bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the crack epidemic through urine testing: establishment of routine detection methods
Authors: Riley K. Jack , Lu Natalie T. , Meeker James E. , Lo Peter , Fortner Neil , Taylor Bruce G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbuse of crack continues to be of major concern. Because of limits to biological testing, self‐report has been the only mechanism for distinguishing crack use from powder use. Researchers have reported that smoking crack generates unique pyrolysis products that are detectable in urine, but no study has addressed how these products could be used as the marker for crack use, neither has any study addressed how reliable is the detection technology. The National Institute of Justice has developed a project to address these issues. The project consisted of (1) interviews conducted with and urine specimens collected from 2327 adult arrestees; (2) development and validation of procedures for routine GC/MS confirmation of crack use; and (3) establishment of standard profiles for two crack pyrolysis products, anhydroecgonine methylester (AEME) and ecgonidine (ECD). We found that AEME and ECD could be detected in urine specimens for periods of up to 40 hours. Most importantly, we demonstrated that to accurately measure crack use both AEME and ECD are necessary. Our results indicated that nearly 31% of the specimens were positive for undifferentiated cocaine, of which more than 88% were positive for crack. This resulted in crack prevalence rates of nearly 31% for females and 27% for males. These results will be used to further monitor the crack epidemic and to provide information that can inform the development of public policy as it relates to this drug.
Bivariate version of the Hahn-Sonine theorem
Authors: Lee Jeongkeun 
Published: July 2002

We consider orthogonal polynomials in two variables whose derivatives with respect to

x
x

are orthogonal. We show that they satisfy a system of partial differential equations of the form

α
(
x
,
y
)

∂

x

2

U
→

n

+
β
(
x
,
y
)

∂

x

U
→

n

=

Λ

n

U
→

n

,

\begin{equation*} \alpha (x,y)\partial _{x}^{2}\overrightarrow {U}\!_{n}+\beta (x,y)\partial _{x} \overrightarrow {U}\!_{n}=\Lambda _{n}\overrightarrow {U}\!_{n}, \end{equation*}

where

deg
⁡
α
≤
2

\deg \alpha \leq 2

,

deg
⁡
β
≤
1

\deg \beta \leq 1

,

U
→

n

=
(

U

n
0

,

U

n
−
1
,
1

,
⋯
,

U

0
n

)

\overrightarrow {U} _{n}=(U_{n0},U_{n-1,1},\cdots ,U_{0n})

is a vector of polynomials in

x
x

and

y
y

for

n
≥
0

n\geq 0

, and

Λ

n

\Lambda _{n}

is an eigenvalue matrix of order

(
n
+
1
)
×
(
n
+
1
)

(n+1)\times (n+1)

for

n
≥
0

n\geq 0

. Also we obtain several characterizations for these polynomials. Finally, we point out that our results are able to cover more examples than Bertran’s.
Trace alignment and some of its applications.
Authors: Mott R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Extra useful information can be extracted from a DNA chromatogram trace, over that contained in the base-called DNA sequence. Many sequencing applications can benefit from examination of these traces. RESULTS: An algorithm, based on dynamic programming, for aligning a DNA chromatogram to a DNA sequence is described and implemented. Its applications to vector clipping, EST alignment and mutation detection are discussed.
DeFries–Fulker multiple regression analysis of sibship
QTL data: a SAS®macro
Authors: Lessem J. L. , Cherny S. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: A SAS\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(^{\mathrm{btc3811x.gif\ r{\circ}}}\) \end{document}macro package for performing multipoint QTL mapping using the DeFries–Fulker multiple regression method is presented.
Availability: The package is made available at http://qms2.sourceforge.net/.
Contact: Jeff.Lessem@Colorado.EDU
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
DIVERGE: phylogeny-based analysis for
functional–structural divergence of a protein family
Authors: Gu Xun , Vander Velden Kent 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: DetectIng Variability in Evolutionary Rates among GEnes (DIVERGE) is a software system to study functional divergence of a protein family by detecting site-specific change in evolutionary rate using a multiple alignment of amino acid sequences for a given phylogenetic tree. The program first conducts a statistical test for site-specific rate shifts along the tree, and predicting candidate amino acid residues responsible for functional divergence based on posterior analysis. These results can then be mapped on the 3D protein structure if available.
Availability: DIVERGE is available free of charge from http://xgu1.zool.iastate.edu/. Distribution packages for both Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems are available, including manual and example files.
Contact: xgu@iastate.edu; kent@iastate.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
HIV‐1 Tat protein down‐regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway
Authors: ZAULI GIORGIO , MILANI DANIELA , MIRANDOLA PRISCO , MAZZONI MERI , SECCHIERO PAOLA , MISCIA SEBASTIANO , CAPITANI SILVANO 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe addition of low concentrations (0.1–1 nM) of extracellular HIV‐1 Tat protein to PC12 neuronal cells stimulated a rapid (peak at 5 min) elevation of the cAMP intracellular levels, which in turn induced the phosphorylation of CREB transcription factor (peak at 15 min) on serine‐133 (Ser‐133). On the contrary, at later time points (60–120 min) Tat induced a significant decline of intracellular cAMP with respect to the basal levels observed in control cells treated with bovine serum albumin. In blocking experiments performed with pharmacological inhibitors, Tat decreased the intracellular levels of cAMP and CREB Ser‐133 phosphorylation through a signal transduction pathway involving the sequential activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, AKT, and cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterases. Moreover, in transient transfection experiments, Tat inhibited transcription of CREB promoter in a manner strictly dependent on the presence of the cAMP‐responsive elements (CRE) in the CREB promoter. Consistently, the expression of endogenous CREB protein was significantly reduced in PC12 cells by prolonged (24–48 h) treatment with Tat. This decline in the expression of CREB, which plays an essential role in the survival and function of neuronal cells, anticipated a progressive increase of apoptosis in Tat‐treated cells. Although obtained in a neuronal cell line, our findings might help to explain some aspects of the pathogenesis of HIV‐1‐associated dementia.—Zauli, G., Milani, D., Mirandola, P., Mazzoni, M., Secchiero, P., Miscia, S., Capitani, S. HIV‐1 Tat protein downregulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway. FASEB J. 15, 483‐491 (2001)
Evaluation of the energetic contribution of an ionic network to beta‐sheet stability
Authors: Lassila Kirsten S. , Datta Deepshikha , Mayo Stephen L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have evaluated the interaction energy of a three‐residue ionic network constructed on the β‐sheet surface of protein G using double mutant cycles. Although the two individual ion pairs were each stabilizing by ∼0.6 kcal/mol, the excess gain in stability for the triad was small (0.06 kcal/mol).
ALPPL2‐Binding Peptide Facilitates Targeted mRNA Delivery for Efficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma Gene Therapy
Authors: Lei Sibei , Chen Xiaohua , Gao Yan , Shuai Ming , Zhou Weilin , Li Jingmei , Wu Jieping , Men Ke , Duan Xingmei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractmRNA‐based gene therapy has emerged as an advanced strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. However, one of its main limitations is lacking delivery precision in vivo. Distinguishing HCC cells from other tissues is crucial for maintaining the high stability, positive therapeutic outcomes, and safety of mRNA therapeutics. Here, a novel HCC specific peptide HCC167 is developed by phage display. It is shown that the HCC167 peptide can specifically recognize variety of HCC substrates including patient samples with high affinity. Modifying nanoparticles with the HCC167 peptide facilitates an effective HCC active targeting ability. When loading with Bims‐encoding mRNA, the systemically administrated DMP‐HCC167/Bims complex efficiently suppresses HCC progression in multiple models including patient‐derived xenografts. Furthermore, the ALPPL2 protein is identified as a specific binding receptor of the HCC167 peptide on the HCC cell membrane, uncovering a new active targeting mechanism based on the HCC167‐ALPPL2 ligand–receptor complex. The binding structure is also investigated by computer‐aided modeling. The study hence exhibits a potent active targeting strategy for mRNA‐based HCC therapy.
Controlling Charge Accumulation Properties of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes using Dipolar Doping of Hole Transport Layers
Authors: Noguchi Yutaka , Hofmann Alexander , Brütting Wolfgang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt is demonstrated that dipolar doping of hole transport layers (HTLs) controls the density and polarity of the accumulated charge at the critical interface between the HTL and the emission layer (EML) in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Dipolar doping enables spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) even in nonpolar HTL, and consequently compensates for the negative interface charge originating from the SOP of the adjacent layer. This concept is applied to a phosphorescent OLED, where bis‐4(N‐carbazolyl)phenylphosphine oxide (BCPO) is employed as a polar dopant for the HTL. The net interface charge is completely compensated at ≈29.5% of doping and further doping even facilitates the positive interface charge. The luminescence loss due to triplet‐polaron quenching is observed for both hole and electron accumulations, and it is suppressed by reducing the net interface charge density. On the other hand, the carrier balance factor linearly decreases with increasing doping ratio of BCPO. The results suggest that besides the energy level offset, SOP and permanent dipole moment of the materials should also be taken into account for realizing efficient carrier blocking interfaces. Dipolar doping is a versatile tool to tune charge accumulation, and to study its influence on device performance as well as the role of SOP in OLEDs.
Real‐Time THz Beam Profiling and Monitoring via Flexible Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Xiao Dongyang , Wang Qian , Wang Zhaosong , Zhang Yili , Wu Jingbo , Fan Kebin , Sun Leimeng , Zhu Minmin , Ng Zhi Kai , Teo Edwin Hang Tong , Hu Fangjing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn terahertz (THz) quasi‐optical systems, the real‐time profiling and visualization of THz beams is of great importance for beam focusing and collimation applications. Herein, a cost‐effective and room‐temperature‐operated THz imaging device for this purpose is demonstrated experimentally using a flexible and broadband THz absorber based on a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array. Excellent THz absorption performances with an average power absorptance >96.8% are achieved within 0.1 and 2.5 THz. The energy of the incident THz wave is absorbed by the THz absorber and converted into heat that will re‐radiate and can be detected by an infrared (IR) camera as a result of the THz‐to‐IR conversion mechanism. Real‐time THz beam imaging and monitoring applications are demonstrated by a series of experiments at both 0.1 and 0.3 THz, providing an alternative approach for real‐time beam profiling and monitoring of THz waves.
De Novo Design of an Androgen Receptor DNA Binding Domain‐Targeted peptide PROTAC for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ma Bohan , Fan Yizeng , Zhang Dize , Wei Yi , Jian Yanlin , Liu Donghua , Wang Zixi , Gao Yang , Ma Jian , Chen Yule , Xu Shan , Li Lei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAndrogen receptor splice variant‐7 (AR‐V7), one of the major driving factors, is the most attractive drug target in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, no available drugs efficiently target AR‐V7 in clinical practice. The DNA binding domain (DBD) is indispensable for the transcriptional activity of AR full length and AR splice variants, including AR‐V7. Based on the homodimerization structure of the AR DBD, a novel peptide‐based proteolysis‐targeting chimera (PROTAC) drug is designed to induce AR and AR‐V7 degradation in a DBD and MDM2‐dependent manner, without showing any activity on other hormone receptors. To overcome the short half‐life and poor cell penetrability of peptide PROTAC drugs, an ultrasmall gold (Au)‐peptide complex platform to deliver the AR DBD PROTAC in vivo is developed. The obtained Au‐AR pep‐PROTAC effectively degrades AR and AR‐V7 in prostate cancer cell lines, particularly in CWR22Rv1 cells with DC50 values 48.8 and 79.2 nM, respectively. Au‐AR pep‐PROTAC results in suppression of AR levels and induces tumor regression in both enzalutamide sensitive and resistant prostate cancer animal models. Further optimization of the Au‐AR pep‐PROTAC can ultimately lead to a new therapy for AR‐V7‐positive CRPC.
Preparation and evaluation of bismuth sulfide and magnetite‐based theranostic nanohybrid as drug carrier and dual MRI/CT contrast agent
Authors: Nosrati Hamed , Salehiabar Marziyeh , Mozafari Faezeh , Charmi Jalil , Erdoğan Nuri , Ghaffarlou Mohammadreza , Abhari Fatemeh , Danafar Hossein , Ramazani Ali , Nuri Ertas Yavuz 
Published: August 2022

Due to the increased incidence and population growth that has been leading to growing number of cases worldwide, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer is crucial. Low density cancer tissue cannot be diagnosed before progressing toward a metastatic stage. Thus, theranostic systems play a significant role in assisting timely diagnosis and treatment. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) contrast agents in a single probe is of high importance and necessity, where individual strengths of each approach can be merged while shortcomings of each modality could be compensated. With this motivation, we have developed and synthesized Bi2S3@BSA‐Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a dual MRI/CT contrast agent and carrier of curcumin (CUR) as natural anticancer drug. The nanoparticles shortened both the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2), MRI relaxation times, with a more distinct effect on producing negative contrast (T2) images with a relaxivity (r2) of 54.73 mM−1 s−1. The magnetite/bismuth hybrid nanoparticle also was capable of increasing CT image contrast. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed high biocompatibility of the synthesized nanoparticles. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assay on cancer cells showed high anticancer activity of the synthesized nanoparticles.
A unique experiment in undergraduate education in psychoanalysis: The Colorado College class at the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute
Authors: Riker John H. , Dobson Marcia D.‐S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this paper we describe how we created an undergraduate course in psychoanalysis for Colorado College students at the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute, how the course is constructed in terms of meeting with psychoanalysts, how we create an optimal ambiance for the course, how it is part of a psychoanalysis minor, and why it has been so meaningful for the students. We also articulate why we think teaching psychoanalysis to undergraduates is extraordinarily important and the difficulties and risks in doing so.
Apremilast exerts protective effects on stroke outcomes and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through regulating Rho‐associated protein kinase 2 expression
Authors: Wang Mingyuan , Meng Xiangyuan , Cheng Zhihua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAimsStroke is a devastating event and a huge public health concern worldwide. Apremilast (APR) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase‐4 involved in various neurological diseases, including stroke. However, the protective effects of APR on stroke have not been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of APR on stroke outcomes and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke mice model.ResultsThe results show that APR attenuated neurological injury in MCAO mice with decreased neurological deficit scores and infarct size, as well as increased hanging grip time. The increased BBB permeability and decreased expression of the tight junction protein Claudin‐5 in MCAO mice were attenuated by APR treatment. APR treatment also mitigated neuroinflammation in MCAO mice, as shown by the decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines. In vitro assays also proved that APR ameliorated the oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‐induced increase in endothelial permeability and restored the expression of Claudin‐5 in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. Moreover, overexpression of ROCK2 in bEnd.3 cells abolished the protective effects of APR on endothelial permeability against OGD/R induction.ConclusionTaken together, our results demonstrate that APR showed significant efficacy on ischemic stroke outcomes by alleviating enhanced BBB permeability and neuroinflammation by inhibiting ROCK2. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic window for ischemic stroke.
Make diversity, bias training a positive experience for your officers
Authors: Sutton Halley 
Published: August 2022

LAS VEGAS — “This is a training about how to make diversity training and bias training palatable to law enforcement,” Lewis Eakins, Ph.D., CPP, Vice President for Public Safety and Emergency Management at Ivy Tech Community College in Indiana, said. Eakins spoke at the recent annual conference for the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators.
Polyurethane and polyurethane/hydroxyapatite scaffold in a three‐dimensional culture system
Authors: Ghasroldasht Mohammad M. , Mastrogiacomo Maddalena , Akbarian Fahimeh , Rezaeian Atefeh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDesigning a new scaffold with an optimal ability of osteogenesis differentiation is a significant step bone tissue engineering along with the growing demands for bone craft in recent decades. Herein, we used Polyurethane (PU), a novel biocompatible and flexible polymer, and Hydroxyapatite (HA), the major component of human hard tissues matrix for developing new scaffolds and analyzing the in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad‐MSCs) in basal and induction media. Gene expression analysis was performed to evaluate the expression level of four osteogenic differentiation genes. MTT assays were also done to assess the attachment and proliferation of the cells after 7 and 21 days of seeding to scaffolds. The expression level of RUNX2 was increased in seeded cells on PU/HA scaffolds compared with the PU. Cellular adhesion and proliferation of the Ad‐MSCs were higher in PU/HA than PU scaffolds according to the histology analysis. The PU and PU/HA scaffolds supported the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of Ad‐MSCs, and they are suitable candidates for producing constructs in bone regeneration. However, further in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies on these scaffolds are needed to introduce an appropriate candidate for clinical bone regeneration.
A 2‐component Camassa‐Holm Equation, Euler‐Bernoulli Beam Problem, and Noncommutative Continued Fractions
Authors: Beals Richard , Szmigielski Jacek 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA new approach to the Euler‐Bernoulli beam based on an inhomogeneous matrix string problem is presented. Three ramifications of the approach are developed:
motivated by an analogy with the Camassa‐Holm equation a class of isospectral deformations of the beam problem is formulated;
a reformulation of the matrix string problem in terms of a certain compact operator is used to obtain basic spectral properties of the inhomogeneous matrix string problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions;
the inverse problem is solved for the special case of a discrete Euler‐Bernoulli beam. The solution involves a noncommutative generalization of Stieltjes’ continued fractions, leading to the inverse formulas expressed in terms of ratios of Hankel‐like determinants.

© 2022 Courant Institute of Mathematics and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Preclinical and Phase 1 Assessment of Antisense Oligonucleotide Bepirovirsen in Hepatitis B Virus–Transgenic Mice and Healthy Human Volunteers: Support for Clinical Dose Selection and Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses
Authors: Han Kelong , Theodore Dickens , McMullen Gina , Swayze Eric , McCaleb Michael , Billioud Gaetan , Wieland Stefan , Hood Steve , Paff Melanie , Bennett C. Frank , Kwoh T. Jesse 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDose‐dependent reductions in hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA, DNA, and viral proteins following bepirovirsen administration were observed in HepG2.2.15 cells. In HBV‐transgenic mice treated at 50 mg/kg/wk, hepatic HBV RNA and DNA were reduced by 90% and 99%, respectively. Subsequently, a phase 1 first‐in‐human study assessed pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single (75–450 mg) and multiple (150–450 mg on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, and 22) subcutaneous bepirovirsen doses in 96 healthy volunteers. Bepirovirsen at all dose levels was rapidly absorbed (maximum plasma concentration 3–8 hours after dosing), rapidly distributed to peripheral tissues, and slowly eliminated (median plasma terminal half‐life: 22.5–24.6 days across cohorts). Plasma exposure (dose‐proportional at 150–450 mg) and concentration‐time profiles were similar following the first and sixth doses, suggesting little to no plasma accumulation (steady state achieved by day 22). Renal elimination of full‐length bepirovirsen accounted for <2% of the total dose. Across the single and multiple dose cohorts, 197 treatment‐emergent adverse events were reported, with 99% and 65% classified as mild in severity and local injection site reactions, respectively. In conclusion, bepirovirsen showed an acceptable safety profile in humans with observed pharmacokinetics consistent with the chemical class, warranting further evaluation of bepirovirsen in chronic HBV infection.
Low Temperature Photoluminescence Properties of α‐CsPbI3 Nanocrystals with High Quantum Yield
Authors: Sun Chunyu , Wang Xinzhan , Qiu Pengfei , Mou Xuejiao , Lu Wanbing , Teng Xiaoyun , Fu Guangsheng , Yu Wei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTemperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) properties of high quality cubic phase α‐CsPbI3 nanocrystals are investigated, and thermal transfer from free excitons to trapped excitons is observed. Free exciton recombination is the main origin of the high PL quantum yield (97%) at room temperature. Little change of PL peak energy is observed with decreasing temperature from 280 to 200 K, and it shifts from 1.84 to 1.81 eV in the region of 200 and 80 K. The PL peak intensity decreases with decreasing temperature first and then increases, and the minimum value is observed at 180 K. Two PL bands are obtained by Gaussian fittings in the PL spectra detected at different temperatures, and the high energy band is attributed to the emission of free excitons, while that for the low energy band is related to the transition of trapped excitons. The PL integrated intensity ratio of trapped exciton and free exciton transition increases from 0.18 to 2.10 with decreasing the temperature, which suggests that thermal transfer from free exciton to trapped exciton states leads to the dominant optical emission of trapped exciton recombination in the low temperature region.