bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Pay for Delay Be a Cause for Concern in Japan?
Authors: Gallasch Sven , Mariyama Naoko 
Published: April 2022

Yes, it should. Pay for delay settlements have raised concern across the globe and have led to significant competition law scrutiny in the US and Europe. Branded pharmaceutical companies use patent settlements to pay potential generic entrants in order to stay off the market, thereby reducing competition and harming consumers. This conduct has been found to be unlawful by the US Supreme Court and the EU General Court. In Japan, however, such anticompetitive settlements allegedly do not take place, despite offering similar economic incentives to pharmaceutical companies in the second largest pharmaceutical market in the world. This is intriguing and warrants close scrutiny. This article is the first to investigate, based on a comparative analysis with the US and EU whether or not the Japanese pharmaceutical sector is susceptible to pay for delay settlements. We come to the conclusion that the regulatory regime in Japan features the necessary prerequisites to make pay for delay settlements a feasible yet anticompetitive drug lifecycle management strategy.
Pay for delay, Japan, pharmaceutical, US antitrust, competition, comparative analysis, theory of harm, Japanese Antimonopoly Act, Europe, patent settlement
Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi
Authors: Triana Nita , Suasa Suasa , Syukur M 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi. Dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dan tipe penelitiannya deskriptif. Jenis data menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data, dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik penarikan informan menggunakan purposive. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis data kualitatif model Miles dan Huberman. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Hersey dan Blanchard yang terdiri dari Instruksi, Konsultasi, Partisipasi dan Delegasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti melalui data yang diperoleh dari observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, sehubungan dengan pembahasan mengenai kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi, maka penulis mengambil kesimpulan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, masih belum maksimal karena kepala sekolah dalam menjalankan perannya sebagai pemimpin yaitu masih rendahnya kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam membangkitkan dan memupuk kepercayaan pada diri para pendidik dan staff madrasah, kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam membina kerja sama dalam memajukan dan melaksanakan program-program pendidikan keagaamaan juga masih rendah, Kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam mendorong para pendidik serta staf madrasah agar penuh kerelaan dan tanggung jawab berpartisipasi secara efektif pada setiap usaha–usaha sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan madrasah dengan sebaik-baiknya, juga belum optimal. Dalam hal ini kepala sekolah kurang aktif dan berpartisipasi dalam berbagai kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di sekolah maupun di luar sekolah dan lebih banyak mendelegasikannya kepada guru atau staf sekolah. Selain itu, kepala sekolah kurang aktif berkomunikasi dengan para guru dan peserta didik.
Udsatte stemmer i institutionel forskning
Authors: Rømer Mette , Müller Maja 
Published: April 2022

DK resumeVi har i artiklen fokus på anvendelsen af brugerperspektiver i forskning om og med voksne i udsatte marginaliserede positioner. Herunder hvilke metodiske udfordringer og etiske dilemmaer, der kan opstå, når vi ønsker at give stemme til målgrupper, som ikke nødvendigvis ellers deltager i demokratiske sammenhænge. Baseret på vores egen forskning med voksne domfældte med udviklingshæmning og udsatte brugere på væresteder viser vi i artiklen, hvordan vi selv er gået metodisk til værks. Med særligt fokus på at få adgang til grupperne diskuterer vi fordele og ulemper ved at kontakte disse grupper via gatekeepere. Ud fra et interaktionistisk perspektiv analyserer vi betydningen af udsathed samt af den institutionelle kontekst for de interviewteknikker, vi vælger, og for den tillid, der kan udvikles. Undervejs og afslutningsvist diskuterer vi de etiske dilemmaer vi møder, når vi inddrager personer, der er i udsatte positioner som informanter. Vi tager udgangspunkt i de forskningsetiske retningslinjer og bidrager med en nuancering heraf, hvor en hensyntagen til de interviewedes udsatte position og sensitive livssituation kalder på en nærhedsmoral i interviewet. Artiklen bidrager således med refleksions-redskaber for forskere og studerende til at inddrage udsatte stemmer i forskningen, hvorved vi kan sikre en demokratisk kvalificering af det sociale og socialpædagogiske arbejde fremover.
Abstract – UK Voices of the vulnerable in institutional research – methodological and ethically reflections This article sheds light on the methodological challenges and ethical dilemmas we as researchers faced in our research achievement to give voice to vulnerable target groups who live in marginalized positions and consequently rarely participate in democratic processes. Based on our research practice with offenders with intellectual disabilities and vulnerable users in drop-in centres, we demonstrate how we methodologically have reached these “hard to reach” groups. We illustrate the challenges and dilemmas we faced in accessing the group through a ‘gatekeeper’. And from the standpoint of interactionism, we analyze how their vulnerability and the institutional context surrounding them impacted our way of interviewing them. We discuss the ethical dilemmas that arose in our practice and how we navigated with these concerning the ethical research guidelines. Hence, the article contributes with varied considerations regarding the interviewees’ exposed position and sensitive life situation as well as reflection tools for researchers and students to consider when or if they involve vulnerable voices in research. Tools that is important as a basis to ensure the involvement of the voices of the vulnerable in the democratic qualification of the social and social pedagogical work.
At lytte på baggrunde i pædagogiske situationer
Authors: Steno Anne Mia , Lyng Rasmussen Gitte 
Published: April 2022

DK resume Medindragelse, deltagelse og involvering af brugerperspektiver i forskning, pædagogisk arbejde og socialt arbejde i bred forstand, er de seneste år blevet mere og mere udbredt. Men der er nogle brugere og brugerperspektiver, der sjældent bliver involveret og lyttet til. Det drejer sig om mennesker med vidtgående handicap, der ikke benytter verbalt sprog, og som ofte betragtes som vanskelige at inddrage både i forskning og pædagogisk praksis. I denne artikel argumenterer vi for, at man igennem fænomenologiske antropologiske indsigter, kan få øje på eller snarere øre for, hvordan disse mennesker ytrer sig for dermed at inkludere deres perspektiver og bidrage til øgede deltagelsesmuligheder i hverdagslivet. Artiklen søger igennem empiriske nedslag at vise, hvordan man igennem en opmærksomhed på lyd, kan få blik for de nonverbale ytringer. Slutteligt diskuterer vi, hvilke implikationer de indsigter har for pædagogisk praksis, og vi foreslår i forlængelse heraf ”at lytte på baggrunde i den pædagogiske situation” som en konkret metode, der kan anvendes til at skabe opmærksomhed omkring andre former for deltagelse end de sprogligt verbale.
Abstract – UKParticipation and involvement of service user perspectives in research, pedagogical work and social work in a broad sense, has become more and more widespread in recent years. But some of the service users’ perspectives are rarely included. People with profound intellectual and/or multiple disabilities who do not use verbal language are often considered “difficult to involve” in both research and pedagogical practice. In this article, we argue that through phenomenological and anthropological insights, we may learn to listen in different ways and thereby understand how these people express themselves, thus including their perspectives and increasing the opportunities for participation. Through empirical reflections the article seeks to show how one can gain “an ear” for the nonverbal utterances through an attention to sound. Finally, we discuss the implications of these insights for pedagogical practice, and we subsequently propose ”listening to backgrounds in pedagogical situations” as a concrete method to create awareness about other forms of participation than the linguistic verbal ones.
’Siálfr siálfom mér’ – Hávamál 138 og offerets retorik
Authors: Sørensen Jørgen Podemann 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY: In Hávamál 138, Oðinn describes, in almost provocative, paradox terms, how he was once hanging in a tree, sacrificed to himself. The strange motif has been compared with Vedic ideas of sacrifice, and also Christian influence has been suggested. This paper is an attempt – through a broader comparative study of the circular logic of sacrifice as expressed in religious texts notably from ancient Egypt and Vedic India – to understand the significance and the role of the rhetoric of self-sacrifice in the Hávamál.
RESUME: Hávamáls strofe 138 lader i et næsten provokerende paradoks Odin skildre, hvordan han har hængt i et træ som et offer til sig selv. Det ejendommelige motiv har været sammenholdt med en vedisk offertanke, og også kristen indflydelse har været foreslået. Gennem en bredere komparativ undersøgelse af offertankens cirkulære logik som den kommer til udtryk i religiøse tekster især fra oldtidens Ægypten og fra det vediske Indien, skal det her forsøges at komme et skridt videre i forståelsen af selv-offer-retorikken i Hávamál.
Association of heat shock protein 8 with atopic march in a murine experimental model
Authors: Jeong Kyu-Tae , Do Ji-Hye , Lee Sung-Hee , Lee Jeom-Kyu , Chang Woo-Sung 
Published: April 2022

Background
Atopic march (AM), a unique characteristic of allergic diseases, refers to the sequential progression of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants to allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis in children and young adults, respectively. Although there are several studies on AM, the establishment of an AM murine model to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanism and to identify the potential biomarkers is yet to be achieved. In this study, an improved murine model was established by applying a method to minimize skin irritation in inducing AD, and it was used to perform integrated analyses to discover candidate biomarkers.

Methods
To induce atopic dermatitis, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was applied to the ear skin once a week, and this was continued for 5 weeks. From the second application of DNCB, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) extract was applied topically 2 days after each DNCB application; this was continued for 4 weeks. Dp sensitization and intranasal challenges were then performed for 4 weeks to develop conditions mimicking AM.

Results
Exacerbated airway inflammation and allergic responses observed in the AM-induced group suggested successful AM development in our model. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry analysis identified 753 candidate proteins from 124 2-DE spots differentially expressed among the experimental groups. Functional analyses, such as Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis were conducted to investigate the relationship among the candidate proteins. Seventy-two GO terms were significant between the two groups; heat shock protein 8 (Hspa8) was found to be included in six of the top 10 GO terms. Hspa8 scored high on the PPI parameters as well.

Conclusion
We established an improved murine model for AM and proposed Hspa8 as a candidate biomarker for AM.
Environmental Impact of Abattoir Waste Discharge on the Quality of Water Body and Soil in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State
Authors: Oladipo O. O. , Ilesanmi T. M. , Olaleye A. C. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Wastes generated from abattoirs are an increasing source of pollution of water bodies.
Aims: This study emphasizes on identifying environmental impacts caused by the abattoir along Iworoko Road, Ilokun Ado-Ekiti facility on its receiving water body and its users.
Methodology: Wastewater, stream water, and soil samples were collected twice from the abattoir over a two-month period (June and August). Heavy metals, physiochemical and microbial analyses were carried out on the samples.
Results: The sample collected in June from the study area showed mean bacterial count which ranges from 8.0 – 55.0x103 cfu/ml, and sample obtained in August showed mean bacteria count and this indicated that wastewater sample has the highest bacteria count of 8.0 x 103 cfu/ml. The lowest bacterial count was found in the stream water sample with 1.7 x 103 cfu/ml. The mean bacterial count in the contaminated soil sample was 2.8 x 103 cfu/ml. The results also show the occurrence of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The heavy metals and physiochemical properties of samples collected from the study area are as follows; Fe (3.806 and 2.812), Cu (1.070 and 0.95), Cd (0.001 and 0.001), Ni (0.0055 and 0.0025), Pb (0.13 and 0.107), Zn (0.37 and 0.406), pH (8.475 and 8.600), temperature (26.250 and 27.750 oC), total dissolved solid (267.05 and 212.8), dissolved oxygen (1.65 and 2.45) for waste water sample; Fe (0.402 and 0.519), Cu (0.277 and 0.3095), Cd (0.0 and 0.001), Ni (0.002 and 0.003), Pb (0.04 and 0.016), Zn (0.126 and 0.16), pH (6.82 and 7.235), temperature (26.600 and 27.700 oC), total dissolved solid (103.4 and 125.95), dissolved oxygen (4.85 and 5.00) for stream water sample; and Fe (122.85 and 98.500), Cu (0.694 and 0.4745), Cd (0.004 and 0.001), Ni (0.02 and 0.010), Pb (0.3675 and 0.2885), Zn (0.3255 and 0.525), pH (6.200 and 6.495), temperature (23.300 and 27.800 oC) for soil sample – each figure representing June and August respectively.
Conclusion: The concentration of the heavy metals reported in this study indicates that there is significant difference in the concentration of the pollutants taken at different sample points.
Evaluation of Environmental Geochemistry of Trace Metal Pollutant in Sediments of Outlet Jeneberang River, Indonesia
Authors: Tonggiroh Adi , Pachri Hendra , Ria Irfan Ulva 
Published: April 2022

The Jeneberang River flows between settlements, rice fields, traditional ports which are located in the southernmost part of Makassar. Regional development and increasing population are anthropogenic as a source of heavy metal input to rivers, and require a sustainable geochemical study of the environment. Study objectives, concentration and spatial distribution, use of sediment samples for grain size and Coupled Plasma-Osiloscope Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES) method for trace elements. The average yield of the seven river sediment samples was (Cr)149 mg kg-¹ (Mn)1388.14 mg kg-¹, (Cd)0.74 mg kg-¹, (Cu)54.71 mg kg-¹, (Zn)130.28 mg kg- , (Pb)3675 mg kg-1.
The conclusion on the grain size of the sand, it is known that the order is dominated by concentration: Mn>Zn>Cr>Pb=Cu then changes to the grain size of silt clay: Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb, showing indications of migration, exchange phase and heavy metal enrichment. The order of heavy metal contamination uses the Igeo average value: Cd>Cr=Pb>Mn>Cu>Zn is class 1, namely 0 < Igeo < 1 = not polluted to moderately polluted, and the order of heavy metal enrichment uses EF: Cu (0.64), Mn (0.58), Pb (0.56), Zn (0.73), Cd (0.41), Cr (0.55), generally EF < 2 is deficiency to minimal enrichment. It seems that the heavy metals in the minimum contamination and enrichment criteria which are strengthened by statistical analysis of correlation factors and multiple scatter are Pb and Zn.
Solar Energy Potentials of Some Selected Locations in Northeastern Nigeria
Authors: Jaafar Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Sunlight is the primary source of clean and cheap energy but its intensity varies from one location to another depending on the latitude, altitude, atmospheric absorption and scattering by air molecules, dust particle and water vapour among others. The aim of this work is to determine the solar energy potentials of Gombe ( latitude 10° 16' 59.9988'' N and longitude of 11° 10' 0.0012'' E), Jalingo (latitude 8° 53' 34.2672'' N and Longitude 11° 22' 37.74'' E), Damaturu (Latitude 11° 44' 49.1856'' N and Longitude 11° 57' 58.2912'' E) and Bauchi (latitude 10° 18' 50.9724'' N and longitude 9° 50' 46.6152'' E) in northeastern Nigeria, the process involves obtaining the solar irradiation data for these four locations from a renewable energy simulation package ( photovoltaic geographical information system, PVGIS) for a period of 10 years, a daily, monthly and annual solar irradiation was obtained for each of these locations. A peak monthly values was obtained in the month of January for Gombe, Jalingo and Bauchi while the month of March has the peak value for Damaturu, an average daily solar irradiation of 5.8977kWh/m2/day, 5.9026 kWh/m2/day, 6.0337 kWh/m2/day and 5.9821kWh/m2/day and an annual values of 2154.44kWh/m2/yr, 2056.17 kWh/m2/yr, 2202.30kWh/m2/yr and 2150.60kWh/m2/yr for Gombe, Jalingo, Damaturu and Bauchi respectively. These locations have very similar atmospheric conditions and hence a closer range of solar energy potentials compared to places like Lagos, Onitsha and Sapele in Delta state with (4.42kWh/m2/day), (4.43kWh/m2/day, and 5.31 kWh/m2/day respectively. Damaturu has the highest solar irradiance among the four locations studied. Grid- connected PV system and thermal system (concentration thermal technology) can be built to support electricity generation and hot water production respectively for residential and industrial use. The utilization of Solar oven, cookers and coolers technology should be encourage by government and non-governmental organization, this will help stop global warning and desert encouragement and hence conserve other natural resources( such as forest) for other use ( furniture construction).
Modelling and Qualitative Analysis of the Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19 in Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf Tunde T. , Afolabi Ayodeji S. , Dansu Emmanuel J. , Abidemi Afeez 
Published: April 2022

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues despite series of control measures implemented to curtail it. Therefore, it is pertinent to study how the various proposed control measures can be effectively combined in order to stem the alarming spread of the disease and its attendant consequences. In this paper, a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the disease, which incorporates the impacts of the various implemented control measures, is presented. Based on the proposed model, the disease’s basic reproduction number (R0) was derived and the equilibrium solutions were determined. It was shown that whenever R0 \(\le\) 1, the model has only the disease-free equilibrium which is globally stable while in circumstances where R0 > 1, there exists an endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable. When the latter equilibrium state exists, the former becomes unstable. In addition, the model parameters were estimated using Nigeria’s demographic and COVID-19 surveillance data.
The model is simulated for different scenarios of the disease outbreak and the results suggest that the disease will die out quickly in the population if about half of the population adhere to personal protection, about half of exposed individuals are efficiently traced and about half of symptomatic individuals are promptly isolated and treated.
Application of Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) as a Tool to Evaluate Climate Action Spending on Climate Smart Agriculture Initiatives: An Experimental Study of the Usage of BIA on Agriculture-Related Spending in Zambia
Authors: Zulu Kangacepe , Simenti-Phiri Easton , Kanyamuna Vincent , K. Chunga Chitembo , Tembo Hedges 
Published: April 2022

Using survey data obtained through semi-structured questionnaires which were administered using a multi-stage random sampling process, this study sought to undertake an experimental application of the Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) socio-economic evaluation tool on 117 rural farming households in Chongwe District of Zambia. The sampled households were receiving agricultural support through the Government-financed Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP). Specifically, this experimental study of the usage of BIA on agriculture-related spending in Zambia was aimed at proving possible replication of the usage of BIA for evaluating socio-economic and distributional impacts of financing for Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices. Results prove that BIA assessment variables such as income/expenditure quintiles, education status, gender and age are also applicable to and essential in evaluating CSA initiatives. Despite this study proving applicability to CSA assessments, undertaking a BIA is highly technical and data intensive. Such an undertaking would heavily rely on the timely availability of complementary economic and financial data and an intermediate to advanced level of technical capacity in order to administer the analysis.
Improved Irrigation Practices for Higher Agricultural Productivity: A Review
Authors: Attri Meenakshi , Bharti Vijay , Ahmad Nesar Nesar , Mehta Swati , Bochalya Ranjeet Singh , Kumar Bansal Kanik , Sandhu Rubby 
Published: April 2022

Technological innovations will leads to meet the present and future challenges of agriculture sector. Water is one of important natural resource, since time immemorial, also acted as catalyst during Green Revolution and helped India achieve self-sufficient status in food grain production. Fresh water is only 2.6% of the total water resources of the world has to be utilized efficiently. Inspite of coverage under irrigation in India and phenomenal growth in production from irrigated area, water use efficiency remains very low as irrigation water is lost during conveyance and application. Prevalent irrigation methods used in agriculture are primarily based on gravity based flow. Surface Irrigation methods viz., Land configuration, Laser levelling and Cablegation can increase production and can save 33% of water. Likewise sprinkler and drip Irrigation practices can also increase both productivity and water saving by 70-90%. The modern methods of irrigation (sprinkler, drip and micro-sprinkler) are becoming increasingly popular with application efficiencies as high as 90 to 95% when compared to 50 to 60% in conventional irrigation methods. Whereas irrigation practices like Pre-irrigation, hydrogel led to significant increase the yield levels by 36% and water saving by 27%. At present, the area under micro-irrigation is only very less when compared to large rain fed area in India. So in order to increase the higher agricultural productivity, we have to shift towards the latest innovative methods as compared to traditional methods of irrigation.