bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1988
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 8-yr-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, Calif. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal/acre. Materials were applied on 7 Jul. Control was evaluated by caging 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leaflioppers on the foliage for 12 h (7:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M.) at 2-wk intervals after application.
Peach, Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Turner Cathy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots of 10-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liter/ha. Dates of application were 26 Apr (petal fall [PF]), 9 May (shuck split [SS]), 20 May (shuck fall [SF]), 8 Jun (first cover [1C]) and 22 Jun (second cover [2C]). All plots were treated with Penncap-M 2 F on 7 Jul and 21 Jul and with Sevin 50 W on 3 Aug. Fungicides (Benlate, captan, sulfur) were applied separately to all treatments on the same dates as insecticides. Treatment effect on TSSM was determined by sampling 17 leaves from the center of each tree on 18 Jul, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Control of catfacing insects was evaluated by sampling 600 peaches/treatment (100/replication) on 15 and 16 Aug and examining for injury.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against adult JB, TPB, MS, PB, and SSB. A 13-yr-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this study. Plots consisted of 2 blueberry bushes, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 150 gal/acre (1,403 liter/ha) on 21 Jun, 29 Jun, 15 Jul, and 4 Aug, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. At the appropriate number of days after insecticides were applied, 5 leaves and 5 berries were removed at random from each replicate and placed in a ventilated 1-gal round ice cream container. Bioassays were begun after treated foliage had dried and samples could be taken. Ten adults of each available species were added to containers, and the number of dead insects was recorded 24 h later.
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 11-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 200-250 psi and at 330-350 gal/acre. Spray dates were 21 May (pink-full pink [P-FP]), 1 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 11 Jun (first cover [1C]), 28 Jun (second cover [2C]), and 8 Jul (third cover [3C]). The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (1.5 lb/100) and Sevin 80 SP (0.7-1.2 lb) on 4 dates; Captan 80 W (1 lb) and Rubigan 1 EC (0.2 lb) on 3 dates; Cyprex 65 W (0.4-0.8 lb), Ambush 25 W (0.8 lb), and Unfoamer (0.1 lb) on 2 dates; and Imidan 50 W (1.5 lb) and Fruitone 3.5 W (5 ppm) on 1 date. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in each test. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected at chest-height from around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. June, July, and August were generally warmer and more humid than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively wet.
Chinese Rose Beetle Control on Cacao, 1988
Authors: Oi David H. , Mau Ronald F. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to cacao seedlings approximately 15 months old (0.5-1.0 m tall) located in Kunia, on Oahu, Hawaii. Plants within rows were spaced 4 ft apart. Row spacing followed a pattern of 2 rows, 42 inches apart, with the next set of 2 rows 10 ft away. A windbreak of Sudex grass was adjacent (within 1 ft) to the northwest row of each set of 2 rows. Treatment assignments followed a randomized complete block design consisting of 10 plants/treatment/block for 8 blocks. Treatments were applied on 10 Feb using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle that delivered approximately 70 gal/acre at 35 psi. Weekly evaluations were based on the mean percent damage/leaf of the 5 most damaged leaves/plant using a pretransformed scale (5 increments). Ratings were obtained from 5 plants/treatment/block.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Sunburst’ Mandarin, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied at a rate of 500 gal/acre with a handgun spray at 400 psi on 27 May to 5-yr-old, 8-ft-tall trees. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with 2 trees/plot and 6 replications. The number of CRM was counted in 2-1 cm2 using a 10 x hand lens on opposite sides of 10 randomly selected fruit on each tree.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Sunburst’ Mandarin, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with 2 trees/plot and 6 replications. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 27 Jul. Numbers of CRM on leaves were counted under a binocular microscope at 16 X for 20 leaves/tree, and CRM on fruit were counted within 2-1 cm2 using 10 X hand lens on opposite sides of 40 fruit/replicate.
Timing Lorsban Applications for CRS Control, 1986
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. V. , Aitken D. C. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block experiment with 9 single-tree replicates/treatment and 5 treatments was conducted in a field of mature navel orange trees at the University of California Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, Calif. Four blocks were in ‘Fisher’ variety navel oranges and 5 blocks were in ‘Old Line Washington’ navel oranges. Pretreatment densities of CRS were evaluated in late April 1986 by examining 75 9-inch twigs (1 yr old) from each tree. Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Trees were assigned to the 9 blocks on the basis of pretreatment CRS density so that within each block initial CRS density was similar among trees. Consequently, trees within a block were not necessarily adjacent. Treatments then were assigned randomly to trees within each block. The 5 treatments were 5 different times for application of an identical amount of Lorsban 4 E (3/8 pt/100 gal applied by handguns from both ground and tower positions at 500-550 psi, and 17 gal/tree). Maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Lindcove Field Station were used to calculate degree-days for CRS development (single sine wave method, lower threshold of 53°F; no upper threshold), and pheromone traps were used to monitor male flight. Cumulative degree-days were calculated from 25 May, which was the beginning of the second-generation male flight. Posttreatment samples were taken in mid-October 1986 (fruit and twig evaluation) and again in mid March 1986 (fruit evaluation) and early April 1987 (twig evaluation) by in situ examination of 75 9-inch twigs and 100 fruit from each tree. The twigs were scored as infested or not infested with live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or &gt;10 live or dead CRS, because fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with approximately 10 or more live or dead CRS. Therefore, counts of live and dead scale on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and being downgraded; counts of live scale on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth.
Wireworm Control, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots were established near Burley, Idaho. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by surface flow. Insecticides were applied in a 5-inch band approximately 1 inch under the expected seed-planting level. The soil was opened with a ‘Rus-Ken’ opener and the granules were applied in a 5-inch band inside the opener shoe. Sinner weeders behind the opener covered the insecticide with soil. The beans were then planted through the treated area. Four treatments (3 rates of XRD-429 2 G and Counter 20 G) and an untreated control were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows wide (22-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long. Plant stand and damaged plants were evaluated 15 and 29 d after planting. Ten row-ft from each of the center 2 plot rows was dug up and inspected for wireworms or wireworm feeding on both sampling dates. Damaged plants and plant stand from both sampling dates were combined and statistical analyses were conducted on the combined data. Statistical analyses were ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range tests.
Wireworm Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots were established near Burley, Idaho. The crop was a garden bean seed field. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by gravity flow. Insecticides were applied in a 5-inch band about 1 inch under the expected seed-planting level. The soil was opened with a ‘Rus-Ken’ opener and the granules were laid in a band inside the opener shoe. Sinner weeders behind the opener covered the material with soil. The beans were then planted through the treated area. Four treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows wide (22-inch row spacing) by 25 ft long. Plant stand, “bald heads,” and subsurface damage to plants were evaluated 45 d after planting. Ten row-ft from each of the center two plot rows was dug up and inspected for wireworms and wireworm feeding.
Spider Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Saenz Maria , Babcock J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Azuki bean pesticide trials were conducted at the Warden Research Farm, Washington State University, Warden, Wash. Experimental plots were 0.01 acre each, arranged in a completely randomized design, and replicated 4 times. Plots were planted on 18 May at a density of 96,000 plants/acre. Thimet and Temik were knifed-in 2 inches to the side of the seed 1 and 2 wk after planting. Cygon, Orthene, Pydrin, and Comite were applied on 22 Jul and 19 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from 4 8003 flat fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Plots that received Temik and Thimet were sprayed with Avid at 0.18 lb (AI)/acre on 19 Aug. Plots were sampled from 20 Jul to 13 Sep at intervals that varied between 5 and 10 d. Mites were sampled by collecting 10 trifoliates at random from the tops of azuki bean. Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Control of Beet Armyworm Larvae, 1987:
Authors: East D. A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psi operated at 3 mph. On 17 Nov, several hours after spray applications, 2 plants/plot were caged with cardboard cartons with removable screen tops. Each caged plant was inoculated with 10 third-instar BAW from a laboratory colony. On 23 Nov, cages were removed and all living BAW were counted.
Effect of New Bacillus Thuringiensis Strains on CL and DBM, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Express’ cabbage were transplanted on 30 Mar into plots 20 ft long using beds spaced 3 ft apart with the cabbage spaced 12 inches within the rows. One bed was left empty between treatments. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a complete randomized block design. Foliar sprays were made on 20 May and 7 Jim using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gpa using 2 TX-18 nozzles/bed. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of CL and larvae of DBM on 15 plants/plot were counted on 19, 23, and 26 May and on 3, 10, 14, and 21 Jun. Heads were harvested on 1 Jul and examined for insect damage.
Sod Webwosm Control in Bentgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Wit L.A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on bentgrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Insecticides were applied on 14 Jul to 6 × 8ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The predominant grass species was bentgrass (99%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 5/32 inch. There was no perceptible thatch accumulation. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows; air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 79°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal spray/1000 ft2. A precalibrated Candy 24H12 spreader was used to apply granular formulations. The test area received 0.05 inch of irrigated water 12 hr after treatment. An additional 0.15 and 0.35 inches of irrigated water were applied during the 3- DAT and 7-DAT periods, respectively, and 1.77 inches of rain fell during the 3-DAT period. Product efficacy was evaluated 3 DAT and 7 DAT (17 Jul and 21 Jul) by applying 0.25 cup of liquid detergent/gallon of water over two 6 ft2 areas in each plot and recording the number of sod webworms that emerged from the turf after 15 min. Opposite corners of plots were sampled on successive evaluation dates.
Fall Control of White Grubs and Wire Worms in Turf, 1989
Authors: Bolte John , Cartwright Bob 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied to bermudagrass grown on a Eram clay loam at the McAlester Country Club, McAlester, OK on 1 Sep for control of mixed populations of white grubs [Cyclocephala (50%) and Phyllophaga (50%)] and wireworms. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replicates with individual plots consisting of a 10 × 10 ft area which had a thatch accumulation of 0.25 inches. Granular materials were applied with a hand-held shaker crossing the plot in 3 directions. Liquid formulations were applied with hand-held compressed air sprayer, calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Irrigation of 1.5 inches of water was applied with 2 lawn sprinklers 24 hrs prior to treatment. One inch of water was applied by hand sprinkler immediately after treatment. Approximately 8 inches of rain accumulated between the treatment date and the posttreatment insect count. Product efficacy was evaluated at 35 DAT (6 Oct) by removing 2 1-ft2 sod sections, 4 inches deep, from each plot and counting the grubs and wireworms present.
Control of Green June Beetle and Surfacing of Grubs Following Application
Authors: Davidson A. W. , Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on an established Kentucky bluegrass turf in Fayette County, KY. Treatment plots were 6 × 6 ft with 2 ft untreated borders, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Insecticides were applied 28 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken onto the plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer that delivered 1.3 gal/1000 ft2. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. Dead and moribund GJB on the turf surface were sampled twice on 29 and 30 Sep. by counting all grubs within a 1 m2 frame placed in the center of each plot. Samples were pooled before analysis. Living GJB still in the soil were sampled on 5-7 Oct by digging 3 areas (1 ft2, 1 ft deep) within each plot.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs with Registered Products on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%) and 40% weeds. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. W and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (7 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.0% sand, 50.4% silt, 9.6% sand; soil moisture, 13.1%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 d later (2 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Black Cutworm Control with Entomophagous Nematodes, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two nematode species were compared to an insecticide standard for the control of BCW on golf course greens in Rochester, NH. Treatments were applied on 24 Aug at 1900 h. Larvae were instar 3-6. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of whole greens of fairly uniform size (4500 ft2). Treatments were randomly assigned. The applications were made with a boom sprayer using 8008 nozzles on a Cushman vehicle at 40 PSI and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. After application, treatments were irrigated with 0.3 inches water. Field conditions were: air, 71°F; soil 1 in., 70°F; thatch depth (natural), 0.25 inch; water pH 6.9; soil type, sand; soil moisture, 18%; irrigation, lightly every other day. Treatments were rated by counting live larvae on the entire green.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site Three on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Lupine, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Wiens Mel , Sheets Becky 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. The plot area was first marked with a planter, and the rows baited with a 1:1:1 mixture of bone & blood meal & meat scraps. Approximately 225 lb of this mixture was applied to the 3/4 acre plot area. The plots were irrigated and planted 1 wk later. Clean untreated lupine seed was treated with a sticker, the appropriate seed treatment plus bacterial inoculant applied, and the seed dried for 48 hr. Plots were 2 rows × 30', treatments were replicated 4 times, and were arranged in a randomized complete block by pairs. A John Deer Maximerge 4 row planter was used for planting on 20 May. Granular insecticide was applied in a 4-6 inch band on the row following planting. The field was then irrigated to provide rapid and uniform germination. Stand, insect damage and yield were taken per 20 ft row. Damage was converted to percent, transformed using ARCSINE and means were compared.
Postharvest Control of Banana Aphid Using Dips, 1989
Authors: Tenbrink V. L. , Hansen J. D. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted on aphid-infested red ginger flowers cut from an untreated nursery field in Hilo, Hawaii. The flowers were randomly divided into groups of 5 stems/treatment and immersed in insecticidal solutions. Water was used for control. Four insecticides were screened for effectiveness and phytotoxicity at one minute. Safer, Mavrik and Amway LOC were also tested at 5 and 15 min durations. The flowers were held for 24 h, then the numbers of alive and dead nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting microscope. Percent mortality was calculated.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1988
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at 4 locations (lawns) in Clarke, Covington, Jasper and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of 3 replications 1000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 20 Jul in Covington and Jasper Counties and on 26 and 28 Jul in Clarke and Newton Counties, respectively. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. Imported fire and hill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made on 21 Jul and post-treatment counts were made on 22 Aug.
Prunus, Peachtree Borer Control, Wayne Co., Oh., 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purple-leaf sand cherry (1.0-1.5 m tall), infested with peachtree borer, growing in a research plot at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides for reducing establishment of peachtree borer larvae. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to spray 4, randomly selected single plant replicates/treatment. Application was made 17 Jun under sunny skies, 21°24°C, with a 16-24 kph breeze. Each plant received ca. 70 ml of finished spray on the lower trunk and limbs. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 27 Oct by examining the base of each plant for gummy exudate and frass.