bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature or Nurture?
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The revolution in the legal, socioeconomic, and sexual condition of women during the twentieth century has been one of the most astounding developments of modernity. This, however, does not mean that natural differences between men and women do not exist, on average, and influence behavior and choices; nor does it mean that such differences do not interact with, and are reconfigured by, changing historical-cultural conditions; nor does it entail that they should impact the quest for legal and social equality and equal opportunity for women. The role of nature was greatly overestimated and that of social conditions hugely underestimated by previous generations, whereas the opposite has been true in much of the feminist rhetoric and theory. Any suggestion of gender differences provokes very strong emotions in the current liberal ideological discourse, with its postulate of equality. This is the nature of an ideological discourse, which is principally not about accuracy of explanation but about social change and getting things done.
Descartes on Dreamers, Madmen, and Amputees
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the Fourth Meditation, Descartes’ theory of error holds the bad use of free will responsible for erroneous judgments. However, in certain conditions—such as infancy or illness—the mind cannot suspend judgment because the alteration of the brain necessarily dictates a judgment, which is often mistaken. The most dramatic cases of this kind are madness and the amputee’s phantom-limb syndrome, which necessarily induce the mind to make erroneous judgments that lie beyond correction. Madness is not just an extreme case of the false representation of the world: in the Dioptrique, madness is a crucial case study for understanding the physiological mechanisms of perception—and the case of the amputee confirms the conclusions it leads to. Therefore, the very way in which sense perception normally works makes it hard to prove that external bodies and one’s own body exist, as Malebranche will realize.
Specificity and Prosperity
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStates with lengthier constitutions experience higher unemployment, reduced income per capita, greater income inequality, and reduced policy innovativeness generally. These effects arise among the American states even though so much economic and monetary policy comes out of the nation’s capital. Importantly, past constitution length predicts future performance, but past performance does not predict future constitution length. High constitutional amendment rates do not ameliorate these negative effects of constitution length on state performance. These findings constitute the book’s empirical core, demonstrating that constitutional specificity harms ordinary citizens by impairing the state’s ability to adapt to changing conditions. Lengthy constitutions bind states.
Studying Spells: A New Unit of Analysis, Measure, and Model
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces our new measure of repressive spells which we defined as the duration of time government behavior existed above a certain threshold (i.e., a particular level of severity and size of the targeted population). When repression moves above this threshold, a spell begins. As long as repressive action stays above this level, it continues. Once repression falls below the designated level, the spell terminates. And, if, after having gone through a spell already, repressive behavior once again rises above the designated threshold, it is said to recur. Throughout the chapter we provide overviews of what the specific spell component look life. Chapter 2 also provides information about the diverse variables/policies that are employed in the world to reduce/stop repression and examined in empirical models. The chapter concludes with a description of our analytic strategy.
Starting Spells
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides one of the first empirical investigations of what (if anything) impacts the start of a repressive spell. It first identifies the influence of the standard variables employed within the literature. Following this, the chapter moves to explore those variables that emerge from the domestic context (i.e., those used by actors within the territory in question) and those variables that emerge from the international context (i.e., those used by actors outside of the territory in question). In an effort to facilitate clarity, the chapter offers evaluations of substantive effects as well as alternative specifications. The big findings here include pacifying influences of electoral democratization and democracy, economic development, and preferential trade agreements but inflammatory influences of civil conflict, population, and neutral military interventions. Another important contribution involves an analysis of what drives the variable/policy that wields the biggest impact on onset: political democratization. Chapter 3 ends (as all empirical chapters) with an evaluation of what has been learned about spell onset.
Freedom and Change
Authors: Berridge Willow , Lynch Justin , Makawi Raga , de Waal Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter dissects the original revolutionary moment of December 2018–April 2019, situating it with Sudan's broader history and the specific dynamics of class, nationalist politics, and urban-rural divides. It explores the background and emergence of the Sudan Professional Association, which spearheaded a number of the protests in Khartoum and beyond, observing how it moved from focusing on salary reform to prioritizing regime change. It also explores the variety of rebel movements, civil society organizations and political parties that signed the Declaration of Freedom and Change, leading to the formation of the Forces of Freedom and Change. The chapter also looks at the formation of the famous sit-in at Khartoum's military headquarters and its contribution to the toppling of al-Bashir on 11 April 2019.
Reaping the Whirlwind
Authors: Berridge Willow , Lynch Justin , Makawi Raga , de Waal Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter interprets al-Bashir's downfall in the context of his decreasing ability to manage Sudan's political marketplace. One of the core themes is the competition between the various security actors, including the Sudan Armed Forces, Rapid Support Forces, National Intelligence and Security Services, and Popular Defence Forces. The chapter analyses the buildup to the revolution through the framework of political economy, highlighting the significance of the shift from oil to gold as Sudan's principal export commodity in the wake of the secession of South Sudan in 2011 and its role in enabling the rise of Hemedti as the dominant actor in the political marketplace.
Political Business as Usual
Authors: Berridge Willow , Lynch Justin , Makawi Raga , de Waal Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter covers the first year of Abdalla Hamdok's tenure as prime minister of Sudan following the TMC-FFC accord. It explores the clash between his vision for a development and the “business as usual” political marketplace approach adopted by general Hemedti and the other prominent security actors. Burhan and Hemedti played an increasingly dominant role in both Sudan's internal peacemaking process and the efforts to repair relations abroad, through the process of normalizing ties with Israel and removal from the US list of designated State Sponsors of Terror. Meanwhile, Hamdok faced mounting crises due to disputes over subsidy reform accompanied by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Not the Last Chapter
Authors: Berridge Willow , Lynch Justin , Makawi Raga , de Waal Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys events after General Burhan's counter-revolutionary coup of 25 October 2022. It situates them within the broader themes of the book, including the clash between civicness and transactional politics, the politics of anti-corruption, and the respective political role of the regions and urban centers. The coup resulted from Hamdok's efforts to challenge the military's business interests, and led to his being placed under house arrest. However, his subsequent effort to reconcile with Burhan through the 21 November deal lost him his legitimacy on the street, and ushered the revolution into a new phase as protestor renewed their calls for madaniyya, and rejected any further compromise with the military.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys the need for a book on offensive cyber operations (OCOs). All too frequently they are misjudged and incorrectly applied, both by those who seek to employ them and those who observe from the sidelines. The introduction then provides an overview of the book's structure and messaging. The book commences with a conceptual discussion of what constitutes cyber-warfare and what does not, and then explains how offensive cyber operations evolved from previous incarnations of similar intangible warfare. The third and fourth layers of analysis include an assessment of the complexities of executing an OCO, and the military advantages of doing so. The theoretical analysis is followed by case studies on the unique capabilities of Russia, the United States, China and Iran, before culminating in some cautious future-gazing.
Charting Intangible Warfare
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCyber operations as observed today are an evolution of pre-existing aspects of modern warfare. The child of signals intelligence and electronic warfare, offensive cyber operations represent the increasing importance of targeting information systems and networks in pursuit of military objectives. The explosive rise of computing power, interconnected military and civilian networks, and the insatiable hunger of the modern military for sensory inputs all created new vulnerabilities. This chapter dissects how cyber is not an altogether new phenomenon, but rather the latest iteration of counter-innovation warfare designed to defeat modern advantages and capitalize on new vulnerabilities. The analysis cycles between World War Two, the Cold War, Network Centric Warfare, information operations, and modern cyber warfare while observing lessons learned through each. By understanding the history of cyber-warfare, we can then observe why some countries are better disposed than others to be successful at it.
Tuning in to Pavement Radio
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article is an attempt to describe and define a phenomenon known all over Africa, for which there is no really satisfactory term in English, but which is summed up in the French term radio trottoir, literally "pavement radio". The article contends that radio trottoir is a phenomenon worthy of observation and study by scholars, for two reasons. First, in a continent where the news media is often unreliable and elections of dubious quality, pavement radio provides a space for government critique, and may serve to support or undermine incumbent governments, a kind of populist restraint on government. Second, pavement radio provides an important insight into popular opinion and concerns. As such, it should be thought of as a window on modern African society, a form of contemporary oral history.
Rumour and Power in Togo
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes some of the main political events that took place in Togo in the second half of 1991, when the power of President Gnassingbé Eyadéma faced more serious opposition than at any time since his claim to the presidency twenty-four years earlier, and examines how these events were represented during a popular discussion in Lomé. By analyzing certain aspects of the power struggle during this period and popular perceptions about it, the chapter aims to shed light on the cultural mechanisms by which Eyadéma was able to maintain himself in power and by which his power could be contested.
The Political Elite of Imerina and the Revolt of the Menalamba. The Creation of a Colonial Myth in Madagascar, 1895–18981Madagascar, 1895–1898
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a painstaking reconstruction of the revolt of the Menalamba in the two years following the French invasion of Madagascar in 1895, one of the most puzzling and fascinating of all resistance movements. The most mysterious aspect of the rising has always been the question of who, if anyone, was its leader. Using previously unopened archives, the chapter tells the story of the French suppression of the uprising and prosecution of its alleged organizers, a miscarriage of justice that portended a shift in French colonial policy, in the process picking up themes of rebellion and resistance, elite politics, rumor and conspiracy, spirit mediums and religion, and nationalist myth-busting.
Mbokodo
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses evidence surrounding two episodes of serious repression in the ANC's military camps in exile, one in 1967–9, and one in 1981–4, in which rank and file members of the ANC's armed wing were subjected to harsh discipline, torture, and were, in some cases, killed. The first episode led, via the Morogoro Conference, to the South African Communist Party exerting an increased influence not just over the ANC's armed wing, but over the entire organization. This included the creation of an intelligence and security department run along East European lines, which promoted a single, ideologically-correct line, and which stifled debate and dissent. The chapter notes that ANC headquarters in Johannesburg continued to employ many of the officials of the Security Department who were found to have participated in abuses in Angola. Whether this will affect the character of a future ANC government, however, remains to be seen.
Liberia 1989–1994Liberia 1989–1994
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the civil war which broke out in Liberia on 24 December 1989, when 100 or more fighters claiming allegiance to the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), led by Charles Taylor, advanced over the border from Côte d'Ivoire to attack the town of Butuo in Nimba County. The article examines how Liberia descended into conflict and why it took such a violent form. It surveys the political and military events that took place since the NPFL invasion, paying attention to the collapse of the government, the arrival of the ECOMOG intervention force in Monrovia in August 1990, the murder of President Doe by Prince Johnson's Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), the role of ULIMO (United Liberation Movement for Democracy), an organization formed in 1991 by Liberians who had taken refuge in Sierra Leone, the emergence of warlords, the progress of negotiations and developments following the Cotonou Peace Accord of July 1993. It suggests that the causes of the war are not only political but may also be explained in religious or spiritual terms.
South Africa and the Decolonization of the Mind
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a description of some of the challenges facing South Africa in the early decades of the twenty-first century, arguing that Bishop Desmond Tutu's vision of a "Rainbow Nation" has largely failed to materialize. One of the reasons is that South Africa's problems are deeply rooted in its social, economic and political history, such that a mere transfer of political rule was never going to be sufficient to solve them. This fact directs our attention to some of the limitations of African nationalism and the extravagant hopes it aroused. The way forward requires a "decolonization of the minds" of both Africans and Europeans. Africans must, as have some other non-European peoples, take responsibility for their own history, including that of colonialism, neither seeking to revive a mythical African "authenticity," nor playing the role of perennial victims of Western machinations. At the same time, Europeans must rid themselves of the delusion that their continent has some special place in history, that development consists in shepherding other countries past already-achieved Western milestones, or that Africa has nothing from which Europeans themselves can learn.
Introduction
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the existing literature on cyber conflict, identifies the central questions of the book, and presents the core argument. This chapter notes that in trying to keep up with the fast pace of developments in cyber conflict, the scholarship has largely overlooked the most fundamental question: are states actually able to conduct operations in the first place. This chapter explains that, for many states, conduct cyber effect operations is much harder than often perceived to be. Each of the chapters in this book, summarized herein, examine different components of this argument, focusing first on the internal dynamics of cyber capability development and then on how external actors can influence this process.
Conducting Cyber Effect Operations
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter defines cyber effect operations and discusses the use of data. The first part of this chapter explains that cyber effect operations are a set of interlinked activities that may or may not use certain "tools" to achieve a goal. Most cyber effect operations take place over multiple stages and cannot always be clearly delineated from espionage operations. The chapter distinguishes between three main forms of cyber effect operations: denial of service, data manipulation, and system manipulation. The second part of this chapter discusses the data paradox: there is both too much and too little information available about cyber operations.
The Role of Non-State Actors
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 9 discusses how non-state actors can transfer people, exploits, implants, infrastructure, and even organizational templates to states. The chapter explains that the incentives and opportunities for sales are much more complex than often realized. The exploit market is particularly prone to market failure. Finally, the chapter notes that the ultimate shortcut to developing a military cyber-force is to operate through non-state intermediaries, often referred to as "cyber proxies." Yet, the chapter notes that the benefits of operating through intermediaries are offset by the high risk of agency slacking, as the intermediary maintains several distinct information advantages over the state when conducting cyber operations.
Penality in the Underground
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Secret informers are often the biggest threat faced by underground rebel groups, which must respond to this challenge in order to survive. Using the IRA as a case-study, Penality in the Underground offers a systematic, in-depth, analysis of this phenomenon, providing an empirical and theoretical account of the causes, forms, functions and effects of the underground response to informers. While superficial media images tend to depict only ruthless killings, the book argues—using the lens of ‘punishment and society’ and drawing on rich interviews with IRA members and on archival sources—that groups such as the IRA develop complex systems of punishment and social control in their pursuit of informers. The book demonstrates how such systems are not only a mechanical response to a security problem, but are also shaped by other goals, risks and imperatives, such as maintaining legitimacy, projecting a state-like image and supporting governance efforts. This work thus identifies and explains some remarkable features of the IRA’s pursuit of informers, such as the establishment of ‘courts-martial’, the granting of ‘amnesties’, the expansion of social control, the productive function of labelling ‘treason’ in asserting sovereignty and the long-term consequences of the issue during transition out of conflict. By exploring the penal logics, practices and discourses of armed rebel groups—engaged in direct struggle with the state agencies that normally carry out criminal justice—the book aims to expand the study of punishment and society and demonstrate its utility to the understanding of non-state actors.
Contested Governance
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTransitions out of conflicts often lead to splits in the rebel camp, and the emergence of splinter, ‘spoiler’, groups who denounce the embrace of peaceful politics by their ‘parent’ group and seek to continue armed campaigns—such as the ‘dissident’ organisations that emerged in Northern Ireland. This chapter explores how the issue of informing remains essential to understanding the dynamics between the Republican movement, the dissidents, Nationalist communities and the state, and is pivotal in many areas of the transition, such as the contested legitimacy of reformed policing. The analysis shows how both the mainstream Republicans and the dissidents have drawn on, and adapted, the discourse, images and practices relating to informing and its punishment in an attempt to justify their current stances and denigrate their opponents. Dissidents, among others, attribute the end of the IRA’s armed struggle to the prevalence and machinations of informers; and try to appropriate the discourse of underground penality against informers in an attempt to buttress their legitimacy and discredit the Republican mainstream. On the other hand, mainstream Republican leaders sought to discredit the dissidents by claiming they are heavily infiltrated by informers, as a symptom of their incompetence and lack of support. In a remarkable development, former IRA leaders turned politicians have also labelled the continuing violence of dissidents as ‘treason’, and, in a dramatic shift, eventually called on the public to inform against the dissidents—breaking the sacred taboo against informing and signalling an extraordinary transformation of their relations with the state.