bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pour une compréhension des espaces ruraux : représentations du paysage de territoires français et québécois
Authors: Gamache Nicolas , Domon Gérald , Jean Yves 
Published: March 2022

Understanding rural areas : an approach of territories through landscape in France and Québec
Landscape reveals present day conception of space. And this will continue as landscape is strongly influenced by government policy in regard to territory. In certain rural areas, the landscape can counter the decline as a result of intensive agriculture and the changes in landscape over the past fifty years. While focusing on the relationship between the social, spacial and cultural aspects of landscape, we will use two examples, the Haut Saint-Laurent in Québec and Gâtine poitevine in France. We see how landscape has being mutated as a result of the industrialisation of agriculture and its subsequent consequences. It deals with the characteristics of these basic processes, i. e. the sudden change that followed the industrialization of agriculture and the consequences it implied. The effects on the landscape are varied and touch the heritage elements and that of the landscape imagined : that is the landscape resulting from social perceptions and representations – for example the hedges and the scrap-metal which are constantly losing ground in Gâtine. Or the agricultural demise on the plateau of the Haut Saint-Laurent easily witnessed through greater uncultivated and abandoned land left to waste to the benefit of intensive agriculture on the more fertile land of the plain. The question then arises which is the basis of our reflection : what link can one establish between changes in landscape and the territorial representations ? These problems were approached through a in-depth survey carried out on the two territories. The preliminary results presented in the following article invite us, through comparison of the two experiments, to revisit the concepts of landscape, cultural identity, territoriality and should provide us with the raw material to elaborate a theoretical structure of the relationship between society and place. We will explore the strains exerted on the landscape, and those between social groups, the direction of these reports/ ratios, all with the goal of giving a greater understanding of the organizational relationship social/ actions, collectivities/ impacts on the social ground and the objective sphere of the landscape.
Travail et territoire : du bon usage de la nation. À propos de l’enquête de 1848 sur le travail agricole et industriel
Authors: Bleton-Ruget Annie 
Published: March 2022

Labor and localities : for the good of the Nation. The inquiry of 1848 on agricultural and industrial work
This contribution is based on a re-reading of the inquiry approved in May 1848 by the National Constituent Assembly. It examines the context in which the project took shape as substitute for creating a Ministry of Labor as demanded by the Parisian socialists, showing the specific circumstances of its emergence the day after the protests of 15 May 1848. It analyzes the conceptions of labor operating in the proposed questionnaire, the expected results of the survey’s completion by justices of the peace in each canton and the idea eventually adopted of establishing mixed committees of employers and workers in each cantonal seat (chef-lieu) with the aims to take into account the views of workers and to diffuse social conflict. Examining the debates surrounding the execution of this inquiry shows that far from being unintentional the reports of labor in localities comprised representations of work and of hopes for social reform that were attached to the inquiry. The study also reveals evidence of political and social divisions that arose in the Assembly between the Notables elected by restricted franchise, republican reformers, and partisans of a social order organized by the State, together with the modes of administration that each group wanted to put in practice. In the end, the decision, contrary to Parisian demands, to extend the inquiry to the whole territory of France and to retain the canton as the local constituency likely to facilitate social mediation helped displace the initial aims of the project. Industrial work found itself submerged in the sea of rural France, supporters of which rural world were devoted to defending a conception of agricultural labor that had little to do with wage labor per se, while the urban domain of work and business refused to accept the initiative.
Un licenciement collectif et ses contrecoups
Authors: Renahy Nicolas , Detang-Dessendre Cécile , Gojard Séverine 
Published: March 2022

A mass redundancy and its repercussions
The consequences of industrial firm close-down on the local training system are not really well-known. This paper goes back over a mass redundancy in a worker village of the East of France in 1981. A family company of around 300 employees succeeded its development based on the settling process of the workers’ families, who accessed to the labour market through a familiar way. Beyond the parents’ unemployment, the rough stop of industrial activities in the village handicaps children to obtain a first professional experience. Then, a family spreading of unemployment acts, of which we detail the mechanisms, using quantitative data and ethnographic survey. We measure the impact of belonging to a family on the labour market access, by the way of a job in a firm, or failing that, by the way of unemployment institutions.
Du concept à la fiabilité de la méthode du transfert en économie de l’environnement : un état de l’art
Authors: Genty Aurélien 
Published: March 2022

From the concept to the reliability of the transfer method in environmental economics : the state of the art
The transfer method aims to value environmental goods in a fast and cheap way. The principle is to reuse previous results from similar goods valuation and to adapt them in another context. In this paper, the different approaches of transfer are reviewed and formalized. Next it focuses on the transfer reliability assessment methodology. In particular, it analyses empirical results on validity transfer, the only part of reliability considered at this point. In conclusion, neither transfer validity (unbiased method hypothesis) nor the theoretical superiority of model transfer on value transfer have been clearly showed yet. Nevertheless testing process used in most cases was not well adapted to study bias transfer. Moreover model transfers in general were not optimal.
Le droit d’épandage a-t-il un prix? Mesure sur le marché foncier
Authors: Le Goffe Philippe , Salanié Julien 
Published: March 2022

Pricing manure spreading rights : Measure from the land market
This paper deals with manure spreading market in France. We focalize on the capitalization of manure spreading rent in the land market. First, the paper summarizes the literature on land prices. Then we develop a theoretical model based on farm profit maximization for a cattle breeder and a crop grower. It leads to (i) supply and demand for manure spreading rights and (ii) to the integration of the spreading rent in farmland prices. We then provide an hedonic application dealing with 7 000 individual transactions from the land market of Brittany (western France). Land price is explained by land quality and specialization, cereal and milk yields. Land price rises when animal concentration increases. Pig density gets the best results. We conclude making a comparison with the manure market in the Netherlands and dealing with future research.
Productivité agricole et rattrapage technologique : le cas des exploitations de grandes cultures du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Blancard Stéphane , Boussemart Jean Philippe 
Published: March 2022

Catching-up effect in agricultural productivity : The case of arable farms in Nord-Pas-de-Calais
One of the principal objectives of successive reforms of the CAP has been to increase the exposure of European agriculture to market forces. As a result, the search for competitiveness has become a major preoccupation for farmers. The poorest performers must catch up with the most efficient ones through the progressive adoption of best practice. Our research sought to reveal and measure these possible convergence phenomena in a study of 178 arable farms in the same region (Nord-Pas-de-Calais). The study analyses data from 1994 to 2001, a period encompassing the Mac Sharry reform and the first measures of Agenda 2000. From estimates of total factor productivity based on a distance function, our results clearly indicate evidence of catch up between the farms, through increased technical and scale efficiencies.
On the performance of unitary models of household labor supply estimated on "collective" data with taxation
Authors: Beninger Denis , Laisney François 
Published: March 2022

Performance des modèles unitaires d’offre de travail des ménages estimés sur la base de données «collectives » en présence de taxation
Cet article compare les modèles unitaire et collectif sur la base de données collectives simulées en présence de divers types de taxation des revenus. Nous distinguons en particulier un système d’imposition individuelle et un système d’imposition jointe. En spécifiant un modèle unitaire flexible, du type de ceux utilisés dans la littérature empirique, nous obtenons des estimations assez différentes selon le régime fiscal utilisé pour simuler les données. Nous trouvons aussi des différences substantielles dans les ajustements de l’offre de travail prédits à la suite d’un changement de régime fiscal. Nos résultats illustrent également le fait que le calibrage des paramètres d’une réforme fiscale peut être lui-même fortement affecté par l’utilisation d’un modèle unitaire lorsque les données sont générées par un modèle collectif. Enfin, nous discutons les distorsions qui affectent l’analyse de réformes fiscales en termes de bien-être dans une telle situation. Les résultats suggèrent que des efforts accrus devraient être consacrés à la recherche sur l’estimation de modèles collectifs dans les situations complexes auxquelles on est confronté lors de l’analyse de réformes fiscales. Ceci inclut des contraintes budgétaires donnant naissance à des ensembles de budget non convexes, ainsi que la modélisation de solutions en coin pour les offres de travail des conjoints.
La sélection des produits agricoles sensibles : le cas européen
Authors: Gohin Alexandre 
Published: March 2022

The selection of WTO sensitive farm products : The European case
Multilateral negotiations under the auspice of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are still stalemated over agricultural trade. The European Union (UE) is under pressure to substantially decrease its agricultural import tariffs while the EU fears that this would seriously attack its strategic farm sector. In the meantime, the EU adopts voluntary directive to increase the production and consumption of bio-fuels in transport activities. This will represent new outlets for farm products and thus will support farm incomes. The main objective of this paper is to empirically evaluate the impacts of these policies in order to know if a WTO agreement may be more acceptable for EU farmers with a significant development of bio-fuels. We run computable general equilibrium simulations to perform these assessments. As expected our simulation results show significant farm income gains with the bio-fuel policy and significant farm income loss with a WTO agreement. More interestingly the positive effects are of lower magnitude than the negative ones. We furthermore reveal the highly contrasted effects between farm sectors. Finally our simulation results show that the selection of sensitive products in the WTO negotiations is a very tricky issue. The EU farm sector will gain by including the bio-ethanol product in the list of sensitive products.
Les bouleversements de la profession vétérinaire. Lorsque la recherche d'une nouvelle légitimité sociale coïncide avec l'arrivée des femmes
Authors: Surdez Muriel 
Published: March 2022

The dynamics of change in the veterinary profession. When the process of feminization concurs with the pursuit of a new social legitimacy .
In examining the current situation of the veterinary profession in Switzerland, this paper focuses on the reframing of identity that takes place when the foundations of a profession, the core of its activities and even its prestige are called into question. It deals with the increase in the number of women practicing veterinary medicine, a high qualified and mostly independent profession. The profession is now facing two parallel changes : women are entering and establishing themselves in the veterinary profession at a time when segments and specializations are redefining their social utility, the livestock specialization being challenged by the expansion and the attraction of the pet specialization. It will be noted that the correlation between these dynamics of change is not a simple one, because theirs causes and effects are intertwined. Sociologically, the issue of interest is how the feminization process in the veterinary profession is particular compared with other professions. Does this actually represent a situation in which livestock specialization, with its masculine image, is supplanted by the growing legitimacy of the pet sector, where women are numerous ? In this context, women and the whole profession have not yet successfully value the care of «little animals», but perhaps they will succeed in the near future. The paper shows that all vets, men and women, are confronted by the issues emanating both from the need to refashion the profession's legitimacy and the current reshuffling in the hierarchy of specializations.
Nuisible ou gibier? Une analyse économique de la chasse des grands animaux en France
Authors: Ropars-Collet Carole , Le Goffe Philippe 
Published: March 2022

Pest or game ? An economic analysis of big animals hunting in France
Increasing populations of big game in France, including wild boar, has resulted in an increase in collective damages. However, this species is not only regarded as harmful as it is valued by the practice of hunting. The article aims to characterize the social optimum by engaging natural resource economics. The optimum density of game populations is defined from a bio-economic model that takes into account all the costs and profits relating to hunting and the presence of game. It is compared to that corresponding to the hunters’ optimum and to the “ tragedy of the commons”. The analytical framework allows an economic interpretation of the evolution of hunting in France and of the institutional and legislative context, while focusing on issues of property rights and externalities. The model developed is then used to discuss game management policies and recommendations on economic tools for these policies.
Issues of Verification of COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Анисько Л.А. 
Published: March 2022

Коронавирус SARS-CoV-2 сегодня стал ведущей причиной развития вирусной пневмонии, течение которой сопряжено с развитием тяжелого респираторного синдрома. Пандемия SARS-CoV-2 явилась серьезной биологической угрозой человечеству, которая к настоящему времени унесла жизни более 2,1 млн человек. Патогенез новой инфекции COVID-19 остается малоизученным: отсутствуют данные о длительности и напряженности состояния иммунной системы в отношении SARS-CoV-2, недостаточно данных о прямом и опосредованном влиянии вируса на органы и системы. Существует проблема и с этиологической расшифровкой COVID-19.Наличие на мировом рынке различных диагностических тест-систем (для выполнения ПЦР-анализа, ИФА, экспресс-исследования) вызывает трудности в интерпретации результатов на различных этапах заболевания. Целью данной статьи является информирование об имеющихся методах и подходах к осуществлению процесса лабораторной диагностики, направленной на верификацию возбудителя инфекции COVID-19. Раннее обнаружение инфекции COVID-19 имеет важное социальное и экономическое значение для скорейшего выявления инфицированного населения, снижения риска развития осложнений, профилактики, контроля и улучшения лечебного эффекта, что представляется достаточно сложным в отсутствие оптимальных методических и методологических подходов к верификации данной инфекции.
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus today has become the leading cause of the development of viral pneumonia and, as a result, severe respiratory syndrome. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become a serious biological threat to humanity, which has taken the lives of more than 2.1 million people. The pathogenesis of the COVID-19 infection is poorly understood today. There is no data on the duration and tension of the immune system in relation to SARS-CoV-2, there is not enough data on the direct and indirect effect of the virus on organs and systems. There is the problem with the etiological decoding of COVID-19. The availability of various diagnostic test systems on the world market (PCR, ELISA, rapid tests) causes difficulties in interpretation of the results at various stages of the disease. The purpose of this article is to review the available methods and approaches to laboratory diagnostics aimed at verifying the causative agent of COVID-19 infection. Early detection of COVID-19 infection is of great social and economic importance for early identification of the infected population, reducing the risk of complications and improving the therapeutic effect.
Conceptual Foundations of the Effect of Drugs on Laboratory Test Indicators: the Directionof Their Change when Using Certain Chemotherapeutic Agents
Authors: Камышников В.С. 
Published: March 2022

В статье изложены сведения об основных механизмах влияния лекарственных средств на результаты лабораторного исследования; при этом особое внимание уделено фармакологической интерференции, связанной с воздействием химиотерапевтических препаратов на метаболические процессы в организме. Раскрыто представление о физической и химической интерференции. Представлена информация о направленности изменения показателей 85 лабораторных тестов в сторону увеличения или уменьшения при употреблении лекарственных веществ. Приведенные в статье данные позволяют судить о возможности получения ложных результатов исследования, связанных с использованием определенных (приведенных в материалах статьи) химиотерапевтических средств.
The article contains information about the main mechanisms of the influence of drugs on the results of laboratory research. At the same time, special attention is paid to pharmacological interference associated with the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on metabolic processes in the body. The concept of physical and chemical interference is disclosed. The information is provided on the direction of change of the indicators of 85 laboratory tests in the direction of increase or decrease when using medicinal substances. The data presented in the article lets to judge about the possibility of obtaining false research results associated with the use of certain (given in the article) chemotherapeutic agents.
Coronavirus Infections of the XXI Century. What Do We Know about Pathogens and Their Epidemiology
Authors: Коломиец Н.Д. , Романова О.Н. , Ханенко О.Н. , Тонко О.В. , Ключарева А.А. 
Published: March 2022

Высокая контагиозность, тяжелое течение и смертность сделали коронавирусные инфекции одними из самых опасных заболеваний в XXI веке. В конце 2019 г. зоонозный коронавирус снова пересек виды, попал в человеческую популяцию, вызвав беспрецедентную как по продолжительности, числу человеческих жертв, так и по негативному влиянию на мировую экономику пандемию COVID-19. Несмотря на высокий уровень развития современных технологий и вложение колоссальных денежных средств, пройдет еще немало времени, прежде чем будет найдено адекватное решение в борьбе с существующей коронавирусной инфекцией и разработаны эффективные профилактические меры по предупреждению подобных ситуаций. Хотя окончательного ответа на вопрос о причине вторжения зоонозных коронавирусов в человеческую популяцию и появления SARS-CoV-2 все еще нет, многое из известного за полгода интенсивных исследований требует систематизации и осмысления. Целью настоящей работы явилась систематизация существующих данных об этиологических агентах и эпидемиологии коронавирусных инфекций.High contamination, severe course, and mortality have made coronavirus infections one of the most dangerous diseases in the XXI century. At the end of 2019, the zoonotic coronavirus again crossed species and affected the human population, causing an unprecedented number of human victims in terms of duration as well in terms of negative impact on the world economy, the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the high level of development of modern technologies and the investment of huge funds, it will take a long time before an adequate solution is found to combat the existing coronavirus infection and effective preventive measures are developed to prevent such situations. Although there is still no definitive answer to the cause of the invasion of zoonotic coronaviruses with the human population and the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, much of what is known over six months of intensive research requires systematization and understanding. The purpose of this paper was to systematize existing on 07.07.2020 data concerning the etiological agents and epidemiology of coronavirus infections.