bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Payday and Public Opinion toward Taxation
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen Tobias 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIf citizens pay insufficient attention to tax policies or cannot figure out how they are taxed, politicians may raise taxes more than is desired by the public, with few electoral repercussions. This scenario is central to the notion of “fiscal illusion” and is potentially problematic from a democratic point of view. In this article, I argue that payday is an opportunity for citizens to update their tax preferences. When people are paid and taxed, they are likely to think more about personal consumption relative to public consumption and be more aware of how the current tax system affects their personal finances, leading to increased tax skepticism. Studying this in Denmark, where payday falls on the same day for most people, and using a temporal regression discontinuity design, I find that support for tax cuts goes up by approximately 10 percentage points at payday. Further analyses suggest that this result is not driven by narrow economic self-interest, because the effect does not systematically vary across income groups. Rather, payday seems to mobilize ideological predispositions, as the effect is largest among rightists, for whom taxes are an especially strong political symbol. The implications for opinion formation and democratic accountability are discussed.
The Challenges of Predicting Drug-Induced QTc Prolongation in Humans
Authors: Valentin Jean-Pierre , Hoffmann Peter , Ortemann-Renon Catherine , Koerner John , Pierson Jennifer , Gintant Gary , Willard James , Garnett Christine , Skinner Matthew , Vargas Hugo M , Wisialowski Todd , Pugsley Michael K 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe content of this article derives from a Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) consortium with a focus to improve cardiac safety during drug development. A detailed literature review was conducted to evaluate the concordance between nonclinical repolarization assays and the clinical thorough QT (TQT) study. Food and Drug Administration and HESI developed a joint database of nonclinical and clinical data, and a retrospective analysis of 150 anonymized drug candidates was reviewed to compare the performance of 3 standard nonclinical assays with clinical TQT study findings as well as investigate mechanism(s) potentially responsible for apparent discrepancies identified. The nonclinical assays were functional (IKr) current block (Human ether-a-go-go related gene), action potential duration, and corrected QT interval in animals (in vivo corrected QT). Although these nonclinical assays demonstrated good specificity for predicting negative clinical QT prolongation, they had relatively poor sensitivity for predicting positive clinical QT prolongation. After review, 28 discordant TQT-positive drugs were identified. This article provides an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms responsible for QT prolongation and theoretical reasons for lack of concordance between clinical TQT studies and nonclinical assays. We examine 6 specific and discordant TQT-positive drugs as case examples. These were derived from the unique HESI/Food and Drug Administration database. We would like to emphasize some reasons for discordant data including, insufficient or inadequate nonclinical data, effects of the drug on other cardiac ion channels, and indirect and/or nonelectrophysiological effects of drugs, including altered heart rate. We also outline best practices that were developed based upon our evaluation.
Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review
Authors: Diggikar Shivashankar , Krishnegowda Roshani 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsThis structured review aimed to discuss the existing literature on therapeutic hypothermia for moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy exclusively in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsMedline, Embase, CINHAL and Cochrane Registry were searched for original papers with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for treating neonatal encephalopathy in LMIC with no language restrictions. The search identified 1413 papers from 1990 to 31 August 2021.ResultsTwenty-one original papers were included after duplicates removal and full-text screening in the final review. Fourteen randomized control studies and seven non-randomized studies were discussed with various modes of cooling (servo-controlled, phase changing material, traditional methods), complications during cooling, mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental assessment. Although there is sufficient evidence in LMIC favouring cooling for the reduction in mortality and improving the neurodevelopmental outcomes, nonetheless these studies were widely heterogeneous in terms of method of cooling, tools for assessing developmental outcomes, age at assessment and variations in neuroimaging tools and reporting.ConclusionTherapeutic hypothermia is beneficial in LMICs with low certainty of evidence in reducing mortality and improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Morphological disparity in a hyperdiverse mammal clade: a new morphotype and tribe of Neotropical cricetids
Authors: Pardiñas Ulyses F J , Tinoco Nicolás , Barbière Franck , Ronez Christophe , Cañón Carola , Lessa Gisele , Koch Claudia , Brito Jorge 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRhagomys is a genus of South American cricetids composed of three living species. They occur in eastern Andean and lowland tropical forests. Since description of this genus more than a century ago, it was treated as an enigmatic form within Sigmodontinae, varyingly thought to be allied to different suprageneric groups, with several scholars highlighting their presumptive autapomorphies. However, this morphologically based controversy was resolved with the advent of molecular data, indicating a weak affiliation to Thomasomyini. Here we resume the anatomical scrutiny of Rhagomys based on new evidence. New data, including CT-scan craniodental exploration and an ICAMER molar analysis, reinforce the uniqueness of this cricetid in the subfamily. In addition, we have enlarged and reworked the genetic data, composed of mitochondrial and nuclear markers, supporting not only the monophyly of Rhagomys, but also its resolution as a distinct branch of the sigmodontine radiation. To accommodate these results, we describe a new tribe for Rhagomys. The recognized clade is the most phenotypically differentiated of the Oryzomyalia and inaugurates a new arboreal morphotype. We hypothesize that Rhagomys has a set of anatomical features used to exploit understory resources by primarily insectivorous mice.
Investigating Healthcare Provider Bias Toward Patients Who Use Drugs Using a Survey-based Implicit Association Test: Pilot Study
Authors: Dahl Rachel A. , Vakkalanka J. Priyanka , Harland Karisa K. , Radke Joshua 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
Negative bias against people who use illicit drugs adversely affects the care that they receive throughout the hospital. We hypothesized that emergency providers would display stronger negative bias toward these patients due to life-threatening contexts in which they treat this population. We also hypothesized that negative implicit bias would be associated with negative explicit bias.

Methods
Faculty, nurses, and trainees at a midwestern tertiary care academic hospital were invited (June 26, 2019—September 5, 2019) to complete an online implicit association test and explicit bias survey.

Results
Mean implicit association test results did not vary across demographics (n = 79). There were significant differences in explicit bias scores between departments regarding whether patients who use drugs deserve quality healthcare access (P = 0.017). We saw no significant associations between implicit and explicit bias scores.

Conclusion
Though limited by sample size, the results indicate that emergency and obstetrics/gynecology providers display more negative explicit bias toward this patient population than other providers.
Universal Hepatitis B Antibody Screening and Vaccination in Pregnancy
Authors: Prabhu Malavika , Susich Marguerite K. , Packer Claire H. , Hersch Alyssa R. , Riley Laura E. , Caughey Aaron B. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the cost effectiveness of universal screening for hepatitis B immunity and vaccination among pregnant women in the United States.

METHODS:
We designed a decision-analytic model to evaluate the outcomes, costs, and cost effectiveness associated with universal hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunity screening in pregnancy with vaccination of susceptible individuals compared with no screening. A theoretical cohort of 3.6 million women, the approximate number of annual live births in the United States, was used. Outcomes included cases of HBV, hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplant and death, in addition to cost and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Model inputs were derived from the literature, and the willingness-to-pay threshold was $50,000 per QALY. Univariate sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulation models were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results.

RESULTS:
In a theoretical cohort of 3.6 million women, universal HBV immunity screening and vaccination resulted in 1,702 fewer cases of HBV, seven fewer cases of decompensated cirrhosis, four fewer liver transplants, and 11 fewer deaths over the life expectancy of a woman after pregnancy. Universal screening and vaccination were found to be cost effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1,890 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the model was robust even when the prevalence of HBV immunity was high and the annual risk of HBV acquisition low.

CONCLUSION:
Among pregnant women in the United States, universal HBV immunity screening and vaccination of susceptible persons is cost effective compared with not routinely screening and vaccinating.
Efficacy and Long-term Outcomes of Repeated Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone of the Cervix
Authors: van de Sande Anna J. M. , Schreuder Coen M. , van Baars Romy , Koeneman Margot M. , Gerestein Cornelis G. , Kruse Arnold-Jan , van Kemenade Folkert J. , Willemsen Sten P. , van Beekhuizen Heleen J. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcome of repeat large loop excision of the transformation zone in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

METHODS:
PALGA (the Dutch Pathology Registry), a database of deidentified cervical cytologic and histologic data, was used to examine women with cervical dysplasia who underwent two or more large loop excision of the transformation zone procedures between January 2005 and June 2015. We obtained cervical cytology and histology results. The main outcome was efficacy of repeated large loop excision of the transformation zone procedure in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. We also examined subsequent excisional procedures and hysterectomy.

RESULTS:
We identified 499 women who had undergone two or more large loop excision of the transformation zone procedures. After their second procedure, 60.7% of women had a normal first cervical cytologic sample. The mean duration of follow-up was 68 months (0–163 months). Additional cervical excisional procedures were performed in 33.7% of women. Overall, 1.2% of women developed cervical cancer during follow-up. Moreover, 19.0% of women eventually underwent hysterectomy.

CONCLUSION:
One third of the women who undergo two large loop excision of the transformation zone procedures require an additional excisional procedure or hysterectomy. Almost one fifth of these women eventually undergo hysterectomy.
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Pregnancy
Authors: Richley Michael , Rao Rashmi R. , Afshar Yalda , Mei Jenny , Mok Thalia , Vijayan Tara , Weinstein Stacy , Pham Christine U. , Madamba Jason , Shin Christina S. , Suda Deborah , Han Christina S. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To describe outcomes associated with monoclonal antibody use in pregnant persons with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS:
We present a retrospective case series of pregnant patients who received anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) monoclonal antibody infusions at a single center from April 1, 2021, through October 16, 2021. Pregnant patients who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test result and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms were eligible for monoclonal antibody infusion. Exclusion criteria for administration included need for supplemental oxygen, hospitalization due to COVID-19, and positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result more than 7 days before screening. All patients received either bamlanivimab plus etesevimab or casirivimab plus imdevimab based on availability and dosing instructions of the product and emerging resistance patterns in the community.

RESULTS:
During the study period, monoclonal antibody infusions were administered to 450 individuals at our institution, of whom 15 were pregnant. Of the 15 pregnant persons receiving monoclonal antibody, six (40%) had full-vaccination status at the time of infusion. Two individuals (13%, CI 0–31%) experienced systemic reactions during the infusion, both resulting in temporary changes in the fetal heart rate tracing that recovered with maternal and intrauterine resuscitative efforts. One patient delivered after infusion for worsening maternal and fetal status; the remainder of the patients did not require admission for COVID-19.

CONCLUSION:
In this case series, pregnant persons who received anti–SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody infusions had generally favorable outcomes.
Noninvasive Prediction of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection After Maternal Primary Infection
Authors: Rouse Dwight J. , Fette Lida M. , Hughes Brenna L. , Saade George R. , Dinsmoor Mara J. , Reddy Uma M. , Pass Robert , Allard Donna , Mallett Gail , Clifton Rebecca G. , Saccoccio Frances M. , Permar Sallie R. , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Varner Michael W. , Goodnight William H. , Tita Alan T. N. , Costantine Maged M. , Swamy Geeta K. , Heyborne Kent D. , Chien Edward K. , Chauhan Suneet P. , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Casey Brian M. , Parry Samuel , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Napolitano Peter G. , Macones George A. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To develop and internally validate a noninvasive method for the prediction of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after primary maternal CMV infection.

METHODS:
We conducted a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial of CMV hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital infection. Women were eligible if they had primary CMV infection, defined as detectable plasma CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and CMV-specific IgG with avidity less than 50% before 24 weeks of gestation or IgG seroconversion before 28 weeks, and were carrying a singleton fetus without ultrasonographic findings suggestive of CMV infection. Antibody assays were performed in a single reference laboratory. Congenital infection was defined as CMV detection in amniotic fluid, neonatal urine or saliva, or postmortem tissue. Using backward elimination, we developed logit models for prediction of congenital infection using factors known at randomization. The performance of the model was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation (a method of internal validation).

RESULTS:
Of 399 women enrolled in the trial, 344 (86%) had informative data for this analysis. Congenital infection occurred in 68 pregnancies (20%). The best performing model included government-assisted insurance, IgM index 4.5 or higher, IgG avidity less than 32%, and whether CMV was detectable by polymerase chain reaction in maternal plasma at the time of randomization. Cross-validation showed an average area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70–0.82), indicating moderate discriminatory ability. More parsimonious one-, two-, and three-factor models performed significantly less well than the four-factor model. Examples of prediction with the four-factor model: for a woman with government-assisted insurance, avidity less than 32%, IgM index 4.5 or higher, and detectable plasma CMV, probability of congenital infection was 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.82); for a woman with private insurance, avidity 32% or greater, IgM index less than 4.5, and undetectable plasma CMV, probability of infection was 0.03 (95% CI 0.02–0.07).

CONCLUSION:
We developed models to predict congenital CMV infection in the presence of primary maternal CMV infection and absence of ultrasonographic findings suggestive of congenital infection. These models may be useful for patient counseling and decision making.
Risk of Sterilization Regret and Age
Authors: Danvers Antoinette A. , Evans Thomas Andrew 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the risk of sterilization regret based on age at the time of sterilization in a contemporary group of women.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2015–2017 and 2017–2019 National Survey of Family Growth, Female Respondent Files, to estimate the proportion of women who experience sterilization regret. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and the proportion with regret. Sterilization regret was defined as someone who either underwent sterilization reversal or who definitely wanted sterilization reversal. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations with sterilization regret.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,549 women who underwent sterilization were included in the analysis; 8% were aged 21–30 years, and 92% were aged older than 30 years. Of the participants, 16.9% identified as Black, 22.0% as Hispanic, and 57.2% as White. Most (58.4%) underwent a tubal sterilization procedure between age 21 and 30 years. The cumulative proportion of regret was 10.2% (12.6% for women who underwent sterilization at age 21–30 years and 6.7% for those who underwent sterilization at older than age 30 years). After controlling for covariates including age, race, parity, educational attainment, and medical reason for sterilization, the only variable that had a statistically significant association with regret was age at the time of the interview (P<.001). As women got older, they were less likely to report sterilization regret.

CONCLUSION:
Younger women experience more sterilization regret. As women get older, sterilization regret decreases. Counseling about sterilization should reveal the unpredictability of future desire, but age alone must not be a barrier to performing sterilization.
Hearing Loss and Cognitive Function: Baseline Findings From the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health: ELSA-Brasil
Authors: Samelli Alessandra G. , Santos Itamar S. , Deal Jennifer A. , Brunoni André R. , Padilha Fernanda Y.O.M.M. , Matas Carla G. , Moreira Renata R. , Rabelo Camila M. , Murano Emi Z. , Bensenõr Isabela J. , Lotufo Paulo A. , Suemoto Claudia K. 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
Hearing loss (HL) has been associated with cognitive impairment in high-income countries. However, no study has investigated this association in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the association between cognitive function and HL in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.

Design:
Cross-sectional analysis of Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) with 802 individuals (35–74 years old). Hearing was measured using pure-tone audiometry. A pure-tone average (s) of thresholds at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz was calculated. HL was defined as a PTA above 25 dB in the better ear or either ear, as a categorical variable. Cognitive performance was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease word list memory test, the semantic and phonemic verbal fluency (VF) tests, and the Trail Making test version B. To investigate the association between cognitive performance and HL, we used linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Results:
Of the total of participants, 7.6% had HL. After adjustment for sociodemographic and health confounding variables, only VF was associated with HL; a 10 dB increase in the PTA in the better ear was associated with worse performance in the phonemic VF test (β = −0.115 [95% CI, −0.203 to −0.027], p = 0.01). We found a significant interaction between HL and age in the VF domain (p = 0.01). HL was related to poor VF performance among older adults only.

Conclusion:
In a community-dwelling sample of most middle-aged adults, objectively measured HL was associated with lower VF. These results should be evaluated with caution, given the likelihood of residual confounding and the fact that only VF showed an association with HL.
Concomitant Sepsis Diagnoses in Acute Myocardial Infarction-Cardiogenic Shock: 15-Year National Temporal Trends, Management, and Outcomes
Authors: Jentzer Jacob C. , Bhat Anusha G. , Patlolla Sri Harsha , Sinha Shashank S. , Miller P. Elliott , Lawler Patrick R. , van Diepen Sean , Khanna Ashish K. , Zhao David X. , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Mixed cardiogenic-septic shock is common and associated with high mortality. There are limited contemporary data on concomitant sepsis in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS).

DESIGN:
Observational study.

SETTING:
Twenty percent stratified sample of all community hospitals (2000–2014) in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS:
Adults (> 18 yr) with AMI-CS with and without concomitant sepsis.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Outcomes of interest included inhospital mortality, development of noncardiac organ failure, complications, utilization of guideline-directed procedures, length of stay, and hospitalization costs. Over 15 years, 444,253 AMI-CS admissions were identified, of which 27,057 (6%) included sepsis. The sepsis cohort had more comorbidities and had higher rates of noncardiac multiple organ failure (92% vs 69%) (all p < 0.001). In 2014, compared with 2000, the prevalence of sepsis increased from 0.5% versus 11.5% with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 11.71 (95% CI, 9.7–14.0) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and 24.6 (CI, 16.4–36.7) (all p < 0.001) in non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The sepsis cohort received fewer cardiac interventions (coronary angiography [65% vs 68%], percutaneous coronary intervention [43% vs 48%]) and had greater use of mechanical circulatory support (48% vs 45%) and noncardiac support (invasive mechanical ventilation [65% vs 41%] and acute hemodialysis [12% vs 3%]) (p < 0.001). The sepsis cohort had higher inhospital mortality (44.3% vs 38.1%; aOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.18–1.25; p < 0.001), longer length of stay (14.0 d [7–24 d] vs 7.0 d [3–12 d]), greater hospitalization costs (×1,000 U.S. dollars) ($176.0 [$85–$331] vs $77.0 [$36–$147]), fewer discharges to home (22% vs 44%) and more discharges to skilled nursing facilities (51% vs 28%) (all p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
In AMI-CS, concomitant sepsis is associated with higher mortality and morbidity highlighting the need for early recognition and integrated management of mixed shock.