bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial flora of mastoid cavity after canal wall down (CWD) mastoidectomy
Authors: Barati Behrouz , Ghazizadeh Matin 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Many scientists have worked on microbial flora of the ear canal or middle ear in nonoperated patients, but it is not clear that what changes would be occurred in the flora of the mastoid cavity postoperatively. It can help the surgeons to choose the appropriate drugs in the perioperative period. The study was designed to investigate the microbial flora of the middle ear and mastoid cavities after canal wall down (CWD) mastoidectomy.

Materials and Methods:
The survey was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study. All patients with chronic otitis media who had undergone CWD mastoidectomy in a public university hospital from 2014 to 2017 were enrolled in the study. They were periodically followed up postoperatively at least for 6 months. Swab sampling from ear cavity was performed, and the samples were sent for culture and antibiogram. Each specimen was sent for bacterial and fungal analysis. If bacterial culture result was positive, the sensitivity of the cultured organisms to common antibiotics was also assessed.

Results:
Seventy-four patients entered into the survey. Twenty-six (35%) of samples were positive for bacteria, and 11 (14.5%) were positive for fungi. Furthermore, 3 (4%) of the studied ears were positive simultaneously for both bacterial and fungal culture. Among cultured bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species (29%). Candida species was the most common fungal species (8%).

Conclusions:
Microbial infection is a common finding after CWD mastoidectomy. S. epidermidis and Candida species should be considered as the primary targets of treatment.
Changes of Serum Levels of Caspase-3 after Trauma and Ototoxic Damage of the Cochlea in Rabbits
Authors: Pavlidis Pavlos , Gouveris Haralampos , Nikolaidis Vasileios , Schittek Gregor Alexander 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Caspase-3 is one of the most important enzymes for the regulation of apoptosis.

Aims and Objectives:
Aim of our study was to examine the changes in serum levels of this factor during apoptotic phenomena in the cochlea, caused by traumatic or ototoxic causes.

Materials and Methods:
A cohort of 24 rabbits was studied for this purpose for 31 days. Eight animals were implanted with a cochlear implant electrode (group A), 8 were treated with intramuscular amikacin for 14 days (group B) and another 8 were the control group (group C). In all groups DPOAEs and serum levels of caspase-3 were tested every second day.

Results:
Serum levels of caspase-3 rise immediately after implantation, while a 3-day latency in levels was seen in group B. Caspase-3-levels in both groups remained elevated until the 31st day of the experiment. Levels of caspase-3 showed a moderate negative correlation with DPAOE amplitudes.

Conclusion:
Caspase-3 rises after traumatic and ototoxic causes and moderately correlates with cochlear outer hair cell function in rabbits. Therefore, serum caspase-3 levels should be tested as a surrogate marker of structural integrity of the cochlea after trauma or administration of ototoxic drugs in humans as well.
Factors Affecting Compliance to Quarantine and its Psychological Effects during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Chauhan Amanjot Kaur , Singh Abhishek , Ranjan Rajesh , Gupta Vikas , Goel Pawan Kumar 
Published: April 2022

Background:
COVID-19 has caused pandemic during 2019–2020 and has presented with illnesses ranging from the usual mild flu to serious respiratory problems/complications, even leading to considerable mortality. Recent literatures have suggested that the health (especially psychological) impacts of quarantine are substantial and can be long lasting.

Aim:
The purpose of this study was to assess the mental health status (psychological distress) of experienced quarantine and compliance to quarantine during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Nuh district.

Methods:
The study included 543 subjects (adults aged 18 years or more) who were sent for quarantine at home or state-run facilities and included “Flu corner” screened patient and health-care staff working in COVID-19 outpatient and wards. The psychological impact was assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Categorical data were presented as percentages (%), and bivariable logistic regression was applied to find out the association, and it was considered significant if the P < 0.05.

Results:
The doctors and nursing staff were among two-fifth of the subjects (217/543, 40.1%), and only 11.6% of quarantined subjects (63/543) were compliant with all protective measures. The mean score obtained on Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) subjects was 18.69 ± 4.88, whereas out of 543 subjects, 152 (27.9%) had a score of 20 or more, and it has a significant association with the elderly age group, female gender, and workplace as exposure setting (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Given the developing situation with coronavirus pandemic, policymakers urgently need evidence synthesis to produce guidance for the public. Thus, the outcomes of this study will positively help authorities, administrators, and policymakers to apply quarantine measures in a better way.
Medical Profession in the 21st Century. Is it Still Alluring??
Authors: Bansal Savita , Aneja Prachi Saffar , Aneja Manish , Bansal Ravi , Arora Jyoti 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
The world, particularly India, is in the midst of one of the worst pandemics ever. The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the country like a tsunami, taking a toll on life. A robust health-care industry with competent, productive, and positive manpower is needed like never before. The productivity of doctors is directly related to the fulfillment they experience in their jobs.

Aims and Objectives:
The study will try to explore the satisfaction level of doctors working in Haryana. It will also delve into major determinants of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Materials and Methods:
The cross-sectional survey-based analysis was conducted in FMHS SGTU on doctors employed in Haryana. The prevalidated questionnaire was administered via Google Forms.

Results:
A total of 515 filled pro forma were obtained. 71.6% of doctors were found to be satisfied in their chosen profession.

Discussion:
The discontentment among doctors is now globally acknowledged. It stems from a wide array of issues such as the growing incidents of workplace violence, lack of security measures, deteriorating doctor–patient relationship, erratic work hours, monumental workload in stressful environment, inadequate infrastructure, and pitiful pay.

Conclusion:
There is marked diminution in doctors' morale who regret being in this profession more and more. However, with the joint efforts of society and competent authorities, this grim situation can be rectified. Steps should be taken to build a strong doctor–patient relationship based on trust and boost infrastructure so that medical profession can be made alluring in the 21st century.
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function Tests in Allergic Rhinitis Patients Attending a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in South India
Authors: Waheeda S , Ali S Syed Liyakath , Sathyamurthy K 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) include a variety of tests such as spirometry, the volume of lung measurement, and diffusing capacity of lung quantification. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a kind of rhinitis related to complex symptomatology characterized by rhinorrhea, obstruction of the nasal cavity, attacks of sneezing, and irritation of the nose, palate, and eyes. PFT could be deranged in AR patients, as they sustain anomalous airway function, determined by obstruction. Hence, assessing PFT's are a crucial part of the patient workup with AR.

Aim:
The current study evaluated the variations in pulmonary function among AR patients.

Materials and Methods:
A sum of 100 people were included in the study, of which 50 people were with AR meeting inclusion criteria, whereas the same age- and gender-matched 50 persons were regarded as a “control group.” PFTs were performed after getting informed consent from both groups. Data were charted and analyzed for statistical significance by the Student's t-test.

Results:

P value of maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) has been observed to be the most significant, pointing toward a marked reduction of MVV in the AR patients in comparison to the control group. The P value of forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) is moderately significant, depicting a mild decrease in FEV1 among the study group. The P value of FEV1% has been highly significant, pointing toward a marked decrease in FEV1% among the study group participants. The P value of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) has been highly significant, denoting a substantial decrease in PEFR in the study group.

Conclusion:
Alterations in the pulmonary function were evaluated by applying the PFT's among the AR patients of Salem. It was observed that PFT values such as “FEV1, FEV1%, MVV, and PEFR” demonstrated a notable reduction in the allergic patients compared to control.
A Study of Type of Aphasia in Cortical and Subcortical Strokes
Authors: Misri Zulkifli , Jhawar Amruta A , Bhat Jayashree , Monteiro Berton Craig , Ahmed Safwan 
Published: April 2022

Context:
In the elderly stroke or stroke-related injury often results in cortical dysfunction termed as aphasia. This affects language usage and multiple aspects of communication. Comparative studies between cortical and subcortical lesions in aphasia are lacking.

Aim:
To study the type of aphasia in cortical and subcortical strokes.

Settings and Design:
Prospective observational.

Subjects and Methods:
Subjects with cortical and subcortical strokes of the dominant cerebral hemisphere were included in the study and divided into various aphasia types. Bedside language tests and distribution according to educational qualifications were performed. The subjects were assessed for aphasia scores and its association was performed with other baseline characteristics.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data was expressed as a percentage and mean ± standard deviation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis and Fischer's exact test or Chi-square test were used.

Results:
Significant difference was noted between the type of aphasia and age group in study subjects (P < 0.001). A severe form of language dysfunction like global aphasia was noted in subjects with a comparatively low level of education, with subcortical bleed, or those with left perisylvian infarcts. Subjects with diabetes and dyslipidemia had a higher risk of developing anomic aphasia (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
This study showed the type of aphasia in subjects with cortical and subcortical strokes and it revealed that age at onset, level of education, and site of the lesion were associated with the outcome of patients of aphasia.
Advantages, disadvantages and methods of applying mathematical models to evaluate water quality in reservoirs: a systematic review
Authors: Silva Fabio Leandro da , Fushita Ângela Terumi , Cunha-Santino Marcela Bianchessi da , Júnior Irineu Bianchini 
Published: April 2022

Human activities are affecting reservoir water quality; consequently, methods are necessary to verify those impacts. Mathematical modeling improves the understanding of the anthropic impact on water quality, changes in limnological data, and helps formulate management strategies. However, it is necessary to consider the (dis)advantages as well as the methods used for water-quality assessment in reservoirs. This study conducted a systematic review in four databases: (i) PubMed/Medline; (ii) Scopus; (iii) Web of Science; and (iv) Wiley Online Library. We combined Boolean operators and words aiming to identify papers linked to the scope. Rayyan software allowed the initial screening of the found papers. Peer-reviewed papers and the use of mathematical models to assess reservoir water quality were the inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included articles in languages other than English, grey literature, and inaccessible articles. Our research found 169 articles, of which 39 were selected and only 13 were included in the review. Mathematical modeling has many benefits related to real-world problems, but the main disadvantages are process simplification, specific rules of the model, and lack of information or data monitoring. Kinetic equations, regression models, Monte Carlo analysis, finite segment models, modeling tools, zero-order rate equations, partial differential algebraic equations, and predictive analysis are the methods observed in mathematical modeling. This review provides information for unfamiliar managers who intend to use mathematical models to assess the water quality of reservoirs.
Keywords: limnologic tool, model inventory, water management.
Interventions Using Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Techniques for Caregivers of People With Stroke (January 1, 1999– December 31, 2019)
Authors: Hildebrand Mary , Mack Amanda 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Evidence-Based Practice Project. Each Systematic Review Brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. This Systematic Review Brief presents findings from the systematic review on stroke and interventions using cognitive–behavioral therapy techniques for caregivers of people with stroke.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry of organic matter in Swedish forest soils and its relationship with climate, tree species, and soil texture
Authors: Spohn Marie , Stendahl Johan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. While the carbon (C) content of temperate and boreal forest soils
is relatively well studied, much less is known about the ratios of C,
nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) of the soil organic matter, as well as the abiotic
and biotic factors that shape them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
explore carbon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus (OP) contents and element
ratios in temperate and boreal forest soils and their relationships with
climate, dominant tree species, and soil texture. For this purpose, we
studied 309 forest soils located all over Sweden between 56 and
68∘ N. The soils are a representative subsample of Swedish forest
soils with a stand age >60 years that were sampled for the
Swedish Forest Soil Inventory. We found that the N stock of the organic
layer increased by a factor of 7.5 from −2.0 to 7.5 ∘C mean annual temperature (MAT), which is almost twice as much as the
increase in the organic layer stock along the MAT gradient. The increase in
the N stock went along with an increase in the N:P ratio of the organic
layer by a factor of 2.1 from −2.0 to 7.5 ∘C MAT
(R2=0.36, p<0.001). Forests dominated by pine had higher C:N
ratios in the organic layer and mineral soil down to a depth of 65 cm than
forests dominated by spruce. Further, also the C:P ratio was increased in
the pine-dominated forests compared to forests dominated by other tree
species in the organic layer, while the C:OP ratio in the mineral soil was not
elevated in pine forests. C, N, and OP contents in the mineral soil were
higher in fine-textured soils than in coarse-textured soils by a factor of
2.3, 3.5, and 4.6, respectively. Thus, the effect of texture was stronger on
OP than on N and C likely because OP adsorbs very rigidly to mineral
surfaces. Further, we found that the P and K concentrations of the organic
layer were inversely related to the organic layer stock, while the N:P
ratio was positively related to the organic layer stock. Taken together, the
results show that the N:P ratio of the organic layer was most strongly
related to MAT. Further, the C:N ratio was most strongly related to dominant
tree species even in the mineral subsoil. In contrast, the C:P ratio was
only affected by dominant tree species in the organic layer, but the C:OP
ratio in the mineral soil was hardly affected by tree species due to the
strong effect of soil texture on the OP concentration.
Perbandingan Latihan Pursed Lip Breathing Dan Meniup Balon Terhadap Kekuatan Otot Napas Pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronis di Balai Besar Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat Makassar
Authors: Junaidin Junaidin 
Published: April 2022

Latar Belakang :Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik (PPOK) merupakan sejumlah gangguan yang mempengaruhi pergerakan udara dari dan keluar paru, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan hipoksemia dan hiperkapnia karena terjadinya kelemahan otot pernapasan dan obstruksi sehingga akan meningkatkan resistensi aliran udara, hiperinflasi pulmoner dan ketidakseimbangan ventilasi dan perfusi. Salah satu penanganan nonfarmakologi paru yang dapat diberikan pada pasien PPOK diantaranya dengan melakukan tehnik pursed lip breathing exercise(PLB) dan meniup balon.Latihanrehabilitasiini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki fungsi paru,mencegah kerusakan, dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup.
Tujuan: Diketahui perbedaan latihan pursed lip breathing dan meniup balon terhadap peningkatan kekuatan otot pernapasan pada pasien PPOK.
Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi-Eksperimen, dengan pre post test design pada dua kelompok perbandingan yang berbeda.
Hasil : Peningkatan kekuatan otot napas dan perbedaan signifikansi pada hari ke tiga setelah intervensi meniup balon (median=5870) dan PLB (median=5830) diperoleh nilai p<0,001, sedangkan hari ketujuh setelah intervensi meniup balon (median=5980) dan PLB (median=5880) diperoleh perbedaan signifikansi dengan nilai p<0,001.
Kesimpulan :Meniup balon sangat signifikan pada peningkatan kekuatan otot napas bila dibandingkan dengan PLB pada pasien PPOK.
A vita minimuma
Authors: Rosta Kosztasz 
Published: April 2022

Az európai filozófiatörténet vélhetőleg első „metavitájában” a beszélgetőpartnerek megszakítják eszmecseréjüket a tárgyról és a vita mikéntje kapcsán próbálnak egyezségre jutni: Szókratész a rövid, kérdés-felelet formájában lezajló beszélgetést preferálja, mely jól definiált propozíciókat, illetve ezek logikai térképét eredményezi, míg Prótagorasz szíve szerint inkább bemutató beszédek versenyében venne részt, melyben a nyelv nem reprezentacionalista, hanem tropikus/metaforikus, és nagyobb, kumulatív egységeket alkot, mint a propozíciók. A tét tehát nem pusztán annyi, hogy milyen hosszan fejthessék ki álláspontjukat a felek, hanem hogy a gondolkodás két, nehezen összeegyeztethető útja közül melyiket használják. A választás valaki számára mindenképpen komoly veszteséggel jár: Szókratész rögtön deklarálja, hogy beszédek tartására képtelen, s a vita felfüggesztését helyezi kilátásba, míg Prótagorasz arra mutat rá, hogy leghatékonyabb fegyvere feladása egyrészt implauzibilis, másrészt vélhetőleg saját vereségéhez vezethet. A patthelyzetet – meglepő módon – a diszkurzív közösség tagjai képesek feloldani úgy, hogy egyrészt (i.) nyomást gyakorolnak a felekre a megegyezés és a folytatás érdekében, másrészt (ii.) javaslatot tesznek a kompromisszumra, illetve (iii.) a felek egymás iránt tanúsított viszonyára. A kompromisszum (ii.) egy furcsa hibridet, egy költemény közös elemzését eredményezi, mely a kölcsönös, baráti jóindulat (iii.) Prodikosz által javasolt elvén alapulhat. A diszkurzív közösségnek tehát moderáló (hogyan ne viselkedjünk egy vitában) és normatív (milyen közös szabályok mentén vitázzunk) szerepe van. E példa legfontosabb elemének ugyanakkor a közösség által kifejtett nyomást (i.) tartom: Platón jól szemlélteti, hogy a civakodást felváltó civilizált vitának az a kulcsa, hogy a diszkurzív közösség rászorítsa tagjait arra, hogy a játékszabályok egy halmazát, vagyis a vitához szükséges minimumot betartsák. Jó okunk van azt feltételezni, hogy a példában megismert vita e külső óvó tekintet híján konklúzió nélkül, közös nevező hiányában félbeszakadna.
A következő vitaindítóban egy nemrég lezajlott vita kapcsán kívánom felhívni a figyelmet (1) a hazai filozófiai közbeszéd hanyatlására, illetve (2) ennek lehetséges okaira, továbbá (3) a diszkurzív közösség ezzel kapcsolatos feladatára. E feladatot igyekszem artikulálni, amennyiben e közösség tagjaként az említett problémát tematizálom.
The World Trade Organisation Committee on Trade and Environment: Exploring the Challenges of the Greening of Free Trade
Authors: van Calster Geert 
Published: April 2022

The World Trade Organisation General Council established the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment on 31 January 1995. The predecessors of this Committee are the GATT group on Environmental Measures and International Trade and the Sub-Committee on Trade and Environment of the Preparatory Committee of the World Trade Organisation. The WTO Committee has already discussed a wide range of issues involved in the "greening" of free trade. Its work reflects the definition of environmental protection as constituting an element of global free trade. Work on this article was completed on 1 August 1995.
Loving the Environment to Death: Can Law Protect the Environment from the Leisure Threat?
Authors: Woodward Karen 
Published: April 2022

Tourism in Europe has already destroyed much of the environment or is threatening to do so. There is an overall picture of polluted stretches of coastline with inferior water quality, erosion in Alpine areas, excessive depletion of water resources and the cumulative destruction of cultural monuments. Equally damaging has been the accompanying dissolution of social ties. Mass tourism inevitably contains the seed of its own destruction; as revenues rise the special environmental beauty of a location almost inevitably declines. The 1980s saw the development of a theory of "soft" or "green" tourism in Europe which was only ever capable of limited application. Post-Rio, tourism is another economic activity facing the test of sustainability. Sustainable tourism must find a model which touches even the mass tourist. What has been the effect of regulatory intervention in favour of sustainable tourism on a European, national and regional level, with particular regard to Italy? Is the law any use at all in this difficult area of social control of leisure time, and can we interfere with the right of the average Torino car worker to his August sun and sand holiday?
The Enforcement of EU Environmental Law: Article 169, the Ombudsman and the Parliament
Authors: Kunzlik Peter 
Published: April 2022

Problems of enforcing EU environmental law by means of Article 169 procedure, adopting the "Newbury Bypass" case as an example; the background to the case - the Environmental Impact Directive and the "pipe-line" point; referral of the Commission's withdrawal from the case to the EU Ombudsman; the office and powers of the Ombudsman; the four main points of complaint; the Commission's arguments to the Ombudsman; the Ombudsman's conclusions, including the "rather surprising" possibility that "a bona fide but wrong interpretation of the law could amount to maladministration"; and his decision to conduct an "own initiative" inquiry into the workings of Article 169 generally; simultaneous consideration of petitions in respect of the same matter by the Petitions Committee of the European Parliament; the Committee's view that the Commission's decision had been made at a political level and its instigation of further investigations; conclusion as to the importance of these references to the Ombudsman and the Parliament.