bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing and Properties of Plasma Sprayed W+Cu Composites
Authors: Matějíček J. , Mušálek R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tungsten-copper composites and FGMs can find applications in various thermal management systems. One example is plasma facing components for nuclear fusion devices, where tungsten provides the heat-resistant plasma facing armor, copper provides the highly conductive heat sink, while the composite or FGM can reduce the stress concentration at the interface. In this study, W+Cu composites of various compositions were produced by water-stabilized plasma spraying. With the help of in-flight particle and plume diagnostics, the powder injection was optimized for each material, and the feed rates were adjusted to account for different deposition efficiencies. The composition, structure, thermal and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized.
Atmospheric Plasma Spray Process Control
Authors: Kanta A.-F. , Planche M.-P. , Coddet C. , Montavon G. , Vardelle M. , Berndt C.C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parametric drifts and fluctuations occur during plasma spraying. These drifts and fluctuations originate primarily from electrode wear and intrinsic plasma jet instabilities. One challenge is to control the manufacturing process by identifying the parameter interdependencies, correlations and individual effects on the in-flight particle characteristics. Such control is needed through methods that (i) consider the interdependencies that influence process variability and that also (ii) quantify the processing parameter-process response relationships. Artificial intelligence is proposed for thermal spray applications. The specific case of predicting plasma power parameters to manufacture grey alumina (Al2O3-TiO2, 13% by wt.) coatings was considered and the influence of the plasma spray process on the in-flight particle characteristics was investigated.
Effect of Feedstock Powder Characteristics on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lanthanum Silicate Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Gao W. , Zhang C. , Liao H.L. , Lapostolle F. , Coddet C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lanthanum silicate coatings were deposited onto stainless steel substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) using mechanically mixed (type A) and calcined feedstock (type B) powders. The phase composition, microstructure, density and porosity of coatings prepared from the two types of powder were compared.
Modelling of the In-Flight Synthesis of TaC Nanoparticles in Thermal Plasma Jet
Authors: Vorobev A. , Zikanov O. , Mohanty P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A simple and efficient numerical model describing the processes of nucleation, growth, and transport of multicomponent nanoparticles is developed. The approach is similar to the classical method of moments but can be applied to co-condensation of several substances. The processes of homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous growth, and coagulations due to Brownian collisions are considered in combination with the convective and diffusive transport of particles and reacting gases within multidimensional geometries. The model is applied to the analysis of multi-component co-condensation of TaC nanoparticles within a DC plasma reactor.
The Effect of Process Conditions on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Cold Sprayed Ti Coatings
Authors: Wang H. , Hou B. , Wang J. , Wang Q. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ti and Ti alloys can be applied to the steels as a protective coating in view of its excellent resistance to corrosive environment. Cold spraying as a new surface engineering technique has potential advantages in Ti coating manufacturing in comparison with conventional thermal spraying techniques. Ti coatings were prepared on a carbon steel substrate by cold spraying via controlling the process condition variables concluding carrying gas, temperature and pressure. The microstructure of coatings was observed by SEM. Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were performed to understand the corrosion behavior of the coatings. The SEM examination showed that the coatings become more compact with increase of molecular weight, pressure and temperature of carrier gas. Potentiodynamic polarization technique was used to measure the corrosion and electrochemical property of coatings deposited under different process conditions and surface conditions. The polarization curves indicated that the coatings which had lower porosity had lower corrosion current. The polishing treatment peeled the rough outer layer including the small pores as well as decreasing of the actual surface area of the coating, leading to the considerable improvement of corrosion resistance.
Corrosion Behavior of In-Situ AI2O3 Formed Composite Coating by DC Plasma Spraying
Authors: Dikici B. , Tekmen C. , Gavgali M. , Tsunekawa Y. , Okumiya M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al–12Si and SiO2 powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) to obtain a composite coating consist of in-situ formed alumina reinforced hypereutectic Al-18Si matrix alloy. The effect of arc current on the corrosion behavior of the composite coating has been investigated. Corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was analyzed by using the potentiodynamic polarization scanning (PDS) technique. Surface morphology of the coatings before and after the corrosion test was examined by using metallographic methods and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Obtained results are discussed in detail.
Cladding of Aluminum Substrates with Nano Crystalline Solidifying Wear Resistant Iron-Based Materials
Authors: Wilden J. , Jahn S. , Reich S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since many years, aluminum alloys are established as lightweight construction materials. To reach a partial wear protection for aluminum components in conjunction with seal faces, inlays, made of wear resistant materials, are commonly used. Problems concerning this approach are the necessary space and the endurance strength of the inlay - part joint. New process equipment offers the potential to control the energy input into the substrate and so the formation of brittle intermetallic phases in the aluminum-steel interface as well as the thermal stresses. The usage of new nano crystalline solidifying wear resistant iron-based feedstock materials with advantageous physical and mechanical properties enables further applications beside the wear protection of surfaces, for example as metallic heat insulation layer with a low heat conductivity, close to the values of ceramics.
Production of High Quality Anti-Corrosion and Wear-Resistant Wire Arc Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Wilden J. , Jahn S. , Reich S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aim of this project is to produce anti-corrosion coatings for high temperature applications by wire arc spraying. It is necessary to adjust the feedstock material as well as the spray equipment in order to control the coating composition and the coating morphology. The substitution of expensive Ni- and Co-based feedstock by Fe-based alloys leads to an economic benefit. In combination with wire arc spraying, the total coating costs can be reduced significantly. There is also an enomous potential for reduction of service costs in waste incineration plants due to an enhanced coating service life and shorter downtime for the anti-corrosion coating repair.
Structure and Tribological Characteristics of HVOF Coatings Sprayed from Powder Blends of Cr3C2-25NiCr and NiCrBSi Alloy
Authors: Määttä A. , Kanerva U. , Vuoristo P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
HVOF spraying was used to prepare coatings from mechanical blends of Cr3C2-25NiCr and NiCrBSi powders. The aim of the work was to study the influence of addition of a metallic phase on tribological properties of the coatings in sliding conditions. Tribological properties of the coatings were characterised under dry sliding. Addition of NiCrBSi decreased the coefficient of friction in high temperature, pressure and sliding speed.
Characterization of High-Temperature Abrasive Wear of Cold-Sprayed FeAl Intermetallic Compound Coating
Authors: Li C.-J. , Wang H.-T. , King G.-J. , Zhao S.-N. , Bao C.-G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
FeAl intermetallic compound coating was prepared by cold spraying a mechanically alloyed Fe(Al) alloy powder followed by post-spray annealing at 950°C. The high-temperature abrasive wear test was carried out for the annealed cold-sprayed FeAl at a temperature range from room temperature to 800°C. The high temperature abrasive wear of a heat-resistant stainless steel 2520 was performed for comparison. The results showed that the annealing treatment of the as-sprayed Fe(Al) alloy coating at a temperature of 950°C results in the formation of dense FeAl intermetallic compound coating with no particle boundaries. It was found that with the increase of the test temperature the wear rate of the stainless steel increased at the temperature higher than 400°C, while the wear rate of cold sprayed FeAl coating tended to decrease at the temperature higher than 400°C. The high temperature abrasive wear resistance of the cold-sprayed FeAl intermetallic compound coating increased with the increase of the abrasive wear temperature in a temperature range from 400°C to 600°C and changed little in the temperature range from 600°C up to 800°C. The wear resistance of cold-sprayed FeAl coating was higher than that of heat-resistant 2520 stainless steel under 800°C by a factor of 3.
Plasma Sprayed NiCr Coatings Using a Gas Shroud System
Authors: Morks M. F. , Berndt C. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The oxidation of a NiCr bond coat during air plasma spraying was controlled by designing a gas shroud system that attached to the plasma torch nozzle. Two nozzles, termed as “normal” and “high speed” nozzles examined the effect of nozzle internal design on the microstructure and phase structure of coatings. X-ray diffraction and SEM morphologies showed that the shroud system reduced the oxidation of NiCr particles during the spray process. Compared with conventional air plasma spraying, the argon gas shroud reduced the coating hardness because the volume fraction of partially melted particles increased. The high speed nozzle reduced the oxidation and hardness of NiCr coatings due to the increase of partially melted particles in the coatings.
Composite Coatings with Drag Reduction and Self-Cleaning Properties
Authors: Wilden J. , Drescher V. E. , Schaaf P. , Günschmann S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Today, the efficiency of turbines is limited by different losses. Minimizing these losses is a main goal to reduce fuel consumption and produce more environmentally friendly machines. Observations on the scales of fast swimming sharks display a riblet structure. These riblets provide a significant reduction of drag losses, but are quite sensitive on pollution. Therefore, for a good performance, it is essential to combine these structures with self-cleaning properties. A lateral- and depth-selective distribution of particles with a negative thermal expansion coefficient (NTE) in a binder with positive thermal expansion coefficient can be used to deform the surfaces depending on the temperature. At high temperatures a riblet structure will be formed by local expansion or shrinkage and at cooling down the surface will be cleaned by the reversal of the deformation. Beside the production of a coating with a lateral- and depth-selective distribution of the NTE-ceramics within the binder the thermodynamical stability of the ceramics inside the binder is part of the investigations to provide a sufficient long-time stability of the coating.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Spray Titanium Coatings
Authors: Gulizia S. , Trentin A. , Vezzù S. , Rech S. , King P. , Jahedi M. , Guagliano M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Titanium and titanium alloy coatings have high potential for applications in several industrial fields such as aerospace, bio-medical and chemical industries. Its eligibility for each single application depends on physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Cold spray as a deposition technique for titanium coating is growing because there is no need for vacuum or protective atmospheres. The properties of cold spray titanium coatings can be tailored by controlling and optimizing the process parameters. In this study the effect of the gas pressure and temperature on the deposition process and the coatings properties were examined. Cold spray CP-titanium coatings were produced using nitrogen as propellant gas at different gas pressures (from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa) and temperatures (from 400°C to 800°C). Morphology and the microstructure of the CP titanium powder and coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light optical microscope (LOM). Micro-hardness measurements and oxygen and nitrogen contents of titanium powder and the coatings were performed. As a final step, residual stress analysis of deposits were measured by means of X-ray diffraction.
Layer Formation of Cold-Sprayed Ceramic Titanium Dioxide Layers on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Kliemann J.-O. , Gutzmann H. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. , Jursic I. , Borchers C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In cold spraying, the required heat for bonding is provided by plastic deformation of the impacting ductile particles. Therefore, cold spraying is a well-established method for metal on metal coatings. However, few authors have investigated the impact phenomena and layer formation process for impacting brittle ceramic particles on ductile metal surfaces. For this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) on metal surfaces was chosen as a model system, and layer formation on aluminum, copper, titanium and steel substrates was investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the deposition efficiency depends on spray temperature, powder properties, and in particular on substrate ductility, even for an impact of ceramic particles during a second pass over already coated areas. High-resolution TEM images revealed no crystal growth or phase transitions at the ceramic/metal interfaces. Nevertheless, a clear dependence of the photocatalytic activity on spray parameters and substrate material could be observed. Cold-sprayed TiO2-coatings have potential applications in biomedical implants or as photo-catalytic functional systems
Plasma Spraying of Lanthanum Silicate Electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFCs)
Authors: Dru S. , Meillot E. , Wittmann-Teneze K. , Saboungi M.-L. , Benoit R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A new challenge in the field of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) concerns the reduction of their operating temperature down to 700°C. Apatite ceramics are interesting alternatives for SOFC electrolytes due to their high ionic conductivity at this temperature. The present work reports on the manufacturing and characterization of La9SrSi6O26.5 coatings obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying at two different plasma spray powders. The microstructure and the composition of the as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings were investigated by several techniques including X-Ray Diffraction, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy as well as Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The porosity level of the coatings was evaluated by the Archimedean method and image analysis. The studies revealed that the as-sprayed apatite coatings were composed of an amorphous phase, a crystalline apatite phase and chemical heterogeneities due to Si volatilization in the high-temperature plasma. Furthermore, a heat treatment made it possible to obtain denser, fully crystallized apatite coatings and also improved their ionic conductivity.
Education, Training and Certification in Thermal Spraying
Authors: Huber R. , Ohliger-Volmer A. , Zech F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal spraying is a continuously growing technology in the field of surfacing, already established long time in many high-tech-applications. In air craft turbines, in power generating technology or even in printing and paper industry, numerous requirements of the coatings are solved with the help of thermal spraying. To rule such a special process, how it is called in the language of standardization, because the results of such processes can only be proofed by nondestructive methods in a very restricted way, you need to use calibrated and controlled equipment and parameters as well as adequately experienced, trained and qualified personnel. The GTS – Association of Thermal Sprayers e.V. was founded with the aim to meet these problems successfully. On one hand the association should promote the profile of the thermal spraying technology. On the other hand the GTS wanted to define a quality standard for TS companies concerning to its quality management system, the spraying procedures and the personnel. These requirements were completed by international acknowledged EWF-training guidelines for supervising personnel and workers up to now. EN and ISO standards in the field of quality management, applications and testing were also created.
GTS – An Important Regulator for Thermal Spray Technology
Authors: Heinrich P. , Penszior C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gemeinschaft Thermisches Spritzen e.V. (GTS), the Association of Thermal Sprayers, has built up its excellent reputation and success on a sophisticated and, at the same time, transparent quality assurance network with replicable and comprehensible implementation procedures for thermal spraying. For this reason, along with its thermal spray marketing activities, GTS is deemed an important guarantor for this surface technology. This paper provides an overview of the GTS documents and related GTS workflow and procedures compiled for this purpose. Information on quality assurance provided by GTS papers and by the GTS certificate is also provided. The paper also covers activities and member services associated with GTS.
Thermally Sprayed Fine Fe-Based Materials for Wear Protection Applications in the Printing Industry
Authors: Bobzin K. , Schlaefer T. , Warda T. , Schaefer M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Iron based materials are classified as being more health and environmentally friendly as well as cost-effective (material and machining costs) compared to typical materials used for wear protection applications (e.g. cermets). The advantage which is seen in using very fine powders (&lt; 15 μm), is their potential to spray relatively thin, dense near-net-shape coatings with comparable smooth surfaces. This can lead to lower coating as well as machining costs. In this work fine Fe-based powders (-15+5 μm) have been used in order to produce wear resistant coatings for applications in the printing industry by means of air plasma spraying (APS). With regard to oxidation problems of such fine Fe-based materials a shroud for the air plasma spraying system has been developed and deployed. The resulting coatings have been analysed with respect to the microstructure, micro hardness, chemical and phase composition as well as surface roughness (as-sprayed). The economical aspects have also been considered.
Deposition of TiO2 Ceramic Particles on Cold Spray Process
Authors: Yamada M. , Isago H. , Shima K. , Nakano H. , Fukumoto M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cold spraying has been developed as a high-quality coating process. However, the deposition materials were limited as metallic materials. In this paper, titanium dioxide (TiO2) ceramic particles are deposited on several substrate materials and formed thick coatings, making this approach suitable for a wide range of photocatalytic applications. In order to understand the adhesion mechanism of solid ceramic particles, the structures of feedstock particles are carefully observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). We find a porous structure which is agglomerated with nano-scaled primary particles. It is assumed that the break down phenomenon occurs due to the cold spray process and influences the adhesion of ceramic particles. The primary particles are bonded within a single crystal. This particular structure is the main factor to make adhesion between the particle and the substrate. SEM and TEM analysis clearly reveals adhesion mechanisms related to the impact of spraying ceramic particles toward the substrate.
Cavitation Erosion Properties and Fracture Morphology of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Kanno A. , Takabatake T. , Namba Y. , Tani K. , Uematsu S. , Sugasawa S. , Yoshioka M. , Ishihara Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Damage of marine screw propeller parts made of aluminum bronze cast material caused by cavitation erosion is one of the serious problems. Erosion resistant thermal spray coating on aluminum-bronze material is expected to extend lifetime of such propellers. In this study, Cobalt-based alloy coatings sprayed by; (a) atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), (b) low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) and (c) high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying and aluminum bronze cast material were evaluated by cavitation erosion test using magnetostrictive cavitation test equipment. Fracture morphology of cavitation eroded coating surfaces were analyzed by surface observations with SEM and also the amount of volume loss was measured. Cobalt-based alloy coatings sprayed by LPPS exhibited superior cavitation erosion resistance compared to aluminum bronze cast material and coatings by APS and HVOF. Moreover, mechanical properties of Cobalt-based alloy coatings were investigated in detail by nanoindentation technique. It is found that cavitation erosion resistance of coatings is subjected to interparticle cohesive strength.
The Advancement and Positioning of Laser Cladding in the Surface Engineering Industry
Authors: Marchione T. , Dezert D. , Choong A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the past 20 years, Technogenia Inc. has imposed laser cladding for the enhancement of wear parts and repairs under the trade name of LASERCARB. In spite of the technical differences and advantages, laser cladding has been perceived as a competitive technology to thermal spraying. However, it has had a slow acceptance in the surface engineering industry. This article is a technical and economical update on LASERCARB. New laser, processed materials, capabilities, performances and trends are presented. Economical approaches include background market analysis, cost analysis and technology cost trend. Finally, a processes comparison eases the positioning technology to each other and highlights supplemental aspects.