bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Eddy Simulation for Dynamical Behavior of Drag and Lift Force on Cylinder Under Critical Reynolds Number Condition
Authors: Hattori Yasuo , Hasebe Yuma , Suto Hitoshi , Nakao Keisuke , Ishihara Shuji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We examined performances of LESs by using an open source CFD code, OpenFOAM, which has been widely used all over the world for numerical turbulence simulating, to represent dynamic behavior of drag and lift forces on a cylinder under critical Reynolds number condition. Special attention was paid to effects of numerical set-up of LESs, such as differencing schemes and a wall function for calculating sub-grid scale stresses. The present simulations were based on a LES version with PIMPLEfoam of OpenFOAM, in which the option of RANS scheme was turn off with adding subgrid-scale diffusion estimated by the Smagorinsky model. Two kinds of differencing schemes and wall functions were used, i.e., one was a limited-linear and the other was a liner-upwind scheme with a low-Reynolds number type or a Spaliding type wall function. Effects of numerical set-up on time averaged values of these forces and the Strouhal number, which is a non-dimensional parameter for the frequency of waveform of these forces, were neglectable. On the other hand, the time-series and p.d.f.s of fluctuation components of drag and lift forces clearly showed the upwind scheme with a low Reynolds number type wall function yields attenuations of fluctuating forces. Contrary to these, the LESs by using a limited-linear scheme gave the good agreement of r.m.s. values of fluctuating these forces with previous studies based on DNSs, implying that LESs for examining dynamic behavior of drag and lift forces must require differencing schemes with small numerical diffusions.
Numerical Simulation Study on Anti-Wave Problem of Fluid Storage in Pressurizer Under Marine Conditions
Authors: Yue Jinyu , Wei Tianyi , Xu Sijie , Zhang Biao , Li Dongyang , Tan Sichao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under the influence of marine conditions on nuclear powered ships, the liquid storage in the Pressurizer shake violently, which affects the normal operation of the Pressurizer and even causes safety accidents. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to design an anti-wave device for the Pressurizer. This paper studies a Pressurizer model with a ring-shaped plate. Using numerical simulation software, the VOF method is used to couple the k-ε model to simulate the liquid level fluctuation of the two Pressurizers with and without anti-wave device under different external excitation cycles. The phenomenon of internal liquid level fluctuation during movement was analyzed, and the pressure transient change characteristics of the pressure monitoring points arranged on the pressurizer were analyzed, so as to compare the different axial sections and the overall water level shaking amplitude. By comparing the simulation results, it is found that when the external excitation period is T = 2∼2.5s, the ring-shaped plate studied in this study can suppress the shaking of the liquid storage in the Pressurizer significantly.
Simulation of Pseudo-Critical Line Based on Different Equation of State and Definition of Pseudo-Critical Region
Authors: Zhao XueBin , Wang Suhao , Liu Ruilong , Liu Xiuting , Huang Yanping 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The thermophysical properties of supercritical fluids (SCF) will change drastically in the narrow range of thermodynamic conditions near the pseudo-critical line, and this narrow region of thermodynamic parameters is named the pseudo-critical region. The complex fluctuation of thermophysical properties in the pseudo-critical region makes SCF’s thermal-hydraulic characteristics very different from that of subcritical fluids. Therefore, the normal flow and heat transfer prediction models are no longer applicable among this region. From the perspective of engineering application, it is very necessary to determine the pseudo-critical line and pseudo-critical region as a reference point for adjusting thermodynamic parameters and improving the processing efficiency in the application of SCF. In the paper, supercritical carbon dioxide is taken as the research object. First, the pseudo-critical lines were obtained respectively according to three different equations of state. Then, based on the continuous phase transition theory, the pseudo-critical region was determined by the Ehrenfest equation. Finally, the occurrence area of heat transfer deterioration was in alignment with the proposed pseudo-critical region, and the mechanism that affects the heat transfer deterioration behavior was analyzed.
Pump Station Design II: A Tale of Two Pump Stations
Authors: Horner Jim 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IPC 2014-33740 [1], Pump Station Design, summarized the work Enbridge had completed on the design and construction of 65 new pump stations and the modification of a further 16 existing stations. The $4.0 billion dollar scope was completed over a 12-year period, with the last stations being completed in 2019. This paper documents the application of this body of work on the Keystone XL Pipeline project for TC Energy. This work included the design of 32 new pump stations.
The Keystone XL project experienced delays due to legal and regulatory challenges which gave TC Energy the opportunity to reevaluate their pump station design. The previous design was piping centric and had a significant footprint. The station design developed for Enbridge was more equipment centric, and owing to the compact layout, presented the potential for cost savings in excess of $140 million for their project. This paper provides a unique perspective with which to evaluate the design philosophies employed by comparing the two station designs developed independently.
While the basic design was proven, new work was completed to validate the new application. This effort demonstrated that these pump stations are a unique piping subset. The operating temperature is relatively modest, but the piping is exposed to high pressure and high flow rates (HPF). Prolonged operation with high turbulence and pressure can result in fatigue related failures. These HPF piping systems require additional tools for their design. These analytical techniques include:
• Erosion studies to validate limiting velocities and pipe sizing
• Dynamic piping analysis to minimize potential vibration due to beat frequencies and pressure pulsations
• Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of small-bore connections to minimize the potential for fatigue related damage.
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies to minimize the impact of pump suction turbulence on pump performance.
Sulfide Stress Cracking Response of X80 Simulated Heat Affected Zone for Offshore Pipeline and Riser Application
Authors: Kuo Chih-Hsiang , Zeng Yifei , Baker David , Huang Weiji , Dunn Geoff , Hoyt Douglas , Ladeuille Laurent , Evin Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To facilitate development of future deeper water assets, riser and pipeline designs using current X65 carbon steel requires increased wall thicknesses to manage the demand from large tensile loads. This increase in wall thickness is due to the weight of the pipe body and the fatigue performance at the hang-off and the touch-down point for steel catenary risers (SCR) and steel lazy wave risers (SLWR). The increased wall thickness poses challenges for fabrication, design, installation and project execution due to the single side welding of thick pipe. Increasing the steel grade from the current X65 to X80 or higher strength grade could reduce the pipe wall thickness and provide potential cost savings from total tonnage and is therefore considered as a potential alternative for deeper water steel riser applications. However, it is challenging to meet the hardness acceptance criteria (i.e. 250 HV10) as per DNV-ST-F101 for the higher strength steel weldment, particularly for sour service.
The objective of this study was to understand the effect of hardness on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of X80 line pipe base material and weldment in sour service environments. A 323.9 mm OD × 25.4 mm WT seamless quenched and tempered X80 line pipe was used for this study. Coupons were extracted from the pipe and then heat-treated by welding simulator (Gleeble™). Implementing controlled cooling, hardness values ranging from 270 to 350 HV10 were achieved, and representing the heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness. Four point bend SSC test were performed on coupon halves as per NACE TM-0316, loaded to 80% actual yield strength (AYS) and tested for 30 days in selected NACE Region 2 and 3 environments as specified in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2. Coupons showed no indication of SSC cracking for the samples with measured hardness values of ∼320 HV10 in the selected NACE Region 2 and 3 environments.
Risk Based Asset Management Model for a Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline
Authors: Hommes Martin , Jager Eric , Kassenberg Paul , Borisov Oleg , Ribberink Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gasunie Transport Services (GTS) operate the Dutch high pressure natural gas transmission system in the Netherlands of roughly 12,000 km, which is almost 60 years old. The demand of natural gas is decreasing, although there will remain a need for natural gas for the next decades. A backbone for transporting hydrogen is developed for the near and far future, where possible using former natural gas pipelines. Therefore, there is a need to determine how efficiently this transmission system can be operated for the near and far future. This requires balancing expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX) and risks of operating this transmission system. For this, GTS applies risk based asset management (RBAM). The goal of RBAM is to efficiently use resources (especially manpower and budget), prevent unacceptable high risks and prevent unacceptable high expenditures. So, there is a need to determine the monetized risk of gas transmission pipelines. This can be used to formulate policies for transmission pipelines in general and assess local bottlenecks. E.g., what is the risk of a pipeline section with low depth of cover or is corrosion acceptable and can it be managed efficiently. For this a pipeline risk model “LRM” has been developed, that calculates failure frequency and consequences and thereby risk for 12,000 km.
Laboratory Testing of a Model for Pipe Buried Into Sand Subjected to a Surface Loading
Authors: Mertz Antoine , Dano Christophe , Fernandez Charles , Jenck Orianne , Lebrun Adrien , Emeriault Fabrice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A pipe buried into sand was subjected to a surface loading in order to study its mechanical behaviour. The test was conducted at small scale, in a tank filled with sand, while the pipe was instrumented with strain gauges and inner displacements sensors. The paper presents the soil vertical settlement, and pipe response to the load, in terms of deformations, stresses, and radial displacements. The radial displacements are computed using a specially developed methodology and allow to present the deformed shape of the pipe, with limited direct measurements. Results show that under this loading the vertical diameter of the pipe decreases, while the horizontal one increases, but to a lower degree. The deformed shape is more complex than the ellipse often considered. The pipe deformed shape exhibits a rapid change in curvature near the crown, often referred as “heart shaped deformation” in the literature. The overall values of stresses reached remain far from the elastic limit of the material used, and smaller than the impact of the inner gas pressure for this type of relatively thick pipe of moderate diameter.
Pipe-CLSM Interface Bond Strength From Axial Pullout Testing
Authors: Zulkoski Caroline , Wijewickreme Dharma , Honegger Douglas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Buried pipeline systems form the backbone of the oil and gas transportation infrastructure, and the performance of these systems located in areas subject to potential ground movements is a critical consideration in engineering design. In mitigating against future or on-going ground displacement hazards, there are instances where the axial soil restraint (soil anchoring capacity) needs to be increased to avoid transferring loads to adjacent potentially vulnerable components in the pipeline system. One method to increase axial soil restraint is to increase the effective diameter of the pipeline. This can be done by encasing the pipeline in controlled, low-strength material (CLSM). The use of CLSM to increase axial soil restraint on buried pipelines requires that the axial load to produce pipe-CLSM interface bond failure be greater than that required for failure at the CLSM-soil interface. To advance the state of knowledge of the axial failure mechanisms of the soil-CLSM-pipe composite, a systematic full-scale testing program was undertaken using the Advanced Soil Pipe Interaction Research (ASPIRe™) modeling chamber at the University of British Columbia. Research findings from 22 axial pullout tests that were completed to assess the bond strength at the interface between CLSM and NPS 8 steel pipe specimens with various coatings are presented. The tests reveal that the bond strengths as a percentage of compressional strength measured in studies of CLSM cast around cold-formed steel align closely to the values measured from these tests.
Development of an Online Calculation Tool for Safety Evaluation of Pipes Subjected to Ground Movements
Authors: Zheng Qian , Qiu Weichen , Ergezinger Noah , Li Yong , Yoosef-Ghodsi Nader , Fowler Matt , Adeeb Samer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Underground pipelines are inevitably installed in unstable geohazard areas associated with the possible development of significant ground deformations. Under ground movement, excessive strains can be generated in the pipe wall, which poses a threat to pipeline integrity. This study aims to develop an industry-oriented calculation tool for safety evaluation of pipes subjected to ground movements induced by a variety of nature and construction-related hazards. The tool, comprised of deterministic and reliability-based analyses, is designed within MecSimCalc which is an innovative online platform for creating and sharing web-based Apps for individuals and groups. Calculation flow behind the tool is developed according to a novel method proposed based upon the finite difference method (FDM). Given grid nodes along the pipe, a large set of simultaneous finite-difference equations are constructed based on nonlinear governing differential equations of the Euler-Bernoulli beam under large deflections. The nonlinearities arising from pipe material, pipe-soil interaction, and geometry of the pipe are considered within the model. As unknowns of the finite-difference equations, the axial and lateral displacement of the pipe at each grid node can be obtained using nonlinear equation solvers. This method is utilized to predict the strain demand in the limit state function for reliability-based assessment. Applying stochastic properties for each basic parameter, the probability of failure can be calculated using Monte Carlo Simulation. Meanwhile, the program is compiled using Numba in Python and then optimized by the parallelization technique to enhance computational efficiency.
Modelling Accidental Impact Threats to Natural Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Smith Shawn , Fraser Alex , Shironishi Mari , Neville Dan , Shapiro Dan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
API RP 1171, which was recently incorporated by reference in US regulation 49 CFR 192.12, and the recent changes to the California Code of Regulations have mandated risk assessments be performed for underground storage wells. A quantitative risk assessment framework has been developed for SoCalGas’s underground gas storage sites in California. This framework includes quantitative models for accidental impact threats to the wellhead and lateral piping, including damage from excavations, vehicle collisions, lifting operations, and aircraft crashes (for first, second, and third-parties). In an industry survey of underground storage operators conducted by the Gas Research Institute in 2004, 15% of the recorded significant release incidents were due to accidental impact threats. Additionally, since there are likely individuals in the immediate vicinity when the incidents occur, releases due to accidental impact threats may carry more significant consequences. In this work, models were adapted from existing industry models for pipelines, nuclear facilities, and aboveground piping stations by updating the inputs to reflect an underground gas storage context and calibrating the overall results to match historical underground gas storage incident data. The models incorporate well-specific attributes and measurements as well as subject matter expert (SME) experience and judgement, with key variables for each model including:
• Excavation damage: excavation frequency (estimated from site-specific one-call data), material and operational properties of buried lateral piping, depth of cover
• Vehicle collisions: vehicle traffic near the well (estimated from modelling the site road network and all site activities involving vehicles), presence of any barriers, the layout of any aboveground lateral piping
• Lifting operations: lifting operation frequency near the well (estimated from modelling the future workover activities at all nearby wells), material and operational properties of the wellhead, and any aboveground lateral piping
• Aircraft crashes: proximity and orientation relative to nearby airports, amount and type of traffic at the nearby airports, the layout of the lateral piping
This paper illustrates the results for field-wide assessments of these accidental impact threats, showing how the risk is differentiated by the specific well context. In contrast to using a single historical incident rate, the models capture the differences in risk between wells within and across fields and can help estimate the effect of performing mitigation activities on specific wells.
Development of a Hybrid of Semi-Automatic Waveform Controlled GMAW and Mechanized FCAW-G Welding Process and Associated Alternative Weld Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Pipeline Construction
Authors: Lu Junfang , Huntley Bob , Aulin Axel , Duncan Andy , Schamuhn Kirk Peter , Belanger Rory , Zorrilla Claude-Yve , Tetteh-Wayoe Debra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pipelines are widely used in the oil and gas industry for transporting crude oil and natural gas from the field to refineries. It has been a general practice to use alternative weld flaw acceptance criteria to assess the acceptability of mechanized girth welds using an engineering critical assessment (ECA) approach. The ECA concept of defining weld flaw acceptance criteria has been accepted as a fitness for service (FFS) assessment based on fracture mechanics, which requires robust welding procedures. Effective planning of the welding procedure specification (WPS) qualification and mechanical testing of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), and weld inspection are the key factors contributing to robust welding procedures and an effective ECA.
Mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes are commonly used in pipeline girth weld welding because of their high quality and productivity. With the technical advancements of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, the use of automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) with supplemental time of flight diffraction (ToFD) has further enhanced the accuracy and productivity in weld inspection, weld flaw sizing, and probability of detection. The use of alternative acceptance criteria to assess the acceptability of mechanized girth welds using an FFS approach can significantly reduce the construction cost by focusing weld integrity on significant weld flaws. Consequently, unnecessary weld repairs are minimized, increasing the ability to utilize welding resources to achieve more predictable weld quality and productivity. Mechanized girth weld acceptance criteria have been progressively transitioned from using workmanship standards into FFS-based ECAs.
The semi-automatic waveform controlled GMAW and mechanized flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) processes are not unique to the pipe welding industry, especially tie-in welding. However, ECA-based weld flaw acceptance criteria have not been commonly applied to welds using the above welding process combinations. This paper focuses on the development of the alternative weld flaw acceptance criteria for mainline production girth weld construction using a hybrid of semiautomatic waveform controlled GMAW and mechanized gas-shielded FCAW (FCAW-G) processes. It explains the integration of the intended WPS qualification, mechanical testing, ECA methodology and AUT procedures. The girth weld acceptance criteria were developed based on CSA Z662-19 Annex K using Option 2 methodology. Additional fractography, metallography, and hardness mapping were conducted to characterize test specimens with crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) pop-ins.
Update of Line Pipe Charpy Test Interpretation
Authors: Zhang Fan , Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test has been widely used by operators and pipe mills to measure steel pipe resistance to fracture propagation. The tests are generally conducted at multiple temperatures to capture the transition from low impact energy nonductile regime to the high impact energy ductile regime. Due to the limitation of wall thickness and curvature of the pipe cross section, the CVN test for thin-walled line pipe generally can only be conducted with reduced size CVN coupons. The reduced size CVN coupon both decreases the measured impact energy and lowers the apparent transition temperature. Prior work (1996) developed a procedure to interpret the CVN data from various size of coupons. The procedure is also able to estimate the entire transition curve even based on a single test data point. This procedure has been widely used since then and been adopted in Section 9F.2.2 of ASME FFS-1/API 579 (2016). In this procedure, the difference between SATT from a given size CVN and the SATT of full pipe wall thickness drop weight tearing test (DWTT) was described by an equation derived from data fitting. Since the SATT of DWTT is fixed, the relationship between SATT from two different sizes of CVN coupons can be correlated through this equation. However, the wall thickness of the pipe is left in this correlation, which implies an artificial impact of pipe dimensions to the changes of SATT among CVN coupons sizes. In this paper, the equation between SATT of CVN and DWTT is updated, which both removes the pipe wall thickness from the correlation among different CVN sizes and achieves better data fitting. This update maintains all the capability of the prior procedure while improving the accuracy and clarity. Worked examples are provided at the end the paper to demonstrate the application of the updated procedure.