bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabis policy and the burden of proof: is it now beyond reasonable doubt that cannabis prohibition is not working?
Authors: LENTON SIMON 
Published: July 2002

Abstract‘Innocent until proven guilty’ is how many policy makers have thought about the prohibition of cannabis in Western Australia and elsewhere. Comparisons between so called ‘decriminalized’ and prohibitionist states show decriminalization has not led to higher rates of current cannabis use. Under prohibition significant numbers of Western Australian citizens receive a criminal record for no more serious offence than the possession of a small amount of cannabis for personal use. Recent research has shown that such a conviction can have a real and detrimental impact on people's lives, reinforces disrespect for the cannabis laws, but appears not to deter cannabis use among those so convicted. This paper suggests that it is now beyond reasonable doubt that applying criminal sanctions for minor cannabis offences is not in the best interests of the community and recommends an alternative.
Drug and alcohol problems: the users' perspective on family members' coping
Authors: KRISHNAN MYA , ORFORD JIM , BRADBURY COLIN , COPELLO ALEX , VELLEMAN RICHARD 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore problem drug and alcohol users' perceptions of family members' coping in a cross‐sectional interview study of problem drug and alcohol users, using a long semi‐structured interview. Participants comprised nine problem drinkers, five problem drug users and one problem drug and alcohol user (two‐thirds male). Detailed qualitative analysis of interview reports suggested that drug and alcohol users have clear ideas regarding family members' coping. Coping strategies which encompass clear elements of concern for them appear to be well‐received, in particular supportive coping and, in some cases, assertive coping. Controlling coping may be viewed positively by drug and alcohol users provided it is used in conjunction with supportive coping, thereby indicating concern. Furthermore, results suggested that users found all other forms of coping such as emotional, tolerant, inactive and avoidance to be unsupportive, the only exception being tolerant coping, which was found to be supportive when drug and alcohol users had no intention of altering their use. Drug and alcohol users' perceptions of family members' coping may be viewed in terms of the stress‐coping model. Drug and alcohol users appreciate supportive coping actions, while coping strategies which involve family members withdrawing from them, making them feel guilty or forcing them to take actions against their will are felt to be unsupportive. The findings have implications for the way in which family members are advised to cope, not only in terms of their own physical and psychological well‐being, but also in terms of how their actions are perceived by the users themselves.
Effects of volatile inhalants on sensorimotor reactivity in rats
Authors: Wiley Jenny L. , Bowen Scott E. , Balster Robert L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbusers of inhaled solvents may show impaired cognitive functioning as reflected in problems with short‐term memory and attention. In the present study, we examined the effects of the abused solvents toluene, m‐xylene and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane in an acoustic startle paradigm which included tests for pre‐pulse inhibition (PPI). This procedure has been used to model sensorimotor reactivity and gating, pre‐attentional processes that may be disrupted by mental illness, substance abuse or drug withdrawal. Following exposure to an inhalant vapor or to air, rats were placed in startle chambers in which they were exposed to loud: [120 dB] acoustic pulses presented alone or preceded by a less intense pre‐pulse: [85 dB]. Results were compared to those obtained with the depressants ethanol, pentobarbital and methoxyflurane, which have many acute behavioral effects in common with those of abused solvents. As expected, these depressants only decreased startle amplitudes during pulse alone trials and had no effect on PPI. Although solvent vapors also had no effect on PPI, they did not decrease startle amplitudes in pulse alone trials, at least at the concentrations tested. In fact, toluene robustly increased startle amplitude. The lack of effect of the abused solvents on PPI does not provide support for an hypothesis that acute effects of vapors on attention and early information processing is a basis for cognitive deficits in solvent abusers.
Effects of glutamine and ethanol in vitro on lymphocytes from human alcohol abusers and non‐abusers
Authors: Greig J. E. , Keast D. , Palmer T. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe amino acid L‐glutamine is essential for the function of both resting and stimulated lymphocytes, and its uptake is significantly increased after stimulation. The effects of ethanol on the immune system appear to be widespread and significant, and its role as an osmolyte has recently been proposed to be important. The in vitro effect of concurrent glutamine deprivation and ethanol exposure in different osmotic conditions was investigated with respect to the proliferative capability of lymphocytes in vitro from both alcohol abusers and non‐abusers, and also the kinetics of glutamine transport across peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) membranes from non‐abusers. In a physiologically normal situation ethanol increases osmolality, and tonicity remains balanced. However, in situations of electrolyte imbalance ethanol addition may result in osmolality remaining near normal levels, but with hypotonicity. It was found that a lack of glutamine and iso‐osmotic hypotonic high ethanol concentrations caused a greater inhibition of mitogen‐stimulated lymphocyte proliferation than either factor alone. This was true for PBL from both non‐abusers and abusers of alcohol. There was no change in membrane permeability and active transport of glutamine into lymphocytes from non‐abusers that were stimulated in vitro in various conditions of ethanol, osmolality and tonicity. While lymphocyte proliferation may be inhibited in certain conditions and this is further affected by a lack of glutamine, the capacity for active glutamine transport was maintained, perhaps due to its essential role in lymphocyte metabolism.
Hepatitis in alcohol and drug misusers: practical issues
Authors: CRAMP MATTHEW E. , WILLIAMS ROGER 
Published: July 2002

AbstractViral hepatitis, particularly that due to HBV or HCV, is a significant problem in the UK population of IVDUs and alcohol misusers. Patients attending drug rehabilitation clinics should be screened for HBV and HCV infection. All those found to be HBcAb negative should be vaccinated against HBV. Those found to be HBsAg or HCV antibody positive should have their liver function tests (LFTs) checked and be referred to a specialist liver clinic for further evaluation. Interferon treatment of HBV or HCV infection is effective in a proportion of cases but it is an expensive agent that requires careful monitoring. Current management regimes are centred around the modification of risk behaviour and the identification of those most in need of, and most likely to respond to, anti‐viral treatment. Several new anti‐viral agents are currently undergoing clinical evaluation and this together with the prospect of vaccines designed to clear an established infection means that the next few years are likely to see some major advances in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.
Carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin in the assessment of harmful alcohol consumption: diagnostic performance and clinical significance
Authors: BEAN PAMELA 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe last decade saw the emergence of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT) as the most promising marker for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Daily alcohol consumption of four beers, four glasses of wine or three standard drinks causes increased concentrations of CDT in serum. CDT is serum transferrin with a reduced content of oligosaccharides due to the detrimental effects of alcohol metabolism on the glycosylation pathway of hepatocytes and/or the increased activity of circulating glycosidases in serum. Most current CDT procedures entail separation of normal transferrin from CDT in a charged matrix‐like isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography, followed by detection/quantitation of CDT by a myriad of immunoassays: immunoblotting, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay and nephelometry. New CDT procedures present the advantages of improved performance, inexpensive automation and CDT results expressed as a percentage of total serum transferrin. CDT's major asset is its high specificity in well‐defined populations i.e. individuals ingesting 60 g alcohol daily for at least a week.The sensitivity rates, which vary between 22% and 81%, depend on the amount of alcohol ingested, time of sample collection after the cessation of drinking, age, gender and the cut‐off point chosen for analysis of tests' results. Regarding clinical applications, best outcome is achieved when the test is used to confirm a suspicion of alcohol abuse and when monitoring abstinence and relapses.The low prevalence of alcohol abuse in the general population challenges its use as a screening test.With the advent of inexpensive automation and the constant emergence of innovative, improved tests, we are seeing the rise of a new era in alcohol abuse diagnosis as affordability and education allows widespread use of CDT in a variety of settings.
The Calpain Small Subunit Gene Is Essential: Its Inactivation Results in Embryonic Lethality
Authors: Zimmerman Un‐Jin P. , Boring Landin , Pak UJhang Ho , Mukerjee Neeta , Wang Kevin K. W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCreation of transgenic (knockout) mice deficient in calpain small (30 kDa) subunit gene was undertaken to clarify the proposed role of the small subunit for calpain proteolytic activity and to gain insight into the importance of the gene in the whole animal. The gene was targeted and disrupted in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination, and chimeric mice were generated. Heterozygous F1 generation mice were crossed to obtain F2 generation. Among F2 generation mice, we found only wild‐type and heterozygous animals in the 80 pups genotyped to date; no homozygous mice have been found, although 20 were expected. The heterozygotes had no apparent phenotypic abnormalities. Analysis of their tissues revealed no significant difference in mRNA expression, protein content, or proteolytic activity in comparison with their wild‐type littermates. Genotyping of fetuses at different stages of development also revealed only wild‐type and normal heterozygous fetuses. No moribund embryos or resorption sites were observed in the uterine cavity. The results indicate that at least one normal allele is essential for postnatal survival. Disruption of both alleles appears to be lethal in very early fetal development.
As Others See Us: Accomplishments Over 25 Years Reflect the Symbiotic Link Between Biology and Chemistry
Authors: Berg Jeremy M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUnder the title “Biochemistry, Revised Edition,” this article was published in the March 26, 2001 issue of Chemical and Engineering News, p. 130, celebrating the 125th anniversary of the American Chemical Society. Written from the viewpoint of a chemist, it looks to how “many of the most intriguing biological problems can be posed in chemical terms.” It is reproduced here by permission of the author and publisher.
A fast, stochastic threading algorithm for proteins.
Authors: Crawford O H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Sequences for new proteins are being determined at a rapid rate, as a result of the Human Genome Project, and related genome research. The ability to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins from sequence alone would be useful in discovering and understanding their function. Threading, or fold recognition, aims to predict the tertiary structure of a protein by aligning its amino acid sequence with a large number of structures, and finding the best fit. This approach depends on obtaining good performance from both the scoring function, which simulates the free energy for given trial alignments, and the threading algorithm, which searches for the lowest-score alignment. It appears that current scoring functions and threading algorithms need improvement. RESULTS: This paper presents a new threading algorithm. Numerical tests demonstrate that it is more powerful than two popular approximate algorithms, and much faster than exact methods.
Local sequence alignments with monotonic gap penalties.
Authors: Mott R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Sequence alignments obtained using affine gap penalties are not always biologically correct, because the insertion of long gaps is over-penalised. There is a need for an efficient algorithm which can find local alignments using non-linear gap penalties. RESULTS: A dynamic programming algorithm is described which computes optimal local sequence alignments for arbitrary, monotonically increasing gap penalties, i.e. where the cost g(k) of inserting a gap of k symbols is such that g(k) &gt;/= g(k-1). The running time of the algorithm is dependent on the scoring scheme; if the expected score of an alignment between random, unrelated sequences of lengths m, n is proportional to log mn, then with one exception, the algorithm has expected running time O(mn). Elsewhere, the running time is no greater than O(mn(m+n)). Optimisations are described which appear to reduce the worst-case run-time to O(mn) in many cases. We show how using a non-affine gap penalty can dramatically increase the probability of detecting a similarity containing a long gap. AVAILABILITY: The source code is available to academic collaborators under licence.
Phosphorus‐Fixed Stable Interfacial Nonflammable Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Safe Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Mu Xiaowei , Li Xingjun , Liao Can , Yu Hen , Jin Yi , Yu Bin , Han Longfei , Chen LeiKan , Kan Yongchun , Song Lei , Hu Yuan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA high content of flame retardant in non‐combustible electrolytes leads to deterioration of the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Besides, fire hazard of most non‐flammable electrolytes is studied in coin cell, for which it is impossible to reveal real performance. Thus, the stable interfacial, phosphorus‐fixed nonflammable gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with low content of flame retardant (7.5 wt.%) has been designed by in situ polymerization of tri(acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate in electrolyte. After being heated by fire for >10 s, the GPE is still not ignited. The average capacity attenuation rate of graphite//GPE//Li (0.008%) is much lower than that of the liquid electrolyte (0.039%). Besides, the nonflammable GPE based pouch cell with good flexibility and excellent fire safety is prepared. No fire, no thermal runaway and no electrolyte leakage occur for 1 Ah flexible pouch cell with 100% SOC. The mechanism for high safety of pouch cell has also been revealed. First the amount of combustible pyrolysis products from thermal degradation of GPE is reduced through forming P and F containing char. Second, the combustion of GPE is extinguished through OH free radical quenching effect of flame retardant molecular. This work provides a guideline for designing high‐safety LIBs.
Boosting Surface‐Dominated Sodium Storage of Carbon Anode Enabled by Coupling Graphene Nanodomains, Nitrogen‐Doping, and Nanoarchitecture Engineering
Authors: Huang Si , Yang Dongjie , Qiu Xueqing , Zhang Wenli , Qin Yanlin , Wang Caiwei , Yi Conghua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe development of high‐performance carbon anode for sodium‐ion batteries is limited by the sluggish kinetics and structural instability. Expanded interlayer spacing, nitrogen doping, and mesoporous structure engineering have emerged as promising strategies to overcome these challenges. Simultaneously achieving graphene nanodomains construction, high‐efficient nitrogen doping, and rational mesoporous structure engineering is challenging. Herein, a strategy of pyrolyzing SiO2@ lignin amine urea‐formaldehyde resin is proposed for deliberate manipulation of graphene nanodomains, edge‐nitrogen doping, and specific mesoporous distribution in amorphous lignin‐derived carbon based on polycondensation‐template. The obtained carbon material exhibits a nitrogen‐doping level of 6.03 at% with a high edge‐nitrogen ratio of up to 84.4%, high‐ connectivity mesoporous structure, and graphene nanodomains with expanded interlayer spacing. The optimized carbon material delivers a reversible capacity of 234 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, superior rate capability of 129 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, and excellent cycling stability. In addition, the surface‐dominated sodium‐ion storage mechanism is identified by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the optimized carbon can function as an outstanding anode for full cells. This work proposes a new avenue for designing high‐performance carbon for low‐cost and high‐rate sodium‐ion batteries.
Directed Particle Transport via Reconfigurable Fiber Networks
Authors: Cu Katharina , Steier Anke , Klaiber Marvin , Franzreb Matthias , Lahann Joerg 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMass transport limitations of particulates within conventional microanalytical systems are often cited as the root cause for low sensitivity but can be overcome by directed analyte transport, such as via biomolecular motors or gradient surfaces. An ongoing challenge is the development of materials that are passive in nature (i.e., no external power source required), but can reconfigure to perform work, such as transporting particle‐based analytes. Mimicking biology's concepts of autonomous and reconfigurable materials systems, like the Drosera capensis leaf, reconfigurable fiber networks that effectively concentrate particulates within a localized spot that can act as a detection patch are developed. These networks, prepared by electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting, draw their reconfigurability from a bicompartmental fiber architecture. Upon exposure to neutral pH, a differential swelling of both fiber compartments gives rise to interfacial tension and ultimately results in shape reconfiguration of the fiber network. Compared to free particles, the reconfigurable fiber networks display a 57‐fold increase in analyte detectability, average transport efficiencies of 91.9 ± 2.4%, and separation selectivity between different surface properties of 95 ± 3%. The integration of biomimetic materials into microanalytical systems, exemplified in this study, offers ample opportunities to design novel and effective detection schemes that circumvent mass transport limitations.
Recent Progress in Mixed A‐Site Cation Halide Perovskite Thin‐Films and Nanocrystals for Solar Cells and Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Byranvand Mahdi Malekshahi , Otero‐Martínez Clara , Ye Junzhi , Zuo Weiwei , Manna Liberato , Saliba Michael , Hoye Robert L. Z. , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOver the past few years, lead‐halide perovskites (LHPs), both in the form of bulk thin films and colloidal nanocrystals (NCs), have revolutionized the field of optoelectronics, emerging at the forefront of next‐generation optoelectronics. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of halide perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.8% to over 25.7% over a short period of time and is very close to the theoretical limit (33.7%). At the same time, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of perovskite LEDs has surpassed 23% and 20% for green and red emitters, respectively. Despite great progress in device efficiencies, the photoactive phase instability of perovskites is one of the major concerns for the long‐term stability of the devices and is limiting their transition to commercialization. In this regard, researchers have found that the phase stability of LHPs and the reproducibility of the device performance can be improved by A‐site cation alloying with two or more species, these are named mixed cation (double, triple, or quadruple) perovskites. This review provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview of different types of mixed A‐site cation bulk perovskite thin films and colloidal NCs reported in the literature, along with a discussion of their synthesis, properties, and progress in solar cells and LEDs.
Unprecedented Superhigh‐Rate and Ultrastable Anode for High‐Power Battery via Cationic Disordering
Authors: Wu Wei , Liu Mingxian , Pei Yi , Li Wenjin , Lin Wang , Huang Qiyao , Wang Man , Yang Haitao , Deng Libo , Yao Lei , Zheng Zijian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHigh‐power lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are critical for power‐intensive applications; however, their development is largely hindered by the lack of anode materials that have stability and high capacity at high charging/discharging rates. Herein, a cationic disordering strategy is reported to build an ideal high‐power anode with boosted intercalation kinetics and a stable framework. A novel titanium niobate (TiNb2O7) anode with unique predistorted Nb(Ti)O6 octahedrons (pd‐TNO) is developed by introducing cation disorder, which allows ultrafast Li+ storage within seconds and exceptional stability over long cycling at high rates. The pd‐TNO delivers an outstanding specific capacity of 153 mAh g−1 at 100 C, 20 times higher than that of conventional TNO anodes without cationic disordering, and retains 42.8% of the capacity after 15,000 cycles. Using the pd‐TNO anode, a high‐power LIB with an unprecedented power density of 91,197 W kg−1 at 200 C, which is approximately eight times higher than that of the advanced commercial high‐power anode Li4Ti5O12 (11,813 W kg−1 at 50 C), is demonstrated. Importantly, the pd‐TNO is prepared under ambient conditions via a high‐throughput process, and it exhibits considerable potential for scalability for practical applications.
Impact of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation on disease burden quantified by next‐generation sequencing in multiple myeloma treated with quadruplet therapy
Authors: Bal Susan , Dhakal Binod , Silbermann Rebecca W. , Schmidt Timothy M. , Dholaria Bhagirathbhai , Giri Smith , Chhabra Saurabh , Medvedova Eva , Godby Kelly N. , D'Souza Anita , Hall Aric C. , Hardwick Pamela , Omel Jim , Cornell Robert F. , Hari Parameswaran , Callander Natalie S. , Costa Luciano J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe incremental impact of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) on disease burden with quadruplet induction in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDDM) can be reappraised with the serial assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD). We describe the impact of AHCT on MM burden assessed by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) for patients enrolled in a clinical trial utilizing quadruplet induction, AHCT, followed by MRD‐adapted consolidation. We describe quantitative changes in MRD burden with AHCT and explore patient and disease features influencing the magnitude of MRD reduction with AHCT. Among 123 included patients, 109 underwent AHCT and had MRD assessment pre and post AHCT. Forty percent achieved MRD < 10−5 post‐induction, increasing to 70% after AHCT. Of the 65 patients (60%) who remained MRD positive post‐induction, 54 (83%) had a reduction in MRD burden with AHCT. The median reduction in MRD with AHCT was 1.10 log10 (range, −1.26 to 3.41). Patients with high‐risk cytogenetic abnormalities (HRCA) had greater reduction in MRD burden (p = .02) after AHCT. Median relative reduction was 0.91 log10 (range, −0.75 to 2.14), 1.26 log10 (range, −0.21 to 3.26) and 1.34 log10 (range, −1.28 to 3.41) for patients with 0, 1 and 2+ HRCA, respectively. The presence of HRCA was the only factor associated with greater than 1 log10 reduction in MRD burden with AHCT. Serial NGS MRD demonstrates the incremental effect of AHCT in MM marrow burden in the context of quadruplet induction, particularly in high‐risk MM.