bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Subscribed to the National Loan?
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses the results of the Dáil’s National Loan. It gives a geographical overview of the results at national, provincial, and constituency level. Then, using previously unknown archival material containing the names and addresses of 6,351 subscribers, primarily in Monaghan, Longford, and Tipperary, it investigates the identities of the Dáil’s financial supporters. Using detailed maps, it also explores the geographical distribution of subscribers within those counties. Combining the lists of subscribers with the 1911 census of Ireland, details such as age, sex, religion, literacy and numeracy, social class, and occupation are revealed, confirming some elements of the historiography while challenging others. Cultural factors such as Irish language usage are also considered, as are ideological markers, such as membership of the IRA, living with an IRA member, or having donated to previous nationalist fundraising campaigns. Tracing the radicalization of public opinion in Ireland, the chapter examines the overlap in support for the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party’s Home Rule Fund (1913), the advanced nationalist Irish National Aid Association and Volunteers’ Dependents’ Fund (1916), and the Anti-Conscription Fund (1918).
Migration Matters
Authors: Barbora Sanjay 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Venturing beyond the statistical aggregates of migration and remittances, to more intimate matters such as life histories, this chapter draws from some new developments in the old narratives about migration to the region. It argues that the standard notions of migration of peasants and workers to Assam that were crucial to establishing the political discourse framed in settler–indigenous conflicts have changed since the first decades of the 21st century. There are many more individuals leaving the region in search of work than coming in. This raises crucial questions about the kind of transformation that has transpired in the stable, enclave economy framework that had been central to any analysis of politics and society in 20th-century Assam.
A Proposed Approach to the Patent–Competition Interface
Authors: Cheng Thomas K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a development stage-specific approach to the patent-competition interface for developing countries. The relevance of innovation and technology transfer as means of technological progress varies widely according to the technological capacity of the country at issue. The dynamic efficiency in the context of developing countries is no longer concerned with innovation incentives, but with the incentives to transfer technology. Thus, developing countries need to be mindful of how their patent-competition rules may affect such incentives. Apart from an approach that is sensitive to the stage of development, developing countries require an approach to the patent-competition interface that takes into account the characteristics of specific industries. One concern about the proposed approach to the patent-competition interface in developing countries, however, is enforcement capacity. Another possible concern is that it may be inconsistent with the TRIPS Agreement, in particular with Article 27, which stipulates that patent protection shall be available for all products and processes “in all fields of technology.
Unilateral Refusal to License Patents— A Proposed Framework
Authors: Cheng Thomas K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining various theoretical approaches to determining the legality of the unilateral refusal to deal doctrine and the essential facilities doctrine. It investigates the case law in the US and the EU on unilateral refusal to license and discusses the doctrinal issues raised by these cases. The chapter then proposes a framework for analyzing unilateral refusal to license for developing countries that takes into account their existing technological capacity and the need to preserve incentives for technology transfer. The global mainstream approach to competition law is largely informed by the experiences of industrialized economies of continental scale such as the US and the EU. What has worked for them need not work for developing countries. In fact, in light of the disparate technological capacity of developing countries and the varying enforcement capacity of their competition authorities, there are good reasons to believe that developing countries need to develop an approach to the patent-competition interface that is sensitive to their domestic circumstances.
Conclusion
Authors: Cheng Thomas K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the proposed development stage-specific approach to the patent-competition interface that takes into account an individual country–s technological capacity. By putting forward a development stage-specific approach to the patent-competition interface, this book implicitly challenges the drive for convergence that has dominated the global competition law community over the last two decades and puts forward a case for informed divergence. It argues that innovation incentives matter less for most developing countries for a variety of reasons. These include the tendency of the patent system to overcompensate innovators; the availability of other appropriation mechanisms such as lead time that allow the innovator to monetize their innovation; and the lack of potential innovators with the appropriate technological capacity in most developing countries to take advantage of the incentives generated by the patent system. Thus, innovation incentives deserve little weight in calibrating an appropriate approach for the patent-competition interface.
Empire Infrastructure
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the history of the infrastructures of modernity in India that begins during the era of the Indian Mutiny, the end of rule by the East India Company and that coincides with direct rule from Great Britain. It deals with the varied interpretation of colonial information infrastructures in India, highlights in particular the advent of railways and the telegraph, and the ways in which infrastructure as spectacle reinforced the conceits to do with imperial prowess, ingenuity, and superiority. It also highlights the fact that even in colonial times, infrastructures were contested—with the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 as a potent example of deliberate attempts made by “natives” to subvert and curb the uses of railways and the telegraph as a means to control native populations.
The East India Company, the Victorian Internet, and Information Anxieties in India
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the technologies and management of information in two eras of British rule—during the era of the East India Company when the accent was on informal forms of information surveillance especially that related to commercial information and the era of direct rule characterized by the institutionalization of modern information infrastructures such as the telegraph that enabled the British to control the flows of information on the economy such as the pricing of primary products and the control of political information. These investments in the control and management of rational information structures were, to some extent, a response to the private flows of commercial information to Company directors at the expense of the Crown. Control over information flows became an all-consuming project post the Sepoy Mutiny.
The Satellite Infrastructure
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the highs and lows of what one can be considered a “post-colonial sublime”—the ambitious and mostly successful Indian satellite program that has thrived without the benefit of an explicit space policy. India’s satellite program under the aegis of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has been at the forefront of the manufacture of indigenous satellite infrastructure. Tied to India’s Space mission, developmental, and military objectives, India’s satellite program that is largely in the public sector is now facing competition from the private sector. This chapter explores the politics of satellite in India and the competition from both within the country from private sources and from organizations like National Aeronautical Service Administration (NASA) that is keen to hold on to its competitive edge in the satellite launch business. This chapter also explores some of the challenges faced by mapping and sovereignty in the context of mapping apps that are now available on smart phones.
The Infrastructure of Oceanic Cable
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the invisible world of oceanic cables that are critical to data flows to the country and from it accounting for over 90 per cent of such flows. That is not in the public eye unless a cable is cut by accident highlights the fact that information infrastructures largely remain invisible. Unlike the satellite business, oceanic cable is largely in the hands of a handful of private entities including the Tatas and Reliance who between them own large swathes of global cable infrastructures and account for global data flows. This chapter explores the private nature of the cable business, its regulation by multiple bodies and the intriguing question of why the State is not directly involved in a business that is critical to data traffic to and from India.
The Latin West
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The post-Augustinian Latin tradition explored in this chapter was written off within Sophiology as something of a dead-end. This chapter aims to show that this judgement was premature and that the wisdom teachings of the Latin West are of enormous richness and significance with eloquent representatives in figures such as Pope Gregory the Great, Alcuin of York, John Scotus Eriugena, Hildegard of Bingen, and Bernard of Clairvaux. The Latin West also offers and intriguing counterpoint to developments in Greek patristic theology over roughly the same time period. The consistent manner in which divine simplicity was construed from Augustine to Aquinas meant that there is no place for wisdom as divine except in relation to the categories of divine substance (with which it is identical) or person (principally, for exegetical reasons, the person of the Son). Thus the space or gap that opens for Sophiology in the Greek East remains largely closed in the Latin West. It is also the case that the West remained consistently focussed on and rooted in biblical wisdom literature and sapiential theology in a way the East often did not. Thomas Aquinas is presented as a particularly rich source of wisdom reflection and as a shining representative of a tradition that Sophiology was too quick to dismiss.
The Latitude-Preserving Nature of Commendatory Reasons
Authors: Little Margaret , Macnamara Coleen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Many theorists believe that latitude is a paradigmatic aspect of the life of agency. Not everyone agrees. But for those who do, a critical question is how to account for such latitude and understand its nature. Two broad strategies for securing latitude dominate current discussion: a balancing and permitting strategy. The first half of Chapter 3 details these dominant strategies, and provides an analysis of the nature—and the limits—of the latitude that is secured through them. In the second half, the chapter turns to a small but growing camp of theorists (the authors included), that have recently argued that latitude is sometimes secured in a very different way. Sometimes, latitude exists because the reasons in play are purely commendatory. The chapter characterizes commendatory reasons and provides an analysis of the nature, and the structure—and advantages—of the latitude they provide.
Weighing Reasons Against
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ethicists increasingly reject the scale as a useful metaphor for weighing reasons. Yet they generally retain the metaphor of a reason’s weight. This combination is incoherent. The metaphor of weight entails a very specific scale-based model of weighing reasons, Dual Scale. Justin Snedegar worries that scale-based models of weighing reasons can’t properly weigh reasons against an option. Chapter 4 shows that there are, in fact, two different reasons for/against distinctions, and provides an account of the relationship between the various kinds of reason for and against. With this account in hand, we’ll see that Dual Scale has no problem weighing any kind of reason against.
What’s in an Aim?
Authors: Singh Keshav 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Metaethical constitutivists seek to ground normativity in facts about what is constitutive of agency. One strand of constitutivism locates the foundations of normativity in constitutive aims, which are standardly conceived of in teleological terms. Chapter 6 presents three challenges that show that the teleological conception of constitutive aims is inadequate for the constitutivist project. It sketches an alternative conception of constitutive aims in the form of a commitment-based conception. On the commitment-based conception, actions and attitudes constitutively represent their objects as having certain properties, and their constitutive aims are fixed by the accuracy-conditions of these representations. Because such representations constitutively involve a commitment on the part of the agent to the object’s having the relevant property, they generate authoritative norms for the agent. The chapter concludes that, unlike the teleological conception, the commitment-based conception promises to yield a unified constitutivism that delivers authoritative normative standards for both actions and attitudes.
Evolutionary Explanations of Our Reliability
Authors: Dogramaci Sinan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
It can easily look like evolution is in a better position to explain the reliability of our perceptual beliefs than the reliability of our moral beliefs. Chapter 8 takes a closer look at the issue and argues that there’s no reason—no reason which armchair philosophers could uncover—to think evolution can better explain perceptual reliability than moral reliability. It also offers a diagnosis of why it seemed otherwise. The diagnosis concerns our need to use the truth predicate as a generalizing logical device in the perceptual case but not in the moral case.
A New Megasport Legacy
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Though the Qatar 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup is for many a symbol of long-standing corruption and human rights problems, the event may actually represent something entirely new. Megasports are now demonstrating a capacity to leave what this book calls a human rights and anti-corruption legacy: norms, practices, policies, or laws that have application beyond sport, are likely to endure after the event, and the implementation of which is accelerated by hosting the event. In the 2010s, Brazil’s hosting of the FIFA Men’s World Cup and Summer Olympics, and then South Korea’s hosting of the Winter Olympics, left what this book calls reactive, accidental, and one-dimensional anti-corruption legacies. Most would be shocked to find that Qatar now moves this legacy concept forward, undertaking to create megasports’ first intentional and proactive human rights legacy. The first and perhaps best opportunity to build a proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional human rights and anti-corruption legacy lies in France as it prepares to host the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics while implementing new landmark anti-corruption and human rights laws. The concept may still advance in Australia and New Zealand (2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup) and Italy (2026 Milan Cortina Winter Olympics). However, the United Bid of Canada, the United States, and Mexico has promised the first proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional human rights and anti-corruption (“HRAC”) legacy around the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup. This book analyzes existing megasport policies and practices, then suggests reforms to acknowledge and support these new legacies.
The First Intentional Legacy: Qatar
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Qatar’s unexpected winning of the rights to host the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup has produced an equally unexpected result: the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy. Though Qatar’s success immediately elicited allegations of bribery, these would soon be dwarfed by a bigger problem: systemic labor rights abuses of an extraordinarily large migrant labor population. Qatar’s initial thoughts on the prospects of a labor rights legacy accelerated after an onslaught of international criticism and pressure from human rights observers, journalists, and ultimately the International Labour Organization. While such criticism was not unprecedented, Qatar responded in an unprecedented way. Megasport organizers, in collaboration with the national government and the ILO, deliberately undertook to build a megasport legacy of human rights reforms. Through interviews with Qatari officials and stakeholders, and access to nonpublic documents, this chapter describes the unique political, economic, and cultural conditions in Qatar that precipitated this uncommon megasport result. It then describes how the external pressure produced reforms, and their likely legacy. It identifies three “levers” by which the mega sporting event produced these prospective legacies: the spotlight, the laboratory, and the ripple effect. It concludes with the challenges that remain to ensure these reforms mature into enduring legacies. Ultimately, while Qatar is likely creating the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy, it remains one-dimensional in its near-exclusive focus on human rights. Opportunities for legacies that are proactive and intentional, and that address both human rights and anti-corruption dimensions, come with subsequent hosts.
Populist Governments and Their Logic
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on populism in power, distinguishing between populists in government and populism as “the government” (controlling all key institutions). We ask whether the authoritarian logic of populism fosters a change of regimes of constitutional democracy. We argue that once they enter government, populist politicians typically engage in regime change, in three stages. In government they hybridize democratic polities by introducing authoritarian practices into the framework of institutions. As “the government” they tend to create a distinctive populist hybrid that is neither a democratic nor an authoritarian regime. Populist hybrid regimes can morph into full authoritarianism—where elections can no longer be lost and the prerogative state takes over. But such a regime would be at best pseudo-populist. We will call it populist dictatorship to indicate its continuity with the previous types, as well as its form of discoursive self-justification. Each transition raises threshold issues (conceptually and empirically) that we try to address. We engage critically with the literature on illiberal democracy, delegative democracy, and competitive authoritarianism.
How to Define and Measure the Dark Side in Business
Authors: Brummel Bradley J. , Osborn Seth A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the diversity of approaches that can be used to measure the dark side of human personality at work from three approaches: self-report, other-report, and business outcomes. With breadth of coverage as a priority, this chapter spans both traditional scientific measures and informal narrative-driven ways of understanding the dark side. The self-report approach covers self-report personality scales, clinical scales, workplace behavior, and identity narratives. The other-report approach covers other-report personality scales, clinical measures and diagnoses, workplace behavior, performance management, and reputational narratives. The business metrics approach covers policy violations, employment actions, and financial outcomes. Each subsection contains a description of the measurement approach, examples, strengths and limitations, and implications for research and practice. This overview is presented to help readers organize their conceptual framework of the disparate methods and perspectives that have been used to understand the dark side at work.
The Dark and Destructive Side of Leadership
Authors: Einarsen Ståle Valvatne , Fosse Thomas Hol 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines a behavioral perspective for understanding destructive forms of leadership. The authors define different forms of harmful leadership practices, present and discuss different behaviors, and illustrate how the same individual may display both constructive and destructive behaviors. Next, the authors explore the prevalence of various forms of destructive leadership behavior before discussing strategies to prevent and intervene with destructive leadership. A behavioral perspective focuses on leaders’ actions and can help inform leaders, their superiors, subordinates, and management consultants about behaviors that are detrimental and illegitimate in their role as a leader. Preventive strategies and interventions discussed focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention on individual, organizational, and societal levels. The authors outline a wide range of possible measures that can be used to counteract the occurrence and aftermath of destructive leadership practices.
From Freud to a Modern Theory of Dark-Side Leadership
Authors: Lusk Derek 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the dark side to its origin in Romantic Era philosophy, where philosophers began to uncover unconscious motivations that exist beneath the surface of everyday life. Sigmund Freud leveraged these philosophical ideas to create a psychoanalytic theory that identified powerful hidden impulses and an internal conflict between individuals and society. However, Freud and his followers were overly pessimistic about human nature. They conceptualized people as deeply selfish at the core and, therefore, they overlooked other motivations that facilitate human performance. This chapter separates Freudian fact from fiction to outline four unconscious motivations that form the foundation of human psychology and leadership effectiveness. This chapter also argues that effective leaders temper the dark side of extreme motivations and leadership behaviors, enabling them to match their leadership style to the situation.
Taming the Dark Side and Bringing Out the Light
Authors: Lewis Robert E. , Bayless Julia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Employees who are identified as having high potential constitute the “next wave” of senior organizational leaders. As such, a critical goal for many organizations is their accurate identification and focused development. This chapter reviews the state of research on high-potential selection and development and explores how bright- and dark-side characteristics can be assessed and managed to facilitate success. The authors find that many of the selection and development interventions commonly endorsed in the research literature are also leveraged in the high-potential processes of many organizations but need to be adapted or focused to best address the specific characteristics of high potentials.