bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous glucose monitoring metrics (Mean Glucose, time above range and time in range) are superior to glycated haemoglobin for assessment of therapeutic efficacy
Authors: Rodbard David 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics for use as alternatives to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) to evaluate therapeutic efficacy.MethodsWe re‐analysed correlations among CGM metrics from studies involving 545 people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 5910 people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 98 people with T1D during pregnancy and the postpartum period.ResultsThree CGM metrics, interstitial fluid Mean Glucose level, proportion of time above range (%TAR) and proportion of time in range (%TIR), were correlated with HbA1c and provided metrics that can be used to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Mean Glucose showed the highest correlation with %TAR (r = 0.98 in T1D, 0.97 in T2D) but weaker correlations with %TIR (r = −0.92 in T1D, −0.83 in T2D) or with HbA1c (r = 0.78 in T1D). %TAR and %TIR were highly correlated (r = −0.96 in T1D, −0.91 in T2D). After 6 months of use of real‐time CGM by people with T1D, changes in Mean Glucose level were more highly correlated with changes in %TAR (r = 0.95) than with changes in %TIR (r = −0.85) or with changes in HbA1c level (r = 0.52). These metrics can be combined with metrics of hypoglycaemia and/or glycaemic variability to provide a more comprehensive assessment of overall quality of glycaemic control.ConclusionThe CGM metrics %TAR and %TIR show much higher correlations with Mean Glucose than with HbA1c and provide sensitive indicators of efficacy. Mean glucose may be the best metric and shows consistently higher correlations with %TAR than with %TIR.
Experimental viral spillover can harmBombus terrestrisworkers under field conditions
Authors: Streicher Tabea , Tehel Anja , Tragust Simon , Paxton Robert J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDeformed wing virus (DWV), notorious for its virulence in the western honey bee (Apis mellifera)when vectored by the ectoparasitic miteVarroa destructor, is also widespread among wild bumble bee species, presumably through spillover from honey bees. Experimental studies on the virulence of DWV inBombusspp. have provided equivocal results and have until now been confined to bumble bees under laboratory conditions.Here, we inoculated commercially rearedBombus terrestrisworkers with DWV‐A through feeding or injection and introduced them into experimental colonies placed in the field, thus exposing them to the environment and associated stressors. We monitored the survival of inoculated worker bumble bees and quantified their viral load at 10 days post inoculation.Bombus terrestrisworkers injected with DWV‐A supported high viral loads and exhibited significantly reduced median survival compared to controls. Bumble bees inoculated by feeding had low or zero detectable viral loads while their mortality did not differ from the control group.Our results demonstrate that, although DWV‐A is pathogenic for commercialB. terrestris, the risks for individual fitness from spillover of DWV‐A during foraging on shared flowers appear limited.The findings of this experiment also highlight the necessity to address the potential context‐dependence of virulence when evaluating the impact of a pathogen in an alternative host.
State of the art and practice in AI in education
Authors: Holmes Wayne , Tuomi Ilkka 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRecent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have generated great expectations for the future impact of AI in education and learning (AIED). Often these expectations have been based on misunderstanding current technical possibilities, lack of knowledge about state‐of‐the‐art AI in education, and exceedingly narrow views on the functions of education in society. In this article, we provide a review of existing AI systems in education and their pedagogic and educational assumptions. We develop a typology of AIED systems and describe different ways of using AI in education and learning, show how these are grounded in different interpretations of what AI and education is or could be, and discuss some potential roadblocks on the AIED highway.
Coupling between the prelimbic cortex, nucleus reuniens, and hippocampus during NREM sleep remains stable under cognitive and homeostatic demands
Authors: Bozic Ivan , Rusterholz Thomas , Mikutta Christian , Del Rio‐Bermudez Carlos , Nissen Christoph , Adamantidis Antoine 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe interplay between the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep contributes to the consolidation of contextual memories. To assess the role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens (Nre) in this interaction, we investigated the coupling of neuro‐oscillatory activities among prelimbic cortex, Nre, and hippocampus across sleep states and their role in the consolidation of contextual memories using multi‐site electrophysiological recordings and optogenetic manipulations. We showed that ripples are time‐locked to the Up state of cortical slow waves, the transition from UP to DOWN state in thalamic slow waves, the troughs of cortical spindles, and the peaks of thalamic spindles during spontaneous sleep, rebound sleep and sleep following a fear conditioning task. In addition, spiking activity in Nre increased before hippocampal ripples, and the phase‐locking of hippocampal ripples and thalamic spindles during NREM sleep was stronger after acquisition of a fear memory. We showed that optogenetic inhibition of Nre neurons reduced phase‐locking of ripples to cortical slow waves in the ventral hippocampus whilst their activation altered the preferred phase of ripples to slow waves in ventral and dorsal hippocampi. However, none of these optogenetic manipulations of Nre during sleep after acquisition of fear conditioning did alter sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. Collectively, these results showed that Nre is central in modulating hippocampus and cortical rhythms during NREM sleep.
Policy and transparency gaps for oceanic shark and rays in high seas tuna fisheries
Authors: Cronin Melissa R. , Amaral Julia E. , Jackson Alexis M. , Jacquet Jennifer , Seto Katherine L. , Croll Donald A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe incidental capture by marine fisheries as bycatch poses a global threat to pelagic sharks and rays. In large, industrialized fisheries that often operate in areas beyond national jurisdiction, at least 22 threatened species of pelagic elasmobranchs are caught as bycatch, representing the majority of megafauna bycatch in tuna fisheries. Here, we investigate (1) the efficacy of the current policies of the five tuna‐related Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs) in mitigating elasmobranch bycatch, (2) data needed to better assess the amount and impact of elasmobranch bycatch and (3) the research necessary for the adoption of new policies. We found that tRFMOs have adopted 34 active policies that address pelagic elasmobranch bycatch. However, most policies (~76%, n = 26) are unlikely to avoid or minimize elasmobranch bycatch. Instead, most policies focus on mitigating post‐capture mortality via remediation and requiring or encouraging research and data collection. Despite the emphasis on research mandates, we find that the existence of research was not related to policy adoption, suggesting that lack of research has not historically prohibited policymaking. Overall, we suggest that current research and data transparency, though perhaps not necessary for policy adoption, are not sufficient to adequately evaluate the population‐level impacts of bycatch on many elasmobranch species in tRFMO‐managed fisheries. Given these results, we recommend a precautionary approach that involves reforms in tRFMO voting processes to facilitate the adoption of binding requirements for elasmobranch catch limits, bycatch avoidance, pre‐ and post‐capture handling and release modifications and protection of areas important to threatened pelagic elasmobranchs.
Juvenile justice–involved Haitian families' experiences of structural racism and socioethnic discrimination
Authors: Cela Toni , Demezier Danna , Waldman Rachel , Clement Roy , Dembo Richard , Jean‐Gilles Michèle , Hogue Aaron , Arcayos Alexandra , Santisteban Daniel , Marcelin Louis Herns 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines how Haitian families with youth interfacing with the juvenile justice system cope with structural racism and socioethnic discrimination (RSD).BackgroundHaitian families' experiences of discrimination based on their histories, immigrant status, and positionality illustrates the need for more scientific scrutiny of the experiences of RSD among Black immigrant groups. This National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)–funded study details the narratives of and responses to RSD experienced by Haitian families interfacing with the juvenile justice system.MethodData are drawn from psychosocial assessment tools, therapeutic sessions, and ethnographic interviews conducted with Haitian families participating in a family‐based therapeutic intervention. Using critical race theory, we foreground the voices of those negatively impacted and use Bourdieu's theory of practice to examine the intersectionality of race and ethnicity in this population's experiences of RSD.ResultsThe different experiences of and responses to RSD among youth and caregivers of Haitian descent are both a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism in the United States and unique to their immigrant experience of marginalization and cultural invalidation by public institutions, community members, and peers.ConclusionProfessionals working with this population must be sensitive to the ways these experiences impact young people's identity development processes, their health, and well‐being. Haitian caregivers should be encouraged to protect their children by engaging in racial and socioethnic socialization that validates their RSD experiences.ImplicationsUnderstanding the intergenerational experiences of RSD among Black, immigrant groups and encouraging family dialogue and adolescent support will strengthen family cohesion during this period of racial reckoning.
Survey the effect of drug treatment on modulation of cytokines gene expression in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Ma Yan , Yang Xiao‐Hong , Tu Yi , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAllergic rhinitis as common airway disease has high prevalence in all peoples worldwide. In allergic diseases, Th2 cells release type 2 cytokines that support the inflammation in airways. All the drugs used for allergic rhinitis do not cure completely, and the choice of drugs according to cost and efficacy is very important in all groups of atopic patients. Therefore, in this study, the effect of commercial drugs on cytokine gene expression has been studied. Male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups. Allergic rhinitis was induced in five of the six groups with ovalbumin, and four of these five groups were treated with salbutamol, budesonide, theophylline, and montelukast. The fifth group was used as positive control group and the sixth group as negative control group. For the survey, RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and quantitative real‐time PCR was done for 21 genes.The four drugs had different effects on mRNA expression of cytokines (IL‐1b, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 25, 31, 33, 37, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, TGF‐β1, and eotaxin) in the allergic rhinitis groups. Salbutamol can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but it has some side effects. Budesonide in the inhaled form is generally safe in pregnancy. Theophylline cannot control allergic attack in the long run. Montelukast is not useful in the treatment of acute allergic attacks. Immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects of drugs in control of allergic rhinitis via Th2 cytokines can be new approaches in molecular medicine.
Metastatic primary breast neuroendocrine neoplasms: a case series
Authors: Batty Kathleen , Taylor Amelia M. , Bernard Elizabeth J. , Diakos Connie I. , Clarke Stephen J. , Guminski Alexander , Baron‐Hay Sally , Boyle Frances , Pavlakis Nick , Chan David L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundBreast neuroendocrine neoplasms represent a rare subtype of breast cancer which have not been well studied or characterised, particularly in the metastatic setting.AimTo present clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and outcomes of a series of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast and review the current literature.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review to identify and describe patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast at our centre between 2011 and 2021. Medical records, pathology and imaging results were examined to evaluate the clinical and histopathological features as well as the treatment pathways and prognosis of these patients.ResultsWe present a series of seven female patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast, as defined by the World Health Organization classification, over a period of 10 years (2011–2021) from a single centre. Median age at diagnosis was 48 years (range 39–63). Six of seven tissue samples expressed synaptophysin and chromogranin and were also oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive; median Ki‐67 index was 50% (range 20–90%). All seven patients had demonstrated avidity on 18F‐FDG PET imaging, and the six who underwent 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET all had significant avidity. Treatment modalities and sequencing varied, but all patients received chemotherapy during their disease course. Six patients received three or more lines of treatment. Median overall survival was 31.8 months (range 3.7–108.6). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) with first‐line therapy for metastatic disease was 5.8 months (range 1.8–37.8).ConclusionsThis series shows the use of multiple modalities in treating this disease, with different sequencing in different patients. Despite multiple modalities used in the first‐line setting, first‐line PFS remains short. Larger series and further molecular characterisation are required to aid clinicians in managing this condition and to guide optimal treatment sequencing to improve outcomes in this rare patient group.
AHR/TET2/NT5E axis downregulation is associated with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and its progression
Authors: Cheng He‐Hsiung , Hung‐Ke Lin , Sheu Meei‐Ling , Lee Chun‐Yi , Tsai Yi‐Ching , Lai De‐Wei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unpredictable. This study aimed to examine the regulatory mechanism of the AHR/TET2/NT5E pathway during SLE progression. The AHR, TET2 and NT5E expression levels were examined in T regulatory cells (Tregs) of patients with SLE. The correlation of AHR, TET2 or NT5E expression levels with the immunosuppressive functions of Tregs was analysed. In patients with SLE, the number of CD4+IL2RA−FOXP3+ T cell subset was positively correlated with the SLE disease activity index value and negatively correlated with the AHR and TET2 expression levels in CD4+IL2RA+FOXP3+ Tregs. Transcriptional profiles of 79 patients with SLE obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE61635 dataset) revealed a significant positive correlation between the mRNA expression levels of AHR and TET2. In silico analysis predicted that the TET2 promoter comprises an AHR‐binding site. Kynurenine (KYN) promoted the binding of AHR to the TET2 promoter in Tregs of patients with SLE and Jurkat T cell lines. Furthermore, NT5E expression was significantly downregulated in Tregs of patients with SLE, which can be attributed to the dysregulation of NT5E promoter methylation status induced by downregulated TET2 activity. Furthermore, the Treg immunosuppressive activity, which is mediated through the TET2 and A2AR‐adenosine pathways, in the KYN‐treated group was approximately two‐fold higher than that in the control group. The AHR/TET2/NT5E axis mediates the Treg immunosuppressive activity. These findings provide novel insights for the development of therapeutic approaches for SLE and related autoimmune diseases.
Neutrophils in aging and aging‐related pathologies
Authors: Van Avondt Kristof , Strecker Jan‐Kolja , Tulotta Claudia , Minnerup Jens , Schulz Christian , Soehnlein Oliver 
Published: October 2022

SummaryOver the past millennia, life expectancy has drastically increased. While a mere 25 years during Bronze and Iron ages, life expectancy in many European countries and in Japan is currently above 80 years. Such an increase in life expectancy is a result of improved diet, life style, and medical care. Yet, increased life span and aging also represent the most important non‐modifiable risk factors for several pathologies including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In recent years, neutrophils have been implicated in all of these pathologies. Hence, this review provides an overview of how aging impacts neutrophil production and function and conversely how neutrophils drive aging‐associated pathologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on how processes of neutrophil‐driven pathologies in the context of aging can be targeted therapeutically.
Democratic Privacy
Authors: Bogue Russell C. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a novel justification for privacy rights based on the relationship between privacy and the democratic devices of voting and deliberation. Through an epistemic conception of democracy, I show that privacy, defined as epistemic inaccessibility, justifies a reliance on the vote as the voluntary mechanism of revealing citizen preferences, even in the face of theoretically more responsive methods. Respecting the inaccessibility of citizens' views ensures that democratic governments remain reliant on, rather than merely responsive to, the wills of their citizens. In addition, spaces of epistemic inaccessibility both motivate a basic form of deliberation between citizens and foster healthy deliberative practices by blunting the potentially corrosive effects of publicity. Privacy can thus be seen as a presupposition of core democratic institutions, and not just as an individual right possessed by members of a liberal‐democratic polity. This new conceptualization provides a powerful additional justification for privacy rights and suggests an alternative approach to enacting privacy‐protective measures.
Effect of Ultrasonication and wall materials on the stability, rheology, and encapsulation efficiency of vitamins in a lipid‐based double emulsion template
Authors: Pattnaik Monalisha , Mishra Hari Niwas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe study includes structuring lipid‐based systems by double emulsion methodology using ultrasonication for 1–5 min without involving sterols, followed by freeze‐drying. It contained multi‐vitamins (A, D, B9, B12) in a two‐stage emulsion process in the ratio (20:80‐ emulsion1: emulsion2). A total of 15 formulations (R1 to R15) were prepared and were further studied for properties viz. size, PDI, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and rheological parameters. The size of particles varied from 143 to 396 nm, polydispersity index from 0.314 to 0.866, and zeta potential from −20 to −33.5 mV. Vitamin A, D, and B12 had excellent entrapment efficiency (>96%) but, vitamin B9 showed comparatively poor entrapment. The encapsulation efficiency of vitamins slightly depended on the compositions but were nearly independent of ultrasonication time. The trehalose and lecithin displayed a significant impact on the size and zeta potential respectively. A weak negative correlation of ultrasonication time with size was observed. In comparison to trehalose, lecithin and MPI concentration have more impact on the viscosity. The formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior and good mechanical strength (angular frequency 2.45–13 Hz). Herschel‐Bulkley and Power model showed the best fit for R1 to R10, and R11 to R15 respectively. Low‐fat biscuits fortified with developed liposomes provided maximum retention of vitamins than the un‐encapsulated vitamins.Practical ApplicationsVitamins are susceptible to degradation when exposed to adverse environmental conditions, hence it is often enclosed within a membrane to prevent deterioration and ensure maximum uptake. Simultaneous co‐encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic vitamins can be a promising strategy to enhance the delivery of labile micronutrients. The developed lipid‐based emulsions/powder have a wide applicability, can be used for the development of functional foods such as confectionery and bakery items. The presence of an extra protective membrane facilitates reduction in degradation of nutrients, thereby favoring better uptake during ingestion.
‘Propped and prone’ positioning reduces respiratory events in spontaneously breathing preterm infants: A randomised triple crossover study
Authors: Richmond Christopher M , Ring Fabian , Richmond Lacey , Rossouw Erika , Ballard Emma , Birch Pita 
Published: October 2022

AimWe compared effects of infant positioning and feed‐rate interventions on respiratory events and oximetry parameters in spontaneously breathing preterm infants born <32 weeks gestation managed in a neonatal unit.MethodsA randomised triple crossover design was employed. n = 68 infants underwent three test conditions A: control (supine/flat, gravity bolus feeds), B: position intervention (propped/prone) and C: feed‐rate intervention (continuous pump feeds) in randomised sequence over three consecutive days. Primary outcomes were number of events (apnoea, bradycardia and desaturation) and percentage time SpO2 < 80% over 24 h. The secondary outcome was percentage time SpO2 ≥ 88%. Treatment effects were estimated using linear mixed‐effects models.ResultsPropped/prone positioning significantly reduced events and improved percentage time SpO2 < 80% and ≥88% compared to both other conditions (all P < 0.001). Outcomes for the feed‐rate intervention were not significantly different to control.ConclusionsAlternative infant positioning should be considered in preterm infants managed in the neonatal unit.
Modelling of the effects of environmental factors on rice grain discoloration incidence in Corrientes province, Argentina
Authors: Dirchwolf Pamela M. , Moschini Ricardo C. , Gutiérrez Susana A. , Carmona Marcelo A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRice grain discoloration (RGD) is a disease of complex aetiology for which there are no resistant varieties. Due to the need to better define the environmental conditions that favour the disease, the aims of this work were to (i) identify the predominant fungi associated, (ii) determine the meteorological variables most closely related, and (iii) develop preliminary weather‐based models to predict binary levels of RGD incidence. After analysing 123 rice grain samples under natural infection conditions from rice‐cropping regions throughout Corrientes province, Argentina, we found that RGD was mainly associated with Alternaria padwickii (14.2%) and Microdochium albescens (13.7%). The strongest associations between weather variables and RGD incidence were observed in a susceptible critical period (Scp) that extended from the rice flowering stage until 870 accumulated degree days (Scp lasting 32 days, ±7 days). The binary response logistic model including the weather variables DPrecT (which combined the effect of the simultaneous daily occurrence of precipitation lower than 12 mm and air temperature between 13 and 28°C), and DDMnT (sum of the exceeding amounts of daily min temperature from 23°C), was the most appropriate, showing prediction accuracy (PA) values of 84.6%. The univariate model that included DPrecT presented a PA of 82.1%. The logistic regression techniques here used to develop weather‐based models to estimate the probabilities of occurrence of binary levels of RGD can not only help to clarify and quantify the environmental effect on the development of RGD but also be useful tools to be included in future management strategies.