bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irreligion and the Impartial Spectator in Smith’s Moral System
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A number of commentators on Smith’s philosophy have observed that the relationship between his moral theory and his theological beliefs is “exceedingly difficult to unravel.” The available evidence, as generally presented, suggests that although Smith was not entirely orthodox by contemporary standards, he has no obvious or significant irreligious commitments or orientation. Contrary to this view of things, this essay argues that behind the veneer of orthodoxy that covers Smith’s discussion in The Theory of the Moral Sentiments there are significant irreligious themes present in his work.
The Past-Imperfect Future
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 draws on the insights developed in earlier chapters to the explain the relationship between disasters and modern states in our time. It begins in the 1970s, shows how former occupiers pressured and persuaded Third-World peoples to model state formation after the welfarist states in western Europe and the United States. This approach normalized rapid industrialization, economic development, and technoscientific governance of Third-World peoples, environments, and capital, as key to preventing catastrophes and social collapse. However, as Chapter 7 reveals, the resulting “developmentalist-security” state has continuously aligned Third-World self-determination, progress, and self-governance with First-World anxieties of around economic, political, and environmental catastrophe. The book concludes by showing that climate change and the ongoing pandemic indicate that catastrophe conservation, once tested in European peripheries and colonies, remains central to First-World states’ assessments of their own future.
W. E. B. Du Bois, the Classics, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The work and thought of W. E. B. Du Bois exhibited pervasive influences from classical literature, philosophy, mythology, and rhetoric throughout his life. While the classics exerted a strong influence on Du Bois, much of his work can also be seen as a response to a classical tradition that he saw as flawed because of its connection to contemporary racism. Chapter 1 discusses the prevalent position of classics in Du Bois’s education and the continued influence of those works on key ideas. Chapters 2 and 3 explore the influence of the philosophy of Plato and Cicero on such elements of Du Bois’s thought as his theory of aesthetics, beliefs about government and society, and philosophy of education. Chapters 4 and 5 then discuss Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition alongside his growing interest in the histories and cultures of Asia and Africa, culminating in his later cosmopolitanism.
American Archias
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Among the numerous classical influences in the works of W. E. B. Du Bois, the influence of Cicero’s Pro Archia Poeta on The Souls of Black Folk is one of the most important. This chapter examines the influence of Cicero’s ancient defense of the poet Archias on the structure of Du Bois’s argument in defense of full civil rights and access to liberal education for African Americans. This chapter also discusses the classical inflection of other works by Du Bois, examining the classical allusions and foundations in his works of history, sociology, biography, and fiction. Particular attention is given to Du Bois’s attempts in each of these fields to write the story of African American history in the form of an epic, culminating with his final series of novels, The Black Flame Trilogy.
Recognizing Structural Breakdown
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how traditional US policies and political realist assumptions have involved the United States in unnecessary wars and impeded lasting US security. Policymakers have ignored dangers inherent in the militarized balance-of-power system of relative anarchy, in unilateralism, and in narrowing nationalism. They are modernizing rather than reducing nuclear arsenals. They have been slow to address environmental protection. They have used attack drones repeatedly in violation of international law and US long-term interests. They reject US membership in the International Criminal Court. They have blocked opportunities to expand the role of international law, multilateral institutions, and global governance. These policies fail because they place too much faith in maximizing US military power when more effective rules to institutionalize peace and more support for global governance are needed to achieve sustainable security. By impeding multilateral lawmaking processes, US policies have brought repeated tragedies to the security commons.
The Origins of Secular Institutions
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Why do some countries adopt secular institutions while others do not? The Origins of Secular Institutions offers a theory that combines ideational and organizational mechanisms to understand the origins of institutional secularization. The theory proceeds in two moves. First, it focuses on why political groups with a secularizing political agenda emerge. The argument is that the circulation of Enlightenment literature among the elite and the existence of associations through which the elite could exchange ideas were the main factors that influenced the early emergence of secularizing movements. Second, the theory turns to the conditions under which these movements succeed. The book argues that secularizing political groups have a comparative disadvantage in recruiting grassroots support because, unlike religious actors, they cannot rely on a preexisting institutional structure. Secularizing groups overcome this obstacle if they have time to build a robust organization before religious political movements emerge and if the social landscape includes civic associations that they can utilize. The book supports these arguments by combining statistical analysis of original historical data with comparative historical analysis of countries in Europe (France, Spain, United Kingdom) and the Middle East/North Africa (Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia). The comparative analysis evaluates the fine-grained empirical implications that follow from the causal story that relate to the timing and sequence of events. Overall, the book contributes to the literatures on political institutions, religion and politics, and state formation by developing and corroborating a novel theory that links the dissemination of ideas and organizational timing to the emergence of secular institutions.
The Routes of Civilization
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The first part of the book examines the processes and events by which the Silk Road gains its key attributes as a narrative of geocultural history in the five decades leading up to World War II. This first chapter begins by outlining the connections forged in nineteenth-century Europe between the nation, material culture, and ideas of civilization and East and West. An explanation of the geopolitical contexts within which histories of the Middle East are written by European scholars sets the scene for understanding the factors that led to Ferdinand von Richthofen describing historical trade routes in Central Asia as a road of silk. The circumstances of his trip meant that he combined surveys for a possible rail route to Europe with his broader interests in geography and history. This is fundamentally important to how the Silk Road narrative forms decades later.
Civilizations in Dialogue
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the dramatic rise in interest in the Silk Road around the world at the end of the Cold War. The discussion begins with UNESCO’s Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue project. This pathbreaking, multilateral initiative opens up the geographies and timelines of the Silk Road as a concept. It is here that we see the idea of the Maritime Silk Road begin to gain currency, as do Buddhist and Islamic routes. The chapter then turns to the rise of Silk Road museology in the 1990s, which, in contrast to UNESCO’s expansive vision, pulls the story back to Central Asia. The chapter concludes with an overview of the projects and discourses of cooperation that make up China’s Silk Road “revival” in the twenty-first century under the Belt and Road Initiative.
Geostrategic Revivals
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines China’s Belt and Road Initiative as an architecture of cooperation, trade, and development that invokes particular imaginaries of geography and history. It highlights how ideas about the Silk Road inform geopolitical analysis and the foreign policies of governments in an age when power is accumulated through multisector forms of connectivity. Belt and Road is the latest iteration of this. The chapter revisits ideas of pan-Asianism and the historical imaginaries China’s partners and competitors now invoke in response to Belt and Road.
“One Might Think It Is a Ward in a Madhouse”
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is divided into two parts that analyze early Cold War Soviet caricature of two kinds—pictorial and verbal. Both focus on the presentation of a new kind of enemies: not immediately and directly dangerous, but deeply alien in their very existence. The first part analyzes pictorial caricature with reference to the Soviet concept of “the typical” and in the context of the principle of “thinking in types” as an attribute of totalitarian consciousness. Pictorial caricatures are explored as a tool of forming a new type of ideologically correct reading of signs. The second part explores a range of satirical texts—from verses to plays on politically relevant topics. The use of traditional comic tropes is examined systematically.
The Gogols and the Shchedrins
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, satire in the Soviet theater is explored. Although it starts with an overview of Soviet satirical plays of the 1930s, the emphasis is on the post-war years, the heyday of the so-called “theory of conflictlessness.” Somewhat counterintuitively, this era of “satirophobia” was the time when hundreds of satirical plays were produced. Our analysis clarifies the particularities of a system whose main function was to create more and more ingenious ways to enforce a repetition of patterns of behavior and communication sanctioned by the state. The main function of this type of playwriting was the constant affirmation of the regime’s foundations. As such, it became a unique instrument of social mobilization (in the form of “criticism and self-criticism”) at a time when there were no far-ranging purges, and a reminder of the possibility of terror returning “on a low heat” without making the threat explicit. At the same time, as this form of satire exhibited certain social vices that allowed for communal ridicule, these vices were relegated to the past, considered to have been overcome, “outlived.” Hence the constant allusions (disguised, but easily recognizable) to the terror of the late 1930s; hence the constant parodying of the methods of management or professional relationships that were now considered condemnable.
“A Total Racket”
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is Soviet urban romantic comedies. Despite the seemingly unsuitable setting of the first decades of Soviet rule, the chapter makes a case for the Soviet spaces, and Soviet forms of life, being an ideal context for vaudevillian misunderstandings, confusions, playful encounters, and romantic mishaps. At the same time, the genre was instrumental in teaching the Soviet audience to merge the private and the public, the intimate and the heroic into a harmonious whole. All the traditional markers of romantic comedy can be found in the texts presented, but the Soviet context and content make the Soviet urban comedy a unique form of popular entertainment and ideological training.
The Digital Continent
Authors: Amir Anwar Mohammad , Graham Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Only ten years ago, there were more internet users in countries like France or Germany than in all of Africa put together. But much has changed in a decade. The year 2018 marks the first year in human history in which a majority of the world’s population are now connected to the internet. This mass connectivity means that we have an internet that no longer connects only the world’s wealthy. Workers from Lagos to Johannesburg to Nairobi and everywhere in between can now apply for and carry out jobs coming from clients who themselves can be located anywhere in the world. Digital outsourcing firms can now also set up operations in the most unlikely of places in order to tap into hitherto disconnected labour forces. With CEOs in the Global North proclaiming that ‘location is a thing of the past’ (Upwork, 2018), and governments and civil society in Africa promising to create millions of jobs on the continent, the book asks what this ‘new world of digital work’ means to the lives of African workers. It draws from a year-long fieldwork in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda, with over 200 interviews with participants including gig workers, call and contact centre workers, self-employed freelancers, small-business owners, government officials, labour union officials, and industry experts. Focusing on both platform-based remote work and call and contact centre work, the book examines the job quality implications of digital work for the lives and livelihoods of African workers.
Digital Taylorism
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Undoubtedly, the emergence of the digital economy has generated new economic opportunities for workers on the continent. Thousands of African workers are now performing a vast variety of digital work activities. At the same time, various technological and social-economic barriers influence African workers’ experience of digital work. This chapter describes the lived experiences of those workers. Practically, the chapter narrates African workers’ everyday struggles to find paid work and to make a living in a highly commoditized form of global economic production. It explores four development dimensions of digital work, i.e. freedom, flexibility, precarity, and vulnerability. The chapter asserts that instead of these dimensions being compartmentalized, they are dynamic and exist in a continuum for any given job.
The Overlords
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Both Osman and Byzantium were overshadowed by the great powers of the day—the Ilkhans of Iran, the Golden Horde north of the Black Sea, and the Mamelukes of Egypt who constantly strove for supremacy. With their defeat of the Seljuks in 1243, the Mongols (Ilkhanids after 1257) dominated Asia Minor for the next century, though almost succumbing to the Mamelukes in 1277. In 1261, the first independent Turkish emirate was formed. This chapter is just a brief outline of Ilkhanid rule in Asia Minor.
Effects of pore interconnectivity on bone regeneration in carbonate apatite blocks
Authors: Elsheikh Maab , Kishida Ryo , Hayashi Koichiro , Tsuchiya Akira , Shimabukuro Masaya , Ishikawa Kunio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Porous architecture in bone substitutes, notably the interconnectivity of pores, is a critical factor for bone ingrowth. However, controlling the pore interconnectivity while maintaining the microarchitecture has not yet been achieved using conventional methods, such as sintering. Herein, we fabricated a porous block using the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate, and controlled the pore interconnectivity by limiting the region of crystal growth. The calcium sulfate dihydrate blocks were transformed to bone apatite, carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) through dissolution–precipitation reactions. Thus, CO3Ap blocks with 15% and 30% interconnected pore volumes were obtained while maintaining the microarchitecture: they were designated as CO3Ap-15 and CO3Ap-30, respectively. At 4 weeks after implantation in a rabbit femur defect, new bone formed throughout CO3Ap-30, whereas little bone was formed in the center region of CO3Ap-15. At 12 weeks after implantation, a large portion of CO3Ap-30 was replaced with new bone and the boundary with the host bone became blurred. In contrast, CO3Ap-15 remained in the defect and the boundary with the host bone was still clear. Thus, the interconnected pores promote bone ingrowth, followed by replacement of the material with new bone. These findings provide a useful guide for designing bone substitutes for rapid bone regeneration.
Value fluidity and value anchoring: race, intermediaries and valuation in two housing markets
Authors: Besbris Max , Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article argues that analysts should examine how individuals perceive and construct value in order to understand persistent forms of inequality. Drawing on years of ethnographic observations of real estate professionals and homeseekers across various segments of the housing markets in Houston, TX and New York, NY, this article develops the concepts of value fluidity and value anchoring to describe how valuation occurs and to better theorize how valuation itself reproduces racial–spatial inequality in housing. It shows that consumers’ valuation criteria can be quite malleable and highly influenced by intermediaries and experts. At the same time, valuation is patterned in reference to existing hierarchies. The article concludes by arguing for the importance of theorizing valuation through observation of market interactions and by showing why investigations of the housing market must focus on intermediaries.
Innovative Social Media Summit: Providing a Path for Physicians on Social Media
Authors: Perez Marta J. , Omurtag Kenan , Aagaard Eva , Klingensmith Mary , Bhayani Rakhee K. 
Published: February 2022

Problem
Physicians’ voices are valued in society and should be present in mainstream social media where they can provide valuable public health messaging and patient education as well as increase opportunities for medical education, mentoring, and collaboration. However, lack of formal education on effective use of social media prevents many physicians from using it.

Approach
The authors developed a physician-led social media training program to address the need for formal instruction on social media use. The program was presented to medical students, trainees, and faculty at an academic medical institution in August and September 2020. The virtual format included 5 hour-long sessions with presentations by peer experts in social media. Peer physicians with experience using social media presented on a range of topics, including introductions to platforms, how to reach and grow audiences, and use of social media to advance patient education, medical education, and advocacy.

Outcomes
There were 425 cumulative registrations for the 5 sessions of the Social Media Summit. The number of registrants increased for each session, suggesting that interest increased over time. Qualitative and quantitative participant feedback was collected via a brief, voluntary survey. All of the participants who completed the survey (n = 24) reported they were “very satisfied” (58.3%) or “somewhat satisfied” (41.7%) with the Summit.

Next Steps
Physician involvement in social media presents opportunities for public health knowledge, medical education, scientific collaboration, and career advancement. Physicians who have been successful in using social media for these purposes are excellent peer educators and can fill the medical education void in social media training. Future plans include building sustainability of the program, collecting additional quantitative and qualitative feedback to guide improvement, and encouraging reproducibility.
Serious Adverse Events With Injectable Fillers: Retrospective Analysis of 7,659 Patient Outcomes
Authors: Kern Jessica A. , Kollipara Ramya , Hoss Elika , Boen Monica , Wu Douglas C. , Groff William , Goldman Mitchel P. 
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND
In total, 2.7 million injectable filler treatments were performed in 2019 in the United States. Although generally considered to be a safe treatment modality, adverse events may occur in rare situations.

OBJECTIVE
Analyze serious adverse events from injectable filler treatments, including infections, cutaneous necrosis, blindness, or delayed-onset nodule formation, spanning 11 years for 3 board-certified dermatologists and review their incidence, management, and outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed of injectable filler treatments spanning 11 years at a multipractitioner outpatient clinic. Serious adverse events were identified, and treatment measures were documented. A literature search was performed to determine recent trends and outcomes for comparison.

RESULTS
Between January 2009 and August 2020, 18,013 mL of injectable filler was administered to 7,659 patients. Of the 18,013 mL administered, 74.1% comprised hyaluronic acid derivatives, 19.19% poly-l-lactic acid, and 6.71% calcium hydroxylapatite. Four serious adverse events were identified. Three events were delayed-onset skin nodule formation. One adverse event was related to vascular compromise and subsequent cutaneous necrosis. After appropriate treatment, all adverse events resolved without significant long-term sequelae.

CONCLUSION
Serious adverse events associated with injectable fillers, when performed by board-certified dermatologists, are extremely rare and can be successfully managed with appropriate treatment.
Proanthocyanidins Promote Endothelial Cell Viability and Angiogenesis
Authors: Wang Dingkun , Du Zhiyong , Mighri Frej , Xu Zaipin , Wang Lu , Zhang Ze 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Botanic drugs are reportedly effective in treating ischemic conditions by improving vascular circulation. However, it has been very rare for biomaterial researchers to look into the possibility of using such products in the context of tissue regeneration. This work studied 4 botanic drugs to explore their effects on vascular endothelial cell growth. Human umbilical endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of different doses of astragalus powder extract, astragalus injection, puerarin injection, and proanthocyanidin (PAC). Among the 4 drugs, PAC showed a potent effect on cell viability and stimulated cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the PAC under test was able to maintain a high level of cell viability/proliferation comparable with the cells supplemented with the endothelial cell growth medium, at both low and normal serum conditions. Blocking either endothelial cell growth factor receptors or epithelial cell growth factor receptors was ineffective in reducing the stimulatory effect. The PAC released from polyvinyl alcohol cryogels stimulated HUVECs proliferation. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model was further used to test the angiogenicity of PAC, showing that this botanic drug was potent in stimulating vasculature development. This work therefore demonstrates for the first time that PAC is capable of upregulating endothelial cell activity and growth in vitro in the absence of growth factors and that PAC can be loaded and released from drug carriers and can stimulate angiogenesis. These findings suggest the application of PAC in angiogenesis and tissue regeneration.