bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borehole Seismic Observations From the Chicxulub Impact Drilling: Implications for Seismic Reflectivity and Impact Damage
Authors: Nixon C. G. , Schmitt D. R. , Kofman R. , Lofi J. , Gulick S. P. S. , Saustrup S. , Christeson G. L. , Kring D. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe conducted a vertical seismic profile (VSP) in the borehole of International Ocean Discovery Program/International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364 Site M0077 to better understand the nature of the seismic reflectivity and the in situ seismic properties associated with the Chicxulub impact structure peak ring. Extraction of the up‐going wavefield from the VSP shows that a strong seismic reflection event imaged in seismic reflection data results from discontinuities in the elastic impedanceZ(the product of density and wave speed) at the top and bottom of a zone of hydrothermally altered melt‐bearing polymict breccia (suevite) that are characterized by anomalously lowZ. Below this strong carbonate/suevite reflection event, the upgoing seismic wavefield is chaotic, indicating high levels of scattering from the suevites and underlying melt rocks and shocked granitoids of the peak ring, in contrast to the clear coherent reflections throughout the overlying Cenozoic sediments. We extract shear wave speeds, which, together with those provided from the complementary sonic log and densities from core scanning, allowed determination ofVP/VSand Poisson's ratiov. These values are anomalously high relative to comparable terrestrial lithologies. We also calculate a variety of damage parameters for the disrupted peak ring granitoids. These values may assist in linking seismic observations to shock levels that are necessary to calibrate current impact models and may also be useful in assessing levels of fracturing within major fault zones.
Dyke Architecture, Mineral Layering, and Magmatic Convection; New Perspectives From the Younger Giant Dyke Complex, S Greenland
Authors: Koopmans L. , McCarthy W. , Magee C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIgneous sheet intrusions are a fundamental component of volcano plumbing systems. Identifying how sheet intrusion emplacement and geometry controls later magmatic processes is critical to understanding the distribution of volcanic eruptions and magma‐related ore deposits. Using the Younger Giant Dyke Complex (YGDC), a Mesoproterozoic suite of large (<800 m wide) mafic dykes in southern Greenland, we assess the influence sheet of emplacement and geometry on subsequent magma flow and mush evolution. Through structural mapping, petrographic observations, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabric analyses, we show that the YGDC was emplaced as a series of individual dyke segments, which following coalescence into a sheet intrusion remained largely isolated during their magmatic evolution. Through petrographic evidence for liquid‐rich growth of cumulus phases, concentric magnetic fabrics, and the detailed study layered zones within the YGDC, we infer magma convection occurred within the cores of each dyke element. We particularly relate layering to hydrodynamic sorting processes at a magma‐mush boundary toward the base of each convection cell. Overall, our work demonstrates that the initial geometry of sheet intrusions can constrain magma flow patterns and affect the distribution of crystallization regimes.
Cooling Crusts Create Concomitant Cryovolcanic Cracks
Authors: Rudolph Maxwell L. , Manga Michael , Walker Matthew , Rhoden Alyssa R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe orbital and internal evolution of the ice‐covered ocean worlds orbiting Jupiter and Saturn are coupled, leading to time‐varying thicknesses of their ice shells. As the ice thickens and thins, thermal stresses in the ice shell and pressure in the underlying ocean will change, promoting and hindering fracturing of the ice shell. We identify when and at what depth cracks initiate and whether they can penetrate the entire ice shell. For an ice tensile strength of 3 MPa, cracks do not penetrate the ice shell of Europa. On Enceladus, time‐averaged ice shell thickness of less than 15 km and variations in tidal dissipation of more than 15% over approximately 100 Myr eccentricity cycles cause cracks to cross the ice shell and permit eruptions from the ocean. Ocean overpressure is never large enough to extrude water onto the surface, suggesting that eruptions on Enceladus are sustained by decompression boiling.
Double Diffusion As a Driver of Turbulence in the Stratified Boundary Layer Beneath George VI Ice Shelf
Authors: Middleton L. , Davis P. E. D. , Taylor J. R. , Nicholls K. W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWarmer and more persistent intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the West Antarctic Peninsula are a key driver of the recent increase in ice shelf mass loss. The relatively warm and salty CDW is thought to be mixed up to the base of the ice shelves via shear‐driven turbulence where it has a high capacity to melt the ice. We analyze data from a year‐long mooring beneath George VI Ice Shelf at a location where double‐diffusive layering was observed. The turbulent dissipation rates do not vary with mean flow speed, suggesting shear‐driven mixing is not the driver of basal melt at this site. Instead, we predict the observed dissipation using a new method that links along‐isopycnal stirring of temperature anomalies with double‐diffusive convection. Our work suggests that along‐isopycnal temperature variance may be a stronger indicator of melt than flow speed within strongly stratified ice shelf‐ocean boundary layers.
On Timescales and Reversibility of the Ocean's Response to Enhanced Greenland Ice Sheet Melting in Comprehensive Climate Models
Authors: Martin Torge , Biastoch Arne , Lohmann Gerrit , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Wang Xuezhu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWarming of the North Atlantic region in climate history often was associated with massive melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. To identify the meltwater's impacts and isolate these from internal variability and other global warming factors, we run single‐forcing simulations including small ensembles using three complex climate models differing only in their ocean components. In 200‐year‐long preindustrial climate simulations, we identify robust consequences of abruptly increasing Greenland runoff by 0.05 Sv: sea level rise of 44 ± 10 cm, subpolar North Atlantic surface cooling of 0.7°C, and a moderate AMOC decline of 1.1–2.0 Sv. The latter two emerge in under three decades—and reverse on the same timescale after the perturbation ends in year 100. The ocean translates the step‐change perturbation into a multidecadal‐to‐centennial signature in the deep overturning circulation. In all simulations, internal variability creates notable uncertainty in estimating trends, time of emergence, and duration of the response.
Recurrent Large‐Scale Solar Proton Events Before the Onset of the Wolf Grand Solar Minimum
Authors: Miyahara Hiroko , Tokanai Fuyuki , Moriya Toru , Takeyama Mirei , Sakurai Hirohisa , Ohyama Motonari , Horiuchi Kazuho , Hotta Hideyuki 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCarbon‐14 in tree rings have suggested there had been multiple extreme solar proton events (SPEs) in the past. While the largest events such as in 774–775 CE can be significantly detected by the typical precision of accelerator mass spectrometry, smaller but possibly more frequent events have been difficult to be detected. Thus, the frequency or any characteristics of such relatively smaller events are still largely unknown. In this paper, we report that large SPEs had occurred in 1261–1262, 1268–1269, and 1279–1280 CE before the onset of the Wolf minimum based on high‐precision carbon‐14 analyses. It is suggested that they had occurred at the maximum and the declining phase of solar cycles, and that they had occurred during the transition time of solar activity into a deep minimum. We propose that this episode may provide a unique opportunity to elucidate a potential interaction between the solar dynamo and extreme solar flares.
Nanophase Iron Particles Derived From Fayalitic Olivine Decomposition in Chang'E‐5 Lunar Soil: Implications for Thermal Effects During Impacts
Authors: Guo Zhuang , Li Chen , Li Yang , Wen Yuanyun , Tai Kairui , Li Xiongyao , Liu Jianzhong , Ouyang Ziyuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSurface‐correlated nanophase iron particles (npFe0) alter the reflectance spectrum characteristics of airless bodies, thus making it an essential aspect of studying space weathering. Vapor deposition has been the only strongly proven npFe0 formation mechanism owing to the long exposure time of Apollo samples, whereas other formation mechanisms remain questioned. Newly returned younger Chang'E‐5 samples provide an opportunity to study the incipient formation mechanism of npFe0. Here, we combined transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy to characterize the microscopic features of Chang'E‐5 olivine rims. The uppermost layer of these grains exhibits the simultaneous coexistence of npFe0 with Si‐rich material overlying an Mg‐rich layer, as well as numerous irregular vesicles containing oxygen‐rich (SiO and O2) components embedded in the npFe0. These microscopic features collectively suggest subsolidus olivine decomposition during (micro)impact‐induced fragmentation or local heating processes, which may be the essential agent to alter the reflectance spectrum of airless bodies.
CRISM‐Based High Spatial Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping Along Curiosity's Traverses in Gale Crater
Authors: Christian John R. , Arvidson Raymond E. , O’Sullivan Joseph A. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Weitz Catherine M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThermal inertia is a key summary property describing the thermophysical characteristics of geologic materials. Orbital estimates of thermal inertia are especially useful in conjunction with rover‐based observations to provide additional constraints on material properties and to interpret the broader region surrounding the traverse. We have developed an approach to estimate apparent thermal inertias (ATI) from observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) at a much higher spatial resolution than is available from any other orbital data set. We apply this method to along‐track oversampled scene FRT00021C92 over Gale Crater within Glen Torridon, where the Curiosity rover has traversed; the retrieved values are then analyzed along with remote sensing and in‐situ observations by Curiosity to characterize surface properties in and around Glen Torridon. CRISM‐based ATI estimates of basaltic sand fields indicate a correlation between higher ATI values and the abundance of large (up to 3 mm in size) grains on the crests and flanks of large ripples. On the Vera Rubin ridge, ATI estimates are used to identify a west‐to‐east increase in the abundance of rock fragments within unconsolidated surface cover. On the Greenheugh pediment, an unmixing approach is used to identify a thin layer of wind‐blown sand sourced from the nearby Sands of Forvie. Finally, within Glen Torridon, a north‐to‐south increase in the mean and width of the ATI distribution is identified as a consequence of increased bench‐like bedrock exposures.
Understanding the Complicated Relationship Between ENSO and Wintertime North Tropical Atlantic SST Variability
Authors: Jiang Feng , Zhang Wenjun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to influence the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST) during its decaying spring, providing an essential source of NTA predictability. However, the positive ENSO–NTA SST relationship is absent during boreal winter, impeding accurate anticipation of wintertime NTA SST fluctuations. We find that this absence is mainly due to different NTA preconditions. Taking into account the previous summer NTA SST state as an initial condition, a robust relationship is established between ENSO and wintertime NTA SST variability. Furthermore, we show that the NTA initial conditions are in part traced to the ENSO preconditions. Besides, the simultaneous local atmospheric conditions play a role in shaping the initial NTA SST variabilities, especially in the developing summer of El Niño events. The understanding of the complicated ENSO–wintertime NTA SST relationship has implications for exploring trans‐basin climate interactions and associated climate predictability.
Quercetin induces pannexin 1 expression via an alternative transcript with a translationally active 5′ leader in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Xiang Xiao , Hoang Huy-Dung , Gilchrist Victoria H. , Langlois Stéphanie , Alain Tommy , Cowan Kyle N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a deadly cancer of skeletal muscle origin. Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is down-regulated in RMS and increasing its levels drastically inhibits RMS progression. PANX1 upregulation thus represents a prospective new treatment strategy for this malignancy. However, the mechanisms regulating PANX1 expression, in RMS and other contexts, remain largely unknown. Here we show that both RMS and normal skeletal muscle express a comparable amount of PANX1 mRNAs, but surprisingly the canonical 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) or 5′ leader of the transcript is completely lost in RMS. We uncover that quercetin, a natural plant flavonoid, increases PANX1 protein levels in RMS by inducing re-expression of a 5′ leader-containing PANX1 transcript variant that is efficiently translated. This particular PANX1 mRNA variant is also present in differentiated human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM) that highly express PANX1. Mechanistically, abolishing ETV4 transcription factor binding sites in the PANX1 promoter significantly reduced the luciferase reporter activities and PANX1 5′ UTR levels, and both quercetin treatment in RMS cells and induction of differentiation in HSMM enriched the binding of ETV4 to its consensus element in the PANX1 promoter. Notably, quercetin treatment promoted RMS differentiation in a PANX1-dependent manner. Further showing its therapeutic potential, quercetin treatment prevented RMS in vitro tumor formation while inducing complete regression of established spheroids. Collectively, our results demonstrate the tumor-suppressive effects of quercetin in RMS and present a hitherto undescribed mechanism of PANX1 regulation via ETV4-mediated transcription of a translationally functional 5′ leader-containing PANX1 mRNA.
Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring (NIRS) in children and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Hansen Mathias Lühr , Hyttel-Sørensen Simon , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Gluud Christian , Kooi Elisabeth M. W. , Mintzer Jonathan , de Boode Willem P. , Fumagalli Monica , Alarcon Ana , Alderliesten Thomas , Greisen Gorm ,   on behalf of the European Society for Paediatric Research Special Interest Group ‘NearInfraRed Spectroscopy’ (NIRS), Austin Topun , Bruckner Marlies , de Boode Willem P. , Dempsey Eugene , Ergenekon Ebru , Gucuyener Kivilcim , Levy Philip T. , Liem Kian D. , Martini Silvia , Naulaers Gunnar , Neunhoeffer Felix , Pellicer Adelina , Pichler Gerhard , Roehr Charles Christoph , Roll Claudia , Schwarz Christoph E. , Szczapa Tomasz , Urlesberger Berndt , Wolf Martin , Wong Flora , Rhee Christopher J. , Lemmers Petra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring utilising near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used to guide interventions in clinical care. The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis is to evaluate the effects of clinical care with access to cerebral NIRS monitoring in children and adults versus care without.

Methods
This review conforms to PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020202986). Methods are outlined in our protocol (doi: 10.1186/s13643-021-01660-2).

Results
Twenty-five randomised clinical trials were included (2606 participants). All trials were at a high risk of bias. Two trials assessed the effects of NIRS during neonatal intensive care, 13 during cardiac surgery, 9 during non-cardiac surgery and 1 during neurocritical care. Meta-analyses showed no significant difference for all-cause mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.51–1.10; 1489 participants; I2 = 0; 11 trials; very low certainty of evidence); moderate or severe, persistent cognitive or neurological deficit (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42–1.32; 1135 participants; I2 = 39.6; 9 trials; very low certainty of evidence); and serious adverse events (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.67–1.01; 2132 participants; I2 = 68.4; 17 trials; very low certainty of evidence).

Conclusion
The evidence on the effects of clinical care with access to cerebral NIRS monitoring is very uncertain.

Impact

The evidence of the effects of cerebral NIRS versus no NIRS monitoring are very uncertain for mortality, neuroprotection, and serious adverse events. Additional trials to obtain sufficient information size, focusing on lowering bias risk, are required.

The first attempt to systematically review randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of cerebral NIRS monitoring by pooling data across various clinical settings.

Despite pooling data across clinical settings, study interpretation was not substantially impacted by heterogeneity.

We have insufficient evidence to support or reject the clinical use of cerebral NIRS monitoring.
Up to 7% of referrals to oral and maxillofacial surgery are related to medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: how much is really out there?
Authors: Clark Ailish , Pretty Iain 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is generally described as rare; therefore, firm incidence data are challenging to ascertain.

Aim
Using two sites in Northwest England, ascertain the number of referrals to oral and maxillofacial surgery involving:

Suspected MRONJ.

Patients at risk of MRONJ requiring a dentoalveolar procedure.

Method
All sequential referrals over a 2-year period were analysed. The referrals were categorised into ‘type’ of referral (stage 1). Any referral for MRONJ, or patient at risk, was then further examined (stage 2).

Results
A total of 2150 referrals were screened. The most common referral reasons were temporomandibular joint issues and hard tissue conditions. The proportion of referrals for suspected MRONJ was similar for both sites: 3.7% (site 1) and 3.4% (site 2). At site 1, 1.6% of all referrals were at risk of MRONJ referred for treatment. In site 2, 3.8% of all referrals were in this category.

Conclusion
Despite limitations, the finding that patients with or at risk of MRONJ potentially equates to 7% of all referrals represents a substantial proportion of OMFS practice. Therefore, there are clear benefits of collecting accurate data prospectively to understand the scale of this condition and its impact on services.
Zeo-1, a computational data set of zeolite structures
Authors: Komissarov Leonid , Verstraelen Toon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFast, empirical potentials are gaining increased popularity in the computational fields of materials science, physics and chemistry. With it, there is a rising demand for high-quality reference data for the training and validation of such models. In contrast to research that is mainly focused on small organic molecules, this work presents a data set of geometry-optimized bulk phase zeolite structures. Covering a majority of framework types from the Database of Zeolite Structures, this set includes over thirty thousand geometries. Calculated properties include system energies, nuclear gradients and stress tensors at each point, making the data suitable for model development, validation or referencing applications focused on periodic silica systems.
Impaired differentiation of small airway basal stem/progenitor cells in people living with HIV
Authors: Chung Nancy P. Y. , Khan K. M. Faisal , Andreoli Mirko , Kaner Robert J. , O’Beirne Sarah L. , Crystal Ronald G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), higher incidence of airway abnormalities is common in the HIV population consistent with the concept of accelerated lung “aging”. Our previous findings demonstrated that HIV induces human airway basal cells (BC) into destructive and inflammatory phenotypes. Since BC function as stem/progenitor cells of the small airway epithelium (SAE), responsible for self-renewal and differentiation of SAE, we hypothesized that BC from people living with HIV (PLWH) may have altered differentiation capacity that contribute to premature aging. The data demonstrates that BC from PLWH have impaired capacity to differentiate in vitro and senescent phenotypes including shortened telomeres, increased expression of β-galactosidase and cell cycle inhibitors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In vitro studies demonstrated that BC senescence is partly due to adverse effects of HAART on BC. These findings provide an explanation for higher incidence of airway dysfunction and accelerated lung aging observed in PLWH.
A new threshold reveals the uncertainty about the effect of school opening on diffusion of Covid-19
Authors: Gandolfi Alberto , Aspri Andrea , Beretta Elena , Jamshad Khola , Jiang Muyan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStudies on the effects of school openings or closures during the Covid-19 pandemic seem to reach contrasting conclusions even in similar contexts. We aim at clarifying this controversy. A mathematical analysis of compartmental models with subpopulations has been conducted, starting from the SIR model, and progressively adding features modeling outbreaks or upsurge of variants, lockdowns, and vaccinations. We find that in all cases, the in-school transmission rates only affect the overall course of the pandemic above a certain context dependent threshold. We provide rigorous proofs and computations of the thresdhold through linearization. We then confirm our theoretical findings through simulations and the review of data-driven studies that exhibit an often unnoticed phase transition. Specific implications are: awareness about the threshold could inform choice of data collection, analysis and release, such as in-school transmission rates, and clarify the reason for divergent conclusions in similar studies; schools may remain open at any stage of the Covid-19 pandemic, including variants upsurge, given suitable containment rules; these rules would be extremely strict and hardly sustainable if only adults are vaccinated, making a compelling argument for vaccinating children whenever possible.