bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Fair Trade Certification: Evidence from Coffee Producers in Costa Rica
Authors: Dragusanu Raluca , Montero Eduardo , Nunn Nathan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study the effects of Fair Trade (FT) certification of coffee on producers and households in Costa Rica. Examining the production dynamics of all Costa Rican coffee mills from 1999 to 2014, we find that when global coffee prices are lower and the FT guaranteed minimum price is binding, FT certification is associated with a higher sales price, greater sales, and more revenues. We also find that certification reduces the probability of a mill closing down and exiting the industry. Looking at households, we find that certification is associated with higher incomes for farm owners. Part of this is due to a transfer of income from intermediaries whose incomes decrease due to FT. We find no effect of FT on unskilled workers, who are the more disadvantaged group within the coffee sector.
Whole-cell observation of ZIO-stained Golgi apparatus in rat hepatocytes with serial block-face scanning electron microscope, SBF-SEM
Authors: Johkura Kohei , Usuda Nobuteru , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Fukasawa Motoaki , Murata Kazuyoshi , Noda Toru , Ohno Nobuhiko 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Golgi apparatus, which plays a role in various biosynthetic pathways, is usually identified in electron microscopy by the morphological criteria of lamellae. A 3-dimensional analyses with serial block-face scanning electron microscope (SBF-SEM), a volume-SEM proficient in obtaining large volumes of data at the whole-cell level, could be a promising technique for understanding the precise distribution and complex ultrastructure of Golgi apparatus, although optimal methods for such analyses remain unclear since the observation can be hampered with sample charging and low image contrast, and manual segmentation often requires significant manpower. The present study attempted the whole-cell observation and semi-automatic classification and segmentation of the Golgi apparatus in rat hepatocytes for the first time by SBF-SEM via ZIO staining, a classical osmium impregnation. The staining electron-densely visualized individual Golgi lamellae, and their ultrastructure could stably be observed without any noticeable charging. The simple thresholding of the serial images enabled the efficient reconstruction of the labeled Golgi apparatus, which revealed plural Golgi apparatus in one hepatocyte. The combination of the heavy metal-based histochemistry of zinc, iodine and osmium (ZIO) staining and SBF-SEM was useful in the 3-dimensional observation of the Golgi apparatus at the whole-cell level because of two technical advantages: (i) visualization of the Golgi apparatus without any heavy metal staining and efficient acquisition of the block-face images without additional conductive staining or any devices for eliminating charging; (ii) easy identification of the staining and hassle-free, semi-automatic classification and segmentation by simple thresholding of the images. This novel approach could elucidate the topographic characteristics of the Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes.
The joint effects of resource stress and grazing on plant–plant interactions in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Mo Li , Yang Hao , Luo Peng , Mou Cheng-Xiang , Wang Jun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) proposes that the frequency of positive interactions among plants is increased with stress. However, in alpine meadow ecosystems, the joint effects of herbivore grazing and resource stress on plant–plant interactions remain poorly understood. By investigating the spatial associations of two dominant, widely distributed species—Carex praeclara (unpalatable) and Carum carvi (palatable)—we explored changes in plant–plant interactions at three desertification levels (light, moderate and severe) under grazed and ungrazed conditions to test the generality of the SGH in the desertified alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Without grazing disturbance, intraspecific interactions of C. praeclara and C. carvi changed from positive to negative, while their interspecific interactions shifted from negative to positive along the desertification gradient from light to severe level. However, intraspecific interactions of C. carvi under grazing remained neutral at all desertification levels, while the net interspecific interactions between these species changed from competitive to facilitative under moderate stress. But, the positive interactions collapsed under severe stress, which is inconsistent with the SGH prediction. Our results reinforced the evidence that livestock grazing strongly influences the balance of intra- and interspecific interactions along the stress gradients in the alpine ecosystems.
Reconciling the local content laws and policies in Trinidad and Guyana with the CARICOM trade rules: lessons from the European Union
Authors: Pereira Eduardo G , Elias-Roberts Alicia , Muinzer Thomas , Reid Aurelia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Several Caribbean countries have local content laws that might go against the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas and frequently reflect a patriotic mindset. Treaties between countries aiming primarily at the union of numerous independent nations might further complicate an industry already beset by challenges because they frequently necessitate the pooling of money and resources. This article will look at how the CARICOM nations of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana deal with local content in their separate jurisdictions, and how it affects their CARICOM treaty obligations
Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Found
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis book draws on more than 25 years of experience developing and evaluating anti-stigma programs to reduce negative and unfair treatment experienced by people with a mental or substance use disorder. It builds on a previous edition, Paradigms Lost: Fighting Stigma and the Lessons Learned, that identified new approaches to stigma reduction. This volume examines the newest approaches to stigma reduction with respect to structural stigma, public stigma, and internalized stigma. The goals of anti-stigma work must be to eliminate the social inequities that people with mental and substance use disorders and their families face to promote their full and effective social participation. Awareness raising and mental health literacy are important, but they do little to change the accumulated practices of social groups and social structures that systematically disadvantage those with mental and substance use problems. The book is written with one eye to the past (what we have done well) and one to the future (what we must still do). It goes into depth in targeted areas such as healthcare, workplaces, schools, and the media. We expect that this edition will be a useful sequel to Paradigms Lost, chronicling what we have learned as a global community regarding stigma related to mental illness and substance use and stigma-reduction approaches.
Mental Illness–Related Stigma
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the history of medicine, few conditions other than mental illnesses have cast such a pall on an individual, their family, health providers, health systems, and health research. In addition to having serious consequences for one’s social identity, having a mental illness or substance use disorder results in structural inequities that impinge on one’s health, longevity, quality of life, social welfare, civic participation, and access to resources. Stigma also casts a long shadow, affecting all of the supports and structures that people with mental illnesses need in order to recover and embrace socially meaningful roles and relationships. This chapter provides an overview of the nature and nurture of stigma from the era of the asylum to our current recovery paradigm.
Paradigms Found in Fighting Stigma
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the key points and guiding principles for anti-stigma programming. It provides a high-level summary of the important points to keep in mind when developing anti-stigma programming and outlines our model of “enlightened opportunism,” which allows programs to seize opportunities that appear for targeted anti-stigma intervention. It covers topics such as the importance of building networks, targeting programs to specific groups based on their needs, making sure that people with lived experience of mental or substance use disorders are in leadership positions and involved in all aspects of the program, listening to the evidence, building theories of change that explain program effects, realizing the inability of literacy or awareness programs to improve social inclusion or remove structural barriers, aiming for behavioral and structural change, planning for sustainability, thinking big but starting small, and building better practices through evaluation.
Eleven Steps to Build an Anti-stigma Program
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a non-technical summary of how to build an anti-stigma program. It is intended to help local groups through the process of setting up an anti-stigma program. It draws on the authors’ experiences working with international, national, and local anti-stigma groups and is intended to broadly serve as a “how-to” resource. The advice is pragmatic and expresses the view that everyone can take part in anti-stigma programming, at some level—modest efforts are possible for anyone to achieve. What is important to remember is that anti-stigma programs can be implemented even if there is not specific funding that has been made available, using volunteer resources. The following text offers suggestions for how this can be done. It is offered as a narrative overview, but it could be converted into a manual for action.
Fighting the Good Fight
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSince World War II there has been a long history of activities designed to protect the human rights of people with mental and substance use disorders. This chapter examines initiatives to reduce stigma and promote social equity for people with mental and substance use disorders. It begins with a broad view of human rights legislation from organizations such as the United Nations, international societies, and national anti-stigma programs. It details selected activities of these groups to implement programs and toolkits and closes with a review of national, regional, and targeted anti-stigma efforts. Initiatives illustrate stigma-reduction activities at the three levels of structural, public, and self-stigma.
Media
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe news and entertainment media have produced some of the most sensitive, educational, and award-winning material on mental illnesses and the mentally ill. They also have created a vast store of negative imagery with some of the most malignant depictions of madness and horrifying descriptions of psychiatrists and psychiatric treatments. The fact that the latter greatly outweighs the former, and is more memorable, is of immense concern to people with mental health problems, family members, and mental health professionals. This chapter examines the ways in which stigma plays out in the news, entertainment, and social media. It outlines resources that have been developed to help reduce sensationalized views and promote first-person perspectives of people with lived experience. The role of the media as allies in anti-stigma activities is also discussed in order to promote a greater awareness of the importance of advocacy in this field.
Health Systems
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHealthcare systems, including healthcare providers, have been consistently identified as major contributors to mental illness–related stigma at both interpersonal and system levels. Stigma occurring within health systems is particularly impactful to people who have a mental illness and their family members because it occurs at a time when they are at their most vulnerable. It not only undermines access to and quality of care, but it can also create and reinforce self-stigma and result in negative health outcomes, including increased morbidity and premature mortality. This chapter examines key ways in which health system stigma occurs and reviews examples of novel interventions that could be used to create a non-stigmatizing, person-centered care experience.
Educational Systems
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite the importance of school settings for anti-stigma education, school officials and teachers are often reluctant to offer mental illness–related programs to students for fear of reprisals from parents or unexpected negative emotional reactions from students who, they fear, may be triggered by the content. In addition to worrying about how mental health content may be received, educators may also lack the confidence to deliver mental health–related programing. This is particularly true when programs target the youngest age groups. This chapter will review opportunities for anti-stigma programming from preschool to professional education, drawing on evidence-informed practices when available.
Employment Inequity and Workplace Stigma
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite human rights and employment equity legislation, people with mental illnesses face a number of barriers to employment. Because of stigma, not only is it difficult to get a job, but it is also difficult to keep a job. Yet, employment is a key factor promoting social inclusion and recovery for people with mental illnesses. Employers’ knowledge of workplace adjustments (termed accommodations) that could support people with mental illnesses is often limited, and they may be reluctant to adjust the workplace or workflow to allow someone with an impairment to perform their job. This chapter examines workplace programs that target employers and employees, as well as vocational programs that are designed to help people with mental illnesses gain competitive employment.
Using Technology to Fight Stigma
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAnti-stigma advocates have made good use of “older” technologies such as television, movies, radio, theater, and printed materials, to name a few. Newer digital technologies are increasingly viewed as a panacea for mental health promotion and stigma reduction. Not only can they reach vast audiences, but they are also cost-effective, relatively easy to produce, and feasible to implement in today’s technological age. Interventions specifically focusing on stigma reduction are relatively new and largely untested. Theories of change explaining why certain interventions might reduce stigma are lacking and the extant literature is relatively silent on evidence-informed approaches. Because the field is so new, with few intervention studies, technology should be viewed as an emerging practice that still requires evidence. This chapter reviews some examples of the approaches that are experimenting with technologies to reduce stigma and promote prosocial behaviors.
Research
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSince the early 1970s, epidemiological studies have consistently documented a high prevalence of mental illnesses in the population. But it was not until researchers developed the disability-adjusted life-year and applied this internationally that the full public health burden of mental illnesses became known. Stigma is a key driver of inequities in mental health programs, and this chapter shows how stigma is also a key driver of inequities in research and research funding. Approaches to the measurement of stigma are discussed and important and innovative measurement tools that focus on high-priority evaluation outcomes such as behavioral change or self-stigma are highlighted.
‘The happy curing of cephalick diseases’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10, ‘The happy curing of cephalick diseases: Pharmaceutice rationalis (1674–1679)’, provides a detailed bibliography, using the system described in chapter 4, of seven copies of the Willis’s sixth published book in which is included one treatise: 12. Pharmaceutice rationalis (part 1); four copies of the second part containing one treatise: 13. Pharmaceutice rationalis (part 2); and the single copy of the edition containing both parts. These descriptions are preceded by a narrative highlighting the main bibliographic issues that characterize the various editions, states, and issues of these copies. Of these, some are already known but others newly identified. {98 words}
History and classification of trigeminal neuralgia and other cranial neuralgias
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia has been known for centuries but the first descriptions that remain valid today are those by John Fothergill in 1783. The chance naming of the condition as a form of epilepsy led to the use of a wide range of antiepileptic drugs which are still being utilized. Since 1730, surgical techniques have been evolving. Peripheral treatments were first used before surgeons began to devise techniques to reach the Gasserian ganglion, which were facilitated by X-rays. With the advent of the operating microscope, it became possible to carry out effective posterior fossa surgery which carried the best chance of success. In order for patients, clinicians, and researchers to be able to communicate about conditions, internationally agreed classification system have been devised both by the pain community in general and by headache specialists. There are now several in use and there is reasonably good agreement between them.
Review of anatomy and physiology of the face in view of pain-generating and pain-mediating mechanisms
Authors: Obermann Mark , Seltzer Ze’ev , Diehl Scott R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the sensory innervation of the face and head, focusing on anatomical substrates of clinical features that characterize cranial neuralgias. It draws attention to the key role of the caudal part of the trigeminal spinal nucleus and additional roles of the hypothalamus, descending modulation, and the parasympathetic system. The chapter provides an overview of neural excitability together with reasoning of how it can lead to various manifestations of cranial neuralgias. High-throughput ‘whole-genome sequencing’ studies demonstrate that rare mutations in genes involved in a wide range of neuronal functions underlie the risk for developing trigeminal neuralgia. Although still at an early stage, this research strongly suggests that most patients have inherited protein-changing mutations in several genes and that functionally different groups of genes are associated with different clinical subtypes distinguished by sex, age of onset, and presence of neurovascular compression.
Epidemiology of trigeminal neuralgia and its variants
Authors: Aggarwal Vishal R. , Zakrzewska Joanna M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the prevalence and aetiology of trigeminal neuralgia and its variants. A summary review of prevalence studies, both population-based and hospital studies, is included. Studies showed that the prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia ranges between 0.1% and 0.7%. A lack of consistency in disease definition caused some studies to report higher prevalence which reverted to the ‘normal’ range (0.1–0.7%) when the correct disease definitions were applied. Aetiology was poorly understood although multiple sclerosis and hypertension were identified as risk factors. The burden of disease was substantial with a positive diagnosis impacting on quality of life and resulting in increased depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Trigeminal neuralgia and its variants are rare. The aetiology is poorly understood. Future high-quality, prospective, population-based studies are needed to identify risk factors and burden of disease. These can then be targeted to improve outcomes for patients suffering from this debilitating condition.
General approach to diagnosis and assessment of the facial pain patient
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Nurmikko Turo , Hodaie Mojgan , Davis Karen D. , De Stefano Gianfranco , Truini Andrea 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The diagnosis of a cranial neuralgia or neuropathy is clinical and rests on a detailed oral history. A working diagnosis can be obtained using eight yes-or-no questions. Clinical examination apart from sensory testing serves to rule out other facial pain conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential as an aetiological investigation but requires use of specific imaging paradigms that allow visualization of the affected cranial nerve, surrounding blood vessels, and respective root entry zones to detect neurovascular compression. Only magnetic resonance imaging is capable of showing strategically placed brain lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques or solitary pontine lesions. Neurophysiological testing employing trigeminal reflexes reveals response abnormalities in practically all cases of secondary trigeminal neuralgia. As important as searching for a clinical diagnosis is assessment of the impact of the pain on the patient’s mood, functionality, and quality of life requires dedicated attention. Use of validated psychometric questionnaires will greatly facilitate this.
Trigeminal neuralgia: Diagnosis and classification
Authors: Nurmikko Turo , Zakrzewska Joanna M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
International classification systems define trigeminal neuralgia (TN) as a disorder characterized by recurrent, unilateral, brief electric shock-like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, limited to the trigeminal nerve territory, and triggered by innocuous stimuli. The clinical diagnosis is based on history. TN may manifest as purely paroxysmal pain, or be associated with concomitant continuous or near-continuous interparoxysmal pain. On the basis of aetiology, TN is divided into three categories: (1) classical (with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of significant neurovascular compression), (2) secondary (caused by a known disease, such as tumour or multiple sclerosis), and (3) idiopathic (no cause found). Key differential diagnoses include short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), trigeminal neuropathy, persistent idiopathic facial pain, and temporomandibular disorders.
Classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Maarbjerg Stine 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The term primary trigeminal neuralgia is used for classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia as no cause other than compression of the trigeminal nerve is noted on magnetic resonance imaging in the classical cases. The shooting electrical pain is unilateral, evoked by light touch, and occurs as single or multiple episodes of pain lasting seconds to minutes. A more constant dull ache can be reported. Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and other antiseizure medication used as monotherapy or polytherapy are effective. Tolerability of medications and poor quality of life leads patients to surgery. Microvascular decompression offers the longest period of freedom from pain but is associated with an 0.3% risk of mortality or other cerebral complications (0.6%). Ablative procedures typically offer periods of 2–4 years of pain relief, but all carry a high risk of sensory changes which can have a significant impact on quality of life. Multidisciplinary clinics and patient support groups are important sources of support.