bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste tire rubber as heavy metal ion adsorbent
Authors: Boongoi P , Opaprakasit M , Boondamnoen O 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe objective of this work was to develop waste tire rubber (WTR) as a heavy metal ion (Cu(II)) adsorbent. Effects of heat and acid treatment on efficiency of Cu(II) removal were examined from h-WTR, a-WTR, h/a-WTR and a/h-WTR with 40 mesh size. Results from UV-Vis spectrometer revealed that, at 0.5g/50ml adsorbent dosage, h-WTR had higher %removal of Cu(II) than other treated-WTRs. This may result from the highest surface area (51.61 m2/g) and pore volume (0.24 cm3/g) of h-WTR. The pores were possibly formed by the departure of small compounds generated from the rubber degradation. On the other hand, acid treated adsorbent present low efficiency, positive charges of the residual acid occupied on adsorbent surfaces played an important role on the Cu(II) adsorption capacity of a-WTR, h/a-WTR. SEM image presented the number of pores on surface of h-WTR. Results from h-WTR with different size revealed that the smaller size of WTR provided the higher %removal of Cu(II). This was possibly due to the higher efficiency of surface activation. Increasing an amount of adsorbent dosage from 0.5 to 5g/50ml slightly enhanced the %removal. In this study, WTR with > 90% Cu(II) removal was achieved when heat treatment was applied on 40 mesh WTR and 0.5g/50ml adsorbent dosage.
Development of Flame Retardant Stearic Acid Doped Graphite Powder and Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles, Material for Thermal Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Han Kyaw Thet , Lhosupasirirat Siraprapa , Srikhirin Pongsid , Houngkamhang Nongluck , Srikhirin Toemsak 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Nano-enhanced organic phase change material (PCM) composite consists of stearic acid (SA, act as the thermal storage media), graphite powder(GP, function as thermal conductor), and magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles(nMH), micro-sized (MMH), function as the flame retarder), were formulated and investigated for their thermophysical properties and flammability. The flame-retardant properties of nano-enhanced composite PCM were evaluated by using the burning test. Phase change temperature, phase change latent heat, and thermal conductivity were obtained by the T-history method. To reduce the flammability, 5wt% of MH with 0.8μm and 200nm were added to PCMs. 1wt% of GP improved thermal conductivity of stearic acid from 0.245 to 0.4887 W/mk, and doping of flame-retardant nanoparticles to PCM showed the reduction of flammability and slightly effecting on latent heat of PCM. nMH were found to work better for stearic acid flammability than MMH, where combustion time of 0.1g pure stearic acid(SA) was decreased from 41s to 17s and 23s. For nano-sized(SA/nMH) and micron-sized(SA/MMH)composites, the latent heat of pure PCM dropped from 171.26 to 124.85KJ/kg, but micron-sized addition negatively affects latent heat values by reducing from 171.26 to 88.87 KJ/kg. The results confirmed that nMH/GP/SA composite could reduce flammability without showing a negative impact on storage capacity.
Limited role of soil texture in mediating natural vegetation response to rainfall anomalies
Authors: Gupta Surya , Bonetti Sara , Lehmann Peter , Or Dani 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Evidence suggests that the response of rainfed crops to dry or wet years is modulated by soil texture. This is a central tenet for certain agronomic operations in water-limited regions that rely on spatial distribution of soil texture for guiding precision agriculture. In contrast, natural vegetation in climatic equilibrium evolves to form a dynamic assemblage of traits and species adapted to local climatic conditions, primarily precipitation in water-limited regions. For undisturbed landscapes, we hypothesize that natural vegetation responds to rainfall anomalies irrespectively of local soil texture whereas rainfed crops are expected to respond to texture-mediated plant available water. Earth system models (ESMs) often quantify vegetation response to drought and water stress based on traditional agronomic concepts despite fundamental differences in composition and traits of natural vegetation and crops. We seek to test the hypothesis above at local and regional scales to differentiate natural vegetation and rainfed crops response to rainfall anomalies across soil types and better link them to water and carbon cycles. We employed field observations and remote sensing data to systematically examine the response of natural and rainfed cropped vegetation across biomes and scales. At local scales (field to ∼0.1 km), we used crop yields from literature data and natural vegetation productivity as gross primary productivity (GPP) from adjacent FLUXNET sites. At regional scales (∼102 km), we rely exclusively on remote-sensing-based GPP. Results confirm a lack of response of natural vegetation productivity to soil texture across biomes and rainfall anomalies at all scales. In contrast, crop yields at field scale exhibit correlation with soil texture in dry years (in agreement with conventional agronomic practices). These results support the hypothesis that natural vegetation is decoupled from soil texture, whereas rainfed crops retain dependency on soil texture in dry years. However, the observed correlation of crops with soil texture becomes obscured at larger scales by spatial variation of topography, rainfall, and uncertainty in soil texture and GPP values. The study provides new insights into what natural vegetation’s climatic equilibrium might mean and reveals the role of scale in expressing such sensitivities in ESMs.
Growth rings show limited evidence for ungulates’ potential to suppress shrubs across the Arctic
Authors: Vuorinen Katariina , Austrheim Gunnar , Tremblay Jean-Pierre , Myers-Smith Isla H. , Hortman Hans Ivar , Frank Peter , Barrio Isabel C. , Dalerum Fredrik , Björkman Mats P. , Björk Robert G. , Ehrich Dorothee , Sokolov Aleksandr , Sokolova Natalia , Ropars Pascale , Boudreau Stephane , Normand Signe , Prendin Angela Luisa , Schmidt Niels Martin , Pacheco Arturo , Post Eric , John Christian , Kerby Jeff T , Sullivan Patrick F , Le Moullec Mathilde , Hansen Brage Bremset , Van der Wal Rene , Pedersen Åshild Ønvik , Sandal Lisa , Gough Laura , Young Amanda , Li Bingxi , Magnússon Rúna Íris , Sass-Klaassen Ute , Buchwal Agata , Welker Jeffery M , Grogan Paul , Andruko Rhett , Morrissette-Boileau Clara , Volkovitskiy Alexander , Terekhina Alexandra , Speed James David Mervyn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Global warming has pronounced effects on tundra vegetation, and rising mean temperatures increase plant growth potential across the Arctic biome. Herbivores may counteract the warming impacts by reducing plant growth, but the strength of this effect may depend on prevailing regional climatic conditions. To study how ungulates interact with temperature to influence growth of tundra shrubs across the Arctic tundra biome, we assembled dendroecological data from 20 sites, comprising 1,153 individual shrubs and 22,363 annual growth rings. Evidence for ungulates suppressing shrub radial growth was only observed at intermediate summer temperatures (6.5-9°C), and even at these temperatures the effect was not strong. Multiple factors, including forage preferences and landscape use by the ungulates, and favourable climatic conditions enabling effective compensatory growth of shrubs, may weaken the effects of ungulates on shrubs, possibly explaining the weakness of observed ungulate effects. Earlier local studies have shown that ungulates may counteract the impacts of warming on tundra shrub growth, but we demonstrate that ungulates’ potential to suppress shrub radial growth is not always evident, and may be limited to certain climatic conditions.
Preliminary method for profiling volatile organic compounds in breath that correlate with pulmonary function and other clinical traits of subjects diagnosed with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study
Authors: Woollam M , Siegel A P , Grocki P , Saunders J L , Sanders D B , Agarwal M , Davis M D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by chronic respiratory infections which progressively decrease lung function over time. Affected individuals experience episodes of intensified respiratory symptoms called pulmonary exacerbations (PEx), which in turn accelerate pulmonary function decline and decrease survival rate. An overarching challenge is that there is no standard classification for PEx, which results in treatments that are heterogeneous. Improving PEx classification and management is a significant research priority for people with CF. Previous studies have shown volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath can be used as biomarkers because they are products of metabolic pathways dysregulated by different diseases. To provide insights on PEx classification and other CF clinical factors, exhaled breath samples were collected from 18 subjects with CF, with some experiencing PEx and others serving as a baseline. Exhaled breath was collected in Tedlar bags during tidal breathing and cryotransferred to headspace vials for VOC analysis by solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Statistical significance testing between quantitative and categorical clinical variables displayed percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1pp) was decreased in subjects experiencing PEx. VOCs correlating with other clinical variables (body mass index, age, use of highly effective modulator treatment (HEMT), and the need for inhaled tobramycin) were also explored. Two volatile aldehydes (octanal and nonanal) were upregulated in patients not taking the HEMT. VOCs correlating to potential confounding variables were removed and then analyzed by regression for significant correlations with FEV1pp measurements. Interestingly, the VOC with the highest correlation with FEV1pp (3,7-dimethyldecane) also gave the lowest p-value when comparing subjects at baseline and during PEx. Other VOCs that were differentially expressed due to PEx that were identified in this study include durene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol 1-isobutyrate and 5-methyltridecane. Receiver operator characteristic curves were developed and showed 3,7-dimethyldecane had higher ability to classify PEx (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.91) relative to FEV1pp values at collection (AUC = 0.83). However, normalized ΔFEV1pp values had the highest capability to distinguish PEx (AUC = 0.93). These results show that VOCs in exhaled breath may be a rich source of biomarkers for various clinical traits of CF, including PEx, that should be explored in larger sample cohorts and validation studies.
A Simple Numerical Modelling of Refraction and Shoaling Wave Using VBA Excel
Authors: Danial M. M. , Meirany J. , Maulana I. , Buan B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wave propagation from the deep water to the shoreline experiences a transformation process. Their transformation, frequently, affects coastal processes such as erosion and sedimentation. In addition, their wave force can also damage the coastal infrastructure. There are three processes of wave transformation that should be modelled, namely, shoaling, refraction, and wave breaking. It is difficult to calculate the wave transformation manually due to the complexity of computation. Therefore, it should be handled using such commercial software, which is mostly very expensive. In order to cope with the problem, a simple numerical model of wave transformation, based on the finite difference method, is carried out using VBA Excel as a programming language. The advantage of using VBA Excel is the easy accessibility due to its integration with Microsoft Office. The aim of this project is to create a simple software for modelling refraction and shoaling waves that can be developed for educational purposes. The outcome of making this software is to meet the availability of wave modelling software in supporting the development of education and teaching in the ocean engineering field. The results of the numerical model are verified using the modelling results of Horikawa and Koutitas.
Concepts of Big Data Analysis of Container Terminals in the Digital Era
Authors: Mathias Tiago Novaes , Shinoda Takeshi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the last few decades, with the advance of IoT technologies throughout the most different fields have been changing the way some process is handled. However, possessing a great volume of data does not mean the operation will be handled better, in many cases the data lays in the storage and stays untouched. An increasing quantity of freight imposes container terminals to improve their capacities. Therefore, decision-making problems for operation planning, controlling, and evaluation needs to be well defined. Understanding that necessity, managers need to rely on, almost exclusively, the Terminal Operational System (TOS) to identify and solve the bother necks during daily operation. Although the TOS also had some improvements in the past years due to technological advances, it is still not enough to evaluate each operational step for the operation. This paper uses a data mining and data analysis evaluation of the container terminal’s daily operation to find out specific operational issues and evaluate the main key performance indicators to keep track of the terminal efficiency.
Numerical Study of Environment Loads and Mooring Line Scope Effects to The Buoy Offset
Authors: Arifin  , Wibowo H.N. , Buddin H. , Suwahyu  
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Indonesian Buoy for Tsunami Early Warning System (INATEWS - Buoy) consists of a tsunami buoy, an ocean bottom unit (OBU), a satellite and a ground station. The changes of the water pressure due to the seismic motion prior to the tsunami event will be acquired by OBU and sent the reading to the tsunami buoy by acoustic signal. One of the conditions that affect the success of sending data from the OBU to the buoy is the distance between the two (offset). Several parameters that are considered to have an effect on the occurrence of offsets on the buoy are the magnitude of the environmental load around the buoy and the value of the scope mooring line used. Environmental loads that consist of current, wave and wind loads are analyzed. Analysis of each environmental load is carried out separately to determine the level of load sensitivity to the offset buoy. In addition, a buoy offset study was also carried out on several scope values from the mooring line to determine the change in the buoy offset. Offset prediction on buoys is calculated by numerical simulation. From this numerical simulation, it found that changes in environmental load, especially changes in current speed, significantly affect the offset value of the buoy that occurs. Likewise with the determination of the mooring line scope, where the smaller the scope value used in the mooring line system, the smaller the offset value that occurs. Finally, the designed mooring systems while applied at the selected operational buoy location, will have Safety Factor 3.61 and 4.57 for wire and nylon rope mooring line components, respectively.
Method for Estimating Cost of New Ship Building with Linear Regression
Authors: Azhar A , Kristiyono T A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The request of a fleet of marine transportation can be fulfilled by constructing new vessels and purchasing secondhand vessels. The current constraints in building new vessels are cost relatively expensive and take a long time, while the advantages for the procurement of vessels of secondhand time relatif faster and the price is cheaper. New shipbuilding includes complex work with the multy year’s payment system, so it is important to develop the cost budget needed to build a new ship. The price should be adjusted concerning material needs and services with the standard market price during the completion time of the work and expected the calculation of the construction of a ship can be updated periodically. The research aims to identify, analyse and construct the cost estimation of the construction of the ferry types: 300 GT, 500 GT, 600 GT, 750 GT and its components. The stages that will be carried out in this study are to identify primary and secondary data relating to the construction costs of ferries and their components with field surveys, market surveys, and relevant library studies. Data is processed by linear regression methods to construct an estimate of the cost of building ferries and their components. Results obtained in the form of graphs and equivalencies of the cost of building ferries and material cost components, labour costs, and shipyard and third party costs.
Structural Strength Assessment of 20-ft LNG ISO Tank: an Investigation of Finite Element Analysis and ASME Design Guidance
Authors: Muttaqie Teguh , Sasmito Cahyo , Iskendar  , Kadir Abdul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Following the high demand for LNG as low emission and eco-friendly energy, ISO tank containers are present as an innovative product to support the mass transportation of LNG in a cheap, effective and efficient manner. The 20-ft ISO tank is a container with a pressure vessel structure that can be intermodal with sea or land transportation like other standard dry box containers. The purpose of this paper is to present a complete procedure for evaluating the scantling size of the 20 ft ISO tank LNG type. The criteria are determined based on the standard ASME section VIII division I code for boilers and pressure vessels. The calculation includes the fulfilment of the thickness and conformity with the internal and external pressure design requirements. In addition, the finite element investigation was conducted under the various design loads and operating conditions. This analysis provides the safety level of the ASME design guidance in comparison with ISO standard FEA judgments.
Effect of CNG Engine Conversion on Performance Characteristic: A Review
Authors: Leonardo Adam , Semin  
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The world has been experiencing a crisis of energy caused by the deterioration of scarce fossil fuel resources. The usage of fossil fuels, mainly liquid fuels is considered unsustainable due to resource depletion and the accumulation of pollutants. Natural gas has become a promising alternative fuel since it is highly abundant in the world, produces less emission, and gives similar engine performance compared to the existing liquid fuel, diesel, or gasoline. This paper presents various research regarding the engine performance characteristic of CNG. The studies reported that as compared to liquid-based fuel such as diesel oil or gasoline, CNG gives lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as compared to diesel fuel. However, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of engine fueled with CNG is lower than diesel or gasoline fuel. In terms of exhaust gas temperature, CNG was always produced higher temperatures in comparison to gasoline. The maximum cylinder gas pressure of CNG was reported lower than diesel fuel operation. In general, the power produced by CNG combustion is a little bit lower than diesel fuel, this drawback of CNG fuel can be overcome by adding hydrogen fuel to CNG to increase produced power.
Safety Analysis and Ship Recycling Yard Evaluation of Hong Kong International Convention for The Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships
Authors: Jamaluddin  , Zaman M B , Pitana T , Prastowo Hari , priyanta Dwi , Siswantoro N , Hasanuddin  , Purnomo A , Sunaryo  , Hariyanto Surya 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The condition of the Indonesian fleet, which is in its old age, allows ships to be recycled as the best solution. However, conditions in the field, there are still many ship recycling processes that do not obey the rules, especially on the effect of workers and also the effect on the environment. In Indonesia, there are still many ship recycling yards that do not pay attention to the effects on workers and the effects on the environment and most of them are still traditional shipyards. Therefore, one of the best solutions is to renew existing regulations, namely the Hong Kong International Convention for The Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. When the implementation of this convention, the ship recycling shipyard must adjust to the convention. This study focused on the analysis of the assessment of the condition of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). To evaluate the condition of the shipyard, the Gap Analysis method is by comparing the ideal conditions with the existing conditions at that time. The analysis is carried out using the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control (HIRARC) method. This method is carried out by identifying hazards, which then provides a risk assessment and recommends how to control it. Based on result, risk matrix were obtained, which contained the assessment categories of Low, Moderate, High and Extreme. The results of this study through the gap analysis method, the average value is 2.1, which means that this value is still very low because the value of 0 - 2 is categorized as still many sub-clause indicators that do not exist or are not handled. Furthermore, in research using the HIRARC method, 60 risk matrices were obtained, which contained the assessment categories of Low, Moderate, High and Extreme.
Resistance Comparison of Flat Plate and Conventional Streamline Vessel
Authors: Baidowi Achmad , Amiadji  , Musriyadi T B , Aried I S , Ricinsi F P 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There was a phenomenal vessel which has unique hull shape, the shape of the hull is flattened not conventional streamlined as normal vessel. This phenomenal design is dedicated for small vessels such as fishing vessel, patrol vessel and a prototype has been built. This design raised a question regarding the resistance compared to conventional streamline vessel. This paper compares a flat plate vessel with 282.56 ton displacement with a conventional vessel with same displacement and same speed. The resistance comparison was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) on each ship with speed range 5-10 knots of operational speed. The results of the CFD shows that the resistance of flat plate ship is higher compared to conventional vessel for 5 knots speed. The resistance value for 5 knots of flat plate vessel is 11,618 kN while the conventional vessel shape is 9.23kN. While for 10 knots speed, the flat plate vessel is also higher compared to conventional vessel with 54.53 kN for flat plate and 49.96 kN for conventional vessel.
The Influence of Baffle Inclination on Fluid Flow and Temperature Distribution of HPH Heat Exchanger
Authors: Putri R A A , Amalia R , Satrio D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
High Pressure Heater is one of the heat exchanger type shell and tube in the plant consisting of a shell on the outside and a tube on the inside where the temperature of a fluid in the shell is different from the temperature inside the tube, resulting in heat transfer between fluid flows. The use of baffle inclination on the shell side serves to direct the fluid flow so that the flow occurs turbulence that can affect the temperature distribution on the shell side. This study aimed to determine the influence of baffle inclination angle on temperature distribution and fluid flow. The results showed that using variations in the angle of baffle inclination can increase the outlet temperature value and the higher temperature at a 20° variation in baffle inclination angle of 349.74 K, the pressure on the shell side decreases at each variation lowest value of 793.19 pa at 0° variation of baffle inclination and the velocity value produced is higher with the increasing angle of the baffle. Given the variation in baffle angle, the change in value in the high-pressure heater is caused by turbulence caused by baffle inclination on the shell side.