Symptoms, physical measures and cognitive tests after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large population-based case-control study
Authors: Holm Hilma , Ivarsdottir Erna , Olafsdottir Thorhildur , Thorolfsdottir Rosa , Eythorsson Elias , Norland Kristjan , Gisladottir Rosa , Jonsdottir Gudrun , Unnsteinsdottir Unnur , Sveinsdottir Kristin , Jonsson Benedikt , Andresdottir Margret , Arnar David , Arnthorsson Asgeir , Birgisdottir Kolbrun , Bjarnadottir Kristborg , Bjarnadottir Solveig , Bjornsdottir Gyda , Einarsson Gudmundur , Eiriksdottir Berglind , Gardarsdottir Elisabet , Gislason Thorarinn , Gottfredsson Magnus , Gudmunsdottir Steinunn , Gudmundsson Julius , Gunnarsdottir Kristbjorg , Helgadóttir Anna , Helgason Dadi , Hinriksdottir Ingibjorg , Ingvarsson Ragnar , Jonasdottir Sigga , Jonsdottir Ingileif , Karlsdottir Tekla , Kristinsdottir Anna , Kristinsson Sigurdur , Kristjansdottir Steinunn , Love Thorvardur , Ludviksdottir Dora , Masson Gisli , Nordahl Gudmundur , Olafsdottir Thorunn , Olafsson Isleifur , Rafnar Thorunn , Runolfsdottir Hrafnhildur , Saemundsdottir Jona , Sigurbjornsson Svanur , Sigurdardottir Kristin , Sigurdsson Engilbert , Steinthorsdottir Valgerdur , Sveinbjornsson Gardar , Thorarensen Emil , Thorbjornsson Bjarni , Thorsteinsdottir Brynja , Tragante Vinicius , Ulfarsson Magnus , Sigurdsson Martin , Sigurdsson Emil , Stefansson Hreinn , Gislason Thorsteinn , Palsson Runolfur , Kristjansson Mar , Sulem Patrick , Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Thorgeirsson Gudmundur , Gudbjartsson Daniel , Stefansson Kari 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Persistent symptoms are common after SARS-CoV-2 infection but the correlation with objective measures is unclear. We utilized the deCODE Health Study to compare multiple symptoms and physical measures between 1,721 Icelanders with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (cases) and 546 contemporary and 13,842 historical controls. Cases participated in the study five to 17 months after the acute infection. One percent reported still suffering severe symptoms more than a year after the infection. 46 of the 88 symptoms explored associated with prior infection, most significantly disturbed smell and taste, memory disturbance, and dyspnea. On the contrary, only a handful of objective measures associated with prior infection. Cases were more likely to have measured impairment in smell and taste, lower grip strength, and poorer immediate and delayed memory recall than controls. No other objective measure associated with prior infection including heart rate, blood pressure, postural orthostatic tachycardia, oxygen saturation, exercise tolerance, hearing, and traditional inflammatory, cardiac, liver and kidney blood biomarkers. There was no evidence of more anxiety or depression among cases. We estimated the prevalence of long Covid to be 7–8%. Thus, in our large case-control study of mostly non-hospitalized Icelanders, diverse symptoms were common after SARS-CoV-2 infection while objective differences between cases and controls were few and, except for smell and taste, small. Discrepancies between symptoms and objective measures suggest a more complicated biological or biopsychosocial contribution to symptoms related to prior infection than is captured by conventional tests. Traditional clinical assessment would thus not be expected to be particularly informative in relating symptoms to a past SARS-CoV-2 infection.