bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct comparison of ns LIBS and fs LIBS with high spatial and temporal resolution in gases
Authors: Feng Zhanyu , Zhang Jiaxian , Li Xiaofeng , Gao Qiang , Li Bo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Spatial resolution is one of the most critical parameters for spectroscopic measurements especially when used in gases. However, the lateral resolution of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in gases has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we directly compare the differences and connections between nanosecond (ns) LIBS and fs LIBS through spatio-temporally resolved spectroscopy. At the time period we measured, unlike the ns LIBS plasma, the fs LIBS plasma does not show detectable expansion, and we do not find composition transport due to turbulence inside the fs LIBS. In other words, the local spectral emission in the fs LIBS can correlate precisely to the composition at that location before the arrival of the laser, while ns LIBS cannot. This feature allows fs LIBS to have much higher lateral resolution than ns LIBS. Finally, this paper verified that fs LIBS can be used for one-dimensional measurements capability with its lateral resolution of 50 μm.
Z

n
symmetry in the vortex muon decay
Authors: Zhao Pengcheng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Polarization of a vortex state fermion has a rich structure due to the nontrivial momentum distribution of wave function. This larger freedom provides an unique opportunity to prepare fermions in exotic polarized states, which do not exist for plane wave state fermions. Based on the so-called spin–orbit state which was studied both theoretically and experimentally, we put forward a peculiar vortex muon whose polarization exhibits Z

n
symmetry and study its decay. We investigate the azimuthal distribution of the emitted electrons and find that it exhibits the same symmetry (Z

n
) as the initial state.
Potential harm to the skin from unfiltered krypton chloride ‘far-ultraviolet-C’ lamps, even below an occupational exposure limit
Authors: O’Mahoney Paul , Wood Kenneth , Ibbotson Sally H , Eadie Ewan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation can effectively inactivate pathogens on surfaces and in the air. Due to the potential for harm to skin and eyes, human exposure to UVC should be limited within the guideline exposure limits produced by the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIHs). Both organisations state an effective spectrally weighted limit of 3 mJ cm−2, although the spectral weighting factors of the two organisations diverged following a revision of the ACGIH guidelines in 2022. Using existing published human exposure data, the effective spectrally weighted radiant exposure was calculated for both unfiltered and filtered (to reduce UV emissions above 230 nm) krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer lamps. The effective radiant exposure of the filtered KrCl* lamp was greater than 3 mJ cm−2 when applying ICNIRP or either of the revised ACGIH spectral weightings. This indicates that both guidelines are appropriately conservative for this specific lamp. However, the effective radiant exposure of the unfiltered KrCl* lamp was as low as 1 mJ cm−2 with the revised ACGIH weighting function that can be applied to the skin if the eyes are protected. Erythema has therefore been directly observed in a clinical study at an exposure within the revised ACGIH guideline limits. Extrapolating this information means that a mild sunburn could be induced in Fitzpatrick skin types I and II if that particular ACGIH weighting function were applied and an individual received an effective exposure of 3 mJ cm−2. Whilst it is improbable that such an effect would be seen in current deployment of KrCl* lamp technology, it does highlight the need for further research into skin sensitivity and irradiance–time reciprocity for UVC wavelengths.
Fault feature extraction for planetary bearing of CRF pump in nuclear power plant based on TFDC-QPSO-optimised MOMEDA
Authors: Zhang Jiashuo , Xiong Xin , He Jun , Huang Yuanyuan , Yang Shixi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
To address the issue of weak fault features and difficulty in feature extraction for planetary gearbox bearings of the circulation water pump (CRF pump) unit in the conventional island of a nuclear power plant, a deconvolution method, named the multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted (MOMEDA), is optimised by a mixing operator improved quantum behaviour particle swarm optimisation (QPSO) algorithm, to extract the periodic fault impulse of planetary gearbox bearings. In the mixing operator, a differential evolution operator is introduced to improve particle swarms’ diversity and enhance the algorithm’s global optimisation capability. Meanwhile, a proposed adaptive CrossOver operator is incorporated into the algorithm to increase its convergence speed. Then, combining these two types of operators can construct a parameter optimisation algorithm displaying both global optimisation capability and high algorithm execution efficiency. Consider capturing the periodic impulsive features relating to bearing faults. A fitness function based on the characteristic information of the deconvolution signal in the time and frequency domain is proposed. This function serves as the objective function to facilitate the parameter optimisation on MOMEDA. Thereby, it enhances the optimisation capability of our feature extraction method. Experiments were conducted by adopting the proposed method on the signals collected from the inner- and outer-race faulty planetary bearing in a test bed, in which favourable feature extraction results are obtained. After the comparative analysis, we observed that both significances of features extracted by this method and the execution efficiency of the algorithm are superior compared to other methods. The on-site feature extraction results of the input shaft bearing in the planetary gearbox of a CRF pump unit in a nuclear power plant also demonstrated the engineering practicability of the method proposed in this work.
Preparation of multifunctional mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles and anti-tumor action
Authors: Wu Yijun , Sun Zhiqiang , Song Jinfeng , Mo Liufang , Wang Xiaochen , Liu Hanhan , Ma Yunfeng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A targeted drug delivery system was developed to accumulate specific drugs around tumor cells based on the redox, temperature, and enzyme synergistic responses of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-NH2) and Doxorubicin (DOX) for tumor therapy were prepared and loaded into the pores of MSN- NH2 to obtain DOX@MSN(DM NPs). Hyaluronic acid (HA) was used as the backbone and disulfide bond was used as the linker arm to graft carboxylated poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAAm-COOH) to synthesize the macromolecular copolymer (HA-SS-PNIPAAm), which was modified to DM NPs with capped ends to obtain the nano-delivery system DOX@MSN@HA-SS-PNIPAAm(DMHSP NPs), and a control formulation was prepared in a similar way. DMHSP NPs specifically entered tumor cells via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis; the high GSH concentration (10 mM) of cells severed the disulfide bonds, the hyaluronidase sheared the capped HA to open the pores, and increased tumor microenvironment temperature due to immune response can trigger the release of encapsulated drugs in thermosensitive materials. In vitro and in vivo antitumor and hemolysis assays showed that DMHSP NPs can accurately target hepatocellular carcinoma cells with a good safety profile and have synergistic effects, which meant DMHSP NPs had great potential for tumor therapy.
Global solutions to an initial boundary problem for the compressible 3D MHD equations with Navier-slip and perfectly conducting boundary conditions in exterior domains
Authors: Liu Hairong , Luo Tao , Zhong Hua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An initial boundary value problem for compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is considered on an exterior domain (with the vanishing first Betti number) in

R

3

in this paper. The global existence of smooth solutions near a given constant state for compressible MHD with the boundary conditions of Navier-slip for the velocity filed and perfect conduction for the magnetic field is established. Moreover the explicit decay rate is given. In particular, the results obtained in this paper also imply the global existence of classical solutions for the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations with Navier-slip boundary conditions on exterior domains in three dimensions, which was not available in literature prior to the work in this paper, to the best of knowledge of the authors’.
3D–2D image registration in the presence of soft-tissue deformation in image-guided transbronchial interventions
Authors: Vijayan R , Sheth N , Mekki L , Lu A , Uneri A , Sisniega A , Magaraggia J , Kleinszig G , Vogt S , Thiboutot J , Lee H , Yarmus L , Siewerdsen J H 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Purpose. Target localization in pulmonary interventions (e.g. transbronchial biopsy of a lung nodule) is challenged by deformable motion and may benefit from fluoroscopic overlay of the target to provide accurate guidance. We present and evaluate a 3D–2D image registration method for fluoroscopic overlay in the presence of tissue deformation using a multi-resolution/multi-scale (MRMS) framework with an objective function that drives registration primarily by soft-tissue image gradients. Methods. The MRMS method registers 3D cone-beam CT to 2D fluoroscopy without gating of respiratory phase by coarse-to-fine resampling and global-to-local rescaling about target regions-of-interest. A variation of the gradient orientation (

GO

) similarity metric (denoted

G

O
′

) was developed to downweight bone gradients and drive registration via soft-tissue gradients. Performance was evaluated in terms of projection distance error at isocenter (PDEiso). Phantom studies determined nominal algorithm parameters and capture range. Preclinical studies used a freshly deceased, ventilated porcine specimen to evaluate performance in the presence of real tissue deformation and a broad range of 3D–2D image mismatch. Results. Nominal algorithm parameters were identified that provided robust performance over a broad range of motion (0–20 mm), including an adaptive parameter selection technique to accommodate unknown mismatch in respiratory phase. The

G

O
′

metric yielded median PDEiso = 1.2 mm, compared to 6.2 mm for conventional

GO
.

Preclinical studies with real lung deformation demonstrated median PDEiso = 1.3 mm with MRMS +

G

O
′

registration, compared to 2.2 mm with a conventional transform. Runtime was 26 s and can be reduced to 2.5 s given a prior registration within ∼5 mm as initialization. Conclusions. MRMS registration via soft-tissue gradients achieved accurate fluoroscopic overlay in the presence of deformable lung motion. By driving registration via soft-tissue image gradients, the method avoided false local minima presented by bones and was robust to a wide range of motion magnitude.
High-efficiency MA1−z
FA
z
Pbl3−x
Cl
x
perovskite solar cells via mixed A-site cations in the lattice
Authors: Huang Jin , Chen Chunyang , Zhang Fanghui , Wang Hao , Shi Kewang , Liu Shengzhong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Inorganic–organic perovskite materials show enormous potential in the aspect of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to their superior optoelectronic properties. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the formamidinium (FA+) influences on the electrical properties and surface morphology of MA1−z
FA
z
Pbl3−x
Cl
x
films, as well as the changes in the perovskite solar cell (PSC) parameter. By adding a suitable amount of FAI to the precursor, a series of PSCs were prepared, with the absorption layer owning a mixed organic cation (MA1−z
FA
z
PbI3−x
Cl
x
) to passivate interfacial defects and improve stability. This work discovered that the appropriate amounts of FA+ can improve grain size and interference defects generation through interionic interaction. Meanwhile, both the filling factor and the short-circuit current density (J
sc) have been enhanced effectively, and the PCE of the champion device is 17.31%. Additionally, the stability of the MA0.6FA0.4PbI3−x
Cl
x
-based PSC is also satisfactory. Under 150 h of darkness at 25 humidity and 25 °C, the PCE fell by just 2.9%. This work reveals that modest FA+ can significantly enhance the film-forming and device performance of MAPbI3−x
Cl
x
by substituting for the A-site cation.
Effect of stress on thermal properties of AlGaN nanofilms
Authors: Fan Senping , Yan Tianyu , Huang Lihong , Sang Liwen , Mei Yang , Ying Leiying , Zhang Baoping , Long Hao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) nanofilms have been widely applied as active layers in ultra-violet opto-electronic devices and power electronics. Stress plays essential role in AlGaN based devices, especially in high electron mobility transistor. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the thermal properties of AlGaN nanofilms with various stresses. In this work, biaxial stressed [0001] oriented AlGaN nanofilms were studied. The phonon dispersion, density of states, velocity and heat capacity were simulated based on the elastic theory. Thermal conductivities of AlGaN nanofilms, which was found 1 ∼ 2 orders of magnitude lower than the bulk materials, were then calculated by Boltzmann transport equation. Due to the modification of phonon dispersion and increasing of group velocity by tensile stress, the thermal conductivities of AlGaN nanofilms increase from compressive stress (−15 GPa) to tensile stress (+15 GPa). Moreover, a phonon energy gap appears in AlN nanofilm of −15 GPa, which disrupts the linear relation between thermal conductivity and stresses. Our work confirmed that the stress could be promising to tune the thermal conductivity of AlGaN nanofilms.
Energy harvesting from gravity-induced deformation of rotating shaft for long-term monitoring of rotating machinery
Authors: Zhang Liufeng , Qin Lichang , Qin Zhaoye , Chu Fulei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Energy harvesting from rotating machines for self-powered sensor networks has attracted increasing attentions in the last decade. In this work, an energy harvester employing piezoelectric stacks for rotating machinery is proposed, which cannot only harvest kinetic energy from bending deformation of rotating shaft but also has the capability of rotor fault detection. The structure and working concept of the energy harvester are initially presented. Afterward, a theoretical model for the energy harvester is established to clarify its output characteristics. Then, vibration tests under different rotating speeds are carried out with a prototype mounted on a rotor test rig. The effects of electrical connections of piezoelectric stacks, rotor geometry, energy harvester location, and fastener preload on the output performance of energy harvester are evaluated. Finally, the applications of powering a scientific calculator and detecting typical faults of rotor systems including rotor crack and rub impact faults are demonstrated. Apart from fault detection capability, the proposed energy harvester has the advantages of long lifespan and causing little interference with the rotational motion, which overcomes the inherent deficiencies of commonly studied beam-type energy harvesters and manifest the potential of proposed energy harvester for the long-term condition monitoring of rotating machines.
Low frequency electrostatic mode generated by electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere with two distinct electrons
Authors: Liu Yong , Qian Yousheng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The generation of low frequency electrostatic mode by parametric decay of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere with exponentially truncated kappa distributed hot electrons and cold electrons is studied. Nonlinear dispersion equation for the parametric process is derived from kinetic theory. The parametric instability of EMWs decay into low frequency electrostatic normal mode (ion acoustic like wave modes and electron acoustic wave modes) and electrostatic quasi–mode in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere are numerically analyzed. It is shown that parametric instability occurs only when the EMW is sufficiently strong if the collisions between ions and electrons are taken into account. The growth rate and the threshold conditions of the decay instability depend on the concentration and distribution of hot electrons. Because they change the dispersion and the damping rate of normal mode, the collisional damping of sideband EMW. In addition, the excitation of electrostatic normal mode by parametric decay of EMWs is more difficult than the excitation of electrostatic quasi–mode. The growth rate of EMWs decaying into electrostatic quasi–mode is much larger than the ones of decaying into electrostatic normal mode. But the frequency of electrostatic quasi–mode corresponding to the maximum growth rate can be as low as a few tens Hz. The mechanism may excite the electrostatic mode with frequency comparable to those of the ultra–low frequency electric fields observed in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere.
Natural climate solutions in Indonesia: wetlands are the key to achieve Indonesia’s national climate commitment
Authors: Novita Nisa , Subarno  , Lestari Nurul Silva , Anshari Gusti Zakaria , Lugina Mega , Yeo Samantha , Malik Anjelita , Asyhari Adibtya , Putra Chandra Agung Septiadi , Gangga Adi , Ritonga Rasis Putra , Albar Israr , Djaenudin Deden , Arifanti Virni Budi , Poor Erin , Jupesta Joni , Tryanto Dede Hendry , Basuki Imam , Ellis Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Indonesia offers a dramatic opportunity to contribute to tackling climate change by deploying natural climate solutions (NCS), increasing carbon sequestration and storage through the protection, improved management, and restoration of drylands, peatlands, and mangrove ecosystems. Here, we estimate Indonesia’s NCS mitigation opportunity for the first time using national datasets. We calculated the maximum NCS mitigation potential extent using datasets of annual national land cover, peat soil, and critical lands. We collated a national emissions factor database for each pathway, calculated from a meta-analysis, recent publications from our team, and available literature. The maximum NCS mitigation potential in 2030 is 1.3 ± 0.04 GtCO2e yr−1, based on the historical baseline period from 2009–2019. This maximum NCS potential is double Indonesia’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) target from the forestry and other land use sector. Of this potential opportunity, 77% comes from wetland ecosystems. Peatlands have the largest NCS mitigation potential (960 ± 15.4 MtCO2e yr−1 or 71.5 MgCO2e ha−1 yr−1) among all other ecosystems. Mangroves provide a smaller total potential (41.1 ± 1.4 MtCO2e yr−1) but have a much higher mitigation density (12.2 MgCO2e ha−1 yr−1) compared to dryland ecosystems (2.9 MgCO2e ha−1 yr−1). Therefore, protecting, managing, and restoring Indonesia’s wetlands is key to achieving the country’s emissions reduction target by 2030. The results of this study can be used to inform conservation programs and national climate policy to prioritize wetlands and other land sector initiatives to fulfill Indonesia’s NDC by 2030, while simultaneously providing additional co-benefits and contributing to COVID-19 recovery and economic sustainability.
Agricultural bio-waste of corn silk-derived porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Taslim Rika , Halbi Suryandri , Apriwandi Apriwandi , Taer Erman 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study aims to develop a novel, simple, efficient, and low-cost method to prepare hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber derived from corn silks (CSAC) through a one-step carbonisation-physical activation process. The carbon precursors were activated by KOH solution at a high pyrolysis temperature to prepare activated porous carbon as an electrode material for supercapacitors without using binders. This study focused on the effect of different activation temperatures of 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C on the production of highly porous carbon nanofiber. An enhancement mechanism is proposed, which not only performed high nanofiber structures to possess the large specific active surface area to enhance energy density but also achieved micro-mesopore combination to realise fast ion-transport channels for boosting high power density. A maximum specific surface area of approximately 1096.95 m2 g−1 was achieved by CSAC7. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance was evaluated using 1 M H2SO4 solution as an electrolyte through a novel two-electrode binder-free system. The electrode materials produced a maximum specific capacitance of 237 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. These excellent characteristics show that the synthetic approach has a great potential for fabricating high-performance supercapacitors.
Tribology model to characterise shoe friction and wear behaviours and its application to evaluating traction properties
Authors: Kim In-Ju 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Wear and tear growths of shoes are unavoidable, but this issue has hardly been investigated in the literature from the viewpoint of slip resistance to prevent pedestrian falls. This study suggests a shoe tribology model to explore friction and friction-induced wear developments of shoe heel/sole surfaces and identify their effects on traction controls. To verify the model, dynamic friction tests were performed between two popular shoe kinds: Polyurethane and Polyvinyl Chloride against a vinyl sheet under dry conditions. Their results were investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. Results clearly show that traction properties are not constant and primarily depend on material types. Findings from this study may enhance our understanding of shoe surface friction and wear behaviours and provide helpful information to develop better designs for heels/soles to prevent pedestrian fall incidents.
Surface morphology evolution of C-plane sapphire during multi-step thermal annealing
Authors: Yadav Mahesh J , Aravindan S , Rao P V , Maithani Yogita , Singh J P 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The surface morphology evolution of the C-plane (0001) sapphire surface with the 4° miscut angle towards A-plane is thermally annealed at temperatures of 1100 °C and 1200 °C for different dwell times varying between 3-12 hours in multiple steps, resulting in a total of 30 hours. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) observations are used to systematically study the effects of the thermal annealing process, temperature, and time on the evolution of the periodicity and step height of structures. The step-terrace structures with straight step-edges along the

[
1

1

¯

00
]

direction were observed over the entire surface after 3 hours of annealing at 1100 °C. The step-terrace structure morphology evolves through the step-bunching and facet coarsening mechanisms during the multi-step thermal annealing process. Step-bunching begins with the formation of contact points between the adjacent steps by diffusion of atoms. Its onset is associated with a threshold value of the periodicity of step-terrace structures. By varying the annealing temperature during the multi-step thermal annealing process, the evolution of step-terrace structures can be manipulated by delaying the process of step-bunching.