bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Insight
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Look at the two graphs in Figure 1.1. Could you say which graph is random, left or right? The typical student’s response is: ‘Of course, the right one!’ This immediate answer is dramatically incorrect. It is actually impossible to say whether a finite graph is random or non-random (deterministic) since one can generate any finite graph by some deterministic algorithm. The example in Figure 1.2 explains what is really a random graph. This graph has a number of different realizations (individual graphs), and each of them occurs with some associated probability. Thus a random graph (random network) is a statistical ensemble of individual graphs, in which each member has its probability of realization. (Note that we do not distinguish the terms ‘graph’, or its generalization—‘hypergraph’, and ‘network’.) In particular, all these probabilities may be equal, which provides a uniform ensemble. In short, a random graph is a statistical ensemble of graphs. In this picture, the result of the measurement of some characteristic of a random graph, an observable, is the average of this characteristic over the statistical ensemble accounting for the probabilities of realization of its members.
Evolving Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most real networks are evolving. Here we discuss how basic models of these networks provide a spectrum of complex architectures. We begin with the simplest growing networks, the random recursive trees introduced in namely the labelled recursive trees where each added vertex is attached to a vertex chosen uniformly at random. Recall that the total number of arbitrary labelled recursive trees of N vertices equals which readily follows from the uniform selection of existing vertices for the attachment of the new one. This is a specific feature of random recursive trees.
Epidemics and Spreading Phenomena
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we mainly focus on the results of activation processes in networks and on various combinations of activation and deactivation processes. The bootstrap percolation problem is about the basic activation process on networks, in which vertices can be in active and inactive states. A vertex becomes active when the number of its active neighbours exceeds some threshold; and once active, a vertex never becomes inactive (Adler and Aharony, 1988; Adler, 1991). This is one of the spreading processes with discontinuous phase transitions (Bizhani, Paczuski, and Grassberger, 2012). Let us define bootstrap percolation on undirected graphs in more strict terms. In the initial state, a fraction f of vertices is active (seed vertices). These vertices are chosen uniformly at random. Each inactive vertex becomes active if it has at least kb active nearest neighbours. Here we introduce the subscript ‘b’ to distinguish this threshold from a threshold in the k-core percolation problem.
Inference and Reconstruction
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inference is generally about drawing conclusions about the whole on the basis of a sample. Statistical inference is ‘the process of deducing properties of an underlying distribution by analysis of data’ (Zdeborová and Krzakala, 2016). More specifically, in statistical mechanics inference usually implies concluding characteristics of a statistical ensemble (or its model, which is practically the same) on the basis of a sample (Clauset, Moore, and Newman, 2006). Here we touch upon a more restricted problem. Consider a branching process taking place on a given graph, which started from some unknown initial vertex, a root. At some instant, an observer makes a snapshot of this process and records its result—a tree subgraph of the substrate graph. The questions are: is it possible to guess the root from this observation; and, when it is possible, what is the best root-finding algorithm? The answers to these questions depend on the branching process and on the substrate graph. Remarkably, root finding is possible for a wide range of branching processes and substrate graphs.
Modeling conflict risk with real-time traffic data for road safety assessment: a copula-based joint approach
Authors: Hu Yuping , Li Ye , Yuan Chen , Huang Helai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study proposes a conflict-based traffic safety assessment method by associating conflict frequency and severity with short-term traffic characteristics. Instead of analysing historical crash data, this study employs microscopic trajectory data to quantify the relationship between conflict risk and traffic characteristics. The time-to-collision (TTC) index is used to detect conflicts, and a severity index (SI) is proposed on the basis of time-integrated TTC. With SI, the k-means algorithm is applied to classify the conflict severity level. Then the severity of regional conflict risk is split to three levels. Zero truncated Poisson regression and ordered logit regression methods are employed to estimate the effects of short-term traffic characteristics on conflict frequency and severity, respectively. Furthermore, the copula-based joint modelling method is applied to explore the potential non-linear dependency of conflict risk outcomes. A total of 18 copula models are tested to select the optimal ones. The HighD dataset from Germany is utilized to examine the proposed framework. Both between-lane and within-lane factors are considered. Results show that the correlations between traffic characteristics and conflict risk are significant, and the dependency of conflict outcomes varies among different severity levels. The difference of speed variation between lanes significantly influences the conflict frequency and severity simultaneously. Findings indicate that the proposed method is practicable to assess real-time traffic safety within a specific region by using short-term (30-second time interval) traffic characteristics. This study also contributes to develop targeted proactive safety strategies by evaluating road safety based on conflict risk, and considering different severity levels.
Maintaining Medical Student Motivation During Remote Clinical Learning
Authors: Charondo Leslie Bernal , Duque Jackeline Barajas , Kirsch Heidi E. , Brondfield Sam 
Published: August 2022

Purpose
Remote clinical learning (RCL) may result in learner disengagement. The factors that influence medical student motivation during RCL remain poorly understood. The authors aimed to explore factors that affect medical student motivation during RCL and determine potential strategies to optimize student motivation during RCL.

Method
In December 2020, the authors conducted semistructured interviews with third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of California, San Francisco, who had experienced RCL. The authors coded transcripts and conducted an inductive thematic analysis using self-determination theory (SDT), which describes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as essential for motivation, as a sensitizing framework.

Results
Twelve students were interviewed. Four themes were identified and aligned with SDT: balancing flexibility and structure (autonomy), selecting appropriate resources (competence), setting reasonable expectations (competence), and building and maintaining community (relatedness). Students described a sense of tension between desiring flexibility and appreciating structure and accountability during RCL; a preference for high-yield, curated resources presented in an organized format during RCL; instances in which the remote curriculum fell short of their expectations or professional goals or in which they felt they had missed out on key clinical learning; and support sought from peers, mentors, and instructors during RCL, as well as the contribution of remote learning technology to a sense of community.

Conclusions
The authors propose 4 guiding principles to address implementation of remote clinical curricula: provide students with choice within the bounds of a well-defined curriculum, curate and organize learning materials carefully and intentionally, orient students to the goals and objectives of the curriculum and discuss students’ expectations for professional development, and incorporate structured opportunities for remote mentorship and peer–peer interaction and optimize these opportunities using technology. Educators can draw on the themes, guiding principles, and potential strategies identified to promote and maintain learner motivation during RCL.
Palliative Care Clinicians’ Perspectives of an Integrated Caregiver Patient-Portal System in Oncology
Authors: Longacre Margaret L. , Chwistek Marcin , Collins Molly , Odelberg Michelle , Siemon Mark , Keleher Cynthia , Fang Carolyn Y. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Despite recommendations and policies to integrate family caregivers into US healthcare settings, caregivers are not systematically involved. Thus, we developed an Integrated Caregiver Patient-Portal system that (1) allows a patient to identify their primary caregiver and their communication preferences; (2) connects the caregiver to a unique portal page to indicate their needs; and (3) informs the care team of dyad responses to aid in integrating the caregiver.

Objective:
This formative research explored palliative care clinicians’ perceptions of the system to inform refinements before usability testing.

Methods:
We conducted two focus groups with palliative care clinicians (N = 11) at an NCI-designated cancer center. Transcripts were analyzed using an integrated approach to specify system benefits and concerns.

Results:
The most referenced benefits included: Learning information that they might not have known without the system; giving caregivers a voice or a way to express needs; and supporting an ideal model of care. Top concerns included lacking capacity to respond; needing to clarify clinician roles and expertise in responding to caregivers’ needs; and ensuring ongoing system adaptability.

Conclusions:
The clinicians’ feedback resulted in revisions including: (1) modifying the caregiver questions; (2) integrating social workers in the response; and (3) adding a text-based report to the care team.

Implications for Practice:
This formative research provided valuable feedback for portal development, and also contributes more broadly to recommendations related to integrating caregivers in healthcare.

What is Foundational:
This research provides practical and logistical relevance to the discussion on how to integrate caregivers into clinical care.
Rediscovering the Joy of Eating in Older Adults With Gastrointestinal Cancer Undergoing Treatment
Authors: Yagasaki Kaori , Komatsu Hiroko , Hamamoto Yasuo 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Cancer treatment significantly impacts the diet of older adults with cancer. Professional support is required for such patients to manage their eating problems at home.

Objective:
To explore the dietary experiences of older adults with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing treatment, and their perceptions of how the disease and its treatment affected their eating.

Interventions/Methods:
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 older patients (aged ≥ 70 years) with gastrointestinal cancer in Japan. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results:
Three key themes were identified: impact on daily life, significance of eating, and rediscovering the joy of eating. Participants experienced dietary changes and reduced social interactions. Challenging situations allowed them to reassess their eating values and habits. By seeking their own coping strategies, they rediscovered the pleasure of eating.

Conclusions:
Older adults with gastrointestinal cancer tried to cope with dietary changes based on their reaffirmed values while seeking the joy of eating.

Implications for Practice:
A multidisciplinary healthcare team can support patients’ self-management by seeking to understand patients’ eating values and habits rather than focusing only on patients’ weight control and nutritional status.

Foundational:
Older adults with gastrointestinal cancer reaffirm the significance of eating and rediscover the joy of eating through the experience of dietary changes due to the disease and its treatment. Health care professionals who encourage patients to find pleasure in eating encourage a new patient perspective to support their self-management with eating.
Adaption of the Quality From the Patient’s Perspective Instrument for Use in Assessing Gynecological Cancer Care and Patients’ Perceptions of Quality Care Received
Authors: Olsson Cecilia , Wilde Larsson Bodil , Larsson Maria , Holmberg Erik , Marcickiewicz Janusz , Tholander Bengt , Flöter-Rådestad Angelique , Bjurberg Maria , Dahm-Kähler Pernilla , Hellman Kristina , Kjølhede Preben , Stålberg Karin , Högberg Thomas , Åvall Lundqvist Elisabeth , Borgfeldt Christer 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Research focusing on patients’ perceptions of the quality of gynecological cancer care is needed.

Objective:
To adapt the Quality from the Patient’s Perspective instrument for use in gynecological cancer care (QPP-GynCa) and describe patients’ perceptions of their quality of care in terms of the care received and the subjective importance of the aspects of care.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study 6–8 months after diagnosis was conducted, involving 1511 patients (response rate of 50.4%) included in the Swedish quality registry for gynecologic cancer.

Results:
The exploratory factor analysis (n = 1431) resulted in the QPP-GynCa with a 5-factor structure and an eigenvalue of ≥1, explaining 73.1% of the total scale variance. The final 27-item version of the QPP-GynCa consisted of 18 items with 8 additional single items and 1 global single item. The Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable for most factors (>.80). Subjective importance scores were higher than corresponding quality of care scores for care received (P ≤ .01)in all dimensions, factors, and items.

Conclusions:
The QPP-GynCa instrument reflects all 4 dimensions of the theoretical model of quality of care and achieved good validity as a reliable instrument in assessing the quality of gynecological cancer care.

Implication for Practice:
Information related to self-care, aspects of sexuality, and reducing patient waiting times need improvement.

What Is Foundational:
This study contributes to a better understanding of quality of gynecological cancer treatment and care. The validated QPP-GynCa instrument will be a platform for more research on how this group of patients experience their received care, as well as importance of each aspect of care.
Ductal prostate cancer: Clinical features and outcomes from a multicenter retrospective analysis and overview of the current literature
Authors: Cozzi Salvatore , Bardoscia Lilia , Najafi Masoumeh , Igdem Sefik , Triggiani Luca , Magrini Stefano Maria , Botti Andrea , Guedea E. Ferràn , Melocchi Laura , Ciammella Patrizia , Iotti Cinzia , Gutierrez M. Cristina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical features and outcomes after different therapeutic strategies for ductal prostate adenocarcinoma (DPC), a rare but aggressive subtype of invasive prostate cancer (PCa) accounting for, in the pure and mixed form, 1% or less and 5% or less, respectively, of all the newly diagnosed PCa.

Materials and methods
Patients with a proven diagnosis of DPC undergoing surgery, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy, alone or in combination, were considered for this multicenter, retrospective study. The study assessed overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and age-related disease-specific survival.

Results
Eighty-one patients met the study inclusion criteria. Pure DPC was found in 29 patients (36%) and mixed ductal-acinar-PCa in 52 patients (64%). After a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 3–206 months), 3- and 5-year OS rates were 84% and 67%, respectively, and 3- and 5-year DFS rates were 54% and 34%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS or DFS between the pure and mixed DPC groups. Pure DPC was associated with a higher rate of metastatic disease at onset. Patients 74 years or younger had better disease-specific survival (p = 0.0019). A subgroup analysis favored radiotherapy as the primary treatment for nonmetastatic, organ-confined DPC (3- and 5-year DFS of 80% and 50%, respectively, compared with 5-year DFS of 35% for surgical patients; p = 0.023).

Conclusions
Our study found DPC to be rarer, more aggressive, more likely to metastasize, and have a worse prognosis than the common acinar variant, especially in its pure form. Multicenter series are encouraged to obtain large data sets, or propensity score matching analyses with patients with conventional PCa are desirable to understand the best therapeutic approach and improve outcomes.
Primary testicular lymphoma: Clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes
Authors: Medina Alberto Artiles , Lorca Álvaro Javier , Carretero del Barrio Irene , Laso García Inés , García Cosío Mónica , Mata Alcaraz Marina , Hevia Palacios Manuel , Gómez Dos Santos Victoria , Burgos Revilla Francisco Javier 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a rare testicular malignancy, despite being considered the most common testicular tumor in patients older than 60 years. Primary testicular lymphoma represents only 1%–9% of testicular neoplasms. Few studies have been published regarding its clinical features and management. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PTL.

Materials and methods
Orchiectomy specimens of 15 patients with PTL diagnosed during 2000–2020 at our institution were retrospectively studied. We collected information on demographic data, clinical features, management aspects, and outcomes of PTL treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression analyses were used to study survival.

Results
The median patient age was 69 years (interquartile range, 61–72 years). The most prevalent clinical presentation was testicular swelling (80%), and only 13.33% of the patients presented with systemic symptoms. Central nervous system involvement was detected in 6 patients (40%). Of the 15 patients, 5 (33.33%) had stage IE and 10 (66.67%) had stage IVE lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common histological subtype. Twelve patients (80%) received chemotherapy. During follow-up, 4 patients (26.67%) relapsed. The recurrence rate in the contralateral testicle was 13.33%. The median cancer-specific survival was 21.58 months (95% confidence interval, 0–43.95 months). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that central nervous system involvement and International Prognostic Index score were significantly associated with shorter cancer-specific survival.

Conclusions
Primary testicular lymphoma has a high relapse rate and poor prognosis. Management strategies typically include radical orchiectomy and systemic chemotherapy. Central nervous system involvement and International Prognostic Index scores were associated with lymphoma-specific survival.
Prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and the associated quality of life among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly women: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Souza Heloisa da Costa , Pires Lívia M. T. , Vieira Gláucia C. , Castro Edna A. B. , Moura Elaine A. , Engelmann Júlia , Fonseca Diogo S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
An increase in life expectancy has led to an increased elderly population. In turn, this aging population is more likely to develop health conditions, such as pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these disorders and the associated quality of life in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly women.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 80 female participants older than 60 years, divided into 2 groups: institutionalized and noninstitutionalized participants. The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Short-Form and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. A chi-squared test was used to assess the differences in prevalence between groups.

Results
There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the prevalence of PFDs or quality of life. In this study, the prevalence of PFDs was higher than that reported previously. In institutionalized women, a higher prevalence of PFDs and impaired quality of life were expected, although not observed.

Conclusions
There was a higher prevalence of pelvic disorders and impaired quality of life due to these disorders in elderly women.
Feasibility and efficacy of a nurse practitioner-and pharmacist-led hypertension clinic
Authors: Speed Shelley , Schneider Nathan , Stutzman Sonja E. , Olson DaiWai M. , Higbea Ashley 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Hypertension (HTN) affects over one third of adults in the United States. Blood pressure (BP) management and patient education are provided by physicians, advanced practice clinicians, pharmacists, and nurses. In the traditional medical/clinic model, physicians have provided and directed HTN care. However, advanced practice nurses and pharmacists are also well trained and positioned to manage HTN. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of an HTN clinic, led by a nurse practitioner (NP) and PharmD, specifically analyzing if targeted HTN can be achieved in this setting. Registry data were used to analyze the initial and the most recent visit BP levels in patients who were seen in an NP/PharmD-led HTN clinic. Measures of central tendency and differences between initial and most recent visit were also compared. A total of 46 patients were included in this analysis. Data showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the first visit (144/86) and the most recent visit (138/84) BP (p = .26), but that there was a clinical trend in decreasing BP as well as narrowing of BP ranges and interquartile ranges between visit. The NP/PharmD-led clinic is feasible and can help lower BP and narrow ranges toward targeted BP.
Collagen peptide supplementation for pain and function: is it effective?
Authors: Kviatkovsky Shiloah A. , Hickner Robert C. , Ormsbee Michael J. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
Connective tissue injuries are prevalent in active and aging populations, leading to chronic pain and decreased function. Turnover of this tissue is not well understood, especially as it relates to aging and injury. Supplementation of collagen peptides has been shown to improve connective tissue recovery and pain through increased collagen production.

Recent findings
Collagen peptide supplementation improves pain and function, and upregulates metabolic pathways associated with muscle and tendon growth. Literature from the past 12–18 months supports that these pathways are also involved with increased synthesis and degradation of collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Improvements in body composition and strength have been noted with collagen peptide supplementation when paired with resistance training. Collagen peptide supplements are hydrolyzed into small peptides, termed bioactive peptides, and individual amino acids. These bioactive peptides are associated with the benefits observed with collagen peptide supplementation and may play a critical role in the collagen turnover.

Summary
Collagen peptide supplementation has been shown to promote recovery, decrease pain, and improve strength and body composition when paired with resistance training. These benefits may be attributed to bioactive peptides in collagen peptide supplements. Additional research is warranted to examine the specific effects of these bioactive peptides.