bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JrWRKY21 interacts with JrPTI5L to activate the expression of JrPR5L for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in walnut
Authors: Zhou Rui , Dong Yuhui , Liu Xia , Feng Shan , Wang Changxi , Ma Xinmei , Liu Jianning , Liang Qiang , Bao Yan , Xu Shengyi , Lang Xinya , Gai Shasha , Yang Ke Qiang , Fang Hongcheng 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARYWalnut (Juglans regia L.) anthracnose, induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a catastrophic disease impacting the walnut industry in China. Although WRKY transcription factors play a key role in plant immunity, the function of the WRKY gene family in walnut resistance to C. gloeosporioides is not clear. Here, through transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), we identified a differentially expressed gene, JrWRKY21, that was significantly upregulated upon C. gloeosporioides infection in walnut. JrWRKY21 positively regulated walnut resistance to C. gloeosporioides, as demonstrated by virus‐induced gene silencing and transient gene overexpression. Additionally, JrWRKY21 directly interacted with the transcriptional activator of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) gene JrPTI5L in vitro and in vivo, and could bind to the W‐box in the JrPTI5L promoter for transcriptional activation. Moreover, JrPTI5L could induce the expression of the PR gene JrPR5L through binding to the GCCGAC motif in the promoter. Our data support that JrWRKY21 can indirectly activate the expression of the JrPR5L gene via the WRKY21–PTI5L protein complex to promote resistance against C. gloeosporioides in walnut. The results will enhance our understanding of the mechanism behind walnut disease resistance and facilitate the genetic improvement of walnut by molecular breeding for anthracnose‐resistant varieties.
Assessing central and peripheral respiratory chemoreceptor interaction in humans
Authors: Milloy Kristin M. , White Matthew G. , Chicilo Janelle O. C. , Cummings Kevin J. , Pfoh Jamie R. , Day Trevor A. 
Published: June 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We investigated the interaction between central and peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors in healthy, awake human participants by using a background of step increases in steady‐state normoxic fraction of inspired carbon dioxide to alter central chemoreceptor activation and by using the transient hypoxia test to target the peripheral chemoreceptors.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Our data suggest that the interaction between central and peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors is additive in minute ventilation and respiratory rate, but hypo‐additive in tidal volume. Our study adds important new data in reconciling chemoreceptor interaction in awake healthy humans and is consistent with previous reports of simple addition in intact rodents and humans.
AbstractArterial blood gas levels are maintained through respiratory chemoreflexes, mediated by central chemoreceptors in the CNS and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies. The interaction between central and peripheral chemoreceptors is controversial, and few studies have investigated this interaction in awake, healthy humans, owing, in part, to methodological challenges. We investigated the interaction between the central and peripheral chemoreceptors in healthy humans using a transient hypoxia test (three consecutive breaths of 100% N2; TT‐HVR), which targets the temporal domain and stimulus specificity of the peripheral chemoreceptors. The TT‐HVRs were superimposed upon three randomized background levels of steady‐state inspired fraction of normoxic CO2(; 0, 0.02 and 0.04). Chemostimuli [calculated oxygen saturation ()] and respiratory variable responses [respiratory rate (RR), inspired tidal volume (VTI) and ventilation ()] were averaged from all three TT‐HVR trials at each level. Responses were assessed as: (1) a change (∆) from baseline; and (2) indexed against . Aside from a significantly lower ∆VTI response in 0.04 (P = 0.01), the hypoxic rate responses (∆RR or ∆RR/; P = 0.46 and P = 0.81), hypoxic tidal volume response (; P = 0.08) and the hypoxic ventilatory responses ( and ; P = 0.09 and P = 0.31) were not significantly different across trials. Our data suggest simple addition between central and peripheral chemoreceptors in , which is mediated through simple addition in RR responses, but hypo‐addition in VTI responses. Our study adds important new data in reconciling chemoreceptor interaction in awake, healthy humans and is consistent with previous reports of simple addition in intact rodents and humans.
Past eruptions of a newly discovered active, shallow, silicic submarine volcano near Tokyo Bay, Japan
Authors: McIntosh Iona M. , Tani Kenichiro , Nichols Alexander R.L. , Chang Qing , Kimura Jun-Ichi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Oomurodashi is a newly discovered active, shallow, silicic submarine volcano only 60 km from Tokyo Bay. We reveal its past eruptive activity, and potential future hazards, by examining volatile contents of its subaerial and submarine pumice and lava deposits. These novel data for shallow silicic submarine eruption products were obtained using new Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analytical techniques for vesicular and hydrated glasses. All matrix glasses have H2O species data consistent with low-temperature hydration following eruption. We therefore used unaltered OH data to investigate past eruptions. Geochemistry confirmed that Oomurodashi was the source of a ca. 13.5 ka subaerial tephra deposit on nearby inhabited islands. We infer from pumice OH contents and tephra characteristics that this deposit was formed by explosive submarine phreatomagmatic activity that produced the shallow crater in the submarine edifice. OH contents of in-place submarine lavas are lower than expected for their current water depth; comparison with past sea level implies that these lavas erupted at ca. 7–10 ka and ca. 14 ka when sea level was lower. Oomurodashi has also erupted submarine pumice with different densities, quench depths, and dispersal histories; however, any pumice sufficiently buoyant to produce floating pumice rafts will have been lost from the local geological record, so pumice rafts remain a potential future hazard.
Brexit’s Implications for the Transatlantic Relationship
Authors: Prikhodko O. V. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Since the Second World War, the United Kingdom has served as a transatlantic bridge between the United States and Europe and as a conduit of the US influence in European affairs. Since joining the EU, Britain has been one of the main contributors to the European Union’s foreign, security, and defense policies. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020 marked a milestone in European politics. The UK’s decision to leave the European Union has raised questions concerning probable implications of Brexit for the transatlantic relationship and the European balance of power. Brexit entails multifaceted changes in Britain’s global posture, in particular, new nuances in its dealings with the United States and European partners. These shifts embrace a wide range of political, defense, security, and economic issues. They have stirred up debates on the British strategy’s tilt towards the Indo–Pacific and Britain’s future cooperation with its American ally and the EU. Having considered developments in the Washington–London–Brussels relations in the wake of the Brexit referendum, this article figures out trends in the interactions of these key players that reflect their visions of a post-Brexit reality.
The Effect of Collectivization on the Fate of Russia in the 20th Century
Authors: Kondrashin Viktor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the phenomenon of collectivization and concludes that it is the most important event in the history of Russia in the twentieth century, which radically changed its agrarian system and had a huge impact on the subsequent development of the country. It is pointed out that collectivization cannot be understood without comprehending the entire historical path of Russian modernization. This article analyzes the Bukharin alternative to Stalinist collectivization, characterizes the historical significance of the creation of the collective farm system in the Soviet Union, and considers its impact on the economy and the mentality of the Soviet peasantry.
Agriculturist V.G. Venzher in the Search of Reforming the Soviet Union
Authors: Nikulin Alexander 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
On the anniversary of the centenary of the formation of the Soviet Union, we naturally remember the name and ideas of one of the most brilliant Soviet agricultural economists, who made a huge practical and theoretical contribution to attempts to reform not only Soviet agriculture but also Soviet society as a whole. Vladimir Grigoryevich Venzher (1899–1990) was an agriculturist and economist, who primarily became widely known for his correspondence with Stalin in the early 1950s about the possibilities of reforms in the collective farm system of the Soviet Union.
At the same time, the fact that his personality was much broader and deeper than his professional incarnation as an agrarian economist. Venzher, of course, was also an original and deep social thinker, partly Marxist and partly populist-cooperative, who repeatedly proposed to the Soviet leadership and then in relation to the Kosygin and Gorbachev reforms a number of comprehensive alternative reforms aimed at shaping the sustainable development of the Soviet Union and Russia based primarily on the required agrarian reforms.1 To prove and develop this statement, this article examines several key fragments of the political economy and social and philosophical heritage of Venzher in the 1960s–1980s, his letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and some of his scientific monographs, which have not yet attracted much attention from researchers.
Incomplete recovery in patients with minor head injury directly discharged home from the emergency department: a prospective cohort follow-up study
Authors: Coffeng Sophie Maria , Jacobs Bram , Kim Laura Jane , ter Maaten Jan Cornelis , van der Naalt Joukje 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of post-traumatic complaints and recovery rate of non-hospitalised patients with minor head injury (MHI) and their relationship with demographic and injury characteristics. We also evaluated the differences between patient groups in this least severe category of brain and head injury.DesignProspective cohort follow-up study.SettingPatients admitted to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital in the Netherlands.Participants242 patients with MHI (n=100 with head injury only and n=142 with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)) discharged home directly after evaluation at the ED.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was incomplete recovery at 3 months measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score <8. Secondary outcome measures were number of post-traumatic complaints assessed 2 weeks and 3 months postinjury by a standardised questionnaire. Also the number of patients that visited their general practitioner because of persistent complaints was determined.ResultsThree months postinjury 48% of patients reported more than one post-traumatic complaint. Half (51%) of patients showed incomplete recovery. Incomplete recovery was associated with headache directly postinjury (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.28 to 8.34), age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) and the number of post-traumatic complaints (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.40) and depression (OR 6.31, 95% CI 1.24 to 32.00) 2 weeks postinjury. Incomplete recovery was comparable between the head injury only and mTBI group (55% vs 50%, 95% CI −12.5 to −23.0). In total 36 MHI patients (28%) visited their general practitioner because of complaints related to their head injury.ConclusionHalf of the non-hospitalised patients with MHI experienced incomplete recovery after 3 months without differences between head injury only and mTBI patients. Therefore, early identification of patients at risk for incomplete recovery must be started at the ED to provide appropriate aftercare to avoid long-term post-traumatic complaints.
Identifying key signs of motor neurone disease in primary care: a nested case–control study using the QResearch database
Authors: Mei Xue W , Burchardt Judith , Ranger Tom A , McDermott Christopher J , Radunovic Aleksandar , Coupland Carol , Hippisley-Cox Julia 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo confirm the symptoms and signs for motor neuron disease (MND) in the Red Flag tool; to quantify the extent to which the key symptoms and signs are associated with MND; and to identify additional factors which may be helpful within the primary care setting in recognition of possible MND and triggering timely referral to neurology specialists.DesignA nested case–control study.Setting1292 UK general practices contributing to the QResearch primary care database, linked to hospital and mortality data.ParticipantsBaseline cohort included 16.8 million individuals aged 18 years and over without a diagnosis of MND at study entry and with more than 3 years of digitalised information available. The nested case–control data set comprised of 6437 cases of MND diagnosed between January 1998 and December 2019, matched by year of birth, gender, general practice and calendar year to 62 003 controls.Main outcome measuresClinically recognised symptoms and signs of MND prior to diagnosis and symptoms and factors which are relevant in primary care setting.ResultsThis study identified 17 signs and symptoms that were independently associated with MND diagnosis in a multivariable analysis. Of these, seven were new to the Red Flag tool: ataxia, dysphasia, weight loss, wheeze, hoarseness of voice, urinary incontinence and constipation. Among those from the Red Flag tool, dysarthria had the strongest association with subsequent MND (adjusted OR (aOR): 43.2 (95% CI 36.0 to 52.0)) followed by muscle fasciculations (aOR: 40.2 (95% CI 25.6 to 63.1)) and muscle wasting (aOR: 31.0 (95% CI 19.5 to 49.4)). Additionally, the associations between MND diagnosis and family history, dropped foot, focal weakness and sialorrhoea remained robust after controlling for confounders. Patients who reported symptoms indicative of damage to the lower brainstem and its connections were diagnosed sooner than those who presented with respiratory or cognitive signs.ConclusionThis is the first study that has identified, confirmed and quantified the association of key symptoms and signs with MND diagnosis. In addition to known factors, the study has identified the following new factors to be independently associated with MND prior to diagnosis: ataxia, dysphasia, wheeze and hoarseness of voice. These findings may be used to improve risk stratification and earlier detection of MND in primary care.
FutureMS cohort profile: a Scottish multicentre inception cohort study of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kearns Patrick K A , Martin Sarah J , Chang Jessie , Meijboom Rozanna , York Elizabeth N , Chen Yingdi , Weaver Christine , Stenson Amy , Hafezi Katarzyna , Thomson Stacey , Freyer Elizabeth , Murphy Lee , Harroud Adil , Foley Peter , Hunt David , McLeod Margaret , O'Riordan Jonathon , Carod-Artal F J , MacDougall Niall J J , Baranzini Sergio E , Waldman Adam D , Connick Peter , Chandran Siddharthan 
Published: June 2022

PurposeMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system and in industrialised countries is the most common cause of progressive neurological disability in working age persons. While treatable, there is substantial interindividual heterogeneity in disease activity and response to treatment. Currently, the ability to predict at diagnosis who will have a benign, intermediate or aggressive disease course is very limited. There is, therefore, a need for integrated predictive tools to inform individualised treatment decision making.ParticipantsEstablished with the aim of addressing this need for individualised predictive tools, FutureMS is a nationally representative, prospective observational cohort study of 440 adults with a new diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS living in Scotland at the time of diagnosis between May 2016 and March 2019.Findings to dateThe study aims to explore the pathobiology and determinants of disease heterogeneity in MS and combines detailed clinical phenotyping with imaging, genetic and biomarker metrics of disease activity and progression. Recruitment, baseline assessment and follow-up at year 1 is complete. Here, we describe the cohort design and present a profile of the participants at baseline and 1 year of follow-up.Future plansA third follow-up wave for the cohort has recently begun at 5 years after first visit and a further wave of follow-up is funded for year 10. Longer-term follow-up is anticipated thereafter.
Whole-body photobiomodulation therapy for chronic pain: a protocol for a feasibility trial
Authors: Fitzmaurice Bethany , Heneghan Nicola R , Rayen Asius , Soundy Andrew 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionChronic pain conditions are a leading cause of disease and disability. They are associated with symptoms such as fatigue, sleep and mood disturbances. Minimal evidence is available to support effective treatments and alternatives treatment approaches are called for. Photobiomodulation therapy has been highlighted as one promising option. A whole-body therapy device (NovoTHOR) has recently been developed with a number of potential advantages for people with chronic pain. Research is needed to consider the feasibility of this device.Methods and analysisA single-centre single-armed (no placebo group) feasibility study with an embedded qualitative component will be conducted. The intervention will comprise 18 treatments over 6 weeks, with 6-month follow-up, in the whole-body photobiomodulation device. A non-probability sample of 20 adult participants with a clinician diagnosis of chronic axial pain, polyarthralgia, myofascial pain or widespread pain will be recruited (self-referral and clinician referral). Outcome measures will focus on acceptability of trial processes with a view to guiding a definitive randomised controlled trial. Analyses will use descriptive statistics for quantitative aspects. The qualitative element will be assessed by means of a participant-reported experience questionnaire postintervention and semistructured audio-recorded interviews at three stages; preintervention, midintervention and postintervention. The latter will be transcribed verbatim and a reflexive thematic analysis will be used to identify emerging themes. Exploratory outcomes (participant-reported and performance-based measures) will be analysed according to data distribution.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethical approval from the Leicester Central Research and Ethics Committee. Findings will be disseminated via local chronic pain groups, public register update, submission for presentation at scientific meetings and open-access peer-reviewed journals, and via academic social networks.Trial registration numberNCT05069363.
How do electronic risk assessment tools affect the communication and understanding of diagnostic uncertainty in the primary care consultation? A systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Burns Alex , Donnelly Brian , Feyi-Waboso Joshua , Shephard Elizabeth , Calitri Raff , Tarrant Mark , Dean Sarah Gerard 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesTo conduct a systematic review and synthesise qualitative research of electronic risk assessment tools (eRATs) in primary care, examining how they affect the communication and understanding of diagnostic risk and uncertainty. eRATs are computer-based algorithms designed to help clinicians avoid missing important diagnoses, pick up possible symptoms early and facilitate shared decision-making.DesignSystematic search, using predefined criteria of the published literature and synthesis of the qualitative data, using Thematic Synthesis. Database searches on 27 November 2019 were of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science, and a secondary search of the references of included articles. Included studies were those involving electronic risk assessment or decision support, pertaining to diagnosis in primary care, where qualitative data were presented. Non-empirical studies and non-English language studies were excluded. 5971 unique studies were identified of which 441 underwent full-text review. 26 studies were included for data extraction. A further two were found from citation searches. Quality appraisal was via the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Program) tool. Data extraction was via line by line coding. A thematic synthesis was performed.SettingPrimary care.ResultseRATs included differential diagnosis suggestion tools, tools which produce a future risk of disease development or recurrence or calculate a risk of current undiagnosed disease. Analytical themes were developed to describe separate aspects of the clinical consultation where risk and uncertainty are both central and altered via the use of an eRAT: ‘Novel risk’, ‘Risk refinement’, ‘Autonomy’, ‘Communication’, ‘Fear’ and ‘Mistrust’.ConclusioneRATs may improve the understanding and communication of risk in the primary care consultation. The themes of ‘Fear’ and ‘Mistrust’ could represent potential challenges with eRATs.Trial registration numberCRD219446.
Cohort profile: the Western Cape Pregnancy Exposure Registry (WCPER)
Authors: Kalk Emma , Heekes Alexa , Slogrove Amy L , Phelanyane Florence , Davies Mary-Ann , Myer Landon , Euvrard Jonathan , Kroon Max , Petro Greg , Fieggen Karen , Stewart Chantal , Rhoda Natasha , Gebhardt Stefan , Osman Ayesha , Anderson Kim , Boulle Andrew , Mehta Ushma 
Published: June 2022

PurposeThe Western Cape Pregnancy Exposure Registry (PER) was established at two public sector healthcare sentinel sites in the Western Cape province, South Africa, to provide ongoing surveillance of drug exposures in pregnancy and associations with pregnancy outcomes.ParticipantsEstablished in 2016, all women attending their first antenatal visit at primary care obstetric facilities were enrolled and followed to pregnancy outcome regardless of the site (ie, primary, secondary, tertiary facility). Routine operational obstetric and medical data are digitised from the clinical stationery at the healthcare facilities. Data collection has been integrated into existing services and information platforms and supports routine operations. The PER is situated within the Provincial Health Data Centre, an information exchange that harmonises and consolidates all health-related electronic data in the province. Data are contributed via linkage across a unique identifier. This relationship limits the missing data in the PER, allows validation and avoids misclassification in the population-level data set.Findings to dateApproximately 5000 and 3500 pregnant women enter the data set annually at the urban and rural sites, respectively. As of August 2021, >30 000 pregnancies have been recorded and outcomes have been determined for 93%. Analysis of key obstetric and neonatal health indicators derived from the PER are consistent with the aggregate data in the District Health Information System.Future plansThis represents significant infrastructure, able to address clinical and epidemiological concerns in a low/middle-income setting.