bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Enzymatic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation by Engineered Escherichiacoli Cells under Non‐Growing Conditions
Authors: Walton Adam Z. , Stewart Jon D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEconomical methods of supplying NADPH must be developed before biotransformations involving this cofactor can be considered for large‐scale applications. We have studied the enzymatic Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone as a model for this class of reactions and developed a simple approach that uses whole, non‐growing Escherichia coli cells to provide high productivity (0.79 g ϵ‐caprolactone/L/h ≡ 18 μmol ϵ‐caprolactone/min/g dcw) and an 88% yield. Glucose supplied the reducing equivalents for this process, and no exogenous cofactor was required. The volumetric productivity of non‐growing cells was an order of magnitude greater than that achieved with growing cells of the same strain. Cells of an engineered E. coli strain that overexpresses Acinetobacter sp. cyclohexanone monooxygenase were grown under inducing conditions in rich medium until the entry to stationary phase; the subsequent cyclohexanone oxidation was carried out in minimal salts medium lacking a nitrogen source. After the biotransformation was complete, the lactone product was adsorbed to a solid support and recovered by washing with an organic solvent.
System validation and work practice efficiency gains of a new localization method for stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Ebert Martin A , Herbert Clare E , Spry Nigel A , Harper Chris S , Perry Adrian M. , Poller John , Whittall David , Taylor Russell , Wilkinson Steve , Joseph David J 
Published: July 2002

SUMMARYThe increased procedural demands of stereotactic localization techniques when compared with conventional treatment practices reduces machine efficiency, an outcome likely to be greatly magnified by the introduction of fractionation to stereotactic techniques. Currently in Australia and New Zealand there are no guidelines for the definition of efficiency. We sought to devise a system to simultaneously validate the accuracy and efficiency of the technique. The frameless relocation methods employed in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek (MSD) stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) system were studied in the clinical setting. Accuracy has been determined according to the accumulation of errors throughout the planning and treatment process. The clinical demands of the system (staffing and resources) were analysed relative to conventional treatment approaches. Timing studies indicate a mean time of 19.7 min for treatment of a daily SRT fraction (4–5 arcs, single isocentre). Cost and staffing requirements are similar to those for conventional radiotherapy. It is concluded that with the system used, SRT is efficient for routine clinical implementation, with the level of efficiency increasing with increasing patient numbers. It is recommended that a common acceptance standard be developed to allow cross‐institutional comparison of the clinical efficiency of new treatment techniques.
Collaborative Tasks, Collaborative Children: An analysis of reciprocity during peer interaction at Key Stage 1
Authors: Ogden Lynn 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe introduction of Literacy and Numeracy Hours in primary schools requires children to work with their peers in pairs or groups. Peer collaboration requires reciprocal interaction as children share ideas and gain a joint conception of what they are trying to achieve. This article examines the reciprocal nature of contributions made by 36 pairs of infant school peers as they worked together on shared tasks in the classroom. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to examine the frequency and length of sequences of responsive turns. Findings indicate that whilst pairs of Reception and Year 1 children demonstrate a similar level of reciprocal interaction, Year 2 children were significantly more responsive and demonstrated a greater capacity for extended reciprocal interaction. The findings are discussed in relation to children's developing ability to collaborate and the implications this might have for group work in the classroom.
Cytokine secretion by decidual lymphocytes in transient hypertension of pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Wilczyński Jacek R. , Tchórzewski Henryk , Głowacka Ewa , Banasik Małgorzata , Lewkowicz Przemyslaw , Szpakowski Marian , Zeman Krzysztof , Wilczyński Jan 
Published: July 2002

Background: Transient hypertension (TH) and pre‐eclampsia (PE) are believed to have different patho‐physiology. However, 15‐25% of pregnant women initially diagnosed as having TH develop PE. To clarify the immuno‐pathogenetical connections between the two syndromes, we studied the pattern of T helper cell (Th)1/Th2 cytokine balance disturbances existing inside maternal decidua in normal pregnancy (NP) and pregnancies complicated with TH and PE.Methods: Third‐trimester decidual tissue was obtained by curettage of uterine cavity during elective caesarean sections in NP
(n = 11), TH (n = 17) and PE (n = 21) patients. Cell suspensions were prepared by an electromechanical dispersal method and centrifugated using a standard gradient sedimentation technique. Isolated lymphocytes were placed in medium (RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum, L‐glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin) and cultured for 72 h with or without mitogen phytohaemaglutinine (PHA). The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method was used for estimation of interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12 and interferon‐γ (IFNγ) in culture supernatant.Statistical analysis: The Kruskal‐Wallis and the Mann‐Whitney U tests were used (p < 0.05).Results: Both spontaneous and PHA‐stimulated secretion of Th2‐type cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 was decreased in PE patients compared with TH and NP patients. The concentration of Th1‐type cytokine IFNγ was increased in patients suffering both from TH and PE.Conclusion: On the base of decidual cytokine secretion, both PE and TH are syndromes of local Th1/Th2 cytokine balance disturbances as compared with NP, and TH seems to be an intermediate step to PE.
Autocrine Transforming Growth Factor‐β Growth Pathway in MurineOsteosarcoma Cell Lines Associated with Inability to AffectPhosphorylation of Retinoblastoma Protein
Authors: Navid Fariba , Letterio John J. , Yeung Choh L. , Pegtel Michiel , Helman Lee J. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Production of active transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β )
by human osteosarcoma may contribute to malignant progression through mechanisms
that include induction of angiogenesis, immune suppression and autocrine growth
stimulation of tumor cell growth.To study events associated with induction of cell proliferation
by TGF‐β , we have evaluated the TGF‐β pathway in two murine osteosarcoma cell lines, K7
and K12.Results. Northern and immunohistochemical analyses show that each cell
line expressesTGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 mRNA and protein. Both cell lines secrete activeTGF‐β 1
and display a 30–50% reduction in growth when cultured in the presence of a TGF‐β blocking
antibody. Expression of TGF‐β receptors TβRI, TβRII and TβRIII is demonstrated by affinity
labeling with  125I
‐TGF‐β 1, and the intermediates, Smads 2, 3 and 4, are uniformly expressed.
Smads 2 and 3 are phosphorylated in response toTGF‐β , while pRb phosphorylation in each
osteosarcoma cell line is not affected by either exogenousTGF‐β or TGF‐β antibody.Conclusions. The data implicate events downstream of Smad activation,
including impaired regulation of pRb, in the lack of a growth inhibitory response toTGF‐β ,
and indicate that this murine model of osteosarcoma is valid for investigating the roles of
autocrineTGF‐β in vivo.
The Location and Appearance of Second Malignancies in Patients With Bilateral Retinoblastoma
Authors: Rubin Carole Z. , Rosenfield Nancy S. , Abramson Sara J. , Abramson David H. , Dunkel Ira J. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. This paper describes the clinical history and radiographic appearance of second
malignancies in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma.Subjects/methods. The imaging studies and clinical data of 14 patients with a history of
bilateral retinoblastoma who were treated for second malignancies were reviewed.Results. A total of 17 tumors were identified in 14 patients during the period 1978–1996. The median age of occurrence
of the second malignancy was 17 years (range 10–32 years). Fourteen of the 17 malignancies occurred in the facial
structures and three developed in the lower extremities. The histologies included osteosarcoma (n = 5), malignant fibrous
histiocytoma (n = 3), high‐grade spindle cell sarcoma (n = 3), malignant mesenchymoma
(n = 1), leiomyosarcoma (n = 4) and angiosarcoma
(n = 1). The tumors were locally aggressive and had a similar appearance to those found
in nonretinoblastoma patients. Six of the 14 patients are alive and disease free.Discussion. Most of the adolescent and young adult retinoblastoma survivors developed second malignancies in the
irradiated facial structures but some occurred in distal sites. Radiologically, these tumors do not differ in appearance from
those seen in non‐retinoblastoma patients with the exception of their location.
Simultaneous Epstein Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus Infection Accompanied by Leiomyomatous Change in a Well‐Differentiated Liposarcoma in a Patient With Long‐Term Corticosteroid Treatment
Authors: Sars Paul R. A. , Molenaar Willemina M. , Koudstaal Jan , Hoekstra Harald J. 
Published: July 2002

Patient. A 59‐year‐old woman presented with a large tumour of the abdominal wall. She had been
taking corticosteroids for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 15 years. On CT scan the tumour had the characteristics of
lipomatous tissue with a dense core.Results. Histology showed a well‐differentiated liposarcoma with a core of benign fibroleiomyomatous differentiation.
Within the core, a third component was observed, characterized by more pleomorphism and the presence of an
inflammatory infiltrate. In this component, immunoperoxidase stains and in situ hybridization demonstrated cytomegalovirus
(CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in large and small cells, respectively.Discussion. Long‐term corticosteroid use for pulmonary disease may extend the list of immunosuppressed states
associated with the development of leiomyomatous tumours with EBV infection, previously described in AIDS patients
and liver transplant recipients. The role of CMV is uncertain.
On the problem of linearization for state-dependent delay differential equations
Authors: Cooke Kenneth , Huang Wenzhang 
Published: July 2002

The local stability of the equilibrium for a general class of state-dependent delay equations of the form
\[

x
˙

(
t
)
=
f

(

x
t

,

∫

−

r
0

0

d
η
(
s
)
g
(

x
t

(
−
τ
(

x
t

)
+
s
)
)
)

\dot x(t)=f\left (x_t, \int ^0_{-r_0}\,d\eta (s)g(x_t(-\tau (x_t)+s))\right )

\]
has been studied under natural and minimal hypotheses. In particular, it has been shown that generically the behavior of the state-dependent delay

τ
\tau

(except the value of

τ
)

\tau )

near an equilibrium has no effect on the stability, and that the local linearization method can be applied by treating the delay

τ
\tau

as a constant value at the equilibrium.
Unsupervised classification of noisy chromosomes
Authors: Chan Tony Y. T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Almost all methods of chromosome recognition assume supervised training; i.e. we are given correctly classified chromosomes to start the training phase. Noise, if any, is confined only in the representation of the chromosomes and not in the classification of the chromosomes. During the recognition phase, the problem is simply to calculate the string edit distance of the unknowns to the representatives chosen from the training phase and classify the unknowns accordingly.
Results: In this paper, a general method to tackle the difficult unsupervised induction problem is described. The success of the method is demonstrated by showing how the inductive agent learns weights in a dynamic manner that allows it to distinguish between noisy median and telocentric chromosomes without knowing their proper labels. The process of learning is characterized as the process of finding the right distance function, i.e. the distance function that can nicely separate the classes.
Contact: t-chan@u-aizu.ac.jp
Conservation translocations from the ‘Global Reintroduction Perspectives’ series: Disease and other biological problems
Authors: Beckmann Katie M. , Soorae Pritpal S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conservation translocations, defined as population reinforcement, reintroduction, assisted colonization or ecological replacement, have become a popular tool in efforts to restore wildlife populations and their wider ecosystems. Given that conservation translocations remain challenging to undertake, and positive outcomes are not guaranteed, we should maximize opportunities to learn from the outcomes of previous projects.
Case studies of animal and plant conservation translocation published in the first six volumes (2008–2018) of the IUCN/SSC's ‘Global Reintroduction Perspectives’ series were reviewed. Alongside project metadata, the following self‐reported information was extracted from the case studies: select project strategies and methods; information relating to any mortality, ill‐health or poor fecundity; and health management practices.
Two hundred and ninety‐five of the 351 case studies clearly described a discrete conservation translocation initiative for which releases were underway or complete at their time of publication. Sixty per cent of these 295 case studies were reintroductions. Mammals were the most commonly translocated taxon (29% of case studies), and projects were most often conducted in Oceania, Western Europe or North America or the Caribbean.
The data set presents information on disease and other biological problems self‐reported in these conservation translocation case studies. It can inform health and wider management planning for future conservation translocation projects.
Manipulating and Optimizing the Hierarchically Porous Electrode Structures for Rapid Mass Transport in Solid Oxide Cells
Authors: Hou Mingyang , Pan Yuxin , He Fan , Xu Kang , Zhang Hua , Zhou Yucun , Zhao Bote , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOver the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to develop hierarchically porous electrodes for the high surface area, the fast velocity of fuels/products to/away from the reaction site, and the high loading of thermal‐ and/or electrochemical‐ catalysts. Manipulation of the hierarchical structure is one of the key steps for high performance in applications of efficient energy storage and conversion such as solid oxide cells. This review starts with a brief introduction to the basic concept of mass transport and how mass transport may affect performance. Then, the latest developments in enhancing the performance of cells through modification or optimization of the hierarchically porous electrode structures, including altering the geometry or morphology and increasing the triple‐phase boundaries length of electrodes are summarized. Subsequently, the unique characteristics of microstructures that are critical to enhancing electrode performance and provide important insights into the mechanisms of performance (activity and durability) enhancement, aiming at achieving the rational design of better electrode architecture are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges for the knowledge‐based design of highly efficient electrodes for electrochemical devices, together with possible directions and future perspectives for the development of highly efficient electrodes through optimization of microstructure are discussed.
Nanopatterning on Mixed Halide Perovskites for Promoting Photocurrent Generation of Flexible Photodetector
Authors: Chun Do Hyung , Kim Seongchan , Park Jumi , Lee SunJe , Kim Wook , Lee Jung Hwan , Rhee Ryan , Kim Tae Gyun , Choi Dae Geun , Choi Dukhyun , Kim Dongho , Cho Jeong Ho , Park Jong Hyeok 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNanoimprinting lithography (NIL) technique is widely utilized for nanostructure engineering of soft materials. Owing to the soft organic/inorganic hybrid nature, the optical and crystallographic properties of halide perovskites (HPs) are improved by the NIL process. However, the wide application of NIL into various HPs has lagged. Herein, a defect‐free nanopatterned‐(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 (NP‐FAMA) film is successfully developed via optimized NIL. As surface energy is a key parameter to be controlled for accomplishing NIL process, trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane (CF3(CF2)5CH2CH2SiCl3) treatment on polymeric mold, which prevents the peeling‐off problem. Along with surface morphology modification, NP‐FAMA exhibits enhanced crystallographic and photophysical properties. The photoresponsivity of NP‐FAMA‐based photodetectors outperforms bare (b‐) FAMA‐based devices. Surprisingly, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the NP‐FAMA‐based devices dramatically increases to 225%, photomultiplication (PM), under 1 nW illumination without any charge‐injecting materials. To clarify these PM phenomena, the trap‐assisted PM mechanism is suggested as a model system for promoting photocurrent generation of HPs that is supported by PL analysis.
An Aqueous Analog MAC Machine
Authors: Jung Woo‐Bin , Jung Han Sae , Wang Jun , Hinton Henry , Fournier Maxime , Horgan Adrian , Godron Xavier , Nicol Robert , Ham Donhee 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsing ions in aqueous milieu for signal processing, like in biological circuits, may potentially lead to a bioinspired information processing platform. Studies, however, have focused on individual ionic diodes and transistors rather than circuits comprising many such devices. Here a 16 × 16 array of new ionic transistors is developed in an aqueous quinone solution. Each transistor features a concentric ring electrode pair with a disk electrode at the center. The electrochemistry of these electrodes in the solution provides the basis for the transistor operation. The ring pair electrochemically tunes the local electrolytic concentration to modulate the disk's Faradaic reaction rate. Thus, the disk current as a Faradaic reaction to the disk voltage is gated by the ring pair. The 16 × 16 array of these transistors performs analog multiply–accumulate (MAC) operations, a computing modality hotly pursued for low‐power artificial neural networks. This exploits the transistor's operating regime where the disk current is a multiplication of the disk voltage and a weight parameter tuned by the ring pair gating. Such disk currents from multiple transistors are summated in a global reference electrode to complete a MAC task. This ionic circuit demonstrating analog computing is a step toward sophisticated aqueous ionics.
Construction of Ultrathin S‐Scheme Heterojunctions of Single Ni Atom Immobilized Ti‐MOF and BiVO4 for CO2 Photoconversion of nearly 100% to CO by Pure Water
Authors: Zhao Lina , Bian Ji , Zhang Xianfa , Bai Linlu , Xu Linyao , Qu Yang , Li Zhijun , Li Yuxin , Jing Liqiang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo rationally design single‐atom metal–organic framework (MOF)‐involving photocatalysts remains an ongoing challenge for efficient CO2 conversion. Here, cuppy microstructures, consisting of a Ti(IV)‐oxo node and three linked carboxylic moieties, in the single‐coordination‐layer Ti2(H2dobdc)3 MOF (NTU‐9) are exploited to immobilize abundant single Ni(II) sites (Ni@MOF). The coupling of Ni@MOF with BiVO4 (BVO) nanosheets by H‐bonding‐induced assembly process obtains wide‐spectrum 2D heterojunctions. The optimal heterojunction exhibits competitive performance and enables around 66‐fold CO2 conversion of that for BVO nanoparticles by pure water, with nearly 100% CO selectivity. The exceptional photoactivity is attributed to favorable S‐scheme charge transfer from BVO to MOF then to single Ni(II) sites. Noteworthily, single Ni(II) sites anchored by the Ti(IV)‐oxo node and vicinal carboxylic moieties serving as a unique local microenvironment (LME) are found to synergistically catalyze CO2 conversion. Specifically, the hydroxyl groups of carboxylic moieties can form H‐bonds with CO2 to promote its adsorption on single Ni(II) sites, and also can provide accessible protons to facilitate H‐assisted CO2 reduction. Moreover, the CO desorption and subsequent CO2 adsorption on single Ni(II) sites with LME is proved to be thermodynamically favored, and hence dominates the high CO selectivity. This work highlights the significance of modulating the LME of single atoms to rationally design photocatalysts for realizing carbon neutralization.
A Zinc‐Ion Battery‐Type Self‐Powered Pressure Sensor with Long Service Life
Authors: Zhang Qixiang , Lei Dandan , Liu Nishuang , Liu Zunyu , Ren Ziqi , Yin Jianyu , Jia Peixue , Lu Wenzhong , Gao Yihua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccurate and continuous pressure signal detection without external power supply is a key technology to realize the miniaturization of wearable electronic equipment, the internet of things, and artificial intelligence. However, it is difficult to be achieved by using current sensor technologies. Here, a new one‐body strategy, i.e., zinc‐ion battery pressure (ZIB‐P) sensor technology, which designs the rechargeable solid‐state ZIB itself as a flexible pressure sensor is reported. In the device, an isolation layer is introduced into the sandwich configuration solid‐state battery to realize the change of device internal resistance by pressure during the transformation of the mechanical signal to the electrical signal. This battery pressure sensor possesses good flexibility, fast response/recovery time (76.0/88.0 ms), stable long‐term response, excellent cycle stability (100 000 times), and wide pressure detection range (2.0 to 3.68 × 105 Pa). Especially, the excellent charge–discharge performance in the ZIB‐P sensor endows it with the real‐time detection ability of human vital signs (pulse, limb movement, etc.) and ultrahigh stability without degradation even under 100 000 times pressure stimulation. The ZIB‐P sensor strategy provides a new solution for the future development of miniaturized wearable electronic devices.
MoSe2–VSe2–NbSe2 Ternary Alloy Nanosheets to Boost Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kwon Ik Seon , Kwak In Hye , Zewdie Getasew Mulualem , Lee Seung Jae , Kim Ju Yeon , Yoo Seung Jo , Kim Jin‐Gyu , Park Jeunghee , Kang Hong Seok 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlloying of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is a pioneering method for engineering electronic structures with expanded applications. In this study, MoSe2–VSe2–NbSe2 ternary alloy nanosheets are synthesized via a colloidal reaction. The composition is successfully tuned over a wide range to adjust the 2H–1T phase transition. The alloy nanosheets consist of miscible atomic structures at all compositions, which is distinct from immiscible binary alloys. Compared to each binary alloy, the ternary alloys display higher electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an acidic electrolyte. The HER performance exhibits a volcano‐type composition dependence, which is correlated with the experimental d‐band center (εd). Spin‐polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations consistently predict the homogenous atomic distributions. The Gibbs free energy of H adsorption (ΔGH*) and the activation barrier (Ea) support that miscible ternary alloying greatly enhances the HER performance.