bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thema da capo: Another Look at Mozart's Embellishments
Authors: Bandy Dorian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article provides a new analysis, appraisal and aesthetic examination of Mozart's notated melodic embellishments. Whereas previous studies of Mozartean embellishment (including those undertaken by Frederick Neumann in the 1980s and Robert Levin in the 1990s) tend to focus on the local, individual gestures that make up the composer's vocabulary, this study examines broader issues in Mozart's art of embellishment – in particular, the larger-scale characteristics of his written embellishment models, including the rate at which figuration accumulates and the structural layout of that figuration within and between individual phrases. I then explore the aesthetic resonances of melodic embellishment in Mozart's oeuvre, touching upon topics including the relationship of embellishment to a movement's affect, the relationship of embellishment to the compositional persona encoded in a work, the use of embellishment to depict improvisation in operas, and the aesthetic of digressiveness in the composer's melodies.
Alexander Wendt, Quantum mind and social science: unifying physical and social ontology
Authors: Erskine Toni , Guzzini Stefano , Welch David A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlexander Wendt's Quantum Mind and Social Science hypothesizes that all intentional phenomena, including both psychological and social facts, are macroscopic quantum mechanical processes. Whether right or wrong, the suggestion highlights the fact that the social sciences, including IR, have until very recently never systematically discussed the potential relevance to our work of the quantum revolution a century ago. According to Wendt, that has left social scientists today – positivists and interpretivists alike – operating from an implicit and impoverished 19th century worldview that cannot accommodate important facts about human subjectivity. This symposium features critiques of Wendt's vision from multiple perspectives and a response, for one of the first airings of the classical-quantum debate in an IR context.
Punishment and pardon: The use of international humanitarian law by the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia
Authors: Correa Flórez María Camila , Martín Parada Andrés Felipe , Soto Hoyos Juan Francisco 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTransitional justice systems generally aim to achieve two goals. One is to bring the perpetrators of past atrocities to justice to ensure that they do not go unpunished, which involves the State fulfilling its duty to investigate, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and breaches of international humanitarian law (IHL). The other is to bring about reconciliation to heal a divided society and achieve peace and stability. This normally requires the adoption of measures of clemency, such as granting amnesty, so that those who took part in the country's violent past can return to civilian life. The use of IHL is relevant in attaining both these goals because its complex nature means that it provides the legal basis for their implementation. However, this very complexity can mean that there are contradictions or complementarities between its characteristics. This article looks at the case of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) in Colombia, showing how this transitional jurisdiction has used IHL as a legal basis both for investigating, prosecuting and punishing serious violations committed during the Colombian armed conflict and for granting amnesty to those who took part in the hostilities. These different uses by the JEP demonstrate that IHL is a flexible tool that can facilitate the process of delivering both justice and peace after a conflict has ended.
METTL3 overexpression aggravates LPS-induced cellular inflammation in mouse intestinal epithelial cells and DSS-induced IBD in mice
Authors: Yang Lichao , Wu Guotao , Wu Qiang , Peng Liangxin , Yuan Lianwen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine. Dysregulated cytokine secretion and signal transduction mechanisms via intestinal epithelial cells are involved in IBD pathogenesis, in which the transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role. In this study, METTL3, which plays a key role in inflammation regulation, has been recognized significantly up-regulated in IBD samples, DSS-induced IBD mice, and LPS-treated MODE-K cells. Within LPS-treated MODE-K cells, METTL3 knockdown promoted cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis, decreased apoptotic caspase3/9 cleavage, and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18) and inflammatory enzymes (COX-2 and iNOS). Under the same conditions, METTL3 knockdown inhibited, whereas METTL3 overexpression promoted p65 phosphorylation in MODE-K cells; NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 partially abolished the promotive effects of METTL3 overexpression upon p65 phosphorylation. Consistently, the effects of METTL3 overexpression upon LPS-stimulated MODE-K cells were partially abolished by JSH-23. Lastly, METTL3 knockdown in DSS-induced IBD mice significantly ameliorated DSS-induced IBD and inhibited DSS-induced p65 phosphorylation. In conclusion, METTL3 overexpression aggravates LPS-induced cellular inflammation in mouse intestinal epithelial cells and DSS-induced IBD in mice. The NF-κB signaling might be involved, and the regulatory mechanism remains to be investigated in our future study.
Normality sensing licenses local T cells for innate-like tissue surveillance
Authors: McKenzie Duncan R. , Hart Rosie , Bah Nourdine , Ushakov Dmitry S. , Muñoz-Ruiz Miguel , Feederle Regina , Hayday Adrian C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe increasing implication of lymphocytes in general physiology and immune surveillance outside of infection poses the question of how their antigen receptors might be involved. Here, we show that macromolecular aggregates of intraepidermal γδ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in the mouse skin aligned with and depended on Skint1, a butyrophilin-like (BTNL) protein expressed by differentiated keratinocytes (KCs) at steady state. Interruption of TCR-mediated ‘normality sensing’ had no impact on γδ T cell numbers but altered their signature phenotype, while the epidermal barrier function was compromised. In addition to the regulation of steady-state physiology, normality sensing licensed intraepidermal T cells to respond rapidly to subsequent tissue perturbation by using innate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily receptors. Thus, interfering with Skint1-dependent interactions between local γδ T cells and KCs at steady state increased the susceptibility to ultraviolet B radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage and inflammation, two cancer-disposing factors.
Range expansion decreases the reproductive fitness of Gentiana officinalis (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Hou Qin-zheng , ur Rahman Nasib , Ali Ahmad , Wang Yu-pei , Shah Sakhawat , Nurbiye Ehmet , Shao Wen-juan , Ilyas Muhammad , Sun Kun , Li Rui , Said Fazal , Fahad Shah 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlants living at the edge of their range boundary tend to suffer an overall decline in their fitness, including growth and reproduction. However, the reproductive performance of plants in artificially expanded habitats is rarely investigated, although this type of study would provide a better understanding of range limitations and improved conservation of ex situ plants. In the current study, we transplanted a narrowly dispersed species of Gentiana officinalis H. Smith (Gentianaceae) from its natural area of distribution to two different elevations and natural elevation to comprehensively study its pollination biology, including flowering phenology and duration, floral display, reproductive allocation, pollinator activity, and seed production. The findings indicated that the starting point and endpoint of the flowering phenology of G. officinalis were earlier at the low elevation, but the peak flowering periods did not differ significantly between any of the experimental plots. When transplanted, the flowering duration, especially the female phase, was reduced; the floral display, including spray numbers, flower numbers, and flower size (length and width), decreased, especially at high elevations. Moreover, the pollen numbers and pollen-ovule ratio were decreased at both high and low elevations, although the ovule numbers showed no change, and aboveground reproductive allocation was decreased. Furthermore, pollinator richness and activity were significantly decreased, and the seed-set ratio decreased under both natural conditions and with supplemental pollination. Finally, more severe pollen limitation was found in transplanted individuals. These results indicated an overall decrease in reproductive fitness in plants living outside their original area of distribution when the geographical range of G. officinalis was expanded.
Neurologische Spätfolgen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion
Authors: Michler Enrico , Dolzhenko Yuliia , Altmann Christoph 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Anhaltende neurologische Spätsymptome einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion sind häufig und erfordern regelmäßig eine Anschlussheilbehandlung. Zur Etablierung einheitlicher Therapiekonzepte ist die Evaluierung individueller Therapieansätze bei Long- und Post-Covid-Syndrom erforderlich.
Anamnese Ein 62-jähriger Patient wurde nach schwerem Verlauf einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion mit neurologischen Symptomen zur Anschlussheilbehandlung in unserer Reha-Klinik aufgenommen. Die initial umfangreiche laborchemische und bildgebende Abklärung ergab keine organische Ursache für das teils apoplektiforme, komplexe Krankheitsbild, sodass bei Alltagseinschränkungen und Rollatorabhängigkeit die Direktverlegung in unsere Rehabilitationsklinik erfolgte.
Untersuchung und Befunde Klinisch zeigte sich ein reduzierter Allgemeinzustand bei gedrückter Stimmungslage. Neurologisch imponierte eine Gangataxie, ein Händetremor, eine amnestische Aphasie und verminderte Konzentrationsfähigkeit. Eine PET/CT ergab keinen Hinweis auf einen Tumor oder eine Entzündung.
Therapie und Verlauf Ein multimodales Therapieprogramm, bestehend aus Physio- und Ergotherapie sowie psychologischer Mitbetreuung wurde durchgeführt. Zudem wurde eine Off-Label-Therapie mit oralen Glucocorticoiden und Colchicin initiiert. Im Verlauf kam es zu einer klaren Reduktion aller Symptome mit geringem residuellen Händetremor.
Folgerung Bei Long- und Post-Covid-Patienten mit neurologischen Symptomen unklarer Ursache kann eine Ganzkörper- und Hirn-FDG-PET hilfreich sein. Diese Patienten profitieren von einer systematischen Rehabilitation. Glucocorticoide und Colchicin scheinen die Symptomreduktion zu beschleunigen. Die rehabilitative Therapie sollte ambulant fortgesetzt werden.
Lastkraftwagenfahrer im Fokus von Infektionskrankheiten
Authors: Bußler Sarah , Kellner Nils , Paquet Dennis , Ermisch Jörg , Sheikh Othman Souha Al , Lübbert Christoph 
Published: February 2022

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn den Jahren 2020 und 2021 kam es zu einer Aufeinanderfolge ungewöhnlich verlaufender Infektionen bei Lastkraftwagenfahrern, die in unserer Klinik behandelt wurden. Anhand von 5 Fallvignetten wird herausgearbeitet, dass Lastkraftwagenfahrer ein erhöhtes Risiko für potenziell schwer verlaufende Infektionskrankheiten durch individuelle und berufsbedingte Risikofaktoren sowie erschwerten Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung aufweisen. Im professionellen Kontakt mit Patienten dieser Berufsgruppe ist daher besondere Aufmerksamkeit geboten.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Casuarine via a Functionalized Pyrrolidine
Authors: Ham Won-Hun , Myeong In-Soo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-casuarine has been achieved via a functionalized pyrrolidine obtained from a chiral 1,3-oxazine. The synthetic strategy includes a stereoselective dihydroxylation reaction using osmium tetroxide and stereoselective Grignard-type vinyl addition reaction as the key steps to generate the two new stereocenters. The dihydroxylation catalyzed by osmium tetroxide formed anti-amino alcohol, and the vinyl addition formed syn-alcohol. (+)-Casuarine was prepared from the functionalized pyrrolidine over 11 steps in an overall yield of 16%.
A non-motorized spectro-goniometric system to measure the bi-directional reflectance spectra of particulate surfaces in the visible and near-infrared
Authors: Jiang Te , Zhang Hao , Yang Yazhou , Ma Pei , Sun Yuxue , Zhuang Yan 
Published: February 2022

Reflectance spectroscopy is a powerful tool for remotely identifying the compositional and physical properties of surface materials. Due to the anisotropic scattering nature of most surfaces, the spectral features, including the absolute reflectance value, spectral slope, and band depth, are influenced by illumination and viewing configurations. Therefore, it is important to understand how spectral features vary with illumination and observation geometries for various particulate surfaces through laboratory measurements. Here, we describe a non-motorized spectro-goniometric system capable of measuring the bi-directional reflectance of particulate surfaces in the upper hemisphere in the wavelength range from 350 to 2150 nm. The incident and the viewing zenith angles can be varied from 0° to 55° and from 0° to 70°, respectively. The relative viewing azimuth angle can be varied from 0° to 360°. Measurements on Labsphere Spectralon agree well with measurements done with other instruments. We also present measurement results on two typical planetary analog materials, the JSC-1A Martian soil simulant and the JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant.
Development of a micro-electrochemical machining nanosecond pulse power supply
Authors: Chang W. J. , Wang S. Y. , Tang H. H. , Dong B. L. , Yang Q. , Chen J. Y. , Chen S. H. 
Published: February 2022

Micro-electrochemical machining (micro-ECM) has been widely used for microscale and nanoscale processing of materials. The performance of the nanosecond pulse power supply is directly related to the precision of micro-ECM, which is one of the core technologies for micro-ECM. In this work, a nanosecond pulse power supply, with adjustable pulse frequency, duty cycle, and voltage, was designed with an STM32F103VET6 single-chip microcomputer as the control core and a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor as the chopper switch component. The performance test has shown that the power supply can produce a continuous pulse with the highest frequency of 8 MHz, the shortest pulse width of 50 ns, the maximum peak current of 12 A, and the maximum voltage of 10 V. As compared with the power supply reported in the literature, the present power supply demonstrated the enhanced output current and improved waveform of the nanosecond pulse output, which could result in better machining accuracy and efficiency for micro-ECM.
Explaining the structure sensitivity of Pt and Rh for aqueous-phase hydrogenation of phenol
Authors: Barth Isaiah , Akinola James , Lee Jonathan , Gutiérrez Oliver Y. , Sanyal Udishnu , Singh Nirala , Goldsmith Bryan R. 
Published: February 2022

Phenol is an important model compound to understand the thermocatalytic (TCH) and electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of biomass to biofuels. Although Pt and Rh are among the most studied catalysts for aqueous-phase phenol hydrogenation, the reason why certain facets are active for ECH and TCH is not fully understood. Herein, we identify the active facet of Pt and Rh catalysts for aqueous-phase hydrogenation of phenol and explain the origin of the size-dependent activity trends of Pt and Rh nanoparticles. Phenol adsorption energies extracted on the active sites of Pt and Rh nanoparticles on carbon by fitting kinetic data show that the active sites adsorb phenol weakly. We predict that the turnover frequencies (TOFs) for the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone on Pt(111) and Rh(111) terraces are higher than those on (221) stepped facets based on density functional theory modeling and mean-field microkinetic simulations. The higher activities of the (111) terraces are due to lower activation energies and weaker phenol adsorption, preventing high coverages of phenol from inhibiting hydrogen adsorption. We measure that the TOF for ECH of phenol increases as the Rh nanoparticle diameter increases from 2 to 10 nm at 298 K and −0.1 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode, qualitatively matching prior reports for Pt nanoparticles. The increase in experimental TOFs as Pt and Rh nanoparticle diameters increase is due to a larger fraction of terraces on larger particles. These findings clarify the structure sensitivity and active site of Pt and Rh for the hydrogenation of phenol and will inform the catalyst design for the hydrogenation of bio-oils.
Structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 proofreading exoribonuclease ExoN
Authors: Moeller Nicholas H. , Shi Ke , Demir Özlem , Belica Christopher , Banerjee Surajit , Yin Lulu , Durfee Cameron , Amaro Rommie E. , Aihara Hideki 
Published: February 2022

Significance
SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) exoribonuclease (ExoN) plays important roles in the proofreading during viral RNA synthesis and the evasion of host immune responses. We used X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemical assays to investigate the structure, dynamics, and RNA-binding mechanisms of nsp14-ExoN and how its activity is regulated by another viral protein, nsp10. We also demonstrated that nsp14-ExoN can collaborate with the viral RNA polymerase to enable RNA synthesis in the presence of a chain-terminating drug, biochemically recapitulating the proofreading process. Our studies provide mechanistic insights into the functions of a key viral enzyme and a basis for future development of chemical inhibitors.
Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by Ice Age megafloods
Authors: Pico Tamara , David Scott R. , Larsen Isaac J. , Mix Alan C. , Lehnigk Karin , Lamb Michael P. 
Published: February 2022

Significance
The glacial Lake Missoula outburst floods are among the largest known floods on Earth. Dozens of these floods scoured the landscapes of eastern Washington during the last Ice Age, from 18 to 15.5 thousand years ago, forming what is known as the Channeled Scabland. We explored how changes in topography due to the solid Earth’s response to ice sheet loading and unloading influenced the history of megaflood routing over the Channeled Scabland. We found that deformation of Earth’s crust played an important role in directing the erosion of the Channeled Scabland.
Molecular parallelism in signaling function across different sexually selected ornaments in a warbler
Authors: Sly Nicholas D. , Freeman-Gallant Corey R. , Henschen Amberleigh E. , Minias Piotr , Whittingham Linda A. , Dunn Peter O. 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceOrnaments are thought to signal the genetic quality of males to females choosing mates, but the qualities they signal and why they sometimes vary between populations are poorly understood. Here, we show, within a single warbler species, that two plumage ornaments signal similar aspects of male quality (e.g., immunity and oxidative balance) at the level of genetic functions, even though the ornament preferred by females differs between populations, involves different body parts, and is produced by different pigments (melanins and carotenoids). This parallelism at the functional level provides the flexibility for different types of ornaments to be used as signals of similar aspects of male quality, allowing for switches in female preferences between ornaments and potentially facilitating divergence and speciation.
Regional dialect leveling in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Li Aini 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper studies the variation that stems from language contact between the suffix ‑tou, a locative marker in the Chengdu dialect spoken in Southwest China, and its standard Chinese counterpart ‑mian. The data are drawn from sociolinguistic interviews with 40 native speakers of the Chengdu dialect. It is shown that the standard Chinese form ‑mianhas outnumbered ‑touin terms of occurrence, suggesting a change in progress over apparent time that essentially involves a dialect leveling that results from language standardization and contact-induced convergence. Meanwhile, the two variants undergo certain stylistic reallocation and begin to serve new socio-stylistic roles. To our knowledge, this is the first study that systematically investigates the variation of Chinese locatives.
Formulaic time buyers for young foreign language learners
Authors: Gheitasi Parvin , Enever Janet 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Multiword units of language, known as formulaic sequences, are pervasive and essential in communication (Wray, 2008). Although issues related to formulaicity have been under investigation in a
number of research studies (e.g. Conklin & Schmitt, 2008; Wood, 2006), the present study is different in investigating the functions of formulaic sequences in the
oral language production of young learners in the context of English as a foreign language. A class of 11 students (aged 9 to 11)
was observed and video recorded for 16 sessions (90 minutes per session). Following transcription of selected speech samples,
formulaic sequences were identified based on pre-established criteria. Analysis enabled categorisation of a range of functions for
formulaic sequences in learners’ oral language production. Results revealed evidence that formulaic sequences performed a variety
of roles in the learners’ language production. These sequences helped young language learners to improve their fluency, to
economize effort on processing and also to buy time for processing. A significant novel finding of this study was evidence that
language users might introduce dis-fluency in the production of their sequences in order to buy time for further processing.
Tuning the morphology of 2D transition metal chalcogenides via oxidizing conditions
Authors: Yao Bing , Li Rongsheng , Zhang Chenxi , Zhou Zhenjia , Fu Zihao , Huang Xianlei , Yuan Guowen , Xu Jie , Gao Libo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) are emerging as an intriguing platform to realize nascent properties in condensed matter physics, materials science and device engineering. Controllable growing of TMCs becomes increasingly important, especially for the layer number, doping, and morphology. Here, we successfully tune the morphology of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2, from homogenous films to individual single crystalline grains only via changing the oxidizing growth conditions. The oxidization degrees are determined by the oxygen that adsorbed on substrates and the oxygen concentrations in reaction gas together. We find the homogenous films are easily formed under the reductive conditions, triangular grains prefer the weak oxidizing conditions, and medium oxidizing conditions bring in dendritic grains with higher oxygen doping and inhomogenous photoluminescence intensities from edge to interior regions shown in the dendritic grains. These growth rules under different oxidizing conditions are easily generalized to other TMCs, which also show potential for growing specific TMCs with designed oxygen doping levels.
Ultradiscrete analogue of the van der Pol equation
Authors: Isojima Shin , Suzuki Seiichiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ultradiscretization with parity variables (pUD) is a method of constructing a conditional piecewise linear equation which approximates a given difference equation. Its application is not limited to subtraction-free equation, being different from the traditional ultradiscretization. In this paper, the procedure of pUD is applied to the van der Pol equation, which is a non-integrable system, and it is studied how the procedure works. The behavior of the ultradiscrete solution is understood by summarizing in transition diagrams, and some periodic solutions are found.