bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the core argument: that some versions of populism are inconsistent with constitutionalism and some are not. It emphasizes that ordinarily evaluating populism’s relation to constitutionalism ultimately depends upon making an essentially political judgment about the merits of particular populist programs. It describes our comparative and sociolegal methodological approach, using case studies of individual countries and on specific topics. It briefly describes the book’s contents, and mentions specifically the problems associated with examining issues on a disaggregated basis, and with the “selection bias” in some of the previous scholarly work on the topic.
Populism and Constitutionalism
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines several themes in populism. Against the claim that framing politics as a struggle between “the people” and “the elites” threatens constitutionalism, it counters those suggestions by observing that casting politics in terms of “us versus them” is quite natural and not distinctively associated with populism, and that the elites who populists criticize have indeed sometimes pursued policies that protected them and hurt the wider public. Populists respond not only with alternative policies but, because they sometimes find themselves blocked by existing institutions and veto gates, with constitutional changes, including alterations in media regulation and the composition of the courts. Against the claim that populists are anti-pluralist, the chapter responds by pointing out that at least some populisms are expressly pluralist. And, to the extent that anti-pluralism is said to prevent compromise and accommodation with one’s opponents, the chapter points to examples of populist accommodations with opponents in Spain and Italy. It points out as well that the role of populist leaders, even charismatic ones, varies; their power sometimes depends upon their support from within their parties or from social movements that they lead. It agrees with populism’s critics that populists tend to be impatient with entrenched institutions, but argues that specific constitutional reforms must be evaluated on their merits.
Power to the People: Empowered Democracy
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
After explaining why populists are not committed in principle to solely plebiscitary democracy, this chapter explores recent innovations in democratic design that allow for expanded participation by the people in their own governance. A thought experiment about direct popular design of responses to the Covid-19 pandemic is followed by a detailed analysis of referendums that acknowledges some difficulties associated with them, including the possibility of bad design and the risk that majorities will override minority rights but explains that the anti-institutionalism said to be associated with populism does not preclude populists from developing and implementing “best practices” for referendums, always on an ad hoc and contextual basis. The chapter then briefly describes deliberative polling and citizen assemblies, concluding with case studies of direct popular participation in constitutional reform in Ireland and Iceland.
The Early Years (1902–1910)
Authors: Giudice Christian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with Reghini’s early life and can be divided into two main sections: on the one hand, it scrutinizes the occultist’s heavy involvement with the Florentine avant-garde movements of his day, namely the Scapigliatura developed by radical thinkers such as Giovanni Papini and Giuseppe Prezzolini and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti’s Futurismo. Great attention will be placed on the idea that both movements, though representing the artistic avant-garde of the day, also harbored strong anti-modern sentiments and were against some of the core tenets of modernity detailed in Chapter 1. The second section, on the other hand, deals with Reghini’s first forays into the world of Italian occultism and chronicles his involvement with the Italian branch of the Theosophical Society. Both sections are enriched by a textual analysis of Reghini’s writings on the avant-garde and occult journals of the day, such as Leonardo, Lacerba, and Ultra.
Extremist Islam
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book seeks to understand why, despite almost two decades of strong law enforcement and security force pressure since the October 2002 Bali terror attacks, terrorist networks in Southeast Asia motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam remain resilient and dangerous. Arguing that focusing on the physical threat posed by terrorism has failed to address the totality of the problem, the book—through detailed case studies of four Southeast Asian extremists—encourages a shift away from the threat groups themselves, to a focus on the wider ideological ecosystems of closely interlocking persons, places, and platforms that sustain such groups and their acolytes. Challenging controversial notions that Islam per se is a “religion of violence,” the book argues that the theological-ideological amalgam of what has been called “Salafabism” is the more useful lens for recognizing closed-minded extremist currents in Islam. It argues that supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists do not actually counter, but complement and potentially sustain, violent hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadis—because both constituencies share a common extremist ideological DNA. That said, the book carefully distinguishes between relatively open-minded Salafabist radicals—whom governments and civil societies can co-opt and embrace—and the system-subverting, closed-minded Salafabist extremists of the aforementioned soft and hard varieties, who should rightly attract policy concern. The book concludes by outlining a comprehensive strategy for promoting theologically sound yet culturally authentic alternative narratives to Salafabist extremism—thereby defending the complex, richly textured tapestry of the moderate Islam Nusantara of Southeast Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the book, offering examples of how Southeast Asian terror networks motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam have capitalized on the COVID-19 pandemic to launch attacks on distracted security forces and to inspire more followers. It sets outs the book’s core aims: to better understand the conceptual distinctions and interconnections between oft-used terms applied to regional terror networks, ranging from “fundamentalism” and “radicalism” to “Wahhabism” and “Islamism.” It also sets out the plan of the book, explaining how it will be argued that it is the theological-ideological amalgam of Salafabism that is the more precise lens for recognizing extremism in Islam; that both supposedly nonviolent soft Salafabist Islamists and violent hard Salafabist Salafi Jihadis in fact share a common extremist ideological DNA; and that the role of ideological ecosystems in sustaining the challenge of Salafabist extremism and the need for alternative narratives to the latter require closer study.
Recognizing Religious Extremism II
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two forms of religious fundamentalism: radicalism and extremism, arguing that while relatively open-minded radicalism can be accommodated, close-minded extremism is inherently more predisposed to violence and more dangerous. Drawing upon Galtung’s concept of structural violence, the chapter explains why religious extremism is best understood as a fundamentalist belief system that legitimizes the structural violence of an in-group against relevant out-groups. Seven key attributes of a religious extremist are identified and are illustrated via a concise examination of Buddhist extremism in Myanmar, before being applied to Islam. The chapter argues that the extremist theological-ideological amalgam of Salafabism is the more precise lens for recognizing extremism in Islam. In particular, both supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists and violent, hard Salafabist Salafi Jihadis share a common extremist ideological DNA. The chapter argues that Salafabist ecosystems comprising interlocking combinations of persons, places, and platforms, sustain the challenge of Salafabist extremism.
Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book examines and analyses the phenomenon of non-binding instruments (also known as ‘soft law’) in the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL). In the past 30 years, there have been a number of non-binding instruments created, designed as either ‘best practice’ guidelines, or (re)statements of applicable law. These instruments are not treaties, but they nevertheless put themselves forward as authoritative statements of what the law is and, in some instances, what the law should be. Soft law instruments can be dynamic, prompt, and responsive measures to address pressing issues in armed conflicts. By drawing on the skill of a small group of experts, these instruments can be debated and drafted in a timelier manner than if these issues were to be left to the international community of 194 States to resolve. Furthermore, because these instruments do not have to be sent for debate to an international conference of States, it means that the provisions are not subject to the usual revisions, reservations, and dilutions that come with attempting to reach consensus. However, there are also potential and actual problems with these instruments and the processes that bring them to fruition, and how they are received in practice by States and other stakeholders. This book looks at the benefits and drawbacks for States and non-State actors with regards to soft law, whether they are effective additions to the law of armed conflict, analysing the development through the lens of theories of legitimacy and legality in international law.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law or IHL) is one of the most regulated fields of international law, and there are dozens of treaties regulating the treatment of civilian populations, prisoners of war, specific means and methods of warfare, and the protection of cultural property. As political and social events, together with advances in technology, have changed how armed conflicts are conducted, so too has the law of armed conflict changed to better respond to these new developments. As such there has been a trend towards modifying this reactive quality to IHL-making. States, civil society organisations, and experts, usually acting in small groups, have published manuals of instruction on emergent means and methods of warfare that are unregulated or underregulated under existing law, culminating in the form of non-binding instruments (soft law). However, despite their non-binding nature they are frequently positioned as authoritative statements of the law. The proliferation of these non-binding instruments raises some substantive and procedural issues, in addition to concerns about their legitimacy regarding their legality. Are the instruments treated as legal documents and, if so, what implications arise? Do they have any authority to be instructive or influence behaviour? Do they deserve any deference as (semi-)authoritative statements? Are these instruments effective? How have they been received by the participants? Do they shape or influence practice in conflicts? Questions regarding their legitimacy and legality are ever more pressing. This book seeks to answer these questions and sets out the doctrinal and theoretical framework for analysis.
The Emergence of National Human Rights Institutions and their Global and Regional Networks
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) were established after a long process of consideration at the United Nations. Since 1993, they have become widely accepted institutions that exist throughout the world. Furthermore, their voices on human rights are listened to both nationally and internationally. This chapter examines how NHRIs have arrived at this point by exploring the history and establishment of NHRIs at the United Nations, from the earliest considerations of their establishment in the mid-1940s up to the adoption of the United Nations Paris Principles in 1993. It then considers the progress made by NHRIs in establishing and developing their own networks and how their engagement with regional and international organizations have been finalized.
Who Runs National Human Rights Institutions? Membership, Leadership, and Staffing
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Independent leadership is critical to the independence and functioning of NHRIs. This chapter examines a range of crucial issues for National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), central to which is the question of who runs the NHRI. This chapter begins by examining how NHRIs should reflect the nature of the society in which they operate, including representation of women and diverse societal groups. It then moves on to the area that has received the most focus in Sub-Committee on Accreditation reviews: the selection and appointments process, including the formalization of the process in the enabling law, the composition of the selection panel, and the procedure for nominations and appointment. Finally, this chapter considers the related issues of security of tenure, functional immunity, and staffing. Together, the issues dealt with in this chapter go to the heart of the functional and structural requirements for the compliance of NHRIs with the Paris Principles.
Human Rights Mandate—Promotion and Protection Functions
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the Sub-Committee on Accreditation’s (SCA) recommendations in relation to several important areas of the mandate of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)—in particular, their human rights mandate, and their promotion and protection functions. There are several interrelated questions examined in this chapter. First, is the definition of human rights sufficiently broad in the NHRI’s enabling law? Second, are promotion and protection functions sufficiently provided for in the enabling law, and are they being used by the NHRI in practice? Third, does the NHRI have a mandate to encourage the ratification of international instruments? Finally, if the NHRI has a complaints-handling function, is this function compliant with the Paris Principles?
Advance care planning and goals of care discussions
Authors: Myers Jeff , Simon Jessica 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Advance care planning (ACP) conversations and goals of care (GOC) discussions prepare patients and their substitute decision-makers for medical decision-making. When rooted in a patient’s values and person-centred in approach, ACP and GOC discussions can optimize the likelihood a person receives care that is concordant with their goals. This chapter explores the definitions and clinical processes for ACP and GOC discussions and describes how a patient’s values and goals can directly inform medical decision-making. Differences in ACP among healthy and seriously ill individuals, common communication challenges, and the pitfalls of a treatment-centred approach are described. The chapter underscores the importance of illness understanding and provides tips on addressing prognosis. Finally, healthcare system impacts of ACP and GOC are considered.
Visceral pain
Authors: Downing Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Virtually every person will experience abdominal pain at some point. Although symptoms of pain are often vague and entwined with emotional overtones, careful assessment, combined with knowledge of the relationship of embryology and pain characteristics, will be most helpful to the clinician in diagnosing and using optimal mechanism-based treatment. Some pains are localized, and others ‘referred’; some pains are acute and potentially lethal, while others are chronic and ‘miserable’. ‘Total pain’ components such as worry, anger or depression always accompany and may exacerbate the severity of actual physical pain etiology. This chapter focuses particularly on the understanding the complexities and assessment of pain to enhance clinical acumen, leading to best practice management.
Neuropathic pain
Authors: Chary Srini , Boyle Anne B. , Herx Leonie M. , MacDonald Susan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is pain that arises from somewhere in the nervous system—from the most peripheral nerve to the most central place in the brain. Neuropathic pain may have specific features that distinguish it from somatic or visceral pain. There may be numbness, tingling, or electrical shock sensations associated. The longer a patient has neuropathic pain, the more embedded the pain pathways become, creating a permanent condition. While opioids are still part of the therapeutic regime for treatment, they are less effective in neuropathic pain than in other pains. Adjuvant medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants, can be useful treatments. Patients with neuropathic pain require careful assessment, the development of reasonable and reachable goals of therapy, and an understanding that success may be slower and require more medications than average. Persistence and a willingness to try different combinations may eventually succeed.
Dyspnoea and lung disease
Authors: Kain Danielle , MacDonald Susan , Nayar Shalini 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Patients experiencing dyspnea are commonly referred for advance symptom management in palliative care. Dyspnea is a challenging symptom to manage and requires an understanding of both respiratory mechanics and disease process. This chapter will review strategies to identify, diagnose and prognosticate lung diseases that are associated with significant morbidity. In addition, strategies to effectively manage symptom burden will be reviewed in detail. Case examples are used to illustrate what a patient suffering from respiratory complications or end-stage lung disease could experience. By the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to effectively identify the complexity of prognostication in common end-stage lung diseases and provide ongoing management of patients with dyspnea.
Malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Bromwich Carl 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction is a common complication of malignancy and is particularly so in the context of gastrointestinal and gynaecological malignancies. It has a profound negative impact on the quality of life of affected patients. While it portends a grim prognosis in advanced disease, it may also be the presenting feature of an early stage of a gastrointestinal cancer. Management may include surgery and use of self-expanding stents, as well as pharmacological intervention. Malignant bowel obstruction is regarded by many to be among the clinical situations considered to be palliative care emergencies.
Urological symptoms and complications in palliative care
Authors: Pereira José 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Patients with serious illnesses such as advanced cancer experience many urological symptoms and complications that can significantly reduce their quality of life. This chapter will address several of these, including haematuria, urinary blood clots, strangury, tenesmus, vesicovaginal and vesicoenteric fistulae, and upper and lower urinary tract obstructions. A number of clinical assessment and treatment options are available for each of these. Clinicians need to be acquainted with the potential causes, and assessment and treatment options and consider their respective benefits versus burdens when deciding on the optimal management approach. The patient’s estimated survival and other factors such as wishes, setting of care and access to certain treatments should also be considered. This chapter describes the various assessment and treatment options for these complications in the context of cases, and their respective roles depending on the illness trajectory.
Neurological disorders
Authors: Gofton Teneille 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Palliative care is applicable to many patients with neurological disorders. It is applicable to people living with serious sequelae of neurological or neurosurgical illnesses. People with oncological and non-oncological illnesses of the neurological system may benefit from a palliative approach to care. This chapter reviews some common elements of a palliative approach to care for people living with serious stroke, motor neuron disease, advanced parkinsonism, advanced multiple sclerosis, and seizures, as well as some common challenges encountered such as cognitive impairment and communication challenges.
Renal failure
Authors: Welihinda Hasitha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the most clinically common scenarios related to kidney failure. The first case revolves around prognosis and the risk of needing dialysis in individuals with kidney disease, and provides references to help in goals of care conversations. The second and third cases deal with how symptom management needs to be modified in renal failure. This includes the most common symptoms encountered due to renal failure, pain management, and management of end of life with dialysis withdrawal. An introduction to reduced-dose (sometimes called ‘palliative’) dialysis is addressed, though the specifics of how to modify the dialysis prescription are beyond the scope of this chapter.
The Targeted Killing of Jesus Christ
Authors: Weiler JHH 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Targeted killings are usually defined as extrajudicial executions, that is, of a person—guilty or not—without a trial. But is a ‘rigged’ trial not simply another form of a targeted killing? If so, was then the crucifixion of Christ, a form of a targeted killing? Even if we take the Gospel accounts as ‘Gospel truth’ (no serious historian does), was the trial of Jesus fair? Was his conviction for blasphemy before the Sanhedrin justified? Tomes and reams have been written about this, the most famous trial and execution in the history of the West. This essay is but an appetizer to that rich literature.
Rocking the Human Rights Boat
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The essay is a response to Philip Alston’s claim that those he calls ‘critical scholars’ have unwittingly weakened human rights precisely at the time they were needed—at a time of a populist backlash against many things the rights culture (and the critical scholars themselves) hold valuable. The essay suggests that at least part of that backlash is caused by strategic problems in the human rights agenda and an inability or unwillingness among ‘human rights people’ to come to terms with the political character of their agenda. What critical scholars, and today also many human rights activists, seek to attain, and they are likely to include Alston himself, is a more widely conceived political project to deal with the structural injustices of late modern global society.