bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Various Rates of Ca(NO3)2 Fertilizer and Soil Management on Young Apple Trees
Authors: Miller Stephen S. , Glenn D. Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium nitrate applied annually at rates ranging from 22.5 g actual N per tree (0.5 N, one-half the recommended rate) to 363 g/tree (8 N) and adjusted according to tree age did not influence the growth of 4 apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars (‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Triple Red Delicious’, ‘Red Yorking’, and ‘Stayman 201’) on EM 7a rootstock. There was a significant soil management (herbicide, clean cultivation, or mowed sod) × rate interaction; trees in mowed sod responded to additional N with growth and leaf N levels comparable to the vegetation-free management systems at 4 times (4 N) the recommended rate (45 g N/tree/year age). Soil management and rate of fertilization influenced leaf N levels but not leaf Ca. Leaf N and Ca differed significantly among the 4 cultivars. Cumulative yield after 4 growing seasons was influenced by tree size and soil management, but not rate of fertilization. Soil pH was significantly higher under sod than under cultivated or herbicide strip culture. Soil Ca levels were not affected in the 0 to 30 cm profile. Residual soil NO3-N did not accumulate in the surface 30 cm for any of the management systems except at the highest rate (8 N) under the cultivated and herbicide systems. Data for residual NO3-N in the 0 to 120 cm soil profile indicated that the tree demand and leaching potential for NO3-N was met at the 0.5 N rate when competition was eliminated and between the 2 N and 4 N level in mowed sod.
Influence of Spacing on Fruit Yields and Quality of Grape Cultivars Differing in Vine Vigor
Authors: Hunter D.M. , Wiebe J. , Bradt O.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five grape cultivars (Vitis spp.) varying in vine vigor were planted at 4 spacings (1.8 m × 1.8 m, 1.8 m × 2.7 m, 2.7 m × 1.8 m, 2.7 m × 2.7 m) on a Trafalgar silty clay loam soil in Ontario. In each of the first 5 harvest years (years 3 through 7 following planting), lowest yields per vine were obtained from the closest spacing (1.8 m × 1.8 m) but the increased plant number at this spacing resulted in highest yields/ha. Fruit quality, as evidenced by soluble solids and titratable acidity, was not adversely affected by close spacing. There was a greater reduction in fruit yields per vine and vegetative growth at the closer within-row spacing than at the closer between-row spacing; this effect of within-row competition was especially pronounced for the vigorous cultivars. Results obtained in this study indicate that increasing the planting density (by reducing the between-row distance) of grapevines on clay loam soils in Ontario may lead to economical increases in production.
Inheritance of Resistance in Muskmelon to Fusarium Wilt
Authors: Zink F. W. , Gubler W. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mode of inheritance of resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) races 0 and 2 in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv Perlita FR and race 2 in ‘Doublon’ was determined by analyzing segregation of F1, F2, F3, and BC1 populations of crosses with susceptible ‘PMR 45’. The ratios obtained indicate that resistance to both races 0 and 2 in ‘Perlita FR’ is conferred by a dominant gene. The segregation data indicate that resistance to race 2 in ‘Doublon’ also is conferred by a dominant gene. Allelism tests indicated that gene Fom-1, which controls resistance to race 0 in ‘Doublon’, is different from the gene controlling resistance to race 0 in ‘Perlita FR’ and that 2 different genes confer resistance to race 2 in ‘Doublon’ and ‘Perlita FR’. The reaction of ‘Perlita FR’ and ‘Doublon’ backcross progenies of (resistant × susceptible) × susceptible, inoculated simultaneously or sequentially with race 0 and race 2, suggest that gene Fom-1 confers resistance to races 0 and 2 in ‘Doublon’ and that a single gene confers resistance to both races 0 and 2 in ‘Perlita FR’. The resistant dominant gene in ‘Perlita FR’ is designated F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis 3 (Fom-3). The source of Fusarium wilt resistance in ‘Perlita FR’ is discussed. ‘Perlita FR’ was found susceptible to race 1 and race 1, 2.
Foliar N-uptake by Eight Turfgrasses Grown in Controlled Environment
Authors: Wesely R. W. , Shearman R. C. , Kinbacher E. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Urea frequently is applied to turfs in liquid formulation at low water application rates which enhance potential foliar N uptake. This study was conducted to evaluate foliar N uptake by several cool-season turfgrasses treated with urea applied at low water volume (35 ml · m−2). Urea was applied foliarly to 8 turfgrasses at 2.5 g N m−2 in 35 ml m−2 of water. Verdure was harvested prior to treatment and after treatment at 24, 48, and 72 hr. Total N-uptake increases were primarily a response to increased the percentage of N, since dry matter production was stable for each turfgrass throughout the 72 hr. Maximum N-uptake occurred 24 hr after treatment. Any significant decrease in N-uptake over time suggested N-movement out of the sampling zone. Turfgrass species and cultivars showed differences in total N-uptake which resulted from initial variations in dry matter, percentage of tissue N, and variations in N-uptake rate. The percentage of N recoveries ranged from 31% to 61% for ‘Park’ Kentucky bluegrass and ‘Highlight’ chewings fescue, respectively. Cultivar differences indicated that ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass was more efficient in relation to foliar N-uptake than ‘Park’ Kentucky bluegrass.
Selection and Inheritance of Heat Tolerance in the Common Bean by Use of Conductivity
Authors: Marsh L. E. , Davis D. W. , Li P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance and selection of heat tolerance were investigated in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Parental, F1, backcross, and F2 populations from the crosses PI 271998 × BBL 47, PI 271998 × 80 BP-6 and 5BP-7 × BBL 47 were used in the inheritance study. Parental, F2, F3 and backcross populations of the cross PI 271998 × BBL 47 were used to estimate selection gain. Plants were evaluated for heat tolerance by the conductivity method after 32 days in the growth chamber at 20°/15°C (day/night) and acclimation at 37° for 24 hr. The joint scaling test indicated that the additive-dominance model was adequate to explain heat tolerance in crosses PI 271998 × BBL 47 and 5BP-7 × BBL 47. The major variation for tolerance for these 2 crosses may be controlled by a small number of genes. The additive-dominance model was inadequate for PI 271998 × 80BP-6, however, and epistasis was present. Narrow sense heritability estimates ranged from 2.9% to 24.0%, indicating relatively small additive effects. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.0% to 21.6%, suggesting sizable environmental effects. Realized heritability from selection for tolerant F2 plants was 7.9%. These estimates perhaps represent the lower limit of heritability for heat tolerance. The conductivity method could be considered for evaluating heat tolerance in a breeding program but should be more effective in screening F3 families than individual F2 plants.
Seasonal Variation on the Influence of Low Temperature, Photoperiod, Light Source, and GA in Floral Development of the Evergreen Azalea
Authors: Pemberton H. Brent , Wilkins Harold F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Florida-produced ‘Prize’ azalea plants were shipped to Minnesota with apical floral buds whose individual flowers had styles which had commenced elongating. These plants were ready for rapid forcing if given the traditional 6 weeks at 9°C. However, a single 2000 ppm GA (Pro Gibb3) spray treatment resulted in plants which flowered more rapidly without a traditional cold treatment when forced in a glasshouse under natural daylength (ND) in Minnesota during the spring and summer. Length of the ND in these experiments was considered critical, as plants forced in the spring and summer under an 8-hr short day (SD) treatment did not flower in a uniform manner, or floral abortion occurred in GA treated, uncooled plants forced during the autumn. Under ND conditions, extended to 20-hr by high pressure sodium, cool-white fluorescent or incandescent lamps, plants flowered more rapidly than those plants cooled at 9° for 6 weeks and forced under ND. Uniformity of flowering was enhanced and GA treatment had no effect when 3 weeks of 9° cooling preceded supplemental lighting treatments during autumn forcing. During winter, 20-hr of high pressure sodium + GA treatment or a SD treatment of noncooled plants resulted in more rapid, but similarly uniform flowering, when compared to plants with 6 weeks of cold treatment. These data provide evidence indicating that ‘Prize’ azalea floral buds may not exhibit a physiological dormancy.
Resistance of Various Classes of Grapes to the Bunch and Muscadine Grape Forms of Black Rot
Authors: Jabco Jeffrey P. , Nesbitt William B. , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight or 9 commercial cultivars from each of 4 grape classes were inoculated with the black rot fungus (Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. euvitis and f. sp. muscadinii) of bunch and muscadine grapes, respectively. The 4 classes consisted of 3 bunch grape classes (Vitis vinifera L., American hybrids, and French hybrids) and 1 muscadine class (V. rotundifolia Michx). Resistance was determined by leaf and petiole infection ratings (0−4) and average leaf and petiole lesion size (mm). Inoculation with Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. euvitis resulted in significantly larger average leaf lesion size on Vitis vinifera than on American and French hybrids (4.3 vs. 3.5). American hybrids had significantly higher (3.3 vs 2.3) leaf disease rating than French hybrids. Vitis rotundifolia received significantly lower disease rating then the 3 bunch grapes classes (0.4 vs. 2.9). A hypersensitive reaction was observed on leaves of most V. rotundifolia cultivars. Inoculation with Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. muscadinii resulted in significant differences in leaf infection ratings between French and American hybrids (0.8 vs. 1.6) and between V. rotundifolia and the 3 bunch grape classes (3.1 vs. 1.2). There were significant pathogen form × grape class and pathogen form × cultivar within grape class interactions.
Comparisons of Calcium Chloride, Calcium Phosphate, and a Calcium Chelate as Foliar Sprays for ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees
Authors: Bramlage W. J. , Drake Mack , Weis S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 4-year study compared CaCl2, Ca(H2PO4)2, and a polyphenolic acid chelate of Ca, applied as foliar sprays, for improving apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit quality. Technical grade 77% to 80% flake CaCl2 consistently increased fruit Ca concentrations and reduced senescent breakdown after storage and occasionally reduced superficial scald after air storage. When materials other than Ca(H2P04)2 were applied at concentrations providing soluble Ca concentrations equal to that of technical grade CaCl2, equal benefits were achieved. Treatments that increased Ca also usually reduced Mg concentrations in outer cortex tissue. Ca(H2PO4)2 increased fruit P but not fruit Ca concentration, and a reduction in superficial scald was the only accompanying benefit to the fruit.
Net Economic Values of Eight Soil Management Practices Used in Stake Tomato Production
Authors: Estes E. A. , Skroch W. A. , Konsler T. R. , Shoemaker P. B. , Sorensen K. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Staked tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) grown in 8 soil management systems are compared for differences in marketable yields, gross revenues, treatment costs, and net economic values. Maximum marketable yields were obtained using a fumigant and straw mulch combinatory practice, but the highest net economic value (gross revenues less treatment costs) was realized by a fumigant and herbicide ground management practice. These data suggest that the use of mulch materials and/or herbicides increased yields and net returns over standard cultivation practices.
Carbon Balance Model of a Growing Apple Shoot: II. Simulated Effects of Light and Temperature on Long and Short Shoots
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Lakso A.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A computer model of a growing apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoot was used to estimate the effects of light and temperature on the C balance of a shoot. Long-term average solar radiation (langley/day) and maximum and minimum temperatures from Geneva, N.Y., were used as weather inputs. To simulate other weather conditions, solar radiation was increased or decreased by 150 langley/day, and maximum and minimum temperatures increased or decreased by 5.6°C. Both a short shoot of 2 cm and a long shoot of 50 cm final length were simulated. The model output indicated that increased light reduced carbohydrate import and caused earlier and greater export. Increased temperature increased carbohydrate import and the subsequent rate of carbohydrate export. The short shoot had a greater initial rate of C export and continued to export more total carbohydrates than the long shoot for about 30 to 50 days after budbreak. Slow leaf area development at a given temperature had little effect on carbohydrate import but delayed the beginning of export.
Effect of Paclobutrazol and Analogs on Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Storage Potential of ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A postbloom foliar application of 1500 and 3000 ppm paclobutrazol (PB) increased flesh firmness of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) but reduced seed number and fruit size at harvest. The following year, flowering was not affected, but fruit set was increased. A decrease in terminal growth, leaf size, fruit L/D ratio, fruit size, pedicel length, and fruit soluble solids were also observed with the high rate of PB. PB increased fruit flesh calcium and total yield, and retarded fruit ripening. Dichlorobutrazol (DCB) did not affect final terminal growth but reduced L/D ratio, pedicel length, and fruit size the year after application. Following storage, flesh firmness of PBtreated fruit was not influenced, but senescent breakdown was dramatically reduced. Retarded ripening and reduced senescent breakdown were attributed to increased calcium in fruit flesh. Variability in terminal growth was increased as the inhibitory effects of PB dissipated. Three years after application, fruit L/D ratio and pedicel length were decreased, even though there was no longer a reduction in terminal growth. Chemical names used: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(2,2-dichlorophenyl-4-4-dimethyl-2-(1H,1,2,4-triazol-lyl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol); (2 RS, 3 RS)-1-2,2-dichlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H1,2,4-triazol-lyl)pentan-3-ol (dichlorobutrazol).
Temperature, Supplemental Lighting, and Chloromequat Chloride Effects on Flowering of Geranium Seedlings
Authors: Quatchak D.J. , White J.W. , Holcomb E.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The time between sowing and flowering (crop cycle) of geranium Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey was affected by light, temperature, chloromequat chloride (CCC), and cultivar. A minimum daily light integral of 17 mol·d−1·m−2, provided by high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) prior to transplanting, accelerated flower initiation. HPS, low pressure sodium (LPS), and metal halide (MH) lamps, used as supplemental light after transplanting, reduced the crop cycle significantly compared to incandescent (INC) or natural light only. Crop cycles were similar among the HPS, LPS, and MH lamp treatments when equal-input lamp wattage was used per unit growing area, even though PPF values at the plant canopy varied. Plants grown at 21° and 27°C had a 5- to 15-day-shorter crop cycle than plants grown at 18° and 21°. Generally CCC reduced the crop cycle, but not consistently for all cultivar and lighting combinations. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride [chloromequat chloride (CCC)].
Forcing Herbaceous Peonies
Authors: Byrne Thomas G. , Halevy Abraham H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower bud initiation of herbaceous peony (Paeonia L.) may start soon after the current year’s flower anthesis in June; buds continue to develop until the onset of dormancy in the fall. Flower formation, days to harvest, foliage senescence, and dormancy are unaffected by photoperiod. Flower bud dormancy can be broken by storage of dormant plants for a minimum of 4 weeks at 5.6°C after which they may bloom in the greenhouse in 8 to 10 weeks. Increasing storage time to 6 weeks or reducing the temperature to 1° increases the total number of shoots that grow after forcing.
Estimates of Heritabilities and Genetic Variances of Three Yield and Five Quality Traits in Three Fresh-market Cucumber Populations
Authors: Strefeler Mark S. , Wehner Todd C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variance components for 3 fruit yield and 5 fruit quality traits in 3 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) populations were estimated using a North Carolina Design I analysis. Three populations were studied (elite, medium base, and wide base), having been formed by intercrossing lines to produce 3 levels of genetic diversity. Families were evaluated in 1.5 × 1.5 m plots using once-over harvest at the stage of 15% oversized fruits. Heritabilities based on full-sib family selection for fruit yield ranged from 0.03 to 0.25, and for the fruit quality traits 0.00 to 0.30. The wide base population would be best for long-term selection for the traits studied, because it had the highest predicted means for all traits except percentage of culls, fruit shape, and overall performance after 15 cycles of full-sib family selection.
Effects of Oxyfluorfen as a Pretransplant Treatment on Weed Control and Cabbage Yield
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C. , McGlew Edwin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatments of oxyfluorfen at 0.43 kg·ha−1 as a pretransplant (PT) treatment, followed by several sequential postemergence grass herbicides as post-over-the-top (POT) treatments, provided excellent broadleaf and grass control in transplanted cabbage (Brassica oleracia var capitata L.). These herbicides included sethoxydim, fluazifop-butyl, and haloxyfop-methyl. Oxyfluorfen treatments alone gave 86% to 89% control of grass species. Broadleaf weeds were controlled effectively with oxyfluorfen treatments. Cabbage had acceptable tolerance to oxyfluorfen at 0.43 and 0.56 kg·ha−1 when applied as a PT treatment either alone or with grass herbicides. Increased injury to cabbage was noted with the high rate of oxyfluorfen. Yield and quality of cabbages were not reduced by oxyfluorfen applied pretransplant. Yields of marketable cabbage obtained with the treatments of oxyfluorfen as PT treatment followed by sequential grass herbicides as POT treatment, ranged from 24.3 to 27.1t·ha−1 in 1983 and 35.7 to 39.0 t·ha−1 in 1985. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 2-[l-(ethoxyi-mino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one (sethoxydim); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-butyl); and 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (haloxyfop-methyl).
Effect of Liming Rate on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 100% pine bark medium was amended with dolomitic lime at 0, 3, or 6 kg·m−3 and periodically fertilized with 210 ml of a nutrient solution containing 100 ppm N as (NH4)2S04. At the 3- and 6-kg lime treatments, medium solution NH4-N concentrations decreased rapidly while N03-N concentrations increased. At 0 kg lime, the NH4-N decrease was slower than at the 3- and 6-kg lime treatments and N03-N was not found. Similarly treated bark without plants was used to determine a N03-N accumulation rate (NAR). NAR was greatest at 6 kg of lime, except at the last 2 sampling dates, when NAR did not differ between 3 and 6 kg of lime. This lack of difference was attributed to a limiting NH4-N supply at 6 kg of lime. In a 2nd experiment, NAR of bark treated with 6 kg of lime per m3 and fertilized with 300 ppm NH4-N was 3 times greater than with bark treated with 100 ppm NH4-N, thus supporting the contention that, over time, the NH4-N supply of the 100-ppm treatment limited nitrification. These results indicate that the stimulative influence of lime on nitrification is subject to medium pH and NH4-N status that changes over time.
Carbohydrate Composition and Sensory Quality of Fresh and Stored Sweet Corn
Authors: Evensen K.B. , Boyer C.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was evaluated for sensory quality and carbohydrate composition at harvest and after storage at 0° or 10°C for 2 weeks. Total sugar (reducing sugar plus sucrose) declined more quickly during storage at 10° than at 0° in all cultivars, but the relative changes in sucrose and reducing sugars during storage were often complex. Hedonic (like/dislike) and sweetness scores awarded by taste panelists were significantly correlated with each other and with reducing sugar, sucrose, and total sugar concentrations only after storage. The highest correlations were between sucrose concentration and hedonic taste scores (r = 0.76, P < 0.01) and between sucrose concentration and sensory sweetness scores (r = 0.73, P < 0.01). Starch concentration varied with cultivar, but was not correlated with sensory quality. Water-soluble polysaccharide concentration varied with cultivar, storage time, and storage temperature, but did not correlate with sensory quality.
Effect of Osmotic Stress on Somatic Embryogenesis in Carica Suspension Cultures
Authors: Litz Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Suspension cultures derived from Carica papaya L. ovular callus were subcultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 60 g·liter−1 sucrose, 400 mg·liter−1 glutamine, 9 μm 2,4-D, and either 0–0.45 m sodium chloride (NaCl) or the osmotically equivalent concentrations of mannitol. After 4 successive subcultures (120 days), the suspensions from each NaCl treatment were inoculated into the entire range of salt-containing media, and were subcultured on the same media formulations for 4 months. Cultures grown in the presence of mannitol were treated in the same manner. Sodium chloride generally inhibited somatic enbryogenesis; however, somatic embryogenesis was stimulated greatly following subculture from media with 0.18 m NaCl into media containing lower concentrations of salt. Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis also occurred following preconditioning with 0.30 m and 0.45 m mannitol. The increased rate of somatic embryogenesis was lost after 2 to 3 subcultures in media having lower osmolarities. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).
Chilling Exposures and Ethylene Treatment Change the Level of ACC in ‘Honey Dew’ Melons
Authors: Lipton Werner J. , Yi Wang Chien 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Honey Dew’ melons (Cucumis melo L.) accumulated substantial amounts of ACC during a 2½-week chilling exposure at 2.5°C. The final concentration in chilled skin tissue was 15 nmol·g–1, which was about 70 times that in nonchilled skin tissue. The level of ACC in the underlying flesh also was increased by chilling, but to a lesser extent. The concentration of ACC decreased continuously during subsequent warming of the melons at 20° and had returned almost to the at-harvest level (<1 nmol·g–1) after 24 hr. Ethylene and CO2 production were low at 2.5° but rose rapidly during warming. A pre-chilling ethylene treatment (1000 µl·liter–1) for 18 hr at 20°) reduced chilling injury and ACC accumulation. ACC accumulation in the skin was negatively correlated with the presence of solar yellowing. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).