bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to express causal events in Mandarin Chinese: A multimodal perspective
Authors: NIU Chenxi , CIENKI Alan , ORTEGA Gerardo , COENE Martine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrevious research has shown language-specific features play a guiding role in how children develop expression of events with speech and gestures. This study adopts a multimodal approach and examines Mandarin Chinese, a language that features context use and verb serializations. Forty children (four-to-seven years old) and ten adults were asked to describe fourteen video stimuli depicting different types of causal events involving location/state changes. Participants’ speech was segmented into clauses and co-occurring gestures were analyzed in relation to causation. The results show that the older the children, the greater the use of contextual clauses which contribute meaning to event descriptions. It is not until the age of six that children used adult-like structures – namely, using single gestures representing causing actions and aligning them with verb serializations in single clauses. We discuss the implications of these findings for the guiding role of language specificity in multimodal language development.
Extraterrestrial nature reserves (ETNRs)
Authors: Smith Paul L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIf human population growth is not controlled, natural areas must be sacrificed. An alternative is to create more habitat, terraforming Mars. However, this requires establishment of essential, ecosystem services on a planet currently unamenable to Terran species. Shorter term, assembling Terran-type ecosystems within contained environments is conceivable if mutually supportive species complements are determined. Accepting this, an assemblage of organisms that might form an early, forest environment is proposed, with rationale for its selection. A case is made for developing a contained facsimile, old growth forest on Mars, providing an oasis, proffering vital ecosystem functions (a forest bubble). It would serve as an extraterrestrial nature reserve (ETNR), psychological refuge and utilitarian botanic garden, supporting species of value to colonists for secondary metabolites (vitamins, flavours, perfumes, medicines, colours and mood enhancers). The design presented includes organisms that might tolerate local environmental variance and be assembled into a novel, bioregenerative forest ecosystem. This would differ from Earthly forests due to potential impact of local abiotic parameters on ecosystem functions, but it is argued that biotic support for space travel and colonization requires such developments. Consideration of the necessary species complement of an ETNR supports a view that it is not humanity alone that is reaching out to space, it is life, with all its diverse capabilities for colonization and establishment. Humans cannot, and will not, explore space alone because they did not evolve in isolation, being shaped over aeons by other species. Space will be travelled by a mutually supportive system of Terran organisms amongst which humans fit, exchanging metabolites and products of photosynthesis as they have always done.
Asymmetric Wigner molecules in nanowire Y-junctions
Authors: Méndez-Camacho R. , Cruz-Hernández E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe possibility of crystalline states of interacting electrons, known as Wigner crystals, has been intensively studied in each of the three dimensions. One-dimensional (1D) systems, however, can be interconnected forming two-dimensional (2D) lattices, being a three-terminal Y-junction (Y-J) the simplest one. Then, even when electrons in the individual branches of the Y are confined in 1D, as the Y-J is in 2D, one could expect significant differences in the crystalline state of the electron gas in a Y-J. With the recent report of fabrication of defect-free GaAs/AlGaAs Y-Js by epitaxial methods, the study of semiconductor Y-Js acquires a special relevance due to its eventual direct exploration. Here, by considering the collective electron interactions using a Yukawa-like effective potential, we explore a two-electron distribution in nanowire Y-Js by modulating its electron density via a screening parameter. We find that the electrons changes from a quasi-continuous to a Wigner molecule-like distribution when the electron density decreases in the Y-J. In bold contrast to the strict 1D case, where equidistant distributions of equal density are obtained in the Wigner regime, in the Y-J equidistant distributions of asymmetric density are induced. We also explore the effect of an external electric field acting along the Y-axis on the asymmetric distributions.
Investigating datasets with high IRIS burst prevalence
Authors: Nelson C. J. , Kleint L. 
Published: November 2022

Context. Approximately 0.01% of all Si IV 1394 Å spectra sampled in 2013 and 2014 by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) have IRIS burst profiles. However, these events are not evenly distributed across datasets with 19.31% of these spectra being identified in only six (of more than 3500) rasters.
Aims. Here, we investigate five of these six datasets, with the aim of understanding why they contain so many IRIS burst profiles. This research will help guide future targeted analyses of IRIS bursts.
Methods. We analyse five datasets sampled by the IRIS satellite, studying both Si IV 1394 Å spectra and 1400 Å filter slit-jaw imager (SJI) data. IRIS burst profiles are identified through the use of an automated algorithm. Additionally, we study co-spatial line-of-sight photospheric magnetic field maps sampled by the Solar Dynamics Observatory’s Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) instrument.
Results. The majority of identified IRIS burst profiles (12 401 out of 13 904) found in the five datasets analysed here were localised to seven small regions in the time-distance domain (temporal durations of < 4 h and spatial lengths of < 12″ along the slit). The SJI data co-spatial to these regions contained long-lived or repetitive compact brightenings, matching the defined properties of UV bursts, which remained close to the IRIS slit throughout their evolutions. The IRIS burst profiles were not limited to the brightest pixels in the fields of view (FOVs) nor did they comprise the majority of bright (> 500 DN/s) pixels. These IRIS burst profiles occurred co-spatial to evolving (e.g., cancelling) opposite polarity magnetic fields where magnetic reconnection is thought to be possible.
Conclusions. More than 10% of the IRIS burst profiles identified during the entirety of 2013 and 2014 are contained in just seven small regions in the time-distance domain where long-lived (lifetimes > 10 min) or repetitive UV bursts occurred along the axis of the IRIS slit.
Osteoprotektion beim ossär metastasierten kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom (mCRPC): Aktuelle Daten aus Deutschland, vorgelegt von d-uo
Authors: Doehn Christian , Klier Jörg , Johannsen Manfred , Eichenauer Rolf , Schönfelder Robert , Romagnolo Allessandro , Reese Stephan , Nitz Christian , Jaeger Andreas , Fieseler Claus , Burkert-Scholz Marcus , Brenneis Horst , Binder Manfred , Beuke Maike , Schröder Jörg , Hempel Elke , König Frank 
Published: November 2022

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Patienten mit einem ossär metastasierten Prostatakarzinom haben oftmals bereits bei
Diagnosestellung eine verminderte Knochendichte. Im Stadium der Kastrationsresistenz besteht
bei einer relevanten Zahl an Patienten ein erheblich erhöhtes Risiko für das Erleben von
skeletal-related events (SRE). Wir haben die Versorgungssituation hinsichtlich der
Osteoprotektion bei Patienten mit einem ossär metastasierten kastrationsresistenten
Prostatakarzinom (mCRPC) in urologischen Praxen in Deutschland untersucht.
Material und Methoden Es handelte sich um eine fragebogenbasierte Untersuchung unter Mitgliedern von d-uo
(Deutsche Uro-Onkologen). Eingeschlossen wurden alle Patienten mit einem histologisch
gesicherten Prostatakarzinom, die im Zeitraum 7/2019 und 6/2020 mindestens einmal in der
beteiligten Praxis gesehen wurden. Für die weitere Analyse wurden alle Patienten mit einem
mCRPC mit Knochenmetastasen hinsichtlich des Beginns, der Art und Dauer einer osteoprotektiven
Therapie sowie der zusätzlichen Gabe von Kalzium und Vitamin D betrachtet.
Ergebnisse Im o.g. Zeitraum wurden in 15 Praxen insgesamt 3.692 Patienten mit einem Prostatakarzinom
gesehen. Hiervon hatten 410 Patienten (11,1%) ein mCRPC mit Knochenmetastasen. Eine
medikamentöse osteoprotektive Therapie (zur Vermeidung von SRE) wurde bei 274/410 Patienten
(66,4%) mit mCRPC und Knochenmetastasen vorgenommen. Denosumab wurde bei 67,9% der Patienten
und ein Bisphosphonat bei 32,1% eingesetzt. Bei 93,4% der Patienten mit mCRPC mit
Knochenmetastasen wurde zusätzlich Kalzium und Vitamin D supplementiert. Die Dauer der
osteoprotektiven Therapie betrug 25,3 Monate für Denosumab und 39,6 Monate für
Bisphosphonate.
Schlussfolgerung Eine osteoprotektive Therapie wurde insgesamt bei zwei Drittel der Patienten mit CRPC und
Knochenmetastasen vorgenommen. Zwei Drittel dieser Patienten wurden mit Denosumab behandelt.
Fast alle Patienten mit einer medikamentösen osteoprotektiven Therapie erhielten auch Kalzium
und Vitamin D. Folgt man der Leitlinienempfehlung, ist die Versorgungssituation hinsichtlich
einer medikamentösen osteoprotektiven Therapie bei Patienten mit einem mCRPC mit
Knochenmetastasen unzureichend.
Effects of explicit phonetics instruction and a podcasting project on L2 Spanish vowel quality
production
Authors: Martoccio Alyssa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The current study tested changes in the production of the Spanish vowels /a e i o u/ over a semester of study in
intermediate second language Spanish learners (first language English) enrolled in either a Spanish phonetics
(n = 17) or conversation (n = 12) course. All participants completed an oral text reading task
at pretest and posttest time and a podcasting project throughout the semester, but only students in the phonetics course received
explicit phonetics instruction. Results found group by time change for F2 values of /a/ and /e/, and for both changes, the
instructed group’s values but not those of the uninstructed group were more nativelike at posttest time. These results show
improvement over time on vowel quality production by the instructed group, and descriptive results found positive attitudes by
both groups toward the project and other promising vowel production changes by the uninstructed group.
Historical background
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the historical background to Gödel’s theorem. The chapter begins with a flawed proof that Leibniz gave, over three hundred years ago, that 2 + 2 = 4, thus revealing how hard it is to achieve rigour at this very basic level. But the bulk of the chapter is concerned with three attempts that were made around the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to provide an axiomatization of the kind that Gödel’s theorem is concerned with: (i) that of Frege, which turned out to be inconsistent, because it gave rise to the paradox that Russell discovered; (ii) that of Russell himself, in collaboration with Whitehead, which they published in Principia Mathematica and which turned out to be incomplete, something that Gödel himself established by adopting it as the case study for his proof; and (iii) that of Hilbert, who tried to articulate precisely what was required of such axiomatizations. The chapter concludes with an outline of Hilbert’s programme, of which this attempted articulation was an integral part. Two of the key features of the programme are identified: Hilbert’s view that mathematical statements about the infinite are meaningless devices designed to facilitate proofs; and his demand that any axiomatization comprising such statements be shown to be consistent, but in a way that doesn’t beg questions by making its own use of such statements.
A second proof of Gödel’s theorem, and a proof of Gödel’s second theorem
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a second proof of Gödel’s theorem, closer to Gödel’s own. It adopts a version of Peano Arithmetic, called PA, as a sample theory. PA can be shown to be both axiomatizable and sufficiently strong. Showing that PA is sufficiently strong requires giving a precise definition of what it is for membership of a set of natural numbers to be determined algorithmically. Three candidate definitions are outlined, one of which exploits the concept of a Turing machine. These definitions can be shown to be equivalent, and the thesis that any of them suffices, which is known as Church’s thesis, is introduced and thereafter presupposed. The proof of Gödel’s theorem in application to PA is then sketched. It involves exploiting a Gödel numbering and constructing a statement s in the language of PA which is true if and only if it doesn’t belong to PA. It can then be shown that, if PA is consistent, then s does not belong to PA; and that, if PA has a stronger property known as ω-consistency, which is a sort of soundness, then the negation of s does not belong to PA either; hence that PA is incomplete. Finally, a sketch is given of how reflection on this very proof yields a proof of Gödel’s second theorem in application to PA, which shows that PA doesn’t contain a statement corresponding to a statement of its own consistency.
Looking at God
Authors: Williams Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Anselm develops his account of the divine nature most extensively in two of his earliest treatises, but the concept of God he develops there remains consistent throughout his career. In neither work does he pretend to be developing an account of the divine nature from scratch: the God he is looking at and then looking for—that is, first describing and then seeking to prove—is explicitly the God of Christian belief. This is Anselm’s lifelong project of ‘faith seeking understanding’. His description of God is thus to some extent determined by revelation (refined through philosophy), but the argument that such a being exists is meant to be purely rational. This chapter explains how, according to Anselm, we can form an idea of a being of unsurpassable perfection. It explores such attributes as eternity (timelessness), immutability, and immateriality. It shows how Anselm argues for divine simplicity—the doctrine that there is no multiplicity in God, so that God’s attributes are all identical with each other and with God himself—and explains why the apparently counterintuitive doctrine of simplicity is so important and indispensable for Anselm. Anselm considers and seeks to resolve various difficult puzzles about divine power, knowledge, justice, and mercy. Rightly regarded as one of the definitive expositions of classical theism or perfect-being theology, Anselm’s account of the divine nature remains influential to this day, a fertile source of inspiration and a locus of intense debate.
How things got started
Authors: Williams Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
God need not have created, but he did; and he created in ways that are open to the project of faith seeking understanding. We can understand that God’s act of creation begins within the divine nature itself. It is not compelled from outside, but results from God’s own self-expression. God expresses creation as a kind of internal utterance: a Word. This Word is itself divine but is the ground for everything else that is not divine. Creatures exist in the Word before they exist in themselves; in the Word they are unitary and perfect, though in themselves they are fragmentary and partial. The divine Word expresses the perfect prototypes of all creatures, what they ought to be. Anselm describes this ought as both rightness and truth: a thing is right, is true, when it is as it ought to be according to the divine mind that envisioned and then created it. We ordinarily think of truth as something that characterizes statements: a statement is true when it expresses what is the case. But, Anselm argues, we call such a statement true because the purpose of a statement is to express what is the case. Statements, then, are by no means the only bearers of truth: anything that has a purpose—which, in a created universe, is everything there is—is true if it is as it ought to be, and ‘does the truth’ if it does what it ought to do, which is what God created it to do.
Pay to play? Economic constraints and participation in extracurricular activities
Authors: Hjalmarsson Simon 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearch across countries shows that children from lower-income families are less likely to participate in extracurricular activities than children from more affluent families. While this income gradient in participation is by now established, the mechanisms behind the gradient are more contested. I examine whether the income gradient in extracurricular activity participation is the result of household economic constraints, using panel data methods on a nationally representative sample of Swedish adolescents. Data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in Four European countries (CILS4EU) allow me to combine taxation register data on changes in household income with survey data on changes in extracurricular activity participation. Results from first-difference regression models show that changes in household income are not generally associated with changes in participation, but a weak association is found between changes in income and ceasing participation among adolescents in low-income households. The results largely cast doubt on theoretical explanations that emphasize household economic constraints as a substantial contributor to the income gradient in participation. Instead, results are more consistent with explanations emphasizing cultural differences in parenting logics and parental preferences for participation, as well as with explanations stressing non-economic forms of resource constraints.
Burden of disease among older adults in Europe—trends in mortality and disability, 1990–2019
Authors: Iburg Kim Moesgaard , Charalampous Periklis , Allebeck Peter , Stenberg Elsa Jonsson , O’Caoimh Rónán , Monasta Lorenzo , Peñalvo José L , Pereira David M , Wyper Grant M A , Niranjan Vikram , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Haagsma Juanita 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
It is important to understand the effects of population ageing on disease burden and explore conditions that drive poor health in later life to prevent or manage these. We examined the development of disease burden and its components for major disease groups among older adults in Europe over the last 30 years.

Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study, we analyzed burden of disease trends between 1990 and 2019 measured by years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among older adults (65+ years) in Western, Central and Eastern Europe using cause groups for diseases and injuries.

Results
Between 1990 and 2019, the crude numbers of DALYs for all causes increased substantially among older Western Europeans. In Eastern Europe, the absolute DALYs also increased from 1990 to 2005 but then decreased between 2006 and 2013. However, DALY rates declined for all European regions over time, with large differences in the magnitude by region and gender. Changes in the YLL rate were mainly driven by the contribution of cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions
This study found an increased overall absolute disease burden among older Europeans between 1990 and 2019. The demographic change that has taken place in Eastern European countries implies a potential problem of directed resource allocation to the health care sector. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential health gains through directing resources to health promotion and treatment to reduce YLDs and to prevent YLLs, primarily from cardiovascular diseases.
Change in coronary heart disease hospitalization after chronic disease management: a programme policy in China
Authors: Zhu Jingmin , Wang Wei , Wang Jun , Zhu Liang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study aims at examining changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) hospitalization associated with a novel county-scale chronic disease management (CDM) programme policy implemented in March 2019 in China during the 13th Five-Year period (2016–2020). The CDM programme was designed to improve the health of populations with chronic diseases by means of an integrated way involving both county-level public hospitals and primary care institutes. Data originated from the medical files of CHD inpatients discharged from a secondary hospital from January 2017 to December 2020. A total of 6111 CHD patient records were collected. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess changes in hospitalization direct medical costs and length of stay of CHD patients. The mean direct medical cost of CHD hospitalization was 8419.73 Yuan, and the mean length of stay was 7.57 days. Results suggested that the implementation of CDM reduced hospitalization direct medical cost and bed days by about 23% (1956.12 Yuan at means) and 11.5% (almost 1 day at means), respectively. In addition, a further decreasing trend in medical costs over time was associated with chronic disease management. It is implied that chronic disease management is an effective way of relieving the medical and financial burden of hospitalization.
The Impact of Racism on Violence Exposure Among Black Children in the United States
Authors: Bernard Donte L. , Willis Henry A. , Sosoo Effua E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Violence exposure within the United States represents a significant public health issue that can lead to significant psychological challenges across the life course. Unfortunately, Black youth are disproportionately exposed to various forms of violence, which positions them to be at greater risk for poor mental health. Previous research suggests that racism, which represents a significant risk to the positive psychosocial development of Black youth, can function as a unique form of violence that victimizes youth. As evidenced by the recent high-profile murders of Black Americans at the hands of police officers and other community members, the interaction between racism and violence can have profound consequences. Given this interplay, the current chapter utilizes a socioecological framework to delineate the relevance of racism across individual, relational, community, and societal domains, to illuminate why Black youth are at an elevated risk for violence exposure relative to other racial ethnic groups in the United States.
A Holistic Approach to Understanding the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Girls
Authors: Wessells Michael G. , Kostelny Kathleen , Ondoro Ken 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A significant challenge to building a culture of peace is globally pervasive violence against children, including the sexual exploitation and abuse of girls. Using a social-ecological lens, this chapter examines the multiple, interacting causes and impacts of sexual exploitation and abuse of girls at different levels such as family, peer, community, and societal levels. As an illustrative case study, it examines the sexual exploitation and abuse of teenage girls (13 to 17 years) in two urban slums of Mombasa, Kenya. A mix of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews identified recurrent themes: unequal power relations and men in authority positions abusing girls, rape, family members as perpetrators, transactional sex, prostitution, the sale of alcohol as a contributing factor, and hotspots for sexual violence. Prevention efforts must feature the interplay between structural violence, especially patriarchy, and direct violence and take a holistic, systemic approach that goes beyond a focus primarily on direct violence.