bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations
Authors: Virtanen I. O. I. , Pevtsov A. A. , Bertello L. , Mursula K. 
Published: September 2022

Context. We apply our recently developed method to reconstruct synoptic maps of the photospheric magnetic field from observations of chromospheric plages and the magnetic polarity of sunspots. Here, we apply the method to an extended time interval from 1915 to 1985.
Aims. Systematic magnetographic observations of the solar photospheric magnetic field were initiated as recently as the 1970s and the lack of earlier observations limits our ability to study and understand the long-term evolution of the Solar global field. This study is aimed at creating synoptic maps of magnetic fields for the pre-magnetograph era and using these maps as input for modern simulation models to investigate the long-term (centennial) evolution of the Sun’s global magnetic fields.
Methods. We reconstructed active Solar regions by identifying chromospheric plages from Ca II K line synoptic maps and assigning magnetic polarities based on the observed polarity of sunspots. We used a surface flux transport (SFT) model to simulate the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field from the reconstructed active regions. We used the potential field source surface (PFSS) model to determine the amount of open magnetic flux from the reconstruction and from magnetographic observations. We also reconstructed the coronal field during two eclipses and compared the result with eclipse drawings.
Results. We successfully reconstructed the photospheric magnetic field from 1915 to 1985. The number and total magnetic flux of the reconstructed active regions shows a realistic cyclic behavior that mostly follows the evolution of the sunspot number, even on relatively short timescales. The polar field strengths of cycles 19 and 20 do not reflect the evolution of the sunspot number very accurately, which may be related to problems related to the calcium data during cycle 19 and the long data gap during cycle 20. The polarity of polar fields and the amount of open field both at high and low latitudes all demonstrate the expected cyclic behavior. The agreement of the modeled coronal structure with eclipse drawings in 1922 and 1923 is fair.
Uterine Fibroid Treated with Homoeopathic Medicine: A Case Report
Authors: Kumari Punam 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUterine fibroids are the commonest benign uterine tumours, most commonly found in women in the reproductive age group. The cause of fibroids is not well understood. Fibroids originate from uterine smooth muscle cells whose growth is primarily dependent on the levels of circulating oestrogen. Symptoms of uterine fibroid include heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods and pelvic pain. Uterine fibroid is common indication of hysterectomy nowadays and it leads to many complications. Here a case of 47-year-old woman suffering from painful menses with uterine fibroid measuring 18.4 × 17.7 mm is presented that was completely resolved with individualised homoeopathic medicine Calcarea carbonica with significant improvement in her quality of life. The case was followed up with symptomatic assessment reported by patient, Visual Analogue Scale and laboratory investigations. The case reporting is done according to the Homoeopathic clinical case reporting (HOM-CASE) guidelines, extension of Clinical case reporting (CARE) guidelines. The causal relationship between the clinical improvement and the medicine prescribed was assessed by the MONARCH Inventory, an improved version of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homoeopathy.
A Simple Method to Improve Intraoperative Localization of Fiducial Markers during Lung Resections
Authors: He Shengliang , Beamer Staci , Jaroszewski Dawn , D'Cunha Jonathan , Ravanbakhsh Samine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background Lung cancer screening programs have increased the detection of early-stage lung cancer. High-resolution computed tomography can detect small, low-density pulmonary nodules, or ground-glass opacities. Obtaining a tissue diagnosis can be challenging, often necessitating surgical diagnosis. Preoperative localization and intraoperative fluoroscopy are valuable tools to guide resections for small pulmonary nodules.
Case Description We present three cases using intraoperative fluoroscopy and Faxitron Bioptics that enhanced our certainty of resection of nonpalpable nodules.
Conclusion We support the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy with the unique addition of Faxitron BioVision as safe and reliable methods to enhance the certainty of resection.
Improving customer segmentation via classification of key accounts as outliers
Authors: Spoor Jan Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCustomer segmentation and key account management are important use cases for clustering algorithms. Here, a data set of a Portuguese wholesaler for food and household supplies is used as an exemplary application. To increase the quality of the analysis, a two-stage approach is proposed. First, key accounts are filtered by a density-based outlier detection. Second, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is applied to cluster smaller customers. This two-stage approach is aligned with the business implications of key accounts as outstanding and very differently behaving customers as well as with the core idea of an ABC analysis. Also, the exclusion of key accounts corresponds to the definition of outliers as the results of a different underlying mechanism. Using this two-stage approach shows better clustering results compared to using a one-stage approach applying only a GMM. Therefore, it is concluded that density-based detection of key accounts followed by a clustering using a GMM is beneficial for customer segmentation within B2B applications.
Contrast and analogy in aspectual distinctions of English and Polish
Authors: Kokorniak Iwona 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter makes an attempt at finding contrasts and analogies in the aspectual system of Polish and
English with the use of the Integrated Model of Aspect (Kokorniak 2018). The
model employs categorisation and other conceptual mechanisms (Langacker
1987, 1999, 2009) in order
to reveal that the two aspectual systems, as proposed by Comrie (1976: 25),
belong to different levels of elaboration, which is why they have been considered incompatible. The author suggests
that the level of aspectual classes should be used for the comparison to be possible (Vendler 1957; Croft 2012). In a detailed comparative
qualitative analysis of think predicates, aspectual distinctions are considered in terms of stativity vs.
dynamicity, (a)telicity, (un)boundedness, replicability vs. expandability and punctuality vs. durativity.
From nouns to verbs
Authors: Janda Laura A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A conceptual metaphor motivates an analogy between nouns and verbs, here termed the Noun → Verb Analogy.
The metaphor maps properties from the source domain of space for nouns to the target domain of time for verbs. Three
case studies present evidence for this metaphorical analogy using data from Russian. The first study examines the
metaphor that underlies the Russian system of verbal aspect. The second study catalogs parallels between numeral
classifiers and aspectual markers in Russian. The third study, of the distribution of grammatical forms, shows that
aspect in verbs behaves much like number in nouns. Recognition of the Noun → Verb Analogy facilitates a more orderly
and straightforward understanding of Russian verbs.
Complex prepositions of analogy and contrast in English
Authors: Stefanowitsch Anatol 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Complex prepositions of the form [P (Det) N P] and [(P) ADJ to] (e.g., in addition to,
with respect to, in accordance with, due to, pursuant
to) undoubtedly belong to formal registers that Basil Bernstein calls “elaborated code” and that John
Lucy refers to as “intellectualized language” – they are much more frequent in written than in spoken language and
they are more frequent in formal non-fiction writing (bureaucratic, academic and technical texts) than in informal
non-fiction (newspapers) or fiction writing, and they (seem to) construct more explicit, complex and decontextualized
relationships than simple prepositions, in line with the functional pressure on such registers to give preference to
accuracy over communicative economy. As such, it is interesting to study the types of relations they express, and,
crucially, the types of distinctions they make with regard to these relations. Among these relations, we find
contrast (as opposed to, in contrast with/to, contrary to) and, less frequently,
analogy (similar to, in comparison with, by analogy with/to). This offers an opportunity
to study the way in which these relations, which are implicit in linguistic construal in a wide range of constructions
and processes, are used explicitly to structure knowledge – if that is, in fact, what complex prepositions do. My
chapter focuses on complex prepositions of contrast and analogy and use a wide range of corpus data to show what
communicative functions these serve and whether and how the distinctions made possible by the existence of alternative
forms and variants are exploited both in formal and informal language.
Hong Kong Sign Language numerals
Authors: Koenders Emily 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Syntactic processes trigger changes in the movement-parameter of Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) numeral signs. Though HKSL cardinal numerals by default do not contain movement and are produced in neutral space, under specific circumstances, the movement-parameter can be altered from [∅] to specifications for both path- and hand-internal movement. This creates four types of numerals: (1) event numerals, (2) transfer numerals, (3) conjunction numerals, and (4) list numerals. I analyze the syntactic structures of these four numerals as follows: Firstly, event numerals quantify the number of times an event denoted by V has occurred and in syntax the numeral is located in a FreqP in Spec,VP. Secondly, transfer numerals show transfer of ownership and are within the DP complement of V0. Thirdly, the conjunction numeral indicates that all items of a set are included and the numeral is located within ConjP. Finally, the list numeral is the head of a NumeP with a [list]-feature within DP.
Role of inter-electrode coupling on thermoelectricity in an interferometric geometry: a new proposition
Authors: Bhattacharya Ranjini , Maiti Santanu K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Efficient thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion is one of the most desirable solutions of our current day energy crisis. Exploiting the effect of quantum interference among electronic waves, in this work we propose a prescription of getting high TE efficiency, the so-called figure of merit (ZT), considering an interferometric geometry where a loop conductor is clamped between two heat baths. Unlike conventional junction configurations, we introduce an additional path for electron transfer directly from source to drain, due to their close proximity. The interplay between different paths leads to an enhanced ZT (ZT > 1). Moreover, the efficiency can be further regulated by tuning the inter-electrode coupling. The effects of magnetic flux threaded by the ring and disorder are also discussed. Our proposed prescription may lead to a new route of designing tunable TE devices at nanoscale level.
Nanowire bolometer using a 2D high-temperature superconductor
Authors: Ghosh Sanat , Jangade Digambar A , Deshmukh Mandar M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Superconducting nanowires are very important due to their applications ranging from quantum technology to astronomy. In this work, we implement a non-invasive process to fabricate nanowires of high-T
c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
. We demonstrate that our nanowires can be used as bolometers in the visible range with very high responsivity of 9.7 × 103 V W−1. Interestingly, in a long (30 μm) nanowire of 9 nm thickness and 700 nm width, we observe bias current-dependent localized spots of maximum photovoltage. Moreover, the scalability of the bolometer responsivity with the normal state resistance of the nanowire could allow further performance improvement by increasing the nanowire length in a meander geometry. We observe phase slip events in nanowires with small cross-sections (12 nm thick, 300 nm wide, and 3 μm long) at low temperatures. Our study presents a scalable method for realizing sensitive bolometers working near the liquid-nitrogen temperature.
Impact of spot reduction on the effectiveness of rescanning in pencil beam scanned proton therapy for mobile tumours
Authors: Bertschi Stefanie , Krieger Miriam , Weber Damien C , Lomax Antony J , van de Water Steven 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective. In pencil beam scanning proton therapy, individually calculated and positioned proton pencil beams, also referred to as ‘spots’, are used to achieve a highly conformal dose distributions to the target. Recent work has shown that this number of spots can be substantially reduced, resulting in shorter delivery times without compromising dosimetric plan quality. However, the sensitivity of spot-reduced plans to tumour motion is unclear. Although previous work has shown that spot-reduced plans are slightly more sensitive to small positioning inaccuracies of the individual pencil beams, the resulting shorter delivery times may allow for more rescanning. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of tumour motion and the effectiveness of 3D volumetric rescanning for spot-reduced treatment plans. Approach. Three liver and two lung cancer patients with non-negligible motion amplitudes were analysed. Conventional and probabilistic internal target volume definitions were used for planning considering single or multiple breathing cycles respectively. For each patient, one clinical and two spot-reduced treatment plans were created using identical field geometries. 4D dynamic dose calculations were then performed and resulting target coverage (V95%), dose homogeneity (D5%–D95%) and hot spots (D2%) evaluated for 1–25 rescans. Main results. Over all patients investigated, spot reduction reduced the number of spots by 91% in comparison to the clinical plan, reducing field delivery times by approximately 50%. This reduction, together with the substantially increased dose per spot resulting from the spot reduction process, allowed for more rescans in the same amount of time as for clinical plans and typically improved dosimetric parameters, in some cases to values better than the reference static (3D calculated) plans. However, spot-reduced plans had an increased possibility of interference with the breathing cycle, especially for simulations of perfectly repeatable breathing. Significance. For the patients analysed in this study, spot-reduced plans were found to be a valuable option to increase the efficiency of 3D volumetric rescanning for motion mitigation, if attention is paid to possible interference patterns.
A lightweight U-net for ECG denoising using knowledge distillation
Authors: Qiu Lishen , Zhang Miao , Zhu Wenliang , Wang Lirong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are easily polluted by various noises which are likely to have adverse effects on subsequent interpretations. Research on model lightweighting can promote the practical application of deep learning-based ECG denoising methods in real-time processing. Approach. Firstly, grouped convolution and conventional convolution are combined to replace the continuous conventional convolution in the model, and the depthwise convolution with stride is used to compress the feature map in the encoder modules. Secondly, additional identity connections and a local maximum and minimum enhancement module are designed, which can retain the detailed information and characteristic waveform in the ECG waveform while effectively denoising. Finally, we develop knowledge distillation in the experiments, which further improves the ECG denoising performance without increasing the model complexity. The ground-truth ECG is from The China Physiological Signal Challenge (CPSC) 2018, and the noise signal is from the MIT-BIH Noise Stress Test Database (NSTDB). We evaluate denoising performance using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Pearson correlation coefficient (P). We use the floating point of operations (FLOPs) and parameters to calculate computational complexity. Main Results. Different data generation processes are used to conduct experiments: group 1, group 2 and group 3. The results show that the proposed model (U
Lde
-net) can improve SNRs by 10.30 dB, 12.16 dB and 12.61 dB; reduce RMSEs by 9.88 × 10−2, 20.63 × 10−2 and 15.25 × 10−2; and increase Ps by 14.77 × 10−2, 27.74 × 10−2 and 21.32 × 10−2. Moreover, the denoising performance after knowledge distillation is further improved. The U
Lde
-net has parameters of 6.9 K and FLOPs of 6.6 M, which are much smaller than the compared models. Significance. We designed a lightweight model, but also retain adequate ECG denoising performance. We believe that this method can be successfully applied to practical applications under time or memory limits.
Enhancement of electro-mechanical behaviors in RE–Ba–Cu–O composite superconducting tapes with laser slit edges
Authors: Guo Chunjiang , Chen Sikan , Liu Xiao , Shi Jiangtao , Wu Yue , Cheng Chunsheng , Zhu Jiamin , Zhang Zhiwei , Liu Fang , Li Xiaofen , Zhao Yue 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The slit technique is an essential process for narrowing the second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) tapes. It is still very challenging to eliminate edge defects introduced during slitting. In this work, we developed a set of reel-to-reel laser slit (LS) equipment for narrowing 2G-HTS tapes using a femtosecond infrared laser. In comparison with the commonly used mechanical slit (MS) technique, the LS technique produced no cracks at the tape edges. Electro-mechanical behaviors of 2G-HTS tapes with MS and LS edges were compared in liquid nitrogen conditions. The results of the uniaxial tensile tests showed only a minor difference in irreversible tensile stress/strain of the two kinds of tapes. However, uniaxial tensile fatigue tests showed that the critical current (I
c) retention of the LS tapes was about 14% higher than that of the MS tapes after 104 cycles (@ 77 K, σ
max = 0.8σ
y, and a stress ratio of 0.1). Moreover, U-Spring compressive tests revealed that no irreversible I
c degradation occurred on the LS tapes under compressive strain up to −0.8%, with high reproducibility. On the contrary, the irreversible compressive strains of the MS tapes were rather scattered, ranging from −0.75% to −0.2%. Enhancement of electro-mechanical behaviors is strongly linked to fewer edge defects in the LS tapes. This research demonstrates significant advantages of the LS technique over the conventional MS technique, showing its promising prospects for demanding applications.
Image-charge detection of the Rydberg transition of electrons on superfluid helium confined in a microchannel structure
Authors: Zou S , Konstantinov D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The image-charge detection provides a new direct method for the detection of the Rydberg transition of electrons trapped on the surface of liquid helium. The interest in this method is motivated by the possibility to accomplish the spin state readout for a single trapped electron, thus opening a new pathway towards using electron spins on liquid helium for quantum computing. Here, we report on the image-charge detection of the Rydberg transition in a many-electron system confined in an array of 20 μm wide and 4 μm deep channels filled with superfluid helium. Such detection is made possible because of a significant enhancement of the image-charge signal due to close proximity of trapped electrons to the electrodes embedded in the microchannel structure. The transition frequency of electrons in the range of 400–500 GHz is highly controllable by the dc bias voltages applied to the device and is in a good agreement with our calculations. This work demonstrates that microchannel structures provide a suitable platform for electron manipulation and their quantum state detection, with a feasibility of scaling the detection method to a single electron.
Research on the Magnetic Field of NGC 7793 P13 and Other Confirmed Pulsating Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
Authors: Meng Fan-Liang , Pan Yuan-Yue , Li Zhao-Sheng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A pulsating ultraluminous X-ray source (PULX) is a new kind of pulsar (PSR) whose characteristics are different from all known neutron stars. The magnetic field of PULX is suspected to be the main reason to support its supper Eddington luminosity of PULX. NGC 7793 P13, which is the second confirmed PULX, can be easily studied due to its nearby position and isolation from other sources in its host galaxy. In this paper, we calculate its magnetic field to be ∼1.0 × 1012 G based on the continued observations from 2016 to 2020. The magnetic field evolution of NGC 7793 P13 is analyzed, which shows that the source has spent about 104 yr for the field decaying from the simulated initial strength 4.0 × 1014 G to the present value. In case of an assumed constant accretion and the limitation of the companion mass, it will be a recycled PSR whose magnetic field is ∼109 G and spin period is a few hundred milliseconds. We estimate the field strength of the other confirmed PULXs and find main range is 1013–1014 G. Their positions of the magnetic field and spin period are around or below the magnetars. This is because these PULXs are in the binary systems and are with the spin-up rate that are 2–3 orders higher than the normal binary pulsars. We suggest that PULXs are the accreting magnetars whose multi-pole strong magnetic field can support the supper Eddington luminosity. They would be helpful for studying the evolution of the magnetars, the formation of the binary PSRs above the Eddington spin-up line, and the millisecond PSRs with the magnetic field stronger than ∼109 G.
Development of green cement mortar using industrial by-products
Authors: Hashim Raad , Khan Mohammad Amir , Kadhum Mohammed , Abdulhadi B. , Samaka Isra’a 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCement is the main construction material in the infrastructure, and it determines the key properties of the concrete structures. However, cement production causes many environmental issues, including but not limited to global warming and depletion of natural resources. Therefore, this paper focuses on replacing the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in cement mortar with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA)) to develop a green mortar that has less negative environmental impacts compared to the OPC. Different ratios of GGBS and PFA (0-40% of cement) were used in this study, and the produced samples were cured for four weeks. The compressive strength of the green mortar was measured at the ages of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The results showed the produced mortar generally is weaker than the OPC mortar, where the final compressive strength of the reference sample, sample with 20% GGBS and 20% PFA, and samples with 35% of GGBS and 35% of PFA was 13.7, 10.1 and 7.3 MPa, respectively. However, the new mortar is beneficial for both environment and construction costs.