bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harvest Indices for Pickling Cucumbers in Once-Over Harvested Systems1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Hughes G. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted in the spring and fall of 1967 and the spring of 1968 to determine harvest indices and to evaluate the rate of fruit development and changing grade sizes for both white- and black-spined cucumbers. White-spined ‘Southern Cross’ and black-spined ‘Piccadilly’ were used. Per-acre plant populations in the order of 100,000 in the spring and 70,000 in the fall were established using gynoecious cultivars. The first plots were harvested when only a few marketable fruits were present; subsequent plots were harvested at 2- or 3-day intervals for a total of 8 per experiment. The single deviation from this was the 7-day interval between the seventh and eighth harvests of the fall experiment.
Maximum returns per acre occurred when the proportion of fruit greater than 2 inches in diameter ranged from 14 to 31% of the total weight. It is suggested that plantings should be harvested as soon as fruits larger in diameter than 2 inches are found in the field.
In spring plantings the percentage of plants bearing fruit reached 91 whereas those in the fall trial reached 98. The average number of fruit per plant did not exceed 1.27 in any trial.
Inheritance of Soluble Solids in a Large/small-fruited Tomato Cross1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The variability, mode of inheritance, and gene action for soluble solids was studied in a cross of 2 divergent lines, Mo. Accession 223, a selection of PI 272689, and 1-417-1. About 3 gene pairs were indicated to control soluble solids. Additive gene action accounted for a heritability of about 35%. In the broad sense, heritability was about 59%, suggesting that non-additive genetic variance was about 25%. Evidence for dominance and for epistatic interactions of genes appeared to be lacking.
The Selection of the Phosphorus Index in Papaya Tissue Analysis1
Authors: Awada Minoru , Long Charles 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A phosphorus fertilizer experiment at Puna, Hawaii comprising 3 application rates was conducted over a period of 11/2 years in “aa” lava soil on fruiting papaya trees (Carica papaya L. ‘Solo’). Leaves at 3 stages of maturity were sampled 4 times a year, and the dried ground leaves were chemically analyzed for P. The weight of fruits was obtained at weekly intervals. A curvilinear regression of yield on concentration of P was determined for each leaf tissue at each stage, at each sampling date. A multiple correlation coefficient was then obtained from each of these calculations.
In general, the highest multiple correlation coefficients were obtained with the “recently matured” petiole. Thus, the concentration of P in this tissue on a dry weight basis was selected as the P index of papaya. The critical levels which related yield to the P index and the weights of leaves to the P index were determined for April and May and were found to be about the same. They were 0.25% P for the maximum yield or weight of leaves and 0.213% P for 5% off the maximum. These levels can serve tentatively as a basis for P fertilization of papaya in the Puna area of Hawaii.
Gas Exchange, Transpiration, and the Commercial Deterioration in Storage of Orange Fruit1
Authors: Ben-Yehoshua S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The commercial deterioration of orange fruit of the ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ varieties was studied in relation to transpiration, respiratory activity and concentrations of CO2, O2 and ethylene inside the fruit. Loss of commercial value of fruit under various storage conditions was caused by transpiration, which resulted in shriveling of the peel. During storage, respiratory activity declined, and the internal CO2 rose from a range of 2-4% to a range of 5-10%, while the O2 declined from ranges of 17-19% to 10-12%. Drying of the peel caused a rise in resistance to gas diffusion which, in turn, changed the internal atmosphere. The flavedo portion of the peel was the main site of resistance to gas diffusion.
In vitro and in vivo Studies of Alar (1, 1-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, B-995) and Related Substances1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Sachs Roy M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The postulation proposed by Reed and his colleagues (11, 12) that the mode of action of Alar was through hydrolysis of the growth retardant to unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, UDMH, which subsequently inhibits diamine oxidase from converting tryptamine to indoleacetaldehyde, was examined. In vitro tests showed that commercial proteolytic enzyme preparations as well as those prepared from Alar-sensitive plants were not capable of breaking the C-N (peptide) bond in Alar. Both UDMH and β-hydroxyethylhydrazine (BOH) reacted, with indoleacetaldehyde to yield several compounds which gave positive spot tests for indole and hydrazine. Likewise, UDMH reacted readily with constituents in the endosperm-nucellar tissues when injected into immature almond ovules. Experiments with Alar, UDMH and BOH showed that Alar was more effective as a growth retardant and as a promotor of floral initiation than the others at nearly equal molar concentrations. Injections of Alar and 2-14C mevalonic acid, together and separately, into immature peach ovules revealed that the synthesis of kauren-19-ol, a gibberellic acid precursor, was depressed in the presence of Alar. None of these results support the hypotheses that 1) the active portion of Alar is the UDMH moiety and 2) the primary effect of Alar is to inhibit IAA synthesis.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Deflowering Upon Runner and Inflorescence Development in an Everbearing Strawberry1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Bennett H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of gibberellic acid (GA) were applied to new and 1-year-old plantings of the everbearing strawberry variety ‘Geneva’ during June, July and August in attempts to increase the production of runner plants and/or reduce the need for manual deflowering. Single applications of GA in June or double applications in June and July inhibited flowering, promoted runner development, and increased the yields of marketable runner plants the following year. Fifty ppm GA was as effective as higher concentrations. Deflowering had little effect upon runner initiation, but promoted flowering and increased the yields of runner plants. Maximum yields of runner plants resulted from combining GA sprays with deflowering.
Boron Deficiency in Pea Pisim sativum Cv. ‘Alaska’1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peas were grown for 4 generations in B-free culture solutions in a glasshouse before B-deficiency symptoms appeared. The B-deficient seedlings were stunted, the internodes shorter, the leaves smaller and paler, and the pods seedless and smaller than similar plants growing in 0.1 and 0.5 ppm B culture solutions. Abnormal venation was common on leaflets and stipules and was frequently associated with a multi-tipped leaf structure. The tips of the leaves were pointed and many developed into tendril-like structures. The B content of peas from B-deficient plants was 3-5 ppm while that of non-deficient plants was 11-13 ppm. In non-deficient plants it accumulated in the stem and leaves. In the 0.5 ppm B solutions these tissues contained over 170 ppm while in the B-deficient plants they contained only 10-18 ppm.
Thinning Peaches with 3-Chlorophenoxy-a-Propionamide1,2
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several peach varieties were sprayed with 3-chlorophenoxy-α-propionamide (3-CPA) at different stages of fruit development. The timing of the application was critical, and varieties differed greatly in their thinning response. The ‘Ranger’ variety was thinned with ease, but attempts to thin ‘Cardinal’ with 3-CPA were unsuccessful. Fruit thinning apparently increased the cold hardiness of the flowers during the following bloom period. Several spray additives were found to increase the thinning effectiveness of 3-CPA.
Controlling Substrate Moisture-Oxygen Levels During the Imbibition Stage of Germination1,3
Authors: Pollock Bruce M. , Manalo Joseph R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We developed a method of controlling substrate moisture-oxygen levels during the imbibition of seeds. With this method it is possible to control all 3 factors—imbibition temperature, seed moisture, and substrate oxygen supply—known to be critical during the imbibition stage of germination.
The Effect of Preharvest Malathion Sprays Upon Cranberry Fruit Color1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Zuckerman B. M. , Shawa A. Y. , Eck P. , Dana M. N. , Garren R. , Lockhart C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of malathion as a color enhancement agent for cranberry fruit was tested in a co-operative experiment involving 7 commercial cranberry growing regions of North America. Sprays of malathion 80% EC at 21/2 lb. active ingredient/A applied either 2 or 3 weeks before harvest increased anthocyanin content of ‘McFarlin’, ‘Early Black’ and ‘Searles’ cranberries.
Carbon Dioxide Suppression of Ethylene-Induced Sleepiness of Carnation Blooms1
Authors: Uota M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The threshold concentration of ethylene causing sleepiness of freshly cut carnations was 125 ppb when the blooms were exposed for 24 hr at 20°C. The threshold decreased to 30 to 60 ppb when the blooms were held for 2 days at 5° prior to exposure. High partial pressures of CO2 in the atmosphere prevented ethylene-induced sleepiness. With 10% CO2, the blooms were not damaged by 250 ppb ethylene, and 20% CO2 provided protection against 500 ppb ethylene. Blooms with stems previously placed in water were as susceptible to ethylene damage as those held dry before exposure to ethylene.
Immediate and Residual Effects of Succinic Acid, 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide (Alar) on Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Ferree M. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid, 2, 2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) sprays were applied at 3,000 and 10,000 ppm to vigorous young ‘Delicious’ apple trees in which yields were limited by insufficient bloom. Sprays applied at the high concentration after harvest in 1965 not only delayed bloom the following spring but also caused mortality of fruit buds and individual flowers. Alar sprays applied shortly after full bloom in 1966 retarded shoot elongation more effectively than the postharvest sprays applied the previous fall, but both were about equally effective in retarding fruit growth and promoting fruit bud formation during the 1966 growing season. The postharvest sprays caused an oblate fruit shape the following year. Alar sprays increased fruit firmness, but did not significantly affect soluble solids or titratable acids. The Alar-induced flowering was responsible for large increases in yield in 1967. Trees which were induced to flower profusely had a very light return bloom in 1968.
Performance of Tomato Cultivars After Various Types of Transplant Clipping1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Wilcox G. E. , Garrison S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance of H-1350, H-1409, C-17, ‘Fireball’, and ‘Roma’ tomato transplants that received different clipping treatments at Tifton, Georgia, were evaluated at Lafayette, Indiana, and the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland. Field-grown transplants were either left unclipped, control clipped (1 inch of growth was removed but the terminal bud was left intact), or moderately clipped (the terminal bud and flower cluster were removed).
Moderately clipped transplants of all 5 cultivars performed as well as non-clipped plants, but usable fruit yield was reduced by control clipping. At New Brunswick, New Jersey, fruit yields of the C-17 transplants moderately clipped at various intervals were reduced. In view of the other 2 tests and other recently published reports, moderate clipping appeared to have little effect on fruit yields in northern production areas.
An Evaluation of Seasonal Sales Patterns of Retail Florists1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Carpenter W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Qualitative economic research techniques were used to determine the effect of merchandise structure reorganization on the seasonality of sales for retail florists. Results indicated that most nontraditional forms of demand, including specialty arrangements, giftware, and garden center items, significantly increased seasonal fluctuations in sales patterns for retail florists. Artificial flowers comprised a major source of nontraditional sales and did not contribute significantly to the seasonal fluctuations in florists' sales patterns.
Nontraditional sales accounted for nearly 45% of retail florists' gross volume in 1967 compared with only 9% in 1969 (2, 5, 6). Specialty arrangements and artificial flowers comprised the greatest source of nontraditional sales for retail florists.
Petal Blackening in ‘Baccara’ Roses1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The causes for petal blackening of ‘Baccara’ rose petals and the differences between normal (red) and black flowers were investigated. Black flowers are frequent in field grown plants and dark red ones in those grown in unheated greenhouses during the winter. Two anthocyanins were isolated and identified: cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (cyanin) and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. The 2 pigments were found in both red and black petals. The content of both anthocyanin pigments as well as that of tannins, was several times higher in black flowers than in normal flowers. High polyphenolase activity was found in black petals, while no activity could be detected in normal red flowers. The blackening phenomenon is attributed to an increase in anthocyanin content at low temperatures, and to the accumulation of oxidation products of polyphenols.
Results of Using Sodium Dehydroacetate Applications to Reduce Discoloration of Snapbeans Damaged by Machine Harvesting1
Authors: Isenberg F. M. , Sandsted Roger F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sodium dehydroacetate solutions in concentrations up to 0.8% were found to be effective in reducing discoloration of cut and bruised surfaces of mechanically harvested snapbeans and in reducing some mold and bacterial damage. Techniques for objectively measuring color differences using the Hunterlab Meter D 25 are described.
Effects of Succinamic Acids 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) on Peach Fruit Maturation and Tree Growth1,3
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinamic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)3 has many effects on the species Prunus persica L., depending upon concentration, timing, and physiological stage of plant development. Alar hastens ripening, hastens the occurrence of the climacteric, increases internal flesh color, increases red and yellow skin color, slightly decreases the per cent soluble solids, and decreases flesh firmness. Decreases in soluble solids and flesh firmness seem to be as a consequence of early maturation. Increases in red and yellow skin pigmentation and internal flesh color are increased in fruits of the same firmness. Terminal growth is not altered greatly by Alar, even at high concentration, unless applied near the beginning of the pit hardening stage.
Optimum Calcium Concentration for Determining Root Cation Exchange Capacity by Isotopic Exchange1
Authors: Carpenter P. L. , Lambeth V. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium adsorption on the root exchange sites of 4 vegetables as determined by the isotopic exchange method (Ca40–Ca45) was a function of its concentration in the external solution surrounding the roots. As the Ca concentration was increased over the range 0.2 me–8.0 me Ca/1, there was an increase in the Ca adsorbed on roots of sweet corn, cv. ‘Gold Rush’, garden bean cv. ‘Topcrop’, lettuce cv. ‘Bibb’ and cabbage. The Ca adsorption curve of all 4 vegetables showed a plateau between concentrations of 1 and 2 me Ca/1. Root CEC values obtained at Ca concentrations corresponding to this plateau compare closely with values reported by other methods, and are more representative of established CEC values than those reported where the Ca concentration in the external solution was 0.5 me Ca/1.
Evaluation of Dichlobenil, Abscisic Acid and Temperature on Shoot Growth During and After Storage of Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Meyer M. M. , Binnie S. W. , Gartner J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormant plants of Forsythia intermedia, Rosa hybrida, Rosa multiflora and Cornus alba siberica were treated with 2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) (0 – 500 ppm) and abscisic acid (ABA) (0 – 250 ppm) to prolong dormancy in storage and increase growth after storage. These treatments were carried out in a common nursery storage and controlled temperature rooms. A factorial treatment arrangement with temperatures 1°, 10°, 21°C and each chemical was completed. Dichlobenil inhibited growth during and after storage. ABA did not affect shoot growth during or after storage. The lower temperatures inhibited growth during storage and resulted in better shoot growth after storage. There was no significant interaction of temperatures and the dormancy prolonging material on growth after storage.
Redblush Grapefruit Quality as Affected by Controlled Artificial Climates1
Authors: Young Roger , Meredith Filmore , Purcell Albert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Redblush’ grapefruit borne on young fruiting trees and grafted on sour orange seedlings were exposed to natural and artificial climates. Fruit exposed to artificially controlled and naturally occurring minimum night temperatures above 70°F, combined with high day temperatures, had high Brix contents, low acid, and thin but green peels. Fruit exposed to minimum night temperatures below 60°, combined with moderate to cool day temperatures had both high Brix and acid and thicker but better colored peels. Cool temperatures in the late fall after hot summer and early fall conditions aided in thickening and coloring of peels of fruit which had already attained high Brix and early maturity.
A Linear Heat Unit System for Tomatoes in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J. , Isaacs R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 43°F base was investigated in connection with a linear heat unit system for tomatoes in California. This base served to predict plant development in early stages of growth and provided a means for scheduling plantings. Intervals established between plantings in the spring were maintained at harvest in 2 out of 3 years. Exceptionally warm temperatures in July and August of the third year apparently delayed maturity of early plantings and resulted in a harvest season shorter than expected.
The Selection of the Nitrogen Index in Papaya Tissue Analysis1
Authors: Awada Minoru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 5 rates to fruiting, hermaphroditic papaya trees, var. ‘Solo’, at Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii. Leaves at 3 stages of maturity—recently matured, matured, and old—were sampled at 15-week intervals for 1 year. Total N and nitrate-N were determined on the petioles while total N only was determined on the blades. Curvilinear regressions of yield on concentrations of total N or nitrate-N were determined for leaf tissues of the 3 stages at each sampling date, and multiple correlation coefficients were calculated.
Although the multiple correlation coefficients were highest for total N and nitrate-N of the matured petiole, the recently matured petiole was preferred as the N index tissue because it could be sampled more precisely, and it was previously selected as the P index tissue. As a N index, total N was selected over nitrate-N because the former appeared more useful over a wide range of growing conditions. Tentative N critical levels, relating % N to yield of papaya were determined for certain times of the year.
Tolerance of Cranberry Plants to Manganese, Iron and Aluminum1
Authors: Medappa K. C. , Dana M. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cranberry cuttings grown in external solutions with several concentrations of Mn (0 to 1000 ppm), Fe (0 to 100 ppm) supplied as FeEDTA, and Al (0 to 150 ppm), showed tolerance to accumulations of high concentrations (8000 ppm from 1000 ppm in external solution) of Mn in the tissue and the ability to selectively exclude high level accumulation of Fe and Al from shoots. Root initiation by softwood cuttings was inhibited at high levels of Mn (275 ppm and above), Al (2.5 ppm and above) and Fe (2.5 ppm FeEDTA and above) in external solution.
Air and Soil Temperature Effects on Growth Response of Peas to Phosphorus Fertilization1
Authors: Adedipe N. O. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 4 air and soil temperature regimes on plant growth and pea yield responses to applied P were investigated in controlled environments. The plants were grown in a low-P (4 ppm) Monroe silt loam, and harvested at 4 predefined stages of plant development. At the 6th node stage applied P increased vine (leaf and stem) weight only at the 21°/13°/18°C day/night/soil temperature regime. At the 10th node and full bloom stages P increased vine weight at all temperature regimes. Increases due to P were greater at the high soil temperature of 18° than at 10°. The increase due to P at the high soil temperature was greater at the cool air temperature of 21°/13° than at 30°/21°. At estimated marketable maturity of peas, P increased the dry weights of the root, vine, pod and pea seed at all temperature regimes, but the magnitude of such increases depended on the tissue and the temperature regime. Efficiency of P in promoting pea yield was greater at the high soil temperature, particularly at cool air temperature. The nearest optimum temperatures were a day/night air temperature of 21°/13° and a soil temperature of 18°. The nearest optimum P rate was 50 kg/ha.
Tomato Anthracnose: A Hypodermic Inoculation Technique for Determining Genetic Reaction1,2
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon , Angell F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A technique developed for inoculating tomato fruits with anthracnose pathogen consists of placing a spore suspension droplet onto a fruit with a hypodermic syringe and then pricking the epidermis under the droplet with the hypodermic needle. Disease symptoms occurred at room temperature and humidity, thus eliminating the need for controlled temperature and humidity. Detectable lesions developed at 95% and 96% of inoculated sites on ‘Heinz 1350’ and ‘Roma’ fruits, respectively.
A Comparison of Nitrogen Sources and Rates on Old, High-Yielding Valencia Orange Trees in Florida1
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sodium, calcium, and ammonium nitrates were compared as N sources on old ‘Valencia’ orange trees in Florida. Annual rates of 100, 200, 250, 300, and 400 lb. N per acre were supplied in a complete random block experiment. Sodium nitrate was not satisfactory because of thinness of foliage and reduced yields. With the other 2 sources, yields increased throughout the range of rates, although the largest increment of increase was between the 100 and 200-lb. rates. Moderate deficiency existed at the 100-lb. rate with all sources, but the trees were never yellow. The most prominent symptom of inadequate N was thinness of foliage from premature leaf abscission. Three-month-old leaves were a better index of N status and tree response than 5-, 8-, or 11-month-old leaves.