bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiosis in Earworm Resistant Sweet Corn1
Authors: Chambliss O. L. , Wann E. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An antibiotic type of resistance has been demonstrated in sweet corn inbred lines and hybrids by periodic growth measurements of corn earworm larvae feeding on resistant and susceptible types. Resistant types could be distinguished readily from the susceptible by a significant increase in larval mortality on the former. Resistant lines also retarded larval growth, decreased depth to which larvae penetrated the ear, and delayed pupation of the insect.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide During Growth on Vase Life of Greenhouse Roses (Rosa hybrida)1
Authors: Mattson Richard H. , Widmer Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vase life and floral characteristics were studied for Rosa hybrida (cvs. Forever Yours, Briarcliff Supreme, Red Garnette, and Rose Elf) flowers grown in atmospheres containing 300 ± 200, 1000 ± 300, and 2000 ± 500 ppm CO2 for at least half of the daylight hours. Only ‘Red Garnette’ flowers grown in CO2-supplemented air had significantly longer vase life (one-half day) than those produced in normal atmospheres.
Gas Chromatographic Profiles of Stored Carrots1
Authors: Rasekh J. , Kramer A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Headspace gas chromatographic analyses were made on 6 cultivars of carrots during 1, 7, 16, and 26 weeks of storage at 45°F and 90% RH. Peak heights were used as indicators of volatile concentrations. Profiles significantly differed among cultivars at 8 peak heights, and among storage durations at 6 peaks. Thus, gas chromatographic profiles may be useful in distinguishing carrot cultivars and in determining their residual storage life. The data were analyzed by IBM 7094 Computer using the BMDO-2v Program for factorial design.
Comparative Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Maleic Hydrazide on Storage of Garlic1,2
Authors: El-Oksh Ibrahim I. , Abdel-Kader Adel S. , Wally Yussuf A. , El-Kholly Ahmed F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gamma irradiation (12 Krad) was more effective than preharvest application of maleic hydrazide (2500 ppm) in controlling sprouting and extending the storage life of garlic bulbs. Gamma irradiation decreased the length and thickness of internal sprouts and entirely prevented chlorophyll formation in sprouts; it decreased external discoloration and disease to a greater extent than did maleic hydrazide treatment. Both treated and untreated bulbs held in cold storage (0°C; 90-95% RH) showed a longer storage life than did those held in common storage (15-30°C; 50-75% RH). Gamma irradiation, maleic hydrazide treatment, and cold storage reduced weight loss and delayed emaciation.
The Effect of Climatic Conditions on Dormancy Development of Peach Buds. I. Temperature1
Authors: Erez A. , Lavee S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With controlled temperatures low temperature efficiency in releasing peach buds from dormancy follows an optimum curve in which 6°C is the optimum for average lateral leaf buds and 10°C is about half as efficient. “Weighted chilling hours” instead of “chilling hours” was proposed as a chilling measurement criterion. A high temp of 21°C, when alternated daily with low temp, nullified the low temp effect; a high of 18°C had no effect. Interrupting the chilling by 2 separate periods of 11 and 12 days at 20°C did not show any nullifying effect, but greatly enhanced lateral leaf bud break.
Cucurbitacin B and Total Sugar Inheritance in Cucurbita pepo L. Related to Spotted Cucumber Beetle Feeding1
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Hall Charles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings in cotyledon stage of the F1, F2, and backcross generations from a cross between (susceptible) ‘Black Zucchini’ (BZ) and (resistant) ‘Early Golden Bush Scallop’ (EGBS) Cucurbita pepo L. were studied, with the parents, for inheritance of susceptibility to cucumber beetle injury, cucurbitacin, and total sugar content. BZ had a higher cucurbitacin content than EGBS. Highest cucurbitacin B in BZ cotyledons occurred at full cotyledon expansion. Inheritance of cucurbitacin in cotyledons was controlled by a single gene; both insect injury and total sugar content appeared to be controlled by polygenic mechanisms comprised of at least 2 or 3 gene pairs each. Environmental, additive, and dominance variance and epinstatic interactions were determined for the 3 traits. A quantitative relationship between cucurbitacin concn and cucumber beetle feeding was evident in segregating populations. Heritable resistance to the beetle was discernible and can be achieved in cultivars by selecting for nonpreferred seedlings low in cucurbitacin concn.
Inheritance of Albino Seedling in Tetraploid Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Scott D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of albino seedling was studied in progenies of 3 tetraploid cultivated highbush blueberry clones. This mutant character was found to be controlled by a recessive gene at a single locus. All 3 parental clones appeared to be duplex (AAaa) for the marker gene and upon crossing and selfing segregated with ratios that are most likely to occur with tetrasomic inheritance. They segregated approximately 43 normal : 1 albino which is a significant deviation from the expected 35:1 ratio. This deviation is probably due to nonrandom pairing at meiosis of the 4 homologous chromosomes bearing the marker gene.
Thinning ‘Tokay’ and ‘Zinfandel’ Grapes by Bloom Sprays of Gibberellin1
Authors: Weaver Robert J. , Pool Robert M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin was applied at bloom to the seeded grape cvs. Zinfandel and Tokay. With ‘Zinfandel’ concn from 5 to 20 ppm caused increasing reductions in wt of fruits per vine and in ‘Tokay’ gibberellin at 10 and 20 ppm reduced fruit wt. Gibberellin applications successfully thinned the compact ‘Zinfandel’ and ‘Tokay’ clusters. Formation of unsightly shot berries was not a serious problem on ‘Tokay’. With ‘Zinfandel’, applications at the end of bloom were more effective than those at initiation of bloom.
A comparison of objective methods of measuring cluster compactness revealed that both number and wt of berries per cm of rachis are adequate indicators of the degree of compactness.
Biochemical Alterations Associated with Grafting of Healthy and Virus-Infected Apple Buds on Spy 227 Rootstock1
Authors: Millikan D. F. , Dzieciol R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Altered biochemical processes are pronounced and persistent in leaves of virus-sensitive cv., Spy 227, when grafted with buds of healthy or virus-infected ‘Golden Delicious’. Increases in total protein and decreases in RNA are associated with both grafting and virus infection but changes are also found in catalase, phosphatase, and RNAse. The nature of these effects suggest that virus infection may delay the protein and RNA catabolism normally associated with senescence.
Influence of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on Growth and Abscission of Young Apple Tree Leaves1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon, (2-çhloroethyl)phosphonic acid,3 was applied at rates of 125 ppm and higher to young apple trees in 3 greenhouse experiments. Leaf expansion and total number of leaves were reduced by ethephon; the effective concentration became lower as the growing season progressed. Leaf area on the primary shoot was reduced by 1,000 and 4,000 ppm ethephon, but was increased on the lateral branches by 4,000 ppm. Total leaf area was suppressed only by the 1,000 ppm treatment. Leaf necrosis occurred at 625 ppm and higher concentrations in 1 experiment. Lateral bud scales abscised and a proliferation of cells under the leaf scar occurred on trees treated with 7,500 and 10,000 ppm ethephon. Many lateral buds abscised on the lower two-thirds of trees treated with 10,000 ppm. Leaf abscission was induced by ethephon, and the higher concentrations caused earlier and more rapid leaf drop. The oldest leaves abscised first, and most leaves became somewhat chlorotic prior to abscission. Leaves apparently had to be of a certain physiological age before they could be induced to abscise.
Respiration and Ethylene Production During Ontogeny of Fruit1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Respiration (ml CO2/kg/hour) decreased as fruits matured in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden), avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. unknown), and lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. Kwai Mi). With ripening, a respiratory rise commenced in the climacteric mango and avocado, but not in the nonclimacteric lychee. Ethylene (μl/mg/hour) production in all species also decreased as the fruit matured, became undetectable, then reappeared upon fruit ripening (mango and avocado) or senescence (lychee). The possible relationship between respiration and ethylene production in the ontogeny of fruit is discussed.
The Effect of Intermittent Mist on Abscisic Acid Content of Euonymus alatus Sieb. ‘Compactus’1
Authors: Hemphill D. D. , Tukey H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Onset of rest, anthocyanin development, and leaf senescence and abscission were delayed in Euonymus alatus Sieb. ‘Compactus’ grown under intermittent mist. Leaf and bud tissues of misted plants contained less extractable abscisic acid (ABA) than did leaves and buds of non-misted plants. Mist leached endogenous and applied ABA from Euonymus leaves. Application of synthetic racemic ABA to growing Euonymus plants hastened onset of rest and increased anthocyanin development. This suggests that the observed responses of Euonymus to intermittent mist may be due to leaching of endogenous ABA.
The Distribution of Elements in ‘Elberta’ Peach Tree Tissues and the Influence of Potassium and Magnesium Fertilization1
Authors: Cummings George A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentration of elements varied widely in different portions of peach trees. Levels of N, P, K, and Zn in the fruit were similar to foliar levels while Cu, Fe, Mn, and especially Mg and Ca were much lower than foliar levels. Concentrations of Ca and Zn in the twigs were similar to those in the foliage. Levels of other elements in the twigs were lower than in the foliage. The lowest concentration of each element except Ca was in the trunk and branches. Concentration of P in the roots was near that of the foliage, while most of the other elements were more abundant in the roots than in the trunk and branches, but less so than in the above ground active metabolic tissue.
Application of either K or Mg increased the concentration in the foliage of the element applied. Antagonistic influence between these 2 elements occurred in the foliage, but not in other tissues. Application of either K or Mg depressed levels of Ca in most portions of the tree. Application of K increased and Mg decreased Mn levels in most portions of the tree. The influence of treatments upon the concentration of other micronutrients was not clear and was usually limited to specific tissue.
Associated Effects of Mass Selection for Soil-Insect Resistances in Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Cuthbert F. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Character associations in a sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] population after 4 cycles of selection for resistance to soil insects and in a control population with no selection were studied by use of contingency tables of pairs of traits. Possible common factors were indicated for resistances to the sweet potato flea beetle and the wireworm-Diabrotica-Systena (WDS) complex. Selection changed the means and distributions of 6 of 13 unselected root and vine traits. None of these changes were directly associated with insect resistances, but that in root cracking was caused by the grading techniques. Two traits appeared genetically associated (cortex thickness and leaf-whorl color), and 2 appeared to be expressions of the same character change (flesh-color changes were also expressed as skin-color changes). The selected population had shorter internodes than the unselected. These changes in unselected traits were probably due to drift caused by small population sizes in the selected generations. No barriers to development of insect-resistant cultivars were detected.
Effect of Spacing on Weed Competition in Sweet Corn, Snap Beans, and Onions1
Authors: Williams Frank C. , Crabtree Garvin , Mack H. J. , Laws W. Derby 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Close plant spacing in bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), and onions (Allium cepa L.) resulted in less weed competition, as measured by crop plant reproductive parts, than wider row spacings. Early weed competition was important in all crops but weed competition at any time reduced onion yields significantly. Corn required 2 weeks and bush snap beans 3 weeks of cultivation after emergence to eliminate losses due to weed competition. Fresh weights of weed at harvest time were significantly less (0.8 kg) in plots of bush snap beans at the narrow row spacing than in plots with the medium and wide spacings (2.8 and 2.4 kg) in an 0.81 m2 area.
Temperature and Ethylene Effects on Cut Flowers of Carnation (Dianthus carophyllus L.)1
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Farnham D. S. , Mitchell F. G. , Sommer N. F. , Parsons R. A. , Snyder R. G. , Rae H. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cut carnation flowers shipped from California by air occasionally arrive at eastern markets in a senescent condition with losses greater in the warm autumn months. CO2 and C2H4 production by the flowers has a pattern similar to that of climacteric-class fruits, with senescence correlated with a rise in release of the gases.
Cut carnation flowers show an enormous increase in respiratory heat with increasing temperature: 89 BTU/ton/hour at 0°C versus 14,718 at 50°C. In C2H4-free air, the flowers tolerate elevated temperatures but their vase life is reduced. Their sensitivity to C2H4 increases dramatically with increasing temperature, with the threshold concentration partially depending on prior stresses on the flowers.
Flowers in containers exposed to direct sunlight developed temperatures as high as 49.5°C. Air temperatures inside containers shipped via jet aircraft were as high as 35°C. The C2H4 concentrations in the containers may reach 10.5 ppm.
The remarkable resistance of cut carnation flowers to mechanical injury, combined with their low metabolic rates at low temperatures, makes refrigerated surface shipments feasible and perhaps economically desirable. Their resistance to injury seems related to their light weight, the damping action of the petals, and the lack of phenolase or readily oxidizable phenolic compounds in the petals.
Factors Affecting the Firmness of Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Kushman L. J. , Hamann D. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An Instron Universal Testing Machine was modified to measure firmness of blueberry fruit. Each blueberry was compressed between 2 flat surfaces for 1/4 its diameter at 1 cm/minute. Compression curves were linear. Small, green, unripe blueberries were extremely firm, softened appreciably as they ripened from the green to red stages but softened relatively little thereafter. Smaller blueberries tended to be slightly more firm than larger ones. Firmness varied from one harvest to another within a year and from one year to another. The firmness of fruit of some cultivars was almost double that of others. Firmness as measured by the Instron compared well (r = 0.70* and 0.81 *) with field (“chewing” or mastication) scores made by the breeder as part of his regular program. Blueberries dropped upon hard boards softened (bruised) in proportion to the distance of fall. Small increments (10.2 cm or 4-inch) of fall softened blueberries as much as large increments (40.6 cm or 16-inch) as long as the total distance (sum of increments) of fall was constant. Regardless of cultivar, size, ripeness, or initial firmness, the firmness of blueberries after a standard fall (8 drops of 40.6 cm or 16 inches each) can be predicted if their initial firmness (X) is known (Y = −0.590 + 0.627X). Bruised blueberries decayed more than those not bruised. Firmness of blueberries decreased when they were warmed and increased when they were cooled; this effect was a reversible, physical phenomenon.
Comparative efficiency of oxidation processes to remove acesulfame in water treatment plants supplied by surface water sources
Authors: Sérodes Jean , Grondin Antoine , Simard Sabrina , Pelletier Geneviève , Rodriguez Manuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of oxidizing agents during water treatment on the concentration of an artificial sweetener were evaluated in full-scale conditions. Five drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) located in a northern environment with high seasonal variations which use different raw water sources and different combinations of oxidants (ozone, chlorine, UV radiation) were investigated through the removal of the artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) along their treatment chains. In total, 98 sampling campaigns were conducted at these DWTPs. Raw water (impacted by variable tidal and hydrodynamic conditions), partially treated water within the DWTPs, and fully treated drinking water were sampled during eight months over the period of higher variability of source water quality. Results showed ACE concentrations in raw waters vary on a seasonal basis: higher in winter and summer (when rivers have low water discharges) and lower during spring and fall. Multi-barrier treatment systems under study were effective for the removal of acesulfame due specifically to the effect of ozone and chlorine during oxidation steps, while no removal was observed using physico-chemical (coagulation flocculation, filtration) and UV treatments. Depending on the number of treatment steps that involved ozonation or chlorination and the position of these oxidative processes in the treatment chain, removal of ACE varied from 24% to 90% in the plants under study. The results indicate that increasing oxidant doses would result in better removal of ACE and other contaminants, but these strategies must consider unknown transformation products, potentially with greater toxicological effects than their precursors.
Regulatory Aspects, Types and Bioapplications of Metallic Nanoparticles:
A Review
Authors: Pawar Shrutee , Takke Anjali 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing in almost every area such as the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, nano fabrics, electronics, wastewater treatment, and agriculture.

Introduction:
Metallic nanoparticles are commonly used in a variety of fields, but they are especially important in the pharmaceutical industry. Metallic nanoparticles have a size range of 10 nm to 100 nm.

Method:
Two techniques are used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles, top-down approach and the bottom - up approach. These techniques can be used to synthesise them using three different methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Chemical methods include coprecipitation method, reduction, sonochemical method, solvothermal method, and others, while physical methods include discharge method, milling, and ion implantation method. Biological methods include plants and their extracts, agricultural wastes, microorganisms, seaweeds. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scanning, and other techniques are used to characterize them.

Result:
All metallic nanoparticles are biocompatible and have special optical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties. They are used in a variety of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry as an anticancer agent, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, biosensors. Gold, silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, platinum, copper oxide, and palladium nanoparticles are the most common metal nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical industry. Monometallic and multimetallic nanoparticles are broadly classified under this.

Conclusion:
This article focuses on the major metallic nanoparticle groups, including synthesis, applications, case studies, toxicity, regulatory aspects and innovative approaches of metallic nanomaterials.
Energy Crisis Links to Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer’s Disease:
Current Evidence and Future Avenues
Authors: Fan Yong-Gang , Wang Zhan-You , He Da-Long 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases
worldwide. The occult nature of the onset and the uncertainty of the etiology largely impede the development
of therapeutic strategies for AD. Previous studies revealed that the disorder of energy
metabolism in the brains of AD patients appears far earlier than the typical pathological features of
AD, suggesting a tight association between energy crisis and the onset of AD. Energy crisis in the
brain is known to be induced by the reductions in glucose uptake and utilization, which may be ascribed
to the diminished expressions of cerebral glucose transporters (GLUTs), insulin resistance,
mitochondrial dysfunctions, and lactate dysmetabolism. Notably, the energy sensors such as peroxisome
proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR), transcription factor EB (TFEB), and AMP-activated
protein kinase (AMPK) were shown to be the critical regulators of autophagy, which play important
roles in regulating beta-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, iron
dynamics, as well as ferroptosis. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge on the molecular
mechanisms involved in the energy dysmetabolism of AD and discussed the interplays existing
between energy crisis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. In addition, we highlighted the potential network
in which autophagy may serve as a bridge between energy crisis and ferroptosis in the progression
of AD. A deeper understanding of the relationship between energy dysmetabolism and AD may
provide new insight into developing strategies for treating AD; meanwhile, the energy crisis in the
progression of AD should gain more attention.
Serious Adverse Events Have Not Been Reported with Spinal Intrathecal
Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barmada Amir , Sharan Joshua , Band Nicolas , Prodromos Chadwick 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are partially differentiated multipotent cells. They can be derived from various tissues such as umbilical cord, bone marrow, and adipose tissue. Intrathecal administration of MSCs has shown efficacy for various neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis, autism, traumatic brain injury, and many more.

Objective:
This review will seek to determine whether there are any serious adverse events associated with spinal intrathecal administration of MSCs

Methods:
PubMed was used to search the scientific literature for serious adverse events that are related to spinal intrathecal administration of MSCs. Disease specific searches were performed for neurological conditions that could benefit from intrathecal administration of MSCs. In addition, a general serious adverse events search was performed to identify any additional adverse events.

Results and Dicussion:
A total of 39 studies were included in our analysis. None of the studies reported serious adverse events related to spinal intrathecal administration of MSCs. Notably, no infections, clinical rejection, or tumors were identified.

Conclusion:
Properly performed spinal intrathecal injection of MSCs is exceedingly safe, with no serious adverse events reported based on our exhaustive literature search.