bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Words and topics in ELT textbooks for young EFL learners
Authors: Álvarez María Isabel Guerra , Catalán Rosa M. Jiménez 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Textbooks are the main pedagogical resource used by teachers of English as a foreign language in many countries.
Quantitative and qualitative differences in the lexicon and topics covered by ELT textbooks may generate inequalities in an
objective diagnostic evaluation. This study examines the content words and topics included in four ELT textbooks in order to
determine whether there are convergences or divergences in the learners’ input exposure and whether the topics adhere to the
educational policies of primary education in Spain. The results showed differences in the amount of vocabulary input and
significant variation in textbooks’ most frequently-used content words. Likewise, the representation of the topics differed from
one textbook to another, and the common topics often differed in focus and, consequently, in the content words used to introduce
the theme. The findings have implications for education and research since, depending on the textbook used, learners are exposed
not only to a different amount of input but also to a diversity of ideas, facts, and ‘worlds’ projected by the different content
words found in textbooks of the same course level.
Marcadores de implicación en los discursos de campaña para las elecciones generales de 2016 en España
Authors: Albalat-Mascarell Ana , Carrió-Pastor María Luisa 
Published: October 2022

Abstracta
Este trabajo estudia la frecuencia y las funciones de los marcadores de implicación que utilizaron los candidatos
de las principales fuerzas políticas españolas en sus discursos de campaña para las elecciones generales de 2016 en España.
Nuestro objetivo es analizar la manera en que los líderes de los principales partidos políticos españoles se relacionaron con sus
votantes a través del uso de marcadores de implicación en sus discursos. Para poder alcanzar este objetivo, recopilamos las
transcripciones de los mítines de los candidatos presidenciables españoles y de un debate celebrado entre dichos candidatos
durante la campaña electoral de 2016 y aplicamos una metodología de análisis de corpus. Los resultados permiten observar que los
dirigentes políticos españoles utilizaron los marcadores de implicación de manera distinta según se tratase de un mitin de campaña
o de un debate televisado. En las conclusiones señalamos qué marcadores de implicación parecen utilizarse más en la comunicación
político-electoral española en la actualidad y las implicaciones que esto conlleva.
Conformally Schwarzschild cosmological black holes
Authors: Sato Takuma , Maeda Hideki , Harada Tomohiro 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We thoroughly investigate conformally Schwarzschild spacetimes in different coordinate systems to seek for physically reasonable models of a cosmological black hole. We assume that a conformal factor depends only on the time coordinate and that the spacetime is asymptotically flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker Universe filled by a perfect fluid obeying a linear equation state p = wρ with w > −1/3. In this class of spacetimes, the McClure–Dyer spacetime, constructed in terms of the isotropic coordinates, and the Thakurta spacetime, constructed in terms of the standard Schwarzschild coordinates, are identical and do not describe a cosmological black hole. In contrast, the Sultana–Dyer and Culetu classes of spacetimes, constructed in terms of the Kerr–Schild and Painlevé–Gullstrand coordinates, respectively, describe a cosmological black hole. In the Sultana–Dyer case, the corresponding matter field in general relativity can be interpreted as a combination of a homogeneous perfect fluid and an inhomogeneous null fluid, which is valid everywhere in the spacetime unlike Sultana and Dyer’s interpretation. In the Culetu case, the matter field can be interpreted as a combination of a homogeneous perfect fluid and an inhomogeneous anisotropic fluid. However, in both cases, the total energy–momentum tensor violates all the standard energy conditions at a finite value of the radial coordinate in late times. As a consequence, the Sultana–Dyer and Culetu black holes for −1/3 < w ⩽ 1 cannot describe the evolution of a primordial black hole after its horizon entry.
Frequency dynamics of a chain of magnetized rotors: dumbbell model vs Landau–Lifshitz equation
Authors: Urbina F , Franco A F , Concha A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
During the past decades magnetic materials and structures that span several length scales have been of interest mainly due to their application in data storage and processing, flexible electronics, medicine, between others. From a microscopic point of view, these systems are typically studied using the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), while approaches such as the dumbbell model are used to study macroscopic magnetic structures. In this work we use both the LLE and the dumbbell model to study spin chains of various lengths under the effect of a time dependent-magnetic field, allowing us to compare qualitatively the results obtained by both approaches. This has allowed us to identify and describe in detail several frequency modes that appear, with additional modes arising as the chain length increases. Moreover, we find that high frequency modes tend to be absorbed by lower frequency ones as the amplitude of the field increases. The results obtained in this work are of interest not only to better understand the behavior of the macroscopic spins chains, but also expands the available tools for qualitative studies of both macroscopic and microscopic versions of the studied system, or more complex structures such as junctions or lattices. This would allow to study the qualitative behavior of microscopic systems (e.g. nanoparticles) using macroscopic arrays of magnets, and vice versa.
Fabrication of novel BiVO4/Bi2O3 heterostructure with superior visible light induced photocatalytic properties
Authors: Liaqat Maira , Riaz Khalid Nadeem , Iqbal Tahir , Nabi Ghulam , Rizwan Muhammad , Shakil M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Heterostructure BiVO4/Bi2O3 nanocomposites with enhanced visible light activity are effectively synthesized through an easiest and single step hydrothermal route, using bismuth subnitrate and ammonium meta-vanadate as main raw materials in existence of citric acid. The phase and surface structure, topography and optical properties of synthesized composites are characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, UV–Visible and PL spectroscopy. It was found that 5%BiVO4/Bi2O3 (BOBV-5) nanocomposite exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B dye degradation and tetracyclic under irradiation of visible light as compared to single component i.e. BiVO4. The increased photocatalytic activity should be ascribed for making p–n heterojunction among p-type Bi2O3 and n-type BiVO4. This p–n heterojunction successfully reduce the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Furthermore, the BOBV-5 novel photocatalyst shows good stability in constructive five cycles and photocatalytic activity is best for conquering photo corrosion of a photocatalysts. To explain charge migration route, whole photocatalytic mechanism was described in terms of energy band structures. Furthermore, the present work is helpful effort for design of new visible light photocatalytic materials with heterojunction structures.
Adsorption of rhodamine 6G and choline on gold electrodes: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Wang Xin , Ham Seokgyun , Zhou Wei , Qiao Rui 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The adsorption of analyte molecules on nano-optoelectrodes (e.g. a combined nanoantenna and nanoelectrode device) significantly affects the signal characteristics in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. Understanding how different molecules adsorb on electrodes and their electrical potential modulation helps interpret SERS measurements better. We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the adsorption of prototypical analyte molecules (rhodamine 6G and choline) on gold electrodes with negative, neutral, and positive surface charges. We show that both molecules can readily adsorb on gold surfaces at all surface charge densities studied. Nevertheless, the configurations of the adsorbed molecules can differ for different surface charge densities, and adsorption can also change a molecule’s conformation. Rhodamine 6G molecules adsorb more strongly than choline molecules, and the adsorption of both molecules is affected by electrode charge in 0.25 M NaCl solutions. The mechanisms of these observations are elucidated, and their implications for voltage-modulated SERS measurements are discussed.
Different ionization mechanisms in pulsed micro-DBD’s in argon at different pressures
Authors: Wang Yaogong , Ma Xiaoqin , Bouwman Dennis , Liu Zhuoran , Ebert Ute , Zhang Xiaoning 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this research we analyse different plasma wave propagation mechanism of microcavity discharge in pure argon at two different pressures. Experimental results of a pulsed micro-DBD with 2 and 50 kPa argon, 180 μm gap, at room temperature, show that two distinct pressure-dependent propagation modes exist. In the low pressure regime, the discharge propagates perpendicular to the applied electric field forming distinct channels, but many vertically-oriented filaments distributed throughout the domain at high pressure discharge. And the discharge duration time in high pressure is around 5 times shorter than that in low pressure. A 2D particle-in-cell (PIC-MCC) model with chemical reactions, photoemission, and secondary electron generation, is established to investigate the formation mechanism of the two propagation modes. Models of the initial ionization processes show that there are two different breakdown mechanisms for these two pressures, where secondary emission of electrons from the dielectric is dominated either by ion impact or by photon impact. The investigation is of great significance for further reveal of the principle of microplasmas discharge.
Piezoelectric performance improvement via macromolecular rearrangement
Authors: Meng Qingyu , Jin Wenjing , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Minghao , Shen Xiaoping , Zhou Zhu , Sun Qingfeng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Because of their good flexibility and capacity to capture the dynamic mechanical energy by converting it into electrical signals, polymeric piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have broad application prospects in mechanical vibration detection and acquisition as sensors and self-powered systems. Here, a flexible PENG film based on hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as the matrix, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as an auxiliary electrospinning reagent and BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) as a piezoelectric nanofiller is constructed by electrospinning and post-treatments for macromolecule rearrangement and thus piezoelectricity enhancement. This PENG demonstrates a superior sensitivity (23.33 mV kPa−1) which is over 3.9 times those of the commercial PVDF and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene films. This performance enhancement is ascribed to the HPC dissolution and regeneration during post-treatments, resulting in the formation of outer wrappers around fibrils and thus an interconnected fibrous network with junction nodes between adjacent fibers for stress transfer efficiency. The partial crystal phase transformation of PVDF during film densification may also play a role in the increase of piezoelectricity. A series of practical application scenarios are established to demonstrate the highly promising potential of this fibril-based composite membrane for multifunctional force sensing and energy collection.
Implementation of printability for magneto-active soft materials based on programmed 3D printing technique
Authors: Han Wenheng , Gao Wei , Wang Xingzhe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Magneto-active soft materials fabricated by new paradigms of 3D printing have received considerable interest for various applications owing to their remarkable complex deformation and extraordinary magneto-mechanical properties. The morphology and magneto-mechanical properties of materials prepared by direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing, on the other hand, are closely related to process and material parameters that are critical in this printing technique. In this study, the morphology of ink filaments printed under different parameters was investigated through theoretical analysis and experimental tests to achieve the implementation. The results demonstrated that the prepared magnetic inks are suitable for DIW, and the predictions based on a simplified hydrodynamic model are basically consistent with the measured data in the experiments. It also showed that the diameter of the extruded ink filaments increases with increasing extrusion pressure, and decreasing printing speed, layer height, and magnetic particle content. Similarly, the magnetic property varies with the nozzle diameter and material composition variations. Using the obtained optimal parameters, several magneto-active rods and plate-like structures with a specific arrangement of microscopic magnetic domains were successfully fabricated. Their magnetically driven behavior further was investigated experimentally and numerically, which revealed a programmed, non-contact remote control, reversible, and multimodal large deformation characteristics. The findings of this study allow a more in-depth understanding and analysis of processing-structure-property correlations of printed magneto-active soft materials, laying the groundwork for personalized customization and versatile development of magneto-mechanical performance.
An embedded printed flexible strain resistance sensor via micro-structure design on graphene-filled conductive silicon rubber
Authors: Luo Weichu , Xia Zhidong , Zhou Wei , Wei Xiaojie , Huang Pei 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have been improved in sensing performance with the assistance of materials design, novel manufacturing, and microstructure fabrication. In this study, graphene was efficiently dispersed in ethanol and then re-dispersed into silicon rubber (SR) matrix, functioning as a flexible strain resistance sensor (FSRS) with functional macrostructure and modified microstructure to further improve the sensitivity. A stable dispersion of graphene was obtained in an ultrasound-aided ball milling process, where absolute ethanol was selected as the solvent and sodium dodecyl sulfonate as the surfactant. Graphene-filled conductive SR was embedded in the polydimethylsiloxane matrix as a conductive sensing layer, and the high sensing performance (GF = 25 ± 2) was achieved using a spiral printed. Micropores with an optimized interspacing of 10 mm were further introduced into the spiral CSM, and the results presented a significant improved sensitivity (GF = 51 ± 4) of the fabricated FSRS under a working strain (20%–30%) and cyclic test (>104 cycles). The FRSR was sensitive enough to monitor various movements of single and multi-joints of human body and identify the rhythm of music sound, which exhibited its potential application as a wearable flexible sensor.
Constraints on ion velocity distributions from fusion product spectroscopy
Authors: Crilly A.J. , Appelbe B.D. , Mannion O.M. , Taitano W. , Hartouni E.P. , Moore A.S. , Gatu-Johnson M. , Chittenden J.P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Recent inertial confinement fusion experiments have shown primary fusion spectral moments which are incompatible with a Maxwellian velocity distribution description. These results show that an ion kinetic description of the reacting ions is necessary. We develop a theoretical classification of non-Maxwellian ion velocity distributions using the spectral moments. At the mesoscopic level, a monoenergetic decomposition of the velocity distribution reveals there are constraints on the space of spectral moments accessible by isotropic distributions. General expressions for the directionally dependent spectral moments of anisotropic distributions are derived. At the macroscopic level, a distribution of fluid element velocities modifies the spectral moments in a constrained manner. Experimental observations can be compared to these constraints to identify the character and isotropy of the underlying reactant ion velocity distribution and determine if the plasma is hydrodynamic or kinetic.
SOLPS-ITER simulations of an X-point radiator in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Pan O. , Bernert M. , Lunt T. , Cavedon M. , Kurzan B. , Wiesen S. , Wischmeier M. , Stroth U. , Upgrade Team the ASDEX 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The X-point radiator (XPR) is an attractive scenario that may contribute to solving the power exhaust problem in future fusion devices. The 2D transport code SOLPS-ITER was applied to reproduce the experimentally measured plasma condition with an XPR in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak and to compare with a reduced model. Neutrals penetrating from the adjoining cold divertor region and the large connection length near the X-point play an important role in initiating an XPR. However, once such a radiator is created, it persists even if the fueling and impurity seeding rates were reduced. The redistribution of plasma density and radiation near the X-point caused by fluid drifts at the XPR was studied in the simulation.
Preliminary test results of LGADs from Teledyne e2v for the LHC’s High-Luminosity upgrade
Authors: Mulvey J. , Allport P. , Bell R. , Bortoletto D. , Gazi M. , Gonella L. , Jordan D. , Kopsalis I. , McMahon S. , Plackett R. , Stefanov K. , Villani E.G. , Watkins M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper presents initial testing of the first batch of LGAD sensors fabricated by Teledyne e2v in collaboration with the University of Birmingham, University of Oxford, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and the Open University. Wafers with different energy and dose of the gain layer implant have been characterised with IV, CV and gain measurements. The same set of measurements were made using PiN diodes fabricated on the same wafer as a reference. Results are in-line with expectations and with LGADs produced at more established vendors. Preliminary results suggests Te2v LGADs have a moderate gain in the order of 10 to 50 before irradiation at operational voltages well below breakdown, as required for optimal timing resolution.
Towards MightyPix, an HV-MAPS for the LHCb Mighty Tracker upgrade
Authors: Hammerich J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Mighty Tracker is a proposed upgrade to the downstream tracking system of LHCb for operations at luminosities of up to 1.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 starting with the LHC Run 5 data taking period. It foresees the replacement of the most central area of the current scintillating fibre tracker with High Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel sensors. Due to the increased luminosity, occupancy will be too high for track reconstruction in the fibre tracker and the fibres would no longer withstand the radiation damage. HV-CMOS sensors have demonstrated a significant radiation tolerance and good performance making them an ideal choice of technology for the LHCb experiment. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) fabricated in HV-CMOS processes provide fast charge collection via drift and allow the implementation of the readout on the same die as the sensitive volume. Due to the use of commercial processes, these sensors can be fabricated at low cost as no hybridisation with bump bonds is required. Since they are not fully depleted, the inactive volume can be reduced by thinning to achieve a total die thickness of 50 to 100 microns. A dedicated sensor called the MightyPix is developed for this programme. It is based on the HV-MAPS families MuPix and ATLASPix and tailored to the requirements of LHCb. To demonstrate the feasibility of this technology for the LHCb environment, prototypes have been irradiated. These sensors are tested in terms of efficiency, time resolution and power dissipation in temperature controlled environments.
Inter-pad dead regions of irradiated FBK Low Gain Avalanche detectors
Authors: Darby B. , Mazza S.M. , McKinney-Martinez F. , Padilla R. , Sadrozinski H.F.-W. , Seiden A. , Schumm B. , Wilder M. , Zhao Y. , Arcidiacono R. , Cartiglia N. , Ferrero M. , Mandurrino M. , Sola V. , Staiano A. , Cindro V. , Kranberger G. , Mandiz I. , Mikuz M. , Zavtranik M. , Boscardin M. , Della Betta G.F. , Ficorella F. , Pancheri L. , Paternoster G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are a type of thin silicon detector with a highly doped gain layer. LGADs manufactured by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) were tested before and after irradiation with neutrons. In this study, the inter-pad dead regions (IPDRs), defined as the width of the distances between pads, were measured with a TCT laser system. The response of the laser was tuned using β-particles from a 90Sr source. These insensitive “dead zones” are created by a protection structure to avoid breakdown, the Junction Termination Extension (JTE), which separates the pads. The effect of neutron radiation damage at 1.5 × 1015 neq/cm2, and 2.5 × 1015 neq/cm2 on IPDRs was studied. These distances are compared to the nominal distances given from the vendor, it was found that at the high fluence there is a better matching of the insensitive region to the designed inter-pad region.
Beam physics design of a 30-MW beam transport to the target for an accelerator-driven subcritical system
Authors: Yee-Rendon Bruce , Meigo Shin-ichiro , Kondo Yasuhiro , Tamura Jun , Nakano Keita , Maekawa Fujio , Iwamoto Hiroki , Sugawara Takanori , Nishihara Kenji 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency's accelerator-driven
subcritical system (JAEA-ADS) proposes the reduction of nuclear
waste through the transmutation of minor actinides. The JAEA-ADS
drives a 30-MW proton beam to a spallation target to produce
neutrons for a subcritical 800-MWth reactor. The beam must be
transported from the end of the linear accelerator (linac) to the
target located inside the reactor core with high beam power
stability and low peak density to ensure beam window integrity,
which is a primary concern for the ADS project. Additionally, the
design of the beam transport to the target (BTT) must be compatible
with the established reactor design, and the elements that comprise
the BTT must facilitate the maintenance and replacement of the fuel
and the beam window. To this end, a robust-compact BTT design was
developed through massive multiparticle simulations. First, the beam
optics was optimized to guarantee beam window feasibility
requirements by providing a low peak density of less than
0.3 μA/mm2. Then, beam stability was evaluated and
improved by a simultaneous application of input beam and element
errors. The input beam errors were based on the beam degradation
obtained by implementing fast fault compensation in the linac, which
is a key strategy to attain high-reliability operation. The results
show that the BTT design fulfills reactor and beam window
requirements for JAEA-ADS.