bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Coagulation: A Potentially Lethal Manifestation in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Tiwari Varun , Ingole Abhishek 
Published: January 2022

Blood clotting is a well-known phenomenon which is intended to provide protection in case of any external cellular/ tissue injury. However, this phenomenon in COVID-19 patients is leading to unusual thrombotic presentations. Since the emergence of novel coronavirus, World has come across various benign as well as lethal manifestations in COVID-19 patients and one such life-threatening manifestation which needs rigorous attention is the genesis of strange blood clots that can travel and get logged into several parts of the COVID-19 patients leading to various clinical presentations. COVID-19 infection is caused due to interaction of spike glycoproteins of coronavirus with ACE 2 receptors on the host cell surface. This interaction in the arteries, veins or capillaries could lead to injury in the vascular wall of blood vessels that can directly/Indirectly lead to coagulation and clotting cascades activation and subsequent formation of internal blood clots. However, it is undesirable to have the presence of these clots as they could lead to certain fatal complications that need emergency medical intervention or else, they may lead to the death of a patient. Due to the severity of this manifestation, early detection of these blood clots in covid-19 patients become very important intervention which could be done by observing certain specific signs and symptoms and/or with the help of various laboratory biomarkers like D-dimer, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, fibrinogen, etc. Once the early diagnosis is made, the patient can be treated appropriately with the help of anticoagulant therapy, which includes use of oral and parenteral anticoagulant drugs. This way the complications of blood coagulation like thrombo-embolism, could be prevented.
A Survey about the Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude towards Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) among the Dental Researchers of SGT University, Gurugram
Authors: Dhayal Monika , Sheokand Vidushi , Bhardwaj Amit , Varghese Chinnu Mary , Harender . , Goyal Madhur 
Published: January 2022

With the advancements in modern science and technology, Intellectual Property Rights came in to existence to benefit and encourage innovative people for their work. The term intellectual property rights gained his strength from a long time and much expanded since then. These rights are applied to all innovation irrespective of educational qualifications and implies to all subjects. Dentistry in recent years has also developed interest in the field of intellectual property rights (IPR) and Patents due to extensive research in the fraternity. Therefore, it is need of the hour to check out the awareness about intellectual property rights. If people would aware about IPR, then only can proceed for IPRs in future for their research findings. As the universities are the main hub of intellectuals therefore, aim of the present study was to determine the intellectual property rights (IPR) awareness level among the dental scholars of SGT University, Gurugram. Hence, this would be an advantage for dental researchers to explore and expand their scope of activities.
Role of Yogurt in Children having Diarrhea and Severe Acute Malnutrition at Nutrition Stabilization Center Hyderabad
Authors: Abbasi Aqsa , Shaikh Farzana , Chohan Muhammad Nadeem , Khoso Khuda Bux , Ahmed Zamir , Radhan Abdul Hameed 
Published: January 2022

Aim: The aim of conducting this study is to evaluate the role of yogurt in the dietary management of diarrhea in the severe malnutriated children.
Study Design: Observational prospective study.
Place and Duration: Nutrition Stabilization Center, Department of Pediatrics Civil Hospital Hyderabad from 1st July 2018 to 31st December 2018.
Methodology: A total of 100 children with severe acute malnutrition and Diarrhea, age 6 months to 5 years were enrolled. After admitting children were treated with yogurt instead of fluids, f-75 and ORS. Within 7 days of admission we observed and recorded that children tolerated the breast milk and yogurt, clinically improvement, General condition, Edema, Sunken eyes, Thirst, Skin pinch, Weight gain and Social response of baby. Chi-square test was also applied to observe the difference efficacy of yogurt in diarrhea in children suffering from malnutrition. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: Most of the children were 13 to 48 months of age. The average age and weight of the children was 32.04±13.53 months and 5.23±1.39kg respectively. Average number of stool was significantly reduced at day 1 and day 5. Overall it was observed that efficacy of yogurt in diarrhea in children suffering from malnutrition was 69%.
Conclusion: This study suggest that yogurt-based diet is effective in treating diarrhea in severely acute malnourished children. It should be granted priority in the nutritional management of severe malnutriated children affected by diarrhea.
Alternative Currencies
Authors: Carroll John Millar 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The development of money – manufactured coins – led to pervasive changes in economic exchange and in the structure of society. Coinage was a successful response to problems of earlier economic paradigms – barter and commodity money – but entrained problems of its own, including hoarding and disinvestment, and diminished social capital through weak ties. Contemporary alternative currencies, including recognition‐based currencies, community currencies, and cryptocurrencies, can be seen as emergent responses to the problems of money.
Infodemics
Authors: Blum Dinur , Smith Stacy L. , Sanford Adam G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The term “infodemic” is defined by the World Health Organization as “too much information including false or misleading information in digital and physical environments during a disease outbreak.” This entry explores the evolution of an infodemic as a concept and critiques of it, who benefits from the deliberate spread of misinformation, the consequences of infodemics during COVID‐19, and ways of managing them.
Environmental Problems
Authors: Dunlap Riley E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The entry provides an overview of the nature of environmental problems, including their historical progression, in the USA and worldwide. A simple model of the three major functions that the environment, or more specifically ecosystems, serve for humans and other species is presented: supply depot, waste repository, and living space. When humans overuse these functions, it leads to resource shortages and scarcities, pollution, and overcrowding or overpopulation. Furthermore, the use of a given environment for one function diminishes its ability to serve the other two, and wealthy nations not only overuse their own environments but those of other nations as well as the global ecoystem. The total human load represented by ecological footprints is exceeding the long‐term carrying capacity of the global ecosystem, and reducing it in an equitable manner that is fair to poor nations is proving to be difficult.
Rape Culture
Authors: Williams Joyce E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The words “rape” and “culture” link learned behavior and attitudes, as well as institutional supports, in a causal way to nonconsensual sex. The use of the term “rape” to describe a culture implies a pattern of behavior created, organized, and transmitted from generation to generation as part of the expectations associated with being male and being female. This entry traces the evolution of the concept of rape culture through the use of the term by the women's movement and, subsequently, by social scientists and the media. Clearly, rape culture is not an either/or phenomenon but exists to varying degrees from the institutionalization of rape to its perfunctory punishment as a crime. A rape culture is characterized by a high frequency of rape and other forms of violence against women, the full extent of which is unknown. There is no shortage of statistics to support the existence of a rape culture in the USA. Generated by various government agencies and by social scientists, these vary according to population base, definition, and methodology. All, however, depict a high frequency of rape, a low incidence of reporting to police, and a yet lower incidence of prosecution.
Science and the Measurement of Risk
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The relationship between science and the measurement of risk seems to be straightforward. How scientists measure risk and whether they can measure it accurately appear to be the two main issues. Fundamentally, it is a question of expert knowledge and accuracy. But other issues quickly arise: What type of risk? What type of science – pure or applied, natural, or social? Using the COVID‐19 pandemic as a focal point, this entry examines science and the measurement of risk by looking at issues such as the risks scientists identified and sought to scientifically mitigate, social media use, and its sociologically and politically assessed impact on vaccine hesitancy. Crucial to the analysis is a full understanding of the complex nature of the scientific enterprise and the bases for trust in scientific knowledge.
Workplace Diversity
Authors: Nkomo Stella , Giappone Krista Bonello Rutter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Workplace diversity would appear to have a rather short history as a field in organization studies if its emergence were located only within contemporary scholarship. Issues that commonly fall within the study of workplace diversity have always existed. This entry gives a brief history and review of the scholarship on workplace diversity, outlining key debates around defining diversity and adjacent concerns, and identifying different theoretical trajectories (such as social identity theory and organizational demography) and critical perspectives. It goes on to offer a glimpse into the continuing challenges and possible future directions indicated by the literature.
Does dose calculation algorithm affect the dosimetric accuracy of synthetic CT for MR‐only radiotherapy planning in brain tumors?
Authors: Lui Jeffrey C. F. , Lee Francis K. H. , Law C. C. , Chow James C. H. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeThis study compares the dosimetric accuracy of deep‐learning‐based MR synthetic CT (sCT) in brain radiotherapy between the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) and AcurosXB (AXB). Additionally, it proposes a novel metric to predict the dosimetric accuracy of sCT for individual post‐surgical brain cases.Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 post‐surgical brain tumor patients treated with Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). sCT and planning CT images were obtained for each patient. Treatment plans were optimized on sCT and recalculated on planning CT using both AAA and AXB. Dosimetric parameters and 3D global gamma analysis between sCT and planning CT were recorded. The bone volume ratio, a novel metric, was calculated for each patient and tested its correlation with gamma passing rates.ResultsFor AAA, the mean differences in Dmean and Dmax of PTV between sCT and planning CT were 0.2% and −0.2%, respectively, with no significant difference in PTV (p > 0.05). For AXB, mean differences in Dmean and Dmax of PTV were 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively, with significant differences in Dmean (p = 0.016). Mean gamma passing rates for AXB were generally lower than AAA, with the most significant drop being 9.3% using 1%/1 mm analyzed in PTV. The bone volume ratio showed significant correlation with gamma passing rates.ConclusionsCompared to AAA, AXB reveals larger dosimetric differences between sCT and planning CT in brain photon radiotherapy. For future dosimetric evaluation of sCT, it is recommended to employ AXB or Monte Carlo algorithms to achieve a more accurate assessment of sCT performance. The bone volume ratio can be used as an indicator to predict the suitability of sCT on a case‐by‐case basis.
Dose rate correction of a diode array for universal wedge field dosimetric verification
Authors: Shen Linyi , Li Mengyang , Li Guiyuan , Chen Xinyuan , Xu Shouping , Dai Jianrong , Tian Yuan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeTo study the performance of MapCHECK 3 (MC3) in measuring universal wedge fields and propose a dose rate correction strategy to improve MC3 measurement accuracy.Materials and methodsUniversal wedge fields with different wedge angles and field sizes were measured at different depths using MC3. Considering the more prominent dose rate dependence of type 4 diodes equipped by MC3, a program was developed to automatically correct the measurements based on the instantaneous dose rate (IDR) correction curve. Central axis (CAX) doses and off‐axis doses along the wedge direction, with and without the correction, were compared with those measured by an ion chamber under the same condition. Measurements using MC3 with and without correction were also compared with the planned doses calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS).ResultsIf MC3 was used for universal wedge field measurement with the dose calibration factor (DCF) derived from a reference open field, an error of up to −2.4% would be introduced into the CAX dose. Other factors (field size and measurement depth) would also affect the accuracy of measurement when they differed from the absolute dose calibration and the maximum error was up to −2.9%. While greater errors were observed in the off‐axis doses at the heel side of the wedge compared to the toe side due to the greater effective thickness of the wedge inserted into the beam. After dose rate correction, the deviations in the CAX dose were reduced to within ± 1.5%. The average gamma pass rate was also improved to over 99.5%.ConclusionBecause of the more prominent dose rate dependence of type 4 diodes, MC3 is not suitable for universal wedge field measurement using the methodology for open field measurement. The correction strategy proposed in this study is convenient and can improve the accuracy of universal wedge field measurement using MC3.
Self‐Powered Biosensor‐Based Multifunctional Platform for Detection and In Situ Elimination of Bacteria
Authors: Wang Yanfang , Hai Xin , Yan Yongcun , Zhi Shuangcheng , Bi Sai 
Published: February 2025

AbstractEnzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have been widely applied in self‐powered biosensing. However, the relatively low catalytic activity and poor stability of enzymes during immobilization limit their applications. Herein, hollow porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are synthesized to encapsulate glucose oxidase (GOx), which is applied to modify the bioanode of an EBFC‐based self‐powered biosensor to reduce interfacial interactions and improve the enzyme catalytic activity and stability. Based on aptamer recognition of the target Escherichia coli (E. coli), a cascade reaction is triggered on the bioanode, followed by the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) on the biocathode for signal amplification. This self‐powered biosensing platform exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity for E. coli detection in the range of 10 to 1.0 × 107 CFU mL−1 (S/N = 3) with a detection limit of 3 CFU mL−1. Moreover, owing to the generation of Ag+ during the cascade reaction, the in situ elimination of E. coli is realized. This study provides a new perspective for integrating the detection and in situ elimination of pathogenic environmental bacteria.
Carrier Dynamics of Facet‐Dependent Heterogeneous Interfaces in High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Pengxiang , Zhu Cheng , Su Wenli , Wang Shihao , Xu Zipeng , Wang Shanshan , Qi Mingxuan , Bao Xiaotian , Kang Fenglong , Hao Tongtong , Chen Qi , Bai Yang , Liu Xinfeng , Tang Gang , Zhang Wenkai 
Published: February 2025

AbstractUnderstanding carrier dynamics at interfaces and the interplay of surface structures is critical for improving perovskite solar cells. However, the competitive impact of facet‐dependent terminations and defects on carrier behavior remains unclear. Herein, carrier dynamics at all interfaces of quasi‐single‐crystal films with (001) and (111) preferred orientation are investigated. The carrier extraction time of the (001) top interface is the shortest (0.57 ns), followed by that of the (111) top interface (1.32 ns), while the (001)/(111) buried interfaces take longer times (3.61 and 5.87 ns), respectively. Carrier extraction at the top interface is observed to be markedly more efficient than that at the buried interface, attributed to the strong interfacial dipole and favorable band alignment induced by heterostructures involving phosphate group interactions. Moreover, the carrier extraction at the top interface of the (111) film is much lower than that of the (001) film due to severe defect‐assisted nonradiative recombination. It reveals that exposed surface terminations can influence the formation energy of interfacial defects, leading to the deep‐level defects. Ultimately, the (001)‐oriented device with excellent carrier extraction obtains a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.26% and a T90 lifetime of 400 h during maximum power point tracking.
Hot‐Injection Synthesis of Metal Organochalcogenide Nanocrystals with Tunable Compositions and Competitive Hole Mobility
Authors: Leangtanom Pimpan , Khamlue Rattapon , Dangkongko Achawee , Chatsiri Petcharaphorn , Paritmongkol Watcharaphol 
Published: February 2025

Abstract2D metal organochalcogenides (MOCs) are emerging hybrid organic–inorganic semiconductors with exciting properties, including strong exciton binding energy, polarized luminescence, in‐plane anisotropy, and record‐high exciton‐polariton coupling. However, existing synthesis methods struggle to deliver high‐quality materials with fast reaction time, high yield, and easy device integration. Herein, hot‐injection synthesis is introduced to produce silver phenylselenide (AgSePh) nanocrystals, a prototypical MOC, in 15 s, with a ≈70% yield and scalability of 0.4 grams. These nanocrystals remain colloidally stable in polar solvents for >4 weeks and can be spin‐coated into films for device applications. High‐resolution electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction confirm their crystallinity and purity, while optimization of solvent viscosity, time, concentration, and temperature allow control of nanocrystal size from 50 nm to 10 µm. This synthesis approach is extendable to MOCs with other chalcogen compositions, enabling bandgap tuning across the visible spectrum. Thermogravimetric analysis shows thermal stability above 200 °C, and 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggests a nucleophilic substitution reaction. UV–vis absorption, photoelectron yield, and Kelvin probe measurements indicate p‐type behavior, and AgSePh exhibits a hole mobility of 4.88 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, outperforming many organic and hybrid materials and rivaling commonly used inorganic hole‐transporting materials like CuSCN and NiOx in thin‐film electronics.
All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries with Microdomain‐Regulated Polycationic Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Ye Guo , Hong Xufeng , He Mengxue , Song Junjie , Zhu Lujun , Zheng Chengxi , Ma Yue , An Yun , Shen Kaier , Shi Weize , Jia Yongfeng , Shafqat Muhammad Burhan , Gao Peng , Xia Dingguo , Chen Fangfang , Pang Quanquan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for high‐energy and high‐safety solid‐state lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, a polycationic solid electrolyte (PCSE) is described that leverages the inherent high thermal/chemical stability of the polycationic domain and the anion trapping (FMAT) effect of another fluorinated microdomain for stable and fast‐charging high‐voltage LMBs. Specifically, while the polycationic imidazolium backbone ensures high segmental flexibility facilitating the Li+ mobility, the fluorinated microdomain effectively traps the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions by strong dipole interactions, imparting localized solvation and restricted mobility of the anions, as well as improved oxidation stability. As a result, the PCSE exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 1.4 mS cm−1, a high Li+ transference number of 0.50, and a wide electrochemical window of ∼5.5 V at 25 °C. By way of in situ thermal polymerization of the electrolyte within assembled cells, the PCSE enables ultra‐stable cycling of Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells with a capacity retention of 98.1% after 500 cycles at 0.2 C at ambient temperatures. The work on the molecular design of PCSEs represents a fundamentally unique perspective for the rational design of SPEs with balanced properties that are historically challenging for high‐energy, long‐life, ambient‐temperature solid‐state LMBs.
High‐Performance Three‐Dimensional Go‐Frame Electrode Design for Capacitive Humidity Sensors in Real‐Time Human Respiration Monitoring
Authors: Song Saegyoung , Kim Woo Jong , Seo Jeongwoo , Kim Dong Il , Sim Byeongchan , Lee Huigu , Kim Minju , Hong Jin Pyo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe increasing need of environmental and physiological monitoring propels the development of humidity sensors, especially for applications aimed at personal health detection. Among the various types of humidity sensors, capacitive humidity sensors are particularly noted for their rapid response, low power consumption, and high sensitivity. However, conventional capacitive humidity sensors, including widely used planar interdigitated electrodes (IDE) and parallel plate (PP) structures, face challenges with achieving high sensitivity and producing stable output signals. Thus, this work introduces a novel 3D electrode configuration called the “Go‐frame (GF),” designed to surmount these limitations by enhancing linearity, sensitivity, and stability. The GF humidity sensor consists of a pin structure on the bottom electrode, which is coated with a sensing material, and capped with a grid‐shaped top electrode. The experimental findings demonstrate that the GF humidity sensor outperforms both IDE and PP structures, achieving a sensitivity of 65.27 fF/%RH, low hysteresis of 4.06%, and enhanced signal stability. Additionally, the 3D‐structured humidity sensor exhibits high repeatability and long‐term stability over a week. This advancement in electrode design represents a significant innovation in capacitive humidity sensing technology, promising widespread adoption in critical applications, including real‐time human respiration monitoring.
Using soybean historical field trial data to study genotype by environment variation and identify mega‐environments with the integration of genetic and non‐genetic factors
Authors: Krause Matheus D. , Dias Kaio Olimpio G. , Singh Asheesh K. , Beavis William D. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] provides plant‐based protein for global food production and is extensively bred to create cultivars with greater productivity in distinct environments through multi‐environment trials (MET). The application of MET assumes that trial locations provide representative environmental conditions that cultivars are likely to encounter when grown by farmers. A retrospective analysis of MET data spanning 63 locations between 1989 and 2019 was conducted to identify mega‐environments (ME) for soybean seed yield in the primary production areas of North America. ME were identified using data from phenotypic values, geographic, soil, and meteorological records at the trial locations. Results indicate that yield variation was mostly explained by location and location by year interaction. The phenotypic variation due to genotype by location interaction effects was greater than genotype by year interaction effects. The static portion of the genotype by environment interaction variance represented 26.30% of its total variation. The observed locations sampled from the target population of environments can be divided into two or three ME, thereby suggesting that improvements in the response to selection can be achieved when selecting directly within clusters (i.e., regions and ME) versus selecting across all locations. In addition, we published the R package SoyURT that contains the datasets used in this work.