bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing Vision Zero in New York City – The Story of a Pioneer
Authors: Kristianssen Ann-Catrin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVision Zero was established in 2014 as the foundation of the New York City road safety policy. The purpose of this chapter is to understand why and how Vision Zero was introduced as well as by whom and with what tools. The chapter focuses on understanding this policy change in New York City and is based on a document study and 18 semi-structured interview with 19 respondents city administration staff, researchers, media, and NGOs. The analysis is made by looking closer at the state of four aspects by the time of the establishment of Vision Zero – problem framing, policy formulation, political actors, and proposed solutions. This theoretical framework is mainly based on the work of John Kingdon (Agenda, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Little, Brown, Boston, 1984) and Michael Howlett (Public Policy Adm 34(4):405–430, 2019). The chapter states that there were several factors leading to the adoption of Vision Zero. First, the road safety problems were not as serious as in many other regions of the USA, but compared to other major cities in the western world, the fatalities and serious injuries in New York City were deemed unacceptable by politicians, NGOs, and the public. The imminent problem on the ground was further emphasized by several high-profile cases of child fatalities in traffic crashes. Second, the Vision Zero policy or philosophy was a coherent and above all a successfully tested policy based on a scientific foundation. The credit for introducing Vision Zero in the New York City context is given to non-governmental organizations such as Transportation Alternatives and Families for Safe Streets and specific public administrators in key positions. These actors were all searching for new solutions, and as the politicians placed road safety high on the agenda, a window of opportunity was opened to Vision Zero. In addition, politicians, with the support and pressure from NGOs, established a policy program based on Vision Zero, and this program further established a belief in Vision Zero as a credible way forward. There was and is criticism directed towards the policy based on equity and that Vision Zero risks strengthening discriminatory structures. The basic idea of adapting the physical infrastructure to accommodate human mistakes is challenging in many American contexts, but in a diverse city such as New York, this approach may be able to address equity, according to several respondents, if based on solid crash data. The Vision Zero in New York City differs from the original Swedish version in mainly two ways: the focus in New York on law enforcement and on the behavior of the individual road user.
Saving Lives Beyond 2020: The Next Steps
Authors: Tingvall Claes , Michael Jeffrey , Larsson Peter , Lie Anders , Segui-Gomez Maria , Wong Shaw Voon , Kobusingye Olive , Krafft Maria , Wegman Fred , Peden Margie , Hyder Adnan , Khayesi Meleckidzedeck , Dumbaugh Eric , Cockfield Samantha , Furas Alejandro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRoad safety has come a long way in our lifetimes, and there are steps in this progress that mark their place in history. Many of these were technical innovations, such as seat belts, electronic stability control, and geofencing for vehicle speed control. Also important, though perhaps fewer in number, were innovations in strategies to achieve change. These include the public health model of Dr. William Haddon, the introduction of Vision Zero, the World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention from WHO and the World Bank, and more recently, the Decade of Action 2011–2020. I am sure that the work and recommendations presented in this report will deserve their place in a “Hall of Fame” for strategic innovation in saving lives across the globe.
General Oncology Care in Somalia
Authors: Hassan Hussein Abshir , Abdikarim Ikram , Yassin Nur , Amin  
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to provide an update on cancer epidemiology in Somalia as well as local and international responses to the challenges. After the collapse of the central government of Somalia in 1991, the country has plunged into civil war. Since then, Somalia has not had any governmental or non-governmental cancer care services. Currently, Somalia doesn’t have a single cancer center. The country has neither national cancer registries nor national cancer institutes. According to a study done by a Somali cancer specialist at the University of Somalia-Teaching Hospital, and Turkish doctors at Erdogan Hospital, published in seminars in oncology in 2017, the most frequent cancers in Somalia are esophageal, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, liver, breast, skin, thyroid, brain, bone, colorectal, and soft tissue. Somalia is recovering from a devastating civil war that continued for 30 years. This war has destroyed all the health facilities in the country, since then the country has not been able to reestablish the healthcare system. This absence of healthcare system and lack of human and financial resources are the biggest challenges of cancer care in the country. There is only one facility in the entire country where cancer care is given. The future of cancer care in Somalia is bright since more doctors are planning to specialize in cancer and more investors are planning to invest privately in the healthcare sector, especially cancer care. Also, as the Somali government is getting stronger, it is hoped the government will play a bigger role in cancer care in Somalia in the coming years.
General Oncology Care in Sudan
Authors: Maki Hussein AwadElkarim Hussein 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Sudanese healthcare system has two main branches to solve the country’s health problems, preventive medicine and therapeutic medicine. In other words, it mainly works with communicable and non-communicable diseases and the services are divided into primary level (for the primary health centers), secondary level (general hospitals), and tertiary level (specialized centers such as oncology and neurosurgery). However, the main factors that are drawbacks to the healthcare system are overall economic instability, low health expenditure, and civil wars. Data about cancer in Sudan is scarce. There is a lack of prospective whole country studies about cancer in Sudan. The instability of the population, inadequate trained personnel, and the inefficient cancer registry system contributed to the lack of accurate figures about the true incidence of cancer in Sudan. Therefore, the frequency ratios of tumors are mostly represented in different publications. Cancer in Sudanese patients is usually present lately or in advanced stages and many cases are reported at younger ages. Cancer treatment centers in Sudan are few with inadequate resources for the variety of treatment methods. While huge efforts are being made to improve cancer medical care in the country, there are still many obstacles that need to be solved to ensure that cancer patients have a high standard of services in both public and private sectors. There are limited early detection and screening programs, especially in rural areas. More diagnostic and treatment centers are now being established in many cities in Sudan. This chapter addresses the general view of the cancer situation in Sudan, reviewing the different aspects of the cancer burden and different associated conditions related to oncology.
Challenges Associated with Medical Travel for Cancer Patients in the Arab World: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alnakhi Wafa K. , Iqbal Faryal , Nadabi Waleed Al , Balushi Amal Al 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroduction: Each year, millions of patients around the world seek medical care abroad. Medical travel is becoming very common in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC) due to many motivational factors. It has been observed that the rate of cancer incidence is growing at an alarmingly high rate in Arab countries. In addition, as per the literature, cancer seems to be one of the top medical conditions for patients from the GCC to seek healthcare overseas. There are many factors associated with cancer patients seeking treatment overseas. However, unfortunately, there are very few studies that discuss the risks and challenges associated with the medical travel experience for those patients.Objective: We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence related to the complications and challenges associated with the medical travel experience for oncology patients in the Arab world.Materials and Methods: This systematic review was guided by PRISMA. PubMed was used as a search database by using a combination of medical travel, complications, and cancer keywords for publications which yielded 76 articles. Four coders independently determined eligibility based on PICOS and then extracted information from 14 articles. The resulting articles are based on three main categories, i.e., primary, and secondary data collection, and review articles.Results: Of the total 76 articles, only 14 were included because they met the criteria. 62 articles were excluded because of irrelevance of the title, abstract, and insufficient data. Although this systematic review aimed to look at the medical complications that may arise from the medical travel experience for oncology patients, other challenges were found. The challenges reported can be grouped into the following themes: (a) financial and economic aspects, (b) medical care aspects, (c) social and cultural aspects.Conclusion: Overall, more research studies are required in the Arab world for cancer patients treated overseas. The existence of such information around this topic will help in improving policies and strategies related to medical travel for the different stakeholders involved in the medical travel market. Moreover, these studies will not only aid in improving the quality of care for cancer patients who are engaging in medical travel, but they will also help in overcoming the challenges associated with medical travel experience for cancer patients at the different stages of the experience.
Cancer Care During War and Conflict
Authors: Sayed Rola El , Abdul-Sater Zahi , Mukherji Deborah 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Arab World has sadly witnessed protracted conflict affecting several of its regions in recent years. Conflict-affected populations have been significantly impacted by chronic deficiencies in medical care including unprecedented numbers of refugees and migrants requiring ongoing support in neighbouring countries. Humanitarian response to crisis has historically focused on the supply of nutrition, water, and emergent trauma relief, followed by control and prevention of infections. Prevention and management of non-communicable diseases, specifically cancer, have been relatively neglected; however, with regional conflicts lasting for many years, cancer care has become an increasingly urgent issue to be addressed. The humanitarian community has stressed the need for situational assessment regarding disease prevalence and available resources, with identification of specific regional challenges. Lack of infrastructure, important diagnostic and treatment modalities, clinical experts and regulatory bodies are the main obstacles to cancer care at all stages from screening and prevention to therapeutics and palliation. The initial step to improving cancer care provision should be implementing needs-based priority assessment and policies within the context of governing bodies that control and monitor performance. Collaboration and coordination among national and international organizations and stakeholders are essential to improve data collection on which to base resource allocation and address growing disparities in cancer outcomes.
General Oncology Care in Bahrain
Authors: Pedapenki Ravi Mohan , Madan Ali 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Kingdom of Bahrain is a small island nation with the highest health care and life expectancy comparable in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), has a small population, but a higher incidence rate of cancers in GCC countries. Two public (government) oncological facilities are available in Bahrain for cancer patients, mostly for Bahraini citizens. The majority of the consultants in medical and radiation oncology are expatriates and there is a need for locals to get trained in these faculties. With changing lifestyles, obesity, and the genetic factors peculiar to this ethnic population, the incidence of cancer is bound to rise over the years to come. Health-related policy decisions to join the international organizations for clinical trials will bring in more research and better cancer care, apart from increasing more facilities for palliative care. The scope of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current information about the cancer status in Bahrain, including epidemiology, statistics, and facilities of care.
Dimensional reduction of higher derivative heterotic supergravity
Authors: Chang Hao-Yuan , Sezgin Ergin , Tanii Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Higher derivative couplings of hypermultiplets to 6D, N = (1, 0) supergravity are obtained from dimensional reduction of 10D heterotic supergravity that includes order α′ higher derivative corrections. Reduction on T4 is followed by a consistent truncation. In the resulting action the hyperscalar fields parametrize the coset SO(4, 4)/(SO(4) × SO(4)). While the SO(4, 4) symmetry is ensured by Sen’s construction based on string field theory, its emergence at the field theory level is a nontrivial phenomenon. A number of field redefinitions in the hypermultiplet sector are required to remove several terms that break the SO(4) × SO(4) down to its SO(4) diagonal subgroup in the action and the supersymmetry transformation rules. Working with the Lorentz Chern-Simons term modified 3-form field strength, where the spin connection has the 3-form field strength as torsion, is shown to simplify considerably the dimensional reduction.
Hydrodynamic effective field theories with discrete rotational symmetry
Authors: Huang Xiaoyang , Lucas Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We develop a hydrodynamic effective field theory on the Schwinger-Keldysh contour for fluids with charge, energy, and momentum conservation, but only discrete rotational symmetry. The consequences of anisotropy on thermodynamics and first-order dissipative hydrodynamics are detailed in some simple examples in two spatial dimensions, but our construction extends to any spatial dimension and any rotation group (discrete or continuous). We find many possible terms in the equations of motion which are compatible with the existence of an entropy current, but not with the ability to couple the fluid to background gauge fields and vielbein.
Causality, unitarity, and the weak gravity conjecture
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Huang Yu-tin , Liu Jin-Yu , Remmen Grant N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We consider the shift of charge-to-mass ratio for extremal black holes in the context of effective field theory, motivated by the Weak Gravity Conjecture. We constrain extremality corrections in different regimes subject to unitarity and causality constraints. In the asymptotic IR, we demonstrate that for any supersymmetric theory in flat space, and for all minimally coupled theories, logarithmic running at one loop pushes the Wilson coefficient of certain four-derivative operators to be larger at lower energies, guaranteeing the existence of sufficiently large black holes with Q > M. We identify two exceptional cases of nonsupersymmetric theories involving large numbers of light states and Planck-scale nonminimal couplings, in which the sign of the running is reversed, leading to black holes with negative corrections to Q/M in the deep IR, but argue that these do not rule out extremal black holes as the requisite charged states for the WGC. We separately show that causality and unitarity imply that the leading threshold corrections to the effective action from integrating out massive states, in any weakly coupled theory, can be written as a sum of squares and is manifestly positive for black hole backgrounds. Quite beautifully, the shift in the extremal Q/M ratio is directly proportional to the shift in the on-shell action, guaranteeing that these threshold corrections push Q > M in compliance with the WGC. Our results apply for black holes with or without dilatonic coupling and charged under any number of U(1)s.
Constrained abrasive jet polishing with a tangentially aligned nozzle shroud
Authors: Yuan Qiaoling , Chen Xun , Wen Donghui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn order to improve surface polishing quality and efficiency for hard and brittle components, a novel nozzle with specifically designed shroud was proposed for an abrasive jet polishing process. The removal mechanism of the abrasive jet under such a nozzle was investigated by simulating the jet flow in the interaction area of the nozzle shroud and workpiece. The simulation results show that the speed of the abrasive jet increases greatly by the shroud and the direction of the jet is aligned near parallel to the workpiece surface to minimize impact damage to workpiece surface. The constrained abrasive jet polishing (CAJP) experiments were conducted on the quartz glass component, a typical hard and brittle material, showing that the material removal mainly relied on the shearing and scratching of the workpiece surface rather than the mechanical shock impacts, which is consistent with the simulation findings.
Medizinische Versorgung von Menschen mit Foltererfahrung: Trainings zu Folter(folgen) sind wichtig; strukturelle Herausforderungen sind ungelöst
Authors: Siegel Sonja , Ritz-Timme Stefanie , Mayer Felix 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungFolter ist weltweit verbreitet, u. a. in Ländern, aus denen Menschen fliehen, um in Deutschland Asyl zu beantragen. Menschen mit Foltererfahrung stellen eine vulnerable Gruppe dar und benötigen eine adäquate Versorgung. Insbesondere beim Erkennen von Personen mit Foltererfahrung kommt dem Gesundheitssystem, v. a. medizinischem Personal in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen für Geflüchtete, eine Schlüsselrolle zu. In der Praxis stellt dies häufig eine Herausforderung dar. Ziel dieser Studie war daher, zu untersuchen, ob Trainings zu Folter und Folterfolgen von Ärzt:innen und anderen medizinischen Professionen zu mehr Sicherheit im Umgang mit Menschen mit Foltererfahrung führen, wie das medizinische Personal die eigene Rolle bei der Versorgung von Betroffenen einschätzt, und welche Herausforderungen in diesem Kontext gesehen werden. Die durchgeführten Trainings wurden quantitativ sowie qualitativ ausgewertet. Auf der Basis von Fragebogen wurde ermittelt, ob das Training Auswirkungen auf die Handlungssicherheit bei medizinischem Personal insgesamt und bei den geschulten Ärzt:innen im Speziellen hat. Weiterhin beantworteten die Teilnehmer:innen Reflexionsfragen hinsichtlich Anwendbarkeit der Trainingsinhalte, Rollenverständnis und bestehenden Schwierigkeiten. Nach dem Training fühlten sich die Teilnehmer:innen insgesamt signifikant sicherer im Umgang mit Menschen mit Foltererfahrung als vor dem Training, wobei sich für die geschulten Ärzt:innen kein signifikanter Unterschied ergab. Die eigene Rolle bei der Versorgung von Menschen mit Foltererfahrung wurde als wichtig bewertet. Allerdings ergab sowohl die quantitative als auch die qualitative Auswertung, dass sich die Teilnehmer:innen in der Praxis mit großen Schwierigkeiten, die politischer und struktureller Lösungen bedürfen, konfrontiert sehen.
NMR-based identification of thickeners in membrane-filtered food premixtures
Authors: Radziej Sandra , Scherb-Forster Julia , Schlicht Claus , Eisenreich Wolfgang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPremixtures for food production are complex mixtures typically containing thickeners due to their water binding capacity. Here, we report an improved protocol for the fast identification of food thickeners by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The method is based on four steps: (i) dissolving of the dry premixture in water, (ii) centrifugation of the solution using centrifugal concentrators with a cut-off of 100 kDa, (iii) re-dissolving of the freeze-dried filtrate and the filter residue in small volumes of deuterated water, respectively, and (iv) 1H-NMR analysis of these fractions focusing on specific marker signals. Using this procedure, the high molecular weight thickeners (above 100 kDa) ĸ-carrageenan, galactomannans, gum arabic and pectin were unequivocally identified in the NMR spectra of the filter residues from different premixtures, whereas low molecular substances (below 100 kDa) including sucrose and glucose were determined in the filtrates.
Graphical abstract
Institutional reform, technology adoption and redistribution: a political economy perspective
Authors: Lahiri Radhika , Chinzara Zivanemoyo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe examine technology adoption and growth in a political economy framework where two alternative mechanisms of redistribution are on the menu of choice for the economy. One of these is a lump-sum transfer given to agents in the economy. The other is in the form of expenditure directed towards institutional reform aimed at bringing about a reduction in the cost of technology adoption in the presence of uncertainty. The choice over these mechanisms is examined under three alternative approaches to collective decision making, namely a voting mechanism, and social planning with a Benthamite and Rawlsian social welfare function respectively. We find that the extent of uncertainty, and initial inequality, working through the political economy mechanism, have a positive impact on long run average wealth levels in the economy in all settings. All economies converge to the same inequality and growth rates in the long run; however, the speed of transition is fastest with the voting mechanism and slowest in the case of social planning with the Rawlsian social welfare function. Transitional inequality is highest in the Rawlsian framework, suggesting that egalitarian objectives in collective decision making do not necessarily correspond to egalitarian outcomes for the economy.
Combining global climate models using graph cuts
Authors: Thao Soulivanh , Garvik Mats , Mariethoz Gregoire , Vrac Mathieu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGlobal Climate Models are the main tools for climate projections. Since many models exist, it is common to use Multi-Model Ensembles to reduce biases and assess uncertainties in climate projections. Several approaches have been proposed to combine individual models and extract a robust signal from an ensemble. Among them, the Multi-Model Mean (MMM) is the most commonly used. Based on the assumption that the models are centered around the truth, it consists in averaging the ensemble, with the possibility of using equal weights for all models or to adjust weights to favor some models. In this paper, we propose a new alternative to reconstruct multi-decadal means of climate variables from a Multi-Model Ensemble, where the local performance of the models is taken into account. This is in contrast with MMM where a model has the same weight for all locations. Our approach is based on a computer vision method called graph cuts and consists in selecting for each grid point the most appropriate model, while at the same time considering the overall spatial consistency of the resulting field. The performance of the graph cuts approach is assessed based on two experiments: one where the ERA5 reanalyses are considered as the reference, and another involving a perfect model experiment where each model is in turn considered as the reference. We show that the graph cuts approach generally results in lower biases than other model combination approaches such as MMM, while at the same time preserving a similar level of spatial continuity.