bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Flores-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation
Authors: Goyal Naman , Gao Cynthia , Chaudhary Vishrav , Chen Peng-Jen , Wenzek Guillaume , Ju Da , Krishnan Sanjana , Ranzato Marc’Aurelio , Guzmán Francisco , Fan Angela 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One of the biggest challenges hindering progress in low-resource and multilingual machine translation is the lack of good evaluation benchmarks. Current evaluation benchmarks either lack good coverage of low-resource languages, consider only restricted domains, or are low quality because they are constructed using semi-automatic procedures. In this work, we introduce the Flores-101 evaluation benchmark, consisting of 3001 sentences extracted from English Wikipedia and covering a variety of different topics and domains. These sentences have been translated in 101 languages by professional translators through a carefully controlled process. The resulting dataset enables better assessment of model quality on the long tail of low-resource languages, including the evaluation of many-to-many multilingual translation systems, as all translations are fully aligned. By publicly releasing such a high-quality and high-coverage dataset, we hope to foster progress in the machine translation community and beyond.
Double Jeopardy Injuries: Improved Clinical Outcomes With FAST Imaging and Subxiphoid Pericardial Window for Combined Cardiac and Abdominal Stab Wounds
Authors: Kong Victor , Ko Jonathan , Lee Bogo , Leow Priscilla , Manchev Vasil , Bruce John , Laing Grant , Clarke Damian 
Published: May 2022

Background This study reviews our experience with combined cardiac and abdominal stab wounds over 12 years and reviews how changes in technology and clinical approaches have impacted our management of these patients. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2008 to January 2020 at a major trauma centre in South Africa. All patients with concurrent SWs to the chest and the abdomen and required both a thoracotomy for cardiac injury and a laparotomy for an intra-abdominal injury at the same setting were included. Results Twenty-two cases were identified (100% male, mean age: 27 years). Mean values of admission physiology: systolic blood pressure (SBP): 85 mmHg, pH: 7.2, base excess: −10.2 mmol/L and serum lactate 6.7 mmol/L. Thirty-two percent (7/22) of cases underwent a Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) scan (5 positive and 2 negative). All 7 cases had intraoperatively confirmed cardiac injuries. The thoracotomy first approach was used in 18 cases (82%), and the laparotomy first approach was used in the remaining 4 cases (18%). Nineteen (86%) of the 22 laparotomies were positive. A total of 6 patients (27%) experienced one or more complications. The mean length of hospital stay was 9 days. The overall mortality was 18% (4/22) and all mortality occurred prior to 2013. Discussion Double jeopardy is still associated with an increased risk of mortality. The use of FAST and Subxiphoid Pericardial Windows (SPWs) have reduced clinical uncertainty, decreasing the need for concomitant thoracotomy and laparotomy to be performed.
Analysis of Oncological Outcomes After Robotic Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Shapera Emanuel A. , Ross Sharona , Syblis Cameron , Crespo Kaitlyn , Rosemurgy Alexander , Sucandy Iswanto 
Published: May 2022

Background Concerns regarding minimally invasive liver resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) include inadequate resection margins and inferior long-term overall survival (OS) when compared to an “open” approach. Limited data exists to address these issues. We aimed to compare perioperative variables, tumor distance to margin, and long-term outcomes after IHCC resection based on surgical approach (robotic vs open) in our hepatobiliary center to address these concerns. Methods With IRB approval, 34 patients who underwent robotic or open hepatectomy for IHCC were prospectively followed. Patients were stratified by tumor distance to resection margin (≤1 mm, 1.1-9.9 mm, ≥10 mm) for illustrative purposes and by approach (robotic vs open). Where appropriate, regression analysis and cox model of proportional hazards were utilized. Survival was stratified by margin distance and approach utilizing Kaplan-Meier curves. Data are presented as median (mean ± SD). Results Patients undergoing robotic vs open hepatectomy had similar demographics. Patients undergoing the robotic approach had significantly lower estimated blood loss (EBL). Tumor distance to margin between the two approaches were similar ( P = .428). Median OS between the two approaches was similar in patients of any margin distance. In the subgroup analysis by margin distance, the robotic approach yielded less EBL for patients in the 1.1-9.9 mm and ≥10 mm margin groups, and a shorter ICU length of stay for patients with ≥10 mm margin. Discussion Similar margins were attained via either approach, translating into oncological non-inferiority of robotic IHCC resection. Robotic approach for the treatment of IHCC should be considered an alternative to an open approach.
Prognostic Value of Different Versions of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: He Hao-ming , He Chen , You Zhe-bin , Zhang Si-cheng , Lin Xue-qin , Luo Man-qing , Lin Mao-qing , Zhang Li-wei , Lin Kai-yang , Guo Yan-song 
Published: May 2022

The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, which can reflect liver and renal function, is associated with poor prognosis. However, the prognostic performance of the modified MELD score in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been fully evaluated and compared. This study retrospectively enrolled 5324 patients. During a median follow-up of 2.85 years, 412 patients died. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves at 3 years indicated that the MELD including albumin (MELD-Albumin) score had the highest prognostic performance (AUC = .721) than the MELD score (AUC = .630), the MELD excluding the international normalized ratio (MELD-XI) score (AUC = .606), and the MELD including sodium (MELD-Na) score (AUC = .656) (all P < .001). The MELD-Albumin score, the MELD score, and the MELD-Na score were independent predictors of long-term mortality; however, the MELD-XI score was not when treated as a categorical variable ( P = .254). Adding the MELD-Albumin score to the model of clinical risk factors could improve the prognostic performance. For the subgroup analysis, the association between the MELD-Albumin score and long-term mortality was more pronounced in patients ≤75 years (interaction P value = .005). The MELD-Albumin score showed the strongest prognostic performance than the other versions of the MELD score in patients undergoing elective PCI.
Quantifying Workload and Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: Preliminary Evaluation Using Continuous Eye-Tracking
Authors: Ahmadi Nima , Sasangohar Farzan , Yang Jing , Yu Denny , Danesh Valerie , Klahn Steven , Masud Faisal 
Published: May 2022

Objective (1) To assess mental workloads of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in 12-hour working shifts (days and nights) using eye movement data; (2) to explore the impact of stress on the ocular metrics of nurses performing patient care in the ICU. Background Prior studies have employed workload scoring systems or accelerometer data to assess ICU nurses’ workload. This is the first naturalistic attempt to explore nurses’ mental workload using eye movement data. Methods Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye-tracking and Empatica E4 devices were used to collect eye movement and physiological data from 15 nurses during 12-hour shifts (252 observation hours). We used mixed-effect models and an ordinal regression model with a random effect to analyze the changes in eye movement metrics during high stress episodes. Results While the cadence and characteristics of nurse workload can vary between day shift and night shift, no significant difference in eye movement values was detected. However, eye movement metrics showed that the initial handoff period of nursing shifts has a higher mental workload compared with other times. Analysis of ocular metrics showed that stress is positively associated with an increase in number of eye fixations and gaze entropy, but negatively correlated with the duration of saccades and pupil diameter. Conclusion Eye-tracking technology can be used to assess the temporal variation of stress and associated changes with mental workload in the ICU environment. A real-time system could be developed for monitoring stress and workload for intervention development.
Improving the damage tolerance of Si3N4 by forming laminate composites with refractory metals
Authors: Mitchell David J , Mecholsky John J 
Published: May 2022

The objective of this research was to demonstrate that the damage tolerance of Si3N4 could be significantly improved by forming laminate composites with refractory metals, providing materials that undergo graceful failure, rather than the fast-fracture mechanism exhibited by monolithic Si3N4. A damage tolerant Si3N4 could be used as a ring material in an all-ceramic bearing, decreasing the chance for catastrophic failure if the ring is stressed in tension during operation. The technical approach formed a laminate composite material using alternating Si3N4-metallic layers, with both outer layers being Si3N4 to take advantage of its greater wear resistance, chemical stability, and thermal stability. The metallic layers are designed to arrest any cracks in the outer layers, thus producing a toughened Si3N4 and avoiding the catastrophic failure behavior exhibited by monolithic ceramics. The laminate composites were fabricated using a combination of tape-casting Si3N4 and metals from slurries, as well as metal foils, followed by hot pressing at 1500°C. The metallic materials employed were chromium, titanium, and tantalum. Analysis confirmed that the interfaces were well formed, and the laminates with chromium and titanium formed intermetallic compounds more readily than the composites with tantalum. The Si3N4-Ta laminates demonstrated crack deflection and bridging behavior during failure and flexural strength of 800–900 MPa. The hardness and elastic modulus of Si3N4-Ta laminates measured by nanoindentation were similar to those reported in literature. The hardness across the interface of the Si3N4-Ta composite varied according to the composition of the interface, which displayed a profile indicative of a diffusion bond.
Using Party Games to Help Students Understand Models of Psycholinguistics
Authors: Santelmann Lynn 
Published: May 2022

Introduction Psycholinguistics presents a challenge to teaching and learning because of the many abstract models in the field. Language-related games provide a vehicle for students to ground and demonstrate their understanding of these models. Statement of the problem Models in psycholinguistics are challenging to teach and learn because they represent mental phenomena that have no physical counterpart. Literature Review Research on the teaching of models in other fields demonstrates that students have difficulty with models even when they represent physical phenomena. Little research has examined the teaching of cognitive models such as those in psycholinguistics. Objective This article demonstrates how using party games and board games is an active-learning approach that helps students ground their understanding of models in a concrete experience of producing and understanding language. Students learn through analyzing and reflecting on game play. Teaching Implications Using games helps make abstract models concrete and is a motivating tool. Written assignments using games clearly demonstrate students’ understanding of models. Conclusion Many popular party/board games have a language focus. These can easily be incorporated into existing courses to promote understanding of models in the field.
Opening Act: Neocolonial Urban Education Reform and the Detroit Public Schools
Authors: Suárez Bianca Ayanna 
Published: May 2022

Background/Context: Urban educational systems have garnered focused examination as bastions of educational inequity, particularly along race and class cleavages. These systems are often cited as inefficient bureaucratic institutions plagued by financial mismanagement and political corruption that produce dismal achievement outcomes. Contemporary educational research demonstrates that neoliberal education reforms exacerbate racialized inequity, but we are less clear on the terms of this racialized inequity. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This article explores how we may deepen our conception of ghettoization, as espoused by Jean Anyon and others, and expand what is termed the social context of education to include a broader colonial history of the underdevelopment and control of educational institutions. This article examines the 1999 state-legislated intervention of the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district, also known as Michigan Public Act 10. The reform transformed the district’s governance structure, which dissolved local elected control over the school system and centralized educative power in the city’s mayor and state governor. The key research question animating this analysis centers understanding the political economic impetus and effects of this educational reform. Engaging an internal colonial analytical framework, this article is a theory-driven analysis of the underlying dynamics that made the state-legislated reform possible. This analysis of the Detroit reform motivates a critical engagement of the colonial logics that have shaped the ontological position of colonial subjects, while conducting research that examines neoliberal urban education reform.
Connection, Antiblackness, and Positive Relationships That (Re)Humanize Black Boys’ Experience of School
Authors: Warren Chezare A. , Andrews Dorinda J. Carter , Flennaugh Terry K. 
Published: May 2022

Background/Context: Black people continue to be popularly imagined as lacking humanity and, as such, are often the disproportionate subjects of unceasing race-gender terror and state violence. A vast body of scholarship has documented the failure of schools to adequately serve Black youth in general, and Black boys and men in particular. There is compelling evidence, however, that consistently humanizing interactions with adults in school lead to positive relationships that in turn may protect against Black boys’ experience of school as fundamentally dehumanizing. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This study examined the significance of positive relationships between Black boys and adults in school as they move(d) across the P–16 education pipeline. The study is guided by the following primary research question: How do young Black men and boys describe and understand their interpersonal relationships with adults in P–16 schools? Research Design: A descriptive phenomenological approach was used to understand how 28 Black boys and young men discuss and describe the characteristics of relationships with adults in their school or university. Seven video- and audio-recorded focus groups were conducted. Data analysis occurred in three phases. Video clips from focus groups were analyzed in the first phase of data analysis. During the second phase of our data analysis, researchers employed critical race theory as a key analytic perspective to interpret the data for what they revealed about the ways anti-Black racism and white supremacy structured schooling experiences. The third phase of analysis centered on coding the entire data set, regardless of grade band, for three specific types of interactions: disciplinary/behavioral, social/relational, and academic. Findings/Results: Key findings from the study center on (a) these participants’ keen awareness of the ways their words/behavior/actions are generally misread and misunderstood in U.S. society and (b) the significance of educators’ race-gender perceptions of them in building positive relationships that establish and sustain authentic human connections. Conclusions/Recommendations: Human connection emerges over time and differentiates what our participants ultimately perceived as “good”/positive relationships from “bad”/negative relationships with educators. Recognition of the residual consequences of U.S. chattel slavery for the ways we see, know, and understand Black people and Black children is essential to cultivating positive relationships with Black boys. Although “bad” relationships are characterized by interactions reflecting racial misandry that Black boys come to expect as a normal, ordinary feature of their schooling experience, positive relationships are evidenced through consistently humanizing interpersonal interactions with adults that actively counter harmful racial scripts.
What Does It Take to Lead: The Hidden Curriculum of Qualifications for Service on Public Boards of Higher Education
Authors: Rall Raquel M. , Dominguez Valeria , Garcia Anaisabelle 
Published: May 2022

Background/Context: U.S. higher education governing boards have received enhanced public attention over the last decade in response to national media coverage and emerging governance scholarship. Despite the rise of attention on this topic and the maintained influence of board decisions, governing boards remain one of the least understood aspects of higher education. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: The qualifications required for board member service in higher education are a particularly understudied aspect of boards. Given the limited knowledge of board qualifications, our study aimed to understand what (if any) were the known requirements for service on U.S. public boards of higher education. Setting: A total of 95 public board bylaws representing at least one institution from each state were examined for any mention of the requirements or qualifications for the trusteeship. Both standalone institutional boards and system boards were investigated to account for the diversity of board types. Altogether, the bylaws of 95 boards that govern 842 public institutions in the nation were reviewed. Research Design: The study used qualitative document and content analysis methods to examine board bylaws. Findings: We found that very few boards have any defined (and publicized) requirements for public trusteeship in higher education. We evaluate the findings using a Critical Race Theory and hidden curriculum framework of analysis and discuss the implicit and explicit messages of the board bylaws. This study brings to the forefront that there are either hidden, ambiguous, or little to no requisites for arguably one of the most influential roles in higher education. The lack of transparency in this area may help perpetuate inequity in board representation. Conclusion/Recommendations: If institutions desire to enhance transparency and accountability, it is crucial to elucidate standard practices for filling board seats (including qualifications for board service, who gets to decide on these qualifications, and the ramifications of these practices on equitable board member representation). Boards, governors, and other influential decision-makers should contemplate establishing and sharing requirements for board service so that (a) boards enter into this position with a better understanding of what is required of them, and (b) there are more explicit guidelines to support why and how some groups are overrepresented on the board while others have been historically excluded.
New strategy of using double-network hydrogel extravascular stent for preventing venous graft restenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Dai Longsheng , Yu Wenyuan , Yu Yang 
Published: May 2022

Objective Effective therapies for the prevention of vein graft failure, which frequently occurs in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to intimal hyperplasia (IH), are still lacking. Here, we investigated the effects of the perivenous application of double-network hydrogel on vein grafts in carotid artery bypass grafting in a rabbit model. Methods Healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into the following groups: no graft, graft, or graft + Double-network hydrogel external stent (DNHES). The rabbits’ carotid artery was bypassed via the jugular vein. Double-network hydrogel external stent was wrapped around the jugular graft after the anastomoses were completed. Blood flow parameters and tissue histology of the vein grafts were evaluated. Results Compared with the untreated vein grafts at 12 weeks after the surgery, the DNHES significantly improved graft flow, attenuated intimal and medial thickening, reduced the anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferation index of the vein grafts, decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), and increased the mRNA and protein expression of endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS). Conclusion The perivenous application of DNHES exerts beneficial effects on vein grafts, reduces the inflammatory response in carotid artery bypass grafting in a rabbit model, and appears to be a safe and promising strategy to prevent vein graft failure.
Testing for anosmia and ageusia in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kentab Osama Y , Ibrahim Ahmad A Al , Soliman Khaled R , Alanazi Marzooqah , Alsunaid Ahmed , Ababtain Abdalmohsen , Alresseeni Abdulaziz I , Algarni Abdulaziz , Aljohani Khlalid , Aljahany Muna 
Published: May 2022

Objective This study investigated the role of objective olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) testing among patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who presented with respiratory symptoms. Methods A prospective, blinded, observational study was conducted in the emergency units of two tertiary hospitals. Participants were asked to identify scents in the pocket smell test (PST) and flavors in four different solutions in the gustatory dysfunction test (GDT). We assessed the level of agreement between objective findings and self-reported symptoms. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of chemosensory dysfunction for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Results Of 250 participants, 74 (29.6%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive. There was slight agreement between self-reported symptoms and objective findings (kappa = 0.13 and 0.10 for OD and GD, respectively). OD assessed by the PST was independently associated with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval, 1.04–3.46). This association was stronger when OD was combined with objective GD, cough, and fever (adjusted odds ratio = 7.33, 95% confidence interval, 1.17–45.84). Conclusions Neither the PST nor GDT alone are useful screening tools for COVID-19. However, a diagnostic scale based on objective OD, GD, fever, and cough may help triage patients with suspected COVID-19.