bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does annotations affect Java code readability?
Authors: Guerra Eduardo , Gomes Everaldo , Ferreira Jeferson , Wiese Igor , Lima Phyllipe , Gerosa Marco , Meirelles Paulo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Context: Code annotation is a feature to define custom metadata about programming elements. Many modern frameworks and APIs use annotations to keep integration less verbose and closer to the corresponding code element. However, contrary to the initial intent, practitioners often complain about the negative impacts of annotations on code readability.
Objective: We conducted a survey where participants compared the readability of code snippets with and without annotations to understand this perception further.
Method: We designed the code snippet pairs considering five different usage categories for annotations present on frameworks and APIs used on real-world projects.
Results: The survey received 338 valid answers from diverse participants. Surprisingly, the answers to all the questions had a normal distribution, and none of them revealed a scenario in which the usage of code annotations could be considered better or worse for readability. Additionally, we could not find a correlation between any aspect of the participants' programming or annotation-related experience and their answers. We also found biased perceptions in favor or against annotations. Our qualitative analysis also revealed contrasting opinions about the effects on code readability. Participants praised the impacts on design, maintainability, and productivity. However, understandability and code clarity had contrasting views.
Conclusions: Developers and API designers can use our results when deciding whether to use annotations, considering there is no evidence of a generally positive or negative impact on readability and the existence of biased views, even with a personal bias that might suggest differently.
Variety of Adverse Reactions in Rats after Administration of Combination of Anti-tuberculosis and Antimicrobial Drugs with Different Safety Profiles
Authors: Mozhokina G. N. , Zyuzya Yu. R. , Petrova L. Yu. , Samoylova A. G. 
Published: November 2022

The objective: to evaluate the variety of adverse reactions to combinations of clofazimine with anti-tuberculosis and antimicrobial drugs with different and similar toxic profiles.Subjects and Methods: Studies were carried on non-pedigree female rats at the age of 10-11 months. In Group 1, rats received Cfz + Bdq + Mxf + Clr, in Group 2 – Cfz + Bdq + Lzd + Z daily for 14 days. A comprehensive examination upon completion of drug administration included functional (ECG, behavioral reactions), laboratory and pathomorphological assessments.Results. The combination of Cfz + Bdq + Mxf + Clr had a pronounced cardiotoxicity: it caused QT prolongation up to 0.053 ± 0.002 s and individual fluctuations within ranges up to 20 ms; some rats demonstrated qualitative ECG changes. Hepatotoxic reactions were revealed according to laboratory and morphological parameters, and morphological signs of mild kidney dystrophy were found in most rats. Neurotoxic reactions were manifested as a decrease in motor and exploratory activities. The combination of Cfz + Bdq + Lzd + Z did not cause significant ECG changes; mild signs of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were observed in single rats, behavioral disorders manifested only as emotional depression of the animals. Significant differences in the variety and degree of adverse reactions are due to the combination of clofazimine with drugs possessing similar cardiotoxic potential – bedaquiline, moxifloxacin, and clarithromycin.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles onAchromobacter denitrificans: effect of concentration, temperature and coexisting anions
Authors: Li Yinghua , Ren Xiaoyu , Yin Wenyue 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe indoor culture method was carried out to study the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Achromobacter denitrificans. Specifically, the effects of AgNPs concentration, temperature and coexisting anions were analyzed. The results showed that AgNPs exerted significant inhibition on the bacteria, which was closely correlated with its concentration and temperature. Both the ammonia oxidation and generation capacity of Achromobacter denitrificans decreased significantly with an increase in AgNPs concentration. Compared with the inhibition performance at 30 °C, NH4+-N generation rates decreased by 45.31% at 20 °C and 17.58% at 40 °C, respectively, revealing that too low or too high temperature induced to reduce the nitrogen conversion ability of Achromobacter denitrificans. While compared with temperature, the effect of coexisting ions (Cl− and SO42−) was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). Electron microscopy observations found that AgNPs non-specifically bound to the cells (content ranging from 0.04% to 0.10%) and acted on the cell surface structure, causing wrinkles, depressions, and ruptures on the surface of cell membranes, and leakage of substances in the membranes. AgNPs increased the rate of cell apoptosis and decreased the cell body volume mainly with short-term acute effects.
The Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Balance, Gross Motor Function, and Daily Living Ability in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Cong , Wang Xing , Chen Rao , Zhang Jie 
Published: November 2022

Background
The increasing number of children with cerebral palsy (CP) has a serious impact on individuals, families, and society. As a new technology, virtual reality (VR) has been used in the rehabilitation of children with CP.

Objective
This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of VR training on balance, gross motor function, and daily living ability in children with CP.

Methods
PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched by computer, with the search period being from the establishment of each database to December 25, 2021, to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of VR training on balance, gross motor function, and daily living ability in children with CP. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to conduct quality assessment on the included literature, and RevMan software (version 5.3) was used to analyze data.

Results
A total of 16 articles were included, involving 513 children with CP. VR training can improve the balance function (Pediatric Balance Scale: mean difference 2.06, 95% CI 1.15-2.97; P<.001; Berg Balance Scale: mean difference 3.66, 95% CI 0.29-7.02; P=.03) and gross motor function (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.60, 95% CI 0.34-0.87; P<.001) of children with CP. However, there is still certain disagreement on the impact on daily living ability (SMD 0.37, 95% CI –0.04 to 0.78; P=.08); after removing the source literature with heterogeneity, VR training can improve the daily living ability of children with CP (SMD 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.81; P<.001).

Conclusions
VR training can significantly improve the balance function and gross motor function of children with CP, but the effect on the daily living ability of children with CP remains controversial.
Outcomes of a Live Messaging, Blended Care Coaching Program Among Adults With Symptoms of Anxiety: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Owusu Jocelynn T , Wang Pam , Wickham Robert E , Smith Sarah F , Lee Jennifer L , Chen Connie , Lungu Anita 
Published: November 2022

Background
Anxiety disorders are common and can be debilitating. In addition, various barriers exist that can hinder access to adequate care. Coaching that is grounded in evidence-based interventions and delivered via synchronous (ie, live) text-based messaging could potentially increase the reach of mental health services among populations who select this modality instead of other services (eg, face-to-face coaching and psychotherapy). In addition, the delivery of live messaging coaching within a blended care model has the potential to combine the benefits of coaching with those of evidence-based digital mental health tools.

Objective
This real-world study evaluates the anxiety and satisfaction outcomes of live messaging coaching blended with digital tools (ie, digital exercises and activities).

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of 121 adults with moderate levels of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of coaching (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] scores: range 8-14). Participants received an employer-offered blended messaging coaching (BMC) program, and those who opted to receive all live coaching sessions via text-based messaging were included. Anxiety symptom severity was regularly measured by using the GAD-7 scale. Using growth curve models, the change in GAD-7 scores over the course of BMC was evaluated, as were the effects of text-based coaching sessions on GAD-7 scores. The proportion of participants that had a reliable improvement in anxiety symptom severity (GAD-7 score reduction of ≥4) or subclinical symptom severity (GAD-7 score of <8) at the end of care was also estimated. Participants also self-reported their likelihood of recommending their live messaging coach to someone with similar needs.

Results
At baseline, the average GAD-7 score was 9.88 (SD 1.80). Anxiety symptom severity significantly decreased with each week in the BMC program (week: b=−1.04; P<.001), and the rate of decline in anxiety symptom severity decreased over time (week2: b=0.06; P<.001). Each live messaging coaching session was associated with significantly lower anxiety symptom severity during the week of the coaching session (b=−1.56; P<.001) and the week immediately following the session (b=−1.03; P<.001). Overall, 86% (104/121) of participants had subclinical symptom severity or a reliable reduction in anxiety symptom severity by the end of care. Further, 33.1% (40/121) of participants reported coaching satisfaction levels; of the 40 participants in this subset, 37 (92.5%) were likely or extremely likely to recommend their live messaging coach.

Conclusions
BMC that provides coaching sessions via live messaging can be beneficial for adults with moderate symptoms of anxiety who qualify for and self-select this care modality. Large-scale studies with longer follow-ups are needed.
Development and Characterization of Floating Microspheres of Dexrabeprazole Sodium for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Sahu Ragini , Jain Sarang 
Published: November 2022

Dexrabeprazole sodium (DEX) is R (+)-isomer of rabeprazole. DEX has been used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease by suppressing gastric acid secretion. It acts as a proton pump inhibitor of the H+ /K+ ATPase enzyme. The purpose of this research was to prepare a floating drug delivery system of DEX. The floating microspheres can be prepared for the improvement of absorption and bioavailability of DEX by retaining the system in the stomach for prolonged period of time. Floating microspheres of DEX were prepared using different polymers like ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose by solvent diffusion-evaporation method. The drug to polymer ratio used to prepare the different formulations was 1:7. The prepared floating microspheres were characterized for shape and surface morphology, size, percent drug loading, floating behavior, percentage yield and in vitro drug release. Formulation F1 showed good results with respect to the various evaluation parameters among various batches (F1-F8). The particle size increased with increase in polymer concentration. The drug entrapment efficiency was increased with increase in concentration of polymers. Buoyancy and the in vitro drug release decreased with respect to increase in concentration of polymers. In-vitro release and release kinetics data was subjected to different dissolution models. It was concluded that developed floating microspheres of DEX offers a suitable and practical approach for prolonged release of drug over an extended period of time and thus oral bioavailability, efficacy and patient compliance is improved.
Keywords: Dexrabeprazole sodium, Floating drug delivery system, Microspheres, Solvent diffusion-evaporation method
The Analysis of Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke based on Sugar Level
Authors: Simarmata Vidi Posdo A. , Suryanegara Wiradi 
Published: November 2022

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and stroke is more severe in patients with hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke. Nearly 2 out of 3 patients with acute stroke have a high blood glucose level as a physiological response to an acute disease. Poor clinical outputs are often found in acute stroke patients with hyperglycemia. This study aims to determine the differences in blood glucose levels in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke patients in UKI General Hospital. It is descriptive observational research with the cross-sectional method. The sample is 132 patients, using total sampling with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data used is secondary data. Data processing was performed using SPSS. The study revealed that from 108 ischemic stroke patients, 79 patients (73,1%) showed an increase in blood glucose level, and out of 24 hemorrhagic stroke patients, all the patients showed an increase in blood glucose level. The mean value of blood glucose level during ischemic stroke is 129,83mg/dL and in hemorrhagic stroke is 151,12mg/dL. The conclusion of this study, there is a significant difference (= 0,001) in blood glucose level, and the mean value of blood glucose level in hemorrhagic stroke is higher than in ischemic stroke.
Keywords: Random Blood Glucose, Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, UKI General Hospital
Formulation and Evaluation of Orodispersible Tablets Containing Co-Crystals of Modafinil
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Sheela M.A. , Sachdeva Monika 
Published: November 2022

Background: Modafinil is a CNS stimulant used to treat Narcolepsy, sleepiness and other disorders related to sleep. It is a BCS class II drug having poor aqueous solubility.
Objective: This study was aimed to formulate and evaluate orodispersible tablets of containing co-crystals of Modafinil for the improvisation of critical attributes of the product such as dissolution rates, solubility and oral bioavailability.
Methods: Co-crystals were prepared by dry grinding method using Sodium acetate, Nicotinic acid, Benzoic acid, Urea and Succinic acetate as co-formers. Tablets were compressed by using direct compression method using SSG, Crospovidone, and Croscarmellose sodium as super disintegrants in different concentration.
Results: Pre-formulation studies were performed and evaluation of prepared co-crystals revealed that Co-crystals formulated with sodium acetate showed best results. The manufactured orodispersible tablets were evaluated for different parameters including weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, In-vitro disintegration and In-vitro dissolution studies. Formulation F2 shows significant change in dissolution rate and also helped to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs and both of them i.e. solubility and percentage of drug release are the key factors to exhibit the efficiency of the drug. Formulation of co-crystal with sodium acetate in 1:1 ratio showed highest drug content (97.97%), while Benzoic acid in ratio 1:2 showed least drug content (56.48%).
Conclusion: According to the result obtained, an orodispersible tablet containing co-crystals of modafinil enhances the dissolution rate, solubility and hence increases the therapeutic efficacy and could be considered convenient oral delivery systems to enhance the drug bioavailability.
Keywords: Co-crystal, Oro-dispersible, Sodium acetate, Narcolepsy, Sleepiness
Analysis of the Physico-Chemical Conformity of Antibiotics: Case of Amoxicillin 500 mg Capsule at the National Health Laboratory Distributed in Health Structures in Mali
Authors: CISSE Mody , DEMBELE Ousmane , TRAORE Nah , COULIBALY Seydou Moussa , CISSE B. Moussa , TRAORE Niélé Ousmane , DEMBELE Niaboula , BADIAGA Mamadou , TRAORÉ Boubacar , TRAORE Rokia , SANGARE Modibo , SOMBORO A. Aimé , KOUMARE Y. Benoît 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Amoxicillin belongs to the family of β-lactams and is one of the mostly used in hospitals for the management of bacterial infections especially in Mali. It has a broad spectrum of activity from the group of aminopenicillins or aminobenzylpenicillins (group A penicillins). Microbiological and physico-chemical control has evolved with the development of biotechnology. All bacterial species or germs are affected by the phenomenon of resistance to antibacterials, which often poses real therapeutic problems. Based on previous studies in Mali, amoxicillin is still recommended in pharmacies and university hospitals to treat bacterial infections. It sometimes happens that patients are not satisfied with this amoxicillin-based prescription in our teaching hospitals. The objective of this study was to control the physico-chemical quality of amoxicillin 500 mg in capsule form.
Methodology: This is a physico-chemical study of amoxicillin capsules dosed at 500 mg received at the National Health Laboratory in Bamako. We analyzed 10 batches of five (5) boxes (10 platelets/box) of amoxicillin. We used either HPLC, or TLC or Dissolu-test to control the quality of amoxicillin capsules for the presence of the active principle and to ensure fake amoxicillin capsules were not distributed. We used as reference, the standards contained in the pharmacopoeias in use.
Results: The results of the physicochemical tests revealed that the samples analyzed complied with the standards of the Pharmacopoeias in use: The weight of our capsules was between 0.5g and 0.6g. All the tested samples were compliant with a disintegration time of 15 minutes at 37°C ±2°C. The peaks of standard amoxicillin and that of the tested samples appeared at substantially equal retention times, i.e. at 3.249 min and 3.248 min. respectively.
Conclusion: Our work aimed to assess the quality of antibiotics used in Mali with the analytical means available at the LNS. All the batches of amoxicillin analyzed have not presented any cases of non-compliance so they can be distributed in health structures. This type of study should be extended to the other pharmaceutical forms of amoxicillin in the form of powders to be reconstituted dispensed in health centers in Mali.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Secondary Metabolites of an Endophytic fungus of Azadirachta indica
Authors: Okonkwo-Uzor Nkechi J. , Obi Cynthia , Enwelum Adaobi , Okezie Ugochukwu M. , Eze Peter M. , Okoye Festus B. C. , Esimone Charles O. 
Published: November 2022

Background: Recent upsurge in the mortality rate and long hospital stays as a result of antimicrobial resistance caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is a huge burden to public health sector. Intensive search for more effective and newer agents to deal with these problems. Endophytes are a novel source of potentially useful medicinal compounds. Aim: The study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of an endophytic fungus isolated from Azadirachta indica against multi drug resistant bacteria species. Method: Endophytic fungus was isolated from fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica. The fungus was fermented in rice medium, and the secondary metabolites were extracted. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against laboratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) was determined. The fungal extract was also evaluated for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay method. Using GC-FID analysis, some constituents of the fungal extracted were identified. Result: At 1 and 0.5 mg/mL, the fungal extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae but no activity against the other test microbes. However, the fungal extract of A. indica showed excellent antioxidant activity due to possession of bioactive secondary metabolites. Conclusion: The result of GC-FID showed the presence of Rutin, Lunamarin, Anthocyanin, Catechin, Naringenin, Flavan 3 ol, Sapogernin, Tannin, Spartein, Naringin, Flavonones, Steroids, Kaemferol, Cyanogenic glycoside, Phytate, Epicatechin, Reseveratol, Cardic glycoside and Epihedrine at different concentrations. This study reveals the dynamic potentials of the endophytic fungus of A. indica as the bedrock of naturally occurring bioactive agent.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, endophytes, GC-FID, secondary metabolites, medicinal plants, phytochemicals.
Review Article on Pharmaceutical Inventory Models
Authors: Dubey Mahima , Vishwakarma Harshna , Nisha Parveen 
Published: November 2022

The inventory management system plays a vital role in a pharmaceutical industry. For every business, managing an inventory is important whether it is small or big, domestic or international business. In a pharmaceutical company, the raw materials have an expiry date associated with them so it becomes important to set a minimal safety stock for such items. The companies mostly try out keeping a minimum stock of products which will help in tracking our business easily. In this article, we present an overall review of the Pharmaceutical Inventory literature since the early 1968 and the models available in the relevant literature have been suitably classified. The motivations and extensions of various models in each subclass have been discussed in detail.
Keywords: Inventory, Perishable items, Pharmaceutical inventory, RFID technology, Drug inventory
Case report on the interaction between furosemide and digoxin that caused digoxin toxicity
Authors: Patel Riya , Patel Prancy , Patel Nisarg , Gangwani Jatin , Patel Dhaval 
Published: November 2022

Toxicity from digitalis is a typical clinical issue. In this case, the interaction of digoxin and furosemide is becoming more widely recognised as a major cause of digitalis toxicity. We present an abnormal ECG that demonstrates digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity. We report a case of a Digoxin toxicity in a 79-year-old male patient admitted with complains of nausea, increase frequency of micturition, decrease appetite, increase nocturia, shortness of breathing. The patient is taking furosemide and digoxin as past medication for Heart block and Chronic kidney disease treatment. In patient, Serum digoxin level is high due to hypokalemia because of digoxin and furosemide drug interaction. The Electrocardiogram interpretation shows sinus bradycardia, ST segment depression, and T wave inversion which mainly due to digoxin toxicity. So for the management digoxin is omitted from the current treatment. The patient needs to be constantly monitored since digitalis poisoning is deadly. A digoxin-binding antibody is the only treatment for digoxin overdose that can reverse its effects by its antidote but it’s not available. So, the most successful course of treatment is symptomatic or efficient methods of extracorporeal drug removal.
Keywords: Digoxin toxicity, furosemide, hypokalemia, cardiotoxicity, complete heart block, ST segment depression.