bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of “the Masses” in the Televisual and Atomic Age
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three influential scholarly and critical discourses on “the masses” during the postwar period: mass society theory, mass culture theory, and mass communication theory. It argues that while these three discourses had different backgrounds, they shared a common base insofar as they all inherited concerns about “the masses” from the prewar period and were defined by a search for the possibility of a “democratic subjectivity” (minshu) that could resist systemic power in the postwar context. For many scholars and critics, television and nuclear power were both symbols of a newly emergent, large-scale, and systemic form of social power, which became so deeply embedded in everyday life that it became taken for granted and hence determined the thought and behavior of “the masses.” Thus, for these scholars, it was imperative to find possible methods of resistance. This situation, the chapter also elucidates, significantly differed from the US academic situation, where mass society theory, originating in Europe, attempted to expose mass society as a social form ultimately inducing and bolstering fascism, while mass communication research tended to explicitly or implicitly align itself with the aims of US governmental power within Cold War politics.
The Porous Intimate-Public Sphere of “Citizens”
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a case study of independent film screening events by “citizens,” and explicates how such events have functioned as nomadic and porous sites serving to create a multilayered network of media, “citizens,” and their concerns while also forming an intimate-public sphere where individuals can share contingent physical vulnerability and discuss their concerns and issues. The chapter first illuminates the development of de-territorializing-oriented “citizen’ ” networks, which are overwhelmingly organized by women, based on the theorized intimate sphere, and exemplify a new kind of social movement that increasingly takes advantage of social media. The chapter then shows how these events have functioned as junctures for people to connect themselves to existing networks of media, social concerns, and like-minded people while also expanding those multifaceted networks. The porous process of each event is enacted on the grounds of the intimate-public sphere, where a film screening and ensuing discussion function together as a catalyst for participating “citizens” to both share concerns and care for each other and deliberate on the issues and imagine strategies for changing the status quo, within the shared progression of time and physical space. These events function as resistance to economic and political power and as an intellectual space for grappling with the contradictions of the risk society, where risks such as potential nuclear disaster are born out of systemic forces or power network far beyond individuals’ wills, but the responsibility for those risks are imposed on each individual once an accident happens.
Breaking Away
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book emphasizes that the privacy and autonomy concerns of consumers are indeed warranted, and the remedies deserve far greater attention than they have received from leading policymakers and experts to date. It offers a clear and accessible insight into how a few powerful firms, such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon, have used the same anticompetitive playbook and manipulated the current legal regime for their gain at people's collective expense. It also cites references from various prisms of economic theory, market data, policy, and law. The book addresses fundamental issues that confirm whether more competition necessarily promotes privacy and well-being. It discusses who owns personal data and what are the policy implications if personal data is non-rivalrous.
How Data-opolies Have Exploited the Current Legal Void, and What’s Being Proposed to Fix It
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the multiple proposals to rein data-opolies in, which include improving privacy protection as a necessary means to deter their data-hoarding. It also mentions the emerging consensus that the data-opolies are expanding rather than shrinking and will continue to leverage their power into other markets. The chapter emphasizes how the current legal system moves too slow relative to the technological changes, noting the California legislature that implied that the law has not kept pace with personal privacy implications surrounding the collection, use, and protection of personal information. It discusses the United States’ and European Commission’s proposed far-reaching obligations on data-opolies as gatekeeper-related problems.
The Promise and Shortcomings of Treating Privacy as a Fundamental Inalienable Right
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers an alternative approach of viewing privacy and one’s right in one’s data as a fundamental, inalienable right. It explains how deeming privacy as a fundamental right does not automatically provide individuals greater control over their data nor does it lead to a uniform approach to deter data-hoarding and curb the toxic competition engendered by behavioral advertising. It also examines the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) and Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which have been hailed as privacy highpoints. The chapter deliberates how CCPA and GDPR treat privacy as a fundamental, inalienable right and seek to give individuals greater control over their data. It explores the challenge in enacting the privacy framework that attacks the surveillance economy, which a few powerful platforms have designed for their benefit and at the public’s expense.
Avoiding Four Traps When Competition and Privacy Conflict
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We increasingly hear data-opolies using privacy concerns to justify behavior that coincidentally helps them maintain their dominance. This chapter flags four traps that await policymakers when competition and privacy conflict: opting for competition, opting for privacy, confusing what is measurable with what is important, and celebrating an impressive privacy improvement instead of being wary. Although privacy could be a legitimate justification for the data-opoly’s anticompetitive behavior, this chapter examines why one data-opoly’s privacy justifications promote neither privacy nor competition. The chapter emphasizes that neither privacy nor competition are absolute rights, and each must be balanced against other important societal interests and fundamental rights.
Introduction
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains what white Christian nationalism (WCN) is and is not. It is a deep story about America’s past and a political vision of its future. The story claims that America was founded by and for (white, Protestant) Christians. It warns that America’s power and prosperity are endangered by racial, religious, and foreign-born others. The vision connects freedom, order, and violence in a particular way: freedom for white, native-born Christian men; order for everyone else; and violence for anyone who steps out of line. WCN is not just “Christian patriotism.” It is not about love of country but the defense of hierarchy. Nor is WCN synonymous with “evangelicalism.” Many white mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics also embrace it as do a small but growing number of non-Christians. Meanwhile, some conservative white evangelicals vehemently reject it, as do most of their non-white coreligioinists.
The Spirit of 1690
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The deep story of white Christian nationalism was already fully formed by around 1690, nearly three centuries before the emergence of the New Christian Right. It was woven together out of three stories taken from the Christian Bible: the Chosen People story, the End Times story and the Racial Curse story. Who counted as “white,” “Christian,” and “American” has changed over time. But the basic plot line has remained the same: America is a white Christian nation whose power and prosperity is threatened by racial, religious, and national others, inside and outside its borders. The chapter also highlights the recent transition in white Christian nationalism from an eschatology that favored reconstructing America into a biblical model toward a premillennial eschatology that foresees imminent chaos and conflict between God’s people and the forces of evil.
Avoiding “The Big One”
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
White Christian nationalism is fast becoming a serious threat to American democracy. So long as white, native-born Christians were numerically and politically dominant, WCN could coexist with American democracy. As the nation has become less white and more secular, however, WCN has taken an authoritarian turn. The result is an increasing hostility not only toward the voting rights of racial and religious others, but toward democracy itself. The chapter documents with statistical data how WCN influences white Americans to support Donald Trump out of fear for their own persecution, and to favor electoral strategies and systems that help them maintain power (like the electoral college and gerrymandering). It concludes that America is at a crossroads. To the left lies the path toward a true multiracial democracy. Toward the right is a system of white minority rule. Call it Jim Crow 2.0. Only a broad, “popular front” stretching from democratic socialists to classical liberals that includes both secular progressives and religious conservatives will be strong enough to save American democracy.
Gains and Losses
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
What kind of tradeoffs do protest movements face in trying to change the world around them? Many scholars have tried to figure out why some social movements have an impact and others do not. By looking inside movements at their component parts and recurrent strategic interactions, we show that they usually produce familiar packages of effects, including both gains and losses. We ask what kinds of tradeoffs and dilemmas these packages reflect, why a certain kind of gain is so often accompanied by a familiar kind of loss. We do this by examining not just the diverse players involved in politics and protest but also the many strategic arenas in which they maneuver. Success in one arena often entails a loss in another. We analyze six diverse cases from around the world: Seattle’s conflict over the $15-an-hour minimum wage; the establishment of participatory budgeting in New York City; a democratic insurgency inside the New York Transport Workers’ Union; a communist party’s struggle to gain votes and also protect citizen housing in Graz, Austria; the internal movement tensions that led to Hong Kong’s umbrella occupation; and Russia’s electoral reform movement embodied in Alexei Navalny. Gains and Losses looks at the details of politics, where individuals make decisions, negotiate with allies and opponents, suffer tradeoffs, and struggle with dilemmas. No social movement gets everything it wants, and some get nothing. In between, most attain complex packages of gains and losses.
Introduction
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In recent years, scholars have tried to explain what impact protest and social movements have on the world. Some efforts succeed and others, probably most, fail, but they all have a range of consequences. This book looks for patterns of gains and losses by concentrating on the interactions between protestors and various other strategic players as they engage in a range of arenas. This chapter also provides brief summaries of the book’s cases: the battle to establish a $15-an-hour minimum wage in Seattle, the establishment of participatory budgeting in New York City, a radical insurgency within New York’s Transport Workers Union, the efforts by the Communist Party of Graz, Austria to gain electoral success while helping residents with their housing needs, the internal struggles that led to the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong, and Russia’s electoral reform movement following the White Revolution of 2011.
Owning an Issue across Arenas
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the crucial relationship between gains and losses across different arenas. The Communist Party of Austria in the country’s second-largest city of Graz benefited when it came to “own” the issue of housing advocacy. It leveraged its initial success in direct-help and protest arenas (more typically associated with social movements than political parties) and the arenas of legislation and government administration and policy, demonstrating the boomerang-effect package. However, entering many arenas has its own risks and costs. Entry into arenas controlled by others can turn out poorly, hurting rather than helping a player’s reputation. Time and other resources can be spread too thinly. Players don’t necessarily need to enter every arena; when to engage, and when not to, matters.
The Radical Package
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement gained fame when it occupied multiple parts of the city, including around the Central Government Complex in Admiralty in September 2014. It was the product of nearly two years of organizing and negotiating between factions of the pro-democratic movement by a group called Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP). This chapter traces the complex interactions within the electoral reform movement during those two years, as well as interactions with government entities, in the months leading up to the occupation. The explicit dilemma was whether and how to initiate disruptive activities to put additional pressure on the authorities. The radical package that ensued yielded some benefits to movement players, but also devastating losses: greater media attention and a sense of urgency but also more state repression and the long-term collapse of the movement and the democracy it desired. The Occupy Trio tried to negotiate the naughty-or-nice dilemma by insisting that disruption was only a last resort, and a costly one to them personally.
The Personality Package
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In electoral arenas, political personalities are crucial: they can run and win elections. Personalities are important to collective efforts beyond elections, too. They can become symbols of movements and proposals. Compound players struggle over how dominant and influential a particular personality should be. The hopes, risks, and outcomes that accompany decisions to rely on charismatic individuals represent a “personality package.” This chapter explores the gains and losses typical of the personality package, using the example of Alexei Navalny, a challenger to Vladimir Putin’s regime in Russia, and his participation in the mayoral elections in Moscow in 2013.
Conclusion
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Strategic tradeoffs give rise to dilemmas and decisions, and those decisions launch players down paths of interaction with others. In many cases, those interactions lead to patterns of gains and losses, spread across multiple arenas, that we can identify as familiar packages. Although we focus on the details of interactions among players in strategic arenas, microanalysis does not preclude explanations of “big” outcomes such as regimes and their transformations. Players in all sorts of strategic settings face similar dilemmas. The same kinds of interactions appear across many types of arenas, and help define those arenas. We have also seen some lessons for activists: be aware of tradeoffs and dilemmas, know what risks you are taking by choosing one route rather than another, and try to alleviate them.
Paying for Government’s Role in Democratic Liberalism
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of fair market ideas for the budget bottom line of governments. It argues that democratic liberalism requires reconsidering neoliberal commitments to fiscal austerity, and a greater emphasis on long-term fiscal investment by governments, including cases where it leads to budget deficits and increased government debt, providing it is “good debt” not “bad debt” that supports capital and not purely current expenditure. It further suggests that the debt and deficit burden associated with a fair markets approach could be alleviated by a range of new sources of tax revenue—including through closing existing loopholes and new forms of capital and progressive value added taxes, although not large-scale increases in wealth, income, or corporate taxes.
Fintech and Risk Management
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the risk management function performed by the financial system for the broader economy. It explains how that risk management function is likely to be transformed by the application of machine learning technology, and considers the ways in which that transformation could benefit and harm financial stability. In particular, this chapter focuses on problems associated with the complexity of machine learning models, and their potential to exacerbate herd behavior when it comes to financial decision-making. This chapter ends with three case studies. The first looks at the robo-investing industry, the second considers the use of machine learning by BlackRock’s Aladdin risk management platform, and the third explores the potential financial stability implications of some “insurtech” innovations being adopted by the insurance industry.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The short conclusion of this book is a call to arms, urging readers to agitate for precautionary regulation of fintech by underlining the potential stakes of fintech-precipitated financial crises—not just for our economy, but also for our democracy. To assist with this process, the conclusion engages in a “mythbusting” exercise, systematically dismantling many of the arguments about innovation, efficiency, and cost that are likely to be marshaled against taking a precautionary approach to regulating fintech. It also reiterates one of the book’s key arguments: that the private sector simply does not have the incentives, information, and ability to coordinate behavior necessary to address the systemic risks emerging from the rise of fintech. A regulatory response is therefore needed.
Optics and Immanent Lawful Teleology
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Leibniz’s seminal Unitary Principle of Optics, Catoptrics and Dioptrics, published in 1682 in the Acta Eruditorum. In that piece, Leibniz shows how the central laws of geometrical optics—the laws of reflection and refraction—can be derived from an optimality principle according to which light takes the easiest path between its starting and ending points. After sketching the historical and technical context of Leibniz’s discoveries in optics, the chapter goes on to explore the implications of Leibniz’s discoveries for his views on teleology. It argues that Leibniz’s immanent lawful teleology presents a formidable challenge even to contemporary philosophers, many of whom are understandably reluctant to allow genuine teleological explanations at the level of fundamental physics.
Hanging Chains and Monadic Agency
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks to Leibniz’s work on catenaries—freely hanging cords suspended at both ends—for insight into his understanding of monadic agency. After discussing Leibniz’s understanding of catenaries as instances of optimal form, the chapter argues that catenaries provide an especially elegant model for Leibniz’s understanding of monadic agency, a model that helps to resolve otherwise outstanding problems in Leibniz’s thinking about how immaterial mind-like substances may unfold in a goal-directed manner. As a whole, the chapter aims to show how specific features of optimal form may be invoked to provide Leibniz’s views on monadic agency a coherence and elegance that they would otherwise lack.
Empathy and Altruism
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews theory and research supporting the contention that mental mechanisms that induce individuals to empathize with others have evolved in several species, and advanced levels of empathy motivate us to help others as an end in itself. It offers evidence that there is a close parallel between the evolution of mental mechanisms that mediate empathy and the development of these mechanisms through the life span. It reviews research indicating that advanced perspective-taking abilities enable us to experience empathic concern for the plight of others that motivates us to help them in order to improve their lot, as opposed to helping them in order to relieve our own distress or to achieve other selfish goals, such as making a good impression, allaying our guilt, and improving our mood.
Contextual Drivers of Difference
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ultimately, the project of describing the corporation and corporate law’s domain becomes a matter of describing drivers of difference around the world. Toward that end, this chapter explores various forms of legal, cultural, market, and historical dynamics that have led to substantial divergences in terms of how the corporation is conceptualized, and how corporate law’s domain is defined, across jurisdictions and over time. The aim is not to provide a comprehensive account of these drivers of difference. Rather, the goal of this chapter is to identify a set of core contextual dynamics that are critical to the more flexible framework developed later in the book, and that help to illuminate the underlying forces at work in the various comparative analyses that subsequently build upon that framework.