bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Movse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1986: White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have i plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usuallv formulated as an EC (w/v) in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dermally. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Apple, Mite Control With Savey, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 4-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 replicates/ treatment. Each plot contained one each of the cultivars Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Sprays were applied as alternate side applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were as follows: 25 Apr, 8 May, and 23 Jul. A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Benlate, Guthion, Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Systox and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/ tree, 125 leaves/treatment (cv Delicious). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of ‘Delicious’ trees. Mite pressure was light.
Apple, Evaluation of Savey and Plictran for Mite Control, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
No dormant oil was applied to trees used in this test. Tree rates of Savey and 1 rate of Plictran were evaluated for control of ERM and TSSM on an 11-year-old orchard at Clarksville, AR. Four replications of single tree plots were used for each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied 25 Mar (Pink) and 20 Jun (mites exceeding 2/apple leaf) to runoff (ca. 2 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer at 250 psi with a handgun. Leaf samples (25/tree) were brushed on a Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing machine and records were made of the number of eggs, immatures and adults of ERM and TSSM.
Apple, Mite Control with Apollo, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-year old apple trees were sprayed to run-off by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots! consisted of 4 single tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Except for Guthion 50WP (3 cover sprays at 1.25 lb/acre each) and fungicides (CyprexJ Bayleton), no other insecticides were applied in the test orchard. Treatments were evaluated at 1- to 3-week intervals through the season by brushing 100 leaves (25/tree). On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16-year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatment dates were 14 Apr, tight cluster (TC); 25 Apr, pink (P); 8 May, petal fall (PF); 27 May, first cover (1C); 13 Jun, second cover (2C); 7 Jul, third cover (3C); 25 Jul, fourth cover (4C); and 25 Aug, fifth cover (5C). For disease control, the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Sampling methods for other insects are as follows: Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree; WALH = avg no. of WALH/3 min count/tree; WALHa = avg % WALH damaged leaves/tree; EASF = avg no. of EASF damaged fruit/100 fruit clusters/tree; STLM = avg no. of STLM mines/3 min count/tree; RAA = avg no. of RAA colonies/tree; AA = avg no. of AA/terminal (10 most infested terminals counted/tree); CM, TABM, RBLR, PC, and San Jose scale = avg no. of damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree (at harvest); Russet = avg % russet/fruit/tree (15 fruit/tree examined).
Pear, Pear Psylla, Laboratory Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (small nursery liners) growing in 4-inch pots and on elongated fruiting spurs at cluster bud to popcorn stage of development collected from an unsprayed orchard. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 20 overwintered adults on each for 3 days. One set of seedlings was treated 1 day before adults were caged on them while the other set was treated after oviposition. Fruiting spurs were infested with eggs and a few nymphs when collected. Pesticides were applied to seedlings and spurs by dipping them in test dilutions for 5 s. Four serial dilutions for each IGR were tested. Controls were dipped in water. Treated samples were held in a growth room at ca. 75°C and 16 h photoperiod until most eggs on controls had hatched or until spur foliage began to wilt. Treated spurs were placed in 200 ml beakers with water to keep them fresh. Treatments were applied to single seedlings or 5 spurs. Treatments were evaluated by counting eggs, dead and live nymphs on entire samples using a dissecting microscope.
Pear, Evaluation of Dimilin For Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted in a 3 acre block of ‘Bartlett’ pears near Biglerville, PA. Six trees were randomly chosen in the block for monitoring. Three trees at the edge of the block were left untreated and served as controls. Chemicals were applied as a complete spray to both sides of trees with a Bean airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Application dates and rates were as follows: 1 Apr—bud burst (Dimilin 25WP 454 g plus 60 sec. oil 10.1 liters/acre), 14 Apr—white bud (Dimilin 25WP 454 g plus Manzate 200 1.2 Kg/acre). When PP populations on control trees reached damaging levels, they were treated with a handgun to the point of runoff. Application dates and rates for control trees were as follows: 9 May (Pydrin 2.4EC 118 ml plus Mitac 1.5EC 473ml/100 gals), and 23 May (Thiodan 50WP 454 g plus Mitac 1.5EC 946 ml/100 gals). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2 week intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur or mid-terminal leaves per tree. PP pressure was heavy.
Pear, Early Season Evaluation of Savey Muicide, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five different timings were compared. Sprays containing 1 oz Savey 50% WP/100 gal were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 13-year old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized block design. In early Apr trees were inoculated with ERM by placing apple branches with overwintering eggs in the canopies. The entire test block was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4EC at 5 oz/100 gal on 19 Mar for pear psylla control. A Pydrin application was repeated 2 Jun to control psylla and also to encourage build-up of spider mites. Treatments were evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree. On each tree 3 scaffold limbs were selected and leaves were sampled from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Commercial Orchard Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Effects of standard compounds and practices used in commercial orchards on first generation WALH were examined. This test was conducted in a commercial orchard containing 12-year-old trees, with under-tree irrigation. Treatments consisted of unreplicated plots 1.0 acre in size. A first set of treatments was applied on 19 May, when fourth instar WALH nymphs were first detected. A second set of treatments, consisting of Sevin 50WP at rates recommended for fruit thinning, was applied on 25 May. All materials were applied with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. WALH populations were estimated by counting nymphs on 10 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on 10 randomly selected trees from the central region of each plot (100 leaves per treatment).
Secondary Outrreaks of Spider Mites on Cherry, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Freeman R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on 5-year-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, CA. Eight treatments were replciated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied on 15 May, 2 Jul, and 12 Aug with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal water/acre. Twenty leaf samples from each tree were taken randomly from the outside canopy at heights of 4 to 8 ft on 15 Jul, 28 Jul, 13 Aug, 26 Aug, 2 Sep, 9 Sep and 17 Sep. Mite eggs and active stages were counted under a dissecting microscope.
Peach, Effect of Pydrin Treatments on European Red Mite Control with acaricides, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an 11-year old peach orchard on the variety ‘Red Haven'. Single tree plots, replicated 3 times and arranged in a split-plot design were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. For disease control the orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 larvaes/tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956 and counting the number of motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting day after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Apple Aphid Control On Non-Bearing Trees, 1985-86
Authors: Fisher G. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate relative efficacy of 3 commercial aphicides on non-bearing trees. Knock-down and residual characteristics of each aphicide were observed. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made to the point of drip using a tractor-mounted hydraulic single nozzle sprayer delivering 250 psi. Infested terminals were flagged for use in making post-application counts. Dates of applications were 6 Jun and 14 Jun ‘85, 19 Jun ‘86. Trees avg 7 ft. All treatments included Captan 50W at 2 lb/100 gal. Selected terminals were used to evaluate treatments by counting live aphids at 2 and 10 days (1985) and 2 and 22 days (1986) post treatment.
Ovicidal Efficacy Against Corn Earworm on Excised Strawberry Leaves, 1986
Authors: Wiesenborn W. D. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen strawberry leaves with petioles in water were placed for 12 h in a cage containing 30 male and 30 female corn earworm adults (USDA lab strain). Randomly-selected leaves were dipped in 400 ml of insecticide 30 h following the oviposition period. Each leaf was an experimental unit; there were 3 replications. Insecticide concentrations were based on 100 gal/acre. After the insecticide dried, 15 fertile (ringed) eggs from each leaf were isolated by placing cut pieces of leaf each with 1 egg on moist cellucotton in uncovered 1-oz plastic cups. Eggs were kept at 27 ± 1°C and evaluated for hatching 96 h after the oviposition period.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control with CME-13406, 1986
Authors: Victor J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental CME-13406 alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil were compared to Kelthane for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 5-tree plots and replicated 2 times in a 25-year-old grapefruit orchard on 16 ft x 22 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 1 Jul and 11 Aug using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 x on the shaded side of each of 25 randomly selected fruit per replicate. At harvest, 100 randomly selected fruit per replicate were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed at percent russet i.e., fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Eficacy Tests in Riverside, 1986
Authors: Hare J. D. , Clemens T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations at Riverside, CA. A completely randomized design was used with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Trees were assigned to treatments based on pretreatment mite counts to minimize within-treatment variation. Applications were made on 15 Sep when mite densities were approaching the conventional treatment threshold of 2 adult females/leaf. Materials were applied with a handgun at 450 psi (cal 10 gal/tree, 1000 gpa) using a John Bean sprayer. Counts of live, adult female mites from one 5-leaf terminal per tree quadrant (total of 20 leaves/tree) were made 3 days following application and weekly thereafter until mite populations naturally declined due to the onset of cool temperatures in late Nov.
Texas Citrus Mite (TCM) Control, 1986
Authors: Victor J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Abamectin tank mixed with either NR 440 oil or Citrufilm spray adjuvant were compared to experimental DPX-Y5893 or Vendex L. Treatments were randomly assigned to 6-tree plots and replicated 4 times in a 23-year-old orange grove on 15 ft x 20 ft spacing. Applications were made on 7 Apr using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At each sample date, 24 leaves/replicate were randomly collected and put through a mite brushing machine. TCM motiles were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks under a binocular microscope at 25 X.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1985
Authors: McVay John R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature “Schley” trees located at Rome, AL. Treatments were replicated 3 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a V4 acre plot with 3 core trees and 6 border trees. Applications were made to the inside half of border trees and all sides of core trees. Data were taken from the central core tree only. Pretreatment counts were made on 9 Sep. Foliar applications were made on 10 Sep using an FMC-9100 air-blast sprayer delivering 120 gal of finished spray per acre (10 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts were made 2, 7 and 15 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Asparagus Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Mary Washington’ asparagus was planted in the spring of 1982 near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers, were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Applications were made 9, 18, 22 Jul and 12 Aug. Visual estimates of feeding damage to plants and estimates of beetle populations were made 8, 15 Jul, 2, 9, 15, 22 Aug, and 5 Sep.
Spider Mite Control in Dry Beans, 1986
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three spider mite control experiments were established near Twin Falls, ID. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design at each location. Capture 0.04 + 0.04 lb (AI)/acre was a split application with 1 application being made at the same time the other products were applied and the second application 7 days later. All materials were applied in 27 gal finished spray per acre using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with 4 hollow cone nozzles on a 5 ft boom. Individual plots were 6 rows (11 ft x 25 ft long) in experiment no. 1 (application date 17 Jul) and plots were 3 rows (5.5 ft) x 25 ft in experiments 2 (application date 21 Jul), and 3 (application date 1 Aug). Six trifoliate leaves were picked weekly from the top, middle, and bottom portion of bean plants from each plot. The leaves from each plot were brushed using a Llanfair Orchards mite brush. Mites and mite eggs were counted under a microscope. Sampled leaves were also rated for percent leaf surface yellowed by mite feeding.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1986
Authors: East D. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Greenback” cabbage was direct seeded in single row beds with 40 in center spacing. Plots were 2 rows wide and 20 ft long with one unplanted row between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. All chemical applications were applied using a tractor mounted sprayer that delivered 12.4 gal/acre at 40 psi and 4 mph. Control plots were not sprayed. Weekly counts were made of all larvae present (cabbage looper, diamondback moth and beet armyworm) on 5 plants per plot. When the mean number of larvae per plant of all species exceeded 0.3 larvae/plant in methomyl treated plots, all plots were sprayed the following day. A total of 6 applications were made between 22 Apr and 27 May. Percent marketable cabbage heads (excluding wrapper leaves) was determined on 2 Jun. Heads were considered marketable if no visible evidence of feeding damage was observed. Beet armyworm egg masses oviposited on wax paper by moths in a laboratory culture were attached to the underside of wrapper leaves on one plant per plot. Egg masses were placed on 9, 28 Apr and 15 May at a rate of approximately 250 eggs/plant per date. Beet armyworm larvae were counted weekly on these plants. Total larval counts were analysed using AOV and Duncan's mean separation test while beet armyworm count analyses were made using a Ranks procedure (SAS Institute, 1984). Marketable head data was analysed using an arcsin transformation of percentage marketable data and reported as % marketable heads.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 5-yr-old trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 5 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Application dates varied from treatment to treatment. Refer to the table for application dates for each material. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 20 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were kept out of these plots during the early season with sprays of Sevin and Asana. ABG-6162A was applied at pink bud stage on 2 plots and at pink and petal-fall on 3 plots. Other treatments were aplied on 18 Jun, when populations on the check were greater than 3 mites/leaf. Subsequent applications were made on each treatment at the same threshold until 1 Aug, when miticide applications were discontinued. The number of applications and the total number of accumulated mite days for the season are important for evaluation of each treatment.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 1, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Early Round Dutch' cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Nov and again on 26 Nov through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 hollow-cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following each treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 5 and 7 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage.
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle in Muskmelon, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A comparison of soil systemics to presently used foliars for control of cucumber beetle on muskmelon was made in a commercial melon field near Belle Plaine, Minn. Plots were a single row, 50 ft long, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The granular Furadan was distributed by hand over the row immediately behind the plants and lightly covered. The Furadan 4F was applied in 25 gal water/acre in a 4-inch band over the row immediately after transplanting. Transplant date was 2 Jun. The entire field was irrigated due to extreme drought. Soils were sandy loam. Foliar applications were made on 10 and 24 Jun and 6 and 25 Jul using a CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure and 17 gal/acre total material. Phytotoxicity, wilted plants, and row width—a measure of growth—were recorded.
Control of Carrage Looper, Diamondrack Moth, and Imported Cahhageworm on Collards, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 35 ft long on 30 Jul. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between rows. Each 2-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug and 2, 9, 15, 23, and 30 Sep. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2, 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3, 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4, 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5, 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.