bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare and Soviet Music
Authors: Assay Michelle 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Despite recurrent mutual suspicion between the Soviet Union and the West, Shakespeare was almost as sacrosanct to the Soviets as their own canonical authors were. Many of the greatest Soviet (and post-Soviet) adaptations and appropriations of Shakespeare’s works have been enhanced by musical scores provided by the most prominent composers of the time. During the Soviet regime, several of the most famous Shakespearean musical works were introduced to the repertoire, from Prokofiev’s Romeo and Juliet ballet to Shostakovich’s setting of Sonnet 66 and his film music for the screen adaptations of Hamlet and King Lear. Soviet composers were also active in the field of operatic adaptation of Shakespeare, though in this regard their works have received less international attention. Soviet musical responses to Shakespeare have inevitably been intertwined with the cultural-politico climate of the country, and in many ways they could be used as a means of understanding that context and the vacillations of artistic freedom. Disregarding boundaries between ‘learned’ and ‘popular’, this chapter offers an overview of the wide range of musical responses to Shakespeare and his works in Russia and the Soviet Union, covering works in which music has been central (as in symphonic poems, operas, ballet, songs) or accompanying (theatre and film music).
‘Let the sky rain potatoes’
Authors: Hazrat Florence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In his fantastical mood, Falstaff bids the sky perform miracles: ‘let [it] rain potatoes, let it thunder to the tune of Greensleeves’. At any moment, he can burst into snatches of ballads on King Arthur, or Robin Hood. Falstaff, Shakespeare’s quintessentially English figure, creates an aural environment that resonates not only with music, but more specifically with songs that conjure up ideas of England which are at once more elusive and more available by being in everyone’s ear, and in everyone’s mouth. This chapter examines the creation of a ‘sonic nationhood’ in Shakespeare’s plays through songs which had seeped into collective (musical) memory. In primarily oral societies, refrains, repetitions, and tunes acquire a key role in the mnemonic and sonic circulation of national narratives: their catchy brevity comes to emblematize the song, helping playwright and audience to remember. Shakespeare’s plays are particularly peppered with tune quotations from popular songs and ballads which reflect, suggest, and test national and local identities. Alternative stories are heard, literally, through music made and evoked. ‘Sonic nationhood’, therefore, does not complement but subtly qualifies official attitudes, while remaining elusive—just sound, depending as it does not on writing but on human memory. It is precisely this slipperiness which makes it hard for us today to listen back, though all the more exciting as well, when we give ear to the singers from the centre stage, or indeed the margins: the buffoons, the revellers, the Falstaffs.
Music in Akira Kurosawa’s Filmic Adaptations of Shakespeare
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how music is used in Akira Kurosawa’s three Shakespeare films in order to explore problems of Japanese modernity. Working with composers Masaru Sato and Toru Takemitsu, Kurosawa created films that are widely regarded as among the most successful and also the most radically new filmic adaptations of Shakespeare. Throne of Blood (1957), with a score by Sato, is Kurosawa’s adaptation of Macbeth. Set in fifteenth-century Japan, it uses Shakespeare’s plot to depict the treachery, lawlessness, and violent power struggles that occurred between rival clans embroiled in civil war. Music is an essential component as Kurosawa projects the Shakespearean drama of murder, madness, insanity, and tragedy into a spirit world inspired by Nō drama. The Bad Sleep Well (1960), a dark satire based on Hamlet, is Kurosawa’s rebuke of modern Japanese corporate corruption. The film borrows conventions of the Japanese medieval drama, reconfiguring the Samurai warrior as an urban businessman. This study explores musical irony in Sato’s score, showing how styles of Western and traditional Japanese music are deployed to highlight binary oppositions and ironic reversals in Kurosawa’s radical reimagining of his source text. Kurosawa’s historical epic, Ran (1985), is a transcendental lament based on King Lear. The epic scale of image and sound expresses the technological and social amplification of violence deeply rooted in humanity. Takemitsu’s score includes solo flute music derived from Nō, Mahler-like scoring composed at Kurosawa’s request, and the strategic use of silence as a narrative tool.
English Shakespeare Song in British Concerts, 1901‒1951
Authors: Waddington Muse Pam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A study of Shakespeare song in UK concerts during the first half of the twentieth century reveals a developing appetite among performers and audiences for more cogent song programming capable of satisfying a range of demands beyond pure entertainment. For example, concerts providing education, a philanthropic platform, or improvement through participation in ‘high’ art (albeit passive) appealed to audience members from a spectrum of social classes; and singers too participated in this gradual move away from the variety-hall style of performances that tended to be prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Shakespeare song in particular provided easy access to cultural prestige. Additionally, it evoked nostalgia for the perceived glories of the Elizabethan age (often referred to as the ‘Merry England’ effect). In the first half of the twentieth century, a number of composers of English song who had a strong influence on song programming (Quilter, Warlock, Gurney, and Finzi, for example) produced Shakespeare settings that were popular additions to programmes, lending themselves to coherent theming and groupings. The German Lied, and the song cycles of Schubert in particular, had dominated song recitals in the United Kingdom and provided a ready-made programming strategy for performers; but many star singers, such as John Coates and John Goss, were eager to promote English song, and Shakespeare settings were a recurrent feature of their recitals. These singers were particular favourites at London’s Wigmore Hall, but their performances featuring Shakespeare song were repeated nationwide to great acclaim.
The Cantus Database and Cantus Index Network
Authors: Lacoste Debra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Perhaps the oldest and certainly the most enduring of online, medieval chant databases, the Cantus Database for Latin Ecclesiastical Chant and its sister site Cantus Index: Catalogue of Chant Texts and Melodies have experienced stimulating growth over many years. Developments in software and web technologies, coupled with institutional and government support, have enabled multiple rejuvenations for the Cantus Database, now in its fourth decade. Although the original manuscript inventories continue to be the foundation of the Cantus Database and the principal focus of many online searches, its expanded contents and the interactive nature of the website allow for a variety of uses as well as the collection of new data from worldwide contributors. Through sample textual and melodic searches, description of the resources in the database, and demonstration of the infrastructure that ensures compatibility and interoperability with other chant research websites, the place and impact of the Cantus Database and Cantus Index in fields related to medieval musicology and digital humanities are explored in this chapter. The well-known “Cantus” websites, traversing into public musicology and engaging academic crowdsourcing, continue to supply scholars with both raw data and comparative digital tools for chant research, all freely accessible online as the products of collaborative efforts.
Political Communication
Authors: Lee Han Soo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces political communication by focusing on electoral campaign communication. The evolution of campaign communication is associated with communication tools. Up until the 1997 presidential election, the main campaign method may be considered to have been mass rallies. The 1997 presidential election is considered the first TV election in South Korea. Since the 2002 presidential election, online communication tools have played a significant role in campaigning. Today, no candidate can win an election without using online communication tools in South Korea. Candidates mainly use online communication tools to mobilize voters, rather than to discuss policies. The influence of new media on South Korean voters is yet uncertain. The use of new media tends to positively affect political participation online, and online political participation is associated with offline political participation. However, the use of new media neither significantly nor consistently explains offline political participation and individual vote choice.
The Press
Authors: Kwak Ki-Sung 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how partisanship and progressive–conservative divisions have influenced the press and the relationship between the press and political parties in Korea since the 1990s. To better understand this dynamic, it identifies the major features of the Korean press and examines the way in which the legacy of authoritarianism has affected political reporting and the press–party relationship. It argues that the interplay between the press and the political parties has continued to be marked by elements of a parallel relationship between the two—the major features of the Korean press mirror the characteristics of the political parties. It also argues that political parties and the press have been the major contributors to the current conservative–progressive divisions in Korea, and this has been worsened because the country’s press has been continuously subjugated to its own political and ideological commitments.
Decentralisation and Local Government
Authors: Bae Yooil 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
South Korea’s central–local relations since its democratic transition in the late 1980s have been marked by institutionalization of local politics and delayed decentralization. After the long dominance of centralism, the past two decades have experienced the introduction of democratic institutions for local politics, including popular election of local politicians and delegation of formal authorities to lower levels of government. On the one hand, this development has empowered localities, nurtured some prominent politicians and democratic citizenship, and created a local political arena. On the other hand, weak administrative and fiscal capacities of localities have led to frequent confrontation with the central government and a growing gap among localities. Higher fiscal dependency on central transfer and a shrinking local population is expected to further burden localities and widen regional economic disparity, which may pose a threat to local democracy.
Corruption
Authors: Min Kyoung-sun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is widely perceived that while South Korea has shown miraculous economic development, the level of corruption has not decreased overall. However, this general perception is not valid, due to the decoupling of petty corruption from grand corruption. Several corruption indices indicate that petty corruption has successfully decreased. This chapter explains the difference between petty corruption and grand corruption and measures the level of petty and grand corruption with various indices. The chapter also analyses the decoupling of petty and grand corruption by using historical institutionalism. A critical juncture created by the Asian Financial Crisis, democratization, and internet technology explains a low level of petty corruption. Path dependence, fortified by crony capitalism and prosecutorial power, helps us to understand a high level of grand corruption. Political leaders should show their political will to fight grand corruption if they want to control it. Unfortunately, political will has not been enough to fight grand corruption. To test this assertion, this chapter evaluates the anti-corruption policies of South Korea.
The ROK–US Alliance
Authors: Cha Victor D. , Katz Katrin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores drivers of the resilience of the South Korea–US alliance in the midst of changes and challenges that could have led to its weakening or collapse. Since its founding in 1953, the alliance has expanded far beyond its original mandate of preventing a second North Korean invasion and containing the spread of communism during the Cold War. A number of dramatic changes have taken place over the lifetime of the alliance, including South Korea’s remarkable economic development and democratization, the end of the Cold War, and the rise of China to become the world’s second largest economy. The alliance has also weathered a number of difficult phases—including the ‘Nixon and Carter shocks’ of the late 1960s and 1970s, tensions over North Korea policy in the early 2000s, and recent years of discord over narrow alliance issues like military cost-sharing, while coordination on pressing security matters was sparse. This chapter reviews alliance patterns since its foundational years and argues that a combination of two factors explain the resilience of the alliance: (a) the persistence of common security interests; and (b) alliance management strategies in Washington and Seoul—including periodic US efforts to reassure South Korea of its security commitments and South Korea’s pursuit of new areas of cooperation, even as it has developed and sought greater autonomy.
Gender, Digital Toxicity, and Political Voice Online
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Participatory technologies have radically expanded the opportunities for political voice and visibility, a boon for those who have historically been marginalized. While women have been quick to capitalize on these tools, many find that their contributions to public discourse are met with identity-based hate and sexual intimidation. What’s more, offline inequalities among women persist online, impacting whose voices are centered or sidelined as well as the patterns of hostility. Many of sociology’s key concerns—power, inequality, culture, oppression, identity, and resistance—are central to understanding the causes and consequences of digital abuse and harassment, but thus far, few sociologists have contributed to the burgeoning research on these issues. This chapter reviews key findings from the interdisciplinary literature on women’s political voice and visibility in the digital arena, with special attention to the ways identity-based attacks negatively impact women’s participation and the broader information landscape, taking a toll on democratic vitality. The chapter closes by identifying areas where sociological interventions can advance the field.
Neoliberalism, Globalization, and Late Capitalism
Authors: Carroll Toby 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the mutually reinforcing relationship between globalization, neoliberalism, and late capitalism. The chapter emphasizes the dialectical and politically determined evolution of all three, explaining how intensifying patterns of competition have resulted in diminishing the power of progressive social forces and increasing the leverage of competitive fractions of capital and powerful capitalist states. Neoliberalism—often conveniently dismissed by liberals and conservatives alike as a nebulous concept—is explicitly defined as the application of market and market-like discipline to the reorganization of state and society. Forged out of a set ideas and reductionist assumptions emanating from orthodox economics, in its applied form neoliberalism comprises the evolving policy sets demanded by the most powerful (‘competitive’) fractions of capital and the states that represent their interests. In a structural sense, real-existing neoliberalism serves as the institutional ‘software’ of globalization, combining with the integrative techno-logistical infrastructure that makes the ongoing reorganization of production—‘globalization’—possible. Four decades of neoliberal reform and resultant globalization have produced what is often referred to as ‘late capitalism’. Late capitalism is characterized by hypercompetition between and within states, the heightened power of finance capital and grand contradiction—the latter including gross inequality and deprivation amid plenty, deindustrialization and the ‘death of development’, and systemic environmental decline. While resistance to neoliberalism is evident in many (sometimes reactionary) forms, the all-enveloping nature of late capitalism and the ongoing reinvention of neoliberalism as the ‘only’ solution to contradiction make the political task of reimagining and realizing alternative social orders formidable.
Locating Agrarian Labour within the Contours of Imperialism
Authors: Banerjee Arindam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The neo-liberal processes of globalization of capital and financialization of economies have had profound implications on agrarian labour and petty producers, particularly in the global South. Analysed through the lens of interconnected historical developments in the North and the South, neoliberalism can be comprehended as a set of continuities and discontinuities between the old imperial order and the new structures of imperialism. Why neoliberal policies with elaborate promises of reducing rural poverty do not benefit the agrarian population in a generalized manner needs to be understood in the inherited agrarian class structures in the South from the colonial and postcolonial national development experiences. The emergence of transnational corporations (TNCs) in agriculture as the hegemonic force under neoliberalism has an impact for the agrarian sector in multiple ways. Land grabs as part of international and national land deals/acquisition can potentially alter the value relations drastically with severe implications for the rural poor. This chapter surveys the impact of neoliberalism on the agrarian communities, particularly labour and petty producers. It also looks at the economic and political resistance that have emerged or failed to do so in various contexts as a response to the hegemonic neoliberal order and identifies possible alternatives as agrarian policy that can retain greater value within the agrarian domain, thereby enhancing both well-being and productive investments in peasant farms.
Power Competition and Exploitation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Dragsbaek Schmidt Johannes 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding the economic and political dimensions of imperialism requires a careful theoretical reading and close empirical study of the historical phases involved. This chapter critically examines the historically and contemporary implications of how Southeast Asia was incorporated into the world market. It traces how the rival colonial powers established exploitative mechanisms in order to extract surplus value from the region. US imperialism in the form of export of capital and production did not replace the European former colonial powers but became a supplement to Japanese and British economic imperialism in the region. This chapter challenges the conventional wisdom that American economic imperialism and hegemony was benign and not based on the British and Japanese use of brute force and conquest. In contrast to this view, the chapter argues that American monopoly capital expansion should be viewed by its ‘essential oneness’ between economic, political, and military-strategic objectives/tendencies.
Capitalism, Imperialism, and Crises
Authors: Moosvi Shireen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What is now called a ‘business cycle’ or a periodic revisiting of crises, each marked by sudden spurts of bankruptcies and sharp descents in market prices, has been a regular feature of the history of capitalism, even in its mercantilist and early colonial phase—its beginning marked, for example, in England, by the ‘South Sea bubble’ of 1720. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century, the periodic crisis became one of production, that is, of a huge apparent mismatch between excessive supply and receding demand. This chapter attempts to place the recurring economic crises that have occurred during the history of modern capitalism in the changing contexts of capital accumulation and investment, and changing forms of imperialism. It discusses the work of several economic theorists, including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, J. A. Schumpeter, Rosa Luxemburg, V. I. Lenin, and Arghiri Emmanuel. The chapter suggests a theoretical question: Would a socialist economy, if fully industrialized, also be subject to fluctuations resembling capitalist trade cycles?
Southern Africa
Authors: Jacobs Ricado , Martin William G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines how imperialism has formed the region of Southern Africa and how the peoples of the region have over the last century constituted a major anti-imperialist force. This complex narrative traces the historical periods of imperialist rule and accumulation, from the formation of a regional mineral-labour network in the late nineteenth century to contemporary ‘neo-liberal’ forms of imperialism; the multitudinous, region-specific, forms of value extraction from natural resources, industrial enterprises, to financial and commercial flows; South Africa’s changing role as the centre of the region; transitions in northern rule and rivalry, from British to American to new intrusions from Asia; the new wave of accumulation by extraction in the region; and the failure of opposition by postcolonial states and the emergence of new movements from below (e.g., urban, land, worker).
Asymmetric Interdependence
Authors: Castro-Rea Julián 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is commonly accepted that North America is a lopsided global region, where a global hegemon imposes its will over two weaker neighbours that depend on its every whim and action. However, this vision misses the crucial contribution that Mexico and Canada have historically made, and still make, to the expansion and current prosperity of the United States. Measured in terms of territorial outreach, natural resources, specialized or manual labour, markets, defence, and so forth, the United States would not be what it is now and couldn’t thrive as an ongoing global power without the contribution of its two immediate neighbours. This chapter reviews the historical evidence and the contemporary record to demonstrate that North America is a global region where interdependence, although asymmetric, has been and still is a basic defining issue.