bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latvia – NATO: Integration and Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Kyrychenko O. 
Published: February 2022

The article uses the methodology of geopolitics analysis to identify the basic characteristics of NATO’s current policy towards Latvia and the rest of the Baltic Sea countries. This region with the collapse of the former Soviet Union seemed to be one of the most stable in terms of military security. However, at present, especially after the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine and the subsequent Russian aggression against our country, there is a noticeable increase in general tensions in the Baltics between NATO states and the Russian Federation and its allies. A study on the example of Latvia, devoted to the development of the military-political situation in the region, gives grounds to conclude that the current increase in the military presence in the Baltics is due to the need to strengthen the protection of the Baltic States from the Russian threat. The latter does not rule out the possibility of further NATO expansion not only to the East but also to the North at the expense of Sweden and Finland. Modern events in the Baltic region can be characterized as part of the next stage of the positional game on the world “chessboard”, where today the winning situation for the Anglo-Saxon strategy is obvious. At the same time, Russia’s geopolitical interests in the Baltic area, including Latvia, have remained virtually unchanged. The western vector of the republic’s development only strengthened Moscow’s attention through deeper and timely monitoring and analysis of the situation in its western neighbors in order to prevent the final and irreversible exit of the Baltic countries from the sphere of Russian influence.
The article is intended to help Ukraine to understand and study the unique experience of the transition of a certain post-Soviet country from one political state to another, which is needed not so much for history, but for the purpose of developing modern political and diplomatic methods of cooperation with the leadership of Latvia, as well as the practical application of its experience in its activities on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration. The focus of NATO and, first of all, the United States, on strengthening its presence in the Baltic Sea region is capable of influencing the relations between the Baltic countries that have developed as a result of many years of cooperation. The emphasis on the military component clearly outlines the differences in approaches between NATO member states (Denmark, Poland, Germany, the Baltic countries and Norway), neutral states (Sweden, Finland) and the CSTO allies (Russia and Belarus).
British Black and Asian Shakespeareans
Authors: Rogers Jami 
Published: February 2022

Shakespeare is at the heart of the British theatrical tradition, but the contribution of Ira Aldridge and the Shakespearean performers of African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian heritage who came after him is not widely known. Telling the story for the first time of how Shakespearean theatre was integrated from the 1960s to the twenty-first century, this is a timely and important account of that contribution. Drawing extensively on empirical evidence from the British Black and Asian Shakespeare Performance Database and featuring interviews with many performers, the book chronicles important productions that led to ground-breaking castings of Black and Asian actors in substantial Shakespearean roles including:
Zakes Mokae (Cry Freedom) as one of three Black witches in William Gaskill’s 1966 production of Macbeth at the Royal Court Theatre.Norman Beaton as Angelo in Michael Rudman’s 1981 production of Measure for Measure at the National Theatre - the first majority Black Shakespearean cast at the theatre.Josette Simon as Isabella in Measure for Measure at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1987.Adrian Lester in the title role of Nicholas Hytner’s 2003 production of Henry V.Iqbal Khan on his 2012 production of Much Ado About Nothing – the first production with an all south Asian cast at the Royal Shakespeare Company.Alfred Enoch and Rakie Ayola as Edgar and Goneril in Talawa Theatre Company’s 2016 production of King LearPaapa Essiedu as Hamlet in Simon Godwin’s 2016 production for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
With first-hand accounts from key performers including Joseph Marcell, Adrian Lester, Josette Simon, Lolita Chakrabarti, Noma Dumezweni, Rakie Ayola, David Yip, Ray Fearon, Paterson Joseph, Alfred Enoch, Rudolph Walker and many more, this book is an invaluable history of Black and Asian Shakespeareans that highlights the gains these actors have made and the challenges still faced in pursuing a career in classical theatre.
Literacies, Power and Identities in Figured Worlds in Malawi
Authors: Mjaya Ahmmardouh 
Published: February 2022

This book is based on an in-depth ethnographic study of the National Adult Literacy Programme (NALP) in Malawi. It highlights the significance of exploring power and identity in literacy studies. Employing the concept of ‘figured worlds’ to study literacy as a social practice, the book focuses on understanding power relationships and identity in literacy practices. It illustrates how literacy identities and power relationships of some local community members continuously vary from one context to another and, in some cases, even within the same context. Using notions such as agency, artefact, resistance, shame and positioning, the book demonstrates the potential of the concept of figured worlds to address some of the questions raised within the New Literacy Studies – especially those concerning power and identity.
The book also illustrates the value of an ethnographic approach for studying adult literacy, by exploring the challenges faced by the researcher in gaining access to community members’ activities, and the opportunity to experience first-hand what instructors go through in facilitating adult literacy lessons.
Christianity, Politics and the Afterlives of War in Uganda
Authors: Alava Henni 
Published: February 2022

Christianity, Politics and the Afterlives of War in Uganda sheds critical light on the complex and unstable relationship between Christianity and politics, and peace and war. Drawing on long-running ethnographic fieldwork in Uganda’s largest religious communities, it maps the tensions and ironies found in the Catholic and Anglican Churches in the wake of war between the Lord’s Resistance Army and the Government of Uganda. It shows how churches’ responses to the war were enabled by their embeddedness in local communities. Yet churches’ embeddedness in structures of historical violence made their attempts to nurture peace liable to compound conflict.
At the heart of the book is the Acholi concept of anyobanyoba, ‘confusion’, which depicts an experienced sense of both ambivalence and uncertainty, a state of mixed-up affairs within community and an essential aspect of politics in a country characterized by the threat of state violence. Foregrounding vulnerability, the book advocates ‘confusion’ as an epistemological and ethical device, and employs it to meditate on how religious believers, as well as researchers, can cultivate hope amid memories of suffering and on-going violence.
Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching into the European river network
Authors: Gommet Céline , Lauerwald Ronny , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Zhang Haicheng , Regnier Pierre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils into the river network is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget. At regional to global scales, its significance has been estimated through simple mass budgets, often using multi-year averages of observed fluvial DOC fluxes as a proxy of DOC leaching due to the limited availability of observations of the leaching flux itself. This procedure leads to a systematic underestimation of the leaching flux because of the decay of DOC during fluvial transport. Moreover, this procedure does not allow for revealing spatiotemporal variability in DOC leaching from soils, which is vital to
better understand the drivers of DOC leaching and its impact on the local
soil C budget. In this study, we use the land surface model (LSM) ORCHILEAK to simulate the terrestrial C budget, including leaching of DOC from the soil and its subsequent reactive transport through the river network of Europe. The model performance is evaluated not only against the sparse observations of the soil DOC leaching rate, but also against the more abundant observations of fluxes and reactivity of DOC in rivers, providing further evidence that our simulated DOC fluxes are realistic. The model is then used to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of DOC leaching across Europe over the period 1972–2012, quantifying both the environmental drivers of these patterns and the impact of DOC leaching on the land C budget. Over the simulation period, we find that, on average, 14.3 Tg C yr−1 of DOC is leached from land into European rivers, which is about 0.6 % of the terrestrial net primary production (NPP), a fraction significantly lower than that reported for tropical river networks. On average, 12.3 Tg C yr−1 of the leached DOC is finally exported to the coast via the river network, and the rest is respired during transit. DOC leaching presents a large seasonal variability, with the maximum occurring in winter and the minimum in summer, except for most parts of northern Europe, where the maximum occurs in spring due to snowmelt. The DOC leaching rate is generally low in warm and dry regions, and high in the cold and wet regions of Europe. Furthermore, runoff and the ratio between runoff from shallower flow paths on one hand and deep drainage and groundwater flow on the other hand are the main drivers of the spatiotemporal variation of DOC leaching. Temperature, as a major control of DOC production and decomposition rates in the soils, plays only a secondary role.
A parameterization of long-continuing-current (LCC) lightning in the lightning submodel LNOX (version 3.0) of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy, version 2.54)
Authors: Pérez-Invernón Francisco J. , Huntrieser Heidi , Jöckel Patrick , Gordillo-Vázquez Francisco J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Lightning flashes can produce a discharge in which a continuing electrical current flows for more than 40 ms. Such flashes are proposed to be the main precursors of lightning-ignited wildfires and also to trigger sprite discharges in the mesosphere. However, lightning parameterizations implemented in global atmospheric models do not include information about the continuing electrical current of flashes. The continuing current of lightning flashes cannot be detected by conventional lightning location systems. Instead, these so-called long-continuing-current (LCC) flashes are commonly observed by extremely low-frequency (ELF) sensors and by optical instruments located in space. Reports of LCC lightning flashes tend to occur in winter and oceanic thunderstorms, which suggests a connection between weak convection and the occurrence of this type of discharge. In this study, we develop a parameterization of LCC lightning flashes based on a climatology derived from optical lightning measurements reported by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on board the International Space Station (ISS) between March 2017 and March 2020. We use meteorological data from reanalyses to develop a global parameterization that uses vertical velocity at the 450 hPa pressure level as a proxy for the ratio of LCC to total lightning in thunderstorms. We implement this parameterization into the LNOX submodel of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) for usage within the European Center HAMburg general circulation model (ECHAM)/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model and compare the observed and simulated climatologies of LCC lightning flashes using six different lightning parameterizations. We find that the best agreement between the simulated and observed spatial distribution is obtained when using a novel combined lightning parameterization based on the cloud-top height over land and on the convective precipitation over ocean.
KAJIAN NERACA AIR DAERAH IRIGASI CIHERANG KABUPATEN BANDUNG PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Anisarida An An , Hafudiansyah Edward 
Published: February 2022

Ciherang Irrigation Area in Bandung is the location of the study. Based on data obtained, it showed water deficiency in the planting season 1 on October and in the planting season 2 on August. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the comparison between the availability of water and the need of water to get a proper cropping pattern implemented in the irrigation area. The availability of water was obtained from water debit that analyzed using the Weibull method while the need of water was determined by the availability of water for rice and palawija.. The results revealed that requirement of irrigation water in an existing cropping pattern of rice/palawija – rice/palawija – rice/palawija using the highest value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,255 1/sec/ha, produced the total availability of water in an amount of 4,832 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value of 3,449 m3/sec. The alternative cropping pattern of rice – rice – palawija using the total value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,436 1/sec/ha produced the availability of water in an amount of 5,261 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value in amount of 4,154 m3/sec.
PERAN ORANG PERCAYA DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEADILAN SOSIAL
Authors: Takaliuang Jammes Juneidy 
Published: February 2022

Peran serta orang Kristen dalam mewujudkan keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia bukan hanya partial, tetapi harus holistik. Karena tujuan pencapaian ini adalah manusia seutuhnya yang pada prinsipnya adalah keselarasan hubungan antara manusia dengan Tuhan-nya, antara sesama manusia serta lingkungan alam sekitarnya, keserasian hubungan antara bangsa-bangsa dan juga keselarasan antara cita-cita hidup di dunia dan mengejar kebahagian di akhirat. Jadi orang Kristen adalah agen untuk mewujudkan cita-cita mulia ini dengan berlandaskan kepada Kristus yang adalah sumber keadilan, serta status orang Kristen yang adalah warga kerajaan surga seperti yang digambarkan oleh Rasul Paulus dalam Filipi 3:20. Implementasi dari warga kerajaan surga adalah menjadi warga negara Indonesia yang benar dan bertanggung jawab, sehingga jelas bahwa orang Kristen harus mengambil peran dalam menentukan arah bangsa ini. Sikap skeptis dan pesimistis bukanlah bagian dalam diri orang Kristen. Lebih jelas lagi dalam ranah praksis orang Kristen wajib: 1) Memiliki perbuatan yang luhur, yang tercermin dalam sikap dan suasana kekeluargaan serta gotong royong; 2) Menjalankan sikap adil terhadap sesama dengan cara menghormati hak-hak orang lain; 3) Sistem balancing yaitu menjaga keseimbangan antara hak dan kewajiban; 4) Tidak menciptakan dehumanisasi melalui pereduksian harkat dan martabat manusia; 5) Memiliki cara hidup dan gaya hidup sederhana (menentang sifat hedonisme dan materialisme yang menonjolkan spirit individualisme); dan 6) Bekerja keras, memiliki integritas diri yang tinggi, kreatif dan inovatif serta nasionalis.
INDIKATOR PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI PAK DALAM KELUARGA BAGI PERBINAAN IMAN ANAK REMAJA DI ZAMAN NOW
Authors: Tindagi Magdalena Grace Kelly 
Published: February 2022

Menurut Undang-undang no 10 Tahun 1992, tentang Perkembangan Kependudukan dan Pembangunan Keluarga Sejahtera Bab 1 Pasal 1 butir 10: disebutkan bahwa keluarga adalah unit terkecil dalam masyarakat yang terdiri dari suami isteri atau suami-isteri-anak, ayah-anak, atau ibu anak. Dimensi Kristen sangat penting sebagai kaidah, norma, referensi, model tolok ukur dari seluruh performance pendidikan Kristen, serta menjadi “Imitatio Christi” yang kemudian mengaktualisasikan nilai-nilai Kristen dalam perilaku etis. Secara khusus karena keluarga menjadi pilar utama tempat pemeliharaan dan pelatihan iman. Tugas dan peran orangtua dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai keluarga bagi pembinaan iman anak remaja di zaman now ini menjadi sangat vital dan mendasar bagi kehadiran keluarga Kristen, oleh karena apabila dilihat dari makna dalam bahasa Indonesia makna dari kata keluarga yang dapat diartikan sebagai suatu unit keluarga yang terdiri dari pasutri dan anak-anak, atau istilah keluarga dapat juga diartikan seisi rumah atau mereka yang hidup di bawah satu atap dan satu pemimpin. Peranan Pemimpin dalam keluarga adalah orangtua yang beriman kepada Yesus Kristus sebagai dasar berdirinya keluarga (I Kor. 3:11; 11:3). Jadi tugas dan peran orangtua dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai keluarga bagi pembinaan iman anak remaja sangat signifikan di zaman now ini. Menurut Solaeman bahwa pengertian keluarga dalam arti yang lebih luas adalah ikatan yang meliputi semua pihak yang ada hubungan darah, atau yang disebut dengan clan atau marga, dan dalam arti sempit adalah hubungan darah antar keluarga inti yang terdiri atas ayah, ibu, dan anak. Sehingga, tugas orangtua dalam melibatkan anak remajanya dalam mewujudkan nilai-nilai kristiani menjadi sangat penting bagi penananam fondasi gereja selanjutnya. Kartini Kartono menyebutkan bahwa keluarga merupakan unit sosial terkecil yang memberikan fondasi primer bagi perkembangan anak. Sehingga, tugas terpenting bagi gereja adalah menyiapkan fondasi yang kuat bagi lingkungan keluarga, sebagai lingkungan utama gereja (selain lingkungan sekitar dan lingkungan sekolah), agar para orangtua ikut berperan dan memberikan nuansa pada perkembangan anak remaja di zaman now; oleh karena baik buruknya struktur keluarga dan masyarakat sekitar memberikan pengaruh baik atau buruknya pertumbuhan kepribadian anak.
MODEL KEPEMIMPINAN YESUS KRISTUS SEBAGAI PEMBAWA DAMAI BAGI RESOLUSI KONFLIK DI KOTA SURAKARTA
Authors: Irawan Budi Lukmono  , Gunaryo Sudarmanto  
Published: February 2022

Obyek dari penelitian ini adalah kepemimpinan pembawa damai bagi resolusi konflik. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigm naturalistik dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode fenomenologi.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan dan menemukan: (1) kepemimpinan pembawa damai, (2) kepemimpinan Yesus Kristus sebagi pembawa damai, (3) model kepemimpinan Yesus Kristus sebagai pembawa damai bagi resolusi konflik di kota Surakarta.
Pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan, wawancara, dan penelaahan dokumen tertulis. Analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis domain, analisis taksonomi, analisis komponensial, dan analisis tema.
Hasil dari penelitian adalah model kepemimpian pembawa damai bagi resolusi konflik di kota Surakarta yang memiliki tiga komponen: (1) kepemimpinan pembawa damai yang mencakup prinsip, upaya, dan karakter, (2) resolusi konflik, (3) dampak. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diterapkan para pemimpin Kristen dalam membangun perdamaian dan resolusi konflik di kota Surakarta.
Integrasi Kristologi dan Misiologi Berdasarkan Lukas 24:44-49 Bagi Pelayanan Misi di Gereja Persekutuan Oikoumene Umat Kristen (POUK) ICHTHUS Bumi Dirgantara Permai - Bekasi
Authors: Galuh Pandandari  , Erni M.C. Efruan  
Published: February 2022

Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengemukakan sebuah model dari integrasi Kristologi dan Misiologi berdasarkan Lukas 24:44-49, yang memberi pengaruh terhadap keterlibatan jemaat dalam pelayanan misi di Gereja POUK ICHTHUS BDP, dengan menggunakan kombinasi model atau desain sequential explanatory yang menggabungkan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif secara berurutan.

Beberapa prinsip yang terdapat dalam model tersebut adalah : (1) Kristologi dan Misiologi yang dibangun di atas dasar penggalian Alkitab, (2) Kristologi yang misiologis dan Misiologi yang kristologis. (3) Kristologi tanpa Misiologi menjadi Kristologi tanpa sasaran, Misiologi tanpa Kristologi menjadi Misiologi tanpa dasar, (4) Integrasi Kristologi dan Misiologi meningkatkan mutu pelayanan misi, (5) Integrasi Kristologi dan Misiologi yang diajarkan secara maksimal menghasilkan keterlibatan dalam misi global, (6) Kristologi dan Misiologi yang terintegrasi melalui ketaatan menjadi Saksi Kristus, dan (7) Efektivitas Integrasi Kristologi dan Misiologi bergantung pada kuasa Roh Kudus.

Rekomendasi diberikan kepada Gembala Jemaat, Para Pengajar Kelas Pembinaan Jemaat dan Penggiat Misi di Gereja POUK ICHTHUS Bumi Dirgantara Permai dan di gereja-gereja mitra misi, dalam mengemban misi Allah sampai Parousia.
Evaluasi Kinerja Dosen dalam Melaksanakan Pendidikan dan Pengajaran di Sekolah Tinggi Alkitab Jember Dengan Metode 360 Derajat
Authors: Nelly Nelly , Dina Elisabeth Latumahina  
Published: February 2022

Dosen merupakan salah satu komponen esensial dalam suatu sistem pendidikan di perguruan tinggi. Dalam Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi, dosen harus melakukan dengan beban kerja paling sedikit sepadan dengan dua belas SKS dan paling banyak enam belas SKS pada setiap semester sesuai dengan kualifikasi akademik. Pelaksanaan tugas utama dosen ini perlu dievaluasi dan dilaporkan secara periodik sebagai bentuk akuntabilitas kinerja dosen kepada para pemangku kepentingan. Penilaian kinerja dosen dipandang perlu dalam kaitannya dengan tercapainya Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi. Evaluasi kinerja adalah penilaian yang dilakukan secara sistematis untuk mengetahui hasil pekerjaan karyawan dan kinerja organisasi.
Untuk mengetahui kinerja dosen dalam melaksanakan Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi di STA Jember maka penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian evaluasi, secara khusus evaluasi kinerja. Dalam penelitian evaluasi kinerja ini, model yang digunakan adalah evaluasi kinerja 360 derajat. Secara umum model evaluasi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur apakah kinerja dosen sesuai dengan standar atau kriteria kinerja yang sudah ditentukan. Penilaian kinerja dosen tersebut dilakukan oleh multi penilai atau penilaian dilakukan oleh beberapa orang. Data yang didapat dianalisis dan dicari hubungannya, dibandingkan, kemudian menemukan pola dasar dari data aslinya. Berdasarkan rekapan persentase rata-rata skor ketercapaian dari 17 orang dosen menunjukkan kinerja dalam melaksanakan pendidikan dan pengajaran adalah baik.

The lecturer is one of the essential components in the education system in higher education. In the Tridharma of Higher Education, lecturers must carry out a workload of at least twelve credits and a maximum of sixteen credits in each semester according to their academic qualifications. The implementation of this lecturer's main task needs to be evaluated and reported periodically as a form of accountability for lecturer performance to stakeholders. Performance appraisal is deemed necessary in its assessment by achieving the Tridharma of Higher Education. Company assessments are carried out systematically to see the results of employee work and organizational performance.
To see the performance of lecturers in the Tridharma of Higher Education at Jember Bible College to evaluate and evaluate performance. In this performance evaluation research, the model used is a 360-degree performance evaluation. In general, this evaluation model aims to measure whether the lecturer's performance is in accordance with the specified performance standards or criteria. The performance appraisal is carried out by multiple appraisers or the service is carried out by several people. The data obtained were analyzed and searched, compared, then found the basic pattern of the data built. Based on the recapitulation of the average proportion of achievement of 17 people who show good performance in carrying out education and completing it.