bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond dots with dates: A landscape approach to the Sohar hinterlands
Authors: Düring Bleda S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLandscape archaeology, as a type of research based on a systemic surface survey and that results in quantifiable datasets of high quality, has started to be practiced in southeastern Arabia only in recent years. In this paper, I will briefly review the short history of landscape archaeology in the area and its relevance. I will then present the approach and methods used in the Wadi al Jizzi Archaeological Project and discuss some of the results obtained to discuss both the potential and problems of the data that the project generated. In particular, I will focus on ephemeral sites and assemblages, data quality and data representativity.
Effect of Institutional Depositors on Banks' Dividend Policy: Evidence from Korea during the Global Financial Crisis*
Authors: Jung Hyun‐Jae , Lee Jinho , Park Young S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the motive for dividends by examining the relationship between dividends and banks' institutional depositors during the global financial crisis. The results indicate that during the financial crisis, the higher the deposit ratio of institutional depositors to the total insured deposits was, the lower the dividend payments were. This may be attributable to the fact that during the financial crisis, banks significantly reduced their dividends because they were under close monitoring due to the fear that institutional depositors would overreact to disadvantageous policy and cause a bank run.
Age and the anaesthetist: considerations for the individual anaesthetist and workforce planning
Authors: Davies M. , Clyburn P. , Barker P. , Flatt N. , Noble N. , Swart M. , Redfern N. , Davidson R. , Fleming R. , Stacey K. , Richards C. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThere is clear evidence of a growing workforce gap and this is compounded by demographic data that show the current workforce is ageing. Within the current workforce, more doctors are taking voluntary early retirement and the loss of these experienced clinicians from departments can have wide‐ranging effects. Older doctors are at risk of age‐related health problems (e.g. sight, musculoskeletal, menopause) and are more susceptible to the effects of fatigue, which may increase the risk of error and or complaint. The purpose of this working party and advocacy campaign was to address concerns over the number of consultants retiring at the earliest opportunity and whether a different approach could extend the working career of consultant anaesthetists and SAS doctors. This could be viewed as ‘pacing your career’. The earlier this is considered in a clinician's career the greater the potential mitigation on individuals.
Navigating Wait Space in Uncertain Times: Young Women and Precarious Labour in Turkey
Authors: Kara Hilal , Mullings Beverley 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDespite dramatic increases in university graduates over the last 30 years, unemployment rates among youth with advanced education in Turkey remain some of the highest in the world. With levels of unemployment among university graduates almost equal that of high school graduates, the promise of social mobility and formal waged work that higher education once promised, no longer holds credibility. Many young people, instead find themselves in waithood—a state characterised by uncertainty, joblessness, and obstacles to independent adulthood. Studies tend to view waithood temporally as a period of indeterminacy and frustrated futures, but we argue, waithood also encompasses spatial dimensions that are liberatory in so far as they communicate a demand for a liveable life. Examining how young women in Turkey navigate both the state’s conservative politics, and restricted employment opportunities, we use the term “wait space” to capture what an attentiveness to the intimate connection between space and time and work offers to our understanding of the politics and possibilities of work beyond the wage.
Comparative study of the evolution of cancer gene duplications across fish
Authors: Baines Ciara , Meitern Richard , Kreitsberg Randel , Sepp Tuul 
Published: September 2022

AbstractComparative studies of cancer‐related genes not only provide novel information about their evolution and function but also an understanding of cancer as a driving force in biological systems and species’ life histories. So far, these studies have focused on mammals. Here, we provide the first comparative study of cancer‐related gene copy number variation in fish. Fishes are a paraphyletic group whose last common ancestor is also an ancestor of the tetrapods, and accordingly, their tumour suppression mechanisms should include most of the mammalian mechanisms and also reveal novel (but potentially phylogenetically older) previously undetected mechanisms. We have matched the sequenced genomes of 65 fish species from the Ensemble database with the cancer gene information from the COSMIC database. By calculating the number of gene copies across species using the Ensembl CAFE data (providing species trees for gene copy number counts), we used a less resource‐demanding method for homolog identification. Our analysis demonstrates a masked relationship between cancer‐related gene copy number variation (CNV) and maximum lifespan in fish species, suggesting that a higher number of copies of tumour suppressor genes lengthens and the number of copies of oncogenes shortens lifespan. Based on the positive correlation between the number of copies of tumour suppressors and oncogenes, we show which species have more tumour suppressors in relation to oncogenes. It could be suggested that these species have stronger genetic defences against oncogenic processes. Fish studies could be a largely unexplored treasure trove for understanding the evolution and ecology of cancer, providing novel insights into the study of cancer and tumour suppression, in addition to fish evolution, life‐history trade‐offs, and ecology.
Savanna vegetation increase triggers freshwater community shifts
Authors: Demare Guillaume , Spieler Marko , Grabow Karsten , Rödel Mark‐Oliver 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTropical savannas are globally extensive and ecologically invaluable ecosystems. As most ecosystems however, they are subject to serious anthropogenic stress. Defaunation, and especially the loss of large mammals, is pervasive in tropical savannas and known to trigger wide‐ranging ecological effects, from vegetation changes to the loss of ecosystem function. Despite what is currently known about the terrestrial consequences of defaunation, and the potential cross‐ecosystem influence of large mammals, virtually no research has investigated associated effects on small adjacent water bodies. This research gap persists because (1) tropical savannas have been historically neglected, (2) the ecological value of small water bodies (e.g. ponds) is only recently being recognized, and (3) empirical baseline data are often lacking. In this paper, we compared a rare pre‐change dataset with newly collected data on 213 freshwater assemblages, to investigate community structure and composition before and after a major defaunation event. Our research focused on a diverse species assemblage of amphibian larvae (i.e. tadpoles) in temporary savanna ponds. We found that pond vegetation cover increased from 16.0% to 45.6% post‐defaunation, that is, a near three‐fold increase. Such habitat changes seemed to have benefitted those species that use vegetation during reproduction (e.g. the leaf‐folding Afrixalus spp.), while others have declined. Interestingly, we found a strong correlation between tadpole community shifts and other freshwater organisms, which indicates that habitat changes have affected a wide variety of aquatic organisms. Given that organisms inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats often have complex life histories with terrestrial adult life stages, we propose that the terrestrial effects of defaunation have indirectly led to distinct aquatic communities, in addition to direct habitat effects. These results shed new light on the potential role of large‐bodied mammals in shaping adjacent ecosystems, and raise important questions concerning the functioning of temporary aquatic systems in the Anthropocene.
The British HIV Association national clinical audit 2021: Management of HIV and hepatitis C coinfection
Authors: Raya Reynie P. , Curtis Hilary , Kulasegaram Ranjababu , Cooke Graham S. , Burns Fiona , Chadwick David , Sabin Caroline A. ,   the BHIVA Audit and Standards Sub‐committee
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to describe clinical policies for the management of people with HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection and to audit routine monitoring and assessment of people with HIV/HCV coinfection attending UK HIV care.MethodsThis was a clinic survey and retrospective case‐note review. HIV clinics in the UK participated in the audit from May to July 2021 by completing an online questionnaire regarding their clinic's policies for the management of people with HIV/HCV coinfection, and by contributing to a case‐note review of people living with HIV with detectable HCV RNA who were under the care of their service.ResultsNinety‐five clinics participated in the clinic survey; of these, 15 (15.8%) were regional specialist centres, 19 (20.0%) were HIV services with their own coinfection clinics, 40 (42.1%) were HIV services that referred coinfected individuals to a local hepatology service and 20 (21.1%) were HIV services that referred to a regional specialist centre. Eighty‐one clinics provided full caseload estimates; of the approximately 3951 people with a history of HIV/HCV coinfection accessing their clinics, only 4.9% were believed to have detectable HCV RNA, 3.15% of whom were already receiving or approved for direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. In total, 29 (30.5%) of the clinics reported an impact of COVID‐19 on coinfection care, including delays or reductions in the frequency of services, monitoring, treatment initiation and appointments, and changes to the way that treatment was dispensed. Case‐note reviews were provided for 283 people with detectable HCV RNA from 74 clinics (median age 42 years, 74.6% male, 56.2% HCV genotype 1, 22.3% HCV genotype 3). Overall, 56% had not received treatment for HCV, primarily due to lack of engagement in care (54.7%) and/or being uncontactable (16.4%).ConclusionsOur findings show that the small number of people with HIV with detectable HCV RNA in the UK should mean that it is possible to achieve HCV micro‐elimination. However, more work is needed to improve engagement in care for those who are untreated for HCV.
Stewart Myers and the MIT School of Real Options and Capital Structure
Authors: Chew Don , Stewart Bennett 
Published: September 2022

The thinking and writings of America's most accomplished living corporate finance scholar, MIT professor Stewart Myers, are presented as “a life in three Acts.” Starting with Stew's collaboration with Stanford's Alex Robichek on capital structure and valuation in Act I, the scene then shifts to the subjects of corporate strategy and “real options,” and their import for both valuation and investment and financing decisions. And following an Act III that explores the effects of information costs on capital structure and financing choices, the Epilogue recounts Stew's late forays (with colleague James Read) into the question of risk capital—that is, how much, as well as what kinds of, capital do companies need to support their operations and strategic investment?As the article says in closing,Stew's work can be seen as ending where it began. The truly important goal in designing a company's financial and capital structure, as virtually all of his work during the past nearly 60 years has tried to show, is to help ensure that corporate managers are making the best investment and operating decisions. Which in turn brings us back full circle to the first principle of modern corporate finance. For, as we saw earlier when discussing M&M and the Chicago school theory, it is those investment decisions that are the primary source of long‐run corporate efficiency and value.
Will Blockchain Be a Big Deal? Reasons for Caution
Authors: Pirrong Craig 
Published: September 2022

The initial enthusiasm for implementing blockchain in financial markets has been dampened considerably by its collision with economic realities. Though the author warns against avoiding the Panglossian trap of viewing ours as the best of all possible worlds, he reminds us that financial institutions have evolved and won the trust of many consumers in a competitive environment as means of economizing on transactions costs. Such costs arise from the nature of transactions, including crucially the information environment in which they take place. Though new technologies such as blockchain have the potential to reduce some of these costs, they often do so without fundamentally changing the underlying economic conditions that have given rise to them. As a result, the traditional institutions such as banks and exchanges that technologists scoff at may well prove surprisingly competitive and durable in the face of technological challengers.The most successful implementation of blockchain—Bitcoin—solves a very basic transactional challenge peculiar to cryptocurrency: the double spend problem. But it does so in a very expensive way, and many other transactions pose far more complex challenges. The three cautionary tales provided by the author—the first involving securities and derivatives trading and clearing, the second commodity trading, and the third proposals to “equitize” assets—all demonstrate the need to confront “Chesterton's Fence” when evaluating the potential of blockchain in any particular application. To understand the value of a new technology for a given set of functions, one must understand the economic forces that have shaped the processes and institutions that currently perform those functions. When such forces are considered, it often becomes apparent that new technologies like blockchain will not prove superior to existing practices—and may even create adverse unintended consequences that offset and perhaps even eliminate their beneficial effects.
Texas Private Equity Conference 2022: Session II: The Role of Private Equity and Debt in Reshaping the Ownership, Valuation, and Governance of Private Companies
Authors: Sztejnberg Xavier , Whitaker Carlos , Roberts Vanessa , Canfield Phil , Kramer Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2022

Although the phenomenal growth of private equity investments into a $2 trillion market has been widely recognized, little is known about the recent rise of the private credit market, which has doubled to over $1 trillion in the past five years and generated annual returns of close to 9% during the past 15 years. In this panel, three private and public debt professionals discuss the interplay between private equity and debt, pricing pressures, competition for assets, and deal terms for private equity and debt investors in an increasing‐interest‐rate environment.Direct lending to PE‐owned firms has expanded dramatically since the 2008 global financial crisis, driven in significant part by the effect of Dodd‐Frank on traditional banks' lending to their core middle market segment. Alternative lenders such as Blackstone and Ares Capital Management have filled the resulting void in this large market. While much of this activity is direct lending to those small and mid‐market companies, another major part is structured or asset‐backed lending to a discrete pool of assets wherein repayment of that debt is derived solely from the contractual cash flows coming off those assets rather than from the company.Morgan Stanley's Vanessa Roberts explains how the private debt markets, as evidenced by their continued growth, complement public debt markets without supplanting them. But as Phil Canfield emphasized, private equity sponsors value the speed of execution and certainty of commitment along with fewer public disclosures that come with private credit. It's typically a less complex process, one that removes regulatory obstacles to risk‐reducing structures and ends up providing more flexible solutions. What's more, the dramatic expansion of private capital pools in 2021 has brought much more liquidity to the market and accelerated the move toward cash‐flow‐based lending.
Which whitening toothpaste with different contents is more effective on color and bond strength of enamel?
Authors: Dursun Meltem Nermin , Ergin Esra , Tekce Aybuke Uslu , Gurgan Sevil 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of six whitening toothpastes with different whitening ingredients as follows: abrasives, polyphosphates, activated charcoal and hydrogen peroxide on the color, and shear bond strength (SBS) of enamel.Materials and MethodsThirty‐five extracted human molars were sectioned in mesiodistal direction, providing 70 enamel specimens and randomly divided into seven groups having different whitening ingredients (n = 10). After baseline color measurements, the specimens were brushed three times daily for the 30 s. At the end of 2 weeks, spectrophotometric readings were repeated, and color change parameters were calculated. Then, composite cylinders were built on the enamel surfaces and the specimens were subjected to SBS test. Failure modes were determined under a stereomicroscope (×10). One specimen from each group was examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon signed, one‐way‐ANOVA (p = 0.05).ResultsClinically acceptable color change was observed in all whitening toothpastes. There were no significant differences among the groups for Δa, ΔL, ΔE00, and ΔWID (p > 0.05). The differences among the groups were not significant regarding SBS and failure mode distributions (p > 0.05). SEM findings were in line with the SBS test and failure mode distribution results.ConclusionsAll the tested whitening toothpastes showed similar and clinically acceptable efficacy on the color change of the enamel and led to comparable SBS values.Clinical SignificanceThe tested whitening toothpastes had an acceptable whitening efficacy and did not have a negative effect on the bond strength to the enamel.
Psychological distress, social support, and family satisfaction among family members of non‐COVID‐19 critical care patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Padilla‐Fortunatti Cristobal , Munro Cindy L. , Gattamorta Karina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to explore the associations among psychological distress, perceived social support, and family satisfaction among family members of non‐COVID‐19 intensive care unit (ICU) patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsFamily members of patients with at least 48 h in the ICU and without a COVID‐19 diagnosis were screened between January and March 2021. For enrolled ICU family members, five questionnaires for perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), anxiety symptoms (General Anxiety Disorder‐7), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9), perceived social support (Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey), and family satisfaction (Family Satisfaction with Care in the Intensive Care Unit‐24) were administered by phone either in English or Spanish language. Sociodemographic and patient clinical data were also collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, Mann–Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests.FindingsOf 87 eligible ICU family members, 63 were enrolled (72.4%); 27% of the sample presented with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, 25.4% with depression, and 76.2% had a high perception of social support. ICU family members with low/fair perceived social support reported statistically significantly higher perceived stress and lower family satisfaction. Perceived stress was negatively correlated with family satisfaction. Clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression were not statistically associated with family satisfaction or perceived social support.ConclusionsWhile ICU admission‐related stress may undermine family satisfaction, perceived social support may be positively associated with the way that ICU family members of non‐COVID‐19 patients evaluate the quality of care in the ICU. Knowing the factors that influence family satisfaction in the ICU may assist stakeholders and policy developers to improve family‐centered care in the hospital setting.Clinical RelevanceEarly screening for psychological distress and social support levels during admission should be included in updates of visiting and communication policies in the ICU. Prompt identification of family members at risk of a poor ICU experience may enhance efforts to support them, particularly in acute care settings where differentiated approaches to COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 ICU family members are established.
The Nature and Destiny of Niebuhr’s Augustine
Authors: Westerholm Martin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis essay poses a twofold question regarding the Augustine who influenced Niebuhr’s work: to which of the many versions of Augustine was Niebuhr drawn? What has happened to this Augustine across the reception of Niebuhr’s thought? As a first matter, I argue that Niebuhr was helped to resolve long‐standing questions not by Augustine the pessimistic realist, but rather by the distinctively analogical Augustine, mediated through the work of the Polish Jesuit Erich Przywara, who understands there to be an ‘in and beyond’ relation between God and creation, Church and world, the ultimate and penultimate. As a second matter, I argue that the reception of Niebuhr’s work is marked by repeating the structure that Niebuhr’s Augustine was intended to avoid. Niebuhr turned to Augustine in an effort to avoid a back and forth between exaggerated accounts of continuity and discontinuity between Church and world; but a Barthian reading depicted Niebuhr’s work as an inflated vision of continuity to which a strong statement of discontinuity was the appropriate response. This reading has, in turn, summoned forth fresh accounts of continuity from contemporary thinkers. I aim to show that accurately situating Niebuhr in relation to Augustine helps us to see that the reception of his work has perpetuated a difficulty that he sought to address, and that his Augustine may, all along, have presented an alternative.