bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study on the Corrosion Performance of APS-, HVOF-, and HVAF-Sprayed NiCr and NiCrBSi Coatings in NaCl Solutions
Authors: Somervuori Mervi , Varis Tommi , Oksa Maria , Suhonen Tomi , Vuoristo Petri 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCorrosion performance of NiCr and NiCrBSi coatings produced by APS, HVOF, and HVAF was studied by electrochemical measurements and immersion tests in 0.5 and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions. In the electrochemical measurements, the NiCr coatings performed better than the NiCrBSi coatings. The effect of the coating process on the corrosion resistance of the material was significantly lower than that of the selected materials, NiCr or NiCrBSi. All the coatings showed a tendency to passivate but suffered from localized corrosion. During immersion exposure for ten weeks, localized corrosion appeared at heterogeneous areas of the coatings, including voids, defects, or powder particles that had not melted during the spraying process.
The demise of Monechma: new combinations and a new classification in the resurrected genera Meiosperma and Pogonospermum (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Darbyshire Iain , Kiel Carrie A. , Chase Frances M. , Manzitto-Tripp Erin A. 
Published: April 2022

SummaryRecent molecular phylogenetic results have demonstrated that Monechma s.l., a group of plants with ecological importance in the savanna and succulent biomes of sub-Saharan Africa, is polyphyletic with two discrete lineages recognisable. In the present work, we recognise Monechma Groups I and II at the generic rank, which can be distinguished by differences in inflorescence characteristics and seed morphology. The nomenclatural implications of these findings are investigated. The lectotype of Monechma, M. bracteatum Hochst., is a part of a small lineage of plants closely allied to Justicia L. sect. Harnieria (Solms) Benth. for which the earliest valid name is found to be Meiosperma Raf. Hence, Monechma is synonymised within Meiosperma, which comprises six accepted species and two undescribed taxa. The majority of species of former Monechma s.l. are resolved within the second lineage for which the only validly published generic name is Pogonospermum Hochst. This resurrected genus comprises 34 accepted species plus two undescribed taxa. Pogonospermum displays considerable morphological variation and is here subdivided into six sections based primarily on differences in plant habit, inflorescence form, calyx, bract and bracteole venation, and seed indumentum. The new combinations and new sections are validated, and seven accepted species names are lectotypified.
„Vielfalt vor Ort begegnen“ – wissenschaftliche Begleitung eines Modellprojekts zum professionellen Umgang mit Heterogenität in Kindertageseinrichtungen in Thüringen (WisBeV)
Authors: Lochner Barbara , Wutzler Michael , Rißmann Michaela , Rehklau Christine 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie wissenschaftliche Begleitung des Modellprojekts „Vielfalt vor Ort begegnen – professioneller Umgang mit Heterogenität in Kindertageseinrichtungen“ bringt auf Basis anwendungsbezogener Forschung wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu diversitätssensibler Pädagogik in die pädagogische Praxis und Organisationsentwicklung von Kindertageseinrichtungen in Thüringen ein. Es wird an der Fachhochschule Erfurt unter Leitung von Michaela Rißmann, Barbara Lochner und Christine Rehklau im Auftrag des Thüringer Ministeriums für Bildung, Jugend und Sport von 2021 bis 2023 durchgeführt. Zunächst wird angestrebt, ein theoretisch fundiertes und empirisch validiertes Curriculum für die Fort- und Weiterbildung von Pädagog*innen zur Diversity-Reflexivität und den pädagogischen Umgang mit Heterogenität zu entwickeln. Insgesamt wird der Prozess – insbesondere für dessen Qualitätssicherung – von jeweils drei qualitativen und quantitativen Teilerhebungen und deren triangulativer Analyse begleitet.
Compassion Focused Group Therapy for Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: a Preliminary Investigation
Authors: McLean Lisa , Steindl Stanley R. , Bambling Matthew 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The adverse effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are often significant and enduring. It is therefore important to identify therapeutic interventions that can effectively minimize these effects. Compassion focused therapy (CFT) was originally developed for people with high levels of self-criticism and shame. It holds significant promise as an intervention for survivors of CSA, but has not yet been empirically tested. This study explored both the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a CFT group intervention (CFT-SA) for adult female survivors of CSA.

Methods
CFT-SA was developed and tested with adult female survivors of CSA, to determine if there was any change in outcome measure scores after participating in the 12-week intervention (n = 30) and at 3-month post-intervention follow-up (n = 25).

Results
Low attrition and high session attendance, in addition to positive participant feedback, suggested the program had high acceptability. Significant improvement was observed across all outcome variables from pre- to post-intervention (n = 30), which were maintained at follow-up (n = 25). Participants demonstrated increased self-compassion and self-reassurance, and reduced symptoms of post-traumatic stress, shame, and self-criticism, as well as fears of compassion, depression, anxiety, and stress, with medium to large effect sizes (d = .55 to 1.36). Across all measures, between 20 and 57% of participants demonstrated reliable change pre- to post-intervention, and 22 to 57% from pre-intervention to follow-up.

Conclusions
This study provides preliminary support for the acceptability and potential benefits of utilizing CFT-SA as an intervention for adult female survivors of CSA and offers recommendations for future research.
Trial Registration.
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616001041448.
Interventions for Infection and Inflammation-Induced Preterm Birth: a Preclinical Systematic Review
Authors: Miller Faith A. , Sacco Adalina , David Anna L. , Boyle Ashley K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous preterm births (< 37 weeks gestation) are frequently associated with infection. Current treatment options are limited but new therapeutic interventions are being developed in animal models. In this PROSPERO-registered preclinical systematic review, we aimed to summarise promising interventions for infection/inflammation-induced preterm birth. Following PRISMA guidance, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science using the themes: “animal models”, “preterm birth”, “inflammation”, and “therapeutics”. We included original quantitative, peer-reviewed, and controlled studies applying prenatal interventions to prevent infection/inflammation-induced preterm birth in animal models. We employed two risk of bias tools. Of 4020 identified studies, 23 studies (24 interventions) met our inclusion criteria. All studies used mouse models. Preterm birth was most commonly induced by lipopolysaccharide (18 studies) or Escherichia coli (4 studies). Models varied according to infectious agent serotype, dose, and route of delivery. Gestational length was significantly prolonged in 20/24 interventions (83%) and markers of maternal inflammation were reduced in 20/23 interventions (87%). Interventions targeting interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and toll-like receptors show particular therapeutic potential. However, due to the heterogeneity of the methodology of the included studies, meta-analysis was impossible. All studies were assigned an unclear risk of bias using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Interventions targeting inflammation demonstrate therapeutic potential for the prevention of preterm birth. However, better standardisation of preterm birth models, including the dose, serotype, timing of administration and pathogenicity of infectious agent, and outcome reporting is urgently required to improve the reproducibility of preclinical studies, allow meaningful comparison of intervention efficacy, and aid clinical translation.
Prevalence of Gender Dysphoria by Gender and Age in Japan: A Population-Based Internet Survey Using the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale
Authors: Oshima Yoshitaka , Matsumoto Yosuke , Terada Seishi , Yamada Norihito 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundSeveral studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence of gender dysphoria (GD) from a general population sample. However, no previous studies used reliable questionnaires.AimTo estimate the prevalence of GD in Japan by gender and age using the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS).MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 20,000 respondents between the ages of 20 and 69 who were registered with an internet research company. The study consisted of two phases. First, the participants were asked to self-identify their gender on two 5-point Likert scales. Second, the screened participants completed the UGDS.OutcomesSelf-identified gender and GD were defined as follows: ambivalent gender (equally feeling like the birth gender and another gender), incongruent gender (a stronger sense of the latter vs the former), narrow GD (incongruent gender + UGDS score ≥ 41), and broad GD (ambivalent or incongruent gender + UGDS score ≥ 41).ResultsAmong the eligible participants, the age-adjusted proportions of those classified as male (n = 7827) and female (n = 8903) at birth were 6.0% and 5.9%, respectively, for ambivalent gender, and 0.93% and 1.0%, respectively, for incongruent gender. The age-adjusted prevalence of GD was 0.27% (95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.42) and 0.35% (95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.50) for narrow GD and 0.87% (95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.1) and 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.3) for broad GD, respectively. No significant gender differences were found within the age groups, except for broad GD in respondents in their 50s (P = .016). However, for both genders, significant differences were found between age groups such that GD was more prevalent in younger vs older respondents, except for broad GD in respondents classified as female at birth (P = .063).Clinical ImplicationsClinicians should be aware that the prevalence of GD is not negligible and that it varies with age. GD should be assessed in detail from various perspectives in addition to self-identified gender.Strengths & LimitationsThis study used a reliable questionnaire to examine the prevalence of GD in a large population. However, the participants did not represent the general population because this was an internet survey.ConclusionThe prevalence of GD was much higher than previously estimated by clinic-based studies, and was more frequently associated with participant age vs gender.
Dreams of Development in Mexico and Spain: A Comparative History of Guestworkers and Migration Diplomacy
Authors: Snodgrass Michael David 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis history of Cold War-era migration policy compares two emblematic guestworker programs that recruited several million Mexican and Spanish migrants to labor in the United States and Germany. Proponents of the bilateral accords defended them as diplomatic achievements that secured contractual labor rights, improved foreign relations, and sent migrants home with savings and skills to achieve the diverse development goals of the sending states. The study traces the programs’ historical and ideological roots, juxtaposes the guestworkers’ experiences, and uses the cases of Mexicanbracerosand Spanishgastarbeiterto explore the contested nexus between migration and development.
Global challenges and priorities for interventions addressing illegal harvest, use and trade of marine turtles
Authors: Lopes Lauren L. , Paulsch Axel , Nuno Ana 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWorldwide, conservation initiatives have attempted to curb illegal harvest, use and trade of marine turtles at least since the 1950s. Despite some declines in local trade and consumption, these illegal activities are still often reported as a key threat to marine turtle populations. Reassessing and refining global conservation priorities for marine turtles allows us to formulate evidence-based strategies and effective interventions to address this threat. We surveyed a total of 103 marine turtle conservation researchers and practitioners globally to understand how conservation efforts can be better allocated to curb illegal harvest, use and trade. We explored the characteristics of these illegal activities, conservation priorities, challenges and lessons learnt. According to participants’ perceptions, progress has been achieved, but illegal harvest, use and trade remain pressing threats globally. Current challenges to addressing illegal activities relate to fisheries management, enforcement and legislation. Recommended priority actions include law and penalty enforcement, enhancing environmental literacy, awareness and stakeholder participation, and improving local conservation leadership and onshore/maritime management based on research. Based on participants' perceptions, we identify priorities for marine turtle conservation interventions that aim to curb illegal harvest, use and trade. Given the challenges of obtaining reliable information on sensitive topics such as illegal harvest, use and trade, further work should seek to validate our findings through empirical research. Further work could also seek to comprehend better how expert elicitation in conservation is influenced by individual experience, perspectives and goals.
River Dune Dynamics During Low Flows
Authors: Lokin L. R. , Warmink J. J. , Bomers A. , Hulscher S. J. M. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRiver dunes are wavelike features in sandy riverbeds that move slowly in a downstream direction. These bedforms are shaped by the interaction between flowing water and sand grains at the riverbed. Understanding river dune dynamics is essential to determine sediment transport and optimize river maintenance. Earlier research mainly focused on river dune dynamics during high flows; therefore, low‐flow dune dynamics are hardly understood. In this study, we analyzed dune dynamics in a unique data set of 10 years of biweekly bed elevation profiles of the Rhine River, focusing on low‐flow conditions. Here, we show that dunes migrate and become lower and longer during low flows, while current literature states that dunes should become shorter. This dune migration and lengthening at low flows is a new finding and is linked to diffusive dune migration processes that become more relevant when sediment transport is just above incipient motion.
Ultra‐low Frequency Foreshock Waves and Ion Dynamics at Mars
Authors: Jarvinen R. , Kallio E. , Pulkkinen T. I. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe study the solar wind interaction with Mars in a global three‐dimensional hybrid model. A well‐developed, vast ion foreshock forms under a strongly flow‐aligned interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration but otherwise nominal solar wind and solar minimum photon flux conditions. Large‐scale ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves are excited in the foreshock by backstreaming ions. The foreshock ULF waves constitute two distinct regions in the analyzed solar wind and IMF situation: the near region where the wave period is 71–83 s and the far region where the wave period is 25–28 s. The near foreshock region waves transmit downstream through the bow shock and affect dynamics of the solar wind and planetary ion populations. Especially, ion precipitation rate into the exobase and planetary ion escape rates fluctuate at the ULF wave period corresponding to the near foreshock region. The peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the modulation is few percent or less. Interestingly, ionospheric oxygen ion escape fluxes show more than two orders of magnitude local modulations in the heavy plume at the same period. Finally, the escape rates of the ionospheric oxygen ion populations are enhanced by 60–70% under flow‐aligned IMF compared to nominal upstream conditions.
Gap Formation Around 0.5Ωe in the Whistler‐Mode Waves Due To the Plateau‐Like Shape in the Parallel Electron Distribution: 2D PIC Simulations
Authors: Chen Huayue , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Fan Kai , Ke Yangguang , Wang Xueyi , Wang Shui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe power gap around 0.5Ωe (where Ωe is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency) of whistler‐mode waves is commonly observed in the Earth's inner magnetosphere, but its generation mechanism is still under debate. By performing two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations in a uniform background magnetic field, we investigate the spectral properties of whistler‐mode waves excited by temperature anisotropic electrons. The waves have positive growth rates in a wide range of normal angles (θ ≈ 0°–35°), resulting in the generation of both parallel and nonparallel waves. Although the nonparallel wave modes are weaker than the parallel ones, they can cause the plateau‐like shape around 0.5 VAe (where VAe represent the electron Alfven speed) in the parallel direction of electron velocity distribution. The plateau‐like electron component can then lead to severe damping in the waves around 0.5Ωe via the cyclotron resonance, and the power gap is formed. This mechanism is called as “spectrum bite”. Our study sheds fresh light on the well‐known gap formation at ∼0.5Ωe in the whistler‐mode waves, which is ubiquitously detected near the equator in the inner magnetosphere.
Inter‐Annual Variations of the Westward Shift of Yellow Sea Warm Current Controlled by Local Wind Stress Curl
Authors: Wan Xiuquan , Ma Weiwei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) transports water from the East China Sea to the Bohai Sea and exhibits a typical westward shifting pathway in winter. Previous studies have attributed this westward shift to changes in local wind stress, defining the YSWC axis by using the warm water tongue from the sea surface temperature (SST). Here we re‐examine the westward shift of the YSWC by defining its pathway dynamically. We use the observed position of the maximum SST along section 35°N and calculate the YSWC pathway from horizontal stream function in a high‐resolution Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulation of the East China Sea from 1979 to 2020. It is found that in most years the westward shifted YSWC lies near the 70 m isobath just as the warm tongue axis, but in some years it is closer to the center Yellow Sea, lying near the deep trough. Contrary to previous studies we find no significant correlation between the inter‐annual variability of the shift and the meridional or zonal components of local wind stress in our simulation. Instead, we find that potential vorticity (PV) input by the depth‐averaged wind stress curl dominates the inter‐annual variability of YSWC's westward shift. These changes in PV originate from the realistic wind stress curl in the model that includes spatial inhomogeneity.
Global Temporal and Spatial Variations of Ionospheric Sporadic‐E Derived From Radio Occultation Measurements
Authors: Bergsson Björn , Syndergaard Stig 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe have analyzed 13 years of radio occultation data from the first Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate mission with a focus on scintillations originating in ionospheric sporadic‐E layers, henceforth referred to as Es. The analysis enabled the statistical global mapping of Es occurrence in space and time of very high resolution, and allowed an investigation of the statistical variation of Es height and thickness with seasons, solar activity, local time, and latitude. Data cleaning criteria were developed to rid the data of unreliable measurements, which allowed for more reliable statistics. To identify the Es irregularities, we applied a sophisticated algorithm termed the U‐shape algorithm that has some important advantages over other methods used on large data sets in previous studies. It is commonly known that the Es occurrence varies with the local time of day, where the greatest occurrence happens roughly around morning times and evening times. Important new observations were made in this study that show that Es height and thickness varies with seasons and solar activity, where different behavior was observed for Es in the morning and in the evening. The evening Es height and thickness showed great variations with solar activity, apparently having lower mean height and larger mean thickness when the activity is high. We interpret that as a tendency for the evening Es to be more tilted with respect to the local horizon.
Updated general exposure factors for risk assessment in the Korean population
Authors: Yoon Hyojung , Seo Jungkwan , Yoo Sun-Kyoung , Kim Pil-Je , Park Jinhyeon , Choe Youngtae , Yang Wonho 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
There has been an increasing need to update the recommended values of Korean exposure factors for adults aged 19 and older, as using exposure factors developed over a decade ago could reduce risk assessment reliability.

Objective
Exposure factor data have been compiled and standardized using the latest national statistical reports and academic literature, as well as studies conducted from 2016 to 2018.

Methods
The updated data contained anthropometric parameters, inhalation rates, food and drinking water ingestion rates, and time-activity patterns and provided technical information on Koreans’ exposure factors classified by sex, age group, per capita and general population, and doer-only for various exposure assessments.

Results
Although the average life expectancy, body weight, body surface area, and inhalation rate increased slightly compared to the 2007 Korean Exposure Factor Handbook, differences various in food consumption were remarkable. Because of Asians’ similar food preferences, the intake rate of grain products and vegetables in Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese contributed much toward total intake. Koreans spent half their times outdoors compared to Americans and Chinese.

Significance
This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared with recommendations provided by exposure factor resources in various countries.

Impact statement

Exposure to environmental pollutants may significantly vary depending on the exposure factors related to human behaviors and characteristics. Therefore the exposure factors need to be continuously updated along with more extensive survey areas and improved measurement methods. We utilized the existing data with the aim to develop general exposure factors for risk assessment in Korean aged ≥19 years. Measurements and questionnaire surveys were also performed if there were no existing data. This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared to those of other countries.