bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Partisan Politics of Family and Labor Market Policy Reforms in Southern Europe
Authors: Bürgisser Reto 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on the role of political parties as social investment protagonists, consenters, or antagonists in the reform of labor market and family policies in Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Drawing on original, hand-coded data of three decades of labor market and family policy reforms in Southern Europe, the findings show divergent social investment trajectories. While Spain and Portugal have started to develop contours of a social investment agenda, little progress has been made in Italy and Greece. Programmatic political competition and government partisanship play a role in accounting for these divergent trajectories. Center-left parties have acted as the primary social investment protagonists in Spain, Portugal, and Italy. However, the Italian center-left remains fragmented and has rarely been in government. In stark contrast, both center-right and center-left parties in Greece have acted as social investment antagonists. Political and economic turmoil in the wake of the Eurozone crisis paints a bleak picture for the further development of social investment in Southern Europe. Once fiscal constraints can eventually be overcome, a core question remains as to what extent an inclusive social investment coalition can be formed in an ever more fragmented political landscape.
Nation (Re)Building Through Social Investment?
Authors: Toots Anu , Lauri Triin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The chapter departs from the assumption that today’s social investment (SI) reforms need to be understood against the countries’ policy legacies. It traces the development of SI policies in three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) from restoration of independence in the 1990s until the late 2010s and explores policy responses to recalibrate the former communist welfare regime into a competitive, skill-focused model. By analyzing SI reform efforts in education, family policy, and the labor market the study demonstrates that the same legacies had different impacts on different social policy fields, inter alia distorting the political discourse and strategies of reforms. This facilitated the skill creation–oriented inclusive distributional profile in education but less intense and more stratified profiles in other policy areas. Although the three countries share many common legacies (such as a Soviet communist past) and contemporary characteristics (such as developing an Anglo-Saxon prototype of the welfare regime), there are important cross-country differences in priorities and agility of SI reforms. The interplay of government composition and nation-building discourse intervened with the politics of reform and resulted ultimately in a more agile reform trajectory in Estonia and Latvia compared to mono-ethnic Lithuania. The chapter concludes that legitimizing radical reforms through nation-building turns out to be a more important factor in reform agility than ideologically favorable coalitions.
Explaining the Weakness of Social Investment Policies in the Visegrád Countries
Authors: Szelewa Dorota , Polakowski Michał 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the politics of social investment in the Visegrád (V4) countries—the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia—taking the examples of two policy fields: early childhood education and care (ECEC) and active labor market policies (ALMPs). The main argument is that weak social investment in the V4 countries results from an interaction of a reaction of rejecting Soviet-style policies, the lack of a pro–social investment political coalition, and the recent explicit rejection of social investment in favor of compensation. The few social investment policies that have developed can be assigned to a V4 mode of absorption of the European Union’s structural funds, but these are limited and, in terms of their distributive profiles, and take a stratified form in ECEC and a targeted form in ALMPs.
Explaining the Contrasting Welfare Trajectories of the Baltic and Visegrád Countries
Authors: Avlijaš Sonja 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that distinct growth strategies can explain why political, economic, and social actors in the Baltic reformed their welfare states toward the liberal “Anglo-Saxon Plus” model of social investment, while social investment remained a non-issue in the Visegrád countries. The Baltic countries pursued a growth strategy based on the expansion of information and communications technologies and the knowledge-oriented service economy, which led them to invest in educational reform away from the industry-specific skills and vocational training of the socialist era and toward general skills and expansion of the services-oriented tertiary education. In contrast, the Visegrád countries focused on industrial upgrading, preservation of manufacturing skills from the socialist era, social insurance for industrial workers, and compensation for those who lost jobs due to restructuring. These distinct trajectories were driven by the decisions and coalition-making dynamics of political actors in the post-socialist context of democratization and Europeanization and constrained by the countries’ socialist legacies.
Liberalism TransformedThe Democratic Party Since 1960
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which executive-centered partisanship has transformed the Democratic Party since the 1960s. It challenges the idea that the country’s current political divide is solely attributed to Republicans and conservatives; Democrats were the first to throw the country “off-center.” The chapter explores the challenge posed to establishment figures from a variety of new social movements, especially those concerned with racial justice, American imperialism, and class inequality. While noble in their endeavors, these movements weakened the institutional resiliency of the Democratic Party organization and further accelerated the concentration of power in the American presidency. Far from making the party a more inclusive organization, these reforms contributed to the decline of the party system’s ability to provide a salutary mediating influence on populist protest.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents the three major instruments that guide America’s activities abroad: the Treaty Power, the War Power, and the Spy Power. Within the category of Spy Power one finds the Third Option: the use of “covert action” as a means for secretly influencing world events. Each of these powers has been the subject of institutional strife within the United States, as political leaders debate the proper use of each approach to foreign policy. Specific laws have been crafted to ensure that policymakers adhere to the Constitution as they exercise these powers, but these laws have not always been honored by the executive branch. The Introduction also sets the stage for an understanding of how the philosophies of anti-communism and counterterrorism have driven the adoption of clandestine interventions overseas as a central strand of American foreign policy, as has the protection of US business interests (“dollar duplicity” to accompany “dollar diplomacy”).
On the Concept of Power
Authors: Parietti Guido , Lukes Steven 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
“Power” is a central concept for politics, arguably defining the political domain as such. However, despite decades of debate across political science, sociology, and philosophy, a proper definition of power is still to be had. Existing definitions fail because they are either circular or so far removed from the ordinary meaning of “power” that they cannot credibly claim to be about the same concept. This book, employing an Arendtian approach to conceptual analysis, provides a more proper definition—power denotes the condition of having available possibilities and representing them as such—and examines its implications for the study of politics, both empirical and normative. From the vantage point of a proper definition, the book shows how, by neglecting the category of possibility, significant portions of political science and philosophy become incapable of conceptualizing power, and therefore politics. The main issue with political science is the increasingly exclusive focus on causal and probabilistic regularities; political philosophy, on the other hand, tends to prioritize various forms of a teleologically oriented normativity. Both of these approaches end up discarding possibility in favor of necessity, and are therefore unable to adequately conceptualize power. Finally, bringing together the different disciplinary discourses, the book examines the conditions for the concept of power to have an actual referent, which is to say: for politics to appear in our world.
Introduction
Authors: Cottingham Marci D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to an emotion practice approach, including how it challenges misconceptions about emotion and tries to understand emotions in connection with rationality, the body, and collectives. The chapter covers past and current advances in the sociology of emotion and the need for integration of concepts from the subfield with a practice framing. The chapter ends with a description of the structure of the book, including a summary of each of the chapters that follow. These include a chapter focused on theorizing an emotion practice approach by synthesizing symbolic interactionist and poststructural approaches to emotion using their shared lineage of pragmatism. Chapters 2 through 5 apply an emotion practice approach to the social arenas of work, leisure, social media, and politics. The empirical chapters move from the intimate sphere of nursing to the sphere of public health threats while illustrating the strengths of an emotion practice approach. The final chapter further develops the relevance of homophily for connecting emotions with social inequality and theorizes mechanisms for social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and establishes that spiritual transformation was a crucial element of Catholic Reform. While the clergy certainly used fear to instill fear and thus motivated to conversion, one must also consider that divine mercy and clemency were preached. Moreover, theology began to take salvific egalitarianism more seriously and emphasized that in questions of salvation there was no hierarchical difference between Christians, that everything depended on one’s state of grace and not one’s place within the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
An Unattained Goal
Authors: Bivins Jason C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Upon its arrival in 2009, debates about the Tea Party’s presence in public life devolved quickly into assessing how corporatist and how evangelical it was. While religious enthusiasm and collective discontent are central to any understanding of American public life, this chapter argues that these were not in fact the salient features of the Tea Party or its critics. The obsession with getting colonial history right, and using the tropes of nostalgia to argue against policy, transform public life into something more closely resembling cosplay than an arena for the expression of political will. Drawing on democratic theory, the sociology of crowds, and an attention to ritual and mood, this chapter argues that the replacement of public purpose with nostalgia—which includes the question of religion—represents simply the reproduction of alienation rather than its alternative.
Conclusion
Authors: Avgousti Andreas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion puts the findings of the book in conversation with contemporary literature on reputation and democratic theory. It first elaborates the thesis that reputation is a demotic power by casting the democratic many as nonexpert judges of appearances. Contrary to attempts to rationalize or order reputation, it argues that it is the disordering potential of the concept that makes it so powerful in a democracy, and especially its challenge to the normative distinction between citizen and noncitizen. This challenge is brought to bear upon a democratic theory that restricts its focus on the education of citizens. Asserting the importance of metaphors for democratic peoples and drawing on Plato’s use of these, the book ends with an argument in favor of the epistemic value of sight, which would have us think of reputation as a spectating power that the many, capaciously understood, might make.
Edwards, the ‘Arian’ Controversy, Churchmanship, and Politics
Authors: Griesel Jake 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter first considers Edwards’ participation in the so-called Arian controversy concerning the subordinationist Christology of William Whiston and Samuel Clarke, and notes how he enhanced his already-reputable status as a Church of England divine through his defence of creedal Christological orthodoxy. To better situate Edwards within the later Stuart Church, it then turns to his churchmanship and politics, paying attention to his aversion to neo-Laudian ceremonies and preference for liturgical simplicity, his endorsement of extemporary prayer, his sympathy for the ‘sober’ Reformed dissenters, his Whig political commitments, and his advocacy of a ‘reduced’ or ‘primitive’ episcopacy. It contends that, instead of having been an ‘uneasy conformist’ who was discontent with the Church as established, Edwards endeavoured to be a faithful son of the Church of England whose discontentment was rather with those whom he deemed to depart from her established faith and practice as codified in her formularies.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick’s national anthem demonstrations in 2016 and the backlash led by Donald Trump encapsulate the relationships between American sports and politics in the last fifty years. Five conclusions about the national ethos are drawn from the six case studies and that controversy. Sections on multiculturalism, community, imperial legacy, liberalism, and civil religion highlight the impetuses and barriers to the development of democracy in the United States. While affirming progress made since the middle of Muhammad Ali’s career, the continued lack of diversity in leadership bears restating. The overview makes evident fundamental tensions created by America’s characteristic ambition and its prophetic dream of democracy that everyday discussions of politics, sports, or movies often overlook.
Chicago's Reckoning
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chicago is confronting a racial reckoning that we explain with an exclusion-containment theory of legal cynicism. Mayors RJ and RM Daley used public and private funds to exclude and contain South and West Side predominantly Black neighborhoods where Police Detective Jon Burge supervised torture of over 100 Black men. A 1982 case involved Andrew Wilson’s tortured confession to two police killings. This case coincided with RM Daley’s pursuit of White votes in an early and unsuccessful primary campaign for mayor. Suspicions about Daley’s connection to Wilson’s confession lasted throughout his career. As state’s attorney, Daley mobilized a massive assault on “gangs, guns, and drugs” by tightening law enforcement methods. An example involved the Automatic Transfer Act used to prosecute 15-year-old Joseph White in adult court for shooting a fellow student. The judge thought White should have sought help from police, but White and his family knew the police as brutal occupiers of local neighborhoods. Joseph White was sentenced to 45 years in a maximum-security prison. Jon Burge was finally convicted in 2010—of perjury—but he served only three years, while many of his victims remained on death row. In a sidebar in the Burge trial—unheard by jurors—the judge refused to allow evidence about a racialized code of silence that concealed Burge’s torture. Our book ends by explaining how Daley and Burge escaped meaningful punishment through the code of silence and out-of-court settlements. These remain unrelenting sources of the racial reckoning confronting this quintessential American city.
Frances Power Cobbe
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book brings together essential writings by the unjustly neglected nineteenth-century philosopher Frances Power Cobbe (1822–1904). A prominent ethicist, feminist, champion of animal welfare, and critic of Darwinism and atheism, Cobbe was very well known and highly regarded in the Victorian era. This collection introduces contemporary readers to Cobbe and shows how her original philosophical standpoint developed over time, beginning in 1855 with her Essay on Intuitive Morals. In this work she set out her duty-based moral theory, arguing that morality and religion are indissolubly connected. This provided the framework within which she addressed a host of theoretical and practical issues in her prolific publishing career. In the 1860s and early 1870s, she gave an account of human duties to animals; articulated a duty-based form of feminism; defended a unique type of dualism in the philosophy of mind; and argued against evolutionary ethics. Cobbe put her philosophical views into practice, campaigning for women’s rights and for first the regulation and later the abolition of vivisection. In turn, her political experiences led her to revise her ethical theory. From the 1870s onward she increasingly emphasized the moral role of the emotions, especially sympathy, and she theorized a gradual progression in sympathy across history. Moving into the 1880s, Cobbe combatted secularism, agnosticism, and atheism, arguing that religion is necessary not only for morality but also for meaningful life and culture. The critical introduction and explanatory notes provide historical and philosophical context for those encountering Cobbe for the first time.
The Law of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The law of naval warfare includes distinct and overlapping legal regimes applicable to the law of air warfare, the law of armed conflict, specific rules concerning the conduct of hostilities at sea, prize law, and maritime neutrality. These regimes govern hostilities at sea and beyond, balancing the rights of belligerents to conduct operations for sea control, sea denial, and the subjugation of the enemy with humanitarian considerations and protection of the rights of neutral states. The principles of the law of armed conflict apply in naval warfare, including military necessity, proportionality, distinction, and with special considerations, precautions in attack. Weapons must be reviewed for compliance with the law of armed conflict. Belligerent naval operations may be conducted in areas outside of neutral territorial seas. For the purposes of naval operations in peacetime and during armed conflict, the exclusive economic zone is subject to the rules of the high seas.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) can operate and select and engage targets independent of direct human control. While automated weapons that presage LAWS, such as the Aegis close-in weapon system (CIWS) have existed for decades, fully autonomous weapons are entering into service. The employment of LAWS during hostilities must comply with the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and the law of naval warfare. Concern over applicability of these rules has raised a campaign by nongovernmental organizations to ban “killer robots.” While an outright ban is not going to occur, debates over the levels of human control required for the lawful employment of LAWS is unfolding in discussions held under the UN Convention on Conventional Weapons through a Group of Governmental Experts (GGE). This debate has centered on whether LAWS should be subject to “meaningful human control” or “appropriate levels of human judgment.” Both terms are ambiguous, however, and differences operationally immaterial. Like all weapons, the use of LAWS is already subject to the legal doctrine of command responsibility and military practice of the commander’s accountability for the methods and means employed during armed conflict.
Submarine Warfare
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For nearly 40 years, international efforts to regulate or prohibit the use of submarines as a means of warfare failed, as submarines proved to be highly effective during the two world wars. Today, over 40 nations operate submarines, with the more advanced naval forces, including the United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom, and Russia, developing new generations of submarines and seabed capabilities that leverage stealth, survivability, and maneuver. These underwater forces are increasingly important for war planning and war fighting because they are more survivable than surface ships. The increasing distance, lethality, and accuracy of stand-off weapons calls into question the survivability of surface ships in high-end naval conflict. This renewed emphasis on underwater operations resurfaces old legal controversies about submarine duties in the law of naval warfare and raises new questions about submarine operations in the littoral seas and on the continental shelf and deep seabed.
Bias
Authors: Kelly Thomas , McGrath Sarah 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this chapter the authors aim to illuminate the concept of bias. In the first section, they propose that a potentially fruitful project in this area is to identify, from among the many things to which bias is attributed, those that are fundamental in the order of explanation (e.g., given that bias is frequently attributed to both people and their opinions, can one of these be understood in terms of the other?) In pursuing this project, they offer and defend a hypothesis, the priority of processes, according to which facts about biased people, groups, and outcomes are typically grounded in more fundamental facts about biased processes and procedures. In the second section, they take up questions about the relationship between a whole’s being biased and bias among its parts. In the third section, they offer an account of the concept of bias as it applies to human beings and other entities. According to this account, biases are dispositions to depart from salient symmetry standards in systematic, patterned, or predictable ways. In the final two sections, they offer some remarks about the way in which the concept of bias interacts with the concepts of reliability and knowledge, respectively.
United States Case Study
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The United States represents a “least likely” case for cyber persistence theory. Until 2018, the United States applied a deterrence strategy to cyberspace, practicing restraint that further emboldened adversaries. An assessment of US cyber strategy shows that the core logic of cyber persistence theory was applied by 2018, although unevenly across government agencies. The clearest pivot away from deterrence was the Department of Defense’s adoption of “defend forward” and “persistent engagement.” Department of State attribution diplomacy and efforts to establish norms, and Department of Justice public indictments, mostly focused on setting redlines, signaling, and imposing costs to deter, despite little evidence that such actions impact adversary cyber behavior. Uneven adoption of a new cyber paradigm is consistent with Thomas Kuhn’s observations about paradigm change. States best equipped to manage interconnectedness and constant contact will be those that align intergovernmental, private sector, and citizenry efforts with other States in a whole-of-nation-plus approach.