bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr VI by TiO2/GO Nanocomposite
Authors: Verma Nidhi , Chundawat Tejpal S. , Surolia Praveen K. , Vaya Dipti 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGraphene Oxide (GO) was successfully deposited on TiO2 NPs through sol‐gel process. The fabricated TiO2/GO (T/G) nanocomposite was used for reduction of CrVI under simulated solar light illumination. 10 wt. % GO was used for the preparation of T/ G nanocomposite. Several analytical methods such as powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) spectrophotometer was used to characterize the samples. The PXRD revealed the formation of the anatase phase of TiO2 NPs and T/G nanocomposites, as per literature more favourable form of TiO2 for photocatalytic activity. The average crystallite size was found 5.1 nm and 23 nm for TiO2 NPs and T/G nanocomposite respectively. Under the simulated sunlight illumination, the TiO2 NPs was excited to generate the electron‐hole pairs and then the photo‐generated electron transferred by the GO to the CrVI which further converted into CrIII. The band gap for T/G nanocomposite was calculated 2.92 eV. Under visible light,27.3 % photoreduction of (10 mg/L) CrVI solution at λmax=347 nm was achieved within 90 min on the T/G sample at the pH 5–6 while overall reduction was 48 % including adsorption. The rate of reaction was found 0.00305 min−1 and the order of reaction was pseudo first order.
One‐Pot Sequential [3+2] Cycloaddition and Ring‐Expansion Reaction for Selective Synthesis of Polycyclic Spirooxindole
Authors: He Yue‐Wei , Wu Wen‐Tao , Han Ying , Ma Wei‐Qing , Sun Jing , Yan Chao‐Guo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe one‐pot three‐component reaction of L‐proline, isatins and 1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones and sequential reaction with methyl propiolate in refluxing methanol resulted in novel functionalized spiro[chromane‐2,3′‐indoline]‐2′,4‐diones as major products and spiro[chromeno[3,2‐d]azocine‐2,3′‐indolin]‐3‐ yl)acrylate as minor products. On the other hand, the similar one‐pot‐three‐component reaction of L‐proline, isatins and 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones and sequential reaction with methyl propiolate in refluxing acetonitrile predominately afforded the unique 6b,14‐(epoxy[1,2]benzeno)pyrrolo[1′,2′:1,2]azocino[4,5‐c]quinoline‐8‐carboxylates in satisfactory yields.
Selective Ion Sensing in Artificial Sweat Using Low‐Cost Reduced Graphene Oxide Liquid‐Gated Plastic Transistors
Authors: Furlan de Oliveira Rafael , Montes‐García Verónica , Livio Pietro Antonio , González‐García María Begoña , Fanjul‐Bolado Pablo , Casalini Stefano , Samorì Paolo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHealth monitoring is experiencing a radical shift from clinic‐based to point‐of‐care and wearable technologies, and a variety of nanomaterials and transducers have been employed for this purpose. 2D materials (2DMs) hold enormous potential for novel electronics, yet they struggle to meet the requirements of wearable technologies. Here, aiming to foster the development of 2DM‐based wearable technologies, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based liquid‐gated transistors (LGTs) for cation sensing in artificial sweat endowed with distinguished performance and great potential for scalable manufacturing is reported. Laser micromachining is employed to produce flexible transistor test patterns employing rGO as the electronic transducer. Analyte selectivity is achieved by functionalizing the transistor channel with ion‐selective membranes (ISMs) via a simple casting method. Real‐time monitoring of K+ and Na+ in artificial sweat is carried out employing a gate voltage pulsed stimulus to take advantage of the fast responsivity of rGO. The sensors show excellent selectivity toward the target analyte, low working voltages (<0.5 V), fast (5–15 s), linear response at a wide range of concentrations (10 µm to 100 mm), and sensitivities of 1 µA/decade. The reported strategy is an important step forward toward the development of wearable sensors based on 2DMs for future health monitoring technologies.
Self‐Supporting Carbon Nanofibers with Ni‐Single‐Atoms and Uniformly Dispersed Ni‐Nanoparticles as Scalable Multifunctional Hosts for High Energy Density Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Pei Huayu , Yang Quan , Yu Jingkun , Song Haoqiang , Zhao Siyuan , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Guo Junling , Lu Siyu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe energy density of lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) is currently hampered by modest sulfur loadings and high electrolyte/sulfur ratios (E/S). These limitations can potentially be overcome using easy‐to‐infiltrate sulfur hosts with high catalytic materials. However, catalytic materials in such hosts are very susceptible to agglomeration due to the lack of efficient confinement in easy‐to‐infiltrate structures. Herein, using carbon dots as an aggregation limiting agent, the successful fabrication of self‐supporting carbon nanofibers (CNF) containing Ni‐single‐atoms (NiSA) and uniformly dispersed Ni‐nanoparticles (NiNP) of small sizes as multifunctional sulfur hosts is reported. The NiSA sites coordinated by such NiNP offer outstanding catalytic activity for sulfur reactions and CNF is an easy‐to‐infiltrate sulfur host with a large‐scale preparation method. Accordingly, such hosts that can be prepared on a large scale enable sulfur cathodes to exhibit high sulfur utilization (66.5 mAh cm−2 at ≈0.02 C) and cyclic stability (≈86.1% capacity retention after 100 cycles at ≈0.12 C) whilst operating at a high sulfur loading (50 mg cm−2) and low E/S (5 µL mg−1). This work provides a blueprint toward practical LSBs with high energy densities.
Understanding the Effect of Pore Size on Electrochemical Capacitive Performance of MXene Foams
Authors: Lv Ke , Zhang Jizhen , Zhao Xu , Kong Na , Tao Jinlong , Zhou Ji 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWearable electronics demand energy storage devices with high energy density and fast charging‐discharging rates. Although various porous electrodes have been constructed, the effect of pore size on the capacitive performance of 2D nanomaterials has been rarely studied. Herein, flexible MXene foams with significantly different pore structures are fabricated using varying diameter polystyrene (PS) spheres (80, 310, and 570 nm), which shows uniform pores and interconnected pores providing enough active sites and a good electrical connection for electron transfer. Noteworthy, when MXene flakes and templates (310 nm) have a similar size, the foam delivers the highest gravimetric capacitance of 474 ± 12 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 than others. Additionally, the mass ratio between MXene and PS controls the packing density of foams influencing the inner resistance of foam electrodes. A carbon nanotube is introduced to further improve the electrical conductivity of foams to achieve a capacitance of 462 ± 8 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 and retains 205 ± 10 F g−1 at 1000 mV s−1, demonstrating promises in energy storage applications and providing an insightful guidance for designing 2D nanomaterials‐based porous electrodes for supercapacitors.
Ion‐Exchange Strategy for Metal‐Organic Frameworks‐Derived Composites with Tunable Hollow Porous and Microwave Absorption
Authors: Tao Jiaqi , Tan Ruiyang , Xu Linling , Zhou Jintang , Yao Zhengjun , Lei Yiming , Chen Ping , Li Zhong , Ou Jian Zhen 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHollow metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with careful phase engineering have been considered to be suitable candidates for high‐performance microwave absorbents. However, there has been a lack of direct methods tailored to MOFs in this area. Here, a facile and safe Ni2+‐exchange strategy is proposed to synthesize graphite/CoNi alloy hollow porous composites from Ni2+ concentration‐dependent etching of Zeolite imidazole frame‐67 (ZIF‐67) MOF and subsequent thermal field regulation. Such a special combination of hollow structure and carefully selected hybrid phase are with optimized impedance matching and electromagnetic attenuation. Especially, the suitable carrier transport model and the rich polarization site enhance the dielectric loss, while more significant hysteresis loss and more natural resonance increase the magnetic loss. As a result, excellent microwave absorbing (MA) performances of both broadband absorption (7.63 GHz) and high‐efficiency loss (‐63.79 dB) are obtained. Moreover, the applicability and practicability of the strategy are demonstrated. This work illustrates the unique advantages of ion‐exchange strategy in structure design, component optimization, and electromagnetic regulation, providing a new reference for the 5G cause and MA field.
Analysis of surveillance and prevention plan for African Swine Fever in Italy in 2020
Authors: Iscaro Carmen , Cambiotti Valentina , Bessi Olivia , Pacelli Francesca , Ruocco Luigi , Feliziani Francesco 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundAfrican Swine Fever (ASF) is a challenge for pig health worldwide. The disease has spread to multiple countries on five continents. ASF‐free countries need to apply effective strategies to prevent the introduction of infection.MethodsItaly implemented a surveillance and prevention plan for ASF in 2020, supported by a dedicated information system. Several pillars for action have been identified: passive surveillance in both domestic pigs and wild boar populations, verification of the implementation of biosecurity measures on farms and an awareness campaign for all involved stakeholders.ResultsThere were some regional differences in the management of passive surveillance. In order to identify all critical points and apply corrective measures, regional authorities were called to carry out a gap analysis exercise in July 2020. There were an adequate number of samples collected from wild boar but the number of samples collected from domestic pigs was below the target in most regions. Furthermore, sample distribution within the country was not homogeneous.ConclusionsDuring the forthcoming year, some issues must be addressed in order to establish an effective early detection system in Italian ASF‐free regions.
Septic cholecystitis in a goat
Authors: Biedrzycki Adam H. , Roe Heather A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA 3‐year‐old, female, Nigerian dwarf goat presented for the evaluation of a swelling in the right flank. No other clinical signs were apparent. Biochemical changes were minimal and included a hyperfibrinogenemia and a leukocytosis characterised by neutrophilia. Diagnostic imaging included ultrasonography and computed tomography, which demonstrated a grossly distended gall bladder. Cholecystectomy could not be performed due to extensive adhesions, so the case was managed successfully via tube cholecystostomy, lavage, open drainage and systemic antibiotics for 5 weeks. Eight months after treatment, the goat continues to gain weight and is clinically well otherwise. Although rare, the successful treatment of septic cholecystitis is possible in goats.
Mark‐resight methodology for estimating key deer abundance assisted by citizen scientists
Authors: Silvy Nova J. , Lopez Roel R. , Lopez Cristian N. , Breen Timothy , Lopez Angelica , Montalvo Andrea E. , Parker Israel D. , Powell Brian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFlorida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) are an endangered subspecies of white‐tailed deer endemic to the Lower Florida Keys. The New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) infestation in July 2016 and Hurricane Irma on 10 September 2017 both caused the Key deer population to decline. Our objective was to estimate current Key deer population abundance using traditional distance sampling and a mark‐resight methodology applicable for citizen scientist participation. For mark‐resight efforts, deer were marked with hand sprayers using water‐based livestock dye on Big Pine (BPK) and No Name keys (NNK). Biologists conducted road surveys between 9–13 March 2020 on BPK and NNK and collected data for mark retention, mark‐resight, and distance calculations concurrently. Our mark‐resight estimate (n = 748) was nearly 300 deer lower than the traditional distance estimate likely because of distance sampling's sensitivity to increased deer visibility along survey routes. Compared to historic data, our mark‐resight population estimate indicated increased deer abundance compared to post‐Hurricane Irma estimates (n = 573), but slightly below post‐screwworm outbreak estimates (n = 860). Based on mark‐retention data, we recommend all resight surveys be completed within 5 days of the first mark placement for the most dependable mark detection. We recommend our mark‐resight method be used in future Key deer surveys as it is simple, efficient, and can be reliably completed with the assistance of volunteers therefore allowing for more regular monitoring.
Evaluating unoccupied aerial vehicles for estimating relative abundance of muskrats
Authors: Cline Ellisif E. , Gehring Thomas M. , Etter Dwayne R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDue to muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) population declines in North America, it is important to develop rapid, safe, and economical tools for estimating abundance over large spatial and temporal scales. During November 2020–February 2021, we assessed unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) at Bear Creek Flooding State Wildlife Management Area in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. We examined aerial red‐green‐blue (RGB) and thermal imagery for estimating the total number of muskrat houses during a snow‐free and snow‐cover period relative to ground surveys. Muskrat house counts were similar between the December snow‐cover UAV RGB image survey and February ground survey (V = 70,P = 0.559), but 132% and 136% lower for November snow‐free UAV survey compared to snow‐cover UAV (V = 203.5,P < 0.001) and ground (V = 196,P < 0.001) surveys, respectively. Unoccupied aerial vehicles can rapidly, safely, and economically estimate and track relative abundance of muskrats in wetlands that have some snow cover and should be evaluated further in more systems at different times of the year. Effective use of UAV imaging for muskrat house surveys is dependent on time of day, temperature, and weather conditions. Conducting UAV surveys in tandem with ground surveys would improve estimates of relative abundance if active muskrat houses are better defined.
Travels in a Haunted House. Rational Curiosities and Overlapping Dichotomies in Duncan McPherson MD’s Account of the ‘Chinese Expedition’ of 1840–1842
Authors: Brown Ruairidh J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe chapter proposes to explore rational curiosity as a key category to unpack nineteenth-century British perspectives on Asia, and especially China. Duncan MacPherson’s account is interpreted from a new perspective, which highlights both imperialist rhetoric and overlapping dichotomies. A careful reading shows how even at the height of European expansion we do not find in travel literature any clear dichotomy of East vs West, but rather a Eurocentric view of material and scientific progress that praised or condemned different aspects of both Asian and European societies. Hence, Asia emerges as a complex space where the civilising mission encounters problems similar to those encountered amongst British people: traditions, irrationality and passions. This chapter therefore adds to the reflection of the volume on the use of knowledge and the impact of identity, whilst uncovering a more specific mode of curiosity rooted in post-Enlightenment thought and guiding the encounter with Asia.
Reconstructing a Spatial Knowledge in Northeast Asia: Rehe Through the Eyes of the Japanese Army in the Early 1930s
Authors: Hirayama Nagatomi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the expansion of imperial Japan in Rehe/Jehol in the wake of the founding of Manchukuo in the early 1930s, and it presents an array of texts and strategies used by Japanese propaganda to transform perceptions of Asian spaces and solidify Japanese empire-building by redefining the human geography and history of parts of China. The production of knowledge geared towards political goals is an important aspect of ethnographic and geographic writings produced in a military context. Utilizing travel logs, operational reports, liaison records, and soldiers’ diaries of the Japanese army in Rehe as a lens, this chapter demonstrates the relevance of travel writings as sources not only for medieval and early modern history but also for the study of intra-Asian modern imperial gazes.
Towards a broader view of the metabolome: untargeted profiling of soluble and bound polyphenols in plants
Authors: Doppler Maria , Bueschl Christoph , Ertl Florian , Woischitzschlaeger Jakob , Parich Alexandra , Schuhmacher Rainer 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPhenylalanine (Phe) is a central precursor for numerous secondary plant metabolites with a multitude of biological functions. Recent studies on the fungal disease Fusarium head blight in wheat showed numerous Phe-derived defence metabolites to be induced in the presence of the pathogen. These studies also suggest a partial incorporation of Phe-derived secondary metabolites into the cell wall. To broaden the view of the metabolome to bound Phe derivatives, an existing approach using 13C-labelled Phe as tracer was extended. The developed workflow consists of three successive extractions with an acidified acetonitrile-methanol-water mixture to remove the soluble plant metabolites, followed by cell wall hydrolysis with 4M aqueous NaOH, acidification with aqueous HCl, and liquid-liquid extraction of the hydrolysate with ethyl acetate. The untargeted screening of Phe-derived metabolites revealed 156 soluble compounds and 90 compounds in the hydrolysed samples including known cell wall constituents like ferulic acid, coumaric acid, and tricin. Forty-nine metabolites were found exclusively in the hydrolysate. The average cumulative extraction yield of the soluble metabolites was 99.6%, with a range of 91.8 to 100%. Repeatability coefficients of variation of the protocol ranged from 10.5 to 25.9%, with a median of 16.3%. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed method for a typical metabolomics application, mock-treated and Fusarium graminearum-treated wheat samples were compared. The study revealed differences between the hydrolysates of the two sample types, confirming the differential incorporation of Phe-derived metabolites into the cell wall under infection conditions.
Determination of aroma compounds in grape mash under conditions of tasting by on-line near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Gehlken Jana , Pour Nikfardjam Martin , Zörb Christian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe production of high-quality wines requires the use of high-quality grapes. Tasting represents a widespread method for the determination of grape maturity and quality aspects such as the corresponding aroma profile. However, sensory analysis always remains subjective and it is not possible to judge only aroma compounds because the overall impression is also influenced by main components (e.g. sugars and acids). In contrast, the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy allows the simultaneous determination of various compounds without being affected by personal preferences. In this study, grape mash samples were examined under comparable conditions to those in the mouth. Differences between grape mashes with varying phytosanitary status of the corresponding grapes as well as for different grape varieties were detected. The quantified concentrations of the detected aroma compounds were used to develop calibration models for determination by NIR spectroscopy. Using global calibration models, the single aroma compounds could be determined by NIR spectroscopy with accuracies reaching from R2C = 0.365 to R2C = 0.976. Separate calibration models for cultivation region and grape colour improved the prediction accuracy. Instrumental analysis cannot totally replace sensory evaluation, however, NIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used as an objective, additional method for the evaluation of grape aroma quality.
Evaluation of satellite Leaf Area Index in California vineyards for improving water use estimation
Authors: Kang Yanghui , Gao Feng , Anderson Martha , Kustas William , Nieto Hector , Knipper Kyle , Yang Yun , White William , Alfieri Joseph , Torres-Rua Alfonso , Alsina Maria Mar , Karnieli Arnon 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRemote sensing estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) directly quantifies plant water consumption and provides essential information for irrigation scheduling, which is a pressing need for California vineyards as extreme droughts become more frequent. Many ET models take satellite-derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) as a major input, but how uncertainties of LAI estimations propagate to ET and the partitioning between evaporation and transpiration is poorly understood. Here we assessed six satellite-based LAI estimation approaches using Landsat and Sentinel-2 images against ground measurements from four vineyards in California and evaluated ET sensitivity to LAI in the thermal-based two-source energy balance (TSEB) model. We found that radiative transfer modeling-based approaches predicted low to medium LAI well, but they significantly underestimated high LAI in highly clumped vine canopies (RMSE ~ 0.97 to 1.27). Cubist regression models trained with ground LAI measurements from all vineyards achieved high accuracy (RMSE ~ 0.3 to 0.48), but these empirical models did not generalize well between sites. Red edge bands and the related vegetation index (VI) from the Sentinel-2 satellite contain complementary information of LAI to VIs based on near-infrared and red bands. TSEB ET was more sensitive to positive LAI biases than negative ones. Positive LAI errors of 50% resulted in up to 50% changes in ET, while negative biases of 50% in LAI caused less than 10% deviations in ET. However, even when ET changes were minimal, negative LAI errors of 50% led to up to a 40% reduction in modeled transpiration, as soil evaporation and plant transpiration responded to LAI change divergently. These findings call for careful consideration of satellite LAI uncertainties for ET modeling, especially for the partitioning of water loss between vine and soil or cover crop for effective vineyard irrigation management.
Detecting and responding to hostile disinformation activities on social media using machine learning and deep neural networks
Authors: Cartwright Barry , Frank Richard , Weir George , Padda Karmvir 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDisinformation attacks that make use of social media platforms, e.g., the attacks orchestrated by the Russian “Internet Research Agency” during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election campaign and the 2016 Brexit referendum in the UK, have led to increasing demands from governmental agencies for AI tools that are capable of identifying such attacks in their earliest stages, rather than responding to them in retrospect. This research undertaken on behalf of the Canadian Armed Forces and Department of National Defence. Our ultimate objective is the development of an integrated set of machine-learning algorithms which will mobilize artificial intelligence to identify hostile disinformation activities in “near-real-time.” Employing The Dark Crawler, the Posit Toolkit, TensorFlow (Deep Neural Networks), plus the Random Forest classifier and short-text classification programs known as LibShortText and LibLinear, we have analysed a wide sample of social media posts that exemplify the “fake news” that was disseminated by Russia’s Internet Research Agency, comparing them to “real news” posts in order to develop an automated means of classification.