bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Anti-Icing Effect With Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators on a Surface of an Airfoil
Authors: Rodrigues F. , Abdollahzadeh M. , Bagherighajari F. , Páscoa J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ice accumulation is a big issue for both aeronautical and wind power industries. In an attempt to optimize the aerodynamic performance and prevent the ice accumulation in different components of aircraft and wind turbines, plasma actuators started to be studied as devices that allow to perform simultaneously flow control and ice accretion prevention. Considering the use of plasma actuators for flow control and ice prevention, in the current work numerical simulations were performed in order to investigate the anti-icing ability of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators applied on a NACA 0012 airfoil. In a first stage, DBD plasma actuators were fabricated and experimentally tested in order to estimate the heat flux produced by these devices during their operation. An innovative calorimetric method, developed in our lab, was implemented in order to estimate the thermal power transferred by these devices to an adjacent flow. In this technique the actuators are placed inside a calorimeter with the shape of a pipe with a constant airflow rate. When the actuator is operated the heat dissipated from the plasma discharge is transferred to adjacent flow and the temperature of the flow is monitored at the outlet. By using the fundamental calorimetric law, the heat flux from the actuator to the adjacent air can be estimated. In a second phase, an airfoil NACA 0012 with multi-DBD plasma actuators was studied in favorable conditions for ice accretion. The accumulation of ice on the airfoil surface was analyzed for the condition with and without the thermal effect created by the DBD plasma actuators. The heat effect produced by the DBD devices was simulated considering the heat flux obtained on the calorimetric experiments. The results showed that plasma actuators allow to induce significant thermal effects that can be used for performing anti-icing and deicing functions. These simple electronic devices can be used to reduce the icing zone near the airfoil and improve its aerodynamic characteristics.
Optimization of an Elliptical Fairing in the Wake of a D-Shaped Bluff Body
Authors: Amaya Luis , Loubimov George , Kinzel Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although streamlined geometries are well studied in the context of direct exposure to a flow, when they are in the wake of a bluff body the aerodynamic performance is less understood. In these scenarios complexities arise such as interactions with vortices that lead alter the aerodynamics. Such unsteady nature changes optimal streamlining in a bluff body wake. For this reason, this study will explore variations of an elliptical body at several points in the wake of a D-tube shaped object. The goal is to outline a general characterization of such a case to facilitate in designing for and understanding situations with bluff body wakes.
Incremental Sheet Forming of the WKU Big Red Mascot
Authors: Rezasoltani Asghar , Crocker Matthew , Rice Jeremy , Black Avery 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The robotic incremental sheet forming process, including the CAD design, programming, and robotic manufacturing, as performed to form the school’s Big Red Mascot shape on a flat 30″ × 30″, gauge 26, AL 3003 sheet is explained in this research. This paper explains the technics used in the design, programming, and manufacturing processes to avoid or minimize typical ISF manufacturing problems such as spring-back effect, pillow effect, orange peel effect, and maximum wall angles.
The quality of the forming process was investigated visually and by measuring the surface quality and geometric accuracy using a surface tester machine and a 3D scanner. The novelty of the work is the ISF manufacturing of the complex Big Red shape compared to the simple shapes reported in other research, as well as the experimental and measurement setup used in this research.
Performance Prediction of Resistance Spot Welding Joints Using a Modified GTN Model
Authors: Wen Weiling , Banu Mihaela 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nowadays Al-steel joints are increasingly used in the lightweight automobile structure to meet the requirement of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction. Among various joining technologies proposed to join dissimilar material, resistance spot welding (RSW) stands out since the operation speed is fast, no extra material is needed and it is easy to be automated in mass production. Determining the joint load bearing capacity is one important task in the further application of this technology. Traditionally, it is obtained by performing some fractured tests, such as lap-shear test, coach peel test, cross tension test, by extracting and then analyzing the mechanical performance parameters including maximum load and failure energy from the force-and-displacement (F-D) curves. However, this method is time consuming and finite element simulation provides a much more efficient solution. Therefore, this work aimed at developing an experimentally validated performance model of Al-steel RSW joint. An aluminum alloy (AA6022) and a hot-dip galvanized high strength low alloy steel (HDG HSLA340), both of which are widely used in automotive industry, were joined by a unique RSW process proposed by General Motors in lap-shear configuration. To predict the joint fracture, a modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model was applied. Finally, this performance model was validated experimentally and proved to be capable of predicting the maximum load and failure energy accurately.
Proof of Authenticity Statistics From Multiple Perceptual Hash Comparisons: A Case Study
Authors: Maasberg Michele , Butler Leslie G. , Birch Brendan , Trailer Maia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic created an optimal environment for counterfeiters to exploit vulnerabilities in the manufacturing industry. The decentralized and global nature of additive manufacturing (AM) systems created new attack vectors for counterfeiting due to ease of compromise of product and process information. To solve this challenge, innovative technologies and scientifically reliable methods for predicting authenticity are in great demand. In this work, a framework for differentiating between authentic and counterfeit AM automotive and aerospace components is proposed. Extant literature was reviewed and current anti-counterfeit technologies analyzed, informing the basis of the framework. The process was validated with a castle nut printed via selective laser-melting of a stainless steel M18 castle nut slightly modified with a Cantor dust fractal. The castle nut was then inspected with 225 and 450 kV X-ray tomography to assess the fidelity of fractal structure. A model trust anchor image sequence was developed and analyzed with a perceptual hash, Hamming distance computations, distribution functions, and null hypothesis for proof of authenticity. For authentic parts, a blockchain was updated with provenance. Future work will explore wider implementation with the goal of reducing prevalence of counterfeit parts in AM manufacturing systems.
Simulating Residual Stress at Critical Features of Straightened Hollow Transmission Shafts
Authors: Chodubski Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Simulating plastic deformation of a material with a strength gradient from surface to center is not a standard industry practice. Although separate engineering groups have capabilities to perform thermal-structural or operational load analysis, neither have combined nor is focused on integrating effects from heat treatment and straightening operations. The objective of this research is to develop a simulation model to predict axial residual stress at radial holes in a carburized hollow transmission shaft. Abaqus CAE coupled with DANTE Heat Treatment kinetics software will be utilized to simulate the evolution of thermal and mechanical properties of different carburized shaft designs to determine the resulting residual stress at key features. Simulation data shows that the case and core layers react differently to features when a shaft has a bending or straightening load applied. Generally, shafts with smaller radial holes and a farther loading source exhibited compressive axial residual stresses at the case layer with lower average core tensile residual stresses while the shafts with larger radial hole diameters began with tensile stresses at the case following thru higher average core tensile stresses. The radial hole diameter and location only affected the case layer while all three studied features; hole diameter, location, and chamfer size, had significance on the core residual stress. This goes to show that the case and core layers are more complicated than previously thought. Future work should investigate further into how the core residual stresses play a role in fatigue failures.
Selective Laser Melting of Crack-Free Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy: Improved Manufacturability by Powder Surface Modification Using Graphene Oxide
Authors: Zhang Xing , Li Dian , Zheng Yufeng , Liao Yiliang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys have been developed for high-temperature lightweight applications in aerospace and automotive industries. However, their fabrication via selective laser melting (SLM) remains a great challenge due to the severe cracking issue and unsatisfied mechanical properties. In this study, we present a novel manufacturing strategy to significantly improve the printability of a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (Ti-4822, at.%) alloy for SLM by powder surface modification. Specially, graphene oxide (GO) sheets were decorated onto the metallic powder surface via the electrostatic adsorption process. Results indicated that crack-free samples could be fabricated by adding 0.1–0.5 wt.% GO during SLM experiments. The microstructure as affected by GO addition was characterized by backscatter electron imaging and electron backscatter diffraction, showing that the dual-phase (α2 + γ) cellular structure was refined at both grain and sub-grain scales. Further characterization by a three-dimensional focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography demonstrated the increased volume fraction of γ phase and the reduced porosity with GO addition. Finally, the surface strength of as-fabricated Ti-4822 was evaluated by microhardness test, demonstrating a maximal enhancement of 21.9% when modified using 0.3 wt.% GO. We envision that the proposed manufacturing strategy has provided new perspectives for the design and production of high-performance γ-TiAl based alloys via SLM.
Mechanical Property and Microstructure of IN718/FGH96 Dissimilar Superalloy Linear Friction Weldment
Authors: Wang Mingxiang , Geng Peihao , Ma Hong , Qin Guoliang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wrought superalloy IN718 and powder metallurgy (P/M) FGH96 were joined by linear friction welding (LFW). The variation of microstructure and mechanical properties at different welding parameters has been investigated. Macrostructural examination of the double flash morphology indicated a conservative shortening length of 2.57 mm that was recommended to extrude out the original surface contaminants into the flash. Weld zone of the joint was featured with weld interface zone (WIZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), where deformed morphology tended to be more narrow with increasing applied pressure. The increasing oscillatory frequency or decreasing applied pressure promoted the refinement of dynamically recrystallised γ matrix grain. The analysis of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of the weldments showed that dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) occurred in the weld zone of dissimilar nickel-based superalloy. Continuous dynamic recrystallisation (CDRX) became the predominant behaviour, accompanied by inconspicuous discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (DDRX). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that dissolution of the strengthening phase occurred from WIZ to TMAZ, strongly influencing hardness distribution across the interface. Sound joints with a higher interface strength than the base metals of IN718 were obtained.
Influence of Silane Treatment on the Joint Properties During Laser Joining of Aluminum Alloy to CFRTP
Authors: Feng Ziwei , Zhang Xueyan , Su Jianhui , Liu Yifan , Zhao Hongyun , Chen Bo , Song Xiaoguo , Tan Caiwang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Achieving strong joining of aluminum alloy to carbon fiber thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) using laser heating was an essential method to reduce the weight of structure and save energy. In current study, a silane coupling agent was adopted on the aluminum alloy surface to improve the bonding strength of the laser joining of aluminum alloy to CFRTP. Substrate characteristics of the aluminum alloy after treatment including surface morphology, surface roughness and wettability as well as chemical composition were then studied. For comparison, identical experiments were also performed for the polished and sanded aluminum alloy. Compared to the aluminum alloy polished, the surface roughness of aluminum alloy sanded and silane treated was increased, whereas the wettability was both decreased. The rougher surface led to a worse wettability of aluminum alloy surface for these two specimens. In addition, the detected organo-functional group for the latter was also responsible for the increase of water contact angle on the aluminum alloy surface. Compared to the polished specimens, the tensile shear force of joints for sanded and silane-treated substrates averaged 1106.9N and 2959.4N respectively, which represents a respective increase of 1.2 times and 3.3 times than the polished state. Correspondingly, the tensile shear strength of joints was 6.3MPa and 16.8MPa, which was increased by 1.1 times and 2.9 times, respectively. The improved mechanical interlocking induced by increasing the surface roughness in both sanded and silane treated cases was considered to strengthen the bonding strength at the interface. Moreover, for the joints fabricated by aluminum alloy silane treated and CFRTP, the remarkable enhancement of joint strength was also related to the formation of silane coupling film on the aluminum alloy surface. The tensile shear properties of joints were also found to have a positive influence in increasing the adhesion amount of CFRTP on the fractured surface of aluminum alloy. Finally, the silane treatment was expected to play a significant role in joining aluminum alloy to CFRTP.
Global Disruption of Semiconductor Supply Chains During COVID-19: An Evaluation of Leading Causal Factors
Authors: Mohammed Aamirah , Khan Sardar Asif 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has caused unprecedented supply chain disruptions globally, resulting in a heightened need for supply chain resilience. Particularly in the case of semiconductor chips, a commodity already in high demand, the existing challenges in supply chains have been aggravated by the pandemic. This global shortage is resulting in manufacturing disruptions across multiple sectors from automobiles to electronics. The global automobile industry alone is said to suffer a $210 billion loss in revenue from chip shortages. This highlights the cruciality of scientifically analyzing and building solutions that addresses the issue of resiliency of global semiconductor supply chains. While several news articles and white papers have reported this issue, there has been a lack of scientific literature on this topic. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors causing semiconductor shortage, analyze, and quantify their impact on the supply chain. This paper identifies 20 factors under 4 major categories from pre- and post-pandemic era, in the period ranging from 2018 to 2021, that have contributed to this disruption. The categories are: geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, logistics challenges and COVID-19 pandemic. The factors are ranked using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The scientific value of this study lies in its contribution of quantifying and ranking the impact of the individual factors leading to the recent disruption in semiconductor supply chains. The results of this study will provide supply chain managers with the analytical information necessary for enabling resilient semiconductor supply chains as they navigate through these current challenges.
Development of an In-House Customized Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for 3D Cell Culture
Authors: Abbatiello Amar , Habib Md Ahasan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bio-fabrication in the modern age is moving closer to creating viable three-dimensional scaffolds. Both cell-encapsulated and cell-seeded scaffolds need to be cultured to allow for proper cell viability and proliferation. Typical cell culturing methods, due to the three-dimensional nature of the scaffolds, are ineffective as stagnant or even moving mediums cannot enter or pass through the scaffold to reach all the areas inside. To compensate, perfusion bioreactors were developed where a systematic modification of this dynamic culture setup can improve the in vivo stimuli and conditions, and eventually, the overall performance of tissue regeneration. To do this, a set of design modifications were implemented expecting better performance. During operation, the success of an experiment can be difficult without the dynamic feedback due to the fully enclosed nature of a cell-seeded and cell-encapsulated scaffold. To compensate, oxygen sensors have been implemented before and after the perfusion chamber to track the oxygen being used by the cells during the incubation period, giving us a window into the cell’s proliferation. The prototype takes advantage of a dual medium tank design which allowed us to replace the medium without stopping or interrupting perfusion. A cyclical pressure modulation device has been implemented to better simulate in vivo conditions by modulating the pressure within the chamber, mimicking the natural pressure cues within the body such as the heartbeat and movement. The bioreactor will also take advantage of a newly designed perfusion chamber that can accommodate an array of cassettes allowing for a wide assortment of scaffold shapes and sizes.
Automatic Screw Detection and Tool Recommendation System for Robotic Disassembly
Authors: Zhang Xinyao , Eltouny Kareem , Liang Xiao , Behdad Sara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Disassembly is an essential process for the recovery of end-of-life (EOL) electronics in remanufacturing sites. Nevertheless, the process remains labor-intensive due to EOL electronics’ high degree of uncertainty and complexity. The robotic technology can assist in improving disassembly efficiency, however, the characteristics of EOL electronics pose difficulties for robot operation, such as removing small components. For such tasks, detecting small objects is critical for robotic disassembly systems. Screws are widely used as fasteners in ordinary electronic products while having small sizes and varying shapes in a scene. To achieve robotic disassembly of screws, the location information and the required tools need to be predicted. This paper proposes a framework to automatically detect screws and recommend related tools for disassembly. First, the YOLOv4 algorithm is used to detect screw targets in EOL electronic devices, and then a screw image extraction mechanism is executed based on the position coordinates predicted by YOLOv4. Second, after obtaining the screw images, the EfficientNetv2 algorithm is applied for screw shape classification. In addition to proposing a framework for automatic small-object detection, we explore how to modify the object detection algorithm to improve its performance and discuss the sensitivity of tool recommendations to the detection predictions. A case study of three different types of screws is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework.
Design and Manufacturing of a Functionally Graded Porous Dental Implant
Authors: Dabaja Rana , Popa Bogdan I. , Bak Sun-Yung , Mendonca Gustavo , Banu Mihaela 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dental implants are a prosthesis for missing teeth that are made to match a natural tooth. Current dental implants experience a high risk of failure in patients that have diseases affecting the oral region. When the patient experiences one or more of these diseases, the interface between the bone and implant is compromised and patients can experience low success rates or insufficient remaining bone structure. The purpose of this research is to create a dental implant technology that is suitable for both healthy and unhealthy patients. In the solutions studied, inducing pores into the Ti6Al4V implant proved to mimic the material properties of natural bone resulting in enhanced osseointegration. We plan to create an innovative solution with enhanced osseointegration that will ensure a gradient in mechanical properties. The complex geometry of the pore-induced dental implant is manufactured using the additive manufacturing method of selective laser melting (SLM). In this research, a functionally graded porous disk was designed using lattice-like pores to mimic the structure of bone. Multiple samples were created with 50-micron pores and printing was studied to test the capabilities of the SLM machine and resolution of the samples. It was found that the parameters play a role in the print resolution of the design. Additional porosity was induced through a keyhole effect during selective melting process.
Anomaly Scoring Model for Diagnosis on Machine Condition and Health Management
Authors: Joung Byung Gun , Li Zhongtian , Sutherland John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The reliability of manufacturing equipment is critical for ensuring the productivity and energy efficiency of a manufacturing facility. An unexpected machine breakdown may lead to unexpected downtime, disruption of manufacturing schedule, lower production efficiency, higher operation and maintenance cost. The recent development in machine learning and artificial intelligence enables data-driven Predictive Maintenance (PdM) by means of perceiving the dynamics of manufacturing systems and abstracting them into learnable features to provide a better interpretation of machine failures or unplanned downtimes. PdM, often translated to Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), aims to continue the optimal/normal operation of manufacturing systems. Often, vibration is used as a proxy of an early indicator of impending failure. In this study, tri-axial acceleration data collected from the two different machines are utilized. PdM-based strategies for machine condition monitoring and smart scheduling of equipment maintenance using an anomaly scoring model are discussed for two critical elements in a manufacturing system: 1) Chiller 2) Compressor. An anomaly scoring model is developed to extract meaningful information from the vibration data.