bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tests of Steam-Pipe Insulation
Authors: Allcut E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In connection with various war projects some questions arose which made it necessary to design an apparatus suitable for testing the heat transmission through cylindrical samples of various kinds of thermal insulating material used for protecting hot pipes. With this apparatus the properties of spun rock wool (which is used as an alternative to magnesia) were investigated with regard to the effects of density, binder, and thickness. Other experiments were made on glass wool and corrugated asbestos. The influence of wind and the protection of the outer surface of the insulation by metallic coverings were investigated, as also was the protection of fabric coverings by paints of various kinds and colors. It was found that even bright metals such as copper and aluminum made but slight difference in the heat losses, and that most paints increased the losses as compared with those from the unpainted fabric. The details are given in the seven tables and seventeen curves accompanying this paper.
Process Lags in Automatic-Control Circuits
Authors: Ziegler J. G. , Nichols N. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods are given for quantitative determination of time lags in automatically controlled processes. The area under recovery curves is taken as a direct measure of process difficulty, and this area is shown to vary as the second power of the time lag. A “recovery-factor” term, part of a complete expression for controllability, is introduced which makes possible a classification of processes in dimensions of the process itself, regardless of controller or valve mechanism used. Values of this recovery factor from various industrial applications are given in tabular form. Several processes are examined for the time lag, and means of reducing this unfavorable characteristic are demonstrated. It is felt that this paper will be useful to engineers who are interested in improving the controllability of the processes which they design.
Mechanical Tests of Cellulose Acetate—III
Authors: Findley W. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data are presented from additional mechanical tests of specimens taken from the same sheet of cellulose acetate for which tests have been reported in two previous papers by the author. The tests were conducted in a laboratory maintained at a constant temperature of 77 F and a relative humidity of 50 per cent: (1) Repeated bending (fatigue) tests were made at different speeds of testing and different ranges of stress, which demonstrate that both of these variables are important. The effect of different shapes of fatigue specimens (circular, square, and rectangular cross sections) on the endurance limit is also discussed. (2) Static compression tests of preconditioned specimens tested at intervals of time up to 10 months show the effect of initial moisture content and time on the yield point and the weight. (3) Static torsion, tension, and compression tests, conducted at the same rate of strain, indicate the effect of rate of strain and type of loading on the strength properties of the material. (4) Static tension tests of a specimen containing a transverse hole show the effect of a stress concentration on the tensile strength.
Practical Aspects of Making Expanded Joints
Authors: Maxwell C. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As one of three current papers on the general subject of rolling-in boiler, heat-exchanger, and condenser tubes, this presentation deals more particularly with the practical application of recent tube-expanding equipment and methods largely developed by The Babcock & Wilcox Company. Progress in the solution of tube-rolling problems from 1924, when axial movement of tubes in their seats became particularly acute, down to the present time is noted by the author; accomplishments in this direction being the work of comparatively few engineers who have devoted their attention to the various aspects. Only since 1940, when a new expander was developed, have the weaknesses of the standard expander been overcome, making possible the expanding of tubes in seats of unlimited width. There are three basic tools for producing expanded joints from which all others are derived, the roll, the prosser, and the ball-drift expander. Details of each are given. The procedures followed are explained comprehensively, as is also the function of the ball-drift expander used for relatively small tubes in thick seats.
Effectiveness of Shear-Stressed Rubber Compounds in Isolating Machinery Vibration
Authors: Madden Baxter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with determining the effectiveness of rubber compounds in resilient mountings in the isolation of vibrating machinery where the rubber compound is stressed principally in shear. Seven rubber compounds were investigated. Certain considerations to be taken into account when appraising the effectiveness of a resilient mounting are stated. A dimensionless criterion is developed for the effectiveness of a rubber compound in terms of physical properties measurable by testing apparatus. The criterion is evaluated for each of the seven compounds. The results indicate that the criterion is worthy of consideration.
Chemical Removal of Scale from Heat-Exchange Equipment
Authors: Alquist F. N. , Groom C. H. , Williams G. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of inhibited hydrochloric-acid-base solvents to remove scale from various commercial units, chiefly boilers and other heat-exchange equipment, is comparatively new. A sample of the scale to be removed is subjected to X-ray and spectroscopic analysis and solubility tests as an aid in determining the conditions of treatment. Four treatments of commercial equipment and results obtained are described, the mobile equipment used in chemical cleaning is illustrated, and tables of scales and their occurrence are presented.
Estimating Discretization Error With Prescribed Orders of Accuracy and Fractional Refinement Ratios
Authors: Lo Sharp Chim Yui 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Solution verification is crucial for establishing the reliability of simulations. A central challenge is to estimate the discretization error accurately and reliably. Many approaches to this estimation are based on the observed order of accuracy; however, it may fail when the numerical solutions lie outside the asymptotic range. Here we propose a grid refinement method that adopts constant orders given by the user, called the prescribed orders expansion method (POEM). Through an iterative procedure, the user is guaranteed to obtain the dominant orders of the discretization error. The user can also compare the corresponding terms to quantify the degree of asymptotic convergence of the numerical solutions. These features ensure that the estimation of the discretization error is accurate and reliable. Moreover, the implementation of POEM is the same for any dimensions and refinement paths. We demonstrate these capabilities using some advection and diffusion problems and standard refinement paths. The computational cost of using POEM is lower if the refinement ratio is larger; however, the number of shared grid points where POEM applies also decreases, causing greater uncertainty in the global estimates of the discretization error. We find that the proportion of shared grid points is maximized when the refinement ratios are in a certain form of fractions. Furthermore, we develop the method of interpolating differences between approximate solutions (MIDAS) for creating shared grid points in the domain. These approaches allow users of POEM to obtain a global estimate of the discretization error of lower uncertainty at a reduced computational cost.
Development of a Customized Mask Frame Using a Three-Dimensional Facial Scan for an Airtight Seal for Disposable Surgical Face Masks
Authors: Park Jangwoon , Mehrubeoglu Mehrube 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Disposable surgical face masks are designed to block the airborne transmission of infectious viruses between patients and healthcare personnel; however, there are limitations to a surgical mask's ability to prevent transmissions because the mask does not provide an airtight seal around the face. This study focuses on the design and development of a custom mask frame, using individuals' three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, to improve the seal of the existing surgical masks. Three participants' facial scans with a wide range of facial dimensions were collected using a 3D hand-held scanner. During design, the contact area between the custom frame and the wearer's skin was determined based on the individual's 3D facial shape. To evaluate the effectiveness of the airtight seal, a qualitative fit (smell/taste) test kit and thermal imaging camera were utilized. When the participants wore the surgical masks without the customized mask frames, the participants smelled the saccharine scent from the test kit. However, while wearing the surgical masks fitted with the custom mask frame that held the mask in place, none of the participants could smell the scent. In addition, thermal images showed ambient temperature changes in the surgical mask suggesting air leakage around the boundary of the mask while the subject was inhaling and exhaling. With the mask frame, thermal images confirmed the effectiveness of the custom frame to block the inflow/outflow of air potentially carrying the virus. The results indicate that the custom-built mask frames are effective in providing a proper and much improved seal compared to a surgical mask without the frame. The developed custom mask frame will be particularly beneficial for frontline medical staff members who treat patients with infectious viruses transmitted through aerosols as part of their PPE.
Development and psychometric evaluation of the Implementation Science Research Project Appraisal Criteria (ImpResPAC) tool: a study protocol
Authors: Sweetnam Chloe , Goulding Lucy , Davis Rachel E , Khadjesari Zarnie , Boaz Annette , Healey Andy , Sevdalis Nick , Bakolis Ioannis , Hull Louise 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThe need for quantitative criteria to appraise the quality of implementation research has recently been highlighted to improve methodological rigour. The Implementation Science Research development (ImpRes) tool and supplementary guide provide methodological guidance and recommendations on how to design high-quality implementation research. This protocol reports on the development of the Implementation Science Research Project Appraisal Criteria (ImpResPAC) tool, a quantitative appraisal tool, developed based on the structure and content of the ImpRes tool and supplementary guide, to evaluate the conceptual and methodological quality of implementation research.Methods and analysisThis study employs a three-stage sequential mixed-methods design. During stage 1, the research team will map core domains of the ImpRes tool, guidance and recommendations contained in the supplementary guide and within the literature, to ImpResPAC. In stage 2, an international multidisciplinary expert group, recruited through purposive sampling, will inform the refinement of ImpResPAC, including content, scoring system and user instructions. In stage 3, an extensive psychometric evaluation of ImpResPAC, that was created in stage 1 and refined in stage 2, will be conducted. The scaling assumptions (inter-item and item-total correlations), reliability (internal consistency, inter-rater) and validity (construct and convergent validity) will be investigated by applying ImpResPAC to 50 protocols published inImplementation Science. We envisage developing ImpResPAC in this way will provide implementation research stakeholders, primarily grant reviewers and educators, a comprehensive, transparent and fair appraisal of the conceptual and methodological quality of implementation research, increasing the likelihood of funding research that will generate knowledge and contribute to the advancement of the field.Ethics and disseminationThis study will involve human participants. This study has been registered and minimal risk ethical clearance granted by The Research Ethics Office, King’s College London (reference number MRA-20/21-20807). Participants will receive written information on the study via email and will provide e-consent if they wish to participate. We will use traditional academic modalities of dissemination (eg, conferences and publications).
From hearing to seeing: medical dispatchers’ experience with use of video streaming in medical emergency calls − a qualitative study
Authors: Idland Siri , Iversen Emil , Brattebø Guttorm , Kramer-Johansen Jo , Hjortdahl Magnus 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesVideo streaming has recently been introduced as an additional tool for communication between medical dispatchers and caller. Research implies that video streaming may be a useful tool for the dispatchers, but more knowledge is needed. With this study, we wanted to explore how the dispatchers experience using video streaming as an additional tool in medical emergency calls.DesignAn explorative, qualitative study using semi-structured focus group interviews.SettingTwo emergency medical communications centres in Norway where video streaming recently had been introduced. Interviews were conducted during 24 June 2020 and 26 June 2020.ParticipantsWe recruited 25 medical dispatchers, either nurses or emergency medical technicians who worked at the two centres.ResultsThe results are categorised into three themes: (1) change in dispatcher’s perception of the patient and the situation, (2) reassurance for the dispatcher and (3) worries about increased time consumption and the possibility of unpleasant images.ConclusionThe dispatchers experienced that the use of video streaming in medical emergency calls might contribute to a better comprehension of the situation and following more precise resource allocation, as well as greater reassurance for the dispatcher and improved relationship between the dispatcher and the caller. Further research with an aim to measure effects and safety of video streaming during medical emergency calls is needed.
Pharmacist and Homeless Outreach Engagement and Non-medical Independent prescribing Rx (PHOENIx): a study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lowrie Richard , McPherson Andrew , Mair Frances , Maguire Donogh , Paudyal Vibhu , Blair Becky , Brannan David , Moir Jane , Hughes Fiona , Duncan Clare , Stock Kate , Farmer Natalia , Ramage Rebekah , Lombard Cian , Ross Steven , Scott Ailsa , Provan George , Sills Laura , Hislop Jenni , Reilly Frank , Williamson Andrea E 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThe number of people experiencing homelessness (PEH) is increasing worldwide. Systematic reviews show high levels of multimorbidity and mortality. Integrated health and social care outreach interventions may improve outcomes. No previous studies have targeted PEH with recent drug overdose despite high levels of drug-related deaths and few data describe their health/social care problems. Feasibility work suggests a collaborative health and social care intervention (Pharmacist andHomelessOutreachEngagement andNon-medicalIndependent prescribing Rx, PHOENIx) is potentially beneficial. We describe the methods of a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) with parallel process and economic evaluation of PEH with recent overdose.Methods and analysisDetailed health and social care information will be collected before randomisation to care-as-usual plus visits from a pharmacist and a homeless outreach worker (PHOENIx) for 6–9 months or to care-as-usual. The outcomes are the rates of presentations to emergency department for overdose or other causes and whether to progress to a definitive RCT: recruitment of ≥100 participants within 4 months, ≥60% of patients remaining in the study at 6 and 9 months, ≥60% of patients receiving the intervention, and ≥80% of patients with data collected. The secondary outcomes include health-related quality of life, hospitalisations, treatment uptake and patient-reported measures. Semistructured interviews will explore the future implementation of PHOENIx, the reasons for overdose and protective factors. We will assess the feasibility of conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by South East Scotland National Health Service Research Ethics Committee 01. Results will be made available to PEH, the study funders and other researchers.Trial registration numberISRCTN10585019.
Multidimensional pain profiling in people living with obesity and attending weight management services: a protocol for a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Smart Keith M , Hinwood Natasha S , Dunlevy Colin , Doody Catherine M , Blake Catherine , Fullen Brona M , Le Roux Carel W , O’Connell Jean , Gilsenan Clare , Finucane Francis M , O'Donoghue Grainne 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionPain is prevalent in people living with overweight and obesity. Obesity is associated with increased self-reported pain intensity and pain-related disability, reductions in physical functioning and poorer psychological well-being. People living with obesity tend to respond less well to pain treatments or management compared with people living without obesity. Mechanisms linking obesity and pain are complex and may include contributions from and interactions between physiological, behavioural, psychological, sociocultural, biomechanical and genetic factors. Our aim is to study the multidimensional pain profiles of people living with obesity, over time, in an attempt to better understand the relationship between obesity and pain.Methods and analysisThis longitudinal observational cohort study will recruit (n=216) people living with obesity and who are newly attending three weight management services in Ireland. Participants will complete questionnaires that assess their multidimensional biopsychosocial pain experience at baseline and at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months post-recruitment. Quantitative analyses will characterise the multidimensional pain experiences and trajectories of the cohort as a whole and in defined subgroups.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by the Ethics and Medical Research Committee of St Vincent’s Healthcare Group, Dublin, Ireland (reference no: RS21-059), the Galway Clinical Research Ethics Committee for Galway University Hospitals (refrence no: C.A. 2865), and the University College Dublin Human Research Ethics Committee (reference no: LS-E-22-41-Hinwood-Smart). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, public and patient advocacy groups, and social media.Study registrationOpen Science Framework Registration DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QCWUE.
Equation of state of the running vacuum
Authors: Moreno-Pulido Cristian , Peracaula Joan Solà 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRecent studies of quantum field theory in FLRW spacetime suggest that the cause of the speeding up of the universe is the running vacuum (RV), see Moreno-Pulido and Solà Peracaula (Eur Phys J C 82(6):551, 2022; Eur Phys J C 80(8):692, 2020). Appropriate renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor shows that the vacuum energy density is a smooth function of the Hubble rate and its derivatives: $$\rho _\textrm{vac}=\rho _\textrm{vac}(H, {\dot{H}},\ddot{H},\ldots )$$

ρ
vac

=

ρ
vac

(
H
,

H
˙

,

H
¨

,
…
)

. This is because in QFT the quantum scaling of $$\rho _\textrm{vac}$$

ρ
vac

with the renormalization point turns into cosmic evolution with H. As a result, any two nearby points of the cosmic expansion during the standard FLRW epoch are smoothly related through $$\delta \rho _\textrm{vac}\sim \mathcal{O}(H^2)$$

δ

ρ
vac

∼
O

(

H
2

)

. In our approach, what we call the ‘cosmological constant’ $$\Lambda $$
Λ
is just the nearly sustained value of $$8\pi G(H)\rho _\textrm{vac}(H)$$

8
π
G

(
H
)

ρ
vac

(
H
)

around (any) given epoch, where G(H) is the running gravitational coupling. In the present study, after summarizing the main QFT calculations supporting the RV approach, we focus on the calculation of the equation of state (EoS) of the RV for the entire cosmic history within such a QFT framework. In particular, in the very early universe, where higher (even) powers $$\rho _\textrm{vac}\sim \mathcal{O}(H^N)$$

ρ
vac

∼
O

(

H
N

)

($$N=4,6,\dots $$

N
=
4
,
6
,
⋯

) triggered inflation during a short period in which $$H=$$

H
=

const, the vacuum EoS is very close to $$w_\textrm{vac}=-1$$

w
vac

=
-
1

. This ceases to be true during the FLRW era, where it adopts the EoS of matter during the relativistic ($$w_\textrm{vac}=1/3$$

w
vac

=
1
/
3

) and non-relativistic ($$w_\textrm{vac}=0$$

w
vac

=
0

) epochs. Interestingly enough, we find that in the late universe the EoS becomes mildly dynamical and mimics quintessence, $$w_\textrm{vac}\gtrsim -1$$

w
vac

≳
-
1

. It finally asymptotes to $$-1$$

-
1

in the remote future, but in the transit the RV helps alleviating the $$H_0$$

H
0

and $$\sigma _8$$

σ
8

tensions.
A Novel Inflammatory and Nutritional Prognostic Scoring System for Nonpathological Complete Response Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Jiang Cong , Xiu Yuting , Zhang Shiyuan , Yu Xiao , Qiao Kun , Huang Yuanxi 
Published: December 2022

Background. It has been demonstrated that inflammatory and nutritional variables are associated with poor breast cancer survival. However, some studies do not include these variables due to missing data. To investigate the predictive potential of the INPS, we constructed a novel inflammatory-nutritional prognostic scoring (INPS) system with machine learning. Methods. This retrospective analysis included 249 patients with malignant breast tumors undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). After comparing seven potent machine learning models, the best model, Xgboost, was applied to construct an INPS system. K-M survival curves and the log-rank test were employed to determine OS and DFS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out with the Cox regression model. Additionally, we compared the predictive power of INPS, inflammatory, and standard nutritional variables using the

Z

test. Results. After comparing seven machine learning models, it was determined that the XGBoost model had the best OS and DFS performance (

AUC
=
0.865

and

0.771

, respectively). For overall survival (OS,

cutoff

value
=
0.3917

) and disease-free survival (

cutoff

value
=
0.4896

), all patients were divided into two groups by the INPS. Those with low INPS had higher 5-year OS and DFS rates (77.2% vs. 50.0%,

P
<
0.0001

; and 59.6% vs. 32.1%,

P
<
0.0001

, respectively) than patients with high INPS. For OS and DFS, the INPS exhibited the highest AUC compared to the other inflammatory and nutritional variables (

AUC
=
0.615

,

P
=
0.0003

;

AUC
=
0.596

,

P
=
0.0003

, respectively). Conclusion. The INPS was an independent predictor of OS and DFS and exhibited better predictive ability than BMI, PNI, and MLR. For patients undergoing NAC for nonpCR breast cancer, INPS was a crucial and comprehensive biomarker. It could also forecast individual survival in breast cancer patients with low HER-2 expression.