bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Conflict between the Best Interests of the Child and the Right to Respect for Family Life?
Authors: Mørk Anne , Sandberg Kirsten , Schultz Trine , Hartoft Hanne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article explores Danish and Norwegian regulations of adoption without parental consent as a social initiative considering judgements from ECtHR, primarily involving Norway. As the countries are quite similar, Norwegian and Danish legislation are compared. The comparative analysis shows that in non-consensual adoption cases, the understanding of the concept of the best interests of the child seems to differ between the ECtHR on the one hand and Denmark and Norway on the other hand. It is argued that the social welfare system in the Nordic countries is matched by a Nordic view of children and the Court's approach impedes the ongoing development of the child as an independent bearer of rights in Nordic law.
Nothing Out of the Ordinary: The Life of Salomon Marcus
Authors: Lenartowicz Kamila 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From roughly the first half of the eighteenth century, Jewish life in East Prussia was mostly concentrated in Königsberg, the capital city of the province. In 1811, for instance, there were eight hundred and eight Jews in East Prussia, six hundred and fifty of whom were living in Königsberg. In Tilsit, Memel and Gumbinnen, other main cities of the province, there were thirteen, twenty-five, and fourteen Jews respectively. The tiny remainder was spread out among small towns; in the villages there were almost no Jews. While the history of the Jews of Königsberg has been well researched and the Jewish presence in other cities of East Prussia synthesized in several anthologies, that little bit of Jewish life in the small East Prussian towns and villages remains unknown. Considering the insignificant number of Jews who once lived in the East Prussian countryside, this lack of research is understandable.
On the other hand, studies on small communities—or, even more accurate in the case of East Prussia, on individual families—can complete the general picture of Jewish life not only in East Prussia, but in the entire Prussian territory. The accuracy of these studies complements overviews intended mainly to develop an understanding of general processes and happenings. A micro-study can therefore add to existing research—even if only used as a tool with which to confirm or question a more wide-ranging thesis. This essay, an examination of one individual Jewish life in East Prussia, is one such micro-study. It is the story of Salomon Marcus, a small-time Jewish merchant who lived in Gilgenburg, a small town in East Prussia in the Osterode District, in the last three decades of the eighteenth and the first two decades of the nineteenth century.
Bridging the Divide: The Crucifixion in Endo’s The Samurai
Authors: Little Brent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article situates Shusaku Endo’s novel, The Samurai, within postwar theological developments both within his Japanese context and as a consequence of the Catholic Church’s Vatican Council II. Read against this background, The Samurai demonstrates Endo’s wager that the symbol of the crucifix is translatable across cultures. His novel depicts the core Catholic belief that the crucifixion paradoxically reveals God’s Divine Love to humanity through an image of weakness and death, but Endo decentres the Western theological tradition of atonement to reimagine the crucifixion as a manifestation of Jesus’s solidarity and accompaniment with those who are rejected and unjustly oppressed.
Algebraic tools for default modal systems
Authors: Cassano Valentin , Fervari Raul , Areces Carlos , Castro Pablo F 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Default Logics are a family of non-monotonic formalisms having so-called defaults and extensions as their common foundation. Traditionally, default logics have been defined and dealt with via syntactic notions of consequence in propositional or first-order logic. Here, we build default logics on modal logics. First, we present these default logics syntactically. Then, we elaborate on an algebraic counterpart. More precisely, we extend the notion of a modal algebra to accommodate for defaults and extensions. Our algebraic view of default logics concludes with an algebraic completeness result and a way of comparing default logics borrowing ideas from the concept of bisimulation in modal logic. To our knowledge, this take on default logics approach is novel. Interestingly, it also lays the groundwork for studying default logics from a dynamic logic perspective.
Pathophysiology II
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the pathophysiology associated with degeneration of specific, primary neurotransmitter-defined systems is reviewed. An alternative starting point for investigating Parkinson disease (PD) pathophysiology is considering the normal role(s) of specific brain systems affected in the disease. This approach is complicated by the multisystem nature of PD pathology, but it is likely to continue to be important in studying the consequences of neurodegeneration in specific brain systems. Thus, the normal functions of nigrostriatal dopaminergic signaling are reviewed here, and their correlation with the clinical deficits of Parkinson disease (PD) is discussed. The potential roles of altered habit formation and maintenance secondary to striatal dysfunction are reviewed. The potential roles of cholinergic and serotoninergic projection systems degeneration in driving important clinical features of PD are also discussed.
Pharmacology II
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the pharmacologic management of Parkinson disease (PD) is reviewed. L-dopa preparations are the cornerstone of management in the treatment of PD. The features and limitations of L-dopa preparations are discussed, comparing the benefits and drawbacks of different preparations. Newer formulations are also detailed. Adjunctive agents such as catabolic enzyme inhibitors and dopamine agonists are discussed. The pharmacologic management of important non-dopamine replacement–responsive clinical features is also surveyed.
Surgery
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Surgical interventions occupy an important place in the management of Parkinson disease (PD). Prior to the advent of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT), there was considerable interest in lesional surgical interventions for PD. This chapter reviews surgical interventions, primarily deep brain stimulation (DBS) for PD. The rationale and indications for DBS are reviewed, and DBS procedures, outcomes, and complications are discussed. Lesional, cell-based, and gene therapy interventions also are discussed briefly.
The Weight of the Past: Mixed-Race Materiality in Post-Racial Asian American Literature
Authors: Poulsen Melissa Eriko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
I examine the dematerialization of mixed-race characters in contemporary Asian American literature. Reading Celeste Ng’s Everything I Never Told You (2014) alongside Emily X. R. Pan’s The Astonishing Color of After (2018), I trace depictions of characters who momentarily imagine and are ultimately threatened by the disappearance of their bodies—a disappearance that echoes nineteenth- and early twentieth-century portrayals of mixed-race identity in passing narratives. During a time when mixed-race individuals are hypervisible in the United States, why are Asian mixed-race bodies dematerialized? Why do texts return to the narrative paths and tools of passing narratives? I argue that dematerialization is, unexpectedly, an enactment of post-racial discourse, which casts mixed-race individuals as harbingers of a raceless future, ignoring the lived experiences and histories of mixed-race people and interracial families. By recalling passing narratives, Ng and Pan highlight this failure to detect mixed-race realities—and the importance of recovering mixed-race pasts and presents. In the face of post-racial discourse, Everything I Never Told You and The Astonishing Color of After refuse to render mixed-race experiences immaterial. Rejecting co-opted futures and reclaiming forgotten pasts, these novels recast passing narratives to insist on the materiality of their mixed-race protagonists.
Autonomy and Institutionalism in the Law of Contract
Authors: Catterwell Ryan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article considers the extent to which the law of contract is dictated by promise, agreement or intention rather than prevailing norms and standards. It argues that, over the last century, contract law has developed along two different lines. Through statute, policy objectives have been increasingly implemented in contract, in particular, with respect to consumer protection. By contrast, judge-made law has developed, particularly in the commercial context, so as to place greater emphasis on giving effect to what parties promise, agree or intend. This article analyses these changes through an empirical investigation of the law as it has developed in practice. It shows that contract law involves a balance between autonomy and institutionalism; it demonstrates that, beyond consumer protection under statute, contract has shifted in favour of party autonomy.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Theories of Antidiscrimination Law
Authors: Sangiuliano Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article restates and critically analyses two prevalent philosophical approaches towards studying antidiscrimination law. So-called ‘bottom-up’ approaches are committed to ‘moralism’, the view that a discriminatory act’s being morally wrong gives a reason to legally prohibit it, and a ‘prescriptive’ method for theorising about antidiscrimination law, which constructs a theory of the moral wrongness of discrimination as an abstract standard for appraising existing law. ‘Top-down’ approaches are committed to ‘instrumentalism’, the view that the law’s purpose is not to reflect private interpersonal morality, but to function as a tool for promoting a valuable social goal and an ‘interpretive’ method that seeks to justify existing antidiscrimination law. After canvassing alternative approaches, I explain how the influence of antidiscrimination on our moral intuitions about discrimination reveals a connection between prescriptivism and interpretivism. I then argue that interpretivism imposes constraints on accounts of antidiscrimination law’s purpose that are difficult for moralism to satisfy.
Refugee migration and the labour market: lessons from 40 years of post-arrival policies in Denmark
Authors: Arendt Jacob Nielsen , Dustmann Christian , Ku Hyejin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Denmark has accepted refugees from a large variety of countries and for more than four decades. Denmark has also frequently changed policies and regulations concerning integration programmes, transfer payments, and conditions for permanent residency. Such policy variation in conjunction with excellent administrative data provides an ideal laboratory to evaluate the effects of different immigration and integration policies on the outcomes of refugee immigrants. In this article, we first describe the Danish experience with refugee immigration over the past four decades. We then review different post-arrival refugee policies and summarize studies that evaluate their effects on the labour market performance of refugees. Lastly, we discuss and contrast these findings in the context of international studies of similar policies and draw conclusions for policy.
‘Fake News’ in Seventeenth-Century France: The Case of Le Mercure galant
Authors: Steinberger Deborah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Le Mercure galant, one of France’s first newspapers, is notable for its diverse content: politics and foreign affairs, court news, science and medicine, the arts and literature. Directed by Jean Donneau de Visé from its inception in 1672 until his death in 1710, this influential and innovative monthly publication circulated throughout France and beyond its borders. The Mercure’s tendency to blur the lines between truth and fiction, between history and propaganda, and between information and entertainment, makes it an instructive case study in early modern ‘fake news’. Donneau de Visé, a self-styled royal historiographer and the beneficiary of a generous royal pension, dedicated his periodical to the Dauphin and published abundant praise of Louis XIV. The Mercure’s news reporting included distortions and propaganda intended to bolster and further entrench the king’s foreign and domestic policies. The Mercure’s nouvelles, short stories presented as true recent events, constituted another type of ‘fake news’, one that often had a different effect, inviting the re-examination of social norms. The nouvelles appealed to the Mercure’s sizeable community of women readers by accentuating female agency and providing a vehicle for the exploration of scenarios of female empowerment.
When does a purported exercise of a power of appointment impliedly revoke a previous revocable exercise of the power?
Authors: Smith Rodney Stewart 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This Article considers in detail the recent decision in Equiom (Isle of Man) Ltd v Velarde on the exercise of a power of appointment. The Testatrix had a power of appointment in conventional form exercisable in favour of her issue. She had exercised it in 1997 in favour of two of her three children only but reserved a power of revocation. In 2007 she made a Will containing a residuary gift in favour of all her children. The gift used the word “appoint” in addition to the words “leave, devise and bequeath” and referred to property “over which I shall have any power of disposition whatsoever” but there was no express reference to the power of appointment, the previous appointment or the power of revocation. The issue was whether the gift in the Will impliedly revoked the previous appointment and the Judge, upholding the decision of the Deputy Master, held that it did.
Corporate trustees of charities
Authors: Mills Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The trustees of unincorporated charities face greater personal exposure and more administrative burdens than the trustees of incorporated charities. Trustees of unincorporated charities have three main options to reduce these risks: (a) they can ‘incorporate’ the charity; (b) they can replace the board of trustees with a corporate trustee; or (c) they can incorporate the board of trustees. The author has discussed the first option elsewhere in this journal. This article will discuss the second and third options and conclude with a comparison of all the three options.
Under the hood of the draft Swiss trust law
Authors: Thévenoz Luc 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Will trusts soon be part of Swiss private law? The Swiss government has recently published a draft bill for public consultation. This article presents its main features. It looks in some depth at the legal design of the proposal and how it fits into Switzerland’s civil law system. Neither a contract nor a legal entity, the proposed trust is a separate, ring-fenced fund legally owned by the trustee in the exclusive interest of the beneficiaries. Beneficiaries are protected by a broad set of personal claims against the trustee (and potentially against unprotected third-party acquirers) and by the court’s supervisory jurisdiction.
The requirement of ‘power to dispose’ in the Cape Town Convention and its protocols
Authors: Saidova Sanam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concept of an ‘international interest’ is central to the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment. Once an international interest is created, it can be registered in the International Registry, established under the Convention, in which case it will be given priority over competing interests and enforced if the debtor defaults. One of the essential requirements for the constitution of an international interest is that a chargor, conditional seller, and lessor must have the ‘power to dispose’ of the interest held by them in the object. This article evaluates the basis and meaning of the power to dispose requirement under the Convention. It argues that power to dispose (where it arises without the right to dispose) is a matter governed by the Convention and constructs and proposes an internationally uniform concept of power to dispose under the Convention, autonomous from national law.
Recent advances in the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve diagnosis, predict flares, and enrich clinical trials in lupus
Authors: Kingsmore Kathryn M. , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
Machine learning is a computational tool that is increasingly used for the analysis of medical data and has provided the promise of more personalized care.

Recent findings
The frequency with which machine learning analytics are reported in lupus research is comparable with that of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, yet the clinical application of these computational tools has yet to be translated into better care. Considerable work has been applied to the development of machine learning models for lupus diagnosis, flare prediction, and classification of disease using histology or other medical images, yet few models have been tested in external datasets and independent centers. Application of machine learning has yet to be reported for lupus clinical trial enrichment and automated identification of eligible patients. Integration of machine learning into lupus clinical care and clinical trials would benefit from collaborative development between clinicians and data scientists.

Summary
Although the application of machine learning to lupus data is at a nascent stage, initial results suggest a promising future.
Does a Reduced Secondary Operation Rate Offset Higher Implant Charges when Utilizing Suture Button Fixation for Syndesmotic Injuries?
Authors: Flanagan Christopher D. , Solomon Eric , Michalski Joseph , Stang Thomas S. , Stenquist Derek S. , Donohue David , Shah Anjan , Maxson Benjamin , Watson David , Ochenjele George , Mir Hassan R. 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
To determine whether a reduced secondary operation rate offsets higher implant charges when using suture button fixation for syndesmotic injuries.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Single, urban, Level 1 trauma center.

Participants:
Three-hundred twenty-seven (N = 327) skeletally mature patients with rotational ankle fractures (OTA/AO type 44) necessitating concurrent syndesmotic fixation.

Intervention:
Suture button or solid 3.5-mm screw syndesmotic fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:
To compare implant charges with secondary operation charges based on differential implant removal rates between screws and suture buttons.

Results:
Patients undergoing screw fixation were older (48.8 vs. 39.6 years, P < 0.01), had more ground-level fall mechanisms (59.3% vs. 51.1%, P = 0.026), and sustained fewer 44C type injuries (34.7% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.01). Implant removal occurred at a higher rate in the screw fixation group (17.6% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.005). Binomial logistic regression identified nonsmoker status (B = 1.03, P = 0.04) and implant type (B = 1.41, P = 0.008) as factors associated with implant removal. Adjusting for age, the NNT with a suture button construct to prevent one implant removal operation was 9, with mean resulting additional implant charges of $9747 ($1083/case). Backward calculations using data from previous large studies estimated secondary operation charges at approximately $14220, suggesting a potential 31.5% cost savings for suture buttons when considering reduced secondary operation rates.

Conclusions:
A reduced secondary operation rate may offset increased implant charges for suture button syndesmotic fixation when considering institutional implant removal rates for operations occurring in tertiary care settings. Given these offsetting charges, surgeons should use the syndesmotic fixation strategy they deem most appropriate in their practice setting.

Level of Evidence:
Economic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Persistent CD38 Expression on CD8+ T Lymphocytes Contributes to Altered Mitochondrial Function and Chronic Inflammation in People With HIV, Despite ART
Authors: Mathur Poonam , Kottilil Shyamasundaran , Pallikkuth Suresh , Frasca Daniela , Ghosh Alip 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Age-associated comorbidities are higher in people with HIV (PWH) than HIV-negative individuals. This is partially attributed to immune activation and CD38 expression on T cells driving chronic inflammation. However, the exact contribution of CD38-expressing T cells on the proinflammatory response is not completely understood.

Methods:
CD38-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes were measured from PWH and HIV-negative individuals. Mitochondrial mass, superoxide content, membrane depolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and cytokine production after HIV(Gag)-specific peptide stimulation from CD38+CD8+ T lymphocytes of PWH were measured to link biological effects of CD38 expression on cellular metabolism.

Results:
The frequency of activated CD8+CD38+ T cells persists in PWH on ART compared with HIV-negative individuals. Higher CD38 expression is associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and HIV(Gag)-specific proinflammatory cytokine production in PWH. Blockade of CD38 results in lower Gag-specific cytokine production.

Conclusions:
ART only partially reduced HIV-induced CD38 expression on CD8+ T cells. CD8+ CD38+ T cells are highly activated in vivo, and HIV-specific stimulation in vitro augments CD38 expression, contributing to a proinflammatory response despite virologic control with ART. Therefore, CD38 is a potential therapeutic target for mitigating chronic inflammation that likely drives cellular aging, comorbidities, and end-organ disease in PWH.
Factors Associated With Sleep Quality in Hospitalized Persons With Dementia
Authors: Kuzmik Ashley , Boltz Marie , BeLue Rhonda , Galvin James E. , Arendacs Rachel , Resnick Barbara 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Factors associated with sleep quality have not been well examined in hospitalized older persons with dementia, who are at high risk for impaired sleep. The aim was to identify factors associated with sleep quality among hospitalized persons with dementia.

Methods:
This secondary analysis used baseline data from a cluster randomized trial. Factors examined included delirium severity, pain, depression, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and daytime physical activity. Multiple stepwise linear regressions evaluated factors related to dimensions of sleep quality (sleep duration, efficiency, latency, and fragmentation; measured by the MotionWatch 8).

Results:
Increased daytime physical activity was associated with higher sleep duration [β=0.164; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.111-0.717; P=0.008; 7.7% variance] and sleep efficiency (β=0.158; 95% CI, 0.020-0.147; P=0.010; 5.4% variance), and less sleep fragmentation (β=−0.223; 95% CI, −0.251 to −0.077; P<0.001; 10.4% variance). Higher BPSD was significantly associated with prolonged sleep latency (β=0.130; 95% CI, 0.098-2.748; P=0.035; 3.7% variance).

Conclusion:
Results suggest the need to encourage daytime physical activity and reduce or manage BPSD to improve sleep quality among hospitalized persons with dementia.