bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Trade Equal Peace? The Role of the WTO in International Peace
Authors: Mollaian Saba L. 
Published: March 2022

This article contends that the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) plays a vital role in the maintenance of international peace through continued international trade. In exploring this argument, the article looks to the history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1947’) and the WTO. After doing so, the article analyses the other side of the coin: when trade is weaponized through the use of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1994’) security exception Article XXI. Lastly, the article discusses the effectiveness of trade sanctions and whether the security exception is in need of reform in order for the WTO to better engage in the pursuit of international peace through international trade.
The EU’s Response to the COVID-19 Crisis and the Trajectory of Fiscal Integration in Europe: Between Continuity and Rupture
Authors: Dermine Paul 
Published: March 2022

This article offers a first analysis of the EU’s fiscal response to the COVID-19 crisis. Beyond an account of the main initiatives of which it is comprised (the suspension of the Stability and Growth Pact, the Support to mitigate Unemployment Risks in an Emergency (SURE) instrument and the recovery plan), it provides an assessment of this response’s position in, and likely influence on, the long-term trajectory of economic and fiscal integration in Europe. Analysing its main features and the core issues and challenges it raises, it identifies the elements of continuity and rupture which characterize this response, the legacies on which it builds, and the shifts and changes that it embodies. The article shows that, as a policy initiative which in many regards breaks away from past practices and orientations, the EU’s fiscal response to COVID-19 presents novel, disruptive features, which raise new legal questions, and open new avenues for exploration. It also reveals that next to clear elements of rupture, this response is also largely embedded into the wider, pre-existing policy framework of EU economic governance which we inherited from the Eurozone crisis. In many regards, it continues the institutional philosophy of that system, and perpetuates the main constitutional challenges that it raises.
European Union, COVID-19, fiscal response, recovery plan, transformations, legacies
Is It Possible to Use State-Owned Enterprises to Promote Industrial and Technological Development Under Article 17.4 of the CPTPP?
Authors: Iglesias M. Juan Pablo 
Published: March 2022

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) establishes, in its Chapter 17, the most extensive ‘behind the border’ regulation of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) among the bilateral and multilateral treaties. Prima facie, its rationality can be explained by the original purpose of the United States (former drafter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)) to discipline the state capitalism policies employed by some Asian signatories. Considering this context, this article examines the meaning of the key normative concepts contained in Article 17.4 of the treaty (i.e., ‘commercial activities’, ‘non-discrimination’ and especially ‘commercial considerations’) and discusses to what extent such concepts recognize or restrict the freedom of the Parties to create and manage SOEs committed to promote national industrial and technological development, using as benchmark for this assessment Article XVII of the GATT and the interpretations made by the WTO adjudicators. It concludes that the wording of Article 17.4 is compatible both with an interpretation that allows the existence of such types of entities and with an interpretation that does not.
State-owned enterprises, non-discrimination, commercial considerations, differential treatment, industrial development, competition, trade, mission
Where the Private Meets the Public: What to Expect When Arbitrating with Brazilian State Entities
Authors: Quintão Luísa 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: Even though Brazil is outside the investment arbitration system, Brazilian State entities are now expressly allowed to submit disputes to arbitration, provided that such disputes fulfil the requirements of arbitrability under Brazilian law. This possibility may work as a means of attracting (foreign and national) private investments to Brazil. However, commercial arbitration involving Brazilian State entities may differ (albeit not extensively) from ordinary disputes between private parties especially because such entities are subject to constitutional rules that must be complied with before, during and after the arbitration. This brief article aims at analysing the main peculiarities of arbitration involving State entities in Brazil in order to conclude that is safe for private investors to rely on commercial arbitration as an effective dispute resolution mechanism. RESUMO: Apesar de o Brasil estar fora do sistema de arbitragem de investimento, os entes da Administração Pública brasileira são agora expressamente autorizados a submeter conflitos à arbitragem, contanto que tais conflitos satisfaçam os requisitos de arbitrabilidade nos termos da lei brasileira. Essa possibilidade pode servir como meio de atrair investimentos (estrangeiros e nacionais) para o Brasil. Entretanto, a arbitragem comercial envolvendo entes da Administração Pública brasileira pode ser distinta (apesar de não extensivamente) de conflitos ordinários entre partes privadas, especialmente porque tais entes estão sujeitos a normas constitucionais que devem ser observadas antes, durante e depois da arbitragem. Este breve artigo busca analisar as principais peculiaridades da arbitragem envolvendo a Administração Pública no Brasil a fim de concluir que é seguro aos investidores privados confiar na arbitragem comercial como um meio efetivo de resolução de conflitos.
O compromisso arbitral e o momento de nomeação dos árbitros: por uma interpretação razoável do artigo 10 da Lei de Arbitragem
Authors: Levitinas Marcelo , de Mello Marques Coelho Luisa Cabral 
Published: March 2022

This article aims to delimit which matters are susceptible of arbitration in disputes with public entities, considering the Brazilian legal system. At the outset, the criteria proposed by the literature, for the interpretation of the legal parameter, are critically analyzed. Then, a formula is proposed to operationalize the one that seems most appropriate. At this point, it addresses the powers of the arbitrators to appraise previous inarbitrable questions necessary for the composition of the patrimonial and disposable conflicts submitted to them by the parties.
Arbitration; Public Administration; arbitrability; objective arbitrability; patrimonial and disposable rights.
Crystalloid preload versus crystalloid co-load for hypotension in parturients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Devi Aradhana , Elizabeth Mekha , D'Souza Olvyna 
Published: March 2022

Abstract	Though hypotension is a common complication after spinal anaesthesia, preloading with crystalloids may not be able to prevent it. We aimed to compare the efficacy of crystalloid preload and co-load for the prevention of maternal hypotension in parturients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Seventy parturients, aged 20 to 40 years of American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) physical status 1/II, scheduled for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups. Parturients in group P received 15 ml/kg of ringer's lactate as preload over 20 min before the intrathecal drug administration. Parturients in group C received 15 ml/kg of ringer's lactate over 20 min, just after intrathecal drug administration. Incidence of hypotension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, the requirement of ephedrine, and any complications was recorded. 25 (71%) parturients in group P and 15 (42%) parturients in group C developed statistically significant hypotension. 21 (59%) parturients developed nausea and vomiting in group P as compared to 9 (25%) parturients in group C which were statistically significant. The mean number of doses of ephedrine required in group P was 1.8±0.6 and 0.9±0.7 in group C which was statistically significant. The total dose of ephedrine used in group P was 9.6±3.4mg and 5.9± 2.1mg in group C which was statistically significant. Co-loading with 15 ml/ kg of crystalloid-like ringer's lactate was more effective than preloading in preventing spinal-induced maternal hypotension, thereby reducing ephedrine requirement and avoiding complications. Keywords: Anaesthesia, Co-load, Hypotension, Preload, Spinal, Caesarean section.
De standstillperiode bij het aangaan van de franchiseovereenkomst
Authors: Dolphijn A.W. 
Published: March 2022

De standstillperiode bij het aangaan van de franchiseovereenkomst
In de Wet franchise is een standstill-periode voor de franchisegever geïntroduceerd voorafgaand aan het sluiten van een franchiseovereenkomst. Deze standstill-periode fungeert als termijn van beraad voor de beoogde franchisenemer, maar wijkt af van andere wettelijke regelingen met een vergelijkbaar doel. In deze bijdrage wordt dit geanalyseerd.
Pensamento da criança alfabética sobre a escrita
Authors: Ritter Bárbara Adriana Silva 
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo foi construído a partir de um estudo fruto da consequência de inquietudes relacionadas ao processo de construção da escrita em alunos já considerados alfabetizados, mas que permanecem com dúvidas e alterações em seus escritos. Foram utilizados os registros de nove alunos entre o terceiro e o quinto anos do Ensino Fundamental. Para a coleta e análise dos dados foram aplicados um ditado, um caça-palavras e jogos que objetivavam mais contato dos alunos com palavras com grafemas C, G, B e P, devido a ocorrências de trocas constantes entre eles, segundo as professoras de turma regular. Analisados os registros, foram estabelecidas relações entre aspectos linguísticos característicos da língua e a escrita convencional das palavras. As constatações remetem à necessidade de uma metodologia voltada à aquisição do conhecimento sobre as regras ortográficas e a importância de ter as hipóteses de escrita dos alunos respeitadas, mesmo depois do nível alfabético, e estabelecer intervenções possíveis e necessárias à desestabilização dessas hipóteses na intenção de que o aluno atinja uma escrita o mais convencionalpossível.
processo mágico de apropriação do sistema de escrita
Authors: Silva Maria Rejane da Silva e , Caetano Maria Raquel 
Published: March 2022

O artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi compreender o processo histórico da escrita, como a criança desenvolve o grafismo infantil e como ela se apropria do sistema de escrita alfabética. A pesquisa utiliza a abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e bibliográfica, com coleta de dados através das produções escritas das crianças de dois a oito anos de idade em duas escolas municipais de Taquara. A análise foi realizada através da escrita das crianças: garatujas, palavras e frases demonstrando a evolução do grafismo infantil e da escrita nos seus diferentes níveis até chegar à escrita alfabética. Os resultados mostram que a criança passa por um processo de construção e evolução que acontece à medida que ela vai interagindo com o desenho e a escrita. Durante essa interação, ela se apropria de conhecimentos que a ajudam a construir cada fase do desenho e da escrita e, por fim, chegar à escrita alfabética.
PIBID
Authors: Goetze Ana Betina 
Published: March 2022

A águia e seu voo assemelham-se muito à profissão do professor. Ele precisa, assim como a primeira, ter um olhar atento e observador, saber mudar a altura de seus voos, refletir sobre suas atitudes e renovar-se para que possa motivar os alunos e fazer com que cada um com suas individualidades possa destacar-se em sala de aula. O presente artigo embasa-se nessa metáfora para trazer minha prática como estudante atuante no Ensino Médio pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), bem como expor minhas concepções sobre a mudança motivacional de alunos frente à postura docente. Para tal embasei-me em Rubem Alves, Pedro Demo, Paulo Freire, Fernando Becker, Tânia B. I. Marques e Edgar Morin.
Plano Nacional de Educação e os futuros planos dos municípios
Authors: Gandin Danilo 
Published: March 2022

O Plano Nacional de Educação é tecnicamente malformulado. Muitos motivos, de ordem política, social, de gestão etc., convergem para que planos não se executem. Mas há um princípio que deve sustentar a própria ideia do planejar: quanto mais perfeito tecnicamente for um plano, mais possibilidade ele terá de vencer os óbices que encontrará em sua execução. Dito de outra forma: um plano deve ser tão claro, de modo que as pessoas tenham mais facilidade em fazer o que ele manda do que explicar por que não o fizeram. Os principais defeitos técnicos desse: a) não incluir um referencial sobre a qualidade da educação e, como consequência, não incluir um diagnóstico qualitativo sobre nosso ensino; b) não seguir nenhuma das escolas (correntes) de planejamento que se constituíram nos últimos tempos; c) usar o conceito de “metas” para a operacionalização e induzir municípios e estados a fazer o mesmo; esse procedimento exime o plano de incluir ações, rotinas, regras e atitudes, verdadeiras formas de transformar a realidade, único motivo pelo qual se sustenta o planejamento; d) usar o conceito “estratégia” sem conhecer-lhe o significado; misturar, no campo das “estratégias”, outras categorias que absolutamente não são estratégias, promovendo o contrário da finalidade fundamental do planejamento, que é ferramenta para tornar claras e precisas as práticas. O presente texto trabalha, ainda, com sugestões de como corrigir esses pontos.
Currículo e Direitos Humanos
Authors: Tisatto Cristian Andrei 
Published: March 2022

O ensaio busca discutir o processo de implementação da nova política curricular brasileira, formulada a partir da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, analisada em interface com a categoria dos direitos humanos. O momento é oportuno, tendo em vista que, a partir das novas diretrizes, os sistemas municipais e estaduais de ensino deverão revisitar seus currículos. As escolas, por sua vez, terão de revisitar seus Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos – documento essencial que norteia o processo educacional - de modo a adequá-los a nova política nacional. A reflexão se faz emergente, na medida em que os currículos podem ser entendidos como molas propulsoras que potencializam práticas pedagógicas que podem difundir valores e princípios em direitos humanos, alicerçando e buscando desenvolver, de forma transversal e interdisciplinar, princípios e práticas comprometidas com os Direitos Humanos. Esta discussão se propõe a problematizar, mas não findar as discussões, até mesmo pela brevidade com que se apresenta apostando que problematizar é fundamental no momento de construção de um projeto político educacional, de modo a evitar a adoção de discursos e práticas alicerçada em uma educação com projeto excludente e despreocupado com a formação social integral dos sujeitos.
Strategi Komunikasi Sosialisasi Program Generasi Berencana BBKBN Di Kota Gorontalo
Authors: Adnan Miftahul Jannah , Ratnasari Dwi , Ramansyah Ramansyah 
Published: March 2022

Program Generasi Berencana (GenRe) adalah program yang dibuat untuk mempersiapkan dan merencanakan remaja dalam kehidupan berkeluarga. Dalam program ini, Badan Kependudukan Keluarga Berencana Nasional (BKKBN) Provinsi Gorontalo mempromosikan pendewasaan usia pernikahan dengan tujuan peningkatan media usia nikah khususnya bagi perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi yang dilakukan kantor BKKBN Provinsi Gorontalo dalam Mensosialisasikan Program Generasi Berencana (GenRe) di Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian Deskriptif dengan pendekatan Kualitatif.Untuk memperoleh data penelitian menggunakan Observasi dan Wawancara dengan menggunakan Analisis Data Reduksi Data, Penyajian Data dan Kesimpulan.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi komunikasi yang dilakukan Kantor BKKBN berjalan sudah cukup efektif dan efisien. Tetapi masih ada beberapa kendala yang sering terjadi pada saat sosialisasi Program GenRe, dilihat dari pemilihan media komunikasi, pengkajian tujuan pesan, dan peranan komunikator.
Analisis Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Wirausaha Saffanah Cake Pada Masa Pandemi Covid – 19 Di Kabupaten Maros
Authors: Fitriani Ayu , Hukmah Anil 
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran seperti apa yang digunakan dalam meningkatkan Volume penjualan serta Faktor apa yang mendukung dan menghambat dalam meningkatkan volume penjualan pada toko Saffanah Cake. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang berusaha menyajikan fakta dan temuan secara mendalam melalui penjelasan deskriptif. Sumber data didapatkan melalui wawancara dan observasi terhadap sembilang orang informan utama kemudian dianalisis dengan metode triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan jika Saffanah Cake melakukan strategi komunikasi pemasaran dengan menggunakan Strategi 4p yaitu 1.) Product Menggunakan bahan– bahan yang berkualitas dalam pembuatan produk , 2.) Price Harga pemasaran yang diberikan sesuai dengan kualitas produk, 3.) Place Lokasi yang strategis menjadi daya tarik dari Saffanah Cake, 4.) Promotion Menggunakan Media Sosial sebagai tempat promosi, dalam meningkatkan volume penjualan. Dan terdapat beberapa faktor yang mendukung yaitu lokasi yang strategis, pemberian memiliki konsistensi rasa, selalu berinovasi, sales channel yang bervariasi sedangkan faktor penghambat salah satunya adanya pembatasan wilayah di beberapa tempat yang mempengaruhi strategi komunikasi pemasaran.
Rodzime taksony paproci w Miejskim Ogrodzie Botanicznym w Zabrzu
Authors: Tlałka Dariusz , Zawisza-Raszka Agnieszka 
Published: March 2022

Streszczenie
Na terenie Miejskiego Ogrodu Botanicznego w Zabrzu zgromadzono 33 taksony (w tym 27 gatunków) rodzimych paproci, należących do 9 rodzin. Większość tych paproci rośnie na dwóch pagórkach w południowo-centralnej części ogrodu, a pozostałe w stawach w południowo-zachodnim i południowo-wschodnim jego sektorze. Jest to pierwsze opracowanie opisujące kolekcję rodzimych taksonów paproci w polskim ogrodzie botanicznym.
Online Attention to Articles Published in Otolaryngology Journals
Authors: Hong Robert Stephen , Fan Caleb James , Lucas Jacob Charles 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceThe internet has changed the way that medical information by journals is disseminated, with a shift toward online distribution. Given this, it is important to include alternative metrics that measure online attention when determining the influence of otolaryngology journals.ObjectiveTo describe a ranking system for otolaryngology journals that reflects the amount of publicity received online and to determine factors associated with these rankings.Design and SettingIn this cross-sectional study, online attention was measured using Altmetric Attention Scores obtained for all 26 112 articles published by the 43 journals classified under the Journal Citation Reports category of otorhinolaryngology from 2018 to 2022. Data were analyzed from January to June 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAltmetric journal rankings were created from the top 500 articles with the highest Altmetric Attention Scores, using a rank sum weight-based method to assign credit for an article’s attention online to its respective journal. The association of article content, study design and type, and social media presence on X (formerly Twitter) with ranking was examined. Comparisons between Altmetric journal rankings and bibliometric rankings (5-year Impact Factor) were also performed.ResultsOf 43 otolaryngology journals, JAMA Otolaryngology–Head &amp;amp; Neck Surgery had the highest Altmetric journal ranking. Most articles in the Altmetric top 500 were nonoperative clinical studies (220 articles [43.5%]) or described the natural history of disease (176 articles [34.9%]) and involved otology/neurotology (158 articles [29.9%]) or rhinology/allergy (134 articles [25.4%]). The COVID-19 pandemic was a common topic (169 articles [33.5%]). The presence of an active X account for the entire 5-year period was associated with a higher Altmetric total rank sum score for journals (η2 = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.13 [moderate effect size]). There was a moderate statistically significant correlation between Altmetric journal rankings and 5-year Impact Factor rankings (r = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study demonstrates that metrics based on online attention provide an alternative way to assess the reach and influence of medical journals. Journals seeking to expand their influence online may benefit from a presence on social media.
Impact of enhanced leaf model on dose calculation accuracy in single‐isocenter multitarget stereotactic radiosurgery treatments
Authors: Moktan Hem , Jiang Hongyu , Li H. Harold , Guida Kenny 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeSingle‐isocenter multitarget (SIMT) radiosurgery has become increasingly popular as advancement in planning and delivery systems have made this approach clinically viable. With targets varying in size and distance from isocenter, SIMT plans are highly complex with dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) motion. Our department recently commissioned Eclipse Treatment Planning System v18.0, which included a novel enhanced leaf model (ELM) for photon dose calculation. ELM represents the biggest update in MLC modeling on a commercial treatment planning system over the past decade, yielding improvements in leaf modeling and ray tracing. Considering its dependence on dynamic MLC movements, we set out to assess the potential clinical impact of ELM on SIMT.MethodsDynamic zebra crosswalk (DZC) plans were delivered on a Varian Edge to investigate ELM. DZCs consisted of sweeping MLC gaps (ranging 1–15 mm) across a 3 cm width at isocenter, 4 cm, 8 cm, and 12 cm along the x‐axis. Phantom dose calculations were performed using AAA v15.6 and v18.0 (with ELM) for 6 MV flattening filter free DZC plans and compared to measurements using stereotactic radiosurgery MapCHECK (Sun Nuclear Corporation) and Gafchromic EBT4 films (Ashland). To assess potential impact on SIMT, ten patients were retrospectively planned with RapidArc and HyperArc. Both versions of AAA were used for dose calculation.ResultsDZC measurements showed improved agreement with ELM; differences between measured and calculated doses were reduced by as much as 19% for the smallest sweeping gaps at off‐axis distances. Differences in central profile dose for DZCs increased with reduced gap size and increased off‐axis position. SIMT plans showed up to 4.0% increase in planning target volume (PTV) maximum dose when switching from AAA v15.6 to v18.0.ConclusionDose calculations with ELM mirrored diode and film measurements for highly modulated SIMT plans. ELM represents a major improvement in MLC modeling that more accurately reflects current treatment delivery practice.