bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Lampert Emmett P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 1 May, tobacco was transplanted into plots 60 ft by 15 ft (4 rows) at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. The 2 predominant soil types were Dothaii and Varina loamy sand. Ten treatments were then arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4 replicates. On 11 Jun, 30 uniformly sized plants in the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. The 2 right most rows served as a buffer. Treatments were applied on 13 Jun with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer with a single D2-33FC nozzle per row. With 60 psi @ 1.4 mph, this delivered 25 gpa. At 4 and 11 days posttreatment, the number of surviving tobacco budworm larvae were counted. Leaf consumption, measured in 1/10-leaf equivalents/plant, were recorded 15 days posttreatment. After all evaluations were made, on 2 Jul all plants in the buffer rows were cut off 3 to 4 leaf nodes above the ground and the debris hauled from the field. Suckers grew from the remaining leaf axils and on 17 Jul all except 1 undamaged sucker per plant were removed. On 30 Jul, 30 uniformly sized undamaged plants in the cutback rows were tagged and infested as previously described. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul. A natural infestation of both tobacco budworms and tobacco hornworms were present in the cutback test.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Soil and Transplant Water Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Lampert E. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco, var NC2326, was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, on 18 Apr in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam soil (pH 5.5). Plots were 4 rows (48 inches on center) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) arranged in a randomized complete-block design, having 12 treatments and 4 replicates. On 5 Apr, broadcast preplant incorporated materials (BC-PPI) were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer fitted with 2-8004 flat fan nozzles. At 25 psi and 2 mph, this delivered 25 gpa of finished spray. Materials were incorporated to a depth of 6 inches with a spring-tooth harrow within 1 h and ridged within 24 h. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were applied at a rate of 370 gal/acre. Bed incorporated materials (BIC) were applied in a 12-inch band directly over the row with a Gandy granular applicator and incorporated and bedded with a Rotovator PTO driven tiller. Side dress materials (SD-1) were applied with a shake can prior to the first cultivation (30 Apr), and incorporated with a rolling cultivator. Ten plants per treatment were pulled and the roots evaluated for wireworm damage 19 days posttransplanting (7 May).
Apple, Mid Season Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block design was used. Treatments consisted of single trees in each of 4 blocks. Trees were selected which had existent mite populations. These trees were sampled and the numbers of mite per leaf determined. The trees were then divided into 4 blocks based on similarity of the counts. Each treatment was then randomly assigned to a tree in each block (blocked by precount). Evaluations were by the following: From each tree 50 leaves were selected at random. The leaves were brushed in a mite brushing machine and the resulting plates examined for ERM. The numbers were recorded as counts per 8 sections of the plate and converted to mites per leaf. OMITE was applied at 138 gpa on 2 Aug. ABG-6162 was applied dilute (DIL) by handgun or concentrate (CONC) 36 gal/acre as noted on 3 Aug and 13 Aug.
Pale Western Cutworm Control in Wheat, 1985
Authors: Morrill Wendell L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was conducted on a cooperator’s farm in Pondera County. Chemicals were applied on 7 May with a backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plot size was 8 by 20 ft with 4 replications in a randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated after 7 days by searching through the soil in 10 ft of row within each plot. Worms were 0.5 inch long, and they caused severe crop damage. Worms were reared for identification purposes. The field had been managed using chemical fallow techniques. All chemicals significantly reduced numbers of cutworms. There were no significant differences in efficacy among chemical treatments.
Hessian Fly Treatments in Bread Wheat in Morocco, 1985
Authors: Regehr David L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A weed/insect control experiment located near Settat, Morocco, included 3 levels of Hessian fly control: zero control; short-term control consisting of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre Furadan 5G in-furrow/planting-time; and long-term control with Furadan IF/PT plus repeated Malathion applications plus another Furadan application. Nesma spring wheat was planted on 25 Nov with a hoe-drill mounted cone seeder. Plots measured 2 m by 11 m, with untreated strips beside each treatment plot. There were 4 replications in a randomized complete block design. Malathion was applied 4 times during warm Dec weather. Hessian fly pressure was intense: on 12 Dec, fly eggs averaged 61 per wheat plant at the 2-leaf stage, and pressure remained high throughout Dec. The malathion formulation caused chlorosis and reduced wheat growth, so Furadan 5G was surface broadcast in late Jan in lieu of malathion. Hessian fly infestations were examined on 10 randomly sampled plants per plot on 2 Jan. On 25 Mar, 6 plants with heads were sampled to evaluate long-term control. Grain and straw yields were determined from a 2-m2 sample cut in late May.
Control of Sourthern Red Mite on Azalea, Alabama, 1985
Authors: Williams M. L. , Miller G. L. , Stephenson J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-two 1-yr-old azaleas growing in 1-gal plastic pots were selected for treatment. Test materials were applied 11 Sep with hand-held compressed air sprayers. Chevron spray sticker was added to all treatments at a rate of 2.4 ml/gal spray mixture. There were 4 single plant replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Treatments were evaluated 7 and 21 DAT by brushing 5, 6 cm terminals from the lower canopy of each plant utilizing a mite brushing machine and recording the number of living mites landing on the counting disc.
Baythroid Causes Phytotoxicity on Nanking Cherry, 1984
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Krause C. R. , Mayer J. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lathhouse-grown, 2-3 ft plants were tested to investigate phytotoxicity of Baythroid. Plants were grown in 4 qt pots using a 2:2:1 peat:perlite:soil mix. Pots were placed on a water pourous mat which limited weed growth. Each treatment had 4 replications arranged in a completely randomized design. The chemical was sprayed to run-off with a 2-gal hand pump sprayer (20 p.s.i.) at weekly intervals from Aug 15 to Sep 5. No additional pesticides were applied; plants were hand watered as required. Temperatures in Aug were 0.5 F above normal, and temperatures in Sep were 2.7 F below normal. Phytotoxicity was evaluated as the percent total foliar area on 14 Sep.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control On a Home Lawn in Lansdale, Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 22 July by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was syringed with 1 gal of water. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental factors existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 86°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 2.5; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 5.8; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 85; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.75 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 22 July treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch open ended stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 63.3 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 22 Aug before treatment.
Effects of Pesticides on Earthworm Populations in Kentuckyv Bluegrass, 1985
Authors: Ball D. , Tapp L. , Gordon F. C. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although the number and weight of worms was quite variable, there were some significant differences from the check. Furadan exhibited the most pronounced effect on earthworm populations, reducing both numbers and biomass relative to the untreated check. Benomyl and diazinon also significantly reduced the earthworm numbers. However, the effect of diazinon was not as severe as that of Furadan.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 158 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 25 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 28 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 20 Jul, 1 Aug, 13 Aug, 26 Aug, 9 Sep and 23 Sep. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. RAA evaluations were made using a 3-min sample search. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1985
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. , Kamble S. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a lawn in Lincoln, NE (Lancaster Co.). Thatch accumulation was 0.25 inches and temperature at treatment time (22 Aug) was 79°F. The lawn had been mechanically aerated 1 h prior to treatment. Grubs were third-instar and damage to the turf was very evident. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Individual plots were 1 × 2 ft. Granular insecticides were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken over the plots. Wettable powders and liquids were mixed with water at equivalent rates of 5,445 gal acre and applied with a hand held sprinkling can. Immediately after all treatments were applied, the entire test area was irrigated with an automatic watering system with ca. 0.25 inches of water. Watering was continued on a daily basis (except on rain dates), with ca. 0.25 inches of water applied at each watering. Rainfall from application date to last sampling date was measurable in inches on 29 Aug (0.02), 3 Sep (0.01), 4 Sep (0.25), 5 Sep (0.01), 10 Sep (0.20), 12 Sep (0.35), and 13 Sep (0.87).
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Foliar Applied Insecticides, Ft. Collins, Co, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Honeylocust trees, 10-12 ft tall, located within a nursery planting were used to evaluated foliar insecticides for control of the honeylocust pod gall midge. Four terminals/tree were selected and marked for each treatment replication. Each treatment was replicated on 5 trees for a total of 20 treated terminals/ treatment. Insecticides were applied 11 Jun, spraying the foliage to point of run-off. At the time of treatment, Generation III of the insect was beginning oviposition. Newly galled leaflets were counted 25 Jun on the youngest 6 expanded leaflets of each treated terminal.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Juniper, 1985
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Freeman Richard , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test 1 (14 Jun) was located at a nursing home in Stillwater, Okla. The plants (Hetzi junipers) were 4 to 5 ft high and 10 to 15 ft wide. Test 2 (29 Jul) was located at a motel in Stillwater and the plants (Mint Julep junipers) were 1 to 2 ft high and 2 to 3 ft wide. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants in test 1 and 2 were sprayed until runoff with a Marco R-20 sprayer at 150 psi and a Hardi RY-15 backback sprayer at 30 psi, respectfully. During test 1 and test 2 the temperature and wind velocity was 74°F, and 5 to 15 mph and 69°F, and 1 to 5 mph respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 5 larvae from each replication at 1,4, 7, 14, and 21 DAT.
Hemispherical Scale Control On Nun’s Orchid, 1985
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Hendricks Harlan J. , Williams Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were applied 9 May and 31 May to nun’s orchids that were heavily infested with hemispherical scale. Twenty 1.5 to 2-ft-tall plants growing in 2-gal. plastic containers, were selected for treatment. Foliage was sprayed until runoff using hand held compressed air sprayers. Materials were applied out of doors and plants were returned to the green house after they had air dried. Single plant treatments were replicated 5 times. Percent mortality was determined 24 May and 14 Jun by examining 100 individual scale insects per replicate using a stereomicroscope. Normally colored and full-bodied individuals were recorded as living and individuals that were dried, discolored or shriveled were recorded as dead.
Potted Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Winter, California, 1984-1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on potted chrysanthemum plants were conducted in a commercial greenhouse, San Diego Co., CA, to evaluate the effects of 1X, 2X and 4X rates of Baythroid 2E (1X = 0.05 lb (AI)/100 gal), Baygon 1.5E (1X = 0.1 lb (AI)/100 gal), Curacron 6E (1X = 0.2 lb (AI)/100 gal), Baytex 4E (1X = 0.25 lb (AI)/ 100 gal) and Bolstar 6E (1X = 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff using a 2-gal B&G sprayer at 60 psi. Seven weekly applications were made beginning 21 Nov ‘84 with the final treatment to open blooms. Five 8-inch pots were evaluated per treatment rate. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly, continuing 2 wk after the final application.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Hydrangea, California, Spring, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on potted hydrangea plants evaluated the effects of 1X, 2X and 4X rates of Dimilin 25WP (1X = 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal) and Avid 0.15E (1X = 0.003 lb (AI)/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff with a 1-gal B&G® sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems nozzle @ 60 psi on 19 and 26 Mar. (temp = 18-20°C and 20-21°C, respectively). Ten plants (1 plant/8-inch pot) were evaluated per treatment rate and were compared to 10 water treated plants. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made weekly, continuing 4 wk after the last application.
Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose With Sevin, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The container grown roses were trimmed immediately prior to spraying to remove damaged foliage and provide similar sized plants. Flower blossoms were trimmed from the plants as they opened through the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. All treatments were sprayed 30 Jul. Sevin 80S was applied with a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR Plus was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water and 1 part XLR in 39 parts water. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (the 3-plant replicates were averaged to provide one number per replicate) and by taking feeding-injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, and 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken for each plant in the replicate, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). 4.77 inch rain occurred during the test period.
Crack and Crevice Application of Chlorpyrifos Against the German Cockroach, 1984
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Yonker J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
0.50% chlorpyrifos was applied using crack and crevice (C&C) techniques with 3 different pieces of application equipment. Pieces evaluated were B&G compressed air sprayer equipped with C&C application tip, the B&G Injector Unit, model 124s, and the Whitmire PT System III. The latter 2 pieces were aerosol treatments. Multi-family, public housing units located in Indianapolis, IN served as the test sites.
Evaluation of Ficam Plus for Cockroach Control, 1984
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 concentrations of Ficam Plus (29.45% bendiocarb, 3.06% pyrethrins, 7.66% PBO). Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos) and Safrotin (50% propetamphos) were also applied for comparative purposes. Multi-family, public housing units located in Indianapolis, IN served as the test sites. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations (ave: 170/apt.) and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was used. All accessible harborage areas were treated resulting in 0.5 to 1 gal of spray used per apartment. Volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Each treatment was replicated in 18-19 apartments but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment accessibility or resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts.
Evaluation of Three Residual Insecticides Against the Germain Cockroach, 1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 concentrations of Demon (40% cypermethrin) and XRM 4832 (12% chlorpyrifos, encapsulated). Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos) was also applied for comparative purposes. Multi-family, public housing units located in Elkhart and Hammond, IN served as the test sites. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was used. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated resulting in approximatley 0.5 gal of spray used per unit. Volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Each treatment was replicated in 18-19 apartments (Elkhart, 9-10 at Hammond) but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts.
Knockdown Activity of Aerosols Containing Two Synthetic Pyrethroids, 1984
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Yonker J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three aerosol combinations of Bay FCR 1272 and NAK 1654 were evaluated to determine percent knockdown following exposure. Test insects were confined in 8.9-cm diam, screened bottom plastic cylinders and sprayed directly using modified CSMA Aerosol Evaluation Methods. The spray chamber was constructed of plywood and measured 46 cm × 38 cm × 61 cm. The confined insects were positioned in the bottom of the chamber directly beneath the aerosol can. Distance between the can’s tip and the insects was 61 cm. Through several practice runs, 3 g of output was dispensed for each aerosol evaluated. Following the exposure, the test insects were transferred to 0.95-liter holding chambers and observed very 0.5 min. Ten male cockroaches less than 2 wk old were used for each replication, with 10 reps run with each aerosol. Three registered household aerosol products were also evaluated for comparative purposes.
Efficacy of Hydroprene Against Brownbanded Cockroach Nymphs, 1985
Authors: Darrow P.O. , Vance A. D. , Gold R. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of three concentrations of Gencor (65.7% hydroprene), an Insect Growth Regulator, against third and fourth instar brownbanded cockroaches. Three concentrations, 13.2%, 26.4%, and 39.6% A.I., in acetone, were used as the treatments. A control (acetone only) treatment was used to compare with the other treatments. Using a microapplicator, each treatment was applied topically to the thoracic sterna at a rate of 1 pi per nymph. Three replications of each dose were used with 10 cockroaches per replicate. After application, nymphs were held at 23°C and provided with food (Purina dog chow) and water (ad lib.). Mortality (moribund cockroaches were considered dead) was recorded daily for a period of 4 days (96 h). Analysis of the data was performed by ANOVA and LD50 values were obtained through Probit analysis.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Insect Growth Regulators as Baits for German Cockroach Control, 1984
Authors: Price Richard , Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ciba Geigy 112913 and CME 13406 were applied to Purina Dog Chow in an acetone solution at dosage rates of 0.5% and 1.0%. Two hundred grams of dog food to be used throughout the test was placed in the IGR-acetone solution until complete saturation had occurred. The dog food absorbed 39 ml of solution. The treated dog food was placed in open sunlight for 2 h, until dry. Tests were not initiated until 4 h after the dog food had been treated. CME 13406 was unsoluable in acetone. When added to acetone, a suspension was formed. This mixture was thoroughly mixed when added to the dog food. Two checks were used in the test. One consisted of treating dog food with acetone alone and the other was left untreated.
Residual Barn Treatment Using Cyromazine (LarvadexR) for the Control of House Flies, 1985
Authors: Utt D. A. , Hall R. D. , Fischer F. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cyromazine, an insect growth regulator (IGR), was applied to the substrate in a livestock barn on the University of Missouri South Farm. A similar, proximate barn was left untreated and served as a control. The IGR (5.0% AI water based salt) was extended with water to a final concentration of 0.05% AI and was sprayed at the rate of 3.8 liters (1 gal) per 9.3 m2 (100 ft2) with a gasoline-powered, backpack sprayer capable of producing a final nozzle velocity of 100 m/s. Measured amounts of IGR solution were applied evenly over the area treated. Fly populations were monitored prior to and at regular intervals after treatment by using a 0.25 m2 Scudder grill. Five 30-s grill counts were taken on each observation in both treated and control locations. In addition, 3 substrate samples (0.4 kg each) were obtained at each observation. Samples were taken at random from areas sufficiently moist to support house fly larval development, and were subsequently frozen. After thawing for at least 48 h, each sample was inoculated with 100 house fly (World Health Organization standard susceptible strain) eggs &lt;8 h old and incubated at 28°C and 50-60% RH until resultant adult flies emerged and were counted.