bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Property Control by Copolymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate and Its Derivative Bearing Triphenylmethyl Group
Authors: Miyake Rikyu , Maehara Akari , Chanthaset Nalinthip , Ajiro Hiroharu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn order to tune the thermal properites of ester‐free type poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) derivatives, the copolymers of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and a TMC derivative bearing a triphenylmethyl group (TrTMC) were synthesized with various copolymerization ratios. The copolymers of TMC and TrTMC were obtained by varying the feeding ratio of their monomers with good yields as hexane‐isopropanol (9/1, v/v) insoluble part. The structures were confirmed by both FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectra, showing the copolymer composition was controlled in a good manner. The thermal degradation temperature at 10 % weight loss gradually increased from 198 °C to 301 °C, depending on the introduced amount of TrTMC, indicating that the thermal decomposition was based on the monomer unit structure. The glass transition temperatures of copolymers also gradually increased from −38 °C to 57 °C. These results show that the thermal properties of the ester free type TMC derivatives could be overcome by the copolymerization, and that the thermal properties could be varied by controlling the feed ratio of comonomers.
Study on Spectral Method and Computational Simulation of Chlorinated Bisphenol Compound and Thyroxine‐Binding Globulin
Authors: Huang Xiaomei , Huang Muwei , Yong Li , Jia Dan , Miao Wangli , Yi Zhongsheng , Liu Hongyan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA) and chlorinated derivatives (Chlorinated bisphenol A, Cl‐BPA) are recognized as chemicals that destroy the endocrine system and widely exist in the environment. Because theirs structure is similar to thyroxin, it can compete after binding with Cl‐BPA were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, molecular docking and quantum chemistry. The results of fluorescence experiments show that Cl‐BPA can quench the fluorescence of TBG by static quenching and non‐radiative energy transfer. The number of binding sites (n) of Cl‐BPA‐TBG complex is about 1, and the binding constant (Ka) is greater than 1.00×106 L⋅mol−1. Combined with thermodynamic parameter analysis and molecular docking analysis, Cl‐BPA can bind to TBG through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity. Quantum chemical analysis further confirmed that the oxygen atoms in Cl‐BPA compounds are easy to form hydrogen bonding forces with NH and OH in TBG. Further molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed that the protein structure changed after Cl‐BPA combined with TBG. In this study, we have a deep understanding of the interaction mechanism between Cl‐BPA and thyroid protein through various spectral experiments and computer simulation methods.
A Novel One‐Step Synthesis of Silicon‐Containing Arylacetylene Resin Catalyzed by Et2Zn with Excellent Processability and Thermal Properties
Authors: Chen Fan , Dong Sensen , Zhao Chuanqing , Hu Wei , Wang Guihui , Hu Yanhong , Deng Shifeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA novel one‐step synthesis of silicon‐containing arylacetylene resin (PSA) catalyzed by Et2Zn was reported. PSA‐Et2Zn was prepared by the reaction between diethynylbenzene and dichlorodimethylsilane in the presence of diethylzinc. The structure of PSA‐Et2Zn was determined and the reaction mechanism was proposed. In addition, the processability, thermal curing behavior, and thermal properties were studied. When compared with the zinc powder catalysis method, the Et2Zn catalysis method demonstrates a greater effectiveness in avoiding the formation of olefinic products at the ends of the molecular chain, which can improve thermal capabilities. The results show that PSA‐Et2Zn possesses excellent processability and thermal properties. PSA‐Et2Zn has a wide processing window of 35∼182 °C and the thermal crosslinking reactions of PSA‐Et2Zn resin are mild. The cured PSA‐Et2Zn shows high thermal stability with a residue yield up to 87.9 % at 800 °C. Furthermore, the temperature at 5 % weight loss in nitrogen and air atmospheres is 584 °C and 539 °C, respectively.
Deriving and evaluating a fault model for testing data science applications
Authors: Aftab Jilani Atif , Sherin Salman , Ijaz Sidra , Zohaib Iqbal Muhammad , Uzair Khan Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

AbstractData science (DS) applications not only suffer from traditional software faults but may also suffer from data‐specific and model‐related faults. Fault models play an important role in evaluating and designing tests for testing DS applications. The existing fault models do not consider DS specific faults. In this study, we built a fault model DS applications. We investigate the faults by using diverse approaches: (i) a multi‐vocal literature survey of published literature, (ii) semi‐structured interviews of industry experts. The Multi‐vocal study allows us to synthesize the existing knowledge from researchers and practitioners. Qualitative data from semi‐structured interviews provide us with insights into the nature of faults encountered by practitioners. We combine the results of (i) and (ii) to derive a detailed fault model. The developed fault model is further validated through a quantitative survey of industry practitioners, and the respondents were asked to identify the faults from our proposed fault model that they have experienced and classify those faults based on their severity as perceived by practitioners and its frequency. The results show that practitioners consider prediction bias and model decay as the most severe faults while data sampling and splitting faults along with feature engineering faults are the most frequent.
Trends of surface water quality of the Krishna River, India during the urbanization process
Authors: Rentachintala Lakshmi Raghu Nagendra Prasad , Mutukuru Gangireddy Muni Reddy , Mohapatra Pranab Kumar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the present study, Amaravati, the proposed city of India is considered to assess the impacts of urbanization on water quality of the Krishna River in the vicinity. Long‐term surface water quality data of various parameters of Krishna River are obtained from Central Water Commission (CWC). Trends of various parameters are analyzed using a modified version of Mann‐Kendall (M‐K) test; bootstrapped M‐K trend test with optional bias corrected pre‐whitening and R programming are used affecting water quality prior to and at the commencement of urbanization. During the onset of urbanization, minimum BOD is decreased from 0.49 to 0.2 mg/L, while the maximum BOD is increased by 67.7%. Dissolved oxygen's (DO) minimum value is decreased by 29.33% while maximum DO value is decreased by 4.47% at the beginning of urbanization. During the process of urbanization, total coliform's minimum count is increased to 330 from 2 MPN/100 ml while the maximum count of total coliforms is increased to 16,000 from 2400 MPN/100 ml. Faecal coilform's minimum count is increased from 2 to 80 MPN/100 ml while maximum count is increased to 16,000 from 800 MPN/100 ml during urbanization. It is found that due to urbanization, pH, DO values exceed the allowable limit.
Access to Employment of the Second Generations in France: Unequal Role of Family and Personal Networks by Origins and Gender
Authors: Brinbaum Yaël 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUsing data from the Trajectories and Origins survey (TeO), this chapter investigates the role of networks in access to employment of descendants of immigrants in France. I compare the recruitment channels and the type of networks used by various origin groups and the majority population. And I analyse the determinants of obtaining a job through family ties or personal networks, disentangling the effects of origin from other individual characteristics, and the nature of the job obtained. I show that the use of networks – and the kind of networks - to get jobs varies by origin groups and by gender. Within-group differences exist also according to education, family background and place of residence, as well as by sector of employment. Controlling for similar characteristics, family ties play help descendants of migrants from Turkey to get a job, and to a lesser extent, descendants from Portugal. This helps explain ethnic segregation and the quality of the jobs of these groups. Descendants of migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and from North Africa were less likely to obtain less their job through networks. This is especially true for women, who compensate by using more formal methods. These groups would need stronger networks or intermediaries to provide trusted information to employers and reduce discrimination and racism. This chapter thus contributes to a better understanding of the inequalities faced by various origin groups in the French labour market.
Schaubilder als Formulare der Organisation. Fritz Nordsieck und die graphische Analyse von Betriebsabläufen
Authors: Krajewski Markus 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Kapitel unternimmt zunächst den Versuch einer vierstufigen Minimalontologie des Formulars, um in einem zweiten Schritt die Relation von Formularen und Formatierungen zu untersuchen und schließlich die Organisation und Erstellung von Formularen mit Hilfe von Schaubildern (und auch umgekehrt: die Erstellung und Organisation von Schaubildern mit Hilfe von Formularen) anhand eines historischen Beispiels zu illustrieren.
Formular und digitaler Paratext. Geschichte des Facebook-Accountnamens
Authors: Paßmann Johannes , Gerzen Lisa , Helmond Anne , Jansma Robert 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Name eines Social-Media-Accounts fungiert stets als digitaler Paratext. Der Aufsatz schreibt deshalb eine Geschichte des Facebook-Accountnamens. Hierbei spielten diverse Akteure eine Rolle, insbesondere die Firma Facebook selbst mit ihren frühen Formularen und Regularien, aber auch Aktivist:innen, die das Recht erkämpften, mit einem anderen Namen als dem von Facebook definierten „real name” schreiben zu dürfen. Es wird mithin die Frage diskutiert, durch welche Technologien und Praktiken das semantisch folgenreiche Formular der Namensgebung die Form und Funktion hat, die heute beobachtbar ist.
Decay of Solutions to the Klein–Gordon Equation on Some Expanding Cosmological Spacetimes
Authors: Natário José , Sasane Amol 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe decay of solutions to the Klein–Gordon equation is studied in two expanding cosmological spacetimes, namely

the de Sitter universe in flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) form and

the cosmological region of the Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter (RNdS) model.

Using energy methods, for initial data with finite higher-order energies, decay rates for the solution are obtained. Also, a previously established decay rate of the time derivative of the solution to the wave equation, in an expanding de Sitter universe in flat FLRW form, is improved, proving Rendall’s conjecture. A similar improvement is also given for the wave equation in the cosmological region of the RNdS spacetime.
Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Enhanced Geothermal Systems Considering Thermal Stress Cracks
Authors: Zhou Ziyang , Mikada Hitoshi , Takekawa Junichi , Xu Shibo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith the increasing attention to clean and economical energy resources, geothermal energy and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have gained much importance in recent years. For the efficient development of deep geothermal reservoirs, it is crucial to understand the mechanical behavior of reservoir rock and its interaction with injected fluid under high-temperature and high confining pressure environments for employing hydraulic stimulation technologies. In the present study, we develop a novel numerical scheme based on the distinct element method (DEM) to simulate the failure behavior of rock by considering the influence of thermal stress cracks and high confining pressure for EGS. The proposed methodology is validated by comparing uniaxial compression tests at various temperatures and biaxial compression tests at different confining pressures with laboratory experimental results. The numerical results indicate a good agreement in terms of failure models and stress-strain curves with those of laboratory experiments. We then apply the developed scheme to the hydraulic fracturing simulations under various temperatures, confining pressures, and injection fluid conditions. Based on our numerical results, the number of hydraulic cracks is proportional to the temperature. At a high-temperature and low confining pressure environment, a complex crack network with large crack width can be observed, whereas the generation of the micro-cracks is suppressed in high confining pressure conditions. In addition, high-viscosity injection fluid tends to induce more hydraulic cracks. Since the crack network in the geothermal reservoir is an essential factor for the efficient production of geothermal energy, the combination of the above factors should be considered in hydraulic fracturing treatment in EGS.
Wie kann wissenschaftliches Arbeiten in der Medizin vermittelt werden? Digitale Lehre in Zeiten der COVID-Pandemie am Beispiel der HNO-Heilkunde
Authors: Rauch A. K. , Offergeld C. , Ketterer Manuel Christoph 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Um aus der Not der Umstellung der Lehre in Zeiten der COVID-Pandemie eine Tugend zu machen, entwickelten wir das Konzept eines neuen digitalen Seminars zum wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten. Digitale Kompetenz begründet den kompetenten Umgang mit Daten in medizinischer Lehre und wissenschaftlicher Ausbildung. Diese Studie präsentiert die Ergebnisse der studentischen Lehrevaluation des Seminars mit Fokus auf den Erwerb von digitaler und wissenschaftlicher Kompetenz.

Methode
In diese prospektive Fragebogen-Studie wurden 265 Studierende eingeschlossen. Das Seminar beinhaltete eine Einführung über die Kriterien guten wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens, gefolgt von einer individuellen Arbeitsphase der Studenten mit Bearbeitung einer wissenschaftlichen Publikation und selbstständigen Erstellung des zugehörigen Abstracts mit abschließender Evaluation.

Ergebnisse
Das Seminar wurde insgesamt gut bewertet. In Freitext-Kommentaren wurde deutlich, dass sich die Studierenden statt digitaler Lehre dennoch Anwesenheitsseminare zum Thema wünschten. Die Studierenden gaben an, dass ihre wissenschaftliche Kompetenz durch das digitale Seminar und das selbständige Verfassen eines Abstracts verbessert wurde.

Schlussfolgerung
Die digitale Lehre wurde von den Studierenden zwar nicht ausschließlich positiv bewertet, verbesserte jedoch deren subjektive wissenschaftliche Kompetenz und erfüllte deren Wunsch einer digitalen Transformation der Lehre und damit auch die Ziele des neuen Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs der Medizin.
A mathematical model for cell-induced gel contraction incorporating osmotic effects
Authors: Reoch J. R. , Stokes Y. M. , Green J. E. F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBiological tissues are composed of cells surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM can be thought of as a fibrous polymer network, acting as a natural scaffolding to provide mechanical support to the cells. Reciprocal mechanical and chemical interactions between the cells and the ECM are crucial in regulating the development of tissues and maintaining their functionality. Hence, to maintain in vivo-like behaviour when cells are cultured in vitro, they are often seeded in a gel, which aims to mimic the ECM. In this paper, we present a mathematical model that incorporates cell-gel interactions together with osmotic pressure to study the mechanical behaviour of biological gels. In particular, we consider an experiment where cells are seeded within a gel, which gradually compacts due to forces exerted on it by the cells. Adopting a one-dimensional Cartesian geometry for simplicity, we use a combination of analytical techniques and numerical simulations to investigate how cell traction forces interact with osmotic effects (which can lead to either gel swelling or contraction depending on the gel’s composition). Our results show that a number of qualitatively different behaviours are possible, depending on the composition of the gel (i.e. its chemical potentials) and the strength of the cell traction forces. A novel prediction of our model is that there are cases where the gel oscillates between swelling and contraction; to our knowledge, this behaviour has not been reported in experiments. We also consider how physical parameters like drag and viscosity affect the manner in which the gel evolves.
Does a tailored magnetic resonance imaging technique affect the surgical planning and outcomes for different cystic urethral and periurethral swellings in females? Seven years tertiary center experience
Authors: Mahfouz Wally , Hassan Hebatallah Hassan Mamdouh , Gubbiotti Marilena , Elbadry Mohamed , Moussa Ahmed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative delineation and surgical planning for the management of female urethral and periurethral cystic vaginal swellings, with emphasis on postoperative surgical outcomes.

Materials and methods
This is a retrospective analysis of females complaining of periurethral and urethral cystic swellings referred to our tertiary center, who underwent MRI for preoperative planning in the period from January 2014 till January 2021, with a total number of 57 patients. Data retrieved from the medical records included: patients’ demographics, presenting symptoms and signs, preoperative radiological investigations, duration of symptoms, previous surgical intervention, detailed intraoperative data, postoperative complications, and postoperative follow-up.

Results
Urethral diverticulum was the commonest cystic lesion representing (64.9%) followed by Skene gland cysts in 14%, Mullerian cysts in 7%, Gartner cysts in 3.5%, and dermoid inclusion cysts in 10.5%. MRI precisely diagnosed the various pathological entities and anatomical complex lesions prior to surgery. This was confirmed after surgery and pathology analysis. All patients were followed up with a mean duration of 35 months, without any evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion
MRI as a standalone imaging technique is mandatory for diagnosis of all urethral and periurethral cystic lesions, as it offers the most accurate diagnostic modality for delineation of these lesions and hence aids in the preoperative surgical planning, aiming to avoid recurrence and improving surgical outcomes.
Risk of hematoma after hemithyroidectomy in an outpatient setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jeppesen Karin , Moos Caroline , Holm Tórhild , Pedersen Andreas Kristian , Skjøt-Arkil Helene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
After thyroid surgery, the overriding concern is the risk of post-thyroid bleeding (PTB). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety of hemithyroidectomy in an outpatient setting compared to an inpatient setting. The objectives were to (1) find the proportion of PTB in patients scheduled for outpatient hemithyroidectomy, (2) examine if outpatient hemithyroidectomy is clinically safe compared to an inpatient setting and (3) evaluate which selection criteria are most relevant for hemithyroidectomy in an outpatient setting.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid) and the Cochrane Library from inception until September 2021. We included studies reporting on PTB of patients after hemithyroidectomy in an outpatient setting. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. The results were synthesised using Bayesian meta-analysis. Certainty in evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Results
This review included 11 cohort studies and 9 descriptive studies reporting solely on outpatients resulting in a total of 46,866 patients. PTB was experienced by 58 of the 9025 outpatients (0.6%) and 415 of the 37,841 inpatients (1.1%). There was no difference between the PTB rate of outpatients and inpatients (RR 0.715 CrI [0.396–1.243]). The certainty of the evidence was very low due to the high risk of bias.

Conclusion
The risk of PTB in an outpatient setting is very low, and outpatient hemithyroidectomy should be considered clinically safe. The most relevant selection criteria to consider in outpatient hemithyroidectomy are (1) relevant comorbidities and (2) psycho/-social factors.
Children who idiopathically toe-walk have greater plantarflexor effective mechanical advantage compared to typically developing children
Authors: Harkness-Armstrong Carla , Maganaris Constantinos , Walton Roger , Wright David M. , Bass Alfie , Baltzoloulos Vasilios , O’Brien Thomas D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of the plantarflexor muscles is important for gait function and is likely different from typical in equinus gait. However, this has never been quantified for children who idiopathically toe-walk (ITW), despite being routinely altered through clinical intervention.

Methods
This study quantified the Achilles tendon and ground reaction force (GRF) moment arms, and the plantarflexor EMA of 5 children who ITW and 14 typically developing (TD) children, whilst walking on an instrumented treadmill.

Results
There was no difference in the Achilles tendon moment arm length throughout stance between groups (p > 0.05). Children who ITW had a significantly greater GRF moment arm length in early stance (20–24% p = 0.001), but a significantly shorter GRF moment arm length during propulsion (68–74% of stance; p = 0.013) than TD children. Therefore, children who ITW had a greater plantarflexor EMA than TD children when active plantarflexion moments were being generated (60–70% of stance; p = 0.007). Consequently, it was estimated that children who ITW required 30% less plantarflexor muscle force for propulsion.

Conclusion
Clinical decision making should fully consider that interventions which aim to restore a typical heel-toe gait pattern risk compromising this advantageous leverage and thus, may increase the strength requirements for gait.
A global perspective on assessing groundwater quality
Authors: Misstear Bruce , Vargas Claudia Ruz , Lapworth Dan , Ouedraogo Issoufou , Podgorski Joel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn assessment of global groundwater quality is needed in response to the threats posed by anthropogenic and geogenic contaminants. This essay summarises the challenges involved, including a large number of potentially relevant water quality parameters, the poor availability of data in many regions and the complex nature of groundwater systems. Direct monitoring data can sometimes be augmented by indirect methods such as earth observations, and by involving citizen science. A new web portal is being developed to complement existing databases.