bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-15 Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility and Protein Quality of Mealworm-Based Ingredients Using the Precision-fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay
Authors: Smola Meredith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mealworms may serve as an alternative protein source for pet foods because of their high protein content. The amino acid (AA) content and protein quality of mealworm-based ingredients may vary depending on their composition and processing, however, so testing is required. Our objective was to measure the AA composition, AA digestibility, and protein quality of mealworm-based ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all animal procedures prior to experimentation. 12 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to one of three test substrates: 1) whole buffalo mealworm meal (BMW); 2) defatted yellow mealworm meal (YMW); and enzymatically hydrolyzed mealworm powder (HYD). After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta samples were collected for 48 h. Endogenous loss corrections for AA were made by using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. All substrates had high AA digestibilities, with all indispensable AA digestibilities being &gt;90% with the exception of histidine (87.9-91.1%) and valine (77.9%-79.7%). AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. Digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to AAFCO nutrient profiles, FEDIAF nutritional guidelines, and NRC recommended allowances for adult dogs, adult cats, growing puppies, and growing kittens. In general, HYD had the highest and YMW had the lowest DIAAS-like values for most indispensable AA. Methionine (HYD; YMW) and tryptophan (BMW) were the first-limiting AA. Our results demonstrate that mealworm-based ingredients are high-quality protein sources. Further research in dogs and cats is necessary to confirm sufficient palatability and digestibility, but these data suggest that they will be valuable sources of protein for pet foods.
PSIII-12 Palatability of Hempseed Meal Pellets Compared to Mainstream Feedstuffs in Horses
Authors: Springer Ryon W , Cross Teighlor D , Mason Ashley C , Ciesynski Kallyn S , Esterl-Byrne Lillian F , Thorne Caitlan C , Guay Kimberly A , Wellmann Kimberly B , Jones Trinette N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When the 2014 and 2018 US Farm Bills legalized hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), increased farming created an abundance of hemp by-products. Hempseed meal (HSM) is a by-product of hempseed oil extraction. With increasing availability, hemp must be evaluated as a potential feedstuff for sustainable livestock systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the palatability of HSM as an equine feedstuff. The study used a modified 3x3 Latin Square design utilizing 3 mature geldings (G; 7.3 ± 2.5 yr) and 3 mature mares (M; 12.5 ± 6.5 yr) blocked by sex. Basal feed consumption and bucket preference was established during a washout period of 2 feedings/d over 3 days before each period. During each treatment period (3d) horses were offered either 500g of soybean meal pellets (SBM), rice bran pellets (RBP), or beet pulp pellets (BPP) in one bucket and 500g of HSM in a second bucket each feeding. Feed treatments were switched between bucket positions each feeding. Findings are presented as mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA within R Statistical Program©. The study found that HSM consumption (351.2 ± 30.6g) did not differ with treatment (p = 0.63), bucket (p = 0.94), or sex (p = 0.67). HSM consumption was greater than SBM (237.7 ± 34.8g; p = 0.005) and BPP (37.0 ± 9.3g; p&lt; 0.001) but was not different from RBP (299.1 ± 35.2g; p = 0.19). HSM consumption increased with each subsequent period (Period 1: 229.6 ± 33.4g; Period 2: 381.3 ± 27.1g; Period 3: 442.6 ± 17.2; p &lt; 0.001). These findings indicate that HSM may be more palatable than SBM and BPP but similar to RBP. HSM consumption may continue to increase over time. HSM may serve as an acceptable replacement to more common feedstuffs used in equine rations.
PSIII-7 Evaluation of Maternal Selenium Supplementation and Plane of Nutrition During Gestation on the Neonatal Fc Receptor (Fcrn) in Lamb Intestinal Tissue
Authors: Guenther Maverick C , Hammer Carolyn J , Voigt Rachel A , Borowicz Pawel P , Neville Tammi L , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Redmer Dale A , Reynolds Lawrence P , Caton Joel S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maternal selenium (Se) supply and plane of nutrition alter morbidity and mortality in lambs as well as 24-h serum IgG. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across mucosal surfaces; however, its role in intestinal protection in the lamb is unknown. Additionally, the effects of maternal nutrition on offspring FcRn abundance has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate intestinal FcRn abundance in lambs born from ewes fed differing levels of nutrition and Se. Intestinal tissues from two experiments (EXP1 n=71; EXP2 n=80) were used. Both experiments utilized a 2x3 factorial design. Main effects included Se supplementation [adequate (9.5 or 11.5 μg/kg of BW in EXP1 or EXP2; respectively) or high, (81.1 or 77.0 μg/kg of BW in EXP1 or EXP2; respectively)] and plane of nutrition [60% (RES), 100% (CON), or 140% (HIGH) of requirements for both experiments]. Lambs were raised to 57 d or 21 d (EXP1 and EXP2; respectively). Intestinal tissues were collected and fixed in 10% NBF prior to paraffin embedding. Cross-sections were stained for FcRn and counterstained with DAPI. Areas of tissue cross-sections were captured with Plan-Apochromat 20x/0.8 NA lens using the tiling module of Zeiss. Images were analyzed using ImagePro Premiere software. Relative fluorescence within areas of interest was used as an indicator of FcRn receptor abundance. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS. Maternal nutrition tended (P≤0.07) to affect lamb intestinal FcRn abundance with CON having higher abundance compared to HIGH or RES (EXP1). There was no effect of maternal nutrition in EXP2 or maternal Se supplementation on intestinal FcRn abundance in lambs from either experiment (P≥0.56). These data show that maternal nutrition may influence offspring FcRn abundance and that further studies examining the contribution of lamb age are needed.
PSIII-1 Impact of low Levels of Tannin Supplementation on Enteric Methane Emissions and Performance in Organic Dairy Heifers
Authors: Schilling Ashley K , Newman Lauren K , Kutz Mesa B , Clark Samantha M , Thompson Logan R , Stackhouse-Lawson Kim R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Condensed tannins are theorized to reduce enteric methane emissions by enhancing protein efficiency and decreasing ruminal fiber fermentation in ruminant animals. The objective of this study was to assess the viability of supplemented condensed tannins fed at increasing levels: 0% (CON), 0.075% (LOW), 0.15% (MED), and 0.30% (HIG) of dry matter intake (DMI). The study acclimation utilized 24 organic Holstein heifers, one GreenFeed emission measurement system, two SmartFeed Pro systems (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD), and individual animal feeding stanchions. Twenty organic Holstein heifers (BW = 218.75 ± 16.78 kg) were selected based on acclimation and were stratified into treatment groups based on initial body weight and acclimation status. A 7-d covariate gas analysis was performed prior to the study to account for individual animal emission differences. Daily, heifers were offered 1 kg of starter calf feed and tannin in the individual feeding stanchions for 45-d and fed a basal TMR diet through the SmartFeed Pro systems. Statistical analysis was conducted in R with the fixed effect of treatment and pre-trial emission rate as a covariate. Daily methane production ranged from 141 to 152 g methane (CH4)/day between treatments. No significant difference was observed between treatments for daily methane production (P=0.53), methane yield (g CH4/ kg DMI; P=0.82), or emission intensity (g CH4/kg of body weight gain; P=0.62). Similarly, a treatment effect was not observed for DMI (P=0.95), average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.50), or feed efficiency (P=0.36). However, DMI and ADG continued to increase throughout the study, suggesting that the supplemental tannin did not negatively impact animal performance. The results of this study would not indicate that low levels of tannin supplementation alter CH4 emissions in organic Holstein heifers.
PSIV-A-5 Comparison of Left vs Right Body Composition Endpoints in Beef Cattle Using Carcass Ultrasound
Authors: Jesko Noah P , Tennant Travis C , Lawrence Ty E , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feedlot cattle (n = 50) were ultrasounded to compare ultrasound vs carcass measurements, and to test the hypothesis that the left and right side of an individual animal are not statistically different during the Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) Carcass Certification live animal exam at West Texas A&M University (WTAMU). Cattle (steers, heifers and bulls) represented a variation in breed types. A UGC certified technician scanned the cattle at the WTAMU Research Feedlot on their right side. The following day, the same technician scanned animals on the left side. Carcass ultrasound measurements included 12-13th ribeye area (REAU), subcutaneous fat thickness (FTU), intramuscular fat percentage (IMFU) and rump fat thickness (RFU). Carcass measures included 12-13th ribeye area (REAC) and fat thickness (FTC) along with marbling score (MS). Correlations between REAC and REAU were 0.83 for the left side and 0.80 for the right side, correlations between REAC left vs right were 0.94 and REAU left vs right were 0.77 (P &lt; 0.01). A minor difference (2.27 cm2) in left vs right sides of REAC (P = 0.04) was detected. A larger difference (4.03 cm2) in left vs right REAU (P &lt; 0.01) was noted; REAC right vs REAU right also differed (P &lt; 0.01) by 8.13 cm2 with REAU being larger. No differences were observed between FTC left vs right (P = 0.26), FTU left vs right (P = 0.94) or FTC right vs FTU right (P = 0.15). A difference was detected between the FTC left and FTU left (P = 0.01). Correlations between REAU/REAC, FTU/FTC, and IMFU/IMFC were all significant (P &lt; 0.05). These data present strong correlations between ultrasound and carcass traits, as well as the point that one side of an animal should be scanned as opposed to another side.
PSIV-A-1 Assessment of Equine Acclimation to new Management Using non-Invasive Metrics
Authors: Baxley Bethany , Anderson Nichole C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horses experience stress during transportation, handling, and changes to the environment which result in negative welfare for the animal. Finding valid methods to measure stress non-invasively can assist in understanding equine welfare. Our objective was to investigate equine stress to a new environment through non-invasive measures. We hypothesized that horses’ stress would decrease over time with repeated exposure to a single handler and novel holding stock. Seven horses were introduced to a novel farm with a week of acclimation to their stall to serve as their baseline. Blink rate, thermal imaging, and salivary cortisol were collected in the stall and again in the stock on days 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 28 with d 1 being one week following arrival to the farm. Blink rate was counted for three minutes, then eye temperature of the left eye was taken using thermal imaging, and lastly salivary cortisol was collected using cotton swabs introduced into the horse’s mouth for 30 seconds on each side. Using linear regression, we found that blink rate decreased by 1.7 blinks for every day of handling (P = 0.001). For every degree of eye temperature in the stall, stock eye temperature increased 0.28 degrees Celsius showing that stress was potentially higher in the stocks (P = 0.043). Additionally, eye temperature in the stock increased by 0.09 degrees Celsius for each day of handling (P &lt; 0.01). There were no differences found in salivary cortisol (P = 0.43). In conclusion, blink rate decreased but eye temperature increased over time, creating conflicting outcomes. Further studies are needed to validate the non-invasive measures of stress and their implications for horse welfare in new environments.
PSIV-A-13 Estimation of Nellore Genetic Contribution Over Certified Angus Beef Sold in Brazil
Authors: de Nunes Cris Luana Castro , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e , Veroneze Renata , de Duarte Marcio Souza , Guimarães Simone Eliza Facioni , Josakian Luiz Antônio , Ventura Henrique Torres , Chizzotti Mario Luiz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Meat traceability and certification increase consumers’ confidence in making purchasing decisions. In Brazil, certified Angus beef follows specific regulation, which requires a minimum of 50% of Angus genome in its breed composition to be commercialized as certified Angus beef. Because the majority of the beef produced in Brazil is Nellore-based, the objective of this study was to estimate the Nellore genetic contribution over certified Angus beef sold in Brazil using genetic traceability. Two hundred sixty-one certified Angus ribeye steaks were obtained from four different brands in commercial establishments. DNA extraction and genotyping were performed for each sample. Genotype data from purebred Angus and Nellore were also available, generating three datasets: meat samples, Angus, and Nellore. Samples and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with call rate lower than 0.90 and duplicated samples were excluded from the analysis for each group. Thus, 75,242 SNPs and 99 samples were unique and remained in the meat sample group. For the genotyped reference groups, Angus had 34,586 SNPs and 71 samples while Nellore had 743,665 SNPs and 1,931 samples. The software Admixture were used for the genetic composition prediction using only SNPs in common across the three groups (29563 SNPs). On average, meat samples presented 57% and 43% of Angus and Nellore genome composition, respectively, with proportions ranging from 28% to 87% of Angus genome. Additionally, a principal components analysis showed a clear separation between Nellore and Angus population, whereas the evaluated meat samples were clustered between the two groups. In conclusion, certified Angus beef sold in Brazil have a great contribution of Nellore and some samples had lower Angus contribution than the expected by the certification.
PSV-A-9 Reduction of Salmonella Reading Using a Dairy-Originated Probiotic Bacterium, Propionibacterium Freudenreichii in Combination with a Live Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine in Growing Turkeys
Authors: Peichel Claire , Manjankattil Shijinarah , Dewi Grace , Akhtar Luna , Bina Peter , Creek Medora , Deniz Kerem , Hobbs John , Wichmann Elaina , Feist Emma , Schlosser Mikayla , Johnson Timothy J J , Noll Sally , Johny Anup Kollanoor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The emergence of unusual foodborne outbreak-causing Salmonella Reading (SR) in turkey production warrants rapid control measures. The objective of the study was to prevent the cecal colonization and internal organ dissemination of SR in growing turkeys using a dairy-originated probiotic bacterium Propionibacterium freudenreichii (PF), a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (VC; AviPro Megan Egg), or their combination (PF+VC). In each experiment, 30, day-old poults were allocated into five groups: negative control (NC), SR control (SC), VC, PF, and PF+VC. Poults in VC and PF+VC were vaccinated as per recommendations. The PF and PF+VC were supplemented with 5 log10 CFU/ml of PF through drinking water until sample collection. All turkeys except in the NC group were inoculated with 5 log10 CFU/mL of SR. Seven days after inoculation, ceca, crop, liver, and spleen were collected for SR enumeration and enrichment. Homogenized cecal samples were diluted and plated on Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar, and plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Liver, spleen, and crop samples were enriched in selenite cysteine broth and streaked on XLD plates for Salmonella identification after enrichment. Each group had 6 turkeys with 5 groups in each experiment (30 turkeys). The experiment was repeated 3 times (N=90). Data were analyzed using the PROC-MIXED procedure of SAS, and significance was detected at P&lt; 0.05. All treatments were effective in reducing SR in growing turkeys. Compared to PC (4.0 log10 CFU/g), VC and PF+VC reduced SR by &gt;3 log10 CFU/g, and PF alone resulted in a 1.7 log10 CFU/g reduction of SR (P&lt; 0.05). The PF+VC was better than independent treatments in preventing SR dissemination to liver and spleen and crop survival. Results indicate that P. freudenreichii probiotic and S. Typhimurium vaccine effectively protect growing turkeys against the emerging outbreak-causing SR (USDA NIFA Food Safety & Defense #2020-67017-30787).
PSV-A-4 Novel Method to Identify Cattle Predisposed to Severe Cases of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Flores Victor V , Gifford Jennifer A , Wilson Blake K , Gifford Craig A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Respiratory disease in several species can range from subclinical infection to acute death. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains the greatest economic challenge facing the beef industry. Histones are core proteins in chromosomal structure that, when released extracellularly, are cytotoxic and could contribute to exacerbated tissue necrosis during infection. Work in our laboratory demonstrated cattle suffering severe cases of BRD had limited capacity to protect against the cytotoxic effects of extracellular histones, however, the protective mechanism(s) remain unknown. Literature suggests components of the complement system interact with extracellular histones, but the effects on cytotoxic activity of histones is unclear. The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate protective capacity against extracellular histones and complement activity in feedlot heifers and subsequent disease outcomes. Serum samples were collected from 118 heifer calves (BW 229 ± 2.4 kg) at feedlot arrival and evaluated for protective capacity against histone toxicity employing an extracellular histone toxicity assay; and complement activity using a 50% hemolytic complement screening assay. Animals were retrospectively assigned to groups consisting of: calves not requiring treatment with antibiotics for BRD (NT; n = 80) or calves that died from BRD within 1 wk of entering the feedlot (DA; n = 9). Serum from DA animals was less (P &lt; 0.001) protective than NT animals against histone toxicity. Complement activity of DA animals was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) compared to NT animals. Using a ratio of both assays under stringent selection points, the positive predictive value was 75%, and negative predictive value was 94%. Results indicate that cattle predisposed to severe cases of respiratory have impaired complement activity presumably contributing to impaired protective capacity against histone toxicity. Analyzing these functional pathways may provide a novel selection tool against cattle predisposed to severe cases of BRD.
PSV-A-5 One-Carbon Metabolite Supplementation Influences Pancreatic α-Amylase Activity and Protein Concentration in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Beef Heifers
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Freetly Harvey , Cushman Robert A , Oliver William , Lindholm-Perry Amanda , Caton Joel S , Ward Alison K , Crouse Matthew S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different combinations of one-carbon metabolites [OCM: rumen-protected methionine (RPM), rumen-protected choline (RPC), folate (FA), vitamin B12 (B12)] on pancreatic and jejunal carbohydrase activity at d 14 of the estrous cycle in beef heifers. Thirty Angus heifers were fed a high-roughage diet and assigned to treatments: 0% RPM + 0 g/d RPC + saline injection (0XNEG), 0.08% RPM + 60 g/d RPC + saline injection (0XPOS), 0.08% RPM + 60 g/d RPC + 80 mg FA + 5 mg B12 (0.5X), 0.08% RPM + 60 g/d RPC + 160 mg FA + 10 mg B12 (1X), or 0.08% RPM + 60 g/d RPC + 320 mg FA + 20 mg B12 (2X). Dietary treatments were fed for 14 d and FA and B12 injections were given on d 0 and 7 of the estrous cycle with tissues collected on d 14. The effect of RPM+RPC supplementation was evaluated using a contrast statement comparing 0XNEG vs. others. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine effects of FA+B12 dose. Protein concentration and carbohydrase activities of the pancreas and jejunum were not influenced (P≥0.21) by RPM+RPC supplementation. Pancreatic protein concentration responded cubically (P&lt; 0.01) to FA+B12 dose where pancreatic protein concentration was lesser for 0.5X compared with other treatments. Likewise, pancreatic α-amylase activity responded cubically (P&lt; 0.01) to increasing FA+B12 dose because pancreatic α-amylase activity was lesser for 0.5X (182 U/g) compared with 0XPOS (350 U/g), 1X (347 U/g), and 2X (412 U/g). Jejunal protein concentration and maltase and glucoamylase activities were not influenced (P≥0.29) by FA+B12 dose. Jejunal isomaltase activity tended to decrease linearly (P=0.07) with increasing FA+B12 dose. These findings suggest that the balance of different OCM could be important for regulation of pancreatic protein turnover and α-amylase activity. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSV-A-7 Quality Assessments of Sperm from Gnrh-II Receptor Knockdown (KD) Boars
Authors: Ross Caitlin E , Mills Ginger A , Desaulniers Amy T , Lents Clay A , White Brett R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pigs are the only livestock species encoding functional proteins for both the second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-II) and its receptor (GnRHR-II). Previously, we determined that GnRHR-II localizes to the connecting piece of ejaculated sperm, whereas GnRH-II is present within seminal plasma, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine interaction influencing porcine sperm function. To examine the GnRH-II/GnRHR-II system further, we produced a swine line with reduced endogenous expression of GnRHR-II (GnRHR-II KD). Therefore, our objective was to assess sperm quality of ejaculates collected from GnRHR-II KD (n = 3) and littermate control (n = 3) boars. Semen was extended (37.5 x 106 sperm/mL) in Androstar Plus and subjected to flow cytometry (Kuster Research and Consulting, Inc.; Atkinson, IL). Assays measured DNA compaction, membrane fluidity and viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial depolarization, and morphology. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS; the model included ejaculate as the experimental unit and line as a fixed effect. DNA compaction, membrane fluidity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial depolarization, and morphology were not statistically different between lines (P &gt; 0.05). However, the percentage of sperm with a viable (intact) plasma membrane was reduced in GnRHR-II KD boars (87.4 ± 0.8%) compared with controls (89.6 ± 0.8%; P &lt; 0.05). Although differences did not reach significance, DNA compaction (a measure of sperm chromatin integrity when undergoing acid stress) was doubled and mitochondrial depolarization (reflective of mitochondrial function) was 11% greater in sperm from transgenic males relative to littermate controls, indicating that GnRHR-II KD sperm are more susceptible to environmental stressors and have altered energy production. Thus, these initial data suggest disruptions in the function and fertilizing capacity of GnRHR-II KD sperm, implying that GnRHR-II may represent a potential biomarker for boar fertility. Supported by USDA/NIFA AFRI (2017-67015-26508) and Hatch Multistate (NEB-26-244) funds. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.