bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contraception Deserts: The Effects of Title X Rule Changes on Access to Reproductive Health Care Resources
Authors: Smith Candis Watts , Kreitzer Rebecca J. , Kane Kellen A. , Saunders Tracee M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHistorically, access to contraception has been supported in a bipartisan way, best exemplified by consistent congressional funding of Title X—the only federal program specifically focused on providing affordable reproductive health care to American residents. However, in an era of partisan polarization, Title X has become a political and symbolic pawn, in part because of its connection to family planning organizations like Planned Parenthood. The conflicts around Title X highlight the effects of intertwining abortion politics and contraception policy, particularly as they relate to reproductive justice and gendered policy making. Family planning organizations like Planned Parenthood have responded to these battles by bowing out of the Title X network. To what extent have contraception deserts—places characterized by inequitable access to Title X—developed or expanded in response to policy changes related to contraception and reproductive health? What is the demographic makeup of these spaces of inequality? We leverage data from the Office of Population Affairs and the U.S. Census Bureau and use the integrated two-step floating catchment area method to illustrate the effects of a major change in the Title X network in 10 states. Our results reveal the widespread human ramifications of increasing constraints on family planning organizations as a result of quiet but insidious federal bureaucratic rule changes.
A miniaturized design of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip patch antenna using defective ground structure for wireless applications
Authors: Kattimani Bharamappa , Patil Rajendra R 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, miniaturization of fractal geometry with defected ground structure (DGC) concept has been experimentally verified atS-band (2–4) GHz. The design starts with a self-symmetry structure using conventional Vicsek snowflake-box fractal antenna. The same has been used in third iteration to achieve miniaturization. This proposed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is resonating at 2.12 GHz with acceptable gain and broadside radiation. The miniaturization of about 87.26% when compared to conventional fractal MPA is achieved. The fractal unit cell is optimized for miniaturization and bandwidth by carrying out parametric study and applying the DGS shapes like rectangular andU-shaped slot etched in the ground plane of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip antenna. A fractal microstrip antenna is designed for wireless applications at 3.95 GHz. The fractal microstrip antenna is simulated using HFSS-V15 simulator. It is observed that the maximum size reduction of 87.26% is achieved in the third iteration of the Vicsek snowflake-box fractal radiating patch. The proposed fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated using epoxy substrate of FR-4 with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulated results are compared with the measured results.
International humanitarian law, principled humanitarian action, counterterrorism and sanctions: Some perspectives on selected issues
Authors: Ferraro Tristan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn recent years, the international community has worked to confront the large and growing threat of terrorism, including by introducing new counterterrorism (CT) measures and tightening existing ones. These measures take many forms, including international, regional and domestic sanctions against individuals, groups and other entities. Such efforts pursue the legitimate aims of security and international peace – things that terrorism undermines and goes against – but they have, at the same time, implicated a degree of overlap and confusion between international humanitarian law (IHL), on the one hand, and the law and policy framework underwriting CT measures and sanctions regimes, on the other, particularly as both apply to and affect principled humanitarian action. This article addresses this area of overlap and confusion. First, it examines the applicability of IHL to CT measures and operations. Next, it addresses the co-application of IHL, CT regulations and sanctions regimes, from the mindset of preserving IHL without impeding CT measures and their objectives. The article then examines the legal questions that arise when sanctions regimes and CT measures affect IHL-mandated and IHL-protected activities undertaken by impartial humanitarian organizations. Finally, the article analyzes recent developments and makes proposals aimed at preserving an effective humanitarian space in contexts where IHL, CT legal frameworks and sanctions apply simultaneously.
Electron Resonant Interaction With Whistler Waves Around Foreshock Transients and the Bow Shock Behind the Terminator
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Shi X. , Liu T. Z. , Zhang X.‐J. , Vasko I. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInvestigation of electron energization at (and around) the Earth's bow shock is critical to our understanding of space weather and astrophysical phenomena. The traditional adiabatic mechanisms for such energization compete with transient wave‐particle interactions there. One of the most intense wave modes resonating with electrons is the high‐frequency whistler mode, which is widely observed at (and around) the Earth's bow shock. Here, we examine these interactions in the context of the strong magnetic field gradients often found near the bow shock and at foreshock transients. Using THEMIS and ARTEMIS wave measurements, we quantify the nonlinear effects of resonant interactions between ≥100 eV electrons and intense coherent whistler waves. Such nonlinear interactions include the electron phase trapping by waves. As a result, the trapped electrons gain an energy up to several hundreds of eV. We estimate the main characteristics of the proposed acceleration mechanism and discuss its applicability to realistic plasma and magnetic field distributions.
Statistical Properties and Proposed Source Mechanism of Recurrent Substorm Activity With One‐Hour Periodicity
Authors: Keiling A. , Ramos C. , Vu N. , Angelopoulos V. , Nosé M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSubstorm activity, due to either substorms or substorm‐associated disturbances, shows two preferred recurrent intervals for periodic events. While the longer recurrent interval of ∼3 hr has been extensively studied, albeit still without a conclusive answer on its source mechanism, the source of the shorter 1‐hr recurrent interval has not been addressed at all. Here, we provide statistics on 102 events, each event being a sequence of substorm‐like dipolarizations with recurrent intervals of between 30 min and 2 hr, using Kp, Dst, AE, and solar wind speed, and relate them to statistics of other response modes, such as steady magnetospheric convections, sawtooth events, and isolated substorms. It becomes apparent that the 1‐hr events are a nonstorm phenomenon, which clearly distinguishes them from sawtooth events, which occur during larger Dst and Kp values. While there are statistical similarities to isolated substorms in terms of solar wind driving and Kp, our events also encompass pseudo‐breakups and smaller substorm activations. Overall, the range of AE values for the 102 events is very broad, suggesting small to large auroral activities during the events. Furthermore, we provide a comparison to published global MHD simulations with kinetic corrections, which suggests that the source mechanism of these events could be internally driven, quasi‐periodic reconnection in the magnetotail. Finally, we advocate the treatment of this global phenomenon as a separate response mode of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system.
The Effect of the 3‐D Structure on Strain Accumulation and the Interseismic Behavior Along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara
Authors: Yılmaz Zeynep , Konca Ali Özgün , Ergintav Semih 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe 150‐km seismic gap in the Sea of Marmara is the longest section of the North Anatolian Fault that has not ruptured in the last century. Recent geodetic studies suggest that the interseismic coupling along the Main Marmara Fault (MMF) is heterogeneous with locked and creeping segments. Alternatively, the MMF is fully locked, but the strain is localized asymmetrically around the fault due to the deep basins. In this study, we build a 3‐D model of the region, including the basins and the 3‐D fault geometry, to study the competing effects of deep basins and the interseismic locking distribution using the observed Global Navigation Satellite System velocities. We conclude that the basins along the fault localize the interseismic strain, leading to slightly deeper‐estimated locking depths. The on‐land data are too far to constrain the full interseismic coupling, especially in the Central Marmara. The Western Marmara is better resolved, where we infer a ∼50‐km creeping zone. The transition from the creeping to the locked behavior in Western Marmara is around the Ganos Bend. The creeping zone correlates well with a higher rate of diffuse seismicity and repeating earthquakes, implying that the seismicity could be an indicator of interseismic behavior. Variations of earthquake focal mechanisms and associated regional stresses are also consistent with compressional and dilatational quadrants due to the creeping segment. The significant thrust components observed in the 2019 Silivri earthquake sequence north of the MMF can also be explained by the compressional loading due to the interseismic creep further west.
Summer Greenland Blocking Diversity and Its Impact on the Surface Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Preece J. R. , Wachowicz L. J. , Mote T. L. , Tedesco M. , Fettweis X. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe increase in Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface runoff since the turn of the century has been linked to a rise in Greenland blocking frequency. However, a range of synoptic patterns can be considered blocked flow and efforts that summarize all blocking types indiscriminately likely fail to capture consequential differences in GrIS response. To account for these differences, we employ ERA5 reanalysis to identify summer blocking using two independent blocking metrics: the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) and the blocking index of Pelly and Hoskins (2003, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0743:ANPOB>2.0.CO;2). We then conduct a self‐organizing map analysis to objectively classify synoptic conditions during Greenland blocking episodes and identify three primary blocking types: (a) a high‐amplitude Omega block, (b) a lower‐amplitude, stationary summer ridge, and (c) a cyclonic wave breaking pattern. Using Modèle Atmosphérique Régional output, we document the spatiotemporal progression of the surface energy and mass balance for each blocking type. Relative to all blocking episodes, summer ridge patterns produce more melt over the southern ice sheet, Omega blocks produce more melt across the northern ice sheet, and cyclonic wave breaking patterns produce more melt in northeast Greenland. Our results indicate that the recent trend in summer Greenland blocking was largely driven by an increase in Omega patterns and suggest that Omega blocks have played a central role in the recent acceleration of GrIS mass loss. Furthermore, the GBI exhibited a relative bias toward Omega patterns, which may help explain why it has measured stronger trends in summer Greenland blocking than other blocking metrics.
Variability, Trend, and Extremes of the South American Vegetation‐Climate System: Results From a Coupled Regional Model
Authors: Erfanian Amir , Jiang Yelin , Fomenko Lori , Fu Rong , Seth Anji , Wang Guiling 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSouth America, especially the Amazon region, is considered a hotspot of biosphere–atmosphere interactions and presents a unique challenge for regional climate modeling. Here, we evaluate the performance of a regional model in simulating the climate–vegetation system in South America and use the model to investigate the potential role of large‐scale warming in the recently observed trend of hydroclimate and vegetation. Compared with prescribing vegetation based on observational data, adding the predictive vegetation capacity to the regional climate model enabled the model to simulate the vegetation response to climate while sustaining the model performance in reproducing the mean, variability and extremes of the regional climate. The coupled vegetation–climate model captures the recent trends in hydroclimate and vegetation productivity and their spatial contrasts, including a trend toward warmer, drier, and less productive conditions in the Amazon and Nordeste regions and a trend toward cooler, wetter, and more productive condition in the La Plata region. Results from sensitivity experiment driven by detrended boundary forcing for the regional climate suggest that much of the trends in the Amazon and Nordeste regions can be attributed to the effects of large‐scale warming, but contribution from decadal variability also plays a role especially for the most recent decade. However, the trend in the La Plata region cannot be attenuated by the removal of the boundary forcing trend, indicating the role of large‐scale circulation pattern changes. The recent trends in vegetation productivity may be early manifestation of future changes in the Amazon and surrounding regions.
One Stomatal Model to Rule Them All? Toward Improved Representation of Carbon and Water Exchange in Global Models
Authors: Sabot Manon E. B. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Pitman Andy J. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Ellsworth David S. , Martin‐StPaul Nicolas K. , Wu Jin , Choat Brendan , Limousin Jean‐Marc , Mitchell Patrick J. , Rogers Alistair , Serbin Shawn P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStomatal conductance schemes that optimize with respect to photosynthetic and hydraulic functions have been proposed to address biases in land‐surface model (LSM) simulations during drought. However, systematic evaluations of both optimality‐based and alternative empirical formulations for coupling carbon and water fluxes are lacking. Here, we embed 12 empirical and optimization approaches within a LSM framework. We use theoretical model experiments to explore parameter identifiability and understand how model behaviors differ in response to abiotic changes. We also evaluate the models against leaf‐level observations of gas‐exchange and hydraulic variables, from xeric to wet forest/woody species spanning a mean annual precipitation range of 361–3,286 mm yr−1. We find that models differ in how easily parameterized they are, due to: (a) poorly constrained optimality criteria (i.e., resulting in multiple solutions), (b) low influence parameters, (c) sensitivities to environmental drivers. In both the idealized experiments and compared to observations, sensitivities to variability in environmental drivers do not agree among models. Marked differences arise in sensitivities to soil moisture (soil water potential) and vapor pressure deficit. For example, stomatal closure rates at high vapor pressure deficit range between −45% and +70% of those observed. Although over half the new generation of stomatal schemes perform to a similar standard compared to observations of leaf‐gas exchange, two models do so through large biases in simulated leaf water potential (up to 11 MPa). Our results provide guidance for LSM development, by highlighting key areas in need for additional experimentation and theory, and by constraining currently viable stomatal hypotheses.
Photonic matrix multiplication lights up photonic accelerator and beyond
Authors: Zhou Hailong , Dong Jianji , Cheng Junwei , Dong Wenchan , Huang Chaoran , Shen Yichen , Zhang Qiming , Gu Min , Qian Chao , Chen Hongsheng , Ruan Zhichao , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMatrix computation, as a fundamental building block of information processing in science and technology, contributes most of the computational overheads in modern signal processing and artificial intelligence algorithms. Photonic accelerators are designed to accelerate specific categories of computing in the optical domain, especially matrix multiplication, to address the growing demand for computing resources and capacity. Photonic matrix multiplication has much potential to expand the domain of telecommunication, and artificial intelligence benefiting from its superior performance. Recent research in photonic matrix multiplication has flourished and may provide opportunities to develop applications that are unachievable at present by conventional electronic processors. In this review, we first introduce the methods of photonic matrix multiplication, mainly including the plane light conversion method, Mach–Zehnder interferometer method and wavelength division multiplexing method. We also summarize the developmental milestones of photonic matrix multiplication and the related applications. Then, we review their detailed advances in applications to optical signal processing and artificial neural networks in recent years. Finally, we comment on the challenges and perspectives of photonic matrix multiplication and photonic acceleration.
Bilateral Habenula deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: clinical findings and electrophysiological features
Authors: Zhang Chencheng , Zhang Yingying , Luo Huichun , Xu Xinmeng , Yuan Ti-fei , Li Dianyou , Cai Yi-yun , Gong Hengfen , Peng Dai-hui , Fang Yi-ru , Voon Valerie , Sun Bomin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of structures in the brain’s reward system is a promising therapeutic option for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Recently, DBS of the habenula (HB) in the brain’s anti-reward system has also been reported to alleviate depressive symptoms in patients with TRD or bipolar disorder (BD). In this pilot open-label prospective study, we explored the safety and clinical effectiveness of HB–DBS treatment in seven patients with TRD or BD. Also, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the patients’ left and right HB to explore the power and asymmetry of oscillatory activities as putative biomarkers of the underlying disease state. At 1-month follow-up (FU), depression and anxiety symptoms were both reduced by 49% (n = 7) along with substantial improvements in patients’ health status, functional impairment, and quality of life. Although the dropout rate was high and large variability in clinical response existed, clinical improvements were generally maintained throughout the study [56%, 46%, and 64% reduction for depression and 61%, 48%, and 70% reduction for anxiety at 3-month FU (n = 5), 6-month FU (n = 5), and 12-month FU (n = 3), respectively]. After HB–DBS surgery, sustained improvements in mania symptoms were found in two patients who presented with mild hypomania at baseline. Another patient, however, experienced an acute manic episode 2 months after surgery that required hospitalization. Additionally, weaker and more symmetrical HB LFP oscillatory activities were associated with more severe depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline, in keeping with the hypothesis that HB dysfunction contributes to MDD pathophysiology. These preliminary findings indicate that HB–DBS may offer a valuable treatment option for depressive symptoms in patients who suffer from TRD or BD. Larger and well-controlled studies are warranted to examine the safety and efficacy of HB–DBS for treatment-refractory mood disorders in a more rigorous fashion.
REV1 promotes lung tumorigenesis by activating the Rad18/SERTAD2 axis
Authors: Chen Yunshang , Jie Xiaohua , Xing Biyuan , Wu Zilong , Yang Xijie , Rao Xinrui , Xu Yingzhuo , Zhou Dong , Dong Xiaorong , Zhang Tao , Yang Kunyu , Li Zhenyu , Wu Gang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractREV1 is the central member of the family of TLS polymerases, which participate in various DNA damage repair and tolerance pathways and play a significant role in maintaining genomic stability. However, the role of REV1 in tumors is rarely reported. In this study, we found that the expression of REV1 was significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues compared with matched adjacent tissues and was associated with poor prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that REV1 silencing decreased the growth and proliferation capacity of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, REV1 upregulated the expression of SERTAD2 in a Rad18-dependent manner, thereby promoting lung carcinogenesis. A novel REV1 inhibitor, JH-RE-06, suppressed lung tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro and was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Our study confirmed that REV1 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for lung cancer and that JH-RE-06 may be a safe and efficient therapeutic agent for NSCLC.
Hemoglobin in the blood acts as a chemosensory signal via the mouse vomeronasal system
Authors: Osakada Takuya , Abe Takayuki , Itakura Takumi , Mori Hiromi , Ishii Kentaro K. , Eguchi Ryo , Murata Ken , Saito Kosuke , Haga-Yamanaka Sachiko , Kimoto Hiroko , Yoshihara Yoshihiro , Miyamichi Kazunari , Touhara Kazushige 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe vomeronasal system plays an essential role in sensing various environmental chemical cues. Here we show that mice exposed to blood and, consequently, hemoglobin results in the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons expressing a specific vomeronasal G protein-coupled receptor, Vmn2r88, which is mediated by the interaction site, Gly17, on hemoglobin. The hemoglobin signal reaches the medial amygdala (MeA) in both male and female mice. However, it activates the dorsal part of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHd) only in lactating female mice. As a result, in lactating mothers, hemoglobin enhances digging and rearing behavior. Manipulation of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)-expressing neurons in the VMHd is sufficient to induce the hemoglobin-mediated behaviors. Our results suggest that the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin plays a role as a chemosensory signal, eliciting behavioral responses in mice in a state-dependent fashion.
Genetically stable CRISPR-based kill switches for engineered microbes
Authors: Rottinghaus Austin G. , Ferreiro Aura , Fishbein Skye R. S. , Dantas Gautam , Moon Tae Seok 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMicrobial biocontainment is an essential goal for engineering safe, next-generation living therapeutics. However, the genetic stability of biocontainment circuits, including kill switches, is a challenge that must be addressed. Kill switches are among the most difficult circuits to maintain due to the strong selection pressure they impart, leading to high potential for evolution of escape mutant populations. Here we engineer two CRISPR-based kill switches in the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, a single-input chemical-responsive switch and a 2-input chemical- and temperature-responsive switch. We employ parallel strategies to address kill switch stability, including functional redundancy within the circuit, modulation of the SOS response, antibiotic-independent plasmid maintenance, and provision of intra-niche competition by a closely related strain. We demonstrate that strains harboring either kill switch can be selectively and efficiently killed inside the murine gut, while strains harboring the 2-input switch are additionally killed upon excretion. Leveraging redundant strategies, we demonstrate robust biocontainment of our kill switch strains and provide a template for future kill switch development.