bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of atropine, orthokeratology and combined treatments for myopia control: a 2-year stratified randomised clinical trial
Authors: Xu Shengsong , Li Zhouyue , Zhao Wenchen , Zheng Bingru , Jiang Jinyun , Ye Guitong , Feng Zhibin , Long Wen , He Liying , He Mingguang , Hu Yin , Yang Xiao 
Published: October 2022

Purpose
To investigate the 2-year efficacy of atropine, orthokeratology (ortho-k) and combined treatment on myopia. To explore the factors influencing the efficacy.

Methods
An age-stratified randomised controlled trial. Children (n=164) aged 8–12 years with spherical equivalent refraction of −1.00 to −6.00 D were stratified into two age subgroups and randomly assigned to receive placebo drops+spectacles (control), 0.01% atropine+spectacles (atropine), ortho-k+placebo (ortho-k) or combined treatment. Axial length was measured at baseline and visits at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The primary analysis was done following the criteria of intention to treat, which included all randomised subjects.

Results
All interventions can significantly reduce axial elongation at all visits (all p<0.05). Overall, the 2-year axial elongation was significantly reduced in combined treatment than in monotherapies (all p<0.05). After stratification by age, in the subgroup aged 8–10, the difference between combined treatment and ortho-k became insignificant (p=0.106), while in the subgroup aged 10–12, the difference between combined treatment and atropine became insignificant (p=0.121). A significant age-dependent effect existed in the ortho-k group versus the control group (p for interaction=0.013), and a significant age-dependent effect existed in the ortho-k group versus the atropine group (p for interaction=0.035), which indicated that ortho-k can achieve better efficacy in younger children.

Conclusions
Atropine combined with ortho-k treatment can improve the efficacy of myopia control compared with monotherapy in children aged 8–12. Younger children might benefit more from ortho-k.

Trial registration number
ChiCTR1800015541.
Long-term surgical outcomes of Aurolab aqueous drainage implant in pediatric eyes with primary congenital glaucoma versus aphakic glaucoma
Authors: Puthuran George Varghese , Ramesh Sujitha , Maheswari Peethala , Reddy Madan Mohan , S Mohammed Sithiq Uduman , Krishnadas Subbaiah Ramasamy , Gedde Steven J 
Published: October 2022

Purpose
To compare the outcomes of the Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) placed in eyes with refractory primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) versus aphakic glaucoma (APG).

Design
Retrospective comparative interventional case series.

Methods
Case files of consecutive eyes with PCG or APG that underwent AADI surgery between January 2013 and December 2016 and had a minimum 4 years follow-up were extracted from a computerised database. Failure was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP)>21 mm Hg or reduced<20% below baseline on two consecutive follow-up visits after 3 months, IOP≤5 mm Hg on two consecutive follow-up visits after 3 months, reoperation for glaucoma or a complication, or loss of light perception.

Results
Eighty-nine eyes underwent AADI placement, including 42 eyes (47%) with PCG and 47 eyes (53%) with APG. Both groups were comparable at baseline. At 1 year, the APG group had lower mean IOP (13.6±8.1 mm Hg vs 17.6±7.5 mm Hg, p=0.02) with use of fewer IOP-lowering medications (0.8±1.0 vs 1.5±1.0, p=0.01) than the PCG group. The cumulative failure rate at 4 years was 57% (95% CI 43% to 72%) in PCG versus 40% (95% CI 28% to 56%) in the APG eyes (p=0.11). Eyes with PCG had greater tube-related complications (48% vs 38%, p=0.07) and number of reoperations (40% vs 32%, p=0.02) compared with eyes with APG.

Conclusions
Eyes with APG had relatively better outcomes after AADI placement compared with PCG during 4 years of follow-up. Reoperations accounted for more than 70% of the failures.
Avoidable childhood blindness in a high-income country: findings from the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2
Authors: Solebo Ameenat Lola , Teoh Lucinda , Sargent Jenefer , Rahi Jugnoo S 
Published: October 2022

Background/aims
Addressing childhood visual disability is an international priority, with data on causes needed to plan, implement and evaluate public health and clinical care. We have examined the contribution of ‘avoidable’ blinding disorders to childhood visual impairment, severe visual impairment and blindness (VI/SVIBL) in the UK.

Methods

National prospective observational longitudinal study, the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2 (BCVIS2), of children (aged 18 years or under) newly diagnosed with vision worse than 0.48 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) or equivalent in both eyes. Proportions of children with an ‘avoidable’ disorder comprising either a
potentially preventable
(isolated disorders with an effective intervention which reduces disease incidence) or
treatable
(isolated eye or vision disorders for which there are routinely available effective interventions able to improve vision or halt progressive visual loss) are reported.

Results
Of the 784 children within BCVIS2, isolated potentially preventable disorders were present in only 17% (132/784) and treatable disorders in an additional 13% (99/784). The most common treatable causes were cataract, retinopathy of prematurity and glaucoma. Of the 132 children with potentially preventable disease, 64 had hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. Non-accidental injury accounted for almost two-thirds (11/16, 69%) of those with VI/SVIBL due to injury.

Conclusion
Despite significant progress in the past decades in high-income countries, there remains a need to be vigilant about implementing preventive strategies and treatments. Attention to disorders that are currently neither preventable nor treatable remains a priority in these settings and will become increasingly important in lower-income and middle-income countries undergoing economic transition.
Visual outcome and ocular complications in patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma after eye-sparing surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy
Authors: Zhao Zhenyang , Frank Steven Jay , Ning Jing , Zhao Jiawei , Jiang Xinyang , Wang Xin A , Schefler Amy C , Hanna Ehab , Moreno Amy , Gunn Brandon , Ferrarotto Renata , Esmaeli Bita 
Published: October 2022

Background
We report visual outcomes and ocular complications in patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma who had eye-sparing surgery followed by radiotherapy.

Methods
This review included consecutive patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma who underwent eye-sparing surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiation therapy between 2007 and 2018. Clinical data, including details of ophthalmological examinations and radiation treatment were reviewed.

Results
The study included 23 patients, 15 males and 8 females, with median age 51 years. Twenty patients (87%) received intensity-modulated proton therapy; 3 (13%) received intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Nineteen patients (83%) received concurrent chemotherapy. After a median follow-up time of 37 months (range: 8–83), 13 patients (57%) had best-corrected visual acuity 20/40 or better, 3 (13%) had moderate vision loss (between 20/40 and 20/200) and 7 (30%) had severe vision loss (20/200 or worse). The most common ocular complications were dry eye disease (21 patients; 91%), radiation retinopathy (16; 70%) and cataract progression (11; 49%). Tumour crossing the orbital midline (p=0.014) and Hispanic ethnicity (p=0.014) were associated with increased risk of severe vision loss. The risk of radiation retinopathy was significantly different among the three racial groups; Hispanic patients (n=3) had the highest rate of retinopathy (p<0.001). Tumour size, initial T category and total prescribed radiation dose were not significantly associated with severe vision loss.

Conclusion
Eye-sparing surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma has a reasonable overall visual prognosis. Patients with tumours crossing the orbital midline and Hispanic patients have a higher risk of severe vision loss.
Injury incidence rates in women’s football: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective injury surveillance studies
Authors: Horan Dan , Büttner Fionn , Blake Catherine , Hägglund Martin , Kelly Seamus , Delahunt Eamonn 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveTo review the literature to establish overall, match and training injury incidence rates (IIRs) in senior (≥18 years of age) women’s football (amateur club, elite club and international).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of overall, match and training IIRs in senior women’s football, stratified by injury location, type and severity.Data sourcesMEDLINE via PubMed; EMBASE via Ovid; CINAHL via EBSCO and Web of Science were searched from earliest record to July 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies(1) football players participating in a senior women’s football league (amateur club or elite club) or a senior women’s international football tournament; (2) the study had to report IIRs or provide sufficient data from which this outcome metric could be calculated through standardised equations; (3) a full-text article published in a peer-reviewed journal before July 2021; (4) a prospective injury surveillance study and (5) case reports on single teams were ineligible.Results17 articles met the inclusion criteria; amateur club (n=2), elite club (n=10), international (n=5). Overall, match and training ‘time-loss’ IIRs are similar between senior women’s elite club football and international football. ‘Time-loss’ training IIRs in senior women’s elite club football and international football are approximately 6–7 times lower than their equivalent match IIRs. Overall ‘time-loss’ IIRs stratified by injury type in women’s elite club football were 2.70/1000 hours (95% CI 1.12 to 6.50) for muscle and tendon, 2.62/1000 hours (95% CI 1.26 to 5.46) for joint and ligaments, and 0.76/1000 hours (95% CI 0.55 to 1.03) for contusions. Due to the differences in injury definitions, it was not possible to aggregate IIRs for amateur club football.ConclusionLower limb injuries incurred during matches are a substantial problem in senior women’s football. The prevention of lower limb joint, ligament, muscle and tendon injuries should be a central focus of injury prevention interventions in senior women’s amateur club, elite club and international football.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020162895.
The development of children born to young mothers with no, first- or second-generation HIV acquisition in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sherr Lorraine , Haag Katharina , Steventon Roberts Kathryn J , Cluver Lucie Dale , Wittesaele Camille , Saliwe Bongiwe , Tolmay Janke , Langwenya Nontokozo , Jochim Janina , Saal Wylene , Zhou Siyanai , Marlow Marguerite , Chen-Charles Jenny J , Toska Elona 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundThe intergenerational effects of HIV require long-term investigation. We compared developmental outcomes of different generations impacted by HIV—children of mothers not living with HIV, the ‘second generation’ (ie, with recently infected mothers) and the ‘third generation’ (ie, children of perinatally infected mothers).MethodsA cross-sectional community sample of N=1015 young mothers (12–25 years) and their first children (2–68 months, 48.2% female), from South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. 71.3% (n=724) of children were born to mothers not living with HIV; 2.7% (n=27; 1 living with HIV) were third-generation and 26.0% (n=264; 11 living with HIV) second-generation children. Child scores on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), the WHO Ten Questions Screen for Disability and maternal demographics were compared between groups using χ2tests and univariate approach, analysis of variance analysis. Hierarchical linear regressions investigated predictive effects of familial HIV infection patterns on child MSEL composite scores, controlling for demographic and family environment variables.ResultsSecond-generation children performed poorer on gross (M=47.0, SD=13.1) and fine motor functioning (M=41.4, SD=15.2) and the MSEL composite score (M=90.6, SD=23.0) than children with non-infected mothers (gross motor: M=50.4, SD=12.3; fine motor: M=44.4, SD=14.1; composite score: M=94.1, SD=20.7). The third generation performed at similar levels to non-exposed children (gross motor: M=52.4, SD=16.1; fine motor: M=44.3, SD=16.1, composite score: M=94.7, SD=22.2), though analyses were underpowered for definite conclusions. Hierarchical regression analyses suggest marginal predictive effects of being second-generation child compared with having a mother not living with HIV (B=−3.3, 95% CI=−6.8 to 0 .1) on MSEL total scores, and non-significant predictive effects of being a third-generation child (B=1.1, 5% CI=−7.5 to 9.7) when controlling for covariates. No group differences were found for disability rates (26.9% third generation, 27.7% second generation, 26.2% non-exposed; χ2=0.02, p=0.90).ConclusionRecently infected mothers and their children may struggle due to the disruptiveness of new HIV diagnoses and incomplete access to care/support during pregnancy and early motherhood. Long-standing familial HIV infection may facilitate care pathways and coping, explaining similar cognitive development among not exposed and third-generation children. Targeted intervention and fast-tracking into services may improve maternal mental health and socioeconomic support.
Protocol for a scoping review on misuse of psychoactive medicines and its consequences
Authors: Araújo Ana Carmona , Casal Rita João , Goulão João , Martins Ana Paula 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionMisuse of psychoactive medicines, especially prescription opioids, but also benzodiazepines, hypnotics and sedatives, has become a significant public health issue in some countries, especially in the USA, where it has been extensively documented, as well as in Canada and Australia. However, in the European Union (EU) published literature on the topic is scarce and heterogeneous regarding definitions, sources of data, tools and methods of analysis.The aim of this scoping review is to map the key concepts on psychoactive medicines’ misuse and examine the existing body of evidence on this topic in the EU. Data on the possible consequences of medicines’ misuse—adverse drug reactions, poisonings, hospitalisations and deaths—will also be analysed.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will follow the framework of Arksey and O’Malley, further developed by Levacet aland the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search strategy, developed by the authors, includes querying three electronic databases—PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus—using keywords and the Medical Subject Headings, for evidence published in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese between 2011 and 2020. Additionally, articles from PubMed alerts and other sources will also be considered. The results of the scoping review will describe the currently available evidence regarding misuse of medicines at EU level.Ethics and disseminationSince the scoping review methodology focuses on published data, this study does not require ethical approval. We will publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal and plan to disseminate our work in conferences and scientific meetings.Registration detailsThis scoping review protocol is registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF; seehttps://osf.io/fzr9u) and has also been shared as a preprint in this free and open-source project management repository. It is available athttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/y3s4q.
Influences and outcomes of less than full-time working in the medical profession: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Baker Magdalen , Griffin Ann , Dacre Jane , Medisauskaite Asta 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionAn impoverished medical workforce is a global phenomenon, which can impact patient care significantly. Greater flexibility in working patterns is one approach policy-makers adopt to address this issue, and the expansion of less than full-time (LTFT) working forms part of this. Studies suggest that LTFT working has the potential to improve recruitment and retention by aligning with how doctors increasingly want to balance their careers with other commitments and interests. What is less well understood are the influencing factors and outcomes related to LTFT working among doctors. This protocol outlines the methodology for a systematic review that will evaluate existing knowledge on LTFT working in the medical profession.Methods and analysisThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses guidelines will be followed. Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Health Management Information Consortium, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Healthcare Administration, and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts will be searched for studies published up to March 2022. Unpublished literature from EThos and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global will also be searched. Bibliographic searching, citation searching and handsearching will be used to retrieve additional papers. Authors will be contacted for data or publications if necessary. Two independent reviewers will undertake study screening, data extraction and quality assessment, with disagreements resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer if necessary. Data synthesis will be by narrative synthesis and meta-analysis if possible.Ethics and disseminationThe proposed study does not require ethical approval; however, it forms part of a larger body of research on the impact of LTFT working on the medical workforce for which ethics approval has been granted by the Research Ethics Committee at University College London. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022307174.
Factors influencing death anxiety among Chinese patients with cancer: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gong Youwen , Yan Yixia , Yang Renting , Cheng Qinqin , Zheng Hongling , Chen Yongyi , Xu Xianghua 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate death anxiety status among Chinese patients with cancer and identify factors that affect death anxiety.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingChangsha, Hunan Province, China.ParticipantsA total of 286 inpatients diagnosed with cancer were randomly recruited from a tertiary cancer centre and completed the questionnaires between January and June 2021.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the status of death anxiety. The secondary outcomes were the factors that affect death anxiety among Chinese patients with cancer.MethodsA total of 286 Chinese patients with cancer were recruited from a tertiary cancer hospital to complete the demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire, Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-second edition, and Meaning in Life Questionnaire from January to June 2021. Data were analysed using t-test, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsOn average, patients with cancer scored 7.72±4.17 for death anxiety, 25.71±9.69 for experiential avoidance and 45.19±8.22 for meaning in life. Ultimately, the statistically significant factors influencing death anxiety were education levels, insurance, pain scores, experiential avoidance and meaning in life. These factors explained 40.6% of the difference in death anxiety.ConclusionsPatients with cancer in China experienced a high level of death anxiety. This study showed that experiential avoidance and meaning in life were important factors that affected death anxiety in patients with cancer. Further studies should be conducted to explore effective interventions to prevent experiential avoidance and increase meaning in life for patients with cancer. Attention should be paid to patients without insurance but with lower education levels and higher pain scores to ultimately relieve death anxiety and improve their quality of life.
Are workplace factors associated with employee alcohol use? The WIRUS cross-sectional study
Authors: Thørrisen Mikkel Magnus , Skogen Jens Christoffer , Bonsaksen Tore , Skarpaas Lisebet Skeie , Aas Randi Wågø 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesSociodemographic predictors of employee alcohol use are well established in the literature, but knowledge about associations between workplace factors and alcohol use is less explored. The aim of this study was to explore whether workplace factors were associated with employee alcohol use (consumption and alcohol-related problems).DesignCross-sectional study. Linear and binary logistic regression analyses.SettingHeterogeneous sample of employees (workers and supervisors) from 22 companies across geographical locations and work divisions in Norway.ParticipantsEmployees (N=5388) responded on survey items measuring workplace factors and alcohol use.OutcomesData on alcohol use were collected with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Consumption was measured with the AUDIT-C (the first three items), and alcohol-related problems were operationalised as a sum score of 8 or higher on the full 10-item AUDIT.ResultsHigher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with more liberal workplace drinking social norms (b=1.37, p<0.001), working full-time (b=0.18, p<0.001), working from holiday home (b=0.40, p<0.01), being a supervisor (b=0.25, p<0.001), having supervisors with less desired leadership qualities (b=−0.10, p<0.01), shorter working hours (b=−0.03, p<0.05), higher workplace social support (b=0.13, p<0.05) and higher income (b=0.02, p<0.001). Alcohol-related problems were associated with more liberal workplace drinking social norms (OR=3.52, p<0.001) and shorter working hours (OR=0.94, p<0.05).ConclusionsWorkplace drinking social norms were the supremely most dominant predictor of both consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest that some workplace factors may play a role in explaining employee alcohol consumption, although the predictive ability of these factors was limited. This study points to the importance of drinking social norms, workplace drinking culture and leadership for understanding employee alcohol use.
Non-invasive advanced respiratory support in end-of-life care and symptom management: systematic review
Authors: Wenzel David , Bleazard Lucy , Pepper Coral Jayne , Wilson Eleanor , Faull Christina 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo narrate the canon of knowledge around symptom control at end of life for patients using, or having recently used, non-invasive advanced respiratory support (NARS) at end of life for respiratory failure.MethodsA systematic review forming a narrative synthesis from a wide range of sample papers from Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Emcare, Cochrane and OpenGrey databases. A secondary search of grey literature was also performed with hand searching reference lists and author citations. The review was undertaken using the ENTREQ checklist for quality.ResultsIn total, 22 studies were included in the synthesis and four themes were generated: NARS as a buoy (NARS can represent hope and relief from the symptoms of respiratory failure), NARS as an anchor (NARS brings significant treatment burden), Impact on Staff (uncertainty over the balance of benefit and burden as well as complex patient care drives distress among staff providing care) and the Process of Withdrawal (withdrawal of therapy felt to be futile exists as discrete event in patient care but is otherwise poorly defined).ConclusionNARS represents a complex interplay of hope, symptom control, unnaturally prolonged death and treatment burden. The literature captures the breadth of these issues, but further, detailed, research is required in almost every aspect of practice around end-of-life care and NARS—especially how to manage symptoms at the end of life.