bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration with Complex Numbers
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This introductory text on complex analysis focuses on how to evaluate challenging improper (real) integrals, or their Cauchy principal values if need be, by associating them with (complex) contour integrals. On the way to this goal it explains in detail the basic arithmetic, algebra and analysis of complex numbers and functions: particularly the Cauchy–Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s theorem, Laurent’s theorem and Cauchy’s residue theorem. Recognising that many non-specialist cohorts need to acquire skill and confidence in these techniques, great care is taken to allow time for consolidation of fundamental ideas before proceeding to more sophisticated ones, and stress is laid on worked examples to explain ideas and applications, informal diagrams to build insight, roughwork initial explorations to help seek out solution strategies and—above all—suites of exercises in which the learner can develop and reinforce competence: learning through doing being the hallmark of the working textbook. Substantial revision sections on real analysis and calculus are built into the text for learners who may require additional preparation. An appended final chapter addresses some more advanced topics, such as uniform convergence, that are relevant to why certain key theorems work. Specimen solutions for many exercises will be made available to instructors upon application to the publishers.
What are complex numbers?
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Complex numbers are presented—equivalently—as symbols of the form x+iy and as points (x,y) in the coordinate plane, with appropriate operations. We set out their elementary algebra/geometry—real part, imaginary part, modulus, argument, conjugate, polar coordinates, triangle inequality and reverse triangle inequality, de Moivre’s theorem. Complex sequences and complex series are discussed, as are powers and nth roots.
Background part C
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
After revising elementary integration concepts from school calculus including the fundamental connection between indefinite integration and definite integration, and techniques such as integration by parts and integration by substitution (change of variable), this chapter concentrates on developing an understanding of improper integrals. Building insight through examples, we explore important classes of improper integrals, explore how they may be classified as convergent or divergent and discuss the idea of the Cauchy principal value of a divergent improper integral.
Measuring Political Settlements
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 moves to measurement and testing. A lack of clear guidelines for measurement has bedevilled political settlements analysis (PSA) and limited its acceptance by the social scientific mainstream. Here, the authors discuss how to identify evolutions or changes in political settlements, how to measure and code in a rigorous way some of their key dimensions, and how to construct their new ‘social foundation’ and ‘power concentration’ typological variables. This is illustrated with a mapping based on an expert survey of political settlements in forty-two countries since 1960 or since independence, along with brief descriptions of archetypal settlements in Kenya, Sudan, South Africa, and Malaysia.
Statistical Tools for Model Validation and Back Testing
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Model validation and calibration chapter demonstrate key statistical tests that are useful to measure predictive power of risk models. It mainly assesses the critical steps, data input quality, and discriminatory power of the models in predicting default or loss. Model validation has been a key task for risk-focused management for internal management of risk across various business lines. Reliable rating systems require efficient validation strategies. This chapter explains power curve-fitting techniques to assess discriminatory power of predictive models, method for checking model errors, and estimation of model accuracy in great detail. The separation power check through information value and KS test and their utility in scorecard development has been elaborated. Steps in Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test pertaining to logistic model and other non-parametric validation checks like Akaike information criteria, Bayesian information criterion, Kendal’s tau are described in this chapter. An independent and objective validation of the predictive power and efficacy of valuation and risk models through statistical tests is an integral part of a robust risk management system.
Challenges in Policymaking
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the policymaking process and lists out some features of the process that leads to high quality decisions. It examines the trade-offs involved in making policies in the real world. It identifies and discusses some of the important weaknesses in India’s policymaking process. They include excessive fragmentation in thinking and action, excessive overlap between policy making and implementation, inadequate non-governmental inputs and informed debate, and lack of systematic analysis and integration prior to policy making. It talks about a widely discussed issue related to policymaking in the Indian context, the debate over generalists and specialists. The chapter examines the argument that policymaking requires specialist expertise and generalist bureaucrats are not well equipped in this endeavour.
Decision Paralysis
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of the perceived reluctance of officials to take decisions for fear of being at the receiving end of what is perceived by them as activism by oversight agencies. It examines the context for such decision paralysis and the underlying motivations and fears of officials. The chapter discusses the roles of the important agencies of the government—judiciary, the Information Commission, vigilance and investigative agencies, and the Comptroller and Auditor General—in contributing to the problem. It also provides several illustrative examples which highlight the problem. It also briefly examines the role of Finance Department in this context.
Addressing Execution Challenges—I
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers some suggestions on improving policy and program execution. It includes ideas to strengthen supervision by improving on traditional methods of monitoring, the application of electronic monitoring systems, and the use of delivery units, through greater delegation, social media, and consultants and advisors. It has a detailed examination of the challenges and distortions associated with e-governance and digital monitoring systems. The chapter draws attention to the importance of the qualitative aspect of accountability, and how greater delegation and discretion can enhance ownership among stakeholders. It also discusses the challenge of designing enforcement regimes that limit the likelihood of harassment and of corruption.
Addressing Execution Challenges—III
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with four ideas that have become popular as possible solutions to state capability problems in execution: outsourcing and privatization, audits and certification, electronic governance and digitization, and rigorous evaluation. It examines the experience of outsourcing and privatization from UK and offers some pointers to the conditions under which it should be adopted in the Indian context. It also discusses the challenges associated with audits and e-governance, and offers some suggestions. The chapter has a discussion on both the case for and against evaluations, the system for evaluations in India, limitations of randomized control trials, and provides some practical suggestions for ensuring rigour in evaluations.
Symbolic Constitutionalization
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The subject of this book is the social and political meaning of constitutional texts to the detriment of their legal concretization. In other words, it focuses on the discrepancy between the hypertrophically symbolic function of constitutions and their insufficient legal concretization. It offers a critical counterpoint to constitutional theory that treats constitutional texts as a panacea to solving political, legal, and social problems. The symbolic constitutionalization is approached in a comprehensive perspective and in contrast to certain premises of Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory in regard to law and constitution in the world society. Chapter 1 sets out the debate about symbolic legislation. Chapter 2 explains the notion of symbolic constitutionalization as a problem embracing the whole legal system. Chapter 3 approaches the issue in terms of allopoiesis of law, characterizing it primarily as a problem in peripheral modernity and referring to the Brazilian experience. The final chapter discusses the tendency to a symbolic constitutionalization of world society in the scope of a paradoxical peripheralization of the center.
Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Robert 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob provides a distinctive and accessible introduction to the rapidly growing fields of quantum information science (QIS) and quantum computing (QC). The book is designed for undergraduate students and upper-level secondary school students with little or no background in physics, computer science, or mathematics beyond secondary school algebra and trigonometry. While broadly accessible, the book provides a solid conceptual and formal understanding of quantum states and entanglement—the key ingredients in quantum computing. The authors give detailed treatments of many of the classic quantum algorithms that demonstrate how and when QC has an advantage over classical computers. The book provides a solid explanation of the physics of QC and QIS and then weds that knowledge to the mathematics of QC algorithms and how those algorithms deploy the principles of quantum physics to solve the problem. This book connects the physics concepts, the computer science vocabulary, and the mathematics, providing a complete picture of how QIS and QC work. The authors give multiple representations of the concept—textual, graphical, and symbolic (state vectors, matrices, and Dirac notation)—which are the lingua franca of QIS and QC. Those multiple representations allow the readers to develop a broader and deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts and their applications. In addition, the book provides examples of recent experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation and the applications of quantum computational chemistry. The last chapter connects to the growing commercial world of QC and QIS and provides recommendations for further study.
Introduction
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We meet our hosts, Alice and Bob, and an undergraduate student, Cardy. Alice and Bob tell Cardy why QC is “the next big thing.” They give a brief introduction to quantum information science (QIS) and its relation to quantum computing (QC). They also provide an overview of the rest of the book and how the book should be used to come to grips with quantum ideas that allow QCs to do things unimaginable for traditional computers. Alice and Bob emphasize that with perseverance everyone can understand the fundamentals of QC and how quantum physics enables entirely new ways of thinking about computational algorithms. They explain the book’s overarching narrative: quantum states, quantum entanglement, and quantum measurements provide the essential resources for QC and QIS.
Quantum Computing Algorithms
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Alice and Bob introduce and explain in detail some of the algorithms that convinced physicists and computer scientists that there might be something to this crazy idea of quantum computing. Each algorithm provides a case study of how the properties of quantum states can be used to provide an advantage for using a quantum computer compared to a classical computer. Alice and Bob describe the Deutsch algorithm, designed to answer a simple question about the properties of functions of binary digits (0 and 1), and the Simon algorithm, which finds a “secret code.” The Simon algorithm, like many other quantum algorithms, is a mix of quantum state algorithms and classical computational methods. Alice and Bob also introduce Hadamard gates that act on multi-qubit systems. Those gates play an important role in many quantum algorithms.
Introduction
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) has been a beacon of progress in modern times, and the celebrated Oration on the Dignity of Man has been the engine of his fame. But he never wrote a speech about the dignity of man. The prince’s speech announced quite different projects: persuading Christians to become Kabbalists in order to annihilate themselves in God; and convincing philosophers that their path to saving wisdom was concord rather than disputation. This book about Heresy, Freedom, and Philosophy shows that Pico’s work, before and after he wrote the Oration, was in no way progressive—or ‘humanist’—in its ideas, and that his main authorities were medieval clerics and theologians, not secular Renaissance intellectuals. The evidence is Pico’s Apology, his self-defense against heresy charges: this public polemic reveals more about him than the famous speech that he never gave and that deliberately kept its message secret. The orator’s method in the Oration was esoteric, but the defendant in the Apology made his case openly in a voice that was academic and belligerent, not prophetic or poetic. Perhaps because of its size and presentation, the Apology has been read less than Pico’s other writings; as far as I know, the last book devoted entirely to it appeared more than five centuries ago.
Petitionary Prayer and Pride
Authors: Davison Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The philosophical literature concerning petitionary prayer tends to focus on arguments designed to show why God might be justified in requiring petitionary prayers for certain things before providing them. One prominent kind of argument along these lines appeals to the idea that answering petitionary prayers provides an extension of human responsibility for the character of the world. The chapter starts with an analysis of pride proposed by Robert C. Roberts, and discusses divine reasons and the nature of answered prayer, in order to explore whether these justifications of the practice of petitionary prayer imply that it is appropriate to feel a certain kind of pride for the results of apparently answered prayer.
Testimony and Trauma
Authors: Simpson Hannah 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines how Samuel Beckett’s Not I (1972) and Marguerite Duras’s L’Amante anglaise (1968) meld elements of the popular postwar genre of testimony literature with the symptoms of fragmented trauma memory, in order to sceptically interrogate the possibility of any ‘successful’ intersubjective communication of pain. Both plays offer a radically reduced sense of how far one can bear witness to traumatic suffering. Resurgent anxieties about France’s role in the Second World War overtook the country’s cultural imagination during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and this chapter reads Beckett’s and Duras’s own distanced proximity to Holocaust suffering against the larger cultural backdrop of increasing Francophone scepticism as to the healing function of postwar testimony. It explores how both plays stage the impossibility of testifying comprehensively to traumatic suffering (whether inflicted or experienced) but also draw on the bodily proximity and specific sensory dimensions of the theatre medium to provoke a distressing corporeal response in their spectators. It examines how Beckett and Duras frame their respective ‘Auditor’ and ‘Interrogator’ listening figures as ‘failed witnesses’. It ends with a reading of how certain theatrical productions—Claude Régy’s 1968 Théâtre de Chaillot production of L’Amante anglaise, Beckett’s 1978 Théâtre d’Orsay production of Pas moi, and Jess Thom and Matthew Pountney’s 2018 Not I at Battersea Arts Centre—have re-embodied this failure of witnessing as a more optimistic speaker–witness relationship by remodelling the action of the listening figures’ hands.
‘A Register and a Bill’
Authors: Kaustubh Deka 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe state of Assam underwent a spectacular phase of socio-political mobilization between the period of 2014 and 2019 around the vexed issue of defining the contours of India’s citizenship discourse. The process of the updation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC and the amendment of the citizenship laws of the state, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) sharply polarized opinions in the region. Drawing from field insights as well as literature, an argument has been made that the reception and implications of exercises like NRC and CAA that lies at the interstices of the political, legal, and the social needs to be read as a complex ensemble of political and social practices anchored around contestations over belongingness and mediated through the parameters of the state and various social actors of the region. Out of this complex negotiation new political subjectivities of the region unfold, vernacular but precarious.
Building bridges
Authors: Jayadeva Sazana , Thieme Susan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The capacities of aspirant student migrants to negotiate the process of going abroad is closely linked to their economic, social, and cultural resources. Based on fieldwork in India and Nepal, we explore the contested role of commercial education consultants in supporting aspirant student migrants to access study abroad. Drawing on interviews with international students and an analysis of the conversations about education consultants within online communities of aspirant student migrants, we highlight how consultants are discussed as being powerful agents that guarantee a safe path to studying abroad, while also, being decried as profit-driven actors. We then move to the perspectives of the consultants themselves, how they experience the application process and engage with their ambivalent reputation. In doing so, the chapter explores how access to study abroad is negotiated and how this often involves ‘co-learning’ and ‘co-work’ between aspirant student migrants and consultants.
Transnational political engagements and diasporic connections in Nepali education-related migration to Denmark
Authors: Valentin Karen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Nepali diaspora in Denmark dates back to the early 2000s and has emerged in response to the expanding commercialized international education market and a demand for qualified labour. For this reason, the Nepalis in Denmark generally immigrated at relatively young ages as students, highly skilled professionals and accompanying spouses. However, they initially went to school and college in Nepal in the 1990s, a period of prolonged political upheaval due to civil war. Some grew up in families engaged in politics, others tried to keep formal politics at a distance, but all were in some way or another affected by the social and political tensions played out in the realm of higher education and the wider society. Now, years later, many are to varying degrees engaged in different types of diasporic political and civic activities, including projects of ‘social entrepreneurship’. Drawing on ethnographic data on education-related migration from Nepal to Denmark, this chapter focuses on higher education as a transnational socio-political field and thereby sheds light on the porous boundaries of educational institutions. The chapter analyses how previous experiences from growing up in a highly politicized education system and a general condition of political instability in Nepal factor into later transnational political engagements among Nepali migrants. It thereby feeds into the larger literature on mobility and transnationalism as well as debates on political action in South Asia, where institutions of higher education have historically been central in the political shaping of the youth.
Quantum Electrodynamic Theory of Light Radiation
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The quantum electrodynamic theory, based on the quantization of the electromagnetic field, introduces the concept of photon and the related photon creation operator, photon annihilation operator, and photon number operator. It is used to describe stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Kerr scattering, and various multiphoton excitation processes. Within this theoretical regime the light (as a photon field) and molecules are treated as a combined quantum mechanical system. The light emission or absorption is always accompanied by the quantum transition of the whole system from its initial eigenstate to the final eigenstate. The molecular emission or absorption probability rate is determined by the corresponding transition matrix elements of the interaction Hamiltonian operator.
Uncle Rudolf
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the narrative around murder evolved on the home front with the outbreak of war through the case of Rudolf Kremser, who in December 1914 murdered the daughter of his sister. Through the press coverage of the trial, we examine how the murder itself was reported in the different newspapers, which attached various narratives to why the act was committed. The media emphasized different motives, and turned these violent acts into popular culture. The role of the expert, such as criminologists, other forensic scientists, psychiatrists, and the role of the law also contributed to the interpretations of why accused committed murders.
Seeking the Truth
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The investigation of murder underwent a significant shift from the beginning of the twentieth century, as this chapter highlights. Hans Gross founded the first criminology institute at the University of Graz in 1913 and suggested that criminal investigations needed to be rationalized and objectivized. He especially pointed to the unreliability of eyewitness accounts, arguing that the value of eyewitness testimony depended on social class and on the gender of the eyewitness. Franz von Liszt, professor of criminal law in Berlin, further confirmed the unreliability of eyewitness accounts. Thus, eyewitness accounts, which had a tenuous credibility, were replaced by objective methods in determining the facts of the crime, such as fingerprinting. The records were then kept in a system and the figure of the recidivist criminal as a permanent threat to society was recorded. Even so, the scientific method of catching and recording criminals did not occur at the same pace. These methods were used mostly in urban areas such as Vienna and Prague, whereas in rural areas the lack of police personnel and the lack of experts limited the application of “objective” truth-seeking.