bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo study to check muon numbers in hadronic interaction models observed by the Tibet hybrid experiment (YAC-II + Tibet-III + MD)
Authors: Fang J.H. , Huang J. , Zhang Y. , Chen D. , Zhai L.M. , Chen X. , Meng Y. , Hu K.Y. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The interpretation of the EAS data relies on the employment
of hadronic interaction models, which are subject to theoretical and
experimental uncertainties that may hamper composition studies of
cosmic rays. To check the reliability of such models at the energies
relevant for EAS studies, the predictions of the models can be
compared with data from air shower observatories. In this regard,
the study of the number of muons becomes extremely useful, since
they are sensitive to the hadronic interactions that occur in the
early phases of the EAS development. In the paper, we propose a
Monte Carlo study to test the number of muons in hadronic
interaction models by the hybrid experiment (YAC-II + Tibet-III +
MD). For an air-shower event, the Tibet air-shower array (Tibet-III)
provides the arrival direction and the air-shower size which are
interrelated to primary energy, the Yangbajing Air shower Core
detector (YAC-II) array measures the high energy electromagnetic
particles in the very forward region so as to obtain the
characteristic parameters of air-shower cores, at the same time, the
underground MDs record the number of high-energy muons above
1 GeV. Since we can select proton events with high accuracy by
YAC-II almost independently of the hadronic interaction models, the
accompanying number of muons induced by proton events can be fed
out. With the unique settle of YAC-II, our results show that the
description of muon numbers in diﬀerent hadronic interaction models
can be well systematics-checked to avoid the ambiguity of the
primary cosmic-ray mass composition around the knee energy region by
the Tibet hybrid experiment (YAC-II + Tibet-III + MD).
Differentiated responsibilities of US citizens in the country’s sustainable dietary transition
Authors: Taherzadeh Oliver , Kanemoto Keiichiro 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
If widely adopted, the ‘planetary health diet’ (PHD), proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission, would help to meet ambitious sustainability goals currently jeopardised by excessive and resource intensive food demand. To date, convergence of nations to the PHD has been assessed using average food consumption patterns, overlooking the influence of different consumers within this context. Using self-reported dietary intake data from a snapshot survey of the US we reveal the differentiated responsibilities of US citizens within the country’s adoption of the PHD otherwise hidden by use of country averaged dietary intake data. We show how such a granular analysis of food consumption patterns is critical to identify levers in the sustainable food transition of nations. By combining 7418 individual food intake reports from a representative cross section of the United States (US) with commodity-level impact data we estimate the overshoot of US dietary patterns in relation to the PHD and their impacts across the climate, water and land system. The net environmental impacts of PHD adoption across the US population are quantified based on realistic dietary shifts. We estimate that US overshoot of the PHD is responsible for 70% of the US dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint. However, over 60% of this burden could be eliminated by just 10% of the US population following the PHD. Although we estimate PHD adoption will more than half the US dietary GHG footprint and land footprint, we find it may have unintended consequences on water demand due to increased tree nut consumption. Across almost all food categories, we show that the food choices of the top tier of consumers in the US create, and must bridge the PHD gap. As such, actions by these consumers will be of major consequences to the speed and direction of the country’s sustainable dietary transition. To avoid environmental trade-offs, dietary policies must be scrutinised across multiple sustainability criteria.
Historic drivers of onshore wind power siting and inevitable future trade-offs
Authors: Weinand Jann Michael , Naber Elias , McKenna Russell , Lehmann Paul , Kotzur Leander , Stolten Detlef 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The required acceleration of onshore wind deployment requires the consideration of both economic and social criteria. With a spatially explicit analysis of the validated European turbine stock, we show that historical siting focused on cost-effectiveness of turbines and minimization of local disamenities, resulting in substantial regional inequalities. A multi-criteria turbine allocation approach demonstrates in 180 different scenarios that strong trade-offs have to be made in the future expansion by 2050. The sites of additional onshore wind turbines can be associated with up to 43% lower costs on average, up to 42% higher regional equality, or up to 93% less affected population than at existing turbine locations. Depending on the capacity generation target, repowering decisions and spatial scale for siting, the mean costs increase by at least 18% if the affected population is minimized — even more so if regional equality is maximized. Meaningful regulations that compensate the affected regions for neglecting one of the criteria are urgently needed.
Energy-efficient method for developing in-situ Al-Cu metal matrix composites using microwave sintering and friction stir processing
Authors: Malik Vinayak R , Bajakke Padmakumar A , Saxena Kuldeep K , Lakshmikanthan Avinash , Deshpande Anand S , Mabuwa Sipokazi , Masomi Velaphi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The problems associated with the fabrication of in situ metal matrix composites (MMC) by conventional methods can be avoided by using microwave sintering and friction stirring in combination. The current study investigates the mechanical and electrical properties of pure aluminum (Al-100 wt%) and Al-Cu MMC. The results showed that excellent ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and electrical conductivity can be acquired simultaneously. The obtained ultimate tensile strength in the case of Al-100wt% (184.5 MPa) has improved two-fold than that of a typical commercially pure aluminum AA1016 (90 MPa). Similarly, the electrical conductivity of developed pure aluminum (88.87% IACS) is 1.4 times higher compared to AA1016 alloy (62% IACS). For Al-Cu MMC the copper is added in steps of 5 wt% (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The maximum ultimate tensile strength (205.2 MPa) and the electrical conductivity (71.53% IACS) obtained for Al-10wt%Cu are higher compared to the AA1016 alloy. The present investigation suggests a novel processing route and opens up new research avenues in the field of solid-state materials processing.
Atlas of urban scaling laws
Authors: Carbone Anna , Murialdo Pietro , Pieroni Alessandra , Toxqui-Quitl Carina 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Accurate estimates of the urban fractal dimension D
f are obtained by implementing the detrended moving average algorithm on high-resolution multi-spectral satellite images from the WorldView2 (WV2) database covering the largest European cities. Fractal dimension D
f varies between 1.65 and 1.90 with high values for highly urbanised urban sectors and low ones for suburban and peripheral ones. Based on recently proposed models, the values of the fractal dimension D
f are checked against the exponents β
s and β
i of the scaling law Y ∼ N

β
, respectively for socio-economic and infrastructural variables Y, with N the population size. The exponents β
s and β
i are traditionally derived as if cities were zero-dimensional objects, with the relevant feature Y related to a single homogeneous population value N, thus neglecting the microscopic heterogeneity of the urban structure. Our findings go beyond this limit. High sensitive and repeatable satellite records yield robust local estimates of the urban scaling exponents. Furthermore, the work discusses how to discriminate among different scaling theories, shedding light on the debated issue of scaling phenomena contradictory perspectives and pave paths to a more systematic adoption of the complex system science methods to urban landscape analysis.
Correlation-guided Network Integration (CoNI), an R package for integrating numerical omics data that allows multiform graph representations to study molecular interaction networks
Authors: Monroy Kuhn José Manuel , Miok Viktorian , Lutter Dominik 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Summary
Today’s immense growth in complex biological data demands effective and flexible tools for integration, analysis and extraction of valuable insights. Here, we present CoNI, a practical R package for the unsupervised integration of numerical omics datasets. Our tool is based on partial correlations to identify putative confounding variables for a set of paired dependent variables. CoNI combines two omics datasets in an integrated, complex hypergraph-like network, represented as a weighted undirected graph, a bipartite graph, or a hypergraph structure. These network representations form a basis for multiple further analyses, such as identifying priority candidates of biological importance or comparing network structures dependent on different conditions.

Availability and implementation
The R package CoNI is available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CoNI/) and GitLab (https://gitlab.com/computational-discovery-research/coni). It is distributed under the GNU General Public License (version 3).

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
The neurology of chronic nodding syndrome
Authors: Olum Sam , Hardy Charlotte , Obol James , Scolding Neil 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Nodding syndrome is an uncommon disorder of childhood onset and unknown cause, presenting with nodding seizures, and which appears to occur exclusively in clusters in sub-Saharan Africa. An endemic pattern of disease was initially described in Tanzania and in Liberia; epidemic occurrences were later reported in South Sudan and northern Uganda. Not the least significant of the many questions remaining about nodding syndrome concerns the common presence or otherwise of neurological features other than seizures—clearly relevant to the core issue of whether this is a focal, primary epileptic disease, or a multi-system CNS disorder, with, in turn implications for its aetiology. We had the opportunity to interview and clinically to examine 57 affected individuals in rural northern Uganda some 10 years after onset. In this observational cross-sectional study, nodding onset was invariably between the ages of 5 and 14, presenting with food-triggered nodding attacks in over 75% of cases; 86% went on to develop other seizure types. In 53 of 57 nodding syndrome individuals (93%), there was a definite history of the child and his or her family having resided in or been fed from an internally displaced person camp for some time prior to the onset of nodding. A half of nodding syndrome sufferers (28/57) had focal neurological abnormalities—mainly pyramidal signs (92%), often asymmetric, some with extrapyramidal abnormalities. Many individuals (28/57) were severely functionally disabled, ranging from ‘sometimes can dig’ to ‘can do nothing at home’ or ‘cannot even feed herself’. Such sufferers tended more frequently to have significant burns, and clear cognitive impairment. We conclude that nodding syndrome is a unique multisystem CNS disorder of childhood onset and then slow progression over several years often followed by spontaneous stabilisation, consistent with an underlying self-limiting neurodegenerative process. We discuss the possibility that this might be triggered by food-related mycotoxins, within a fixed window of CNS vulnerability during childhood.
Nasal Spray of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 35B5 Confers Potential Prophylaxis Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern: A Small-Scale Clinical Trial
Authors: Lin Yao , Yue Shuai , Yang Yang , Yang Sen , Pan Zhiwei , Yang Xiaofan , Gao Leiqiong , Zhou Jing , Li Zhirong , Hu Li , Tang Jianfang , Wu Qing , Lei Shun , Tian Qin , Wang Yifei , Hao Yaxing , Xu Lifan , Huang Qizhao , Zhu Bo , Chen Yaokai , Chen Xiangyu , Ye Lilin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs), especially the Delta and Omicron variants, have been reported to show significant resistance to approved neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccines. We previously identified a mAb named 35B5 that harbors broad neutralization to SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Herein, we explored the protection efficacy of a 35B5-based nasal spray against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in a small-scale clinical trial.

Methods
We enrolled 30 healthy volunteers who were nasally administered the modified 35B5 formulation. At 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after nasal spray, the neutralization efficacy of nasal mucosal samples was assayed with pseudoviruses coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of the wild-type strain or the Alpha, Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants.

Results
The nasal mucosal samples collected within 24 hours after nasal spray effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 VOCs (including Delta and Omicron). Meanwhile, the protection efficacy was 60% effective and 20% effective at 48 and 72 hours after nasal spray, respectively.

Conclusions
A single nasal spray of 35B5 formation conveys 24-hour effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including the Alpha, Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants. Thus, 35B5 nasal spray might be potential in strengthening SARS-CoV-2 prevention, especially in high-risk populations.

Clinical Trials Registration
2022-005-02-KY.
Contribution of Reinfection to Annual Rate of Tuberculosis Infection (ARI) and Incidence of Tuberculosis Disease
Authors: Horsburgh C Robert , Jo Youngji , Nichols Brooke , Jenkins Helen E , Russell Colin A , White Laura F 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Modeling studies have concluded that 60–80% of tuberculosis (TB) infections result from reinfection of previously infected persons. The annual rate of infection (ARI), a standard measure of the risk of TB infection in a community, may not accurately reflect the true risk of infection among previously infected persons. We constructed a model of infection and reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to explore the predictive accuracy of ARI and its effect on disease incidence.

Methods
We created a deterministic simulation of the progression from TB infection to disease and simulated the prevalence of TB infection at the beginning and end of a theoretical year of infection. We considered 10 disease prevalence scenarios ranging from 100/100 000 to 1000/100 000 in simulations where TB exposure probability was homogeneous across the whole simulated population or heterogeneously stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups. ARI values, rates of progression from infection to disease, and the effect of multiple reinfections were obtained from published studies.

Results
With homogeneous exposure risk, observed ARI values produced expected numbers of infections. However, when heterogeneous risk was introduced, observed ARI was seen to underestimate true ARI by 25–58%. Of the cases of TB disease that occurred, 36% were among previously infected persons when prevalence was 100/100 000, increasing to 79% of cases when prevalence was 1000/100 000.

Conclusions
Measured ARI underestimates true ARI as a result of heterogeneous population mixing. The true force of infection in a community may be greater than previously appreciated. Hyperendemic communities likely contribute disproportionally to the global TB disease burden.
A Descriptive Qualitative Study of Foreign Caregivers of Older Adult Stroke Survivors
Authors: Septi Mauludina Yosika , Yeni Kustanti Christina , Fields Beth E , Chang Feng-Hang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
With a growing aging stroke population and the changing structure of the society, the demand for foreign caregivers has rapidly increased in Taiwan and many other developed countries. However, little is known regarding the perception, values, and abilities of foreign caregivers and how those may influence their quality of care. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of Indonesian foreign caregivers, the largest migrant working population in Taiwan, who reside with and provide support to older adults with stroke and their families.

Research Design and Methods
By adopting a descriptive qualitative approach, we conducted semistructured interviews with 22 Indonesian caregivers (mean age: 36 years) who were providing care to community-dwelling older stroke survivors (age ≥ 65 years) in Taiwan. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis.

Results
Six themes were constructed from the interviews: (a) foreign caregiver’s background, (b) foreign caregiver’s perception of the health and functional status of stroke survivors, (c) foreign caregiver’s values and preferences, (d) consequences of caring for stroke survivors, (e) skills/abilities/knowledge of foreign caregivers to provide stroke survivors with required care, and (f) potential resources that foreign caregivers can use.

Discussion and Implications
Foreign caregivers described the positive and negative aspects of caring for stroke survivors. Differences in language, religion, culture, values, and expectations between foreign caregivers and stroke survivors influence the caregiving experience. These findings can help Taiwan and other developed countries to better support foreign caregivers providing critical care to older adults with stroke and their families.
The Costs and Benefits of Environmental Memory for Reef-Building Corals Coping with Recurring Marine Heatwaves
Authors: Brown Kristen T , Barott Katie L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Marine heatwaves are occurring more frequently as climate change intensifies, resulting in global mass coral bleaching events several times per decade. Despite the time between marine heatwaves decreasing, there is evidence that reef-building corals can develop increased bleaching resistance across repetitive marine heatwaves. This phenomenon of acclimatization via environmental memory may be an important strategy to ensure coral persistence; however, we still understand very little about the apparent acclimatization or, conversely, sensitization (i.e., stress accumulation or weakening) of reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves and its implications for the trajectory and resilience of coral reefs. Here, we highlight that not only will some corals become stress hardened via marine heatwaves, but many other individuals will suffer sensitization during repeat heatwaves that further exacerbates their stress response during repeat events and depresses fitness. Under current and predicted climate change, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the acclimatization vs. sensitization trajectories of different species and individuals on the reef, as well as identify whether changes in bleaching susceptibility relates to physiological acclimatization, trade-offs with other biological processes, and ultimately coral persistence in the Anthropocene.
TECHNICAL NOTE: Analysis of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a dimethyl carbonate extraction
Authors: Foote Andrew P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Analysis of rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (VFA) is typically conducted by injecting acidified aqueous rumen fluid into a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID). Aqueous samples are highly problematic because of the large vapor volume that can lead to poor peak shape and contamination of inlets, potentially causing sample carryover. Methods using aqueous samples are not well suited for use in a mass spectrometer (MS) detector system. The objective of this project was to validate a dimethyl carbonate (DMC) extraction process and GCMS method for rumen VFA analysis. To perform the extraction, 100 µL of sample, KHSO4 (500 g/L), and 2-ethylbutyrate (internal standard; 8.5 mM) were added to a microcentrifuge tube (in order) followed by 1 mL of DMC. The mixture was thoroughly vortexed and centrifuged. The organic layer (top) was removed and placed in a GC vial. The DMC extract was injected (0.5 µL) into an Agilent 5977B GCMS (8:1 split injection) with a polar DB-FFAP column. The column was held at 105 °C for 5 min, increased at 10 °C/min to 150 °C, then 65 °C/min to 240 °C, and held constant for 10 min. The peak area of acetate relative to the internal standard is linear from approximately 2 mM to at least 130 mM and encompasses the expected values of rumen concentrations for the other VFA. Recovery of VFA from spiked rumen fluid was tested at three concentrations in rumen fluid from steers fed a finishing diet or grazing wheat pasture. Recovery was not affected by the diet of the animals (P &gt; 0.10) or the amount of VFA spiked (P &gt; 0.19) for acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, or butyrate. There was an interaction of amount of VFA spiked and the diet of the animal (P = 0.021) for valerate and a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.051) for isovalerate, due to the recovery of the VFA being lower in the medium spike amount in rumen fluid from cattle on wheat pasture. Overall, recovery was greatest for propionate (101.9 ± 1.67%) and lowest for valerate (95.7 ± 1.95%). Including the 10-min hold at 240 °C at the end of each run prevented carryover from sample to sample. This method appears to perform well in a GCMS system and accurately and precisely quantifies rumen fluid VFA.
Patient Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated With Saturday Breast Imaging Clinic Utilization
Authors: Miles Randy C , Lehman Constance D , Chou Shinn-Huey S , Sohn Young-Jin , Guerrier Claude E , Wang Gary X , Narayan Anand K 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective
To determine patient sociodemographic characteristics associated with breast imaging utilization on Saturdays to inform potential initiatives designed to improve access and reduce disparities in breast cancer care.

Methods
This was an IRB-approved retrospective cross-sectional study. All adult women (aged ≥18 years) who received a screening or diagnostic examination at our breast imaging facility from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017 were included. Patient characteristics including age, race, primary language, partnership status, insurance status, and primary care physician status were collected using the electronic medical record. Multiple variable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate patient characteristics associated with utilization.

Results
Of 53 695 patients who underwent a screening examination and 10 363 patients who underwent a diagnostic examination over our study period, 9.6% (5135/53 695) and 2.0% (209/10 363) of patients obtained their respective examination on a Saturday. In our multiple variable logistic regression analyses, racial/ethnic minorities (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–1.6; P &lt; 0.01) and women who speak English as a second language (OR, 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0–1.3; P = 0.03) were more likely to obtain their screening mammogram on Saturday than their respective counterparts.

Conclusion
Racial/ethnic minorities and women who speak English as a second language were more likely to obtain their screening mammogram on Saturdays than their respective counterparts. Initiatives to extend availability of breast imaging exams outside of standard business hours increases access for historically underserved groups, which can be used as a tool to reduce breast cancer–related disparities in care.