bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Disk Wind in GRS 1915+105 as Seen by Insight–Hard X-Ray Modulation Telescope
Authors: Liu Honghui , Fu Yuhan , Bambi Cosimo , Jiang Jiachen , Parker Michael L. , Ji Long , Kong Lingda , Zhang Liang , Zhang Shu , Zhang Yuexin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We analyze three observations of GRS 1915+105 in 2017 by Insight–Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope when the source was in a spectrally soft state. We find strong absorption lines from highly ionized iron, which are due to absorption by disk wind outflowing at a velocity of ∼1000 km s−1 along our line of sight. Two of the three observations show large amplitude oscillation in their light curves and the variation pattern corresponds to state κ of GRS 1915+105. From time-averaged and flux-resolved analysis, we find that the variation in the ionization state of the disk wind follows the X-ray continuum on timescales from hundreds of seconds to months. The radial location of the disk wind is consistent with thermal driving. The mass-loss rate due to the outflowing wind is comparable to the mass accretion rate in the inner disk, which demonstrates the important role of the disk wind in the disk accretion system.
The effect of valproic acid on intrinsic, extrinsic, and JAK/STAT pathways in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines
Authors: Sanaei Masumeh , Kavoosi Fraidoon 
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose:
Epigenetics has been defined as the study of mitotically heritable alterations in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic-mediated silencing of a gene includes genomic imprinting, histone deacetylation, DNA methylation, and RNA-associated silencing. Cell growth and cell proliferation are inhibited by some histone deacetylase and histone inhibitors. This study was designed to investigate the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on extrinsic, intrinsic, and the Janus kinase (JAK)- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines.

Experimental approach:
The neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells were cultured and treated with VPA. MTT assay was done to determine cell viability. Besides, a flow cytometry assay was performed to determine apoptotic cells and finally, the relative gene expression level was evaluated by qRT-PCR.

Findings / Results:
VPA changed the expression level of the genes of the extrinsic, intrinsic, and JAK/STAT pathways which induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell growth in the neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells. In the neuroblastoma cell lines, VPA upregulated the expression level of FAS, FAS-L, DR4, DR5, and TRAIL genes significantly. Additionally, it significantly up-regulated the expression level of Bak, Bax, and Bim genes and down-regulated the expression level of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 genes in both neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines.

Conclusion and implications:
VPA induced cell apoptosis through extrinsic, intrinsic, and JAK/STAT pathways.
Protective effect of probiotics and ascorbic acid on bile duct ligation-induced chronic hepatic encephalopathy in rats
Authors: Patel Chirag , Shahgond Lalita , Acharya Sanjeev , Boddu Sai HS. , Ranch Ketan 
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose:
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction caused by acute and chronic hepatic failure. The pathogenesis of HE is unknown, although small intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with chronic liver damage, hyperammonemia, and oxidative stress are considered major factors for HE. Effective lowering of circulating ammonia and neuroinflammation is the main strategy for preventing and treating HE in cirrhosis. In the present study, the protective effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus clausii) and ascorbic acid in combination was assessed in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced chronic HE in rats.

Experimental approach:
Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). All groups were subjected to double ligation of the bile duct and fed a hyperammonemia diet, except group I (normal control). Groups III and IV were treated with a low and high dose of combination therapy, respectively, while group V was given lactulose. Four weeks post ligation, behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical parameters were measured. The liver and brain were dissected for histopathology and protein analyses.

Findings / Results:
Combination therapy reduced plasma AST, ALT, ALP, and ammonia levels and attenuated hepatic inflammation/fibrosis in cirrhotic rats. Furthermore, combination therapy significantly improved behavioral parameters and restored the antioxidant enzyme activity. Histological changes were observed in the brain and liver of BDL animals.

Conclusion and implications:
The additive impact of probiotics and ascorbic acid on BDL-induced chronic HE in rats was mediated by a reduction in ammonia and oxidative stress, implying the therapeutic potential of combination therapy in HE.
Fibrinolysis versus thoracoscopy
Authors: Ibarra Rodríguez Maria Rosa , Garrido Pérez Jose Ignacio , Rueda Fernando Vázquez , Murcia Pascual Francisco Javier , Wiesner Torres Sandra Rocio , Paredes Esteban Rosa Maria 
Published: July 2022

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study is to compare the outcome of treatment with drainage and urokinase (UK) versus thoracoscopy (TS) in pleural empyema secondary to complicated pneumonia.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective study of patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions between 2008 and 2019 treated with UK or TS. Epidemiological and evolutionary data compared days of fever, antibiotic, pre- and postprocedure stay, time to radiological resolution, and complications. The results were expressed as medians and the comparisons were made by the Mann–Whitney U-test.

RESULTS:
Of 143 patients with NC, 46 were empyemas (26 men), 25 were treated with TS, and 10 were treated with UK. The remaining 11 received combined treatment, being excluded from the study. There were no significant differences between TS versus UK in age (median 4 vs. 3 years), days of fever before the procedure (4 vs. 2) and after (2 vs. 2), days of antibiotic treatment before the procedure (4 vs. 4), overall hospital stay (15 vs. 13 days), and months until radiological normalization (2 vs. 2). The complications related to the therapy were scarce in both groups and had no impact on evolution. Patients with TS had a longer preprocedural stay (4 vs. 1; P < 0.001) and required fewer days of subsequent antibiotic after procedure (8 vs. 11; P = 0.03), and a shorter overall antibiotic treatment time (11 vs. 16; P = 0.03). They also had a shorter post-TS stay (9 vs. 12 days), although this difference did not become significant (P = 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS:
In our experience, the results obtained with both procedures are quite similar, although patients undergoing TS had a better evolution (fewer days of antibiotic and a tendency to less hospitalization), despite having been performed a priori in more evolved patients.
The optimal oral body temperature cutoff and other factors predictive of sepsis diagnosis in elderly patients
Authors: Alsalamah Majid , Alrehaili Bashaer , Almoamary Amal , Al-Juad Abdulrahman , Badri Mutasim , El-Metwally Ashraf 
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this study was to identify the optimal oral temperature cut-off value and other factors predictive of sepsis in elderly patients presenting to emergency department.

METHODS:
A hospital-based retrospective study was performed on all elderly patients who presented to the Adult Emergency Department at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh (January to December 31, 2018).

RESULTS:
Of total of 13,856 patients, 2170 (15.7%) were diagnosed with sepsis. The associated area under the curve estimate was 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–0.74. Body temperature ≥37.3 was found as optimal cut-point with sensitivity = 50.97% and specificity = 87.22% and 82.39% of patients with sepsis will be correctly classified using this cut-off. An increase of 1° in body temperature was associated with an odds ratio of 9.95 (95% CI 8.95–11.06, P < 0.0001). Those aged ≥100 years having 11.12 (95% CI 2.29–20.88, P < 0.0001) times the likelihood for sepsis diagnosis compared with those aged 60–69 years. People admitted in weather such as winter, spring, or autumn were more likely to develop sepsis than people admitted in summer.

CONCLUSION:
The risk factors of sepsis such as age, temperature, and seasonal variation inform important evidence-based decisions. The hospitals dealing with sepsis patients should assess older patients for other severe illnesses or co-morbid that might lead to sepsis if left untreated. Therefore, older patients need to be prioritized over younger patients. The body temperature of patients admitted to hospitals needs to be monitored critically and it is important to consider seasonal fluctuations while managing cases of sepsis and allocating resources. Our findings suggest that clinicians should explore the possibility of sepsis in elderly patients admitted to emergency units with oral temperature ≥37.3°C. Risk factors for sepsis reported in this study could inform evidence-based decisions.
Evaluation of the outcomes of intraoperative subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone acetonide at the surgical site after pterygium excision using bare-sclera technique and mitomycin C
Authors: Elsayed Tamer G. , Dessouky Reem A.K. , Salamah Moustafa , Hegab Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose
To determine the role of the intraoperative triamcinolone acetonide application after pterygium excision using bare-sclera technique and mitomycin C (MMC).

Patients and methods
This prospective randomized clinical study included 80 patients (80 eyes) who had primary pterygium and was done at the Alpha Center of Ophthalmology. In total, 40 eyes were treated by excision with bare-sclera technique with MMC combined with intraoperative subconjunctival triamcinolone-acetonide injection (group I) (steroid group), and the other 40 eyes were treated by excision with bare-sclera technique with MMC alone (group II) (control group). All patients were subjected to complete ophthalmic evaluation preoperatively and were followed up for 6 months postoperatively. The postoperative conjunctival inflammation rate at 1 week was the primary outcome measure, while the rate of pterygium recurrence 6 months postoperatively and intraocular pressure (IOP) was the secondary outcome measure. No complications developed intraoperatively or postoperatively.

Results
The postoperative conjunctival inflammation was significantly higher in group II (45%) than group I (12.5%) (P=0.001). The recurrence rate of pterygium 6 months postoperative in group I was 7.5%, while in group II was 17.5%, which was statistically insignificant (P=0.176). The mean IOP 6 months postoperative in group I was 14.2±1.9, and in group II was 13.6±1.7, which was statistically insignificant (P=0.172). Pyogenic granuloma developed in one (2.5%) eye in group I and two (5%) eyes in group II.

Conclusion
After pterygium excision using the technique of bare sclera and MMC, the intraoperative subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone acetonide at the surgical site was found to be beneficial in reducing the incidence of postoperative conjunctival inflammation without elevation of the IOP and decreasing the recurrence rate of the pterygium.
Comparison of Accuracy in Calculation of Absorbed Dose to the Kidneys Following Radioligand Therapy with 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617 by Two Different Background Correction Methods
Authors: Mahmoudi Elahe , Pirayesh Elahe , Deevband Mohammad Reza , Amoui Mahasti , Rad Mehrdad Ghorbani 
Published: July 2022

Background:
To improve the accuracy of activity image quality, scatter correction is a critical method. The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy in calculation of absorbed dose to patients following radioligand therapy (RLT) with 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617 by two different methods of background correction in the conjugate view method.

Materials and Methods:
This study involved 10 patients. The individualized patient dosimetry calculations were based on whole-body planar scintigraphy images acquired in 10 patients with a mean age of 71.4 ± 6.07 years (range 63–85 years) at approximately 0–2 h, 4–6 h, 18–24 h, and 36–48 h after administration of the mean 6253 ± 826.4 MBq (range 5500–7400 MBq) of 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617. Organ activities were calculated using the conjugate view method by Buijs and conventional background correction. Eventually, the absorbed dose of radiation was calculated using Medical Internal Radiation Dose formalism.

Results:
The dose per unit of injected activity (mGy/MBq) ± standard deviation for kidney using Buijs and conventional methods was 1.05 ± 0.11 and 0.63 ± 0.14, respectively.

Conclusion:
The Buijs background correction method was more accurate than the conventional method.
Patient Bill of Rights Knowledge and Perceived Practice Among Females Visiting a Patient Safety Event at King Saud University
Authors: Dabbagh Rufaidah Mohammad , Alyousefi Nada A. , Alrowais Norah A. , Alduraywish Shatha A. , Saja Maha , Alwatban Lemmese , Al-Qahtani Shahad , Al-Nomi Areej 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge about the patient bill of rights (PBR) among visitors of the King Saud University (KSU) “Patient Safety Day” event and the associated demographic features, to measure the level at which these PBR items were observed among the visitors during their medical care experiences, and to assess the perception of the importance of the PBR items from the participants' perspectives.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional survey among visitors of the KSU “Patient Safety Day” event was conducted, using interview-based questionnaires. The questionnaire was adapted from the items assessed in previous studies exploring knowledge of PBR. All analyses were conducted using a statistical analysis system.

Results:
Around 198 individuals participated in the surveys (response = 95.2%) and the majority of them were students. Only 28.6% of them reported being aware of the PBR mainly from hospital posters (27.3%) and by a treating physician (1.8%). Results of the survey did not yield significant associations between the knowledge of PBR and each of the levels of completed education and participant status. The faculty and staff had greater odds of knowing about PBR compared to the students (odds ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval = 0.60, 6.00).

Conclusion:
The study showed that only about a quarter of the participants reported being aware of the PBR. This necessitates increasing the efforts of health-care facilities to educate their patients about PBR. Hospital posters may be the best way to introduce these PBR to patients. However, this does not replace the need for direct communication about PBR by treating health-care teams.
Extent and Feasibility of the Application of the Clinical Pathway, Clinical Guideline, and Practice Protocol in Eastern Province Saudi Arabian Hospitals
Authors: AL Qamariat Zahra , Alkhalifah Khawlah , Alqarni Safia 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Diversity in clinical practice may become a problem and increase the risk of errors. Several tools have been suggested to reduce this diversity and improve unification in clinical practice. These tools include the clinical pathway, clinical guidelines, and practice protocol. They have been proven effective. However, there are different barriers to their application.

Methods and Data Analysis:
A cross-sectional survey in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aimed to identify the availability of the clinical pathway, clinical guidelines, and practice protocol and their benefits, as well as barriers in their development and utilization. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to evaluate the study results. Findings are presented as numbers and percentages.

Results:
Clinical pathway, clinical guidelines, and practice protocol are available to a large extent in the Eastern Province. The study showed some difficulties in the development and implementation of these tools, such as insufficient training and leader support. It also provided some suggestions to overcome these barriers.

Conclusion:
The availability of clinical pathway, clinical guidelines, and practice protocol has helped unify practice and reduce errors in the clinical setting. The barriers can be overcome by different solutions.
Value of pancreatic cyst fluid SPINK1 and glucose in differentiating potentially malignant cysts from those of benign nature
Authors: Habib Ghada M. , Ramadan Ahmed , El-Ansary Mervat , Abdellatif Zeinab , El-Serafy Magdy , Okasha Hussein 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) is challenging as there is no investigation that offers both high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for a definite diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of cyst type is vital in order to not miss opportunities for early treatment of potentially malignant lesions and to avoid unnecessary surgeries. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) and glucose are promising cyst fluid markers for differentiation of mucinous from non-mucinous cysts. We aim to validate the value of SPINK1 and glucose in detecting potentially malignant PCLs.

Methods:
A prospective study was conducted on 80 patients presenting with PCLs. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluation of detailed cyst morphology and EUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) were done. Fluid analysis for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), glucose and SPINK1 and cytopathology were done. We compared these data with the final diagnosis based on cytopathological and postoperative histopathological examination.

Results:
Cyst fluid SPINK1 was significantly higher in malignant or potentially malignant cysts compared to benign cysts (0.91 vs 0.47 ng/ml; P = 0.001). Also, glucose was significantly lower in malignant or potentially malignant cysts compared to benign cysts (21.5 vs 68.5 mg/dl; P = 0.0001). Glucose and SPINK1 had the best sensitivity and specificity for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous cysts with 84.78% and 73.53% (AUC 0.76; 95% CI [0.65–0.88]; cutoff value = 42 mg/dl), and 70.59% and 65.22% (AUC 0.72; 95% CI [0.64–0.86]; cutoff value = 0.58 ug/L) respectively. CEA level >192 ng/ml, high SPINK1 level and lymph node enlargement were the independent predictors of malignant cysts.

Conclusion:
Cyst fluid SPINK1 and glucose are promising diagnostic markers for the diagnosis of potentially malignant PCLs.
On the general dyadic grids on
Authors: Anderson Theresa C. , Hu Bingyang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAdjacent dyadic systems are pivotal in analysis and related fields to study continuous objects via collections of dyadic ones. In our prior work (joint with Jiang, Olson, and Wei), we describe precise necessary and sufficient conditions for two dyadic systems on the real line to be adjacent. Here, we extend this work to all dimensions, which turns out to have many surprising difficulties due to the fact that
$d+1$
, not
$2^d$
, grids is the optimal number in an adjacent dyadic system in
$\mathbb {R}^d$
. As a byproduct, we show that a collection of
$d+1$
dyadic systems in
$\mathbb {R}^d$
is adjacent if and only if the projection of any two of them onto any coordinate axis are adjacent on
$\mathbb {R}$
. The underlying geometric structures that arise in this higher-dimensional generalization are interesting objects themselves, ripe for future study; these lead us to a compact, geometric description of our main result. We describe these structures, along with what adjacent dyadic (and n-adic, for any n) systems look like, from a variety of contexts, relating them to previous work, as well as illustrating a specific exa.
An Assessment of Funding Management Strategies in ‘’No Fee’’ Schools in Cape Town: With Specific Reference to Selected Primary Schools.
Authors: Beyonyi Eugene Y 
Published: July 2022

Purpose: South Africa has a growing literature on no-fees public schools’ policy. The vision of this policy is to ensure that all citizens have equal access to quality basic education. This study, assessed the funding-management strategies in three no-fees public primary schools within the Western Cape Education Department. The specific objective of this study was to identify and discuss the funding-management strategies of schools in resources scarce communities and its impact in providing quality education.
Methodology: The study used a qualitative research model. Data were collected through semi-structured guided questions. A total of nine participants were chosen using purposeful sampling, which is selecting participants based on their experiences and knowledge. Participants comprised three school principals’, three chairpersons of the school governing body, and three school finance heads. Data were recorded using telephonic conversation due to the covid-19 pandemic. The conversations were recorded and later transcribed word by word, as a result, the data were analyzed by the researcher using a thematic data analysis approach. To instill trust in the research findings, the researcher combined individual interviews with information from the participants and an analysis of written documents. As such, the data from interviews and the case study were verified to see if they pointed in the same direction. Also, the researcher gave all the participants a chance to verify whether or not the facts were what they gave to the researcher as data.
Results: The study showed that schools involved in financial management realize that it is wise to manage their budgets more carefully than in the past, especially since budgets have always been tighter over the years. Thus, the topics of financial management, financial planning, reporting, recordkeeping, and control all present themselves in the same way. Funding strategies have improved transparency, accountability and collective accountability. However, there are still shortcomings in school fund management such as lack of clear strategic planning, irregular reporting and control measures. The study concluded that tuition waivers and funding management strategies in under-resourced communities affect the performance of elementary schools.
Recommendations: Aligning funding strategies with policy goals is essential to ensuring that financial resources are used effectively to guide school reform and development. School-level learning objectives need to be clearly defined and prioritized, especially in school with resource planning responsibilities.