bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 2-month field cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva of BNT162b2 vaccinated nursing home workers
Authors: Saegerman Claude , Diep Anh Nguyet , Renault Véronique , Donneau Anne-Françoise , Stamatakis Lambert , Coppieters Wouter , Michel Fabienne , Breuer Christophe , Dandoy Margaux , Ek Olivier , Gourzones Claire , Schyns Joey , Goffin Emeline , Minner Frédéric , Durkin Keith , Artesi Maria , Bours Vincent , Bureau Fabrice , Gillet Laurent 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Nursing home (NH) residents have been severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic because of their age and underlying comorbidities. Infection and outbreaks in NHs are most likely triggered by infected workers. Screening for asymptomatic NH workers can prevent risky contact and viral transmission to the residents. This study examined the effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‑19 (Comirnaty®; BioNTech and Pfizer) vaccination on the saliva excretion of SARS-CoV-2 among NH workers, through weekly saliva RT-qPCR testing.

Methods
A 2-month cohort study was conducted among 99 NHs in the Walloon region (Belgium), at the start of February 2021. Three groups of workers, i.e., non-vaccinated (n = 1618), one-dosed vaccinated (n = 1454), and two-dosed vaccinated (n = 2379) of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‑19 vaccine, were followed-up weekly. Their saliva samples were used to monitor the shedding of SARS-CoV-2. All positive samples were sequenced and genotyped to identify the circulating wild-type virus or variants of concern.

Results
The protection fraction against the excretion of the SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva samples of the workers after the second dose is estimated at 0.90 (95% CI: 0.18; 0.99) at 1 week and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.54; 0.95) at 8 weeks. We observe more circulating SARS-CoV-2 and a greater variability of viral loads in the unvaccinated group compared to those of the vaccinated group.

Conclusions
This field cohort study advances our knowledge of the efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine on the viral shedding in the saliva specimens of vaccinated NH workers, contributing to better decision-making in public health interventions and management.
Ammonia-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for zero emission maritime power: a case study
Authors: Di Micco Simona , Minutillo Mariagiovanna , Mastropasqua Luca , Cigolotti Viviana , Brouwer Jack 
Published: January 2022

Implementing environmentally friendly fuels and high efficiency propulsion technologies to replace the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) fueled by fossil fuels such as Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO) on board ships represents an attractive solution for maritime power. In this context, fuel cells can play a crucial role, thanks to their high energy efficiency and ultra-low to zero criteria pollutant emissions and environmental impact.
This paper performs the technical feasibility analysis for replacing the conventional diesel engine powertrain on board a commercial vessel with an innovative system consisting of ammonia-fuel-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology.
Taking into account the size of the diesel engines installed on board and the typical cruise performed by the commercial vessel, the ammonia consumption, as well as the optimal size of the innovative propulsion system have been assessed. In particular, the SOFC powertrain is sized at the same maximum power output as the main reference diesel engine. The mass and energy balances of the ammonia-based SOFC system have been performed in Aspen PlusTM environment. The gravimetric (kWh kg−1) and volumetric (kWh m−3) energy density features of the ammonia storage technology as well as the weight and volume of the proposed propulsion system are evaluated for verifying the compliance with the ship’s weight and space requirements. Results highlight that the proposed propulsion system involves an increase in weight both in the engine room and in the fuel room compared to the diesel engine and fuel. In particular, a cargo reduction of about 2.88% is necessary to fit the ammonia-based SOFC system compared to the space available in the reference diesel-fueled ship.
Trial of Labor and Vaginal Birth after Three Previous Cesarean
Sections: Report of Two Special Cases
Authors: Fruscalzo Arrigo , Elgendi Marwa , Gantert Marcus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Natural childbirth could represent a deeply rooted need for
many women, even in exceptional situations such as after 3 previous caesarean
sections.
Case presentation The first patient, a 28-year-old 6th gravida
and 3rd para, first presented in the 40+3 week of pregnancy
desiring a vaginal birth, after all the other hospitals in the area had refused
her request. A detailed explanation of potential risks was given and, when 2
days later contractions started, she gave birth to a newborn of 4450 g
spontaneously, without complications. A month later, a second woman, 42 years
old, 5th gravida, 3rd para, read about the above-mentioned
case on social media and decided to attempt a natural delivery after 3 caesarean
sections at our hospital as well. She presented herself for the first time in
the 41+1 week of pregnancy in our delivery room with an onset of labor
after rupture of the membranes and gave birth on the same day, spontaneously
without complications, to a 4150 g heavy healthy newborn.
Conclusions The wish to attempt a spontaneous birth after 3 previous
caesarean sections can be deeply anchored and should be professionally
approached by obstetricians, even if counseling and management can be
challenging.
Case Series of Applications of Resting State Functional MRI in Brain Tumor Surgery: A Novel Technique
Authors: Sahu Arpita , Kurki Vineeth , Vijan Antariksh , Janu Amit , Shetty Prakash , Moiyadi Aliasgar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background The extent of resection for brain tumors is a critical factor in determining the oncologic outcome for a patient. However, a balance between preservation of neurological function and maximal resection is essential for true benefit.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the approaches that augments the neurosurgeon's ability to attain maximal safe resection by providing preoperative mapping. It may not be possible to perform awake craniotomy with intraoperative localization by direct cortical stimulation in all patients, such as children and those with neurocognitive impairment. Task-based fMRI may have limited value in these cases due to low patient cooperability.
Methods In this article we present in a case-based format, the various clinical scenarios where resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) can be helpful in guiding neurosurgical resection. rs-fMRI of the patients has been acquired on Philips 1.5 T system. Seed voxel method has been used for processing and analysis.
Conclusion rs-fMRI does not require active patient cooperation to generate useful information and thus can be a promising tool in patients unable to cooperate for task-based studies.
An Update on Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Infections and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern (AMR) in COVID-19 Confirmed Patients
Authors: Boorgula Sushma Yadav , Yelamanchili Sadhana , Kottapalli Pragathi , Naga Mohini D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has limited treatment options, concern has been raised over secondary infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. It has been observed that patients who were infected with COVID-19 were predisposed to develop secondary infections. The purpose of the study is to ascertain the prevalence of the bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients, and also to assess the AMR patterns in the obtained isolates.
Methods We have studied 200 clinical samples obtained from 122 COVID-19 positive patients. Pathogens were identified using Vitek 2 system. The demographic and clinical patterns were also observed.
Results A total of 122 patients developed secondary infections. Patients aged more than 40 years were majorly affected (p-value < 0.0001). Respiratory samples (n = 96) were predominant. Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 68) was the most common pathogen isolated followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 54) and an overall 6% rise in the Carbapenem resistance was observed in the isolates.
Conclusion To contain the secondary infections in COVID-19 patients, it is imperative to adhere to antimicrobial stewardship program and timely revise the empirical antibiotic policy.
The onset of dissipative chaos driven by nonequilibrium conditions
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wang Jin 
Published: January 2022

Dissipative chaos appears widely in various nonequilibrium systems; however, it is not clear how dissipative chaos originates from nonequilibrium. We discuss a framework based on the potential–flux approach to study chaos from the perspective of nonequilibrium dynamics. In this framework, chaotic systems possess a wide basin on the potential landscape, in which the rotational flux dominates the system dynamics, and chaos occurs with the appearance of this basin. In contrast, the probability flux is particularly associated with the detailed balance-breaking in nonequilibrium systems. This implies that the appearance of dissipative chaos is driven by nonequilibrium conditions.
A new technique for tokamak edge density measurement based on microwave interferometer
Authors: Usoltceva Mariia , Heuraux Stéphane , Khabibullin Ildar , Faugel Helmut 
Published: January 2022

A novel approach for density measurements at the edge of a hot plasma device is presented—Microwave Interferometer in the Limiter Shadow (MILS). The diagnostic technique is based on measuring the change in phase and power of a microwave beam passing tangentially through the edge plasma, perpendicular to the background magnetic field. The wave propagation involves varying combinations of refraction, phase change, and further interference of the beam fractions. A 3D model is constructed as a synthetic diagnostic for MILS and allows exploring this broad range of wave propagation regimes. The diagnostic parameters, such as its dimensions, frequency, and configuration of the emitter and receiver antennas, should be balanced to meet the target range and location of measurements. It can be therefore adjusted for various conditions, and here, the diagnostic concept is evaluated on a chosen example, which was taken as suitable to cover densities of ∼1015 to 1019 m−3 on the edge of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. Based on a density profile with a fixed radial shape, appropriate for experimental density approximation, a database of synthetic diagnostic measurements is built. The developed genetic algorithm genMILS of density profile reconstruction using the constructed database has quite low errors. It is estimated as ∼5% to 15% for density ≥1017 m−3. Therefore, the new diagnostic technique (with a dedicated data processing algorithm) has a large potential in practical applications in a wide range of densities, with low errors in the numerical model and in the method of density reconstruction, so the total error and the density estimation accuracy are expected to be defined mostly by experimental uncertainties.
In vitro study of cataract extraction by bursts of microsecond 1.54-μm laser pulses
Authors: Belikov A.V. , Smirnov S.N. , Batov Yu.N. , Gubin A.B. , Pirozhkov Yu.B. , Boiko E.V. , Nemsitsveridze M.N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLaser extraction of a model porcine eye cataract has been performed for the first time in anin vitroexperiment using a 1.54-μm Yb, Er : glass laser generating bursts of microsecond pulses. We used effective pulse repetition rates from 36 to 75 Hz and average laser output powers from 3.9 to 5.25 W. The results demonstrate for the first time that, at an effective pulse repetition rate of 45 Hz, burst repetition rate of 15 Hz, three microsecond pulses per burst, and a burst energy from 260 to 265 mJ, the laser step duration in cataract extraction is 130 ± 10 s, which is comparable to the ultrasonic phacoemulsification and laser extraction time in the case of a Nd : YAG laser emitting at 1.44 μm. Acoustometry and high speed video recording of hydroacoustic processes accompanying interaction of water with 1.54-μm radiation from the Yb, Er : glass laser generating bursts of microsecond pulses have made it possible for the first time to detect overlap of hydroacoustic processes at the pulse spacing in bursts reduced to under 700 μs. In the case of overlap of hydroacoustic processes, despite the increase in average power and effective pulse repetition rate, acoustic wave generation is ineffective because pulses propagate through bubbles formed in the water. Laser cataract extraction is shown to be most effective at a lower average power, lower effective pulse repetition rate, and burst pulse spacing of 850 ± 10 μs.
Estimation of a minimum laser power with wavelengths of 1.47, 1.56, and 1.68 μm for efficient obliteration of varicose veins
Authors: Ignat’eva N.Yu. , Zakharkina O.L. , Sviridov A.P. , Mazaishvili K.V. , Shekhter A.B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Experiments modelling endovenous laser obliteration (EVLO) are performed. As a result, laser radiation powers P
c at which collagen denaturation, tissue necrosis, and vasa vasorum destruction occur throughout the entire venous-wall thickness and, at the same time, the surrounding tissues are not subjected to unnecessary heating, are found. The main criterion for determining P
c is the achievement of 100 % denaturation of venous-wall proteins, confirmed by morphological and calorimetric analysis. The P
c values for laser wavelengths of 1.47, 1.56, and 1.68 μm are found to be 6.0 ± 0.2, 5.0 ± 0.2, and 6.0 ± 0.2 W, respectively. It is established for all wavelengths in use that the temperature of the external venous-wall surface reaches 91 ± 2 °C at the corresponding power P
c. We relate the dependence of P
c on the radiation wavelength to the formation of a coagulum on the optical fibre tip moving through a blood-filled vessel. The achievement of temperature necessary for coagulum formation is determined by the simultaneously occurring processes of energy absorption and its dissipation in the form of heat. These processes become more intense with an increase in the absorption coefficient of the medium. A mechanism is proposed to explain the relationship between the P
c value and laser wavelength, based on the influence of the absorption coefficient of medium (blood) on the temperature near the fibre tip.
Inactivation of coronaviruses under irradiation by UVA-range light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zavestovskaya I.N. , Gushchin V.A. , Russu L.I. , Cheshev E.A. , Koromyslov A.L. , Tupitsyn I.M. , Fronya A.A. , Grigoryeva M.S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe report the results of the development of an experimental stand based on UVA light-emitting diodes (UVA LEDs) with radiation wavelengths of 385 and 395 nm for studying experimentally the inactivation of viruses of the coronavirus family, including SARS-CoV-2. Methodological grounds are presented for determining the inactivation dose that provides a predetermined decrease in the virus titre under the impact of UVA radiation. The effect of the diode radiation divergence on the virus photoinactivation process is investigated. It is shown that UVA LEDs can be used to reduce the virus titre by 4 orders of magnitude.
Global evidence on the selfish rich inequality hypothesis
Authors: Almås Ingvild , Cappelen Alexander W. , Sørensen Erik Ø. , Tungodden Bertil 
Published: January 2022

Significance
People’s beliefs about why the rich are richer than the poor have the potential to affect both policy attitudes and economic development. We provide global evidence showing that where the fortunes of the rich are perceived to be the result of selfish behavior, inequality is viewed as unfair, and there is stronger support for income redistribution. However, we also observe that belief in selfish rich inequality is highly polarized in many countries and thus a source of political disagreement that might be detrimental to economic development. We find systematic country differences in the extent to which people believe that selfishness is a source of inequality, which sheds light on international differences in public morality, civic virtues, and redistributive policies.
Direct visualization of polaron formation in the thermoelectric SnSe
Authors: René de Cotret Laurent P. , Otto Martin R. , Pöhls Jan-Hendrik , Luo Zhongzhen , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Siwick Bradley J. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Thermoelectrics can generate electrical power from waste heat and could make an important contribution to sustainable energy production if their efficiency is improved. Engineering efficient thermoelectrics, however, requires a sophisticated understanding of the fundamental interdependencies between electrical and thermal transport, for which improvements in our understanding of how charge carriers are coupled to lattice vibrations (phonons) is needed. Using advanced ultrafast electron-based techniques, we probe the fundamental nature of electron–phonon coupling in SnSe, one of the highest-performing thermoelectric materials, in order to unravel the origins of its thermoelectric efficiency. We show that the charge carriers in SnSe interact strongly with lattice waves to form moving lattice distortions called polarons, which helps to explain some of SnSe’s most unusual properties.
Unraveling the origin of extra strengthening in gradient nanotwinned metals
Authors: Cheng Zhao , Bu Linfeng , Zhang Yin , Wu HengAn , Zhu Ting , Gao Huajian , Lu Lei 
Published: January 2022

Significance
The emergence of heterogeneous nanostructured metals offers exciting opportunities for achieving extraordinary mechanical properties. Gradient nanotwinned Cu is a prominent class of heterogeneous nanostructured metals, as it exhibits a superior extra strength compared with nongradient counterparts. However, the mechanistic origin of the extra strength remains elusive. At a more fundamental level, the strengthening effects of plastically inhomogeneous deformation in heterogeneous nanostructured metals are not well understood. Here, we use a combination of controlled material processing, back-stress measurement, dislocation microstructure characterization, and strain gradient plasticity modeling to unravel the origin of the extra strength in gradient nanotwinned Cu. The combined experimental and modeling framework may be applied to accelerate the rational design of heterogeneous nanostructured metals with enhanced mechanical performance.
The carbohydrate economy of fruit trees.
Authors: DeJong T. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Since lack of water is a commonly occurring condition in nature, plants have developed many physiological responses to help them survive periods of water stress. Most of these responses cause changes in the carbohydrate economy of the tree through reduced photosynthesis, tree growth or cropping, but some of these effects can be managed to have minimal impact on overall tree productivity. Whether these responses influence economic production depends on: (i) the processes occurring at the time of a stress; (ii) how important these processes are to tree yield; and (iii) whether these processes rely heavily on the current level of photosynthesis or can use stored carbohydrates, like starch, to compensate for the lack of current photosynthesis in the leaves. This chapter discusses the carbohydrate economy of fruit trees. An outline is provided for how assimilates are distributed and used within a fruit or nut tree.
Understanding the shoot sink.
Authors: DeJong T. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

To more fully understand how all the major organs of a tree interact in the semi-autonomous scheme of assimilate distribution and tree functioning, it is important to understand their development and growth behavior. This chapter presents a general description of the development and growth characteristics of the major organs (shoot and leaf) of fruit trees, including shoot structure, morphology and orientation; diurnal patterns of shoot growth; seasonal growth patterns of shoot growth and dormancy; as well as tree aging.
The physics remote laboratory: implementation of an experiment on standing waves
Authors: Caetano Thiago , Rezende Junior Mikael Frank , Pina da Silva Agenor , Moreira Camila Cardoso 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There always have been some hurdles when it comes to the adequate use of didactical experimental activities in science education, such as the lack of proper training, insufficient time, and inadequate infrastructure. At this very moment, the pandemic has taught us that there may be also circumstances in which the traditional laboratory and the traditional activities are just not possible, thus online operable experiments might constitute a viable alternative for the practical lessons in higher education. In this paper, we discuss the development and the implementation of a remote-controlled didactical experiment on standing waves largely used in the physics basic program offered to the engineering courses. The development has combined applied knowledge from different areas, i.e. electric and electronics engineering, and computer science. In order to ascertain the experiment consistency, we have gathered data from the wave propagation speed and from the corresponding tension applied to the string and performed a χ-square linear fit in order to determine the correlation between the logarithm of both parameters. The experiment was successfully implemented and has been accessed by hundreds of different users from more than 30 different countries ever since. It has also been largely employed in practical activities at the university and has shown no significant signs of instability. It exhibited a total latency time inferior to 0.8 s on average and the results drawn from data it provides have shown to be accurate, within less than 0.8% of deviation with respect to the theoretical results.
Highly sensitive flexible modulus sensor for softness perception and clinical application
Authors: Zou Qiang , Yang Fengrui , Wang Yaodong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The wearable sensors for softness measuring are emerging as a solution of softness perception, which is an intrinsic function of human skin, for electronic skin and human-machine interaction. However, these wearable sensors suffer from a key challenge: the modulus of an object can not be characterized directly, which originates from the complicated transduction mechanism. To address this key challenge, we developed a flexible and wearable modulus sensor that can simultaneously measure the pressure and modulus without mutual interference. The modulus sensing was realized by merging the electrostatic capacitance response from the pressure sensor and the ionic capacitance response from the indentation sensor. Via the optimized structure, our sensor exhibits high modulus sensitivity of 1.9 × 102 in 0.06 MPa, a fast dynamic response time of 100 ms, and high mechanical robustness for over 2500 cycles. We also integrated the sensor onto a prosthetic hand and surgical probe to demonstrate its capability for pressure and modulus sensing. This work provides a new strategy for modulus measurement, which has great potential in softness sensing and medical application.