bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect Cost of Treatment of Tuberculosis: Could It be A Major Cause for Treatment Failure Leading to Emergence of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis?
Authors: Choudhury Emeli Paul , Sarkar Kamalesh , Ojha Umesh Chandra 
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) patients often incur huge costs due to TB care and the cost is even higher when itâ€™s an MDR-TB treatment. Despite free TB treatment under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP), the indirect cost borne by the patients due to the diagnosis and treatment of TB puts a major economic burden on the patients. This expenditure may affect treatment adherence and might lead to poor outcomes.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a government health facility in Karimganj, Assam with 165 patients from the facility who were at least one month into the treatment. A pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and total cost due to TB care was recorded during the interview.Result: Out of 165 study participants, 52.7% belonged to the most productive age group of 19-54 years and 64.2% were male. The median indirect cost was INR 2333.33, which was higher than the direct cost and it contributes 96% of the total median cost. The indirect cost was significantly higher in patients who visited private facility first and patients having hypertension and diabetes. The indirect cost of treatment is significantly higher in MDR-TB patients when compared to non-MDR-TB patients.Conclusion: Even after the provision of free diagnosis and treatment under RNTCP, the indirect cost puts a major financial burden on the patients and their household, however, when it comes to MDR-TB patients, the burden is even bigger.
Assessment of Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices and its Relation with Nutritional Status of Under Two Children: A Community Based Study at Malda Town, West Bengal
Authors: Chakraborty Aniruddha , Mukhopadhyay Sujishnu , Mallick Nazrul 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Correct practices of nutrition remains the cornerstone to combat the problem of under nutrition among the children. Most important of them is propriety of breast feeding. Its initiation within an hour of birth is important for both mother and child as the first breast milk (colostrums) is considered to be highly nutritious and has antibodies that protect the new-born from serious diseases. The study was conducted to assess the IYCF practices among the under two children and the relationship between the aforesaid practices and the nutritional status of the study participants of a district town of West Bengal.

Methods:
It was a community based observational study, cross-sectional in design conducted among children aged less than twenty four months in a district town of West Bengal using cluster sampling method among 390 participants.

Results:
The study revealed that less than half (47.9%) of mothers initiated breast feeding within one hour of birth. Exclusive breast feeding rate at 6 months was 68.3% and 84.3%mothers were continuing breast feeding at two years age of the child. Optimal diversity of food was seen among 30.3% eligible children. The proportion of underweight and stunting was 40.7% and 43.6% respectively and were significantly related to initiation of breast feeding in one hour, adequate food diversity, adequate meal frequency, age adjusted minimum acceptable diet and exposure to bottle feeding.

Conclusion:
The study reiterates that appropriate feeding practices in first two years of life are crucial to attain proper growth of the children in their later life.
iPAD use in Graduate Medical Education: A Pilot study from A Medical College of West Bengal, India
Authors: Mitra Satabdi 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
National Medical Commission (NMC) has stressed upon online and blended learning and has recommended strongly for digital learning in undergraduate medical education.

Aims & Objectives:
to assess the prevalence of usage and perceptions towards technology among medical faculty members in study setting.

Methods:
an Institution-based cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaire was conducted for 3 months among forty-six teaching faculty over pre and para clinical departments of a medical college of West Bengal, who have received induction training and were using iPAD for teaching-learning.

Results:
among total 46 participants, 16 were from pre-clinical and 30 from different para-clinical departments. Though the duration of smartphone usage is more than 2 years by 2/3rd of them, less than % were found to be habituated with computer usage. 31 (67.39%) participants were found to use iPAD 3.01±1.00 hours for personal use and 19 (41.30%) use iPAD for 4.49±2.88 hours for educational purpose. More than 60% of participants recommended iPAD introduction in medical education.

Conclusion:
usage of iPAD among medical teachers has been widely accepted chiefly in acquiring wide range of resources, disseminating knowledge and managing time more effectively. Blended learning with compulsory digital learning is expected to broaden horizon of future medical education.
Magmatic Controls on Metal Endowments of Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits
Authors: Chiaradia Massimo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This overview illustrates the processes controlling magma fertility in the formation of porphyry Cu-Au deposits. Magma fertility means all magmatic parameters (e.g., metal and volatile contents, magma and fluid volumes) that might result in higher amounts of metals, which are exsolvable from the magma. Mantle source processes seem to play a fundamental role in the enrichment of primary melts with H2O, S, and Cl, all essential ingredients to form porphyry deposits, but do not have a particular role in Cu enrichment.
Cu-rich porphyry Cu-Au deposits (i.e., with Au/Cu ~4 X 10–6) are associated with large magmatic volumes accumulated in the lower thick crust of continental arcs during long-lived periods of compression in a synsubduction environment. Mineralization occurs after such accumulations have reached significant volumes and is the result of the transfer of hydrous magmas from deep to shallower crustal levels, probably favored by tectonic stress changes.
Au-rich porphyry Cu-Au deposits (i.e., with Au/Cu ~80 X 10–6) are associated with magmatic systems that have evolved at overall shallower crustal levels and for this reason can be found in geodynamic settings characterized by thinner crust (e.g., island arcs with intermediate crust thickness) and/or in variably extensional settings occurring above a slab-metasomatized mantle (postsubduction setting, extensional synsubduction setting). The six largest Au-rich porphyry Cu-Au deposits (&gt;~1,300 tonnes Au) are associated with variably alkaline magmas, which are typical of postsubduction and/or extensional settings, suggesting a petrogenetic control on the Au-rich nature of these deposits.
Diachronous Magmatic and Cu-Au-Mo Metallogenic Responses to Slab Roll-Back Initiation from Northwest Anatolia to the Balkans, Western Tethyan Eocene Magmatic Belt
Authors: Rabayrol Fabien , Hart Craig J.R. , Friedman Richard M. , Spikings Richard A. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
The Bursa mineral district in northwest Anatolia (Turkey) is an emerging prospective area for porphyry Cu-Mo (Au-Re) mineralization along the Western Tethyan Eocene magmatic belt that links the Balkan to Lesser Caucasus regions along the southern Black Sea coast. Field observations as well as time constraints on mineralized magmas of the Bursa district are limited. Additionally, the tectonic setting of Eocene magmatism in northwest Turkey is controversial and includes either Neotethyan slab roll-back or break-off scenario. We show that the Bursa mineral district consists of porphyry Cu-Mo, skarn Cu, and rare epithermal Au-Ag deposits, prospects, and occurrences on the footwall of the Eskişehir fault, south of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. The porphyry prospects are hosted within porphyritic dioritic, granodioritic, and granitic rocks that were altered by potassic and phyllic assemblages and quartz-sulfide vein stockwork zones. Our new CA-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that porphyry mineralization of the Bursa district formed between 51 and 46 Ma and thus before the porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au mineralization of the Biga (~43–39 Ma) and Rhodope districts (~35–31 Ma) and the Serbo-Macedonian belt (~36–22 Ma). Therefore, we interpret that Eocene magmatism and associated Cu-Au-Mo mineralization migrated westward along the western part of the Western Tethyan Eocene magmatic belt. This migration, which is specific to the Eocene period, represents a second-order and diachronous response to the first-order southward magmatic front migration and roll-back initiation of the Hellenic slab beneath the Balkan-Aegean-western Anatolian region since the Late Cretaceous.
Superimposed Porphyry Systems in the Dawson Range, Yukon
Authors: Lee Well-Shen , Kontak Daniel J. , Richards Jeremy P. , Barresi Tony , Creaser Robert A. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Superimposed porphyry systems are a subset of telescoped porphyry deposits, whereby significantly younger ore zones overprint older, nongenetically related systems. Recognition of superimposed features in porphyry systems is important for determining and assessing their prospectivity. The Mount Nansen gold corridor in the southern Dawson Range gold belt of Yukon, Canada, contains porphyry prospects and epithermal deposits with enigmatic genetic models. Geologic, petrologic, temporal (U-Pb zircon, Re-Os molybdenite), and geochemical (whole-rock) studies are used to demonstrate the presence of superimposed porphyry systems in this district.
The arc-related episodic magmatism of the Mount Nansen gold corridor has been classified into four intrusive suites: (1) Late Triassic Minto, (2) mid-Cretaceous Whitehorse, (3) Late Cretaceous Casino (eLKc; 80–72 Ma), and (4) Late Cretaceous Prospector Mountain (lLKp; 72–65 Ma). Geochemical fingerprinting of these suites indicates intermediate to evolved, calc-alkaline compositions with a common lower crust melt source. The eLKc and lLKp suites lack an Eu anomaly and show increasing amounts of light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and heavy rare earth element (HREE) depletion over time. These features suggest that garnet was stable in the melt source and oxidized magmas were generated in these Late Cretaceous suites. The mildly alkaline lLKp and associated Carmacks Group shoshonitic basalts reflect localized extension in an overall compressive arc setting in the Mount Nansen gold corridor, hence a setting conducive for Au-rich porphyry and epithermal systems.
The ca. 79 to 72 Ma Casino suite is commonly interpreted as the causative magmatic event for most well-endowed porphyry deposits (76 to 74 Ma in age) in the Dawson Range gold belt. However, our detailed study of the Klaza setting shows that at this locality, intermediate-sulfidation epithermal veins are a distal expression of a Prospector Mountain-age (ca. 71 Ma) porphyry system, which overprints two Casino-age porphyry systems (ca. 77 and 80 Ma).
The Mount Nansen gold corridor thus hosts at least two spatially and temporally overprinting Late Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Dawson Range gold belt. Importantly, recognition of this feature at other porphyry deposit settings in the Dawson Range gold belt (e.g., Freegold Mountain district) is critical as it provides the potential for metal (Cu-Au-Mo)-enriched hypogene ore shells.
Uncovering the Missing Magmatic Link for The Tongkuangyu Porphyry Cu Deposit, Trans-North China Orogen: Implication for Porphyry Cu Deposit Model and Exploration
Authors: Meng Xuyang , Kontak Daniel , Richards Jeremy , Mao Jingwen , Marsh Jeffrey 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Tongkuangyu porphyry Cu deposit in the northern Zhongtiaoshan region of the Trans-North China orogen formed at ~2.1 Ga and is much younger than its host ~2.18 Ga porphyritic rocks that cut basaltic-andesitic sill and rhyolitic tuff of the Jiangxian Group. However, the extent and absolute timing of the synmineralization magmatism in the northern Zhongtiaoshan region remains poorly constrained, which renders identifying the source of the cupriferous magmatic-hydrothermal fluids for Tongkuangyu difficult.
To resolve this issue, we dated zircon from representative samples from the volcano-plutonic sequences reported to contain poorly constrained ~2.1 Ga igneous rocks using laser-ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Rhyolitic tuff from the Jiangxian Group, granodiorite from the deepest limit of the mineralized host rocks at Tongkuangyu, and samples from an interpreted basaltic-andesitic tuff sequence in the overlying Zhongtiao Group were collected. The rhyolitic tuff yielded an upper concordia intercept age of 2188 ± 12 Ma (2σ, mean square of weighted deviates [MSWD] = 0.24). Three granodiorite samples yielded upper intercept ages of 2166 to 2177 Ma. These results do not support the presence of ~2.1 Ga magmatism in the Jiangxian Group and the Tongkuangyu deposit area.
In contrast, two albite-chlorite-sericite schist samples, which are interpreted as basaltic-andesitic tuffs, yielded upper concordia intercept and concordia ages of 2088 ± 16 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.05) and 2085 ± 11 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.26), which agree within uncertainty to the known age for the porphyry Cu mineralization. Furthermore, a large proportion of ~2.18 Ga zircon xenocrysts from the analyzed basaltic to andesitic tuff samples yielded distinguishable εHf(t) values of 1.3 ± 0.8 (2σ) compared to the ~2.09 Ga zircons (5.6 ± 0.6; 2σ) but are consistent with the published εHf(t) values for the granodiorite host at Tongkuangyu. These results suggest the ~2.09 Ga magmas that fed the volcanic sequence were contaminated by the older regional ~2.18 Ga igneous wall-rock material.
We interpret the results to indicate the presence of a presently unexposed ~2.1 Ga causative magma chamber, which exsolved hydrothermal fluids to form the Tongkuangyu deposit. Except for the age discordance between the host rocks and mineralization, Tongkuangyu is comparable in other respects (e.g., vein and stockwork mineralization, alteration) to most Phanerozoic porphyry Cu deposits globally. The results therefore suggest that consolidated but structurally receptive (i.e., permeable) porphyritic and equigranular rocks can trap magmatic-hydrothermal fluids to form porphyry-type alteration and Cu mineralization, which is significant in the context of exploration for such mineralization.
Magmatism and Related Au-Cu Mineralization in the Hualgayoc Mining District, Northern Peru
Authors: Viala M. , Hattori K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Hualgayoc district in the Cajamarca region of northern Peru experienced middle Miocene andesitic to rhyolitic magmatism and magmatic hydrothermal activity that produced Au and Cu mineralization, including the Cerro Corona porphyry Au-Cu, Tantahuatay high-sulfidation epithermal Au, and the AntaKori skarn Cu-Au-Ag deposits. We examined 32 samples from 22 units that encompass the entire igneous rock record in the district. Our new U-Pb dating of 454 zircon grains from these 22 igneous units yielded Concordia ages showing continuous magmatic activity in the district, from 14.8 to 9.7 Ma. Igneous activity in the eastern part of the district took place between 14.8 and 14.0 Ma, including the Cerro Corona intrusive complex that hosts a porphyry Au-Cu deposit. Magmatism in the western part of the district occurred between 13.7 and 11.5 Ma and included the Tantahuatay Volcanic Complex that hosts a high-sulfidation Au deposit. The different styles of mineralization and ages of igneous rocks in the eastern and western parts are accounted for by deeper erosion to the east. Bulk-rock compositions indicate that parental magmas originated from amphibole-rich juvenile lithospheric mantle or lower crust and evolved through amphibole fractional crystallization. Amphibole and zircon compositions indicate that parental magmas of all igneous units in the Hualgayoc district were water-rich, &gt;3 wt % H2O, and oxidized above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) redox buffer. Our observations in the Hualgayoc district suggest that oxidized conditions and high-water contents are necessary to produce porphyry-type mineralization, but that other factors were also critical to form mineralization, such as a shallow depth of magma emplacement, with near-vertical shape of intrusions. These findings are likely applicable elsewhere.
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Magmatic Arc Maturation and Ore Formation of the Central Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Evidence from the Gedabek Mining District, Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan
Authors: Moritz Robert , Hemon Pierre , Ulianov Alexey , Spikings Richard , Chiaradia Massimo , Ramazanov Vagif 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic and metallogenic evolution of the Lesser Caucasus and Eastern Pontides segment of the Central Tethyan orogenic belt is still poorly understood. This study reports an investigation about the link between ore formation and magmatic evolution in the major Gedabek porphyry-epithermal mining district, which is located in the Somkheto-Karabagh belt, Azerbaijan.
Long-lasting magmatic arc evolution of ~50 m.y., from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, is supported by new U-Pb zircon ages between 164.3 ± 0.7 and 125.1 ± 0.5 Ma. Middle Jurassic magmatic rocks have a dominantly tholeiitic to transitional and primitive island-arc composition, whereas Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks are calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and have mature island-arc compositions. Radiogenic isotopes document a higher mantle contribution during petrogenesis of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks. The combined data document progressive magmatic arc maturation and crustal thickening from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, accompanied by slab roll-back and asthenospheric upwelling. This evolution is shared by other areas of the Somkheto-Karabagh belt and its southern extension in the Kapan block, which also host porphyry-epithermal mining districts.
Muscovite and K-feldspar from a porphyry Cu-related potassic alteration assemblage at the Gedabek deposit (overprinted by a younger intermediate- to high-sulfidation epithermal system) have yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages between 140.1 ± 1.0 and 136.3 ± 0.9 Ma. Together with a previous Re-Os molybdenite age, they document formation of the porphyry-epithermal systems at the end of the long magmatic arc maturation of the Gedabek district. Although ore-forming events were diachronous along the arc, the relative timing of magmatic evolution and ore formation at Gedabek is shared by the other Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous mining districts of the Somkheto-Karabagh belt and the Kapan block.
Our study demonstrates that long arc maturation and crustal thickening has taken place along the southern Eurasian margin from a Middle Jurassic nascent arc to an Early Cretaceous evolved arc. This evolution is in line with the essential prerequisites for the genesis of porphyry-epithermal systems in orogenic belts. It also provides evidence that Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic fertile systems and porphyry-epithermal centers have been preserved in this belt.
Role of Alkaline Magmatism in Formation of Porphyry Deposits in Nonarc Settings: Gangdese and Sanjiang Metallogenic Belts
Authors: Wang Rui , Luo Chen-Hao , Xia Wen-jie , He Wen-yan , Liu Biao , Huang Ming-Liang , Hou Zeng-qian , Zhu Di-cheng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The recent discovery of large Cenozoic porphyry copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau has revealed atypical features. Their formation all postdate the India-Asia collision at 55 ± 10 Ma, and therefore they are not affiliated with normal arc magmatism. Three major nonarc porphyry copper belts or provinces in Tibet comprise the Gangdese porphyry Cu-Mo belt (&gt;45 Mt Cu, 1.79 Mt Mo), the Yulong porphyry Cu-Mo belt (8.75 Mt Cu,1.04 Mt Mo), and the western Yunnan porphyry Cu-Mo-Au polymetallic province (~1 Mt Cu, ~1 Mt Mo, and 310 t Au). Alkaline volcanic rocks (lamprophyres, shoshonites, and potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks) are common in these metallogenic belts and provinces, but the temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship between this magmatism and deposit formation remains enigmatic. There are two episodes of porphyry mineralization in the Tibetan Plateau, 45 to 35 and 22 to 11 Ma, and alkaline volcanic rocks are both contemporaneous with and spatially close to porphyry mineralization. Evolved Nd-Hf isotope compositions, and high Mg#, Cr, and Ni contents of Tibetan alkaline volcanic rocks suggest that they are derived from phlogopite-bearing lithospheric mantle, whereas the adakitic property and hybrid geochemical and isotopic features of the high Sr/Y granitoids suggest they are derived from partial melting of lower crust by mantle-derived alkaline mafic melt, with subsequent mixing. The mantle-derived alkaline magmas: (1) triggered water-flux melting of the thickened lower crust and generation of fertile high Sr/Y magmas with high water contents; (2) that dominate the source of ore-related magmas are more Au rich; (3) have variable oxidation states and some can oxidize residual sulfide in the lower crust to release Cu and Au for porphyry deposit formation; other lower crustal melts became oxidized via amphibole and/or garnet fractionation; and (4) provide higher S and Cl contents that are essential volatiles for deposit formation. We conclude that mantle-derived alkaline melts are vital to form porphyry deposits in nonarc settings, thus explaining the close spatial and temporal association of alkaline volcanic rocks and porphyry deposits in Cenozoic Tibet.
Assessing the Role of Tectono-Magmatic Setting in the Precious Metal (Au, Ag, PGE) and Critical Metal (Te, Se, Bi) Endowment of Porphyry Cu Deposits
Authors: McFall Katie , McDonald Iain , Wilkinson Jamie J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Porphyry Cu deposits commonly contain critical and precious metal by-products, including the chalcophile and siderophile elements, Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, Te, Se, and Bi. These elements partition into residual sulfides during the partial melting of mantle wedge peridotite during subduction, potentially depleting the source magma for subduction-related porphyry Cu deposits. The chalcophile-rich residual sulfides in subduction-modified subcontinental lithosphere are thought to be the source of metals in postsubduction porphyry Cu deposits, and as such these deposits may be more enriched in chalcophile and siderophile elements than subduction-related porphyry deposits, although many postsubduction deposits have low Au grades. We test this by presenting whole-rock assay and PGE data with in situ LA-ICP-MS trace element data from sulfide minerals from three porphyry Cu deposits. The Skouries Cu-Au-(PGE) porphyry deposit, Greece, and the Muratdere Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit, Turkey are both postsubduction; these are contrasted with the El Teniente Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, Chile, which is a classic subduction-related system. By comparing these results with a newly compiled global dataset of trace element concentrations in sulfides from 18 other porphyry Cu deposits we show that postsubduction porphyry Cu deposit sulfides are relatively enriched in Bi, Sb, Te, and Se compared to sulfide minerals from subduction-related deposits. However, although some critical and precious metals (Ag, Bi, and Se) mainly reside in primary sulfide ore minerals, others (Au, Te, Pd, and Pt) are predominantly hosted in minor accessory minerals. Whole-rock data from mineralized samples show that although the Skouries and Muratdere deposits are enriched in Au compared with El Teniente, globally both subduction-related and postsubduction deposits can be precious and critical metal enriched, with metal endowment independent of tectonic setting. PGE-enriched porphyry Cu deposits are also enriched in Bi, Te, and Au, and semimetal melts are suggested to play an important role in PGE transport and concentration in porphyry Cu deposits.