bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segmental and descending control of primary afferent input to the spinal lamina X
Authors: Krotov Volodymyr , Agashkov Kirill , Krasniakova Marharyta , Safronov Boris V. , Belan Pavel , Voitenko Nana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Despite being involved in a number of functions, such as nociception and locomotion, spinal lamina X remains one of the least studied central nervous system regions. Here, we show that Aδ- and C-afferent inputs to lamina X neurons are presynaptically inhibited by homo- and heterosegmental afferents as well as by descending fibers from the corticospinal tract, dorsolateral funiculus, and anterior funiculus. Activation of descending tracts suppresses primary afferent-evoked action potentials and also elicits excitatory (mono- and polysynaptic) and inhibitory postsynaptic responses in lamina X neurons. Thus, primary afferent input to lamina X is subject to both spinal and supraspinal control being regulated by at least 5 distinct pathways.
Visually evoked pain and its extinction using virtual reality in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome type II
Authors: Harvie Daniel S. , Stanton Tasha R. , Kennedy Hannah , Coppieters Michel W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this case report, we used virtual reality (VR) to explore pain evoked by only the appearance of being touched (rather than actually being touched) in a person with complex regional pain syndrome type II. Furthermore, we explored the degree to which this visually evoked pain could be extinguished by applying exposure principles in VR. In stage 1, we identified 4 specific scenarios where pain was triggered by visually simulated touch (without physical stimulation) and used these scenarios to quantify baseline sensitivity to visuotactile stimulation. In stage 2, the patient undertook a 12-week virtual exposure program, and the visual triggers were reassessed 3 weeks after the commencement and immediately upon completion of the program. At baseline, severe pain and a profound cold sensation were immediately and consistently evoked in concert with visually simulated touch. At 12-week follow-up, only one of the initially provocative visual stimuli triggered pain and only after 60 seconds of repeated stimulation. Unfortunately, the transfer of desensitisation from VR to the real world was limited. This case report describes the phenomena of visually evoked pain. Moreover, it describes the near complete extinguishing of visually evoked pain through virtual graded exposure. How improvements gained in VR might be better transferred to real-word improvements merits further investigation.
Pandemic-Related Experiences and Stress Among Children’s Hospital Staff Predict Psychosocial Risk
Authors: Grasso Damion J. , Lewin Matthew M. , Adams Basia , Lapidus Garry 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARY

Goal:
COVID-19 has imposed unique challenges for healthcare workers who have faced increased risk of exposure to the virus, heightened work demands, and disruptions in work–life balance. For some healthcare workers, these challenges may have contributed to increased stress, burnout, and psychosocial impairment, including symptoms of depression and anxiety. The current study addresses a knowledge gap of associations between pandemic-related experiences and psychosocial risk among medical and nonmedical pediatric healthcare staff.

Methods:
A sample of 369 staff (90% female) employed at an acute care, freestanding pediatric hospital in Connecticut completed an online survey. The survey assessed specific pandemic-related experiences and perceived impact with the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory, and depression and anxiety risk with the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression screen and 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder screen, respectively. Enrollment and survey completion occurred over a 6-week period during the pandemic (summer 2020).

Principal Findings:
High rates of adverse pandemic-related experiences included workplace experiences (e.g., inadequate support, interpersonal difficulties), home life (e.g., childcare difficulties, partner conflict), and experiences reflecting social isolation and quarantine, child and adult mental health difficulties, increased alcohol or substance use, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Medical relative to nonmedical staff reported significantly more adverse and fewer positive experiences, and a significantly higher perceived negative impact of workplace experiences. A positive screen for depression or anxiety was significantly predicted by cumulative adverse workplace experiences (OR = 1.15), changes in emotional/physical health (OR = 1.35), and perceived negative impact of workplace experiences (OR = 1.32).

Applications to Practice:
The present study joins recent reports of increased adverse experiences and psychosocial outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings underscore the need for pediatric hospitals to innovate ways to reduce burden and connect staff to mental health services during similar public health crises. Such services might include (1) assisting healthcare staff to navigate disruptions in their home and social lives as a result of new challenges faced at work, (2) adapting the hospital environment and culture to mitigate stress experienced by staff because of these challenges, and (3) bolstering mental health screening and services to address exacerbated or emerging mental health symptoms, such as depression and anxiety.
Possible Effect of Chelation Treatment on Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis in Lead Exposure
Authors: Çetin Tugce , Samadi Afshin , Reçber Tuba , Dinçer Asli Karacan , Eser Burcu , Yalcinkaya Ahmet , Nemutlu Emirhan , Öztaş Yesim , Lay Incilay , Sabuncuoğlu Suna 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
This study aimed to examine patients with lead poisoning in terms of metabolomic profiles and bioactive lipids (oxysterols and sphingosine 1-phosphate [S1P]) before and after chelation therapy.

Methods:
Consent was obtained from 42 individuals diagnosed with lead poisoning and blood and urine samples were collected before and after chelation therapy. The levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), cholestan-3b,5a,6b-triol (Ctriol), and S1P were measured via LC-MS/MS. Metabolomic analysis was performed via GC—MS.

Results:
7-KC and C-triol levels were detected higher before chelation therapy compared with after therapy (P < 0.001 for both). S1P levels were measured higher before the therapy. The results also showed that sphingolipid metabolism-related pathways were affected by lead toxicity as well as other related pathways.

Conclusion:
This preliminary study showed that lipid metabolism is affected in lead exposure and chelation therapy is effective in reversing possible damage.
Differential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Symptoms and Working Conditions for Senior and Junior Doctors in Australian Hospitals
Authors: Pascoe Amy , Johnson Douglas , Putland Mark , Willis Karen , Smallwood Natasha 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
This study investigated severity, prevalence, and predictors of workplace disruption and mental health symptoms in Australian junior and senior hospital medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey collected data on demographics, workplace disruption, personal relationships, and mental health.

Results:
One thousand twenty-one (62.1%) senior and 745 (37.9%) junior medical staff, located primarily in Victoria, completed the survey. Work disruptions were common but varied by seniority, withjunior staff more frequently exposed to COVID- 19 (P < 0.001). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and burnout were common but significantly higher in junior doctors (P
= 0.011 to < 0.001). Common predictors for experiencing mental health symptoms were identified, including prior mental health diagnoses and worsening personal relationships.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 has had significant but varied impacts on junior and senior doctors, with junior doctors particularly susceptible to harm to mental health. Interventions to safeguard hospital medical staff and prevent attrition of this important workforce are urgently needed.
Identifying Obstetric Mistreatment Experiences in U.S. Birth Narratives
Authors: Tello Hannah J. , Téllez Dylan J. , Gonzales Joseph E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background:
Traumatic births are those resulting in feelings of distress that persist after the birth experience. Health care providers may play a role in these experiences through various forms of mistreatment. Analyses of global birth experiences have generated several domains of mistreatment. This study applies these evidence-based domains of mistreatment as an a priori coding scheme for analysis of 96 oral narratives of U.S.-based births to describe the nature of perceived mistreatment using participants' own descriptions of experiences.

Method:
Ninety-six transcripts of oral birth stories from 61 participants were coded using the domains of mistreatment experiences described by the Bohren et al.'s (2015) systematic review of obstetric mistreatment.

Results:

N = 131 individual experiences of perceived obstetric mistreatment were identified in 41 out of 96 narratives (42.7%). The most frequent types of experiences were Poor Rapport (90 incidences) and Failure to Meet Professional Standards of Care (29).

Clinical Implications:
Although most women in our study did not perceive any instances of obstetric mistreatment during their childbirth, over 40% of participants noted at least one event that fit one of the typologies we used as a framework for analysis. Visibility and review of the types of perceived mistreatment experiences that occur during birth enables health system leaders to implement prevention and accountability strategies. Most instances of perceived mistreatment during birth may be prevented through intentional implementation of individualized, respectful, supportive care during labor and birth.
Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Regressions
Authors: AlMukdad Sawsan , Farooqui Uzma S. , Harfouche Manale , Aldos Lana , Abu-Raddad Laith J. 
Published: February 2022

Background
This study characterized the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Methods
Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines were followed to systematically review, synthesize, and report HSV-2-related data up to January 21, 2021. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed.

Results
In Canada, pooled mean seroprevalence was 10.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.8–12.4%) among general populations, 44.5% (95% CI, 20.0–70.5%) among sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees and symptomatic populations, and 60.7% (95% CI, 49.8–71.1%) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals and individuals in HIV-discordant couples. In Australia and New Zealand, combined, pooled mean seroprevalence was 15.4% (95% CI, 9.6–22.2%) among general populations, 27.8% (95% CI, 12.0–47.2%) among men who have sex with men, and 37.2% (95% CI, 23.7–51.8%) among sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees and symptomatic populations. Men had 0.64-fold (95% CI, 0.47–0.86) lower seroprevalence compared with women. No evidence was found for a decline in seroprevalence over time. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-2 isolation in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes was 62.1% (95% CI, 53.8–70.1%) in Canada and 71.9% (95% CI, 64.2–78.9%) in Australia and New Zealand. Proportion of HSV-2 isolation in genital herpes declined by 0.98-fold (95% CI, 0.97–0.99) per year. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-2 isolation in genital ulcer disease was 17.4% (95% CI, 4.0–37.1%) in these countries.

Conclusions
Over 10% of adults in these countries are infected, with no evidence for declining seroprevalence, unlike other global regions. Over 60% of genital herpes cases are caused by HSV-2 in these countries, yet HSV-2's role is declining by 2% per year.
Incentive-Based Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Screening in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lambert Teresa , Finlay Jenise , Krahn Jessica , Meyer Garret , Singh Ameeta E. , Kennedy Megan , Caine Vera 
Published: February 2022

Background
Despite increasing access to treatment and screening, rates of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) continue to rise in high-income countries. The high cost of undiagnosed and untreated STBBI negatively affects individuals, health care systems, and societies. The use of monetary and nonmonetary incentives may increase STBBI screening uptake in high-income countries. Incentivized screening programs are most effective when developed specific to context and target population.

Methods
Our review was performed according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, high-income countries, primary research studies, and older than 16 years. Study quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools.

Results
The search yielded 6219 abstracts. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies took place in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Populations screened included: postsecondary and tertiary students, parolees or probationers, youth, and inner-city emergency department patients. Incentivized STBBI screened were human immunodeficiency virus (n = 5), chlamydia (n = 7), and multiple infections (n = 1). Incentives offered were monetary (cash/gift cards/not specified) (n = 10), nonmonetary (n = 1), and mixed (n = 2). Both monetary and nonmonetary incentives enhance STBBI screening in high-income countries.

Conclusion
Incentivized screening programs are most effective when developed specific to context and target population. Further research is needed to analyze incentivized screening across similar study designs and to evaluate long-term effectiveness.
Contrast Sensitivity with Center-distance Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses
Authors: Nti Augustine N. , Gregory Hannah R. , Ritchey Eric R. , Wolffsohn James S. , Berntsen David A. 
Published: February 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
The contrast sensitivity (CS) function provides a more detailed assessment of vision than visual acuity. It was found that center-distance multifocal contact lens designs that are increasingly being prescribed for myopia control reduce distance photopic and mesopic CS in nonpresbyopic patients across a range of spatial frequencies.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine the effect of center-distance multifocal soft contact lenses (MFCLs) on CS under photopic and mesopic conditions in nonpresbyopic patients.

METHODS
Twenty-five myopic, nonpresbyopic adults were fitted binocularly with three lenses: Biofinity single vision contact lens (SVCL), Biofinity Multifocal D +2.50 add, and NaturalVue Multifocal in random order. Contrast sensitivity was measured at distance (4 m) under photopic and mesopic conditions and at near under photopic conditions. Log CS by spatial frequency and area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) were analyzed between lenses.

RESULTS
Distance photopic CS at each spatial frequency was higher with the SVCL than the MFCLs (P < .001), but there was no difference between the MFCLs (P = .71). Distance mesopic CS from 1.5 to 12 cycles per degree (cpd) was higher with the SVCL than the MFCLs (all P < .02); however, at 18 cpd, there was no difference in CS between NaturalVue and the SVCL (P = .76), possibly because of spurious resolution. Photopic AULCSF for the SVCL was roughly 10% greater than both MFCLs. Contrast sensitivity at near was generally similar between lenses, only slightly lower with the NaturalVue at 11 and 15.5 cpd, but AULCSF at near was not different between lenses (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Multifocal contact lenses reduce distance contrast sensitivity under both photopic and mesopic conditions. There is no clinically significant difference in near CS among all three lenses. These data show that MFCLs have effects on vision that are not captured by standard high-contrast visual acuity testing.
Driving to Reduce Socioeconomic Barriers to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Care: A Mobile Pediatric Treatment Program
Authors: Swamy Padma , Duran Cassandra , Gupta Aditi , Misra Sanghamitra , Fredricks Karla , Cruz Andrea T. 
Published: February 2022

Context:
Tuberculosis (TB) disease causes significant morbidity, mortality, and public health impacts. Prevention of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in children reduces the burden of disease.

Program:
The Texas Children's Mobile Clinic Program's (TC-MCP's) mission is to provide high-quality health care to underresourced children within the community setting. The TC-MCP serves a large foreign-born pediatric population. The need for an LTBI treatment program arose when caring for this high-risk population.

Implementation:
The TC-MCP providers collaborated with nationally recognized pediatric TB experts as well as local health departments that provide medications free of cost. The TC-MCP placed tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) on patients with risk factors for TB. TST-positive patients had an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) performed. IGRA-positive patients had a chest radiograph (CXR) obtained. Children with positive IGRA and normal CXR were included in the LTBI program, which consisted of TC-MCP outpatient visits and 12 once-weekly doses of isoniazid/rifapentine (3HP) provided by local health departments.

Results:
From January 2018 to March 2020, 785 TC-MCP patients received TSTs, of which 38 (4.8%) were positive. An additional 7 positive TSTs were identified from outside facilities. In addition to the 45 positive TSTs, 4 TC-MCP patients with follow-up difficulties had IGRAs done as the initial test. Of these 49 IGRAs done, 13 patients had a positive IGRA. An additional 6 patients with positive IGRAs from outside facilities were identified. Nineteen patients (36.5%) were diagnosed with LTBI; of whom, 18 completed 3HP therapy through the TC-MCP. Eighty-three percent (15/18) completed at least 2 in-person visits.

Discussion:
Underresourced children at higher risk for TB benefit from a mobile clinic's unique reach. By utilizing community partnerships, mobile clinics can successfully fill gaps in the health care system where marginalized populations may be missed.
Differences in Postacute Rehabilitation Recommendations by Ethnicity at an Urban Comprehensive Stroke Center
Authors: Chavez Audrie A. , Abraham Annie M. , Venkatachalam Aardhra M. , McCreary Morgan , Ifejika Nneka L. 
Published: February 2022

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in postacute rehabilitation discharge recommendations, actual disposition, and rehabilitation duration by ethnicity at an urban Joint Commission Comprehensive Stroke Center.

Design
This was a retrospective cohort study of adult acute stroke hospital admissions between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019 (n = 1717) who were discharged to home with or without outpatient therapy, inpatient rehabilitation facility, or skilled nursing facility (SNF). Lognormal and multinomial regressions were used to create statistical models evaluating ethnicity-related differences in discharge recommendation and disposition as well as rehabilitation duration while controlling for age, stroke type and severity, insurance type, and medical comorbidities; non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients served as the comparison group.

Results
Hispanic patients were less likely to have therapy recommendations of SNF, with a trend toward significance (P = 0.06), yet statistically more likely to have the actual disposition of SNF (P = 0.01) than NHW patients. There were no statistically significant differences comparing disposition rates for black and Asian patients to NHW patients for both inpatient rehabilitation facility and SNF. There was no statistically significant difference in rehabilitation duration for black or Hispanic patients compared with NHW patients.

Conclusions
Hispanic patients were less likely to have therapy recommended SNF disposition, with a trend toward significance, but significantly more likely to have actual SNF disposition compared with NHW patients after acute stroke.
Analyzing and Discussing Human Factors Affecting Surgical Patient Safety Using Innovative Technology: Creating a Safer Operating Culture
Authors: van Dalen Anne Sophie Helena Maria , Jung James J. , Nieveen van Dijkum Els J.M. , Buskens Christianne J. , Grantcharov Teodor P. , Bemelman Willem A. , Schijven Marlies P. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Surgical errors often occur because of human factor–related issues. A medical data recorder (MDR) may be used to analyze human factors in the operating room. The aims of this study were to assess intraoperative safety threats and resilience support events by using an MDR and to identify frequently discussed safety and quality improvement issues during structured postoperative multidisciplinary debriefings using the MDR outcome report.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study, 35 standard laparoscopic procedures were performed and recorded using the MDR. Outcome data were analyzed using the automated Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model. The video-assisted MDR outcome report reflects on safety threat and resilience support events (categories: person, tasks, tools and technology, psychical and external environment, and organization). Surgeries were debriefed by the entire team using this report. Qualitative data analysis was used to evaluate the debriefings.

Results
A mean (SD) of 52.5 (15.0) relevant events were identified per surgery. Both resilience support and safety threat events were most often related to the interaction between persons (272 of 360 versus 279 of 400). During the debriefings, communication failures (also category person) were the main topic of discussion.

Conclusions
Patient safety threats identified by the MDR and discussed by the operating room team were most frequently related to communication, teamwork, and situational awareness. To create an even safer operating culture, educational and quality improvement initiatives should aim at training the entire operating team, as it contributes to a shared mental model of relevant safety issues.