bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) in the Context of the Exercise of Supervisory Powers and Extraordinary Measures
Authors: Lamandini Marco , D’Ambrosio Raffaele , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concepts of Pillar 2 and Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP), which were adopted by Basel II to promote a better measurement and management by credit institutions of their risks and to make capital requirements more risk-sensitive and more individually tailored than under previous Basel Committee on Banking and Supervision (BCBS) standards. The SREP’s relational supervisory model helps to bridge the gap between supervisory and crisis-management situations. Should the SREP show that the institution does not meet the prudential requirements or is likely to breach the same within the following 12 months, Article 102 CRD V provides that competent authorities must require an institution to take the necessary measures at an early stage to address relevant problems. This includes relying on a wide set of supervisory powers listed in Article 104 CRD V. The EBA Guidelines extensively detail the use of these supervisory powers, giving a number of examples for each of the SREP element and, as to capital adequacy, for each of the risks to capital. They also clarify that in addition to such supervisory powers, the competent authorities may also adopt measures provided for under national law and, when applicable, early intervention measures as specified in Article 27 BRRD.
Stress-testing in Banking in the EU
Authors: Neves Pedro Duarte , Morais Luís Silva , Feteira Lúcio Tomé 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines financial stress-testing, most notably microprudential bank stress-testing in the EU. It begins by differentiating between micro and macroprudential stress tests. Microprudential stress-testing takes place at the level of individual financial institutions (micro perspective) serving as a risk management tool used both by individual banks (to gauge risk exposures for internal purposes) and supervisors (to assess the resilience of banking institutions to adverse market developments). Meanwhile, macroprudential stress tests are a tool designed to assess the system-wide resilience to shocks to support the design and calibration of macroprudential policy with the objective to identify and reduce systemic risk. Therefore, the focus is on the system-wide resilience and not on individual resilience, with the possible application for defining the size of counter-cyclical buffers. The chapter then addresses the topic of EU-wide stress tests from three perspectives, namely (i) its implementation and the methodologies used from 2009 onwards; (ii) the outcomes of such stress-testing exercises; and (iii) a comparative analysis of EU-wide stress tests with its US and UK counterparts, also including the sensitivity scenarios developed to assess the possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Applying Proportionality to the Prudential RegimeReporting and Disclosure Requirements for Smaller Banks
Authors: Hadjiemmanuil Christos 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the demand for proportionate regulation, in response to the great wave of prudential reregulation that followed the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). This has resulted, not only to a significant tightening of the prudential requirements, but also to a drastic increase in the intensity and complexity of day-to-day supervision, including supervisory reporting. For smaller banks, the challenge is daunting and could have grave competitive implications. Their predicament has turned the necessity and proportionality of the new prudential requirements into a central theme of the banking regulatory debate. The chapter then looks at the technique used by the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) II to relieve the members of the newly established class of ‘small and non-complex institutions’ from excessive and unjustifiable regulatory burdens — in particular, those relating to supervisory reporting requirements and public disclosure obligations. It also considers the streamlining and integration of all information-related obligations of banking institutions to reduce the complexity of the existing system, eliminating duplicative reporting by institutions, and improving the accessibility and usability of regulatory information.
Applicable Accounting Principles, IFRS, Local GAAP, and Compatibility with Prudential Reporting
Authors: Löw Edgar , Vogt Kevin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the interdependencies, commonalities, and differences between accounting and regulatory requirements with regard to consolidation, the determination of own funds, and credit risk modelling under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 9) as well as within the Internal Ratings Based Approach. Parent institutions in a member state are supervised on a consolidated basis and are therefore in principle obliged to apply the CRR II framework on individual as well as consolidated basis. However, the scope of prudential consolidation may deviate from the IFRS or local-GAAP (General Accepted Accounting Principles) consolidation, as the prudential consolidation often narrows the circle of consolidated entities down to the entities relevant for prudential supervision, with the exclusion of ‘non-financial businesses’. The chapter then provides an answer to the question of the extent to which different accounting regulations under different accounting standards or the exercise of options have an impact on capital ratios. It also shows to what extent regulatory requirements encourage institutions to exercise accounting discretion or influence the exercise of options. Finally, the chapter assesses the extent to which supervisory regulations can be incorporated into the balance sheet in order to achieve a parallelism between accounting and supervisory law.
Antibody Level Predicts the Clinical Course of Breakthrough Infection of COVID-19 Caused by Delta and Omicron Variants: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kim Min Hyung , Nam Yooju , Son Nak Hoon , Heo Namwoo , Kim Bongyoung , Kang Eawha , Shin Areum , Yang Andrew Jihoon , Park Yoon Soo , Kim Heejung , Kyong Taeyoung , Kim Yong Chan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Omicron variant viruses spread rapidly, even in individuals with high vaccination rates. This study aimed to determine the utility of the antibody against spike protein level as a predictor of the disease course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in vaccinated patients.

Methods
Between December 11, 2021, and February 10, 2022, we performed a prospective observational cohort study in South Korea, which included patients infected with Delta and Omicron variants. A multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the association between antibody levels and outcomes was conducted. The relationship between antibody levels and cycle threshold (Ct) values was confirmed using a generalized linear model.

Results
From 106 vaccinated patients (39 Delta and 67 Omicron), the geometric mean titers of antibodies in patients with fever (≥37.5°C), hypoxia (≤94% of SpO2), pneumonia, C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation (&gt;8 mg/L), or lymphopenia (&lt;1100 cells/μL) were 1201.5 U/mL, 98.8 U/mL, 774.1 U/mL, 1335.1 U/mL, and 1032.2 U/mL, respectively. Increased antibody levels were associated with a decrease in the occurrence of fever (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12–0.51), hypoxia (aOR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08–0.7), CRP elevation (aOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29–0.0.94), and lymphopenia (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33–0.98). Ct values showed a positive correlation between antibody levels (P = .02).

Conclusions
Antibody levels are predictive of the clinical course of COVID-19 in vaccinated patients with Delta and Omicron variant infections. Our data highlight the need for concentrated efforts to monitor patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection who are at risk of low antibody levels.
The effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn in low-complexity diets supplemented with either an immune-modulating feed additive, or fish oil on nursery pig growth performance, immune response, small intestinal morphology, and component digestibility
Authors: Lafleur Larivière Élise , Zhu Cuilan , Sharma Ankita , Karrow Niel A , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Three hundred twenty newly weaned pigs (21 days of age; 6.7 ± 0.3 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of supplementing low-complexity (LC) deoxynivalenol- (DON) contaminated nursery diets with a feed additive or fish oil on growth performance and immune response to an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens per treatment): positive control (PC; contained multiple animal protein sources), or 1 of 4 LC diets (contained only plant-based protein sources) without (NC; negative control) or with ~ 3.5 ppm DON contamination, without (DON-) or with a feed additive containing a blend of immune-modulating components (DON+; 2 mg/kg, as-fed) or fish oil (DONω3; 2.5%, as-fed). Dietary treatments were fed during phases I and II (7 and 15 days, respectively) and a common phase III diet was fed for 20 days. On day 22, two pigs per pen were injected IM with 30 μg/kg BW LPS and 1 pig per pen with 1 mL saline. Rectal temperatures were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3 h after injection. At 3 h, blood was collected for plasma cytokine analysis and small intestinal histomorphology was assessed. In phase I, pigs fed PC and NC did not differ for ADG, ADFI and G:F, but these outcomes were greater than for pigs fed DON+ and DONω (P &lt; 0.05). In phase II, pigs fed NC had greater ADG and PC had greater ADFI but lower G:F than pigs fed DON- and DONω3 (P &lt; 0.05). At the end of phase II, pigs fed DONω3 tended to have lower BW than PC and NC (P = 0.084 and 0.079, respectively). In phase III and overall, there were no differences among dietary treatments for ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. The LPS injection increased rectal temperature and reduced jejunal and ileal villus height (versus saline; P &lt; 0.05). Plasma interferon-γ concentration was only increased by LPS for pigs fed PC, NC, and DON+ compared to the saline-injected counterparts (P &lt; 0.05). Regardless of LPS injection, jejunal villus height was greater for pigs fed DON+ than DONω3 (P &lt; 0.05) and ileal villus height was greater for pigs fed DON+ and PC than DONω3 (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, nursery diet complexity did not affect growth performance or immune response to LPS. Regardless of DON contamination and feed additive inclusion in phases I and II, pigs were able to achieve nursery exit BW not different from those fed PC. The feed additive offered marginal benefits for small intestinal villus height and immune response for pigs fed DON-contaminated LC nursery diets.
Implications of Recent Epidemiological Studies for Compensation of Veterans Exposed to Plutonium
Authors: Beyea Jan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to compare post-2007 epidemiological results for plutonium workers to risk predicted by the software program NIOSH-IREP (IREP for short), which is used to determine the lowest dose for a US veteran to obtain cancer compensation. IREP output and methodology were used to predict excess relative risk per Gy (ERR Gy−1) for lung cancer at the 99th credibility percentile, which is used for compensation decisions. Also estimated were relative biological effectiveness factors (RBE) predicted for workers using IREP methodology. IREP predictions were compared to results for Mayak and Sellafield plutonium workers, separately and pooled. Indications that IREP might underpredict 99th-percentile lung cancer plutonium risk came from (1) comparison of worker RBEs and (2) from comparison of Sellafield results separately. When Sellafield and Mayak data were pooled, ERR Gy−1 comparisons at the 99th percentile roughly matched epidemiological data with regression dose range restricted to < 0.05 Gy, the most relevant region to veterans, but overpredicted for the full dose range. When four plausible distributions for lung cancer risk, including both new and old data, were combined using illustrative weighting factors, compensation cutoff dose for lung cancer matched current IREP values unless regression results below 0.05 were chosen for Sellafield, producing a two-fold reduction. A 1997 claim of a dose threshold in lung cancer dose response was not confirmed in later literature. The benefit of the doubt is given to claimants when the science is unclear. The challenge for NIOSH-IREP custodians is dealing with the Sellafield results, which might best match US claimants.
PREDICTING LESION SHRINKAGE IN EYES WITH MYOPIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION FROM FEATURES ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Liu Jing , Song Shuang , Yu Xiaobing 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To identify baseline morphological predictors of lesion shrinkage in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor.

Methods:
This retrospective study included 46 eyes (41 consecutive patients) with active mCNV receiving anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. Optical coherence tomography angiography was performed at baseline and 1 year after treatment. Quantitative features were obtained from optical coherence tomography angiography images using AngioTool software. Eyes were classified as “high shrinkage” or “low shrinkage” according to the median relative change in lesion area. Baseline quantitative morphological features associated with mCNV shrinkage were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results:
The mCNV area was significantly smaller after 1 year (P = 0.013), with a median relative change of −16.5%. The relative change in mCNV area was −48.3% in high-shrinkage eyes (n = 23) and −5.2% in low-shrinkage eyes (n = 23). High-shrinkage eyes had a smaller mCNV area (P = 0.013), shorter total vessel length (P = 0.023), and higher end point density (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed significant associations of high shrinkage with end point density (β = −0.037, P = 0.043) and previous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment (β = 0.216, P = 0.029).

Conclusion:
Morphological features of neovascularization detected by optical coherence tomography angiography can predict lesion shrinkage in eyes with mCNV receiving anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Higher end point density contributed to shrinkage, particularly of treatment-naive lesions.
PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY WITH AND WITHOUT INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH MACULA INVOLVED TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Karahan Eyyup , Sahin Vural Gözde , Girgin Yurdagul , Kayikcioglu Omer Can , Guler Cenap 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on anatomical and functional results in pars plana vitrectomy performed eyes with tractional retinal detachment affecting the macula because of diabetes mellitus.

Methods:
Patients without ILM peeling were considered as Group 1, and patients with ILM peeling were considered as Group 2. The main outcomes were the best-corrected visual acuity at 6 months and the rate of epiretinal membrane formation within 6 months. The rate and the indications for resurgery were determined. Parameters affecting the final best-corrected visual acuity were determined by regression analysis.

Results:
Final best-corrected visual acuity was significantly better in eyes with ILM peeled off than in eyes with no peel-off (P = 0.012). Less secondary epiretinal membrane was formed in Group 1 (P = 0.009). There was no difference between groups in resurgery rates (P = 0.143). The need for resurgery because of epiretinal membrane was higher in Group 1 rather than Group 2 (P = 0.001). The only factor affecting the final best-corrected visual acuity was ILM peeling.

Conclusion:
In patients with tractional retinal detachment affecting the macula because of diabetes, ILM peeling in addition to pars plana vitrectomy and membrane excision does not affect the need for resurgery but contributes positively to anatomical and functional outcomes.
RETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN ACQUIRED PERIPHERAL RETINOSCHISIS THROUGH INNER RETINAL ISCHEMIA: OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
Authors: Kang Min Seung , Kwon Han Jo 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To present two cases of concomitant retinal neovascularization (RNV) in acquired peripheral retinoschisis and analyze its characteristics on optical coherence tomography angiography and based on a literature review.

Methods:
This was an observational, retrospective case study.

Results:
Case 1 presented with bullous retinoschisis and RNV near the schisis cavity. Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed no angioflow into the retinal arterioles of the cavity. An arterial filling delay to the retinoschisis with extensive leakage from the RNV was noted on fluorescein angiography. Case 2 involved the superficial retinoschisis and telangiectatic vessels inside the schisis cavity. Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed damage to the superficial capillary plexus of the cavity, absence of angioflow to the inner schisis layer, and increased angioflow to the RNV. Fluorescein angiography showed focal leakage from the RNV and diffuse leakage from telangiectasia. No vision-threatening complications were identified in either patient up to the last follow-up, subsequent to laser photocoagulation.

Conclusion:
Acquired peripheral retinoschisis is associated with RNV. Inner retinal ischemia caused by hemodynamic resistance or a damaged superficial capillary plexus can interrupt angioflow to the inner schisis retinal layer on optical coherence tomography angiographic findings and develop RNV inside or outside the retinoschisis.
Inclusion of sarcopenia improves the prognostic value of MELD score in patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Bai Yao-wei , Liu Jia-cheng , Yang Chong-tu , Wang Ying-liang , Wang Chao-yang , Ju Shu-guang , Zhou Chen , Huang Song-jiang , Li Tong-qiang , Chen Yang , Yao Wei , Xiong Bin 
Published: May 2022

Objective
To explore the predictive value of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)-Sarcopenia score for survival of cirrhotic patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement.

Methods
289 patients who underwent TIPS between February 2016 and December 2020 were included, they were divided into the sarcopenia group (n = 138) and non-sarcopenia group (n = 151) according to whether they were complicated with sarcopenia. Kaplan–Meier curve was used to analyze and compare the prognosis of the above two groups and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify the independent prognostic factors. The performance of different predictive models was compared using C-index.

Results
During the follow-up, Kaplan–Meier analyses indicated that cumulative survival was significantly lower in sarcopenia group than that in non-sarcopenia group [74.6% vs. 92.7%, HR, 0.24 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12–0.46), Log-rank P < 0.001]. After multivariate Cox analysis, age [HR, 1.040 (95% CI, 1.015–1.065), P = 0.002], sarcopenia [HR, 3.948 (95% CI, 1.989–7.838), P < 0.001], albumin [HR, 0.945 (95% CI, 0.897–0.997), P = 0.037], and MELD score [HR, 1.156 (95% CI, 1.097–1.217), P < 0.001] were identified as the independent risk factors for mortality after TIPS. The C-indexes of MELD-Sarcopenia, Child-Pugh, MELD, MELD-Na, and the Freiburg index of post-TIPS survival (FIPS) scores were 0.782, 0.688, 0.719, 0.734, and 0.770, respectively.

Conclusion
Sarcopenia is independently correlated with post-TIPS mortality, and MELD-Sarcopenia score showed the best performance in predicting post-TIPS mortality than the traditional predictive models.
Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Nutritional Status and Neurological Function of Patients With Postischemic Stroke Dysphagia
Authors: Jiao Yonggang , Peng Wei , Yang Jingping , Li Cheng 
Published: May 2022

Background:
This project aimed to explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the nutritional status and neurological function of patients with postischemic stroke dysphagia.

Materials and Methods:
After recruiting 70 inpatients with cerebral infarction combined with dysphagia hospitalized in the Cerebrovascular Center of Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital from June 2017 to June 2020, we assigned them randomly into a control group and an rTMS group. Patients in the control group received swallowing training, while patients of the rTMS group received swallowing training and rTMS.

Results:
Fifteen days after treatment, serum nutrition indexes and neurotrophic indexes of both groups were higher than before treatment, and their serum nerve injury indexes were lower than before treatment. After 15 days of treatment, the body nutrition indexes and neuronutrition indexes of the rTMS group were higher than those of the control group, while the nerve injury indexes of the rTMS group were lower than those of the control group.

Conclusion:
rTMS in the treatment of dysphagia after stroke can better improve nutritional status and nerve function, reducing nerve damage.
Hirayama Disease
Authors: Gritsch David , Mbonde Amir A. , Khoury Julie 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Hirayama disease is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by abnormal forward displacement of the cervical spinal cord, resulting in focal ischemic changes of anterior horn cells.

Case Report:
A 15-year-old male presented with 6 months of progressive right upper extremity weakness. Electromyography/nerve conduction study indicated a chronic neurogenic process involving the C8-T1 myotome. Cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging in the neutral position demonstrated minor disk bulges without significant spinal canal narrowing. With flexion, there was a forward displacement of the dorsal dural sac and marked effacement of the subarachnoid spaces from vertebral levels C5 through C7. In addition, prominent flow voids were now seen in the dorsal epidural space consistent with engorged venous structures.

Conclusion:
The diagnosis of Hirayama disease requires a high index of suspicion, and imaging should include a series with the neck in a flexed position, as imaging in the neutral position is often unrevealing and the disorder can otherwise easily be missed.
Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hodis Howard N. , Mack Wendy J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The totality of evidence indicates menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effects are determined by timing of initiation according to age and/or time since menopause, underlying health of target tissue, and duration of therapy. Initiated in women at younger than 60 years and/or at or near menopause, HRT significantly reduces all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), whereas other primary CVD prevention therapies such as lipid-lowering fail to do so. The magnitude and type of HRT-associated risks, including breast cancer, stroke, and venous thromboembolism, are rare (<10 events/10,000 women), not unique to HRT, and comparable with other medications. Hormone replacement therapy is a sex-specific and time-dependent primary CVD prevention therapy that concomitantly reduces all-cause mortality, as well as other aging-related diseases with an excellent risk profile. Keeping in mind that prevention strategies must be personalized, health care providers and patients can use cumulated HRT data in making clinical decisions concerning chronic disease prevention including CVD and mortality reduction.