring channels that leads to a phase transition in which ordered domains are formed. (119 words)
Strain effects in disordered crystals
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A feature that has been observed in the diffuse scattering patterns of a wide variety of different materials — a diffuse ‘ring’ or ‘doughnut’ shaped region of scattering — can be understood in terms of a simple model that has been borrowed from the field of sol–gel science. In this it is supposed that there is a balance between the local attractive forces that are trying to make a particular structure and a rather longer-range repulsive force. In the disordered crystal context it is suggested that this latter force has its origin in the strain that builds as the preferred local structure tries to fit into the average crystal lattice. The three examples discussed are a urea inclusion compound, cubic stabilized zirconia and a disordered molecular crystal.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects upon major findings about various socioeconomic issues and problems from the preceding chapters and puts into perspective what would constitute critical elements of ideal policy solutions and the direction of the future government’s role. Yet it is not so much about the choice between state intervention and a free market, as is often painted in the scholarly debate. It argues that the government’s role and intervention must evolve toward areas where government function is essential or which are strategically important yet market initiatives are weak (or absent); whereas government should refrain from intervening in markets that can effectively function under proper rules and regulatory frameworks. Here the essential government function goes beyond the traditional role such as public goods provision and intervention to correct market failures, including an active government role in providing institutional frameworks that markets need to function well. It also includes a fiscally robust and working welfare state. There are many areas in the market-driven economy that await a constructive and modern government role, as illustrated in the chapter. From a structural point of view, though, one of the most imperative tasks that requires the decisive action of the government or the political system in general is to take bold and yet sensible structural changes and reform to revitalize the dynamism of the economy and improve the economic opportunity in Korean society.
Female Genital Mutilation: An Overview
Authors: Proudman Charlotte 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter gives an overview of FGM, as a practice both in the UK and internationally. It outlines the heritage and trajectory of anti-FGM laws in the UK. As FGM continues to be performed in the UK, this chapter draws on the existing evidence in respect of the prevalence of the practice. The four types of FGM and the changing dynamics of the practice are explored in detail. The chapter draws on the motivations for FGM which underpin the prevalence of the practice. It concludes with an outline of the diverse interview participants that gave their time and knowledge to participate in the research that has culminated in this ground-breaking book.