bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Underflow Standpipes Adjust to Maintain Pressure Balance Around a Circulation Loop
Authors: Knowlton Ted , Karri S. B. Reddy 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe standpipe has become a standard element of most circulation loops. In the past, standpipes have been thought of as a device to only allow solids to transfer from a low to a higher‐pressure region. However, it also has another function in a solids circulation loop. It is also the device that adjusts its operation to balance the pressure around the solids circulation loop. An overflow standpipe adjusts the pressure drop across it by raising or lowering the solids level in the standpipe. However, the operation of the underflow standpipe is more complex. This self‐adjusting function can cause underflow standpipe pressure drops to be negative, which seems counter‐intuitive. How an underflow standpipe operating with a negative pressure build can occur in a circulation loop is described below using two commercial unit examples as illustrations of this phenomenon.
Digitale Zwillinge in der Bioprozesstechnik – Chancen und Möglichkeiten
Authors: Richter Jannik , Lange Ferdinand , Scheper Thomas , Solle Dörte , Beutel Sascha 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDie Digitalisierung von Prozessen ist eines der aktuell dominierenden Themen und Missionen sowohl in der industriellen Produktion als auch der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. In der Biotechnologie haben diese Bemühungen ein enormes Potenzial, um existierende Bioprozesse zu optimieren oder neue Bioprozesse für zukünftige Herausforderungen zu entwickeln. In diesem Übersichtsbeitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Digitalisierung in der Bioprozesstechnik beleuchtet, die Begriffe digitaler Zwilling und digitaler Schatten charakterisiert sowie ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Lab 4.0‐Konzepte gegeben.
Recent Expedition inPd‐CatalyzedSonogashira Coupling and Related Processes†
Authors: Choy Pui Ying , Gan Kin Boon , Kwong Fuk Yee 
Published: December 2022

Comprehensive SummarySonogashira cross‐coupling protocol, typically showing the reaction between aryl/vinyl halide and terminal alkyne, has been a widely used protocol for constructing C(sp2)‐C(sp) bond. The resulting internal alkynes are highly versatile for reaching differently functionalized alkyne‐containing scaffolds or serving as valuable synthetic synthons to many other functional groups. It is worth noting that products originated from this coupling reaction are mostly applicable to be transformed into correspondingZ‐alkene, alkane, or heterocyclic moieties in natural product syntheses. The reaction conditions and catalyst systems are able to be tweaked in order to facilitate the activation of steric hindered and/or electron‐rich electrophiles. Pd‐catalyzed copper‐free Sonogashira coupling reaction has caught increasing attention as the improved method can be more environmentally friendly. What is more, the conditions of the coupling reaction can be readily amended to allow the fusion of other carbonylation or decarboxylation step in the catalytic cycle, and thus allow more complex yet versatile convergent synthesis to proceed in an operationally simple one‐pot manner.
A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study of Chlorinated Organic Compounds. Part II: A ChemTraYzer Study of Chlorinated Dibenzofuran Formation and Decomposition Processes
Authors: Krep Lukas , Schmalz Felix , Solbach Florian , Komissarov Leonid , Nevolianis Thomas , Kopp Wassja A. , Verstraelen Toon , Leonhard Kai 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn our two‐paper series, we first present the development of ReaxFF CHOCl parameters using the recently published ParAMS parametrization tool. In this second part, we update the reactive Molecular Dynamics – Quantum Mechanics coupling scheme ChemTraYzer and combine it with our new ReaxFF parameters from Part I to study formation and decomposition processes of chlorinated dibenzofurans. We introduce a self‐learning method for recovering failed transition‐state searches that improves the overall ChemTraYzer transition‐state search success rate by 10 percentage points to a total of 48 %. With ChemTraYzer, we automatically find and quantify more than 500 reactions using transition state theory and DFT. Among the discovered chlorinated dibenzofuran reactions are numerous reactions that are new to the literature. In three case studies, we discuss the set of reactions that are most relevant to the dibenzofuran literature: (i) bimolecular reactions of the chlorinated‐dibenzofuran precursors phenoxy radical and 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene, (ii) dibenzofuran chlorination and pyrolysis, and (iii) oxidation of chlorinated dibenzofurans.
Recent Advances and Challenges in Barbier Polymerization
Authors: Chen Yu‐Jiao , Wu Liang‐Tao , Xiao Hang , Sun Xiao‐Li , Wan Wen‐Ming 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Barbier reaction, a classical name reaction for carbon‐carbon bond formation, has played important roles in organic chemistry for over 120 years. The introduction of the Barbier reaction into polymer chemistry for the development of a novel Barbier polymerization, expands the methodology, monomer, chemical structure and property libraries of polymerization, aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and non‐traditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL). This mini review focuses on Barbier polymerization, including the brief introduction of the history and importance of polymerization methods design and the achievements of Barbier polymerization from molecular design strategies, functionalities and properties. An outlook of Barbier polymerization is also proposed. This mini review on Barbier polymerization therefore may cause inspirations to scientists in different fields.
Follow‐up study of veterans with white and red oral mucosal lesions at Veterans Affairs Dental Clinics
Authors: Redman Robert S. , Diehl Scott R. , Jones‐Richardson Trina , Silva Rebeka G. , Yeh Chih‐Ko , Malley Kevin J. , Farish Sam E. , Duffy Mary B. , Craig Robert M. , Winn Deborah M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis analysis examined the clinical and histopathological characteristics of white and red oral mucosal lesions and patient lifestyle behaviors to understand how the lesions changed over 19–23 years, including among patients who developed oral and pharyngeal cancer.Materials and methodsSeventy‐five individuals with red and/or white oral mucosal lesions with clinical diagnoses of smokeless tobacco lesions, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus, ulcer, and virus‐associated lesions were identified in six Veterans Affairs Medical Center Dental Clinics (VAMC) from 1996 to 2001. Biopsy results and patients' sociodemographic, medical, and tobacco/alcohol use characteristics were obtained. Study dentists used standardized forms to capture information about the lesions. Study participants were re‐examined at intervals through January 2002. In 2020, a retrospective review of VAMC and public records ascertained whether participants developed oral cancer or died.ResultsThe most common red or white oral mucosal lesions among the 75 study participants were leukoplakia (36.0%), smokeless tobacco lesions (26.7%), virus‐associated lesions (18.7%), and lichen planus (16.0%). Lesions in 11% of participants with leukoplakia and one‐third of participants with lichen planus persisted for 5 years or more. Dysplasia was present in four participants with leukoplakia. Seventeen percent of participants developed a new white or red oral mucosal lesion. Five patients (6.1%) developed oral or pharyngeal cancer, four among participants with leukoplakia (one with prior dysplasia) and one among participants with lichen planus. Four of the cancers developed 6–20 years after enrollment, and only one was at the original lesion site.ConclusionsThe occurrence of oral and pharyngeal cancers in some study participants with white and red oral mucosal lesions many years after enrollment reinforces the need for patients, dentists, and health care systems to have better methods to identify and assess the malignant potential of oral lesions, monitor patients over time, and intercept high‐risk oral lesions before they become cancerous.
MRI free water as a biomarker for cognitive performance: Validation in the MarkVCID consortium
Authors: Maillard Pauline , Hillmer Laura J. , Lu Hanzhang , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Gold Brian T. , Bauer Christopher E. , Kramer Joel H. , Staffaroni Adam M. , Stables Lara , Wang Danny J.J. , Seshadri Sudha , Satizabal Claudia L. , Beiser Alexa , Habes Mohamad , Fornage Myriam , Mosley Thomas H. , Rosenberg Gary A. , Singh Baljeet , Singh Herpreet , Schwab Kristin , Helmer Karl G. , Greenberg Steven M. , DeCarli Charles , Caprihan Arvind 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionTo evaluate the clinical validity of free water (FW), a diffusion tensor imaging–based biomarker kit proposed by the MarkVCID consortium, by investigating the association between mean FW (mFW) and executive function.MethodsBaseline mFW was related to a baseline composite measure of executive function (EFC), adjusting for relevant covariates, in three MarkVCID sub‐cohorts, and replicated in five, large, independent legacy cohorts. In addition, we tested whether baseline mFW predicted accelerated EFC score decline (mean follow‐up time: 1.29 years).ResultsHigher mFW was found to be associated with lower EFC scores in MarkVCID legacy and sub‐cohorts (p‐values < 0.05). In addition, higher baseline mFW was associated significantly with accelerated decline in EFC scores (p = 0.0026).DiscussionmFW is a sensitive biomarker of cognitive decline, providing a strong clinical rational for its use as a marker of white matter (WM) injury in multi‐site observational studies and clinical trials of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).
Testing the niche reduction hypothesis for a fossorial rodent (Geomys bursarius) experiencing agricultural intensification
Authors: Alexander Nathan , Cosentino Bradley J. , Schooley Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation from conversion to agriculture are known threats to grassland species. However, continued agricultural intensification may further reduce a species distribution and realized niche. Here, we create species distribution models (SDMs) for the plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius), an ecosystem engineer in grasslands, for historic and contemporary eras in a dynamic agroecosystem and test the “niche reduction hypothesis.” We compare SDMs created from gopher occurrences from the historic era (~1950s, pre‐agricultural intensification) and the contemporary era (post‐agricultural intensification) and assess model transferability. We evaluate shifts in environmental relationships, changes in limiting factors, and an overall decline in niche hypervolume. SDMs were nontransferable between the historic and contemporary eras. Environmental drivers of gopher distribution shifted from elevation, precipitation, and land cover in the 1950s to land cover, soil texture, and soil drainage presently. There also were shifts in environmental associations with gophers now occurring at lower elevations, in sandier soils, and less often in agriculture. Dominant limiting factors of gophers shifted from precipitation to land cover. Gophers were not detected at historic locations during recent resurveys. Contemporary niche hypervolume was reduced compared with the historic niche hypervolume. We found support for the niche reduction hypothesis for a fossorial, grassland species. Further application of the niche reduction hypothesis in landscapes experiencing agricultural intensification is warranted. Understanding niche reduction allows for conservation efforts that promote continued persistence in the contemporary niche while also identifying areas to restore within the historic niche.
Understanding the relative roles of local environmental, geo‐climatic and spatial factors for taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic β‐diversity of stream fishes in a large basin, Northeast China
Authors: Wu Naicheng , Lv Yuanyuan , Zhang Min , Wang Yaochun , Peng Wenqi , Qu Xiaodong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to determine the relative roles of local environmental (Local), geo‐climatic (Geo), and spatial (Spatial) factors to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic β‐diversity of stream fish in a large basin in Northeast China. We quantified the current biodiversity patterns of fish communities in the Hun‐Tai River using β‐diversity. We assessed (i) corresponding contributions of turnover and nestedness within the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic β‐diversity of fishes; (ii) correlations among β‐diversity facets (i.e., taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic facets); (iii) relative contributions of Local, Geo, and Spatial factors to β‐diversity. We collected fish communities from 171 sampling sites. Mantel tests were used to examine the correlation of three facets of β‐diversity and their components (i.e., total, nestedness, and turnover). Distance‐based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning assess the relative contributions of Local, Geo, and Spatial factors to β‐diversity. We found that turnover is the main driving mechanism for β‐diversity in fish. Among the facets of β‐diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic facets have strong ecological information association. Spatial factors have a general contribution to various facets of β‐diversity and its components. From aspects of fish β‐diversity conservation, connectivity and habitat heterogeneity need to be maintained in the entire aquatic environment. In addition, protecting taxonomic β‐diversity is helpful for maintaining phylogenetic β‐diversity.
A new biologging approach reveals unique flightless molt strategies of Atlantic puffins
Authors: Darby Jamie Hendrick , Harris Mike P. , Wanless Sarah , Quinn John L. , Bråthen Vegard Sandøy , Fayet Annette L. , Clairbaux Manon , Hart Tom , Guilford Tim , Freeman Robin , Jessopp Mark John 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAnimal‐borne telemetry devices provide essential insights into the life‐history strategies of far‐ranging species and allow us to understand how they interact with their environment. Many species in the seabird familyAlcidaeundergo a synchronous molt of all primary flight feathers during the non‐breeding season, making them flightless and more susceptible to environmental stressors, including severe storms and prey shortages. However, the timing and location of molt remain largely unknown, with most information coming from studies on birds killed by storms or shot by hunters for food. Using light‐level geolocators with saltwater immersion loggers, we develop a method for determining flightless periods in the context of the annual cycle. Four Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) were equipped with geolocator/immersion loggers on each leg to attempt to overcome issues of leg tucking in plumage while sitting on the water, which confounds the interpretation of logger data. Light‐level and saltwater immersion time‐series data were combined to correct for this issue. This approach was adapted and applied to 40 puffins equipped with the standard practice deployments of geolocators on one leg only. Flightless periods consistent with molt were identified in the dual‐equipped birds, whereas molt identification in single‐equipped birds was less effective and definitive and should be treated with caution. Within the dual‐equipped sample, we present evidence for two flightless molt periods per non‐breeding season in two puffins that undertook more extensive migrations (>2000 km) and were flightless for up to 77 days in a single non‐breeding season. A biannual flight feather molt is highly unusual among non‐passerine birds and may be unique to birds that undergo catastrophic molt, i.e., become flightless when molting. Although our conclusions are based on a small sample, we have established a freely available methodological framework for future investigation of the molt patterns of this and other seabird species.
Spatially explicit assessment of genetic variation to inform conservation effort for an endangered Mediterranean conifer,Cedrus atlantica
Authors: Bobo‐Pinilla Javier , Nieto Lugilde Diego , Terrab Anass , Balao Francisco , Peñas Julio 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPreserving the genetic diversity of forest species is critical for maintaining their adaptive potential and allowing for generation turnover in forest ecosystems. Considering an uncertain future, it is necessary to establish reliable genetic conservation strategies to optimize the genetic variation preserved within populations in a spatially explicit context to assist decision‐makers. Hence, we aimed to incorporate genetic information into spatially designed conservation actions.Cedrus atlanticais a large, long‐lived conifer native to the mountains of North Africa, threatened by extinction. The relevant genetic units for conservation were selected using Bayesian analysis. The relative contribution of the populations to the genetic pool that maximized the species' genetic diversity was calculated to design an optimal seed bank. Finally, the relationship between the genetic composition and bioclimatic variables was estimated and projected throughout the study area under current and future climatic conditions. Three relevant genetic units were found forC. atlanticaconservation that maximizes genetic diversity in a spatial context. Bioclimatic variables with the highest influence on genetic composition were closely related to climate warming and decreased soil water availability. We identified the role of genetic markers in designing a reliable conservation strategy for forest trees considering climate change, increased deforestation, and aridity. Projections of genetic composition due to the climate in the study region of North Africa provide spatially explicit guidance for optimizing the selection and preservation of seed banks.
Early land plants: Plentiful but neglected nutritional resources for herbivores?
Authors: Duhin Audrey , Machado Ricardo A. R. , Turlings Ted C. J. , Röder Gregory 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPlants and herbivores have been engaged in a co‐evolutionary arms race for millions of years, during which plants evolved various defenses and other traits to cope with herbivores, whereas herbivores evolved traits to overcome the plants' resistance strategies. Herbivores may also avoid certain plants merely because these lack suitable nutrients for their development. Interestingly, the number of herbivores that attack individual early land plants like mosses and ferns is quite low. Among others, poor nutrient quality has been hypothesized to explain the apparent low herbivory pressure on such plants but still waits for scientific evidences. Here, the nutritive suitability of representative mosses and liverworts (bryophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes) for herbivores was investigated using feeding assays combined with quantifications of nutrients (proteins, amino acids, and sugars). Growth and survival of two polyphagous herbivores, a caterpillar and a snail, were monitored when fed on 15 species of bryophytes and pteridophytes, as well as on maize (Zea mays, angiosperm) used as an external indicative nutritional resource. Overall, our results show that the poor performance of the herbivores on the studied early land plants is not correlated with nutritional quality. The growth and performance of snails and caterpillars fed with these plants were highly variable and independent of nutrient content. These findings arguably dismiss the poor nutrient quality hypothesis as the cause of herbivory deficit in bryophytes and pteridophytes. They suggest the possible presence of early resistance traits that have persisted all through the long evolutionary history of plant–herbivore interactions.
Inferring predator–prey interactions from camera traps: A Bayesian co‐abundance modeling approach
Authors: Amir Zachary , Sovie Adia , Luskin Matthew Scott 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPredator–prey dynamics are a fundamental part of ecology, but directly studying interactions has proven difficult. The proliferation of camera trapping has enabled the collection of large datasets on wildlife, but researchers face hurdles inferring interactions from observational data. Recent advances in hierarchical co‐abundance models infer species interactions while accounting for two species' detection probabilities, shared responses to environmental covariates, and propagate uncertainty throughout the entire modeling process. However, current approaches remain unsuitable for interacting species whose natural densities differ by an order of magnitude and have contrasting detection probabilities, such as predator–prey interactions, which introduce zero inflation and overdispersion in count histories. Here, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical N‐mixture co‐abundance model that is suitable for inferring predator–prey interactions. We accounted for excessive zeros in count histories using an informed zero‐inflated Poisson distribution in the abundance formula and accounted for overdispersion in count histories by including a random effect per sampling unit and sampling occasion in the detection probability formula. We demonstrate that models with these modifications outperform alternative approaches, improve model goodness‐of‐fit, and overcome parameter convergence failures. We highlight its utility using 20 camera trapping datasets from 10 tropical forest landscapes in Southeast Asia and estimate four predator–prey relationships between tigers, clouded leopards, and muntjac and sambar deer. Tigers had a negative effect on muntjac abundance, providing support for top‐down regulation, while clouded leopards had a positive effect on muntjac and sambar deer, likely driven by shared responses to unmodelled covariates like hunting. This Bayesian co‐abundance modeling approach to quantify predator–prey relationships is widely applicable across species, ecosystems, and sampling approaches and may be useful in forecasting cascading impacts following widespread predator declines. Taken together, this approach facilitates a nuanced and mechanistic understanding of food‐web ecology.