bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of ventilation bubble dynamics around a vertically moving cylinder under reduced ambient pressure
Authors: Chen Xiangbin , Xiao Wei , Gong Ruiyan , Yao Xiongliang , Hu Shaofeng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ventilation bubble is widely used to reduce friction drag of object travelling in fluid. A large number of experimental studies are performed on the ventilation bubble in water tunnel, while little is known about it around vertically moving cylinder under reduced pressure. We aim to investigate dynamics of the ventilation bubble in vertically moving case. To support the study, a specialized experiment set-up is designed, based on which images of ventilation bubble around vertically moving cylinder under reduced ambient pressure can be captured and experiments are conducted to study the influence of velocities and flow rate on the ventilation bubble dynamics. In detail, we first describe the development of ventilation bubble and details of re-entrant jet. In addition to that, two types of re-entrant jets are observed, and the maximum velocity of re-entrant jet is obtained. Besides, four modes of development of ventilation bubbles’ closure patterns are concluded. Finally, geometric features of ventilation bubble are obtained through image processing which are then described and analyzed in detail. The above results contribute to the research on the control of vertically moving cylinder through ventilation bubble.
Linear instability of a perturbed Lamb–Oseen vortex
Authors: Maslowe Sherwin A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the stability of a vortex with azimuthal velocity profile

V
ˉ

=

1
−

1
−
ε

r
2

e

−

r
2

/

r

. When ε = 0, the Lamb–Oseen vortex model is recovered. Although the Lamb–Oseen vortex supports propagating waves known as Kelvin waves, the flow is stable according to Rayleigh’s circulation criterion. In this paper, on the other hand, the modified vortex profile admits linearly unstable disturbances for ε > 0 and we investigate their characteristics. These may be either axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric, but we find that the axisymmetric perturbations have the largest growth rates. When their growth rates are small, it becomes very difficult to solve the linear equation governing the axisymmetric perturbations because the eigenfunctions have a rapid exponential growth as one moves outward radially from the vortex center. To deal with such cases, a modified Riccati transformation was employed and found to be effective in solving the associated eigenvalue problem.
Aerosol formation pathways from aviation emissions
Authors: Prashanth Prakash , Eastham Sebastian D , Speth Raymond L , Barrett Steven R H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Aviation emissions are responsible for an estimated 24,000 premature mortalities annually and 3.5% of anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF). Emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOx and SOx) contribute to these impacts. However, the relative contributions and mechanisms linking these emissions to formation and impacts of secondary aerosols (as opposed to direct aerosol emissions) have not been quantified, including how short-lived aerosol precursors at altitude can increase surface-level aerosol concentrations. We apply global chemistry transport modeling to identify and quantify the different chemical pathways to aerosol formation from aviation emissions, including the resulting impact on radiative forcing. We estimate a net aerosol radiative forcing of –8.3 mWm−2, of which –0.67 and –7.8 mWm−2 result from nitrate and sulfate aerosols respectively. We find that aviation NOx causes –1.7 mWm−2 through nitrate aerosol forcing but also –1.6 mWm−2 of sulfate aerosol forcing by promoting oxidation of SO2 to sulfate aerosol. This accounts for 21% of the total sulfate forcing, and oxidation of SO2 due to aviation NOx is responsible for 47% of the net aviation NOx attributable RF. Aviation NOx emissions in turn account for 41% of net aviation-aerosol-attributable RF (non-contrail). This is due to ozone-mediated oxidation of background sulfur and the ‘nitrate bounce-back’ effect, which reduces the net impact of sulfur emissions. The ozone-mediated mechanism also explains the ability of cruise aviation emissions to significantly affect surface aerosol concentrations. We find that aviation NOx emissions cause 72% of aviation-attributable, near-surface aerosol loading by mass, compared to 27% from aviation SOx emissions and less than 0.1% from direct emission of black carbon. We conclude that aviation NOx and SOx emissions are the dominant cause of aviation-attributable secondary inorganic aerosol radiative forcing, and that conversion of background aerosol precursors at all altitudes is amplified by enhanced production of aviation attributable oxidants at cruise altitudes.
Kinetics of sulphur dissolution in lithium–sulphur batteries
Authors: Dent Matthew , Jakubczyk Ewa , Zhang Teng , Lekakou Constantina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study investigates and determines the dissolution kinetics of solid sulphur in DOL:DME solution, a typical electrolyte solution for lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries, at four different temperatures, in the range of 17 °C–20 °C. The dissolution kinetics is considered as a function of the solid sulphur-solution interfacial area. The analysis yielded fast dissolution kinetics with a mass transfer coefficient of 2.3 × 10−3 m s−1 at 20 °C but low sulphur solubility of 0.058 S mol lt−1, with the latter being a limiting factor in sulphur dissolution. In later stages, swelling of the solid sulphur region was also observed as a function of time from which the diffusion coefficient of the DOL:DME solution in the solid sulphur was determined. A novel model for the sulphur dissolution and electrolyte impregnation in a Li–S cathode in battery fabrication is presented taking into account the pore size distribution of the cathode host. A computer simulation was carried out and the model and the dissolution parameter values were validated by comparing the predictions with experimental data from in operando microscopy during the dissolution of sulphur and infiltration of the DOL:DME solution in a commercial sulphur-conductive carbon cathode.
Thermodynamics of spin crossover in ferropericlase: an improved LDA + Usc calculation
Authors: Sun Yang , Zhuang Jingyi , Wentzcovitch Renata M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present LDA + Usc calculations of high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states in ferropericlase (fp) with an iron concentration of 18.75%. The Hubbard parameter U is determined self-consistently with structures optimized at arbitrary pressures. We confirm a strong dependence of U on the pressure and spin state. Static calculations confirm that the antiferromagnetic configuration is more stable than the ferromagnetic one in the HS state, consistent with low-temperature measurements. Phonon calculations guarantee the dynamical stability of HS and LS states throughout the pressure range of the Earth mantle. Compression curves for HS and LS states agree well with experiments. Using a non-ideal mixing model for the HS to LS states solid solution, we obtain a crossover starting at ∼45 GPa at room temperature and considerably broader than previous results. The spin-crossover phase diagram is calculated, including vibrational, magnetic, electronic, and non-ideal HS–LS entropic contributions. Our results suggest the mixed-spin state predominates in fp in most of the lower mantle.
Magnetic solitons in an antiferromagnetic waveguide
Authors: Wu Zhong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The properties of transverse magnetic (TM) waves propagating along a single interface between two semi-infinite nonlinear antiferromagnetic materials are investigated. The surface waves exist in the form of bright magnetic solitons. The frequency characteristics for the passband and stopband are analytically studied. We discuss the possibility of controlling the bandwidth of the passband which is determined by the parameters of the materials composing the guiding structure. We expect that the theoretical findings could provide ideas for exploring potential applications in terahertz region.
Dental occlusal surface and seed dispersal evolution inTapirus(Mammalia: Perissodactyla)
Authors: Dumbá Larissa Costa Coimbra Santos , Rodrigues Flávio Henrique Guimarães , Maclaren Jamie Alexander , Cozzuol Mario Alberto 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMost tapirs are good seed dispersers. An exception is the Malayan tapir, Tapirus indicus, a seed predator (mainly of large seeds). Little is known about the capacity for tapirs to disperse seeds throughout their evolutionary history. We used the occlusal surface area (OSA) of tapir cheek teeth as a predictor of seed dispersal potential in living and extinct tapir species. We used T. indicus as a reference for an extant tapir that mostly eats seeds. The OSA was calculated by multiplying the maximal width and length of molars and premolars. A threshold based on T. indicus OSA was projected onto a box plot analysis and used as a predictor for tapir seed dispersal potential. Ordination and statistical results suggest that tooth morphology is uniform between Tapirus species and that size is the main factor affecting variation. Maxillary teeth show greater variation in morphology than mandibular teeth between species. The results suggest that extant South American tapirs are good seed dispersers. North American tapirs present variable OSAs, and Asian tapirs have a low capacity for dispersion. All European tapirs were probably efficient seed dispersers. We present the first morphometric evidence for seed dispersal capacity in tapirs, with ramifications for tapir palaeoecology.
Clostridium difficile infection after ileostomy closure and anastomotic failure in rectal cancer surgery patients
Authors: Kim Young Il , Yu Chang Sik , Kim Yang Soo , Kim Chan Wook , Lee Jong Lyul , Yoon Yong Sik , Park In Ja , Lim Seok-Byung , Kim Jin Cheon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Diverting ileostomy during resection of rectal cancer is frequently performed in patients at risk of anastomotic failure. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is reported to be frequent in patients who receive ileostomy closure with a questionable association to postoperative anastomosis leak. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence of CDI following ileostomy closure in patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery; the secondary aim was to assess the rate of postileostomy closure CDI in patients who presented with leakage at the original colorectal anastomosis site.

Methods
Medical records of patients with rectal cancer who underwent ileostomy closure between January 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had previously received resection and anastomosis for primary rectal cancer with diverting ileostomy. Data regarding CDI incidence, preoperative status, perioperative management, and clinical outcomes were collected. CDI positivity was determined by direct real-time PCR and enzyme-linked fluorescent assays for detecting toxin A and B.Statistical analyses were computed for CDI risk factors.

Results
A total of 1270 patients were included and 208 patients were tested for CDI owing to colitis-related symptoms. The incidence of CDI was 3.6 per cent (46 patients). Multivariable analysis for CDI risk factors identified adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio (HR) 2.28; P = 0.034) and colorectal anastomosis leakage prior to CDI (HR 3.75; P = 0.008). Finally, patients with CDI showed higher colorectal anastomosis leakage risk in multivariable analysis after ileostomy closure (HR 6.922; P = 0.001).

Conclusion
Patients with CDI presented with a significantly higher rate of colorectal anastomosis leakage prior to ileostomy closure.
A new genus of Lythraceae emerges from rocky outcrops of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil
Authors: Cavalcanti Taciana B , Facco Marlon G , Inglis Peter W , Graham Shirley A , Gonella Paulo M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Recent collections of Lythraceae from an isolated mountain range in eastern Brazil were found to possess a unique morphology including spurless, weakly actinomorphic floral tubes, two deep red petals, a stipitate ovary and irregularly circumscissile dehiscence of a thickened capsule, characters typically applied to taxon recognition at the generic level. Genomic DNA was extracted from herbarium specimens or silica-dried leaf tissue and subjected to Illumina sequencing, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on a combination of plastid trnL-trnF and rpl16 and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Sequences of 22 genera of Lythraceae, including 74 Cuphea spp. representing all recognized sections of the genus and three Pleurophora spp., were included in the analysis; Ludwigia octovalvis (Onagraceae) was used to root the trees. A maximum-likelihood tree was reconstructed based on the concatenated matrix. Strong morphological evidence was found to recognize a new genus and species in Lythraceae: Gyrosphragma latipetala sp. nov., gen. nov. The same characteristics also occur in a little-known species, Cuphea santos-limae, which we transfer to Gyrosphragma. Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms Gyrosphragma as a monophyletic genus, sister to Cuphea; together these genera form a clade with Pleurophora. The new genus, supported by morphological and molecular evidence, adds new features and extends knowledge on the ecological and geographical diversity within Lythraceae.
Machine Learning to Assist in Large-Scale, Activity-Based Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Screening of Serum Samples
Authors: Janssens Liesl K , Boeckaerts Dimitri , Hudson Simon , Morozova Daria , Cannaert Annelies , Wood David M , Wolfe Caitlin , De Baets Bernard , Stock Michiel , Dargan Paul I , Stove Christophe P 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are amongst the largest groups of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Their often high activity at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor frequently results in intoxication, imposing serious health risks. Hence, continuous monitoring of these compounds is important, but challenged by the rapid emergence of novel analogues that are missed by traditional targeted detection strategies. We addressed this need by performing an activity-based, universal screening on a large set (n = 968) of serum samples from patients presenting to the emergency department with acute recreational drug or NPS toxicity.

Methods
We assessed the performance of an activity-based method in detecting newly circulating SCRAs compared with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, we developed and evaluated machine learning models to reduce the screening workload by automating interpretation of the activity-based screening output.

Results
Activity-based screening delivered outstanding performance, with a sensitivity of 94.6% and a specificity of 98.5%. Furthermore, the developed machine learning models allowed accurate distinction between positive and negative patient samples in an automatic manner, closely matching the manual scoring of samples. The performance of the model depended on the predefined threshold, e.g., at a threshold of 0.055, sensitivity and specificity were both 94.0%.

Conclusion
The activity-based bioassay is an ideal candidate for untargeted screening of novel SCRAs. The combination of this universal screening assay and a machine learning approach for automated sample scoring is a promising complement to conventional analytical methods in clinical practice.
Targeted vs. full population screening costs for incident atrial fibrillation and AF-related stroke for a healthy population aged 65 years in the United Kingdom
Authors: Burdett Paul , Lip Gregory Y H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained heart arrhythmia and a major preventable cause of stroke. Stroke accounts for a large amount of health and social care funding and over the coming years is likely to place an increasing cost burden on the wider UK health care system. We therefore need to understand how an opportunistic AF screening programme would impact on healthcare costs of AF (and AF-related stroke) for the NHS.

Methods and results
Using UK population forecasts and prior published data we initially calculated the number of people to be screened, newly-diagnosed and treated for Atrial Fibrillation (AF), and the associated costs of such a programme for all 65 year olds and for just a ‘high risk’ group. The reduction in the number of stroke cases recorded and the associated cost savings were subsequently calculated, for 2020 and the projected estimates over the following decade. The number of newly diagnosed AF patients at 65 years old for the two groups (all 65 year olds and for just a ‘high risk’ group) would be in 6754 and 797 in 2020, rising to 9200 and 1086 in 2030, respectively. In 2020 the cost of the screening programme for the two options would be £14.3m and £1.7m. If AF is medicated and monitored then there would be a subsequent reduction in the number of stroke cases in 2020 by 4323 or 510 depending on the group screened, with associated savings of £394.2m and £46.5m, respectively. Focussing on 2030 and should opportunistic screenings for AF be introduced at age 65, with subsequent treatment, it is predicted to reduce the number of stroke cases over the decade by 5888 if all 65 year olds are screened and 695 if just the high risk group are screened. If the number of strokes can be reduced by treating these screened AF patients, we would substantially reduce the health and social care costs of stroke by £654.6m and £77.3m, respectively.

Conclusion
The number of newly diagnosed AF patients at age 65 will rise over the decade between 2020 and 2030. Screening and treatment of AF will substantially reduce the health and social care costs of AF-related stroke in the NHS.
Effect of irisin on the expression of osteoclast-related genes in cementoblasts
Authors: Zhao Chunyi , Wang Yunlong , Cao Zhengguo , Zhu Jiaqi , He Hong 
Published: February 2022

Summary

Background and objectives
Cementoblasts can communicate with osteoclasts by synthesis and secretion of cytokines, such as RANKL, OPG, and M-CSF. Previously, we reported that irisin promotes the differentiation of cementoblasts, while the effect of irisin on cementoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis remains inconclusive. This study aimed to explore the effect of irisin on the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines in cementoblasts.

Material and methods
An immortalized murine cementoblast cell line OCCM-30 was used. Immunofluorescence and Western Blot were performed to identify the expression of irisin receptor integrin alphaV and the activation of its downstream signals in OCCM-30 cells. Cells were treated with irisin (100 ng/ml) for various time lengths ranging from 0 to 72 hours, and then qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, including RANKL, IL-6, M-CSF, OPG, Wnt5A, Sema3A. Cells were also incubated with irisin in a series of concentrations (0–200 ng/ml) for 24 hours, and then qRT-PCR and ELISA were performed to examine the above osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines.

Results
Irisin receptor integrin alphaV was expressed in OCCM-30 cells and its downstream signaling pathways were markedly activated by irisin. Both qRT-PCR and ELISA results revealed that RANKL and IL-6 were up-regulated by irisin while M-CSF, OPG, Wnt5A, Sema3A remained unaffected.

Conclusions
OCCM-30 cells were responsive to the stimulation of irisin. The expression of RANKL and IL-6 was significantly enhanced by irisin, suggesting a possible promotive effect on cementoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis.
Effect of strigolactones on recruitment of the rice root-associated microbiome
Authors: Kim Bora , Westerhuis Johan A , Smilde Age K , Floková Kristýna , Suleiman Afnan K A , Kuramae Eiko E , Bouwmeester Harro J , Zancarini Anouk 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStrigolactones are endogenous plant hormones regulating plant development and are exuded into the rhizosphere when plants experience nutrient deficiency. There, they promote the mutualistic association of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that help the plant with the uptake of nutrients from the soil. This shows that plants actively establish—through the exudation of strigolactones—mutualistic interactions with microbes to overcome inadequate nutrition. The signaling function of strigolactones could possibly extend to other microbial partners, but the effect of strigolactones on the global root and rhizosphere microbiome remains poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal microbial communities of 16 rice genotypes differing in their root strigolactone exudation. Using multivariate analyses, distinctive differences in the microbiome composition were uncovered depending on strigolactone exudation. Moreover, the results of regression modeling showed that structural differences in the exuded strigolactones affected different sets of microbes. In particular, orobanchol was linked to the relative abundance of Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia and Acidobacteria that potentially solubilize phosphate, while 4-deoxyorobanchol was associated with the genera Dyella and Umbelopsis. With this research, we provide new insight into the role of strigolactones in the interplay between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.
Pathways to Justice: Historical Institutional Child Abuse and the Role of Activist Research
Authors: Lundy Patricia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article contributes to the theorization of responses to historical institutional child abuse by critically analysing the role and utility of activist research. Drawing upon empirical research with survivors1 who participated in the Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry (HIAI or Hart Inquiry), including 43 in-depth interviews, five workshops and a survey, it shows that the Inquiry disempowered survivors, delimited voice, and fell short in meeting survivors’ justice needs. It further explores how activist research was used as a tool to empower survivors and achieve justice. The article begins with a detailed analysis of activist research principles, methodology and debates. It then uses a case study of the survivor-driven Panel of Experts on Redress to explore how, and to what effect, activist research was used to formulate pathways to justice. The article concludes that activist research has transformative potential. It gave voice to those historically marginalized and silenced, challenged powerful institutions, and brought about change to redress legislation. The amended legislation passed through Westminster in November 2019, significantly improving the Inquiry’s compensation package, thereby benefiting thousands of survivors in Northern Ireland and beyond. The article and findings provide lessons for those seeking to facilitate survivor participation in redress policy development and intervention strategies for historical harms.
Recognising Legal Parenthood in Chinese Same-sex Families: Obstacles, Conflicts, and Possible Resolutions
Authors: Weng Yi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Thousands of children are born to and raised by same-sex parents in China every year. However, Chinese law has not yet recognised the legitimacy of this new form of parent–child relationship. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal obstacles and conflicts that same-sex parents are facing under Chinese law. The conclusion is that the missing connection of marital relationship, the impossibility of procreation in the natural way and the strong stance on public interests have created formidable barriers for same-sex parents to claim parenthood in China. The legal disconnect between intended parents and children is argued to be detrimental to children’s welfare and psychological health. In the end, solutions to alleviate the incongruence between social needs and the legal position are proposed for Chinese law to adopt.