bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reevaluating Islamist electoral success and participation in government
Authors: Curtis Justin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUnder what conditions will Islamist parties perform well in elections and what happens to the political regime should they gain political power? The canonical hypothesis—“one man, one vote, one time”—argues that Islamist parties are likely to perform well whenever elections become free and that their electoral success is likely to lead to a democratic backslide. Others argue that Islamists are not as popular as this hypothesis suggests or that only moderate Islamist parties are likely to perform well and these parties are unlikely to deliberalize a regime. I propose a modification to these hypotheses, and argue that participation in governments, not seat shares, should be conceptualized as electoral success. Furthermore, because they are often the most likely groups to face repression, the presence of Islamists in governments is indicative of a liberalizing process. Using electoral data from across the Muslim‐majority world, I find that Islamists are more likely to hold cabinet‐level positions as regimes become more competitive and that the presence of Islamists in government has a positive effect on future levels of democracy, broadly defined. These findings suggest a need to reevaluate more critical perspectives on the effect of Islamist participation in democratizing countries in the Muslim‐majority world.
Are Iranian graduating dental students prepared to act as future role models of good oral health behaviour? A 10‐year study
Authors: Khami Mohammad Reza , Mohebbi Simin Zahra , Dorostkar Zahra , Keshavarz Hooman , Bonabi Maedeh , Murtomaa Heikki , Virtanen Jorma 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionDentists by their professional knowledge of prevention have a key role in providing a positive role model for oral health‐promoting behaviours. We aimed to investigate the health behaviour of Iranian senior dental students in terms of oral self‐care and tobacco use during a 10‐year period to assess their preparedness to act as role models for health‐promoting behaviours.Materials and MethodsThe study was performed in six dental schools selected through stratified cluster random sampling to have a representative sample of all dental schools in Iran. Data were collected in four occasions in 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2015. Senior dental students (N = 1188) were invited to voluntarily complete a self‐administered anonymous questionnaire about their oral self‐care and tobacco use. Recommended tooth‐brushing habit (RTH) was defined as at least twice a day brushing with fluoridated toothpaste. Three separate questions about cigarette, pipe and waterpipe use were applied to assess the students' reported use of tobacco.ResultsThe response rate was 81%. Female students reported more frequently RTH than males (p < .001). The reported RTH was more prevalent among nonsmokers. In 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2015, 22.5%, 26%, 28.5% and 24.6% of the students reported smoking, respectively. The trend of reported smoking had the least variation among female students. This was true also for male students regarding RTH.ConclusionThe status and trend of oral self‐care and tobacco use among Iranian dental students call for more emphasis on adopting health‐promoting behaviours during dental education.
Near‐peer teaching for learning clinical photography skills: Perceptions of students
Authors: Botelho Michael George , Boubaker Bochra , Wong Irisa Bianca 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimThis paper evaluates the perceptions and experience of students, in the role of both near‐peer teacher and learner who participated in the clinical dental photography course, using a mixed‐method analysis with focus group interviews of student tutors and a questionnaire of learner perceptions.MethodsA student‐led course on Digital Clinical Photography took place with BDS 5 and 6 students as near‐peer teachers (NPTs) and BDS 2 and 3 students as learners. Interviews were conducted with near‐peer teachers, and a questionnaire was distributed to learners to evaluate students’ perceptions of this novel teaching and learning experience.ResultsNear‐peer teaching has proven to be a beneficial alternative teaching pedagogy which was well‐received by NPTs and student learners. The content creation and teaching experience deepened NPTs' understanding on the subject matter and were motivated given the autonomous nature of the project. NPTs enjoyed and benefited from the collaborative nature of the project and the relevance of the subject matter and improved their clinical skills. The student learners enjoyed the learning experience and benefits of learning from NPTs which is supported by social and cognitive congruence. The positive perception of teaching and learning in pairs were also described.ConclusionThis project demonstrates the perceived benefits of near‐peer teaching for clinical photography skills for student experiential learning and highlights key elements on how to structure such an activity to engage and support students to participate in such future activities.
Global change re‐structures alpine plant communities through interacting abiotic and biotic effects
Authors: Collins Courtney G. , Elmendorf Sarah C. , Smith Jane G. , Shoemaker Lauren , Szojka Megan , Swift Margaret , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGlobal change is altering patterns of community assembly, with net outcomes dependent on species' responses to the abiotic environment, both directly and mediated through biotic interactions. Here, we assess alpine plant community responses in a 15‐year factorial nitrogen addition, warming and snow manipulation experiment. We used a dynamic competition model to estimate the density‐dependent and ‐independent processes underlying changes in species‐group abundances over time. Density‐dependent shifts in competitive interactions drove long‐term changes in abundance of species‐groups under global change while counteracting environmental drivers limited the growth response of the dominant species through density‐independent mechanisms. Furthermore, competitive interactions shifted with the environment, primarily with nitrogen and drove non‐linear abundance responses across environmental gradients. Our results highlight that global change can either reshuffle species hierarchies or further favour already‐dominant species; predicting which outcome will occur requires incorporating both density‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms and how they interact across multiple global change factors.
Genome‐wide decrease in DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy treated with modified ketogenic diet: A prospective study
Authors: Pedersen Sigrid , Kverneland Magnhild , Nakken Karl Otto , Rudi Knut , Iversen Per Ole , Gervin Kristina , Selmer Kaja Kristine 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the modified ketogenic diet on DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy.MethodsIn this prospective study, we investigated the genome‐wide DNA methylation in whole blood in 58 adults with epilepsy treated with the modified ketogenic for 12 weeks. Patients were recruited from the National Center for Epilepsy, Norway, from March 1, 2011 to February 28, 2017. DNA methylation was analyzed using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Analysis of variance and paired t‐test were used to identify differentially methylated loci after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A false discovery rate approach with a significance threshold of <5% was used to adjust for multiple comparisons.ResultsWe observed a genome‐wide decrease in DNA methylation, both globally and at specific sites, after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A substantial share of the differentially methylated positions (CpGs) were annotated to genes associated with epilepsy (n = 7), lipid metabolism (n = 8), and transcriptional regulation (n = 10). Furthermore, five of the identified genes were related to inositol phosphate metabolism, which may represent a possible mechanism by which the ketogenic diet attenuates seizures.SignificanceA better understanding of the modified ketogenic diet's influence at the molecular level may be the key to unraveling the mechanisms by which the diet can ameliorate seizures and possibly to identifying novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
Characteristics of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) schools in the optimum zone and the physiological stress zone of its distribution between 2011 and 2021
Authors: Castillo Pedro Ramiro , Peña Cecilia , Grados Daniel , La Cruz Luis , Valdez Carlos , Pozada‐Herrera Marissela , Cornejo Rodolfo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study has considered anchoveta acoustic data from the Pelagic Resources Hydroacoustic Assessment Surveys carried out by the Peruvian Sea Institute (IMARPE) and free access satellite data (HYCOM and MODIS from the USA) of some oceanographic variables between the period 2011 and 2021, to know the oceanographic conditions, characteristics of schools and size structure in the optimum zone (OZ) and in the physiological stress zone (PSZ), of their total distribution. The OZ is determined by the extent of the Cold Coastal Waters (CCW), and the PSZ is determined by the mixing of waters, to the north by the CCW‐ESW (Equatorial Surface Waters) and to the west between the CCW‐SSW (Subtropical Surface Waters). The range of sea surface temperature and salinity in the PSZ (16.1–25.0°C and 34.65–35.29, respectively) was wider than in the OZ (14.5–24.0°C and 34.65–35.20, respectively), where a higher number of schools were recorded. Our analyses showed that the morphometric and energetic acoustic descriptors of anchoveta schools in the summer were higher during summers compared to springs. In terms of positional characteristics, the mean depth of the schools in the PSZ was slightly greater than in the OZ. The total size structure of anchoveta in the OZ consisted mainly of juvenile specimens (less than 12 cm total length) in the summer of 2011 and 2013–2014 and in the spring between 2014–2017 and 2021. In the PSZ, adult specimens (greater than 12 cm total length) predominated in summer between 2011–2013, 2015, 2018, and 2021 and in spring between 2011–2013, 2015, and between 2018–2021. However, specimens greater than 10 cm in total length were found in the PSZ. Knowledge of the location of this zone away from the coast will allow a high probability of anchoveta capture of adult specimens during fishing periods.
Spatial and biomass structure of shallow‐water cape hake (Merluccius capensis) in the light of episodic environmental shifts
Authors: Bahamon Nixon , Kathena Johannes N. , van der Plas Anja K. , Kainge Paulus , Paramo Jorge , Gordoa Ana 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe spatial distribution patterns of Merluccius capensis in the Namibian waters were investigated and related to average environmental conditions during 1996–2020. Fisheries‐independent data and simultaneously collected water temperature and dissolved oxygen data were used from austral summer surveys. A geostatistical kriging approach was employed to evaluate the spatial structure of hakes. Links to environmental conditions were explored via data‐driven generalized additive models (GAMs). M. capensis generally exhibited average patch sizes between 40 and 50 nm at depths between 180 and 280 m. During the extreme episodic water warming in 2011 related to a Benguela‐Niño, the hake patches shrank up to a historical minimum of about 13 nm and moved offshore showing maximum densities at unusual deeper bottoms between 260 and 320 m. The deepening and size reduction of aggregations did not alter the biomass estimates (570 kt) that remained within historical ranges (249–811 kt). Although other extremely warm and cold summers were reported during the study period, no significant impact on the M. capensis patch size was detected. Maximum M. capensis densities were linked to optimal bottom temperature range between 10.1 and 11.8°C, dissolved oxygen values close to zero nearshore, and between 0.8 and 1.4 ml/L offshore. Potential changes of biomass produced by extreme environmental events remained undetected within the interannual biomass ranges, suggesting a high resilience capacity to episodic extreme environmental events.
Geographies of peri‐urbanization in the global south
Authors: Follmann Alexander 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe term peri‐urbanization has been widely used to describe a range of different processes that transform rural areas to a mix of rural and urban spaces. Although there is a burgeoning literature on peri‐urbanization, the conceptual debate about peri‐urbanization's distinction from urbanization is rarely considered. It sometimes seems like whatever occurs at the urban periphery across the global south is labeled peri‐urbanization. This universalizing use of the term risks obscuring the existing diversities of rural‐to‐urban transformations. At the same time, it is empirically clear that the urban periphery of the global south hosts the most dynamic processes of urbanization in the contemporary world. It is also conceptually accepted that to better understand these diverse processes of urbanization, scholars must decenter global urban theory and build new vocabularies and theories from the south. Thus, there is doubt as to whether and to what extent a single concept like peri‐urbanization can capture the great diversity of rural‐to‐urban transformations across the global south. This critical review of the southern geographies of peri‐urbanization first identifies three interrelated conceptual vectors (territorial, functional, and transitional) for understanding the peri‐urban concept, and outlines recent developments in the field. Then, peri‐urbanization is reframed as an umbrella concept, which embraces multiple theoretical concepts and avoids the universalization inherent in much current usage. Finally, the paper reviews recent theoretical inquiries and new vocabularies of urbanization processes at the urban periphery, offering scope to theorize the heterogeneity of the geographies of peri‐urbanization in the global south.
ERMÄCHTIGUNG DES PUBLIKUMS UND ENTMÄCHTIGUNG DES KÜNSTLERS: GENIEDISKURSE DER NACHROMANTIK MIT BLICK AUF DEN FRÜHEN MOZARTKULT UND GRILLPARZER
Authors: Michler Werner 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTThe article discusses aspects of the dialectics of genius cults in the nineteenth century, using examples of Mozart's reception: the unveiling of the Salzburg memorial statue in 1842, Franz Grillparzer's texts on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his son Franz Xaver, as well as the artist's novella Der arme Spielmann. The consolidation and popularisation of genius discourse in the genius cults of post‐Romanticism exerted unprecedented if latent pressure on producers of art in the period: the cults around prominent figures make great art into an unattainable exception. The article investigates how Franz Xaver Mozart and Grillparzer reacted to this dilemma.
Pulmonary hypertension in remote and disadvantaged population: overcoming unique challenges for improved outcomes
Authors: Naing Pyi , Kangaharan Nadarajah , Scalia Gregory M. , Strange Geoff , Playford David 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common and debilitating medical condition with high mortality. PH research has traditionally focused on pulmonary arterial hypertension and its management in expert PH centres. Other forms of PH such as PH associated with cardiac or respiratory disease are more common, less well‐understood and associated with higher mortality. Epidemiology of PH in disadvantaged, remote and rural regions, remains largely undocumented. In this review, we discuss the unique challenges in identifying PH in rural and disadvantaged populations using the Top End region of the Northern Territory of Australia as an example. We propose a simple diagnostic approach, ideally suited to regions where resource allocation is scarce, using clinical skills, echocardiography, and an escalation algorithm. The brief history, epidemiology and current literature on PH are summarised to inform the busy clinicians. We highlight two case examples from the Top End to illustrate the challenges and potential solutions.
Evidence to guide ethical decision‐making in the management of older people living in squalor: a narrative review
Authors: Lee Sook Meng , Martino Erika , Bismark Marie , Bentley Rebecca 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOlder people living in squalor present healthcare providers with a set of complex issues because squalor occurs alongside a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions, and older people living in squalor frequently decline intervention. To synthesise empirical evidence on squalor to inform ethical decision‐making in the management of squalor using the bioethical framework of principlism. A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases for empirical research on squalor in older people. Given the limited evidence base to date, an interpretive approach to synthesis was used. Sixty‐seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Our synthesis of the research evidence indicates that: (i) older people living in squalor have a high prevalence of frontal executive dysfunction, medical comorbidities and premature deaths; (ii) interventions are complex and require interagency involvement, with further evaluations needed to determine the effectiveness and potential harm of interventions; and (iii) older people living in squalor utilise more medical and social resources, and may negatively impact others around them. These results suggest that autonomous decision‐making capacity should be determined rather than assumed. The harm associated with squalid living for the older person, and for others around them, means a non‐interventional approach is likely to contravene the principles of non‐maleficence, beneficence and justice. Adequate assessment of decision‐making capacity is of particular importance. To be ethical, any intervention undertaken must balance benefits, harms, resource utilisation and impact on others.
Lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, rescues cognitive deficits in a mouse model of down syndrome
Authors: Martinez de Lagran Maria , Elizalde‐Torrent Aleix , Paredes Roger , Clotet Bonaventura , Dierssen Mara 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn elevated activity of retrotransposons is increasingly recognized to be implicated in a wide range of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and a genetic form of Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, we hypothesized that treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors could ameliorate DS phenotypes. In this proof of concept study, we treated trisomic (Ts65Dn) mice, a model of DS, with lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. We detected a significant improvement of neurobehavioural phenotypes, and a complete rescue of the hippocampal‐dependent recognition memory upon treatment with lamivudine. Despite clinical studies in patients with DS are warranted, this study lays the groundwork for a novel and actionable therapeutic approach.
Treatment of gingivitis is associated with reduction of systemic inflammation and improvement of oral health‐related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Perić Marina , Marhl Urska , Gennai Stefano , Marruganti Crystal , Graziani Filippo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimTo compare the level of inflammatory markers, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and gingival parameters 1 month after introduction of electric toothbrush and intensive oral hygiene manoeuvre adaptation (OHI) versus routine habits (no‐OHI) in patients affected by generalized gingivitis.Materials and MethodsOne hundred forty subjects with generalized gingivitis were randomized to receive either OHI or no‐OHI. Full‐mouth plaque/bleeding scores (FMPS/FMBS), serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and an oral health impact profile‐14 questionnaire were collected at baseline and at 1‐month follow‐up visit.ResultsIn the OHI, a significant FMPS and FMBS reduction (p < .01), a significant intra‐group decrease in hs‐CRP and IL‐6 (p < .01), and a significant improvement of OHRQoL (p < .01) were noted at 1‐month follow‐up visit. In the no‐OHI, lower‐magnitude differences were noted only for oral parameters. Resolution of gingivitis varied between OHI and no‐OHI (89% vs. 7%, respectively, p < .01). A logistic multivariate regression suggested that FMBS ≤8% was associated with the odds ratio of 13, having both CRP and IL‐6 below the selected threshold for healthy young adults (p = .04).ConclusionsGingivitis resolution determined important reductions of gingival inflammation and plaque levels, as well as systemic inflammatory markers and an improvement of quality of life (NCT03848351).
Juvenile‐to‐adult transition invariances in fishes: Perspectives on proximate and ultimate causation
Authors: Morbey Yolanda E. , Pauly Daniel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTo bridge physiological and evolutionary perspectives on size at maturity in fishes, the authors focus on the approximately invariant ratio between the estimated oxygen supply at size at maturity (Qm) relative to that at asymptotic size (Q∞) among species within a taxonomic group, and show how two important theories related to this phenomenon complement each other. Gill‐oxygen limitation theory proposes a mechanistic basis for a universal oxygen supply‐based threshold for maturation, which applies among and within species. On the contrary, the authors show that a generalisation of life‐history theory for the invariance of size at maturity (Lm) relative to asymptotic size (L∞) can provide an evolutionary rationale for an oxygen‐limited maturation threshold (Qm/Q∞). Extending previous inter‐ and intraspecific analyses, the authors show that maturation invariances also occur in lake whitefishCoregonus clupeaformis(Mitchill 1818), but at both scales, theory seems to underestimate the value of the maturation threshold. They highlight some key uncertainties in the model that should be addressed to help resolve the mismatch.
Life‐history variation as a source of diversity for endemic white charr (Salmonidae) of the lower Kamchatka River
Authors: Esin Evgeny V. , Melnik Nikolay O. , Markevich Grigorii N. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSympatric fish morphs diversifying in their feeding pattern in fresh waters typically implement alternative migratory tactics so that omnivores become migrants and specialists‐residents. Charrs of the genusSalvelinuspopulating the lower Kamchatka River (Northeast Asia) are a rare example wherein two related sympatric morphs both implement a variety of life‐history tactics in parallel. Here the authors analyse the ecological diversity in the endemic piscivorous “white” morph that exploits resources of the Kamchatka River in sympatry with the partially anadromous invertivorous “Dolly Varden” (DV) morph. Eco‐morphological criteria allowed the authors to validate the morph identification. The white charr (WC) was found to subdivide into the small‐sized (up to 1.6 kg) fish inhabiting the lacustrine part of the ecosystem and the large‐sized (up to 3.4 kg) fish inhabiting the main river channel. The persistent spatial segregation of the sub‐groups was confirmed by significant differences in the life span, muscleδ13С signature and parasite load. According to contrasting patterns of strontium accumulation in otoliths, the riverine WC is represented by resident and semi‐anadromous individuals. At the same time, the lack of microsatellite DNA differentiation and allometric nature of the morphometric discrepancy point to the intra‐population source of the WC polymorphism. The authors suggest that WC diverged from DV as a result of feeding specialization on the threespine stickleback numerous in the ecosystem since the temporary flooding by marine waters in the middle Holocene. The modern stickleback division into local stocks following the ecosystem differentiation into a river, side lake and estuary resulted in the WC life‐history split and ecological radiation.