bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choices of Antiseizure Medications Based on Specific Epilepsy Syndromes and Seizure Types
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Variables that affect the suitability of a specific antiseizure medication (ASM) for patients with epilepsy include ASM-specific variables, patient-specific variables, and nation-specific variables. For many patients, several agents are good choices. However, for the generalized epilepsies, valproate may have the greatest efficacy, while in focal epilepsies many drugs are potentially good choices.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
People with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a two- to six-fold higher risk of epilepsy than does the general population. These two conditions share four potential pathogenic factors: genetic predisposition, autoimmune responses (i.e., anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies), the effects of hypo-/hyperglycemia, and cerebrovascular damage resulting in ischemic processes. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) may have various adverse or beneficial effects in patients with DM. Selection of the appropriate ASM should be guided by the recognition that some patients have multiple comorbidities and receive multiple medications.
Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Movement Disorders
Authors: Cunha Claudio Da , Sánchez-Luna William , Zonzini Fernando Henrique Teixeira , Benke Daniel R. , Pochapski José Augusto 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Primary and secondary movement disorders can present different etiologies and physiopathology. However, the malfunctioning of the corticobasal ganglia loops is implicated in most movement disorders. Hypokinetic signs such as bradykinesia, rigidity, gait disturbance, micrographia, precision grip impairment, and speech problems are mostly explained by overactivation of the so-called direct pathway and hypofunctioning of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Such a hypokinetic state is in many cases the result of degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) or the side effect of antipsychotic drugs. The low motivational state observed in many patients with depression can also be the result of reduced levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway. On the other hand, many hyperkinetic movement disorders result from hyperactivation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the direct pathway. Overstimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum and prefrontal cortex is the most common cause of hyperkinetic syndromes, such as the levodopa-induced dyskinesia of Parkinson’s disease, and akathisia of schizophrenia, and restless legs syndrome. In Huntington’s disease, chorea is caused mostly by the loss of indirect pathway neurons. Other movement disorders are caused by cerebellum and frontal cortex dysfunctions. This chapter aims to provide insights into the normal and pathologic basal ganglia activity and its implications for movement disorders.
The Underrecognized Movement Disorders Associated With Mood Stabilizers
Authors: Badii Melody , Ondo William G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Non-dopaminergic-acting mood stabilizers commonly cause movement disorders with a wide range of symptoms, from reversible tremor to irreversible ataxia. Lithium has been reported to play a pathogenic role in multiple movement disorders including tremor, parkinsonism, chorea, dyskinesia, dystonia, ataxia, and somnambulism. However, there have also been studies assessing the therapeutic effects of lithium in movement disorders. Valproate has been associated with action tremor, parkinsonism and chorea. Besides directly implicated in myoclonus, tics, dystonia, carbamazepine can potentially increase the parkinsonian effects of other medications such as valproate, lithium, and antipsychotics through inhibition of their metabolism. The chapter also briefly discusses other medications in this group including lamotrigine, flunarizine, and cinnarizine.
Skin
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes various illustrations that pertain to the skin system. The first images depict a normal blood draw and then a normal intravenous insertion (IV). The next images illustrate different types of cuts and the various options for repair. The next images depict an abscess and then a specific bacterial infection called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The next images depict a paronychia, a subungual hematoma, superficial thrombophlebitis and finally, the simplified normal airway anatomy.
EENT (eye, ear, nose, throat)
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes various illustrations that pertain to the EENT system (eye, ear, nose, and throat). The images depict a corneal abrasion, conjunctivitis, dental caries and dental abscess, epistaxis, sinusitis, otitis media and otitis externa, pharyngitis and peritonsillar abscess.
The Criminalization of People With Mental Illness
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the public health crisis in which the crimes that are related to mental illness contribute to mass incarceration. It links the history of deinstitutionalization and discriminatory funding practices for mental health treatment. It details the prolonged failure of the United States to fund mental health systems so that people in need of care are driven into the criminal legal system instead of the public health system. It explains how the sequential intercept model provides opportunities at varying intervention points to divert people living with mental illness out of the carceral state and toward treatment, support, and restoration.
An Anti-Oppressive Social Work Approach to Public Safety and Judicial Responses
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of increasingly militarized law enforcement as an entryway into the carceral state and police violence. It offers an anti-oppressive critique of existing diversion practices and addresses social workers’ tensions and ethical dilemmas as part of these initiatives. The chapter considers alternative ways to think about what constitutes public safety, such as community-driven approaches to health, wellness, and accountability. Also addressed is the changing nature of police forces through militarization and the resulting decrease in social services funding. It describes and critiques some models of social work and police collaborations in responding to mental health crises and diversion through problem-solving courts. The chapter outlines avenues for community-based public safety and judicial responses and anti-oppressive social workers’ roles in catalyzing community reinvestment.
Reinvesting in People and Communities
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on formerly incarcerated and convicted people’s challenges in reentry and under community correctional control. It examines the consequences of the carceral state in the communities that formerly incarcerated and convicted people come from and return to as workers, parents, partners, and neighbors. It describes the many restrictions of probation and parole and the benefits and risks of court-ordered community-based treatment programs for those living with mental illness and substance use disorders. This chapter offers strategies for anti-oppressive social work practice through a lens of desistance, resilience, and community-driven accountability processes. It offers avenues to rebuild community well-being through decriminalization and reinvestment guided by lived experiences in the carceral state.
Conclusion and a Call to Action
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 summarizes what has gone in the previous chapters and issues a call to social workers to adopt an anti-oppressive stance in transforming the carceral system that moves us toward its abolition. It reminds the reader of the carceral state’s significant tentacles. It identifies where and how social workers can resist the carceral state’s encroachment in their work toward building more just and community-driven responses. It calls on anti-oppressive social workers to build alliances with people with lived experience of the carceral state, providing leadership and expertise in this project and joining with other abolitionist social workers. It appeals to social workers to actively examine their complicity in the carceral state—to ask themselves what role they play in sustaining the carceral state.
Husnara Begum
Authors: Begum Jamila 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Jamila Begum’s Urdu short-story “Husnara Begum” appeared in December 1915 in the Urdu journal Tehzeeb-e-Niswan, which was founded by Mumtaz Ali (1860-1935) in 1898 in partnership with his wife Muhammadi Begum (1878-1908). This story highlights the plight of an abandoned wife, whose husband deserts her and his daughter Husnara to get married to the daughter of a rich trader. This is a fictional account of the misery and struggles of a Muslim woman, who opens an elementary school to eke out her living and educate her daughter. The success of their enterprise and consequent prosperity delivers the radical message of women’s empowerment, demonstrating how education can be used as a tool to battle economic adversity. The story ends in the marriage of Husnara to a barrister as a reward for their hard-work. This woman’s narrative rewrites the traditional concept of sharafat in order to accommodate the idea of women’s economic independence. “Husnara Begum” demolishes the stereotypes about Muslim women as mere victims of Muslim patriarchy and raises the issue of women’s agency in the age of feminism. No information is available about the author of the story except that she published this short-story in Tehzeeb-e-Niswan in 1915. The translation of this story from an Urdu women’s journal is aimed at recovering the lost voices of Indian Muslim women in the early twentieth-century.
Billiee
Authors: Shajahana  
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rehana was all alone in her rented house in the new city, when a cat from the lower floor came up meowing. Howsoever much Rehana tried to shoo it away, it refused to leave and began instead to circle around her endearingly shaking the end of its tail, as if they were well known to each other. The cat visited her house whenever meat was cooked, and Rehana fed it.
Bidda Lives On
Authors: Mashadi Zakia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Safia deliberately wanted to visit her home during the festive season. In Dubai, she yearned for the festivities of Holi and Diwali. Their lights, their colour, and colourful toys. They figured in her dreams. And now, she is returning to India, to her home. Zakia Mashadi’s “Bidda Lives On” depicts the changing socio-political contours of a peaceful multireligious society. The society where Safiya, a Muslim girl, longs for Hindu festivals and shared a strong bond of friendship with her childhood friend, Bidda. The social fabric of this Ganga-Jamni Tehzeeb (syncretic culture) was wavering as a political party flared up communal tension in the town. But, Safia sees a silver lining amidst the black clouds of hate and uncertainty.
To Be Myself
Authors: Kidwai Huma 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Whatever has happened to you, Narsing? Who has done this to you, son? You … you are …?” She couldn’t say the word. The spirited young boy Narsing was not like other boys of his age. He was different. He liked to play marbles, fly kites, and steal fruit from the gardens of the middle-class and the rich. He also secretly dressed in his mother’s saris and danced alone inside the house when she was at work. Huma Kidwai’s “To Be Myself” takes the readers through the metamorphosis of Narsing to Nargis. It deals with the lives and camaraderie of the Hijra community and is a story of self-determination, relationships, and choices.
Lost Paradise
Authors: Shabnam Rubina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Do you know where the paradise under my feet has disappeared?” The mad woman was asking the same question to everyone in the bazaar. Her repetitions drag the narrator back several years to the past. Rubina Shabnam’s “Lost Paradise” can be read as a metaphorical story of the status of a woman in society. The story resonates of a Hadith (traditions of the prophet Muhammad): “Paradise lies under mother’s feet.” The anonymous mad protagonist of the story is on a futile quest for the paradise that was supposed to be under her feet. It is a story of loss and futility. Translated from Punjabi by Hina Nandrajog
My Share of Happiness
Authors: Khan Tasneem 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
She freshened up and touched-up her make-up. She wanted to look pretty for her husband. Nighat didn’t want to appear any less attractive than her rival, Meena. Tasneem Khan’s “My Share of Happiness” is a critique of polygamy. It narrates the tragic story of Nighat, the first wife of Saifuddin, who has to share her happiness with Meena, the second wife.
Managing Media Organizations: Changing Paradigms
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Much before media organizations came to be recognized primarily as economic organizations with profit and wealth generation being their bottom lines as in any other business organization, media organizations for long were seen mainly as social organizations with the avowed objective of serving the society with a philanthropic, missionary, and altruistic zeal. This approach towards mass media was rooted in the communication theorists’ earlier pre-occupation with communication, which tended to follow a different paradigm, other than that of mass media. The oldest and the most seasoned media houses in the country were born not out of an interest in commercial profit-making, rather out of a need for mirroring the voice of the people amidst tensions of the nationalist movement and the freedom struggle. This chapter talks about redefining vision and mission statements and evolution of management thought from old school to 21st century. It also has theoretical underpinnings of the commercial tenets of mass communication explained. It talks about exposition of media-management perspectives, understanding business strategies, and tracing growth trajectories: making of the Indian print legacies by giving chapter preludes.
The Indian Express: The Crusading Scribe
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ever since its beginnings in 1932, The Indian Express has held on to its initial intent of independent, fearless, and courageous journalism. This adherence to its cause has deemed the newspaper to be counted among the most credible sources of news in the country. The leadership of The Express Group has been retained within the family, making it easier for the organization to keep its intent consistent. The chapter does a comprehensive study on understanding how a Presidency paper run by the English became a big media publication in the country with thirty-five national newspapers, several other publications, and a network of offices spread across the country. Ramnath Goenka, regarded as the foundation of this institution, persevered, with blood, sweat, and tears, to make Express what it is today. Steering his ship forward with an indomitable spirit and a clear vision, Goenka sought to rebrand the field of journalism by injecting it with reliable reportage free of lobbying and fear of authority. Thus, Express came to pride itself on keeping a check on the establishment in power. Simultaneously, he retained a focus on developing his product and expanding it for maximum penetration. To this effect, Express diversified into countless genres and many regional languages as part of its expansion strategies. From exceptionally standing the test of shifting eras and exceptional diversification strategies, the author explains how the group became a Jack-of-all-trades, as also a master of all that it embarked upon. Its most widely recognized publications include The Indian Express and The Financial Express in English, theLoksatta in Marathi, and the Jansatta in Hindi. The chapter also touches upon the journey of The New Indian Express, which runs as a separate paper now. The chapter also features extensive interviews of ViveckGoenka about the journey of the organization and its longstanding commitment to determinedly ethical journalism, Anant Goenka about innovations and business model of The Indian Express, and Raj Kamal Jha about the editorial track of Express in a personal interview with the author.
The Institutional Setting of Prisons and Health
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAt the heart of the relationship between incarceration and health is a paradox. Prisons are charged, at once, with being punitive and therapeutic, with denying freedom and providing care. This paradox helps to explain patterns explored in the remainder of this book. Prisons can both provide treatment to those it incarcerates and set the conditions that undermine the health of people after release. This chapter lays out the institutional structure of the US correctional system, including its rise over time and its geographic and social dimensions. These facets of the correctional system help to establish a foundation for thinking about the implications of the prison system for population health.
The Effects of Incarceration on the Health of People in Prison
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIncarceration is consequential to the health of people in prison, though in complex ways. This chapter links the uncertain legal mandate behind prison care to the actual practices of prisons and jails, especially with respect to detection, treatment, and safety. It evaluates evidence regarding the intraprison transmission of infectious disease, mortality inside and outside prison, and prison violence. The prison environment is, at once, risk reducing and risk enhancing. A discussion of psychiatric disorders in prison provides an especially useful lens for thinking about what prisons do to people. Psychiatric disorders are unusually common among people in prisons and consequential for their long-term reintegration, but prisons are poorly equipped to treat them.
The Effects of Incarceration on Health Care Systems
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe prison system provides a considerable amount of care to an underserved population, but the prison system is ultimately connected to the larger health care system. Given the scale of the prison system and its long-term effects on health, incarceration can ultimately impact entire community-serving health care systems. This chapter evaluates spillovers between the prison system and the functioning of regional health care systems. It also evaluates the difficulty of meeting the health care needs of people released from prison. Incarceration undermines the functioning of the larger health care system insofar as it creates a population with both a greater need for care and a greater risk of being uninsured.
The Collision of Prisons and Health
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere are many ties between incarceration and health. Previous chapters have outlined the numerous negative consequences of incarceration for the health of individuals, families, and communities, as well as the potential for reform. The final chapter argues that the connection between incarceration and health is also a matter of justice. Providing better health care to those currently and formerly incarcerated can lead to a more efficient administration of justice. Health destabilizes the concision of punishment and undermines the capacity of people to reintegrate. Better serving the needs of people in and released from prison can ultimately lead to a more just and healthy society.
Dark Matter in Breaking Cyphers
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The dance circle (called the cypher) is a common signifier of breaking culture, known more for its spectacular moves than as a ritual practice with foundations in Africanist aesthetics. Yet those foundations—evident in expressive qualities like call and response, the aural kinesthetic, the imperative to be original, and more—are essential to cyphering’s enduring presence on the global stage. What can cyphers activate beyond the spectacle? What lessons do cyphers offer about moving through and navigating the social world? And what possibilities for the future do they animate? With an interdisciplinary reach and a riff on physics, Johnson centers the voices of practitioners in a study of breaking events in cities across the US, in Canada, and parts of Europe. Dark Matter in Breaking Cyphers: the Life of Africanist Aesthetics in Global Hip Hop draws on over a decade of research, providing a detailed look into the vitality of Africanist aesthetics and the epistemological possibilities of the ritual circle.
Dark Matter and Diaspora
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Opening with a thick descriptive story of an ethnographic experience of the invisible force or spirit of cyphering titled “Dark Matter,” chapter 1 goes on to center a comparative look at multiple African diasporic circle practices, drawing attention to their extraphenomenal, spiritual, and liberatory feelings and experiences, articulated differently by each practitioner. In this chapter, the main interlocutors—including Float, Silky Jones, Poe One, Triple7, Miss Little, Aby, Pia, and Jaekwon —discuss this little-recognized dimension of the cypher. By amplifying Africanist aesthetics, we can better understand breakers’ broad articulations of overlapping experiences of spirit and liberation. The chapter further explores the epistemic violence involved in invisibilizing Africanist aesthetics.
Is the First-Person Perspective Gendered?
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The notion of gender identity has been characterized as “one’s sense of oneself as male, female or transgender.” To have a sense of oneself at all, one must have a robust first-person perspective—a capacity to conceive of oneself as oneself in the first person. A robust first-person perspective requires that one have a language complex enough to express thoughts like “I wonder how I am going to die.” Since a robust first-person perspective requires that one have a language, and languages embed whole worldviews, the question arises: in learning a language, does the robust first-person perspective itself introduce gender stereotypes? Without denying that we unconsciously acquire attitudes about gender that shape our normative expectations, this chapter argues that one’s gender identity is not just attributable to the biases implicit in the language one speaks. So the robust first-person perspective itself is not responsible for which gender-specific attitudes a person acquires.
Passivity in Theories of the Agentic Self
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter critiques a recent feminist project aiming to revalue passivity and integrate it into our conception of selfhood and agency. In the course of examining Soran Reader’s and Sarah Buss’s positions regarding the value of passivity in human life, the chapter argues that the forms of passivity they identify are best understood as forms of interactivity and capacitation. Therefore passivity, at least as they understand it, should not be regarded as a central feature of the self or autonomy. Moreover, Reader and Buss claim that their views about passivity enrich our understanding of victimhood and ensure respect for victims of oppression and human rights abuse. In contrast, this chapter argues that overlooking interactivity and capacitation muddles our understanding of victimhood and undermines respect for victims.