bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Judges
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores who are the judges involved in resolving disputes in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and examines their educational and professional backgrounds across the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and Annex VII arbitral tribunals. The chapter also analyses the different roles performed by international judges. These tasks include settling the procedure, treaty interpretation, fact finding, and settling the dispute presented. The discussion also acknowledges the role of international judges in relation to the broader contexts of disputes. Beyond contentious proceedings, judges also contribute to the law of the sea through the issuance of advisory opinions. The final part of the chapter contemplates what the role of the international judge should be in UNCLOS dispute settlement, and suggests the possible relevance of stakeholder identification theory as one explanatory paradigm.
Navigation
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses different aspects of navigation that have been subjected to judicial scrutiny during dispute settlement proceedings under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The chapter considers the status of vessels, especially matters relating to nationality and immunity that have featured in UNCLOS cases. The scope of the freedom of navigation has been a source of dispute under UNCLOS and cases have examined the application of the freedom of navigation to vessels in port as well as examining what activities fall within the freedom of navigation, focusing on bunkering and protest in this regard. The chapter also analyses cases that have addressed interference with navigation and navigational safety matters. The final part of the chapter examines different aspects of law enforcement by coastal States, as well as limits on the use of force and the right of hot pursuit.
A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of People Who Resumed Smoking Following Exclusive Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use
Authors: Robertson Lindsay , Sanford Kealey-Rei , Waa Anaru , Hoek Janet 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
For electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to reduce harms caused by smoking, people who smoke must be able to switch to exclusive ENDS use without subsequently returning to smoking. Identifying factors prompting a return to smoking among former exclusive ENDS users is crucial, yet few qualitative studies have probed experiences of this process.

Aims and Methods
We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 people (seven indigenous Māori and 13 non-Māori) who smoked tobacco at least weekly, had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, and reported using ENDS to stop smoking cigarettes for at least 30 days (ideally, within the preceding 6 months). We explored their experiences of ENDS use, probed critical return-to-smoking settings and triggers, and analyzed strategies that could promote sustained smoking abstinence. We managed data using NVivo12 and used a reflexive thematic analysis approach to interpret the transcripts.

Results
We identified three themes that explained participants’ experiences. ENDS performed a functional role by mimicking some aspects of smoking. Yet participants experienced ENDS as inauthentic and unsatisfying across physical, social, and affectual domains, including in the most common return-to-smoking situations. Furthermore, fewer constraints on ENDS usage led participants to feel they could perpetuate addiction and risk of harm.

Conclusions
Return to smoking reflected two factors: ENDS’ failure to replicate core smoking attributes that remained appealing, and the burden of self-regulation required when using ENDS. Understanding and informing people about the challenges involved in transitioning to ENDS, beyond obtaining sufficient nicotine, could help support informed ENDS use and may potentially prevent people returning to smoking.

Implications
Our study extends our understanding of the satisfaction people seek when attempting to transition from smoking to exclusive ENDS use, and how ENDS’ failure to replicate that satisfaction, in addition to uncertainty about ENDS-related risks, contributes to smoking resumption. Satisfaction went beyond nicotine delivery, and included affective experiences, maintenance of rituals, rewards, and social connections. Conceptualizing satisfaction more broadly could support a richer understanding of factors that prompt return to smoking. People might manage challenges more effectively if they understood these before attempting to switch from smoking to ENDS, and if they are advised to monitor and regulate their ENDS use. Educational resources and behavioral support could provide more guidance on these points.
Deregulating Innovation Capital: The Effects of the JOBS Act on Biotech Startups
Authors: Lewis Craig M , White Joshua T 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe examine real outcomes for biotech startups going public around the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act. Reduced compliance costs associate with greater innovation capital formation as biotech IPO volume and proceeds increase after the JOBS Act. Biotechs, which conduct over 30% of IPOs since 2012, go public with products earlier in the FDA approval process and more frequently target rare diseases and cancer. Consistent with our survey evidence that managers use compliance savings to invest in R&D, we link the JOBS Act to post-IPO increases in project-level development, such as new patents, clinical trials, and staffing of laboratories. Post-JOBS Act product candidates are more likely to reach key milestones in the FDA approval process and these startups fail at lower rates. Benefits accrue to shareholders without sacrificing financial reporting quality. Our results demonstrate how tailoring regulations for startups can provide economic and societal benefits.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Coevolution between institutions and scientific organizations: The case of IMPA
Authors: Petrin Renata , Gonzalez Duarte Roberto , Kazumi Miura Irene 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this study, the properties of coevolution were analysed and presented as a promising avenue to investigate the interaction between institutions and scientific organizations, which has implications for the development of scientific fields and public scientific policies. These properties were used to analyse the interaction between the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA) and national and international institutions from 1951 to 2019. The findings reveal that if an area of knowledge is weak in a country, it can develop through different institutional actions by interested parties such as researchers. The institutional agency of IMPA researchers has functioned as an element that feeds coevolutionary dynamics. This dynamic has caused changes in the IMPA (micro-level), scientific community (meso-level), and governmental institutions and civil society (macro-level). This study’s main contribution is the cross-fertilization of coevolution with the agency approach of institutional theory.
Dementia detection from brain activity during sleep
Authors: Ye Elissa M , Sun Haoqi , Krishnamurthy Parimala V , Adra Noor , Ganglberger Wolfgang , Thomas Robert J , Lam Alice D , Westover M Brandon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
Dementia is a growing cause of disability and loss of independence in the elderly, yet remains largely underdiagnosed. Early detection and classification of dementia can help close this diagnostic gap and improve management of disease progression. Altered oscillations in brain activity during sleep are an early feature of neurodegenerative diseases and be used to identify those on the verge of cognitive decline.

Methods
Our observational cross-sectional study used a clinical dataset of 10 784 polysomnography from 8044 participants. Sleep macro- and micro-structural features were extracted from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Microstructural features were engineered from spectral band powers, EEG coherence, spindle, and slow oscillations. Participants were classified as dementia (DEM), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or cognitively normal (CN) based on clinical diagnosis, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Exam scores, clinical dementia rating, and prescribed medications. We trained logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest models to classify patients into DEM, MCI, and CN groups.

Results
For discriminating DEM versus CN, the best model achieved an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.78 and area under precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.22. For discriminating MCI versus CN, the best model achieved an AUROC of 0.73 and AUPRC of 0.18. For discriminating DEM or MCI versus CN, the best model achieved an AUROC of 0.76 and AUPRC of 0.32.

Conclusions
Our dementia classification algorithms show promise for incorporating dementia screening techniques using routine sleep EEG. The findings strengthen the concept of sleep as a window into neurodegenerative diseases.
Breast Autologous Fat Transfer Entirely Under Tumescent Anesthesia: Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Salmon Paul J. M. 
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
The prior use of external expansion has been described in the literature as a tool to allow reliable grafting of more than 200 mLs of autologous fat under general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether breast autologous fat transfer entirely under tumescent anesthesia (BAFTEUTA) is a safe and effective technique.

METHODS
After institutional board approval, 22 consecutive patients were enrolled in this single-cohort, prospective study. All patients underwent preoperative expansion using manually evacuated domes. All procedures were performed under tumescent anesthesia with oral sedation.

RESULTS
There was a median successful graft of 200 mLs. Complications were minimal and limited to occlusive folliculitis.

CONCLUSION
Although the author has not reported as large graft volumes as some other authors, BAFTEUTA is a safe procedure and can have good outcomes with high levels of patient satisfaction.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in High-risk Children: A 10-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: van Warmerdam Jacqui , Campigotto Aaron , Bitnun Ari , MacDougall Georgina , Kirby-Allen Melanie , Papsin Blake , McGeer Allison , Allen Upton , Morris Shaun K. 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Despite the availability of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines, children with high-risk conditions remain vulnerable to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). This study sought to describe IPD prevalence, vaccination and outcomes among high-risk children.

Methods:
We used International Classification of Disease10 discharge and microbiology codes to identify patients hospitalized for IPD at a large pediatric hospital from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2018. Patients were considered high-risk if they had: primary immunodeficiency, asplenia, transplant, active malignancy, sickle cell disease, cochlear implant, nephrotic syndrome, chronic lung disease, cerebrospinal fluid leak, HIV or used immunosuppressive therapy.

Results:
In total 94 high-risk patients were hospitalized for IPD. The most common high-risk conditions included malignancy (n = 33, 35%), solid-organ or bone marrow transplant (n = 17, 18%) and sickle cell disease (n = 14, 15%). Bacteremia was the most common presentation (n = 81, 86%) followed by pneumonia (n = 23, 25%) and meningitis (n = 9, 10%). No deaths occurred. Of 66 patients with known pneumococcal vaccination status, 15 (23%) were unvaccinated, and 51 (77%) received at least one dose of a pneumococcal vaccine; 20 received all four recommended pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) doses. Only three children received PPSV23. Of 20 children with no or partial (<3 doses) immunization, 70% (14) of IPD episodes were due to vaccine-preventable serotypes. Of 66 known IPD serotypes, 17% (n = 11) were covered by PCV13, 39% (n = 26) were covered by PPSV23 and 39% (n = 26) were nonvaccine serotype.

Conclusions:
Despite the availability of effective pneumococcal vaccines, IPD persists among children with high-risk conditions. Improving PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccination could significantly reduce IPD; most episodes were due to vaccine-preventable serotypes in incompletely immunized patients.
Intraoperative Ultrasound-Guided Resection for Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformations of the Head and Neck
Authors: Colletti Giacomo , Nocini Riccardo , Rozell-Shannon Linda , Chiarini Luigi , Anesi Alexandre , Dessy Margherita 
Published: November 2022

Objectives:
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are a highly aggressive and difficult to manage disease. Treatments such as proximal ligation, partial embolization, and incomplete surgical removal often lead to a relapse that is worse than the “virgin” condition. Thus, when surgery is chosen with curative purposes, a radical resection must be obtained. Color Doppler can offer a way to more reliably plan resection margins and, if needed, extend the excision of the AVM to obtain radicality.

Methods:
Nine patients with S1–S3 facial AVMs underwent radical surgical resection with the aid of Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS). CDUS was used to define the margins of the exeresis, to check for residual disease and, in case, to extend the resection. Primary closure or local flaps were used to reconstruct the defect.

Results:
Histology showed AVM-free margins in the 5 patients where CDUS showed no signs of residual disease. In 4 cases, the resection was secondarily widened according to the US findings. Here, the histology showed remnants of the nidus in the part close to the original resection and no disease elsewhere in the remainder of the specimen. At a 24–62 months follow-up, no patient showed signs of relapse.

Conclusion:
The use of CDUS seems to guarantee a higher degree of cure rate for “healable” AVMs that are managed by means of surgery. Since its introduction in our clinical practice, we routinely use this method in the management of AVMs that are amenable to radical removal.
Efficacy of High-Dose Corticosteroid Therapy in Acute Stage Severe Facial Palsy in Children
Authors: Baba Shintaro , Kondo Kenji , Yoshitomi Ai , Taniguchi Kenshiro , Nakaya Muneo , Yamasoba Tatsuya 
Published: November 2022

Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose corticosteroid for severe acute facial paralysis in children.

Methods
The present study enrolled 10 pediatric patients with House-Brackmann (H-B) Grade VI facial paralysis who received prednisolone (PSL) 3 to 4 mg/kg/d for 2 to 3 days followed by a 10-day taper (the child high-dose group). Eight pediatric patients who received PSL 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/d were enrolled in a child low-dose group, and nine adult patients (25–64 yr) who received a high-dose PSL 200 mg equivalent for 2 to 3 days followed by a 10-day taper were enrolled in an adult high-dose group. On the initial and follow-up visits, facial movements were evaluated using the H-B grading system. The degree of oral-ocular synkinesis was evaluated by the degree of asymmetry in eye-opening width during mouth movements. The synkinesis index was defined as a percentage of the interpalpebral space width ([normal side − affected side]/normal side).

Results
The child high-dose group achieved a significantly better H-B score than the child low-dose group (p < 0.01). The synkinesis index was significantly lower in the child high-dose group than in the child low-dose group or the adult high-dose group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Children receiving PSL 3 to 4 mg/kg/d achieved better recovery and less synkinesis than those treated with low-dose PSL (0.5–1 mg/kg/d).
Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of acupoint catgut embedding in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: Acupoint catgut embedding treating ulcerative colitis meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Yunfeng , Zhou Manli , Tong Yaling , Yin Shuang , Hu Gang , Jian Weixiong , Zhu Ying 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Although anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory measures have delayed the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC) to a certain extent, the adverse drug reactions and recurrence after recovery still trouble clinicians. Acupoint catgut embedding is a possible alternative strategy for the treatment of UC, but its clinical efficacy remains controversial. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of acupoint catgut embedding compared with conventional western medicine in the treatment of UC.

Methods:
VIP, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library databases were searched. And the publication time of the literature was limited from the time that the database was established to February 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias as required. Meta-analysis was performed with Revman 5.3. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed with TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta. Publication bias was assessed by Stata 15.0. And evidence quality was appraised with GRADEpro3.6.

Results:
A total of 10 studies were listed, with a total sample size of 782 cases. Meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional western medicine, acupoint catgut embedding can effectively improve the total effective rate of clinical symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.09,1.24], P < .00001), endoscopic total effective rate (RR = 1.16, 95%CI = [1.08,1.25], P < .0001), clinical symptom cure rate (RR = 1.80, 95%CI = [1.37,2.38], P < .0001), and endoscopic cure rate (RR = 1.97, 95%CI = [1.36,2.86], P = .0004) of UC, but the adverse event rate (RR = 0.20, 95%CI = [0.01,4.00], P = .29) was similar. Trial sequential analysis indicated that the efficacy endpoint was conclusive. Harbord test confirmed no significant publication bias. The quality of evidence for these outcomes ranges from low to medium.

Conclusion:
The clinical efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding in the treatment of UC is superior to that of conventional western medicine, and the safety may be equivalent to that of conventional western medicine, which has the value of further research and exploration.
More advantages of trocar compared than steel needle in deep venipuncture catheterization
Authors: Du Suzhen , Zhang Yanbo , Wang Hui , Fan Yan , Jiao Bao-Jie , Wang Dong-Ni , Qi Man-Man , Sun Xiu-Wei 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Deep venipuncture catheterization is widely used in clinical anesthesia. However, it is worth thinking about how to improve the rate of successful catheter insertion, and relieve patients’ discomfort. This paper aimed to compare the clinical advantages between trocar and steel needle.

Methods:
Total 503 adult patients were recruited and randomly assigned. The control group was punctured with steel needle, and the experimental group was punctured with trocar needle. Clinical and followed-up information was recorded. Pearson’s chi-squared and spearman test were performed to analyze the correlation between intervention and relative parameters. Univariate logistic regression was performed to verify the odds ratio of trocar needle compared with steel needle.

Results:
Pearson’s chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation test showed a significant correlation between puncture success, puncture comfort, successful catheter insertion, puncture time, thrombosis, catheter fever, bleeding, infection and interventions (P < .05). Univariate logistic regression showed that there existed better puncture comfort (odds ratio [OR] = 6.548, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.320–9.925, P < .001), higher successful catheter insertion (OR = 6.060, 95% CI: 3.278–11.204, P < .001), shorter puncture time (OR = 0.147, 95% CI: 0.093–0.233, P < .001), lesser thrombosis (OR = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.121–0.312, P < .001), lesser catheter fever (OR = 0.263, 95% CI: 0.158–0.438, P < .001), lesser bleeding (OR = 0.082, 95% CI: 0.045–0.150, P < .001) and lesser infection (OR = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.202–0.571, P < .001) in trocar group compared with steel needle group.

Conclusion:
Trocar application in deep venipuncture catheterization can improve successful catheter insertion, relieve pain and discomfort of patients, reduce incidence of complications, and provide better security for patients.
Correlation between acellular dermal matrix (ADM) volume and breast implant size selection among patients undergoing prepectoral direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction using complete ADM
Authors: Kim Yoon Soo , Kim Ho Sung , In Seok Kyung , Kim Byeong Seok , Kim Hyo Young , Kim Hong Il , Yi Hyung Suk , Park Jin Hyung 
Published: November 2022

Background:
In prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using the acellular dermal matrix (ADM)-assisted technique, breast volume asymmetry can occur. We hypothesized that ADM size influences implant size selection in prepectoral breast reconstruction with implant coverage using an ADM. We investigated factors influencing implant size selection and provide guidelines for surgeons.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all patients who underwent prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction between January 2017 and October 2020. We assessed patient characteristics, preoperative expected implant volume, ADM size, volume of implant used in surgery, and symmetry scale of aesthetic item scale (AIS) 6 months after surgery. We compared the symmetry score of AIS between a group in which the preoperative expected silicone implant size (ES) was used and a group in which a silicone implant of a smaller size than planned (SS) was used.

Results:
Patient characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), and excised breast volume, were similar between the groups (P > .05). ADM size had a significant effect on implant size selection (odds ratio = 1.760, P < .01). The symmetry score of AIS was higher in the SS group.

Conclusions:
ADM size must be considered when selecting implant size in prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using the ADM-assisted technique.