bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Resistance
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In order to explore the complex interaction between literature and politics generated by Italy’s Fascist dictatorship, this chapter is divided into four complementary sections. The first one looks at the literature that genuinely welcomed Mussolini’s seizure of power. The second section, borrowing Primo Levi’s notion of “gray zone,” looks at works by a number of authors who thrived during the Fascist years but not necessarily because of any formal allegiance with the regime. The third section dwells on a selection of authors whose opposition to the regime did inform their literary work, regardless of whether they were militant anti-Fascists in a political manner. The fourth and final one discusses the critical discourse in the postwar years, in Italy and abroad. It also unpacks a controversial interpretation that became commonplace in early postwar years: that the popularity of—and many translations from—American literature somehow indicated undercover opposition to the regime. These final considerations take us into the twenty-first century in an attempt to gauge the fictional presence of the Fascist years in contemporary Italian literature.
The Inauguration of Black Horror
Authors: Quick Tony 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
For Black actors in the twentieth century, negotiating parts often involved infusing their roles with nuances absent in screenplays. Black performers had to use their limited agency to advocate for their preferred depictions of Blackness while maintaining the goodwill of the industry’s power brokers. Duane Jones, the star of George A. Romero’s horror classic Night of the Living Dead (1968), negotiated similar tensions in his portrayal of Ben, a truck driver who becomes trapped in a farmhouse alongside white locals. Dead is recognized as the first horror film to feature a Black lead. Jones managed a series of successes in guiding his on-screen portrayal but also lost some creative battles. This chapter examines Jones’s efforts to shape the representation of Black men in the horror genre. It also connects these efforts to prior Black actors’ cautious attempts to push the constraints of their roles.
Visible Blackness in Twenty-First-Century Brazilian Horror Cinema
Authors: Harris Mark H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Like the United States, Brazil has had a long and tumultuous history with race, from slavery to sanctioned prejudicial policies to informal discrimination. While the many designations within Brazil’s multi-tiered racial categorization system have been disputed by its citizenry, what is indisputable is that the inequity among the races consistently finds white Brazilians at the top and Black Brazilians at the bottom. This disparity has found its way into the nation’s horror cinema. A selection of Brazilian horror movies—O Anjo da Noite (The Angel of the Night) (1974), Los Inocentes (The Innocents) (2015), O Diabo Mora Aqui (The Devil Lives Here) (2016), As Boas Maneiras (Good Manners) (2018), and O Nó do Diabo (The Devil’s Knot) (2018)—lays bare the plight of Black Brazilians’ struggle for social and economic equality, their increasing prominence in the country’s horror films reflective of the rise of twenty-first-century Afrocentrism and movements against systemic racism. Also explored is the work of filmmaker and “Coffin Joe” creator José Mojica Marins, the most renowned figure in Brazilian horror cinema, whose less racially pointed fare serves as a comparison to modern genre films.
Memory Work and Rhetorical Activism
Authors: VanderHaagen Sara C. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
African American women have a long tradition of using both the spoken and the written word to preserve, represent, and promote Black public memories. Two main paths of public memory work by African American women can be identified: first, community memory work focused on providing more representative and Black-centered histories for Black communities; and, second, critical memory work oriented toward correcting whitewashed historical accounts in mainstream White US culture. Historically, because Black women have been largely excluded from White male–dominated public discourse in the United States, they have worked at the margins of what might be considered public. They have therefore most often crafted public memories from places vital to Black American communities but not as visible to White publics—places such as schools, libraries, and Black churches. This essay explores how African American women from varied social and professional positions—from lecturer Maria W. Stewart to editor Hallie Quinn Brown to librarian Augusta Baker to journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones—have employed pen and podium to advocate for ethical and just visions of the past.
Looking Beyond Capitalism When Analyzing India-Africa Flows
Authors: Nair Manjusha 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Critics have interpreted the rising investments of India and China in the African continent through the lens of a neocolonial scramble for Africa. If one looks at Asian investments and flows from Africa in extraction and dumping of manufactured goods, and use of even cheaper labor than in Asia, these criticisms seem very valid. It will appear that Asia and Africa have been inserted into global circuits of capitalism. Yet, this chapter argues that instead of giving capitalism as the definite and only narrative that drives this interaction, one should see how it is tempered and even ebbed by other relationships and legacies. The chapter, in particular, points to the legacies of the connections forged through the oceanic networks, and the political imaginations built around the perception of the temporal co-evalness of India and Africa. The chapter draws on the author’s research on recent engagements of Ethiopia and India, which can only be understood through the enduring historical legacies and ideas of co-evalness.
Feminism, Embodiment, and the Politics of Emotions
Authors: Åhäll Linda 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter outlines several layers of the relationship between feminism and the politics of emotions. It starts by discussing “the emotional politics of feminism.” From the feminist epistemological standpoint of “being as a mode of knowing,” it explains that feminists know how gender works because the emotional politics of gender is personally felt. In short, there is no feminism without emotions; feminism is an affective practice. The second part specifically focuses on feminist international relations (IR) and the politics of emotions. By tracing affective manifestations in early feminist IR publications that engaged with the positivist mainstream of IR, the chapter demonstrates how doing feminist work in/as IR clearly was (and still is) an emotional endeavor. Finally, the chapter discusses feminist IR scholarship that has engaged with and centered emotions in research. Overall, the chapter demonstrates that the politics of emotions is, in some shape or form, anywhere and everywhere feminism is.
The International Staff
Authors: Mayer Sebastian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The International Staff (IS), the civilian bureaucracy constituting one part of NATO Headquarters in Brussels, is an understudied and poorly understood aspect of the Alliance. The IS essentially supports the national delegations and facilitates NATO’s decision-making and implementation. This chapter outlines the establishment and evolution of the IS up until 1989 and depicts how it was transformed after the Cold War. The purpose, functions, and influence of the IS are also considered. The post-Cold War IS has been delegated further responsibilities in the initiation and facilitation of joint agreements. This has had visible effects upon NATO policy, and reflects a rising degree of bureaucratic agency. As a consequence, NATO has moved up (if only gradually) the organizational scale from collective actor, in which the allies act purely upon their (sometimes converging) national interests, toward autonomous actor, characterized by more hierarchical modes of decision-making.
Cybrid Warfare
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cybrid warfare is the first real example of total twenty-first century warfare in which the spectrum of coercion and aggression is so great and so complex that it represents a ‘mosaic’ of cyber, hybrid, and hyper warfare in which there is little room for politics in any conventional sense. That mosaic shows the need for new thinking about deterrence and defence because ‘defeat’ would not simply be the destruction of one’s forces or even the physical occupation of one’s territory, but rather the seizure of all the digital and information domains and spaces essential to any state and society in the twenty-first century. This chapter considers the growing importance of cyber, space, and hybrid warfare and the use of emerging and disruptive technologies. Its focus is the impact such warfare might have on NATO’s ability to ensure deterrence and, if need be, conduct defence. As such, the chapter is about the interaction of strategy, policy, technology, capability, and, critically, affordability, and what the Alliance is doing to protect and defend the citizens of its nations in this context.
Counterterrorism and Projecting Stability
Authors: Tardy Thierry 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The attacks of 9/11 ushered in two parallel NATO policies—counterterrorism (CT) and projecting stability (PS). This chapter undertakes three tasks. First, it explores how CT activities have shaped NATO as a military alliance. Second, it looks at the rise and fall of PS (and, by extension, the idea of crisis management) in NATO. The term all but disappeared from NATO policy statements following the Alliance’s 2021 withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In that light, the chapter also looks at how PS and, to a lesser extent, CT have been questioned and marginalized in NATO to be replaced by a renewed focus on traditional collective defence and deterrence.
The United States
Authors: Goldgeier James 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Despite a historical aversion to permanent overseas entanglements, in 1949 the United States joined Canada and ten European countries in signing the North Atlantic Treaty. Seventy-five years later, the United States remains committed to a transatlantic alliance that now extends across most of the European continent. Despite a political consensus in Washington. that America’s national security priorities lie in countering China, the United States has continued in its role as guarantor of European security, particularly in the face of Russian aggression. The Russia–Ukraine war is a reminder that two of the core purposes of NATO in Europe—‘keeping the Russians out’ and ‘keeping the Americans in’—still matter even as calls for Europeans to do more for their own defence grow louder.
Russia
Authors: Dannreuther Roland 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the NATO–Russia relationship from its inception at the end of the Cold War up to the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Different theoretical positions provide context for the relationship’s evolution. The relationship itself is seen as falling into five distinct phases. Despite many sources of tension, the relationship was resilient up until the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. It fell into mutual antagonism thereafter. When and if conditions allow for a return to cooperation between the West and Russia (a possibility linked to the course of the war in Ukraine), NATO will be central to that process.
Conclusion
Authors: Moens Alexander , Richards Alexandra 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The transatlantic bargain between the United States and the NATO allies is a useful lens for exploring the history of the Alliance and positing the course of its future development. That bargain is encapsulated in the 2022 Strategic Concept. At the point of that document’s adoption NATO faced four main challenges: responding to the war in Ukraine and the increasingly adversarial relationship with Russia; calibrating a strategic approach toward China; maintaining political cohesion among the allies; and managing intra-Alliance burden-sharing in the face of technological change. A consideration of these four challenges suggests that NATO (as during much of its history) faces profound policy choices.
Whither NATO? A History of NATO’s Futures
Authors: Sloan Stanley R. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO has survived many transatlantic and intra-European controversies. During the Cold War, external developments (the Suez crisis and the war in Vietnam) and internal disagreements (Euromissiles, European defence autonomy, and the standing of France) meant NATO was often seen as crisis prone. The end of the Cold War (arguably NATO’s finest hour) was the occasion for further soul-searching. Having survived that historic turning point, NATO would go on to confront new crises. These too were often seen as existential. US President Donald Trump’s attack on NATO solidarity lunged the Alliance into a period of profound uncertainty. NATO survived Trump’s term of office (2017–2021) but reliance on American leadership and military might continue to make NATO vulnerable to the vicissitudes of US politics. Alongside this long-standing problem, the NATO allies have also had to confront a resurgent Russia and the latent threat of China. Adapting to these challenges, along with those of disruptive technological advance, political cohesion, and economic resourcing will (as in the past) continue to test NATO’s staying power.
Southeast Europe (The Balkans and the Danube)
Authors: Bonsall Clive , Boroneanț Adina , Mărgărit Monica 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Balkan Mesolithic was a regional manifestation of indigenous hunter-gatherers’ adaptations to profound ecological change between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the establishment of Neolithic farming systems across Europe. Mesolithic sites are unevenly distributed across the peninsula. In the Dinaric-Pindus mountains in the west, evidence of Mesolithic settlement comes mainly from excavations in caves and rock shelters. Further east, the record is sporadic, with large areas lacking Mesolithic finds. The Iron Gates section of the Danube Valley at the border between Romania and Serbia is exceptional. There, archaeological investigations prompted by dam construction projects led to the discovery of cave- and open-air sites along the Danube banks, which provide a detailed record of Mesolithic culture and economy spanning almost seven millennia. The Mesolithic way of life in the Balkans came to an end as immigrant farmers from Anatolia gradually colonized the peninsula during the seventh millennium bc, introducing new methods of food production based on southwest Asian domesticated plants and animals, along with distinctive forms of architecture, funerary customs, art, and technology, including fired pottery. The agricultural frontier had reached the Danube by the end of the millennium. Individual burials at Lepenski Vir in Serbia dating to the period between c. 6,200 and 6,000 cal bc contain the remains of people of differing genetic ancestries—of Anatolian, indigenous, or mixed descent—signalling the beginning of the end of the Mesolithic in the Iron Gates and the wider Balkan peninsula, even if the processes of the transition are still debated.
Mesolithic Landscapes and Niche Construction
Authors: Rowley-Conwy Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Niche construction (NC) is the manipulation of resources to increase their availability to humans. It has been insufficiently emphasized in Mesolithic Europe. Traditionally, hunter-gatherers were assumed to be incapable of environmental modification. Ethnographic work on NC has recently seen massive strides, particularly in Australia. Early British settlers did not, however, grasp that they were seeing a heavily modified landscape, because they were conditioned by the British eighteenth-century ‘Four Stages Theory’ and the landscape parks constructed by Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown to believe that Australia could only be a pristine Arcadian wilderness. Mesolithic European forests were assumed to be similarly unmodified. Recently Europe has begun to catch up and various forms of NC are identified. Fine-Resolution Pollen Analysis has revealed repeated local forest clearances to encourage grazing for wild animals. Numerous large fish weirs were made of coppiced hazel, demanding extensive forest management. Animals and plants were likely translocated to areas where they were lacking. Managed plants were probably used for the manufacture of bows, arrows, birch tar glue, nets, baskets, cordage, and textiles.
Fishing
Authors: Robson Harry K. , Boethius Adam , Ritchie Kenneth 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Fish played a vital role in the development of the European Mesolithic; from their colonization of the continent during the Upper Palaeolithic to ongoing debates regarding their importance across the Neolithic transition, they are central to many discussions. Here, we focus on the European Mesolithic zooarchaeological fish dataset, in which we have collated &gt;640,000 identified fish remains from 358 sites. We aim to document the development of fishing from the Early-through-Middle Holocene across the continent. While acknowledging certain limitations—for instance preservation and recovery biases, research histories, and language constraints—by assembling this comprehensive dataset it is possible to begin to evaluate how fishing developed during the Mesolithic. Importantly, it is possible to compare the trajectories evidenced from different areas. The transition from freshwater to marine-focused fisheries and the development of distinctive local traditions are highlights of the research.
Art and Symbolism
Authors: Kashina Ekaterina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter briefly presents the analysis of northeastern European Prehistoric Holocene hunters’ portable art as a part of the European culture, both material and spiritual, during the period of seventh–third millennia bc. The items’ morphology, raw material/technology, archaeological context, function, and semantic/symbolic meaning are studied. More than 600 pieces are subdivided into three groups: moulded clay pieces, carved (of bone, antler, amber, and wood), and retouched (flint) pieces. The images represent humans, birds, mammals, snakes, and fish. The large number and wide distribution of pieces are the markers of social networks: marriage alliances and gift exchange. Ceramic pieces (sculptures and vessels) reflect some domestic rituals and simultaneously the marital ties between regions via the anthropomorphic sculptures’ face decoration patterns (tattoos?). Carved sculpted pendants were probably connected with personalized beliefs in human ancestors and ancestral totemic animals, among which birds were the most abundant zoomorphic images. Flint pendants probably had the same function and meaning. Elk-headed staffs were an integral part of man-the-hunter’s spirituality. Tools and household items with sculpted finials were probably used in special occasions according to their purpose. All the analysed items suggest that Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherer-fishers beliefs were highly complex and comprised at least ancestral and totemic components. Generally, variations in portable art morphology, design, quantity, and application probably reflect the changing world-view between generations.
From the Treatment of the Body to the Places of the Dead
Authors: Tõrv Mari , Peyroteo Stjerna Rita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the hunter-gatherer landscapes—river and lake shores, caves, and rock shelters, etc.—where death was encountered. Hand-in-hand with the acknowledgement of a variety of practices—ranging from the primary inhumations to multi-episodic burials—the study of Mesolithic mortuary remains reveals a diverse array of burial sites influenced by local geography and worldviews. Forager societies, adapting to various environments, buried their kin into ‘proper cemeteries’ for single communities, meeting places for multiple forager groups preforming various rituals, and settlement sites where death was integrated into everyday activities. The significance of these sites in structuring the landscapes of hunter-gatherers remains debated, but a nuanced study of forager burial sites allows a more comprehensive insight into the realms of daily and ritual life of these ancient societies.
Metamorphosis
Authors: Conneller Chantal , Elliott Ben 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Whilst metamorphosis might not be considered a conventional or common focus for Mesolithic research, technologies of metamorphosis do feature within narratives of the period, in a range of different contexts. This chapter explores research centred on Mesolithic material culture: masks, clothing, and artwork, and the potential that this holds for redefining our understandings of disguise, concealment, and transformation within Mesolithic ontologies. Context emerges as the key to both determining and realizing this potential. Mortuary practice and burial environments help to frame the different forms of life/death transformation, often involving materials that also occur in prosaic settings. Conversely, human remains transformed into material culture, and subsequently deposited in line with traditions of object disposal, illustrate the transformation of people into things. Broader patterns of consumption and predation shape the role that animal body parts play in therianthropic transformation and the making of material culture. In all these examples, an attention to the specifics of human action in the production and use of materials involved within metamorphosis are key in understanding the character of change, and the broader ontological framework within which this change sits.
Northern Scandinavia
Authors: Knutsson Kjel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Northern Scandinavia in this chapter comprises Norway, the northern half of Sweden, and Finland. The attempt to follow large-scale cultural processes transcending national borders 10,000 cal bc—c. 4,000 cal bc as the last part of the Weichelian ice slowly melted in this area, illustrates the importance of an over-regional perspective. Evaluating the archaeological evidence from three main periods, Early, Middle, and Late Mesolithic shows that the cultural change related to these generalized periods happened more or less simultaneously over this vast area, indicating communication between hunter-gatherers in large scale networks including southern Scandinavia and areas far east of Fennoscandia. It is also shown that the spatial structure and change of the different cultural traditions related to spatial arrangements shaped during the pioneer settlement. The change was partly the result of adaptation to variation in climate but also processes of large-scale migrations and historical circumstances. In the chapter, we will follow pioneers migrating into virgin land, adapting to the gradual introduction of new flora and fauna from an initial postglacial reindeer dominance and open tundra-like environment, to the development of a forested landscape and whereby fauna becomes more varied as the post glacial warming continued.