bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bishop Berkeley and John Foster on Problems with Physical Realism about Space
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The early sections consider two arguments about the nature of space that occur in Berkeley. The first concerns the phenomenology of space, the second its physics. The first is the ‘mite’ argument and the second concerns Newton’s two thought experiments about absolute space, the ‘bucket’ thought experiment and the ‘balls’ thought experiment. It is argued that they strengthen support for an idealist approach to space. Next is a major argument of John Foster’s. It moves in two steps. The first involves the refutation of naïve or direct realism, leaving the realist with a traditional representative realism as his best option. Given Part I of this book, this is taken as achieved. The second step of Foster’s argument consists in the claim that a world that lies beyond experience—a Transcendental World (TW)—need not have the same topology as the physical world (PW) and that, therefore, the space of the TW is not physical space. If the space of TW is not physical space, TW is not the physical world. This is given the intuitive premise that spaces which have different topologies cannot be the same space—a space cannot have two inconsistent topologies at once. This would seem to be a simple case of Leibniz’s law.
Street Food
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is a social, economic, and cultural history of food hawking in London, which challenges how we think about street food and urban life in both the past and present. Focused on London between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, the book reconstructs the working lives of the poor women and men who sold fruit, fish, vegetables, milk, and dishes like pies and sausages on the streets, outside the formal economy of markets and shops. It demonstrates the complexity and sophistication of hawkers’ work, as well as their vital roles in feeding the city during a critical period of expansion. It also shows how a deeper understanding of street selling provides a new perspective on key debates and issues within metropolitan history, including the improvement of the streets, economic polarization, the rise of retail and shopkeeping, working class diets, the gender division of labour, and the grand narrative of modernization. Finally, the book reflects on the demise of London street trading over the twentieth century and the emergence of a gastronomic street food trend since the 2007–8 financial crisis—highlighting the differences with hawkers’ historical experience and that of street vendors around the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic form of food hawkers’ work, which showed remarkable continuity in London between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, and how it relates to the modern street food trend and street vending around the world. It briefly surveys previous studies of street selling in England’s capital and other past cities, before demonstrating how the book, for the first time, puts hawkers at the centre of the narrative of London’s growth and transformation. The introduction also provides an overview of the key developments in the city and street vending across this period, and the range of evidence and approaches used in the following chapters.
Tools
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the technology London hawkers used to sell food on the street, in particular baskets, wheelbarrows, and donkeys. Such apparently simple tools were seen by contemporaries as proof of street sellers’ backwardness and incivility, and are typical of the poor technologies neglected by historians. Examining each major street food technology in turn and how they were purchased, maintained, and used, this chapter argues that they remained essential equipment for retailers and integral to the material culture of the street for more than three centuries.
Voices
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers hawkers’ use of advertising cries and the significance of these sounds in London culture. It explores how these calls were described as annoying between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, but such descriptions revealed changing attitudes towards the city, its people, and its sound. Crying was integral to street sellers’ work as retailers, a practice that demanded effort and skill, aspects of which we can reconstruct using ballads and elite music from the period. This chapter also draws on theoretical discussions of soundscapes to show how hawkers’ calls carried meaning and helped structure the city’s temporality. The capital’s soundscape shifted fundamentally in the late Victorian period, but hawkers’ calls remained vessels of metropolitan myth.
Epilogue
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter describes how food hawking declined in London over the twentieth century, before a very different street food phenomenon emerged after the 2007–8 financial crisis. It shows how street markets appeared to be thriving in the interwar period, but were actually falling in prominence due to factors like demographic change, a diminishing street life, and new motorized transport. It considers the recent rise of a culinary street food trend and how it differs in style and accessibility from street food of the past. This modern street food is also at odds with the fundamental, everyday importance of street vendors in large cities around the world.
A Celestial Patron
Authors: Méndez Hugo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBeginning in the early fifth century, local interest in Stephen reached new levels of intensity. This chapter anchors this development in a shift in martyrological reflection documented in other cities of the same period. As the Roman Empire was Christianized, civic pride and identity were increasingly formulated around the fame of local martyrs, who were reimagined as the heavenly patrons of particular cities and towns. The only encomium for Stephen to survive from fifth-century Jerusalem, delivered by the presbyter Hesychius, indicates that Jerusalem had begun to construct Stephen along similar lines in the same period. The homily recasts Stephen as a kin and co-citizen of Jerusalem, worthy of more fervent devotion by the city’s residents.
Democratic Theorizing
Authors: Asenbaum Hans 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents democratic theorizing as a participatory approach to developing democratic theory. Democratic theorizing is inspired by the deliberative values of inclusion, diversity, listening, and transparency. In contrast to established approaches to theorizing democracy, democratic theorizing includes human and nonhuman research participants in the theorizing process. Bringing together insights from grounded theory, participatory research, and assemblage theory, democratic theorizing enhances the formative agency of those outside academia. Drawing on a democratic theorizing project with the Black Lives Matter movement, this chapter provides a step-by-step guide which takes the reader through the different phases a democratic theorizing project might comprise.
Online Deliberative Matrix
Authors: Kies Raphaël 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the last decades, online deliberation has gained prominence amongst scholars in political science, political philosophy, political communication, and big data analysis. This chapter presents a method to assess online deliberation: the Online Deliberative Matrix (ODM). This matrix refers to a criteria that assesses the quality of deliberation taking place in online discursive spaces. The chapter provides the theoretical foundation of the matrix by referring to the ideal speech situation and the two-track model of democracy advocated by Jürgen Habermas. It then presents a detailed operationalization of this theory based on nine deliberative criteria and discusses some examples that fully, or partially draw on the ODM to evaluate the deliberativeness of online debates in different contexts.
Process Tracing
Authors: Pickering Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A major challenge for empirical analysis of deliberative processes is to establish causal relationships between the context or design of these processes (e.g. access to information or the inclusion of marginalized participants) and desired outcomes (e.g. decisions that have higher epistemic or deliberative quality or are more reflective of citizens’ values). While some of these causal relationships can be tested in experimental settings or through large-N quantitative analysis, others are much harder to test in this way, particularly when it comes to complex causal relationships operating in large-scale deliberative systems or in long-term deliberative processes. Even at a small scale, experimental methods may not be able to yield nuanced answers to how and why a deliberative forum yielded a particular outcome. Process tracing offers a promising method for structuring qualitative, explanatory case-study analysis of deliberative processes. Process tracing aims to identify causal mechanisms that connect the causes of events or phenomena to their outcomes, drawing evidence from a wide array of sources associated with a single case or a small number of cases. Many empirical studies in political science have employed process tracing in a fairly loose manner, and it is only more recently that political scientists have made a concerted effort to develop a more systematic approach. This chapter shows how scholars of deliberative democracy can employ process tracing to assess deliberation within and beyond mini-publics, building on a review of related work that employs this method and highlighting areas for future research.
Q Methodology
Authors: Parry Lucy J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Q methodology is a robust method for identifying and understanding subjective viewpoints or discourses, involving both quantitative and qualitative elements. The principles underpinning Q are in line with deliberative principles, namely the importance of reflection and taking subjectivity seriously. This chapter discusses how Q can enhance the understanding of deliberative democracy in both theory and practice. Q can be used to assess discursive preferences before and after deliberation. This offers an alternative approach to individual preference aggregation and provides a more nuanced insight into the effects of deliberation. Q can also contribute to our understanding of the deliberative system in two possible ways. Following John Dryzek’s conception of the system, it can be used to assess inclusivity by identifying the balance of discourses in public space. The chapter concludes by introducing a novel application for using Q to indicate deliberative quality across discourses in the deliberative system.
The Deliberative Camp
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andrea Felicetti 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Deliberative Camp, a research method based on the informal practices of social movements that blend both participation and deliberation. Camps or acampadas have been a main development within the anti-austerity movements. As a form of political practice, Deliberative Camps provide a democratic model of engagement for activists, civil society actors, and citizens to develop knowledge and take action on urgent political problems without necessarily waiting for institutional collaboration. As a research method, meanwhile, Deliberative Camps provide a unique resource to study the relationship between deliberation and activism. This chapter explains how this method can be used and how it advances the scholarship of deliberative democracy.
Mutual Need
Authors: Mansbridge Jane 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The study of deliberative democracy stands today at a methodological cutting edge. Here, perhaps uniquely, normative theory, practitioner invention, and empirical analysis all depend actively and recursively on one another. Conscious synergy permeates this volume. Empirical scholars need normative theory to identify ‘success.’ They need practitioner innovations for analytically fruitful variation. Practitioners, for their part, need normative and empirical guidance to experiment and improve what can be done. Theorists need both practitioner advances and empirical analyses to probe analytically and build upon the implicit and evolving norms behind deliberative practice. Even more unusually, individual scholars who begin with one method increasing frequently take up the goals and tools of other methods in their quest for understanding and better practice. Why this synergy? Increasing demands for democratic legitimacy are driving practical innovation across the globe. Assessing the new deliberative forums that arise from these demands and the deliberative systems of which they are a part, practitioners, theorists and empirical scholars are asking both ‘What do we want to achieve?’ and ‘What produces -- or hinders -- what we want to achieve?’ The goals include greater epistemic creativity and accuracy, contributions to human development, and, most importantly, increases in perceived legitimacy backed by normative legitimacy, to undergird the many new laws and regulations (with the accompanying increases in government coercion) that human beings will require as we become increasingly interdependent.
Introduction
Authors: Tardy Thierry 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Introduction lays out the main theme of the volume, as well as its conceptual framework and methodology. NATO is, first and foremost, an intergovernmental organization in which states define and implement policies. Understanding how the organization operates and how it defines its mission necessarily requires examination of its constituent parts: NATO’s nations, in other words. The book thus explores national policies within the Atlantic Alliance. It examines the foreign policies of sixteen allies, focusing on issues such as their strategic cultures, relationship with the United States, contributions to NATO operations, levels of defence spending, domestic challenges, and decision-making processes. By analysing the drivers, constraints, and specificities of relevant national policies, the volume offers an overview of NATO’s contemporary functions and challenges and informs about the Alliance’s cohesion and relevance in the face of contemporary threats.
Turkey
Authors: Kasapoglu Can 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with Turkey’s policy towards NATO. Realpolitik remains the key analytical framework to grasp Turkey as a NATO nation. With its strong military and burgeoning defence technological and industrial base, Turkey brings a combat-proven warfighting capacity to the Alliance which can be matched by only a few other allies. This is essential at a time of escalatory challenges of interstate and hybrid conflicts. Geopolitics is yet another explanatory framework broadly used in this chapter. Turkey’s critical geopolitical setting, ranging from its control over the Straits to being the sole NATO nation with a land connection to the Middle East and the Caucasus, is important for NATO’s geostrategic outlook. Yet, from Turkey’s downing of a Russian Aero-Space Forces Su-24 frontline bomber in 2015 to its 2019 procurement of Russia’s S-400 surface-to-air missile system, Turkey’s strategic agenda has navigated through complicated patterns. Turkey has also provided Ukraine with armed drones and developed a firm defence partnership with Kyiv amidst Russia’s reactions. At present, while Turkey’s quest for further marge de manoeuvre in international affairs can cause drifts with some Western nations, its contribution to NATO efforts remains high, showcasing the compartmentalization between Turkey’s bilateral relations with the West and its NATO paradigm. Looking forward, while Turkey will keep depending on NATO in defence planning, this dependency has gradually become more ‘refined’ in defence technological aspects, predominantly revolving around strategic weapon systems, advanced battle networks, and nuclear deterrent.
Spain
Authors: Arteaga Félix 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter examines Spain’s policy vis-à-vis the Atlantic Alliance. It first examines how the Spanish membership in NATO helped to normalize the country’s role on the international scene after its democratic transition. Regardless of their political orientation, Spanish governments have maintained NATO and the European Union on an equal footing in their security policies. Spain supports the development of a European strategic autonomy that is compatible with NATO while it opts for the Alliance for collective defence. The chapter also looks at how Spain comes as a reliable partner despite its differentiated strategic culture and a limited defence budget. Its armed forces regularly contribute to allied operations and provide significant power projection capabilities. In terms of NATO’s priorities, Spain shares the allies’ concern about the situation in Eastern Europe and contributes to the allied deterrence and defence posture against Russia. However, Spain’s perceived threats to its own security remain at NATO’s Southern periphery due to its geographic location close to the Mediterranean, the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea. Against this backdrop, the chapter assesses how the new Strategic Concept (to be adopted at the Alliance Summit in Madrid in June 2022) is approached as an opportunity for Spain to better commit NATO to its Southern flank but also to resist more assertive positions vis-à-vis Russia and China, given Spain’s preference for political dialogue.
Canada and Norway
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie , Berdal Mats 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter analyses the policies of Canada and Norway in NATO. While the two countries have distinct regional security priorities, they place NATO, as well as their bilateral relationship with the United States, at the core of their foreign and defence policies. Domestic political support for NATO remains strong in both countries. While they both share a strong interest in promoting greater Alliance cohesion and are committed to tackling ‘emerging security threats’, they have distinct views on threat assessment and the relative expansion of NATO’s military tasks above and beyond collective defence and deterrence. In the case of Norway, the direction of Russian defence and security policy under Putin, rapid changes in weapons technologies, the weakening of existing arms control regimes, and the uncertain effects of environmental pressures in the Arctic and the High North have all combined to bring its NATO priorities back to its historical core: securing reinforcements to the Northern flank in the event of crisis and ensuring that key allies maintain an interest in NATO’s Northern periphery. For its part, Canada has made NATO a priority by contributing to its operations and activities, while decreasing its involvement in UN operations. NATO represents a useful diplomatic forum for a country which is dependent on its bilateral defence cooperation with the United States. Ultimately, what sets Canada apart from Norway is a threat perception tempered by the security benefits that three oceans and a powerful neighbour offer.
Poland
Authors: Tardy Thierry 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at Poland’s policy towards NATO. Since its accession in 1999, Poland has considered the Alliance as the guarantor of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. At the same time, the United States has been perceived as Poland’s main ally, on which to rely with regard to maintaining peace and security in Central and Eastern Europe. After the 2008 Russian–Georgian war, Poland started to opt for a change in NATO’s military posture, perceiving Russia as the biggest military threat and non-military challenge. This was reinforced following the 2014 Ukraine crisis. Warsaw has then worked towards developing a strong allied deterrence posture on the Eastern flank. In parallel, it has striven to enhance Polish–US ties and secure a US military presence on its soil. Poland sees itself both as a security consumer and as a security provider, notably through its participation in NATO’s out-of-area missions and reassurance measures towards other allies. Warsaw has also been investing in its own defence and consistently raised military expenditure above 2% of its gross domestic product. Looking forward, Poland sees manifold challenges for NATO, starting with concerns about the future of the US security and defence policy, the ability of European allies to engage more in collective defence, and rising tensions among allies. While NATO and military cooperation with the United States remain at the centre of Poland’s defence posture, Warsaw has started to explore possibilities of further enhancing ties with regional allies.
Fossil-Fuel Faulkner
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFossil Fuel Faulkner is the first book-length study of a single writer in the emerging field of the energy humanities. As we try to imagine our way beyond a deeply problematic fossil energy regime that depletes and degrades the planet and sharpens the gap between Global North and Global South and move toward a more just and sustainable energy future, there is much to learn from how previous generations imagined the modern transition into a hydrocarbon-fueled world from the solar- and muscle-powered order that preceded it, and from how they imagined the consequences of that transition, including the new cultural forms it elicited and the new social problems it created. Jay Watson turns to the life and writings of William Faulkner, creator of one of the richest imaginative landscapes in American literary history, for new insights into the deep-reaching connections linking the extraction, production, and use of energy resources in his native US South to its histories of slavery and Jim Crow, its ecologies of disruption and despoilation, the logic of its cultural practices, and the nuances of literary form. Surveying the author’s personal and imaginative engagements with coal and oil, with modern automobility and the road narrative, and with the profligate energies of the sun and the human animal, Fossil Fuel Faulkner explores nearly all of Faulkner’s novels and over a dozen of his short stories, and reveals the author to be one of petromodernity’s keenest chroniclers and critics.
What We Talk About When We Talk About (Him) Walking
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section explores the act of walking as a liminal one, altering the walker in the process. It analyses the spaces between marching and walking—the collective and individuated aspects of the act—proceeding to outline the various kinds (and modalities) of Gandhi’s walks, in a bid to decode how he used walking to signify myriad things (e.g. The Dandi March (1930) as an ethnographic act; the Orissa tour (1934) as a ‘yatra’ or pilgrimage; the walk in Noakhali (1946) as an act of penance, and so on). It also investigates the basis of the myth of the ‘flying’ Mahatma, apart from examining how marches are structurally different from most contemporary social movements, which take the form of static dharnas.