bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Age, Position, and Fruiting Status on Mineral Composition of ‘Tonnage’ Avocado Leaves1
Authors: Koo R. C. J. , Young T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As leaves of ‘Tonnage’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) increased in age, N, P, and K contents decreased, while Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe contents were higher. A comparison of leaves from 1st and 2nd flushes showed similar trends reflected in leaf age. The basal leaf was lower in P but higher in Ca, Mg, and Cu when compared with the terminal leaf of the same twig. Only N and Cu contents were different when leaves from fruiting and nonfruiting twigs were compared. Practical application of the data in sampling avocado leaves is discussed.
The Influence of Greenhouse Environmental Factors on Forcing Dahlia variabilis Willd.1
Authors: Durso Marcia , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dutch-grown tuberous-rooted dahlias, ‘Kolchelsee’ and ‘Park Princess’, were forced from January to June in 1975 and 1976. In all experiments, plant height was controlled by applying 0.5 mg/pot of ancymidol 2 weeks after planting.
Fertilization was essential and an application of one of several slow-release formulations of Osmocote or weekly applications of 20N—8.8P—16.6K (200 ppm N) as a soluble fertilizer produced high quality plants which flowered in approximately 70 days. The highest quality plants and best height control was obtained with 25°C day and 16° night temperatures. Flowering was delayed at 24/12° day/night temperatures, and although flowering was accelerated at 28/17° and 29/20° day/night temperatures plant quality was adversely affected.
Natural spring photoperiods which increased from 10 to 14 hours were optimal for forcing. Long days given either as a 16-hour photoperiod or as a 4-hour night break delayed flowering slightly. Dahlias grown under an 8-hour photoperiod flowered the earliest but not all plants flowered. Dahlias required high light intensities during forcing. Under 50% shading plants were too tall for pot plant use even after treatment with ancymidol.
The Effects of Tillage Systems on the Performance and Elemental Absorption by Selected Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Ellis John , Morrison John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A three-year study was conducted with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. Plant stand of cucumber was less in NT than in CT in 1973 and 1974, but the tillage system had no effect on cucumber plant stand in 1975 when a cover crop was used. Plant stand of NT sweet corn was less than CT in 1973, but equal to that of CT in 1974 and 1975. Tillage system had no effect on survival of tomato and pepper plants. Total yields of NT cucumber were lower than CT in 1974 because of lower plant stand in NT than in CT plots. However, lower NT tomato yields in 1973 and 1974 and NT pepper yields in each of the 3 years was attributed to greater reinfestation and competition of weeds in NT than in CT plots. NT sweet corn yields were as good or better than CT yields. Nutrient uptake varied with cropping system and sampling time. Generally, CT crops had more nitrogen but less phosphorus than NT crops. Calcium was higher in CT cucumber plants early in the 1973 and 1974 seasons but less than that in NT plants at the last sampling dates in 1974 and 1975. The other crops were less consistent than cucumber in calcium uptake. Potassium varied with cropping system and sampling date, while magnesium was not affected by cropping systems.
In Vitro Propagation of Tomato by Shoot Apical Meristem Culture1
Authors: Kartha K. K. , Champoux S. , Gamborg O. L. , Pahl K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure has been developed to regenerate plants in high frequency from meristems of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Starfire). Shoot apical meristems isolated from 7-day-old seedlings were aseptically cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations of cytokinins and auxins under defined environmental conditions. Benzyladenine (BA) or zeatin (Z) at various concentrations from 0.1 to 10 µm induced shoot differentiation in high frequency. All levels of BA or Z in conjunction with indoleacetic acid (IAA) also induced shoot differentiation. Whole plant regeneration occurred in media with hormone concentrations as follows: 1) BA and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 µm, 2) 10 µm Z in conjunction with 1.0 µm NAA or vice-versa and 3) 10 µm IAA.
Effects of Soil Water Levels on Components of Growth and Yield in Peas1
Authors: Miller D. G. , Manning C. E. , Teare I. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse grown peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) were irrigated at 4 levels with constant water conditions and with 2 water levels varied at 3 physiological stages of growth. At constant water levels total dry matter, seed yield, seed size, number of seeds per plant, plant height, watering level, and water used were positively related. Number of nodes per plant remained constant in all treatments but internode length varied in relation to water level and scheduling. Maintaining a high watering level during pod filling or flowering resulted in highest seed yields. Plant height was significantly reduced with decreasing water levels for constant water regimes At variable water regimes taller plants were evident when water was high during flowering to early pod filling.
Elemental Composition of Sludge-fertilized Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Kirkham M. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne) were grown for 84 days in plastic pots containing media treated with inorganic fertilizers or liquid sewage sludge, added at a rate of 50, 100, or 200 ml/week, to determine if sludge could be used as a fertilizer. Plants grown with sludge at all application rates had higher N and lower K concentrations compared to plants grown with inorganic fertilizers. Leaf concentration of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Pb of plants grown with 50 ml sludge/week were similar to plants receiving inorganic fertilizers. As sludge application rate increased, leaf concentrations of Fe and Cu increased of plants grown in media consisting of all sand or all peat and Zn increased in leaves of plants grown in the standard greenhouse media (1 soil: 1 sand:l peat, by volume). Sludge-treated media had a higher pH and extractable Cu concentration, and a lower extractable K concentration, than media without sludge. Plants receiving 50 ml sludge/week grew as well as plants grown with inorganic fertilizers.
Low Pressure (Hypobaric) Storage of Mangos1
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , Reeder William F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Irwin’, ‘Tommy Atkins’, and ‘Kent’ mangos (Mangifera indica L.) softened (ripened) with less decay at 21°C in air under normal pressure, and had a higher percentage of acceptable fruits, if they had been stored for 3 weeks at 13°, 98-100% relative humidity, and an atmospheric pressure of 76 or 152 mm Hg rather than at normal atmospheric pressure. ‘Keitt’ mangos softened similarly whether stored at low or normal pressure. Low pressure storage extended shelf life: mangos stored at 152 mm Hg required 3-5 days longer to soften after storage than similar fruits stored at 760 mm Hg. Softening times were similar for mangos of the same cultivar stored at 76 and 152 mm Hg.
Azide as a Broadspectrum Soil Treatment for Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Skroch W. A. , Monaco T. J. , Konsler T. R. , Shoemaker P. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Azide as NaN3 or KN3 impregnated on clay granules gave excellent control of yellow nutsedge (Cypetus esculentus L.) compared to methyl isothiocyanate combined with chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons (Vorlex) or a non-hand weeded control. Nematode control was obtained with all treatments. Significant yield responses from the use of azide were obtained with all crops.
The Effect of Storage Relative Humidity on Calcium Uptake by ‘Spartan’ Apple1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. , Eaton G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low relative humidity (73%–80%) and high relative humidity (94%) lowered the initial rate of calcium penetration from postharvest dip into the tissues of ‘Spartan’ apple fruits (Malus domestica Borkh.). Moderate storage relative humidity (87%) resulted in the most rapid initial uptake of calcium by the tissues. The effect of humidity on calcium movement into the fruit tissue decreased with time in storage.
Anatomical Differences Associated with Inherent Carpel Separation along Ventral Sutures in Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Miller J. C. , Morey P. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical examination of 1-day preanthesis ovaries of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) showed that, at this stage of development, structural characteristics were not associated with propensity of cultivars for carpel separation. However, at a later stage of development, just before visible separation occurs (4 cm diameter fruits) varietal propensity for separation was associated with large cell size along ventral carpel structures, cell collapse, and the formation of microscopic cavities. Morphological studies showed that in cultivars with a strong tendency for carpel separation, the splitting of ventral carpel surfaces began at an earlier stage of fruit development than in cultivars with only a moderate tendency for separation.
Anatomy of Lettuce Tissue Affected by Three Physiological Disorders1
Authors: Ilker Y. , Kader A. A. , Ilker R. , Morris L. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical studies of 3 physiological disorders of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Climax) i.e., russet spotting (RS), brown stain (BNS), and rusty brown discoloration (RBD) showed that these disorders differ in their location and sequence of symptom development. RS produces well-defined, localized, spot-like lesions that may start either in the epidermis or in the mesophyll. In advanced stages of RS, the vascular tissue may also show discoloration and the mesophyll cells collapse, resulting in pit-like depressions. BNS lesions are restricted to the epidermis and may cover a large area. All the cells in a given lesion become discolored, with greater discoloration intensity at the periphery rather than the center of the lesion. RBD symptoms start in the epidermis and in advanced stages expand to mesophyll cells. RBD affected areas exhibit a mosaic-like pattern of discoloration.
Association between Soluble Solids/Acid Content and Days from Full Bloom of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Kirk H. J. , Todd H. G. , Hale S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit pH, inflection pH, soluble solids, % acid content at the inflection point pH and % acid content at pH 8.1 were found not to be correlated with days from full bloom in North Carolina ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits (Malus domestica Borkh.). The ratio of soluble solids to % acid content at pH 8.1 was highly correlated with days from full bloom.
Translocation of Ethephon in Beans and Peas1
Authors: Kwong Francis Y. , Lagerstedt H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Translocation of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) was studied in 14-day old bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Black Valentine) and 7-day old pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska). Both foliar and root applications of ethephon caused abscission of the primary leaves and stem terminals, promotion of lateral bud growth, and stem enlargement in bean plants. With pea seedlings, the typical triple responses, normally caused by ethylene, were observed. When 14C-ethephon was applied to the primary leaves of bean plants, recovery of evolved 14C-labelled ethylene, from other parts of the plant, was obtained within 1 hour. Radioautography of the plant showed accumulation of radioactivity in stem tips and nodal regions. The translocated material was identified by instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) to be ethephon. It is concluded that ethephon translocates readily throughout the plant and accumulates in rapidly growing sinks.
Heritabilities of Seven Sweet Potato Root Traits1
Authors: Jones Alfred 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Forty-five plants of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) taken randomly from the second cycle of a mass-selection population, and 25 open-pollinated progeny from each were used to estimate heritabilities (h2) of 7 root traits: root weight, 0.25 ± 0.13; intercellular space (IS), 0.70 ± 0.14; percent of dry matter (DM), 0.65 ± 0.12; sprouting, 0.39 ± 0.14; flesh oxidation, 0.24 ± 0.13; flesh color, 0.53 ± 0.14; and cortex thickness, 0.25 ± 0.13. IS was distributed normally with mean and mode of about 7%. DM had a bimodal distribution with mean 28.8 and modes of 27 and 31%. At least 2 genetic systems were apparently involved in expression of DM; one was associated with orange flesh and the other, with white flesh. This is the first report of the h2 for IS, DM, and sprouting.
Relation of Pear Seedling Size to Length of the Juvenile Period1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The age at which flowering began and the stem diameter at various ages were recorded for more than 9,000 pear seedlings planted in orchards at Beltsville. The juvenile period for individual seedlings varied from 2 to 10 years, with a number of seedlings still not flowering after 8 to 10 years. An overall negative correlation of stem diameter with length of the juvenile period was found. Within planting years, this relation was significant only in certain years; within progenies, the relation was significant less than half the time; within a specific cross repeated in different years, the relation varied considerably from year to year. Stem diameter can be successfully used as a preselection criterion for early flowering (short juvenile period) only when these two characteristics are significantly correlated. Since this condition does not exist in most crosses under the growing conditions at Beltsville, stem diameter is not a valid predictor of early flowering.
Ethephon-induced Defoliation and Delay of Spring Growth in Cornus stolonifera Michx.1
Authors: Fuchigami L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) in inducing defoliation and in delaying spring bud growth of red-osier dogwood was related to the time of application. Plants treated with ethephon before they matured were not effectively defoliated. Mature plants were effectively defoliated and ethephon’s effectiveness increased progressively at subsequent treatment dates. Ethephon treatments applied on September 29, October 6 and 13, delayed spring bud break by 7, 5, and 3 days respectively. Hand defoliation on the same dates induced identical delays in spring growth.
Comparison of Harvest Methods of Rabbiteye Blueberries1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Williamson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Read cv. Tifblue) were harvested by hand and an overrow mechanical harvester for 2 years. Machine harvest increased ground loss of marketable fruit over hand harvest. Hand-harvested fruit were 29 to 37% firmer than machine-harvested fruit. When held for 7-11 days at 15.5°C, machine-harvested fruit had more than twice the amount of soft and unmarketable fruit than hand-harvested fruit. Pruning rabbiteye blueberry plants increased the harvesting efficiency of the machine.
Some Anatomical Considerations in the Study of Cucumber Fruit Texture1
Authors: Goffinet Martin C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Standardized raw fruits of 6 texturally different pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes and 1 parthenocarpic slicing genotype were compared for several pericarp features: total radial thickness, % of fruit radius (% pericarp), overall average parenchyma cell size and number within the pericarp radius, as well as gradient in parenchyma cell size along this radius. Texture-related rank positions were devised and assigned genotypes for each pericarp feature. These were compared to rank positions assigned these genotypes for several textural components, based on machine-measured scores. Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between ranking genotypes for texture and ranking them for average cell number but not for texture and any of the other pericarp features. The slicing genotype deviated from the very uniform pickling genotypes in having a significantly thicker pericarp, greater % pericarp, and greater cell size across the pericarp radius.
Susceptibility of Crown Tissues of ‘Catskill’ Strawberry Plants to Low-temperature Injury1
Authors: Marini R. P. , Boyce B. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The viability of freeze-stressed Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Catskill strawberry crown tissues was evaluated using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction and oxidative browning. Both tests showed the medulla tissue to be the most susceptible to low-temperature injury, while vascular tissue was least susceptible. TTC reduction appears to be negatively related to tissue browning, and both provide similar results pertaining to tissue viability.
The Influences of Nitrogen on Pepper Transplant Growth and Yielding Potential of Plants Grown with Different Levels of Soil Nitrogen1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pepper transplants grown with 240 or 300g N/m3 were the tallest, and subsequently the highest yielding when grown to maturity with 155 kg/ha soil N. At 100, 210 or 265 kg N/ha, transplants grown for 6 weeks with N level of 300g/m3 were the highest yielding. The optimum level of leaf N for 6 week-old transplants is approximately 3.7% dry wt.
The Influence of Potassium Applications and Nematocides on the Potassium Nutrition of ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees on Replant Citrus Soil1
Authors: Fouche P. S. , Bester D. H. , Veldman G. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil application of K2SO4 with a nematocide, Aldicarb, significantly increased the level of K and fruit size of ‘Valencia’ orange trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) growing on soils previously planted to citrus. Foliar applications of KNO3, KCl, and K2SO4 were less effective. Aldicarb, where applied singly every third year, only controlled the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb for one year following it's application.
Effects of Chilling, Calcium Cyanamide, and Bud Scale Removal on Bud Break, Rooting, and Inhibitor Content of Buds of ‘Zinfandel’ Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)1
Authors: Iwasaki Kazuo , Weaver Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings from grapevines sprayed with a calcium cyanamide (Ca N-C≡N) mixture broke rest 14 days after their bases were placed in water at 25°C. By 40 days after the beginning of the experiment there was 90% budbreak. Maximum rooting was attained 57 days after the cuttings were placed in water at 25°. Control cuttings did not break rest or produce roots during the experiment, which lasted 100 days. Results similar to those of the control were obtained from cuttings stored at 0° for 3 days or 1 week. After 2 weeks at 0°, some control buds broke and some roots grew, but greater budbreak and root growth occurred in plants that had received the chemical treatment. When cuttings were removed from storage after 4, 8 or 12 weeks, there was little difference in budbreak or root growth between control and treated cuttings. Free ABA in untreated bud meristems (buds without scales) initially dropped and then rose again after 2 weeks of storage. With treated bud meristems the drop for free ABA was less after the beginning of storage than in control buds. In bud scales there was an increase in free ABA after the beginning of storage, especially with calcium cyanamide-treated cuttings. The bound ABA in bud meristems dropped markedly in the first 3 days of storage, both in control and treated cuttings. There was much less bound ABA in the bud scales than in the bud meristems, especially at the beginning of storage. When bud scales were removed, both budbreak and rooting were more rapid than in cuttings with intact buds.
Characterization of Mechanical Stress Dwarfing in Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Beyl C. A. , Mitchell C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Elongation growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. May Shoesmith was inhibited by daily shaking with an automated mechanical device. The dwarfing effect was more pronounced if plants were shaken at 0800 than at 1600 or 2400 hours. The longer the duration of stress, the greater the growth inhibition. Thirty seconds to 2 minutes of stress per day were required for significant dwarfing, with saturation of the effect at 4 to 5 minutes. Four-minute treatments 2 to 4 times daily maximized the stress response. Node number, fresh weight, and dry weight were reduced by shaking, but dry-to-fresh weight ratio was increased. Reciprocity applied to the stress responses in that one 4-minute stress per day had the same growth-retarding effect as four 1-minute stresses. Shaking did not significantly affect flower bud initiation, flower size, or floral keeping quality.
Influence of Nitrogen and Length of Growing Season on Yield and Size Distribution of Table Beets1
Authors: Hipp Billy W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted under subtropical conditions to determine the influence of N on yield and size distribution of table beets (Beta vulgaris L.) at various dates of harvest. Beet yield was essentially a function of growth time with no response to N when the growing season was <86 days but application of 112 kg N/ha increased yield by 55.8% when the growing season was 140 days. Nitrogen did not influence size distribution of beets when growing season was short but N application increased beet size when growing season was long.
Abscisic Acid and Apple Seed Dormancy1
Authors: Balboa-Zavala Orlando , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
c,t-Abscisic acid (ABA) was identified in methanol extracts of mature apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and concentrations of both free and base-hydrolyzable (bound) ABA in immature and mature seeds were quantified by electron capture gas chromatography. Immature embryos failed to germinate regardless of time of sampling unless seed coats were removed. Germination of excised embryos reached a maximum in early August, then gradually declined to nil in mid-September. Although ABA content of the embryonic axes rose sharply at maturity, the rise occurred only after germination capacity declined. Premature defoliation reduced ABA content of the axes, but did not prevent the induction of embryo dormancy. ABA content of mature seeds declined during stratification at both 5° and 20°C, with maximum differences occurring in the embryonic axis, but dormancy was broken only at 5°. Induction of secondary dormancy by high temperature (27°) was accompanied by a slight decline in ABA content of whole seeds.
Effect of Four Nitrogen Levels on Soil, Soil Solution, and Tissue Nutrient Levels in Three Container-grown Ilex Cultivars1,2
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wright R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High correlation coefficients were found between plant growth (dry weight accumulation) and both leaf N content and soil solution nitrates, while low correlation coefficients were found between soil nitrates and plant growth of 3 holly cultivars, Ilex crenata Thunb. cvs. Helleri and Rotundifolia and Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt. cv. Burfordi, grown in 3 liter container at 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm nitrogen. Shoot growth of ‘Helleri’ and ‘Burfordi’ was not increased by N levels higher than 300 ppm, while 400 ppm was optimal for ‘Rotundifolia.’