bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The new Dutch Civil Code in a comparative perspective – a French view-point
Authors: Tallon Denis 
Published: April 2022

Résumé. Le nouveau Code civil néerlandais dans une perspective comparative: le point de we français. La réforme du droit civil a ‘emprunté’ en France et aux Pays-Bas des chemins différents. Certes, le point de départ est le même: une refont globale. Mais alors que Meijers et ses successeurs, avec tenacité, ont poursuivi et (presque) achevé leur travail aprés 45 années d’effort, en France, il a été décidé en 1958 de conserver la structure d’ensemble du Code de 1804 et d’en rénover les parties qui avaient le plus vieilli – une tâche qui se continue encore de nos jours.
Si I’on compare les deux codes, tels qu’ils se présentent actuellement, on constate tout d’abord une évidente différence de style (au sens large). Le NBW a délibéremment abandonné le style de Portalis (s’en tenir aux principes généraux) pour une rédaction plus minutieuse, plus détaillée, sur le modèle du BGB. En ce qui conceme le fond, il n’y a plus de modèle prédominant (comme pouvait l’être, en 1838, le Code civil français, le principal code moderne de 1’époque) mais il cherche son inspiration dans tous les systèmes juridiques des pays de civilisation équivalente – y compris le droit franpis (droit érit et jurisprudence). On y relève aussi le large recours aux notions-cadres (déjà présents dam le Code civil français, et développés par la jurisprudence récente).
La réussite du NBW tiendra essentiellement à son adaptation jurisprudentielle, grâce précisément à l’utilisation des notion-cadres et aussi – comme le montre l’exemple français – à sa capacité d’absorber les réformes législatives ultérieures.
Die Berufshaftung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Hübner U. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. This paper gives details of the most important problem areas in the field of professional liability in the Federal Rupublic of Germany and sets out also the influence which the EC directive on the liability of suppliers of services is expected to have.
It distinguishes first between the professional liability of self-employed persons and employees. In the case of employees, they will be liable if they cause damage under tort or contract, but where the work is classed as ‘dangerous’ their responsability may be restricted, thus in many cases avoiding an inequitable imposition of liability upon the employee in respect of loss which he or she has caused.
In the case of the liberal professions, in contrast, the standard of care may be so high that this group of professionals cannot in practice come up to the requisite standards. Against this background, it is proposed in the paper that it would be appropriate to introduce certain limitations (e.g. with regard to the specific job-related knowledge of individual areas of law and with regard to supreme court case law in the case of the legal profession).
On to these problem issues within national law is grafted an assessment of the draft EC Directive on the liability of suppliers of services. This assessment and the consequences which will result from the implementation of the Directive represent the conclusion of this paper, which ends with a brief plea for ‘less liability’ in spite of the opportunities for insurance against liability risks.
Product liability law in the Netherlands
Authors: Dommering-van Rongen Loes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. This article summarizes product liability law in the Netherlands before and after the implementation of the European Directive on product liability. The Hoge Raad developed Dutch product liability law within the tort liability system. Some of those decisions will keep their importance. In the hot-water bottle case the Hoge Raad decided that proof of effective control does not relieve the manufacturer from liability, and that a manufacturer has to take into account that a certain part of the users will neglect to take appropriate precautions. The decision in the Halcion (a sleeping drug) case is of interest on three points, the influence of registration on liability, the notion of defect, and the duty to warn. Registration of a drug does not relieve the producer from liability. The Hoge Raad anticipated on the notion of defect in the Directive although the Directive did not apply directly. The producer has a duty to warn against side effects of drugs if the use does not have to expect those side effects. The product liability Directive was implemented with the Netherlands Product Liability Act of November 1, 1990. None of the options in the Directive were used. There is no published case law yet.
Résumé. Cet article donne un aperçu du droit de la responsabilité du fait des produits avant et après la mise en ceuvre de la Directive communautaire intervenue en la matière. Le Hoge Raad a en effet développé des règles relatives à la responsabilité du fait des produits au sein du système général du droit de la responsabilité, et ses décisions conserveront tout leur intérêt. Dans I’affaire dite de ‘la bouteille d’eau chaude’, le Hoge Raad a ainsi jugé que la preuve d’un contrôle effectif du produit n’exonérait pas le fabricant de sa responsabilité, et que ce demier devait prendre en compte le fait qu’une certaine fraction des utilisateurs du produit négligeraient de prendre des précautions appropriées. Quant à la décision rendue dans l’affaire dite du Halcion (un somnifère), elle a eu un triple intérêt: sur l’influence de l’enregistrement sur la responsabilité, sur la notion de défaut, et sur l’obligation d’information. L’enregistrement d’un drogue n’exonère d’abord pas le fabricant de sa responsabilité. Le Hoge Raad a en outre envisagé la notion de défaut au sens de la Directive, bien que celle-ci ne s’appliquait pas directement. Il a enfin précisé le devoir d’information qui pèse sur le fabricant concernant les effets secondaires des produits auxquels les utilisateurs peuvent ne pas s’attendre.
La loi néerlandaise du ler novembre 1990 a mis en oeuvre la Directive communautaire sur la responsabilité du fait des produits. Le texte ne fait usage d’aucune des options qu’elle autorise. Et aucune décision publiée n’est encore intervenue en la matière.
International arbitration – A comparative essay
Authors: Storme Marcel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. An analysis of international arbitration indicates that, prima facie, certain crucial differences between the continental approach and common law practice exist. The main differences relate to the general hearing (written/verbal), the position of the parties in relation to the arbitrator, the proof-taking procedure, the duty to give reasons for the decision, and the division of competences between the judiciary and the arbitrator. On the other hand it must be pointed out that the main trends in international arbitration lead to a blurring of these differences. In particular mention may be made of the lex mercatoria, reduction in judicial control, and the evolution towards transnational arbitration.
Résumé. Quand on étudie l’arbitrage international, on s’aperçoit au premier abord qu’il existe des différences essentielles entre l’approche continentale et la pratique de common law. Ces différences se manifestent spécialement en ce qui concerne les règles générales relatives aux auditions (écrites/orales), la situation des parties à 1’égard de l’arbitre, le droit de la preuve, la force obligatoire de la décision et la division des compétences entre le judiciaire et l’arbitre. D’un autre côté, on doit constater que les tendances fondamentales en matière d’arbitrage international contribuent à l’effacement de ces différences. On peut spécialement se référer à la lex mercatoria, aux restrictions misus au contrôle judiciaire et à l’évalution vers un arbitrage transnational.
Zusammenfassung. Analysiert man das internationale Schiedsgerichtsverfahren, bemerkt man auf den ersten Blick wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen der Methode des continentalen Rechtskreises und der Praxis im Bereich des common law. Diese Unterschiede treten besonders in Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anhörung (schriftlich/mündlich), die Stellung der Parteien im Verhältnis zum Schiedrichter, das Beweisverfahren, die Pflicht, die Entscheidung zu begründen, und in Bezug auf die Aufteilung der Kompetenzen zwischen der Gerichtsbikeit und dem Schiedrichter auf. Auf der anderen Seite muß man feststellen, daß grundlegende Tendenzen in internationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren dazu beitragen, die Unterschiede zu verwischen. Diesbezüglich kann man inbesondere auf die lex mercatoria, die Einschränkung gerichtlicher Kontrolle und die Entwicklung zu transnationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren hinweisen.
Recent case law/Arrêts récents/Aktuelle Gerichtsentscheidungen
Authors: van Schaick Bert , Ruda Albert , Østergaard Kim , Sagaert Vincent , Dacoronia Eugenia , Caterina Raffaele , Fauvarque-Cosson Bénédicte , Tvarnø Christina , Tamasauskas Andreas , Cairns Walter , Pironon Valérie , Hünert Matthias , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Mota Pinto Paulo , Ribot Igualada Jordi , Hahn Anne-Catherine , MacQueen Hector L , Stefula Martin 
Published: April 2022

Reporters Austria: Martin Stefula Belgium: Vincent Sagaert Denmark: Kim Østergaard, Christina Tvarnø, Andreas Tamasauskas England: Walter Cairns France: Bénédicte Fauvarque-Cosson, Valérie Pironon Germany: Matthias Hünert Greece: Eugenia Dacoronia Ireland: Máire Ní Shuilleabháin Italy: Raffaele Caterina Netherlands: Bert van Schaick Portugal: Paulo Mota Pinto Scotland: Hector MacQueen Spain: Miquel Martín-Casals, Jordi Ribot Igualada, Albert Ruda González Switzerland: Anne-Catherine Hahn
Recent case law/Arrêts récents/Aktuelle Gerichtsentscheidungen
Authors: van Schaick Bert , Ruda Albert , Østergaard Kim , Sagaert Vincent , Dacoronia Eugenia , Caterina Raffaele , Petz Thomas , Tvarnø Christina , Tamasauskas Andreas , Cairns Walter , Pironon Valérie , Hünert Matthias , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Mota Pinto Paulo , MacGregor Laura , Ribot Igualada Jordi , Hahn Anne-Catherine 
Published: April 2022

Transfer of property While according to Article 545 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure credits arising from job relations can be seized by creditors only up to one fifth of their value, the Italian Corte di Cassazione (sez. III), 16 June 2003, n. 9630 decided that the rule is aimed at protecting the employee. This protection does not apply in favour of the assignee when the credits are assigned to a third party. Under Article 3:94 of the Dutch CC, rights that are to be exercised against one or more specifically identified persons are issued by means of a deed intended for that purpose, and notice thereof is given to such persons by the party disposing of, or acquiring, these rights. The Dutch Hoge Raad 16 May 2003, (RvdW 2003, 95) confirmed that, in order to transfer or pledge these rights lawfully, it is necessary and sufficient for the deed to contain such information as makes it possible to determine the rights concerned – if necessary afterwards. In order to determine the exact content of the deed, the judge should also take into account the meaning which the parties, in the relevant circumstances, may reasonably have attributed to each other’s statements and behaviour, as well as any expectations that they could reasonably have in this respect.
Cour de Cassation française, 2e chambre civile, 4 juillet 2002 – On the Assumption of Risk.
Authors: Dias Pereira André Gonçalo , Salas Murillo Sofía del Pilar de 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The young girl Vanessa, aged ten, was taking part in a football training session within the framework of a team organized by the association of the young firemen of Charost, in which she occupied the position of goalkeeper, when she was injured by a ball shot at her by Mr. Y, the assistant trainer who had been charged with the supervision. Vanessa’s parents, as the legal guardians of their minor aged daughter, held Mr. Y, the association of the young firemen of Charost and the insurance company Allianz responsible and sued for compensation for the undergone damages. On first instance and on appeal, the courts held that the parents could not claim for damages on the basis of Article 1384, paragraph 1, of the French Civil Code, the core text for establishing a strict liability regime (responsabilité objective or responsabilité du fait des choses). The justification for this was that in participating, the young girl had accepted the risks linked to the activity and had therefore given up her right to claim reparations in case of any prejudice which she could suffer in the course of that activity.
In its decision of cassation for violation of the law, however, the second Chambre Civile of the Cour de Cassation rejected the ‘assumption of risk’ theory. More precisely, it held that the fact that the child was participating in a pedagogical activity under the authority and supervision of a trainer excluded the assumption of risk. As a result of this decision, the theory of the assumption of risk now has a more restricted scope in sports (it thus seems to be limited to competition games). The next question is whether it should be completely abandoned or not, especially considering the fact that in sports competitions, the associations or clubs must have insurance.
Cour de Cassation française, 2e chambre civile, 24 janvier 2002 - Compensation for Lost Undeclared Income
Authors: Papadopoulou-Klamaris Dimitra , Fayot Franz , Salas Murillo Sofía del Pilar de , Erniquin Thierry , Raneri Gian-Franco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: In this case of 24 January 2002 (No. 99-16.576, Bull. civ. II, No. 5, RTD civ. 2002.309, obs. P. Jourdain), the Second Civil Chamber of the French Supreme Court ruled on the question of the victim?s situation in an unlawful context. In the case in question, a cleaner who was a victim of a traffic accident submitted a claim for compensation to the insurers of the liable driver for damage resulting not only from the loss of the salary as evidenced by the pay-slips, but also from the loss of undeclared income related to black market work. The Court of Appeal of Montpellier approved the claim for full compensation. But the French Supreme Court overturned the decision, based on the fact ?that a victim can be awarded compensation for the loss of her income only if the latter is lawful?. On the basis of Article 1382 of the French Civil Code, this refusal of compensation makes a fundamental condition for the right to compensation of the lawfulness of the victim?s situation.
This case will be discussed from the point of view of Luxembourgian, Spanish, Belgium and Greek law.
BGH, 17.7.2003 - Set-off against a claim that had been awarded by an enforceable decision before the proceedings of the principal claim commenced
Authors: De Vries Gerard , Basozábal Xabier , Billiau Marc , Orfanidis G. , De Theije Mineke 
Published: April 2022

This decision by the Bundesgerichtshof (German Supreme Court) was based on the following facts. The claimant sought to obtain from the first defendant the sum of ?3,916.32, being the remainder of a tax consultation fee. She initiated the action by a writ of summons dated 29 December 2000. During the court proceedings, the first defendant submitted that a claim for ?1,632.72, which had been awarded to him by an enforceable decision of the Amtsgericht (District Court) of Landshut dated March 2001, should be set off against the principal sum claimed. Thereupon the claimant unilaterally declared that the dispute had been settled for that amount, and claimed the remainder of the principal sum claimed.
The declaration of settlement submitted by the claimant was dismissed by the District Court, on the grounds that the action had already been brought before court proceedings in the principal claim had commenced. Because of Article 389 of the German Civil Code, it was necessary to conclude that the action should be dismissed in the light of the time at which eligibility for set-off arose. The Court of Appeal, on the other hand, decided that the dispute should be regarded as settled to the amount of ?1,632.74. It was not the elibility for set-off, but the set-off declaration made during the court proceedings which constituted the decisive development which caused the action, which initially was admissible and well-founded, to become unfounded. The Supreme Court application brought against this decision by the first defendant was unsuccessful. The Supreme Court was of the view that, even though the set-off mechanism had retrospective effect under the substantive law (Article 389 Civil Code), it was the set-off declaration which constituted the ?decisive development? for an action which up to that point had been admissible and well-founded. It is only as from the moment when the set-off declaration is made that the substantive law effect of set-off, i.e. the extinction of the claim in the main action, is achieved. This effect is not yet achieved when the claim becomes eligible for set-off.
The annotations below examine this decision from the perspective of Belgian, French, Greek, Dutch and Spanish law.
La Publicite Abusive Sur Internet: Quelques Reflexions sur le Phenomene du «Spam» dans la Perspective des Institutions Europeennes et de la Legislation Espagnole
Authors: Salas Murillo Sofía del Pilar de 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:The European framework of principles applicable to the freedom of commercial expression is concretized, at the Spanish level, by standards applicable to the various advertising practices on the internet and in particular with that consisting in sending ‘spam’. The Spanish regulation constitutes a significant example. Deviating from the system adopted in the United States, it prohibits purely and simply the sending of unsolicited commercial communications by electronic mail or other equivalent means of electronic communication. However, within the framework of an already existing contractual relation, a company which obtains a customer’s data can use it for marketing products or services similar to those which were the subject of the contract (this is referred to as ‘soft consent’).
Zusammenfassung:Der europäische Grundsatzrahmen im Hinblick auf die Gewerbefreiheit wird im spanischen Recht durch Standards konkretisiert, die auf verschiedene Werbemöglichkeiten im internet und insbesondere auf die Versendung von ‘spam’ anwendbar sind. Die spanische Regelung stellt ein bedeutsames Beispiel dar. Im Gegensatz zu dem in den Vereinigten Staaten anwendbaren System verbietet es die gewöhnliche Versendung unaufgeforderter kommerzieller Kommunikation mittels elektronischer Post oder anderer vergleichbarer Arten elektronischer Kommunikation. Im Rahmen eines bereits bestehenden Vertragsverhältnisses kann allerdings ein Unternehmen, das Daten von seinen Kunden erhalten hat, diese Daten zu dem Zweck verwenden, um Produkte oder Dienstleistungen zu vermarkten. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass diese Produkte oder Dienstleistungen denjenigen entsprechen, die Gegenstand des Vertragsverhältnisses sind (dieses wird als ‘einfache Zustimmung’ verstanden).
Freedom of Contract: Mandatory and Non-Mandatory Rules in European Contract Law
Authors: Storme Matthias E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is a reflection of the position and function of common European rules in respect of limitations to freedom of contract, and more specifically on the role of mandatory and non-mandatory rules in general. After dealing with this more generally in the first part, the article addresses in its second part the different techniques restricting freedom of contract that we find in the PECL, the acquis communautaire, or the draft ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR). It is especially critical of anti-discrimination laws.
Résumé:Cet article se propose de réfléchir sur la position et la fonction des règles européennes communes se rapportant à la liberté contractuelle et plus spécifiquement au rôle des règles obligatoires et non obligatoires en général. Après avoir abordé cette question de manière générale dans la première partie, la seconde partie de cet article traite des diverses techniques limitant la liberté contractuelles présentent dans les PECL, l’acquis communautaire ou encore le projet d’un cadre commun de références. L’article est notamment très critique à l’égard de toute législation anti-discrimination.
Zusammenfassung:Der Zweck dieses Beitrags ist die Darstellung der Einordnung sowie der Funktion der gemeinschaftlichen europäischen Regelungen im Hinblick auf die Begrenzung der Privatautonomie und insbesondere auf die allgemeine Funktion der zwingenden und nicht zwingenden Vorschriften. Nachdem im ersten Abschnitt dieses Thema allgemein behandelt wird, widmet sich der zweite Teil den verschiedenen Methoden der Begrenzung von Privatautonomie, die man in den PECL, in der acquis communautaire oder auch in dem Entwurf ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR) wieder finden kann. Der Beitrag ist insbesondere kritisch gegenüber Antidiskriminierungsgesetze.
EC Competition Policy: Emasculating the Common Law Doctrine of the Restraint of Trade?
Authors: Lucey Mary Catherine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Judicial analysis of the interface between EC competition law and the common law is rare. For this reason, the English High Court’s judgment in Days Medical Aids Limited v. Pihsiang Machinery Manufacturing Co. Limited and Ors is of note. This judgment is of enduring interest because its interpretation of EU law emasculates the common law restraint of trade doctrine (‘doctrine’) in respect of some commercial contracts. This article argues that the scope accorded by the High Court to EU law is not necessarily supported by the cited authorities and, further, that it places the doctrine in a precarious position.
Résumé: L’analyse par la jurisprudence des points de contact entre le droit communautaire de la concurrence et les principes de common law est relativement rare. Or, l’arrêt de la High Court d’Angleterre dans Days Medical Aids Limited v. Pihsiang Machinery Manufacturing Co. Limited and Ors semble particulièrement pertinente è cet égard. En effet, dans cette décision, le juge anglais se livre à une interprétation discutable du droit communautaire selon laquelle celui-ci contribuerait à affaiblir la notion de ‘restraint of trade’ au sens de la common law dans le contexte de certains contrats. L’objet de cet article est de remettre en cause l’analyse livrée par la High Court et de montrer en quoi son interprétation est contestable, notamment dans le sens où elle contribue à fragiliser une notion ancienne et bien établie de common law.
Zusammenfassung: Richterliche Analysen vom Zusammenwirken des Wettbewerbsrechts der EG mit dem Common Law sind selten. Aus diesem Grund ist das Urteil des Englischen High Courts im Fall Days Medical Aids Limited gegen Pihsiang Machinerz Manufacturing Co. Limited and Ors von andauernder Bedeutung, weil seine Interpretation des EU Rechts den Common Law Grundsatz ‘Restraint of Trade’ in Bezug auf einige Unternehmensverträge abschwächt. Dieser Artikel stützt die Behauptung, dass der vom High Court zugebilligte Anwendungsbereich des EU Rechts nicht notwendigerweise von den angeführten Urteilen umgesetzt wird und sich daraus für den bestehenden Common Law Grundsatz Unsicherheiten ergeben.