bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sero-prevalence of Mumps among Unvaccinated Children Attending Regional Referral Hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Nkinda Lilian , Majigo Mtebe , Mkocha Neema , Joachim Agricola , Buberwa Eliud , Nkinda Dennis , Msafiri Frank 
Published: May 2022

Aims: Mumps infection and its complication remain under recognized public health problem in Tanzania, as there are no national screening program and sero-epidemiological surveys. This makes it difficult to devise control interventions including administration of vaccinations. We therefore determined the Sero-prevalence of Mumps among Unvaccinated Children Attending Regional Referral Hospitals in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.
Study Design: A hospital based cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient departments of three regional hospitals in Dar es Salaam Tanzania: Amana, Mwananyamala, and Temeke hospitals, from March to June 2021.
Methodology: Three hundred and sixty children aged 1 - 16 years were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect participants' information. Serum samples were tested for mumps immunoglobulin G antibodies using an enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay. Proportions were used to describe children's social demographic and clinical characteristics, and binary logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of exposure to mumps virus. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age was 7.6 ± 4.1, half of them were females. More than three quarters (77%) of the children had Mumps Immunoglobulin-G. Mumps sero-prevalence among under-fives was 58.8%, among 5-8 years was 80%, 9-12 years was 86% and for 13-16 year was 88%. Compared to under-fives, children in the ages of 5-8, 9-12 and 13-16 had four times.
(OR 4.19 95% CI 1.49-11.7), five times (OR 5.84 95% CI 1.89-18.12) and six times (OR 6.00 95% CI 1.63-21.43) higher odd of mumps exposure respectively. The number of siblings in the house, going to school, and previous history of parotid gland enlargement were not associated with mumps sero-positivity.
Conclusion: The mumps virus is circulating in a high proportion among children in Dar es Salaam and the likelihood of exposure increases with age.
Parkinson’s Disease: A Review on Ongentys®
Authors: Ahmad Farman , Manazir Hanfia , Misra Raghvendra , Verma Anurag 
Published: May 2022

Aim: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an auto neuro-degenerative disease/disorder, mainly affects voluntary movements and behavioral functions in the elderliness. Previous studies narrated various aspects of Parkinson’s disease but they could not explain the Parkinson’s disease along with the Off-episode state and its management by using ongentys. In this review paper authors elaborately and comprehensively explained about Off-episode condition and its management by using Ongentys medicine.
Main body: In 25-50% population of Patient with PD it is found that they have developed OFF-Episode (Wearing-OFF) phenomenon in the first two years of treatment and after 10 years most of the patients were with off-episode condition. In this condition due to various known and unknown reasons medications used for PD are become ineffective between dose regimens that enable the symptoms of PD before next dose of Levodopa. To overcome this condition various medications are available in the market like- Entacapone, Tolcapone etc. A new approach has been developed for managing Off-episode problem in the PD patients i.e. Opicapone (Ongentys®). Opicapone is COMT [Catechol-O-methyltransferase]: enzyme inhibitor, which prevents the degradation of Levodopa peripherally. COMT enzyme metabolizes Levodopa into 3-O-methyldopa by methylation reaction peripherally as well as in the CNS region. Ongentys is used as a adjunctive with levodopa/carbidopa formulations and administered at bedtime only.
Conclusion: In this review authors mainly focus on the Ongentys® and its utilization in the management of off-episode state in PD patients. Authors also cover little bit about sign and symptoms, diagnostic tools, epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease and drugs which may be used for the treatment of PD.
Risk Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity Occurrence among Female Students
Authors: Mustafa Hassanat Elbashir Mohammed 
Published: May 2022

Aims: The study was conducted to assess the risk factors leading to the development of obesity among female students to adopt strategies to combat this problem and decrease the risk.
Methodology A cross-sectional study method was conducted among 129 participants at the University in 2017. Stratified proportional random sampling was taken. The electronic questionnaire and body mass index (BMI) observational checklist were used for consented participants who agreed to participate in the study
Results: Descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square, and T-test were used. The studied subject’s ages range from 18> to 25yers, most of them were single (93%), and their economic status was moderate. Most of the participants consumed unhealthy diets rich in carbohydrates, and fat. Also, more than 60 % of participants consumed low vegetables and fruits. Chi squire showed insignificantly overweight among low fruit consumers while the obesity among moderate fruit consumers (p-value 0.813).
Conclusion: This study explored the occurrence of both overweight and obesity were strongly associated with risky lifestyles for participants.
Scientific rationale for a higher dose of nusinersen
Authors: Finkel Richard S. , Ryan Monique M. , Pascual Pascual Samuel Ignacio , Day John W. , Mercuri Eugenio , De Vivo Darryl C. , Foster Richard , Montes Jacqueline , Gurgel‐Giannetti Juliana , MacCannell Drew , Berger Zdenek 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe long‐term favorable safety profile of nusinersen provides an opportunity to consider a higher dose. We report on the relationships between nusinersen cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exposure, biomarker levels, and clinical efficacy.MethodsThe analyses used data from the CS3A and ENDEAR studies of nusinersen in participants with infantile‐onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Steady‐state CSF trough (Ctrough) levels, plasma phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNF‐H) levels, body weight, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND) scores were selected as parameters of interest. A validated population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was applied to predict the nusinersen CSFCtrough. PK/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models used nusinersen CSFCtroughmeasurements, which were time‐matched with CHOP INTEND scores.ResultsHigher nusinersen CSF exposure was associated with a greater decrease in pNF‐H levels and greater efficacy, as measured by change in the CHOP INTEND score from baseline. These findings indicate a dose–response relationship between CSF nusinersen levels and treatment response. The higher dose is predicted to lead to approximately a 2.4‐fold increase in nusinersen CSF levels with fewer loading doses. PK/PD modeling indicates that a higher concentration of nusinersen may predict an additional 5‐point increase in CHOP INTEND score beyond that observed with 12 mg.InterpretationOur data indicate that a higher dose of nusinersen may lead to additional clinically meaningful improvement in efficacy when compared with the currently approved 12‐mg dose. The efficacy, safety, and PK of a higher nusinersen dose are currently under investigation in the ongoing phase 2/3 DEVOTE study (NCT04089566).
Photoinduced Cross Linkable Polymerization of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules by Incorporating Benzyl Acrylate
Authors: Zhu Xinyi , Dong Hua , Chen Jinbo , Xu Jie , Li Zongjin , Yuan Fang , Dai Jinfei , Jiao Bo , Hou Xun , Xi Jun , Wu Zhaoxin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells possess huge application potential in both outdoor (sunlight) and indoor scenes (artificial low light) owing to their high optoelectronic conversion efficiency and agile integration advantages. In order to further establish their feasibility to meet multi‐scenario applications, here a facile “internal packaging” interface strategy is developed, where a selective light‐cured cross‐linking molecule is leveraged to effectively heal the interface defects over perovskite films. Moreover, the cross‐linked interfacial layer can act as an airtight “protective wall”, preventing the device from water and oxygen corrosion and lead leakage. The flexible devices aided by this strategy show considerable performance ranging from small size to scalable modules (20.86%‐0.07 cm2, 16.75%‐24 cm2). More importantly, the optimal devices yield excellent moisture resistance, light soaking resistance, and lead leakage prevention stability. Based on the common light source environment of indoor scenes, the excellence of flexible modules (30.73% under white light‐emitting diode (LED), 26.48% under yellow LED) is further validated. It is expected that this gentle strategy can underline simultaneous promoting of the efficiency and stability of flexible perovskite modules, thereby accelerating the application of flexible perovskite in advanced industrial fields.
NiFe Nanoalloys Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides for Photothermal Synergistic Reforming of CH4 with CO2
Authors: Zhao Jiaqing , Guo Xiangdong , Shi Run , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Zhang Xuerui , Dai Qing , Zhang Tierui 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDry reforming of methane (DRM) with carbon dioxide to produce syngas is currently attracting a lot of attention for converting greenhouse gases into valuable chemicals. However, harsh reaction conditions in thermal catalysis hinder practical applications. Herein, a series of alumina‐supported NixFey nanoalloys are synthesized from NiFeAl‐layered double hydroxide precursors, with the obtained catalysts used for photothermal synergistic DRM. The Ni3Fe1 nanoalloy catalyst shows a syngas production rate of 0.96 mol g–1 h–1 under a 350 °C photothermal condition, which is about 1100 times higher than that of the same catalyst at the same temperature in the dark. Methane activation as the rate‐determining step in DRM is greatly enhanced by the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Ni3Fe1 nanoalloy in the ultraviolet region, thus accounting for the remarkably reduced reaction temperature. Meanwhile, the nanoalloy‐based photothermal synergistic DRM exhibits sunlight‐driven feasibility and 20 h of continuous operational stability.
On the Pyroelectric and Triboelectric Phenomena in Ferrofluids
Authors: Garofalo Erik , Bevione Matteo , Cecchini Luca , Chiolerio Alessandro 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOwing to the waste of energy originated by any physical or chemical process, approaches for reducing the energy losses have been conceived and, nowadays, energy recovery and conversion systems represent a worldwide‐recognized solution. The advent of colloidal‐based cybernetic systems highlights the essential role of energy harvesting, storage, and management capabilities coped by colloidal energetic systems. In this work, an alternative to thermoelectricity generation is demonstrated by means of a magnetic colloid based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The ferrofluid (FF) tribo‐ and pyroelectric features are explored in order to increase the amount of harvested energy. The findings suggest that the FF shows both triboelectric and pyroelectric charge displacement. A capacitive electrode is more efficient for accumulating potentials up to 48 V developed by triboelectricity while a resistive one is essential to collect pyroelectric charges up to 22 nA, which helped to estimate the FF pyroelectric coefficient, reaching the remarkable value of 25.2 μCm−2 K−1. A simplified equivalent model of the inductive setup is proposed, suggesting that increasing the fluid temperature a reduction of FF inductance due to demagnetization effects occurs.
Learning the Physics of All‐Dielectric Metamaterials with Deep Lorentz Neural Networks
Authors: Khatib Omar , Ren Simiao , Malof Jordan , Padilla Willie J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDeep neural networks (DNNs) have shown marked achievements across numerous research and commercial settings. Part of their success is due to their ability to “learn” internal representations of the input (x) that are ideal to attain an accurate approximation () of some unknown function (f) that is, y = f(x). Despite their universal approximation capability, a drawback of DNNs is that they are black boxes, and it is unknown how or why they work. Thus, the physics discovered by the DNN remains hidden. Here, the condition of causality is enforced through a Lorentz layer incorporated within a deep neural network. This Lorentz NN (LNN) takes in the geometry of an all‐dielectric metasurface, and outputs the causal frequency‐dependent permittivity and permeability . Additionally, this LNN gives the spatial dispersion (k) inherent in the effective material parameters, as well as the Lorentz terms, which constitute both and . The ability of the LNN to learn metasurface physics is demonstrated through several examples, and the results are compared to theory and simulations.
Photo‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral 1,2‐Dialkylation of Alkenes
Authors: Sun Wen‐Hui , Zou Jian‐Yu , Xu Xiao‐Jing , Wang Jin‐Lin , Liu Mei‐Ling , Liu Xue‐Yuan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDifunctionalization of alkenes enables construction of complex compounds in one pot. In this report, we presented an intermolecular, redox‐neutral three‐component dicarbofunctionalization of activated alkenes under mild reaction conditions. The mechanistic studies indicated tertiary alkyl radicals from oxalate salts were first added to alkenes in Giese‐type fashion, followed by nucleophilic addition with aldehydes to produce the desired 1,2‐dialkylation products. The catalyst system does not require any additives, with good functional group compatibility, regioselectivity, and constructs two tertiary carbon centers simultaneously.magnified image
Soft, Dynamic Hydrogel Confinement Improves Kidney Organoid Lumen Morphology and Reduces Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Culture
Authors: Ruiter Floor A. A. , Morgan Francis L. C. , Roumans Nadia , Schumacher Anika , Slaats Gisela G. , Moroni Lorenzo , LaPointe Vanessa L. S. , Baker Matthew B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPluripotent stem cell‐derived kidney organoids offer a promising solution to renal failure, yet current organoid protocols often lead to off‐target cells and phenotypic alterations, preventing maturity. Here, various dynamic hydrogel architectures are created, conferring a controlled and biomimetic environment for organoid encapsulation. How hydrogel stiffness and stress relaxation affect renal phenotype and undesired fibrotic markers are investigated. The authors observe that stiff hydrogel encapsulation leads to an absence of certain renal cell types and signs of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas encapsulation in soft, stress‐relaxing hydrogels leads to all major renal segments, fewer fibrosis or EMT associated proteins, apical proximal tubule polarization, and primary cilia formation, representing a significant improvement over current approaches to culture kidney organoids. The findings show that engineering hydrogel mechanics and dynamics have a decided benefit for organoid culture. These structure–property–function relationships can enable the rational design of materials, bringing us closer to functional engraftments and disease‐modeling applications.
Topical pH Sensing NIR Fluorophores for Intraoperative Imaging and Surgery of Disseminated Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Yokomizo Shinya , Henary Maged , Buabeng Emmanuel R. , Fukuda Takeshi , Monaco Hailey , Baek Yoonji , Manganiello Sophia , Wang Haoran , Kubota Jo , Ulumben Amy Daniel , Lv Xiangmin , Wang Cheng , Inoue Kazumasa , Fukushi Masahiro , Kang Homan , Bao Kai , Kashiwagi Satoshi , Choi Hak Soo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFluorescence‐guided surgery (FGS) aids surgeons with real‐time visualization of small cancer foci and borders, which improves surgical and prognostic efficacy of cancer. Despite the steady advances in imaging devices, there is a scarcity of fluorophores available to achieve optimal FGS. Here, 1) a pH‐sensitive near‐infrared fluorophore that exhibits rapid signal changes in acidic tumor microenvironments (TME) caused by the attenuation of intramolecular quenching, 2) the inherent targeting for cancer based on chemical structure (structure inherent targeting, SIT), and 3) mitochondrial and lysosomal retention are reported. After topical application of PH08 on peritoneal tumor regions in ovarian cancer‐bearing mice, a rapid fluorescence increase (< 10 min), and extended preservation of signals (> 4 h post‐topical application) are observed, which together allow for the visualization of submillimeter tumors with a high tumor‐to‐background ratio (TBR > 5.0). In addition, PH08 is preferentially transported to cancer cells via organic anion transporter peptides (OATPs) and colocalizes in the mitochondria and lysosomes due to the positive charges, enabling a long retention time during FGS. PH08 not only has a significant impact on surgical and diagnostic applications but also provides an effective and scalable strategy to design therapeutic agents for a wide array of cancers.
Enabling Long Cycle Life and High Rate Iron Difluoride Based Lithium Batteries by In Situ Cathode Surface Modification
Authors: Su Yong , Chen Jingzhao , Li Hui , Sun Haiming , Yang Tingting , Liu Qiunan , Ichikawa Satoshi , Zhang Xuedong , Zhu Dingding , Zhao Jun , Geng Lin , Guo Baiyu , Du Congcong , Dai Qiushi , Wang Zaifa , Li Xiaomei , Ye Hongjun , Guo Yunna , Li Yanshuai , Yao Jingming , Yan Jitong , Luo Yang , Qiu Hailong , Tang Yongfu , Zhang Liqiang , Huang Qiao , Huang Jianyu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMetals fluorides (MFs) are potential conversion cathodes to replace commercial intercalation cathodes. However, the application of MFs is impeded by their poor electronic/ionic conductivity and severe decomposition of electrolyte. Here, a composite cathode of FeF2 and polymer‐derived carbon (FeF2@PDC) with excellent cycling performance is reported. The composite cathode is composed of nanorod‐shaped FeF2 embedded in PDC matrix with excellent mechanical strength and electronic/ionic conductivity. The FeF2@PDC enables a reversible capacity of 500 mAh g–1 with a record long cycle lifetime of 1900 cycles. Remarkably, the FeF2@PDC can be cycled at a record rate of 60 C with a reversible capacity of 107 mAh g–1 after 500 cycles. Advanced electron microscopy reveals that the in situ formation of stable Fe3O4 layers on the surface of FeF2 prevents the electrolyte decomposition and leaching of iron (Fe), thus enhancing the cyclability. The results provide a new understanding to FeF2 electrochemistry, and a strategy to radically improve the electrochemical performance of FeF2 cathode for lithium‐ion battery applications.
Efficient Spin‐Orbit Torque Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization using Topological Insulators with High Thermal Tolerance
Authors: Pan Quanjun , Liu Yuting , Wu Hao , Zhang Peng , Huang Hanshen , Eckberg Christopher , Che Xiaoyu , Wu Yingying , Dai Bingqian , Shao Qiming , Wang Kang L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecent advances in using topological insulators (TIs) with ferromagnets (FMs) at room temperature have opened an innovative avenue in spin‐orbit torque (SOT) nonvolatile magnetic memory and low dissipation electronics. However, direct integration of TIs with perpendicularly magnetized FM, while retaining an extraordinary charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency (>100%), remains a major challenge. In addition, the indispensable thermal compatibility with modern CMOS technologies has not yet been demonstrated in TI‐based structures. Here, high‐quality integration of a perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB/MgO system with TI through a Mo insertion layer is achieved and efficient current‐induced magnetization switching at ambient temperature is demonstrated. The calibrated energy efficiency of TIs is at least 1 order magnitude larger than those found in heavy metals. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the perpendicular anisotropy of the integrated CoFeB/MgO system and the current‐induced magnetization switching behavior are well‐preserved after annealing at>350 °C, offering a wide temperature window for thermal treatments. This thermal compatibility with the modern CMOS back‐end‐of‐line process achieved in these TI‐based structures paves the way toward TI‐based low‐dissipation spintronic applications.
Probing the Contribution of Lateral Pathways to Out‐of‐Plane Charge Transport in Organic Bulk Heterojunctions
Authors: Fernando Pravini S. , Mehta Jeremy S. , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Mativetsky Jeffrey M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe nanoscale interpenetrating electron donor–acceptor network in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells results in efficient charge photogeneration but creates complex 3D pathways for charge transport. At present, little is known about the extent to which out‐of‐plane charge flow relies on lateral electrical connectivity. In this work, a procedure, based on conductive atomic force microscopy, is introduced to quantify lateral current spreading during out‐of‐plane charge transport. Using the developed approach, the dependence of lateral spreading on BHJ phase separation, composition, and molecule type (small molecule vs polymer) is studied. In the small‐molecule BHJ, 7,7′‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐silolo[3,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)bis(6‐fluoro‐4‐(5′‐hexyl‐[2,2′‐bithiophen]‐5‐yl)benzo[c]‐[1,2,5]thiadiazole):(6,6)‐Phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC71BM), an increase is observed in lateral hole current spreading as the population of donor crystallites, bearing an edge‐on molecular orientation, is increased. When integrated into BHJs, the polymer donor poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) leads to greater lateral hole current spreading and more spatially uniform charge transport than the small‐molecule donor, owing to in‐plane charge transport along the polymer backbone. Through the newly introduced electrical characterization scheme, these experiments bring to light the role of lateral electrical connectivity in assisting charge navigation across BHJs.
Self‐regenerating black medic cover crop provides agronomic benefits at low nitrogen
Authors: May William E. , McConachie R. , Entz Martin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) cover crop is able to regenerate from seed annually and produce biomass at the end of each growing season, but its long‐term effectiveness on crop productivity, water use efficiency (WUE), and soil nutrient status within a no‐till cropping system is unclear. A field experiment was established in 2003 in Saskatchewan in a 3‐yr crop rotation [flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–oat (Avena sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Treatments included cover crop (black medic or no medic), and N fertilizer (20, 60, and 100% of recommended N) arranged in a split‐split plot design. Over 10 yr, medic aboveground fall biomass averaged 625 kg ha–1 (range 0–1,868 kg ha–1) and was greatest at the lowest N rate, 879 kg ha–1. Medic increased grain yield at 20% N fertilizer; no effect was observed at higher N rates. Medic increased tiller density and kernel weight at 20% N, indicating that medic positively influenced the crop throughout the entire life cycle. Medic presence did not affect grain N or P status. Medic did not affect level of available soil N in fall but consistently increased level of soil available P. This extended to the 30–60 cm soil depth in the 100% vs. lower N rates, suggesting medic roots may have influenced P cycling. In oat stubble, medic increased spring soil water and WUE. In conclusion, black medic improved crop productivity at the low N rate but improved available soil P at all N rates, warranting further research.