bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical note: Northern midlatitude baseline ozone – long-term changes and the COVID-19 impact
Authors: Parrish David D. , Derwent Richard G. , Faloona Ian C. , Mims Charles A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract. A nonlinear change in baseline ozone concentrations at
northern midlatitudes has been quantified over preceding decades. During the
past few years, several studies, using linear trend analyses, report
relatively small trends over selected time periods – results inconsistent
with the earlier developed picture. We show that reported COVID-19-related
ozone changes in the background troposphere based on the linear analysis are
significantly larger than those derived considering recent long-term
decreases in background ozone, which the linear trend analyses do not
quantify. We further point out that the extensive loss of lower
stratospheric ozone in the unprecedented 2020 springtime Arctic
stratospheric ozone depletion event likely reduced the natural source to the
troposphere, rendering the background anomalously low that year.
Consideration of these two issues indicates that the COVID-19 restrictions
had a much smaller impact on background tropospheric ozone in 2020 than
previously reported. A consensus understanding of baseline ozone changes and
their causes is important for formulating policies to improve ozone air
quality; cooperative, international emission control efforts aimed at
continuing or even accelerating the ongoing decrease in hemisphere-wide
background ozone concentrations may be the most effective approach to
further reducing urban and rural ozone in the more developed northern
midlatitude countries, as well as improving ozone air quality in all
countries within these latitudes. Analysis of baseline ozone measurements
over several years following the COVID-19 impact is expected to provide a
firm basis for resolving the inconsistencies between the two views of
long-term northern midlatitude ozone changes and better quantifying the
COVID-19 impact.
Oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea – 10 years of Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar observations
Authors: Najoui Zhour , Amoussou Nellya , Riazanoff Serge , Aurel Guillaume , Frappart Frédéric 
Published: October 2022

Abstract. The Gulf of Guinea is a very active area with respect to maritime traffic as well
as oil and gas exploitation. Due to the failure of some actors to comply with
environmental standards, this region has been subject to a large number of
oil pollution episodes. This anthropogenic oil pollution is in addition to natural oil seepage from
the ocean floor. This study aims to detect oil slicks in the Gulf of
Guinea and to analyse their spatial distribution using synthetic-aperture radar
(SAR) images. Previous works have already locally mapped oil slicks in
this area; however, to our knowledge, this study is the first to achieve a global
statistical analysis based on 10 years of radar images covering 17 exclusive
economic zones (EEZs) in the Gulf of Guinea. The present study is based on a
database of 3644 SAR images collected between 2002 and 2012 by the
Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) sensor onboard the European Spatial Agency (ESA) Envisat
mission, and these images allowed the identification of 18 063 oil slicks. The spatial distribution of these oil slicks is available from Zenodo:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6470470 (Najoui, 2022b). The oil
slicks detected in this work encompass both oil spills of anthropogenic origin and oil seeps of natural origin (natural oil reservoir leaks). A
set of 100 georeferenced oil spills is also available from
Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6907743 (Najoui, 2022a).
TrackMatcher – a tool for finding intercepts in tracks of geographical positions
Authors: Bräuer Peter , Tesche Matthias 
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Working with measurement data in atmospheric science often necessitates the co-location of observations from instruments or platforms at different locations with different geographical and/or temporal data coverage. The varying complexity and abundance of the different data sets demand a consolidation of the observations. This paper presents a tool for (i) finding temporally and spatially resolved intersections between two- or three-dimensional geographical tracks (trajectories) and (ii) extracting observations and other derived parameters in the vicinity of intersections to achieve the optimal combination of various data sets and measurement techniques. The TrackMatcher tool has been designed specifically for matching height-resolved remote sensing observations along the ground track of a satellite with position data of aircraft (flight tracks) and clouds (cloud tracks) and is intended to be an extension for ships (ship tracks) and air parcels (forward and backward trajectories). The open-source algorithm is written in the Julia programming language. The core of the matching algorithm consist of interpolating tracks of different objects with a piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial with the subsequent identification of an intercept point by minimising the norm between the different track point coordinate pairs. The functionality wrapped around the two steps allows for the application of the TrackMatcher tool to a wide range of scenarios. Here, we present three examples of matching satellite tracks with the position of individual aircraft and clouds that demonstrate the usefulness of TrackMatcher for application in atmospheric science.
Effect of tides on river water behavior over the eastern shelf seas of China
Authors: Lin Lei , Liu Hao , Huang Xiaomeng , Fu Qingjun , Guo Xinyu 
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Rivers carry large amounts of freshwater and terrestrial
material into shelf seas, which is an important part of the global water and
biogeochemical cycles. The earth system model or climate model is an
important instrument for simulating and projecting the global water cycle
and climate change, in which tides however are commonly removed. For a
better understanding of the potential effect of the absence of tides in the
simulation of the water cycle, this study compared the results of a regional
model with and without considering tides, and evaluated the effect of tides
on the behavior of three major rivers (i.e., the Yellow, Yalujiang, and
Changjiang rivers) water in the eastern shelf seas of China from the
perspectives of transport pathways, timescales, and water concentration. The
results showed that the tides induced more dispersed transport for the water
of the Yellow and Yalujiang rivers, but more concentrated transport for the
Changjiang River water. The effect of tides on the transit areas of the
Yellow, Yalujiang, and Changjiang rivers was 13 %, 40 %, and 21 %,
respectively. The annual mean water age and transit time of the three rivers
in the model with tides were several (∼ 2–10) times higher
than those in the no-tide model, suggesting that tides dramatically slow the
river water transport and export rate over the shelf. By slowing the river
water export, tides induced a three-fold increase in river water
concentration and a decrease in shelf seawater salinity by > 1.
Moreover, the effect of tides on river behavior was stronger in relatively
enclosed seas (i.e., the Bohai and Yellow seas) than in relatively open seas
(i.e., the East China Sea). The change in the shelf currents induced by
tides is the main cause of the difference in the river water behavior
between the two model runs. Tides can increase bottom stress and thus weaken
shelf currents and decrease the water transport timescales. The improvement
in tidal parameterization in the no-tide model in the simulation of river
water behavior was very limited. Given the important role of river runoff on
the global water cycle and the effect of changes in river water behavior on
ocean carbon cycling, it is important to include the tidal effect in earth
system models to improve their projection accuracy.
PENGENALAN PENYAKIT DIABETES MELITUS
Authors: Putri Aftrilia Dhea 
Published: October 2022

Diabetes Melitus (DM) penyakit tidak menular yang serius menjadi masalah kesehatan di masyarakat Indonesia maupun di dunia. Diabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan kurangnya atau ketidakmampuan pankreas memproduksi insulin sama sekali dalam darah sehingga menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi yang berujung pada kematian. Penderita Diabetes Melitus selalu meningkat pada tiap tahun dan diperkiraan pada tahun 2030 di Indonesia akan mencapai 21,3 juta. Tujuan penyuluhan tentang pengenalan Diabetes Melitus kepada masyarakat untuk memberikan informasi mengenai Diabetes Melitus, bagaimana cara mendeteksi dini penyakit Diabetes Melitus, apa saja faktor penyebab Diabetes Melitus dan bagaimana cara pengendalian Diabetes Melitus. Kegiatan dalam penyuluhan ini berbentuk penyampaian materi secara online kepada masyarakat yaitu zoom disertai tanya jawab untuk mengetahui pengetahuan peserta mengenai Diabetes Melitus. Dari hasil penyuluhan yang dilakukan didapat bahwa materi yang kami sampaikan dapat diterima baik oleh peserta dilihat dari presentasi pretest peserta benar menjawab yaitu 56.67% dan hasil posttest yaitu 85.48%, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa materi yang disampaikan dapat diterima baik oleh peserta. Kata kunci: Diabetes Melitus, Education diabetes, Gula darah
Determinisme Kiai Pancasilais dalam Perspektif Teori Kognitif Sosial Albert Bandura
Authors: Kuswandi Iwan , Mudiuddin Mudiuddin , Aziz Achmad As'ad Abd 
Published: October 2022

Tulisan ini mengkaji determinisme perjuangan yang dilakukan oleh Kiai Djauhari sebagai pemimpin Pondok Tegal Prenduan dan pemimpin laskar melawan penjajah. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan perspektif teori kognitif sosial Albert Bandura. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis historis. Data diperoleh dari studi dokumentasi dan ditambah dengan wawancara. Dalam analisa data historis, data yang diperoleh dari sumber primer maupun sekunder, kemudian peneliti menganalisa secara interpretatif dan komparatif. Kesimpulannya, determinisme perjuangan Kiai Djauhari di bidang pendidikan yaitu dengan membuka sekolah formal Madrasah Wajib Belajar dan TMI Majalis. Determinisme perjuangan juga dilakukan dalam pergerakan melawan penjajah Belanda dan Jepang di kala itu, dengan terlibat dalam beberapa organisasi pergerakan dan laskar. Kiai Djauhari merupakan potret dari Kiai Pancasilais (pengamal Pancasila).
Upaya Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Penerapan Model Think Talk Write pada Pembelajaran Ekonomi Materi Pertumbuhan dan Pembangunan Ekonomi di SMAN 1 Soromandi Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
Authors: Sunarmi Sunarmi 
Published: October 2022

Rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Ekonomi mendorong peneliti untuk mencari solusi pembelajaran melalui penelitian tindakan kelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan proses dan menganalisis tingkat pemahaman siswa pada penerapan model pembelajaran Think Talk Write (TTW) mata pelajaran Ekonomi materi “Pertumbuhan dan Pembangunan ekonomi” di SMAN 1 Soromandi. Subyek perbaikan adalah siswa kelas XI IPS-1 SMAN 1 Soromandi dengan jumlah siswa 30 orang; terdiri dari 14 orang laki-laki dan 16 orang perempuan. Hasil pos tes siklus 1 menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa rata-rata 75,17 dan persentase ketuntasan 76,67%, akan tetapi nilai ini belum memenuhi indikator keberhasilan yang ditetapkan yakni rata-rata ≥70 dengan ketuntasan klasikal ≥ 85%. Dari sisi hasil belajar siklus 1 belum berhasil. Untuk kinerja guru, skor kinerja guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran adalah 81,25%. Dengan demikian dari sisi kinerja guru, siklus 1 belum mencapai indikator kinerja yang ditetapkan yakni ≥90.00%. Penelitian dilanjtkan ke siklus 2 dengan modifikasi perencanaan dan pelaksanaan penelitian sesuai hasil refleksi siklus 1. Hasil pos tes siklus 2 menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa rata-rata 78,67 dan persentase ketuntasan 90,00%. Dengan demikian, nilai rata-rata dan persentase klasikal ini telah memenuhi indikator keberhasilan prestasi belajar yang ditentukan. Dalm hal kinerja guru, skor menunjukkan ketuntasan guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan persentase 91.25%, dan nilai ini telah memenuhi indikator kinerja yang telah ditetapkan. Efektifitas penerapan model pembelajaran Think Talk Write (TTW) dapat diamati pada peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa dan kinerja guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Semua indikator keberhasilan telah tercapai, dan penelitian dianggap telah berhasil.
Measures for food allergy emergency in nurseries
Authors: Kaneko Mitsunobu , Miyoshi Tomoko , Miyashita Yoshihiro , Hayashi Riku , Hashimoto Takuji 
Published: October 2022

Background
As food allergy potentially can induce life-threatening anaphylaxis, measures for food allergy are required at nurseries caring for food allergy children, but a large-scale factual investigation has not been carried out.

Objective
We evaluated measures for food allergy emergency in nurseries.

Methods
A questionnaire survey regarding emergency measures in all authorized nurseries (411 facilities including 20,586 children) was conducted in Kawasaki city, Japan.

Results
The recovery rate of the questionnaire was 46.5%, which include 14,343 children of 191 facilities in total. A total of 637 children (4.4%) in 157 facilities (82.2%) requires elimination diets that were suggested by physicians. Among them, 22 children had been suggested to undergo the use of epinephrine auto-injection kit for emergency. 161 facilities (84.3%) had set a specific manual for emergency of food allergy. Emergency cases over the past one year were 4 cases and there was no case that had been suggested to use epinephrine auto-injection kit. All were anaphylaxis and the causes of these included 2 accidental digestion of culprit foods and the causes of other 2 cases were unknown. A case who required no elimination diet showed first episode of anaphylaxis. All cases were recovered.

Conclusion
High percentage of nurseries in Kawasaki city has cared for food allergy children. While many children with food allergy have been in nurseries, only several cases of anaphylaxis have been reported for a 1 year. Among 4 cases of anaphylaxis, no specific cause has been recognized in 2 cases and 1 case has been the first episode of anaphylaxis. While most of nurseries have set specific measures for emergency of food allergy, there is certain possibility that nursery staffs can encounter the first episode of anaphylaxis even if there is no food allergy child. For all nurseries, emergency measures for food allergy are vital.
Assessing the Legal Regime for the Taxation of E-commerce and Social Media Organizations in Nigeria
Authors: Nwabulu Charles , Olakanye Oluwatobi 
Published: October 2022

E-commerce and social media have emerged because of the Internet’s development. Business transactions are concluded through it between persons from all over the world who may never meet in person throughout their lives. Flowing from modern trends, a significant number of transactions are completed online on digital platforms and social media. As Nigeria continues to grow and transform in the information and computer technology space, its laws are yet to match the pace of this transition fully. While Nigerians continue to benefit from this development, the profits from online commercial transactions have not been fully captured in Nigeria’s tax bracket.
There is no doubt that fully harnessing the taxation of e-commerce and social media companies would boost the revenue and contribute to the development of Nigeria. This article examines how e-commerce and social media were taxed before the enactment of the Finance Act 2020 and how the Act has brought e-commerce into the Nigerian tax net. This article will also attempt to highlight the experience from other jurisdictions in the taxation of social media and e-commerce, noting the lessons that Nigeria can gain from them. Finally, this article will recommend steps for achieving a fair implementation of the law on the subject.
Taxation, social media, e-commerce, Significant Economic Presence, Revenue, Double Tax Treaty, Digital Services, Non-Resident Companies, Technology, Globalization
Beyond Burdensharing and European Strategic Autonomy: Rebuilding Transatlantic Security After the Ukraine War
Authors: Engelbrekt Kjell 
Published: October 2022

The war in Ukraine unleashed in early 2022 may temporarily obscure the long-term trend that the United States is shrinking its military footprint in and around Europe, as the defence posture of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in Central Europe suddenly was bolstered by tens of thousands of additionalUS troops. For as long as the war drags on, certainly, these reinforcements will stay in place. But if, and when, the war ends or shifts to attrition warfare stretching out for years, as was the case after the 2014 annexation of the Crimea, one can easily envisage changes in how European governments manage security and defence issues among themselves and in relation to their North American counterparts.While the debate on transatlantic security so far has played out in two distinct modes, either focusing on the economic side of burdensharing or projecting a vision of European strategic autonomy, there is a need for a more sober understanding of the future division of labour, one that would be grounded in the right blend of economics and deterrence. The main suggestion of this article is that stakeholders on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean ‘split the difference’ and strike a new grand bargain on the basis of their respective strengths.Once key issues of financial equity and military deterrence have been adequately addressed, European governments will still have their work cut out for themselves. They must elaborate solutions to specific challenges at the sub-strategic theatre level and at the same time navigate the complexities of optimizing defence reforms, aligning regional force designs and rendering foreign policy compatible with the strategic priorities of the European Union (EU) and Europe at large.
Transatlantic relations, foreign and security policy, burdensharing, strategic autonomy, financial equity, deterrence, nuclear weapons
Lessons from EU Space Programmes for Collective Defence
Authors: Topcuoglu Ediz , Bora Salih 
Published: October 2022

The European Defence Fund (EDF) has been interpreted by a number of scholars as a step beyond intergovernmental cooperation and towards the introduction of supranationalism in defence policy. We suggest that past developments in space policy can be a guide for developments in the defence area given the functional dependencies between the two fields and their institutional similarities. Based on this, we believe that the Commission will be unable to convert its new authority over the EDF into actual influence over use of force. On the contrary, the EDF may signal that European defence industrial policy is increasingly motivated by civilian and predominantly commercial considerations, dissociated from the operational objectives of national defence policies. Like the EDF, the European Union’s (EU’s) space programmes involve the supranational financing of militarily relevant capabilities. We argue that Member States have accepted supranationalism in space policy insofar as the Commission was able to civilianize matters of industrial governance and keep them separate from the conduct of military operations. We show that the EU implemented civilian programmes in areas that were otherwise driven by national militaries. In instances where civilianization was impossible, Member States’ security interests are preserved through intergovernmental modes of decision-making, even within purportedly ‘community’-driven processes. Member States have also retained significant control over future developments by exploiting a web of overlapping institutions and hazy task allocation.
spillover, neofunctionalism, space policy, European Defence Fund, defence industry, industrial policy
STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD E- LEARNING DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC AT STKIP PGRI SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Rani Autila  
Published: October 2022

This research investigated students’ attitude toward E- Learning during Covid 19 Pandemic at Sosiology Departement of STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. Attitude can influence students’ way of thinking, feeling, or making sense of the learning process. Thus, teachers need to know about students’ attitude. In this study, researcher investigated students’ attitude involve students’ thinking, feeling and behavior using empirical data. The purpose was to find how are the students’ attitude of thinking, feeling and behavior on the use of E-learning during Covid 19 Pandemic at Sosiology Departement of STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. The method of research is quantitative method with the design was descriptive or survey research. The type of survey was Cross-sectional research. This study examines all students at Sosiology Departement session 2020 A of STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat which totally twentythree students. The data were taken form a questionnaire. The findings of the research showed that students have a positive thinking and feeling toward e- learning with mean average 3,5 (N=23, st.d= 0.9). In contrast, they have a negative behavior toward e- learning with mean average 2,9 (N=23, st.d =1,0). Thus, it is sugested for teacher to change their students from negative attitude into positive attitude.
HUBUNGAN GAYA BELAJAR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM SISWA DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Alfahnum Mal , Puspita Sari Rani , Maya Masitha Astriani  
Published: October 2022

Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah Apakah terdapat hubungan antara gaya belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran pendidikan agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah terdapat hubungan antara gaya belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran pendidikan agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar. Metode peneitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan teknik pendekatan korelasional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, observasi serta dokumentasi. Data diperoleh dari 248 responden yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara gaya belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran pendidikan agama Islam yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai t hitung yang lebih besar dari t tabel.
2022/20 Entry fee to access a collective agreement does not constitute discrimination (BG)
Authors: Tchakarova Kalina 
Published: October 2022

2022/20 Entry fee to access a collective agreement does not constitute discrimination (BG)
The Bulgarian Supreme Court of Cassation has held that it is not discriminatory to require an accession fee to a collective agreement for employees who are not members of a union, provided that this does not exceed the (direct and indirect) financial obligations of members.
2022/21 The right to collective action recognised by the European Social Charter has no direct effect says the Belgian Supreme Court (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier 
Published: October 2022

2022/21 The right to collective action recognised by the European Social Charter has no direct effect says the Belgian Supreme Court (BE)
In a decision regarding the legality of the prosecution of a group of strikers following a road blockade, the criminal chamber of the Belgian Supreme Court has stated rather surprisingly that Article 6(4) of the European Social Charter (right to collective action) could not be directly invoked by the strikers as it lacked clarity and precision, thus requiring supplementary regulation of this right by national legislation.
2022/23 Workers not paid for holiday can claim compensation for entire engagement (UK)
Authors: Tawakley Tarun 
Published: October 2022

2022/23 Workers not paid for holiday can claim compensation for entire engagement (UK)
In a decision with major implications across the UK gig economy and beyond, the Court of Appeal has ruled that workers who were incorrectly classified as independent contractors and not paid for holiday they took can claim compensation for the whole period of their engagement.