bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Economic Empire of the Egyptian Military
Authors: Elgebeily Sherif 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since 1952, the military in Egypt has held a valued place in society—and its constitutions—as the liberator of the people and a catalyst in the transition from kingdom to republic. Egypt is also one of only a handful of developing countries to have transitioned from a capitalist to planned economy before returning to a more capitalistic economy. The combination of these characteristics has resulted in a unique facet of the modern Egyptian economy—the special position of the armed forces and, by virtue of this, the rise of a military private sector that blurs the lines between the public and private sector. This chapter begins by briefly exploring the development of the Egyptian economy under its presidents and the role of the military under each of them. It argues that the allowances granted by law throughout the decades since the 1952 revolution have had immensely damaging effects on the constitutional protection of private business in Egypt, with these effects including impacts on the prohibition of monopolistic practices and on the pillars of competitiveness. The creation of a new economic empire under the control of the military, coupled with the political controls that current President Sisi has assumed as head of state, places at his discretion control over both the economic and political levers of Egypt. Ultimately, this chapter shows how the principles of constitutionalism in Egypt in regard to economic protections have been undermined by a private military sector that blurs the line between public provision and private gain.
Taming the Spectre of Unsustainable Public Debt in Africa
Authors: Abebe Adem Kassie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Public (or sovereign) debt constitutes the source of a significant portion of the regular budget of African countries and is central to the management of their economies. Public debt involves decisions regarding the distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens, including across generations—issues that lie at the heart of democratic theory. Considering its significant implications both for the economy and democracy, it is critical to assess the extent to which African constitutions regulate public debt. This is particularly important today, with growing and, in some cases, unsustainable debt levels and reports of ‘debt traps’ in which some African (and other) governments may be forced to hand over key infrastructure to foreign states to settle ominous debts. This chapter discusses the potential role of constitutions in the proper management and control of public debt. There is currently little literature on constitutions and public debt, particularly in the African context. This contribution seeks to trigger conversation at the political and scholarly level on the appropriate role of constitutions in regulating public debt and ensuring transparency and accountability in the mobilization and use of public debt.
Introduction
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter, an introduction, locates the project of the book against the background of the trilogy of which this volume is the third member. The book deals with the doctrine of the work of the Holy Spirit in the world. The first volume (The Moral Gap) dealt with the work of the second person of the Trinity in atonement and justification, and the second (God’s Command) with the work of the first person in creation. The introduction discusses three recent conceptions of the good human life and finds them wanting. It then looks at four kinds of unity that the Spirit is working to produce: unity between us and the material world, unity within a human being, unity between human beings, and unity between human beings and God. The chapter starts a discussion of one example of each of these kinds of unity (namely the beautiful and the sublime, gender transition, patriotism, and contemplation), and the subsequent chapters take up each of these examples in greater detail.
Gender
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes gender transition as an example of unity across significant change. It treats gender identity as a three-term relation between a set of preferences in a person for ‘secondary’ sexual characteristics, a social picture of what some gender means, and the person’s own heart or will that relates these two as fitting or failing to fit each other. It suggests we can see the Spirit as giving us a narrative connecting where we are now with where we have been and where we will be at our destination. The chapter argues that this narrative could include gender transition, and it rejects various objections to that position and to the very notion of a life-narrative. Finally, it considers whether there is only one such narrative for a person’s life, what role we have in shaping that narrative, and (using Crashaw’s poems about Teresa of Avila) whether our eventual destination includes gender at all.
Defining and describing competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 2 discusses the definitions of interspecific competition used from the middle of the twentieth century until today. It shows that definitions based on mutual resource use or mutually negative effects on population growth have both been used in the past, and both are still being used. The chapter shows that these definitions identify different, although overlapping sets of systems. The chapter then argues for a definition based on use of shared resources. Mutual resource use can result in positive effects of each species on the other, or one positive and one negative effect. Some of the circumstances producing these outcomes are identified. The mechanism-based definition has the advantage of making competition theory more consistent with theory dealing with other indirect effects. This category of definition also leads to better descriptions of the interaction, and a better ability to understand coevolution of the interacting species. Descriptions of competitive interactions must include descriptions of resource growth, and both consumer functional and numerical responses. The chapter discusses the need for a more consistent basis of classifying and understanding all indirect interactions in food webs.
Understanding intraspecific and apparent competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInterspecific competition shares the same dependence on consumer–resource interactions as intraspecific competition and apparent competition. These two related interactions are the subject of this chapter. Both interactions are present in most, if not all, systems in which interspecific competition occurs. Intraspecific competition is usually discussed in the context of models that lack resources, while models of apparent competition always involve explicit dynamics for consumers and resources. The chapter examines whether these differences are justified, and concludes that both interactions should be studied using a consumer–resource framework. The ‘theta-logistic’ is a popular model that extends the logistic by allowing for density dependence under which per capita growth rate decreases as abundance raised to a positive power other than unity. This, however, is shown not to correspond to popular consumer–resource models. In addition, it lacks the time lag in consumer response that follows from resource dynamics. Traditional measures of density dependence are complicated by the possibility that adverse changes in a neutral parameter can cause the equilibrium or mean abundance of a consumer to increase (i.e., a ‘hydra effect’). The forms of density dependence for several simple consumer–resource models are analysed and compared. Although apparent competition is always based on consumer–resource models, the vast majority of the literature only considers a single consumer, and usually assumes the systems are stable. The consequences of having instability and/or two or more consumer species are analysed.
Resource use and the strength of interspecific competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between similarity in the relative abilities of two consumers to capture available resources and the amount of competition between them. From a theoretical perspective, this question was regarded as having a simple and universal answer in the early 1970s. However, the proposed Gaussian shape of resource utilization curves was shown to be rare in empirical systems. The resulting form of the similarity–competition relationship also was shown to depend on linear functional and numerical responses plus independent logistic growth of all resources. Theory suggests that a wide range of similarity–competition relationships occur in natural systems. Empirical studies of the actual relationships have been limited by lack of knowledge of resource dynamics, and most studies have limited spatial extent with a bias towards studying strong competition. Hermit crab competition for shells is one of the systems in which the process can be easily studied in the field. Work on such systems from 40 years ago suggested that interspecific competition in cases was weak relative to intraspecific in most communities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of a 6-species model to examine the relative effects of a competiting consumer vs species on higher or lower trophic levels on coexistence of the two consumer species. In a wide range of systems, the competitor is not expected to have the largest effect on existence.
The Magic Is in the Mix
Authors: Béland Daniel , Marier Patrik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With a policy mix that comprises of several major social programs, Canada’s pension system is among the best in the world in reducing poverty in old age and providing a high replacement rate for low-income retirees. In this chapter, we focus on the interaction between two closely related components of Canada’s pension system as a policy mix particularly successful at reducing old-age poverty: the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) and the Old Age Security (OAS) program. More specifically, we analyse the primary root of this policy success: the ‘failure’ to dismantle a program that was meant to be temporary, the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS); and its complementarity to the Old Age Security (OAS) program. The GIS was introduced in 1967, as a transitory measure to tackle expediently the prevalent poverty amongst Canadian seniors while expected to disappear with the maturation of the Canada Pension Plan/Québec Pension Plan. Not only was this program never abolished, it failed to generate the kind of stigma associated with social assistance benefits by virtue of linking the program with the quasi-universal OAS program. As a result of this policy design, it is an income-test program—not to be confused with a means-tested program where assets are also taken into consideration—where older adults feel they’reentitled OAS beneficiaries. The combination of OAS and GIS provides a relatively generous floor for retirees with limited resources. This points to the close and complementary relationship of key elements of the public pension policy mix in Canada.
From R&D to Export
Authors: Wilder Matt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canola is one of Canada’s top agricultural exports, contributing an estimated $25 billion to Canada’s economy annually. To become the boon canola is today, a series of public and private investments had to be made in research and development. This chapter chronicles the many ways public, private, and non-profit actors coordinated to achieve continuous innovation in the canola sector. Salient public policy instruments included public goods, financial support, and a favourable regulatory environment. In the early period, government and universities were directly involved in canola development. As time went on, government involvement was limited to a supportive role intended to facilitate industry-led co-production, which gave industry actors incentive to adapt to changing circumstances. Yet, because the approach taken to canola development has been criticized in some quarters, and because not every investment paid off, the case is best classified as a ‘resilient success’ according to the programmatic, political, process, and endurance (PPPE) assessment criteria used in this volume. The case serves as an example of successful innovation and industrial policy in a liberal setting.
Canadian Airport Authorities
Authors: Langlois David J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By 1984 the operation of Canada’s major airports was costing the federal government over $750 million a year which was increasingly not politically acceptable. Starting in 1985 the response was to create local nonprofit Canadian airport authorities. By 2008, 21 airport authorities had achieved far more success than initially expected. Since 1992 they have spent over $32 billion in infrastructure development. They employ almost 100,000 people directly and indirectly in airport operations, spend almost $7 billion a year in local economies, and contribute $400 million a year to the General Revenue Fund. This remarkable success has been in place for thirty years. The governance framework and accompanying management and oversight rules under which the airport authorities operate have not fundamentally changed since 1992, even though designing and implementing the reform proceeded across Liberal and Conservative governments. Creating public policy is usually long, tedious, and fraught with pitfalls and traps. In this case policy development was undertaken in an unusual manner, having to contend with impatient political leaders and extremely conservative and suspicious public bureaucrats who saw this as a threat to their domains. This chapter tells the story of the creation of Canada’s airport authorities and the innovative administration and policy development that allowed that to occur.
Introduction
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes the relation of accountability from the virtue that a person may have who plays the role of being accountable well. An analysis of the relation of accountability focuses on the accountor, the person who holds someone accountable, and the accountee, the person held accountable. It is crucial to have a clear view of the standing the accountor has. Various types of accountability relationships are described, which turn out not to be exclusively hierarchical in character, but can be reciprocal, horizontal, and voluntary. Accountability can be global and to a transcendent reality such as God as well. The chapter concludes with an account of the approach to virtue ethics taken in the book and a preview of the remainder of the book.
Global Accountability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 begins an exploration of global accountability. Many people have a sense that they are accountable for how they live their lives as a whole. Often these people are religious and see themselves as accountable in this way to God, but many people who are not believers still see themselves as accountable. This chapter first provides a taxonomy of various ways of understanding and explaining global accountability. Secular accountability sees this as accountability to other humans, either oneself (Kant), other people (social contract views), or the human moral community (Darwall). Transcendent accountability by contrast holds that global accountability requires a transcendent ground, either a personal God (theistic accountability), some metaphysical reality, or some transcendent principle. This chapter mainly explores secular accountability and argues that all three forms face two difficult problems: (1) the source of normativity problem; (2) the problem of providing determinate content for what we humans are accountable for doing.
Conclusions
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary of what has been accomplished in the previous eight chapters, in which the nature of accountability as a virtue has been defined and developed, and its importance for ethics and religion defended. Understanding accountability as a virtue could have a profound, positive impact on society. The chapter then focuses on the connection between accountability and punishment, since our current understanding of accountability focuses largely on holding people accountable in negative ways. The chapter argues that punishment, while not central in the motivation of the person who has the virtue, can play an educative role in the formation of the virtue, as well as providing protection for society. Nevertheless, recognizing the nature of the virtue and the limits of punishment would provide strong support for the restorative justice movement, which seeks to help people become accountable and seeks alternatives to incarceration which can help heal relationships. There is evidence that prisons themselves can be transformed through programs, many religious in character, which seek to help inmates develop a sense of accountability, one grounded in a new sense of identity. In addition to restorative justice, there is need for restorative prisons. The impact that recognizing accountability with respect to criminal justice is just one example from many possibilities of how the concept could be a help in the quest for human well-being and flourishing.
Liikanen’s Legacy
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 places our country-level analysis into the context of EU initiatives on banking reform. This examination provides further corroboration for our explanatory framework in two respects. First, in 2012 the European Commission sought to mobilize support for reform by delegating the issue to an independent ‘High-Level Expert Group’, headed by then Finnish central bank Governor, Erkki Liikanen. This exercise in venue shifting led the Commission to adopt a less ambitious version of the group’s recommendation for bank trading activities to be located in a separate legal entity as the basis for its own draft regulation. Second, the EU financial industry was able to leverage substantial cooperative financial power to reduce momentum for reform: through powerful national banking associations working closely with reform-sceptic governments in the EU Council of Ministers; and through influential European banking associations with well-established ties to the Commission and European Parliament. Where the EU differs from our country cases, however, is in the uniquely fragmented nature of the polity, which generated additional obstacles to reform. In particular, opposition from left and Green MEPs to the repeated dilution of the Liikanen Group’s proposals in response to pressure from the Council of Ministers and industry contributed to stalemate, and the eventual abandonment of the draft regulation on structural reform in 2017.
Introduction to Dragonflies and Damselflies, Second Edition
Authors: Córdoba-Aguilar Alex , Beatty Christopher D. , Bried Jason T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, the book’s editors set the stage for the second edition of the book by reviewing publication rates in odonatology over the preceding eighty years and looking at trends in odonate research publications by decade over that time period. These topics have ranged from primary studies in taxonomy, life history, and distribution, to studies on ecology, behavior, sexual selection, and most recently to topics such as phylogenetics, macro-ecology, environmental change, and conservation. The editors then address how this new second edition differs in structure and breadth from the first edition of the book (published in 2008), reviewing each of the six sections and 28 subject chapters. The editors also thank the large number of chapter authors and reviewers, without whom this book would not be possible.
Odonata perception is more than vision
Authors: Rebora Manuela , Salerno Gianandrea , Piersanti Silvana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Odonata are mainly visually oriented insects and studies regarding dragonfly and damselfly sensory systems focus their attention mainly on vision, while consistently over time disregarding other sensory abilities. This chapter provides an overview of literature on Odonata perception, particularly ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies about mechanoreception, chemoreception, and thermo-hygroreception in nymphs and adults. It considers sensory adaptations in Odonata nymphs in response to different ecological challenges (lotic/lentic freshwater, burrowing species). Among aquatic insects, Odonata provide great opportunities to understand how insect nervous systems can adapt to different environments when passing from nymphal life in freshwater to adult aerial life. The chapter offers a comparison between the antennal sensilla, and the related sensory pathways in the brain, of larva and adults, and discusses the reduction of olfaction in adult Odonata in relation to the evolution of insect olfaction.
Migration in Anisoptera
Authors: May Michael L. , Matthews John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration is a phenomenon that has been known for at least two centuries, but research into how and why migration takes place in dragonflies, and which individuals engage in it, has occurred only in recent decades. Some species of dragonfly have demonstrated amazing migratory behavior, moving across and between continents; this chapter reviews the history of work on some of these species (Anax junius, Pantala flavescens, and others) and uses these exemplars to explore what we know about directed dragonfly movements, and what tools have been applied to this research. The chapter explores how geography and climate influence migratory patterns and considers the population genetic implications of dragonfly migration (showing that our historic expectations of the differences between migratory and non-migratory populations are not strongly supported). It considers how migrants (and residents) may have evolved, and also ponders the impacts of reproduction on migration (and vice versa). The use of more modern genetic methods, as well as stable isotope analysis, offers new doorways into research on dragonfly migration, and will hopefully help us understand this fascinating aspect of dragonfly life history in the decades to come.
Dispersal and metapopulation ecology in Odonata
Authors: McCauley Shannon J. , Baines Celina B. , Mabry Karen E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of dispersal in odonates and discusses how their biology makes them a potential model system for studying the dispersal process as well as its ecological and evolutionary consequences. It begins by briefly discussing the methods for studying dispersal in odonates and then it presents an overview of how dispersal shapes odonate population biology and species’ distributions. It goes on to discuss how various areas of anthropogenic change affect dispersal and colonization, and the associated implications for odonate conservation. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of promising new research directions in the study of odonate dispersal.