bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unifying Classification and Bounding Box Regression Head For Object Detection
Authors: Gao Cunzhang , Gu Haitao , Yu Siquan , Li Xingzhen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Object detection usually includes two parts: objection classification and location. At present, the popular object detectors usually use two detection heads: one head is used to predict classification score, and the other one is used to predict the bounding box (bbox), respectively. In this paper, we first stack classification head after feature extract convolutional neural networks of bbox regression head. Then, we establish the classification networks by using a bounding box feature. The bounding box feature is very useful when the classification head uses soft Intersection over Union (IoU) labels. In experiment parts, only using PASCAL VOC 2007 datasets, soft Centerness labels, and soft IoU labels get 50.06 mAP and 52.08 mAP on VOC 2007 test. Compared with FCOS, they have 1.08% and 1.12% improvements. Using PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets, our Union A*B head gets 78.71mAP after 12 epochs training with ResNet-101 as backbone and FPN as the neck. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other detection methods.
A Preliminary Frame of Improved TCP/IP Model for Metaverse Networks
Authors: Zhu Weijun , Liang Xinyue , Chen Mengyao , Wang Yiran 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It is well known that internet will play a key role to the infrastructure of metaverse, while different immerging virtual worlds communicate with each other. However, the existing TCP/IP model is not suitable enough for metaverse networks. To this end, we explore a preliminary frame of revised TCP/IP model. At first, a new layer called metaverse layer is defined. And then, this layer is placed as the top layer, i.e., the upper of the application layer in TCP/IP model. As a result, a novel network model having the six layers is obtained. Our simulated experiments indicate the feasibility of the new model.
Incline-dependent adjustments of toes in geckos inspire functional strategies for biomimetic manipulators
Authors: Song Yi , Weng Zhiyuan , Yuan Jiwei , Zhang Linghao , Wang Zhouyi , Dai Zhendong , Full Robert J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Geckos show versatility by rapidly maneuvering on diverse complex terrain because they benefit from their distributed, setae-covered toes and thus have the ability to generate reliable and adaptive attachment. Significant attention has been paid to their adhesive microstructures (setae), but the effectiveness of the gecko’s adaptive attachment at the level of toes and feet remains unclear. In order to better understand the geckos’ attachment, we first focused on the deployment of toes while challenging geckos to locomote on varying inclines. When the slope angle was less than 30°, their feet mainly interacted with the substrate using the bases of the toes and generated anisotropic frictional forces. As the slope angle increased to 90°, the participation of the toe bases was reduced. Instead, the setae contribution increased for the middle three toes of the front feet and for the first three toes of the hind feet. As the incline changed from vertical to inverted, the adhesive contribution of the toes of the front feet became more equal, whereas the effective adhesion contact of the hind feet gradually shifted to the toes oriented rearwards. Second, a mathematical model was established and then suggested the potential advantages of distributed control among the toes to regulate foot force. Finally, a physical foot model containing five compliant, adjustable toes was constructed and validated the discoveries with regard to the animals. Using the gecko toes’ control strategies, the artificial foot demonstrated diverse behavior regulating attachment forces. The success of the foot prototype not only tested our understanding of the mechanism of biological attachment, but also provided a demonstration for the design and control of gecko-inspired attachment devices, grippers and other manipulators.
Polyester microplastic fibers in soil increase nitrogen loss via leaching and decrease plant biomass production and N uptake
Authors: Ingraffia Rosolino , Amato Gaetano , Iovino Massimo , Rillig Matthias C , Giambalvo Dario , Frenda Alfonso S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Microplastic contamination, like other global change factors, can induce effects on ecosystem functions and processes, affecting various soil biophysical properties. However, effects of such contaminants on nutrient cycles in agroecosystems are still poorly understood. We here performed two pot experiments to investigate the effect of polyester microplastic fibers (PMFs) on soil physical properties, nitrogen cycle, and plant performance in a maize-based agroecosystem. Moreover, we followed the N loss via leaching in soil contaminated or not with PMFs by simulating heavy rainfall events that mimic a future scenario of climate change. Our results show that soil contaminated with PMFs (at a concentration of 0.5% w/w) can jeopardize agroecosystem sustainability by affecting soil physical properties and in particular soil macro- and microporosity, the nitrogen cycle, and plant performance. In particular, we found that soil PMF contamination limited crop growth and N uptake by circa 30%, and consequently increased N loss via leaching. Overall, our findings show that soil contamination with PMFs may pose problems to future agricultural challenges like food security and environmental protection.
The Effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) goat biourin with various decomposers on some chemical properties of ultisol
Authors: Sulistyani Dwi Probowati , Napoleon Adipati , Hermawan Agus , Lola Chintya Vika 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aims to improve soil quality, so that the soil used can be maintained against theavailability of soil nutrients. Efforts are made to apply fertilizers that are in accordance withthe needs of plants and in a balanced manner. Organic fertilizer is one of the efforts toimprove the physical and chemical properties of the soil, so that it is expected to increase thegrowth and production of plants to be applied. Liquid organic fertilizer has many advantages, namely the ease of application to soil and plants, all you need to do is water it. The rawmaterial forliquid organic fertilizer from goat biourin is goat urine, while the decomposersare banana hump, feces and EM4. This researchwas conducted in a greenhouse, was carried out for 4 months, Departmet of Soil and Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology and Soil Fertility, Department of Soil, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. The study using acompletely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consistedof the ratio of biourin to water, namely: A (control), B (l:l), C (1:2), and D (1:3). Parametersobserved and measured in this study were C/N Ratio, Total N, and soil pH. Based on theresults of the study, it was concluded that the type and dosage of goat Biourin liquid fertilizer could increase soil pH, N-total and C/Nratio.
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Farming Systems in Different Environment on the Availability and Uptake Of Zn and Cd in Rice Plants
Authors: Iskyati Wuri , Hidayah Utami Sri Nuryani , Hanudin Eko 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of the cultivation process is dependent on the planting medium. Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd) are metal elements whose presence in the soil is influenced by the same factors. However, their effects on plants might be different. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of sites with different environmental conditions and farming systems on the uptake of Zn and Cd in rice plants. The research was arranged in a two-stage nested randomized block design, consisting of two sites (Fluvaquentic Epiaquepts and Typic Epiaquepst) and two treatments (organic and inorganic farming systems). The effect of soil type and the farming system resulted in the highest yield of Zn availability in inorganic Fluvaquentic Epiaquepts treatment with a value of 5,42mg.kg-1 at two days after planting (DAP), and the highest uptake was in the organic Fluvaquentic Epiaquepts treatment with a value of 1,04 mg.plant-1. The inorganic Typic Epiaquepst treatment had the maximum Cd availability and uptake, with 0.45 mg.kg-1 and 1.15 mg.plant-1, respectively, at 63 DAP. Zn uptake was significantly affected by different sites with different soil types, while Cd was significantly affected by both sites with different soil types and farming systems. Zn and Cd levels in soil and plants were within the normal threshold.
The impact of seasonal changes on tidal water quality in acid sulfate soils for rice cultivation and water management strategies in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Multazam Z , Utami S N H , Maas A , Anwar K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Water management is the leading key to success in tidal swamp rice farming of acid sulfate soils toward seasonal and climate changes to increase rice productivity for overcoming the threat of food crisis. This study aimed to assess and know the dynamics of tidal water quality from the dry peak season to the rainy season’s peak and the best practices on tidal water management strategies for rice cultivation in acid sulfate soils. Measurement started from the peak of the dry season to that of the rainy season, carried out every month at the spring and neap tides. The first measurement was conducted in the Ray 5 Channel located 3 km from the Barito River, hourly for 24 hours. The second one was performed every kilometer from the Barito’s Riverbanks up to 8 km during high and low tides. The main parameters measured were pH and electrical conductivity (EC). The results explained that water quality in tidal lands dynamically fluctuated, spatially, and temporally, hourly, daily, and monthly. Spatially, good water quality is only found at locations 0-4km on the water channel from the Barito River. The water quality decreases farther from the estuary channel and towards the rain peak. The best water quality in the channel occurs at the in-situ tide peak, usually for 2-3hours closest to or from the highest tide. However, the water quality is very acidic, with the pH∼3 value often overflowing the land at the height of the rainy season. This research can be used as a guide in water management in acid sulfate soils and other similar locations. Proper management and location-specific and compatible water systems are proposed to ensure good quality water can optimally improve agricultural success in tidal swamps of acid sulfate soils, namely by holding backwater during the dry season, water drain from the swampland in the rainy season, with leaching and flushing at the beginning rain, and closing the floodgates from the poor water quality.
Biophysical and Socioeconomic Characterization of the Timari River Micro-basin in the Central Tropics of Peru
Authors: Erazo-Toscano E , Alvarez-Montalván C , Caballero-Salas R , Baltazar-Ruíz A , Rojas-Castillo Y , Alomia-Lucero M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The study was carried out in the Timari river micro-basin belonging to the Río Negro district of the Satipo province, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the vulnerability to contamination of surface water resources in the Timari-Río Negro river micro-basin. The results in the physical aspect were: area 1061.16 ha with length of channel 7.36 km and 44 tributaries, slope of the channel 12%, mean elevation of 1176.47 meters above sea level; the biophysical aspect presents: temperature from 19.87°C to 24.16°C, precipitation from 1693 mm to 2063 mm, evapotranspiration from 1083.31 mm to 1519.81 mm and slopes ranging from flat to steep. The population in the socioeconomic aspect presents 40% illiteracy and 60% some degree of education, productive activities are based 83% on agriculture and 17% trade, monoculture predominates with 60% and diversified crops at 40%. The flow rate was 0.248 m3 /s; while the raw surface water quality index presents 81.28 characterized as good quality and ends with 41.87 as poor quality.
Maintaining microstructure ultra-refinement in the austenitic stainless steel by inducing χ phase precipitating through severe cold rolling and annealing
Authors: Fu Bin , Ge Yao , Guan Wei , Guo Yanhui , Wang Zemin , Ding Yi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the present study, an austenitic stainless steel (2Cr17Ni13Mo5) was processed by severe cold rolling (SCR) and subsequent annealing. The grain size was severely refined to ∼100 nm after SCR. The yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased to 1510.5 MPa and 1660.4 MPa, respectively. Nevertheless, the ductility decreased significantly. Full recrystallization was completed after annealing at 800 °C for 1h. However, the ultrafine-grained structure was maintained with the grain size of 780 nm, which is mainly attributed to the pinning effect of χ phase precipitated at the grain boundary during annealing. Good comprehensive mechanical properties with high strength (YS = 977.6 MPa, UTS = 1197.7 MPa) and good ductility (elongation = 17%) were obtained. The high strength is mainly attributed to the ultrafine-grained structure maintaining, while the annihilation of dislocation contributes to the ductility improvement.
P-CRITICAL: a reservoir autoregulation plasticity rule for neuromorphic hardware
Authors: Balafrej Ismael , Alibart Fabien , Rouat Jean 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Backpropagation algorithms on recurrent artificial neural networks require an unfolding of accumulated states over time. These states must be kept in memory for an undefined period of time which is task-dependent and costly for edge devices. This paper uses the reservoir computing paradigm where an untrained recurrent pool of neurons is used as a preprocessor for temporally structured inputs and with a limited number of training data samples. These so-called reservoirs usually require either extensive fine-tuning or neuroplasticity. We propose a new local and unsupervised plasticity rule named P-CRITICAL designed for automatic reservoir tuning that translates well to physical and digital neuromorphic processors. The spiking neuronal architecture implementation is simulated on the Loihi research chip from Intel and on a conventional CPU. Comparisons on state-of-the-art machine learning datasets are given. Improved performance on visual and auditory tasks are observed. There is no need to a priori tune the reservoir when switching between tasks, making this approach suitable for physical implementations. Furthermore, such plastic behaviour of the reservoir is a key to end-to-end energy-efficient neuromorphic-based machine learning on edge devices.
Illustration of 2 Fusion Designs and Estimators
Authors: Cole Stephen R , Edwards Jessie K , Breskin Alexander , Rosin Samuel , Zivich Paul N , Shook-Sa Bonnie E , Hudgens Michael G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract“Fusion” study designs combine data from different sources to answer questions that could not be answered (as well) by subsets of the data. Studies that augment main study data with validation data, as in measurement-error correction studies or generalizability studies, are examples of fusion designs. Fusion estimators, here solutions to stacked estimating functions, produce consistent answers to identified research questions using data from fusion designs. In this paper, we describe a pair of examples of fusion designs and estimators, one where we generalize a proportion to a target population and one where we correct measurement error in a proportion. For each case, we present an example motivated by human immunodeficiency virus research and summarize results from simulation studies. Simulations demonstrate that the fusion estimators provide approximately unbiased results with appropriate 95% confidence interval coverage. Fusion estimators can be used to appropriately combine data in answering important questions that benefit from multiple sources of information.
Fire and summer temperatures interact to shape seed dormancy thresholds
Authors: Zomer Maya , Moreira Bruno , Pausas Juli G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
In Mediterranean ecosystems, the heat shock of wildfire disrupts physical seed dormancy in many plant species. This triggers germination in the post-fire environment where seedling establishment is optimal due to decreased competition and increased resource availability. However, to maintain the soil seed bank until a fire occurs, the minimum heat capable of breaking seed dormancy (i.e. the lower heat threshold) must be above the maximum temperatures typically observed in the soil during the summer. We therefore hypothesized that summer temperatures have shaped heat requirements for physical dormancy release. Specifically, we predicted that seeds from populations growing under warmer summers will have higher values of the lower heat threshold.

Methods
To evaluate this prediction, we collected seeds from two Cistus species in 31 populations (20 Cistus albidus and 11 Cistus salviifolius) along a climate gradient of summer temperatures on the eastern coast of Spain. For each population, seeds were treated to 10 min heat shocks, from 30 to 120 °C in 5 °C increments (19 treatments), to simulate increasing heat doses from summer to fire-related temperatures. Seeds were then germinated in the lab.

Key Results
For all populations, maximum germination was observed when applying temperatures associated with fire. Lower heat thresholds varied among populations, with a positive relationship between summer temperatures at seed population origin and the heat dose required to break dormancy.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that fire drives maximum dormancy release for successful post-fire germination, while summer temperatures determine lower heat thresholds for ensuring inter-fire seed bank persistence. Significant among-population variation of thresholds also suggests that post-fire seeder species have some potential to modify their dormancy release requirements in response to changing climate.
Hybridization and introgression are prevalent in Southern European Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species
Authors: Osuna-Mascaró Carolina , Rubio de Casas Rafael , Gómez José M , Loureiro João , Castro Silvia , Landis Jacob B , Hopkins Robin , Perfectti Francisco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Hybridization is a common and important force in plant evolution. One of its outcomes is introgression – the transfer of small genomic regions from one taxon to another by hybridization and repeated backcrossing. This process is believed to be common in glacial refugia, where range expansions and contractions can lead to cycles of sympatry and isolation, creating conditions for extensive hybridization and introgression. Polyploidization is another genome-wide process with a major influence on plant evolution. Both hybridization and polyploidization can have complex effects on plant evolution. However, these effects are often difficult to understand in recently evolved species complexes.

Methods
We combined flow cytometry, analyses of transcriptomic sequences and pollen tube growth assays to investigate the consequences of polyploidization, hybridization and introgression on the recent evolution of several Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species from the South of the Iberian Peninsula, a well-known glacial refugium. This species complex differentiated in the last 2 million years, and its evolution has been hypothesized to be determined mainly by polyploidization, interspecific hybridization and introgression.

Key Results
Our results support a scenario of widespread hybridization involving both extant and ‘ghost’ taxa. Several taxa studied here, most notably those with purple corollas, are polyploids, probably of allopolyploid origin. Moreover, hybridization in this group might be an ongoing phenomenon, as pre-zygotic barriers appeared weak in many cases.

Conclusions
The evolution of Erysimum spp. has been determined by hybridization to a large extent. Species with purple (polyploids) and yellow flowers (mostly diploid) exhibit a strong signature of introgression in their genomes, indicating that hybridization occurred regardless of colour and across ploidy levels. Although the adaptive value of such genomic exchanges remains unclear, our results demonstrate the significance of hybridization for plant diversification, which should be taken into account when studying plant evolution.
Fake News, Defamation, Online Reviews, and Their Potential Devastating Consequences for Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Wokes James E T , McLean Neil R , Boyd Magnus 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Anecdotal evidence of the exposure and vulnerability of aesthetic plastic surgeons to fake news and online defamation by a minority of vociferous patients has been accruing over the past 10 to 20 years and lurks, hidden like an iceberg, beneath our specialty. Because of acute embarrassment, it is rarely, if ever, discussed in public, and the true extent of the underlying problem remains unknown.

Objectives
The authors sought to accurately document the true magnitude of defamation in British aesthetic plastic surgery.

Methods
An anonymous online survey was distributed to all full members of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons in the summer of 2020.

Results
Forty-six percent of full British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons members responded. Over one-half had experienced denigration of their professional reputation; the most common medium reported was digital defamation. Over three-quarters of the respondents had been the subject of patient blackmail in an attempt to refund professional fees, and, most distressingly, almost one-third stated that the incident had significantly impacted their mental well-being. The majority had found help from their professional bodies to be significantly lacking.

Conclusions
These findings reveal a torment among aesthetic plastic surgeons that has not, to the authors’ knowledge, been previously recognized and requires urgent attention by professional organizations.
A new lanostane triterpenoid from the mushroom Hypholoma fasciculare
Authors: Wang Junhong , Wu Jing , Tsutsumi Kenta , Choi Jae-Hoon , Hirai Hirofumi , Kobori Hajime , Takikawa Yuichi , Kawagishi Hirokazu 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
A novel compound (1) and 3 known compounds (2−4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Hypholoma fasciculare. The structure of 1 was determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2−4 were identified by comparing the spectra data of known compounds. In the bioassay examining growth inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis, Burkholderia glumae, and Peptobacterium carotovorum, compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed inhibition effects on C. michiganensis only.