bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy Institutionalization
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes jihadi groups’ strategy institutionalization. The chapter contends that the construction and implementation of armed groups’ strategic views is the product of external and internal developments. In particular, opposition to the Egyptian regime was cemented in prison and religiously justified. The institutional trajectories of both IG and JG then mediated the impact of their exile to Afghanistan and Pakistan during the war against the Soviet Union and ultimate strategic failure to achieve their objectives in Egypt. These trajectories also explain the IG’s renunciation of the applicability of violence in Muslim countries when the JG partially joined AQ.
Nanowires
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The present chapter develops the theory of interband, intersubband, and excitonic optical processes for semiconductor QWRs, in the same line as in earlier two chapters. The simple rectangular structure and analytical methods are considered first, followed by semi-analytical theories for practical structures. The classification of the one-dimensional nanostructures in terms of growth mechanisms that is, by epitaxial methods and by other chemical methods is next introduced and some examples of top-down and bottom-up methods are given. A few important physical processes and characteristics of nanowires, namely, polarization anisotropy in absorption and emission, and giant birefringence are then discussed. Finally, some of the application areas of nanowires, as light sources, photodetectors, solar cells, and in laser cooling are briefly mentioned.
Optical metamaterials
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Metamaterials are artificially engineered materials, and they exhibit properties not found in naturally occurring materials. This chapter introduces first the left-handed materials with negative refractive index and microwave structures that first exhibited this peculiar property. After discussing some unusual properties of metamaterials, like realization of perfect lens, focus is given to negative refractive index with positive permeability and permittivity. In this regard, chiral metamaterials and infinite or hyperbolic metamaterials with their properties are discussed. Plasmonic metamaterials with low loss are then described. After introducing the subject in general, attention is given to semiconductor metamaterial structures, showing negative permittivity, and having quantum system anisotropy. The concept, structure, and properties of metasurfaces, and their application in THz systems are stated. Some applications like THz modulator, and a solid-state tunable beam steering device in automotive cars are finally discussed.
One True Logic
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLogical monism is the claim that there is a single correct logic, the ‘one true logic’ of our title. The view has evident appeal, as it reflects assumptions made in ordinary reasoning as well as in mathematics, the sciences, and the law. In all these spheres, we tend to believe that there are determinate facts about the validity of arguments. Despite its evident appeal, however, logical monism must meet two challenges. The first is the challenge from logical pluralism, according to which there is more than one correct logic. The second challenge is to determine which form of logical monism is the correct one. One True Logic is the first monograph to explicitly articulate a version of logical monism and defend it against the first challenge. It provides a critical overview of the monism vs pluralism debate and argues for the former. It also responds to the second challenge by defending a particular monism, based on a highly infinitary logic. It breaks new ground on a number of fronts and unifies disparate discussions in the philosophical and logical literature. In particular, it generalizes the Tarski–Sher criterion of logicality, provides a novel defence of this generalization, offers a clear new argument for the logicality of infinitary logic and replies to recent pluralist arguments.
The L∞G∞S Hypothesis
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the central thesis of the book, the L∞G∞S Hypothesis that, roughly, the one true logic is maximally infinitary. To get clear on what this means, we first offer a brief history of how first-order logic has come to be the logic of choice before introducing the crucial, though neglected, distinction between the type and sort of a logic. The chapter states the hypothesis and discusses the history of infinitary logics and then introduces the distinction between top-down and bottom-up arguments for the hypothesis. Top-down arguments begin theoretically, arguing for the hypothesis from general considerations about the nature of logic. Bottom-up arguments begin with particular cases. The chapter ends by arguing that the two converge on the L∞G∞S Hypothesis.
The Heterogeneity Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, there begins a defence of isomorphism invariance against its most forceful criticisms. The chapter opens with the heterogeneity objection that no natural explanation is given by the account of what constitutes the same logical operation. This leads on to a discussion of other forms of invariantism offered in the literature, which the authors argue fare worse. The first to be considered is Feferman’s invariantism, which is found to be flawed. Second, Bonnay’s invariantism is examined and again found to be less successful than the version of isomorphism invariance outlined in this book. In both cases, the authors criticise some of the judgements about particular expressions, such as identity, as well as the motivation for those views.
Linear systems
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abstract linear systems as well as systems of linear equations are introduced. It is shown that the general solution to an inhomogeneous system is given by a special solution to the inhomogeneous system plus the general solution to the associated homogeneous system. An algorithm to solve systems of linear equations in terms of row operations is formulated. The results are applied to the geometry of affine lines, planes and their higher-dimensional analogues.
Determinants
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The determinant in arbitrary dimensions is introduced as a multi-linear, completely anti-symmetric object and it uniqueness and existence is demonstrated. Important properties of the determinant such as the multiplication rule and the basis invariance for determinants is proved. The determinant is used to introduce the concept of orientation of a basis. The co-factor matrix, the Laplace expansion and row operations facilitate computations with determinants. It is also shown how the matrix inverse can be obtaind from the determinant and Cramer’s rule is discussed. Minors can be used to compute the rank of a matrix.
Tensors*
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The tensor product between two vector spaces is defined. It is explained how tensors can be obtained from the tensor product and why they satisfy a universal property. Index notation of tensors relative to a choice of basis and basis transformation is discussed. Tensor maps on tensor vector spaces are related to the Kronecker product for matrices. Symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors are also covered. It is explained how objects in linear algebra, such as linear maps, bi-linear forms and determinants, can be viewed as tensors. The discussion is generalised to multiple tensor products which leads to multi-linearity and the outer algebra of a vector space.
NO COUNTRY FOR WILD APES
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the possibilities of restoring nature. It shows possibilities of cohabitation between the numerous human and rapidly shrinking wild ape populations, such as with the Orangutan Foundation preserving habitat, releasing orphaned orangutans in protected reserves, and promoting education and livelihoods for the locals. Rewilding and restoration need concerted efforts to accommodate natural landscapes and wild animal and plant populations, and to avert a mass extinction. The chapter explores, too, the possibility of building mutualistic ‘garden’ cities and rebuilding marine ecosystems such as those of mangrove and seagrass. For a sustainable future, the human and natural worlds need sensitive and imaginative rebalancing.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the similarity between humans and birds. Humans are animals, more specifically mammals, and more specifically primates, and our physical features reflect this. We have thumbs like all primates, and human hair and internal organs are more or less like those of other mammals. Yet, in another way, humans also have many things in common with birds. The ways of living first ‘invented’ by birds are very different from typical mammal strategies, but very similar to those that later made primates unique among mammals, and humans unique among primates. To understand the plumbing and infrastructure of the human body, one has to look at mammals. But to understand our minds, our behaviour, our social lives, or the reasons why our evolutionary history has unfolded in a particular way, it is to the birds, and especially the songbirds and parrots that one should look.
PARROTS IN THE MIRROR
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on parrots, looking at three groups that exemplify convergent evolution—and parallel history—with humans: the cockatoos, the grey parrots, and the macaws. Like humans, they represent the extreme edge of what it means to be a parrot, the case where all the evolutionary forces combined to push a species or group of species towards an extreme version of its type. What is remarkable is that these two extreme groups of animals, the humans and the urparrots, have, in their extremity, become so remarkably similar. Rather than each being pushed to opposite ends of what it means to be an animal, they have ended up mirror images of each other, with parrots a whispered answer to the question: what if a different group of animals were to evolve like the humans? The chapter then considers the similarities that humans share with parrots, including longevity and monogamy. Where the parrots truly become our mirror image, however, is in their brains and their language. They share with us learning, fretfulness, personality, and artistry. Laboratory research has confirmed the expert lockpicking ability of these birds as well.
Introduction
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto , Valenzuela Pilar M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis introduction outlines the chapters included in the present volume and places their contributions in the more general discussion on the grammar of body-part expressions. It underlines the substantial significance in this context of Amerindian languages, indicating that the extensive coverage and new insights detailed here willcontributing to the understanding of the nature of body-part expressions in the Americas. It also offers a detailed list of the languages discussed in the following chapters along with two maps illustrating their approximate locations.
Body parts and possessive constructions in Mataguayan languages
Authors: Nercesian Verónica , Vidal Alejandra 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues for the existence of an early possessive classifier *t(V)- that may have distinguished body parts from the rest of the inalienable nouns in the ase a language family. Evidence of this is the documentation of a t(V)-form or a t(V)-form series in the possessive flexional paradigms in this family. In most cases, it is synchronically reanalyzed as part of the possessive prefix fused to the pronominal possessive prefixes, while in others, *t(V)- seems to have been fused to the root. This suggests that, in Proto-Mataguayan, there may have been only one pronominal series-indexing possessor, and that *t(V)- was related to the meaning of the root. We also posit that there is a relationship with a formally similar verbal prefix, which classifies agentive intransitive roots, and a presumable semantic extension of *t(V)- from body-part nouns to agency in intransitive predicates.
Vestiges of body-part prefixation in Marubo
Authors: Fleck David W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMost Panoan languages have a set of approximately thirty monosyllabic prefixes that designate mostly body parts and extensions of these. In the Panoan languages that have been studied in detail, these body-part prefixes have been found to be productive morphemes. Marubo seems to be a counterexample. This chapter argues that despite the large number of recurring elements with body-part meanings found in nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prefixation is not productive in Marubo. Nevertheless, these patterns suggest that Marubo once did have a productive system of body-part prefixation, so a second purpose of this chapter is to consider the diachronic scenarios that can explain how Marubo body-part prefixation was arrested.
Shakespeare and the Actor
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
What is a ‘Shakespearean actor’? Does the term still have any meaning? Drawing on the biographical and autobiographical accounts of actors and directors, as well as on interviews with actors from a wide range of backgrounds, Shakespeare and the Actor looks at these questions in a variety of contexts, historical and contemporary. A survey of the training of the classical actor, with its increasing vocal and physical demands, considers how it, like the subsequent career path, is affected by class and gender. There is discussion of the uneasy balance of power between actors and directors, rehearsal practice, the difficulties faced by women as performers and directors, and attempts at undirected productions. Other chapters consider the roles that actors do and don’t want to play, and why, their relation to the Shakespeare text and editorial practice, the complex relationship between actor and audience, and the popularity of anecdotes about things that go wrong. Throughout, examples are taken, as far as possible, from the author’s own long experience of theatregoing. A final chapter looks at new trends in the theatre that have been accelerated by the long period of closure during the pandemic, particularly attempts at greater inclusivity in both actors and audiences. It concludes that the main reason Shakespeare is performed is that actors want to play the roles he wrote.
Roles
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the roles that are the main reason actors want to play Shakespeare. The career path of a leading Shakespeare actor will include roles suitable for young, middle-aged, and older men; the situation is very different for women. For both, however, there are some roles that are ‘coveted’ and some that no one wants to play. This chapter looks at both kinds and at the special problems of those, like Falstaff and Richard III, that often require an exhausting physical transformation of the actor. It also considers why, given the high failure rate of Macbeth productions in the theatre, so many actors want to play the title character, and why actresses are not bothered by the fact that the female roles in the plays were not written for women to play.
Tight-Binding Bandstructure
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • How to extract the properties of molecules and crystalline solids if we know the properties of the constituent atoms, and their geometrical arrangement in real space, • Develop an intuitive understanding of the tight-binding model for electronic bandstructure of crystals, • Apply the tight-binding method to calculate and understand the bandstructure and physical properties of various semiconductors, ranging from graphene to Silicon to GaN, and • How to apply the tight-binding method to design and predict new properties such as those that are topological and non-trivial in origin.
Scattering, Mobility, and Velocity Saturation
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • We survey the experimental landscape of electron and hole mobilities in many scenarios ranging from zero/narrow bandgap semiconductors to ultra wide bandgap semiconductors, • Investigate quantitatively the scattering mechanisms that limit the electron mobility, ranging from intrinsic processes such as phonons to extrinsic processes such as dopants, alloy disorder, defects, and interfaces, and • Investigate the drift velocity as a function of the external electric field to understand velocity saturation and high-field effects.
Every End is a New Beginning
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following: • A broad summary of the field of semiconductors today, current challenges, and the state of the art. • We then place them in a broader scientific context to look back and then look forward to possibilities in the future. • We then discuss several new avatars of semiconductors, where they either exhibit themselves, or by close integration, new functionalities. • We end this book with a discussion of what semiconductors do for energy, healthcare, space exploration, and societal changes in the past, present, and the future.
Writing a Development Play
Authors: Ralph-Bowman Mark 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simple stories are easier to tell than complex ones. Hence the reality of a messy, often contradictory meeting of race, class, power, financial clout, and, fundamentally, gender within a development context seems unpromising theatrical material. Focusing on two theatre productions—The Project and With You Always—separated by nearly forty years, this chapter explores the challenges of engaging theatrically with this messy reality, and the way that both productions drew on research and lived experience in order to create something different. The Project was rooted in a combination of research into World Bank projects in the 1970s and the vitality of the lived experience of students in Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. With You Always was inspired by the research and experience disseminated through the academic book Aid, NGOs and the Realities of Women’s Lives: A Perfect Storm.
Who Consumes?
Authors: Harman Sophie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Research on popular representations of development and the visual or ‘aethetic turn’ in international relations emphasizes the power of affect on the viewer. However, we rarely interrogate what that affect or impact is. Affect or impact of the representation upon audience tends to be assumed or based on the ‘other’ audience rather than the subject of the representation. This is a key gap in engagement with popular representations of development: to think about representations is to not only think about the subject of the representation but how the represented view themselves and the representation. This chapter argues that issues surrounding popular representations of development not only have to consider issues or who speaks, who is represented, and who benefits in the production, but also who consumes. The chapter considers this question of affect and who consumes by exploring audience response to the feature film Pili.
Percolitis
Authors: Schulman L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An epidemic is going like wildfire through the city of Oz. It is percolitis, equivalent to ∞+1 directed percolation. This chapter gives a mean field analysis of the epidemiology and examines the consequences, which include the order parameter and power law (temporal) correlations at the threshold (of transmission of the disease). With immunity the situation becomes more complicated and one sees the phenomena self-organized criticality and connections to galactic morphology and neurology. Self-organized criticality in a mean field model is explicitly obtained. There is also a section on better epidemiology.
Power laws
Authors: Schulman L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A power law is [a frequency or probability] ≡ f(x) = ax−b, where x is a variable and a and b are constants. Many distributions are alleged to have this property: words (where x is the rank), city size (where x is the rank and f the population), music, genes, and so on. Scaling properties of power laws are explored and competing distributions (e.g. log-normal) are examined. Origins of power laws are found in diffusion, “rich get richer” distributions, self-organized criticality, and many other sources.
The k-calculus
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 starts by discussing the activity of model building. It then introduces a slightly non-standard (but insightful) approach to special relativity, using the ‘k-calculus’ approach of Bondi. The chapter begins by discussing relativity in the Newtonian framework. It then goes on to introduce the two key postulates of special relativity, namely, the equivalence of all inertial observers and the constancy of the velocity of light. It then shows how one may use a clock together with light signals to measure distances. The k-factor, which is in effect a Doppler factor and measures how the interval between successive light signals changes when measured by a moving observer, is then introduced, and an explicit formula for it is obtained. The physical implications are then examined, including the composition law for velocities, the relativity of simultaneity, the clock paradox, and the Lorentz transformations.
Integration, variation, and symmetry
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7, the final chapter of Part B, introduces tensor densities which enable one to carry out integration on manifolds. The next topic is an introduction to the calculus of variations which enables one to optimize an integral which depends on a function. It is shown how stationary values (i.e. maxima, minima, and saddle points) occur when the function satisfies the Euler–Lagrange equations. This method is then applied to obtaining the equation of geodesics as the shortest paths between two points. The chapter ends by introducing the concept of isometry, a transformation which preserves distances, and the derivation of Killing’s equation to obtain infinitesimal isometries.
The Schwarzschild solution
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 introduces the notions of stationary space-time and static space-time. In simple terms, a solution is stationary if it is time independent. On the other hand, the stronger requirement that a solution is static means that it cannot be evolutionary. In such a case, nothing would change if time ran backwards. The definitions for static and stationary space-time are given in terms of both coordinates and, geometrically, hypersurface orthogonal vector fields and Killing vectors. The next section solves the vacuum field equations in spherical symmetry. This then leads to the Schwarzschild exterior solution, which describes the gravitational field outside a spherically symmetric star. The uniqueness of this solution allows one to deduce Birkhoff’s theorem, which states that a spherically symmetric vacuum exterior solution to a star is necessarily static. Finally, the Schwarzschild interior solution is discussed.