bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics with Continuum Energy Fields of Particles:Unified Equations of Motion from Planetary Motion to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Misra Prasanta K. , Mansinha Lalu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The premise is that two energy fields influence all motion in classical physics. The first is the omnipresent Cosmic Background, the existence of which has been suspected for over a century, but with significant disagreement on the intensity. The second is the Mass Energy Field (ME) hypothesis on the existence of a localised energy field around every particle with mass and/or momentum. The spatial integral of the ME field for every massed particle is given by Einstein’s Mass Energy Equivalence Principle. The ME model leads to startling simplifications of several problems of significance of the past century that were considered almost intractable and required genius innovations: Einstein’s General Relativity (in the Solar System), 1916; Dirac Wave Function, 1928; and the Lamb Shift, 1947. The ME solutions, based on classical physics and conforming to Special Relativity, are simple, compact and do not require spacetime curvature, vacuum fluctuations, or renormalisation. For micro particles the ME model indicates a possible analytic expression for the Casimir Force, Lamb Shift, and the Strong Nuclear Force. The ME field around a massed particle, and the similar momentum energy field around a photon provide a plausible explanation for the century old vexing conundrum of wave-particle duality and points to a possible communication mechanism between quantum entangled particles. The Muon g-factor, computed with the ME expression, very different from existing QED theory, agrees with the measured value to 12 parts per billion. The ME theory shows exact agreement with General Relativity effects within the Solar System.
Angular Resolution improvement by conformal array with the 2-D Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm for RADAR
Authors: Jagtap Sheetal . G. , Kunte Ashwini 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One of the most demanding requirement of RADAR system is estimation of Direction of arrival (DoA) estimation when two or more objects are very close to each other. It is quite difficult for any ranging and detection system to distinguish between them. Multiple antenna receiver technologies such as array antenna technology have advanced to the point, where they can achieve high angular resolution. Multiple antenna arrays are Planar array and Conformal array.Radiating elements are equally spread over surfaces in planar(URA) and conformal antennas apertures are of curved surface. Main problem with planar arrays is scan angles, are about +/-60 • from broadside.In conformal array, scan angle is about 360 • .This extended scan is very much useful for missiles and high speed air crafts radar, compare to planar array. So this paper checks how conformal array is better for high speed air craft’s radar system for achieving improved angular resolution. To achieve higher resolution in DoA estimation, subspace-based algorithms Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) is used with conformal array. This work focuses on comparing Conformal arrays and Uniform Rectangular arrays for DoA estimation. This paper examines the effect of using the MUSIC algorithm along with two different kinds of receivers to check for noise level and improved DoA resolution. Conformal array receivers shows two closely spaced objects are resolvable with 25 perecent improvement in azimuth angle and 68 perecent in elevation angle over the Uniform Rectangular Array(URA).As the number of array elements increased in conformal array,more accuracy in DOA estimation with reduced grating lobes achieved.The performance of these systems is assessed using computer simulation studies using Matlab. The findings shows conformal multi-array receiver outperforms URA receiver.
SARS-CoV-2 variants and the risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 in children in Germany
Authors: Anna-Lisa Sorg , Schönfeld Viktoria , Siedler Anette , Hufnagel Markus , Doenhardt Maren , Diffloth Natalie , Berner Reinhard , von Kries Rüdiger , Armann Jakob 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in children depending on periods with different dominant variants of concern (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2.Methods: The risk of developing PIMS-TS in three phases of the pandemic with different VOC (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) was calculated using data of rtPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections extracted from the German statutory notification system and reports of cases with PIMS-TS captured by a national, prospective registry. Overall and age group-specific rate ratios of PIMS-TS rates in the different observation periods, using the Alpha period as the baseline, were calculated.Results: The rate of PIMS-TS changed significantly over time. During April-August 2021, with dominant VOC Alpha_B.1.1.7, the PIMS-TS rate was 6.19 (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 5.17, 7.20), decreased to 1.68 (95% CI 1.49, 1.87) in August 2021 to January 2022 with Delta_AY and to 0.89 (95% CI 0.79, 1.00) in January-April 2022 with Omicron_BA as dominant VOC. This corresponds to a decrease in PIMS-TS rate of 73% (rate ratio 0.271, 95% CI 0.222; 0.332) and 86% (rate ratio 0.048, 95% CI 0.037; 0.062), respectively, compared to the Alpha period. Rate ratios were almost identical for all age groups.Conclusion: The data strongly suggest a relation of the risk for PIMS-TS to the prevailing VOC with the highest risk related to Alpha_B.1.1.7 and the lowest with Omicron_BA. Uniformity of the decrease across age groups does not suggest a major role for vaccination on the risk of PIMS-TS in infected children.
Efficient CNN for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Understanding
Authors: Sinaga Kenno B.M. , Yudistira Novanto , Santoso Edy 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Remote Sensing is one of the relatively complex problems in Machine Learning because of spatial patterns and intricate geometric structures of the data that make semantic understanding meaning essential in the remote sensing community. CNN is one of the Machine Learning methods often used in Remote Sensing problems. However, high-resolution aerial view classification often leverages large-scale data with a huge number of parameters of the CNN model. That large number of parameters makes it hard to be applied to remote imaging peripherals because it requires high capacity of storage and memory. We propose a training framework to solve that problem that produces a model with minimum parameters without sacrificing accuracy. In this study, the three CNN architectures are used to be compared: ResNet, Inception, and EfficientNet. Furthermore, the most efficient CNN backbone then leverages Freezing layers, adding Weighted Loss and Sparse Regularization during training and then Pruning after training. Using this method on the AID Dataset, the best results are achieved by EfficientNet-B0 with Freeze 2 Layer, INS Weighted Loss, Sparse regularization with lambda = 0.001, and Global Unstructured Conv2D Pruning with an accuracy of 95.86% on test data with total parameters of 2,463,501. This study proves that Weighted Loss and Sparse Regularization can help the model to improve accuracy while Pruning enhances efficiency by cutting the model parameters into a few.
Experiences of a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bedoya-Sommerkamp Marcelo , Málaga-Espinoza Bárbara , Gurfinchel-Zevallos Deborah , Ye-Tay Joselyn , Vallejo-Vigo Rose , Mas Guiliana , Huerta-Mercado Jorge 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objective: To describe the process and development of a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (V-OSCE), and the perception of this virtual evaluation through a survey aimed at fifth-year students from a Peruvian medical school.Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study. The V-OSCE was held between August and September 2020 using the Zoom® platform (Zoom Video Communications, Inc., San José, California, USA). The students completed five stations, which included clinical scenarios of endocrine, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, and hematologic pathologies. Standardized simulated patients were used. An anonymous Likert scale survey was conducted among students with Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, USA), and the data were analyzed with STATA® 16 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA). Results: Of the 145 students who participated in the V-OSCE, 85% perceived that the evaluation met their expectations as a learning tool, 81.7% stated that it allowed them to put the acquired knowledge into practice, and 89.2% rated the quality of the organization and development of the V-OSCE as "excellent" or "good". However, 13.3% perceived that the greatest limitation was not being able to perform the physical examination in person.Conclusions: The V-OSCE constitutes a good evaluation tool for medical students. Although it does not replace face-to-face evaluation, it is a very useful instrument for evaluating scenarios that emphasize on anamnesis. It is a safe and efficient evaluation alternative in the context of the pandemic.
Neural network models for predicting urban albedo of urban surfaces with different reflection directional properties
Authors: Yuan Jihui , Masuko Shingo , Shimazaki Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The urban albedo is regarded as an important indicator for mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The goal of this paper is to create neural network models that forecast the urban albedo of various reflection directional characteristic urban surfaces by simply inputting the sun’s position (altitude and azimuth) and solar radiation. In this study, two urban models with diffuse highly reflective (DHR) and retro-reflective (RR) urban coatings are created, and their urban albedo for two sunny days is calculated using standard (ASTM E1918A). Using the measured urban albedo for one sunny day, two predictive neural network models, Gaussian process (NNGP) and hyperbolic tangent function (NNTanH) are developed (August 1, 2021). The two developed neural network models are used to forecast the urban albedo for another sunny day (July 19, 2021). In the case of DHR urban coatings, the NNTanH model is more accurate with higher R-squared (R2) and lower root mean squared error (RMSE) than the NNGP model, and there is no significant difference between the two neural network models. However, it is demonstrated that the NNGP model is more accurate than the NNTanH model in predicting urban albedo in the case of RR urban coatings, with higher R2 and lower RMSE.
Docking-designed Green Synthesis and In-Vitro Anticancer Studies of New Binuclear Se- N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts and their Azolium Salts
Authors: Atif Muhammad , Ahmad Mubashir , Mehmood Zahid , Saeed Iftikhar Ahmad 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Two binuclear selenium adducts (5 and 6) were designed using molecular docking approach while finding their promising interaction to four angiogenic factor-proteins including COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1), VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) and EGF (human epidermal growth factor). They were consequently synthesized using In-situ coordination approach. The green synthetic approach was employed for coordination as it was carried out in water instead of organic solvents. The synthesized adducts as well as their respective bis-benzimidazolium salts (2 and 4) were confirmed by 1H and 13C-NMR along with FT-IR spectroscopy. The both were, then, subjected to In-vitro anticancer activities against breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), cervical cancer cell line (Hela), mouse melanoma cell line (B16F10) and retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5) using MTT assay while comparing their activities with a commercially established standard-drug 5-Fluorouracil. However, the exceptional activities of both adducts and bis-benzimidazolium salts were explored.
Maturity Index for the Color Grade of Canned Dark Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Spayd S. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Highly significant correlations were obtained for reflectance color (Agtron) with anthocyanin content in both fresh and canned dark sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) and also for both reflectance color and anthocyanin content with subjective USDA color. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and a soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio were not good indicators of color development in sweet cherries. Reflectance color could be used to predict USDA color from fresh or canned dark sweet cherries.
The Effect of IAA, IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D on Root Promotion and Ethylene Evolution in Vigna radiata Cuttings1
Authors: Geneve Robert L. , Heuser Charles W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Ethylene liberated from control and auxin-treated cuttings of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz cv. Berken was monitored for 14 hours. For root initiation, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) were the most effective with indoleacetic acid (IAA) intermediate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) the least effective. No correlation was observed between the quantity of auxin-induced ethylene evolved and the number of roots formed. Decreasing the NAA solution pH from 7.0 to 3.0 reduced the evolution of ethylene but did not alter the rooting response of the cuttings. It was concluded that stimulation of adventitious root initiation by auxin is not mediated by ethylene.
Germination and Seedling Growth Characteristics of Three Tomato Species Affected by Water Deficits1
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Motes J. E. , Kirkham M. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Two species of tomato, Lycopersicon chilense Dun. and Solanum pennellii Corr., which have drought-resistant characteristics, were compared to the commercial tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Campbell 1327, to evaluate the effects of water deficits on germination and early seedling growth at 25, 30, and 35°C. Five levels or water stress (0, −2, −4, −6, and −8 bars) were maintained by solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Germination of dry seed was inhibited more by water stress than by growth of the germinated seedlings of each species. Germinated seed of all species were able to continue growth at 35° plus water stress at all levels, while germination under the same conditions was totally suppressed. The water-sensitive phase of germination occurred just prior to radicle emergence. Emergence was not affected by sowing germinated seed in a drying soil; but sowing dry seed under the same conditions resulted in a decrease in emergence. Germination and seedling growth of L. chilense and S. pennellii were more sensitive to water stress than L. esculentum at 25°. At 30 and 35°, L chilense, S. pennellii and L. esculentum had similar rates of germination and similar amounts of early seedling growth.
The Influence of Light on Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). II. Influence of Photoperiod and Light Stress on Flower Number, Height, and Growth Rate1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins Harold F. , Healy W. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Placing lily plants in complete darkness, with or without 12 hr per day of low intensity incandescent (Inc) lighting for 5 days at 5 day intervals during the first 40 days of growth after emergence (E) had no influence on final flower bud number. Low intensity Inc lighting given as a 4 hr night interruption under natural daylight (ND) conditions for 10 days at various intervals during the first 40 days after E had no horticulturally significant influence on flower bud number. Final lily plant heights were controlled by photoperiod. Heights were reduced when plants were forced under 8 hr photoperiods (SD) when compared to ND forced plants. Heights of ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ plants were reduced by 29% and 45% when forced under SD from E to flower (F), by 19% and 42% when forced from 30 days after E to F, and by 20% and 20% when forced from visible bud to F. Repetitive light/dark cycles of 4, 6 or 12 hr had no effect on lily flower bud development rate from the time buds were 6–12 cm in length to anthesis.
The Influence of Age, Position, and Environmental Variables on Net Photosynthetic Rate of Sour Cherry Leaves1
Authors: Sams C. E. , Flore J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) was greater for leaves between nodes 9 and 13 than for either older, mature leaves or newly expanding leaves on the same shoot. For individual leaves, Pn reached maximum when the leaf was greater than 80% expanded, remained constant for 2 to 4 weeks, then gradually declined. Hyperbolic and parabolic response curves were observed in response to light and temperature, respectively. Maximum Pn occurred at light intensities between 800–1200 μEm−2s−1. Optimum temperature ranged with light level and vapor pressure deficit (YPD), but was generally between 15 to 30°C. Pn increased as CO2 concentration increased between 0 and 600 ppm, the CO2 compensation point being about 80 ppm. Under optimum conditions Pn ranged between 30 to 35 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1.
Amino Acid Content in Wild Rice (Zizania Aquatica L.) Grain1
Authors: Oelke E. A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWild rice (Zizania aquatica L.), until recently only harvested from natural stands, is now being cultivated in the upper‐midwestern U.S. and southern Canada. Thus, it is becoming a more common food. The objective was to determine the amino acid composition of the protein in wild rice grain.The content of 17 amino acids and protein percentage of five grain samples of wild rice grown in Minnesota were determined and compared to hard red spring wheat (Friticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) and spring oat groats (Avena sativa L.).The wild rice grain tested had nearly twice the percentage of the amino acids alanine, arginine, aspartic, lysine, and methionine than wheat grain. Wheat grain had about twice the percentage of cystine, glutamic acid, and proline amino acids as wild rice grain. The nine essential amino acids tested comprised 32.1 and 45.1% of the total amino acids in wheat and wild rice grain, respectively. The protein percentage was 17.1 for wheat grain and 14.2 for wild rice grain.Generally the percentages of amino acids tested were similar for wild rice grain and oat groats except for slightly higher percentages of alanine, arginine, aspartic, and methionine in wild rice grain. Oat grain had higher percentages of cystine and glutamic acid than wild rice grain. The nine essential amino acids tested comprised 42.0 aml 45.1% of the total amino acids in oat groats and wild rice grain, respectively. The protein percentage in eat groats was 16.5% compared to 14.2% in wild rice grain.
Evaluation of Laboratory Methods for Determining Quality of Corn and Sorghum Silages: III. Biological and Chemical Methods for Predicting Animal Intake1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Goodrich R. D. , Jordan R. M. , Schmid A. R. , Meiske J. C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe intake of forage plants by ruminant animals is a crucial determinant of forage quality. Laboratory assays have sometimes provided reasonable estimates of the intake potential of grasses and legumes. Laboratory procedures have not been adequately tested for their ability to predict intake of silages of corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.)] Moench, S. sudanense [Piper] Stapf., or their hybrids). Our objectives were to determine whether various biological and chemical tests proposed for measuring forage quality are applicable to prediction of intake of corn and sorghum silages, and to determine whether digestibility and intake of these silages are associated.In vivo digestibility of 49 silages was measured by using lambs in conventional 30 to 35‐day stall trials. We measured voluntary intake by using other lambs in feeding trials that extended 41 days or more.Dry matter intake (g/Wkg0.75) by lambs was correlated (r = 0.66) with in vivo digestible dry matter of sorghum silages. The correlation between intake and digestibility was much lower (r = 0.40) for corn silages.The biological laboratory assays were not as well correlated with intake of sorghum silages as were several chemical assays. However, a biological assay (in vitro true digestible dry matter) was best associated with intake of corn silages (r = 0.64) of all assays.Of the chemical assays, Fonnesbeck and Harris cell walls, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber, and calculated cellulose accounted for 24% or more of the variation in intake of corn silages and 60% or more of the variation in intake of sorghum silages. Crude protein was highly correlated (r = 0.81) with intake of sorghum silages, but it was not correlated with intake of corn silages.We present simple regression equations for prediction of intake of sorghum silages from the five laboratory assays that accounted for 60% or more of the intake variation.
Drought Resistance Characteristics of Blue Grama Seedlings1
Authors: Wilson A. M. , Hyder D. N. , Briske D. D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBlue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) seedlings often expand leaf area to the maximum that can be supported by water from the seminal root and then succumb to an increase in transpirational stress. The objective of this study was to define drought resistance of seedlings in relation to stages of shoot and root development. The changes in drought resistance that occur because of changes in seedling morphology have not been considered in previous quantifications of drought resistance. This information was essential for solving problems of seedling establishment on the shortgrass plains.Seedlings restricted to the seminal root, one adventitious root, or two adventitious roots were grown in moist soil in a controlled environment chamber, in the greenhouse, and in the field to further define seedling‐environment relationships. Relationships between drought of the shoot environment, maximum rate of water uptake, and maximum leaf area were investigated. Evaporation rate from a standard pan was used as a measurement of the drought of the shoot environment.Growth drought resistance, defined as the drought of the shoot environment that is just sufficient to halt expansion of seedling leaf area, was directly related to the critical evaporation/transpiration ratio for seedling growth and to the maximum rate of water uptake by the root; it was inversely related to seedling leaf area. In an environment with a constant evaporation rate, leaf area of seedlings had expanded to the limit of water supply when evaporation from a free water surface had exceeded transpiration rate six‐fold. Since growth drought resistance can be measured for individual seedlings, it will be useful in screening species and cultivars for seedlings with superior drought resistance, as well as for defining planting requirements.Survival drought resistance, defined as the drought of the shoot environment that is just sufficient to cause 50% death of seedlings, has only limited usefulness because of practical problems in its measurement. Large numbers of seedlings and a wide range of conditions are needed to accurately determine the relationship between drought and seedling death.