bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retirement and Economic Growth
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Economic growth affects retirement preparedness, and savings decisions can also affect economic growth. First, slow economic growth can threaten retirement programs’ financing. There are fewer workers for each retiree than in the past, and each new generation is not much richer than prior generations. That means that contributions to Social Security and Medicare from those who are now working no longer cover retiree benefits. Second, decisions about how much to save for retirement and when to retire affect economic growth. Saving makes available productive capital that helps drive growth, and the age at which people retire influences the size of the workforce. Quantitatively, the first of these two channels (from growth to retirement programs) is larger and will figure in future chapters. This chapter mostly explores the effect of retirement decisions on economic growth, showing how an improved retirement system can modestly contribute to faster economic growth.
Why Is Saving So Hard?
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Many families follow the life cycle model, often saving at work in a 401(k)-type plan. Owning a home and paying off the mortgage also provides an important retirement asset. For other families, though, saving is hard. Low-wage and short-term jobs, unemployment, divorce, and other setbacks can make it very hard to save. Small employers often do not have a retirement plan for their workers. Behavioral economists find that good intentions can go astray as the temptation of spending today overcomes the desire to provide for the distant future. Employers can greatly encourage participation by offering a 401(k)-type plan that automatically enrolls workers unless they choose to opt out. “Nudging” people to save is effective. There are tax incentives for retirement saving, but these are much stronger for high-income families than for those with low and moderate incomes. Policymakers and employers can do much more to encourage retirement saving.
Transitioning to Retirement in a Changing Labor Market
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the labor market is changing, forcing older workers to adapt to different jobs and new ways of working. The Great Recession of 2007 and 2009 was a persistent drag on the labor market, while COVID-19 triggered a much sharper, though less enduring, disruption. A new recession is a threat to an otherwise healthy labor market though the first half of 2022. Longer-term trends are also important, notably changing technologies, globalization, and the shift away from middle-skill jobs. Older workers’ skills become obsolete in some cases, and they lose their jobs or need to retrain. Some workers have decided to scale back their work hours rather than fully retire. Perhaps they lack the money to support early retirement and need part-time work for a few years in what amounts to a so-called phased retirement. The “gig” economy is creating some new options for older workers, although evidence suggests that older workers are not much affected by this development.
A Vision for a New Retirement Paradigm
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key points of the book. The new retirement paradigm requires action by families, policymakers, and employers. Families must better plan for their futures, saving enough to maintain their standard of living in retirement. Policymakers must preserve key government programs and improve the workings of insurance markets to help retirees handle risks. Employers no longer provide pensions to their workers, but they should help them navigate the hard and confusing choices and risks that they now face. This is not a farfetched collection of proposals; in fact there is no realistic alternative. While some may wish that companies would again provide private pensions, they are not going to do so. Social Security benefits could be more generous but—with Social Security facing long-term financing challenges—policymakers will find it hard enough to maintain Social Security retirement in its current form, let alone expand its generosity.
No Exit
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 is named for the Jean-Paul Sartre play, No Exit, with its iconic line, “Hell is other people.” This stands as a metaphor for the deep divides between Bob and Shirley. In their almost-daily correspondence (between Cornell, where he was pursuing his doctoral degree, and Queens College, where she was finishing her Education degree), they exchange views about politics (including Sputnik), and sex (Bob’s “Intensi-gasm” cartoon). Bob’s correspondence with his Aunt Florence reveals some of his religious and philosophical attitudes. His letters with Shirley highlight their incompatibility and impatience with each other. She’s looking forward to their wedding (June 1958), while many of his letters reveal he is not. They both oppose Shirley’s father’s demand for a Jewish wedding, preferring an Ethical Culture Society (ECS) ceremony. They secure Ies Spetter, from ECS, to marry them. The wedding, with its mishaps, reveals the underlying tensions in both Bob’s and Shirley’s families.
The Abominatron
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bob prepares for Herb Deutsch’s visit. Precedents for Bob’s work are Cahill’s Telharmonium, RCA’s Mark I and II, and Harald Bode’s “System Synthesizer,” the latter being a particular inspiration to Bob, with its modular design and voltage controlled amplifier. Bode’s invention led Bob to a key stroke of insight concerning the exponential relationships in both music and engineering. From there, it was clear to Bob how to proceed: he would build a system with modular design, driven by voltage control. When Herb arrived in Trumansburg, Bob showed him his setup of two voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), a voltage controlled amplifier (VCA), and a keyboard. During their time together, a rudimentary envelope generator was added. The two then showed the contraption at the University of Toronto Electronic Music Studio (UTEMS), which resulted in an invitation to present the invention—now dubbed “the Abominatron”—at the Audio Engineering Society.
Hallucinations for Your Ear
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 introduces the West Coast electronic music scene, including the San Francisco Tape Music Center, and the major people behind it: Ramon Sender, Morton Subotnick, and Pauline Oliveros, plus the psychedelic hippie culture. The Tape Music Center applied to the Rockefeller Foundation on May 20, 1965, for funding; that application, among other evidence, shows that Don Buchla was a year behind Bob Moog in developing synth technology. Back on the East Coast, Bob was close to giving up on his business when the musician Paul Beaver contacted him (in 1967), offering to represent Bob on the West Coast. The two met at the AES convention in California. Beaver was so impressed by Bob’s equipment that he immediately used it on a recording session for a new album, Zodiac Cosmic Sounds. Seven weeks later, Beaver was manning a Moog booth at the Monterey Pop Festival. This was the turning point in Bob’s career.
The Star Collector
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 begins with the incursion of West Coast electronic musicians into East Coast culture. Morton Subotnick’s Silver Apples of the Moon was a hit at the Electric Circus nightclub, where it was previewed before its release on Nonesuch. Bob was still taking on any job that would pay the bills. Richard Teitelbaum commissioned a module that, when hooked up to his body, allowed him to make music driven by the central nervous system. Composer Max Brand commissioned a gargantuan custom instrument—the Moogtonium. And the NY Research Group was suing Bob over their long-overdue project. In spite of Bob’s preference for classical music, his instrument was entering the pop scene (with The Doors, Monkees, Byrds, Simon & Garfunkel) as well as film (The Trip). And it was often being used to replace musicians, a practice that disturbed Bob. During this period the Moog’s third daughter, Michelle, was born.
Long Live the Moog!
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 develops the cultural milieu of the late 1960s, when classical music mingled freely with popular music. Carnegie Hall hosted “An Electric Christmas,” an assemblage of synthesizers, a medieval ensemble, and a rock group, presented by the Electric Circus. New York Times critic Donal Henahan declared the mashup the “avant-groove.” Into this atmosphere stepped Wendy Carlos with an entire album of Bach rendered on a synthesizer. Switched-On Bach hit a nerve, and within months its sales were so large that it crossed over from the classical into the pop charts. A major article in the New York Times positions Bob as the poster boy for the synthesizer. Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause joined forces to create The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music, a compendium of electronic effects that gave names to specific sounds and formulas, for Jac Holzman’s Elektra Records. It found particular use in commercial music.
Hello, HAL
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 reconstructs some of Bob’s most successful years. On the pop side, the Rolling Stones’ Mick Jagger bought a Moog. The Beatles’ George Harrison purchased a Moog IIIp and Bernie Krause ushered it to London, training Harrison in its use. Bob appeared with Wendy Carlos on the nationally aired Today Show, and the Moog was featured in one of Leonard Bernstein’s Young People’s Concerts, broadcast nationally, and syndicated to 40 countries. Gershon Kingsley, a classical musician who worked on Broadway and composed pop tunes, had a Moog hit with his “Pop Corn,” and used the Moog for religious services he dubbed “Shabbat for Today.” Dick Hyman released the first Moog jazz album. On the classical side, composers Jon Weiss and David Borden joined Bob’s Trumansburg studio. Borden in particular would go on to become a major advocate for the Moog. Eugene Zumchak became Bob’s first engineer hire, developing the Moog sequencer module.
Mini and the Beast
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
David Van Koevering offered a barter: he’d take Bob’s instruments on tour in exchange for free equipment. The Synthesizer 10 appealed to him for its convenience and portability—features lacking in Bob’s modular equipment. Keith Emerson pioneered live Moog modular performances (with the Nice at Royal Festival Hall; with Emerson, Lake, & Palmer at the Isle of Wight; and on recordings like “Lucky Man”). Emerson called the Moog “the beast,” for its size and complexity. Gershon Kingsley presented Moog modulars at Carnegie Hall. But Bill Hemsath’s Min A and Mini B prototypes appealed to players as smaller, practical synths for concerts. David Borden was the first to test-drive the Min A with his Mother Mallard ensemble, and Chris Swansen used it at the Daniel Berrigan rally at Cornell. Sun Ra premiered the Mini B at the Red Garter, followed by Dick Hyman at the Eastman School.
Comes Now the Defendant
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By January 1994, a bitter separation began. Bob fled to friends practicing New Age rituals. Leaving the Cove, he rented a room from Ileana Grams, a UNCA philosophy professor. He fell in love with Ileana, moved in with her, and rediscovered his Judaism with her and her daughter, Miranda. Shirley Jacobs Moog died in 1994, leaving Bob a large inheritance. Bob and Shirleigh were divorced in 1995. Bob transferred Big Briar to Riverside Drive in Asheville, hiring a staff including his former UNCA student Steve Dunnington, and released the Etherwave theremin, but profit was elusive. Bob was featured in Steven M. Martin’s documentary, Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey. Unbeknownst to Bob, the remaining Moog inventory was auctioned; the trademark lapsed and a line of applicants sought it. Bob, desperate for income, testified in court for Casio that synthesizers were machines, not musical instruments. Bob and Ileana married in a Jewish wedding.
Contemporary Support the Troops Discourse and Practice
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shifts into a detailed empirical examination of the manifestation of support the troops discourses and practices in the US and UK during the early years of the so-called global war on terror, 2001–2010. It examines constructions of (a) who is expected to support the troops; (b) why people are meant to support the troops; (c) how people express their support for the troops; and (d) the primary reasons—or antagonists—that cause the troops to need support. The data are presented in chart form and contextualized with illustrative quotations in order to generate the central narratives of troop support in the US and UK, respectively. While these narratives reflect some continuity in gendered notions of liberal martial citizenship, they do not offer a stable consensus. Instead, supporting the troop discourse is characterized by an ongoing process of contestation and fragmentation over the meaning of supporting the troops.
The Meaning(s) of Support
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the meanings of support and society’s martial obligations in support the troops discourse. It finds that dominant contractual, stereotypically liberal notions of support for the troops—that individuals owe the troops support—fail to reconcile cultural myths and expectations of masculine martial service with the contemporary experience of war. Liberal discourses demonstrate a clear gendered civilian anxiety: a sense that non-serving civilians are doing something wrong. The balance of the chapter identifies two alternative ideal-typical logics of support—communitarian and altruistic—within the broader discursive formation. These logics of support are responses to gendered civilian anxiety and attempts to recoup claims to normative citizenship and normative heteromasculinity (while fleeing femininity). These three logics of gendered obligation do not supplant the mythical, gendered military contract but amend it, preserving its ideological viability. Support, not military service, is now the sine qua non of normative masculinity and citizenship.
The Meaning of Support for War Opposition
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter uncovers the way the mandatory nature of supporting the troops conditions dissent. It examines the use of support the troops discourse by a variety of US and UK antiwar and peace NGOs. Support the troops discourse is represented as beyond politics. Dissent is not only politically foreclosed, but its absence is actively lauded as an obligation of normative, gendered membership in the political community. Pragmatic antiwar calls to support the troops and bring them home, though logical in attempting to get a fair hearing, reify the idea that the troops must be supported. Instances of resistance—challenges to the assumption that one must support the troops—are written off as offensive instances of bad taste. Socially intelligible opposition to the use of force is therefore sharply constrained, as martial obligation makes it possible to contest one war, on behalf of the troops, but not the practice of war itself.
Roman Fasces in the Medieval and Renaissance Eras
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the medieval period, the word “fasces” never fully fell out of Latin use, at least in a general sense of “supreme power” or “official honors.” Nor did the term “lictor,” because of its appearance in scripture, which preserved understanding of this attendant’s punitive role. Renaissance humanists mostly grasped the meaning of the “fasces.” Yet other than an isolated Anglo-Saxon representation of the fasces, artistic renderings of the fasces were slow to come—not until the last quarter of the fifteenth century, where they tend to signify the exercise of authority and the administration of justice. The artist Raphael (1483–1520), however, took a pronounced interest in the details of the Roman fasces, which he prominently incorporated into two high-profile Vatican commissions, which spectacularly reintroduced the fasces into the iconographic mainstream. In the next decades, papal efforts to control the administration of law in Rome culminated in a celebratory painting with—for the first time—the fasces as a key component in an elaborate allegorical scene. It was a powerful cardinal-nephew of Pope Paul III Farnese (reigned 1534–1549) who commissioned this piece in 1544 from Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574). Through this artist’s rendering of “Farnese Justice,” the fasces entered the rapidly expanding repertory of “emblems,” i.e., symbolic images with a moralizing purpose, a growth industry in the first half of the sixteenth century. Indeed, four popes over the next two centuries had their tombs adorned with the rods and axe as a symbol of justice, starting with that of Paul III himself.
American Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
After 1789, America’s early leaders, architects, and artists leveraged direct knowledge of classical antiquity (including the fable in Aesop that involved a fasces-like bundle of sticks), but also observed what individuals in Britain and France had made and were making of the emblem in the public sphere. Indeed, a major role in this iconographic effort was played by foreigners, culminating with Italian-born sculptor Enrico Causici (1790–1833), who was the first to introduce a representation of the fasces into the United States Capitol building (1817–1819). Starting in the early 1830s, escalating conflict over slavery raised questions about the long-term stability of the American union, and caused the fasces—now widely understood as the unity symbol par excellence—to proliferate, in everything from campaign broadsides to high art. By the mid-1850s, Southerners for their part seem to have regarded the fasces, especially when joined with a liberty cap, as promoting the abolitionist cause. Once actual civil war broke out between North and South in 1861, and especially after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, the emblem grew only more powerful as a marker of American union. Decades later, this understanding recommended the fasces to Adolph A. Weinman (1870–1952) for his design of the “Mercury” 10-cent piece first issued in 1916, and to the designers of the Lincoln Memorial (dedicated in 1922) in their tribute to the slain president who had preserved the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This initial chapter outlines the project and explains what grand strategy is: the art of marshaling resources to pursue national goals. It first helps leaders identify and prioritize their ends or why to act; it then prescribes how to attain those goals—the ways and means to employ. Two examples of poor grand strategy (World War I and the Lord’s attempts to free His people from Egypt) are reviewed. The chapter then briefly explains each part of the logic of grand strategy, and then reviews what cases will be examined in the pages to come and the logic behind their inclusion.
“Under the Dictation of Fleishman”
Authors: Viola Lynne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Viola, in Chapter 5, examines the case against O. S. Fleishman, the head of the Skvirskii district NKVD in Kiev Oblast, and M. M. Krivtsov, a district-level regular policeman mobilized to work in the NKVD during the mass operations. The chapter offers a view of the Great Terror at the district and village levels, demonstrating the role of “witnesses” and the use of regular policemen in mass operations. Fleishman, who did not admit guilt, claimed to be following orders, as did the policemen working under him who declared that they did everything “under the dictation of Fleishman.” Tried in August 1940, Fleishman was sentenced to eight years and Krivtsov to six years in the Gulag.
Brokers With(out) Authority?
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the work of chaplains, conceiving it along a continuum from tasks reflecting less to more integration in the institutions in which they take place. Chaplains in healthcare organizations do the broadest range of tasks and are most integrated or embedded in their settings. They are followed by military chaplains, those working in higher education, and those in municipal settings. Prison chaplains—arguably the most physically embedded—tend to be more restricted to rituals, ceremonies, limited counseling, and bearing witness. The chapter argues that institutional setting, more than religious or other individual characteristics, plays the largest role in shaping the work of chaplains, and it shows how chaplains negotiate these roles relationally in their day-to-day work.
Sources and Methods of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter initiates the process of constructing a systematic theory of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda by focusing on two goals. First, it identifies not only the sources to be consulted in the process of deriving Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda but also how this derivation may take place and the exegetical and theological challenges that may face us. Second, drawing primarily on al-Ghazālī, some of the problems of dealing with scriptural texts will be raised, mainly addressing the methods of interpretations lying between esotericism and exotericism, asking: How do we know if we are not falling into either of these two extremes in our pursuit of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda?
From Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa to Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is formed of two sections. The first section “interrogates” the classical theory of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa and critiques it on account of its ḥudūd-centeredness and its reducing of the function of Maqāṣid to mere “preservation” as compared to functions of “acquisition” and “promotion.” The second section moves from “interrogation” to “generation,” whereby it attempts to “generate” the overriding general objective of Islamic theology, namely, the objective that is invoked and observed across the entire body of Islamic theology, which, I argue, is the pursuit, perseveration, and promotion of Truth (al-Ḥaqq). In doing so, I draw, not “theological,” but “methodical” inspirations from the Kantian distinction between the “phenomenon” (the way we see things) and the “noumenon” (the-thing-in-itself), with a view to using theology as a “handmaiden” to the Ultimate Truth, as opposed to being employed as a “superintendent” to it.
Why Does Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda Matter?
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter comes near the end of this monograph to show how the need for Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda becomes evident when Shiite-Wahhabi relations are considered. The chapter begins by dispelling the common claim that Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Taymiyya have contributed to the worsening of Sunni-Shiite relations and will show that it is rather the Wahhabi non-maqāṣidī approach that tended to feed such narratives of hate. The chapter then proceeds to show how a maqāṣidī-oriented approach to Islamic theology, embodied in al-Ghazālī’s canon of interpretation, ʿAbduh’s Theology of Unity, and Shaltūt’s initiatives, may be used to help alleviate the heated relations between these theological trends.