bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
God’s Good Land
Authors: Braaten Laurie J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIsrael’s agrarian setting is reflected throughout the Book of the Twelve, which refers often to divine and human interaction with Land. Israel’s relationship with God is articulated in terms of kinship relations in an agrarian setting, reflecting Israel’s dependence on Land and Yhwh. The Twelve asserts that Israel’s Land belongs ultimately to Yhwh, who demands that Land and all her inhabitants (including nonhumans) be treated with respect and justice. Environmental degradation is linked with the elites’ exploitation of agrarian households’ sustainable subsistence practices. These elite extracted the farmers’ necessary surpluses for their conspicuous consumption and exchange for luxury goods, resulting in the abuse of Land for an unsustainable maximum yield. Land and her inhabitants suffered, and Land (or Earth) addresses Yhwh in mourning. Under the monarchy, Land’s fertility is conceptualized as being dependent on Yhwh’s blessing, but conveyed through the king and God’s temple in Jerusalem. While the Twelve acknowledges this tradition, it asserts that Yhwh is the true king of all Earth, and the primary source of fertility. The Twelve also moves beyond an agrarian setting to indicate the intrinsic value of all creation.
Conceiving Religious Dreams and Mystical Experiences
Authors: Sears Robert E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes basic and higher-level features of religious dreams and mystical experiences through the complementary lenses of event cognition and hierarchical predictive coding, which explain cognitive processing in terms of prediction casting and error feedback associated with sensory intake. With regard to mystical experience, it suggests that sustained error feedback, resulting in “de-automatization” of hierarchical processing and “cognitive resource depletion,” may explain some basic features of extrovertive and introvertive varieties. With regard to religious dreams, it claims that reduced error feedback, due to sensory gating during sleep, enables an individual’s preexisting religious schemata to inform dream content in accordance with continuity theory. Further, the chapter argues that challenges forming or maintaining predictions relative to the underlying content of dreams and mystical experiences may entail searching for extrinsic event causes and using religious attributions. In this vein, it argues that complexity drops between expected and actual circumstances instigate agency detection, which may culminate in attribution of causality to a supernatural agent if nonsupernatural concept alternatives are unavailable or lack explanatory relevance. While the focus is on the processing of religious dreams and mystical experiences, the conclusion briefly discusses some of their possible functions and consequences with regard to the phenomenon of religion.
Extreme Rituals
Authors: Xygalatas Dimitris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ritual behavior is a human universal. We know of no society, past or present, which does not have rituals, so much so that ritual might be seen as one of the defining characteristic of our species. This in itself is a great puzzle, because rituals can entail significant, even massive, expenditures of time and resources with no immediately apparent payoffs. Nowhere is this puzzle more pronounced than in the case of certain “extreme” rituals, which involve activities that are particularly painful, stressful, dangerous, and, in some cases, even life threatening. Social theorists have proposed various answers to the puzzle of extreme rituals by suggesting that these practices serve important functions for individual participants, as well for society at large. In recent years, the cognitive science of religion has explored these functions on the basis of empirical evidence, shinning new light on this age-old puzzle.
The Cultural and Developmental Niche of Religious Cognitions
Authors: Richert Rebekah A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines how cultural practices support the development of both intuitive and explicit cognitive processes relevant to religious thinking. Cultural beliefs influence children’s religious thinking at a variety of levels. Parents and educators guide children’s learning of religious concepts and beliefs through direct instruction about religious doctrines; through guided participation in shared religious activities, such as prayer and rituals; and through indirect information about their own intuitions about religion that is conveyed unintentionally in the adults’ language use. Each of these processes are guided by adults’ ethnotheories about where, how, and when to engage children in religious thinking and practices.
“That evening our men daunced with the Indians”
Authors: Carr Revell 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The potential for musical performances, and musical instruments, to intersect with economic interests and activities, particularly in spaces of cross-cultural encounter, made music a powerful social and cultural force in the age of European maritime exploration Pacific. This chapter draws on archival as well as published sailors’ accounts of musical activities in the context of trade and commerce in early contact situations between Pacific Islanders and Euro-American seamen, with the intent of illustrating the uniquely cosmopolitan perspectives of deepwater seamen, and their drive to introduce western ideas of capitalism, commerce, and music to Oceania. This chapter recognizes music and dance not simply as forms of entertainment or abstract art, but as sources of power—valuable, flexible commodities useful in economic relations. Through this perspective the people of Oceania in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries can be seen as active agents, able to utilize the strength of their expressive culture to creatively and profitably interact with outsiders.
On Some Impossibility Theorems in Population Ethics
Authors: Carlson Erik 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
At least since Derek Parfit presented his “Mere Addition Paradox,” the difficulties of formulating a viable population axiology have been widely recognized. Building on Parfit’s work, a number of philosophers have proved impossibility theorems, showing that certain plausible adequacy conditions are mutually inconsistent. The most impressive and important such results are due to Gustaf Arrhenius. His theorems involve more compelling adequacy conditions and weaker assumptions of measurement than earlier work in this area. On the basis of these theorems, Arrhenius is inclined to deny the existence of a satisfactory population axiology. The aim of this chapter is to show that Arrhenius’s impossibility results are not inescapable. It shall mainly focus on his “sixth” theorem, which he considers to be his strongest result. Arrhenius’s proof of this theorem requires a certain assumption, as regards the order of welfare levels, which is more contentious than he recognizes. This assumption rules out “non-Archimedean” theories of welfare. If such theories are not excluded, there are, as this chapter shall show, population axiologies that satisfy all the adequacy conditions of Arrhenius’s sixth theorem. In the penultimate section of the chapter it will be argued, moreover, that this objection pertains to all of Arrhenius’s axiological impossibility theorems. Since non-Archimedean theories of welfare are far from obviously false, Arrhenius’s results fail to show that there is no acceptable population axiology.
Exploring Cultural and Social Differences in Defining Films for Children
Authors: Parry Becky 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Far from being a universal experience, childhood differs greatly from country to country and context to context. Indeed, childhood, as it appears in culture, can be understood as a social construct whose meaning varies according to changing values. This chapter advances understanding of the way these differences impact on defining a film as a children’s film. Rather than draw on existing distinctions made between family films and children’s film, it presents new research data from a survey of the European Children’s Film Association membership. This data demonstrates how those working in distribution, exhibition and education sectors across the children’s film industry define films as being appropriate, engaging, and meaningful to children and young people. These findings highlight the ways in which international differences in defining children’s film relate to distinctive issues raised by particular representations of gender, ethnicity, and class.
Growing Up on Scandinavian Screens
Authors: Lysne Anders 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical development of the youth film in Scandinavian cinema. Adopting a regional perspective, it identifies four major strands in the historical development of the youth film across Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: (a) the juvenile-delinquency film, (b) the coming-of-age film, (c) the medium-concept youth film, and finally, (d) the generic turn in the postmillennial era. With a dual focus on textual features and contextual factors, the article argues that the Scandinavian youth film has evolved from being primarily films about youth to increasingly becoming films for youth, all the while retaining an inherent ambiguity informed by a continuous negotiation of pedagogic, aesthetic, and commercial objectives.
Decolonizing Climate Adaptation by Reacquiring Fractionated Tribal Lands
Authors: Watkinson-Schutten Melissa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Coastal tribes are experiencing loss of land due to the cumulative effects of climate change. However, decolonization in the form of reacquiring tribal lands can be used as a tool for adapting to climate change impacts. Guided by an Indigenous worldview and in partnership with a coastal tribe in Washington State, spatial analyses and interviews were conducted to determine the effectiveness of reacquiring fractionated land, such as through the Land Buy-Back (LBB) program, on tribes’ ability to adapt to climate impacts. Reacquiring and consolidating fractionated land through the LBB program can increase the adaptive capacity for tribes impacted by climate change. Additional programs and funding for land and consolidation should be made available to tribes as a tool for climate adaptation.
AI Challenges for Society and Ethics
Authors: Whittlestone Jess , Clarke Samuel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence is already being applied in and impacting many important sectors in society, including healthcare, finance, and policing. These applications will increase as AI capabilities continue to progress, which has the potential to be highly beneficial for society, or to cause serious harm. The role of AI governance is ultimately to take practical steps to mitigate this risk of harm while enabling the benefits of innovation in AI. This requires answering challenging empirical questions about current and potential risks and benefits of AI: assessing impacts that are often widely distributed and indirect, and making predictions about a highly uncertain future. It also requires thinking through the normative question of what beneficial use of AI in society looks like, which is equally challenging. Though different groups may agree on high-level principles that uses of AI should respect (e.g., privacy, fairness, and autonomy), challenges arise when putting these principles into practice. For example, it is straightforward to say that AI systems must protect individual privacy, but there is presumably some amount or type of privacy that most people would be willing to give up to develop life-saving medical treatments. Despite these challenges, research can and has made progress on these questions. The aim of this chapter will be to give readers an understanding of this progress, and of the challenges that remain.
Governing AI to Advance Shared Prosperity
Authors: Klinova Katya 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes a governance approach to promoting AI research and development that creates jobs and advances shared prosperity. Concerns over the labor-saving focus of AI advancement are shared by a growing number of economists, technologists, and policymakers around the world. They warn about the risk of AI entrenching poverty and inequality globally. Yet, translating those concerns into proactive governance interventions that would steer AI away from generating excessive levels of automation remains difficult and largely unattempted. Key causes of this difficulty arise from two types of sources: (1) insufficiently deep understanding of the full composition of factors giving AI R&D its present emphasis on labor-saving applications; and (2) lack of tools and processes that would enable AI practitioners and policymakers to anticipate and assess the impact of AI technologies on employment, wages and job quality. This chapter argues that addressing (2) will require creating worker-participatory means of differentiating between genuinely worker-benefiting AI and worker-displacing or worker-exploiting AI. To contribute to tackling (1), this chapter reviews AI practitioners’ motivations and constraints, such as relevant laws, market incentives, as well as less tangible but still highly influential constraining and motivating factors, including explicit and implicit norms in the AI field, visions of future societal order popular among the field’s members and ways that AI practitioners define goals worth pursuing and measure success. I highlight how each of these factors contributes meaningfully to giving AI advancement its excessive labor-saving emphasis and describe opportunities for governance interventions that could correct that over emphasis.
The Nature and Significance of Blame
Authors: Brink David O. , Nelkin Dana Kay 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature and significance of blame, including conceptions in terms of the cognitive or conative states of appraisers, the social functions of blame, and multi-dimensional clusters of psychological and social factors. It raises questions about the extensional and explanatory adequacy of these conceptions. The chapter defends a conception of the core and syndrome of blame. The core is an aversive attitude that an appraiser holds toward a target based on the belief that the target is blameworthy for some failure in attitude or conduct; the syndrome is a set of psychological and social factors that are normally, but not invariably, downstream from blame. The chapter argues that blame can presuppose blameworthiness without circularity and explores the significance of this conception of blame for the ethics of blame.
Punishment as Communication
Authors: Cushman Fiery , Sarin Arunima , Ho Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Punishment is traditionally modelled as a ‘constructed incentive’. Specifically, the person who punishes is constructing a set of incentives that will motivate the person being punished to change her behaviour. Yet, while this model captures something important about the logic of punishment, it also misses important contours of how humans punish and how they learn from punishment. We argue that, in addition to understanding punishment as a form of incentive, we must also understand it as a form of communication. According to the communication model, a person can learn from punishment by attempting to infer the punisher’s communicative intent. Meanwhile, the punisher can choose punishments that are maximally informative given the learner’s likely inferential stance. This coordinated communicative reasoning enables faster and more accurate learning during punishment and provides a better fit to empirical data on how people actually punish and learn from punishment.
Self-Deception and the Moral Self
Authors: Holton Richard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Self-deception is rife in moral thinking. Some have even argued that moral behaviour is fundamentally driven by self-signalling: we want to see ourselves as good, and we make use of self-deception to achieve it. What form does this self-deception take? A rough division is made between two sorts of account: the proactive, wherein the agent is seen as having in place a prior strategy to avoid unwanted knowledge; and the reactive, wherein the agent is held to initially register the unwanted knowledge before responding to block it. Refining this distinction takes us to the issue of whether there are ‘tension triggers’: states that serve to trigger a self-deceptive response that are in tension with the agent’s existing beliefs. The empirical literature does not conclusively show that there are tension triggers; but it provides plausible examples.
Two Ways to Adopt a Norm
Authors: Kelly Daniel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The two main aims of this chapter are to clarify a psychological distinction between internalized and avowed norms and to characterize key features of each type of norm in a way that might usefully guide future research. After discussing a number of different lines of research that address human norm-governed behaviour, I argue that the distinction between internalization and avowal cross cuts the categories that have organized much of this research. I then describe an account of the human capacity for self-regulation and use the account to argue that avowed norms at least initially draw on the slower, more deliberate cognitive machinery of self-regulation, while internalized norms are underpinned by a specialized psychological system. After highlighting the different motivational features associated with each kind of norm, I conclude by pointing to several philosophical issues that stand to be illuminated by a better developed and empirically grounded account of internalized and avowed norms.
Race and Moral Psychology
Authors: Zheng Robin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhat effects does a racially stratified social world have on our individual psychologies, and our moral interactions with one another? In what ways do our psychologies hinder or enable us in working toward a more racially just society? This chapter surveys a range of moral psychological phenomena––broadly construed––using diverse philosophical and empirical approaches, including racial bias, discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping, intergroup dynamics, alienation, double consciousness, racial identity, and combating racism. More specifically, the chapter focuses on outlining the differential impact of racial categorization on racially dominant versus racially oppressed groups, as well as some core topics in moral psychology as they manifest in the context of a racially unjust society. Some recurring themes include the twin moral and epistemic quandaries generated by racism, the interaction between individual psychology and social structure, and intersections with other forms of oppression.
To sim or not to sim—choosing wisely for procedural skills training in paediatrics
Authors: Al Maawali Ali , Amin Harish , Baerg Krista , Feldman Mark , Gorodzinksy Fabian , Puran Allan , Dubrowski Adam , Bismilla Zia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Simulation is a commonly used modality to teach paediatric procedural skills, however, it is resource intensive. Which paediatric skills are best taught using simulation is not known. This study aims to examine what skills to simulate, allowing for the best use of resources in ever expanding curricula.

Method
We administered a questionnaire to community and hospitalist general paediatricians in Canada asking them to rate the importance of maintaining competency in each paediatric procedural skill and the frequency with which they perform the skill in their practice.

Results
Skills that were rated as highly important and also high frequency were: bag-mask ventilation (BMV), lumbar puncture, neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), specimen procurement for infectious diseases, immunization, and ear curettage. Skills that were rated as highly important but low frequency were: paediatric CPR, intraosseous needle insertion, neonatal intubation, defibrillation, gathering specimens for evidence of child maltreatment, paediatric intubation, cervical spine immobilization, and oral/nasogastric tube placement.

Conclusion
Paediatric procedural skills are rated variably in terms of importance and frequency of use in general paediatric practice. Eight skills of high importance are infrequently performed and should be targeted for teaching via simulation.
Changes in Opioid Dispensing by Medical Specialties After the Release of the 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain
Authors: Salvatore Phillip P , Guy Gery P , Mikosz Christina A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
To identify changes in opioid prescribing across a diverse array of medical specialties after the release of the 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain.

Design
Interrupted time-series analysis of data from a commercial prescribing database.

Subjects
De-identified recipients of opioid prescriptions dispensed at U.S. retail pharmacies between 2015 and 2019.

Methods
Opioid dispensing data were obtained from the IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription (LRx) database, representing more than 800 million opioid prescriptions. Monthly dispensing rates, dosage in morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and mean prescription duration were calculated across 29 medical specialties. Changes in dispensing after the release of the 2016 CDC Guideline were assessed through interrupted time-series analysis.

Results
Declining trends in opioid dispensing accelerated in 24 of 29 specialty groups after the release of the CDC Guideline (P &lt; 0.05 for 15 groups). Decreases were greatest among family medicine clinicians, where declines accelerated by 4.4 prescriptions per month per 100,000 persons (P = 0.005), and surgeons, where declines accelerated by 3.6 prescriptions per month per 100,000 (P = 0.003).

Conclusions
These results illustrate that clinicians likely to provide primary care exhibited the greatest decreases in opioid dispensing. However, specialties outside the scope of the CDC Guideline (e.g., surgery) also exhibited accelerated decreases in prescribing. These declines illustrate that specialties beyond primary care could have interest in evaluating opioid prescribing practices, supporting the importance of specialty-specific guidance that balances the individualized risks and benefits of opioids and the role of non-opioid treatments.