bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Commercial Courts: A Superior Alternative to Arbitration?
Authors: Stooss Tanja , Ruckteschler Dorothee 
Published: March 2022

International commercial arbitration has long been the hallmark of international dispute resolution. However, with the increasing establishment of specialized English-speaking courts dealing solely with commercial disputes (‘International Commercial Courts’) the popularity of arbitration is being called into question. The phenomenon of International Commercial Courts is not completely new, but their number has significantly increased in recent times. In 2018 alone, China, the Netherlands, France, and Germany have, among others, announced the opening of specialized English-speaking courts and others are preparing to shortly follow their example. Whilst the arbitral process is often criticized for its costs, procedural delays, or lack of power against third parties, the question remains whether International Commercial Courts will be able to deal with these issues any better. This article first examines the history and the features of International Commercial Courts, with a special focus on those recently established in Europe, before evaluating whether they are – or might be in future – better suited to service the needs of international commerce.
Portfolio Investment in ICSID Arbitration: Just a Matter of Consent?
Authors: Risso Giorgio 
Published: March 2022

The constant evolution of the ways in which foreign capital is invested in the marketplace has urged the need for defining the boundaries of the notion of investment, as Article 25 of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention is silent on this point. Against this background, the question of whether the category of portfolio investment, which generally consists of intangible capital flows, can be classified as protected investment under the ICSID Convention has gained momentum due to some high-profile ICSID cases. This article examines to what extent portfolio investment can be included in the notion of investment under Article 25(1) of the ICSID Convention and, consequently, the substantive protections granted thereto can be enforced within the ICSID framework. It is argued that the increasing sophistication of financial instruments makes it difficult to find a one-size-fits-all solution, thereby requiring a case-by-case assessment of the relevant financial instrument vis-à-vis the typical characteristics of an investment identified by the case law. In this analysis, the requirement of the ‘contribution to the economic development of the host state’, which has often been overlooked, is subject to reconsideration.
Portfolio Investment, ICSID Convention, Article 25, Jurisdiction, Economic Development
The Ministerial Approval Requirement for Arbitration Agreements in Egypt: Revisiting the Public Policy Debate
Authors: Shehata Ibrahim 
Published: March 2022

The Egyptian Arbitration Law No. 27/1994 (the ‘Egyptian Arbitration Law’) was enacted without delineating the subject of arbitrability of administrative contracts. This was one of the hottest pre-existing debates preceding the promulgation of the Egyptian Arbitration Law, yet the latter has succinctly mentioned that arbitration is valid between public and private entities. The Legislature did not find such wording sufficient to settle this debate and decided in 1997 to introduce a specific amendment elaborating this issue.
The 1997 amendment might have settled the arbitrability of administrative contracts debate, however, it initiated another debate when it required that arbitration agreements under administrative contracts be approved by the competent minister. Until now, there are some unsettled issues concerning this ministerial approval requirement. For instance, which party is liable to procure such ministerial approval: the administrative authority or its private counterparty? Could this ministerial approval be implied? For example, what if the competent minister has attended the contract signing ceremony, would that be enough? Another recurring question is whether such a ministerial approval pertains to public policy or not. This article tries to answer these questions in light of the recent decisions rendered by the Egyptian courts and arbitral tribunals.
Ministerial Approval Requirement, Administrative Contracts, State Contracts, Egyptian Arbitration, Public Policy, Annulment of Arbitral Awards, Enforcement of Arbitral Awards, Implied Consent, ex officio, Egyptian State Council
Arbitration’s Blade: International Arbitration and the Rule of Law
Authors: Menon Sundaresh 
Published: March 2022

The legitimacy of a system of dispute resolution depends intrinsically on the trust and confidence of its users in its decision-making processes, and that in turn rests on the general adherence of those processes to the values and principles that constitute the rule of law. While international arbitration has long been a close partner of the courts in sustaining the rule of law, some of arbitration’s key features and practices – such as its consent-based limitations, its predisposition toward confidentiality, its longstanding practice of permitting parties to unilaterally appoint arbitrators, and its philosophy that parties have no right to a right answer – mean that arbitration supports an attenuated model of the rule of law. That is largely the result of conscious decisions to forgo certain rule of law values in order to realize other goals. But the problem of rising costs and delays, underpinned by arbitration’s growing procedural rigidity and lack of agility, exacts a heavy price on arbitration’s users and their confidence in arbitration, without obvious returns. We must be cognizant of arbitration’s sacrifice in terms of rule of law values when seeking to advance other objectives, and regularly reflect on whether those gains are still worth their cost.
International arbitration, Rule of law, Consent, Arbitrability, Confidentiality, Multiparty disputes, Party appointment of arbitrators, Accessibility, Costs, Delays
UN and EU Sanctions Versus US Sanctions: Two Different Yardsticks Commentary on the Decision of the Paris Court of Appeal (International Commercial Chamber) (5th Pole, Chamber 16) of 3 June 2020, No. 21/2020
Authors: Hage Chahine Joséphine 
Published: March 2022

The Paris Court of Appeal rejected a challenge to an ICC award rendered in favour of an Iranian government-owned company. That challenge was based on allegations of breaches by the tribunal of due process, of the arbitrators’ mandate, and of public policy. Of note, the public policy challenge was based on the tribunal’s alleged failure to take into consideration UN, EU and US sanctions against Iran. This decision of the Paris Court of Appeal is in line with the established French case law regarding its answer to the above mentioned three grounds of challenge, but it drew a peculiar conclusion that US sanctions, contrary to UN and EU sanctions, are not part of French international public policy, even though having the same object.
Challenge of the award, French case law, breach of due process-waiver of the right to object, breach of the arbitrators’ mandate and the duty to reason the award-breach of public policy, UN, EU and US sanctions against Iran-international consensus
Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice by Arbitration Tribunals
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: March 2022

When a court or tribunal of an EU Member State is faced with a dispute which gives rise to questions concerning the interpretation or validity of an EU legal measure that must be answered in order for the national court to render its decision, Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union lays down that, prior to delivering its judgment, this court or tribunal may seek a preliminary ruling from the European Court of Justice. With the increased importance of EU law within those legal fields where arbitration is often used and with the growing number of arbitration proceedings, the preliminary ruling procedure may also be valuable to arbitration tribunals. However, the European Court of Justice has shown a pronounced reluctance when it comes to allowing arbitration tribunals access to use the preliminary reference procedure. This article provides an up-to-date examination of the Court of Justice’s approach to preliminary references from arbitration tribunals, and it considers the pros and cons of opening more up for such tribunals using the preliminary reference procedure.
European Court of Justice, EU law, Preliminary references, Arbitration tribunals, Article 267 TFEU
The Applicability of the Russia-Ukraine Bilateral Investment Treaty to Crimea in the Light of the Duty of Non-recognition in International Law
Authors: Krumbiegel Felix 
Published: March 2022

According to international law, Russia’s territorial claim over Crimea shall not be recognized as it was brought about by a violation of the prohibition of violence. Despite this obligation, several arbitral tribunals have recently accepted jurisdiction in claims brought by Ukrainian investors under the Russia-Ukraine BIT and declared the Russia-Ukraine BIT applicable. I consider the arbitral tribunals’ reasoning to be inconsistent with the duty of non-recognition. Therefore, I analyze possible alternative ways in which Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian investors can obtain protection for their investments in Crimea under the Russia-Ukraine BIT without implicitly recognizing Russia’s territorial claim over Crimea.
International Investment Law, Duty of non-recognition, Crimea, Annexation, Jurisdiction ratione loci
Cambios temporales y voces testimoniales, un encuentro con la memoria histórica colombiana durante el período (1983 – 1993)
Authors: González Rodríguez Luz Dory 
Published: March 2022

Resumen en español	Al abordar la crónica Un fin de semana con Pablo Escobar (2003) se pretende analizar la propuesta de corte temporal y hacer una lectura crítica de ella prestando atención al camino trazado por el autor y, en él, las resonancias, dadas las estrategias narrativas en este relato de memoria que da cuenta de un contexto histórico de finales de siglo XX, con marcadas coyunturas sociopolíticas en Colombia. Dicho análisis se desarrollará en torno a tres ejes: primero, la perspectiva desde la cual se cuenta la historia focalizada en los narradores. Segundo, los cambios de la línea temporal de la narración (cuenta el presente de la entrevista, pero recuerda episodios del pasado) y, por último, la fragmentación del relato que genera incertidumbre al lector y lo obliga a reconstruir sentidos no explicitados, etc. El objeto de estudio recortado supone un impacto en el ámbito científico colombiano, porque pretende abordar el discurso de Hoyos en el género crónica; un autor que todavía no ha sido trabajado en profundidad por la crítica literaria del país. En consecuencia, este proyecto amplía el horizonte de estudios del periodismo narrativo en América Latina, incorporando nuevos elementos que contribuyen con la complejidad del objeto.
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AMID THE CHALLENGES OF RELIGIOUS RADICALISM
Authors: Asroni Ahmad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the importance and urgency of the implementation of multicultural religious education. It can be used as an effective instrument and media to reduce religious radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Multicultural religious education provides the same space for the growth of differences and religious diversity. Through multicultural religious education, students are expected to have a high commitment to their religion while having a tolerance and appreciative attitude towards other religions. With a multicultural religious education, students are expected to have a sense of plurality. It will only be successful if it is taught by educators who have multicultural awareness. In addition, the curriculum, materials, methods, and evaluation of multicultural religious education learning must also contain and be compatible with multicultural values. Therefore, it needs political will from all stakeholders to jointly formulate a blueprint for multicultural religious education.
Keywords: multicultural religious education, religious radicalism, terrorism, student

Abstrak
Artikel ini membahas tentang pentingnya dan urgensi penyelenggaraan pendidikan agama multikultural. Ini dapat digunakan sebagai instrumen dan media yang efektif untuk mengurangi radikalisme agama dan terorisme di Indonesia. Pendidikan agama multikultural memberikan ruang yang sama bagi tumbuhnya perbedaan dan keragaman agama. Melalui pendidikan agama multikultural, peserta didik diharapkan memiliki komitmen yang tinggi terhadap agamanya sekaligus memiliki sikap toleransi dan apresiasi terhadap agama lain. Dengan pendidikan agama multikultural diharapkan siswa memiliki rasa pluralitas. Hal itu hanya akan berhasil jika diajarkan oleh pendidik yang memiliki kesadaran multikultural. Selain itu, kurikulum, materi, metode, dan evaluasi pembelajaran pendidikan agama multikultural juga harus memuat dan selaras dengan nilai-nilai multikultural. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan political will dari seluruh stakeholder (pemangku kepentingan) untuk bersama-sama merumuskan blueprint pendidikan agama multikultural.
Kata kunci: Pendidikan agama multikultural, radikalisme agama, terorisme, peserta didik
Complete chloroplast genome studies of different apple varieties indicated the origin of modern cultivated apples from Malus sieversii and Malus sylvestris
Authors: Li Xueli , Ding Zhijie , Miao Haoyu , Bao Jinbo , Tian Xinmin 
Published: March 2022

Background
Apple is one of the most important temperate deciduous fruit trees worldwide, with a wide range of cultivation. In this study, we assessed the variations and phylogenetic relationships between the complete chloroplast genomes of wild and cultivated apples (Malus spp.).

Method
We obtained the complete chloroplast genomes of 24 apple varieties using next-generation sequencing technology and compared them with genomes of (downloaded from NCBI) the wild species.

Result
The chloroplast genome of Malus is highly conserved, with a genome length of 160,067–160,290 bp, and all have a double-stranded circular tetrad structure. The gene content and sequences of genomes of wild species and cultivated apple were almost the same, but several mutation hotspot regions (psbI-atpA, psbM-psbD, and ndhC-atpE) were detected in these genomes. These regions can provide valuable information for solving specific molecular markers in taxonomic research. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Malus formed a new clade and four cultivated varieties clustered into a branch with M. sylvestris and M. sieversii, which indicated that M. sylvestris and M. sieversii were the ancestor species of the cultivated apple.
Examining the Effects of Behavioral Skills Training on Social Praise Delivery in Malaysian Classrooms
Authors: Looi Irene , Johnson Cammarie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Malaysia launched the Inclusive Education Program (IEP) in 1997 to integrate students with special needs into mainstream classrooms and local researchers have recently asserted that more training is necessary for Malaysian teachers to effectively work with IEP students. The purposes of this research, therefore, were to (1) introduce the use of social praise via behavioral skills training (BST) to teachers of students in IEP, (2) increase the use of social praise by teachers of students in IEP via written feedback provided by the experimenter following each post-BST classroom session; and (3) increase the likelihood of individually selected target behavior in students who attend IEP. A multiple-baseline across four teacher-student dyads was conducted. Results indicated that BST and written feedback were effective in increasing the frequency (converted to responses per minute) of social praise issued by all four teachers and that collateral effects were seen by an increase in target behaviors for two out of four student participants. A posttreatment social validity survey completed by teacher participants indicated that the BST goals, procedures, and outcomes were practical and important.
Mussel‐ and Barnacle Cement Proteins‐Inspired Dual‐Bionic Bioadhesive with Repeatable Wet‐Tissue Adhesion, Multimodal Self‐Healing, and Antibacterial Capability for Nonpressing Hemostasis and Promoted Wound Healing
Authors: Pan Gaoxing , Li Feihan , He Shaohua , Li Weidong , Wu Quanming , He Jingjing , Ruan Renjie , Xiao Zhixiang , Zhang Jin , Yang Huanghao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMassive bleeding and wound infection are the major problems often observed during severe trauma, and achieving rapid hemostasis in cases of high‐dose bleeding in arteries and viscera remains an acute clinical demand. Herein, a mussel‐ and barnacle cement proteins‐inspired dual‐bionic hydrogel is first proposed. Benefiting from abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups, a tough dissipative matrix, removal of interfacial water, as well as dynamic redox balance of phenol‐quinone, the multinetwork hydrogel achieves repeatable robust wet‐tissue adhesiveness (151.40 ± 1.50 kPa), a fast multimodal self‐healing ability, and excellent antibacterial property against both Gram‐positive/negative bacteria. For rabbit/pig models of cardiac penetration holes and femoral artery injuries, the dual‐bionic bioadhesive shows better hemostatic efficiency than commercial gauze due to the synergistic effect of strong wound sealing capability, excellent red blood cell capturing property, and activation of hemostatic barrier membrane. More interestingly, the hydrogel combined with commercial hemostatic sponge presents accelerated wound healing as well as great potential for treating deep‐wound hemorrhage in a battlefield environment. Overall, owing to these unique advantages, the novel tissue‐adhesive hemostat opens up a new avenue to rapid sealing hemostasis and wound healing applications.
Light Stimulation of Neurons on Organic Photocapacitors Induces Action Potentials with Millisecond Precision
Authors: Schmidt Tony , Jakešová Marie , Đerek Vedran , Kornmueller Karin , Tiapko Oleksandra , Bischof Helmut , Burgstaller Sandra , Waldherr Linda , Nowakowska Marta , Baumgartner Christian , Üçal Muammer , Leitinger Gerd , Scheruebel Susanne , Patz Silke , Malli Roland , Głowacki Eric Daniel , Rienmüller Theresa , Schindl Rainer 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNongenetic optical control of neurons is a powerful technique to study and manipulate the function of the nervous system. This research has benchmarked the performance of organic electrolytic photocapacitor (OEPC) optoelectronic stimulators at the level of single mammalian cells: human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells with heterologously expressed voltage‐gated K+ channels and hippocampal primary neurons. OEPCs act as extracellular stimulation electrodes driven by deep red light. The electrophysiological recordings show that millisecond light stimulation of OEPC shifts conductance‐voltage plots of voltage‐gated K+ channels by ≈30 mV. Models are described both for understanding the experimental findings at the level of K+ channel kinetics in HEK cells, as well as elucidating interpretation of membrane electrophysiology obtained during stimulation with an electrically floating extracellular photoelectrode. A time‐dependent increase in voltage‐gated channel conductivity in response to OEPC stimulation is demonstrated. These findings are then carried on to cultured primary hippocampal neurons. It is found that millisecond time‐scale optical stimuli trigger repetitive action potentials in these neurons. The findings demonstrate that OEPC devices enable the manipulation of neuronal signaling activities with millisecond precision. OEPCs can therefore be integrated into novel in vitro electrophysiology protocols, and the findings can inspire in vivo applications.
Gender differences in emergency medicine standardized letters of evaluation
Authors: Mannix Alexandra , Monteiro Sandra , Miller Danielle , Parsons Melissa , Alvarez Al’ai , Krzyzaniak Sara M. , Gore Katarzyna , Eraso Daniel , Davenport Dayle , Chan Teresa M. , Gottlieb Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe Standardized Letter of Evaluation (SLOE) is a vital portion of any medical student’s emergency medicine (EM) residency application. Prior literature suggests gender bias in EM SLOE comparative ranking, but there is limited understanding of the impact of gender on other SLOE components. The study objective was to evaluate the presence of gender differences in the 7 Qualifications for EM (7QEM), Global Assessment (GA), and anticipated Rank List (RL) position. A secondary objective was to evaluate the gender differences in 7QEM scores and their link to GA and anticipated RL position.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study using SLOEs from a subset of United States applicants to three EM residency programs during the 2019–2020 application cycle. We collected self‐reported demographics, 7QEM scores, GA, and anticipated RL position. We utilized linear regression analyses and repeated measures ANOVA to evaluate if the relationship between the 7QEM scores, GA score, and anticipated RL position was different for men and women.Results2103 unique applicants were included (38.6% women, 61.4% men), with 4952 SLOEs meeting inclusion criteria. The average QEM (2.51 vs. 2.39; p < 0.001), GA (2.68 vs. 2.48; p < 0.001), and RL (2.68 vs. 2.47; p < 0.001) scores were statistically higher for women than men. When exploring the relationship between the 7QEM and GA, Ability to communicate a caring nature to patients was not found to be a statistically significant predictor for men, but it was for women. When exploring the relationship between 7QEM and RL, Commitment to EM was not a significant predictor for men, but it was for women.ConclusionsWomen scored higher than men on the 7QEM, GA, and anticipated RL position on SLOEs. The 7QEM scores factored differently for men and women.
Poly(m‐phenylene isophalamide) coated meta‐aramid paper with enhanced mechanical and insulation properties
Authors: Gu Siqi , Hu Zuming , Yu Junrong , Wang Yan , Li Na 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMeta‐aramid paper is widely used in transformers because of its perfect heat resistance and dielectric properties. However, the loose structure and the voids of meta‐aramid paper may lead to lower breakdown strength, which will limit the applications of the insulated paper in harsh environment. Accordingly, it is urgent to enhance the dielectric breakdown strength of meta‐aramid paper. This work reports a simple and effective way to increase the breakdown strength of meta‐aramid paper. The paper was coated with salt‐free poly(m‐phenylene isophalamide) (PMIA) slurry and the solid contents of PMIA slurry were 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. To obtain salt‐free PMIA slurry, the meta‐aramid spun fibers were dissolved in dimethylacetamide. After coating 10% PMIA slurry on meta‐aramid paper, the paper demonstrated the best comprehensive performance. The tensile strengths in the cross and machine direction reached 40.67 and 90.76 MPa, which were increased by 29.93% and 20.16% compared with pristine paper. Meanwhile, the dielectric breakdown strength was up to 42.75 kV/mm (the breakdown strength of pristine paper was only 16.41 kV/mm). Because no crosslinking agent and adhesive were used, the coated meta‐aramid paper still maintained excellent properties.