bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the effects of internal architecture on the mechanical properties and mixed-mode fracture behavior of 3D printed CaCO3/ABS nanocomposite samples
Authors: Seyedzavvar Mirsadegh , Boğa Cem 
Published: July 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CaCO3 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, and mixed-mode fracture behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 3D printed samples with different internal architectures.

Design/methodology/approach
The nanocomposite filaments have been fabricated by a melt-blending technique. The standard tensile, compact tension and special fracture test samples, named Arcan specimens, have been printed at constant extrusion parameters and at four different internal patterns. A special fixture was used to carry out the mixed-mode fracture tests of Arcan samples. Finite element analyses using the J-integral method were performed to calculate the fracture toughness of such samples. The fractographic observations were used to evaluate the mechanism of fracture at different concentrations of nanoparticles.

Findings
The addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles has resulted in a significant increase in the fracture loading of the samples, although this increase was not consistent for all the filling patterns, being more significant for samples with linear and triangular structures. According to the fractographic observations, the creation of uniformly distributed microvoids due to the blunting effect of nanoparticles and 3D stress state at the crack tip in the samples with linear and triangular structures justify the enhancement in the fracture loading by the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles in the matrix.

Originality/value
There is a significant gap in the knowledge of the effects of different nanoparticles in the polymer samples produced by the fused filament fabrication process. One of such nanoparticles is an inorganic CaCO3 nanoparticle that has been frequently used as nanofillers to improve the thermomechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers. Here, experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of such nanoadditives on the mechanical and fracture behavior of 3D printed samples.
High prevalence does not necessarily equal maintenance species: Avoiding biased claims of disease reservoirs when using surveillance data
Authors: Wilber Mark Q. , DeMarchi Joseph , Fefferman Nina H. , Silk Matthew J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Many pathogens of public health and conservation concern persist in host communities. Identifying candidate maintenance and reservoir species is therefore a central component of disease management. The term maintenance species implies that if all species but the putative maintenance species were removed, then the pathogen would still persist. In the absence of field manipulations, this statement inherently requires a causal or mechanistic model to assess.

However, we lack a systematic understanding of (i) how often conclusions are made about maintenance and reservoir species without reference to mechanistic models (ii) what types of biases may be associated with these conclusions and (iii) how explicitly invoking causal or mechanistic modelling can help ameliorate these biases. Filling these knowledge gaps is critical for robust inference about pathogen persistence and spillover in multihost–parasite systems, with clear implications for human and wildlife health.

To address these gaps, we performed a literature review on the evidence previous studies have used to make claims regarding maintenance or reservoir species. We then developed multihost–parasite models to explore and demonstrate common biases that could arise when inferring maintenance potential from observational prevalence data. Finally, we developed new theory to show how model‐driven inference of maintenance species can minimize and eliminate emergent biases.

In our review, we found that 83% of studies used some form of observational prevalence data to draw conclusions on maintenance potential and only 6% of these studies combined observational data with mechanistic modelling. Using our model, we demonstrate how the community, spatial and temporal context of observational data can lead to substantial biases in inferences of maintenance potential. Importantly, our theory identifies that model‐driven inference of maintenance species elucidates other streams of observational data that can be leveraged to correct these biases.

Model‐driven inference is an essential, yet underused, component of multidisciplinary studies that make inference about host reservoir and maintenance species. Better integration of wildlife disease surveillance and mechanistic models is necessary to improve the robustness and reproducibility of our conclusions regarding maintenance and reservoir species.
The roles of DmsEFAB and MtrCAB in extracellular reduction of iodate by Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 with lactate as the sole electron donor
Authors: Guo Jinzhi , Jiang Yongguang , Hu Yidan , Jiang Zhou , Dong Yiran , Shi Liang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTo investigate their roles in extracellular reduction of iodate (IO3−) with lactate as an electron donor, the gene clusters of dmsEFAB, mtrCAB, mtrDEF and so4360‐4357 in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 were systematically deleted. Deletions of dmsEFAB and/or mtrCAB gene clusters diminished the bacterial ability to reduce IO3−. Furthermore, DmsEFAB and MtrCAB worked collaboratively to reduce IO3− of which DmsEFAB played a more dominant role than MtrCAB. MtrCAB was involved in detoxifying the reaction intermediate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The reaction intermediate hypoiodous acid (HIO) was also found to inhibit microbial IO3− reduction. SO4360‐4357 and MtrDEF, however, were not involved in IO3− reduction. Collectively, these results suggest a novel mechanism of extracellular reduction of IO3− at molecular level, in which DmsEFAB reduces IO3− to HIO and H2O2. The latter is further reduced to H2O by MtrCAB to facilitate the DmsEFAB‐mediated IO3− reduction. The extracellular electron transfer pathway of S. oneidensis MR‐1 is believed to mediate electron transfer from bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, across the cell envelope to the DmsEFAB and MtrCAB on the bacterial outer membrane.
Changes in the structural and physicochemical properties of wheat gliadin and maize amylopectin conjugates induced by dry‐heating
Authors: Yang Wenqing , Wang Qiming , Chen Yuanyuan , Lei Lin , Lei Xiaojuan , Zhao Jichun , Zhang Yuhao , Ming Jian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Maillard reaction (MR) has been known to modify proteins and optimize their physicochemical properties by conjugating with reducing sugars. The structure and physicochemical properties of wheat gliadin and maize amylopectin conjugates induced by MR were investigated under different gliadin–amylopectin ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8). The formation of conjugates was indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, degree of conjugation, and browning development analyses. The Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses suggested changes in the structures of conjugates and the microenvironment of amino acids. A remarkable decrease in the β‐turn structure content and an increase in the free sulfhydryl group content were observed at a ratio of 1:8, leading to decreased allergenicity. The reaction process was commendably controlled at a ratio of 1:1 with a 59.7% degree of conjugation in this group, contributing to the amelioration of solubility and foaming properties. Meanwhile, improvements in the oil holding capacity, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsifying properties were observed at a ratio of 1:4.Practical ApplicationThe study revealed that the conjugates produced by MR might have various degrees of improved functional properties and reduced allergenicity at different ratios of substrates. Our study might be helpful for conjugates to assist in improving the texture of products and its potential in expanding the industrial application of products with gliadin.
A comparison of mortality rates for buprenorphine versus methadone treatments for opioid use disorder
Authors: Gottlieb Daniel J. , Shiner Brian , Hoyt Jessica E. , Riblet Natalie B. , Peltzman Talya , Teja Nikhil , Watts Bradley V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveMortality from opioid use disorder (OUD) can be reduced for patients who receive opioid agonist treatment (OAT). In the United States (US), OATs have different requirements including nearly daily visits to a dispensing facility for methadone but weekly to monthly prescriptions for buprenorphine. Our objective was to compare mortality rates for buprenorphine and methadone treatments among a large sample of US patients with OUD.MethodsWe measured all‐cause mortality, overdose mortality, and suicide mortality among US Department of Veterans Affairs patients with a diagnosis of OUD who received OAT from 2010 through 2019. We leveraged substantial and sustained regional variation in prescribing buprenorphine versus methadone as an instrumental variable (IV) and used inverse propensity of treatment weighting to balance relevant covariates across treatment groups. We compared mortality with true two‐stage IV using both probit and linear probability models, as well as a reduced form IV model, adjusting for demographics and health status.ResultsOur cohort consisted of 61,997 patients with OUD who received OAT, of whom 92.7% were male with a mean age of 47.9 (SD = 14.1) years. Patients were followed for a median of 2 (IQR = 1,4) calendar years. Across regional terciles, mean methadone prescribing was 4.8%, 19.5%, and 75.1% of OAT patients. All models identified significant reductions in all‐cause and suicide mortality for buprenorphine relative to methadone. For example, predicted all‐cause mortality from the probit model was 169.7 per 10,000 person years (95% CI, 157.8, 179.6) in the lowest tercile of methadone prescribing compared with 206.1 (95% CI, 196.0, 216.3) in the highest tercile. No difference was identified for overdose mortality.ConclusionWe found significantly lower all‐cause mortality and suicide mortality rates for buprenorphine compared with methadone. Our results support the less restrictive prescribing practices for buprenorphine as OAT in the US.
Validation of the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) 5.0 for use among youth in mental health services
Authors: Cleverley Kristin , Davies Julia , Allemang Brooke , Brennenstuhl Sarah 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAmong youth with psychiatric disorders, the transition from child to adult mental health services is a period of vulnerability to discontinuous care and service disengagement. Regular assessment of transition readiness has been identified as a core component of transition planning, contributing to successful care transitions. The Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) 5.0 is a 20‐item questionnaire that measures transition readiness in youth preparing to transition to adult care. Although the TRAQ has been validated and used across many health settings, it has not been validated in youth with primarily mental health concerns. The objective of this study was to validate the TRAQ for use among youth accessing mental health services.MethodsThis study used the Longitudinal Youth in Transition Study baseline cohort, which consists of 237 clinically referred youth (aged 16–18 years) receiving outpatient mental health treatment. Psychometric evaluation of the TRAQ 5.0 included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), assessment of internal consistency, testing convergent validity using the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEAS) and Difficulty in Emotional Regulation (DERS) scales, criterion validity using a question on whether the participant had talked about transition with their clinician and known‐group testing based on age.ResultsThe CFA indicated adequate fit of the five‐factor TRAQ structure. The overall scale (=.86) and three of the subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. As hypothesized, overall TRAQ scores were higher for youth who had discussed transition and those aged 18. Small correlations were found between the overall TRAQ score and measures of developmental maturity (IDEAS) and emotional awareness (DERS); however, certain subscales did not demonstrate correlation with these constructs.ConclusionsThe TRAQ 5.0 appears to be valid tool to assess the transition readiness of youth in outpatient mental health services. Additional work needs determine whether findings are similar among specific mental health conditions, including substance use disorders and psychotic disorders.
Haemodynamic left‐ventricular changes during dobutamine stress in patients with atrial septal defect assessed with magnetic resonance imaging‐based pressure–volume loops
Authors: Sjöberg Pia , Arheden Håkan , Heiberg Einar , Stephensen Sigurdur , Carlsson Marcus 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAtrial septal defect (ASD) results in a left‐to‐right shunt causing right‐ventricular (RV) volume overload and decreased cardiac output from the left ventricle. Pressure–volume (PV) loops enable comprehensive assessment of ventricular function and might increase understanding of the pathophysiology of ASD. The aim of this study was to investigate if left‐ventricular (LV) haemodynamic response to stress in patients with ASD differs from controls.Material and MethodsPatients with ASD (n = 18, age 51 ± 18) and healthy controls (n = 16, age 35 ± 13) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and brachial cuff pressure measurements at rest and during dobutamine stress. An in‐house, validated method was used to compute PV loops.ResultsPatients had lower stroke work, potential energy and external power at rest than controls (p < 0.001; p < 0.05; p < 0.05). Stroke work and external power increased and potential energy decreased during stress in patients (p < 0.05; p < 0.0001; p < 0.01) and controls (p < 0.0001; p < 0.001; p < 0.01). Contractility and arterial elastance at rest were higher in patients than controls (p < 0.01; p < 0.01). Contractility increased during stress in both groups (p < 0.0001; p < 0.001). There was no difference between patients and controls in arterio‐ventricular coupling.ConclusionLV haemodynamic response to stress can be assessed using noninvasive PV loops derived from CMR and brachial blood pressure. Patients with ASD had normal LV energy efficiency, in contrast to other patient groups with decreased cardiac output. Data suggest that patients with ASD had an increased inotropic level at rest with high contractility and heart rate but were able to respond with a further increase during stress, albeit to not as high a cardiac output as controls.
Multispecies study of patterns and drivers of wildlife impacts on human livelihoods in communal conservancies
Authors: Tavolaro Francesca Marina , Woodgate Zoe , Brown Chris , Redpath Steve M. , O'Riain Mannus Justin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFarmers in developing countries often work in challenging environments with poor infrastructure, marginal agricultural potential, and limited economic opportunities. These challenges are exacerbated when wildlife impact human livelihoods. Here, we analyze data quantifying the type and frequency of human‐wildlife impacts within communal conservancies across Namibia and explore possible drivers of temporal and spatial variation of these data. A total of 112,165 human‐wildlife impacts were reported between 2001 and 2019 at the national level, with livestock depredation the most common. Marked regional variation was however evident with crop raiding and attacks on humans more prevalent in the mesic North‐East, and both livestock depredation and infrastructure damage highest in the arid north‐western regions. Elephant, jackal, hyena, cheetah, and leopard (in descending order) were the species most frequently linked to reported damage. Distance to the nearest protected area and river, terrain ruggedness, conservancy size, and annual rainfall (amongst others) all had a significant impact on both the distribution and extent of human‐wildlife impact reports. Reports did not vary significantly with years but were significantly influenced by average monthly rainfall. Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of human‐wildlife impacts at a national scale, in addition to their potential drivers, allows for the identification of conflict hotspots and the allocation of resources and expertise to mitigate them. Ultimately, mitigating negative interactions between people and wildlife will allow for the continued sharing of space and with that the sustainability of a model that has seen a dramatic increase in both the distribution and abundance of wildlife in Namibia.
Effective enrichment of stem cells in regenerating Xenopus laevis tadpole tails using the side population method
Authors: Kato Sumika , Kubo Takeo , Fukazawa Taro 
Published: July 2022

AbstractXenopus laevis tadpoles have a strong regenerative ability and can regenerate their whole tails after tail amputation. Lineage‐restricted tissue stem cells are thought to provide sources for the regenerating tissues by producing undifferentiated progenitor cells in response to tail amputation. However, elucidating the behavioral dynamics of tissue stem cells during tail regeneration is difficult because of their rarity, and there are few established methods of isolating these cells in amphibians. Here, to detect and analyze rare tissue stem cells, we attempted to enrich tissue stem cells from tail regeneration buds. High Hoechst dye efflux capacity is thought to be a common characteristic of several types of mammalian tissue stem cells; these stem cells, designated as the “side population (SP),” may be enriched by flow cytometry (SP method). To evaluate the effectiveness of stem cell enrichment using the SP method in regenerating X. laevis tadpole tails, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) of SP cells from regeneration buds and analyzed the frequency of satellite cells, which are muscle stem/progenitor cells expressing pax7. The pax7‐expressing cells were enriched in the SP compared with whole normal tails and regeneration buds. Furthermore, hes1‐expressing cells, which are assumed to be neural stem/progenitor cells, were also enriched in the SP. Our findings suggest that the SP method is efficient for successfully enriching tissue stem cells in regenerating X. laevis tadpole tails, indicating that the combination of the SP method and scRNA‐seq is useful for studying tissue stem cells that contribute to tail regeneration.
Hoof morphometry in a population of lame and nonlame working donkeys in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Raja Zabeeh Ullah , Rosanowski Sarah M. , Parkes Rebecca Sarah Victoria 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundHoof morphometry, conformation and shoeing practices have all been associated with lameness in horses. Hoof morphometry in working donkeys in Pakistan has not been objectively measured.ObjectivesTo quantitatively assess hoof morphology in donkeys, to identify factors underlying hoof morphology, and interrelationships between conformation, lameness, and shoeing status.Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsDonkeys were assessed in‐harness using a modified five‐point lameness scale by two veterinarians and digital photographs of front hooves taken alongside a grid. Factor analysis was used to examine the interrelationships among morphometric data. Associations between conformation, shoeing, age and lameness were assessed.ResultsSixty‐one donkeys were examined; 28 were unshod. There were significant left–right hoof asymmetries between heel height (0.27, SD 0.92 cm; p = 0.02), toe‐heel angle (2.97°, SD 8.85°; p = 0.03) and medio‐lateral symmetry (0.5, SD 1.75 cm; p = 0.05). Ten percent of donkeys (n = 6) were sound and 64% donkeys (n = 39) were consistently lame. Conformational defects were seen in 41% (n = 25) of donkeys. Eleven factors were extracted, accounting for 83% of the variance encountered in the original variables. Shoeing, and asymmetry between or within feet were not associated with lameness in donkeys; older donkeys were more likely to be lame (p = 0.02).Main limitationsAs a convenience sample of draught donkeys, most of which were lame, the study may not reflect nonpathological hoof morphology in working donkeys. There are no validated objective lameness measures for donkeys and donkeys were in harness when assessed.ConclusionThis study represents a snapshot of hoof morphology and lameness in a single population and under various limitations. Further work should use larger datasets and more homogenous samples to discriminate between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ feet and how these might contribute to lameness. Factor analysis highlighted the clustering of hoof morphometric features in donkeys, suggesting the potential for targeted studies in the future.
Hearing from First Nations Dads: Qualitative yarns informing service planning and practice in urban Australia
Authors: Clifford‐Motopi Anton , Fisher Ike , Kildea Sue , Hickey Sophie , Roe Yvette , Kruske Sue 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis qualitative study explores the experiences and perceptions of new and expectant First Nations fathers in an urban setting in Australia.BackgroundLittle is known about the experiences of First Nations men as fathers, including their transition to fatherhood and their strengths and challenges as fathers.MethodEight First Nations men who were expectant or new fathers participated in individual yarning interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis.ResultsMen perceived a father to be a protector, provider and someone who reflects on how to be a better father. To be a better father, men were trying to heal and learn from their past and build their identity as a father, while managing the stress of fatherhood.ConclusionThe study identified four strategies to support new First Nations fathers: (a) create gathering places for men to connect with and learn from other dads, (b) maternity and early childhood services should be inclusive of men and their role as fathers, (c) clinical intervention and supportive pathways into fatherhood, and (d) promote and celebrate the strengths and roles of First Nations fathers.ImplicationsMaternity and early childhood services can better support First Nations men in their transition to fatherhood by being more responsive to their needs and inclusive of their important role in child development and strengthening the family unit.