bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Epilepsy
Authors: Selden Nathan R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic epilepsies may present early in childhood with multiple seizure types, including tonic, atonic, and partial seizures. In patients refractory to management with anti-convulsant medications and/or ketogenic diet, as appropriate, and who do not have any imaging or electrophysiological evidence of focality, additional therapy may be undertaken using vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). The VNS lead is generally implanted in the mid-cervical region on the left (due to lesser effects on cardiac rhythm), with the generator placed in a subclavicular position. Like anti-convulsant drugs, VNS is palliative, and requires system upkeep, including but not limited to generator changes for battery life. Risks of VNS including treatment failure due to infection or device malfunction, hoarseness due to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, or rarely more serious surgical complications related to anterior neck dissection.
Dystonia
Authors: Teton Zoe E. , Raslan Ahmed M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dystonia is a lifelong condition that arises from dysfunction of the motor control components of the central nervous system and results in significant pain and disability. While the pathophysiology remains unclear, neuroimaging indicates an association with reduced inhibitory basal ganglia output. Interventions are aimed at improving quality of life. In patients whose conditions are refractory to medications, deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus has been shown to significantly reduce symptoms, leading to an improvement in disability and overall quality of life. Efficacy rates range anywhere from 20% to 85%, depending on the patient as well as the subtype of dystonia being treated. Complications include hardware malfunction, infection, and intracranial hemorrhage, though rates of each of these that require reoperation are consistently less than 3%.
Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Timimi Farris K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by inability of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body while still maintaining normal or near-normal ventricular filling pressures. Heart failure may be present at rest, but often it is symptomatic only during exertion because of the dynamic nature of cardiac demands. For optimal treatment of heart failure, the mechanism, the underlying cause, and any reversible precipitating factors must be identified. Typical manifestations of heart failure are dyspnea and fatigue, limiting activity tolerance, and fluid retention leading to pulmonary or peripheral edema.
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Authors: Clain Jeremy M. , Aksamit Timothy R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An estimated 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 4,000 persons in the general population have a diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD), and ILDs account for about 15% of all consultations for general pulmonologists. These diseases encompass a group of heterogeneous lung conditions characterized by diffuse involvement of the lung parenchyma and pulmonary interstitium. Infections, pulmonary edema, lung malignancies, and emphysema are excluded by convention, but they should be carefully considered as part of the differential diagnosis.
Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Ernste Floranne C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the various clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, diagnoses, and treatments for a number of connective tissue diseases, including systemic lupus erythrmatosus, drug-induced lupus, mixed connective tissue disease, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Raynaud phenomenon, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), and Sjogren syndrome.
Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2021
Authors: Hardy W. David , The American Academy of HIV Medicine  
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book discusses the global prevalence as well as the geographic distribution of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and updates on recent shared global initiatives. The demographic trends in HIV in the United States, especially regarding gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, age, injection-drug use, socioeconomic status, and recent initiatives are reviewed. Special attention is paid to HIV among communities of color, as well as women, children, and adolescences. The role of HIV in men who have sex with men and the transgender community is reviewed in detail. HIV Testing and Counselling lists and describes the various types of HIV testing available. The book also presents an overview of HIV counselling. HIV testing terminology and algorithms are presented to the reader along with descriptive figures. Laboratory markers for HIV are reviewed. The chapter describes who should be tested, as well as pre and post-test counselling elements. A section of the chapter is dedicated to special populations and environments (blood supply screening, prenatal screening, testing settings) Strategies to improve uptake of HIV testing are discussed.
Scientific Basis of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Koren David E. , Pandit Neha Sheth , Heil Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens with a discussion about classes and mechanisms of antiretroviral agents. The mechanisms of action of the traditional versus newer antiretroviral classes are reviewed as well as the five major categories of antiretroviral agents. Key characteristics and findings of recent clinical trials involving the regimens recommended by the US Department of Health and Human Services are reported. The chapter concludes with a discussion about what is on the horizon for antiretroviral therapy.
Antiretroviral Resistance
Authors: Chu Carolyn , Pollock Lealah , Shafer Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines various mechanisms of HIV drug resistance as well as HIV drug resistance testing assays and clinical considerations. Transmitted HIV drug resistance and acquired HIV drug resistance are discussed in detail. Unique considerations regarding evaluation of HIV drug resistance and management for select clinical scenarios are reviewed. These scenarios include switches or simplification of the antiretroviral regimen, pregnancy, recent use of preexposure prophylaxis, “rapid” antiretroviral therapy, and care of persons with HIV in low- and middle-income countries.
Antiretrovirals During and After Hospitalization, Including Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Koren David E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issues involved in determining the relative priority of initiating and/or maintaining antiretroviral therapy in hospitalized people with HIV with significant comorbid conditions as well as the continuity of care after discharge from the inpatient setting. It defines antiretroviral stewardship and allows the learner to understand its potential benefit in implementation. Important consideration in the preoperative care of people with HIV are described. Lastly, the chapter covers the pharmacologic complications that may result from bariatric surgery.
Multilingualism in the Roman World
Authors: Biville Frédérique 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Situated at the intersection of various academic disciplines, multilingualisim has attracted the attention of several categories of researchers specializing in studying the ancient Roman world, including historians, philologists, linguists, literary scholars, epigraphists, and papyrologists. While Greek-Latin bilingualism, which constitutes the most remarkable aspect of ancient multilingualism, has been the subject of landmark, comprehensive studies, and although it is now well described and theorized, there still is not a single study on the relationships between Latin and the other languages of the Empire that takes into account the various aspects of the question and synthesizes the data that have emerged from these disciplines. Looking closely at the lexicon used by the Romans to describe the phenomenon of multilingualism and linguistic interference also shows that, contrary to a commonly held opinion, not only did the Romans not demonstrate an “incuriosity” regarding foreign languages, but they even developed their own linguistic reflection on the subject.
Political Accountability and Selective Perception in the Time of COVID
Authors: Freeder Sean , O’Brian Neil A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
That voters punish the incumbent president in bad times, and reward them in good times, has become a stylized fact of elections. Despite COVID-19 representing an unprecedented catastrophe, Trump’s approval ratings, unlike other world leaders, remained stable throughout 2020. To explore this puzzle, we surveyed the same Americans twice before the 2020 election—a period when COVID cases spiked. Instead of finding that the crisis’s severity affected Trump’s approval, we find the reverse—perception of the crisis depended on one’s prior political predispositions. People who already supported Trump were more likely to underestimate COVID fatalities and case rates, and less likely to perceive the crisis as worsening over time (daily infections doubled between interviews). Those who perceived the crisis to worsen, but continued to support Trump, expressed unwillingness to blame the president. A public so polarized that it fails to acknowledge disaster, or attribute blame, cannot hold its government accountable.
CE: Pain and Mental Health Symptoms After Traumatic Orthopedic Injury
Authors: Breazeale Stephen , Barrett Stephanie , Holland William , Webb Megan 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT:
This article highlights the need to screen survivors of traumatic orthopedic injuries for postinjury symptoms associated with stressor-related disorders such as acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, including pain, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. The authors discuss the presentation of these postinjury symptoms, the instruments used to screen for each, the various pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments, and the nursing implications for managing postinjury symptoms in traumatic orthopedic injury survivors.
Carbon Dioxide, Blood Pressure, and Perioperative Stroke: A Retrospective Case–Control Study
Authors: Vlisides Phillip E. , Mentz Graciela , Leis Aleda M. , Colquhoun Douglas , McBride Jonathon , Naik Bhiken I. , Dunn Lauren K. , Aziz Michael F. , Vagnerova Kamila , Christensen Clint , Pace Nathan L. , Horn Jeffrey , Cummings Kenneth , Cywinski Jacek , Akkermans Annemarie , Kheterpal Sachin , Moore Laurel E. , Mashour George A. 
Published: August 2022

Background
The relationship between intraoperative physiology and postoperative stroke is incompletely understood. Preliminary data suggest that either hypo- or hypercapnia coupled with reduced cerebrovascular inflow (e.g., due to hypotension) can lead to ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of intraoperative hypotension and either hypo- or hypercarbia is associated with postoperative ischemic stroke.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective, case–control study via the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group. Noncardiac, nonintracranial, and nonmajor vascular surgical cases (18 yr or older) were extracted from five major academic centers between January 2004 and December 2015. Ischemic stroke cases were identified via manual chart review and matched to controls (1:4). Time and reduction below key mean arterial blood pressure thresholds (less than 55 mmHg, less than 60 mmHg, less than 65 mmHg) and outside of specific end-tidal carbon dioxide thresholds (30 mmHg or less, 35 mmHg or less, 45 mmHg or greater) were calculated based on total area under the curve. The association between stroke and total area under the curve values was then tested while adjusting for relevant confounders.

Results
In total, 1,244,881 cases were analyzed. Among the cases that screened positive for stroke (n = 1,702), 126 were confirmed and successfully matched with 500 corresponding controls. Total area under the curve was significantly associated with stroke for all thresholds tested, with the strongest combination observed with mean arterial pressure less than 55 mmHg (adjusted odds ratio per 10 mmHg-min, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.23], P < 0.0001) and end-tidal carbon dioxide 45 mmHg or greater (adjusted odds ratio per 10 mmHg-min, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.11], P < 0.0001). There was no interaction effect observed between blood pressure and carbon dioxide.

Conclusions
Intraoperative hypotension and carbon dioxide dysregulation may each independently increase postoperative stroke risk.

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Assessing the Impact of Meteorological Conditions on Outpatient Visits for Childhood Respiratory Diseases in Urumqi, China
Authors: Yang Zhen , Li Cheng , Wang Chenchen , Nie Yanwu , Zhang Yuxia , Tian Maozai , Zhang Liping 
Published: August 2022

Objectives
The aims of this study were to explore the impact of meteorological factors on respiratory diseases in children and to provide recommendations to local governments and health agencies to prevent respiratory diseases.

Methods
The exposure-lag effect between meteorological factors and the number of outpatients was investigated by constructing a distributed lag nonlinear model.

Results
Both high and low temperature will increase the risk of respiratory diseases in children, but low temperatures have a stronger effect compared with high temperatures (except for bronchopneumonia). High and low wind speeds can adversely affect respiratory diseases in children.

Conclusions
Temperature and wind speed have an effect on children's respiratory diseases in Urumqi, and this effect has a time lag. Attention should be paid to the impact of adverse weather conditions on children's health.
A Prospective Cohort Study of Presenteeism and Increased Risk of Divorce Among Japanese Workers
Authors: Fujino Yoshihisa , Okawara Makoto , Hino Ayako , Muramatsu Keiji , Nagata Tomohisa , Tateishi Seiichiro , Tsuji Mayumi , Ogami Akira , Ishimaru Tomohiro ,   for the CORoNaWork Project
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveWe examined the association between the presenteeism and the risk of divorce among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA prospective study of 27,036 individuals was conducted starting in December 2020, with 18,560 (68.7%) participating in the follow-up in December 2021. The Work Functioning Impairment Scale (WFun) was used to measure the degree of work function impairment.ResultsCompared with the group with the lowest WFun score, the odds ratio for the group with moderate WFun was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 1.82;P= 0.525), and the odds ratio for the group with the highest WFun was 1.76 (95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 2.62;P= 0.006).ConclusionsThis study suggests that supporting workers with presenteeism has important implications not only from the perspective of labor productivity in management but also for the individual's quality of life in terms of family relationships.
COVID-19 Traumatic Disaster Appraisal and Stress Symptoms Among Health Care Workers
Authors: Olson Kristine D. , Fogelman Nia , Maturo Laura , Alvarado Javier , Ball Samuel , Forray Ariadna , Hu Mary , Ivy Michael , Kapo Jennifer , Krystal John , Mayes Linda , Rohrbaugh Robert , Southwick Steven , Tebes Jacob , Wassel Bud , Sinha Rajita 
Published: August 2022

Objective
To determine to what extent did health care workers experience the pandemic as a severe stress event.

Methods
This cross-sectional evaluation of 8299 health care workers, representing a 22% response rate, utilized machine learning to predict high levels of escalating stress based on demographics and known predictors for adverse psychological outcomes after trauma.

Results
A third of health care workers experienced the pandemic as a potentially traumatic stress event; a greater proportion of health care workers experienced high levels of escalating stress. Predictive factors included sense of control, ability to manage work-life demands, guilt or shame, age, and level of education. Gender was no longer predictive after controlling for other factors. Escalating stress was especially high among nonclinical academics and clinical private practitioners.

Conclusion
Findings suggest adverse effects on total worker health, care quality, professionalism, retention, and acute and chronic mental health.
The Potential for Total Worker Health ® Approaches in State and Territorial Health Departments
Authors: Leff Maija S. , Martini Marisa , Baron Sherry , Hannon Peggy A. , Walton AnnMarie , Linnan Laura A. 
Published: August 2022

Objective
To document the extent to which state and territorial health departments (SHDs) integrate their occupational safety and health (OSH) and workplace health promotion (WHP) activities consistent with a Total Worker Health (TWH) approach.

Methods
Nationally representative survey of OSH and WHP practitioners at 56 SHDs followed by in-depth interviews.

Results
Despite reporting limited awareness of the TWH initiative and TWH resources, most respondents (57% OSH, 64% WHP) reported collaboration between OSH and WHP staff in their departments. Collaborations were described in-depth. Barriers to OSH-WHP collaborations included resource insufficiencies, organizational structure in the SHD, and conflicting practices. Facilitators included knowledge of TWH approaches, proximity to TWH Centers of Excellence, proximity between OSH/WHP programs, and leadership initiative. Motivations for collaboration were enumerated.

Conclusions
Strategies for building TWH capacity and activity among SHDs are discussed.
The Future of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Authors: Green-McKenzie Judith , Khan Alya , Redlich Carrie A. , Margarin Aisha Rivera , McKinney Zeke J. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) is an ACGME-accredited preventive medicine specialty focused on work as a social determinant of health and population health. OEM providers recognize and mitigate workplace and environmental hazards, treat resultant injuries and illnesses, and promote the health, wellness and resiliency of workers and communities. Multidisciplinary residency training in clinical medicine, epidemiology, public and population health, toxicology, exposure and risk assessment, and emergency preparedness equips them with the skill set needed for leadership roles in diverse settings. These include clinical practice, academia, corporate settings, and governmental agencies. Despite robust job opportunities, a shortage of formally trained OEM physicians remains and is expected to worsen given a declining number of training programs. We examine root causes of the system-level issues impacting the supply of OEM physicians and potential solutions.
Dysphagia Worsens With Increasing Ineffective Swallows Among Patients With Ineffective Esophageal Motility
Authors: Rangan Vikram , Nee Judy , Li Brian , Lembo Anthony J. , Leiman David A. 
Published: August 2022

Introduction:Ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) is the most common motility disorder identified on esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM), but patients with this finding may be asymptomatic. Therefore, we aimed to identify specific HRM findings predictive of symptoms in IEM.Methods:Adult patients (≥18 y) who underwent HRM between March 2016 and July 2019 were retrospectively evaluated and reclassified according to Chicago Classification 4.0 (CC4.0). Demographic information, HRM parameters, and gastroesophageal reflux disease Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire responses were captured among those with normal manometry or IEM. We evaluated the association between heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia, with respect to HRM findings including ineffective swallows.Results:Of 379 patients, 243 (64.1%) had a normal manometry, 136 (35.9%) were on IEM spectrum, and 73 (19.3%) had conclusive IEM by CC4.0. Mean dysphagia scores were significantly higher in those with conclusive IEM compared with those with normal HRM (2.00 vs. 1.36,P=0.002), as was the percentage of individuals reporting dysphagia affecting daily activities (21.9% vs. 11.4%,P=0.02). Heartburn and regurgitation symptoms did not differ between groups. In a multivariable model of IEM patients, the percentage of ineffective swallows independently predicted a higher dysphagia burden (β regression coefficient: 0.032,P=0.04).Conclusions:Applying the CC4.0 definition for conclusive IEM identifies a group of patients with worse dysphagia symptoms. Within this group, the percentage of ineffective swallows was an independent predictor of dysphagia severity. These findings may help practitioners and patients contextualize the heterogeneous diagnosis of IEM.
Complete response of advanced rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors after imatinib treatment: A case report and literature review
Authors: Wu Tingting , Cheng Xiaobin , Chen Wenbin 
Published: August 2022

Rationale:
Patients with rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) who achieve a complete response (CR) with imatinib therapy have rarely been reported in the literature. Moreover, no treatment guidelines have been established for rectal GIST patients with CR after imatinib treatment, warranting further studies.

Patient concerns:
A 51-year-old man presented to our outpatient clinic in October 2013 with complaints of difficulty to defecate and a change in stool characteristics. During digital rectal examination, a mass was palpated within 5 cm from the anal verge. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a 8.1 × 7.2-cm rectal mass with significant enhancement during the arterial phase.

Diagnoses:
A diagnosis of GIST was established after conducting needle biopsy and immunohistochemistry staining.

Interventions:
Imatinib therapy (400 mg/d, oral administration) was immediately started. When the patient achieved clinical CR (cCR), the oncologist recommended the patient to continue imatinib treatment.

Outcomes:
At 7 months after imatinib administration, the patient achieved cCR. As suggested by the oncologist, the patient continued to receive imatinib treatment after cCR. After 13 months, the patient spontaneously stopped imatinib. Finally, tumor recurrence was observed 7 months later.

Lessons:
Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for advanced rectal GIST patients who achieve cCR after imatinib treatment. Close follow-up and continuous imatinib treatment are indicated in patients who cannot undergo surgery.
Susceptibility-weighted imaging of cerebral fat embolism: A case report
Authors: Zhang Xianwen , Zheng Liaoyuan , Duan Jinfeng , Zhang Shunyuan , Zhou Ying , Tang Yufeng 
Published: August 2022

Rationale:
Cerebral fat embolism (CFE) is a rare but critical disease in a clinical setting. Considering that manifestations and CT findings of CFE tend to be atypical, this condition is very difficult to diagnose. The purpose of this article was to assess the value of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in the diagnosis of CFE.

Patient concerns:
Our patient was an 80-year-old woman who developed hypoxemia, quadriplegia, and progressive confusion after fracture of the right femoral neck and right superior ramus of pubis within 24 hours.

Diagnosis:
T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2 W MRI), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences, and diffusion-weighted imaging showed numerous hyperintense foci in the subcortex and white matter of both cerebral hemispheres, some of which were confluent and SWI showed multiple symmetrical punctate microhemorrhages in both hemispheres. Base on the history and MRI findings, the patient was diagnosed with CFE.

Interventions:
The patient received anticoagulation and lipid-lowering therapy.

Outcomes:
The patient regained consciousness, and her muscle strength in the limbs gradually recovered. One year after discharge, the patient could independently walk on her own.

Lession:
This case report shows the characteristics of CFE on SWI, which can help clinicians in diagnosing which can help clinicians in diagnosing CFE.