bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jeremy Bentham : le peuple comme fiction
Authors: Guillot Armand 
Published: March 2022

Jeremy Bentham entend dépasser les théories du contrat social et développer une philosophie politique fondée exclusivement sur le principe d’utilité. Il considère en effet que le contrat social est une fiction et que « la saison de la fiction est désormais terminée ».

Pourtant, le détour par la fiction est nécessaire pour introduire l’unité dans la multitude et instituer un peuple. Bentham affirme que les individus qui composent la multitude atteignent leur plus grande unité lorsqu’ils s’assemblent en un « tribunal de l’opinion publique ». Et, même si ses effets sont réels, ce tribunal est bel et bien une « entité fictive ».

L’attitude de Bentham à l’égard des fictions est donc ambiguë. Elle nécessite de les définir rigoureusement et de déterminer leurs conditions de recevabilité. De ce point de vue, l’utilitarisme benthamien se réalise comme théorie des fictions. Il s’agit d’opposer au contrat social des fictions fondées sur le réel et qui permettent de l’organiser, en vue de promouvoir la fin fixée par le principe d’utilité : le plus grand bonheur du plus grand nombre.
Concept et méthode
Authors: Cherniavsky Axel 
Published: March 2022

On a parfois signalé que Deleuze était le seul de sa génération à se considérer comme strictement philosophe. Quand on lui a demandé dans quel genre pourrait rentrer Mille plateaux, entre archivistes, déconstructeurs et anthropologues, Deleuze a répondu : « philosophie, rien que de la philosophie, au sens traditionnel du mot ». C’est dans le même esprit qu’il comprend d’ailleurs la célèbre sentence foucauldienne, un jour, peut-être, le siècle sera deleuzien : « C’est peut-être cela que voulait dire Foucault : je n’étais pas le meilleur, mais le plus naïf, (…) le plus innocent (le plus dénué de culpabilité de “faire de la philosophie”). » C’est d’autant plus surprenant vu que certaines sources majeures de sa pensée expriment elles aussi une distance vis-à-vis de la philosophie - Nietzsche, qui se proclamait médecin ou psychologue de l’humanité ; Spinoza, qui attribuait si fréquemment un sens péjoratif à la notion, et qui a finalement intitulé son œuvre majeure Éthique, et non Philosophie. Mais d’une part, il ne faut pas oublier le retour des contemporains de Deleuze à la philosophie. Ainsi Foucault explique que dans la mesure où il s’occupe de la vérité, il doit être tenu pour philosophe. De même Derrida soutient que la limite du philosophique ne va jamais sans une certaine réaffirmation inconditionnelle.
Reference penile size measurement and correlation with other anthropometric dimensions: a prospective study in 800 men
Authors: Solé Martina , González Ignacio Tobia , Compagnucci Martín , Colucci Guadalupe , Dalvit Marcos , Chiconi Bernardo , Layús Omar A , Gueglio Guillermo , Rey-Valzacchi Gastón 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8–14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8–12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11–18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.
Long-term impact of testicular torsion and its salvage on semen parameters and gonadal function
Authors: Aggarwal Dharmender , Parmar Kalpesh , Sharma Aditya Prakash , Tyagi Shantanu , Kumar Santosh , Singh Shrawan Kumar , Gupta Swati 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Testicular torsion is a urological emergency, and long-term outcomes of testicular torsion on infertility, hormonal function, and salvaged testicular size are unclear.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted an ambispective, observational study from January 2014 to December 2019. Baseline demographics, time of presentation, clinical features, and management details of all the patients of testicular torsion were recorded from the database. All the patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic for testicular size, hormone levels, semen analysis, and erectile function.

Results:
Of 85 patients, only 67 could be contacted and included in the final analysis. Group 1(orchiectomy) comprised 44 patients, and Group 2(salvage) had 23 patients. Follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 6 years and mean follow-up was 42 ± 12 months. The median time to presentation was significantly higher in Group 1 (48 hours) as compared to Group 2 (12 hours). The rate of testicular salvage did not vary with age of the patients. Doppler ultrasonography of the scrotum detected 92.5% of all cases of torsion. Antisperm antibody levels were within normal range in all patients. Approximately 47% of patients in the salvage group developed testicular atrophy on follow-up. Serum testosterone level was significantly lower in Group 1 and the subset of patients with testicular atrophy. Rest of the hormonal parameters, semen analysis, and erectile function were comparable between two groups.

Conclusion:
The time between onset and presentation is an important contributing factor in guiding testicular salvage. Even after salvage, many testes may atrophy on follow-up. Orchiectomy and testicular atrophy in the long term have negative impact on serum testosterone. The patients should be counseled for a long-term follow-up for the risk of testicular atrophy and low testosterone levels.
Age estimation in Western Indian population by Cameriere's and Drusini's methods
Authors: Shah Palak H , Venkatesh Rashmi , More Chandramani B 
Published: March 2022

Objectives:
The aim of the present study is to determine applicability of Cameriere's and Drusini's methods in Western Indian population.

Methodology:
Panoramic radiographs of total 300 Gujarati individuals, equally divided into four study groups were studied by two investigators. The pulp/tooth area ratio (AR) were calculated for maxillary and mandibular canines and tooth coronal indexes (TCI) i.e., the ratio between coronal pulp cavity height and crown height were calculated for mandibular premolars and first and second molars. The acquired data were subjected to correlation and regression analysis and also inter and intraobserver reliability was obtained for both the investigators.

Results:
The ARs and TCIs for all the respective teeth were significantly correlated with the age of the individuals. The individual regression formulae were derived for all the teeth and were then used separately to calculate the age. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean chronological age and mean calculated age for all the teeth.(P > 0.05). The mean absolute errors for all the teeth were <10 years.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study prove the applicability of Cameriere's and Drusini's age estimation methods for Western Indian population. However, the weak correlation coefficients suggest the need for further studies to get more accurate results.
Calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Ahmad Syed Ansar , Popli Deepika Bablani , Sircar Keya , Hasan Shamimul 
Published: March 2022

The aim of this clinical report is to document a rare and unusual case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) in the maxillary anterior region in a 13-year-old girl.
A COC is an extremely uncommon developmental, odontogenic entity and accounts for 0.3%–0.8% of odontogenic cysts. The lesion presents as an array of varied radiographic and clinicopathological characteristics and biological attributes and exists in three histomorphologic patterns – benign cystic, solid (neoplastic) and aggressive (malignant) forms. Thus, several nomenclatures and classifications have been put forth to explain the nature of the clinical entity. However, ambiguities regarding the exact nature of the lesion still prevail. Due to nonspecific clinicoradiographic features, histopathological interpretation remains the key for diagnosis. We report an uncommon occurrence of COC in a 13-year-old female who reported to our Outpatient Department with an asymptomatic right midfacial swelling. The clinical and radiographic findings were suggestive of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor and dentigerous cyst. The decision to enucleate the lesion was considered, and histopathological features were compatible with the diagnosis of COC. Re-ossification with no recurrence was noticed after a 1-year follow-up. COC is an unusual developmental odontogenic cyst that clinically and radiologically simulates other more common jaw entities. Thorough knowledge of the bizarre presentation and biological attributes of such lesions are imperative for an early diagnosis and definitive treatment. Long-term follow-up is advocated to prevent recurrences.
Assessment of Functional and Esthetic Outcomes of External Approach Septorhinoplasty with Spreader Graft in North India
Authors: Ponnusamy Sabarirajan , Trehan Sandeep , Lade Himani , Bhardwaj Rohit 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Rhinoplasty is one of the most commonly performed facial plastic surgeries. Esthetic rhinoplasty can be exclusively esthetic or for both functional and esthetic concerns combined. The spreader graft can be used as a spacer where a patient with nasal obstruction who is also having external nasal deformity can be benefitted in both the areas.

Objectives:
The objective is to assess the functional and esthetic outcomes pre- and post-operatively in patients undergoing external approach rhinoplasty with spreader grafting.

Methodology:
Thirty patients were included in the study. Internal valve collapse was confirmed by modified Cottle's maneuver and diagnostic nasal endoscopy. All surgeries were done using an external approach under general anesthesia. Pre- and post-operative nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) and rhinoplasty outcome evaluation (ROE) score were taken.

Results:
The preoperative NOSE score average was 64.5. After 3 months of postoperative follow-up, the NOSE score reduced to a mean value of 11.83. The preoperative ROE score average was 6.73. Postoperative ROE score improved to a mean value of 18.83.

Conclusion:
Rhinoplasty is a delicate, skill demanding surgical procedure which, when done along with a spreader graft will be beneficial both functionally and cosmetically in patients with external nasal deformity with obstruction symptoms. Comparison of esthetic and functional results could be done further in future studies which will provide further inputs in the field of rhinoplasty.
Capilarization Game Foster Childrens’s Cognitive and Language Abilities
Authors: Sholihah Dewi Fitriyatus , Bachtiar Syaiful Bachri  , Miftakhul Jannah  
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study was to analyze effect of capillary games foster children’s cognitive and language abilities. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a quantitative approach. The experimental design used was a nonequivalent control group design. The research study was situated in an Indonesian early childhood education institution with a total of 30 children in the experimental group and 30 children in the control group. The data analysis technique in this study uses parametric statistics independent t test. The results showed that (1) there was an effect of capillary game foster children’s cognitiveve abilities, statistically the value of t = -4.382 with a significant level of p = 0.000 less than 5%; (2) there is an effect of the capillary game on childrens’s language abilities, statistically the value of t = -4.617 with a significant level of 0.000 less than 5%. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that cappilarry games foster childrens’s cognitive and language abilities in an Indonesian early childhood education institution.Through from cappilarry games makes the childrens was recognice many color so the cognitive abilities can be foster. Another ability, cappilarry games make the childrens fluent to be telling stories so the language abilities can be foster. The practical implication in this research is that capillary games can be the foster children’s cognitive and language abilities.
Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of histamine-2 receptor antagonists as prophylaxis for gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care unit patients
Authors: Cokro Fonny , Sumartono Juliana 
Published: March 2022

Background: The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding increases in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), with 50–77% mortality. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are frequently used to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients, but the tests on its effectiveness and safety are still conflicting.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of H2RA in preventing gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients.
Methods: Data on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were collected from the MEDLINE database, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, and The Cochrane Library. Two investigators assessed the quality of the trials using the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist for RCT studies, and fixed-effects meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager software.
Results: The 12 RCTs showed a reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.30 ‒ 0.53; I-square = 38%; p <0.00001) and a decreased number of patients requiring blood transfusion in H2RA group (RR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.23 ‒ 0.82; I-square = 8%; p = 0.01), and these effects were significantly different from the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.74 ‒ 1.33; I-square = 0%; p = 0.96). Regarding its safety, the administration of H2RAs did not affect the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 0.82 ‒ 1.55; I-square = 30%; p = 0.46). A sensitivity analysis with a random-effects model was also performed on eight articles with a low risk of bias. The statistical analyses of eight and 12 articles showed the same results—that H2RAs significantly reduced the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Conclusion: H2RA proves effective and safe in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, but not reducing the mortality in ICU patients.
Development and validation of dissolution testing of Flunarizine dihydrochloride in tablet dosage form
Authors: Yelli Fitra , Rivai Harrizul , Lucida Henny 
Published: March 2022

Background: Flunarizine dihydrochloride is an antivertigo, antimigraine, and adjunctive therapy for epilepsy, available in Indonesia as tablets. However, the dissolution test for the tablet dosage forms is not yet available in the Pharmacopoeia.
Objectives: To develop and validate the dissolution method of flunarizine dihydrochloride in tablets.
Methods: The dissolution profiles of three products were determined using three media (HCl 0.1N, acetate buffer pH 4.5, and 0.2% Tween 80 solution); two apparatus (basket and paddle); at three agitation speeds (50, 75, and 100rpm). The amount of drug released per unit time was measured by a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography system.
Results: The method using a paddle apparatus at 50rpm in 900mL of 0.1N HCl medium was better hyperdiscriminating with a Q30 value ≥ 75% (p < 0.05). The selected method met the acceptance criteria in terms of precision, accuracy, and specificity.
Stevia rebaudiana as a nutraceutical for COVID-19 patients with no sugar diet during recovery and its nanoparticle application
Authors: Chabib Lutfi , Suryani Arman , Hakim Sherina Nabila Putri , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan , Firmansyah Ferdy , Yulianto  , Romadhonsyah Fitra 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Some patients with comorbidity such as diabetes are at risk of worsening after being infected with the COVID-19 and they usually adjust their diet during the recovery process.
Aim: To explore the use of Stevia rebaudiana leaves as a natural sweetener recommended for COVID-19 patients and the nanoparticle approach of S. rebaudiana extract to improve the efficacy.
Methods: Four electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were used with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria set.
Results: The glycosides produced by S. rebaudiana are 300 times sweeter than sucrose, low in calories, and can control blood sugar levels and increase insulin secretion. The application of nanoparticles in S. rebaudiana extract is a new step to maximise efficacy, increase stability and solubility.
Conclusion: S. rebaudiana can be used as an alternative diet for COVID-19 diabetes patients. The application of the nanoparticles can increase the stability and solubility, thus improving the efficacy.
Study of potential interactions of oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with comorbidities: A retrospective study
Authors: Utami Primanitha Ria , Octavia Devi Ristian 
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has many complications, such as microvascular and macrovascular complications. Patients are given polypharmacy therapy to combat these issues, which can cause drug interactions. Oral antidiabetic drugs were chosen based on their risk profile. Risk assessment aided treatment intensity targeting. The number of drugs taken can increase the risk of drug interactions causing health issues.
Objective: To identify potential drug interactions based on their severity (major, moderate and minor) and the mechanism of the drug interaction (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics), in type two diabetes mellitus patients with comorbidities at the Lamongan Health Center.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using medical records and patient prescriptions from October 2020 to June 2021 at Puskesmas (Primary Health Centers) Deket, Karanggeneng, and Babat. The data were descriptively analysed. Drug interactions were analysed using drugs.com and Stockley. Purposive sampling was used to select 194 patients for inclusion.
Results: From October 2020 to June 2021, 110 out of 194 outpatients at Lamongan Regional Health Center had potential drug interactions (56.7 %). The most common type of drug interaction was of moderate severity, with 120 cases (93.0%), and the most common mechanism was pharmacodynamics (61.2%).
Conclusion: Polypharmacy is a difficult problem to avoid, so drug therapy monitoring is required in diabetic patients to minimise unwanted effects. Preventing potential drug interactions requires a system for early detection of potential drug interactions that may occur in patient prescribing and maximising pharmaceutical care. This system would allow for the community to be more proactive in finding out about potential drug interactions.
Relationship between knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 prevention behaviour among west jakarta residents
Authors: LÕ½kÐ°Ñ• Ð…tÐµfÐ°nÕ½Ñ• , Ramatillah Diana Laila , Jusnita Nina , FÐ°dhÑ–lla Ð…Ð°lÑ•Ð° , Aldi Yufri , Wahyuni Fatma Sri 
Published: March 2022

Background: Over time, cases of COVID-19 have increased significantly; as of June 19, 2020, the total number of patients positive for COVID-19 in Cengkareng District, Indonesia, was 163 as behavioural efforts to prevent COVID-19 have not been carried out optimally by Cengkareng District residents.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitude of the community towards COVID-19 prevention behaviour.
Methods: This study was observational, prospective, with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of the residents of Cengkareng District (n=100) obtained by a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis was univariate and bivariate. Bivariate analysis used the Chi-square test.
Results: The univariate analysis revealed that 62% of respondents had good knowledge of COVID-19 prevention, 55% had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 prevention, and 60% had good COVID-19 prevention behaviour. Bivariate analysis showed that men, women, and children were associated with a COVID-19 preventive behaviour (p<0.05). In Cengkareng District, West Jakarta, there was an association between population knowledge and COVID-19 prevention behaviour. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, health workers should promote the importance of COVID-19 prevention behaviours.
Effects of health supplement self-medication learning media on health student behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kurniawan Adin Hakim , Yusmaniar  , Safitri  , Nur Alvi 
Published: March 2022

Background: Since the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the misuse of health supplements during the pandemic has been very high. Knowledge and actions of supplement self-medication educational media ensure that students provide information on appropriate supplements to the larger community.
Aim: To determine the effects of various uses of health supplement self-medication learning media on the behaviour of health students based on the Health Belief Model.
Method: This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test and post-test control group design and enrolled 225 respondents selected by stratified random sampling. The statistical analysis used paired sample t-test.
Results: There was a significant relationship between learning educational media and increased knowledge (p = 0.037). Educational media also greatly influenced perceived self-medication behaviour, namely susceptibility (p = 0.029), benefits (p = 0.014), and barriers (p = 0.028).
Conclusion: Health and life science students, including the bachelor of pharmacy students, developed other self-medication educational media that are applied and beneficial to the community.