bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Closer Look at the Effects of Equity Market Liberalization in Emerging Markets
Authors: McLean R David , Pontiff Jeffrey , Zhao Mengxin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Earlier studies have linked equity market liberalization to growth in emerging markets. Some conclude liberalization causes growth, whereas others contend contemporaneous economic policies and conditions play important roles. The causal argument contends that foreigner investability in public firms leads to lower discount rates and greater share issuance, investment, and efficiency. Using three separate measures of foreign investability, we do not find these effects. Moreover, common de jure foreigner-investability measures are poor de facto measures. Economic indicators, not directly influenced by equity market liberalization, also grow faster in countries with more investable firms. Our findings suggest foreigner investability cannot fully explain the equity-market-liberalization-growth relation. (JEL F30, F38, G30, G24, G15)
Matching with Externalities
Authors: Pycia Marek , Yenmez M Bumin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe incorporate externalities into the stable matching theory of two-sided markets. Extending the classical substitutes condition to markets with externalities, we establish that stable matchings exist when agent choices satisfy substitutability. We show that substitutability is a necessary condition for the existence of a stable matching in a maximal-domain sense and provide a characterization of substitutable choice functions. In addition, we extend the standard insights of matching theory, like the existence of side-optimal stable matchings and the deferred acceptance algorithm, to settings with externalities even though the standard fixed-point techniques do not apply.
A New Coronavirus Estimation Global Score for Predicting Mortality During Hospitalization in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Zeng Hesong , He Xingwei , Liu Wanjun , Kan Jing , He Liqun , Zhao Jinhe , Chen Cynthia , Zhang Junjie , Chen Shaoliang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exists as a pandemic. Mortality during hospitalization is multifactorial, and there is urgent need for a risk stratification model to predict in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients. Here we aimed to construct a risk score system for early identification of COVID-19 patients at high probability of dying during in-hospital treatment.

Methods:
In this retrospective analysis, a total of 821 confirmed COVID-19 patients from 3 centers were assigned to developmental (n = 411, between January 14, 2020 and February 11, 2020) and validation (n = 410, between February 14, 2020 and March 13, 2020) groups. Based on demographic, symptomatic, and laboratory variables, a new Coronavirus estimation global (CORE-G) score for prediction of in-hospital death was established from the developmental group, and its performance was then evaluated in the validation group.

Results:
The CORE-G score consisted of 18 variables (5 demographics, 2 symptoms, and 11 laboratory measurements) with a sum of 69.5 points. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the model performed well in the developmental group (H = 3.210, P
= 0.880), and it was well validated in the validation group (H = 6.948, P
= 0.542). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.955 in the developmental group (sensitivity, 94.1%; specificity, 83.4%) and 0.937 in the validation group (sensitivity, 87.2%; specificity, 84.2%). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the developmental (n = 85,20.7%) and validation (n = 94, 22.9%, P
= 0.608) groups.

Conclusions:
The CORE-G score provides an estimate of the risk of in-hospital death. This is the first step toward the clinical use of the CORE-G score for predicting outcome in COVID-19 patients.
Relationship of Microchannels and Plaque Erosion in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Jiang Senqing , Guo Junchen , Yin Yanwei , Fang Chao , Wang Jifei , Wang Yidan , Lei Fangmeng , Sun Sibo , Pei Xueying , Jia Ruyi , Zhang Shaotao , Li Lulu , Wang Yini , Xing Lei , Yu Huai , Liu Huimin , Xu Maoen , Ren Xuefeng , Ma Lijia , Wei Guo , Hou Jingbo , Dai Jiannan , Yu Bo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective:
Microchannels are associated with the progression of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques. However, in patients with culprit optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined plaque erosion, the knowledge of microchannels and culprit lesion vulnerability is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate culprit lesion characteristics in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by plaque erosion with and without microchannels using OCT.

Methods:
In all, 348 STEMI patients with plaque erosion who underwent OCT of the culprit lesion at the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) from August 2014 to December 2017 were included and divided into the microchannel group (n = 116, 33.3%) and no-microchannel group (n = 232, 66.7%). The clinical characteristics and OCT-derived plaque features were compared between both groups.

Results:
Among the 348 STEMI patients with plaque erosion, culprit lesions with microchannels had higher incidence of lipid plaque (59.5% vs. 45.3%, P
= 0.012); calcification (41.4% vs. 24.6%, P
= 0.002); spotty calcification (30.2% vs. 18.1%, P
= 0.014); macrophages accumulation (72.4% vs. 45.7%, P
< 0.001); and cholesterol crystals (32.8% vs. 14.2%, P
< 0.001) than those without microchannels. In addition, minimal lumen area was smaller ((1.9 ± 0.9) mm2
vs. (2.8 ± 2.3) mm2, P
< 0.001) and lumen area stenosis was greater ((71.3% ± 13.4%) vs. (65.3% ± 19.3%), P
= 0.001) in the microchannel group than in the no-microchannel group.

Conclusion:
In patients with STEMI caused by plaque erosion, one-third manifested typical microchannel characteristics, and those with microchannels were associated with more severe luminal stenosis and more vulnerable plaque features than those without microchannels.
Benefits of the First Pritikin Outpatient Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Racette Susan B. , Park Lauren K. , Rashdi Serene T. , Montgomery Kristin , McKenzie Kristin M. , Deych Elena , Graham Christopher , Das Nikhil , Fogarty Taylor M. , Van Zandt Alexandria , Carson Tessa , Durbin Dotti , Jonagan Jennifer , Rich Michael W. , de las Fuentes Lisa , Peterson Linda R. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
Intensive cardiac rehabilitation (ICR) is a comprehensive, medically supervised exercise treatment program covered by Medicare for patients with approved cardiac diagnoses. The aim of this study was to determine the benefits of the first Pritikin outpatient ICR program.

Methods:
This retrospective analysis included patients referred to ICR or traditional cardiac rehabilitation (CR) during the first 7 yr (2013-2019) at the first facility to implement Pritikin ICR. Intensive cardiac rehabilitation is composed of 36 education sessions on nutrition, exercise, and a healthy mindset, in addition to 36 monitored exercise sessions that comprise traditional CR. Assessments included anthropometrics (weight, body mass index, and waist circumference), dietary patterns, physical function (6-min walk test, [6MWT] Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB: balance, 4-m walk, chair rise], handgrip strength), and health-related quality of life (Dartmouth COOP, 36-item Short Form Survey). Baseline and follow-up measures were compared within and between groups.

Results:
A total of 1963 patients enrolled (1507 ICR, 456 CR, 66.1 ± 11.4 yr, 68% male, 82% overweight or obese); 1141 completed the program (58%). The ICR patients completed 22 exercise and 18 education sessions in 9.6 wk; CR patients completed 19 exercise sessions in 10.3 wk. ICR resulted in improvements (P < .001 pre vs post) in all anthropometric measures, dietary patterns, 6MWT distance, all SPPB components, grip strength, and health-related quality of life. The improvements in anthropometrics and dietary patterns were greater in ICR than in CR.

Conclusions:
The Pritikin outpatient ICR program promoted improvements in several cardiovascular health indices. Critical next steps are to assess long-term health outcomes after ICR, including cardiac events and mortality.
Revealing the pathogenic and ageing-related mechanisms of the enigmatic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Authors: Spagnolo Paolo , Semenzato Umberto 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Growing evidence suggests that ageing-associated alterations occur in both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review the most recent literature on dysregulated ageing pathways in IPF and COPD and discuss how they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.

Recent findings
Recent studies have shown that alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells undergo premature senescence under stress and that senescent ATII cells promote lung fibrogenesis. Some studies have explored the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in IPF. They have provided evidence that dysfunctional mitochondria are important contributors to fibrogenesis through release of damaged DNA and excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, whereas restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis may attenuate lung fibrosis. Insufficient autophagy has been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and aberrant epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk, suggesting that autophagy augmentation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. A number of studies have also explored the role of cellular senescence, mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in COPD.

Summary
Several ageing mechanisms are dysregulated in the lungs of patients with IPF and COPD, although how they contribute to disease development and progression remains elusive. Genetic or pharmacologic attenuation of senescence-related pathways and elimination of senescent cells may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
Altered pharmacology and toxicology during ageing: implications for lung disease
Authors: Bast Aalt , Drent Marjolein 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Drug use in elderly people is high compared to younger people. Simultaneously, elderly are at greater risk when exposed to environmental substances. It is puzzling therefore, that ageing, as a variable in pharmacological and toxicological processes is not investigated in more depth. Moreover, recent data suggest that molecular manifestations of the ageing process also hallmark the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, which may impact pharmacology and toxicology.

Recent findings
In particular, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) processes of drugs and toxins alter because of ageing. Polypharmacy, which is quite usual with increasing age, increases the risk of drug–drug interactions. Individual differences in combination of drugs use in conjunction with individual variations in drug metabolizing enzymes can influence lung function.

Summary
Exploring exposure throughout life (i.e. during ageing) to potential triggers, including polypharmacy, may avoid lung disease or unexplained cases of lung damage. Understanding of the ageing process further unravels critical features of chronic lung disease and helps to define new protective targets and therapies. Optimizing resilience can be key in pharmacology and toxicology and helps in maintaining healthy lungs for a longer period.
Role of biomarkers in lung nodule evaluation
Authors: Sethi Sonali , Cicenia Joseph 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Worldwide, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Much of this mortality is thought to be secondary to detection in later stages, where treatment options and survivability are limited. The goals of lung nodule evaluation are to expedite the diagnosis and treatment of patients with malignant nodules and to minimize unnecessary diagnostic procedures in those with benign nodules. However, the differentiation between benign and malignant has been challenging and is further complicated by the benefits of early diagnosis competing with potential morbidity of invasive diagnostic procedures.

Recent findings
Biomarkers have the potential to improve estimates of pretest probability of malignancy in pulmonary nodules, especially in the intermediate-risk subgroup. Four biomarkers have undergone extensive validation and are available for clinical use, and we will discuss each in this review.

Summary
The application of biomarkers to lung cancer risk assessment has the potential to improve cancer probability assessments, which in turn can reduce unnecessary invasive testing and/or reduce delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Neutropenia in Patients With Clozapine-Treated Schizophrenia: An Effect of Clozapine or a Consequence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? A Systematic Review
Authors: Moga Silvia , Teodorescu Andreea , Dragan Ana , Miron Ana Aliana , Ifteni Petru 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Clozapine is the only approved antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Despite its therapeutic benefits, it is still widely underused, mainly because of its potential to cause agranulocytosis and neutropenia. Prescribing clozapine in COVID-19–positive patients became more challenging because of this potential side effect. This article is a review of literature on the risk of neutropenia associated with clozapine treatment in patients with COVID-19.

Areas of Uncertainty:
In clozapine-treated COVID-19–positive patients, neutropenia was reported in some cases; is it a consequence of clozapine treatment or of SARS-Co2 infection?

Data Sources:
Data were extracted from 2 databases: PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar. We selected all original reports, from March 2020 until May 2022, on neutropenia associated with clozapine treatment in positive COVID-19 patients. Eleven studies were selected for the final analysis.

Therapeutic Advances:
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, neutropenia in clozapine-treated patients was reported in 3.8% of cases. During the pandemic, neutropenia rates seemed to be higher. As per the cause of neutropenia, studies reported contradictory results. We aim to clarify rates and causes of neutropenia in clozapine-treated COVID-19–positive patients.

Results:
Three hundred eighty-eight articles were initially selected from the 2 databases. After excluding duplicates, unrelated articles, reviews, and guidelines, 11 studies were analyzed, all centered on clozapine treatment, COVID-19 infection, and associated neutropenia.

Conclusions:
Clozapine treatment in COVID-19–positive patients may be associated with a transient reduction of absolute neutrophils count, in some cases reaching neutropenia levels. Neutropenia rates reported in SARS-CoV-2–infected patients are higher than the prepandemic reports; therefore, we assume that the cause might be a result of the immunological interference between clozapine and SARS-CoV-2. Clozapine treatment needs to be continued whenever possible, with dose adjustments in relation to blood test results.
Investigation of the ongoing pulmonary defects with perfusion-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in patients under anticoagulant therapy for coronavirus disease 2019–induced pulmonary embolism
Authors: Caliskaner Ozturk Buket , Atahan Ersan , Kibar Ali , Sager Sait , Borekci Sermin , Gemicioglu Bilun 
Published: June 2022

Objective
It was aimed to reveal the continuing perfusion defect rates in patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) due to COVID-19 who have completed the third month of anticoagulant therapy but whose symptoms or laboratory elevations continue.

Methods
Patients with COVID-19 who were diagnosed with PE by Q-SPECT-CT between 1 September 2020 and 1 November 2021, who underwent control Q-SPECT/CT were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, and first and second Q-SPECT/CT evaluation results of the patients were recorded.

Results
It was observed that the pulmonary defect continued in Q-SPECT/CT in the third month of anticoagulant treatment in 58.3% of the patients diagnosed with PE due to COVID-19, and new defects developed in 6.3%. The persistence rate of segment defects was higher than that of subsegment defects. It was observed that the defects persisted more frequently in patients with a history of hospitalization due to COVID-19.

Conclusion
Perfusion defects may still be present in patients diagnosed with PE due to COVID-19 in the presence of persistent dyspnea/chest pain/D-dimer elevation after 3 months of treatment. Perfusion defect persistence rates are higher in defects more proximal to the subsegment level and in people with severe COVID-19, and extended treatment should be considered in these patients.
Imaging in stone diagnosis and surgical planning
Authors: Serrell Emily C. , Best Sara L. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of Review
Radiological imaging techniques and applications are constantly advancing. This review will examine modern imaging techniques in the diagnosis of urolithiasis and applications for surgical planning.

Recent Findings
The diagnosis of urolithiasis may be done via plain film X-ray, ultrasound (US), or contrast tomography (CT) scan. US should be applied in the workup of flank pain in emergency rooms and may reduce unnecessary radiation exposure. Low dose and ultra-low-dose CT remain the diagnostic standard for most populations but remain underutilized. Single and dual-energy CT provide three-dimensional imaging that can predict stone-specific parameters that help clinicians predict stone passage likelihood, identify ideal management techniques, and possibly reduce complications. Machine learning has been increasingly applied to 3-D imaging to support clinicians in these prognostications and treatment selection.

Summary
The diagnosis and management of urolithiasis are increasingly personalized. Patient and stone characteristics will support clinicians in treatment decision, surgical planning, and counseling.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Spouses' Experiences of Persistent Uncertainty
Authors: Hess Rosanna F. , Donnenwirth Jo Ann 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of spouses whose wives had peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).Design & Methods:Participants were recruited for this phenomenological study through online sites Facebook and SavetheMommies. Fifteen men from four countries participated through semistructured phone interviews conducted between October 2019 and August 2020. Data were analyzed using a modified version of the constant comparison method.Results:The overarching theme of spouses' experiences wasLiving with the ‘what ifs’ of persistent uncertainty. Four main themes were:Feeling the shock, Facing the challenge, Figuring out a new normal,andFinding meaning. Spouses had to deal with the fear of their wives' heart failure relapse or death, changed marital and parental roles, and unclear expectations of the future.Clinical Implications:PPCM is a rare complication of pregnancy with uncertain implications for the future that can have a profound impact on the woman's spouse and family. Our findings should alert nurses and other health care professionals to the need for emotional, spiritual, and informational support of spouses or partners of women who have PPCM. Nurses should include spouses and partners in care and communication to make sure they are as informed as possible, have their questions and concerns addressed as needed, and receive adequate follow-up support.
Compatible With Confusion: Phrasing Pitfalls in Anatomic Pathology Reports
Authors: Findeis Sarah K. , Huber Aaron R. , Whitney-Miller Christa L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Diagnostic uncertainty and the communication of this uncertainty is inherent in all specialties of medicine. The surgical pathology community uses a wide variety of phrases to express diagnostic uncertainty, even though there is literature that has shown use of uncertainty phrases leads to misunderstandings. We present a case that shows how uncertainty phrasing in a final diagnosis contributed to confusion surrounding patient care and resulted in sending the case for outside consultation. In addition, we review the literature surrounding uncertainty phrasing and discuss reporting of altered or amended reports.
A Novel Nonantibiotic Gut-directed Strategy to Prevent Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Hyoju Sanjiv K. , Keskey Robert , Castillo Gerardo , Machutta Kaylie , Zaborin Alexander , Zaborina Olga , Alverdy John C. 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
To determine the efficacy of an orally delivered phosphate-rich polymer, Pi-PEG, to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) in a mouse model of spontaneous wound infection involving gut-derived pathogens.

Background:
Evidence suggests that pathogens originating from the gut microbiota can cause postoperative infection via a process by which they silently travel inside an immune cell and contaminate a remote operative site (Trojan Horse Hypothesis). Here, we hypothesize that Pi-PEG can prevent SSIs in a novel model of postoperative SSIs in mice.

Methods:
Mice were fed either a standard chow diet (high fiber/low fat, SD) or a western-type diet (low fiber/high fat, WD), and exposed to antibiotics (oral clindamycin/intraperitoneal cefoxitin). Groups of mice had Pi-PEG added to their drinking water and SSI incidence was determined. Gross clinical infections wound cultures and amplicon sequence variant analysis of the intestinal contents and wound were assessed to determine the incidence and source of the developing SSI.

Results:
In this model, consumption of a WD and exposure to antibiotics promoted the growth of SSI pathogens in the gut and their subsequent presence in the wound. Mice subjected to this model drinking water spiked with Pi-PEG were protected against SSIs via mechanisms involving modulation of the gut-wound microbiome.

Conclusions:
A nonantibiotic phosphate-rich polymer, Pi-PEG, added to the drinking water of mice prevents SSIs and may represent a more sustainable approach in lieu of the current trend of greater sterility and the use of more powerful and broader antibiotic coverage.