bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Sub‐Grid Topographic Representations on Surface Energy Balance and Boundary Conditions in the E3SM Land Model: A Case Study in Sierra Nevada
Authors: Hao Dalei , Bisht Gautam , Huang Meng , Ma Po‐Lun , Tesfa Teklu , Lee Wei‐Liang , Gu Yu , Leung L. Ruby 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSub‐grid topographic heterogeneity has large impacts on surface energy balance and land‐atmosphere interactions. However, the impacts of representing sub‐grid topographic effects in land surface models (LSMs) on surface energy balance and boundary conditions remain unclear. This study analyzed and evaluated the impacts of sub‐grid topographic representations on surface energy balance, turbulent heat flux, and scalar (co‐)variances in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) land model (ELM). Three sub‐grid topographic representations in ELM were compared: (a) the default sub‐grid structure (D), (b) the recently developed sub‐grid topographic structure (T), and (c) high spatial resolution (1KM). Additionally, two different solar radiation schemes in ELM were compared: (a) the default plane‐parallel radiative transfer scheme (PP) and (b) the parameterization scheme (TOP) that accounts for sub‐grid topographic effects on solar radiation. A series of offline simulations with the three grid discretization structures (D, T, and 1KM) and two schemes of solar radiation (TOP and PP) were carried out using the Sierra Nevada, California. 1KM simulations with TOP well capture the spatial heterogeneity of surface fluxes compared to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer remote sensing data. There are significant differences between TOP and PP in the 1‐km simulated surface energy balance, but the differences in mean values and standard deviations become small when aggregated to the grid scale (i.e., 0.5°). The T configuration better mimics the 1KM simulations with TOP than the D configuration and better captures the sub‐grid topographic effects on surface energy balance and boundary conditions. These results underline the importance of representing sub‐grid topographic heterogeneities in LSMs and motivate future research to understand the sub‐grid topographic effects on land‐atmosphere interactions over mountainous areas.
Protracted Subduction of the European Hyperextended Margin Revealed by Rutile U‐Pb Geochronology Across the Dora‐Maira Massif (Western Alps)
Authors: Bonnet Guillaume , Chopin Christian , Locatelli Michele , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. , Hacker Bradley R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Dora‐Maira massif is an archetypal nappe stack of subducted and exhumed upper crust. Slices of continental crust experienced metamorphism at upper blueschist to ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogite‐facies conditions. While the timing of peak metamorphism in the UHP unit has been extensively studied, little is known about the other units. In order to constrain the timing and conditions of high‐pressure metamorphism, U‐Pb‐trace element analyses of rutile and titanite were carried out across the nappe stack. The data reveal Alpine peak metamorphic ages younging downwards in the stack, from ∼40 to ∼33 Ma. Greenschist‐facies retrogression of the whole massif occurred at ∼32–31 Ma, after high‐pressure metamorphism of the lowermost unit (Sanfront‐Pinerolo Unit). Tectonic implications include (a) continuous and fast exhumation of subducted continental crust, (b) long‐lived subduction from ∼60 to ∼33 Ma of the distal European margin, reconstructed to be a hyperextended margin spread over ∼130 km for the Dora‐Maira massif alone, and (c) the initiation of continental collision synchronous with the end of high‐pressure metamorphism.
Resonance Maps for 3D Alfvén Waves in a Compressed Dipole Field
Authors: Wright Andrew , Degeling Alexander W. , Elsden Thomas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractResonance Maps depict the possible locations and polarizations of resonant Alfvén waves (Field Line Resonances – FLRs) for a given equilibrium and driving frequency. Previously the use of Resonance Maps has been developed for gaining insight into the behavior of Alfvén waves in basic potential magnetic fields that allow the use of an orthogonal field aligned coordinate system. In more general magnetic fields these coordinates do not exist. In this paper we explore the application of Resonance Maps to such equilibria. A number of simulations of resonant Alfvén waves are presented and interpreted using the Maps. We find that Resonance Maps remain useful when some of the constructions used previously are generalised to accommodate the properties of more general magnetic fields. For example, Resonance Maps are able to predict the location and polarisation of Alfvén waves which are driven strongly by fast mode waves using a “tangential alignment condition”. Unusual properties, such as Alfvén waves crossing flux surfaces persist in the more general magnetic fields we consider.
Sub-nanometer ultrathin epitaxy of AlGaN and its application in efficient doping
Authors: Wang Jiaming , Wang Mingxing , Xu Fujun , Liu Baiyin , Lang Jing , Zhang Na , Kang Xiangning , Qin Zhixin , Yang Xuelin , Wang Xinqiang , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSolving the doping asymmetry issue in wide-gap semiconductors is a key difficulty and long-standing challenge for device applications. Here, a desorption-tailoring strategy is proposed to juggle the carrier concentration and transport. Specific to the p-doping issue in Al-rich AlGaN, self-assembled p-AlGaN superlattices with an average Al composition of over 50% are prepared by adopting this approach. The hole concentration as high as 8.1 × 1018 cm−3 is thus realized at room temperature, which is attributed to the significant reduction of effective Mg activation energy to 17.5 meV through modulating the activating path, as well as the highlighted Mg surface-incorporation by an intentional interruption for desorption. More importantly, benefiting from the constant ultrathin barrier thickness of only three monolayers via this approach, vertical miniband transport of holes is verified in the p-AlGaN superlattices, greatly satisfying the demand of hole injection in device application. 280 nm deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes are then fabricated as a demo with the desorption-tailored Al-rich p-AlGaN superlattices, which exhibit a great improvement of the carrier injection efficiency and light extraction efficiency, thus leading to a 55.7% increase of the light output power. This study provides a solution for p-type doping of Al-rich AlGaN, and also sheds light on solving the doping asymmetry issue in general for wide-gap semiconductors.
HMGB3 promotes PARP inhibitor resistance through interacting with PARP1 in ovarian cancer
Authors: Ma Hanlin , Qi Gonghua , Han Fang , Lu Wei , Peng Jiali , Li Rongrong , Yan Shi , Yuan Cunzhong , Kong Beihua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) resistance remains a therapeutic challenge in ovarian cancer. High-mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) plays significant roles in the development of drug resistance of many cancers. However, the function of HMGB3 in PARPi resistance is poorly understood. In the current study, we clarified that HMGB3 was aberrantly overexpressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) tissues, and high HMGB3 levels indicated shorter overall survival and drug resistance in HGSOC. The overexpression of HMGB3 increased the insensitivity of ovarian cancer to PARPi, whereas HMGB3 knockdown reduced PARPi resistance. Mechanistically, PARP1 was identified as a novel interaction partner of HMGB3, which could be blocked using olaparib and was enhanced upon DNA damage conditions. We further showed that loss of HMGB3 induced PARP1 trapping at DNA lesions and inhibited the PARylation activity of PARP1, resulting in an increased DNA damage response and cell apoptosis. The PARPi-resistant role of HMGB3 was also verified in a xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, HMGB3 promoted PARPi resistance via interacting with PARP1, and the targeted inhibition of HMGB3 might overcome PARPi resistance in ovarian cancer therapy.
Deficiency of N-glycanase 1 perturbs neurogenesis and cerebral development modeled by human organoids
Authors: Lin Victor J. T. , Hu Jiangnan , Zolekar Ashwini , Salick Max R. , Mittal Parul , Bird Jordan T. , Hoffmann Peter , Kaykas Ajamete , Byrum Stephanie D. , Wang Yu-Chieh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMutations in N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1), which deglycosylates misfolded glycoproteins for degradation, can cause NGLY1 deficiency in patients and their abnormal fetal development in multiple organs, including microcephaly and other neurological disorders. Using cerebral organoids (COs) developed from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), we investigate how NGLY1 dysfunction disturbs early brain development. While NGLY1 loss had limited impact on the undifferentiated cells, COs developed from NGLY1-deficient hESCs showed defective formation of SATB2-positive upper-layer neurons, and attenuation of STAT3 and HES1 signaling critical for sustaining radial glia. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed premature neuronal differentiation accompanied by downregulation of secreted and transcription factors, including TTR, IGFBP2, and ID4 in NGLY1-deficient COs. NGLY1 malfunction also dysregulated ID4 and enhanced neuronal differentiation in CO transplants developed in vivo. NGLY1-deficient CO cells were more vulnerable to multiple stressors; treating the deficient cells with recombinant TTR reduced their susceptibility to stress from proteasome inactivation, likely through LRP2-mediated activation of MAPK signaling. Expressing NGLY1 led to IGFBP2 and ID4 upregulation in CO cells developed from NGLY1-deficiency patient’s hiPSCs. In addition, treatment with recombinant IGFBP2 enhanced ID4 expression, STAT3 signaling, and proliferation of NGLY1-deficient CO cells. Overall, our discoveries suggest that dysregulation of stress responses and neural precursor differentiation underlies the brain abnormalities observed in NGLY1-deficient individuals.
Magnetic tuning of tunnel coupling between InAsP double quantum dots in InP nanowires
Authors: Phoenix Jason , Korkusinski Marek , Dalacu Dan , Poole Philip J. , Zawadzki Piotr , Studenikin Sergei , Williams Robin L. , Sachrajda Andrew S. , Gaudreau Louis 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe study experimentally and theoretically the in-plane magnetic field dependence of the coupling between dots forming a vertically stacked double dot molecule. The InAsP molecule is grown epitaxially in an InP nanowire and interrogated optically at millikelvin temperatures. The strength of interdot tunneling, leading to the formation of the bonding-antibonding pair of molecular orbitals, is investigated by adjusting the sample geometry. For specific geometries, we show that the interdot coupling can be controlled in-situ using a magnetic field-mediated redistribution of interdot coupling strengths. This is an important milestone in the development of qubits required in future quantum information technologies.
Predicting the splash of a droplet impinging on solid substrates
Authors: Yonemoto Yukihiro , Tashiro Kanta , Shimizu Kazuki , Kunugi Tomoaki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe impingement behaviours of droplets towards solid substrates depend on the liquid properties, impingement velocity and solid surface conditions, such as wettability and roughness. However, the prediction regarding whether the droplet splashes after the impingement, is still an open question. Here we show that the splashing can be predicted by the pressure balance of the liquid film appearing beneath the impingement droplet coupled with the modified energy balance equation. Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressures are the driving forces for the droplet’s radial spreading, while the capillary pressure at the rim edge and viscous stress oppose the driving forces. Thus, splashing occurs when the driving forces overcome the opposing forces. Moreover, the splashing condition is affected by various surface factors, such as wettability and surface roughness. Our work would pave the way to understand the basic physics for rim or liquid film fragmentation and enabling advances in important for engineering field such as printing, sprays for cooling and pesticide.
Range-wide phylogeography of the flightless steppe beetle Lethrus apterus (Geotrupidae) reveals recent arrival to the Pontic Steppes from the west
Authors: Sramkó Gábor , Kosztolányi András , Laczkó Levente , Rácz Rita , Szatmári Lajos , Varga Zoltán , Barta Zoltán 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Eurasian Steppe belt is one of the largest biomes in the Northern Hemisphere. We provide here a range-wide phylogeography of the flightless steppe beetle Lethrus apterus that inhabits the western part of the Steppe belt through the study of population-level variance of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences and nuclear microsatellites. We detected a concordant geographic structure of genetic data with a significant isolation-by-distance pattern. We found more genetic variation in the western part of the area and identified Northern Bulgaria and the Pannonian Basin as possible refugia. Genetic clusters were separated by main rivers in the eastern part of the area. This implies west-to-east colonisation and argues for an evolutionarily recent arrival of this species to its current main distribution area, the Pontic Steppes. This contradicts the classical biogeographical wisdom that assumed an east-to-west colonisation pattern.
The study of early human settlement preference and settlement prediction in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Tan Bo , Wang Hongwei , Wang Xiaoqin , Yi Suyan , Zhou Jing , Ma Chen , Dai Xinyan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhen studying the human settlement process, it is of great significance to understand the prehistoric environment, economy and society by exploring the human–land relationship and the evolution of civilization reflected by the settlement environment. This paper explores the natural and social environmental preferences of early human settlements in Xinjiang, China, from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age (45 ka BP–2250 a BP). Through the characteristics of settlement preferences, the distribution of settlements is accurately predicted, and the relationship between settlement preferences and the evolution of the environment and civilization is verified and discussed. We summarize the needs and conditions of early human settlement from the perspectives of the social environment and natural environment and explain the stages, consistency and differentiation of the spatial and temporal evolution of settlement preferences with the interaction of adaptation and transformation. On this basis, we discuss the logical focuses and content of early human settlement preference research. This research provides a reference for the process, representation, driving mode, and research ideas of early human settlement preferences.
Silicon improves ion homeostasis and growth of liquorice under salt stress by reducing plant Na+ uptake
Authors: Shen Zihui , Pu Xiaozhen , Wang Shaoming , Dong Xiuxiu , Cheng Xiaojiao , Cheng Moxiang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSilicon (Si) effectively alleviates the effects of salt stress in plants and can enhance salt tolerance in liquorice. However, the mechanisms by which Si improved salt tolerance in liquorice and the effects of foliar application of Si on different liquorice species under salt stress are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of foliar application of Si on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and ion balance of two liquorice species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. inflata. High salt stress resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of Na+, decreased photosynthetic pigment concentrations, perturbed ion homeostasis, and eventually inhibited both liquorice species growth. These effects were more pronounced in G. uralensis, as G. inflata is more salt tolerant than G. uralensis. Foliar application of Si effectively reduced the decomposition of photosynthetic pigments and improved gas exchange parameters, thereby promoting photosynthesis. It also effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation and leaf electrolyte leakage and enhanced osmotic adjustment of the plants. Furthermore, Si application increased the K+ concentration and reduced Na+ absorption, transport, and accumulation in the plants. The protective effects of Si were more pronounced in G. uralensis than in G. inflata. In conclusion, Si reduces Na+ absorption, improves ion balance, and alleviates the negative effects of salt stress in the two liquorice species studied, but the effect is species dependent. These findings may help to develop novel strategies for protecting liquorice plants against salt stress and provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of salt tolerance and the scientific cultivation of liquorice.
A ResNet‐based approach for accurate radiographic diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Yu , Li Shibo , Zhao Baoliang , Zhang Jianwei , Yang Yuanyuan , Li Bing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCurrently X‐ray images are clinically graded by experienced clinicians using the Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) scoring method. However, individual scoring is subjective and error prone. This study proposes an approach for automated knee osteoarthritis classification based on deep neural networks. The knee X‐ray images are first pre‐processed with frequency‐domain filtering and histogram normalisation, making the trabecular bone texture more obvious and benefiting the subsequent classification task. Then, a two‐step classification strategy is proposed by extracting the joint centre based on the VGG network and classifying osteoarthritis grades based on the ResNet‐50 network. In addition, a rebalance operation is proposed to deal with the dataset unbalance problem, and a quick search technique is proposed to improve the iterative search efficiency for the joint centre. With all of these techniques, a classification accuracy of 81.41% is obtained, which is higher compared to the state‐of‐the‐art approaches.
Performance analysis for reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted downlink NOMA networks
Authors: Gong Xianli , Huang Chongwen , Yue Xinwei , Liu Feng , Yang Zhaohui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted downlink non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network is considered, where a base station communicates with a pair of users with the assistance of a RIS. The performance of RIS‐assisted downlink NOMA networks is investigated by exploiting the coherent phase shifting design. In particular, the central limit theorem based Gaussian approximation is introduced to model the sum of independent and identically distributed random variables and derive the approximate expressions of the outage probability for two users. Furthermore, the upper bounds for the outage probability are obtained based on the property of the Bessel function. Additionally, both the asymptotic outage probabilities and the asymptotic upper bounds at high signal‐to‐noise ratio are derived and the diversity order achieved by the network is obtained. Simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical findings and demonstrate that RIS‐NOMA can achieve superior outage performance compared to RIS‐assisted orthogonal multiple access and conventional full‐duplex decode‐and‐forward relaying schemes. Moreover, it can be observed that the outage performance of RIS‐NOMA can be tremendously enhanced with increasing the number of reflecting elements.
A robust active distribution network defensive strategy against cyber‐attack considering multi‐uncertainties
Authors: Yang Jie , Guo Yihao , Guo Chuangxin , Chen Zhe , Wang Shenghan , Jiang Boyou 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA robust defensive strategy for active distribution networks considering multi‐uncertainties and island restoration is studied. Firstly, the authors take triple uncertainties into consideration, that is, the attack strategy, the amount of wind power generation and solar irradiation. Next, a trilevel defender‐attacker‐defender (DAD) two‐stage robust mathematical model is established to make full use of the energy storage support capacity and reduce the load shedding. The first stage is to pre‐allocate defensive resources, and the second stage is to dispatch emergent defensive resources in the worst scenario to minimize the load shedding. Using column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm to solve the model, the original problem is converted into the min main problem and max‐min sub‐problem. The non‐convexity of the sub‐problem is relaxed by using the second order cone programming (SOCP) model, and converted to the max problem according to the strong duality theory. Solving the model with returned cuttings iteratively. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and the defensive strategy can adapt to multi‐uncertainties.
Re‐EnGAN: Unsupervised image‐to‐image translation based on reused feature encoder in CycleGAN
Authors: Lu Yu , Liu Ju , Lv Lin , Gao Xuesong , Chen Weiqiang , Zhang Yuyi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs an advanced task for image synthesis without labelled data, unsupervised image‐to‐image translation refers to the overall conversion of a certain characteristic image domain X to another domain Y. The key point is to learn a mapping relationship that can be transformed between different image domains. Existing methods mainly adopt GANs to generate authentic images. While the discriminators will be abandoned after the training process is completed. In order to avoid this waste of training resources, a feature encoder reusing method is proposed, which could reduce the number of parameters and accelerate the training speed. In addition, we add the adaptive perceptual loss for the purpose of paying more attention to the quality of generated images. This loss directly uses the encoder during training to perform feature‐level constraints, and applies the L1‐norm on the intermediate feature layer of the generated samples. The experiments illustrate that our framework can generate more natural images and provide an effective solution for unsupervised translation.
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Carbohydrate Disturbances
Authors: Gateva Antoaneta , Kamenov Zdravko 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that can predispose patients to higher risk for cardiovascular death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with newly diagnosed carbohydrate disturbances (prediabetes or diabetes) and to assess their relationship to metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risk. In the present study, we included 160 patients −78 with obesity without carbohydrate disturbances, 52 with prediabetes, and 30 with newly diagnosed diabetes. CAN was diagnosed using cardiovascular reflex tests and sudomotor function was evaluated by SUDOSCAN. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using SCORE and FRMINGHAM risk scores. The prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy was significantly higher in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Independently of their glycemic status, the patients who had blood glucose on the 60th-minute of OGTT>8.5 mmol/l had significantly higher prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (30.2% vs 15.6%, р=0.044). Patients with high cardiovascular risk according to FRAMINGHAM and SCORE had worse heart rate variability scores. Autonomic neuropathy risk assessed by SUDOSCAN was a good predictor for the presence of CAN. In conclusion, CAN has a higher prevalence on patients with newly diagnosed diabetes compared to prediabetic and normoglycemic subjects, while the patients with blood glucose>8.5 mmol/l on the 60th-minute of OGTT have higher prevalence of CAN independently of their glycemic status. SUDOSCAN testing can be used to assess the risk of CAN and to select patients that should undergo further testing.