bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of enhancers responsible for the coordinated expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle
Authors: Long Keren , Su Duo , Li Xiaokai , Li Hengkuan , Zeng Sha , Zhang Yu , Zhong Zhining , Lin Yu , Li Xuemin , Lu Lu , Jin Long , Ma Jideng , Tang Qianzi , Li Mingzhou 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Skeletal muscles consist of fibers of differing contractility and metabolic properties, which are primarily determined by the content of myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoforms (MYH7, MYH2, MYH1, and MYH4). The regulation of Myh genes transcription depends on three-dimensional chromatin conformation interaction, but the mechanistic details remain to be determined.

Results
In this study, we characterized the interaction profiles of Myh genes using 4C-seq (circular chromosome conformation capture coupled to high-throughput sequencing). The interaction profile of Myh genes changed between fast quadriceps and slow soleus muscles. Combining chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and transposase accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), we found that a 38 kb intergenic region interacting simultaneously with fast Myh genes promoters controlled the coordinated expression of fast Myh genes. We also identified four active enhancers of Myh7, and revealed that binding of MYOG and MYOD increased the activity of Myh7 enhancers.

Conclusions
This study provides new insight into the chromatin interactions that regulate Myh genes expression.
Glycemic control in critically ill patients with or without diabetes
Authors: Fong Ka Man , Au Shek Yin , Ng George Wing Yiu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Early randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of tight glucose control. Subsequent NICE-SUGAR study found that tight glucose control increased mortality. The optimal glucose target in diabetic and nondiabetic patients remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between blood glucose levels and outcomes in critically ill patients with or without diabetes.

Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of the eICU database. Repeat ICU stays, ICU stays of less than 2 days, patients transferred from other ICUs, those with less than 2 blood glucose measurements, and those with missing data on hospital mortality were excluded. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Generalised additive models were used to model relationship between glycemic control and mortality. Models were adjusted for age, APACHE IV scores, body mass index, admission diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, and use of vasopressor or inotropic agents.

Results
There were 52,107 patients in the analysis. Nondiabetes patients exhibited a J-shaped association between time-weighted average glucose and hospital mortality, while this association in diabetes patients was right-shifted and flattened. Using a TWA glucose of 100 mg/dL as the reference value, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of TWA glucose of 140 mg/dL was 3.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.03–3.08) in nondiabetes and 1.14 (95% CI 1.08–1.20) in diabetes patients. The adjusted OR of TWA glucose of 180 mg/dL were 4.20 (95% CI 4.07–4.33) and 1.49 (1.41–1.57) in patients with no diabetes and patients with diabetes, respectively. The adjusted ORs of TWA glucose of 80 mg/dL compared with 100 mg/dL were 1.74 (95% CI 1.57–1.92) in nondiabetes and 1.36 (95% CI 1.12–1.66) in patients with diabetes. The glucose ranges associated with a below-average risk of mortality were 80–120 mg/dL and 90–150 mg/dL for nondiabetes and diabetes patients, respectively. Hypoglycemia was associated with increased hospital mortality in both groups but to a lesser extent in diabetic patients. Glucose variability was positively associated with hospital mortality in nondiabetics.

Conclusions
Time-weighted average glucose, hypoglycemia, and glucose variability had different impacts on clinical outcomes in patients with and without diabetes. Compared with nondiabetic patients, diabetic patients showed a more blunted response to hypo- and hyperglycemia and glucose variability. Glycemic control strategies should be reconsidered to avoid both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
Urban–rural disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among Chinese middle-aged and older adults from 2011 to 2015: a repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Cheng Haozhe , Gu Yiran , Ma Xiaochen , Tang Haoqing , Liu Xiaoyun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundChina has experienced a continuing increase in hypertension prevalence over the past few decades, especially in rural areas. The paper aims to examine the variation of urban–rural disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among Chinese middle-aged and older adults between 2011 and 2015.MethodsOur team extracted data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative survey of residents aged 45 years and older. In this study, we used the 2011 wave and the 2015 wave of CHARLS. We calculated crude rates and age-adjusted rates of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control for the general, urban, and rural populations in each wave and performed chi-square tests to examine urban–rural disparities. We used logistic regression to further confirm these disparities by controlling confounding factors in each wave. We then used generalized estimating equation (GEE) to further examine whether urban–rural disparities changed between 2011 and 2015.ResultsWe included 11,129 records in the 2011 wave and 8916 records in the 2015 wave in this study. The mean age was 59.0 years and 5359 (48.2%) participants were male in the 2011 wave. Age-adjusted hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and control among treated in the total population were 38.5%, 70.6%, 59.2%, 27.4%, and 46.4% in 2015. Urban–rural disparities in the indicators mentioned above were 5.7%, 13.4%, 15.3%, 9.4% and 5.6% in 2011; which decreased to 4.8%, 2.7%, 5.2%, 4.9% and 3.8% in 2015. Urban–rural disparities in prevalence, awareness and treatment were statistically significant in 2011 but not significant in 2015 adjusted for confounding factors, yet control disparities were statistically significant in both waves. Finally, urban–rural disparities in awareness and treatment had narrowed from 2011 to 2015.ConclusionsAwareness, treatment, and control rates were sub-optimal among both urban and rural adults. Prevention and management of hypertension among both urban and rural adults should be further strengthened. Awareness and treatment increased more rapidly among rural adults, indicating some achievement had been made in enhancing the healthcare system in rural areas. More efforts are needed in attaining urban–rural equity of healthcare services.
Pericardial computed tomography imaging findings in the setting of coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Madani Mohammad H. , Ghasemiesfe Ahmadreza , Abdelhafez Yasser G. , Nardo Lorenzo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Pericardial disease can be a manifestation of infection and imaging can have a role in its diagnosis. coccidioidomycosis endemic fungal infection has been more frequently reported over the past few decades. Other than case reports or series, there has been no systemic study evaluating pericardial imaging findings in patients with coccidioidomycosis to the best of our knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intrathoracic computed tomographic (CT) imaging abnormalities in patients with coccidioidal infection with specific emphasis on the pericardium.

Methods
Retrospective review of radiology reports and clinical chart review was performed to identify patients with coccidioidomycosis between January 2000 and September 2021 at our medical center. Diagnosis of infection was confirmed predominately with serology. Patients were excluded if a CT was not performed within 3 months of confirmed diagnosis date and if there was concomitant additional granulomatous or fungal infection. Chest CT was reviewed for pericardial and additional intrathoracic findings.

Results
The final retrospective cohort consisted of 37 patients. Imaging findings included lung nodules (N = 33/37), consolidation (N = 25/37), mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy (N = 20/37) and pleural effusions (N = 13/37). Eleven of 37 patients (30%) had either trace pericardial fluid (N = 3/37) or small pericardial effusions (N = 8/37). One patient had pericardial enhancement/thickening and history of pericardial tamponade. No other patient had clinical pericarditis or pericardial tamponade. Pericardial calcifications were not seen in any patient. Pericardial effusion was statistically associated with presence of pleural effusion as 9/13 patients with pleural effusion had pericardial effusion versus 2/26 patients without pleural effusion had pericardial effusion (p < 0.001). Otherwise patients with and without pericardial imaging findings were similar in terms of demographics, comorbidities and other imaging findings.

Conclusion
Pulmonary parenchymal pathology is a common manifestation of coccidioidal infection. Most patients with coccidioidomycosis do not have pericardial imaging abnormalities on CT.
The comparative accuracy of pooled vs. individual blood culture sampling methods for diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection
Authors: Deawtrakulchai Phitphiboon , Cheawchanwattana Surampa , Sribenjalux Wantin , Meesing Atibordee 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost of treatment in critically ill patients. A differential time to positivity (DTP) of 120 min or more between blood cultures obtained through the catheter vs. peripheral vein is an indicator of CRBSI with high sensitivity and specificity. However, it is no clear whether pooled sampling would be as efficient as individual sampling in order to reduce costs, contamination, or anemia.

Methods
This was a prospective diagnostic study conducted at the medical ICU and semi-ICU of Khon Kaen University’s Srinagarind Hospital in Thailand from May 2020 to November 2021. Fifty patients with triple-lumen central venous catheters (CVCs) who were clinically suspected of CRBSI were enrolled. 15 mL of blood was drawn through each catheter lumen, 10 mL of which was inoculated into three blood culture bottles, and the remaining 5 mL was pooled into a single bottle. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and time to positivity of the pooled blood cultures were calculated using individual blood cultures as a reference.

Results
Of the 50 patients enrolled, 14 (28%) were diagnosed with CRBSI, 57.9% of whom were infected with gram-negative bacteria as the causative pathogen (57.9%). Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism. Sensitivity and specificity of the pooled blood sampling method were 69.23% (95% CI [0.44–0.94]) and 97.3% (95% CI [0.92–1.02]), respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.83 (95% CI [0.68–0.99]). A paired T-Test to compare time to positivity of the pooled blood bottle and the first positive culture from the individual bottles indicated statistical significance (14.9 and 12.4 h, respectively). The mean difference was 2.5 [0.9–4.1] h, with a 95% CI and a p-value of 0.006.

Conclusion
Pooled blood sampling results in a lower sensitivity and longer time to positivity for CRBSI diagnosis in patients with triple-lumen CVCs than individual lumen sampling.
Trial registration Retrospectively registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registry. The study was reviewed and approved on 08/03/2022. TCTR identification number is TCTR20220308002
Multivariate analysis of the effect of Chalazia on astigmatism in children
Authors: Ouyang Lijuan , Chen Xinke , Pi Lianhong , Ke Ning 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Chalazion may affect visual acuity. This study aimed to evaluate refractive status of chalazia and effect of different sites, sizes, and numbers of chalazion on astigmatism.

Methods
Three hundred ninety-eight patients aged 0.5–6 years were divided into the chalazion group (491 eyes) and the control group (305 eyes). Chalazia were classified according to the site, size, and number. Refractive status was analyzed through the comparison of incidence, type, mean value and vector analysis.

Results
The incidence, type, refractive mean and of astigmatism in the chalazion group were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). For comparison of the incidence, the middle-upper eyelid (50%) was highest, followed by 41.77% in the medial-upper eyelid, both higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In medium (54.55%) and large groups (54.76%) were higher than that in the control group (27.21%) (P < 0.05). In multiple chalazia, the astigmatism incidence for chalazion with two masses was highest (56%), much higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). However, this difference was not significant in chalazion with ≥3 masses (P > 0.05). For comparison of the refractive mean,the medial-upper eyelid, middle-upper eyelid and medial-lower eyelid were higher than the control group (P < 0.05) (P < 0.05). The 3-5 mm and >5 mm group were higher than those in the control group and <3 mm group(P < 0.05), and the>5 mm group was larger than the 3-5 mm group，suggesting that the risk of astigmatism was higher when the size of masses > 5 mm. Astigmatism vector analysis can intuitively show the differences between groups, the results are the same as refractive astigmatism.

Conclusion
Chalazia in children can easily lead to astigmatism, especially AR and OBL. Chalazia in the middle-upper eyelid, size ≥3 mm, and multiple chalazia (especially two masses) are risk factors of astigmatism. Invasive treatment should be performed promptly if conservative treatment cannot avoid further harm to the visual acuity due to astigmatism.
Fake anabolic androgenic steroids on the black market – a systematic review and meta-analysis on qualitative and quantitative analytical results found within the literature
Authors: Magnolini Raphael , Falcato Luis , Cremonesi Alessio , Schori Dominique , Bruggmann Philip 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objective
Supraphysiologic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used to improve body image and sport performance goals. These substances can easily be acquired over the internet, leading to a substantial black market. We reviewed literature that assessed the quality and quantity of AAS found on the black market.

Methods
We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase and Google Scholar for articles published before March 2022. Additional hand searches were conducted to obtain studies not found in the primary literature search. Studies were included if they report on qualitative and/or quantitative analytical findings of AAS from the black market. Primary outcomes were proportions of counterfeit or substandard AAS. Eligible articles were extracted; quality appraisal was done using the ToxRTool for in-vitro studies. We used random-effects models to calculate the overall mean estimates for outcomes. The review protocol has been published and registered in INPLASY.

Results
Overall, 19 studies, which in total comprised 5,413 anabolic samples, met the inclusion criteria, and passed the quality appraisal from two WHO world regions that reported findings, the Americas and Europe. Most studies were nonclinical laboratory studies (95%) and provided samples seized by authorities (74%). In 18 articles, proportions of counterfeit substances and in eight articles, proportions of substandard substances were presented. The overall mean estimate for counterfeit anabolic steroids found on the black market was 36% (95% CI = 29, 43). An additional 37% (95% CI = 17, 63) were of substandard quality. We also demonstrate that these drugs could contain no active ingredient, or in another amount than that labeled, a wrong active ingredient, as well as not all or more active ingredients than were labeled. High heterogeneity among all analyses and significant differences between geographical subgroups were found.

Conclusion
With this systematic review and meta-analysis, we demonstrate that substantial mean proportions of black-market AAS are counterfeit and of substandard quality. These products pose a considerable individual and public health threat, and the very wide range in proportions of fake black-market AAS puts the user in a situation of unpredictable uncertainty. There is a great need for future prevention and harm-reduction programs to protect users from these substances.
Price elasticity and affordability of aerated or sugar-sweetened beverages in India: implications for taxation
Authors: John Rijo M. , Tullu Fikru T. , Gupta Rachita 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The sale of aerated or sugar-sweetened beverages (ASBs) has been consistently growing in India which has also experienced a major increase in non-communicable diseases. This study estimates the price elasticities of ASBs by different household-income groups in India and examine the trends in their affordability.

Methods
The price elasticity for ASBs were estimated using a nationally representative household sample survey on consumption of ASBs in India and with Deaton’s method which is robust to self-reported household expenditure surveys. Trends in affordability of ASBs were estimated using relative income price (RIP) which measured the proportion of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) required to purchase 100 L of ASBs in a given year. The elasticity parameters were used to estimate the incremental tax needed for a 10% reduction in ASB consumption.

Results
The own-price elasticity of ASBs is − 0.94 in the overall sample and varied between − 1.04 to − 0.83 from low- to high-income households. There has been an annual average decline of about 6.8% in RIP of ASBs or an increase in their affordability over the last 13 years. Increasing the compensation cess on ASBs under the current Goods and Services Tax (GST) to 29%, will have the effect of decreasing ASB consumption by 10% and increasing the tax revenue by about 27%.

Conclusion
The taxation policy on ASBs in India has largely been ineffective at increasing the real retail prices of ASBs as a result of which ASB consumption grew. ASBs should be classified along with other unhealthy products like tobacco and alcohol as demerit products for the purpose of taxation and their taxes should be regularly increased sufficiently enough to compensates for both general price inflation and income growth so as to decreases their affordability.
Understanding the post-2010 increase in food bank use in England: new quasi-experimental analysis of the role of welfare policy
Authors: Sosenko Filip , Bramley Glen , Bhattacharjee Arnab 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The number of food banks (charitable outlets of emergency food parcels) and the volume of food distributed by them increased multi-fold in the United Kingdom (UK) since 2010. The overwhelming majority of users of food banks are severely food insecure. Since food insecurity implies a nutritionally inadequate diet, and poor dietary intake has been linked to a number of diseases and chronic conditions, the rise in the number of people using food banks is a phenomenon of significant importance for public health. However, there is a shortage of robust, causal statistical analyses of drivers of food bank use, hindering social and political action on alleviating severe food insecurity.

Methods
A panel dataset of 325 local authorities in England was constructed, spanning 9 years (2011/12–2019/20). The dataset included information about the volume of parcels and the number of food banks in the Trussell Trust network, as well as economy-related, welfare system-related and housing-related variables. A quasi-experimental approach was employed in the form of a ‘first differencing’ ecological model, predicting the number of food parcels distributed by food banks in the Trussell Trust network. This neutralised bias from omitting time-constant unobserved confounders.

Results
Seven predictors in the model were statistically significant, including four related to the welfare system: the value of the main out-of-work benefit; the roll-out of Universal Credit; benefit sanctions; and the ‘bedroom tax’ in social housing. Of the remaining three significant predictors, one regarded the ‘supply’ side (the number of food banks in the area) and two regarded the ‘demand’ side (the proportion of working age population on out-of-work benefits; the proportion of working age population who were unemployed).

Conclusion
The structure of the welfare system has been partly responsible for driving food bank use in the UK since 2011. Severe food insecurity could be alleviated by reforming aspects of the benefit system that have been evidenced to be implicated in the rise in food bank use. More broadly, the findings provide support for ‘Health and Health Equity in All Policies’ approach to policymaking.
Achieving proportional representation in a reproductive health survey through social media: process and recommendations
Authors: McCarthy Ona L. , Palmer Melissa J. , Gubijev Anasztazia , Wellings Kaye , Mann Sue , Leon Lydia , Callaghan Faye , Patterson Sophie , French Rebecca S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe narrative surrounding women’s reproductive health has shifted from a medical model to an emphasis on reproductive well-being over different life-stages. We developed and piloted a tracker survey for monitoring women’s reproductive health and well-being in England, recruiting respondents online. This paper reports on the success of the online recruitment strategies in achieving a sample proportionally representative of the England general population.MethodsRecruitment was through Facebook and Instagram advertisements and dissemination through Twitter and a blog. At the end week one, the sample was reviewed and compared to the 2011 Census England population. From week two, recruitment targeted under-represented groups. Key data were compared with prevalence estimates from the Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).ResultsBetween 1 July-17 August 2021, 13,962 people initiated the online survey, with 11,578 completing it. Numbers were low initially, but peaked at 1700 survey initiations per day after increasing the daily advertisement budget on day seven. At the end of week one, minority ethnic groups and people without a degree or equivalent were under-represented. From week two, we altered the advertisement settings to show to people whose profile indicated they were a ‘high school leaver’ had ‘up to some high school’, worked in industries that do not typically require a degree or lived in local authorities with a high proportion of ethnic minority residents. This had a modest effect, with the final sample short of proportional representation in terms of ethnicity and education but close in terms of region and age. Compared to Natsal-3, we found consistency in the proportion of respondents reporting an abortion and a live birth in the last year, however, the proportion of our sample reporting ever having experienced infertility was significantly higher than in Natsal-3, as was the proportion of ‘planned’ pregnancies in the last year.ConclusionsIt is possible to recruit large numbers of respondents online, relatively quickly, to complete a reproductive health survey. This will be valuable to track reproductive health and well-being at a national level over time. More work is needed to understand reasons for non-response among under-represented groups.