bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-linear tidal excitation of superharmonic gravity waves in main-sequence stars in binary and exoplanetary systems
Authors: Ivanov P B , Chernov S V , Barker A J 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the role of non-linear effects on tidally excited internal gravity waves in stellar radiation zones in exoplanetary or binary systems. We are partly motivated to study tides due to massive short-period hot Jupiters, which preferentially orbit stars with convective cores, for which wave breaking near the stellar centre cannot operate. We develop a theory (and test it with numerical calculations) for the non-linear excitation of superharmonic ‘secondary’ waves (with frequencies 2ωp) by a ‘primary’ tidal wave (with frequency ωp) near the interface between the radiation zone and convective envelope. These waves have the same horizontal phase speeds to leading order, and this non-linear effect could contribute importantly to tidal dissipation if the secondary waves can efficiently damp the primary. We derive criteria involving the orbital and stellar parameters required to excite these secondary waves to large amplitudes using a local model of the radiative/convective interface, which we convert to apply to tides in a spherical star. We numerically evaluate the critical amplitudes required for this new non-linear effect to become important using stellar models, comparing them to the ‘conventional’ criteria for wave breaking in radiative cores and the application of WKBJ theory near convective cores. The criteria for this new effect are easier to satisfy than the conventional measures of non-linearity in 1.4 and $2\, {\rm M}_\odot$ stars on the main sequence. We predict non-linear effects to be important even for planetary-mass companions around the latter, but this effect is probably less important in stars with radiative cores.
Kishinev Pogrom
Authors: Zipperstein Steven J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Meticulously documented at the time, the Kishinev pogrom would inspire a thicket of myths that would be felt on endeavors as varied as the pre-state Hagannah, the precursor to the Israeli army, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and even the NAACP. What one encounters when confronted by the Kishinev pogrom and its aftermath is a veritable mountain of teachable lessons, many of which are at best only sketchily based on the events themselves. Kishinev’s pogrom of 1903 may well be the best known of all moments in the Russian Jewish past and the one that is most persistently misunderstood.
Introit
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis Introduction rehearses many of the key themes in the book through an examination of rhythm in Augustine’s De musica and De trinitate. In particular, it draws attention to the way Augustine avoids using the term ‘harmony’ (despite the English translations) because his attention is to the ‘interval’ between the rhythms of the created order (which is an order of love) and the divine, Trinitarian rhythm. For Augustine, this difference and yet consonance, governs the nature of written theology and the eloquence to which it must aspire. It is an eloquence in which the Word resonates within human language. The Introduction ends reflecting upon the writing of eloquent and mimetic theologies today and the attempt at such a composition that will follow in the subsequent chapters.
Are People and Computers in the Same Category?
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A second contrast between AI and HCAI advocates is the issue of whether people are in the same category as computers or if they are distinct. The Stanford University AI-100 report states that “the difference between an arithmetic calculator and a human brain is not one of kind, but of scale, speed, degree of autonomy, and generality,” which suggests that humans and computers are in the same category. Some researchers claim that AI technologies do even more than empower people; these new technologies are the creators themselves. In contrast, many HCAI sympathizers believe that “People are not computers. Computers are not people.” Humans have bodies. Having a body makes you human. It puts us in touch with pain and pleasure, with sadness and joy. Crying and laughing, dancing and eating, lovemaking and thinking are all parts of being human. Emotions and passions are worth celebrating and fearing.
Science and Innovation Goals
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The science goal is to understand computational agents and human perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities so as to build computers that perform tasks as well as or better than humans. The innovation goal, some would call it the engineering goal, drives researchers to develop widely used products and services by applying HCAI methods. Lewis Mumford’s early writings are a guide to getting beyond the “obstacle of animism.” Successful designerss avoid mimicking human models and pursue supertools, tele-bots, active appliances, and control centers that support human control over technology, while ensuring high levels of automation. Another goal is to support human collaboration through shared documents and conferencing systems that bring people together.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Developers often discuss four pairs of design metaphors: (1) intelligent agents and supertools, (2) teammates and tele-bots, (3) assured autonomy and control centers, and (4) social robots and active appliances. Successful designs seem to come from a combined strategy: employing automation for tasks for which machines produce reliable results, while leaving users the creative or safety choices that are important to them. Digital cameras offer a good example of supertools by using automated methods to choose the aperture, shutter speed, and reduce jitter, while allowing users to frame the photo, set the zoom, and click when they are pleased with the image preview. Tele-bots, such as drones, control centers for safety-first traffic management, and active appliances for home uses are all promising metaphors to guide developers of new consumer products and services.
Government Interventions and Regulations
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While many industry leaders argue that government interventions and regulation will limit innovation, this is not always true. Government regulation of automobile safety and fuel efficiency was an enormous stimulant to innovation, producing benefits for the public and the car manufacturing companies. Government projects and funding of academic research can do much to accelerate development of new technologies such as HCAI. International competition to lead AI and HCAI research generates large national investments directed at national priorities like security, healthcare, business success, and societal problems. European efforts lead the way in protecting the right to an explanation, triggering extensive research in explaninable AI, while China’s Social Credit System tracks individual reputations. Although past US White House reports sought to avoid regulation, federal agencies have increasingly found useful ways to regulate and support key industries.
Assessing Trustworthiness
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Measuring the more than thirty attributes of HCAI systems, like reliability, safety, and trustworthiness is very difficult. Objective measures seem unlikely, but subjective impressions from stakeholders such as researchers, developers, managers, and users may help to clarify whether the trustworthiness is increased or decreased after changes have been made, or to compare two competing products, such as is done by winetasting. The HCAI Trustworthiness Assessment Process suggests a way of developing a subjective evaluation scale. The proposed twelve-item HCAI Trustworthiness Scale relies on questions about whether a system has an audit trail, has passed software and fairness tests, and includes explainable user interfaces. It also has questions about internal and external review processes.
Personal Epilogue: How I Became Passionate about Human-Centered Approaches
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As an increasing number of academics adopt an HCAI approach, there is still resistance and lack of interest from many researchers and practitioners. They wonder why I am so eager to expand AI research and development to include HCAI? Why do I think there is an alternative to the dominant themes so widely accepted by researchers, practitioners, business leaders, and policy-makers? I am eager to see changes in these broad communities which would recognize the need for and benefits from a human-centered attitude. These changes reflect my own shifts in thinking that began in my early days. I see the problems, dangers, and threats, but remain hopeful that the best is yet to come.
Introduction
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter begins with a key event for Dickens and England: the burning of the Houses of Parliament in 1834, which paradoxically prompted Parliament to make its records public, ensuring their survival by circulating them widely in paper. Next, it establishes how Dickens as a novelist appeared to rival Parliament—representing the People better—and views his efforts in the context of transatlantic reform fiction, often addressing women readers. It introduces his uncle’s publication, the Mirror of Parliament, as a family venture, eavesdropping unofficially on power, along with parliamentary debates about copyright reform. Finally, it defines the Paper Age, contrasting print-capitalism to print-statism and comparing the imagined community of the nation to that of the People.
Mirror of Bleak House
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the satirical realism of Bleak House (1852–3) and traces the novel’s profound engagement with the Parliamentary Papers. After just seven numbers of Bleak House had appeared, the retired Lord Chief Justice Denman attacked Dickens for a belated show of reform, comparing his work unfavorably to the bestselling Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This chapter argues that Dickens attacked the Court of Chancery too late precisely to draw attention to the long period of time it had taken Parliament to reform Chancery. It reads Dickens’s critique of Chancery (and indirectly of the House of Lords) in light of the burning and rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament. It buttresses this case by reading Dickens’s “A Haunted House,” a sketch of the 1852 election. It argues that Bleak House holds out an unflattering mirror of Parliament, exposing its possibly constitutional failure, and finds the novel infused with traces of slavery and the slave trade as marks of British national shame.
Introduction
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Satire and the law mutually shaped one another across the long eighteenth century. Satirists and their booksellers responded to the law by developing a variety of verbal evasions and publication ruses to duck the authorities. Verbal evasions particularly troubled the courtroom interpretation of libellous language. In response, the Crown and the courts refined legal procedures for the interpretation of verbal ambiguity that proved particularly perilous for satirists. Such doctrines often relied on abstract and idealized communities of readers and permitted prosecutors to gloss over the precise linguistic mechanisms that undergirded satiric meaning while also displacing actual jurors, who were traditionally responsible for interpreting the meaning of libellous language. The introduction closes with an overview of the chapters; a reflection on the methodology of legal history and the Law and Literature movement; and a consideration of how literary critics have defined satire.
Naming in the Courts
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on naming practices, and especially the use of gutted names, such as ‘J— S—’ for John Smith, in eighteenth-century satire. In 1713 the courts ruled that such ruses provided no defence for libel, yet satirists and their booksellers continued to employ such practices. Some satirists simply misunderstood the law—an important reminder that even misinterpretation should be a part of our understanding of how the law shapes social and literary practices. However, gutted names also served important commercial, aesthetic, and pseudo-ethical functions, if not legal ones, in eighteenth-century satire. The chapter concludes with Alexander Pope. Having openly named his victims in the Dunciad Variorum, Pope was forced to grapple with what was, at its core, a socio-literary rather than legal issue. In a clever turn, however, he did so by adopting the prosecutorial language of the courts and libel law.
Allegory in the Courts
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on allegory, which offered journalists and satirists a flexible tool for coded political criticism during the first decades of the eighteenth century. Allegory was a particular problem for prosecutors and plaintiffs, who were required to demonstrate that fictional names in allegorical worlds referred to real victims in England. Early on, the abandoned prosecution of Delarivier Manley for The New Atalantis (1709), an allegory (or secret history) of the Whigs and Queen Anne, revealed the limitations of courtroom procedures to link allegorical depictions to real-world individuals or institutions. As a result, allegorical satire flourished in the periodical press and especially in two of the most important journals of the 1710s and ’20s: The Craftsman and Mist’s Weekly Journal. The government failed to prosecute either periodical successfully until early 1729, when Chief Justice Raymond, building on the doctrine of ‘common intendment’, argued that jurors should rely on an abstract ‘generality of readers’ when confronted with allegory.
Keeping Out of Court III
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
By the mid-eighteenth century, the courts had largely devised effective procedures for handling verbal evasion and booksellers’ tricks. This final chapter brings together these legal developments to show how increased regulatory pressures accidentally promoted the ‘deverbalization’ of satire. Caricaturists, for example, used words sparingly, and their visual satires were therefore not subject to the same courtroom procedures that had enabled the prosecution of printed satire. In a similar way, the Stage Licensing Act (1737), which mandated the pre-performance regulation of play texts, also promoted deverbalization. Dramatic works from this period, and especially the plays of Samuel Foote, are teeming with non-verbal satire, especially pointed impersonations. However, dramatic regulation also created a loophole: physical and acoustic mimicry never showed up in the playscripts submitted for licensing, and plays could only later be subjected to post-performance censorship. The end result was deverbalized forms of visual and dramatic satire that were often, at least early on, almost impossible to regulate.
Obscene humour and sociability
Authors: Roth Carla 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on sexual and scatological humour, a type of humour typically perceived as gendered and located on the margins of acceptable speech. By tracing the circulation of such humour through conversations in St Gall, the chapter instead highlights the popularity of such material and the social esteem enjoyed by those who could draw on it to provide entertainment. By embedding obscene humour within its cultural and social contexts, the chapter moreover calls into question the notion that obscene humour represented a safety valve for men’s sexual aggressions against women. In the context of sociability, such humour instead worked as a kind of communicative currency and offered jokesters an opportunity to display their social skills, their proficiency in Latin, and their sexual experience.
Normativity
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is more or less common ground that an important aspect of the explanation of normativity relates it to the way Reason (our rational powers), reasons (for beliefs, emotions, actions, etc.), and reasoning, with all its varieties and domains, are inter-connected. The relation of reasoning to reasons is the topic of this chapter. It does not start from a tabula rasa. It presupposes that normativity has to do with the ability to respond rationally to reasons, and with responding to reasons with the use of our rational powers. The question is where does reasoning fit in? Raz compares two sketchy accounts of reasoning, judging their success in elucidating the concept and its role in the explanation of normativity. First he outlines the view that reasoning is an activity of searching for a justified answer or for a justification of the answer to a question. Some critical reflection on that view leads to what he calls the simple account, which takes reasoning to consist (broadly speaking) in responsiveness to perceived reasons. He illustrates ways in which the simple account is at odds with the concept of reasoning. Its merits depend on the thought that intentions, attempts, or actions can be conclusions of reasoning. Those who affirm that possibility often regard reasoning that has such conclusions as practical reasoning. Hence much of the chapter will be about practical reasoning. That would lead to a tentative endorsement of reasoning as a search for a justified answer, suggesting a different view of the place of reasoning in explaining normativity.
Can Basic Moral Principles Change?
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the main arguments against the possibility that basic normative principles can change, and finds them wanting. The principal argument discussed derives from the claim that normative considerations are intelligible, and therefore that they can be explained, and their explanations presuppose the prior existence of basic normative principles. The intelligibility thesis is affirmed but the implication that basic change is impossible is denied. Subsumptive explanations are contrasted with explanations by analogy. Later in the chapter, other objections are considered more briefly: that normative properties are queer, that they are unconnected to the rest of reality, and therefore cannot play an explanatory role, etc.
Identity and Social Bonds
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter first argues that there is no problem about how to justify partialities (though there is a difficulty in justifying impartialities). Then it considers the role of consent in justifying rights and duties, using voluntary associations as a case in which consent has an important but limited role in doing so, a role determined and circumscribed by evaluative considerations. The values explain why consent can bind, and bind one to act as one does not wish to do and even as one judges to be ill-advised. That opens the way to an explanation of how value considerations relate to non-voluntary membership in socially constituted groups, generating rights and duties that to a considerable extent are independent of the individual’s aims and preferences.
Normativity and the Other
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
‘Participatory conditions’ take reasons generally or some broad classes of reasons to be valid only if people other than those who have those reasons, express approval or the absence of disapproval of the reasons in question. The chapter sketches a simple picture of value-based normativity, developing some aspects of it by commenting on one argument of Rawls, that justifies a participatory condition as the only alternative to intuitionism and consequentialism, and outlines the stages by which the simple picture accounts for concern for others, arguing that it validates the recognition principle that takes account of the fact that others are beings with their own view of themselves and their surroundings. The conclusion is that the sound aims that appear to support participatory conditions are met without them, and that participatory conditions derive their appeal from other principles like the recognition principle.
Courtly Encounters
Authors: Knox Philip 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine a number of different medieval English readings of the Rose that took place within what can be loosely described as a ‘courtly’ environment. Courtly reading practices are examined, including the difficult example of the Middle English poem Pearl. The main body of this chapter focuses on two pairs of texts that constitute, in different ways, examples of readers ‘answering back’ to an earlier reading of the Rose, asserting or disputing a collective attitude towards the text. They reveal one way in which the Rose carried out its work on late medieval culture, mobilizing different ideas about the place of literature in communal identity. Both pairs also cross national borders: Geoffrey Chaucer and Oton de Granson; Christine de Pizan and Thomas Hoccleve.
Knowledge, Desire, Nature
Authors: Knox Philip 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter moves to a discussion of how readers of the Rose encountered its vast learning, arguing that the Rose made available to fourteenth-century English writers new kinds of intellectually ambitious literary projects, even as it problematized the very knowledge poetry might be thought to transmit. Isolating one strand from the intellectual background of the Rose, this chapter focuses on the philosophical-poetic tradition that had been rejuvenated in the twelfth century by the Latin poets and commentators sometimes associated with the cathedral school of Chartres. Beginning with an exploration of university and clerical readers of the Rose, the chapter moves through an analysis of the learned representation of nature and sexuality in the French poem, before tracing the after-effects of this aspect of the text through the writings of John Gower, the poem Cleanness, the writings of William Langland, and, finally, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.
Trust, Distrust, and History
Authors: Levack Brian P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The first part of this chapter deals with the theory of trust, explaining why it is more of an emotion than a rational calculation, evaluating to what extent it may be considered a moral, civic, or social virtue, and assessing the loss of freedom, the risks, and the vulnerability it entails. It also distinguishes between personal and institutional trust while at the same time illustrating the rhetorical connections between them. The second part of the chapter traces the gradual emergence of institutional distrust in England prior to 1660. There were early indications of this distrust in the sixteenth century, and they became explicit during the reign of Charles I (1625–49). The centerpiece of this section is a narrative of the growth of political distrust in the years leading up to and including the revolution of the 1640s. That section also deals briefly with the growth of distrust in legal, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions, but mainly as those concerns related to the expression of political distrust.