bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reporting of health equity considerations in equity-relevant observational studies: Protocol for a systematic assessment
Authors: Dewidar Omar , Rader Tamara , Waddington Hugh , Nicholls Stuart G , Little Julian , Hardy Billie-Jo , Horsley Tanya , Young Taryn , Cuervo Luis Gabriel , Sharp Melissa K , Chamberlain Catherine , Shea Beverley , Craig Peter , Lawson Daeria O , Rizvi Anita , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Kredo Tamara , Nguliefem Miriam Nkangu , Ghogomu Elizabeth , Francis Damian , Kristjansson Elizabeth , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Martin Alba Antequera , Melendez-Torres G J , Pantoja Tomas , Wang Xiaoqin , Jull Janet , Roberts Janet Hatcher , Funnell Sarah , White Howard , Krentel Alison , Mahande Michael Johnson , Ramke Jacqueline , Wells George A , Petkovic Jennifer , Tugwell Peter , Pottie Kevin , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Welch Vivian 
Published: June 2022

Background: The mitigation of unfair and avoidable differences in health is an increasing global priority. Observational studies including cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies tend to report social determinants of health which could inform evidence syntheses on health equity and social justice. However, the extent of reporting and analysis of equity in equity-relevant observational studies is unknown. Methods: We define studies which report outcomes for populations at risk of experiencing inequities as “equity-relevant”. Using a random sampling technique we will identify 320 equity-relevant observational studies published between 1 January 2020 to 27 April 2022 by searching the MEDLINE database. We will stratify sampling by 1) studies in high-income countries (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) according to the World Bank classification, 2) studies focused on COVID and those which are not, 3) studies focused on populations at risk of experiencing inequities and those on general populations that stratify their analyses. We will use the PROGRESS framework which stands for place of residence, race or ethnicity, occupation, gender or sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, social capital, to identify dimensions where inequities may exist. Using a previously developed data extraction form we will pilot-test on eligible studies and revise as applicable. Conclusions: The proposed methodological assessment of reporting will allow us to systematically understand the current reporting and analysis practices for health equity in observational studies. The findings of this study will help inform the development of the equity extension for the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) reporting guidelines.
Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Au Benedict Wen-Cheun , Chan Kah-Yoong , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Chong Abraham Shiau-Iun , Knipp Dietmar 
Published: June 2022

Background: In the last decade, there has been much interest in the area of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) to address the issues of electrolyte leakage and evaporation in electrochromic devices (ECD). ECD is a state-of-the-art technology having the ability to change from transparent state to opaque state under the influence of a small applied voltage for energy saving applications. Methods: In this work, tungsten oxide (WO3) films were fabricated via the sol-gel spin-coating method. Subsequently, ECDs were assembled based on SPE and liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE), respectively using indium doped tin oxide (ITO) coated glass as conducting electrodes and WO3 films as working electrode. Results: Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed reduced ionic conductivity of conducting ions in SPE based ECD (SECD) owing to increased viscosity by addition of PMMA. However, lesser time was required for the colouration process. LPE based ECD (LECD) showed higher colouration efficiency (CE) compared to its SECD counterpart. This is attributed to its larger optical modulation. Conclusions: This work presents a comparison between the performance of LECD and SECD in terms of electrochromic (EC) and optical properties. They were analysed through CV, chronoamperometry (CA) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. Furthermore, this work provides an insight on the employment of solid-state electrolytes in ECDs in view of the persistent leakage and evaporation problems in ECD implementation.
Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships
Authors: Kutywayo Alison , Frade Sasha , Mahuma Tshepo , Naidoo Nicolette P. , Mullick Saiqa 
Published: June 2022

Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 25.9% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.57; 95% CV 1.27-1.94; p=0.000), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.07-1.84; p=0.013), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.54-2.37; p=0.000), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.10-1.64, p=0.003) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had never had sex were less likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.83; p=0.001). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
Molecular detection of novel Anaplasma sp. and zoonotic hemopathogens in livestock and their hematophagous biting keds (genus Hippobosca) from Laisamis, northern Kenya
Authors: Mwaki Daniel M. , Kidambasi Kevin O. , Kinyua Johnson , Ogila Kenneth , Kigen Collins , Getange Dennis , Villinger Jandouwe , Masiga Daniel K. , Carrington Mark , Bargul Joel L. 
Published: June 2022

Background: Livestock are key sources of livelihood among pastoral communities. Livestock productivity is chiefly constrained by pests and diseases. Due to inadequate disease surveillance in northern Kenya, little is known about pathogens circulating within livestock and the role of livestock-associated biting keds (genus Hippobosca) in disease transmission. We aimed to identify the prevalence of selected hemopathogens in livestock and their associated blood-feeding keds. Methods: We randomly collected 389 blood samples from goats (245), sheep (108), and donkeys (36), as well as 235 keds from both goats and sheep (116), donkeys (11), and dogs (108) in Laisamis, Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We screened all samples for selected hemopathogens by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis and sequencing of PCR products amplified using primers specific to the genera: Anaplasma, Trypanosoma, Clostridium, Ehrlichia, Brucella, Theileria, and Babesia. Results: In goats, we detected Anaplasma ovis (84.5%), a novel Anaplasma sp. (11.8%), Trypanosoma vivax (7.3%), Ehrlichia canis (66.1%), and Theileria ovis (0.8%). We also detected A. ovis (93.5%), E. canis (22.2%), and T. ovis (38.9%) in sheep. In donkeys, we detected ‘Candidatus Anaplasma camelii’ (11.1%), T. vivax (22.2%), E. canis (25%), and Theileria equi (13.9%). In addition, keds carried the following pathogens; goat/sheep keds - T. vivax (29.3%), Trypanosoma evansi (0.86%), Trypanosoma godfreyi (0.86%), and E. canis (51.7%); donkey keds - T. vivax (18.2%) and E. canis (63.6%); and dog keds - T. vivax (15.7%), T. evansi (0.9%), Trypanosoma simiae (0.9%), E. canis (76%), Clostridium perfringens (46.3%), Bartonella schoenbuchensis (76%), and Brucella abortus (5.6%). Conclusions: We found that livestock and their associated ectoparasitic biting keds carry a number of infectious hemopathogens, including the zoonotic B. abortus. Dog keds harbored the most pathogens, suggesting dogs, which closely interact with livestock and humans, as key reservoirs of diseases in Laisamis. These findings can guide policy makers in disease control.
Special Drawing Rights w ustawie o bezpieczeństwie morskim i ich wpływ na określanie wymiaru administracyjnych kar pieniężnych stanowiących źródło dochodów budżetu państwa
Authors: Bożek Wojciech 
Published: June 2022

W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących zastosowania jednostek rozrachunkowych Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego (MFW) przy określaniu wartości administracyjnych kar pieniężnych wymierzanych za naruszenie norm ustawy o bezpieczeństwie morskim. Zastosowanie Special Drawing Rights w omawianym obszarze uregulowań wpływa nie tylko na dochody budżetu państwa z tych kar, ale także może mieć znaczenie przy ustalaniu stopnia oddziaływania represyjnego na ukaranego i jego sytuację finansową. Wprowadzający charakter ma rozdział dotyczący miejsca administracyjnych kar pieniężnych w katalogu środków publicznych, jak i omówienie zakresu wykorzystania SDR w polskim prawie morskim. Umożliwiło to skoncentrowanie się w dalszej części artykułu na analizie szczegółowej art. 126 ustawy o bezpieczeństwie morskim oraz jego praktycznego zastosowania w latach 2014–2019. W ostatniej części przeanalizowano bowiem dane statystyczne, które uzyskano z Urzędu Morskiego w Gdyni i Urzędu Morskiego w Szczecinie.W opracowaniu zastosowano przede wszystkim dogmatycznoprawną oraz analityczną (statystyczną) metodę badawczą, przy czym ostatnią z metod ograniczono do lat 2014–2019, co podyktowane było sytuacją pandemiczną, która miała miejsce w 2020 r. i kolejnych latach. Stan epidemii oddziaływał na stan finansów publicznych Polski, a chcąc zachować porównywalność danych (w okresie relatywnie stabilnej sytuacji finansowej państwa), zawężenie ram czasowych uznano za potrzebne. Metody powyższe wykorzystano w odniesieniu do polskiego porządku prawnego, weryfikacji poglądów wyrażonych w literaturze przedmiotu (krajowej i zagranicznej) oraz przy omówieniu danych uzyskanych przez autora w trybie dostępu do informacji publicznej. W opracowaniu oparto się na stanie prawnym obowiązującym w dniu 28 marca 2022 r.
Primary school teachers’ awareness on STEAM learning: A starting point to develop STEAM-CB textbook
Authors: Khasanah Uswatun , Istiandaru Afit , Astuti Dwi , Adnan Mazlini , Prihaswati Martyana 
Published: June 2022

STEAM learning is an approach which integrates multidisciplinary knowledge while enriching students' skills to explore, try, ask, find, and build innovation, namely science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics. We found that the learning resources of STEAM in Yogyakarta is very limited due to lack of knowledge about it. On the other hand, using local contexts as the starting point of learning is also important to foster character building. This preliminary research aims to provide insight on the teachers’ awareness on STEAM learning and textbook, as well as the design we figured out after discussing it with the teachers. It was a descriptive qualitative research involving 214 primary school teachers. We collected the data through questionnaire and focus group discussion. The results suggest that STEAM is quite a new concept for most of primary school teachers in Yogyakarta. Not many teachers used to or have developed the STEAM learning resources, especially the one integrated with the character building. Therefore, a STEAM textbook needs to be developed to fulfill the need. Furthermore, the design of the textbook could have the characteristics of integrating all components of STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, mathematics), starting from local context to develop characters, improving creative and critical thinking, having knowledge and skill assessment, and using project-based learning model.
Biopolitics, control and pandemic policing in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ryan Emma , Warren Ian , Carlton Bree 
Published: June 2022

The state of Victoria experienced the most far-reaching of Australia’s COVID-19 control strategies in 2020. While an initial lockdown resulted in a temporary abatement of reported infections, this was followed by an extensive resurgence of cases resulting in a 112-day lockdown from the end of winter through most of spring 2020. The ongoing social and economic costs of these measures are yet to be determined. However, our contribution proposes that the links between Foucauldian biopolitics and the Deleuzian society of control offer important insights into the impacts of the Victorian lockdowns on routine police work. Specifically, we argue that the evolution of pandemic policing, within a framework seeking to promote biopolitical control of Victoria’s population, unduly extended police powers and perpetuated many preexisting forms of bias and social injustice, which ultimately compromised public health.
In building on the work of Arrigo et al (2020), we document the theoretical relationships between biopolitics, control and the broad idea of pandemic policing. We suggest emerging forms of preemptive control are inextricably tied to a pre-crime securitisation logic that sought to curtail the spread of COVID-19 throughout both urban and regional communities in Victoria. We frame our discussion in light of the Victorian Ombudsman’s inquiry into Operation Benessere, which involved a sudden, hard lockdown in nine high-rise public housing estates in North-West Melbourne. Our analysis of this inquiry highlights the controversies of emergency pandemic enforcement and their implications for police organisational accountability. This case study reveals that biopolitical notions of control strengthened formal police powers under a state of emergency that targeted the urban poor, while immunising police from conventional forms of public accountability. We argue that these forms of biopolitical control associated with pandemic policing are characterised by the same sorts of selectivity, bias, and lack of formal accountability evident in many recent Victorian policing initiatives.
A mixed methods expert opinion study on the optimal content and format for an occupational therapy intervention to improve sleep in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Faulkner Sophie M. , Drake Richard J. , Ogden Margaret , Gardani Maria , Bee Penny E. 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionPeople with schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnoses commonly have poor sleep, which predicts various negative outcomes. The problems are diverse, including substantial circadian dysregulation, sleep-wake timing issues, hypersomnia (excessive sleep), and more classic insomnia.MethodsThis paper reports on a mixed methods expert opinion study based on the principles of Delphi methodology. The study examines and explores opinion on the optimal contents and format for an occupational therapy intervention to improve poor sleep in this population. Views of clinical and academic topic experts (n = 56), were elicited, examined and explored in three rounds, views from previous rounds being presented back to participants in subsequent rounds. Participants with relevant personal experience (n = 26) then rated and commented on suggestions, with a focus on acceptability. Descriptive statistics and graphs of ratings were triangulated with qualitative content analysis of free-text.ResultsParticipants emphasised the central importance of intervention personalisation, although the manner and extent of personalisation suggested varied. Many components and domains were acknowledged as important, with the challenge being how to keep such an intervention simple, brief, and feasible for end-users, for sustainable implementation. The strongest consensus was to address evening routine, daytime activity, and environmental interventions. Relaxation, mindfulness, thermoregulation, sensory factors, and cognitive or psychological approaches were rated as less important. There was disagreement on whether to include time in bed restriction, and how to address napping, as well as how far to address medication timing. Clinicians and researchers advocated some version of stimulus control, but participants with personal experience reported low levels of acceptability for this, describing entirely negative experiences using ‘the 15-minute rule’ (part of stimulus control).ConclusionThese results are informative for clinicians treating sleep problems in people with schizophrenia and related conditions, as well as for decision makers considering the potential contribution of the profession of occupational therapy toward sleep treatment.
Vitamin D-mediated effects on airway innate immunity in vitro
Authors: Stapleton Emma M. , Keck Kathy , Windisch Robert , Stroik Mallory R. , Thurman Andrew L. , Zabner Joseph , Thornell Ian M. , Pezzulo Alejandro A. , Klesney-Tait Julia , Comellas Alejandro P. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction
Vitamin D supplementation has been suggested to enhance immunity during respiratory infection season. We tested the effect of active vitamin D (calcitriol) supplementation on key airway innate immune mechanisms in vitro.

Methods
Primary human airway epithelial cells (hAECs) grown at the air liquid interface were supplemented with 10−7 M calcitriol for 24 hours (or a time course) and their antimicrobial airway surface liquid (ASL) was tested for pH, viscoscity, and antibacterial and antiviral properties. We also tested hAEC ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Next, we assessed alterations to hAEC gene expression using RNA sequencing, and based on results, we measured neutrophil migration across hAECs.

Results
Calcitriol supplementation enhanced ASL bacterial killing of Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.02) but did not enhance its antiviral activity against 229E-CoV. It had no effect on ASL pH or viscosity at three timepoints. Lastly, it did not affect hAEC CBF or neutrophil migration, although there was a trend of enhanced migration in the presence of a neutrophil chemokine (p = 0.09). Supplementation significantly altered hAEC gene expression, primarily of AMP-related genes including CAMP and TREM1.

Conclusion
While vitamin D supplementation did not have effects on many airway innate immune mechanisms, it may provide a useful tool to resolve respiratory bacterial infections.
Effectiveness of Foundation Course on Skills Training (BLS, BMW & Hand washing) among First-Year MBBS Students
Authors: Basanti Kumari Pathi  , Kumudini Panigrahi  , Alpana Mishra  , Nirmala Poddar  
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
The foundation course (FC) will provide a sound foundation for understanding the MBBS course. The fresh undergraduate (UG) should be aware of some basic safety principles like basic life support (BLS), biomedical waste management (BMW) & hand hygiene (HH). We wanted to access the student's knowledge about BLS, BMW and HH skills after four months of FC and their perception of the skills module of FC.
METHODS
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, KIMS, Bhubaneswar. After four months of completing the FC, the individual student was assessed for the knowledge domain of BLS, BMW & HH by multiple-choice questions and feedback from students was taken.
RESULTS
Out of 150, 99 (66 %) students responded to MCQs of BLS, BMW & HH and 120 (80 %) students gave feedback to the FC. A consensus measure expressed in percentage was obtained for each item. Most of the students acquired 60-70 % of the marks. The mean, median & mode of BLS, BMW & HH were 7.23, 7 & 7; 7.94, 8 & 8; 6, 6 & 7. 75 % of students said that skill training during FC was helpful for better patient care.
CONCLUSIONS
BLS, BMW & HH are the essential skills; students should have a basic idea about these skills, which help them in clinical posting after years. Accounting for the feedback of students regarding the FC can be modified.
Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Flour Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Content of Sprague Dawley Rat Serum Given High-Fat Diet
Authors: Jami Sherlin Regina , Fatimah-Muis Siti , Syauqy Ahmad , Tjahjono Kusmiyati , Anjani Gemala 
Published: June 2022

Background: Moringa oleifera leaf is high in quercetin which can be a source of exogenous antioxidants. Together with endogenous antioxidants, both the antioxidants will be able to counteract oxidative stress conditions.Objectives: To analyze the effect of Moringa leaves flour supplementation on Total Antioxidants Content (TAC) of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat serum given a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: A randomized control group post-test design was used on 24 SD rats which were divided into 4 groups, namely healthy control (K1), HFD (K2), supplementation with Moringa leaf flour at a dose of 100 mg/100 g BW/day (K3), and a dose of 200 mg/100 g BW/day (K4). After 28 days of supplementation, serum TAC was analyzed using the ELISA method. Data analysis used Paired-T Test, One Way ANOVA, and Post-Hoc Bonferroni follow-up test.Results: The results showed that the TAC of groups K1, K2, K3, and K4 respectively were 4.806 ± 0.239, 1.323 ± 0.292, 4.020 ± 0.239, and 5.123 ± 0.695. There was a significant difference in serum TAC (p=0.000) between supplementation groups. Significant differences in serum TAC were also found in the supplementation group compared to the HFD control group.Conclusion: Moringa leaves flour supplementation for 28 days at a dose of 200 mg/100 g BW/day increases serum total antioxidant content higher than at a dose of 100 mg/100 g BW/day.