bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the mass isotope on plasma confinement and transport properties in the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: HE Yu , CHENG Jun , XU Yuhong , FANG Qian , LI Yucai , XU Jianqiang , WANG Weice , YAN Longwen , HUANG Zhihui , WU Na , JIANG Min , SHI Zhongbing , LIU Yi , ZHONG Wulyu , XU Min 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The impact of the mass isotope on plasma confinement and transport properties has been investigated in Ohmically-heated hydrogen and deuterium plasmas in the HL-2A tokamak. Experimental results show that under similar discharge parameters the deuterium plasma has better confinement and lower turbulent transport than the hydrogen one, and concomitantly, it is found that the magnitude of geodesic acoustic mode zonal flows, the tilting angle of the Reynolds stress tensor and the turbulence correlation lengths are all larger in the edge region of the deuterium plasma. The results provide direct experimental evidence on the importance of the nonlinear energy coupling between ambient turbulence and zonal flows for governing the isotope effects in fusion plasmas.
A discrete choice experiment to identify patient preferences for the provision of NHS medicines helpline services
Authors: Ashby B S , Jones M D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Medicines helplines for patients discharged from NHS hospitals can prevent medicines-related harm (1). They are an underused service, which is partly attributed to under-resourcing and consequent inability to meet NHS standards (2). There is no evidence to inform which elements of these standards should be prioritised to increase patient access.

Aim
To measure patient preferences for different attributes of the provision of medicines helpline services using a discrete choice experiment (DCE).

Methods
The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good research practices were used to conduct a DCE. Adult members of the NHS ‘Research for the Future’ database who regularly take ≥1 prescribed medicine (or care for someone for does) completed an online survey. The survey presented ten pairs of helplines, each helpline described by seven attributes. Participants chose which helpline from each pair they would prefer to contact with a query following discharge. The attributes of each helpline were defined using standard descriptors (levels) selected with a D-efficient experimental design from two to four options. Twenty helpline pairs were blocked into two survey variants. Participants’ overall preferences for each attribute level were obtained using conditional logit regression and expressed as willingness for the NHS to pay (WTP).

Results
460 participants completed a survey (53% female, aged 20-91 years, mean number of regular medicines: 6.0). All attributes significantly affected patient preferences (p&lt;0.001). Participants’ WTP for key characteristics are shown in the table.

Conclusion
Hospitals providing a medicines helpline should prioritise seven-day opening for extended hours with queries answered on the same day, as these attributes are valued most by potential patients. Other attributes, such as alternative means of contact or a locally based helpline are also valued, but to a lesser extent. Further analysis is required to determine the influence of participant characteristics on their preferences. Use of a DCE with experimental design and a large sample size has enabled patient preferences to be quantified with reasonable precision. However, findings are limited by the method of recruitment, as all participants had internet access and certain groups were over-represented in the sample (e.g. white ethnicity, university educated, higher income).

References
(1) Williams M, Jordan A, Scott J, Jones MD. A systematic review examining the effectiveness of medicines information services for patients and the general public. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020; 28(1): 26-40.
(2) Williams M, Jordan A, Scott J, Jones MD. Operating a patient medicines helpline: A survey study exploring current practice in England using the RE-AIM evaluation framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018; 18:868.
Determining patient knowledge of direct oral anticoagulants: a questionnaire study
Authors: Carey M , Silvari V , Crowley E , McCarthy S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
There has been a significant increase in the number of patients prescribed Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) (1). One of the advantages of DOACs is reduced need for monitoring compared to warfarin, however less frequent contact with healthcare professionals (HCPs) may contribute to poor patient knowledge leading to negative health consequences.

Aim
To determine patients’ knowledge on DOACs in the hospital and community pharmacy setting.

Methods
Participants were recruited from a university hospital and from a convenience sample of community pharmacies. Potential participants were identified by the pharmacist in that setting using the following criteria: age ≥18 years, adequate cognition, DOAC use ≥3 months. Following consent, the participant completed a questionnaire which consisted of participant demographics and questions from the KODOA (The Knowledge of Direct Oral Anticoagulants) questionnaire. Depending on participant preference, they either self-completed the questionnaire or provided oral answers which the researcher documented. Based on previous research (2), a target sample of 40 participants was set. Descriptive statistics were performed.

Results
40 participants were recruited; the mean (SD) age was 70.2 years (10.1), with 70% of participants reporting male gender. 62.5% of participants had an indication of atrial fibrillation. Mean (SD) duration of DOAC use was 5.6 years (3.6). Most patients rated their knowledge of their DOAC as moderate (50%) or good (27.5%). The results of the KODOA are presented in the table. The average score achieved by participant was 11.55/15 (± 1.88 SD). Participants scored high in areas such as DOAC indication, frequency of dosing, side-effects, drug interactions and when to seek further help. Areas of knowledge deficits included what to do when patients have forgotten a dose or have taken too much DOAC.

Conclusion
One limitation of the questionnaire is that the questions are presented in a multiple-choice format and it is possible that participants may have selected the correct answer due to chance. However, overall, participants demonstrated good levels of knowledge of their DOAC therapy. This study has identified areas of knowledge deficits which could be included in patient education when HCPs are counselling patients, when starting their DOAC and continually throughout treatment.

References
(1) Barry, Michael. Medicines Management Programme: Oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Jul 24]. Available from: https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/cspd/ncps/medicines-management/oral-anticoagulants/oral-anticoagulants-for-stroke-prevention-in-non-valvular-atrial-fibrillation-march-2019.pdf
(2) Metaxas C, Albert V, Stahl M, Hersberger KE, Arnet I. Development and validation of a questionnaire to self-assess patient knowledge of direct oral anticoagulants (KODOA-test). Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2018 Jul 20;10:69–77.
Evaluation of the effect of adding a high-fidelity simulation to an existing didactic lecture to teach pharmacy undergraduates the management of sepsis in secondary care
Authors: Sunderland P , Fletcher W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Sepsis is potentially life-threatening, requiring rapid identification and treatment. ‘Sepsis Six’ (1) has become the recognised treatment pathway and has traditionally been taught to our undergraduate pharmacy students in didactic fashion. Interactive teaching methods, such as simulation, are the most effective forms of education to improve patient safety (2). Such approaches might be beneficial in the teaching of sepsis management.

Aim
To evaluate the effect of adding simulation-based teaching to an existing didactic lecture on the management of sepsis.

Methods
Year 4 students at the University of Bath (n=92) attended a sepsis lecture given by a teacher practitioner with experience in managing sepsis in March 2020. Students completed an online survey that used Likert scales to evaluate understanding of sepsis and confidence in managing it (see table).
One week later, small groups of students completed a 30-minute simulation using a SimMan ALS ‘patient’ programmed to show physiological signs of sepsis. Simulations were facilitated by a teacher practitioner with experience of operating SimMan ALS. Each group had a brief outlining the required tasks: reviewing the patient; assessing sepsis risk; summarising a treatment plan and priority actions. After the simulation, students underwent de-brief and completed the same online survey a second time. Changes in students’ responses between surveys were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests in SPSS, therefore data from students who completed only one survey were not included.

Results
26 students completed both surveys (response rate: 28%). Likert scores for questions 1, 2, 4 and 5 were significantly higher following the simulation, indicating improved confidence and knowledge (see table).

Conclusion
Adding a high-fidelity simulation to an existing didactic lecture increased student confidence in identifying and managing sepsis. Self-reported knowledge of sepsis red flags also increased (indicated by the responses to Statement 1). This study should encourage future sepsis teaching to include a blend of didactic and simulated learning. Limitations include the low response rate, evaluation at only one university and reliance on student self-assessment of knowledge.

References
(1) Daniels, R, Nutbeam, T. et al (2019) The Sepsis Manual 5th Edition. UK Sepsis Trust. www.sepsistrust.org
(2) Yu A, Fontana G, Darzi A (2016). Evaluation of Education and Training Interventions for Patient Safety. A report by the Centre for Health Policy at Imperial College London, an academic partner to Health Education England and the Commission on Education and Training for Patient Safety. London.
An exploration of general practitioners’ and pharmacists’ views and experiences of integrating a pharmacist into general practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Hasan Ibrahim A S , Barry H E , Hughes C M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Practice-based pharmacists (PBPs) have been introduced into general practice across the United Kingdom (UK) to relieve some of the pressures within primary care (1,2). However, there is little existing UK literature that has explored healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) views about PBP integration and how this role has evolved.

Aim
To explore the views and experiences of general practitioners (GPs), PBPs, and community pharmacists (CPs) about PBPs’ integration into general practice and their impact on primary healthcare delivery.

Methods
Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit triads (a GP, a PBP, and a CP) from across five administrative healthcare areas in one region in the UK to participate in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. Sampling of practices to recruit GPs and PBPs commenced in August 2020. These HCPs identified the CPs who had most contact with the general practices in which the recruited GPs and PBPs were working. The interview topic guides were developed based on the published literature, and through discussion within the research team; they were piloted with two GPs, two PBPs, and two pharmacists. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, interviews were conducted via telephone or Microsoft Teams platform. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results
Eleven triads were recruited from across the five administrative areas. Analysis of interview transcripts is ongoing. Findings to date have revealed four main themes in relation to PBPs’ integration into general practices (Table): evolution of the role, PBP attributes, collaboration and communication, and impact on care. A number of areas for development were identified such as patient awareness of the role and communication pathways between PBPs and CPs. Many saw PBPs as a ‘central hub-middleman’ between general practice and community pharmacies and between primary and secondary care.

Conclusion
Participants reported that PBPs had integrated well, and perceived a positive impact on primary health care delivery. Although recruitment was limited to one UK geographical region, the triad approach provided a more comprehensive overview of the working relationships between the three HCP groups. Further work is needed to increase patient awareness of the PBP role.

References
(1) Strategic Leadership Group for Pharmacy. Practice-based pharmacists’ statement. 2016. (Online) Available at: https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/practice-based-pharmacists.pdf (accessed 06 Oct 2021).
(2) NHS England. Clinical pharmacists in general practice. 2015. (Online) Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/gp/gpfv/workforce/building-the-general-practice-workforce/cp-gp/ (accessed 06 Oct 2021).
Who Owns a Deadly Virus? Viral Sovereignty, Global Health Emergencies, and the Matrix of the International
Authors: Elbe Stefan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article investigates the global inequities imbricated in the international response to lethal viruses. It does so by developing a virographic approach to the study of international relations that builds upon the matrix methods pioneered within black feminist thought for unraveling particularly complex forms of interlocking oppression. Performing such a virography of international relations exposes the multifaceted economic, racial, and epistemological disparities embedded in the international management of emergent viruses. It further demonstrates how those multiple axes of international inequality intersect during viral outbreaks to form a deadly matrix of global subjugation—vital abandonment—that repeatedly deprives the world's majority population from equitable access to life-saving biomedical interventions. It finally also reveals how diplomatic assertions of viral sovereignty, that is, claiming legal ownership of pathogens, are directly enrolling lethal viruses now in the political strategies of countries seeking to resist their vital abandonment. Overall, a virography thus contributes to the broader study of international relations by foregrounding the global salience of epidemiological injustices and positionalities, by capturing the actant power of lethal viruses in contemporary world politics, and by intimating that the “international” can itself be studied as a continually reconfiguring matrix of interlocking and historically conditioned global inequities.
Unmastering Research: Positionality and Intercorporeal Vulnerability in International Studies
Authors: van Wingerden Enrike 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article argues that in order to understand how bodily impressions shape ways of knowing and being, researchers need to enhance claims of positionality through a language of intercorporeality. The notion of positionality is used to indicate the inherent situatedness and partiality of knowledge, but positionality statements also risk affirming a hierarchical narrative structure, leaving out how knowledge is indelibly and dynamically impressed by bodily others, thereby reinscribing researcher authority. Strengthening attempts to resist mastery in doing research, this article theorizes the intercorporeality of research practice on the basis of the bodily experiences of being there, being moved, and being vulnerable. These insights into the intercorporeality of research practice emerge from fieldwork across the West Bank, the Naqab desert, and alongside the Gaza fence. This article argues that intercorporeal vulnerability is at the core of cultivating knowledge, which emerges not only through willful action, but also through nonintentional rapport with objects and (non)human others. Understanding this vulnerability restores a sense of openness and uncertainty by appreciating research practice as always “in excess” of established categories and always just beyond the researcher's positional mastery.
Deprivation of Citizenship as Colonial Violence: Deracination and Dispossession in Assam
Authors: Shahid Rudabeh , Turner Joe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article argues that deprivation of citizenship is an ongoing force of colonial violence. By exploring the case of citizenship stripping in India's northeastern state of Assam, the article proposes that the removal of citizenship rights is not merely an aberration of the “normal” rules of citizenship but bound up with ongoing forms of colonial dispossession informed by racial hierarchies, the regulation of belonging and mobility. Interdisciplinary scholarship on deprivation of citizenship remains largely Euro/Western-centric and fails to consider how deprivation works as part of broader patterns of colonial-modern dispossession. By drawing on Gurminder K. Bhambra's (2015) work on the colonial constitution of citizenship and Aurora Vergara-Figueroa's (2018) work on deracination, we treat deprivation of citizenship as a legacy of the colonial and racialized structure of citizenship itself. By using Assam as a case study, the article examines how practices of deprivations are tied to the histories of dispossession, extraction, and control, which underpinned the historical emergence of citizenship in (post)colonial India and beyond.
The importance of Arabidopsis PHOSPHOLIPID N-METHYLTRANSFERASE in glycerolipid metabolism and plant growth
Authors: Tan Yue-Rong , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major class of phospholipids that are essential for post-embryonic growth in plants. In Arabidopsis, three copies of the phospho-base N-methyltransferase, PMT1, PMT2, and PMT3, are known to account for PC biosynthesis because the triple-knockout mutant is devoid of biosynthesis and shows lethality in post-embryonic but not embryonic growth. Arabidopsis also contains a distinct phospholipid N-methyltransferase (PLMT) that is homologous with yeast and animal PLMT that methylates phospholipids to produce PC. However, the knockout mutant of PLMT does not show morphological phenotypes or decreased PC content, so the role of PLMT remains unclear. Here, we show that PLMT is ubiquitously expressed in different organs and localized at the endoplasmic reticulum, where PC is produced. Overexpression of PLMT in planta increased the content of phospholipids including PC and affected vegetative but not reproductive growth. Although silique lengths were shorter, pollen remained viable and mature seeds were produced. Intriguingly, seed triacylglycerol content was increased with altered fatty acid composition. We conclude that PLMT might be a functional enzyme in PC biosynthesis and play an organ-specific role in developing seeds, where rapid accumulation of triacylglycerol dominates the entire glycerolipid metabolic flux.
NIHAO-LG: the uniqueness of Local Group dwarf galaxies
Authors: Arora Nikhil , Macciò Andrea V , Courteau Stéphane , Buck Tobias , Libeskind Noam I , Sorce Jenny G , Brook Chris B , Hoffman Yehuda , Yepes Gustavo , Carlesi Edoardo , Stone Connor 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Recent observational and theoretical studies of the Local Group (LG) dwarf galaxies have highlighted their unique star-formation history, stellar metallicity, gas content, and kinematics. We investigate the commonality of these features by comparing constrained LG and field central dwarf halo simulations in the Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects (NIHAO) project. Our simulations, performed with NIHAO-like hydrodynamics which track the evolution of the Milky Way (MW) and M31 along with ∼100 dwarfs in the LG, reveal the total gas mass and stellar properties (velocity dispersion, evolution history, etc.) of present-day LG dwarfs to be similar to field systems. However, relative to field galaxies, LG dwarfs have more cold gas in their central parts and more metal-rich gas in the halo stemming from interactions with other dwarfs living in a high-density environment like the LG. Interestingly, the direct impact of massive MW/M31 analogues on the metallicity evolution of LG dwarfs is minimal; LG dwarfs accrete high-metallicity gas mostly from other dwarfs at late times. We have also tested for the impact of metal diffusion on the chemical evolution of LG dwarfs, and found that it does not affect the stellar or gaseous content of LG dwarfs. Our simulations suggest that the stellar components of LG dwarfs offer a unique and unbiased local laboratory for galaxy-formation tests and comparisons, especially against the overall dwarf population in the Universe.
Detection of F1 Hybrids from Single-genome Data Reveals Frequent Hybridization in Hymenoptera and Particularly Ants
Authors: Weyna Arthur , Bourouina Lucille , Galtier Nicolas , Romiguier Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hybridization occupies a central role in many fundamental evolutionary processes, such as speciation or adaptation. Yet, despite its pivotal importance in evolution, little is known about the actual prevalence and distribution of current hybridization across the tree of life. Here we develop and implement a new statistical method enabling the detection of F1 hybrids from single-individual genome sequencing data. Using simulations and sequencing data from known hybrid systems, we first demonstrate the specificity of the method, and identify its statistical limits. Next, we showcase the method by applying it to available sequencing data from more than 1,500 species of Arthropods, including Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Archnida. Among these taxa, we find Hymenoptera, and especially ants, to display the highest number of candidate F1 hybrids, suggesting higher rates of recent hybridization between previously isolated gene pools in these groups. The prevalence of F1 hybrids was heterogeneously distributed across ants, with taxa including many candidates tending to harbor specific ecological and life-history traits. This work shows how large-scale genomic comparative studies of recent hybridization can be implemented, uncovering the determinants of first-generation hybridization across whole taxa.