bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress Generated by the HVOF Process
Authors: Stokes J. , Looney L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Due to the recent advances in thermal spraying technology, considerable research emphasis has been placed on the development of models capable of predicting deposition mechanisms at various stages during the process. In order to gain a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms involved in thermal spraying, it is necessary to isolate the factors affecting these constitutive properties (for example residual stress generation) and in doing so quantify the effect of the individual factors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used in the present research to predict the residual stress generated in a WC-Co deposit produced via the HVOF process. The model is compared to an analytical technique and validated experimentally, the result of which provides a thermomechanical modelling procedure with an accuracy greater than 80% of that found experimentally. Combining FEA techniques with analytical and experimental results will enhance the understanding of residual stress in thermal spray techniques.
Development and Characterization of Nanostructured Iron-Based Coatings by HFPD and HVOF
Authors: Parco M. , Fagoaga I. , Bobzin K. , Lugscheider E. , Zwick J. , Hidalgo G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Structuring coating materials in the nanoscale can significantly enhance the performance of Fe-based coatings. Nanostructured steel coatings with a very high hardness, the strength of carbon-based fibers and a corrosion resistance superior to nickel-based super alloys are currently commercially available. This work deals with the development of wear resistance nanostructured coatings using a commercial steel powder by high frequency pulse detonation. Results concerning the deposition of this powder using two different high velocity oxy-fuel spray systems are presented for comparison. The process parameters were optimized on the basis of the achieved coating features hardness, thickness, porosity and surface roughness. The microstructure of the coatings achieved with the different systems as well as the resulting adhesion and cavitation erosion resistance are compared. These results are also compared with the performance of standard WC-CoCr coatings.
Study on Properties and Microstructure of Nanostructured Ceramic Composite Coatings Prepared by High-Velocity Arc Spraying
Authors: Li Z.x. , Wang J.P. , Cui L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nanostructured ceramic composite coatings were deposited by high velocity arc-spraying. It was found that metal-clad powders exhibited better thermal conductivity and atomization capabilities when compared to mechanically blended powders. The Surface Rockwell hardness values of the nanostructured ceramic composite coatings were similar to those of the conventional coatings (from 66.7 to 72.8), however, the bond strength of the nanostructured coatings measured via the GB9796-88 standard reached values of 60 MPa, whereas the bond strength of the conventional coatings stayed below 40 MPa. The microstructure of the high velocity arc sprayed nanostructured ceramic coatings was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coatings exhibited the typical lamellar structure of thermal spray coatings. The surface of the nanostructured composite coatings was smoother than that of the conventional ones, and their microstructures were denser, showing lower levels of impurity.
Study on the Influences of DPV-2000 Software Parameters on the Measured Results in Cold Spray
Authors: Huang R.Z. , Sun B. , Ohno N. , Fukanuma H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The velocity of particles prior to the impact on the substrate surface is a very important factor that determines the deposition characteristics and coating quality in cold spray. The DPV-2000 system is an on-line diagnostic system that simultaneously measures the velocity, temperature and diameter of thermally sprayed particles. In the present study, the DPV-2000 system was employed to measure the velocity and diameter of cold sprayed particles. The effects of pre-setting software parameters of the DPV-2000 system on the measured particle velocities were investigated. The experimental results showed that the pre-setting values of the software parameters produced a significant influence on the accuracy of measured results.
Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Carbon and Carbide Loss during HVOF Spraying of Cr3C2-NiCr Coating
Authors: Ji G.-C. , Li C.-J. , Wang Y.-Y. , Li W.-Y. , Yang G.-J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coating, an experimental method to evaluate the carbon and carbide loss of the particles in the stages of both in-flight and impacting on a substrate was proposed. The carbon loss in these two stages was determined by comparing the carbon content in the starting powder, the collected powder sprayed into water and the coating deposited on the substrate. The carbide loss caused by carbide rebounding, dissolving into NiCr matrix and oxidizing in-flight can be determined by evaluating quantitatively the carbide content of the collected powder and the deposited coating. According to the experimental results, it was revealed that the rebounding off of large carbides during particle impact on the substrate is mainly responsible for the carbon loss. The carbide rebounding off and dissolving are two main reasons for the carbide reduction in the coating. The carbon and carbide loss caused by oxidizing during the in-flight of particles is very limited.
Reactively Thermal Sprayed Composite Coatings with Different Particle Temperature and Velocity
Authors: Tsunekawa Y. , Hamanaka I. , Hirose M. , Okumiya M. , Ozdemir I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reactively thermal sprayed coatings based on in-process reactions during flight and after impingement offer superior properties compared with conventional coatings because it has in-situ formed fine and uniformly dispersed stable hard phases. In the present work, composite powder composed of plated nickel, fine SiO2 particulates and Al-Si-Mg core particles with water glass binder (SiO2/Ni/Al-Si-Mg) was deposited onto an aluminum substrate to fabricate composite coatings by using HVOF (high velocity oxyfuel), RF (radio frequency) and DC (direct current) plasma spraying methods. The amount and constituents of phases formed during reactive thermal spraying were found to be different depending upon the methods used where in-process reactions differently proceed. Consequently, reactively sprayed composite coatings mainly consist of Mg2Si, MgAl2O4, NiAl3 and Al-Si matrix through the exothermic reaction of SiO2 and nickel with molten Al-Si-Mg alloy. The depletion of magnesium in the composite powder is responsible for the obtained lower hardness of composite coatings sprayed by RF plasma spraying which offers the highest molten droplet temperature.
Effects of Coating-Substrate Properties and Adhesion on Indentation Results
Authors: Kim J.H. , Gouldstone A. , Chollacoop N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The adhesion at the interface between coating and substrate is a key factor for the reliability and performance since the main problem in the application of coating systems is the delamination at the interface. Finite element models are developed to find a way to predict the adhesion strength of a thermal sprayed coating system from simply designed indentation test. Large depth indentation behavior is simulated to study shear induced delamination beneath the indenter. The interface between the coating and the substrate is modeled by three different bonding characters to investigate the effect of interfacial bonding on indentation test. Pressure-strain relations based on Tabor’s suggestion are observed for various combinations of material properties and interfacial bonding characteristics. The growth of a crack in the interface plane leaves a clear imprint on indentation load-depth curve in case of soft coating on hard substrate. Tabor curve also shows potential ability to detect interface bonding strength under indentation test.
TBC Characterization Using Capacitive and Inductive Sensors with Multivariate Inversion Methods
Authors: Sheiretov Y. , Zilberstein V. , Schlicker D. , Goldfine N. , Sikorski R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper describes flexible inductive sensors, such as the Meandering Winding Magnetometer (MWM) and MWM-Arrays for characterization of conductive nonmagnetic, conductive magnetic and nonconductive magnetic materials; and capacitive sensors, such as the flexible Interdigitated Electrode Dielectrometer (IDED) (MWM and IDED are registered trademarks of JENTEK Sensors, Inc.) for characterization of dielectric materials. These sensors and multivariate inversion algorithms can provide effective nondestructive characterization of thermal spray coatings on complex shape components.
Inelastic Deformation of Metallic Coatings: Measurement and Analysis
Authors: Choi W. , Sampath S. , Gouldstone A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Performance and reliability of TS coatings are strongly dependent upon their inelastic behavior. To that end, continuum-level flow stress and hardening have been explored by recourse to e.g., indentation, substrate curvature and tensile measurements. While the results of such efforts have great implication for process and quality control, further refinement is necessary for incorporation into models of wear, fatigue or delamination. Here we present results and analysis of mechanical testing on metallic TS coatings deposited by different methods, emphasizing particular characteristics under localized and cyclic loading.
PTA Welding – Modeling and Experimental Optimization
Authors: Wilden J. , Bergmann J.P. , Frank H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) welded coatings are used to improve surface properties of mechanical parts. Advantages are the high reliability of the process and the low dilution of substrate and coating material. Processing of surfaces by PTA welding is restricted at the time to flat horizontal position. Furthermore industry is interested in the development of strategies for coating with PTA in constraint position as complex 3-D parts could be then easily processed as well. Under commercial aspects, the process design can be optimized in order to increase process efficiency and to reduce heat input during the welding process. Process optimization involves the determination of guidelines for PTA welding in constraint positions as well. Modelling the process gives an alternative to reduce the experimental effort to optimize the welding process. Results of simulation studies of the PTA welding process will be given in the present work. It will be shown, that coating conditions can be optimized by varying plasma gas flow, heat input and heat flow, process speed or powder injection with regard to welding in constraint positions. The defined controlling of the PTA welding allows to modify process management with less experimental effort and to develop coating strategies for processing in different positions. In experimental investigations the developed coating strategies will be confirmed by producing PTA coatings in constraint position as well as complex 3-D parts.
Laser Cladding of M2 Steel on a Steel Substrate
Authors: Levcovici D.T. , Boiciuc R. , Levcovici S.M. , Gheorghieş C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Multilayer high-speed cladding by injection of a M2 steel powder with 0.82%C, 4.7%Mo, 6.4%W, 4.1%Cr, 2.02%V, 0.3%Mn, as chemical composition, in a melted bath produced using a CO2 continuous wave laser connected to a x-y-z coordinate table was tested in order to increase the wear resistance and heat stability of tool active surfaces made of 0.45%C steel. Layers made by different laser runs were characterized by macro and microstructure analysis, as well as a phase identification analysis by X-ray diffractometry, micro-hardening analysis and hardness testing on the coated layer surfaces in order to establish the optimal cladding condition. Lathe tools made using this technique showed a good ability to maintain their cutting power during steel shaping.
On the Surface Engineering Technologies Available to Today's Engineer
Authors: Tucker R.C. , Treglio J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is difficult for engineers and scientists to remain up to date on the wide variety of surface engineering technologies available for product and process design, to solve maintenance problems, etc. This paper provides a brief overview of several of the major types of surface processes and resulting coatings or other surface treatments. It is intended only to provide an elementary introduction to serve as a background for further inquiry by the reader or to assist those not familiar with a given field to more easily understand other presentations in this conference session. The technologies considered include thermal spray, physical vapor deposition, and chemical vapor deposition.
What Do You Need for a Good Training Program?
Authors: Puerta D. , Sauer J.P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Finding the time, money, and resources to train both new and existing personnel is a constant challenge. Some studies have shown that training costs can be leveraged to show a three-to-one return by both identifying and preventing problems in manufacturing environments. Many quality specifications and systems require a documented training set-up and internal round robins (RR) to validate that the teaching has provided adequate instruction. There are many keys to a successful training program such as flexibility within the work schedule, the combination of both classroom and hands-on instruction, and discipline by both teachers/students to stay the course for completion of the course work. For many technical topics, training programs outside the company work environment are available. Many of the programs mirror the worldwide accepted non-destructive testing (NDT) type of training. There is some talk of certification for many types of training. However, in many cases, it is not difficult to set up a system given the guidelines/suggestions to formulate a program. Lessons learned and some sample program outlines will be presented and discussed.
Realization of an Internal Cold Spray Coating of Stainless Steel in an Aluminum Cylinder
Authors: Alexandre S. , Laguionie T. , Baccuad B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a development program carried out at the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (C.E.A.), whose objective was to successfully bond a dense coating of stainless steel on the internal surface of an aluminum cylinder with a diameter of 300 mm. To achieve these results, a specific nozzle was designed, with calculations and measurements of the particles velocity using DPV 2000. The influence of key parameters on the coating density was investigated. A prototype was successfully produced by optimizing process parameters.
Electrostatic Assist on a Cold Spray Process by Computational Simulation
Authors: Takana H. , Ogawa K. , Shoji T. , Nishiyama H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The integrated model of thermofluid, splat formation and coating formation for a cold spray process has been established. The in-flight behavior of micro and submicron particles, the interaction between shock wave and particles in a supersonic jet impinging onto the substrate are clarified by this integrated model in detail. Then, the effect of electrostatic force on the particle acceleration is discussed in detail by carrying out a real-time computational simulation. It is shown that coating can be formed with the assist of electrostatic acceleration even though there is a lack of particle acceleration over critical velocity only through momentum transfer from airflow. Thus, the utilization of electrostatic acceleration enhances the performance of cold spray coating and contributes the extension of application range of a cold spray process.
Liquid Precursor Plasma Spraying: Modeling the Interactions between the Transient Plasma Jet and the Droplets
Authors: Marchand C. , Chazelas C. , Mariaux G. , Vardelle A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plasma spraying using liquid feedstock makes it possible to produce thin coatings (&lt; 100 µm) with more refined microstructures than in conventional plasma spraying. However, the low density of the feedstock droplets makes them very sensitive to the instantaneous characteristics of the fluctuating plasma jet at the location where they are injected. In this study the interactions between the fluctuating plasma jet and droplets are explored by using numerical simulations. The computations are based on a three-dimensional and time-dependent model of the plasma jet that couples the dynamic behavior of the arc inside the torch and the plasma jet issuing from the plasma torch. The turbulence that develops in the jet flow issuing in air is modeled by a Large Eddy Simulation model that computes the largest structures of the flow which carry most of the energy and momentum.
Numerical Simulation of Droplet Impact on Patterned Surfaces
Authors: Parizi H.B. , Rosenzweig L. , Mostaghimi J. , Chandra S. , Coyle T. , Salimi H. , Pershin L. , McDonald A. , Moreau C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this work we present the numerical simulation results for the molten nickel and zirconia (YZS) droplets impact on different micro-scale patterned surfaces of silicon. The numerical simulation clearly showed the effect of surface roughness and the solidification on the shape of the final splat, as well as the pore creation beneath the material. The simulations were performed using a computational fluid dynamic software, Simulent Drop, The code uses a three-dimensional finite difference algorithm solving full Navier Stokes Equation with heat transfer and phase change. Volume of fluid (VOF) tracking algorithm is used to track the droplet free surface. Thermal contact resistance at the droplet– substrate interface is also included in the model. Specific attention is paid to the simulation of droplet impact under plasma spraying conditions. The droplet sizes ranged from 15 to 60 microns with the initial velocities of 70-250 m/s. The substrate surface was patterned by a regular array of cubes spaced at 1 µm and 5 µm from each other. The peak to valley height of each cube was between 1 to 3 µm. Different splat morphologies will be compared with those obtained from the experimental results under the same impact and surface conditions.
Thermal Spraying Technology and Its Applications in the Iron & Steel Industry in China
Authors: Hao R.L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Through analyzing and predicting the development trend of tomorrow iron & steel industry in China and the effect of the improvement of the industry technology on the varying trend of the demand of steels, it appears that thermal spraying technology has a good chance for further developments. This paper presents the development of the thermal spray technology in Baosteel Company and its application in the iron & steel industry. It describes and analyzes the thermal spraying applications on mould narrow plates for CCL, CGL sink rolls, continuous annealing hearth rolls and cold mill processing rolls etc. It also introduced the work done by Baosteel Company on the development of thermal spray technology and the development of the softwares and experimental set-ups for the surface engineering lab. Various aspects such as corporation and “Both Payoff”, to the self-innovation in thermal spray technology, combination of the application technology with the manufacturing technology, pre-maintenance and complete life cycle service, etc, provide countermeasures on how to expand the application of thermal spraying technology in China iron & steel industry.
Thermoelectric Device Fabricated by Plasma Spray
Authors: Sodeoka S. , Suzuki M. , Inoue T. , Rückriem J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A thermoelectric power generating device, in which all components were fabricated by plasma spray technique, was manufactured and its performance was evaluated. Its basic unit was composed of (Ca,Bi)3Co4O9 p-type semiconductor chip and (Sr,Y)TiO3-x n-type semiconductor chip. The plasma sprayed (Ca,Bi)3Co4O9 and (Sr,Y)TiO3-x deposits showed the Seebeck effect according to expectation. However, the ZT values, which indicated the thermoelectric performance, were still poor because of the low electric conductivity. Measurements of some basic properties revealed that increase of the target phase content was important for the p-type material. On the other hand, decrease of the resistivity was strongly desired for the n-type material by process improvement. Power generating test was performed using pipe shape device fully fabricated by plasma spraying and the electric output was successfully obtained under a temperature gradient.
Thermal Spray Technology Trends for Patent Applications in Japan
Authors: Tani K. , Namba Y. , Nakahira A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal spray technology trends in Japan were studied on the basis of patent information related to such technologies in Japan. Information related to research in and the basic development of thermal spray and allied coating technologies can be found in publication papers or documents submitted to national or international conferences, symposiums academic journals and so on. However, this kind of information does not always disclose key fundamentals pertinent to the industry in question. The present status of thermal spray technology and related future trends in Japan are described in this paper based on an investigating of patent filings, claims, and the specific industrial fields and applications related to such patent applicants.
Digital Fabrication of Functionally Graded PEN for SOFC by APS
Authors: Zhang H.O. , Yang Y.Z. , Wang G.L. , Sun D.W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Atmosphere plasma spray and robot digital fabricating were integrated and presented to prepare the planar PEN and MOLB-type PEN SOFCs. On the basis of the spraying conditions optimized previously and the self-developed functionally graded powder feed system, two kinds of PEN cells were prepared. Then the microstructure and material components of the PEN cells were analyzed. The results show that graded layers were formed between the electrodes and electrolyte. Moreover, the material components and the porosity of the graded layers vary gradually. In particular, the porosities of the anode and cathode reach 32.74%, 32.24%, respectively. Using the AC complex impedance technology, the conductivity of the MOLB-type composite electrode is tested. As a comparison, the electrical conductivity of the MOLB-type composite electrode with the graded layers is larger than that without the graded layers.