bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Single 14-year-old d’Anjou trees were treated on 28 Mar at late-delayed dormant stage for control of pear psylla nymphs. CGA 29170 treatment was reapplied on 9 Apr. Single tree units replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed by handgun to run-off using a 7 gpm John Bean sprayer operating at 350 psi at about 400 gpa. Effectiveness of materials was assessed by counting under a dissection scope pear psylla nymphs on 3 spurs per replicate (12 spurs per treatment). Average monthly temperatures were: Mar42.0°F, Apr 51.4°F, May 56.7°F. Precipitation in inches was: Mar 2.72, Apr 1.03, May 0.48.
Sweet Cherry, Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were evaluated for control of STLM and possible deleterious effects on STLM parasitoids. The treatments were applied to nonreplicated 1.6-acre plots in The Dalles, OR, on a mixed planting of approximately 50-year old Bing, Black Republican, and Napoleon sweet cherry trees. The materials were applied on 14 Jul using an Orchardmaster sprayer with a 200 gpa output. Diazinon was applied on 23 Aug to 0.5 of the Vendex + Dimilin plot and the check plot to observe possible parasitoid disruption. STLM damage was assessed by counting both the sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines in leaves removed from current season Napoleon shoots. Mine counts were taken from a proximal, distal and middle leaf from each of 45 shoots/plot. The same sampling procedure was used on 9 Sep but only tissue-feeding mines were counted. Apanteles sp. were trapped on Pherocon AM yellow stickey traps hung 6 ft high on the north side of trees for approximately 1 wk. A ratio of the average no. ol Apanteles sp. trapped, divided by tissue-feeding mines/leaf was calculated to determine parasitoid disruption from the sprays. Average monthly temperatures were: Jul 79.8°F, Aug 70.9°F, Sep 58.0°F. Monthly rainfall in inches was: Jul 0.02, Aug 0.29, Sep 0.43.
Green Peach Aphid and Peach Twig Borer Control, Pre-Bloom Applications, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of the green peach aphid and peach twig borer at 4 locations near Wenatchee. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to the point of drip simulating a dilute application of approximately 400 gal per acre. Peach varieties in test 2 were Elberta and Early Red Haven, in test 1 mixed, in test 4 Elberta and JH Hale. Nectarine varieties used in test 3 were Nectared and Ruby Grand. In tests 1-3, four single-tree replicates were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. In test 4, unreplicated blocks of 16 trees were used per treatment. Pretreatment samples consisted of 5 twigs per tree in tests 1-3 and 5 twigs per tree from 8 trees in test 4. All aphids on each twig were counted. Posttreatment samples consisted of counting the number of aphids on each of 5 twigs per tree, the number of active green peach aphid colonies per tree and the number of growing shoots flagged by peach twig borer larvae. In tests 1 and 2, the first 3 treatments (Thiodan, Orthene and methomyl) were applied on 15 Mar before rain began. Subsequent applications were discontinued on that day. On 19 Mar all treatments in test 1, 2 and 4 were applied, including retreatment of the first 3 treatments listed in tests 1 and 2. Flower buds were swollen with some pink showing at this application. A heavy rain fell on the evening of 19 Mar extending through 21 Mar (0.95 inches). All applications had dried on trees prior to the beginning of the 19 Mar rain. On 23 Mar, treatments were applied in test 3. Fruit buds had advanced to the full pink stage with a few flowers open on some trees. Low to moderate populations of aphids were present in all test orchards. Mites were sampled on 2 Jul and 30 Aug from tests 2, 3 and 4. Fifty-leaf samples (5 leaves from 10 trees) were collected at each date from each treatment in test 4. A 25-leaf sample was collected from each tree in tests 2 and 3 on each sample date. Leaf samples were brushed and mites counted in the laboratory. Data are presented as the average number of mites per leaf for the 2 samples.
Peach, Green Peach Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Kaakeh Walid 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 6-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied to runoff on 18 Apr (approximately petal fall stage) with a Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at a pressure of 200 psi. Treatment effectiveness was determined on 21 May by counting the number of GPA colonies found on each tree.
Nectarine, Lesser Peachtree Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments consisted of unreplicated blocks. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 103 gal/acre on 13 Jun, 27 Jun, 9 Jul, 21 Jul, 6 Aug, 20 Aug, 4 Sep and 18 Sep. One nozzle was offset and extended so as to apply ca 20% of the spray volume to the trunks and scaffold limbs. Evaluations involved examining 8 trees in each block for borers.
Plum, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 116 gal/acre on 23 Apr, 3 May, 18 May, 29 May, 11 Jun, 24 Jun, 9 Jul, 23 Jul and 6 Aug. Evaluations involved examining 50 fruit from each replicate for plum curculio damage.
Cranberry Fruitworm Control, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 13-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatment plots replicated 4 times. Plots of 5 × 5 ft were separated within blocks by 1-ft pathways and between blocks by either 3- or 5-ft pathways. Three post-bloom applications were made on 19 Jul (8 days after 50% petal fall), 30 Jul, and 9 Aug with a 2-gal compressed air sprayer. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre to approximate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. Captafol was applied on 20 Jun, 17 Jul, and 2 Aug to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Berries from 3 randomly selected, square-ft areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen during the second week of Oct. These were later inspected for injury by A. vaccinii. Injury data underwent arcsine transformation prior to statistical analysis.
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Thiodicarb to Control Adult Cranberry Weevils, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a 45-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. Scattered bloom was anticipated to occur in about a week. Three treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks composed of 5 × 5-ft plots. Applications were made on 8 Jun using a 2-gal, polyethylene compressed air sprayer. A rate of 400 gal of water per acre was used to simulate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. After the foliage dried, randomly selected vine uprights in each plot were pruned, placed in plastic bags in a cooler, and brought to the laboratory. Twenty undamaged uprights per plot were inserted into moistened sand within 2, ventilated, 8-oz styrofoam cups. There were 30-40 blossom pods per cup. Seven h post-treatment, 14 field-collected weevils were introduced into each pair of cups. Cups were held at 21°C, 80-90% RH, and 15 h light. After 54 h of exposure, cups were inspected for dead weevils and punctured or detached blossom pods. Percentage data were subjected to arcsine transformation prior to analysis of variance.
Grape, Ambrosia Beetle Control Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Mierzejewski P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thiodan 50W (120g form/100 liters (=1 lb/100 gal)) was applied in a vineyard with a history of attack by AB. The spray was applied on 19 Apr using a vineyard airblast sprayer. Four vine rows were sprayed, ca. 0.2ha (0.5A). Damage was evaluated on 8 May by visually examining vines for entry holes of AB. Twenty vines were examined per treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations for Aphid Control on Cotton in the Mississippi Delta, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in irrigated cotton planted 5 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 3.3 gal/acre at 4 mph using 2 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications of insecticide were made on 16 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on each of 10 leaves picked at random from about the 4th node from the terminal in each plot. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was obtained by use of a mechanical picker.
Evaluation of Pyrethroids and Organophosphorus Compounds for Heliothis Spp. Control in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against tobacco budworm in irrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 22 Jul and 6 and 15 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were obtained by examination of 10 terminals and 50 squares/plot or by whole-plant search of 10 plants. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Bolls were counted in lieu of harvest because of early frost and other conditions.
Lygus Bugs and Western Flower Thrips Control on White Lupin, 1986
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White lupin was seeded at 180 lb/acre in 11-inch rows near Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design of 0.01-acre plots. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 80 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the spray boom. First treatment was on 13 Jun at 50% primary bloom followed by the second treatment on 27 Jun. Populations were estimated from 5 (180-degree) sweeps on 13, 20, and 27 Jun and 6 and 14 Jul with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. No samples were taken for western flower thrips (WFT) on 14 Jul due to their almost complete absence from all plots.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in North Florida, 1987
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted 18 May. Plot size was 4 rows × 12.3 m with a 92-cm row spacing. The soil type was Orangeburg sandy loam. Telone applications were made with a tractor-mounted gravity flow soil fumigant rig set for in-furrow treatment with a single chisel/row at 25-cm soil depth. The soil was moist when the Telone applications were made on 12 May. All granular insecticides were applied in a 25- to 30-cm band over the row. Granular insecticide treatments applied at planting were lightly incorporated with a drag bar. Granular insecticide treatments made later in the growing season were applied with a hand-pushed or tractor-mounted gandy at a time during the day when peanut foliage was dry. Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) populations were monitored with 1-row × 76-cm adult emergence traps placed over the peanut foliage in the 2 outer rows of each plot. Traps were moved every 4 wk. The 2 center rows of each plot were harvested 2 Oct. Traps were moved at this time and emerging adults monitored until 5 Nov to allow larvae present before harvest to complete development to adult. Moisture was adequate to normal throughout the majority of the growing season. No extended dry periods occurred until late September to October, which was very dry.
Chinch Bug Control in Sorghum with Granular Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Negron Jose F. , Riley Thomas J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Funk's G522DR' grain sorghum was planted 19 Aug on loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station, following the harvest of a heavily infested corn field. Because the chinch bug population was very high it was expected that they would move into the seedling sorghum. The plant residue was shredded and disked into the soil. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Treatments were evaluated 15 Sep by counting the number of chinch bugs/ft of row (based on 5 counts/replication). In addition, a visual rating using a 1-3 scale of the overall health of the plants in the different treatments was taken.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Grasshopper Control with Foliar Insecticides on Soybean, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling velvetbean caterpillars and grasshoppers on soybean. Insecticides were foliar applied on 14 Sep on soybeans planted on a 36-inch row spacing. Soybeans were planted on 20 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Extension Research Center at Attapulgus. Individual plots were 6 rows wide × 50 ft with 6-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design with 4 replications was used. Each spray concentrate was applied with a COa-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at S2 psi (at the boom) that delivered 22.9 gal/acre of formulation. Individual treatments were evaluated 2 and 7 days after application by comparing the number &gt;f insect pests/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch-diam net passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling :late constituted a sweep.
Banded Sunflower Moth Control by Aerial Application; Comparison by Field and Stage of Bloom at Treatment, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five commercial sunflower fields all within 2 miles of one another were divided into 3 treatments/field and randomized as to the location of insecticide treatments. Treatments were placed on field margins where banded sunflower moth (BSM) larval seed infestations have been demonstrated to be highest within a given field. We assumed this would create a bias against the effectiveness of the insecticides. Aerial application took place beginning at 8:30 P.M. on the 28 Jul for fields 175-S, 205, N-S, and 134-S. Field 062-N was treated at 9 P.M. on 29 Jul. Five gal total material was applied/acre. Yield samples were collected on 25 ft of row with normal plant stands (20,000 plants/acre) at 6 randomly selected locations the length of the field and at least 20 rows, or further, into each field. Yield was adjusted to a standard moisture and compared by field and by insecticide treatment.
Effects of Pyrethroid Insecticides and a Herbicide Applied Sequentially Or as Tank-Mixed Combinations on Cutworms, Weeds, and Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1986
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three pyrethroids and a herbicide, Enide, were applied sequentially or in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seedlings after transplanting to determine their effects on cutworms, weeds, and flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on May 26. Plots were 76 × 14 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design, and consisted of 4 rows of tobacco with 38 plants/row. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) containing 3 tobacco seedlings were established in each plot. Ten 6th- and 7th-instar larvae were introduced in each subplot 2 h before treatment and then 5 days after treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the larvae from escaping. Applications were made on 3 Jun using a power sprayer that delivered 25 gal/ acre at 32 psi and 3.5 mph for broadcast application and 11 gal/acre at 15 psi for 10-inch band treatment. In plots receiving sequential applications, Enide was applied first in a 10-inch band over the row after transplanting, followed by broadcast insecticides over the plots 2 days later. In plots receiving tankmixed treatments, each of the insecticides was mixed in the same tank with Enide just before application and applied in a 10-inch band over the row. Cutworm-damaged plants and cutworm populations in the soil around plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted weekly after treatment for 4 wk, and the number of weeds was counted 2 wk after treatment. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the check. The harvest and curing of each plot were carried out in the conventional manner. Cured tobacco leaves were analyzed for reducing sugars and total alkaloids as measures of the quality of the tobacco. Agronomic parameters measured were yield (lb/acre) and grade index (0/lb). The percentage of larval mortality in the subplots was transformed into angular units, and square-root transformation × + 0.5 was used for number of living cutworms and damaged plants found in each plot before analysis of variance. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means. Means were converted to original units for presentation in the tables.
Control of Tomato Hornworms on Tobacco with Microbial Insecticides and An Insect Growth Regulator, 1986
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two microbial insecticides and an insect growth regular were evaluated in the laboratory and field for control of tomato hornworms on tobacco at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, On. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 26 May. Plots, 20.0 × 3.5 ft, were arranged in a randomized block design with 2 replications. Each plot was a single row of 10 plants. Materials were applied to the upper and lower surfaces of tobacco leaves using a Knapsack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 40 gal/acre on 14 Aug. Test insects were 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of the tomato hornworm collected from tobacco plants in an unsprayed field. In the laboratory tests, the larvae, 10 for each replicate, were placed individually in 24-oz wide-mouth jars. Two hours after application of the insecticides, random samples of tobacco leaves were collected from each plant, taken to the laboratory, and placed in the jars with the larvae. In field tests, the larvae were placed on the treated tobacco plants in the test plots at the rate of 1 larva/plant about 3 h after treatment. In evaluating the effectiveness of the treatments, larval mortalities were assessed daily for 12 days for the laboratory tests and 4 days for the field tests. Larvae that remained on the leaves and showed any reaction when gently touched were considered alive. Abbotts formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the check. Before analysis of variance, data were transformed into angular units, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Tobacco Budworm Control with Various Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1987
Authors: Lampert Emmett P. , Stephenson Alan S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, N.C., on 6 May in a Norfolk loamy sand. Plots of 4 rows (45-inch row centers) × 60 ft (35 plants) were arranged in a randomized complete-block design for a test containing 10 treatments and 4 replicates. On 16 Jun, 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants from each of the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. Larvae were transferred to the plant bud with a camel’s hair brush. Two rows provided an untreated buffer. Treatments were applied with a C02-pressurized sprayer on 18 Jun through a single D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at the rate of 25 gal/acre and 60 psi. Five and 11 days after treatment, the number of surviving larvae on the tagged plants as counted. After 13 days, budworm feeding damage was rated (0-4), and leaf consumption (0.1 leaves consumed) was estimated on all tagged plants/plot. On 10 Jul, all plants in the buffer rows were cut off at 3-4 leaves above the ground. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves, and on 29 Jul all but one healthy sucker were removed. Due to the presence of a naturally occurring budworm population, 20 plants containing a single small larva (&lt;3rd instar) were selected and tagged on 12 Aug. Treatments were applied on 13 Aug as described above. Four- and 11-day counts of surviving budworms were made on tagged plants. A 14-day damage rating (0-4) was made on 27 Aug. Prior to ANOVA, count data were transformed to . Treatment means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio i-test (K = 100, α = 0.05). Means of untransformed data are presented.
Karate for the Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted on 12 May. Experimental 3-row plots, 40 ft long on 4-ft centers, were set up in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Foliar insecticides were applied with a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 24 gal/acre through 3 TX10 tips/row at 60 psi on 29 Jun to Test 1 and on 18 Aug to Test 2. On 23 Jul, at the completion of the Test 1, the test tobacco was cut back and a single sucker was turned out and allowed to grow for Test 2. Additional nitrogen fertilizer was applied to promote plant growth. Precipitation was 1.95 and 0.65 inches to Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Insect pests were counted on the day before treatments were applied. Counts were made as follows: hornworms and budworms, 24 plants/plot; flea beetles, 10 plants/plot, and green peach aphids, between the 4th and 6th veins on the underside of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot. One day before Test 1, 3-day-old budworms reared on an artificial diet were used to infest the center row of each plot with 1 budworm/plot. Insect counts were made at 3, 9, and 16 days after treatment in the Test 1 and at 2, 7, and 15 days after treatment in Test 2. The day after treatment 0.6 inch of precipitation fell. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by Waller- Duncan K ratio t-test (K = 100, P = 0.05).