bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonising electronic health records for reproducible research: challenges, solutions and recommendations from a UK-wide COVID-19 research collaboration
Authors: Abbasizanjani Hoda , Torabi Fatemeh , Bedston Stuart , Bolton Thomas , Davies Gareth , Denaxas Spiros , Griffiths Rowena , Herbert Laura , Hollings Sam , Keene Spencer , Khunti Kamlesh , Lowthian Emily , Lyons Jane , Mizani Mehrdad A , Nolan John , Sudlow Cathie , Walker Venexia , Whiteley William , Wood Angela , Akbari Ashley 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
The CVD-COVID-UK consortium was formed to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases through analyses of harmonised electronic health records (EHRs) across the four UK nations. Beyond COVID-19, data harmonisation and common approaches enables analysis within and across independent Trusted Research Environments. Here we describe the reproducible harmonisation method developed using large-scale EHRs in Wales to accommodate the fast and efficient implementation of cross-nation analysis in England and Wales as part of the CVD-COVID-UK programme. We characterise current challenges and share lessons learnt.
Methods
Serving the scope and scalability of multiple study protocols, we used linked, anonymised individual-level EHR, demographic and administrative data held within the SAIL Databank for the population of Wales. The harmonisation method was implemented as a four-layer reproducible process, starting from raw data in the first layer. Then each of the layers two to four is framed by, but not limited to, the characterised challenges and lessons learnt. We achieved curated data as part of our second layer, followed by extracting phenotyped data in the third layer. We captured any project-specific requirements in the fourth layer.
Results
Using the implemented four-layer harmonisation method, we retrieved approximately 100 health-related variables for the 3.2 million individuals in Wales, which are harmonised with corresponding variables for > 56 million individuals in England. We processed 13 data sources into the first layer of our harmonisation method: five of these are updated daily or weekly, and the rest at various frequencies providing sufficient data flow updates for frequent capturing of up-to-date demographic, administrative and clinical information.
Conclusions
We implemented an efficient, transparent, scalable, and reproducible harmonisation method that enables multi-nation collaborative research. With a current focus on COVID-19 and its relationship with cardiovascular outcomes, the harmonised data has supported a wide range of research activities across the UK.
Lateral Medullary Syndrome: Uncommon Form of Brainstem Stroke
Authors: Ibrahim Abdiwahid Ahmed , Sidow Nor Osman , Osman Mohamed Farah , Ali Abdiladhif Mohamed , Ahmed Abdulkadir , BAKIR Ahmet , Hassan Mohamed Sheikh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction and importance:
Lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) is less common form of brainstem stroke. It is the result of occlusion of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). It is caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis or emboli from another source.
Case Presentation:
A 60-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with vertigo, vomiting, slurred speech, hiccups, and right side weakness associated with parasthesia for one day. He had past medical history of uncontrolled hypertension, and a smoking habit. The neurological examination revealed ataxia, right hemiparesis associated with parasthesia. Cranial nerve examination revealed right-sided slight ptosis, mouth deviation, and loss of sensory sensation on the right side of the face. Brain MRI showed right medullary infract consistent with lateral medullary syndrome. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography and vertebral artery color Doppler were normal. He was admitted to the neurology ward and was treated with Clexane 60mg SC, Aspirin 300 mg, neuroprotective agents, and antihypertensive treatment. After 6 days of medical treatment, his condition has improved massively (dysarthria and dysphagia disappeared). He was discharged for physical rehabilitation.
Clinical discussion:
Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome) is one of the brainstem stroke syndrome caused by occlusion of PICA. Vertigo, vomiting, dysphagia, dysarthria, ipsilateral ataxia, Horner syndrome and contralateral hemiparesis define this syndrome. Brain MRI is necessary for diagnosis alongside the clinical syndrome.
Conclusion
LMS is rare form of brainstem stroke and carries favorable prognosis if early hospitalization and treatment is applied. Brain MRI including diffusion sequence is the most useful diagnostic tool for detecting LMS.
Energy Alternatives and Conservation for Greenhouses1
Authors: Jensen Merle H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A major threat to the continuance and expansion of the greenhouse industry in the U.S. is the rising cost and availability of fuels to heat greenhouse units. While the greenhouse industry is a relatively small part of agriculture in the United States, it is important as it provides high-quality products on a year-round basis rather than being seasonally restricted. The industry produces not only vegetables, but an array of floricultural crops that enhance the esthetic beauty of our environment.
Survival Strategies of Northern Europe's Greenhouse Industry1
Authors: Weiler T. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Northern Europe, the land of the midnight summer sun, is also the land of incredible winter darkness. Nonetheless, some of the world's highest standards of living are found there, and winter life is colored by an abundance of bright flowers and savory fresh vegetables. The greenhouse industry of Northern Europe is awesome for its size, diversity, and sophistication. Ability to efficiently use variable-priced energy (petroleum products and electricity) is a pivotal factor for success in that industry. Fuel costs differ based on consumption rates; winter insolation decreases proportionally with distance from the equator, and the warming influence of ocean currents changes drastically from maritime to continental climate. Grower costs also differ because some countries are either naturally endowed with more energy resources or subsidize energy use. Product quality, industry efficiency, and feasibility of transport also are involved in the ability of individual growers to compete in the national and international markets.
Organizing for Interdisciplinary Team Research
Authors: Anderson James H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
I grew up on a small farm in Southeast Georgia in an era when things were very stable. Methods my dad used to scratch out a living during the depression years were very similar to those used by his dad a generation earlier. It was a world of isolation and loneliness, a world in which customs and traditions determined a person's way of life, a world in which proven ideas were discarded reluctantly and new ideas accepted even more reluctantly, but it was a comfortable period for a growing youngster because time seemed to stand still and the family roots were anchored firmly to the soil. Even though times were placid and change came slowly, it was a restless world as men tried to raise themselves from the depths of the depression. With this restlessness, people began to move from the land to the cities and technology began to move to the forefront. Thus, in less than a decade, the nation shook off the depression, fought a major war and launched an agricultural revolution that is now the envy of the world. Today, we live in a fast-paced world and we can never return to those “good old days” because they are gone forever – returning only occasionally in our dreams of days past. In today's world, the only sure thing is the certainty of change as we look to the future.
Deciduous Tree Seedling Response to Nursery Soil Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Gouin Francis R. , Walker John M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The stem length of seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Cornus florida L. was greater in plots in which screened compost, made from digested sewage sludge and wood chips, was incorporated into sandy soil nursery seedbeds at 224 tons/ha prior to sowing seeds than in unfertilized soil. L. tulipifera seedlings suffered less winter dieback when grown in soils amended with screened compost. The addition of composted sludge increased soil nutrient content, pH, and water holding capacity.
Effects of Plant Spacing, Fertilizer, and Transplanting on Axillary Heading in Cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata Group)1
Authors: Akratanakul W. , Baggett J. R. , Mack H. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wider spacing and fertilizer application increased the weight of both axillary heads (AH) and main heads in an open-pollinated cultivar and an inbred line. AH weight increased more than main head weight. The effect of spacing on AH was greater than that of fertilizer application. Transplanting greatly decreased the development of axillary heads when compared with direct-seeding.
Relationship of Processing Methodology to Quality Attributes and Nutritional Value of Canned Spinach1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A. , Mahon M. K. , Freeman D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The volume of water utilized for washing did not affect either quality attributes or nutritional value of canned spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Dipping in a detergent solution prior to the washing decreased greenness, optical density of liquor, nitrates and ascorbic acid. The amount of grit and sand was not influenced by either detergent or volume of water used for washing. Shearpress values of canned spinach blanched in either steam or water did not differ. Color was rated slightly higher on spinach that was blanched in steam. Water blanching leached out more nitrates, riboflavin and ascorbic acid than steam blanching, but carotene was not affected.
Whither Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture in the U.S.?
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At the University level, horticulture is one of the most dynamic fields in Agriculture. Undergraduate student enrollments, both for majors and nonmajors, have never been higher. The number of requests for graduate student assistantships are increasing. Extension personnel are under constant pressure from their clientele for more and more programs and information. The requirements for research have never been greater. In addition, with the democratic system which has been developed, scientists are spending more time on administrative matters than ever before. All of these points have their advantages and disadvantages but the time is past due for a detailed analysis of their impact on our programs by the individuals who are directly involved in carrying out the research, teaching, and extension functions. This is particularly true for those of us in the field of floriculture and ornamental horticulture.
Ash, Silicon, Calcium, and Copper in ‘Concord’ Grape Leaves1
Authors: Lanning F. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concentration of Cu in ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) leaves remained nearly constant throughout the growing season; ash, Si, and Ca percentages increased continually. The Si concentration increased 9 fold, Ca increased 3 fold and ash increased almost 2 fold over the growing season. The percentage of Ca was about three times that of Si at the end of the season. SiO2 was deposited in the form of opal in the cell walls. Calcium was deposited in the leaf veins and in small oval particles throughout the leaf.
Prospects for Crop Improvement in the Field of Cell Culture1
Authors: Green C. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Advances in plant tissue culture techniques during the past decade have fostered the hope that these techniques can be utilized for crop improvement. Simply stated, these methods allow large, relatively homogeneous populations of cells from diverse tissue sources to be grown and regenerated into plants in a defined environment. An important advantage gained by this capability is that tissue and genetic complexities associated with whole plants can be simplified by working at the cellular level. This capability has provided many new approaches for the investigation and modification of plants. The techniques being extended from model plant systems to increasing numbers of crops include reliable growth of somatic and haploid cells, protoplast isolation and culture, intra- and intergeneric hybridizations by protoplast fusion, utilization of selection systems to recover desired mutants, and the regeneration of plants in all of the above areas. Several recent reviews discuss the development and current status of these techniques and provide insight into their potential uses for crop improvement (2, 6, 7, 23, 24, 26, 27).
Genetic Engineering and Crop Improvement1
Authors: Carlson Peter S. , Rice Thomas B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most yield advances in crop species have been achieved by individuals whose training and focus have been directly concerned with agricultural production. The past several decades have seen the development of new knowledge and techniques in the basic sciences, genetics in particular, which hold promise for crop improvement, but which have not yet been applied toward that end. If the new approaches can be made routinely available to plant breeders and agronomists, then progress in plant improvement will be enhanced. Restructuring of genetic organization, the process which is currently termed “genetic engineering,” has always played a central role in crop improvement. This paper will briefly consider some genetic aspects of crop improvement, and suggest ways that recently developed, novel approaches to genetic manipulation may complement more classical means of genetic engineering.
Anther and Pollen Culture to Produce Haploids: Progress and Application for the Plant Breeder1
Authors: Sink K. C. , Padmanabhan V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research efforts aimed at producing haploid plants by tissue culture of anthers or isolated pollen grains have increased recently. Likewise, the ability of the plant breeder to utilize haploid plants in the breeding program has added a new dimension and possible efficiency to the manner in which horticultural crops can be genetically improved. This review will discuss the recent progress that has been made in the art and science of anther and pollen culture to produce haploid plants and the potential for use by horticultural plant breeders. Previous reviews on this subject have been published by Bottino (12), DeBerg (24), Kimber and Riley (49), Melchers (57, 58), Smith (87), Sunderland (89) and the publication Haploids in Higher Plants – Advances and Potential from the first international symposium held in this area of plant biology, at Guelph, Ontario in 1974.
A Miniature Pressure Injector for Deciduous Woody Seedlings and Branches1
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Creager R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A miniature pressure injector (mini-injector) was designed specificially to introduce solutions into the vascular system of seedlings and branches of woody plants for research purposes. The mini-injector consists of modified Vise-Grip locking pliers, a stainless steel tapered barrel and disposable syringe. Azo sulfamide dye was successfully injected into 4 species of container-grown fruit trees and 12 species of shade trees. Injections were more consistently effective in June, August, and October than in April. Diffuse-porous species were generally more receptive to injection, especially before bud break, than ring-porous species.
Growth Hormones: Pool Size, Diffusion, or Metabolism?1
Authors: Dennis F. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Went and Thimann (50) defined a hormone as ‘a substance which, being produced in one part of an organism, is transferred to another part and there influences a specific physiological process.’ In the strict sense of the word, growth substances extracted from plant tissues cannot be called hormones. In this paper, however, the term will be used in a general sense to refer to auxins, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, inhibitors, and ethylene occurring in plant extracts, diffusates, exuded sap, or intercellular spaces.
Nutrient Diversion: An Hypothesis to Explain the Chemical Control of Flowering
Authors: Sachs R. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although at each shoot apical meristem, vegetative and reproductive development represent alternative courses of differentiation, we wish to emphasize the quantitative interaction between these two processes particularly with regard to the potential for chemical control. Without exception the known flower promoting or inhibiting substances also have substantial influence on vegetative development (32).
Formulation Development of Agricultural Chemicals
Authors: Corty Claude 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
My speciality is the formulation of agricultural chemicals and my paper therefore deals with the art of developing formulations. Note that I said art, not science, because some of my friends tell me that they consider formulation to be some kind of magic practiced by conjurers and witches. Things really are not that bad. We do in fact rely on the laws of chemistry and biology. But the number of variables that we must pay attention to, and the sometimes conflicting requirements that we must compromise, are so numerous that we often cannot use a systematic or scientific approach to solve our problems, and intuition and experience play a considerable role. I am sure that you, as biologists, have full understanding for this situation.
A Scarfskin-iike Disorder of Apples1
Authors: Byers Mark A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For about 20 years we have noticed a disorder on fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in our orchards that appears near harvest as red color develops. This disorder usually starts on the upper (stem end) inside cheek as a finely stippled whitish area ranging from a trace to the whole fruit being covered and produces a milky appearance with greatly reduced red color. In severe outbreaks the cuticle becomes slightly roughened but usually the surface is smooth. The disorder has become a serious economic concern especially in ‘Rome Beauty’ grown in sandy soils. The disorder lowers the grade because affected fruit (>15% of surface covered) is classified by the U.S. Federal-State Inspection Service as a “smooth russet” defect.
Influence of Daminozide on Growth and Cold Acclimation of Taxus Roots1
Authors: Harrington L. David , Pellett Norman E. , Bee David E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Soil drench of succininc acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) on Taxus × media Rehd. cv. Densiformis in the growth chamber inhibited growth of young roots but had little effect on cold acclimation. Daminozide soil drenches at 1000-4000 ppm retarded root growth but did not predispose roots to greater cold hardiness after subsequent cold acclimation conditions. Daminozide applied during cold acclimation did not increase root cold hardiness.
Cytokinins from Chrysanthemum Roots1
Authors: Kemp T. R. , Buxton J. W. , Hamilton J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cytokinins were extracted from whole root tissue of aeroponically cultured Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., purified by cation exchange, paper and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and bioassayed with tobacco callus. Compounds with chromatographic properties similar to those of zeatin and zeatin riboside were found to be the major cytokinin components of the roots.
Growth Regulator Effects on Growth and Development of Excised Mature Iris Embryos in Vitro1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Excised mature embryos of iris (Iris sp.) were grown on agar nutrient medium with 6 concentrations each of indolebutyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, (2,4-D), gibberellic acid (GA3), and kinetin (Kn). The number of roots occurring on the seedlings was significantly increased by 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M IBA and 5 × 10-7, 10-6 and 5 × 10-6M NAA. Plant tissue weight was significantly increased by 10-6 to 10-5M NAA, 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M IBA and 5 × 10-7M 2,4-D. Number of leaves per seedling was most affected by Kn and GA3 levels of 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M. Root length was longest at 10-7M Kn and 5 × 10-7, 10-6 and 5 × 10-6M GA3.
‘Wakefield’ Tomato1
Authors: Stoner A. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Wakefield is a processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) released by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The developmental work was done by the Vegetable Laboratory at the Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Md. ‘Wakefield’ is an early maturing, machine-harvestable cultivar that is adapted to the Eastern U.S. It has been grown and performed satisfactorily in Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Indiana.
Fruit Breeding in Arkansas
Authors: Moore James N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our fruit breeding program was initiated in 1964 to provide new cultivars to stimulate fruit production for Arkansas. To date, 3 blackberry, 2 strawberry, and 1 grape cultivars have been released; peach, nectarine, and apple releases are planned in the near future, and several selections of these crops are in advanced stages of pre-release testing. The overall objective of the breeding program is to develop disease resistent, high quality, cultivars adapted to the soils and climate of Arkansas.
Use of Calcium to Delay Ripening of Tomatoes1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Tirmazi S. I. H. , Scott K. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ripening of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was delayed by vacuum infiltrating fruit with CaCl2 solutions. Ripening was only delayed substantially when Ca content of fruit was raised to greater than 40mg/100g fresh weight from the original concentration of 11mg/100g.
Ethylene Evolution as Related to Changes in Hydroperoxides in Ripening Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Eskin Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hydroperoxide levels were determined in aqueous and lipid extracts from fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at 6 different stages of ripening. An increase in the levels of peroxides in both the aqueous and the lipid fractions was associated with the upsurge in ethylene evolution. The changes in peroxides in the lipid fraction corresponded to the changes in the activity of lypoxygenase. Peroxides may constitute some of the active oxygen forms occurring in vivo which are required for the synthesis of ethylene in fruit.
Late Blight in Mature Tomatoes and Transplants in Southern Georgia in 1976 and Possible Chemical Control1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Glaze N. C. , Ratcliffe T. J. , Flowers R. A. , Phatak S. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) d By. was epiphytotic in several fields of tomato transplants and mature tomatoes in southern Georgia in late May of 1976. This is the first time the disease has been observed in transplant fields in southern Georgia since the 1946 late blight epidemic in the eastern United States. Preliminary fungicide tests indicated that a combination of chlorothalonil and experimental compound from Ciba-Geigy GA-1-82 at 1.12 or 0.42 kg/ha gave exceUent control for late blight. GA-1-82 very closely resembles N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-furanylcarbonyl)-L-alanine methyl ester (CGA-38140).
Comparison of Chrysanthemum Growth in Pine Bark or Commercial Soilless Mixes1
Authors: Still Steven M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat was evaluated in ground pine bark:sand mixes; a soil:peat:perlite mix; and commercially mixed media. Flowering stem:dry weight of plants grown in barkrsand (3:1 or 2:1, by volume) were comparable to commercial mixes but 100% pine bark or soil:peat:perlite significantly reduced plant height and flowering stem dry weight.