bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon allocation to root exudates is maintained in mature temperate tree species under drought
Authors: Brunn Melanie , Hafner Benjamin D. , Zwetsloot Marie J. , Weikl Fabian , Pritsch Karin , Hikino Kyohsuke , Ruehr Nadine K. , Sayer Emma J. , Bauerle Taryn L. 
Published: April 2022

Summary

Carbon (C) exuded via roots is proposed to increase under drought and facilitate important ecosystem functions. However, it is unknown how exudate quantities relate to the total C budget of a drought‐stressed tree, that is, how much of net‐C assimilation is allocated to exudation at the tree level.

We calculated the proportion of daily C assimilation allocated to root exudation during early summer by collecting root exudates from mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies exposed to experimental drought, and combining above‐ and belowground C fluxes with leaf, stem and fine‐root surface area.

Exudation from individual roots increased exponentially with decreasing soil moisture, with the highest increase at the wilting point. Despite c. 50% reduced C assimilation under drought, exudation from fine‐root systems was maintained and trees exuded 1.0% (F. sylvatica) to 2.5% (P. abies) of net C into the rhizosphere, increasing the proportion of C allocation to exudates two‐ to three‐fold. Water‐limited P. abies released two‐thirds of its exudate C into the surface soil, whereas in droughted F. sylvatica it was only one‐third.

Across the entire root system, droughted trees maintained exudation similar to controls, suggesting drought‐imposed belowground C investment, which could be beneficial for ecosystem resilience.
High‐grade myelodysplastic syndrome in a pediatric multi‐organ transplant recipient: A case report and literature review
Authors: Owens Trudie J. , Patel Sachit A. , Greiner Timothy C. , Cannatella Jeffrey J. , Grant Wendy J. , Langnas Alan N. , Vo Hanh D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPediatric myelodysplastic syndrome is a rare but life‐threatening condition requiring prompt recognition and management.MethodsWe herein present the only reported case of a pediatric multi‐organ transplant recipient developing myelodysplastic syndrome.ResultsThe patient was a 14‐year‐old girl on chronic calcineurin inhibitor therapy who presented with peri‐rectal pain approximately 13 years after liver, small bowel, and pancreas transplant. The initial workup revealed pancytopenia and parvovirus B19 viremia. Her definitive diagnosis was complicated by a lack of adequate bone marrow biopsy specimens and expert consultation that resulted in treatment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. She was later diagnosed with high‐grade myelodysplastic syndrome. Although curative treatment with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was strongly considered, it was not performed due to the child's rapid clinical progression, ventilator status, and active infections. The patient died approximately 6 months following symptom onset.ConclusionsThis case emphasizes the importance of early recognition of myelodysplastic syndrome in multi‐organ transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression. Pancytopenia is a common presentation in the post‐transplant period that requires thorough investigation. Multiple confounding considerations such as infection, immunosuppression, and systemic inflammation can delay the diagnosis of underlying hematological malignancies. Transplant care providers should be aware of myelodysplastic syndrome and advocate for a comprehensive evaluation, given early recognition and intervention can significantly improve outcomes.
Toward a sociology of family movements: Lessons from the Global South
Authors: Zarrugh Amina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractResearch on forced disappearances, which refer to state‐orchestrated abductions and disappearances of men and women, has long emphasized the roles of families, specifically mothers, in contesting state violence. However, the family as the locus of social movements resisting inequality and state‐related violence remains underexamined in the broader field of social movement study. In this article, I provide an overview of research in areas of the Global South, specifically Latin America and the Middle East, related to family‐based activism around disappearance to highlight how turning our analytical lens towards the family enriches our understandings of gender, power, and resistance to systemic inequality. In the discussion, I outline a burgeoning literature around other forms of state violence, such as incarceration and immigrant deportation, that centers the family as a site to critique structural inequality. I conclude by identifying future directions for sociological inquiry into family‐based movements that can enrich our understandings of social movements.
Who benefits from tuberculosis outpatient services in Enugu state, Nigeria? A benefit incidence analysis
Authors: Ezenwaka Uchenna , Mao Wenhui , Obikeze Eric , Dixit Siddharth , Arize Ifeyinwa , Ogbuoji Osondu , Onwujekwe Obinna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesNigeria is one of the 30 high‐burden countries for TB and currently, recurrent costs of TB treatment services are largely dependent on donor‐funding, with government providing the health facilities. This study aims to assess the benefit incidence of TB treatment services so as to determine if the poor and rural dwellers preferentially benefit from such services that were subsidized by government and donors.MethodsA survey of patients (n = 202) accessing TB treatment services was conducted between 2019 and 2020 in five purposively selected rural and urban health facilities in Enugu state. Socio‐economic status (SES) was estimated using household assets ownership. Benefits of TB services were measured by multiplying the unit cost of utilization of different services while the net benefit was calculated by subtracting out‐of‐pocket (OOP) payments incurred from the benefits. We estimated the benefit for 1 month and the benefit for the whole TB treatment course (6 months). Concentration index was used to determine the level of equity in spending across the socio‐economic quintiles.Results56.4% of the respondents were from urban facilities. 100% had used TB drugs in the past months, 73% had undergone a Gene‐Xpert test, and 67% had had a consultation. All patients received TB drugs without OOP payment, but 90% paid for X‐ray. Urban respondents captured a disproportionally higher share of benefit from TB services. The concentration index was −0.025 for net benefit from TB services across different quintiles, indicating the pro‐poor distribution of TB services in Nigeria.ConclusionsThe benefit from TB services had a pro‐poor distribution, but urban respondents obtained a disproportionally higher share of gross and net benefit from TB services. Funding for TB services needs to be secured to promote the equitable access to TB services.
Shedding light on silica biomineralization by comparative analysis of the silica‐associated proteomes from three diatom species
Authors: Skeffington Alastair W. , Gentzel Marc , Ohara Andre , Milentyev Alexander , Heintze Christoph , Böttcher Lorenz , Görlich Stefan , Shevchenko Andrej , Poulsen Nicole , Kröger Nils 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYMorphogenesis of the intricate patterns of diatom silica cell walls is a protein‐guided process, yet to date only very few such silica biomineralization proteins have been identified. Therefore, it is currently unknown whether all diatoms share conserved proteins of a basal silica forming machinery, and whether unique proteins are responsible for the morphogenesis of species‐specific silica patterns. To answer these questions, we extracted proteins from the silica of three diatom species (Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thalassiosira oceanica, and Cyclotella cryptica) by complete demineralization of the cell walls. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis of the extracts identified 92 proteins that we name ‘soluble silicome proteins’ (SSPs). Surprisingly, no SSPs are common to all three species, and most SSPs showed very low similarity to one another in sequence alignments. In‐depth bioinformatics analyses revealed that SSPs could be grouped into distinct classes based on short unconventional sequence motifs whose functions are yet unknown. The results from the in vivo localization of selected SSPs indicates that proteins, which lack sequence homology but share unconventional sequence motifs may exert similar functions in the morphogenesis of the diatom silica cell wall.
Control of OsARF3a by OsKANADI1 contributes to lemma development in rice
Authors: Si Fuyan , Yang Chao , Yan Bin , Yan Wei , Tang Shanjie , Yan Yan , Cao Xiaofeng , Song Xianwei 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYIn rice (Oryza sativa), the lemma and palea protect the internal organs of the floret，provide nutrients for seed development, and determine grain size. We previously revealed that a trans‐acting small interfering RNA targeting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (tasiR‐ARF) regulates lemma polarity establishment via post‐transcriptional repression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) in rice. TasiR‐ARF formation requires RNA‐DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6). However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the tasiR‐ARF–ARF regulon in lemma development remains unclear. Here, by genetic screening for suppressors of the thermosensitive mutant osrdr6‐1, we identified three suppressors, huifu 1 (hf1), hf9, and hf17. Mapping‐by‐sequencing revealed that HF1 encodes a MYB transcription factor belonging to the KANADI1 family. The hf1 mutation partially rescued the osrdr6‐1 lemma defect but not the defect in tasiR‐ARF levels. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis identified 17 725 OsKANADI1‐associated sites, most of which contain the SPBP‐box binding motif (RGAATAWW) and are located in the promoter, protein‐coding, intron, and intergenic regions. Moreover, we found that OsKANADI1 could directly bind to the intron of OsARF3a in vitro and in vivo and promote OsARF3a expression at the transcriptional level. In addition, hf9 and hf17 are intragenic suppressors containing mutations in OsRDR6 that partially rescue tasiR‐ARF levels by restoring OsRDR6 protein levels. Collectively, our results demonstrate that OsKANADI1 and tasiR‐ARFs synergistically maintain the proper expression of OsARF3a and thus contribute to rice lemma development.
Bilateral thoracic radiographs increase lesion detection in horses with pneumonia or pulmonary neoplasia but do not bring any additional benefit for inflammatory or diffuse pulmonary disease
Authors: Malek Gwladys , Leclere Mathilde , Masseau Isabelle , zur Linden Alex , Beauchamp Guy , Finck Cyrielle 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPublished studies describing the effects of bilateral radiographic projections on the detection of equine pulmonary lesions are currently lacking. The objectives of this retrospective, single center, observational study were to compare unilateral and bilateral thoracic radiographic projections for the detection of pulmonary lesions in a group of horses. Based on their clinical diagnosis, 167 adults and foals with bilateral thoracic radiographs were classified as having pneumonia (n = 88), inflammatory or diffuse pulmonary disease (n = 72), and pulmonary masses (n = 7). After an initial interrater repeatability test, right‐to‐left and left‐to‐right projections were anonymized and independently interpreted by a radiologist blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Scores were attributed for each pattern/lesion (alveolar, interstitial, bronchial, nodules/masses, cavitary lesions) and each quadrant. Agreement between scores from each projection was evaluated with Bland–Altman plots. Lesions identified on one side but not on the contralateral projection were considered discordant. There was no preferential lateralization of pulmonary lesions. The prevalence of discordance was 14.4%, 9.0%, and 4.2% for alveolar pattern, nodules/masses, and cavitary lesions, respectively. Up to nine horses (10.2%) with pneumonia could have been misdiagnosed. A pulmonary mass would have been missed in one case. For inflammatory or diffuse disease, discordance was slight, and the addition of contralateral projections had no impact on radiographic interpretation. In conclusion, in horses with pneumonia or neoplasia, bilateral projections, or adding at least one contralateral caudoventral view, increased the probability of identifying pulmonary lesions. In horses with inflammatory or diffuse disease, bilateral thoracic radiography provided no additional benefit.
Classification of 3-Degree-of-Freedom 3-UPU Translational Parallel Mechanisms Based on Constraint Singularity Loci Using Gröbner Cover
Authors: Kong Xianwen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) 3-UPU translational parallel mechanism (TPM) is one of the typical TPMs. Despite comprehensive studies on 3-UPU TPMs in which the joint axes on the base and the moving platform are coplanar, only a few 3-UPU TPMs with skewed base and moving platform have been proposed, and the impact of link parameters on constraint singularity loci of such TPMs has not been systematically investigated. The advances in computing comprehensive Gröbner system (CGS) or Gröbner cover of parametric polynomial systems provide an efficient tool for solving this problem. This paper presents a systematic classification of 3-UPU TPMs with skewed base and moving platform based on constraint singularity loci. First, the constraint singularity equation of a 3-UPU TPM is derived. Using Gröbner cover, the 3-UPU TPMs are classified into 12 types. Finally, a novel 3-UPU TPM is proposed. Reconfiguration analysis shows that unlike most existing 3-UPU TPMs which can transit from a 3-DOF translational mode to two or more 3-DOF operation modes, the proposed 3-UPU TPM can only transit from a 3-DOF translational mode to one general 3-DOF operation mode. The singularity locus divides the workspace of this 3-UPU TPM into two constraint singularity-free regions. As a by-product, a 3-UPU parallel mechanism that the moving platform can undergo 3-DOF translation and 1-DOF infinitesimal rotation is revealed. This work provides a solid foundation for the design of 3-UPU TPMs and a starting point for the classification of 3-UPU parallel mechanisms.
A Modular Open-Source Continuum Manipulator for Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles
Authors: Sitler Justin L. , Wang Long 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Continuum manipulators are a class of robots with many degrees-of-freedom, leading to highly flexible motion with inherent compliance. These attributes make them well suited for manipulation tasks and physical interaction with the environment. A high impact yet challenging field for exploring continuum robot designs is free-floating underwater manipulation with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). In this article, we propose a modular, reconfigurable, cable-driven continuum arm for free-floating underwater manipulation and present a corresponding kinematics, control, and computation framework. The mechanical design consists of a continuum arm, an actuation unit, and a waterproof enclosure. The kinematics model is introduced as two mappings between three spaces: the joint space, the configuration space, and the task space. The differential kinematics for each mapping is also derived. An electronics system design is proposed for underwater applications, including the communication framework between the topside computer (above surface), on-board computer, and manipulator mechatronics. Experimental validation is presented to demonstrate the robot’s underwater functionality, test the limits of its articulation, and evaluate the arm’s stiffness. Future work includes field testing with an ROV platform and development of advanced controls and planning for manipulation tasks.
Performance Characteristics of TOP5 Versus NOT-TOP5 Races in Female Professional Cycling
Authors: van Erp Teun , Lamberts Robert P. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Maximal mean power output (MMP) is commonly used to describe the demands and performances of races in professional male cycling. In the female professional cyclist domain, however, there is limited knowledge regarding MMPs in races. Therefore, this study aimed to describe MMPs in female professional cycling races while investigating differences between TOP5 and NOT-TOP5 races. Methods: Race data (N = 1324) were collected from 14 professional female cyclists between 2013 and 2019. Races were categorized as TOP5 or NOT-TOP5. The MMPs were consequently determined over a range of different time frames (5 s to 60 min). To provide these MMPs with additional context, 2 factors were determined: when these MMPs were attained in a race (based on duration and kilojoules spent [kJspent·kg−1]) and these MMPs relative to the cyclist’s season’s best MMP (MMP%best). Results: Short-duration power outputs (≤1 min) were higher in TOP5 races compared with NOT-TOP5 races. In addition, the timing (both duration and kJspent·kg−1) of all MMPs was later and after more workload in the race in TOP5 compared with NOT-TOP5 races. In contrast, no difference in MMP%best was noted between TOP5 and NOT-TOP5 races. Conclusions: TOP5 races in female cycling are presented with higher short-duration MMPs (≤1 min) when compared with NOT-TOP5 races, and cyclists were able to reach a higher percentage of their seasonal best MMP when they were able to finish TOP5. In addition, these MMPs are performed later and after more kJspent·kg−1 in TOP5 versus NOT-TOP5 races, which confirms the importance of “fatigue resistance” in professional (female) cycling.
New Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from the Lhasa terrane and their implications for the suturing of India and Eurasia and the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean
Authors: Tong Yabo , Yang Zhenyu , Pei Junling , Li Jianfeng , Jin Shuchen , Hou Lifu , Sun Xinxin , Zhang Zijian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The forms of the margins of the Lhasa terrane and the Tethyan Himalaya prior to the collision of India and Eurasia as constrained by paleomagnetism are ambiguous due to the disordered Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from the central Lhasa terrane and the counterclockwise rotation of the Indian plate during the Cretaceous. This ambiguity has induced controversy over the processes of suturing of India and Eurasia and the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. We obtained a set of high-quality Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from the central Lhasa terrane, which, integrated with reliable Cretaceous and Paleogene paleomagnetic data sets from the other parts of the Lhasa terrane and Tethyan Himalaya, confirmed that the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane and the northern margin of the Tethyan Himalaya were originally oriented ∼317° and ∼326°, respectively, prior to the collision of India and Eurasia. The margins of the Lhasa terrane and Tethyan Himalaya were almost consistent with the original straight fold axes of Cretaceous strata in the southern part of the Lhasa terrane, which were oriented 332.5° ± 8.5°, indicating that the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath Eurasia and the movement of the Tethyan Himalaya consistently maintained a stabilized direction of 62.5° ± 8.5° during the Late Cretaceous. The different kinematic characteristics of the Indian plate and Tethyan Himalaya and the overlap of the margins of the Tethyan Himalaya and Lhasa terrane during 59.0–56.0 Ma indicate that the Tethyan Himalaya was already rifted from the Indian plate prior to 62.5–59.2 Ma, and then it quasi-parallelly collided with the Lhasa terrane during 59.0– 56.0 Ma, quasi-synchronously closing the Neo-Tethys Ocean.
Looking upstream with clumped and triple oxygen isotopes of estuarine oyster shells in the early Eocene of California, USA
Authors: Kelson Julia R. , Petersen Sierra V. , Niemi Nathan A. , Passey Benjamin H. , Curley Allison N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The δ18O of carbonate minerals that formed at Earth's surface is widely used to investigate paleoclimates and paleo-elevations. However, a multitude of hydrologic processes can affect δ18O values, including mixing, evaporation, distillation of parent waters, and carbonate growth temperatures. We combined traditional carbon and oxygen isotope analyses with clumped (Δ47) and triple oxygen isotopes (Δ′17O) analyses in oyster shells (Acutostrea idriaensis) of the Goler Formation in southern California (USA) to obtain insights into surface temperatures and δ18O values of meteoric waters during the early Eocene hothouse climate. The Δ47-derived temperatures ranged from 9 °C to 20 °C. We found a correlation between the δ18O of growth water (δ18Ogw) (calculated using Δ47 temperatures and δ18O of carbonate) and the δ13C values of shells. The Δ′17O values of shell growth waters (0.006‰–0.013‰ relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water–standard light Antarctic precipitation [VSMOW-SLAP]) calculated from Δ′17O of carbonate (−0.087‰ to −0.078‰ VSMOW-SLAP) were lower than typical meteoric waters. These isotopic compositions are consistent with oyster habitation in an estuary. We present a new triple oxygen isotope mixing model to estimate the δ18O value of freshwater supplying the estuary (δ18Ofw). The reconstructed δ18Ofw of −11.3‰ to −14.7‰ (VSMOW) is significantly lower than the δ18Ogw of −4.4‰ to −9.9‰ that would have been calculated using “only” Δ47 and δ18O values of carbonate. This δ18Ofw estimate supports paleogeographic reconstructions of a Paleogene river fed by high-elevation catchments of the paleo–southern Sierra Nevada. Our study highlights the potential for paired Δ47 and Δ′17O analyses to improve reconstructions of meteoric water δ18O, with implications for understanding ancient climates and elevations.
Supplemental Material: Late glacial–Holocene record of Southern Hemisphere westerly wind dynamics from the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Monteath Alistair , al. et 
Published: April 2022

<p>Tables S1–S8 (radiocarbon dates, X-ray fluorescence core-scanning values, particle size measurements, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analyses, and pollen and plant macrofossil analyses used in this study), methods, and Figures S1–S5. </p>