bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machines and Human Epistemology
Authors: Demin T. S. , Frolov K. G. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction.The article analyzes the structure of the epistemology of knowledge of weak artificial intelligence in comparison with the structure of human knowledge. The article was written within the framework of one of the most demanded branch sections of philosophy – the philosophy of artificial intelligence. The novelty of the research is based on the idea of applying the analysis of knowledge developed within the framework of analytical epistemology to the field of artificial intelligence.Methodology and sources.The article is written in the framework of analytical tradition in philosophy. We use conceptual analysis to analyze the most crucial aspects of knowledge. This method assumes that in order to explain a complex phenomenon, it is necessary to analyze its components. This method formed the basis of an analytical discussion about knowledge in the second half of the 20th century. The article also uses comparative analysis.Results and discussion.People's knowledge is characterized by three essential characteristics – the presence of information-bearing mental states, their reliability, and factuality. We analyzed to what extent the information-carrying internal states of a weak AI correspond to these qualities. The authors concluded that internal states can be considered beliefs if they are weakly interpreted, they can have a high degree of reliability under certain conditions, and they can have factuality if we accept that a weak AI has beliefs.Conclusion.A weak interpretation of the concept of belief allows us to argue that neural networks are capable of having beliefs. A more rigorous interpretation of the concept of belief also includes the requirement to understand the meaning. However, we do not have at our disposal a satisfactory theory of understanding meaning. In this case, the condition of reliability is the only criterion of knowledge to which the functional states of machines can correspond in the case of certain tasks, in connection with which the problem of generality arises especially acutely.
The Historical Space-Time Continuum as an Anthropological Phenomenon
Authors: Sirotkin Yu. L. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction. The problem of human being as a subject of the historical space-time continuum is actualized by social transformations and the change of types of rationality. The anthropological nature of space-time determines the interest in reflection on human being as a historical individual. We could note an increased interest in spatial and temporal problems in Russian philosophical thought in the realities of the 20th century. The perception of historical time in its daily eventfulness brings us closer to understanding the fate of society in this period of Russian history that cannot be unambiguously assessed.Methodology and sources. The author relied on the provisions of philosophical anthropology about the human dimension of historical time and space. The initial basis of the research was the provisions of the author's concept of the unity of a human being and the space-time continuum. The anthropological content of historical space-time analytics predetermined the use of systemic, culturological and axiological approaches. The system approach has determined the application of source studies, phenomenological and hermeneutic analysis of the studied phenomena.Results and discussion. The importance of anthropocentrism for understanding historical individuality is substantiated. The author made an attempt to overcome the extremes of the anthropocentric and progressive models of the historical process on the basis of the unity of anthropocentrism, cultural centrism and sociocentrism. History is revealed as the time and space of self-realization of its subjects. The understanding of history is derived from a person's ability to experience and organize events. Also in the article is stated the necessity of incorporation of personal time and private space into the historical process as its constructs. It is shown that the knowledge of history is the result of the identification of I and We.Conclusion. The author reveals the thesis about human being as a historical personality. The anthropological nature of historical space-time determines the meanings, contributes to the ordering of everyday events by the subjects of history, provides an opportunity to determine the vector of cognition of history.
Corruption as a Social Problem: a Constructionist Approach
Authors: Kovtun E. A. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction. The article provides an overview of the constructionist approach in sociology in the concerning the phenomenon of corruption as a social problem. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to examine the possibilities of sociology in the study of anti-corruption discourse and the construction of corruption in the public consciousness.Methodology and sources. The issue has grown in importance considering the need to study the perception of corruption in society and the processes of its construction. The methodological basis of the work is the analysis of primary sources (works by M. Spektor, J. Kitsuse, J. Best) and research publications, including the retrospective analysis of the theoretical prerequisites for the development of a constructionist approach in the sociology of social problems. This paper gives a detailed overview of the concept of social problems, which is important for the development of theoretical and empirical studies of various social problems from constructionist positions.Results and discussion. The paper presents the features of two directions within the framework of social constructivism: strict and contextual. The author identifies two main areas of corruption research in a constructionist discourse: the analysis of the construction of corruption as a social phenomenon and the analysis of the construction of deviance, which correspond to the phenomenological (strict) and contextual directions. This study defines the main theoretical aspects of the constructivist approach, its ideological prerequisites and traces the development of the main theoretical directions of constructivism within the interactionist approach in sociology. As a result of the analysis, the author highlights the limitations of the constructionist approach, which are significant for choosing a concept and conducting research and pays attention to the possibilities of developing an integrative approach.Conclusion. Social constructivism has heuristic potential in exploring the discourse of corruption as a social problem and the construction of its deviance, which is a promising area of research on the perception of corruption in modern Russian society.
Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 7. Internal logic 2 Oleg M. Polyakov
Authors: Polyakov O. M. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter referred to as R-linguistics) and is devoted to the study of the functioning of logical connectives with nouns and adjectives. The article is the second part of the discussion of internal logic, which examines the use of logical connectives within sentences. This research involves the formation of semantic logic, that is, logic that takes into account the semantics of sentences.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of internal logic, the previously formulated semantic concepts and operations are used.Results and discussion. Two types of negation are introduced and their properties are defined. The properties of the linguistic model are formulated. The use of logical connectives with nouns and adjectives is analyzed. It is shown that the connective NOT can be attributed to both external and internal logic. The connectives AND and OR do not have a logical content, but serve to identify the state of a particular concept. Three semantic substitutions are defined. The reasons for the stability of semantic interpretation when changing the state of relations are substantiated.Conclusion. Abandoning the traditional view of natural language logic means abandoning logical operations and inference. This forces us to consider logical operations that now take into account semantics, since they are related to the structure of the linguistic model. Analysis of the functioning of logical connectives with nouns and adjectives shows that they either provide identification of the state of concepts, or can be transferred to external logic, or can operate within the framework of a linguistic model. The formulated substitution rules provide semantically correct substitutions and justify the stability of semantic interpretation in the conditions of changing states of concepts.
Assessment of airborne fungi from animal establishments in and around Kolkata, West Bengal
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sayan , Dighe Prashil , Ruchi Ruchi , Raj Atul , Banik Amit , Chattopadhyay UK 
Published: May 2022

Background: Airborne transmission of pathogenic Fungi to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans are very common and cause various disease like Aspergillosis, aspergilloma (fungus ball), allergic sinusitis, and allergic bronchopulmonary disease, Flu-like illness, chronic lung disease etc. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted to analyze fungi present in around the environment of local meat market, fish market and farms. This was determined through air quality sampling using the ‘Settle plate technique’ using SDA agar plate and were analyzed at 37°C and 25°C after incubation using Lactophenol cotton blue mount. Results: The highest number of fungi were isolated from farms (37%) followed by chicken shop (24%) , Mutton shop(23%) and fish shops(16%). Aspergillus flavus(21%) was prominent in chicken shop while AspergIllus fumigatus(19%) was prominent in Mutton shop. Fusarium (19%) and Rhizopus spp.(18%) were prominent in farm air. Conclusion: The study is significant from One health point of view and stresses the importance of proper ventilation , sanitation and importance of sunlight in order to minimize load of fungi in air.
Фізичне моделювання мін та інженерних боєприпасів, адекватних за показником теплової інерції
Authors: Підгородецький М. , Куртсеітов Т. , Ясько В. , Ментус І. 
Published: May 2022

Забезпечення реалізації державної політики у сфері протимінної діяльності та виконання міжнародних зобов’язань України у сфері протимінної діяльності передбачає вжиття заходів щодо розвитку засобів розвідки, пошуку, ідентифікації, знешкодження мін та вибухонебезпечних предметів.
Продукцією багатьох підприємств оборонно-промислового комплексу України є засоби пошуку, ідентифікації, знешкодження мін та вибухонебезпечних предметів. Вітчизняні розробники та виробники зазначених засобів для утримання свого положення на конкурентному ринку мають більше уваги приділяти розвитку своєї продукції, яка випускається та розробляється в найкоротші терміни. Рівень якості, терміни розробки та прийняття до випуску продукції на пряму залежить від терміну практичної апробації зразків.
Водночас розробники та виробники для адекватної практичної апробації зразків пошуку, ідентифікації, знешкодження мін та вибухонебезпечних предметів мають використовувати бойові міни, що не завжди можливо виконати розробниками та виробниками, які не мають допуску та доступу до роботи із вибуховими речовинами та інженерними боєприпасами у зв’язку з правовими регуляторними обмеженнями щодо поводження із зазначеними речовинами та засобами.
Тому тестування та експеримент зі зразками пошуку та ідентифікації, запропоновано проводити із використанням натурних (фізичних) моделей мін. В моделях мін на заміну вибухових речовин використовувати матеріали, фізичні властивості яких максимально відповідають натуральним. Адекватність моделювання є однією із властивостей, яка виражає ступінь відповідності моделі тому реальному об’єкту, для опису якого вона створюється та від якої залежить якість проведеного експерименту. Запропонований підхід щодо тестування та проведення експериментів із використанням фізичних моделей мін дозволить розширити коло учасників, які зможуть брати участь у розробці сучасних і вкрай необхідних засобів розвідки, пошуку, ідентифікації, знешкодження мін та вибухонебезпечних предметів.
Tratamento odontopediátrico das seqüelas da Síndrome Alcoólica Fetal em criança de 12 anos
Authors: Bueno Jaciane Expedita , Lima Ana Flávia Martins , Cunha Tereza Cristina Rodrigues da , Araújo Tatiany Gabrielle Freire 
Published: May 2022

A síndrome alcoólica fetal (SAF) é uma condição de malformações causadas ao indivíduo que foi exposto ao álcool durante a fase gestacional. O consumo de álcool por mulheres vem crescendo, o que inclui o grupo de gestantes, e conseqüentemente aumenta o número de crianças com anomalias. Por isso é importante a prevenção, pois a SAF é totalmente evitável. Possui diagnóstico complexo através de características faciais e relato da própria genitora sobre o consumo de álcool, além de tratamento especializado e individualizado. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um paciente de 12 anos de idade, gênero masculino, com a queixa da ausência dos incisivos inferiores. O mesmo apresentava agenesia dentária, além da anquiloglossia e características bucofaciais que levantam a hipótese diagnóstica da Síndrome Alcoólica Fetal, descrevendo através de uma revisão de literatura quais são os aspectos fenotípicos decorrentes da síndrome, abordando frente ao diagnóstico qual o plano de tratamento, as etapas cirúrgicas da frenectomia lingual e acompanhamento odontológico preconizado para o caso.
Machine Learning for Prediction of Outcomes in Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Rong Fangning , Xiang Huaqiang , Qian Lu , Xue Yangjing , Ji Kangting , Yin Ripen 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveThe management of cardiogenic shock (CS) in the elderly remains a major clinical challenge. Existing clinical prediction models have not performed well in assessing the prognosis of elderly patients with CS. This study aims to build a predictive model, which could better predict the 30-day mortality of elderly patients with CS.MethodsWe extracted data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III version 1.4 (MIMIC-III) as the training set and the data of validation sets were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Three models, including the cox regression model, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model, and the CoxBoost model, were established using the training set. Through the comparison of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), C index, net reclassification improvement (NRI), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and median improvement in risk score, the best model was selected. Then for external validation, compared the best model with the simplified acute physiology score II (SAPSII) and the CardShock risk score.ResultsA total of 919 patients were included in the study, of which 804 patients were in the training set and 115 patients were in the verification set. Using the training set, we built three models: the cox regression model including 6 predictors, the LASSO regression model including 4 predictors, and the CoxBoost model including 16 predictors. Among them, the CoxBoost model had good discrimination [AUC: 0.730; C index: 0.6958 (0.6657, 0.7259)]. Compared with the CoxBoost model, the NRI, IDI, and median improvement in risk score of other models were all&lt;0. In the validation set, the CoxBoost model was also well-discriminated [AUC: 0.770; C index: 0.7713 (0.6751, 0.8675)]. Compared with the CoxBoost model, the NRI, IDI, and median improvement in risk score of SAPS II and the CardShock risk score were all &lt; 0. And we constructed a dynamic nomogram to visually display the model.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study showed that in predicting the 30-day mortality of elderly CS patients, the CoxBoost model was superior to the Cox regression model, LASSO regression model, SAPS II, and the CardShock risk score.
Novel Insights on Establishing Machine Learning-Based Stroke Prediction Models Among Hypertensive Adults
Authors: Huang Xiao , Cao Tianyu , Chen Liangziqian , Li Junpei , Tan Ziheng , Xu Benjamin , Xu Richard , Song Yun , Zhou Ziyi , Wang Zhuo , Wei Yaping , Zhang Yan , Li Jianping , Huo Yong , Qin Xianhui , Wu Yanqing , Wang Xiaobin , Wang Hong , Cheng Xiaoshu , Xu Xiping , Liu Lishun 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundStroke is a major global health burden, and risk prediction is essential for the primary prevention of stroke. However, uncertainty remains about the optimal prediction model for analyzing stroke risk. In this study, we aim to determine the most effective stroke prediction method in a Chinese hypertensive population using machine learning and establish a general methodological pipeline for future analysis.MethodsThe training set included 70% of data (n = 14,491) from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT). Internal validation was processed with the rest 30% of CSPPT data (n = 6,211), and external validation was conducted using a nested case–control (NCC) dataset (n = 2,568). The primary outcome was the first stroke. Four received analysis methods were processed and compared: logistic regression (LR), stepwise logistic regression (SLR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest (RF). Population characteristic data with inclusion and exclusion of laboratory variables were separately analyzed. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, kappa, and area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were used to make model assessments with AUCs the top concern. Data balancing techniques, including random under-sampling (RUS) and synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), were applied to process this unbalanced training set.ResultsThe best model performance was observed in RUS-applied RF model with laboratory variables. Compared with null models (sensitivity = 0, specificity = 100, and mean AUCs = 0.643), data balancing techniques improved overall performance with RUS, demonstrating a more satisfactory effect in the current study (RUS: sensitivity = 63.9; specificity = 53.7; and mean AUCs = 0.624. Adding laboratory variables improved the performance of analysis methods. All results were reconfirmed in validation sets. The top 10 important variables were determined by the analysis method with the best performance.ConclusionAmong the tested methods, the most effective stroke prediction model in targeted population is RUS-applied RF. From the insights, the current study revealed, we provided general frameworks for building machine learning-based prediction models.
Transsphenoidal Surgery of Giant Pituitary Adenoma: Results and Experience of 239 Cases in A Single Center
Authors: Chen Yike , Xu Xiaohui , Cao Jing , Jie Yuanqing , Wang Linkai , Cai Feng , Chen Sheng , Yan Wei , Hong Yuan , Zhang Jianmin , Wu Qun 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundTranssphenoidal surgery (TSS) is first-line treatment for giant pituitary adenomas (PAs). Although PA is a benign neuroendocrine tumor that originates from adenohypophysial cells, the surgical outcomes and prognosis of giant PAs differ significantly due to multiple factors such as tumor morphology, invasion site, pathological characteristics and so on. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical outcomes of giant PAs in a single-center cohort.MethodsThe clinical features and outcomes of 239 patients with giant PA who underwent sphenoidal surgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2015 to October 2021 were collected from medical records. The basic clinical information (age, gender, function etc.), surgical procedure, imaging features (maximum diameter, invasion characteristics, tumor shape etc.) and histopathological characteristics (pathological results, Ki-67, P53 etc.) were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 25.0 and Stata 12.0 software were used for statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 239 patients with giant PAs underwent TSS, of which 168 surgeries (70.29%) were endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal (EETS) and 71 (29.71%) were microscopic transsphenoidal (MTS). The mean preoperative maximum diameter in the cohort was 45.64 mm. Gross-total resection was achieved in 46 patients (19.25%), near-total in 56 (23.43%), subtotal in 68 (28.45%), and partial in 69 (28.87%) patients. The maximum tumor diameter and Knosp grade were the significant factors that limited the extent of the resection of giant PAs. A total of 193 patients (80.75%) experienced surgical complications, and the most common complications were postoperative diabetes insipidus (DI) (91, 38.08%), intracranial infection (36, 15.06%) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks (37, 15.48%). In addition, there was a significant difference in the incidence of CSF leaks between the neuroendoscopy group and the microscopic group (P &lt; 0.05).ConclusionThe management of giant PAs remains a therapeutic challenge due to their large size and postoperative complications. The maximum diameter and Knosp grade of giant PAs significantly limited the extent of resection, which warrants a reasonable surgical plan.
Glucose- and Bile Acid-Stimulated Secretion of Gut Hormones in the Isolated Perfused Intestine Is Not Impaired in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Hunt Jenna E. , Holst Jens J. , Jepsen Sara L. 
Published: May 2022

PurposeDecreased circulating levels of food-intake-regulating gut hormones have been observed in type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, it is still unknown if this is due to decreased secretion from the gut mucosal cells or due to extra-intestinal processing of hormones.MethodsWe measured intestinal hormone content and assessed morphological differences in the intestinal mucosa by histology and immunohistochemistry. Secretion of hormones and absorption of glucose and bile acids (BA) were assessed in isolated perfused mouse intestine.ResultsGIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and SS (somatostatin) contents were higher in the duodenum of control mice (p &lt; 0.001, and &lt;0.01). Duodenal GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) content (p &lt; 0.01) and distal ileum PYY content were higher in DIO mice (p &lt; 0.05). Villus height in the jejunum, crypt depth, and villus height in the ileum were increased in DIO mice (p &lt; 0.05 and p = 0.001). In the distal ileum of DIO mice, more immunoreactive GLP-1 and PYY cells were observed (p = 0.01 and 0.007). There was no difference in the absorption of glucose and bile acids. Distal secretion of SS tended to be higher in DIO mice (p &lt; 0.058), whereas no difference was observed for the other hormones in response to glucose or bile acids.ConclusionOur data suggest that differences regarding production and secretion are unlikely to be responsible for the altered circulating gut hormone levels in obesity, since enteroendocrine morphology and hormone secretion capacity were largely unaffected in DIO mice.