bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution and Evolution of Refractive Index in a Polystyrene Whispering Gallery Microcavity during Glass Transition
Authors: Zhan Yuxin , Hou Feiyang , Feng Shengfei , Wang Xinke , Sun Wenfeng , Ye Jiasheng , Zhang Yan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThere is limited knowledge on the evolution of physical and chemical parameters near the surface of polymer materials at the microscopic level during glass transition, owing to the complexity of this process. For example, the distribution and evolution of the refractive index near the surface of polymer materials during glass transition are thus far unknown; however, this information is necessary for the design of optical micro‐elements based on polymer materials. Herein, a strategy is proposed to achieve the expression of the refractive index as a function of depth and temperature inside a polystyrene microsphere. The difference in the wavelength shifts between two whispering gallery modes with different radial orders is employed to detect the evolution of the refractive index during the glass transition. A model is established based on experimental observations and further confirmed by numerical simulations. It is believed that the results obtained can assist with the design of polymer optical micro‐elements and systems as well as sensing applications of whispering gallery microcavities.
Generation of Free Carriers in MoSe2 Monolayers Via Energy Transfer from CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Asaithambi Aswin , Kazemi Tofighi Nastaran , Curreli Nicola , De Franco Manuela , Patra Aniket , Petrini Nicolò , Baranov Dmitry , Manna Liberato , Stasio Francesco Di , Kriegel Ilka 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) monolayers make an excellent component in optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors and phototransistors. Selenide‐based TMDCs, specifically molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) monolayers with low defect densities, show much faster photoresponses compared to their sulfide counterpart. However, the typically low absorption of the atomically thin MoSe2 monolayer and high exciton binding energy limit the photogeneration of charge carriers. Yet, integration of light‐harvesting materials with TMDCs can produce increased photocurrents via energy transfer. In this article, it is demonstrated that the interaction of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals with MoSe2 monolayers results into an energy transfer efficiency of over 86%, as ascertained from the quenching and decay dynamics of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals emission. Notably, the increase in the MoSe2 monolayer emission in the heterostructure accounts only for 33% of the transferred energy. It is found that part of the excess energy generates directly free carriers in the MoSe2 monolayer, as a result of the transfer of energy into the exciton continuum. The efficiency of the heterostructure via enhanced photocurrents with respect to the single material unit is proven. These results demonstrate a viable route to overcome the high exciton binding energy typical for TMDCs, as such having an impact on optoelectronic processes that rely on efficient exciton dissociation.
Tunable Structural Color with Gradient and Multiaxial Polydimethylsiloxane Wrinkling
Authors: Tan Annabelle , Pellegrino Luca , Ahmad Zain , Cabral João T. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe generation of structural color from wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces, fabricated by plasma exposure, subjected to uni‐ and multi‐axial, and sequential strain fields is examined. The approach is based on the well‐known, mechanically‐induced, buckling instability of a supported bilayer, whereby the top glassy “skin” is formed by plasma oxidation. Surface periodicities 200 nm ≲ d ≲ 3 μm, encompassing the visible spectrum, are investigated in terms of the observed color, intensity spectrum, and color mixing from different diffraction orders, exhibiting good agreement with model predictions. By contrast with complex fabrication methods, color tunability and mechanochromic response are readily achieved by adjusting plasma and strain parameters, and by dynamically varying strain (ε ≲ 50%). Prescribed strain directionality, employing uniaxial, isotropic, gradient strain, and wave‐sum wrinkling superposition, as well as skin thickness (and thus d) and amplitude gradients, using facile and scalable fabrication approaches, yield striking spatial color variation, homogeneity, and directionality.
Single Coil Mechano‐Electromagnetic System for the Automatic 1‐Axis Position Feedback 3D Locomotion Control of Magnetic Robots and Their Selective Manipulation
Authors: Ramos‐Sebastian Armando , Hwang Seungchan , Kim Sung Hoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract3D locomotion of magnetic microrobots requires at least one pair of coils per axis and 3D feedback of the position of the microrobot. This results in voluminous systems with high‐power usage and a small working space, which require complex and expensive controllers. This study presents a single‐coil magneto‐electromagnetic system, comprising a parallel robot and coil, capable of precise 3D locomotion control of magnetic millirobots while requiring only feedback of the vertical position of the millirobot. The coil current creates a 2D magnetic trapping point in the horizontal plane, which depends on the position and orientation of the coil and toward which the millirobot moves, eliminating the need for position feedback at such plane. The vertical position of the millirobot is controlled by varying the coil current while receiving feedback from the vertical position of the millirobot. Feedbackless 2D control and 1‐axis feedback 3D automatic control of magnetic millirobots are experimentally demonstrated, achieving higher speeds and similar position errors when compared to control systems with 3D position feedback. Furthermore, selective control of two millirobots is demonstrated by matching the region of maximum vertical magnetic force and the targeted millirobot, achieving selective levitation and control of such millirobots.
Tuning Intermediate Bands of Protective Coatings to Reach the Bulk‐Recombination Limit of Stable Water‐Oxidation GaP Photoanodes
Authors: Shen Xin , Zhao Tianshuo , Su Haoqing , Yang Meiqi , Chen Jiaye , Liu Yulin , Yanagi Rito , Solanki Devan , Hu Shu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractStable photoelectrochemical solar fuel production requires protective coatings to achieve effective charge separation, transport, and injection at the semiconductor–liquid interfaces, implying that the coating should energetically align its intermediate band (IB) with both the photoabsorber's band edge and co‐catalyst's potentials. Yet approaches to adjust coating IB positions to accommodate various semiconductor light absorbers for constructing efficient and stable photoelectrodes have not been developed. Herein, three types of transition metal (M = Mn2+, Mn3+, and Cr3+ ions) alloyed TiO2 coatings are discovered using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The IB energetics of these coatings are characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and are found to be tunable inside the TiO2 bandgap, through varying ALD growth conditions. By applying these coatings to n‐type GaP and integrating with IrOx co‐catalysts, the water‐oxidation J–E performance is comparable to an uncoated corroding GaP photoanode. It reaches the bulk recombination limit of the GaP and achieves ≈28% absorbed photon to current efficiency under 475‐nm light excitation (6.48 mW cm−2) and 100‐h stable water oxidation. The outstanding performance and stability are attributed to the efficient charge separation and hole transport, as allowed by the energy alignment of the coating IB and the GaP valence band edge.
Evaluating cool‐season grass species as potential perennial groundcover for maize production
Authors: Chen Allen , Fei Shui‐zhang , Lenssen Andrew William , Moore Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRemoval of crop residue poses negative consequences for soil health, nutrient leaching, and runoff. Perennial groundcovers (PGC) provide a method of maintaining soil health while allowing the sustainable intensification of maize (Zea mays L.) systems for biofuel production by providing groundcover for several years. However, previous studies have only evaluated a few varieties of PGC. We conducted a 2‐yr study to evaluate the compatibility of cool‐season turfgrass PGCs under maize. Maize was interplanted into 20 accessions of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl), and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) in a randomized complete block design in Boone, IA. Data on maize grain yield, maize grain quality, and ground coverage of PGC were collected. There were no differences in maize grain yield across species in 2017. In 2018, maize grain yield under red fescue was 1.0, 1.8, and 2.1 Mg ha–1 less than Kentucky bluegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, or the no‐grass control, respectively. Maize under red fescue produced 2.3, 4.8, and 3.9 g kg–1 more protein than Kentucky bluegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and the no‐grass control, but produced 878 L ha–1 and 758 L ha–1 less ethanol than the no‐grass control and Sandberg bluegrass, respectively. In both years, Kentucky bluegrass groundcover declined approximately 22%, while Sandberg bluegrass groundcover remained below 10%. Red fescue maintained groundcover over 22% in 2017 and 34% in 2018. These results indicate that maize under Kentucky bluegrass and Sandberg bluegrass can perform similarly to conventional maize.
Dense open metal sites in a microporous metal–organic framework for deep desulfurization with record‐high sulfur dioxide storage density
Authors: Zhu Zhenliang , Wu Ke , Liu Xing , Zhang Peixin , Chen Shixia , Chen Jingwen , Deng Qiang , Zeng Zheling , Deng Shuguang , Wang Jun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDry desulfurization employing porous adsorbents is industrially preferred but efficient capture of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at the ultralow concentration (i.e., 2000 ppm) is exceptionally challenging. Metal–organic frameworks with open metal sites (OMSs) can provide sufficient interactions with SO2, which, in turn, will degrade or compromise the structural robustness. Herein, we reported Cu‐ATC that contains dense oppositely positioned Cu OMSs for efficient trace SO2 removal. Explicitly, Cu‐ATC adsorbs a benchmark amount of SO2 (5.3 mmol g−1) at 0.01 bar with a record‐high SO2 storage density of 2.23 g cm−3 at ambient conditions. The critical role of OMSs has been confirmed by the partially desolvated sample with declined uptakes and adsorption enthalpy. The desulfurization performances have been validated by multicycle breakthrough experiments even with mimic flue‐gas and water vapor. Computational simulations identify the adsorption sites at the molecular level. Combined with the high stability under various conditions, Cu‐ATC is a potent candidate for industrial implementation.
Working hours, sleep, and fatigue in the public safety sector: A scoping review of the research
Authors: Allison Penelope , Tiesman Hope M. , Wong Imelda S. , Bernzweig David , James Lois , James Stephen M. , Navarro Kathleen M. , Patterson P. Daniel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe public safety sector includes law enforcement officers (LEO), corrections officers (CO), firefighter service (FF), wildland firefighting (WFF), and emergency medical services (EMS), as defined in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Across these occupations, shiftwork, long‐duration shifts, and excessive overtime are common. Our objective was to identify research gaps related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue among these workers.MethodsWe used a scoping review study design that included searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CAB Abstracts, Global Health, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, Agricultural and Environmental Science Collection, ProQuest Central, Cochrane Library, Safety Lit, Homeland Security Digital Library, and Sociological Abstracts using a range of occupational search terms and terms related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue.ResultsOut of 3415 articles returned from our database search, 202 met all inclusion criteria. Six common outcomes related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue emerged: sleep, fatigue, work performance, injury, psychosocial stress, and chronic disease. Nearly two‐thirds (59%,n = 120) of the studies were observational, of which 64% (n = 77) were cross sectional and 9% were (n = 11) longitudinal; 14% (n = 30) of the studies were reviews; and 19% (n = 39) were experimental or quasi‐experimental studies. Only 25 of the 202 articles described mitigation strategies or interventions. FFs, LEOs, EMS, and WFFs were the most studied, followed by COs.ConclusionsIn general, more longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to enrich the knowledge base on the consequences of long working hours, poor sleep, and fatigue in the public safety sector. Few experimental studies have tested novel approaches to fatigue mitigation in diverse sectors of public safety. This gap in research limits the decisions that may be made by employers to address fatigue as a threat to public‐safety worker health and safety.
Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate via Transesterification of Ethylene Carbonate and Methanol using Recyclable Li/NaY Zeolite
Authors: Yang Meng , Li Hong‐Ru , He Liang‐Nian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this work, the novel solid base Li/NaY was prepared via the solid state reaction between NaY zeolite and Li2CO3 at high temperature. When applied to the dimethyl carbonate (DMC) preparation through transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methanol, up to 89% yield of DMC with 99% selectivity can be accessed. The characterization results reveal the as‐synthesized Li/NaY possesses higher basicity than NaY. Furthermore, the Lewis acidity of the Li/NaY material is also enhanced due to the incorporation of lithium. Therefore, the Li/NaY can act as a dual functional catalyst in the transesterification reaction, thus leading to high efficiency. Notably, this catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for at least six times without obvious activity loss. This work provides a green synthetic route to DMC production and also sheds light on the development of solid basic catalysts.
New hominin dental remains from the Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa (1999–2008)
Authors: Leece Angeline B. , Martin Jesse M. , Herries Andy I. R. , Riga Alessandro , Menter Colin G. , Moggi‐Cecchi Jacopo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesTwenty‐four dental specimens from the Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) are described. This increases the number of DMQ Paranthropus robustus specimens from 48 to 63 and DMQ Homo specimens from 8 to 12. This allows reassessment of the proposed differences between the DMQ P. robustus assemblage and that of Swartkrans. Analysis conducted assesses intraspecific and inter‐locality variation.Materials and MethodsWe examined the P. robustus and early Homo assemblages from South Africa. Morphology was observed using a hand lens and a binocular microscope. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken using plastic‐tipped calipers. Summary statistics were generated and patterns of variability in P. robustus were assessed through box plots and Mann–Whitney U tests.ResultsComparison between the expanded DMQ and Swartkrans P. robustus assemblages demonstrates overlap in size. Ten dental variables show statistically significant differences.DiscussionThe expanded P. robustus sample allowed us to re‐examine previous analyses of differences in tooth size between the samples. While analyses presented here show a high degree of overlap in the MD and BL dimensions of the two assemblages, significant differences were found in the mean values of these variables in the postcanine maxillary teeth—consistent with previous analyses. Two current hypotheses may explain this pattern: 1) dental size increase through the P. robustus lineage or 2) different sample composition between the two sites. Small sample sizes for all permanent dental classes in the DMQ assemblage represents a limitation on this analysis and interpretations thereof. Any addition to the DMQ or the Swartkrans samples may alter these results.
Decreased Frontal Gamma Activity in Alzheimer Disease Patients
Authors: Casula Elias P. , Pellicciari Maria C. , Bonnì Sonia , Borghi Ilaria , Maiella Michele , Assogna Martina , Minei Marilena , Motta Caterina , D'Acunto Alessia , Porrazzini Francesco , Pezzopane Valentina , Mencarelli Lucia , Roncaioli Andrea , Rocchi Lorenzo , Spampinato Danny A. , Caltagirone Carlo , Santarnecchi Emiliano , Martorana Alessandro , Koch Giacomo 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveIn Alzheimer disease (AD) animal models, synaptic dysfunction has recently been linked to a disorder of high‐frequency neuronal activity. In patients, a clear relation between AD and oscillatory activity remains elusive. Here, we attempt to shed light on this relation by using a novel approach combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS‐EEG) to probe oscillatory activity in specific hubs of the frontoparietal network in a sample of 60 mild‐to‐moderate AD patients.MethodsSixty mild‐to‐moderate AD patients and 21 age‐matched healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent 3 TMS‐EEG sessions to assess cortical oscillations over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, and the left posterior parietal cortex. To investigate the relations between oscillatory activity, cortical plasticity, and cognitive decline, AD patients underwent a TMS‐based neurophysiological characterization and a cognitive evaluation at baseline. The latter was repeated after 24 weeks to monitor clinical evolution.ResultsAD patients showed a significant reduction of frontal gamma activity as compared to age‐matched HVs. In addition, AD patients with a more prominent decrease of frontal gamma activity showed a stronger impairment of long‐term potentiation–like plasticity and a more pronounced cognitive decline at subsequent follow‐up evaluation at 24 weeks.InterpretationOur data provide novel evidence that frontal lobe gamma activity is dampened in AD patients. The current results point to the TMS‐EEG approach as a promising technique to measure individual frontal gamma activity in patients with AD. This index could represent a useful biomarker to predict disease progression and to evaluate response to novel pharmacological therapies. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:464–475
BTDAzo: A Photoswitchable TRPC5 Channel Activator**
Authors: Müller Markus , Niemeyer Konstantin , Urban Nicole , Ojha Navin K. , Zufall Frank , Leinders‐Zufall Trese , Schaefer Michael , Thorn‐Seshold Oliver 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPhotoswitchable reagents can be powerful tools for high‐precision biological control. TRPC5 is a Ca2+‐permeable cation channel with distinct tissue‐specific roles, from synaptic function to hormone regulation. Reagents giving spatiotemporally‐resolved control over TRPC5 activity may be key to understanding and harnessing its biology. Here we develop the first photoswitchable TRPC5‐modulator, BTDAzo, to address this goal. BTDAzo can photocontrol TRPC5 currents in cell culture, as well as controlling endogenous TRPC5‐based neuronal Ca2+ responses in mouse brain slices. BTDAzos are also the first reported azo‐benzothiadiazines, an accessible and conveniently derivatised azoheteroarene with strong two‐colour photoswitching. BTDAzo′s ability to control TRPC5 across relevant channel biology settings makes it suitable for a range of dynamically reversible photoswitching studies in TRP channel biology, with the aim to decipher the various biological roles of this centrally important ion channel.
Protozeolite‐Seeded Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Hierarchical Zeolites with Facet‐Shaped Mesopores and Their Catalytic Application in Methanol‐to‐Propylene Conversion
Authors: Liu Yinghao , Zhang Qiang , Li Junyan , Wang Xingxing , Terasaki Osamu , Xu Jun , Yu Jihong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHierarchical zeolites integrating intrinsic micropores with secondary meso‐ and/or macropores afford superior catalytic properties for enhanced mass transportation and more accessible active sites. The mesopores generated by using mesoporogens or framework etching are usually irregular with abundant defective sites and low hydrothermal stability. Here, using protozeolite nanoparticles as seeds, we succeeded in the synthesis of single‐crystalline hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites with hexagonal mesopores faceted by complete microporous frameworks. The protozeolites played a key role in the formation of faceted mesopores achieved via intraparticle ripening process. Thanks to the unique texture properties and more accessible acid sites at the open location, the as‐prepared zeolites exhibited remarkedly long lifetime (18 h) and high propylene selectivity (52.7 %) with propylene/ethylene ratio of 3.64 in the methanol‐to‐propylene reaction (WHSV=12.5 h−1) compared to the counterparts.
Metal‐Free Semiconductor‐Based Bio‐Nano Hybrids for Sustainable CO2‐to‐CH4Conversion with High Quantum Yield
Authors: Hu Andong , Ye Jie , Ren Guoping , Qi Yaping , Chen Yiping , Zhou Shungui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBio‐nano hybrids with methanogens and nano‐semiconductors provide an innovative strategy for solar‐driven CO2‐to‐CH4conversion; however, the efficiency mismatch between electron production and utilisation results in low quantum yield and CH4selectivity. Herein, we report the integration of metal‐free polymeric carbon nitrides (CNx) decorated with cyanamide (NCN) groups andMethanosarcina barkeri(M. b). The self‐assembledM. b‐NCNCNxexhibited a quantum yield of 50.3 % with 92.3 % CH4selectivity under illumination, which outperforms other reported bio‐nano hybrid systems and photocatalytic systems for CO2reduction. This excellent performance was attributed to the distinct capacitance and conductive effects ofNCNCNx, which promoted electron storage and redistribution at the biotic–abiotic interface to alleviate recombination losses and side reaction. This study provides new design guidelines for bio‐nano hybrids for the sustainable photocatalytic reduction of CO2into fuels.
Evaluating satellite and in situ monitoring technologies for leak detection and response
Authors: Stanford Benjamin D. , Pochiraju Susheera , Yokoyama Tori , Maari Peace , Grijalva Lynn , Bukhari Zia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe California Energy Commission funded a study to evaluate two technologies to assess their usefulness as an early leak detection tool for alerting field teams and to better understand the impact on energy savings through managing water loss. Specifically, the latest in advanced correlating continuous acoustic monitoring and satellite imagery leak detection technologies were examined over a period of 12 months in the Duarte system of California with 4.9 mgd production capacity and representing several pressure zones in the service area. A key conclusion was that both technologies improved the effectiveness of locating subsurface leaks that would have been invisible to the casual observer, and both were potential candidates for future applications. When implemented together in this study, the two technologies found leaks that would have resulted in between 57–170 mil gal of lost water during the study period. This equates to 140–419 MWh of energy savings in California, amounting to cost savings of at least $100,000 for the Duarte system alone during the 12‐month study period.