bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of Squamous Columnar Junction on VIA Images using U-Net Architecture
Authors: Arum Akhiar Wista , Nurmaini Siti , Rini Dian Palupi , Agustiansyah Patiyus , Rachmatullah Muhammad Naufal 
Published: October 2022

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer that affects women, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer found in the cervix, precisely in the squamous columnar junction (SCJ). Early screening for cervical cancer can be reduce the risk of cervical cancer. One of the popular screening tool methods for the detection of cervical pre-cancer is the Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) method. This is due to the level of effectiveness, convenience and low cost. This paper proposes a method for the detection and segmentation of the SCJ region on VIA images using U-Net. This study is the first research conducted using the CNN method to perform segmentation tasks in the SCJ region. The best performance results are shown from the Pixel Accuracy, Mean IoU, Mean Accuracy, Dice coefficient, Precision and Sensitivity values, namely 90.86%, 56.5%, 75.69%, 34.09%, 41.24%, and 56.91%.
Keywords: Cervical Pre-cancer, Screening VIA, SCJ, U-Net.
Leukaemia Identification based on Texture Analysis of Microscopic Peripheral Blood Images using Feed-Forward Neural Network
Authors: Puspitasari Wahyu Tri , Haq Dina Zatusiva , Novitasari Dian C Rini 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Leukaemia is very dangerous because it includes liquid tumour that it cannot be seen physically and is difficult to detect. Alternative detection of Leukaemia using microscopy can be processed using a computing system. Leukemia disease can be detected by microscopic examination. Microscopic test results can be processed using machine learning for classification systems. The classification system can be obtained using Feed-Forward Neural Network. Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a neural network that has a feedforward structure with a single hidden layer. ELM chooses the input weight and hidden neuron bias at random to minimize training time based on the Moore Penrose Pseudoinverse theory. The classification of Leukaemia is based on microscopic peripheral blood images using ELM. The classification stages consist of pre-processing, feature extraction using GLRLM, and classification using ELM. This system is used to classify Leukaemia into three classes, that is acute lymphoblastic Leukaemia, chronic lymphoblastic Leukaemia, and not Leukaemia. The best results were obtained in ten hidden nodes with an accuracy of 100%, a precision of 100%, a withdrawal of 100%.
Peat Land Fire Monitoring System Using Fuzzy Logic Algorithm
Authors: Latifah Nyayu Husni , Annisah Masayu , Dewi Tresna 
Published: October 2022

In this research, a fuzzy logic algorithm is implemented in a monitoring system for detecting the potential fires in peat land. The monitoring system in this research employs two sensors as the fuzzy inputs, i.e. TGS 2600 gas sensor and DHT11 temperature sensor. The outputs of the fuzzy logic are the specified conditions of motor activation (PWM) with 3600 rotations. The system is monitored through camera, which sends the monitoring result to android via web server. The result is sent when TGS 2600 and DHT11 sensors detect the determined gas concentration and surrounding temperature. Before sending the result, the rotating motor stops every five minutes to take the photograph of peat land location. The result shows that the algorithm used in this research has been successful in determining the condition of the peat lands correctly and therefore can be used as the early prevention of fires.
The high sensitivity and specificity of rapid urease test in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Moroccan children
Authors: Hibaoui Lahbib , Massik Abdelhamid , Lebbar Zina , Yahyaoui Ghita , Mahmoud Mustapha , Bougnouch Laila , Hamass Naoual , Chbani Laila , Bennani Bahia , Berrahou Mohamed Amine , Idriss Mounia Lakhdar , Hida Moustapha 
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives: Infesting nearly 50% of the world's population, Helicobacter pylori are thought to cause pep- tic ulcers, as well as gastricadenocarcinoma. Several diagnostic methods are available to detect this bacterium; however, at least two must be used together for an accurate diagnosis. Thisstudy evaluated the use of rapid urease test for diagnosis of H. pylori infection in a pediatric population.
Materials and Methods: Five gastric biopsies were taken from children during a 2-year period for the purpose of histolog- ical, molecular, bacteriological culture, and rapid urease testing.
Results: Among 83 children, 38 were male, and 45 were female with an age ranging of 2 to 15 years. The infected group represented 31%. The rapid ureasetest had a sensitivity of 88.5%, a negative predictive value of 94%, a specificity of 84.2%, and a positive predictive value of 72%.
Conclusion: A rapid urease test may be appropriate for ruling out H. pylori infection after a negative result. The positive results however, may be confirmed by a second invasive test.
Subtype diversity and emergence of drug resistance in HIV-1 in solapur district of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Karad Dilip D. , Tandon Ravi , Arya Ajay , Sonawane Kailash D. , Chavan Anusaya S. , Kharat Arun S. 
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives: Even after four decades, HIV infection remains a global challenge and a leading cause of mortality in adults across the world.Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that controls HIV viremia, is now available through public health facilities in India but drug resistance, which is likely to developamong these individuals remains poorly studied in India. The objectives of present study are to find out the HIV-1 virus subtypes, drug resistance mutationsand HIV-1 drug resistance to NRTI, NNRTI and protease inhibitors in the Solapur district, India.
Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study, forty two ART-experienced HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count < 200 cells ml-1 and viral load (VL) > 3, 000 copies ml-1 were recruited. All patients belonged to Maharashtra State of India near Barshi Solapur and had beenon ART treatment for over 5 years. EDTA whole blood from HIV-1-infected patients was centrifuged and the viral nucleic acid was purified from the plasma.Viral nucleic acid was amplified by PCR using protease and reverse transcriptase specific primers. The resulting amplicons were sequenced and studied formutations. The tools from Stanford University website were used for subtyping of HIV-1 and identification of mutations conferring drug resistance.
Results: Inpresent investigation, HIV-1 subtypes were subtype C in 37 (88.09%), subtype CRF01_AE in 2 (4.76%), and subtype A in 3 patients (7.14%). Drugresistance mutations of NRTI, NNRTI and protease were observed in 15 (37.71%) of 42 patients tested. Drug resistance for NRTI was observed in 12 (28.57%) and for NNRTI in 13 (30.95%) patients. No drug resistance was observed for protease inhibitors.
Conclusion: Considerable HIV-1 drug resistance exists among patients receiving ART from a rural areas of India, suggesting more studies from rural region are required to prevent development of resistance to ART.
Unintentional Fall-Related Mortality among the Elderly in Serbia: Importance of Death Reporting Quality
Authors: Lazarevic Konstansa , Stojanovic Miodrag , Milic Dragan , Dolicanin Zana , Stosic Ljiljana , Milicevic Sasa , Bogdanovic Dragan 
Published: October 2022

Background: Falls have been one of the leading causes of injury-related deaths among the elderly, having an increasing trend in many countries. We investigated trends of fall-related mortality among people aged ≥65 yr in Serbia.
Methods: Based on official data, we calculated unintentional fall-related mortality rate (MR) from 1998 to 2017, using join point regression analysis to determine annual percentage changes (APC). Starting from 2005, doctors from Serbian Public Health Institute have been controlling the quality of death certificates.
Results: In the 1998-2004 period, MR decreased in men and women aged 65-74 and men aged ≥85 (by -12.4; -13.0; and -15.1% yearly) followed by an upward trend in men and women aged 65-74 (by 76.3 vs.40.2%yearly) from 2004 to 2007 and men aged ≥85 (by 13.7% yearly) from 2004 to 2017. MR decreased among women aged ≥85 (by-9.8% yearly) from 1998 to 2008 and then increased (by 9.0% yearly) from 2008 to 2017. In men and women aged 75-84, an increase of MR (by 7.4 vs.3.1%) was observed during the entire study period. In all age groups, except women aged ≥85, significant negative correlation was found between fall-related deaths and ill-defined and unknown causes of deaths.
Conclusion: Control of death certificates by physicians from the Institute of Public Health led to the better reporting of the increasing trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly. Policy makers must investigate risk factors for fall and then adopt national guidelines for prevention and treatment of fall-related injury.
Correction of the Contribution of Scattered Photon Radiation to the Ionization Chamber ReadingsDuring X-Ray Radiation Quality Assessment
Authors: Zaharadniuk A. A. , Senkovsky K. G. , Lukashevich R. V. 
Published: October 2022

Reduction of the systematic error when determining the characteristics of the reference X-ray radiation fields is an essential task according to the ISO 4037-1:2019 standard. This task is especially important in dosimetry laboratories when establishing the qualities of reference photon fields. The aim of the study was to develop a method that allows taking into account the contribution of radiation scattered on the filter when determining the half-value layer of the photon field generated by the X-ray unit. Another goal was to reduce the computational cost of determining this contribution.One of the major contributors to the systematic error in measuring the half-value layer is the radiation scattered on the filter material. The standard recommends that this error should be taken into account in the measurement. But it does not provide any methodology that would do this.The study investigated the possibility of reducing the contribution of scattered radiation to the ionization chamber readings when assessing the radiation quality of the X-ray unit by the means of half-value layer. The study utilized the (N, H, L) quality series as reference fields according to ISO 4037-1:2019.Contribution of the scattered radiation to the half-value layer was compensated with the correction coefficients; they were calculated with the FLUKA Monte Carlo software according to the zero-aperture approximation method. Unlike other similar methods, the proposed approach employs kinetic energy released to matter (kerma), to air in this case, as the main value, which, when utilized instead of deposited energy, reduces the program’s runtime several fold.Correctness of the results obtained in this work was verified by comparing the calculated values of the half-value layer with the tabulated ones provided in the ISO 4037-1:2019 standard. The deviation of calculated values from those specified in the standard does not exceed 2 %.Calculation results showed that the error contributed by scattered radiation to the magnitude of the halfvalue layer in direct measurements does not exceed 5 %. The use of the air kerma allowed us to significantly reduce the time for calculating the correction coefficients by the factor of 6–16 times with respect to other methods, depending on the radiation quality series. This made it possible to calculate correction factors for the source-detector distance equal to 2.5 meters.
Calculation of Correction Factors for Vickers’ Hardness Measurements on a Non-Planar Surface
Authors: Sandomirski S. G. , Val’ko A. L. , Rudenko S. P. 
Published: October 2022

The exact determination of Vickers HV hardness is important for determining of the product material mechanical properties. An important aspect of measuring HV is to obtain its values on a non-planar surface. Regulatory documents contain table values of correction factors K which depend on the surface shape (convex or concave, spherical or cylindrical), its curvature (diameter D) and hardness (arithmetic mean d of indentation diagonal lengths) but this does not solved the problem. The K values for d/D ratios not given in the tables are determined by interpolation from the closest to the measured tabulated d/D values. The error in the representation of these tabulated d/D values is fully included in the error of determining the K coefficient for the measured d/D ratio. The aim of the work was to simplify the calculation of correction factors K for Vickers hardness measurements on non-planar surfaces and to reduce the calculation error compared to the methodology governed by the regulations.The method presented is based on a statistical analysis of K coefficients, presented in regulatory documents for cases considered in the form of tables. The sufficiency of using of a quadratic power function for approximating K(d/D) dependences and the necessity of fulfilling the physically justified condition K ≡ 1 at zero curvature of tested surface have been substantiated. Simplification of calculation of K coefficient and decrease of calculation error in comparison with the recommended in the regulatory documents obtaining of K value by linear interpolation relative to two adjacent table values are shown.The reduction of the calculation error in comparison with the calculation recommended in the regulatory documents occurred because of the reason that when calculating by the developed formulas, the error in the value of the calculated for a specific value of d/D coefficient K is averaged over all n values of d/D given in the table of GOST for a given surface. That is, the error is reduced by a factor of about √n 2 in comparison with the calculation according to the regulated procedure. This is illustrated by the above numerical data and an example of the use of the method.The obtained formulas for calculation of correction coefficients K when measuring hardness HV on spherical and cylindrical (concave and convex) surfaces are reasonable to use for automatic calculation of HV on items with a non-planar surface.
Advances in the Understanding of H2S Paths into the ESP Electrical System
Authors: Pessoa Rodrigues Rui Francisco , Alsaif Abdolrahman Abdullah 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
One of the challenges electric submersible pumps (ESPs) face in harsh environments is the corrosion of copper electric components caused by H2S. Copper is aggressively and quickly corroded by H2S, compromising the electrical integrity of the system. ESP improvements, such as the metal-to-metal motor lead extension (MLE), has had a positive impact in the ESP's run life in sour environments, and it sparked the creativity for further similar enhancements throughout the ESP system. Understanding the path of the H2S into the motor is of paramount importance to effectively aim the resources for these additional enhancements.
This paper offers an outlook of the components that play a key role in allowing the H2S to enter the electrical system. It is supported by evidence from the dismantle, inspection and failure analysis (DIFA) of motors, MLEs, and seal sections with and without H2S scavenger, and having different times of exposure based on their run life. For the objective of this paper, all observations are to revolve around the electrical integrity of the ESP.
When examining the copper end rings of motor rotors, it has been observed that the H2S attack is concentrated at the top of the motor. Similarly, from tandem seals with bags in series and H2S scavengers, where the scavenger (copper tube) in the top chamber was corroded more severely than in the bottom chamber. Furthermore, in ESP systems where the H2S had been successfully scavenged at the top of the motor or the seals no further corrosion was observed in the lower parts of those components. These observations indicate that the source of the contamination is at the top of the seal section, with no concerning H2S entrance happening below (i.e., flanges and threaded parts relying on o-rings). For all practical purposes, these conclusions are of great benefit in determining the components that require enhanced H2S protection. They also suggest that developing and implementing metal-to-metal connections all along the ESP components is either not necessary or of least priority.
The findings of this paper are intended to help direct the efforts of future ESP improvements in terms of H2S resistance toward key components. The analysis of the novel information presented here confirms that the main entry point for H2S in the ESP electric system is the top of the seal section. The shaft mechanical seals are a particular suspect. If so, vibration could be a major contributor, but further study is required to understand the effect of vibration on the rate of contamination through the shaft mechanical seals.
Enhancing the Performance of the PMM for ESP and PCP Applications with the VSD Technology of Submersible Motor Control and Direct Torque Control Respectively
Authors: Mohamed Motaz , Ramasamy Thangavel Athishkirthik , Huttunen Ari , Eskola Matti , Niemela Matias , Chernikov Vitaly 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
One of the challenges with the ESP Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) has always been starting the PMM due to the difficulties in producing torque at zero frequency and operating it efficiently throughout the entire load range. Another challenge in the PCP PMM is the rapid response to the PCP torque changes and performance efficiency. This paper describes the latest VSD functionalities that have been developed to eliminate the above challenges and enhance the PMM performance in both Artificial Lift applications.
Traditionally, IR compensation based on voltage boost has been used to start the ESP PMM, however it can cause overcurrent and step-up transformer saturation. To overcome these issues, the Submersible Motor Control (SMC) mode of the VSD features user-configurable start functions based on current control to increase the robustness of starting the ESP PMM. In addition, the SMC mode features an energy optimizer function designed for the ESP PMM to increase energy efficiency throughout the entire operating range. The VSD uses Direct Torque Control (DTC) for PCP PMM applications to enable superior control performance and energy efficiency.
The SMC's current control-based start functions, such as the ‘Kick-start’ and the ‘Acceleration assistance’ were successfully tested in numerous real ESP wells with PMM and step-up transformer. These functions apply configurable current boosts at low speeds to the PMM for a set period to build sufficient starting torque and to enable robust acceleration of high loads towards the production speed range in a controlled manner. The tests showed that these start functions were able to robustly start and accelerate the ESP PMM to the production speed reference without the motor being pulled out of synchronous rotation. Once the start functions are finished, the SMC motor control switches to the Energy optimizer mode, which automatically minimizes the motor current by a Maximum-Torque-Per-Ampere (MTPA) principle throughout the operation range. Tests showed that with the Energy optimizer the PMM power factor was improved, and the energy efficiency was clearly increased. Especially with partial loads the energy savings can be remarkable compared to traditional V/F curve-based control methods. The high control performance and efficiency of DTC for PCP PMM was demonstrated in several real PCP wells, i.e. sensor-less observer-based backspin control and dynamic torque and speed responses even at low speeds.
An Effective Solution to Extend the ESP Run Life in Sour Fields
Authors: Al Khalifah Jawad Mansour , Aleissa Mohammad Ahmed , AlMutairi Khaled Mouawad , Alquwizani Saud Abdulaziz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Throughout the past decades, the Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) have been deployed across different oil fields in an Arena of Artificial Fields. It was a proven fact that the typical run life of an ESP can exceed multiple years. However, that fact could be reversed especially in designated fields with high Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) partial pressure; where specialized ESP design is required. The presence of the Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) can result in various and vast forms of corrosion products attacking the ESP components which eventually resulted in an ESP shorter run life compared to average. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) can also react with formation water (H2O) and form Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) or free Sulfur; which is another source of corrosion product affecting the installed ESP system.
As part of continuous improvement in equipment's reliability, several Dismantle inspection and failure analysis (DIFA) were done for ESP premature failures to identify the root causes along with the recommendations and forward plan to enhance ESP run life. The results of these DIFAs indicated a common root cause of ESP failures are related to Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) presence and well fluids entering the ESP internal components. In particular, the packer penetrator, Motor-Lead-Extension (MLE), and the pothead interface were found to be the main reasons. Consequently, an effort was rolled out to control the Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) presences at these three locations in order to maintain the ESP reliability and prolong its run life. This presented paper will demonstrate the methodologies and fit-to-purpose ESP design that contributed in extending the ESP run life in a high Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) pressure fields. Also, a captivated practice along with related technologies have been adapted for the sour environment which resulted in sustaining the ESP run life.
Compact, Pressure-Actuated Downhole Safety Valve Improves Safety and Efficiency for Cable Deployed ESPs
Authors: Crawford Rob , Manning Matt , Hamilton Fraser , Harcourt Charles 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An advanced downhole sub-surface safety valve (SSSV) has been developed to create an improved well control solution for slim-line, cable deployed Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) applications. The new SSSV enables all safety regulations to be met whilst simplifying deployment and retrieval.
During traditional ESP deployments the production tubing is replaced, allowing power cables and control lines to run outside the tubing. However, slim-line cable deployed ESPs are retrofitted through existing tubing, which means the ESP cable and SSSV control lines can cause an obstruction to the existing SSSV. To maintain a functioning SSSV a modified valve can be retrofitted into an existing safety valve profile nipple and is designed to seal around the ESP cable. However, this option is limited to wells with existing wireline retrievable SSSV profile nipples and associated control lines that are in acceptable condition.
The new advanced SSSV does not require a control line and functions based on the ESP intake to discharge differential pressure signal. The valve is installed at the ESP depth and opens when the ESP is pumping, with a fail-safe closing mechanism when the ESP is switched off. The deployment configuration can be varied to suit the application, either as an ingrated part of the cable deployed ESP assembly, or separately. As sealing around the ESP cable is not required, the new technology significantly reduces cost and complexity of cable deployed ESP installations where a SSSV is required. The new technology can also be used in other artificial lift systems.