bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vehicle pollution is associated with elevated insect damage to street trees
Authors: Meineke Emily K. , Eng David S. , Karban Richard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Vehicle pollution is a pervasive aspect of anthropogenic change across rural and urban habitats. The most common emissions are carbon‐ or nitrogen‐based pollutants that may impact diverse interactions between plants and insect herbivores. However, the effects of vehicle pollution on plant‐insect interactions are poorly understood.

Here, we combine a city‐wide experiment across the Sacramento Metropolitan Area and a laboratory experiment to determine how vehicle emissions affect insect herbivory and leaf nutritional quality.

We demonstrate that leaf damage to a native oak species (Quercus lobata) commonly planted across the western US is substantially elevated on trees exposed to vehicle emissions. In the laboratory, caterpillars preferred leaves from highway‐adjacent trees and performed better on leaves from those same trees.

Synthesis and applications. Together, our studies demonstrate that the heterogeneity in vehicle emissions across cities may explain highly variable patterns of insect herbivory on street trees. Our results also indicate that trees next to highways are particularly vulnerable to multiple stressors, including insect damage. To combat these effects, urban foresters may consider planting trees that are less susceptible to insect herbivory along heavily travelled roadways.
The end of American exceptionalism: An enlightened corrections
Authors: Cullen Francis T. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearch SummaryThe United States is at a turning point in the history of corrections. Suddenly and surprisingly, the era of mass incarceration ended around 2010. Since that time, prison populations, public punitiveness, and get‐tough rhetoric have declined. A challenging question remains, however: Now what? Doing more of the same is foolish but likely. Prison reform is inhibited by the twin realities that states have limited budgets and have existing prisons that are rarely shuttered. New thinking is needed to move beyond these restrictions. One guide for a cognitive shift is Steven Pinker'sEnlightenment Nowin which he argues that sustained improvement in human well‐being in the United States and across the globe is due to the Enlightenment principles of reason, science, humanism, and progress. In this context, an “enlightened corrections” is possible in which policies and practices are evaluated by the four ideals articulated by Pinker. As one example, mass imprisonment is shown to be irrational, unscientific, inhumane, and bereft of a future. By contrast, more promising policies seek to nourish offenders by offering redemption and by using community supervision to build quality relationships that provide a means for targeting risk factors for intervention.Policy ImplicationsThe key policy implication is the proposal to place prison reform within the Biden Administration's support for infrastructure improvement. Funded by the federal government, a “Build Back Better Prison Experiment” would be undertaken in which 10 experimental prisons—designed from a clean slate and selected through a competition—would be created and evaluated. The goal is to establish prisons that are rational in their planning, are evidence based, improve offenders’ lives, and foster a new era of progress in American corrections.
Partitioning of caffeine and quinine in oil‐in‐water emulsions and effects on bitterness
Authors: Tenney Kelsey , Hayes John E. , Bakke Alyssa J. , Elias Ryan J. , Coupland John N. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe bulk vegetable oil–water partition coefficient of caffeine and quinine was determined by a shake‐flask method as log Kow = −1.32 and 2.97. These values were consistent with the effect of oil concentration on the distribution of the bitterants in an oil‐in‐water emulsion (0–2 and 0–20 wt% oil stabilized with 0.125 and 1 wt% whey protein isolate, respectively). For example, in a 20% o/w emulsion, approximately 90% of the total caffeine remained in the aqueous phase, whereas in a 2% o/w emulsion, only ∼20% of the quinine remained in the aqueous phase. The intensity of the bitter taste of caffeine and quinine in emulsions was assessed by a large cohort (n = 100) of untrained participants. An increase in fat in the emulsions (from 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% oil emulsions stabilized with 0.125 wt% whey protein isolate) caused a significant decrease in perceived bitterness that was accompanied by a decrease in the aqueous concentration of the hydrophobic bitterant quinine Specifically, the bitterness of quinine was reduced ∼13% in the o/w emulsion with more fat, and this drop paralleled a drop in the aqueous concentration and was generally consistent with aqueous dose–response functions published elsewhere. For the hydrophilic bitterant caffeine, there was no significant change in the perceived bitterness or aqueous concentration with changing oil concentration. We conclude that the perceived bitterness of a hydrophobic bitterant like quinine in an emulsion depends on the aqueous concentration rather than the overall concentration.
Mixotrophic chain elongation with syngas and lactate as electron donors
Authors: Baleeiro Flávio C. F. , Raab Jana , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Neumann Anke , Sträuber Heike 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFeeding microbial communities with both organic and inorganic substrates can improve sustainability and feasibility of chain elongation processes. Sustainably produced H2, CO2, and CO can be co‐fed to microorganisms as a source for acetyl‐CoA, while a small amount of an ATP‐generating organic substrate helps overcome the kinetic hindrances associated with autotrophic carboxylate production. Here, we operated two semi‐continuous bioreactor systems with continuous recirculation of H2, CO2, and CO while co‐feeding an organic model feedstock (lactate and acetate) to understand how a mixotrophic community is shaped during carboxylate production. Contrary to the assumption that H2, CO2, and CO support chain elongation via ethanol production in open cultures, significant correlations (p < 0.01) indicated that relatives of Clostridium luticellarii and Eubacterium aggregans produced carboxylates (acetate to n‐caproate) while consuming H2, CO2, CO, and lactate themselves. After 100 days, the enriched community was dominated by these two bacteria coexisting in cyclic dynamics shaped by the CO partial pressure. Homoacetogenesis was strongest when the acetate concentration was low (3.2 g L−1), while heterotrophs had the following roles: Pseudoramibacter, Oscillibacter, and Colidextribacter contributed to n‐caproate production and Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Acidipropionibacterium spp. grew opportunistically producing n‐butyrate and propionate, respectively. The mixotrophic chain elongation community was more efficient in carboxylate production compared with the heterotrophic one and maintained average carbon fixation rates between 0.088 and 1.4 g CO2 equivalents L−1 days−1. The extra H2 and CO consumed routed 82% more electrons to carboxylates and 50% more electrons to carboxylates longer than acetate. This study shows for the first time long‐term, stable production of short‐ and medium‐chain carboxylates with a mixotrophic community.
White matter microstructure in habit and reward circuits in anorexia nervosa: Insights from a neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging study
Authors: Murray Stuart B. , Cabeen Ryan P. , Jann Kay , Tadayonnejad Reza , Strober Michael , Feusner Jamie D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundBehavioral features of anorexia nervosa (AN) suggest abnormalities in reward and habit. Neuroimaging evidence suggests morphometric and functional perturbations within these circuits, although fewer studies have assessed white matter characteristics in AN, and no studies to date have assessed white matter microstructure in AN.MethodsIn this brain imaging study, 29 female adolescents with partially or fully weight‐restored AN and 27 healthy controls, all between 10 and 19 years, underwent whole‐brain multi‐shell diffusion tensor imaging. Utilizing neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging methods, we investigated group differences in white matter neurite density, orientation dispersion, and myelin density in tracts between prominent nodes of the reward circuit (ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAcc)) and the habit circuit (sensory motor area [SMA] to putamen).ResultsFindings revealed reduced neurite (F = 5.20, p = 0.027) and myelin density (F = 5.39, p = 0.025) in the left VTA‐NAcc tract, and reduced orientation dispersion in the left (F = 7.00, p = 0.011) and right (F = 6.77, p = 0.012) VTA‐NAcc tract. There were no significant group differences in the SMA‐putamen tract. Significant relationships, after corrections, were not evident between tract microstructure and reward responsiveness, compulsive behaviors, illness duration, or BMI.ConclusionsAdolescents with AN exhibit less dense, undermyelinated, and less dispersed white matter tracts connecting prominent reward system nodes, which could potentially signify underutilization of this part of the reward circuit. These results provide a detailed examination of white matter microstructure in tracts underlying instrumental behavioral phenotypes contributing to illness in AN.
Outcome of root canal treatment using warm vertical compaction with bioceramic and resin‐based sealers: A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Hu Jinghao , Zhu Yunjie , Deng Shuli , Wang Zeji , He Fuming 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the effect of a bioceramic sealer (iRoot SP) and a resin‐based sealer (AH Plus) on the outcome of root canal treatment in a 2‐year follow‐up. Seventy‐six teeth with irreversibly or necrotic pulp were recruited. After instrumentation and disinfection, the root canals were obturated using warm vertical compaction with iRoot SP (n = 43) or AH Plus (n = 33). Patients were followed up by clinical and radiographic examination at 6 12 and 24 months with recall rates of 84.2%, 65.8% and 48.7%, respectively. During each recall session, the success rates were 80%, 85.2% and 85% in the iRoot SP group and 82.8%, 91.3% and 88.2% in the AH Plus group. The success rates of the two groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The bioceramic sealer resulted in a similar clinical performance and success rate to the resin‐based sealer in endodontic treatment during a 2‐year follow‐up.
Precision cut intestinal slices, a novel model of acute food allergic reactions
Authors: Hung Lisa , Celik Alper , Yin Xiaojun , Yu Kai , Berenjy Alireza , Kothari Akash , Obernolte Helena , Upton Julia E. M. , Lindholm Bøgh Katrine , Somers Gino R. , Siddiqui Iram , Grealish Martin , Quereshy Fayez A. , Sewald Katherina , Chiu Priscilla P. L. , Eiwegger Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundFood allergy affects up to 10% of the pediatric population. Despite ongoing efforts, treatment options remain limited. Novel models of food allergy are needed to study response patterns downstream of IgE‐crosslinking and evaluate drugs modifying acute events. Here, we report a novel human ex vivo model that displays acute, allergen‐specific, IgE‐mediated smooth muscle contractions using precision cut intestinal slices (PCIS).MethodsPCIS were generated using gut tissue samples from children who underwent clinically indicated surgery. Viability and metabolic activity were assessed from 0 to 24 h. Distribution of relevant cell subsets was confirmed using single nucleus RNA sequencing. PCIS were passively sensitized using plasma from peanut allergic donors or peanut‐sensitized non‐allergic donors, and exposed to various stimuli including serotonin, histamine, FcɛRI‐crosslinker, and food allergens. Smooth muscle contractions and mediator release functioned as readouts. A novel program designed to measure contractions was developed to quantify responses. The ability to demonstrate the impact of antihistamines and immunomodulation from peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) was assessed.ResultsPCIS viability was maintained for 24 h. Cellular distribution confirmed the presence of key cell subsets including mast cells. The video analysis tool reliably quantified responses to different stimulatory conditions. Smooth muscle contractions were allergen‐specific and reflected the clinical phenotype of the plasma donor. Tryptase measurement confirmed IgE‐dependent mast cell‐derived mediator release. Antihistamines suppressed histamine‐induced contraction and plasma from successful peanut OIT suppressed peanut‐specific PCIS contraction.ConclusionPCIS represent a novel human tissue‐based model to study acute, IgE‐mediated food allergy and pharmaceutical impacts on allergic responses in the gut.
The influence of sex on early post‐operative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
Authors: Veen Danny , Schram‐Serban Corina , de Groot Natasja M. S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundEarly post‐operative atrial fibrillation (EPOAF) occurs more frequently in male (M) patients. However, most patients included in EPOAF studies were also M. The aim of the present study was to compare, in a matched M and F population, the occurrence of EPOAF episodes and EPOAF characteristics using continuous rhythm monitoring (CRM) during the first five post‐operative days.MethodsOur study population consisted of 30 F patients matched with 30 M patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery. After cardiac surgery, patients were continuously monitored for a maximum of 5 days, and the burden of EPOAF episodes was quantified.ResultsNo significant differences in the onset, number, burden, total duration, shortest, median and longest EPOAF episode were detected between M and F patients. However, EPOAF occurred more frequently on the third post‐operative day (F: 16 vs. M: 7; p = .013).ConclusionsExcept for the occurrence of the EPOAF on the third post‐operative day. EPOAF characteristics did not differ between M and F patients.
Insulin resistance disrupts white matter microstructure and amplitude of functional spontaneous activity in bipolar disorder
Authors: Mazza Elena , Calesella Federico , Paolini Marco , di Pasquasio Camilla , Poletti Sara , Lorenzi Cristina , Falini Andrea , Zanardi Raffaella , Colombo Cristina , Benedetti Francesco 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is linked to several structural and functional brain alterations. In addition, BD patients have a three‐fold increased risk of developing insulin resistance, which is associated with neural changes and poorer BD outcomes. Therefore, we investigated the effects of insulin and two derived measures (insulin resistance and sensitivity) on white matter (WM) microstructure, resting‐state (rs) functional connectivity (FC), and fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF).MethodsBD patients (n = 92) underwent DTI acquisition, and a subsample (n = 22) underwent rs‐fMRI. Blood samples were collected to determine insulin and glucose levels. The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were computed. DTI data were analyzed via tract‐based spatial statistics and threshold‐free cluster enhancement. From rs‐fMRI data, both ROI‐to‐ROI FC matrices and fALFF maps were extracted.ResultsInsulin showed a widespread negative association with fractional anisotropy (FA) and a positive effect on radial diffusivity (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD). HOMA‐IR exerted a significant effect on RD in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, whereas QUICKI was positively associated with FA and negatively with RD and MD in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, left anterior corona radiata, and forceps minor. fALFF was negatively modulated by insulin and HOMA‐IR and positively associated with QUICKI in the precuneus. No significant results were found in the ROI‐to‐ROI analysis.ConclusionOur findings suggest that WM microstructure and functional alterations might underlie the effect of IR on BD pathophysiology, even if the causal mechanisms need to be further investigated.
Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Causal Hazard Ratio
Authors: Wang Linbo , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric , Martinussen Torben , Vansteelandt Stijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCox's proportional hazards model is one of the most popular statistical models to evaluate associations of exposure with a censored failure time outcome. When confounding factors are not fully observed, the exposure hazard ratio estimated using a Cox model is subject to unmeasured confounding bias. To address this, we propose a novel approach for the identification and estimation of the causal hazard ratio in the presence of unmeasured confounding factors. Our approach is based on a binary instrumental variable, and an additional no-interaction assumption in a first-stage regression of the treatment on the IV and unmeasured confounders. We propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first consistent estimator of the (population) causal hazard ratio within an instrumental variable framework. A version of our estimator admits a closed-form representation. We derive the asymptotic distribution of our estimator and provide a consistent estimator for its asymptotic variance. Our approach is illustrated via simulation studies and a data application.
Quantitative analysis of drug distribution in heterogeneous tissues using dual‐stacking capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry
Authors: Koganemaru Shigehiro , Kawai Takayuki , Fuchigami Hirobumi , Maeda Naoyuki , Koyama Kumiko , Kuboki Yasutoshi , Mukohara Toru , Doi Toshihiko , Yasunaga Masahiro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeIntratumour heterogeneity frequently leads to drug resistance, which is a major issue in drug discovery. Drug distribution is one of the key factors for elucidating the resistance mechanism; however, quantitative and regional drug measurement is challenging. Here, we developed a novel ultra‐sensitive analytical method and applied it to HER3‐targeting antibody–drug conjugate patritumab deruxtecan (HER3‐DXd), aiming to explore its payload (DXd) distribution within heterogeneous tissues.Experimental ApproachThe developed analytical method is named LDMS‐CE‐MS, a capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) coupled with a novel sample preconcentration/separation method called “large‐volume dual‐sample stacking by micelle collapse and sweeping (LDMS)”. First, the analytical performance of LDMS‐CE‐MS for DXd detection was evaluated. Subsequently, we evaluated the bystander effect of HER3‐DXd, where tumour tissues were excised from xenograft models and clinical specimens after administration of HER3‐DXd. HER3‐high expression, adjacent, and HER3‐low expression regions were then sampled by laser microdissection to quantify the released DXd.Key ResultsLDMS concentrated DXd by 1000‐fold and separated it from the hydrophilic bio‐matrix through continuous capture and release by the charged micelles, allowing quantification at sub‐attomole‐level. DXd concentrations decreased in the order of antigen‐high expression > adjacent > antigen‐low expression regions in the tumour xenograft model, whereas in clinical specimens, adjacent and antigen‐high expression regions had approximately the same concentration. These distributions represent a bystander effect.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur LDMS‐CE‐MS successfully visualized the attomole‐level drug distributions in heterogeneous clinical specimens. This new platform opens a new era of quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis, facilitating drug discovery and development.
Ligand‐independent EphA2 contributes to chemoresistance in small‐cell lung cancer by enhancing PRMT1‐mediated SOX2 methylation
Authors: Liang Shumei , Wang Qiuping , Wen Yang , Wang Yu , Li Man , Wang Qiongyao , Peng Juan , Guo Linlang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChemoresistance is the crux of clinical treatment failure of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). Cancer stem cells play a critical role in therapeutic resistance of malignant tumors. Studies have shown that the role of erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) in tumors is complex. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that ligand‐independent activation of EphA2 modulates chemoresistance by enhancing stemness in SCLC. We verified that EphA2 was activated in chemoresistance sublines in a ligand‐independent manner rather than a ligand‐dependent manner. Ligand‐independent EphA2 enhanced the expression of stemness‐associated biomarkers (CD44, Myc, and SOX2), accelerated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reinforced self‐renewal to drive the chemoresistance of SCLC, while the P817H mutant EphA2 neutralized intrinsic function. Co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) and GST‐pull down experiments were conducted to verify that EphA2 directly interacted with PRMT1. Moreover, EphA2 increased the expression and activity of PRMT1. Whereafter, PRMT1 interacted with and methylated SOX2 to induce stemness and chemoresistance in SCLC. Pharmacological inhibition of EphA2 showed a synergistic anti‐tumor effect with chemotherapy in preclinical models, including patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models. These findings highlight, for the first time, that the EphA2/PRMT1/SOX2 pathway induces chemoresistance in SCLC by promoting stemness. EphA2 is a potential therapeutic target in SCLC treatment.
Periodontitis and risk of immune‐mediated systemic conditions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Larvin Harriet , Kang Jing , Aggarwal Vishal R. , Pavitt Susan , Wu Jianhua 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this review is to examine and quantify the long‐term risk of immune‐mediated systemic conditions in people with periodontitis compared to people without periodontitis.MethodsMedline, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched up to June 2022 using keywords and MeSH headings. The ‘Risk of Bias in Non‐Randomised Studies of Interventions’ tool was used to assess bias. Cohort studies comparing incident metabolic/autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in periodontitis to healthy controls were included. Meta‐analysis and meta‐regression quantified risks and showed impact of periodontitis diagnosis type and severity.ResultsThe search retrieved 3354 studies; 166 studies were eligible for full‐text screening, and 30 studies were included for review. Twenty‐seven studies were eligible for meta‐analysis. The risks of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoporosis were increased in people with periodontitis compared to without periodontitis (diabetes—relative risk [RR]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.13–1.33; RA—RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07–1.52; osteoporosis—RR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12–1.75). Risk of diabetes showed gradient increase by periodontitis severity (moderate—RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.11–1.31; severe—RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.10–1.63).ConclusionPeople with moderate‐to‐severe cases of periodontitis have the highest risk of developing diabetes, while the effect of periodontal severity on risk of other immune‐mediated systemic conditions requires further investigation. More homologous evidence is required to form robust conclusions regarding periodontitis‐multimorbidity associations.