bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of CuO/rGO nanocomposites for carcinogenic Congo red photodegradation
Authors: Dat Do Quang , Phuong Vo Thi Lan , Van Nang Lam , Van Toan Nguyen , Van Duy Nguyen , Duc Hoa Nguyen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Removal of carcinogenic Congo red from polluted water is challenging because of its chemical stability and inertness. Here, CuO microsphere assembled rGO nanosheets were successfully fabricated by a simple hydrothermal method for photocatalytic degradation of Congo red. The morphology and microstructure of the CuO/rGO nanocomposites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the produced CuO has a spherical flower like structure that crystallised in the monoclinic crystal phase with a diameter of about 5 μm, combined with thin rGO nanoplates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of chemical bonds and vibrational modes of both CuO and rGO. The effect of H2O2 content on the photocatalytic characteristics of as-prepared samples was investigated. The results showed that H2O2 played a key factor in the photocatalytic efficiency. The content of 1 ml H2O2 (30%) exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency toward Congo red dye degradation in CuO/rGO (50 mg) under UV light radiation, where it completely removed over 95% Congo red in 100 ml of solution (20 mg L−1) after 120 min of illumination.
Anisotropic exciton diffusion in atomically-thin semiconductors
Authors: Thompson Joshua J P , Brem Samuel , Verjans Marne , Schmidt Robert , Michaelis de Vasconcellos Steffen , Bratschitsch Rudolf , Malic Ermin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Energy transport processes are critical for the efficiency of many optoelectronic applications. The energy transport in technologically promising transition metal dichalcogenides is determined by exciton diffusion, which strongly depends on the underlying excitonic and phononic dispersion. Based on a fully microscopic theory we demonstrate that the valley-exchange interaction leads to an enhanced exciton diffusion due to the emergence of a linear excitonic dispersion and the resulting decreased exciton-phonon scattering. Interestingly, we find that the application of a uniaxial strain can drastically boost the diffusion speed and even give rise to a pronounced anisotropic diffusion, which persists up to room temperature. We reveal that this behaviour originates from the highly anisotropic exciton dispersion in the presence of strain, displaying parabolic and linear behaviour perpendicular and parallel to the strain direction, respectively. Our work demonstrates the possibility to control the speed and direction of exciton diffusion via strain and dielectric engineering. This opens avenues for more efficient and exotic optoelectronic applications of atomically thin materials.
Flexible and stretchable printed conducting polymer devices for electrodermal activity measurements
Authors: Hagler Jo’Elen , Kim ChiHyeong , Kateb Pierre , Yeu JeeYeon , Gagnon-Lafrenais Noémy , Gee Erin , Audry Sofian , Cicoira Fabio 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Highly stretchable and flexible bioelectronics should form close contact with skin and tissues while being able to withstand the stresses and strains endured by the body in order to reliably monitor physiological signals over time. Here, we report highly stretchable poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films printed on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrates. We established the stabilityof the device conductivity under high strains up to 600%. The printed PEDOT:PSS film enabled the fabrication of printed organic electrochemical transistors with an ON/OFF ratio of ∼450 on a flexible substrate. We also acquired physiological signals from measuring the skin conductance arising from changes in sweat volume by directly interfacing a printed PEDOT:PSS-based sensor on TPU with human skin. Stretchable printed PEDOT:PSS films on TPU provide a facile method of producing highly stable stretchable sensors for bioelectronic applications, enabled with simple and direct printing fabrication.
Intermittent structures and quasi-stationary equilibrium in a simple magnetized torus in open field line configuration
Authors: Alex Prince , Barni Ruggero , Roman Hector Eduardo , Riccardi Claudia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A steady regime dominated by intermittent blob and hole structures is identified in the plasma state of a simple magnetized torus by achieving a quasi-stationary equilibrium using an open magnetic field line configuration. The open helical field line configuration is characterized by a connection length,

L

c

=
2
a

B

φ

B

z

≳
1750

cm, and pitch ratio,

r

B

=

B

z

B

φ

≲
0.01
.

This is realized by superposing a vertical magnetic fied,

B

z

,

to the toroidal field,

B

φ

,

and the regime is achieved for

B

z

≤
0.4

mT. The combined effect of plasma rotation, arising from a substantial radial electric field, together with an open field line, results in vertically elongated plasma profile and an asymmetric sheared poloidal flow. The analysis shows the existence of density fluctuations exhibiting universal statistical properties, dominated by non-Gaussian blob events in the edge region and holes in the core plasma, separated by a region ascribed as blob birth zone corresponding to a velocity shear layer. Two-dimensional conditional averaging analyses of fluctuations indicate that blobs form in the sheared layer, when the leading edge of an elongated coherent structure breaks off by differential stretching exerted by the background fluctuating field. Convection of this isolated blob out of the contour corresponding to the maximum radial electric field in the low field side, leads to its ejection while holes move along the same contour driven back into the main plasma. The corresponding potential structure shows counter-rotating

E
×
B

velocity field within oppositely charged structures, where the embedded electric field is consistent with the observed structure propagation. A comparison with cross-correlation analysis yields a similar conclusion except for a slight overestimation of the structure size and lifetime.
Subduing always defecting mutants by multiplayer reactive strategies: non-reciprocity versus generosity
Authors: Sadhukhan Shubhadeep , Shukla Ashutosh , Chakraborty Sagar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A completely non-generous and reciprocal population of players can create a robust cooperating state that cannot be invaded by always defecting free riders if the interactions among players are repeated for long enough. However, strict non-generosity and strict reciprocity are ideal concepts, and may not even be desirable sometimes. Therefore, to what extent generosity or non-reciprocity can be allowed while still not be swamped by the mutants, is a natural question. In this paper, we not only ask this question but furthermore ask how generosity comparatively fares against non-reciprocity in this context. For mathematical concreteness, we work within the framework of multiplayer repeated prisoner’s dilemma game with reactive strategies in a finite and an infinite population; and explore the aforementioned questions through the effects of the benefit to cost ratio, the interaction group size, and the population size.
Phytoplasma effector Zaofeng6 induces shoot proliferation by decreasing the expression of ZjTCP7 in Ziziphus jujuba
Authors: Chen Peng , Chen Lichuan , Ye Xia , Tan Bin , Zheng Xianbo , Cheng Jun , Wang Wei , Yang Qiqi , Zhang Yu , Li Jidong , Feng Jiancan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The jujube witches’ broom (JWB) phytoplasma is associated with witches’ broom, dwarfism, and smaller leaves in jujube, resulting in yield losses. In this study, eight putative JWB effector proteins were identified from potential mobile units of the JWB genome. Among them, Zaofeng6 induced witches’ broom symptoms in Arabidopsis and jujube. Zaofeng6-overexpressing Arabidopsis and unrooted jujube transformants displayed witches’ broom-like shoot proliferation. Transient expression of Zaofeng6 induced hypersensitive response like cell death and expression of hypersensitive response marker genes, like harpin-induced gene 1 (H1N1), and the pathogenesis-related genes PR1, PR2, and PR3 in transformed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, suggesting that Zaofeng6 could be a virulence effector. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed that Zaofeng6 interacts with ZjTCP7 through its first two α-helix domains in the cell nuclei. ZjTCP7 mRNA and protein abundance decreased in Zaofeng6 transgenic jujube seedlings. The expression of some genes in the strigolactone signaling pathway (ZjCCD7, ZjCCD8, and CYP711A1) were down-regulated in jujube shoots overexpressing Zaofeng6 and in zjtcp7 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants. Zaofeng6 induces shoot proliferation through decreased expression of ZjTCP7 at the transcriptional and translational levels.
Expanding the genetic variation of Brassica juncea by introgression of the Brassica rapa genome
Authors: Zhang Li , Li Xiangsheng , Chang Lichun , Wang Tianpeng , Liang Jianli , Lin Runmao , Wu Jian , Wang Xiaowu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Brassica juncea is an important vegetable and oil crop cultivated worldwide. To increase its genetic variation, we introgressed the A genome of Brassica rapa into B. juncea. We used three each of heading and semi-heading B. juncea accessions as recipient parents and a B. rapa line, B9008, as the donor parent. We obtained 101 BC1S1 lines in total with expanded phenotypic variations such as leafy head shapes. We developed 132 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that could distinguish the A genome of B. juncea from the B. rapa genome, and tracked the introgression of B. rapa segments in the new B. juncea germplasm. On average, 59.2% of the B. juncea A genome in the B. juncea introgression lines was covered by the donor segments. We also identified three markers whose donor genotype frequencies were significantly lower than the theoretical value, suggesting strong selection of the recipient genotype during the introgression process. We provide an effective strategy to evaluate the diversity of the new germplasm based on the combination of parental resequencing data and marker genotyping results. Further genetic analysis of 1642 SNPs showed that the genetic diversity of the new B. juncea germplasm with the introgressed B. rapa genome was significantly increased. This study illustrates the potential for expanding the genetic diversity of B. juncea through the introgression of the B. rapa genome.
Development of a single-cell atlas for woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) leaves during early Botrytis cinerea infection using single-cell RNA-seq
Authors: Bai Yibo , Liu Hui , Lyu Haimeng , Su Liyao , Xiong Jinsong , Cheng Zong-Ming (Max) 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pathogen invasion leads to fast, local-to-systemic signal transduction that initiates plant defense responses. Despite tremendous progress in past decades, aspects of this process remain unknown, such as which cell types respond first and how signals are transferred among cell types. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq of &gt;50 000 single cells to document the gene expression landscape in leaves of woodland strawberry during infection by Botrytis cinerea and identify major cell types. We constructed a single-cell atlas and characterized the distinct gene expression patterns of hydathode, epidermal, and mesophyll cells during the incubation period of B. cinerea infection. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed signals of the transition from normal functioning to defense response in epidermal and mesophyll cells upon B. cinerea infection. Genes related to disease resistance showed different expression patterns among cell types: disease resistance-related genes and genes encoding transcription factors were highly expressed in individual cell types and interacted to trigger plant systemic immunity to B. cinerea. This is the first report to document the single-cell transcriptional landscape of the plant pathogenic invasion process; it provides new insights into the holistic dynamics of host–pathogen interactions and can guide the identification of genes and the formulation of strategies for resistant cultivar development.
Ultraviolet radiation causes leaf warming due to partial stomatal closure
Authors: Williams Tom B , Dodd Ian C , Sobeih Wagdy Y , Paul Nigel D 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Variation in solar ultraviolet radiation induces a wide-range of plant responses from the cellular to whole-plant scale. We demonstrate here for the first time that partial stomatal closure caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure results in significant increases in leaf temperature. Significant leaf warming in response to ultraviolet radiation was consistent in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) across different experimental approaches. In field experiments where solar ultraviolet radiation was attenuated using filters, exposure to ultraviolet radiation significantly decreased stomatal conductance and increased leaf temperature by up to 1.5°C. Using fluorescent lamps to provide ultraviolet radiation treatments, smaller but significant increases in leaf temperature due to decreases in stomatal conductance occurred in both multi-day controlled environment growth room experiments and short-term (&lt;2 hours) climate cabinet irradiance response experiments. We show that leaf warming due to partial stomatal closure is independent of any direct warming effects of ultraviolet radiation manipulations. We discuss the implications of ultraviolet radiation-induced warming both for horticultural crop production and understanding broader plant responses to ultraviolet radiation.
Correcting a bias in TIGER rates resulting from high amounts of invariant and singleton cognate sets
Authors: List Johann-Mattis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In a recent issue of the Journal of Language Evolution, Syrjänen et al. (2021) investigate the suitability of computing Cummins and McInerney’s (2011) TIGER rates for estimating the tree-likeness of linguistic datasets compiled for phylogenetic reconstruction. The authors test the TIGER rates on a diverse sample of simulated data, which by and large confirms the usefulness of TIGER rates as an analytic tool for investigating linguistic data, but they test them only on one real-world dataset of Uralic languages which turns out to behave quite differently from the simulated data. When testing the TIGER rates on additional datasets, I detected a bias in the computation which leads to an unnatural increase in those cases where a dataset contains many characters with invariant or singleton states. To overcome this problem, I suggest a modified variant of TIGER rates, which is provided in the form of a freely available Python package. Testing the modified TIGER scores on the simulated data of Syrjänen et al. shows that the corrected TIGER rates still readily distinguish between different degrees of tree-likeness. Testing them on a dataset in which the number of singletons and invariants was artificially increased further shows that the corrected TIGER rates are not influenced by the bias. A final tests on seven linguistic datasets show the usefulness of the corrected TIGER rates on a larger variety of linguistic datasets and illustrate the importance to take specific aspects of linguistic data into account when using biological methods in the domain of language evolution.
Development and Implementation of Urologic Care Army/Air Force/Navy Provider Education, a Urologic Emergency Simulation Curriculum
Authors: Hafer Ashley S , Sweeney W Brain , Battista Alexis L , Meyer Holly S , Franklin Brenton R 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundMilitary general surgeons commonly perform urologic procedures, yet, there are no required urologic procedural minimums during general surgery residency training. Additionally, urologists are not included in the composition of forward operating surgical units. Urologic Care Army/Air Force/Navy Provider Education was created to provide military general surgeons with training to diagnose and treat frequently encountered urologic emergencies when practicing in environments without a urologist present.Study DesignA literature review and needs assessment were conducted to identify diagnoses and procedures to feature in the course. The course included a 1-hour didactic session and then a 2-hour hands-on simulated skills session using small, lightweight, cost-effective simulators. Using a pretest–posttest design, participants completed confidence and knowledge assessments before and after the course. The program was granted educational exemption by the institutional review board.ResultsTwenty-seven learners participated. They demonstrated statistically significant improvement on the knowledge assessment (45.4% [SD 0.15] to 83.6% [SD 0.10], P &lt; .01). On the confidence assessment, there were statistically significant (P ≤ .001) improvements for identifying phimosis, paraphimosis, and testicular torsion, as well as identifying indications for suprapubic catheterization, retrograde urethrogram, and cystogram. There were also statistically significant (P &lt; .001) improvements for performing: suprapubic catheterization, dorsal penile block, dorsal slit, scrotal exploration, orchiopexy, orchiectomy, retrograde urethrogram, and cystogram.ConclusionWe created the first-ever urologic emergencies simulation curriculum for military general surgeons that has demonstrated efficacy in improving the diagnostic confidence, procedural confidence, and topic knowledge for the urologic emergencies commonly encountered by military general surgeons.
Outpatient Therapies for COVID-19: How Do We Choose?
Authors: Lee Todd C , Morris Andrew M , Grover Steven A , Murthy Srinivas , McDonald Emily G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Several outpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapies have reduced hospitalization in randomized controlled trials. The choice of therapy may depend on drug efficacy, toxicity, pricing, availability, and available infrastructure. To facilitate comparative decision-making, we evaluated the efficacy of each treatment in clinical trials and estimated the cost per hospitalization prevented.

Methods
Wherever possible, we obtained relative risk for hospitalization from published randomized controlled trials. Otherwise, we extracted data from press releases, conference abstracts, government submissions, or preprints. If there was &gt;1 study, the results were meta-analyzed. Using relative risk, we estimated the number needed to treat (NNT), assuming a baseline hospitalization risk of 5%, and compared the cost per hospitalization prevented with the estimate for an average Medicare COVID-19 hospitalization ($21 752). Drug pricing was estimated from GoodRx, from government purchases, or manufacturer estimates. Administrative and societal costs were not included. Results will be updated online as new studies emerge and/or final numbers become available.

Results
At a 5% risk of hospitalization, the estimated NNT was 80 for fluvoxamine, 91 for colchicine, 72 for inhaled corticosteroids, 24 for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 50 for molnupiravir, 28 for remdesivir, 25 for sotrovimab, 29 for casirivimab/imdevimab, and 29 for bamlanivimab/etesevimab. For drug cost per hospitalization prevented, colchicine, fluvoxamine, inhaled corticosteroids, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were below the Medicare estimated hospitalization cost.

Conclusions
Many countries are fortunate to have access to several effective outpatient therapies to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization. Given differences in efficacy, toxicity, cost, and administration complexity, this assessment serves as one means to frame treatment selection.
Coccidioidal Peritonitis: A Review of 17 Cases
Authors: Johnson Royce H , Sharma Ritika , Sharma Rupam , Civelli Valerie , Narang Vishal , Kuran Rasha , Goldstein Ellie J C , Deresinski Stan , Jones Amber , Ramzan Amin , Posalski Irving , El-sayed Dena , Thompson George R , D’Assumpcao Carlos , Heidari Arash 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is the second most common endemic fungal infection in the United States. Prior descriptions of coccidioidal peritonitis include only single cases. We describe 17 new cases previously unreported from healthcare institutions in California. The majority of cases presented with nonspecific abdominal complaints. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for additional case series and only single case reports and reviews of single cases were found.
The diagnosis was confirmed by culture or histopathology and/or serology in each patient. All patients were treated with anti-fungal therapy. This case series demonstrates that coccidioidal peritonitis may be asymptomatic or present with only subtle abdominal symptoms. In a minority of our patients, the diagnosis was established incidentally during surgery. Based on this series, the overall outcome of coccidioidal peritonitis is favorable with long-term triazole treatment. The term cure is not usually used in disseminated coccidioidal disease because of the risk of late relapse.
Symptomatic Plasmodium vivax Infection in Rwanda
Authors: McCaffery Jessica N , Munyaneza Tharcisse , Uwimana Aline , Nace Doug , Lucchi Naomi , Halsey Eric S , Rogier Eric 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We report a Plasmodium vivax infection in a Rwandan child misdiagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum and administered artemether-lumefantrine. Antigen detection revealed an absence of P falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and presence of Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase. Nested and real-time polymerase chain reactions verified that the sample only contained P vivax deoxyribonucleic acid.
The Emergence of New Polities in the Breakup of the Western Roman Empire
Authors: Pohl Walter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the manifold meanings of ethnicity in the post-Roman West. The intellectual elites of the later Roman Empire, who regarded themselves as a populus defined by law, categorized the surrounding gentes by genealogical descent. As the empire gave way to the barbarian successor kingdoms, these distinctions remained but adapted to the increasing role of Christianity in the self-styling of the elites in each of the new kingdoms. The new religion endorsed and to some extent justified ethnic identities and gave the new “peoples” who ruled over former imperial provinces a framework for the “ethnic” law codes and the political prerogatives they propagated, while political agency of these new groups was codified in new modes of historiographical rhetoric. Although these “ethnic” polities were essentially inhabited by composite and varied groups, a sense of common origin was created, which nonetheless turned out to be flexible enough for them to form loose aggregates of ethnic, political, territorial, and religious identities that could provide some stability of identification.
Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Pohl Walter , Kennedy Hugh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This coauthored chapter is a comparative synthesis of the preceding two chapters. It identifies ten elements in which, despite superficial similarities between the two processes, differences between the roles of ethnicity in the process of imperial devolution of the Roman and Abbasid realms are made visible. The result of the comparison is a complex matrix of similarities and differences, in which the different outcomes are the result not of any deep-seated alterity between the two societies but of the way seemingly quite similar conditions were combined in different ways and the way contemporary observers made sense of the perceived changes.