Evaluation of accuracy of photogrammetry with 3D scanning and conventional impression method for craniomaxillofacial defects using a software analysis
Authors: Beri Arushi , Pisulkar Sweta kale , Dahihandekar Chinmayee , Bansod Akansha Vilas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background: Facial mutilation and deformities can be caused by cancer, tumors, injuries, infections, inherited or acquired deformities, and has the potential to degrade one's quality of life by interfering with fundamental tasks like communication, breathing, feeding, and aesthetics.
Depending on the type of defect, producing maxillofacial prostheses for the rehabilitation of patients with various defects can be challenging and complex. The prosthesis are used to replace missing or damaged parts of the cranium and face, like the nose, auricle, orbit, and surrounding tissues, as well as missing areas of soft and hard tissue, with the primary goal of increasing the patient's quality of life by rehabilitating oral functions such as speech, swallowing, and mastication [1].
Traditional maxillofacial prosthesis impression and fabrication processes include a number of complicated steps that are costly, time-consuming, and uncomfortable for the patient. These rely on the knowledge of the maxillofacial team, dental clinicians, and maxillofacial technician.[2].
The foundation of the impression, which is the keystone for creating a prosthesis. However, this is the most time-consuming and difficult chair-side operation in maxillofacial prosthesis manufacturing since it requires prolonged interaction with the patient. The field of prosthesis fabrication is being transformed by the digital revolution. Digital technology allows for more accurate impression data to be gathered in less time (three to five minutes) than traditional methods, lowering patient anxiety. Digital impressions eliminate the need for messy impression materials and provide patients with a more pleasant experience [2]. This method bypasses the procedure of traditional gypsum model fabrication. This eliminates the disparity caused by dimensional distortion of the impression material and gypsum setting expansion. Traditional dental impression processes leave enough room for errors, such as voids or flaws, air bubbles, or deformities. While current technology for prothesis planning has emerged as an alternative means to improve patient acceptability and pleasure, not only because the end result is a precisely-fitted restoration, but also because the chair-side adjustments required is reduced [3].
The most frequent approaches for creating 3D virtual models are the following. To begin, 3D scanning is employed, in which the subjects are scanned in three dimensions and the point cloud data is used to create a virtual digital model.
Methods: It will be a hospital based randomized control trial, carried out at Department of Prosthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, a part of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University). A total of 45 patients will be selected from the Out Patient Department (OPD) of the Department of Prosthodontics. All the patients will be provided written consent before their participation in the study.
STUDY DESIGN: Randomised control trial
DURATION: 2 years
SAMPLE SIZE: 15 Patients
Discussion: Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra1, Rosemary Seelaus, Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva et al. in the year (2016) discussed As part of a method for manufacturing face prostheses utilising a mobile device, free software, and a photo capture protocol, 2D captures of the anatomy of a patient with a facial defect were converted into a 3D model using monoscopic photogrammetry and a mobile device. The visual and technical integrity of the resulting digital models were assessed. The technological approach and models that resulted were thoroughly explained and evaluated for technical and clinical value
Marta Revilla-León, Wael Att, Dr Med Dent, et al (2020) used a coordinate measuring equipment was used to assess the accuracy of completearch implant impression processes utilising conventional, photogrammetry, and intraoral scanning.
Corina Marilena Cristache, Ioana Tudor Liliana Moraru et al in the year (2021) provided an Update on Defect Data Acquisition, Editing, and Design Using Open-Source and Commercially Available Software in Digital Workflow in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
This research looked at randomised clinical trials, case reports, case series, technical comments, letters to the editor, and reviews involving humans that were written in English and included detailed information on data acquisition, data processing software, and maxillofacial prosthetic part design.
Trial registration: REF/2022/06/055653 24/06/2022