bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Dust Clumps with Sub-Jupiter Mass and Cold Shadowed Region in Gravitationally Unstable Disk around Class 0/I Protostar in L1527 IRS
Authors: Ohashi Satoshi , Nakatani Riouhei , Liu Hauyu Baobab , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Zhang Yichen , Hanawa Tomoyuki , Sakai Nami 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the protostellar disk around a Class 0/I protostar, L1527 IRS, using multiwavelength observations of the dust continuum emission at λ = 0.87, 2.1, 3.3, and 6.8 mm, obtained by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). Our observations achieved a spatial resolution of 3–13 au and revealed an edge-on disk structure with a size of ∼80–100 au. The emission at 0.87 and 2.1 mm is found to be optically thick, within a projected disk radius of r
proj ≲ 50 au. The emission at 3.3 and 6.8 mm shows that the power-law index of the dust opacity (β) is β ∼ 1.7 around r
proj ∼ 50 au, suggesting that grain growth has not yet begun. The dust temperature (T
dust) shows a steep decrease with T
dust ∝ r
proj
−2 outside the VLA clumps previously identified at r
proj ∼ 20 au. Furthermore, the disk is gravitationally unstable at r
proj ∼ 20 au, as indicated by a Toomre Q parameter value of Q ≲ 1.0. These results suggest that the VLA clumps are formed via gravitational instability, which creates a shadow on the outside of the substructure, resulting in the sudden drop in temperature. The derived dust masses for the VLA clumps are ≳0.1 M
J. Thus, we suggest that Class 0/I disks can be massive enough to be gravitationally unstable, which may be the origin of gas giant planets in a 20 au radius. Furthermore, the protostellar disks could be cold due to shadowing.
Black Hole Mass Measurements of Early-type Galaxies NGC 1380 and NGC 6861 through ALMA and HST Observations and Gas-dynamical Modeling*
Authors: Kabasares Kyle M. , Barth Aaron J. , Buote David A. , Boizelle Benjamin D. , Walsh Jonelle L. , Baker Andrew J. , Darling Jeremy , Ho Luis C. , Cohn Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 2 observations of CO(2–1) emission from the circumnuclear disks in two early-type galaxies, NGC 1380 and NGC 6861. The disk in each galaxy is highly inclined (i ∼ 75°), and the projected velocities of the molecular gas near the galaxy centers are ∼300 km s−1 in NGC 1380 and ∼500 km s−1 in NGC 6861. We fit thin disk dynamical models to the ALMA data cubes to constrain the masses of the central black holes (BHs). We created host galaxy models using Hubble Space Telescope images for the extended stellar mass distributions and incorporated a range of plausible central dust extinction values. For NGC 1380, our best-fit model yields M
BH = 1.47 × 108
M
⊙ with a ∼40% uncertainty. For NGC 6861, the lack of dynamical tracers within the BH’s sphere of influence due to a central hole in the gas distribution precludes a precise measurement of M
BH. However, our model fits require a value for M
BH in the range of (1–3) × 109
M
⊙ in NGC 6861 to reproduce the observations. The BH masses are generally consistent with predictions from local BH–host galaxy scaling relations. Systematic uncertainties associated with dust extinction of the host galaxy light and choice of host galaxy mass model dominate the error budget of both measurements. Despite these limitations, the measurements demonstrate ALMA’s ability to provide constraints on BH masses in cases where the BH’s projected radius of influence is marginally resolved or the gas distribution has a central hole.
Galactic Winds across the Gas-rich Merger Sequence. II. Lyα Emission and Highly Ionized O vi and N v Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
Authors: Liu 刘 Weizhe 伟哲 , Veilleux Sylvain , Rupke David S. N. , Tripp Todd M. , Hamann Frederick , Martin Crystal 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper is the second in a series aimed at examining the gaseous environments of z ≤ 0.3 quasars and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) as a function of AGN/host galaxy properties across the merger sequence. This second paper focuses on the Lyα emission and O vi 1032, 1038 and N v 1238, 1243 absorption features, tracers of highly ionized gas outflows, in ULIRGs observed with HST/COS. Lyα emission is detected in 15 out of 19 ULIRGs, and 12 of the 14 clear Lyα detections show emission with blueshifted velocity centroids and/or wings. The equivalent widths of the Lyα emission increase with increasing AGN luminosities and AGN bolometric fractions. The blueshifts of the Lyα emission correlate positively with those of the [O iii] λ5007 emission, where the latter traces the ionized gas outflows. The Lyα escape fractions tend to be slightly larger in objects with stronger AGN and larger outflow velocities, but they do not correlate with nebular line reddening. Among the 12 ULIRGs with good continuum signal-to-noise ratios, O vi and/or N v absorption features are robustly detected in six of them, all of which are blueshifted, indicative of outflows. In the combined ULIRG + quasar sample, the outflows are more frequently detected in the X-ray weak or absorbed sources. The absorption equivalent widths, velocities, and velocity dispersions of the outflows are also higher in the X-ray weak sources. No other strong correlations are visible between the properties of the outflows and those of the AGN or host galaxies.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Electron Acceleration at Bow Waves Driven by Fast Jets in the Earth’s Magnetosheath
Authors: Vuorinen Laura , Vainio Rami , Hietala Heli , Liu Terry Z. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The shocked solar wind flows around the Earth’s magnetosphere in the magnetosheath downstream of the Earth’s bow shock. Within this region, faster flows of plasma, called magnetosheath jets, are frequently observed. These jets have been shown to sometimes exhibit supermagnetosonic speeds relative to the magnetosheath flow and to develop bow waves or shocks of their own. Such jet-driven bow waves have been observed to accelerate ions and electrons. We model electron acceleration by magnetosheath jet-driven bow waves using test-particle Monte Carlo simulations. Our simulations suggest that the energy increase of electrons with energies of a few hundred eV to 10 keV can be explained by a collapsing magnetic trap forming between the bow wave and the magnetopause with shock drift acceleration at the moving bow wave. Our simulations allow us to estimate the efficiency of acceleration as a function of different jet and magnetosheath parameters. Electron acceleration by jet-driven bow waves can increase the total acceleration in the parent shock environment, most likely also at shocks other than the Earth’s bow shock.
r-process Viable Outflows are Suppressed in Global Alpha-viscosity Models of Collapsar Disks
Authors: Just O. , Aloy M. A. , Obergaulinger M. , Nagataki S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Collapsar disks have been proposed to be rich factories of heavy elements, but the major question of whether their outflows are neutron rich and could therefore represent significant sites of the rapid neutron-capture (r-) process or dominated by iron-group elements remains unresolved. We present the first global models of collapsars that start from a stellar progenitor and self-consistently describe the evolution of the disk, its composition, and its outflows in response to the imploding stellar mantle, using energy-dependent M1 neutrino transport and an α-viscosity to approximate turbulent angular-momentum transport. We find that a neutron-rich, neutrino-dominated accretion flow (NDAF) is established only marginally—either for short times or relatively low viscosities—because the disk tends to disintegrate into an advective disk already at relatively high mass-accretion rates, launching powerful outflows but preventing it from developing a hot, dense, and therefore neutron-rich core. Viscous outflows disrupt the star within ∼100 s with explosion energies close to that of hypernovae. If viscosity is ignored, a stable NDAF with disk mass of about 1 M
☉ is formed but is unable to release neutron-rich ejecta, while it produces a relatively mild explosion powered by a neutrino-driven wind blown off its surface. With ejecta electron fractions close to 0.5, all models presumably produce large amounts of 56Ni. Our results suggest that collapsar models based on the α-viscosity are inefficient r-process sites and that genuinely magnetohydrodynamic effects may be required to generate neutron-rich outflows. A relatively weak effective viscosity generated by magnetohydrodynamic turbulence would improve the prospects for obtaining neutron-rich ejecta.
Antidiabetic Effect Test of Insulin Stem Extract (Tithonia diversifolia) Toward Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: Suherman Suherman , Hamzah Baharuddin , Pulukadang Sri Hastuti V. , Rahmawati Sitti , Hardani Muhammad Fakhrul , Hardani Ririen , Saifah Andi 
Published: August 2022

Insulin Plant is a plant that has potency to be used as an antidiabetic drug. This is due to the presence of the chemical content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols. A research on the effects of insulin antidiabetic extract stem test (Tithonia diversifolia [Hemsl] A. Gray) in the which stem insulin was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol, antidiabetic tests conducted using test animals mice induced with streptozotocin 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Tested animals were Divided into 5 groups, call now was given a different treatment. The treatment I was given a suspension of 1% Na CMC as a negative control. Treatment II, III and IV administered insulin stem extract per call now with a dose of 125 mg / kg, 250 mg / kg and 500 mg / kg. Treatment of V given glibenclamide suspension as a positive control. Blood glucose levels were measured using glucometer mice. Data were Analyzed using ANOVA statistical tests at 95% confidence level. The analysis shows that the stem extract of insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) is proven to lower blood glucose levels Significantly for rats, after treatment for 14 days and the dose of insulin stem extract are effective in lowering the blood glucose level is 250 mg / kg.
Aspirin Protective Effect on Cyclophosphamide Induced Hematological Toxicity
Authors: Hashim Imad , Al-Attar Zaid , Hamdan Saba Jasim 
Published: August 2022

Bone marrow toxicity is the most important factor limiting the use of cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents in cancer treatment. Recently PG synthase enzyme inhibitors have been reported to potentiate the cytotoxic effects of these agents on cancer cells but little is known if they can affect the toxicity of these agents on bone marrow or other tissues. Cyclophosphamide is one of the most commonly used alkylating agent. In the present work, the effect of these PG synthase enzyme inhibitors, aspirin on cyclophosphamide myelotoxicity was determined employing the peripheral blood count to reflect bone marrow injury. The effect on body weight changes caused by cyclophosphamide was also determined. Cyclophosphamide in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg i. v. produced as a dose dependent reduction in total WBC count, granulocyte, non granulocyte, and Hb% which was maximum on second day after injection and still present on 5th day post injection. It also produced a dose dependent reduction in body weight on day 5 after injection. Aspirin in doges of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg i. m. protected against the reduction in WBC counts 'measured for 5 days after injection of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg). This protection was not dose dependent, though it was more optimum with 300 mg/kg and disappeared largely when a dose of 450 mg/kg was used. Aspirin did not prevent the changes in Hb% but retard the reduction in body weight caused by cyclophosphamide. It is concluded that aspirin can help to reduce injury and enhance recovery from bone marrow toxicity caused by cytotoxic agents such as the alkylating drugs cyclophosphamide for which no specific antidote is available. Aspirin produces this effect possibly by eliminating the harmful inhibitory effect of excess PGs or leukotrienes, released by bone marrow injury on growth factors of haemopoietic progenitor cells. The magnitude of this protection on WBC counts does not seem to differ between either PG synthase enzyme inhibitors or steroids when used alone or in combination although a synergistic effect in protecting erythropoiesis is observed.
Persistent Inflammation Initiated by TORCH Infections and Dysbiotic Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Prospect for Future Interventions
Authors: Alibek Kenneth , Niyazmetova Luiza , Farmer Sean , Isakov Terence 
Published: August 2022

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that are clinically present early in childhood with the symptoms of social withdrawal and repetitive behavior. Despite an extensive research on ASD, no commonly accepted theory on the disease etiology exists. Hence, we reviewed several scientific publications, including reviews, preclinical and clinical investigations, and published hypotheses to analyze various opinions on the nature and cause of the disorder. Many studies suggest that infections and inflammation during pregnancy play a significant role in genetic and epigenetic changes in the developing fetus, resulting in an autistic phenotype in a child. Still, there is a lack of comprehensive literature about the multitude of autism inducing factors. Therefore, this article reviews and discusses available scientific evidence on the roles of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, overactivation of the immune system, and intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of ASD. The overview of the scientific publications, including our own studies, suggests that TORCH infections, imbalanced microbiome, and persistent inflammation are significantly associated with the disruption of the social domain in ASD children. The ASD-related changes begin prenatally as maternal-to-fetal immune activation triggered by infection. It results in continuous low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress in a fetus, causing germline and somatic genetic changes in the developing brain and the establishment of the dysregulated immune system. These changes and dysregulations result in central and peripheral nervous systems dysfunctions as well as other comorbid conditions found in autistic children.
Nāgārjuna, le milieu et la vacuité
Authors: Petit Alain 
Published: August 2022

On a tenté, à partir des Stances du milieu par excellence , de ressaisir le sens de la vacuité selon Nāgārjuna : cela supposait que l’on suspendît les croyances fondant l’attachement de l’ego à un « soi-même » tout autant qu’aux « choses ». Par là, on entrevoyait l’idée d’un milieu absolu, par lequel les phénomènes, vides de « nature propre », seraient interconnectés sans être assujettis aux formes conventionnelles de l’espace et du temps.
An Introduction to The Buddhist Cultural Values and Social Life of Himachali People in India
Authors: Dhammajoti Beligalle 
Published: August 2022

Himachal Pradesh is a Northern State of India and bears particular types of geographical, cultural and social characteristics. Nowhere in the world that we find this type of cultural and strange social milieu. Geographically, it is a mountainous area with thousands of dangerous precipices with scenic splendour with many of the Himalaya snow-capped mountains. From mountain to mountain, from province-to-province narrow roads are present and they are extremely unsafe. Environmentally it is the most suitable place for man to lead a happy and healthy life. People are fortunate enough to breathe fresh air and use pure water. Their religious and cultural values are of a unique character and the social life can also be considered to be peaceful and exemplary in nature. Buddhist monasteries in the Himalayan region have been having a profound impact on the cultural and social life of the people for centuries. Some of the aspects of Buddhist cultural values remain unnoticed. This paper tries to prove that there is exceptionality in Himachal culture and its social life. The objective of this research is to show the peculiarity of the Himachal life style to the rest of the world. The research method used in this research work is a qualitative research method based on observed empirical information, and secondary documents are also used.
Inhibition of APLN suppresses cell proliferation and migration and promotes cell apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells <em>in vitro</em>, through activating PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Yuhan , Wang Gang , Liu Xiaojun , Yun Dong , Cui Qing , Wu Xiaoting , Lu Wenfeng , Yang Xiwen , Zhang Ming 
Published: August 2022

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer mortalities globally with a high incidence rate. Apelin (APLN) plays regulatory roles in different organs. However, its role in esophageal cancer remains unknown. Therefore, our study aims to explore the effect of APLN on esophageal cancer. One hundred and eighty-four (184) esophageal tumor tissues samples from patients with esophageal cancer, and 11 esophageal tissues samples from healthy volunteers were analyzed for the expression of APLN. APLN was highly expressed in the tumor of patients with esophageal cancer and esophageal cancer cells. Patients with high expressions of APLN had a lower survival rate than the ones with low to medium expressions of APLN. Human esophageal carcinoma cell lines, TE-1 and ECA-109 cells were transfected with APLN siRNA to knockdown APLN, or transfected with pcDNA-APLN to overexpress APLN. Inhibition of APLN by siRNA-APLN reduced proliferative, migrative, and invasive abilities of esophageal cancer cells and promoted cell apoptosis, which could be all restored by pcDNA-APLN. Moreover, knocking down APLN by siRNA-APLN suppressed the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings identify that APLN inhibition might ameliorate esophageal cancer through activating the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, thus APLN could be a potential target for esophageal cancer.
Sleep Disorders in Patients with Parkinson's Disease during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Desai Ishita , Gupta Ravi , Kumar Mritunjai , Tiwari Ashutosh , Kumar Niraj 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
To assess the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on sleep disorders among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using validated questionnaires.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study involved 50 PD patients and 50 age, gender, and body mass index-matched controls. All participants underwent assessment of cognition using Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale, sleep quality using Parkinson's disease sleep scale-2 (PDSS-2; for PD patients) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; for PD patients and healthy controls), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) using Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), insomnia symptoms and severity using insomnia severity index (ISI), restless legs syndrome (RLS) using International RLS Study Group criteria, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) using RBD Single-Question Screen (RBD1Q), and depression using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale.

Results:
Eighty-eight percent of PD patients reported one or more sleep disorders, compared to 28% controls. While 72% of PD patients reported poor sleep quality (PDSS-2 ≥15, PSQI >5), 60% had insomnia, 58% reported RBD, 50% had EDS, and 36% reported RLS. Depressive symptoms were reported by 70% patients. PD patients with and without poor sleep quality were comparable with regards to demographic and clinical variables, except for depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). Depressive symptoms showed a significant association with EDS (P = 0.008), RBD (P < 0.001), and insomnia (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
Prevalence of sleep disorders increased in PD patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prevalence of EDS, RBD, and RLS in PD patients was higher compared to that reported in studies during the pre-COVID-19 times. Presence of depressive symptoms was a significant correlate of presence of sleep disorders in PD patients.
The Spectrum of Neuro-COVID
Authors: Vengalil Seena , Mahale Rohan , Chakradhar N. , Alluri Swathi , Sagar Navanith PR , VH Ganaraja , Haripriya KR , Vikram Holla Venkappayya , Asranna Ajay , Mailankody Pooja , Seshagiri Doniparthi V , Cheerla H Manoj , Maturu VN , Vaddepally CR , Kenchaiah Raghavendra , PR Srijithesh , Chaudhuri Jaydip Ray , M Netravathi , Alladi Suvarna 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Though reports of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have emerged from various parts of the world, the cohorts reported are from the West and mostly derived from electronic databases. Much remains unknown regarding neuro-COVID in developing countries. India is the second-worst affected country, and this study reports the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in a comprehensively evaluated cohort.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to describe the range of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in India with an emphasis on the risk factors, laboratory and imaging findings and short-term outcome.

Methods:
Retrospective review of hospital records of all confirmed COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations, receiving inpatient care in two neurology referral hospitals were done. All demographic, clinical details, investigations, and treatment were analysed.

Results:
A total of 120 confirmed COVID-19 cases presenting with neurological symptoms were included. The mean age of illness and duration of illness was 48.03 ± 17.3 years and 10.9 ± 17.3 days respectively. New onset of neurological symptoms occurred in 100 cases while 20 patients had worsening of pre-existing neurological illness. Stroke was the commonest neurological disorder (43%), followed by encephalopathy (23%) and Guillain-Barre syndrome (10%). Other unusual neurological manifestations included new-onset headache (7%), seizures including denovo status epilepticus (5%) and meningo-encephalitis (5%). Nearly half of the patients had preceding COVID-19 symptoms. Poor outcome at discharge was seen in 40% and mortality occurred in 15%.

Conclusion:
Stroke and encephalopathy constitute the most common neurological manifestations. The absence of preceding COVID-19 symptoms in nearly half the cases is striking. Poor outcome was seen in nearly 50% despite early recognition and management.
Demystifying the Relevance of Size Amongst Macro- and Micro-Corticotropinoma
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Jain Nimisha , Bhansali Anil , Bhadada Sanjay K. , Walia Rama 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective:
In individuals with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (CS), to estimate the differences between micro-corticotropinoma (size ≤6 mm and 6-10 mm), macro-corticotropinoma (>10 mm) and ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ECS), in relation to their epidemiological, clinical and biochemical parameters.

Methods:
In individuals with CS, the clinical and hormonal parameters, and magnetic resonance imaging of sella were collected from 1984 to 2019. A total of 138 cases of micro-corticotropinoma, 47 cases of macro-corticotropinoma and 21 cases of ECS were compared.

Results:
Except for size, there were no differences in biochemical and hormonal parameters of macro- and micro-corticotropinoma, irrespective of their size (≤6 mm, 6-10 mm and >10 mm). In comparison to Cushing’s disease (CD), individuals with ECS had a male predominance (F:M ratio of 2.4:1 vs. 0.5:1), shorter duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis (24 vs. 12 months). They also had a higher ACTH (139 vs. 65.8 pg/ml), 0800h cortisol (1200 vs. 880 nmol/l), 2300h cortisol (1100 vs. 700 nmol/l) and cortisol levels after high dose dexamethasone suppression test (1050 vs. 244.5 nmol/l).

Conclusion:
The biochemical phenotype of macro-corticotropinoma resembles that of micro-corticotropinoma despite their larger tumour size, suggesting that the former is relatively less functional. Micro-corticotropinoma ≤6 mm and 6-10 mm have a similar clinical and biochemical profile. As compare to CD, ECS is characterised by a higher disease burden as reflected in their higher cortisol, more autonomicity and loss of rhythmicity.