bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic Risk and Epistemic Utility for Credences
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I note Sophie Horowitz’s (2017) observation that a credal version of Kelly’s Jamesian argument from the previous chapter will not deliver permissivism in the credal case. This is because, in that case, it is generally agreed that all legitimate measures of epistemic utility must have a particular property—in the jargon, they must be strictly proper. But, for any strictly proper epistemic utility function and any evidential probability, the evidential probability expects itself to be epistemically better than any other credence. So it renders itself the unique rational response to the evidence, which gives impermissivism. I conclude that, if we are to secure permissivism for rational credences using epistemic utility theory, we cannot adopt Kelly’s approach.
Foundational Results in Epistemic Utility Theory
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we meet some of the central results of epistemic utility theory, which furnish arguments for various Bayesian norms for credences: the norm that says that your credences should obey the probability calculus (Probabilism); the norm that says that they should defer to the objective chances (Principal Principle); and the norm that says that you should plan to update your credences using Bayes' Rule (Plan Conditionalization).
Epistemic Risk and Picking Priors II
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn previous chapters, I argued that, when we pick our priors, we should do so using (i) strictly proper epistemic utility functions to measure the epistemic value of a credal state, and (ii) a decision rule from the family of risk-sensitive decision rules called the Generalised Hurwicz Criterion. In this chapter, I derive the consequences of picking our priors in this way.
Creating a Framework that Supports Resilient Renewable Energy Generation
Authors: Paddock LeRoy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A resilient electricity system in the U.S. must involve a transition to no or very low carbon sources of generation to meet the country’s needs. Assuming no breakthrough advancement in nuclear energy production or the rapid emergence of new technologies, ensuring a resilient energy network that relies heavily on intermittent sources like wind and solar will likely require a comprehensive set of solutions that include greatly expanded renewables generation, careful siting of new generation to avoid hazards such as sea level rise, more geographic diversity, better integration of distributed generation, expanded demand side management, additional energy storage, greater emphasis on energy efficiency, and some fossil fuel backup generation with carbon capture.
Building Resilience from the Ground Up
Authors: Barton Barry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which exposure to disruption can be reduced by local provision and demand-side measures, as to energy and minerals. In relation to energy it considers renewables, electrification, and demand-side measures, as capable of adding local supply and improving resilience. Dependence on supply chains is also reduced by increasing energy efficiency. In relation to minerals the chapter examines changing needs for industrial inputs, real and perceived threats to mineral supplies, and the role of critical minerals policies. It considers the value of circular economy policies that can reduce dependence on primary raw materials. It concludes that resilience should be identified as a purpose to be pursued in energy measures for renewables, electrification, local supply, and efficiency; and that critical minerals policies and circular economy policies are likely to have increasing legal significance.
Before the Holocaust
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book revises standard assumptions among historians of Nazi Germany that physical violence against Jews slowly accelerated from 1933 onwards, with a first high point in November 1938 (“Kristallnacht”), and then further escalating to deportations and the mass murder of the Holocaust. Based on documentary evidence from about twenty German archives, the present work shows that there were many hundreds, possibly thousands, of violent attacks on Jews in Germany ranging from brutal assaults, abductions, and expulsions to murder. The work examines in detail the reaction of those German institutions and elites that were still in a position to react and protest in the spring of 1933. It makes two essentially new contributions to the literature on the history of the Third Reich: (1) a detailed examination of the antisemitic violence—from boycotts, violent attacks, robbery, extortion, abductions, and humiliating “pillory marches” to grievous bodily harm and murder—which has hitherto not been adequately recognized; (2) an analysis of the reactions of those institutions that still had the capacity to protest against Nazi attacks and legislative measures—the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church, the bureaucracies, and Hitler’s conservative coalition partner, the DNVP—and the mindset of the elites who led them, to determine their various responses to flagrant antisemitic abuses. Individual protests against violent attacks, the April boycott, and Nazi legislative measures were already hazardous in March and April 1933, but established institutions in the German State and society were still able to voice their concerns and raise objections. By doing so, they might have stopped or at least postponed a radicalization that eventually led to the pogrom of 1938 and the Holocaust.
Violence Against “Ostjuden” in the Winter and Spring of 1933
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter closely examines various forms of violence against Jews from Eastern Europe, mostly Poland, which furnished the largest contingent of the roughly 100,000 foreign Jews residing in Germany in 1933. The chapter begins with an in-depth demographic analysis of “Ostjuden” during the Weimar Republic and then examines the different forms of violence perpetrated against them. These different categories of attacks begin with a litany of the many hundreds of violent attacks carried out against German Jews of Polish nationality in March and April 1933, followed by an analysis of their exclusion from markets and other measures designed to destroy the livelihood of these unwelcome foreigners. A third category of attacks focuses on “rituals of humiliation,” such as pillory marches, designed to serve the SA’s twisted sense of amusement and visceral satisfaction. Since geographic mobility was limited due to lack of economic opportunities in early 1930s Germany, and people consequently knew each other well inside their familiar surroundings, such public running of the gauntlet caused indelible personal trauma, often accompanied by economic ruin. Abductions and forced deportations form another category of attack, for which foreign Jews of Eastern Europe were often singled out. A brief glimpse of cases of grievous bodily harm and murder concludes this chapter. In general, “Ostjuden” were singled out as the first target of violent attacks and the weakest link in the chain, even among foreign Jews. Perpetrators, mostly thugs in SA uniform, knew quite well that “Ostjuden” were generally held in low esteem and that no hands would be raised in their defense.
Attacks Against American and West European Jews, Among Others
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that even an American passport did not guarantee safety from SA attacks. Its first section catalogues attacks against American Jews in Berlin, frequently caused by rent and property disputes, and shows that even when the German State had a vital interest in identifying the culprits, as in the case of the attack on Philip Zuckerman, which had attracted international attention, SA leaders succeeded in shielding their own. Here, as in all other instances, attackers got off scot-free. Yet, as a result of attacks on U.S. nationals, the American public was forewarned at an early date, so that not only daily papers such as The New York Times and Chicago Tribune but also magazines such as The Nation, Contemporary Review, Current History, and others ran long reports on Nazi antisemitic violence in the spring of 1933. West European Jews and Jews from Czechoslovakia and Rumania were not spared either, however long their stay in Germany and however deep their roots in the country may have been. Even though attacks against them were frequently based on private quarrels (attackers were often debtors who wanted to eliminate their debt), assailants often used stereotypical Nazi propaganda accusations as a pretext, making their Jewish victims out to be communists, child molesters, or seducers of German women. There was no factual basis for these accusations; they served merely as an alibi function and “moral” justification for the attackers, who thereby sought to protect themselves from criminal prosecution in case charges would be brought against them.
Boycott
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Boycott actions against Jewish shops had a long tradition in Germany, reaching back to the nineteenth century. This chapter begins with a brief synopsis of boycotts before 1933 and their regional centers. It then focuses on the wave of global protests in reaction to antisemitic violence in Germany. These protests, which set in by mid-March 1933, quickly led to a closing of the ranks within Germany and were then used as a pretext by the new government for the 1 April boycott against Jewish shops and lawyers’ and doctors’ offices. The actual day of the boycott, the reactions of the German population, and the violent attacks on the Jewish population constitute the centerpiece of this chapter. In contrast to the assumptions of previous research (as well as of British and American diplomatic reports at the time), Saturday, 1 April 1933, did not pass peacefully. As shown here, numerous violent attacks, beatings, torture, and even murders occurred on that day (in addition to the well-known prominent case of the Friedrich Schumm murder in Kiel). The chapter then concludes with a brief examination of the psychological impact of the boycott on the Jewish population, the local and regional continuation of anti-Jewish boycotts, the social pressure not to buy in Jewish shops, and the repressive measures taken against those Germans (in particular civil servants and, paradoxically, Nazi Party wmembers) who continued to patronize Jewish shops.
‘His Own Father Was the Cause of His Trouble’
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roger Rishton (c.1505–c.1563), Ralph’s father, was a remarkably litigious and confrontational character: throughout his adult life he was involved in at least one major lawsuit every year. He was also prone to violence. This chapter begins by tracing the histories of the main branches of the extended Rishton family. It then introduces places that feature throughout the book and many themes regarding the ways people used law in this time, by reconstructing three major cycles of aggression by Roger, all centred upon Church Kirk, the local chapelry church near his ancestral home. In these confrontations he took the pews and seats of his antagonists out of the church and burnt them (shooting one of his rivals with an arrow), brawled over his stockpiling of weaponry and armour in the church’s tower, and violently mishandled a woman in the church in the course of a prolonged conflict over mutual defamation alleging sexual misbehaviour. Each confrontation wove its way through multiple court systems: close reconstruction demonstrates how what superficially appear to be isolated cases in reality add up to concerted dispute resolution. The cases also reveal that the Court of the Duchy of Lancaster, an equity jurisdiction sitting in Westminster, was a court of first and very rapid resort for Lancashire gentry over a wide range of matters. Much of Roger Rishton’s violence was performative and assertive of status, and workable social relations between antagonists were usually restored quickly.
‘God Have Mercy of Thy Soul, Wife of Ralph Rishton’
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ralph Rishton first married in 1531, when he was 8 or 9 years old. After his first wife succumbed to mental illness and he returned from military service in wars with Scotland, he secured a forged certificate of annulment from church officials in order to marry another woman, whom he had gotten pregnant. The first part of this chapter reconstructs the narrative of this part of Ralph’s life, with an emphasis upon the ways in which witnesses in court depositions conveyed their observations and impressions of married life. The chapter then goes on to examine child marriage among the Lancashire gentry and yeomanry in the sixteenth century, based upon dozens of cases in the consistory court of the Diocese of Chester. Child marriage was a common experience, entwined with family strategies for alliance building and property acquisition, and cases subsequently initiated to annul such marriages on grounds of underage compulsion offer detailed insight into expectations surrounding marriage. Lancashire gentry also married much closer to home, geographically speaking, than their counterparts elsewhere in England. One result was a tightly knit propertied class, intensely local in outlook, who acted for each other in a wide range of legal capacities, especially in relation to their property.
Intention or Easy Meanings?
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that to explain human acts of meaning, intentions to produce cognitive effects in minded creatures must be postulated. This is part of so-called Gricean intentionalism about speaker meaning. The chapter tries to show that objections to this view, developed in most detail by so-called expressionists, are unsuccessful. Expressionists suppose that utterances can give direct expression to thoughts, without any intervening intention to produce an effect in anyone. The author calls this the challenge of easy meanings and focuses on its expressionist incarnation here. The author’s case can be extended to other theories of speech acts which pose similar challenges to intentionalism.
Edenic Intentionalism
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter states the essentials of the theory of reference on offer, which is called edenic intentionalism. It consists in a specific account of the relationship between referential competence and the mental state of confusion. Roughly, confusion disrupts the proper or characteristic function of the speech act of singular reference. Crucially, the chapter argues that the disruption is constitutive, in the sense that the locus of malfunction is in the inner constitution of the mechanism of reference as such. It argues that competent speakers acquire sensitivity to the edenic maxim, which states that one should try to avoid being confused about the objects to which one intends to refer. It goes on to argue that confusion in principle corrupts the linguistic evidence speakers produce in making an utterance and, also, that proper names cannot serve their normal function in a group of confused speakers.
Dugald Stewart's Empire of the Mind
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dugald Stewart’s Empire of the Mind recasts the cultivation of a democratic intellect in the late Scottish Enlightenment. It comprises an intellectual history of what was at stake in moral education during a transitional period of revolutionary change between 1772 and 1828. Stewart was a child of the Scottish Enlightenment, who inherited the Scottish philosophical tradition of teaching metaphysics as moral philosophy from the tuition of Adam Ferguson and Thomas Reid. But the Scottish Enlightenment intellectual culture of his youth changed in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Stewart sustained the Scottish school of philosophy by transforming the tradition of teaching the science of mind as professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. His elementary system of moral education fostered an empire of the mind in the universal pursuit of happiness. The democratization of Stewart’s didactic Enlightenment—the instruction of moral improvement—in a globalizing, interconnected nineteenth-century knowledge economy will be examined in this book.
Teaching Moral Economy, 1799−1809
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Stewart’s new course of lectures on political economy, which was the first of its kind in Britain. Stewart taught political economy as a moral pursuit. His notion of a developmental moral economy provided a bridge between the classical Rockinghamite moral economy and the extractive Pittite political economy that gave way to Utilitarianism in the early nineteenth century. His lectures on the moral economy of public education sought to safeguard the welfare of labourers by guiding future statesmen to mitigate social problems concerning immorality, crime, poverty, and idleness. This initiative to democratize liberal education extended to the moral economy of the British imperial world. Stewart measured a moral economy by the degree to which the labouring ranks of society were incorporated in government policies that encouraged the intellectual and moral progress of humankind. In doing so, he became an intellectual disciple of William Jones’s view of orientalism. Stewart sought to reform the governance of public morals as a philosopher, an armchair imperialist, and an amateur orientalist.
The Skilful Composition of the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies how Eustathios defines Homer’s δεινότης or skilfulness, the highest proficiency in the art of rhetoric. To provide his target audience of rhetor-writers with concrete clues on how to imitate Homer’s skilful composition, Eustathios analyses what methods the poet used to create his rhetorical masterpiece. In so doing, Eustathios reconstructs the poet’s composition process: he retraces the decisions the poet made, the effects he was after, and the techniques he employed when composing the Iliad. Eustathios considers Homer’s success as poet-rhetorician to be based on various rhetorical principles, such as avoiding boredom, creating variation, and balancing brevity and detail. The chapter explores how Eustathios meticulously studies these principles and the techniques through which Homer implemented them throughout the Iliad. To bring together the various aspects of Homer’s skilful composition scattered across the chapter, its last section studies Eustathios’ analysis of a discrete episode, the Catalogue of Ships. As tools for his analysis, Eustathios uses earlier literary critical and rhetorical theories on the selection and arrangement of narrative material in poetry and in oratory, whose key points are presented in the chapter’s first section. The chapter is accompanied by two appendices with translations, the first of Eustathios’ general discussion of the form and function of Homeric similes, the second of his reflections on the role of the invocations of the Muses in Homeric poetry.
The Plausible Composition of the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Eustathios’ ideas on the Iliad’s πιθανότης or plausibility, which he considers a key factor in its rhetorical success. Throughout his commentary, Eustathios demonstrates how Homer, with potential detractors in mind, purposefully made his composition wholly plausible and, thus, irrefutable and criticism-proof. This chapter therefore studies the plausibility-enhancing techniques that Eustathios identifies in Homer’s composition, which concern the content of the poem as well as its presentation and formulation on the word level. The chapter also addresses Eustathios’ ideas on the much-debated notion of enargeia, as well as his discussion of the creative risks the poet takes by sometimes stretching the limits of plausibility, particularly in the mythical episodes of his poetry. For his analysis, Eustathios draws on earlier literary criticism and rhetorical theory, as discussed in the chapter’s first section. To bring together the different techniques for establishing plausibility scattered across the chapter, its last section explores Eustathios’ analysis of Priam’s visit to Achilles in Iliad 24, an episode in which ancient critics found many reasons to question the plausibility of Homer’s narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe book’s introduction begins with an interest in Brazil’s diplomatic boom on the African continent in the early twenty-first century, and situates the motivation for studying South–South Cooperation (SSC) at the project level within an urban landscape in Mozambique. It highlights the current lack of clarity endemic to discourses about whether SSC provides a better—read “more equitable”—platform for development cooperation, presenting the rationale for the book’s more grounded critical analysis and embedded scholarship to deliver a verdict on whether hemispheric cooperation labels are real proxies for equity and solidarity in development cooperation. It then delineates the importance of resolving questions around what types of cooperation relationship work on the ground, and concludes with a presentation of the book’s arguments across its chapters.
Looking for Learning in Cooperation Projects
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an intellectual history of learning in development, and positions theories distinguishing different types of knowledge as especially valuable to evaluating knowledge production key to discretionary decision-making within international cooperation projects. It then considers evidence of these multiple dimensions of knowledge—from factual and conceptual to procedural and reflective knowledge—in water-and-sanitation-related international development cooperation projects studied in Maputo. Secondly, the analysis explores what kinds of proximities supported practitioners’ learning on the ground. Despite the anticipated added value of South–South Cooperation (SSC) as a special medium for advancing grounded high-level learning, the analysis shows that partners representing higher-income countries too could advance high-level know-how critical to discretionary decision-making. Further, beyond the geopolitical and technical ones favored by SSC discourses, heterarchical relationships among staff, local embeddedness in shared spaces, and practitioners’ professional theories of practice provided nuanced influences on the quality of learning within projects.
Conclusion
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter concludes the book by arguing that geopolitical cooperation labels obscure more than they reveal about what matters for development collaboration at the project level. A project’s Northern, Southern, or trilateral architecture was not an especially robust predictor of cooperation success in material and knowledge terms in the projects presented in this book, nor did it ultimately determine the types of equity pursued and produced in place. Instead, what mattered were other types of partner proximity: whether projects were hierarchical or heterarchical in nature, whether project staff were situated within shared work environments; and whether practitioners valued flexibility and recognized learning from partners as peers. The promises of equity and solidarity heralded in development discourses can come from the combination of these “proximities” with a project evaluation framework that promotes explicit attention to distributive, procedural, and epistemic justice in both the design and implementation of cooperation work.