bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
210 Evaluation of the Effects of Wood-Sourced Biochar as a Feedlot Pen Surface Amendment on Manure Nutrient Capture
Authors: Sperber Jessica L , Troyer Braden , Norman Mitch , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two nutrient mass balance experiments were conducted during winter and summer seasons to evaluate the effects of spreading unprocessed Eastern red cedar biochar onto the feedlot pen surface on manure nutrient capture and cattle performance. A 186-d feedlot finishing experiment was conducted from December to June (WINTER) and a subsequent 153-d feedlot finishing experiment was conducted from June to November (SUMMER). The WINTER experiment evaluated 3 treatments, including biochar spread to the pen surface during the feeding period (24 kg/steer; 10 steers per pen), hydrated lime spread to pen surface at end of feeding period (31 kg/steer), and control (no treatment applied). The SUMMER experiment evaluated biochar treatment (31 kg/steer; 8 steers per pen) against control. There was no difference in N and P intake, retention, or excretion (P ≥ 0.38) between WINTER treatments. Steer performance (P ≥ 0.10) and carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.50) were not impacted by pen treatment in WINTER. Nitrogen and P intake and excretion (P ≥ 0.35) were similar between treatments in SUMMER and retention of N and P was significantly greater for the biochar treatment (P = 0.04) due to greater ADG. There was no difference in DMI (P = 0.48) in SUMMER, steers on biochar pen treatment had heavier HCW and increased ADG (P = 0.05), resulting in improved feed efficiency (P = 0.08). In both experiments, biochar addition to the pen surface tended (P = 0.07) to increase manure N as a percent of manure DM, but this increase in N concentration did not impact kg of N removed from the feedlot pens (P ≥ 0.15) or N losses (P ≥ 0.68). The addition of unprocessed red cedar biochar to the feedlot pen surface did not improve manure nutrient capture of N or P and did not reduce N losses associated with soil-based feedlot pens.
204 Effect of Breed Type on Maintenance Energy Requirements and Partial Efficiency of Metabolizable Energy use in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Consensus is lacking on whether genetic differences exist in the partial efficiency of metabolizable energy use. Genetic differences in net energy required for maintenance have been reported, but independence of body composition was not addressed. The objective was to determine contribution of genetic differences to net energy for maintenance and partial efficiency of metabolizable energy use in growing/finishing cattle independent of body composition. A literature search was performed to compile data (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing steers. Dietary roughage concentration and breed were recorded. Data analyses were performed using R statistical package for linear models. For analysis, breeds were categorized as British (Angus, Hereford, English crosses), Continental (Charolais, Simmental, Limousin), Crossbred (British x Continental breeds), Dairy (Holstein), Double-muscled (Belgian Blue, Piedmontese), and Heat-tolerant (Boran, Brahman, Tuli). The base regression model of log10 of heat production on MEI had R2 of 0.8830 and intercept of 1.912 (81.6 kcal/kg.75). Inclusion of breed type significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) affected the intercept and slope of the model. Dietary roughage concentration, empty body fat percentage, and energy retained as protein or fat, but not empty body protein percentage, explained a significant amount of variation (P &lt; 0.01) resulting in R2 of 0.9851. In this final model, Heat-tolerant breeds had 12% lesser (P &lt; 0.05) net energy for maintenance than British with Continental, Crossbred, and Double-muscle being intermediate, and Dairy had 27% greater (P &lt; 0.05) net energy for maintenance than other breed types. Also, breed type by MEI interaction was significant (P &lt; 0.0001) with Dairy having lesser (P &lt; 0.05) slope than other breeds, and Heat-tolerant having greater slope than British. In conclusion, breed type affected net energy for maintenance and partial efficiency of metabolizable energy use after accounting for body composition and dietary roughage concentration suggesting that genetic variation exists.
212 The Effects of Propionibacterium Acidipropionici P169 in an in Vitro Ruminal Acidosis Model
Authors: McNelis Jenna , Gaffney Bree , Linder Haley , Buessing Zachary , Earing Jennifer E , Shike Daniel W , Bernardeau Marion , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169 (PA) concentration on fermentation characteristics in a ruminal acidosis in vitro model. Ruminal acidosis is a common metabolic disorder in feedlot cattle characterized by a low rumen pH. The experiment included 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments included a negative control (NCON), 5 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) PA (PA5), 5 × 106 CFU PA (PA6), 5 × 107 CFU PA (PA7), and a positive control with greater forage inclusion (PCON). Flasks for NCON, PA5, PA6, and PA7 contained 8.75 g of substrate (70% corn, 15% DDG, 15% silage) while substrate for PCON flasks contain additional silage (40% corn, 15% DDG, 45% silage). Treatments were run in duplicate and the experiment was replicated 3 times. All flasks included 175 mL of inoculum (4 McDougall’s buffer:1 rumen fluid). Flasks were incubated at 39◦C for 36 hours and sample aliquots were collected every 4 hours. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was used for statistical analysis with a repeated measures analysis. A treatment by hour interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for pH; at hour 8, PCON was the least and PA5 was the greatest. From 20 to 36 h, PCON had the greatest pH. There was no treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.99) observed for redox potential. However, treatment affected (P &lt; 0.01) redox potential with PCON being greater than PA6, PA7, and NCON, with PA5 being intermediate. In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) tended (P = 0.09) to be affected by treatment; PA5, PA6, and PA7 were greater than PCON. In conclusion, Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169 concentrations affected IVDMD, pH, and redox in a ruminal acidosis in vitro model.
213 Assessment of Equations Relating Shrunk, Empty Body, and Carcass Weight in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Existing equations to estimate empty body weight of cattle from live or carcass weight were developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from that time to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring shrunk body weight (SBW), empty body weight (EBW), and carcass weight (HCW) resulting in 269 treatment means from 32 experiments since 1976. Two equations were used to compute EBW from SBW: 1) NASEM (2016) and 2) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x). Eight equations were used to compute HCW from EBW: 1) Lofgreen et al. (1962; 10.2527/jas1962.21120x), 2) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811), 3) Holzer and Levy Eq. 1 (1969; Isr. J. Agric. Res. 19:195), 4) Holzer and Levy Eq. 2, 5) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x), 6) Alhassan et al. (1975; 10.4141/cjas75-045), 7) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x), and 8) Fox et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.433566x). Mean (SD) shrunk, empty, and carcass weight were 359 (145), 322 (134), and 210 (92) kg, respectively, and were strongly correlated (&gt; 0.990). For all equations, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to zero and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for EBW and HCW were different than zero and one, respectively. For EBW, the CCC was high (&gt; 0.95) for all equations and mean bias was -1.69 and -4.75% for Eq. 1 and 2, respectively, but became a greater underprediction in more recent publication years for Eq. 1. For HCW, CCC was high (&gt; 0.95) and similar for all equations, but Eq. 7 had the MB nearest to zero (-0.10%) and Eq. 4 furthest from zero (10.74%). For Eq. 2, 4, 6, and 8 there was greater overprediction in more recent publication years. In conclusion, existing equations provide similar precision, but differ in accuracy to predict weight with some equations significantly influenced by year of publication.
215 Assessment of Equations Relating Carcass Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Existing equations to estimate chemical composition of cattle were developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring carcass chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 106 treatment means from 10 experiments since 1976. Four sets of equations were used to compute carcass chemical composition assuming carcass water was known: 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811), 2) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x), 3) Preston et al. (1974; 10.2527/jas1974.38147x), and 4) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x). Mean (SD) carcass water, fat and protein were 57.19 (7.20), 20.49 (8.87), and 17.80 (2.90) % of HCW, respectively. For all equations, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to zero and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for fat, protein, ash and energy were different than zero and one, respectively. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was high (&gt; 0.85) for fat and energy, but low (&lt; 0.40) for protein and ash for all equations. Mean bias for fat, protein, ash, and energy ranged from -8.84 to -0.09%, 2.02 to 8.68%, -13.35 to 12.35%, and -3.50 to 0.79%, respectively, with Eq. 1 having the MB closest to zero for ash, Eq. 3 having the MB closest to zero for fat and protein, and Eq. 4 having the MB closest to zero for energy. Publication year as a continuous variable was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) predictor of the difference between observed and predicted values for all components using all equations. Fat and energy had greater overprediction whereas, protein and ash had greater underprediction in more recent publications. In conclusion, existing equations provide similar precision, but differ in accuracy to predict carcass chemical composition. The trend for greater bias in more recent publication years indicates the need to reevaluate relationships among carcass chemical components using current cattle genetics.
214 Assessment of Equations Relating Empty Body Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Existing equations to estimate empty body chemical composition were developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring empty body chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 198 treatment means from 25 experiments since 1976. Three sets of equations were used to compute empty body chemical composition assuming empty body water was known: 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811), 2) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x), and 3) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x). Mean (SD) empty body water, fat and protein were 59.91 (6.32), 17.58 (7.89), and 18.24 (2.02) % of EBW, respectively. For all equations, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to zero and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for fat, protein, ash and energy were different than zero and one, respectively. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was high (&gt; 0.85) for fat and energy, but low (&lt; 0.50) for protein and ash for all equations. Mean bias for fat, protein, ash, and energy ranged from -19.58 to -3.50%, 1.62 to 15.84%, -2.22 to 14.15%, and -6.09 to -0.63%, respectively, with Eq. 1 having the MB closest to 0 for protein, and Eq. 3 having the MB closest to 0 for fat, ash, and energy. Publication year as a continuous variable was a significant predictor of the difference between observed and predicted values for all components. Fat and energy had greater overpredicted whereas, protein and ash had greater underprediction in more recent publications. In conclusion, existing equations provide similar precision, but differ in accuracy to predict empty body chemical composition. The trend for greater bias in more recent publication years indicates the need to reevaluate relationships among empty body chemical components using current cattle genetics.
218 Evaluation of a Direct-Fed Microbial Product (DIRECTä) on Fecal Shedding of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli in Finishing Cattle in a Commercial Feedlot
Authors: Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Nagaraja T G , Goodall S Richard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly seven serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, are major food borne pathogens. Cattle are a major reservoir in which STEC colonize the hindgut and are shed in the feces. Most cattle shed the organisms at low concentrations and a small proportion, called super shedders, shed at high concentrations (≥ 104 per g). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a commercial DFM product containing lactic acid and propionic acid bacteria (Microbios Direct LA = 1 x 107 CFU and Direct PRO = 5 x 107 CFU/animal/d). The study was conducted in a commercial feedlot and a total of 16 pens were randomly assigned to control or DFM-treated group. Twenty pen-floor fecal samples were collected from each pen on 3 occasions, at 2-week intervals, approximately 100 d after DFM supplementation. Fecal samples were subjected to culture and PCR methods to quantify E. coli O157 and determine prevalence of the 6 non-O157 serogroups and 4 major virulence genes, Shiga toxins 1 and 2, intimin (an adhesin) and enterohemolysin. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure with pen as the experimental unit. The treatment means comparison within sampling day were carried out for variables that showed significant treatment and sampling day interaction. The overall fecal shedding of E. coli O157 was higher in the control group than in the DFM group, and the difference was significant in the third sampling day. Among the top-6 STEC, O26 and O103 were the dominant serogroups. The prevalence of the 4 major STEC virulence genes and the non-O157 STEC serogroups were not affected by inclusion of the DFM in the diet. In conclusion, DFM supplementation appeared to reduce fecal shedding E. coli O157, but prevalence of the 6 non-O157 serogroups and virulence genes were not affected.
220 Evaluation of Forage Quality of Crested Wheat Grass
Authors: Adair Kelton , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald Jim C , Wilke Karla 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment evaluated forage value of crested wheat grass (CWG) harvested from Western Nebraska over a 2-year period (2019-2020). Two large pastures, comprised of 95% CWG, were divided into 13 paddocks (34.4 ha, 3 paddocks and 42.5 ha, 10 paddocks). Within each pasture, 2 paddocks were assigned at random for sampling. Forage samples were collected twice each month from 2 random locations within assigned paddocks by hand clipping forage within a 0.25m2 quadrant at ground level. For each year, samples were composited by pasture and month. Samples from 2019 (n = 10) were harvested in May, June, July, August, and September while 2020 samples (n = 8) were harvested in May, June, July, and August due to drought conditions. Local precipitation from May 1st to September 30th was 552.7 mm for 2019 and 150.1 mm for 2020 with a 10-yr average precipitation of 350.0 mm. Cattle were stocked at 4.2 hectares per steer using a rotational grazing system. Samples were freeze dried and ground to a 1mm particle size to evaluate in-vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD, % of DM), and in-vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD, % of OM). Orthogonal contrasts were used to analyze changes in forage quality over time with month and pasture as fixed effects (glimmix procedure of SAS). Forage quality quadratically decreased over the growing season in 2019 (IVDMD, P = 0.02 and IVOMD, P &lt; 0.01). In May, 2019 CWG averaged 54.0% IVDMD and 60.4% IVOMD and decreased to 37.0% IVDMD and 43.3% IVOMD by September 30th. No significant differences in IVDMD (P = 0.57) or IVOMD (P = 0.53) between months were detected for samples collected in 2020 averaging 43.1% IVDMD and 46.8% IVOMD. When precipitation is not limiting CWG, forage quality is greatest early in the growing season and decreases as it matures.
224 Net Nutrient Conversion of Human-Edible Nutrients in the Beef Supply Chain
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A , Presley DeAnn , Fick Walt , Pendell Dustin , Ahlers Adam , Ricketts Andrew , Tang Minfeng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Beef is a good source of several vitamins and minerals but data on the net contribution to the human diet is lacking. The objective was to quantify the net nutrient contribution of the beef supply chain to Fe, Zn, Se, P, B12, B6, riboflavin, niacin, and choline in the human diet. Beef cattle production parameters for the beef supply chain were as described by Baber et al. (2018; 10.1093/tas/txy086) with the red meat and liver yield from each production segment estimated using literature values of serially harvested beef cattle. Nutrient concentration of feeds was acquired from feed composition tables in beef, swine, poultry, and equine nutrient requirement texts, and the nutrient concentration of beef and liver was based on 2018 USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Nutrient absorption values of feeds, red meat, and liver were acquired from the literature for humans or swine if human studies were unavailable. The human-edible conversion ratio was &lt; 1.0 for all nutrients except for P and B12 when only red meat yield was considered indicating that the beef supply chain consumed more human-edible nutrients than it produced. Results were similar when liver yield was added although the ratios were closer to 1 for other nutrients. After adjusting for the absorptability of nutrients, the beef supply chain was a net contributor of niacin, P, and B12 in the human diet with or without liver. The net nutrient contribution is driven primarily by the ratio of nutrient concentration and absorbability of nutrients in beef relative to corn. In the current production scenario, the combined ratio of nutrient concentration multiplied by the ratio of absorbability must equal 15.17 or 12.45 to achieve equilibrium between nutrient consumed and produced for red meat or red meat plus liver yield, respectively. In conclusion, current beef production system is a net contributor of human-absorbable P, B12, and niacin to the human diet.
222 Awardee Talk: What we Know Now: Strategic Zinc Supplementation for Cattle Utilizing Growth Promoting Technologies
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Smerchek Dathan , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A 98-d study examined the effects of increasing supplemental Zn on cattle performance, plasma Zn concentrations, and nitrogen metabolism using 92 Angus-crossbred steers (424 ± 28 kg) administered growth-promoting technologies. Steers were implanted with Component TE-200 (Elanco, Greenfield, IN) on d 0 and fed 300 mg‧steer-1‧d-1 of ractopamine hydrochloride (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) from d 70-98. Pens were equipped with GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada), and steer served as the experimental unit (n = 22 or 23 steers/treatment). Dietary Zn treatments included 0, 100, 150, and 180 mg Zn/kg dry matter from ZnSO4 (Zn0, Zn100, Zn150, and Zn180, respectively). Data were analyzed via the Mixed and Corr procedures of SAS. Contrast statements tested linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of Zn supplementation and Zn0 vs. Zn supplementation. Day 10 and 70 body weights and d 0-10 and 0-70 average daily gain were linearly increased with increasing Zn supplementation (P ≤ 0.05), and greater for Zn supplemented steers (P ≤ 0.03). Concurrently, d 10 and 69 plasma Zn concentrations linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03). Final body weight, dressing percentage, ribeye area, 12th rib fat, and marbling were not influenced by Zn supplementation (P ≥ 0.11). Hot carcass weight tended to be 7 kg greater for Zn supplemented steers than Zn0 (P = 0.07). Day 10 liver Mn tended to be positively correlated with d 10 liver arginase activity (r = 0.27; P = 0.07) and was positively correlated with d 10 serum urea nitrogen (r = 0.55; P &lt; 0.0001). Neither d 79 liver arginase activity nor serum urea nitrogen were correlated with d 79 liver Mn (P ≥ 0.21). These data suggest increased supplemental Zn is beneficial to growth directly following implant administration and that implants and beta agonists differentially influence nitrogen metabolism.
228 Hind Leg Angle and Stride Length Measured by 3-D Imaging Account for Variance of Locomotion Score and Growth Performance of Cattle in Slatted Feeding Facilities
Authors: Dawson Cody , Shike Daniel W , Condotta Isabella , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine the variance of locomotion score (LS) and growth performance attributable to hind leg angle and stride length (SL) measured by 3-D image analysis for cattle in slatted feeding facilities. Inherent individual differences in structural conformation may be related to cattle mobility and growth performance in indoor slatted facilities. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 189; BW = 352 ± 43 kg) were blocked by initial BW and assigned to 21 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (TRT): concrete slats with no matting, 15-year-old Animat Pebble matting, and new Animat Pebble matting. Steers were fed for 152 d. Individual steers videos were recorded on d 0 using an Intel RealSense depth camera and processed using MATLAB to estimate hind leg angle, SL, and body length (BL). Locomotion scores were assigned using a 0-3 scale (Zinpro Step-Up Locomotion Scoring System) throughout the finishing phase. The MIVQUE0 option of the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was utilized to estimate the proportion of variance in average LS, overall ADG, and final BW. Variance of average LS was attributed to SL and SL × BL × TRT at 64% and 28%, respectively. For overall ADG, variance was attributable to SL × BL, SL × BL × TRT, and TRT at 38%, 35%, and 25%, respectively. Variables of SL, BL, SL × BL × TRT, and TRT accounted for 38%, 23%, 23%, and 15% of the variance in final BW, respectively. Hind leg angle did not account for variance in average LS, ADG, or final BW. Overall, variance of average LS, overall ADG, and final BW were primarily attributed to stride length, body length, flooring type, and their interactions. Individual animal differences in structural conformation are related to cattle mobility and growth performance in slatted indoor facilities.