bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO LEARN ENGLISH AT THE TENTH GRADE OF SMAIT AR-RAHMAH MAKASSAR
Authors: Nur Khamisah  , Ampa Andi Tenri , Junaid  
Published: October 2022

The objective of the research is to find students’ ability to Learn English at the tenth grade of SMAIT Ar-Rahmah Makassar. The research method is descriptive design with a quantitative approach. The population for this study is tenth-grade students at SMAIT Ar-Rahmah Makassar. The sample of this research was tenth grade, which contains 40 students. The research used Report text as the instrument of the research. The findings of the research shows that that the ability of in reading comprehension the students is quite good because the result categorize as fairly good. the level of students’ ability to learn English in Critical Reading is average. There are 74% (Fairly Good) the ability in terms of comprehension indicator. The ability of the students to Analyze the text in critical reading 68% (Fairly Good). The ability of the students in terms of Synthesis 71% (Fairly Good). The ability of the students to evaluate the report text 67% categorized as Fairly good. The highest ability of the students in terms critical reading to learn English is indicator of comprehension
Socialinių veikėjų reprezentacijos politinių problemų diskurse: etatinio mokytojų darbo apmokėjimo reformos atvejis
Authors: Zolubiene Eimante , Jurkevičienė Jurgita 
Published: October 2022

Straipsnyje yra nagrinėjama politinio diskurso socialinių veikėjų reprezentacijų tema. Tyrimo autoriai socialines reprezentacijas suvokia kaip socialiai konstruojamas žinių formas, kuriomis remiantis individams yra siūloma interpretuoti tikrovę. Teorinėje straipsnio dalyje yra aptariami politinių problemų komunikacijos žiniasklaidoje bei diskurso veikėjų, kaip pamatinės diskurso sąlygos, klausimai. Likusioje straipsnio dalyje yra pristatomas internetinės naujienų žiniasklaidos tyrimo fragmentas, atskleidžiantis, kokios socialinių veikėjų reprezentacijos buvo kuriamos etatinio mokytojų darbo apmokėjimo reformą pristatančiame politiniame diskurse. Tyrimo duomenų analizė rodo, kad etatinio mokytojų darbo apmokėjimo reformos diskursas, kaip būdinga politinių problemų komunikacijai, tapo skirtingų socialinių grupių kovos lauku, per kurį apie planuotą ir įgyvendintą reformą buvo teikiama informacija visuomenei. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad valstybės ir valdžios institucijų atstovai bei profesinių sąjungų atstovaujami mokytojai buvo aktyviausiai diskurse veikusios socialinių veikėjų grupės. Pirmoji veikėjų kategorija aktyviai vykdė reformos populiarinimo kampaniją, antroji – siekė atkreipti dėmesį į reformos trūkumus, ragino ją tobulinti. Šių stovyklų konfrontacija nuolat lydėjo etatinio mokytojų darbo apmokėjimo reformos diskursą.
Politikos lyderio krizių komunikacija socialiniuose tinkluose COVID-19 pandemijos laikotarpiu
Authors: Jurkevičienė Jurgita , Bičkutė Raminta 
Published: October 2022

Efektyvi politikos lyderio krizių komunikacija gali būti itin reikšminga pandemijos valdyme. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama ištirti Lietuvos Respublikos prezidento Gitano Nausėdos COVID-19 tematikos krizių komunikaciją socialiniame tinkle „Facebook“. Taikant mišraus pobūdžio turinio analizės metodą straipsnyje yra nagrinėjami 2020-2021 metų prezidento asmeninėje paskyroje paskelbti įrašai. Tyrimas parodė, kad Gitanas Nausėda anksti pripažino COVID-19 sąlygotą sveikatos krizę, skleidė pakankamai aiškias bei empatiškas žinutes, raminančias gyventojus ir informuojančias, kaip elgtis pandemijos laikotarpiu. Tačiau dėl nepakankamo intensyvumo prezidento komunikacija buvo menkai matoma ir girdima, be to, komunikuojant buvo beveik nebendradarbiaujama su Vyriausybe. Visa tai galėjo lemti mažesnį prezidento komunikacijos vaidmenį kovoje su pandemija.
Constituição da Identidade Profissional Docente
Authors: Silva Antonia Zulmira , Silva Antonia Zulmira , Silva Maria Lourdes Ramos da 
Published: October 2022

Neste artigo apresenta-se um recorte da pesquisa que investiga os processos identitários de professores da Educação Básica da rede pública Estadual de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa possibilitou a discussão sobre a constituição da identidade profissional docente, juntamente com um quadro teórico da temática. Assim, o propósito deste artigo é apresentar as percepções dos professores em relação à docência e compreender como ocorre o processo da constituição da identidade profissional, a partir das narrativas dos professores, assim como dos quadros teóricos. A investigação se deu a partir da abordagem qualitativa, como procedimento central de investigação, foram realizados questionários e entrevistas aplicados aos sujeitos da pesquisa, professores. Para análise teórica utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. Com as análises dos dados coletados, pode-se dizer que a identidade docente se dá num processo vivo e evolutivo, que pode ser influenciado por fatores internos e externos, bem como pelas relações no contexto profissional, podendo ser mais ou menos duráveis, dependendo das circunstâncias nos diferentes momentos e contextos.
Impact of National Clinical Practice Guidelines on Exchange Transfusion for Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Singapore
Authors: Ng W. D. , Jeyanthi C. J. , Rajadurai V. S. 
Published: October 2022

Aims: To review the incidence of double volume exchange transfusion for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in infants ≥35 weeks’ gestational age before and after implementation of National Clinical Practice Guidelines (NCPGNJ), analyze etiologies for severe hyperbilirubinemia, readmission rates for phototherapy and neurodevelopmental outcomes up to 2 years.
Study Design: Retrospective study
Place and Duration of Study: KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, between January 2016 and December 2021.
Methodology: National Clinical Practice Guidelines on Evaluation and Management of Neonatal Jaundice (NCPGNJ) was implemented in January 2019. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of neonates in our center who underwent double volume exchange transfusion for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia before and after implementation of the national clinical practice guidelines.
Results: Overall, 56 infants underwent double volume exchange transfusion for severe hyperbilirubinemia during the study period. There was a decline in the incidence of exchange transfusion from 107 per 100 000 live births in epoch 1 (2016-2018) to 61 per 100 000 live births in epoch 2 (2019-2021). There was a steady decline in overall phototherapy rates (p=0.06), readmission rates for phototherapy (p=0.04) and number of neonates needing exchange transfusion (p=0.25). ABO-hemolytic disease of the newborn was the most common etiology. One infant had delayed presentation of severe hyperbilirubinemia and eventually developed cerebral palsy. The rest of the infants had normal neurodevelopmental and audiological assessments at follow-up.
Conclusion: The evidence-based National Clinical Practice Guidelines (NCPGNJ) has reduced the incidence of exchange transfusion. It provides a unified framework for all healthcare professionals who manage neonates with hyperbilirubinemia in different healthcare settings.
Palladium Nanoparticles in CH Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Shekhar Chander , Kishore Dakoju Ravi , Satyanarayana Gedu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe usage of palladium nanoparticles to functionalize the inert CH bond with various functional groups or substituents to organic motifs is briefly described. Significantly, the utilization of nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst holds some advantages like improving atom economy and catalytic activity by increasing surface area and selectivity while lowering reaction costs. In addition, the change in the size of the nanoparticles would switch their electronic and catalytic properties. Remarkably, numerous literature reports showed that nanoparticles are formed in situ manner and catalyze reactions in a heterogeneous way, although supported nanoparticles are synthesized using 1D, 2D, and 3D nanoparticle stabilizers. Hence, in this article, it is being deliberated briefly the synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles and their applications toward the various CH functionalization reactions.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)H Bond Functionalization Adjacent to Heterocycles
Authors: Kumar Jogendra , Gupta Aniket , Rahaman Ajijur , Bhadra Sukalyan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Within the last two decades, transition metal‐catalyzed CH bond functionalization of organic substrates has become a powerful tool to access relatively complex frameworks of general synthetic interest. However, significant challenges remain in developing a catalyst system that efficiently functionalizes a specific CH bond in the presence of other chemically equivalent CH bonds. Among various genre of CH bonds, those adjacent to a heteroaromatic system are distinctly special in terms of their reactivity, which is influenced by not only coordinating the heteroatom to a transition metal catalyst but also the electronic impacts of the ring during the CH bond cleavage event. This article depicts an up‐to‐date account on the functionalization reactions of methyl and/or methylene CH bonds adjacent to a heteroaromatic ring by various late and earth‐abundant transition metals, in which the heterocyclic nucleus takes part actively or passively to accelerate the required functionalization process. Of note, this article does not cover examples, wherein transition metals serve as a Lewis acid catalyst in promoting the nucleophilic attack of a methyl/methylene‐CH bond of alkylheteroarenes to an electrophilic coupling partner.
Mechanistic Understanding of Ru‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Kumar Pravin , Kapur Manmohan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Over the past few decades, Ru‐catalyzed CH bond functionalization has emerged as an extensive area of research, and in this regard, tremendous progress has been made toward the construction of new CC and CX bonds. The systematic study of the mechanistic pathways of these ruthenium‐catalyzed CH bond activation–functionalization sequences is crucial, which provides a basis for developing better and novel catalytic systems and exploring their potential applications. We demonstrate here a mechanistic view of those reactions, proposed by either an experimental exploration or theoretical studies. This article provides a detailed mechanistic overview of Ru‐catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, and three general activation modes, namely, oxidative addition, metathesis, and base‐assisted deprotonation, have been discussed. We hope that this mechanistic overview of Ru‐catalyzed CH functionalization reactions would provide a better understanding of the mechanism involved therein and promote the development of novel ruthenium‐based catalytic systems, leading to the discovery of new concepts.
Iron‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization of Heterocycles
Authors: Ghosh Tubai , Chanda Rupsa , Chakraborty Baitan , Jana Umasish 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTransition metal‐catalyzed CH functionalization/CH bond activation is established as a standard protocol for the construction of new CC and C–heteroatom bonds, both in industries and in academia. But most of the methods are associated with the use of toxic and costly metals along with the generation of hazardous chemical as by‐products. Thus, in need of environmentally benign and sustainable methodology, iron‐catalyzed CH bond functionalization has gained much attention in recent times. Therefore, selective functionalization of heterocycles could be an easy method to access heterocyclic compounds which have applications in the fine chemical industry, medicinal chemistry, etc. In this article, we focused on the recent developments in CH bond functionalization of heterocycles using earth‐abundant iron salts toward the construction of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Photoinduced CH Carboxylation
Authors: Masuda Yusuke 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

It is highly desired to develop a sustainable method to fix carbon dioxide (CO
2
) into readily available feedstocks, in particular hydrocarbons. However, direct carboxylation of thermodynamically stable CH bond with CO
2
is one of the most challenging issue in organic synthesis. These issues have so far been addressed by using transition metal catalysts. On the other hand, a novel approach to carboxylation of CH bonds with CO
2
by using light energy has recently become popular. This approach has demonstrated selectivity and reactivity different from conventional activation methods and has even achieved the conversion of hydrocarbons such as alkenes and aromatic compounds. In the present article, a comprehensive summary of photoinduced CH bond carboxylation reactions is provided.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated CH Functionalizations: CC Formation Enabled by Intermolecular Cleavage of Unactivated CH Bonds
Authors: Shu Wei 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
CH bond is one of the most inert and massive chemical bonds in organic molecules. Thus, the direct conversion of various inert CH bonds to functionalized molecules via carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation represents one of the most ideal and straightforward means to build molecular complexity and is an important theme in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and material sciences. The direct functionalization of CH bond is step‐ and atom‐economic, circumventing the prefunctionalization of molecules, thus attractive and highly desirable for organic synthesis. Due to the inertness of CH bonds and other associated issues, direct transformations from CH bonds remain challenging and attract great effort from the chemistry community. Among the strategies for the direct functionalizations of CH bonds, visible‐light‐mediated CH functionalizations have gained much attention from the community and have emerged as a promising tool for transforming CH bonds to other chemical bonds. This article summarizes the recent progress on the visible‐light‐mediated CH functionalization reactions enabled CC bond‐forming processes, including representative examples of transforming H and H bonds into various carbon–carbon bonds.
Nonspectator Feature of Redox Noninnocent Ligands: CC/CH Functionalization
Authors: Panda Sanjib , Dhara Suman , Lahiri Goutam K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Redox noninnocent ligands, capable of participating in electron transfer processes have gained profound attention toward small molecule activation, catalysis, function of selective metalloenzymes as well as for their fascinating ligand centered reactivity. This article is therefore highlighted the terms “redox noninnocence” and “chemical noninnocence” of the ligands in the context of their chemical ramification at the ligand backbone. Two main types of reactivity by the redox noninnocent ligands have been illustrated here: (i) redox‐induced CC coupling phenomenon via reductive or oxidative pathway and (ii) dioxygen fixation into the ligand backbone to furnish oxygenated or ring cleavage product. Further, potential application of the redox noninnocent ligands in the catalytic transformation by virtue of their multielectron reservoir capability has been briefly introduced.
Directing Group‐Assisted CH Functionalization of Ferrocene and CpCo(C
4
Ph
4
) Derivatives
Authors: Dolui Pritam , Verma Ashutosh , Elias Anil J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Directing group‐assisted CH bond functionalization of metal‐sandwich compounds is an emerging area of research to introduce functional groups on metal‐sandwich compounds, and the method offers significant advantages over traditional textbook methods. In this article, we have highlighted the beginning and growth of the directing group‐assisted CH bond functionalization of metal‐sandwich compounds over the past decade. Several mono‐ and bidentate directing groups have been introduced on the metallocene backbone to selectively functionalize the cyclopentadienyl rings of the metal‐sandwich compounds. The scope of these directing groups and the diversity of the functional groups introduced using them under different reaction conditions have been detailed under different subsections. The article ends with a discussion on the future scope which enlists the type of reactions yet to be carried out on metal‐sandwich compounds in comparison with the recent developments on conventional aromatic substrates.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed CH Carboxylation/Carbonylation of (Hetero)arenes with CO
2
Authors: Fu Lei , Li Shangda , Li Gang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Although carbon dioxide (CO
2
) is known as the primary greenhouse gas, it is also considered by chemists as the ideal one‐carbon (C1) feedstock for producing valuable fine chemicals due to its abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, and renewable properties. Nevertheless, the use of CO
2
in transition metal‐catalyzed CH carboxylation of arenes is a double challenge due to the inertness of both CO
2
and aryl CH bond. Herein, important achievements until September of 2021 in the field of transition metal‐catalyzed CH carboxylation of (hetero)arenes with CO
2
will be briefly discussed.
Platinum‐Catalyzed CC Bond Formation Through CH Functionalization
Authors: Huo Shouquan , Li Yumin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Platinum has played an important role in the discovery, understanding, and development of transition metal‐catalyzed CH activation and functionalization reactions. In this article, the platinum‐catalyzed CC bond formation through CH functionalization is discussed, which includes platinum‐catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes (sp
2
CH functionalization), hydrovinylation of alkynes and alkenes (sp
2
CH functionalization), hydroalkylation of alkynes (sp
3
CH functionalization), directing group‐assisted CH acylation (sp
2
CH functionalization), and aryl–aryl coupling (sp
2
CH functionalization) are reviewed. The mechanisms of these catalytic CH functionalizations are discussed. The synthetic utility of the methods developed based on these catalytic CH functionalization reactions has been demonstrated.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization of 2‐Pyridones, 2‐Pyrones, and Their Benzo‐Fused Congeners
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
2‐Pyridone, 2‐pyrone, and their benzo‐fused congeners are privileged heterocyclic scaffolds that are widely found in natural products and drug molecules. The late‐stage functionalization of CH bonds in these heterocyclic scaffolds has been an important research area in synthetic organic chemistry as they provide straightforward and easy access to valuable bioactive derivatives. This article outlines transition metal‐catalyzed CH functionalizations of 2‐pyridones, 2‐pyrones, and their benzo‐fused congeners. It can be classified into several major categories in terms of the methodologies involved: (i) intermolecular CH functionalization without the directing groups, (ii) intermolecular CH functionalization using directing groups, and (iii) intramolecular CH functionalization.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis by CH Functionalization
Authors: Cao Yujie , Kou Kevin G. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Rhodium complexes of +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states are adept at functionalizing CH bonds and do so via distinct mechanistic pathways. These modes of activation have been harnessed into cascade processes that lead to a wide variety of heterocycles, including isoquinolines, isoquinolones, pyridines, pyridones, indoles, lactones, and their fused polycyclic derivatives. As such, this article will focus on the chemistry that enables de novo synthesis of heterocycles rather than those that only functionalize existing heterocycles.
This article is organized into three parts, starting with Part A, Rhodium(III) catalysis, which makes up the largest subfield of rhodium‐catalyzed heterocycle synthesis, and is further divided into the chemistry of alkynes, alkenes, carbenes, and nitrenes. Part B details rhodium(I) catalysis in the contexts of hydroalkenylation (e.g. alkynes), hydroarylation (e.g. alkynes), and hydroacylation (e.g. alkynes, alkenes, and ketones). The article closes with Part C, a brief discussion on the use of rhodium(II) catalysis in constructing heterocycles.
Development of Synthetic Approaches to Biaryl Sultams via CH Functionalization
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Laha Joydev K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Biaryl sultams represent a privileged molecular scaffold in drug discovery owing to their potential as a clinical candidate. Various developments toward the synthesis of diverse biaryl sultams including metal‐catalyzed and metal‐free CH functionalization involving CC/CN bond formation or annulative cyclization have been advanced in recent time. However, a transition metal‐catalyzed direct CH functionalization approach remains a powerful variant and has been utilized tremendously for the past several decades. The postsynthetic transformations of biaryl sultams to drug‐like molecules offer a tremendous possibility in drug discovery. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of various developments made in the synthetic approaches to biaryl sultams via CH functionalization, with a futuristic emphasis on their postsynthetic utility in accessing (hetero)biaryls containing an
ortho
‐sulfonamide or amine functionality, a promising and potentially useful molecular scaffold in therapeutic discovery. The current challenges and a future perspective are also discussed briefly.
CH Functionalization via Asymmetric Nitrene Transfer
Authors: Zerull Emily , Trinh Tuan Anh , Kim Jed , Schomaker Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of amines in natural products and pharmaceuticals has stimulated interest in efficient, asymmetric methods to transform CH to CN bonds. Transition metal‐supported nitrene intermediates can undergo ready insertion into a variety of CH bonds via nitrene transfer (NT), provided the chemo‐, site‐, and enantioselectivity can be controlled in a predictive manner. In recent years, the field of transition metal‐catalyzed asymmetric nitrene transfer has grown rapidly with the design of new ligand scaffolds and the addition of a host of biocatalysts to the catalog of catalysts able to furnish diverse enantioenriched amine products. This article focuses on the recent advances in the arena of both intra‐ and intermolecular asymmetric CH aminations. The key differences between the types of catalysts utilized in asymmetric CH functionalization via NT will be highlighted, both in terms of the metal identity and ligand design. The article is organized by metal identity and concludes with a discussion of areas where opportunities and challenges still remain in the field.
CH Functionalization Utilizing CO Surrogates
Authors: Sheetal XXXXXXX , Das Parthasarathi , Das Pralay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Carbonyl group is one of the most imperative moieties in synthetic organic chemistry, it has found significant applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals as well as polymer chemistry. The CO gas‐mediated carbonylation via direct CH bond functionalization renders a powerful technique to afford a range of carbonyl compounds in a highly expedient manner. However, the inflammable nature of colorless, odorless, and toxic CO gas along with difficulties associated with its storage and transportation limits the practical utility of these approaches. Hence, the thrust to devise CO gas‐free carbonylative approaches congregate the attention of the scientific community toward the development and application of sustainable CO surrogates from green chemistry viewpoint. The use of these CO surrogates instead of toxic CO gas contributes to enhanced practicality, efficiency as well as safety of the reaction performed. Hence, the direct CO gas‐free carbonylative CH bond functionalization emerged as an atom efficient as well as step‐economical protocol toward the sustainable development of carbonylation chemistry. Herein, we will discuss recent ameliorations realized in carbonylative CH functionalization reactions utilizing different CO surrogates.