bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteria Control in Unconventional High Temperature Downhole Conditions During Completions
Authors: Graham Matt , Kramer Jeff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Comparative biocidal efficacy studies were conducted using field water samples. Biocide stock solutions were made up in field waters and tested before and after thermal aging to simulate downhole thermal conditions. Biocidal efficacy was measured by serial dilution vials and ATP. Tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (TTPC) provided rapid biocidal activity against sulfate-reducing and acid-producing bacteria in multiple field water samples. It was also thermally stable and retained all of its biocidal activity through 7 days of heat aging at downhole temperatures of 85-90°C. In contrast, non-oxidizing biocides based on 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, and glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium chloride lost significant biocidal activity after exposure to these same downhole temperatures. TTPC also showed excellent compatibility with anionic friction reducers. Once the efficacy and compatibility of TTPC was confirmed in lab tests, it was used on several multi-well fracs. Results of the flowback testing gave zero viable sulfate-reducing and acid-producing bacteria and ATP values of &lt;100 pg/ml in several wells, indicating that TTPC was highly effective at controlling microbial contamination in the harsh field environment.
Pump Jack Timer Optimization Using Detailed, High-Quality Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Gordon Ryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To reduce power usage and wear and tear on pumping equipment, low producing wells are often placed on timers. This study demonstrates how timer settings can be rapidly and effectively optimized using detailed measurement of tubing pressure. Pressure monitoring devices, based on an internet of things (IoT) architecture, were installed on the flow-t of 24 pumping wells, gathered and stored per second pressure data, and used it to establish optimal timer settings.
Understanding Field Performance of Paraffin Inhibitors Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Shuya Matthew , Baron Holley , Tiberio Cristino 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The standard test procedure for paraffin inhibitor evaluations in oil and gas production over the past 20 years has been cold finger analysis. With the emergence of unconventional Canadian oil and gas production from tight reservoirs such as the Montney and Duvernay formations, mounting paraffin treatment issues have been observed. The limitations of cold finger analysis have become increasingly evident when relating product evaluation data to field performance data. Baker Hughes has developed a method to evaluate paraffin inhibitors using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that exhibits key improvements over cold finger analysis. The results of an investigation between product evaluation testing through DSC and field performance data is presented.
DSC analysis is commonly used in the oil and gas industry for cloud point or wax appearance temperature (WAT) determination of crude oil by detecting the point at which paraffin crystals form. It has commonly been presumed that detection of cloud point shifting can be accomplished with paraffin inhibitor chemistries; however, contradictory evidence obtained through thorough investigation within the industry refutes this claim. This is due to the fact that standard paraffin inhibitors work to disrupt paraffin crystal growth and agglomeration, instead of paraffin crystal suppression.
Many programs identified through DSC testing methodology have been successfully implemented in a variety of field applications including both conventional and unconventional production. Moreover, field application monitoring data correlates to product selection and treatment rate data obtained through DSC analysis far better than results acquired through cold finger analysis. Additionally, analysis through DSC is far less susceptible to commonly experienced interferences observed in cold finger analysis such as high asphaltene content of specific crude oils, or paraffin content of condensate.
Paraffin inhibitor evaluation through DSC allows for improved understanding of intended paraffin inhibitor programs for oil and gas producers, especially those experiencing difficult to treat paraffin issues in higher temperature tight reservoirs.
Dissipation-Based Nonlinear Solver for Fully Implicit Compositional Simulation
Authors: Jiang Jiamin , Pan Huanquan 
Published: March 2022

SummaryIn reservoir simulation of complex recovery processes, solving nonlinear equation system arising from the fully implicit method (FIM) poses a significant challenge. The Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) conditions can span orders of magnitude in heterogeneous reservoir models because of large variations of permeability and porosity. The standard Newton method often fails to converge for large timestep sizes.We extend a new dissipation-based continuation (DBC) method to multiphase and compositional problems. The objective is to avoid timestep cuts and maintain efficient timestepping in FIM simulations. The method constructs a homotopy of the discrete governing equations by adding numerical dissipation. A continuation parameter is introduced to control the dissipation level and ensure that the accuracy of the converged solution is not degraded. Within the DBC framework, we develop general dissipation operators for multiphase and compositional flow models. Adaptive strategies are also proposed to determine the optimum dissipation matrix for hyperbolic systems.We evaluate the efficiency of the new nonlinear solver using several challenging cases. Results show that the standard damped Newton solver is afflicted by severe timestep restrictions and wasted computations. By comparison, the DBC solver enables superior nonlinear convergence. The dissipation operators can effectively overcome major convergence difficulties of coupled flow and transport problems.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy-silver nanoparticle conjugate interacts with neuronal and glial cells and alleviates anxiety-like behaviour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Lawal Sodiq Kolawole , Olojede Samuel Oluwaseun , Dare Ayobami , Faborode Oluwaseun Samuel , Naidu Edwin C. Stephen , Rennie Carmen Olivia , Azu Onyemaechi Okpara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The inception of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients, and their life expectancy has improved. However, neurological complications associated with chronic HAART administration has not been fully addressed. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential benefits of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) conjugated HAART and its interaction with neuronal and glial cells in type-2 diabetic rats. Forty-two (42) adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 ± 13 g) were divided into non-diabetic and diabetic groups. After induction of diabetes, non-diabetic and diabetic animals were administered either with de-ionized water (DW), HAART (98.2 mg/kg, p.o) or AgNPs + HAART (24.5 mg/kg, i. p) for eight weeks. After that, metabolic biomarkers, oxidative injury, tissue inflammation, and animal behavioural changes were evaluated. Also, the prefrontal cortex was excised for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. The HAART-treated diabetic rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose level, number of faecal pellets, malondialdehyde (MDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) while locomotion, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and PFC-GFAP positive cells were significantly reduced compared with diabetic control. However, administration of AgNPs + HAART to diabetic rats significantly improved the blood glucose level, metabolic activities, SOD, GSH, PFC-GFAP positive cells, protecting neuronal injury while reducing MDA and anxiety-like behaviour in the open field test. Administration of HAART aggravates anxiety-like behaviours and promotes neurotoxic effects in the PFC of diabetic rats. However, AgNPs + HAART alleviates the anxiogenic effects of HAART, and preserves PFC GFAP-positive cells and neuronal cytoarchitecture by reducing oxidative and neuroinflammatory injury.
Using Joint Models To Study The Association Between CD4 Count And The Risk Of Death In TB/HIV Data
Authors: Mchunu Nobuhle Nokubonga , Mwambi Henry , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Reddy Tarylee , Yende-Zuma Nonhlanhla 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Joint modeling is an active area of research which has seen an increasing interest in medical research for various dynamic medical scenarios for studying possible relationships between longitudinal biomarkers and survival outcomes. The association structure that links the survival and the longitudinal sub-models is of great importance within the joint modeling framework, nevertheless, rationale for selecting it has received relatively little attention in the literature. In light of this, our main aim is to explore alternative functional forms of the association structure linking the CD4 count and the risk of death and provide rationale for selecting the optimal association structure for our data. Methods: We used data from the study conducted by the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research inSouth Africa (CAPRISA) AIDS Treatment programme, the Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in Tuberculosis (SAPiT) study, which was an open-label, three armed randomised, controlled trial conducted between June 2005 and July 2010 (N=642). We considered five association structures and to select the final model we utilized the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), where smaller values indicate better model adjustments to the data. Results: We observed similar characteristics of the study participants across the three study arms. The median CD4 count was 154.5, 149.0 and 140.0 in the early integrated, late integrated and sequential arms, respectively. The random effects association structure was found to be the best functional form for our data, in particular, the baseline levels as well as the longitudinal evolution of the underlying CD4 count were found tobe strongly associated with the risk of death. Conclusions: In this paper we have shown that the "current value" association structure is not always the bests tructure that expresses the correct relationship between the outcomes in all settings, which is why it is crucial to explore alternative clinically meaningful association structures that links the longitudinal and survival processes. Keywords: Time-to-event data; longitudinal data; joint models; CD4 count; mortality; Association structures
A Case Study Addressing Trauma Needs During COVID-19 Remote Learning From An Ecological Systems Theory Framework
Authors: Mahmud Sharmeen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mental health conditions related to trauma among American children are a concern, particularly because of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Children, as students, carry the trauma they encounter with them into the classroom. Students impacted by trauma learn differently due to effects on the brain that relate to several impairments, causing them to perform poorly in school. However, teachers may not always understand this issue. This case study shows how certain dynamics within the EST layers impacted one school during the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine how teachers at the school experienced a trauma–informed online PD and SEL program intended to improve student outcomes, teacher perceptions, and teacher–student relationships. The six participants included teachers in a K-8 low-income, minority population charter school. The assessment tools used were the Teacher–Student Relationship Scale, Teacher Perception Scale, and Student Outcomes Survey. The teachers’ outlook on SEL improved, particularly online. This improvement helped the teachers implement community circles and SEL infused with mindfulness in their online classrooms, which may have helped them maintain their relationships with the students and may have helped the students with academic and stress outcomes. During unprecedented times, the maintenance, rather than the deterioration, of student outcomes and teacher–student relationships is an accomplishment and an area that necessitates further research.
The Comparison of Surgical Outcomes Between Early and Advanced Class of Jugular Paragangliomas Following Application of Our Modified Surgical Techniques
Authors: Zhao Peng , Lin Feng , Zhang Yibo , Kong Dedi , Feng Yisi , Dai Chunfu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose: To compare the safety and effectiveness of surgical treatment of jugular paragangliomas (JPs) following application of our modified surgical techniques.Methods: Fifty-six patients with JPs were analyzed for tumor classification, surgical outcomes, and intratumor blood vessels.Results: The gross total resection in C1-2 (100%) was significantly greater than that in C3 and D (66.7%). The presence of postoperative good facial nerve (FN) function House-Brackmann (HB) I-II in C1-2 (89.5%) was not significantly different from C3 and D (93.3%) (P =0.694). The presence of preoperative and postoperative lower cranial nerve (LCN) deficits was correlated with the Fisch classification of tumors (P<0.05), and more intraoperative blood loss was demonstrated in advanced tumors (P=0.050). Further study showed that the cross-sectional area of intratumor blood vessels was positively associated with intraoperative blood loss (P<0.001).Conclusions: Surgical excision of JPs is a safe and effective strategy, and early surgical treatment is a good option for patients with C1-2 tumors without surgical contraindications.
Gradient Electromechanical Theory for Thin Dielectric Curved Beams Considering Direct and Converse Flexoelectric Effects
Authors: Joshan Yadwinder Singh , Santapuri Sushma 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work presents the development of a unified gradient electromechanical theory for thin flexoelectric beams considering both direct and converse flexoelectric effects. The two-way coupled electromechanical theory is developed starting from 3D variational formulation by considering an electric field-strain based free energy function. The formulation incorporates mechanical as well as electrical size effects. The coupled 3D theory is specialized to isotropic materials and a 1D beam theory for composite flexoelectric curved beams is derived using the classical Kirchhoff assumptions. The beam theory is solved using a novel C2 continuous finite element framework for different loading and boundary conditions. Our finite element results are verified with analytical solutions for a simply-supported flexoelectric beam operating in both actuator and sensor modes. The results are also compared with existing literature for the special case of a passive micro-beam. Our computational framework is subsequently used to perform various parametric studies to analyze the effect of electrical and mechanical length scale parameters, geometric parameters like the radius of curvature, flexoelectric layer thickness etc., on the response of the beam. Also, contribution of converse flexoelectricity in the overall response of the flexoelectric beam is compared with that of the direct effect. Our simulation results predict that the converse effect is significant (≈ 10-25% of the direct effect) for a wide range of thickness and length scale parameter values. It is also observed that the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient, calculated in terms of the voltage developed across the flexoelectric layer thickness, is higher in flexoelectric materials compared to piezoelectric materials at smaller length scales (thickness of the order of a few microns). The trends observed in our simulation results also agree with recent experimental findings.
Celastrol Ameliorated Lupus in Fas-Deficiency MRL/lpr Mice via Regulating in Vivo Immune Response of Lymphocytes
Authors: Xie Tianhong , Liu Huiqiang , Liu Xin , Li Ping 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Celastrol is the bioactive constituent extracted from tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder God Vine). In present study, we explore whether celastrol would exhibit a regulatory effect on adaptive immune response in vivo in MRL/lpr mice.
Methods
In present study, we combined following approaches to determine the underlying mechanism of celastrol treatment on MRL/lpr mice, including Elisa, Luminex, and flow cytometry.
Results
Celastrol treatment significantly prevented enlargement of spleen and lymph node, alleviated renal injuries, and reduced production of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibody. Celastrol treatment also strikingly decreased serum levels of multiple cytokines and antibody subsets in MRL/lpr mice. Celastrol treatment also reduced Th1 and TNF producing cells frequencies in CD4 + T cells of MRL/lpr mice. Celastrol treatment strikingly prevented CD138 + T cells accumulation and increased apoptosis level of CD138 + T cells in MRL/lpr mice. In addition, celastrol treatment prevented plasma cells formation from B cells in MRL/lpr mice by decreasing activated and germinal center B cells frequency in B cells.
Conclusions
Celastrol treatment has a significantly therapeutic effect on MRL/lpr mice. Both alleviated accumulation of CD138 + T cells and reduced formation of plasma cells in MRL/lpr mice induced by celastrol treatment together contributed to the reduced secretion of autoantibody in celastrol-treated MRL/lpr mice.
The Economic Valuation Of Gedo Natural Forest Conservation Benefits, Ethiopia
Authors: Tolera Tadesse 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forest ecosystem economic valuation is responsible for ecologically aware and reasonable gains to the country and particularly to the surrounding groups through different means. Thus, the central objective of this study was to analyze the economic valuation Gedo Natural Forest conservation benefits of using the contingent valuation method. Both primary and secondary data were employed in this study. The interview responses of 342 households nominated from three kebeles around Gedo natural forest were collected in purpose and random sampling procedures through a semi-structure questionnaire. The mean willingness to pay calculated by means of Krinsky Robb technique after running of Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression from the dichotomous choice format and open-ended questions was 24.97 and 23.91 birr per year, respectively. The outcomes of Tobit model shown that the total livestock unit, total annual income of the household, and the amount of credit utilization are meaningful variables positively and significantly related to the likelihood of willingness to pay for the conservation benefits of Gedo natural forest. On the other hand, the households’ family size, the households’ age, and initial bid value were other important variables negatively and significantly influence households’ willingness to pay for the conservation benefits of Gedo natural forest. The liable body could, therefore, apply the scenario of willingness to pay in the study area, so that the Gedo natural forest could be conserved, measurable benefit to the households could be practical, and future awareness of respective household could be raised.
A Genetic Correlation Scan Identifies Blood Proteins Associated With Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Xu Jiawen , Zhang Shaoyun , Si Haibo , Zeng Yi , Wu Yuangang , Liu Yuan , Li Mingyang , Wu Limin , Shen Bin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass. However, limited efforts were paid to explore the functional relevance of blood proteome to bone mineral density across different life stages. Methods: Using genome-wide association study summary data of blood proteome and two independent research of bone mineral density, we conducted a genetic correlation scan of bone mineral density and blood proteome. Linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis was conducted to assess the genetic correlations between each of the 3,283 plasma proteins and bone mineral density. Results: Linkage disequilibrium score regression identified 18 plasma proteins showing genetic correlation signals with bone mineral density in TB-BMD cohort, such as MYOM2 (coefficient=0.3755, P value=0.0328) among subjects aged 0-15, POSTN (coefficient =-0.5694, P value=0.0192) among subjects aged 30-45 and PARK7 (coefficient =-0.3613, P value =0.0052) among subjects aged over 60. Conclusions: Our results identified multiple plasma proteins associated with bone mineral density and provided novel clues for revealing the functional relevance of plasma proteins to bone mineral density.
Experiences of working as early career allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote environments: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Dymmott Alison , George Stacey , Campbell Narelle , Brebner Chris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Maintaining a health professional workforce in rural and remote areas pose a significant challenge internationally. A range of strategies have been used to improve recruitment and retention with varying levels of success. To date, strategies are generally developed based on the collective experience of all health professions, rather than targeted to professional groups with differing educational and support contexts. This review sought to explore, compare and synthesise the evidence examining the experience of early career rural and remote allied health professionals and doctors to better understand both the profession specific, and common factors that influence their experience. The results of this review will generate relevant workforce recommendations. Methods: This review considered qualitative studies that include early career allied health professionals’ or doctors' experiences of working in rural or remote areas and the personal and professional factors that impact on this experience. A systematic search was completed (CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, Informit, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, and WorldWideScience.org) to identify published and unpublished studies. Studies published since 2000 in English were considered for the review. Identified studies were screened for inclusion and critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data was extracted and assigned a level of credibility. Data synthesis adhered to the JBI meta-aggregative approach.Results: Of the 1408 identified articles, 32 papers were eligible for inclusion. One study was rated as low in quality and all other studies moderate or high quality. A total of 24 categories and 334 findings and associated illustrations were aggregated into three synthesised findings for both professional groups including: making a difference through professional and organisational factors, working in rural areas can offer unique and rewarding opportunities for early career allied health professionals and doctors, acknowledging personal and community influences that make a difference. The synthesised findings illustrate a range of similar and different experiences for early career allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote areas. Conclusions: Strategies to enhance the experience of both allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote areas include enabling career paths through structured training programs, hands on learning opportunities, quality supervision and community involvement. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42021223187