bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Household Deprivation, Comorbidities, and COVID-19 Hospitalization in Children in Germany, January 2020 to July 2021
Authors: Dragano Nico , Dortmann Olga , Timm Jörg , Mohrmann Matthias , Wehner Rosemarie , Rupprecht Christoph J. , Scheider Maria , Mayatepek Ertan , Wahrendorf Morten 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceAdults in disadvantaged socioeconomic positions have elevated risks of a severe course of COVID-19, but it is unclear whether this holds true for children.ObjectiveTo investigate whether young people from disadvantaged households have a higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and whether differences were associated with comorbidities that predispose children to severe courses.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study included all children and adolescents (aged 0-18 years) who were enrolled in a statutory health insurance carrier in Germany during the observation period of January 1, 2020, to July 13, 2021. Logistic regressions were calculated to compare children from households with and without an indication of poverty. Age, sex, days under observation, nationality, and comorbidities (eg, obesity, diabetes) were controlled for to account for explanatory factors.ExposuresDisadvantage on the household level was assessed by the employment status of the insurance holder (ie, employed, long- or short-term unemployed, low-wage employment, economically inactive). Socioeconomic characteristics of the area of residence were also assessed.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDaily hospital diagnoses of COVID-19 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes U07.1 and U07.2) were recorded. Comorbidities were assessed using inpatient and outpatient diagnoses contained in the insurance records.ResultsA total of 688 075 children and adolescents were included, with a mean (SD) age of 8.3 (5.8) years and 333 489 (48.4%) female participants. COVID-19 hospital diagnosis was a rare event (1637 participants [0.2%]). Children whose parents were long-term unemployed were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.22-1.51) times more likely than those with employed parents to be hospitalized. Elevated odds were also found for children whose parents had low-wage employment (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05-1.58). Those living in low-income areas had 3.02 (95% CI, 1.73-5.28) times higher odds of hospitalization than those in less deprived areas. Comorbidities were associated with hospitalization, but their adjustment did not change main estimates for deprivation.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, children who had parents who were unemployed and those who lived in low-income areas were at higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. This finding suggests that attention must be paid to children with SARS-CoV-2 from vulnerable families and closer monitoring should be considered. A number of explanatory factors, including comorbidities, were taken into account, but their analysis yielded no clear picture about underlying processes.
Giant and Robust Anomalous Nernst Effect in a Polycrystalline Topological Ferromagnet at Room Temperature
Authors: Feng Zili , Minami Susumu , Akamatsu Shuhei , Sakai Akito , Chen Taishi , Nishio‐Hamane Daisuke , Nakatsuji Satoru 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRecent discoveries of the topological magnets have opened a new path for developing a much simpler thermoelectric conversion module using the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE). To accelerate such innovation, it is essential to design materials suitable for industrial processes, and thus a high‐ANE polycrystalline material has been highly desired. Recently, the giant room‐temperature ANE has been reported in single crystals of the topological ferromagnet Fe3Ga. Owning to its cubic structure, the anomalous Hall effect and ANE are isotropic. These properties potentially allow to employ a polycrystalline form of the material to design an ANE‐based thermopile. Here, a giant and robust room‐temperature ANE in the polycrystalline FexGa4−x (2.96 < x < 3.15) is reported, which can be enhanced up to 5.4 µV K−1; this value hits the highest room‐temperature record for polycrystalline magnets. Comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical study of the Fe‐doping effect on the transport properties of FexGa4−x reveals that the Fermi energy tuning near the topological nodal‐web structure is the key to enhancing the ANE. Moreover, the large value of more than 5.1 µV K−1 is observed for an extended region of composition, confirming the robust characteristics of the topological electronic structure.
Ionothermal Synthesis of Fully Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks for High‐Capacity and Ultrastable Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xiya , Gong Lei , Wang Kang , Ma Sihang , Liu Wenping , Li Bowen , Li Ning , Pan Houhe , Chen Xin , Wang Hailong , Liu Jiemin , Jiang Jianzhuang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFully aromatic conjugated covalent organic frameworks (FAC‐COFs) with excellent physicochemical stability have been emerging as active semiconductors for diverse potential applications. Developing efficient synthesis methods for fabricating FAC‐COFs will significantly facilitate the exploration over their material and photonic/electronic functionalities. Herein, a facile solvent‐free strategy is developed for the synthesis of 2D phthalocyanine‐based FAC‐COFs (FAC‐Pc‐COFs). Cyclopolymerization of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]bis[1,4]benzodioxin‐2,3,9,10‐tetracarbonitrile (BBTC) and quinoxalino[2′,3′:9,10]phenanthro[4,5‐abc]phenazine‐6,7,15,16‐tetracarbonitrile (QPPTC) in ZnCl2 leads to the fast formation and isolation of BB‐FAC‐Pc‐COF and QPP‐FAC‐Pc‐COF, respectively. Powder X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy analysis reveal their crystalline nature with sql topology and AA stacking configuration. Thermogravimetric analysis and immersion experiment indicate their excellent stability. The conductivity test demonstrates their high conductivity of 0.93–1.94 × 10−4 S cm−1 owing to the fully π‐conjugated electronic structural nature. In particular, the as‐prepared FAC‐Pc‐COFs show high‐performance K+ storage in potassium‐ion batteries due to their excellent conductivity, highly ordered and robust structure, and N/O‐rich framework nature. Impressively, QPP‐FAC‐Pc‐COF shows a large reversible capacity of 424 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1 and a capacity retention of nearly 100% at 2000 mA g−1 for over 10 000 cycles.
Silane‐Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanocoatings for Selective Mid‐Infrared Waveguide‐Based Gas Sensing
Authors: Al Husseini Diana , Zhou Junchao , Li Junyan , Gutierrez‐Osuna Ricardo , Coté Gerard L. , Lin Pao Tai , Sukhishvili Svetlana A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper reports the use of silane monolayers of different polarities to enable recognition and selective interfacial enrichment of nonpolar versus polar gases for spectroscopic mid‐infrared (MIR) on‐chip sensing. However, detection of gases using on‐chip waveguides (WGs) is challenging because of the low concentrations of gas molecules within the evanescent field surrounding the WGs. To solve this issue, high‐surface‐area, precisely‐controlled‐thickness nanocoatings are introduced whose surface modification with strategically selected silanes enables control of preferential adsorption and concentration of polar versus nonpolar gas analytes. Conformal nanocoatings are constructed using layer‐by‐layer deposition of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) at substrate withdrawal speeds controlled within the capillary regime. Surface modification of the WG‐immobilized MSNs with hydrophobic triethoxy(octyl)silane enables, for the first time, enhanced sensitivity and selectivity towards nonpolar methane gas as compared to its polar counterpart acetone. On the other hand, modification of the nanocoatings with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane leads to preferential binding of polar acetone vapors. This work demonstrates the capability of interfacial modification for controlling the selection and enhancement of the spectroscopic features of gas analytes with different polarities. The developed interfacial assemblies can enable diverse spectroscopic gas sensing platforms for applications in health diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and process control.
Combined Experimental and Simulation Studies of Lithium and Cobalt‐Modified TiO2 and Their Impacts on the Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Smerchit Thapanut , Thongprong Non , Ruengsrisang Waranchit , Adam Ibrahim Muhammad , Soe Kay Thi , Thansamai Somya , Chanlek Narong , Nakajima Hideki , Supruangnet Ratchadaporn , Saetang Viboon , Kaewprajak Anusit , Supasai Thidarat , Rujisamphan Nopporn 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPosttreatment of titanium oxide (TiO2) using lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) precursors is widely adopted to modify the charge quenching property in perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, the fundamental understanding of the effect of the modification layer on the material itself and, consequently, the photovoltaic performance stability is not complete. In this work, in situ X‐ray diffraction measurements show that the Li and Co ions can diffuse into TiO2 and consequently accelerate the rutile phase transformation. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results reveal the appearance of a Ti3+ feature in both the Li‐ and Co‐treated samples, suggesting that the treatment ions are partially located at the subsurface/surface of the spin‐cast TiO2 layer. The Li‐treated TiO2 exhibits greatly upshifted conduction band edges, which benefits charge extraction properties and improves the average device parameters in a complete PSC. To complement the experiments, density functional theory calculations are performed. While Li treatment initially results in enhanced electronic properties, Li‐treated TiO2 tends to have more surface vacancies over time and is more susceptible to adsorption and accumulation of iodide ions compared to the Co‐treated sample, which is experimentally supported by surface photovoltage spectroscopy and time‐resolved photoluminescence results.
Single‐Crystalline Ge1−xSnx/Si p–n Heterojunction Photodiodes with Sn Compositions up to 10%
Authors: An Shu , Huang Yi‐Chiau , Wu Chen‐Ying , Huang Po‐Rei , Chang Guo‐En , Lai Junyu , Seo Jung‐Hun , Kim Munho 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGeSn/Si heterojunction photodiodes are attractive because they can extend light detection wavelength range. However, the development of such photodiodes via epitaxial growth faces great challenges due to unavoidable issues such as lattice and thermal mismatches between Si and GeSn. Here, print Si nanomembranes are transferred on GeSn/Ge/Si substrates to form the GeSn/Si heterojunction photodiodes. The p‐Ge0.977Sn0.023/n‐Si heterojunction photodiodes exhibit a good rectifying behavior with a low dark current density of 40 mA cm−2and responsivity of 0.41 A W−1at 1550 nm under a reverse bias of −2 V. In addition, the detection wavelength range of p‐Ge0.9Sn0.1/n‐Si is extended to 2100 nm because of the increased Sn composition. The bandgap calculation of as‐grown GeSn with various Sn compositions is carried out. It confirms that the enhanced responsivity and extended detection wavelength ranges are attributed to the reduced bandgap from 750 to 601 meV when the Sn composition is increased from 2.3% to 10%. The result shows that the transfer printing of a freestanding single‐crystalline Si nanomembrane to a bulk GeSn/Ge/Si substrate can provide an excellent alternative route for realizing GeSn/Si heterojunction photodiodes.
Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells Reach Over 13% with Inclusion of N‐Doped Graphene Oxide in Active, Hole‐Transport, and Interfacial Layers
Authors: Mahmoudi Tahmineh , Kohan Mohammadhosein , Rho Won‐Yeop , Wang Yousheng , Im Yeon Ho , Hahn Yoon‐Bong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTin‐based perovskite (Sn‐PS) is one of the most promising candidates in lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but its poor stability and low power conversion efficiency (PCE) have been the main bottleneck towards further development. Here, to develop a stable and efficient Sn‐based PSC, nitrogen‐doped graphene oxide (NxGO) has been, for the first time, incorporated in active, hole‐transport and interfacial layers. The inclusion of NxGO slowed the crystallization of Sn‐PS and suppressed the Sn2+/Sn4+ oxidation, resulting in pinhole‐free dense films having large grains, reduction of recombination loss, well‐matched energy levels, and thereby significantly improving the device performance. Compared to the pristine Sn‐PS cells, the champion devices with NxGO‐based composites in active, hole‐transport, and interfacial layers showed dramatic enhancement of photovoltaic parameters (i.e., open‐circuit voltage = 0.961 V, photocurrent = 21.21 mA cm−2, fill factor = 65.05% and PCE = 13.26%). Furthermore, the NxGO‐based cells without encapsulation showed remarkable improvement of long‐term stability with sustaining 91% of the initial PCE over 60 d, photostability, and reproducibility.
Flame‐Retardant Crosslinked Polymer Stabilizes Graphite–Silicon Composite Anode for Self‐Extinguishing Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gan Yihang , Liu Mingqiang , Tan Rui , Pan Chuye , Liu Lei , Zhou Shucong , Zou Zexin , Chen Guanjun , Xian Linjie , Cheng Xiaolei , Li Linshuo , Li Lun , Ao Weiqin , Yang Jinlong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe graphite–silicon composite (GSC) anode materials with high specific capacity and excellent conductivity hold intriguing promise for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, commercializing GSC is hindered by its poor cyclability and safety issues. Here, a fire‐resistant polymer crosslinked with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) to improve the electrochemical properties and enhance the safety of the GSC anode is designed. The crosslinked polymer not only forms a 3D network structure to strengthen the mechanical properties of the composite electrode but also uniformly covers the electrode surface to effectively minimize the side‐reaction between electrodes and electrolyte, thereby improving its rate capacity and cycling stability. As a result, the GSC/PAA anode crosslinked with 10 wt% APP (GSC/10APP‐PAA) delivers a high capacity of 315 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and stably operates for 1000 cycles with 0.03% capacity decay cycle−1. More importantly, the peak heat release rate and the total heat release value of GSC/10APP‐PAA anode are significantly depressed from 0.35 to 0.1 J s−1, and from 1.6 to 0.6 J g−1, respectively, thereby reducing the self‐extinguishing time, which proves that the crosslinked polymer plays a fireproof role in the process of the thermal runaway of LIBs.
Germplasm characterization of half‐sib families from seminal matricies of Coffea canephora
Authors: Zaidan Iasmine Ramos , Ferreira Marcia Flores da Silva , Noia Luina Ribeiro , de Arruda Valderson Cabral , Pereira do Couto Diego , Moro Gabriel Lenen Javarini , Silva Matheus Alves , Santos Jônatas Gomes , Braz Ramon Azevedo , Azevedo Camila Ferreira , Ferreira Adésio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe genetic diversity of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner present in old seminal crops must be characterized because it represents a source of genetic variability for breeding programs. In this study, the genetic diversity of 388 half‐sib families of C. canephora, collected from Espírito Santo, Brazil, were assessed for their phenotypic traits. The data were obtained in a trial planted in April 2018 with five commercial clones as controls. Vegetative development was evaluated based on plant height, stem diameter, and average height and diameter growth rates. Abiotic (drought) and biotic (rust, leaf miner, and mealybug) stresses were evaluated by a rating scale. The phenotypic variability of the population was detected for all traits, and divergent clusters of families were identified. Negative correlations indicated that adverse conditions hampered the early development of the coffee plants. Groups of families should be investigated for breeding programs according to adequate development even under stressful conditions. These results show the importance of preserving the germplasm of old crops in the south of Espírito Santo as a source of genetic resources for coffee breeding programs. This valuable resource should be maintained and conserved as a strategy to guarantee the sustainability of coffee production.
We are all aging, and here's why
Authors: Shinde Atharva , Deore Gargi , Navsariwala Kedar P. , Tabassum Heena , Wani Minal 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHere, through this review, we aim to serve this purpose by first discussing the statistics and aging demographics, including the life expectancy of the world and India, along with the gender life expectancy gap observed throughout the world, followed by explaining the hallmarks and integral causes of aging, along with the role played by senescent cells in controlling inflammation and the effect of senescence associated secretory phenotype on longevity. A few of the molecular pathways which are crucial in modulating the process of aging, such as the nutrient‐sensing mTOR pathway, insulin signaling, Nrf2, FOXO, PI3‐Akt, Sirtuins, and AMPK, and their effects are also covered in paramount detail. A diverse number of ingenious research methodologies are used in the modern era of longevity exploration. We have attempted to cover these methods under the umbrella of three broad categories: in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The drugs developed to attenuate the aging process, such as rapamycin, metformin, resveratrol, etc. and their interactions with the above‐mentioned molecular pathways along with their toxicity have also been reviewed in detail.
Disruptive selection via pollinators and seed predators on the height of flowers on a wind‐dispersed alpine herb
Authors: Chen Kai‐Hsiu , Pannell John R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPremiseFloral stalk height is known to affect seed dispersal of wind‐dispersed grassland species, but it may also affect the attractiveness of flowers and fruits of animal‐pollinated and animal‐dispersed plants. Stalk height may thus be responsive to selection via interactions with both mutualist pollinators and seed dispersers, but also antagonist florivores and seed predators. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of pollinators and seed predators on selection on floral stalk height in the insect‐pollinated and wind‐dispersed, alpine, andromonoecious herbPulsatilla alpina, whose flowers also vary in their sex allocation and thus in the resources available to both mutualists and antagonists.MethodsWe measured the resource status of individuals in terms of their size and the height of the vegetation surrounding plants ofP. alpinaat 11 sites. In one population, we recorded floral stalk height over an entire growing season and investigated its association with floral morphology and floral sex allocation (pistil and stamen number) and used leaf‐removal manipulations to assess the effect of herbivory on floral stalk height. Finally, in four populations, we quantified phenotypic selection on floral stalk height in four female components of reproductive success before seed dispersal.ResultsStalk height was positively associated with female allocation of the respective flower, the resource status of the individual, and the height of the surrounding vegetation, and negatively affected by leaf removal. Our results point to disruptive selection on stalk height in terms of both selection differentials and selection gradients for fertilization, seed predation, and seed maturation rates and to positive selection on stalk height in terms of a selection differential for mature seed number.ConclusionsStalk height ofP. alpinais a costly trait that affects female reproductive success via interactions with both mutualists and antagonists. We discuss the interplay between the resource status and selection imposed on female reproductive success and its likely role in the evolution of sex‐allocation strategies, especially andromonoecy.
Electrochemical Double‐Layer Capacitor based on Carbon@ Covalent Organic Framework Aerogels
Authors: Martín‐Illán Jesús Á. , Sierra Laura , Ocón Pilar , Zamora Félix 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHigh energy demand results in comprehensive research of novel materials for energy sources and storage applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess appropriate features such as long‐range order, permanent porosity, tunable pore size, and ion diffusion pathways to be competitive electrode materials. Herein, we present a deep electrochemical study of two COF‐aerogels shaped into flexible COF‐electrodes (ECOFs) by a simple compression method to fabricate an electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC). This energy storage system has considerable interest owing to its high‐power density and long cycle life compared with batteries. Our result confirmed the outstanding behavior of ECOFs as EDLC devices with a capacity retention of almost 100 % after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles and, to our knowledge, the highest areal capacitance (9.55 mF cm−2) in aqueous electrolytes at higher scan rates (1000 mV s−1) for COFs. More importantly, the hierarchical porosity observed in the ECOFs increases ion transport, which permits a fast interface polarization (low τ0 values). The complete sheds light on using ECOFs as novel electrode material to fabricate EDLC devices.
Ruthenium‐Based Metal–Organic Nanoradiosensitizers Enhance Radiotherapy by Combining ROS Generation and CO Gas Release
Authors: Dai Qixuan , Wang Lin , Ren En , Chen Hu , Gao Xing , Cheng Hongwei , An Yibo , Chu Chengchao , Liu Gang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA lack of targeting accuracy and radiosensitivity severely limits clinical radiotherapy. In this study, we developed a radiosensitizer comprised of Ru‐based metal–organic nanostructures (ZrRuMn‐MONs@mem) to optimize irradiation by maximizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and CO release in X‐ray‐induced dynamic therapy (XDT). The well‐designed nanostructures increase the direct absorption of radiation doses (primary radiation) and promote the deposition of photons and electrons (secondary radiation). The secondary electrons were trapped and transferred in the constrained MONs where they induce a cascade of reactions to increase the therapeutic efficiency. Meanwhile, the full‐length antiglypican 3 (GPC3) antibody (hGC33) expressed a cell membrane coating enabling active targeting of tumor sites with optimized biocompatibility. The ZrRuMn‐MONs@mem represents a starting point for advancing an all‐around radiosensitizer that operates efficiently in clinical XDT.
Interfacial and tensile properties improvement of composites using a modified matrix with epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyether sulfone
Authors: Zhu Tianyu , Lu Chunxiang , Lu Xiaoxuan , Zhi Jieying , Song Yingjun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe carbon fiber/epoxy resin (CF/EP) composites have been prepared using CF and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) matrix, modified by a new epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyether sulfone (EHPES). Compared with CF/DGEBA composite, the modified CF/EHPES composites achieve excellent performances. The tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break are increased by 19.1%, 7.9%, and 66.7%, respectively. The results are mainly caused by the strong interfacial properties, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF/7% EHPES composite is increased by 20.7%. Many crosslinking points enhance the mechanical interlocking between the DGEBA/EHPES matrix and CF surface. The strengthened chemical bonding promotes the formation of a higher density crosslinking network. This study provides a strategy for the domestication of large diameter wind turbine blades.