bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for evaluating efforts made by governments to prevent and mitigate corporate influence and conflicts of interest in public health policy
Authors: Mialon Mélissa , Bertscher Adam , Bero Lisa , Vandevijvere Stefanie 
Published: May 2022

Background: There is evidence that corporations try to delay, weaken, and avoid the adoption of measures that would protect and improve population health. This is particularly true and problematic for health harming industries, such as those producing ultra-processed foods, alcohol, and cigarettes. Financial conflicts of interest (COI) are also problematic in policy-making because they may compromise decision-makers’ loyalty and independent judgment. Public opinion is in favor of preventing and mitigating that influence from corporations and COI on public health policy. A scoping review recently identified twenty-three mechanisms that could be adopted with that purpose and which principally cover: i) transparency and disclosure; ii) identification, monitoring, and education; iii) management; iv) prohibition. There is, however, limited knowledge on the adoption of such mechanisms by governments. We therefore propose new methods for evaluating that progress at the country level. Methods and expected results: The proposed evaluation comprises five steps: 1) Gathering information about the national context; 2) Gathering evidence on the implementation of mechanisms by national governments; 3) Verification of step 2 by government officials and policy experts and local public health experts; 4) Identification and prioritization of actions in a workshop; 5) Supporting the translation of findings into policy actions. Conclusions: The evaluation of progress made by governments in their implementation of mechanisms for preventing and mitigating the influence of corporations and COI in public health policy could help countries systematize their efforts, benchmark their progress internationally, and give perspective on particular weaknesses, approaches, and investment gaps needed for change. We will implement and validate our methods in Ireland, as a first case-study.
ISSUES OF MODELING THE FORMATION OF TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS OF FUTURE OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD TROOPS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Dubinin Anatoly V. , Naumov Petr Yu. 
Published: May 2022

Relevance. Modeling and application of models as a special method of cognition has gained recognition in many fields of science. This method is also important in pedagogical science, which indicates its constructiveness. At present, a large number of studies have been conducted on the problems of modeling, revealing the use of models and methods for modeling educational activities in military educational organizations of higher education of the troops of the National Guard of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. The model does not exist by itself, but due to the fact that it is created and used by the researcher as a tool of knowledge in scientific activity. The peculiarity of the modeling method is that the object of study is not studied directly, but by studying the object. Between the researcher and the object of cognition there is a model that reflects only the specific aspects of the process being studied that are of interest to researchers, without completely covering the object under study. Modeling, as a rule, is used when the analogy of the model with the object of pedagogical research reveals new features of the process being studied, thereby giving new knowledge to the researcher.
Results of the study: to test the effectiveness of the constructed model and the formulated pedagogical conditions, we single out emotional-activity, value-semantic, communicative-behavioral, regulatory-motivational criteria and their indicators of the formation of a future officer of the National Guard of the Russian Federation to achieve educational and professional success.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKILLS OF THE ABILITY TO ACT IN THE MIND OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN STUDYING THE CHESS GAME
Authors: Aliohina Anna V. 
Published: May 2022

The article reveals the essence of the concept of “the ability to act in the mind”, which is a fundamental specific component of the human intellect and consists in providing the opportunity to act indirectly with things, that is, to operate with their sign-symbolic images without changing the things themselves. This quality is necessary for the successful implementation of any activity, since it underlies such important components as goal creating and goal setting, the ability to imagine the result in advance, which is the motivation for the student in his research work to successfully master the educational material. The history of appearance and various definitions of this concept are given. The relevance of the article is due to the importance of the widespread introduction of chess in elementary school as an activity that forms and develops the “ability to act in the mind” in primary school age. it is at this age that the formation of two main psychological neoplasms takes place: the arbitrariness of mental processes and the internal plan of action.
The purpose of the article is to describe a comparative study of the development of the ability to act in the mind in junior schoolchildren, studying and not studying chess.
The method or methodology. The study was carried out using the test of T.A. Ogneva «Architect and builders» to determine the predisposition to success in the chess game of younger schoolchildren, method A.Z. Zak «Logical problems» to determine the level of formation of theoretical analysis and internal action plan.
Results. Thanks to the development of the ability to act in the mind, it has been proven that children chess players have better developed this ability and the ability to predict probable solutions in different game situations.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of diagnostics of preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, as well as in general to determine the intellectual and volitional readiness of children to study at school.
Based on the research carried out by means of the test by T.A. Ogneva “Architect and Builders” to determine the predisposition to success in the chess game of junior schoolchildren due to the development of the ability to act in the mind, it was proved that children-chess players have better developed this ability and the ability to predict probable options decisions in different game situations.
USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEANS OF REVEALING ATTITUDE TO A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Authors: Olesov Nikolai P. , Torgovkin Vladimir G. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose. The article is devoted to the topical issue of the formation of healthy. The article is devoted to the topical issue of identifying attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle in a university, using information technology.
Methodology. Pedagogical observation, self-observation, survey, questioning, testing, scaling, study, generalization and dissemination of advanced pedagogical information technologies.
Result. The article discusses the results of the use of information technology to identify attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle in the university. Improving the system of applying analytical activities in the formation of groups of an elective course in physical culture and sports when choosing an individual learning trajectory. The choice of classes in sports in the conditions of combined (full-time, distance) university education.
In modern conditions, the use of ICT technologies is an effective method in enhancing learning. This is showing presentations, working with tests, videos, fragments and other video information that is used in class directly via the Internet.
The analysis of special literature, documentation, video, computer technologies was used: presentations, work with tests, videos, video information.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of education in general when carrying out organizational activities in physical culture and as a means of identifying attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle of students.
EMOTIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME OF THE EMPLOYEES OF BUDGET INSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA-ALANIA
Authors: Gusova Albina D. , Khabliev German A. 
Published: May 2022

Aim. The article is devoted to the study of the professional burnout syndrome of the employees of budget institutions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The object of the study is the emotional burnout of the employees of budget institutions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The subject of the study is the problems caused by the emotional burnout of the individual and their features.
The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that a study of the emotional burnout of the employees of budget institutions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania was undertaken for the first time. Content and methods for diagnosing the emotional burnout were established.
Method. Methodology of the study. We applied the method “Diagnostics of the level of emotional burnout V. Boyko”, “State-trait anxiety inventory by C. Spielberg, Y. Hanin”, a questionnaire “Professional (emotional) burnout” (MBI) in adaptation of N. Vodopyanova, the method of K. Maslach and S. Jackson to attain the objectives. We used the Mann-Whitney test to conduct a quantitative analysis of the results of the study.
Results. The results of the diagnostics clearly indicate that the formation of the professional burnout syndrome largely depends on the characteristics of an individual. Formed professional burnout is typical for people who are characterized by increased personal and situational anxiety, low self-esteem, low internality and low intelligence.
After analyzing the significant differences in the groups, the author concludes that dissatisfaction with oneself and exhaustion are more typical for people who face regularly increased mental stress than for people who do not face it.
The application of the results. The research can be applied in the practice of professional education of bachelors and masters of psychology at Russian universities.
Projective Cutting-Planes for Robust Linear Programming and Cutting Stock Problems
Authors: Porumbel Daniel 
Published: May 2022

We explore the Projective Cutting-Planes algorithm proposed in Porumbel (2020) from new angles by applying it to two new problems, that is, to robust linear programming and to a cutting-stock problem with multiple lengths. Projective Cutting-Planes is a generalization of the widely used Cutting-Planes, and it aims at optimizing a linear function over a polytope [Formula: see text] with prohibitively many constraints. The main new idea is to replace the well-known separation subproblem with the following projection subproblem: given an interior point [Formula: see text] and a direction [Formula: see text], find the maximum steplength t such that [Formula: see text]. This enables one to generate a feasible solution at each iteration, a feature that does not exist built-in in a standard Cutting-Planes algorithm. The practical success of this new algorithm does not mainly come from the higher level ideas already presented in Porumbel (2020) . Its success is significantly more dependent on the computation time needed to solve the projection subproblem in practice. Thus, the main challenge addressed by the current paper is the design of new techniques for solving this subproblem very efficiently for different polytopes [Formula: see text]. We first address a well-known robust linear programming problem in which [Formula: see text] is defined as a primal polytope. We then solve a multiple-length cutting stock problem in which [Formula: see text] is a dual polytope defined in a column generation model. Numerical experiments on both these new problems confirm the potential of the proposed ideas. This enables us to draw conclusions supported by numerical results from both the current paper and Porumbel (2020) while also gaining more insight into the dynamics of the algorithm. Summary of Contribution: The well-known Cutting-Planes algorithm relies on the separation subproblem to cut off the current optimal solution. This paper belongs to a line of work whose goal is to “upgrade” the widely used separation subproblem to the following projection subproblem: given a feasible solution x inside some polytope P and a direction d, what is the maximum t value such that x + td ∈ P. In simple terms, one has to “shoot” from x along direction d up to the point where the boundary of the polytope is hit. The greatest challenge is to solve this projection subproblem rapidly enough to compete well in terms of computational speed with the separation subproblem algorithm. This paper shows how to achieve this on two new problems: robust linear programming and multiple length cutting stock. The numerical results confirm one important advantage offered by the projection logic: it enables one to generate a new feasible interior solution (i.e., x + td) at each iteration. The interior points thus generated actually guide the evolution of the overall algorithm, which is a feature that does not exist (built-in) in a traditional Cutting-Planes algorithm.
The Best of Many Worlds: Dual Mirror Descent for Online Allocation Problems
Authors: Balseiro Santiago R. , Lu Haihao , Mirrokni Vahab 
Published: May 2022

A Novel Class of Robust and Fast Algorithms for Online Allocation Problems A central problem in operations research is allocating limited resources sequentially to maximize cumulative rewards. Applications abound and include network revenue management and internet advertising among many others. Existing data-driven algorithms are tailored for convex settings with either adversarial or stochastic inputs. Many modern applications of online allocations problems, however, are nonconvex. Furthermore, algorithms for adversarial inputs may be too conservative in practice, whereas algorithms for stochastic inputs can perform poorly when the model is misspecified. In the paper “The Best of Many Worlds: Dual Mirror Descent for Online Allocation Problems,” Balseiro, Lu, and Mirrokni present a novel class of algorithms for nonconvex online allocation problems that attain good performance simultaneously in stochastic and adversarial input models and also in various nonstationary settings. The resulting algorithms are simple, fast, and robust to noise and corruption in the observations, in contrast to existing methods from the literature.
The Evaluation of Founder Failure and Success by Hiring Firms: A Field Experiment
Authors: Botelho Tristan L. , Chang Melody 
Published: May 2022

Organizations tout the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Yet, when hiring it remains unclear how they evaluate entrepreneurial human capital—namely, job candidates with founder experience. How hiring firms evaluate this experience—and especially how this evaluation varies by entrepreneurial success and failure—reveals insights into the structures and processes within organizations. Organizations research points to two perspectives related to the evaluation of founder experience: Former founders may be advantaged, due to founder experience signaling high-quality capabilities and human capital, or disadvantaged, due to concerns related to fit and commitment. To identify the dominant class of mechanisms driving the evaluation of founder experience, it is important to consider how these evaluations differ, depending on whether the founder’s venture failed or succeeded. To isolate demand-side mechanisms and hold supply-side factors constant, we conducted a field experiment. We sent applications varying the candidate’s founder experience to 2,400 software engineering positions in the United States at random. We find that former founders received 43% fewer callbacks than nonfounders and that this difference is driven by older hiring firms. Further, this founder penalty is greatest for former successful founders, who received 33% fewer callbacks than former failed founders. Our results highlight that mechanisms related to concerns about fit and commitment, rather than information asymmetry about quality, are most influential when hiring firms evaluate former founders in our context. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1592 .
The metabolic equivalent of task score
Authors: Edwards Thomas C. , Guest Brogan , Garner Amy , Logishetty Kartik , Liddle Alexander D. , Cobb Justin P. 
Published: May 2022

Aims This study investigates the use of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score in a young hip arthroplasty population, and its ability to capture additional benefit beyond the ceiling effect of conventional patient-reported outcome measures. Methods From our electronic database of 751 hip arthroplasty procedures, 221 patients were included. Patients were excluded if they had revision surgery, an alternative hip procedure, or incomplete data either preoperatively or at one-year follow-up. Included patients had a mean age of 59.4 years (SD 11.3) and 54.3% were male, incorporating 117 primary total hip and 104 hip resurfacing arthroplasty operations. Oxford Hip Score (OHS), EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), and the MET were recorded preoperatively and at one-year follow-up. The distribution was examined reporting the presence of ceiling and floor effects. Validity was assessed correlating the MET with the other scores using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and determining responsiveness. A subgroup of 92 patients scoring 48/48 on the OHS were analyzed by age, sex, BMI, and preoperative MET using the other metrics to determine if differences could be established despite scoring identically on the OHS. Results Postoperatively the OHS and EQ-5D demonstrate considerable negatively skewed distributions with ceiling effects of 41.6% and 53.8%, respectively. The MET was normally distributed postoperatively with no relevant ceiling effect. Weak-to-moderate significant correlations were found between the MET and the other two metrics. In the 48/48 subgroup, no differences were found comparing groups with the EQ-5D, however significantly higher mean MET scores were demonstrated for patients aged < 60 years (12.7 (SD 4.7) vs 10.6 (SD 2.4), p = 0.008), male patients (12.5 (SD 4.5) vs 10.8 (SD 2.8), p = 0.024), and those with preoperative MET scores > 6 (12.6 (SD 4.2) vs 11.0 (SD 3.3), p = 0.040). Conclusion The MET is normally distributed in patients following hip arthroplasty, recording levels of activity which are undetectable using the OHS. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):317–326.
Conclusion: Men’s family participation in low-income contexts
Authors: Tarrant Anna 
Published: May 2022

The key findings of ‘Men, Poverty and Lifetimes of Care’ (MPLC) are summarised in this final chapter to draw conclusions about the dynamic, relational, intersectional and context-specific character of men’s experiences of low-income family life across the life course. This chapter argues that in a context of social ambivalence about men as carers, men with caring responsibilities remain highly isolated and welfare and market provision for ‘caring masculinities’ is neither being produced nor sustained. The overall implications of the findings and interpretations generated by the study and presented in each chapter, are considered by bringing them into a more explicit and cohesive whole. Also elaborated are what an empirical focus on men’s care responsibilities and active family participation in low-income contexts both contributes to, and connects, existing policy debates and interdisciplinary scholarship concerning men and masculinities, gender and care and lived experiences of family poverty.
Austerity and the social innovation agenda
Authors: Joy Meghan , Shields John , Broughton Sharon , Cheng Siu Mee 
Published: May 2022

Social innovation (SI) has been widely embraced as a pragmatic problem-solving approach to social policy challenges. While framed as apolitical, this chapter demonstrates that the dominant SI agenda, which became prominent in the wake of the 2008 recession, is anything but. Instead, SI is illustrative of the ways in which the neoliberal project has adapted to its own crises, embracing policy ideas and processes needed to drive forward its agenda. This chapter explores the lineage of SI, including its amorphous definition, seemingly conflicting idea-sets, and associated tools and techniques to understand how it has been used to extend the neoliberal project through austerity and to identify conflicts that might be exploited to challenge austerity politics. We warn against the dominant version of SI as a solution to social policy challenges in a post-pandemic era and encourage academics, activists, and practitioners to explore and harness more radical orientations of SI.
Improving long-term temperature bias stability of an integrated optical gyroscope employing a Si3N4 resonator
Authors: Feng Changkun , Zhang Yonggui , Ma Honghao , Li Hui , Feng Lishuang 
Published: May 2022

The presence of polarization noise generated by the waveguide resonator limits the performance of a resonant integrated optical gyroscope (RIOG). Using silicon nitride (

Si

3

N
4

) to fabricate a waveguide with an ultralow-aspect-ratio can result in a resonator that only supports light transmission in a single-polarization state, suppressing polarization noise. We successfully fabricated a

Si

3

N
4

resonator with a bending radius of 17.5 mm, a finesse (

F

) of 150, a quality factor (

Q

) of

1.54
×

10

7

, and a propagation loss of 1.2 dB/m. The

Si

3

N
4

resonator was used to construct a double closed-loop RIOG that showed long-term bias stability (3600 s) of 13.2°/h at room temperature, 14.8°/h at 40°C, 21.2°/h at 50°C, and 23.6°/h at 60°C. We believe this to be the best performance reported to date for a

Si

3

N
4

resonator-based RIOG. This advancement paves the way for the wider application of RIOGs.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Peruvian jungle
Authors: De los Santos Maxy B. , Ramírez Ivonne Melissa , Rodríguez Jorge E. , Beerli Peter , Valdivia Hugo O. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is highly prevalent in the Peruvian jungle, where it affects military forces deployed to fight against drug trafficking and civilian people that migrate from the highland to the lowland jungle for economic activities such as mining, agriculture, construction, and chestnut harvest.
We explored the genetic diversity and population structure of 124 L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected from the highland (Junín, Cusco, and Ayacucho) and lowland Peruvian jungle (Loreto, Ucayali, and Madre de Dios). All samples were genotyped using Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of ten highly polymorphic markers.

Principal findings
High polymorphism and genetic diversity were found in Peruvian isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis. Most markers are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; this deviation is most likely caused by local inbreeding, as shown by the positive FIS values. Linkage Disequilibrium in subpopulations was not strong, suggesting the reproduction was not strictly clonal. Likewise, for the first time, two genetic clusters of this parasite were determined, distributed in both areas of the Peruvian jungle, which suggested a possible recent colonization event of the highland jungle from the lowland jungle.

Conclusions
L. (V.) braziliensis exhibits considerable genetic diversity with two different clusters in the Peruvian jungle. Migration analysis suggested a colonization event between geographical areas of distribution. Although no human migration was observed at the time of sampling, earlier displacement of humans, reservoirs, or vectors could have been responsible for the parasite spread in both regions.