bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Rational Use of Antibiotics: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study among People of Nepal
Authors: Khadka Sitaram , Khadka Sulochana , Yadav Gopal Kumar , Giri Santoshi , Sharma Arun , Joshi Rinku , Amgain Kapil 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis research was conducted with the objective to accentuate antimicrobial misuse across knowledge, behaviour and practice domains among general people of Nepal.Materials and MethodsIt was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted among 385 participants in Nepal from February 2022 to May 2022. Statistical analysis was done through SPSS® v21 and MedCalc for Windows v12.3.0. Modified Bloom’s cut-off point was utilized to categorize the participants’ overall knowledge, behaviour, and practice. The chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) using binary logistic regression at 95% CI, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test (r) was calculated wherever appropriate.ResultsMore than three-fifths of the participants (248, 64.42%) demonstrated good behaviour, whereas less than half of the participants showed good knowledge (137, 35.58%) and practice (161, 41.82%) about rational use of antibiotics. Health professionals had higher knowledge (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.70-1.62) and good behaviour (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.27-0.64) than other professions (P-value< 0.05). Those with higher income (≥ 50,000 NRs) had good behaviour (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.65-6.87) and good practice (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.47-4.50) scores than those with less monthly income (P-value< 0.05). Similarly, higher educational degrees viz., master and/or above had good behaviour (OR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.62-6.49) and good practice scores (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.68-3.87). Additionally, there were significant positive correlations between knowledge (K), behaviour (B) and practice (P) scores (r = 0.331 for K & B, r = 0.259 for K & P, and r = 0.618 for B & P respectively; P-value< 0.05).ConclusionsOur findings imply the demand of effective legislature, strict enforcement of the drug act and proper implementation of plans and policies to curb the antibiotic misuse. Lack of execution of existing laws and unawareness of the public lead to extravagant use of antibiotics.
Hands are frequently contaminated with fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cantrell Molly E. , Sylvestre Émile , Wharton Hannah , Scheidegger Rahel , Curchod Lou , Gute David M. , Griffiths Jeffrey , Julian Timothy R , Pickering Amy J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEnteric pathogen infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with the highest disease burden in low-income countries. Hands act as intermediaries in enteric pathogen transmission, transferring enteric pathogens between people and the environment through contact with fomites, food, water, and soil. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of prevalence and concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (i.e.,E. coli, fecal coliform) and enteric pathogens on hands. We identified eighty-four studies, reporting 35,440 observations of hand contamination of people in community or household settings. The studies investigated 44 unique microorganisms, of which the most commonly reported indicators wereE. coliand fecal coliforms. Hand contamination with 12 unique enteric pathogens was reported, with adenovirus and norovirus as the most frequent. MeanE. coliprevalence on hands was 62% [95% CI 40%-82%] and mean fecal coliform prevalence was 66% [95% CI 22%-100%]. Hands were more likely to be contaminated withE. coliin low/lower-middle-income countries (prevalence: 69% [95% CI 48% - 88%]) than in upper-middle/high-income countries (6% [95% CI 2% - 12%]). The review also highlighted the importance of standardizing hand sampling methods, as hand rinsing was associated with greater fecal contamination compared to other sampling methods.
Effect of Stay-at-Home Orders and Other COVID-Related Policies on Trauma Hospitalization Rates and Disparities in the United States: A Statewide Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Strassle Paula D , Kinlaw Alan C , Ko Jamie S , Quintero Stephanie M , Bonilla Jackie , Ponder Madison , María Nápoles Anna , Schiro Sharon E 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo combat the coronavirus pandemic, states implemented several public health policies to reduce infection and transmission. Increasing evidence suggests that these prevention strategies also have had a profound impact on non-COVID healthcare utilization. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of a statewide Stay-at-Home and other COVID-related policies on trauma hospitalizations, stratified by race/ethnicity, age, and sex.MethodsWe used the North Carolina Trauma Registry, a statewide registry of trauma hospitalizations to 18 hospitals across North Carolina, including all North Carolina trauma centers, to calculate weekly assault, self-inflicted, unintentional motor vehicle collision (MVC), and other unintentional injury hospitalization rates between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020. Interrupted time-series design and segmented linear regression were used to estimate changes in hospitalizations rates after several COVID-related executive orders, overall and stratified by race/ethnicity, age, and gender. Hospitalization rates were compared after 1) U.S. declaration of a public health emergency; 2) North Carolina statewide Stay-at-Home order; 3) Stay-at-Home order lifted with restrictions (Phase 2: Safer-at-Home); and 4) further lifting of restrictions (Phase 2.5: Safer-at-Home).ResultsThere were 70,478 trauma hospitalizations in North Carolina from 2019-2020. In 2020, median age was 53 years old and 59% were male. Assault hospitalization rates (per 1,000,000 NC residents) increased after the Stay-at-Home order, but only among Black/African American residents (incidence rate difference [IRD]=7.9; other racial/ethnic groups’ IRDs ranged 0.9 to 1.7) and 18-44 year-old males (IRD=11.9; other sex/age groups’ IRDs ranged -0.5 to 3.6). After major restrictions were lifted, assault rates returned to pre-COVID levels. Unintentional injury hospitalizations decreased after the public health emergency, especially among older adults, but returned to 2019 levels within several months.ConclusionsStatewide Stay-at-Home orders put Black/African American residents at higher risk for assault hospitalizations, exacerbating pre-existing disparities. Fear of COVID-19 may have also led to decreases in unintentional non-MVC hospitalization rates, particularly among older adults. Policy makers must anticipate possible negative effects and develop approaches for mitigating harms that may disproportionately affect already disadvantaged communities.
Cryo-electron tomography reveals the multiplex anatomy of condensed native chromatin and its unfolding by histone citrullination
Authors: Jentink Nathan , Purnell Carson , Kable Brianna , Swulius Matthew , Grigoryev Sergei A. 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARYNucleosome chains fold and self-associate to form higher order structures whose internal organization is unknown. Here, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of native human chromatin reveals novel folding motifs such as 1) non-uniform nucleosome stacking, 2) intermittent parallel and perpendicular orientations of adjacent nucleosome planes, and 3) an inverse zigzag nucleosome chain path, which deviates from the direct zigzag topology seen in reconstituted nucleosomal arrays. By examining these self-associated structures, we observed prominent nucleosome stacking in-cis and anti-parallel nucleosome interactions in-trans, which are consistent with partial nucleosome interdigitation. Histone citrullination strongly inhibits nucleosome stacking and self-association with a modest effect on chromatin folding, while the reconstituted arrays showed a zigzag topology which undergoes a dramatic unfolding induced by histone citrullination. This study sheds light on the internal structure of compact chromatin nanoparticles and suggests a novel mechanism for how epigenetic changes in chromatin are retained across both open and condensed forms of chromatin.
Re-emergence of Severe Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in Guangxi, China, 2021
Authors: Sun Yan-kuo , Xing Jia-bao , Xu Zhi-ying , Gao Han , Xu Si-jia , Liu Jing , Zhu Di-hua , Guo Yi-fan , Yang Bin-shuo , Chen Xiong-nan , Zheng Ze-zhong , Wang Heng , Gong Lang , Holmes Edward C. , Zhang Gui-hong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSevere acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has had a major impact on the swine industry in China, but has not been detected since 2019. Using real-time qPCR and metagenomic surveillance we identified SADS-CoV in a pig farm experiencing diarrheal disease. Genomic analysis supported the undetected circulation of SADS-CoV since 2019.
Spatial and temporal muscle synergies provide a dual characterization of low-dimensional and intermittent control of upper-limb movements
Authors: Brambilla Cristina , Atzori Manfredo , Müller Henning , d’Avella Andrea , Scano Alessandro 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMuscle synergy analysis is commonly used for investigating the neurophysiological mechanisms that the central nervous system employs to control muscle activations. In the last two decades, several models have been developed to decompose EMG signals into spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal synergies. However, the presence of different approaches complicates the comparison and interpretation of results. Spatial synergies represent invariant activation weights in muscle groups modulated with variant temporal coefficients, while temporal synergies are based on invariant temporal profiles that coordinate variant muscle weights. While non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) allows to extract both spatial and temporal synergies, temporal synergies and the comparison between the two approaches have been barely investigated and so far no study targeted a large set of multi-joint upper limb movements. Here we present several analyses that highlight the duality of spatial and temporal synergies as a characterization of low-dimensional and intermittent motor coordination in the upper limb, allowing high flexibility and dexterity. First, spatial and temporal synergies were extracted from two datasets representing a comprehensive mapping of proximal (REACH PLUS) and distal (NINAPRO) upper limb movements, focusing on their differences in reconstruction accuracy and inter-individual variability. For both models, we extracted synergies achieving a given level of the goodness of reconstruction (R2), and we compared the similarity of the invariant components across participants. The two models provide a compact characterization of motor coordination at spatial or temporal level, respectively. However, a lower number of temporal synergies are needed to achieve the same R2 with a higher inter-subject similarity. Spatial and temporal synergies may thus capture different levels of motor control. Second, we showed the existence of both spatial and temporal structure in the EMG data, extracting spatial and temporal synergies from a surrogate dataset in which the phases were shuffled preserving the same frequency content of the original data. Last, a detailed characterization of the structure of the temporal synergies suggested that they can be related to an intermittent control of the movement. These results may be useful to improve muscle synergy analysis in several fields such as rehabilitation, prosthesis control and motor control studies.
Kynurenic acid promotes A1 to A2 astrocyte conversion against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
Authors: Lun Jingxian , Li Yubin , Gao Xuefeng , Gong Zelong , Chen Xiaoliang , Zou Jinhu , Zhou Chengxing , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhou Bingliang , Huang Pengwei , Cao Hong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAlthough extensive astrocyte activation is present in the CNS of patients suffering from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), little is known about the contribution of reactive astrocytes to HAND neuropathology. Here, we report that the imbalance between neurotoxic (A1 astrocytes) and protective astrocytes (A2 astrocytes) occurring in HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice impedes the resolution of inflammation in the CNS, perpetuating neuron damage and cognitive deficits. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) inhibitory property, blunts gp120-induced A1 astrocyte activation while promoting A2 astrocyte formation through blockade of α7nAChR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling activation. Meanwhile, we provide evidence that α7nAChR deletion and tryptophan administration convert astrocyte phenotypes, ultimately facilitating neuronal and cognitive improvement in the gp120tg mice. These initial and determinant findings mark a turning point in our understanding of the role of α7nAChR in gp120-mediated astrocyte activation, which opens new opportunities to control reactive astrocyte generation through KYNA and tryptophan administration as a pharmacological approach for treating HAND.
Tetraspanin 4 mediates migrasome formation via a two-stage mechanism
Authors: Dharan Raviv , Huang Yuwei , Cheppali Sudheer Kumar , Goren Shahar , Shendrik Petr , Kozlov Michael M. , Yu Li , Sorkin Raya 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMigrasomes are recently discovered signalling organelles, enriched with tetraspanin proteins (TSPAN)1. They form by local swelling of retraction fibers, the cylindrical protrusions of cell membranes that form as a result of cell migration along external substrates. Migrasomes can grow up to several micrometers in diameter2, and allow cells to release contents such as chemokines at specific locations, hence, transmitting signals to surrounding cells through the relevant chemokine receptors. Recently, evidence emerged showing that migrasomes play essential roles in fundamental cellular processes such transfer of mRNA and proteins3, organ morphogenesis4, and mitochondria quality control5. Thus, understanding the mechanism of migrasome biogenesis is of outstanding importance. Previously, it was established that the molecules crucial for migrasome formation are tetraspanin proteins and cholesterol forming macrodomains in the migrasome membrane, while the physical forces driving local swelling of the retraction fibers originate from membrane tension and bending rigidity1. Yet, it remained unknown how and in which time sequence these factors are involved in migrasome nucleation, growth, and stabilization, and what are the possible intermediate stages of migrasome biogenesis.
The global distribution and environmental drivers of the soil antibiotic resistome
Authors: Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel , Hu Hang-Wei , Maestre Fernando T. , Guerra Carlos A. , Eisenhauer Nico , Eldridge David J. , Zhu Yong-Guan , Chen Qing-Lin , Trivedi Pankaj , Du Shuai , Makhalanyane Thulani P. , Verma Jay P. , Gozalo Beatriz , Ochoa Victoria , Asensio Sergio , Wang Ling , Zaady Eli , Illán Javier G. , Siebe Christina , Grebenc Tine , Zhou Xiaobing , Liu Yu-Rong , Bamigboye Adebola R. , Blanco-Pastor José L. , Duran Jorge , Rodríguez Alexandra , Mamet Steven , Alfaro Fernando , Abades Sebastian , Teixido Alberto L. , Peñaloza-Bojacá Gabriel F. , Molina-Montenegro Marco , Torres-Díaz Cristian , Perez Cecilia , Gallardo Antonio , García-Velázquez Laura , Hayes Patrick E. , Neuhauser Sigrid , He Ji-Zheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the global distribution and environmental drivers of key microbial functional traits such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Soils are one of Earth’s largest reservoirs of ARGs, which are integral for soil microbial competition, and have potential implications for plant and human health. Yet, their diversity and global patterns remain poorly described. Here, we analyzed 285 ARGs in soils from 1012 sites across all continents, and created the first global atlas with the distributions of topsoil ARGs.ResultsWe show that ARGs peaked in high latitude cold and boreal forests. Climatic seasonality and mobile genetic elements, associated with the transmission of antibiotic resistance, were also key drivers of their global distribution. Dominant ARGs were mainly related to multidrug resistance genes and efflux pump machineries. We further pinpointed the global hotspots of the diversity and proportions of soil ARGs.ConclusionsTogether, our work provides the foundation for a better understanding of the ecology and global distribution of the environmental soil antibiotic resistome.
Separating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on behavior in the African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides, a species with XY female sex reversal
Authors: Veyrunes Frederic , Perez Julie , Heitzmann Louise , Saunders Paul A , Givalois Laurent 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTIn mammals, most sex differences in phenotype are controlled by gonadal hormones, but recent work on transgenic mice have shown that sex chromosomes can have a direct influence on sex-specific behaviors. In this study, we take advantage of the naturally occurring sex reversal in a mouse species, Mus minutoides, to investigate for the first time the relationship between sex chromosomes, hormones and behaviors in a wild species. In this model, a feminizing variant of the X chromosome, named X*, produces three types of females with different sex chromosome complements (XX, XX*, and X*Y), associated with alternative behavioral phenotypes, while all males are XY. We thus compared the levels of three major circulating steroid hormones (testosterone, corticosterone and estradiol) in the four sex genotypes to disentangle the influence of sex chromosomes and sex hormones on behavior. First, we did not find any difference in testosterone levels in the three female genotypes, although X*Y females are notoriously more aggressive. Second, in agreement with their lower anxiety-related behaviors, X*Y females and XY males display lower baseline corticosterone concentration than XX and XX* females. Instead of a direct hormonal influence, this result rather suggests that sex chromosomes may have an impact on the baseline corticosterone level, which in turn may influence behaviors. Third, estradiol concentrations do not explain the enhanced reproductive performance and maternal care behavior of the X*Y females compared to the XX and XX* females. Overall, this study highlights that most of the behaviors varying along with sex chromosome complement of this species are driven by genetic factors rather than steroid hormone concentrations.
Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing- a novel approach for studying Phylogenomics for Anas platyrynchos
Authors: Pal Aruna , Chakraborty Argha , Debnath Manti 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe evolution of duck and its distribution across the globe has been an interesting aspect. Domestication of duck and its evolution was also important to analyze if domesticated duck has migrated to other region of the globe or separate domestication process has occurred in particular region of the world. Mitochondrial genes as D-loop or cytochrome B had been used for studying evolution or molecular phylogeny. In current study, we aim to study phylogenomics for Anas platyrynchos across the globe. Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing for Bengal duck (indigenous duck from West Bengal, India) was performed on illumina platform and gene sequences were analyzed for all 37 mitochondrial genes. Variabilities were observed at nucleotide sequence, but absent in amino acid sequence and corresponding 3D structure of polypeptides coded by mitochondrial genes. We observed Anas platyrynchos from Eurasia (europe and Asia) were clustered together indicating common origin. Extensive variabilities were observed among the chinese duck population. The duck population from US was outgrouped. These ducks might have migrated from China and later bred with wild ducks to evolve as new breed or strain in US.
Antiviral function and viral antagonism of the rapidly evolving dynein activating adapter NINL
Authors: Stevens Donté Alexander , Beierschmitt Christopher , Mahesula Swetha , Corley Miles R. , Salogiannis John , Tsu Brian V. , Cao Bryant , Ryan Andrew P. , Reck-Peterson Samara L. , Daugherty Matthew D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractViruses interact with the intracellular transport machinery to promote viral replication. Such host-virus interactions can drive host gene adaptation, leaving signatures of pathogen-driven evolution in host genomes. Here we leverage these genetic signatures to identify the dynein activating adaptor, ninein-like (NINL), as a critical component in the antiviral innate immune response and as a target of viral antagonism. Unique among genes encoding components of active dynein complexes, NINL has evolved under recurrent positive (diversifying) selection, particularly in its carboxy-terminal cargo binding region. Consistent with a role for NINL in host immunity, we demonstrate that NINL knockout cells exhibit an impaired response to interferon, resulting in increased permissiveness to viral replication. Moreover, we show that proteases encoded by diverse picornaviruses and coronaviruses cleave and disrupt NINL function in a host- and virus-specific manner. Our work reveals the importance of NINL in the antiviral response and the utility of using signatures of host-virus conflicts to uncover new components of antiviral immunity and targets of viral antagonism.
DNA-Stimulated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Modulates Catalytic Function
Authors: Jeong Joshua , Lee Joyce H. , Carcamo Claudia C. , Parker Matthew W. , Berger James M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractType II topoisomerases modulate chromosome supercoiling, condensation, and catenation by moving one double-stranded DNA segment through a transient break in a second duplex. How DNA strands are chosen and selectively passed to yield appropriate topological outcomes – e.g., decatenation vs. catenation – is poorly understood. Here we show that at physiological enzyme concentrations, eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerases (topo IIs) readily coalesce into condensed bodies. DNA stimulates condensation and fluidizes these assemblies to impart liquid-like behavior. Condensation induces both budding yeast and human topo IIs to switch from DNA unlinking to active DNA catenation, and depends on an unstructured C-terminal region, the loss of which leads to high levels of knotting and reduced catenation. Our findings establish that local protein concentration and phase separation can regulate how topo II creates or dissolves DNA links, behaviors that can account for the varied roles of the enzyme in supporting transcription, replication, and chromosome compaction.
Structure of the histone acetyltransferase NuA4 complex
Authors: Ji Liting , Zhao Lixia , Xu Ke , Gao Huihan , Zhou Yang , Kornberg Roger D. , Zhang Heqiao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNuA4, one of two major histone acetyltransferase complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, specifically acetylates histone H4 and H2A, and therefore loosen the histone-DNA contacts, resulting in increased transcriptional activity. Here we present a near-atomic resolution structure of NuA4 complex through cryonic electron microscopy. The structure comprises six subunits and a total of 5,000 amino acids, within which Eaf1 and Eaf2 twist against each other and span from Actin-Arp4 module to the platform subunit Tra1, forming the backbone of NuA4. The locations of four missing components including Yaf9, and Esa1, Yng2 and Eaf6 of Piccolo module were indicated based on the structure. Intriguingly, our biochemical data showed that NuA4 doesn’t bind nucleosome in vitro, whereas possesses strong histone acetyltransferase activity. Its Piccolo module, which has long been regarded as the catalytic module of NuA4, acetylates the nucleosome substrate at almost the same efficiency, but is capable of binding nucleosome. Combining the structural and biochemical data give rise to a model in which the entire NuA4 adopts an auto-inhibited conformation, and undergoes structural rearrangements upon substrate and co-factor additions, restoring its capacity of nucleosome-binding and activity of hyper-acetylation.