bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence intensity of parathyroid glands in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a near-infrared autofluorescence study
Authors: Yu Fan , Yi Xiaolei , Lin Zihan , Wu Yinyue , Luo Quanyong , Wu Bo 
Published: February 2025

ObjectiveNear-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging shows promise in identifying parathyroid gland (PG) during surgery. However, the clinical application of NIRAF faces challenges due to the heterogeneous fluorescence intensity (FI) of PGs observed in different thyroid and parathyroid diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of NIRAF in PG detection and to analyze the FI of PGs in patients with various thyroid and parathyroid diseases.MethodsA total of 105 patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy were enrolled. Intraoperative NIRAF imaging was used to detect PGs, and the FI values were quantified using ImageJ software. Normal PGs were grouped according to the pathological results of ipsilateral thyroid diseases. Compare and analyze the FI values of normal and diseased PGs.ResultsA total of 239 PGs were detected during surgery. 225 PGs were identified by NIRAF. The NIRAF identification rate was significantly higher than visual identification (94.1% vs. 81.2%, p &lt; 0.001). NIRAF demonstrated high performance in PG identification, with sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values and negative predictive values to predict PGs were 95.4%, 77.5%, 90.5% and 88.1%, respectively. The FI of PGs was higher in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (1.39 ± 0.21), follicular nodules of thyroid (1.45 ± 0.25), nodular thyroid gland (1.36 ± 0.19) than in those with hyperthyroidism (1.06 ± 0.28) and primary hyperparathyroidism (1.17 ± 0.23). Superior PGs in Stage I exhibited higher FI compared to PGs in Stage II (p = 0.025). In Stage II, the FI of inferior PGs was significantly higher than that of superior PGs (p &lt; 0.001). The FI of PGs in both Stage I and II was significantly higher than in Stage III.ConclusionsNIRAF demonstrates high efficiency in identifying PGs across various surgical stages, outperforming conventional visual identification. The FI of superior and inferior PGs exhibits significant variability across different intraoperative stages. Surgeons should exercise caution when identifying PGs in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism, as these conditions are associated with lower FI compared to other thyroid diseases.
Comparative analysis of anthelmintic treatments: impact on liver biomarkers and clinical recovery in sheep with fasciolosis
Authors: Gedefaw Tameru , Mebratu Atsede Solomon , Dagnachew Shimels , Fenta Melkie Dagnaw 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundLiver fluke infections (fasciolosis) in sheep in Ethiopia result in significant economic losses, recently estimated at around $3,700 (185,232 ETH Birr) per year. Despite the widely use of Triclabendazole (TCBZ), Tetraclozan (TETRA), and Albendazole (ALBE) for treating fasciolosis, their effectiveness remains a significant concern. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of TCBZ, TETRA, and ALBE in treating ovine fasciolosis, with a focus on their effects on both the parasitic infection and associated biochemical parameters. Given the substantial economic burden of liver fluke in Ethiopia, identifying the most effective treatment options is essential to reducing both the health impact on livestock and the economic losses to farmers.MethodsA field trial was conducted from May to November 2023 on 45 naturally infected sheep, divided into three groups: Group I received TCBZ, Group II TETRA, and Group III ALBE, with TCBZ as the positive control. Fecal and serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 post-treatment. A fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and biochemical analysis were performed.ResultsIn our study, TCBZ was the most effective anthelmintic (97.8%), followed by TETRA (96.6%), and ALBE (84%). Biochemical parameters, particularly liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT) and protein levels, showed significant improvement across all groups over 21 days (p &lt; 0.05), with enzyme levels normalizing by day 21 and protein levels by days 14-21. Albendazole significantly (p &lt; 0.05) outperformed Tetraclozan and Triclabendazole in both biochemical parameters and eggs per gram count (EPG), with no significant difference between Tetraclozan and Triclabendazole (p &gt; 0.05). Albendazole proved most effective for liver recovery and normalization of biochemical markers over the treatment period (p = 0.00). Among 15 Fasciola-infected animals, baseline signs included diarrhea (53%), pale mucous membranes (100%), bottle jaw (60%), and depression (80%). Post-Tetraclozan treatment, all symptoms reduced significantly over 21 days (p &lt; 0.05). In the Albendazole group, symptoms decreased progressively, with diarrhoea, pale mucous membranes, bottle jaw, and depression notably reduced by days 7, 14, and 21.ConclusionTCBZ and TETRA were highly effective against ovine fasciolosis, with TETRA recommended if TCBZ is unavailable. Biochemical parameters are key biomarkers for liver damage and selecting effective anthelmintic drugs.
Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Pulmonary Embolism with the Heart QoL Questionnaire
Authors: Gkena Niki , Kirgou Paraskevi , Lampropoulos Ioannis C. , Fradelos Evangelos C. , Papagiannis Dimitrios , Daniil Zoe , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos I. , Malli Foteini 
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: While the acute phase of pulmonary embolism (PE) is well studied, its long-term physical and mental consequences have received less attention. Here, we aim to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during the follow-up of PE with the Heart QoL questionnaire and to assess its reliability and validity as a standardized tool. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the PE Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital of Larissa, enrolling 100 PE patients (63% male, mean age 56.97 ± 16.09 years). The internal consistency of the Heart QoL questionnaire was measured using Cronbach’s alpha. Correlations between Heart QoL and SF-36 subscales were examined. Results: We included 100 patients with PE (63% males, 56.97 ± 16.09 years). A total of 59% of the patients reported reduced functional capacity post-PE. Heart QoL demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.947), with strong inter-item correlations (range: 0.337–0.949). Internal consistency coefficients for Heart QoL subscales were 0.558 (global), 0.606 (physical), and 0.871 (emotional). The inter-item correlation range from 0.337 to 0.949. Mean Heart QoL scores were significantly lower than the Greek norms (global: 2.15 ± 0.829, physical: 2.17 ± 0.86, emotional: 2.09 ± 1.03). Heart QoL subscales exhibit significant correlations, with most SF-36 subscales indicating strong convergent validity. In the multiple linear regression analysis, MRC, dyspnea, reduced functionality, and the presence of symptoms were independent predictors of Heart QoL global and physical score. The presence of bleeding complications and reduced functionality were independent predictors of Heart QoL emotional score. Conclusions: Heart QoL is a reliable and valid tool for assessing HRQoL in PE patients, offering an alternative to more time-consuming tools. Dyspnea, reduced functionality, and bleeding complications significantly impact long-term HRQoL, underscoring the need for structured, multidisciplinary follow-up care that integrates both physical and mental health support in order to optimize patient long-term outcomes, especially in those at risk for chronic thromboembolic consequences.
أثر تغير التكييف الفقهي لمنتج الوديعة الاستثمارية في المؤسسات المالية الإسلامية على حكمها وأعمالها فيها
Authors: العبيد آلاء عادل 
Published: February 2025

انتشرت في الآونة الأخيرة المعاملات المالية في المصارف وتنوعت أشكالها ومن ضمن هذه المعاملات الحساب الجاري، ويعتبر من موارد المصارف؛ لما يحققه من منافع وخدمات للعملاء، وما يشكله من سيولة تمكن المصارف من القيام بنشاطاتها المصرفية المختلفة، ويعد كذلك محور البحث الفقهي المتعلق بالصيرفة الإسلامية؛ فكلما زادت نسبة هذه الودائع زادت قوة المصرف المالية، وقد تناولت في هذا البحث تعريف التكييف الفقهي، والحساب الجاري، والآثار المترتبة على تغير التكييف الفقهي للحساب الجاري، وتوصلت إلى أن التكييف الفقهي للحساب الجاري يترجح كونه قرضا، ويترتب على ذلك إباحة انتفاع المصرف بالمال وحرمة أخذ العوائد على العميل، وجواز انتفاع العميل بالخدمات التي يقدمها المصرف مقابل المال، وكذلك الهدايا التقويمية والتذكارية بخلاف الهدايا التي يخصصها المصرف للعميل مراعيا مقدار المال ومدة بقائه في المصرف، أما في حال تكييف الحساب الجاري على الوديعة فلا يجوز استعمال المصرف لها ،ويجب عليه الضمان عند الاستعمال، وإذا أذن العميل للمصرف باستخدام الوديعة فإنها تنقلب قرضا، ومن الآثار المترتبة على تكييف الحساب الجاري بأنه عقد ذو طبيعة خاصة جواز تصرف المصرف في الأموال كيف يشاء دون إذن العميل، وفي النهاية توصي الباحثة بتوجيه المصارف إلى إصدار نشرات تبين حقوق كلا من العميل والمصرف، تعرض على العميل قبل التعامل؛ ليكون على بصيرة من أمره قبل التوقيع على العقد، والعمل على إنشاء مجمع عالمي يضم العلماء المسلمين من جميع الدول الإسلامية وغير الإسلامية؛ لبحث القضايا المستجدة، والعمل على توحيد وتقريب الآراء، ونشر جلساته وطبعها دوريا وإتاحتها عبر وسائل التواصل.
A New Rrivalry between Great Britain and France over the Middle East and The Mediterranean Sea during the First World War
Authors: Farajat Mazen Mohammad , AlFarajat Rabie Khaled 
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study aimed at highlighting the new rivalry between Great Britain and France over the middle east and the Mediterranean Sea between 1912 and 1916.
Method: The researchers used the quantitative method; mainly the inductive-deductive method for analyzing the events in historical texts in the years under study.
Results: The study results showed that English ambitions were confronted with a united reaction by the French government and the emerging colonial entities. They also showed that the French policy adopted a number of political, diplomatic and military strategies which did not succeed because of the countermeasures that were taken by Great Britain.
Conclusions: The study asserts the notion that the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea have gained strategic importance in international politics due to the region’s unique geographical location since it links three continents, namely, Asia, Africa and Europe together and it is considered an area where the political and economic interests of many European countries intersect, especially after the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Despite the short-lived military French campaign in Egypt, this campaign is considered one of the most influential events in the history of Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea.
المصالح السياسية وانعكاسها على التنافس الأمريكي– الصيني في منطقة بحر الصين الجنوبي خلال الفترة 2009-2023
Authors: Alheari Ahmad Samir Ahmad 
Published: February 2025

الأهداف: بيان طبيعة الخلافات الحدودية بين الدول في منطقة بحر الصين الجنوبي، والمصالح الأمريكية والصينية وأبعاد التنافس الأمريكي الصيني في المنطقة.
المنهجية: اعتمدت الدراسة على منهج المصلحة القومية، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي في تحقيق أهدافها والإجابة عن تساؤلاتها.
النتائج: إن بحر الصين الجنوبي أصبح يمثل ساحة مركزية للتنافس بين الصين والولايات المتحدة، مدفوعاً بمصالحهما الاستراتيجية، وأن طبيعة التنافس بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والصين، هو تنافس جيوبوليتيك يتركز على محاولة كل طرف السيطرة على بحر الصين الجنوبي، ولهذا التنافس أبعاد واضحة تتمثل بالبُعد العسكري- الأمني، والسياسي؛ فالصين قامت بتطوير قدراتها العسكرية وتوسيع سيطرتها على جزر بحر الصين الجنوبي، إلا أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية قامت بتكثيف وجودها العسكري في بحر الصين الجنوبي حفاظاً على مصالحها، وإيفاء بالتزاماتها الأمنية لحلفائها في المنطقة.
الخلاصة: خلصت الدراسة الى أهمية قيام الولايات المتحدة بتعزيز علاقتها الاستراتيجية مع دول بحر الصين الجنوبي، للحفاظ على تفوقها العسكري والحفاظ على توازن القوى الإقليمي لصالحها.
Cards & Coding, cartes numériques et interactions web
Authors: Tilly Nicolas 
Published: February 2025

L’article prend pour sujet le site que j’ai publié en 2021 intitulé Cards & Coding dans lequel j’élabore une recherche autour de la carte numérique et du design d’interaction. Les cartes sont présentées sur le site sous la forme d’une collection, dans laquelle chaque carte possède sa page. Je développe dans l’article trois chapitres, le premier est dédié au site en lui-même et la mise en place de la collection. Il aborde également une notion de partage spécifique au projet. Le deuxième chapitre aborde la genèse d’une carte en relation avec ma pratique du dessin, ainsi que des aspects techniques spécifiques au code créatif. Enfin, le dernier chapitre présente des projets qui étendent l’approche de la carte numérique et qui font avancer ma recherche vers des formats inédits.
Interface properties of SiC MOS devices with NH3 plasma nitridation of ultrathin SiO2 interfacial layer
Authors: Li An , HOSHII Takuya , TSUTSUI Kazuo , WAKABAYASHI Hitoshi , Kakushima Kuniyuki 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The effect of NH3 remote-plasma treatment to 4H-SiC surfaces on the interface properties is investigated. By comparing with N2 plasma treatment, the NH3 plasma treatment showed a reduction in interface state density (Dit) down to 3.0×1011 cm-2eV-1, with better bias stress stability. The improvement was further enhanced to 1.4×1011 cm-2eV-1 when the plasma treatment was conducted to the 4H-SiC surface with a 0.4-nm-thick SiO2 interfacial layer, presumably suppressing the plasma damage to the SiC surface. Mobility improvement from 22.8 to 27.1 cm2V-1s-1 was achieved without negatively shifting the threshold voltage while keeping a high breakdown field of over 10 MV/cm.
Hubungan Tindakan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dengan kejadian Resesi Gingiva pada Masyarakat Kabupaten Aceh Besar
Authors: Triana Minanda Nanda , Keumala Cut Ratma 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: keberhasilan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi berdampak pada kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Resesi gingiva adalah perubahan posisi tepi gingiva ke arah apikal dari cemento enamel junction karena hilangnya jaringan perlekatan tulang alveolar sehingga mengakibatkan terbukanya permukaan akar gigi.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tindakan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dengan kejadian resesi gingiva pada masyarakat di desa Lampeuneurut Gampong Kecamatan Darul Imarah Kabupaten Aceh Besar.
Metode: penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi seluruh masyarakat usia produktif antara 15-50 tahun di desa Lampeuneurut Gampong. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara tindakan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dengan mengisi lembar kuesioner. Resesi gingiva diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan langsung dan dilihat tingkat keparahan resesi gingiva. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 59 orang.
Hasil: hasil analisis menggunakan uji Chi Square mendapatkan nilai p=0,002.
Kesimpulan: simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan tindakan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dengan kejadian resesi gingiva.
Kata kunci : Tindakan pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi, resesi gingiva

ABSTRACT

Background: The successful maintenance of dental health has an impact on oral and dental health. Gingival recession is a change in the position of the gingival edge towards the apical of the cemento enamel junction due to loss of alveolar bone attachment tissue resulting in the opening of the tooth root surface.
Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between dental health maintenance measures and the incidence of gingival recession in the community in Lampeuneurut Gampong village, Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar Regency.
Methods: This research is an analytical research with a cross sectional design. The population of the entire productive age community is between 15-50 years old in the village of Lampeuneurut Gampong. Data collection was carried out by interviewing dental health maintenance measures by filling out questionnaire sheets. Gingival recession is acquired through direct examination and looking at the severity of gingival recession. The number of respondents in this study was 59 people.
Results: The results of the analysis using the Chi Square test get a value of p = 0.002. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study shows the relationship between dental health maintenance measures and the incidence of gingival recession. The author's suggestion is that the government should pay more attention to the degree of dental and oral health of the community, through various programs to improve dental and oral health services in puskesmas.
Keywords : Dental health maintenance measures, gingival recession
ANALISIS RISIKO KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA ( K3 ) DI KLINIK GIGI KOTA PALEMBANG
Authors: Sastrawijaya Andrey , Listrianah Listrianah , Ray Ngurah 
Published: February 2025

Latar Belakang: Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja ( K3 ) bagi para praktisi kedokteran gigi dan kesehatan gigi masih sangat minim untuk diperhatikan. Baik tenaga dokter gigi, terapis gigi dan mulut dan staff lainnya yang terlibat langsung.Potensi risiko tersebut antara lain pajanan terhadap agen penyebab infeksi (human immunodeficiency virus dan virus hepatitis ), radiasi, kebisingan, psikologis, dermatitis, gangguan muskuloskeletal, gangguan pernafasan karena percikan bahan-bahan tambalan ataupun anaesthesi pada mata. Risiko yang paling sering diderita oleh dokter gigi yakni risiko keluhan musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)16 Kesehatan kerja memiliki tujuan untuk membuat tenaga kerja atau operator sehat, dapat bekerja secara produktif, sejahtera, sehingga memiliki daya saing yang tinggi, dan tenaga kerja tidak ada yang sakit ataupun dalam kondisi yang tidak sehat dan menjadikan tenaga kerja tersebut dapat bekerja secara produktif, serta tidak terjadi kecelakaan kerja yang dapat mengganggu kegiatan produksi dalam pekerjaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui identifikasi bahaya risiko kecelakaan kerja dokter gigi, terapis gigi dan mulut sehingga dapat diminimalisir.
Metode: Metode penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan analisa chi- square, univariat dan bivariat. Penelitian bertujuan menjelaskan nilai dari risiko yang terdapat di setiap area kerja dengan menggambarkan proses analisa keselamatan kerja dengan menentukan tingkat likelihood dan severity dari setiap risiko.
Hasil: Risiko Tingkat kejadian mengalami luka bakar akibat terpapar panas alat sterilisasi pada sebagian besar klinik gigi yaitu “Dapat terjadi setiap saat” sebesar(53,3%) . Dan untuk Tingkat keparahan / dampak yang berakibat fatal sehingga menyebabkan kerugian sangat besar didapatkan pada risiko posisi kerja yang salah / tidak ergonomis, yaitu sebesar 7,8 %.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara risiko kejadian salah posisi kerja , risiko terpapar saliva dengan keparahan/dampak yang ditimbulkan (p value < 0,05).
El populismo punitivo
Authors: Guerra Pinto Jonathan Steven 
Published: February 2025

OBJETIVO: estudiar la necesidad compulsiva y obsesiva de sobreprotección de la sociedad frente a la criminalidad y la violación a la dignidad humana en un Estado constitucional, democrático de derecho. MÉTODO: cualitativo, mediante la dogmática y deóntica jurídica. RESULTADOS: la sociedad convierte al derecho penal como un remedio para la problemática social de inseguridad, donde se realizan etiquetamientos sobre peligrosidad social que la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha descartado como supuesto para fijación de penas, para evitar que se viole la dignidad humana. CONCLUSIÓN: el populismo punitivo es el resultado de una demagogia derivado de la inseguridad y el miedo que tiene la sociedad ante tal factor social recurrente de criminalidad, el cual va en aumento desmedido por la falta de políticas de Estado que garanticen la seguridad y protección de sus ciudadanos, del cual los políticos toman partida y lo utilizan como mensaje electoral, lo que genera en la sociedad esa promesa de satisfacción social y produce una histeria social que busca una sobreprotección estatal y satisfacción de la necesidad de seguridad, por ello, la exigencia de castigar severamente al delincuente y violar su dignidad humana.
El Habeas Corpus en Guatemala congruencia con estándares internacionales de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Zurita Orellana Elizabeth Nineth 
Published: February 2025

OBJETIVO: El enfoque de la investigación radica en establecer a través de un estudio, doctrinario, jurídico, jurisprudencial de la institución del Habeas Corpus en Guatemala, para determinar su relación con los estándares internacionales, contribuyendo al entendimiento de las garantías de derechos humanos en el país. MÉTODO: se utilizaron los métodos analítico, sintético, inductivo, deductivo, además las técnicas de investigación bibliográfica y jurídica. RESULTADOS: al analizar los fallos de la Honorable Corte de Constitucionalidad de Guatemala, se puede observar que, aunque esta figura jurídica tiene un marco normativo sólido, su aplicación y efectividad pueden verse afectados por diversos factores sociales, políticos y estructurales. La implementación de un sistema de justicia más justo y eficiente es esencial para restablecer la confianza de la sociedad en las instituciones del Estado. Es esencial abordar las deficiencias a través de reformas significativas en el sistema judicial y de seguridad, así como fortalecer las instituciones para garantizar que todos los ciudadanos puedan ejercer sus derechos fundamentales sin temor a abusos. CONCLUSIÓN: En base en las consideraciones de hecho y de derecho investigadas se establece que el Estado de Guatemala no guarda los estándares constitucionales de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, por lo que el Estado guatemalteco debe adoptar medidas concretas para asegurar que el Habeas Corpus y otros recursos legales sean efectivos en la protección de los derechos humanos, alineándose así con los estándares de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
Efektivitas sediaan spray ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp. sebagai penolak nyamuk Aedes aegypti
Authors: Puspita Wana , Pratami Gina Dania , Setyaningrum Endah , Nurcahyani Nuning 
Published: February 2025

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever atau biasa dikenal dengan DBD adalah penyakit yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti betina yang membawa virus Dengue sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB). Pencegahan DBD umumnya dilakukan menggunakan repalan dengan kandungan bahan kimia DEET (N,N-dietil-meta-toluamid) yang berbahaya bagi kulit. Gracilaria sp. diketahui mengandung senyawa yang bersifat racun bagi nyamuk, seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, saponin, tanin, dan triterpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp. sebagai repelan Ae. aegypti, Effective Concentration 50% (EC50), efek iritasi, dan sifat fisik sediaan spray ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp.. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metodologi yang sesuai dengan rekomendasi World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation (WHOPES) menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Daya proteksi yang diberikan ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp. dianalisis menggunakan Oneway ANOVA, kemudian dilanjutkan uji Least Significant Difference (LSD). Dilakukan analisis probit untuk mengetahui efektifitas konsentrasi ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp. sebagai repelan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% memberikan kemampuan daya proteksi berturut-turut sebesar 14,40%, 31,81%, 47,76%, dan 61,17% dengan nilai EC50 sebesar 18,86%. Spray bersifat homogen dan tidak menyebabkan iritasi kulit. Kesimpulan, sediaan spray yang mengandung ekstrak etanol Gracilaria sp. memiliki efektivitas daya proteksi yang berpotensi sebagai repelan nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Penggunaan repelan ini dapat membantu dalam mengurasi risiko penyakit DBD yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas Gracilaria sp. sebagai repelan dengan konsentrasi di atas 20% dan uji iritasi dilakukan pada >10 probandus selama >15 menit dengan penyemprotan sediaan secara berulang.