bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galactic Positrons from Thermonuclear Supernovae
Authors: Mera Evans T. B. , Hoeflich P. , Diehl R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) may originate from a wide variety of explosion scenarios and progenitor channels. They exhibit a factor of ≈10 difference in brightness and thus a differentiation in the mass of 56Ni → 56Co → 56Fe. We present a study on the fate of positrons within SNe Ia in order to evaluate their escape fractions and energy spectra. Our detailed Monte Carlo transport simulations for positrons and γ-rays include both β
+ decay of 56Co and pair production. We simulate a wide variety of explosion scenarios, including the explosion of white dwarfs (WDs) close to the Chandrasekhar mass (M
Ch), He-triggered explosions of sub-M
Ch WDs, and dynamical mergers of two WDs. For each model, we study the influence of the size and morphology of the progenitor magnetic field between 1 and 1013 G. Population synthesis based on the observed brightness distribution of SNe Ia was used to estimate the overall contributions to Galactic positrons due to escape from SNe Ia. We find that this is dominated by SNe Ia of normal brightness, where variations in the distribution of emitted positrons are small. We estimate a total SNe Ia contribution to Galactic positrons of <2% and, depending on the magnetic field morphology, <6–20% for M
Ch and sub-M
Ch, respectively.
Nonlinear Electromagnetic-wave Interactions in Pair Plasma. I. Nonrelativistic Regime
Authors: Ghosh Arka , Kagan Daniel , Keshet Uri , Lyubarsky Yuri 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
High brightness-temperature radiation is observed in various astrophysical sources: active galactic nuclei, pulsars, interstellar masers, and flaring stars; the discovery of fast radio bursts renewed interest in the nonlinear interaction of intense radiation with plasma. In astronomical systems, the radiation frequency is typically well above the plasma frequency and its spectrum is broad, so nonlinear processes differ considerably from those typically studied in laboratory plasma. This paper is the first in a series devoted to the numerical study of nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic waves with plasma. We start with nonmagnetized pair plasmas, where the primary processes are induced (Compton) scattering and filamentation instability. In this paper, we consider waves in which electron oscillations are nonrelativistic. Here, the numerical results can be compared to analytical theory, facilitating the development of appropriate numerical tools and framework. We distill the analytic theory, reconciling the plasma and radiative transfer pictures of induced scattering and developing in detail the kinetic theory of modulation/filamentation instability. We carry out homogeneous numerical simulations using the particle-in-cell codes EPOCH and Tristan-MP for both monochromatic waves and wave packets. We show that simulations of both processes are consistent with theoretical predictions, setting the stage for analyzing the highly nonlinear regime.
Searching for Islands of Reionization: A Potential Ionized Bubble Powered by a Spectroscopic Overdensity at z = 8.7
Authors: Larson Rebecca L. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Hutchison Taylor A. , Papovich Casey , Bagley Micaela , Dickinson Mark , Rojas-Ruiz Sofía , Ferguson Harry C. , Jung Intae , Giavalisco Mauro , Grazian Andrea , Pentericci Laura , Tacchella Sandro 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We present the results from a spectroscopic survey using the MOSFIRE near-infrared spectrograph on the 10 m Keck telescope to search for Lyα emission from candidate galaxies at z ∼ 9–10 in four of the CANDELS fields (GOODS-N, EGS, UDS, and COSMOS). We observed 11 target galaxies, detecting Lyα from one object in ∼8.1 hr of integration, at z = 8.665 ± 0.001 with an integrated signal-to-noise ratio > 7. This galaxy is in the CANDELS Extended Groth Strip (EGS) field and lies physically close (3.5 physical Mpc [pMpc]) to another confirmed galaxy in this field with Lyα detected at z = 8.683. The detection of Lyα suggests the existence of large (∼1 pMpc) ionized bubbles fairly early in the reionization process. We explore the ionizing output needed to create bubbles of this size at this epoch and find that such a bubble requires more than the ionizing power provided by the full expected population of galaxies (by integrating the UV luminosity function down to M
UV = −13). The Lyα we detect would be able to escape the predominantly neutral intergalactic medium at this epoch if our detected galaxy is inhabiting an overdensity, which would be consistent with the photometric overdensity previously identified in this region by Finkelstein et al. This implies that the CANDELS EGS field is hosting an overdensity at z = 8.7 that is powering one or more ionized bubbles, a hypothesis that will be imminently testable with forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope observations in this field.
The Bow Shock and Kinematics of PSR J1959+2048
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Deller Adam , Guillemot Lucas , Ding Hao , de Vries Martijn , Parker Chase , Zavala Robert T. , Chalumeau Aurélien , Cognard Ismaël 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Pulsar Hα bow shocks provide rare opportunities to constrain the energetics and kinematics of the relativistic pulsar wind. We have acquired optical imaging and integral field unit spectroscopy of the bow shock of the millisecond pulsar PSR J1959+2048, measuring the shock symmetry axis at a position angle = 213.2 ± 0.°2 and showing that this slow nonradiative shock has a broad-to-narrow line component ratio I

b
/I

n
= 4. The data show that the pulsar’s velocity lies 2.°2 out of the plane of the sky. Coupled with a new fit for its timing proper motion, giving μ
tot = 30.05 mas yr−1 and a Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) interferometric parallax measurement giving

d
=

2.57

−
0.77

+
1.84

kpc (90% range), we have unusually complete information on the pulsar kinematics. The bow shock constraints on the wind momentum flux imply that, at the best-fit parallax distance, the pulsar moment of inertia must be very large and/or the Hα efficiency at its modest shock velocity must be very high.
A Study of Photoionized Gas in Two H ii Regions of the N44 Complex in the LMC Using MUSE Observations
Authors: Barman Susmita , Neelamkodan Naslim , Madden Suzanne C. , Sewilo Marta , Kemper Francisca , Tokuda Kazuki , Sanyal Soma , Onishi Toshikazu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We use the optical integral field observations with Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the Very Large Telescope, together with CLOUDY photoionization models, to study ionization structure and physical conditions of two luminous H ii regions in the N44 star-forming complex of the Large Magellanic Cloud. The spectral maps of various emission lines reveal a stratified ionization geometry in N44 D1. The spatial distribution of [O i] λ6300 emission in N44 D1 indicates a partially covered ionization front at the outer boundary of the H ii region. These observations reveal that N44 D1 is a blister H ii region. The [O i] λ6300 emission in N44 C does not provide a well-defined ionization front at the boundary, while patches of [S ii] λ6717 and [O i] λ6300 emission bars are found in the interior. The results of spatially resolved MUSE spectra are tested with the photoionization models for the first time in these H ii regions. A spherically symmetric ionization-bounded model with a partial covering factor, which is appropriate for a blister H ii region, can well reproduce the observed geometry and most of the diagnostic line ratios in N44 D1. Similarly, in N44 C we apply a low-density and optically thin model based on the observational signatures. Our modeling results show that the ionization structure and physical conditions of N44 D1 are mainly determined by the radiation from an O5 V star. However, local X-rays, possibly from supernovae or stellar wind, play a key role. In N44 C, the main contribution is from three ionizing stars.
Assessment of Adiponectin and Resistin Indexes Compared to FBG and Useful as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Omar Salah , Higazi Hassan , Babker Asaad Mohammed Ahmed , Mohammed Sara Mohammed Ali , Eltoum Abd Elgadir 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Background and aim: The world prevalence of diabetes among adults will be 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults, in year 2010, and will increase to 7.7% and 439 million adults by year 2030. Insulin resistance is a prerequisite root factor for development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Adiponectin and resistin are adipokines which modulate insulin action, energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis. Meta-analyses showed that hypoadiponectinemia and hyperresistinemia are strongly associated with increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM),
Methods: In this case control study, A total 204 Sudanese males and females were recruited to participate in this study (102 diabetic and 102 non-diabetic) and venous blood samples were collected. Serum levels of blood glucose were measured using the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay method Cobas C-311®.While Adiponectin and Resistine estimated by ELISA Kits.
Results: In this results shows significant difference between the means fasting blood glucose (FBG), adiponectin, resistine of diabetic patient and non-diabetic patient. FBG (mean + SD) (164.5 ± 16.7) versus (95.7 ± 13.6), P = 0.041, adiponectin (mean + SD) (5.9 ± 1.6) versus (10.1 ± 1.3), P = 0.037, resistine (mean + SD) (18.2 ± 2.7) versus (12.2 ± 1.1), P = 0.023. In this study, observed from this results strong negative Correlation between the levels of serum Adiponectin and Fasting Blood Glucose, Adiponectin and Resistine. (P.value = 0.013, r = -7.9). (P.value = 0.019, r = -6.6). While showing in the other side moderate positive Correlation between the levels of serum Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.015, r = 6.0).
Conclusion: Iccrease of Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose and reduced of Adiponectin in diabetic patient compare to non-diabetic patient can be useful as diagnostic biomarkers.
Keywords: Adiponectin and Resistin, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes
Essential Biodiversity Variables: Extracting Plant Phenological Data from Specimen Labels Using Machine Learning
Authors: Mora-Cross Maria Auxiliadora , Morales-Carmiol Adriana , Chen-Huang Te , Barquero-Pérez María 
Published: May 2022

Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) make it possible to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity over time at different spatial scales. Its development is led by the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) to harmonize, consolidate, and standardize biodiversity data from varied biodiversity sources. This document presents a mechanism to get baseline data to feed the Species Traits Variable Phenology or other biodiversity indicators by extracting species characters and structure names from morphological descriptions of specimens and classifying such descriptions using machine learning (ML).
A workflow that performs Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Classification of morphological descriptions using ML algorithms was evaluated with excellent results. It was implemented using Python, Pytorch, Scikit-Learn, Pomegranate, Python-crfsuite, and other libraries applied to 106,804 herbarium records from the National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica (INBio). The text classification results were almost excellent (F1 score between 96% and 99%) using three traditional ML methods: Multinomial Naive Bayes (NB), Linear Support Vector Classification (SVC), and Logistic Regression (LR). Furthermore, results extracting names of species morphological structures (e.g., leaves, trichomes, flowers, petals, sepals) and character names (e.g., length, width, pigmentation patterns, and smell) using NER algorithms were competitive (F1 score between 95% and 98%) using Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory Networks with CRF (BI-LSTM-CRF).
Pressions sur les terres
Authors: Delcourt Laurent 
Published: May 2022

Marginalisé hier encore dans les stratégies de développement, le rôle des agricultures paysannes pour lutter contre la faim, la détérioration des écosystèmes et le changement climatique, est désormais reconnu. Mais le sort des petits producteurs reste compromis, à l’heure où s’exercent de nouvelles pressions sur les terres. Promue par les institutions internationales, la « cohabitation harmonieuse » entre agrobusiness et agricultures paysannes ne change pas la donne.
Pressions sur les terres
Authors: Holt-Giménez Eric , Galand Julie 
Published: May 2022

Le concept de « souveraineté alimentaire » apparaît aujourd’hui incontournable tant dans l’opposition au développement agro-industriel que dans la résolution de la crise alimentaire mondiale. Pour promouvoir l’idée, une synergie s’impose entre organisations internationales militantes – comme la Via Campesina – et celles qui naissent de l’échange spontané de pratiques agro-écologiques entre petits paysans – comme Campesino a Campesino.
Pressions sur les terres
Authors: Teyssier André , Ramarojohn Landry , Andrianirina Ratsialonana Rivo 
Published: May 2022

Les manœuvres d’appropriation foncière à grande échelle tentées par les entreprises Daewoo et Varun International à Madagascar ont participé à la déstabilisation du gouvernement Ravalomanana. Au-delà, elles ont mis en jeu deux modèles de développement : l’un confiant le développement du pays à l’agrobusiness d’exportation, l’autre priorisant la souveraineté alimentaire et une politique foncière favorable aux exploitations familiales.
Promoting Mobility in the Intensive Care Unit: An Educational Interprofessional Initiative
Authors: Jones Janice , Steeg Linda , Ohtake Patricia M. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Collaborative interprofessional practice is essential in the critical care arena to promote quality, safety, and positive outcomes for patients. An interprofessional educational activity focusing on early mobilization of intubated intensive care patients was undertaken with senior level nursing students and physical therapy students. Evidence demonstrates that these patients have improved functional outcomes, fewer days requiring mechanical ventilation, fewer days of delirium, and decreased length of stay both within the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital with early mobilization efforts.

Method:
Students applied knowledge from the literature, clinical guidelines, and evidence-based practices in developing a plan of care to facilitate early mobility of the intensive care intubated patient. A structured debriefing session followed.

Results:
Students developed a keen appreciation of collaborative, interprofessional, evidence-based care vital to patients who are intubated in the ICU.

Conclusion:

Student engagement in simulated interprofessional teams potentially influences their perceptions and attitudes about its benefits which are necessary for future professional practice.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2022;61(9):537–541.]
The Bacteriological and Clinical Outcomes of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Post-cardiac Surgery in the Pediatric Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: S. Bharathi K. , Pruthi Gegal , S. Lathashree , Simha Parimala Prasanna 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background:
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious nosocomial infection that threatens pediatric patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. The aim of this study is to analyze the bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern of the organisms grown from pediatric patients diagnosed as VAP after cardiac surgery and also to study the bacteriological and clinical outcomes of the patients.

Patients and Methods:
This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching institution in children aged younger than 14 years who had undergone cardiac surgery and were diagnosed to have VAP and on mechanical ventilation (MV). The clinical and the bacteriological profile of patients with VAP, the systemic antibiotics used, the resistance pattern to the antibiotics, and, finally, the bacteriological and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Results:
Among the 98 patients with VAP, 55% were early onset (<4 days of MV) and 45% were late onset (>4 days of MV) VAP. Among the most common pathogens causing VAP, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli contributed to 18% each of the total VAP. Twenty percent of VAP were polymicrobial in origin. About 63% of organisms were resistant to Augmentin, and 11% of the organisms were multidrug resistant (MDR).

Conclusion:
This study not only showed the pattern of early and late onset VAP but also revealed the bacteriological profile and the resistance pattern of the local microbial flora causing VAP, guiding us in a more efficient management of VAP in children.
Comparison of Macintosh, McCoy, Truview EVO2, and King Vision Laryngoscopes for Intubation in Patients with Immobilized Cervical Spine
Authors: Gulati Smita , Samui Samarendra Nath , De Anisha 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background:
Immobilization of the neck in cervical spine injury patients can lead to misalignment of the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axis, thereby making intubation more difficult. The principal aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of King Vision, Truview Evo2, and McCoy with Macintosh laryngoscope in patients getting intubated with cervical spine immobilized using manual inline stabilization.

Materials and Methods:
This was a randomized, controlled trial of 160 patients who were randomized to undergo surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. We equally divided the subjects into using either Macintosh, McCoy, Truview Evo2, and King Vision laryngoscopes to facilitate intubation. We evaluated the intubation difficulty using the Intubation Difficulty Score (IDS) and Cormack–Lehane grading.

Results:
King Vision, Truview Evo2, and McCoy reduced the IDS as compared to Macintosh (P < 0.001). King Vision showed a first-attempt success rate of 100%. Cormack and Lehane's glottic views were best with King Vision followed by Truview Evo2 and there was much less need for external manipulation as compared to McCoy and Macintosh. Time taken for intubation was least with McCoy blade (22.9 ± 7.2 s, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The use of both King Vision and Truview Evo2 significantly resulted in a decreased the IDS and improved Cormack–Lehane grading as compared to Macintosh and McCoy.
Intratracheal Lidocaine Reduces Incidence of Cough During Extubation and Sore Throat After Tonsillectomy Surgery
Authors: Artawan I Made , Sagita Sidarta , Dedi Maria Agnes Etty 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background:
The incidence of cough during extubation occurs in 40–76% of patients. One effort to reduce this incidence is the use of lidocaine. This study aims to further investigate the benefits of intratracheal lidocaine in reducing the incidence of cough during extubation and sore throat after tonsillectomy surgery.

Materials and Methods:
This study is a single-blind clinical trial. The research subjects were taken by consecutive sampling. A total of 51 subjects who met inclusion and exclusion criteria will be divided into three groups: lidocaine intubation group (Group LI); lidocaine extubation group (Group LE), and control group. Comparison of cough scores during extubation and sore throat scores on the 1st and 6th hours after tonsillectomy surgery in the three groups was analyzed.

Results:
In this study, the results showed the cough scores and sore throat scores on the 1st and 6th hours postoperatively between the LI and LE groups when compared with the control group were significantly lower (P < 0.001). The cough scores between the LI group and the LE group were not significantly different (P = 0.234). Likewise, comparison of sore throat scores on the 1st and 6th hours postoperatively between the LI group and the LE group was not significantly different (P = 0.728 and P = 0.537, respectively).

Conclusion:
Lidocaine intratracheal given just before intubation or just before extubation significantly reduced the incidence of cough during extubation and sore throat on the 1st and 6th hours postoperatively when compared with placebo in the post-tonsillectomy surgery.
Effects of Parenteral Protein Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients in ICU
Authors: Youssef Ibrahim Abbas , Hasan Karim Naser , Mohmed Ahmed Hassanein 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background:
Parenteral protein supplements can prevent deterioration of acute critical illness during admission at intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of parenteral proteins on ICU outcome and to compare the effect of two different protein concentrations on handgrip strength in critically ill patients.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective comparative study included 60 acute critically ill patients who had parenteral nutrition during their ICU stay. The patients were divided into two groups: a standard protein group who received protein concentration of 1 g/kg/day (group A) and a high-protein group who received protein concentration of 2 g/kg/day (group B). The nutrition was delivered through a central line and the separate bottles technique.

Results:
Nitrogen balance was more negative in group B compared to group A within the first 3 days. The handgrip strength on day 7 was significantly higher in group B than group A. The forearm thickness, quadriceps muscle thickness, and overall muscle thickness were significantly higher in group B on day 7. The durations of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and total hospital stay were not significantly different between both groups. The protein dose was not significantly associated with the overall 2-month mortality.

Conclusion:
High parenteral protein intake (2 g/kg/day) associated with better handgrip strength and significant improvement of muscle thickness at the end of the 1st week of follow-up. Studies with larger sample size and longer durations of follow-up are recommended.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) in post-partum bleeding patient
Authors: Maulydia Maulydia , Airlangga Prananda Surya , Siregar Mara Imam Taufiq , Hendriana Dewi Rosita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but fatal complication of blood transfusion. However, it is frequently under-reported and not diagnosed. We reported a 32-year-old pregnant woman at 30/31 gestational weeks who developed acute respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability during transfusion in the post-operative period. Diagnosis of TRALI was made after excluding other possible causes of acute lung injury. We treated the patient with conservative treatment in the obstetrics emergency room based on the initial examination results and scheduled for an elective cesarean section (C-section). Transfusions of packed red blood cells were planned to increase the Hb level. The patient suddenly experienced shortness of breath during the transfusion with a relative risk of 30–36×/min. The patient was given 10 lpm oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask, and oxygen saturation was 86%. The patient's blood pressure was 88/40 mmHg, and heart rate was 126×/min. The transfusion was immediately stopped. Fluid resuscitation with a crystalloid solution for hemodynamic improvement was given when the patient was intubated. After several treatments, the patient's condition was getting better. On day 4, hemoglobin level increased to 9.1 mg/dL, hematocrit 27.6%, leukocytes 9.660/µL, and platelets 72,000/µL. Ventilator weaning was done gradually, and the patient was finally extubated on the 5th day of treatment.