bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fear among Resident Doctors as Frontliners During Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Vaidya Pratibha Milind , Jahagirdar Shriharsh Shrinath , Shinde Deepali Sambhaji , Khade Jagruti Yashwant , Bharmal Ramesh N. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Fear is an adaptive emotion that serves to mobilize energy to deal with potential threat. A threat stimulus, such as site of a predator, triggers a fear response in the amygdala, which activates areas involved in preparation for motor function in fight or flight. Considering the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), fighting against this specific infectious disease was a serious challenge to the residents who were at a risk of themselves contacting the disease. This leads to exhaustion, isolation, and persistent emotional trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Objectives:
The objective of the study was to assess the level of perceived fear of residents doctors as front-liners and to find coping strategies used by resident doctors as front-liners to overcome fear.

Study Design:
An online survey was conducted.

Methods:
An online questionnaire-based survey was conducted to understand fear level in resident doctors as front-liners and various strategies used by them to overcome fear. The survey questionnaire consisted 21 items. This questionnaire was validated by three faculties. The final questionnaire consisted of 20 questions pertaining to the level of fear. Out of 150 e-mails sent to resident doctors in March 2020, received responses were from 86 resident doctors. Google Form link with the same questionnaire was resent to these 86 resident doctors, in November 2020. Out of these 86 e-mails, responses from 50 resident doctors of only COVID tertiary hospital were quantitatively analyzed.

Results:
The initial total minimum score was 134 and the maximum score was 200, and the average score was 156.16. Out of 50 residents, 28 (56%) were in the range less than or equal to average and 22 (44%) residents were in range greater than average. The total minimum score after 8 months was 69 and the maximum score was 179, and the average score was 128. Out of 50 residents, 20 (40%) were in the range less than or equal to average and 30 (60%) residents were in range greater than average. Out of 50 residents, 44 (88%) residents had severe fear and 6 (12%) had moderate fear at the initial stage of pandemic, whereas after 8 months of pandemic, only 11 (22%) residents had severe fear and 37 (74%) residents had moderate fear with 2 (4%) residents having only mild fear.

Conclusion:
Resident doctors who worked for more than 6 h per day in the COVID wards experienced moderate-to-severe levels of fear, which decreased with continued exposure to similar situation. The coping strategies used by residents also helped them to overcome this fear.
Evaluation of dose–Volume-Based Image-Guided High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy in Carcinoma Uterine Cervix
Authors: Lal Nancy , Yadav Suresh , Yogi Veenita , Singh Om Prakash , Ghori Hameed Uzzafar , Choudhary Megha , Saxena Rishika , Saxena Sachet 
Published: February 2022

Background:
In recent few decades, the evolution in imaging technology, especially computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, results in widespread availability and its use in high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) applications.

Aim:
The present study was aimed to analyze the cumulative dose–volume histogram of the tumor and organs at risk (OARs) in three-dimensional (3D) CT image-based brachytherapy planning and clinical outcomes of the treated patients.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective observational study included 40 patients with carcinoma cervix. After external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), a dose of 6 Gy per fraction of HDR ICBT in four fractions with a total dose to point “A” approximately 80–85 Gy was given. For planning, the tumor volumes (high-risk clinical target volume [HR-CTV]) and volume of OARs (bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon) were contoured on each CT slice. The dose–volume parameters, i.e., minimum dose received to 90% and 100% by HR-CTV volume (D90 and D100) for target and the maximum dose received by minimum volume of 2CC (D2CC) for OARs, were calculated and assessed for clinical response in patients.

Results:
The mean D2CC dose was 18.24 ± 0.93 Gy, 16.44 ± 1.11 Gy, and 16.37 ± 0.67 Gy for bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon, respectively. The combined (EBRT and HDR ICBT) mean equieffective dose in 2 Gy per fraction (EQD2) dose for bladder was 76.71 ± 2.05 Gy, for rectum was 72.82 ± 2.58 Gy, and for sigmoid colon was 72.71 ± 1.41 Gy, and its comparison with baseline values showing P < 0.01 for bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon was considered statistically significant. The mean EQD2 dose of HR-CTV D90 was 151 ± 27.3 Gy. Patients who had received HR-CTV D90 of >90 Gy compared with <90 Gy had exceptionally better local control and complete response.

Conclusion:
The present study suggested that CT is a favorable modality for treatment planning in cervical cancer with limited resources setup in terms of improved tumor coverage, lesser toxicity, confirmation of applicator placement, and accounting dose to OARs.
Low-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Nasreen Shahida , Najmi Arshad Manzoor , Andleeb Asifa , Fatima Kaneez , Sofi Mushtaq A , Banday Saquib Zaffar 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are relatively rare tumors. They comprise 5% of all brain tumors and 15% of all gliomas. As per WHO classification diffuse infiltrating LGG s fall under Grade II tumors. Although these tumors are slow growing but eventually they progress to high-grade gliomas, so these patients should be treated aggressively.

Materials and Methods:
From January 2012 to January 2017, clinical information of patients, who had LGG, was collected retrospectively from patient registries at the radiation oncology department of our institute.

Results:
A total of 25 patients were analyzed. Out of the entire cohort, 64% were males, and 36% were females. The most common presenting symptom in our patients was seizures and blurring of vision (44% each). Cerebrum was the mos common site of lesion in 19 out of 25 (76.0%) cases, and among those 19 cases, frontal lobe was involved in 12 cases (63.1%). Craniotomy with tumor decompression was performed in all patients. Gross total excision was possible in only 2 (8%) out of 25 patients, whereas the remaining 23 (92%) patients underwent subtotal or near total excision only. These 23 patients received concurrent chemoradiation by cobalt-60 unit to a dose of 60 Gy with weekly temozolomide. 18 out of 23 (78.2%) patients received adjuvant six cycles temozolomidein view of residual disease after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. At the last follow-up, all the 25 patients were alive, 20 patients had no disease on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, while five patients had stable disease.

Conclusion:
We conclude that LGG is a disease of young adults with seizures as most common presenting symptom. If treated with multidisciplinary treatment these patients have the long disease and disability-free survival. Neurocognitive dysfunction is low in our study group, but it needs longer follow-up.
Flower petal chop
Authors: Joshi Rajesh Subhash 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To describe a phacoemulsification technique to face chalenging situations such as hard and leathery nucleus.

Methods:
The present technique was successfully performed in 52 eyes of 48 patients, over a period of 3 months.

Results:
None of the patients had zonular dehiscence or posterior capsular rupture. In 40 eyes, the cornea was clear on the 1st postoperative day, while in 12 eyes, the cornea cleared on the 4th postoperative day. Visual acuity improved to 20/20 (corrected distance visual acuity) at the end of the 3-week follow-up.

Conclusion:
The flower petal chop technique is an effective and safe technique for phacoemulsification of hard and leathery cataracts.
The efficacy of Elbasvir/Grazoprevir fixed-dose combination for 8 weeks in HCV treatment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in treatment-naïve, non-cirrhotic, genotype 4-infected patients (ELEGANT-4)
Authors: AlEid Ahmad , Al Balkhi Areej , Qutub Adel , Abbarh Shahem , AlLehibi Abed , Almtawa Abdullah , Al Otaibi Nawwaf , AlGhamdi Ahmed , AlGhamdi Adel , Alamr Abdulrahman , Ahmad Shameem , Al Sayari Khalid , Al Ibrahim Bashaar , AlKhathlan Abdullah 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Cost, adverse events, and long treatment duration can be significant obstacles in treating hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals. Shortening the treatment regimen can minimize these barriers, thereby enhancing adherence and increasing medication availability to more patients.

Methods:
This is a single-centre, single-arm, open-label, phase 3 clinical trial on treatment naïve, non-cirrhotic, HCV genotype 4 patients. The study aimed to evaluate an 8-week course of Elbasvir (ELB)/Grazoprevir (GZR) in this population. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR-12). The secondary endpoints were SVR-4, adverse events, and changes in health- and hepatitis-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Results:
Of the 30 patients who were enrolled, 29 (97%) achieved SVR-12 and SVR-4 (95% CI: 90-100%). No patients experienced serious or life-threatening adverse events (AEs), but mild/moderate AEs were reported by 16 (53%). The most commonly reported AEs were itching/skin rash (20%), headache (16.7%), abdominal/epigastric pain and decreased appetite (13.3% each), and nausea/vomiting (10%). Marked improvements in HRQoL were reported between the first (baseline) and third (SVR-12) timepoints. HRQoL score improvements involved the physical, mental, and hepatitis-specific indices, and ranged between 6 and 42 points (out of 100, P ≤0.003).

Conclusion:
The trial provides empirical evidence that HCV genotype 4-infected patients can achieve viral eradication with an 8-week-regimen of ELB/GZR. Further, this course of treatment is associated with a minimal adverse event profile and potentially significant improvements in quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03578640).
The Integral Role of Radiology in the Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19–Associated Mucormycosis Infections
Authors: Prabhakar Anuj , Prabhakar Nidhi , Garg Mandeep , Kumar Ajay 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT.
Recently, there has been a sudden surge in COVID-19–associated mucormycosis (CAM) infections. Rhino-oculo-cerebral and pulmonary mucormycosis are the two most common forms of CAM. Radiology plays an integral role in the management of CAM. Computed tomography (CT) determines gross bony and soft tissue involvement in COVID-19–associated rhino-oculo-cerebral mucormycosis, whereas magnetic resonance imaging helps in evaluation of the orbital and intracranial extension. Paranasal sinus soft tissue with extrasinus infiltration with or without bony destruction is suggestive of COVID-19–associated rhino-oculo-cerebral mucormycosis. High-resolution CT chest scan has shown to be helpful in the diagnosis of COVID-19–associated pulmonary mucormycosis. Consolidation and cavitation are the most common imaging features. Other CT abnormalities include the reverse-halo sign, pleural effusion, ground-glass opacities, pneumothorax, nodules, and pulmonary embolism. A high index of suspicion with appropriate imaging findings can lead to the early diagnosis of CAM and timely initiation of antifungal treatment and/or surgical debridement, which can be lifesaving.
Effect of Honey on Oxidative Stress in the Brain Tissue of Sleep Deprived Rats
Authors: Akintoye O.O. , Ajibare A.J. , Fabunmi O.A. , Asuku A.O. , Tajudeen R.A. 
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of honey on the oxidative stress in the brain of sleep-deprived rats. Twenty five 6 weeks old male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups and subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery for 5 days using the modified multiple platform (MMP) method. Group I: Normal control; Group II: sleep deprivation (SD); Group III: sleep deprivation and sleep recovery (SD+SR) – received 10 ml/kg distilled water orally each; while Group IV: sleep deprivation and honey (SD+Honey) and Group V: sleep deprivation, recovery with honey (SD+SR+Honey) received honey (1g/kg body weight) orally once daily. Brain tissue of the humanely sacrificed rats were excised and homogenized for assessment of oxidative stress markers. Results indicate a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues of rats in Groups IV and V when compared with that from sleep deprived group (Group II). The Increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and catalase enzyme activity observed in homogenized brain tissue of rats in Groups III, IV, and V differ significantly (p<0.05) when compared with Group II. The results suggest that treatment with honey probably has ameliorative effects on oxidative stress in brain tissue of sleep deprived experimental rats.
Neurocognitivos altamente eficientes observados en niñez y adolescencia expuesta a condiciones de vulnerabilidad
Authors: García Barrera Laura Geovanna , Solval Mis Ángel Romeo , Solís Pérez Noemí , Tojo Ortiz María José 
Published: February 2022

OBJETIVO: describir la neurocognición eficiente observada en niñez expuesta a condiciones vulnerabilizantes. MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 38 docentes, con el fin de recabar observaciones sobre las variables: vulnerabilidad y habilidades neurocognitivas más desarrolladas en niñez y adolescencia en condiciones de vulnerabilidad del departamento de Jutiapa. RESULTADOS: se encontró que la niñez y adolescencia rural está más expuesta a condiciones de vulnerabilidad, la condición vulnerabilizante más frecuentemente observada es la pobreza, por otro lado, se evidencia que desde la niñez hay deseos de superación y dedicación. CONCLUSIÓN: la encuesta aplicada demostró que los factores de vulnerabilidad afectan de manera distinta a los diversos grupos como resultado en el presente estudio los maestros evidenciaron que la memoria y la atención de las consecuencias; estas condiciones no anulan la voluntad, el deseo o la participación de las personas afectadas, se visualiza que en la dedicación al estudio y las actividades escolares hay más concentración y esfuerzo.
The difficulty of making claims to knowledge in social science
Authors: Gorard Stephen , Tan Yiyi 
Published: February 2022

This paper considers three common types of claim to research knowledge, and the relative difficulty of making each type of claim in an empirically and logically justified manner. Before this, the paper looks at some more general issues often raised when discussing knowledge in social science, such as the nature of truth and justified belief, the existence of “isms” and paradigms treated like fashion accessories that one can adopt or not at will, and the intrinsic limitations of how we get to know about the “stuff” we might want to make research claims about. The idea of this early section is to remove some potential obstacles, before arguing that none of these issues is relevant to the rest of the paper about the nature of claims in their most generic form, independent of things like specific methods of data collection.

The first type of claim we identify is a fully descriptive one that only summarises the data observed. This is the easiest and safest kind of claim, but even these might suffer from non-random errors and inaccuracies. However, their biggest limitation is their lack of any wider utility. The second kind of claim is a generally descriptive one that makes statements about unobserved data on the basis of a fully descriptive claim. Here we meet Hume’s problem of induction. These claims have two parts, and the inductive part cannot seemingly be justified by logic, inferential statistics (whether Fisher or Neyman-Pearson style), Carnap’s inductive probabilities, or even necessarily by Popper’s falsification process. The third type is a causal claim, which we argue must also be a general claim. We develop a model, based on the work of Mill and Bradford-Hill, of what a plausible causal claim entails. But it still has all of the problems emerging from the first two types of claim, and adds a further problem created by our inability to assess causes directly. The paper concludes by suggesting how social science can proceed most safely in practice.
Use of Sugars to Improve Root Growth and Increase Transplant Success of Birch (Betula pendulaRoth.)
Authors: Percival Glynn C. , Fraser Gillian A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTwo field trials undertaken in 1999 and 2003 investigated the influence of a range of sugars applied as a root drench at 25, 50, and 70 g/L (3.4, 6.8, and 10.3 oz/gal) of water on root and shoot growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rates, and leaf carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations of birch (Betula pendulaRoth.). Irrespective of concentration and year, the sugars galactose and rhamnose had no significant effects on tree growth or leaf photosynthetic properties. Application of the sugar maltose increased shoot and root dry weight in the 1999 trial but had no effect in the 2003 trial. Sucrose, fructose, and glucose increased shoot and root dry weight in both 1999 and 2003 trials; however, growth responses were influenced by the concentration of sugar applied. In many cases, sugar application increased the number of new roots formed by week 6 but had no significant effects on the length of existing roots or shoot growth. By week 24, increases in both root and shoot growth were recorded. Sugar feeding at 25 g/L (3.4 oz/gal) of water had no significant effect on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rates, or carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations; however, sugar feeding at 50 and 75 g/L (6.8 and 10.3 oz/gal) of water reduced these values by week 6. At the cessation of the experiment, maximal increase in root and shoot growth was associated with a root drench of sucrose at a concentration of 70 g/L (10.3 oz/gal) of water in both 1999 and 2003 trials. Lower mortality rates recorded in sugar-treated trees indicate applications of sugars would aid in the survival of young birch trees following transplanting.
Irrigation Effects on the Growth of Newly Planted Oaks (Quercusspp.)
Authors: Costello Laurence R. , Jones Katherine S. , McCreary Douglas D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe effect of irrigation on the growth of container-grown oaks was investigated over a 4-year period.Quercus lobata, Q. agrifolia, andQ. douglasiiwere irrigated at three levels of reference evapotranspiration (0, 0.25, and 0.5 ET0) after being established for 1 year at the University of California Bay Area Research and Extension Center in Santa Clara, California, U.S. Although no significant differences were found in trunk diameter growth for irrigation treatments after 4 years, growth ofQ. agrifoliawas significantly greater thanQ. lobataandQ. douglasii. Root mass, shoot mass, and root distribution were measured forQ. agrifolia, and mean shoot:root ratio was found to be 2.6 to 1. Many roots ofQ. agrifoliawere found to develop with a stronger vertical than horizontal orientation, and root distribution was not significantly affected by irrigation treatments.
Planting Depth and Mulch Thickness Affect Establishment of Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and Bougainvillea Goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipinnata)
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , McDonald Garry V. , Bryan Donita L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMost available information on the effects of planting depths for trees is anecdotal. Testing of interactions with other important cultural practices implemented during landscape establishment is lacking. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanicaH. Marshall), a hypoxia-tolerant species, and bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipinnataA.R. Franchet), a hypoxiaintolerant species, were grown from seed in 2.3 L (#1) containers, which were later transplanted to 9.3 L (#3) black plastic containers and grown to a marketable size. Root collars of the plants were maintained level with the surface of the substrate. Green ash (1 May 2001) and bougainvillea goldenraintrees (27 April 2001) were transplanted to clay soil field plots with the root collars at 7.6 cm (3 in.) above soil grade, at grade, or 7.6 cm (3 in.) below grade. Planting depths for each species were in factorial combinations with 0, 7.6, 15.2, or 22.9 cm (0, 3, 6, or 9 in.), respectively, of pine bark mulch covering 0.74 m2(8 ft2) of soil beneath each tree. After 2 years, survival of bougainvillea goldenraintrees planted below grade was one-third that of those planted at or above grade. Survival and trunk diameter responses interacted with planting depth and mulch thickness for green ash. Planting below grade in combination with mulching reduced survival of green ash 25% to 50% after 3 years. Mulch applications reduced trunk diameters of green ash trees planted at or above grade. Mean soil water potentials were less negative with 7.6 cm (3 in.) of mulch (−5.8 kPa) compared to bare soil (−9.1 kPa), but increasing the mulch thickness to 22.9 cm (9 in.) inhibited penetration of irrigation water/rainfall (−16.2 kPa). These data suggest that planting with the root collar at or above grade enhances survival and growth potential of green ash and bougainvillea goldenraintree relative to planting below grade and that mulch applications should be only at thin layers sufficient to inhibit weeds. Bougainvillea goldenraintrees were more susceptible to the adverse effects of below-grade installation and excess mulch applications than were green ash trees.
Effect of Fertilization and Backfill Amendments on Soil Characteristics, Growth, and Leaf Gas Exchange of English Oak (Quercus roburL.)
Authors: Ferrini F. , Giuntoli A. , Nicese F.P. , Pellegrini S. , Vignozzi N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of fertilization and soil amendments on plant growth and leaf gas exchange was monitored on English oak trees (Quercus roburL.) over a 3-year period after planting. The results indicate that shoot growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf gas exchange were higher in fertilized plants, especially during the second and third years after planting. However, compost and leonardite were rarely better than the control. Soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by soil amendments, which promoted a better structure and lowered penetration resistance compared to control and fertilization.
Soil Inoculum Potential and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization ofAcer rubrumin Forested and Developed Landscapes
Authors: Wiseman P. Eric , Wells Christina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic relationship with numerous landscape tree species and can improve tree growth and environmental stress tolerance. Construction-related soil disturbance is thought to diminish AMF colonization of transplanted trees in newly developed landscapes. We gathered root, soil, and foliar data from red maples (Acer rubrum) growing in newly developed landscape sites and adjacent native forest sites to test two independent hypotheses: (1) landscape trees show lower levels of AMF colonization than forest trees, and (2) the AMF inoculum potential of landscape soils is lower than that of forest soils. Fine roots sampled from landscape maples had significantly lower AMF colonization than maples from adjacent forest sites (3% versus 22%). However, soil–sand mixtures made from landscape soils possessed greater AMF inoculum potential than those made from forest soils (10% versus 4%). Forest soils were more acidic and possessed less extractable P than landscape soils, and differences in AMF colonization between field and landscape maples appeared to reflect differences in soil chemical properties rather than in inoculum potential. The results of this study suggest that not all disturbed landscape soils are deficient in AMF propagules.