bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian tumours at a public hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: De Klerk S R , Wadee R 
Published: December 2022

Background. Epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOCs) are lethal female genital tract malignancies with high-grade serous, low-grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous and malignant Brenner subtypes. The lifetime risk for developing ovarian carcinoma (OC) is 15% in females who have mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-d). MMR-d is associated with Lynch syndrome, a cancer predisposition condition. Patients who have MMR-d may benefit from immunotherapy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, MMR-d testing of OCs in South Africa (SA) has not been undertaken to date.
Objectives. To assess the clinicopathological characteristics and mismatch repair (MMR) status of non-serous EOCs at a single institution in SA.Methods. Following ethical clearance and application of exclusion criteria, 19 cases of non-serous EOC from the Department of Anatomical Pathology at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital were retrieved and assessed. Four immunohistochemical markers (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) were used to evaluate MMR status.
Results. Most tumours were early-stage, unilateral, mucinous EOCs, without capsular breach or lymphovascular invasion (LVI). A single case of grade 1, stage I, unilateral, endometrioid EOC showed MMR-d for MLH1 and PMS2 MMR proteins. This patient had been diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma 2 years prior to the diagnosis of OC.Conclusion. Our study documented a lower proportion of MMR-d OCs compared with international studies. However, our results are concordant with global studies regarding tumour subtype, laterality, grade, stage, LVI and capsular breach. Larger studies are required to estimate the true incidence of MMR-d OCs in SA and to direct effective treatment options globally.
Effect of hyperglycemia on the immune function of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study
Authors: Wang Ye , Yi Bo , Wang Shujun , Chen Xiaolin , Wen Zhongyuan 
Published: December 2022

Purpose
To analyze the clinical characteristics and immune function parameters and to explore the effect of hyperglycemia on the immune function in patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods
This retrospective study included patients with COVID-19 with T2DM hospitalized in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University between January 31, 2020, and February 10, 2020. The clinical data were collected and patients were divided into a well-controlled group (blood glucose 3.9–10.0 mmol/L) and a poorly-controlled group (blood glucose >10.0 mmol/L). The differences in routine blood tests, peripheral lymphocyte subsets, humoral immune components, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and cytokines were compared, and the correlation between blood glucose and immune parameters as well as the severity of the disease was analyzed.

Results
A total of 65 patients with COVID-19 and T2DM were included in the final analysis. Compared with the well-controlled group, patients in the poorly-controlled group had decreased lymphocytes, CD16+ 56+ NK cells, CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and increased neutrophil percentage, IL-6 levels, CRP levels and serum concentration of IgA. Blood glucose was inversely correlated with CD16+ 56+ NK cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells and positively correlated with IL-6 and CRP levels. There was a positive correlation between blood glucose and the severity of the COVID-19.

Conclusion
Hyperglycemia will aggravate the immune dysfunction of COVID-19 patients with T2DM and affect the severity of COVID-19.
Comparative Analysis on Nutritional and Anti Nutritional Composition of Fresh and Dried Tomatoes (Lycopersicom esculentum, Solanum Lycoperiscum) Obtained from Gusau Central Market Zamfara State, Nigeria
Authors: Shuaibu Momoh 
Published: December 2022

Tomatoes are one of the essential fruit consumed throughout the world. Lacks of storage facilities to mitigate post harvest loss still remain a greater problem. Drying is an important and traditional process to remove the moisture from the food. The basic principle of drying is to prevent microorganisms and increases shelf life without deteriorating. The aim of the study was to determine the proximate, mineral and anti nutritional compositions of dried and fresh tomato obtained from Gusau central market Zamfara State. Using A.O.A.C and statistical method. Results showed that moisture content reduced from 91.70% - 10.52%, Carbohydrate content increased from 7.60% - 76.4%, lycopene reduced from 89.52% - 70.91%, total energy increased from 32.68% - 317.67%, while protein, fiber, ash and vitamin c had no significant reduction from fresh to dried sample. There was no loss of mineral content from fresh to dried tomatoes, only reduction of content in mg/100g from fresh to dried sample; Calcium 30.06 – 25.35mg, Phosphors 28.52 – 20.60mg. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of Tannin, Oxalate, phytate, Sapoin, Phenolic, flavonoid and alkaloid in both fresh and dried samples. Tannin had low concentration from 0.09 – 0.21mg, while alkaloid and flavonoid had 20.51 – 15.23mg and 28.62 – 20.51mg respectively. The traditional way of drying still remains the available method for farmers to prevent post harvest loss of tomatoes; therefore, Conducive environment has to be provided for the farmers to avoid possible contamination during drying.
Current Status of Research on Rare Diseases in Children in China
Authors: Zhang Xiping , Sun Yanan , Ma Lulu , Niu Qian , Wang Juyan , Jiao Fuyong 
Published: December 2022

Objective: In order to understand and study the diagnosis and treatment status of rare diseases in children across the country.
Methods: The data information retrieved by keywords of rare diseases in children was sorted and analyzed through the Internet, the Internet, official data and other databases.
Results: Rare diseases are very critical, and have high disability and mortality rates, and 70% of them occur in children, rare diseases are receiving more attention.
Conclusion: Strengthen the public and medical staff's attention to rare diseases, and improve the diagnosis and treatment technology level of medicine.
Association of a Positive Drug Screening for Cannabis With Mortality and Hospital Visits Among Veterans Affairs Enrollees Prescribed Opioids
Authors: Keyhani Salomeh , Leonard Samuel , Byers Amy L. , Zaman Tauheed , Krebs Erin , Austin Peter C. , Moss-Vazquez Tristan , Austin Charles , Sandbrink Friedhelm , Bravata Dawn M. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceCannabis has been proposed as a therapeutic with potential opioid-sparing properties in chronic pain, and its use could theoretically be associated with decreased amounts of opioids used and decreased risk of mortality among individuals prescribed opioids.ObjectiveTo examine the risks associated with cannabis use among adults prescribed opioid analgesic medications.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted among individuals aged 18 years and older who had urine drug screening in 2014 to 2019 and received any prescription opioid in the prior 90 days or long-term opioid therapy (LTOT), defined as more than 84 days of the prior 90 days, through the Veterans Affairs health system. Data were analyzed from November 2020 through March 2022.ExposuresBiologically verified cannabis use from a urine drug screen.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were 90-day and 180-day all-cause mortality. A composite outcome of all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, all-cause hospitalization, or all-cause mortality was a secondary outcome. Weights based on the propensity score were used to reduce confounding, and hazard ratios [HRs] were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Analyses were conducted among the overall sample of patients who received any prescription opioid in the prior 90 days and were repeated among those who received LTOT. Analyses were repeated among adults aged 65 years and older.ResultsAmong 297 620 adults treated with opioids, 30 514 individuals used cannabis (mean [SE] age, 57.8 [10.5] years; 28 784 [94.3%] men) and 267 106 adults did not (mean [SE] age, 62.3 [12.3] years; P &amp;lt; .001; 247 684 [92.7%] men; P &amp;lt; .001). Among all patients, cannabis use was not associated with increased all-cause mortality at 90 days (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92-1.22) or 180 days (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.90-1.10) but was associated with an increased hazard of the composite outcome at 90 days (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07) and 180 days (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06). Among 181 096 adults receiving LTOT, cannabis use was not associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality at 90 or 180 days but was associated with an increased hazard of the composite outcome at 90 days (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09) and 180 days (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09). Among 77 791 adults aged 65 years and older receiving LTOT, cannabis use was associated with increased 90-day mortality (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.04).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that cannabis use among adults receiving opioid analgesic medications was not associated with any change in mortality risk but was associated with a small increased risk of adverse outcomes and that short-term risks were higher among older adults receiving LTOT.
Effectiveness of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Weight Loss in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Lahtinen Perttu , Juuti Anne , Luostarinen Markku , Niskanen Leo , Liukkonen Tarja , Tillonen Jyrki , Kössi Jyrki , Ilvesmäki Vesa , Viljakka Mikko , Satokari Reetta , Arkkila Perttu 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceSevere obesity is a major health concern. However, a few patients remain resistant to bariatric surgery and other treatments. Animal studies suggest that weight may be altered by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a lean donor.ObjectiveTo determine whether FMT from a lean donor reduces body weight and further improves the results of bariatric surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 2018 to 2021 among adult individuals with severe obesity treated at 2 bariatric surgery centers in Finland and included 18 months of follow-up. Patients eligible for bariatric surgery were recruited for the study. Data were analyzed from March 2021 to May 2022.InterventionsFMT from a lean donor or from the patient (autologous placebo) was administered by gastroscopy into the duodenum. Bariatric surgery was performed 6 months after the baseline intervention using laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was weight reduction measured as the percentage of total weight loss (TWL).ResultsForty-one patients were recruited to participate in the study and were included in the final analysis (29 women [71.1%]; mean [SD] age, 48.7 [8.7] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 42.5 [6.0]). A total of 21 patients received FMT from a lean donor, and 20 received an autologous placebo. Six months after FMT, 34 patients underwent LRYGB and 4 underwent LSG. Thirty-four patients (82.9%) attended the last visit 18 months after the baseline visit. The percentage of TWL at 6 months was 4.8% (95% CI, 2.7% to 7.0%; P &amp;lt; .001) in the FMT group and 4.6% (95% CI, 1.5% to 7.6%; P = .006) in the placebo group, but no difference was observed between the groups. At 18 months from the baseline (ie, 12 months after surgery), the percentage of TWL was 25.3% (95% CI, 19.5 to 31.1; P &amp;lt; .001) in the FMT group and 25.2% (95% CI, 20.2 to 30.3; P &amp;lt; .001) in the placebo group; however, no difference was observed between the groups.Conclusions and RelevanceFMT did not affect presurgical and postsurgical weight loss. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible role of FMT in obesity.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03391817
Bases and Base Catalysis – Industrial
Authors: Davis Robert J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStrong solid bases are effective catalysts for a wide range of organic transformations such as condensation, double‐bond shift, alkylation (and alkenylation), and etherification. They also catalyze important chemical reactions that involve reagents containing heteroatoms like nitrogen, sulfur, and iodine, all of which adversely interact with solid acids. Moreover, acid–base bifunctional catalysts are used or reactions such as dehydration and hydrogenation. The focus of this article is on industrial processes that utilize solid base catalysts in the production of chemicals.
Bioorganic Catalysts and Catalysis
Authors: Pannuri Sachin , DiSanto Rocco , Kamat Sanjay 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBioorganic catalysis is emerging as a powerful tool to complement traditional catalytic reactions in organic synthesis. A wide range of reactions can be catalyzed using biocatalysts, and this article attempts to introduce the reader to the variety of reactions that have been demonstrated. Although these reactions are possible in the laboratory, the challenge is to make them economically feasible on an industrial scale. Each biotransformation process has some unique obstacles to overcome before it is translated from the laboratory to commercial scale, and some of these problems are discussed. Biocatalytic properties are amenable to dramatic modification using genetic and solvent engineering, setting them apart from traditional catalysts. Many biocatalytic processes are being run on a commercial scale and one such reaction utilizing a transaminase is presented as a case study.
Catalyst Deactivation/Regeneration
Authors: Bartholomew Calvin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article focuses on the causes, mechanisms, prevention, modeling, and treatment (experimental and theoretical) of deactivation. The causes of deactivation are basically of three kinds: chemical, mechanical, and thermal. The five intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst decay, (1) poisoning, (2) fouling, (3) thermal degradation, (4) chemical degradation, and (5) mechanical failure, vary in their reversibility and rates of occurrence. Poisoning and thermal degradation are generally slow, irreversible processes while fouling with coke and carbon is generally rapid and reversible by regeneration with O2or H2. Catalyst deactivation is more easily prevented than cured. Poisoning by impurities can be prevented through careful purification of reactants. Carbon deposition and coking can be prevented by minimizing the formation of carbon or coke precursors through gasification, careful design of catalysts and process conditions and by controlling reaction conditions to minimize effects of carbon and coke formation on activity. Sintering is best avoided by minimizing and controlling the temperature of reaction. Regeneration of deactivated catalysts is possible for many catalytic processes and is widely practiced. Modeling and experimental assessment of deactivation processes are useful in providing (1) accelerated simulations of industrial processes, (2) predictive insights into effects of changing process variables on activity, selectivity, and life, (3) estimates of kinetic parameters needed for design and modeling, (4) estimates of size and cost for scale‐up of a process, and (5) a better understanding of the basic decay mechanisms. Accordingly, there are important economic benefits that can be derived by from investments in these activities.
Catalysts for Fuel Cells – Industrial
Authors: Williams Keith R. , McNicol Brian D. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA fuel cell is a primary voltaic cell that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity. Not being a heat engine its efficiency is not subject to the Carnot limitation and in suitable circumstances very high efficiencies can be attained, although progress has been limited by a number of constraints.In this article low temperature fuel cells operating with acid and alkaline electrolytes are described as well as high temperature cells with both fused carbonate and solid oxide electrolytes. In all cases catalysis of the reactions at both fuel and oxygen (air) electrodes is crucial to satisfactory performance.
Clays and Other Layered Materials
Authors: Szostak Rosemarie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractClays are layered silicate‐based materials that are used as binders, supports, and catalysts. The aluminosilicate compositions exhibit Brønsted acidity, when the counterions are replaced with protons, that fall between amorphous aluminosilicates and zeolites. These clays are versatile acid catalysts for organic reactions in the gas as well as solution phase. Propping up the spacing between the layers increases the surface area and allows improved access to the acid sites. Both the pillars and the layers of these clays can be unstable at high temperature and high steam content and are not feasible substitutes for the zeolite cracking catalysts under the severe conditions needed for petroleum refining. In solution phase, the use of the acid clays can substantially impact the organic reaction mechanism. It is in the regime of organic synthesis that clays as solid catalysts have found utility.
Cofactors in Biocatalysis
Authors: Panza Janice L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Some enzymes require the participation of chemical compounds called cofactors for biocatalysis. A cofactor is either a simple inorganic metal ion or a complex organic molecule called a coenzyme. Common metal ion cofactors are copper, iron, and zinc. Metal ions aid the enzyme either structurally or catalytically. Coenzymes have physiocochemical properties not found in the enzyme, which are necessary to assist the enzyme to catalyze a reaction. The function of a coenzyme is to accept the transfer of a specific functional group from a substrate in order for the substrate to be converted to the product. After coenzymes participate in a reaction, they may be regenerated back to their original form. Coenzymes are classified according to whether they are self‐regenerating, regenerated by oxidation using molecular oxygen, or regenerated using an appropriate substrate other than O
2
for regeneration. Furthermore, several coenzymes have been immobilized onto solid supports for economical biocatalysis.
Dehalogenation – Industrial
Authors: Allen David , Mullins C. B. , Meyer Randall J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCatalytic dehalogenation is used in the treatment of halogenated organic waste streams and in partial hydrogenation of halogenated organics. Waste treatment applications are primarily directed at complete dehalogenation of chlorinated wastes, including waste solvents and heavy ends from chlorinated chemical manufacturing; these processes generally employ transition metal catalysts. Partial hydrogenation applications are predominantly in the reprocessing of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and in the synthesis of CFC replacements; these processes employ noble metal catalysts. Many of these processes are still in the developmental stages, and relatively few industrial installations are in place. Nevertheless, these processes are likely to become increasingly important as costs associated with managing waste materials escalate.
Dehydrogenation – Biological
Authors: Yang Fangxiao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDehydrogenation plays a very important role in both nature and human civilization. In chemical industry, dehydrogenations are used to produce propene, butene, butadiene, isobutene, and isopropene from the corresponding alkanes. In living organisms (both animals and plants), respiration is actually a process of oxidation wherein some steps involve dehydrogenation. Almost all dehydrogenation reactions require a catalyst. Catalysts for dehydrogenation can be classified into two main categories: conventional catalysts (including inorganic and organic) and enzymes. This article focuses on the application of biological catalysts in dehydrogenation and oxidation reactions occurring in nature. Biological dehydrogenation is illustrated from two aspects: chemistry of biocatalytic dehydrogenation and biocatalysts of dehydrogenation. Biological dehydrogenation reactions usually occur at very mild conditions and have very high selectivity. The catalysts for these processes are usually enzymes (or cells producing these enzymes). Enzymes having dehydrogenation capacities are usually dehydrogenases, oxidases, etc., and most of them need a coenzyme or a cofactor to work with them.
Distannylation
Authors: Broene Richard D. , Baker R. Tom 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe catalyzed addition of distannanes, silylstannanes, borastannes, and borasilanes to unsaturated organic molecules is reviewed, with an emphasis on the scope of substrates and catalysts and synthetically useful transformations. Reactions include additions to alkenes, allenes, alkynes as well as to molecules containing combinations of these functional groups. Examples for further transformation of the resulting organic products are given. Issues of regioselectivity and diastereoselectivty in the additions are discussed in the context of catalyst choice as are differences seen in the addition of various element–element bonds to given substrates.
Epoxidation – Homogeneous
Authors: Merlau Melissa L. , Borg‐Breen Caryn C. , Nguyen SonBinh T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this article, catalyst systems for homogeneous epoxidation are reviewed with an emphasis on reaction elements that are of foremost interest to synthetic chemists: catalyst systems, substrate scope, and selectivity. General mechanisms and reaction conditions for each catalyst system are discussed followed by more detailed summaries of the epoxidation of specific classes of olefins: unfunctionalized terminal olefins, cis‐disubstituted, trans‐disubstituted, tri‐ and tetrasubstituted olefins, functionalized olefins including allylic alcohols, and electron‐deficient olefins. Major classes of catalysts addressed are early transition metal‐peroxo forming catalysts (inclusive of the Sharpless titanium tartrate catalyst for the asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols and MTO), metal‐oxo forming catalysts (such as metalloporphyrin and Jacobsen/Katsuki salen catalysts), dioxirane and oxaziridine catalysts, Lewis acid and lanthanide catalysts, phase‐transfer and polyamino acid catalysts, and finally sulfur ylide catalysts for the formation of epoxides from aldehydes.Dedicated to Professor K. Barry Sharpless on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Epoxidation – Industrial
Authors: Kobe J. M. , Evans W. E. , June R. L. , Lemanski M. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The direct oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (EO) is the largest commercial epoxidation process. The original chlorohydrin‐based plants were made obsolete by air‐based processes. These in turn have almost entirely been replaced by oxygen‐based processes, which are gas‐phase, low conversion, and utilize a recycle loop. The primary engineering issues in an EO process are heat removal from the reactor and the removal of EO and carbon dioxide from the recycle stream. All EO production now occurs over silver‐based catalysts at temperatures between 220 and 300°C. Depending on process conditions and the catalyst employed, selectivities to EO in commercial processes range from less than 70% to greater than 90%. The only other epoxide manufactured on an industrial scale is propylene oxide (PO). Some companies still produce PO using a chlorohydrin‐based process, which is liquid‐phase, non catalytic, and is practical only for those companies that also produce chlorinated compounds. The second commercial route is a hydroperoxide‐based process. In addition to PO, these processes also produce a coproduct, usually either styrene or methyl
tert
‐butyl ether. The hydroperoxide‐based processes are liquid‐phase, are carried out between 100 and 130°C, and use either homogeneous Mo‐based catalysts or heterogeneous Ti‐based catalysts. Propylene‐based selectivities for the chlorohydrin process exceed 90%, while selectivities for the hydroperoxide‐based process can exceed 98%.