bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Was Vermeer?
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Vermeer. Scholars have long found it difficult to come up with a coherent story of Vermeer's development, or even of the order in which the very small number of extant paintings (some thirty-odd) were made. Some of the paintings just do not fit. They depict the same cast of characters occupying the same rooms and wearing the same clothes, and they are made out of the same paints using the same basic materials and techniques. But they look different; they lack the technical facility and compositional understanding of the others, even as they are also, sometimes, free-spirited and vigorous in a way that is not typical of Vermeer. Contemporary scholars scoff at approaches to art that lean too heavily on cults of personality or biographical detail. After all, when work is good, it stands on its own and does not require a romantic backstory. But where Vermeer is concerned, the family is not backstory. Vermeer painted his family, and his family painted right back.
What Is a Fact?
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on facts. It looks at John D'Agata and Jim Fingal's book The Lifespan of a Fact. D'Agata is an essayist, while Fingal is a much younger man who had been hired by The Believer as a fact-checker to review one of D'Agata's essays for publication. Fingal ended up writing more than a hundred pages’ worth of corrections on D'Agata's essay. However, D'Agata defended his facts and his choices. He gave up in the end, though; the version of the essay that appeared in The Believer was a fact-checked, corrected version. The Lifespan of a Fact is a book they put together after the dust settled; it is a reconstruction of the exchanges, or really, their battle, as they work their way line by line through the original essay. But what makes the book remarkable is that it is a kind of staging of an investigation into such questions as: What is a fact? What is the truth? When is it okay, for the sake of a good story, to simplify, or change, or color facts? Is it possible to tell a story without doing so? Can one even draw a sharp line between fiction and non-fiction?
Streams of Memes
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses memes, which are a lot like jokes. It is not the meme that is funny all by itself; it is the meme viewed against the background of a whole series of thematic variations. It is like this with knock-knock jokes too, or lightbulb jokes. Part of what makes the joke funny is the appreciation that it is a variation on a theme. The joke is at once a move inside a genre and a comment on it, and understanding the joke is really a sensitivity to a whole swath of shared life, background assumptions, images, self-images, and so on. This is just the same sort of ironic self-reference that we see everywhere we look in the history of art, in pop music, in pop culture such as television sitcoms, and, now, in novel form, in the internet meme. The chapter then looks at the addition of Pepe the Frog to the Anti-Defamation League's hate symbols list.
Adele in the Goldilocks Zone
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains that when it comes to music, we like the novel to be familiar. That is, we like familiar varieties of unfamiliarity; we like things we have never heard before that sound like things we have heard before. If the music is too familiar, it is dull. But if it is genuinely new, if it really is novel, then it is obnoxious, or, worst of all, not even recognizable as music at all. We are attracted to music in the Goldilocks zone, as it has been called. And it is this that explains a familiar but nonetheless remarkable fact about musical style—namely, that styles change, and that therefore music has a history. However original, however diverse one's influences, the art we produce bears not only our individual mark but also that of the time and place where it originates.
Mind in the Natural World: Can Physics Explain It?
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Carlo Rovelli’s Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, which was originally published as a series of essays in an Italian newspaper. Seven Brief Lessons does not shy away from philosophy, and it is an admirable testament to the fact that philosophy and natural science, although perhaps never one and the same, must grapple with each other. Rovelli wants to resist the thought that we somehow stand outside of nature when we describe it. We, like everything else, are in continuous transaction with the world around us. We carry information about the world in our brains, just as a raindrop carries information about the presence of a cloud in the sky and a footprint carries information about the one who made it. But the raindrop and the footprint, for all they are packed with information, have no knowledge. Why think the brain is any different? If Rovelli is right that we belong to the very same nature it is the project of physics to understand, then it may be that there is something incomplete or not yet adequate in our physics itself. For we have nothing like an adequate account of ourselves in the natural world.
Political Philosophy and Healthy Eating Efforts
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the implications of key debates on justice in political philosophy for the analysis of healthy eating efforts. The chapter may be especially interesting to readers who are not familiar with key concepts and theories in political philosophy. It first considers different conceptions of freedom in political philosophy, including negative, positive, and republican freedom (or freedom as non-domination). It then examines the idea of democracy, and the difference between aggregative (i.e. vote-centric) and deliberative conceptions. Furthermore, the chapter considers the concept of equality as well as theories of multiculturalism. Finally, it introduces the debate on state neutrality and perfectionism, which is central to the rest of the book. For each of these issues in political philosophy, the chapter examines their relationship with healthy eating efforts.
Liberalism, Public Reason, and Healthy Eating Efforts
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies a public reason approach to healthy eating efforts. Public reason is the view that political rules are legitimate only if they are justified on the basis of reasons that are public, i.e. reasons that all citizens can accept at some level of idealization despite their different conceptions of the good. This chapter asks when, if ever, healthy eating efforts are publicly justified and consistent with the idea of public reason. It especially illustrates the existence of different conceptions of health, different levels of priority assigned to health as opposed to other values, and different kinds of social and cultural importance assigned to eating practices. The chapter then introduces three major conceptions of public reason—‘shareability’, ‘intelligibility’, and ‘accessibility’—and applies them to healthy eating efforts. The chapter concludes by arguing that healthy eating efforts are consistent with public reason only under the ‘accessibility’ conception.
American Popular Song
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Composer Alec Wilder’s American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950 is widely recognized as the definitive book on American popular song. In this volume, which achieved immediate praise and recognition upon its publication, Wilder discusses some eight hundred songs from the American Songbook, offering a composer’s insight, accessible music analysis, as well has his strong personal biases. Nearly fifty years later, this classic study has received a much-needed revision. While leaving Wilder’s colorful prose and brazen opinions intact, language, style, and musical nomenclature have been updated to reflect current usage. The musical examples mostly remain, but piano score notation has been replaced with lead-sheet notation: melody, chords, and lyrics. Rhythmic notation has also been adjusted to follow present-day norms. Additionally, a final chapter has been added, which includes more than fifty songs that were not in the original, seeking to achieve greater representation for women and African American composers, as well as including several of Wilder’s own songs.
Alec Wilder’s American Popular Song Revisited
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This revised edition of American Popular Song seeks to update and expand Alec Wilder's 1972 edition, while preserving the original text and musical examples as much as possible. Accordingly, while the vast majority of Wilder’s original prose remains, lyrics have been added, Irving Berlin’s “missing examples” have been restored, and the piano scores have been converted to lead sheet notation with chord symbols. Rhythms have been shown in modern notation, musical terminology has been updated, and language has been altered to conform to present-day norms. Additionally, a new chapter has been added to include songs and composers not represented adequately in the original. Moreover, ten compositions by Wilder himself have been included.
The Transition Era
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Toward the close of the nineteenth century, as the publishing industry began to pick up speed and Tin Pan Alley came into existence, a new type of song with a distinctly American flavor began to take shape. This new medium combined African American influences, as well as ethnic ones, with European conventions, underpinned by a bold American spirit that resulted in something never heard before. But this sound was not entirely new, and suggestions of it had begun to emerge toward the middle of the century. Stephen Foster, perhaps the most successful songwriter of his time, wrote competently in a variety of styles but is mostly known for his songs with a distinctive “American” flavor: “Old Black Joe,” “De Camptown Races,” and “Oh! Susanna,” for example. The trend seems to have died out with Foster but is taken up again in the later 1870s by composers such as James Bland, who wrote “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” and “Oh Dem Golden Slippers.” Ben Harney contributed similarly inspired numbers, such as “You’ve Been a Good Old Wagon, But You’ve Done Broke Down” and “Mister Johnson, Turn Me Loose,” and by the turn of the twentieth century a new style of songwriting was solidly in place. This chapter will examine more than a dozen songs that merit attention from the first two decades of the century.
Jerome Kern
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Jerome Kern was a prolific and visionary writer of popular song. The first of a series of great Broadway composers including Berlin, Gershwin, Rodgers, Porter, and Arlen, Kern exerted a profound influence on the future of American popular song. Breaking free from his European influences, Kern found a voice that would be distinctly American, and in so doing transformed musical theater. His early songs are briefly discussed but are found to give little indication of Kern’s mature style. “They Didn’t Believe Me” is cited as being a significant departure from anything Kern had written up to that point. Over the next several decades, until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1945, Kern produced dozens of excellent songs, many of which have become standards.
Outstanding Individual Songs
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hundreds of individuals have contributed to the American Songbook, many of whom did not even consider themselves songwriters. They might have been bandleaders. arrangers, instrumentalists, singers, or rank amateurs. Some wrote only a handful of notable songs, some just one or two. Songs that would likely elicit a puzzled look if their authors were revealed include “April Showers,” “Just Friends,” “I’m Getting Sentimental over You,” “How High the Moon,” “Moonlight in Vermont,” and “You Make Me Feel So Young.” True, the artist who made the song famous is likely to come to mind immediately, but the intrinsic merit of these songs cannot be denied. This chapter discusses more than one hundred songs that are likely to be far more famous than their authors.
Introduction
Authors: D'Errico Mike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter contextualizes music technology in the early decades of the twenty-first century, pinpointing how the rise of software impacted the cultures of popular music and interactive media. The chapter considers how the aesthetics, ethics, and politics of digital audio producers and software companies become embedded in the design of software—a process referred to as interface aesthetics. The project is situated within software studies, sound studies, and interface criticism, and the chapter shows how and why the study of software design may uncover aspects of music that are not addressed by musicological and media studies research undertaken from semiotic, hermeneutic, and historical perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Introduction begins by explaining Hegel’s understanding of philosophy as a systematic enterprise. An attempt is made then to locate his analyses of religion in the context of his philosophical system. It shows how Hegel’s famous Berlin lectures constitute expansions of specific parts of the system that build on works that Hegel had previously published. An account is given of the history of the editions of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. The first edition was edited by the theologian Philipp Marheineke and appeared in the first collected works edition of Hegel’s writings which was prepared by his students after his death under the title Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollständige Ausgabe. An account is also given of the new critical edition by Walter Jaeschke, which usefully separates the individual lecture courses and presents them individually. At the end of the chapter, the following theses are presented: much of Hegel’s agenda in the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion comes from his reaction to the Enlightenment. Specifically, he believes that this movement has deprived religion of all its meaningful content. While the Enlightenment has undermined the key dogmas of Christianity, the content, the Romantics have made matters even worse by reducing the form of religious faith to mere feeling. Hegel’s project is to correct what he regards as the mistaken form of religious belief in his day.
The Enlightenment’s Criticism of Religion: Theology
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The motivation of Hegel’s philosophy of religion developed in reaction to the religious situation that he found himself in at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This chapter and the next sketch the main issues stemming from the Enlightenment to which Hegel was reacting. This chapter focuses on the Enlightenment’s criticism of religion specifically in the fields of theology and biblical studies. Through much of the Middle Ages, the dogmas of the Christian religion were regarded collectively as a field of scholarly study alongside the sciences. However, with the rapid development of the empirical sciences, religion suddenly appeared to be based on a dubious foundation. The thinkers of the Enlightenment wanted merely to hold firm to what they regarded as rational, while purging religion of what they took to be superstitious, childish views without foundation. After rejecting Christianity, the philosophes ended up with Deism, that is, a simple, very general belief in a Supreme Being. Hegel takes one of the main negative aspects of the Enlightenment to be its dismissal of the traditional Christian dogmas. The result is an empty abstraction that is meaningless from a religious point of view. An account is given of Voltaire’s Deism in his work God and Human Beings. A brief overview is provided of the scepticism about the veracity of the sacred texts in the field of biblical studies. This is exemplified by a reading of Hermann Samuel Reimarus so-called ‘Wolfenbüttel Fragments’ that were published by Lessing.
The Enlightenment’s Criticism of Religion: Philosophy
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Enlightenment’s criticism of religion in the field of philosophy. A discussion is given of Lessing’s attempt to defend the views of Reimarus. Lessing argues that the ‘Wolfenbüttel Fragments’ have provoked the critics to accept implicitly a naïve conception of history and then to attempt to try to defend the Bible based on this criterion. But since the historical standard for truth that the ‘Fragments’ presupposes is so high, all attempts to reach it are doomed to failure. The doctrines of Christianity are true in themselves and are not dependent on some historical fact. A close reading is given of David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, which criticizes the traditional arguments for the belief in God. An account is also given of Kant’s attempt to save religious faith by shifting its foundation from metaphysics to ethics. While the key dogmas cannot be proven metaphysically, they must be assumed as postulates of practical reason. The chapter ends with an account of Hegel’s criticism of Kant and of the Enlightenment in general. Hegel holds Kant responsible for the conclusion that many of the Enlightenment critics of religion reached, namely, that there can be no knowledge of God.
Hegel’s Approach and Method
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins by giving an overview of Hegel’s criticisms of the Enlightenment and Romanticism that were sketched in the previous chapters. Hegel believes that in his day all of the traditional doctrines and dogmas of Christianity have been watered down, thinned out, and for all intents and purposes abandoned. Since, according to the advocates of the Enlightenment, God could not be demonstrated by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning, this led thinkers of the Romantic movement to the conclusion that everything having to do with the divine and religion belonged to the realm of subjectivity, inwardness, and feeling. Controversially, Hegel claims that the function that philosophy can serve is to save religion from the neglect it suffers at the hands of the theologians. It can restore knowledge of God and the traditional dogmas and thereby put religion back onto a firm footing. Hegel grants that feeling does play a role in religion, but there is also a rational element that can be grasped by philosophical cognition. This means that philosophy and religion are not to be conceived as radically separate undertakings; indeed, philosophy and religion have some important things in common.
Introduction
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Introduction begins by offering an outline of the responsibilities of sheriffs in the Tudor period (1485–1603). It discusses the benefits of administrative history, today a neglected genre, and situates the book within existing work on the institutions of local government and law in early modern England. The aims of the book are stated, including the analysis of what sheriffs and their staff got up to in the Tudor period and an explanation of the degree to which their office was transformed. The introductory chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the source material on which this study is based.
Fundamentals
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the development of the office of sheriff, from the Anglo-Saxon period to the sixteenth century. It discusses some key characteristics of the shrievalty, including the fact that new sheriffs were elected annually, and it explains the separate jurisdictions of high sheriffs and municipal sheriffs. It discusses the partition of several joint sheriffwicks in the Elizabethan period, arguing that this was driven by a well-documented increased in litigation at the central courts. It analyses the background and education of sheriffs, suggesting that there was no serious decline in sheriffs’ social status in this period. It also examines the interactions between sheriffs and other branches of central and local government: Lords Lieutenant, justices of assize, justices of the peace, and the privy council. It introduces the sheriff’s staff, most importantly undersheriffs and bailiffs, and concludes with a discussion of the expansion of the shrieval system in Wales and Ireland.
Appointment and First Days in Office
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the laws governing the appointment of sheriffs. It explains the nature of the annual meeting on 3 November in which the Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, and other officials met in the Exchequer Chamber to shortlist candidates for the shrievalty. This meeting produced a role of names to be conveyed to the king, who made the final decision by marking or pricking one name for each county. It discusses the politicking that happened behind the scenes in favour of certain candidates, but insists that factionalism never truly endangered the correct working of the shrieval system. The chapter also discusses the different methods of electing sheriffs in London and other towns. It explains the sheriff’s responsibilities during his first days in office, including the swearing of an oath, the text of which was revised in 1516.
The County Court
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the jurisdiction and business of the county court, the distant ancestor of the present-day county court in Great Britain. The county court was a small-claims court for litigation under the value of forty shillings. The effects of Tudor inflation eroded the jurisdiction of the court because the real value of forty shillings was considerably lower in 1600 than it was in 1500. The chapter discusses the role of the court staff, including the steward and suitors, and comments on the caseload and cost of the court in various counties. It reconstructs the court procedure, demonstrating that trial by jury was available in some, and possibly all, county courts by the reign of Henry VIII. It concludes by discussing the non-judicial business which was conducted at this court, including the proclamation of outlawries and the election of knights of the shire to Parliament.
Introduction
Authors: McPherson David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This Introduction sets up the basic tension with regard to the limiting-transcending feature of human life: it is part of our potential greatness, since it is how we can realize what is best in our humanity, but it is also part of our potential downfall, as it can lead to dehumanization and failure to attain important human goods and to prevent human evils. It then introduces the idea of “limiting virtues,” which recognize the proper place of limits in human life, and it identifies the limiting virtues that are the focus—namely, humility, reverence, moderation, contentment, neighborliness, and loyalty—and states that they will be explored in relation to four kinds of limits: existential limits, moral limits, political limits, and economic limits. It also states that this account of the limiting virtues is meant as a counter to autonomy-centered and consequentialist approaches to ethics. Finally, a brief description of each of the limiting virtues is provided, which also functions as an overview of the book.