bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pear, Pest Control with IGR CME 13406, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trees in a 25-year-old pear orchard were sprayed by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized block. All treatments except the untreated check received a ‘delayed dormant’ spray of Pydrin 2.4EC at 4 oz/100 gal plus 1.5% superior oil and a ‘white bud’ spray of Morestan 2.5WP at 1 lb/100 gal. Three cover sprays of Guthion were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bull. 1072). Each spray of CME 13406 was applied about 150 to 250 degree-days (base 50°F) earlier than Guthion to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg laying. PP populations were sampled at 2- to 4-week intervals. During May, nymphs were counted on 20 spur leaves/tree (2 leaves/spur). In the 2nd generation and later, terminal leaves were sampled. A top, middle and bottom leaf were collected from each of 6 terminals/tree. Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. Fruit was evaluated for PP russet and CM damage at harvest. Mite counts were taken by brushing 100 leaves/treatment (25/tree). Leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Freeman R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted on 5-year-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, CA. Both tests were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments in both tests were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on 15 May in Test A and on 5 Aug in Test B. Control in both tests was evaluated by caging 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leafhoppers on the foliage of treated trees. In Test A the leafhoppers were placed on the foliage for 24 h at 2-week intervals for 10 weeks after treatment. In Test B the leafhoppers were placed on the foliage for 12 h (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., to reduce leafhopper mortality in the untreated check) at Vi, 2V2, 7%, 14V4, 28V2 and 42Vi days after treatment.
Peach, All Season Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an 11 year-old peach orchard on the variety ‘Red Haven'. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied on 28 Apr (PF), 7 May (SS), 27 May (IC), 13 Jun (2C), and 11 Jul (3C). For disease control, the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting the number of motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Sampling methods for the other insects were as follows: GPA = avg no. GPA colonies/tree; OFMa = avg no. OFM - damaged terminals/tree; OFMb = avg no. OFM - damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree; TPB = avg no. TPB - injured fruit/100 fruit/tree.
Blueberry, Flea Beetle Adult Control, 1986
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied on 26 Jun to 23 x 23-ft plots in a lowbush blueberry field at Gray, Maine. There were 4 replications for each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 teejet nozzles and at 35 psi. Plants showed 1 to 2% blue berries at treatment. On dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the adults were counted and then released into the same plot. A rain of 0.4 inch occurred 1 day after treatment.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 11-year-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio was used. Plots consisted of one blueberry bush, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 23 May, 9 Jun, 13 Jul and 22 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg2/cm2) and with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 9 Jun, after insecticides had dried, 5 leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated plastic containers. Ten tarnished plant bug and dried fruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. Twenty-four h later the number of dead insects was counted. On 14 Jul, a second bioassay was set up in a similar manner. However, in addition to the leaves, we also placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult Japanese beetles were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days. The number of dead beetles was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 22 Jul, the final bioassay was begun using the same procedure and all 3 insects.
Performance of Insecticides for Grape Berry Moth, (GBM) 1985
Authors: Dennehy Timothy J. , Taft Theodore N. , Crowe Harold J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An established vineyard of Concord grapes comprising 12 acres was used for insecticide evaluation. Rows were 9 ft apart and vines 8 ft apart within the row. Each treatment was replicated 4 x in a completely randomized block design. Each replication consisted of ca 45 vines (3 rows x 15 vines per row). Insecticide applications were made as foliar sprays on 15 Jun, 26 Jun, and 20 Aug, with the exception of Danitol which was applied 4 times—14 Jun, 26 Jun, 7 Aug, and 21 Aug. All plots were treated with triademefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz AI/A to control powdery mildew. Commercial application conditions were used. Materials were applied with a hooded boom over the row sprayer operated at 500 psi, equipped with 7 nozzles per boom on each side with No. 2% (mm) discs and 3-hole whirl plates. Spray volumes are noted on the table. Counts made on 12 Sep 1985 were based on number of berries injured by GBM larvae in 100 clusters from each replication. Ten clusters were sampled from throughout the canopy of 10 vines per plot. Carbaryl 50WP, 2 lb AI/A, and parathion 15WP, 1.5 lb AI/A, were standards.
Insecticide Evaluation For the Early Control of Foliar form of Grape Phylloxera, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted and evaluated for early control of grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. This test consisted of 5 treatments applied on 2, 12, 23, 29 May and 5 Jun. Plots consisted of 1 vine, 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated C02 sprayer operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9509-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (757 liters/ha). The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 1 oz per 25 gal of water. Readings of the total number of galls present per replicate were taken on 8, 15, 21, 27 May, 3, 11, 17, 23 Jun, and 1, 7, 14 Jul. At the time of first treatment (2 May), no galls were present. On 2 May growth was very irregular. Some buds were still not open, other buds had broken and the small shoots were 2 to 3 inches (5 to T/t cm) long. A small percentage of these were normal but most had been burned back due to heavy frost in late Apr.
Bioassay and Avoidance (Repellency) Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle adults in an experimental vineyard of Clinton grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of one grape vine, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 21 Jul using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each treated plant. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and placed in a ventilated 1-gal ice cream container with 10 Japanese beetles. The containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the top. A mortality count was made after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH. In addition to the bioassay, a reading of the number of live Japanese beetles present in the field plots was taken 24 h after initial application of the insecticides. The number of live beetles present on the grape foliage of each plot were counted. All treatments in the bioassay were statistically better than the check in both the lab and the field. None of the treatments was phytotoxic to the grape foliage.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 19- to 29-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 300 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 16 May (pink, P), 28-29 May (petal fall, PF), 14 Jun (first cover, 1C), 25-26 Jun (second cover, 2C), 9 Jul (third cover, 3C), 23-24 Jul (fourth cover, 4C), 6 Aug (fifth cover, 5C), 20 Aug (sixth cover, 6C), as noted in the table; the Rotacide treatment (3C-9C) was applied only on 9 Jul, 17 Jul, 25 Jul, 2 Aug, 8 Aug, 15 Aug, and 22 Aug. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100) on 24-28 Apr and Polyram 80W (2 lb) which was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each spray date; no Polyram mixtures were made with the Rotacide treatment (3C-9C). There were 3-4 single tree applications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 ‘Mcintosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 1 and 4 ‘Mcintosh’ in Test 2. Except for test trees, the orchards were not sprayed with insecticides. On 28 Aug, 0.5 box of apples was picked from each tree (only 3 trees were sampled in Test 2), and about 520 (Test 1) or 180-370 (Test 2) apples were examinee1 per treatment on 7 to 14 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM, LAW, and TPB). ERM were counted on 31 Jul and 15-16 Aug on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushec onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded or 18 Jul and 1 Aug (Test 2). May and Jun were cool, the first half of Jul was wet (3.9 inches rain), and Aug was wetter (3.4 inches rain) and cooler than normal.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 2, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Early Round Dutch' cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4 Nov through a COa-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 Hollow cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following each treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 6 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage. Additionally, cabbage looper were counted on 3 randomly selected plants/plot.
Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Story R. N. , Black L. L. , Gatti J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the Burden Research Plantation, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Seedling cabbage was transplanted onto 48-inch rows on 24 Mar with 15-inch spacing between plants. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 15-ft plots 3 rows in width. Pesticides were applied with a tractor-drawn boom-type sprayer with 3 TX-26 hollow-cone nozzles, the middle nozzle directed down and the 2 outer nozzles angled in at 90°. The sprayer applied 100 gal/acre at 100 psi. Applications were made on 15 Jun. Evaluations of diamondback moth larval populations were made on 22 Jun by counting the number of diamondback moth larvae on 10 plants in each plot.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera by a Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications of Baythroid, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two adjacent commercial fields, located near Le Roy, N.Y., were used for this test. Each field was divided into 2 sections, 1 section simulating the normal processor spray program and the other using Baythroid as a comparison. One section of 1 field was treated with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre EPN on 18 and 26 Aug, 0.125 lb (AI)/acre Ambush on 1 Sep, and 0.025 lb (AI)/acre Asana on 9 Sep; the other section of that same field was treated with Baythroid 0.45 lb (AI)/acre on the same 4 dates as above. One section of the second field was treated with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre EPN on 18 and 26 Aug and 1 Sep and 0.025 lb (AI)/acre Asana on 9 Sept; the other section of the second field was treated with Baythroid 0.45 lb (AI)/acre on the same four dates. Insecticides were applied with a Cessna Ag Truck delivering 3 gal/acre at 35-40 psi and 115-120 mph air speed and D8-46 nozzles. On 11 Sep a sample of 100 ears per section of each field was evaluated for insect injury.
Fall Armyworm Control in Fall Planted, Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1986
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 17 Sep on the Agricultural Research Farm of Rio Farms in Monte Alto. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were four 40-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 15-ft borders separating plots on the same row. Two sprays (16 and 20 Oct) were applied to 6- to 8-leaf-stage corn using a tractor-mounted CO2-pressurized sprayer. A spray volume of 11 gal/acre was applied through one 8003 nozzle/' row at 40 psi in a 10-inch band and with tractor speed at 3 mph. Treatment effectiveness was determined by comparing insect densities in preapplication (16 Oct) and 2 postapplication (23 and 27 Oct) samples and by use of plant damage ratings made during the last sample date. FAW density was determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot and recording numbers and sizes of larvae observed. Larval size was estimated as small (&lt;1 cm), medium (1-2 cm), or large (&gt;2 cm). Plant damage was rated using a damage index calculated as follows: 1, very little to no damage; 2, slight damage to outside leaves and whorl; 3, moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent; 4, heavy damage throughout plant; 5, complete decimation of plant. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to Red Yorking and Redspur Delicious trees. A randomized block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times on each variety. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. ERM populations were evaluated on Yorks throughout the season. Due to a shortage of fruit on the Yorks, postbloom applications were included on Redspur Delicious. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. RAA populations were evaluated on 28 May by counting all colonies found in 3 min/tree. Foliage was visually rated on a scale of 0 - 4 for WALH damage on 8 Sep. On 21 Sep 100 apples were collected from each replicate and evaluated for damage by fruit-feeding pests and for fruit finish on a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being the best.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Eggplant, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Classic' eggplant transplants were planted in 35-ft rows on 28 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches, and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 9, 23, and 30 Jun; 7 and 22, Jul; and 12, 19, and 26 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 17, 23, and 30 Jul and on 3 Aug from 10 plants.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Onions, 1987
Authors: Cartwright B. , Royer T. , Ede J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were tested for control of western flower thrips (WFT) in onions grown on a Rio Grande silty clay loam near McAllen, Tex. Plots measuring 1 double-row bed by 20 ft (0.0015 acre) were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications. An unsprayed buffer area of 1 bed was maintained on each side of all plots. Thrips populations were assessed by counting all thrips larvae and adults on 5 plants/plot. Insecticides were applied with a COa-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 60 gal/acre at 50 psi. Applications were made on 1 and 3 Apr. Adult thrips were collected for identification before the study was initiated and after its completion and were determined to be 100% WFT prior to initiation and 95% WFT and 5% onion thrips at the end of the test. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1982) and means were separated using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
Onion Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. 'Texas Grano 1105 Y' onions vere direct seeded 3 Dec '86 into single-row beds (40-inch centers) on a Willacy fine sandy loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. All plots received 1 application of idoprodine at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and overlaid on plots measuring 20 ft by 2 beds. Treatments were applied on 21 and 24 Apr as foliar sprays delivered through a CO2-powered ground sprayer at a rate of 30 gal/acre finished formulation. Adult and immature thrips were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on 24 and 28 Apr. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatment means were separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05). Percent control was calculated using Henderson's 1955 formula.
Control of Thrips and the Pepper Weevil on Pepper, Spring 1987
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 26 Feb on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants set in a single row on 12-inch centers. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 8, 15, 22, 29, 6, 14, 21, and 28 Apr and 3 Jun with a 2.5-gal hand-held CO2-pressured sprayer, which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 50-100 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On 7 May, the thrips were counted in 10 flowers from each plot. Marketable fruit were harvested and abscised fruit were collected on 18 May and 2 and 11 Jun and were examined for internal pepper weevil feeding damage. All abscised fruit were damaged internally by the pepper weevil; thus, counts of abscised fruit were combined with counts of harvested, internally damaged fruit. One, 2, 3, and 5 days after the last application, the numbers of adult weevils were counted during a 5-minute examination of flower and vegetative buds on each plot. The percentages of damaged and undamaged fruit were calculated, and analyses of variance were performed on all data
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 14 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 3, 8, 15, 19, and 26 Jun. Plant percent defoliation was recorded on 22 and 29 Jun. Number of CPB larvae per 5 hills was recorded on 12 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt./acre) on 5 Aug.
Insecticide Resistance in New York Populations of the Colorado Potato Beetle, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Goh K. S. , Tingey W. M. , Gibson R. L. , Semel M. , Clarke T. , Moyer D. , MacNeil C. , Young D. , Kubecka J. , Lemarie R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adults were field collected from 11 potato-producing areas in New York State: (1) Upstate commercial fields: Savannah (Wayne County), Kirkville (Onondaga County), Chittenango and Canastota (Madison County), New Hampton and Montgomery (Orange County); (2) Long Island (Suffolk County): Riverhead, Mattituck, and Water Mill; (3) Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory (LIHRL), Riverhead, (Suffolk County); and (4) the reference strain from a field where minimal insecticides have been applied for the past 15 yr at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville (Tompkins County). Chemicals tested were serial dilutions of technical Pydrin®, Vydate®, and Ambush® in acetone and formulated rotenone and Thiodan® in water. They were applied at 2 u.l/beetle topically on the ventral abdominal segments using a manual microapplicator. Before treatment, beetles were anesthetized with CO2 . After treatment, 10 beetles were held in 800-ml ventilated cups with a slice of potato and maintained in a growth chamber at 78°F, 75% RH, and 16:8 L:D. The control groups were treated with acetone or water as appropriate. Beetle mortality was evaluated after 5 days. Fresh potato pieces were provided during the trial. Dosemortality regressions were estimated by exposing test insects to a minimum of 4 or 5 concentrations of each insecticide. Each dose was replicated a minimum of 3 times at 10 adults/replicate. Data were analyzed by probit analysis. Mortality in untreated controls for each strain was &lt;6%.