bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehension of Space
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHuman understanding of space includes physical properties, but layered with notions of path and place, and shaped by the way our bodies move and this is the subject of this chapter. Three-dimensional space may be experienced as two-dimensional, not just because our eyes flatten the world but because we do not fly and our legs traverse flat surfaces. In our heads we have different models of close and distant space, giving rise to different forms of maps and plans: digital maps typically favour mathematical Cartesian representations, but there are times when more human interpretations are needed. Space and culture intermix: physical locations become socially rich places, lines and routes relate to stories and journeys; even basic perception is shaped by the sharp edges or organic curves of our upbringing. The design of virtual worlds may enable them to become lived, social places, and the design of physical spaces may lead them to become socially barren non-places.
Digital Augmentation of Space
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHumans have always used technology to control space, from simple huts to shut out the weather to the telephone that allows us to talk between continents. This chapter looks at how digital technology amplifies existing means of control but goes beyond as the computer now infuses space itself: from CCTV cameras, to Internet kettles, digital technology is embedded into the very fabric of our lives. At a personal level, mobile phones allow access to people and resources from anywhere, but they also allow the world to be marked and interrogated through social network check-ins and geographic search. Public displays create new roles, new interaction potential, and new ways to conceive privacy. Beyond the screen, mixed reality makes space itself the interface, where movement is interaction, and the chapter addresses computation that is literally all around us. However, these technologies that link space globally can also enable us to rediscover the local.
Embodied Computation
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractComputation itself seems immaterial, but whether on your smartphone or in ‘the cloud’, it is very physical: electrons moving on silicon wafer, photons streaming along optical fibres. This chapter explores this physicality of computation. Physics puts fundamental limitations on computation, and the chapter shows how this means that computation and information must come together at the same point in time and space. Practically, we have not reached these limits, Moore’s Law drives the miniaturization and commoditization of computation, which in turn enables radical changes including the Internet of Things and even coating every surface with a computation. In robots, autonomous vehicles, drones, and Alexa in the living room computation is physically amongst us. However, physical computation has been around for many years: the success of market economies is due to the physical representation of information in money, a role that is now changing with digital currency and online commerce.
Connecting Physical and Digital Worlds
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn language we link our thoughts to the physical world through names, symbols, and pointing. Similarly, there need to be means for the digital and physical worlds to connect. This chapter looks at the various ways in which this is managed from markers, such as the ubiquitous QR code, inserted into the physical world, to digital traces of physical phenomena, such as biometrics or image recognition. Some of the marks in the environment are purely digital, such as NFC tags in clothes or credit cards, invisible to the human eye but capable of tracking a device or person. Others are more apparent and indeed may be aesthetically pleasing as well as functional. Devices around us may be isolated, but they increasingly talk to one another, creating a web of sensing, or maybe surveillance. Crucially, once linked to digital representations they allow the physical world to affect the digital.
Design Lessons and Advice
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the tools and approaches available to designers of computer-embedded devices organized as five practical lessons. Lesson 1 considers the role of four common design tools as thinking tools in the design process. Lesson 2 examines the role physicality and context play in design, from wind-accelerating skyscrapers to toilet locks and coffee bars. Lesson 3 deals with the use of the physical as a tool to facilitate a human approach through a stronger appreciation of the way we interact with artefacts in our daily lives. Lesson 4 moves from the literal physical world and its role as a design tool to more abstracted uses of physicality. Finally, Lesson 5 returns to previously explored aspects of physicality in computer-embedded devices and how these can play out in the design world.
The Interest Theory of Rights at the MarginsPosthumous Rights
Authors: Bowen Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up whether the dead are potential right-holders on the Interest Theory of rights, as well as laying clear how we should approach the question of whether other entities are potential right-holders on the Interest Theory. It argues the dead are potential right-holders on the Interest Theory, but that Matthew Kramer’s argument for this thesis is not very convincing. This is because Kramer’s argument looks in the wrong place by focusing only on the ways in which the dead figure in the lives of the living. Instead, this chapter argues we should focus on the nature of the interests of the dead themselves. It suggests that the dead have interests (and that the dead’s interests matter for rights) for much the same reason that the living have interests. Along the way, we work through several choice-points for the Interest Theory, including a taxonomy of different accounts of interests and interests’ relation to the Interest Theory.
Are Legal Positivism and the Interest Theory of Rights Compatible?
Authors: Kurki Visa A.J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Whanganui River has recently been declared a legal person and a right-holder according to New Zealand legislation. However, many theorists propounding the interest theory of rights, such as Matthew Kramer and Joseph Raz, would deny that rivers can hold rights. Their denial is based on moral considerations: rivers are not morally ultimately valuable and therefore not capable of holding rights. Both Kramer and Raz are also legal positivists, subscribing to the separability of law and morality. How can they at the same time insist on this separability and deny legal rights to rivers on moral grounds? The essay analyses this tension between legal positivism and the interest theory, focusing on Kramer’s views. It concludes that, though the alliance is not completely unproblematic, it is ultimately sustainable.
Ecuador
Authors: Calvert Julia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEcuador has faced twenty-five legal claims under international investment agreements (IIAs). Yet, policymakers did not strengthen their compliance. Instead, Ecuador withdrew from the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and terminated investment treaties. This chapter asks: why would a country infringe repeatedly on its IIA commitments despite rising costs? And what drove Ecuador to terminate IIAs despite its dependence on foreign investment? The chapter traces infringement and reform preferences to the programmatic beliefs of the Correa administration. Policymakers espoused a commitment to buen vivir and twenty-first-century socialism. While they embraced the private sector, they placed social objectives above the profit motive of corporate actors. In the oil sector, policymakers prioritized wealth redistribution over the potential costs of infringement and restructured the terms upon which investors operated in the market. Their ability to advance similar policies in mining was eroded by weak bargaining power and capital flight. These conditions did not prevent treaty terminations. Policymakers believed that, as it stood, there was no room to advance social and economic transformations under investment treaties. Social opposition to privatization and Correa’s political popularity provided conducive conditions for treaty exit. Still, institutional and diplomatic hurdles slowed the pace of reform.
Peru
Authors: Calvert Julia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAt least twenty-seven claims have been filed against Peru under international investment agreements (IIAs). Still, the government continues to deepen its legal commitments to foreign investors. This chapter addresses two related questions: why would a government deeply committed to investment protection attract so many claims? And why have these claims failed to generate more substantive reform efforts? It finds that weak institutions, corruption, and social opposition to investment projects underpinned cases of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). Peru has won more cases than it has lost and continues to attract foreign investment. Yet Peru’s preferences for strong investment protections and ISDS reflect more than just net benefits. Investor rights were embedded into the foundation of Peru’s legal system in the 1990s and maintained across changes in government by technocrats and economic elites who dominate reform debates. These actors have greater faith in the wealth-generating effects and redistributive benefits of market forces than of state intervention in the economy. They perceive few sovereignty costs in the agreements and interpret the state’s experience under IIAs in ways that reflect their preference for liberal investment markets. The narratives they construct about the causes and consequences of investor claims explain the state’s reform preferences.
Gaia DR2 and EDR3 data and evolutionary status of post-AGB stars with high radial velocities
Authors: Aoki Wako , Matsuno Tadafumi , Parthasarathy Mudumba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) and Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) data and list of post-AGB candidates, we investigate the parallax, proper motion, and binarity for 20 post-AGB stars and candidates that have high radial velocities. From their Gaia distances, their luminosities and kinematics are derived. The evolutionary status of these stars is discussed from their location on the post-AGB evolutionary tracks. Nine stars are confirmed to be post-AGB stars that have initial main-sequence masses of around one or two solar masses. From their kinematics information, two objects among them are identified to belong clearly to the halo population, suggesting low mass. We discuss the origin and evolutionary status of other objects in the sample of this work with high radial velocities.
Do Responsible Investors Invest Responsibly?
Authors: Gibson Brandon Rajna , Glossner Simon , Krueger Philipp , Matos Pedro , Steffen Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We study whether institutional investors that sign the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), a commitment to responsible investing, exhibit better portfolio-level environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores. Signatories outside of the USA have superior ESG scores than nonsignatories, but US signatories have at best similar ESG ratings, and worse scores if they have underperformed recently, are retail-client facing, and joined the PRI late. US signatories do not improve the ESG scores of portfolio companies after investing in them. Commercial motives, uncertainty about fiduciary duties, and lower ESG market maturity explain why US-domiciled PRI signatories do not follow through on their responsible investment commitments.
Dehydration in geriatrics: consequences and practical guidelines
Authors: Lambert Kelly , Carey Sharon 
Published: September 2022

Purpose of review
Geriatric dehydration is a widespread and under recognized problem. The purpose of this review was to examine the latest evidence regarding geriatric dehydration and provide practical guidance for health professionals.

Recent findings
This review covers evidence from the past 2 years and shows that geriatric dehydration is not benign and is associated with significant personal distress, as well as negative economic and health system consequences. New guidance on nutrition and hydration in the elderly recommend against the use of skin turgor, dry mouth, urine colour or specific gravity to determine hydration status in the elderly. Instead, serum osmolality is considered the gold standard.

Summary
Strategies to prevent and manage geriatric dehydration should differ depending on aetiology (low intake, volume depletion or both). Widespread dissemination and implementation of innovative strategies that target improved access to fluids, and systems change to enable rapid and accurate identification and treatment are required.
Measuring the Predictive Accuracy of Preoperative Clinical Frailty Instruments Applied to Electronic Health Data in Older Patients Having Emergency General Surgery
Authors: Grudzinski Alexa L. , Aucoin Sylvie , Talarico Robert , Moloo Husein , Lalu Manoj M. , McIsaac Daniel I. 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
To compare predictive accuracy of frailty instruments operationalizable in electronic data for prognosticating outcomes among older adults undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS).

Background:
Older patients undergoing EGS are at higher risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Preoperative frailty is a common and strong perioperative risk factor in this population. Despite this, existing barriers preclude routine preoperative frailty assessment.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults above 65 undergoing EGS from 2012 to 2018 using Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) provincial healthcare data in Ontario, Canada. We compared 4 frailty instruments: Frailty Index (FI), Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS), Risk Analysis Index-Administrative (RAI), ACG Frailty-defining diagnoses indicator (ACG). We compared predictive accuracy beyond baseline risk models (age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ score, procedural risk). Predictive performance was measured using discrimination, calibration, explained variance, net reclassification index and Brier score (binary outcomes); using explained variance, root mean squared error and mean absolute prediction error (continuous outcomes). Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were 365-day mortality, nonhome discharge, days alive at home, length of stay, and 30-day and 365-day health systems cost.

Results:
A total of 121,095 EGS patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 11,422 (9.4%) experienced death 30 days postoperatively. Addition of FI, HFRS, and RAI to the baseline model led to improved discrimination, net reclassification index, and R
2; RAI demonstrated the largest improvements.

Conclusions:
Adding 4 frailty instruments to typically assessed preoperative risk factors demonstrated strong predictive performance in accurately prognosticating perioperative outcomes. These findings can be considered in developing automated risk stratification systems among older EGS patients.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from The Ozama River in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Authors: Bonnelly Roberto , Cavalcante Ana Lídia Q. , Del Rosario Zorrilla Camila , Calderón Victor V. , Duarte Albert , Baraúna Rafael , Ramos Rommel T. , Rodriguez Yaset , Rodriguez de Francisco Luis E. , Maroto Luis O. , Perdomo Omar P. , Franco Edian F. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTThe dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in environmental waters is an emerging concern in medical and industrial settings. In the present study, our research team analyzed superficial water samples from 3 different collection sites along the Ozama River, the most important river in the Dominican metropolitan area. Seventy-six isolates were obtained from culture media previously enriched with cefotaxime and imipenem and subsequently identified by MALDI-ToF. Our isolates spanned 12 genera of bacteria; over 30% were of clinical relevance, and 43% exhibited a phenotype classified as multi-drug resistance. The most frequent species identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 33), an emerging nosocomial pathogen. This study constitutes part of the initiative to understand the profiles of the perils of multi-drug resistance in metropolitan areas of the Dominican Republic: a nation with poor antibiotic use regulation.IMPORTANCENearly two billion people are sourcing their water from low-quality reservoirs world-wide. These reservoirs consist of contaminated waters with anthropogenic pollutants such as antibiotics, disinfectants, and other substances used to treat water in societies with scarce resources and unregulated industries. Furthermore, the exposure of these antibiotics to potable water reservoirs promotes the increase of clinically relevant bacteria with antibiotic-resistance capabilities, becoming a public health crisis. Therefore, treating patients with infectious diseases and providing prophylactic measures against infection-associated conditions (such as post-surgical recovery) has become progressively more difficult. Based on this evidence frame, it is of considerable importance to analyze the bacterial profiles of rivers that fall prey to anthropogenic contamination, as these investigations on antibiotic resistance will, of course, benefit the life of humans.
Stroke recovery-related changes in cortical reactivity based on modulation of intracortical inhibition
Authors: Harquel Sylvain , Cadic-Melchior Andéol , Morishita Takuya , Fleury Lisa , Witon Adrien , Ceroni Martino , Brügger Julia , Meyer Nathalie H. , Evangelista Giorgia G. , Egger Philip , Beanato Elena , Menoud Pauline , Van de Ville Dimitri , Micera Silvestro , Blanke Olaf , Léger Bertrand , Adolphsen Jan , Jagella Caroline , Constantin Christophe , Alvarez Vincent , Vuadens Philippe , Turlan Jean-Luc , Mühl Andreas , Millán Diego San , Bonvin Christophe , Koch Philipp J. , Wessel Maximilian J. , Hummel Friedhelm C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveCortical excitation/inhibition dynamics have been suggested as a key mechanism occurring after stroke. Their supportive or maladaptive role in the course of recovery is still not completely understood. Here, we used TMS-EEG coupling to study cortical reactivity and intracortical GABAergic inhibition, as well as their relationship to residual motor function and recovery longitudinally in a large cohort of stroke patients.MethodsEEG responses evoked by TMS applied to the ipsilesional motor cortex were acquired in 66 stroke patients in the acute (1-week), subacute (3-weeks) and early chronic (3-months) stage. Readouts of cortical reactivity and intracortical inhibition were drawn from TMS-evoked potentials induced by single pulse and paired pulse TMS. Residual function of the upper limb was quantified through a detailed motor evaluation.ResultsMost affected patients exhibited larger and simpler brain reactivity patterns. Bayesian statistics revealed a link between abnormally high motor cortical excitability in the acute stage and impairment level, while a decrease of excitability in the following months was related to better motor recovery. The investigation of the intracortical GABAergic inhibitory system using paired pulse TMS revealed the presence of a beneficial disinhibition in the acute stage, followed by a normalization of inhibitory activity.InterpretationThe present results revealed an abnormal motor cortical reactivity in stroke patients, which was driven by perturbations and longitudinal changes within the intracortical inhibition system. They support the view that disinhibition in the ipsilesional motor cortex during the first week post-stroke is beneficial and promotes neuronal plasticity and recovery.
Anthropogenic supply of nutrients in a wildlife reserve may compromise conservation success
Authors: Abraham Andrew J , Duvall Ethan , le Roux Elizabeth , Ganswindt Andre , Clauss Marcus , Doughty Christopher , Webster Andrea 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn nutrient-poor wildlife reserves it has become common-place to provide supplemental mineral resources for wildlife. Yet, the impacts of anthropogenic mineral supplementation on community-wide wildlife nutrition, behaviour and subsequent impact on ecosystem processes remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the contribution of anthropogenic mineral lick provision to wildlife nutrient intake across a community of large mammals (>10kg) in the southern Kalahari Desert. Based on predicted daily nutrient requirements and a faecal nutrient assessment, large herbivores appear deficient in phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and zinc (Zn). For these nutrients, anthropogenic salt and mineral licks constitute an important (>10%) source of nutrient intake helping to reduce or overcome requirement deficits. Larger-bodied species disproportionately consumed licks (p<0.01), acquiring more nutritional benefits. A comprehensive assessment of animal body condition indicated that in general large herbivores display good health. However, bulk grazers, hindgut fermenters and females were more likely to display signs of malnourishment. We discuss how provisioning of anthropogenic mineral licks may be inflating large herbivore populations beyond the long-term carrying capacity of the reserve, with subsequent impacts for ecosystem integrity and herbivore population instability. Based on results presented here, it is clear that anthropogenic provision of mineral licks should be considered carefully by wildlife managers aiming to conserve or restore natural processes in conservation and rewilding landscapes.