bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A community-based cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of post-partum depression
Authors: Randhawa Avneet , Chaudhary Neha , Brar M.S. , Verma Virender , Munder Sneh Preet 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
Post-partum depression can have adverse long term effects. For the mother, the episode can be the precursor of chronic recurrent depression. For her children her on going depression can contribute to emotional, cognitive and interpersonal problems in their later life. In the present study, we aimed to identify the incidence of depression in post-partum period and explore the underlying etiological factors responsible for the same.

Materials and Methods:
A cross sectional study was conducted on 250 post- natal mothers covered under UHTC, Tripuri, Patiala. The data collection was done through one to one interview technique with mental evaluation done by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale instrument. Based upon the results, the cases were classified either as normal or presence of psychiatric morbidity. Psychiatry referral was provided to those requiring it. Association of post-partum depression with various socio-demographic and medical correlates was then sought through statistical analysis.

Results:
Post-partum depression was observed in 82 out of 250 females (32.8%). On univariable analysis family income, illiteracy, history of depression, caesarean section, death in family, were significantly associated with post-partum depression. On multi-variable analysis, poverty, female gender of baby, domestic violence and were observed as true predictors of depression in post-partum period (p<0.05).

Conclusion:
Depression was prevalent among almost one-third of postnatal females. Poverty, Cesarean section, domestic violence and poor spousal support have been identified as major contributors towards psychiatric morbidities. Taking care of these largely modifiable risk factors can prevent development of postpartum depression.
SARS COV 2 positive healthcare workers in obstetrics and gynaecology- Save the saviour study
Authors: Marwah Sheeba , Arora Renu , Sivajyothi B Manjeera , Dhama Versha , Gupta Nitesh 
Published: January 2022

Context:
Health-care workers (HCWs), being the front-line warriors, have been at increased risk for COVID-19 throughout the pandemic. However, the current extent of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and associated risk factors is still unclear in low- and middle-income countries, like India, especially in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, which propelled this study. Aims: (i) Frequency of infection among HCWs among OBGYN department and cycle threshold value (Ctv) of SARS-COV-2 on RT-PCR. (ii) Clinical presentation, assessment of risk factors, and its impact on HCWs. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi for the duration of 6 months.

Methods and Material:
All SARS-CoV-2-positive HCWs in the department were interviewed verbatim after recovery, through a self-formulated, validated questionnaire, and answers recorded on pre-designed proforma. Statistical Analysis Used: Categorical variables were presented as number and percentage (%), whereas continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and median values. Data were transferred on Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analysed using SPSS v 27.0.

Results:
Amongst 727 HCWs working in the department, 350 RT-PCR tests were performed, and 110 tested positive (prevalence of 15.13%). Mean Ctv of RT-PCR was 28.03. Most HCWs were symptomatic (n = 94) with mild infection; working as nursing officers (40%). Majority of them acquired virus while working in non-COVID wards (76%). Noncompliance with IPC practices (40%) and lack of social distancing (34.5%) were key risk factors.

Conclusion:
Adept knowledge of the risk factors and IPC practices can aid in averting casualties due to SARS-COV-2 amongst the HCWs
Childhood blindness and associated factors
Authors: Das Rathindra , Bhattacharjya Himadri , Roy Dipti Bikas 
Published: January 2022

Background:
In India, about 50% of all childhood blindness is either preventable or treatable. Hence, controlling childhood blindness may be an effective way to reduce blindness in this country in the long run. Strategies to combat childhood blindness require accurate data regarding its magnitude, distribution, and determinants in a population. In this regard, district disability rehabilitation centres (DDRC) are working in India to diagnose and rehabilitate the subjects with blindness of various degrees.

Objectives:
The objectives of the study are to estimate the proportion of childhood blindness among the visually challenged subjects registered under the DDRC of West Tripura district, to find out the different ocular morbidities in this population and to study the factors associated with these disabilities.

Materials and Methods:
This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from 2,260 visually challenged subjects enlisted in the DDRC of West Tripura district of India from June 1, 2018, to May 31, 2020.

Results:
The proportion of childhood blindness was found to be 3.89% (88) among the visually challenged subjects catered by the DDRC of West Tripura district. About 68.18% of the study subjects belonged to the lower socio-economic class as per BG Prasad's socio-economic classification, 39.77% subjects had 30% blindness and 15.90% subjects had 100% blindness. Among these 88 cases (134 eyes) of blindness, 20.14% were refractive error, 7.50% corneal opacities, 12.68% phthisis bulbi, 3.73% congenital cataract and pseudophakia, 2.98% congenital glaucoma, 23.88% congenital globe anomalies, 8.20% retinal diseases, 11.94% nystagmus and 8.95% were due to miscellaneous causes.

Conclusion:
Childhood blindness is still a public health problem in this part of India. Congenital globe anomalies were found to be the commonest cause followed by refractive errors.
Breast cancer in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Umakanthan Srikanth , Bukelo Maryann , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Maharaj Ravi , Khan Nicole N. , Keane Katherine , Khadoo Nick , Khan Aliyyah , Khan Amaara , Kong Ronny , Korkmaz Selina , Kovoor Anvesh 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Breast Carcinoma (BCa) is the leading cause of cancer among females in Trinidad and Tobago (TnT). This twin-island has a diversified population of 1.3 million individuals that display and are exposed to a variety of lifestyle choices that have been linked to the development of BCa. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors that influence the development of BCa, analyze the common histopathological details, and categorize BCa based on receptor study.

Methods:
Cancer information for 120 BCa cases at Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex from 2012 to 2019 was retrieved, analyzed, and statistically estimated. The clinical details were categorized based on data tabulations, and histological assessment was performed to identify specific features. The receptor analysis was classified based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER-2neu) staining intensity. A descriptive data analysis and comparison were statistically evaluated in all these cases.

Results:
Epidemiological factors influencing the development of BCa were age with a peak of 56–65 years 27.5% (n = 33), ethnicity predominated in Indo-Trinidadians 48.33% (n = 58), and marital status primarily in unmarried/single/widowed patients 55% (n = 66). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the principal histopathological type 91.66% (n = 110). Receptor analysis revealed ER/PR + HER-2neu as the most common type 40% (n = 18) for therapeutic surveillance.

Conclusion:
This study highlights various epidemiological factors that influence the development of BCa among females in TnT. Histopathological analysis and receptor studies would provide a useful link between the tumor behavior and its prognosis.
COVID-19–induced anxiety and protective behaviour among nursing students
Authors: Nebhinani Mamta , Parihar Aashish , Kumar Ashok , A Gomathi , Nebhinani Naresh , Rani Raj 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
The COVID-19 Pandemic has caused anxiety and stress among people. Nursing students, being an important link in the delivery of health care services, are always exposed to stressful situations which in turn put a great toll on their mental health. Moreover, the perceived risk of pandemics motivates people to embrace different protective measures so as to reduce any potential threats of an emerging health concern.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to assess the COVID-induced anxiety and protective behaviors among nursing students.

Methods:
Nursing students studying at 02 nursing institutes of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India were enrolled for the study. The data were collected using COVID-induced anxiety scale and protective behaviors towards COVID-19 Scale. These scales were converted to online google forms, and the link was circulated among 370 nursing students through emails and WhatsApp. A total of 229 students submitted their responses within stipulated time and were included in the final data analysis.

Results:
The response rate of the survey was 62%. Evidently, nursing students had a moderate level of anxiety (mean score 31.28 ± 5.29) due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Overall protective behavior mean score was 56.63 ± 6.4 which reflects that students were following higher quality of protective behaviors. There is a negative linear correlation between anxiety score and protective behavior score.

Conclusion:
The nursing students exhibited a moderate level of anxiety, and routing protective behaviors were frequently performed by these students. There is a timely need to plan and implement interventions for nursing students so as to make them self-capable to resolve psychosocial issues, especially during disease outbreaks.
Prevalence and outcomes of D dimer elevation among the COVID-19 patients in tertiary care hospital, Salem
Authors: Kanakaraju Kirubhakaran , Pandiyan Moogaambiga S. , Ranganathan Rangabashyam S. , Asokan Arunkumar 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was initially reported in Wuhan and later spread to the rest of the world.[1] The incidence of thrombotic events has been reported to be 16% in patients admitted for COVID-19 with an increase in the fibrinogen level and D-dimer level which was associated with mortality. D-Dimer was found to be elevated in severely ill patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) and the dead patients. This study was done to find the prevalence of D-dimer elevation among the COVID-19 patients and its impact on the outcome and to find out the association between the D-dimer elevation and severity of the disease.

Methodology:
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 to September 2020 in a tertiary care hospital in Salem in the Internal Medicine Department. All the COVID-19 patients of both sexes and all age groups were included in the study. The non-COVID pneumonia cases were excluded from the study. The data were collected from the participants after obtaining their written consent to take part in the study and the data were collected using a pretested and pre-validated schedule. Institutional ethical committee clearance was obtained before the start of the study.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was found to be 54.89 ± 14.4 with the minimum age being 14 and the maximum age being 87. The prevalence of the D-dimer elevation was found to be 143 (81.8%). D-Dimer was found to be significant with severe COVID infection.

Conclusion:
The D-dimer levels were found to be more in severe COVID infections compared to mild COVID infections. Furthermore, research is required in this field.
e Health initiatives for screening and management of hypertension in Rural Rajasthan
Authors: Mangal Shweta , Baig Vaseem N. , Gupta Kalika , Mangal Disha , Panwar Raja B. , Gupta Rajeev 
Published: January 2022

Context:
Electronic health (e health) initiatives are being employed in various health programs for disease monitoring. Very few such studies have been conducted in India, so this study was planned.

Aims:
Assess feasibility and usefulness of e health interventions for health workers, ASHA (accredited social health activist) in screening and management of hypertension.

Setting and Design:
Prospective observational cohort study. ASHA's were recruited in two selected villages of Rajasthan and trained to use this technology.

Methods and Material:
A web-based application was developed for use on portable device (tablet) to screen and diagnose hypertension, provide health education focused on diet, physical exercise and promote adherence to therapies by repeated sessions of one-to-one health education. Statistical analysis was done by Excel.

Results:
With the use of e health initiatives, among population above 18yrs, we found 19.1% hypertensives (464/2430) with 46.5% new cases of hypertension and 38.9 % (945/2430) prehypertensive. Mean age of hypertensives was 52.6 yrs. ± 15.2 and 36.8 yrs. ± 14.2 for prehypertensive and highly significant (p < 0.001). Mean systolic blood pressure level of hypertensives decreased from 147.14 Hg ±13.86 to 133.3 Hg ±13.07 and for prehypertensive from 123.18 mm Hg ± 4.5 to 117.55 mm Hg ± 6.9 after follow up, the difference in change was highly significant (P < 0.001). Also, could start 27.4% hypertensives on treatment, while 50.2% were already on treatment.

Conclusion:
Training ASHA worker in e health technology is feasible and can assist in screening and management of diseases.
Predicting depression among the elderly by stressful life events and coping strategies
Authors: Saadati Hemin , Froughan Mahshid , Azkhosh Manouchehr , Bahmani Bahman , Khanjani Mohammad Saeed 
Published: January 2022

Background and Aim:
Aging is a stage during which stressful events occur frequently. The method of coping with this stress can play an important role in an elderly's mental health. The present study aimed at investigating the role of coping strategies in stressful life events associated with depression.

Method:
The present study was a correlational one conducted by structural equation analysis. As many as 841 elderly people were selected from the general population by adopting a cluster sampling method. Beck's Depression Inventory as well as strategies of coping with stress and stressful events were applied.

Results:
The model test, analyzed by AMOS by using path analysis, indicated that age is positively associated with stressful life events and depression. The “stressful life events” variable is directly and indirectly associated with depression. The emotion-focused coping strategies were positively associated with depression, and problem-focused coping strategies were negatively associated with depression.

Conclusion:
As an individual grows older and experiences stressful life events, his/her depression increases. Elderly people with problem-focused coping strategies are likely to experience less depression.
Awareness of diabetes risk factors among Bisha Residents Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharthi Muffarah H. , Taura Magaji G. , AL-Shahrani Abdullah M. , Alamri Mohannad M. , Alshahrani Abdullah M. , Nandi Partha 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
In the past few decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically in many countries. While primary preventive measures can reduce the prevalence of diabetes, knowledge of the risk factors of diabetes mellitus has many benefits for patients with diabetes. The study aimed to assess diabetes mellitus risk factors (DM-RFs) awareness among adults residing in Bisha, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Awareness of the risk factors of diabetes mellitus was reported to be highest for obesity, sweet intake, and family history of diabetes.

Methods:
The study participants were 404 adults (225 males and 179 females) with an age range of 18–65 (mean age: 40.83+/−9.3). People with diabetes and those without diabetes were involved in the study. The study was conducted in Bisha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia, using an online random sampling technique and a structured and validated questionnaire, and analysis was by SPSS V 24.

Results:
This study showed that 168 (41.6%) participants had diabetes and 236 (58.4%) were non-diabetics; 64.9% of the respondents were aware of the DM-RFs. Among the people with diabetes, 128 (76.2%) agreed that obesity is a DM-RF, while 210 (89%) of the non-diabetics were aware that obesity was a DM-RF. Further, 77.7% of the respondents agreed that the risk factors were avoidable, with 50.7% willing to know more about DM-RFs.

Conclusion:
The study found a high level of awareness of DM-RFs among diabetes and non-diabetics in Bisha, southwestern Saudi Arabia.
Karyoanomalic frequency assay during radiation therapy – A promising marker in the prognosis of oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ravi Kumar Satish , N.B Pushpa , Kishore Sanjeev , Kaur Sohinder , Mehta Vandana , Krishnan Ajay S. 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas, either alone or in combination with other modalities of treatment like surgery/chemotherapy. It is always essential to know the nature of tumor response to the irradiation for successful outcomes and prognosis. With this view, the study has been conducted to document the usefulness of nuclear changes, karyolysis (KL), and karyorrhexis (KR) in particular as prognostic markers during the treatment.

Materials and Method:
Sixty patients, aged between 28 and 73 years (56 males and 4 females) years, histopathologically confirmed cases of oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma of different degrees of differentiation, were included in the study. The mode of treatment for the patients was radiotherapy with a radiation dose plan of 4 Gy, 14 Gy, 24 Gy, and 60 Gy on the 2nd, 7th, 12th, 30th days, respectively. The mucosal scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion at each interval were stained with Giemsa and May-Grunwald's stain. The stained slides were studied to assess the frequency of KL and KR.

Results:
It was observed that there was no significant difference between the site of lesion and tumor differentiation with the frequency of KL or KR. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the KL and KR indices with each interval of treatment. The percentage of relative increment among both the studied parameters was also significant, indicating their efficiency as a promising prognostic marker in radiotherapy.

Conclusion:
Hence, assessment of KL and KR at different intervals of time during radiotherapy could be used as an efficient tool to determine the radiosensitivity and prognosis in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma patients.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about osteoporosis among young adults in RIYADH 2019
Authors: Mujamammi Ahmed H. , Sabi Essa M. , Alseffay Abdulaziz U. , Alqarni Rayan M. , Alshiekh Abdulrahman I. , Aleidan Abdullah A. , Alsubaie Ali A. , Alaskah Waled 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
To study the knowledge, attitude and practice level among young Saudi adults regarding osteoporosis.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was done in Riyadh among Saudis, within the age group (17–30 years old), with sample size (663). A validated questionnaire was distributed in paper and electronic forms. The questionnaire had five parts: first part was the demographic variables, second part the source of the participant knowledge about the disease, third part assessed the knowledge about osteoporosis, fourth part assessed osteoporosis attitudes, and the fifth part assessed the practice for prevention of osteoporosis. The collected data was analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program.

Results:
It was found that there was low level of knowledge among overall participants; there was no significant difference between male and female in level of knowledge, while the age group 21–25 had the highest knowledge level among all other age groups. Males have better level of practice of a healthy lifestyle that decreases the risk of osteoporosis than females. In total, 52.5% of males have a sufficient level of practice, while only 34.9% of females have acceptable level of practice

Conclusion:
The study found no significant difference between males and females regarding the knowledge of osteoporosis. Males were found to have better level of practice of a healthy lifestyle that decreases the level of osteoporosis then females. The study recommends similar studies and undertake more efforts in promotion of preventive programs for young adults.
Study of the impact of a telemedicine service in improving pre-hospital care and referrals to a tertiary care university hospital in Nepal
Authors: Gupta Pramendra Prasad , Uranw Surendra , Gupta Shital , Das Rakesh Kumar , Bhattarai Anish , Bhatta Narendra , Chappuis Francois , Geissbuhler Antoine 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Telemedicine is a process which involve medical experts to exchange valid information for diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and counseling for both healthcare workers and patients remotely in rural setting from urban healthcare center. Providing quality healthcare services in Nepal is challenging due to many reasons such as difficult geographic terrain, limited availability of funding and many other issues.

Methods:
The study design was a cross sectional and will adopt an interpretative case study approach which supports the researcher to develop a deep insight in to study phenomenon and outcomes. Study was conducted at in two rural-telemedicine programme implementation sites, namely Patle, Fikkal Bazaar and one central consultation site BPKIHS Dharan.

Result:
A total of 315 patients were undergone teleconsultation process during the study period. The total patients consulted after teleconsultation program in each of center were 1386 (Phikal) and 508 (Patle). Among them 205 (Phikal) and 110 (Patle) were called on the teleconsultation day. Among the patients who were seen via teleconsultation, 36 (2.6 %) from Phikal and 22 (4.3%) from Patle were referred to BPKIHS. The total number of referred patient from those center to other center were 327(Phikal) and 208 (Patle) among those referred 205 (Phikal) and 110 (Patle) came during teleconsultation Process.

Conclusion:
Telemedicine can be used as a critical component in the solution of the healthcare crisis. Telemedicine will be the best as a substitute to improve the access to healthcare, to provide the healthcare cost-effectively. The current paradigm of care can be taken by telemedicine due to which improved health outcomes can be achieved in cost effective Ways.