bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Forces and Temperatures due to Flank Wear in Hard Turning
Authors: Wang J. Y. , Liu C. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The computation of cutting temperatures under flank-worn condition needs the knowledge of the forces due to flank wear and chip formation. Methods determining forces due to flank wear have been based on the assumption that the chip formation process remains constant as the tool flank is progressively worn, such that the force due to flank wear can be isolated from the total cutting force measured. This assumption continues to be used in literature despite the fact that there is evidence disproving it. Error introduced by this assumption for computing work surface temperature can be significant, as shown by the result of this paper.
In this study, the forces and temperatures due to flank wear were investigated using a newly developed thermal model and orthogonal hard turning experiments without the above assumption. First, the microstructural change in chips was used to determine the heat carried by the work and chip. Then the heat generated and the heat partition coefficients at both tool-work and tool-chip interfaces were obtained by solving the heat partition equations of the thermal model. Finally, shear forces at the tool-work interface and tool-chip interface that were coupled in the cutting process were determined independently without using cutting force measurement. The results also show that, as flank wear increases, the force due to flank wear determined by this method is larger and the interface temperatures are higher than those obtained based on the conventional assumption.
Effect of the DCEP and DCEN Duration Time on the Penetration in AC Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Zheng B. , Wang Q. L. , Kovacevic R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The heat transferred to the workpiece plays a main role in the control of the full penetration weld bead during AC plasma arc welding of aluminum alloys in the keyhole mode. In order to better understand the effect of the heat generated by the AC arc on the weld formation, a low frequency-changed AC welding power source was developed. When the direct current electrode positive (DCEP) arc initiates, the heat generated in the cathodic region by the high cathodic potential is greater than that in the anodic region when the direct current electrode negative (DCEN) arc initiates. The role of the DCEP arc is not only to remove the oxide film on the workpiece, but also to provide the coming DCEN arc with more heat to melt and penetrate the workpiece. To guarantee the weld formation, the rule of maximum-width cleaning area is not acceptable during AC PAW of aluminum alloys in the keyhole mode.
Technologies for Flexible Fixturing and Higher Speed Part Handling in Automated Automotive Sheet Metal Assembly
Authors: Bone Gary M. , Yuen Ka-Ming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A lack of fixturing flexibility and of high speed handling of non-rigid parts are two important problems in automotive sheet metal assembly operations. This paper describes the development of two unique grippers for flexible fixturing of automotive sheet metal parts, and of two methods for the vibration control needed for high speed handling of non-rigid parts. Each gripper is designed to execute a 3-D fixturing strategy which does not require accurate initial part placement, and provides a large number of valid fixturing solutions. Both grippers are tested on several automotive parts. With the first design, the average standard deviation of the parts’ location before fixturing of 0.5 mm was reduced to 0.01 mm after fixturing. The methods of vibration control may be used with most of the industrial robots used for part handling. At a speed of 1 m/s the LEC method reduced the vibration amplitude by 33% after four learning trials. At 0.5 m/s the ICS method reduced the vibration amplitude by 60% and the settling time by 67%.
Planning and Control of Automated Assembly Systems
Authors: Reinhart G. , Cuiper R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This contribution describes an assembly planning methodology in a concurrent engineering environment and a supporting computer system featuring continuous data management and standardized data exchange. The assembly planning is related to results available from the product’s designer and suitable computer tools provide support for each task. There are 5 major groups of input information that is needed for the various tasks of assembly planning. Data created during planning are stored in an object-oriented database to avoid conversion and can even be re-used directly for start-up or production. Therefore the communication between the computer tools themselves and between the tools and the real automated devices has been standardized according to MMS and implemented as CORBA-objects. An equally important system characteristic is represented by the analyses based on the planning status; they can be applied throughout the planning process. Increasingly detailed and realistic analyses are thus possible during the whole planning process.
A Structured Approach for Assembly Planning
Authors: Rea Heather J. , Falconer Richard A. , Murray James L. , Simmons John E. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Instructions on how to assemble a product, known as assembly plans, are traditionally presented to operators in the form of a paper document. The quality, clarity and format of this documentation rely largely on planning engineers’ experience and expertise. Inconsistencies can occur from planner to planner or across project departments which effect product quality. This paper presents a novel structured approach to assembly planning for initial application in the small batch, high technology, precision products sector (eg avionics, mechatronics, electronics). The structured approach capturing best practice is designed to assist experienced planners as well as providing a mechanism for training new planners. The common and variable requirements of assembly planning and information delivery systems in the application sector have been researched and defined.
A Study on the Life Cycle Simulation for the Post Mass Production Paradigm
Authors: Umeda Yasushi , Nonomura Akira , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The environmental issues require a new manufacturing paradigm, because they are caused inevitably by the current mass production and mass consumption paradigm. This paper proposes a new manufacturing paradigm called the “Post Mass Production Paradigm (PMPP).” PMPP advocates sustainable production by decoupling economic growth from material and energy consumption. For examining feasibility of PMPP, this paper describes a life cycle simulation tool. Examples of simulation results illustrate that the environmental impacts can be drastically reduced without decreasing profits of a company by executing services of maintenance and reclamation.
Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Project Contingency Planning
Authors: Olson Walter W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The framework for environmentally conscious manufacturing in industry is the life cycle assessment structure developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and incorporated into ISO 14000 Environmental Management Systems. Plant managers subject to this standard have the responsibility for environmental improvement projects. Often, applying these projects creates significant risks, particularly if the project is unsuccessful or requires a new technology that has not been widely applied. Therefore, plant managers need a method of identifying the risks such that contingency plans can be drafted. In this paper, a method for identifying potential environmental states in light of improvement projects is illustrated.
An Adaptive Tool Path Generation Algorithm for Precision Surface Machining
Authors: Lin Y. J. , Lee T. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper an adaptive CNC tool path generation algorithm for precision machining of parts with free-form surfaces is proposed. It is aimed at developing a generic CNC tool path generation methodology suitable for machining parts having analytical curves/surfaces and/or sculptured (parametric) surfaces, as opposed to most existing NC programming techniques which are unable to handle free-form surface cutting. The proposed algorithm is desired to be robust that it can be applied to generate tool paths for CAD models having both two- and three-dimensional curves and/or surfaces. In the method, a parametric surface curve on a three-dimensional sculptured surface is approximated by a sequence of linear segments. From the current reference point of the cutting tool, the method has the capability of predicting the next reference point of the tool for a given feed. If the predicted reference point does not satisfy a specified dimension tolerance, then the method will adjust itself according to the adaptive rules. Based on the adjustment information together with the current position of the cutter, a corrected position of the cutter can be obtained.
A general surface curve is used to test the effectiveness of the method. At the respective feedrates of 10 mm/s and 30 mm/s, the method is not only able to replicate the contour of the desired curve but also to steer the path generated to constantly stay within an allowable range with a specified tolerance. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is proved to be robust and effective in generating precision tool paths due to its adaptive error correction mechanism.
Multi-Milling-Insert Wear Assessment Using Nonlinear Virtual Sensor, Time-Frequency Distribution and Neural Networks
Authors: Li C. James , Tzeng Tzong-Chyi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study is to establish a signal processing methodology that can infer the state of milling insert wear from translational vibration measured on the spindle housing of a milling machine. First, the tool wear signature in a translational vibration is accentuated by mapping the translational vibration into a torsional vibration using a previously identified nonlinear relationship between the two, i.e., a virtual sensor. Second, a time-frequency distribution, i.e., a Choi-Williams distribution, is calculated from the torsional vibration. Third, scattering matrices and orthogonalization are employed to identify the time-frequency components that are best correlated to the state of wear. Fourth, a neural network is trained to estimate the extent of wear from these critical time-frequency components. The combination of the virtual sensor, time frequency analysis and neural network is then validated with data obtained from real cutting tests.
Modeling and Control of Ablative Thermal Layered Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Fourligkas Nikolaos , Doumanidis Charalabos 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article establishes a general thermal modeling and control methodology for ablative processing of layered materials for rapid prototyping technologies. An analytical multivariable model of lumped temperature outputs generated by heat inputs on a surface grid is developed, based on Green’s function and state-space descriptions. The few independent parameters needed in such a linearized formulation are experimentally identified, and their time-variability reflects the heat transfer nonlinearities and process disturbances. A robust controller with thermal feedback is designed by pole placement methods, to obtain a specified dynamic temperature field yielding the desired material structure and properties. The regulated thermal processing is optimized in real time by proper heat source power modulation and torch guidance through a simulated annealing strategy. Its performance is tested on both the computer model and a laboratory station in regulating the sensitized zone during blanking of an elementary contour pattern on stainless steel, using robotically guided plasma-arc cutting and infrared thermal sensing.
Eclipse: An Overactuated Parallel Mechanism for Rapid Machining
Authors: Ryu Seon-Joong , Kim Jin Wook , Hwang Jae Chul , Park Changbeom , Cho Han Sang , Lee Kiha , Lee Yonghoon , Cornel U. , Park F. C. , Kim Jongwon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the design, construction, and experimental results of the Eclipse, a novel 6 d.o.f. parallel mechanism designed for rapid machining. The Eclipse is designed to be capable of performing 5-face machining while retaining the advantages of high stiffness, high accuracy, and compact size characteristic of parallel mechanisms. We describe the kinematic structure of the Eclipse, including computational procedures for the forward and inverse kinematics, as well as results of workspace, stiffness, and singularity analysis. The Eclipse has 8 actuators. The overactuation is necessary in order to eliminate kinematic singularities present in the internal workspace of the mechanism. Experimental results obtained with a prototype capable of machining plastic stock are described. We conclude with a summary of what we believe are some of the criticial issues in designing parallel mechanism-based machine tools.
Development of Parallel Mechanism Based Milling Machine [HexaM]
Authors: Shibukawa Tetsuro , Tooyama Taizo , Hattori Kazuya , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recently, it is required to reduce not only the net cutting time but also the non-cutting time in order to improve productivity in the cutting process. It is important to develop a new machine tool for high-speed cutting operations, which provides a high speed feed mechanism and a high rotational speed spindle. To obtain a greater level than the conventional feed rate, a parallel mechanism is applied as a high-speed spatial positioning mechanism in a newly developed milling machine. Six ball screw drives are used to actuate this parallel mechanism. One end of the rod is connected to a slider of the ball screw drive with a joint having two degrees of freedom, and the other end of the rod is connected to an end effector with another joint having three degrees of freedom. Six sets of these links are slung down from a fixed base, and support the end effector. Maximum feed rate of 100 m/min and maximum acceleration of 14.7 m/sec2 are achieved.
Also, ±3-sigma repeatability of ±0.001 mm and circularity of 0.016 mm are obtained.
Constraint-Based Modular Fixture Assembly Modeling and Automated Design
Authors: Kang Y. , Rong Y. , Sun M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Modular fixtures are used as flexible fixtures for holding a variety of workpieces in manufacturing processes where standard fixture elements are assembled into different configurations to adapt to different workpiece geometry. This paper presents a constraint-based modeling and automated design of modular fixture configuration design. Assembly constraints are defined in two levels so that the spatial relationships between fixture elements can be modeled and further inferred in terms of a set of constraints. The advantages of this method compared with our previous work include the associativity in fixture design. Once the constraints are specified, the assembly relationships are maintained even if other conditions may change, especially in the process of design modification. The constraint definitions and constraint satisfaction are presented. The application of the method to modular fixture configuration design is introduced.
Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis Support Testing for Gaskets and Seals
Authors: Pannikottu Abraham , Seiler Joseph A. , Leyden Jerry J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) refers to the use of computers to perform design calculations for determining an optimum shape and size for a variety of engineering applications. This modern concept of engineering management has led to important advances in the design and production of components used in aerospace, automotive, electronics and other industries throughout the world.
Computer-Aided Engineering enables an engineer to test design ideas by simulating the function of the part on the computer. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of these computer simulation techniques which is most accurate, versatile and comprehensive technique for solving complex design problems. FEA permits the analysis of these complex structures without the necessity of developing and applying complex equations.
FEA program for non-linear stress analysis of elastomers is performed by applying two material models:
* Mooney-Rivlin Model
* Ogden Model
The Mooney-Rivlin model is the most widely used model for elastomer analysis. The basic problem facing the design engineer is how to obtain the material coefficients needed to use these two models in FEA. As expected, the effectiveness of design analysis is directly related to the quality of the material input material coefficients.
Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. (ARDL) has developed a reliable history of standard procedures for determination of these coefficients from experimental test data. This paper will discuss various testing techniques used for developing elastomer material constants. Also, the intent of this paper is to show how aging or service conditions can be incorporated to obtain material coefficients for elastomer parts.
Free Vibration of Symmetric Cross-Ply Laminated Cylindrical Helical Springs
Authors: Yildirim Vebil , Sancaktar Erol , Kiral Erhan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The first three free vibration frequencies of symmetric cross-ply laminated cylindrical helical springs with square section and fixed-fixed ends are theoretically computed based on the transfer matrix method. The rotary inertia, shear and axial deformation effects are taken into account in the solution. A parametric study is performed. to analyze the effects of the ratio of the extensional modulus to the shearing modulus, helix pitch angle and the number of active turns on the natural frequencies of such springs. The results are given in graphical forms.
Elastoplastic FEM Stress Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Adhesive Tapered Lap Joints of Hollow Shafts Subjected to Tensile Loads
Authors: Kawawaki Masataka , Nakano Yuichi , Sawa Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tensile strength of adhesively bonded tapered lap joints of hollow shafts is investigated in this study. In tapered lap joint, the bonded area is increased even in hollow shafts which are relatively thin. Furthermore, assembling and adjusting the axes of the shafts are easier because of the self-aligning effect. In the experiments, the elastoplastic stress-strain behavior of the adhesive was measured by the uni-axial tensile test of the bulk specimen. The tensile strength of the joints with various taper angles was tested subsequently. In the analysis, the stress distributions at the interface between the shafts and the adhesive are calculated using the finite element method by taking the elastoplastic behaviors of the adhesive and the shafts into consideration. A tensile strength prediction method is proposed based on the numerically obtained stress distributions and its features are discussed by comparing the measured strengths with the predicted ones.
A Study on the Effects of Surface Roughness on the Strength of Single Lap Joints
Authors: Sancaktar Erol , Gomatam Rajesh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many surface treatments that improve adhesion have the effect of roughening the surface involved. Treatments such as abrasion and etching remove the weak boundary layer and improve the wetting behavior. Liquid adhesives that are spread during the application do not ensure removal of air from the cavities present on the surface of the adherend. The penetration of adhesive into the pores of the substrate is influenced by capillary forces and is retarded by the viscosity. Surface roughness and surface irregularities can effect the spread of adhesive and thereby its contact angle.
Mechanical Behavior of Bolted Joints Under Thermal Changes
Authors: Sawa Toshiyuki , Muramatsu Akira , Kumano Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bolted joints in heat exchangers, cylinder head in combustion engines and so on are subjected to a heat flux. It is necessary to examine the mechanical behavior of such bolted joints under thermal changes in order to establish an optimal design. This paper deals with mechanical behavior of bolted joints, in which two hollow cylinders and two rectangular thick plates made of aluminum are fastened at room temperature by a bolt and nut made of steel, and are subjected to thermal changes or steady heat conduction. In the experiments, the bolted joints mentioned above were put in a furnace. Next, rectangular thick plates fastened by a bolt and nut were heated by an electric heater. Then, the temperatures on the surfaces of the clamped parts and the bolts were measured with thermocouples. The increase in axial bolt force, the maximum stress in the bolts and the strains in the clamped parts were measured under steady heat conduction or thermal changes. In addition, analyses we are carried out on the above load factors using the finite difference method. The analytical results are consistent with the experimental ones.
Proper Selection of Auxiliary Heat Source for Reducing Thermal Residual Stresses During Welding Process
Authors: Kunde Raghu Ram , Kuppa Padmalakshmi V. , Jahanian Shahriar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper a method is proposed to reduce the residual stress distribution at the area close to the HAZ. Initially the temperature distribution in an AISI 304 stainless steel, which undergoes gas metal arc welding process, is evaluated using FEM. For this purpose general purpose FEM code ABAQUS is used. The results were compared with the experimental data and a reasonable agreement is observed. Across the thickness of the weldment high temperature gradient which is a function of space and time is observed. An auxiliary moving heat source is placed on the top surface of the weldment, close to welding heat source. It was observed that if the place of auxiliary heat source and time of application are not carefully selected it may create a thermal shock and may have adverse affect on the temperature distribution. This may result in high residual stress distribution. However when the heat input for the auxiliary heat source, its location, time of application, speed and magnitude of the auxiliary heat input are carefully selected, then the temperature gradient, both spatially and temporally at area close to HAZ will reduce considerably. Even though the affect at area very close to fusion zone is trivial, our results indicate residual stresses in general may reduce due to more uniform temperature distribution.
CFD Analysis of a Direct Vessel Injection (DVI) Transient to Calculate AP600 Reactor Vessel Shell Temperatures
Authors: Matarazzo John C. , Schwirian Richard E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate Reactor Vessel (RV) shell temperatures during a Direct Vessel Injection (DVI) transient for the Advanced Passive 600 mW Pressurized Water Reactor (AP600). The circumferential, axial and radial temperature distributions were calculated for the RV shell using CFD methods.