bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lawgiver, Land Overseers, and Soldiers
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlthough Hammurabi (1792–1750) is renowned as a lawgiver, he was not the first. Hammurabi’s first years were relatively uneventful; Babylon was not especially powerful. Elam was the great power of the time. Hammurabi began building his empire in response to aggression from Larsa and Elam, eventually expanding south to the Gulf, and north as far as Mari. Two of Hammurabi’s administrators in Larsa are profiled: Sin-idinnam, governor general, and Shamash-hazir, overseer of fields. Both wrote and received letters from Hammurabi, revealing their responsibilities. These included, for Sin-idinnam, collecting taxes and issuing orders to other governors, and, for Shamash-hazir, allocating subsistence fields, determining field ownership, arbitrating land disputes, organizing maintenance of the irrigation system, supervising the shearing of palace sheep, and keeping records. The subsistence land provided to a soldier was his ilkum; in exchange he did military service and corvée labor, and paid taxes. Shepherds who cared for the royal herds also received subsistence land. They had to account for every sheep and goat, and the products from them. Hammurabi’s laws provide insights into daily life of the time, but don’t cover all crimes, and often don’t specify how the death penalty would be carried out. Court cases show that monetary fines were common and death penalties uncommon. Another profile reconstructs the life and responsibilities of an ilkum soldier named Mashum, based on Hammurabi’s laws and Shamash-hazir’s letters. Hammurabi’s laws provide details about many aspects of Old Babylonian life, including the structure of social classes.
Negotiators, Sea Traders, and Famine Sufferers
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDuring the thirteenth century bce, Ramses II brought Egypt to new heights of wealth, while Elamite kings claimed the right to rule Babylon, and the Middle Assyrian empire expanded through conquests. After an indecisive battle between Hatti and Egypt at Kadesh, the Hittite monarchs—Hattusili III and queen Puduhepa—negotiated a peace treaty and diplomatic marriage with Ramses II. The treaty committed the two lands to peaceful brotherhood and mutual support. A letter from Puduhepa to Ramses II reveals her negotiating tactics. Other letters reflect Hattusili III’s concerns about Assyrian aggression. Ugarit, a busy port in coastal Syria, was subject to Hatti. Urtenu, a sea trader there, was closely tied to the local royal family; many of their archival letters were found in his house. He worked for a sea trading firm run by a queen of Ugarit. Shipwrecks have revealed the types of ships used and the cargos carried. By 1200, a growing grain shortage was causing famine. Emar’s government is described, along with details of its major religious festival, the zukru. A family in Emar headed by a couple named Ku’e and Zadamma give a face to the growing crisis. They had four very small children, whom they could not afford to support, deciding to sell the children in order to survive. Many cities were destroyed in the early twelfth century bce across the Near East, some probably by the Sea Peoples who also fought in Egypt, others by different forces. Famine and drought contributed to the disruptions.
Conspirators, Diviners, and Officials
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEsarhaddon, king of Assyria (681–669 bce), is the subject of this chapter, along with his search for divine guidance and for people conspiring against him, using diviners and prophets of various kinds. It begins when Esarhaddon was named crown prince, continues through his exile in Syria, his father’s assassination, his return to Nineveh to take the throne, his reign, and his attempts to conquer Egypt. Although Assyrians had sworn an oath to support Esarhaddon as crown prince, once he became king he was the subject of plots, and several other men planned to usurp the throne. The diviners he consulted read the plans of the gods in dreams, astronomical signs, and internal organs of sacrificed animals (extispicy). Others consulted patterns of oil on water (libanomancy). Urartu, where the assassins had fled, was mountainous and hard to conquer. Its kings had created an extensive kingdom north of Assyria. Bel-ushezib was a diviner and astronomer who supported Esarhaddon. Various conspiracies against Esarhaddon were promoted by a female prophet, a city overseer, and the chief eunuch, while these were debunked using extispicy and dream interpretation. Esarhaddon was often unwell, and his chief physician provided medicines for his physical health and advice and incantations for his mental health. He also oversaw the appointment of substitute kings when Esarhaddon’s death was foretold. Esarhaddon purged his court of possible conspirators. He forced subjects to swear an oath to support his son Ashurbanipal after his death. Esarhaddon died en route to Egypt for his third campaign there.
“Ain’t Gonna Study War No More”
Authors: Zolten Jerry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The release of the first Hummingbirds records came at a time when petroleum-based shellac records were banned to put a reserve on that material for the war effort. The Hummingbirds relied on constant travel and word of mouth to sustain their fledgling career. They added a new lead singer, teenager Ira Tucker from nearby Spartanburg. Tucker was already locally well known as a gospel singer because as a child he busked door to door offering a song in exchange for a coin. He learned from Spartanburg's strong support community, where younger singers were trained by elders at weekly home gatherings. He sang with friends in hallways and on street corners. When his reputation reached James Davis and Barney Parks, they auditioned him and immediately invited Tucker into the group. He was a minor, so his mother gave her consent and Tucker became a Dixie Hummingbird. In the early 1940s, the Hummingbirds stayed close to home, performing where they could. The region, however, was rural and paying audiences dwindled as most had heard the group numerous times. They understood that to continue as a livelihood, they had to travel farther and afar. The young Hummingbirds established a string of favorite destinations that included the Jacksonville area in northern Florida and West Virginia’s coal mining towns where black miners had relocated to find work. The Hummingbirds were not getting rich, but they sustained by building a following and perfecting their skills as singers, businessmen, and navigators on the gospel highway.
“My Record Will Be There”
Authors: Zolten Jerry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Korean War was in full swing, the civil rights movement heating up, and stories of violence and lynching frequently in the news. Pop was America's mainstream music with country on the rise and rhythm and blues, especially vocal groups, just beginning to captivate the youngest generation. Black gospel was vibrant in Philadelphia. Ivin Ballen with the Dixie Hummingbirds headlining his Gotham roster recorded Philly's Angelic Gospel Singers, the Davis Sisters, and the Clara Ward Singers. The Hummingbirds, Ira Tucker, James Davis, Beachey Thompson, and William Bobo, experimented with instrumental backing and teamed up in the studio with the Angelic Gospel Singers. Their releases sold well and fueled demand for appearances. Incessant touring was both rewarding and challenging: racism, exhaustion, and separation from family. The Hummingbirds, however, thrived on connecting with fans. Staying at segregated hotels, they often crossed paths with entertainers they admired including Ray Charles, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong. Gospel had become a “big money” attraction that packed the house. Radio and records broadened the fan demographic. Some major labels now entered the market. Industry giant Columbia Records revived their long-dormant Okeh label and the Dixie Hummingbirds, with Paul Owens joining the group, signed on. The two records they released, one by themselves, the other with the Angelic Gospel Singers, were critically well received but sold moderately. The Hummingbirds were still in the hunt for a label and a sound that would put them over the top.
“Loves Me Like a Rock”
Authors: Zolten Jerry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As rock ‘n’ roll evolved into the 1960s, gospel vocalizing and stagecraft continued to influence solo artists and vocal harmony groups that evolved from doo-wop to soul and Motown: Ray Charles, James Brown, Wilson Pickett, Aretha Franklin, the Miracles, the Temptations. The Dixie Hummingbirds and black gospel itself evolved against the backdrop of generational rebellion, civil rights unrest, war protest, and assassinations. The trend shifted from quartets to soloists and choirs, the gospel fan base broadening as the music became appreciated both as an art and as roots music form. President Kennedy was assassinated and in 1964, the Hummingbirds made their television debut on the program TV Gospel Time. They performed “Our Prayer for Peace” with a new verse about the assassination. The Hummingbirds adapted to the tastes of the times and remained Peacock’s most consistently bestselling gospel artists. Multiple tracks were recorded and strategically released as singles every few months followed by album collections. Robey sold the Peacock catalog to ABC records. The Hummingbirds had an international following and performed at venues such as Disneyland, Madison Square Garden, and both the Newport Jazz and Folk Festivals. Paul Simon invited the Hummingbirds to collaborate on “Loves Me Like a Rock,” which in their own rendition won them their first Grammy. They also recorded with Stevie Wonder. The Hummingbirds suffered a setback in 1976 with the death of bass singer William Bobo. They soldiered on and more than six decades into their career were dubbed the “Iron Men of Gospel.”
Zhuangzi
Authors: Olberding Amy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The early Chinese text, the Zhuangzi, can only count as “neglected” if we likewise neglect the millions and millennia of the East Asian regions broadly influenced by the text. So the author seeks to draw attention to the text for a particular audience, those trained largely or exclusively in Western-lineage philosophy. As both putative author and exemplar of the text, Zhuangzi offers a model of what a philosopher can be that we do well to notice. Comic, uncertain, and playful, Zhuangzi challenges a philosopher’s impulse to order and sort the world, evincing instead a model of philosophical inquiry that largely eschews solutions to problems but revels in the curious, the ambiguous, and the puzzling perplexity of experience. Zhuangzi serves as an exemplar of a healthy and flourishing stupidity that one would do well sometimes to embrace.
Sor Juana’s “Let us pretend I am happy”
Authors: Shapiro Lisa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz’s poem, “Let us pretend I am happy.” The poem on its face offers a series of skeptical arguments that undermine the possibility of knowledge. The author articulates this core argument, and argues that, unlike her contemporaries, Sor Juana does not think skeptical challenges can be answered by a recognition of the limits of human understanding. The interpretive question then is whether she thinks there is a response to skepticism, and if so, what it is. The author suggests that Sor Juana’s choice of poetry as the genre to express her philosophy should be factored into one’s interpretation. Taking into account its poetic form, the author argues that Sor Juana aims to temper the natural desire to pursue knowledge, to avoid its excesses, through affective elements of the poem itself. By tempering one’s epistemic desires, it is possible to move beyond skepticism. The author further suggests that in the poem, Sor Juana presents a conception of thought as essentially affective, and that account of the nature of thought makes poetry a particularly appropriate genre for her philosophy.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett’s The Red Record
Authors: Kofi Bright Liam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ida B. Wells-Barnett’s argument against the obvious moral crime of lynching has a lot to teach the reader. By paying attention to her own deliberate use of newspaper sources that were, by her own lights, biased toward white interests, one can gain insight into how best to be a scholar-activist. One can see that there are good epistemic reasons for Wells-Barnett’s restriction of her own evidence set, and the underlying epistemic good she sought to attain has been precisely explicated in contemporary work on philosophy of statistics. That she sought this good, and why she did so, turn out to be illustrative for the virtues that a scholar-activist should seek to uphold.
Republics of Difference
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Medieval and early modern Spanish monarchs governed through jurisdictional pluralism, placing corporate groups into competition with one another and delegating tax collection and the management of civil conflict to them. Doing so enabled some autonomy, but also constrained the way they interacted with others. This book examines these subordinate republics in two asynchronous locations: peoples of Muslim, Jewish, and sub-Saharan African descent in fifteenth-century Seville, and Indigenous and (sometimes) Black peoples in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Lima. It does so through two lenses–space and jurisdiction–which enable the reader to reimagine and supplement absent archival materials. At times, those in power wished to separate the subordinate republics: to contain their contamination, or to protect them from predatory influences. Using arcGIS mapping in conjunction with archival documentation, the book explores the ways that members of these republics utilized the urban environment in contradistinction to narratives of separation, producing their own hierarchies that intersected with local society. Jurisdiction was also permeable, as urban residents could venue-shop, but the existence of judges and law within communities meant that they could occasionally enact justice on their own terms. Finally, the book turns to two case studies, of Black republics (one extant in Seville but mostly refused in the empire), and of Lima’s Cercado, an Indian town on the city's outskirts. These cases demonstrate the key functions of the republics but also the ways they participated in the racialization of identities in the Spanish world. The limited autonomy of the subordinate republic could also be a vehicle for producing discriminatory difference.
Vision
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To understand what goes on around us, we must perceive the surrounding layout in which things appear and events happen. Vision is the richest source of information about objects and events, and research on its nature and origins constitutes one of the oldest and most successful fields of developmental cognitive science. This chapter takes a historical approach to the research of scientists, from Rene Descartes to Hermann von Helmholtz, Eleanor J. Gibson, Richard Held, and David Marr, who turned philosophical questions concerning the nature and origins of visual perception of the surrounding layout into a vibrant area of science. Their research sheds light on what infants see and provides many of the methods and concepts that have allowed later investigators to probe what infants know.
Synchronicity Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most contemporary people will have heard the phrase “everything happens for a reason.” By this statement, people usually mean that there is an underlying purpose, or even a divine authorship, to all events. It is often used to provide consolation, to express the idea that suffering serves a greater purpose and that things will, ultimately, end well. In some cases, this phrase is not merely a belief, but rather consists of an intensely altered state of consciousness in which there seems to be an imminent sense of meaningfulness in the events currently unfolding. This chapter describes these synchronicity experiences. While the tendency to have these experiences has indeed been linked to some mental illnesses, the majority of these experiences are nonpathological and, instead, can provide a deep sense of wonder and reverence for the workings of the world and our interconnected lives.
Aesthetic Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aesthetic experiences describe mental states that usually involve a perception of deep beauty or the sublime. These experiences are often best captured in the psychological literature by the emotion of awe. Most people will have some familiarity with these kinds of experiences, through art, music, or natural scenery. This chapter describes aesthetic experiences by discussing research on awe and scholarship on the sublime. The hope is that in the same way that emotions were once judged too vague for scientific study but are now routinely studied the study of spiritual experience follows suit and becomes a mainstream topic of research.
Transformations
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most of the outcomes from spiritual experiences reviewed so far have been evidence of short-term changes—usually in the range of days, weeks, or sometimes months. These changes have involved positive or pathological outcomes as well as shifts in beliefs. There are far fewer data to support the possibility of very long-term changes, but some preliminary evidence suggests that some effects can last years, decades, or even entire lifetimes. This chapter makes it clear that spiritual experiences are notable for not only their intensity in the moment, but also the transformative changes they can exert on people over long periods of time. It is known that suffering a great tragedy can leave an individual dramatically changed for a lifetime, but beneficial instances of transformation are rarely considered. This chapter considers how some spiritual experiences can be positively transformative.
Clinical Applications
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spiritual experiences could be beneficial in the context of clinical interventions and may become an important avenue for helping people who suffer from mental illness. Mindfulness and other meditation practices, which can sometimes give rise to spiritual experiences, have become a standard practice in healthcare. More recently, psychedelic compounds are poised to make a breakthrough in psychiatry and psychotherapy the likes of which have not been seen for decades. Each of these approaches, and psychedelics in particular, brings the study of spiritual experiences to the center stage of mainstream medical, scholarly, and scientific discourse. This chapter cautiously considers how the potential upsides of spiritual experiences could be harnessed in clinical contexts.
Consciousness and Altered States
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Among life’s biggest questions—up there with the origins of the universe—is: Why and how are people aware at all? The sense of awareness, or what is commonly called “phenomenal consciousness,” or just consciousness, is not currently understood by scientists. Scientists do, of course, understand many of the contents of consciousness, such as mental processes like perceptions, thoughts, and emotions, and a bit about “altered states of consciousness” as seen throughout this book. The scientific study of spiritual experience intersects with the topic of consciousness in several places, and this chapter examines spiritual experience in regard to two broad aspects of consciousness: (1) altered states of consciousness and (2) beliefs about the nature of consciousness itself. This chapter also examines the questions related to consciousness that the scientific study of spiritual experience likely cannot address and which may remain a mystery.
Access to Education
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines access to education through the lens of justice in the distribution of the right to education, mainly from the perspective of policymakers. The extent to which this right is actualized determines whether, when, and where a child receives educational goods. This type of distribution evolved historically with the establishment of the modern nation-state and its public school system, and it is contingent on state policy. Insofar as, in Western countries, access to formal education at the primary and secondary levels is now provided to almost all children, discourse on the right to education today addresses the quality of education a child receives. The chapter discusses various sociological accounts regarding the development of mass schooling as well as the liberal ethos of distributive justice in education, which stresses equal educational opportunities (EEO) and meritocracy as two leading principles behind universal access to public education.
What the Ballad Knows
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The German ballad was an unusual poetic genre: supposedly inspired by a treasure trove of authorless poems that had for centuries circulated among the common people, the ballad attained popularity in the form of deeply ironic poems written by some of Germany’s most canonic authors. Supposedly a celebration of the oral culture of the German Volk, the ballad instead circulated through the emerging channels of nineteenth-century culture industry: from anthologies and picture books via the exploding market for song settings, from the opera house to the vaudeville stage, the ballad hewed to its medieval pretense while sounding surprisingly modern. This book traces the strange trajectory of this poetic genre from its origins in the late eighteenth century to its political appropriations in the twentieth. Throughout, the ballad and its path across a wide variety of milieus and media told a surprising and contradictory story of the German nation. What the Ballad Knows shows that, even though the ballad arrived in Germany as a literary genre, it very quickly came to make its home in between different genres and even different media—to the point that laypeople were as likely to encounter it in a concert hall, a classroom, an art museum, or a choral rehearsal as they were to encounter it in a book. When cultural conservatives in the early twentieth century sought to claim the ballad as a straightforward and serious vehicle of German nationalism, they ignored just how complex the ballad’s relationship to the nation had been, and what complexities within nationalism the form had managed to highlight through the decades.