bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky SAP Beetle, Fall Armyworm and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Linduska James J. , Embrey Mike , Dively Galen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 1 Jun '90. On 4 Jun AAtrex (1.3 lb) + Lasso (1.35 qt) was applied Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. This sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at late whorl-early tassel (26 Jul); 50% silk (30 Jul); 3 Aug and 9 Aug. At harvest (13 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 19 Jun 1990, 'Florida Stay Sweet' sweet corn was seeded into fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots were 12 ft long and 4 rows wide with 3 ft spacing between rows and 6 in between plants. Plot buffers were 10 ft long and 2 unplanted rows were left between plots. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Fertilizer was applied according to soil test recommendations. Overhead irrigation was used to establish the plant stand initially, but was later replaced with trickle irrigation. Treatments with 2-day application schedules were sprayed on six dates: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20 Aug. Insecticide application on plots with 4-day application schedules had three applications made on 9, 13 and 17 Aug. Treatments were made using a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer which delivered 16.7 gal/acre at 40 psi. Two TX-10 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom at the level of silks on both sides of plant. Harvests were made on 17 and 21 Aug. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage by rating the tip (proximal 3.8 cm) and ear (excluding tip area) using a scale of 1-5 where 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (&lt;20%), 3 = moderate damage (20-50%), 4 = heavy damage (50-75%) and 5 = severe damage (&gt;75%). A rating system of 1- 5 was used to evaluate the degree of pollination on each ear, where 1 = complete pollination (100% full kernals) to 5 = no pollination. The percentage of ears with no damage was also calculated from these ratings.
Cucumber Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cucumbers were planted on 9 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25-ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with 5-ft spacing between rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 10 Sep-12 Oct.
Fall Planting Pre-Emergence Lettuce Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Coated lettuce seed were planted 25 Sep in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Seed rows were left open to allow insecticide applications on 26 Sep. Plots were 1 bed (2 rows) by 25 ft long. Treatments were relicated four times in a randomized complete block design. A soil drench application, consisting of 250 ml of solution/25 ft of row applied via funnel directly over the seed row, was used for Orthene and NTN 33893 FS treatments. Granular formulations were applied by weighing insecticide for each 25 ft of row, mixing with filler, and applying via funnel by making several passes directly over the seed row. Furrow irrigation was utilized immediately after application for seed germination. Plots were sampled at the 2 leaf stage on 13 Oct by examining 25 consecutive plants/plot and insect numbers were counted and recorded. Insects in or on cotyledons were not counted. Plots were sampled again on 31 Oct for leafminer. Samples consisted of 5 plants/plot, obtained by removing every 12th plant. Samples were weighed fresh and leaf area measured. Plants were then placed in bags and held for 6 d for leafminer immature emergence, which were then counted.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E. , Cook M. K. , Warren J. R. , Dogger J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 16 year old 'Triple Red Delicious' trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. All plots were inoculated twice (29 May and 12 Jun) with mite infested water sprouts (10 per replicate) which were taped to existing foliage. Insecticides used during the season follow; fungicides, nutrient sprays, herbidices, etc. used are listed separately. All plots were oversprayed with Pounce 3.2 EC, 814 kg/ha (7.5 lb/A) on 9 Apr and 10 May; Dipel 3.36 kg/ha (3 lb/A) 1 May; and Sevin 50 W 3.36 kg/ha (3 lb/A) 25 Jul to reduce predator numbers in the mite plots. Morestan 25 W, 28.38 g/ 189.25 1 (1 oz/50 gal), was applied on 2 Apr (pink spray). All other miticide plots were sprayed on 2 Jul. Populations of mites did not reach levels requiring treatment after 2 Jul. One hundred apples per replicate were picked at random at harvest and graded on a scale from 0-5 for both stem end and side russetting where 0 = no russetting and 5 = completely russetted. These data were used to place each fruit in the appropriate USDA grade (extra fancy, fancy, No. 1, utility). Each fruit was also examined for injury by RBLR, TABM, CM, and miscellaneous Lepidoptera (LEP) (primarily gypsy moth). No significant differences between treatments were found.
Control of Cabbage Looper in Early Fall Collards Using Combinations of Javelin and Asana, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Collards transplants were set in single rows 12 inches apart on 18 Jul in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm. Plots were 1 row, 20 ft long, spaced 6.6 ft apart, in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart, directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 31 Jul, 4, 8, 12 Aug and evaluated 16 Aug by sampling 10 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of larvae, damaged leaves, and marketable leaves per plant were determined. In addition insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (&lt;2 leaves unmarketable), 3 = moderate damage (&lt;3 leaves unmarketable), 4 = heavy damage (&gt;3 leaves unmarketable with &lt; 10% loss of leaf area), and 5 = severe damage (&gt;3 leaves unmarketable with &gt;10% loss of leaf area). Following evaluation all plants were shucked. Subsequent applications were made 29 Aug, 2, 6, and 10 Sep and evaluated on 14 Sep. Evaluation methods were the same as above except 5 plants/plot were sampled and no counts were made of marketable leaves.
Onion, Maggot Control, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment planted 19 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder that planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/ acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Dithane F-45 was applied in the furrow at 2.4 qts formulation/ acre for control of onion smut, Urocystis cepulae, with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca. twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 9 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Natural Product Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , RadclifFe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size seed potatoes were planted 15 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Crookston. Plots were 4 rows wide, 15.3 m (50 ft) long, with 91 cm (3 ft) spacing between rows and 30 cm (1 ft) spacing between plants. A completely randomized plot design with 3 replications was used. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 20 Jun. When egg masses were found, they were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was at 30% hatch and subequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 3 times for each generation of CPB larvae: 28 Jun, 5 and 12 Jul for first generation and 25 Jul, 2, and 9 Aug for 2nd generation. Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX 1806), and B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Trident) and neem (Margosan-O). Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single hollow cone nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 654 liters of water per ha (70 gal/acre) at 827 kPA (120 psi). Data were collected from the center 2 rows. Larvae were counted on 20 plants per plot. Data were expressed as mean number of larvae or plant injury (percent defoliation) × number of days elapsed, i.e., Area Under the Curve (AUC). AUC for CPB was computed separately for the first and second generation then summed. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test for treatment differences.
Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Red Norland' potatoes were planted in 35 ft rows on 16 Apr '91. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 72 in and the distance between plants within the row was 9 in. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 23, 29 May; 6, 13, 20, 26 Jun; 3, 10, and 16 Jul. Plots receiving AC-303630 and NTN-33893 were treated 23 and 29 May; and 3 Jul. The B.t. plots were treated with Vydate 2 L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 26 Jun to control adult Colorado potato beetles. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems, and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Aug from 35 ft of row. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 1991
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Heuser Laura , Hansen Roger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was located on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research farm in Grand Forks, ND. The field was planted on 28 May using cut A-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, with a 1.5 m fallow aisle at the end of each plot. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Soils at this site were Bearden silt-loam and moisture was adequate at planting. Soil systemics were applied just as the potato plants were emerging (21 Jun). Foliars were applied in 2 1 of total material per 0.0088 ha on 27 Jun, 5, 10, 19, and 25 Jul. Asana XL .66 E was combined i with the first treatment of each biological (i.e., Trident II, MYX-1806). Karate 1 E was combined with Trident II and MYX-1806 each time the biological was used. In this case a reduced dosage of each was applied. Monitor 4 E was applied, as needed, following the appropriate predetermined number of biological treatments. Percent defoliation was estimated on 19 Jul.
Transgenic Potato Plants, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was a randomized complete block design with six replicates, planted 21 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. Each replicate consisted of a single row of ten plants 30 cm apart and separated by two blank rows plus two rows of 'Russet Burbank' potatoes. A 3.0 m space of bare soil separated blocks and surrounded the experiment. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled with three foliar applications of Dithane Mi 45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 6 whole plants in each plot. When dates of counts and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMR.T. The Asana treatment was applied on 17 Jul and 2 Aug at the label rate. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for these three months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, Potato Leafhopper, and Green Peach Aphid, 1991
Authors: Vaadeland John R. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Lagnaoui Abdelazi. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 15 Mayat the University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Plots were 4 rows wide, 10.6 m (35 ft) long, with 102 cm (40 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 2.0 m (6.7 ft) of cultivated soil. Eight experiments were planted in the same field. For each experiment, a completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. In all eight experiments, CPB control was the primary objective. Experiment 1 was to evaluate neem (Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several conventional insecticides and Kryocide. Experiment 3 was to compare several commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides at 3 rates each. Experiment 4 was to evaluate neem (RH-999) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 5 was to compare 3 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides from Ecogen Inc. at 2 rates each. Experiment 6 was to evaluate application of Furadan 4 F applied as a systemic spray at drag-off Experiment 7 was to compare performance of several insecticides when first sprays were applied at different stages of egg hatch or larval development. Experiment 8 was to compare different insecticide rotation schedules. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 8 Jun. When egg masses were found they were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application (except in Experiment 6) was based on egg hatch. Five treatment schedules were used: 0 = untreated control (UTC), 1 = Furadan 4 F applied as a spray 6 Jun just prior to drag-off, 2 = first application at 30% hatch of flagged CPB egg masses (i.e., first eggs to hatch for that generation), 3 = first application at first appearance of 2nd instar, 4 = first application at first appearance of 3rd instar. Spray applications for schedule 2 were applied 17-18, 24 Jun, 23 (second generation), 29 Jul, 6, and 13 Aug. Spray applications for schedule 3 were applied 19, 27 Jun, 24 Jul (second generation), 31 Jul, 7, and 14 Aug. Spray applications for schedule 4 were applied 22 Jun, 26 Jul (second generation), 8, 12, and 16 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with drop nozzles. Sprays were applied in 739 liters of water/ha (79 gal/acre) at 620 kPa (90 psi). CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 8 randomly selected whole plants, PLH nymphs and GPA apterae were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves. Leaf loss to defoliation by CPB feeding was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 21, 26 Jun, 25 Jul, 1, 9, and 15 Aug; defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 3, 10, 17, 22, 30 Jul, 5, and 19 Aug; PLH were counted 30 Jul and 29 Aug; GPA were counted 29 Aug. Data were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury.
Effect of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2- 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug, 5, and 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella).
Early Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Berberet R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven chemical insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids on an established stand of 'Cimarron' alfalfa located on the Agronomy Research Station at Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated an infestation level of 2.6 larvae/stem, while aphids numbered &lt;1.0/stem. Treatments were applied on 23 Mar using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzle tips (Spraying Systems Co. TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi traveling at 3.5 mph. Plots were 5 × 8 m, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Efficacy was determined from counts made by extracting AW larvae with Berlese funnels from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on 5 dates ranging from 2 to 26 DAT. Aphid numbers began to increase as the test progressed allowing efficacy estimates to be made at 13, 19, and 26 DAT. Effectiveness of insecticides in preventing aphid infestation was determined from samples of 10 stems from each plot. Dry matter yield estimates were made by harvesting a 1 × 5 m area from each plot and drying a subsample to determine moisture content.
Aphid Control in Winter Canola Using Soil Insecticides, 1990-1991
Authors: Buntin G. Davi. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected soil-applied granular insecticides were evaluated for control of aphids in fall-planted canola on a Faceville sandy loam soil near Plains, GA. Six lb of canola seed per acre was planted in 7-inch rows using a small-plot grain drill on 26 Oct. Plots measured 5 × 20 ft. Plots were irrigated immediately after planting. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble insecticide applicators attached to the grain drill. Plant number was measured 21 and 45 days after planting by counting all plants in 2 m of row per plot. Aphids were sampled by counting aphids on 10 or 15 plants per plot at 33, 45, and 87 days after planting. The percentage of aphid infested terminals also was sampled at bloom (6 Mar) by inspecting 100 terminals/plot. Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine on 17 May and yield was adjusted to 8% moisture content.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Trial 4, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Putnam Da. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A trial was located at Roseau, MN, and was planted on 9 May. Plots were 1.5 m × 6.8 ra in size, were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were mixed with the seed and drilled into the soil with the seed. Foliars were applied in 2 liters of total material/plot (.0028 ha) on 18 May. Germination was uneven but only a single foliar application was made. Stand counts were taken 29 May and height readings on 29 Jun. Each entire plot was threshed and dried. Moisture and yield of clean seed were obtained and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
European Corn Borer Control with Microbial and Conventional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Gray M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected registered and experimental Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations and conventional insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy against ECB in field corn plots that had been artificially infested with first-instar larvae. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 14 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. On 6 Jul, 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of each plot were infested with about 20 ECB larvae that were mixed with corn grits and discharged into the whorl of each plant with a hand-held bazooka applicator. An average of 10 ECB larvae per plant were found in the whorl prior to insecticide applications on 9 Jul. Liquid insecticides were banded over the row with even flat spray tips (Teejet 8004E) delivering 36.5 gpa at 40 psi. Granules were metered over the whorls in a 7-inch band with Noble units. On 14-16 Aug, all plants that had been artificially infested were cut at the base with a corn knife and removed from the field. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. Numbers of full-grown ECB larvae were also recorded.