bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Neutrals
Authors: Cottey Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the unusual partnership which emerged between the main West European neutral states—Austria, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland—after the Cold War. Neutrality and alliances are inherently incompatible and during the Cold War ties between the European neutral states (ENS) and NATO were largely non-existent. In the 1990s and 2000s, however, these countries emerged as amongst NATO’s most committed and reliable partners, developing institutionalized cooperation with NATO and contributing forces to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Afghanistan. This process reflected NATO’s shift away from collective defence towards cooperative and collective security. As NATO returned to its collective defence role after 2014, Finland and Sweden intensified their cooperation with NATO, culminating in accession to the Alliance in 2023 and 2024 respectively. With NATO reducing its role in peacekeeping, the cooperation of the remaining neutrals—Austria, Ireland, and Switzerland—with the Alliance is likely to become more limited.
The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
Authors: Ardemagni Eleonora 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO and a number of Gulf states have pursued security cooperation through the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) launched in 2004. This chapter considers the achievements, the weak points, and the evolution of that partnership. The ICI is much less developed than comparable NATO initiatives in Europe such as Partnership for Peace. This is not unexpected. The states included in the ICI have no NATO membership trajectory. And the ICI is not a substitute for already well-developed bilateral security relations with NATO allies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Further, they are not a cohesive group where common interests might converge in multilateral arrangements. Cooperation through the ICI is thus selective and narrowly defined, focusing most substantively on security sector reform.
China
Authors: Cottey Andrew , Webber Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers China’s rise and its importance for the Alliance. By almost every ‘pivot to Asia’ metric that matters, China has become a global power. China has become a (if not the) determining factor in the foreign and security policies of the United States. It has also loomed ever larger in the policy calculations of the European allies and Canada. China has become an inescapable reality for all the allies, but this does not render NATO a necessary instrument of response. A number of policy options for how NATO might approach China are explored. Ultimately, NATO remains a Euro–Atlantic body with limited scope to act in the Asia–Pacific. NATO’s more important focus is likely to be in dealing with China’s encroachments in and around Europe.
Animal Domestication in the Mesolithic
Authors: Gron Kurt J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The presence of managed, tame, or domestic animals in European Mesolithic contexts is contentious. This contribution reviews why this is the case, and presents a framework for evaluating claims for locally developed evolving mutualism in the Mesolithic record in Europe. Potentially managed species are discussed, including some unexpected taxa, and some of the requisite questions for identifying management are presented. The purpose of doing so is to increase the burden of proof required for identification of animal management in Mesolithic Europe. I conclude that more caution is needed when encountering potentially managed animals from a Mesolithic context, but that we should except more developed relationships with animals in delayed-return societies.
Orwell and William Shakespeare
Authors: Brennan Michael G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the lifelong influence of Shakespeare on Orwell’s writings from the 1930s to Nineteen Eighty-Four, in which Shakespeare’s plays have become forbidden texts and Winston Smith wakes from a dream of a lost pastoral world with the word ‘Shakespeare’ on his lips. Orwell remarked in 1944 that ‘Shakespeare has made life more worth living for ten generations of Englishmen’. He was a frequent reviewer of Shakespearean performances, included consideration of Shakespeare in his BBC talks, and as the 1940s progressed, his responses to Shakespeare became steadily darker and more politicized. The diversity and richness of his quotations and echoes from Antony and Cleopatra, I Henry IV, As You Like It, King Lear, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and his favourite play Macbeth illustrate how Shakespeare’s language became one of the most potent literary influences in the richness of Orwell’s own vocabulary and imagery.
Orwell and Jonathan Swift
Authors: Rounce Adam 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks at the influence upon Orwell of Jonathan Swift, especially his most famous work, Gulliver’s Travels, which Orwell read repeatedly and described as one of the most important of all works of literature. Orwell’s admiration for Swift, in spite of the latter’s misanthropy and apparent rejections of potential human happiness or amelioration, shows the importance for Orwell of engagement with texts with which you fundamentally disagree. Moreover, Orwell potentially simplifies Swift’s satire in order to accommodate a writer whom he finds in important ways rebarbative, in a manner akin to other difficult figures (such as Tolstoy). Some concluding reflections consider the reasons for Orwell’s fascination with Swiftian satire, for all its being apparently inimical to his own ideals and values.
Orwell, Anarchism, and Revolution
Authors: Gifford James 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Ideas of anarchism and revolution occupied Orwell throughout his life, and he pursued close friendships with anarchists and publication in anarchist venues. This chapter understands Orwell’s works by employing an anarchist perspective and emphasizing studies of his works by anarchists. Despite Orwell’s repudiation of anarchist pacifism during the Second World War, anarchist concepts inform his writing and play a larger role than is typically recognized in the scholarly discourse. Recognizing anarchism implies an overhaul of how we read Orwell, including the critiques of America and Britain in Nineteen Eighty-Four that reflect anarchist activities and attitudes toward power. It also means exercising an anti-authoritarian reading practice when approaching Orwell and especially when reading critical and popular uses of him.
Orwell and Henry Miller
Authors: Cowe Jennifer 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the conflicted relationship in print between Orwell and Henry Miller. It starts by examining the ways in which Miller is mostly remembered today, through Orwell’s reviews of his work and by his inclusion in Inside the Whale (1940). Orwell’s apparent support for Miller’s writing, especially Tropic of Cancer (1934), is contrasted with his overtly negative response to Miller’s later work and his personal attacks upon Miller’s apolitical stance during the Second World War. This chapter argues that Orwell’s reaction to Miller is more often a process through which he probes the limits of his own writing and politics rather than a meaningful engagement with Miller.
Mitochondrial DNA and the largest nuclear-mitochondrial DNA in Arabidopsis can be separated by their methylation levels
Authors: Zhong Yuyang , Okuno Miki , Tsutsumi Nobuhiro , Arimura Shin-ichi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Methylation of cytosines in plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a controversial issue. Results supporting mtDNA methylation may have been subject to contamination due to the presence of nuclear sequences originating from the mitochondrial genome called nuclear mitochondrial DNA insertions (NUMT). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Columbia 0 (Col-0), the largest NUMT, located on chromosome 2, is nearly twice the size of the entire mitochondrial genome and exhibits a sequence almost identical to the mitochondrial genome, albeit with shuffling and repeats. In the presence of such high similarity, it is challenging to eliminate interference when determining mtDNA methylation levels. Here, we applied a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein-based affinity assay to separate total DNA, applied next-generation sequencing to the pre- and post-separation DNA samples, and examined the SNP sites between NUMT and mtDNA. The results revealed successful separation of methylated and non-methylated DNA within the total DNA, with simultaneous separation achieved between NUMT DNA and mtDNA. These results suggest that our method can achieve separation based on the differential methylation levels of the whole lengths of NUMT and mitochondrial DNAs. The bisulfite sequencing results for the post-separation DNA samples suggest that mtDNA exhibits not only a lack of CpG methylation but also an absence of CHH and CHG methylation. In contrast, the NUMT shows high levels of methylation across all three contexts, at least in the Columbia 0 accession.
CYTOKININ DEHYDROGENASE suppression increases intrinsic water use efficiency and photosynthesis in cotton under drought
Authors: Hu Wei , Loka Dimitra A , Luo Yuanyu , Yu Huilian , Wang Shanshan , Zhou Zhiguo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Drought reduces endogenous cytokinin (CK) content and disturbs plant water balance and photosynthesis. However, the effect of higher endogenous CK levels (achieved by suppressing cytokinin dehydrogenase (CKX) genes) on plant water status and photosynthesis under drought stress is unknown. Here, pot experiments were conducted with wild-type (WT) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and two GhCKX suppression lines (CR-3 and CR-13) to explore the effect of higher endogenous CK levels on leaf water utilization and photosynthesis under drought stress. The GhCKX suppression lines had higher leaf net photosynthetic rate (AN) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) than WT under drought. This increase was attributed to the decoupling of stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm) in the suppression lines in response to drought. GhCKX suppression increased gm but maintained gs relative to WT under drought, and the increased gm was associated with altered anatomical traits, including decreased cell wall thickness (Tcw) and increased surface area of chloroplast-facing intercellular airspaces per unit leaf area (Sc/S), as well as altered cell wall composition, especially decreased cellulose levels. This study provides evidence that increased endogenous CK levels can simultaneously enhance AN and iWUE in cotton under drought conditions and establishes a potential mechanism for this effect. These findings provide a potential strategy for breeding drought-tolerant crops or exploring alternative methods to promote crop drought tolerance.
The wheat stripe rust effector PstEXLX1 inhibits formate dehydrogenase activity to suppress immunity in wheat
Authors: Lu Jingwei , Sun Kexin , Yang Wenxin , Mou Ying , Zhang Ruijie , Voegele Ralf T , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jia , Guo Jun 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Effectors are the most critical weapons that Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) employs to engage with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Discovering important effectors is essential for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of Pst. In this study, we identified the expansin-like protein 1from Pst (PstEXLX1), which suppresses cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In wheat, knockdown of PstEXLX1 diminished Pst development, whereas PstEXLX1 overexpression enhanced Pst virulence by inhibiting PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), indicating its importance in pathogenesis. Further investigation revealed that PstEXLX1 stabilizes itself through self-association mediated by its expansin-like domain, which also determines its association with the wheat formate dehydrogenase TaFDH1. Wheat lines overexpressing TaFDH1 exhibited increased resistance to Pst, which was associated with elevated TaFDH1 catalytic activity and induced defense responses. In addition, TaFDH1 activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of PstEXLX1 but became more robust in PstEXLX1-silenced plants, suggesting that PstEXLX1 suppresses TaFDH1 activity. Collectively, our results uncover a strategy employed by Pst to facilitate infection, wherein PstEXLX1 suppresses TaFDH1 activity to repress host immune responses.
AI-enabled manufacturing process discovery
Authors: Quispe D , Kozjek D , Mozaffar M , Xue T , Cao J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Discovering manufacturing processes has been largely experienced-based. We propose a shift to a systematic approach driven by dependencies between energy inputs and performance outputs. Uncovering these dependencies across diverse process classes requires a universal language that characterizes process inputs and performances. Traditional manufacturing languages, with their individualized syntax and terminology, hinder the characterization across varying length scales and energy inputs. To enable the evaluation of process dependencies, we propose a broad manufacturing language that facilitates the characterization of diverse process classes, which include energy inputs, tool-material interactions, material compatibility, and performance outputs. We analyze the relationships between these characteristics by constructing a dataset of over 50 process classes, which we use to train a variational autoencoder (VAE) model. This generative model encodes our dataset into a 2D latent space, where we can explore, select, and generate processes based on desired performances and retrieve the corresponding process characteristics. After verifying the dependencies derived from the VAE model match with existing knowledge on manufacturing processes, we demonstrate the usefulness of using the model to discover new potential manufacturing processes through three illustrative cases.
Radiative Acceleration and X-ray Spectrum of Outflowing Pure Electron-Positron Pair Fireball in Magnetar Bursts
Authors: Wada Tomoki , Asano Katsuaki 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
An X-ray short burst associated with a Galactic fast radio burst was observed in 2020, distinguished by its X-ray cut-off energy significantly exceeding that of other X-ray short bursts. X-ray photons of these short bursts are believed to originate from fireballs within the magnetospheres of magnetars. If a fireball forms near a magnetic pole, it expands along the magnetic field lines, subsequently emitting photons and generating plasma outflows that may account for the observed radio bursts. We numerically study the radiative acceleration and X-ray spectrum of such outflowing fireballs consisting of pure electron-positron pairs and radiation, employing spherically symmetric relativistic radiation hydrodynamics calculations with the effects of strong magnetic fields. Using Monte-Carlo scheme in the radiation calculation, we consistently incorporate both the acceleration of the fluid by radiation and the scattering of radiation by the fluid, both of which are enhanced by the cyclotron resonant scattering. Our calculation reveals that cyclotron resonant scattering accelerates the plasma outflow significantly and broadens the X-ray spectrum. The plasma outflow is accelerated up to ultra-relativistic velocities, with Lorentz factors exceeding 100. The calculated X-ray spectrum broadened due to the scattering is similar to the observed X-ray spectrum in the Galactic fast radio burst.
vis-r: Quick radial profile modelling for radio interferometric visibilities
Authors: Kennedy Grant M 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper describes a method for parametric radial profile modelling of radio interferometric visibility data. Image-based parametric modelling is common in the field of circumstellar debris disks, and high resolution ALMA observations make this method computationally expensive because many high resolution images must be generated and Fourier transformed. Most circumstellar disks are axisymmetric, so here a method that avoids generating images and instead models radial profiles is outlined. The two main elements are i) u, v space visibility averaging, and ii) using the Discrete Hankel Transform to convert arbitrary parametric radial surface brightness profiles to visibilities. Vertical scale height can be included, but is fixed with radius; in principle this is a limitation but in practise radially-dependent vertical structure information is beyond even ALMA’s capability for all but a few debris disks. Combined, these ingredients yield a method that is one to two orders of magnitude faster than image based methods and can be run on a laptop, is sufficient for most ALMA observations of debris disks, and can be used with gradient-based fitting methods such as Hamiltonian Monte-Carlo. A small software package is provided, which is dubbed vis-r.
Septic pulmonary embolism associated with Staphylococcus aureus: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Ünal Asena , Özdemir Ulaş , Tapaç Nisanur , Kılınç Fatma , Bakanoğlu Emel , Çetin Fatma Tuğba , Kılıç Çil Merve , Çay Ümmühan , Özgür Gündeşlioğlu Özlem , Yıldızdaş Rıza Dinçer , Çelik Ümit , Alabaz Derya 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Septic pulmonary embolism (SPE) is a rare, life-threatening disease in children. We assessed the clinical, microbiological, radiological, and treatment results of patients who developed SPE due to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with SPE associated with S. aureus between 2012 and 2023. Six patients were included in the study; the median age was 13 years (range: 9–16 years), and four (66.7%) of them were boys. At admission, the most common complaints were chest pain (83.3%), respiratory distress (83.3%), limb swelling (83.3%), limitation of movement in the extremities (83.3%), fever (50%), fatigue (50%), and cough (16.7%). Extrapulmonary septic foci were identified as follows: septic arthritis in four patients (66.7%), soft tissue infection in one patient (16.7%), and deep vein thrombosis in one patient (16.7%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was the most common causative pathogen (66.7%) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was found in 33% of patients. The median length of hospital stay was 43.5 days (range: 25-45 days). Three (50%) patients required intensive care, and one required mechanical ventilation support. No mortality was observed. In our study, the clinical and radiological features of staphylococcal SPE in children were nonspecific, similar to the literature. Although no mortality was observed in our study, previous studies have reported mortality rates of up to 11.8% in children with SPE. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic treatment, and respiratory support are important in patients with SPE, especially in low-income settings where timely access to healthcare and diagnostic resources may be limited.
Firm-Level Adaptation to Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Goicoechea Ana , Lang Megan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The effects of climate change are disproportionately concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Firms have incentives to adapt to climate change, but market frictions common in developing country contexts may hinder firm adaptation efforts. This paper reviews microeconomic, empirical evidence on the impacts of climate change on firms in LMICs and firm-level adaptation strategies. Current evidence highlights challenges and opportunities from climate change and suggests that firms are attempting to adapt but face barriers to full adaptation. Limited geographic coverage and a focus on short-term responses to weather rather than responses to long-term changes in climate highlight the need for further work on firm-level climate adaptation in LMICs.
Posterior Plating versus Anterior to Posterior Screws in Fixation of Posterior Column in Pilon Fractures
Authors: Baraka Mostafa M. , Fayyad Tamer A. , Thakeb Mootaz F. , Lamei Mina A. , Al Kersh Mohamed A. 
Published: February 2025

Objectives:
To compare the results of anterior to posterior screws (AP screws) versus posterior buttress plating in the fixation of posterior columns fractures in pilon injuries, regarding the 1) functional and 2) radiological outcomes and 3) the incidence of complications.

Methods:
Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial.

Setting:
Single Center, Level 1 trauma Center.

Patient Selection criteria:
All patients with two, three and four column fracture according to the four-column classification (OTA/AO 43-C1 and 43-C2) during the study period were eligible for inclusion. Patients were randomized into two groups: direct reduction and fixation by posterior buttress plating (group A) and indirect reduction with fixation by AP screws (group B). Exclusion criteria included pediatric age group with open physis, pathological fractures, open fractures and fractures with neurovascular injuries. The minimum follow up period was 24 months.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
The primary outcome was the quality of reduction as evaluated using postoperative plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT). Secondary outcomes included the functional American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and the incidence of complications.

Results:
30 patients were included, 15 patients were randomized to group A (mean age 42.3 (range 19-65) and 15 patients in group B (mean age 38.0 in group B (range 23-58). The mean follow up was 32 months (24-45 months). Anatomical reduction was achieved in 80% and 26.7% of group A and group B respectively. AOFAS score was significantly higher in group A compared to group B (p=0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the time to union and the complication rates (p>0.05).

Conclusions:
A higher percentage of anatomical reduction was associated with direct reduction and posterior buttress plating compared to indirect reduction and anterior to posterior screws. This was reflected by a significantly higher AOFAS score.
Heart Rate Index—An Alternative Exercise-Based Equation for Estimating Peak VO2
Authors: Wicks John R. , Oldridge Neil B. , Franklin Barry A. 
Published: February 2025

Purpose:
Heart rate (HR)-derived variables (HR reserve [HRpeak − HRrest], chronotropic indices [attenuated HR response to exercise], HR recovery [attenuated HR response to exercise recovery], and peak HR index [HRpeak/HRrest]) together with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) are potential prognostic variables for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, heart rate index (HRI) has not been established as a surrogate for VO2peak, whether measured (Meas) or estimated (Est), during cycle ergometry (CE) and/or treadmill testing (TT).

Methods:
HR-derived prognostic variables to assess cardiovascular outcomes were identified from 150 studies obtained from MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches. The Meas CE/TT-VO2peak was reported in 81 studies (21 773 participants) and Est CE/TT-VO2peak in 69 studies (331 435 participants). Using the HRI equation with metabolic equivalent (METs) = 6 × HRI − 5 (where HRI = peak HR/resting HR), HRI-VO2peak was calculated from HR data reported in the 150 studies. The HRI-VO2peak was then compared against group mean data for both Meas CE/TT-VO2peak and Est CE/TT-VO2peak.

Results:
The difference between Meas CE/TT-VO2peak and HRI-VO2peak was 1% (7.15 ± 3.25 METs vs 7.08 ± 3.02 METs [P = .833], respectively). By comparison, the difference between Est CE/TT-VO2peak and HRI-VO2peak was 25.6% (8.94 ± 2.36 METs vs 7.12 ± 2.27 METs [P < .001], respectively). Moreover, HRI equation estimation of VO2peak showed greater overprediction for TT, 26.6%, than for CE, 11.9%.

Conclusions:
The Meas-VO2peak and HRI-VO2peak agreed closely. When compared with HRI-VO2peak, Est-VO2peak from currently used exercise-based equations shows significant overprediction. Use of HRI and/or Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) registry equations warrant consideration for more accurately estimating VO2peak.