bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating pretravel study-abroad instruction utilizing curricular intervention and customized assessment
Authors: Vasseur Raychel , Bui Thanh Duc , Paré Paul W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractStudy abroad (SA), as a high-impact educational practice, entails knowledge and understanding of culture and a travel mindset. While pre-travel orientations assist students in program preparations, the efficacy of such training is unknown and the path for improvement unclear without reflection or feedback. In this article, we report on the design and scoring of an assessment tool focusing on student self-reflection. Over 200 students preparing for SA completed knowledge-based multiple-choice questions, as well as cultural competency and reflection-based free-response questions. This learning-by-doing intervention survey provided data on students’ understanding of host-country logistics, awareness of culture-specific practices, recognition of cultural symbols, and program fit with students’ goals. Student learning outcomes (SLOs) of SA orientation were aggregated primarily by gender, discipline, and SA requirements. Implementing a pre-departure assessment as an instructional tool stimulated reflection and identified discipline- and gender-specific SLOs to assist in designing future orientations for an improved SA experience.
The effect of generation of narrow ultrarelativistic beams of positrons (electrons) in the process of resonant photoproduction of pairs on nuclei in a strong electromagnetic field
Authors: Roshchupkin S P , Starodub S S 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe generation of narrow beams of high-energy positrons (electrons) in the process of resonant photogeneration of ultrarelativistic electron–positron pairs by high-energy gamma quanta in the field of the nucleus and a strong electromagnetic wave is theoretically predicted. It is shown that if the energy of the initial gamma quanta significantly exceeds the characteristic energy of the process, then ultrarelativistic positrons (electrons) are emitted with energies very close to the energy of gamma quanta. Moreover, the resonant differential cross-section of such processes can exceed the corresponding differential cross-section without an external field by thirteen orders of magnitude. This effect makes it possible to obtain narrow beams of ultrarelativistic positrons (electrons) in strong electromagnetic fields with high probability.
PM2.5 exposures increased for the majority of Indians and a third of the global population during COVID-19 lockdowns: a residential biomass burning and environmental justice perspective
Authors: Nagpure Ajay S , Lal Raj M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In response to the emergence of COVID-19 during Spring 2020, many countries implemented nationwide lockdowns and mandatory stay-at-home orders, which resulted in historically clean ambient air quality. However, in many parts of the world, biomass burning for cooking is a common activity, and in India specifically, it has been implicated as the leading contributor to indoor and ambient PM2.5, and its activity was not stopped and likely increased during lockdowns. Here, we first estimate baseline and lockdown PM2.5 exposures specific to India using new, nationwide time-use survey data coupled with fine-scale PM2.5 estimates within various microenvironments. We then extend this framework to estimate the population globally that will have experienced higher PM2.5 exposures during lockdowns, due both to an increase in residential biomass burning activity as well as the entire day being spent in the more-polluted home environment for biomass fuel using households. Sixty five percent of Indians, the percent that uses biomass fuels for cooking, were exposed to higher PM2.5 levels during the lockdown compared to their modeled baseline exposures, with the average modeled exposure increasing by 13% (95% distribution: 8–26) (from 116 (82–157) to 131 (104–170) μg m−3). We further leverage this exposure framework to present India’s most comprehensive, to date, PM2.5 exposure disparity and environmental justice assessment; although women were still exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 during the lockdown (from 135 (91–191) μg m−3 baseline to 147 (106–200) μg m−3 during the lockdown; 8.8% (5–18) increase), the demographic groups that experienced the highest exposure increases were working-age men and school-age children, whose average modeled exposures increased by 24% (18–48) (from 88 (63–118) to 108 (94–139) μg m−3) and 18% (8–31) (from 98 (75–134) to 115 (98–145) μg m−3), respectively. Globally, we conservatively estimate that 34.5% (21–51) of the global population observed increased PM2.5 exposures during COVID-19 lockdowns, concentrated in low-income regions with high biomass usage. There have been a number of clean-cooking initiatives introduced in India and throughout the world to replace biomass cookstoves, but the finding that PM2.5 exposures increased for the majority of Indians and a third of the global population—driven largely by residential biomass burning for cooking—during a period of historically clean ambient air quality, re-emphasizes the urgent need to further address clean cooking interventions to reduce PM2.5 exposures and in turn improve health outcomes.
Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfire burn severity and biomass burning-induced emissions in California
Authors: Xu Qingqing , Westerling Anthony LeRoy , Baldwin W Jonathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Wildfires are an important disturbance in the Earth system, and their emissions have regional and even global impacts on radiation, clouds, and climate. The increased frequency and magnitude of California wildfires in recent years is altering the terrestrial carbon cycle, undermining the state’s efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) to confront climate change. Air quality and public health are also greatly affected by air pollution from wildfires. The severity of wildfire burns is a critical indicator of both their direct and indirect ecological and human impacts. To formulate targeted mitigation strategies, it is imperative to understand the evolving scale, location and timing of wildfire burn severity and emissions. This study analyzed spatial and temporal patterns of burn severity and emissions at 30 m resolution from large wildfires (>404 hectares) burning in California during 1984–2020 from the recently developed Wildfire Burn Severity and Emissions Inventory. Results show vegetation and severity play critical roles in controlling the spatial and seasonal distribution of emissions. California’s annual burned area and emissions increased, notably in early and late parts of what once was the typical fire season, although peak wildfire burned area and emissions continue to occur in mid-Summer. Emissions and areas burned in moderate to high severity were particularly high and increasing in North Coast and Sierra Nevada forests. The 2020 fire year—with the most megafires in California history—had 15 times the annual average emissions that occurred during 1984–2015.
Anticoherent spin-2 states and spherical designs
Authors: Wang Meichao , Zhu Yan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Anticoherent spin states are introduced as quantum states that exhibit maximally nonclassical behaviors which are important in the study of quantum entanglement. Using Majorana representation of spin states, Crann–Pereira–Kribs studied the relation between anticoherent spin states and spherical designs. They proposed a conjecture that a spin-s state is anticoherent to order t if and only if its Majorana representation is a spherical t-design on S
2. In this paper, we prove that this conjecture is true for s = 2.
New numerical methods for calculating statistical equilibria of two-dimensional turbulent flows, strictly based on the Miller–Robert–Sommeria theory
Authors: Ryono K , Ishioka K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
New numerical methods are proposed for the mixing entropy maximization problem in the context of Miller–Robert–Sommeria’s (MRS) statistical mechanics theory of two-dimensional turbulence, particularly in the case of spherical geometry. Two of the methods are for the canonical problem; the other is for the microcanonical problem. The methods are based on the original MRS theory and thus take into account all Casimir invariants. Compared to the methods proposed in previous studies, our new methods make it easier to detect multiple statistical equilibria and to search for solutions with broken zonal symmetry. The methods are applied to a zonally symmetric initial vorticity distribution which is barotropically unstable. Two statistical equilibria are obtained, one of which has a wave-like structure with zonal wavenumber 1, and the other has a wave-like structure with zonal wavenumber 2. While the former is the maximum point of the mixing entropy, the wavenumber 2 structure of the latter is nearly the same as the structure that appears in the end state of the time integration of the vorticity equation. The new methods allow for efficient computation of statistical equilibria for initial vorticity distributions consisting of many levels of vorticity patches without losing information about all the conserved quantities. This means that the statistical equilibria can be obtained from an arbitrary initial vorticity distribution, which allows for the application of statistical mechanics to interpret a wide variety of flow patterns appearing in geophysical fluids.
Energy forecasting to benchmark for federal net-zero objectives under climate uncertainty
Authors: Weiss Scott C , Delorit Justin D , Chini Christopher M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Climate variability creates energy demand uncertainty and complicates long-term asset management and budget planning. Without understanding future energy demand trends related to intensification of climate, changes to energy consumption could result in budget escalation. Energy demand trends can inform campus infrastructure repair and modernization plans, effective energy use reduction policies, or renewable energy resource implementation decisions, all of which are targeted at mitigating energy cost escalation and variability. To make these long-term management decisions, energy managers require unbiased and accurate energy use forecasts. This research uses a statistical, model-based forecast framework, calibrated retrospectively with open-source climate data, and run in a forecast mode with CMIP5 projections of temperature for RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 to predict total daily energy consumption and costs for a campus-sized community (population: 30 000) through the end of the century. The case study of Wright Patterson Air Force Base is contextualized within the existing executive orders directing net-zero emissions and carbon-free electricity benchmarks for the federal government. The model suggests that median annual campus electric consumption, based on temperature rise alone, could increase by 4.8% with RCP4.5 and 19.3% with RCP8.5 by the end of the century, with a current carbon footprint of 547 million kg CO2e. Monthly forecasts indicate that summer month energy consumption could significantly increase within the first decade (2020–2030), and nearly all months will experience significant increases by the end of the century. Therefore, careful planning is needed to meet net-zero emissions targets with significant increases in electricity demands under current conditions. Policies and projects to reduce the carbon footprint of federal agencies need to incorporate forecasting models to understand changes in demand to appropriately size electric infrastructure.
Lawfare in Crimea: treaty, territory, and investor–state dispute settlement
Authors: Miles Cameron 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper—adapted from a lecture given at Koç University Law School—I describe how investor–state dispute settlement (‘ISDS’) can form part of an international lawfare strategy. Unlike other forms of international dispute settlement, the questions of territorial sovereignty that the weaker party to an international conflict may wish to have answered in its favour may (treaty drafting depending) be firmly within the incidental jurisdiction of an ISDS tribunal, making such a tribunal an attractive forum for lawfare. I first provide a working definition of lawfare and describe how ISDS can play a part in its prosecution, before turning to a case study, namely ISDS as a part of the lawfare strategy carried out by Ukraine against Russia in relation to the latter’s unlawful occupation of Crimea from 2014 onwards. I conclude with a discussion of the flexibilities of ISDS in this respect and consider shortly how Ukraine’s existing lawfare strategy can be adapted in the context of Russia’s current occupation of eastern Ukraine.
ILGBMSH: an interpretable classification model for the shRNA target prediction with ensemble learning algorithm
Authors: Zhao Chengkui , Xu Nan , Tan Jingwen , Cheng Qi , Xie Weixin , Xu Jiayu , Wei Zhenyu , Ye Jing , Yu Lei , Feng Weixing 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene silencing is an important technology to achieve RNA interference, in which the design of potent and reliable shRNA molecules plays a crucial role. However, efficient shRNA target selection through biological technology is expensive and time consuming. Hence, it is crucial to develop a more precise and efficient computational method to design potent and reliable shRNA molecules. In this work, we present an interpretable classification model for the shRNA target prediction using the Light Gradient Boosting Machine algorithm called ILGBMSH. Rather than utilizing only the shRNA sequence feature, we extracted 554 biological and deep learning features, which were not considered in previous shRNA prediction research. We evaluated the performance of our model compared with the state-of-the-art shRNA target prediction models. Besides, we investigated the feature explanation from the model’s parameters and interpretable method called Shapley Additive Explanations, which provided us with biological insights from the model. We used independent shRNA experiment data from other resources to prove the predictive ability and robustness of our model. Finally, we used our model to design the miR30-shRNA sequences and conducted a gene knockdown experiment. The experimental result was perfectly in correspondence with our expectation with a Pearson’s coefficient correlation of 0.985. In summary, the ILGBMSH model can achieve state-of-the-art shRNA prediction performance and give biological insights from the machine learning model parameters.
Integrated single-cell analysis-based classification of vascular mononuclear phagocytes in mouse and human atherosclerosis
Authors: Zernecke Alma , Erhard Florian , Weinberger Tobias , Schulz Christian , Ley Klaus , Saliba Antoine-Emmanuel , Cochain Clément 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Aims
Accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes [monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)] in the vessel wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Using integrated single-cell analysis of mouse and human atherosclerosis, we here aimed to refine the nomenclature of mononuclear phagocytes in atherosclerotic vessels and to compare their transcriptomic profiles in mouse and human disease.

Methods and results
We integrated 12 single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of immune cells isolated from healthy or atherosclerotic mouse aortas, and data from 11 patients (n = 4 coronary vessels, n = 7 carotid endarterectomy specimens) from two studies. Integration of mouse data identified subpopulations with discrete transcriptomic signatures within previously described populations of aortic resident (Lyve1), inflammatory (Il1b), as well as foamy (Trem2hi) macrophages. We identified unique transcriptomic features distinguishing aortic intimal resident macrophages from atherosclerosis-associated Trem2hi macrophages. Also, populations of Xcr1+ Type 1 classical DCs (cDC1), Cd209a+ cDC2, and mature DCs (Ccr7, Fscn1) with a ‘mreg-DC’ signature were detected. In humans, we uncovered macrophage and DC populations with gene expression patterns similar to those observed in mice. In particular, core transcripts of the foamy/Trem2hi signature (TREM2, SPP1, GPNMB, CD9) mapped to a specific population of macrophages in human lesions. Comparison of mouse and human data and direct cross-species data integration suggested transcriptionally similar macrophage and DC populations in mice and humans.

Conclusions
We refined the nomenclature of mononuclear phagocytes in mouse atherosclerotic vessels, and show conserved transcriptomic features of macrophages and DCs in atherosclerosis in mice and humans, emphasizing the relevance of mouse models to study mononuclear phagocytes in atherosclerosis.
Developmental toxicant exposures and sex-specific effects on epigenetic programming and cardiovascular health across generations
Authors: Svoboda Laurie K , Ishikawa Tomoko , Dolinoy Dana C 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDespite substantial strides in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to represent the leading cause of death in the USA and around the world, resulting in significant morbidity and loss of productive years of life. It is increasingly evident that environmental exposures during early development can influence CVD risk across the life course. CVDs exhibit marked sexual dimorphism, but how sex interacts with environmental exposures to affect cardiovascular health is a critical and understudied area of environmental health. Emerging evidence suggests that developmental exposures may have multi- and transgenerational effects on cardiovascular health, with potential sex differences; however, further research in this important area is urgently needed. Lead (Pb), phthalate plasticizers, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with numerous adverse human health effects. Notably, recent evidence suggests that developmental exposure to each of these toxicants has sex-specific effects on cardiovascular outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms, and their effects on future generations, require further investigation. This review article will highlight the role for the developmental environment in influencing cardiovascular health across generations, with a particular emphasis on sex differences and epigenetic mechanisms. In particular, we will focus on the current evidence for adverse multi and transgenerational effects of developmental exposures to Pb, phthalates, and PFAS and highlight areas where further research is needed.
Case report of a left superior vena cava to left atrial connection treated with percutaneous covered stent placement
Authors: Duong Phuoc , Papaioannou Vasileios , Moharam-Elgamal Sarah , Kang Sok-Leng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) with connection to the left atrium (LA) is a rare anomaly with serious clinical implications. Depending on the direction of flow through the intracardiac shunt, clinical presentation varies from cyanosis or paradoxical embolism to overt right heart failure.

Case summary
A 26-year-old man with repaired ventricular septal defect (VSD) during infancy presented with symptoms of progressive exercise intolerance. Cardiac imaging revealed a large defect at the posterior wall of the LSVC above its entry to the coronary sinus (CS), connecting the LSVC with the LA and resulting in diversion of pulmonary venous return to the CS. All pulmonary veins connect normally to the LA. The large left-to-right intracardiac shunt led to significant right ventricular dilation and tricuspid regurgitation. He underwent successful anatomical repair with transcatheter implantation of covered stent from LSVC to the CS, redirecting pulmonary venous return to the LA. At 1 year follow up, his exercise capacity had improved, and cardiac imaging showed complete seal of the LSVC defect without obstruction to pulmonary venous return.

Discussion
Our case is the first to our knowledge to report this unusual anatomic variant of LSVC to LA connection, and complete repair by transcatheter treatment. Previous case reports of other forms of LSVC to LA connection were treated with surgery or device occlusion without reconnection of LSVC. This case highlights the efficacy and safety of innovative percutaneous techniques in the management of complex congenital heart lesions. Meticulous procedural planning through 3D modelling and simulation is vital to mitigate the risks of these innovative procedures.
Cardiac implantable device interrogation in left ventricular systolic dysfunction reveals physiologic abnormalities prior to symptom onset in COVID-19: a case series
Authors: Delfiner Matthew S , Bocchese Matthew , Dalsania Raj , Alhassani Zaineb , Keihl Joshua , Vaidya Anjali , Brisco-Bacik Meredith A , Whitman Isaac R 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 has affected individuals across the globe, and those with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) likely represent a high-risk group. These devices can be interrogated to reveal information about the patient activity, heart rate parameters, and respiratory rate.

Case summary
Four patients with CIEDs and left ventricular dysfunction were admitted to a single institution for COVID-19 infection. Each patient survived hospitalization, and none required intensive care. Retrospectively, CIED interrogation revealed each patient had decreased activity level prior to their reporting COVID-19 symptoms. Similarly, respiratory rate increased before symptom onset for three of the patients, while one did not have these data available. Of the three patients with heart rate variability (HRV) available, two had decreased HRV before they developed symptoms. After hospital discharge, these parameters returned to their baseline.

Discussion
This case series suggests physiologic changes identifiable through interrogation of CIEDs may occur prior to the reported onset of COVID-19 symptoms. These data may provide objective evidence on which to base more sensitive assessments of infectious risk when performing contact tracing in communities.
Phylogenetic and functional diverse ANME-1 thrive in Arctic hydrothermal vents
Authors: Vulcano F , Hahn C J , Roerdink D , Dahle H , Reeves E P , Wegener G , Steen I H , Stokke R 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe methane-rich areas, the Loki's Castle vent field and the Jan Mayen vent field at the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge (AMOR), host abundant niches for anaerobic methane-oxidizers, which are predominantly filled by members of the ANME-1. In this study, we used a metagenomic-based approach that revealed the presence of phylogenetic and functional different ANME-1 subgroups at AMOR, with heterogeneous distribution. Based on a common analysis of ANME-1 genomes from AMOR and other geographic locations, we observed that AMOR subgroups clustered with a vent-specific ANME-1 group that occurs solely at vents, and with a generalist ANME-1 group, with a mixed environmental origin. Generalist ANME-1 are enriched in genes coding for stress response and defense strategies, suggesting functional diversity among AMOR subgroups. ANME-1 encode a conserved energy metabolism, indicating strong adaptation to sulfate-methane-rich sediments in marine systems, which does not however prevent global dispersion. A deep branching family named Ca. Veteromethanophagaceae was identified. The basal position of vent-related ANME-1 in phylogenomic trees suggests that ANME-1 originated at hydrothermal vents. The heterogeneous and variable physicochemical conditions present in diffuse venting areas of hydrothermal fields could have favored the diversification of ANME-1 into lineages that can tolerate geochemical and environmental variations.