bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Disqualification of Arbitrators During Arbitral Proceedings: A Critique of Toyoshima & Co., Ltd. v. Gaomi Luyuan Textile Co., Ltd.
Authors: Zhang Beibei 
Published: March 2022

Entering into an arbitration agreement means that the parties forfeit their right to sue before a national court if disputes that fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement arise. This nevertheless does not deprive the parties of the protections universally recognized as fundamental human rights. Therefore, a challenge to the arbitrator during the arbitral proceedings is possible when the integrity of the proceedings and that of the final award would otherwise be compromised. As a result of the influence of the pro-arbitration policy, domestic courts are usually biased towards not disqualifying arbitrators after the commencement of the procedures, especially when the enforcement of the award is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. This is consistent with the Convention’s purpose to facilitate the cross-border enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, as well as global trade activities. In some cases, however, it is worth discussing whether the national courts have gone too far in this direction. Toyoshima &amp; Co., Ltd. v. Gaomi Luyuan Textile Co., Ltd. before the Chinese courts illustrates this concern well.
Arbitration, disqualification of arbitrator, procedural integrity, the standard for disqualification
Rand Investments v. Republic of Serbia: Transparency and the Limits of Consent
Authors: Banerjee Arpan , Murthy Ashwin 
Published: March 2022

International investment law has consistently grappled with the issue of transparency. While the need for increased transparency in the practice of investment tribunals is generally recognized in principle, in practice the application of transparency norms often raises contentious issues. One common issue is the appropriateness of transparent proceedings where the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) governing the dispute is silent on the matter. A further, more vexed question arises when claimants proceed under multiple BITs with disparate transparency obligations. This situation arose in Rand Investments v. Republic of Serbia, where the claimants instituted an arbitration under both the Canada-Serbia and the Cyprus- Serbia BITs. Noting that the Cyprus-Serbia BIT was silent on the question of transparency, the Majority held that the transparency provisions of the Canada-Serbia BIT could be applied to the entire arbitration on grounds of procedural efficiency. However, the respondent’s arbitrator dissented, finding that the Majority’s approach violated Serbia’s consent and sovereignty. Upon examining the dichotomous approaches adopted by the Majority and the Dissenting Arbitrator, this case comment offers an insight into the potential implications of the case on future investment arbitrations involving multiple BITs with disparate transparency obligations.
investment arbitration, dissenting opinion, transparency, Lotus principle, Effet Utile, procedural efficiency, Eurogas v Slovakia, duty of arbitrator, state consent, residual powers of the tribunal, confidentiality.
Article 5 of the Model Law: Protector of the Arbitral Process?
Authors: Garnett Richard 
Published: March 2022

The question of judicial intervention remains highly significant in international commercial arbitration. Article 5 of the Model Law was included in the text both to identify those matters in which intervention is permitted and to define the nature and manner of such intervention. While Article 5 has been largely effective in regulating judicial intervention in matters expressly governed by the Model Law, the issue of abuse of process raised by the presence of concurrent court and arbitration proceedings has been more contentious. This article contends that this issue should also fall within the scope of the Model Law as a matter concerning court intervention in arbitral jurisdiction. While Article 5 does not directly apply to foreign-seated arbitrations, the policies of limited court intervention and respect for arbitral jurisdiction should still be influential.
arbitration, judicial intervention, UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 5, abuse of process, anti-suit injunction, anti-arbitration injunction
The Evolution of Brazilian CFIAs from 2015 to 2020: Like Wine, Does It Get Better with Time?
Authors: Rais Samy , Duggal Kabir 
Published: March 2022

This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIAs) since the publication of the Brazilian Model CFIA in 2015. It studies the tumultuous history of investment treaties in Brazil and how it may have shaped Brazil’s response to the investor-State arbitration regime through the current model CFIA. It assesses how the reception of Brazil’s Model CFIA among Brazilian stakeholders and commentators may have influenced the trends and evolutions of the fourteen CFIAs signed by Brazil from 2015 to 2020. It argues that the Brazilian CFIAs have improved with time through the progressive narrowing and strengthening of their jurisdictional, substantial, public policy and dispute resolution clauses. At the same time, they may not have fully implemented the criticisms and comments of academia and Brazilian civil society, and some provisions remain to be clarified in the future.
Bilateral Investment Agreement, Brazil, Model BIT, Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements, Investment arbitration reform
Remote Hearings (2020 Survey): A Spectrum of Preferences
Authors: Born Gary , Day Anneliese , Virjee Hafez 
Published: March 2022

A detailed survey of users’ experience of remote hearings shows that, as of July 2020, in-house and external counsel, and arbitrators and tribunal secretaries, were generally enthusiastic about fully remote hearings, but more nuanced when it came to breaking down their preferences according to the amount in dispute and the number of witnesses and experts to be examined: for short hearings and meetings, users will very likely prefer a videoconference over meeting in person or conducting the proceeding by telephone, whereas for merits hearings and hearings dealing with major procedural issues, preferences hinge primarily on the value of the case and secondly on the number of witnesses and experts to be examined. Where parties are in disagreement as to how to hold the hearing, tribunals are likely to factor into their decision any flexibility around the hearing dates, cost considerations and the number of time-zones that need to be accommodated.
The article also discusses the survey results relating to the benefits and challenges of fully remote hearings, the rate of objections to fully remote hearings and how tribunals dealt with them, and provides additional insight into the profile of fully remote hearings resulting from the pandemic.
Property Rights in Treaty Cases: Lessons for Investor-State Arbitration from Case A15 (II:A) of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Authors: Zielinski Laura Yvonne 
Published: March 2022

On 10 March 2020, the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (IUSCT) rendered its partial award No. 604-A15 (II:A)/A26 (IV)/B43-FT in Case No. A15 (II:A), ordering the United States to pay Iran over USD 29 million in damages, including decades of interest, and to return several properties that had been frozen during the 1979 hostage crisis.
In deciding which properties had to be transferred by the United States to Iran, the Tribunal – having concluded that there are no public international law rules on property – struggled to identify the law applicable to property rights in the context of an inter-state arbitration based on a treaty.
While the majority applied international private law principles to determine the domestic law applicable to questions of ownership, several of the dissenting arbitrators expressed the view that the nature of the dispute, as a treaty case, required the exclusive application of public international law.
These two diverging approaches offer an interesting perspective on recent investor-state decisions, which also present conflicting views on the role that should be attributed to domestic law in determining the contours of those property rights, which are the subject of treaty violations and the corresponding compensation of investors.
property, international law, public international law, private international law, domestic law, applicable law, Iran-US Claims Tribunal, investor-state dispute settlement, investor-state arbitration, choice of law
The 1933 Directives on Arbitration of the German Reich: Echoes of the Past?
Authors: Born Gary 
Published: March 2022

In 1933, the National Socialist government of the German Reich issued a collection of directives regarding the use of arbitration to resolve disputes, focused specifically on disputes between the Reich and private parties. The 1933 Directives made a number of general criticisms of the arbitral process as a means of adjudication, and relied upon these criticisms to significantly restrict the use of arbitration to resolve disputes with German state entities. The Reich Directives provide a neglected, but instructive, historical perspective on arbitration law and practice in Germany, both in the 1930s and before. At the same time, parts of the 1933 Directives also have unmistakable parallels to current debates about investor-state and commercial arbitration. Among other things, the Directives contain recommendations regarding the drafting of arbitration agreements and the conduct of arbitral proceedings which, while in some areas out-dated, could in other respects be mistaken for current discussions regarding best practices in international commercial and investment arbitration. More importantly, the Directives’ criticisms of the arbitral process, and the National Socialists’ rationales for those criticisms, have striking analogues to aspects of contemporary debates about investment arbitration and proposals to abandon or restrict investment arbitration. Those parallels raise important, if uncomfortable, questions about these contemporary critiques and proposals for reform.
investor-state, arbitration, ISDS, criticism, Achmea, directives, Germany, National Socialism, history
Recent Efforts to Curb Investment Treaty Shopping: How Effective Are They?
Authors: Böhme Bianca 
Published: March 2022

In recent years it can be observed that states increasingly introduce explicit limitations to the practice of treaty shopping in their investment agreements. Accordingly, substantive ratione personae requirements, denial of benefits clauses, and anti-circumvention clauses are often included in newly signed investment treaties. In addition to these new drafting trends, arbitral tribunals have developed an implicit limitation in the form of the abuse of process doctrine to sanction the most egregious forms of treaty shopping. While these drafting trends as well as arbitral practice can curb undesired treaty shopping to a certain extent, this article argues that only a multilateral reform effort is able to truly prevent this practice from occurring.
Treaty Shopping, Nationality Planning, Corporate Structuring, ISDS Reform, UNCITRAL, Ratione Personae Requirements, Denial of Benefits Clauses, Abuse of Process
Global Telecom Holding v. Canada: Interpreting and Applying Reservations and Carve-Outs in Investment Treaties
Authors: Paine Joshua 
Published: March 2022

Within investment treaties, reservations and carve-outs perform a crucial role in balancing investment protection and liberalization with competing regulatory interests of States. While carve-outs for taxation matters have been interpreted and applied by a significant number of investment treaty tribunals, carve-outs concerning other issues and reservations have been adjudicated much less frequently. The recent Award in Global Telecom Holding v. Canada raises several key questions of treaty interpretation concerning a reservation by Canada in the Canada–Egypt Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), and a carve-out, which removed from investor-State arbitration decisions by either Party not to permit the establishment or acquisition of a business enterprise. This case comment critically analyses the approach to interpreting reservations and carve-outs adopted in the Award and the associated Dissenting Opinion. I suggest that it is through the application of the ordinary rules of treaty interpretation that adjudicators will locate the appropriate limits of reservations and carve-outs, and there is little justification for adopting a restrictive interpretation of such provisions. The case also demonstrates that interpretative inferences based on one treaty party’s other investment treaties must be approached with care.
reservations, carve-outs, exceptions, treaty interpretation, national treatment, national security
South Asian Microfinance Outreach: An Economic Context
Authors: Memon Ainan , Akram Waqar , Yasmin Iram , Abbas Ghulam 
Published: March 2022

This study analyses the breadth and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from the economic perspective, considering both open and close economic indicators. Additionally, this study differentiates the impact of the welfare variable (human development) on breadth and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions in the South Asian region. We use Market-Mix data from the year 1999 to 2017. For analysis, we employed a fixed-effect model based on the Hausman test. Additionally, two-stage least squares used to identify the endogeneity problem. The results illustrate the positive impact of welfare indicator (Human development) and closed economic factors (Economic growth, private credit, labor force participation) on the depth of outreach except for the inflation and interest rate that are negatively impacted. Whereas, open economic factor (Foreign investment) does not impact on the depth of outreach. However, all sets of open, close, and welfare economic indicators positively impact on the breadth of outreach except the interest rate and inflation rate. It is concluded from the results that macroeconomic variables affect the depth of outreach of microfinance institutions. The government and microfinance policymakers can use economic indicators to increase further microfinance outreach that further helps in alleviating poverty from the region.
El Acuerdo de Oslo: un estudio del proceso de paz del conflicto árabe-israelí
Authors: Mirza Latafat  
Published: March 2022

Resumen
El Acuerdo de Oslo es uno de los procesos de paz más importantes entre Israel y los palestinos destinado a resolver el conflicto imperante. Aunque este acuerdo puede verse como un proceso en curso, el conflicto sigue siendo el tema más preocupante en el Medio Oriente. Este artículo describe la identificación de conflictos y la revisión de la literatura relacionada con la Declaración de Principios sobre los Acuerdos Provisionales de Autogobierno (DOP) y el proceso de formalización del Acuerdo de Oslo. La conversación entre las dos partes involucró, entre otros, la interpretación de derechos, linderos, vivienda y otros. Hay diferentes perspectivas y puntos de vista con respecto a este acuerdo. En cambio, este artículo analiza los Acuerdos de Oslo, incluidos Oslo I y II, que se firmaron en 1993 y 1995 para lograr la seguridad en el Medio Oriente.
Educación, tolerancia y humanidades: una lectura vivencial
Authors: Ruiz Erly J. 
Published: March 2022

Resumen en español	Desde su fundación el Estado venezolano ha comprendido la importancia de la educación para el desarrollo del país a través de la formalización y obligatoriedad de la instrucción. Con el objetivo de reducir las desigualdades y contribuir al fortalecimiento de la economía, la instrucción básica recibió en su origen un acertado temperamento técnico y epistemológico. No obstante, considerando la existencia finita como un asunto que va más allá del trato con las cosas, es preciso que la educación tome en cuenta tanto la vivencia, como su relación e inmersión en la otredad y no sólo en la naturaleza. El objetivo del siguiente artículo es explorar la importancia de las humanidades en la educación venezolana como medio para fomentar la tolerancia a través de una metodología documental desde una perspectiva filosófica-sociológica. Se inicia abordando la vinculación de las instituciones religiosas a la educación desde lo más general hasta el contexto nacional. Seguidamente se enlaza problemáticamente la tolerancia a la noción contemporánea de cultura con miras a la inspección de la presencia de las humanidades en la educación venezolana durante la “revolución bolivariana”. Por último, se formula una concepción de educación como proceso la cual, sustentada en la tolerancia y la diversidad (cualidades constituyentes de las humanidades), expresa su importante y necesario talante democrático.
Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin D Terhadap Perbaikan Gejala Klinis Pada Penderita Dermatitis Atopik Di Poliklinik Kulit Kelamin RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh Tahun 2018: Uji Klinis Ketersamaran Ganda
Authors: X Nanda Earlia , X Mimi Maulida , X Arie Hidayati , X Rovy Pratama 
Published: March 2022

Dermatitis atopik (DA) merupakan masalah yang sering muncul pada negara berkembang dan sedang berkembang. DA merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronik pada kulit yang terjadi pada 15% sampai 25% pada anak dan 3% pada dewasa. Penyakit ini menyebabkan morbiditas dan memiliki efek pada kualitas hidup. Tujuan utama dilakukann penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek vitamin D pada derajat keparahan DA pada anak. Penelitian dilakukan di poliklinik kesehatan kulit dan kelamin rumah sakit umum daerah dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh selama 4 bulan dimulai sejak 15 Mei hingga 15 september 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji klinis desain paralel. Sebanyak 68 pederita DA terlibat dalam penelitian ini dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok yang mendapat vitamin D 600 IU selama 28 hari dan kelompok tanpa suplementasi vitamin D dengan jumlah masing – masing kelompok 34 orang. Seluruh pasien yang terlibat mendapatkan terapi standar berupa steroid topikal dan antihistamin secara oral. Tingkat keparahan gejala klinis sebelum dan setelah pengobatan diukur menggunakan Scoring Dermaitis Atopic (SCORAD). Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik tidak berpasangan dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. SCORAD penderita DA yang mendapat suplementasi vitamin D selama 28 hari dengan terapi standar (13,8 ± 6,39) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak mendapat vitamin D 20,6 ± 7,94 dengan tingkat kemaknaan p < 0,001. Vitamin D merupakan prohormon yang memiliki fungsi utama mengatur keseimbangan kalsium tubuh. Sebagai imunoregulasi, vitamin D memiliki dua fungsi penting sebagai hormon sekosteroid pada regulasi hemostasis kalsium pada tubuh dan sebagai zat esensial organik yang sangat penting terhadap respons imun. Suplementasi vitamin D selama 28 hari lebih efektif menurunkan derajat keparahan DA pada anak dibandingkan terapi standar.
Two new species of Lasianthus Jack (Rubiaceae) from southern Vietnam
Authors: Dang Minh Quan , Nguyen Manh Ha , Hoang Nghia Son , Le Van Tho , Nguyen Thi Mai Huong , Ho Nguyen Quynh Chi , Truong Ba Vuong , Dang Van Son 
Published: March 2022

Two new species of shrubs in the genus Lasianthus Jack (Rubiaceae), L. naikii V.S.Dang & Vuong sp. nov. and L. sonlangensis V.S.Dang, Vuong & Quan sp. nov. from Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve of Gia Lai Province in southern Vietnam, are described and illustrated. The similarities and differences of two new species with the morphologically closest allies are presented. Descriptions, illustrations, colour plates and vernacular names are provided.
High-performance pipeline for MutMap and QTL-seq
Authors: Sugihara Yu , Young Lester , Yaegashi Hiroki , Natsume Satoshi , Shea Daniel J. , Takagi Hiroki , Booker Helen , Innan Hideki , Terauchi Ryohei , Abe Akira 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Bulked segregant analysis implemented in MutMap and QTL-seq is a powerful and efficient method to identify loci contributing to important phenotypic traits. However, the previous pipelines were not user-friendly to install and run. Here, we describe new pipelines for MutMap and QTL-seq. These updated pipelines are approximately 5–8 times faster than the previous pipeline, are easier for novice users to use, and can be easily installed through bioconda with all dependencies.

Availability
The new pipelines of MutMap and QTL-seq are written in Python and can be installed via bioconda. The source code and manuals are available online (MutMap: https://github.com/YuSugihara/MutMap, QTL-seq: https://github.com/YuSugihara/QTL-seq).
Embedded 3D Printing of Ultrasound‐Compatible Arterial Phantoms with Biomimetic Elasticity
Authors: Wu Yun , Chee Adrian J. Y. , Golzar Hossein , Yu Alfred C. H. , Tang Xiaowu (Shirley) 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHere, a class of ink materials and an embedded 3D printing strategy for the fabrication of macroscale elastic tissue‐mimetic constructs are presented. Novel inks composed of 10 wt% glycidyl methacrylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAGMA) with different degrees of substitution (DOS) and 4 wt% cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) (PVAGMA(DOS)/CNC) with strong shear‐thinning property are developed. By controlling the DOS of PVAGMA, hydrogels with desired mechanical stiffness mimicking that of healthy and diseased artery are designed to construct vascular phantoms. Cyclic tensile tests and in vitro hemodynamic study performed on phantoms demonstrate their excellent mechanical stability and low hysteresis. The burst pressure is found to be about 273 mmHg for PVAGMA2/CNC and 102 mmHg for PVAGMA4/CNC and the printed vascular phantoms are able to withstand 863K cycles over 10 days. Further, their suitability for ultrasonic imaging is demonstrated. Via B‐mode imaging, it is found that the vessel strains under a pulsatile flow are 11.7 ± 1.0% and 6.5 ± 1.5% for PVAGMA2/CNC and PVAGMA4/CNC vessels, respectively, perfectly matching the behaviors of healthy and atherosclerotic arteries. It exemplifies that the ink materials and printing strategy can have broad applications in biomedical research, especially for the fabrication of complex elastic tissue phantoms.
Mechanism Insight into an Unprecedented Dual Series‐Parallel Photocharge Separation in Quaternary Cu2O Facet Junctions
Authors: Cui Jie , Zhang Xin , Huang Hongwei , Yang Man , Yang Bian , Yang Qing , Liang Shuhua , Sun Shaodong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUncovering the contribution of anisotropic crystal facets in single‐crystalline photocatalysts is still a challenge in fundamental study. Here, the mechanism underlying facet junction‐dependent photocharge separation in polyhedral Cu2O is demonstrated, which is beneficial for understanding why 50‐faceted Cu2O exhibiting quaternary {100}/{110}/{111}/{522} facet junction possesses an enhanced photodegradation activity toward tetracycline than that of the 26‐faceted Cu2O exhibiting ternary {100}/{110}/{111} and 18‐faceted Cu2O exhibiting binary {100}/{110} facet junction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and selective photodeposition results confirm that hierarchical facet junctions are formed in a 50‐faceted Cu2O, which could be regarded as one parallel connection between binary {110}/{111} and ternary {110}/{522}/{100} series facet junction for conduction band minimum, and another parallel connection between binary {100}/{522} and ternary {111}/{110}/{522} series facet junction for valence band maximum, leading to an unprecedented dual series‐parallel transfer pathway for more efficiently improved photocharge separation. Hopefully, this study would be a beneficial guideline for scientific researchers currently concentrating on the facet junction engineering of polyhedral photocatalysts.