bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Fatigue Crack Growth of Epoxy Molding Compounds Under High-Temperature Long-Term Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Zhang Yunli , Suhling Jeff , Williamson Jaimal , Thompson Pat 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis such as tension test allows for studying the fatigue failure of polymer materials. By increasing the dynamic strain or stress amplitude, the fatigue and failure of material could be characterized. Silica-filled epoxy molding compounds are widely used in modern electronic industry, to protect the silicon chip from mechanical, chemical and thermal effects. There is insufficient information on fatigure reliability of plastic encapsulated electronic components capable of surviving high temperatures for long periods (&gt;100,000 hours). In this paper, the details of the procedure for fatigue effect measurement are described. Feddersen’s approach for fracture toughness test method is applied. Low cycle fatigue is investigated for pristine samples. The aging effects of a number of epoxy molding compounds subjected to sustained high-temperature long-term aging have been studied. Two popular molding compounds, EMC-1 and EMC-2, are studied under three aging temperatures: 100C, below the glass transition temperature, and 150 °C, above the glass transition temperature, from pristine to 120 days aging. The crack propagation under constant or increasing stress or strain has been recorded and discussed.
Additively Manufactured Liquid-Cooled Heat Sink: Gyroid-Based Design, Fabrication, and Testing
Authors: Jourdan Adrian , Sarvadi Alexander , Siller Hector R. , Bostanci Huseyin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on a topology-based design approach that can be applied to liquid-cooled heat sinks for high-heat-flux devices with the goal of improving heat dissipation and manufacturability. Specifically, the study investigates the use of additively manufactured topology-based lattice structures for the practicality and flexibility (of varying topology parameters) of complicated structures to achieve high heat transfer performance. The design restrictions were set such that the heat sink would occupy a 25 mm × 25 mm × 8 mm space and attach on a matching size heater. A gyroid lattice structure with high cell volume allowing high fluid flow rate was chosen to test its printability and its effects on heat transfer. Using computational iterative routines to modify lattice structures allowed changing parameters including gyroid cell size, y-mapping, thickness of fins, overall dimensions, and other parameters. Prototype of the heat sink design was made of aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) by additive manufacturing process (laser powder bed fusion). Experimental investigation involved testing additively manufactured heat sink on a ceramic (AlN) heater at varying heat loads and flow rates, and measuring corresponding heater temperature to calculate thermal resistance. Results suggest that although further design and validation efforts are needed to fully assess the capabilities, the topology-based, additively manufactured liquid-cooled heat sinks would potentially offer a promising alternative in terms of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics, as well as manufacturability, and reduced weight, material usage, and production cost.
Machine Learning-Based Heat Sink Optimization Model for Single-Phase Immersion Cooling
Authors: Herring Joseph , Smith Peter , Lamotte-Dawaghreh Jacob , Bansode Pratik , Saini Satyam , Bhandari Rabin , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Traditional air-cooling along with corresponding heat sinks are beginning to reach performance limits, requiring lower air-supply temperatures and higher air-supply flowrates, in order to meet the rising thermal management requirements of high power-density electronics. A switch from air-cooling to single-phase immersion cooling provides significant thermal performance improvement and reliability benefits. When hardware which is designed for air-cooling is implemented within a single-phase immersion cooling regime, optimization of the heat sinks provides additional thermal performance improvements. In this study, we investigate the performance of a machine learning (ML) approach to building a predictive model of the multi-objective and multi-design variable optimization of an air-cooled heat sink for single-phase immersion-cooled servers. Parametric simulations via high fidelity CFD numerical simulations are conducted by considering the following design variables composed of both geometric and material properties for both forced and natural convection: fin height, fin thickness, number of fins, and thermal conductivity of the heat sink. Generating a databank of 864 points through CFD numerical optimization simulations, the data set is used to train and evaluate the machine learning algorithms’ ability to predict heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop across the heat sink. Three machine learning regression models are studied to evaluate and compare the performance of polynomial regression, random forest, and neural network to accurately predict heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop as a function of various design inputs. This approach to utilizing numerical simulations for building a databank for machine learning predictive models can be extrapolated to thermal performance prediction and parameter optimization in other electronic thermal management applications and thus reducing the design lead time significantly.
Dual-Evaporator Thermosyphon Cooling System for Electronics Cooling
Authors: Cataldo Filippo , Amalfi Raffaele Luca 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When dealing with thermosyphon systems for electronics cooling, there is a dearth of experimental studies addressing the physics of having multiple evaporators in parallel. Indeed, it is very common to have several processing units on the same device, such as the Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on desktop computers or servers. In this study, a thermosyphon-based system composed of two evaporators and a single air-cooled condenser is designed and tested for the layout typical of a desktop computer, workstation, or crypto-currency miner. Two evaporators at different heights and orientations compose the loo: the vertical evaporator occupies the highest position, while the evaporator is horizontal and located at the bottom of the loop. The total power dissipation of the thermosyphon-based system is 880 W when both the vertical and horizontal evaporators were cooling the corresponding units. The results show that the thermosyphon can effectively cool both processing units without instabilities. Moreover, the thermosyphon system can operate safely even when one of the two evaporators is not working.
Naturally-Cooled Heat Sinks for Next-Generation Battery Chargers
Authors: Chhokar Callum , Abadi G. Bamorovat , McDaniel Nicholas , Botting Chris , Bahrami Majid 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High-performance heat sinks are required for next-generation battery chargers to manage their ever-increasing power density. For chargers at the now upwards-shifted lower end of the power density spectrum, manufacturers still favor naturally-cooled heat sinks for their low cost, reliability, and simplicity. This study focuses on designing high-performance naturally-cooled heat sinks with continuous, segmented, inclined, and pin fins. A systematic numerical approach in ANSYS Fluent is used to model the heat sinks in three mounting orientations: horizontal, vertical, and sideways. Proposed heat sinks were developed using relevant literature on fin geometries to improve upon a provided, finned heat sink subjected to specified boundary conditions. The provided benchmark suffered from orientation-dependent performance, exhibiting its highest wall temperatures when installed sideways. Although intended to improve convective performance in the vertical orientation, fin segments marginally changed wall temperatures in this orientation. Instead, they considerably lowered them in the sideways orientation. The presence of gap flow, allowing some buoyancy-driven flow to span the width of the heat sink, lowered the average sideways-oriented wall temperature by about 3% compared to the benchmark. An arrangement of staggered pin fins furthered this improvement with a 5% drop in the average sideways-oriented wall temperature compared to the benchmark, albeit increasing the vertical orientation’s average wall temperature by about 2%. Our future work will look to gather experimental data for the specified heat sinks and boundary conditions.
Early Cretaceous continental-scale sediment routing, the McMurray Formation, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Wahbi Abdullah M. , Blum Michael D. , Nazworth Doerger Caroline 
Published: December 2022

Alternative depositional models for the Early Cretaceous McMurray Formation between a dominantly continental and marginal marine settings remain a controversial topic. The source-to-sink model can be inverted to reconstruct ancient sediment-routing systems by utilizing methods to estimate ancient drainage basins, which can contribute to understanding of sediment routing and testing of alternative depositional models.
New detrital zircon U-Pb ages from 31 samples were analyzed to identify source terranes of the McMurray Formation and the overlying Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation to test first-generation alternative sediment-routing models and estimate maximum depositional ages. In total, 9729 new concordant U-Pb ages identified multiple source terranes for the McMurray Formation within an interpreted continental-scale paleodrainage basin that extended from the SW to SE United States and eastern Canada. The paleodrainage basin then expanded to include the Western Cordillera arc system within the overlying Upper Mannville Group. Multidimensional scaling and mixing models independently support a paleo-upstream mixing of primary and recycled sources in the McMurray Formation axial system in the United States and a paleo-downstream confluence between this axial system and east-derived sediment-routing systems in Canada, which display an evolution from bedrock-confined to alluvial morphology from the lower to middle-upper McMurray Formation.
The current dataset constrains the maximum depositional age of the McMurray Formation to the latest Barremian to Aptian, with an age range from ca. 122 to 115 Ma, which is significantly younger than previously reported. Age estimates in the overlying Upper Mannville units from ca. 115 to 110 Ma statistically overlap with the McMurray Formation age, suggesting continuous Mannville deposition that lasted 10−12 m.y. or less.
Changes in Soil and Vegetation with Different Number of Passes of Wheeled Forestry Equipment (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)
Authors: Dymov A. A. , Startsev V. V. , Gorbach N. M. , Severgina D. A. , Kutyavin I. N. , Osipov A. F. , Dubrovsky Yu. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract—
Changes in podzolic soils (Albic Retisols) and vegetation after felling blueberry spruce forest in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic are discussed. Changes in the morphological and physicochemical properties of soils after three and ten passes of the forwarder, as well as after ten passes with subsequent leveling of the ruts are characterized. It is shown that the number of forwarder passes is the decisive factor in soil changes. At the site with three passes, the formation of ruts with a depth of 11 ± 3 cm is observed, while at the site with ten passes, the depth of the ruts can reach 66 cm with an average value of 27 ± 4 cm. Leveling of forwarding trails to remove the ruts leads to the greatest transformation of the natural composition of the upper soil horizons over a larger area. A significant increase in the bulk density of the upper mineral horizon of the soil of the trail takes place after three passes. After ten passes, the bulk density of the upper mineral horizon decreases because of its mixing and loosening by wheeled vehicles. At the same time, an increase in the bulk density of the underlying middle-profile mineral horizon retaining its natural composition is observed. The upper horizons of the soil of the trail leveled with the use of an excavator are characterized by a significant increase in the bulk density compared to the initial soil. It was found that the regrowth of the main tree species in the first year after felling is extremely uneven. In the case of a strong clutter on the trails, there is no regrowth, which requires additional measures to improve tree growing these technological elements of felling area. On the leveled areas of the trails, the absence of regrowth in the first year after felling was observed. However, it can be assumed that in the future these areas will be fairly quickly populated with regrowth of tree species.
Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , Bengtsson Håkan , Waldén Markus , Davison Michael , Khan Karim M , Hägglund Martin 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo: (1) describe hamstring injury incidence and burden in male professional football players over 21 seasons (2001/02 to 2021/22); (2) analyse the time-trends of hamstring muscle injuries over the most recent eight seasons (2014/15 to 2021/22); and (3) describe hamstring injury location, mechanism and recurrence rate.Methods3909 players from 54 teams (in 20 European countries) from 2001/02 to 2021/22 (21 consecutive seasons) were included. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Time-trend analyses were performed with Poisson regression using generalised linear models.Results2636 hamstring injuries represented 19% of all reported injuries, with the proportion of all injuries increasing from 12% during the first season to 24% in the most recent season. During that same period, the percentage of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20%. Between 2014/15 and 2021/22, training hamstring injury incidence increased (6.7% annually, 95% CI 1.7% to 12.5%) as did burden (9.0% annually, 95% CI 1.2% to 18.3%). During those years, the match hamstring injury incidence also increased (3.9% annually, 95% CI 0.1% to 7.9%) and with the same trend (not statistically significant) for match hamstring injury burden (6.2% annually, 95% CI −0.5% to 15.0%).ConclusionsHamstring injury proportions—in number of injuries and total absence days—doubled during the 21-year period of study. During the last eight seasons, hamstring injury rates have increased both in training and match play.
Enhancing authenticity, diagnosticity andequivalence (AD-Equiv) in multicentre OSCE exams in health professionals education: protocol for a complex intervention study
Authors: Yeates Peter , Maluf Adriano , Kinston Ruth , Cope Natalie , McCray Gareth , Cullen Kathy , O’Neill Vikki , Cole Aidan , Goodfellow Rhian , Vallender Rebecca , Chung Ching-Wa , McKinley Robert K , Fuller Richard , Wong Geoff 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionObjective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) are a cornerstone of assessing the competence of trainee healthcare professionals, but have been criticised for (1) lacking authenticity, (2) variability in examiners’ judgements which can challenge assessment equivalence and (3) for limited diagnosticity of trainees’ focal strengths and weaknesses. In response, this study aims to investigate whether (1) sharing integrated-task OSCE stations across institutions can increase perceived authenticity, while (2) enhancing assessment equivalence by enabling comparison of the standard of examiners’ judgements between institutions using a novel methodology (video-based score comparison and adjustment (VESCA)) and (3) exploring the potential to develop more diagnostic signals from data on students’ performances.Methods and analysisThe study will use a complex intervention design, developing, implementing and sharing an integrated-task (research) OSCE across four UK medical schools. It will use VESCA to compare examiner scoring differences between groups of examiners and different sites, while studying how, why and for whom the shared OSCE and VESCA operate across participating schools. Quantitative analysis will use Many Facet Rasch Modelling to compare the influence of different examiners groups and sites on students’ scores, while the operation of the two interventions (shared integrated task OSCEs; VESCA) will be studied through the theory-driven method of Realist evaluation. Further exploratory analyses will examine diagnostic performance signals within data.Ethics and disseminationThe study will be extra to usual course requirements and all participation will be voluntary. We will uphold principles of informed consent, the right to withdraw, confidentiality with pseudonymity and strict data security. The study has received ethical approval from Keele University Research Ethics Committee. Findings will be academically published and will contribute to good practice guidance on (1) the use of VESCA and (2) sharing and use of integrated-task OSCE stations.
Barriers to home care for older adults from perspectives of Iranian informal caregivers: a qualitative study
Authors: Rahimi Fatemeh , Shakibazadeh Elham , Ashoorkhani Mahnaz , Foroughan Mahshid 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveA longer life expectancy increases the number of older adults who require long-term care. The presence of a caregiver at home prevents the placement of older adults in care facilities. Identifying the caregivers’ viewpoints around the care clarifies key factors in providing quality care.This study aimed to assess barriers to home care from the perspective of Iranian informal caregivers of older adults.DesignThis was a qualitative study with content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted via telephone in Persian with informal caregivers of older adults using open-ended questions.SettingSocial and health organisations in southern Tehran, Iran.ParticipantsSeventeen informal caregivers were selected on purpose. Participants were eligible to participate in the study if they were 18 years or older, and had at least 1 month of care experience for a minimum of 6 hours per week.ResultsBarriers to home care for older adults from informal caregivers’ points of view were categorised into three domains: (1) Individual barriers include the physical, mental and social burden of care as well as personal characteristics of the caregiver; (2) interpersonal barriers include psychobehavioural characteristics of the older adult and misbehaviour of people around the caregiver and (3) care system barriers include inefficient institutional/organisational infrastructure, moral issues and inefficiency in public policy.ConclusionsOur study showed multiple individual, interpersonal and care system barriers to home care for older adults. Specific contextual challenges among Iranian caregivers, such as their attitudes and beliefs, as well as a lack of social and healthcare support for families, hindered the quality of care.Trial registration numberIRCT20201012048999N1
Cost measurement in value-based healthcare: a systematic review
Authors: Leusder Maura , Porte Petra , Ahaus Kees , van Elten Hilco 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveAlthough value-based healthcare (VBHC) views accurate cost information to be crucial in the pursuit of value, little is known about how the costs of care should be measured. The aim of this review is to identify how costs are currently measured in VBHC, and which cost measurement methods can facilitate VBHC or value-based decision making.DesignTwo reviewers systematically search the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, EBSCOhost and Web of Science databases for publications up to 1 January 2022 and follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies for further analysis.Eligibility criteriaStudies should measure the costs of an intervention, treatment or care path and label the study as ‘value based’. An inductive qualitative approach was used to identify studies that adopted management accounting techniques to identify if or how cost information facilitated VBHC by aiding decision-making.ResultsWe identified 1930 studies, of which 215 measured costs in a VBHC setting. Half of these studies measured hospital costs (110, 51.2%) and the rest relied on reimbursement amounts. Sophisticated costing methods that allocate both direct and indirect costs to care paths were seen as able to provide valuable managerial information by facilitating care path adjustments (39), benchmarking (38), the identification of cost drivers (47) and the measurement of total costs or cost savings (26). We found three best practices that were key to success in cost measurement: process mapping (33), expert input (17) and observations (24).ConclusionsCost information can facilitate VBHC. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) is viewed as the best method although its ability to inform decision-making depends on how it is implemented. While costing short, or partial, care paths and surgical episodes produces accurate cost information, it provides only limited decision-making information. Practitioners are advised to focus on costing full care cycles and to consider both direct and indirect costs through TDABC.
Measurement and Monitoring of Safety Framework: a qualitative study of implementation through a Canadian learning collaborative
Authors: Goldman Joanne , Rotteau Leahora , Flintoft Virginia , Jeffs Lianne , Baker G Ross 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundThe Measurement and Monitoring of Safety Framework (MMSF) aims to move beyond a narrow focus on measurement and past harmful events as the major focus for safety in healthcare organisations. There is limited evidence of MMSF implementation and impact.ObjectiveWe aimed to examine participants’ perspectives and experiences to increase understanding of the adaptive work of implementing the MMSF through a learning collaborative programme in diverse healthcare contexts across Canada.MethodsThe Collaborative consisted of 11 teams from seven provinces. We conducted a qualitative study involving interviews with 36 participants, observations of 5 sites and learning sessions, and collection of documents.ResultsCollaborative sessions and coaching allowed participants to explore reliability, sensitivity to operations, anticipation and preparedness, and integration and learning, in addition to past harm, and move beyond a project and measurement oriented safety approach. Participants noted the importance of time dedicated to engaging stakeholders in talk about MMSF concepts and their significance to their settings, prior to moving to implementing the Framework into practice. While participants generally started with a small number of ways of integrating the MMSF into practice such as rounds or huddles, many teams continued to experiment with incorporating the MMSF into a range of practices. Participants reported changes in thinking about safety, discussions and behaviours, which were perceived to impact healthcare processes. However, participants also reported challenges to sharing the Framework broadly and moving beyond its surface implementation, and difficulties with its sustained and widespread use given misalignments with existing quality and safety processes.ConclusionThe MMSF requires a dramatic departure from traditional safety strategies that focus on discrete problems and emphasise measurement. MMSF implementation requires extensive discussion, coaching and experimentation. Future implementation should consider engaging local leaders and coaches and an organisation or system approach to enable broader reach and systemic change.