bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crying and Listening
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 is a necrological account of the dead as kin. In his great little book, American Kinship, David Schneider while speaking to his informants about the ‘relative as a person’ is tellingly asked by his interviewees if he wants to know about ‘the dead ones too?’. This chapter is a descriptive ‘yes’ to that counter question. Like a miming, joking act, it provides an elaborate auto-response such that the ethnographer becomes both the surveyor and the respondent in his colloquia with the dead. In building this response, the dead emerge as a recursive social condition. We encounter in the chapter a foreshadowing of one’s own death and the recognition of the dead as an extension of ourselves. True to the wisdom of the sighing speech, it emerges that this foreshadowing and the recognition of one’s own death in the narratives of relatives’ deaths does not cancel out or entirely diminish the potentials of life even as a low echo of permanent mourning comes to line these potentials into the everyday.
Conversation of Pyres
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 builds upon the classic anthropological discussion on dead and their names. It shows how proper names are lost for a short duration at death and also how the corpse occupies different generic names as it moves from one threshold to another. The sociological matrix of funerary work, municipal handling of the dead at the electric crematorium, and other associated concerns find their way into these descriptions. Anthropologists have rightly approached the meaning of Hindu death as a closure by following the communitarian route of the funeral, from the cremation ghat to home. While this chapter does the same, it also maps the converse. By staying at the ghat after the respective funeral travellers have left the author records their dead as social relations of remainders. Tracking these remainders, the author moves to a conversation of pyres. This conversation brings up the context of cremation-related environmental anguish in a comparative perspective by drawing from his ethnography of recirculation of heat in a Danish crematorium. The chapter’s end alludes to an incommensurate ethical parallel between the various names of the city and the registers of pravah and parvah to signify the funeral act in Banaras as a coming together of contemplation, mourning, and care in the flow of life.
Look to Understand
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter brings the book to a close by probing the moral dilemma of the bystander: what responsibility do we have for a historic catastrophe when it is viewed at a distance? Pasolini’s Rage, with its critical montage of traumatic images from the twentieth century, especially those of the atomic mushroom, urges us to reflect on this dilemma. It does so by delving into two related issues: how the suffering of others is transformed into a sublime spectacle and how geographic distance inhibits any spontaneous impulse of compassion. Using the defamiliarizing genre of the essay-film, Pasolini invites viewers to set aside the gaze of the bystander and instead adopt an alternative way of looking that transforms viewers into active interpreters of what unfolds before them. This is the gaze of those who recognize that they are fully implicated in the events shown: those who, despite remaining spectators, lose the privilege of distance and the brazen luxury of indifference.
Norway
Authors: Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Norway has, since 1945, had one of highest incidences of minority governments among parliamentary democracies, and this incidence has increased in recent decades. Three conditions have been favorable to minority government formation: (1) a permissive institutional environment including negative parliamentarism and multiple avenues for opposition influence; (2) a pronounced two-bloc party system format with increasingly competitive elections; and (3) a high level of social and political trust in which opposition politicians have few concerns that parties holding executive office may abuse their powers. Under these conditions, Norwegian minority governments have in general been durable and effective.
Minority Governments in France
Authors: Rozenberg Olivier 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Minority governments are not numerous in France given the use of the majority voting system and the domination of the presidential elections on domestic politics. Yet, such a situation did occur during a full parliamentary term in 1988–1993. This experience indicates that Premier ministers can use a diversity of institutional and political tools to be able to govern in such exceptional circumstances. In addition, the election of a new president has occasionally been followed by a one-month period of minority government, illustrating further the president’s domination over the political system.
The Necessity, Making and Reform of Investment Treaties and Investor-State Arbitration in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 concludes that there is the need for the treaty-based standards of investment protection to be reconciled with the constitutional and general international law duties of African states to protect the environment and human rights and to initiate and implement development policy and in light of judicial sovereignty. It is only by being guided by the very legal norms which justify regulatory autonomy when entering into investment treaties that that autonomy can be reclaimed or retained. This requires that African states do not enter into investment treaties at all or that if they do then the treaty terms must be effectively qualified by legally enforceable exceptions, rather than mere general exceptions, to accommodate the right to regulate. Existing investment treaties must be revised, and certain terms must be excluded from them or qualified to make room for the exercise of the right to regulate.
Autonomy without Collapse
Authors: Dawson Mark , Jachtenfuchs Markus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to setting out the central dilemma discussed in the book as a whole: how to foster national autonomy within the European Union without threatening dis-integration or the systemic ‘collapse’ of the Union. In the chapter, we discuss the roots of the Union’s current predicament, which we relate to the inability of the Union either to decisively consolidate its political and legal order or to return competences to the Member States. We further define the categories of ‘autonomy’ and ‘collapse’ and suggest two main routes to addressing the dilemma explored in the volume as a whole: the differentiated integration of EU law and policy, and altering central principles of the EU’s present constitutional structure.
The Law as Tool and Constraint of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Witte Bruno de 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of law in affecting the preferences that states and EU institutions have with regard to differentiated integration, including with regard to the choice among different forms of differentiation. The first part of the chapter sketches a contrast between two types of differentiation that coexist in the legal toolbox and have both been widely used in the past decades: the ‘orthodox’ forms of differentiated integration that are provided for, and partially regulated, by the European Treaties, and the ‘wilder’ à la carte forms of differentiation that preserve the policy discretion and operational control of the participating governments. The second part of the chapter shows that both forms of differentiation face a different set of legal constraints, which affect the conditions for their use and makes one more attractive than the other, depending among other things on the policy domain in which they are used.
Interpretative Pluralism and the Constitutionalization of the EU Legal Order
Authors: Davies Gareth 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Constitutional pluralism tries to provide a legitimating theoretical frame for stubborn disagreements between the European Court of Justice and national constitutional courts. However, in accepting the legal separateness of constitutions and EU law it offers a depressingly Cold War vision of the European constitutional space. Interpretative pluralism instead conceives of these texts as a composite whole, with the task of courts to read them as such, seeking interpretations of one that do not do violence to the other. The disagreements between courts should not be about which text takes precedence, but about what they mean. The difference in practice is that national constitutional courts should never say that EU law conflicts with their constitutions. Rather, they should read it so that it does not, even if that means disagreeing with an interpretation offered by the European Court of Justice. Normatively this approach has the merit that it encourages national courts to engage more deeply with EU law, a necessary step in the construction of a working and legitimate European legal order. Descriptively, it also corresponds increasingly to what national apex courts actually do.
“Tools” of Progress
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a sweeping overview of European politics, culture, and society in the decades before World War I, when Europe’s global power was uncontested. How, it asks, could a single assassination plunge Europe’s Great Powers—Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary—into civil war? After describing the discrepancies between and within the powers, the chapter considers how mid-nineteenth-century certainties about “progress” and “reason,” emerging from the vast changes of the Industrial and French revolutions, shifted toward fin-de-siècle cultural expressions of anxiety, irrationalism, degeneracy, and despair. These feelings were reflected in the era’s aggressive militarism and nationalism on one side, and large pacifist/anti-militarist movements on the other, the latter epitomized by the Hague Peace Conferences (1899, 1907). The chapter concludes by arguing that the decisions that led to war in 1914, but not during the previous crises, illustrate how the international system had come to resemble the anxious age.
Worlds Apart
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth look at the book’s protagonists: Bosnian peasant-assassin Gavrilo Princip and the heir to the throne of the Habsburg Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. First, it situates them in the context of the “South Slavic Question” concerning the rights of the monarchy’s southern Slavs. It then shows how this issue was affected by the decline of the Ottoman Empire (Eastern Question) on Austria-Hungary’s southeastern periphery. In particular, the national rebellions known as the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878) carved out new nation-states in the Balkans, and the Berlin Congress transferred control of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman to the Habsburg dynasty. Franz Ferdinand and Princip were products of these changes despite their polar opposite backgrounds. Ironically, they also shared distinctive personality traits—obstinancy, individualism, deep sensitivities. This chapter argues that rather than “chance” or “fate,” the protagonists’ own, individual natures and common geopolitical context determined their convergence in Sarajevo.
News Nerds
Authors: Kosterich Allie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Journalism, at the core, is the presentation of news through media. The content of news has not changed much over the last century—politicians, wars, crime, and sports dominate past and present headlines. Yet, the ways in which journalists both gather and disseminate information have been turned on their head. Gone are the days of editors assigning stories to writers, who then research, inquire, and write what they found. Today’s journalists are coding, programming, running analytics, and developing apps. These “news nerds” are working in jobs at the intersection of traditional journalist positions and technologically-intensive positions that were once largely separate. Their titles and jobs might differ, but one thing is common: they are using technology differently and the institutionalized view of a professional journalist has changed. Understanding the reasons for that turn, its mechanics, timing, and impact are the goals of this book. News Nerds explores how technological, economic, and societal changes are impacting the institutionalized profession of journalism. Allie Kosterich draws on a mixed-method research design combining interviews with professional journalists, textual analysis of trade press, and social network analysis of journalist career histories. Taken together, these data reveal the ways in which the institution of the profession of journalism is evolving to incorporate new technological skillsets and new routines of production. In telling these stories and sharing these findings, she directly confronts what happens when new skillsets and new ways of understanding and producing news start to collide with the old routines of journalism.
The Spanish Armada
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Spanish Armada’s attempt to defeat England in 1588 was an early, if unusual, form of asymmetric warfare. Surprisingly, the weaker English won. Most historians have discounted the role of intelligence in this case, with the English having long seemed more lucky than smart. This chapter reviews the terrain of uncertainty during the larger Anglo-Spanish war of which the Armada was a part, identifying four factors generating serious uncertainties for both sides: the stability of ruling regimes; the nature of military power, especially at sea; the effects of time and distance on assessing and exercising power; and divine preference or “acts of God.” The discussion of these uncertainties reveals that the English did have some opening advantages, but so did the Spanish. That Philip II decided to sail his warships into the English Channel in 1588 tipped the terrain of uncertainty in Queen Elizabeth I’s favor. So the question arises whether the queen relied on that lucky turn of events or sought to engineer an intelligence advantage of a more substantial kind and, if so, how she did it.
Intelligence Lessons from the Spanish Armada
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Queen Elizabeth and King Philip both suffered from poor strategic intelligence, but the queen’s intelligence and counterintelligence gained her identifiable advantages at every other level. Lessons from the Armada case include these: (1) Decision-makers are integral to the process of gaining intelligence advantages. The queen’s seemingly indecisive style contributed to her ability to balance contradictory sources, generate competitive collection architectures, and learn under pressure. (2) Intelligence works best when competitors understand relative uncertainties and build intelligence into their strategies. (3) Certainty almost always decreases the likelihood of warning because it discourages collection on the possibility of error; covert action, which is the secret execution of pre-determined policy, has a similar effect, while also putting sources at risk of loss or politicization. (4) Intelligence liaison can close gaps in intelligence collection but at the risk of increased counterintelligence threats, potential loss of sources and methods, and vulnerabilities to deception. (5) Counterintelligence (CI) can contribute to or damage positive intelligence. It improved England’s relative intelligence capabilities by revealing what Spain thought it needed to know or do to win (its competitive strategies). But, by influencing or eliminating the king’s sources on what England planned to do, CI damaged Spain’s situational awareness.
Battlefield Intelligence
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During the American Civil War, rival commanders shared traditions, experiences, and mindsets about how to fight and win. Still, the Union and the Confederacy started with uneven advantages in knowledge about how battles would be fought and what they needed to know to win. Shared uncertainties at the start of the war (First Manassas, 1861) included the readiness of conscripted troops and volunteers; the effects of varying weapons, including rifling, on troop performance and battlefield tactics; the availability of maps and mapmakers and the implications for the movement of large armies; the vulnerabilities of railroads and their relevance to strategy; the utility of telegraph systems in war; the uses of ballooning; and the requirements for effective cavalry operations. In almost everything except cavalry operations, the Union had opening informational advantages.
Intelligence Lessons from the Battlefield
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The obvious point that strategic intelligence is not enough to win on the battlefield has a flip side: intelligence-enabled strategic surprise offers no guarantee of battlefield victories. First Manassas, Chancellorsville, and the run-up to Gettysburg offer eight lessons: (1) Communications is the pillar of superior operational and battlefield intelligence. (2) Maps, like most forms of intelligence, do not necessarily improve with greater detail or more accuracy; whether such added truth is worth the cost of getting it depends on the competitive context. (3) Public-private partnerships are key to knowing the technologically possible; they can also constitute the Achilles heel for a commander at war if they trigger competitive infighting among intelligence providers. (4) Intelligence reform during battle is dangerous because crucial victories for intelligence can be hidden within battlefield defeats. (5) Intelligence advantage can turn on the momentarily inconsequential—the tiny puzzle piece that makes sense out of years of archived collection. (6) Intelligence advantage can be lost to fratricidal intelligence fights on one’s own side. (7) Neither blanket secrecy nor intelligence sharing is always advantageous; a capacity for selective secrecy is essential to decision advantage. (8) Covert (open but secretly sponsored) collection is easier for competitors operating on their own turf, but it presents special management challenges. The foregoing lessons all underscore the point that decision-makers are responsible for gaining intelligence advantages, and for engineering them in ways that serve their strategies.
Intelligence and Decision in 1938
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Hitler’s and Chamberlain’s decisions to negotiate Czechoslovakia’s fate rather than fight for it, comparing their decision-making at comparable moments. European decision-making in the run-up to WWII was almost as dimly lit as in July 1914, but with one difference: professional intelligence organizations were involved. They helped only marginally. Hitler’s primary objectives from 1937 to 1938 were domestic. He knew he needed to build his military while subjugating his generals, who believed they, not he, were the guarantors of the state. France and Britain missed Hitler’s moves in these regards, so missed learning his practical plans for territorial aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and France. Not knowing Hitler’s intelligence operations against his military, the Allies did not know to be skeptical of sources within the German military who thought they knew Hitler’s mind when they not; in fact, these sources were being positively manipulated. If Hitler thus gained repeated intelligence advantages in the run-up to Munich, Chamberlain won an intelligence advantage during those meetings. Afterward, most French officials and British citizens believed the problem of European order was not Britain’s failure to stand up for it or to understand and properly accommodate Hitler’s objectives; the problem was Hitler himself: he was lying about his territorial ambitions.
A Theory of Intelligence in International Politics
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The case studies have illustrated four measures or capacities of intelligence power that must be superior to an adversary’s for intelligence advantage to be achieved: (1) collection (the number, integration, central management, and range over domain); (2) anticipation or sufficient detachment from policy to discover the unexpected (quality of oversight); (3) transmission (the level of trust measured by sharing of sources and methods and policy requirements across the intelligence-policy divide); and (4) selective secrecy. Which of these capacities will be most important in any given contest will depend on the terrain of uncertainty: the opening distribution of knowledge (uncertainty) among the contestants and the extent to which strategies exploit that distribution. The importance of intelligence readiness—the optimization of all four capacities—cannot be overemphasized when designing an intelligence system. Often, reforms are based on the last perceived failure, thus doing damage to capabilities essential for general readiness. Counterintelligence targets, not just an adversary’s intelligence operations, but all four missions or capacities. The United States optimized its collection capabilities during the Cold War, but failed to develop readiness for when it would end. Some capacities were allowed to wither; others were actively dismissed, such as the transmission function, which manifests now as overclassification system and vulnerability to deception.
Trigger Warnings and Safe Spaces
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The popular appeal of viewpoint diversity as an apparently new model of intellectual diversity is deeply connected to hyperbole about trigger warnings and safe spaces on college campuses. Sensational narratives about those topics throughout the mid-2010s seldom presented fair and accurate information about universities. Those narratives generated, instead, popular new stereotypes about students from historically disenfranchised communities, personified in the figure of the pathologically coddled student. This chapter argues that fixations with trigger warnings and safe spaces are foundational to campus misinformation. It also contends that such fixations have helped to normalize new forms of sociopolitical invective beyond college campuses, which exacerbate sociopolitical divisions instead of promoting constructive intellectual disagreement. Dispelling hyperbole about trigger warnings and safe spaces can help to promote better-quality information about university teaching while offering valuable insights into norms of sociopolitical disagreement.
First Amendment Hardball
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Allegations about a free speech crisis in higher education have helped to popularize questionable ideas about free speech and First Amendment freedoms. Campus misinformation assesses the state of free speech in higher education by employing the language of First Amendment hardball, defined as highly selective interpretations of free speech rights that seek to control conditions of speech rather than protecting the speech of everyone. Alarmism about free speech crises on college campuses reflects the tactics of movements or organizations that undermine open debate, intimidate historically marginalized groups, and effectively suppress the speech of others by citing ideals of free speech. The political exploitation of First Amendment hardball based on campus misinformation, moreover, indicates rising pro-authoritarian sentiment in US society. This chapter offers affirmative and explanatory arguments about the First Amendment centered on the vital role of democratic counter-speech.