bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Online Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Martin Florence , Bolliger Doris U. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDesign is critical in online learning. This chapter reviews research and practice on designing effective online courses in higher education. Firstly, the importance of design in online learning is described including asynchronous, synchronous, and bichronous delivery methods, as well as the significance of course organization and meeting learner needs in online courses. Secondly, we provide a brief overview of online course design research in higher education. Thirdly, standards and rubrics for online course design from US colleges and universities as well as professional organizations across the world are reviewed. Fourthly, we describe a research-based and validated online course design element rubric, which includes overview, course presentation, interaction and communication, assessment and evaluation, and student support. Fifthly, the chapter describes how instructors can be prepared for and supported in online course design, incorporating administrator support, pedagogical support, technology support, and personnel support. Sixthly, the role of instructional designers in online course design is described. The chapter concludes with recommendations for instructors and designers and topics for future research.
(Super)Schwarzian mechanics
Authors: Kozyrev Nikolay , Krivonos Sergey 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper we revisit the construction of supersymmetric Schwarzians using nonlinear realizations. We show that $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 supersymmetric Schwarzians can be systematically obtained as certain projections of Maurer-Cartan forms of superconformal groups after imposing simple conditions on them. We also present the supersymmetric Schwarzian actions defined as the integrals of products of Cartan forms. In contrast with the previous attempts to obtain the super-Schwarzians within nonlinear realizations technique, our set of constraints does not impose any restriction on the super-Schwarzians.
Mapping out the internal space in AdS/BCFT with Wilson loops
Authors: Coccia Lorenzo , Uhlemann Christoph F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study Wilson loops in string theory realizations of AdS/BCFT and wedge holography. The field theories are based on 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 long quiver gauge theories engineered by D3, D5 and NS5 branes, and on BCFTs involving 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM coupled to such 3d theories. The holographic duals have geometry AdS4× S2× S2 warped over a strip. We identify the holographic representation of antisymmetric Wilson loops associated with individual 3d gauge nodes in terms of probe D5-branes. The expectation values obtained holographically are matched to supersymmetric localization computations. Our results yield an identification of regions in the internal space with individual 3d gauge nodes. Connecting to bottom-up braneworld models, this gives a concrete notion of which parts of the 10d solutions correspond to the end-of-the-world brane and which to the remaining bulk. We also construct supersymmetric Janus on the brane embeddings in AdS5×S5, which describe surface defects with boundaries and interfaces in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM.
A two-way approach to out-of-time-order correlators
Authors: Gu Yingfei , Kitaev Alexei , Zhang Pengfei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) are a standard measure of quantum chaos. Of the four operators involved, one pair may be regarded as a source and the other as a probe. A usual approach, applicable to large-N systems such as the SYK model, is to replace the actual source with some mean-field perturbation and solve for the probe correlation function on the double Keldysh contour. We show how to obtain the OTOC by combining two such solutions for perturbations propagating forward and backward in time. These dynamical perturbations, or scrambling modes, are considered on the thermofield double background and decomposed into a coherent and an incoherent part. For the large-q SYK, we obtain the OTOC in a closed form. We also prove a previously conjectured relation between the Lyapunov exponent and high-frequency behavior of the spectral function.
Quantum extremal islands made easy. Part IV. Massive black holes on the brane
Authors: Grimaldi Guglielmo , Hernandez Juan , Myers Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study two-dimensional eternal black holes with non-zero mass, where each asymptotic boundary is in contact with a CFT on a circle, following the doubly holographic braneworld models constructed in [1–3]. We compute the Page curve of the black hole (or the bath CFTs), which amounts to finding different geodesics in the bulk BTZ geometry with a Randall-Sundrum brane falling into the black hole. We also explore the possibility of including an intrinsic JT gravity action on the brane. As expected, the generalized entropy rises linearly at early times. However, there is a transition to a late-time phase in which the entropy remains constant. The value of the late-time entropy depends on the size of the thermal baths. For a small size, it corresponds to the thermal entropy of the baths, while for large size, it corresponds to twice the horizon entropy of the black hole. The critical size and the Page time are proportional to ratio of the central charges of the conformal defect and the bath CFT.
School burnout trends and sociodemographic factors in Finland 2006–2019
Authors: Read Sanna , Hietajärvi Lauri , Salmela-Aro Katariina 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To identify the changes of school burnout for Finnish adolescents in lower (grades 8–9) and upper secondary schools (grades 10–11) during years 2006–2019; and to examine the associations of personal—(gender, family socioeconomic, and immigrant status) and school-related (school level, urban–rural area) sociodemographic demands and resources in school burnout.

Methods
We used nationally representative data on 949,347 students in secondary school in Finland between 2006 and 2019. Generalized Linear Models were used to assess the effects of year, gender, school level, parental education, unemployment, immigrant status, and urban–rural area and the interactions of year, gender, and school level with each of the remaining sociodemographic variables on school burnout.

Results
School burnout increased among girls and slightly declined among boys. The increase intensified in girls and the decline in boys stagnated after 2011. The educational level of the parents had a constant protective impact over time, the gradient for boys slightly larger compared to girls. Urban areas contributed to the trend of increasing school burnout among girls but not among boys. Parental unemployment and immigration background were associated with the increasing trend of school burnout over time, although somewhat mitigated by parental education.

Conclusion
The results showed the trends in school burnout are often gendered and appeared to worsen aligned with the school budget cuts after 2011. In addition to considering school burnout related to lower parental education and urbanization, it is important to support those students in families experiencing unemployment and/or immigration, especially when concurring with lower parental education.
Manner of death, causes of death and autopsies in infants, children and adolescents
Authors: Feld Katharina , Feld Dustin , Quandel Kristin , Banaschak Sibylle 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChild mortality is an issue that is repeatedly discussed internationally and is subject to strong fluctuations depending on the country and region and the respective levels of development. Several studies on child mortality are available from e.g., the USA; however, data from institutes in Germany are still lacking.The present study compared data on the manner and causes of deaths of infants, children and adolescents in Germany from 2002 to 2012 on different levels (the Institute of Legal Medicine and the Public Health Department, both in Cologne, as well as nationwide) with international data. Special attention is paid to autopsy figures and cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).Throughout the observation period, child mortality decreased overall in all levels of data. Mortality rates were highest in the first year of life, with natural causes of death (premature birth, malformations, SIDS) dominating. With increasing age the number of non-natural deaths and thus, accident-related deaths, especially transportation accidents, increased.Reasons for the reduced number of cases can be nationally effective prevention and awareness campaigns as well as constantly improving medical care. At a local level, targeted educational work leads to higher numbers of autopsies, particularly in cases of SIDS. In principle, the results of this study are generally comparable with other studies on child mortality, although the available data can only be used for detailed analyses to a limited extent
Towards Uniform Online Spherical Tessellations
Authors: Bell Paul C. , Potapov Igor 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe problem of uniformly placing N points onto a sphere finds applications in many areas. For example, points on the sphere correspond to unit quaternions as well as to the group of rotations SO(3) and the online version of generating uniform rotations (known as “incremental generation”) plays a crucial role in a large number of engineering applications ranging from robotics and aeronautics to computer graphics. An online version of this problem was recently studied with respect to the gap ratio as a measure of uniformity. The first online algorithm of Chen et al. was upper-bounded by 5.99 and later improved to 3.69, which is achieved by considering a circumscribed dodecahedron followed by a recursive decomposition of each face. In this paper we provide a more efficient tessellation technique based on the regular icosahedron, which improves the upper-bound for the online version of this problem, decreasing it to approximately 2.84. Moreover, we show that the lower bound for the gap ratio of placing at least three points is $$({1+\sqrt{5}})/2\approx 1.618$$

(

1
+

5

)
/
2
≈
1.618

and for at least four points is no less than 1.726.
Oral bacteria in infective endocarditis requiring surgery: a retrospective analysis of 134 patients
Authors: Deppe Herbert , Reitberger Julia , Behr Alexandra V. , Vitanova Keti , Lange Rüdiger , Wantia Nina , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Sculean Anton , Ritschl Lucas M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objectives
It has been reported that bacteria associated with infective endocarditis originate from the oral cavity in 26–45% of cases. However, little is known on the counts and species of periodontal microbiota in infected heart valves. The aim of this study was to identify these aspects of periodontal microbiota in infective endocarditis and to potentially initiate a dental extraction concept for periodontally compromised teeth concerning patients requiring heart valve surgery.

Materials and methods
The retrospective study group consisted of tissue samples from infected heart valves of 683 patients who had undergone heart valve surgery. Before patients had undergone cardiac surgery, the following laboratory tests confirmed the occurrence of endocarditis in all patients: blood cultures, echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and electrophoresis of the serum proteins. The specimens were aseptically obtained and deep frozen immediately following surgery. Microbiological diagnosis included proof of germs (dichotomous), species of germs, and source of germs (oral versus other).

Results
Microbiota was detected in 134 (31.2%) out of 430 enrolled patients. Oral cavity was supposed to be the source in 10.4% of cases, whereas microbiota of the skin (57.5%) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT, 24.6%) were detected considerably more frequently. Moreover, periodontal bacteria belonged mostly to the Streptococci species and the yellow complex. None of the detected bacteria belonged to the red complex.

Conclusion
Most frequently, the skin and GIT represented the site of origin of the microbiota. Nevertheless, the oral cavity represented the source of IE in up to 10%.
Consequently, it needs to be emphasized that a good level of oral hygiene is strongly recommended in all patients undergoing heart valve surgery in order to reduce the bacterial load in the oral cavity, thereby minimizing the hematogenous spread of oral microbiota. The prerequisites for conservative dental treatment versus radical tooth extraction must always be based on the patient’s cooperation, and the clinical intraoral status on a sense of proportion in view of the overall clinical situation due to the underlying cardiac disease.

Clinical relevance
The oral cavity is a source of oral microbiota on infected heart valves. Patients requiring heart valve surgery should always undergo a critical evaluation of dental treatment affecting periodontally compromised teeth, favoring a systematic, conservative-leaning recall.
Transforming fire governance in British Columbia, Canada: an emerging vision for coexisting with fire
Authors: Copes-Gerbitz Kelsey , Hagerman Shannon M. , Daniels Lori D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The dominant command and control fire governance paradigm is proven ineffective at coping with modern wildfire challenges. In response, jurisdictions globally are calling for transformative change that will facilitate coexisting with future fires. Enacting transformative change requires attention to historical governance attributes that may enable or constrain transformation, including diverse actors, objectives, worldviews of fire, decision-making processes and power, legislation, and drivers of change. To identify potential pathways for transformative change, we systematically examined the history of fire governance attributes in British Columbia (BC), Canada (until 2020), a region that has experienced seven catastrophic fire seasons in the twenty-first century. By reviewing 157 provincial historical documents and interviewing 19 fire experts, we delineated five distinct governance eras that demonstrated the central role of government actors with decision-making power shaping fire governance through time, superseding First Nations fire governance starting in the 1870s. The emerging vision for transformation proposed by interviewees focuses on the need for increased decision-making power for community actors, yet legacies of entrenched government power and organizational silos between fire and forestry continue to constrain transformation. Although progress to overcome constraints has been made, we argue that enabling transformative change in fire governance in BC will require intervention by the provincial government to leverage modern drivers of change, including recent catastrophic fire seasons and reconciliation with First Nations.
Interpreting wind damage risk–how multifunctional forest management impacts standing timber at risk of wind felling
Authors: Potterf Mária , Eyvindson Kyle , Blattert Clemens , Burgas Daniel , Burner Ryan , Stephan Jörg G. , Mönkkönen Mikko 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLandscape multifunctionality, a widely accepted challenge for boreal forests, aims to simultaneously provide timber, non-timber ecosystem services, and shelter for biodiversity. However, multifunctionality requires the use of novel forest management regimes optimally combined over the landscape, and an increased share of sets asides. It remains unclear how this combination will shape stand vulnerability to wind disturbances and exposed timber volume. We combined forest growth simulations and multi-objective optimization to create alternative landscape level forest management scenarios. Management choices were restricted to 1) rotation forestry, 2) continuous cover forestry, and 3) all regimes allowed over a harvest intensity gradient from completely set aside landscapes to maximal economic gain. Estimates for the stands’ structural and environmental characteristics were used to predict the stand level wind damage probability. We evaluated averaged wind-exposed standing timber volume and changing forest structure under management scenarios. Intensive rotation forestry reduced tree heights and wind damage risk, but also reduced landscape multifunctionality. Conversely, continuous cover forestry maintained multifunctionality but increased wind damage probability due to taller trees and higher thinning frequency. Overall, continuous cover forestry lowers the total volume of wind exposed timber at any given time compared with rotation forestry. Nevertheless, a selective application of rotation forestry contributes to high economic gains and increases landscape heterogeneity. A combination of management approaches across landscapes provides an efficient way to reduce the amount of wind-exposed timber volume while also increasing habitat for vertebrate and non-vertebrate species and satisfying high timber demands.
Palliative Care bei über 80-jährigen Patienten mit COVID‑19-Pneumonie auf der Intensivstation – invasive Beatmung zielführend?
Authors: Vohla Dagmar 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungMit dem Auftreten des neuartigen SARS-CoV-2-Virus im Februar 2020 und der damit assoziierten COVID‑19-Viruspneumonie kam es zu einer Vielzahl schwer erkrankter Patienten auf den Intensivstationen. Gerade zu Beginn der Pandemie zeigte sich eine hohe Mortalität insbesondere der intubierten Patienten. Auch wenn sich durch gewonnene Erfahrungswerte in der Beatmung der schwer kranken Patienten die Mortalitätsrate senken ließ, beträgt sie in der Patientengruppe der über 80-Jährigen weiterhin 80 %. Anhand des vorgestellten Patientenbeispiels wird erörtert, inwieweit validierte Scores unterstützen, eine Entscheidung bezüglich einer möglichen Intubation vs. Best Supportive Care zu finden.
Genome-edited versus genetically-modified tomatoes: an experiment on people’s perceptions and acceptance of food biotechnology in the UK and Switzerland
Authors: Bearth Angela , Kaptan Gulbanu , Kessler Sabrina Heike 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBiotechnology might contribute to solving food safety and security challenges. However, gene technology has been under public scrutiny, linked to the framing of the media and public discourse. The study aims to investigate people’s perceptions and acceptance of food biotechnology with focus on transgenic genetic modification versus genome editing. An online experiment was conducted with participants from the United Kingdom (n = 490) and Switzerland (n = 505). The participants were presented with the topic of food biotechnology and more specifically with experimentally varied vignettes on transgenic and genetic modification and genome editing (scientific uncertainty: high vs. low, media format: journalistic vs. user-generated blog). The results suggest that participants from both countries express higher levels of acceptance for genome editing compared to transgenic genetic modification. The general and personal acceptance of these technologies depend largely on whether the participants believe the application is beneficial, how they perceive scientific uncertainty, and the country they reside in. Our findings suggest that future communication about gene technology should focus more on discussing trade-offs between using an agricultural technologies and tangible and relevant benefits, instead of a unidimensional focus on risk and safety.
Developments in Pb-210 methodologies to provide chronologies for environmental change
Authors: Hunter H. N. , Gowing C. J. B. , Marriott A. L. , Lacey J. H. , Dowell S. , Watts M. J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChronologies generated from core profiles to apply dates to environmental changes commonly use the measurement of the activity of radionuclides deposited and stratified with physical environmental material. The most commonly reported nuclide to define chronologies covering the last 150 years is Pb-210, for which accepted data processing methodologies in the literature have focussed on the constant rate of supply (CRS) model and the more recently published Bayesian Plum model. This short communication describes a validation approach using defined sediment layers referred to as ‘varve’ counting, which provide known points of reference to account for uncertainty between generated dates from each model using published Pb-210 measurements. A significant improvement in the chronologies was observed when applying reference date corrections to the models. This was shown to be essential in providing confidence in reported datasets and accuracy of predicted chronologies, which will better inform the interpretation of environmental change, e.g. sedimentation rates, climate change, pollution pathways and land degradation. Generated chronologies from both the CRS and Plum methods showed good agreement with the established varve dates (typically < 4-year difference).
Serum Uric Acid as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Wang Zitao , Wang Wen , Xiang Ting , Gong Bangdong , Xie Jianmin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested a correlation between uric acid (UA) and lung lesion in some diseases. However, it remains unknown whether UA contributes to the lung injury in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our study aimed to investigate the clinical value of the UA level in the severity of rheumatoid arthritis–associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). We measured UA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and UA levels of subjects were compared. As for the role of UA on ILD, we incubated A549 cells with UA and the expression of EMT markers was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The concentrations and messenger RNA expression of IL-1, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. We observed that serum UA levels in RA were significantly higher than those in controls. And, higher UA was measured in both serum and BALF of patients with RA-ILD, particularly those with interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern. Additionally, the correlation of the serum and BALF UA levels with serum KL-6, a biomarker of ILDs, in RA was significant (r = 0.44, p < 0.01; r = 0.43, p < 0.01). And, the negative correlations of UA, in both serum and BALF, with forced vital capacity (r =  −0.61, p < 0.01; r =  −0.34, p < 0.01) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (r =  −0.43, p < 0.01; r =  −0.30, p < 0.01) were measured in patients. In the ROC curve analysis, the AUC value of UA for RA-ILD was 0.744 (95% CI: 0.69–0.80; p < 0.01), and the AUC of serum UA for predicting UIP pattern of patients with RA-ILD was 0.845 (95% CI: 0.78–0.91; p < 0.01), which showed the significance of the UA in clinical settings. Also, the in vitro experiment showed that UA induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and production of IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-β in A549 cells. Therefore, the elevated UA levels may be a diagnostic marker in RA-ILD, particularly RA-UIP.