bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Being Vickers
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains the UK’s decision to introduce a mandatory ringfence for retail bank activities. Despite hosting one of the largest global financial centres and a number of the largest banks in the world, the so-called ‘Vickers’ reforms introduced some of the toughest rules regarding structural separation and capital requirements in the world. The durable nature of UK banking reform is all the more puzzling given that neither of the two main political parties expressed much enthusiasm for ringfencing at the height of the crisis. We explain this as the outcome of institutional venue shifting—to the Independent Commission on Banking in 2010, and to the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards in 2012—which was critical in depoliticizing the issue, and curtailing the influence of bank lobbyists, by expanding engagement with a range of societal stakeholders. The collective influence of the sizeable UK financial industry was also weakened by the competitive nature of financial power: internal divisions between the largest banks limited lobbying coordination, and they faced significant opposition from countervailing groups—notably prominent ministers, parliamentarians, and senior regulators. The result was that ringfencing came to enjoy strong cross-party support that served to ‘lock in’ the reforms over time.
Transcriptomic insights into Odonata ecology and evolution
Authors: Bybee Seth M. , Futahashi Ryo , Renoult Julien P. , Sharkey Camilla , Simon Sabrina , Suvorov Anton , Wellenreuther Maren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 attempts to define transcriptomics, a powerful tool for scientific research that has advanced our knowledge of Odonata evolution in many meaningful ways. It then goes on to outline its strengths and weakness for ecological and evolutionary research. The chapter frames the current state of transcriptomics research in Odonata. It focuses specifically on color, color vision, embryogenesis, and phylo-transcriptomics, as these are currently the deepest areas for transcriptomics among Odonata to date. The chapter also describes the authors’ advocacy for future research using transcriptomics and it presents clearly and concisely their arguments to convince the reader that there are exceptional opportunities among Odonata. This is particularly so when transcriptomics is combined with genomics.
The biomechanics of Odonate flight
Authors: Bomphrey Richard J. , Walker Simon M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dragonflies and damselflies are renowned for their extraordinary capabilities of flight. As adults, they are captivating and conspicuous as they engage in tasks such as hunting, defending territories, courtship, reproduction, and—in many species—migration. Despite the adult phase accounting for a shorter period than their aquatic juvenile stage, life in the air represents a relatively brief but vital time, where the stakes are high and aerobatic prowess is a prerequisite. For aerial success, dragonflies and damselflies must be equipped with suitable anatomy and physiology to move, to perceive their environment, and to monitor their own behavior within it. This chapter frames these concepts in the form of an engineer’s control loop. It illustrates the framework with key research into each element, from structural responses and aerodynamics to physiology and neuroscience.
Odonata immunity, pathogens, and parasites
Authors: Hasik Adam Z. , Ilvonen Jaakko J. , Siepielski Adam M. , Murray Rosalind L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Parasites and pathogens are a ubiquitous threat facing organisms within every ecological network. To protect themselves from parasites, organisms have evolved immune defenses. Insect immunity has received a great deal of attention, with numerous studies investigating the intersection of parasite pressure, immune function, and ecology. This chapter highlights how the investigation of odonate immunity has provided insight into how insect immunity operates within the ecological theatre under the threat of parasites. It first explains why odonates are an excellent model system for studies of immunity and parasites. It then reviews what is known of the parasites odonates harbor. Then, it covers the myriad mechanisms employed by odonates to defend themselves from their parasitic enemies. It also discusses key ecological and evolutionary studies that fall at the intersection of immunity and parasites.
Fox Spirits in Villages
Authors: Kim H. Yumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the 1880s, the first Japanese psychiatrists challenged long-standing family-based structures and cultures of religious and spiritual care for those considered mad. They focused on redefining “fox attachment” (kitsune tsuki), or the overtaking of human minds and bodies by fox spirits, as a type of mental illness. Yet their efforts had limited effects, since fox attachment continued to wield power as a language and mode of filiation in the contexts of family and village life. Cases of fox attachment showed how filiation, or the ways in which one living being was put in relation to another, could occur along supernatural lines, rather than be determined exclusively by blood, biology, or law. Families and communities also invoked the language of “attachment” to interpret some of the most tumultuous global and local phenomena of Meiji Japan, from conscription and cholera to treaty-port imperialism.
Periodic Crimes in the Courtroom
Authors: Kim H. Yumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Family-based care had its limits. New criminal laws of the early twentieth century held individuals—and not families, as had been the case in the preceding Edo period—responsible for their transgressions. Crime committed by those considered mentally unstable thus compelled families to relinquish responsibility, shifting the management of madness from the space of the home to that of the courtroom. Cases of menstruation-induced mental instability show how such individuation was a gendered process. In the context of a judicial process that aimed to individuate a female defendant’s body as much as possible, the women themselves simultaneously subscribed to and countered notions of individual autonomy. The women often offered understandings of their allegedly mad criminal acts as having emanated from embodied experiences among kin. The courtroom, like the medical marketplace, contained instances of women using the family vernacular to make sense of the workings of their minds and bodies.
Epilogue: Postwar Cultures of Gendered Care and Kinship
Authors: Kim H. Yumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gendered understandings of madness and family-based care continued into the post-World War II period. In the early 1950s, a series of laws and financial incentives dramatically shifted structures of care from the home to hospitals. Still, families retained much of their primacy in the management of care. Indeed, the burden of domestic responsibility for the mentally ill fell even more intensely on the shoulders of women than ever before, as the home was renewed as the most socially legitimate space of rest. Gendered notions of madness persisted, too, as did women’s reliance on the language of kinship and domesticity to make sense of various forms of mental distress, many of which came in the guise of updated diagnostic categories such as “nonspecific complaints.”
Serving Herself
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From her start playing paddle tennis on the streets of Harlem as a young teenager to her eleven Grand Slam tennis wins to her professional golf career, Althea Gibson became the most famous black sportswoman of the mid-twentieth century. In her unprecedented athletic career, she was the first African American to win titles at the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. This book narrates the public career and private struggles of this fascinating athlete. It sets Gibson’s life and choices against the backdrop of the Great Migration, Jim Crow racism, the integration of American sports, the civil rights movement, the Cold War, and second wave feminism. Throughout her life Gibson continuously negotiated the expectations of her supporters and adversaries, including her patrons in the black-led American Tennis Association, the white-led United States Lawn Tennis Association, and the media, particularly the Black press and community’s expectations that she selflessly serve as a representative of her race. Despite her major wins and international recognition, Gibson endeavored to find commercial sponsorship and permanent economic stability. Committed to self-sufficiency, she pivoted from the elite amateur tennis circuit to State Department-sponsored goodwill tours, attempts to find success as a singer and Hollywood actress, the professional golf circuit, a tour with the Harlem Globetrotters and her own professional tennis tour, coaching, teaching children at tennis clinics, and a stint as New Jersey Athletics Commissioner. As she struggled to support herself in old age, she was left with disappointment, recounting her past achievements decades before female tennis players were able to garner substantial earnings.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of Althea Gibson, one of the preeminent African American female athletes of the mid-twentieth century. Unlike most histories of sports integration, this is a story of a sportswoman. Gibson navigated uncharted territory in the face of an unjust society to create a blueprint and path for herself and to become the first Black female sports superstar. Indeed, Gibson’s existence requires the recalibration of the tendency for “Black athlete” to refer exclusively to men as she reveals the unappreciated role of women in sports integration. The chapter considers how gender and sexuality are essential to this biographical history of sports integration. Gibson faced higher expectations and harsher standards, ambivalence, and even outright animosity within African American communities as she reached racially unprecedented heights in tennis ahead of Black men. Although Gibson was never at the forefront of activism, she found ways to show her solidarity with social justice initiatives.
The Making of a Strong Black (Woman) Contender in the South
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter details how Althea Gibson received sponsorships from Dr. Hubert A. Eaton, Sr. and Dr. Robert Walter Johnson. Dr. Eaton and Dr. Johnson saw in Gibson the opportunity to join their love for tennis with their devotion to racial uplift. They hoped that the United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) and the White men and women who controlled tennis would cooperate—or could be made to cooperate—and allow Gibson to enter matches and, eventually, Forest Hills. Dr. Eaton, Dr. Johnson, and Gibson had therefore united to challenge the racial restrictions that surrounded elite amateur tennis. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s experiences in navigating gender and Jim Crow in the South as she prepared for her multi-faceted future as a Black sportswoman integrationist. It also considers how her tennis career began to make her a noted female figure in the national Black press. The measure of Gibson’s rising stature among African Americans became clear when the Norfolk Journal and Guide placed her on its annual list of Black women who had achieved notable racial firsts or acted in a way that the newspaper considered as having brought pride to African Americans.
From Florida A&M to Forest Hills
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by looking at Althea Gibson’s move to Tallahassee to start her education at Florida A&M. By coming to Florida’s capital city, which operated under Jim Crow laws, she had moved further South and more deeply under segregation. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College (FAMC) itself represented the ways in which segregation limited Gibson’s options. Respectability enforced by the FAMC administration mediated what students did, where they went, and how they looked when they went there. The chapter then focuses on the campaign to get Gibson into Forest Hills. It also recounts her time in the National Clay Court tournament and the Eastern Grass-Court Championships. As Gibson waited for the United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) to announce her admission into Forest Hills, the White national championship, she prepared to compete in the American Tennis Association (ATA) Nationals, the Black event. In covering Gibson’s admission to Forest Hills, the press, Black and White, confronted gender in sports integration while at the same time inadvertently revealing the factors that made it difficult for Black women to gain a foothold in almost any realm considered exclusively male.
Dis/Integration
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Althea Gibson’s experiences competing in tennis tournaments from 1951 to 1953, as well as her continued struggles with sexism and racism. These tournaments include the Caribbean Championship, the National Indoors at the Seventh Regiment Armory, and the Good Neighbor Tournament. The exclusivity of Miami Beach made Gibson’s entry in the Good Neighbor a landmark moment for her chroniclers in the African-American press. Being a Black woman on the White tennis circuit gave Gibson social capital but not money or independence. The chapter then turns to Gibson’s debut at Wimbledon, the oldest and most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. Other tournaments that Gibson participated in during this time include the Pennsylvania State Tennis Tournament at the famed Merion Cricket Club in Haverford and the Eastern Grass Court Championships. While Gibson’s status as the premier Black tennis player in the world earned her no latitude in academics at the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College (FAMC), her fame was still rewarded with special treatment elsewhere. Gibson experienced personal disappointment as she did not succeed in amateur tennis as quickly as she had hoped.
Press(ing) Matters
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies Althea Gibson’s representation in the mainstream and Black media, which both agreed that her symbolism was a boon to the State Department and found officials’ statements to the contrary incredible. The overwhelming interest in Gibson by the politically minded was based in the dichotomy between her success abroad and the prevailing images and narratives about Black life in America that circulated in the domestic and global media. The burgeoning battle over school desegregation in the South had reinforced that African Americans were under attack in their own country and that Gibson was living a privileged life abroad to the benefit of the U.S. government. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s views about race, identity, and representation. Gibson was a reluctant political figure and acted accordingly. Even if she were not playing for African Americans, Gibson hoped observers would learn from her example. Her success in tennis represented that a willingness to face and learn from challenges was the only way to get better.
Finding Fault with a Winner
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing how Althea Gibson faced the stereotype of the lesbian athlete as marriage and parenthood became greater racial duties for Black people to show their preparedness for integration. It also recounts her journey in winning the Wimbledon singles title. The unflattering and blatantly sexist talk that circulated about Gibson in the British press, however, served to underscore that she was not many people’s idea of a women’s tennis champion. The chapter then looks at the post-Wimbledon coverage of Gibson in the Black media. According to some, in her continued persistence at tennis despite having lost so many times, Gibson symbolized African Americans’ battles for civil rights. Finally, the chapter considers Gibson’s participation in the Wightman Cup matches, where she was the center of attention.
Game Over
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how becoming the first Black champion at Wimbledon and Forest Hills and being one of the most famous Black women in the world brought numerous opportunities for Althea Gibson. Yet all too often the opportunities also revealed people’s judgment of her as a woman who lived with little regard for ideas about what was normal for a person of her race and gender and in the rarefied country-club sport that she played. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s opposition about turning professional, before considering her singing career. Called Althea Gibson Sings, Gibson’s album consisted of a dozen standards with lyrics characterized by longing, loss, and fears, and unrequited love. Finally, the chapter recounts how Gibson defended her titles at Wimbledon and Forest Hills. She viewed her successful defense at Wimbledon as a way of making a case about her place in sports generally and in the annals of tennis history specifically.
Government Poverty and Incentive Pensions in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter traces the state welfare for soldiers and their families back to the late 18th century and especially the post-Napoleonic years, when social disciplinary intention and an occupation-specific legal-administrative conception of disability marked the provision. It then discusses the changes and continuities brought by universal military service, introduced in 1868, as part of the wider liberal reforms in the 1860s and 1870s. The military and political reformers may not fully realize how fundamental the change they helped usher in. The 1875 Military Welfare Law aimed primarily to be an incentive for military careers and personnel retention, not for the eventual needs of a conscription citizen army.
A Social Offensive on the Home Front
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social offensive on the home front that began in 1917, and specifically the political dynamics and the institutional building in the new Social Ministry’s ambitious reform of disabled soldier welfare. Welfare state building in this regard was at once a reassertion of the central civil administration’s authority vis-à-vis the military, an attempt to build the new ministry’s capacities, and a mission to salvage the state’s credibility. A discussion of ministerial officials’ manoeuvers and their interaction with provincial welfare actors surrounding the 5 March 1918 reform plan, which promised a state welfare system capable of providing comprehensive services for individual war victims, is followed by an analysis of parliamentary parties’ competing proposals for a projected new war victim legislation. The much needed comprehensive legislation was the site where competing visions for postwar society were formulated once parliamentary politics was revived in 1917.
A Republic with “the Correct National and Social Sensibilities”
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The emergence of a new comprehensive war victim welfare system, represented most prominently by the Invalid Compensation Law (Invalidenentschädigungsgesetz) of 25 April 1919, is examined in detail in this chapter. The smooth transition of the state welfare apparatus during the revolution, and the rapid legislative process of the law (with organized war victims’ participation) made it clear that war victim welfare was a key site where the parliamentary democratic Republic sought to build its legitimacy. Using the elements already under discussion by the parliamentary parties in 1917, and specifically based on the basic principles proposed by the Social Democrats, the new law embodied an egalitarian, citizenship-based welfare entitlement for potentially 5 to 8 percent of the Austrian Republic’s total population. The wave of Communist revolutions in Central Europe in 1918 and 1919 prompted a mainstream political consensus for this comprehensive, participatory, and egalitarian war victim welfare system.
“The Public’s Interest in Invalids Has Waned”
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter first reconstructs the tension within the war victim movement in 1919 and 1920. It then discusses the declining political weight of war victim welfare that was built on the Invalid Compensation Law and its companion piece, the Invalid Employment Law (Invalidenbeschäftigungsgesetz) of 1 October 1920, when the deepening financial and fiscal crisis forced a retrenchment starting in 1922. The 1924 reforms, engineered by the Christian Socials, transformed postwar war victim welfare into a more bureaucratically-controlled apparatus, rather than the original codetermination process. Organized war victims’ waning institutional influence was in tandem with the consolidation of the milieu parties’ stranglehold of public life in interwar Austria.
Examining the Narrative Devolution of the Physician in Camus’s The Plague
Authors: Weiser Edward B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What happens to the role of the physician when the day-to-day successes with acutely ill persons become less the rule? An incurable and highly communicable disease becomes widespread and assumes an intractable and tragic course independent of therapeutic interventions. What of the physician then? The Plague focuses on Dr. Bernard Rieux as he struggles to offer medical care in the city of Oran. Dr. Rieux’s evolution (in reality, devolution) from therapeutic interventionist to statistical documentarian and dispenser of information is carefully and believably explored. The uncomfortable choices of the modern physician dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic is similar to that of Dr. Rieux, including the absence of a cure, the limited degree of effective comfort measures, and the overwhelming numbers of sick and dying. Through comparisons with the experiences and the reactions of Dr. Rieux, we can understand the contemporary health care professional’s response to challenges created by the Covid-19 pandemic.
“I Can’t Breathe”
Authors: Gray Margaret E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the final words of George Floyd during his brutal murder by a Minneapolis policeman, “I can’t breathe” captures both the experience of physical suffocation and, more abstractly, the sociopolitical stranglehold of brutal oppression. These literal and figurative uses of “breathing” implicitly overlap in Camus’s allegory of the Nazi occupation during World War II, The Plague, and during the Covid-19 pandemic when protesters masked against the lung-destroying virus defied curfews to demonstrate against racism, police violence, and brutality across the globe. Returning to Camus’s depiction of a world he called “unbreathable” from within our contemporary context of pandemic and oppression offers new resonance to the narrator’s experience, as well as to our own. This chapter takes breathing and suffocation as master tropes of life and death, freedom, and oppression, marking our own ordeal with Covid-19 and sociopolitical tyranny even as they define the suffering of Oran’s sequestered citizens.