bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rhetoric of reaction redux
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn The Rhetoric of Reaction, published in 1991, Albert Hirschman identified three standard objections to reform proposals: perversity, futility and jeopardy. In Hirschman's account, these objections define reactionary rhetoric. A proposal would be “perverse” if it would aggravate the very problem it is meant to solve; it would be “futile” if it would not even dent the problem; it would produce “jeopardy” if it would endanger some other goal or value (such as liberty or economic growth). The rhetoric of reaction comes from both left and right, though in Hirschman's account, it is a special favorite of the right. In recent years, the perversity, futility and jeopardy theses have often been invoked to challenge reforms, including nudges. While the three theses are sometimes supported by the evidence, they are often evidence-free speculations, confirming Hirschman's suggestion that the rhetoric of reaction has “a certain elementary sophistication and paradoxical quality that carry conviction for those who are in search of instant insights and utter certainties.”
Performing Crisis? Trump, Populism and the GOP in the Age of COVID-19
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlthough populist figures are often thought to thrive during crises that allow them to ‘perform’ decisive leadership, the US experience under Donald Trump during the COVID-19 crisis demonstrates that the opposite may sometimes occur. Despite its scientific and medical prowess, the US suffered more coronavirus cases and deaths than any other country in the world during the first year of the pandemic, and this abysmal performance was largely attributable to a failure of government. Fixated on the pandemic's economic effects and its potential political fallout, the Trump administration's framing of the crisis tried to minimize the public health emergency, externalize blame through a focus on the Chinese scapegoat and accuse the media and Democrats of hyping the pandemic to undermine Trump's presidency. In responding to the pandemic, Trump and his allies cast doubt on scientific and medical expertise that called for more aggressive testing, mask wearing and social-distancing measures. Trump delegated responsibility for crisis management to subnational governments and the private sector, and he politicized their efforts to regulate social behaviour in the public interest, intensifying partisan polarization.
Quasi-dynamic subgrid-scale kinetic energy equation model for large-eddy simulation of compressible flows
Authors: Qi Han , Li Xinliang , Hu Running , Yu Changping 
Published: August 2022

A quasi-dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) kinetic energy one-equation eddy-viscosity model is introduced in this paper for large-eddy simulation (LES) of compressible flows. With the additional SGS kinetic energy equation, the SGS kinetic energy can be predicted properly. Then, using the dual constraints of SGS kinetic energy and the SGS kinetic energy flux, the eddy-viscosity model can be determined exactly. Taking a similar scheme as the expansion of the SGS stress, other unclosed quantities in the equations to be solved could be well modelled separately. Therefore, with the advance of the equations, all the model coefficients can be determined dynamically. Differing from the classic dynamic procedure, the new methodology needs no test filtering, and thus it could also be called a quasi-dynamic procedure. Using direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulent channel flow, the$a$ $priori$test shows that the key modelled quantities of the suggested model display high correlations with the real values. In LES of compressible turbulent channel flows of the Mach number being$1.5$and 3.0, the proposed model can precisely predict some important quantities, including the mean velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulent flux, and it can also supply more abundant turbulent structures. For the compressible flat-plate boundary layer, the new model can correctly predict the transition process, mean velocity and turbulence intensities in the turbulent region. The results show that the proposed model has the advantage of scale adaptivity. Finally, the new model is applied to LES of turbulent mixing in spherical converging Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, and the accurate results show that the new model has a good ability for LES of complex fluids.
Food insecurity and mental health of college students in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Itani Rita , Mattar Lama , Kharroubi Samer , Bosqui Tania , Diab-El-Harake Marwa , Jomaa Lamis 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) among college students and explore its association with indicators of mental and psychosocial health. Data were collected using a cross-sectional online survey from college students in different universities in Lebanon during the Spring 2021 semester. FI was assessed using the validated eight-item food insecurity experience scale. The mental health of college students was assessed using validated screening tools for depression, anxiety and well-being, namely the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the World Health Organization (WHO-5) index, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to assess the relationship of FI with PHQ-9, GAD-7 and WHO-5 scores. A total of 745 students completed the online survey. Approximately 39 % of students in the sample were experiencing FI of which 27·4, 8·1, and 3·5 % were experiencing mild, moderate and severe FI , respectively. Low maternal education, low household monthly income and high levels of stress were significant correlates of FI among college students (P-trend < 0·001). In addition, 22·6 and 34·4 % of students showed severe symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Regression models showed that FI was associated with higher scores on PHQ-9 and GAD-7 (β = 2·45; 95 % CI [1·41, 3·49]) and (β = 1·4; 95 % CI [1·1, 2·2], respectively) and lower scores on WHO-5 (β = −4·84; 95 % CI [−8·2, −1·5]). In conclusion, a remarkable proportion of college students reported experiencing different forms of FI, which was associated with poorer mental health and well-being outcomes. Public health programmes and interventions are needed to mitigate FI and improve student health-related outcomes.
Brain activity during pursuit and goal-conflict threat avoidance in major depressive disorder
Authors: Marwood Lindsey , Wise Toby , Kerr-Gaffney Jess , Strawbridge Rebecca , Williams Steve C R , Cleare Anthony J , Perkins Adam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Threat avoidance is a prominent symptom of affective disorders, yet its biological basis remains poorly understood. Here, we used a validated task, the Joystick Operated Runway Task (JORT), combined with fMRI, to explore whether abnormal function in neural circuits responsible for avoidance underlies these symptoms. Eighteen individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 17 unaffected controls underwent the task, which involved using physical effort to avoid threatening stimuli, paired with mild electric shocks on certain trials. Activity during anticipation and avoidance of threats was explored and compared between groups. Anticipation of aversive stimuli was associated with significant activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, superior frontal gyrus, and striatum, while active avoidance of aversive stimuli was associated with activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and prefrontal cortex. There were no significant group differences in neural activity or behavioral performance on the JORT; however, participants with depression reported more dread while being chased on the task. The JORT effectively identified neural systems involved in avoidance and anticipation of aversive stimuli. However, the absence of significant differences in behavioral performance and activation between depressed and non-depressed groups suggests that MDD is not associated with abnormal function in these networks. Future research should investigate the basis of passive avoidance in major depression. Further, the JORT should be explored in patients with anxiety disorders, where threat avoidance may be a more prominent characteristic of the disorder.
Genes, personality, and political behavior
Authors: Weinschenk Aaron , Dawes Christopher , Klemmensen Robert , Rasmussen Stig Hebbelstrup Rye 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this article, we examine whether there is genetic overlap between personality traits and political participation, interest, and efficacy. We make several contributions to the literature. First, we use new data from a large sample of twins from Denmark to examine the link between genes, the Big Five traits, and political behavior. Previous research in this area has not examined the Danish context. Second, because our measures have some overlap with those used in previous studies, we are able to examine whether previous findings replicate in a different sample. Finally, we extend the literature by examining the possible genetic link between some personality and political traits that have not yet been explored. Overall, we find that genes account for a fairly large share of the correlation between two of the Big Five personality traits (openness and extraversion), political participation, and political interest. Thus, most of the relationship between these personality traits and our measures of political behavior can be accounted for by a common underlying genetic component.
Historicizing Economic Growth: An Overview of Recent Works
Authors: Bivar Venus 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this historiographical review, I analyse recent works on the history of economic growth and provide a starting point for thinking about how this literature fits together as a discrete field of research. The questions being asked in these texts are relatively new, and as of yet no attempt has been made to identify the major themes that are driving this research. In putting these works into dialogue with each other, across the disciplinary boundaries of history, ecology, anthropology, economics, and political science, we can see that a new subfield of academic inquiry is emerging. Driven by concerns over climate change and rising economic inequality, this new research aims to understand the obsession with economic growth that has shaped so much of our contemporary world.
Balance testing: does it make a difference?
Authors: Watts E , Lindley K , Irving R , Dalton L 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to analyse whether referral for specialist balance testing influences diagnosis and management of patients with dizziness.MethodThis was a retrospective study examining patients referred for vestibular function testing between 1 January 2018 and 30 June 2018.ResultsA total of 101 patients were referred, with 69 patients (68.3 per cent) receiving a preliminary ‘pre-vestibular function testing balance diagnosis’, which included benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (32.7 per cent), Ménière's disease (13.8 per cent) and migraine (14.9 per cent). Following vestibular function testing, revised diagnoses were achieved for 54 patients (53.5 per cent), including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (14.9 per cent), Ménière's disease (3.0 per cent) and migraine (10.9 per cent). Pre-vestibular function testing balance diagnoses were confirmed for 32.4 per cent of patients. If no pre-vestibular function testing suspected diagnosis was provided, vestibular function testing was significantly more likely to be inconclusive. Following vestibular function testing, 38.6 per cent were discharged, 21.7 per cent were referred to another specialty and treatment was commenced for 17.8 per cent of patients.ConclusionReferral for vestibular function testing has a role when attempting to answer a clear clinical question. Diagnosing the underlying aetiology of complex imbalance is challenging, but diagnosis can be assisted by judicious use of vestibular function testing.
Reproductive traits of the round sardinella in the Canary Islands (Spain, NW Africa)
Authors: Jurado-Ruzafa Alba , Sotillo de Olano Begoña , Santana Arocha Zoraida , García Mañé Bertín , Estil-las García Clara , Hernández Eva , Jiménez Sebastián , González-Lorenzo Gustavo , Perales-Raya Catalina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe present study aims to investigate the reproductive biology of the small pelagic Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 in the Canary Islands, to enable its reliable assessment and advise on appropriate management measures for a fishing resource showing a declining trend in landings. Reproductive biology and sexual patterns of round sardinella were examined from monthly random samples of commercial catches landed by the artisanal purse-seine fleet. The landings' length frequencies, ranging between 9–32 cm (based on the total lengths, TL), were recorded from 2013–2019. The overall mean value of TL was 20.9 cm, with annual mean values between 20–22 cm, except in 2016 (TL = 19 cm). The overall sex ratio M:F was 1:0.92, with males significantly predominant. Sex ratios fluctuated as a function of size and month: females were more abundant in the larger length classes, as well as before and after spawning, whereas males were more abundant in the smaller length classes and during spawning. Based on gonad maturity stages and gonadosomatic index, round sardinella spawns during almost all the year, with a peak in January–February and a resting period during October–November. The length at first maturity was estimated at TL of 18.2 cm, notably smaller than the value obtained for the NW African coastal waters where the demographic structure in round sardinellas' landings is totally different.
How African conceptions of God bear on life's meaning
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUp to now, a very large majority of work in the religious philosophy of life's meaning has presumed a conception of God that is Abrahamic. In contrast, in this article I critically discuss some of the desirable and undesirable facets of Traditional African Religion's salient conceptions of God as they bear on meaning in life. Given an interest in a maximally meaningful life, and supposing meaning would come from fulfilling God's purpose for us, would it be reasonable to prefer God as characteristically conceived by African philosophers of religion to exist instead of the Abrahamic conception of God? At this stage of enquiry, I answer that, in respect of the range of people to whom God's purpose would apply, a more African view of God would plausibly offer a greater meaning, but that, concerning what the content of God's purpose would be, the Abrahamic view appears to offer a greater one. I conclude by reflecting on this mixed verdict and by suggesting respects in which non-purposive facets of the African and Abrahamic conceptions of God could also have implications for life's meaning.
Child phonological responses to variegation in adult words: A cross-linguistic study
Authors: VIHMAN Marilyn May , OTA Mitsuhiko , KEREN-PORTNOY Tamar , LOU Shanshan , CHOO Rui Qi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVariegation – the presence of more than one supraglottal consonant per word – is a key challenge for children as they increase their expressive vocabulary toward the end of the single-word period. Here we consider the prosodic structures of target words and child forms in English, Finnish, French, Japanese and Mandarin to determine whether children learning these languages respond similarly to the challenge or instead differ in ways related to the phonological structure of the adult language. Based on proportional occurrence of each structure, we find that the word forms of children learning Mandarin and Japanese show more variegation than do those of children learning the European languages, although their target words do not; proportions of reduplication, consonant harmony and single-consonant words also differ by language. We conclude that experience with the structure of the language – and thus representation, as well as immature articulatory skills – shapes children’s responses to variegation.
Changing pronoun interpretations across-languages: discourse priming in Spanish–English bilingual speakers
Authors: Contemori Carla , Minjarez Oppenheimer Natalia I. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAre bilingual speakers’ representations of pronominal expressions completely independent in the two languages, or is there sharing of discourse-level representations cross-linguistically? In the present study, we address this question by using a sentence comprehension task that implements the cross-linguistic priming technique at the discourse-level.In two experiments conducted with Spanish–English bilinguals, we prime dis-preferred interpretations for ambiguous pronouns in the second language (English) by using first language (Spanish) pronoun interpretation primes. In experiment 1, Spanish null pronouns prime second-mentioned/object interpretations in English, showing an effect of priming. In experiment 2, Spanish explicit pronouns prime second-mentioned/object interpretations in English, indicating that an effect of priming approaches significance.The results demonstrate that bilinguals’ inferences about probability distributions and coherence relations are susceptible to cross-linguistic influence. The strength of the priming effect is discussed within models of cross-language abstract representations.
Face in late imperial China's diplomacy with the United States: Minister Cui Guoyin's approach to Chinese exclusion
Authors: Zhang Tao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs the Chinese minister to the United States between 1889 and 1893, Cui Guoyin faced unprecedented pressures from the Qing government to achieve an alleviation of Chinese exclusion. However, American discrimination against Chinese escalated despite his tireless effort to stem it. The failure made him frustrated and especially sensitive to the issue of face. While finding it a useful tool to exonerate himself, Cui believed that face could also be helpful to Chinese bargaining with the United States over immigration. He incorporated this belief into his exchanges with the U.S. Department of State. At Cui's suggestion or at least agreeing with him, the Zongli Yamen referred to America's reputation as a pressure for concessions in its communications with the U.S. legation in Beijing as well. Such “weaponization” of face represents both an often ignored backward turn in late Qing's diplomatic mentality and the limit of its diplomatic leverage with the United States.
Can criminal organizations be non-State parties to armed conflict?
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe motivations of armed groups are widely considered to be irrelevant for the applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL). As long as organized violence is of sufficient intensity, and armed groups have sufficient capacity to coordinate and carry out military operations, there is an armed conflict for purposes of international law. It follows that large-scale criminal organizations can, in principle, be treated legally on a par with political insurgent groups. Drug cartels in particular, if sufficiently armed and well organized, can constitute armed opposition groups in the legal sense when their confrontation with State forces is sufficiently intense. This article problematizes this interpretation. It corroborates standing legal doctrine in finding that subjective motives are not a sound basis to exclude the application of IHL, but it argues that a workable distinction can be made between the strategic logic and the organizational goals of criminal groups and those of political insurgents. Drawing on a growing body of empirical studies on the political economy of criminal violence, a strong presumption is defended against qualifying as armed conflict organized violence involving criminal organizations.
HPPD inhibitor-susceptible soybean growth, yield, and economic return following isoxaflutole and mesotrione applied postemergence
Authors: Stephenson Daniel O. , Miller Donnie K. , Bond Jason A. , Deliberto Michael A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe use of different herbicide-resistant soybean technologies in proximity could lead to injury and yield loss due to an application error. Research was initiated to evaluate the effect of 6.25%, 12.5%, and 100% doses of isoxaflutole and mesotrione field use doses applied postemergence to 4-hyroxyphenylpyruvate (HPPD) inhibitor-susceptible soybean, representing physical drift or misapplication doses. Visible injury manifested as chlorosis with slight necrosis, progressing to necrosis and height reduction, with visible height reduction as the only symptom. Isoxaflutole at 6.25% and 12.5% injured V2 soybean more than V1 or V4 soybean at all evaluation dates. This is supported by soybean height data at 14, 28, and 42 d after treatment (DAT). Following the 100% dose, maximum injury occurred at 28 DAT with V1, V2, and V4 soybean injured 90%, 85%, and 72%, but injury declined over time. All isoxaflutole treatments reduced yield at least 310 kg ha−1, with no differences among application timings or between the two lowest doses for a revenue loss of US$147 ha−1 to US$623 ha−1. Visible injury following mesotrione manifested as chlorosis and necrosis advancing to visible height reduction. Following mesotrione at 6.25% and 12.5%, injury ranged from 20% to 36% among application timings and did not differ at 3 to 21 DAT. Soybean heights at 28 and 42 DAT do not support injury observations; therefore, the greater injury was due to chlorosis and necrosis. Following mesotrione at 100%, sensitivity decreased at 3 to 14 DAT when applied to later growth stages, with no differences at 42 DAT. Yields did not differ among application timings, but yield losses were at least 240 kg ha−1, with revenue losses of US$60 ha−1 and US$373 ha−1. Producers are cautioned to prevent off-target movement or errant application of isoxaflutole or mesotrione to HPPD inhibitor-susceptible soybean.
Markovian Models for Microplastic Transport in Open‐Channel Flows
Authors: Xing Liming , Bolster Diogo , Liu Haifei , Sherman Thomas , Richter David H. , Rocha‐Brownell Kyle , Ru Zhiming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe ubiquity of microplastics in marine environments is of growing concern and is increasingly receiving widespread attention. Due to the role of rivers and streams as suppliers of microplastics to the marine environment, it is essential to accurately capture their movements at these scales, but modeling and experimental knowledge in such settings is still limited. In this work, three Markov models, including a continuous time random walk model, Bernoulli model, and spatial Markov model (SMM), are implemented to investigate polyethylene particles transport in open‐channel flows. First, a three‐dimensional high‐resolution direct numerical simulation (DNS) fully resolves a canonical open‐channel flow, and particle transport is simulated using idealized point particles. Then, a series of laboratory transport experiments are conducted in a circulating water tank, and particle image velocimetry methods are used to obtain particle‐tracking data. We find that the correlated Bernoulli model and SMM can successfully reproduce the transport of both DNS and laboratory experiments, particularly in the prediction of measured breakthrough curves, which highlights the importance of correlation between the successive steps. A major benefit of these models is a computational cost that is several orders of magnitude less than, for example, DNS, which demonstrates their high‐efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, this research offers new insights into the transport of microplastics in open‐channel systems like rivers and streams, which is necessary to prevent and reduce the environmental hazards of microplastics.