bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating loyalty: Communication practices in the European and Inter-American human rights regimes
Authors: Steininger Silvia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article investigates how the European and Inter-American human rights regimes have developed communication practices to create loyalty. It argues that communication departments exercise essential functions, in particular by creating diffuse support for international courts. By relying on theoretical analyses developed by Albert O. Hirschman and David Easton, it identifies how international courts can create loyalty through, first, fostering awareness about the existence of the court among the general public, and, second, the establishment of supportive communities around the court through shared practices. By drawing on semi-structured interviews, the comparative analysis of the European and Inter-American human rights regime illustrates both the professionalization of communication actors and the evolution of specific communication strategies in times of backlash. The empirical insights derived from semi-structured interviews with communication officials highlight how they have succeeded in expanding their audiences, but struggle with activating communities of practice. Ultimately, the rise of visual media formats and story-telling narratives might be the most promising tool to portray a more positive and engaging image of the institution.
Evaluation of the power deficit of elderly people during stair negotiation: Which joints should be assisted at least by an exoskeleton and with what amount?
Authors: Böhme Max , Weiske Felix , Jäkel Jens , Zentner Johannes , Witt Maren 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Climbing stairs can become a daily obstacle for elderly people, and an exoskeleton can assist here. However, the exoskeletons that are designed to assist stair climbing are actuated in different ways. To find a minimal actuation configuration, we identify the assist phases by evaluating the power deficit of 11 healthy but weak elderly people (72.4 ± 2.1 years; 69–76 years; 1.67 ± 0.10 m; 74.88 ± 14.54 kg) compared to 13 younger people (24.0 ± 1.8 years; 22–28 years; 1.74 ± 0.10 m; 70.85 ± 11.91 kg) in a biomechanical study and discuss moment characteristics. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected, and kinematics, kinetics, and power characteristics of each subject for ascent and descent were calculated using inverse dynamics. Significant differences for power between both groups were assessed with statistical parametric mapping method using dynamic time warping. During ascent, the largest significant power deficit of the elderly subjects occurs in the single stance phase (SSP) during pull-up in the knee joint. During descent, significant mean power deficits of 0.2 and 0.8 W/kg for the highest deficit occur in the ankle joint in the beginning of the SSP and also in the knee joint in the same phase. Therefore, an exoskeleton should address the power deficit for knee extension (ascent: 1.0 ± 0.9 W/kg; descent: 0.3 ± 0.2 W/kg) and could assist the ankle during ascent and descent by an additional plantar flexion moment of 0.2 Nm/kg each.
Atmospheric Groundwater Forcing of a Subterranean Estuary: A Seasonal Seawater Recirculation Process
Authors: Beebe Donald A. , Huettemann Mary Brandon , Webb Bret M. , Jackson William T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHere we isolate groundwater responses to atmospheric forcing of surface water levels by relating anomalies in coastal aquifer hydraulic head time‐series to weather events. Our results demonstrate that atmospheric forcing has a greater effect on groundwater exchange and extended residence time over astronomical tidal pumping at times. During winter, atmospheric groundwater forcing was associated with winter storm passage and had a recurrence interval of approximately 7 days. During summer, atmospheric groundwater forcing was limited to weak diurnal atmospheric convection and infrequent tropical cyclone activity. Because winter storms and tropical cyclones commonly produce precipitation, atmospheric groundwater forcing can synergize with the timing of meteoric recharge producing periods of intense submarine groundwater discharge.
Likely P‐to‐S Conversion at the Core‐Mantle Boundary Extracted From Array Processing of Noise Records
Authors: Liu Tianze , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSeismic noise has been widely used to image Earth's structure in the past decades as a powerful supplement to earthquake signals. Although the seismic noise field contains both surface‐wave and body‐wave components, most previous studies have focused on surface waves due to their large amplitudes. Here, we use array analyses to identify body‐wave noise traveling as PKP waves. We find that by cross‐correlating the array‐stacked horizontal‐ and vertical‐component data in the time windows containing the PKP noise signals, we extract a phase likely representing PKS‐PKP, the differential phase between PKS and PKP. This phase can potentially be used for shear‐wave‐splitting analysis. Our results also suggest that the sources of body‐wave noise are extremely heterogeneous in both space and time, which should be accounted for in future studies using body‐wave noise to image Earth structure.
Thermal Tides in the Martian Atmosphere Near Northern Summer Solstice Observed by ACS/TIRVIM Onboard TGO
Authors: Fan Siteng , Guerlet Sandrine , Forget François , Bierjon Antoine , Millour Ehouarn , Ignatiev Nikolay , Shakun Alexey , Grigoriev Alexey , Trokhimovskiy Alexander , Montmessin Franck , Korablev Oleg 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThermal tides in the Martian atmosphere are analyzed using temperature profiles retrieved from nadir observations obtained by the TIRVIM Fourier‐spectrometer, part of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The data is selected near the northern summer solstice at solar longitude (LS) 75°–105° of Martian Year 35. The observations have a full local time coverage, which enables analyses of daily temperature anomalies. The observed zonal mean temperature is lower by 4–6 K at ∼100 Pa, but higher toward the summer pole, compared to the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Mars General Circulation Model (GCM). Wave mode decomposition shows dominant diurnal tide and important semi‐diurnal tide and diurnal Kelvin wave, with maximal amplitudes of 5, 3, and 2.5 K, respectively, from tens to hundreds of Pa. The results generally agree well with the LMD Mars GCM, but with noticeable earlier phases of diurnal (∼1 hr) and semi‐diurnal (∼3 hr) tides.
Widespread Aseismic Slip Along the Makran Megathrust Triggered by the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake
Authors: Lv Xiaoran , Amelung Falk , Shao Yun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInSAR time series data for the 2014–2021 period reveal up to 20 cm of radar line‐of‐sight displacements in the area of the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake northwest of the Hoshab Fault in the eastern Makran subduction zone in southwest Pakistan. We show that surface displacements were caused by ∼80 cm of aseismic slip along a 5,500‐km2‐wide subhorizontal patch of the megathrust fault. The corresponding moment is Mw 7.3. The percentage of slip in plate‐perpendicular direction ranges from ∼65% in the northwest to 96% in the southeast. Slip is consistent with shear stress imparted by the 2013 earthquake. The triggered aseismic slip suggests that this section of the megathrust is decoupled. The implication for the seismic potential of the subduction zone is that the megathrust is fully locked to at most 220 km distance from the trench, consistent with the lack of M ≥ 9 earthquakes in the historic record.
The Influencing Mechanism of a Mid‐Latitude Westerly Trough on Stratospheric Gravity Waves Generated by Typhoon Lekima (2019)
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhang Lifeng , Wang Yuan , Zhang Yun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe mechanism by which a mid‐latitude trough influenced the gravity waves (GWs) generated by Typhoon Lekima (2019) was studied by changing the initial fields in a series of model experiments. A peak in GW intensity (GWI) develops as typhoons weaken. The vertical speed shows the patterns of GWs generated by the typhoon and trough are the same during this peak GWI period. The typhoon generates the main part of the GWs and the trough enhances their intensity. The phase speed spectra show intense GWs occur when the GWs generated by the typhoon and trough propagate at the same phase speed. The GWI generated by the trough and typhoon were calculated separately in the control experiment, and their sum shows the peak GWI was caused mainly by in‐phase superposition. Finally, the model of the GWs superposition was proposed to quantitatively verify the existence of waves liner positive superposition.
High‐Resolution and Accurate Low‐Latitude Gridded Electron Density Generation and Evaluation
Authors: He Jianhui , Yue Xinan , Le Huijun , Ren Zhipeng , Ding Feng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe accurate specification of three‐dimensional (3‐D) ionosphere states is crucial to positioning, navigation, and communication systems, especially in low‐latitude and equatorial regions. In this work, the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC‐2) radio occultation total electron content was assimilated around a whole year from October 2020 to September 2021 via the Kalman filter (KF) data assimilation system. This system includes an empirical ionosphere background model and the KF data assimilation algorithm. Accurate 3‐D ionosphere data assimilation results were produced hourly with spatial resolutions of 2° latitude, 5° longitude, and 20 km height in low‐latitude and equatorial regions. First, the results were validated by Massachusetts Institute of Technology vertical total electron content and global ionosonde data. The ionosphere vertical total electron content and the critical frequency at the F2 layer agree well with the independent observations. Then, a general ionosphere climatological pattern is found in the reconstructed 3D ionosphere results, including seasonal variation, annual asymmetry, and December anomaly. In addition, the results can well capture the daily spatial and temporal ionospheric variations in the day‐to‐day variability, the longitudinal wave 4 structures, and the interhemispheric asymmetry transition of the equatorial ionization anomaly crests. The current results demonstrate that assimilating COSMIC‐2 TEC observations can further improve the 3D ionosphere specification in low‐latitude and equatorial regions and can also contribute to physical research on ionosphere variability characteristics.
Landing Site Selection and Characterization of Tianwen‐1 (Zhurong Rover) on Mars
Authors: Wu Bo , Dong Jie , Wang Yiran , Rao Wei , Sun Zezhou , Li Zhaojin , Tan Zhiyun , Chen Zeyu , Wang Chuang , Liu Wai Chung , Chen Long , Zhu Jiaming , Li Hongliang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Chinese Mars rover Zhurong onboard the Tianwen‐1 probe successfully landed on Mars in May 2021. Here, we report our efforts in selecting a landing site for Zhurong within a pre‐identified landing region in southern Utopia Planitia. Using the high‐resolution images collected by a camera onboard the Tianwen‐1 orbiter, the landing region was analyzed in detail in terms of surface slopes, crater densities and rock abundances, which enabled the optimized determination of a landing ellipse (56 × 22 km for the major and minor axes) with minimum hazards and assisted the successful landing of the Zhurong rover. We also characterized the landing site and region after landing. Surface images captured by a camera onboard the Zhurong rover revealed a low rock abundance of approximately 4% at the landing site, similar to the rock measurements from orbital data before landing. Images of the surface features and a hole excavated by the pulsed retrorockets beneath the lander suggested a shallow regolith structure with a surficial layer of dust and sand over a layer of duricrust, and brecciated/fragmented rocks and bedrocks beneath. Crater size‐frequency distribution analysis indicated that the landing region might have experienced multiple episodes of resurfacing.
The Influence of In‐Channel Obstacles on River Sound
Authors: Osborne William A. , Hodge Rebecca A. , Love Gordon D. , Hawkin Peter , Hawkin Ruth E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe sound of a river can change from a babbling brook to a thunderous torrent, and we have previously shown that there is the potential to predict river stage from the river's sub‐aerial sound. Here, we examined how alterations in channel configuration can change the relationship between stage and sound pressure level using a white water course to simulate a real‐world scale channel. By using blocks as roughness elements (REs), we were able to customize the course's obstacles, creating towers of different heights and placements. We then ran a varied flow discharge of up to 10 m3 s−1. We used data collected from microphones, a hydrophone and cameras to monitor the flow and to understand the processes occurring. In addition to sound processing, we used image analysis to calculate the area of white water on the surface of the water to determine the mechanism for sound production. Our analysis showed the likeliest source of sub‐aerial sound is from white water being produced from the flow's interaction with the REs, with the relationship between white water value and sound relationship having an R2 between 0.35 and 0.82. In terms of influence on sound, we found that the height of the REs is more important than their spatial distribution, with the taller the RE, the better the logarithmic relationship between sound and stage. We suggest that monitoring in a natural setting will work best in the places with the tallest obstacles and that the quality of the sound‐stage relationship is dependent on RE height.
Maintenance of Cyclonic Vortex During Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation: A View From Kinetic Energy Budget
Authors: Li Baosheng , Zhou Lei , Qin Jianhuang , Meng Ze 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) is the predominant variability over the tropical Indian Ocean during the Indian summer monsoon. A cyclonic vortex plays a critical role in the northward propagation of MISO. Here, we find that the pronounced intraseasonal kinetic energy accompanying the vortex is attributable to the barotropic energy gain from the background circulation. In particular, due to the phase shift between vortex and low‐level horizontal wind convergence, the covariance of the intraseasonal easterly and downdraft reinforces the intraseasonal kinetic energy before vortex. In contrast, the interaction between westerly and updraft nourishes the kinetic energy after vortex. Overall, the nonlinear processes across different scales are vital for the energy exchange during MISO, and this is dynamically different from that of Madden‐Julian oscillations. It implies that although these two major intraseasonal oscillations share the same spatiotemporal scales over the Indian Ocean, they are controlled by fundamentally different dynamical processes.
Characteristic Features of V0 Layer in the Venus Ionosphere as Observed by the Akatsuki Orbiter: Evidence for Its Presence During the Local Noon and Post‐Sunset Conditions
Authors: Tripathi Keshav R. , Choudhary R. K. , Ambili K. M. , Imamura T. , Ando H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCharacteristic features of the Venus ionosphere below the V1 base, named as V0 layer, have been studied using the Radio Science payload onboard Akatsuki orbiter. An ionospheric layer below the V1 base is known to be present in the Venus ionosphere but found to be geographically localized, seen mostly during the daytime between 55 and 90° solar zenith angle (SZA). We, for the first time, show its presence at different latitudes and SZA, including near the equator during the local noon and post‐sunset hours. The maximum density of this layer was ∼4 × 1010 m−3 at the altitude range of 110 ± 4 km. In the absence of in‐situ measurements, it's difficult to comment on the origin but the presence of such layers during post‐sunset hours suggests their meteoric origin as the observed altitudes are consistent with the height range predicted by the meteor models. Other possible sources of such layers are also discussed.
A Statistical Study of the Moon's Magnetotail Plasma Environment
Authors: Liuzzo Lucas , Poppe Andrew R. , Halekas Jasper S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the lunar plasma environment when embedded within Earth's magnetotail. We use data from 10 years of tail crossings by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft in orbit around the Moon. We separate the plasma environments by magnetosheath‐like, magnetotail lobe‐like, and plasma sheet‐like conditions. Our findings highlight that the lobe‐like plasma is associated with low densities and a strong magnetic field, while the plasma sheet is characterized by higher densities and a weaker magnetic field. These regions are flanked by the fast, predominantly tailward flows of the terrestrial magnetosheath. During a single lunar crossing, however, the magnetotail displays a wide range of variability, with transient features—including reconnection events—intermixed between periods of lobe‐like or sheet‐like conditions. We compare and contrast the Moon's local magnetotail plasma to the environments near various outer‐planet moons. In doing so, we find that properties of the ambient lunar plasma are, at times, unique to the terrestrial magnetotail, while at others, may resemble those near the Jovian, Saturnian, and Neptunian moons. These findings highlight the complementary role of the ARTEMIS mission in providing a deeper understanding of the plasma interactions of the outer‐planet moons.
HSP70 attenuates compression-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by suppressing mitochondrial fission via upregulating the expression of SIRT3
Authors: Hu Binwu , Wang Peng , Zhang Shuo , Liu Weijian , Lv Xiao , Shi Deyao , Zhao Lei , Liu Hongjian , Wang Baichuan , Chen Songfeng , Shao Zengwu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCompression-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Recent studies have shown that the dysregulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. However, its role in and regulatory effects on compression-induced apoptosis of NP cells have not yet been fully elucidated. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a major cytoprotective heat shock protein, but its physiological role in IVDD, especially its effect on mitochondrial fission and fusion, is still unknown. Herein, we found that compression could induce mitochondrial fission, which ultimately trigger apoptosis of NP cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, we identified the cytoprotective effects of HSP70 on NP cells, and we found that promoting the expression of HSP70 could protect NP cells from abnormal mechanical loading in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we showed that HSP70 inhibited compression-induced mitochondrial fission by promoting SIRT3 expression, thereby attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and the production of reactive oxygen species and ultimately inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in NP cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that HSP70 could attenuate compression-induced apoptosis of NP cells by suppressing mitochondrial fission via upregulating SIRT3 expression. Promoting the expression of HSP70 might be a novel strategy for the treatment of IVDD.
Questions concerning tyrosine kinase-inhibitor therapy and transplants in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Baccarani Michele , Bonifazi Francesca , Soverini Simona , Castagnetti Fausto , Gugliotta Gabriele , Saber Wael , Estrada-Merly Noel , Rosti Gianantonio , Gale Robert Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this provocative commentary, we consider several questions posed by the late chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) expert Prof. Michele Baccarani, which he challenged us to address after his death. He noted only a small proportion of people with chronic phase CML receiving tyrosine kinase-inhibitor (TKI)-therapy are likely to achieve sustained therapy-free remission (TFR) and even fewer are likely to be cured. Persons most likely to fail TKItherapy can be identified at diagnosis or soon after starting TKI-therapy. These persons are likely to need lifetime TKI-therapy with attendant risks of adverse events, cost and psychological consequences. Allogeneic transplants achieve much higher rates of leukaemia-free survival compared with TKI-therapy but are associated with transplant-related adverse events including an almost 20 percent risk of transplant-related deaths within 1 year post-transplant and a compromised quality-of-life because of complications such as chronic graft-versus-host disease. Subject-, disease- and transplant-related co-variates associated with transplant outcomes are known with reasonable accuracy. Not everyone likely to fail TKI-therapy is a transplant candidate. However, in those who candidates are physicians and patients need to weigh benefits and risks of TKI-therapy versus a transplant. We suggest transplants should be more often considered in the metric when counseling people with chronic phase CML unlikely to achieve TFR with TKI-therapy. We question whether we are discounting a possible important therapy intervention; we think so.
LocoMMotion: a prospective, non-interventional, multinational study of real-life current standards of care in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Mateos Maria-Victoria , Weisel Katja , De Stefano Valerio , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Delforge Michel , Mohty Mohamad , Cavo Michele , Vij Ravi , Lindsey-Hill Joanne , Dytfeld Dominik , Angelucci Emanuele , Perrot Aurore , Benjamin Reuben , van de Donk Niels W. C. J. , Ocio Enrique M. , Scheid Christof , Gay Francesca , Roeloffzen Wilfried , Rodriguez-Otero Paula , Broijl Annemiek , Potamianou Anna , Sakabedoyan Caline , Semerjian Maria , Keim Sofia , Strulev Vadim , Schecter Jordan M. , Vogel Martin , Wapenaar Robert , Nesheiwat Tonia , San-Miguel Jesus , Sonneveld Pieter , Einsele Hermann , Moreau Philippe 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite treatment advances, patients with multiple myeloma (MM) often progress through standard drug classes including proteasome inhibitors (PIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). LocoMMotion (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04035226) is the first prospective study of real-life standard of care (SOC) in triple-class exposed (received at least a PI, IMiD, and anti-CD38 mAb) patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). Patients (N = 248; ECOG performance status of 0–1, ≥3 prior lines of therapy or double refractory to a PI and IMiD) were treated with median 4.0 (range, 1–20) cycles of SOC therapy. Overall response rate was 29.8% (95% CI: 24.2–36.0). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) were 4.6 (95% CI: 3.9–5.6) and 12.4 months (95% CI: 10.3–NE). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 83.5% of patients (52.8% grade 3/4). Altogether, 107 deaths occurred, due to progressive disease (n = 74), TEAEs (n = 19), and other reasons (n = 14). The 92 varied regimens utilized demonstrate a lack of clear SOC for heavily pretreated, triple-class exposed patients with RRMM in real-world practice and result in poor outcomes. This supports a need for new treatments with novel mechanisms of action.