bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Refugee Solutions
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets the historical and policy context for the book. The three durable solutions are introduced, and their history is traced from inception to evolution through the Cold War and the War on Terror, through to the present day. Key dimensions and policies of the refugee regime are identified, such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 2018 Global Compact on Refugees. The historical trajectory of the durable solutions reveals the influence of the political preferences of donor states. This chapter provides the historical background that has led to this moment and identifies the policy arrangements that underlie the current system. It shows how most refugees do not have access to the durable solutions. It reviews the human rights of refugees that are detailed in existing international agreements. This historical and policy groundwork sets the stage for the in-depth analysis of each durable solution presented in the following chapters.
The Case of Somali Voluntary Repatriation
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a current voluntary repatriation program. It reviews regional repatriation in the Horn of Africa, the Somali refugee crisis, and Kenyan refugee policy. It shows how the international community and the Kenyan government compromised on a policy of encampment rather than a durable solution for the bulk of Somali refugees, and the consequences of this decades later. The Somali voluntary repatriation program is presented, from the 2013 Tripartite Agreement to its ongoing implementation. It shows who is eligible for repatriation, what they are provided, how it is delivered, and the financing mechanisms and costs. It is argued that the Somali voluntary repatriation program is a mixed success. The concluding section details implications for reforming voluntary repatriation, including more assisted returns under safe and just conditions, coupled with reintegration programs that offer sufficient assistance for returnees and that emphasize peace and reconciliation.
Refugee Solutions Reconsidered
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book with final thoughts on reforming the durable solutions and identifying new directions. Having examined each durable solution separately and in depth, this chapter presents reforms for the overall refugee system. It discusses implications for strengthening global refugee policy towards human rights, integration, and sustainable development. Key strategies for improving refugee solutions overall include strengthening asylum and nonrefoulement, prioritizing integration, facilitating international cooperation, and increasing funding. The international community should seek to prevent forced displacements and link refugee solutions to migration policy. Human rights-based approaches with refugees are presented, including how to incorporate the principles of human dignity, nondiscrimination, participation, transparency, and accountability into refugee solutions. The role of climate change in forced displacement and the Sustainable Development Goals are discussed. Current trends are reviewed including the global coronavirus pandemic. The chapter concludes on a note of hope and optimism for the future.
Rousseau Sets the Tone
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a paradigmatic figure for democratism. His Social Contract outlines many of the elements that have become the thoroughgoing ideology of democratism. Specifically, his concept of the General Will captures the modern, bifurcated understanding of the popular will that has become hegemonic in normative theories of democracy. Like Rousseau, many democratic theorists conceive of democracy as an ideal or a potentiality rather than a historical reality. These democratists promise to bring about “true” or “genuine” democracy through various social engineering schemes and educational programs. Consciously or otherwise, these theorists adopt the paradigm for democracy that Rousseau outlines in The Social Contract.
Toward a Definition of Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Democratism is an ideology that purports to welcome unmediated popular rule, but in practice it accomplishes the opposite, forms of dictatorial “democracy” that find popular consent in theory rather than in actual practice. Democratism in practice is rule by a minority of experts or elites. Proponents of democratism claim to be the real arbiters of democracy as they put forth elaborate plans for bringing into existence their particular interpretations of democracy. Their schemes often entail social engineering and more or less subtle forms of coercion. Because democratists frame their arguments using the language of democracy, they often escape notice as perpetuators not of democracy proper but of an oligarchic pseudo-democracy.
Jacques Maritain
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Careful analysis of Jacques Maritain’s mature political work Man and the State (1951) finds that he is a major contributor to the development of a secular political ideology that bears the mark of democratism. The dénouement of Man and the State is a vision of global democracy conducted by a senate of elites who, not unlike the citizens in the Social Contract, must renounce nationality and citizenship in order to embrace a universal general will. Explaining the rise of democracy through an ostensibly Christian genealogy, Maritain reveals the element of millenarian thinking within the democratist philosophy of history. That other Catholics, especially popes such as John XXIII, Paul VI, and Francis, have followed Maritain’s understanding of democracy and Christianity suggests that democratism has transformed even Catholic thinking, something traditionally resistant to Rousseau’s philosophical anthropology and philosophy of democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Graham S. Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a general introduction to The Doctor and the Algorithm. It explores recent advances in health artificial intelligence (AI), the promotional language used to promulgate these new technologies, and emerging research demonstrating how new AI technology often produces inequitable outcomes for already marginalized communities. In recent years there has been a proliferation of health AI focused on diagnosis, prognosis, healthcare systems management, drug discovery, disease modeling, and more. The promises of deep medicine are scintillating, and there is great potential for improved health outcomes, but the many cautionary tales of AI encourage wariness. The question of how to separate the hype of AI from the reality is the goal of this book. The chapter closes with an outline of subsequent chapters.
Assessing the Harms of Crime
Authors: Greenfield Victoria , Paoli Letizia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal history and theory, criminology, and related fields and by considering the relevance of harm and its reduction for both criminal policy and the governance of security, the book demonstrates the centrality of harm, including its reduction, to crime, policy, and governance. It also highlights a substantial gap in methods available to the policy community to take on harm and the challenges of developing them. Working to fill that gap, the book presents the authors’ “Harm Assessment Framework,” consisting of tools and a process to identify, evaluate, and rank harms and to carefully distinguish harms that result directly from activities from those that are remote or driven at least partially by policy. The book also presents applications to complex crimes, primarily involving coca and cocaine, that show the framework’s value with new, actionable insight to harm and policy. On this basis, the book argues that criminology would benefit from expanding its mission to include harm and target harm reduction and from positioning harm assessment as a core task. Lastly, it posits that systematic, empirical harm-based policy analysis can contribute positively to decisions about criminal policy and the governance of security and to advancing justice.
Introduction
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter sets out the central aim of this book, which is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, by taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and introducing tools and a process for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. It also sets the stage for a deeper discussion of harm’s role in crime, criminal policy, and the governance of security as it concerns crime and the framework’s value; describes the genesis of the authors’ approach to harm; and includes a roadmap and guide for readers. To begin the discussion, the chapter points to “harm” and its reduction in legal texts and contemporary policy on crime and the governance of security. It also highlights a substantial gap in the methods available to the policy community to implement harm as an empirical construct, showing the need for the framework.
What is coordination?
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys models of the syntax and semantics of coordination. Coordination is neither a semantically nor a morphosyntactically uniform phenomenon: coordinate structures of most categories can be modeled in terms of propositional connectives, but coordinated noun phrases allow a ‘group-forming’ interpretation which cannot be modeled in these terms. Moreover, many languages have different conjunctions for signaling coordination of clauses, verb phrases, and noun phrases. This book is primarily concerned with coordination of clauses and verb phrases. Several models of the syntax of coordination are considered, and a major distinction identified between symmetrical and asymmetrical syntactic structures. However, no morphosyntactic hallmark of coordination is identified, and syntactic and semantic diagnostics do not conclusively favor one specific structure.
The Birth of Heresiology
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Justin Martyr marks a decisive shift in the history of heresiography. Although Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch had criticized dissension in Christian circles in the early second century, Justin adopts and transforms the Greek habit of designating sects as αἱρέσεις. He argues that such sects, which he deems something other than Christian, are not merely the result of private choice, but rather stem from teachings that have demonic origins and are passed down in lines of human succession. Hegesippus, who must have known Justin’s Syntagma, as is evident from the similarity of their lists of heresies, argues in contrast to Justin that Christian heresies derive from Jewish heresies. We find that Justin Martyr is effectively the inventor of heresiological discourse, but that its forms and arguments shift already within the first few years after Justin writes.
Country and Court
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the provisions for regulating drama in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, and at the beginning of Elizabeth I’s reign. It notes how An Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds (1572) restricted the patronage of players—necessary for them to travel around the country—to the elite circle of the aristocracy. From 1576, the construction of open-air playhouses for adult players and indoor ‘private houses’ for boy choristers, all on the fringes of London, made the capital increasingly the centre of playing. The London authorities sought to resist or control this; Elizabeth’s Privy Council nominated a privileged group of companies whose playing must be ensured to make them available to entertain the Queen, especially during the Revels season from Christmas to Ash Wednesday. Masters of the Revels had long supervised entertainment at court; they were now increasingly involved in the supervision of professional actors.
Tilney, Patronage, and Profit, 1579–1589
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Edmund Tilney became Master of the Revels in 1579, charged with reducing entertainment costs at court. Greater reliance on professional players was key to his success. In 1581, he was given a Special Commission, giving him power over the players to help him in this; in 1583 he put together the Queen’s Men, made up of leading players from other groups. They dominated at court and in the country for the rest of the decade; only the boy players rivalled them. The chapter reviews the literary qualifications of the Masters of the Revels. It also examines plays by Robert Wilson as typical of adult playing at the time, and of John Lyly who wrote for the boys. They suggest that Tilney applied a ‘court standard’ of what was acceptable anywhere, allowing a broad range of comment and suggestion as long as it would not offend particular constituencies. The chapter questions whether powerful individuals sponsored plays behind the scenes.
1592–1602
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strange’s Men are the first to play year-round in London; the Queen’s Men are in decline. By accident or design, the Chamberlain’s and Admiral’s Men emerge from plague in 1594 as dominant companies at court and in London. By c.1596, playing in the City inns is phased out and restricted to the peripheries. The Chamberlain’s Men are prevented from using the new Blackfriars playhouse, perhaps prompting Shakespeare’s ‘Falstaff’. Pembroke’s Men challenge the dominant companies, but are severely dealt with for a play, The Isle of Dogs (part-written by Jonson). An order is issued for all playhouses to be torn down. In 1598, the Privy Council acknowledge the Chamberlain’s and Admiral’s Men as privileged companies, restricted to nominated playhouses, and answerable to Tilney, whose key role is confirmed. An examination of his income from licensing. The censorship of Shakespeare’s Richard II and of Sir Thomas More in the context of an unsettled succession. The chapter reflects on Jonson’s antipathy to the emerging status quo and his brushes with authority.
Sir George Buc, 1610–1622, and Topical Readings
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Buc left two play manuscripts with clear marks of his censorship, The Second Maiden’s Tragedy (1611) and Sir John Van Olden Barnavelt (1619). Both give clear indications of his concerns, in the former shielding the (supposedly fictional) court from adverse comment, in the latter being careful about the Prince of Orange who, though not strictly a king, was head of a friendly foreign country. Barnavelt is also notable for an intervention by the Bishop of London, probably concerned about the play’s depiction of Arminianism. Buc’s term of office is marked by a shift in royal policy. When Queen Anne died there was no royal patron for her company, which nevertheless continued to perform as the Revels Company, under Buc’s specific supervision. He was increasingly a manager of London playing rather than simply its licenser.
From Astley to Herbert
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Buc went mad early in 1622 and was succeeded by Sir John Astley. This chapter considers why Astley should have sold his post as Master of the Revels the following year to Sir Henry Herbert for an annual £150. He may simply have settled for the easy option. But it is notable that there was strong competition at this date for reversions to the post of Master, and Herbert was taking a gamble; had Astley died, the post would have gone to the holder of the next reversion—Ben Jonson. It is also possible that Astley was not comfortable serving under his immediate superior, the Lord Chamberlain, the third Earl of Pembroke. Herbert, by contrast, was from a cadet branch of Pembroke’s family. The chapter considers relations between Master and Lord Chamberlain in the context of the unprecedented power acquired by James’s greatest favourite, the Duke of Buckingham.
1623–1642
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a chronological analysis of Sir Henry Herbert’s office-book, concentrating on his licensing of plays, his dealing with recalcitrant players, his making money, and his negotiating of the difficult waters of late Jacobean and mid-Caroline politics. His non-censorship of A Game at Chess is considered in light of the anti-Spanish policies adopted by Prince Charles and Buckingham. The Duchess of Suffolk is censored for ‘dangerous matter’ but soon licensed for print with no censorship apparent: the political waters had turned. He temporarily blocks a revival of The Tamer Tamed: the dominance of the play’s heroine, Maria, may be seen as commentary on Queen Henrietta Maria’s hold over Charles I. Her Catholicism and Archbishop Laud’s church reform are both matters to be handled delicately, as in Herbert’s censoring of the manuscript of The Launching of the Mary. Herbert’s practices allow us to see the licensing and censorship of the whole period in context, often condoning apparent insolence but drawing the line at anything ‘too insolent’, treating the players as licensed fools.
A Digital Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThroughout history, economies and societies have always been deeply affected by technology. Radical technological innovations, such as steam-power, electricity or electronics, prompted the first, second, and third industrial revolutions. Now, countries worldwide are experiencing a fourth, equally disruptive, industrial revolution, thanks to the Internet and powerful emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. As society becomes more and more reliant on digital applications, action by public policy is required to correct markets where they fail to deliver optimal outcomes, namely: creating significant value and ensuring that everyone can enjoy it. The job is not easy, and digital policy needs to address complex challenges: it needs to balance dynamism and stability, to address regulatory fragmentation in a highly fluid, fast-changing, environment; to solve novel economic puzzles and to answer profound philosophical dilemmas. Nations around the world are deploying digital policy strategies in an attempt to secure an overarching consistent public approach to emerging issues.
Disinformation in the Digital Age
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDisinformation is an ancient phenomenon that digitization boosted. It is impossible to say whether the average quality of information is higher or lower online than what it was before, when news could only circulate through print, radio, or TV. Today, however, the game has changed: it is far easier to generate and spread information to reach wide audiences in the Internet age. And the predominant online business model, highly dependent on web traffic and advertisement, undoubtedly generates high incentives to maximize audience, possibly by eliciting emotional engagement in users and arousing them to share false stories on social media. Markets seem unable to curb disinformation by themselves. Thus, public policy is needed to reduce the spread of false information online and defuse its potentially harmful effects. Measures include fact-checking and enabling access to high-quality media, forcing platforms to become more transparent and forthcoming, for example, allowing researchers to access their data. Furthermore, promising actions include empowering users with educational tools to overcome their “behavioural biases” and increase their wariness towards what they read or view online.
The Oxford Linear Algebra for Scientists
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book provides a introduction into linear algebra which covers the mathematical set-up as well as applications to science. After the introductory material on sets, functions, groups and fields, the basic features of vector spaces are developed, including linear independence, bases, dimension, vector subspaces and linear maps. Practical methods for calculating with dot, cross and triple products are introduced early on. The theory of linear maps and their relation to matrices is developed in detail, culminating in the rank theorem. Algorithmic methods bases on row reduction and determinants are discussed an applied to computing the rank and the inverse of matrices and to solve systems of linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors and the application to diagonalising linear maps, as well as scalar products and unitary linear maps are covered in detail. Advanced topics included are the Jordon normal form, normal linear maps, the singular value decomposition, bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms, duality and tensors. The book also included short expositions of diverse scientific applications of linear algebra, including to internet search, classical mechanics, graph theory, cryptography, coding theory, data compression, special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
The Cosmic Oasis
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan , Milon Anne-Sophie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This title explores the abundance and complexity of life on Earth, which—as we discover more of other planets—appears as a true oasis in the cosmos. Despite its diversity, life forms little more than a veneer on the planet, albeit one that has hugely influenced its climate and environment. Earth and its biosphere have profoundly changed through more than four billion years of time, undergoing a succession of transformations. Now, we are living through the latest of these, in which humans have become extraordinarily numerous at the expense of other living creatures, not least our kindred ape species that are in severe decline. A critical development is the technology upon which advanced human societies utterly depend, from which has emerged a technosphere that now rivals the biosphere in scale and power, and that is evolving with terrific speed. Among its unwanted side-effects are enormous and ongoing changes to the atmosphere, climate, land, and cycling of key elements for life. The biosphere is on the cusp of another transformation, and this book concludes by exploring ways in which we can influence this process for the better.
Conclusion
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion sums up the whole book, emphasizing the paradox of the position of peasants who lived frugal and communal lives, while engaged in markets as producers and consumers. Peasants might resist change in some circumstances, but were also innovators in farming. They gained freedom and were able to react to circumstances and plan for the future. They were active in industry, and contributed in a number of ways to urban growth. They played a part in politics and religion, showing their administrative skills by collecting taxes and building churches. They were much involved in the modernization for which the foundations were laid well before 1500.