bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One Hundred Days
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes President Carter’s first one hundred days in office, during which he gave a fireside chat about the nation’s energy crisis identifying it as the major problem facing the country. He vetoed popular water projects, favored projects that preserved the environment, and searched for a new director of the CIA. He underscored his intention to make human rights the theme of his administration. He brought Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to the White House individually to discuss peace between Israel and Egypt. He appointed a Presidential Commission on Mental Health with Rosalynn serving as honorary chair, and he invited country music star Willie Nelson to the White House. He identified US long-standing ally Iran as a principle abuser of human rights, and he planned to negotiate a new treaty with Panama. He dismissed criticisms of his born-again religion and drunken antics of his brother Billy as irrelevant to his governing style.
Religion, Race, and Politics
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Jewish and Israeli attitudes to the Carters and the Carters’ stands against racism. It begins by relating how Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter denied that they were anti-Semitic. They nudged Israel toward providing justice for the Palestinians and invited Menachem Begin and Aliza Begin to visit the White House. Begin made clear his defense of Israel, and Aliza showed little interest in forming a personal relationship with Rosalynn. Accused of favoring Blacks in the government and international relations, the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan burned a cross and staged a demonstration in Carter’s hometown of Plains. Carter stood firm in his beliefs, and finally became the president who restored integrity to Dr. Samuel Mudd, who many years earlier had been accused of being a conspirator in the Lincoln assassination.
The Tightrope to Peace
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Carters ongoing efforts to broker peace in the Middle East. In order to bring Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat together at Camp David to negotiate a peace agreement, Carter had to understand each personality and the needs of each nation, convince Jewish-American voters that he was on their side, and balance the US relationship with Arab countries for economic and national security reasons. When he sold F-15 fights jets to Saudi Arabia, Senator Abraham Ribicoff held a closed door meeting with Jewish members of the Senate to convince them that Carter would always keep Israel better armed than its Arab enemies. The chapter also considers problems at home, where he had to deal with Senator Ted Kennedy’s opposition to his national healthcare bill, which weakened Carter’s position in the Democratic party. In addition, although the United States had given asylum to famed Soviet novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the Russian novelist made a powerful speech condemning the degradation of values in the hedonistic and wasteful West. Rosalynn Carter intended to answer him, and did so by defending the progress that the United States had made during the Carter administration.
Miracle at Camp David
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Middle East summit hosted by Carter at Camp David. Since for centuries Egypt and Israel had been at war with each other and none who had tried to end it had been successful, the framework for peace that Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin, and Anwar Sadat drew up at Camp David seemed like a miracle. Carter’s ability to understand the personalities and to find a common ground in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism was the catalyst that helped it work. They also wanted it to work. During the summit they visited the Civil War Battlefield at Gettysburg, a dramatic reminder of the horrors of war. Carter increased security for Sadat at Camp David, shared a Sabbath celebration with the Begins, and welcomed Israel’s decision to make concessions about lands she had held since 1967. Carter’s personal diplomacy worked, and the three men went to the White House and initialed a plan for peace. The wives, especially Rosalynn and Jehan, played a significant role by encouraging their husbands not to give up.
“A Great and Beautiful Job”
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Carter’s time in office after Camp David. It begins with Speaker Tip O’Neill, who when he complimented the president for “a great and beautiful job,” was not referring to the Camp David agreement but to Carter’s success in getting legislation related to energy and ethical reforms passed. He congratulated him on the miracle at Camp David too, but O’Neill was particularly loyal to the Democratic Party and relished it’s success. The chapter then shows how Carter had no time to rest, because there was a revolution in Iran against the shah and Billy Carter was cutting a possibly illegal deal with Libya. One bright spot was Miss Lillian’s visit with Pope Paul VI in Rome, where she asked him to pray for her son.
Khomeini, Bella, and Rosalynn
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with Ayatollah Khomeini’s return to Tehran from Paris to take charge of Iran and attempt to return it to an Islamic Republic, an action which threatened the US presence there and would require Carter to search for a new relationship with that country. It also shows how, at home, Congresswoman Bella Abzug attempted to ignore the president and criticize him for not paying her sufficient attention; in a very controversial move, Carter fired her as Chair of the National Women’s Committee. The chapter also discusses how Rosalynn supported Carter’s decision and remained strong and up front as she testified before Congress about mental health and urged her husband to fire Secretary Joseph Califano for not supporting her efforts and being disloyal to the administration.
A White House Signing
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter returns to the issue of Middle East peace. It begins by describing how, when Menachem Begin threatened to withdraw from the Camp David agreement, Rosalynn Carter tried in vain to convince his wife Aliza to change his mind. The chapter goes on to show that the Carters decided to make a quick, emergency trip to both Israel and Egypt to urge the principals to follow through with the agreement they had initialed after the Camp David Summit. They had no trouble with Sadat and eventually convinced Begin to keep his word. The chapter ends with the dramatic, highly publicized signing ceremony on the North Lawn of the White House on March 26, 1979.
Kennedys and Terrorists
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that when Ted Kennedy declared that he would be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, Carter faced a tough challenge that no sitting president had ever faced. A member of his own party wanted to unseat him. Since the Kennedy name and family were powerful, the challenge was particularly difficult. It goes on to show that Carter was forced to call for the resignation of his ambassador to the UN, Andrew Young, who had made comments about political prisoners and greeted Palestinians in New York. Finally, when the exiled shah of Iran was diagnosed with a terminal cancer that could only be treated in the United States, Carter knuckled under to pressure from David Rockefeller and Henry Kissinger to allow him into the country for medical treatment, which inflamed anti-US sentiment in Iran.
In the Name of God, Iran!
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, on November 4, 1979, a group of radical Muslim students stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took more than fifty diplomats who worked there hostage. It was the beginning of 444 day stand-off between Carter and the Ayatollah Khomeini that dominated the remainder of the Carter presidency. It shows how Bruce Laingen emerged as leader of the captive hostages, while Charles Kirbo, Colonel Charles Beckwith, Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher, National Defense Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Carter’s adviser on Iranian affairs Gary Sick, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs David Jones, CIA Director Stansfield Turner, and others, came to prominence. The chapter also discusses Rosalynn Carter, who continued her plan to visit refugee camps in Thailand and perhaps rose to the highest acclaim ever awarded any First Lady. Meanwhile, Ted Kennedy continued his plan to unseat Carter, and Carter continued to manage the government and international diplomacy as he had always done.
The Soviet Union Makes a Move
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Soviet Union, taking advantage of the hostage crisis in Iran, moved its troops into Afghanistan on Christmas Eve 1979 and took control of that country. In addition to secretly sending aid to the Afghan resisters, in a dramatic speech Carter issued the “Carter Doctrine” declaring that the US would defend the Persian Gulf area from foreign invasion by whatever means necessary, including the use of nuclear weapons. The Soviets did not attempt to expand beyond Afghanistan, and Carter gave assistance to Pakistan to help keep them contained. The chapter also shows how he proceeded with the SALT II discussions although Brzezinski’s aide Madeleine Albright said that the reduction in weapons would not significantly change anything. Carter punished the Soviets by declaring that US athletes would not participate in the Olympic Games in Moscow and placing an embargo on grain destined for the Soviet Union, all at the cost of losing support at home and among allies.
Hostages and Politics
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates the ultimately successful top secret plan, called the “Canadian Caper,” to rescue six US diplomats who had escaped capture by the Iranian students put in place by Carter, the CIA, and the Canadian ambassador to Iran Kenneth Taylor. The chapter then goes on to discuss how Carter dropped his plan to balance the nation’s budget and began a massive, secret build-up of US military power using the most modern technology. Finally, it addresses Ted Kennedy’s campaign to win the Democratic nomination. Carter opted to concentrate on his job as president as long as the hostages remained imprisoned, while Rosalynn took the lead in the campaign.
Delta Force
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, after negotiating in vain for more than a year for release of the US hostages held in Iran, Carter gave Delta Force the green light to launch a well-planned secret rescue operation. Commanded by Colonel Charles Beckwith and planned by General James Vaught, the group had been rehearsing in the Southwest desert since the hostages had been taken. The chapter also shows that Rosalynn Carter, Walter Mondale, Christopher Warren, Harold Brown, Stansfield Turner, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and David Jones, after being carefully briefed with the details of how the plan would work, all advised Carter to proceed with it. Only Secretary of State Cyrus Vance disagreed. Although carefully launched from Desert One, the malfunction of equipment caused Beckwith to abort the plan. Eight US soldiers died in an accident in the desert as they exited Iran, and an extremely disappointed president addressed the nation early the next day to explain what had happened.
An Uphill Battle
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, when Ronald Reagan won the Republican nomination instead of Gerald Ford, the Carter campaign prepared for an uphill battle to win reelection. First, he had to get the Democratic nomination from the determined Ted Kennedy, who neither withdrew nor conceded until after Carter had easily won at the Democratic National Convention. It goes on to show that despite the efforts of Tip O’Neill and Robert Strauss to maintain party unity, Kennedy did not cooperate and weakened the Democrats as they went into the national election. Carter scored domestic victories with the Alaska Lands Act and the Mental Health Bill, but the hostages remained in captivity, and the energy crisis was unresolved. Nevertheless, Rosalynn and others in the Carter camp fought long and hard to keep Carter in the White House.
Welcome Home
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the transition period when, immediately after the election, Jimmy Carter resumed his work as president. He worked harder to win release of the hostages, offering to release the Iranian funds he had impacted in return for their freedom. He succeeded in completing his major accomplishment in saving the environment with the Alaska Lands Act, protecting more land as wilderness than any other president. Warren Christopher, meeting with Algerian mediators in Algiers, completed the negotiations that convinced the Iranians to free the fifty-two remaining US captives, who in violent, dramatic, and emotional events, made their way to Algerian planes ready to fly them to freedom. During the Reagan inauguration ceremonies and allegedly at the moment Reagan was inaugurated, the planes took off for Algeria and Germany. Reagan graciously gave Carter the credit for the negotiations that freed the hostages and provided the former Air Force One to transport him and others to Germany the next day to greet the hostages and welcome them to freedom.
A Place in the World
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins the story of the Carters’ lives after the presidency. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter returned to their home in Plains on January 20, 1981 to a tumultuous greeting at the Train Depot, exhausted, disappointed, but determined to find their new place in the world. Carter seemed happy to be free of the responsibilities of the presidency, but Rosalynn drifted into a deep depression that lasted for months. Soon, they became involved in selling the Carter peanut warehouse, renting their farms, writing their autobiographies, giving a few speeches, and traveling. Virtual outcasts in the Democratic Party they attended very few party events. They did join other former presidents to attend the funeral of Anwar Sadat after his assassination. His death was a personal loss to them because of their close friendship with him and his wife Jehan since the earliest days of his presidency. During that journey, Carter bonded with his former opponent Gerald Ford in a friendship that would inform their post-presidencies. Jimmy and Rosalynn were also already exploring a way to continue the major theme of their presidency, promoting peace and human rights in the world.
Servant of Peace
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews how, in late 1994, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter embarked upon three major peace missions in North Korea, Haiti, and Bosnia. Using personal diplomacy with the leader of North Korea and his wife, they got a commitment to freeze development of nuclear weapons, return to discussions with the United States, and return the remains of US soldiers who had died in Korea during the Korean war. In Haiti, Carter, Colin Powell, and Senator Sam Nunn succeeded in convincing the military junta to allow the democratically elected ruler return to power before President Bill Clinton launched a military invasion to force them to do so. Jimmy and Rosalynn’s greatest challenge came in Bosnia, where, after intense discussions with the White House, they journeyed to negotiate a cease fire in a bloody war that had been raging for several years. Often traveling in dangerous conditions, they persuaded Radovan Karadzic, Slobodan Milosovic, and Alija Izetbegovic to sign a cease fire that ultimately made a peace treaty possible.
Tyrants, Books, and Mr. Earl
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Carter came under heavy criticism for his willingness to consult with tyrants and dictators in Africa and among the PLO in order to bring them to the negotiating table. He became associated with the Cooperative Baptists who were more liberal that the Southern Baptist Convention, worked to free elections in Chinese villages, and journeyed with Rosalynn to Panama to participate in the ceremony returning the canal to the Panamanians. His books Always and Reckoning and Other Poems and An Hour before Daylight revealed much about his relationship with his father and how he resembled Mr. Earl in his relationship with his own sons. As Carter reviewed his life, time and again his father emerges as his primary molding parent and the one he most wanted to please. An Hour before Daylight is his magnum opus, not only as a memoir but as a sociological and historical account of the South on the eve of the Civil Rights movement and end of the Jim Crow Era.
The Nobel Prize
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, in the fall of 2002, Carter finally won the Nobel Peace Prize. A candidate since he had brokered the Camp David Accords in 1978, he had been passed over several times. After receiving the phone call, Carter made his first public appearance in Plains where he explained that he had won and listed some of the reasons why, but he retained the humility that had characterized most of his life, giving equal credit to Rosalynn and to the Carter Center. He immediately began to draft his speech with the help of Rosalynn and his trusted advisers. When he went to Oslo in December to claim the prize, in addition to his family and staff from the Carter Center, he invited African-American diva Jessye Norman from Augusta, Georgia, to sing at the ceremony and his friend Willie Nelson to perform during the festivities. In his acceptance speech, he reviewed his and Rosalynn’s work as well as that of the Carter Center. He notably praised the Muslim Anwar Sadat and the Jew Yitzhak Rabin who had given their lives in the cause of peace. Obliquely referring to his own allegedly Christian country, he emphasized that the growing chasm between rich and poor was the cause of many of the world’s troubles, including war. “We must work together for peace,” he proclaimed, before hurrying back to Atlanta to resume his work with the Carter Center.
Tuned to the World
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, when a guide on a fishing trip with Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter commented that she was “tuned to the world,” he accurately described how well she and her husband battled for peace, freedom, and basic human rights. They traveled from Venezuela to Africa to Israel to Japan and China and back to Plains and Atlanta doing the same work, taking the same message, ignoring their critics, and raising money they needed to help the Carter Center grow into a large and powerful peacekeeping institution. Carter condemned President George W. Bush’s war with Iraq as unjustified, Rosalynn held mental health symposia at the center, and both of them urged Israel to make permanent peace with the Palestinians. When the US government had announced that it would honor Carter by naming a new, powerful submarine for him, Carter had declared, as he had when president, that such power was necessary to guarantee peace in the world. When christening it, Rosalynn slashed as much champagne on Carter the man as Carter the submarine.
Endangered Values and Apartheid in Palestine
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Carter’s anger with President George W. Bush’s pro-war foreign policy and Israel’s stance against Palestinian freedom exploded in 2005 and 2006 in two of his most popular books. Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis protested Bush’s pre-emptive war against Iraq, lie about the existence of weapons of mass destruction, and use of torture techniques against the enemy. It particularly condemned the alliance of Republican politicians with conservative religious leaders. Carter questioned what had happened to the separation of church and state and reminded his readers that Thomas Jefferson had argued that in a free country there must be a wall of separation between church and state. Palestine Peace Not Apartheid stirred a hornet’s nest of criticism by condemning the concrete wall constructed between Israeli and Palestinians areas, the creation of Jewish settlements to drive out Palestinians, and Israel’s general refusal to discuss peace and separate statehood with the Palestinians. By using the word “apartheid,” he suggested that Israel practiced a cruel form of segregation similar to that in South Africa. Carter defended himself but did not back down from use of the word, and critics who did not understand him again labeled him anti-Semitic. Carter continued his work for peace, joined a group of former Nobel Peace Prize laureates called The Elders, and wrote another book, Beyond the White House, in which the influence of his father on his own life again loomed large.
Journey into Eternity
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how, at the age of eight-six, Carter went with The Elders to Gaza, the West Bank, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Israel in his unending search for peace in the Holy Land. He would not rest, he said, until Israel and Egypt were reconciled and the last guinea worm was exterminated. But he and Rosalynn traveled less, and he was more often found in Plains on Sunday mornings teaching a Sunday School class at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, which attracted visitors from across the country and around the world who wanted to hear him related a biblically based message to his history and to current events. He and Rosalynn wrote Op-ed pieces, occasionally gave speeches, and he published a moving autobiography, A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety. When Rosalynn was recovering from a life-threatening surgery, he wrote Faith: A Journey for All. Although age, health issues, a pandemic, the waxing of conservative US politics, forced his and Rosalynn’s retreat to their home in Plains, he made his voice known with brief public statements and occasional cameo appearance at his home. He and Rosalynn celebrated their seventy-fifth wedding anniversary on July 7, 2021, and in 2022 their Carter Center that waged peace, fought disease, and promoted democracy around the world was a living institution that sealed their reputations as giants among peacemakers and humanitarians.