bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent dynamical effects in electron transfer: Predicted influences of electronic coupling upon the rate-dielectric friction dependence
Authors: Gochev Alexander , McManis George E. , Weaver Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

The predicted dependence of the bimolecular rate constant for outer-sphere electron exchange kex upon the longitudinal relaxation time τL for Debye solvents is examined numerically on the basis of a suitably combined rate formulation in order to examine the manner and extent to which the rate-solvent friction dependence, of particular experimental significance, should be sensitive to the degree of donor–acceptor electronic coupling and related factors. The treatment accounts for the contributions to kex from a spatial distribution of reactant pairs as well as for the effects of donor–acceptor interactions upon the unimolecular rate constant, ket (s−1), for each encounter geometry. The latter include the influence of electronic interactions as prescribed by the matrix coupling element H12 upon the effective frequency for adiabatic barrier crossing νn, as well as upon the electronic transmission coefficient κel (i.e., the degree of reaction nonadiabaticity). The anticipated dependence of the free-energy barrier, as well as νn and κel, upon the donor–acceptor separation is accounted for in the kex calculations. The form of the resulting log kex −log τ−1L plots exhibit, as expected, a marked dependence on the value of H12 for reactant contact, H○12. Over the τ−1L range appropriate for common solvents at ambient temperatures, ∼1×1011 to 5×1012 s−1, the log kex −log τ−1L slopes, x, are significantly (or substantially) below unity for H○12≲0.5 kcal mol−1; x decreases markedly with increasing τ−1L and/or for decreasing H○12. The approach to the solvent inertial limit (for large τ−1L) also tends to decrease x further. Numerical comparisons are made with corresponding log kex −log τ−1L plots obtained using the simple ‘‘encounter preequilibrium’’ treatment which presumes that only a fixed narrow range of encounter-pair geometries contribute to kex. While the form of the
plots are not greatly different, former more sophisticated treatment
generally yields smaller slopes. Some corresponding numerical calculations for electrochemical-exchange reactions are also included.
Thermodynamic approach to nonequilibrium chemical fluctuations
Authors: Vlad Marcel O. , Ross John 
Published: July 2002

A generalized thermodynamic description of one-variable complex chemical systems is suggested on the basis of the Ross, Hunt, and Hunt (RHH) theory of nonequilibrium processes. Starting from the stationary solution of a chemical Master Equation, two complimentary, related sets of generalized state functions are introduced. The first set of functions is derived from a generalized free energy F̌X, and is used to compute the moments of stationary and non-Gaussian concentration fluctuations. Exact expressions for the cumulants of concentration are derived; a connection is made between the cumulants and the fluctuation–dissipation relations of the RHH theory. The second set of functions is derived from an excess free energy φ(x); it is used to express the conditions of existence and stability of nonequilibrium steady states. Although mathematically distinct, the formalisms based on the F̌X and φ(x) functions are physically equivalent: both lead to the same type of differential expressions and to similar global equations. A comparison is made between the RHH and Keizer’s theory of nonequilibrium processes. An appropriate choice of the integration constants occurring in Keizer’s theory is made for one-variable systems. The main differences between the two theories are: the constraints for the two theories are different; the stochastic and thermodynamic descriptions are global in RHH, whereas Keizer’s theory is local. However, both theories share some common features. Keizer’s fluctuation–dissipation relation can be recovered by using the RHH approach; it is valid even if the fluctuations are nonlinear.If the thermodynamic constraints are the same, then Keizer’s theory is a first-order approximation of RHH; this approximation corresponds to a Gaussian description of the probability of concentration fluctuations. Keizer’s theory is a good approximation of RHH in the vicinity of a stable steady state: near a steady state the thermodynamic functions of the two theories are almost identical; the chemical potential in the stationary state is of the equilibrium form in both theories. Keizer’s theory gives a very good estimate of the absolute values of the peaks of the stationary probability density of RHH theory. Away from steady states the predictions of the two theories are different; the differences do not vanish in the thermodynamic limit. The shapes of the tails of the stationary probability distributions are different; and hence the predictions concerning the relative stability are different for the two theories.
Polymer chain dynamics in dilute solutions under Couette flow: Dynamic light scattering from polystyrenes in a good solvent
Authors: Tsunashima Yoshisuke 
Published: July 2002

Dynamics of flexible linear polymers in dilute solution under circular Couette flow was examined through dynamic light scattering measurements for two polystyrene samples (Mw=1.92×105 and 7.10×105) in benzene at 25 °C and at a fixed scattering angle, 75.6°. The scattered light from the sample solution, which solution was put into a gap between an inner rotating and an outer stationary glass cylinders of a rotating cylinder viscometer and was set under given shear flow, was measured with the homodyne method. For the lower molecular-weight sample, the obtained correlation function A(t) was of single exponential decay (the decay rate Γ1) over all the shear gradients γ measured at γ=0–5.2 s−1. For the higher molecular-weight sample, however, A(t) was of double exponential decays (the decay rates Γ1 and Γ2) at lower γ, and of single exponential (the decay rate Γ1) at higher γ. Any sigmoidal decay feature was not detected in A(t), so that the effect of the polymer convection on A(t) was excluded completely. The translational diffusion coefficient of the polymer D1 at given shear gradient was thus evaluated distinctly from Γ1. The obtained D1 increased with the increase of γ and gave the relation D1∝γ1/2.
This D1–γ1/2 relation could not be explained by the hydrodynamic descriptions of polymers so far proposed theoretically for the dilute solution (the so-called macroscopic description), where the diffusion-type equation for the polymer configurational distribution function has been used with the assumptions that the polymer segments travel in a continuous viscous medium of a constant friction coefficient and that the hydrodynamic interactions can be described approximately by the Oseen tensor, a solution of a linearized Navier–Stokes equation of motion. It is suggested that the present results obtained in Couette flow, the flow being a rigorous solution of the Navier–Stokes equation, could not be explained without taking into account the microscopic descriptions for polymer dynamics, i.e., the hydrodynamic coupling between the polymer and the solvent. Moreover, the intramolecular relaxation motions were found to be suppressed by the shear flow if the shear gradient became larger than 0.8 s−1. This suppression is caused by the decrease in the amplitudes of the normal-mode type of internal relaxation motions, not by the extinction of their intrinsic internal frequencies.
Moral panic versus the risk society: the implications of the changing sites of social anxiety
Authors: Ungar Sheldon 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper compares moral panic with the potential political catastrophes of a risk society. The aim of the comparison is threefold: 1. to establish the position of risk society threats alongside more conventional moral panics; 2. to examine the conceptual shifts that accompany the new types of threats; and 3. to outline the changing research agenda. The paper suggests that as new sites of social anxiety have emerged around environmental, nuclear, chemical and medical threats, the questions motivating moral panic research have lost much of their utility. Conceptually, it examines how the roulette dynamics of the risk society accidents expose hidden institutional violations that redound into ‘hot potatoes’ that are passed among and fumbled by various actors. Changing conceptions of folk devils, claims making activities, and of a safety are also discussed.
Ouch!
Authors: Doezema Jo 
Published: July 2002

Trafficking in women’ has, in recent years, been the subject of intense feminist debate. This article analyses the position of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) and the writings of its founder, Kathleen Barry. It suggests that CATW's construction of ‘third world prostitutes’ is part of a wider western feminist impulse to construct a damaged ‘other’ as justification for its own interventionist impulses. The central argument of this article is that the ‘injured body’ of the ‘third world trafficking victim’ in international feminist debates around trafficking in women serves as a powerful metaphor for advancing certain feminist interests, which cannot be assumed to be those of third world sex workers themselves. This argument is advanced through a comparison of Victorian feminist campaigns against prostitution in India with contemporary feminist campaigns against trafficking. The term ‘injured identity’ is drawn from Wendy Brown's (1995) States of Injury, Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Brown argues that certain groups have configured their claims to inclusion in the liberal state in terms of ‘historical ‘injuries’. Antoinette Burton (1998) extends Brown's analysis to look at Victorian feminists’ relationship to Empire, arguing that the ‘injured identities’ of colonial ‘others’ were central to feminist efforts to mark out their own role in Empire. This paper builds on Burton's analysis, asking what role the ‘injured identities’ of third world sex workers play in the construction of certain contemporary feminist identities. The notion of ‘injured identities’ offers a provocative way to begin to examine how CATW feminists position the ‘trafficking victim’ in their discourse. If ‘injured identity’ is a constituent element of late modern subject formation, this may help explain why CATW and Barry rely so heavily on the ‘suffering’ of ‘third world trafficking victims’ in their discourses of women's subjugation. It also raises questions about the possible repressive consequences of CATW's efforts to combat ‘trafficking in women’ through ‘protective’ legislation.
Consensus and variation between speech and language therapists in the assessment and selection of preschool children for intervention: a body of knowledge or idiosyncratic decisions?
Authors: Roulstone Sue 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim was to investigate consensus between speech and language therapists (SLT) during the initial assessment of preschool children. A multimethod design was used. The qualitative component provided SLT's own views of the process as the starting point for the study. Data were generated from semistructured interviews and focus group discussions. The interviews investigated factors considered during an initial assessment of a preschool child. The focus groups discussed the process and content of a videotaped initial assessment carried out by the author. Quantitative data was generated from six case analyses and from a card sorting exercise. In the former, SLT were asked to record important features of newly referred cases. In the latter, SLT sorted statements about preschool children according to a simple concern/not concerned decision. Data collection tasks and analysis took place successively to build a composite and triangulated picture. The main subjects were 11 SLT, experienced in childrens' work with a further six acting as a broader reference group. The results show an interacting pattern of consensus and variation. SLT agreed about the relative priority of children, categories that informed the assessment; they made similar interpretations of incoming information. There was variation in their preferred assessment methods, in the thresholds of concern and in the interventions offered. Sources of variation that were identified included individual confidence in and access to assessments, personal levels of concern and in the approach to the SLT's role, as well as the influence of workplace policies. The study concluded that, consensus and variation both exist within the context of SLT's initial assessment of preschool children, but that there are discernible patterns to the variation. While such variation may be inevitable, it is suggested that any variation should be made explicit and used to challenge and develop the shared knowledge base of the speech and language therapy profession.
Alcohol Consumption and Bladder Cancer Risk: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study
Authors: Zeegers Maurice P. A. , Volovics Alex , Dorant Elisabeth , Alexandra Goldbohm R. , van den Brandt Piet A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although several epidemiologic studies have been conducted on alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk, the risk according to quantity and type of alcohol consumed is not clear. The authors investigated these associations in a large prospective cohort study on diet and cancer among 120,852 subjects in the Netherlands aged 55–69 years at baseline (1986). Subjects completed a questionnaire on risk factors for cancer, including alcohol consumption. Follow-up for incident cancer was established by record linkage to cancer registries. The case-cohort analysis was restricted to a follow-up period of 6.3 years and was based on 594 cases with bladder cancer and 3,170 subcohort members. The authors corrected for age and smoking in multivariable analyses. The incidence rate ratios for men who consumed &lt;5, 5–&lt;15, 15–&lt;30, and ≥30 grams of alcohol per day were 1.49, 1.52, 1.16, and 1.63 compared with nondrinkers, respectively (p for trend = 0.13). Alcohol consumed from beer, wine, and liquor was associated with moderately elevated risks, although most were not statistically significant. The incidence rate ratios for women varied around unity. The results of this study do not suggest an important association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk.
Case-Control Study on Lung Cancer and Residential Radon in Western Germany
Authors: Kreienbrock Lothar , Kreuzer Michaela , Gerken Michael , Dingerkus Gerlinde , Wellmann Jürgen , Keller Gert , Erich Wichmann H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In a 1990–1996 case-control study in western Germany, the authors investigated lung cancer risk due to exposure to residential radon. Confirmed lung cancer cases from hospitals and a random sample of community controls were interviewed by trained interviewers regarding different risk factors. For 1 year, alpha track detectors were placed in dwellings to measure radon gas concentrations. The evaluation included 1,449 cases and 2,297 controls recruited from the entire study area and a subsample of 365 cases and 595 controls from radon-prone areas of the basic study region. Rate ratios were estimated by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for smoking and for asbestos exposure. In the entire study area, no rate ratios different from 1.0 were found; in the radon-prone areas, the adjusted rate ratios for exposure in the present dwelling were 1.59 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 2.27), 1.93 (95% CI: 1.19, 3.13), and 1.93 (95% CI: 0.99, 3.77) for 50–80, 80–140, and &gt;140 Bq/m3, respectively, compared with 0–50 Bq/m3. The excess rate ratio for an increase of 100 Bq/m3 was 0.13 (−0.12 to 0.46). An analysis based on cumulative exposure produced similar results. The results provide additional evidence that residential radon is a risk factor for lung cancer, although a risk was detected in radon-prone areas only, not in the entire study area.
Impact of Estrogen Use on Decline in Cognitive Function in a Representative Sample of Older Community-resident Women
Authors: Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Hanlon Joseph T. , Landerman Lawrence R. , Schmader Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The authors investigated whether postmenopausal estrogen use helps to maintain cognitive function; a brief screen, the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), was used. Information was gathered from a stratified, random sample of 1,907 African-American and White women (aged 65–100 years) participating in the longitudinal Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly project carried out in five urban and rural counties of North Carolina. All women were cognitively unimpaired in 1986–1987 and were evaluated 3 and 6 years later. Decline in cognitive function was measured as an increase of two or more errors on the SPMSQ and crossing of an SPMSQ threshold indicative of cognitive impairment. Recency and continuity of estrogen use were measured. Univariate analyses indicated that recent (crude odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.21, 0.86) and continuous (crude odds ratio = 0.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.13, 0.81) estrogen use reduced the risk of cognitive decline but not of cognitive impairment. After adjustment for demographic and health characteristics, protective effects became nonsignificant. While postmenopausal use of estrogen may be protective for Alzheimer's disease, current findings based on a brief cognitive screen suggest that it is not protective for cognitive decline related to aging.
Observed versus Indirect Estimates of Incidence of Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Wu Suh-Yuh , Nemesure Barbara , Leske M. Cristina 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Incidence data on open-angle glaucoma (OAG) are limited and difficult to obtain. To date, few studies have reported incidence directly measured from population-based cohorts. Other reported estimates have been derived indirectly from age-specific prevalence by using several assumptions, and their validity is unknown. To the authors' knowledge, this report presents the first comparison of observed versus indirect estimates of OAG incidence based on data from the population-based Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases (1992–1997) (n = 3,427; 85% participation). The observed 4-year incidence of OAG was 1.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 2.1%) at ages 40–49 years, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8, 2.5%) at ages 50–59 years, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.0, 4.8%) at ages 60–69 years, and 4.2% (95% CI: 2.6, 6.3%) in persons at ages 70 or more years. When incidence was calculated from the prevalence data, power function fitting achieved a closer approximation to observed incidence than did logistic curve fitting. Calculated incidence rates for each group were similar when assuming mortality that was equal (incidence rate = 0.7, 1.3, 2.3, and 4.8%) or differential (incidence rate = 0.7, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8%). Other nonlogistic approaches also increased the resemblance of observed and calculated estimates. In the absence of longitudinal data, reasonably valid incidence estimates of OAG were obtained from available prevalence data. These estimation techniques can be useful when OAG incidence estimates are required for research or public health purposes.
Familial Risk Ratio of Sarcoidosis in African-American Sibs and Parents
Authors: Rybicki Benjamin A. , Kirkey Kandace L. , Major Marcie , Maliarik Mary J. , Popovich John , Chase Gary A. , Iannuzzi Michael C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
While sarcoidosis is thought to aggregate in families, little is known about the risk to relatives of sarcoidosis patients. To estimate the familial risk ratio (λ) of sarcoidosis in sibs and parents of cases, the authors studied 179 African-American families ascertained through an index sarcoidosis case diagnosed at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Among those relatives enrolled between 1997 and 1999, 12 of 327 (3.7%) sibs and 11 of 161 (6.8%) parents reported a history of sarcoidosis. The λ in this sample of relatives, estimated by computing an age, sex, and race standardized incidence ratio, was 2.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.16, 3.92) for sibs and 2.82 (95% confidence interval: 1.41, 5.05) for parents. For sibs and parents combined, λ was 2.49 (95% confidence interval: 1.58, 3.73). Results stratified by proband characteristics indicated that λ was greater for relatives of younger (λ = 2.93, 95% confidence interval: 1.52, 5.12) and male (λ = 3.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.99, 7.12) probands. A higher λ was also found for male family members and sibs born later in the birth order. A Monte Carlo method was also used to estimate λ, with similar results obtained. Overall, these results indicate that, in African Americans, sibs and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for sarcoidosis and that heterogeneity in disease risk may exist among family members.
Counter-Matching in Studies of Gene-Environment Interaction: Efficiency and Feasibility
Authors: Andrieu N. , Goldstein A. M. , Thomas D. C. , Langholz B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The interest in studying gene-environment interaction is increasing for complex diseases. However, most methods of detecting gene-environment interactions may not be appropriate for the study of interactions involving rare genes (G) or uncommon environmental exposures (E), because of poor statistical power. To increase this power, the authors propose the counter-matching design. This design increases the number of subjects with the rare factor without increasing the number of measurements that must be performed. In this paper, the efficiency and feasibility (required sample sizes) of counter-matching designs are evaluated and discussed. Counter-matching on both G and E appears to be the most efficient design for detecting gene-environment interaction. The sensitivity and specificity of the surrogate measures, the frequencies of G and E, and, to a lesser extent, the value of the interaction effect are the most important parameters for determining efficiency. Feasibility is also more dependent on the exposure frequencies and the interaction effect than on the main effects of G and E. Although the efficiency of counter-matching is greatest when the risk factors are very rare, the study of such rare factors is not realistic unless one is interested in very strong interaction effects. Nevertheless, counter-matching appears to be more appropriate than most traditional epidemiologic methods for the study of interactions involving rare factors.