bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional brain connectomes reflect acute and chronic cannabis use
Authors: Ramaekers J. G. , Mason N. L. , Toennes S. W. , Theunissen E. L. , Amico E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractResting state fMRI has been employed to identify alterations in functional connectivity within or between brain regions following acute and chronic exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in cannabis. Most studies focused a priori on a limited number of local brain areas or circuits, without considering the impact of cannabis on whole-brain network organization. The present study attempted to identify changes in the whole-brain human functional connectome as assessed with ultra-high field (7T) resting state scans of cannabis users (N = 26) during placebo and following vaporization of cannabis. Two distinct data-driven methodologies, i.e. network-based statistics (NBS) and connICA, were used to identify changes in functional connectomes associated with acute cannabis intoxication and history of cannabis use. Both methodologies revealed a broad state of hyperconnectivity within the entire range of major brain networks in chronic cannabis users compared to occasional cannabis users, which might be reflective of an adaptive network reorganization following prolonged cannabis exposure. The connICA methodology also extracted a distinct spatial connectivity pattern of hypoconnectivity involving the dorsal attention, limbic, subcortical and cerebellum networks and of hyperconnectivity between the default mode and ventral attention network, that was associated with the feeling of subjective high during THC intoxication. Whole-brain network approaches identified spatial patterns in functional brain connectomes that distinguished acute from chronic cannabis use, and offer an important utility for probing the interplay between short and long-term alterations in functional brain dynamics when progressing from occasional to chronic use of cannabis.
Reconciling human health with the environment while struggling against the COVID-19 pandemic through improved face mask eco-design
Authors: Morone Piergiuseppe , Yilan Gülşah , Imbert Enrica , Becchetti Leonardo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSurgical masks have become critical for protecting human health against the COVID-19 pandemic, even though their environmental burden is a matter of ongoing debate. This study aimed at shedding light on the environmental impacts of single-use (i.e., MD-Type I) versus reusable (i.e., MD-Type IIR) face masks via a comparative life cycle assessment with a cradle-to-grave system boundary. We adopted a two-level analysis using the ReCiPe (H) method, considering both midpoint and endpoint categories. The results showed that reusable face masks created fewer impacts for most midpoint categories. At the endpoint level, reusable face masks were superior to single-use masks, producing scores of 16.16 and 84.20 MPt, respectively. The main environmental impacts of single-use masks were linked to raw material consumption, energy requirements and waste disposal, while the use phase and raw material consumption made the most significant contribution for reusable type. However, our results showed that lower environmental impacts of reusable face masks strongly depend on the use phase since reusable face masks lost their superior performance when the hand wash scenario was tested. Improvement of mask eco-design emerged as another key factor such as using more sustainable raw materials and designing better waste disposal scenarios could significantly lower the environmental impacts.
Comparison of Stuttering Severity and Anxiety During Standard and Challenge Phone Calls
Authors: O'Brian Sue , Onslow Mark , Jones Mark , Lowe Robyn , Packman Ann , Menzies Ross 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
This study was designed to answer three questions. (a) Does percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) differ between standard and challenge phone calls. (b) Does anxiety differ between standard and challenge phone calls. (c) Is there a relationship between %SS and anxiety during standard and challenge phone calls?

Method:
Participants were 230 adults diagnosed with stuttering, who were participants from five clinical trials. Each participant received two 10-min phone calls at pretreatment and a further two phone calls 6 months or 20 weeks postrandomization. One phone call was standard, and the other presented challenge: occasionally disagreeing with, interrupting, and talking over participants, or asking for clarification of their views.

Results:
Statistically significant, but clinically minor, increases of %SS and anxiety occurred during the challenge phone calls. There was a statistically significant association between %SS and anxiety.

Conclusions:
Variable phone call procedures to assess stuttering severity in clinical trials are not likely to spuriously inflate or deflate treatment outcomes to a clinically important extent. Regardless, the present results suggest that there is statistical merit in controlling the nature of phone calls during clinical trials with the simple and replicable method developed in this report. Additionally, there is procedural merit in the challenge phone call procedure; it is a more valid representation of the challenges of everyday speech than the standard procedure. However, a disadvantage of the challenge phone call procedure is the practical issues associated with its use. The clinical and theoretical applications of the results are discussed.
IRLSOT: Inverse reinforcement learning for scene‐oriented trajectory prediction
Authors: He Caizhen , Chen Lanping , Xu Liming , Yang Changchun , Liu Xiaofeng , Yang Biao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractForecasting pedestrians' future trajectory in unknown complex environments is essential to autonomous navigation in real‐world applications, for example, for self‐driving cars and collision warnings. However, modern observed trajectory‐based prediction methods may easily over‐fit to complex or rare scenes because they do not entirely understand the correlations between scenes and trajectories. To address the over‐fitting problem, an Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Scene‐oriented Trajectory Prediction (IRLSOT) is proposed in this work. The authors' method can be divided into three modules. First, the inverse reinforcement learning module generates the optimal policy by extracting features from scenes and pedestrians' observed trajectories. A lightweight ENet is used to extract features from scenes. Afterwards, the path sampling module introduces a Gumbel Softmax Trick (GST) to improve the accuracy of optimal policy sampling. Different paths are generated on the basis of the optimal policies. Finally, the information fusion module uses the proposed Scene Based Attention (SBA) to fuse the path and trajectory information, then outputs the predicted trajectories. Comparison results show that IRLSOT improves performance on Stanford Drone Database(SDD) by 5.9. Furthermore, the authors' test IRLSOT on multi‐agent scenarios and the authors' own data sets, and results demonstrate that IRLSOT can enhance the generalization of trajectory prediction to rare or new scenes.
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Alkoxyallenes and Naphthols to Chroman Ketals
Authors: Zhang Cong , Jiang Gaoxi , He Maosheng , Zhang Jinlong , Wang Hao-Yang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA straightforward Brønsted acid-catalyzed and scalable annulation of alkoxyallenes with simple naphthols was developed, affording chroman ketals in 49–84% yields. The versatile chroman ketals can be easily converted into coumarins by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-mediated oxidation, and a series of 2-substituted chromans via nucleophilic substitutions.
Seed germination requirements of an Australian semi-arid floodplain
Authors: Higgisson William , Reynolds Breanna , Cross Yasmin , Dyer Fiona 
Published: February 2022

Plants that occur on floodplains in dryland regions often use floods to disperse and germinate seeds, which establish during and following flooding events. Acacia stenophylla (river cooba) is a perennial tree, common in the riparian habitats of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the relationship between seed germination and seedling establishment of A. stenophylla and hydrological conditions, (2) determine the buoyancy of its seeds and, hence, ability to disperse by hydrochory and (3) provide recommendations on the hydrological requirements for A. stenophylla recruitment. Seedling recruitment data collected between 2014 and 2020 on the floodplain of the lower Lachlan River were compared with time since flooding. In a glasshouse experiment, seeds of A. stenophylla within their pods and with their pods removed were exposed to one of five experimental treatments (rainfall, soaked soil, and inundated for 20 and 40 days), over a period of 50 days. A. stenophylla germinated during and following flooding and following high rainfall. Seeds in pods floated for 8 days. A. stenophylla establishes during and following flooding and requires 1 month of flooding followed by flood recession to maximise seed germination. This research contributes to our broader understanding of the reproductive biology of one of the less studied Acacia species.
Patterns of variation in subject-indexing prefixes in Vatlongos, Southeast Ambrym
Authors: Ridge Eleanor 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper describes four patterns of variation in the subject-indexing paradigm of Vatlongos (Oceanic, Vanuatu). It explores their quantitative distribution in a corpus of monologic texts from speakers in three different communities: Mele Maat, a relocated peri-urban community; Endu, which has a distinct dialect; and Ase-Taveak, the other villages of Southeast Ambrym. Speakers in Mele Maat are more likely to use a zero variant of the third person singular Non-future prefix and shorter syllabic variants, and less likely to use the paucal number category. All three patterns suggest formal simplification in the Mele Maat community. The latter two patterns are also associated with higher levels of education, and consequent greater exposure to national and international languages. Overall these patterns suggest that changes which involve reduction of distinctions in morphological paradigms are more likely to be accelerated in contexts of language endangerment than phonological change or phonological reduction.
Word order variation in Chinese existential constructions with V-măn
Authors: Chiu Miao-Chin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderTalmy’s (2000a)framework of Figure and Ground segregation, this paper examines the word order variation between constructions [NPFigureV-mănNPGround] and [NPGroundV-mănNPFigure] regarding Chinese existential phenomenon, that is,Mìfēng fēi-măn le huāyuán. ‘Bees swarm in the garden.’ andHuāyuán fēi-măn le mìfēng.‘The garden swarms with bees.’In this data-driven study, 263 monosyllabic verbs are investigated and 1456 news texts are collected for a quantitative analysis. This study has successfully identified linguistic factors that can better account for the distributional patterns of the word order alternation in the corpora. Results of the VARBRUL analysis indicate that topicality of the post verbal NP and definiteness of Figure NP play a relatively crucial role in determining the word order choice, while semantic type of verb and animacy of Figure NP are less influential. This paper presents a variationist perspective on the motivations that trigger the use of Chinese existential construction [NPGroundV-mănNPFigure].
Concessive conditionals beyond Europe
Authors: Bossuyt Tom 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe present study is concerned with complex sentences known as concessive conditionals from a functional-typological perspective. It examines the coding strategies used in the protasis of the three subtypes of concessive conditionals – viz. scalar, alternative, and universal concessive conditionals – in a global sample of 17 languages, thus complementing a previous study of their formal properties in European languages (Haspelmath & König 1998). The results include some coding strategies which are unattested in European languages and suggest that Haspelmath & König’s division between languages which mark the three subtypes uniformly and languages which mark them differentially is too simplistic, there being at least four overall marking patterns rather than two. Although these results are only preliminary in nature, they do look promising for future research, which should be based on a larger and more strictly stratified sample.
Vertical ionization potential benchmarks from Koopmans prediction of Kohn–Sham theory with long-range corrected (LC) functional*
Authors: Hirao Kimihiko , Bae Han-Seok , Song Jong-Won , Chan Bun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) with the long-range corrected (LC) functional is applied to the benchmark dataset of 401 valence ionization potentials (IPs) of 63 small molecules of Chong, Gritsenko and Baerends (the CGB set). The vertical IP of the CGB set are estimated as negative orbital energies within the context of the Koopmans’ prediction using the LCgau-core range-separation scheme in combination with PW86–PW91 exchange–correlation functional. The range separation parameter μ of the functional is tuned to minimize the error of the negative HOMO orbital energy from experimental IP. The results are compared with literature data, including ab initio IP variant of the equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory with singles and doubles (IP-EOM-CCSD), the negative orbital energies calculated by KS-DFT with the statistical averaging of orbital potential, and those with the QTP family of functionals. The optimally tuned LC functional performs better than other functionals for the estimation of valence level IP. The mean absolute deviations (MAD) from experiment and from IP-EOM-CCSD are 0.31 eV (1.77%) and 0.25 eV (1.46%), respectively. LCgau-core performs quite well even with fixed μ (not system-dependent). A μ value around 0.36 bohr−1 gives MAD of 0.40 eV (2.42%) and 0.33 eV (1.96%) relative to experiment and IP-EOM-CCSD, respectively. The LCgau-core-PW86–PW91 functional is an efficient alternative to IP-EOM-CCSD and it is reasonably accurate for outer valence orbitals. We have also examined its application to core ionization energies of C(1s), N(1s), O(1s) and F(1s). The C(1s) core ionization energies are reproduced reasonably [MAD of 46 cases is 0.76 eV (0.26%)] but N(1s), O(1s) and F(1s) core ionization energies are predicted less accurately.
Reaction–drift–diffusion models from master equations: application to material defects
Authors: Swinburne Thomas D , Perez Danny 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present a general method to produce well-conditioned continuum reaction–drift–diffusion equations directly from master equations on a discrete, periodic state space. We assume the underlying data to be kinetic Monte Carlo models (i.e. continuous-time Markov chains) produced from atomic sampling of point defects in locally periodic environments, such as perfect lattices, ordered surface structures or dislocation cores, possibly under the influence of a slowly varying external field. Our approach also applies to any discrete, periodic Markov chain. The analysis identifies a previously omitted non-equilibrium drift term, present even in the absence of external forces, which can compete in magnitude with the reaction rates, thus being essential to correctly capture the kinetics. To remove fast modes which hinder time integration, we use a generalized Bloch relation to efficiently calculate the eigenspectrum of the master equation. A well conditioned continuum equation then emerges by searching for spectral gaps in the long wavelength limit, using an established kinetic clustering algorithm to define a proper reduced, Markovian state space.
Medical applications of magnetorheological fluid: a systematic review
Authors: Liu Gaoyu , Gao Fei , Wang Daihua , Liao Wei-Hsin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Magnetorheological (MR) fluid, whose rheological properties can be changed reversibly by applied magnetic field, offers superior capabilities and opportunities since its invention. The most crucial feature of MR fluid is its controllable and continuous yield stress. Taking this advantage, MR fluid is gaining popularity in various medical applications to meet their force/torque requirements. In this review article, progress of medical applications of MR fluid in the last two decades are systematically reviewed, mainly focused on six categories: lower limb prosthesis, exoskeleton, orthosis, rehabilitation device, haptic master, and tactile display. With MR fluid, natural and stable limb motions in lower limb prostheses, exoskeletons, and orthoses, flexible muscle trainings in rehabilitation devices, and high transparency and resolution haptic feedback can be realized. Relevant discussions and future perspectives are also provided.
Raman-induced transfer of optical vortices
Authors: Ding Linjie , Wang Fei , Hu Fanggui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We explore the concept that the Raman process can be used as an effective way for transfer of optical vortices. In a four-level atomic system, two strong fields are applied to form a Λ-type subsystem while two probe fields couple to the other cascade transitions. It is found that the optical vortex of a control field can be transferred to a generated probe beam based on four-wave mixing processes, wherein the one-photon detuning plays an important role in minimizing the losses. On the other hand, when the control fields have no vortices, the transfer is realized between two probe beams for intermediate values of atomic coherence induced by the Raman process, vanishing both for the minimal value 0 and for the maximal values ±0.5. We have also analyzed the spatial structures of the propagating probe beams with optical vortices at the entrance, displaying that the information of winding numbers is hidden behind the intensity distributions and corresponding phase patterns. This may find potential applications in quantum information storage.
A Study on Monte Carlo Simulation of the Radiation Environment above GeV at the DAMPE Orbit
Authors: Wang S. X. , Zang J. J. , Jiang W. , Lei S. J. , Luo C. N. , Xu Z. L. , Chang J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) has been undergoing a stable on-orbit operation for more than 6 yr and acquired observations of over 11 billion events. A better understanding of the overall radiation environment of the DAMPE orbit is crucial for both simulation data production and flight data analysis. In this work, we study the radiation environment at low Earth orbit and develop a simulation software package using the framework of ATMNC3, in which state-of-the-art full 3D models of the Earth’s atmospheric and magnetic-field configurations are integrated. We consider in our Monte Carlo procedure event-by-event propagation of cosmic rays in the geomagnetic field and their interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere, focusing on the particles above GeV that are able to trigger the DAMPE data acquisition system. We compare the simulation results with the cosmic-ray electron and positron (CRE) flux measurements made by DAMPE. The overall agreement on both the spectral and angular distribution of the CRE flux demonstrates that our simulation is well established. Our software package could be of more general usage for simulation of the radiation environment of low Earth orbit at various altitudes.
Effects of a grazing permit market on pastoralist behavior and overgrazing in Kenya
Authors: Scheetz Austin A , Fenichel Eli P , Rubenstein Daniel I 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The success of market-based mechanisms in reducing conflicts and internalizing externalities depends on their ability to clarify property rights amongst heterogenous resource users. We investigate the effectiveness of novel markets in achieving their goals using the case study of grazing markets in Laikipia County, Kenya. In this system, sheep- and goat (shoat)- and cattle-rearing pastoralists negotiate land access for cattle with neighboring cattle ranchers. Using data on pastoralists’ livestock and contracting preferences and a model of pastoral herd management, we show that contracting for cattle grazing access on private property alters relative input shadow prices for grazing resources in communal pastoral lands, ultimately resulting in relieved cattle grazing pressure. However, the permitting process is less attractive to pastoralists who prefer rearing shoats instead of cattle. These shoat-rearing pastoralists instead fill some of the vacated space with shoats instead of purchasing permits themselves. This leakage offsets some of the conservation benefits arising from the contracting program and results in a greater share of shoats in the communal herd mix. Approximately 0.59 cows’ worth of free space persists on the commons per permit sold, indicating reduced grazing pressure, but this represents a small proportion (3.8%) of the total livestock in the system. The narrow introduction of the cattle-focused permit market and lack of strong management institutions on the commons dampen the permitting program’s conservation benefits, necessitating further interventions. Alleviating these factors and dramatically scaling up the program has the potential to turn the permitting system into a successful conservation tool.
Toy models of multibranched polymers: opened vs circular structures
Authors: Haydukivska K , Blavatska V 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study the conformational properties of complex Gaussian polymers containing f

c
linear branches and f

r
closed loops, periodically tethered at n branching points to either a linear polymer backbone (generalized bottlebrush structures) or closed polymer ring (decorated ring structure). Applying the path integration method, based on Edwards continuous chain model, we obtain in particular the exact values for the size ratios comparing the gyration radii of considered complex structures and linear chains of the same total molecular weight, as functions of n, f

c
and f

r
. Compactification of the overall effective size of branched macromolecules with the increasing number of loops is quantitatively confirmed. Our results are supported by numerical estimates obtained by application of Wei’s method.
The use of a computer modeling system for foundry processes in blank production
Authors: Vdovin R A , Komisar Iu V , Karpov A V 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The article focuses on the analysis of the results of computer simulation of the technological process of casting the part “Stub”. In the work, the elements of the gating-feeding system were calculated. Based on the calculated data, a digital model was built. An important stage of the work was the digital modeling of the technological process of casting the plug part in the ProCast CAE system. The simulation results were viewed and analyzed in the Visual-Viewer postprocessor module. An analysis of the simulation results made it possible to evaluate the efficiency of the gating system, determine the areas of turbulent flow, the nature of filling the zone with a high flow rate, possible places of mold erosion, places of formation of air pockets that can affect the occurrence of gas inclusions in the casting. The nature of the distribution of the temperature gradient in the casting, the time and uniformity of the solidification of the casting were also studied.