bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fashion and fashion design as a special field of knowledge
Authors: Bannopova Zulxumor Xatamovna , Irgasheva Zulfizar Xatamovna 
Published: May 2022

This article describes the strategies of teaching basic terms related to the concept of clothing and fashion design. It considers the ways of formation and the development of the terminology in the socio-linguistic aspect, taking into account the history of clothing and fashion, the milestones of English history and language. Additionally, it identifies a thematic group of terms, describes and justifies the periodization of terminology. clothing and fashion design as a special area of ​​human activity, clothing includes various types of integuments of the human body, the relationship between a person and a thing, fashion is one of the main extralinguistic factors, a professional “design industry” arises, opinion, L.V. Kokoreva in her research most clearly traces this connection, The term "design" is translated as construction, The periodization of the English terminology, The analysis of the terms clothing, The art of cutting and sewing reaches a high level, which is reflected in the terminology of that period.
Rethinking a Miracle: The Role of Whiteness in the 1980 Miracle on Ice
Authors: Mountain Alexandra 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the US men's ice hockey team defeated Soviet Russia in the semifinals. This touchstone moment in US Cold War history has been studied as a political victory for an American public exhausted by a series of public political defeats; a lynchpin in the development of a militarized masculinity; and a glorified memory of US power. However, this scholarship makes just passing reference to the whiteness imbued in the rhetoric surrounding the 1980 US-Soviet Olympic hockey match, and as such, does little to explain the racial dynamics present in the performance of remembering the Miracle. This article argues that the way media sources, political figures, and athletes commemorated the Miracle reinforced an understanding of white, working-class families as the normal, better standard for Americans in the larger political and cultural context of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Thus, the Miracle on Ice cannot simply be viewed as an innocuous moment enshrined in Cold War and sports history. Rather, the nostalgia attached to the Miracle reveals a sustained investment in the normalization of whiteness as ideal within the United States. The Miracle, far from simply being an underdog story, is a tale told and retold to demonstrate why the normative American family is white and working class.
Interaction of the summer monsoon current with water surface Over the Arabian Sea
Authors: DESAI BN 
Published: May 2022

A critical examination has been made of the papers Colon (1964) and Bunker (19651 on the subject. Bunker’s data are for days when there were weal monsoon conditions as Judged from subsequent rainfall on the west coast of the Peninsula; Colon's data are for active or strong monsoon conditions on the west coast. Convergence in lower levels in the eastern Arabian Sea within about 500 km of the coast due to falling jet velocities or decrease in speeds cannot alone explain the large amounts of rainfall over the area and the coast. Presence of (1) characteristic airmass stratification over the Arabian sea and (2) the Western Ghats, is largely responsible for considerable precipitation over and off the coast and in making the moist current about 6.0 km deep over the Peninsula. The inversion is due to airmasses and not due to subsidence.

A model for vertical distribution of airmasses over the Arabian Sea when there is characteristic airmass stratification during active or strong monsoon conditions on the West coast is suggested and data for variations of low level jet given by Bunker are discussed with reference to the same.
The General Court’s Judgment in Engie: The Non-application of a National GAAR Confers State Aid
Authors: Broe Luc De , Massant Mélanie 
Published: May 2022

In this article, the authors discuss the unprecedented alternative line of reasoning of the European Commission and the General Court in the Engie-case, according to which the non-application of the Luxembourg General Anti-Abuse Rule (‘GAAR’) is considered state-aid. Engie had set up a complex intra-group financing structure between Engie-companies located in Luxembourg, which was endorsed by tax rulings issued by the Luxembourg tax authorities. The European Commission found the structure abusive on the basis of the GAAR and decided that the Luxembourg tax authorities had granted state aid to Engie by not applying the GAAR and endorsing the abusive structure in the tax rulings. The General Court agreed. The article starts with an overview of the facts (section 2) and then discusses the decision of the European Commission (section 3) and the judgement of the General Court (section 4), focusing on the alternative line of reasoning, i.e., the non-application of the GAAR. In the last section some observations are made on the General Court’s judgement.
Engie-case – State aid – non-application GAAR – tax avoidance – tax rulings – selective advantage – General Court – Commission Decision – ZORA – national mismatch
The Danish Income-Cap Regulation in the Power Supply Sector
Authors: Gram Mortensen Bent Ole 
Published: May 2022

The break-even principle (a cost-based regulation approach) has been a fundamental principle for the price regulation of the Danish utilities for several decades. Following the liberalization of parts of the energy sector, this regulation has been supplemented with new instruments to regulate monopoly areas.
This form of regulation was introduced in connection with a new electricity supply regulation from 1999. The detailed design of the income-cap regulation has been left to the Minister responsible for the energy sector and the supervisory authority (currently the Danish Utility Regulator (DUR)).
Income-cap regulation of power grids has given rise to several challenges. Thus, the specific design of the revenue framework has been changed several times. At the same time, however, some experience has been gained with the administrative handling of this form of regulation. Several cases have, in the absence of administrative courts in Denmark, been dealt with by the Danish Energy Board of Appeals (EBA).
Since the introduction of revenue frameworks, the power (electricity) sector has changed. Furthermore, the sector must now adapt to the green transition, which will require capacity expansion at both transmission and distribution levels, or other measures to be taken to prevent bottlenecks in the system. In this article the income-cap experience will be discussed.
Income-cap, grid companies, green transition, electricity, power supply, utilities
Oferta de arbitragem e consentimento diferido
Authors: Gil Felippe Juliana 
Published: May 2022

This article aims to explore the expression of the parties’ consent to arbitration at separate moments, one from the offer, which contains the arbitration clause, and the other through the acceptance. The study analyzes consent beyond the explicit form, addressing its tacit form and the conclusive behavior. The offer to arbitrate is then compared to the provision of arbitration in an adhesion contract according to Brazilian law. The existence of such an offer on investment arbitration, competition law and the capital market are also examined. This work seeks to endorse the choice of arbitration through a meeting of wills revealed on different occasions and the observation of the parties’ behavior when interpreting consent.
Offer to arbitrate; consent; arbitration agreement; adhesion; acceptance.
Arbitrabilidade dos litígios com empresas estatais à luz da jurisprudência do TCU e do STJ
Authors: De Assis Luiz Eduardo Altenburg 
Published: May 2022

The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis concerning some criteria adopted by Brazilian courts in matters of arbitrability of disputes involving state-owned companies. To this end, I initially examine the characteristics of the legal regime of state-owned companies. Then, the evolution of the jurisprudence of the Federal Court of Accounts and the Superior Court of Justice is examined, with the aim of identifying the main controversial issues regarding the use of arbitration by public agencies. In the last part, the article focuses on three criteria adopted by Brazilian case law to deny the arbitrability of disputes with state-owned companies: a) the distinction between state-owned companies providing public services and those exploiting economic activities; b) the discrimination between main and support activities of the state-owned companies; and c) the extension of the statutory arbitration clause to the controlling shareholder of the state-owned company. In the end, it is concluded that arbitration is an adequate and necessary instrument for the persecution of public interests that legitimizes the State’s entrepreneurship, although its consolidation still demands the overcoming of traditional dogmas of the Brazilian administrative law that are incompatible with the business ends of the state-owned companies.
Arbitration; Public Administration; state-owned companies; arbitrability.
Arbitrabilidade objetiva e administração pública: quais matérias podem ser arbitradas?
Authors: Sarra De Deus Adriana Regina 
Published: May 2022

Arbitrations involving Brazilian State Entities still give rise to a fertile field to academic research, so that the present essay intends to examine issues that arise when concretely applying objective arbitrability criteria to assess whether a determined act practiced by a State Entity can or cannot be judged in arbitration. In order to achieve that purpose, the adoption of the dichotomy between acta jure gestionis and acta jure imperii as the criterion to assess objective arbitrability is justified. Based on that, the State prerogatives set forth in art. 104 of Act no. 14.133/2021 are individually examined, as well as their respective provisions in Act no. 13.303/2016, concluding whether each one of them fulfills or not the requirements of objective arbitrability. The analysis encompasses not only legal scholars’ books and essays, but also relevant Brazilian case law on the issue. Finally, the conclusions recall the current status of the Brazilian law on objective arbitrability regarding conflicts involving State Entities and addresses some comments de lege ferenda.
State Entities; arbitration; objective arbitrability; state prerrogatives; acta jure gestionis; acta jure imperii.
Do we need an exclusionary rule in international arbitration?
Authors: Carneiro Lima Matheus 
Published: May 2022

A common aspect of modern adjudicatory dispute resolution procedures is that a final decision is issued after the production and analysis of evidence. As a consequence, various domestic legal systems developed their own rules regarding the collection and admissibility of evidence, accounting for policy considerations that are in great part common, but in other parts can diverge greatly between systems, including concerning exclusionary rules. Attorneys and arbitrators at times feel tempted to apply these same domestic exclusionary rules in international arbitrations when faced with evidence obtained by illegal or otherwise questionable means. However, the application of exclusionary rules created in domestic systems not only may not be compatible with international arbitrations, but it might also go against the very policy considerations that led to the creation of these exclusionary rules.
Adjudication; evidence; exclusionary rule; international arbitration; comparative law; Brazilian law; American Law.
Interpreting GATS Schedules: Saudi Arabia and Crude Oil Energy Services
Authors: Zedalis Rex J. 
Published: May 2022

The world has become increasingly sensitive to the need to shift away from the utilization of crude oil and other fossil fuels. Nonetheless, the former continues to be a major contributor to the energy industry. Many crude oil-rich nations rely on foreign suppliers to provide them with production know-how and technology services within the ambit of the 1994 General Agreement on Trade in Services. While the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) contains several obligations of importance, the focus here is on the agreement’s market access and national treatment obligations. More narrowly, the Schedule of service sector commitments agreed to by Saudi Arabia, the world’s single largest crude oil exporter, is examined in the context of three important sectors essential to the crude oil industry. The examination is conducted through the lens of the basic interpretive principles articulated in and gleaned from the small handful of World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicative decisions addressing the matter of GATS Schedule interpretation. This approach illustrates how those principles operate in the context of real language deployed in the actual Schedule of an important energy supplier.
market access, national treatment, MA, NT, ‘bound’, ‘unbound’, ‘none’, horizontal, engineering, mining, construction, pipelines, Vienna Convention, CPC, Sectoral Classification, Article XVI, Article XX, Saudi Arabia
TV Quotas Under the AVMS Directive After Brexit
Authors: Dillon Thomas 
Published: May 2022

The European Union (EU)’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010/13/EU (AVMS Directive) requires broadcasters to seek to ensure that a majority of transmission time is dedicated to ‘European works’. The definition of eligible works for this cultural quota includes states party to the European Convention on Transfrontier Television (ECTT), of which twenty EU Member States and the UK are among the members. EU broadcasters can hence satisfy the quota with UK works. It appears, however, that post-Brexit the European Commission contemplates an attempt to exclude UK works from the definition, so as to enlarge the share of the market available to EU Member State producers. This article examines that ambition against the obligations of the EU and its Member States under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the ECTT, concluding that several obstacles stand in the way of achieving that policy goal.
AVMS, ‘Television without Frontiers’, European works, broadcasting quota, Brexit, GATS
EU Merger Control Between Law and Discretion: When Is an Impediment to Effective Competition Significant?
Authors: Colomo Pablo Ibáñez 
Published: May 2022

This paper considers the interpretation of the substantive test laid down in Article 2 of Regulation 139/2004. It focuses on horizontal mergers in the so-called ‘gap’ cases, which would not result in the creation or the strengthening of a (single or collective) dominant position. In its practice and soft law instruments, the Commission has construed Article 2 in such a way that virtually any transaction involving actual or potential competitors could lead to a finding of a significant impediment to effective competition. Under this approach, the substantive test would be fulfilled, in principle, in every horizontal merger. In CK Telecoms, the General Court crafted an alternative framework that is capable of meaningfully constraining administrative action and ensures that judicial review in EU merger control remains effective.
EU merger control, horizontal mergers, judicial review, issues of law, discretion, separation of powers, CK Telecoms, SIEC test, telecommunications, Airtours
EU Competition Law: An Unaffordable Luxury in Times of Crisis?
Authors: Massey Patrick , Mcdowell Moore 
Published: May 2022

The paper rejects arguments advanced in some quarters for a relaxation of EU competition policy to promote economic recovery. Economic theory and historical experience indicate that competition is likely to assist rather than impede recovery. While the Covid-19 induced recession necessitated increased State Aid, there is a serious risk that such aid will seriously distort competition within the internal market, given differences in the financial capacity of Member States to support businesses. The paper argues that policies designed to promote national champions and greater self-sufficiency are not justified and that action to secure reciprocal market access for EU exports is preferable to protectionist measures. An important lesson from the financial crisis is that actions based on immediate needs are a poor substitute for policy intervention based on sound economic analysis.
1: Recession response, 2: NIRA, Glass-Steagal, 3: Competition Policy, 4: Firm Failure, 5: Industrial Policy, 6: State Aid, 7 National Champions, 8: Trade Policy, 9: Research and Innovation, 10: EU Temporary Framework
International Co-operation on Competition Law Enforcement: A Breakthrough?
Authors: Dhanjee Rajan 
Published: May 2022

Section F of the UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices (‘UN Set’) deals with international measures, including consultations and co-operation among competition authorities for enforcement against anti-competitive practices, particularly for developing countries’ benefit. The 2020 Eighth Review Conference on the UN Set adopted Guiding Policies and Procedures under section F (‘GPP’). While it contains few norms, this non-binding instrument provides principles and a pedagogical guide for enforcement co-operation, encourages positive responses to co-operation requests, and strengthens the consultations mechanism and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) secretariat’s supporting role. The GPP’s siting within the UNCTAD and UN Set contexts provides legitimacy, inclusivity, mandates, resources, a secretariat – and thus the best available multilateral framework for developing and transition countries to mobilize publicity, dialogue, and persuasion to strengthen enforcement co-operation in this area for their benefit. The GPP therefore constitutes a breakthrough, while how far or when its potential will be fulfilled will depend upon the building-up of shared perceptions of common interest, mutual trust and mutual benefit among competition authorities- something which UNCTAD could promote through action at the national and international levels. Initial signs provide hope that good progress can be achieved.
UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles, Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, enforcement against anti-competitive practices, UN 2020 Eighth Review Conference, Guiding Policies and Procedures, UNCTAD, multilateral framework, vertical restraints, enforcement cooperation, developing countries
Procedural Rights and Obligations of Third Parties in Antitrust Investigations and Proceedings by the European Commission
Authors: Wils Wouter 
Published: May 2022

This Article provides a systematic overview of the procedural rights and obligations of third parties in investigations and proceedings conducted by the European Commission for the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Third parties are all natural or legal persons, undertakings and associations of undertakings other than those under investigation. This article examines the possibilities for third parties to inform the European Commission about a suspected infringement and to trigger an investigation by the European Commission; the obligations and rights of third parties when responding to requests for information sent to them by the European Commission, when participating in interviews, and when submitting to inspections conducted by the European Commission; the possibilities for third parties to obtain information about pending proceedings and to express their views in them; the rules on the use of languages; and the protection of business secrets and other confidential information, and the restrictions on the use of information obtained by third parties through their participation in the European Commission’s proceedings.
Procedural rights and obligations, Third parties, Antitrust proceedings and investigations, European Commission, Enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, Informants, Requests for information, Inspections, Use of languages, Protection of confidential information
Subtalar realignment arthrodesis in the mid-stage neurogenic cavovarus foot
Authors: Hatch Daniel , Cordoba Aniela , Hurley Meghan , Smith Abigail 
Published: May 2022

Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that is often the underlying condition involved in the development of a symptomatic cavovarus foot. End-stage foot deformities frequently result in triple arthrodesis procedures performed later in the disease process. The main surgical goal is to achieve a stable, plantigrade foot. Ideally, treatment would avoid triple arthrodesis as this procedure increases adjacent joint demands and expedites development of resultant arthrosis. Some authors have stated that earlier intervention by tendon balancing techniques may alleviate the need for joint fusions in the future. Therefore, the timing of surgical intervention is paramount in the medical decision making process. Our case series reviews mid-stage cavovarus progression in patients with pedal instability and gait disturbances. Realignment subtalar arthrodesis is utilized to improve Kite’s angle, reduce heel varus and re-establish subtalar joint (STJ) stability. Tendon balancing procedures should be performed in conjunction with STJ arthrodesis in order to achieve long standing correction and hopefully prevent the future need for conversion to triple arthrodesis.
Spelling of complex adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs
Authors: Zhanabekova A. 
Published: May 2022

One of the important problems in Kazakh spelling is the spelling of complex words (adjectives, pronouns, adverbs).The article analyzes complex adjectives formed from the word «әр», as well as the spelling of pronouns and adverbs formed from two words. On the basis of the structural-semantic analysis, a number of recommendations are put forward for the unification of their spelling.
The similarity of proverbs about animals of the Turkic language of the Karakhanid era and in the modern Kazakh language
Authors: Zhumabekuly K. 
Published: May 2022

The article reveals that there are 23 proverbs and sayings with the names of animals that are similar in structure, similar in meaning, and 9 proverbs in which there are names of animals that semantically resemble each other with a shift of some words in the composition. At the same time, 33 names of animals have been identified, which, despite the fact that their phonetic form in the modern Kazakh language has undergone minor changes, are now completely preserved; 11 names of animals that are identical in meaning, whose phonetic form in the Kazakh language has completely changed; 2 names of animals that have not survived from the Middle Turkic period to the present day. which have fallen out of use.
PELATIHAN PENYUSUNAN MATERI AJAR BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA BAGI GURU SEKOLAH DASAR DI DESA WOSIA, KOTA TOBELO
Authors: Dilago Zakarias , Sohe Yefibert , Patty Zeth 
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan pelatihan ini ini bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah utama yakni kurangnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan guru dalam menggunakan aplikasi untuk menyusun bahan ajar berbasis multimedia. Output secara kuantitatif adalah 14 guru dari 2 SD di Desa Wosia memiliki kemampuan dan ketrampilan untuk menyusun materi pembelajaran dalam bentuk multimedia, sedangkan luaran secara kualitatif adalah semakin meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan guru untuk menyusun materi pembelajaran dan mulai menggunakan multimedia dalam proses belajar mengajar. Solusi yang ditawarkan kepada mitra adalah serangkaian tindakan meliputi : 1) Pelatihan penggunaan internet, termasuk cara browsing, download file animasi, gambar maupun video, 2).Pelatihan menggunakan aplikasi untuk mengkonversi file 3) Pelatihan menggunakan aplikasi powerpoint untuk menyusun materi ajar multimedia.