bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transposable element insertion: a hidden major source of domesticated phenotypic variation in Brassica rapa
Authors: Cai Xu , Lin Runmao , Liang Jianli , King Graham J. , Wu Jian , Wang Xiaowu 
Published: March 2022

SummaryTransposable element (TE) is prevalent in plant genomes. However, studies on their impact on phenotypic evolution in crop plants are relatively rare, because systematically identifying TE insertions within a species has been a challenge. Here, we present a novel approach for uncovering TE insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) using pan‐genome analysis combined with population‐scale resequencing, and we adopt this pipeline to retrieve TIPs in a Brassica rapa germplasm collection. We found that 23% of genes within the reference Chiifu‐401‐42 genome harbored TIPs. TIPs tended to have large transcriptional effects, including modifying gene expression levels and altering gene structure by introducing new introns. Among 524 diverse accessions, TIPs broadly influenced genes related to traits and acted a crucial role in the domestication of B. rapa morphotypes. As examples, four specific TIP‐containing genes were found to be candidates that potentially involved in various climatic conditions, promoting the formation of diverse vegetable crops in B. rapa. Our work reveals the hitherto hidden TIPs implicated in agronomic traits and highlights their widespread utility in studies of crop domestication.
Photodynamic Therapy: Critical PDT Theory†
Authors: Kessel David 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy can be useful for the eradication of malignant cells at sites that are accessible to light delivery. There are few adverse effects, with many clinical reports indicating that PDT has curative potential. Patients with minimal disease, where success is more likely, are also sought by those promoting other protocols. New photosensitizing agents that initiate light‐catalyzed reactions continue to be discovered. Reports describing advances in understanding fundamental aspects of photobiology are always of interest. But, implications for treatment of neoplasia and other diseases are not always justified, especially when poorly penetrating wavelengths of light are employed, often at very high light doses. Efficacy is sometimes estimated by protocols that may not accurately measure photokilling. Many reports claiming potential clinical relevance for in vitro observations are based on a limited understanding of the determinants of clinical efficacy. The future of photodynamic therapy depends on an appreciation of what can be accomplished, especially when used with other modalities, but will also depend on the goals and interests of granting agencies, pharmaceutical groups, and clinical personnel. This commentary is intended to provide some thoughts on current research efforts, especially where clinical implications are suggested, hinted at or otherwise implied.
Power Law in COVID-19 Cases in China
Authors: Ahundjanov Behzod B. , Akhundjanov Sherzod B. , Okhunjanov Botir B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first identified in China in December 2019. Within a short period of time, the infectious disease has spread far and wide. This study focuses on the distribution of COVID-19 confirmed cases in China—the original epicentre of the outbreak. We show that the upper tail of COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities is well described by a power law distribution, with exponent around one in the early phases of the outbreak (when the number of cases was growing rapidly) and less than one thereafter. This finding is significant because it implies that (i) COVID-19 cases in China is heavy tailed and disperse; (ii) a few cities account for a disproportionate share of COVID-19 cases; and (iii) the distribution generally has no finite mean or variance. We find that a proportionate random growth model predicated by Gibrat’s law offers a plausible explanation for the emergence of a power law in the distribution of COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities in the early phases of the outbreak.
Epidural myelolipoma in a Silken Windhound
Authors: Ierardi Rosalie A. , Anderson Melanie N. , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Matheson Jodi S. , Sample Saundra H. , Coates Joan R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA 12‐year‐old female spayed, Silken Windhound dog was presented with a 3‐month history of lethargy and cervical and lumbosacral spinal pain. No significant abnormalities were noted on CBC or serum biochemical assays. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine demonstrated a soft tissue mass within the ventral and right epidural space at the level of the L7 vertebra. During surgery, a pale brown mass was identified within the epidural fat. Cytologic and histopathologic examinations demonstrated that the mass was composed of adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements, consistent with a myelolipoma. The lumbosacral spinal pain resolved after surgery. Epidural myelolipomas are rarely reported in the human and veterinary literature.
Effect of calcanean bone‐tunnel orientation for teno‐osseous repair in a canine common calcanean tendon avulsion model
Authors: Beamon Weston L. , Duffy Daniel J. , Chang Yi‐Jen , Moore George E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of bone‐tunnel anchoring technique on teno‐osseous repair of the common calcanean tendon (CCT) in dogs.Study designRandomized, ex vivo, biomechanical.PopulationForty‐two skeletally mature canine hindlimbs.MethodsCanine hindlimbs were dissected to produce a model simulating avulsion of the CCT and accessory tendons from the calcaneus. Hindlimbs were randomized to 1 of 3 anchoring techniques (n = 14/group): a single transverse tunnel (TT), vertical tunnels (VT), or modified bone tunnels (MT) for teno‐osseous repair in a 3‐loop‐pulley (3LP) pattern using 0 USP polypropylene. Yield, peak and failure loads, construct stiffness, loads to produce a 3 mm teno‐osseous gap, and failure modes were compared between groups.ResultsThe only difference detected consisted of TT constructs yielding at loads 25% higher than MT constructs (P = .027).ConclusionAlthough yield loads were lower in MT constructs than other groups, the bone‐tunnel anchoring techniques tested here did not appear to influence the biomechanical properties or gapping characteristics of teno‐osseous repairs in this canine CCT avulsion model.Clinical significanceAll drilling techniques and bone‐tunnel orientations tested in the study reported here offer viable options to reattach the CCT to the calcaneus. Surgeons should evaluate how bone‐tunnel orientation may affect placement of adjunctive fixation methods to stabilize the talocrural joint after primary CCT repair in dogs.
Application of a bilateral temporal fascia free graft in a dog with multifragmented frontal sinus and nasal bone fracture
Authors: Dunand Lucile , Belluzzi Elena , Bongartz Alexandre , Caraty Johan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of temporal fascia free grafts to treat dorsal open comminuted frontal sinus and nasal fractures.AnimalOne Belgian shepherd dog.Study designCase reportMethodsA 5‐year‐old spayed female Belgian shepherd was admitted with severe facial deformation due to trauma. A deep, 3 cm wide wound was present between the nose and the frontal sinus. No abnormalities were detected on neurological examination. On computed tomographic examination, comminuted open fractures of the frontal and nasal bones were associated with a severe depression of the dorsal wall and presence of bone fragments in the sinus cavities. Bone fragments were apposed with polydioxanone monofilament suture. Bilateral temporal fascia grafts were placed over the bone fragments.ResultsThe integrity of the frontal and nasal cavities, and the facial profile of the dog were restored. No short‐term or long‐term complications were observed after 4 months follow up.ConclusionThe innovative combination of suture apposition of bone fragments and a temporal fascia free graft resulted in very satisfying long‐term outcomes in a dog with open sinus and nasal bone fractures.
Azione Sindacale, Lavoro a Distanza e Gap Di Genere. L’Unione Europea Sollecita un Cambio di Paradigma
Authors: Guaglianone Luciana 
Published: March 2022

L’articolo riflette sul rapporto tra organizzazioni sindacali e genere per concludere che gli organismi collettivi sono dominati da una forte ideologia maschilista i cui effetti si ripercuotono, non solo sull’organizzazione interna, ma anche sui contenuti dei testi contrattuali. Fatte queste premesse, l’interrogativo che muove la ricerca è comprendere se le organizzazioni sindacali siano in grado di operare per colmare il gap di genere in materia di lavoro digitale, gap la cui evidenza è esplosa a causa della pandemia. L’articolo si chiude con l’individuazione di possibili aree di interventi contrattuali e con una riflessione/confronto sul rapporto tra evoluzione del modello sindacale ed evoluzione della idea di industria e del ruolo che potrebbe svolgere.
Obesity and exercise training alter inflammatory pathway skeletal muscle small extracellular vesicle microRNAs
Authors: Sullivan Brian P. , Nie Yaohui , Evans Sheelagh , Kargl Chris K. , Hettinger Zach R. , Garner Ron T. , Hubal Monica J. , Kuang Shihuan , Stout Julianne , Gavin Timothy P. 
Published: March 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Is 1 week of exercise training sufficient to reduce local and systemic inflammation?
Do obesity and short‐term concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training alter skeletal muscle extracellular vesicle (EV) contents?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Obesity alters skeletal muscle small EV microRNAs targeting inflammatory and growth pathways. Exercise training alters skeletal muscle small EV microRNAs targeting inflammatory pathways, indicative of reduced inflammation. Our findings provide support for the hypotheses that EVs play a vital role in intercellular communication during health and disease and that EVs mediate many of the beneficial effects of exercise.

AbstractObesity is associated with chronic inflammation characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, whereas exercise training reduces inflammation. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30–150 nm) participate in cell‐to‐cell communication in part through microRNA (miRNA) post‐transcriptional regulation of mRNA. We examined whether obesity and concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training alter skeletal muscle EV miRNA content and inflammatory signalling. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from sedentary individuals with (OB) and without obesity (LN). Before and after 7 days of concurrent aerobic and resistance training, muscle‐derived small EV miRNAs and whole‐muscle mRNAs were measured. Pathway analysis revealed that obesity alters small EV miRNAs that target inflammatory (SERPINF1, death receptor and Gαi) and growth pathways (Wnt/β‐catenin, PTEN, PI3K/AKT and IGF‐1). In addition, exercise training alters small EV miRNAs in an anti‐inflammatory manner, targeting the IL‐10, IL‐8, Toll‐like receptor and nuclear factor‐κB signalling pathways. In whole muscle, IL‐8 mRNA was reduced by 50% and Jun mRNA by 25% after exercise training, consistent with the anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise on skeletal muscle. Obesity and 7 days of concurrent exercise training differentially alter skeletal muscle‐derived small EV miRNA contents targeting inflammatory and anabolic pathways.
Experimental and Numerical Flow Analysis of an Engine Realistic State-of-the-Art Turbine Rear Structure
Authors: Vikhorev Valentin , Nylander Pär , Chernoray Valery , Larsson Jonas , Thulin Oskar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents experimental and numerical CFD studies of the aerodynamics of a turbine rear structure (TRS). The TRS test geometry is an engine-realistic state-of-the-art design with a polygonal outer case, recessed engine mount bumps, and three different vane types: regular vanes, bump vanes in bump sectors, and thick vanes. Using three different sector types simultaneously was found to be crucial for the inlet boundary conditions. Experiments were performed in a modern rotating test facility with a low-pressure turbine (LPT) stage upstream of the TRS. A Reynolds number of 350,000 was used, representative of a TRS in a narrow-body geared turbofan engine. The TRS performance was analyzed both at on- and off-design conditions, and a thorough side-by-side comparison of CFD and experiments was performed. Static-pressure distributions, turning and outlet flow-angles, wakes and losses, and surface-flow visualizations and outlet total pressure contours are presented. The thick vane showed good aerodynamic performance, similar to the regular vane. For the bump vane, the mount bumps were found to generate additional local separations and secondary flows, resulting in extra losses. In the regions with strong secondary flows, CFD over-predicts the wakes, whereas the wakes around midspan, where secondary flows have a smaller influence, are predicted well.
Seeking Human Help to Manage Plan Failure Risks in Semi-Autonomous Mobile Manipulation
Authors: Al-Hussaini Sarah , Dhanaraj Neel , Gregory Jason M. , Jomy Joseph Rex , Thakar Shantanu , Shah Brual C. , Marvel Jeremy A. , Gupta Satyandra K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe present a framework for identifying, communicating, and addressing risk in shared-autonomy mobile manipulator applications. This framework is centered on the capacity of the mobile manipulator to sense its environment, interpret complex and cluttered scenes, and estimate the probability of actions and configuration states that may result in task failures, such as collision (i.e., identifying “risk”). If the threshold for acceptable risk is exceeded, a remote operator is notified and presented with timely, actionable information in which the person can quickly assess the situation and provide guidance for the robot. This framework is demonstrated with a use case in which a mobile manipulator performs machine tending and material handling tasks.
Fluid-Driven Cracks Tunneling in Cemented Hydrocarbon Wells
Authors: Wang Zhengjin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pressurized fluids may invade into the cement sheath of hydrocarbon wells during hydraulic fracturing and other construction operations in shale gas and oil exploitation. Excessive fluid pressure provides a driving force for small cracks to grow and tunnel through the length of the well, leading to the loss of zonal isolation and severe consequences. This work studies fluid-driven cracks tunneling in the bulk or along the interfaces of the cement sheath. We calculate the energy release rate of the tunneling crack as a function of the width of the tunnel. As long as the maximum energy release rate is below the fracture energy of the cement or the interfaces, no tunnels will form. This failsafe criterion predicts that the interfaces are much more vulnerable to tunneling cracks than the bulk of cement sheath. It is further shown that cement sheath with high Young’s modulus and high Poisson’s ratio can better resist fluid-driven cracks. The influence of casing pressure is also examined. Different loading conditions may have conflicting requirements on the properties of cement sheath. Compromises need to be made in engineering practice.
Effectiveness of Unilateral Training of the Uninjured Limb on Muscle Strength and Knee Function of Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Education
Authors: Cuyul-Vásquez Iván , Álvarez Eliana , Riquelme Ariel , Zimmermann Rocio , Araya-Quintanilla Felipe 
Published: March 2022

Context: Unilateral training of the uninjured limb could be a useful therapeutic tool to induce cross-education in periods of immobilization, however, the effectiveness of this training in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is unknown. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of unilateral training of the uninjured limb on muscle strength and knee function in patients with ACL reconstruction. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence Acquisition: An electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE, LILACS, CENTRAL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro databases from inception until March 2021. The authors included randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of unilateral training of the uninjured limb on muscle strength and knee function in patients after ACL reconstruction. Evidence Synthesis: Seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria, and for the quantitative synthesis, 5 studies were included. The standardized mean difference for isometric quadriceps strength was 0.60 at 8 to 12 weeks (95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.92; P = .01; I2 = 6%). There was a high quality of evidence according to the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation rating. Four studies assessed knee function through different self-administered questionnaires at 8, 24, and 26 weeks. Only one study reported significant differences in knee function at 8 weeks, favoring the unilateral training group. Conclusions: There was a moderate to high quality of evidence, with statistical significance that the addition of unilateral training to standard rehabilitation improved the cross-education of quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction. More research is needed to assess the consistency of these results. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews registration number: CRD42020199950.
Broadband Signal Amplification Paths for Semiconductor Radiation and Particle Detectors (Review)
Authors: Puryga E. A. , Khilchenko A. D. , Kvashnin A. N. , Moiseev D. V. , Ivanenko S. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study is devoted to the development of amplifying paths for plasma diagnostics, a significant part of which use semiconductor detectors as sensors that form low-intensity current signals. One feature of these diagnostics is the oscillographic form of registering sensor signals. In tandem with detectors, broadband transimpedance amplifiers that are based on operational amplifiers are used to amplify and normalize sensor signals. The principles of constructing such amplifying paths are considered taking the factors affecting their final noise and frequency characteristics into account. Practical examples of the construction of amplifying paths of corpuscular and neutron plasma diagnostics, as well as the Thomson-scattering diagnostics, that are used at the plasma installations of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) are presented.
Species Composition and Features of Fish Biology of Thermal Mineral Springs of the Arctic River Gilmimliveem (East Chukotka)
Authors: Shestakov A. V. , Grunin S. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fish fauna of the Gilmimliveem River (the Bering Sea basin) includes five taxa of species and subspecies ranks: Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus signifer, resident (landlocked) dwarf Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malma, relict three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus cf. aculeatus, the nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius, and the western slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus cognatus. Arctic grayling and nine-spined stickleback were found for the first time. Two rare Beringian subspecies are recorded (T. arcticus signifier and C. cognatus cognatus) and a local endemic of Northeast Asia (G. cf. aculeatus). A morphological description, some features of the biology and current state of populations of freshwater fish of a unique ecosystem of thermal mineral springs of the Gilmimliveem River are presented for the first time. The linear growth of these fish on the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Arctic (the northeastern edge of the Asian continent) is discussed.
Information for children and young people about reporting suspected adverse drug reactions
Authors: Hawcutt Daniel B , Jadeja Mitul , Bhoombla NIkita , Smith Sophie , McWilliam Stephen J 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundWhen children and young people (CYP) report their own suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs), different patterns of drugs and symptoms are noted. A new guide to reporting suspected ADRs using the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Yellow Card scheme was developed by CYP, paediatric clinical pharmacology, Yellow Card Centres and the MHRA.MethodsAn anonymous quality improvement project to assess the guide for CYP was undertaken (September 2020–February 2021).ResultsThe survey was completed by 234 CYP age 13–18 years. Within respondents, 68/226 (30.1%) were using medicines, 209/225 (92.9%) had used medicines previously, and 211/225 (93.8%) had heard of side effects. 79/225 (35.1%) believed they had experienced a side effect, with some requiring hospitalisation. Only 8/221 (3.6%) respondents were aware of the MHRA Yellow Card scheme.Overall, 182/196 (92.9%) of CYP both understood the guide and felt more knowledgeable about how to report suspected side effects. CYP comfortable to report their own suspected ADR increased from 179/222 (80.6%) before reading guide, to 189/196 (96.4%) after reading the new CYP guide. In addition, 156/196 (79.6%) believed they would report a side effect from a medicine used in future. Over 360 free-text comments were also received, providing comments about what was good about the new guide and areas for improvement that could be made.ConclusionThe new guide for CYP to inform them about how to report a suspected ADR to the MHRA was well received and increased the knowledge, and confidence to report, in those who responded.
Quantitative contrast sensitivity test to assess visual function in central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Vingopoulos Filippos , Garg Itika , Kim Esther Lee , Thomas Merina , Silverman Rebecca F , Kasetty Megan , Hassan Zakariyya Y , Yu Gina , Joltikov Katherine , Choi Eun Young , Laíns Inês , Kim Leo A , Zacks David N , Miller John B 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundTo characterise the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) compared with healthy controls using novel computerised contrast sensitivity (CS) testing with active learning algorithms.MethodsProspective observational study measuring CSF in CSCR eyes and controls using the Manifold Platform (Adaptive Sensory Technology, San Diego, California). Mixed effects multivariate regression models were used. Outcomes included area under the log CSF (AULCSF), CS thresholds at 1, 1.5, 3, 12 and 18 cycles per degree (cpd) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Associations of contrast outcomes with structural findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and subjective symptomatology were investigated.ResultsForty CSCR eyes and 89 controls were included with median BCVA logarithm of median angle of resolution 0.10 (20/25) versus 0.00 (20/20), respectively (p=0.01). When accounting for age, CSCR was associated with significantly reduced median AULCSF (p=0.02, β=−0.14) and reduced CS thresholds at 6 cpd (p=0.009, β=−0.18), 12 cpd (p<0.001, β=−0.23) and 18 cpd (p=0.04, β=−0.09), versus controls. Within the CSCR group, subjectively perceived visual impairment (N=22) was associated with significantly decreased CS thresholds at all spatial frequencies and in AULCSF compared with asymptomatic CSCR eyes (N=18). Ellipsoid zone attenuation and subfoveal fluid on OCT were associated with decreased AULCSF and CS thresholds specifically at 3, 6 and 12 cpd, whereas presence of extrafoveal fluid at 1.5 and 3 cpd.ConclusionContrast sensitivity is significantly reduced in CSCR, and strongly correlates with subjective visual impairment. Different structural biomarkers correlate with contrast thresholds reductions at different spatial frequencies.