bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of Two Perfect-flowered Mutants in Cucumber1
Authors: Iezzoni A. F. , Peterson C. E. , Tolla G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The M/m locus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) controls the development of pistillate (M/m) vs. perfect (m/m) flowers. However, the F1 between 2 perfect-flowered lines, one derived from ‘Crystal Apple’ and the other derived from a Polish breeding line, had pistillate flowers suggesting the presence of another locus, M-2, acting in a complementary manner. In F2, BC, F3, and F2BC populations, bacterial wilt resistance was used as a linked genetic marker to distinguish between the m/m plants which were resistant to bacterial wilt and the m-2/m-2 plants which were susceptible to bacterial wilt. Analysis of segregating generations confirmed complementary gene action between 2 very closely linked genes, M/m and M-2/m-2, both of which are tightly linked to the gene for bacterial wilt resistance.
The Effect of Chemical Treatments and Heat on Color Stability of Frozen Machine-harvested Strawberries for Jam1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A. , Morris J. R. , Kozup J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted on 2 cultivars of mechanically harvested strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) to determine the effects of chemical treatments and heat on stability of color in frozen fruit for jam. Treatment with NaHSO3, citric acid or SnCl2 improved color of the jam when compared to the control, as demonstrated by Color Difference Meter (CDM) values and sensory ratings. The CDM color functions were higher on jam made from frozen puree than from frozen whole fruit, yet panel scores were significantly higher on jam from whole fruit. The jam made from frozen puree browned more during storage than that made from whole fruit. There were significant differences in color between cultivars and storage temperatures, but differences among treatments were larger. Treatment with NaHSO3, citric acid or SnCl2 offer possibilities for stabilizing color in jam.
Differentiation of Malus Clones into Resistance Classes by their Effects on the Biology of Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmn.1
Authors: Mackenzie J. D. , Cummins J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Degrees of resistance of 4 Malus clones to woolly apple aphid (WAA) were determined by the survival, development and behavior of nymphs caged on the plants. Nymphal survival rates after 2 weeks on ‘Empire’, ‘Northern Spy’, and ‘Robusta 5’ were 78%, 30%, and 0.8% respectively. After 4 weeks, only the aphids on ‘Empire’ were at reproductive age. M. baccata mandshurica (Maxim.) Schneid. PI 322713 ‘Manchurian Crab’ expressed partial resistance compared to ‘Empire’ on the basis of insect developmental times, even though insect survival after 2 weeks was unaffected. First instar developmental times on ‘Manchurian Crab’ and ‘Empire’ were 14 and 5 days respectively; days to reproductive maturity was greater than 30 days for ‘Manchurian Crab’ compared to 13 for ‘Empire’. Different feeding behavior was expressed by the proportion of aphids in motion at the times of observation and proportion of aphids feeding at the same location for 12-hr periods. The data suggest that for comparing quantitative differences in resistances of clones, determining developmental times is a more sensitive technique than measuring nymphal survival.
Effect of Soil Acidity and Nitrogen on Yield and Elemental Concentration of Bush Bean, Carrot, and Lettuce1
Authors: Hemphill Delbert D. , Jackson Thomas L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were grown for 3 years on soils amended with S or lime and N fertilizer. Yields of all crops increased with lime application but response to N varied among crops and years. Lettuce head weight tended to increase with N application at pH greater than 6.0, but it decreased with N application at lower pH levels. A soil pH of 5.6 to 6.4 was optimal for carrots and beans, and of 6.1 to 6.6 for lettuce. Plant tissue K and Mg concentrations were not affected by soil pH or N rate. Phosphorus and Ca concentration of plant tissue generally increased with lime application. Plant tissue Zn and Mn concentration usually decreased with increasing soil pH between pH 5.1 and 6.4. The reduction in bean and lettuce leaf Mn concentration between pH 5.1 and 5.7 ranged from 30 to 71%. Low bean yields at pH 5.1 were possibly caused by a combination of Mn toxicity and P deficiency. Failure of lettuce to head at low pH may have been caused by Mn toxicity.
Identification of Flavonoid Chemical Markers in Roses and their High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Resolution and Quantitation for Cultivar Identification1
Authors: Asen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flavonoids in flowers of ‘White Masterpiece’, ‘Bridal Pink’, and ‘Samantha’ roses (Rosa spp) were either kaempferol or quercetin 3-glycosides. They were the glucoside, xyloside, arabinoside, rhamnoside, glucuronide, rutinoside, a rhamnosylglucoside (not rutinose or neohesperidose), an acylated form of the rhamnosylglucoside, and galloylghicoside. Kaempferol 4’-glucoside, an important marker derived almost exclusively from old Scotch roses (R. foetida and R. spinossisima) was present only in ‘White Masterpiece’. Anthocyanins from ‘Bridal Pink’ and ‘Samantha’ were either cyanidin or pelargonidin 3,5-diglucosides along with traces of the related 3-glucoside. Parameters for the resolution and the quantitation of these flavanoids, by high pressure liquid chromatography, were established. Uniform sampling techniques were developed because of the quantitative differences in the flavonoid distribution in a rose petal. Changes in the rate of fertilizer application and daylength affected only the concentration of the flavonoids, and the ratio of each compound to the total remained fairly constant.
Ultrastructural Localization of Polysaccharides in Apple Leaf Cuticles1,2
Authors: Reed David W. , Tukey Harold B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ultrastructural localization of polysaccarides in Malus domestica Borkh. leaf cuticles was investigated by electron microscopy staining. The cuticle/cell wall interface was not stained by ruthenium red or hydroxylamine-ferric chloride, indicating the lack of a distinct pectin layer. The inner region of the cuticle was intensely and uniformly stained by phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and was lightly stained by silver proteinate, indicating the presence of polysaccharides, which in part may be pectin as indicated by staining with ruthenium red. Fibrils in the inner region of the cuticle were not stained by ruthenium red, hydroxylamine-ferric chloride or silver proteinate, but appeared lightly stained by PTA; this suggests by deduction that the fibrils may consist of cutinized cellulose. The outer region of the cuticle was not stained by any of the staining procedures, indicating the lack of polysaccharides.
New Anthocyanins from Tibouchina granulosa1
Authors: Francis F. J. , Draetta I. , Baldini V. , Iaderoza M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two previously unreported nuyor pigments were found in the blue flowers of Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.: malvidin-3-(di-p-coumaroyl xyloside)-5-glucoside and malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl xyloside)-5-glucoside. The first pigment is easily degraded to the second since the second p-coumaric acid molecule is quite labile. Two other pigments were present in trace amounts.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Common Bean1
Authors: Bassett M. J. , Shuh D. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of male sterility was studied in germplasm of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) obtained from the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. The source was selected for plants with high pollen abortion rates (mean = 91%) and for failure to set any seed or pods by self-pollination when grown in screened greenhouses. These male-sterile plants were crossed with the snap bean ‘Sprite’, and the resulting F1 progenies were all male-sterile under greenhouse conditions. The F1 plants were backcrossed to ‘Sprite’ and the BC1 progenies did not segregate for male-fertile plants under field conditions. Four more backcrosses to ‘Sprite’ have produced progenies that were uniformly male-sterile. It was concluded that the CIAT source of male sterility is inherited through the maternal parent and is cytoplasmic. Nineteen commercial cultivars of snap beans and dry beans were crossed onto BC3 plants, and none of these genotypes restored the pollen fertility in F1 progeny.
Ethylene, Fungi, and Summer Fruit Drop of Navel Orange1
Authors: Southwick Stephen M. , Davies Frederick S. , El-Gholl N. E. , Schoulties C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Species of Alternaria and Gloeosporium were most often isolated from fruit with blossom-end yellowing (BEY), a disorder associated with summer fruit drop of navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Fruit inoculated with pure cultures of these fungi did not develop BEY; however, wounded fruit which were inoculated with fungi produced higher levels of ethylene and more extensive BEY than wounded, noninoculated fruit. Fruit with BEY produced higher amounts of ethylene than symptomless fruit. The methoxy analog of rhizobitoxine (methoxyvinylglycine) did not reduce ethylene levels, and silver nitrate increased ethylene production from fruit with BEY. Ethylene and fungi are associated with BEY of navel orange but do not appear to be causal factors.
Differences in Biochemical Composition between ‘Beurre d’Anjou’ and ‘Bose’ Pears during Fruit Development and Storage1
Authors: Chen P. M. , Richardson D. G. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A comparative study in 1979 and 1980 between ‘Anjou’, a long-keeping winter pear and ‘Bose’, a shorter keeping winter pear (both Pyrus communis L.) revealed that ethanol-insoluble matter, titratable acids, soluble solids, proteins, and free amino acids in fruit of both cultivars during fruit development, maturation, and storage period fluctuated from season to season and were not associated with their difference in postharvest life. Malic acid was the major fraction of organic acids in both cultivars, and it declined at a faster rate in ‘Bosc’ than in ‘Anjou’ during storage at −1.1°C. The amounts of citric, oxaloacetic, and fumaric acids were higher in ‘Bosc’ than in ‘Anjou’ and were maintained at constant levels throughout the storage period. Internal ethylene in both cultivars early in fruit development was about 0.3 ppm and decreased rapidly to below 0.07 ppm during late fruit development and harvest period. For 2 seasons, ‘Bosc’ was capable of ripening after less than 20 days of chilling at −1.1°C when its internal ethylene increased to 0.2 ppm, while ‘Anjou’ required at least 50 days of chilling to develop the ripening capacity coincident with an internal ethylene above 2.0 ppm. Internal ethylene accumulated in ‘Bosc’ about 8 times faster than in ‘Anjou’ during the first 60 days of storage at −1.1° and reached an equilibrium at 40 ppm for ‘Bosc’ and only 5 ppm for ‘Anjou’ during the remaining storage period. After any corresponding period of cold storage, both ethylene and CO2 productions of ‘Bosc’ at ripening temperature of 20° were higher than those of ‘Anjou’, and ‘Bosc’ also required fewer days to reach the climacteric peaks than did ‘Anjou’.
Early Season Root and Shoot Growth of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple on Four Rootstocks as Affected by Pruning at Planting1
Authors: Young Eric , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Smoothee Golden Delicious) on 4 rootstocks Mailing (M) 9, Malling-Merton 106/M 9, MM 106, and seedling, received 4 pruning treatments at planting: no pruning, shoot pruned to 70 cm above graft union and branches removed, root pruned to 1/3 its original volume, or shoot and root both pruned as above, to determine effects on early shoot and root growth. Shoot pruning stimulated rapid new shoot growth and resulted in the highest new shoot relative growth rate and new shoot/total shoot dry weight ratio. Also, shoot pruning, with and without root pruning, resulted in very little root dry weight increase up to 8 weeks after planting, indicating a competitive inhibition of root growth by rapid new shoot growth. Root pruning, with and without shoot pruning, stimulated the greatest amount of new, white root formation soon after planting, but these contributed very little to root dry weight. Shoot- and root-pruned trees had the lowest shoot and root dry weights with all rootstocks. Pruning treatments significantly altered the root/shoot ratios of trees on M 9 and MM 106/M 9, but not on MM 106 and seedling. Shoot pruning of trees on M 9 caused the greatest deviation of root/shoot ratio from unpruned, heavily favoring shoot growth.
Quality of Muscadine Grapes after Storage with Sulfur Dioxide Generators1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Nesbitt W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nine cultivars/selections of muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were stored for 49 days at O°C in 6 liter telescoping, corrugated-cardboard shipping containers with polyethylene liners, and 3 types of commercially available SO2 generators. Susceptibility to decay during storage varied greatly among selections (7 to 82% decay without SO2). The SO2 generators produced up to 29 ppm SO2 and all 3 types reduced decay. The genotypes also varied widely in their tolerance of SO2. Placement of newspaper in the shipping containers reduced the concentrations of SO2, reduced SO2 damage to the fruit by up to 74%, and had an inconsistent influence on the development of decay. Fruit of selection NC 67A015-17 appeared to be the best suited for long-term storage.
Effects of Ethephon on Olive Ripening1
Authors: Rugini E. , Bongi G. , Fontanazza G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Solutions of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm were sprayed on trees of ‘Giarraffa’ olive (Olea europaea L.) time midway between the onset of pit hardening, and the maximum respiratory rate induced early pigmentation of drupes. Treatment modified anthocyanins, respiratory ratio (CO2/O2), polyphenols, redox potential, total sugars and their composition, linoleic/palmitoleic acid ratio, and dry weight. Pulp/stone ratio, respiratory rate, pH, uronic acids, oil, principal fatty acids, and protein content did not differ from the control. Ethephon applied after the occurrence of the maximum respiratory ratio only reduced the fruit detachment strength. These results confirm the hypothesis which attributes a climacteric model to the attached fruits and a nonclimacteric model to the detached ones. The physiological modifications of fruits ripened with ethephon were similar to those found in the last stage of natural maturation.
Effect of Ozone Injury and Light Stress on Response of Tomato to Infection by the Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus, Glomus fasciculatus1
Authors: McCool P. M. , Menge J. A. , Taylor O. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Heinz 1350’) were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe and either exposed to 30 pphm (589 μg/m3) ozone or to filtered air for 3 hours once weekly, beginning 3 weeks after inoculation, under long photoperiods (12–13.5 hr). Root infection by G. fasciculatus in ozone-exposed plants was retarded from week 3 to 5 compared to controls but recovered by week 7. Growth rates of mycorrhizal control plants were significantly greater than ozone-exposed mycorrhizal plants, but there were no differences in growth rates of nonmycorrhizal controls, mycorrhizal ozone-exposed plants, and nonmycorrhizal ozone-exposed plants. Under short photoperiods (less than 12 hr), growth rates of mycorrhizal controls were less than nonmycorrhizal controls and ozone did not significantly affect growth rates of nonmycorrhizal plants relative to controls. Leaf chlorophyll levels were similar whether plants were mycorrhizal, nonmycorrhizal, or exposed to ozone.
Induction of Semisterility Mutations in Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Bassett M. J. , Hung L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bean pollen treated with 2, 4, 8, and 16 kR of gamma irradiation was used to produce M1 seed. The M1 plants were screened for semisterility of the pollen. The inheritance of the semisterility mutations was studied in crosses to a tester stock with recessive marker genes and in M2 and M3 progeny tests. The 4, 8, and 16 kR treatments produced nearly 100% lethal mutations while 2 kR produced 70% lethality. The semisterility factors behaved genetically like dominant alleles in F1 test cross progeny but segregated again for a ratio of 1 semisterile to 1 fertile plant in the F2, indicating that the mutants are probably chromosome aberrations and not genic mutations. They may in fact be chromosome translocation heterozygotes. The semisterility factors produced 40 to 60 % pollen abortion and a significant reduction in seed set per pod. Semisterility factors were found in about 5% of the M1 plants tested.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Pollen of Phoenix (Arecaceae)1
Authors: Tisserat Brent , DeMason Darleen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen samples of 4 cultivars and clones of Phoenix dactylifera L., 2 clones of P. reclinata Jacq. and one clone each of P. humilis Royle, P. roebelenii O’Brien × P. paludosa Roxb., P. rupicola T. Anderson and P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. were compared using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). All grains were monosulcate, elliptical, and had tectate-perforate exines. Cultivars could be distinguished by differences in pollen morphology and exine structure. Characters that showed morphological variation included presence or absence of wax-like substances, grain length, grain width, and grain length:width ratio. Diverse structural characteristics included shape, pattern, size, and frequency of tectal perforations. Morphological and structural characteristics of pollen may serve as an aid in the taxonomic identification of staminate cultivars in Phoenix.
The Relationship of Impedance Ratios and Stem Moisture Content to Vegetative Maturity and Dormancy in Red-osier Dogwood1
Authors: Timmis K. A. , Fuchigami L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electrical impedance ratios and water contents were measured during the development of vegetative maturity and dormancy in a clone of red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea L.) on plants exposed to 16 hour and 12 hour photoperiods in growth chambers to selectively prevent or induce dormancy. Vegetative maturity was designated as the point at which buds were no longer stimulated to grow following artificial defoliation. After this time the ratio of impedance values obtained from the frequencies 10 kHz:100kHz increased and tissue water decreased. Electrical impedance ratios were more easily measured and showed less variation between plants. We conclude that electrical impedance ratios are a means of identifying the onset of vegetative maturity and dormancy in woody deciduous species.
Prevention of Postharvest Stress Cracks in Husked Coconuts during Transit1
Authors: Bruton B. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a stratified shipment of coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.), stress cracks occurred more frequently in the top of the load. Stress cracks and coconut weight loss were directly related. Of the total number of cracked coconuts, 81% occurred within the top section of the load, 10% in the middle, and 9% in the bottom section; while 43% of the total weight loss occurred within the top section, 27% in the middle, and 30% in the bottom section. The average percentages of cracked coconuts for each treatment over all 3 sections were 13.1% for the nonwaxed control, 5.2% for carnauba wax-treated, and 0.4% for paraffin wax-treated.
The Effect of Selected Soil Factors on Growth and Nutrient Content of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)1
Authors: Reich Lee A. , Korcak R. F. , Thompson A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Jersey’ blueberry plants were greenhouse-grown through 1 season with treatments consisting of a factorial combination of 4 soil factors: inoculation with a mycorrhiza-forming fungus; high or low nutrient regime; with or without leachate from a native blueberry soil; and soil porosities corresponding to a clayey, silty, or sandy, and a native blueberry soil, Berryland, as a standard comparison. Although very low in nutrient elements, Berryland soil or its leachate significantly increased plant growth. There was no significant effect on growth from mycorrhizal inoculation at either high or low nutrient levels and only a slight effect from varying the soil free-pore space.
Tree Development, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Two Orange Cultivars on Three Rootstocks in the Negev Region of Israel1
Authors: Levy Yoseph , Mendel Kurt 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of 3 rootstocks on growth, production, fruit quality, and leaf nutrients of old line ‘Washington navel’ and ‘Shamouti’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] was evaluated during a 23-year period for trees growing on loess soil in the northern Negev region of Israel. Highest production was of ‘Washington navel’ on Rough Lemon (C. jambhiri Lush), and lowest yield was ‘Shamouti’ on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshnii Hort. ex Tan.). Fruit size of the 2 cultivars was largest on Rough Lemon and smallest on Cleopatra. Total soluble solids and acid were reduced by Rough Lemon. ‘Shamouti’ leaf K and B were increased and Mg decreased by Rough Lemon. P was lower in ‘Shamouti’ on sour orange (C. aurantium L.). Yields declined during the last years of the experiment, mainly due to crowding.
The Effect of Supplemental High Pressure Sodium Lighting and Nutrition on Vegetative Growth and Flowering of ‘White Marble’ and ‘Improved Mefo’ Cut Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Hughes Becky R. , Tsujita M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. White Marble and Improved Mefo were rooted and grown in cell paks for 34 days under ambient light plus: photoperiodic incandescent night-break lighting 2μE (m−2s−1); 64 μE m−2s−1 high pressure sodium (HPS) dusk to dawn lighting; or 126 μE m−2s−1 HPS dusk to dawn lighting. Container-grown chrysanthemums were fertilized with either 200 ppm N, 86 ppm P and 166 ppm K or 300 ppm N, 129 ppm P and 249 ppm K with every irrigation. After 34 long days these plants were transplanted into raised beds, immediately given short day conditions, and treated as a normal commercial crop. The container-grown treatments were compared to each other and to a bench-grown control which received a total of 48 long days. Supplemental HPS lighting increased the net assimilation rate (NAR), plant dry weight, and height of ‘White Marble’ chrysanthemums after 4 weeks. Increased fertility increased NAR and dry weight in the supplemental light treatment but not in the ambient light treatment. Results were less obvious for “Improved Mefo’. The container-grown treatments were ready for harvest 14 to 22 days before the controls. In both cultivars the high light-high fertility treatment was superior to the other container-grown treatments. The ‘White Marble’ high light-high fertility treatment produced higher quality chrysanthemums than the control, while the same ‘Improved Mefo’ treatment produced chrysanthemums slightly inferior to the control.