bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective validation of the Rib Injury Guidelines for traumatic rib fractures
Authors: Nelson Adam , Reina Raul , Northcutt Ashley , Obaid Omar , Castanon Lourdes , Ditillo Michael , Gries Lynn , Bible Letitia , Anand Tanya , Joseph Bellal 
Published: February 2022

INTRODUCTION
The Rib Injury Guidelines (RIG) were developed to guide triage of traumatic rib fracture patients to home, regular floor, or intensive care unit (ICU) and standardize care. The RIG score is based on patient history, physical examination, and imaging findings. The aim of this study was to evaluate triage effectiveness and health care resources utilization following RIG implementation.

METHODS
This is a prospective analysis at a level I trauma center from October 2017 to January 2020. Adult (18 years or older) blunt trauma patients with a diagnosis of at least one rib fracture on computed tomography imaging were included. Patients before (PRE) and after (POST) implementation of RIG were compared. In the POST group, patients were divided into RIG 1, RIG 2, and RIG 3 based on their RIG score. Outcomes were readmission for RIG 1 patients, unplanned ICU admission for RIG 2 patients, and overall ICU admission. Secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay (LOS) and mortality.

RESULTS
A total of 1,100 patients were identified (PRE, 754; POST, 346). Mean ± SD age was 56 ± 19 years, 788 (71.6%) were male, and median Injury Severity Score was 14 (range, 10–22). The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision (554 [50.3%]), 253 patients (22.9%) had ≥5 rib fractures, and 53 patients (4.8%) had a flail chest. In the POST group, 74 patients (21.1%) were RIG 1; 121 (35.2%), RIG 2; and 151 (43.7%), RIG 3. No patient in RIG 1 was readmitted following initial discharge, and two patients (1.6%) in RIG 2 had an unplanned ICU admission (both for alcohol withdrawal syndrome). Patients after implementation of RIG had shorter hospital LOS (3 [1–6] vs. 4 [1–7] days; p = 0.019) and no difference in mortality (5.8% vs. 7.7%; p = 0.252). On multivariate analysis, RIG implementation was associated with decreased ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55 [0.36–0.82]; p = 0.004).

CONCLUSION
Rib Injury Guidelines are safe and effectively define triage of rib fracture patients with an overall reduction in ICU admissions, shorter hospital LOS, and no readmissions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/care management, level III.
Tactics for hemorrhagic shock: A virtual course and visual aid for improved resuscitation
Authors: Keating Jane Josephine , Silvis Jennifer , Ricaurte Daniel , Desrochers Ryan , Jacobs Lenworth , Saccomanno Fabio , Staff Ilene , Croteau Alfred , Merchant Nishant , Gates Jonathan 
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND
Our trauma performance improvement initiative recognized missed treatment opportunities for patients undergoing massive transfusion. To improve patient care, we developed a novel cognitive aid in the form of a poster entitled “TACTICS for Hemorrhagic Shock.” We hypothesized that this reference and corresponding course would improve the performance of trauma leaders caring for simulated patients requiring massive transfusion.

METHODS
First, residents and physician assistants participated in a one-on-one, socially distanced, screen-based virtual patient simulation. Next, they watched a short presentation introducing the TACTICS visual aid. They then underwent a similar second virtual simulation during which they had access to the reference. In both simulations, the participants were assessed using a scoring system developed to measure their ability to provide appropriate predetermined interventions while leading a trauma resuscitation (score range, 0–100%). Preintervention and postintervention scores were compared using a one-group pre-post within-subject design. Participants' feedback was obtained anonymously.

RESULTS
Thirty-two participants (21 residents and 11 physician assistants) completed the course. The median score for the first simulation without the use of the visual aid was 43.8% (interquartile range, 33.3.8–61.5%). Commonly missed treatments included giving tranexamic acid (success rate, 37.5%), treating hypothermia (31.3%), and reversing known anticoagulation (28.1%). All participants' performance improved using the visual aid, and the median score of the second simulation was 89.6% (interquartile range, 79.2–94.8%; p < 0.001). Ninety-two percent of survey respondents “strongly agreed” that the TACTICS visual aid would be a helpful reference during real-life trauma resuscitations.

CONCLUSION
The TACTICS visual aid is a useful tool for improving the performance of the trauma leader and is now displayed in our emergency department resuscitation rooms. This performance improvement course, the associated simulations, and visual aid are easily and virtually accessible to interested trauma programs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
Adjunctive High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Brain Glutamate-Glutamine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Withdrawal and Craving During Early Abstinence Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder on Buprenorphine-Naloxone
Authors: Kumar Aravind S. , Khanra Sourav , Goyal Nishant , Dharani Ramamoorthy , Roy Chandramouli 
Published: February 2022

Objective
Our study aimed to (1) examine the effect of adjunctive high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) in craving and withdrawal among patients with opioid use disorder on buprenorphine-naloxone, and (2) examine effect of HD-tDCS changes in glutamate-glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among patients with opioid use disorder on buprenorphine-naloxone.

Methods
This was a pilot randomized double-blind, sham-controlled parallel-group study. A total of 28 patients on buprenorphine-naloxone (6/1.5 mg/d) were randomly allocated into 2 groups for active and sham HD-tDCS stimulation. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation was administered twice daily for consecutive 5 days, from days 2 to 6. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS), the Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ), the Obsessive-Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS), and glutamate-glutamine and GABA at DLPFC via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured at baseline and on day 7.

Results
Both active and sham groups had comparable changes in DDQ, OCDUS (except 2 subcomponents), COWS, and glutamate-glutamine and GABA at DLPFC. In the active HD-tDCS group, statistically significant reductions were observed in DDQ, OCDUS, and COWS but not in glutamate-glutamine and GABA.

Conclusions
The adjunctive active HD-tDCS group showed comparable changes in craving and withdrawal, and glutamate-glutamine and GABA at DLPFC compared with sham HD-tDCS. Craving and withdrawal but not glutamate-glutamine and GABA at DLPFC decreased significantly with adjunctive HD-tDCS. Future studies with larger sample size and online assessment of glutamate-glutamine and GABA would enhance our knowledge.
Experimental Suppression of TMS-EEG Sensory Potentials
Authors: Ross Jessica M. , Sarkar Manjima , Keller Corey J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe sensory experience of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evokes cortical responses measured in EEG that confound interpretation of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). Methods for sensory masking have been proposed to minimize sensory contributions to the TEP, but the most effective combination for suprathreshold TMS to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is unknown.ObjectiveWe applied sensory suppression techniques and quantified electrophysiology and perception from suprathreshold dlPFC TMS to identify the best combination to minimize the sensory TEP.MethodsIn 21 healthy adults, we applied single pulse TMS at 120% resting motor threshold (rMT) to the left dlPFC and compared EEG vertex N100-P200 and perception. Conditions included three protocols: No masking (no auditory masking, no foam, jittered inter-stimulus interval (ISI)), Standard masking (auditory noise, foam, jittered ISI), and our ATTENUATE protocol (auditory noise, foam, over-the-ear protection, unjittered ISI).ResultsATTENUATE reduced vertex N100-P200 by 56%, “click” loudness perception by 50%, and scalp sensation by 36%. We show that sensory prediction, induced with predictable ISI, has a suppressive effect on vertex N100-P200, and that combining standard suppression protocols with sensory prediction provides the best N100-P200 suppression. ATTENUATE was more effective than Standard masking, which only reduced vertex N100-P200 by 22%, loudness by 27%, and scalp sensation by 24%.ConclusionsWe introduce a sensory suppression protocol superior to Standard masking and demonstrate that using an unjittered ISI can contribute to minimizing sensory confounds. ATTENUATE provides superior sensory suppression to increase TEP signal-to-noise and contributes to a growing understanding of TMS-EEG sensory neuroscience.HighlightsATTENUATE is a novel sensory suppression protocol for suprathreshold dlPFC TMSATTENUATE is superior to standard masking for minimizing sensory confoundsATTENUATE reduced vertex N100-P200 by 56% with no effect on the early TEPATTENUATE reduced “click” loudness rating by 50% and scalp sensation by 36%Individual modifications are not sufficient to reduce vertex N100-P200 or perception
Interferon regulates stem cell function at all ages by orchestrating mTOR and cell cycle
Authors: Ibañez Damian Carvajal , Skabkin Maxim , Hooli Jooa , Cerrizuela Santiago , Göpferich Manuel , Jolly Adrien , Zumwinkel Marc , Bertolini Matilde , Höfer Thomas , Kramer Guenter , Anders Simon , Telemann Aurelio , Marciniak-Czochra Anna , Martin-Villalba Ana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStem cells show intrinsic interferon signalling, which protects them from viral infections at all ages. In the ageing brain, interferon signalling in stem cells also reduces their ability to activate. Whether these functions are linked and at what time interferons start taking on a role in stem cell functioning is unknown. Additionally, the molecular link between interferons and activation in neural stem cells and how this relates to productivity is not well understood. Here we combine single-cell transcriptomics, RiboSeq and animal models of interferon to show that this pathway is important for proper stem cell function at all ages. Interferon orchestrates cell cycle and mTOR activity to post-transcriptionally repress Sox2 and drive the exit from stem cell activation. The interferon response then decreases in the subsequent maturation states. Mathematical simulations indicate that this regulation is beneficial for the young and harmful for the old brain. Our study establishes molecular mechanisms of interferon in stem cells and interferons as genuine regulators of stem cell homeostasis and a potential therapeutic target to repair the ageing brain.
Transfer Learning for Cognitive Reserve Quantification
Authors: Zhu Xi , Liu Yi , Habeck Christian G. , Stern Yaakov , Lee Seonjoo ,   the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2022

AbstractCognitive reserve (CR) has been introduced to explain individual differences in susceptibility to cognitive or functional impairment in the presence of age or pathology. We developed a deep learning model to quantify the CR as residual variance in memory performance using the structural MRI data from a lifespan healthy cohort. The generalizability of the sMRI-based deep learning model was tested in two independent healthy and Alzheimer’s cohorts using transfer learning framework.Structural MRIs were collected from three cohorts: 495 healthy adults (initially aged 20-80) from RANN, 620 healthy participants (age 36-100) from lifespan Human Connectome Project Aging (HCPA), and 941 subjects from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Region of interest (ROI)-specific cortical thickness and volume measures were extracted using the Desikan-Killiany Atlas. Cognitive reserve was quantified by residuals which subtract the predicted memory from the true memory. Cascade neural network (CNN) models were used to train RANN dataset for memory prediction. Transfer learning was applied to transfer the T1 imaging-based model from source domain (using RANN) to the target domain (HCPA or ADNI).The CNN model trained on the RANN dataset exhibited strong linear correlation between true and predicted memory based on the chosen T1 cortical thickness and volume predictors. In addition, the model generated from healthy lifespan data (RANN) was able to generalize to an independent healthy lifespan data (HCPA) and older demented participants (ADNI) across different scanner types. The estimated CR was correlated with CR proxies such education and IQ across all three datasets.The current findings suggest that the transfer learning approach is an effective way to generalize the residual-based CR estimation. It is applicable to various diseases and may flexibly incorporate different imaging modalities such as fMRI and PET, making it a promising tool for scientific and clinical purposes.HighlightQuantification of cognitive reserve using brain measures for pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s patients can be estimated by leveraging lifespan data.Multi-center, multi-scanner, multi-sequence can affect the performance of the quantification.Leveraging lifespan data from a single site can improve the performance.Transfer learning allows the pre-trained network to successfully reconstruct the dataset acquired from different domains or age groups.
Analyzing the Impact of a Real-life Outbreak Simulator on Pandemic Mitigation: an Epidemiological Modeling Study
Authors: Specht Ivan , Sani Kian , Loftness Bryn C. , Hoffman Curtis , Gionet Gabrielle , Bronson Amy , Marshall John , Decker Craig , Bailey Landen , Siyanbade Tomi , Kemball Molly , Pickett Brett E. , Hanage William P. , Brown Todd , Sabeti Pardis C. , Colubri Andrés 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTOperation Outbreak (OO), an app-based, educational outbreak simulator, seeks to engage, educate, and empower citizens to prevent and better respond to infectious disease outbreaks. We examine the utility of OO for further understanding and mitigating the spread of communicable diseases. The OO smartphone app uses Bluetooth to spread a virtual pathogen among nearby participants’ devices to simulate an outbreak, providing an experiential learning opportunity. Deployed at many college campuses and other settings, the app collects these anonymized spatio-temporal data, including the time and duration of the contacts among participants of the simulation. Here, we report the distribution, timing, duration, and connectedness of student social contacts at two university deployments and uncover cryptic transmission pathways through individuals’ second-degree contacts. We then construct epidemiological models based on the contact networks generated by OO to predict the transmission pathways of hypothetical pathogens with varying reproductive numbers. Finally, we show that the granularity of OO data enables institutions to improve outbreak mitigation by proactively and strategically testing and/or vaccinating individuals based on individual social interaction levels.BIGGER PICTUREOutbreak simulation technology can greatly enhance individual and community pandemic preparedness while also helping us understand and mitigate outbreak spread. Building on an existing platform called Operation Outbreak (OO)––an app-based program that spreads a virtual pathogen via Bluetooth among participants’ smartphones––we demonstrate the power of this approach. We investigate the first- and second-degree contacts of OO participants, analyzing the differential risk associated with various local contact network structures. We use OO data to construct an epidemiological model, with which communities may predict the spread of infectious agents and assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Based on our findings, we advocate for the wider adoption of outbreak simulation technology to study the implications of social mixing patterns on outbreaks within close-knit communities, to aid pandemic preparedness and response.
The Public Health Impact of a US Menthol Cigarette Ban on the Non-Hispanic Black Population: A Simulation Study
Authors: Issabakhsh Mona , Meza Rafael , Li Yameng , Yuan Zhe , Sanchez-Romero Luz Maria , Levy David T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionAs the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates implementing a ban on menthol cigarettes and cigars, it is critical to estimate the potential public health effects of such a ban. With high rates of menthol cigarette use by the non-Hispanic Black (NHB) population and important smoking-related health disparity implications, the impact of the ban on this population merits strong consideration.MethodsWe apply the previously developed Menthol Smoking and Vaping Model. A Status Quo Scenario is developed using population, smoking and vaping data specific to the NHB population. Estimates from a recent expert elicitation on behavioral impacts of a menthol cigarette ban on the NHB population are used to develop a Menthol Ban Scenario implemented in 2021. The public health impacts of the menthol ban are estimated as the difference between smoking and vaping attributable deaths (SVADs) and life years lost (LYLs) in the Status Quo and the Menthol Ban Scenarios from 2021-2060.ResultsUnder the Menthol Ban Scenario, overall smoking is projected to decline by 35.1% in 2026, and by 24.0% in 2060 relative to the Status Quo Scenario. With these reductions, SVADs are estimated to fall by about 18.5% and LYLs by 22.1%, translating to 255,000 premature deaths averted, and 3.9 million life-years gained over a 40-year period.ConclusionsA menthol cigarette ban will substantially reduce the smoking-associated health impact on the NHB population thereby reducing health disparities.
Body mass and latitude as global predictors of vertebrate populations exposure to multiple threats
Authors: Capdevila Pol , Noviello Nicola , McRae Louise , Freeman Robin , Clements Christopher 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe interactive effects of multiple threats are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss, yet our understanding of what predisposes species to be impacted by multiple threats remains limited. Here we analyse a global dataset of over 7000 marine, freshwater, and terrestrial vertebrate populations, alongside trait, threat and geographical data, to identify the factors influencing the number of threats a species is subjected to at the population level. Out of a suite of predictors tested, we find that body mass and latitude both are broadly available for vertebrate species, and influence the number of threats a population is subjected to. Larger bodied species and those nearer the equator are typically affected by a higher number of threats. However, whilst this pattern broadly holds across ecosystems for most taxa, amphibians and reptiles show opposing trends. We suggest that latitude and body mass should be considered as key predictors to identify which vertebrate populations are likely to be impacted by multiple threats. These general predictors can help to better understand the impacts of the Anthropocene on global vertebrate biodiversity and design effective conservation policies.
Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent cell layers
Authors: Asensi Fabado Maria Amparo , Armstrong Emily A , Walker Liam , Perrella Giorgio , Hamilton Graham , Herzyk Pawel , Gifford Miriam L , Amtmann Anna 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTTransport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in the upper part of the root. To unravel regulatory networks in this strategically important location, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing a nuclear tag under the control of the HKT1 promoter. HKT1 retrieves sodium from the xylem to prevent toxic levels in the shoot, and this function depends on its specific expression in upper root xylem-adjacent tissues. Based on FACS RNA-sequencing and INTACT ChIP-sequencing, we identified the gene repertoire that is preferentially expressed in the tagged cell types and discovered transcription factors experiencing cell-type specific loss of H3K27me3 demethylation. For one of these, ZAT6, we show that H3K27me3-demethylase REF6 is required for de-repression. Analysis of zat6 mutants revealed that ZAT6 activates a suite of cell-type specific downstream genes and restricts Na+ accumulation in the shoots. The combined Files open novel opportunities for ‘bottom-up’ causal dissection of cell-type specific regulatory networks that control root-to-shoot communication under environmental challenge.
Evolutionary quantitative proteomics of reproductive interactions in Drosophila
Authors: Garlovsky Martin D. , Ahmed-Braimah Yasir H. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTReproductive traits evolve rapidly between species. Understanding the causes and consequences of this rapid divergence requires characterization of male and female reproductive proteins and how their interaction mediates fertilisation success. Species in the Drosophila virilis clade exhibit interspecific postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation, making them ideal for studies on diversification of reproductive proteins and their role in speciation. Here we present a novel method to simultaneously identify and quantify transferred male ejaculate proteins and the female reproductive proteome using multiplexed Tandem-Mass-Tag (TMT) isobaric labelling of the lower female reproductive tract before and immediately after mating in three species of the virilis group. We identified over 200 putative male ejaculate proteins, many of which show differential abundance between species. We also identified over 2000 proteins that provide the first description of the female reproductive tract proteome outside of the D. melanogaster group. The female reproductive tract proteome shows significant divergence between species, especially female-specific serine-type endopeptidases, which showed differential abundance between species and elevated rates of molecular evolution that is similar to that of male seminal fluid proteins. We also found that only ~1/3 of male ejaculate proteins are likely produced in the accessory glands and code for a signal peptide sequence. Finally, we assessed the utility of species-specific compared to single species query databases for protein identification and quantification from multiple species’ samples. Our results show that using species-specific query databases dramatically improves protein identification and quantification.