bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giving Up on the Church of England in the Time of Pandemic: Individual Differences in Responses of Non-ministering Members to Online Worship and Offline Services
Authors: Village Andrew , Francis Leslie J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study draws on data provided to the Covid-19 & Church-21 Survey by 826 ‘non-ministering’ Anglicans living in England in order to explore why some people gave up worshipping online or in church during the Covid-19 lockdown in 2021. Nearly a quarter of the participants had given up online worship, attending offline services in church, or both: 15 per cent had given up on online worship, 13 per cent had given up on going to church, and 5 per cent had given up on both. Giving up was significantly correlated with negative experience of services. Those under the age of forty and Anglo-Catholics were most likely to give up online worship. Women and extraverts were most likely to give up on socially distanced services in church. The results indicate the sorts of people who might drift from the church post-pandemic and what the Church could concentrate on to prevent this process.
Role of Asian Westerly Jet Core's Zonal Migration in Holocene East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation
Authors: Zhang Xiaojian , Chen Chunzhu , Zhao Wenwei , Jin Liya 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPaleoclimatic records reveal spatially asynchronous changes of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation during the Holocene, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study explores the role of the zonal shift of the Asian westerly jet (AWJ) core on the spatial‐temporal variability of EASM precipitation based on Holocene climate simulations using the KCM and CESM forced by orbital variations. We analyzed the composite differences of summer precipitation and associated atmospheric circulations between the early (middle) and middle (late) Holocene. Simulations suggest a dipole pattern of summer precipitation with increasing (decreasing) precipitation in central (southern) China from the early to late Holocene, which was shaped by the eastward shift of the AWJ core. The eastward shift of the AWJ core and the accompanied eastward movement of the upper‐level convergence over the AWJ's right exit region weakened the low‐level downward motions over central China. Meanwhile, the low‐level upward motions over southern China were weakened by the concurrent eastward (westward) migration of the South Asian High (western Pacific subtropical High) during the Holocene. Consequently, summer precipitation increased (decreased) in central (southern) China from the early to late Holocene. The eastward shift of the AWJ core was primarily driven by amplified meridional insolation gradient at middle latitudes via strengthening upper‐level westerly intensity during the Holocene. In addition, land cover difference between East Asia and central Asia caused a greater enhancement of westerlies intensity in East Asia, further modulating the eastward movement of the AWJ core during the Holocene.
Approximating Three‐Dimensional (3‐D) Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants via Deep Learning
Authors: Xu J. Z. , Zhang H. R. , Cheng Z. , Liu J. Y. , Xu Y. Y. , Wang Y. C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe physical transport process is the bottleneck of the computational efficiency in regional chemical transport modeling. The issue will be worse with the smaller time step due to increased iterations required with finer spatial resolution at scale. Reported surrogates of the transport process are usually unfeasible according to integrated assessment of efficiency promotion, long‐term consistency, and spatial dimensions. This study intended to approximate the three‐dimensional (3‐D) transport process (including advection and diffusion) of a state‐of‐the‐art chemical transport model, that is, Models 3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ), via the U‐Net structure of deep learning. Two temporal resolutions of models with 1‐hr and 5‐min were developed. Validation results indicated that single‐step R squared of both models were higher than 0.9, and the lifetime for continuous running was 400 and 1,000 steps for 1‐hr and 5‐min model, respectively. Meanwhile, the computational efficiency can be promoted with the maximum of 164 times for 1‐hr and 14 times for 5‐min resolution on one GPU. The 1‐hr deep learning surrogate could still achieve 12 times acceleration on the same CPU configurations of CMAQ, mainly through the end‐to‐end direct inferring rather than time step iterations. This study preliminarily proves the feasibility of the data‐driven approach in approximating the 3‐D complex transport process of atmospheric pollutants. Furthermore, computational efficiency can be efficiently improved while maintaining consistency and accuracy. Rapid transport simulation of different pollutants with wide concentration range can be expected, which will finally benefit the acceleration of whole chemical transport modeling.
The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Hydration of the Stratosphere
Authors: Millán L. , Santee M. L. , Lambert A. , Livesey N. J. , Werner F. , Schwartz M. J. , Pumphrey H. C. , Manney G. L. , Wang Y. , Su H. , Wu L. , Read W. G. , Froidevaux L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFollowing the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O.
Modeling the Albedo Neutron Decay Source of Radiation Belt Electrons and Protons
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Looper M. D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA new model of cosmic ray albedo neutron flux above the atmosphere, based on Geant4 simulation of atomic and nuclear interactions, is used to calculate radiation belt neutron‐decay source functions for electrons and protons. The model covers albedo neutron energies from 0 to 100 GeV. Inclusion of the cosmic‐ray east‐west effect provides a corresponding azimuthal dependence in the albedo neutron flux, in addition to zenith angle and energy dependence, with parameterization by cosmic‐ray vertical cutoff and solar F10.7. Inclusion of Earth’s curvature allows forward scattered neutrons to escape into space at remote locations, increasing the source of high‐energy protons. Gravitational effects on low‐energy (thermal and epithermal) neutrons, and their decay in flight, reduce their flux at higher altitude, which determines the strength of the electron source. Model neutron flux and derived neutron density are in good agreement with available balloon and space‐based measurements.
CREIME—A Convolutional Recurrent Model for Earthquake Identification and Magnitude Estimation
Authors: Chakraborty Megha , Fenner Darius , Li Wei , Faber Johannes , Zhou Kai , Rümpker Georg , Stoecker Horst , Srivastava Nishtha 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe detection and rapid characterization of earthquake parameters such as magnitude are important in real‐time seismological applications such as Earthquake Monitoring and Earthquake Early Warning (EEW). Traditional methods, aside from requiring extensive human involvement can be sensitive to signal‐to‐noise ratio leading to false/missed alarms depending on the threshold. We here propose a multitasking deep learning model—the Convolutional Recurrent model for Earthquake Identification and Magnitude Estimation (CREIME) that: (a) detects the earthquake signal from background seismic noise, (b) determines the first P wave arrival time, and (c) estimates the magnitude using the raw three‐component waveforms from a single station as model input. Considering, that speed is essential in EEW, we use up to 2 s of P wave information which, to the best of our knowledge, is a significantly smaller data window compared to the previous studies. To examine the robustness of CREIME, we test it on two independent data sets and find that it achieves an average accuracy of 98% for event versus noise discrimination and can estimate first P‐arrival time and local magnitude with average root mean squared errors of 0.13 s and 0.65 units, respectively. We compare CREIME with traditional methods such as short‐term‐average/long‐term‐average (STA/LTA) and show that CREIME has superior performance, for example, the accuracy for signal and noise discrimination is higher by 4.5% and 11.5%, respectively, for the two data sets. We also compare the architecture of CREIME with the architectures of other baseline models, trained on the same data, and show that CREIME outperforms the baseline models.
Snow Equi‐Temperature Metamorphism Described by a Phase‐Field Model Applicable on Micro‐Tomographic Images: Prediction of Microstructural and Transport Properties
Authors: Bouvet L. , Calonne N. , Flin F. , Geindreau C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRepresenting snow equi‐temperature metamorphism (ETM) is key to model the evolution and properties of the snow cover. Recently, a phase‐field model describing mean curvature flow evolution on 3D microstructures was proposed (Bretin et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2018075). In the present work, this model is used to simulate snow ETM at the pore scale, considering the only process of moving interfaces by sublimation‐deposition driven by curvatures. We take 3D micro‐tomographic images of snow as input in the model and obtain a time series of simulated microstructures as output. Relating the numerical time, as defined in the model, to the real physical time involves the condensation coefficient α, a poorly constrained parameter in literature. A calibration was performed by fitting simulations to experimental data through the evolution of specific surface area (SSA) of snow under ETM at −2°C. A value of the condensation coefficient was obtained: (9.8 ± 0.7) × 10−4 and was used in all the following simulations. We then show that the calibrated model enables to well reproduce an independent time series of ETM at −2°C in terms of SSA, covariance length, and mean curvature distribution. Finally, the calibrated model was used to investigate the effect of ETM on microstructure and effective transport properties (thermal conductivity, vapor diffusion, and permeability) for four different samples. As an interesting preliminary result, simulations show an enhancement of the structural anisotropy of snow in the case of initially anisotropic microstructures, such as depth hoar. Results highlight the potential of such microscale models for the development of snow property predictions for large‐scale snowpack models.
Disassembly of α6β4-mediated hemidesmosomal adhesions promotes tumorigenesis in PTEN-negative prostate cancer by targeting plectin to focal adhesions
Authors: Wenta Tomasz , Schmidt Anette , Zhang Qin , Devarajan Raman , Singh Prateek , Yang Xiayun , Ahtikoski Anne , Vaarala Markku , Wei Gong-Hong , Manninen Aki 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLoss of α6β4-dependent hemidesmosomal adhesions has been observed during prostate cancer progression. However, the significance and underlying mechanisms by which aberrant hemidesmosome assembly may modulate tumorigenesis remain elusive. Using an extensive CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic engineering approaches in different prostate cancer cell lines combined with in vivo tumorigenesis studies in mice, bone marrow-on-chip assays and bioinformatics, as well as histological analysis of prostate cancer patient cohorts, we demonstrated that simultaneous loss of PTEN and hemidesmosomal adhesions induced several tumorigenic properties including proliferation, migration, resistance to anoikis, apoptosis, and drug treatment in vitro, and increased metastatic capacity in vivo. These effects were plectin-depended and plectin was associated with actin-rich adhesions upon hemidesmosome disruption in PTEN-negative prostate cancer cells leading to activation of EGFR/PI3K/Akt- and FAK/Src-pathways. These results suggest that analysis of PTEN and hemidesmosomal proteins may have diagnostic value helping to stratify prostate cancer patients with high risk for development of aggressive disease and highlight actin-associated plectin as a potential therapeutic target specifically in PTEN/hemidesmosome dual-negative prostate cancer.
Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Authors: Kim Sun Jin , Yao Zhong , Marsh Morgan C. , Eckert Debra M. , Kay Michael S. , Lyakisheva Anna , Pasic Maria , Bansal Aiyush , Birnboim Chaim , Jha Prabhat , Galipeau Yannick , Langlois Marc-André , Delgado Julio C. , Elgort Marc G. , Campbell Robert A. , Middleton Elizabeth A. , Stagljar Igor , Owen Shawn C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic triggered the development of numerous diagnostic tools to monitor infection and to determine immune response. Although assays to measure binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are widely available, more specific tests measuring neutralization activities of antibodies are immediately needed to quantify the extent and duration of protection that results from infection or vaccination. We previously developed a ‘Serological Assay based on a Tri-part split-NanoLuc® (SATiN)’ to detect antibodies that bind to the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we expand on our previous work and describe a reconfigured version of the SATiN assay, called Neutralization SATiN (Neu-SATiN), which measures neutralization activity of antibodies directly from convalescent or vaccinated sera. The results obtained with our assay and other neutralization assays are comparable but with significantly shorter preparation and run time for Neu-SATiN. As the assay is modular, we further demonstrate that Neu-SATiN enables rapid assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines and level of protection against existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and can therefore be readily adapted for emerging variants.
Many dissimilar NusG protein domains switch between α-helix and β-sheet folds
Authors: Porter Lauren L. , Kim Allen K. , Rimal Swechha , Looger Loren L. , Majumdar Ananya , Mensh Brett D. , Starich Mary R. , Strub Marie-Paule 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFolded proteins are assumed to be built upon fixed scaffolds of secondary structure, α-helices and β-sheets. Experimentally determined structures of >58,000 non-redundant proteins support this assumption, though it has recently been challenged by ~100 fold-switching proteins. Though ostensibly rare, these proteins raise the question of how many uncharacterized proteins have shapeshifting–rather than fixed–secondary structures. Here, we use a comparative sequence-based approach to predict fold switching in the universally conserved NusG transcription factor family, one member of which has a 50-residue regulatory subunit experimentally shown to switch between α-helical and β-sheet folds. Our approach predicts that 24% of sequences in this family undergo similar α-helix ⇌ β-sheet transitions. While these predictions cannot be reproduced by other state-of-the-art computational methods, they are confirmed by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for 10 out of 10 sequence-diverse variants. This work suggests that fold switching may be a pervasive mechanism of transcriptional regulation in all kingdoms of life.
Viscosity in water from first-principles and deep-neural-network simulations
Authors: Malosso Cesare , Zhang Linfeng , Car Roberto , Baroni Stefano , Tisi Davide 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe report on an extensive study of the viscosity of liquid water at near-ambient conditions, performed within the Green-Kubo theory of linear response and equilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), based on density-functional theory (DFT). In order to cope with the long simulation times necessary to achieve an acceptable statistical accuracy, our ab initio approach is enhanced with deep-neural-network potentials (NNP). This approach is first validated against AIMD results, obtained by using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional and paying careful attention to crucial, yet often overlooked, aspects of the statistical data analysis. Then, we train a second NNP to a dataset generated from the Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) functional. Once the error resulting from the imperfect prediction of the melting line is offset by referring the simulated temperature to the theoretical melting one, our SCAN predictions of the shear viscosity of water are in very good agreement with experiments.
Corrosion behavior of pure Ti under continuous NaCl solution spraying at 600 °C
Authors: Li Rui , Liu Li , Cui Yu , Liu Rui , Wang Fuhui 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe corrosion behavior of pure Ti under continuous NaCl solution spraying at 600 °C, compared with that under solid NaCl deposit film in H2O + O2 environment, has been studied by mass gain curves, detailed microstructural investigation and phase-stability diagram. The results indicate that the oxide scale consists of three repeated multi-layered subscales composed of Na2TiO3 and TiO2. Continuous NaCl increases the volatilization of TiCl4 towards oxide/atmosphere interface as well as introduces pores and cracks. Pores and cracks allow the oxidizing atmosphere to enter and rapidly spread and resulting in a repeat multi-layered oxide scale. Relatively dense repeat TiO2 delayed active oxidation process, which will decrease the corrosion rate of the pure Ti under NaCl spraying.
Similar mechanisms of temporary bindings for identity and location of objects in healthy ageing: an eye-tracking study with naturalistic scenes
Authors: D’Innocenzo Giorgia , Della Sala Sergio , Coco Moreno I. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe ability to maintain visual working memory (VWM) associations about the identity and location of objects has at times been found to decrease with age. To date, however, this age-related difficulty was mostly observed in artificial visual contexts (e.g., object arrays), and so it is unclear whether it may manifest in naturalistic contexts, and in which ways. In this eye-tracking study, 26 younger and 24 healthy older adults were asked to detect changes in a critical object situated in a photographic scene (192 in total), about its identity (the object becomes a different object but maintains the same position), location (the object only changes position) or both (the object changes in location and identity). Aging was associated with a lower change detection performance. A change in identity was harder to detect than a location change, and performance was best when both features changed, especially in younger adults. Eye movements displayed minor differences between age groups (e.g., shorter saccades in older adults) but were similarly modulated by the type of change. Latencies to the first fixation were longer and the amplitude of incoming saccades was larger when the critical object changed in location. Once fixated, the target object was inspected for longer when it only changed in identity compared to location. Visually salient objects were fixated earlier, but saliency did not affect any other eye movement measures considered, nor did it interact with the type of change. Our findings suggest that even though aging results in lower performance, it does not selectively disrupt temporary bindings of object identity, location, or their association in VWM, and highlight the importance of using naturalistic contexts to discriminate the cognitive processes that undergo detriment from those that are instead spared by aging.
Dynamics and stabilization mechanism of mitochondrial cristae morphofunction associated with turgor-driven cardiolipin biosynthesis under salt stress conditions
Authors: Nakata Keisuke , Hatakeyama Yuto , Erra-Balsells Rosa , Nonami Hiroshi , Wada Hiroshi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMaintaining energy production efficiency is of vital importance to plants growing under changing environments. Cardiolipin localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane plays various important roles in mitochondrial function and its activity, although the regulation of mitochondrial morphology to various stress conditions remains obscure, particularly in the context of changes in cellular water relations and metabolisms. By combining single-cell metabolomics with transmission electron microscopy, we have investigated the adaptation mechanism in tomato trichome stalk cells at moderate salt stress to determine the kinetics of cellular parameters and metabolisms. We have found that turgor loss occurred just after the stress conditions, followed by the contrasting volumetric changes in mitochondria and cells, the accumulation of TCA cycle-related metabolites at osmotic adjustment, and a temporal increase in cardiolipin concentration, resulting in a reversible topological modification in the tubulo-vesicular cristae. Because all of these cellular events were dynamically observed in the same single-cells without causing any disturbance for redox states and cytoplasmic streaming, we conclude that turgor pressure might play a regulatory role in the mitochondrial morphological switch throughout the temporal activation of cardiolipin biosynthesis, which sustains mitochondrial respiration and energy conversion even under the salt stress conditions.