bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI Curriculum for European High Schools: An Embedded Intelligence Approach
Authors: Bellas Francisco , Guerreiro-Santalla Sara , Naya Martin , Duro Richard J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a proposal of specific curriculum in Artificial Intelligence (AI) for high school students, which has been organized as a two-year subject. The curriculum was designed based on two premises. The first one is that, although the proposal is targeted to scientific programmes, the involved students and teachers do not have any previous knowledge about AI. Accordingly, the teaching units have been designed with the aim of supporting teachers in a new discipline for them and, in addition, providing an introductory level to students. The main didactical objective is to establish the fundamentals of AI from a practical perspective, learning technical concepts by using them to solve specific problems. The approach that has been followed in the teaching units is focused on developing embedded intelligence solutions, that is, programming real-world devices which interact with real environments. To this end, and to address a second fundamental premise of low investment capability at schools, it has been decided to use Smartphones as the central technological element to implement such embedded intelligence at classes. This curriculum has been developed within the Erasmus + project entitled "AI + : Developing an Artificial Intelligence Curriculum adapted to European High School". The project was carried out by a team of AI experts and high school teachers who created the teaching units, and a group of students that tested them for three years, providing feedback to make the curriculum feasible for its introduction in schools in the short-term. The main results obtained from its implementation within the project scope are presented and discussed here, with the aim of contributing to the AIEd community progress by means of a practical pilot experience. Although the curriculum has been designed and tested at European level, it has been created with a general perspective of AI education, so it can be applied worldwide.
Formal Modeling and Verification of the Functionality of Electronic Urban Railway Control Systems Through a Case Study
Authors: Lukács Gábor , Bartha Tamás 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a formal model-based methodology to support railway engineers in the design of safe electronic urban railway control systems. The purpose of our research is to overcome the deficiencies of existing traditional design methodologies, namely the incompleteness and the potential presence of contradictions in the system specification resulting from non-formal development techniques. We illustrate the application of the methodology via a case study of a tram-road level crossing protection system. It was chosen partly because it has a simple architecture and a small number of elements, thus it fits the scope limitations of this article. At the same time, it is suitable for presenting all essential features of our methodology. The proposed solution provides a specification/verification environment that facilitates the construction of correct, complete, consistent, and verifiable functional specifications during the development, while hiding all the formal method-related details from the railway engineers writing the specifications. Using this formal model-based methodology, a high-quality functional specification can be achieved, which is guaranteed to be more exhaustive and will contain fewer errors than traditional development.
A Preliminary Study to Explore the Informed Consent Approach and the Ethical Challenges in the Malaysian Biobanking for Research
Authors: Azahar Amnah , Mohd Yusof Aimi Nadia , Azhar Zahir Izuan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Since 2005, Malaysia has established several biobanks to keep in line with the advancement of biomedical research and development of biobanks in other countries such as the UK and the USA. Despite the establishment of several biobanks in Malaysia, little is known about the informed consent approach in biobanking research and its ethical challenges. This study aims to identify the approach in obtaining informed consent in the Malaysian biobanking for research and explore its ethical challenges. Using non-probability purposive sampling, an in-depth interview with the key informants was conducted in Klang Valley. Based on the interviews, broad consent is the main approach used in obtaining informed consent in biobanking for research in Malaysia and five major ethical challenges were identified. These challenges include the informants’ opinion on the current informed consent approach, understanding participants’ rights, the role of the research ethics committee, biobanking governance in Malaysia, and informants’ knowledge and awareness. In summary, there is a lack of understanding among those involved in biobanking on the ethical, legal, and social aspects of biobanking for research in Malaysia.
CACA guidelines for holistic integrative management of thyroid cancer
Authors: Ge Minghua , Gao Ming , Cheng Ruochuan , Chen Xiaohong , Guan Haixia , Lin Yansong , Liu Shaoyan , Wang Yu , Zheng Chuanming , Zheng Xiangqian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPurposeIn recent years, thyroid cancer is a common clinical problem. Since guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer were revised in 2012, significant scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of this guidelines is to inform clinicians, researchers, patients and health policy makers on published evidence and expert consensus relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid malignancy.MethodsIn order to better promote the clinical management of thyroid cancer in China, Chinese Association of Thyroid Oncology (CATO) organized relevant experts to write these guidelines based on latest relevant literatures and clinical experience of multiple centers.The specific clinical issues and topics addressed in these guidelines were based on published evidence, prior versions of the Chinese guidelines and expert consensus.Results and conclusionThe guidelines provide recommendations for the management of different types of thyroid carcinoma, including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinomas.
Why Use Cannabis? Examining Motives for Cannabis Use in Individuals with Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Ouellette Mélise J. , Rowa Karen , Cameron Duncan H. , Elcock Ashleigh , Soreni Noam , Pawluk Elizabeth J. , McCabe Randi E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study examined cannabis use motives in individuals with anxiety disorders and compared motives between infrequent and frequent cannabis users. It was hypothesised that coping motives would be endorsed at a significantly higher rate than other motives, and that frequent cannabis users would endorse coping motives significantly more than infrequent users. Participants were 144 adults seeking clinical services for anxiety disorders who reported using cannabis. Cannabis use was categorized by infrequent (n = 54) and frequent (n = 90) use. Anxiety symptoms were assessed and deemed clinically significant. Participants completed measures of cannabis use motives, cannabis use patterns, and cannabis use disorder symptoms, cross-sectionally. Cannabis use motives were examined for the entire sample and compared between frequent and infrequent users. In general, cannabis users endorsed coping (i.e., use for managing distress) and enhancement (i.e., use for fun, pleasant feeling, or the high) motives at equal rates (p = .265) and more than other motives (p < .001). Frequent users reported using cannabis for coping and expansion motives (i.e., use to change one's thinking) significantly more than infrequent users. These results indicate that individuals with anxiety disorders use cannabis for various reasons, some of which may not be directly related to their mental health symptoms. Future research is needed to compare motives for cannabis use in those with anxiety disorders, other mental health populations, and the general population, as well as examine motives for cannabis use within specific anxiety disorders.
Bringing Innovation to Fruition: Insights From New Trademarks
Authors: Faurel Lucile , Li Qin , Shanthikumar Devin , Teoh Siew H. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe build a novel comprehensive data set of new product trademarks as an output measure of product development innovation. We show that risk-taking incentives in CEO compensation motivate this type of innovation and that this innovation improves firm performance. Using an exogenous shock to executive compensation, we find that reductions in stock option compensation cause reductions in new product development. We also find that firms undertaking new product development experience increases in future cash flow from operations and return on assets. These findings suggest the importance of product development innovation to firms and new trademarks as a novel innovation measure.
Spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools, South Korea
Authors: Lee Young Hwa , Choe Young June , Lee Hyunju , Choi Eun Hwa , Park Young-Joon , Jeong Hyun Joo , Jo Myoungyoun , Jeong Heegwon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Identification of geographical areas with high burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in schools using spatial analyses has become an important tool to guide targeted interventions in educational setting. In this study, we aimed to explore the spatial distribution and determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among students aged 3–18 years in South Korea. We analysed the nationwide epidemiological data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in schools and in the communities between January 2020 and October 2021 in South Korea. To explore the spatial distribution, the global Moran's I and Getis-Ord's G using incidence rates among the districts of aged 3–18 years and 30–59 years. Spatial regression analysis was performed to find sociodemographic predictors of the COVID-19 attack rate in schools and in the communities. The global spatial correlation estimated by Moran's I was 0.647 for the community population and 0.350 for the student population, suggesting that the students were spatially less correlated than the community-level outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. In schools, attack rate of adults aged 30–59 years in the community was associated with increased risk of transmission (P < 0.0001). Number of students per class (in kindergartens, primary schools, middle schools and high schools) did not show significant association with the school transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In South Korea, COVID-19 in students had spatial variations across the country. Statistically significant high hotspots of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among students were found in the capital area, with dense population level and high COVID-19 burden among adults aged 30–59 years. Our finding suggests that controlling community-level burden of COVID-19 can help in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in school-aged children.
Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow’s milk – part II: toxicokinetic predictive models for risk assessment
Authors: Moenning Jan-Louis , Krause Torsten , Lamp Julika , Maul Ronald , Schenkel Hans , Fürst Peter , Pieper Robert , Numata Jorge 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow’s milk is not purely an experimental endeavour, as it has produced a large corpus of theoretical work. This work consists of a variety of predictive toxicokinetic models in the realms of health and environmental risk assessment and risk management. Their purpose is to provide mathematical predictive tools to organise and integrate knowledge on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Toxicokinetic models are based on more than 50 years of transfer studies summarised in part I of this review series. Here in part II, several of these models are described and systematically classified with a focus on their applicability to risk analysis as well as their limitations. This part of the review highlights the opportunities and challenges along the way towards accurate, congener-specific predictive models applicable to changing animal breeds and husbandry conditions.
Allelic diversity of a panel ofAegilops muticaBoiss (Amblyopyrym muticum(Boiss.) Eig) from Turkey
Authors: Alsaleh Ahmad , Çakır Esra , Bektas Harun , Ozkan Hakan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe members of the Aegilops genus serve as a vast pool of allele discovery for wheat improvement in abiotic and biotic stress responses.Aegilops muticaBoiss (Amblyopyrym muticum(Boiss) Eig) is an unexplored candidate with significant potential. Even though it has been used in cytogenetics applications within the last century, natural population diversity and allele discovery have been neglected. As an endemic species for Anatolia and the lower Caucasian region, it has an unexplored population structure. Here, seventy-five genotypes from five different newly collected populations from central Anatolia were evaluated with 29 polymorphic SSR loci. Significant diversity within (83%) and between (17%) the populations was obtained. Three of the populations were clearly separated, while two had some level of the mixture. Relatively easy cross-species hybridization and introgressions makeAe. muticaa good candidate for novel allele discovery and pre-breeding. Here, for the first time, representative natural populations ofAe. muticawere compared and population structures were revealed with SSR markers which may clear the misty vision that geneticists might have regardingAe. mutica. This could be exploited in genetic resource conservation and breeding programs and maybe a point for further studies.
Characterizing Drivers of Asia's Black Elephant Disaster Risks
Authors: Lin Yolanda C. , Mestav Sarica Gizem , Chua Terence J. , Stone Asa B. , Jenkins Susanna F. , Switzer Adam D. , Woo Gordon , Lallemant David 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAsia has the fastest growing population and economy, but it is also the most disaster‐prone region in the world. Resilience to disaster impacts from natural hazards will be key to the long‐term sustainability of this rapidly growing region. The first step to building resilience is to identify the key threats that this region faces. We describe these key threats as Black Elephants: a cross between a “black swan” and the proverbial "elephant in the room" — they are extreme events that are known but difficult to address and often ignored. We examine the primary drivers of these looming risks and find that the drivers include underestimated or intensifying hazards, growing exposure, high vulnerability, and unaccounted complexities from multi‐hazard events. In mitigating these key risks, we discuss psychological barriers to action and highlight the importance of information, language, and hope. The known but complex impacts from natural hazards in Asia must be further acknowledged and managed in order to build a more sustainable, resilient future in an increasingly globally connected world.
A Hierarchical Framework for Unpacking the Nitrogen Challenge
Authors: Li Tingyu , Zhang Xin , Zhong Yuxiu , Davidson Eric A. , Dou Zhengxia , Zhang Weifeng , Pavinato Paulo S. , Martinelli Luiz A. , Kanter David R. , Liu Jianguo , Zhang Fusuo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo feed the world population while mitigating pressing nitrogen (N) pollution problems, tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing and implementing N‐efficient technologies in crop or livestock production, but limited progress has been made. The N management improvement on a farm does not necessarily translate to N pollution reduction on a broader scale due to complex responses of natural and human systems and lack of coordination among stakeholders. Consequently, it is imperative to develop an N management framework that encompasses the complex N dynamics across systems and spatial scales, yet simple enough to guide policies and actions of various stakeholders. Here, we propose a new framework, CAFE, that defines four N management systems (Cropping, Animal‐crop, Food, and Ecosystem) in a hierarchical manner, and apply it to 13 representative countries to partition N surpluses across systems in a simple and consistent manner, thereby facilitating the identification and prioritization of systems‐based intervention strategies. Surprisingly, the Cropping system contributes less than half of the total N surplus within its Ecosystem for most countries, highlighting the importance of N management beyond croplands. This framework reveals that the relevant priorities and key stakeholders for enhanced N management vary among countries, such as improving the Cropping‐system efficiencies in China, adjusting the animal‐crop portfolio in the Netherlands, reducing food wastage in the U.S., and lowering crop storage losses and increasing overall production capacities in African countries. As N surplus increases along the CAFE hierarchy, systems‐based intervention strategies are revealed: (a) coupling chemical fertilizers with other N sources by maintaining half of the N from manure and biological N fixation; (b) coupling animal‐crop production by reducing animal density to lower than 1.2 livestock units per hectare, and increasing self‐sufficiency of animal feed to above 50%; (c) coupling food trade with domestic demand and production; and (d) coupling population needs for economic opportunities with environmental capacity of the region. This novel framework can help unpack the “wicked” N management challenges across systems to provide new insights and tools for improving N management on and beyond farms.
Formation Waters Delineate Diverse Hydrogeologic Conditions at a Plate Scale: Eastern Flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Wheat C. Geoffrey , Mottl Michael J. , Fisher Andrew T. , Hulme Samuel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chemical composition of formation waters within the upper basaltic crust were calculated or measured at 24 sites on the northwest portion of the Juan de Fuca (JDF) Plate using data from sediment pore waters, scientific boreholes, and seafloor springs. Formation waters differ in composition across this ridge‐flank region because of variations in water‐rock reactions and residence times, exchange rates with overlying sediment pore waters, and microbial processes along flow paths. We interpret spatial variations in the solute composition of formation waters to resolve areas that are geochemically distinct or similar, lateral trends that result from water transport, areas where water‐rock reactions in the deeper crust are apparent, and sites of seawater recharge and formation water discharge. We provide evidence for large‐scale lateral flow associated with two (mostly) buried basement ridges on ∼1.4 and ∼3.5 Ma seafloor, which are subparallel to the JDF spreading axis to the west. Between these two ridges, where the seafloor and the sediment‐basement interface are relatively flat, formation waters have undergone extensive exchange with overlying sediment pore waters, consistent with a long residence time. Basaltic outcrops provide sites of seawater recharge and hydrothermal discharge, sometimes through the same feature, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of hydrogeologic conditions and processes. This work provides a blueprint for future plate‐scale studies to assess, for example, geologic controls of crustal age, spreading rate, and sedimentation on subsurface hydrologic patterns.
The Paucity of Supershear Earthquakes on Large Faults Governed by Rate and State Friction
Authors: Liang Chao , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Pino Muñoz Daniel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSupershear earthquakes are rare compared to their subshear counterparts, but the cause for their paucity remains to be understood. We investigate for the first time the prevalence of supershear ruptures across multiple earthquake cycles on long faults using rate‐and‐state friction and a 2.5D approximation that accounts for the finite seismogenic width W. We find supershear events occur only in a narrow range of friction parameters that is not commonly observed in laboratory experiments, which may explain its rarity in nature. Particularly, the ratio between direct and evolution effects of rate‐and‐state friction needs to be low (a/b < 0.4) and the nucleation length has to be sufficiently large compared to W, but not too large that it causes a transition from seismic to aseismic slip. Our numerical and analytical developments contribute fundamentally to understanding the state of stress on long faults over multiple earthquake cycles and their potential for hosting supershear earthquakes.
Transport of Antarctic Bottom Water Entering the Brazil Basin in a Planetary Geostrophic Inverse Model
Authors: Finucane G. , Hautala S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe abyssal circulation in the interior portions of the Brazil Basin and northern Argentine Basin were estimated using an overdetermined inverse method conserving neutral surface planetary potential vorticity and salinity. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) flows with a northward component through 30°S west of the Rio Grande Rise (RGR), as expected. However, in the area east of the RGR, the model shows southward transport in the upper part of the AABW across 30°S. This finding suggests that previous calculations of northward transport through Hunter Channel reaching the broader Brazil Basin may be overestimates. Reduced northward transport through the Hunter Channel has significant implications for the heat budget, implying less diapycnal mixing across the warmer AABW classes, compared to earlier studies.
Modeling Ocean Wave Transfer to Ross Ice Shelf Flexure
Authors: Bennetts L. G. , Liang J. , Pitt J. P. A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAn efficient mathematical model is presented for predicting the transfer of ocean waves to ice shelf flexure along two‐dimensional transects. The model incorporates varying ice shelf thickness and seabed bathymetry profiles, and is able to predict responses of large ice shelves over a broad frequency spectrum. The model is used to generate displacement and strain transfer functions for the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) using geometries from the Bedmap2 data set. The transfer functions are validated against recent observations and used to study the influence of geometrical variations on strain transfer close to the shelf front. Predictions of RIS strain in response to example irregular incident swell and infragravity waves are generated over a wide region, and show similar maximum strains but contrasting spatial strain patterns. The model and results provide a basis for studying destabilizing impacts of ocean waves on the RIS.