bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography-Based Angiographic Evaluation of Circle of Willis and Its Variations. First Documented Evidence from Northern India
Authors: Jan Shah Sumaya , Shah Bashir Ahmad , Bhat Shabir Ahmad , Faisal Syed Shah , Saleem Sheikh Mohd 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The circle of Willis (CW) encircles the pituitary stalk and is considered an anastomotic vascular system that links the forebrain and hindbrain. Because morphology varies between races, it was reasonable to do research on the anatomy of the CW. The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical variations in the arteries composing the CW on computed tomography (CT angiography) in the adult Kashmiri population.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted to assess the structural characteristics of CW and to estimate the prevalence of anatomical variations of CW in the adult Kashmiri population among those who were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley, aged 20 years or older, and who were referred for CT angiography from the Department of Medicine or Surgery with the diagnosis of CW.

Results:
A total of 50 (23.1%) studied CT angiography were having the presence of any anatomical variations, while 166 (76.9%) had normal anatomical origins. Arteries forming the CW (polygon) were found to be absent among 9 (4.16%) and 5 (2.3%) had fetal origin of arteries forming the CW. Trifurcation of arteries was found among only 2 (0.9%), hypoplastic arteries were found among 34 (15.7%), and complete circles were present in 207 (95.8%) CT angiographs. Right and left internal carotid artery, right and left anterior cerebral artery, the right middle and left middle cerebral artery, and the anterior communicating artery were all present.

Conclusion:
Hypoplasia was more prevalent in a posterior circle, absent arteries in the anterior circulation, while accessory vessels were common in the anterior portion of the circle.
A Study to Compare the Correlation of Perceived Stress and Insomnia between Health Professionals and other Employees in a Government Medical College of Eastern India
Authors: Mukherjee Anjan , Chaudhuri Arunima , Chakraborty Shibaditya , Adhya Debasis 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Perception of higher stress may lead to insomnia which can adversely affect the mental and physical well-being of health professionals and patient care. The aim of the study was to compare the correlation of perceived stress and insomnia among health professionals and other employees in a Government Medical College of Eastern India.

Materials and Methods:
This online survey was conducted using two Google forms in a span of 18 months. In the first section of the document, the relevance was explained, and informed consent was taken. In the second part of the form, participants were asked to fill up demographic details and relevant history. In the third part of the form, participants had to fill up the following four scales: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) of Sheldon Cohen, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS).

Results:
Participants were divided into two groups: Group A: Health Professionals and Group B: Other Employees. JSS scores were significantly higher among Group A (38.29 ± 6.34) as compared to Group B (35.47 ± 6.98) with a P = 0.0008**. Participants having higher JSS scores also had higher PSS scores (Group A with an r = 0.12; Group B with an r = 0.007). ISI scores were significantly higher in Group A (10.53 ± 3.43) as compared to Group B (6.21 ± 2.77) with a P < 0.001**. Participants having higher PSS scores also had higher scores for ISI (Group A with an r = 0.167 and Group B with an r = 0.333). PSQI scores were significantly higher among Group A (11.52 ± 2.05) as compared to Group B (6.37 ± 2.69) with a P < 0.0001**. PSS scores also positively correlated to PSQI scores (Group A, r = 0.963 and Group B r = 0.959). Participants having higher PSS scores also had higher scores for PSQI (Group A with an r = 0.963 and Group B with an r = 0.959).

Conclusions:
Perceived stress scores positively correlated to both severities of insomnia and poor quality of sleep among study participants. This suggests that higher perceived stress levels may be a significant contributor to insomnia and poor sleep quality among health professions as they are constantly exposed to higher professional stress in the present health-care system.
Managing blisters in minor burns
Authors: Garg Ramneesh , Rakesh Devika , Mittal Rajinder K , Kathpal Sheerin Shah , Kaur Amandeep , Singh Karan 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Management of burn blister has always been controversial. The options available are deroofing the blister, aspiration of fluid or leaving the blister intact. There is no set dressing protocol for managing blisters.

Aims and objectives:
To compare two treatment modalities i.e. deroofing and keeping the burn blister intact for the optimal management of minor superficial 2nd degree burns.

Material and Methods:
This prospective study was done on 27 patients who presented with minor superficial 2nd degree burns of upper limbs. Total of 50 blister wounds were randomly split into two categories of 25 each. One subset of blisters (Category 1) was deroofed and dressed every alternate day with silver alginate dressing. The other subset of blisters was left intact (Category 2) and dressed every alternate day. The parameters assessed and compared were pain at burn site, soakage of dressing and time to complete healing

Statistical Analysis:
Student t –test and Chi square (χ2) test. SPSS 21 software

Results:
The mean age of patients was 36 years. Category 1 wound patients had more pain (as assessed by Visual Analogue Scale) in comparison to Category 2 wounds. The time to wound healing was less by mean of 1.7days in Category 1 wounds compared to Category 2 wounds. Wound soakage was comparable in both subsets.

Conclusion:
De roofing a burn blister results in statistically significant decrease in time to wound healing and is recommended for management of minor superficial 2nd degree burns.
Prevalence of mental health disorders among health-care providers of COVID-19 positive and suspected cases
Authors: Das Subhash , Harish Dasari , Tyagi Shikha , Rohilla Ravi , Domun Ira , Garg Apoorva , Pandargiri Mallikarjun A , Singh Shaminder 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Health-care providers (HCP) engaged in demanding work like being involved in the care of COVID-19 positive and suspected cases are likely to have a lot of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. It will be noteworthy to have an idea about the magnitude of the mental health problems in them to formulate effective intervention strategies for their well-being.

Aims and Objectives:
The aim of this study is to determine whether frontline HCP engaged in the treatment and care of COVID-19 positive and suspect cases experienced increased mental health problems.

Methodology:
Two hundred and fifty-one frontline HCPs engaged in COVID-19 duty and 97 nonfrontline (controls) HCP were assessed and compared using tools like General Health Questionnaire 12, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Appropriate statistical tools such as analysis of variance and Chi-square were used.

Results:
Frontline HCP who were directly involved in COVID-19 duty had a higher proportion (28.3%) of psychological morbidities as compared to 19.6% among controls; HCP-frontline had significantly 2.17 times chances of having psychological distress compared to HCP controls. Among, HCP-frontline 13.1% had clinical depression, whereas in the HCP control, this was 6.2%. Further, 20.3% of HCP frontline and 10.3% of HCP control had clinical anxiety, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.0011).

Conclusion:
Frontline HCPs working in demanding work such as COVID-19 patient care are susceptible to psychological distress, anxiety, and depression which warrant urgent attention.
Analytical and Post Analytical Phase of an ISO 15189
Authors: Chandra Smita , Kusum Anuradha , Gaur Dushyant Singh , Chandra Harish 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
Analytical and post analytical phase are integral part of total quality management system and include steps from submission of slides till reports are dispatched. The present study was conducted to analyze the analytical and post analytical phase of the ISO15189:2012 certified cytopathology laboratory. It was also intended to study the various errors which were encountered and steps taken to reduce these discrepancies.

Methods:
The study included all documents of quality program from 1 November 2014 till 31 Oct 2019 in medical institute situated in north Himalayan region of India. All the data was recorded and analyzed for analytical and post analytical phase.

Results:
The number of samples received in cytopathology lab was 21,566 with total quality errors of 5.19%. Out of these pre-analytical errors were 55%, analytical 10.5% and post analytical errors constituted 34.4%. The maximum errors detected were due to typographical errors followed by delayed turnaround time. Cyto-histopathological discordance was 10.5% in non-gynecological cases and 2.2% in gynecological cases.

Conclusion:
Analytical and post analytical phase analysis is essential to minimize the errors and improve the quality of cytopathology lab. Cyto-histopathological correlation is valuable for continuous data tracking in the cytopathology with analytical errors analysis. Maintenance of external, internal quality program, turnaround time with documentation, continuous training and communication with clinician is fundamental for quality improvement in any cytopathology lab. Acknowledgement of nonconformance with root cause analysis and sincere efforts to minimize them is the basic key for successful quality management.
Prevalence and Distribution of Tobacco Intake in Various Districts of the Union Territory of Ladakh, India
Authors: Singh Malvika , Jamwal Manju 
Published: February 2022

Background:
India is one of the top three tobacco burden countries in the world. Tobacco intake causes loss of health and environment and increases financial burden of an individual.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of tobacco intake among individuals of more than 15 years of age in the union territory of Ladakh, India.

Subjects and Methods:
District-wise data from National Health Survey-5, Ministry of Health and Family welfare 2019–2020, were collected, analyzed, and measured. Data collected were entered and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Various districts were diagrammatically color coded and described.

Results:
Out of all the districts in the union territory of Ladakh, the prevalence of tobacco smoking was highest in Leh district and lowest in Kargil district.

Conclusions:
People should be made more aware of the ill effects of tobacco usage. Although the Government of India enacted various legislations to control tobacco use, its reduction lies in our hands and the same should be discussed with general masses by making them aware of the menace of tobacco on the mental, environmental, and health of an individual.
IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA TRIANGLE CHAIN CIPHER DAN GOST PADA PENGAMANAN CITRA DIGITAL
Authors: Anggraini Vivi Irda 
Published: February 2022

Keamanan citra digital penting untuk dijaga agar informasi tersebut tetap utuh dan terjamin. Keamanan citra digital dapat dilakukan dengan pemanfaatan teknik kriptografi. Teknik kriptografi dapat menyandikan citra digital dengan mengenkripsikannya ke dalam bentuk sandi-sandi yang tidak dipahami. Algoritma Triangle Chain Cipher dan GOST adalah salah satu algoritma yang dapat diandalkan dalam mewujudkan teknik kriptografi. Kombinasi kedua algoritma ini akan menghasilkan tingkat keamanan yang lebih tinggi terhadap pengamanan citra digital karena dapat menyandikannya ke bentuk sandi dengan proses yang cukup rumit sehingga akan mempersulit kriptanalis untuk mengaksesnya. Penelitian ini akan menguraikan proses enkripsi berdasarkan triangle chain cipher kemudian di enkripsi lagi berdasarkan GOST. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk meminimalisir tindakan-tindakan penyalahgunaan citra digital .

Abstract

The security of digital images is important to maintain so that the information remains intact and guaranteed. The security of digital images can be done by utilizing cryptographic techniques. Cryptographic techniques can encode digital images by encrypting them in the form of passwords that are not understood. The Triangle Chain Cipher and GOST Algorithms are one of the algorithms that can be relied upon in realizing cryptographic techniques. The combination of these two algorithms will result in a higher level of security against digital image security because it can encode it into a password with a fairly complex process that will make it difficult for cryptanalysts to access it. This research will describe the encryption process based on the triangle chain cipher and then encrypted again based on GOST. This is done as an effort to minimize acts of abuse of digital images.
Pengaruh E-Commerce Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Usaha Mikro Kecil Dan Menengah Di Kota Padang
Authors: Gustina Leni , Novita Welia , Triadi Yohan 
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of e-commerce on increasing revenue of BNI- assisted MSMEs in Padang City. The object of the research is MSMEs in Padang City, West Sumatra. The formulation of the research problem is: how is the influence of e-commerce on increasing the income of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Padang City. The research hypothesis is: E-Commerce has a significant influence on increasing the income of MSMEs. The research approach is quantitative. The study population was 108 MSME units. The number of research samples was 52 MSMEs. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis uses simple linear regression. The results of the study found: e-commerce has a significant effect on increasing revenue of MSMEs.
Waters of death: Naegleria Fowleri (the brain eating Amoeba)
Authors: Ahmed Kamal Siddiqi  , Chachar Muhammad Azhar 
Published: February 2022

Dear Madam, with the commencement of the monsoon season and temperature on the rise again, the incidence of Naegleria Fowleri (Brain-eating amoeba) is also on the rise. The death toll has risen to six in Karachi so far this year as it claims lives of a 19-year-old teenager and an 8-year-old boy adding to the previous 4 deaths out of which one was a 30-year-old neurosurgeon and an another 8-year-old boy. (1) (2) All of them had acquired this amoeba through contaminated water. A recent Karachi water and sewage board (KWSB) report disclose that 70% of its pumping stations are supplying water containing either no or low Chlorine, which is a major threat to the residents of Karachi (3).
Naegleria Fowleri is an amoeba and causes a devastating brain infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The amoeba is commonly found in warm freshwaters. It infects people when contaminated water enters the body through the nose while performing ablution (Wudu), swimming or bathing, and from there, it travels to the brain (4). (PAM) destroys the brain tissue, and its symptoms start in about five days including headache, fever, nausea & vomiting initially. The later symptoms include stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, hallucinations and can rapidly progress to death (4). The recommended treatment for Naegleria include a combination of drugs including Amphotericin B (Anti-Fungal) and Miltefosine; however, few people survive, even with treatment (5). (PAM) is difficult to detect because the disease progresses so rapidly that the diagnosis is usually made after death.
This is not the first time. Naegleria claimed five lives back in 2016 and many more previously (6), which raises a serious question on the efficiency and preventive measures taken by the concerned departments. The fact that the temperature in Karachi remains warm for the most part of the year and on top of the contaminated water supply (less chlorinated), is gravely concerning. Since prevention is better than cure, the general public must be made aware of Naegleria and advised to avoid swimming, bathing or performing ablution in unchlorinated water. Also, before the summer starts, people should get their underground and overhead water tanks cleaned and chlorinated. Along with warning people, measures should be taken by the responsible departments to make water safe for the citizens and prevent any further deaths by this lethal amoeba.
State and Trends of Occupational Health and Safety in the Philippines
Authors: Lu Jinky Leilanie 
Published: February 2022

Introduction. In the Philippines, industries began to recognize the importance of workers’ health after occupational safety and health were introduced in the early 1900s. Ever since, several legal bases have existed to protect the people’s welfare. However, data regarding this matter is limited in the country.
Objective. This paper aimed to develop a comprehensive review of occupational safety and health data, including hazard exposures and occupational diseases for various Filipino occupational groups.
Methods. A comprehensive analysis of the latest records and statistics from various government agencies, non-government organizations, academe, and research institutions was done. Data analysis was completed through a critical appraisal of the Philippines' current occupational health and safety regarding occupational diseases, injuries, accidents, and existing occupational health and safety policies. Data were also extracted from reviews of literature and other related research studies. Data analysis was done through a critical appraisal of the Philippines' current occupational health and safety in terms of occupational diseases, injuries, accidents, and existing occupational health and safety policies.
Results. Most of those working in the informal sectors do not have enough social protection in the Philippine context. Others in the same situation involve construction workers, farmers, miners, and waste or garbage pickers. Child labor was also seen to be prevalent, risking these children's health and safety. Another issue is on gender, and wherein women were found to have lesser protection than their counterparts. Among the industries present in the country, administrative and support service activities, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, financial and insurance activities, education except for public education, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing were seen to have a high prevalence of occupational diseases. The study has shown occupational safety and health among various occupational groups and categories, the profile of occupational diseases in Philippine industries, and the OSH programs implemented in industries.
Conclusion. Analysis of available data confirmed the presence of threats of unsafe and unhealthy conditions in various jobs and workplaces. To keep up with other nations, the country should strive more with its local developments.
Discoursing Terminology Standards and Interoperability in relation to the Philippine eHealth Strategy
Authors: Sylim Patrick G. , Lu Jinky Leilanie , Marcelo Portia Grace F. 
Published: February 2022

Background. eHealth is the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for health. It helps in improving the flow of information, through electronic means, in support of the delivery of health services, and the management of health systems. eHealth is used as the strategic context and tool in achieving population health, improved health system status, and socio-economic development goals.
Objectives. This study is aimed at looking at the Philippine National eHealth Strategy, particularly the components of Terminology Standards and Interoperability concerning the eHealth strategy in the Philippines, and to assess the barriers and gaps in the integration of these two components.
Methods. This study used secondary literature, internet search, Philippine laws, administrative orders, memorandum circulars, and grey literature to discourse terminology standards and interoperability in the Philippine eHealth system, and issues and gaps related to these components that may impede the delivery of Universal Health Coverage in the country.
Results. The current Philippine National eHealth strategy includes the following sector governance, legislation, policy and compliance, eHealth solution (i.e., services and applications), strategy and investment, infrastructure (government), human resources, and standards and interoperability. Philippine Health Information Exchange (PHIE) is a software platform in the country that aims to connect many isolated electronic health systems. The proposed interoperability layer across health systems and services in the Philippines includes Patient’s Primary Healthcare Consultation at the Rural Health Unit, health research, legal information, patient healthcare at tertiary hospital, and health insurance claims. The study results showed that issues and gaps related to the interoperability of eHealth in the Philippines include technical issues such as lack of common semantics, lack of an institutional mechanism to regulate EMR, lack of incentives among eHealth providers and stakeholders to adopt standards for interoperability.
Conclusion. The effort of the Philippines to achieve interoperability and standards in eHealth goals can be characterized as a work in progress. The government, private sector, physician, patient, and other stakeholders are deemed to continuously develop a shared vision and interoperate under a standardized guide as eHealth is a complex endeavor that covers many aspects.
Message
Authors: Sutanti Yosephin Sri 
Published: February 2022

Healthy Greetings!
It is a pleasure to meet you again in this special issue of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS). Apart from EHS, this edition also presents some big data on trends of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), an occupational issue about Philippine Healthcare Companies and on interoperability in Philippine e-Health Strategy. These data are very relevant to the current public health problems. Together with the results of research in the environmental field and OHS data in mining, it becomes complete with additional data on safety. All articles essentially contribute to preventing disease, accidents and death in society.
I am sure that these data will be useful for community medical science, which always prioritize the promotion of health and preventive medicine, by using a system that is increasingly sophisticated but easier to use. For that, of course, collaboration and synergy with all parties are needed.
I really appreciate the researchers, reviewers and all those behind the scenes, who have worked with such broad views and enthusiasm for the publication of this edition. Hopefully, we are optimally healthy and productive despite the COVID-19 pandemic that has not ended yet...

Yosephin Sri Sutanti, MDDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana Jakarta, Indonesia