bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-Step Acidizing Technique Treats Severe Fines Damage
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 208806, “New Single-Step Acidizing Technique Treats Severe Fines Damage Over a Wide Range of Temperatures and Mineralogies,” by Lanne R. Houchin, SPE, Dorian Granizo, and Joseph Conine, SPE, PIC Chemicals. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The complete paper focuses on identifying a hydrofluoric-acid (HF) -derivative treatment that could be used as a single-step sandstone acid treatment not requiring acid-flowback services. Five commercially available buffered, retarded, and HF-derivative acid chemistries were tested to determine the risks of facility upsets. A new fluoroboric acid (HBF4) chemistry was developed that has all the benefits of HBF4, is compatible with most sensitive minerals, and does not cause facility upsets.

Introduction
The wells in this study predominantly target production intervals that were initially bypassed or beyond the reach of the original field development plan. Only HF-treatment compositions can remove the predominantly siliceous components found in sandstone reservoirs. The necessity of adjusting HF systems to accommodate sensitive mineralogies has been thoroughly documented. Recently, it is rare to use cores to identify potentially acid-sensitive mineralogy that may be present throughout the reservoir.
Conventional HF treatments require a hydrochloric acid (HCl) preflush. However, when HCl combines with iron, the resultant ferric and ferrous chloride combine with even small amounts of asphaltenes in the crude to form tenacious rigid film emulsions and solvent-insoluble sludge.
Five commercially available retarded or buffered HF systems were tested. The published work on these potential single-step chemistries showed the ability of these systems to be safe, capable of damage removal within the rock matrix, and compatible with various mineralogies to reduce the production of harmful precipitates. However, whether these improved chemistries would reduce the occurrence of surface-facility upsets had not been evaluated. Acid-flowback services typically cost between $75,000 and $250,000. This added cost would be prohibitive for over 70% of the near-end-of-life wells treated in this field study.
Selecting a single-step acidizing chemical composition that eliminates the risk of formation of acid-reaction products that both plug the formation and cause potentially catastrophic facility upsets was the objective of this study.
Multiple Factors Reduce Costs of Downhole Proppant Delivery
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204153, “Reducing the Placement Cost of a Pound of Proppant Delivered Downhole,” by Jon Sochovka, SPE, Kyle George, and Howard Melcher, Liberty Oilfield Services, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The shale industry has changed immensely during the last decade and is once again in rapid transition. The authors write that they are unsure about the nature of innovations to make US shale more competitive, but that they are certain that the current downturn will drive a further reduction in the total cost to lift a barrel of US shale oil to the surface ($/BO). In the complete paper, the authors discuss what components have contributed to this reduction and use several case studies, only three of which are discussed in this synopsis, to illustrate the potential for further cost reductions.

Background
The industry has been changing to address the issues of proppant delivery, constantly striving to find better chemical products while pumping fewer of them.
First, a general desire exists to move away from more-expensive chemical-derivative guar systems to simpler low-concentration guar systems and fiction-reducer (FR) -based fluid systems. Second, both proppant-delivery and formation-treatment chemicals that are part of the fracture treatment have become more effective, fewer in number on the market, and smaller in quantity.
The intended approach is to measure the individual and combined performance of these chemicals and the effect they have on physical rock and fluid parameters using a range of laboratory and field-testing tools and to compare the potential effects of these choices in the authors’ extensive production database.
The elusive goal for fracturing fluids is to be composed 100% of water. In some cases, a water composition of 99.83% has been achieved. Higher rates still may be realized if pump rates for fracturing jobs continue to rise, proppant size reduces, and properties of some concentrated additives continue to improve as they have during the rapid progression to water experienced over the past 15 years of the shale revolution.
Method Integrates Pressure-Transient and Fracture Area To Detect Well Interference
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of URTeC paper 208395, “Integration of Pressure-Transient and Fracture Area for Detecting Unconventional-Well Interference,” by Mazher Ibrahim, SPE, Matt Sinkey, SPE, and Thomas Johnston, SPE, Shear Frac Group, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Hydraulic fractures created during completions are assumed to produce back to the original well. While multiwell-pad completions increase efficiencies, they complicate fracture connectivity between wells. The proximity of newly completed wells to a pre-existing producing well suggests a depleted zone that can “steal” fracture surface area. The complete paper presents a real-time method to estimate the stage-to-stage interference and well-to-well interference and their implications on completions efficiency.

Introduction
The primary challenge for the industry with regard to unconventional resource development is to optimize well spacing to improve well net present value. Shale heterogeneity and completion design influence fracture orientation and geometry. The industry still lacks accurate methods in characterizing these.
Fig. 1 shows three well-spacing types that the authors write could be classified as “good,” “bad,” or “ugly”—the A+ spacing type (good), the B spacing type (bad), and the C spacing type (ugly).
The A+ spacing type has no interference between wells that perfectly drain the reservoir; however, it is hard to achieve. In the B spacing type, there may be 10–15% interference between either hydraulic or natural fracture systems. B spacing can be achieved with proper integration of reservoir and completion engineering. This spacing type usually can provide more predictable well-level estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). C spacing type is characterized by closer-than-needed spacing, resulting in shared stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) between wells. Some operators use this spacing when oil and gas prices are high in order to accelerate production.
Holistic Machine-Learning Approach Recognizes Trouble Stages
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204145, “Employing a Suite of Machine-Learning Algorithms in a Holistic Approach to Trouble Stage Recognition and Failure Diagnostics,” by Jessica Iriarte, SPE, Well Data Labs; Matthew McConnell, SPE, Hawkwood Energy; and Sam Hoda, SPE, Well Data Labs, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The complete paper explores a holistic approach to characterizing trouble stages by applying automated event recognition of abnormal pressure increases and associating those events with formation and operational causes. This analysis of pressure increases provides insight into the potential causes of operational difficulties, and the related diagnostics can suggest improvements to future pump schedules. Improving how stages are pumped is profitable in both the short and the long term. Quantifying how design decisions ultimately affect operations can help decrease the frequency of operational problems and help realize these gains.

Introduction
The Cretaceous Eagle Ford Shale is the source rock for the Woodbine, Buda, and Austin Chalk. The wells included in this study are between the San Marcos Arch and the eastern edge of the East Texas Basin (Brazos and Burleson Counties). The Eagle Ford is similar to many other resource plays, such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Haynesville, and Woodford shales. Among the many characteristics that make these plays similar is that each formation has provided stages with abnormal pressure behaviors (APBs).
Time-dependent moderating effect of exposure to nature on relations between perceived interior crowding, social isolation, and psychological distress during pandemic of COVID-19
Authors: Mousavinia Seyyedeh Fatemeh 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Due to the results of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health, some studies have highlighted the positive effects of nature exposure. Nevertheless, this beneficial role has not yet been explored over time of the pandemic. The current study examines the temporal changes in (a) social isolation, (b) psychological distress, (c) intensity of the effect of social isolation on psychological distress, and (d) moderating effect of nature exposure on the relation between perceived interior crowding, social isolation, and psychological distress. Focusing on six mid-rise housing developments in Mashhad, data were collected from 718 middle-aged women (Mage = 49.63, SD = 12.39) in two waves during the pandemic (wave1 in June 2020 and wave2 in September 2021, before nationwide vaccination). A paired-sample t-test showed increased social isolation and psychological distress after one year of the pandemic. Also, using structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis (wave 1 vs. wave 2) revealed that social isolation has an increasing influence on psychological distress over time. Exposure to nature moderates the effect of perceived interior crowding on psychological distress. However, this moderating role is time-dependent and nature exposure during the time did not necessarily assist in reducing the negative impact of perceived interior crowding. Finally, at any given time, nature exposure mitigated the effect of social isolation on psychological distress.
A parent-led intervention to reduce anxiety in autistic children with a severe to profound intellectual disability: protocol for the LADDERS pilot feasibility trial
Authors: Waite Jane , Tarver Joanne , Pearson Effie , Hughes Jessica , Edwards Georgina , Bird Megan , Greenhill Courtney 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
There is a need for evidence-based approaches to reduce anxiety experienced by autistic children with severe to profound intellectual disability (ID). Avoidance of anxiety triggers, as a response to pronounced anxiety, occurs irrespective of age, background and neurodiversity. When avoidance is unhelpful, evidence-based anxiety reduction approaches aim to reduce it gradually (graded exposure), subsequently reducing anxiety. Combining graded exposure with emotional regulation techniques may be effective and acceptable for autistic children with severe to profound ID, if sensitive to needs and characteristics of autistic children. We have developed a 16-week, parent-led intervention (LADDERS) to reduce anxiety in this population of autistic children. LADDERS consists of psychoeducation, graded exposure-based tasks, and skills building, delivered utilising a person-centred approach. This study aims to assess whether LADDERS 1) reduces anxiety and 2) whether autistic children and parents find it acceptable and feasible.
Method
A single-site, multiple baseline, single case experimental study will be conducted. Participants will be parents of autistic children aged between 4–15 years. A minimum of 8 participants will be recruited through a research participant database, the Autistica Discover Network and social media. Once eligibility is confirmed, participants will be assessed at baseline, during the intervention and at a 2-month follow-up (week 24). The primary outcome measure will be a daily diary that assesses child anxiety.
Discussion
The study will provide preliminary evidence of whether LADDERS reduces anxiety in autistic children with severe to profound ID. Qualitative data from parents and child engagement will provide data on acceptability and feasibility.
Optimized Method of Lines for non-linear waveguide problems
Authors: Spiller Waldemar 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Method of Lines is a semi-analytical versatile tool for the solution of partial differential equations. For the analysis of spatial complex linear waveguide structures, this method is combined with impedance/admittance and field transformation, as well as with finite differences. This paper extends this approach to the treatment of structures with non-linear dielectric materials. The non-linear generalized transmission line equations are derived. An iterative algorithm based on the impedance/admittance transformation with the field transformation obtains efficient and self-consistent solutions. For demonstration, a non-linear stripe waveguide is considered. The Kerr non-linearity was investigated, though the general case is treatable. As a criterion for the correctness of the algorithm, a second harmonic generation as well as a bidirectional, spatially, and temporally energy exchange between the harmonics was examined. The specific limiting factors for the algorithm were explored. The approach can be used for any spatial structure, including, for instance, photonic crystal waveguides and metamaterials.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor trigger a novel signaling pathway (TAF9-P53-TRIAP1-CASP3) to protect retinal ganglion cells after ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: Wen Yao-Tseng , Lin Keh-Liang , Huang Chin-Te , Tsai Rong Kung 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Optic nerve head (ONH) infarct can result in progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) protects the RGC after ON infarct. However, protective mechanisms of the GCSF after ONH infarct are complex and remain unclear. To investigate the complex mechanisms, the transcriptome profiles of the GCSF-treated retinas were examined using microarray technology. The retinal mRNA samples on days 3 and 7 post rat anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION) model were analyzed by microarray and bioinformatics analyses. GCSF treatment influenced 3101 genes and 3332 genes on days 3 and 7 post rAION, respectively. ONH infarct led to changes in 702 and 179 genes on days 3 and 7 post rAION, respectively. After cluster analysis, the levels of TATA box-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor were significantly reduced after ONH infarct but significantly increased after GCSF treatment. The network analysis revealed that TBP associated factor 9 (TAF9) can bind to P53 to induce TP53 regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) expression. To evaluate the function of TAF9 in RGC apoptosis, GCSF plus TAF9 siRNA-treated rats were evaluated using retrograde labeling with FluoroGold assay, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting in an rAION model. The RGC densities in the GCSF plus TAF9 siRNA-treated rAION group was 1.95-fold (central retina) and 1.75-fold (midperipheral retina) lower than that in the GCSF-treated rAION group (p < 0.05). The number of apoptotic RGC in the GCSF plus TAF9 siRNA-treated group is threefold higher than that in the GCSF-treated group (p < 0.05). Treatment with TAF9 siRNA significantly reduced GCSF-induced TP53 and TRIAP1 expression by 2.4-fold and 4.7-fold, respectively, in the rAION model. Overexpression of TAF9 significantly reduced apoptotic RGC and CASP3 levels and induced TP53 and TRIAP1 expression in the rAION model. Therefore, we demonstrated that GCSF modulated a new pathway, TAF9-P53-TRIAP1-CASP3, to control RGC death and survival after ON infarct.
Trauma-informed care in the UK: where are we? A qualitative study of health policies and professional perspectives
Authors: Emsley Elizabeth , Smith Joshua , Martin David , Lewis Natalia V 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Trauma-informed (TI) approach is a framework for a system change intervention that transforms the organizational culture and practices to address the high prevalence and impact of trauma on patients and healthcare providers, and prevents re-traumatization in healthcare services. Review of TI approaches in primary and community mental healthcare identified limited evidence for its effectiveness in the UK, however it is endorsed in various policies. This study aimed to investigate the UK-specific context through exploring how TI approaches are represented in health policies, and how they are understood and implemented by policy makers and healthcare professionals.
Methods
A qualitative study comprising of a document analysis of UK health policies followed by semi-structured interviews with key informants with direct experience of developing and implementing TI approaches. We used the Ready Extract Analyse Distil (READ) approach to guide policy document review, and the Framework method to analyse data.
Results
We analysed 24 documents and interviewed 11 professionals from healthcare organizations and local authorities. TI approach was included in national, regional and local policies, however, there was no UK- or NHS-wide strategy or legislation, nor funding commitment. Although documents and interviews provided differing interpretations of TI care, they were aligned in describing the integration of TI principles at the system level, contextual tailoring to each organization, and addressing varied challenges within health systems. TI care in the UK has had piecemeal implementation, with a nation-wide strategy and leadership visible in Scotland and Wales and more disjointed implementation in England. Professionals wanted enhanced coordination between organizations and regions. We identified factors affecting implementation of TI approaches at the level of organization (leadership, service user involvement, organizational culture, resource allocation, competing priorities) and wider context (government support, funding). Professionals had conflicting views on the future of TI approaches, however all agreed that government backing is essential for implementing policies into practice.
Conclusions
A coordinated, more centralized strategy and provision for TI health care, increased funding for evaluation, and education through professional networks about evidence-based TI health systems can contribute towards evidence-informed policies and implementation of TI approaches in the UK.
An Energy-Mix Model for Round-the-Clock Power Supply in a Decarbonized Electricity Generation Scenario: Case Study of South India
Authors: Kumar Ankit , Jayanti Sreenivas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
There is increasing urgency towards integration of renewable sources into electricity generation so as to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable power sources are highly specific in prevalence, both regionally and temporally, and their utilization at utility-scale for round-the-clock power supply poses the problem of matching power generation capacity and power demand at every instant of time. In the present work, we propose a model that integrates geographically distributed and diverse power sources with geographically spread-out power consumption centres and distributed and diverse electrical energy storage systems through transmission and storage loss models. For a regional electricity grid, the model computes, over a given day, the minute-by-minute power demand from and power generation in all districts, extracts matching power from a hierarchy of power sources so as to minimize transmission and storage losses, and stores/draws excess power in/from a variety of power storage options. For the specific case of the South Indian Power Grid (catering to about 285 million people in South India), the model shows that about 240 GWh of new electrical storage is required for round-the-clock power supply from non-GHG power sources.
Textual analysis of China's energy-saving and emission reduction policies based on a three-dimensional analysis perspective --A study based on the policy of 2010-2021
Authors: Wang Lingling , Yecai Fan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Energy saving and emission reduction has become a basic national policy in China, and the state has continuously introduced various energy saving and emission reduction policies. It is essential to grasp the mechanism and path of energy saving and emission reduction policies to realize energy saving and emission reduction better and promote green transformation. This paper establishes a three-dimensional analysis structure of "policy tool - policy objective - policy coordination "and uses textual analysis and social network analysis to analyze 154 energy saving and emission reduction policies in China from 2010 to 2021 in a single dimension. We can draw three conclusions from the analysis: first, there is a combination of overspill and deficiency in the use of energy-saving and emission reduction policy tools in China; second, the target system of China's energy-saving and emission reduction policy is gradually improving; third, the degree of policy coordination in China's energy-saving and emission reduction policies is increasing. Based on this, this paper proposes countermeasures to promote China's energy-saving and emission reduction policies.
FastMapSVM: Classifying Complex Objects Using the FastMap Algorithm and Support-Vector Machines
Authors: White Malcolm , Sharma Kushal , Li Ang , Kumar T. K. Satish , Nakata Nori 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Neural Networks and related Deep Learning methods are currently at the leading edge of technologies used for classifying objects. However, they generally demand large amounts of time and data for model training; and their learned models can sometimes be difficult to interpret. In this paper, we advance FastMapSVM—an interpretable Machine Learning framework for classifying complex objects—as an advantageous alternative to Neural Networks for general classification tasks. FastMapSVM extends the applicability of Support-Vector Machines (SVMs) to domains with complex objects by combining the complementary strengths of FastMap and SVMs. FastMap is an efficient linear-time algorithm that maps complex objects to points in a Euclidean space while preserving pairwise domain-specific distances between them. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of FastMapSVM in the context of classifying seismograms. We show that its performance, in terms of precision, recall, and accuracy, is comparable to that of other state-of-the-art methods. However, compared to other methods, FastMapSVM uses significantly smaller amounts of time and data for model training. It also provides a perspicuous visualization of the objects and the classification boundaries between them. We expect FastMapSVM to be viable for classification tasks in many other real-world domains.