bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrency of contractual and delictual liability in a European perspective
Authors: Van Rossum Madeleine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. This paper deals with the question whether and if so under what conditions delictual and contractual liability can coexist.
Owing to the tendency to develop a European civil law a ‘ius commune’, the issue under consideration will be placed in the perspective of a harmonisation of European rules. Therefore some legal systems on this topic will be compared in order to find out whether some common principles can be found which can ultimately lead towards the formulation of some general rules.
It will be shown that it seems difficult at first sight to trace throughout the legal system under review some common elements for the acceptance of the coexistence of the liability for breach of contract and for the tort of negligence.
However it may be noted as a uniform feature that in all legal systems under consideration contractual and delictual liability do not differ fundamentally. This is not at all surprising if one notices that the contractual and the delictual standard of social conduct show many similarities.
In view of the blurring of the lines Getween contract and tort throughout the legal systems dealt with a strict distinction between the liability for tort and for breach of contract cannot sensibly be maintained. In my opinion contractual and delictual liability should wexist where the breach of contract embodies more than just the breaching of the contractual obligation because there exists a duty of care between the parties, which is violated.
Résumé. Cet article traite de la question de savoir si —et le cas échéant à quelles conditions — les responsabilités contractuelle et délictuelle peuvent coexister.
Compte tenu de la tendance au développement d’un droit civil européen, le sujet est envisagé dans la perspective d’une harmonisation des règles européennes. Dans cette optique, il est procédé à la comparaison de différents systèmes de droit pour tenter de dégager l’existence de principes communs qui peuvent conduire à la formulation de certaines règles générales.
Il est montré qu’ il paraît difficile, à première vue, de trouver des éléments communs en faveur de la coexistence d’une responsabilité pour rupture du contrat et pour faute de négligence.
Néanmoins, il peut être observé que dans tous les systèmes de droit examinés, les responsabilités contractuelle et délictuellen e diffèrent pas fondamentalement. Ce qui n’est pas surprenant si l’on remarque que les standards de conduite, en matière contractuelle et délictuelle, présentent de nombreuses similitudes.
Au vu de l’altération de la démarcation entre le contrat et le délit civil dans les systèmes de droit consédéres, une stricte distinction entre la responsabilité contractuelle et la responsabilité délictuelle ne peut raisonnablement plus être maintenue. Selon l’auteur, ces responsabilitês devraient coexister dans le cas où la rupture d’un contrat renferme plus que la seule violation de l’abligation contractuelle parce qu’il existe un devoir de diligence entre les parties qui est méconnu.
Report on the Conference “European Constitutionalisation of Private Law”
Authors: Cherednychenko Olha O. 
Published: April 2022

The Constitution and private law. These notions which were originally considered to be far apart from each other became the subject-matter of the conference entitled “European Constitutionalisation of Private Law”, which was organized by Amsterdam University’s Institute for Private Law on 28 March 2003. The very title of the conference appears to require immediate clarification due to the increasing use of the notion of “constitutionalisation” in different contexts. As was mentioned in the introductory speech by J.W. Rutgers, University of Amsterdam, the term “constitutionalisation of private law” can concern two things. On the one hand, it may be used in the context of the impact of EC law on the national private law of the Member States. On the other hand, it may be also used to indicate the effect of fundamental rights on private law. The main focus of the present conference was on the first aspect of constitutionalisation, although the second aspect also received attention.
Recent case law
Authors: van Schaick Bert , Ruda Albert , Østergaard Kim , Sagaert Vincent , Dacoronia Eugenia , Caterina Raffaele , Petz Thomas , Tvarnø Christina , Tamasauskas Andreas , Cairns Walter , Pironon Valérie , Hünert Matthias , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Mota Pinto Paulo , MacGregor Laura , Ribot Igualada Jordi , Hahn Anne-Catherine 
Published: April 2022

In this section authors from various European countries report the recent case law in their jurisdiction in the field of private patrimonial law, that is decisions on the law of property, juridical acts, the law of obligations, contract law and prescription. The ERPL started this section in 2003. The section aims to give readers an overview of what is happening in the most recent European case law. We have asked the national reporters to report the juridical essence of the decisions given by the highest courts in their country. These national reports are integrated in one general report that arranges the decisions by subject, so that readers can easily find out whether decisions on their special interest were given in any European jurisdiction or whether decisions on one subject have been taken in various European countries. In principle, this section does not relate the facts of the decision, nor the personal opinion of the reporter. One can find discussions on the most important decisions of European courts in ERPL?s case note section.
The recent case law section gives overviews of decisions published in periods of four months. The period of January-April is published in the fourth issue, the period from May to August is published in the sixth issue, the period from September to December is published in the second issue of the next year. In this issue, we report decisions of high courts taken from January to April 2004. As yet, some decisions can only be found on the internet. Therefore, at the end of this section we have listed web sites where one can find European high court decisions.
The Board of Editors of the ERPL wants to thank the national contributors to this report, who worked very hard to have their reports ready in time. Further, the Board considers itself very fortunate that Mr. Ross MacDonald (University of Dundee, Scotland) has been willing to edit the contributions and, by doing so, contribute substantially to the quality of this section.
Editorial
Authors: Rutgers Jacobien W. 
Published: April 2022

On 28 March 2003 the Amsterdam Institute for Private Law organized a conference named ?European Constitutionalization of Private Law?. The aim of this conference was to discuss the influence of European constitutional public law on (national) private legal systems. To do so, speakers from the area of private law and European public law were invited.
Although, there is no formal European Constitution, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) considers the European Treaties the ?constitutional charter? of the European Communities in its Les verts-decision. The heart of this substantive constitution is the internal market and the core thereof are competition rules and the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons. The ECJ has guaranteed the application of these European rules by the development of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy of European law.
Schweizerisches Bundesgericht, 4C.175/2003 vom 28.10.2003 - Zur Frage der rechtsmißbräuchlichen Berufung auf Formnichtigkeit bei einem bereits teilweise erfüllten Vertra
Authors: Reichert Klaus , Kenny Graham P. 
Published: April 2022

The decision by the Swiss Bundesgericht was based on the following facts. The parties were the sole shareholders of the X-AG [public limited company] and the Y-GmbH [limited company]. In 1999 they agreed, without being aware of the special form requirement in respect of the transfer of a share in the GmbH, that the plaintiff would resign from both companies and transfer his shares in the X-AG to the GmbH and his core-shares in the Y-GmbH to the defendant. In exchange the plaintiff was entitled to a sum of 670,000 Swiss Francs, payable in four instalments. After having paid the first instalment of 400,000, the defendant denied further payment upon knowledge and immediate notification of the lack of form, i.e. the missing notarisation of their agreement.
All instances, including the Swiss Bundesgericht, rejected the claim by the plaintiff, arguing that the defendant did not abuse his right by invoking the lack of form of their agreement, i.e. the fact that the transfer of the shares was not notarised. Their agreement was concluded without the knowledge of this form requirement. In addition, it was considered indivisible, and thus completely void; it was irrelevant that the agreement was performed partly.
Internet Auctions and Harmonization. A comparison between Italy and Germany
Authors: Wiesemann Hans Peter , Falletti Elena 
Published: April 2022

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how harmonization of private law especially in the field of European Directives on E-commerce and distance contracts is working in the market of Internet Auctions where parties are contracting without intermediaries. The authors have chosen the topic of Internet Auctions because it is a very important modality to sell goods through the Internet, easily crossing borders of national sovereignty.
First of all, the authors give an overview over the existing Internet Auction models and the way of concluding contracts in such an Auction. Then, they provide an overview over the relevant European Directives in the field of Internet Auctions, the implementation of the Directives in the different national legal systems and the related national case law.Several differences between Italy and Germany are highlighted. One of these differences is the way to solve disputes between consumers: in Germany, these disputes are decided by courts while in Italy the solution is found through Alternative Dispute Resolution. Despite all the differences, several similarities are identified, like the desire to monitor transactions in E-commerce. In the end, each system can benefit from the results found in the other.
More about Timeshare: A Revised Directive or a Regulation? Incidence of Other Instruments of Consumer Protection
Authors: Downes Noemí 
Published: April 2022

This online article is a revision of the published version.
Abstract: The EU Commission is in the process of restructuring the consumer protection acquis. The project seems still undefined, however, there are areas where there is a certain urgency to intervene. For this purpose, after a series of consultations, a revised version of Directive 94/47/EC has been published. This article reviews some of the most significant propositions of the draft text and analyses a broader approach to protection to include other instruments of control of malpractices in those areas where timeshare transactions place consumers in a highly vulnerable position.
Résumé: La Commission Européenne travaille à la restructuration de l’acquis communautaire en matière de protection du consommateur. Le projet est encore très peu défini, cependant, il a eté necessaire d’admettre qu’il y a des matières qui demandent une intervention urgente. Dans ce but, et aprés une série de consultations, il a été publié une proposition de Directive concernant la protection des acquéreurs portant sur l’acquisition d’un droit d’utilisation á temp partiel de biens immobiliers pour substituer la Directive 94/47/CE. Cet article porte sur certaines propositions plus significatives du brouillon et en même temps il analyise une approximation plus large, élargissant le concept de protection pour introduire d’autres instruments de control des pratiques de commercialisation aggressives notamment, celles où la commercialisation de biens immobiliers à temps partagé place le consommaateur dans une position de grande vulnérabilité.
Zusammenfassung: Die Europäische Kommission will den verbraucherrechtlichen acquis communautaire überarbeiten. Obwohl das genaue Ausmass dieses Unternehmes nach wie vor nicht vollständig abgesteckt ist, wurden bestimmte Bereiche als vordringlich novellierungsbedürftig markiert. Die Europäische Kommission hat nach einer Reihe von Konsultationen den Entwuf einer Timeshare Richtlinie veröffentlicht, welche die Richtlinie 94/47/EG ersetzen soll. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet eine Analyse der wichtigsten Vorschläge des Entwurfs. Im Rahmen dieser Analyse wird insbesondere auch auf unlautere Geschäftspraktiken eingegangen, denen der Verbraucher insbesondere beim Abschluss von Timeshareverträgen ausgesetzt ist. Von Bedeutung ist insofern die Richtlinie 2005/29/EG über unlautere Geschäftspraktiken.
The Effectiveness of Fundamental Rights in Private Law: Restrictions of the Right to Adopt in Light of the Portuguese Constitution
Authors: Costa Marta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: This manuscript intends to analyze the effectiveness of the submission of the Portuguese private law legislator to fundamental rights, namely, the fundamental right to adopt. It aims to verify the constitutionality of civil restrictions on the right to adopt, stressing the prohibition of joint adoption by homosexual couples. A European microcomparative reference is made regarding some aspects of restrictions of the right to adopt examined in light of the best interest of the child. The suggestion is made that the Portuguese legislator reconsider the institution of adoption in such a way as to permit the most suitable conciliation of all interests.
Résume: Ce manuscrit vise à analyser l’effectivité de la soumission du législateur portugais aux droits fondamentaux, à savoir le droit fondamental d’adopter. Il vise à vérifier la constitutionalité des restrictions de droit civil au droit d’adopter, en insistant sur l’interdiction d’adoption conjointe par les couples homosexuels. Une micro–comparaison européenne est faite par rapport à certains aspects des restrictions du droit d’adopter au vu du meilleur intérêt de l’enfant. Il est suggéré que le législateur portugais revise l’institution d’adoption de manière à concilier tous les intérêts au mieux.
Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag beabsichtigt, die Effektivität der Unterwerfung des portugiesischen zivilrechtlichen Gesetzgebers unter die Grundrechte, insbesondere das Grundrecht auf Adoption, zu analysieren. Er versucht vor allem, die Konstitutionalisierung der zivilrechtlichen Beschränkungen des Grundrechts auf Adoption, hier insbesondere das Verbot einer gemeinsamen Adoption durch homosexuelle Paare, zu überprüfen. Eine europäische mikro–vergleichende Verweisung auf einige Aspekte der Beschränkung des Rechts auf Adoption, welches im Hinblick auf die besten Interessen des Kindes hin überprüft wurde, soll hier darüber hinaus erfolgen. Dabei sollen Vorschläge dahin gehend gemacht werden, dass der portugiesische Gesetzgeber die Institution der Adoption in einer Weise neu erörtert, dass damit der am meisten taugliche Ausgleich von Interessen ermöglicht wird.
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards in the New Countries of the European Union
Authors: Chovancová Katarína 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: In a five–part, broad legal study, the author has analyzed the enforcement of foreign and domestic arbitral awards in three European countries – the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Croatia – two of which have already entered the European Union successfully. The goal of the study has been to familiarize the professional legal public as well as independent readers not only with the legal regulation of enforcement of arbitral awards in the aforementioned countries, but with the real practice of national enforcement courts as well. Furthermore, the author has focused on providing the reader with a comparative insight into the enforcement of arbitral awards in all three European states in its entire complexity. Finally, evaluating the current specifi c position of Croatia as a country that still has not acceded to the European Union, the author introduced an explanation of various reasons for including Croatia in the submitted study.
Résumé: L’auteur a analysé, dans une étude en 5 parties au spectre juridique large, l’exécution des sentences arbitrales étrangères et nationales dans trois pays européens – la République Tchèque, la Slovaquie et la Croatie – deux d’entre eux ayant déjà rejoint avec succès l’Union Européenne. L’objet de cette étude a été de familiariser autant les juristes professionnels que les lecteurs indépendants non seulement avec la règlementation de l’exécution des sentences arbitrales dans les pays susmentionnés mais aussi avec la pratique effective des tribunaux nationaux d’exécution. De plus, l’auteur s’est concentré à donner au lecteur dans toute sa complexité le point de vue comparatif vis–à–vis de l’exécution de sentences arbitrales dans les trois pays européens. Enfi n, évaluant la situation actuelle spécifi que de la Croatie en tant que pays n’ayant pas encore approché l’Union Européenne, l’auteur a présenté une explication des différentes raisons l’ayant amené à inclure la Croatie dans l’étude soumise.
Zusammenfassung: In einer in fünf Teilen aufgebauten rechtswissenschaftlichen Untersuchung hat der Autor die Vollstreckung von ausländischen und nationalen Schiedsentscheidungen in drei europäischen Ländern (Tschechien, Slowakei und Kroatien), von denen zwei als Mitglieder der Europäischen Union aufgenommen sind, untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist, die professionale juristische Öffentlichkeit sowie auch andere Interessierte nicht nur mit den Regelung der Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheidungen in den genannten Ländern vertraut zu machen, sondern auch mit der Praxis der nationalen Vollstreckungsgerichte in diesen Ländern. Darüber hinaus beabsichtigt der Autor, den Lesern einen rechtsvergleichenden Überblick über die gesamte Komplexität der Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheidungen in diesen drei europäischen Ländern zu geben. Abschließend begründet der Autor, warum es angemessen ist, die Rechtslage in Kroatien in dieser Untersuchung darzustellen, trotz der derzeitigen besondern Stellung Kroatiens als nicht Mitgliedstaat der Europäischen Union.
‘Tort Law of the European Community’: A Plea for an Overarching Pan–European Framework
Authors: Kellner Markus 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Community legislation and case law exert an ever–growing infl uence on the tort law of the Member States. Yet, ‘community tort law’ does not form a consistent and self–contained body of law. Rather, community legislation has approximated Member State law only eclectically, and community case law remains confi ned to a few specialized forms of liability. So far, community tort law is not founded on overarching principles and is, by consequence, riddled with inconsistencies. This situation is exacerbated since little regard has been given to the ‘general principles common to the laws of the Member States’ (Article 288 (ex Article 215) (2) of the European Community Treaty) in the past, and so a hasty disintegration of national tort law threatens. An overarching pan–European framework would halt this process and commence the genesis of a homogenous European tort law.
Resumé : Le droit communautaire exerce une influence de plus en plus grande sur le droit de la responsabilite civile des Etats membres. Cependant, le "droit de la responsabilite civile communautaire" ne constitue pas un domaine juridique autonome et coherent, etant donne que la jurisprudence des Cours de justice europeennes s’est limitee a quelques types speciaux de responsabilite. Ce n’est que d’une maniere eclectique que le droit communautaire se rapproche du droit des Etats membres. A cela s’ajoute le manque de principes fondamentaux solides qui provoque des contradictions internes. Et puisqu’on n’a porte jusqu’a present que peu d’attention aux "principes generaux communs aux droits des Etats membres" (Article 288 du Traite CE), on risque la decomposition prematuree des droits de la responsabilite civile nationaux qui existaient traditionnellement. Seule une structure generale de base paneuropeenne pour le droit de la responsabilite civile peut mettre finace developpement tout en contribuant en meme temps au developpement d’un droit europeen homogene de la responsabilite civile.
Zusammenfassung: Das europäische Gemeinschaftsrecht ubt einen stetig wachsenden Einfl uss auf das Haftpflichtrecht der Mitgliedstaaten aus. Allerdings bildet das “Gemeinschaftshaftpflichtrecht” kein eigenstandiges und koharentes Rechtsgebiet, denn die Rechtsvereinheitlichung durch das Sekundarrecht ist bislang recht eklektisch geblieben und die Rechtsprechung der europaischen Gerichtshofe beschrankt sich auf einige wenige Haftungsformen. Da das “Gemeinschaftshaftpflichtrecht” bislang auch nicht auf tragfahigen Grundprinzipien beruht, wird es von inneren Widerspruchen geplagt. Da den “allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsatzen, die den Rechtsordnungen der Mitgliedstaaten gemeinsam sind” (Artikel 288 (ehemals Artikel 215) Absatz 2 des EG-Vertrages), zudem nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde, droht eine voreilige Zerschlagung dieser natürlich gewachsenen Rechtsgebiete. Nur eine paneuropäische Grundstruktur kann diesen Prozess aufhalten ung zugleich Grundstein der Entwicklung eines homogenen europäischen Haftplichtsrechts sein.
Right to Specific Performance: Is There a Divergence between Civil- and Common-Law Systems and, If So, How Has It Been Bridged in the DCFR?
Authors: De Vries Gerard 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Civil- and common-law systems are asserted to treat the right of a party to a contract to specific performance in quite different ways: in civil-law systems, this right seems to be a fundamental right of a creditor, emanating from the adagium ‘pacta sunt servanda’ itself; common-law systems, on the contrary, are supposed to grant this action to the creditors only in the exceptional case that their usual remedy, damages, would not achieve appropriate justice.
One might expect that this well-known divergence between the before-said law systems has posed quite a problem to the draughtsmen of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR); since it is to serve as an international instrument, unitary rules were needed, and therefore, it might be expected that its draughtsmen have reached a laborious compromise between the before-said law systems in a laborious way.
The following questions will be addressed: does this divergence between civil- and common-law systems exist realiter and, if so, how has it been bridged in the DCFR?
In order to answer these questions, rights of a party to a contract of monetary obligations have been distinguished from rights to non-monetary ones.
It will turn out with respect to each of these types of obligations that the beforesaid divergence between civil- and common-law systems is not as wide as might have been expected.
The remaining divergences between the law systems have been bridged by the draughtsmen of the DCFR in different ways, dependent on the type of obligation at stake. With respect to monetary obligations, they have chosen for the common-law solution, that is, damages instead of a right to specific performance. With respect to non-monetary obligations, the civil-law solution that these draughtsmen have, on the contrary, chosen for the civil-law solution as the basic rule is the right to specific performance; their task to include the rights that the European Union confers on consumers in the DCFR may account for this latter choice.