bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Shell on Germination of Pecan Nuts Carya illinoemis, Koch cv. Stuart
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Pokorny F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under greenhouse conditions, pecan nuts begin to germinate 1 to 2 months after planting and continue to germinate over a 3 to 4 month period (3). Such irregular germination makes studies that require newly germinated pecan seedlings with a uniform physiological age difficult to conduct. A study was initiated to determine the effect of the shell on time to germinamatetion of the first nut (initial germination), uniformity of germination, and percentage germination of pecan nuts.
Effects of 2-Aminobutane Carbonated on the Shelf-Life and Quality of Redskin Peaches1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Ridley J. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With more emphasis upon increasing the proportion of high quality diseasefree peaches available to consumers, new chemicals and chemical combinations are constantly being sought which will retain the high quality of the peach throughout its maximum storage life.
Criteria for Identification of Anthocyanins
Authors: Francis F. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Emphasis on quality factors in horticultural products has led investigators into studies on pigments because of their obvious effect on eye appeal. The anthocyanin patterns in nearly all commercial crops have been reported (Harborne, 1964, 1967; Geissman, 1962) but this does not mean that the information can be used directly. Pigment patterns are likely to vary in different cultivars and it is the responsibility of the investigator to check the pigment identities in his particular material. This paper is concerned with minimum criteria for publishable identification of an anthocyanin pigment.
A System for Controlling the Night Temperature of Fruit Trees1
Authors: Martin George C. , Batjer L. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of temperature on the growth and development of deciduous tree fruits has been inadequately investigated. In most cases only general field observations have been reported. The temperature conditions prior to and during such general observations are variable and cannnot be repeated precisely. To control temperature, limb sleeves and small chambers have been used to cover portions of limbs (2,3). Information from such devices is of limited value since they do not preclude the influence of the rest of the tree.
Yuzuhada, a Physiological Disorder of Oriental Pear, and Its Possible Relation to Black-End and Hard-End of Bartlett
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Davis Luther D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yuzuhada is a Japanese term given to a fruit disorder which often occurs when certain cultivars of the oriental pear, Pyrus serotina are grafted onto seedlings of that species or of P. betulaefolia. A literal translation of the name, yuzuhada, is pomelo (citrus) skin disease because in severe cases, fruits of some varieties develop surface depressions similar to thick citrus rind. The disorder was described in 1928 by Mizuno (3), but it is practically unknown to American horticulturists. According to Hayashi (1), and Hayashi and Wakisaka (2), the symptoms of yuzuhada are similar to those of hard-end and black-end of Bartlett pear in that the fruits fail to soften normally and often manifest some darkening of the distal end near the calyx lobes. That these two disorders occur on the same rootstock species and that some of their manifestations appear to be similar suggest that a relationship might exist between the two disorders. This investigation dealing with stock influence on the scion variety was, therefore, undertaken to ascertain if there were any correlations between the potential of a rootstock to produce black- or hard-end of Bartlett and yuzuhada symptoms in varieties of P. serotina and two interspecific hybrids.
Effects of Gibberellin A3 on Fruit Shape and Subsequent Seed Dormancy of Apple1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Considerable work has been done on the effects of gibberellins on parthenocarpic set and growth of apple fruits. Bukovac (1) has reviewed the literature in this field and has presented further evidence that seedless fruits induced to set by gibberellins A3 and A4 (GA3 and GA4) are distinctly more elongate than normal seeded fruits. More recently Dennis and Edgerton (2) found that GA made seeded fruits of one variety of apple more elongate than controls, although shape was not altered on several other varieties. Westwood and Blaney (6) reported several factors other than applied GA that also affected apple shape. Among these were crop density (i.e. leaf: fruit ratio), varietal strain, cluster position, and rootstock. To further study the effect of GA on fruit shape without confounding it with seedlessness, a test was set up using seeded fruits in which crop density and rootstock were held constant.
Preliminary Analysis of the Onion Seed (Allium cepa, L.) Production Problem, 1966 Growing Season1
Authors: Campbell W. F. , Cotner S. D. , Pollock B. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in onions, and its application to commercial seed production, was a major breakthrough in vegetable breeding. Initial use of this new technique was moderately successful and seedsmen assumed that experience would lead to higher seed yields. Instead, yields have been disappointing; many fields have not even been harvested. The resulting economic problem has become serious for both seedsmen and onion producers. Many suggestions have been made as to the cause of low yields but there is no agreement on the biological nature of the problem. Therefore, during the 1966 growing season we began to analyze the problem by following the development of the seed crops in commercial fields in southwestern Idaho. We believe our methods and preliminary data may be useful in stimulating other workers to also examine this problem.
Preservation of Fresh Food Quality by Gas Exchange: A New Approach to Food Preservation
Authors: Kramer Amihud , Palmer S. J. , Kaffezkis J. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We have been working for several years on the idea of replacing normal atmospheres with gases that are lethal to enzymes and microorganisms in fresh fruits and vegetables to extend their useful postharvest storage period. This would supplement the effects of controlled atmosphere storage with protection from enzymic breakdown and microbial spoilage. Thus far we have been successful in preserving plugs of apple and potato.
Comparative Rate of Leaf Respiration for Six Cultivars of Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Coorts G. D. , Hapitan J. G. , Shutak V. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Respiration is of primary importance to the plant since it liberates energy to do chemical work in synthesizing energy-rich materials involved in growth. Although the respiratory rate of many plant tissues and organs have been studied (1), no data on respiratory rate of blueberry leaves was found in a search of the literature. It is felt that data on the respiratory rate of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) would be of value since it will provide basic information for comparison with other genera.
Chemical Color Enhancement of Cranberry Fruit12
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Color enhancement in Howes and Early Black cranberry, as measured by pigment analysis and influenced by malathion, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) sprays prior to harvest, was investigated under New Jersey conditions. Malathion at the rate of 2.5 lbs. of active material/A. applied at 200 gal./A. significantly enhanced the extractable pigment content in both Howes and Early Black cranberry. The color enhancement was noted within four days of application, and the differential in pigment content between the malathion treated and control berries was maintained throughout the sampling period. Neither IAA at 50 ppm nor Alar at 2000 and 4000 ppm active material increased color in Early Black. There was an indication that Alar delayed red pigment formation in Early Black. Soluble solids and titratable acidity measurements of Howes and Early Black fruit did not indicate any significant difference between treated and control fruit at a given sampling date.
The Effect of Depth of Planting on the Survival, Yield, and Spread of the Common Lowbush Blueberry Vacciniiim angnstifolium Ait1
Authors: Aalders Lewis E. , Hall Ivan V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One-year old lowbush blueberryplants from 6 clonal lines were set in the field in May, 1964 at 3 planting depths: shallow (top of pot level with soil), medium (approximately 7 cm deeper than shallow), and deep (approximately 14 cm deeper than shallow). The shallow plants heaved an average of 2.19 cm the first winter, but there was no mortality due to desiccation injury as experienced in previous work. Plants at the medium and deep planting depths heaved very little. Forty-four of 72 plants at the deepest planting depth died as a result of burying. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest spread 2 years after planting, but suffered the most from burn pruning. The deep set plants had the greatest growth increment during the third and fourth years after planting, and as a result, the medium and deep plantings had the greatest spread after 4 years. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest fruit yield in 1965, but in 1967, the medium and deep plants had the greatest fruit yield. It is concluded that the medium planting depth is the most satisfactory of the 3 depths at which to set lowbush blueberries.
A Simple Technique for Identification of Floral Development in Tulipa sp1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Aung Louis H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that flower induction and differentiation in the tulip occurs long before flowering takes place in the spring (1, 2). In the Northern Hemisphere, the initiation of floral primordia begins soon after the bulbs are harvested from the fields in late June or early July and normally, differentiation of the floral parts is completed by late August or early September. By determining the effect of various post-harvest storage temperatures on the development of the floral parts, Luyten et al. (2) showed that the optimal temperature range for flower initiation and development is 17 to 20°C. During the course of these studies, it was observed that the apical meristem passed through seven well-defined phases of development. They were designated by use of the Roman numerals I through VII. Later, Beyer (3) reclassified these stages using alphabetical letters and subscripts selected to correspond to the morphological stages of development e.g. “P1” to indicate the first outer whorl of perianth. Beyer’s “G” stage is comparable to Blaauw’s stage VII (Figure 1). The two designations have been used interchangeably in the literature.
Horticultural Germ Plasm: Its Exploration and Preservation
Authors: Barton Donald W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The heart of horticultural crop production is the germ plasm to which the mass of modern technology is being applied. When the seed technologist speaks of germinability, trueness-to-type, or vitality, he is talking about a response of germ plasm. Likewise, the response to fertility, heat, drought, light, or the myriad of other environmental factors is conditioned by germ plasm.
Selection and Stability of Phenotype in Plant Breeding
Authors: Peirce L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
H. L. de Vilmorin, in 1900, wrote “selection is the surest and most powerful instrument that man possesses for the modification of living organisms”. This early estimate of selection’s importance would probably be accurate today. While many techniques have since been developed as effective tools for the plant breeder-irradiation, colchicine, tissue cluture-his reward more frequently comes from selection pressure applied to population variation, natural or created.
Hormonal Control of Fruit Ripening
Authors: Dilley David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ripening is the process by which physiologically mature fruits are transformed from a relatively unfavorable to a favorable condition with respect to texture, color, flavor, and aroma. In many fruits ripening occurs while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant, while in others such as the avocado, ripening takes place only following harvest. The complex physical and chemical changes of ripening have been studied extensively and techniques of handling and storage have evolved which can be satisfactorily applied to control the rate of ripening in the post-harvest period. While ripening normally occurs in fruit after growth ceases, it is a natural consequence of developmental changes during growth. This is evident from the fact that the time period from bloom to physiological maturity can be manipulated. A fruit is physiologically mature when the stage is set for ripening to ensue. The stage is set by the genetic makeup of the cultivar and the actors are the environmental conditions and chemical stimuli interacting during growth and development. Naturally occurring plant growth substances, their chemical analogs and antidotes, most certainly play a role in growth and development, and therefore must in some way influence the development of ripening capacity. However, the mechanism of their action has not been resolved, but this does not curtail speculation based on numerous observations which have been made. My purpose will be to briefly review the effects of certain plant growth substances on fruit ripening and suggest a possible role they may play in the process.
Effect of Lime-Sulfur-Oil Sprays on D'Anjou Pear1
Authors: Coyier Duane L. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lime-sulfur plus oil, for many years used as a tree fruit fungicide, was first introduced in New York state in 1905 for apple scab control (4). Cordley promoted its use for apple scab control in Oregon (1). It was later adopted as a means of combating pear scab, after Kienholz and Childs (2) demonstrated that overwintering twig lesions of Venturia pyrina Aderh. could be “burned out” by applying lime-sulfur during the delayed dormant state of bud development. They indicated that “lime-sulfur sprays could not be used with safety on Anjou pears in this locality after the bud scales had dropped.” However, they did not indicate the exact nature of the problem with lime-sulfur on this variety. Later they stated “previous evidence had indicated that delayed dormant sprays had no adverse effect upon fruit set” (3). They also showed that wettable sulfur adversely affected fruit production when applied during the growing season. The present study was designed to determine whether or not lime-sulfur plus oil had an effect on fruit set when applied as a spray during the early stages of bud development in D’Anjou pear.
Effect of Gibberellins and Cytokinins on Development of Parthenocarpic Apples
Authors: Williams Max W. , Letham D. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellins (GA) will stimulate parthenocarpic fruit development in apples (1, 4, 5, 9). Davison (4) found GA3 to increase fruit set in the Red Jersey variety to a greater extent than in Sturmer. Bukovac (1) observed that GA4 was more effective than GA3 in promoting fruit set in the Sops-of-Wine variety. Varga (9) reported that GA1, GA2, GA4, and GA7 promoted parthenocarpic fruit set in the Lombartscal-ville variety but not in the Winston or Golden Delicious varieties.
Effects of Photochemical Air Pollutants on Zinfandel Grapes1
Authors: Thompson C. R. , Hensel E. , Kats G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The formation of ozone in Los Angeles type (photochemical) smog was recognized by Haagen-Smit et al (1) in 1952. It soon became apparent that this compound could cause plant lesions identical to those which were seen on economic crops growing in many areas of the Los Angeles Basin. A “stipple” of grape leaves which occurred in midsummer in the field and which became progressively more severe with the season, was shown by Richards et al (4) to be very similar to lesions produced by ozone fumigation. Additional work with conifers (5) showed that a severe needle mottle of Pinus ponderosa and related species was caused by ozone in photochemical smog. Peroxy-acyl nitrates and oxides of nitrogen axe present in this mixture and are toxic to plants, but the separate effects of these pollutants have not been studied on grapes in detail.
Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the Eastern United States
Authors: Warren G. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although there are several ways to discuss mechanization of crop production, I have chosen the evolutionary approach. Mechanization goes through evolutionary stages. As new crops are mechanized, the intermediate steps could be by-passed if the evolutionary pattern is understood. Let us examine some of the steps taken in mechanization with various vegetable crops.
The Influence of Mechanization on Processing of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Allewelt William F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
I greatly appreciate your invitation to participate in this symposium. As a layman involved in the workings of the canning industry, my principal contribution will be to provide a further dimension for your deliberations. I will attempt to describe the social and economic environments which have caused us to appeal to you for accelerated development of mechanical equipment for the production and processing of fruits and vegetables.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Soil Injections of Lime1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hydrated dolomitic limestone as a slurry was injected under pressure to soil depths of 3 feet under apple trees growing in acid loamy sand soil. Comparisons of: 1) dripline vs. near bole placement, 2) spring vs. fall application and 3) trees having high leaf magnesium vs. trees having lower leaf magnesium were made. Near bole treatment appeared superior to dripline placement; the response of trees to spring applications were immediate, exceeding the response to fall application, and trees having a higher original leaf magnesium content were more responsive than those of lower leaf magnesium.
Performance of Muscadine Grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Mich.) in Central Florida1
Authors: Balerdi C. F. , Mortensen J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some people consider muscadines as the most satisfactory of all fruits for the home garden in the south (1). An increasing interest in muscadine culture in Florida is indicated by growers who have planted them for commercial production, and by others who plan vineyards for the near future. Therefore, information on the performance of muscadine varieties in central Florida is valuable for potential growers, and for research and extension personnel.
Horticulture’s Issues in Education, Science, Communication, Philosophy, Politics, and Human Welfare
Authors: Frazier W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
William Alan Frazier (Tex), like his predecessor, Neil Stuart, was born in 1908 and received his graduate degrees from the University of Maryland in the 30‘s. He graduated with honors from Texas A & M in 1930 with a BS in Horticulture.
The Effect of Light Types on Leaf and Flower Bud Burst of Excised Peach Shoots1,2
Authors: Lavee S. , Erez A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach leaf and flower buds showed different light requirements for opening. Leaf bud opening required light, the active range for the process was 600 - 690 m. Flower bud opening was relatively light independent. Green light or low light intensities slightly promoted it, while red and white light or high intensities caused some inhibition.
Influence of 2,3,5-trnodobenzoic Acid, Gibberellin and Row Spacing on Yield and Growth Parameters of Southern Peas
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Cowley W. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Once-over harvest with a mechanical harvester is becoming more important in the production of many crops. This is particularly true for southern peas because a major item of expense in production of the crop is harvesting if hand harvested. Recently, research was reported concerning the use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) for increasing adaptability of southern peas for mechanical harvest (3). The work by Hipp and Cowley (3) indicated better plant geometry for mechanical harvest but only a slight increase in yield when peas were grown on 38-inch beds. Prevatt and Lundy (4) reported smaller, more compact pea plants with the application of TIBA to southern peas. The use of TIBA on soybeans also results in small compact plants but yield increases are generally small when plants are grown on conventional 38-inch rows. Variations in row spacing appears to be the most logical method of increasing yield of peas since TIBA application generally results in reduced plant size (1,2,3,4,5). Experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Weslaco to evaluate the influence of TIBA and Gibberellin on the yield and growth parameters of California Blackeye No. 5 peas.
Pre-harvest Defoliation of Apple Nursery Stock using Ethrel1,2
Authors: Cummins J. N. , Fiorino P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old apple trees growing in the nursery row were effectively defoliated by sprays of Ethrel at concentrations of 2000, 3750, and 5000 ppm. Retarded shoot growth and polarity reversal indicated that a 5000 ppm concentration was supraoptimal.
The 2000 ppm concentration somewhat delayed early spring growth, but not unacceptably so. Using this or a slightly lower level appears quite promising as a commercial practice. Development of visible root germs was greater on Ethrel treated plants.
Storage of Bananas in Polyethylene Bags with an Ethylene Absorbent1
Authors: Liu Fu-Wen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage of preclimacteric bananas in sealed polyethylene showed promise. After a reasonable period of storage the bags must be opened to allow normal ripening. Endogenous ethylene was a source of potential ripening in these sealed poly bags. Hence, an ethylene absorbent was usually essential. A commercial product, ‘Purafil’ was capable of absorbing this ethylene and extending the storage life of preclimacteric fruits.
Anthocyanins in Pears1
Authors: Francis F. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The introduction of colored mutants and their development into commercial varieties of red pears has attracted considerable attention since the fruit has a very attractive appearance (4,6). Dayton (1) reported that Starkcrimson, a mutation from Clapps Favorite, differed from all other red sports in having approximately 50% of cells in the outer hypodermal layer colored with anthocyanin. The Eureka variety had approximately 10% of epidermal cells colored. All other red sports had anthocyanin only in the second histogenic layer. The epidermis was colorless, together with one or two cell layers below this. Starkcrimson and, for example, Max-Red Bartlett, a sport of Bartlett, probably developed from different gene mutations. It was of interest to determine whether the anthocyanin pigments were identical in the two varieties.
The ASHS Educational Slide Collection1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Color slides put more life into all forms of horticultural teaching, in the classroom, for industry and agricultural meetings, as a part of garden club programs, also on television, the largest audience of all. The ASHS Slide Collection is under way. Help develop it! Make use of it! The Education Committee suggests that a good slide set with narrative should be given the same administrative credit as any other form of publication.
A Rapid Stain for Plant Cell Nuclei1
Authors: Carmichael J. W. , Sherman W. B. , Schank S. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent studies in pollen germination, fertilization and embryo sac development have led to a search for a rapid nuclear stain. Pontacyl violet 6R3 (C.I. 16640) proved to be excellent in animal tissues (4) and was therefore tested for effectiveness with plant tissues.