bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control in Seed Alfalfa, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots were established near Hollister, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Five treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 12 by 25 ft. Treatments were applied 7 Jul, during bloom, as broadcast spray with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzle type was X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. Treatments were applied on 7 Jul during bloom period. Sampling was conducted by taking 590° pendulum sweeps/plot on each sampling date and counting the SAA in the net. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Red Clover Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Kamble Shripat T. , Byers Matthew E. , Manglitz George R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Lincoln, Nebr., to determine the effectiveness of Ammo 2.5 EC as a foliar treatment against insect pests of red clover and to determine its effects on phytotoxicity and yield. The clover was second-year growth seeded on 16 Jun 1987. Ammo was applied at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre and at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre; untreated plots served as control. All treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. Each plot consisted of 9 20-ft rows spaced 6 inches apart. The first cutting of clover was made 24 May. Pretreatment samples were taken 7 Jun by making 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. The first treatment was completed 8 Jun with a CO2-activated-pressure sprayer equipped with a 51/2-ft boom calibrated to deliver 24.44 gal water/acre at 20 psi. Insects were sampled 15 Jun by making 5 sweeps/plot. A second application was made 16 Jun. The second sampling was completed 27 Jun. Phytotoxicity was assessed for leaf burn and yellowing (chlorotic) effects. The clover was harvested (second cutting) 7 Jul and cured in a greenhouse for 7 d.
Western Tentiform Leafminer Vydate Rate Test, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a mature commercial orchard near East Wenatchee, Wash. The experimental design consisted of unreplicated 1-acre blocks. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul with an airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre. The number of WTLM was sampled by counting tissue-feeding mines from the upper surfaces of 100 leaves. The pretreatment count (17 Jul) coincided with the maximum number of mines of the second generation, and the posttreatment count (19 Aug) coincided with the maximum number of mines of the third generation. WTLM age structure at time of application was 36.0% sap-feeding larvae, 6.6% tissue-feeding larvae, 5.6% pupae, and 44.2% emerged, 7.6% dead, and 0% parasitized.
Second-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested early-blister-stage field corn was treated 22 Jul. Three insecticides and one untreated control were replicated 4 times. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray applied at 40 psi from 1 nozzle suspended over the row, perpendicular to the row (tip size HC-6). The growing season was characterized by severe drought and extreme temperatures. No rain fell for 18 d after the plots were treated. Twenty plants from the 2 center rows were destroyed and examined 16-17 Aug. Tunnels/20 plants and larvae/20 plants were recorded for each plot.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested whorl-stage yellow field corn was treated 14 Jun. Thirteen insecticides and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray applied at 40 psi from 1 nozzle suspended over the row, perpendicular to the row (tip size HC-6). Granular products were applied manually with a funnel and band spreader system. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band. The 1988 growing season was characterized by severe drought and extreme temperatures. No rain fell for 2 wk after the treatments were applied. Twenty plants from the 2 center rows per plot were destroyed and examined from 8 through 14 Jul. Tunnels/20 plants, larvae/20 plants, and average percentage of plants infested with at least 1 tunnel/plant were recorded.
Control of Banks Grass Mite, 1988
Authors: Michels G. J. , Behle R. W. , Bible J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three Capture treatments were applied to field corn at the High Plains Research Station near Etter, Tex., and evaluated for BGM control. Applications were made 12 Aug with a 4-nozzle hand-held spray boom to plots that were a single row 50 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The spray boom was held vertically for 2 passes so that the spray was applied to both sides of corn. Total spray volume was 21.6 gal/acre at 30 psi and included 1 qt/acre of nonemulsifled crop oil (Sun Oil 11N). Efficacy evaluations taken at 7, 13, and 25 DAT were based on mite and mite egg counts from brushed leaf samples. Four plants that exhibited signs of mite damage were selected from each plot and the leaf below the lowest ear was excised to be brushed. The leaf-brushing machine collects the mites and eggs on a 7-inch glass plate coated with petroleum jelly. Four leaves from each plot were brushed onto 1 plate or into a labeled Petri dish and returned to the laboratory. There, eggs and mites were counted from one-quarter of each plate under a microscope. The numbers reported are mites and mite eggs/leaf.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. , Borgmeier J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of liquid insecticides applied to foliage was evaluated in small plot trials on pretassel corn near Crookston, Minn. Plots of 2 rows (5 ft) by 50 ft were established 10 Jul in a commercial field planted 4 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre through Zytel LF-3-80 nozzles at 40 psi. Light winds (&lt;2 mph) and warm temperatures (89°F) prevailed during application, but IV2 inches of rain began to fall within 6 h after application. Insecticide performance was evaluated 19 Aug by dissecting 10 plants/plot and counting all damage sites (tunnels in stalk, ear shank, and ear).
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. , Borgmeier J. , Barber Dan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This small-plot trial evaluated efficacy of granular insecticides in a commercial production field near Beardsley, Minn. Plots of 1 row (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular insecticides were applied to whorl stage corn 8 Jul when temperatures were 70-75°F and there were light variable winds. A one-row, electrically driven Gandy granular insecticide applicator was used to apply all treatments. Insecticide performance was evaluated 9 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the tunnels.
Fungicide and Insecticide Interactions with In-Furrow Treatments, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Temik and Orthene were main plot treatments, applied in furrow at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, Subplot treatments were the fungicides Dithane, Ridomil, and Terraclor Super X (TSX) as well as tank mixtures of Dithane + Ridomil and Ridomil + Terraclor. The granular formulation of TSX applied at 10 lb (form.)/acre was the fungicide standard. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,000 plants/acre 6 May on a Commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Granular treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Liquids were applied with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 18 May and 6 Jun. Data on insect populations are reported as the mean of these 2 dates. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 23 May and 20 Jun. Plant population data reported are the means for these 2 dates. Leaf area data were recorded 6 Jun by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data were recorded on 1 Jun. Ten plants/plot were randomly selected for the measurements. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 9 Sep.
Bollworm Ovicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Frank W. A. , Slosser J. E. , Price J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 25 May at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Munday. Azinphosmethyl at 0.28 kg (AI)/ha was applied 26 Jul to eliminate predators and parasites from the plots. Plots were fertilized before planting with 112 kg nitrogen/ha and irrigated 27-29 Jul. Treatments were applied 1 Aug with a John Deere HiCycle 6000 traveling at 5.2 km/h. Drops were used providing 3 nozzles/row, delivering a volume of 93.5 liters/ha at 275 kilopascals. Treatments were applied between 10:30 A.M. and 12:30 P.M., when the temperature was 32°C, 47% RH, and wind speed was 14-24 km/h gusting to 32 km/h.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 6 treatments against tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Inspections were made of 25 randomly selected squares or bolls in each plot for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and for boll weevil punctures on 21, 26, and 29 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Spider Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to compare new strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with Di-Beta and standard miticides for control of TSSM. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Spray applications (6 gal/acre) were made with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips every 20 inches on the boom. Bidrin at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre was sprayed to control thrips and cotton fleahoppers 22 May and 19 Jun. Predators were controlled with Ammo 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on 7, 14, 22, and 28 Jul and 11 Aug to eliminate their interaction. Plots were infested 17 Jul by placing one infested bean plant on every 5 ft of row in the plots. The single application of control treatments was applied 21 Jul. TSSM infestation on the cotton was measured by examining 25 eighth leaves from the terminals to determine the presence of TSSM. The percentage of infested leaves was determined 27 Jul and 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Yield was determined by harvesting the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper.
Activity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An early-season small-plot trial was conducted on the J. E. Arceneaux farm near Newellton, La., which had been planted 9 Apr in a silty clay loam. No insecticides had been applied to the field of cotton prior to the study. All treatments were applied with a tractor equipped with a 4-row boom (2 Teejet X-6 hollow-cone nozzles/row) and a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre at 35 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 100 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were randomly collected from each plot at 4, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment. The egg collection was transported to the laboratory, held at room temperature (80°F), and mortality to eggs and larvae was determined 96 h after collection. The survivors of the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified as 100% TBW. Eggs were considered dead if they did not hatch. Larval mortality was recorded if the insect was unable to move after being prodded. Numbers of other pests and beneficial arthropods were determined with a standard insect sweep net (15-inch dia) by taking 50 sweep samples/plot 72 h after treatment. For the duration of the study there was no rainfall recorded and relative humidity was low. The cotton plants were approximately 3 ft tall and averaged 3-5 squares per plant.
Control of Soybean Looper, 1988
Authors: Buckelew L. D. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University in Alabama. Eight treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.021-acre-plot was 6 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 10-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied in water 13 Sep from a boom sprayer equipped with 2 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 60 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Soybean looper larvae were identified and classified as small (first and second instar), medium (third and fourth instar), or large (fifth instar or older). They were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment and at 5 and 7 DAT (18 and 20 Sep).
Stink Bug Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Brown A. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted 7 Jun. Plot size was 10 rows by 15 m with a 0.76-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 20 Sep with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at 36 psi at a rate of 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were collected by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweep net on each of 4 dates.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug, 1988
Authors: Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were tested for control of stink bugs, primarily Southern green stink bugs, in 2 separate experiments. In Test 1, plots were 50 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows. Insecticides were applied to ‘Forrest’ soybean (R5) on 6 Sep. In Test 2, plots were 40 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows. Insecticides were applied to ‘Forrest’ soybean (R6) on 22 Sep. Both tests were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal of finished product/acre at 30 psi through 8002 nozzles. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2, 7, and 14 DAT in Test 1 and at 2 and 7 DAT in Test 2. Test 1 received 0.53 inches of rain between 2 and 7 DAT and 1.17 inches between 8 and 14 DAT. No rain fell during Test 2.
Control of an Agromyzid 1987
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Huang C. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘AGS 66’ soybean breeding line was planted in 3- by 3.3-m plots 2 Oct at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. There were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone-type nozzle. A 0.5-liter spray volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient) was applied to each plot during the first 4 applications; 1 liter/plot (1,000 liters/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 8, 12, 14, 21, and 28 Oct and 4 and 11 Nov. Insecticide efficacy evaluation was performed 27 Oct and 17 Nov. Thirty plants at random were uprooted from each plot. Each plant was cut open and the number of larvae and pupae found within the stems was recorded. Likewise, the number of plants with visible agromyzid damage, including those without larvae or pupae, was also recorded. At harvest on 11 Jan 1988 seed yield of each plot was recorded.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sugarbeets were grower planted on 6 Apr near Minidoka, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by hand line sprinklers. A representative area of the field was selected for the insecticide plots. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22-inch spacing) by 25 ft with 5-ft alleys between plots. Six treatments were applied at planting either as a modified in-furrow narrow band or as a 5-inch band treatment. Modified in-furrow treatments consisted of a 1-inch band of material being mixed with the soil covering the seed. Band applications were applied above the seed and lightly incorporated. Two band treatments were applied at first adult emergence on 5 May (cultivation) and 3 band applications were made at peak adult activity on 22 May. On 8 Jul, 10 beets/plot were dug from nonyield data rows, washed, and rated for root maggot damage. The rating scale was 0, no scars; 1, 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2, 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3, more than 3 large scars; 4, one-half to three-quarters of the root area blackened by scars; 5, more than three-quarters of root area damaged. Root maggot damage is reported as the sum of the ratings for 10 beets/plot. Yield data were taken by digging, topping, and weighing the untared beets from the center 2 plot rows on 30 Sep. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Wier A. T. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E. , Leblanc E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied in a 5-replicate, randomized block experiment of third ratoon SCB-susceptible sugarcane at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, La. Plots (0.004 ha) consisted of 3 rows on 1.8 m centers by 7.4 m. Spray mixture was applied to the canopy with backpack sprayers (pressure and output approximately 14 psi and 260 liter/ha, respectively). Biosafe was applied during light rain (applications 1 and 2) or in the evening before dew formed (application 3) within 24 h of other treatment applications. Javelin granules were applied from a shaker jar (1 pt mason jar with 5-mm holes in top) over the canopy. Insecticides were applied initially (15 Aug) when SCB larvae sampled randomly exceeded the 5% economic threshold of stalks with live SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Two other applications were made (31 Aug and 19 Sep) when infestation levels in plots treated with Guthion 2 L at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre exceeded the 5% threshold. Season-long control was evaluated 24 Oct by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes.
Lygus Bug Control and Effects on Predators, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet grain lupin was seeded at 270 lb/acre in 11-inch rows near Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash. Ten treatments, including the control, were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design of 0.01-acre plots. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the spray boom. The first treatment was made 1 Jul at 50% primary bloom followed by a second treatment 21 Jul. Populations were estimated from 5 180° sweeps on 1, 7, 15, 21, and 28 Jul with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. A count of MPB was not made on the 1 Jul sampling date.
Insecticidal Activity of Products Applied for Control of Tobacco Cyst Nematodes, 1988
Authors: Johnson C. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots consisting of 1 border row and 1 40-ft test row (24 plants) were established on 4-ft centers in a field infested with a tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum subsp. solanacearum (Miller and Gray) Stone, at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. The soil was an Appling sandy loam (pH 6.1, 2-7% slope, 1.2% organic matter). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid nematocides were applied on 29 Apr (air temperature 64°F, soil temperature 55°F, 25% soil moisture) using a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8003LP nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Sprayed treatments were applied at 25 psi to attain a delivery volume of 32 gal/acre. Liquid nematocides were incorporated by disking immediately after treatment. Temik 15 G treatments were applied using a Gandy apparatus mounted to a pushcart. Preplanting Temik treatments were applied 2 May and incorported by bedding the soil immediately after treatment. Temik sidedress treatments were applied on 19 May and incorporated immediately by cultivation of the bed. ‘Coker 319’ tobacco was transplanted into the field on 3 May. Supplemental irrigation was applied 69 and 78 d after transplanting. Fertilizer and other cultural and pest control practices conformed to recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Five plants/plot were examined 24 d after transplanting for number of flea beetles and number of flea beetle holes on the most damaged leaf.
Tobacco Budworm, Tobacco Hornworm, and Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. , Sumner S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘NC2326’ tobacco was transplanted at the Bowen Farm site at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., 28 Apr in a field of Ocilla loamy sand soil. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Six insecticide treatments were applied 8 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 9.5 gal formulation/acre at 48 psi. A single TX-12 hollow-cone nozzle was placed directly over the center of each row. Numbers of live hornworms and budworms/9 plants on row 2 of each plot, and M. nicotianae/4 upper leaves on plants 3 and 6 of row 2, were recorded 2, 7, and 14 DAT.