bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Externalities as the status quo: Federal application of environmental charges in the United States
Authors: Zupko Robert 
Published: May 2022

AbstractConceptualized as early as 1920 by English economist Arthur Cecil Pigou, but not formalized until later work in the 1970s and 1990s, “environmental charges” suggest the revenue burden of governance could be shifted from economic “goods” to environmental “bads.” While their association with Pigouvian taxes would suggest that environmental charges are applied as a policy instrument to encourage the reduction or elimination of environmental externalities, their application at the federal level in the United States suggests this is not the case. As part of a review of environmental charges in the United States, this paper postulates that federally applied environmental charges accept environmental externalities as the status quo and are instead intended to recover the government's cost in addressing the environmental externality in conformance with the polluter pays principle.
Maralixibat for the treatment of PFIC: Long‐term, IBAT inhibition in an open‐label, Phase 2 study
Authors: Loomes Kathleen M. , Squires Robert H. , Kelly Deirdre , Rajwal Sanjay , Soufi Nisreen , Lachaux Alain , Jankowska Irena , Mack Cara , Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Karthikeyan Palaniswamy , Kennedy Ciara , Dorenbaum Alejandro , Desai Nirav K. , Garner Will , Jaecklin Thomas , Vig Pamela , Miethke Alexander , Thompson Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Children with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, including bile salt export pump (BSEP) and familial intrahepatic cholestasis–associated protein 1 (FIC1) deficiencies, suffer debilitating cholestatic pruritus that adversely affects growth and quality of life (QoL). Reliance on surgical interventions, including liver transplantation, highlights the unmet therapeutic need. INDIGO was an open‐label, Phase 2, international, long‐term study to assess the efficacy and safety of maralixibat in children with FIC1 or BSEP deficiencies. Thirty‐three patients, ranging from 12 months to 18 years of age, were enrolled. Eight had FIC1 deficiency and 25 had BSEP deficiency. Of the latter, 6 had biallelic, protein truncating mutations (t)‐BSEP, and 19 had ≥ 1 nontruncating mutation (nt)‐BSEP. Patients received maralixibat 266 μg/kg orally, once daily, from baseline to Week 72, with twice‐daily dosing permitted from Week 72. Long‐term efficacy was determined at Week 240. Serum bile acid (sBA) response (reduction in sBAs of > 75% from baseline or concentrations <102.0 μmol/L) was achieved in 7 patients with nt‐BSEP, 6 during once‐daily dosing, and 1 after switching to twice‐daily dosing. sBA responders also demonstrated marked reductions in sBAs and pruritus, and increases in height, weight, and QoL. All sBA responders remained liver transplant–free after > 5 years. No patients with FIC1 deficiency or t‐BSEP deficiency met the sBA responder criteria during the study. Maralixibat was generally well‐tolerated throughout the study. Conclusion: Response to maralixibat was dependent on progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis subtype, and 6 of 19 patients with nt‐BSEP experienced rapid and sustained reductions in sBA levels. The 7 responders survived with native liver and experienced clinically significant reductions in pruritus and meaningful improvements in growth and QoL. Maralixibat may represent a well‐tolerated alternative to surgical intervention.
Underlying motivators for anti‐vaccination attitudes amongst regional Sunshine Coast parents in Australia
Authors: Wright Daniel , Rune Karina Tirsvad 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Immunisation Register of Australia reports that childhood vaccination rates in some regional areas are below herd immunity levels. This is a concern for the health and well‐being of society, as regions with low vaccination rates have an increased risk of disease outbreaks.ObjectiveThis study explored psychological motivators as predictors of anti‐vaccination attitudes amongst parents living on the Sunshine Coast (Queensland), Australia.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey design explored anti‐vaccination attitudes, conspiratorial thinking, psychological reactance, trust in government and magical beliefs about health in 1050 parents (968 mothers).ResultsThe predictor variables significantly accounted for 42% of the variance in parental anti‐vaccination attitudes. The strongest predictor of anti‐vaccination attitudes was lower levels of trust in government.ConclusionThe findings contribute to understanding of psychological factors motivating anti‐vaccine attitudes in Australian parents. The findings may help inform health communication campaign effectiveness in their alignment with individual underlying motivations.
“I'm making a positive change in my life”: A mixed method evaluation of a well‐being tertiary education unit
Authors: Piggott Ben , Chivers Paola , Bulsara Caroline , Conlon Jenny , Grigg Kaine , Harris Sarah Ann , Lambert Michelle , Millar Lynne , Pollard Christina M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIssue AddressedMental health disorders (MHDs) are prevalent amongst university students with detrimental impacts on individual students, universities and the wider community. There is an urgent need for proactive and preventative strategies to address the mental health crisis in the university population. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 13‐week unit developed to directly educate university students about ways to improve and maintain well‐being.MethodsFifty‐eight university students from five disciplines participated in a 13‐week elective undergraduate unit “Well‐Being Fundamentals for Success” as part of their degree. The Act Belong Commit mental health promotion campaign framework formed the basis of teaching materials. Outcome well‐being measures were self‐assessed at weeks 1, 6 and 12 using four scales: (1) Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS); (2) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); (3) Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and (4) Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Post‐unit group interviews (n = 11) were analysed for key themes.ResultsLinear mixed models demonstrated a significant improvement in BRS over the semester; well‐being (WEMBS) and mindful attention (MAAS) did increase but not significantly. There was a significant increase in stress (PSS) over the semester. Key themes that emerged from the group interviews were that (1) University life contributes to well‐being; (2) University life contributes to stress; (3) The well‐being unit helped students see and do things differently; (4) An overall endorsement of the unit.ConclusionUniversity students’ resilience increased over the semester following participation in a curriculum focused on well‐being which featured a combination of theoretical content and experiential workshops.So what? Incorporating mental well‐being curriculum into tertiary education is proactive preventive health strategy which may assist with the increasing prevalence of MHD in Australia.
Infancy researchers need to change the way they develop their measures: A comment on Byers‐Heinlein et al. (2021)
Authors: Reinelt Tilman , Wermelinger Stephanie , Beck Sabrina , Brehm Julia , Helbling Natascha , Manfredi Mirella , Moersdorf Lea , Wagner Lisa , Daum Moritz M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn their article, Byers‐Heinlein et al. (2021) propose six solutions to create more reliable measures for infancy research. Whereas some of their solutions focus on changing the culture in the field (reporting on reliabilities, choosing measures based on psychometrics instead of conventions or face validity, conducting research on psychometrical qualities of measures), other solutions directly relate to the implementation of tasks or data analysis (collecting additional data, exclusion of unreliable trials, more sophisticated analyses). In this commentary, we highlight challenges in the assessment of measurement reliability and why the characteristics of current measures in infancy research make it difficult to add additional trials as suggested by Byers‐Heinlein and colleagues. We then propose how the field of infancy research could move forward by changing (1) the way measures are developed and (2) what kind of measures are developed.Highlights
Different types of measures require the calculation of different types of reliability: retest reliability, parallel test reliability or internal consistency.
Increasing internal consistencies by the addition of trials is often not feasible.
The collaborative development of standardized measures improves measurement reliability, increases the replicability of results and fosters comparability across studies.
Instead of measures with few trials of long duration, infancy researchers should make use of technological advances and develop measures that operate on shorter time scales.
Ultrasensitive, flexible perovskite nanowire photodetectors with long‐term stability exceeding 5000 h
Authors: Wu Dingjun , Xu Yongchang , Zhou Hai , Feng Xin , Zhang Jianqiang , Pan Xiyan , Gao Zheng , Wang Rui , Ma Guokun , Tao Li , Wang Hanbin , Duan Jinxia , Wan Houzhao , Zhang Jun , Shen Liangping , Wang Hao , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPhotodetectors (PDs) based on perovskite nanowires are among the most promising next‐generation photodetection technologies; however, their poor long‐term stability is the biggest challenge limiting their commercial application. Herein, an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), is incorporated as an additive into methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) nanowires; this not only effectively passivates defects to inhibit perovskite degradation but also leads to the formation of nanochannels, enabling fast charge transfer. As a result, the long‐term stability and performance of MAPbI3 nanowires are considerably improved. The detectivity, linear detection range, and noise equivalent power of the MAPbI3 nanowire PD reach 2.06 × 1013 Jones, 160 dB, and 1.38 × 10−15 W Hz−1/2, respectively, comparable to the highest performance of perovskite nanowire PDs reported to date. Moreover, the unencapsulated PD can maintain 100% of its initial performance after being exposed to an open‐air environment for more than 5000 h, establishing it as the most stable perovskite nanowire PD reported to date. Notably, the PD exhibits improved diffuse reflection imaging ability when compared with commercial silicon photodiode S2386. This study provides a new strategy for constructing sensitive, stable, and flexible perovskite PDs and will accelerate their commercial application in the future.image
The second derivative of the electronic energy with respect to the compression scaling factor in the XP‐PCM model: Theory and applications to compression response functions of atoms
Authors: Cammi Roberto , Chen Bo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present the analytical theory for the second derivative of the electronic energy with respect to the scaling factor of the compression cavity within the eXtreme pressure polarizable continuum model (XP‐PCM) for the study of compressed atomic and molecular systems. The theory has been exploited to study compression response functions describing how the atomic/molecular properties are effected by an external pressure. The response functions considered include the atomic compressibility and the pressure coefficients of the ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA). The theory has been validated by numerical application to compressed neon, argon, and krypton atoms.
Factors influencing rate of decline in a Merriam's wild turkey population
Authors: Lehman Chadwick P. , Yarnall Michael J. , Litt Andrea R. , Rota Christopher T. , Rotella Jay J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe investigated population growth rate (λ) for a Merriam's wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) population in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. We constructed and evaluated a females‐only matrix population model. Our estimate of asymptoticλ, derived from estimates of vital rates obtained from 2016–2018 was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.60, 0.88), which indicates that the vital rates were inadequate to sustain the population. Elasticity values were highest for changes in adult survival probability followed by, in order, changes in juvenile survival, yearling survival, and adult reproduction. We could only achieve stable or growing populations (i.e.,λ ≥ 1) by increasing the probability of adult and yearling survival (holding all other vital rates constant). Estimated adult survival rate in the work reported here was lower than values reported for other populations in the Black Hills; therefore, managing for increased female survival (≥0.68) may be the most practical strategy for promoting wild turkey population growth in this system. We recommend no female harvest during any open turkey season.
Recreationally created footpaths as a means of preserving specific biotopes of bare sand accumulations: Evidence provided by dendrogeomorphic reconstruction
Authors: Šilhán Karel , Ružek Ivan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe combination of accumulation and erosion processes is the dominant geomorphic agent forming the surface of bare sand accumulations. These unique biotopes are gradually vanishing; thus, knowledge of their past dynamics is of crucial interest. This study focused on a selected locality with bare sand in the Borská Lowland (Slovakia). In total, nine buried individuals of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were used for the reconstruction of the accumulation rate of sand, and 13 exposed roots of the same tree species served as the data source for the erosion rate calculation. Detailed analysis of growth responses in trees and roots provided evidence about macroscopic and microscopic growth responses that are usable even in other studies and suggested P. sylvestris as a sensitive species for the reconstruction of accumulation and erosion processes. Reconstructed values of mean accumulation rate were higher than the mean erosion values. Finally, the obtained results were put into an anthropogenic context because the studied locality is surrounded by zones with seasonally inhabited holiday cottages. The effect of anthropogenic activities (particularly by stepping) can be associated with the wide spectrum of collected evidence: Bare sand areas were not located around other water reservoirs with the absence of recreational activities in the region. The erosion zone in the studied locality follows the zone with an increased number of forest pathways. It is possible that the increased nutrition content in transported sand due to gardening affected the occurrence of growth releases in the studied trees.
Antibiotikaresistenzen: Eine existenzielle globale Gefahr und eine große Herausforderung für die Menschheit! Welchen Anteil haben Tiere und was tut die Tiermedizin im Kampf gegen antimikrobielle Resistenzen?
Authors: Heberer T. , Sander S. , Hofmann K. , Strecker K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLaut WHO (2015) stellen Antibiotikaresistenzen eine der größten Bedrohungen für die menschliche Gesundheit dar. Im Jahr 2019 starben einer Schätzung zufolge [1] weltweit mehr als 1,2 Millionen Menschen unmittelbar an einer Infektion mit einem antibiotikaresistenten Erreger, bei fast fünf Millionen Todesfällen waren solche Infektionen mindestens mitverantwortlich. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch immer wieder auf den intensiven Einsatz von Antibiotika in der Tiermedizin verwiesen. In der Tiermedizin dienen Antibiotika zur Sicherstellung der Tiergesundheit und des Tierschutzes, zur Vermeidung wirtschaftlicher Schäden bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren, aber auch zum Schutz von Menschen vor Zoonosen. Umgekehrt hat der Einsatz von Antibiotika auch negative Folgen. So wird der Therapieerfolg zunehmend negativ beeinflusst, sowohl in der Human‐ und der Veterinärmedizin und auch der Transfer von antibiotikaresistenten Bakterien und/oder Resistenzgenen ist wechselseitig möglich. Der Einsatz von Antibiotika darf deshalb stets nur verantwortungsvoll und soweit therapeutisch erforderlich erfolgen. Sowohl die Human‐ als auch die Tiermedizin sind deshalb in der Pflicht, den Einsatz auf das therapeutisch nötige Maß zu reduzieren und die Ausbreitung von Resistenzen zu minimieren.
Investigation of 3‐(phenylsulfinyl)indoles self‐assembled monolayer for the inhibition of iron corrosion in acidic media
Authors: Liu Ying , Wang Zhuo , Zhang Zhengyan , Wang Yuanyuan , Cheng Jiawei , Li Hui‐Jing , Wu Yan‐Chao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract3‐(phenylsulfinyl)indoles have been synthesized by the direct sulfoxide reaction of 1H‐indoles with benzenesulfenamide in water as a green reaction medium. The corrosion inhibition effects and the hydrophobicity of the self‐assembled films were explored by electrochemical methods and surface analysis methods. The results show that the self‐assembled film mainly inhibits the cathodic process of the iron electrode. After the iron electrode was assembled in 5 mM 3‐(p‐tolylsulfinyl)‐1H‐indole/3‐((4‐fluorophenyl)sulfinyl)‐1H‐indole ethanol solutions for 9 h, the corrosion inhibition efficiencies in 1.0 M HCl solution reached 91.50% and 94.24%, respectively. The surface morphology of the self‐assembled film on iron exposed to the test solution was examined using scanning electron microscopy and the chemical composition of the corrosion inhibition surface was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the quantum chemical calculation part of this study, the active adsorption sites on the metal surface are located in the indole‐sulfoxide framework, forming feedback bonds and coordination bonds with an iron atom.
Geometrically conforming and directionally enriched finite element method for three dimensional slender members
Authors: Jha Aalok Kumar , Upadhyay Chandra Shekhar 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAnalysis of spatially curved and twisted slender members with arbitrary cross‐sections, under general loads, is challenging as it requires accurate representation of the geometry and design of effective models for solution of the boundary‐value problem of thermo‐elasticity. Classical models miss the three‐dimensional nature of the solution in the vicinity of boundaries, loading zones, re‐entrant corners, cut‐outs, and defects. The current work provides a novel framework, to efficiently and accurately solve the problem of spatially curved, twisted beam‐like structures. The novelty of the method is two‐fold. First, it uses the finite element framework to capture the geometry of curved, extruded slender members with any desired accuracy adaptively. Secondly, it incorporates directionally enriched higher order basis functions along with appropriate mesh refinement separately in the longitudinal direction and cross‐section, to efficiently capture the cross‐sectional and longitudinal characteristics of the displacement field. The efficacy of the method is established through numerical examples.
Effects of Dense Inert Particle Loading in Shocked Energetic Materials
Authors: Lee Sangyup , Panchal Achyut , Menon Suresh 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMetal particles are often added to solid‐fuel rocket motors and weapon systems to boost detonation propagation or to increase impact energy. Aside from the chemical effects of reactive particles, even inert particle effects can be significant on detonation properties due to the momentum and the energy exchanges between the phases. Therefore, a study of inert particles, that can exhibit direct effects on shock‐to‐detonation‐transition (SDT) depending on particle loading and its material properties, is needed. This work numerically investigates the effects of dense inert particle loading on SDT in energetic material (EM). The focus here is on local non‐equilibrium (NE) effects in particle‐added EM mixture and its correspondence to observed parametric trends on detonation. An Eulerian‐Eulerian (EE) framework capable of modeling dense‐dilute particles is used within a well‐established multi‐phase solver to capture dispersed motion in a reactive condensed phase. The numerical approach is first validated against available experimental data, and this is followed by an investigation of particle effects over a range of parameters where a condition‐dependent trend is observed. Focusing on the two‐phase NE effects, the dynamic and the thermal disparities between particles and EM are quantified to demonstrate the effect of relaxation parameters on the observed detonation quantities. The reduction in peak pressure and detonation velocity is observed to follow NE strengths and corresponding relaxation rates. An assessment of the effects of various particle loading parameters, i. e., concentration, size, density, and specific heat, on SDT is performed along with quantifying the relaxation process. All particle loading parameters show a range‐dependent effect on detonation properties, and the observed results demonstrate the relevance of two‐phase NE and corresponding relaxation processes.
Evidence of precipitate formation and byproduct transfer to nonaqueous phase liquids as a result of persulfate exposure
Authors: Shafieiyoun Saeid , Pham Anh Le‐Tuan , Thomson Neil R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFor optimal treatment of a source zone using in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), the oxidant needs to be delivered as close to the nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) as possible to enhance the rate of dissolution. However, the interaction between the oxidant and NAPL may result in physical and chemical changes that affect both treatment effectiveness and post‐treatment dissolution behavior from remnant NAPL. Due to a host of favorable attributes, persulfate is frequently selected as the preferred oxidant but little is known about changes that can occur when persulfate interacts with a NAPL. In this study, two series of static batch experiments were conducted. In the first series, NAPL collected from a former manufactured gas plant (FMGP) site was exposed to a persulfate solution for ~60 days, while in the second series, individual and a mixture of pure organic liquids were exposed to a persulfate solution for ~50 days. It was observed that dark‐brown precipitates were formed in almost all the experimental systems. Notably, a layer of precipitates accumulated along the NAPL/water interface in the FMGP NAPL system and inhibited dissolution. In some of the pure organic liquid systems, the aqueous phase appeared yellow and precipitates were formed. Precipitate formation was attributed to the polymerization of aromatic compounds initiated by sulfate and hydroxyl radicals. Although precipitate formation is detrimental to mass transfer, surfactant‐like byproducts which may also be produced could lead to an emulsified aqueous phase, thereby enhancing dissolution and altering NAPL/water surface tension. Several of the organic byproducts that were detected in the aqueous phase were also detected in the NAPL, suggesting that these byproducts which were generated in aqueous phase migrated into the NAPL. Depending on the concentration of these byproducts in the NAPL, they could impact important physical properties (e.g., viscosity and density) and affect NAPL composition, which can affect intra‐NAPL diffusion and post‐treatment dissolution behavior. Although additional investigation is required, the results from this study indicate that the impacts of byproducts generated when using persulfate in ISCO applications need to be considered.