bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azobenzene Photoswitches in Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras: Photochemical Control Strategies and Therapeutic Benefits
Authors: Negi Arvind , Kieffer Charline , Voisin‐Chiret Anne Sophie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe photoswitchable‐PROTACs have photoswitches that work as an actual ON/OFF switch for any particular bioactivity. In reported studies, the ON/OFF activity correlates with the photostationary state and quantum yield of a specific isomer under a definite wavelength of light, providing a spatiotemporal control over protein degradation (an example of photochemistry‐based precision medicine). The studies reported the role of azobenzenes as photoswitches (ortho‐tetramethoxybenzenes, ortho‐tetraflurobenzenes as push‐pull and push‐push) to develop light‐controlled PROTACs. This paper discussed the photophysical properties of photoswitchable‐PROTACs (such as photoisomerization, quantum yield, and thermal relaxation states) and correlated their photochemical‐based structural bioactivity relationships. The proteins studied under photoswitchable‐PROTACs are kinase proteins: BCR‐ABL fusion protein, ABL; Bromodomain proteins: BRD2, 3, 4; Immunophilins: FKBP12.
Recent progress in MXene layers materials for supercapacitors: High‐performance electrodes
Authors: Wang Yitong , Wang Yuhua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn 2011, Gogotsi et al. discovered a new type of two‐dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, called MXenes, which have become a dazzling new star in the energy storage industry. MXenes are endowed with a series of fascinating properties due to their unique structures and tunable surface chemical functional groups. The application of MXenes in electrochemical energy storage has attracted special attention, especially showing great potential in supercapacitor applications. Compared with other materials, MXenes have high mechanical flexibility, high energy density, and good electrochemical performance, so they are especially suitable as electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, similar to other 2D materials, due to the strong van der Waals forces, MXene layers inevitably undergo stacking agglomeration, resulting in severe loss of electrochemically active sites. If the self‐stacking of MXenes layers can be effectively suppressed, their electrochemical performance will be enhanced. Structural optimization of MXenes and composite doping of MXenes with other materials are two strategies with significant effects. This review summarizes recent advances in MXene synthesis, fundamental properties, and composite materials, focusing on the latest electrochemical performance of MXene‐based electrodes/devices, and puts forward the challenges and new opportunities that MXenes face in this emerging energy storage field.
Minimax optimal high‐dimensional classification using deep neural networks
Authors: Wang Shuoyang , Shang Zuofeng 
Published: June 2022

High‐dimensional classification is a fundamentally important research problem in high‐dimensional data analysis. In this paper, we derive a nonasymptotic rate for the minimax excess misclassification risk when feature dimension exponentially diverges with the sample size and the Bayes classifier possesses a complicated modular structure. We also show that classifiers based on deep neural networks can attain the above rate, hence, are minimax optimal.
Advancements in Three Dimensional In‐Vitro Cell Culture Models
Authors: De Shreemoyee , Singh Neetu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe scientific field is observing a gradual shift from monolayer cultures to three‐dimensional (3D) models, as they give a more relevant data in pre‐clinical stages. This review summarizes the major techniques and materials used to develop 3D platforms, especially for cancer. It also discusses the challenges and some unresolved issues of the field and highlights some techniques that have made it to the market.
Curb Detection Using a Novel Deep Learning Framework Based on YOLO‐v2
Authors: Zou Min , Kageyama Yoichi , Akashi Takuya 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCurb detection with a monocular camera is important to assist driving by detecting curbs to avoid accidents. However, various road scenes and curb shapes make it difficult to detect curbs based on a single image. In this study, a novel image‐based curb detection method that is highly efficient, inexpensive, and less complex than LiDAR‐based solutions was developed. A deep learning framework was used to detect curbs from road images automatically. A custom convolutional neural network (CNN) model was built, and another seven pretrained models were fine‐tuned for curb patch classification. The evaluation metrics, such as accuracy, F1‐score, area under curve, and prediction time, were considered comprehensively to select the optimal CNN architecture. Three promising CNN architectures were employed as classification networks and embedded into the YOLO‐v2 framework to construct curb detectors. The detection performance was evaluated in terms of the average precision on an urban road image dataset. By configuring parameters for the optimal CNN architecture, the best detector achieved an average precision of 99.16%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Post‐transcriptional regulation of polycistronic microRNAs
Authors: Vilimova Monika , Pfeffer Sébastien 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn important proportion of microRNA (miRNA) genes tend to lie close to each other within animal genomes. Such genomic organization is generally referred to as miRNA clusters. Even though many miRNA clusters have been greatly studied, most attention has been usually focused on functional impacts of clustered miRNA co‐expression. However, there is also another compelling aspect about these miRNA clusters, their polycistronic nature. Being transcribed on a single RNA precursor, polycistronic miRNAs benefit from common transcriptional regulation allowing their coordinated expression. And yet, numerous reports have revealed striking discrepancies in the accumulation of mature miRNAs produced from the same cluster. Indeed, the larger polycistronic transcripts can act as platforms providing unforeseen post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling individual miRNA processing, thus leading to differential miRNA expression, and sometimes even challenging the general assumption that polycistronic miRNAs are co‐expressed. In this review, we aim to address the current knowledge about how miRNA polycistrons are post‐transcriptionally regulated. In particular, we will focus on the mechanisms occurring at the level of the primary transcript, which are highly relevant for individual miRNA processing and as such have a direct repercussion on miRNA function within the cell.This article is categorized under:
RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes
Near‐Infrared Ratiometric Nanothermometer in Yb3+/Nd3+ Co‐Doped Nanocrystals
Authors: Cao Cong , Li Shiwen , Wang Jinsong , Li Yu , Li Guangshen 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNanothermometers that can reflect temperature in real‐time are crucial for photothermal therapy. Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes that conform to Boltzmann distribution will play an important role if they have the above characteristics. Here, the LiLuF4: Nd3+/Yb3+ nanocrystals were designed and synthesized by control, exhibiting multiple bright near‐infrared emission peaks at 925–1080 nm region at 280–360 K under the excitation of an 808 nm laser. The feasibility of being used as a nanothermometer was confirmed by testing the spectral variation with temperature and analysis.
World War I
Authors: Schappacher Norbert 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe delicate dualism of nationalist and internationalist orientations that characterized the pre-war period, as described in Section 1.4 above, came to an abrupt end once war was declared, at the beginning of August 1914. The pride and interest of the nation left no room for ‘internationalist jokes’, as Debussy put it. We will first, in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, document this new state of mind with respect to science, and mathematics in particular. World War I was not only marked by this surge of exclusive nationalism; it was also a modern, technical war which mobilized scientists, including mathematicians; this is the subject of Section 3.3. A short final section considers the (im)possibility of organizing international congresses during the war.
Introduction: Analyzing the Shifts in Sino-Russian Strategic Cooperation Since 2014
Authors: Kirchberger Sarah , Sinjen Svenja , Wörmer Nils 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe aim of this volume is to contribute to an ongoing discussion on the scope and meaning of Russian-Chinese cooperation since 2014, the year Russia invaded Ukraine and annexed Crimea. During the past few years, the number of research projects on Sino-Russian cooperation at Western think tanks has markedly increased, complementing a likewise increasing number of monographs and edited volumes that had begun to appear on related topics during the preceding years.
What a Military Alliance Between Russia and China Would Mean for NATO
Authors: Meyer zum Felde Rainer 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAre Russia and China an emerging alliance or eternal rivals? And what would it mean for NATO? NATO reacted to the Russian aggression against Ukraine with a paradigm shift called “NATO Adaptation.” At the 2014 Wales Summit, it increased its responsiveness with the “Readiness Action Plan,” the 2016 Warsaw Summit strengthened its deterrence and defense posture, and the 2018 Brussels Summit re-designed NATO’s Command Structure toward collective defense. Although embedded in a “360-degree approach,” all key defense elements of NATO’s adaptation have been primarily focused on Russia, which was recognized from March 2014 on as potential threat to the territorial integrity of the Eastern European members. However, this changing of the paradigm was based entirely on the understanding that Russia alone poses a serious military threat to the alliance. There was never any consideration given to the question of what it would mean if Russia were supported by a like-minded great power such as China, nor to the question of what simultaneous aggressions—one by Russia in Europe and another by China in the Indo-Pacific—would mean for NATO. Hence, the answers to these questions are of high relevance to NATO’s further adaptation to the new geopolitical realities.
The Way Forward: How Should Europe Deal with Russia and China?
Authors: Krause Joachim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe existence of an alliance between Russia and China seems to be changing the European security environment in a fundamental way. In light of historical experiences, one has to start with the assumption that any such alliance between authoritarian powers directed against Western democracies and free societies will increase the likelihood of major wars. In at least two European regions—the Black-Sea and the Baltic Sea area—merely the existence of such an alliance and the ensuing opportunity to overburden the U.S. military might increase the risk-level Russia was ready to accept. This might entail the danger of a high intensity war between Russia and NATO. It is high time for NATO to consider a more effective defence and deterrence posture in order to prevent Russian aggression against the Baltic states and to envision effective measures that would deter Russia from continuing to destroy Ukraine.
Conclusion: Connecting the Dots and Defining the Challenge
Authors: Pavel Barry , Kirchberger Sarah , Sinjen Svenja 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe contributions to this volume in sum paint a multifaceted picture of the complex and evolving Russian-Chinese strategic partnership. It seems clear that depending on the particular issue area studied and the methods adopted for studying it, a number of varying diagnoses can be made regarding the current state and future prospects of this “strategic partnership.” Capturing such complexity was expressly one of our goals; we consider it dangerous to approach the reality of Russian-Chinese cooperation with ready-made interpretations and thus risk falling victim to confirmation bias. That said, a few clear patterns do emerge from our material when it comes to answering the key questions that this research project set out to study and that were listed in the introduction.
Russia’s Strategic Outlook and Policies: What Role for China?
Authors: Adomeit Hannes 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis examination deals with the mental maps and basic assumptions underlying Russia’s foreign policy and how these relate to China. I will take issue with the narrative, advanced in particular by Kremlin officials and pro-Putin apologists in the West, that Russia’s “pivot to Asia,” with China as its centerpiece, can be understood as the consequence of the West having rejected Putin’s outstretched hand for close cooperation, Russia’s exclusion from an all-European security structure by pushing NATO’s eastward expansion, and finally the imposition of economic sanctions. This, to complete the account, had left Russia with no other option but to turn to Asia. Such interpretations will be shown to be fundamentally flawed. Putin’s China policies fit squarely into both the Russian power elite’s global strategic outlook and its narrow perception of what is needed to hold on to power domestically. The benefits accruing to Russia from its liaison with China can be found in military, economic, and systemic dimensions, and they are for the most part asymmetric in favor of the Kremlin. The asymmetries may cause problems in the future, but for the time being, they are carefully managed so that they will not spin out of control.
Imperialist Master, Comrade in Arms, Foe, Partner, and Now Ally? China’s Changing Views of Russia
Authors: Bekkevold Jo Inge 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChina no longer sees Russia as a rival. This is not the result of friendly ties, shared values, or growing economic cooperation, but an outcome of the dramatic shift in the balance of power between them. Moreover, China’s contemporary policy toward Russia is not driven by Xi Jinping’s possible fondness for Putin or Russia, but by strategic calculations about what best serves Chinese interests. China’s number one priority today is to balance the United States in the Indo-Pacific naval theatre, and it is thus in Beijing’s interest to keep its strategic rear to Russia safe. This chapter argues that balance of power theories is the best tool to explain China’s growing ties with Russia. History, identity, and ideology are important variables for understanding China’s relationship with Russia. Yet, few, if any, bilateral relationships between two major countries have changed back and forth so dramatically as that of China and Russia. Examining Sino-Russian relations across several time periods, this chapter illustrates that there is no single continuous historical narrative or identity in China on Russia. During the last century, China has seen Russia as an imperialist master, a comrade in arms, a foe, and a partner, and it is now discussing whether it should be an ally.
Digital Authoritarianism and Technological Cooperation in Sino-Russian Relations: Common Goals and Diverging Standpoints
Authors: Sinkkonen Elina , Lassila Jussi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChina and Russia are jointly advancing their shared interests in the international arena and increasing their cooperation in the tech sector. Despite far-reaching plans, the asymmetry of cooperation in favour of China is increasingly at odds with Russia’s national goals in digital technology. Differences in resources and standpoints are also reflected in the implementation of digital surveillance. China’s surveillance system is sophisticated and extensive, whereas Russia’s is still largely inconsistent and emerging, as evidenced by the fact that there was virtually no control of the Internet in Russia until 2012. While advanced surveillance in authoritarian countries is worrying, technology in strategic sectors is also a key field of increasingly disconcerting great power competition. As a result of intensifying competition, the world is faced with the risk of technological decoupling, which would contribute to the further fragmentation of the international community and the deepening of existing rivalries.
Respectable and Masculine Livelihoods: Roma Stories of Horse Trading
Authors: Ahlbeck Jutta 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUntil the mid-twentieth century, the Finnish Roma supported themselves by small-scale itinerant trade, such as peddling and market trade. This chapter traces Roma’s strategies of survival in the first half of the twentieth century by analyzing interviews with Finnish Roma. The analysis demonstrates how horse trading carried out by men was experienced as the most important, profitable, and respectable form of livelihood. Women’s versatile work tasks also required trust and aid from the majority population, yet both women and men emphasized the worth of the masculine form of livelihood. The chapter investigates in detail how gender operated in narratives of horse trading and how the construction of a masculine self was taking place in certain spatial realms, like the marketplace.
Exhibiting the Extraordinary Body: Six Itinerant Performers and Their Livelihood in the Nordic Countries, 1864–1912
Authors: Jonasson Maren 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the marginalized livelihoods of six “extraordinary” bodied itinerant artists, who performed and were exhibited in the Nordic countries during 1860–1910. They travelled extensively and were shown to varied audiences in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland, at town markets, in restaurants, and at other locations and events where large crowds were expected to gather. The cases discussed include individuals who all belonged to the margins of society: an exceptionally tall man, two albino sisters, a woman born without arms and with deformed legs, and two African-American women. These performing artists made their living and supported their families by exhibiting their extraordinary “deviant” bodies to a paying audience. Making use of their bodies was one of few means available to them.
A new conceptional model for deriving average dermal absorption estimates from studies with multiple tested concentrations for non-dietary risk assessment of pesticides
Authors: Kluxen Felix M. , Felkers Edgars , McEuen Steve , Fisher Philip , Strupp Christian , Lorez Christine , Domoradzki Jeanne Y. , Wiemann Christiane 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDermal absorption values are used to translate external dermal exposure into potential systemic exposure for non-dietary risk assessment of pesticides. While the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America (US EPA) derives a common dermal absorption factor for active substances covering all related products, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requests specific product-based estimates for individual concentrations covering the intended use rates. The latter poses challenges, because it disconnects exposure dose from applied dose in absorption studies, which may not be suitable in scenarios where concentration is not relevant. We analyzed the EFSA dermal absorption database, collected 33 human in vitro studies from CropLife Europe (CLE) companies, where ≥3 in-use dilution concentrations were tested, and 15 dermal absorption triple pack datasets. This shows that absolute dermal absorption correlates with absolute applied dose on a decadic logarithm-scale, which is concordant with the toxicological axiom that risk is driven by exposure dose. This method is radically different from the current European approach focused on concentrations and offers new insights into the relationship of internal and external exposure doses when utilizing data from in vitro studies. A single average dermal absorption value can be simply derived from studies with multiple tested concentrations, by calculating the y-intercept of a linear model on a decadic logarithm scale while assuming a slope of 1. This simplifies risk assessment and frees resources to explore exposure refinements. It also serves as a basis to harmonize dermal absorption estimation globally for use in exposure-driven risk assessments.
Genotoxicity of methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate and its relationship with glutathione
Authors: Oesch F. , Honarvar N. , Fabian E. , Finch L. , Hindle S. , Wiench K. , Landsiedel R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMethyl acrylate (MA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) had previously tested positive for mutagenicity in vitro, but in vivo studies were negative. One of the metabolism pathways of alkyl acrylates is conjugation with glutathione. The glutathione availability is restricted in standard in vitro test systems so that they do not reflect the in vivo metabolism in this respect. We investigated whether the addition of glutathione to the in vitro L5178Y/TK+/− mouse lymphoma mutagenicity test prevents alkyl acrylate’s mutagenicity in vitro. We also investigated whether the quantitative relationships support the notion that the GSH supplemented in vitro systems reflect the true in vivo activity. Indeed, glutathione concentrations as low as 1 mM completely negate the mutagenicity of MA and EA in the L5178Y/TK+/− mouse lymphoma mutagenicity test up to the highest concentrations of the two acrylates tested, 35 µg/ml, a higher concentration than that previously found to be mutagenic in this test (14 µg MA/ml and 20 µg EA/ml). 1 mM Glutathione reduced the residual MA and EA at the end of the exposure period in the mutagenicity tests by 96–97%, but in vivo up to 100 mg/kg body weight MA and EA left the glutathione levels in the mouse liver and forestomach completely intact. It is concluded that the in-situ levels of glutathione, 7.55 ± 0.57 and 2.84 ± 0.22 µmol/g mouse liver and forestomach, respectively, can efficiently protect against MA and EA-induced mutagenicity up to the high concentration of 100 mg MA and EA/kg body weight and that the negative in vivo mutagenicity tests on MA and EA reflect the true in vivo situation.
Maternal hemodynamics and computerized cardiotocography during labor with epidural analgesia
Authors: Giannubilo Stefano Raffaele , Amici Mirco , Pizzi Simone , Simonini Alessandro , Ciavattini Andrea 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To analyze the mechanisms involved in the fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities after the epidural analgesia in labor.

Methods
A prospective unblinded single-center observational study on 55 term singleton pregnant women with spontaneous labor. All women recruited underwent serial bedside measurements of the main hemodynamic parameters using a non-invasive ultrasound system (USCOM-1A). Total vascular resistances (TVR), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and arterial blood pressure were measured before epidural administration (T0), after 5 min 5 (T1) from epidural bolus and at the end of the first stage of labor (T2). FHR was continuously recorded through computerized cardiotocography before and after the procedure.

Results
The starting CO was significantly higher in a subgroup of women with low TVR than in women with high-TVR group. After the bolus of epidural analgesia in the low-TVR group there was a significant reduction in CO and then increased again at the end of the first stage, in the high-TVR group the CO increased insignificantly after the anesthesia bolus, while it increased significantly in the remaining part of the first stage of labor. On the other hand, CO was inversely correlated with the number of decelerations detected on cCTG in the 1 hour after the epidural bolus while the short-term variation was significantly lower in the group with high-TVR.

Conclusion
Maternal hemodynamic status at the onset of labor can make a difference in fetal response to the administration of epidural analgesia.