bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, Biotransformation, Pharmacological Effects, Metabolic Mechanism and
Safety Evaluation of Platycodin D: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Li Qianqian , Yang Tan , Zhao Shuang , Zheng Qifeng , Li Yaxin , Zhang Zhiyuan , Sun Xiuyan , Liu Yan , Zhang Yanqing , Xie Junbo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng), the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum, is a traditional herb used as both
medicine and food. Its clinical application for the treatment of cough, phlegm, sore throat, pulmonary and respiratory
diseases has been thousands of years in China. Platycodin D is the main active ingredient in Platycodonis Radix,
which belongs to the family of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins because it contains an oleanolane type aglycone
linked with double sugar chains. Modern pharmacology has demonstrated that Platycodin D displays various biological
activities, such as analgesics, expectoration and cough suppression, promoting weight loss, anti-tumor and immune
regulation, suggesting that Platycodin D has the potential to be a drug candidate and an interesting target as a
natural product for clinical research. In this review, the distribution and biotransformation, pharmacological effects,
metabolic mechanism and safety evaluation of Platycodin D are summarized to lay the foundation for further studies.
Recent Advances in PI3 Kinase Inhibitors: Anticancer Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships
Authors: Asati Vivek , Bharti Sanjay Kumar , Anant Arjun , Mahapatra Debarshi Kar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel anticancer drugs. The dysregulation of PI3K has been associated with many human malignancies such as breast, colon, endometrial, brain, and prostate cancers. The PI3K kinases in their different isoforms, namely α, β, δ, and γ, encode PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, and PIK3CG genes. Specific gene mutation or overexpression of the protein is responsible for the therapeutic fail-ure of current therapeutics. Recently, various PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors have been identified, which showed promising therapeutic results by acting on specific isoforms of the kinase too. Several inhibitors containing medicinally privileged scaffolds like oxadiazole, pyrrolotriazine, quinazoline, quinazolinone, quinazoline-chalcone hybrids, quinazoline-sulfonamide, pyrazolochalcone, quinolone hydroxamic acid, benzofuropyridinone, imidazopyridine, benzoxazines, dibenzoxanthene, indolode-rivatives, benzimidazole, and benzothiazine derivatives have been developed to target the PI3K path-way and/or a specific isoform. The PI3K inhibitors under clinical trial studies include GDC-0032, INK1117 for PI3K-α, and AZD8186 for PI3K-β. This review primarily focuses on the structural in-sights, anticancer activities, and structure-activity relationship (SARs) studies of recent PI3K inhibi-tors, including their clinical stages of development and therapeutic values.
Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium
Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer’s Disease:
18 Distinct Types of Evidence
Authors: Pall Martin L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Electronically generated electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including those used in wireless
communication such as cell phones, Wi-Fi and smart meters, are coherent, producing very high electric
and magnetic forces, which act on the voltage sensor of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce increases
in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. The calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has shown
that each of the important AD-specific and nonspecific causal elements is produced by excessive
[Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i acts in AD via excessive calcium signaling and the peroxynitrite/oxidative
stress/inflammation pathway, which are each elevated by EMFs.An apparent vicious cycle in AD involves
amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) and [Ca2+]i. Three types of epidemiology suggest EMF causation of
AD, including early onset AD. Extensive animal model studies show that low intensity EMFs cause neurodegeneration,
including AD, with AD animals having elevated levels of Aβ, amyloid precursor protein
and BACE1. Rats exposed to pulsed EMFs every day are reported to develop universal or near universal
very early onset neurodegeneration, including AD; these findings are superficially similar to humans
with digital dementia. EMFs producing modest increases in [Ca2+]i can also produce protective, therapeutic
effects. The therapeutic pathway and peroxynitrite pathway inhibit each other. A summary of 18
different findings is provided, which collectively provide powerful evidence for EMF causation of AD.
The author is concerned that smarter, more highly pulsed “smart” wireless communication may cause
widespread very, very early onset AD in human populations.
Hospitalization Costs for Diabetes Related Lower Extremity Amputation
at a Referral Hospital in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Mtshali Sifiso , Hongoro Charles , Mahomed Ozayr 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for lower extremity amputations
(LEA), both alone and in combination with peripheral vascular disease and infection. Currently,
in Africa, more than half of the cases do not meet the recommended blood glucose control levels
to prevent complications suggesting that the risk of complications is high.

Objective:
The study aims to estimate hospitalization costs of diabetes-related lower extremities
amputation for patients consulted at a referral hospital in 2015/16.

Methods:
The study was a retrospective analysis using a mixed costing approach and based on
2015/16 financial year data inflated to 2020 at a 32-bed vascular unit of a quaternary care health facility.
Patient level data were extracted from the hospital information system for length of stay,
medication provided, laboratory and radiological investigations, and other clinical services offered.

Results:
The total summative cost for managing all 34 patients amounted to $ 568 407 or a mean
unit cost per patient of $ 16 718 based on 2015/16 prices, and when adjusted to 2020, prices
amounted to $ 728 997 or $ 21 441 per patient. The mean unit cost per patient for foot amputation
was $ 12 598 based on 2015/16 prices, and when adjusted to 2020, prices amounted to $ 16 157
per patient, whilst the mean cost per patient for lower limb amputation was $ 16 718 based on
2015/16 prices, and when adjusted to 2020 prices, amounted to $ 21 441 per patient.

Conclusion:
Hospital costs associated with diabetes related amputation varied by whether the patient
was admitted to intensive care unit or not, and the major cost drivers were general ward costs,
compensation of employees, and radiology services. A comprehensive audit of the referral process
and care process at the facility level as well as technical efficiency analysis, is required to identify
inefficiencies that could reduce hospital costs for managing diabetes complications.
Improving Container Port Terminal Services’ by Applying CSI and QFD
Authors: Wicaksono Achmad , Djakfar Ludfi 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Tenau Container Port Terminal’s operation in Kupang City has low-quality services. Few studies have tried to consider the QFD and IPA methods along with other methods. Therefore, this study will try to complement previous studies using the Customer Services Index (CSI) to evaluate and improve the terminal service quality.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to analyze container operational services’ performance at the Port of Tenau-Kupang and find solutions to improve the container terminal services quality. The objective is to complement previous studies with regard to evaluating and improving the terminal service quality.

Methods:
This study uses the Customer Services Index (CSI), Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to evaluate and improve the container terminal services quality.

Results:
Several strategies such as equipment routine maintenance, truck and workers’ readiness, optimal utilization of tugboats, preparation of additional container yards, worker certification, and additional training for operators are recommended to enhance operational services’ ports.

Conclusion:
The results of this study have several similarities with the results of previous studies, especially those related to technical problems. On the other hand, there are differences in results with other studies due to differences in environmental conditions and characteristics of human resources.
The Recent Developments and Applications of Photoremovable Protecting
Groups in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Panda Biswajit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
A photoremovable protecting group (PRPG) is an organic molecular framework
that may be cleaved when exposed to light. It allows spatial as well as temporal control
over the release of various substances such as neurotransmitters, cell signalling molecules,
acids, bases, Ca2+ ions, oxidants, insecticides, pheromones, and perfumes, etc. This minireview
highlights the history and current state of the art of several PRPGs in organic
chemistry. Synthesis, application and mechanism of cleavage process of PRPGs were also
discussed thoroughly in this article.
MINAT DAN GAYA BELAJAR ILUSTRATOR DI PULAU JAWA PADA ERA DIGITAL
Authors: Mangunsong Hasprita Restiamangastuti Boru 
Published: February 2022

Kemajuan teknologi membawa masyarakat pada era digital dan budaya siber. Era digital memengaruhi gaya hidup masyarakat termasuk cara mereka belajar. Ilustrator Indonesia telah banyak mengerjakan berbagai proyek milik berbagai negara. Artikel ini bertujuan memaparkan bagaimana para illustrator di Pulau Jawa belajar dan bagaimana teknologi digital memengaruhi gaya belajar mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan netnografi. Populasinya adalah illustrator yang tinggal di Pulau Jawa dengan teknik accidental sampling dalam menarik sampel. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik menyebar angket online, melakukan wawancara dan observasi komunitas ilustrator di grup Facebook “Ilustrator Indonesia”. Hasil penelitian menunjukan mayoritas ilustrator memiliki minat tinggi dalam mengembangkan kemampuan iustrasinya terutama dalam pengembangan teknik menggambar. Selain itu gaya belajar dominannya adalah visual namun masih memiliki kemampuan belajar secara auditori dan kinestetik. Dalam kegiatan belajarnya para ilustrator sangat dipengaruhi oleh teknologi digital dan internet. Para ilustrator menggunakan internet terutama Instagram, Youtube dan Pinterest dalam belajar dan menggunakan media sosial di internet untuk membentuk komunitas dan berkomunikasi Kata Kunci: gaya belajar, ilustrator, pendidikan era digital, ilustrator Indonesia INTEREST AND LEARNING STYLE OF ILLUSTRATORS IN JAVA ISLAND IN THE DIGITAL ERA Abstract Technological advances have brought society to the digital era and cyberculture. The digital era affects people’s lifestyles, including the way they learn. Indonesian illustrators have worked on various projects belonging to various countries. This article describes how illustrators in Java learn and how digital technology affects their learning styles. The research method used is qualitative research with a netnographic approach. The population is illustrators who live in Java with accidental sampling techniques in drawing samples. Data collection was carried out by distributing online questionnaires, conducting interviews, and observing the illustrator community in the Facebook group, “Ilustrator Indonesia”. The results showed that the majority of illustrators had a high interest in developing their illustration skills, especially in developing drawing techniques. In addition, the dominant learning style is visual but still has auditory and kinesthetic learning abilities. Illustrators are very much influenced by digital technology and the internet in their learning activities. Illustrators use the internet, especially Instagram, Youtube, and Pinterest, in learning and using social media on the internet to create community and communication Keywords: learning style, illustrator, digital era education, Indonesian illustrator
BENTUK PENYAJIAN TARI SABEK’N APA’K DALAM UPACARA ADAT NYOBENG SUKU DAYAK BINA’EH
Authors: Tindarika Regaria 
Published: February 2022

Tari Sabek’n Apa’k ditarikan dalam rangka memandikan tulang tengkorak musuh yang kalah dalam tradisi ngayau (potong kepala). Prosesi ini merupakan ritual yang ada di upacara Nyobeng. Nyobeng adalah upacara untuk mengucap syukur dan meminta perlindungan kepada Iyekng atau Tuhan. Adapun tari Sabek’n Apa’k mempunyai runtutan penyajian yang telah di tentukan dari generasi ke generasi pada Dayak Bina’eh. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjabarkan secara detail mengenai bentuk penyajian tari Sabek’n Apa’k. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dalam bentuk kualitatif, serta teknik pengumpulan data wawancara dan studi dokumentasi, peneliti mendapatkan hasil yang menunjukan bahwa terdapat susunan penyajian yang harus dilaksanakan secara berurutan. Hal ini untuk menghindari Apa’k (sumpah/kutukan) yang tidak baik. Kata Kunci: Bentuk Penyajian, Tari Sabek’n Apa’k, upacara adat Nyobeng, Suku Dayak Bina’eh PERFORMANCE OF THE SABEK'N APA'K DANCE IN NYOBENG CEREMONY OF THE DAYAK BINA'EH TRIBE Abstract The Sabek'n Apa'k dance is moved in arrange to bathe the skulls of the defeated enemy in the ngayau (behead) tradition. This procession is a ritual in the Nyobeng ceremony. Nyobeng is a ceremony to give thanks and ask for protection from Iyekng or God. The Sabek'n Apa'k dance has a sequence of presentations that have been determined from generation to generation in Dayak Bina'eh. Therefore, this study aims to describe in detail the form of presentation of the Sabek'n Apa'k dance. By using descriptive research methods in qualitative form and interview data collection techniques and documentation studies, the researchers obtained results that showed that there was an arrangement of presentations that had to be carried out sequentially. This is to avoid Apa'k (oaths/curses) that are not good. Keywords: Form of Presentation, Sabek'n Apa'k Dance, Nyobeng traditional ceremony, Dayak Bina'eh
A Free Open-Source Bayesian Vancomycin Dosing App for Adults: Design and Evaluation Study
Authors: Oommen Thomas , Thommandram Anirudh , Palanica Adam , Fossat Yan 
Published: February 2022

Background
It has been suggested that Bayesian dosing apps can assist in the therapeutic drug monitoring of patients receiving vancomycin. Unfortunately, Bayesian dosing tools are often unaffordable to resource-limited hospitals. Our aim was to improve vancomycin dosing in adults. We created a free and open-source dose adjustment app, VancoCalc, which uses Bayesian inference to aid clinicians in dosing and monitoring of vancomycin.

Objective
The aim of this paper is to describe the design, development, usability, and evaluation of a free open-source Bayesian vancomycin dosing app, VancoCalc.

Methods
The app build and model fitting process were described. Previously published pharmacokinetic models were used as priors. The ability of the app to predict vancomycin concentrations was performed using a small data set comprising of 52 patients, aged 18 years and over, who received at least 1 dose of intravenous vancomycin and had at least 2 vancomycin concentrations drawn between July 2018 and January 2021 at Lakeridge Health Corporation Ontario, Canada. With these estimated and actual concentrations, median prediction error (bias), median absolute error (accuracy), and root mean square error (precision) were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the Bayesian estimated pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results
A total of 52 unique patients’ initial vancomycin concentrations were used to predict subsequent concentration; 104 total vancomycin concentrations were assessed. The median prediction error was –0.600 ug/mL (IQR –3.06, 2.95), the median absolute error was 3.05 ug/mL (IQR 1.44, 4.50), and the root mean square error was 5.34.

Conclusions
We described a free, open-source Bayesian vancomycin dosing calculator based on revisions of currently available calculators. Based on this small retrospective preliminary sample of patients, the app offers reasonable accuracy and bias, which may be used in everyday practice. By offering this free, open-source app, further prospective validation could be implemented in the near future.
Indicated Web-Based Prevention for Women With Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial
Authors: Jacobi Corinna , Vollert Bianka , Hütter Kristian , von Bloh Paula , Eiterich Nadine , Görlich Dennis , Taylor C Barr 
Published: February 2022

Background
Although preventive interventions for eating disorders in general have shown promise, interventions specifically targeting individuals at risk for anorexia nervosa (AN) are lacking.

Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a guided, indicated web-based prevention program for women at risk for AN.

Methods
We conducted a randomized controlled efficacy trial for women at risk for AN. Assessments were carried out at baseline (before the intervention), after the intervention (10 weeks after baseline), and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups (FUs). A total of 168 women with low body weight (17.5 kg/m2≤BMI≤19 kg/m2) and high weight concerns or with normal body weight (19 kg/m2<BMI≤25 kg/m2), high weight concerns, and high restrained eating were recruited from 3 German universities as well as on the web and randomized to Student Bodies-AN (SB-AN; intervention group [IG]) or a wait-list control group (CG). The exclusion criteria were current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–based full-syndrome eating disorders and serious medical or mental problems. The interventions were a cognitive-behavioral guided web-based prevention program (SB-AN) over 10 weeks (IG) and a wait-list CG. The primary outcomes were clinically significant changes in disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and change in BMI at 12-month FU in the group of participants who were underweight. The secondary outcomes were new onset of eating disorders, symptoms of disordered eating, and associated psychopathology.

Results
Data were available for 81.5% (137/168) of the women after the intervention and for 69% (116/168) of the women at 12-month FU. At 12-month FU, the IG participants showed larger decreases in Eating Disorder Examination total scores (38/48, 79% vs 33/58, 57%) than the CG participants and the IG participants who were underweight also showed larger clinically relevant increases in BMI (15/31, 49% vs 10/32, 32%) than the CG participants, but these differences were not significant. In addition, after the intervention and at 12-month FU, we found a significant increase in continuously measured BMI for the participants who were underweight and significant improvements in disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (eg, restrained eating as well as weight and shape concerns). At all time points, the rates of new-onset eating disorder cases were (nonsignificantly) lower in the IG than in the CG and the reductions in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition–based eating disorder syndromes were (nonsignificantly) higher in the IG than in the CG.

Conclusions
SB-AN is the first preventive intervention shown to significantly reduce specific risk factors for, and symptoms of, AN and shows promise for reducing full-syndrome AN onset.

Trial Registration
ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN70380261; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN70380261
Una vida de película. Reflexiones en torno a las nuevas presentaciones de la intimidad
Authors: Varela Florencia 
Published: February 2022

En este artículo, Florencia Varela analiza cómo el yo se ha convertido en el protagonista privilegiado de las narraciones de la televisión, el cine y la web. Reality shows, redes sociales electrónicas —como Facebook o Myspace— y directores de cine que presentan su autobiografía, son prácticas autorreferenciales que significan, entre otras cosas, nuevas formas de construcción del sí mismo. Relatos de ficción que se presentan como situaciones reales; momentos íntimos o subjetivos que se vuelven materia de exhibición y de espectáculo. Recuperando la mirada de autores clásicos y nuevos, el artículo problematiza un tema fundamental para pensar (y pensarnos) en la comunicación.
Texto de Federico Naguil. <i>Retrovisor (III)</i>
Authors: Naguil Federico 
Published: February 2022

Delante del auto, llegando hacia él y por ende hacia mí, el futuro. En la cabina, acompañando a mi aliento y al humo de mi cigarrillo, el presente. En el retrovisor, empañado y siempre escapando, el pasado.
Mens Rea and Narratives of Violence: The Guilty Mind in Twenty-First-Century American Literature
Authors: Wilson-Scott Joanna 
Published: February 2022

This article presents two twenty-first-century novels that deal with particularly charged and contemporary expressions of violence in the United States: Matthew Quick’s Forgive Me, Leonard Peacock and the threat of armed students in school, and John Updike’s Terrorist and the threat of Islamic extremism. High profile acts of violence of this kind in the United States leading up to and into the years following the turn of the millennium prompted significant concern surrounding the identification of would-be perpetrators, including those in the premeditating stage of their intended attacks.
This article argues that stepping away from the violent act and focusing instead on the violent mind situates premeditation as an integral part of violence and its conceptualization. Further, interest in the internalized aspects of violence can be seen as a response to very real socio-cultural concerns in the United States. In order to achieve this analytical focus, the article adopts the legal concepts of mens rea (the guilty mind) and actus reus (the guilty act), interweaving them with literary criticism in order to suggest that novels can serve as Momusian windows into the premeditating stage of violence through immersion into the violent mind. In so doing, they contribute more robustly to broader understandings of violence in the United States as it evolves from concept to action.
ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN ATHLETES AND CELEBRITIES OBLIGATED NOT TO USE THE N-WORD?
Authors: Spurgin Earl 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In 2014, the leadership of the National Football League instructed the league’s game officials to penalize players who use the n-word on the field. The league’s action sparked another installment of the long-running public debate over whether African Americans should use the n-word. The parties to the debate often adopt contrasting positions on whether African American athletes and celebrities are obligated morally not to use the term. This paper examines the most significant arguments, revealed by the public debate, in favor of such an obligation. By demonstrating that all of those arguments fail, I conclude that unless there is a sound argument for the obligation that I have overlooked, African American athletes and celebrities have no obligation that prohibits them from using the n-word.
WHAT CAN’T MONEY BUY?
Authors: Taylor James Stacey 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is usual in debates over the appropriate limits of markets to note that there are some goods—such as Nobel Prizes, academic grades, military medals, friendship, and love—that cannot be bought and sold. But while it is common to hold that the nature of certain goods precludes their monetary transfer, there has been no systematic account of why this is so. This paper will remedy this omission by identifying the properties that preclude the possibility of the monetary alienability of the goods that possess them. And while this will identify some goods that money cannot buy, many other goods that are believed to be beyond the reach of the market will turn out to be monetarily alienable—including all of those mentioned above.