bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene Glycol Induced Water Stress Effects on Apple Seedlings. I. Methodology, Water Consumption, and Dry Matter Production1
Authors: Gergely I. , Korcak R. F. , Faust M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown in the greenhouse under a range of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic potential stresses up to −7.5 bars. Water use by seedlings (ml water consumed/dm2 leaf area) responded to ambient temperature fluctuations after 4 days in the solution. During the first 4 days after initiation of the stress, no response was obtained indicating that the seedlings were undergoing an “adaptation period.” Plants receiving higher osmotic stresses were less able to respond to ambient temperature fluctuations as measured by transpiration. Transpiration rate decreased as osmotic stress was increased. PEG-induced osmotic water stress and water stress in soil were compared, the latter by letting the soil mass dry out. Comparable transpiration rates from the 2 methods, when plotted, showed that PEG-induced osmotic stresses of −0.5 and −4.0 bar were equivalent to greenhouse potting soil at 75% of field capacity and approaching the wilting point, respectively. It was concluded that the PEG-induced water stress was similar to water stress in soil, thus PEG-induced stress can be used in experiments with apples to study various effects of water stress. Use of a freezing point depression osmometer in determining solution osmotic potentials of PEG-modified solutions is described.
Effect of Plant Age on Callus Growth, Plant Regeneration, and Anther Culture of Geranium1
Authors: Hammerschlag F. , Bottino P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Callus cultures from 2-week, 2-month, and 2-year-old Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey cv. Sprinter on modified Linsmaier and Skoog medium supplemented with various concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), while anthers from 2-month and 2-year old plants were cultured on a separate medium. Fresh weight increases of callus which were measured 1, 2, and 3 weeks after plating stem explants were ×13.4, ×22.9, and ×39.0 for 2-week-old seedlings; ×4.8, ×7.1, and ×l9.0 for 2-month old plants; and ×3.5, 5.9, and ×19.5 for 2-year-old plants. Only callus from explants of 2-week-old seedlings regenerated shoots and roots after 6-8 weeks on medium containing 0.2 mg/liter NAA and 2.0 mg/liter kinetin. An average of 11.2% of ‘Sprinter’ anthers from flowers on 2-month-old plants yielded callus, whereas only 2% of anthers from 2-year-old plants yielded callus.
Effects of Low Temperature, Cooling Rate, and Moisture Content on Seed Germination of Lettuce1
Authors: Roos Eric E. , Stanwood Phillip C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of 5 cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were adjusted to moisture contents between 5 and 22% and subjected to temperatures of 5, -18, -70, and -196°C (liquid nitrogen) for 7 days. Seeds with moisture contents up to 18% were not damaged by either -18 or -196°C; however, the -70°C treatment resulted in loss of germination even with seeds containing as little as 16% moisture. Seeds held at 5°C showed no loss in viability. The loss in germination at -70°C appeared to be related to cooling rate. High moisture (18 to 20%) seeds were cooled to -196°C at different rates from 1 to 200°C/min. Germination was reduced in seeds cooled at rates slower than 25°C/min. At 200°C/min cooling rate and 18 to 20% seed moisture both germination and root growth occurred although at reduced levels compared with control seeds held at 5°C. Prolonged storage (33 days) in liquid nitrogen of rapidly frozen high moisture lettuce seeds did not result in further loss of germination after the initial freezing to -196°C.
Softening and Ripening of ‘d’Anjou’ Pears as Influenced by Simulated Transit Temperatures1
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Chen P. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) harvested at optimum maturity with flesh firmness of 6.4 kg were stored at -1.1°C for 3 months before being subjected to different intermittent and simulated transit temperatures. Fruit held for 3 days at 1.7 or 7.2°C did not soften significantly at transit temperature of -1.1°C for 4 weeks, whereas fruit held for 3 days at 12.8°C softened from 6.0 kg to 4.0 kg after 4 weeks at -1.1°C. After 4 weeks at 1.7°C, fruit held for 3 days at all intermittent temperatures softened 5.0-3.5 kg. Simulated transit temperatures above 7.2°C caused softening to less than 2.5 kg within 3 weeks. The additive effects of brief intermittent and 4-week simulated transit temperatures indicated that the higher the temperature, the more softening of ‘d’Anjou’ pears occurred. Fruit held for 3 days at 1.7, 7.2, or 12.8°C and 4 weeks at -1.1 or 1.7°C softened rapidly to 1 kg within 8 days in the ripening environment at 20°C, in conjunction with accelerated rates of respiration and ethylene production. However, softening preceded climacteric rises in ethylene and respiration of fruit kept 4 weeks at -1.1°C.
Ethylene Production by ‘Valencia’ Peel Explants Treated with Abscission-accelerating Compounds1
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. , Bausher Michael G. , Biggs R. Hilton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production in peel explants of ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release) was similar in pattern to ethylene production by whole fruits treated with the chemical. Smaller amounts of ethylene were produced by untreated peel explants. Explants from fruit harvested in October and March showed similar patterns of ethylene evolution when untreated and when Release was applied. The response to this chemical was localized in the flavedo. Ethylene production was dependent on temperature in both untreated and Release-treated peel explants, but the ethylene response to the chemical was particularly temperature-dependent. The temperature optimum in both cases was approximately 25°C. Peel disks from regreening fruit generally produced less ethylene than disks from nongreening fruit when Release or glyoxal dioxime (ethanedial dioxime, Pik-Off) was applied. The magnitude of the difference between regreening and nonregreening disks depended on the concentrations of Pik-Off or Release applied.
Alteration of Sex Expression in Cucumber Due to Changes in Temperature, Light Intensity, and Photoperiod1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five pickling cultivars and a breeding line of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown under varying environmental conditions to determine the influence of light and temperature on sex expression. More staminate flowers were produced under 17,200 lux light intensity than 8,600,12,900 or 25,800 lux, whereas more pistillate flowers reached anthesis under the highest 2 light intensities. A gynoecious line, MSU 713-5, produced no staminate flowers under varying light intensities, however gynoecious hybrids did. Altering the length of the photoperiod or red and tarred light exposure at the end of the light period had no influence on sex expression. Few staminate flowers were produced when the plants were grown at a constant 16° or 22°C, but all lines or cultivars produced some staminate flowers at 30°. The largest number of pistillate flowers reached anthesis at 26° or 30°. Temperature influenced sex expression more than light intensity or photoperiod.
Preplant Tillage, Soil Strength, and Root Growth of Turnip Greens1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Threadgill E. D. , Glaze N. C. , Dowler C. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Disc tillage of turnip greens (Brassica campestris L. Rapifera group) caused an abrupt increase in soil strength below tillage depth, which in turn prevented turnip root penetration. Soil strength of 85 N/cm2 on Lakeland sand and 100 N/cm2 on Tifton sandy loam prevented penetration of turnip roots. In general, root fresh and dry weights were unaffected by tillage treatments. Turnip root growth with the disc treatment was shallow, whereas turnips grown with subsoil-bed and subsoil-plant tillages developed deeper root systems. Balanced downward and horizontal turnip root systems were developed with mold-board plow preplant tillage.
Effect of Irrigation and Tree Density on Peach Production1
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Tan C. S. , Fulton J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An experimental peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C) orchard was planted on Fox sand in 1973 at 266, 358 and 536 trees/ha. The plots were either not irrigated or irrigated at a frequency necessary to prevent the available soil moisture (ASM) from falling below 25 or 50%. Irrigation stimulated tree growth in the earlier but not in the later years of the experiment. Growth was reduced by an increase in tree density especially in the later years at the highest density. Only in 50% ASM plots was growth not affected by high tree density. Irrigation (50% ASM) increased cumulative, marketable yields in the first 5 years of production by up to 9.7% while tree density (536 trees/ha) increased similar yields by up to 74.6% without irrigation and up to 99.5% with irrigation (50% ASM + 536 tree/ha). Irrigation consistently improved the proportion of large and medium-sized fruit while reducing the proportion of small, unmarketable fruit. Tree density had a smaller and less consistent influence on fruit size. Neither irrigation nor tree density adversely affected split pits, raw product fruit quality, cold hardiness or canker (Leucostoma spp.) susceptiblity. There were no significant interactions of irrigation and density treatments in any year, indicating that each treatment might be used to advantage without adversely affecting the other, at least in the first 7 years of growth and first 5 years of production.
Sensitivity of Pregerminated Pepper Seed to Low Temperatures1
Authors: Cayer Irwin Christine , Price Hugh C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of storage of pregerminated pepper seed (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Hungarian Wax)at 0°C for 2 to 4 days and 5° for 4 to 21 days on total percent emergence, time to 50% emergence (T50), and tissue viability was examined. An emergence assay at 25°×20° showed that only dry seed and seed held at 0°C for 4 days were slower in emerging than fresh pregerminated seed. Emergence assays at 15°×10° showed that all storage treatments except 5° for 4 days resulted in slower seedling emergence. Dry seed took twice as long to emerge as fresh pregerminated seed at 15°×10°. Percent emergence data and tetrazolium chloride assay results supported the T50 data.
Terrestrial Orchid Seed Germination in Vitro on a Defined Medium1
Authors: Henrich James E. , Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of 29 terrestrial orchid species representing 15 genera were surface sterilized by immersion in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite containing a wetting agent, washed, sown on a completely defined, semisolid embryo culture medium containing macro- and microelements, sucrose, amino acids, and vitamins, and incubated in the dark at 25°C. Six months after sowing, 16 species from 9 genera germinated and continued development while 13 species from 10 genera failed to germinate. Species of Cypripedium, Goodyera, Platanthera and Spiranthes differed in response in that one or more of each germinated and one or more did not. Seedling development was similar for most germinating species and progressed to the formation of a shoot or shoot initial in all but one. Apparently the mycorrhizal association thought to be required for terrestrial orchid seed germination and early seedling development can be replaced with aseptic culture on a completely defined medium for many terrestrial orchids.
Impact-induced Breakdown in Commercially Screened ‘Howes’ Cranberries1
Authors: Massey L. M. , Chase B. R. , Starr M. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Physiological breakdown resulting from impacts due to rough handling occurs following commercial screening of fresh market ‘Howes’ cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Howes.) Development of visible defects from impacted berries frequently involves a lag period of several hours and significant breakdown can occur in impacted berries showing no visible defects as long as 24 hours following impacts.
Agents Influencing Russet on ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Creasy L. L. , Swartz H. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Russet on ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was induced by sprays of butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), Diazinon, superior oil, and by environmental factors. Russet severity was reduced by application of a silicon dioxide formulation and by protecting fruit from environmental conditions by bagging, plastic covers, or by filtering ambient air.
In Vitro Propagation of Hosta decorata ‘Thomas Hogg’ Using Cultured Shoot Tips
Authors: Papachatzi Marietta , Hammer P. Allen , Hasegawa Paul M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips proliferated in vitro were used as explants to determine the effects of various nutrient medium components and environmental conditions on shoot multiplication of Hosta decorata L. H. Bailey ‘Thomas Hogg’. The rate of axillary shoot multiplication was stimulated by the addition of either 0.01 or 0.10 mg×liter α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to medium containing 5 mg×liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) did not promote axillary shoot formation. All 3 auxins were effective in promoting adventitious shoot initiation. In medium with 0.1 mg/liter NAA, BA at 5 mg/liter stimulated a higher number of shoots of axillary origin than did N6-isopentenylaminopurine (2iP) or N6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin). However, equivalent or greater proliferation of adventitious shoots was achieved with 2iP or kinetin. Sucrose was essential for shoot multiplication and 30 g×liter was optimum. Inorganic phosphate (NaH2PO4 · H2O) and adenine sulfate stimulated growth and shoot multiplication while i-inositol, although not essential, enhanced shoot formation at 30 mg×liter. Axillary and adventitious shoot multiplication was optimum under photosynthetkally active radiation (PAR) of 70 or 130µE m-2s-1 at 21°C and under PAR of 70 µE m-2s-1 at 26°C. Rooting of shoots in vitro was obtained on basal medium without growth regulators or on medium containing 0.01 mg/liter NAA, and the plants were successfully established in soil. Plants obtained from culture which had lost leaf margin variegation regained it after receiving a cold room treatment of 3-6°C for 20 weeks.
Studies of Ovipositional Preference of Cabbage Looper on Progenies from a Cross between Cultivated Lettuce and Prickly Lettuce
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , McCreight J. D. , Coudriet D. L. , Whitaker T. W. , Pesho G. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper, Studies of Ovlpositional Preference of Cabbage Looper on Progenies from a Cross between Cultivated Lettuce and Prickly Lettuce by A. N. Kishaba, J. D. McCreight, D. L. Coudriet, T. W. Whitaker, and G. R. Pesho (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 105(6):890–892. 1980), the last sentence of the first paragraph should read: Two of the plant introductions, PI261653 (Lactuca saiigna) and PI274372 (L. serriola) were less preferred as oviposition sites (7). In addition, reference 2 of the literature cited should be deleted and references 3 through 12 should be renumbered 2 to 11 to accurately correspond with citations in the text.
Response of Bell Pepper to Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Plant Population1,2
Authors: Batal K. M. , Smittle D. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In field experiments, yields of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) were obtained by more frequent irrigation, nitrogen topdressings, and increased plant population. The highest marketable yield resulted when sufficient N was added to maintain soil NO3–N levels between 20 (spring) and 30 (fall) ppm. In both seasons, the number of N topdressings was doubled in order to raise the soil NO3–N maintenance levels from 10 to 20 ppm or from 15 to 30 ppm. Yield increases were influenced by frequent irrigation only when additional N was applied to maintain a higher soil NO3–N. Populations greater than 27,000 plants/ha increased marketable yields in spring and fall by 2.8 and 7.1 MT/ha respectively.
The Effects of Sequential Applications of Different Chemical Growth Regulators on Growth and Flowering of F1 Hybrid Geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey)1
Authors: Hamza Ali M. , Koranski David S. , Rogers Marlin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sequential treatment of F1 hybrid geranium seedlings with different kinds and concentrations of chemical growth regulators produced well-proportioned plants with increased numbers of large-sized inflorescences and decreased flowering time compared with controls. (2-Chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat),α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxzphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol) or (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied 2 to 3 weeks after potting caused increased production of branches and closely spaced initiation of several flower buds. These were hastened in growth and development by subsequent applications of gibberellic acid (GA3). Excessive increases in plant height caused by high-concentration GA3 applications were partly controlled by carefully timed second applications of either ancymidol or chlormequat.
The Relationship between Starch Accumulation and Soluble Solids Content of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Dinar M. , Stevens M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The soluble solids content of ripe fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculeutum mill.) is positively associated with starch content early in fruit development. When 14C-sucrose or 14C-glucose were injected, the young fruits of the breeding line LA 1563 contained greater amounts of 14C in starch than those of the cultivars ‘UC 82B’. This, and the larger pool of hexoses in young fruits of ‘UC 82B’, implies that difference in starch synthesis is a primary factor affecting starch levels. The differences between 2 genotypes for fruit respiration and their ability to take up sucrose from an agar medium suggest that starch accumulation is a result of greater sink activity.
Growth Inhibitors in Cucumber Plants and Seeds1
Authors: Lockerman R. H. , Putnam A. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Testa of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. PI 169391) seed contain inhibitor(s) that suppressed germination of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and seedling growth of cucumber. Seed fermentation and/or leaching with distilled water reduced inhibition, while activated charcoal eliminated the toxicity. Inhibitory effects of cucumber seed extracts on cucumber and proso millet germination decreased with maturity of the cucumber seed and fruit. PI 169391 seeds were both autotoxic and allelopathic during early seedling development. Partitioning with organic solvents demonstrated that the toxic compound(s) were polar. Extracts of other seed tissues were non-toxic as were extracts from seed and fruit of ‘Pioneer’ cucumber. Fruit juice extracts from PI 169391 suppressed growth of both cucumber and proso millet.
Influence of Alternating Day and Night Temperatures on Flowering of Freesia hybrida1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss T. , Wilkins H. F. , Hoberg Randy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Freesia hybrida Bailey ‘Moya’, grown from corms and ‘Royal Crown’ from seed flowered when the temperature was 13°C continuously or with 13° during an 8 hour light span or with 13° during a 16 hour dark span both of which were alternated with 24°. Flower quality was poor but marketable on plants treated a 13° light or dark temperature alternated with 24°. Results suggest that the commercial production season could be extended into warm seasons by maintaining 8 hours of inductive temperature (13°) in greenhouses or coolers. Flowering or corm filling did not occur at continuous 24°.
Screening of Carica papaya L. Seedlings for Resistance to Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butl.1
Authors: Mosqueda-Vázquez R. , Aragaki M. , Nakasone H. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Papaya seedlings being tested for resistance to Phytophthora palmivora root rot were inoculated with sporangial suspensions which varied from 0 to 18,000/plant. Mortality counts and disease ratings of seedlings taken 1 month after inoculation showed that: (a) developmental resistance increased as seedlings became older and appeared totally developed by the time seedlings were 2 months old; (b) comparisons among papaya lines inoculated with increasing concentrations of inoculum demonstrated a dosage response; (c) 1-month-old papaya lines inoculated with a uniform concentration of inoculum (5,250 sporangia/plant) could be separated into 3 distinct groups. Line 8, ‘Waimanalo’-23, ‘WaimanaIo’-24, and line 40 were resistant; 45-T22 and ‘Kapoho Solo’ were moderately resistant and ‘Higgins’ was susceptible. The correlation between greenhouse and field mortality was r = 0.955, which supports the reliability of the method.
Components of Processed Watermelon Fruit1
Authors: Crandall Philip G. , Kesterson James W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Watermelon fruit [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsu. and Nakai] cultivar ‘Charleston Grey’ were processed by removing the rind with a knife, separating the juice from the flesh with a screw-type finisher, and concentrating the juice in a high-temperature, short-time evaporator. The yield was 41% juice, 8% pulp, 1% seeds, and 50% rind on a wet-weight basis. The rind was further processed by chopping, treating with lime, and pressing, and then it was dried; 63% of the wet weight of the rind was water that could be removed by mechanical means. The residue, after juice extraction, was made into an animal feed with a nutrient composition of 13% protein, 7% ether extract, 20% fiber, 5% ash, and 51% nitrogen-free extract. Watermelon rind yielded 20% 150-grade pectin, dry-weight basis.
Abaxial Transpiration and Water Loss in Aseptically Cultured Plum1
Authors: Fuchigami L. H. , Cheng T. Y. , Soeldner A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate leaf epicuticular wax of Prunus instititia L. ‘Pixie’ from aseptically cultured plants before and after acclimatization to the greenhouse. Leaves from plants acclimatized for 2 weeks in the greenhouse had more adaxial wax than those from non-acclimatized (culture flask-grown) plants. Acclimatized plants had more adaxial than abaxial wax. No abaxial wax was observed on leaves of non-acclimatized plants. Stomata were present on the abaxial leaf surface only of both acclimatized and non-acclimatized plants. Epicuticular wax layers surrounded guard cells of acclimatized plant leaves but were not present on non-acclimatized plant leaves. Weight changes in non-acclimatized plant leaves coated with silicon rubber on adaxial, abaxial, and both surfaces indicated that excised leaf water loss occurred only through the abaxial surface. Water loss from plants during the acclimatization process thus may be due to abaxial cuticular and stomatal transpiration.
Influence of Tillage System, Plant Spacing, and Nitrogen on Head Weight, Yield, and Nutrient Concentration of Spring Cabbage1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Herron J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spring cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) grown by no-tillage culture yielded less than conventionally tilled plants when grown under the same N treatment and spacing. No-till yields could be compensated somewhat by increasing plant population and N, but head size was generally smaller than for conventionally tilled plants. Large head size was positively correlated with high N content of wrapper leaves in 3 of 4 years, while high Ca was associated with large plants or heads in 2 of 4 years.