bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homophily impacts the success of vaccine roll-outs
Authors: Burgio Giulio , Steinegger Benjamin , Arenas Alex 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPhysical contacts do not occur randomly, rather, individuals with similar socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics are more likely to interact among them, a phenomenon known as homophily. Concurrently, the same characteristics correlate with the adoption of prophylactic tools. As a result, the latter do not unfold homogeneously in a population, affecting their ability to control the spread of infectious diseases. Focusing on the case of vaccines, we reveal that, provided an imperfect vaccine efficacy, three different dynamical regimes exist as a function of the mixing rate between vaccinated and not vaccinated individuals. Specifically, depending on the epidemic pressure, vaccine coverage and efficacy, we find the final attack rate to decrease, increase or vary non monotonously with respect to the mixing rate. We corroborate the phenomenology through Monte Carlo simulations on a temporal real-world contact network. Besides vaccines, our findings hold for any prophylactic tool that reduces but not suppress the probability of transmission, indicating a universal mechanism in spreading dynamics.
Switching to the cyclic pentose phosphate pathway powers the oxidative burst in activated neutrophils
Authors: Britt Emily C. , Lika Jorgo , Giese Morgan A. , Schoen Taylor J. , Seim Gretchen L. , Huang Zhengping , Lee Pui Y. , Huttenlocher Anna , Fan Jing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNeutrophils are cells at the frontline of innate immunity that can quickly activate effector functions to eliminate pathogens upon stimulation. However, little is known about the metabolic adaptations that power these functions. Here we show rapid metabolic alterations in neutrophils upon activation, particularly drastic reconfiguration around the pentose phosphate pathway, which is specifically and quantitatively coupled to an oxidative burst. During this oxidative burst, neutrophils switch from glycolysis-dominant metabolism to a unique metabolic mode termed ‘pentose cycle’, where all glucose-6-phosphate is diverted into oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and net flux through upper glycolysis is reversed to allow substantial recycling of pentose phosphates. This reconfiguration maximizes NADPH yield to fuel superoxide production via NADPH oxidase. Disruptions of pentose cycle greatly suppress oxidative burst, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps and pathogen killing by neutrophils. Together, these results demonstrate the remarkable metabolic flexibility of neutrophils, which is essential for their functions as the first responders in innate immunity.
A model for non‐ideal retrodirective channels in non‐line‐of‐sight geometry
Authors: Alhassoun Mohammad 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackscatter radio communication typically has less reliability than conventional radio links, hindering adaptation. Retrodirective arrays have been shown to enhance the link with gain and a recently‐observed resistance to small‐scale fading. However, the statistical advantages of retrodirective backscatter channels have only been theoretically studied for ideal, infinite arrays. This article studies practical finite retrodirective arrays and the performance of these channels using the bit‐error‐rate metric. This work shows that a significant improvement in the channel reliability can be achieved even with the modest retrodirective antenna arrays with a few individual elements.
Taming mode collapse in generative adversarial networks using cooperative realness discriminators
Authors: Mu Jinzhen , Chen Chunyan , Zhu Wenshan , Li Shuang , Zhou Yan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGenerative adversarial networks (GANs) are able to produce realistic images. However, GANs may suffer mode collapse in their output data distribution. Here, we theoretically and empirically justify generalizing the GAN framework to multiple discriminators with one generator for improving generative performance. First, a comprehensive perspective is adopted to understand why mode collapse occurs. Second, an array of cooperative realness discriminators is introduced into the GAN framework to combat mode collapse and explore discriminator roles ranging from a formidable adversary to a forgiving teacher. Third, two types of simple yet effective regularization are proposed for generating realistic and diverse images. Experiments on various datasets show the effectiveness of the GAN compared to previous methods in alleviating mode collapse and improving the quality of the generated samples.
The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field
Authors: Tozzi P. , Pentericci L. , Gilli R. , Pannella M. , Fiore F. , Miley G. , Nonino M. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Strazzullo V. , Anderson C. S. , Borgani S. , Calabrò A. , Carilli C. , Dannerbauer H. , Di Mascolo L. , Feruglio C. , Gobat R. , Jin S. , Liu A. , Mroczkowski T. , Norman C. , Rasia E. , Rosati P. , Saro A. 
Published: March 2022

Aims. We present an analysis of the 700 ks Chandra ACIS-S observation of the field around the radio galaxy J1140-2629 (the Spiderweb Galaxy) at z = 2.156, focusing on the nuclear activity in the associated large-scale environment.
Methods. We identified unresolved X-ray sources in the field down to flux limits of 1.3 × 10−16 and 3.9 × 10−16 erg s−1 cm−2 in the soft (0.5–2.0 keV) and hard (2–10 keV) band, respectively. We searched for counterparts in the optical, near-infrared, and submillimeter catalogs available in the literature to identify X-ray sources belonging to the protocluster and derived their X-ray properties.
Results. We detect 107 X-ray unresolved sources within 5 arcmin (corresponding to 2.5 Mpc) of J1140-2629, among which 13 have optical counterparts with spectroscopic redshift 2.11 < z < 2.20, and 1 source has a photometric redshift consistent with this range. The X-ray-emitting protocluster members are distributed approximately over a ∼3.2 × 1.3 Mpc2 rectangular region. An X-ray spectral analysis for all the sources within the protocluster shows that their intrinsic spectral slope is consistent with an average ⟨Γ⟩∼1.84 ± 0.04. Excluding the Spiderweb Galaxy, the best-fit intrinsic absorption for five protocluster X-ray members is NH > 1023 cm−2, while another six have upper limits of the order of a few times 1022 cm−2. Two sources can only be fitted with very flat Γ ≤ 1, and are therefore considered Compton-thick candidates. The 0.5–10 keV rest-frame luminosities of the 11 Compton-thin protocluster members corrected for intrinsic absorption are greater than 2  ×  1043 erg s−1. These values are typical for the bright end of a Seyfert-like distribution and significantly greater than X-ray luminosities expected from star formation activity. The X-ray luminosity function of the AGN in the volume associated to the Spiderweb protocluster in the range 1043 < LX < 1044.5 erg s−1 is at least ten times higher than that in the field at the same redshift and significantly flatter, implying an increasing excess at the bright end. The X-ray AGN fraction is measured to be 25.5  ±  4.5% of the spectroscopically confirmed members in the stellar mass range log(M*/M⊙) > 10.5. This value corresponds to an enhancement factor of 6.0−3.0+9.0 for the nuclear activity with L0.5 − 10 keV > 4 × 1043 erg s−1 with respect to the COSMOS field at comparable redshifts and stellar mass range.
Conclusions. We conclude that the galaxy population in the Spiderweb protocluster is characterized by enhanced X-ray nuclear activity triggered by environmental effects on megaparsec scales.
Rechtliches rund um die osteopathische Praxis – Praxisnachfolge
Authors: Wagner-Burkard Sylke 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungBei Aufgabe oder Übergabe der Praxis gilt es, auf folgende Gegebenheiten zu achten: Bei der Aufgabe müssen nicht nur die Mietverträge, sondern auch die Arbeitsverträge gekündigt und zudem
die Patienten frühzeitig informiert werden. Bei der Übergabe an einen Nachfolger sind die Praxiswertermittlung und die Möglichkeiten einer evtl. schrittweisen Übergabe zentrale Punkte. In
beiden Fällen sind die Haftungs- und Archivierungspflichten zu befolgen.
Profession Pflege attraktiver machen
Authors: Kasper Nico 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungEs gibt verschiedene Gestaltungsfelder, in denen die Profession Pflege strategisch mitwirken kann und soll. Doch wie kann der Weg zu einer Pflegestrategie beschritten werden? Es führen bekanntlich viele Wege nach Rom – aber die nachfolgend aufgezählten sollten auf jeden Fall begangen werden.
Localization of clinical research
Authors: Richards Anna 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Clinical research using human participants to further medical knowledge has been at the forefront in 2021.
Clinical research studying the efficacy of treatments can be categorised in two broad categories as ‘observational studies’ or
‘clinical trials’. Written from the perspective of a localization project manager at Vitaccess, which conducts global digital
research for biopharmaceutical companies, this paper discusses five core challenges that impact the localization of such a study
launched in France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Japan, the UK, the US and Canada, conducted via a smartphone app. The
localization project manager role provides a bridge between translators, revisers, ethics bodies, authors, legal, and medical
reviewers, enabling oversight to keep the balance between launching the study globally and enabling each country to have the
content and structure tailored to their cultural and linguistic expectations through localization.
The main challenges in localizing a real-world evidence study is the complexity and volume of ethical, legal, and
medical feedback required for the content of the study, which is further complicated by the need to target different countries and
languages. Subjectivity and variance in the feedback per country also pose difficulties. International harmonisation of ethical,
medical, and legal reviews of such global studies could streamline the process.
Learning a foreign language in immersion and second language acquisition contexts – students’ multilingual experiences with French in Ireland
Authors: Markey Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article looks at how bilingual students harness previous language experience when learning a new language. Research generally affirms that higher second language proficiency is linked to higher levels of proficiency in subsequent language learning and greater use of previously acquired language skills. In the Irish context, however, the varied nature of acquiring/learning languages and perceptions of linguistic distance potentially hinder students in mobilizing their experience with English and Irish when learning foreign languages at school. The study presented here examines how bilingual language experience can be harnessed through analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from English-medium and Irish-medium secondary school students in Ireland, focusing on how they identify and deploy elements of this experience when learning French via the elaboration of strategies and use of metalinguistic awareness. Beyond measures of proficiency, findings show the need for pedagogical tools that allow students to fully exploit their previous language experience.
Phonetic cue competition within multiple phonological contrasts
Authors: Schertz Jessamyn , Kang Yoonjung 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work examines Seoul Korean listeners’ perception of the five Korean sibilants: affricates /c′, c,
ch/ and fricatives /s′, s/. Natural productions of the consonants were manipulated to vary orthogonally along
several phonetic parameters relevant to the place/manner contrast ((denti)alveolar fricative vs. (palato)alveolar affricate) and
the laryngeal contrast (fortis vs. lenis vs. aspirated). Of particular interest was listeners’ representation of /s/, whose
laryngeal status is ambiguous. All manipulated parameters (baseline consonant and vowel affiliation, fundamental frequency at
vowel onset, frication duration, and aspiration duration) influenced categorization, with consonant and vowel spectral information
playing the primary role in distinguishing most sibilants. However, f0, a laryngeal cue, trumped place and manner cues in
affricate vs. fricative classification, highlighting the increasing importance of f0 in Korean segmental phonology.
Problematising ASEAN language policy
Authors: Lee Huan Yik , Hamid M. Obaidul , Hardy Ian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In a world where linguistic and cultural diversity is increasingly celebrated, opting for English as the sole working language, as stipulated in the ASEAN Charter, on pragmatic grounds, has made ASEAN an interesting case study from the language policy and planning (LPP) perspective. ASEAN’s LPP can be understood as the manifestation of the principles of the ‘ASEAN Way’, i.e., quiet diplomacy, non-interference, and flexible consensus. Drawing on an analysis of the three overarching principles of the ASEAN Way and with reference to the ASEAN Charter, this paper problematises the ASEAN Way of LPP, arguing that a monolingual and essentialist approach to LPP might be both insufficient and inappropriate, and calls for an ecology-of-languages paradigm for ASEAN LPP. It invites readers to reimagine language policy that is more inclusive, democratic and socially equitable – one that reflects the sociolinguistic diversity of Southeast Asia and the Association.
Hammer it out: shifts in habitat are associated with changes in fin and body shape in the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)
Authors: Sternes Phillip C , Higham Timothy E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Major shifts in habitat often occur during life history and can have significant impacts on the morphology and function of an animal; however, little is known about how such ecological changes influence the locomotor system of large aquatic vertebrates. Scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini) are large sharks found in warm temperate and tropical waters. Smaller scalloped hammerheads are generally found in near-shore habitats, but as they grow larger, individuals spend time in deep-water, pelagic habitats. We measured a number of morphological traits of scalloped hammerheads, ranging from 32 to 130 cm, to determine whether there are allometric changes in morphology in association with this shift in habitat. We found that head morphology, caudal fin area and lateral span scaled with negative allometry, whereas the lengths of their pectoral, dorsal and caudal fins, and their pectoral and caudal fin aspect ratios, scaled with positive allometry. Furthermore, the largest shark in our dataset exhibited an optimal body fineness ratio for locomotor efficiency. This suggests that the changes in ecology have profound influences on the functional morphology of scalloped hammerheads. We discuss how these drastic morphological changes relate to potential changes in scalloped hammerhead swimming function and performance.
Diversification of South American Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera) is not constrained by evolutionary priority effects
Authors: Imlau-Cardoso Rafael , Maestri Renan , Duarte Leandro , Ramos Pereira Maria João 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAccording to diversity-dependent diversification (DDD) theory, diversification slows down as niches are gradually filled by cladogenesis. A corollary of DDD is to assume a richness ceiling, a contentious topic for continental clades. Evolutionary priority effect is a related phenomenon whereby secondary colonizers have their diversification constrained owing to pre-emption of niches by incumbent groups. South American aerial insectivorous bats are composed of incumbent, non-Vespertilionidae groups (SA non-vesper) and the later immigrant Vespertilionidae (SA vesper). We investigated whether DDD and priority effects explain SA vesper diversification history, while also comparing it with North/Central American vespertilionids (NA vesper), an incumbent lineage in that region. Diversification analysis supported a single regime of diversification rates across all groups, with little decrease through time. Geographical state diversification of vespertilionids selected a best-fitting model with different speciation rates for NA endemics, SA endemics and widespread species, but equal extinction. The model presented higher speciation for SA endemics over NA endemics. Thus, DDD and priority effects are inconsistent with the diversification of South American aerial insectivorous bats. We discuss how SA vesper are comparatively depauperate, probably because of a shorter evolutionary history and/or cryptic diversity when compared with NA vesper, instead of niche conservatism.
Aldosterone and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Parksook Wasita W , Williams Gordon H 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAldosterone’s role in the kidney and its pathophysiologic actions in hypertension are well known. However, its role or that of its receptor [minieralocorticoid receptor (MR)] in other cardiovascular (CV) disease are less well described. To identify their potential roles in six CV conditions (heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis), we assessed these associations in the following four areas: (i) mechanistic studies in rodents and humans; (ii) pre-clinical studies of MR antagonists; (iii) clinical trials of MR antagonists; and (iv) genetics. The data were acquired from an online search of the National Library of Medicine using the PubMed search engine from January 2011 through June 2021. There were 3702 publications identified with 200 publications meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data strongly supported an association between heart failure and dysregulated aldosterone/MR. This association is not surprising given aldosterone/MR’s prominent role in regulating sodium/volume homeostasis. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction are also associated with dysregulated aldosterone/MR, but less strongly. For the most part, the data were insufficient to determine whether there was a relationship between atherosclerosis, stroke, or thrombosis and aldosterone/MR dysregulation. This review clearly documented an expanding role for aldosterone/MR’s dysregulation in CV diseases beyond hypertension. How expansive it might be is limited by the currently available data. It is anticipated that with an increased focus on aldosterone/MR’s potential roles in these diseases, additional clinical and pre-clinical data will clarify these relationships, thereby, opening approaches to use modulators of aldosterone/MR’s action to more precisely treat these CV conditions.
Platelet P2Y12 inhibiting therapy in adjunct to vascular dose of rivaroxaban or aspirin: a pharmacodynamic study of dual pathway inhibition vs. dual antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Galli Mattia , Franchi Francesco , Rollini Fabiana , Been Latonya , Jaoude Patrick Abou , Rivas Andrea , Zhou Xuan , Jia Sida , Maaliki Naji , Lee Chang Hoon , Pineda Andres M , Suryadevara Siva , Soffer Daniel , Zenni Martin M , Geisler Tobias , Jennings Lisa K , Bass Theodore A , Angiolillo Dominick J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Aims
Dual pathway inhibition (DPI) by adding a vascular dose of rivaroxaban to a single antiplatelet agent has emerged as a promising antithrombotic strategy. However, in most studies the antiplatelet agent of choice used in adjunct to a vascular dose of rivaroxaban was aspirin, and data on a P2Y12 inhibitor and how this DPI regimen compares with standard dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) are limited.

Methods and results
This investigation was a substudy analysis conducted in selected cohorts of patients with stable atherosclerotic disease enrolled from a larger prospective, open-label, parallel-group pharmacodynamic (PD) study. We analysed data from 40 patients treated with either clopidogrel- or ticagrelor-based DAPT first, and clopidogrel- or ticagrelor-based DPI thereafter. PD measures explored key pathways involved in thrombus formation and included markers of (1) P2Y12 reactivity, (2) platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity, (3) cyclooxygenase-1 activity, (4) thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregation, (5) tissue factor (TF)-induced platelet aggregation, and (6) thrombin generation. Compared with DAPT, on a background of the same P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor), DPI was associated with reduced thrombin generation, increased markers of cyclooxygenase-1 activity and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation, and no differences in markers of P2Y12 signalling, platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity, and TF-induced platelet aggregation. In an analysis according to P2Y12 inhibitor type, ticagrelor reduced markers of platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity, P2Y12 signalling, and rates of high platelet reactivity compared with clopidogrel.

Conclusion
Compared with DAPT with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor, the use of a P2Y12 inhibitor in adjunct to a vascular dose of rivaroxaban as part of a DPI strategy is associated with similar effects on platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity but reduced thrombin generation. A DPI strategy with ticagrelor is associated with enhanced antithrombotic efficacy, the clinical implications of which warrant larger scale investigations.

Clinical trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03718429.
Treatment Response in Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis—A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Copelyn Julie , Eley Brian , Cox Helen , Workman Lesley , Dheda Keertan , Nicol Mark P , Zar Heather J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Data are limited on the resolution of symptoms and signs in children treated for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and whether this resolution differs from children with other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).

Methods
A prospective study of children ≤ 15 years presenting with features suggestive of PTB was performed. Clinical, microbiological, and radiological investigations were done at enrollment. Symptoms and clinical features were measured 1, 3, and 6 months after enrollment. Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on National Institutes of Health consensus definitions: confirmed PTB, unconfirmed PTB, and unlikely PTB (children with other LRTIs). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to investigate predictors of persistence of symptoms or signs.

Results
Among 2019 participants, there were 427 (21%) confirmed, 810 (40%) unconfirmed, and 782 (39%) with unlikely PTB. Of 1693/2008 (84%) with cough and 1157/1997 (58%) with loss of appetite at baseline, persistence at 3 months was reported in 24/1222 (2%) and 23/886 (3%), respectively. Of 934/1884 (50%) with tachypnoea and 947/1999 (47%) with abnormal auscultatory findings at baseline, persistence at 3 months occurred in 410/723 (57%) and 216/778 (28%), respectively. HIV infection and abnormal baseline chest radiography were associated with persistence of symptoms or signs at month 3 (adjusted odds ration [aOR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.1, 2.3] and aOR 2.3; 95% CI: [1.5, 3.3], respectively]. The resolution of symptoms and signs was similar across categories.

Conclusions
Symptoms resolved rapidly in most children with PTB, but signs resolved more slowly. The pattern and resolution of symptoms or signs did not distinguish children with PTB from those with other LRTIs.