bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual selection drives the coevolution of male and female reproductive traits in Peromyscus mice
Authors: Weber William David , Fisher Heidi S. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhen females mate with multiple partners within a single reproductive cycle, sperm from rival males may compete for fertilization of a limited number of ova, and females may bias the fertilization of their ova by particular sperm. Over evolutionary timescales, these two forms of selection shape both male and female reproductive physiology when females mate multiply, yet in monogamous systems, post‐copulatory sexual selection is weak or absent. Here, we examine how divergent mating strategies within a genus of closely related mice, Peromyscus, have shaped the evolution of reproductive traits. We show that in promiscuous species, males exhibit traits associated with increased sperm production and sperm swimming performance, and females exhibit traits that are predicted to limit sperm access to their ova including increased oviduct length and a larger cumulus cell mass surrounding the ova, compared to monogamous species. Importantly, we found that across species, oviduct length and cumulus cell density are significantly correlated with sperm velocity, but not sperm count or relative testes size, suggesting that these female traits may have coevolved with increased sperm quality rather than quantity. Taken together, our results highlight how male and female traits evolve in concert and respond to changes in the level of post‐copulatory sexual selection.
The counter‐reparative impacts of South Africa's reparations gap: victims as reparations ‘experts’ and the role of victims’ organizations
Authors: PARK AUGUSTINE S. J. , SANTOS MADALENA 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article offers a victim‐centric analysis of reparations relating to apartheid in South Africa. We identify a multi‐dimensional ‘reparations gap’, which refers to the disconnect between victims and the state in relation to reparations, including the meanings attributed to reparations, and the perception, evaluation, and experience of reparations. The reparations gap has had profoundly ‘counter‐reparative’ impacts on the relationship between victims and the government. Appreciating victims as reparations ‘experts’ with unique knowledge rooted in lived experience, this article explores their narratives of the ongoing need for reparations, specifically relating to a nexus of historically induced structural and systemic injustice. The article calls for the comprehensive and continuous participation of victims and their organizations to close the reparations gap.
Noonan syndrome: Neuroimaging findings and morphometric analysis of the cranium base and posterior fossa in children
Authors: Ayaz Ercan , Yıldırım Ruken , Çelebi Canan , Ozalkak Servan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeThere are a few studies regarding intracranial findings in neonates with Noonan syndrome (NS); however, there are no quantitative analyses in a pediatric population. The aim of this study was to find characteristic intracranial abnormalities and to quantitatively analyze the posterior fossa and cranium base in children with NS.MethodsA total of 30 patients (11 females and 19 males, mean age 13.1 ± 4.3 years) were retrospectively identified between July 2017 and June 2022. Twenty‐one patients had MRI. Age at MRI examination, sex, genetic mutations, and clinical findings were noted. In patients with MRI, the presence of white matter lesions, basal ganglia lesions, corpus callosum abnormalities, sellar/parasellar lesions, and tonsillar ectopia was noted. For morphometric analysis, cerebellar diameter, vermis and clivus heights, cranial base, tentorial and infratentorial angles, and McRae's and Twining's lines were each measured twice by two radiologists individually.ResultsThe most common lesions were focal white matter lesions, followed by abnormalities of the splenium of the corpus callosum. The cerebellar diameter, vermis and clivus heights, Twining's line, and infratentorial angle were significantly smaller; cranial base angle and tentorial angle were significantly larger in NS (p < .05). Interrater and intrarater agreements were the highest for cerebellar diameter and the lowest for tentorial angle measurements.ConclusionChildren with NS had characteristic callosal and tentorial findings and neuroimaging findings similar to other RASopathies. This study also shows that a small posterior fossa and flattening of the cranial base are present in children with NS, which may aid in diagnosis.
Prevalence and prognostic role of L wave and selected clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Romito Giovanni , Darida Stefana , Valente Carlotta , Poser Helen , Contiero Barbara , Cipone Mario , Guglielmini Carlo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundInformation regarding the frequency of L waves and their prognostic relevance in dogs with secondary atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine whether L waves occur and ascertain their prognostic role, as well as the role of other clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with AF.AnimalsFifty‐five dogs with AF associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.MethodsRetrospective, multicenter observational study. In addition to L waves analysis, other clinical and echocardiographic variables, including type of antiarrhythmic treatment, were evaluated. A survival analysis was performed to test for predictors of cardiac death and all‐cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsL waves were evident in 33/55 dogs (60%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 47%‐72%) but their presence did not influence outcome. Increased left ventricular end‐systolic diameter normalized for body weight (LVSDn) was a significant predictor of both cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.18‐16.54;P = .03) and all‐cause mortality (HR = 9.39, 95% CI = 2.49‐35.32;P < .001). Heart rate assessed during echocardiography (Echo‐HR) represented an additional significant predictor of cardiac death (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00‐1.01;P = .04) and all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00‐1.01;P = .04).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceL waves occurred frequently in dogs with AF, but held no prognostic relevance. Conversely, LVSDn and Echo‐HR represented independent predictors of negative outcome in these animals.
Genomic data and common garden experiments reveal climate‐driven selection on ecophysiological traits in two Mediterranean oaks
Authors: Ramírez‐Valiente José Alberto , Solé‐Medina Aida , Robledo‐Arnuncio Juan José , Ortego Joaquín 
Published: December 2022

AbstractImproving our knowledge of how past climate‐driven selection has acted on present‐day trait population divergence is essential to understand local adaptation processes and improve our predictions of evolutionary trajectories in the face of altered selection pressures resulting from climate change. In this study, we investigated signals of selection on traits related to drought tolerance and growth rates in two Mediterranean oak species (Quercus faginea and Q. lusitanica) with contrasting distribution ranges and climatic niches. We genotyped 182 individuals from 24 natural populations of the two species using restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing and conducted a thorough functional characterization in 1602 seedlings from 21 populations cultivated in common garden experiments under contrasting watering treatments. Our genomic data revealed that both Q. faginea and Q. lusitanica have very weak population genetic structure, probably as a result of high rates of pollen‐mediated gene flow among populations and large effective population sizes. In contrast, common garden experiments showed evidence of climate‐driven divergent selection among populations on traits related to leaf morphology, physiology and growth in both species. Overall, our study suggests that climate is an important selective factor for Mediterranean oaks and that ecophysiological traits have evolved in drought‐prone environments even in a context of very high rates of gene flow among populations.
How to perform a nonbasic action
Authors: Kelley Mikayla 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSome actions we perform “just like that” without taking a means, e.g., raising your arm or wiggling your finger. Other actions—the nonbasic actions—we perform by taking a means, e.g., voting by raising your arm or illuminating a room by flipping a switch. A nearly ubiquitous view about nonbasic action is that one's means to a nonbasic action constitutes the nonbasic action, as raising your arm constitutes voting or flipping a switch constitutes illuminating a room. In this paper, I challenge this view. I argue that one's means to a nonbasic action can cause rather than constitute it. In the process, we gain a clearer understanding of the scope of our agency—one that includes mental actions such as judgment and decision—and the pluralistic nature of basic features of action including control, purposefulness, and agent participation.
Shared decision‐making with adults transitioning to long‐term care: A scoping review
Authors: Egan Caroline , Naughton Corina , Caples Maria , Mulcahy Helen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundTransitions to long‐term care are challenging for individuals and often associated with a loss of autonomy. Positive experiences are noted, especially when decisions involve the individual in a person‐centred way which are respectful of the person's human rights. One approach which facilitates self‐determination during a transitional period is shared decision‐making, but there is a lack of clarity on the nature and extent of research evidence in this area.ObjectiveThe purpose of this scoping review is to identify and document research related to shared decision‐making and transitioning to long‐term care.MethodsA comprehensive search in CINAHL, Medline and Psych‐info identified papers which included evidence of shared decision‐making during transitions to a long‐term care setting. The review following the JBI and PAGER framework for scoping reviews. Data were extracted, charted and analysed according to patterns, advances, gaps, research recommendations and evidence for practice.ResultsEighteen papers met the inclusion criteria. A body of knowledge was identified encompassing the pattern advancements in shared decision‐making during transitions to long‐term care, representing developments in both the evidence base and methodological approaches. Further patterns offer evidence of the facilitators and barriers experienced by the person, their families and the professional's involved.ConclusionsThe evidence identified the complexity of such decision‐making with efforts to engage in shared decision‐making often constrained by the availability of resources, the skills of professionals and time. The findings recognise the need for partnership and person‐centred approaches to optimise transitions. The review demonstrates evidence of approaches that can inform future practice and research to support all adult populations who may be faced with a transitional decision to actively participate in decision‐making.
Use of multiple imputation in supersampled nested case‐control and case‐cohort studies
Authors: Borgan Ørnulf , Keogh Ruth H. , Njøs Aleksander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNested case‐control and case‐cohort studies are useful for studying associations between covariates and time‐to‐event when some covariates are expensive to measure. Full covariate information is collected in the nested case‐control or case‐cohort sample only, while cheaply measured covariates are often observed for the full cohort. Standard analysis of such case‐control samples ignores any full cohort data. Previous work has shown how data for the full cohort can be used efficiently by multiple imputation of the expensive covariate(s), followed by a full‐cohort analysis. For large cohorts this is computationally expensive or even infeasible. An alternative is to supplement the case‐control samples with additional controls on which cheaply measured covariates are observed. We show how multiple imputation can be used for analysis of such supersampled data. Simulations show that this brings efficiency gains relative to a traditional analysis and that the efficiency loss relative to using the full cohort data is not substantial.
A 1‐min double embedding method for small tissue specimens preserves comedone histology and eliminates the need for punch biopsies
Authors: Xu De‐Tian , Zheng Yan , Shi Yu , Jin Hua , Liu Wei , Wang Xiu‐Li 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundIt is difficult to preserve the structure and microbial distribution inside comedonal plugs during routine processing.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine the optimal method to preserve the comedonal corneum plug structure and inherent microorganisms thereby eliminating the need to perform punch biopsies in relevant studies.MethodsCorneum plugs were extracted from comedones of acne vulgaris patients. Primary embedding using either a 2% agarose, 2% agar, 25% gelatin, or 2% agar + 2.5% gelatin solution was subsequently performed and the results compared. The specimens were then fixed, waxed, sectioned, and examined by light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies to observe the structures and microorganisms within the plugs.ResultsBoth the 25% gelatin and 2% agarose solutions successfully preserved the structural integrity of corneum plugs and the inherent microorganisms. When considering other factors such as thermostability, reusability, and convenience, the 25% gelatin solution was the superior choice among the four materials.ConclusionWe report a simple and effective method for double embedding comedonal plugs and other small tissue specimens. The technique preserves the structure and microbial distribution in situ within comedonal corneum plugs, eliminates the need for punch biopsies. This method may also be applied to other tiny and fragile tissue specimens, thereby enabling a potentially wide array of future large‐scale investigations and alleviated patients’ pain.
The healthy donor effect and survey participation, becoming a donor and donor career
Authors: Brodersen Thorsten , Rostgaard Klaus , Lau Cathrine Juel , Juel Knud , Erikstrup Christian , Nielsen Kasper Rene , Ostrowski Sisse Rye , Titlestad Kjell , Sækmose Susanne G. , Pedersen Ole B. V. , Hjalgrim Henrik 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe healthy donor effect (HDE) is a selection bias caused by the health criteria blood donors must meet. It obscures investigations of beneficial/adverse health effects of blood donation and complicates the generalizability of findings from blood donor cohorts. To further characterize the HDE we investigated how self‐reported health and lifestyle are associated with becoming a blood donor, lapsing, and donation intensity. Furthermore, we examined differences in mortality based on donor status.Study Design and MethodsThe Danish National Health Survey was linked to the Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT) database and Danish register data. Logistic‐ and normal regression was used to compare baseline characteristics and participation. Poisson regression was used to investigate future donation choices. Donation intensity was explored by the Anderson‐Gill model and Poisson regression. Mortality was investigated using Poisson regression.ResultsBlood donors were more likely to participate in the surveys, OR = 2.45 95% confidence interval (2.40–2.49) than non‐donors. Among survey participants, better self‐reported health and healthier lifestyle were associated with being or becoming a blood donor, donor retention, and to some extent donation intensity, for example, current smoking conveyed lower likelihood of becoming a donor, OR = 0.70 (0.66–0.75). We observed lower mortality for donors and survey participants, respectively, compared with non‐participating non‐donors.ConclusionWe provide evidence that blood donation is associated with increased likelihood to participate in health surveys, possibly a manifestation of the HDE. Furthermore, becoming a blood donor, donor retention, and donation intensity was associated with better self‐reported health and healthier lifestyles.
The Lunar Breccia Dhofar 1442: Noble Gases, Nitrogen, and Carbon Released by Stepwise Combustion and Crushing
Authors: Korochantseva E. V. , Verchovsky A. B. , Korochantsev A. V. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStepwise crushing and combustion methods were applied to study the KREEP-rich lunar breccia Dhofar 1442, the clastic material of which is cemented by porous matrix. The stepwise crushing released significant amount of gases of extraterrestrial origin from gas voids. Argon, nitrogen, and carbon are simultaneously released by stepwise combustion at 1100°С. The simultaneous high-temperature degassing of these gases, as well as the coincidence of С/N ratio and nitrogen and carbon contents in high-temperature combustion steps with those of crushing indicate that the gas carriers are voids in high-temperature phases (in particular, minerals, glasses), which are decomposed/melted at these temperatures. Helium and neon are released from the same positions at lower temperatures. The isotopic composition of neon obtained by stepwise combustion and crushing corresponds to the composition of fractionated solar wind. The fraction of argon in the first crushing steps is higher than that of any other of studied gases. The 40Ar/36Ar in the trapped lunar argon is ~18, which is not consistent with empirical model implying that 40Аr is implanted from lunar atmosphere (McKay et al., 1986; Eugster et al., 2001; Joy et al., 2011). We believe that the entrapment of volatile elements in gas voids of the meteorite Dhofar 1442 was caused by the redistribution of gases from one structural sites into others during impact events that accompanied the cratering, in particular, leading to the formation of the impact melt breccia Dhofar 1442. The trapped gases of the meteorite Dhofar 1442 contain not only typical volatile components (solar, radiogenic, cosmogenic, re-implanted 40Ar) of lunar breccias, but also nitrogen and carbon formed through the oxidation of organic matter of metamorphosed chondrites, which are present in the breccia. With increasing number of strokes and, correspondingly, a degree of crushing, the elemental ratios change. A slight decrease of 4He/20Ne ratio during crushing is likely related to the different diffusion ability and permeability of helium relative to neon under temperature influence and/or to the heterogeneous distribution of these gases in voids of different size. The 4He/36Ar, 20Ne/36Ar, 14N/36Ar, and 12С/36Ar ratios increase by factors of 10–100 during crushing. This can be explained by the combination of dynamically different processes leading to the argon fractionation relative to other gases and uneven redistribution of gases from different positions in voids of different sizes during impact metamorphism.
Effects of pH on Available Cadmium in Calcareous Soils and Culture Substrates
Authors: Gu Jialin , Zou Guoyuan , Su Shiming , Li Shunjiang , Liu Wei , Zhao Huiwei , Liu Liyuan , Jin Liang , Tian Yei , Zhang Xinyuan , Wang Yuning , Zhao Tongke , Du Lianfeng , Wei Dan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of pH on available Cd in calcareous soils and culture substrate was studied by adding exogenous Cd and artificially adjusting the pH to create different pH conditions. It is expected to provide reference for the control of Cd pollution by adjusting pH. The cadmium chloride was added to the calcareous soil and culture substrate to make the total cadmium content 1.0 mg kg–1. The pH of soil and substrate was adjusted, and then the available cadmium content in soil and cultivation substrate was detected under different pH conditions. The content of available Cd in calcareous soil decreased with increasing pH in the range of pH 3.40 to 8.97, showing a significant negative correlation. At a pH range of 3.03 to 4.37, the available Cd content in the culture substrate increased significantly with increasing pH, while the available Cd content in the culture substrate at a pH range of 4.37 to 9.47 was not significantly different.
Fibre-optic, electronic pH test device compared with current NHS guidance to confirm nasogastric tube placement
Authors: Earley Tracy , Young Alison , Pringle Shirley , Clarkson Yvonne , Williams Alexandra , Howell Rosemary , Ineson Marcus 
Published: December 2022

The clinical objectives of this prospective, random, convenience series were:1. Compare a novel fibre-optic pH test device (NGPOD) to gastric aspirate and pH testing for nasogastric tube (NGT) confirmation.2. Determine if the new device reduces the need for chest radiography (chest X-ray, CXR).MethodsRecruitment of patients over the age of 18, requiring NGT feeding.Exclusion criteria: oesophageal gastrointestinal surgery within 3 months; all those with partial or total gastrectomy; bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcers; gastric cancer; those with oesophageal varices; those considered to be inappropriate.The index test, NGPOD, comprises a fine, flexible fibre-optic sensor passed down the NGT, then connected to an electronic device. A green light indicates pH ≤5.5, and a red light if pH is >5.5.The reference test is withdrawal of gastric aspirate and testing with universal pH indicator strips then comparison to a colour chart. Second-line testing is establishing NGT position by CXR or subjective clinical assessment (SCA) in intensive care unit (ICU).ResultsThe analysed data set contained 174 subjects who had undergone 496 tests, 96 initial and 400 repeat NGT checks.For all patients, NGPOD can reduce the need for CXR or SCA by 21.2%.In ICU, NGPOD can reduce the need for CXR or SCA by 24.5%.When performing initial tests, immediately after tube placement, NGPOD can reduce the need for CXR or SCA in 61% of patients.With repeat testing, NGPOD can reduce the need to progress to CXR or SCA in 16% of tests.ConclusionsThe objective, yes—no result delivered by NGPOD, eliminates the subjective reading of a pH strip colour change, reducing the subjective element. The index test has the opportunity to reduce risk, improve safety and decrease the numbers of patients requiring X-ray. It, therefore, has the potential to reduce never events associated with NGT misplacement.