bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest Stewardship Based on Socio-Ecological Principles
Authors: Burton Philip J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Resilient forest management embodies many of the principles of ecological forestry and complex adaptive systems. Those principles have been variously expressed in different ways, recognizing the critical roles of diversity, disturbance, spatial and temporal connections, and the potential for self-organization and adaptive evolution as important for the resilience of forests. The challenge for forest managers is to protect those attributes in forests while still garnering benefits from their many ecosystem services. All forest management is ultimately about managing human activities, so it must function successfully within the broader socio-ecological system and its associated sociocultural institutions, structures, and processes. Applying resilient forest management is always a unique place-based exercise that must be customized to local environmental constraints, forest attributes, management objectives, and stakeholder expectations. It makes sense for local communities to have a strong voice in the governance structure that frames those management decisions. Forests are rooted in place, and local people have the most to gain or lose from their manipulation. Community needs and desires vary with regard to forest benefits and desired characteristics of the future forest. Our ability to shape the forest according to those expectations is compromised by imperfect knowledge and much uncertainty, suggesting the need for a humble and flexible way forward, one of forest ecosystem stewardship rather than command-and-control management.
Introduction
Authors: Urban Matthias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of topics in Central Andean linguistics. It introduces the past and present distribution of languages, highlighting the massive differences caused by language loss. The chapter sketches the emergence and development of descriptive and historical linguistics in the Central Andes, and shows the relevance of data from the area for linguistic theory. It explores how research on historical and areal linguistics (exploring contact phenomena) have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between language, culture, and society in the prehistoric past, and how sociolinguistic and anthropological research is contributing to understanding that relationship in the present day. The chapter also highlights the changeable sociolinguistic situation of those Central Andean languages that are still spoken, discussing the high degree of endangerment of the languages and measures taken against it.
Physical geography and cultural trajectory of the Central Andes
Authors: Kaulicke Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides background information for the reconstruction of pre-Hispanic Central Andean history and its changing environments based on interdisciplinary data. The highly varied geography, ecology, and cultural diversity require a subdivision of the Central Andes into three parts: North, Center, and South. Each is characterized by naturally and socially connected landscapes that have often been victims to climatic impacts, which partially led to political collapse, but also to resilience and innovations. These conditions favored segmentary polities with only relatively late agropastoral expansive states or empires. In the North, where complex polities and cultures ensued in remarkable continuity until the 16th century. The Center is a kind of transition area, while the South is later in evolution, but dominant from ad 700/800 (Wari, Tiwanaku) to Inca. Regional perspectives and changing networks hence are crucial for the comprehension of this complex world without written sources.
Historical linguistics, philology, and the development of Andean linguistics
Authors: Cerrón-Palomino Rodolfo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Historical-comparative linguistics in the Andean area was born in the 1960s. Its development is closely related to the unfolding of descriptive and dialectological studies on its Indigenous languages, in particular Quechuan and Aymaran. Only later, once reconstructions had been proposed, did attention turn toward the documentary sources in search of evidence which would help to formulate alternative solutions, deal with unresolved issues, and obtain clarification and refinements. Thus, philological studies of the Andean area were initiated and employed in a rigorous intellectual examination of the colonial grammatical and lexicographic materials. In this contribution, I attempt to give an account of the development of linguistic-philological studies as they have come to be applied in the linguistics of the Central Andes, making a distinction between two phases of their interplay that are distinguishable through the nature of their interaction and the quality of their output.
Cuzco Quechua
Authors: Bendezú-Araujo Raúl , Acurio-Palma Jorge 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter offers a grammatical overview of Cuzco Quechua [ISO 639-3: quz, Glottocode: cusc1236], a Southern Quechuan language spoken in the southern Peruvian Andes by nearly 1.5 million speakers. Within the Quechuan family, Cuzco Quechua is probably the most studied language. However, the most relevant sources are written in Spanish (and one in French) and in editions that are no longer readily available. This sketch aims to offer a panoramic view of Cuzco Quechua grammar based mainly on the data of descriptive sources and lexicographic works. This data is supplemented with the authors’ experience working with the language, both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective.
Uru and Chipaya
Authors: Hannß Katja 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Uru [ISO 369-3: ure, Glottocode: uruu1244] and Chipaya [ISO 369-3: cap, Glottocode: chip1262] together form the Uru–Chipaya language family, spoken on the Bolivian Altiplano. Uru fell out of use around 1950, while Chipaya is still spoken by approximately 1,800 people. The nature of their relationship remains unclear; other members of the language family became extinct almost undocumented. As described in this chapter, Uru and Chipaya are agglutinating with some fusional features. Their nominal case systems are comparable to those of Aymara and Quechua; the basic constituent order is SOV, although this is flexible. One peculiarity of the Uru and Chipaya verbal systems is that the subject is marked on the verb only in certain tenses and it is usually only a first-person that is indexed on the verb. Uru, but especially Chipaya, have several phrasal and clausal clitics, which express various pragmatic functions.
The Andean Spanish of Southern Peru and Bolivia
Authors: Ciudad Luis Andrade 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Andean varieties of Spanish spoken in Southern Peru and Bolivia share some distinctive traits. On the one hand, these are due to the influence of Aymara and Quechua, the Indigenous languages they have been in contact with for five centuries. However, although this influence is significant, they also show some features that are specific to the Spanish system, some of which can be considered to be remnants of ancient Spanish traits. In addition, some phenomena are exclusive of one of both countries or of specific areas within them. In this chapter, I summarize the main phenomena that characterize the Andean Spanish of Southern Peru and Bolivia at the different linguistic levels, and I argue that, from a dialectological point of view, both types of features, contact-induced and patrimonial, should be equally valued and studied.
Central Andean Segmental Phonologies in Continental Perspective
Authors: Michael Lev , Robertson Allegra 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The idea that Central Andean languages differ phonologically from other South American languages has a long history, and has played an important role in claims for the existence of an Andean, or Central Andean, linguistic area. This chapter examines the phonological inventories of the Central Andean languages from a continental perspective, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and drawing on a comprehensive database of South American phonological inventories (SAPhon 2.1.0). From this wider perspective, Central Andean languages participate in three different, partially overlapping, areas: a large Western South American Phonological Area, as well as smaller Southern Cone and North-Central Andean Phonological Areas. Rather than forming a phonological area unto themselves, then, Central Andean languages participate in complexly overlapping and multi-lateral relationships of areality over large areas of western South America.
The Quechuan–Aymaran relationship
Authors: Emlen Nicholas Q. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Quechuan and Aymaran languages have been spoken side by side in many places throughout history, and share many resemblances in their lexicons, phonological systems, and grammatical structures. Explaining these resemblances remains one of the most vexing and enduring puzzles in South American historical linguistics. In this chapter, I review how this topic has developed over the centuries. I present this history in four parts, beginning in 1653–1950, when observers simply took the resemblances between the families as evidence of descent from a common ancestor language. Next, in 1950–86, scholars working with more comprehensive data and more mature methods embraced contact to explain the most obvious resemblances between the families. The third period (1986–2010) illuminated the relative chronology of Quechuan-Aymaran contact, and since then, Andeanists have begun to reconstruct the processes of change. I conclude by suggesting a few steps that might lie ahead.
Language ideologies and the Quechuan family
Authors: Howard Rosaleen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The linguistic panorama of the Central Andes is interwoven with that of Western Amazonia. This chapter explores three related aspects of that relationship. First, we describe areal typological patterns that can be detected across the whole region and that reflect the deepest time depth available to our current methods. Second, we turn to the linguistic geography of the Andean–Amazonian transitional zone, both historically and in the present, revealing a more recent picture of the region’s languages. Third, we present two case studies of Andean–Amazonian linguistic connections: the Aymara–Puquina–Leko–Tacanan complex northeast of Lake Titicaca during the Inca period, and the multilingual Matsigenka–Quechua–Spanish frontier society of the Urubamba Valley in the 20th and 21st centuries. Together, these three perspectives illustrate the richness of Andean–Amazonian linguistic connections and their importance for understanding the linguistic panorama of Western South America.
Language and the Andean environment
Authors: Shapero Joshua 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationship between language and environment in the Central Andes, and suggests directions and implications for future research on the subject. Because of the particularities of both communicative and environmental patterns in Central Andean societies, this relationship offers a number of surprises. The chapter begins with a theoretical reflection on the relationship between language and environment, then moves first to examine linguistic forms related to the environment in Central Andean languages (toponyms, location and direction markers, demonstratives, and spatial Frames of Reference), and second, ethnographic and historical data on environmental engagement in the Central Andes. Finally, the chapter suggests that the mutual interactions of language and environment in the Central Andes affords valuable opportunities for re-examining deeply embedded assumptions about the nature of language and sociality that have informed the study of language more broadly, both in and beyond the Andes.
Early Islamic Water Management in Northern Mesopotamia
Authors: Rayne Louise 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the evidence for a peak in water management activities in early Islamic northern Mesopotamia. The former irrigation systems, from which the early Islamic water strategy developed, are reviewed and the situation that followed it discussed. Medieval hydraulic pathways remained embedded in the landscape of northern Mesopotamia until relatively recently, but since the latter part of the twentieth century the environment of Syria and Iraq has been rewritten. The remains of relict canals were rapidly removed between the 1960s and 1990s to make way for new, large-scale schemes, which replaced rain-fed cultivation.
A Tale of Two Services
Authors: Bramoullé David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Fatimids (909–1171) set up an active and efficient navy. It is the image of a professional fleet, with rationalized organization and command, and concerned with innovation that emerges through the texts. These elements invite us to question the financing of the Fatimid fleet. In Egypt, the documentation makes it possible to better understand how the navy was financed. Sources testify to the development of a strategic raw materials purchasing system that relied on two public customs services called the Khums and the Matjar. This system, quite atypical for this period, enabled the Fatimids to design a navy that was the essential tool for legitimizing the universalist claims of the Ismaili dynasty in the face of its Sunni competitors.
Silent Partners
Authors: Reynolds Daniel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Christians in the early Islamic economy between 750 and 1000. Challenging the tendency to examine Christians as a homogenous socio-economic population, this chapter takes a single case study, Christians in early Islamic Palestine, and examines how Christians responded to the shifting landscapes of power, settlement and economic activity in this region in the early Islamic period. In particular, it argues that the tendency to examine later Christian economic activity through the lens of Late Antique models has resulted in an underestimation of their presence and significance within early Islamic economic and fiscal systems. When examined closely, the evidence reveals the sensitivity of Christians and their related economic activities to the shifting role of land-use, taxation, and sedentary settlement in the post-Umayyad Bilād al-Shām.
The Middle East as Seen by the Arab Geographers (Ninth to Tenth Centuries)
Authors: Ducène Jean-Charles 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
While the Arabic geographical literature does not provide an exhaustive view of the Middle East during the ninth and tenth centuries, it nevertheless offers valuable insights regarding its economic evolution since Antiquity. Indeed, regardless of the type of literature (administrative, descriptive, or encyclopaedic), the geographers often examined the environments where people lived, in particular city life. In this sense, al-Iṣṭakhrī’s, Ibn Ḥawqal’s and al-Muqaddasī’s books are noteworthy. All these authors tended to focus more on the contemporary situation of the city, rather than its history. In these narratives the city is a place of power, an administrative centre, and a place of production and exchange. The major urban installations (mosque, palace, citadel, market) are identified. The road network is also described, sometimes in its original form, which allows the reader to understand how it evolved through time. Finally, this geographical literature provides a survey of routes of communication between cities and their hinterlands, which occasionally illustrates the regions’ rise and fall.
North-Eastern Mesopotamia as an Economic Area from an Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Nováček Karel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Archaeological data are still not usually employed for reconstruction of geography and dynamics of the trade in the heartland of the caliphate, as the Islamic archaeology in Iraq has not reached yet the necessary level of coverage and intensity. This case study is devoted to the province of al-Hidyāb (ancient Adiabene) and focuses on the trade infrastructure, particularly the spatial distribution, morphology, and hierarchy of centres involved in the production and exchange of goods, as well as on the regional geography of the transportation networks. A notable expansion of the urban system and route network during the Umayyad and early ʿAbbāsid period can be hypothetically linked with the intensification of agricultural production and commercial activity, reflecting not only the progress of the Islamic tamṣīr but, above all, a heyday of the Christian majority in the region.
Infrastructures and Organization of the Early Islamic Slave Trade with Northern Europe
Authors: Jankowiak Marek 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Is it likely that the hundreds of thousands of dirhams found in northern and eastern Europe mostly represent payments for slaves imported to the Islamic world? The transportation of thousands of captives from northern Europe to central Asia or Muslim Spain must have raised formidable logistical difficulties. This chapter reviews the evidence—written, numismatic, and archaeological—pertaining to the importation of slaves into the Islamic world in an attempt to understand how, concretely, the early Islamic slave trade may have operated. The wide variety of attested operating models, from merchant diasporas to long-distance caravans, illustrates its complexity and flexibility.
The Landscapes of Science and Religion
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Landscapes of Science and Religion seeks to identify and explore what exactly people are disagreeing about when they disagree about science and religion — where, in effect, the conflict lies, or at least is perceived to. To answer this, the book first defines or, more precisely, disambiguates the two category terms ‘science’ and ‘religion’. Building on the work of Peter Harrison, and on Wittgenstein’s argument that meaning resides in usage, and his advocacy of ‘family resemblance’ approach to definition, it draws on various legal and philosophical definitions of science and religion, to which it brings a considerable new source of data, from over a hundred hours of research among scientists, philosophers, sociologists, theologians, and communicators, and a substantial quantitative study of UK public attitudes. From these, it elucidates two disambiguated ‘family definitions’ of science and religion. On the basis of these, Part II explores the points of contact between these disambiguated ‘family definitions’, and pays particular attention to four areas, or ‘fronts’, where the perceived conflict is sharpest. These are (1) metaphysics, (2) methodology, (3) anthropology, and (4) public authority and public reasoning. For each of these the book sets out in detail, firstly, where the perceived conflict lies; secondly, how this tension can be attenuated or even resolved; and finally, what are the outstanding points of disagreement in each area. In doing to, the book offers a comprehensive and empirically grounded response to the popular, long-standing but often polemicised and obscure debates around science and religion
Disaggregating Science
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter draws on over a hundred interviews with scientists, philosophers, sociologists, and communicators, and builds on an initial disaggregation of the dimensions or ‘features’ of science derived from legal and philosophical analysis. From this new and extensive data source, it outlines six distinct dimensions or ‘features’ of science, pertaining to its (1) method(s), (2) subject, (3) presuppositions, (4) objectives, (5) values, and (6) institutional structure. Each of these encompasses a range of factors, and none is wholly discrete or watertight. All, but especially the last two, incorporate the descriptive, as well as the normative aspect of what science is. Between them, they enable us to build up a broad, composite, and flexible ‘family definition’ of what science is.
Disaggregating Science and Religion
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter builds on the work of sociologist John Evans, and uses a new data source of over 5,000 UK adult interviews to assess the public understanding of science and religion in the UK, specifically of what science and what religion actually are. Data show that for the vast majority of the UK public, their main source of information about science and religion does not come from first-hand personal or educational experience but via the media. Accordingly, public conceptions of science in the UK are usually embedded in progressive narratives, tied up with science doing things like warning, healing, or predicting. By contrast, religion—or more specifically religions—are also encountered as embedded in newsworthy narratives, although often ones that are problematic or even threatening. As a result, public conceptions of science and religion are usually weighted, in different directions, by their perceived ethical features, as Evans argues is the case in the US. However, this is not altogether at the expense of other features, and the chapter shows that, albeit not expressed in those terms, public conceptions of science and of religion also recognise the significance of their metaphysical and methodological/epistemological features.
Methodology
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which different conceptions of methodology are central to the perceived conflict between science and religion. Because method plays such a central role within the ‘family definition’ of science, it naturally looms large in debates around science and religion. The consequence is a widespread if superficial belief that ‘science relies on evidence whereas religion relies on faith’. On closer examination, and in particular when the asymmetric comparison between a ‘theorised’ understanding of scientific method and a ‘rank-and-file’ understanding of religious belief is avoided, the chapter shows that there is more complementarity between the respective methods than a straightforwardly oppositional approach would have it. Science not only establishes its knowledge through adherence to scientific method(s), but also integrates features that are familiar to religion as a means of establishing its knowledge. In a similar vein, the process by means of which religious authorities and scholars acquire, refine, deepen, defend, and develop beliefs exhibits features that resonate with science’s methodologies. The chapter examines these similarities, before concluding that, such correspondences notwithstanding, there remain certain legitimate methodological tensions between science and religion, and it concludes by highlighting four, pertaining to revelation, evidence, consensus, and confidence
Unpaid Labour and Inequality in Precarious Work
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter critically examines arguments of unpaid labour, precarious work, and inequality, all the while differentiating between employees in employment relationships and self-employed workers in service provision relationships. It initiates the exploration of the theoretical framework concerning the politics inherent to unpaid labour, discussing their potential to address the inequalities inherent to precarious work environments. This discussion strives to elucidate the rationale behind individuals’ experiences and the significance they ascribe to unpaid labour. It also works to embed the analysis of stigma and resilience into studies on unpaid labour, inequality, and precarious work. Stigma is the ‘social norm’ reflecting the social roles in place in a given setting, resilience is the availability and uptake of various resources.