bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Predictors of Infidelity
Authors: Bochon Lindsay , Bird Brian M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Life-history theory provides a framework for understanding the resource trade-offs that are inherent in the struggle to maximize reproductive fitness. Hormones, and testosterone in particular, play important roles in mediating some of the morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits that are implicated in these trade-offs—one of the most widely studied of which is mating versus parenting. In this chapter, we use a life history perspective to review literature examining hormones and infidelity or related proxies (e.g., interest in extrapair sex), and how these links may be understood as a function of the mating vs. parenting trade-off. This chapter focuses the review primarily on testosterone, but also reviews other hormones and hormone systems that have been implicated in infidelity or relevant behavioral and psychological proxies. Further, it touches on contextual considerations for understanding the link between hormones and infidelity and mating, such as the type of mating system (e.g., monogamy vs. polygamy) and the menstrual cycle. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the limitations of current, and potential avenues for future, research on hormones and infidelity.
Cultural Differences and Similarities in Correlates of Infidelity
Authors: Valor-Segura Inmaculada , Sáez Gemma , Buunk Abraham P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Infidelity is negatively judged all over the world, but there are substantial cultural differences in this respect. Moreover some variables seem globally consistently associated with the occurrence of infidelity. The current chapter examines cross-cultural differences about what infidelity means and the social and psychological correlates associated with infidelity, including intrapersonal, relational, and ideological factors. Of the intrapersonal factors that predict infidelity, it explores especially the roles of gender, religiosity, education, income, mental health, and personality. Moreover, of the interpersonal factors related to infidelity, it focuses on factors like commitment, satisfaction, and dependency. Finally, it analyzes some ideological factors, such as religiosity and attitudes toward extramarital sex that are associated with engaging in infidelity.
The Hollywood Musical and the Critical Lens
Authors: Broomfield-McHugh Dominic 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to the Handbook by providing an overview of the critical approach taken. It explores how the academic study of the film musical began with film studies and how musicology has been slow to engage with the screen musical despite the proliferation of musicological literature on the Broadway musical. In addition, the chapter offers a summary of the book’s contents into its thematic parts, such as the politics of breaking into song and dance, the musical’s othering impulse, aspects of stardom, production histories, the decline of the genre in the 1970s, and its renaissance in the twenty-first century.
“I’d Do Anything” or Export Strategies for a Culturally Specific Product
Authors: Jubin Olaf 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
From the late 1940s onward, the previously recorded earnings of the American film industry were affected by two factors. On the one hand, the average cost for a Hollywood film increased to a staggering $3 million, while on the other hand, in the home market television became a serious competitor; in the United States, audience figures dwindled and decreased to an alarming low in the 1950s. As a result, distributing films abroad was no longer simply a way of optimizing profit; it now often tipped the scales between making or losing money. This chapter explores in detail how the Hollywood musical was prepared for German-language moviegoers.
“Going Places”
Authors: Garcia Desirée J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Redhead from Manhattan (Lew Landers, 1943) and Copacabana (Alfred E. Green, 1947) are two backstage musicals in which Hollywood centrally features the Latin American actresses, Lupe Velez and Carmen Miranda, respectively. Beyond presenting explicit stereotypes, however, these Latin musicals are hyper-aware of the actresses’ personas as performative constructions. Moreover, they foreground the theme of foreign encounter between ethnic Others and white Americans, thereby defining the terms by which Latin American and Latinx peoples can be integrated into American life. This encounter happens on the musical stage, which constitutes a kind of battleground for social inclusion. In this way, Hollywood’s Latin musicals are stories of movement and mobility, aesthetically given form in song-and-dance sequences on the stage and narratively expressed by Latin characters like Miranda and Velez who present themselves in spectacularized form with the ultimate aim of securing the public’s acceptance.
“The Same Story Told Over and Over”
Authors: Wright Julie Lobalzo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hollywood, especially in the classical period, produced numerous films about the “star-making process,” including the four versions of A Star Is Born (1937, William A. Wellman; 1954, George Cukor; 1976, Frank Pierson; and 2018, Bradley Cooper) regarded by Camille Paglia as “Hollywood’s canonical myth-saga” that captures “both the glory and cruelty of the modern entertainment industry.” Specifically, these films are concerned with the ambiguity behind the title and what it means “to say a star is ‘born’?” Notably, the last three versions of this saga have been musical films, indicating the genre’s capacity to expose the star-making process and other stardom myths. This chapter examines the relationship between the musical film genre and stardom, especially the manufacture of stardom and the popular myth that stars are born, illustrated in the A Star Is Born films from 1954, 1976, and 2018. The musical, as this chapter will argue, is the ideal genre to demonstrate the manufacture of stardom owing to the genre’s illustration of talent, its self-reflexive nature, and the dual focus of musicals. The films referenced in this chapter bond stardom with the musical, demasking the mechanics behind stardom and the musical while, nonetheless, remythologizing stars and genre. Some scholars have hesitated to refer to the 1954 film as a musical, and there are similar anxieties about the 2018 film. This chapter, however, argues that the ties to the genre are, at times, explicit, especially the centrality of musical performances to these films.
“Cubanenic, Carabenic, Castalenic, Harlemenic”
Authors: Robbins Hannah 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
African American singer, film star, and activist Lena Horne began her career as a chorus girl in Harlem before enjoying success as a singer and then breaking boundaries in 1942 as the first Black person to secure a multifilm contract in Hollywood. Horne is perhaps best known for her appearances in the films Cabin in the Sky (1943), Stormy Weather (1943), and, much later, as Glinda the Good Witch in The Wiz (1978). Much of our understanding of Horne’s star and onscreen persona has been read without acknowledgement of her working and lived experience. This chapter focuses on how Horne’s identity and film performances have been read and can be interpreted through a Black feminist lens.
Reconceptualizing the Terms and Conditions of Entry to the United States
Authors: Ontiveros Maria L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines U.S. immigration policy from a feminist perspective and reimagines how the system would look if it understood and took into account the unique situation faced by female immigrants. The broad overview of immigration includes discussions of employment-based immigration, humanitarian-based immigration, and family-based immigration. It also analyzes the treatment of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States. The current system, built upon and replicating aspects of chattel slavery and coverture, furthers the exploitation and subordination of female immigrants through structures that deny women agency. It also ignores the ways in which domestic violence, gender-based violence, economic subordination, and gender stereotypes constrain the choices of female immigrants. A feminist reimagining of the immigration system would revise the temporary work visa system; broaden the types of persecution that allow for humanitarian-based immigration; grant immediate resident status to women immigrating for purposes of family formation, including mail-order brides; and provide a mechanism for unauthorized workers to change their status and become legal permanent residents.
Berdache to Two-Spirit and Beyond
Authors: Davies-Cole Micha E. , Robinson Margaret 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The visible presence and frequent social inclusion of gender minority people in First Nations across the North American continent spurred settler sociologists to describe Indigenous gender difference using the term “berdache.” That term was not embraced by Indigenous Peoples themselves, as frameworks of gender expression, terms used to describe gender difference, and social roles for those so named often differed by First Nation. Forced assimilation practices, such as boarding and residential schools and compulsory conversion to Christianity, attempted to erase Indigenous culture, including distinct gender frameworks. Efforts by First Nations Peoples to preserve Indigenous cultural specificity, including their terms for gender difference, have been undermined by widespread destruction of Indigenous languages. Beginning around the 1960s, some First Nations people began to express their gender or sexual difference by identifying as “Two-Spirit” and formed regional groups to organize socially and politically around that identity. This chapter will examine how contemporary representations of Two-Spirit identity hold continuity and disruption in creative tension.
All the Novels, the Novel
Authors: Orloff Carolina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the novels of Julio Cortázar (1914–1984), one of the most influential Argentinian and Latin American writers of the twentieth century. Beginning with Divertimento written in 1949, but only published posthumously in 1986, and concluding with Libro de Manuel (A Manual for Manuel), the last novel to be published in his lifetime in 1973, Cortázar experimented with the novel form in a manner unmatched by his contemporaries. In particular, Rayuela (Hopscotch), published in 1963, became a watershed in Latin American narrative, marking a whole generation of writers in the region and beyond. While a key member of the so-called Boom, the charismatic group of innovative novelists that also included Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa, Cortázar questioned and problematized the form of the novel in a way that went beyond aesthetics. During the 1960s, Cortázar became a supporter of the Cuban revolution and of other left-wing political movements in Latin America. This should not be surprising. For Cortázar literary experimentation became a political endeavor linked to the necessity of questioning thought and behavior outside the fictional text. This also set him apart.
Jane Addams and Twenty-First Century Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Varner Tess 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jane Addams was a public philosopher, activist, and peacebuilder deeply committed to supporting and engaging with displaced people. This chapter works to demonstrate the continued relevance of her feminist-pragmatist orientation to twenty-first-century refugee resettlement, drawing on her concept of cosmic patriotism and her practices of hospitality. Considering contemporary engagements with displaced peoples and refugee resettlement efforts, this chapter explores how we can continue to work toward Addams’s humanitarian aim of ultimately “substituting nurture for warfare.” The chapter suggests that moral obligations involve but are not exhausted by nation-states alone as they meet or fail to meet expectations and agreements for refugee resettlement. Addams’s legacy reveals the moral care work that communities and individuals alike have opportunities to offer as they engage with refugees and asylum seekers, tending to their well-being and ultimately sharing in and shaping community life together.
The Idea of Peace in North America Until 1780
Authors: Barr Daniel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of efforts to cultivate and maintain peace in America from the late prehistoric era through the early republic. Prior to European contact, Native peoples in eastern North America developed their own ideas of peace and peacemaking. During the early seventeenth century, Native protocols governed peacemaking between Indian nations and the English colonists, but conflicts over land often rendered peace untenable. By the late seventeenth century, the colonists’ land greed and English demands for Indian subordination had altered Native ideas of peace and resulted in a world characterized by conflict rather than cooperation. This chapter will examine specific events to assess the motivations of peacemakers in North America, examine the various forces that sustained and/or subverted peace, and uncover the possibilities by which peace could have more successfully endured.
Erasmus and the “Invention of Peace”
Authors: van den Dungen Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the history of peace in the modern era (from about 1500), Erasmus (ca. 1466/1469–1536) occupies a special place since, more than any other writer, he can be credited with “the invention of peace.” In numerous publications and letters, he argued against the common view that war was glorious and an inevitable and necessary part of the natural and divine order. On the contrary, this learned, witty and most eloquent writer showed, with courage and passion, that it was a barbaric, irrational, and un-Christian practice that brought both moral and material ruin. A foremost scholar of both ancient Greece and Rome, and of early Christianity, he drew on a rich legacy to advance his criticism of war and praise of peace using humanist and Christian insights. Even after five hundred years, the beauty and force of Erasmus’s pacifist writings continue to inspire. His activism consisted of a life-long effort to educate and persuade the Christian rulers of his day to mend their ways.
“Pilots of Our Struggle”
Authors: Hostetter David L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Albert Luthuli (1898–1867) played many roles during his life in South Africa and as part of the global struggle for human rights. Devout Christian, teacher, chief, activist leader, prisoner, and author, in 1960 Luthuli became the first African to win a Nobel Prize, as the Nobel Peace Prize committee stated, “for his non-violent struggle against apartheid.” He headed the African National Congress (ANC) during the era of intensified resistance to apartheid that included the Defiance Campaign, the adoption of the Freedom Charter, the Treason Trial, the state of emergency after the 1960 massacre at Sharpeville, and the decision by the ANC to shift from nonviolence to armed struggle. Luthuli set a standard of revolutionary patience that inspired opponents of apartheid in South Africa and across the world in the decades after his death. The antiapartheid movement succeeded partly because of Luthuli’s courageous example.
Socialism, Internationalism, and Peace
Authors: Young Nigel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Looking back from the late nineteenth century, this chapter explains how socialism played an important role in promoting anti-militarism and anti-conscriptionism, including draft refusal. Scholars have largely neglected the role of socialism in peace history and its ties to internationalism as the age of industrialization reached global proportions. Socialists considered the pursuit of economic gain through nationalistic rivalries and colonial exploitation as fundamental causes of intense state competition and military conflict. Wars for profit between competing nations led to an internationalist and socialist ethic critical of the capitalistic way of life. Accompanying the rise of organized labor in the nineteenth century socialists, as part of the working masses within industrialized states, encouraged non-military forms of resistance in the name of labor solidarity and human rights. Approaching the topic from a chronological perspective, this chapter examines the ways socialists sought to stop war particularly in the years leading up to the First World War through the general strike to respond to the growth of mass armies and industrialized warfare.
Three Shades of Tantric Yoga
Authors: White David Gordon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
What is yoga? According to popular and scholarly consensus, virtually all of India’s yoga systems are based on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Compiled in the ninth century, at the height of the Yoga Sūtras’s popularity, the Netra Tantra offers a vision of yoga that differs from that work in every respect. In the presentation of its “threefold yoga” (trividha yoga) system, the Netra’s twentieth chapter describes a battery of techniques employed by tantric actors whose names are indicative of their intimate relationship to tantric yoga: Yoginīs and yogis. While supreme (para) yoga comprises the consumption, by “good” Yoginīs, of human victims; subtle (sūkṣma) yoga is defined as the takeover of a victim’s body by a yogi or Yoginī; and gross (sthūla) yoga techniques of countersorcery undertaken to counter the predations of human sorcerers and “evil” Yoginīs.
Assessing Automated Administration
Authors: Coglianese Cary , Lai Alicia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To fulfill their responsibilities, governments rely on administrators and employees who, simply because they are human, are prone to individual and group decision-making errors. These errors have at times produced both major tragedies and minor inefficiencies. One potential strategy for overcoming the cognitive limitations and group fallibilities of human decision-making is to invest in artificial intelligence (AI) tools that allow for the automation of governmental tasks, thereby reducing reliance on humans for decisions. Yet as much as AI tools show promise for improving governmental administration, automation itself can fail or can generate controversy. Public administrators face the question of when exactly they should use automation. This chapter considers the justifications for governmental reliance on AI, along with legal concerns raised by such reliance. Comparing AI-driven automation with a status quo that relies on human decision-making, the chapter provides public administrators with guidance for making decisions about AI use. After explaining why prevailing legal doctrines present no intrinsic obstacle to governmental use of AI, the chapter presents considerations for administrators to use in choosing when and how to automate existing processes. It recommends that administrators ask whether their contemplated uses would meet the preconditions for the deployment of AI tools and whether these tools would in fact outperform the status quo. In moving forward, administrators should also consider the possibility that a contemplated AI use will generate public or legal controversy, and then plan accordingly. The promise and legality of automated administration ultimately depends on making responsible decisions about when and how to deploy this technology.
Transparency’s Role in AI Governance
Authors: Ingrams Alex , Klievink Bram 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The adoption of artificial intelligence in the public sector has generated a lively academic and policy debate about what sort of transparency is needed to govern AI systems. This chapter explores the background to this debate. It explains what transparency means and why it is expected of public organizations. The chapter further highlights the big questions in the debate about AI transparency, such as who is being transparent about what, how public values are influenced by AI, and whether explainability of AI systems is a feasible way of delivering transparency. There are four main ways that scholars have tried to answer how the demands for transparency should be met: constructivist, democratization, legal, and capacity-building. Each of these approaches views the matter of transparency from the point of view of a different institutional locus. Another area of divergence is between approaches centered on audiences as citizens or audiences as experts. But, far from being contradictory, each of these points of view can play a part in the effort to develop AI transparency solutions. By integrating the approaches, a diversity of possible transparency instruments is mapped out for policymakers and their application is demonstrated using the case of smart energy meters.
Mapping State Participation in Military AI Governance Discussions
Authors: Key Canfil Justin , Kania Elsa B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ongoing advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomy in military affairs, particularly so-called Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), have already provoked intense debates in the international arena. Can existing conventions be adapted to govern current advances in AI and LAWS, and can states achieve consensus on the core issues at stake in these complex debates? To date, mechanisms for arms control and governance have struggled to adapt to changing technological conditions, and metrics to gauge progress have remained inadequate. Drawing on original data, this chapter attempts to quantify and characterize the current landscape of discussions on LAWS under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) as an initial indicator of progress towards the governance of AI in military affairs. We evaluate a battery of factors—military capabilities, economic interests, diplomatic alignment, and regime type—to understand why some states appear more eager than others to engage. We find that the determinants of participation are, in fact, nuanced, such that no single school of thought can account for the variation. In a world where anxieties about an AI arms race have captured headlines, and fears of killer robots have provoked mobilization by civil society stakeholders, these issues are of immense importance to future policy and diplomacy. Scholars and policymakers should appreciate why a range of governments are working to shape the outcome of discussions, even if for varied reasons.
Sociological Processes of Urbanization
Authors: Okeke Donald Chiuba , Nwachukwu Maxwell Umunna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for reforms in the sociological processes of African urbanization that drive sustainable cities. It will suggest measures to reverse the processes of urbanization experiences in Africa. The sociological processes of urbanization in African civilization altered significantly after the continent’s contact with Western civilization in the 20th century. In the sociological process of city development in Africa, traditional institutions were replaced with modern alternatives. Critical areas of change included the development ideology, development hypothesis, and planning paradigm. At the outset, the alterations drove the transition of African cities to imperial cities and the extroversion of the African space economy. Currently, the alterations are driving the transition to informal cities in the context of pseudo-urbanization. Although many scholars presume that the alterations are a colonial legacy, the chapter argues that it is a continuous process which links with the diffusion of neoliberal meta-planning in Africa in the 1980s. The incidence of informal sociological processes of neoliberal planning that drives utopian neoliberal cities vis-à-vis informal cities in Africa constitutes the core research problem.