bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of self‐reported alcohol consumption among pregnant women in Russia between 1994 and 2018
Authors: Kotelnikova Zoya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlthough pregnant women in Russia are thought to have a high level of alcohol consumption, nationwide data have not been available. We compared changes in consumption among pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age from 1994 to 2018 and examined predictors of consumption among the pregnant women.MethodsData were obtained from the annual, nationally representative Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS‐HSE), comprising 1,943 pregnant and 80,237 nonpregnant women of childbearing age. Past 30‐day alcohol prevalence and current pregnancy status were self‐reported. Logistic regressions using generalized linear mixed models examined two dependent variables: (1) current drinkers (any alcohol in the past 30 days) versus nondrinkers and (2) current drinkers and occasional drinkers (ever drinkers at any level) versus nondrinkers. Analyses included a series of predictors and control variables.ResultsBetween 1994 and 2018, a decrease in the 30‐day prevalence of alcohol consumption was observed in both pregnant (from 25.6 (95% CI ± 3.3) to 9.4% (95% CI ± 2.2)) and nonpregnant (from 57.3 (95% CI ± 0.7) to 39.0% (95% CI ± 0.6)) women. Between 2006 and 2018, the percentage of pregnant abstainers increased from 46.8% (95% CI ± 4.2) to 54.6% (95% CI ± 3.6) while occasional drinking among pregnant women remained at 35% (95% CI ± 4.0). Time period, preventative check‐ups, hospitalization, and frequent doctor's visits were significant predictors of the decrease in the 30‐day prevalence of alcohol intake in pregnant women, but these did not predict the prevalence of occasional drinking.ConclusionDespite significant reductions in consumption among pregnant women in Russia, a substantial proportion reported occasional drinking. Conflicting information on how low alcohol intake affects health risks limited efforts to promote abstinence. Occasional drinking reflects a self‐control domain for women that, depending on perceptions of a healthy pregnancy, is framed by social institutions and the environment.
The systemic management of central nervous system metastases and leptomeningeal disease from advanced lung, melanoma, and breast cancer with molecular drivers: An Australian perspective
Authors: Senko Clare , Gunjur Ashray , Balasubramanian Adithya , Gan Hui K. , Parakh Sagun , Cher Lawrence 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe advent of systemic therapies with high intracranial efficacy in recent years is changing the therapeutic paradigm and renewing interest in the management of central nervous system (CNS) and leptomeningeal metastases from solid organ tumors. CNS metastases have traditionally heralded a dismal prognosis with median survival of 3–10 months, and were primarily treated with local therapeutic modalities, such as surgery or radiation therapy. Although these modalities still have a role in the management of CNS disease, newer agents, such as small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune‐checkpoint inhibitors, are now paving the way as an alternative therapeutic option for those with oligometastatic or low‐volume intracranial disease, potentially eliminating or delaying the need for local treatment modalities in this setting. Herein, we summarize the systemic treatments with proven intracranial efficacy, currently approved for use in Australia for advanced mutation‐driven non‐small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer, as well as novel agents in preclinical and clinical trial development.
Understanding mammographic breast density profile in China: A Sino‐Australian comparative study of breast density using real‐world data from cancer screening programs
Authors: Li Tong , Li Jing , Heard Rob , Gandomkar Ziba , Ren Jiansong , Dai Min , Brennan Patrick 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimThis study aims at understanding mammographic density profile in China by comparing the density between women in China and Australia.MethodsData of 3250 women aged 45–69 were obtained from the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China and data of 1384 Australian counterparts at same age range were gathered from the Lifepool project. Demographic and reproductive details and mammograms for each cohort were collected. Mammographic density was assessed using AutoDensity, and two metrics, percentage density (PD) and dense area (DA), were applied. T‐tests were used to compare the means of mammographic density between two populations of all, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women. Two‐way ANOVA was conducted to examine interactions of population (Chinese/Australian) and each variable of interest upon mammographic density.ResultsChinese women had 9.61%, 8.20%, and 9.28% higher PD than their Australian counterparts in all, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women, respectively (all p < 0.001). The mean differences in DA between two population were 1.81 cm2 (p < 0.001), 0.55 cm2 (p = 0.472), and 1.76 cm2 (p = 0.003) for all, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women, respectively. There were significant interactions between population and age (F[4, 4624] = 4.12, p = 0.003), BMI (F[2, 4628] = 3.92, p = 0.020), age at first birth (F[1, 4250] = 11.69, p < 0.001), breastfeeding history (F[1, 4479] = 17.79, p < 0.001), and breastfeeding duration (F[1, 3526] = 66.90, p < 0.001) upon PD. Interaction was only found for breastfeeding history (F[1, 4479] = 4.79, p = 0.029) and breastfeeding duration (F[1, 3526] = 17.72, p < 0.001) for DA.ConclusionsBoth PD and DA were found to be higher in Chinese women compared to Australian women. The density difference by menopause status was shown and breastfeeding history affected breast density differently in both populations.
Developmental trajectories of sensory patterns from infancy to school age in a community sample and associations with autistic traits
Authors: Chen Yun‐Ju , Sideris John , Watson Linda R. , Crais Elizabeth R. , Baranek Grace T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis prospective study examined the latent growth trajectories of sensory patterns among a North Carolina birth cohort (N = 1517; 49% boys, 87% White) across infancy (6–19 months), preschool (3–4 years), and school years (6–7 years). Change rates of sensory hyper‐ and hyporesponsiveness better differentiated children with an autism diagnosis or elevated autistic traits from those with other developmental conditions, including non‐autistic children with sensory differences. More sensory hyper‐ and hyporesponsiveness at infancy followed by steeper increases differentially predicted more autistic traits at school age. Further, children of parents with higher education tended to show stable or improving trajectories. These findings highlight the importance of tracking sensory patterns from infancy for facilitating early identification of associated challenges and tailored support for families.
Legal hunting for conservation of highly threatened species: The case of African rhinos
Authors: ’t Sas‐Rolfes Michael , Emslie Richard , Adcock Keryn , Knight Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLegal hunting of threatened species—and especially the recreational practice of “trophy hunting”—is controversial with ethical objections being increasingly voiced. Less public attention has been paid to how hunting (even of threatened species) can be useful as a conservation tool, and likely outcomes if this was stopped. As case studies, we examine the regulated legal hunting of two African rhino species in South Africa and Namibia over the last half‐century. Counter‐intuitively, removing a small number of specific males can enhance population demography and genetic diversity, encourage range expansion, and generate meaningful socioeconomic benefits to help fund effective conservation (facilitated by appropriate local institutional arrangements).Legal hunting of African rhinos has been sustainable, with very small proportions of populations hunted each year, and greater numbers of both species today in these countries than when controlled recreational hunting began. Terminating this management option and significant funding source could have negative consequences at a time when rhinos are being increasingly viewed as liabilities and revenue generation for wildlife areas is being significantly impacted by COVID‐19. Provided that there is appropriate governance, conservation of certain highly threatened species can be supported by cautiously selective and limited legal hunting.
A review on reverse micellar approach for natural fiber dyeing
Authors: Bairabathina Venkatesh , Shanmugam Kubera Sampath Kumar , Chilukoti Govardhana Rao , Ponnam Vijetha , Raju Gobinath , Chidambaram Prakash 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study reviews the need and importance of non‐aqueous dyeing systems in the chemical processing industry, especially using the reverse micellar system in the dyeing of natural fibres. When it comes to conventional dyeing systems, which use large quantities of water, chemical, and energy, cause a lot of effluent load to the environment. Again the effluent water has to be treated well to eliminate all the harmful substances in it. To overcome the issues, a lot of research has been carried out in this area to minimise the use of water and chemicals in the dyeing process. Like use of low material to liquor ratio (M:L) in dyeing, dyes with high fixation at lower temperatures, low/salt less dyeing in case of reactive dyeing with cotton, cottonseed oil dyeing, microwave‐assisted dyeing, and use of supercritical carbon dioxide in case of polyester dyeing and many more. All the above said methods are aqueous‐based and, after the completion of dyeing, results in wastewater generation, which requires further treatment to reduce the harmful chemicals. Therefore, to further minimise the use of water and chemicals in the dyeing of natural fibres reverse micellar system has been introduced with the help of surfactants of both Ionic and nonionic in nature. As of today, a lot of work has been carried out in the dyeing of natural fibres with this system by employing ionic, nonionic, and mixed surfactants. Fascinating results were obtained in the dyeing with good levelness, high exhaustion, and fixation values, and results were compared with conventional dyeing. Computer colour matching studies were also done better to understand the applicability of these systems in the industry and found nearer results.
Defining relevant conservation targets for the endangered Southern California distinct population segment of the mountain yellow‐legged frog (Rana muscosa)
Authors: Chambert Thierry , Backlin Adam R. , Gallegos Elizabeth , Baskerville‐Bridges Bradd , Fisher Robert N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe endangered mountain yellow‐legged frog (Rana muscosa) has been reduced to <10 isolated populations in the wild. Due to frequent catastrophic events (floods, droughts, wildfires), the recent dynamics of these populations have been erratic, making the future of the species highly uncertain. In 2018, a recovery plan was developed to improve the species status by reducing the impacts of various threats (predation, disease, habitat destruction), as well as reinforcing wild populations through the reintroduction of captive‐bred frogs. The short‐term goal stated in this plan was to reach a minimum of 20 populations of 50 adults each (hereafter, the 20/50 target), before the species can be considered for downlisting from the U.S. Endangered Species Act. However, there is no guarantee that this 20/50 target will be sufficient to ensure the species persistence in the long run. Using 19 years of mark‐recapture data, we estimated populations' demographic trends and assessed the viability of R. muscosa from a starting state of 20 populations of 50 adults each (i.e., the downlisting criteria). Our results reveal that, from this 20/50 state, the species has high chances of persistence only at a short time horizon (50 years). Moreover, >80% of populations would be extinct 50 years later. Therefore, the species will not be able to persist without implementation of the reintroduction program. We found that it is more important to increase the number of suitable sites occupied by R. muscosa than to simply reinforce or augment existing populations. Expanding the current distribution by establishing new populations at suitable sites, even after the “20 populations” mark has been reached, would increase the likelihood of the species' persistence in the longer term.
Medical complications in children with achondroplasia
Authors: Armstrong Jennifer A. , Pacey Verity , Tofts Louise J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo determine the rates of medical investigations, complications, interventions, and outcomes in children with achondroplasia.MethodChildren and adolescents with achondroplasia born between 2000 and 2019, aged between 0 and 18 years of age, and seen at The Children’s Hospital at Westmead skeletal dysplasia clinic were included. Data were collected retrospectively from clinical records. Standard descriptive statistics were used for analysis.ResultsThe study included 108 participants, 58 males and 50 females. Ninety‐nine participants (91.7%) entered the study at birth. The other nine (8.3%) participants entered the study after birth (mean age = 2 years 4 months, SD = 1 year 8 months). The median age of exit from the study was 8 years 8 months (IQR = 8 years 9 months) with a median follow‐up of 8 years 8 months (IQR = 8 years 9 months). Fifty‐two (48%) participants presented with craniocervical stenosis, 15 (13.9%) with hydrocephalus, 66 (61.1%) with hearing impairment, 44 (40.7%) with sleep‐disordered breathing, 46 (42.6%) with lower‐limb malalignment, 24 (22.2%) with thoracolumbar kyphosis, 10 (9.3%) with symptomatic spinal stenosis, 12 (11.1%) with obesity, and 16 (14.8%) who had at least one admission for respiratory illness. Two children died during the study period.InterpretationWe report contemporary rates of medical complications in an Australian population of children with achondroplasia. Recommendations for surveillance in clinical practice are discussed. This information will help guide clinicians with their expectant management of achondroplasia and provide prognostic information to the families of children with achondroplasia.
Serum bile acid response to oral glucose is attenuated in patients with early type 2 diabetes and correlates with 2‐hour plasma glucose in individuals without diabetes
Authors: Wang Xuyi , Chen Chang , Xie Cong , Huang Weikun , Young Richard L. , Jones Karen L. , Horowitz Michael , Rayner Christopher K. , Sun Zilin , Wu Tongzhi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo determine the serum bile acid (BA) response to 75‐g oral glucose in individuals without diabetes, and whether this is attenuated in patients with ‘early’ type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related to the glycaemic response at 2 hours in either group.MethodsForty newly diagnosed, treatment‐naïve Han Chinese T2D subjects and 40 age‐, gender‐, and body mass index‐matched controls without T2D ingested a 75‐g glucose drink after an overnight fast. Plasma glucose and serum concentrations of total and individual BAs, fibroblast growth factor‐19 (FGF‐19), total glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), and insulin, were measured before and 2 hours after oral glucose.ResultsFasting total BA levels were higher in T2D than control subjects (P < .05). At 2 hours, the BA profile exhibited a shift from baseline in both groups, with increases in conjugated BAs and/or decreases in unconjugated BAs. There were increases in total BA and FGF‐19 levels in control (both P < .05), but not T2D, subjects. Plasma glucose concentrations at 2 hours related inversely to serum total BA levels in control subjects (r = −0.42, P = .006). Total GLP‐1 and the insulin/glucose ratio were increased at 2 hours in both groups, and the magnitude of the increase was greater in control subjects.ConclusionsThe serum BA response to a 75‐g oral glucose load is attenuated in patients with ‘early’ T2D, as is the secretion of FGF‐19 and GLP‐1, while in individuals without T2D it correlates with 2‐hour plasma glucose levels. These observations support a role for BAs in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism.
Escalating the conflict? Intersex genetic correlations influence adaptation to environmental change in facultatively migratory populations
Authors: Kane Adam , Ayllón Daniel , O’Sullivan Ronan James , McGinnity Philip , Reed Thomas Eric 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMales and females are often subject to different and even opposing selection pressures. When a given trait has a shared genetic basis between the sexes, sexual conflict (antagonism) can arise. This can result in significant individual‐level fitness consequences that might also affect population performance, whilst anthropogenic environmental change can further exacerbate maladaptation in one or both sexes driven by sexual antagonism. Here, we develop a genetically explicit eco‐evolutionary model using an agent‐based framework to explore how a population of a facultatively migratory fish species (brown trout Salmo trutta) adapts to environmental change across a range of intersex genetic correlations for migration propensity, which influence the magnitude of sexual conflict. Our modelled focal trait represents a condition threshold governing whether individuals adopt a resident or anadromous (sea migration) tactic. Anadromy affords potential size‐mediated reproductive advantages to both males and females due to improved feeding opportunities at sea, but these can be undermined by high background marine mortality and survival/growth costs imposed by marine parasites (sea lice). We show that migration tactic frequency for a given set of environmental conditions is strongly influenced by the intersex genetic correlation, such that one sex can be dragged off its optimum more than the other. When this occurred in females in our model, population productivity was substantially reduced, but eco‐evolutionary outcomes were altered by allowing for sneaking behaviour in males. We discuss real‐world implications of our work given that anadromous salmonids are regularly challenged by sea lice infestations, which might act synergistically with other stressors such as climate change or fishing that impact marine performance, driving populations towards residency and potentially reduced resilience.
Visuo‐spatial learning and memory impairments in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Effects of age, sex, albinism, and motor impairments
Authors: O'Leary Timothy P. , Brown Richard E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rapidly develops AD‐related neuro‐behavioral pathology. Learning and memory impairments in 5xFAD mice, however, are not always replicated and the size of impairments varies considerably across studies. To examine possible sources of this variability, we analyzed the effects of age, sex, albinism due to background genes (Tyrc, Oca2p) and motor impairment on learning and memory performance of wild type and 5xFAD mice on the Morris water maze, from 3 to 15 months of age. The 5xFAD mice showed impaired learning at 6–9 months of age, but memory impairments were not detected with the test procedure used in this study. Performance of 5xFAD mice was profoundly impaired at 12–15 months of age, but was accompanied by slower swim speeds than wild‐type mice and a frequent failure to locate the escape platform. Overall female mice performed worse than males, and reversal learning impairments in 5xFAD mice were more pronounced in females than males. Albino mice performed worse than pigmented mice, confirming that albinism can impair performance of 5xFAD mice independently of AD‐related transgenes. Overall, these results show that 5xFAD mice have impaired learning performance at 6–9 months of age, but learning and memory performance at 12–15 months is confounded with motor impairments. Furthermore, sex and albinism should be controlled to provide an accurate assessment of AD‐related transgenes on learning and memory. These results will help reduce variability across pre‐clinical experiments with 5xFAD mice, and thus enhance the reliability of studies developing new therapeutics for AD.
Rapid evolution fuels transcriptional plasticity to ocean acidification
Authors: Kang Jingliang , Nagelkerken Ivan , Rummer Jodie L. , Rodolfo‐Metalpa Riccardo , Munday Philip L. , Ravasi Timothy , Schunter Celia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOcean acidification (OA) is postulated to affect the physiology, behavior, and life‐history of marine species, but potential for acclimation or adaptation to elevated pCO2 in wild populations remains largely untested. We measured brain transcriptomes of six coral reef fish species at a natural volcanic CO2 seep and an adjacent control reef in Papua New Guinea. We show that elevated pCO2 induced common molecular responses related to circadian rhythm and immune system but different magnitudes of molecular response across the six species. Notably, elevated transcriptional plasticity was associated with core circadian genes affecting the regulation of intracellular pH and neural activity in Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Gene expression patterns were reversible in this species as evidenced upon reduction of CO2 following a natural storm‐event. Compared with other species, Ac. polyacanthus has a more rapid evolutionary rate and more positively selected genes in key functions under the influence of elevated CO2, thus fueling increased transcriptional plasticity. Our study reveals the basis to variable gene expression changes across species, with some species possessing evolved molecular toolkits to cope with future OA.
High success rate of nocturnal enuresis treatment during the stay‐home period for COVID‐19
Authors: Kimiya Takahisa , Shinjoh Masayoshi , Asanuma Hiroshi , Inoguchi Tomohiro , Takahashi Takao 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesTo clarify whether enuresis treatment was more effective during the stay‐home period for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, when restrictions on activities enabled patients to concentrate on treatment.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, nonrandomized cohort study for monosymptomatic enuresis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (March–June 2020) and a 2‐year comparator period (March–June 2018 and March–June 2019). Primary outcome was treatment response, defined as a change in the number of wet nights per week within 6 months following enrollment. The time‐dependent occurrence of treatment response was evaluated with the Kaplan–Meier method and the log‐rank test. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify risk factors for treatment response. The range of appropriate sample sizes for this primary outcome was 39–48.ResultsOf our 41 enrolled patients, 28 (68%) were male and mean age was 8.8 years. The complete response rate was 73% during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period and 27% during the comparator period. Log‐rank tests showed a higher cumulative incidence of complete response in the pandemic period (P = 0.020). Cox regression analysis identified treatment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (hazard ratio 2.533; 95% confidence interval 1.069–6.006) and dinner before 19:00 (hazard ratio 4.184; 95% confidence interval 1.56–11.252) as significantly associated with treatment response.ConclusionsThe rate of enuresis treatment response was uncommonly high during the stay‐home period for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Restrictions on daily life may provide opportunities to concentrate on treatments for chronic illnesses, leading to more success.