bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of growth regulators on branching, flowering, and fruit development of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Khademi M. , Khosh-Khui M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper, Effect of growth regulators on branching, flowering, and fruit development of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), by M. Khademi and M. Khosh-Khui (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102(6):796-798. 1977), the description for Figure 1 should read … C1 is control and C2 to C4 represent 300, 600, 900 ppm ethephon, 400, 800, 1200 ppm BA, and 50, 100, 150 ppm IAA, respectively.
Hormonal Control of Flower Bud Dormancy in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). III. Effects of Leaves, Defoliation and Temperature on Levels of Abscisic Acid in Flower Primordia1
Authors: Mielke Eugene A. , Dennis Frank G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Levels of both free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in flower primordia of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry, as measured by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), increased during autumn leaf abscission. Mechanical defoliation of trees prior to the onset of leaf abscission prevented this increase in ABA without affecting the intensity of rest. The leaves on forced branches inhibited neither bud break nor flower development, while ABA inhibited both processes. Once the level of ABA had risen naturally, temperature had no effect on its disappearance. These results cast doubt on the involvement of ABA in the control of winter bud dormancy in sour cherry.
Growth Substances and Growth of Strawberry Stolons and Leaves1
Authors: Waithaka Kimani , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Dana Malcolm N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A foliar spray of 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) induced thickening and restricted elongation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) petioles and stolon internodes. Leaf area of treated plants was lower than that of untreated plants. Stolon internodes of treated plants increased in cell size and number. Gibberellic acid (GA3) promoted leaf expansion and elongation of petioles and stolon internodes. A combination of PBA and GA3 induced less thickening and more elongation of petioles and stolon internodes and greater leaf area compared to treatment with PBA alone. There was a breakdown of cell walls of pith parenchyma in stolon internodes of untreated plants while the cell walls of PBA and GA3 treated plants remained intact.
Flower and Shoot Development in the Greenhouse Roses, ‘Cara Mia’ and ‘Town Crier’, under Several Temperature-Photoperiodic Regimes1
Authors: Byrne Thomas G. , Doss Robert P. , Tse A. T. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of the ‘Cara Mia’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) grown at elevated day temperatures with long photoperiodic cycles or at reduced night temperature with short photoperiods differed in shoot growth rate, petal number, final stem length, and harvest date when compared to plants grown at suggested day and night temperatures. Node number remained nearly constant under all growing conditions. Plants of ‘Town Crier’ rose grown with a night temperature of 13°C (minimum) during the first 3 weeks following shoot removal produced flowering shoots of the same length in the same amount of time as did those grown at a minimum night temperature of 17°C throughout shoot development. Cooler night temperatures during the second 3-week period after shoot removal increased flower development time by four days but did not affect stem length. Results indicate that some rose cultivars can tolerate lower than normal night temperatures for a portion of the growing cycle without reduced growth and/or yield.
Effect of Morphactin on Growth and Geotropism of Peanut Gynophore Explants1
Authors: Mnzava N. A. , Flocker W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The intercalary meristem (IM) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), located 2.5 mm proximal to the ovules, showed a high sensitivity to morphactin (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) in response to unilateral gravity stimulus. All morphactin concentrations stimulated elongation, with optima at 0.1 and 10 ppm. Geotropic response diminished as concentration increased; at 50 ppm gynophores became ageotropic. Growth and the “anti-geotropic effect” seem to be coupled. The results imply a controlling role of auxin and favor the Cholodny-Went theory. Gynophores are physiologically root-like although anatomically stem-like in regard to morphactin effects.
Effects of Daylength and Maturity of Tomato Plants on Tomatine Content and Resistance to the Colorado Potato Beetle1
Authors: Sinden S. L. , Schalk J. M. , Stoner A. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl., which were resistant to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and plants of susceptible Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, were grown in controlled environment chambers with 8- or 16-hour daylengths. Rates of feeding by CPB on lower leaves from these plants were measured at 3 stages of plant development and tomatine contents of the leaves were determined. Leaves from young plants were more susceptible to CPB feeding than leaves from flowering or mature plants, and tomatine content was lower in the young leaves. The daylength also had significant effects on tomatine content, feeding rate, and the resistance expressed by L. hirsutum plants. For all plants in the experiment, tomatine content and feeding rate were negatively correlated (r = −0.643, p = 1%). Feeding was inhibited 20–80% when tomatine was infiltrated into tomato leaf disks at concentrations between 65 and 165 mg/100 g fresh weight. The results suggest that a high tomatine content in leaves of L. hirsutum or L. esculentum inhibits CPB feeding.
Ethephon-induced Defoliation Patterns and Subsequent Yields in Citrus1
Authors: Morton C. C. , Jahn O. L. , Young R. H. , Biggs R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on defoliation of ‘Robinson’, and ‘Nova’ tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco × (C paradisi × C reticulata), ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × C. reticulata) and ‘Owari’ satsuma trees (C. reticulata Blanco) were studied in 1974. Effects of 0, 250 and 400 ppm on defoliation, fruit plugging, yield, and color of ‘Robinson’ tangerines were studied in a second grove in 1974 and 1975. Old leaves were more subject to abscission from ethephon applications, whereas young leaves were relatively tolerant. Fruit yield was not reduced on ‘Robinson’ trees treated in the fall with up to 400 ppm ethephon. Fruit color, leaf drop, and fruit loosening were increased significantly by 250- and 400ppm ethephon.
Starch Conteut and Amylase Activity in Avocado Fruit Pulp1
Authors: Pesis Edna , Fuchs Yoram , Zauberman Giora 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Amylase activity in detached avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill. cv. Fuerte) was directly correlated with ripening processes such as the climacteric rise in respiration, ethylene evolution, and softening. The term amylase designates the total amylolytic activity of avocado fruit but its exact nature was not studied. Amylase activity was higher in young than in mature fruits. After harvest, amylase activity started to rise with the onset of the respiratory climacteric. Parallel to the increase in amylase, a decrease in the starch content of the fruit pulp was observed. The disappearance of starch during softening was also demonstrated by electron microscopy. The possible role of starch as substrate and that of amylolytic activity as energy supplier, for metabolic processes in the fruit, is discussed.
Quality and Postharvest Behavior of Once-over Harvested Clingstone Peaches Treated with Daminozide1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Ray L. D. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) applied at 1800 ppm to 10-year-old ‘Babygold-5’ and ‘Babygold-8’ peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at pit hardening advanced fruit maturity and increased tolerance of low soluble solids fruit by improving flesh color. Fruit softening, the disappearance of flesh chlorophyll, and reductions in puree viscosity were the primary benefits obtained from the application of daminozide. Daminozide advanced maturation generally, rather than concentrating the fruit into a more uniform maturity class. Flesh color and acidity were highly correlated with loss of fruit firmness of both control and daminozide-treated fruit, but daminozide treated fruit improved in flesh color more rapidly than control fruit as firmness decreased. Acidity remained consistently higher for treated fruit at all firmness levels. The mechanism by which daminozide advanced maturity did not appear to be active during postharvest holding of these clingstone cultivars. Further ripening as a result of postharvest storage of both treated and control fruit occurred at about the same rate during a 2, 4 or 6 day period at 18°C.
Pinching Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pinching of forced tuberous-rooted Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ was evaluated as a method for increasing flower production and plant quality. Pinched plants produced more flowers, flowered later, had smaller flowers, and were taller than unpinched controls. On an individual plant basis, pinching at node 4 generally gave the best results, while pinching at node 2 resulted in the greatest delay and fewest flowers. The more distal the pinch, the greater the number of laterals formed on both cultivars and the higher the percent of laterals flowering on ‘Park Princess’. On a population basis, pinching only those plants with a single strong shoot at node 3 or 4 resulted in the best compromise between increased flower production and the deleterious delayed flowering and increased plant height.
Comparative Development of 11 Plants Grown under Various Fluorescent Lamps and Different Durations of Irradiation With and Without Additional Incandescent Lighting1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Campbell L. E. , Thimijan R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative efficiency of 7 types of fluorescent lamps was determined by the growth of 11 kinds of foliage and flowering plants. All 7 lamps – Cool White (CW), Warm White (WW), Gro-lux (GL), Gro-lux Wide Spectrum (GL-WS), Agrolite (AGRO), Vitalite (VITA), and an experimental (EXP) lamp – grew acceptable plants. As judged by fresh weight, CW and VITA were most effective on 6 of the plant species tested, WW and GL-WS on 5, AGRO on 4, GL on 2, and EXP on 1. Only 1 species, Tagetes, responded equally to all 7 lamps. As judged by promotion of stem and leaf lengthening, EXP was most effective on 5, WW on 3, GL and GL-WS on 2 and CW and VITA on 1 of the plant species. Stem and leaf growth of Saintpaulia and Tagetes were equal with all 7 lamps. The differences between the lamps however, were not as great as that caused by adding Incandescent (INC) to CW. In comparisons of continuous (6 or 12 hours) and intermittent (1 minute or 30 minute light-dark cycles for 12 hours) light treatments, combination of CW + INC for 12 hours increased the weight of 5 of the 8 plant species tested. Only Chlorophytum, Pilea, and Zebrina grew equally well under CW and CW + INC. These findings suggest that the restriction of active radiation to the 400-700 nm band width does not give the precise spectral requirements of photosynthetically sensitive of green plants. Any “white”-appearing fluorescent lamp may be used for growing plants. CW and WW were growth lamps and were more efficient in producing and maintaining light output over their useful lives than were the lamps with special designation.
Cold Hardiness, Sorbitol, and Sugar Levels of Apple Shoots as Influenced by Controlled Temperature and Season1
Authors: Raese J. T. , Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage temperature and season markedly affected cold acclimation and deacclimation and levels of sorbitol and sugars in 1-and 2-year excised apple (Malus domestica Borkh) shoots. Cold hardiness of shoots increased with a decrease in storage temperature (2 to −18°C) from August to January, then decreased as growth began in March. In most seasons, cold hardiness was significantly related to high levels of sorbitol in the sap, and to high levels of sucrose and total sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol) in the combined bark and wood samples.
Dikegulac-sodium as a Pinching Agent for Evergreen Azaleas1
Authors: Orson Paul , Kofranek Anton M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray of dikegulac-sodium in a 20% formulation (Atrinal) at concentration of 0.4 and 0.6% active ingredient in aqueous solutions were found to effectively pinch ‘California Sunset’, ‘Chimes’, ‘Dogwood’, ‘Gloria’, ‘Knute Erwin’ and ‘Rose Queen’ evergreen azaleas (Rhododendron simsii Planch.) but not ‘Red Wing’. Pinching was effective under several environmental conditions but was enhanced by late afternoon applications when temperature and light were lower and the relative humidity higher. Atrinal was effective on both vegetative and early reproductive shoots.
Effect of NaCl on Growth and Mineral Composition of Acacia saligna in Sand Culture1,2
Authors: Shaybany B. , Kashirad A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendle were grown in sand culture and irrigated, at the 4-5 phyllode stage, with modified Hoagland solutions containing 0, 48, 96, 144, 192 and 240 meq/liter NaCl. Growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and respiration were reduced after 3 months of growth in greenhouse. Stems were shorter with increased tip to base diameter ratios. Salt concentration of 96-144 meq/liter caused 50% growth reduction. The contents of Na and Cl increased and that of K decreased. Shoots contained less Na and more Cl than roots indicating greater mobility of Cl than Na. The P, Mn and N contents of shoots and Fe and N contents of roots were not affected by NaCl. Salt treatments increased Zn and decreased Ca contents of both roots and shoots. Magnesium concentration decreased in shoots but increased in roots. Uptake of Na and Cl in the whole plant, and that of Zn in shoots were highest at 48 to 144 meq/liter NaCl. Other elements had greatest uptake in controls. The high salt tolerance of A. saligna makes it of potential value for salt-suffering arid and semi-arid regions.
Effects of an Oxathiin on Morphological Development, Histological Changes, and Auxin Activity within the Shoot Apex of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Purohit Amul , Shanks J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
UBI-P293 (2-3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-l,4 oxathiin) applied to stem tips of Chrysanthemum X morifolium ‘Paragon’ inhibited stem elongation and promoted formation of lateral branches without apex removal. Treated shoot apexes were inhibited temporarily in their development and in endogenous auxin activity as indicated by bioassay. There was a negative growth response of bean sections treated with extracts from tips for 4 days after treatment with UBI-P293 at 0.02 m, and this concentration led to a disruption of normal organization within the apex.
Auxin Effects on Root Regeneration of Scarlet Oak Seedlings
Authors: Struev Daniel K. , Mosre Bruno C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dipping root systems of scarlet oak seedlings (Quercus coccinea Juench.) in 3-indolebutyric acid potassium salt (K-IBA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4,5-trichloropropanoic acid (2,4,5-TP), β-naphtoxy acetic acid (NOAA), or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced a 6-fold increase in adventitious root regeneration, as compared to control seedlings. Time to first root initiation was increased and root elongation rate was decreased for auxin-treated seedlings relative to untreated controls. Under field conditions, one-year-old seedlings treated with NAA at 3000 mg/liter or K-IBA at 1000 or 3000 mg/liter regenerated more roots and developed greater root length than did control plants. Toothpicks impregnated with a 1000 mg/liter K-IBA solution and inserted into tap roots stimulated a 16-fold increase in roots and an 18-fold increase in root length as compared to control seedlings.
Lethal High Temperatures for Roots of Three Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Buchanan David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), ‘Carrizo’ citrange [C. sinensis L. (Osbeck.) × Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.)] and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata L. (Raf.)] seedlings were exposed to various high temperatures for 20 minutes and heat injury was determined by electrolyte leakage procedures, microscopic examination, and visual observations. Temperatures at the midpoint of sigmoidal curves fitted through electrolyte leakage data for excised roots were 51.6° ± 0.5°C, 52.5° ± 0.7°, and 53.5° ± 0.5° for ‘Carrizo’ citrange, sour orange, and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstocks, respectively. Electrolyte leakage results with excised roots were supported by microscopic examination and visual observations of whole plants.
Growth and Fruiting of ‘Heritage’ Primocane Fruiting Red Raspberry in Response to Daminozide and Ethephon
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Garth Jeannie K. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) (2000 and 4000 ppm) was applied to ‘Heritage’ primocane fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) primocanes at combinations of several dates, when the canes averaged 19, 42, 65, and 79 or 91 cm in height. Daminozide-treated plots achieved 50% of the eventual final yield an average of 8 days earlier (averaged for 5 treatments involving daminozide application at 42 cm) than controls. This advance of the production curve resulted in an average yield increase of 51% during the first 28 days of production. However, while early yields were increased, total yields were unaffected. Increasing the concentration of daminozide from 2000 to 4000 ppm did not increase the effects. Double application of daminozide (2000 ppm) at 65 and 79 cm and single application at 91 cm reduced yield during the 14 to 28 day harvest period compared to that of the single 65 cm application. This reflects, in part, the reduced berry size during the early harvest period resulting from the later (79 or 91 cm) applications of daminozide. Daminozide reduced the number of nodes formed and advanced the date of anthesis. Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) (300 ppm at 19 and 42 cm) increased the number of nodes formed, delayed anthesis by about 13 days, delayed fruiting, and reduced total production.
Pentaploid Blueberries from 6x × 2x Crosses
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Lyrene Paul M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three pentaploids produced from hybridizing hexaploid Vaccinium ashei Reade and diploid V. darrowi Camp were analyzed for fruit set, number of seeds/fruit, seedlings/pollination, pollen grains/sporad, 2n gamete production, pollen germination, leaf area and berry weight, color, scar, and firmness. The pentaploids were intermediate between the parental species in fruit size and leaf area. There was high variation in fertility and in fruit quality among the pentaploid hybrids.
Emergence, Growth, and Blossoming of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) at Suboptimal Temperatures
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of 20 lines of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied at 3 stages of development: germination, vegetative growth, and bloom. Emergence evaluation at 12°C was preferable to 8° or 10°. Radicles in cold-tolerant lines did not emerge except at 10° to 12°. Radicles in standard cultivars emerged at 8°, but the seed rotted. Growth at 16° identified early maturing lines under cold conditions. 25° (day)/8° (night) during bloom identified those lines able to set fruits at low temperatures. These screening parameters correlated well with field performance for percentage of emergence, plant vigor, and yield under cool growing conditions. PI 165426, NY 5-161, and NY 590 exhibited the best overall cold tolerance.
Effect of Excess Boron on Tomato Yield, Fruit Size, and Vegetative Growth
Authors: Francois L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of excess B on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield, fruit size, and vegetative growth was determined in large, outdoor sand cultures. Boron treatments were imposed by irrigation with culture solutions that contained 1.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, or 12.0 mg B/liter. Relative yield was reduced 3.4% with each unit increase in soil solution B (Bsw) above 5.7 mg B/liter. Market quality of the fruit was reduced significantly by increased B concentrations. The occurrence of leaf injury and reduction in vegetative growth were not reliable indicators for B tolerance.
In Vitro Colchicine Treatment of 4x Blueberries, Vaccinium sp.
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Lyrene Paul M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Methods of producing 8x plants from 4x V. corymbosum clones through in vitro colchicine treatments were investigated. Colchicine concentrations and exposure times ranged from 0.001% to 0.2% and 1 to 14 days, respectively. Pretreatments designed to predispose the plants to the effect of colchicine also were investigated. Eleven 8x plants and one 4x-8x chimera were selected from pretreated plants exposed to 0.025% or 0.05% colchicine. The superior treatment was 0.025% with a 24- or 48-hr exposure time in liquid medium. No differences were noted between warm/dark and cold/dark pretreatments. No differences were observed among 24-, 48-, 96-, and 192-hr growth intervals between cold pretreatment and colchicine treatment. However, a significant genotype effect in response to colchicine was found, both with respect to culture survival and polyploid induction.
Foliar Application of Urea to Olive: Translocation of Urea Nitrogen as Influenced by Sink Demand and Nitrogen Deficiency
Authors: Klein Isaac , Weinbaum Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Export of urea N was quantified after 15N-enriched urea was applied to ‘Manzanillo’ olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). Labeled N derived from foliar urea applications to mature trees in October 1982 and March 1983 constituted 4.3% and 23.0%, respectively, of the nitrogen composition of olive flowers at anthesis (May 1983). Labeled N applied to leaves following anthesis was translocated to fruit within 3 days. Export of N from treated leaves was greatly reduced when developing fruit and shoot tips were removed. Preloading of leaves with standard urea (before foliar application of labeled urea) increased leaf N by 30% and increased slightly the translocation of labeled urea N to the fruit 2 to 4 weeks later. The nitrogen status of small, potted ‘Manzanillo’ plants did not influence subsequent absorption of foliage-applied urea; however, nitrogen deficiency reduced translocation of labeled urea N from the treated leaves to new shoots and, to a lesser extent, roots. Olive leaves represent storage organs for N and release N in response to the metabolic demands of developing reproductive and vegetative organs.