bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interprovincial Unevenness of the Infrastructural State
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLoadshedding and power outages are a national issue in Pakistan, but one whose genesis is more complex than there simply being an inadequate quantity of power to meet the nation’s demand. The argument presented in this chapter identifies loadshedding and circular debt as directly resulting from strategic choices that are integral to Pakistan’s infrastructural state. The grid that has been built out—and the ordering of citizen–state relations entailed therein—reflects Pakistan’s strategic choices regarding the relationship of the provinces to the federal center and citizens to their state. And, as much as national authorities (political, administrative, military) might want different outcomes, a large part of the reason why loadshedding and circular debt has persisted through so many years is that national authorities are unwilling to revisit these underlying strategic choices. China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) investments have expanded power supply sufficiently to largely eliminate loadshedding—subject to the caveat that cash flow requirements must be met, which is frequently not the case—but this does not reflect any change in the state’s strategic priorities, nor does it reflect increased state capacity.
Pathologies of Development Practice
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInternational development actors are regularly aware of the shortcomings of governance interventions before, during, and after development assistance is introduced, yet those programs continue and are even revisited. Why? Why doesn’t the awareness of the problems with development interventions prevent the continuation of failures, the repetition of mistakes, or more caution in essaying grand plans for institutional reform? This chapter uses the history of reforms in the Pakistani power sector to illustrate this puzzle and to suggest some partial answers that link the content of reforms (and the poor outcomes) to the structures of development assistance that drive them. Viewed through the framework of the infrastructural state, these shortcomings reflect the inability of top-down reform to penetrate below the national field, and the misrecognition of Pakistan’s electricity governance as a lack or absence rather than a result of inequality by design.
Governance as an Emergent Compromise
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGovernance is always an emergent compromise produced by “the complex web of unfolding transactions and processes” in which bureaucrats must operate. Compromises between the formalizing imperatives of modernization and the flexibility of bureaucratic agents to adapt to social and organizational constraints are essential to shaping the patterns of coordination and regulation that make up governance in the Pakistani electrical power sector. Discretion, and the opportunity for idiosyncratic outcomes it entails, is unavoidable, yet it can be exercised with a sense of social responsibility or for narrowly construed personal gain. Examples of both are presented here. This chapter argues that the capacity of individual bureaucratic agents to choose among multiple courses of action—and go beyond their formal bounds—can serve the organizational mandate of public good provision better than the pursuit of modernization in terms of increasing formality.
Journals, Peer Review, and Preprints
Authors: Oransky Ivan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ivan Oransky, editor-in-chief of Spectrum magazine and the cofounder of the acclaimed website Retraction Watch, offers some cautionary advice on reporting from scientific papers in this chapter. Such studies can be great sources of stories, he writes, but understanding their limitations and how they came to be what they are is critical. It’s important to be aware that lots of flawed papers make it through peer review. In fact, at least four in every 10,000 are retracted due to problems ranging from plagiarism to fraud. Reporters should begin by evaluating whether a study is worth a story. They can do this with intelligence by reviewing the research through platforms like PubMed and Google Scholar, paying attention to the journal in question (is it predatory?), and understanding the restrictions placed by journal embargoes. With freedom comes responsibility, however. More than ever journalists covering science must hone their ability to vet and report on scientific findings, including finding and interviewing sources.
Story Structure
Authors: Blum Deborah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Deborah Blum, the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of six books and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, explores some of the most popular structures used by narrative writers to craft a compelling story. She writes: The best writers understand that a good story just can’t spiral out in all directions. It needs form, shape, a structure designed to pull the reader from start to finish. Some well-used structures—from the inverted pyramid famed in news writing to the ever-versatile diamond shape of a magazine story—can help a writer figure out how to build the most compelling tale possible. They are especially valuable in the preplanning of a story and in thinking about how to best weave technical information into a tale. And they are a reminder that plotting a story in advance is one of the smartest things we do.
Opinion Writing
Authors: Venkataraman Bina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bina Venkataraman, the editorial page editor for the Boston Globe, argues in this chapter that opinion journalism plays a powerful role in shaping public dialogues and decisions. Great opinion writing provokes readers to think in new ways and to question or affirm their own views on a subject, Venkataraman notes, and it should draw on all three persuasive modes: ethos, logos, and pathos. Counterarguments should be directly engaged, and the values and trade-offs inherent in taking the writer’s position should be wrestled with. But most importantly, in a media ecosystem rife with Twitter tirades and broadcast punditry, opinion journalism backed by rigorous reporting and thoughtful analysis can still rise above the din and become both a meaningful endeavor for any writer and a great public service.
Accessing Public Records
Authors: Morisy Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are countless documents with interesting stories to tell squirreled away in filing cabinets, government warehouses, and agency hard drives all around the world, just waiting for a journalist to uncover. In this chapter, Michael Morisy, founder of the information watchdog organization MuckRock, encourages journalists to set aside time each week to let their minds wander around what interesting databases might exist, what reports might be getting filed, which hotline complaints are logged—and then ask to see them. Such is the nature of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and related sunshine laws. Crucially, Morisy shows readers not only how to do that, but also what to expect in response, how to navigate around attempts to block access, and when to engage legal avenues in order to make hidden public documents and records precisely that: public.
The Art of the Interview
Authors: Ghosh Pallab 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, television, radio, and digital reporter Pallab Ghosh draws from his experience as a BBC science correspondent to show readers how to make the most out of their interviews. The chapter offers strategies for preparing for interviews under tight deadlines; establishing a rapport with interview subjects; knowing when to go off script; handling interviews with adversarial sources; and making the most of precious time talking with high-profile figures. To get subjects to open up—to say what they really believe and feel, rather than what they think they are supposed to say—the interviewer has to ask the right questions, Ghosh writes. This chapter gives readers a road map for figuring out what those questions should be.
Cybersecurity and Protecting Your Sources
Authors: Fiscutean Andrada 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hackers are constantly finding new ways of attacking their victims, forcing security experts to scramble to keep pace to protect users. In this chapter, Andrada Fiscutean, a science and technology reporter based in Bucharest, Romania, explains that journalists, as much as anyone else, are likely to find themselves in the crosshairs of these nefarious actors. Luckily, there are ways to stay safe, with vigilance and tools like password managers, antivirus software, multifactor authentication, encryption, burners, and even a bag of chips. Such tools not only increase a journalist’s personal security, but also help reporters gain the trust of sources who have sensitive material to offer and protect those sources from prying eyes.
Genetics
Authors: Regalado Antonio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Antonio Regalado, an award-winning biomedicine reporter at MIT Technology Review and a long-time genetics reporter, explains the critical issues in smart genetics journalism in this chapter. He emphasizes that genetic research is the story of technologies that are going to shape the 21st century—it’s about mastery of the molecular world and, sooner than people think, of their own chemical makeup. To cover genetics well, dive deep into the science, learn about new discoveries and technology, and then find a person, idea, or situation that makes the future impact clear to the reader. Understanding both the history of genetics research and the recent adaptation of pioneering new tools, like CRISPR, is essential. It’s important for the public to be aware and get involved early; otherwise, scientists will simply move ahead based on their own motivations, like curiosity, winning grants, or starting companies.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hutson Matthew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a fast-moving and multifaceted field, which makes it both exciting and tricky to cover. AI infiltrates much of people’s lives in ways seen and unseen. Hyperbole and exaggeration of AI’s potential is rampant, and in this chapter, New Yorker contributor and book author Matthew Hutson urges young journalists to get the science right by educating themselves and working with expert sources. Looking beyond the science to who is creating—and who is affected by—AI is also key. That’s where reporters will best be able to push beyond press releases to uncover new and important case studies and voices.
Supplementary Poems from Dōgen’s Extensive Record
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The final chapter contains a couple of dozen additional poems written by Dōgen that are not part of Menzan’s compilation but that I have selected from various parts of the Extensive Record, including sermons in volumes 1–7 plus 8, kōan comments in volume 9, and diverse poetic styles in volume 10. These materials are presented to supplement and complement the verses contained in Wisdom within Words by showing several different facets of Dōgen’s literary interests and writing skills. These are seen in relation to how he articulates the quest for enlightenment by encompassing particular examples of the universal meanings of spiritual realization in support of the conduct of a Zen adept and his assembly of monks during meditative practice, ceremonial occasions, or other particular activities.
How to Market the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony S. , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the 1940s, Neil Borden developed the term “marketing mix” to refer to the entire work of a business executive. The notion suggests that the function of business is marketing, and in 1960 Jerome McCarthy defined the functions of the marketing mix as the four Ps: Product, price, place, and promotion. In the arts, the Ps dont work. This text proposes a new paradigm—the four Es—that better explain what is, and what should be, happening in nonprofit arts marketing. Though art presented might be defined as a product, product misses the fact that the art occurs within audiences leading to an arts experience. Typical pricing strategies tend to be largely ineffective in the arts, which are typically inelastic. Ease of access is a concept that better addresses how arts organizations can reduce possible obstacles their potential audience may face. Place refers to the systems that move a product from a creator to a consumer, which are handled by channel managers. The arts, however, can rarely be moved through distribution channels. Instead, the piece that arts executives must consider in balancing their marketing mix is the environment in which the art is being provided. Even the concept of promotion is typically a stretch for arts organizations with limited resources and constantly evolving experiences. However, when the function of the arts promoter is considered to be education about the arts experience for the marketplace, the approach leads to enhanced value and engagement for the community.
Introduction
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the book How to Market the Arts: A Practical Approach for the 21st Century. It introduces the inspiration for the book: consistent scholarly material focused on engagement, experience, and environment for nonprofit arts organizations. It brings the reader step by step, describing the five parts to the book to establish expectations. It introduces how case studies are implemented in the book and notes that some have been anonymized to protect the identity of arts organizations that have struggled with the marketing mix. Finally, the introduction describes how the reader and an arts organization can use the book to transform their approach to engagement.
Place and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the notion of place as it refers to the supply chains and distribution channels of a business. It presents some of the major and various facets of the notion of place, and demonstrates why their structure may be suited for commercial and for-profit operations. It then investigates how those same reasons often lead to failure when attempting to implement them in the nonprofit arts. Nonprofit arts organizations rarely (if ever) use traditional distribution channels advocated by McCarthy to distribute art to consumers. The chapter includes a case about an arts organization that attempted to use multiply distribution channels to sell a greater number of tickets to their community.
Ease of Access and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter centers on describing the new framework of ease of access. In considering ease of access, arts organizations should explore how they can reduce the inevitable obstacles that exist between patrons and the access to the arts experience. It explores the broad obstacles of price, time, location, accessibility in venues, and self-efficacy that sometimes create barriers for community members to engage with an arts organization. The chapter encourages arts organizations to see that obstacles can be broken into two components: actual impact and how the obstacle occurs in the potential audience member’s mind. The chapter includes the case of the Public Theater’s Mobile Unit that eased access to communities throughout New York City in the 1950s, by reducing barriers of price, location, and self-efficacy.
Introduction
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Entertainment journalism still has many barriers to overcome in terms of providing a meaningful public service to news audiences. Yet such an endeavor is increasingly necessary at a time when the cultural and political spheres are colliding in ever more unprecedented and consequential ways. Due to a multitude of factors, the identity politics of race, gender, and sexuality have moved to the center of US public discourse, making their symbolic representation in pop culture as salient as ever. As entertainment industry figures increasingly embrace the roles of political advocates and agents of transformation in a landscape of blurred media and social boundaries, the journalists who cover them have an obligation to help the public make sense of these dynamics. However, the reporters and commentators tasked with unpacking the politics of pop culture and celebrity have been largely devalued or ignored by the journalism industry and the academic journalism studies field.
Progressing Hollywood
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how left-wing pop culture news coverage seeks to advance a project of cultural, social, and political progress by publicly scrutinizing the entertainment industry for its messages, representations, and off-screen actions. Through firsthand interviews, it explores how these journalists assess their influence on cultural producers and form an apparatus of accountability—typically in conjunction with social media activists—that creates public pressure on Hollywood to reform its ways. At the same time, journalists also raise concerns about how the push for progressive values in pop culture can be taken advantage of by Hollywood decision-makers to merely secure glowing news coverage for corporate entertainment products. Furthermore, the chapter addresses how issues of tokenism and surface-level progress also vex the field of entertainment journalism itself, even as it has made parallel moves to increase diversity in its workforce and elevate the cultural voices and political concerns of marginalized groups.
Rights and Their Limits
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book deals with how rights and their limits are dealt with in theories as well as in hypothetical and practical cases. It begins by considering moral status and its relation to having rights including whether animals have them and what rights future persons have. It considers whether rights are grounded in duties to oneself, which duties are correlative to rights, and whether neuroscientific and psychological studies can help determine what rights we have. The limits of the right not to be harmed are investigated by considering critiques of deontological distinctions, costs that must be undertaken to avoid harming, and a proposal for permissibly harming someone in the Trolley Problem. The possibility that the Trolley Problem can help determine what rights are involved in programming self-driving cars, providing medical treatments, and redistributive economic policy is considered. The book concludes by comparing the use of case-based judgments about extreme cases in moral versus aesthetic theory, and by exploring the significance of the right not to be harmed for morally correct policies in the extreme cases of torture and a pandemic. Where pertinent, the views on these issues of T. Regan, D. Parfit, C. Korsgaard, S. Kagan, R. Dworkin, A. Sen, A. Gibbard, J. Greene, A. Danto, and J. Thomson, among others, are considered.
Rights and Their Related Duties
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which a theory of perfect justice is necessary and important for identifying actual injustices in the real world. It examines Amartya Sen’s views of perfect and imperfect justice and various traditional and nontraditional conceptions of moral rights and the correlative duties that putatively arise from them. Sen’s approach to rights and justice is compared and contrasted with John Rawls’s. In the course of examining these topics, human rights, impartiality, responsibility, and the relevance of end-states (as well as how they’re produced) to theories of justice are also discussed.
Intuitions, the Veil of Ignorance, and Strains of Commitment
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter further discusses three sets of issues touched upon in earlier chapters: the nature and significance of intuitions such as are used in case-based reasoning, reasoning behind a veil of ignorance, and common versus personal goals. It does this by examining the treatment of these issues in Allan Gibbard’s Tanner Lectures. The first section centers on Gibbard’s discussion of the nature and significance of intuitions, considering Gibbard’s views about the justification of intuitive judgments and why people should place stock in intuitions if they accept a naturalistic worldview. The second section focuses on disagreements about the correct form of contractualist reasoning, critically discussing Gibbard’s view that to the extent to which morality is good for people, it involves giving each individual the highest prospective utility from behind the veil or ignorance. The third section centers on Gibbard’s discussion of how strains of commitment to others affect moral reasoning and the idea that each person acting for a shared goal may be the most rational course, yet something people can reasonably reject.
Rights and Their Limits: Nonconsequentialism in Light of the Trolley Problem
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter defends a nonconsequentialist approach to justifying harming innocent, nonthreatening people. The discussion centers on variations of cases where either a trolley driver or a bystander may redirect a trolley so that it kills one person, rather than five people to whom it is headed. The chapter begins by critically examining other nonconsequentialist proposals for why turning the trolley may be justified in both types of cases. The chapter then defends seven principles, which together make up the Doctrine of Productive Purity (DPP). The DPP is a “downstreamish” theory, implying that interpersonal harms may be justified by what produces them, as opposed to by the goods they produce as in consequentialist views. The chapter contrasts the DPP with threshold deontology and considers how those permissibly harmed may still resist being wronged. The chapter concludes by considering limits of the DPP, the moral significance of the DPP for relations between people, and its implications for the killing/letting die distinction.
The Trolley Problem and Economic Policy
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter’s subject is whether the permissibility of turning a runaway trolley from killing five toward killing one other person undermines the libertarian argument that we may not harm some people, by way of taxation policies, in order to help others to a greater degree. Guido Pincione has argued that the conditions that make it permissible to turn the trolley are also satisfied in the taxation case. The chapter examines Pincione’s account and raises three concerns with it, noting that (i) there may be morally significant differences between killing and imposing economic harm, (ii) accepting Pincione’s analogy may have counterintuitive implications, and (iii) the conditions that make it permissible to turn the trolley may not be satisfied in the taxation case. The chapter closes by considering how more recent work on the Trolley Problem bears on Pincione’s discussion.