bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemispherical Scale Control on Euonymus, 1982
Authors: Davidson John A. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty Euonymus plants infested with first and second 5tage nymphs were selected for testing. All plants were 6 to B in tall and in 3 in pots. Each plant was randomly assigned to one of six treatments. Scales on each plant were counted before spraying. Materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer until the plants dripped. Ambient temperature at treatment was S7°F. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse for 4 days and scales were rated as dead or alive using a stereomicroscope. Live scales were translucent, green, and responsive to probing and dead scales were brown, shriveled and unresponsive.
Citrus Mealybug Control on Euonymus, 1982
Authors: Davidson John A. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five, 6 to 8 in tall Euonymus plants heavily infested with mealybugs were randomly assigned to one of five treatments. All mealybugs were counted on each plant before treatment. On 21 Jul. and 6 Aug. plants were treated with a compressed air sprayer until runoff. Following each treatment, on 3 Aug. and 6 Sep., postspray counts of mealybugs were made. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse.
Miticide Efficacy Evaluation, Virginia, 1983
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Rittenhouse C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six miticide treatments were applied to 3-ft sections of 2-ft-tall Japanese hollies on 26 Apr., using a 1 gal B&G stainless steel sprayer at 30 lb/in2. Treatments were evaluated 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment (DAT) by counting the number of mites per 10 leaves from each treatment and an untreated check. A second application was made on 10 May and evaluated 3, 7, and 10 DAT. Three additional treatments were included in the second application on previously untreated plants. Temperature at time of treatment was 61°F and 63°F on 26 Apr. and 10 May respectively.
Control of Nigra Scale on

Pachystachys Lutea

, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Williams Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four container grown Pachystachys lutea Nees. heavily infested with nigra scale Parassaissetia nigra (Nietner) were chosen for treatment. Test plants were 24 to 30 in tall, growing in 1 gal pots. All stages of nigra scale were present. Chevron speader sticker was added to all treatments at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal of spray mixture. A single application of each test material was made outdoors on 21 Oct. The foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff using hand-held compressed air sprayers. Treatments were replicated three times and arranged in a RCB design. Plants were returned to the greenhouse after they had air dried. Mortality was determined on 1 Nov. by counting 100 individuals per plant. Counts were made utilizing a stereomicroscope by examining each scale and classifying it as living if normally colored and full-bodied, or dead if it was discolored and shriveled or dried.
Taxus, Spring Field Drench to Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae, Lake Co., Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A heavily infested block of 30 to 38 cm taxus growing in old Lake Erie soil were chosen for evaluating the potential of spring drenches to kill large larvae before pupation. A watering can was used to apply 1.9 liters of finished material to 61 by 305 cm plots containing infested plants on 4 May under sunny skies at 10 to 13°C with strong winds. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a completely random design. Even distribution was attempted by using a slow flow rate and covering the treatment area with several passes of the watering can. Larval head capsules varied from 0.96 to 1.72 mm on the date of application. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated on 2 and 8 Jun., by counting the number of living larvae and pupae in standard-size (20 by 20 cm) root balls on two plants per plot. The root ball was placed over a large plastic tray with shallow sides and shaken vigorously until all soil was dislodged.
Phytotoxicity Tests for Oils, 1983
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , King Ed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted to evaluate Ortho Volck Oil Spray and Volck Oil Spray + Advantage 4EC at 3 different rates for phytotoxicity on euonymus. The euonymus plants were field grown nursery stock located on a horticulture research farm outside of Stillwater. Treatments were made with a 2-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at approximately 20 lb/in2. All plants were treated to runoff. The check plants were treated with water to runoff. Applications were made on 26 Jul, when the temperature was 104°F and the wind velocity ranged 5-10 mph. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Plants were examined for phytotoxicity 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment. No phytotoxicity was detected.
Phytotoxicity Trials on Foliage Plants, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on foliage plants, Los Angeles Co., Calif., evaluated the effects of nine insecticides on 10 species of plants. A 2.25-gpm Arimitsu piston pump sprayer with a 5003 nozzle at 150 lb/in was used to apply the materials to runoff. Application was made on the morning of 24 Aug. (25°C). The test was replicated three times, with one plant per replicate, phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 4 weeks.
Greenhouse Cut Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Trigard, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven weekly applications of Trigard 75WP, at IX, 2X, and 4X the recommended rate of 0.125 lb (AD/acre, were made to commercially grown chrysanthemums located in Encinitas, Calif., beginning 9 Aug. Each rate of the material was applied to 5 row-ft per variety. Applications were made with a FMC Bean sprayer at 150 lb/in2.
Potted Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Trigard, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen weekly applications were made to commercially grown potted chrysanthemum plants located in Encinitas, Calif., beginning 21 May. Trigard 75WP was applied at IX, 2X, and 4X the recommended rate of 0.125 lb (AI)/acre. Three 6-in. pots, with five plants per pot, of each variety were evaluated per treatment rate. Applications were made with a 1-gal pressurized sprayer at 60 lb/in2. The last application was made to plants in open bloom.
Direct-Contact Toxicity of 17 Candidate Insecticides, 1981-82
Authors: Vardell Henry H. , McDonald L. L. , Zettler J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insects used in this test were T. confusum adults 7 to 14 days old and A. megatoma larvae 3 to 5 months old. The insects were reared and tested in rooms maintained at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The candidate compounds were prepared as acetone solutions at concentrations calculated so that 0.5 μ1 would result in dosages of 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 micrograms per insect when applied topically. However, one compound (SD 12211) was tested at 0.35 and 0.7 ug per insect. The insects were anesthetized with CO2 in a Buchner funnel for periods not to exceed 5 min. The immobilized insects were then held individually with a small suction tube and the insecticde applied to the dorsal surface of the thorax with an automatic microapplicator. Forty insects of each species were treated at each dosage level. The same number was treated with acetone as controls. Malathion-treated insects, at the same dosages, were used as the standard for comparison. After treatment the insects were placed into clean containers for post-treatment observation. The percentages of insects knocked down (KD) or dead plus moribund (D+M) were determined for T. confusum after 24 and 120 h and for A. megatoma at 24 and 3 36 h postexposure.
Flushing Activity of Insecticides Against the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test sites consisted of low-income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. Treatments were randomly assigned to each apartment before inspection. Evaluation areas within the test site consisted of the kitchen in general, cabinetry, refrigerator, and utility area. Infestations of each area were estimated by researchers using the visual count method. The number of cockroaches seen generally around the room was counted, then each possible harborage area was closely examined. The count for each site was considered to be the sum number of cockroaches counted throughout the site at the time of pretreatment. Test materials were applied to areas where pretreatment counts were made. All applications were applied as a normal cockroach cleanout procedure would demand (i.e., cracks and crevices, baseboards, beneath and behind sinks, stoves and refrigerators, around plumbing intersections of shelves and walls). Quantitative information in flushing activity was collected by visual counts of cockroaches in the general kitchen vicinity 5 and 30 min after treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.
Activity of Orthene Against the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two formulations of Orthene were investigated, CC-6109 (2.5E) and CC-4233 (85S). The 2.5E formulation was applied as a 1.0 and 0.75% spray whereas the 85S was applied only as a 1.0% spray. A Dursban 2E (0.25%) and Vaponite 2E (0.25%) standard was used for comparative purposes. Masonite panels cut to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) were treated and used as exposure surfaces. A spray apparatus (tower) equipped with a conveyor belt was used to apply the pesticide to insure uniform distribution on the panels. A stainless steel nozzle, Spraying Systems Tee-jet 8001, was used during application. The tower was calibrated such that the material was applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2). Freshly sprayed panels were placed in residual aging compartments until the time of their use. Bioassasys were conducted at 30 sec, 5 min, 30 min, 6 h, and 24 h. Test insects were exposed to panels aged 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated surface and held in untreated containers for 48 h. Food and water were provided during the 48 h evaluation period. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h. Abbott’s formula was used to determine the percent mortality for all replications. A total of five replications was used for each exposure period. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches, 5 males, and 5 females.
Efficacy of Several Formulations of Permethrin and Cypermethrin on the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The contact toxicity of three formulations (WP, EC, and encapsulated) each of permethrin and cypermethrin was investigated to determine the most effective formulation and rate, the contact time required to produce mortality, and the residual activity up to 3 months against the German cockroach. Dilutions were prepared to produce rates of 0.25 and 0.125% for each of the formulations tested. Masonite panels cut to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) were treated. A spray tower apparatus with a mechanized conveyor belt was used to apply the treatments. A stainless steel nozzle, Spraying Systems Tee-jet 8001, was used during application. The tower was calibrated such that each treatment was applied at 1 gal/1,000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2). Treated panels were placed in storage compartments for aging. After treatment, German cockroaches were exposed to deposits aged 0 day, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. Three bioassays (lengths of exposures to treated surface) were conducted at each of the aging periods for each of the formulations tested. Bioassays ranged from 5 sec to 48 h and were determined prior to testing to delineate the critical time periods necessary to produce acceptable mortalities. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated surface and placed in untreated holding jars for 48 h. Food and water were provided. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h. The average percent mortality for all replicates was determined using Abbott’s formula. Three replicates were used for each exposure period. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches, 5 males, and 5 females.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Ticks, 1983
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilusannulatus (Say), and the southern cattle tick, B. microplus (Canestrini), in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Falcon Heights and Mission, Tex., and the tropical horse tick, Anocentor nitens (Neumann), and the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), in colony at Kerrville, Tex., are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are tested. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient (AI), 65% zylene, and 10% Triton X-100. Compounds not soluble in xylene are usually formulated (14.3% AI) in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% AI; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. Prior to treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, and weighed. For treatment, groups of ticks are placed into 20 to 25 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 sec and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and held in 8-dram shell vials at 27±l°C and &gt;80% RH for oviposition. After 2 to 3 weeks, the female ticks are discarded and the eggs are weighed and held for another 4 to 5 weeks when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Other groups of 10 ticks, which are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, and pyrrolidinone (equivalent to the 1% concentration of AI) and handled as treated ticks, are used as treated controls.
Comparison of Guardian and Ectrin Ear Tags for Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies, 1983
Authors: Herald P. , Knapp P.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Guardian (5% and 7.5%) and Ectrin (8%) ear tags were applied at the rate of 2/hd to cows and calves on 18 and 19 May for fly control evaluation. Two similar untreated herds served as controls. On 12 Rug. the Guardian treatments were terminated due to numerous lost tags. A new test was started 17 Aug. in which two of the previous Guardian treated herds were tagged with a new Guardian (7.5%) ear tag design; cows and calves were tagged as before. One previous Ectrin herd and 1 untreated herd were used to compare the efficacy of the new Guardian ear tag. Pace flies were counted on the face of each of 10 cows in each herd and the number of horn flies on 1 side of the same cows were estimated. The mean fly numbers for each treatment is reported.
Beef Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Control with Various Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Various insecticides and application methods were evaluated for face fly and horn fly control on beef cattle. May through Sep., 1983, in Montgomery Co., Va. Herds and treatments were as follows: (1) Ectiban ear tapes applied 24 May to 16 mixed breed heifers. Two tapes per animal were attached to existing identification tags. Monitored for 16 weeks. (2) Ectiban tail tapes applied 30 May to 2 separate herds (A and B) of 21 Angus cows with calves each. Each cow and calf received one tape each, attached above the tail switch. Herd A was monitored for 16 weeks, Herd B for 14 weeks. (3) Ectiban 5.7% EC and diesel fuel (1 pt/5 gal) applied to ca. 20 mixed breed cows with calves and one bull (Herd A), and 16 Limousin cows with calves (Herb B) by means of forced-use backrubbers and facerubbers. Treatments were established 25 May and 7 Jun. for Herds A and B, respectively. Two gal of the insecticide-fuel mixture were used to recharge the rubbers monthly. Both herds were monitored for 9 weeks. (4) Ectiban 0.25% dust applied to 56 mixed breed cows with calves and 2 bulls by means of a mineral feeder type applicator established 25 May. The applicator was recharged with dust as needed. Monitored for 12 weeks. (5) Permectrin 10% ear strips applied 24 May to 19 mixed breed heifers and 10 mixed breed steers; all animals received two strips each. Monitored for 8 weeks. (6) Standard Ectrin 8% ear tags applied 24 May to 70 Angus cows with calves and Hereford bulls. Each cow received two tags per animal, and calves received one. Monitored for 17 weeks. (7) Untreated control herd of 15 mixed breed cows with calves and 1 bull, monitored for 17 weeks. All herds were maintained in separate pastures, and all were situated within ca. 2 miles of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal.
Mouse-Coterebra Animal Systematic Insecticide Test, 1983
Authors: Drummond R.O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White mice are infested ocularly with five newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts) and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dermally. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Pear, Pear Pest Control, 1983
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-yr-old Anjou pear trees were sprayed with handgund operating at 600 lb/in2 to evaluate candidate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of five single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Pear psylla densities were estaimated by counts of adults and nymphs at about 2-week intervals. Adults were counted on five beating-tray samples per rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples per rep. Leaf samples consisted of proximal, distal and three evenly spaced leaves between from each of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under a dissecting microscope. Pear psylla honeydew russet was measured by examining 25-fruit samples at harvest. Damage was recorded according to US grade standards for winter pears. Firmness, soluble solid content and weight were also measured on the fruit.
Control of

Psoroptes

Mites on Rabbits, 1983
Authors: Wright F. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rabbits infested with Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond), the ear canker mite, or P. ovis (Hering), the common scabies mite of sheep and cattle, were treated with various acaricides at different concentrations. All rabbits wore plastic collars to restrict grooming; both ears of each rabbit tested were at least half filled with canker and scabs. The acaricides were usually tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) in xylene:Triton X-100 (66:10) or as company formulations. Emulsions containing 0.5% (the highest concentration tested) were prepared in 25-ml volumes and administered as ear washes to the rabbits. Each ear was filled with test solution, held and massaged gently for 1 min. The outside of each ear and the area around the head and neck were swabbed with the test material. Control rabbits were treated with the appropriate solvent system in the same manner. At weekly intervals the ears of the treated rabbits were checked for live mites with an otoscope. If live mites could not be seen by 6 weeks (42 days), the ear canals were swabbed and the swabs examined for live mites with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Green Peach Aphid and Peach Twig Borer, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. P. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 4-year-old orchard of Nectared, Ruby Grande, Harko nectarines and Early Redhaven and Elberta peaches was used in this test. Replicated four-tree blocks of each variety were used for both treatments and the check. Treatments were applied on 31 Mar. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal/acre) with handguns at 400 to 500 lb/in2 . Evaluation was made by counting number of colonies for green peach aphid and the number of wilted terminals per tree for the peach twig borer.
Cranberry, Fruitworm Control, 1982
Authors: Brodel Charles F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 35-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, Mass. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatment plots replicated four times. Plots (15 by 7 ft) were separated within blocks by 5-ft pathways and between blocks by 10-ft pathways. Two postbloom applications were made on 21 and 29 July, with a 10-gal, powered ground sprayer delivering ca 0.6 gal/min at 50 lb/in2. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal/acre. A spray disc (4/64 inch orifice) and long distance nozzle tip allowed the applications to simulate those achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. Difolatan was applied on 18 June, 8 and 27 July, to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Temperatures during July and Aug. were markedly below normal and precipitation was slightly below normal. During the 3rd week of Oct., berries from five randomly selected, square-foot areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen. These were later inspected for injury by A.vaccinii. Data transformed to arc sine of the square root of proportion were subjected to an analysis of variance.
Inorganic Bromide Residues in Olives After Quarantine Treatments with Methyl Bromide, 1981
Authors: Tebbets J. S. , Nelson H. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of olives were fumigated at 70°F with 99.5% methyl bromide (MB) gas at normal atmospheric pressure, and with different dosage and time combinations. The MB treatments were either approved for use or were pending approval for use as quarantine treatments against infestations of Mediterranean fruit fly in various fresh fruits and vegetables. Raw olives, without packaging materials, were placed inside 1-ft3 chambers. The load in each chamber was 16 ± 1 lb/ft3 by weight or 45 ± 5% by volume. Gas samples were taken throughout the fumigation period to determine MB gas concentrations in the chamber atmosphere. Concentration x time products (CT products) were then calculated. After fumigation, the olives were aerated in the chamber for 1 h. Samples of the raw olives were taken from control and treated lots and held for 24 h at 70°F. Following removal of the pits, the olives were analyzed for determination of inorganic bromide residues using a wet chemical method with accurate detection at 2 ppm or more. The remainder of each lot was commercially processed and canned as black ripe olives. The canned product was sampled at a later time and analyzed to determine the effect of the processing procedure on the original level of inorganic bromides. The juice from the canned olives was also analyzed. All control samples (both raw and processed) had less than 2 ppm inorganic bomides. Each treatment was able to be replicated only two times, and two samples per treatment were taken each time for residue analysis.