bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field measurements of sharp-lined Ap stars
Authors: Järvinen S P , Hubrig S , Jayaraman R , Ilyin I , Schöller M 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Previous observations suggested that Ap and Bp stars exhibit a bimodal distribution of surface magnetic field strengths and that actually only few or no stars exist with magnetic dipole field strengths below 300 G down to a few Gauss. As the number of Ap and Bp stars currently known to possess weak magnetic fields is not large, it is necessary to carry out additional spectropolarimetric studies of Ap and Bp stars to prove whether the assumption of the existence of a critical value for the stability of magnetic fields is realistic. In this study, we present high-resolution HARPSpol magnetic field measurements for a sample of Ap stars with sharp spectral lines with a view to characterize the strengths of their magnetic fields. Out of the studied seven sharp-lined stars, two stars, HD 174779 and HD 203932, exhibit a rather weak longitudinal magnetic field with &lt;Bz &gt; = − 45 ± 3 G and &lt;Bz &gt; =21 ± 4 G, respectively. Additionally, TESS observations were used to test previous conclusions on the differentiation of rotation periods of Ap and Bp stars. Apart from HD 189832 and HD 203932, all other studied sharp-lined stars have long rotation periods. Since an explanation for the slow rotation of Ap stars is currently missing, additional studies of slowly rotating Ap and Bp stars are necessary to improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of Ap and Bp stars.
Trumpler 16-26: a new centrifugal magnetosphere star discovered via SDSS/APOGEE H-band spectroscopy
Authors: Chojnowski S Drew , Hubrig Swetlana , Labadie-Bartz Jonathan , Rivinius Thomas , Schöller Markus , Niemczura Ewa , Nidever David L , Stutz Amelia M , Hummel C A 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a new example of the rare class of highly magnetized, rapidly rotating, helium enhanced, early B stars that produce anomalously wide hydrogen emission due to a centrifugal magnetosphere (CM). The star is Trumpler 16-26, a B1.5 V member of the Trumpler 16 open cluster. A CM was initially suspected based on hydrogen Brackett series emission observed in SDSS/APOGEE H-band spectra. Similar to the other stars of this type, the emission was highly variable and at all times remarkable due to the extreme velocity separations of the double peaks (up to 1300 km s−1.) Another clue lay in the TESS light curve, which shows two irregular eclipses per cycle when phased with the likely 0.971 8115-d rotation period, similar to the behaviour of the well-known CM host star σ Ori E. To confirm a strong magnetic field and rotation-phase-locked variability, we initiated a follow-up campaign consisting of optical spectropolarimetry and spectroscopy. The associated data revealed a longitudinal magnetic field varying between −3.1 and +1.6 kG with the period found from photometry. The optical spectra confirmed rapid rotation (v sin i = 195 km s−1), surface helium enhancement, and wide, variable hydrogen emission. Tr16-26 is thus confirmed as the 20th known, the fourth most rapidly rotating, and the faintest CM host star yet discovered. With a projected dipole magnetic field strength of Bd &gt; 11 kG, Tr16-26 is also among the most magnetic CM stars.
The giants that were born swiftly – implications of the top-heavy stellar initial mass function on the birth conditions of globular clusters
Authors: Wirth Henriette , Kroupa Pavel , Haas Jaroslav , Jerabkova Tereza , Yan Zhiqiang , Šubr Ladislav 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Recent results suggest that the initial mass function (IMF) of globular clusters (GCs) is metallicity and density dependent. Here, it is studied how this variation affects the initial masses and the numbers of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) required to reproduce the observed iron spreads in GCs. The IMFs of all of the investigated GCs were top-heavy implying larger initial masses compared to previous results computed assuming an invariant canonical IMF. This leads to more CCSNe being required to explain the observed iron abundance spreads. The results imply that the more massive GCs formed at smaller Galactocentric radii, possibly suggesting in situ formation of the population II halo. The time until star formation ended within a proto-GC is computed to be 3.5–4 Myr, being slightly shorter than the 4 Myr obtained using the canonical IMF. Therefore, the impact of the IMF on the time for which IMF lasts is small.
Long-term lithium abundance signatures following planetary engulfment
Authors: Sevilla Jason , Behmard Aida , Fuller Jim 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Planetary engulfment events can occur while host stars are on the main sequence. The addition of rocky planetary material during engulfment will lead to refractory abundance enhancements in the host star photosphere, but the level of enrichment and its duration will depend on mixing processes that occur within the stellar interior, such as convection, diffusion, and thermohaline mixing. We examine engulfment signatures by modelling the evolution of photospheric lithium abundances. Because lithium can be burned before or after the engulfment event, it produces unique signatures that vary with time and host star type. Using mesa stellar models, we quantify the strength and duration of these signatures following the engulfment of a 1, 10, or 100 M⊕ planetary companion with bulk Earth composition, for solar-metallicity host stars with masses ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 M⊙. We find that lithium is quickly depleted via burning in low-mass host stars ($\lesssim 0.7 \, {\rm M}_\odot$) on a time-scale of a few hundred Myrs, but significant lithium enrichment signatures can last for Gyrs in G-type stars ($\sim \! 0.9 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$). For more massive stars (1.3−1.4 M⊙), engulfment can enhance internal mixing and diffusion processes, potentially decreasing the surface lithium abundance. Our predicted signatures from exoplanet engulfment are consistent with observed lithium-rich solar-type stars and abundance enhancements in chemically inhomogeneous binary stars.
Associations of Demographics, Dependence, and Biomarkers With Transitions in Tobacco Product Use in a Cohort of Cigarette Users and Dual Users of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes
Authors: Shafie-Khorassani Fatema , Piper Megan E , Jorenby Douglas E , Baker Timothy B , Benowitz Neal L , Hayes-Birchler Todd , Meza Rafael , Brouwer Andrew F 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Introduction
It is uncertain whether e-cigarettes facilitate smoking cessation in the real world. We aimed to understand whether and how transitions among cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use are associated with sociodemographics, dependence measures, and biomarkers.

Aims and Methods
We followed 380 adult daily cigarette users and dual users every 2 months for up to 2 years. We estimated transition rates between noncurrent, cigarette-only, e-cigarette-only, and dual use states using a multistate transition model. We estimated univariable hazard ratios (HR) for demographics, dependence measures for cigarettes and e-cigarettes, biomarkers, spousal or partner behaviors, and other measures.

Results
We estimated that participants transitioned from cigarette-only to e-cigarette-only through a period of dual use. Dual users ceased smoking (transitioning to e-cigarette-only use) at a greater rate than cigarette-only users did (HR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.49, 4.02). However, of the 60% of dual users estimated to transition to single product use in 1 year, 83% would transition to cigarette-only use and only 17% to e-cigarette-only use. E-cigarette dependence measures were generally associated with reduced e-cigarette cessation rather than enhanced cigarette cessation. E-cigarette users motivated by harm or toxicity reduction or because of restrictions on where or when they could smoke had reduced rates of smoking relapse. Cigarette dependence and spousal smoking were barriers to cigarette cessation for dual users, while using e-cigarettes first in the morning, motivation to quit smoking, and sensory, social, and emotional enjoyment of e-cigarettes (secondary dependence motives) were facilitators of smoking cessation among dual users.

Conclusions
Tobacco control policy and interventions may be informed by the barriers and facilitators of product transitions.

Implications
Although e-cigarettes have the potential to promote smoking cessation, their real-world impact is uncertain. In this cohort, dual users were more likely to quit smoking than cigarette-only users, but the overall impact was small because most dual users returned to cigarette-only use. Moreover, e-cigarette dependence promoted continued dual use rather than smoking cessation. Yet, high motivation to quit smoking and the sensory, social, and emotional enjoyment of e-cigarettes facilitated smoking cessation in dual users. Better understanding the barriers and facilitators of transitions can help to develop regulations and interventions that lead to more effective use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Cytokinins regulate rice lamina joint development and leaf angle
Authors: Huang Peng , Zhao Jiangzhe , Hong Jiale , Zhu Bao , Xia Shuai , Zhu Engao , Han Pingfei , Zhang Kewei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf angle is determined by lamina joint inclination and is an important agronomic trait that determines plant architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and crop yield. Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones involved in shaping rice (Oryza sativa L.) architecture, but their role in leaf angle remains unknown. Here, we report that CK accumulation mediated by rice CK OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 (OsCKX3) controls lamina joint development and negatively regulates leaf angle. Phenotypic analysis showed that rice osckx3 mutants had smaller leaf angles, while the overexpression lines (OsCKX3-OE) had larger leaf angles. Histological sections indicated that the leaf inclination changes in the osckx3 and OsCKX3-OE lines resulted from asymmetric proliferation of the cells and vascular bundles in the lamina joint. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR, promoter-fused β-glucuronidase expression, and subcellular localization assays indicated that OsCKX3 was highly expressed in the lamina joint, and OsCKX3-GFP fusion protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme assays using recombinant protein OsCKX3 revealed that OsCKX3 prefers trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP). Consistently, tZ and iP levels increased in the osckx3 mutants but decreased in the OsCKX3 overexpression lines. Interestingly, agronomic trait analysis of the rice grown in the paddy field indicated that osckx3 displayed a smaller leaf angle and enhanced primary branch number, grain size, 1,000-grain weight, and flag leaf size. Collectively, our results revealed that enhancing CK levels in the lamina joint by disrupting OsCKX3 negatively regulates leaf angle, highlighting that the CK pathway can be engineered to reduce leaf angle in rice and possibly in other cereals.
The Fibromyalgia Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Physical Therapy Study Protocol: A Multisite Embedded Pragmatic Trial
Authors: Post Andrew A , Dailey Dana L , Bayman Emine O , Chimenti Ruth L , Costigan Michele , Franck Carla , Huff Trevis , Johnson Elizabeth , Koepp Maxine , Lafontant David-Erick , McCabe Megan E , Neill-Hudson Tina , Vance Carol G T , Van Gorp Barb , Zimmerman Bridget M , Ecklund Dixie , Crofford Leslie J , Sluka Kathleen A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a nonpharmacological intervention that provides an electrical current through the skin to produce analgesia. The primary purpose of this study is to examine if the addition of TENS to routine physical therapy improves movement-evoked pain in individuals with fibromyalgia in a physical therapy clinical setting.

Methods
Fibromyalgia TENS in Physical Therapy Study is a phase III embedded pragmatic clinical trial funded through the National Institutes of Health Helping to End Addiction Long-Term Initiative. This trial will utilize a randomized cluster design that includes more than 110 physical therapists in 24 to 30 physical therapy clinics within 6 health care systems and 7 states. Clinics will be randomized to TENS or No-TENS, stratified by health care system and clinic size. The plan is to enroll 600 participants, with all participants completing physical therapy as prescribed by their physical therapist. Participants at TENS clinics will utilize TENS for a minimum of 2-hour per day while at the physical therapy clinic and at home when active. The primary outcome is reduction in movement-evoked pain from baseline to day 60 on an 11-point numeric rating scale when participants sit and stand 5 times (Sit and Stand Test). Secondary outcomes include resting pain and fatigue, pain interference, fibromyalgia disease activity, movement-evoked fatigue, multidimensional assessment of fatigue, rapid assessment of physical activity, patient global impression of change, and common data elements shared across studies supported through the Helping to End Addiction Long-Term Initiative.

Impact
The findings from this study will provide effectiveness data on TENS for individuals with fibromyalgia for health care policymakers, clinicians, and insurers. Data from this study will also inform future pragmatic trials for nonpharmacological interventions and chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions.
Top Wealth in America: New Estimates Under Heterogeneous Returns
Authors: Smith Matthew , Zidar Owen , Zwick Eric 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article uses administrative tax data to estimate top wealth in the United States. We assemble new data that link people to their sources of capital income and develop new methods to estimate the degree of return heterogeneity within asset classes. Disaggregated fixed-income data reveal that rich individuals earn much more of their interest income in higher-yielding forms and have much greater exposure to credit risk. Consequently, in recent years, the interest rate on fixed income at the top is approximately 3.5 times higher than the average. We value the population of U.S. firms using firm-level characteristics and apportion this wealth using firm-owner links. We combine this new data on fixed income and pass-through business returns with refined estimates of C-corporation equity, housing, and pension wealth to deliver new capitalized wealth estimates that build upon the methods of Saez and Zucman (2016a). From 1989 to 2016, the top 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% wealth shares increased by 6.6, 4.6, and 2.9 percentage points, respectively, to 33.7%, 15.7%, and 7.1%. Overall, although we estimate a large degree of return heterogeneity, accounting for this heterogeneity does not change the fundamental story for top wealth shares and their growth—wealth inequality is high and has risen substantially over recent decades.
Subconvexity in Inhomogeneous Vinogradov Systems
Authors: Wooley Trevor D 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When k and s are natural numbers and ${\mathbf h}\in {\mathbb Z}^k$, denote by $J_{s,k}(X;\,{\mathbf h})$ the number of integral solutions of the system $$ \sum_{i=1}^s(x_i^j-y_i^j)=h_j\quad (1\leqslant j\leqslant k), $$ with $1\leqslant x_i,y_i\leqslant X$. When $s\lt k(k+1)/2$ and $(h_1,\ldots ,h_{k-1})\ne {\mathbf 0}$, Brandes and Hughes have shown that $J_{s,k}(X;\,{\mathbf h})=o(X^s)$. In this paper we improve on quantitative aspects of this result, and, subject to an extension of the main conjecture in Vinogradov’s mean value theorem, we obtain an asymptotic formula for $J_{s,k}(X;\,{\mathbf h})$ in the critical case $s=k(k+1)/2$. The latter requires minor arc estimates going beyond square-root cancellation.
Culture and the Historical Fertility Transition
Authors: Beach Brian , Hanlon W Walker 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The historical transition to a low fertility regime was central for long-run growth, but what caused it? Existing economic explanations largely focus on the economic incentives to limit fertility. This article presents new evidence highlighting the importance of cultural forces as a complementary driver of the fertility transition. We leverage a sharp change in fertility in Britain in 1877 and document large synchronized declines in fertility among culturally British households residing outside of Britain, in Canada, the US, and South Africa, relative to their non-British neighbours. We propose a plausible catalyst for the change: the famous Bradlaugh–Besant trial of 1877.
Isolation of an “Early” Transit Amplifying Keratinocyte Population in Human Epidermis: A Role for the Low Affinity Neurotrophin Receptor CD271
Authors: Lotti Roberta , Palazzo Elisabetta , Quadri Marika , Dumas Marc , Schnebert Sylvianne , Biondini Diego , Bianchini Maria Anastasia , Nizard Carine , Pincelli Carlo , Marconi Alessandra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), stem cells (KSC) generate transit amplifying (TA) cells that, after symmetric divisions, produce differentiating daughters. Here, we isolated and characterized the highly proliferative interfollicular epidermal basal cell population “early” TA (ETA) cells, based on their capacity to adhere to type IV collagen. Proliferation and colony-forming efficiency in ETA cells are lower than in KSC but higher than in “late” TA (LTA). Stemness, proliferation, and differentiation markers confirmed that ETA cells display a unique phenotype. Skin reconstructs derived from ETA cells present different features (epidermal thickness, Ki67, and Survivin expression), as compared to skin equivalents generated from either KSC or LTA cells. The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor CD271, which regulates the KSC to TA cell transition in the human epidermis through an on/off switch control mechanism, is predominantly expressed in ETA cells. Skin equivalents generated from siRNA CD271 ETA cells display a more proliferative and less differentiated phenotype, as compared to mock-derived reconstructs. Consistently, CD271 overexpression in LTA cells generates a more proliferative skin equivalent than mock LTA cells. Finally, the CD271 level declines with cellular senescence, while it induces a delay in p16INK4 expression. We conclude that ETA cells represent the first KSC progenitor with exclusive features. CD271 identifies and modulates ETA cells, thus participating in the early differentiation and regenerative capacity of the human epidermis.
5Economic Criticism
Authors: Valvo Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This review essay considers recent humanistic scholarship, chiefly historical, that raises important questions about the place of the economic in a broader vision of social life. The essay is divided into three sections: 1. Liberal Protectionism covers an important book from Nicholas Mulder on the history of economic sanctions; 2. The Long History of Social Life discusses the recent contribution to social theory by David Graeber and David Wengrow; and 3. Inflation Retheorized calls for an economic critical response to recent developments in macroeconomic theories of inflation.
The Association Between Sleep Disturbance and Health Outcomes in Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders
Authors: Smith Ashley , Andruski Ben , Deng George , Burnham Robert 
Published: August 2022

Objectives:
To investigate the association between sleep disturbance and clinical features of chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). We also aimed to use a bootstrapped mediation analysis approach to systematically examine both direct and indirect pathways by which sleep disturbance may affect chronic pain and functional status.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred sixty-five people (63% female) with chronic WAD and not taking medications for sleep disturbance completed questionnaires evaluating sleep disturbance, pain intensity, pain interference, disability, physical and mental health quality of life, stress, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, and posttraumatic stress severity.

Results:
Greater sleep disturbance was associated with increased duration of symptoms, higher levels of pain and disability, higher levels of emotional distress and pain catastrophizing, and functional impairment (reduced health-related quality of life). Mediation analyses demonstrated that sleep disturbance influenced chronic pain intensity and interference through both direct and indirect associations inclusive of stress, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Similarly, sleep disturbance was associated with higher levels of disability and poor health-related quality of life, both directly and also through its negative association with pain intensity and interference.

Discussion:
Sleep disturbance in chronic WAD was associated with worse health outcomes and demonstrated both direct and indirect effects on both chronic pain and function.
Biological Reconstruction of the Coracoclavicular Ligament with Semitendinosus Autograft and Repair of Distal Clavicle Fractures
Authors: Yadav Amit Kumar , Panchal Sameer , Gawhale Sangeet , KS Akshay , Tiwari Anjali , Modi Nihar 
Published: August 2022

Most of the options available to treat distal clavicle fractures involve hardware-related complications and high failure rates. This study aims to determine the outcome of distal clavicle fractures treated by a technique that combines biological reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament with semitendinosus autograft with reinforced fibrous tissue tapes. In this retrospective study, 8 patients with displaced distal third clavicle fracture cho’s IIB or II C were operated on with the described surgical technique between 2018 and 2021. The results were assessed by comparing the preoperative Constant Murley score and the postoperative DASH score. In addition to these variables, several other variables were also assessed, such as the coracoclavicular distance, the time until union, and all intraoperative and postoperative complications. The study included eight patients with an average age of 36.5 years, and the average time from surgery to recovery was five days. According to Cho’s classification, all eight patients achieved radiographic union within 89 days. Of the eight cases, six were classified as II C and two as II B. The follow-up period was an average of 13 months. During the postoperative period, the Constant Murley score score increased from 22.2 preoperatively to 92.2 postoperatively. The mean DASH score was 89.6, and the mean postoperative DASH score was 7.75. In terms of the coracoclavicular distance, the mean preoperative was 20.2 mm, and the mean postoperative was 10.3 mm. One patient experienced a minor wound complication after surgery, treated with secondary suturing after the operation. No intraoperative complications occurred. There was no donor site morbidity observed in the patients. It has been demonstrated that the use of this technique in displaced unstable distal clavicle fractures using a fiber tape and a semitendinosus autograft results in a satisfactory union and excellent clinical outcomes with very few complications.