bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Virtual Network Mapping Algorithm Based on Optimal Subnet in Enterprise Cost Accounting Platform
Authors: Wu Haiyan , Li Xiao , Qi Yongjun , Tang HaiLin , Zhang Shukun 
Published: August 2022

The price of the product has a great impact on the market competitiveness of the product. The manager can adjust the operation strategy according to the cost information of the product, cut costs, adjust the market decision and make the product more competitive in the market. Therefore, the research of product costing method has a very important significance. Considering that the physical resources in the processing of the virtual network mapping (VNM) fragment embedded in the request are rejected, and the problem of physical resource usage is weakened, a VNM algorithm based on the optimal subnet edge matching algorithm is proposed. After the VNM request is coarsened to the subnet, the breadth-first search algorithm is used to create the physical subnet candidate set, and the constraints of the virtual node and the coarsening network topology are complied with. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of link mapping hops and can improve the acceptance rate and cost-benefit ratio of virtual networks. First of all, this paper analyzes the research background of manufacturing cost calculation and the research situation at home and abroad, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of standard cost calculation and studies and analyzes the principles, advantages and disadvantages of standard cost calculation in daily business activities. Second, design a new mathematical accounting model based on the mathematical model of standard cost calculation in daily business activities. This combines the advantages of standard costing and time-based activity costing, and provides theoretical support for manufacturing companies to use this accounting method. Finally, the research results of this paper are summarized, and the shortcomings of this paper are analyzed. Cost accounting method needs to be further studied.
Rivers of the Variscan Foreland: fluvial morphodynamics in the Pennant Formation of South Wales, UK
Authors: Wood James , McLeod Jonah S. , Lyster Sinéad J. , Whittaker Alexander C. 
Published: August 2022

The morphodynamics of ancient rivers can be reconstructed from fluvial stratigraphy using quantitative techniques to provide insights into the driving forces behind sedimentary systems. This study explores how these drivers can be evaluated from Paleozoic stratigraphy. Field measurements are taken in fluvial sediments from the Westphalian (Bolsovian and Asturian; 315.2–308 Ma) Pennant Formation of South Wales, UK, to reconstruct the hydrodynamics and morphologies of these Carboniferous rivers, which were sourced from the Variscan (Hercynian) mountain belt located south of the study area. Field data consist of cross-set heights, grain size, palaeocurrent directions and the dimensions of fluvial architectural elements. Hydrodynamic properties, including flow velocities and discharge rates, are reconstructed using a suite of numerical approaches. Results suggest median formative flow depths of 2–3 m and palaeoslopes of 4–5 × 10
−4
m m
−1
(0.02–0.03°). Quantitative planform prediction suggests that these rivers were probably anastomosing but with distinct single-threaded reaches. Mean single-thread width is 55 m, whereas mean channel-belt widths of 100–200 m are reconstructed, suggesting bankfull discharges of 390–560 m
3
s
−1
. This study resolves contrasting palaeohydrological interpretations for Pennant rivers, and demonstrates how quantitative reconstructions of morphology, slope and planform can be obtained from fluvial stratigraphy.

Supplementary material:
Field data, a field localities KMZ file, analysis of flow depth scaling methods and fluvial facies analysis are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6131975
Association between Glucocorticoids and Mortality in Patients with Severe Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tang Qiufeng , Chen Qiongyan , Li Yanqing , Wang Zuanjin 
Published: August 2022

Objective. To explore the associations between glucocorticoid use and the clinical outcome of patients with severe pneumonia. Methods. Medical databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect were searched for relevant literature. Two independent researchers extracted the primary endpoint from the included literature. The Cochrane

Q

test and

I

2

statistics were used to evaluate the interstudy heterogeneity. The combined risk estimates were calculated by random effect model, and the source of heterogeneity was evaluated by subgroup analysis. Funnel plot and Egger’s test were used to assess publication bias.

P
<
0.05

denoted statistical significance. Results. A total of 12 literature, including 8171 patients with 1083 deaths, were included in this study for meta-analysis. The use of glucocorticoids significantly increased the mortality (

RR
=
1.44

, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.84,

P
<
0.001

), the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (

RR
=
1.62

, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.02,

P
<
0.001

), and the incidence of nosocomial infection (

RR
=
1.36

, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.82,

P
=
0.04

) in patients with severe pneumonia as compared with the control group. In addition, the use of glucocorticoids did not seem to be associated with length of treatment in the intensive care unit (

mean

difference
=
1.47

, 95% CI: -1.04, 3.96,

P
=
0.25

) and the length of hospital stay (

mean

difference
=
0.55

, 95% CI: -3.90, 4.99,

P
=
0.81

). Conclusion. The use of glucocorticoids may increase the mortality, the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia, and the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe pneumonia.
Association between γ-Glutamyltransferase and Head and Neck Cancer in Korean Population: A National Population-Based Study
Authors: Lee Dong-Hyun , Kim Choung-Soo , Park Jun-Ook , Nam Inn-Chul , Park Sung Joon , Kim Hyun-Bum , Han Kyungdo , Joo Young-Hoon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground:Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is positively associated with several cancer types. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between GGT and head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence in a cohort of 10 million people, considering effects of smoking and alcohol consumption.Methods:All data used in this study were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. We analyzed subjects who underwent health check-ups in 2009 and monitored them until 2018 (n = 9,597,952). Using proportional hazards models, quartiles of GGT as independent predictors for HNC incidence were evaluated.Results:The overall incidence of HNC increased in the highest quartile [r-GPT ≥ 40 U/L; HR, 1.452; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.354–1.557]. Among HNC cases, the HR for hypopharyngeal cancer (HR, 2.364; 95% CI, 1.818–3.074) was significantly higher. HRs for HNC (larynx, sino-nasal, oropharynx, oral cavity, and nasopharynx, except salivary glands) were also significant.Conclusions:Elevated GGT was associated with the risk of some types of HNCs, such as hypopharyngeal, laryngeal, sinonasal, oropharyngeal, oral cavity, and nasopharyngeal cancer.Impact:Results of this study have implications for etiologic investigations and preventive strategies.
Associations Between Soluble fms‐Like Tyrosine Kinase‐1 and Placental Growth Factor and Disease Severity Among Women With Preterm Eclampsia and Preeclampsia
Authors: Hastie Roxanne , Bergman Lina , Walker Susan P. , Kaitu'u‐Lino Tu'uhevaha , Hannan Natalie J. , Brownfoot Fiona , Schell Sonja , Harper Alesia , Cannon Ping , Cluver Catherine A. , Tong Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Background
The angiogenic factors soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) are postulated to be pathogenic disease drivers of preeclampsia. If true, then circulating levels should become more deranged with increasing disease severity.

Methods and Results
We investigated the association between circulating sFlt‐1 and PlGF levels and severe adverse maternal outcomes among 348 women with preeclampsia. Compared with 125 women with preeclampsia without severe features, 25 women with preeclampsia and any of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or severe renal involvement had sFlt‐1 levels that were 2.63‐fold higher (95% CI, 1.81–3.82), sFlt‐1/PlGF levels that were 10.07‐fold higher (95% CI, 5.36–18.91) and PlGF levels that were 74% lower (adjusted fold change, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.18–0.39]). Compared with 125 women with preeclampsia without severe features, 37 with eclampsia had sFlt‐1 levels that were 2‐fold higher (2.02 [95% CI, 1.32–3.09]), sFlt‐1/PIGF levels that were 4.71‐fold higher (95% CI, 2.30–9.66) and PIGF levels that were 63% lower (0.43‐fold change [95% CI, 0.27–0.68]). Compared with those without severe features, preeclampsia with severe hypertension (n=146) was also associated with altered angiogenic levels (sFlt‐1, 1.71‐fold change [95% CI, 1.39–2.11]; sFlt/PlGF, 2.91 [95% CI, 2.04–4.15]; PlGF, 0.59 [95%CI 0.47–0.74]). We also found that sFlt‐1 and PlGF levels were altered by the number of maternal complications experienced.

Conclusions
Further angiogenic imbalance among women with preeclampsia is likely a pathogenic disease driver responsible for the life‐threatening maternal complications.
Coronary Artery Calcium Score to Refine the Use of PCSK9i in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Multicohort Study
Authors: Cainzos‐Achirica Miguel , Quispe Renato , Mszar Reed , Dudum Ramzi , Al Rifai Mahmoud , Erbel Raimund , Stang Andreas , Jöckel Karl‐Heinz , Lehmann Nils , Schramm Sara , Schmidt Börge , Toth Peter P. , Rana Jamal S. , Lima Joao A. C. , Doria de Vasconcellos Henrique , Lloyd‐Jones Donald , Joshi Parag H. , Ayers Colby , Khera Amit , Blaha Michael J. , Greenland Philip , Nasir Khurram 
Published: August 2022

Background
The value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the allocation of PCSK9i (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors) among individuals without clinically evident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is unknown for indications that do not require confirmed familial hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to assess the ability of CAC to stratify ASCVD risk under 3 non–familial hypercholesterolemia PCSK9i allocation paradigms.

Methods and Results
We included participants without clinically evident ASCVD from MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study, DHS (Dallas Heart Study), and HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study. Three PCSK9i eligibility scenarios were defined: a broad scenario informed only by high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (N=567), a restrictive one combining higher low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and presence of ≥2 additional risk factors (N=127), and a high‐risk scenario where individuals with subclinical organ damage or high estimated risk would be treated to achieve low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <55 mg/dL (N=471). The high‐risk scenario had the highest ASCVD event rates (27.8% at 10 years). CAC=0 was observed in 35% participants in the broad scenario, 25% in the restrictive scenario, and 16% in the high‐risk scenario. In all, CAC=0 was associated with the lowest incident ASCVD rates at 5 and 10 years, and CAC burden was independently associated with ASCVD events adjusting for traditional risk factors.

Conclusions
CAC may be used to refine the allocation of PCSK9i, potentially leading to a more conservative use if CAC=0. The value of CAC testing is greater in scenarios that use low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and/or traditional risk factors to define PCSK9i eligibility (CAC=0 present in 1 of 3–4 patients), whereas its prevalence is lower when allocation is informed by presence of noncoronary subclinical organ damage.
Risk of Stroke After Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Authors: Parauda Sarah C. , Zhang Cenai , Salehi Omran Setareh , Schweitzer Andrew D. , Murthy Santosh B. , Merkler Alexander E. , Navi Babak B. , Iadecola Costantino , Kamel Hooman , Parikh Neal S. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) can cause short-term cerebrovascular complications, such as brain infarction and hemorrhage. We hypothesized that PRES is also associated with an increased long-term risk of stroke.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study in the United States using statewide all-payer claims data from 2016 to 2018 on all admissions to nonfederal hospitals in 11 states. Adults with PRES were compared with adults with renal colic (negative control) and transient ischemic attack (TIA; positive control). Any stroke and the secondary outcomes of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke were ascertained using
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes
. We excluded prevalent stroke. We used time-to-event statistics to calculate incidence rates and Cox proportional hazards analyses to evaluate the association between PRES and stroke, adjusting for demographics and stroke risk factors. In a sensitivity analysis, outcomes within 2 weeks of index admission were excluded.

Results:
We identified 1606 patients with PRES, 1192 with renal colic, and 38 216 with TIA. Patients with PRES had a mean age of 56±17 years; 72% were women. Over a median follow-up of 0.9 years, the stroke incidence per 100 person-years was 6.1 (95% CI, 5.0–7.4) after PRES, 1.0 (95% CI, 0.62–1.8) after renal colic, and 9.7 (95% CI, 9.4–10.0) after TIA. After statistical adjustment for patient characteristics and risk factors, patients with PRES had an elevated risk of stroke compared with renal colic (hazard ratio [HR], 2.3 [95% CI, 1.7–3.0]), but lower risk than patients with TIA (HR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.54–0.82]). In secondary analyses, compared with TIA, PRES was associated with hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4–2.9]). PRES was associated with ischemic stroke when compared with renal colic (HR, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4–2.7]) but not when compared with TIA (HR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.38–0.63]). Results were similar with 2-week washout.

Conclusions:
Patients with PRES had an elevated risk of incident stroke.
Strategic Substitution: China's Search for Coercive Leverage in the Information Age
Authors: Cunningham Fiona S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China's approach to gaining coercive leverage in the limited wars that it has planned to fight against nuclear-armed adversaries differs from the choices of other states. A theory of strategic substitution explains why China relied on threats to use information-age weapons strategically instead of nuclear threats or conventional victories in the post–Cold War era. Information-age weapons (counterspace weapons, large-scale cyberattacks, and precision conventional missiles) promise to provide quick and credible coercive leverage if they are configured to threaten escalation of a conventional conflict using a “brinkmanship” or “calibrated escalation” force posture. China pursued information-age weapons when it faced a leverage deficit, defined as a situation in which a state's capabilities are ill-suited for the type of war and adversary that it is most likely to fight. China's search for coercive leverage to address those defi- cits became a search for substitutes because its leaders doubted the credibility of nuclear threats and were unable to quickly redress a disadvantage in the conventional military balance of power. A review of original Chinese-language written sources and expert interviews shows that China pursued a coercive cyberattack capability to address a leverage deficit after the United States bombed China's embassy in Belgrade in 1999. China's low dependence on information networks shaped its initial choice of a brinkmanship posture for large-scale offensive cyber operations. China switched to a calibrated escalation posture in 2014, following a dramatic increase in its vulnerability to cyberattacks.
Narratives and War: Explaining the Length and End of U.S. Military Operations in Afghanistan
Authors: Walldorf C. William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Why did the U.S. war in Afghanistan last so long, and why did it end? In contrast to conventional arguments about partisanship, geopolitics, and elite pressures, a new theory of war duration suggests that strategic narratives best answer these questions. The severity and frequency of attacks by al-Qaeda and the Islamic State across most of the 2000s and 2010s generated and sustained a robust collective narrative across the United States focused on combatting terrorism abroad. Audience costs of inaction generated by this narrative pushed President Barack Obama (2009) and President Donald Trump (2017) to not only sustain but increase troops in Afghanistan, against their better judgement. Strategic narratives also explain the end to the war. The defeat of the ISIS caliphate and a significant reduction in the number of attacks on liberal democratic states in the late 2010s caused the severity and frequency of traumatic events to fall below the threshold necessary to sustain a robust anti-terrorism narrative. As the narrative weakened, advocates for war in Afghanistan lost political salience, while those pressing retrenchment gained leverage over policy. Audience costs for inaction declined and President Joe Biden ended the war (2021). As President Biden seeks to rebalance U.S. commitments for an era of new strategic challenges, an active offshore counterterrorism program will be necessary to maintain this balance.
Competition between Associations in Memory
Authors: Caplan Jeremy B. , Hennies Nora , Sommer Tobias 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
If two associations share an item, one may be remembered at the expense of the other (BC recalled but not AB). Here, we identify the neural processes by which this competition materializes and is resolved. We analyzed fMRI signal while participants studied sets of pairs that reliably induced pair-to-pair associative interference, but which participants could not fully resolve. Precuneus activity tracked retrieval of previous pairs during study of later overlapping pairs. This retrieval apparently produced interference by diverting study resources from the currently displayed pair. However, when activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, as well as anterior subregions of the hippocampus, was present while the earlier pair had been studied, interference was reversed, and both pairs were likely to be recalled. Angular gyrus and mid-frontal activity were related to interference resolution once the participant had seen both pairs. Taken together, associations compete via precuneus-mediated competitive retrieval, but ventromedial prefrontal cortex may neutralize this by ensuring that when the earlier association is remembered while studying the later pair, memories of the two pairs can overcome interference likely via activity in mid-frontal cortex and angular gyrus.
Interannual Variability of Tropospheric Moisture and Temperature and Relationships to ENSO Using COSMIC-1 GNSS-RO Retrievals
Authors: Johnston Benjamin R. , Randel William J. , Braun John J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Interannual variability of tropospheric moisture and temperature are key aspects of Earth’s climate. In this study, monthly mean specific humidity (q) and temperature (T) variability is analyzed using 12 years of COSMIC-1 (C1) radio occultation retrievals between 60°N and 60°S, with a focus on the tropics. C1 retrievals are relatively independent of the a priori values for q and T within the lower/middle troposphere and upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, respectively. Tropical interannual variability is dominated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Systematic increases and decreases in zonal mean q and T are observed during the 2009/10 and 2015/16 El Niño events and 2007/08 and 2010/11 La Niña events, respectively. ENSO patterns in q and T are isolated using linear regression, and anomaly magnitudes increase with altitude, reaching a maximum in the upper troposphere. Upper-tropospheric q anomalies expand from the tropics into the midlatitude lower stratosphere, and the T vertical structure is consistent with a moist adiabatic response. C1 results are compared with NCAR’s Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), forced by observed sea surface temperatures, to evaluate model behavior in an idealized setting. WACCM ENSO variations in q and T generally show consistent behavior with C1 with somewhat smaller magnitudes. Case studies are conducted for major ENSO events during the study period. The spatial variability of q is closely aligned with outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies. For example, midtropospheric q increases over 100% and OLR decreases over 50 W m−2 over the central Pacific during the 2015/16 El Niño, and substantial regional q and T anomalies are observed throughout the tropics and midlatitudes for each event.
Quantifying and Understanding Forced Changes to Unforced Modes of Atmospheric Circulation Variability over the North Pacific in a Coupled Model Large Ensemble
Authors: O’Brien John P. , Deser Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While much attention has been given to understanding how anthropogenic radiative forcing influences the mean state of the climate system, far less scrutiny has been paid to how it may modulate naturally occurring modes of variability. This study investigates forced changes to unforced modes of wintertime atmospheric circulation variability and associated impacts on precipitation over the North Pacific and adjacent regions based on the 40-member Community Earth System Model version 1 Large Ensemble across the 1920–2100 period. Each simulation is subject to the same radiative forcing protocol but starts from a slightly different initial condition, leading to different sequences of internal variability. Evolving forced changes in the amplitude and spatial character of the leading internal modes of 500-hPa geopotential height variability are determined by applying empirical orthogonal function analysis across the ensemble dimension at each time step. The results show that the leading modes of internal variability intensify and expand their region of influence in response to anthropogenic forcing, with concomitant impacts on precipitation. Linkages between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors, and between the tropics and extratropics, are also enhanced in the future. These projected changes are driven partly by teleconnections from amplified ENSO activity and partly by dynamical processes intrinsic to the extratropical atmosphere. The marked influence of anthropogenic forcing on the characteristics of internal extratropical atmospheric circulation variability presents fundamental societal challenges to future water resource planning, flood control, and drought mitigation.