bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Linguistic Approach to Ellipsis in Biblical Poetry: (Or, What to Do When Exegesis of What Is There Depends on What Isn't)
Authors: Miller Cynthia L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBiblical Hebrew poetry frequently exhibits ellipsis (or, gapping) of the verb, but the precise patterns of ellipsis have not been identified previously. A linguistic approach to ellipsis involves identifying universal features of ellipsis, as well as those features that are specific to Biblical Hebrew. Understanding the shapes of elliptical constructions in Biblical Hebrew provides a powerful exegetical tool for evaluating alternative readings (and hence exegetical understandings) of difficult verses (e.g., Ps 49:4 and Prov 13:1).
Major Tasks of an Evangelical Hermeneutic: Some Observations on Commonalities, Interrelations, and Differences
Authors: Longenecker Richard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An evangelical hermeneutic is involved in three major tasks: an interpretive or descriptive task, a transformational task, and a contextualization task. At the heart of all three is the Good News of God's redemptive activity in human history on behalf of all people. So there are interrelations between these tasks. There are, however, also distinctive differences. This article seeks to sensitize Christians to the commonalities, interrelations, and differences inherent in these three hermeneutical tasks and to offer an overview as to how these tasks should function in an evangelical theology.
James Barr and the Future of Revelation in History in New Testament Theology
Authors: Yarbrough Robert W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The thesis of James Barr's magisterial study The Concept of Biblical Theology is that "biblical theology is a contested concept" (Barr's emphasis). One of the reasons for this is the issue of revelation in history (RIH). The article compares Barr's outlook with the outlook of scholars who are favorable toward RIH such as Hofmann and Cullmann, toward whom Barr might be thought to be fundamentally negative. In fact Barr shares many of the RIH group's convictions. At the same time, elements of a neologistic outlook inhere in Barr's work, making it unclear how RIH will fare in future studies that may follow Barr's lead. In any case both NT theology and RIH retain importance in current discussion.
Moral Purification in 1QS
Authors: TOEWS CASEY 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn preexilic times, moral purification (the enforcement of the death penalty and כּרת, "to be cut off") held tragic and fatal consequences for the offender, as well as the nation at large, dynamically illustrated when the nation was collectively "cut off" in exile. In response to the severe punishments occasioned by moral impurity, the prophets considered a survivable alternative for moral purification in place of the harsh Pentateuchal penalties. They envisioned, metaphorically, a lustral cleansing that could wash away moral impurity. The Hebrew Bible does not provide evidence of a literal adaptation of this metaphor into praxis. In looking to the Second Temple period literature, we find that 1QS provides the earliest witness of a literal adaptation of the prophetic imagery into a baptism of moral purification. As such, 1QS is a very important document for demonstrating an approach to moral purification that is both a development of the postexilic Hebrew Bible, as well as a precursor to the practices evident in the lives of John the Baptist, Jesus, and Paul.
Building on Stone? Deuteronomy and Esarhaddon's Loyalty Oaths (Part 2): Some Additional Observations
Authors: ZEHNDER MARKUS 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Many elements found in the so-called Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon (VTE) and in the postulated "Ur-Deuteronomium" as well as in other parts of the book of Deuteronomy are attested in other documents of the ancient Near East, especially in Hittite vassal treaties and loyalty oaths from the 14th and 13th centuries B.C. and in Aramaic treaties from the 9th and 8th centuries B.C. In addition, it is probable that further textual witnesses containing similar elements once existed but were lost because of the perishable material that was frequently used. These observations, together with the dissimilarities between "Ur-Deuteronomium" and VTE both in content and in historical background pointed out in part 1 of this study, caution against overly optimistic claims of a dependence of "Ur-Deuteronomium" on VTE. This article will also argue that, with respect to some parallels in the curse sections, a direction of dependence that is inverted compared to the one commonly held cannot be ruled out.
Time and Order in the Circumstantial Participles of Mark and Luke
Authors: PICIRILLI ROBERT E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStanley Porter has suggested that the order of circumstantial participles in relation to the verbs on which they depend tends to indicate how they relate temporally: antecedent if before the primary verb and contemporaneous or subsequent if following. Grammarians whom he cites as having partly recognized this do not really anticipate his view. More important, numerous examples of circumstantial participles in the Gospels of Mark and Luke show a different pattern and fail to sustain his formulation. Aorist circumstantial participles typically precede their primary verbs but may be temporally antecedent to or contemporaneous with them. Present circumstantial participles may precede or follow their primary verbs and may be temporally antecedent to or contemporaneous with them regardless of order. Perfect circumstantial participles, whether before or after their primary verbs, are typically contemporaneous with them. The careful exegete should focus on the context alone to determine if any given circumstantial participle is temporally antecedent to, contemporaneous with, or even subsequent to its primary verb.
New Wine in Old Wineskins: Bursting Traditional Interpretations in John's Gospel (Part Two)
Authors: GUNDRY ROBERT H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article, begun in the preceding issue of BBR, offers disparate exegetical notes on passages in the Fourth Gospel. The present Part Two argues (1) that in John 9:4b the night when no one can work refers to the darkness of eternal damnation; (2) that in John 11:26a those who live, believe in Jesus, and will never die are the believers who have not died prior to the second coming; and (3) that in John 19:30 τετέλεσται should be translated "they are finished" with probable reference to Jesus' signs, works, and words.
Identifying the "Angel of the Lord" in the Book of Judges: A Model for Reconsidering the Referent in Other Old Testament Loci
Authors: LÓPEZ RENÉ A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The construction "angel of the Lord" appears more times in Judges than any other book in the Hebrew Scripture, but there is no scholarly consensus on the identity of this nameless angel. Some interpreters see this messenger as one of many angelic envoys. Others assert that this angel is a theophany or Christophany, arguing variously that (1) grammar indicates the definiteness of the angel; (2) the angel speaks in the first person; (3) looking at the angel is viewed as looking at Yahweh; (4) many feared for their lives upon encountering the angel; (5) the angel possesses attributes similar to God's; and (6) the angel no longer appears after Jesus arrives. All but one of these arguments can be applied in identifying this angel in Judges. This article reviews the common lines of evidence by appealing to proper conventions of grammar, ancient Near Eastern customs regarding envoys, and Jewish theology. After reviewing the difficulties with each of these arguments, the article will propose a coherent view that is in keeping with sound hermeneutics and can serve as a model for reconsidering the referent when it appears elsewhere in Scripture.
The Anointing of Saul according to Josephus
Authors: BEGG CHRISTOPHER T. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
1 Samuel 9:1–10:16, the account of the anointing of Saul by Samuel, constitutes one of the key passages of the book of Samuel. This essay studies Josephus's retelling of the biblical passage in Ant. 6.45–59. The investigation focuses on three main questions: the text-form(s) of the biblical account used by Josephus; the rewriting techniques he employs and the distinctive version of the anointing narrative that results from their application; and Josephus's handling of the episode in relation to other early treatments of it.
Between "I" and "We": The Anthropology of the Hebrew Bible and Its Importance for a 21st-Century Ecclesiology
Authors: KLINGBEIL GERALD A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Individualism and collectivism are categories employed by sociologists to describe the characteristics of a particular people or culture. These elements and their importance depend heavily upon the culture's particular world view. This study examines these extremes—particularly in the context of the NT metaphor of the church as a body.1 In light of the fact that the data of the Hebrew Bible are often ignored, in this study I will review five controversial passages from the Hebrew Bible that are relevant to the topic (i.e., Abraham's household and the blessing of the covenant, the commandment language, divine transgenerational retribution, and individual responsibility) and will probe their significance for a Scripture-based ecclesiology.
An Admonition against "Rousing Love": The Meaning of the Enigmatic Refrain in Song of Songs
Authors: GAULT BRIAN P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article examines and evaluates eight different interpretations put forward by modern scholars to explain the meaning of the adjuration refrain in Song of Songs (2:7, 3:5, 8:4). While most of these positions can be judged unlikely due to their unsupported presuppositions or their dissonance with the immediate context and general themes in the Song, reading the refrain as an admonition not to disturb lovers indulging their passions best aligns with the context, literary structure, genre themes, as well as the grammar and syntax in these verses. Indeed, this interpretation readjusts the theology of sexuality in American Christianity, counterbalancing the NT focus on husband-wife roles and responsibilities with a portrait of passion as God's good gift to be celebrated and indulged in the proper context.
Plural You: On the Use and Abuse of the Second Person
Authors: PETERMAN GERALD W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Some biblical scholars claim that the use of the second-person plural mandates that the action or activity described refers not to individuals but only to groups. By way of critique, this understanding of the force of the second-person plural is reductionistic, is based on a fallacious argument, makes abrupt shifts in number incomprehensible, and is not supported by examples inside and outside the NT. By way of an alternative reading, this article asserts that the second-person plural, the second-person singular, and the third-person singular contain different levels of rhetorical directness. All three can be used to call for individual application.
Spirit Possession as a Cross-cultural Experience
Authors: KEENER CRAIG S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Various cross-cultural parallels to NT spirit-possession narratives (in terms of both behavior and interpretation) suggest that scholars should respect the NT descriptions as potentially reflecting eyewitness accounts or sources. Anthropologists have documented spirit possession or analogous experiences in a majority of cultures, although interpretations of the experiences vary. In some cases, possession trance can produce violent behavior toward oneself (cf. Mark 5:5, 9:22) or others (cf. Acts 19:16), and some cultures associate it with publicly recognized, apparently superhuman feats of strength (cf. Mark 5:4) or knowledge (cf. Mark 1:24, Acts 16:16–17).
Otho: A Targeted Comparison of Suetonius's Biography and Tacitus's History, with Implications for the Gospels' Historical Reliability
Authors: KEENER CRAIG S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A majority of scholars today recognize that the Gospels are ancient biographies. This recognition has implications for our valuation of the information content in the Gospels. Biographies written as soon after the subject's life as the Gospels normally include substantial historical information. The biographies of the later emperors in Suetonius offer a reasonable test case. Comparing Suetonius's biography of Otho with information about Otho in Tacitus's Histories, as well as Plutarch's biographies of Galba and Otho, confirms that Suetonius, whatever his other agendas, did not invent material freely but depended heavily on preexisting historical information.
Angels of the Churches in Revelation 1–3: Status Quaestionis and Another Proposal
Authors: FERGUSON EVERETT 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article surveys the interpretations of "the angel of the church" in each of the seven letters in Rev 2–3, the advocates of each position, and the principal arguments for and against each view. These interpretations are guardian angel, heavenly counterpart, prevailing spirit of the church, bishop/pastor, prophet, messenger to or from John. Another possibility is that the angel is the reader of the communication to the church.
Evangelicals, Theology, and Biblical Interpretation: Reflections on the Theological Interpretation of Scripture
Authors: TRIMM CHARLIE 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The theological interpretation of Scripture (TIS) has become very popular in recent years among both biblical scholars and theologians. But this popularity has polarized biblical studies, as some biblical scholars have strongly rejected TIS while others have hailed it as the savior of the moribund historical-critical method. Beyond these contrary assessments of TIS, another key problem in understanding TIS is the diverse (and sometimes contradictory) methods employed by TIS interpreters. This article will study the positive and negative aspects of TIS from the perspective of Evangelical biblical scholarship and propose a spectrum of styles of exegesis showing the range of methodologies in TIS and how they relate with other types of exegesis.
Ezekiel and the Twelve: Similar Concerns as an Indication of a Shared Tradition?
Authors: MORGAN DAVID M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The book of Ezekiel is often divided into a tripartite literary structure. The temple building program in chaps. 40–48 has received not a little scholarly attention, but the preceding oracles in 33:1–39:29 and their function in the final form of the book have not received much consideration. Interestingly, the subject matter of the three sets of oracles in this section of Ezekiel corresponds with themes also evident in a synchronic reading of the Book of the Twelve. This essay examines the ideology for temple building made apparent through the literary structure of Ezekiel and the Twelve, and remarks are made regarding the significance of each "temple building story."
Consumed by Zeal: John's Use of Psalm 69:9 and the Action in the Temple
Authors: BRYAN STEVEN M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
John's use of Ps 69:9 in his account of Jesus' action in the temple is regularly understood as a scriptural depiction of Jesus' intense emotional state, which provoked his assault on the temple traders. However, both John's use of Ps 69 elsewhere in the Gospel and his narration of the plot against Jesus suggest that he intends his readers to conclude that the zeal that consumes Jesus is that of his enemies. In John's Gospel, the Jews are portrayed as the zealous protectors of the temple, while Jesus is consistently portrayed as the new temple—the locus of the eschatological presence of God. Jesus' action in the temple symbolically enacts the failure of Herod's temple to function as the new temple. The citation of Ps 69:9 anticipates the role of Jewish zeal for Herod's temple in bringing the full reality of the new temple into existence: in their zealous protection of Herod's temple, they destroy the temple of Jesus body, which through death and resurrection becomes the eschatological dwelling place of God.
Johannine Fulfillment of Scripture: Continuity and Escalation
Authors: TABB BRIAN J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Scriptural fulfillment is a critical theme throughout the Gospel of John, but in 12:38–19:37 the evangelist draws explicit attention to the deeper purpose at work in Jesus' passion by the distinctive introductory formula "in order that Scripture may be fulfilled." This article argues that John rarely uses fulfillment language such as this in appeals to prediction; rather, Johannine "fulfillment" is characterized by a dialectic, mutually interpretive relationship of continuity and escalation between the OT text and Jesus' work. Jesus' death "fulfills" the Scriptures by revealing the decisive, eschatological meaning of these earlier texts, while the OT likewise offers the categories necessary to disclose the true significance of his identity as the rejected, crucified Messiah.
The Portrayal of Peter and Atonement Theology in the Gospel of John
Authors: WIARDA TIMOTHY 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Three scenes in the Gospel of John, the foot-washing episode (13:2–11), the narrative of the denial prediction (13:33–38), and the account of Peter cutting off the ear of the high priest's servant (18:8–11), characterize Peter as one who resists the idea that Jesus should take up the role of good shepherd who lays down his life for his sheep. These scenes link with the Gospel's ὑπέρ texts. Their consistent portrayal of Peter forms part of the Gospel's presentation of the significance of Jesus' death.
Building House to House (Isaiah 5:8): Theological Reflection on Land Development and Creation Care
Authors: THOMAS HEATH A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Land development is the point of theological critique set within the context of Isaiah's "Song of the Vineyard." God's good land (the vineyard) was marred by a number of sins, one of them being "building" house to house (land development). Within the horizons of the OT in general and Isaiah in particular, the substance of the critique may be understood theologically within the strictures of OT law regarding land allotment. But pressing toward new horizons in biblical theology, how might the substance of the critique be carried forward? This article will reflect on land development and creation care within the horizons of Isa 5:8 and OT law and then move toward a reflection of the same set within the fields of biblical theology and theological interpretation of Scripture.
Cosmology, Eschatology, and Soteriology in Hebrews: A Synthetic Analysis
Authors: STEWART ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study analyses the spatial and temporal dimensions of the metanarrative undergirding the author's world view in an attempt to understand the relationship between the present possession and future attainment of salvation in the theology of Hebrews. The thesis of this study is that the present possession of salvation functions to enable believers to persevere to final salvation.
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Materi Arthropoda Berbasis Student Centered Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Di Masa Pandemi
Authors: Minah Sitti , Haryono Agus , Sinaga Saalon 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran materi Arthropoda untuk meningkatkan kemandirian mahasiswa dan meningkatkan CTS dengan menggunakakan pendekatan Studen-Centered Learning. Pengembangan perangkat menggunakan pengembangan model ADDIE, perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan terdiri dari 1) RPS 2) Bahan Ajar 3) Lembar kerja mahasiswa 4) Evaluasi hots. Pengembangan perangkat mengunakan hasil validasi ahli dan uji terbatas. Hasil pengembangan berupa 1) Pengembangan perangkat perangkat dengan kategori valid dan layak digunakan 2) Hasil keterlaksanaan RPS menggunakan pendekatan SCL dengan kategori cukup baik dan respon mahasiswa terhadap langkah-langkah RPS positif dan mengacu pada keterampilan berpikir kritis dengan kategori N-gain 0,73 dengan nilai tinggi. 3)Pengembangan pada Bahan Ajar dengan kategori baik, 4) LKM didesain sederhana untuk meningkatkan keterrampilan berpikir kritis, 5) Alat evaluasi mengacu pada soal hots. Pelaksanaan penelitian secara hybrid learning dengan memadukan kegiatan online dan offline, kegiatan, perkuliahan secara online menggunakan Whatsapp, GcR dan Zoom, dan kegiatan perkuliahan secara offline dilaksanakan mahasiswa dengan mengakses bahan ajar dan instruksional yang ada di dalam GcR secara mandiri. Perangkat pembelajaran materi Arthropoda berbasis Student-Centered Learning dapat digunakan di masa pandemi untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa.
Applying risk management to the management of innovative enterprises
Authors: Verenikina A. O. 
Published: April 2022

The activities of innovative enterprises entail various risk situations. Organisations should be able to identify perceived risks and minimise them. Innovative enterprises, whose activities are known to be the most risky, should try their best to establish a risk management process.Empirical and theoretical research methods were used in writing the paper: analysis, synthesis of the studied theoretical data, method of generalization, graphical method. The subject of the research in this article is risk management as a constituent link in the management and development of innovative enterprises. The article considers the importance of applying risk management. The author has identified important stages of risk management in the management of innovative enterprises, developed an appropriate information model.
Between Hopes and Threats: New Migratory Birds Records on the Sawala Mandapa Education and Training Forest, Indonesia
Authors: Iswandaru Dian , Nugraha Gugie , Iswanto Aris Djati Dwi , Fitriana Yulia Rahma , Webliana Kornelia 
Published: April 2022

Java Island is one of the tropical areas for bird migration, especially the Asian-Australian flyway of migratory birds. The SMETF is one of the protected forest areas that migratory birds can visit in Java. This research aims to identify migratory birds in SMETF. Transect and point count methods are used to observe migratory bird movements and their activities. In the research area, four migratory birds were identified: Ficedula zanthopygia, Agropsar sturninus, Pernis ptilorhynchus o., and Accipiter soloensis. The first and second species showed many activities for four months from October 2020 to January 2021, and this is an indication that both are using the research site as a wintering habitat. The activities of the Pernis ptilorhynchus o., Accipiter soloensis were dominated by flying “flock” over the forest. Only the Pernis ptilorhynchus was observed carrying out hunting activities, indicating that this bird uses the area as a stopover area. This research also identified illegal hunting techniques, such as ngaleugeut and mikat, as severe threats to migratory birds in the SMETF.