bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing Political Settlements and Development in Four Countries
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the approach can be used to analyse the comparative politics of development. Specifically, four countries are selected that over the past two decades provide good representations of the different quadrants of the authors’ typology, and the links between their typological variables and economic and social development are traced. Specifically, Ghana is discussed as a broad-dispersed settlement; Guinea as a narrow-dispersed settlement; Cambodia as a narrow-concentrated settlement; and Rwanda as a broad-concentrated settlement. The relationship between political settlement type, elite commitment, state effectiveness, and development outcomes in three policy areas are explored: economic growth, maternal mortality reduction, and quality education, effectively making twelve cases. Of these twelve, eight conform to the predictions of the authors’ typological theory, and four conform partially. In the chapter’s final section the idea of the ‘policy domain’, a meso-level field of power relations which interacts with the political settlement and within which actors promote competing policy agendas, is invoked to further explain the chapter’s findings.
Summary, Policy Implications, and Future Research
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes, summarizing the argument, the main findings, and considering the implications. The advice given should be treated as a set of ‘first bets’, or ‘compass bearings’ for policymakers, especially development partners, who are seeking to advance the cause of inclusive development. The findings might also be of interest for other inclusive development champions, whether in civil society or governments of the Global South. It also discusses several potential areas for future research, including multi-level analysis and the relationship of political settlements to a range of upstream and downstream variables. PSA has begun to deliver on its promise of understanding conflict and development, the authors argue, and there is much it can still achieve.
Hypotheses Testing in Banking Risk Analysis
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A risk manager requires taking a decision to select a single alternative from a number of possible alternatives. In this context, hypothesis testing provides a formal procedure for making rational decision based on the information available to the researcher. In this chapter, the author explains the statistical approach to hypothesis testing and relates its relevance to management of risk. It covers statistical concept behind hypothesis testing, type I error, and power of a test. It enables the reader to understand and interpret statistical significance tests. It covers both one-tail as well as two-tail tests. Statistical significance through z-test as well as t-tests is shown with numerous applications in risk management. Parametric as well as non-parametric test concepts, formulas, and their application in statistical package like STATA have been demonstrated. Two group difference mean t-test and rank-sum tests (treatment group vs. control group) and ANOVA test for multiple groups mean comparison tests have been explained with examples.
Correlation Theorem and Portfolio Management Techniques
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Covariance and correlation play important roles in portfolio management of risk. In market risk, it is used as a measure of the dependence between different financial instruments in the calculation of value at risk (VaR). Correlation is concerned with the measurement of strength of association between two variables. It is a crucial parameter in modern portfolio management theory. It is widely used to measure portfolio return volatility as well as computation of portfolio volatility and risk-adjusted return. This chapter explains in detail how correlation contributes significantly in the assessment of portfolio risk. Correlated and interrelated risk events and indicators need to be highlighted for better portfolio management. The chapter suggests that combining the credit or investment assets with lower correlations tend to reduce the overall portfolio risk. Modern portfolio theorem suggests effective ways to allocate assets and utilize correlations to maximize gains through diversification. Accordingly, portfolio optimization techniques have been illustrated with numerical examples as well as chart demonstration.
Multivariate Analysis to Understand Functional Relationship and Scenario Building
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates widespread applications of multivariate regression techniques in developing credit rating models. Risk analysts use multivariate techniques to forecast default risk or investment outcomes to understand the role of key contributing factors. Multivariate regression models are also used in predicting losses. It explains regression basics, estimation, and interpretation of coefficients, t-statistics, significance of factors, and its relation with the dependent variable. Various test statistics, analysis of variance, and explanatory power of the models have been explained with banking data and also using statistical package STATA. The use of matrix in estimating multiple regression equations, derivation of regression coefficients, and their functional forms has been explained. Application of multiple regressions in credit risk, operational risk as well as market risk has been illustrated with examples. Further, statistical scorecard development using multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression techniques have been explained in step-wise manner. Interpretation of key test statistics and their usage in model development as well as post-regression estimation diagnostic tests are shown with numerous examples. Panel regression techniques in understanding determinants of bank performance and in identifying key factors contribute to refinancing by housing finance companies are demonstrated using STATA. Finally, heteroskedasticity and multicollinearity tests are explained to check robustness of the econometric findings. These tests are useful to validate the statistical results. Regression models are not only used to predict determinant of losses, but it also helps a bank to develop stress testing scenarios.
Introduction
Authors: Xinyue Bobby 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets out to achieve three things: (1) to justify why poetic discussions of Augustus’ divinization merit critical attention and require treatment as a distinct category; (2) to situate the present study in relation to existing scholarship and current thinking on Augustan poetry; (3) to explain the interpretive approach and reading strategies adopted in this book, laying out the ways in which this study can illuminate scholarly understanding of Augustan poetry. The main focus of the Introduction is to challenge the idea that the poetic discourse of Augustus’ divinity is more or less an expression of attitude towards Augustus. Through a detailed examination of Cicero’s Pro lege Manilia and Pro Marcello, it will be shown that discussions of divinization in late Republican political discourse cut to the core of Rome’s complex relationship with dictatorship and autocratic authority. Against this backdrop, the Introduction proposes that poetry’s discourse on Augustus’ divinization should thus be understood as an attempt to interrogate and come to terms with political change. Propertius 3.11 is used as a case study to demonstrate this point.
Libertas, Peace, and Divine Dependence
Authors: Xinyue Bobby 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that the motif of divinization is centrally involved in the poets’ attempts to understand and reconcile with the changing parameters of libertas as Rome gradually falls under Augustus’ control. It argues that, from as early as the Eclogues, libertas is already characterized as something that can only be mediated by the acceptance of a more authoritarian regime. The pastoral drama of Eclogue 1 in particular presents libertas and dependence on extraordinary political power as notionally compatible, thereby foreshadowing the defining ideological character of the Augustan Principate. As the new regime takes shape, however, the poets’ depiction of Augustus as a divine guarantor of peace becomes a way of reflecting on the limits of libertas under the Principate. Through a close examination of Livy’s Preface, the sphragis of the Virgil’s Georgics, and Propertius 3.4, the second half of this chapter argues that these authors frame the return of peace to Rome under Augustus as a form of civic security underpinned by political subordination; and that the divine portraits of Augustus in Georgics 4 and Propertius 3.4 highlight the simultaneously overwhelming and indispensable nature of Augustan power.
Divinization and the Inevitability of Augustan Rome
Authors: Xinyue Bobby 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Focusing mainly on Virgil’s Aeneid, but also bringing into discussion Horace’s Carmen Saeculare and Propertius 4.6, this chapter argues that the poets’ formulation of Augustus’ divinization as the predestined culmination of Roman history both reflects and interrogates the teleological thinking and ideological distortion that underpin the regime’s claim to supremacy. Primarily, this chapter demonstrates that prophecies of Augustus’ divinization in the Aeneid may be read as the poem’s critique of its own involvement in the Augustan reinvention of history. It will be argued that the tension between inevitability and contingency in the poem’s prophetic scenes may be interpreted as Virgil’s way of showing to the reader that there are different ways of viewing Augustus’ rise to power. It will be argued further that, in these prophetic scenes, Virgil emphasizes that the perception of history as ‘fate’ relies heavily upon representation—including and especially his epic. By doing so, Virgil gestures at how his poetry is implicated in the reframing of ideological construct as imperial fact. The Aeneid’s interrogation of its own role in the reinvention of history as destiny thus not only serves to draw the reader’s attention to the slippage between reality and representation in contemporary political discourse, but also encapsulates the frictions and complicities between art and power in the ‘post-truth’ age of Augustus.
The Shape of Things to Come
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The advent of COVID-19 in the early months of 2020 and the lockdowns that it brought in its wake were harrowing times for arts organizations across the world. However the pandemic also opened a rare window of opportunity for museums and performing arts theatres situated in different parts of the world. As these organizations braced up to the challenge of switching over to social media platforms to live stream their products, little did they realize that they were opening their wares to a global audience! It also didn’t take them very long to realise that the transition was severely testing their abilities to manage change. The key question is whether arts organizations will able to sustain their digital tempo in a post-pandemic world. This book attempts to answer this question by diving deep into the experiences of eight arts organizations drawn from different parts of the world. The main refrain of this chapter is that the winds of transition that have overtaken the world of arts in the COVID-19 phase compel artists and managers of arts organizations to explore alternative opportunities for survival. More fundamentally, it is argued that these organizations need a raft of new managerial skills to navigate the whirlpool of change.
State Capability
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly examines the historical evolution, the role of state capability in development, and the manifestations of state capability. It discusses the developmental state, a central feature of the post-colonial development discourse, and one which assumed salience with the economic success of the East Asian countries. It examines the differences between policymaking, program formulation, and program implementation. It shows that while there are important differences, in practice, the spectrum from policy design is a continuum with considerable overlap. It concludes with a brief summary of the commonly suggested solutions to address state capability weakness.
Constitutional Provisions and Structure of Government
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the constitutional provisions relating to the administrative and regulatory states. It outlines the structure of the executive and the respective roles of the bureaucratic and political executives. It also has a short description of who rules India at different levels of the government and across the executive, legislature, and judiciary. It also examines the role of regulatory institutions—their constitutional mandate, the need for regulatory bodies, the idea of independent regulators, and the trade-off between consultative process and conventional political representation—and provides an economic perspective. It also lists out the advantages and disadvantages of independent and administrative regulators, and highlights the problems with the increased role for the legal aspect in the regulation of complex public policy issues.
Personnel of the Indian State
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the personnel of the Indian state. It starts with the structure and nature of the higher civil service. It briefly describes the selection and cadre management of the All India Services. In particular, it describes the recruitment and management of the officials of the Indian Administrative Service. It outlines the various design features of the All India Services—all India character, dual control, merit-based, and independent selection, and protection against arbitrary punishment. It also provides a brief description of the intermediate and lower-level services, both of the central and state governments. It describes their structure, recruitment, and management.
Challenges in Execution
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with the challenge of implementation or execution in India’s context. It describes the systemic view of program implementation and public services delivery. It draws attention to the paradox of outstanding examples of institutional success in execution amidst pervasive state failures. The examples of census and elections are used to illustrate why certain activities are done well by governments. It then examines the challenges of balancing strictness in enforcing the law against the associated likelihood of harassment or corruption and concludes by examining the trade-off between coordination, which demands a strong convening centre, on the one hand, and empowerment of line departments and field functionaries, on the other.
Addressing Policymaking Challenges—II
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to making some suggestions to address the problem of decision paralysis arising from the actions of the judiciary and executive oversight agencies. It also briefly touches on the evolution of regulatory institutions. It posits the idea of a minimum viable product (MVP) approach in effective policymaking and describes its relevance in the context of policymaking. It provides illustrative examples of public issues where an iterative approach starting with an MVP can be effective. It offers some suggestions on designing for scaling of complex public policies. Finally, it provides some suggestions for simplication of policy design.
Addressing Execution Challenges—II
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses arguably the three biggest traditional contributors to the erosion of accountability and corruption across government bureaucracies—failures in personnel management, public procurement, and issuing of permits and licences. It discusses the context and challenges associated with each. It suggests some reforms to address each of these three problems, while also qualifying them with their respective pitfalls. The chapter offers certain suggestions on public procurement reforms—reducing delays due to indecision, reducing disputes arising from indecision, fixed cost selection, rate contracts, centralized earnest money, and shared service centres or agencies. Finally, in the context of the three issues, the chapter discusses the trade-offs between reducing and increasing discretion and delegation across administrative levels.
Proof Is in the Performance
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that time invested in dramatic writing and performance at university was time well spent; it contributed to the development of skills, networks, and reputation. Those students who could display maturity in writing and performing became the protégés of powerful patrons in the colleges and earned special opportunities to shine in front of important visitors, such as members of the royal family. The Church was the biggest single employer recruiting Oxford and Cambridge students, and the most successful clergymen were those who commanded audiences in public speaking. Designed as training grounds for new recruits to the Church, the Oxford and Cambridge colleges were full of young hopefuls striving to get noticed, and many used the college stage as a platform for their rise to the top. In this chapter we note the power of the colleges to determine the qualificatory status of their students, and we explore the role of the college ‘degree play’ as a coming-of-age ceremony.
From Symbolic Legislation, a Forward-moving Debate …
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the debate about symbolic legislation that developed among German legal scholars and political scientists in the last two decades of the twentieth century and was a major motivation for the book. Given the semantic confusion that revolves around the term ‘symbolic’, the author begins with its meaning in the phrase ‘symbolic legislation’. Here the conceptualizations of symbolic legislation are distinguished from the ideas of symbolic politics and law as symbolism that were current in the 1960s and 1970s. Symbolic legislation concerns specifically those situations in which laws perform latent political functions that are detrimental to their legal-normative efficacy, that is, in opposition to their manifest legal significance. The chapter ends with a brief reflection on the concept, types, and effects of symbolic legislation.
Prospect: Symbolic Constitutionalization of World Society? Peripheralization of the Center?
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The final chapter focuses on the prospect of a paradoxical ‘peripheralization of the center’, and with it of an extension of symbolic constitutionalization to the democratic and welfare states that survive in what still exists of ‘central modernity’. This phenomenon is made possible by the tendency of economic code to expand to the detriment of rights and democracy in recent developments of world society (‘economic globalization’). In this new context, the uncontrollable refugee and migration flows caused by war, hunger, and oppression have also affected the hegemonic constitutional democracies and given rise to extreme right-wing reactions. Since it is in a growing worldwide expansion, symbolic constitutionalization must thus be taken seriously, that is to say, it is not restricted to autocratic experiences with instrumental constitutions.
Traditional Computing
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Alice and Bob explain the difference between classical (traditional) computing and quantum computing, deploying a gentle introduction to classical binary digits (bits) beginning with a brief history of the development of quantum mechanics and computer architecture. The abstract backbone of classical computing is logic gates, which represent changes to input bits under specific rules. These rules, governed by Boolean, logic can be summarized in truth tables, giving the output values for specific input values. The most common classical gates—NOT, AND, NAND, and XOR gates—are introduced. The vocabulary of classical computing provides the basis for understanding quantum computing.
Traditional Bits in New Clothing
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
After a quick review of Chapter 2’s bits and gates, Bob and Alice introduce Cardy to several concepts and symbolic representations that will be of crucial importance in understanding quantum computing: state vectors, pictorial representations of state vectors, and simple mathematical forms that help us manipulate and reason about state vectors. State vectors may be represented by arrows in a state space diagram. States may also be represented more abstractly using Dirac notation symbols |⟩. Logic gates, critically important for carrying out computational work, can be represented by mathematical objects called matrices. States are represented by column vectors. Everything you need to know about matrices is presented over just a few pages.
Qubits and Quantum States
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The quantum equivalent of bits—qubits—can be implemented with common quantum objects such as photons (light), electrons, atoms, as well as with manufactured quantum systems such as superconducting electrical circuits. Emphasizing that the term qubit will be reserved for the physical quantum objects, Alice and Bob use polarized light as a paradigmatic qubit system. They show how everyday observations using polarizing sunglasses can illustrate basic features of polarized light, which has been widely used to demonstrate many fundamental aspects of QIS. Alice and Bob introduce the key concept of quantum state vectors and describe three ways to represent quantum states: (1) arrows in state space, (2) Dirac notation symbols that are important for the formal mathematical manipulation of quantum states, and (3) collections of 1s and 0s grouped in columns or rows. Cardy learns about both the mathematical and the physical meanings of orthogonal (perpendicular) state vectors and superposition states.
Quantum Gates and Quantum Circuits
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Quantum gates, equivalent to logic gates, operate on and modify the state vectors. Alice and Bob explain what quantum gates do and illustrate their action on states describing a single qubit. These gates include the NOT gate, the Pauli gates, and the Hadamard gate. The operations of the gates are represented both as abstract symbols and by matrices multiplying state vectors (expressed as column vectors). Alice and Bob also provide a simple introduction to some of the mathematical aspects of quantum gates and what happens when several gates act successively on the state describing a qubit, a feature which appears again and again in quantum computing. Cardy wants to know how quantum measurements are related to quantum gates. Alice and Bob point out important differences between measurement devices and quantum gates. Those differences foreshadow the deep conceptual divide between quantum and classical physics.