bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Measurement Technique for ‘Delicious’ Apple Shape1
Authors: Kuhn Eric D. , Ambrose John T. , Unrath C. Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A simple measure of fruit asymmetry was used to evaluate fruit shape in ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The maximum/minimum length ratio, the ratio of the maximum distance between an individual calyx lobe and the stem end shoulder of the fruit to the minimum distance between calyx lobe and stem end shoulder, gave consistent results for evaluating normal and abnormal fruit shape.
Asexual Reproduction of Jojoba by Air Layering1
Authors: Alcaraz-Melendez Lilia , Ayala-Rocha Bernardo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schenider was air-layered using combinations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest percentage of rooting in pistillate clones was 0.002 m IBA + 0.02 m NAA, and in staminate clones was 0.02 m IBA + 0.02 m NAA. There was a significant difference in the percentage of rooting, but no difference in the number of roots between staminate and pistillate clones.
Sensitivity of Watermelons to Ethylene during Storage1
Authors: Risse Lawrence A. , Hatton T. T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Charleston Gray’ watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] exposed to various concentrations of ethylene (C2H4) for 3 or 7 days of storage at 18°C deteriorated rapidly. Exposure to C2H4 reduced the rind thickness and firmness of melons. Almost all of the melons exposed to 30 or 60 μl/liter ethylene for 7 days were unacceptable for consumption.
Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters of the Shells of Pecan Genotypes in Reference to the Production of Phenolic Plastics and Resins1
Authors: Kays Stanley J. , Payne Jerry A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The range in critical physical and chemical characteristics of the shells of mature fruit (nuts) of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] were assessed for 16 major cultivars and 2 selections. Nut physical parameters varied widely among genotypes. Total nut weight varied from 5.3 to 10.4 g; kernel weight, from 2.8 to 5.1 g; shell weight, from 1.6 to 4.1 g; packing tissue weight, from 0.6 to 1.7 g; and shell thickness, from .62 to .98 mm. An even greater range was found among genotypes in the concentration of extractable phenolics which could be used in resins and plastics. Extractable phenolics varied from 6.3 to 20.9% of the total shell weight (shell + packing tissue), from .06 to 1.5% in the shell alone, and from 20.2 to 52.6% in packing tissue. Commercially separated samples of packing tissue contained 6.24% extractable pecan oils.
Concentrations of Four Gases in Soils of Blight-affected and Healthy ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees1
Authors: Bausher M. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and methane did not differ significantly in soil containing blight-affected and healthy ‘Valencia’ orange trees [(Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Methane was found in soils during all sampling, with the highest levels occurring during the July and October collections.
Evaluation of Mulches for Use in the Home Garden
Authors: Ashworth Stephen , Harrison Helen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Nine mulch treatments—2 organic, 6 synthetic, and a control—were evaluated for use around 5 vegetable crops and 2 woody ornamental species. Distinct diurnal soil-temperature regimes developed under the mulches resulting in differences in plant growth and yield. No single mulch performed best for all species.
Endogenous Growth Regulators in Tracheal Sap of Citrus
Authors: Saidha Tekchand , Goldschmidt Eliezer E. , Monselise Shaul P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tracheal sap was extracted from stem and root segments of ‘Troyer’ (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus sinensis), ‘Volkamer’ lemon (C. volkameriana), and sour orange (C. aurantium L.). Thirty to 100 μl of sap were used for determination of amino acids, cytokinins, and gibberellins. Proline, γ-aminobutyric and aspartic acid, arginine, and serine were the main (90–94%) amino acids found in sap of ‘Troyer’ and ‘Volkameriana’. Cytokinin-like activity was higher in orange (C. sinensis Osb.) trees on ‘Volkamer’ lemon than on ‘Troyer’ rootstock. Gibberellin activity in alternate-bearing ‘Wilking’ [‘King’ × ‘Willowleaf’ (C. reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis) × C. reticulata] sap was higher in fruiting shoots late in the on-year than in nonfruiting shoots late in the off-year.
The Effects of Triacontanol on the Growth and Development of Tabasco Pepper
Authors: Mamat Awang S. B. , Fontenot J. F. , Newsom D. W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Triacontanol (1-hydroxytriacontane) applied as a soil drench 18 and 43 days after planting increased the plant height of 71-day-old seedlings of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in a greenhouse experiment. Triacontanol applied as a soil drench at transplanting significantly increased early maturity, total yield, and number of fruits in the field.
Scientific and Technological Opportunities in Agricultural Development in Less-Developed Countries
Authors: Cummings Ralph W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Agricultural development, in the third world, as in any part of the globe, is a very complex phenomenon on which as yet we have a very imperfect understanding of how it can be addressed and influenced in a positive and constructive way. We do realize that it involves many human, political, institutional, and economic dimensions. And at the same time, I hope we all appreciate the fact that there must be available a sound, well-understood, and dependable scientific-technological base on which to devise the interventions designed to promote development if these forces are to work effectively.
An Inexpensive Leaf Chamber for Measuring Net Gas Exchange
Authors: Syvertsen J. P. , Smith M. L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An inexpensive, well-stirred chamber for measuring net fluxes of CO2 and H2O vapor from single leaves was constructed from readily available materials. It incorporates a fan that maximizes air turbulence and boundary-layer conductance. Leaf temperature can be maintained within ± 0.5°C of air temperature. Temperatures can be varied for experimental purposes or can be maintained constant even under varying heat loads using a temperature-controlled water circulator. When used in conjunction with such a circulator and CO2 and H2O vapor analyzers, this chamber can become an inexpensive yet useful component of a gas-exchange system.
Chimeras and Variegation: Problems in Propagation
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chimeras are defined as organisms containing 2 or more genetically distinct cell types. Horticulturally, the most important type of chimera is the variegated leaf chimera in which the pale (yellow or white) leaf areas differ from the green leaf areas by a gene (or genus) for chlorophyll, carotenoids, or a chloroplast protein (10, 30, 31). Likewise, most of what is known about chimeras in general is based upon studies of these variegated plants.
Height Control in Chrysanthemum as Affected by Foliar Spray Solution pH of Several Growth Retardants
Authors: Reed David Wm. , Nightingale Arthur E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
At recommended rates, butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethyIhydrazide) (daminozide) was the most effective in limiting height increase, α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5 oyrimidine (ancymidol) was slightly less effective, and (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) had no effect compared to the controls when applied as foliar sprays to Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat. cv. Early Golden Hill. There was no significant effect of spray solution pH on controlling height by any of the growth retardants.
Identification of Root-promoting Substances from Picea glauca var. albertiana
Authors: Tognoni Franco , Lorenzi Roberto 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Root-stimulating substances have been isolated from tissues of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sargent cv. Conica. Purification of a methanolic extract by different chromatography systems, concentrated the biological activity mainly in a fraction which upon gas chromatograph–mass spectrographic (GC–MS) analysis indicated the presence of dihydrocholesterol.
Induction of Chilling Injury in Stored Avocados with Exogenous Ethylene
Authors: Chaplin Grantley R. , Wills R. B. H. , Graham Douglas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fruit of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) were stored for up to 6 weeks in air or ethylene-enriched air at low temperatures. In one experiment, opposite ends of intact fruit were exposed individually to ethylene-enriched air. The severity of chilling injury of ripened fruit was significantly greater in fruit or fruit ends exposed to low ethylene concentrations.
‘Regal’ Elm
Authors: Smalley E. B. , Lester D. T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Major sources of genes for resistance to Ceratocystis ulmi Buis. (C. Moreau) (cause of Dutch elm disease) occur in several Asian elm species including U. parvifolia Jacq., U. pumila L., U. wallichiana Planch., U. chumlia Melville & Heybroek, U. japonica (Rehd.) Sarg., U. laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, and U. villosa (Brandis ex Gamble) (7, 9). European species U. carpinifolia Gled., U. glabra Huds., hybrids U. x hollandica Mill, and U. elliptica Koch are considered to be moderately susceptible, but when screened often yield individuals with high levels of resistance (4, 5, 6). The recent discovery of new virulent strains of the pathogen in Europe, Britain, and Southwest Asia have cast doubts on the usefulness of such resistant hybrid cultivars derived solely from the European elm species (1, 2).
Developmental Stages of ‘Flora-Dade’ Tomatoes
Authors: Pena J. E. , Waddill V. H. , Volin R. B. , Ramos-Ledon L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Phenological stages of ‘Flora-Dade’ tomatoes are described using a nomenclature system to be used for tomato pest management. Two vegetative stages (TV1, TV2) are listed as well as 3 reproductive plant stages (TR1, TR2, and TR3). Vegetative stage TV1 describes plants 1–15–days old with 2–3 primary leaves. TV2 describes plants 6–39 days–old with 5–7 leaves. Reproductive stages (TR1 TR2, and TR3) cover plants 40–135 days–old, characterized by presence of flowers clusters, and fruit formation and ripening. Characteristics of each stage are discussed. A senescent stage (TS1) is present from 136–200 days after plant emergence.
The Influence of Chlormequat and Daminozide on Net Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Photorespiration of Hybrid Geranium
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Tu Z. P. , Vines H. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Foliar application of 0.3% CCC applied to geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey) resulted in increased net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), chlorophyll concentration, and reduced photorespiration as measured by post lower illumination CO2 burst (PLIB) compared with plants treated with 0.5% SADH. Pn and Tr rates were enhanced beginning 2 to 3 days after the CCC treatment compared with control plants and remained elevated for a least 4 to 5 more days.
BC 72-1-7 Red Raspberry
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Sjulin Thomas M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
BC 72-1-7, a selection from the British Columbia red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) breeding program, is being released as germplasm. It has a unique combination of desirable horticultural characteristics and resistance to several pests which will make it a useful parent. The selection is homozygous for gene Ag1 which confers resistance to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes, the aphid vector of raspberry mosaic virus. It is the 1st genotype described which is homozygous for the characteristic. The use of BC 72-1-7 as a parent makes it unnecessary to screen for aphid reaction, since all its seedlings will be resistant. Other useful characteristics of this selection are varying levels of resistance to several diseases including root rot, most likely caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethb., postharvest fruit rot caused by Rhizopus spp., and probable resistance to pollen transmission of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV). Useful horticultural characteristics are high yield and bright red, nondarkening fruit color.
Rapid Multiplication of Xanthosoma caracu by in Vitro Shoot Tip Culture
Authors: Asokan M. P. , O’Hair S. K. , Litz R. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of Xanthosoma caracu were cultured and rooted successfully in 5 to 6 weeks in an agitated liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium with 100 mg/liter ascorbic acid and multiplied in MS basal medium with (per liter) 250 mg NaH2PO4 · H2O, 0.4 mg thiamine-HCl, 30 mg adenine sulphate, 8 g Difco Bacto agar and supplemented with 2 mg benzylaminopurine (BA), and 0.5 mg indoleacetic acid (IAA). Multiplication rate was 45 to 70 plants per culture flask within 9 to 10 weeks after subculture.
In Vitro Germination of Avocado Pollen
Authors: Sahar N. , Spiegel-Roy P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Avocado pollen was germinated in vitro without recourse to germination on the style. The technique employed involved inclusion of pollen grains in liquid medium of 15% sucrose and minerals and application of 1 or 2 drops on 1% agar plus 15% sucrose and minerals. No germination was obtained on agar plus sucrose without placement of pollen in liquid first. Of the cultivars tested, ‘Ettinger’ and ‘Nabal’ pollen germinated best, and ‘Fuerte’ was the poorest. The optimum temperature for germination was 25° to 27°C. Addition of Ca to the liquid proved beneficial.
Influence of High Temperature on Pollen Grain Viability and Pollen Tube Growth in the Styles of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Halterlein Anthony J. , Clayberg Carl D. , Teare Iwan D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were studied in a growth chamber experiment to determine the effect of high temperature stress on pollen viability and pollen tube growth in styles. Compared with an optimal growing temperature (25/20°C, day/night), stress temperatures (35/20°, day/night or 35° constant) reduced the percentage of viable pollen for all cultivars, but cultivar differences were apparent. Beans generally produced only small quantities of pollen under normal growing temperatures but much more under high temperatures, again with cultivar differences. Finally, stress temperatures did not reduce the ability of pollen tubes to grow to the base of the style. Our results suggest that injury to pollen at high temperatures up to 35° is not likely to hinder the ability of beans to set pods.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Lemons from Several Countries1
Authors: McDonald R. E. , Hillebrand B. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Comparisons were made of some physical and chemical characteristics of lemons (Citrus limon L.) imported into western Europe from 11 countries of origin. Statistically significant differences in quality characteristics were found. Fruit from Chile, Cyprus, Israel, and the United States was the most uniform in yellow coloring. Lemons from Argentina, Israel, South Africa, and Uruguay tended to be rounder than more elongated fruit from Spain and Turkey. Thickest peels were found in Chilean, Greek, Italian, and Spanish fruit, and thinnest peels in South African and Uruguayan fruit. Regardless of origin, the largest fruit had the thickest peel and contained a lower percentage of juice. Israeli lemons had the highest percentage of juice and Argentine, Chilean, and Spanish fruit, the lowest. Total soluble solids (TSS) concentration was highest in juice of fruit from Cyprus and Turkey and lowest in fruit from South Africa and Spain. Total acid (TA) concentration was highest in Turkish fruit and lowest in Italian, South African, and Spanish fruit. Smaller fruit from most countries had higher concentrations of ascorbic acid than larger fruit. Chilean lemons had the highest, and Turkish and U.S. lemons the lowest, ascorbic acid levels.
Pulse Treatments with the Silver Thiosulfate Complex Extend the Vase Life of Cut Carnations1
Authors: Reid Michael S. , Paul J. L. , Farhoomand M. B. , Kofranek A. M. , Staby G. L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Immersing stems of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) in solutions containing a silver thiosulfate complex prepared by combining silver nitrate with sodium thiosulfate (molar ratio 1:4) doubled their vase life (from 5 to more than 10 days). The effect could be achieved by treating stems with solutions containing as little as 1.0 mM Ag with a pulse as short as 10 minutes. Silver uptake estimations indicated that a minimum of 0.5 μmol Ag was required per stem for maximum vase life and that more than 5 μmol Ag per stem was toxic.
Nutritional Status of ‘Bartlett’ Pear on Cydonia and Pyrus Species Rootstocks1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Westwood M. N. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The nutritional status of ‘Bartlett’ pear growing on P. communis seedling, Old Home × Farmingdale (OH×F), and several Pyrus species seedling rootstocks was compared to those growing on Bartlett seedling rootstock at 3 locations over a 2-3 year period. Few significant differences were found in leaf element content of scions growing on Bartlett seedling rootstock and those on the rootstock clones or other Pyrus seedlings. Nitrogen was higher in the scions on 5 of the OH×F rootstocks but did not seem related to yield efficiency. Generally the leaf element content of Mg and Mn was lower and Fe higher in leaves of trees growing on the OH×F clonal rootstocks when compared to trees on Bartlett seedling. Nutrient uptake and passage through graft unions appeared unrelated to the degree of graft compatability, based on the similarity of nutrient levels of ‘Bartlett’ scions grafted directly on quince rootstock and those with an Old Home interstem. Root system genetics seems to be the controlling factor of nutrient uptake rather than the interstock.
Online Accountability Practices among Non - Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
Authors: Mohd Noor Nurul Hidayana , Abdullah Hadi Hasnatulsyakhira , Yaacob Mahazril ‘Aini , Zhao Xiuli 
Published: October 2022

This study measures the disclosure of non-financial information from NGO websites in Malaysia. This pilot study obtains empirical evidence through content analysis of 40 NGO websites to determine the extent to which information disclosure is carried out. Descriptive content analysis (score) is used in the inferential component of data analysis. The study results show that NGOs in Malaysia are weak in disclosing non-financial information such as customer satisfaction and complaints. This study provides empirical evidence on the importance of external audit formation for better information disclosure.

Keywords: Non-Financial Information; Disclosures; Websites; Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.3682
Using Digital Tools for Contact Tracing to Improve COVID-19 Safety in Schools: Qualitative Study Exploring Views and Experiences Among School Staff
Authors: Chantziara Sofia , Brigden L C Amberly , Mccallum Claire H , Craddock Ian J 
Published: October 2022

Background
Throughout the pandemic, governments worldwide have issued guidelines to manage the spread and impact of COVID-19 in schools, including measures around social distancing and contact tracing. Whether schools required support to implement these guidelines has not yet been explored in depth. Despite the development of a range of technologies to tackle COVID-19, such as contact-tracing apps and electronic vaccine certificates, research on their usefulness in school settings has been limited.

Objective
The aim of the study was to explore the needs of school staff in managing COVID-19 and their experiences and perspectives on technological support in relation to contact tracing. School staff are the ones likely to make key implementation decisions regarding new technologies, and they are also the ones responsible for using the new tools daily. Including both management staff and class teachers in the development of school-based technologies can lead to their successful adoption by schools.

Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with UK school staff, including primary and secondary school teachers and school managers. Thematic analysis, facilitated by NVivo, was used to analyze the data. Two of the authors independently coded 5 (28%) of the interviews and reached a consensus on a coding framework.

Results
Via purposive sampling, we recruited 18 participants from 5 schools. Findings showed that primary schools did not perform contact tracing, while in secondary schools, digital seating plans were used to identify close contacts in the classroom and manual investigations were also conducted identify social contacts. Participants reported that despite their efforts, high-risk interactions between students were not adequately monitored. There was a need to improve accuracy when identifying close contacts in common areas where students congregate. Proximity tracking, use of access cards, and closed-circuit television (CCTV) emerged as potential solutions, but there were concerns surrounding false alerts, burden, and security.

Conclusions
School staff have found it difficult to monitor and implement social distancing and contact-tracing provisions. There are opportunities for mobile digital technologies and CCTV to support school staff in keeping their students and colleagues safe; however, these must place minimal demands on staff and prioritize security measures. Study findings can help researchers and practitioners who work in different contexts and settings understand what particular challenges are faced by school staff, and inform further research on the design and application of digital solutions for contact tracing.