bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban settlements quality in Kotabaru Village, Gondokusuman Subdistrict, Yogyakarta City
Authors: Probowati H , Giyarsih S R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This research was conducted around the Code River, especially in Kotabaru village, Gondokusuman Subdistrict, Yogyakarta City. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of urban settlements and analyze their quality. The data collection method was carried out by using the multistage random sampling method. This sampling technique was carried out in two stages, namely classifying and selecting samples randomly. Data processing was done by scoring method using Sturges’ rules. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data analysis was carried out by explaining the results of data processing in depth. The results showed that most of the houses had poor accessibility, poor physical building conditions, good environmental sanitation, and residential environment characteristics with moderate conditions. This study also found that the quality of settlements in the study area with poor, moderate, and good classes was 30.43%, 50%, 19.57%, respectively. Indicators that lead to poor quality of settlements include accessibility, number of health facilities, land area per person, distance of clean water sources from fecal dumps, road width, and tree cover.
Circularity and sustainability in the construction value chain
Authors: Huovila P , Westerholm N 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper debates how circularity can contribute to value creation in the construction value chain. In traditional linear business models, value is often limited to financial value for the firm and customers. Here, value is seen more broadly considering a wider range of stakeholders, such as value chain partners, the environment, and the society. Findings from relevant literature and recent research projects are brought to transform linear cradle to grave processes to sustainable cradle to cradle ones. Circularity can contribute to sustainability in many ways: material recovery from existing buildings and reusing, recycling or even upcycling them into new ones and design for disassembly that eases reuse and value retention. Findings indicate that circular economy has significant potential to create and maintain value in the construction value chain. Most of the decisions that affect value creation are done in the design stage, but it is strongly linked to the other stages and affected by business models, circularity platforms, and external influencers such as financing, client’s requirements, regulations and incentives.
ScanR: A composite building scanning and survey method for the evaluation of materials and reuse potentials prior to demolition and deconstruction
Authors: Heisel F , McGranahan J , Boghossian A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces ScanR (Scan for Reuse), a composite method pairing quantitative and qualitative salvage and deconstruction surveying (S&D survey) with LiDAR and photogrammetry scanning in an effort to empower local municipalities and stakeholders in cataloging building materials prior to removal from site (in the case of either demolition or deconstruction), and enabling data collection and the generation of material databases to link local supply with demand – all in support of a shift from linear to circular economic models in construction. The speed of capturing large spaces through 3D scans and the ability to export such models into CAD software allows for a rapid assessment of surface and floor areas to calculate finishing material quantities and other material content, but lacks metadata such as quality and potential hazards that are necessary for a potential deconstruction contractor. Furthermore, information on spaces inaccessible to scanning, such as wall cavities, are necessary to comprehensively assess a building’s reuse potential. In supplementing scans with S&D surveys using accessible tools and software, these factors can be noted and referenced in relation to the space and 3d model, providing critical information to inform the harvest of materials and planning of the materials’ next use cycles. In testing this method on a building slated for deconstruction, this paper demonstrates the advantages of each method of data collection and how one can be leveraged to support the other to further catalyze local efforts to divert material from waste streams.
Restructure, repurpose, extend. Design strategies for future-oriented building and for strengthening the potential of the existing building fabric
Authors: Herrmann F , Pürschel H , Wörner J , Blasius J , Lahiri L , Böhme M , Hartmann V 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Climate neutrality coupled with an overall positive ecological footprint is still a distant dream for new construction. The German building sector is directly and indirectly responsible for about 40% of all German CO2 emissions and has so far failed its CO2 reduction goals. For the German building sector, the key to climate neutrality lies not only within new construction but in its existing building fabric. The embodied carbon of new construction needs be reduced as well as the amount of new construction itself. Hence the reuse of buildings and the extension of their life cycles is a crucial factor in reducing CO2 emissions and resource consumption. In this paper we present three of our projects (from the office Sauerbruch Hutton), highlighting not only the potentials but also the problems that planners face with existing buildings. Additionally, our project based LCA analysis showcases that retrofitting can have a much smaller CO2 footprint than a new building.
Enhanced Productivity for the Future of Retrofitting
Authors: Deffner M , Dorresteijn M , Van Elven B , Koene H , Laterveer R , Van Os M , Smilde M , Topper T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With the growing effects of climate change, it has become of great importance to reduce emissions from the building stock. Climate friendly retrofitting of dwellings has emerged as an important role since then. Based on a case study in the Netherlands and scientific research on the associated processes, it is concluded that the state of the current retrofitting process is not productive enough to meet European climate goals. To satisfy the increasing need for retrofitting, the Axiomatic Design Method is used to track down the key findings to improve the output of the retrofitting process from a holistic perspective. The aim of the research is to contribute to increase the current output of 50.000 residential retrofits per year by 300% for the Dutch construction industry. The results give opportunities for improvements that should be made within the process, product, and regulations in the industry. The elimination of manual labour in roof renovation is the finding that has the greatest impact on process productivity. In addition, the changeover of the process has an impact, whereby scaffolding, fall protection and weather no longer have an influence or are no longer required. It can be stated that efficiency could be significantly increased with low manual labour roof retrofitting.
Sufficiency as a Criterion for Sustainability Assessment
Authors: Hock A , Jäger J , Rietz A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Key instruments of the German sustainability strategy for federal buildings are the ‘Guideline for Sustainable Building’ (LFNB) and the ‘Assessment System for Sustainable Building’ (BNB). Based on the three pillars of sustainability (ecological, economic and social dimensions) and expanded by building related cross-sections (technical, process and location), sustainability research is opposing sustainability strategies of consistency, efficiency, resilience and in particular sufficiency. Likewise, the New European Bauhaus (NEB), initiated by the EU-Commission in 2021, acknowledges the recognition of the finite nature of resources and introduces the term sufficiency as a relevant aspect. This requires a consistent rethinking of the way we plan, construct, and operate buildings. However, sufficiency is often not or only partially addressed in sustainability assessments. The available research points towards a necessity to rethink the classic pillars of sustainability. Sufficiency should not be seen as relinquishment, but the basis for a successful efficiency and consistency implementation.
Up to now, the environmental impacts of buildings have usually been determined and evaluated as area-related parameters, omitting saving effects of area reduction. This paper proposes a reconsideration of reference values and evaluates possibilities for a BNB system integration of sufficiency criteria. The investigation does not aim to determine specific valuation criteria, but outlines possible locations for adaptation or inclusion within the pillars of sustainability.
A holistic perspective on the French building and construction GHG footprint
Authors: Pellan M , Louërat M , El Beze J , Habert G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In order to deliver on the Paris agreement, the decarbonisation of the building sector is critical. An accurate assessment of its life cycle GHG emissions is essential to identify emissions hotspots and decarbonisation potentials in order to prepare future policies such as sectoral carbon budgets. However, today a lack of common GHG emissions accounting exists between climate policies and building environmental assessment. The first one relies on the production-based accounting system of national inventories, while the second one takes a life cycle approach, thus accounting for cross-sectoral emissions. As a result, at national level, there is no holistic assessment of the building and construction GHG footprint, which is detrimental to prepare decarbonisation pathways. This research aims to characterise the life cycle emissions of the sector, taking the French case as an example. A thorough analysis of operational direct and indirect emissions as well as embodied emissions allows the identification of emissions hotspots, both at sectoral and geographical levels. The methodology enables an integrated cross-sectoral perspective that is essential for national assessments and future policy interventions. Results show operational emissions represent 65% of the sector GHG footprint. Embodied emissions are mainly due to industry and energy upstream emissions, with roughly 60% imported from abroad. The results can help to identify main decarbonisation levers to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
Level(s) compared to European and Norwegian standards for life cycle assessment of buildings
Authors: Vandervaeren C , Fufa S M , Kallaos J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Launched in 2021, the EU Level(s) calculation method for Global Warming Potential (GWP) of buildings could get increasing attention and complement the standards that are currently used in Europe and Norway, EN 15978 and NS 3720. To understand the possibility and consequences of using Level(s) in Norway, we assess how the Level(s) GWP calculation method differs from EN 15978 and NS 3720, and whether it is more specific and provides more guidance. Comparing fifteen methodological aspects, eleven were treated differently in the three methods. Both Level(s) and NS 3720 are based on EN 15978, hence they provide more, though different, specifications and guidelines than EN 15978 for most of the aspects, such as scope of building elements, life cycle stages to include, and reference study period. Level(s) provides more guidance for the development of scenarios for the operational and end-of-life stages, and for assessing data reliability. NS 3720 lists the scope of building elements in detail and accounts for operational transport (stage B8). Overall, a building GWP calculated with NS 3720 would need some adjustment to reflect the prescriptions of Level(s). These findings inform LCA assessors about key differences, supporting the broader use of Level(s) in Norway as in Europe, and helping towards a harmonization of NS 3720 to Level(s).
Sustainable building arenas: Constructing a governance framework for a sustainability transition in Cambodia’s urban built environment
Authors: Jayaweera R , Nop S , Karagianni C , Waibel M , Schwede D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Transition governance approaches for the building sector have been discussed for more than a decade. Very little work has however moved beyond the socio-political contexts of the Global North to scrutinize the spatial-institutional challenges of sustainability transitions in the Global South, or more illiberal contexts. Consequently, this paper introduces a transition governance framework, a Sustainable Building Arena (SBA), that addresses the contextual particularities of the urban building regime and its de/stabilizing factors in the case of Cambodia to inform transformational change. The design of the SBA draws on the literature on urban transition management, transition management in the Global South, as well as transdisciplinary transition management arenas, and extends these concepts to Cambodia’s urban built environment. It furthermore builds upon the results of an extensive analysis of the socio-technical system and an evaluation of residential buildings in Phnom Penh, including indoor environmental conditions. The SBA is conceptualized as an informal institution and as a protected and co-creative space at the science-policy-business-civil society interface. It allows sustainability-minded but often marginalized actors to co-produce and pluralize knowledge - including the co-development of problem framings, visions and transition strategies – and facilitates cooperation, as well as the creation of alternative discourse coalitions and networks of social capital. Overall, the paper argues that such scientifically grounded and participatory processes, that are attentive to and designed for the particular spatial-institutional context, can indeed support the development of actionable knowledge, the empowerment of marginalized actors and support collective action for transformative change in the built environment sectors in contexts outside the Western liberal norm of transition studies.
Consequential impacts of a net-zero carbon design: life cycle assessment of an active building
Authors: Roberts M , Allen S , Marsh E , Clarke J , Coley D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is becoming the predominant means for determining if a building design meets a carbon emission target. These target values are set to help building designers meet aspirational net-zero carbon targets. Within LCA, there are two modelling frameworks. Attributional LCA (ALCA) assigns a portion of global emissions to a specific product or process. Consequential LCA (CLCA) assesses the impacts from a market’s response to a change in demand for a product or process. A case study building, located in Swansea, UK, has been assessed to investigate the differences between ALCA and CLCA. The case study building employs: a modular off-site construction building fabric; on-site energy generation; and, on-site energy storage – all strategies that may be adopted at large scale to decarbonise the built environment. Based on global warming potential assessed over a 100-year time horizon (GWP100), the total upfront embodied impacts from CLCA are 19% higher than that from ALCA. Three differences exist within the rank order of building elements. The Frame presented the highest contribution to the GWP100 within the CLCA results, whereas External Walls contributed the most within the ALCA results. The differences arise mostly from how electricity production is modelled within attributional and consequential datasets and whether substitution or cut-off are used within the background processes. CLCA can capture the environmental impacts of decisions taken to create a net-zero built environment. However, CLCA should not be directly compared to ALCA without appreciating and recognising how the methods and scopes differ.
To weigh or not to weigh. Recommendations for communicating aggregated results of buildings LCA
Authors: Gomes V , Pulgrossi L , Gomes Da Silva M , Balouktsi M , Lützkendorf T , Frischknecht R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interpreting contradictory results of multiple midpoint environmental indicators is challenging task. Hence, partial or full aggregation into building single scores has gained ground for the clear message they convey. This paper helps to improve understanding of the possibilities and limitations of such practice. Partial aggregated scores of five buildings were explored, limited to the environmental indicators shared by the methods examined and inventoried for the case studies. In general, the buildings’ single score ranking was maintained regardless of the aggregation approach, but rank reversal is possible if e.g., ecotoxicity impact indicators are considered. Such indicators are directly influenced by the mass of metals used in a building. Furthermore, uncertainties on their results, in LCI data and in impact and damage assessment are high, and experience with them is still limited. No single best aggregation stands out per se. All of them can play their part if officially supported to ensure that coherent weights/factors are built upon solid, up-to-date data and fair intergenerational and income equity valuation procedures. In such cases, LCA practitioners are encouraged to use single scores in addition to environmental profiles or selected indicators. Overall aggregation procedures shall be transparently described, and zero pure time preference rate and equity weighting applied and explicitly declared. Sensitivity/uncertainty analysis shall be performed to assess results robustness, potential ranking reversal risks, and the effect of different discount rates. When partial aggregation is alternatively pursued, it shall be based on endpoint categories.
The influence of EPD data on LCA results
Authors: Tozan B , Stapel E , Sørensen C , Birgisdóttir H 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe built environment is responsible for reaching global climate targets such as the Paris agreement and carbon neutrality in 2050. It is a well-known fact that buildings stand for 37% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where 10% is due to emissions from the production of building materials, while the remaining 27% comes from energy consumption [1]. The awareness of the major contribution to global GHG emissions from the built environment has enabled a great interest in developing more sustainable buildings, reducing the contribution to GHG emissions, and conducting life cycle assessments (LCA) of buildings in Denmark. In March 2021 a national strategy towards more sustainable buildings was introduced, which requires an LCA of new buildings, and compliance with the limit value of 12 kg CO2e/m2/year for new buildings with > 1000 m2. The strategy underlines the urgency of educating the Danish construction sector in conducting LCAs of new buildings and gaining knowledge in environmental product declarations (EPD) available for the Danish sector to apply. Eventually, this will enable more specific and transparent LCA results of Danish buildings. We investigate the availability and applicability of EPDs from a Danish perspective in the first part of the study, and in the second part, we investigate the influence on LCA results when applying industry- or product-specific data instead of generic data (Ökobau 2020 II). Three exterior wall types A, B and C are outlined based on the same U-value, and generic data are replaced with EPD data. The results show the various combinations possible with applying the EPD data. Secondly, the LCA results are highly dependent on the chosen materials and their corresponding EPD data.
The Construction Material Pyramid - Integrating health and toxicity parameters
Authors: Munch-Petersen P , Lewis M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article investigates how hazardous substances and toxicity information can be integrated into the Construction Material Pyramid [Pyramid] in order to showcase the potential health impacts of material choices in architecture. The current Pyramid indicates different materials’ upfront environmental impacts in the initial life phase of a building product, specifically in the Life Cycle Assessment phases A1-A3. The success of the Pyramid hinges on its communicative strength of conveying complex data in a simple format, easily understood by architects and planners. Can other aspects of material impacts be conveyed with a similar graphic ease to provide a more complete material assessment? Material health and toxicity is notoriously difficult to assess, as data is insufficient and hard to acquire due to proprietary concerns from manufacturers and lack of proper legislation to ensure transparency. The Pyramid has not yet dealt with health and toxicity as a parameter and there exists no predefined method as to how these problems can be included in a comparative model such as the Pyramid. This article’s first line of inquiry is to discuss a suitable methodology to disclose the potential health impacts of construction materials and their associated, often invisible, chemical products applied for mounting, finishing, mold or fire resistance. The Swedish Chemicals Agency’s and the European Chemicals Agency’s evaluation of substances will inform the framework for a comparative system. Secondly, the article will address how the model can graphically convey the potential health and environmental impacts from the production and construction phases of prime and associated materials. This augmentation of the Pyramid would enable architects and designers to more easily obtain information regarding potential health impacts resulting from hazardous chemical content and could provide incentives for selecting less-toxic alternatives. By drawing on H-phases and SundaHus’s product assessment, a ‘stop-sign method’ is used to indicate hazard levels of construction materials.