bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a candidate item bank for measuring mobility of lower limb orthosis users
Authors: Balkman Geoffrey S. , Morgan Sara J. , Amtmann Dagmar , Baylor Carolyn , Hafner Brian J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundOrthoses are often prescribed to improve mobility of people with chronic health conditions that affect lower limb function. Patient‐reported survey instruments can be used to measure aspects of mobility that cannot be easily assessed in clinical or research settings. A population‐specific item bank could be designed to measure aspects of mobility that are most important to lower limb orthosis users and used to evaluate the effects of orthoses.ObjectiveTo develop items for a new survey instrument to measure mobility of lower limb orthosis users.DesignSurvey items were developed using a qualitative item review process.SettingFocus groups were held by video conferencing. Cognitive interviews were conducted by telephone.ParticipantsFocus group and cognitive interview participants were adults with at least 6 months of experience using a lower limb orthosis that extended from the foot to a level above the ankle.MethodsResearch methods included focus groups with lower limb orthosis users, an item generation and reduction process that involved a stakeholder advisory panel, and cognitive interviews with target respondents.ResultsA total of 1180 extant items were identified in a literature review. Focus group participants (n = 29) provided feedback that informed the suitability of a construct definition and conceptual model. An advisory panel contributed to the selection of 118 candidate items for measuring orthotic mobility. Feedback from cognitive interview participants (n = 30) informed removal or revision of problematic items, resulting in a candidate bank of 100 mobility items.ConclusionsThe rigorous qualitative methods applied here resulted in a large set of candidate items that spanned a range of situations relevant to moving with a lower limb orthosis. Next steps include administration of the candidate items to a large sample of lower limb orthosis users and calibration of the item bank.
People with mild Parkinson's disease have impaired force production in upper limb muscles: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Salmon Renee , Preston Elisabeth , Mahendran Niruthikha , Ada Louise , Flynn Allyson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere has been little examination of force production of the upper limb in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), despite its impact on activities of daily living and clear evidence that force production is significantly reduced in lower limb muscle groups. The aim of this study was to determine the force production of the major muscle groups of the upper limb in people with PD during the “on” phase after medication, compared with aged‐matched neurologically‐normal controls.MethodA cross‐sectional study was carried out.ParticipantsThirty people with mild PD (Hoehn Yahr mean 1.1) and 24 age‐matched neurologically‐normal controls.Outcome measuresMaximum isometric force production of the shoulder flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, internal rotators and external rotators, elbow flexors and extensors, wrist flexors and extensors and hand grip using dynamometry.ResultsThere was a significant impairment in force production in all upper limb muscle groups, compared with control participants, except in the wrist flexors. On average the deficit in force production was 22%, despite people with PD having mild disease, being physically active and being measured during the “on” phase of medication. The most severely affected muscle groups were the upper limb extensors.ConclusionPeople with PD have a significant deficit in force production of the upper limb muscle groups compared with age‐matched neurologically normal controls.Clinical ImplicationsRegular assessment of strength of the upper limb should be considered by clinicians and strengthening interventions could be implemented if a deficit is identified.
Failure by design: lessons from the recently rescinded light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) eradication program in California
Authors: Carey James R. , Harder Daniel , Zalom Frank , Wishner Nan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article was motivated by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announcement that on 17 December 2021 it rescinded Federal Orders of 2 May 2007 that regulated (what was believed to be) a new outbreak of the light brown apple moth (LBAM, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)) in the mainland United States. Our article follows from, and builds on, a 2013 article published by Carey and Harder that outlined major concerns about the LBAM eradication program including the need, cost, safety, practicality, and feasibility of the program and the public opposition to it. The program began with an emergency order based on USDA claims of billions of dollars in potential crop losses and the need to circumvent safety review processes to urgently prevent the pest's establishment. The program ended with the realization by government decision‐makers, 14 years after initiating the program, that LBAM posed no quarantine‐level threat in the first place and with no evidence of any economic damage done by the insect. This article summarizes the mistakes made in devising and carrying out what has ultimately proven to be one of the most oversold, overhyped, misguided, ill‐advised, unnecessary, and costly programs in the recent history of insect eradication programs in California. Termination of the LBAM program by USDA‐APHIS presents an opportunity to review the program to identify lessons learned and provide recommendations to help avoid similar mistakes in future invasive species response programs. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Development of a rapid, in‐situ analysis method using sheath‐flow probe electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry for the direct identification of cocaine metabolites in dried blood spots
Authors: Kim Ayoung , Kelly Paul F. , Turner Matthew A. , Reynolds James C. 
Published: October 2022

RationaleSmall amounts of biofluid samples are frequently found at crime scenes; however, existing gold standard methods such as LC–MS frequently require destructive extraction of the sample before a time‐consuming analysis which puts strain on forensic analysis providers and can preclude further sample analysis. This study presents the application of sheath‐flow probe electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (sfPESI–MS) to the direct analysis of drug metabolites in dried blood spots (DBS) as a high throughput, minimally destructive alternative.MethodsA rapid direct analysis method using a sfPESI ionisation source coupled to an Orbitrap Exactive mass spectrometer was applied to detect cocaine metabolites (benzoylecgonine, BZE, cocaethylene, CE, and ecgonine methyl ester, EME) from DBS. An optimisation study exploring the use of different chemical modifiers (formic acid and sodium acetate) in the sfPESI probe extraction solvent was conducted to enhance the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sfPESI–MS method.ResultsOptimisation of the extraction solvent significantly enhanced the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sfPESI–MS method. A quantitative response over a five‐point calibration range 0.5 to 10 μg/ml was obtained for BZE (R2 = 0.9979) and CE (R2 = 0.9948). Limits of detection (LOD) of 1.31, 0.29 and 0.15 μg/ml were achieved for EME, BZE and CE, respectively, from 48 h aged DBSs with % RSD (relative standard deviation) across the calibration range ranging between 19%–28% for [BZE + H]+, 13%–21% for [CE + H]+ and 12%–29% for [EME + H]+.ConclusionsA rapid (< 20 s) quantitative method for the direct analysis of cocaine metabolites from DBS which requires no prior sample preparation was developed. Although the LOD achieved for BZE (LOD: 0.29 μg/ml) was above the UK threshold limit of exposure for drug driving (0.05 μg/ml), the method may be suitable for use in identifying overdose in forensic analysis.
Identification and characterization of stress degradation products of febuxostat employing ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet/photodiode array and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/time‐of‐flight studies
Authors: Saha Madhurima , Bali Alka , Patra Smruti Ranjan , Singh Joga 
Published: October 2022

RationaleFebuxostat (FEB) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long‐term treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. There were no reports on identification and characterization of stress degradation products of the drug.MethodsFEB was subjected to forced decomposition conditions such as hydrolysis (neutral, acidic, and alkaline), oxidation, photolysis, and thermal stress, per the ICH guideline Q1A(R2). The degradation products formed were subjected to ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) on a C18 Kinetex column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) using isocratic elution method. Detection wavelength was 317 nm. The developed method was extended to UPLC–mass spectrometry/time of flight (MS/TOF) studies to identify and characterize the degradation products.ResultsThe drug exhibited significant degradation under alkaline/neutral hydrolytic, alkaline/acidic photolytic, and oxidative conditions, whereas it remained stable under acid hydrolytic, neutral photolytic, and thermal conditions. In total, eight degradation products (I–VIII) were formed, which could be adequately determined from the drug using the developed UPLC method. Of the eight degradation products identified from the liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet (LC‐UV) chromatogram, five (III and IV and VI–VIII) could be characterized using their MS/TOF spectral data. The degradation pathway leading to the formation of the products was postulated, and this is not reported so far.ConclusionsForced degradation studies were conducted on FEB, and the degradation products produced were identified by their mass spectral data obtained using LC–MS studies.
PtCuRu Nanoflowers with Ru‐Rich Edge for Efficient Fuel‐Cell Electrocatalysis
Authors: Qiao Meng , Meng Fan‐Yi , Wu Hao , Wei Yan , Zeng Xiao‐Fei , Wang Jie‐Xin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEnhancing the catalytic activity of Pt‐based alloy by a rational structural design is the key to addressing the sluggish kinetics of direct alcohol fuel cells. Herein, a facile one‐pot method is reported to synthesize PtCuRu nanoflowers (NFs). The synergetic effect among Pt, Cu, and Ru can lower the d‐band center of Pt, regulate the morphology, generate Ru‐rich edge, and allow the exposure of more high index facets. The optimized Pt0.68Cu0.18Ru0.14NFs exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic performances and excellent anti‐poisoning abilities. The specific activities for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) (7.65 mA cm−2) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) (7.90 mA cm−2) are 6.0 and 7.1 times higher than commercial Pt/C, respectively. The CO stripping experiment and the chronoamperometric (5000 s) demonstrate the superior anti‐poisoning property and durability performance. Density functional theory calculations confirm that high metallization degree leads to the decrease of d‐band center, the promotion of oxidation of CO, and improvement of the inherent activity and anti‐poisoning ability. A Ru‐rich edge exposes abundant high index facets to accelerate the reaction kinetics of rate‐determining steps by decreasing the energy barrier for forming *HCOOH (MOR) and CC bond breaking (EOR).
The tension between state ownership and private quasi‐property rights in water
Authors: Bosch Hilmer J. , Gupta Joyeeta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA critical legal issue in water governance is who owns and who holds property rights in water. Hence, we address the question: How has the state of legal knowledge on private property rights in water evolved worldwide, and how are these rights embedded in the current existing legal constructions? In answering the question, this article reviews the legal literature to: (i) understand the current state of water ownership and water property rights in the main legal systems, (ii) understand and capture how private water “property” rights are embedded in the existing legal constructions; and (iii) reflect on the application of these rights in practice. We conclude: (a) While most states have placed water in the public domain, past statutory systems of water rights are difficult to abolish, and increasingly Indigenous peoples are successfully demanding recognition of, and reclaiming their water rights. (b) States are (re)allocating water rights through statutory mechanisms, including clearly defined bundle‐of‐rights. And (c), while the state ostensibly controls the water, the allocation of water through historic and new statutory instruments “encroaches” on state water ownership, and has created confusion affecting the state's power to adaptively govern the water. This confusion reflects the tension between the need of states to own and govern water in the public interest, the rights of Indigenous peoples to their water, with the need of agriculture and industries to have reliable supplies of water, leading to water use rights that imply “quasi‐property” rights in water.This article is categorized under:Human Water > Water GovernanceHuman Water > Rights to Water
Rare‐Earth Hydroxometalates Ba[RE(OH)5] with RE=Tb, Dy, Ho
Authors: Li Yuxi , Albrecht Ralf , Ruck Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractColorless crystals of the new hydroxometalates Ba[RE(OH)5] with the rare‐earth elements RE=Tb, Dy, Ho were synthesized under ultra‐alkaline conditions in a KOH hydroflux at 200 °C. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that the three compounds crystallize isostructural in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14). In the crystal structure, the rare‐earth cations are coordinated by the oxygen atoms of seven hydroxide anions, which define a distorted pentagonal bipyramid. These polyhedra share edges of their basal ring forming infinite chains that run parallel to the [010] direction. Hydrogen bonds connect the chains into layers parallel to the (101) plane. The Ba2+ cations are located between these layers and surrounded by nine oxygen atoms. Ba[Dy(OH)5] is paramagnetic and shows no luminescence under UV light. When heated in synthetic air or argon, water is released in well‐defined steps. Ba[Dy(OH)5] decomposes via DyOOH to Dy2O3, which then reacts with the remaining Ba(OH)2 to form BaDy2O4. Thus, the hydroxometalates can be used as carbon‐free precursors for oxides.
Introduction to Organization, Leadership, and Change in ODDE
Authors: Paul Ross 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the 11 other chapters in Section III of the Handbook which address issues of Organisation, Leadership and Change. It pays particular attention to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on perceptions of ODDE, noting both the benefits of the greatly enhanced international interest in on-line learning and the negative perceptions associated with its misuse during the sudden demand for emergency remote teaching in conventional educational institutions. It envisions a blurring of distinctions between conventional and ODDE institutions with consequent opportunities for the latter. While these issues are pursued through various perspectives in the Section III chapters, there is a unifying theme of the critical importance of institutional leadership throughout and a concomitant focus on how leadership has to change in a rapidly evolving international context. The chapter envisions a bright future for ODDE but only if critical issues of institutional leadership are addressed and if those leading conventional institutions are made aware of the research and experience emanating from the established ODDE sector.
Introduction to Design, Delivery, and Assessment in ODDE
Authors: West Richard E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter overviews the 14 chapters in Section VI of theHandbook,which are focused on the design, delivery, and assessment of open, online, and digital learning. While the chapters address a wide variety of factors relevant to ODDE, I discuss several common themes, including evidence for the effectiveness of ODDE, standards to guide effective ODDE design, assessment and credentialing of ODDE learning, and the need for future research to move beyond studying individual factors (micro level) in higher education. Finally, I conclude with a call to how we can design the future of ODDE, including first, seeking to understand systemic nature of learning; second, embracing the sociocultural nature of learning, and third, utilizing the full repertoire of diverse scholarship methods to develop knowledge in our field.
Characterization of microtubule-associated protein tau isoforms and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in normal sheep (Ovis aries): relevance to their potential as a model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Davies Emma S. , Morphew Russell M. , Cutress David , Morton A. Jennifer , McBride Sebastian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for up to 80% of all dementias. Characterised by deteriorations of memory and cognitive function, the key neuropathological features are accumulations of β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau, as ‘plaques’ and ‘tangles’, respectively. Despite extensive study, however, the exact mechanism underlying aggregate formation in Alzheimer’s disease remains elusive, as does the contribution of these aggregates to disease progression. Importantly, a recent evaluation of current Alzheimer’s disease animal models suggested that rodent models are not able to fully recapitulate the pathological intricacies of the disease as it occurs in humans. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to species that might make good alternatives to rodents for studying the molecular pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. The sheep (Ovis aries) is one such species, although to date, there have been few molecular studies relating to Alzheimer’s disease in sheep. Here, we investigated the Alzheimer’s disease relevant histopathological characteristics of 22 sheep, using anti-β-amyloid (Abcam 12267 and mOC64) and phosphorylation specific anti-tau (AT8 and S396) antibodies. We identified numerous intraneuronal aggregates of both β-amyloid and tau that are consistent with early Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. We confirmed the expression of two 3-repeat (1N3R, 2N3R) and two 4-repeat (1N4R, 2N4R) tau isoforms in the ovine brain, which result from the alternative splicing of two tau exons. Finally, we investigated the phosphorylation status of the serine396 residue in 30 sheep, and report that the phosphorylation of this residue begins in sheep aged as young as 2 years. Together, these data show that sheep exhibit naturally occurring β-amyloid and tau pathologies, that reflect those that occur in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. This is an important step towards the validation of the sheep as a feasible large animal species in which to model Alzheimer’s disease.
Clonogenic assays improve determination of variant allele frequency of driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Kalmer Milena , Pannen Kristina , Lemanzyk Rebecca , Wirths Chiara , Baumeister Julian , Maurer Angela , Kricheldorf Kim , Schifflers Joelle , Gezer Deniz , Isfort Susanne , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Koschmieder Steffen , Chatain Nicolas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMolecular diagnostics moves more into focus as technology advances. In patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), identification and monitoring of the driver mutations have become an integral part of diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. In some patients, none of the known driver mutations (JAK2V617F, CALR, MPL) is found, and they are termed “triple negative” (TN). Also, whole-blood variant allele frequency (VAF) of driver mutations may not adequately reflect the VAF in the stem cells driving the disease. We reasoned that colony forming unit (CFU) assay–derived clonogenic cells may be better suited than next-generation sequencing (NGS) of whole blood to detect driver mutations in TN patients and to provide a VAF of disease-driving cells. We have included 59 patients carrying the most common driver mutations in the establishment or our model. Interestingly, cloning efficiency correlated with whole blood VAF (p = 0.0048), suggesting that the number of disease-driving cells correlated with VAF. Furthermore, the clonogenic VAF correlated significantly with the NGS VAF (p < 0.0001). This correlation was lost in patients with an NGS VAF <15%. Further analysis showed that in patients with a VAF <15% by NGS, clonogenic VAF was higher than NGS VAF (p = 0.003), suggesting an enrichment of low numbers of disease-driving cells in CFU assays. However, our approach did not enhance the identification of driver mutations in 5 TN patients. A significant correlation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum levels with both CFU- and NGS-derived VAF was found. Our results demonstrate that enrichment for clonogenic cells can improve the detection of MPN driver mutations in patients with low VAF and that LDH levels correlate with VAF.
Essential thrombocythaemia progression to the fibrotic phase is associated with a decrease in JAK2 and PDL1 levels
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof , Kanduła Zuzanna , Gniot Michał , Paczkowska Edyta , Nawrocka Paulina Maria , Wojtaszewska Marzena , Janowski Michał , Mariak Magdalena , Handschuh Luiza , Kozlowski Piotr 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt has been postulated that the changes in the molecular characteristics of the malignant clone(s) and the abnormal activation of JAK-STAT signaling are responsible for myeloproliferative neoplasm progression to more advanced disease phases and the immune escape of the malignant clone. The continuous JAK-STAT pathway activation leads to enhanced activity of the promoter of CD274 coding programmed death-1 receptor ligand (PD-L1), increased PD-L1 level, and the immune escape of MPN cells. The aim of study was to evaluate the PDL1 mRNA and JAK2 mRNA level in molecularly defined essential thrombocythaemia (ET) patients (pts) during disease progression to post-ET- myelofibrosis (post-ET-MF). The study group consisted of 162 ET pts, including 30 pts diagnosed with post-ET-MF. The JAK2V617F, CALR, and MPL mutations were found in 59.3%, 19.1%, and 1.2% of pts, respectively. No copy-number alternations of the JAK2, PDL1, and PDCDL1G2 (PDL2) genes were found. The level of PD-L1 was significantly higher in the JAK2V617F than in the JAK2WT, CALR mutation-positive, and triple-negative pts. The PD-L1 mRNA level was weakly correlated with both the JAK2V617F variant allele frequency (VAF), and with the JAK2V617F allele mRNA level. The total JAK2 level in post-ET-MF pts was lower than in ET pts, despite the lack of differences in the JAK2V617F VAF. In addition, the PD-L1 level was lower in post-ET-MF. A detailed analysis has shown that the decrease in JAK2 and PDL1 mRNA levels depended on the bone marrow fibrosis grade. The PDL1 expression showed no differences in relation to the genotype of the JAK2 haplotypeGGCC_46/1, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, leukocyte, and platelet counts. The observed drop of the total JAK2 and PDL1 levels during the ET progression to the post-ET-MF may reflect the changes in the JAK2V617F positive clone proliferative potential and the PD-L1 level–related immunosuppressive effect. The above-mentioned hypothesis is supported by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, confirming a strong positive association between CD274 (encoding PD-L1), CXCR3 (encoding CXCR3), and CSF1 (encoding M-CSF) expression levels, and recently published results documenting a drop in the CXCR3 level and circulating M-CSF in patients with post-ET-MF.