bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass detection of walnut based on X‐ray imaging technology
Authors: Gao Tingyao , Zhang Shujuan , Sun Haixia , Ren Rui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn view of the problem of low accuracy in walnut mass detection caused by relatively inconstant density, this study suggested the integration of X‐ray imaging technology and image processing technology with machine learning for walnut mass detection. Using image processing technology to remove the background of walnut X‐ray image and to segment the kernels, the mass prediction models could be constructed after extracting the shape and texture of walnut characteristic parameters and the kernel shape characteristic parameters. The results revealed that when mass prediction models were built based on walnut shape characteristic parameters or constructed with the application of texture characteristic parameters, the determination coefficient (R2) were rather low, even the residual predictive deviation (RPD) less than 1.4, proving that these models were not reliable. However, when mass prediction models were built based on walnut and kernel shape characteristic parameters, the R2 for both partial least squares (PLS) and radial basis function (RBF) models were higher than 0.84. And the RPD values were 1.8133 and 1.7474, respectively. On this basis, when competitive adaptive reweighed sampling (CARS) optimized parameters were adopted, the R2 for both PLS and RBF models were higher than 0.86 and the RPD were 1.8759 and 1.8850, respectively. The result proved that the application of walnut and kernel shape characteristics can improve the accuracy of model prediction. Therefore, using X‐ray imaging technology to detect walnut mass was feasible, which could realized the prompt, accurate and nondestructive detection of walnut mass. This technology provided a novel thought for the accurate grading of walnuts.Practical ApplicationsAt present, there is a problem of similar size but large mass difference after walnut size classification, which directly affects the commodity value of walnuts. It is necessary to combine multiple characteristics to select and classify walnuts. Mass is an important grading index. With the development of machine vision technology, online detection of fruit mass has been realized. However, due to the relatively inconstant density of walnuts and the limitation of the technology, the machine vision technique cannot obtain internal information. This study used X‐ray transmission to obtain the internal information of walnuts without destroying the walnuts. At the same time, the mass detection models were established by combining the internal and external characteristics of the walnuts to achieve fast, accurate, and nondestructive testing of walnut mass. Automatic mass detection provides technical support for intelligent grading, which has important production significance and economic value for the development of the walnut industry.
Behavioural actions of tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 (parathyroid hormone 2)
Authors: Keller Dávid , Tsuda Mumeko C. , Usdin Ted B. , Dobolyi Arpád 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) acts via its endogenous class B G‐protein coupled receptorthe parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R). Hence, it is also known as parathyroid hormone 2. The peptide is expressed in the brain by a small number of neurons with a highly restricted distribution, which in turn project to a large number of brain regions that contain PTH2R. This peptide neuromodulator system has been extensively investigated over the past 20 years including its behavioural actions, such as its role in the control of nociception, fear and fear incubation, anxiety and depression‐like behaviours, and maternal and social behaviours. It also influences thermoregulation and potentially auditory responses. TIP39 probably exerts direct effect on the neuronal networks controlling these behaviours based on the localization of PTH2R and local TIP39 actions. In addition, TIP39 also affects the secretion of several hypothalamic hormones providing the basis for indirect behavioural actions. Recently developed experimental tools have stimulated further behavioural investigations, and novel results obtained are discussed in this review.
Evidence for alterations to dynamic quantitative sensory tests in patients with chronic temporomandibular myalgia: A systematic review of observational studies with meta‐analysis
Authors: Cayrol Timothée , Meeus Mira , Aron Vladimir , Gatto Claire , Mouraux André , Roussel Nathalie A. , Sallaz Léo , van den Broeke Emanuel N. , Pitance Laurent 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundConflicting results exist between somatosensory profiles of patients with temporomandibular myalgia (TMDm). The objective of this review was to examine whether adults with TMDm show altered responses to dynamic quantitative sensory tests compared with healthy controls.MethodsWe searched five electronic databases for studies, excluding those without suitable controls or where TMDm was associated with confounding non‐musculoskeletal disorders. Risk of bias was assessed with the SIGN case‐control study checklist. Findings were structured around dynamic quantitative sensory tests and their localization. Where possible, we performed meta‐analysis with a random inverse variance model to compare patients with TMDm and healthy controls. Statistical heterogeneity was estimated with Chi² test and inconsistency index, I².ResultsWe extracted data from 23 studies comprising 1284 adults with chronic TMDm and 2791 healthy controls. Risk of bias was assessed as high for 20 studies. Mechanical temporal summation, the most studied phenomenon (14 studies), is increased in the upper limb of patients with TMDm (SMD = 0.43; 95% CI: .11 to .75; p = .009) but not in the jaw area (p = .09) or in the cervical area (p = .29). Very little evidence for altered thermal temporal summation (five studies), conditioned pain modulation (seven studies), exercise‐induced hypoalgesia (two studies), placebo analgesia (two studies), stress‐induced hypoalgesia (one study) and offset analgesia (one study) was found.DiscussionA major limitation of this review was the risk of bias of included studies. Future studies would benefit from following methodological guidelines and consideration of confounding factors.
Enemies or good neighbors? No indication of spatial or temporal avoidance between two sympatric South American canids
Authors: Di Bitetti M. S. , Iezzi M. E. , Cruz P. , Cirignoli S. , Varela D. , De Angelo C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNiche partitioning is a common mechanism by which sympatric mammal carnivore species mitigate competition and achieve coexistence. This ecological process is usually measured along three axes: diet, space, and time. The Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and the crab‐eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) have similar morphologies and diets and share a wide area of sympatry in South America. We conducted a large camera‐trap survey (~25 000 km2, 234 stations, 10 494 camera‐trap days) in the subtropical savannas of Argentina to understand if the crab‐eating fox and the Pampas fox have a competitive coexistence, which would be evidenced by spatial and temporal avoidance. We predicted that the smaller and less social Pampas fox would avoid, either spatially or temporally, the presumably dominant crab‐eating fox. To study habitat associations, we used single‐species occupancy models. We used two‐species occupancy models to assess if the Pampas fox has a lower probability of occurrence (ψ) or detection (p) at locations occupied by the crab‐eating fox. We used circular statistics to evaluate if the Pampas fox becomes more diurnal in areas with high ψ of the nocturnal crab‐eating fox. These foxes showed different habitat associations. The Pampas fox had lower ψ in forest habitat. The crab‐eating fox had higher ψ at locations with more wetlands. Both foxes had higher ψ at locations with cattle. The ψ and p of the Pampas fox were not negatively affected by those of the crab‐eating fox, and there was no indication of spatial avoidance. Contrary to our prediction, the Pampas fox did not become more diurnal at locations with high ψ of the crab‐eating fox. The coexistence of these species seems to be facilitated by their similarity in body weight, which reduces the chances of intraguild killing, coupled with their divergent niches, which is evidenced in their different habitat preferences within shared landscapes.
What Predicts First‐ and Second‐Language Difficulties? Testing Language and Executive Functioning Skills as Correlates
Authors: Chung Kevin Kien Hoa , Li Xiaomin , Lam Chun Bun , Fung Wing Kai , Liu Catrina 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study examined the co‐occurrence of word reading difficulty in Chinese (L1) and English as a second language (L2) and tested language and executive functioning (EF) skills as correlates. Thirty‐nine poor readers in Chinese (PC), 39 poor readers in English (PE), and 26 poor readers of both languages (PB) were compared to 39 average readers who served as controls (C). The co‐occurrence rate of L1–L2 difficulty was 40%. Moreover, PC, PE, and PB performed less well than C on all language and EF skills; PB performed less well than PC, PE, and C on L1 and L2 phonological awareness, L2 morphological awareness, rapid naming, and EF. Findings highlight the role of language and EF skills in L1 and L2 reading development.
Intelligent monitoring and evaluation for the prefabricated construction schedule
Authors: Yan Xuzhong , Zhang Hong , Zhang Wenyu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe prefabricated building construction (PBC) project is sensitive to uncertainties due to the highly required coordination and interdependency among the installation activities, which may cause progress delay. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the installation progress and evaluate the schedule in terms of the project duration to take proactive control actions to avoid actual project delay. This study focuses on intelligent monitoring and evaluation for the PBC schedule by combining the computer vision‐based (CVB) technology, a weighted kernel density estimation (WKDE) method, and the earned duration management (EDM) method. Intelligent and real‐time far‐field detection of the prefabricated components (PCs) and workers is achieved through the CVB technology, which is, respectively, used to measure the progress status of the PC installation works and other manual works by means of the WKDE method. The PBC project duration is then predicted based on the monitored progress status to evaluate the schedule through the EDM method. The proposed intelligent schedule monitoring and evaluation method have been illustrated and justified through a field application. This study contributes to achieving intelligent schedule monitoring and evaluation for the PBC project.
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant diverts the uptake and trafficking of genetically detoxified pertussis toxin to lysosomes in macrophages
Authors: Jaldin‐Fincati Javier R. , Moussaoui Serene , Gimenez Maria Cecilia , Ho Cheuk Y. , Lancaster Charlene E. , Botelho Roberto J. , Ausar Salvador F. , Brookes Roger H. , Terebiznik Mauricio R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAluminum salts have been successfully utilized as adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens since the 1930s. However, the cellular mechanisms behind the immune adjuvanticity effect of these materials in antigen‐presenting cells are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the uptake and trafficking of aluminum oxy‐hydroxide (AlOOH), in RAW 264.7 murine and U‐937 human macrophages‐like cells. Furthermore, we determined the impact that the adsorption to AlOOH particulates has on the trafficking of a Bordetella pertussis vaccine candidate, the genetically detoxified pertussis toxin (gdPT). Our results indicate that macrophages internalize AlOOH by constitutive macropinocytosis assisted by the filopodial protrusions that capture the adjuvant particles. Moreover, we show that AlOOH has the capacity to nonspecifically adsorb IgG, engaging opsonic phagocytosis, which is a feature that may allow for more effective capture and uptake of adjuvant particles by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) at the site of vaccine administration. We found that AlOOH traffics to endolysosomal compartments that hold degradative properties. Importantly, while we show that gdPT escapes degradative endolysosomes and traffics toward the retrograde pathway, as reported for the wild‐type pertussis toxin, the adsorption to AlOOH diverts gdPT to traffic to the adjuvant’s lysosome‐type compartments, which may be key for MHC‐II‐driven antigen presentation and activation of CD4+ T cell. Thus, our findings establish a direct link between antigen adsorption to AlOOH and the intracellular trafficking of antigens within antigen‐presenting cells and bring to light a new potential mechanism for aluminum adjuvancy. Moreover, the in‐vitro single‐cell approach described herein provides a general framework and tools for understanding critical attributes of other vaccine formulations.
Drought affects the performance of native oak seedlings more strongly than competition with invasive crested wattle seedlings
Authors: Santamarina S. , Montesinos D. , Alfaro‐Saiz E. , Acedo C. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTTwo of the most important processes threatening vulnerable plant species are competitive displacement by invasive alien species and water stress due to global warming.Quercus lusitanica,an oak shrub species with remarkable conservation interest, could be threatened by the expansion of the invasive alien treeParaserianthes lophantha. However, it is unclear how competition would interact with predicted reductions in water availability due to global climate change. We set up a full factorial experiment to examine the direct interspecific competition betweenP. lophanthaandQ. lusitanicaseedlings under control and water‐limited conditions.We measured seed biomass, germination, seedling emergence, leaf relative growth rate, biomass, root/shoot ratio, predawn shoot water potential and mortality to assess the individual and combined effects of water stress and interspecific competition on both species.Our results indicate that, at seedling stage, both species experience competitive effects and responses. However, water stress exhibited a stronger overall effect than competition. Although both species responded strongly to water stress, the invasiveP. lophanthaexhibited significantly less drought stress than the nativeQ. lusitanicabased on predawn shoot water potential measurements.The findings of this study suggest that the competition with invasiveP. lophanthain the short term must not be dismissed, but that the long‐term conservation of the native shrubQ. lusitanicacould be compromised by increased drought as a result of global change. Our work sheds light on the combined effects of biological invasions and climate change that can negatively affect vulnerable plant species.
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of early‐onset and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease among Chinese adults: analysis of modifiable factors
Authors: Fang Shuyan , Zhang Shuang , Wang Wenxia , Li Yijing , Zhang Xu , Yu Haisong , Sun Jiao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo conduct a comprehensive comparison of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Chinese people with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and analyse the factors of differences.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of 93 EOAD and100 LOAD and their caregivers in China from November 2018 to May 2019.ResultsThe total Neuropsychiatric Inventory score was significantly higher in LOAD. A higher level of agitation in EOAD was related to a lower quality of life of caregivers and the emotional expression of ignoring people with dementia. Higher euphoria scores in LOAD were associated with reduced negative coping by caregivers and reduced stability and predictability at home.ConclusionThe early identification and management of specific BPSD of EOAD and LOAD by family members and health professionals may improve the quality of care and life for people with dementia and that of caregivers.
COVID-19 Severity: A New Approach to Quantifying Global Cases and Deaths
Authors: Millimet Daniel L. , Parmeter Christopher F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has progressed, so too has the recognition that cases and deaths have been underreported, perhaps vastly so. Here, we present an econometric strategy to estimate the true number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for 61 and 56 countries, respectively, from 1 January 2020 to 3 November 2020. Specifically, we estimate a ‘structural’ model based on the SIR epidemiological model extended to incorporate underreporting. The results indicate significant underreporting by magnitudes that align with existing research and conjectures by public health experts. While our approach requires some strong assumptions, these assumptions are very different from the equally strong assumptions required by other approaches addressing underreporting in the assessment of the extent of the pandemic. Thus, we view our approach as a complement to existing methods.
The basic distributional theory for the product of zero mean correlated normal random variables
Authors: Gaunt Robert E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe product of two zero mean correlated normal random variables, and more generally the sum of independent copies of such random variables, has received much attention in the statistics literature and appears in many application areas. However, many important distributional properties are yet to be recorded. This review paper fills this gap by providing the basic distributional theory for the sum of independent copies of the product of two zero mean correlated normal random variables. Properties covered include probability and cumulative distribution functions, generating functions, moments and cumulants, mode and median, Stein characterisations, representations in terms of other random variables, and a list of related distributions. We also review how the product of two zero mean correlated normal random variables arises naturally as a limiting distribution, with an example given for the distributional approximation of double Wiener‐Itô integrals.
Dexamethasone attenuated thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in vascular smooth muscle cell Tgfbr2‐disrupted mice with CCL8 suppression
Authors: Wang Xipeng , Li Qingle , Li Wei , Zhang Tao , Li Xiaoyan , Jiao Yang , Zhang Xuemin , Jiang Jingjun , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhang Xiaoming 
Published: March 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the relationship of chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8) to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) formation in postnatal mice with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Tgfbr2 disruption, and is dexamethasone a potential treatment?
What is the main finding and its importance?
CCL8 was associated with the formation of TAAD in VSMC Tgfbr2‐disrupted mice. Dexamethasone reduced TAAD formation and inhibited mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p‐p38) and nuclear factor‐κB (p‐p65) signalling pathways. CCL8 might be an important promoter of aortic inflammation. Dexamethasone provided potential therapeutic effects in TAAD treatment.
AbstractAortic inflammation plays a vital role in initiation and progression of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). Disturbance of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signalling pathway is believed to be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of TAAD. Initially, Myh11‐CreERT2.Tgfbr2f/f male mice were used to build a TAAD mouse model, and bioinformatic analyses revealed enriched inflammatory signal pathways and upregulated chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8). So we hypothesized that vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Tgfbr2 disruption in postnatal mice results in aortic inflammation associated with CCL8 secretion. Real‐time quantitative PCR and serum enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results confirmed that CCL8 expression began to increase after VSMC Tgfbr2 disruption. Next, we cultured mouse thoracic aortas ex vivo, and observed that the protein expression of CCL8 in culture supernatants was increased by ELISA. Subsequently, the co‐localization of CCL8 with α‐smooth muscle actin or CD68 was found to be significantly increased by immunofluorescence. Then, dexamethasone (DEX) was used to treat TAAD in VSMC Tgfbr2‐disrupted mice; the results of histochemical, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining indicated that DEX therapy reduced CCL8 secretion, inflammatory cell recruitment, aortic medial thickening, elastic fibre fragmentation, extracellular matrix degradation and contractile apparatus impairment, and thereby ameliorated TAAD formation. Western blotting showed that mitogen‐activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‐κB signalling pathways in aorta were overactivated after VSMC Tgfbr2 disruption, but inhibited by DEX therapy. Altogether, CCL8 might be an important promoter in TAAD formation of VSMC Tgfbr2‐disrupted mice, and DEX provided potential therapeutic effects in TAAD treatment.
Assessment of an Improved Delayed X-LES Hybrid Model for the Study of Off-Design Conditions in Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Fracassi A. , De Donno R. , Ghidoni A. , Noventa G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Centrifugal pumps work in a wide range of conditions, often far from the design condition. The flow field can be characterized by large separations, vortex dynamics, and, in general, unsteady turbulent phenomena. Strongly off-design conditions are characterized by large separations that lead to efficiency loss, vibrations, and even to fatigue failure. Therefore, the capability to predict the flow field in these conditions is of great interest and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can represent a viable solution, which can also complement or substitute experimental measurements. In this context, the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach allows to accurately simulate attached turbulent flows around complex geometries but it fails the prediction of massively separated flows, crucial for the off-design performance. To overcome this limitation, scale-resolving simulations based on the large eddy simulation (LES) can be used. However, their computational cost is too large for a routine use in industry. In centrifugal pumps, where the typical Reynolds number is in the range 105−106, the use of a hybrid RANS–LES model or a wall modeled LES approach seems mandatory to improve the RANS accuracy and reduce the LES computational cost. In this work, an improved version of the extra-large eddy simulation (X-LES) model, the delayed X-LES or DX-LES model, is implemented in the open-source tool-box openfoam v.1812 and is assessed in the computation of the flow field through a centrifugal pump impeller, both at the design and one-quarter loads. The results are compared with experimental data and LES results available in literature.