bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of inventory modeling methods for missing data in life cycle assessment
Authors: Zargar Shiva , Yao Yuan , Tu Qingshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMissing data is the key challenge facing life cycle inventory (LCI) modeling. The collection of missing data can be cost‐prohibitive and infeasible in many circumstances. Major strategies to address this issue include proxy selection (i.e., selecting a surrogate dataset to represent the missing data) and data creation (e.g., through empirical equations or mechanistic models). Within these two strategies, we identified three approaches that are widely used for LCI modeling: Data‐driven, mechanistic, and future (e.g., 2050) inventory modeling. We critically reviewed the 12 common methods of these three approaches by focusing on their features, scope of application, underlying assumptions, and limitations. These methods were characterized based on the following criteria: “domain knowledge requirement” (both as a method developer and a user), “post‐treatment requirement,” “challenge in assessing data quality uncertainty,” “challenge in generalizability,” and “challenge in automation.” These criteria can be used by LCA practitioners to select the suitable method(s) to bridge the data gap in LCI modeling, based on the goal and scope of the intended study. We also identified several aspects for future improvement for these reviewed methods.
Using information flow analysis to establish key data gaps in the assessment of marine microplastic pollution
Authors: Pauna Valentina H. , Askham Cecilia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite the persistent research interest in marine microplastic (MP) particles, the pollutant is still largely misunderstood. Significant data gaps hinder experts’ understanding of the sources, pathways, and fate of marine MPs, making it difficult to assess its environmental implications. Interdisciplinary work is required to fully understand the complexity of marine MPs (MMP) and to address the potential stress that this form of pollution may put on marine ecosystems. This study introduces an approach called information flow analysis (IFA), which intends to connect different fields of study through data flows, demonstrating the importance of these fields in the development of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of MMPs. The IFA approach was used to clarify where microplastic data is expected to come from with the goal of providing insight into how to obtain the data required for risk assessment (RA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). In order to observe and demonstrate these links, the next step was to develop a site‐specific coarse material flow analysis (MFA) based on previously estimated MP emissions from Norway and data from MP sampling in the inner Oslofjord. The coarse MFA demonstrated that MP sources in Norway were estimated to contribute between 85% and 96% rubbery MP particles and between 4% and 15% semisynthetic MP particles in 2018, while blue mussels sampled by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) contained 93% rubbery MP particles and 7% semisynthetic MP particles. This seems to demonstrate a connection between Norwegian MP sources (emissions) and MP levels observed in the environment.
Perception of orbital epitheses evaluated with eye tracker
Authors: Basmacı Fulya , Mersin Tuggen Özcivelek , Turgut Berna , Akbulut Kuddusi , Kılıçarslan Mehmet Ali 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurposeOrbital epitheses replace a missing eyeball and surrounding soft tissue. Perception of epithesis in public gaze and the attention areas on the face are of interest. This study aimed to examine the differences in perception of orbital epitheses by prosthodontists, dentistry students, and laypeople with an objective evaluation tool that utilized eye‐tracking technology.Materials and methodsTwenty‐four frontal facial images of 12 patients who had orbital epitheses were viewed by 81 observers (prosthodontists, dentistry students, laypeople) in random order for 5 seconds each. Gaze data were analyzed. Kruskal‐Wallis H test with Bonferroni correction was used to compare parameters in groups and areas of interest.ResultsFirst fixation duration at the mouth for symmetrical images were 0.30, 0.28, and 0.25 seconds for prosthodontists, students, and laypeople, respectively. Fixation duration at the mouth for the laypeople (0.27 second) was shorter than students (0.29 second) and prosthodontists (0.31 second) at symmetrical images. Time to the first fixation to epithesis, nose, and eye was significantly lower than the forehead and mouth for all groups. Fixation count at epithesis was 6.36 for prosthodontists, 5.64 for students, and 5.34 for laypeople.ConclusionEyes were of most significant interest for all observer groups in symmetrical images. Individuals dealing with dentistry, especially prosthodontists, paid more attention to the mouth region along with the eyes in symmetrical images, considering fixation duration and fixation count. Attention directed to epithesis by all groups was verified with objective and measurable criteria. Prosthodontists’ attention to epithesis and mouth was evident considering the four parameters measured.
Views and experience of breastfeeding in public: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Grant Aimee , Pell Bethan , Copeland Lauren , Brown Amy , Ellis Rebecca , Morris Delyth , Williams Denitza , Phillips Rhiannon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBreastfeeding rates in many Global North countries are low. Qualitative research highlights that breastfeeding in public is a particular challenge, despite mothers often having the legal right to do so. To identify barriers and facilitators, we systematically searched the qualitative research from Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries relating to breastfeeding in public spaces from 2007 to 2021. Data were analysed using the Thematic Synthesis technique. The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42017081504). Database searching identified 3570 unique records. In total, 74 papers, theses, or book chapters, relating to 71 studies, were included, accounting for over 17,000 mothers. Overall, data quality was high. Our analysis identified that five core factors influenced mothers' thought processes and their breastfeeding in public behaviour: legal system; structural (in)equality; knowledge; beliefs and the social environment. Macro‐level factors relating to legislation and inequality urgently require redress if breastfeeding rates are to be increased. Widespread culture change is also required to enhance knowledge, change hostile beliefs and thus the social environment in which mother/infant dyads exist. In particular, the sexualisation of breasts, disgust narratives and lack of exposure among observers to baby‐led infant feeding patterns resulted in beliefs which created a stigmatising environment. In this context, many mothers felt unable to breastfeed in public; those who breastfed outside the home were usually highly self‐aware, attempting to reduce their exposure to conflict. Evidence‐based theoretically informed interventions to remove barriers to breastfeeding in public are urgently required.
Tracing Opuatia: Repatriating and repurposing colonial land data
Authors: Kukutai Tahu , Whitehead Jesse , Kani Heeni 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMāori land data produced through colonial systems of dispossession lack interoperability, preventing kin‐based communities from tracking their land. Our novel approach to repatriate and harmonise historic land data traces the history of the 45,500 acre Opuatia Block allocated to hapū Ngāti Tiipa in 1866, following the confiscation of 1.2 million acres of Waikato land. Ngāti Tiipa resisted Crown and settler pressures for 30 years, but 80% of Opuatia was alienated within a decade. We discuss the devastation of ‘judicial raupatu’ and the implications of this work for hapū data sovereignty and wider international efforts to achieve Indigenous data sovereignty.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis on the agreement of non‐cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in children
Authors: Wilson Salma , Ctori Irene , Shah Rakhee , Suttle Catherine , Conway Miriam L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic agreement of non‐cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in children.MethodThe study methodology followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic databases were searched for comparative studies exploring refraction performed on children under non‐cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions. There was no restriction on the year of publication; however, only publications in the English language were eligible. Inclusion criteria consisted of children aged ≤12 years, any degree or type of refractive error, either sex and no ocular or binocular co‐morbidities. The QUADAS‐2 tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Meta‐analysis was conducted to synthesise data from all included studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were undertaken for those studies with a risk of bias.ResultsTen studies consisting of 2724 participants were eligible and included in the meta‐analysis. The test for overall effect was not significant when comparing non‐cycloplegic Plusoptix and cycloplegic autorefractors (Z = 0.34, p = 0.74). The pooled mean difference (MD) was −0.08 D (95% CI −0.54 D, +0.38 D) with a prediction interval of −1.72 D to +1.56 D. At less than 0.25 D, this indicates marginal overestimation of myopia and underestimation of hyperopia under non‐cycloplegic conditions. When comparing non‐cycloplegic autorefraction with a Retinomax and Canon autorefractor to cycloplegic refraction, a significant difference was found (Z = 9.79, p < 0.001) and (Z = 4.61, p < 0.001), respectively.DiscussionNon‐cycloplegic Plusoptix is the most useful autorefractor for estimating refractive error in young children with low to moderate levels of hyperopia. Results also suggest that cycloplegic refraction must remain the test of choice when measuring refractive error ≤12 years of age. There were insufficient data to explore possible reasons for heterogeneity. Further research is needed to investigate the agreement between non‐cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in relation to the type and level of refractive error at different ages.
Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of thymic development
Authors: Pala Francesca , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Bosticardo Marita 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe main function of the thymus is to support the establishment of a wide repertoire of T lymphocytes capable of eliminating foreign pathogens, yet tolerant to self‐antigens. Thymocyte development in the thymus is dependent on the interaction with thymic stromal cells, a complex mixture of cells comprising thymic epithelial cells (TEC), mesenchymal and endothelial cells. The exchange of signals between stromal cells and thymocytes is referred to as “thymic cross‐talk”. Genetic defects affecting either side of this interaction result in defects in thymic development that ultimately lead to a decreased output of T lymphocytes to the periphery. In the present review, we aim at providing a summary of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by T‐cell lymphopenia due to defects of the thymic stroma, or to hematopoietic‐intrinsic defects of T‐cell development, with a special focus on recently discovered disorders. Additionally, we review the novel diagnostic tools developed to discover and study new genetic causes of IEI due to defects in thymic development. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to correct thymic defects that are currently available, in addition to potential novel therapies that could be applied in the future.
Melanoma central nervous system metastases: An update to approaches, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Karz Alcida , Dimitrova Maya , Kleffman Kevin , Alvarez‐Breckenridge Christopher , Atkins Michael B. , Boire Adrienne , Bosenberg Marcus , Brastianos Priscilla , Cahill Daniel P. , Chen Qing , Ferguson Sherise , Forsyth Peter , Glitza Oliva Isabella C. , Goldberg Sarah B. , Holmen Sheri L. , Knisely Jonathan P. S. , Merlino Glenn , Nguyen Don X. , Pacold Michael E. , Perez‐Guijarro Eva , Smalley Keiran S. M. , Tawbi Hussein A. , Wen Patrick Y. , Davies Michael A. , Kluger Harriet M. , Mehnert Janice M. , Hernando Eva 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBrain metastases are the most common brain malignancy. This review discusses the studies presented at the third annual meeting of the Melanoma Research Foundation in the context of other recent reports on the biology and treatment of melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Although symptomatic MBM patients were historically excluded from immunotherapy trials, efforts from clinicians and patient advocates have resulted in more inclusive and even dedicated clinical trials for MBM patients. The results of checkpoint inhibitor trials were discussed in conversation with current standards of care for MBM patients, including steroids, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Advances in the basic scientific understanding of MBM, including the role of astrocytes and metabolic adaptations to the brain microenvironment, are exposing new vulnerabilities which could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Technical advances including single‐cell omics and multiplex imaging are expanding our understanding of the MBM ecosystem and its response to therapy. This unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution is expected to dramatically advance the field in the coming years and render novel treatment approaches that might improve MBM patient outcomes.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of familial melanoma with germline TERT promoter variants
Authors: Zaremba Anne , Meier Friedegund , Schlein Christian , Jansen Philipp , Lodde Georg , Song Mingxia , Kretz Julia , Möller Inga , Stadtler Nadine , Livingstone Elisabeth , Zimmer Lisa , Hadaschik Eva , Sucker Antje , Schadendorf Dirk , Griewank Klaus 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAround 10% of melanoma occurs in patients with a suspected familial predisposition. TERT promoter mutations are the most common somatic hotspot mutations in human cancers. However, only two families with germline mutations have been identified to date. We present detailed histological, clinical, and molecular pathologic analyses of affected patients and details of newly identified individuals in one of these previously reported families. TERT (NM_198253.3) Chr.5:1,295,161T>C (c.‐57 T>C) promoter variants were detected in all melanoma‐affected (n = 18) and one non‐diseased family member. The median age at diagnosis was 30 years (n = 18, range 16–46 years, 2 unknown). While most primary melanomas arose on the upper extremities (n = 7, 21%) and were superficial spreading melanoma (SSM, n = 8, 24%), many primary melanomas also originated from non‐UV‐exposed mucosal (n = 2, 6%) and acral (n = 4, 12%) locations. One SSM sample harbored a Chr.5:1,295,228C>T TERT promoter mutation in addition to the germline Chr.5:1,295,161T>C variant, arguing additional pathway activation can support tumor pathogenesis. Patients treated with BRAF inhibitor and/or immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) showed responses, although of limited duration. One mucosal melanoma harbored both a KIT copy number gain and an activating c.1727 p.Leu576Pro mutation. Following the modest response to ICI, subsequent KIT inhibitor (imatinib) therapy demonstrated an ongoing complete pathological response (currently 7 months).
Wittgenstein on necessity: ‘Are you not really an idealist in disguise?’
Authors: Couldrick Sam W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Wittgenstein characterises ‘necessary truths’ as rules of representation that do not answer to reality. The invocation of rules of representation has led many to compare his work with Kant's. This comparison is illuminating, but it can also be misleading. Some go as far as casting Wittgenstein's later philosophy as a specie of transcendental idealism, an interpretation that continues to gather support despite scholars pointing to its limitations. To understand the temptation of this interpretation, attention must be paid to a distinction Bernard Williams (1981) makes, echoing Kant, between empirical and transcendental idealism. Williams claims that the move to transcendental idealism is an effort to block empirical idealism. The latter, in this context, amounts to a scepticism regarding necessity and a denial of its objectivity. To show what is wrong with the transcendental interpretation, it is important to challenge the mistaken presumption that Wittgenstein's philosophy would otherwise lead to empirical idealism. The fundamental mistake common to both attributions is that they misunderstand the relation that obtains between our rules of representation and the contingent facts that condition those rules of representation. Once this relation has been clarified, Wittgenstein's philosophy can be understood as providing a genuine alternative to realism and idealism.
An Automatic Finite Element Method-Boundary Element Method Coupling Method for Elastic–Plastic Problems of Multiscale Structures in Electronic Packaging
Authors: Qin Fei , He Qi , Gong Yanpeng , Hou Chuantao , Cheng Hao , An Tong , Dai Yanwei , Chen Pei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe introduce a coupled finite and boundary element method for elastic-plastic analysis over multiscale electronic packaging structures. Based on the finite element-boundary element (FE-BE) coupling algorithm, an automatic implementation procedure for the coupling of the abaqus with a self-written elastic BE code is introduced for elastic problems. In the mixed finite element method (FEM)-boundary element method (BEM) model, the effective stiffness and effective forces at the interfacial boundary are evaluated by the self-written BE code. Then, the obtained effective stiffness and effective forces are assembled to the global FE formulations by using the user subroutine (UEL) in abaqus. Numerical simulation of structures with plastic deformation, stress concentration, etc. is carried out by using FEM theory. The boundary element method is used for linear elastic domains with large-scale structures. The proposed method offers several key improvements compared with current analysis methods available for multiscale electronic packaging structures. The benefits are: (i) the powerful pre- and postprocessing of abaqus; (ii) the higher accuracy of the solution; (iii) the computational cost and time can be reduced by using the scheme; and (iv) solving systems with infinite extension by using the BEM as a supplement. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of the proposed approach to handle multiscale structures in electronic packaging problems.
Predicting the risk of distant and local recurrence for patients with ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma: a matched case–control study
Authors: Shi Jiahao , Zhu Tianyu , Zhou Min , Zhou Xiaowen , Song Xin , Wang Yefei , Jia Renbing , Yu Ziyao , Zhou Yixiong , Fan Xianqun 
Published: August 2022

Background/aimsExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma of ocular adnexa (OA-EMZL) is the most frequent type of ocular adnexal lymphomas, with a high rate of disease recurrence. Precise patient stratification based on disease recurrence is understudied. This study aims to identify risk factors of distant recurrence (DR) and local recurrence (LR) to construct a prognostic model optimising rapid decision of therapeutic strategies.MethodsA total of 104 patients diagnosed with OA-EMZL between January 2011 and February 2020 were enrolled. Propensity score matching was performed for DR and LR groups. A nomogram was generated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsAfter matching, different independent risk factors of DR and LR were identified. Monocyte percentage (p=0.015) and M category >0 (p=0.043) were significant independent risk factors of DR. Epiphora (p<0.001) was the significant independent risk factor of LR. Three factors (monocyte percentage, M category >0, age >60) were integrated into the nomogram to predict the risk of DR. It had a relatively better discriminative ability for distant recurrence-free survival (C-index: 3-year, 0.784; 6-year, 0.801) than IPI score (C-index: 3-year, 0.663; 6-year, 0.673) in the cohort of all patients.ConclusionOur analyses suggested DR and LR as two distinct prognostic events, and additionally identified novel risk factors of them. The nomogram may serve as a practical tool for the prognostic estimation and rapid decision of therapeutic strategies for patients with OA-EMZL.
Lived experience of Jordanian front-line healthcare workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study
Authors: Nazzal Mohammad S , Oteir Alaa O , Jaber Ala'a F , Alwidyan Mahmoud T , Raffee Liqaa 
Published: August 2022

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the lived experience of Jordanian front-line healthcare workers (FHCWs), including their experienced challenges and adaptations amid the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignA phenomenological qualitative design was used to highlight the experiences of a sample Jordanian FHCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative interviews were conducted using a semistructured guide with open-ended questions, audiotaped and then transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of the transcribed narratives was conducted using an open coding line by line to develop themes and related subthemes.SettingMobile COVID-19 testing and contact tracing units during an active surge of cases in Jordan between May and September 2020.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited using purposive sampling method and consisted of 15 FHCWs (2 physicians, 10 nurses, 2 paramedics and 1 laboratory technician) who have worked in testing and contact tracing teams in the community and have dealt with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection.ResultsParticipant narratives were classified into two main overarching themes; challenges and adaptation themes. The challenges theme was exhibited as follows: (1) an excruciating encounter with an invisible enemy, (2) distorted knowledge about COVID-19 and (3) organisational and administrative challenges. The adaptation theme was exhibited as follows: (1) seeking relevant knowledge about the disease and (2) seeking more connectedness.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic exerted many challenges for FHCWs at multiple levels; intrapersonal and interpersonal, organisational and societal levels. Nevertheless, a number of adaptation strategies within these levels have been reported. This study helps to provide the base on which healthcare officials and public health personnel can formulate preparedness plans that tackle challenges faced by front-line workers, which ultimately enhance the resilience of healthcare systems to withstand future pandemics.