bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hagiography and the Crises of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 situates the Lives of Symeon and Martha in the context of broader hagiographical trends in the sixth and seventh centuries. Symeon’s hagiographer’s struggles to justify disasters are echoed in other near-contemporary saints’ Lives, including those of Nicholas of Sion, George of Choziba, and Theodore of Sykeon. The chapter argues that holy men had by this period become particularly prone to accusations of failure in times of crisis because of ideological developments across late antiquity: in particular, growing claims about the thaumaturgic powers of saints and the increasing association between holy men and the empire. The Life of Martha reflects a different, but possibly complementary, development in hagiography: the emergence of posthumous miracle collections which in general do not describe extravagant miracles performed for the benefit of large groups of people but instead include only small-scale miracles, usually involving healing, which help only one or two people. One exception to this trend, the Miracles of St Demetrios, shows that if the hagiographers of miracle collections chose to make ambitious claims about their saints’ powers, they also had to face challenging questions about theodicy and the position of the holy man as intercessor between God and his supplicants.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the key arguments of the book and draws out their wider implications. The Lives of Symeon and Martha exemplify two divergent ways of reacting to the crisis in holiness engendered by natural and military disasters in this period: the former aggressive, confrontational, and polemical, the latter irenic and involving a reorientation of expectations and priorities, as well as a reinterpretation of the miracle that places the responsibility for its success onto the supplicant rather than the saint. Holy men always faced challenges if they failed to perform miracles for their supplicants; crisis exacerbated this problem, but their position was innately precarious. This helps to explain why holy men often acted as divisive figures in society, insisting upon strict standards of Christian behaviour and encouraging persecution of perceived outsiders. The disasters of the sixth and seventh centuries raised questions not only about the role of the holy man but about theodicy itself. The ideological and emotional effects of crisis may have been far greater than their practical economic effects. The book concludes with reflections on the challenge of writing history from hagiography, arguing that hagiography offers an exceptional window into contemporary debates and concerns at the heart of Christianity.
The Proem to the Commentary on the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Eustathios’ hermeneutic programme as set forth in the proem to the Commentary on the Iliad. This hermeneutic programme forms the essential background against which Eustathios’ literary and rhetorical analysis of the Iliad will be studied in the remainder of the book’s chapters. The chapter studies the rich imagery through which Eustathios presents Homer as an authoritative source of great wisdom and himself as the poet’s erudite exegete. It also analyses Eustathios’ statements on the aims, contents, and target audience of his work. The rhetorical dimension of Eustathios’ project and his views on the role of history, myth, and allegory in Homeric poetry receive special attention. The chapter is accompanied by Appendix I, which offers an annotated English translation of the proem.
The Gods and the Composition of the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to Eustathios’ literary, rhetorical, and allegorical interpretation of the Homeric gods, whose form and function in the Iliad and Odyssey have been topics of much debate from the poems’ earliest reception until today. Eustathios distinguishes between the anthropomorphic gods as characters in Homer’s mythical narrative on the one hand, and their allegorical meaning on the other. In his view, the gods, as poetic fictions, are powerful devices in the hands of the poet to motivate the Iliad’s course of event, steer the plot in its desired direction, or hint at alternative narrative paths. As allegories of the poet’s mental faculties, moreover, Homer uses them to foreground the rhetorical choices he made in composing his poem and, in this way, to showcase his own rhetorical virtuosity. In Eustathios’ reading, the gods also have a deeper allegorical meaning, as representations of, for instance, natural elements or psychological and emotional forces. This deeper meaning is vital to the philosophical-didactic potential of myth, while being intrinsically connected to its rhetorical plausibility at the same time. The chapter’s first section briefly discusses the allegorical methods of ancient exegetes, the scholia vetera, and other middle Byzantine allegorists to place Eustathios’ interpretation in its wider exegetical context.
Equity, Evaluation, and International Cooperation
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book considers whether South–South Cooperation (SSC) is any different from other international partnerships in practice. This question often gets lost in conventional scholarship on SSC and international cooperation, which privileges macro-level narratives of how cooperation mechanisms fit within geopolitical concerns and shape the outcomes of foreign aid. This book instead offers an answer from the ground up. It highlights two main lessons from the close examination of the ecosystem of international cooperation projects in the urban water-and-sanitation sector in Maputo, Mozambique. First, the book shows that macro labels attributed to international cooperation reflect very little about how cooperation projects operate on the ground and the equity consequences of their work. Second, how projects are designed, implemented, and evaluated does matter to the quality of learning that emanates from partnerships. Beyond the geopolitical and technical proximities favored by the SSC discourse, this book argues that what matters in practice is whether hierarchy or heterarchy is institutionalized in the governance of cooperation projects; whether project partners are locally embedded in shared work spaces; and whether practitioners value flexibility and recognize the epistemic value of learning from all partners as peers. A strong evaluation culture within the international development industry, however, still subjugates such equity-based concerns and deep learning in projects to accountability, reinforcing orthodox power asymmetries in cooperation and sustaining epistemic and distributive injustice. This book instead provides a framework for how project evaluations, as a key narrative instrument of development, can instead promote distributive, procedural, and epistemic justice in international cooperation projects.
In Head and in Members
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter studies the longue durée of how reformation was discussed between 1414, when the Council of Constance began, and 1563, when the Council of Trent concluded. Consistent imagery, such as “reformation in head and in members,” defined conciliar goals during this 150-year period. Practically everyone, including early Protestants, described reformation as the work of church councils. Explicating ideas of the ecclesial body, the chapter next traces how apocalyptic fears of monstrosity were intimately related to the schisms that Latin Christendom then experienced. Nonetheless, with reformation clearly defined as the work of church councils, the third section notes that neither Henry VIII nor Edward VI applied the same imagery and vocabulary to the English church after the 1534 break with the papacy—and this renders it unlikely that either monarch considered their actions the royal equivalent of conciliar reformation. The chapter concludes by analyzing the liturgical developments that took place under Edward VI. Where religious change did occur in mid-Tudor England, it was more sporadic and haphazard than contemporaries understood the term “reformation” to signify.
Conceptual metaphor theory
Authors: Yu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews conceptual metaphor theory with a focus on one aspect that is also especially characteristic of the present study—its systematicity in metaphor research. It traces conceptual metaphor theory’s developmental trajectory as a systematic approach to metaphor in language and cognition. The systematicity of conceptual metaphor theory stems from its distinction between conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor, its adoption of frame and subframe in the analysis, its conception of metaphor inheritance hierarchies, its differentiation between primary metaphor and complex metaphor, and its extended version that proposes a multilevel view of metaphor, with image schema, domain, frame, and mental space as different levels of metaphorical mappings ranging from the most schematic to the most specific.
A Voracious Dragon?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEconomic growth in China has had a major impact on global commodity markets. The chapter documents the significance of China in terms of its share of global consumption and world imports of a number of commodities, as well as China’s dependence on such imports. This shows that there is considerable variation between different commodities, with China being particularly important for minerals and metals. Chinese demand has had an impact on commodity prices and was one factor that contributed to the commodity boom of 2002–11. Non-price aspects of Chinese involvement are also discussed including Chinese strategies to secure resources; Chinese policies to encourage processing at home; and the specific characteristics of the Chinese market in terms of social and environmental standards.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRather less has been written on the social, political, and environmental impacts of China on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) than on the economic impacts. In terms of social impacts the chapter considers both the social effects in terms of employment and of the way in which Chinese companies in the extractive industries have affected local communities. In LAC discussion of the political implications have mainly focussed on whether or not China’s growing presence represents a threat to US interests in the region, but there is no evidence that China is exercising undue political influence in the region as the case studies of Brazil and Venezuela illustrate. There is little systematic evidence concerning the environmental impacts although the case of soybeans illustrates the potential negative consequences of growing demand from China.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Conclusion focuses on the likely future relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This involves analysing key trends at the global level, within China and in SSA and LAC. At the global level these include the future of globalization in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased tension between China and the West. Within China key aspects include the ‘new normal’ of slower economic growth, a more assertive foreign policy and the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, and the domestic impacts of COVID-19. Developments in SSA and LAC have also been affected by the pandemic, the US-China trade war, and the extension of the BRI to the two regions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the continuing tensions that derive from the asymmetric economic relations between China and the two regions and whether steps will be taken to resolve them.
Child Psychology in Twelve Questions
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Child psychology as a scientific enterprise is about a hundred years old—juvenile in comparison to other branches of science. Yet the reader who wants to learn what has been discovered faces an obstacle. There are plenty of textbooks offering an encyclopedic review. They are packed with recent research, aimed at the latest cohort of students, but such a welter of findings and mini controversies can obscure enduring questions as well as established answers. Firmer guidance is on offer in books aiming to help parents and teachers, but the more meditative and less practical questions about the nature of the child’s mind are rarely asked. This book takes up some of the enduring questions in developmental psychology. For example, how do children form an attachment to their caregivers? In their imagination, are they confused or clear-sighted about the difference between fantasy and reality? When and how do they make moral judgments? In each chapter, readers are given a sense of why these questions are important, the answers proposed, and the uncertainties that persist. Readers are shown important landmarks, both well known and neglected, and invited to linger.
Lineage and Kinship
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter tests illegitimate inclusion in concepts of lineage and the emotional and instrumental bonds of kinship. Using letters, diaries, wills, and accounts from families across the social scale, the chapter argues that illegitimate individuals’ experience differed most from their legitimate counterparts in terms of access to family property. However, this was counterbalanced by a widespread perception that illegitimate children were deserving of maintenance derived from the personal property of their parents. This separation of family and personal property allowed relatives to simultaneously exclude illegitimate relatives from inheritance, whilst including them in emotional and instrumental kinship obligations. Illegitimate individuals were included in markers of kinship across the social scale, and inclusion operated similarly for mixed-race and white children. Analysis of the illegitimate experience provides important evidence of the boundaries and rationale of kinship. Blood, for example, remained the most important claim to affection and obligation across the century. Proximity was helpful but not essential; individuals who were kept secret and geographically distant from relatives during their childhood were able to trigger the obligations of kinship once their existence was known as adults. There were also changes over the period. In the late seventeenth century families were more concerned about the damage of illegitimacy to collective reputation, and feared illegitimate claims to inheritance. Changes in property inheritance and the marriage laws over the eighteenth century, especially the growth of strict settlement, minimized illegitimate individuals’ ability to contest family inheritance, which allowed them to be incorporated into kinship bonds with relatively little conflict.
The Reasons Aggregation Theorem
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Often, when one faces a choice between alternative actions, there are reasons both for and against each alternative. On one way of understanding these words, what one “ought to do all things considered (ATC)” is determined by the totality of these reasons. So, these reasons can somehow be “combined” or “aggregated” to yield an ATC verdict on these alternatives. First, in this chapter, various assumptions about this sort of aggregation of reasons are articulated. Then it is shown that these assumptions allow for the proof of a “Reasons Aggregation Theorem”—parallel to John Harsanyi’s (1955) “Social Aggregation Theorem”. All reasons for action are grounded in reason-providing values; and, for every such reason-providing value, there is in principle a way of measuring how strongly this value counts against each alternative. The theorem tells us that the appropriate measure of how much reason ATC there is against each alternative is simply a weighted sum of the strengths with which these values count against that alternative; the agent ought not ATC to perform an action iff there is ATC more reason against it than against some available alternative.
The Standing to Forgive
Authors: Seim Maria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The philosophical literature on the standing to forgive is divided. The majority view holds that only victims have the standing to forgive (Murphy and Hampton 1988, Owens 2012, Zaragoza 2012, Walker 2013), while recent contributions challenge the majority view and argue that third parties also have the standing to forgive (MacLachlan 2008, Norlock 2009, Pettigrove 2009, Chaplin 2019). This chapter defends the victim’s unique standing to forgive by way of a specific account of the nature of forgiveness. The standard account of forgiveness says that forgiveness is the overcoming of resentment for the right reasons. The standard account can explain how forgiveness differs from similar responses, like excusing and condoning, but falls short of explaining how forgiveness can be a voluntary action. A satisfactory account of forgiveness should be able to explain how forgiveness can be separate from excusing and condoning, as well as how forgiveness can be voluntary. To account for all the desiderata, this chapter suggests an account of forgiveness that depends on the wrongdoer’s repentance and the victim’s decision to absorb the cost of the wrongdoing. On this account, forgiveness is necessarily the prerogative of the victim.
Offsetting Harm
Authors: Deigan Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is typically wrong to act in a way that foreseeably makes some impending harm worse. Sometimes it is permissible to do so, however, if one also offsets the harm increasing action by doing something that decreases the badness of the same harm by at least as much. This chapter argues that the standard deontological constraint against doing harm is not compatible with the permissibility of harm increases that have been offset. Offsetting neither prevents one’s other actions from doing harm nor ensures that the harm those actions do is made permissible by any of the constraint’s familiar provisos. To make sense of offsetting, the old constraint against doing harm should be replaced with a new constraint against making unoffset harm increases. The chapter discusses how to formulate the new constraint so that it can handle both the offsetting cases that the old constraint gets wrong as well as the non-offsetting cases that the old constraint gets right. Adopting this constraint against unoffset harm increases may have important implications both for theoretical questions about the sources of deontological constraints and for practical questions, such as whether buying carbon offsets can make emitting carbon dioxide permissible.
Please Keep Your Charity out of My Agency
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question: when should one interpret another’s behavior through a causal lens, and dismiss it as a product of non-rationalizing forces? It argues against the view that we should do so whenever the resulting interpretation would be more charitable. Charity is not the appropriate principle, it is argued, because it can be paternalistic to interpret someone charitably. The same considerations that tell against acting paternalistically toward someone tell in favor of a strong default policy of taking what they say at face value, as an undistorted expression of their agency. The chapter argues that it is permissible to depart from this default only if there is a good reason to think that distorting factors are at work. This answer is taken to mirror the view in literature on the epistemology of testimony, according to which the correct epistemological norm instructs us that we can trust the testimony of others, absent positive evidence that they are not to be trusted. On this view we should take this default stance, even if the resulting interpretation is not the most charitable.
Greek Dialogue in Antiquity
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe book re-examines evidence for Greek dialogue between the mid-fourth century BCE and the mid-first century CE—that is, roughly from Plato’s death to the death of Philo of Alexandria. Although the genre of dialogue in antiquity has attracted a growing interest in the past two decades, the time covered in the book has remained overlooked and unresearched, with scholars believing that for much of this period the dialogue went through a period of decline and was revived only in Roman times. The book carefully reassesses post-Platonic and Hellenistic evidence and studies the employment of the dialogue in the Academy and by authors of the pseudo-Platonica, by Aristotle and his followers, as well as in other intellectual environments, from the Minor Socratic schools of the Megarians and Cyrenaics, to the major Hellenistic traditions—the Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans—and from Timon of Phlius and Eratosthenes of Cyrene to Philo of Alexandria and Tablet of Cebes. It also collects and examines papyri fragments of dialogues, which have never been discussed in this context. The book argues that dialogues and texts creatively interacting with dialogic conventions were composed throughout Hellenistic times, and proposes to reconceptualize the imperial period dialogue as evidence not of a resurgence, but of continuity in this literary tradition; it therefore challenges the narrative of the dialogue’s decline and subsequent revival, postulating, instead, the genre’s unbroken continuity from the Classical period to the Roman Empire.
Dialogue in the Academy
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter gathers and carefully assesses evidence on the use of the dialogue by Plato’s successors in the Academy. Plato established the dialogue as the philosophical genre, providing his successors with an approved model of philosophy. The first section discusses evidence for the employment of the dialogue format by Plato’s students and early successors, including Heraclides of Pontus, Speusippus, Eudoxus of Cnidus, and Xenocrates, and inspects testimonies and fragments of Crantor of Soli. The subsequent section discusses changes in the dialogue format in the New Academy of Arcesilaus and his successors, who introduced new forms of oral and written discourse, suitable for skeptical reasoning—a thesis proposed by a student, followed by a refutation by a philosopher-teacher, either with or without the former’s interventions.
PlatonicDubiaand theAppendix Platonica
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines pseudo-Platonic dialogues, which are a diverse group of texts whose authorship, dating, and philosophical environment remain debatable. It discusses selected dubious works belonging to so-called “Thrasyllan canon” (= dubia) and texts which were not accepted in the canon, sometimes referred to as the Appendix Platonica (= spuria), with sections devoted to Epinomis, Hipparchus, Minos, Theages, Cleitophon, Alcibiades II, Rival Lovers, Sisyphus, Eryxias, On Justice, On Virtue, Demodocus, Axiochus, and Halcyon. The examination of the dialogues focuses on their various modes of engagement with Plato and on formal, stylistic, and conceptual deviations from the genuine Platonic works, that is, on features which mark these works as outliers in the Platonic corpus (e.g. recurrent use of anonymous speakers, brevity).