bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nouvelle solution au problème de la transformation : le cas du capital fixe et de la rente
Authors: Lipietz A. 
Published: September 2022

RESUMECet article vise à étendre la nouvelle solution au problème dit « de la transformation des valeurs en prlx de production » (mise au point par G. DUMENIL et nous-même, et présentée dans un article antérieur), au cas du capital fixe et de la rente.Nous commençons par rappeler les grandes lignes de cette nouvelle solution et du « théorème de la transformation marxiste » (I). Puis nous définissons le prix de production du capital fixe usagé (II). Nous étendons alors notre solution du problème de la transformation au cas du capital fixe (III). Nous montrons la compatibilité de cette transformation et des lois de la reproduction élargie. grâce à un théorème de point fixe (IV). Puis nous traitons le cas de la rente absolue (V).
Quelles stratégies d’emploi face à la crise?
Authors: Leroy Robert 
Published: September 2022

Le titre de cette conférence comporte le terme de stratégie. Il a un fort relent militaire. Effectivement, je songe aux américains voulant gagner la deuxième guerre mondiale. Quelle stratégie choisir? Finir d’abord la guerre en Europe puis se tourner vers le Pacifique? ou l’inverse ? ou les deux simultanément? Pour l’Europe, débarquer directement en France? ou neutraliser d’abord la Norvège? ou remonter à partir de l’Afrique du Nord et de l’Italie? L’état-major est perplexe et fort divisé. Aussi charge-t-il une personne de lui préparer un rapport sur les stratégies envisageables, c’est-à-dire sur les termes du choix. Après quoi, l’état-major choisira.L’état-major, c’est vous, y compris les hautes compétences de cette assemblée. Quant à la personne chargée du rapport, c’est un économiste du travail. Son champ d’incompétence minimal, c’est le circuit qui relie la population au pôle de la production, dans lequel circulent du travail et des francs. C’est une compétence très limitée pour expliquer la crise; au mieux, cette ignorance reconnue invite l’économiste du travail à préciser les questions qu’il adresse aux macroéconomistes. En revanche, le caractère dominé — plus déterminé que déterminant — du circuit du travail incite l’économiste du travail à distinguer et à poursuivre une démarche dans une visée (cible et vision) compréhensive qui s’attache aux significations des phénomènes, aux enjeux sociétaux de la crise et des stratégies envisageables.
Price Formation and the Scope for Oligopolistic Conduct in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Huveneers C. 
Published: September 2022

The aim of this paper is to derive and test equilibrium relations between aggregated indices of market power, concentration and foreign trade variables. Encaoua and Jacquemin (1980) established such relationships between different measures of concentration and Lerner indices, but do not take into account international competition.The first part of this paper provides a brief survey of previous theoretical work concerning the impact of foreign trade on domestic market performance, and derives a set of oligopolistic models for both homogeneous and differentiated goods in a open economy. The second part tests these models using a sample of 31 Belgian industrial sectors in 1973.Because Belgium is a small open economy, Belgian producers are unable to affect prices on international markets for homogeneous goods (assuming there are no impediments to trade). Thus Belgian firms are expected to be price-takers enjoying no market power whatever the level of concentration. There are, however, situations in which firms in a small open economy could theoretically enjoy some market power. First, if there are impediments to trade, the domestic market can be separated from the foreign market so that domestic producers are able to charge higher prices at home than given world market price (price discrimination). Second, industries manufacturing differentiated goods for which no perfect substitutes are being produced in the rest of the world face a downward-sloping demand curve.
Exchange Rate Changes in the OECD-Area 1948-71 a Comparative Time Path Approach
Authors: Madsen E.S. , Paldam E. 
Published: September 2022

During the period from 1949 to 1974 exchange rates were almost fixed in the OECD area. Since then some major rates have been moving, but even now most rates remain fixed relatively to each other and it is possible that we are returning to more fixed rates. Therefore it is of some relevance to try to summarize the experience of the few exchange rate changes that took place during the fixed rate period. Section II goes through the currency history of 20 main OECD-countries and identifies the 12 devaluations and 3 revaluations which occured in that period.We have for each of these 15 cases tried to make a comparable story following the time-path of the same 16 main economic indicators - listed in Table 1 - in the last 3 years before the exchange rate change and in the first 3 years after the change. The changes have different sizes (and signs), happened in 9 different countries and are parts of rather different economic policies, but we shall show below that there are, nevertheless, a few main features that appear to generalize.
Posterior moments of elasticities between real wages and unemployment in Belgium : an application of Bayesian inference by Monte Carlo integration
Authors: Bauwens Luc 
Published: September 2022

Some 20 years ago, J. Drèze (1962) opened a new prospect for the statistical treatment of the « simultaneous equation model » in econometrics (SEM). Indeed, he advocated the use of Bayesian methods for the analysis of such models. In particular, he pointed out the flexibility of this approach as it allows to take account not only of the a priori information provided by economic theory or observation, but more fundamentally, of the imprecise nature of this kind of information.Ever since, it has been clear that the Bayesian approach of the SEM would be rather difficult to implement. The main problems one can identify are1. the representation of a priori information by a prior density function which should be easily interpretable and at the same time flexible enough;2. the numerical treatment (i.e. integration) of the posterior density so as to obtain moments and marginal densities of parameters, whether they be parameters of the structural form, of the reduced form, or functions thereof.
Théorie du producteur dans un contexte temporaire
Authors: Bronsard C. , Salvas-Bronsard L. 
Published: September 2022

Bien que la littérature sur l’équilibre temporaire jouisse d’une croissance soutenue depuis maintenant plus de dix ans (voir l’article-revue de Grandmont (1977) et surtout son récent livre (Money and Value 1982)), il existe encore très peu de résultats sur la statistique comparative des équilibres individuels sous-jacents. En conséquence, l’instrumentation nécessaire à l’élaboration d’une théorie des optima temporaires de premier et de second rang (first best, second best) fait actuellement défaut. De même, la contrepartie économétrique est faible, l’absence d’implications empiriques temporaires ne permettant pas d’engendrer des formes structurelles nouvelles et testables empiriquement.Dans cet article, nous allons étudier l’équilibre temporaire du producteur en portant une attention spéciale aux utilisations théoriques éventuelles et aux utilisations empiriques éventuelles. Si, pour la théorie, l’on prend par exemple comme thème de référence la construction d’une théorie des optima temporaires de second rang, il est clair qu’il nous faut au préalable dériver les identités analogues aux identités atemporelles. Ce faisant, on peut garder ouvert le problème de la spécification des anticipations puisque l’optimum temporaire devrait précisément permettre la caractérisation d’une structure optimale des anticipations.
Stackelberg Duopoly with an Illyrian and Profit-Maximising Firm
Authors: Law Peter J. , Stewart Geoff 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTIllyrian labour-managed firms may have positively-inclined Cournot reaction functions. Consequently, in a “mixed” duopoly a determinate equilibrium can result in which the profit-maximising firm leads and the labour-managed firm follows. A simple example demonstrates this.
Price Flexibility and Output « Persistence » in the Postwar U.S.
Authors: Thurston Thom B. 
Published: September 2022

A great deal of evidence for the U.S. economy suggests that after changes in aggregate nominal demand (1) prices move «sluggishly» toward their eventual long-term values, that (2) output responds directly to these changes in demand, and (3) these output effects linger «peristently» over time. Most econometric evidence suggests that something of the order of four to six years must pass before the ultimate effects on prices and output will be reached. As commonly interpreted, this lag has profoundly disturbing implications about the functioning of markets and about the rate of agents’ expectations in macroeconomics.The conventional interpretation of the output-price adjustment lag -- to borrow the label suggested recently by R.J. Gordon (1982) -- comes unders the « Natural Rate Hypothesis and Gradual Adjustment of Prices » (NRH-GAP) approach. After a change in nominal demand, according to NRH-GAP, some combination of forecast inefficiency and institutional constraints on price setting prevents agents for a time from choosing the set of prices that would clear output markets at the « natural » level. In the meantime and because of this price stickiness aggregate output exhibits persistent deviations from its natural path.
Order Effects, Perfect Foresight and Intertemporal Price Discrimination
Authors: Ireland Norman J. , Stoneman Paul L. 
Published: September 2022

We will define a supplier of a single product to be «dynamically discriminating» if he offers the product for sale at a sequence of different prices. Obviously the extent of such discrimination that is possible will depend on buyers’ expectations of future price movements and on any dynamic properties of buyers’ demand functions. The objective of this paper is to examine the extent of price discrimination that can take place in a market characterised by buyers’ perfect foresight and where the value each buyer places on the product changes as the number of sales increase.If potential buyers are ‘myopic’ and believe that the current price of a commodity is not going to change in the future, then they will purchase if the current price is no more than their current reservation price. Given a distribution of reservation prices, a monopolist supplier can perfectly discriminate in this market by, say, first offering the commodity at a very high price and selling to those customers with the highest reservation price, and then gradually reducing the price, collecting more custom, and allowing no consumers’ surplus to exist.
Consumption Constraints, Uncertain Income Streams and the Life Cycle Model
Authors: Simmons P. 
Published: September 2022

There has been a strong resurgence of interest in the life cycle model of consumption with a stochastic income stream. In particular, with various degrees of restrictiveness, it is argued that this theory implies that consumption should follow a Markov process. At one extreme with additive quadratic preferences, perfect capital markets and a known constant interest rate, this holds exactly. More generally with additive preferences, expected discounted marginal utilities obey the martingale condition. The purpose of the present note is to point out that such results depend on the existence of interior solutions and that such an assumption is much more restrictive in this framework than it is generally in economics.With income risk and expected utility maximisation, the utility of each state is weighted by its probability. Suppose that there are some high and low income possibilities and income has a positive mean. The utility function may possess one of two properties: either the marginal utility of consumption in a state remains finite or becomes unbounded as consumption becomes low.
Devaluations and Employment in the Economic Policy of the Nordic Countries - Some Reflections on the Finnish Experience
Authors: Pekkarinen Jukka , Sauramo Pekka 
Published: September 2022

The small open economies of the Nordic type (Sweden, Norway and Finland, in particular) have close similarities as far as their economic structure and institutions are concerned. They are all heavily dependent on foreign trade; their exports are quite highly concentrated and cyclically sensitive; the labour market partners are well organized and the wage-setting institutions are fairly similar; economic policy priorities are also rather close to one another, with heavy emphasis on employment, growth and external balance.Against this background of structural similarities, one cannot help but notice that there are clear systematic and persistent differences in the economic policy mixes adopted by these countries. Notwithstanding the fact that these differences are partly explained by different political coalitions, different traditions of economic policy thinking etc, it is worth analyzing the contents of these differences as such and assessing their effects on the economic performance of different Nordic countries. This is what the present paper attempts to do from a certain restricted perspective. In particular, it highlights the peculiarities of the Finnish policy mix.
L’endogénéité de la monnaie chez Keynes
Authors: Lavoie Marc 
Published: September 2022

1. La Monnaie Endogene est Absente de la « Theorie Generale »I1 est souvent difficile de donner des étiquettes qui aient un sens. Ainsi, il a souvent été reproché aux économistes dits post-keynésiens de formuler des concepts qui ne découlent pas de l’analyse de Keynes. Ils lui auraient même attribué des idées contraires à celles qu’il avait explicitement présentées.Récemment, des économistes de l’école post-keynésienne (Kaldor [1970, 19821, Moore [1979, 1985]) ont cherché à différencier clairement leur analyse de la monnaie des analyses monétaires néo-classiques ou monétaristes. Pour ces auteurs post-keynésiens, la monnaie estendogène. Elle résulte des décisions de demande de crédits des entreprises. C’est ce que Paul Davidson [1972, p. 226] appelle le processus générateur de revenus. Evidemment, même sans accroissement du revenu, il peut y avoir accroissement du stock de monnaie, par des opérations d’open-market associées à des effets de portefeuille. Mais dans une économie historiquement dynamique, ce processus est tout à fait secondaire [Cramp 1971, p. 651].
Propriété publique, rentabilité et efficacité
Authors: Cartelier Lysiane 
Published: September 2022

La nationalisation totale d'entreprises privées concurrentielles n'est pas un acte anodin de politique industrielle, ni sur le plan financier, ni sur le plan de la légitimité de la présence et de la gestion étatique. Dès l'instant, en effet, où la puissance publique décide de gérer d'autres domaines que ceux des traditionnelles missions de service public, la justification de sa présence n'est plus aussi automatique et la supériorité économique de sa gestion doit être démontrée, non seulement sur la situation antérieure (aides publiques sans transfert de propriété), mais aussi et surtout sur les autres formules envisageables d'économie mixte (contrôle public majoritaire, actionnariat salarial, autres modalités de socialisation de l'investissement privé).L'importance vague de nationalisation, opérée en France en 1982, a été ainsi justifiée par la nécessité d'instaurer un autre mode de valorisation du capital national, s'exprimant dans d'autres objectifs et d'autres critères de gestion que celui de la seule rentabilité financière. Parmi ces objectifs, mentionnons notamment la conduite de la modernisation selon une logique plus industrielle que financière, le souci d'une internationalisation mieux maîtrisée, accordant plus de poids au nombre d'emplois maintenus et d'investissements localisés dans la nation, le rétablissement des grands équilibres internes et externes.
Limites de la privatisation des services publics
Authors: Blankart Charles B. 
Published: September 2022

I. Qu'est-ce que la privatisation?Lorsque l'on parle de la privatisation, on veut dire le plus souvent qu'il faut avoir recours à l'intérêt individuel pour rendre les services publics plus efficaces. D'après cette opinion les postes, les télécommunications ou les services aériens devraient être privatisés. Mais aussi des candidats tout différents sont mentionnés dans cette discussion, par exemple les prisons ou la collecte des ordures ménagères. Où sont donc les limites de la privatisation? C'est la question que je veux aborder dans cette communication.Le moins que l'on puisse dire d'après ces exemples c'est que le problème de la privatisation a beaucoup de dimensions. La tâche des scientifiques est alors de réduire la multitude des aspects à quelques caractéristiques communes de la privatisation pour aboutir à des conclusions générales. J'approche le problème en distinguant deux formes de la privatisation, la privatisation de l'offre et la privatisation du capital. Pour comprendre le sens de cette distinction, il faut d'abord examiner d'une façon statique les différentes modalités possibles de l'offre des biens et des services; c'est ce qui est fait dans le tableau suivant.On y voit les différentes formes de l'offre quand on lit la matrice de haut en bas. Sur la première ligne à gauche se trouve le cas classique des biens collectifs ou publics. En général ces biens sont offerts gratuitement et financés par le gouvernement. Souvent le gouvernement possède aussi le capital, c'est-à-dire qu'il est responsable de l'administration du bien ou service lorsque celui-ci est installé. Un exemple typique est indiqué dans la premiére cellule à gauche. On y trouve des voies urbaines, offertes et entretenues par une ville. Dans ce cas, le capital et donc l'administration sont publics, independamment de la construction qui peut être publique ou privée.
The Use of Unemployment and Vacancy Data in Analysing Unemployment
Authors: Taylor Jim 
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCTIONUntil 1975, unemployment in the UK had remained below the 1 million mark for over 30 years. Between 1979 and 1982 it rose from under 1.5 million to over 3 million and has remained there ever since. The 1980s have certainly been a disaster as far as unemployment is concerned and a question of paramount importance to policymakers is whether the government can do anything to reduce unemployment significantly in the foreseeable future. The answer to this question depends on the causes of unemployment and whether these causes can be affected by government action. Unfortunately, the causes of current unemployment are not clearly understood and there is a startling lack of consensus amongst policymakers and their economic advisers over what can (or should) be done to tackle the unemployment problem.One of the issues about which there is substantial disagreement amongst economists is whether unemployment is currently high because of a deficiency in the aggregate demand for goods, or whether it is high for other reasons. These other reasons include : the existence of disincentives to take jobs because unemployment benefit is too high relative to net takehome pay ; a serious mismatch between labour demand and labour supply ; excessively high real wages relative to labour productivity; the sudden structural collapse of large sections of UK manufacturing industry; and a combination of these factors.
Germany and the European Disease
Authors: Davis John , Minford Patrick 
Published: September 2022

I. INTRODUCTIONUnemployment in Europe has risen during the 70s and early 80s to double digit rates, rates which are not considered likely to fall much in the remaining years of the 80s. This is so in enough countries to encourage some to speak of a ‘European disease’. Those of us who live in Britain have long been familiar with the ‘British disease’, as have the Dutch with their ‘Dutch disease’ (supposedly related to North Sea energy resources). This paper suggests that these earlier national ailments are precursors of the general European one to which attention has more recently been drawn — notably by Professor Giersch who has spoken of a ‘market sclerosis’ in Europe, especially in the labour market (Giersch, 1985). (Also see OECD (1985, p. 38)).However, in spite of this provocative general opening we wish to focus in this paper on West Germany, and thus to highlight a specific case of what may well be a general phenomenon. Our motivation is fourfold: to widen the analysis of the possible disease to a country in which there is wide interest; to stimulate other European researchers to work along the lines of analysis portrayed here; to follow up the echoes sounded in the comments of authoritative national students (e.g. Giersch, op. cit., and de Grauwe, Fratianni and Nabli, 1985), and finally, to utilize a full macroeconomic model of the Federal Replublic of Germany in this direction of research.
Job Creation Programs in an International Comparison
Authors: De Wachter Marcia , Somers Yolanda 
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCTIONWith an election year in France and in the Netherlands, a national collective convention in Belgium and high unemployment rates in most European countries, an economic reflection on the effectiveness and efficiency of the pursued job creation policies is certainly meaningful.The main purpose of the job creation policies, as conceived in most European countries, is the promotion of an effective and fair fine tuning of supply and demand of labor.The instruments traditionally used, can be divided into five categories, namely :1. Wage-cost subsidies2. Educational and vocational measures3. Direct job creation measures4. Reduction of labor supply5. Promotion of entrepreneurship.
Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands, 1960-1984: A Putty-Clay Approach
Authors: Muysken J. , Van Zon A.H. 
Published: September 2022

1. INTRODUCTIONSince the mid-seventies vintage models have played an important role in the analysis of the Dutch economy. Although earlier vintages of these models were of a clay-clay nature, due to technical progress in economic analysis and in estimation methods, more recent vintages are of a putty-clay nature. Examples of the latter are Kuipers and van Zon (1982) and Gelauff, Wennekers and De Jong (1985). We shall further refer to them as KvZ and GWJ, respectively. Our model fits in with this putty-clay tradition. However, before highlighting several features of our model, some general remarks should be made.In the period 1950-1970 employment in the private sector in the Netherlands increased from 3400 to 4130 thousand man-years. It remained at a more or less constant level of 4100 thousand man-years till 1980 and then decreased rapidly to a level of 3800 in 1983, at which it remained for the years 1984 and 1985. Likewise, unemployment increased slowly from 70 thousand man-years in 1970 to 325 thousand man-years in 1980. Then unemployment accelerated towards a level of 800 thousand man-years in 1983, at which it remained for the years 1984 and 1985. The unemployment rate is about 17 % nowadays. Muyskens and Meijers (1985) explain that the earlier developed clay-clay vintage models cannot adequately deal with these turbulent developments in the period 1980-1985.