bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Melianodiol on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice
Authors: Shen Jinhuang , Ma Xinhua , He Yubin , Wang Yanjun , Zhong Tianhua , Zhang Yonghong 
Published: October 2022

Background
Ulcerative colitis is a unique inflammatory bowel disease with ulcerative lesions of the colonic mucosa. Melianodiol (MN), a triterpenoid, isolated from the fruits of the Chinese medicinal plant Melia azedarach, possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties.

Objective
The present study investigated the protective effects of MN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and DSS-mediated ulcerative colitis in mice.

Methods
In the study, mice were given MN (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and 5-ASA (500 mg/kg) daily for 9 days after induction by DSS for 1 week. The progress of the disease was monitored daily by observation of changes in clinical signs and body weight.

Results
The results showed that MN effectively improved the overproduction of inflammatory factors (IL-6, NO, and TNF-α) and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB signalling cascade in LPS-mediated RAW264.7 cells. For DSS-mediated colitis in mice, MN can reduce weight loss and the disease activity index (DAI) score in UC mice, suppress colon shortening, and alleviate pathological colon injury. Moreover, MN treatment notably up regulated the levels of IL-10 and down regulated those of IL-1β and TNF-α, and inhibited the protein expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, iNOS, NF-κB P65, p-P65, p-IKKα/β, and p-IκBα in the colon. After MN treatment, the levels of MDA and NO in colonic tissue were remarkably decreased, whereas the levels of GSH, SOD, Nrf-2, Keap-1, HO-1, IκBα, and eNOS protein expression levels were significantly increased.

Conclusion
These results indicate that MN can activate the Nrf-2 signalling pathway and inhibit the JAK/STAT, iNOS/eNOS, and NF-κB signalling cascades, enhance intestinal barrier function, and effectively reduce the LPS-mediated inflammatory response in mouse macrophages and DSS-induced intestinal injury in UC.
Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Cystatin C on human gingival fibroblast incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Blancas-Luciano Blanca Esther , Becker-Fauser Ingeborg , Zamora-Chimal Jaime , Delgado-Domínguez José , Ruíz-Remigio Adriana , Leyva-Huerta Elba Rosa , Portilla-Robertson Javier , Fernández-Presas Ana María 
Published: October 2022

Background
Periodontal disease is considered one of the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases, often leading to the disruption of tooth-supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, causing tooth mobility and loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the major etiological agent of this disease, having a plethora of virulence factors, including, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), hemolysins, and proteinases. Antimicrobial peptides are one of the main components of the innate immune response that inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity of cystatin C and to assess the effect on the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the production of reactive oxygen species, and in the release of nitric oxide by human gingival fibroblasts incubated with P. gingivalis in the presence and absence of cystatin C.

Methods
P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was exposed to cystatin C for 24h and co-cultured with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) ATCC CRL-2014. The effect of cystatin on growth of P. gingivalis and HGFs was evaluated. Pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were determined by ELISA in the supernatants of HGFs incubated with P. gingivalis exposed to cystatin C. Additionally, nitrites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated.

Results
Cystatin Cinhibited the growth of P. gingivalis without affecting HGFs. Incubation of HGFs with P. gingivalis led to a significant increase of TNF-α and IL-1β. In contrast, HGFs incubated with P. gingivalis exposed to cystatin C showed a decreased production of both cytokines, whereas IL-10 was enhanced. Incubation of HGFs with P. gingivalis led to an increase of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS production, which was reduced in the presence of the peptide.

Conclusions
Cystatin C inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis and decreases the inflammatory cytokines, ROS, and NO production during infection of HGFs with P. gingivalis. Knowledge on the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of cystatin C could aid in the design of new therapeutic approaches to facilitate the elimination of this bacterium to improve the treatment of periodontal disease.
Exploring of cardiac autonomic activity with heart rate variability in long-term kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) users: a preliminary study
Authors: Saengmolee Wanumaidah , Cheaha Dania , Sa-ih Nusaib , Kumarnsit Ekkasit 
Published: October 2022

Background
Kratom is a psychoactive plant used to enhance productivity among laborers in Southeast Asian countries. Previous findings from in vitro research of mitragynine, a major component of kratom, suggested a possible risk of heart function abnormality. However, the cardiac autonomic function in long-term kratom users with chewing forms has never been studied. This study aimed to investigate heart rate variability (HRV) indices of cardiac autonomic function in long-term kratom chewers (LKC), compared to the control levels, and also to examine the correlation between HRV indices and relevant kratom use factors.

Method
A total number of 50 participants consisted of LKC (n = 31) who regularly chewed fresh kratom leaves for at least 2 years and demographically matched control subjects (n = 19). Resting electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded from subjects for 3 min to analyze the ultrashort HRV in the frequency domain. The normalized low frequency (LFn) and high frequency (HFn) were chosen to be the HRV indices to evaluate cardiac autonomic function. The comparison of HRV indices between groups and the correlation between HRV indices and duration and quantity of kratom use was further conducted in statistical analysis.

Results
The LKC significantly increased LFn together with enhanced HFn compared to the control group tested, indicating that LKC changed cardiac autonomic function with parasympathetic dominance. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the HRV indices and the duration and quantity of kratom use was found, suggesting that the HRV indices were not relevant to these factors. The present study provided scientific-based evidence of cardiac autonomic modulation in long-term kratom chewers. LFn and HFn may be promising cardiac autonomic indicators for monitoring health outcomes in LKC.
Clients` Satisfaction and Barriers towards Childhood Immunization Service in Primary Health Care Facilities in Tanta, Egypt
Authors: Eltalawy Hanaa Gad Atia , Ayad Khalil Mohamed Abbas , Atlam Salwa Abdel-mageed , Saied Shimaa M. 
Published: October 2022

Aims: To assess the clients` satisfaction towards childhood immunization service ‎among parents having children aged less than 2 year in primary health ‎care settings, and to highlight barriers affecting client satisfaction with immunization ‎services in primary health care facilities‎.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Three primary health care facilities in Tanta Egypt; Said Health Care Center, Elragdia Health Care Unit, and Mahalet Rouh Health Care Unit, between March 2021 and April 2022.
Methodology: We included 400 clients coming to the primary health care facilities during the vaccination sessions of their children less than 2 years of age. Participants’ data were collected using a pre-designed interviewing validated questionnaire sheet through interview that assessed the sociodemographic data, knowledge, satisfaction, and barriers toward the childhood vaccination.
Results: In this study, the majority (87.8%) were recruited from Said Health Care Center. The clients, ages ranged from 19 to 70 years, with the highest percentage in the age group of 20 – <40 (78.3%). The clients’ knowledge score ranged from 1 to 9, with a median of 7 denoting an overall good knowledge. The highest percentage of clients in Said Health Care Center dissatisfied (78.9%) while the highest portion of clients in Elragdia Health Care Unit and Mahalet Rouh Health Care Unit satisfied (75% and 60%, respectively). The relation to child, level of education, health care facility, followed by marital status, income, residence, child sex, total knowledge score, and child age were found to be statistically significant predictors for the satisfaction, with P values of 0.002, 0.004, <0.001, 0.006, <0.001, <0.001, 0.01, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively.
Conclusion: An overall good knowledge as shown among caregivers attending for children vaccination. The least satisfaction rates were noted in the Urban Health Care Center. Clients’ knowledge beside some sociodemographic data significantly affected clients’ satisfaction.
Variation in Research Experiences and Publications During Medical School by Sex and Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Nguyen Mytien , Chaudhry Sarwat I. , Asabor Emmanuella , Desai Mayur M. , Lett Elle , Cavazos Jose E. , Mason Hyacinth R. C. , Boatright Dowin 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceDiverse research teams are critical to solving complex health problems and producing high-quality medical research.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of student sex and racial and ethnic identity with publication rates during medical school.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study assessed individual-level data of US MD graduates from medical school who matriculated in academic years 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016. Data were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges and analyzed from October 2021 to January 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes of interest included students’ self-reported participation in unique research experiences, number of publications, and computed publications per research experience. Poisson regressions were constructed to determine the association of sex and racial and ethnic identity with research outcomes using adjusted rate ratios (aRRs).ResultsAmong 31 474 graduates, 15 159 (48.2%) identified as women and 4344 (13.8%) identified as underrepresented in medicine by race and ethnicity (URIM; including American Indian, Alaska Native, Black, Hawaiian Native, Hispanic/Latinx, and Pacific Islander individuals). Students who attended National Institutes of Health (NIH) top 40 research-ranked schools reported higher number of research experiences and publication counts, resulting in a higher publication rate compared with students from non–top 40 schools (median [IQR] 1.60 [1.00-3.00] vs 1.25 [0.50-2.33]; P &amp;lt; .001). Women reported a higher number of research experiences than men but a significantly lower number of publications (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92-0.95). This resulted in a significantly lower publication rate among women (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83-0.86; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.90-0.92). Compared with White students, Asian students had higher publication rates at both NIH top 40 schools (aRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12) and non–top 40 schools (aRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), while lower publication rates were reported among Black students (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.86; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.95) and Hispanic students attending non–top 40 schools (aRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings illustrate that inequities in the physician-scientist workforce began early in training and highlight key areas for intervention, such as funding support and mentorship training during undergraduate medical education, that may promote the future success of a diverse physician-scientist workforce.
A Hemispherical Image Sensor Array Fabricated with Organic Photomemory Transistors
Authors: Kim Yeongin , Zhu Chenxin , Lee Wen‐Ya , Smith Anna , Ma Haowen , Li Xiang , Son Donghee , Matsuhisa Naoji , Kim Jaemin , Bae Won‐Gyu , Cho Sung Ho , Kim Myung‐Gil , Kurosawa Tadanori , Katsumata Toru , To John W. F. , Oh Jin Young , Paik Seonghyun , Kim Soo Jin , Jin Lihua , Yan Feng , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHemispherical image sensors simplify lens designs, reduce optical aberrations, and improve image resolution for compact wide‐field‐of‐view cameras. To achieve hemispherical image sensors, organic materials are promising candidates due to the following advantages: tunability of optoelectronic/spectral response and low‐temperature low‐cost processes. Here, a photolithographic process is developed to prepare a hemispherical image sensor array using organic thin film photomemory transistors with a density of 308 pixels per square centimeter. This design includes only one photomemory transistor as a single active pixel, in contrast to the conventional pixel architecture, consisting of select/readout/reset transistors and a photodiode. The organic photomemory transistor, comprising light‐sensitive organic semiconductor and charge‐trapping dielectric, is able to achieve a linear photoresponse (light intensity range, from 1 to 50 W m−2), along with a responsivity as high as 1.6 A W−1 (wavelength = 465 nm) for a dark current of 0.24 A m−2 (drain voltage = −1.5 V). These observed values represent the best responsivity for similar dark currents among all the reported hemispherical image sensor arrays to date. A transfer method was further developed that does not damage organic materials for hemispherical organic photomemory transistor arrays. These developed techniques are scalable and are amenable for other high‐resolution 3D organic semiconductor devices.
Reconstruction of Thiospinel to Active Sites and Spin Channels for Water Oxidation
Authors: Wu Tianze , Sun Yuanmiao , Ren Xiao , Wang Jiarui , Song Jiajia , Pan Yangdan , Mu Yongbiao , Zhang Jianshuo , Cheng Qiuzhen , Xian Guoyu , Xi Shibo , Shen Chengmin , Gao Hong‐Jun , Fisher Adrian C. , Sherburne Matthew P. , Du Yonghua , Ager Joel W. , Gracia Jose , Yang Haitao , Zeng Lin , Xu Zhichuan J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWater electrolysis is a promising technique for carbon neutral hydrogen production. A great challenge remains at developing robust and low‐cost anode catalysts. Many pre‐catalysts are found to undergo surface reconstruction to give high intrinsic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The reconstructed oxyhydroxides on the surface are active species and most of them outperform directly synthesized oxyhydroxides. The reason for the high intrinsic activity remains to be explored. Here, a study is reported to showcase the unique reconstruction behaviors of a pre‐catalyst, thiospinel CoFe2S4, and its reconstruction chemistry for a high OER activity. The reconstruction of CoFe2S4 gives a mixture with both Fe–S component and active oxyhydroxide (Co(Fe)OxHy) because Co is more inclined to reconstruct as oxyhydroxide, while the Fe is more stable in Fe–S component in a major form of Fe3S4. The interface spin channel is demonstrated in the reconstructed CoFe2S4, which optimizes the energetics of OER steps on Co(Fe)OxHy species and facilitates the spin sensitive electron transfer to reduce the kinetic barrier of O–O coupling. The advantage is also demonstrated in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. This work introduces the feasibility of engineering the reconstruction chemistry of the precatalyst for high performance and durable MEA electrolyzers.
Self‐Assembled Asperities for Pressure‐Tunable Adhesion
Authors: Deneke Naomi , Booth Jamie A. , Chan Edwin P. , Davis Chelsea S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractControl of adhesion is important in a host of applications including soft robotics, pick‐and‐place manufacturing, wearable devices, and transfer printing. While there are adhesive systems with discrete switchability between states of high and low adhesion, achieving continuously variable adhesion strength remains a challenge. In this work, a pressure‐tunable adhesive (PTA) that is based on the self‐assembly of stiff microscale asperities on an elastomeric substrate is presented. It is demonstrated that the adhesion strength of the PTA increases with the applied compressive preload due to the unique contact formation mechanism caused by the asperities. Additionally, a contact mechanics model is developed to explain the resulting trends. For a specific PTA design, the critical pull‐off force can be increased from 0.4 to 30 mN by increasing the applied preload from 1 to 30 mN. Finally, the applicability of precision control of adhesion strength is demonstrated by utilizing the PTA for pick‐and‐place material handling. The approach in pressure‐tunable adhesive design based on self‐assembly of asperities presents a scalable and versatile approach that is applicable to a variety of material systems having different mechanical or surface properties.
Long‐read sequence analysis for clustered genomic copy number aberrations revealed architectures of intricately intertwined rearrangements
Authors: Tamura Takeaki , Yamamoto Shimojima Keiko , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Morioka Ichiro , Kanno Hitoshi , Minakuchi Yohei , Toyoda Atsushi , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMost chromosomal aberrations revealed by chromosomal microarray testing (CMA) are simple; however, very complex chromosomal structural rearrangements can also be found. Although the mechanism of structural rearrangements has been gradually revealed, not all mechanisms have been elucidated. We analyzed the breakpoint‐junctions (BJs) of two or more clustered copy number variations (CNVs) in the same chromosome arms to understand their conformation and the mechanism of complex structural rearrangements. Combining CMA with long‐read whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) analysis, we successfully determined all BJs for the clustered CNVs identified in four patients. Multiple CNVs were intricately intertwined with each other, and clustered CNVs in four patients were involved in global complex chromosomal rearrangements. The BJs of two clustered deletions identified in two patients showed microhomologies, and their characteristics were explained by chromothripsis. In contrast, the BJs in the other two patients, who showed clustered deletions and duplications, consisted of blunt‐end and nontemplated insertions. These findings could be explained only by alternative nonhomologous end‐joining, a mechanism related to polymerase theta. All the patients had at least one inverted segment. Three patients showed cryptic aberrations involving a disruption and a deletion/duplication, which were not detected by CMA but were first identified by WGS. This result suggested that complex rearrangements should be considered if clustered CNVs are observed in the same chromosome arms. Because CMA has potential limitations in genotype–phenotype correlation analysis, a more detailed analysis by whole genome examination is recommended in cases of suspected complex structural aberrations.
The effects of body size, activity, and phylogeny on primate sleeping ecology
Authors: Pozzi Luca , Voskamp Malte , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesSleeping ecology plays a key integrative role in the primates' lives. Selecting an adequate sleeping site is therefore critical, but both extrinsic (e.g., predation, thermoregulation) and intrinsic factors (e.g., body size, circadian activity) need to be considered simultaneously. There is, however, a notable lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of sleeping ecology within primates. We explored the links among body size, circadian activity, and sleeping site choice in phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses across all major primate lineages.Materials and MethodsWe compiled published information on body size, circadian activity, and sleeping site choice of extant primates. We performed ancestral state reconstructions for the different sleeping sites and used comparative phylogenetic analyses to quantify associations between sleeping site preference, body size and circadian pattern.ResultsComparative analyses across 390 species revealed that primate sleeping site usage was best predicted by circadian activity patterns. Nocturnal species were more likely to use tree holes and nests, whereas diurnal primates were more likely to sleep on trees. Ancestral reconstructions indicated a relative ambiguity among states for several nodes, especially within strepsirrhines, whereas “on trees” was the most likely sleeping site type within haplorrhines.DiscussionThe main intrinsic predictor of sleeping site choice in primates has links to two extrinsic factors: predation risk and thermoregulation. Thermoregulatory and anti‐predator benefits accrue for nocturnal species that rest in nests or tree holes. Body size only poses a constraint for shelter use in larger species. Comparative studies of resting ecology are integral for reconstructing primate evolution and for revealing complex adaptations in arboreal mammals.
Edge‐hosted Atomic Co−N4Sites on Hierarchical Porous Carbon for Highly Selective Two‐electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Tian Yuhui , Li Meng , Wu Zhenzhen , Sun Qiang , Yuan Ding , Johannessen Bernt , Xu Li , Wang Yun , Dou Yuhai , Zhao Huijun , Zhang Shanqing 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNot only high efficiency but also high selectivity of the electrocatalysts is crucial for high‐performance, low‐cost, and sustainable energy storage applications. Herein, we systematically investigate the edge effect of carbon‐supported single‐atom catalysts (SACs) on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathways (two‐electron (2 e−) or four‐electron (4 e−)) and conclude that the 2 e−‐ORR proceeding over the edge‐hosted atomic Co−N4sites is more favorable than the basal‐plane‐hosted ones. As such, we have successfully synthesized and tuned Co‐SACs with different edge‐to‐bulk ratios. The as‐prepared edge‐rich Co−N/HPC catalyst exhibits excellent 2 e−‐ORR performance with a remarkable selectivity of ≈95 % in a wide potential range. Furthermore, we also find that oxygen functional groups could saturate the graphitic carbon edges under the ORR operation and further promote electrocatalytic performance. These findings on the structure–property relationship in SACs offer a promising direction for large‐scale and low‐cost electrochemical H2O2production via the 2 e−‐ORR.
Photocatalytic Dissolution of Precious Metals by TiO2 through Photogenerated Free Radicals
Authors: Chen Yao , Guan Shuhui , Ge Hao , Chen Xiang , Xu Zhenming , Yue Yinghong , Yamashita Hiromi , Yu Han , Li Hexing , Bian Zhenfeng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractExploring the pathways for photocatalytic dissolution of precious metals (PMs) is crucial for optimizing recovery. In this work, we systematically investigated the selectivity and solvation effects observed for dissolution by focusing on photocatalysis, precious metals and solvents. By combining transient characterization, reaction kinetics, and density functional theory, we determined that the radicals generated in photocatalysis were the key active species in the entire reaction. The cyano functional group in the solvent was the driving factor for dissolution of gold, and the importance of chlorine radicals for dissolution of platinum group precious metals was further confirmed. In addition, the catalytic properties of different precious metals can promote different transformations of functional groups, leading to selective dissolution. The structures of photocatalytic precious metal leaches also precisely explains the special coordination forms of precious metals and functional group ligands.