bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity, Gender, and Power
Authors: Rigaud Solange , Little Aimée 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The study of past material culture and related practices can be insightful for exploring the construction of past identities. Approaches employed to explore the production and negotiation of identity in the archaeological record rely on a broad range of cultural proxies. However, the funerary record is most commonly used to address questions of gender, identity, and to reconstruct social organization. In this chapter, recent conceptual, theoretical, and methodological developments in the exploration of past identities in Mesolithic Europe are discussed through the scope of object life histories approach. Objects, like humans, possess life histories, and through a focus on primary archaeological deposits, we are gaining critical insights into the role everyday things played in shaping social identity within Mesolithic society. Advances in archaeological science have enabled researchers to push the boundaries of object life histories by extending deep into the biographical histories of stones, bones, and other materials transformed into beads, tools, and other objects. This chapter encourages a nuanced and multidimensional focus, pushing beyond the typochronologies that have dominated past narratives, to reveal how the essence of different materials were drawn upon, in life and in death, through artefacts.
Relationships with the Environment
Authors: Taylor Barry , Overton Nick J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways that we have studied the relationships between humans and their environment during the European Mesolithic. The human–environment relationship has been a central theme of Mesolithic archaeology throughout its history, and the different ways it has been studied reflects broader changes in the theoretical perspectives that our discipline has adopted. This chapter discusses the principal approaches that developed during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: the economic and ecological models that focused on the role of plants and animals as sources of food and material; and the cultural models that explored how Mesolithic communities perceived and understood their environment. While these approaches are often seen as being in opposition to each other, the authors argue that both offer important insights on the character of human–environment interactions. What is more, recent developments in the discipline, notably the adoption of multispecies perspectives and the concept of non-human agency can help reconcile these apparent differences, leading to new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between humans, plants, and animals during the Mesolithic.
Hunting
Authors: Overton Nick J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter brings together evidence for hunting technology and hunting methods, and considers how this evidence can allow an examination of the experience of hunting practices in Mesolithic Europe. It begins with an overview of the evidence for hunting technology recovered from Mesolithic sites, before presenting a detailed examination of the capabilities and uses of Mesolithic hunting technology, based on archaeological, anthropological, and experimental studies. It then uses this evidence to consider how humans may have hunted in the Mesolithic, with a particular focus on the specific character of hunting certain species, or using particular technology and methods. Finally, this chapter considers the role of hunting encounters, shaped by technological capabilities, hunting methods, human choices, and animal behaviours and habits, as a dynamic theatre for the formation and negotiation of human–non-human relationships.
Orwell, War, and Violence
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the complicated roles that war and violence played across Orwell’s variegated oeuvre, and the formal strategies he employed to both depict and resist their logic. From his writings of the interwar period through to the Second World War and the Cold War, recurring concerns include the vexed, symbolic use of animals to represent inhumane violence; the marshalling of modernist aesthetics in capturing that violence; and a generic ambivalence at the heart of his writings, which often blend autobiography with fiction, and in the late works, with what he called ‘fantasy’. Orwell explored how language could make violence appear otherwise: violence that is as much physical and psychological as it is rhetorical and symbolic, with each dimension facilitating and reinforcing the other. This challenge would call to task and implicate the politics of his own aesthetic choices.
Literacy in school-aged children: A paediatric approach to advocacy and assessment
Authors: Kawamura Anne , Orsino Angela , McLeod Scott , Handley-Derry Mark , Siegel Linda , Vine Jocelyn , Jones-Stokreef Nicola 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Literacy is a key social determinant of health that affects the daily socioemotional lives of children and their economic prospects later in life. Being able to read, write, and understand written text is essential to participating in society, achieving goals, developing knowledge, and fulfilling potential. Yet a significant proportion of adults in Canada do not have the literacy skills they need to meet and manage increasingly complex workforce demands. Paediatric care providers play a pivotal role in identifying children and families at risk for low literacy. This statement offers approaches for assessing children and counselling families to improve reading skills while advocating for their right to access evidence-based reading instruction.
A powdery mildew core effector protein targets the host endosome tethering complexes HOPS and CORVET in barley
Authors: Sabelleck Björn , Deb Sohini , Levecque Sophie C J , Freh Matthias , Reinstädler Anja , Spanu Pietro D , Thordal-Christensen Hans , Panstruga Ralph 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are serious pathogens affecting many plant species. Their genomes encode extensive repertoires of secreted effector proteins that suppress host immunity. Here, we revised and analyzed the candidate secreted effector protein (CSEP) effectome of the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria hordei (Bh). We identified seven putative effectors that are broadly conserved in powdery mildew species, suggesting that they are core effectors of these phytopathogens. We showed that one of these effectors, CSEP0214, interacts with the barley (Hordeum vulgare) vacuolar protein sorting 18 (VPS18) protein, a shared component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) and homotypic fusion and protein-sorting (HOPS) endosomal tethering complexes that mediate fusion of early endosomes and multivesicular bodies, respectively, with the central vacuole. Overexpression of CSEP0214 and knockdown of either VPS18, HOPS-specific VPS41 or CORVET-specific VPS8 blocked the vacuolar pathway and the accumulation of the fluorescent vacuolar marker protein (SP)-RFP-AFVY in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, CSEP0214 inhibited the interaction between VPS18 and VPS16, which are both shared components of CORVET as well as HOPS. Additionally, introducing CSEP0214 into barley leaf cells blocked the hypersensitive cell death response associated with resistance gene-mediated immunity, indicating that endomembrane trafficking is required for this process. CSEP0214 expression also prevented callose deposition in cell wall appositions at attack sites and encasements of fungal infection structures. Our results indicate that the powdery mildew core effector CSEP0214 is an essential suppressor of plant immunity.
The transcription factor WRKY41–FLAVONOID 3′-HYDROXYLASE module fine-tunes flavonoid metabolism and cold tolerance in potato
Authors: Bao Huihui , Yuan Li , Luo Yongchao , Zhang Jinxiu , Liu Xi , Wu Qiuju , Wang Xiyao , Liu Jitao , Zhu Guangtao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cold stress adversely affects crop growth and productivity. Resolving the genetic basis of freezing tolerance is important for crop improvement. Wild potato (Solanum commersonii) exhibits excellent freezing tolerance. However, the genetic factors underlying its freezing tolerance remain poorly understood. Here, we identified flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H), a key gene in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, as highly expressed in S. commersonii compared to cultivated potato (S. tuberosum L.). Loss of ScF3’H function impaired freezing tolerance in S. commersonii, while ScF3’H overexpression in cultivated potato enhanced its freezing tolerance. Metabolic analysis revealed that F3’H generates more downstream products by adding hydroxyl (-OH) groups to the flavonoid ring structures. These flavonoids enhance reactive oxygen species scavenging, thereby contributing to freezing tolerance. Furthermore, the W-box element in the F3’H promoter plays a critical role in cold responses. Cold-induced transcription factor ScWRKY41 directly binds to the ScF3’H promoter region and recruits histone acetyltransferase 1 (ScHAC1), which enhances histone acetylation at the F3’H locus and activates its transcription. Overall, we identified the cold-responsive WRKY41–F3’H module that enhances freezing tolerance by augmenting the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids. This study reveals a valuable natural gene module for breeding enhanced freezing tolerance in potato and other crops.
Nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide production mediates nitrate-conferred salt tolerance in rice seedlings
Authors: Teng Zhenning , Zheng Qin , Peng Yaqiong , Li Yi , Meng Shuan , Liu Bohan , Peng Yan , Duan Meijuan , Yuan Dingyang , Zhang Jianhua , Ye Nenghui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Soil salinity is a destructive environmental factor that inhibits plant growth and crop yield. Applying nitrogen fertilizer is a practical method to enhance salt tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that NO3−-enhanced salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings is mediated by nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production. Seedlings grown in nitrate condition (N) exhibited much greater salt tolerance compared to those grown in ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium (A) conditions, a pattern also observed in the MADS-box transcription factor 27 (mads27) mutant. NR activity was highly induced by NO3− under both normal and salt stress conditions. Only the double mutant nr1/2 and the triple mutant nr1/2/3 displayed a dramatic reduction in salt tolerance. Application of tungstate suppressed salt tolerance of wild-type seedlings but not the triple mutants. Furthermore, both NO3−-enhanced salt tolerance and salt-induced NO production were totally blocked in triple mutants. However, treatment with exogenous sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor) significantly enhanced salt tolerance in both NIP and the triple mutants. Antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots were significantly inhibited in the triple mutants when compared with NIP. Furthermore, expression of OsAKT1 was specifically induced by NO3− but was inhibited in the roots of triple mutants, resulting in a lower potassium/sodium ratio in NR triple mutants. Our results revealed that NO3−-conferred salt tolerance is mediated by NR-dependent NO production in rice seedlings.
Does the value of rational activity explain the badness of human extinction?
Authors: Clifton Owen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Why postpone human extinction? The dominant view is utilitarian: postponing extinction matters if it maximizes the net sum of happiness that is ever enjoyed. But, many object, we have reason to make people happy, not to make happy people. Plus, the utilitarian view does not explain why failing to postpone extinction matters terribly if the future it would cost our species is utopian, but not if it is dystopian. For, a dystopia may contain a greater net sum of happiness than a utopia. I therefore consider a budding alternative: postponing extinction matters if it ensures the ongoing instantiation of rational activity. Regretfully, I show this view faces objections analogous to, but more robust than, those that beset its utilitarian rival. For example: we have reason to make people rational, not to make rational people. I conclude by pointing to another alternative that critics of the utilitarian view ought to investigate further.
Frequency and predictors of red blood cell transfusion in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective observational study
Authors: Tiwari Surya Kant , Rajesh Jomol , Mathew Neethu Mariya , Dhochak Nitin , Lodha Rakesh , Joshi Poonam 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is crucial in treating anemia in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), though safety and necessity concerns persist. This prospective observational study examined the frequency and predictors of RBC transfusions among critically ill children, highlighting implications for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A single-center observational study enrolled 104 children admitted to a PICU from January to September 2021. Demographic details, past medical history, Pediatric Index of Mortality-3 scores, sedation, inotrope administration, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), new-onset shock, respiratory failure, sepsis, renal failure, new or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and duration of ventilation were recorded. Our results showed that 37 patients (35.6%) received RBC transfusions. The mean pre-transfusion hemoglobin level was 6.58 grams per deciliter (g/dl) (SD 1.71). The transfused group required more sedation (P &lt; .001) and vasoactive agents (P &lt; .001), had longer PICU stays (P = .013), and developed VAP (P = .037), new-onset shock (P = .025), respiratory failure (P = .021), and MODS (P = .023) more often than the non-transfused group. Logistic regression analysis showed that hemoglobin &gt;10 g/dl at admission reduced the odds of RBC transfusion [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, confidence interval (CI) = 0.43–0.74], while sepsis at admission increased the odds (OR = 3.24, CI = 1.09–9.60). The current study demonstrates that about one-third of critically ill children received RBC transfusions. Hemoglobin above 10 g/dl at admission was associated with significantly lower odds of RBC transfusion, while sepsis at admission significantly increased the odds. These findings are particularly relevant for LMICs, where resource constraints necessitate careful evaluation of transfusion practices to optimize patient outcomes and resource utilization.
Ship collision risk analysis in port waters integrating GRA algorithm and BPNN
Authors: Wang Dan , Jing Yan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
With the developing cross-border shipping, ships’ traffic flow in various port waters also significantly increases. The increase in traffic flow will enhance ship collisions. The traditional research methods for ship collision risk are mostly based on statistical analysis or empirical models. These methods have certain limitations when dealing with complex and ever-changing port water environments. To address these issues, a risk predicting model for port waters based on grey relational analysis and backpropagation neural network was proposed. The study first used fuzzy grey correlation to analyze collision risk data, and then combined it with backpropagation neural network to enhance predicting efficiency, and constructed a risk prediction model. In the results, the relative error and root mean square error of this predicting means in the data processing process were 0.26% and 80.62%, respectively. The fitness value and data analysis accuracy of this model were 0.92 and 93.29%, respectively. These indicators were obviously better than other methods. This confirms that this model has higher accuracy and stability. It can provide a scientific and reasonable decision-making basis for port management departments, thereby reducing the occurrence of ship collision accidents.
The Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Blood Pressure in Black Adults: A Narrative Review
Authors: Cayo Sandy , Colbert Alison 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, with disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality rates among Black people. Experiences of discrimination and racism constitute a public health crisis. Given the significant race- and ethnicity-related disparities in cardiovascular health, it's essential to understand the mechanisms by which these disparities occur.

Purpose:
The purpose of this review was to identify and synthesize the current literature on the relationship between perceived discrimination and its impact on blood pressure among Black adults.

Methods:
A literature search was conducted to locate relevant research. To be included, articles had to report on quantitative studies that were conducted in the United States among Black adults, used discrimination as an independent variable, and used blood pressure or hypertension as an outcome variable. These articles also had to have been peer-reviewed and published in English between 2010 and 2021. Discrimination was categorized as everyday, lifetime, or both.

Results:
Eleven studies met all criteria and were included for analysis. Eight of these studies reported an association between increased racial discrimination and higher blood pressure; moreover, of the eight studies that reported this finding, seven specified lifetime discrimination.

Conclusions:
This narrative review found significant evidence supporting a positive association between perceived lifetime discrimination and blood pressure in Black adults. But the relationship isn't clearly understood, and future research should explore the underlying mechanisms and potential confounders. Priorities include more rigorous assessment of Black individuals' experiences with both lifetime and everyday discrimination and how these interact with confounders (such as stress), so that blood pressure control can be better achieved in this population. Specific areas for investigation include considering how we measure discrimination, the impact of provider bias and discrimination, and the impact of discrimination on medication adherence. This work is essential to developing the urgently needed, evidence-based interventions that will help to prevent racial and ethnic discrimination and mitigate its effects.
Lumbar Stiffness After Pan-Lumbar Arthrodesis Adversely Affects Patient-Reported Outcomes But does not Compromise Patient Satisfaction in Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Park Se-Jun , Park Jin-Sung , Kang Dong-Ho , Kang Minwook , Jung Kyunghun , Lim Yun-Mi , Kim Hyun-Jun , Lee Chong-Suh 
Published: February 2025

Study design.
Retrospective study

Objectives.
To investigate the effect of lumbar stiffness on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and satisfaction in patients undergoing adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery.

Summary of background data.
Lumbar stiffness following pan-lumbar arthrodesis may impair the activities of daily living. However, the effect lumbar stiffness on the PROs and patient satisfaction in Asian populations remains unclear.

Methods.
Patients who underwent ≥ 5-level fusion including the sacrum were selected for the study. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were evaluated at postoperative 2 years. Lumbar stiffness was evaluated using the modified lumbar stiffness disability index (M-LSDI), which comprises 10 questionnaires with higher scores indicating greater disability. The PRO measures included the visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Scoliosis Research Socitey-22 (SRS-22), Short Form-36 (SF-36) physical component score (PCS), and SF-36 mental component score (MCS). Patients were divided into two groups based on their 2-year SRS-22 satisfaction scores: high satisfaction (≥ 4.0) and low satisfaction (< 4.0).

Results.
A total of 194 patients were included in the study (female, 87.6%; mean age, 69.1 years; and mean fusion length, 8.0). All PROs significantly improved after surgery with regard to VAS, ODI, SRS-22, and SF-36. The M-LSDI score was worsened significantly from 22.3 preoperatively to 26.6 postoperatively. Correlation analysis showed that the 2-year M-LSDI scores were negatively associated PRO measures, including VAS, ODI, SRS-22, SF-36 PCS, and SF-36 MCS. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the 2-year M-LSDI score did not affect patient satisfaction status; the 2-year SRS-22 score was an independent factor for high satisfaction.

Conclusions.
After surgery, significant improvements were observed in all RROs. Although the postoperative increase in M-LSDI scores were significant, the changes were small. The degree of lumbar stiffness negatively influenced all PRO measures but did not affect patient satisfaction at 2 years postoperatively.
Incidence and Predictors of Growth Modulation and Overcorrection after Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering
Authors: Pahys Joshua M. , Hwang Steven W. , McGarry Maureen , Quinonez Alejandro , Grewal Harsh , Samdani Amer F. 
Published: February 2025

Study Design.
Retrospective review of a prospectively collected single-center adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) database

Objective.
To evaluate the incidence and predictors of growth modulation and overcorrection after vertebral body tethering (VBT) in AIS.

Background.
Little data exists regarding which AIS patients will exhibit growth modulation and/or overcorrection after VBT compared to those whose curve correction will remain unchanged (no modulation).

Materials and Methods.
A total of 279 patients with AIS with a minimum 2-year follow-up (range 2-10 years) were included. There were 262 thoracic and 65 thoracolumbar VBT surgeries performed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the potential clinical/radiographic predictive factors for growth modulation and overcorrection.

Results.
Patients with growth modulation and those with no modulation after thoracic VBT were significantly more immature (younger, premenarchal, lower Sanders score/Risser grade, open triradiate cartilage [TRC]) and physically smaller (lower height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]; P<0.02). Patients with growth modulation vs. no modulation after thoracolumbar VBT had lower preoperative Sanders score, weight, and BMI (P<0.04). Preoperative and first-erect thoracic and lumbar curve magnitudes did not affect growth modulation vs. no modulation. Patients with thoracic overcorrection were physically smaller (lower height/weight/BMI) and had lower preoperative and first-erect thoracic curves than patients with growth modulation without overcorrection (P<0.04). Patients with thoracolumbar overcorrection had open-TRC and lower first-erect lumbar curves than patients with growth modulation without overcorrection (P<0.04). Open-TRC (odds ratio: 6.8, P<0.001) and lower BMI (P<0.001) were the only significant predictive factors for thoracic growth modulation in multivariate analysis; none were identified for thoracolumbar growth modulation. Sixty-four percent of patients with overcorrection required revision surgery versus 18% of those with no modulation (P<0.001).

Conclusion.
AIS patients with open-TRC and lower BMI had a statistically higher rate of thoracic growth modulation and overcorrection after VBT in multivariate analysis. Preoperative and first-erect curve magnitudes did not affect the incidence of growth modulation.