bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ALMA REBELS Survey. Epoch of Reionization giants: Properties of dusty galaxies at z ≈ 7
Authors: Ferrara A , Sommovigo L , Dayal P , Pallottini A , Bouwens R J , Gonzalez V , Inami H , Smit R , Bowler R A A , Endsley R , Oesch P , Schouws S , Stark D , Stefanon M , Aravena M , da Cunha E , De Looze I , Fudamoto Y , Graziani L , Hodge J , Riechers D , Schneider R , Algera H S B , Barrufet L , Hygate A P S , Labbé I , Li C , Nanayakkara T , Topping M , van der Werf P 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We analyse FIR dust continuum measurements for 14 galaxies (redshift z ≈ 7) in the ALMA Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey (REBELS) Large Program to derive their physical properties. Our model uses three input data, i.e. (a) the UV spectral slope, β, (b) the observed UV continuum flux at 1500 Å, F1500, (c) the observed continuum flux at $\approx 158\, \mu$m, F158, and considers Milky Way (MW) and SMC extinction curves, along with different dust geometries. We find that REBELS galaxies have 28−90.5 per cent of their star formation obscured; the total (UV+IR) star formation rates are in the range $31.5 \lt {\rm SFR}/({\rm M}_\odot \, {\rm yr}^{-1}) \lt 129.5$. The sample-averaged dust mass and temperature are $(1.3\pm 1.1)\times 10^7 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ and 52 ± 11 K, respectively. However, in some galaxies dust is particularly abundant (REBELS-14, $M^{\prime }_{\rm d} \approx 3.4 \times 10^7 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$), or hot (REBELS-18, $T^{\prime }_{\rm d} \approx 67$ K). The dust distribution is compact (&lt;0.3 kpc for 70 per cent of the galaxies). The inferred dust yield per supernova is $0.1 \le y_{\rm d}/\, \mathrm{M}_\odot \le 3.3$, with 70 per cent of the galaxies requiring $y_{\rm d} \lt 0.25 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. Three galaxies (REBELS-12, 14, 39) require $y_{\rm d} \gt 1 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, which is likely inconsistent with pure SN production, and might require dust growth via accretion of heavy elements from the interstellar medium. With the SFR predicted by the model and a MW extinction curve, REBELS galaxies detected in [C ii] nicely follow the local LCII−SFR relation, and are approximately located on the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation. The sample-averaged gas depletion time is $0.11\, y_{\rm P}^{-2}$ Gyr, where yP is the ratio of the gas-to-stellar distribution radius. For some systems, a solution simultaneously matching the observed (β, F1500, F158) values cannot be found. This occurs when the index Im = (F158/F1500)/(β − βint), where βint is the intrinsic UV slope, exceeds $I_m^{*}\approx 1120$ for an MW curve. For these objects, we argue that the FIR and UV emitting regions are not co-spatial, questioning the use of the IRX–β relation.
Stability of planetary systems within the S-star cluster: the Solar system analogues
Authors: Davari N , Capuzzo-Dolcetta R , Spurzem R 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
A dynamically relaxed dense cluster comprised of about 40 stars (the so-called S-stars) inhabits the central region of our Galaxy. Their stars revolve around the Sgr A* massive object. To understand the dynamical evolution of planetary systems in a particular environment like that around Sgr A*, we carry out direct N-body simulations of planetary systems embedded in the S-star cluster. In this work, we investigate the short-term stability of the planets orbiting around S-stars after their close interactions with the central massive black hole of our Galaxy. We find that planetary systems go through encounters with the supermassive black hole (SMBH) and the nearby stars. We determine the frequency and the strength of planetary systems’ encounters with the nearby stars as these encounters remarkably increase for systems assigned to S-stars closer to the SMBH. The SMBH severely destabilizes the planetary systems, though we noted that the small oscillations in the mutual eccentricity and inclination of the planetary system could be caused by the planet–planet coupling and the near-resonance effect between the two planets. We obtain estimates of the fraction of survivor planets ($\sim 51{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), and find that planets stripped from their hosting star are generally captured on close orbits around Sgr A*. We notify while gas giants are tidally disrupted, terrestrial planets do not. We estimate that Sgr A* flares can be due to the tidal disruption events of starless giant planets.
High spatial resolution imaging of subcellular macro and trace element distribution during phagocytosis
Authors: Subirana Maria Angels , Riemschneider Sina , Hause Gerd , Dobritzsch Dirk , Schaumlöffel Dirk , Herzberg Martin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The bioavailability of trace elements in the course of evolution had an essential influence on the emergence of life itself. This is reflected in the co-evolution between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, the influence and cellular distribution of bioelements during phagocytosis at the host–pathogen interface were investigated using high-resolution nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and quantitative inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In the eukaryotic murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line), the cellular Fe/Zn ratio was found to be balanced, whereas the dominance of iron in the prokaryotic cells of the pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis was ∼90% compared to zinc. This confirms the evolutionary increased zinc requirement of the eukaryotic animal cell. Using NanoSIMS, the Cs+ primary ion source allowed high spatial resolution mapping of cell morphology down to the subcellular level. At a comparable resolution, several low-abundant trace elements could be mapped during phagocytosis with a RF plasma O– primary ion source. An enrichment of copper and nickel could be detected in the prokaryotic cells. Surprisingly, an accumulation of cobalt in the area of the nuclear envelope was observed, indicating an interesting but still unknown distribution of this trace element in murine macrophages.
Is E-cigarette Use Associated With Persistence or Discontinuation of Combustible Cigarettes? A 24-Month Longitudinal Investigation in Young Adult Binge Drinkers
Authors: Martinez-Loredo Victor , González-Roz Alba , Dawkins Lynne , Singh Desmond , Murphy James G , MacKillop James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
It remains unclear whether electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use promotes persistent combustible tobacco use or smoking discontinuation over time. Alcohol use is associated with a greater risk of adverse health effects of tobacco, and higher likelihood of e-cigarette use, making drinkers a high-priority subpopulation.

Aims and Methods
This study examined longitudinal patterns of combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use over 24 months in young adult binge drinkers. A pooled dataset of 1002 (58.5% female; M age = 22.14) binge drinkers from the United States (60%) and Canada (40%) was used. The primary outcomes were past month combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use. Nicotine dependence was measured using the Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence. Alcohol severity was measured using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Latent transition analysis (LTA) was used to identify patterns of cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use over 24 months.

Results
The LTA yielded a four-class solution: (1) e-cigarettes-only users (prevalence over time: 7.75%–10.10%), (2) dual-product users (2.61%–9.89%), (3) combustible-only smokers (8.12%–20.70%), and (4) nonusers (61.66%–80.06%). Dual-product users predominantly transitioned to complete abstinence or exclusively e-cigarette use. In combustible-only smokers, the most common transition was to abstinence, followed by persistence of combustible-only status. At 24 months, 63% of e-cigarettes-only users transitioned to abstinence, with 37% continuing e-cigarettes-only use and 0% transitioning to dual or combustible cigarette use.

Conclusions
Dual-product use in young adult binge drinkers was associated with discontinuation of combustible tobacco over time, and e-cigarette-only use was not associated with subsequent combustible tobacco use.

Implications
These findings suggest that concurrent or exclusive e-cigarette use is not a risk factor for the persistence or development of combustible tobacco use in this subpopulation, with dual-product use reflecting a transitional pattern away from combustible use, toward discontinuation.
Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter ties together the book’s themes and arguments with a view toward a shared vision for the future. It concludes that as English weaves its power through the global politics of language, it is creating winners and losers in both expected and unexpected ways. Deciding who falls on either side of that divide demands weighing the gains and losses within and across countries with social class being a constant factor. It suggests that language as an expression of self-realization and a source of material profit can exist side by side. The social, developmental, and economic benefits are not mutually exclusive but rather mutually supportive. In the end, it calls on policymakers at all levels to realize the opportunities and mitigate the damages of a common language, English for now, in all its complexities, while preserving national, regional, and local languages and identities.
Paul Tillich
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the theology of Paul Tillich (1886–1965), the German Protestant theologian who immigrated to the United States in 1933, at the age of forty-seven, and established himself as a bestselling writer in a language he learned from scratch in his new homeland. Tillich was famous for rejecting the notion of a “theistic” God, that is, God as an externally existing something, and speaking of God instead as “the ground of being.” He adopted a special vocabulary to replace other conventional theological concepts with words and phrases that he invented or that he borrowed from what he described as an existentialist viewpoint. A ubiquitous word in his English writings is meaning. In his pre-emigration days, Tillich had used the German Sinn to such an excessive degree—sometimes literally dozens of times per page—and with such a want of precision that it fairly became incomprehensible. In English, meaning for Tillich came to carry a large range of different senses and to appear in a range of phrases, including at least two—“ultimate meaning” and the almost absurd “meaning which gives meaning to all meanings”—that appear to be replacement expressions for God. The ambiguity and polyvalence of meaning no doubt helped enhance the word’s appeal among readers of Tillich’s English-language works, since it allowed them to supply their own notions of the meaning of meaning.
Conclusion
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The conclusion, briefly retracing the historical arguments of the book, reasserts the point that, thanks to its ambiguity and polyvalence, meaning in many instances not only functions but actually flourishes in the absence of a conventional, precise definition. The end of the chapter makes the point that we should not forget the primitive meaning—signification—and the peculiar verbal status of the English word, which can easily suggest that there is something waiting to be uncovered, that there is something doing the signifying, and that we can exercise our interpretive faculties in an effort to uncover that something.
Conquering the Ocean
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Why did Julius Caesar come to Britain? His own account suggests that he invaded to quell a resistance of Gallic sympathizers in the region of modern-day Kent—but there must have been personal and divine aspirations behind the expeditions in 55 and 54 bce. To the ancients, the Ocean was a body of water that circumscribed the known world, separating places like Britain from terra cognita, and no one, not even Alexander the Great, had crossed it. While Caesar came and saw, he did not conquer. In the words of the historian Tacitus, ‘he revealed, rather than bequeathed, Britain to Rome’. For the next 500 years, Caesar’s revelation was Rome’s remotest imperial bequest. This book provides a new narrative of the Roman conquest of Britain, from the two campaigns of Caesar up until the construction of Hadrian’s Wall across the Tyne-Solway isthmus during the 120s ce. Much of the ancient literary record portrays this period as a long march of Roman progress, but recent archaeological discoveries reveal that a strong resistance existed in Britain, Boudica’s short-lived revolt being the most celebrated of them, and that Roman success was by no means inevitable. The book here draws upon an impressive array of new information from archaeological research and recent scholarship on the classical texts to provide a balanced picture of the military activities and strategies that led to the conquest and subjugation of Britain. This book is the fullest picture to date of a chapter in Roman military history that continues to captivate the public.
The Northern Frontier
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Within a year of the arrival of a new governor in Britain after the departure of Agricola, it became clear that considerable additional campaigning, and extra troops, would be required to conquer and subdue the mountains of the Scottish Highlands. At the same time a significant conflict developed with the kingdom of Dacia on the River Danube, requiring Domitian to withdraw troops from Britain. Rome withdrew from northern Scotland in around 86–87. By the late 90s, a northern frontier line of Roman territory was established on the Stanegate (on the Tyne-Solway isthmus). The ambition to conquer the lands to the north had been abandoned. Movement across the line of the Stanegate was controlled by garrisons at a number of forts. The best known—as a result of over forty years of excavation—is Vindolanda. The remarkable results from this excavation cast significant light on the management of the frontier and on the relationship between the Roman troops and local peoples, which may often have been friendly. Letters found at Vindolanda also provide information about the military units based at the fort in the late first and early second centuries, the Tungri and the Batavi from the Lower Rhine Valley. A period of relative stability on the northern frontier of Roman Britain coincided with the emperor Trajan’s aggressive campaigns in Dacia and on the eastern margins of the empire.
The Later History of the Roman Northern Frontier
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hadrian was succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who decided to focus the attention of Rome on conquering additional territory in northern Britain. He instructed the governor of Britain, Lollius Urbicus, to campaign to the north of Hadrian’s Wall; this resulted in the construction of a second monumental frontier, the Antonine Wall, in southern Scotland. The campaign to incorporate this additional territory stretched the troops so thinly across the western and northern areas of the province that the Antonine Wall was abandoned after twenty years, as garrisons reestablished Hadrian’s Wall as the northern frontier. A period of peace on Hadrian’s Wall in the late second century resulted in the establishment of towns and civil settlements at the forts along the wall, and a number of tombstones provide information about the multicultural populations living in this frontier territory. The emperors Septimius Severus and Constantius I travelled to Britain to campaign north of the wall during the third century, showing that victory in Britain remained an imperial priority. The frontier continued to be maintained during the fourth century but ceased to operate as Rome lost control of Britain during the early fifth century.
The Haunting of Christ
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis is the first of five chapters outlining the Christology developed throughout the project and introduces some the key leitmotifs of the examination. It opens with an account of Christ as ‘haunting’ creation. The theology is based within the account in Mark’s Gospel of Christ walking on the water of the Sea of Tiberius, contextualized in terms of an understanding of ghosts in the Graeco-Roman world. The Christological emphasis lies in encounter and response, with Christ initiating an experience of estrangement, of being ‘unhoused’. What is significant is how this haunting deepens the meaning of who Christ is and opens the question of salvation. The haunting of Christ is then examined through a famous British TV drama, The Stone Tape. This introduces the concept of the interchange of acknowledgements governing encounter with Christ and introduces rhythm as a category for exploring Mark’s Gospel.
Christ as Paradox
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe relationship of Christ and the Church and the nature of mediation between them issues in paradox; in particular the paradox of the incarnation. The nature of paradox is central to the interval that always stalls the play of natural and divine rhythms. This chapter explores the character of paradox. It acts as both an examination of Christ’s use of paradox and himself as paradoxical, and as a bridge to the next section of the book that treats the doctrine of creation. It focuses on the complexity of our understanding of nature (and so the difficulties with any natural theology) and the way the incarnation manifests this. It explores the fundamental Christian teaching about the incarnation—the hypostatic union—by analysing the Chalcedon symbolum that gives the teaching its conciliar expression.
Captain Marryat Repeats Himself
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the under-studied popular marine fiction of Captain Frederick Marryat. Marryat’s sea-novels are shy of the element upon which they are set; he rarely focuses on the craft of sailing and describes the sea itself even less often. If, however, Marryat’s novels are not about the sea, sea-life defines their central characteristic: a multi-faceted repetitiveness. These texts repeat marine tropes that are already themselves repetitious, such as seasickness, heroic resurrection, and the revenant ghost ship. Tightly repetitive adherence to generic formulae is often deemed evidence of contrived or artificial writing. In the context of writing about the sea, though, repetition invites a competing reading: it is perhaps evidence of authenticity, of Marryat’s struggle to find a register appropriate to the ocean.
Blue Books in Hard Times
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Hard Times (1854), the Dickens novel that is most openly critical of government publications, is paradoxically the one that most resembles them. Whereas Oliver Twist turns blue book themes into a riveting fairy tale, Hard Times pairs a thematic insistence on fairy tales with a mimicry of blue book forms. The chapter reads Hard Times as a commentary on reports concerning working-class education, including a controversial 1847 report on education in Wales. It links Dickens’s “Report of the First meeting of the Mudfog Association for the Advancement of Everything” (1837) to his depiction of the dangers of statistics and testimony in Hard Times. Looking anew at Dickens’s attack on the blue books in Hard Times illuminates a crucial scene in the history of public knowledge as well as the history of the novel.
The Battle of Hong Kong, 1941
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen during the battle of Hong Kong in detail, highlighting the diversity of such experience among the servicemen from different branches. For many of the Hong Kong service, especially those who only received partial training, the battle was a harrowing and confusing experience. Some had traumatising escapes, and their stories were not known until now, as narratives about the battle usually focus on the experience of the British personnel. The chapter also offers a statistical study of the Hongkongers’ participation of the battle.
Conclusions
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The last chapter concludes the book, summarises its content, and offers an overview of the role played by Hong Kong servicemen throughout colonial history, their historical experience, and the relationship between them and the colonial authorities and the British military. It suggests that the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen reveals that collaboration and cooperation existed between the British and the locals at different levels, and that the agency of the Hongkongers should not be overlooked. Hongkongers from a variety of ethnic, social, and cultural backgrounds served in the British armed forces for various reasons, from seeking a secure career to earn respectability in the society. Tension existed among the Hong Kong servicemen as they were such a diverse group, but they operated effectively and were generally reliable throughout their service. This fact speaks volumes about the efficiency of the British military system and its ability to manage troops from very different backgrounds. The chapter also deals briefly with the relevance of the wartime history and the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen in post-1997 Hong Kong.
Keeping Out of Court I
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents two parallel tracks in literature and the law in the 1670s: the growth of verbal and especially ironic evasion in satire; and the courts’ development of procedures for delimiting verbal ambiguity. Particular attention is paid to the refurbishment of the doctrine of ‘common intendment’, which held that jurors should understand dubious language using a supposedly objective or ‘reasonable’ standard. This doctrine proved important because it laid the groundwork for jury directions issued throughout the next century. This chapter also tracks a significant rhetorical break between the openly defamatory manuscript satires of the seventeenth century and the verbally evasive printed satires of the early eighteenth century. Extensive verbal evasion, a rhetorical trend that starts in its most sustained form with John Dryden’s Mac Flecknoe, slowly becomes a prominent feature of later seventeenth- and especially eighteenth-century satire.
Epilogue
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Though historians have largely ceased to tell Whiggish stories about the unmitigated growth of press freedom during the eighteenth century, scholars and journalists continue to point to this period as a watershed moment for liberty of speech and the press. This epilogue not only surveys some of the ways in which press freedom has been discussed and debated, but also describes the convoluted twists and turns of eighteenth-century press regulation. In particular, it documents the expansion and sometimes sudden contraction of press freedoms across the century and the belief—stunningly common among both the authorities and writers and satirists, even those who had been successfully prosecuted for libel—that the press should be thoroughly regulated. This discussion also illustrates some critical differences between press freedom in Great Britain and the United States, both then and today; and provides an opportunity to reassess such debates during the Enlightenment and within the context of ‘bibliophilic optimism’.