bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Citizenship and Professional Digital Competence — Swedish Subject Teacher Education in a Postdigital Era
Authors: Örtegren Alex 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTeacher education (TE) is not only about skills and knowledge but also about citizenship formation as student teachers are prepared for the democratic assignment of school. In a postdigital era, blurred boundaries between digital technologies and physical reality place new demands on citizenship, teacher education institutions (TEIs), and teacher educators (TEDs). This paper explores Swedish TEDs’ views of digital citizenship and the professional digital competence (PDC) required for teaching subject student teachers to teach for digital citizenship. Seven TEIs participated and 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with TEDs teaching a Core Education Subjects module on education and democracy mandatory for all student teachers. TEDs generally believe that the digitalization of society impacts the democratic assignment and addressing this requires specific PDC. Conceptualizations of digital citizenship tend to foreground source criticism as well as ethical, safe, and sound use of digital technologies, and to some degree also (im-)material means of democratic participation. While generally believing that TE should address questions relating to digital citizenship and that TEDs have an important role in this regard, digital technologies are discussed in the module coincidentally and TEDs are unsure to what degree student teachers receive such training. Challenges include lack of time and unclear Degree Objectives. To develop TEDs’ PDC to include questions relating to digital citizenship in their teaching, support is needed through policy and continuous professional development for TEDs, including reviews of course content and program structure. Future TE research needs to explore digital citizenship in the school subject social studies.
Towards predicting biochar impacts on plant-available soil nitrogen content
Authors: Phillips Claire L. , Meyer Kylie M. , Garcia-Jaramillo Manuel , Weidman Clara S. , Stewart Catherine E. , Wanzek Thomas , Grusak Michael A. , Watts Donald W. , Novak Jeff , Trippe Kristin M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBiochars can improve soil health but have been widely shown to reduce plant-available nitrogen (N) owing to their high carbon (C) content, which stimulates microbial N-immobilization. However, because biochars contain large amounts of C that are not microbially available, their total elemental C:N ratio does not correspond well with impacts on soil N. We hypothesized that impacts on soil plant-available N would relate to biochar mineralizable-C (Cmin) content, and that C:N ratios of the mineralizable biochar component could provide a means for predicting conditions of net soil N-mineralization or -immobilization. We conducted two laboratory experiments, the first measuring biochar Cmin from respiration of isotopically labeled barley biochars manufactured at 300, 500, and 750 °C, and the second characterizing Cmin by proxy measurements for ten biochars from six feedstocks at several temperatures. For both experiments, soils were incubated with 2% biochar by mass to determine impacts to soil N-mineralization. Contrary to expectation, all the biochars increased soil N-mineralization relative to unamended soils. Also unexpected, higher temperature (500 and 700 °C) barley biochars with less Cmin stimulated more soil decomposition and more soil N-mineralization than a 350 °C barley biochar. However, across diverse biochar feedstocks and production methods, none of the biochar characteristics correlated with soil N-mineralization. The finding of improved soil N-mineralization adds complexity to the range of soil N responses that can be expected in response to biochar amendment. Because of the limited ability to predict soil N responses from biochar properties, users should monitor soil N to manage soil fertility.
Understanding the Persistence of Occupational Sex Segregation in German Labour Markets: How Gender Attitudes Shape Young Women’s Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Chesters Jenny 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe persistence of occupational sex segregation is a global phenomenon that relegates women into lower paid, lower status jobs. Understanding why young women apparently choose such jobs is integral to reversing decades of economic inequality related to employment. The strength of the association between the education system and labour market as well as high levels of occupational sex segregation makes Germany an interesting case to study. Using data from the National Education Panel Study (NEPS) Starting Cohort 4 data, I examine whether the occupational aspirations of female secondary school students are related to family characteristics and/or attitudes to gender roles. The results indicate that girls with fathers employed in male-dominated occupations hold more conservative gender attitudes than their peers with fathers employed in gender-neutral occupations. Girls with more conservative gender attitudes are more likely to hold aspirations for jobs in female-dominated occupations. These findings suggest that despite growth in gender-neutral knowledge-based industries, the socialisation of young women, particularly with regard to attitudes to appropriate roles for women, continues to influence occupational aspirations.
Water on/in Mars and the Moon
Authors: Liu Lin-gun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe speculation of an ancient ocean, river and lake on Mars, the observation of geological features andthe findings of H2O on the Martian surface, and the detection of a “water lake” beneath 1.5 km in Mars are all consistent with the scenario of water envisaged earlier by Liu (Phys Earth Planet Inter 49: 142–167, 1987; Icarus 74: 98–107, 1988). Unless sealed in cavities, liquid water or naked ice should not survive on the Martian surface. These materials cannot possibly exist on the lunar surface either, regardless of the recent claims made by space missions to the Moon, because the lunar mass is even much smaller than Mars. Both the disappearance of the Martian ancient ocean and the scarceness of the findings in the space missions manifest that water and ice are not physically stable on the surface of Mars and the Moon. Otherwise, significant amounts of water and/or ice should have had been accumulated during the long history of these planets. Depending on the origin, the Moon may or may not contain ordinary hydrous minerals. Whether a volatile can stably exist on the surface of a planet, in either liquid or solid, depends on whether the volatile can exist as a component of the planet’s atmosphere.
A Rare Cause of Autoinflation after Penile Prosthesis Insertion: Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Wai Gin , Satchi Maria , Skrodzka Marta , Papavasileiou Georgios , Ralph David 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn 2016, we reported the first case of high flow priapism and arteriocavernosal fistula caused by penile prosthesis insertion that mimicked device autoinflation.AimTo raise awareness amongst implanters, we describe further cases from our institution and perform a systematic review of the literature to understand the rarity of this phenomenon.MethodsPatient demographics, management and outcomes were extracted retrospectively. A systematic search of the EMBASE, PubMed and PubMed Central libraries for studies reporting arteriocavernosal fistula mimicking autoinflation since 1946 was performed.OutcomesTo identify and report all known cases of high flow priapism and arteriocavernosal fistula presenting as autoinflation of an inflatable penile prosthesis.ResultsFour patients in total (median age 56, range 46-60 years) were identified. Catastrophic bleeding (1.8L) occurred during revision surgery for presumed autoinflation in Patient 1 and subsequent ultrasound (US) confirmed a fistula which was embolized. Patient 2 redeveloped autoinflation following revision surgery. Ultrasound confirmed high flow priapism from an arteriocavernosal fistula. Patient 3 underwent penile magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate autoinflation and residual penile curvature. MRI showed a tumescent penis despite a deflated device and the fistula was embolized successfully. Patient 4 with sleep-related painful erections did not improve following insertion of penile prosthesis. Doppler US identified 2 fistulae that was embolized but with no resolution of symptoms. Subsequent embolization of both common penile arteries were done to control his symptoms. No other publications apart from the published abstract from 2016 reporting patient 1 was found.Clinical ImplicationsIf considered prior to revision surgery, the fistula can be managed safely by minimally invasive percutaneous angioembolisation avoiding surgery which can potentially be associated with significant complications.Strengths and LimitationsThe rarity of this phenomenon was supported by a systematic review. Our study however does present the findings from a small number of patients.ConclusionDamage to the cavernosal artery during inflatable penile prosthesis insertion can create an arteriocavernosal fistula that mimics autoinflation, leading to catastrophic intra-operative bleeding or unnecessary surgery.
Do Conspiracies Tend to Fail? Philosophical Reflections on a Poorly Supported Academic Meme
Authors: Hagen Kurtis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCritics of conspiracy theories often charge that such theories are implausible because conspiracies of the kind they allege tend to fail. Thus, according to these critics, conspiracy theories that have been around for a while would have been, in all likelihood, already exposed if they had been real. So, they reason, they probably are not. In this article, I maintain that the arguments in support of this view are unconvincing. I do so by examining a list of four sources recently cited in support of the claim that conspiracies tend to fail. I pay special attention to two of these sources, an article by Brian Keeley, and, especially, an article by David Grimes, which is perhaps the single “best” article in support of the idea that conspiracies tend to fail. That is, it offers the most explicit and elaborate attempt to establish this view. Further, that article has garnered significant (uncritical) attention in the mainstream press. I argue that Grimes's argument does not succeed, that the common assertion that conspiracies tend to fail remains poorly supported, and that there are good reasons to think that at least some types of conspiracies do not tend to fail.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of otorhinolaryngological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 in paediatric patients
Authors: Yadav M , Singh A , Meena J , Sankar J M 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis meta-analysis provides a quantitative measure of the otorhinolaryngological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 in children.MethodsA structured literature review was carried out using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central, employing pertinent search terms. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 14.2 software, and the analysed data were expressed as the pooled prevalence of the symptoms with 95 per cent confidence intervals.ResultsThe commonest symptoms noted were cough (38 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 33–42; I2= 97.5 per cent)), sore throat (12 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval =10–14; I2= 93.7 per cent)), and nasal discharge (15 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 12–19; I2= 96.9 per cent)). Anosmia and taste disturbances showed a pooled prevalence of 8 per cent each. Hearing loss, vertigo and hoarseness were rarely reported.ConclusionCough, sore throat and nasal discharge were the commonest otorhinolaryngological symptoms in paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Compared with adults, anosmia and taste disturbances were infrequently reported in children.
Antisocial behavior is associated with reduced frontoparietal activity to loss in a population-based sample of adolescents
Authors: Murray Laura , Lopez-Duran Nestor L. , Mitchell Colter , Monk Christopher S. , Hyde Luke W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAdolescent antisocial behavior (AB) is a public health concern due to the high financial and social costs of AB on victims and perpetrators. Neural systems involved in reward and loss processing are thought to contribute to AB. However, investigations into these processes are limited: few have considered anticipatory and consummatory components of reward, response to loss, nor whether associations with AB may vary by level of callous-unemotional (CU) traits.MethodsA population-based community sample of 128 predominantly low-income youth (mean age = 15.9 years; 42% male) completed a monetary incentive delay task during fMRI. A multi-informant, multi-method latent variable approach was used to test associations between AB and neural response to reward and loss anticipation and outcome and whether CU traits moderated these associations.ResultsAB was not associated with neural response to reward but was associated with reduced frontoparietal activity during loss outcomes. This association was moderated by CU traits such that individuals with higher levels of AB and CU traits had the largest reductions in frontoparietal activity. Co-occurring AB and CU traits were also associated with increased precuneus response during loss anticipation.ConclusionsFindings indicate that AB is associated with reduced activity in brain regions involved in cognitive control, attention, and behavior modification during negative outcomes. Moreover, these reductions are most pronounced in youth with co-occurring CU traits. These findings have implications for understanding why adolescents involved in AB continue these behaviors despite severe negative consequences (e.g. incarceration).
Social participation, attitudes towards ageing and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults
Authors: Liu Huijun , Guo Lijuan , Feng Zhixin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractParticipation in social activities might increase older adults’ chances to interact with other people and has been found to be important in reducing the likelihood of depression. A picture of older adults’ attitudes towards ageing and their self-esteem constructed through the lens of how they interact with other people might cast light on the sources of older adults’ depression. This study explored the influences of social participation and attitudes towards ageing on depression of Chinese older adults. Using two waves data from the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey (CLASS) in 2014 and 2016 (6,908 participants in 2014 and 3,477 participants in both 2014 and 2016), we found that social participation in 2014 could prevent the risk of depression in both the 2014 and 2016 cohorts. In addition, both psychosocial loss and psychosocial growth in 2014 were negatively associated with depression in both 2014 and 2016. However, there was no evidence that social participation moderated the relationship between attitudes towards ageing and depression in either cohort. Social policies need to encourage older adults’ conversion from ‘passive participation’ to ‘active participation’. This could help older adults understand the process of ageing and their value to society, as well as have positive effects on older adults’ mental health.
The influence of discrete versus continuous movements on children’s musical sense-making
Authors: Fortuna Sandra , Nijs Luc 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn increasing amount of research emphasises the influence of body movement on the perception of music. This study contributes to the research by investigating whether varied qualities of body movement, when aligned to music may affect the way children attribute meaning to that music. To address this question, 34 children (aged 9–10) were divided into two groups, each of which engaged in distinct listening activities by aligning with discrete versus continuous movements on diverse pieces of music. As a pre- and post-test, children were first invited to move freely to a piece of music and subsequently to draw a visual representation of the piece. Finally, they were asked to verbally explain how the drawings were linked with the music. Findings, based on the children’s drawings and verbal explanations, offer interesting insights on the way different qualities of body movement can influence the categories of visual representations, arousal and voices of the music described. Moreover, the role of visual representation emerges as a way to gain insight into a child’s musical sense-making, principally when the product is analysed together with the process and the gestures employed to accomplish it. The findings of this study may offer relevant insights for music education. Firstly, in the way movement may influence music sense-making and secondly, how multimodal interaction (bodily, visual and verbal) may inform the process of musical understanding in children.
A Content Analysis of the Friday Sermons of the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs in Germany (DİTİB)
Authors: Carol Sarah , Hofheinz Lukas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs (DİTİB) runs more than 900 mosques in Germany and circulates Friday sermons in these mosques. Our analysis provides a nuanced depiction of the link to the homeland by conducting qualitative and quantitative content analyses of 481 sermons from 2011 to 2019. To what extent are relations with Turkey reflected in the sermons? And how is the concept of “home” reflected in those sermons? While homeland-related issues constitute a minority overall, the concept “home” occurs in five different contexts within these sermons: First, sermons directly refer to the homeland and norms connected to it. Second, implicit links are created by discussing events in Turkey. Third, leaving the homeland is described as an integral part of the history of Islam. The last two contexts discuss Germany as a “new home”, and build links to Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) through its foundation.
The Impact of Intermittency on Bed Load Sediment Transport
Authors: Benavides Santiago J. , Deal Eric , Rushlow Matthew , Venditti Jeremy G. , Zhang Qiong , Kamrin Ken , Perron J. Taylor 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSediment transport by wind or water near the threshold of grain motion is dominated by rare transport events. This intermittency makes it difficult to calibrate sediment transport laws, or to define an unambiguous threshold for grain entrainment, both of which are crucial for predicting sediment transport rates. We present a model that captures this intermittency and shows that the noisy statistics of sediment transport contain useful information about the sediment entrainment threshold and the variations in driving fluid stress. Using a combination of laboratory experiments and analytical results, we measure the threshold for grain entrainment in a novel way and introduce a new property, the “shear stress variability”, which predicts conditions under which transport will be intermittent. Our work suggests strategies for improving measurements and predictions of sediment flux and hints that the sediment transport law may change close to the threshold of motion.
It’s the Heat and the Humidity: The Complementary Roles of Temperature and Specific Humidity to Recent Changes in the Energy Content of the Near‐Surface Atmosphere
Authors: Stoy P. C. , Roh J. , Bromley G. T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlobal climate change is a change in the planetary energy (E) balance. It is usually expressed as a change in near‐surface air temperature (Ta), but changes in energy content due to Ta (ET) represent only part of the near‐surface energy balance, which also includes E changes due to specific humidity (ESH). We analyzed MERRA‐2 and ERA5 reanalysis data and 15 CMIP6 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) models from 1980 to 2014. Some 44%, 39%, and 50% of MERRA‐2 pixels showed significant increases in ET, ESH, and E, respectively. The average increase in ET (ESH) was 16.9 (13.6) J kg−1 year−1, but AMIP models estimated larger average ET (21.6 J kg−1 year−1) and ESH (16.7 J kg−1 year−1). Global Ta would have increased at nearly double the observed rate if energy was not partitioned into latent heat. Results demonstrate the critical role that specific humidity plays in recent climate changes.
Seismic Mapping of Subglacial Hydrology Reveals Previously Undetected Pressurization Event
Authors: Labedz Celeste R. , Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Amundson Jason M. , Gimbert Florent , Karplus Marianne S. , Tsai Victor C. , Veitch Stephen A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamic response of glaciers to climate change is vital for assessing water resources and hazards, and subglacial hydrology is a key player in glacier systems. Traditional observations of subglacial hydrology are spatially and temporally limited, but recent seismic deployments on and around glaciers show the potential for comprehensive observation of glacial hydrologic systems. We present results from a high‐density seismic deployment spanning the surface of Lemon Creek Glacier, Alaska. Our study coincided with a marginal lake drainage event, which served as a natural experiment for seismic detection of changes in subglacial hydrology. We observed glaciohydraulic tremor across the surface of the glacier that was generated by the subglacial hydrologic system. During the lake drainage, the relative changes in seismic tremor power and water flux are consistent with pressurization of the subglacial system of only the upper part of the glacier. This event was not accompanied by a significant increase in glacier velocity; either some threshold necessary for rapid basal motion was not attained, or, plausibly, the geometry of Lemon Creek Glacier inhibited speedup. This pressurization event would have likely gone undetected without seismic observations, demonstrating the power of cryoseismology in testing assumptions about and mapping the spatial extent of subglacial pressurization.
Integrating Recurrent Neural Networks With Data Assimilation for Scalable Data‐Driven State Estimation
Authors: Penny S. G. , Smith T. A. , Chen T.‐C. , Platt J. A. , Lin H.‐Y. , Goodliff M. , Abarbanel H. D. I. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractData assimilation (DA) is integrated with machine learning in order to perform entirely data‐driven online state estimation. To achieve this, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are implemented as pretrained surrogate models to replace key components of the DA cycle in numerical weather prediction (NWP), including the conventional numerical forecast model, the forecast error covariance matrix, and the tangent linear and adjoint models. It is shown how these RNNs can be initialized using DA methods to directly update the hidden/reservoir state with observations of the target system. The results indicate that these techniques can be applied to estimate the state of a system for the repeated initialization of short‐term forecasts, even in the absence of a traditional numerical forecast model. Further, it is demonstrated how these integrated RNN‐DA methods can scale to higher dimensions by applying domain localization and parallelization, providing a path for practical applications in NWP.