bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Base Fluids on the Initiation of Vortex Shedding for Nanofluid Flow Over a Circular Object
Authors: Garai Sourav , Mondal Bittagopal , Chatterjee Dipankar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An inherently steady separated flow of a nanofluid around a two-dimensional circular object can be transformed into an unsteady periodic flow by controlling the nanoparticle concentration. This has been established in the contemporary literature 2022 by Garai et al. (2022, “Triggering Vortex Shedding for the Free Stream Flow of Nanofluids Around Bluff Objects,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 144(3), p. 034502.) using Cu–H2O and Ag–H2O nanofluids, where the base fluids remain the same (H2O) and the nanoparticles are different (Cu, Ag). However, it may be anticipated that changing the base fluid may cause certain alterations in the flow dynamics. Two different base fluids, e.g., propylene glycol (C3H8O2) and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) are selected in which copper (Cu) nanoparticles are mixed to produce Cu–C3H8O2 and Cu–C2H6O2 nanofluids. The nanofluids flow over a circular object with Reynolds number in the range 15≤Re≤40. The Cu nanoparticle concentration is gradually increased and it is observed that the vortex shedding can be initiated with a lesser concentration of Cu in case of C3H8O2 based nanofluid compared to C2H6O2 and also H2O based nanofluids. Hence, the critical solid volume fractions (φcr) for Cu–C2H6O2 based nanofluid are more compared to Cu–C3H8O2 and Cu–H2O nanofluids. Further, φcr for all the nanofluids are found a decreasing function of Re in its chosen range. The critical solid fraction is estimated from an extended Stuart–Landau model and the phenomena are demonstrated qualitatively through the streamlines and vorticity contours and quantitatively through the lift signal analysis and phase diagrams. Finally, a regime diagram is constructed to demarcate the steady and unsteady zones of operation.
Biot Theory-based Finite Element Modeling of Continuous Ultrasound Propagation Through Microscale Articular Cartilage
Authors: Basu Sattik , Subramanian Anuradha , Rani Sarma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Low-intensity ultrasound has shown promise in promoting the healing and regeneration of cartilage degraded by osteoarthritis. In this study, a 2-D finite element method (FEM) model was developed for solving the Biot theory equations governing the propagation of continuous ultrasound through cartilage. Specifically, we compute the ultrasound-induced dilatations and displacements in microscale cartilage that is represented as consisting of four zones, namely the chondrocyte cell and its nucleus, the pericellular matrix (PCM) that forms a layer around the chondrocyte, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The chondrocyte–PCM complex, referred to as the chondron, is embedded in the ECM. We model multiple cartilage configurations wherein the ECM layer contains chondrons along the depth, as well as laterally. The top surface of ECM layer is subjected to specified amplitude and frequency of continuous ultrasound. The resulting wave propagation is modeled by numerically solving the 2-D Biot equations for seven frequencies in the 0.5~MHz to 5~MHz range. It is seen that ultrasound is attenuated in the ECM and the attenuation increases monotonically with frequency. In contrast, manyfold augmentation of ultrasound amplitudes is observed inside the cytoplasm and nucleus of the chondrocyte. Chondrocytes act as a major sink of ultrasound energy, thereby reducing the depthwise propagation of ultrasound fluctuations. Regions of high dilatations and displacements were found at the ECM–PCM interface, PCM–chondrocyte interace, as well as in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Acute postprandial gut hormone, leptin, glucose and insulin responses to resistant starch in obese children: a single blind crossover study
Authors: Suntharesan Jananie , Atapattu Navoda , Jasinghe Eresha , Ekanayake Sagarika , de Silva Delpachitra Acharige Gajabahu Haren , Dunseath Gareth , Luzio Steohan , Premawardhana Lakdasa 
Published: November 2022

IntroductionResistant starch (RS) has beneficial effects on postprandial glucose metabolism in both animals and adults. Hitherto, there have been no studies in children of the acute metabolic and hormonal effects of RS-containing meals.ObjectivesWe aimed to compare serial plasma glucose, insulin, gut hormone, leptin profiles and satiety scores in obese children after meals containing variable amounts of RS.MethodsThis was a single blind, non-randomised, crossover study of 20 obese children aged 10–14 years old without comorbidities. Three test meals containing rice (M1), rice cooked with coconut oil (M2), rice cooked in coconut oil with lentils (M3) were given in sequence after a 12-hour fast . Blood samples were analysed for glucose (PG), insulin, leptin, glucagon-like polypeptide (GLP) 1, ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) at appropriate times between 0 and 180 min.ResultsMeal M2 resulted in significantly lower postprandial glucose values compared with meal M1 (maximal incremental glucose, ∆Cmax, p<0.05; area under the curve, ∆AUC0–3, p<0.01) and meal M3 (maximal concentration, Cmax, p<0.01; ∆Cmax, p<0.001, and ∆AUC0–3p<0.01). M2 also produced lower insulin values compared with M1 (p<0.05). Postprandial ghrelin was significantly higher after M1 compared with M3 (p<0.05). PYY, GLP1 and median satiety scores were not significantly different between the three meals.ConclusionThis study shows that M2, the meal containing RS alone, induced beneficial effects on acute postprandial glucose, insulin and ghrelin concentrations in obese children without diabetes. Acute postprandial satiety scores were not significantly affected by the three meals.Trial registration numberSLCTR/2020/007.
Relativistic models for vanishing complexity factor and isotropic star in embedding Class I spacetime using extended geometric deformation approach
Authors: Maurya S. K. , Govender M. , Mustafa G. , Nag Riju 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this work, we employ the Karmarkar condition together with the notion of vanishing complexity (Herrera in Phys Rev D 97:044010, 2018) and isotropization technique to generate models of compact stars within the framework of complete geometric deformation. Starting off with the Kuchowicz ansatz as one of the metric potentials for the seed solution, we impose the Karmarkar condition to obtain fully the gravitational behaviour of a static compact object with anisotropic pressure. This solution is then subjected to the complete geometric deformation algorithm. The novelty in our work is to impose the condition of vanishing complexity and isotropization techniques in order to derive the deformation functions. We present two solutions of the resulting governing equations which are subjected to physical viability tests. We demonstrate that the presence of pressure anisotropy within the bounded object plays a key role in determining its stability. In addition, we show that the magnitude of the decoupling constant determines the direction of energy flow between the generic fluid and the fluid matter distribution.
Baryogenesis and gravitational waves in the Zee–Babu model
Authors: Phong Vo Quoc , Thao Nguyen Chi , Long Hoang Ngoc 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Zee–Babu (ZB) model, the sphaleron process in the baryogenesis scenario is calculated. It always satisfies the de-coupling condition and the strength of phase transition (S) is always greater than 1 in the presence of triggers other than that in the Standard Model, which are singly ($$h^{\pm }$$

h
±

) and doubly ($$k^{\pm \pm }$$

k

±
±

) charged scalar bosons. Sphaleron energies are in the range of 5-10 TeV, in calculation with bubble profiles containing free parameters and assuming nuclear bubbles of $$h^{\pm }$$

h
±

and $$k^{\pm \pm }$$

k

±
±

are very small. We tested the scaling law of sphaleron again with an average error of $$10\%$$

10
%

. When the temperature is close to the critical one ($$T_c$$

T
c

), the density of nuclear bubble is produced very large and decreases as the temperature decreases. The key parameter is $$\alpha $$
α
which results in the gravitational wave density parameter ($$\Omega h^2$$

Ω

h
2

) in the range of $$10^{-14}$$

10

-
14

to $$10^{-12}$$

10

-
12

when $$\beta /H^*=22.5$$

β
/

H
∗

=
22.5

, this is not enough to detect gravitational waves from electroweak phase transition (EWPT) according to the present LISA data but may be detected in the future. As the larger strength of phase transition is, the more $$\alpha $$
α
increases (this increase is almost linear with S), the larger the gravitational wave density parameter is. Also in the context of considering the generation of gravitational waves, in the ZB model we calculated $$\alpha \sim \text {a few} \times 10^{-2}\ll 1$$

α
∼
a few
×

10

-
2

≪
1

, so rigorously conclude that the EWPT is not strong even though $$S>1$$

S
>
1

. We also suggest that, for a model with a lot of extra scalar particles and particles which play a role in mass generation, the stronger the EWPT process and the larger $$\Omega h^2$$

Ω

h
2

can be.
Implications of Posthumous Care — The Experience of the Surviving Partner
Authors: DICKINSON Narelle , GAFFNEY Jennifer 
Published: November 2022

Background: Posthumous assisted conception remains controversial, and in providing this form of care, it is critical that fertility clinics consider the potential effects on the welfare of the person to be born, as well as any existing children already within the family unit. The NHMRC provides clear clinical guidelines for the collection, storage and use of gametes or embryos posthumously, however care providers rarely have an opportunity to gain a genuine understanding of the experience for a bereaved spouse undertaking this form of treatment. Aim: To explore the social and psychological implications of undertaking posthumous care, for the surviving partner of the deceased person, their broader family and the child. Method: Brief examination of the social and psychological implications of posthumous care. Personal case presentation by a surviving partner who has completed treatment using posthumous care. Conclusion: The personal experience of undertaking posthumous care will be examined, as provided within the relevant NHMRC clinical guidelines.
Mifepristone Followed by Misoprostol Compared with Placebo Followed by Misoprostol as Medical Treatment for Early Pregnancy Loss (the Triple M trial): A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomised Trial
Authors: HAMEL Charlotte , COPPUS Sjors , VAN DEN BERG Joyce , HINK Esther , VAN SEETERS Jacoba , VAN KESTEREN Paul , MERIEN Ashley , TORRENGA Bas , VAN DE LAAR Rafli , VAN SCHELTINGA Josien Terwisscha , GAUGLER-SENDEN Ingrid , GRAZIOSI Peppino , VAN RUMSTE Minouche , NELISSEN Ewka , VANDENBUSSCHE Frank , SNIJDERS Marcus 
Published: November 2022

Background: Worldwide, millions of women seek treatment for early pregnancy loss (EPL) annually. Medical management with misoprostol is widely used, but only effective 60% of the time. Pre-treatment with mifepristone prior to misoprostol might improve the success rate of medical management. Methods: This was a multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial in 17 Dutch hospitals. Women with a non-viable pregnancy between 6 and 14 weeks of gestation were eligible for inclusion after at least one week of expectant management. Participants were randomised (1:1) between oral mifepristone 600 mg or an oral placebo tablet. Participants took 400 mg misoprostol orally, repeated after four hours on day two and, if necessary, day three. Primary outcome was expulsion of gestational sac and endometrial thickness <15 mm after 68 weeks. Analyses were done according to intention-to-treat principles. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03212352. Findings: Between June 28th 2018 and January 8th 2020, 175 women were randomised to mifepristone and 176 to placebo, including 344 in the intention-to-treat analysis. In the mifepristone group 136 (79.1%) of 172 participants reached complete evacuation compared to 101 (58.7%) of 172 participants in the placebo group (p<0.0001, RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.16-1.56). Incidence of serious adverse events was significantly lower in the mifepristone group with 24 (14%) patients affected versus 55 (32%) in the placebo group (p = 0.0005). Interpretation: Pre-treatment with mifepristone prior to misoprostol was more effective than misoprostol alone in managing EPL.
Is Frozen Embryo Transfer the New Norm in IVF?
Authors: KOLIBIANAKIS Stratis 
Published: November 2022

Frozen embryo transfer is an established, highly successful technology in Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Its use as a part of a freeze only strategy is associated with a higher probability of live birth in high responders and a decrease incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Its use in normal responders, maintains the probability of live birth compared to fresh embryo transfer and decreases the incidence of OHSS. Obstetric n neonatal outcomes in frozen as compared to fresh embryo transfer cycles are characterized by a decreased incidence of monozygotic twinning, of ectopic pregnancy, of small for gestational age babies, of premature labour, of antepartum hemorrhage and of perinatal mortality. On the other hand, an increased incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension, has been observed in frozen as compared to fresh embryo transfer cycles. This, however, appears to be associated with the absence of corpus luteum during endometrium preparation for embryo transfer, as is the case in frozen embryo transfer cycles using hormonal replacement. Overall, the increased efficacy and a safety present, if fresh embryo transfer following ovarian stimulation is avoided, redefine what should be the norm in modern in-vitro fertilization practice.
Uterine Surgery and Fertility
Authors: VANCAILLIE Thierry , FRANZCOG  , FFPMANZCA  
Published: November 2022

In this presentation I will attempt to present the pathophysiology of a number of uterine conditions. Subsequent to that, I will review the evidence as well as my personal experience in addressing these conditions. Within my practice, the conditions presenting for treatment are as follows, in order of incidence: intra-uterine synechia (Asherman syndrome), Endometrial rejuvenation, uterine septum and other Mullerian anomalies, Cesarean Section revision and finally uterine fibroids.
Global Trends in Surrogacy Uptake by Destination and Nationality 2018–2020
Authors: EVERINGHAM Sam , WHITTAKER Andrea 
Published: November 2022

Background: Cross-border surrogacy arrangements are an increasingly common means to family building globally amongst gay male singles and couples, as well as infertile heterosexual singles and couples who do not have significant access to other routes to parenthood. Research has shown that when regulation or affordability in a home state is too restrictive people will travel across borders for surrogacy extensively. Establishing patterns of use has always been difficult. Accurate data is stymied by lack of documentation of international third-party reproductive care available to authorities. In addition, surrogacy destinations have been in a state of flux for some years. Estimating the trends in source and destination countries will improve understanding of the populations whose reproductive care needs cannot be met in their home country. Such data can assist regulators, policymakers and professionals to understand these trends and provide education and policy to minimise risk. Aim: Provide a quantitative estimate of the trends in relation to intended parents engaging in surrogacy arrangements per destination country, in the three calendar years 2018, 2019 and 2020, by country of residence. Method: Surrogacy agencies in Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, Georgia, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, Thailand, Ukraine and USA were asked to complete an anonymised online survey providing aggregate data on the number of commissioning singles and couples who contracted for surrogacy services during each year by nationality of the biological parent(s). Results: Over thirty agencies across eight nations reported on a total of 6550 clients commencing over these three calendar years. Clients from 96 source countries were represented. Results showed stark differences in the largest user nations of domestic and international surrogacy per capita, the most commonly used ‘destination’ countries and changes in patterns of engagement over time. Conclusion: Some source countries showed far higher rates of update of domestic or international surrogacy than others. Differences are likely associated with varying access to alternative family building pathways, differences in kinship norms, average incomes and the lack of availability of surrogates in their own country due to obstructive laws and/or cultural norms.
The Blastocyst Creates a Specialized Microenvironment to Promote Endometrial Receptivity and Implantation
Authors: GURNER Kathryn , EVANS Jemma , HARVEY Alexandra J. , GARDNER David K. 
Published: November 2022

Background: At the time of implantation, the blastocyst produces a significant amount of lactic acid (LA), creating a microenvironment characterized by high lactate and low pH. Historically considered a ‘by-product’ of metabolism, studies have revealed lactate to be a key regulator of cell function, with a lactate-specific receptor, GPR81, recently identified. Further, lactate is an important signalling molecule in cancers promoting ECM breakdown, angiogenesis and immunosuppression, processes vital for successful implantation. Hence, LA could be an early embryonic signal to facilitate endometrial remodelling for receptivity and implantation. Aim: To determine the role of blastocyst-derived lactate on cellular functions/remodelling and transcriptional changes essential for endometrial receptivity and successful implantation. Methods: To assess functional changes to the endometrium, hormonally primed ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells were exposed to LA, LA + neutralized pH (nLA) or acidic pH (pHL), before analysis of tight junction integrity (TER), cellular proliferation and changes to gene expression. LA’s effects on endometrial stromal cell decidualization and migratory capacity, as well as HUVEC endothelial tube formation/angiogenesis, were also determined. Results: Cellular TER and proliferation were significantly downregulated in ECC-1 cells exposed to 2.5, 5 and 7.5mM LA ( P<0.01), while exposure to nLA or pHL alone had no effect. Upregulation of GLUT4, GPR81, VEGF, SNAI1, and RELA mRNA expression was observed following exposure of Ishikawa cells to combined LA + pHL(P<0.05), while MCT-1 expression decreased. Additionally, 5mM LA increased the migratory capacity of decidualized stromal cells (P<0.05) without changing the extent of decidualization. HUVEC tube formation was significantly increased by 5mM LA exposure ( P<0.01). Conclusion: The specialized microenvironment created by the blastocyst, of both high lactate and low pH, enhances endometrial remodelling for receptivity and implantation through functional changes to epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells in the endometrium. Therefore, LA appears to be an important signalling molecule in the maternal-fetal dialogue underpinning implantation.
Micro-TESE Outcomes for Non-Obstructive Azoospermia — The First Australian Series
Authors: LANTSBERG Daniel , MIZRACHI Yossi , KATZ Darren 
Published: November 2022

Background: Micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) was shown to achieve the best sperm retrieval rate (SRR) compared to other techniques. However, to date there is no large series of published Australian data. Aim: To study the incidence and predicting factors of successful sperm extraction in men with NOA undergoing micro-TESE in Victoria. Method: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of all consecutive patients with confirmed NOA who were treated between August 2014 and April 2020 in a single medical centre in Melbourne, Victoria. None were excluded. Patients underwent micro-TESE and upon a successful sperm retrieval, sperm was either frozen for fertility preservation or used fresh for ICSI. Results: During the study period, 85 men with NOA underwent micro-TESE in our centre. The overall sperm retrieval rate (SRR) was 61.2% (52/85). All patients with a history of surgically treated cryptorchidism or childhood diseases had a successful sperm retrieval. Patients with Kleinfelter syndrome had a 75% SRR. Patients with Idiopathic NOA and patients with a history of chemotherapy had a 50% and 40% SRR, respectively. Among the different types of testicular pathology, the highest SRR was found in men with complete hyalinization (100%). Hypospermatogenesis was associated with a high SRR of 93.3%, while Sertoli-cell-only histology was associated with only 46.3% SRR. The SRR has significantly increased from 33.3% in 2015-2016 to 73.6% in 2019-2020 (p=0.003). On Multivariate logistic regression analysis, baseline FSH levels <20 IU and history of childhood disease or Klinefelter syndrome were significantly associated with successful sperm retrieval. The cumulative pregnancy rate was 23.7%. Conclusion: This first report from Australia indicates that micro-TESE is an effective method for the treatment of NOA with high SRR and pregnancy rate. Our results can help patient management and counseling.
Endometrial Scratching in Australia, New Zealand and the UK: A Follow-up Survey
Authors: LENSEN Sarah , SARWARI Madina , BEILBY Kiri , HAMMARBERG Karin , HICKEY Martha 
Published: November 2022

Background: Endometrial scratching is a common IVF add-on. In 2015, a survey in Australia, New Zealand and the UK reported that 83% of fertility specialists recommended endometrial scratching for IVF ( 1 ). Several large trials have since been published reporting no clear evidence for improved live birth rates following endometrial scratching before IVF. Aim: To ascertain the current practices and views on endometrial scratching across Australia, New Zealand and the UK. Method: An anonymous online survey was distributed via professional fertility societies and through emails sent directly to Medical Directors of IVF clinics in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. Responses were received between October and December 2020. Results: 121 eligible responses were received (fertility specialists (n=61), embryologists (n=26) and fertility nurses (n=24)); at least one response was received from 40% of IVF clinics. Among fertility specialists, 34% currently offer endometrial scratching, primarily in the case of recurrent implantation failure. Most respondents (>90%) were neutral or did not believe endometrial scratching improved pregnancy and live birth rates. However, for women with recurrent implantation failure, 29% believed it was beneficial. More than half (55%) of respondents viewed reducing psychological distress as a benefit of endometrial scratching. Among fertility specialists who were not offering endometrial scratching, 51% previously did. Conclusion: This study indicates the use of endometrial scratching has declined over the last five years, which may reflect a response to recent evidence reporting no benefit from the procedure. The major limitations of this study are the low response rate, and the potential for bias; professionals with strong views about endometrial scratching (for or against) may have been more likely to complete the survey.