bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dilemmas of Dependence
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses why only Americans followed the logic of fit instruments into revolution, and why this older, British way of thinking about exclusion and liberty has come to seem exceptionally American. The exclusionary patriot movement had a key weakness: provincial Britons relied on British power to protect them from Indians, Catholics, and Gaels. Or so loyalists claimed. This argument ultimately crippled the Irish patriot movement, as Irish patriots were divided on the merits of winning over Catholics to their cause. They could choose exclusion or autonomy, but not both. Scots, by contrast, saw themselves as exemplars of the virtues of inclusion. Americans instead turned to their past, explaining that their ancestors had conquered Indians without British help in the seventeenth century and were thus perfectly capable of forming their own imperial people. In fashioning a new American identity as conquerors of Indians and champions of liberty, they ironically obscured its British origins.
The Rise of People’s Movements and Organizations of Struggle
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter Two traces the rise of popular movements and unique organizations of struggle in the early years after the Mexican Revolution. It details the creation of the Partido Comunista de México (Communist Party of Mexico, PCM); the Confederación de Transportes y Comunicaciones (Confederation of Transport and Communication Workers, CTC); and the Liga Nacional Campesina (National Peasant League, LNC). These organizations formed the foundations for unusual alignments and relationships later in the decade.
Participatory Institutions and Extractive Conflict
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces varied ways that communities in hydrocarbon and mining zones have utilized participatory institutions in extractive conflict, and summarizes how the book draws on and contributes to the literatures on social conflict in extractive industries, theories of institutional change, and participatory institutions that incorporate civil society into local policymaking. The chapter also reviews the logic employed in the selection of thirty extractive conflicts in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru for the study, and introduces the book’s causal framework for understanding variation in community uses of participatory institutions. The argument centers on certain challenges to participation that communities in the conflicts faced: the trials of initiating participatory events, gaining inclusion in participatory processes, and, for included communities, expressing views about extraction at the participatory stage.
Participatory Institutions and Their Underlying Boundaries
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Communities impacted by extraction may participate in the approval of hydrocarbon and mining projects in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, through prior consultation (in all three countries), the environmental impact study hearing (in Colombia and Peru), and popular consultation (in Colombia). Access to these participatory institutions is determined by different boundaries: (1) boundaries between subnational and central state authority, (2) the geographic delineation of communities impacted by planned extraction, and (3) the lines defining representatives of an affected community relative to the community at large. Contestation over the boundaries leads to debates about which communities can be included in participatory events, which actor(s) speak on behalf of impacted communities, and whether a participatory process is appropriate.
Boundary Struggles in Latin America’s Extractive Zones
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An examination of thirty conflicts facilitates the exploration of relationships among community cohesion, goals, experience with extraction, and uses of participatory institutions. The analysis shows how communities with different objectives have utilized participatory institutions to influence development outcomes, in cohesive and divided contexts. Participatory institutions that in normal times might serve as tools of the state and of extractive firms to co-opt, weaken, and control communities were assets for communities that mobilized in the face of extraction. “Mere” participatory procedures proved powerful. Formal procedures caused different community behaviors that were linked tightly to—but that did not necessarily follow—those rules. And the boundaries and classifications associated with participatory procedures brought tensions over the drawing of the lines and over the prioritization of some categories over others. Those struggles contributed to and organized extractive conflict. Ultimately, the participatory procedures that states implement to manage communities and further extraction can generate conflict, thwarting state development goals.
Some Sources of Skepticism
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines two kinds of route to the conclusion that free will does not exist. The first features the device of setting the bar for free will absurdly high, and the second highlights a pair of familiar philosophical arguments—the No Free Will Either Way Argument and the Impossible Regress Argument. In response to the first route, data from survey-style studies in social psychology and experimental philosophy are used to show that certain lofty alleged requirements for free will—for example, that free will depends on the existence of souls—in addition to being philosophically unsupported, are not supported by the majority of nonspecialists. Related data on moral responsibility are also presented. The two philosophical arguments are examined and shown to be faulty.
More Skeptical Arguments
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a pair of arguments for the nonexistence of free will. One of them is based on the idea that free will depends on agent causation, which is causation of an effect by an agent rather than by events. The other argument is based on the idea that free actions must be uncaused. Both arguments are argued to be unpersuasive. It is argued, more specifically, that we lack good reason to believe that free will depends on agent causation and that this is true as well of the claim that free actions must be uncaused. The chapter’s primary aim is to explain certain incompatibilist ideas about free will more fully than previous chapters did while also extending the discussion of skepticism about free will that began in chapter 6.
Introduction
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The prologue looks at the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. Regardless of how one reacted to the news of Mao’s death, everyone knew that China would never be the same. In his 27 years as the undisputed ruler of the People’s Republic, he had achieved near godlike status. Mao had created a totalitarian system in the truest sense of the word: Comrade Mao and the CCP had near total control over the individual, including what people were allowed to think and where they worked and lived. With his sudden disappearance, the Chinese people confronted, not only a spiritual, political, and cultural vacuum, but also an existential question: where did China go from here? And more immediately, who would lead them there? The decisions Communist Party leadership would make to address these questions in the coming months and years would have enormous repercussions for China, and for the world.
Hard Truths
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the period between 2004 and 2006 was marked by an explosion of open intellectual and ideological debate in China. By the early 2000s, an embryonic pan-leftist movement was taking root, and for all its ideological differences (and they were many), it was held together by a common lament—that the Communist Party was abandoning socialism and embracing economic growth at all costs, to the benefit of an elite few, at the expense of the majority, especially China’s workers and peasants. But if marginalization was drawing leftists together, technology was enabling them to communicate, and to share their message with a wider audience. Disenfranchised intellectuals and activists were turning to the internet to share and develop ideas, and to experience a sense of political participation in a political system that discouraged and punished activism. The chapter then looks at how the Beijing Utopia Cultural Communications Corporation Limited (“Utopia”) opened a bookstore in 2003 to provide “a meeting and discussion site for pan-Leftist scholars.” It also considers economist Lang Xianping’s speech at Fudan University, during which he accused some of China’s best-known entrepreneurs and companies of appropriating state assets under the guise of a type of legal acquisition known as a “management buyout” (MBO).
Neither Dogmatism Nor Relativism
Authors: Levine Alan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a chronological road map to our disharmonious present moment while also complicating our understanding of “the politics of truth.” The essay traces major conceptions of truth in Western philosophy from Socratic skepticism and medieval faith to enlightenment optimism and postmodern rejection, arguing that aspects of all these belief traditions are alive and kicking, forming in our polity a kind of “metaphysical pluralism.” To navigate our current pluralist or fractured conceptions of truth, the chapter argues that we should strive to avoid both excessive dogmatism and relativism.
Lies, Damned Lies, and American Democracy
Authors: Shapiro Robert Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter documents the rising tide of dishonesty in American politics and its democratic consequences. Lying is certainly not a new feature of American politics, but the visibility and blatant use of such dishonesty by political elites appears to have reached new heights in recent times. Shapiro discusses the history of such conduct, including a pattern of deceit in recent presidential administrations, as well as the reasons for the rise of “damned lies” and their damaging effects. He then asks whether the traditional mechanisms and institutions in place in American society are up to the challenge of fighting this truth war. Ultimately, Shapiro points to the importance of an information environment in which the media embraces its “watchdog” role and government officials and experts resist and stall damned lies.
American Hubris
Authors: Barker David C , Marietta Morgan , DeTamble Ryan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces a new concept to the empirical scholarly lexicon: epistemic hubris—which is defined as unwarranted certitude when it comes to one’s factual perceptions. Although the evidence is clear with respect to many important politico-factual disputes, it is not with respect to many others. The authors finds that Americans—Democrats and Republicans alike—tend to express certainty toward such blurred realities about 40% of the time, and that such unwarranted certitude, or hubris, is aggravated among men, younger people, partisans, those who are heavy news consumers, those who are highly active on social media, and—especially—those with strong value commitments. Finally, The authors observe that such epistemic hubris is strongly predictive of an unwillingness to accept legislative compromises with partisan adversaries.
Conspiracy Stress or Relief? Learned Helplessness and Conspiratorial Thinking
Authors: Farhart Christina E , Miller Joanne M. , Saunders Kyle L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates another possible cause of conspiracy theory belief: learned helplessness. Learned helplessness arises when individuals perceive themselves as unable to avoid negative situations in their lives or to affect desired change. Such perceptions become incorporated into the self-concept and manifest as feelings of anxiety or loss of control. Drawing on nationally representative panel data sets, the authors demonstrate that learned helplessness increases the likelihood of conspiratorial thinking and that, importantly, this relationship appears to be bidirectional—over time, conspiratorial thinking also tends to increase learned helplessness. This account has important implications for the demand-side account of conspiracy theory origins.
Authoritarianism, Fact-Checking, and Citizens’ Response to Presidential Election Information
Authors: Wintersieck Amanda 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the differentiating impact of personality. To better understand how authoritarianism in the public influences individuals’ responses to fact-checking opportunities and information, the author analyzes an original experiment conducted during the 2016 presidential election. She finds that those who score low versus high in authoritarianism choose different fact-check sources, with those lower in authoritarianism preferring more neutral sources. Importantly, the success of the fact-checks themselves is mixed and influenced in complex ways by the interaction of authoritarianism and partisanship. These findings highlight the fact that “on average” effects of corrective information likely hide considerable variation at the individual level.
Combatting the Anti-Muslim Rhetoric of the 2016 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Fridkin Kim , Courey Jillian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter authors develop an online survey experiment to examine how corrective news can influence people’s views about Muslims and Syrian refugees during the 2016 presidential campaign. The survey experiment varies the ideological source of the news (i.e., FOX News, MSNBC, Reuters), while keeping the news content identical across conditions. The survey experiment found that people who read positive information about Muslims in an article attributed to FOX News learn significantly less from the news article, compared to people who read the same story attributed to MSNBC or Reuters. People assigned to the FOX News article become less positive in their views of Muslims, Syrian refugees, and Syrian refugee policy compared to people reading the same article attributed to MSNBC and Reuters. The authors argue that the disfluency experienced by readers of a FOX News article presenting positive news about Muslims led people in the FOX News condition to develop less positive views of Muslims and Muslim-related policies. The study suggests that the news media can help mediate the impact of anti-Muslim rhetoric from politicians by presenting corrective facts. The influence of the news, however, depends on the source. Understanding the potential power and limits of corrective news is critical in today’s highly polarized media environment.
Citizen Deliberation as a Correction
Authors: Reedy Justin , Anderson Chris , Conte Paola 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPublic discourse on political issues is often rife with factual misinformation and misperceptions. One avenue for helping correct and protect against false empirical beliefs is the use of deliberative mini-publics, which provide some of the benefits of a vibrant process of deliberation both to its immediate participants and to the wider public. We analyze one such mini-public discussing a risk-related ballot measure, the 2016 Arizona Citizens’ Initiative Review on a proposed recreational marijuana measure, to determine how a deliberative intervention may help address factual misperceptions. The taboo nature of marijuana use in the United States contributes to widespread misinformation about marijuana consumption, creating fertile ground for our analysis. We examine how the output of deliberative mini-publics, such as a group’s statement of its key findings, can affect voters’ misperceptions and reduce misinformation in the electorate.
Introduction
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This Introduction to the second volume in a dual biography of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter briefly summarizes the first volume and introduces the second volume. The first volume covers their lives from birth through the end of his governorship in 1975, with emphasis upon their personal lives, their philosophy of governing, and their rise through the declining Jim Crow Era into state and national prominence. Picking up the narrative with Carter’s 1976 presidential campaign, this book discusses his presidency, failed 1980 campaign for reelection, and long post-presidency as co-founder with Rosalynn of the Carter Center. Driven by the example of his father Earl Carter and Admiral Hyman Rickover, Jimmy Carter, with his wife Rosalynn’s help, won the White House and became a leading international champion of peace.
Governing Carter Style
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Carter practiced personal diplomacy as he came to know US allies and enemies. Although he yearned to be loved by Jewish Americans, he found that they had difficulties in accepting his Baptist religion and attitude toward Israel. He risked failure by pursuing Panama Canal treaties despite the insistence of Rosalynn and other advisers that he should wait until his second term. He took a place of honor and respect among Western leaders at an economic summit in London, but he found West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt difficult and the allies not always in agreement about how to thwart the Soviet threat. He pushed a major Energy bill through Congress and made clear that he favored social reforms that would favor minorities and help the middle and lower classes. He planned to honor his campaign promises.
Quests for Justice
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Carter’s work on the Panama treaty, Middle East peace and Iran. When Carter read the 1903 treaty that granted the US permission to lease a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama and build a canal, he declared that it was unjust and vowed to continue the effort of his predecessors to negotiate new treaties with Panama. In his drive to bring peace to the Middle East, he supported the security of Israel but also wanted human rights for the Palestinians who lived within its border. Iran became a special problem because it supplied much of the oil to the West, but the shah mercilessly persecuted those who threatened his regime and arrogantly believed that as an oil producer he could force Carter to kowtow to him. He was wrong.
The Revolutionaries
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the work of Chapter 13 The Revolutionaries Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter, revolutionaries who changed the course of history with their determination to bring peace to the Middle East, a determination that produced the Camp David Accords. Sadat defied history when he went to Jerusalem to inform the Israelis that he was serious about wanting peace. Carter took a chance on halting the SALT II treating negotiations with the Soviet Union when he agreed to be the mediator between Israel and Egypt and leave the Soviet Union and all other nations out of the discussions. Jimmy and Rosalynn made a dramatic trip to seven nations at the end of 1977. Standing in the snow in front of the Nike, the monument to Polish heroes in Warsaw, they stated unequivocally that they favored freedom and human rights everywhere, including in Soviet satellite states. They objected to the sequestering of religion in Poland, favored returning the Holy Crown of St. Stephen back to the Hungarian people, hoped to alleviate poverty in India, and seemed uneasy celebrating the New Year with the shah and empress of Iran. At home, they questioned the loyalty of health, education, and welfare Secretary Joseph Califano, and searched for a solution to a farmers strike.
SALT II, Enemies, and Allies
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to international affairs, relating how Carter went to Vienna to meet with Leonid Brezhnev and sign the SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union. After several days of negotiations the two heads of state came to an agreement, and Brezhnev sealed it with a kiss on Carter’s cheek. Horrified, Rosalynn feared it would make Carter look weak and subservient to the Soviet Union. The chapter goes on to relate how when Carter met with US allies in Japan at a G-7 summit, they showed no enthusiasm for the arms limitations agreement that Carter had signed. Senator Ted Kennedy indicated that he would campaign against his fellow Democrat Carter for the presidential nomination.
A Surprise in October
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the month before the November 1980 election, when events that possibly determined the outcome took place primarily in secret. Despite rumors that Carter planned an October Surprise by gaining freedom for the hostages, he had no such plan. The frightened Republicans determined that the outcome of the election depended upon the status of the hostages. William Casey, chair of the Reagan campaign, met a representative of Khomeini in Madrid and promised him that the Iranian money that Carter had impounded would be returned to Iran if the Iranians would surrender the hostages to the Reagan people. Casey, Vice Presidential candidate George H. W. Bush, and other top officials in the Reagan campaign met secretly in a Paris hotel with Khomeini’s representatives, apparently making the same offer. In the United States both candidates battled for the South. Reagan kicked off his campaign in Neshoba County, Mississippi, where the Ku Klux Klan had murdered three civil rights workers in 1964. Carter started his campaign in Tuscumbia, Alabama, the home of Helen Keller, with his emphasis on justice for all. He condemned the Ku Klux Klan which met him at the airport and demonstrated against him.
“Cootie Man” among The Elders
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Carter’s persistent and increasingly strident criticism of his successors in the White House caused him to stand apart from the group of current and living former presidents. So obvious was his polite ostracism, that one Republican journalist labeled him the “cootie man” in that exclusive club. Stubborn and immune to such criticism, Carter pushed on to monitor elections, in Africa, Nepal, and Israel. He wrote a tribute to his mother, A Remarkable Mother, and he associated with the Covenant Baptists who practiced racial and gender equality. He published a portion of his White House Diary in which he had been brutally frank in recording his opinion of some of the national and international leaders he had met, and had also included personal asides about Rosalynn and other family members.
Governing Children
Authors: Gash Alison L. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how children have been governed over time. It moves chronologically through history from the time when children were viewed as parental property to when they were viewed as rights-bearing individuals demanding special protection from the state until reaching the age of majority. The chapter goes on to map diverse laws, policies, and practices regulating children, considering whether they advance significant control or autonomy for young people and whether they primarily serve “the best interests of the child” or other interests. This chapter helps readers make sense of the distinctive means and rationales for governing children through four categories: paternalism, subjugation, membership, and abandonment.