bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Based Seismic Design of Steel Structure Using Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Semdok Choimei Moileen , Saini Babita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the recent decades, it was observed that the performance of buildings that were designed using the traditional building codes were not satisfactory under seismic effects. There was increased demand for buildings that would not only provide life safety under the design earthquake and prevent collapse under major earthquakes, but also include other performance objectives such as the time taken for the building to be occupied post-earthquake, cost of repair and so on. This resulted in the research and development of a performance based seismic design that would incorporate these demands in the design. This study presents a performance based seismic design of a 5-storey steel special moment resisting frame building by using non-linear dynamic analysis to meet multiple performance objectives. The seismic performance was evaluated based on the confidence level, which indicates the ability of the building to meet the target performance objective, determined for the inter-storey drift parameter, using the guidelines given in FEMA-350. The results show that the designed building satisfies the minimum confidence level requirement for each performance objective. The study concludes that performance based seismic design proves to be a reliable method for design of buildings that provide enhanced seismic performance.
Accident prediction modelling for expressways: a review
Authors: Kumar P , Jain J K , Singh G 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Expressways are the need for fast movement of goods and human being for long distances in current scenario for every country, but at the same time these facilities have the highest severity rate among all the road categories. Various researchers around the world have tried to find out the effect of traffic volume, road geometry and environmental factors on frequency of accident on expressway by using different accident prediction modeling methods during last three decades. The purpose of this review paper is to find out the appropriate modeling method which can be used to predict accident frequency on the expressways in the developing country like India where traffic conditions, vehicular characteristics, and the driver behaviour are very different from the developing countries and to find out the research areas where the findings are inconclusive. Literature review suggests that among various models used so far, correlated random parameter model found to be the most advanced model to simultaneously account for both the heterogeneous effects of explanatory factors across the road segments and the cross correlations among the random parameter estimates. Findings related to variables like percentage of heavy vehicles, vertical gradient and lane width are not conclusive. However, safety effect of variables like speed limit, roadway lighting, pavement type and fog are less studied on expressway. The effect of allowing two wheelers on the expressways safety has not been studied yet, and the accidents related to fatigue or drowsiness also need examination.
Monte-Carlo Simulation-based Analysis of Bridge Structure Systems’ Reliability
Authors: Pokorádi László 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Modern engineering systems, such as automobiles, should have reliability requirements. This paper focuses on the reliability of System with Complex Interconnection (SwCI). Most of the real complex systems in the modern vehicles are different sensors, as Bridge Structure Systems (BSSs). The BSSs are used as an example in the field of system reliability analysis. The proposed Monte-Carlo Simulation-based investigation can be used for the estimation of the Required Number of Spare Parts (RNSPs).
Redesign of a Volkswagen Crafter vehicle to a hybrid vehicle having e-motor and diesel engine
Authors: Bodzás Sándor , Tiba Zsolt , Ailer Piroska , Husi Géza 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study is to show the results of the vehicle research group redesigned a Volkswagen Crafter diesel type van to a multi hybrid vehicle.
The original chassis of the four-wheel drive van provides the base of the vehicle. The electric motor and the gearbox designed by the research group is placed in front of the rear suspension. This electric drive unit is coupled to the rear differential via the Haldex clutch. During the electric drive the transaxle of the van is in neutral gear and the diesel engine is not operating. Releasing the Haldex clutch the electric drive is detached from the vehicle and the diesel engine is activated to drive the front-wheels. Our purpose is to test the electric drive of the vehicle by conducting measurements on the electric motor and the battery, this way making new research directions.
Combining evolutionary optimization with finite element method for optimizing transmission-line tower
Authors: Nagy Sz , Jármai K , Baksa A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Metaheuristic evolutionary methods are powerful tools for solving non-linear, many dimensional optimisation problems. In this article, one of these methods is combined with finite element method for optimising truss like structure. The advantages of the combined method are presented through a real engineering task, optimisation of transmission line tower. The design of the latter can take a variety of shapes, so in the present case, only the lower part can be optimised. For optimisation, we use the adaptive differential evolution (SaDE) technique. The objective function of the optimisation is the mass of the structure. Finite element analysis is used to determine the stresses. The overall and local buckling constraints have also been considered.
MicroRNA profiling reveals miR‐145‐5p inhibits goat myoblast differentiation by targeting the coding domain sequence of USP13
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Deng Kaiping , Kang Ziqi , Wang Feng , Fan Yixuan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved endogenous small non‐coding RNAs that play critical roles in skeletal muscle development. In this study, we identified putative miRNAs that were differentially expressed in the longissimus dorsi muscle between fetus (75 days of pregnancy) and lamb (1 day of age). We detected 1208 miRNAs, 313 of which were differentially expressed. In particular, we found that miR‐145‐5p was differentially and highly expressed in lamb skeletal muscle. In addition, our results demonstrated that overexpression of miR‐145‐5p inhibited the differentiation and apoptosis of goat primary myoblasts (GPMs), whereas knockdown of miR‐145‐5p had the opposite effect. The coding domain sequence (CDS) of ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 13 (USP13) was predicted and validated as a target of miR‐145‐5p. We also demonstrated that the influence as a key regulator of GPMs differentiation is primarily mediated by targeting and inhibiting USP13. Taken together, these results revealed a novel pathway in skeletal muscle development in which miR‐145‐5p targets CDS region of USP13 to regulate differentiation and apoptosis of GPMs.
Ethical considerations in the care of people with eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties
Authors: Leslie Paula , Lisiecka Dominika 
Published: May 2022

Purpose of review
Eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties are low on the list of clinical headlines. Until something affects the process and then we see how pervasive and devastating such issues are. Recent guidelines have been published looking at national competencies to be structured into preregistration education. Professional bodies have addressed the topic from a risk perspective, which may be counter to the patient-centred approach of shared decision making. Our review places the literature in the wider, historical context of bioethics and our experience regarding ethical challenges as we strive to support our patients.

Recent findings
Recent literature addressing ethical care for a person with eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties, highlights shared decision-making. This is guided by patient preference, professional roles and approaches, cultural context and informed consent. Studies highlight the importance of appropriate communication and documentation, and ethical decision-making steps.

Summary
We hope to widen clinicians’ perspectives and reflection on factors influencing these challenges (including own biases), and how to address them so that the patient and the clinician are satisfied. Ethical approaches require skills and knowledge, and critically also time. Resources should be allocated at the service level to ensure a robust process of informed consent and decision making.
Central venous catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis in critically ill pediatric patients: risk factors, prevention, and treatment
Authors: Johnson Rachel R. , Faustino E. Vincent S. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose of review
Central venous catheter (CVC) placement and ICU admission are the two most important risk factors for pediatric deep vein thrombosis. The optimal prevention and treatment strategies for CVC-associated deep vein thrombosis (CADVT) are unclear, but recently, seminal studies have been published. This review aims to summarize the recent literature on CADVT in critically ill children.

Recent findings
Recent publications focused on three themes: risk factors, prevention, and treatment of CADVT. Newly identified risk factors for CADVT relate to Virchow's triad of hemostasis, blood vessel injury, and hypercoagulability. New risk prediction models have moderately good accuracy in predicting CADVT. Though previous data on pharmacologic CADVT prophylaxis was equivocal, recent studies indicate that low-molecular-weight heparin may be effective in preventing CADVT, particularly in critically ill children. Finally, new studies suggest that direct oral anticoagulants and shorter treatment times are noninferior to traditional agents and treatment durations in the treatment of CADVT.

Summary
Recent research suggests new ways to accurately identify children at high risk of CADVT, effectively prevent CADVT, and optimize CADVT treatment. Future research should focus on understanding the pathobiology of CADVT formation, prevention, and treatment in critically ill children.
How does genetic architecture affect eco-evolutionary dynamics? A theoretical perspective
Authors: Yamamichi Masato 
Published: May 2022

Recent studies have revealed the importance of feedbacks between contemporary rapid evolution (i.e. evolution that occurs through changes in allele frequencies) and ecological dynamics. Despite its inherent interdisciplinary nature, however, studies on eco-evolutionary feedbacks have been mostly ecological and tended to focus on adaptation at the phenotypic level without considering the genetic architecture of evolutionary processes. In empirical studies, researchers have often compared ecological dynamics when the focal species under selection has a single genotype with dynamics when it has multiple genotypes. In theoretical studies, common approaches are models of quantitative traits where mean trait values change adaptively along the fitness gradient and Mendelian traits with two alleles at a single locus. On the other hand, it is well known that genetic architecture can affect short-term evolutionary dynamics in population genetics. Indeed, recent theoretical studies have demonstrated that genetic architecture (e.g. the number of loci, linkage disequilibrium and ploidy) matters in eco-evolutionary dynamics (e.g. evolutionary rescue where rapid evolution prevents extinction and population cycles driven by (co)evolution). I propose that theoretical approaches will promote the synthesis of functional genomics and eco-evolutionary dynamics through models that combine population genetics and ecology as well as nonlinear time-series analyses using emerging big data.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations’.
Convergent copy number increase of genes associated with freshwater colonization in fishes
Authors: Ishikawa Asano , Yamanouchi Shun , Iwasaki Wataru , Kitano Jun 
Published: May 2022

Copy number variation (CNV) can cause phenotypic changes. However, in contrast to amino acid substitutions andcis-regulatory changes, little is known about the functional categories of genes in which CNV is important for adaptation to novel environments. It is also unclear whether the same genes repeatedly change the copy numbers for adapting to similar environments. Here, we investigate CNV associated with freshwater colonization in fishes, which was observed multiple times across different lineages. Using 48 ray-finned fishes across diverse orders, we identified 23 genes whose copy number increases were associated with freshwater colonization. These genes showed enrichment for peptide receptor activity, hexosyltransferase activity and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. We further revealed that three of the genes showed copy number increases in freshwater populations compared to marine ancestral populations of the stickleback genusGasterosteus. These results indicate that copy number increases of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism (FADS2), immune function (PSMB8a) and thyroid hormone metabolism (UGT2) may be important for freshwater colonization at both the inter-order macroevolutionary scale and at the intra-genus microevolutionary scale. Further analysis across diverse taxa will help to understand the role of CNV in the adaptation to novel environments.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations’.
A synthetic synthesis to explore animal evolution and development
Authors: Perkins Mindy Liu , Gandara Lautaro , Crocker Justin 
Published: May 2022

Identifying the general principles by which genotypes are converted into phenotypes remains a challenge in the post-genomic era. We still lack a predictive understanding of how genes shape interactions among cells and tissues in response to signalling and environmental cues, and hence how regulatory networks generate the phenotypic variation required for adaptive evolution. Here, we discuss how techniques borrowed from synthetic biology may facilitate a systematic exploration of evolvability across biological scales. Synthetic approaches permit controlled manipulation of both endogenous and fully engineered systems, providing a flexible platform for investigating causal mechanismsin vivo. Combining synthetic approaches with multi-level phenotyping (phenomics) will supply a detailed, quantitative characterization of how internal and external stimuli shape the morphology and behaviour of living organisms. We advocate integrating high-throughput experimental data with mathematical and computational techniques from a variety of disciplines in order to pursue a comprehensive theory of evolution.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations’.
Modelling patterns of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in the Netherlands, August 2020-February 2022, revealed by a nationwide sewage surveillance program
Authors: van Boven Michiel , Hetebrij Wouter A. , Swart Arno M. , Nagelkerke Erwin , van der Beek Rudolf F.H.J. , Stouten Sjors , Hoogeveen Rudolf T. , Miura Fuminari , Kloosterman Astrid , van der Drift Anne-Merel R. , Welling Anne , Lodder Willemijn J. , de Roda Husman Ana M. 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARYBackgroundSurveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater offers an unbiased and near real-time tool to track circulation of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale, next to other epidemic indicators such as hospital admissions and test data. However, individual measurements of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage are noisy, inherently variable, and can be left-censored.AimWe aimed to infer latent virus loads in a comprehensive sewage surveillance program that includes all sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Netherlands and covers 99.6% of the Dutch population.MethodsA multilevel Bayesian penalized spline model was developed and applied to estimate time- and STP-specific virus loads based on water flow adjusted SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR data from 1-4 sewage samples per week for each of the >300 STPs.ResultsThe model provided an adequate fit to the data and captured the epidemic upsurges and downturns in the Netherlands, despite substantial day-to-day measurement variation. Estimated STP virus loads varied by more than two orders of magnitude, from approximately 1012(virus particles per 100,000 persons per day) in the epidemic trough in August 2020 to almost 1015in many STPs in January 2022. Epidemics at the local levels were slightly shifted between STPs and municipalities, which resulted in less pronounced peaks and troughs at the national level.ConclusionAlthough substantial day-to-day variation is observed in virus load measurements, wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 can track long-term epidemic progression at a local scale in near real-time, especially at high sampling frequency.
Historical forest disturbance results in variation in functional resilience of seed dispersal mutualisms
Authors: Buono Carmela M. , Lofaso Jesse , Smisko Will , Gerth Carly , Santare John , Prior Kirsten M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMutualistic interactions provide essential ecosystem functions, such as promoting and maintaining diversity. Understanding if functionally important mutualisms are resilient (able to resist and recover) to anthropogenic disturbance is important to understand the capacity for diversity to recover. Animal-mediated seed dispersal supports plant population growth and community structure, and disturbance of this function can threaten plant diversity and contribute to low resiliency. Ant-mediated seed dispersal mutualisms are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance, as they rely on one to a few high-quality dispersal partners. In North American eastern deciduous forests (NAEDF), ants in the genusAphaenogasterare “keystone dispersers” of 30-40% of understory forbs adapted to dispersal by ants (myrmecochores). The majority of present day NAEDF have regenerated from previous disturbance in the form of historical land use change (HLUC), due to clearing for agriculture. Previous studies have revealed that myrmecochore diversity is not resilient to HLUC. Here, we ask if seed dispersal mutualisms are resilient to HLUC and if decreases in mutualistic interactions with partners,Aphaenogastersp., or increases in antagonistic interactions cause degradation of function. In a large-scale natural experiment (20 sites), we measured seed removal, the abundance of mutualistic partners and other invertebrates interacting with seeds, myrmecochore cover and diversity, along with ant habitat and forest structure. We found lower and more variable seed removal in secondary forests compared to remnant forests. A path analysis of all forests revealed that abundance of mutualists was the primary determinant of variation in seed removal, and that seed damage by antagonists (invasive slugs) negatively affected dispersal and was higher in secondary forests. In a path analysis of remnant forests, the link between mutualist abundance and seed removal was absent, but present in the secondary forest path, suggesting that seed dispersal is more variable and dependent on mutualist abundance in secondary forests and is stable and high in remnant forests. Here we show that functional resilience to HLUC is variable and may impede recovery of understory plant communities. This work provides key insights on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on mutualistic interactions and how the resilience of critical ecosystem functions impacts diversity resiliency.
Variation in mutational (co)variances
Authors: Mallard François , Noble Luke , Baer Charles F. , Teotónio Henrique 
Published: May 2022

1AbstractBecause of pleiotropy, mutations affect the expression and inheritance of multiple traits and are expected to determine the structure of standing genetic variation and phenotypic evolution. It is thus important to find if the M matrix, describing mutational (co)variances between traits, varies between genotypes. We here estimate the M matrix for six locomotion behavior traits in two genotypes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find significant mutational variance along at least one phenotypic dimension of the M matrix, but its size and orientation was similar between genotypes. We then tested if the M matrices were similar to one G matrix describing the standing genetic (co)variances of a domesticated population derived by the hybridization of several genotypes and adapted to a lab defined environment for 140 generations. M and G are different in part because the genetic covariances caused by mutational pleiotropy in the two genotypes are smaller than those caused by standing linkage disequilibrium in the lab population. If generalized to other genotypes, these observations indicate that selection is unlikely to shape the evolution of the M matrix for locomotion behavior and suggests that the genetic restructuring due to the hybridization of C. elegans genotypes allows for selection in the lab on new phenotypic dimensions of locomotion behavior, phenotypic dimensions which are inaccessible to natural populations.
Selection and the direction of phenotypic evolution
Authors: Mallard François , Afonso Bruno , Teotónio Henrique 
Published: May 2022

1AbstractPredicting phenotypic evolution on the short-term of tens to hundreds of generations, particularly in changing environments and under finite population sizes, is an important theoretical goal. Because organisms are not simply collections of independent traits, making headway into this goal requires understanding if the phenotypic plasticity of ancestral populations aligns with the phenotypic dimensions that contain more genetic variation for selection to be effective and eventually feedback on the maintenance of genetic variation and promote adaptation or rescue from extinction. By performing 50 generations of experimental evolution in a changing environment we show that ancestral phenotypic plasticity for locomotion behavior in the partially-outcrossing nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansis nonadaptive because it does not align with the phenotypic dimension encompassing most genetic variance in the ancestral population and is of no consequence to future phenotypic divergence. Despite evolution of the genetic structure of locomotion behavior we are able to predict the direction of phenotypic divergence, but not the magnitude, based on the genetic covariances between the component traits of locomotion behavior and fitness of the ancestral population. We further demonstrate that indirect selection on the component traits of locomotion behavior with unobserved trait(s) is responsible for the observed phenotypic divergence on them. Our findings indicate that selection theory can predict the direction of short-term adaptive phenotypic evolution.
Improved methods for bulk cultivation and fixation of Loxodes ciliates for fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Seah Brandon Kwee Boon , Emmerich Christiane , Singh Aditi , Swart Estienne 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLoxodes is one of the best ecologically characterized ciliate genera with numerous intriguing physiological abilities, including gravity-sensing organelles and nitrate respiration. However, these cells have been considered challenging to cultivate in bulk, and are poorly preserved by conventional fixatives used for fluorescence microscopy. Here we describe methods to grow and harvest Loxodes cells in bulk with liquid soil extract medium, as well as a new fixative called ZFAE (zinc sulfate, formaldehyde, acetic acid, ethanol) that can fix Loxodes cells more effectively than buffered formaldehyde or methanol. We show that ZFAE is compatible with immunofluorescence and the nuclear stain DAPI. Loxodes is thus now amenable to long-term maintenance, large-scale growth, and modern cell biology investigations of monoclonal strains in laboratory conditions.