bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchytrium endobioticum, the potato wart disease pathogen
Authors: van de Vossenberg Bart. T. L. H. , Prodhomme Charlotte , Vossen Jack H. , van der Lee Theo A. J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPotato wart disease is considered one of the most important quarantine pests for cultivated potato and is caused by the obligate biotrophic chytrid fungus Synchytrium endobioticum. This review integrates observations from early potato wart research and recent molecular, genetic, and genomic studies of the pathogen and its host potato. Taxonomy, epidemiology, pathology, and formation of new pathotypes are discussed, and a model for molecular S. endobioticum–potato interaction is proposed.TaxonomyCurrently classified as kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Chytridiomycota, class: Chytridiomycetes, order: Chytridiales, family: Synchytriaceae, genus: Synchytrium, species: Synchytrium endobioticum, there is strong molecular support for Synchytriaceae to be transferred to the order Synchytriales.Hosts and disease symptomsSolanum tuberosum is the main host for S. endobioticum but other solanaceous species have been reported as alternative hosts. It is not known if these alternative hosts play a role in the survival of the pathogen in (borders of) infested fields. Disease symptoms on potato tubers are characterized by the warty cauliflower‐like malformations that are the result of cell enlargement and cell multiplication induced by the pathogen. Meristematic tissue on tubers, stolons, eyes, sprouts, and inflorescences can be infected while the potato root system seems to be immune.PathotypesFor S. endobioticum over 40 pathotypes, which are defined as groups of isolates with a similar response to a set of differential potato varieties, are described. Pathotypes 1(D1), 2(G1), 6(O1), and 18(T1) are currently regarded to be most widespread. However, with the current differential set other pathogen diversity largely remains undetected.Pathogen–host interactionA single effector has been described for S. endobioticum (AvrSen1), which is recognized by the potato Sen1 resistance gene product. This is also the first effector that has been described in Chytridiomycota, showing that in this fungal division resistance also fits the gene‐for‐gene concept. Although significant progress was made in the last decade in mapping wart disease resistance loci, not all resistances present in potato breeding germplasm could be identified. The use of resistant varieties plays an essential role in disease management.
Epidemiologic features and risk of scarring in pediatric patients with kerion celsi
Authors: Friedland Rivka , Sabbah Fareed , Reiss‐Huss Shiran , Ben Amitai Dan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundKerion celsi represents the inflammatory extreme of tinea capitis, as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the causative dermatophyte. Data regarding prevalence, trends in pathogens, and risk factors for scarring are limited.ObjectiveThe main objective of the study is to assess clinical and epidemiologic features of children with kerion celsi and risk factors for scarring.MethodsWe reviewed medical records of pediatric patients with kerion celsi treated between January 2006 and July 2020.ResultsAmong 80 patients, the prevalence of permanent alopecia was 27.5%. Patients with remaining alopecia presented to our clinic at a mean 1.3 months earlier than those with complete response to treatment (2.2 ± 2.1 and 3.4 ± 4.8, respectively; p < .05). Patients of Ethiopian ethnicity were more represented than in the general population; however, scarring was observed in only 11% (p = 0.08). Outcomes did not differ by pathogen, antifungal treatment prescribed, duration of treatment, or the use of prednisone or antibiotics.ConclusionsScarring alopecia is a common complication of kerion celsi. Host innate immune response, pathogen virulence, and treatment timeline should be considered as possible variables affecting risk of scarring in the future studies.
A Novel Probability of Detection Assessment Considering Model Uncertainty for Lamb Wave Detection
Authors: Gao Chenjun , He Jingjing , Guan Xuefei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Uncertainty in Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) arises from many sources, e.g., manufacturing variability, environmental noise, and inadequate measurement devices. The reliability of the NDE measurements is typically quantified by the probability of detection (POD). With the advent and technical developments of the simulation method and computer science, efforts have been devoted to generating and estimating the POD curve for Lamb wave damage detection. However, few studies have been reported on the POD evaluation considering model selection uncertainty. This paper presents a novel POD assessment method incorporating model selection uncertainty for Lamb wave damage detection. By treating the flaw quantification model as a discrete uncertain variable, a hierarchical probabilistic model for Lamb wave POD is formulated in the Bayesian framework. Uncertainties from the model choice, model parameters, and other variables can be explicitly incorporated using the proposed method. The Bayes factor is used to evaluate the performance of models. The posterior distributions of model parameters and the model fusion results are calculated through the Bayesian update using the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method. A fatigue problem with naturally developed cracks is used to demonstrate the proposed method.
Characterization of Roll-Cladded Aluminum Plates With Laser-Based Surface-Acoustic-Wave Measurements
Authors: Grünsteidl Clemens , Watzl Georg , Kerschbaummayr Christian , Scherleitner Edgar , Mayr Günther , Petre Marin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigated roll-cladded aluminum structures consisting of a layer of Al4045 on Al3003 with a non-destructive laser-ultrasound technique. We determined the thickness of the cladding layer based on the dispersion of the fundamental guided wave propagating along the surface. We analyzed eight surfaces, with cladding thicknesses ranging from 0 to approximately 400μm The inversion of the dispersion data to obtain the thickness yielded in consistent results, which we compare to reference values obtained from micrographs. For the optimization procedure we allowed the material properties to be free parameters, but constrained them to be equal for all samples.
Magnetic Methods for the Identification of Incorrect Microstructures in Grade 91 Power Station Steels
Authors: Wilson John W. , Peyton Anthony J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Grade 91 steels have been used in power generation for more than 20 years in high temperature, high pressure applications such as steam piping, headers and tubing because it provides superior creep and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The mechanical properties of the material are dependent on the creation of a martensitic microstructure, however incorrect heat treatment during manufacture, installation or repair can result in a weak ferritic or semi-ferritic microstructure which can cause premature component failure. Currently, components with incorrect, weak microstructures are identified using hardness testing; a manual technique which is prone to error. This work details a series of tests carried out at the University of Manchester to assess the suitability of multi-parameter magnetic testing for the identification of incorrect microstructures. The tests stem from a workshop organized by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where three sets of samples (eight pipe sections, eight tube sections and eight unidentified tube sections) with different microstructures were circulated world-wide. The results of the work show that the magnetic measurement techniques employed in these tests have the potential to provide a basis for the development of a portable NDE system for the identification of incorrect microstructures in Grade 91 plant components. The developed system would enable fast scanning of components with very little surface preparation along with digital data storage, improving on current manual hardness testing.
Research on Key Technologies of Precise Measurement of Geographic Coordinates of Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Jian Li , Jialin Wang , Jianyuan Zhao , Mingze Li , Xinjing Huang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
With the continuous increase of offshore oil and gas exploitation activities, the number of subsea pipelines is becoming larger and larger, which leads to frequent occurrence of subsea pipeline accidents. Long-term safe operation of subsea pipelines can be ensured by regular defect detection. The premise of locating and disposing defects is to accurately measure the geographic coordinates of subsea pipelines. Our research group has put forward a kind of pipeline spherical internal detector (SD), which has the advantages of convenient implementation, low risk to jam. For the SD, this paper has carried out research on the key technology of precise measurement of subsea pipelines’ geographic coordinates using the internal magnetic fields. The main work is as follows:
(1) Magnetic tensor invariant calibration method for magnetometer array has been studied and L-M algorithm is taken to solve the parameters, which is efficient and accurate. Field calibration experiment has proved this method is effective and has good robustness.
(2) A new method of measuring pipeline’s pitch angle is proposed. Under the experimental condition of using AC servo motor to drive the sensor instead of the SD to rotate, the pitch angle measurement error is less than 0.2°.
(3) Magnetic anomaly of spiral weld and buckling pipeline are used as new mark points to calibrate the geographic coordinates of subsea pipelines. Experimental results show that the newly designed SD can successfully identify spiral welds and buckling pipeline.
Leak Detection and Leakage Assessment of Submarine Pipelines Based on Passive Acoustics
Authors: Zhang Yu , Feng Zhu , Rui Xiaobo , Wang Bingpu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Passive acoustic is considered to be a more economical and suitable method for long-term monitoring at sea. In this paper, a gas flow measurement method under low signal-to-ratio and overlapping conditions is proposed. The signal-to-noise ratio and measurement stability can be improved through complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and adaptive frequency matching. The normalized energy window is used to determine the time period of each bubble to ensure the accuracy of the frequency identification. The accuracy was verified by experiments. The results show that in the flow range of 100–1000mL/min, the measurement error is controlled within 6%. This paper provides insight into low signal-to-noise ratio and high-speed escaping gas flow measurement technology.
Determination of the Ultrasonic Velocity on a Recent and Aged Pine Wood
Authors: Carreon Héctor , Carrillo Mayra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Aging in wood is the inevitable modification of physical and mechanical properties due to deterioration caused by different factors such as organisms that destroy wood, photodegradation, weathering or long-term loading. During the wood degradation process, significant mass, stiffness and strength are lost. Therefore, it is relevant to monitor the wood decomposition process to guarantee the structural requirements in buildings. This research work aims to report the influence of degradation in wood due to deterioration through the use of ultrasonic measurements. Longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were calculated using the ultrasonic emission-transmission technique for aged and unaged Mexican pine (Pinus Strobus) wood. The experimental measurements were carried out using longitudinal and shear wave ultrasonic transducers with a center frequency of 1.0 MHz and 0.5MHz respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to establish a direct correlation with the behavior of the ultrasonic wave developed in naturally aged and unaged wood. Measurements revealed higher ultrasonic velocity values for unaged wood samples in longitudinal, tangential and radial directions compared to aged wood samples, but no significant differences were found in all other wood directions.
Detection of Segregation in a High Carbon Steel by Non-Destructive Techniques
Authors: Hernández Luis , Carreón Hector , Jacuinde Arnoldo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In high carbon steel manufacture, segregation is a common problem that compromises the quality and performance of cast products. When they are rolled or forged, hard metallurgical phases can develop, promoting material embrittlement. To detect the segregation presence, traditionally, it is analyzed by macro-attack (according to the ASTM 381 standard). However, this methodology is limited to the subjective interpretation of the quality inspector, and also it is dangerous. Non-destructive means represent an agile alternative for quality control because they are sensitive to the chemical composition and microstructure of the steel. Through conventional ultrasound technique, an increase in attenuation coefficient was detected in the area of greater segregation and lower values in regions with greater chemical homogeneity.
On the other hand, the longitudinal wave velocity was lower in the segregated region and higher in the zone with less segregation. Furthermore, by some mathematical relationships and wave speeds, Poisson’s ratio Young’s and shear modulus were obtained, which are related to the ease of rolling in steel. Finally, Eddy currents and impedance plane determined that the segregation region has a lower phase angle, and therefore, a higher electrical conductivity concerning the zones of less segregation.
Transition to Online Cable Insulation Condition Monitoring
Authors: Glass S. W. , Fifield Leonard S. , Spencer Mychal P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nuclear power plant cables were originally qualified for 40 year life and generally have not required specific test verification to assure service availability through the initial plant qualification period. However, license renewals to 60 and 80 years of operation require a cable aging management program that depends on some form of test and verification to assure fitness for service. Environmental stress (temperature, radiation, chemicals, water, and mechanical) varies dramatically within a nuclear power plant and, in some cases, cables have degraded and required repair or replacement before their qualified end-of-life period. In other cases, cable conditions have been mild and dependable cable performance confirmed to extend well beyond the initial qualified life. Most offline performance-based testing requires cables to be decoupled and de-energized for specially trained technicians to perform testing. These offline tests constitute an expensive operational burden that limits the economic viability of nuclear power plants. Although initial investment may be higher, new online test practices are emerging as options or complements to offline testing that avoid or minimize the regularly scheduled offline test burden. These online methods include electrical and fiber-optic partial discharge measurement, spread spectrum time or frequency domain reflectometry, distributed temperature profile measurements, and local interdigital capacitance measurement of insulation characteristics. Introduction of these methods must be supported by research to confirm efficacy plus either publicly financed or market driven investment to support the start-up expense of cost-effective instrumentation to monitor cable condition and assure reliable operation. This work summarizes various online cable assessment technologies plus introduces a new cable motor test bed to assess some of these technologies in a controlled test environment.
Guided Wave Imaging Based on Fully Connected Neural Network for Quantitative Corrosion Assessment
Authors: Wang Xiaocen , Lin Min , Tong Junkai , Liang Lin , Li Jian , Zeng Zhoumo , Liu Yang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Corrosion can affect the reliability of materials, which has attracted the attention of the industry. Corrosion detection and quantitative analysis are particularly important for scientific management and decision-making. In this paper, the imaging method based ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) detection technology and fully connected neural network (FCNN) is proposed to realize real-time imaging of corrosion damages. The imaging method contains offline training and online testing. Offline training aims to establish the relationship between detection signals and velocity maps and it is accelerated by adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm. In the process of online testing, the trained model can be called directly to realize real-time imaging, that is, the detection signals are fed into the model and the network will predict the velocity maps. Finally, the velocity maps are converted to thickness maps according to the dispersion curves. Numerical experimental results show that the mean square errors (mses) are respectively 9.08 × 10−4, 2.47 × 10−3 and 2.59 × 10−3 in training, validation and testing. Compared with irregular corrosion damages, the imaging method has better imaging quality for circular corrosion damages.
A Comparison Study of Several Ultrasonic Endoscopy Technology for Tubes’ Inspection
Authors: Xi Ze , Wang Xiangang , Luo Xiaowei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ultrasonic technology has developed rapidly in decades. However, few ultrasonic technologies have been proposed for tubes’ internal inspection. In this paper, 6 types of ultrasonic endoscopic transducers are brought to detect volumetric and planar flaws in tubes. Steam generator tube is application target. Beam simulations are implemented and compared using an open source acoustic simulation toolbox to illustrate beneficial effects of the different transducers. The results show the proposed endoscopic array transducers can form focused ultrasonic beams in tube wall, which do helps when detecting complex defects, such as crevice with uncertain direction. A prototype circular array transducer with 64 elements is fabricated to demonstrate the design. A straight tube (Φ19 × 3mm) made of carbon-steel with 8 longitudinal grooves and 8 ring grooves of no more than 0.5mm width on both inner and outer tube wall are applied in endoscopy experiments. The results demonstrate the detection sensitivity of the circular array transducer reaches 0.2mm in both circumferential direction and axial direction. The combination of the above proposed transducers and advanced imaging algorithms such as total focusing method may build an integrated array ultrasonic endoscopic inspection scheme for the internal inspection of tubes.
Results of a Virtual Round Robin Study to Estimate Probability of Detection for Dissimilar Metal Welds
Authors: Meyer Ryan M. , Holmes Aimee E. , Morales Romarie , Virkkunen Iikka , Seuaciuc-Osorio Thiago , Lin Bruce 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents efforts to overcome challenges with empirical probability of detection (POD) estimations in the nuclear power industry through the utilization of a novel virtual flaw method. A virtual round robin (VRR) study was conducted under the Program for Investigation Of NDE by International Collaboration (PIONIC), organized by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) utilizing data generated by the virtual flaw method. Analysis of results from the VRR was performed by teams from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Aalto University.
Empirically derived POD estimations are presented, and challenges associated with obtaining these estimations are discussed. The virtual flaw method is introduced and some details of its implementation for the VRR activity are described. Results from POD analysis of the VRR data by PNNL, EPRI, and Aalto University are presented and a discussion regarding differences in analysis results is provided. Finally, potential future efforts to improve the application of the virtual flaw method and its estimation of POD are discussed.
Online Monitoring of Electric Power Box Using Waveguide Sensors
Authors: Fultariya Jaykumar , Raja Nishanth , Balasubramaniam Krishnan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Majority of the industrial and domestic fire accidents occur due to electric short circuits. Hence, it is imperative to monitor the condition of electric power box to facilitate preventive maintenance. The key reasons for power box failure are overheating, tripping, and arcing/sparking at the electric joints. This paper reports on the online condition monitoring of electric power box using the waveguide sensing technology. The critical components of the power box are monitored, namely; Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Solid State Relay (SSR), and Contactor. A pair of wire waveguides is designed to monitor overheating as well as the occurrence of tripping in the MCB. While one waveguide functions as an active ultrasound temperature sensor, the other acts as a passive acoustic emission based arcing sensor. During the overheating experiments, the ultrasound sensor precisely measures the temperature gradient along multiple points on the sub-components, with a minimum gauge length of 10–15mm. The perturbation caused due to MCB tripping is successfully captured by the passive acoustic emission sensor and the location of tripping is determined. Both the overheating temperature and tripping signature are detected by the waveguide transducer system. This work has potential application in industrial and commercial establishments to ensure improved reliability and workplace safety.
Vibration Analysis for NDE of Ceramic Components
Authors: Köhler Bernd , Tschöke Kilian , Stephan Mareike , Gartsev Sergey , Barth Martin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this contribution we study vibration testing for ceramic parts on the example of an electrolyte cup, used in a prospective power cells design. An adapted experimental arrangement for the vibration excitation and the acoustic measurements was built and tested. In parallel, extensive numerical modal analysis simulations were performed using ANSYS. The resonance spectra obtained by modelling agree with the experimentally determined spectra in such a way that the experimentally determined eigenfrequencies can be assigned to the cup modes. The correctness of this identification was verified by direct mode visualization with scanning laser doppler vibrometry.
A much faster and potentially in-line capable method for experimental mode identification is the simultaneous measurement at several points using a microphone array and subsequent signal evaluation with operational modal analysis. This procedure was successfully tested. Features in the spectra connected with the presence of flaws are discussed. These features include the drop of some eigenfrequencies and the splitting of degenerated modes.