bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Features of the structure and formation of oil deposits in the sediments of the Bashkirian stage of small oil fields on the western slope of the South Tatar arch
Authors: Korolev E A , Morozov V P , Eskin A A , Gazeeva F M , Kalimulina A R 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Oil-bearing carbonate complexes of the Bashkirian stage of low-amplitude brachianticlinal structures on the western slope of the South Tatar arch are considered. It has been established that the prospects for oil production are associated with the upper parts of the sections, where layers of algal-foraminiferal limestones - packstone occur, overlain by dense clayed mudstone-wackestone limestones. Oil deposits of the dome type, hydrodynamically isolated, are under the pressure of regional or bottom waters. Cap rocks, reservoir rock, water-oil contacts are clearly distinguished in the structure of deposits. The formation of the main elements of oil fields occurred at the stage of sedimentation due to eustatic fluctuations in the level of the epicontinental sea basin. At the stage of transgression, the formation of future reservoir rocks took place, at the stages of regression - cap rocks. The reservoir rocks acquired high capacitive-filtration properties during the period of migration of water-oil fluids. At this time, the dissolution of micritic calcite cement took place, the removal of the dissolved substance outside the reservoir bed, the filling of the void space with oil, and the displacement of residual water to the wings of uplifts. The next stage of transformation of reservoir rocks is associated with the processes of natural waterflooding of oil deposits. The penetration of regional pressure water into the oil reservoir contributed to the formation of local zones of water-oil contacts. Due to the oxidation of hydrocarbons inside the oil deposits in the OWC zone, bituminous and water-bearing subzones were formed. In the first one, intensive leaching of calcite occurred with the simultaneous formation of patchy-banded segregations of calcitized rocks, healing of cavern cavities with diagenetic dolomite and anhydrite. In the second subzone, the process of dissolution of bituminous films on the walls of caverns was going on, accompanied by secondary cementation of pre-existing cavities with diagenetic calcite and chalcedony, which determined the light color of reservoir rocks.
Stages of cross-border integration of border specially protected natural areas at the junctions of the state borders of the three countries in various parts of the planet
Authors: Novikov A N , Biksaleev A A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Cross-border environmental interaction of neighboring countries implies the coordinated functioning of their border “green” frames, which unite specially protected natural areas of various types. The methodological basis of the study is the following scientific concepts: territorial economic structures of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences P.Ya. Baklanova; polarized biosphere B.B. Rodoman; ring structures V.L. Martynov; trinitarian geography A.N. Novikov. The process of integrating “green” frameworks takes place in four stages and will end with the territorial organization of cross-border radial-circular structures. On planet Earth, at the junctions of the borders of the three countries, there is a process of formation of specially protected natural areas (SPNA), which become border contact links of the Central Active Zones (CAZ) of the I.C.-B.T.-L.R. These CACs extend their influence deep into the territories of each of the three countries, involving nearby protected areas in their sphere of influence and turning them into Radial Active Zones (RAZs). RAZ, closing on the periphery through the Edge Active Zones (EAZ), form radial-annular structures. The process of transboundary radial-ring integration goes through four stages: external environmental separation; stage of outwardly isolated growth; transboundary environmental and tourist contact; the stage of mutually coordinated territorial organization of border sectors into trans-border radial-ring “green” (environmental) frameworks in the I.C.-B.T.-L.R. format. The environmentally-centric I.C.-B.T.-L.R. that Russia and its neighbors are forming are at various stages of development. In modern conditions, for the formation of cross-border environmental policy, it is extremely important to take into account the existing international experience of consistent environmental integration of countries in the form of the formation of transboundary radial-ring “green” (environmental) frameworks.
Determination of the permissible duration of downtime electric power processes in agricultural production
Authors: Bakirov S M , Logacheva O V , Ivankina Y V , Loshkarev I Y , Shlyupikov S V 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The article describes the impact of electric power processes in agriculture. The paper defines the value of the sensitivity of the agricultural process, which was defined as the ratio of productivity to the duration of the stop of the electrified process due to the failure of electrical equipment. The results of the research are demonstrated on the example of agricultural buildings in which various production processes take place, and graphical dependences of productivity on the duration of downtime of electric power equipment are also presented in the paper.
Producing marketable products by low-tempertature thermolysis of municipal solid waste
Authors: Sevostyanov V S , Shein N T , Sevostyanov M V , Shamgulov R Yu , Obolonsky V V 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article provides a method for recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial waste by low-temperature thermolysis. The proposed technology and technical devices make it possible to solve a range of scientific, technical, research, design, technological and environmental problems. The solutions take into account the conditions of existing production facilities and are aimed at eliminating the existing technical and technological constraints in resource-saving and energy-saving areas.
Thrust estimation for HTS-magnet based Magneto Plasma Dynamic Thrusters (MPDT)
Authors: Kumar Meena Lokesh , Anand A , Gour A S 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
At present time, electric propulsion is being considered for outer deep space missions. Magneto Plasma Dynamic Thrusters are capable of accelerating semi- neutral plasma gas (Xenon, Iodine, Argon, Ammonia, or Lithium) to a high exhaust velocity using combination of RF power & high magnetic fields. High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) coils can generate high magnetic field due to high operating current density at temperatures below its critical temperature(Tc). These superconducting coils can be cooled by using the cold of outer dark space. The use of 2nd Generation (2G) HTS coils can increase thrust, by increasing high magnetic field with very low power consumption. Thus, specific impulse due to the combination of RF plasma and HTS based superconducting high magnetic field is increased drastically. In this paper, the thrust calculation are carried out for MPDT for varying magnetic fields produced by superconducting coils. The estimation of exhaust velocity and thrust generated by plasma for an MPDT is of great challenge and is required to determine for calculating the life of mission as well as the distance of travel. These estimations are required to support the indigenous development of MPDT.
Experimental study on a helium-4 sorption cryocooler
Authors: Xi Xiaotong , Yang Biao , Gao Zhaozhao , Chen Liubiao , Zhou Yuan , Wang Junjie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The sorption cooler is one of the commonly used Sub-Kelvin temperature refrigeration technologies, used in space exploration and ground experiments to provide a low temperature below 1 K. In this paper, a sorption cooler using helium-4 as the working gas has been developed. At a heat sink temperature of 3 K, the lowest no-load temperature of the developed sorption cooler is 843 mK and the hold time below 1 K is 4 hours. The effects of different sorption pump temperatures and sorption pump cooling rates on the refrigeration performance were studied through experiments. The test results show that during the condensation process, when the temperature of the sorption pump is higher than 45 K, the pump temperature has little effect on the liquefaction efficiency, and speeding up the cooling rate of the sorption pump is conducive to obtaining a lower refrigeration temperature.
Investigation on the dynamic adsorption characteristics of activated carbon to Helium-4 for 4-20 K regenerator of cryocoolers
Authors: Yang Biao , Xi Xiaotong , Gao Zhaozhao , Chen Liubiao , Wang Junjie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
With the advantages of long life and high reliability, cryocoolers gradually substitute cryogenic liquids to become a critical guarantee for the stable operation in space exploration. For cryocoolers, the regenerator is a key component that strongly influences its refrigeration performance. The specific heat of current commonly-used regenerator materials below 20 K is significantly lower than that of the working gas Helium-4, resulting in insufficient cold storage capacity of the regenerator and further limiting the cryocooler’s ability to obtain lower temperatures and larger cooling capacity. In this paper, activated carbon is used to absorb a part of helium in the regenerator to replace the traditional magnetic regenerator materials. By establishing a low-temperature dynamic adsorption model, the dynamic adsorption characteristics of activated carbon to Helium-4 in the temperature range of 4-20 K were studied, and the effect of its microscopic adsorption/desorption heat effect on the performance of the regenerator was investigated.
Development of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for Future Astronomy Missions
Authors: Jin H. , Shen J. , Li C. Z. , Wang C. , Yu F. Q. , Zu H. Y. , Liu P. , Ding J. , Li K. , Wang Y. N. , Dai W. , Zhou Y. , Cui W. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The superconducting microcalorimeter provides astronomers with a new tool to probe the hot universe. This kind of detectors has superb energy resolution and high detection efficiency, which is important for diffuse X-ray detection. Astronomy missions, such as the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) and Diffuse X-ray explorer (DIXE) proposed in China, is going to employ superconducting microcalorimeters. The superconducting microcalorimeter works in its superconducting transition region, which is at a very low temperature(<100 mK). Realization of such a low temperature in space is challenging. Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a good candidate for milli-Kelvin cooling system. Here we introduce our recent work on ADR design and construction. Most of the key components for building an ADR have been designed and fabricated. Recently we integrated all components and built a two stage ADR. Preliminary performance on each stages test has been conducted separately. In its performance test, starting from 4 K, the FAA stage could cool down to 156.7 mK and the GGG stage could reach 768.4 mK. This result shows promise for future development.
Design and analysis of 5 kW helium turbine for EAST cryoplant
Authors: Chen S X , Zhang Q Y , Fu B , Li S S , Fan C F , Zhang C J , Zong Y W 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The helium turbine is an important core component in the refrigerator, which provides support and guarantee for the stable operation of the cryogenic system. This paper refers to the parameters of one of the four helium turbines in EAST, designs a 5 kW helium turbine. The overall structure of the turbine has been described, and the design and analysis of the impeller and bearing have been carried out. Through CFD analysis, the internal pressure and temperature change law of the flow is analyzed. The variable-condition operating characteristics of the turbine are predicted, and it is found that the turbine can maintain efficient operation within a wide range of mass flow changes. The bearing performance is calculated by solving the Reynolds equation. After determining the optimal bearing clearance 28 μm based on the principle of maximum stiffness, bearing performance parameters of load capacity and stiffness can be further calculated.
Experimental research on performance of an oil-free moving-coil symmetrical dual-piston linear compressor for the J - T throttle refrigerator
Authors: Liu Y L , Sun J , Xun Y Q , Chen H L , Huang Z J , Cai J H , Hong G T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of the Joule-Thomson (J-T) throttling refrigerator, an oil-free symmetrical dual-piston moving-coil linear compressor was developed, and its principle was demonstrated in detail. As the core component of the J-T throttling refrigerator, the linear compressor provides the pressure ratio and mass flow rate required by the throttling cycle. The linear compressor prototype was tested with nitrogen to evaluate its performance at different pressure ratios, strokes, and driving frequencies. Key performance parameters have been obtained, and the experimental results show that the input power is 175.2 W, the mass flow is 1.128 g/s, the unit power mass flow is 6.438 mg/s/W, the motor efficiency, volumetric efficiency, isentropic efficiency, and isothermal efficiency is 87.7%, 81.5%, 74.9%, and 63.7% at the design parameter (pressure ratio of 3.0, stroke of 10.0 mm, frequency of 60.0 Hz), respectively. The maximum mass flow rate is 1.742 g/s, and the maximum motor efficiency, volumetric efficiency, isentropic efficiency, and isothermal efficiency is 88.1%, 94.0%, 81.2%, and 73.4%, respectively. The symmetrical dual-piston linear compressor brings large-capacity and high efficiency, which provide a useful attempt and reference for the optimization of the linear compressors for the J-T throttling refrigerator.
Mathematic prediction and experimental research of gas thrust bearing for high-speed turbo-expander involving hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and air working fluids
Authors: Yan H , Zhang X H , Peng N , Zheng L W , Ke C L , Li K R , Liang Y W , Xiong L Y , Dong B , Li J , Liu I Q 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
High-speed turbo-expander is the key component of large-scale cryogenic liquefaction system and the gas thrust bearing is widely applied in turbo-expander due to the introducing exceptionally low contamination to the gas flow and low viscosity. However, the load capacity of gas bearing is low and it is often difficult to obtain the load capacity because of nonlinear problem. The paper establishes a mathematic prediction model to obtain the load capacity of gas thrust bearing directly and quickly. The model is universal for hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and air working fluids. A new dimensionless variable (Φ
t) is proposed and the function between the Φ
t and load capacity is found. Meanwhile, an experimental study is carried out to validate the mathematic prediction model. The results from the prediction model show good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the model, the load capacity for various working fluids is the same as long as the Φ
t is the same, which can be used to conduct experimental research on the replacement of potentially flammable such as hydrogen by inert gas.
A preliminary study of 4He convective heat switches
Authors: Yu F Q , Shen J , Zou A H , Li K , Wang C , Dai W 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Heat switches are key components in sub-kelvin refrigeration. It is widely used in cryogenic systems, such as controlling thermodynamic cycle, coupling/decoupling redundant cryocoolers, accelerating the cooling of cryogenic components and so on. Convective heat switch features simple structure, no moving parts and great thermal conductance, which is mainly used to precool cryogenic components. In order to accelerate the pre-cooling of a test platform to 4K, the passive convective heat switch is investigated in this paper, which consists of a circuit comprising two identical stainless steel tubes and two copper cavities respectively connected to the cold and warm stages. The ON/OFF state of the switch is realized by the presence/absence of a gravity-driven convective helium-4 gas loop. Several convective heat switches with different cavity structures and charge pressures are designed and assembled. The preliminary experimental results on thermal conductance are presented. With a typical dimension of a cylindrical cavity with a diameter of 28mm and a height of 16.8mm, a stainless steel tube with a diameter of 9.6mm and a length of 72mm, thermal conductance of 40-50mW/K in ON state has been obtained.
Analysis of oxygen liquefaction with transient flow rates for ISRU systems
Authors: Grotenrath R. , Kashani A. , Hauser D. , Johnson W.L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Human occupation of lunar and Martian surfaces requires in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) to create a sustainable environment with the limited resources available in space. Fuel and oxidizer generation is essential for developing a refuelling capability for spacecraft, significantly reducing the propellant mass required for landing. Liquefaction systems are a key step in producing and storing cryogenic liquids such as oxygen, hydrogen, and methane. All those fluids are critical to propulsion, life support, and other spacecraft systems. NASA has previously confirmed the presence of water on the Moon and an electrolysis process can be used to separate the oxygen from the hydrogen molecules. Oxygen has also been found within lunar regolith and can be separated through ISRU processes. The extracted oxygen gas can then be liquefied inside a storage tank with tube-on-tank heat exchangers for future use as an oxidizer for propellants. While steady state liquefaction performance is easy to model, power limitations and cyclical environments caused by the change in Sun exposure between day and night periods potentially call for transient operations. The following analysis was performed using the Thermal Desktop software to investigate how various transient gaseous oxygen (GOX) flow rates impact the production and storage of liquid oxygen (LOX) in a 1-g liquefaction system. Variations of sinusoidal and exponential step functions were selected to model potential GOX flow rates that could be experienced by ISRU systems on lunar or Martian surfaces. This early computational analysis provides some insight on how transient operations impact oxygen liquefaction systems and helps illustrate operational questions to explore experimentally throughout the design process.
Preliminary design of a helium cryogenic system for SAND detector at LBNF-DUNE near site
Authors: Wang L , Montanari D , Creus-Prats J , Lawrence A , Cline G , Delaney M , Adamowski M , Leitner M , Matichard F 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is providing a helium cryogenic system to support the superconducting solenoid magnet of the System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection (SAND) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Site at Fermilab in Batavia, IL. The design started in 2020 and construction is set to begin in the mid 2020‘s.The helium cryogenic system primarily consists of a helium refrigerator system, distribution valve boxes, vacuum-jacketed helium and nitrogen transfer lines, warm gaseous helium transfer system, instruments and control system, and gaseous helium storage tanks. It is designed to provide supercritical helium at around 3 bara and 5 K with expansion from 3 to 1.2 bara in the SAND cryostat and 70K forced cold gas helium to cool the thermal shields of the SAND cryostat. The SAND superconductive magnet is indirectly cooled through a liquid helium thermosiphon cycle. A pair of 3 kA leads is cooled by the gas helium vaporized from the liquid helium reservoir in the cryostat turret. The helium system will share the liquid nitrogen tank and liquid nitrogen phase separator with the Near Site Liquid Argon system. The helium recycle compressor system, GHe tanks and LN2 tank will be located on the Surface. The cryogenic facilities including refrigerator cold box, valve boxes and LN2 phase separator will be located on the shaft cryo-mezzanine in the underground cavern. The shaft connecting surface and cavern is more than 60 meter deep. The helium vacuum-jacketed transfer line between the cold box and the SAND magnet is more than 50 meter long. This paper presents the preliminary design of the helium cryogenic system including the design scheme, process flow diagram, heat load estimates, layout plan and so on.
CFD Modelling of a Helium Cryogenic Pulsating Heat Pipe
Authors: Xu C , Pfotenhuaer J , Miller F 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the development of a 3D model using ANSYS Fluent to characterize the two-phase (gas/liquid) flow of helium in a cryogenic pulsating heat pipe. The model includes condensation and evaporation phenomena and uses the VOF model to capture aspects of the two phase flow. Temperature dependent properties were applied for helium in the range of 2.2 K and 20 K. Bubble formation and movement were observed, as well as flow direction at various times in each of the individual pipes. Grid independence tests were performed by plotting the average temperature of different sections. The influence of the number of turns on the performance of PHP is also investigated.
Development of a volatile organic compounds cryogenic condensation recovery system cooled by liquid nitrogen
Authors: Xu Hao , Xi Xiaotong , Xu Xiafan , Guo Jia , Chen Liubiao , Ji Wei , Wang Junjie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of ozone and PM2.5, and the reduction of VOCs emission is a key to control ozone and PM2.5 pollutions. For high-value VOCs such as oil gas, the cryogenic condensation method based on liquid nitrogen cooling is an effective way to recover VOCs. This method can achieve a refrigeration temperature of -170°C or even lower so that the treated exhaust gas concentration can satisfy the emission standard. In this paper, a thermodynamic model is established to calculate and analyze a designed three-stage condensation recovery VOCs system process based on liquid nitrogen cooling. A set of experimental equipment was further developed and tested. And the system process, calculation results, and experimental results are introduced.
Cryogenic test bench for the experimental investigation of cryogenic injection in rocket combusters under high-altitude conditions
Authors: Rees Andreas , Oschwald Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Due to current and future environmental and safety issues in space propulsion, typical propellants for upper stage or satellite rocket engines such as the toxic hydrazine are going to be replaced by green propellants like the combination of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or methane. The injection of that kind of cryogenic fluid into the vacuum atmosphere of space leads to a superheated state, which results in a sudden and eruptive atomization due to flash boiling. For a detailed experimental investigation of superheated cryogenic fluids the new cryogenic test bench M3.3 with a temperature controlled injection system at high-altitude conditions was built at DLR Lampoldshausen. First run-in tests as well as several measurement campaigns with liquid nitrogen as the test fluid showed the performance and suitability of the new test bench for the systematical investigation of cryogenic flash boiling. Besides new insights into the flash boiling process of cryogenic liquids, the experimental data of cryogenic flash boiling generated with this test bench provide a comprehensive database for the validation of numerical models and further numerical investigations.