bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Prices and Smoking Among Youth in 16 African Countries: Evidence From the Global Youth Tobacco Survey
Authors: Filby Samantha , van Walbeek Corne 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction
African countries have among the lowest excise taxes in the world. This paper provides new evidence on the association between cigarette prices and youth smoking in 16 African countries.

Aims and Methods
We use Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) cross-country data from approximately 67 500 participants. The relationship between prices and youth smoking in Africa is estimated using probit models for smoking participation and generalized linear models for conditional cigarette demand. Each model is estimated using local-brand and foreign-brand cigarette prices.

Results
Higher prices are associated with lower demand across African countries, for both smoking prevalence and the intensity of cigarette consumption by smokers. The estimated price elasticity of participation is −0.70 [95% CI: −1.28 to −0.12] for local-brand cigarettes and −0.71 [95% CI: −0.98 to −0.44] for foreign-brand cigarettes. The price elasticity of conditional cigarette demand is −0.44 [95% CI: −0.76 to −0.12] for local brands and −0.75 [95% CI: −0.96 to −0.53] for foreign brands. The total price elasticity of demand for youth in our sample is −1.14 for local brands and −1.46 for foreign brands.

Conclusions
Higher cigarette prices significantly decrease the likelihood of smoking and decrease the intensity of cigarette consumption among African youths. Increases in the excise tax that increase the retail price of cigarettes will play an important role in reducing youth tobacco use on the continent. Governments are encouraged to increase excise taxes in order to improve public health.

Implications
Evidence on the association between cigarette prices and youth smoking in African countries is limited. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was first introduced in 1999. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revised the GYTS questionnaire, which removed some questions and introduced new questions into the survey. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published estimates of the relationship between cigarette prices and demand that have used this more recent individual-level GYTS data for African countries. In conducting this analysis, we add to the limited literature on the association between cigarette prices and youth smoking in Africa.
Possible role of type 1 and type 2 taste receptors on obesity-induced inflammation
Authors: Koh Gar Yee , Rowling Matthew J , Pritchard Samantha K 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation that could lead to other health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various forms of cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that taste perception is altered during the development of obesity. Moreover, suppression of taste receptor or taste signaling molecules potentiate the inflammatory response, and the progression of inflammation attenuates the expression of taste receptors in vivo. Together, these findings suggest a possible interplay between taste signaling and inflammation. This review summarizes the interactions between type 1 (T1Rs) and type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) and inflammation, as well as the impact of obesity on T1R- and T2R-mediated signaling. Furthermore, we evaluate the possible role that taste receptors play in regulating the inflammatory response during obesity as a therapeutic target to prevent the progression of comorbidities associated with obesity.
Dominant Currencies: How Firms Choose Currency Invoicing and Why it Matters
Authors: Amiti Mary , Itskhoki Oleg , Konings Jozef 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We analyze how firms choose the currency of invoicing and the implications of this choice for exchange rate pass-through into export prices and quantities. Using a new data set for Belgian firms, we find currency invoicing to be an active firm-level decision, shaped by the firm’s size, exposure to imported inputs, and the currency choices of its competitors. Our results show that a firm’s currency choice, in turn, has a direct causal effect on the exchange rate pass-through into prices and quantities. Moreover, the differential price response of similar firms that invoice in different currencies is large, persists beyond a one-year horizon, and gradually wanes in the long run. This results in allocative expenditure-switching effects on export quantities, which build up over time, suggesting a role for quantity adjustment frictions in addition to price stickiness. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms that make or break a dominant currency and the consequences it has for the international transmission of shocks.
Does Retirement Change What Makes Us Satisfied With Life? An Examination of Response Shift With a Matched Control Group Design
Authors: Wetzel Martin , Wünsche Jenna , Spuling Svenja M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Research has shown that life satisfaction depends on a person’s resources and that retirement is associated with resource gains and losses. We examine if these resources contribute equally to life satisfaction before and after the retirement transition. Coming from the psychological concept of response shifts, we conceptualize an adjustment process to major life changes in which also the association between different resources and life satisfaction could be subject of change with retirement. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2004–2016, every 2 years) were used to study people who retired over the course of 2 consecutive waves. Using propensity score matching, we identified n = 991 retirees and a matched control group of n = 991 people with similar sociodemographic characteristics but who were continuously working. We then used a seemingly unrelated regression model to examine how the association between life satisfaction and economic (income, assets), personal (morbidity, functional limitations, club membership), and social-relational resources (network size, partner, parenthood, grandparenthood) changed from the pre- to postretirement wave. Retirement was associated with a slight increase in life satisfaction and only moderate to minor declines in income and club memberships. We found retirement-related changes in the predictor strength for financial resources (i.e., decline for income, increase for assets) but not for the other resources. In sum, the study provides some evidence that retirees reprioritize the importance of economic resources only for their overall life satisfaction at retirement. We discuss the findings in light of (economic) social inequality which points to potential for further research.
CE: Using Smart IV Infusion Pumps Outside of Patient Rooms
Authors: Messing Emily G. , Abraham Renu S. , Quinn Nicholas J. , Duthie Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT:
The COVID-19 pandemic has created unique challenges for health care workers, who have demonstrated dedication, collaboration, and innovation in response. In this article, the authors describe an important nursing innovation they employed at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, during the spring 2020 COVID-19 surge: the relocation of smart IV infusion pumps outside of patient rooms. The goals of this innovation were to improve delivery of care, conserve personal protective equipment, limit the spread of the virus, and protect staff from exposure. The authors discuss the initial concerns that arose regarding the safety and efficacy of this practice; the research they conducted with other colleagues in nursing, pharmacy, infection control, and patient safety in the face of scant clinical literature relevant to the difficult circumstances the pandemic created; and the strategies they ultimately employed to ensure that this practice maintained safety and efficacy.
LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP OF CHOROIDAL GRANULOMAS WITH INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Parrulli Salvatore , Invernizzi Alessandro , Monteduro Davide , Zicarelli Federico , Oldani Marta , Staurenghi Giovanni , Woodstock Elizabeth , Hay Steven , Neri Piergiorgio , Pichi Francesco 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
To investigate choroidal granulomas visualized by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in response to treatment.

Methods:
Ten eyes of eight patients with tubercular, sarcoid, or Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada-associated choroidal granulomas were evaluated in this multicentric study. All patients underwent ICGA and OCTA at baseline, 1, and 3 months after treatment onset. Granulomas were identified as hypofluorescent lesions on intermediate ICGA phases. Late ICGA behavior and OCTA visualization were assessed.

Results:
On baseline intermediate ICGA, 222 choroidal granulomas were detected. Overall, 174/222 granulomas were detected on baseline OCTA images. At 1 month, 28% of lesions were healed and 48 late ICGA hyperfluorescent lesions were identified. At 3 months, 63% of baseline lesions were healed, with 33 persistent late hyperfluorescent lesions. Optical coherence tomography angiography sensitivity was reduced at 1 and 3 months compared with baseline. Some flow-voids detected on OCTA at 1 and 3 months did not correspond to any visible lesion on ICGA.

Conclusion:
Different healing behaviors of choroidal granulomas were identified combining ICGA and OCTA analysis. Late ICGA hyper-fluorescent lesions may be the consequence of a possible fibrotic shift. Structural changes in the choroid may persist after active granulomas resolution resulting in persistent flow voids on OCTA.
NOVEL METHOD FOR VISUALIZING PERIPHERAL RETINAL STRUCTURES WITH MICROSCOPE-INTEGRATED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Brodie Frank L. , Feng Henry , Raynor William , Li Jianwei D. , Vajzovic Lejla , Izatt Joseph A. , McNabb Ryan P. , Toth Cynthia A. 
Published: January 2022

Background/Purpose:
Visualization of peripheral retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be challenging but can offer valuable clinical information. We describe a method for intraoperative OCT of the peripheral retina.

Methods:
An investigational microscope-integrated OCT system with real-time 4D volumetric imaging was used in conjunction with a Goldmann style mirrored contact lens intraoperatively to capture peripheral images in three patients.

Results:
We identified retinoschisis, a retinal break, and areas of focal retinal detachment using our peripheral OCT method.

Conclusion:
Use of a Goldmann lens in conjunction with intraoperative OCT offers surgeons the ability to resolve peripheral pathology that cannot be easily evaluated with OCT otherwise.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY AS AN EARLY SIGN OF WALDENSTRÖM MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Passo Ross M. , Scruggs Brittni A. , Bailey Steven T. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
To report a case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy as the earliest sign of an undiagnosed, life-threatening hyperviscosity syndrome.

Methods:
A 78-year-old man with an acute paracentral scotoma and examination findings of bilateral arteriolar tortuosity and unilateral paracentral acute middle maculopathy.

Results:
Work-up revealed anemia and elevated serum viscosity. Protein electrophoresis demonstrated an immunoglobulin M kappa monoclonal protein spike, and bone marrow biopsy confirmed an immunoglobulin M gammopathy consistent with Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Systemic chemotherapy was initiated.

Conclusion:
This case demonstrates typical optical coherence tomography findings of paracentral acute middle maculopathy, which led to the diagnosis of a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. This highlights the importance of a prompt work-up for paracentral acute middle maculopathy to detect underlying systemic diseases, including hyperviscosity syndromes.
Predictive Model of Self-management in Patients With Stroke Based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model
Authors: Kim Sung Reul , Kim Sunho , Kim Hye Young , Cho Kyung-Hee 
Published: January 2022

Background
Patients who had a stroke are required to manage risk factors, and self-management for risk factor control in stroke is essential. Recent studies using the information-motivation-behavioral skills model reported that the model is effective for predicting and explaining self-management behavior in chronically ill patients.

Objectives
This study aimed to develop and verify the predictive model of self-management based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model in patients with stroke.

Methods
This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study; path analysis was conducted to develop and verify the hypothesized predictive model. We recruited 242 patients who had a stroke using convenience sampling from the neurological outpatient clinic.

Results
The model's fit indices were adequate. Stroke self-management knowledge, social support, and self-efficacy had a direct effect on stroke self-management, and stroke self-management knowledge and attitude and social support had an indirect effect on stroke self-management, mediated by self-efficacy. Stroke self-management knowledge and attitude, social support, and self-efficacy explained 27.5% of the total variance in stroke self-management.

Conclusions
The information-motivation-behavioral skills model is potentially a predictive model for self-management for patients who had a stroke. Considering the level of stroke knowledge and attitude, social support, and self-efficacy together may help to understand the required level of self-management. In addition, using this model for the development of self-management interventions for patients who had a stroke could be a strategy for improving self-management in patients with stroke.
Implementation of an Electronic Health Record Integrated Clinical Pathway Improves Adherence to COVID-19 Hospital Care Guidelines
Authors: Sangal Rohit B. , Liu Rachel B. , Cole Kelsey O. , Rothenberg Craig , Ulrich Andrew , Rhodes Deborah , Venkatesh Arjun K. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, frequently changing guidelines presented challenges to emergency department (ED) clinicians. The authors implemented an electronic health record (EHR)-integrated clinical pathway that could be accessed by clinicians within existing workflows when caring for patients under investigation (PUI) for COVID-19. The objective was to examine the association between clinical pathway utilization and adherence to institutional best practice treatment recommendations for COVID-19.

Methods:
The authors conducted an observational analysis of all ED patients seen in a health system inclusive of seven EDs between March 18, 2020, and April 20, 2021. They implemented the pathway as an interactive flow chart that allowed clinicians to place orders while viewing the most up-to-date institutional guidance. Primary outcomes were proportion of admitted PUIs receiving dexamethasone and aspirin in the ED, and secondary outcome was time to delivering treatment.

Results:
A total of 13 269 patients were admitted PUIs. The pathway was used by 40.6% of ED clinicians. When clinicians used the pathway, patients were more likely to be prescribed aspirin (OR, 7.15; 95% CI, 6.2-8.26) and dexamethasone (10.4; 8.85-12.2). For secondary outcomes, clinicians using the pathway had statistically significant (P < 0.0001) improvement in timeliness of ordering medications and admission to the hospital. Aspirin, dexamethasone, and admission order time were improved by 103.89, 94.34, and 121.94 minutes, respectively.

Conclusions:
The use of an EHR-integrated clinical pathway improved clinician adherence to changing COVID-19 treatment guidelines and timeliness to associated medication administration. As pathways continue to be implemented, their effects on improving patient outcomes and decreasing disparities in patient care should be further examined.
Evaluating the impact of evidence-based nursing in combination with clinical nursing pathway for nursing care of patients with stroke
Authors: Ma Shao-Yan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives:
Strokes are among the leading conditions that lead to disability and death. Currently, there is a lack of ideal nursing care for stroke patients. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of combining evidence-based nursing and clinical nursing pathway to establish a nursing model to provide care for patients who suffered a stroke.

Methods:
A comprehensive search of online-based databases will be carried out to identify relevant publications, the databases include EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, VIP databases, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang database. The search will consider all Randomized Controlled Trials, interrupted time series studies, and controlled before and after studies, all related to providing care for neurology and strokes by combining evidence-based nursing and clinical nursing pathway to elevate access and outcomes for patients with stroke. The language of publications will be restricted to English and Chinese. The author will select studies, extract data, and evaluate the quality of the involved articles. RevMan 5.3 software will be employed to perform all statistical analysis.

Results:
The outcomes of the proposed study will provide scientific evidence for the nursing care of evidence-based nursing combined with clinical nursing pathway for stroke patients.

Conclusion:
The planned systematic analysis will be first to examine the effect of combining evidence-based nursing and clinical nursing pathway to present a nursing model to treat stroke patients.

Registration number:
November 16, 2021.osf.io/6zr5a/. (https://osf.io/6zr5a/).
Clinical study on acupuncture treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Luo Wenjun , Zhai Yan , Sun Mi , Guo Dong , Xie Fang , Yu Zhou , Tang Zunhao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background:
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infectious disease, which makes people difficult to breathe; in addition, it is often accompanied by headache, olfaction, and taste disorders of the neurological manifestations. Acupuncture has been proved to have a therapeutic effect on various neurologic manifestations. This study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for the neurologic manifestations in COVID-19.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials from December 2019 to July 2021 will be included without restrictions on language or publication date. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Databases (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and VIP database will be searched. Two researchers will independently select studies, extract data, and evaluate study quality. Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials will be used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Statistical analyses will be performed using the Review Manager V.5.3 and stata 14.0.

Ethics and dissemination:
This study will not involve personal information. Ethical approval will not be required. We will publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO Trial registration number:
CRD42021265699
A case of bronchial asthma as an immune-related adverse event of pembrolizumab treatment for bladder cancer
Authors: Hamada Kazuyuki , Yoshimura Kiyoshi , Oshinomi Kazuhiko , Hirasawa Yuya , Ariizumi Hirotsugu , Ohkuma Ryotaro , Shida Midori , Kubota Yutaro , Matsui Hiroto , Ishiguro Tomoyuki , Sambe Takehiko , Ishida Hiroo , Horiike Atsushi , Wada Satoshi , Iwamoto Sanju , Uchida Naoki , Ogawa Yoshio , Kobayashi Shinichi , Tsunoda Takuya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody pembrolizumab, which is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), has improved survival in bladder cancer. We report a case of bladder cancer that had a high antitumor effect with anti-programmed cell death PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab, an ICI, but asthma occurred an immune-related adverse event (irAE).

Patient concerns:
A 70-year-old female patient was diagnosed as unresectable bladder cancer who was indicated for ICI treatment.

Diagnosis:
After ICI administration as a treatment for bladder cancer, the patient had a grade 3 asthma attack. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in CD4+ FOX3+ T cells was upregulated in the early phase before the development of asthma attacks. Moreover, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was upregulated in all memory T cells among CD4+ T cells. However, no change in the expression of TIM-3 was observed in any CD8+ T-cell subtype. In contrast, the proportion of CD161- T helper 17 cell (Th17) cells increased.

Interventions:
The patient was treated with betamethasone, montelukast, salbutamol nebulization, and a combination of salmeterol (50 μg) and fluticasone (500 μg) (SFC).

Outcomes:
The patient's wheezing resolved, and her peak flow rate reached 100% of the predicted value; therefore, the patient continued treatment with SFC and montelukast and was discharged from the hospital.

Conclusion:
Increases in CTLA-4 and TIM-3 expression in CD4+ T cells (not CD8+), as well as an increase in Th17 cells, may reflect asthma-related inflammation activity. Immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor administration may be predictive markers of antitumor efficacy.
Extensive pyomyositis secondary to paronychia-related MRSA infection
Authors: Wong Ying-Chi , Chen Hsi-Chih , Lai Chou-Cheng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Pyomyositis is characterized by an insidious and multifactorial inflammatory process, which is often caused by hematogenous pathogen. Predisposing risk factors include immunodeficiency, diabetes, malignancy, or trauma. The spectrum of clinical presentation depends on disease severity, typically presented by fever and hip pain. We hereby present a case with extensive pyomyositis secondary to chronic paronychia infection.

Patient concerns:
A 14-year-old immunocompetent male presented with fever and hip pain. The patient was initially surveyed for common infectious etiologies prior to the presentation of acute limping, which led to image confirmation of extensive pyomyositis.

Diagnosis:
The patient presented with acute pain in the right hip accompanied by headache, myalgia of the right leg, and intermittent fever for a week. Physical examination disclosed limping gait, limited range of motion marked by restricted right hip flexion and right knee extension, and chronic paronychia with a nail correction brace of the left hallux. Diagnosis of pyomyositis was confirmed by magnetic resonance image. Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the patient's blood and urine cultures within 2 days of collection. The same strain was also isolated from the pus culture collected via sonography-guided aspiration.

Interventions:
Antibiotics treatment with oxacillin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, and fosfomycin were administered. Sonography-guided aspiration and computed tomography-guided pigtail drainage were arranged, along with nail extraction of his left hallux paronychia prior to discharge. Oral antibiotics fusidic acid was prescribed. Total antibiotics course of treatment was 4 weeks.

Outcomes:
The patient gradually defervesced and was afebrile after drainage. Followed limb doppler sonography showed regression of the abscess at his right lower limb. Gait and range of motion gradually recovered without sequelae.

Lessons:
Ambulation and quality of life are greatly affected by the inflammatory process of pyomyositis. Detailed evaluation of predisposing factors should be done, even in immunocompetent individuals. Timely diagnosis is vital to successful treatment.