bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personalising knowledge assessments to remove compensation and thereby improve preparation for safe practice - developing content adaptive progress testing
Authors: Burr Steven Ashley , Kisielewska Jolanta , Zahra Daniel , Hodgins Ian , Robinson Iain , Millin Paul , Gale Thomas , Santos Nuno , Pêgo José Miguel Gomes Moreira 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An increasing number of data across many higher education programmes indicate that the traditional construction of knowledge assessments allows students to pass all exams even if they lack knowledge in certain areas of the curriculum. This may be particularly problematic for healthcare programmes such as medicine, where students can graduate without achieving sufficient competency in certain subjects. Summative and formative knowledge assessments may indicate areas of weakness, but there is no guarantee that students will address them. Therefore, compensation of content both within and across assessments can potentially lead to graduating students with insufficient knowledge. To address this issue and remove any compensation it is now possible to use personalised knowledge assessments in the form of adaptive progress testing to improve graduate students’ knowledge and increase their safety to practice. Computerized adaptive assessments utilise algorithms to select items depending on the candidate’s previous answers. Such assessments can select questions according to their difficulty or content of the blueprint. Adaptive testing by difficulty aims to give a more reliable measure of each individual student’s performance, while adaptive testing by content aims to ensure successful performance in all required content by all students. Here we present an overview of computerised adaptive progress testing and discuss the rationale and practicality of this approach to assessment.
Confirmation of the presence of Anopheles stephensi among a conflict-affected host community in Aden City, Yemen
Authors: Allan R , Weetman D , Sauskojus H , Budge S , Hawail T Bin , Awash A , Baheshm Y 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background Declines in global malaria cases and deaths since the millennium are currently challenged by multiple factors including funding limitations, limits of, and resistance to vector control tools, and also recent spread of the invasive vector species, Anopheles stephensi – especially into novel urban settings where malaria rates are typically low. Coupled with general increases in urbanisation and escalations in the number of conflicts creating rapid and unplanned population displacement into urban areas, particularly in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, increased urban malaria is a major threat to control and elimination. MethodsEntomological monitoring surveys (targeting Aedes aegypti) of water containers across urban areas hosting internally displaced people (IDP) communities in Aden city, Yemen, were performed by The MENTOR Initiative, a non-governmental organisation. As part of these surveys, in 2021 In 23 larvae collected and raised to adults were morphologically identified as An. stephensi. Twelve of the samples were sent to Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for independent morphological assessment and genetic analysis by sequencing the ribosomal ITS2 region and the mitochondrial COI gene. ResultsAll twelve samples were confirmed morphologically and by sequence comparisons to the NCBI BLAST database as An. stephensi, with phylogenetic analysis of the COI sequences identifying a single haplotype with closest relationship to a haplotype found in Djibouti and Ethiopia. ConclusionOur results confirm the presence of An. stephensi in Yemen. Discovery of the species in an urban community hosting thousands of IDPs living in temporary shelters with widescale dependency on open water containers is of particular concern due to the vulnerability of the population and abundance of favourable breeding sites for the vector. Proactive monitoring and targeted integrated vector management are required to limit impacts in this area of typically low malaria transmission, and to prevent further the spread of An. stephensi within the region.
Geopolymer Mortar: A Parametric Study of Its Properties with Several Activator Mixtures
Authors: JAIN BOHRA VINAY KUMAR , RUBEN NERELLA , CH MADDURU SRI RAMA 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this research, a parametric study of geopolymer mortar that is the outcome of a variety of different combinations of alkali activation is being developed. In this experimental study, four series of geopolymer paste that differed in the combination of alkali activation were made by activating low calcium fly ash. The results of this study were presented in the form of a study report. In each and every experiment, the activators were heated to a constant 30 degrees Celsius for a period of time equal to 24 hours. After exposing the geopolymer samples to a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for forty-eight hours, the curing process was considered successful. In this study, the factors such as strength and microstructure were examined. The Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) techniques were applied in such a way as to analyse the microstructural and mineralogical characteristics of geopolymer specimens.
Cellular gp96 upregulates AFP expression by blockade of NR5A2 SUMOylation and ubiquitination in HCC
Authors: Qian Liyuan , Liang Zhentao , Wang Jiuru , Li Xin , Zhao Jingmin , Li Zihai , Chen Lizhao , Liu Yongai , ju Ying , Li Changfei , Meng Songdong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
AFP is the most widely used biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, a substantial proportion of HCC patients have either normal or marginally increased AFP levels in serum, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we provided in vitro as well as in vivo evidence that heat shock protein gp96 promoted AFP expression at the transcriptional level in HCC. NR5A2 was identified as a key transcription factor regulated by AFP and its stability was enhanced by gp96. A further mechanistic study by CO-IP, GST-pull down and molecular docking showed the competitive binding of gp96 and SUMO E3 ligase RanBP2 to NR5A2 at the sites spanning from aa 507 to 539. The binding of gp96 inhibited SUMOylating, ubiquitination, and subsequent degradation of NR5A2. In addition, clinical analysis of HCC patients indicated that gp96 expression was positively correlated to serum AFP levels in tumors. Therefore, our study uncovered the novel regulatory mechanism of gp96 on the stability of its client proteins by directly affecting their SUMOylation and ubiquitination. These findings will help in designing more accurate AFP-based HCC diagnosis and progression monitoring approaches.
eHealth, Teledentistry and Health Workforce Challenges: An observational study
Authors: Németh Orsolya , Simon Fanni , Benhamida Abdallah , Kivovics Márton , Gaál Péter 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the 21st century, health systems have to cope with the challenges posed by their rapidly changing socioeconomic, ecological, technological, demographic and epidemiological environment. Among these, the use of digital health solutions is an opportunity to make health systems better, but also a compelling force to change, which disrupts the traditional organizational and operational framework of medical care. This study is based on a survey of the dental care provided by three units (Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Orthodontics) of the Department of Community Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest. During a period of 12 weeks, we have collected time balance data on 1131 patients, 539 in the traditional and 592 in a pilot teledentistry setting, in order to estimate how much time could be spared by monitoring patients through videoconferencing instead of face-to-face visits. According to our findings, teledentistry has the potential to shorten the visit with an average of 5-10 minutes per patient, which adds up to 58-116 work hours in a year. If the pilot was rolled out to all the 13 chairs of the surveyed 3 specialties (orthodontics, periodontology and oral medicine) the time saving would sum up to 186 workdays in one shift alone, which would translate to close to 4,500 additional patients per year, considering remote patient monitoring cases alone. Further, if inactive doctors and highly qualified dental hygienists were involved in delivering telecare, 2,67 times as many workdays could be spared, which would allow about 12,000 more patients treated per year. The rapid development of digital health technologies coupled with the evolving task distribution between health professionals have a great potential to improve health system performance in pursuit of population health. Unfortunately, the adaptation to these technological changes is uneven, and without a national strategy, the poor will unlikely benefit from these opportunities in public dental care.
A Six-Year Learning by Teaching Life Supportive First Aid Program to Generate Peer Trainer Pupils. A Prospective Case Control Study
Authors: Amelunxen Berndt , Kirk Samantha , Hind Julian , Illibauer Jennifer , Krall Christoph , Lessing Sebastian , Noyelle Aurelien , Murphy Peter , Sterz Fritz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background Out of hospital cardiac arrest is a life-threatening condition. To improve the chances of survival, lay-person cardio-pulmonary-resuscitation (CPR) is a crucial factor. Many bystanders, fail to react appropriately, even if programs and campaigns tried to increase the handling of basic cardiac life support. To achieve an improved appreciation and learning of CPR, a pupil’s repetitive self “learning by teaching” program was established. Methods The appreciation and learning of CPR was investigated in a prospective, case-controlled study at an international school. Pupils (12 ±3 years old) joining CPR courses (n =538, female: 243, attendance for evaluation: 476) were compared to a control group (n =129, female: 52, attendance for evaluation: 102). Surveys and quality of CPR (QCPR%) through a computer linked “Resusci Anne” dummy were compared with Chi-squared tests, t-tests pair wisely, and by one-way ANOVA. Results Knowledge and skills on the “Resusci Anne” were significant better in trained grade 9 pupils compared to the control group (QCPR, 59 vs 25%). The number of courses each grade 9 student had, correlated with improved practical performance (r2 =0.21, p <0.001). The willingness to deliver CPR to strangers increased with improved practical performance. Attitudes of gained knowledge, performance of CPR, and appreciation of this topic were high in all participating grades. Conclusion This program confirms the opportunity to successfully establish a new self-running system of school-based pupil’s repetitive “learning by teaching” life-supporting first aid courses with no running costs and to create pupils as peer teachers.
Exploring Chain-Breaking Antioxidants Profile Dependent at Various pH and co-Antioxidants
Authors: Kumar Manish , Sharma Deepika , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Understanding towards chain-breaking antioxidants as potent inhibitors of lipid peroxyl radicals, high-throughput efforts have been investigated for antioxidant behaviour of 6-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-8 hexadecyltelluro [1,3]dioxepino[5,6-c]pyridin-9-ol and 2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophene-5-ol in the two phase (chlorobenzene/water) lipid peroxidation model system at various pH 1-7 and mild co-antioxidants such as (glutathione, dithiothreitol, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, and potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, sodium metasulfite, and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride). The key chain-breaking mechanism profile was attributed towards the first oxygen transfer atom from the lipid peroxyl radical to the Se/Te atoms and then hydrogen atom transfer from the nearby phenolic group by the alkoxyl radical due to the weak O-H bond dissociation energy in the solvent cage. Finally, the regeneration could take place by the presence of aqueous soluble co-antioxidants that increased the inhibition time of antioxidants more efficiently than α-tocopherol. Tellurium analouge at pH 2-5 in presence of N-acetylcysteine offered better protection for chain-breaking capacity than the selenium analouge. In the presence of aqueous soluble N-acetylcysteine at pH 1-7, both antioxidants in the present study behaved very good inhibitors of lipid peroxyl radicals.
Using genetic profiling for short and long term improved and eco-responsible management of shark problem individuals
Authors: Clua Eric Emile Germain , Meyer Carl , Linnell John , Baksay Sandra , Haguenauer Anne , Vely Michel , Vignaud Thomas , Planes Serge 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
DNA evidence is routinely used to identify individual predators responsible for attacks on people and livestock in terrestrial settings. However, the transfer of DNA techniques to aquatic environments for similar purposes is a recent development. To date, DNA barcoding has been used successfully to identify shark species depredating fish catches and biting surfboards and neoprene surfaces. In this study we demonstrate the successful DNA barcoding and fingerprinting of an individual tiger shark from transfer DNA collected directly from the wounds of two shark bite victims within two incidents that occurred 30 days and 85 km apart. This finding supports the existence of problem individuals among large shark species that target humans as potential prey. The successful use of DNA techniques to identify both species and specific individuals responsible for shark bites opens the door to selective removal of these individuals as an innovative shark bite risk management strategy. This selective approach would be a more effective, eco-responsible, cost-effective and ethical solution for vulnerable taxa than ongoing non-selective culling campaigns.
Applications of N-Halo Reagents in Multicomponent Reactions: A Still Underrated Approach for the Construction of Heterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: de Andrade Vitor S.C. , de Mattos Marcio C.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:Heterocyclic scaffolds are important from both academic and industrial points of view. Due to their biological and pharmacological activities, they are useful intermediates in organic synthesis and have great interest in medicinal and natural products chemistry. N-halo compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group on nitrogen (e.g., carbonyl, sulfonyl) present the unique chemical properties of the N-X bond that give them broad synthetic utility for diverse organic transformation. In the past years, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with the intermediacy of N-halo compounds. Numerous strategies (e.g., electrophilic cyclizations, asymmetric halocyclizations, oxidative cyclizations, radical processes) were implemented featuring high atom- and step-economy, and more efficient procedures are continually being developed. An interesting approach consists of using Nhalo compounds to promote multicomponent reactions (MCRs), which rapidly became an emerging field in heterocyclic construction. MCRs are recognized for their mild conditions, high convergence, and efficiency. Thus, the present review will focus attention on the main topics and utilization of N-halo compounds (N-halosuccinimides, trihaloisocyanuric acids, N-halosulfonamides, etc.) as green and convenient reagents in heterocyclic construction via MCRs. Examples of the preparation of azoles, pyridines, 1,4-dihydropyridines, chromenes, and xanthenes, among other scaffolds are presented and discussed.
In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic
Activities of Synthesized Chitosan-loaded p-Coumaric Acid Nanoparticles
Authors: Venkatesan Amalan , Samy Jose Vinoth Raja Antony , Balakrishnan Karthikeyan , Natesan Vijayakumar , Kim Sung-Jin 
Published: August 2022

Background:
p-Coumaric acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in fruits and
vegetables that displays an array of therapeutic properties, including antidiabetic effects. Prominent
application in diabetes is limited due to its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, poor aqueous solubility,
and poor bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based delivery methods have been developed to
address these limitations and improve the therapeutic uses of p-coumaric acid, and the nanoencapsulation
method is emerging as a feasible alternative.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to synthesize p-coumaric acid nanoparticles (PCNPs) and
to evaluate their in vitro activities.

Methods:
The PCNPs were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation method and characterized by
UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with dispersive energy X-ray (EDX) analysis. In addition,
the PCNPs were analyzed for in vitro antioxidant activity using six different free radical scavenging
assays and were also analyzed for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic
effects.

Results:
The formation of PCNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectra at 283 nm, and FTIR
analysis revealed the reduction and capping of the chitosan nanoparticles. SEM was used to assess
the size and shape of the PCNPs, and the high absorption property of the PCNPs was investigated
using EDX analysis. The PCNPs had significant antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation
(LPO), superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging power activities, and
showed potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic activities.

Conclusion:
The present study suggests that PCNPs can be used as a potential medication delivery
approach to provide a greater nephroprotective effect in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at the synthesis of chitosan-loaded PCNPs.
Dynamic Changes of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Their Relation with
Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Cho A-Hyun , Lim Eun-Ye 
Published: August 2022

Background and purpose:
The purpose of this study was to show dynamic changes in
carotid and vertebral artery using carotid Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) through a long-term follow-
up exam, and determine their associations with stroke recurrence.

Methods:
We consecutively enrolled stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients who had
undergone DUS more than twice with intervals of three months or more. Stroke recurrence during
follow-up was also investigated by reviewing medical records. Progress or regress of plaque was
defined as more than 0.1 mm change from the initial scan with a semi-quantitative measurement.
The development of new plaque was also regarded as plaque progress. Increased intima-media
thickness and plaque presence were interpreted at the initial and follow-up scans. Factors related to
progression or regression were analyzed. The relationship between plaque change and stroke recurrence
was investigated.

Results:
A total of 201 patients were enrolled (186 ischemic stroke patients and 15 TIA patients).
There were 61 (30.3%) females. Their mean age was 64.2 ± 9.9 years. During a follow-up of 35.0 ±
22.6 (mean ± SD) months, plaque progress was observed in 92 (45.8%) and plaque regress in 13
(6.5%). Stroke recurred in 18 patients. Plaque progression showed no significant association with
age, risk factors, statin use, or subtype. After adjustment of age, sex, diabetes, and stroke subtype,
multiple logistic regression showed a significant association of plaque progression with stroke recurrence
(odds ratio: 3.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 13.1, p = 0.034). Patients with plaque regress
were significantly younger than those without plaque regress (57.8 years vs. 64.6 years, p = 0.041).

Conclusion:
Plaque progression occurred in 46% of stroke or TIA patients. Plaque progression was
significantly associated with clinical stroke recurrence. Plaque regressed in 6.5% of patients. Patients
with regression were younger than those without.
Comparing Medial Temporal Atrophy Between Early-Onset Semantic
Dementia and Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Using Voxel-Based Morphometry:
A Multicenter MRI Study
Authors: Kobayashi Ryota , Hayashi Hiroshi , Kawakatsu Shinobu , Shibuya Yuzuru , Morioka Daichi , Ohba Makoto , Yoshioka Masanori , Sakamoto Kazutaka , Kanoto Masafumi , Otani Koichi 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Early-onset Semantic dementia (EOSD) and early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are often difficult to clinically differentiate in the early stages of the diseases because of the overlaps of clinical symptoms such as language symptoms. We compared the degree of atrophy in medial temporal structures between the two types of dementia using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease (VSRAD).

Methods:
The participants included 29 (age: 61.7±4.5 years) and 39 (age: 60.2±4.9 years) patients with EOSD and EOAD, respectively. The degree of atrophy in medial temporal structures was quantified using the VSRAD for magnetic resonance imaging data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to distinguish patients with EOSD and EOAD using the mean Z score (Z-score) in bilateral medial temporal structures and the absolute value (laterality score) of the laterality of Z-score (| right–left |) for indicating the degree of asymmetrical atrophy in medial temporal structures.

Results:
The EOSD group had significantly higher Z and laterality scores than the EOAD group (Z-scores: mean ± standard deviation: 3.74±1.05 vs. 1.56±0.81, respectively; P<0.001; laterality score: mean ± standard deviation: 2.35±1.23 vs. 0.68±0.51, respectively; P<0.001). In ROC analysis, the sensitivity and specificity to differentiate EOSD from EOAD by a Z-score of 2.29 were 97% and 85%, respectively and by the laterality score of 1.05 were 93% and 85%, respectively.

Conclusions:
EOSD leads to more severe and asymmetrical atrophy in medial temporal structures than EOAD. The VSRAD may be useful to distinguish between these dementias that have several clinically similar symptoms.
Incorporation of Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry: A Mini-Review
Authors: Kisla Mehmet Murat , Hassan Mohammed Al-Kassim , Osman Hind M. , Aydin Amine Sena , Sen Hasan Tahsin , Khazei Shan , Kul Pınar , Kuş Canan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
The approach of utilizing protecting groups (PGs) in organic chemistry has led to the
successful syntheses of an array of useful organic compounds. This strategy has also addressed some
of the complexities associated with many organic reactions. These PGs find useful applications in
simple and complex reactions that involve the synthesis of large organic compounds such as peptides,
and oligosaccharides. The fundamental role of PGs is to prevent undesired reactions that could
hinder the progress or completion of such reactions. Ideal PGs must be utilized in this regard to
achieve the desired objectives. This review describes the diverse protecting groups found in the
literatures, the functional moieties for the protection, deprotection strategies, and their relevant applications
in organic synthesis.