bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaze orientation during full‐field and peripheral field passive optokinesis
Authors: Abadi Richard V. , Howard Ian P. , Ohmi Masao 
Published: July 2002

SummaryDuring full‐field optokinetic nystagmus the mean position of gaze shifts the eyes in the direction of the fast phase. The driving force for this, pre‐supposes that the preferred locus for the position control system, is shifting gaze into the direction where the motion is coming from. In this study, six subjects were examined to determine whether the absence of the central visual field would influence the mean position of gaze during passive optokinesis. Our findings indicate that a full field and a central field restricted to 20 deg, evoked gaze shifts of up to 7 deg into the direction of the fast phase. However, when the central field was masked by either 12.5 deg or 25 deg the mean gaze position was found to be significantly reduced (p<0.05). This effect was not influenced by the velocity of the stimulus (p>0.05). These results lead us to conclude that gaze orientation during optokinesis is strongly influenced by the area of retina stimulated. The role of the slow eye movement control system and possible cognitive strategies adopted during selective spatial attention are discussed in the light of this finding.
An extension of an accommodation and convergence model of emmetropization to include the effects of illumination intensity
Authors: Blackie C. A. , Howland H. C. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe Flitcroft (1998) emmetropization model incorporates a classical model of accommodation and convergence with blur‐driven feedback control of eye growth. We have modified this model by incorporating the effects of illumination (with or without extensive near work) on accommodation, vergence, pupil diameter and emmetropization. In addition to replicating Flitcroft's results, we show that (1) decreased illumination and (2) a low convergence accommodation/convergence (CAC) ratio exacerbate the progression of near‐work‐induced myopia. Our model further indicates that prescription of negative lenses, under these conditions, augments the advancement of myopia.
The Relationship Between Lower Body Strength and Obstructed Gait in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Lamoureux Ecosse L. , Sparrow William A. , Murphy Aron , Newton Robert U. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:To determine the relationship between lower body strength of community‐dwelling older adults and the time to negotiate obstructed gait tasks.DESIGN:A correlational study.SETTING:The Biomechanics Laboratory, Deakin University, Australia.PARTICIPANTS:Twenty‐nine women and 16 men aged 62 to 88 were recruited using advertisements placed in local newspapers. The participants were independent community dwellers, healthy and functionally mobile.MEASUREMENTS:Maximal isometric strength of the knee extensors and dynamic strength of the hip extensors, hip flexors, hip adductors, hip abductors, knee extensors, knee flexors, and ankle plantar flexors were assessed. The times to negotiate four obstructed gait tasks at three progressively challenging levels on an obstacle course and to complete the course were recorded. The relationship between strength and the crossing times was explored using linear regression models.RESULTS:Significant associations between the seven strength measures and the times to negotiate each gait task and to walk the entire course at each level were obtained (r= −0.38 to −0.55;P< .05). In addition, the percentage of the variance explained by strength (R2), consistently increased as a function of the progressively challenging level. This increase was particularly marked for the stepping over task (R2= 19.3%, 25.0%, and 27.2%, for levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and the raised surface condition (R2= 17.1%, 21.1%, and 30.8%, for levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively).CONCLUSION:The findings of the study showed that strength is a critical requirement for obstructed locomotion. That the magnitude of the association increased as a function of the challenging levels suggests that intervention programs aimed at improving strength would potentially be effective in helping community‐dwelling older adults negotiate environmental gait challenges.J Am Geriatr Soc 50:468–473, 2002.
Drinking goal selection and treatment outcome in out‐patients with mild‐moderate alcohol dependence
Authors: ADAMSON SIMON J. , SELLMAN J. DOUGLAS 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSelection of drinking goal is examined at baseline, post‐treatment and at 6 months follow‐up for a sample of mild‐moderate alcohol‐dependent out‐patients. Drinking goal is identified as abstinent or controlled drinking, with the latter group being asked to further specify per session and per week drinking limits. Group comparisons for drinking goal post‐treatment show those who were not assigned motivational enhancement therapy, had more drinking days and lower scores on the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire and Internal Motivation were more likely to choose controlled drinking. The only variable to predict independently whether or not the controlled drinking goal was within the promoted drinking guidelines was age, with younger participants more likely to choose a goal above this limit. Goal selection was significantly related to drinking outcome, with those aiming to drink within guidelines having better outcome than those aiming for higher limits. There was no significant difference in drinking outcome category when those aiming for within limits were compared to those aiming for abstinence. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Addiction, Community and State: A Review
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph 
Published: July 2002

As clinicians, we are well aware of the importance of drug supply, price, availability, and access in propagating and maintaining illicit drug use, abuse, and addiction. However, we tend to be silent on these topics, leaving them to elected and appointed government leaders. The author proposes that our remaining silent is analogous to an infectious disease expert remaining silent on water supply and sewage in the midst of a cholera epidemic. It is not only unseemly for us to remain silent, it is unprofessional at best and unethical at worst.Governmental means of addressing the social genesis of addiction and illicit drug supply falls under the general rubric of statecraft. Our elected leaders, our appointed governmental leaders, and our publicly supported workers (e.g., police, courts, schools, health care workers, social agencies) can and do exert influences either favoring or counteracting illicit drug supply, use, abuse, and addiction. Public officials can and do learn the exercise of statecraft in addressing a large range of social needs, such as housing, transportation, security, a safe food supply, and so forth. They can and should develop knowledge, skills, and experience in the exercise of statecraft vis‐a‐vis drugs.This article reviews the relevant literature on this topic. In addition, the author reflects on his observations on “addiction statecraft” in several countries over the past three decades. He underscores the need to consider elements such as community deterioration, corruption of police and other officials, and social antidrug strategies that have worked as well as those that have not worked. Public leaders must also take stands regarding intervention and treatment programs that are not widely popular, such as those involving methadone. The author argues that we speak out authoritatively on “addiction statecraft.” In undertaking such social roles, we must take care to speak out of our own collective wisdom and experience, rather than out of personal bias or personal agendas.
Two online surveys of Italian Internet audiences: a summary of findings
Authors: Magistretti Stefano 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article describes the main results of separate online surveys on two partly differentiated Italian Internet audiences. It argues that the two show more traits in common than dissimilarities and that their common characteristics are widely shared by the millions of Italian Internet users. On a comparison of the sample to the country as a whole, it emerges as better educated, more open-minded, more affluent, and young to middle-aged. These Internet audiences do not trust television, they rely on the Internet to provide them with news, entertainment, goods and services, and they are quite similar to other Internet users elsewhere in western Europe.
Imagining the Web: the social construction of the Internet in Italy
Authors: Pasquali Francesca 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe article analyses social discourses about the Internet in Italy from the mid-1990s onwards, taking its examples from advertising. Beyond the individual campaigns and their subjects there have been two distinct trends in Internet advertising. The first has made an effort to build the Internet as a cognitive object, the second has presented the Internet as a ‘possible world'. The article aims to account for the ways in which the Web has been thematized in Italy: its fields of reference, and how its possible social and personal uses have been anticipated.
Variability in comprehension strategy use in children with SLI: A dynamical systems account
Authors: Evans Julia L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim was to investigate the stability of comprehension strategy use in children with specific language impairment (SLI). According to principles of Dynamic Systems Theory, behaviour is both unstable and more easily affected by changes in external variables during developmental transitions. The study examined this prediction directly by comparing the comprehension strategy use of children with SLI in two different conditions. The subjects included 16 school‐aged children with SLI (ages 6;8−8;5), and eight chronologically age‐matched (CA) controls. One group of children with SLI (n =8) was in a development transition between animacy and word‐order comprehension strategy use, demonstrating the emerging use of word‐order sentence comprehension strategies (SLI‐T). The second group of children with SLI (n =8) was not in a developmental transition (SLI‐N), demonstrating the use of only animacy comprehension strategies characteristic of younger typically developing children. Children were asked to determine the agent in 54 sentences of the forms (NVN, NNV, VNN) with animacy of the noun as a second factor in each of two different conditions designed to vary external processing demands. Analysis of variance and maximum likelihood estimate analysis revealed that comprehension strategies for both groups of children with SLI differed qualitatively from CA controls. In particular, the findings revealed that comprehension strategy use in children with SLI was highly vulnerable to increases in external processing demands as compared with CA controls, suggesting that comprehension strategies in children with SLI are weakly represented regardless of the strategy they use. Findings from the study also illustrate the impact of intrinsic as well as extrinsic contextual factors on the stability and instability of language processing performance in children with SLI.
Design and implementation of a qualitative simulation model of lambda phage infection.
Authors: Heidtke K R , Schulze-Kremer S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Molecular biology databases hold a large number of empirical facts about many different aspects of biological entities. That data is static in the sense that one cannot ask a database 'What effect has protein A on gene B?' or 'Do gene A and gene B interact, and if so, how?'. Those questions require an explicit model of the target organism. Traditionally, biochemical systems are modelled using kinetics and differential equations in a quantitative simulator. For many biological processes however, detailed quantitative information is not available, only qualitative or fuzzy statements about the nature of interactions. RESULTS: We designed and implemented a qualitative simulation model of lambda phage growth control in Escherichia coli based on the existing simulation environment QSim. Qualitative reasoning can serve as the basis for automatic transformation of contents of genomic databases into interactive modelling systems that can reason about the relations and interactions of biological entities.
Annotated Expressed Sequence Tags and cDNA Microarrays for Studies of Brain and Behavior in the Honey Bee
Authors: Whitfield Charles W. , Band Mark R. , Bonaldo Maria F. , Kumar Charu G. , Liu Lei , Pardinas Jose R. , Robertson Hugh M. , Soares M. Bento , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: July 2002

To accelerate the molecular analysis of behavior in the honey bee (Apis mellifera), we created expressed sequence tag (EST) and cDNA microarray resources for the bee brain. Over 20,000 cDNA clones were partially sequenced from a normalized (and subsequently subtracted) library generated from adultA. melliferabrains. These sequences were processed to identify 15,311 high-quality ESTs representing 8912 putative transcripts. Putative transcripts were functionally annotated (using the Gene Ontology classification system) based on matching gene sequences inDrosophila melanogaster. The brain ESTs represent a broad range of molecular functions and biological processes, with neurobiological classifications particularly well represented. Roughly half ofDrosophilagenes currently implicated in synaptic transmission and/or behavior are represented in theApisEST set. OfApissequences with open reading frames of at least 450 bp, 24% are highly diverged with no matches to known protein sequences. Additionally, over 100Apistranscript sequences conserved with other organisms appear to have been lost from theDrosophilagenome. DNA microarrays were fabricated with over 7000 EST cDNA clones putatively representing different transcripts. Using probe derived from single bee brain mRNA, microarrays detected gene expression for 90% ofApiscDNAs two standard deviations greater than exogenous control cDNAs.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to Genbank data library under accession nos.BI502708–BI517278. The sequences are also available athttp://titan.biotec.uiuc.edu/bee/honeybee_project.htm.]
Dimethylformamidase with a Unique Iron Center
Authors: Arya Chetan K , Ramanathan Gurunath , Vinothkumar Kutti R , Subramanian Ramaswamy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

N, N
‐Dimethylformamide is an abundant and one of the most used solvents in the chemical industry. The enzyme dimethylformamidase catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the highly stable formamide bond. Sequence analysis of the enzyme suggested that it does not belong to the known family of amidohydrolases. The enzyme in its smallest form, is a tetramer made of two large and two small subunits. It is a very halotolerant enzyme that oligomerizes to form a dimer of tetramers with increasing salt concentration. The domain that contains the active site is a new fold. The active site is a Fe(III) center coordinated by two tyrosines and glutamic acid. Site‐directed mutagenesis shows that glutamic acid, histidine, and asparagine around the active site are critical for the catalysis by the enzyme. The evolution of the enzyme to break down the man‐made dimethylformamide is still a mystery.
Sirohydrochlorin Nickelochelatase
CfbA
Authors: Fujishiro Takashi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Sirohydrochlorin nickelochelatase CfbA is one of the coenzyme F430 biosynthetic (Cfb) enzymes. CfbA catalyzes insertion of Ni
2+
into sirohydrochlorin (SHC) to yield nickel‐sirohydrochlorin (Ni‐SHC). From a structural viewpoint, CfbA belongs to the class II chelatase family. In addition, CfbA is regarded as an ‘ancestral’ class II chelatase due to its unique homodimeric architecture, which is structurally homologous to the overall architectures of monomeric ‘descendant’ class II chelatases. Furthermore, two CfbA types, type I/type II, based on its His‐rich/non‐His‐rich motif, have been demonstrated to be important for considering the coevolution of CfbA enzymes and the coenzyme F430 (F430)‐containing archaea. More importantly, some historical aspects are described for not only CfbA enzymes from F430‐containing organisms (e.g.
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
) but also ancestral class II chelatases, called CbiX
S
, from non‐F430‐containing organisms (e.g.
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
). Herein, there are suggestions: the name of ‘CfbA’ should be used for the ancestral class II chelatases from ‘F430‐containing’ organisms, and the name of ‘CbiX
S
’ should be used for the ancestral class II chelatases from the ‘F430‐lacking’ organisms, because the abbreviation ‘Cfb’ comes from
C
oenzyme
F
430
b
iosynthesis. Not only the classification and annotations but also some unique biochemical and structural properties of CfbA are shown in this review. In particular, a unique catalytic mechanism of CfbA, a substrate‐SHC‐assisted Ni‐insertion mechanism, is introduced, which has been demonstrated based on the successful X‐ray crystal structural analysis of an intermediate of the CfbA ternary complex with Ni
2+
and SHC. Some studies of CfbA with nonnatural substrates are also shown, which possibly provide evolutionary aspects and substrate specificities of the class II chelatases.
Copper‐Containing Nitrite Reductase
Authors: Rose Samuel L , Hough Michael A , Antonyuk Svetlana V , Eady Robert R , Hasnain S. Samar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Cu‐containing nitrite reductases (CuNiRs) catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide and water. CuNiRs are part of the denitrification and nitrification pathways that are not only important from bioenergetics perspective but are also the major contributors to terrestrial and oceanic nitrogen cycling. These pathways make a significantly increasing contribution to global warming by release of N
2
O, an ozone‐depleting and greenhouse gas some 300‐fold more potent than CO
2
. Advanced crystallographic techniques based on synchrotrons and X‐ray free electron lasers have been applied to this important class of enzymes. Here we provide a detailed review of recent results obtained from a global effort.
Synthetic Strategies for the Preparation of Gold‐based Anticancer Agents
Authors: Gukathasan Sailajah , Awuah Samuel G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGold (Au) complexes attained an exceptional reach as new metal‐based anticancer agents in recent years. The FDA‐approved AuIcomplex auranofin [(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐β‐d‐glucopyranose (triethylphosphoranylidene)gold(I)] displays efficacious chemotherapeutic potential in phase I and II clinical trials for both liquid and solid tumors. Ignited by the success of auranofin as an anticancer agent, new designs and synthetic processes toward AuIand AuIIIcomplexes for unique biomedical applications are actively ongoing. In the past few years, AuIIIcomplexes have become attractive as premised on promising antitumor preclinical studies despite bottlenecks associated with stability and biological target identification. Advancement of gold complexes to the clinic will require agents with improved anticancer potency, unambiguous biological target, pharmacokinetic profile, and optimal stability. Thus, ligand tuning and innovative synthetic chemistry coupled with rigorous biological characterization are crucial. In this article, an overview of known synthetic strategies for the synthesis of gold anticancer complexes is presented. Primary focus on the synthesis of AuIand AuIIIcomplexes along with anticancer outcomes is outlined. This article presents medicinal inorganic chemists with an armory of synthetic tools and purification protocols to readily access highly potent gold anticancer agents.
Influence of expert degree and scientific validity of testimony on mock Jurors' perceptions of credibility
Authors: Flick Cassandra , Smith Olivia K. H. , Schweitzer Kimberly 
Published: March 2022

AbstractExpert credentials and scientific validity of expert evidence have been shown to impact mock jurors' perceptions of expert credibility. The current study investigated the interactive effects of these two variables. Participants (N = 273) were exposed to a mock civil trial based on a real hostile work environment case. We were interested in both the interactions of expert degree and overall validity of the evidence, as well the impact of degree with specific types of validity. In a between‐subjects design, we varied the expert's educational degree (MS vs. PhD) and the scientific validity of the expert's evidence through internal validity (high vs. low) and ecological validity (high vs. low). Results indicated an interaction of degree with overall scientific quality, while controlling for participant sex. When the expert presented high‐quality testimony, a PhD expert and their evidence were perceived more positively than an MS expert.
Kernel center adaptation in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space embedding method
Authors: Paruchuri Sai Tej , Guo Jia , Kurdila Andrew 
Published: March 2022

SummaryThe performance of adaptive estimators that employ embedding in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) depends on the choice of the location of basis kernel centers. Parameter convergence and error approximation rates depend on where and how the kernel centers are distributed in the state‐space. In this article, we develop the theory that relates parameter convergence and approximation rates to the position of kernel centers. We develop criteria for choosing kernel centers in a specific class of systems by exploiting the fact that the state trajectory regularly visits the neighborhood of the positive limit set. Two algorithms, based on centroidal Voronoi tessellations and Kohonen self‐organizing maps, are derived to choose kernel centers in the RKHS embedding method. Finally, we implement these methods on two practical examples and test their effectiveness.
Phase Modulation Enabled High Thermoelectric Performance in Polycrystalline GeSe0.75Te0.25
Authors: Wang Zhiran , Wu Hong , Zhang Bin , Dai Lu , Huo Yufeng , Huang Yuling , Han Guang , Lu Xu , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Wang Guoyu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe structure–property link is inherent to materials. Hexagonal Ge4Se3Te phase, with special Ge–Ge cationic bonding and distinctive from other IV–VI compounds, reveals thermoelectric (TE) performance far below the common values for IV–VI compounds. Here, it is shown that its TE performance can be substantially enhanced by phase modulation: increasing sintering temperature from 573 to 773 K leads to the decomposition of hexagonal phase into a composite of orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases, which significantly improves TE performance at T ≤ 550 K; Sb/Cd doping stabilizes the rhombohedral phase, compensates the hole concentration, and strengthens the phonon scattering, which further enhances the TE performance over the whole temperature range. The theoretical calculation reveals that the rhombohedral phase has a more favorable electronic band structure than the hexagonal phase for achieving higher electrical transport properties. The optimized TE performance is obtained in rhombohedral Ge0.90Sb0.08Cd0.02Se0.75Te0.25, with a zTmax of 1.36 at 778 K and zTave of 0.73 from 322 to 778 K, which are among the highest values in the Se‐rich side of Ge(Se, Te) system, and one order higher than those in the hexagonal phase. The study sheds light on the validity of phase modulation for TE performance optimization in Ge(Se, Te)‐based material systems.