bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogens from Cases of Urinary Tract Infection: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Choudhary Gautam Ram , Jain Pritesh , Pandey Himanshu , Madduri Vijay Kumar Sarma , Singh Mahendra , Gupta Prateek , Goyal Suresh , Tak Vibhor , Nag Vijaya Lakshmi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objectives Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diagnoses in patients visiting urology clinics. Rampant use of empiric and inadequate doses of antibiotics leads to an increase in resistance and poses a huge financial burden. We evaluated UTI in relation to antibiotics used, frequency, susceptibility, and resistance pattern of different pathogens at a tertiary care center and made some important observations.
Methods Prospectively 729 patients diagnosed with UTI attending a urology outpatient department from July 2018 to January 2020 were managed accordingly. Antibiotics were started on the basis of urine culture and sensitivity (c/s) or empirically and changed according to subsequent urine c/s. Repeat urine c/s was performed after 5 to 7 days of starting therapy and 10 days after completion of therapy.
Results Out of 729 subjects, 417 (57.2%) were males and 312 (42.8%) were females. The most common symptom at diagnosis was dysuria 512 (70.2%), whereas 221 (30.3%) patients presented with fever. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated, 453 (62.1%). Among 729 patients, 239 took antibiotics without c/s report, whereas in 490 patients antibiotics were prescribed after the report. A total of 431 (59.1%) patients required one antibiotic session for clearance of pathogen, whereas 135 (18.5%) required two sessions, and three sessions were required in 66 (9%) cases. Among 239 patients whose culture came out to be positive, 145 (60.6%) were found to be resistant to the previously given antibiotic and the common pathogens isolated were E. coli (61 [42%]), Pseudomonas (28 [19.3%]), Enterococcus (22 [15.1%]), Klebsiella (14 [9.6%]), and others.
Conclusion Unchecked, rampant, and inadequate use of antibiotics leads to complicated UTI with the increasing share of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, or other dangerous microbes, which are difficult to treat as well as pose threat in the future.
Bilateral Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst in a Young Child: A Rare Case Report from North India
Authors: Datta Priya , Sharma Bhawna , Peters Nitin James , Khurana Sumeeta , Sehgal Rakesh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEchinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, that is, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, or E. oligarthrus. Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, which has a worldwide distribution. Liver is the most common site, affecting approximately two-third of the patients, whereas lung involvement is seen in approximately 25% of cases. This case is a very rare scenario of bilateral pulmonary hydatid cysts in a young child having exposure to a pet dog with negative hydatid serology and normal eosinophil count.
Matching disruptive innovation paths with entrepreneurial networks: a new perspective on startups’ growth with Chinese evidence
Authors: Yu Weizhen , Dai Shuanping , Liu Feng , Yang Yi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines the impacts of entrepreneurial networks on startups’ performance with a sample of 618 startups in China’s Yangtze River Delta region, focusing on matching disruptive innovation paths with network types. The results indicate that entrepreneurial networks (both heterogeneous and homogeneous) are meaningful for startups’ growth performance. The study finds that startups exploring low-end disruption may benefit more from heterogeneous peers and avoid networking with an abundance of homogeneous peers. However, if exploring new markets, both types of networks could provide positive impacts. The asymmetric mediation effects of disruptive innovation paths highlight the core of leveraging entrepreneurial networks, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, is to activate network resources with proper disruption paths.
Visibility of development stories in selected religious media discourse
Authors: Gessese Negesse , Gebru Amanuel , Nigatu Biset 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study explores patterns in the portrayal of development issues in the religious media from 1993 to 2021, in an attempt to illustrate the existence of hierarchical representations of development issues using sources, actors, and dominant frames. To this end, we use a quantitative method that considers the development content of two Ethiopian religious magazines: Hamer and Hintset. Our results reveal that across the selected years, the two magazines together presented 685 articles on development (359 the Hamer and 326 in Hintset). We employ data analysis using SPSS software, in which both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were utilized for data presentation. We determine that political, economic, and natural resource development issues are the most scarcely covered issues as compared to social, moral, peace themes. Economic (chi-square = 5.122, p = 0.024, and p < 0.05), social development issues (chi-square = 6.207, p = 0.018, and p < 0.05) have a relationship with the year of publication in Hintset. Adherents, believers at the grassroots level, were the most frequent sources and story actors in the magazines. This shows participatory development communication was employed in the mediatization of development issues. The frame of development issues did not have a relationship with the year of publication. Finally, Hamer and Hintset included significant coverage of development issues, although development priorities are different. Hamer covered more social development issues whereas Hintset covered more moral development issues. In summary, our findings reveal that the religious media’s representation of development (685 articles, 38.8%) is at a high level in Ethiopia. We, therefore, suggest that local and global development agencies should work with faith-based media as development partners.
Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems via non-convex penalty least squares
Authors: Lu Yisha , Xu Wei , Jiao Yiyu , Yuan Minjuan 
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes a non-convex penalty regression method to identify governing equations of nonlinear dynamical systems from noisy state measurements. The idea to connect the non-convex penalty function instead of the l1 - norm with least squares is due to the fact that the l1 - norm excessively penalizes large coefficients and may incur estimation bias. The purpose of this work is to improve the accuracy and robustness in regression tasks. A threshold non-convex penalty sparse least squares optimization algorithm is developed, wherein the threshold parameter is selected using the L-curve criterion. With two examples of nonlinear dynamical systems, we illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the non-convex penalty least squares on noisy state measurements, indicating the validity of our method in a wide range of potential applications.
NaCl stress modifies the concentrations of endophytic fungal hyphal and peramine in
Authors: Chen Taixiang , Simpson Wayne R. , Nan Zhibiao , Li Chunjie 
Published: February 2022

Context Infecting grasses with an Epichloë endophyte contribute significantly to host plant salt tolerance. The Epichloë endophyte alkaloid peramine is primarily responsible for feeding deterrence against some herbivorous insects. Infection by an Epichloë is required for peramine production in the host grass. Limited information is available regarding the effects of salinity stress on Epichloë endophyte colonisation and associated production of peramine metabolites. Aims and methods In this study, we determined the effects of NaCl stress on the concentration of endophytic hyphae and peramine in wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link) seedlings infected with Epichloë bromicola. Key results Seedings dry weight at 4 weeks declined from 7.05 to 4.27 g/plant over the range, 0–300 mM NaCl. The hyphal concentration, as well as the peramine concentration, increased in response to high NaCl concentrations, hyphae and peramine concentration at 4 weeks increased from 13.29 to 264.60 copies/ng gDNA and from 26.75 to 43.19 μg/g DW, respectively. Peramine concentration was positively correlated with the concentration of hyphae (R2 = 0.4012, P < 0.001). Conclusions and implications It seems that peramine concentration was mostly explained by the in-planta variation in endophyte hyphae concentration in wild barley infected with Epichloë species under highly saline conditions.
Relationship between elemental content determined
Authors: Faria Alvaro José Gomes de , Silva Sérgio Henrique Godinho , Melo Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo , Botelho Lívia , Guilherme Luiz Roberto Guimarães , Curi Nilton 
Published: February 2022

Context Studies comparing the elemental contents obtained via portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry under different scanning conditions and traditional time-consuming concentrated acid-digestion-based methods are rare in tropical soils. Aims (1) To compare the contents of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ti, V and Zr obtained by pXRF with the results of the USEPA 3051a method; and (2) to evaluate the impacts of different conditions on the pXRF results. Methods Soil samples were analysed with pXRF under five conditions: field (F), post-field (PF), air-dried fine earth (ADFE, <2 mm), macerated (M), and macerated and sieved (MS, <150 μm). Linear regressions were adjusted between the USEPA 3051a and pXRF results for the five conditions. Coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) were used as validation parameters for the models. Key results The different scanning conditions provided contrasting results for the total elemental contents via pXRF. The validation generated good models, as indicated by the condition, R2, and RPD values, and the results were, respectively: Ca (M; 0.88; 3.00), Cu (F; 0.91; 3.29), Fe (ADFE; 0.94; 4.14), Mn (F; 0.85; 2.65), Cr (ADFE; 0.86; 2.77), and Ni (ADFE and M; 0.74 for both; 2.10 and 2.08). Conclusions PXRF can accurately determine the contents of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni in tropical soils compared with the 3051a method. Implications Results of the USEPA 3051a method can be accurately predicted via pXRF and regression models, reducing time, cost and work required.
The dynamic trophic architecture of open-ocean protist communities revealed through machine-guided metatranscriptomics
Authors: Lambert Bennett S. , Groussman Ryan D. , Schatz Megan J. , Coesel Sacha N. , Durham Bryndan P. , Alverson Andrew J. , White Angelicque E. , Armbrust E. Virginia 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Mixotrophy is a ubiquitous nutritional strategy in marine ecosystems. Although our understanding of the distribution and abundance of mixotrophic plankton has improved significantly, the functional roles of mixotrophs are difficult to pinpoint, as mixotroph nutritional strategies are flexible and form a continuum between heterotrophy and phototrophy. We developed a machine learning–based method to assess the nutritional strategies of in situ planktonic populations based on metatranscriptomic profiles. We demonstrate that mixotrophic populations play varying functional roles along physicochemical gradients in the North Pacific Ocean, revealing a degree of physiological plasticity unique to aquatic mixotrophs. Our results highlight mechanisms that may dictate the flow of biogeochemical elements and ecology of the North Pacific Ocean, one of Earth's largest biogeographical provinces.
Self-healing codes: How stable neural populations can track continually reconfiguring neural representations
Authors: Rule Michael E. , O’Leary Timothy 
Published: February 2022

Significance
The brain is capable of adapting while maintaining stable long-term memories and learned skills. Recent experiments show that neural responses are highly plastic in some circuits, while other circuits maintain consistent responses over time, raising the question of how these circuits interact coherently. We show how simple, biologically motivated Hebbian and homeostatic mechanisms in single neurons can allow circuits with fixed responses to continuously track a plastic, changing representation without reference to an external learning signal.
Fracture of model end-linked networks
Authors: Barney Christopher W. , Ye Ziyu , Sacligil Ipek , McLeod Kelly R. , Zhang Han , Tew Gregory N. , Riggleman Robert A. , Crosby Alfred J. 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Fracture of polymer networks is molecular in nature as chains must rupture for a crack to propagate. Predicting macroscopically measured fracture properties from molecular parameters a priori has remained elusive, even for well-defined networks. This work shows that a newly developed theory, which accounts for network defects, quantitatively describes both experimental measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data for fracture of a polymer network with independently defined or measured parameters. This advance provides a missing link between chemistry and materials science and engineering for polymer networks.
Somatostatin-type and allatostatin-C–type neuropeptides are paralogous and have opposing myoregulatory roles in an echinoderm
Authors: Zhang Ya , Yañez-Guerra Luis Alfonso , Tinoco Ana B. , Escudero Castelán Nayeli , Egertová Michaela , Elphick Maurice R. 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Somatostatin (SS) and allatostatin-C (ASTC) are related neuropeptide hormones that act as inhibitory regulators of physiological processes in chordates (e.g., humans) and protostome invertebrates (e.g., insects), respectively. We have discovered that echinoderms (e.g., starfish) uniquely have both SS-type and ASTC-type neuropeptides, which act as inhibitory and excitatory regulators of muscle activity, respectively. Our findings suggest that SS-type and ASTC-type neuropeptides evolved by duplication of a common ancestral encoding gene. Then, one of the neuropeptides was lost in protostomes and chordates, probably because of their functional redundancy as inhibitory regulators. Conversely, the unique retention of both neuropeptide types in echinoderms may be explained by evolution of an excitatory role for ASTC-type neuropeptides mediated by yet-to-be-determined signaling mechanisms.
Gaining Community Entry with Survivors for Forensic Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Kim Jaymelee , Elgerud Lucia , Tuller Hugh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs forensic humanitarian and forensic human rights anthropology has continued to evolve, an ongoing concern in the field is meaningful engagement with survivors and the imperative to do no harm. For forensic anthropologists attempting to engage in grassroots forensic intervention, unaffiliated with an international investigation, means for effectively accessing and engaging communities has not been widely discussed. Here, forensic anthropologists draw on multiple, cross-cultural contexts to discuss methods and techniques for introducing forensic partnerships to communities. To do this, the scientist must consider their positionality as well as that of the stakeholders, develop effective local relationships, and consider a community-grounded approach. This paper argues that drawing on broader cultural anthropological training, ultimately informs one’s ability to gain entry into at-risk and vulnerable communities while minimizing harm. To illustrate this point, examples are drawn from Canada, Uganda, Cyprus, and Somaliland.
Viscoelastic response of fluid trapped between two dissimilar van der Waals surfaces
Authors: Tendong E , Saha-Dasgupta T , Chakrabarti J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Employing grand canonical Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, the viscoelastic response of trapped fluid under molecularly thin confinement by walls having different wall–fluid interaction strengths, is investigated. With increase in slit asymmetry, given by the ratio of interaction strengths of the wall having strong wall–fluid interaction to that of the wall with weak wall–fluid interaction, a crossover in effective density of the fluid film, from rarer (R) to denser (D) than the bulk density is observed. Upon increasing asymmetry further, the dense fluid (F) layers undergo bond-orientational (S) ordering. The variation of viscoelastic relaxation time with scaled asymmetry shows a universal behavior, independent of slit width, with two distinct regimes. Below a critical value of asymmetry, the viscoelastic relaxation time is a slowly varying function of asymmetry, comparable with the structural relaxation time. Beyond the critical asymmetry, on the other hand, viscoelastic response time shows a sharp increase upon increasing asymmetry, deviating markedly from the structural relaxation time. Interestingly the critical asymmetry value is found to correlate with R to D crossover. The microscopic origin of the two-regime universal behavior of viscoelastic response time is found to stem from the fact that below critical asymmetry, the overall viscoelastic behaviour of the slit is dominated by that of the fast relaxing layer close to the weakly attracting surface, while above the critical asymmetry, the relaxation behaviour is guided by the dense fluid layer adjacent to the strongly attracting wall. In vicinity of fluid to ordering transition, the loss and storage moduli merge for low frequencies as in gel-like mechanical behaviour. The storage modulus takes over the loss modulus in the phase co-existence region even before the long ranged order sets in. Our findings bear important implications for fluid transport in hetero-structured geometry in nanotechnology.
Localization phenomena and electronic transport in irradiated Aubry–André–Harper systems
Authors: Sarkar Manik , Maiti Santanu K , Dey Moumita 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The role of light irradiation on electronic localization is critically investigated for the first time in a tight-binding lattice where site energies are modulated in the cosine form following the Aubry–André–Harper (AAH) model. The critical point of transition from delocalized-to-localized phase can be monitored selectively by regulating the light parameters that is extremely useful to have controlled electron transmission across the system. Starting with a strictly one-dimensional (1D) AAH chain, we extend our analysis considering a two-stranded ladder model which brings peculiar signatures in presence of irradiation. Unlike 1D system, AAH ladder exhibits a mixed phase (MP) zone where both extended and localized energy eigenstates co-exist. This is the fundamental requirement to have mobility edge in energy band spectrum. A mathematical description is given for decoupling the irradiated ladder into two effective 1D AAH chains. The underlying mechanism of getting a MP zone relies on the availability of two distinct critical points (CPs) of the decoupled chains, in presence of second-neighbor hopping between the two strands. Using a minimal coupling scheme the effect of light irradiation is incorporated following the Floquet–Bloch ansatz. The localization behaviors of different energy eigenstates are studied by calculating inverse participation ratio, and, are further explained in a more compact way by calculating two-terminal transmission probabilities together with average density of states. Finally, the decoupling procedure is extended for a more general multi-stranded AAH ladders where multiple CPs and thus multiple mobility edges are found. Our analysis may provide a new route of engineering localization properties in similar kind of other fascinating quasiperiodic systems.
A multi-institutional comparison of dosimetric data for a 0.35 T MR-linac
Authors: Khan Ahtesham Ullah , Lotey Rajiv , DeWerd Larry A , Yadav Poonam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. A comparison of percent depth dose (PDD) curves, lateral beam profiles, output factors (OFs), multileaf collimator (MLC) leakage, and couch transmission factors was performed between ten institutes for a commercial 0.35 T MR-linac. Approach. The measured data was collected during acceptance testing of the MR-linac. The PDD curves were measured for the 3.32 × 3.32 cm2, 9.96 × 9.96 cm2, and 27.20 × 24.07 cm2 field sizes. The lateral beam profiles were acquired for a 27.20 × 24.07 cm2 field size using an ion chamber array and penumbra was defined as the distance between 80% of the maximum dose and 20% of the maximum dose after normalizing the profiles to the dose at the inflection points. The OFs were measured using solid-state dosimeters, whereas radiochromic films were utilized to measure radiation leakage through the MLC stacks. The relative couch transmission factors were measured for various gantry angles. The variation in the multi-institutional data was quantified using the percent standard deviation metric. Main results. Minimal variations (<1%) were found between the PDD data, except for the build-up region and the deeper regions of the PDD curve. The in-field region of the lateral beam profiles varied <1.5% between different institutions and a small variation (<0.7 mm) in penumbra was observed. A variation of <1% was observed in the OF data for field sizes above 1.66 × 1.66 cm2, whereas large variations were shown for small-field sizes. The average and maximum MLC leakage was calculated to be <0.3% and <0.6%, which was well below the international electrotechnical commission (IEC) leakage thresholds. The couch transmission was smallest for oblique beams and ranged from 0.83 to 0.87. Significance. The variation in the data was found to be relatively small and the different 0.35 T MR-linacs were concluded to have similar dosimetric characteristics.
Nature of ideal MHD instabilities as described by multi-region relaxed MHD
Authors: Kumar A , Nührenberg C , Qu Z , Hole M J , Doak J , Dewar R L , Hudson S R , Loizu J , Aleynikova K , Baillod A , Hezaveh H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this work, the stepped pressure equilibrium code (SPEC) (Hudson et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas
19 112502), which computes the equilibria of the multi-region relaxed magnetohydrodynamic energy principle (MRxMHD), has been upgraded to determine the MRxMHD stability in toroidal geometry. A theoretical formalism for SPEC is obtained by relating the second variation of the MRxMHD energy functional to the Hessian matrix, enabling the prediction of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) linear instabilities. Negative eigenvalues of this matrix imply instability. Further, we demonstrate our method on simplified test scenarios in both tokamak and stellarator magnetic topologies, with a systematic comparison study between the marginal stability prediction of the SPEC with the ideal MHD stability code packages CAS3D and MISHKA-1.
Modelling and theoretical understanding of the isotope effect from JET experiments in view of reliable predictions for deuterium-tritium plasmas
Authors: Garcia J , Casson F J , Bañón Navarro A , Bonanomi N , Citrin J , King D , Mantica P , Mariani A , Marin M , Mazzi S , Viezzer E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This is an overview of the theoretical understanding of the so-called isotope effect in JET hydrogen versus deuterium plasmas. Experimentally, weak to moderate deviations from naive GyroBohm scaling expectations are found for the core heat transport in L and H-modes. The physical mechanisms behind such deviations are analysed in the framework of the gyrokinetic theory. In the case of particle transport, isotope effects are mostly found in the plasma edge where the density is higher in deuterium than in hydrogen plasmas. In general, both the thermal energy and particle confinement increase with increasing main ion mass. A comparison of such results to expectations for deuterium-tritium plasmas in ITER is discussed.