(Invited, Digital Presentation) Translational Multiplexed Electroanalytical Biotools for Assisting Personalized Diagnosis and Follow-up of Known or Unexpected Diseases
Authors: Campuzano Ruiz Susana , Barderas Rodrigo , Povedano Eloy , Montero-Calle Ana , Torrente-Rodríguez Rebeca M. , Solís-Fernández Guillermo , Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel Víctor , Gamella Maria , Serafín Verónica , Pedrero María , Pingarron José M. 
Published: July 2022

The evolution of human diseases involves a highly dynamic and interactive system of multiple layers of molecular markers. Therefore, it is now fully accepted that simultaneous analysis of molecular markers from the same or different omics layers leads to novel strategies for their realistic early detection and monitoring, thus improving disease prevention, treatment, and outcomes. In this regard, features such as versatility for profiling multiple and/or multi-omics biomarkers, simplicity, affordable cost, markedly shorter analysis time and smaller sample amount required for analyses compared to conventional or state-of-the-art methodologies, make electrochemical bioplatforms suitable alternatives for routine determinations in clinical and basic research settings. The great advances demonstrated by electrochemical biosensors in recent years have gone hand in hand with the development of new electrochemical substrates, attractive surface chemistries, bioassay formats and amplification strategies, but also with the production and application of new bioreceptors, such as those provided by HaloTag and Phage Display technologies, which has allowed these devices to incur and demonstrate pioneering applications.
With all this in mind, this communication will discuss bioelectroanalytical tools recently developed by us and our partners potentially transferable to the clinic due to their simplicity, cost, testing time and decentralized character, which have shown pioneering applications to decisively aid in personalized diagnostics by targeting methylation events in nucleic acids both globally and regionally and deregulated autoantibody expression.
These biotools have shown to be able to determine simultaneously and with monobasic sensitivity the most common methylated bases in nucleic acids: 5-methylcytosine 5-mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and N6-methyladenine (6mA) in DNA and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in RNA, both globally and regionally and without adopting other amplification strategies than conventional enzymatic labeling [1,2]. A multiplexed platform was proposed with application to the global determination of m6A in total RNA extracted from colorectal cancer cells with different metastatic potential, and to the determination of global methylations of 5-mC, 5-hmC and 6mA in genomic DNA extracted from matched tumor and healthy tissues of CRC patients. The obtained results demonstrated the clinical potential of the developed multiplexed bioplatform to discriminate the aggressiveness of tumor cells as well as tumor versus healthy tissues (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 87.5, 100 and 75 %, respectively, using Ward's clustering method) in only 45 min from small amounts (no more than 100 ng) of denatured genomic DNA and crude total RNA without fragmentation and amplification.
As for the electroanalytical bioplatforms developed for autoantibodies determination, they have shown ability to identify and confirm the clinical potential of previously undescribed specific autoantibody signatures against i) tumor-associated antigens, identified in the circulation or in tumor exosomes, for early and differential diagnosis of a given neoplasm [3,4]; ii) phage-derived and aberrant HaloTagged peptides to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) [5]; and iii) SARS-CoV-2 serum-specific immunoglobulins to identify vulnerable population or with natural or acquired immunizations, allowing early detection of exaggerated immune system responses or epidemiological studies on the strain responsible for the infection and the efficacy of available vaccines against the different variants of the virus.
It is exciting and rewarding to think that we are tackling and developing highly versatile technologies with the potential to efficiently provide relevant information on key aspects of known and unexpected diseases, such as their onset, severity, and immune response, enabling their management in a fast, simple, affordable, and personalized way in diverse settings.
[1] Povedano et al. Anal. Chem. 92 (2020) 5604−5612.
[2] Povedano et al. Anal. Chim. Acta 1182 (2021) 338946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338946.
[3] Garranzo-Asensio et al. Theranostics 10(7) (2020) 3022–3034.
[4] Montero-Calle et al. Engineering (2021) in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.04.026.
[5] Valverde et al. Analysis & Sensing 1 (2021) 161-165.
The financial support of PID2019-103899RB-I00 (Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), Research Project, PI17CIII/00045 and PI20CIII/00019 grants from the AES-ISCIII program grants from the AES-ISCIII program and the TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM Program from the Comunidad de Madrid (Grant S2018/NMT-4349) are gratefully acknowledged.