bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting agriculture to climate change via sustainable irrigation: biophysical potentials and feedbacks
Authors: Rosa Lorenzo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Irrigated agriculture accounts for ∼90% of anthropogenic freshwater consumption, is deployed on 22% of cultivated land, and provides 40% of global food production. Expanding irrigation onto currently underperforming rainfed croplands is crucial to meet future global food demand without further agricultural expansion and associated encroachment of natural ecosystems. Establishing irrigation is also a potential climate adaptation solution to alleviate heat- and water-stress to crops and reduce climate variability and extremes. Despite irrigation being one of the land management practices with the largest environmental and hydroclimatic impacts, the role of irrigation to adapt agriculture to climate change and achieve global sustainability goals has just started to be quantified. This study reviews biophysical opportunities and feedbacks of ‘sustainable irrigation’. I describe the concept of sustainable irrigation expansion—where there are opportunities to increase agricultural productivity over currently water-limited rainfed croplands by adopting irrigation practices that do not deplete freshwater stocks and impair aquatic ecosystems. Expanding sustainable irrigation may avert agricultural expansion but create additional externalities that are often neglected. This review highlights major gaps in the analysis and understanding on the role of sustainable irrigation expansion to adapt agriculture to climate change. This study reviews the implications of a potential sustainable irrigation expansion on (a) global food security, (b) hydroclimatic conditions, (c) water quality, (d) soil salinization, (e) water storage infrastructure, and (f) energy use. These implications help to explain the challenges of achieving sustainability in irrigated agriculture and thus also point toward solutions and future research needs.
Spatio-temporal patterns of oasis dynamics in China’s drylands between 1987 and 2017
Authors: Chen Peng , Wang Shuai , Liu Yanxu , Wang Yaping , Li Zidong , Wang Yijia , Zhang Haoyu , Zhang Yaosheng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Oases are among the most productive and vulnerable ecosystems on drylands as well as central areas of human life and economic development. In China, oasis expansion and degradation are directly related to the survival and development of tens of millions of inhabitants who live within them, profoundly affecting human well-being. However, our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of China’s oases has been limited. This creates a challenge to accurately assess the environmental impacts of oasis dynamics and sustainable oasis development. Here we analyzed Landsat images (5 TM, 7 ETM+, and 8 OIL, ∼61 900 images) over the period 1987–2017, and we produced annual maps of China’s oases (30 m spatial resolution) using trajectories and spectral-temporal segmentation algorithm (LandTrendr) and machine-learning methods (Random Forest). We found that oasis areas increased significantly between 1987 and 2017 (+8.82 Mha). Grasslands and croplands expanded the most, and reclamation of deserts and grasslands made cropland the largest gainer. At the provincial scale, oasis expansion in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai was mainly attributed to grassland restoration. In Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia, reclamation of croplands was also an important factor in addition to grassland restoration. With the expansion of the oasis ∼73.36% of areas showed decreasing trends of soil moisture, and even desertification in some areas. The overexpansion of oases might cause a great challenge to regional water security. Our dataset and results can provide a basis for identifying trade-off areas/regions between development benefits and environmental impacts, helping policymakers to identify high-priority areas for intervention and reasonably plan land-use spatial structure in oasis areas for sustainable development of oases.
Environmental Study Comparison between normal and standard culture media for the growth of fungi
Authors: Walli Hazim A. , Ali Wisam jasim Abed 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the use of rice and starch medium in preparing a culture medium for the development of some fungi isolated from the soil and compare it with standard medium PDA, where the fungi were identified microscopically. The media was prepared with the same components as the standard medium. The results showed that the rice and starch medium were significantly superior in the growth of fungi compared to the standard medium, as the rice and starch medium gave the average growth diameter of Aspergillus niger that reached 4.3-4.6 cm compared with the standard medium PDA which reached 4.1-3.8 cm. It was followed by Alternaria alternate at a rate of 3.6-3.4 cm compared to growth on standard medium 3.3-3.1cm, then Rhizopus stolonifera at a rate of 3.5-3.2 cm compared with growth on standard medium 3.2-3.1 cm, in growth on rice and starch culture medium, while it was less growth of Aspergillus flavus at a rate of 4.3-3.9cm compared with growth rates on the standard culture medium 4.4-4.2 cm.
Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus niger from eyes
Authors: Walli Hazim A. , Ali Wisam jasim Abed 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study was carried out to detect the contamination of the eyes with the black fungus and its presence in the eyes, where swabs were taken with the number of 50 swabs from the eyes, of twenty-five healthy people aged 15-30, and twenty-five elderly people aged 50-70 with diabetes. The results showed significant differences in the rate of isolation between healthy people and people suffering from chronic diseases, the results showed that percentage of isolation from elderly was 62.7 %, while the percentage of isolation from healthy people was 37.3%, also three other species were isolated (A.flavus, A.ochracus, A. terreus) in the rate of (16.9, 10.2, 3.4)% respectively in elderly people, but other species were isolated (A.flavus, A.ochracus ) in the rate of (11.9, 6.8)% respectively in healthy people.
Environmental Influence of growth regulators and light condition on some callus traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) in vitro
Authors: Al-Saeedi Abeer Abdul Rahman , Al-Rekaby Layth Sareea 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The study carried out in plant tissue culture laboratory at Department of Biology - College of Science - University of Al-Qadisiyah, included several experiments on the effect of different growth regulators concentration of auxins and cytokinins on the growth and characteristics of callus of Rosmarinus officinalis L. growing under light and dark conditions. Explant ( tops and the lateral buds with a length of 0.5-1.0 cm) sterilized with ethanol solution and sodium hypochlorate, then growing on MS medium with added different concentrations of growth regulators and incubated in the growth chamber under the influence of lighting factor (light and dark) at a temperature of 25 °C, the data were taken every week and after 45 days of cultivation that. The best combination 2,4-D 1.0 mg/l with BA 0.5 mg/l that gave the largest callus weight in the light 3.75 gm, while in the dark, the best combination 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA gave the largest callus weight 3.60 gm, same combination which gave the highest percentage of callus emergence after 2 weeks was 100% in the dark and 95% in the light. The texture, color and shape of the callus varied as the combination
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected Soils from Al-Diwaniyah governorate, Iraq-Case Study
Authors: Kadhim Tania S. , Karam Faiq F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study includes determination of 16 (PAHs ) compounds from soils of Al-Diwaniyah governorate in six polluted sites from August 2020 to May 2021, (PAHs) compounds have carcinogenic and mutagenic activity in biological systems, so their identification in soil samples is considered important. Soxhlet extraction is used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and concentration of these compounds in all samples was determined by using (GC). The summation of all (PAHs) compounds during ten months were (4842.666667 ppm), among all these compounds Benzo[G, H, I]Perylene recorded the maximum cumulative value of (388.8333333 ppm) whereas the minimum value was for Acenapthylene (219.9 ppm).
Effect of Biofertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Flower Yield of African Marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda
Authors: Idan Razzaq Owayez , Abdulsada Ali jabbar , Fleih Abd Sabah 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of three different biofertilizers and their interaction on flower yield and vegetative growth of African marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda. The results showed that biofertilizer treatments have been significantly effect on spread plant, plant height, number of leaves/plant number of branches/plant, flower yield/plot number of flowers/plant, flower yield/plant, and flower yield/hectare. The highest values were obtained (107.17cm), (41.67 flowers/plant), (80.12cm), (21.50 branches/plant), (106.17 leaves/plant), (458.83g flower yield/plant), (4129.50g flower yield/plot) and (41.30 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T5) with (Azotobacter + Azospirillum+ Mycorrhizae). While the lowest values were obtained (67.69cm), (45.86cm), (10.50 branches/plant), (47.03 leaves/plant), (19.00 flowers/plant), (152.00 g flower yield/plant), (1368.00 g flower yield/plot), and (13.6 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T1) with control.
Toxicity Remediation of Petroleum refinery Wastewater by Electrooxidation Techniques Using Graphite Electrode
Authors: radhy Ehab Dheyaa , Najim Sarmad T 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The present experimental study used a successful advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOP) and a parallel-plate electrochemical reactor to investigate the potential of electrochemical oxidation (EO) treatment method for real produced wastewater produced by the Al-Samawah petroleum refinery. In electrochemical oxidation, several electrodes type were employed, with carbon felt and graphite plate serving as the anode. Tests of total organic compounds and chemical oxygen demand have confirmed this. The influence of numerous operational factors on performance, such as current density, supporting electrolyte, the distance between electrodes, and temperature, has been investigated, as well as the energy consumption. After 1 hour of treatment, results were obtained at 40°C, and 15 mA/cm2 using graphite plate anode, that the COD removal was 77.509%. And the TOC removal was 68.13%, by using the direct Electrooxidation technique and COD removal 86.802%, TOC removal 70.662% by using indirect Electrooxidation.
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photo degradation efficiency of Reduced Graphene Oxide – Cadmium sulfide Nanocomposite
Authors: Alwan Duhak Ahmed , Hatem Oraas Adnan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A simple hydrothermal process has been followed to prepare rGO/CdS Nanocomposite. The structural, chemical and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposites were diagnosed and studied using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Surface functional groups were analyzed using FTIR and Raman analysis. FE-SEM was employed to illustrate the particle size and surface morphology of the (rGO/CdS) nanocomposite. Surface area and porosity analysis (BET, BJH)and the elemental composition of the composite was study using EDX analysis.
rGO sheets effectively improve the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Crystal violet dye under visible light irradiation, rGO–CdS nanocomposite possessed high photodegradation efficiency of dye about 85% which was 2.8 time higher than the control CdS
rGO sheets accepting photo induced electrons from cadmium sulfide which reduces the recombination of (electron-hole) in the CdS. These well separated photocatalytic charges also demonstrated the photocatalytic activity of the rGO/CdS composite.
Experimental study and numerical simulation of α lamellar globularization for TC21 titanium alloy during multidirectional forging
Authors: Tao Cheng , Ouyang Delai , Cui Xia , Lan Xixin , Wan Xingcai , Pan Longteng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Evolution of microstructure and the globularization mechanism of α lamellar for TC21 titanium alloy during multi-directional forging (MDF) were analyzed with the help of OM, SEM, EDS and TEM techniques, FE simulation was also used to observe the above process. The main conclusions are as follows: With the increase of temperature, forging cycle and single pass strain, the fraction of globularization of α lamellar gradually improved. The volume fraction of globularization of α lamellar achieves a high value about 85%, the average grain size of TC21 titanium alloy can be refined to 2 μm through MDFed at 910 °C with strain of 0.69 in 3 cycles. Forging cycle is the most key factor to obtain the ideal microstructure. Increasing temperature and MDFed pass can not only promote the fraction of DRX (dynamic recrystallization), but also achieve uniformity of deformation. The error between simulation and experiment is below 14%. DRX is the major globularization mechanism of the α lamellar during MDF. In the early stage of MDF process, the globularization mechanism is boundary splitting accompanied by CDRX (continuous dynamic recrystallization) and DDRX (discontinuous dynamic recrystallization), which is formed by the β phase into α lamella along the sub-grain boundaries. In the later stage of the process, the globularization mechanism is termination migration, which is caused by elements diffusion due to variant curvature of different position of α lamellar, while a slow process for globularization.
Evaluation of applying space-variant resolution modeling to attenuation correction in PET
Authors: Li Ang , Xie Qingguo , Huang Jing , Xiao Peng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Attenuation correction aims to recover the underestimated tracer uptake and improve the image contrast recovery in positron emission tomography (PET). However, traditional ray-tracing-based projection of attenuation maps is inaccurate as some physical effects are not considered, such as finite crystal size, inter-crystal penetration and inter-crystal scatter. In this study, we evaluated the effects of applying resolution modeling (RM) to attenuation correction by implementing space-variant RM to complement physical effects which are usually omitted in the traditional projection model. We verified this method on a brain PET scanner developed by our group, in both Monte Carlo simulation and real-world data, in comparison with space-invariant Gaussian RM, average-depth-of-interaction, and multi-ray tracing methods. The results indicate that the space-variant RM is superior in terms of artifacts reduction and contrast recovery.
Simulation-based study of current gain peaks h
21 at low gate bias in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
*
Authors: Kaushik Pragyey Kumar , Awasthi Shivansh , Kumar Nitish , Goyal Umakant , Mishra Meena , Gupta Ankur , Basu Ananjan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this article, we have presented the effect of low gate bias on short circuit current gain h
21 beyond cutoff frequency in AlGaN/GaN HEMT. A small-signal model, based on its intrinsic and extrinsic parameter values, is simulated beyond the cutoff frequency to analyze its peak. From the study, it has been observed that the first peak of short circuit current gain has the resonance frequency as well as magnitude variation with respect to low gate voltages. Whereas, the second peak of the current gain h
21 has only magnitude dependency on low gate voltage with fixed resonance frequency. The relevance of this study is to provide a comprehensive insight to the circuit designer to efficiently consider these windows of current gain peak beyond the cutoff frequency into their design. For this analysis, we have taken AlGaN/GaN HEMT device with a channel length of 0.8 μm and 2 × 200 μm2 gate width. A measured S-parameter data up to 40 GHz at low gate bias is used to extract the model parameters.
Custody and Intervention Recommendations in Family Law Cases
Authors: Hamel John , Baker Kelley 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChildren have been found to be adversely affected from not only having experienced physical abuse and neglect directly at the hands of their caregivers but also from having witnessed abuse between those caregivers, known as intimate partner violence (IPV). Because existing statutes limit child custody access to parents who have been shown to have engaged in such behavior, accusations are routinely brought forth by attorneys in family court cases on behalf of litigating parents. In this chapter, an overview is presented of the research evidence on IPV and its impact on the well-being of children. It is argued that accusations of IPV, while often valid, are too often false, exaggerated, or based on a misunderstanding of the extant scholarly research literature. Assessment procedures are suggested by which custody evaluators can make more informed decisions, so that children are protected from abuse and parental rights are not unnecessarily abridged.
The Same Coin
Authors: Harman Jennifer , Kruk Edward 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The gender paradigm of intimate partner violence (IPV) research and theory has strongly influenced scholarly work on parental alienation. This paradigm has created a false “divide” between IPV and parental alienation scholars and professionals who work in these areas and has created unproductive and unnecessary conflict. This chapter highlights and draws parallels between research on IPV and parental alienating behaviors (PABs) to illustrate that they describe the same phenomenon. We also draw parallels in the research on how IPV and PABs affect the targets of these behaviors, their similarities in the patterns of abuse and motives of the perpetrator, and explore how children are affected. Finally, we detail how the gender paradigm has created controversies and the suppression of parental alienation and offers some solutions and suggestions on how this false divide can be bridged.
Couples and Family Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Bennett Victoria E. , Chu Janella , Pollard Deanna , Babcock Julia 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread public health problem that that has significant consequences for couples, their children, and their entire family unit. Traditional interventions take a one-size-fits-all approach and neglect the needs of couples that have children or wish to stay together. Although controversial, a small, but growing body of literature indicates that couples therapy is a safe and effective intervention for couples experiencing situational couple violence. Additionally, exposure to IPV has significant consequences for child witnesses and implications for children’s relationships later in adulthood. As such, there are a number of intervention and prevention programs for child witnesses and teen populations. These programs appear promising for reducing the harmful effects in childhood and decreasing the likelihood that adolescents will experience teen dating violence and IPV into adulthood.
Afterword: Recommendations and Resources
Authors: Hamel John , Russell Brenda , Dutton Don , Cox Jennifer 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The chapters presented in this text offer insight and suggested reforms designed to ensure victim safety while balancing the rights of criminal defendants and the family unit. This afterword reviews recently suggested reform recommendations based on empirical literature and domestic violence organizations presently working to advance domestic violence policy and procedure. As this book has demonstrated, the gender paradigm can often lead to injustice in the criminal justice system. We review ideas for reform initiatives in arrest and prosecution, education, and intervention. States are encouraged to utilize evidence-based approaches and revise their current policies and standards to ensure equal protection for all victims while holding abusers accountable. Helpful resources are provided that can be used to develop more effective and inclusive domestic violence policy and procedures.
Twenty Years of Leptosphaeria maculans Population Survey in France Suggests Pyramiding Rlm3 and Rlm7 in Rapeseed Is a Risky Resistance Management Strategy
Authors: Balesdent Marie-Hélène , Gautier Angélique , Plissonneau Clémence , Le Meur Loïc , Loiseau Alizée , Leflon Martine , Carpezat Julien , Pinochet Xavier , Rouxel Thierry 
Published: May 2022

Strategies for plant resistance gene deployment aim to preserve their durability to highly adaptable fungal pathogens. While the pyramiding of resistance genes is often proposed as an effective way to increase their durability, molecular mechanisms by which the pathogen can overcome the resistance also are important aspects to take into account. Here, we report a counterexample where pyramiding of two resistance genes of Brassica napus, Rlm3 and Rlm7, matching the Leptosphaeria maculans avirulence genes AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7, respectively, favored the selection of double-virulent isolates. We previously demonstrated that the presence of a functional AvrLm4-7 gene in an isolate masks the Rlm3-AvrLm3 recognition. Rlm7 was massively deployed in France since 2004. L. maculans populations were surveyed on a large scale (>7,600 isolates) over a period of 20 years, and resistance gene deployment at the regional scale was determined. Mutations in isolates overcoming both resistance genes were analyzed. All data indicated that the simultaneous success of Rlm7, the deployment of varieties pyramiding Rlm3 and Rlm7, along with the decrease in areas cultivated with Rlm3 only, contributed to the success of virulent isolates toward Rlm7, and more recently to both Rlm3 and Rlm7. Experimental field assays proved that resistance gene alternation was a better strategy compared with pyramiding in this context. Our study also illustrated an unusually high sequence diversification of AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7 under such a selection pressure, and identified a few regions of the AvrLm4-7 protein involved in both its recognition by Rlm7 and in its AvrLm3-Rlm3 masking ability. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .