bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archival Material
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 investigates the use of archival documents in documentaries, interrogating how they are visually manipulated to deliver an artificial sense of authenticity and how they are used to quickly and superficially place an event in historical context. The markers of age (scratches, etc.) that many archival documents contain can be used by a documentary to make a particular section feel “authentic,” even though this is arguably artificial since there is no neutral way to present archival material. (Removing scratches is just as easily accomplished as adding them, and any telecine transfer will have to choose parameters for how the image should be represented.) It is not uncommon to accentuate an image’s seeming “archival” value, for instance, by including the sprocket holes on the side of the film frame even though this is actually a postproduction effect rather than a product of the transfer process. Newspaper articles have routinely had their context manipulated throughout the history of documentary in order to make them more easily digested by audience members; multiple examples from the series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem, and Madness show that such manipulation is even more sophisticated today. Documentaries will often use the clichéd moments from a historical archive in order to quickly evoke an era and bring it into the narrative.
Conclusion
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The conclusion provides a critical analysis of current trends in documentary practice, arguing that contemporary documentary films and television shows are mixing and matching forms and styles at will and creating hybrids that challenge some of the categorization and analysis provided in the book thus far. Documentary film language is a living form, making it difficult to give a timeless or definitive account of its workings. It has been through many stylistic revolutions and counterrevolutions. Among the conventions that have undergone rapid recent evolutions are the direct-to-camera interview, which is much more common than it used to be and thus no longer holds the same confessional feeling that it used to; the increasingly prevalent references within the film to the act of filming itself, such as when the subject steps into frame for an interview at the beginning of the film; and the blurring of the lines between fact and fiction via reenactment segments that do not announce themselves as reenactments. These trends mark a moment when it is becoming harder to identify the source of the images and sounds in a documentary; this is exacerbated by the instant streaming environment, which collapses the boundaries between different types of films and makes it harder to distinguish what institutional norms pertain. However, despite these confusions, documentary analysis is more necessary than ever to dissect the complex flows of information in a documentary.
Red Jacket,
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Red Jacket was an orator, advocate of Seneca sovereignty, and chief who relentlessly pursued peace with the United States. His riveting speaking ability began to reshape how New Yorkers saw the Haudenosaunee in relation to America’s burgeoning national identity. He spent his life intentionally reminding the United States of his peoples’ empire and their historic control over the region, and essential to that end was the medal he received as a gift from George Washington in 1792. His political activism transformed the medal from a symbol of settler colonialism into an enduring icon of Haudenosaunee sovereignty and identity. As the balance of power between the Six Nations and the United States in the region changed by 1812, Red Jacket’s reputation did as well. He continued to present himself as a symbol of Haudenosaunee imperial sovereignty and power, but the public saw a conquered representative of a fallen Iroquois empire.
The Emergence of the War Welfare Field from Peace to War
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter follows the evolution of the legal and institutional infrastructure for war victim welfare from 1875 to 1918. It analyzes prewar legislation that represented the Imperial Austrian state’s slow reconceptualization of its obligations to soldiers—citizens in arms—and their dependents. The outbreak of the war in 1914 exposed the severe inadequacy of the existing infrastructure. Various organizational and legal responses were improvised and constituted the wartime “system” of welfare provision for called-up soldiers’ dependents and disabled soldiers. Non-state or semi-state actors played an essential role in keeping the “official” care and welfare provision functioning and reframed the state-civil society in the process. Recognizing the need for fundamental reform in this regard, some military leaders dreamt of setting up warrior homestead colonies as the best form of long-term welfare provision. They wanted to use war victims as vanguard-settlers to create loyal and depoliticized communities in “troublesome” regions.
Conclusion
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first part of the conclusion provides an overview of the emergence and developments of Austrian war victim welfare from the introduction of universal military service in 1868 to the mid-1920s, and looks at their long-term relevance for the post-1945 welfare legislation and programs. The second part of the conclusion discusses why the immediate post-1918 reform dynamics in welfare politics petered out after 1921. Participatory legislation and democratic institution-building led to two unintended consequences: the routinization and bureaucratization of welfare politics, and the fragmentation of the war victim movement. Adding the changed political constellations and the new government priorities of fiscal discipline, the momentum of grassroots war victim movement could not be sustained. Organized war victims turned to milieu-based political parties as their advocates and lost their relative political autonomy. But their precedent of welfare state-expansion and interest group-based stabilization would be repeated after 1945.
The Plague and the Present Moment
Authors: Kellman Steven G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Renewed popularity of Camus’s 1947 novel speaks to a troubled moment seventy-three years later when pestilence and oppression still plague us. The fictional afflictions of Oran share much with the ravages of Covid-19, but there are also differences between a bacterial epidemic confined to one city and a viral pandemic infecting the entire world. The range of reactions to incurable disease that Dr. Bernard Rieux records—denial, hedonistic abandon, opportunism, altruism, and despair—anticipates coping strategies for a lethal virus in 2020, when newspapers, email, websites, social media, radio, and television shaped the experience of solitude amid communal suffering in novel ways. Whereas Camus’s novel lacks any sense of participatory democracy, the 2020 pandemic occurred against the backdrop of rancorous electoral politics and widespread reaction against racial injustice. Both Camus’s novel and the Covid-19 pandemic raise pointed ethical questions about how to behave in a time of plague.
Grief and Human Connection in The Plague
Authors: Higgins Kathleen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Plague offers a picture of various characters responding to bubonic plague in their city. The psychological reactions the novel presents, such as disruption of an ordinary sense of time and feelings of exhaustion and apathy, correspond to common symptoms of grief. Those impacted by the presence of the plague are indeed grieving. The community is pervaded by a vague and diffuse anticipatory grief which characterizes contemporary reactions to the current pandemic. Such grief engenders a sense of isolation that adds to the general misery. Camus urges overcoming that isolation by finding ways to join with others in fighting suffering in the world. The steps characters take to join others in fighting the plague grow out of their personal experiences of grieving. Recovering from personal loss and acting collectively need not be seen as alternative efforts but as an effective means of coping with grief.
Modern Death, Decent Death, and Heroic Solidarity in The Plague
Authors: Weiser Peg Brand 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Not everyone faces “modern” death equally, whether in Oran or today’s world. In this chapter, I argue that the “difficulty” in Oran of “modern death” as described by Camus is still with us today in that Americans neither faced death together in any form of solidarity under the Trump administration nor faced death individually in any traditional “decent” manner (as proposed by the character Tarrou), that is, comforted by family or friends. One reason is overwhelming fear of death—what neuroscientists call “existential anxiety”—that can motivate human behavior toward either selfishness or an ethics of care. As a result of lived experiences of the pandemic, a sense of “heroic solidarity” has perhaps been finally achieved that moves us from despair to hope, confirming Camus’s faith in humanity.
The Eleventh Plague
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Eleventh Plague is a sweeping new history of the Jews, told through their encounter with plagues and pandemics. This work begins with the Hebrew Bible, showing how it contains many more plagues than the ten that were rained down on Egypt. Readers are then guided through the Talmudic discussions that address pandemics, and points to the key differences between Jewish and Christian attitudes toward care of the sick during the Middle Ages. Jews were double victims of the Black Death, first from the pandemic itself, and then from the anti-Jewish riots that followed, but were often portrayed as having a lower mortality, a claim that turns out to be entirely fictional. This work then takes us through the waves of smallpox and cholera that plagued the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, detailing for the first time how Jewish communities were affected by these outbreaks. It describes how Jewish immigrants were often and unfairly associated with diseases and explains why there is nothing very Jewish about the Jewish anti-vaxxer movement. The book details the many Jewish responses to COVID-19 and concludes by noting that pandemics were always part of the ordinary flow of Jewish life. The Eleventh Plague will leave the reader with a fresh understanding of Jewish history and an appreciation of how the dramatic way that pandemics have shaped Jews and Judaism.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pandemics have been a surprising driver of Jewish creativity, and several important works were their direct result. The great Polish Rabbi Moshe Isserles (1530–1572), known by his acronym as Rema, is famous as the author of a gloss on the Shulhan Arukh, the defining code of Jewish law. Less well known is the fact that as a young man, he had fled from a plague in Krakow. While in exile he wrote his very first book “in order to remove the sadness and dejection” that he felt. In the early nineteenth century, Yisroel of Shklov published his Pe’at Hashulhan in thanks for having survived an outbreak of bubonic plague in Palestine, an outbreak that claimed the lives of his wife, four children, a son-in-law, and his two parents. Jews often used a pandemic to push them to greater intellectual or religious productivity.
Five Golden Swellings
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Any discussion of Jews, Judaism, and pandemics must begin with the Bible. The Ten Plagues inflicted on the Egyptians are well known, but the Bible describes several other pandemics, including one that afflicted the Philistines after they captured the Ark of the Covenant. Based on its features as described in the Book of Samuel together with recent archaeological and scientific discoveries, this chapter identifies that outbreak as bubonic plague and explains why “five golden swellings” were pathognomonic for this deadly pandemic disease. This chapter ends with a discussion of the nineteenth-century satirical Hebrew work, the Leprosy Haggadah. While playfully adapting the Haggadah used on the night of Passover, it reveals how biblical descriptions of leprosy and plagues were interwoven with the reality of contemporary pandemic diseases in Europe.
The Angel of Death Walks in the Middle of the Road
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Epidemics and infectious diseases were an everyday feature of talmudic life. Within a family, the death of children was almost expected. This chapter analyzes several passages that reveal the level of medical knowledge during the talmudic era and contrasts the approach of rabbis in the Middle Ages toward fleeing a pandemic with that of the preacher Martin Luther. One of the most feared of all pandemics was a disease called askara in the Talmud, which has been identified as diphtheria. It was one of the drivers of an infant mortality rate that approached 30%, and a lost Jewish custom was to fast every Wednesday in an effort to stave off the disease. The Jewish fight against diphtheria was modernized by the physician Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919), who immigrated to New York and dedicated his professional life to eliminating diphtheria. Today, Jacobi Hospital in the Bronx is named in his honor.
Our Father Our King, Save Us from This Plague
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Repentance, prayer, and charity are the three fundamental Jewish responses to threats of any kind, and several communities wrote novel prayers when facing pandemics. This chapter examines and contrasts the pandemic prayers recited in London in 1860, in Budapest in 1892, and in Jerusalem in 1897. Some of these prayers, found in the Library of Congress, have not been previously described, like the lavishly illustrated work in Hebrew and Italian printed on the occasion of the recovery from smallpox of the Empress Maria Theresa in 1768. These prayers reveal much about the Jews who composed and compiled them. This chapter also examines pandemic theology and how, from the Talmud to contemporary times, Jewish thought has grappled with the death of innocents in a pandemic.
The Jews Have Been Burned by Due Legal Process
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During and after the wave of bubonic plague called the Black Death, Jews were doubly attacked, once by the bacteria, and then a second time by violence that in some cases killed more. In this respect, the Jews’ experience of the Black Death was utterly different from that of their Gentile neighbours, who often blamed the Jews for the misery of those dreadful years. This chapter describes new research into the history of these anti-Jewish riots and focuses in detail on the claim that they were triggered because Jews died in lesser numbers. Eyewitness accounts of the Black Death are described, together with early and contemporary Jewish histories, showing that this claim was a fiction and whose origins can be found in both rabbinic texts and anti-Jewish polemics. The claim of Jewish pandemic exceptionalism is a myth.
The FDI-Led Growth Models of the East-Central and South-Eastern European Periphery
Authors: Ban Cornel , AdĂscĂliȚei DragoȘ 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The East-Central European countries that joined the EU in the 2000s consolidated a dependent export-led growth model. By focusing on three distinct time periods (2000–2008, 2008–2012, and 2012–2019), we show that this model has both systemic and national roots. Growing international competition from Asia in the beginning of 2000s has forced firms in Western economies to seek alternative sources of competitiveness that involved a mix of wage moderation at home and expansion toward the East. The internationalization of Western firms met capital hungry Eastern governments, which were all too happy to use FDI to restore the competitiveness of their outdated SOEs. Backed by a social bloc that involved domestic and foreign capital as well as workers in the tradable sectors, the export-led growth model took off and generated growth rates well above those in core countries. The 2000s also saw an increase in debt-fueled consumption, which partially compensated for modest wage growth in the region. The 2008 crisis provided an opportunity to put an end to hybridization and to reinforce the export-led component of growth through short-term austerity measures and deeper labor market reforms. These changes consolidated the export-led model that remained in place even amid political reconfigurations that, at least rhetorically, aimed to fight the economic dependency of the region on FDI.
The Political-Economic Foundations of Export-Led Growth: An Analysis of the German Case
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Höpner Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter provides a reconstruction of the emergence of export-led growth in Germany. Between 1991 and 2019, exports were the most important growth driver, brought about by real undervaluation in the context of an inflexible (since 1999: fixed) exchange rate regime. Real undervaluation is the result of a bargaining regime oriented toward wage moderation, conservative monetary and fiscal policies, strict credit regulation that discourages household debt, and shrinking domestic credit only partially compensated by cross-border banking outflows. The export-oriented growth model emerged after the unification shock and further radicalized in the six distress years after the introduction of the euro due to painful processes of cost reduction, wage restraint, liberalization, and domestic demand compression. Due to its export surpluses, Germany managed to escape the international trend of de-industrialization. The German growth model is fragile because it depends on conditions that are not directly controllable by domestic policymakers.
Welfare States and Growth Models
Authors: Lynch Julia , Watson Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter asks how the welfare state shapes the politics of growth models (GMs). We take as our starting point classic arguments about the accumulation and legitimation problems that beset capitalist democracies and that welfare states may—though need not—help resolve. Analyzing instances of welfare reform in four countries since the 1990s, each of which represent a distinct type of GM, we interrogate how elites may use social policy in the pursuit of growth and political acquiescence. Our analysis suggests that although reforms in particular policy areas are sometimes aimed at promoting economic accumulation, just as often they operate as strategies of political legitimation. We elaborate conceptually five possible pathways through which social policy might encourage the political legitimation of GMs, theorize which types of legitimation strategies are likely to function in which GMs, and conclude with reflections on the politics of legitimation in an era of mass politics.
Introduction
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the aims and the scope of the book and provides an overview of the individual chapters. An important part of establishing the scope of the book is to explicate both what the book is and what it is not about. To this end, this chapter introduces five foundational premises on which the book rests: (1) approaching organization as a process of deliberate design decisions; (2) approaching governance decisions by defining the main problem; (3) focusing on organizational viability through collaborative value creation; (4) approaching stakeholdership through reciprocity and risk; and (5) focusing on private ordering. In addition to the five foundational premises, this chapter highlights the importance of developing an understanding of sustainable (as opposed to myopic) efficiency: eliminating the excess, not the essential; nurturing cooperation, not jeopardizing it; seeking mutual value creation, not selfish value capture.
The Efficiency Lens
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Efficiency Lens, the central analytical tool and framework applied throughout the book. The Efficiency Lens consists of three central elements (management, oversight, and risk), their interrelationships, and their dynamics. Of particular relevance is the degree to which the three are separated from one another in the organization. The Efficiency Lens is generally applicable in all organizations no matter at what stage they are in their lifecycles. In particular, the Efficiency Lens provides the designer with a framework to be applied in thinking of how to organize efficiently. It also paves the way toward a nuanced definition of governance, and how informed governance choices can contribute to efficient organization.
The Expanding Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As organizations expand, their governance changes in fundamental ways. These changes are driven by the growth dynamic and the separation dynamic. The former refers to the expanding scale of management, oversight, and risk. However, the more consequential changes have to do with the fact that as the organization expands, management, oversight, and risk start to separate from one another. This chapter focuses on the challenges and the dilemmas the separation dynamic creates for the designer. The separation dynamic tends to make the organization more vulnerable, which is pertinent in situations in which the organization becomes the target of a takeover attempt. In this chapter, we also discuss the measures the designer can take to protect its stakeholder relationships.
The Institutionalized Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As organizations mature, their designs and governance structures become institutionalized and their modification becomes challenging. Institutionalization of governance structures in particular and organizations in general confers many advantages, such as stability and predictability, which should be acknowledged. However, this chapter focuses on the “dark side” of institutionalization, that is, the challenges that the taken-for-grantedness of governance structures presents to the designer. Specifically, when governance structures institutionalize, designers may forgo a continuing, relentless comparison of alternatives to maintain efficiency in governance decisions. Moreover, persistence of governance structures is a potential cause for concern especially in intraorganizational relationships and transactions. This chapter complements chapter 3 by a closer examination of the trade-offs and potential efficiency distortions associated with internal transactions.
Eugenics and Persons with Disabilities
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most writing on the eugenic movement in the United States concentrates on those labeled as “feeble-minded,” or “morons.” This chapter considers the impact of the movement in relation to those with disabilities in general, and why certain categories of those labeled as disabled were or were not viewed as proper targets of restrictive eugenic policies. Specific focus includes those thought to be insane, as well as persons with epilepsy and individuals with sensory disabilities (blind and deaf). The chapter highlights not only why those with a moron diagnosis were the principal targets of eugenicists, but also how this diagnosis was exploited by eugenicists to pull ancillary groups (e.g., those living in poverty, single women with children) into the sphere of eugenic control.