bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic forms of entertainment in the context of physical activity and addiction risk – a knowledge review
Authors: Grajek Mateusz , Rozmiarek Mateusz , Sobczyk Karolina , Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2022

A new way of spending leisure time browsing the Internet, using social networking sites, and playing games has created a new health problem: cell phone addiction. So-called phonoholism or netholism is most thriving among young people, who prioritize entertainment in the real world, which most often necessitates physical activity, over entertainment in the virtual world, which requires a more static approach. However, some companies have gone against the traditional use of phone games by creating multimedia city games that require a dynamic-movement approach.
The aim of this review is to gather current theoretical knowledge about electronic forms of entertainment in the context of their influence on users' physical activity, creation of health potential and formation of risk of addiction to such forms of entertainment.
The Work of Programme Managers in State-Funded Employer-Driven Swedish Higher VET
Authors: Köpsén Johanna 
Published: June 2022

Context: Swedish Higher Vocational Education (HVE) is organised as state-funded programmes provisioned by both public and private education providers in close relation to employers. In HVE programme managers have responsibilities like those that often are vested in vocational teachers. They are responsible both for the day-to-day work of provision and the continuous development of the programme and its syllabi. This article presents a study investigating the work of programme managers, focusing on their work with creating and updating syllabi and on their work organising the students' training. Methods: Five programme managers responsible for five diverse HVE programmes have been interviewed and the syllabi of these programmes have been examined. The analysis is based on a Bernsteinian theoretical perspective focusing on recontextualisation of knowledge for pedagogic discourse by different stakeholders as agents who have different basis for their actions. The study first establishes what knowledge make up the programmes to inform the understanding of what training the programme managers are tasked with organising, then examines how the programme managers take part in selecting knowledge for course syllabi, and how they organise the teaching of these syllabi in in their programmes. Findings: The knowledge that has been recontextualised for pedagogic discourse in the studied programmes is most often vocationally specific or context bound in relation to a particular occupational field. The syllabi are related to clearly defined jobs. The findings highlight how practice thus in several ways may be difficult for programme managers without work experience in the relevant occupational field or knowledge in relation to it. Not only in the work of forming and updating curricula, but also as they must be able to navigate the relevant sector of business and industry to engage appropriate employers for collaborations and to hire teaching staff. Conclusion: The findings presented in this article show that local autonomy allows for major differences regarding knowledge in syllabi and the organisation of learning between programmes within the same nationally organised VET system. This is salient even with a small number of programmes having been studied. This strongly support the importance of examining what happens in autonomous local contexts of VET provision and asking who has influence over publicly funded education in this sort of contexts, and on what these stakeholders base their actions.
Tobacco and other risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Lilongwe Malawi: Results from the Lilongwe esophageal cancer case: Control study
Authors: Kaimila Bongani , Mulima Gift , Kajombo Chifundo , Salima Ande , Nietschke Peter , Pritchett Natalie , Chen Yingxi , Murphy Gwen , Dawsey Sanford M. , Gopal Satish , Phiri Kamija S. , Abnet Christian C. 
Published: June 2022

Objective
Esophageal cancer is the second commonest cancer in Malawi, and 95% of all cases are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Very little is known about the epidemiology of ESCC in Malawi including risk factors. The main objective of the study was to evaluate and describe risk factors of ESCC in Malawi.

Methods
We conducted a case-control study from 2017 to 2020 at two hospitals in Lilongwe, Malawi and consenting adults were eligible for inclusion. Endoscopy was conducted on all cases and biopsies were obtained for histological confirmation. Controls were selected from patients or their guardians in orthopedic, dental and ophthalmology wards and they were frequency matched by sex, age, and region of origin to cases. An electronic structured questionnaire was delivered by a trained interviewer. Multivariate conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between subject characteristics, habits, and medical history and risk of ESCC.

Results
During the study period, 300 cases and 300 controls were enrolled into the study. Median age of cases and controls was 56 years and 62% of the cases were male. Among cases, 30% were ever cigarette smokers as were 22% of controls. Smoking cigarettes had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.4 (95% CI 1.4–4.2 p = 0.003). HIV+ status was present in 11% of cases and 4% controls, which resulted in an adjusted odds ratio was 4.0 (95% CI 1.8–9.0 p = 0.001). Drinking hot tea was associated with an adjusted odd ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.3–6.3 p = 0.007). Mold on stored grain has an adjusted odd ratio of 1.6 (95% CI 1.1–2.5 p = 0.021).

Conclusion
Reducing smoking cigarettes, consumption of scalding hot tea, and consumption of contaminated grain, could potentially help reduce the burden of ESCC in Malawi. Further investigation of the association between HIV status and ESCC are warranted.
Leishmania braziliensis causing human disease in Northeast Brazil presents loci with genotypes in long-term equilibrium
Authors: Silva Juliana A. , Pinheiro Ana Isabelle , Dourado Maria Luiza , Medina Lilian , Queiroz Adriano , Guimarães Luiz Henrique , Lessa Marcus Miranda , Lago Ednaldo L. , Machado Paulo Roberto L. , Wilson Mary E. , Carvalho Edgar M. , Schriefer Albert 
Published: June 2022

Background
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases that inflict great burden to poor areas of the globe. Intense research has aimed to identify parasite genetic signatures predictive of infection outcomes. Consistency of diagnostic tools based on these markers would greatly benefit from accurate understanding of Leishmania spp. population genetics. We explored two chromosomal loci to characterize a population of L. braziliensis causing human disease in Northeast Brazil.

Methodology/Principal findings
Two temporally distinct samples of L. braziliensis were obtained from patients attending the leishmaniasis clinic at the village of Corte de Pedra: (2008–2011) primary sample, N = 120; (1999–2001) validation sample, N = 35. Parasites were genotyped by Sanger’s sequencing of two 600 base pairs loci starting at nucleotide positions 3,074 and 425,451 of chromosomes 24 and 28, respectively. Genotypes based on haplotypes of biallelic positions in each locus were tested for several population genetic parameters as well as for geographic clustering within the region. Ample geographic overlap of genotypes at the two loci was observed as indicated by non-significant Cusick and Edward’s comparisons. No linkage disequilibrium was detected among combinations of haplotypes for both parasite samples. Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at both loci in the two samples when straight observed and expected counts were compared by Chi-square (p>0.5). However, Bayesian statistics using one million Monte-Carlo randomizations disclosed a less robust HWE for chromosome 24 genotypes, particularly in the primary sample (p = 0.04). Fixation indices (Fst) were consistently lower than 0.05 among individuals of the two samples at both tested loci, and no intra-populational structuralization could be detected using STRUCTURE software.

Conclusions/Significance
These findings suggest that L. braziliensis can maintain stable populations in foci of human leishmaniasis and are capable of robust genetic recombination possibly due to events of sexual reproduction during the parasite’s lifecycle.
Prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy and microvascular complications in native Indonesian women: The Jogjakarta diabetic retinopathy initiatives in pregnancy (Jog-DRIP)
Authors: Widyaputri Felicia , Lim Lyndell L. , Utami Tiara Putri , Harti Annisa Pelita , Agni Angela Nurini , Nurdiati Detty Siti , Widayanti Tri Wahyu , Supanji  , Wardhana Firman Setya , Prayogo Mohammad Eko , Sasongko Muhammad Bayu 
Published: June 2022

Objectives
To report the prevalence of total diabetes in pregnancy (TDP) and diabetes-related microvascular complications among Indonesian pregnant women.

Methods
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study with multi-stage, cluster random sampling to select the participating community health centers (CHC) in Jogjakarta, Indonesia between July 2018-November 2019. All pregnant women in any trimester of pregnancy within the designated CHC catchment area were recruited. Capillary fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood glucose (BG) at 1-hour (1-h), and 2-hour (2-h) post oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were measured. TDP was defined as the presence of pre-existing diabetes or diabetes in pregnancy (FBG ≥7.0 mmol/L, or 2-h OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L, or random BG ≥11.1 mmol/L with diabetes symptoms). Disc and macula-centered retinal photographs were captured to assess diabetic retinopathy (DR). Blood pressure, HbA1c and serum creatinine levels were also measured.

Results
A total of 631/664 (95%) eligible pregnant women were included. The median age was 29 (IQR 26–34) years. The prevalence of TDP was 1.1% (95%CI 0.5, 2.3). It was more common in women with chronic hypertension (p = 0.028) and a family history of diabetes (p = 0.015). Among the TDP group, 71% had a high HbA1c, but no DR nor nephropathy were observed.

Conclusions
Although a very low prevalence of TDP and no diabetes-related microvascular complications were documented in this population, there is still a need for a screening program for diabetes in pregnancy. Once diabetes has been identified, appropriate management can then be provided to prevent adverse outcomes.
Legal implications of the climate-health crisis: A case study analysis of the role of public health in climate litigation
Authors: Toolan Narayan , Marcus Hannah , Hanna Elizabeth G. , Wannous Chadia 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundStrong scientific evidence affirms that climate change is now a public health emergency. Increasingly, climate litigation brought against governments and corporations utilizes international human rights, environmental and climate laws and policies to seek accountability for climate-destructive and health-harming actions. The health impacts of climate change make litigation an important means of pursuing justice and strategically challenging legal systems. Yet there is scant documentation in the literature of the role that public health has played in climate litigation and the legal weight public health narratives are given in such contexts. Therefore, we assessed to what extent courts of law have used public health harm in legal adjudication and sought to provide practical recommendations to address barriers to positioning legal arguments in public health-centric frames.MethodsWe reviewed legal databases to identify all publicly reported, documented, cases of climate litigation filed in any country or jurisdiction between 1990 and September 2020. For the 1641 cases identified, we quantified the frequency of cases where health concerns were explicitly or implicitly raised.FindingsCase numbers are trending upwards, notably in high income countries. Resolution remains pending in over half of cases as the majority were initiated in the past three years. Cases were primarily based in climate and human rights law and brought by a wide range of groups and individuals predominantly against governments. About half of the decided cases found in favour for the plaintiffs. Based on this, we selected the 65 cases that were directly linked to public health. We found economic forces and pricing of health risks play a key role, as courts are challenged by litigants to adjudicate on the responsibility for health impacts.ConclusionsWhile courts of law are receptive to public health science, significant legal reform is needed to enhance leveraging of public health evidence in legal judgements of climate litigation cases. The integration of a public health mandate into a new eco-centric legal paradigm will optimize its potential to promote human well-being—the core objective underpinning both international law, human rights, and public health. Existing legal doctrines and practices can be enhanced to increase the weight of public health arguments in climate legal action and consequently ensure legal rulings in climate litigation prioritize, protect and promote public health.
Changes in intensification of religious involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
Authors: Boguszewski Rafał , Makowska Marta , Podkowińska Monika 
Published: June 2022

Introduction
The emergence of the virus Sars-CoV-2, and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic, caused a global threat to public health. In such challenging and worrying situations it can be expected that people will seek comfort in religion. However, before the pandemic there were never such wide world disruptions of religious practice–because of social distancing regulations, religiosity cannot be practiced in the same way as it was before the pandemic.

Methods
Two anonymous online surveys were conducted of adult Poles, one during the second wave (N = 1072; November 2020) and one during the third wave of the pandemic (N = 1080; April 2021). The survey samples of participants reflected the Polish population structure in terms of age, sex, size of place of residence, education, and province.

Results
Participation in institutional religious practices fell threefold to 11.9% during the pandemic, as compared to pre-pandemic times (31.2%). The number of people who did not go to church at all increased from 23.1% to 57.0%. Between the second and third waves, there was a small return to regular practice (from 10.1% to 14.1%). Based on the subjective assessment of the amount of time devoted to prayer, fewer people reporting an increase (10.6%) than a decrease (20.1%) in religious commitment during the pandemic. Logistic regressions showed that an increase in religious commitment can be predicted by older age, more frequent participation in religious practices before the pandemic, and higher life satisfaction. A decrease in religious commitment can be predicted by younger age, less frequent participation in religious practices before the pandemic, and greater number of children in the household.

Conclusion
Our research indicates a deintensification of religious practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. The pandemic has accelerated process of polarization of Polish religiosity.
PR interval duration is associated with the presence of white matter hyperintensities: Insights from the epidemiologic LIFE-Adult Study
Authors: Kornej Jelena , Friedrich Katrin , Schroeter Matthias L. , Witte A. Veronica , Polyakova Maryna , Villringer Arno , Löffler Markus , Zeynalova Samira 
Published: June 2022

Background
PR interval prolongation is a preliminary stage of atrial cardiomyopathy which is considered as an intermediate phenotype for atrial fibrillation (AF). AF is a known risk factor for cerebrovascular adverse outcomes including stroke. Cerebral ischemia is one cause of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), and cognitive dysfunction.

Aim
To analyze the relationship between PR interval and WMHs.

Materials and methods
We performed a cross-sectional analysis with individuals from the LIFE-Adult-Study (a population-based cohort study of randomly selected individuals from Leipzig, Germany) with available brain MRI and ECG. The Fazekas stages were used to quantify WMHs (0 = none; 1 = punctate foci; 2 = beginning confluence; 3 = large confluent areas). Stages 2–3 were defined as advanced WMHs. The PR interval was measured from resting 12-lead ECG. PR duration >200ms was defined as PR interval prolongation. We used a binary logistic regression for statistical analysis. We examined the relationship between MRI and ECG measures and adjusted them for clinical risk factors.

Results
We included 2464 individuals (age 59±15 years, 47% women) into analyses. The median PR interval was 160ms (interquartile range 143–179), and 319 (13%) individuals with advanced WMHs, were significantly older, had more cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors compared to individuals without WMHs (all p<0.005). On univariable analysis, PR interval duration (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.01–1.02, p≤0.001) and PR interval ≥160 ms (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.6–2.7, p≤0.001) were associated with advanced WMHs. In multivariable analysis, while PR interval duration was not associated with WMHs in the whole cohort, individuals with PR ≥160ms had higher risk for WMHs.

Conclusion
PR interval duration is associated with advanced WMHs beside advanced age, hypertension, and history of stroke. Further research is needed to determine whether changes in PR interval indices are clinically relevant for changes in WMHs.
Employment Protection, Workforce Mix and Firm Performance
Authors: Ardito Chiara , Berton Fabio , Pacelli Lia , Passerini Filippo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We measure the impact of employment protection reduction in an uncertain framework on firms’ hires and performance, exploiting the Italian 2015 Jobs Act. Results indicate that firms (1) stabilize workforce mainly through contract transformations of low-tenure and low-human-capital incumbent workers performing high-physical and low-intellectual tasks; (2) apply a cost-saving strategy that increases profits and decreases value added per-head. Effects are stronger among non-exporting and non-innovative firms. Our evidence casts doubts on the effectiveness of employment protection reductions in enhancing productivity in the long run.
Do Elite Appeals to Negative Partisanship Stimulate Citizen Engagement?
Authors: Costa Mia , Frater Hannah K. , Barales-Lopez Melissa , Bhalla Naina , Cho John J. , Christie Katherine E. , Jun Chris , Paul Thomas C. , Wagner Emma M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractScholars have extensively studied whether campaign attack advertisements –messages that attack individual candidates– mobilize or demobilize voters with mixed results. We argue that group-oriented partisan affect in campaigns –messages about the parties in general– is just as important given increasing trends of affective polarization. We use two survey experiments, one right before the 2020 presidential election and the other before the subsequent Georgia Senate runoff election, to examine the effects of partisan rhetoric on several measures of civic engagement. In the presidential election, neither positive partisan, negative partisan, nor personal apartisan appeals had a statistically significant effect on voters’ enthusiasm, likelihood to volunteer, or likelihood to seek out more information about engaging in the election. In the second study, negative partisan appeals led registered voters in Georgia to report much higher levels of enthusiasm about their preferred candidate, but this result was driven by Republicans only. The findings contribute new insights about electoral context and asymmetric affective polarization to the literature documenting the mobilizing effects of negativity in campaigns.
Correlation studies among morphological and yield-related traits in sunflower
Authors: Chaudhary Maham , Tahir Zainab , Zulfiqar Saba , Tahir Aqsa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pakistan is in dire need of an oil and oil-based products For this, the prime objective is to pay serious attention to oilseed crops and mainly towards sunflower because the oil is of very good quality in terms of nutrition value; also the cake can be used as feed for animals. The crop can trim the import bill of edible oil. It takes only 130 days to reach maturity with comparatively less cost and highly divined in sense of plentiful yield. Thus breeders are trying to produce good quality accessions that may also fulfil the need of quantity where climate change is also the main issue. The present research was conducted at the Raja wala farm situated near the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during the year 2020–21. Twenty accessions of sunflower were sown in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. From each line, five plants were tested to check the genetic variability, correlation coefficient analysis for different morphological characters and yield-related traits of sunflower. The data of quantitative traits were recorded i.e. plant height (cm), the number of leaves/plant, head diameter (cm), internodal length (cm), leaf area (cm), 100 seed weight (g), total yield per plant (%), oil content (%) and protein content (%). Analysis of variance and mean comparisons of sunflower accessions had highly significant differences for all traits. Most of the character’s ranges are comparable with the ranges found in the literature. The accession G-32 showed good performance for oil content, protein content and head diameter. So, this breeding material can be used in the breeding program for the enhancement of sunflower yield. The accessions G-38, G-28 and G-32 showed good performance for total seed weight, 100 seed weight, oil content and protein content.
Adaptive Single Carrier Modulation scheme based MLI supported TDVC for Voltage Quality enhancement
Authors: Ravi Mohanasundaram , Rajapandian Chendur Kumaran 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this article, An Adaptive Single Carrier Modulation (ASCM) scheme based Multilevel Inverter (MLI) is proposed for the Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Compensator (ASCM-MLITDVC) to enhance the load Voltage Quality (VQ). The enhancement of VQ includes voltage sag, swell, unbalance and reducing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The Pulse Generation Unit (PGU) require more Carrier Waves (CW) for higher levels of MLI with respect to the number of switches used. This made the PGU complex, hence a carrier wave modulation scheme is proposed which can use it fornnumber of levels. The Position of CW is altered automatically with respect to the amplitude of Reference Staircase Waveform (RSW). The RSW is created by utilizing the Half Height Method and optimized NLM scheme which makes the least possible output THD is achieved. This scheme is implemented utilizing a real-time simulator OP4500. The results are obtained by conducting Power Hardware in Loop (P-HIL) test method to prove ASCM-MLITDVC can enhance load VQ with reduced THD.