bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manpower and Other Factors Affecting Operating Costs in Steam Generating Stations
Authors: Estcourt V. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The tremendous gains in thermal efficiency which have been achieved by going to higher steam pressures and temperatures with increasingly larger units are now approaching a point where the returns are diminishing at an impressive rate. As these rates of improvement continue to diminish with still further increases in temperature and pressure, it becomes increasingly important to give closer attention to the effect of basic plant design upon the total station payroll. Various philosophies of centralized control are reviewed and evaluated in some detail. Consideration also is given to the interrelation between design and operating concepts and the effect of plant management policies upon operating costs. It is shown that many of these problems are adaptable to economic evaluation and the need for such an approach is greatly emphasized in the light of the present trend of technological advances and changing economic conditions. The effect of the changing requirements in the type of plant operating organization also is discussed in relation to the control of operating costs.
[Following Mr. Estcourt’s paper will be found the individual contributions of the panel members.—Editor.]
Consolidated Edison Looks at the Manpower Situation
Authors: Falkner J. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The quest of the public utilities to decrease over-all costs is apparently endless. In the past, effort has been made in individual fields, i.e., design, construction, and operation. Now the industry is co-ordinating two or more fields—specifically, endeavoring to design plants so that manpower will be at a minimum. We are now thinking of how each man must function as we design. This is progress.
Economic Determination of Condenser and Turbine-Exhaust Sizes
Authors: Miller E. H. , Sidun A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
There are many combinations of condensers and turbine exhaust-annulus areas available to the engineer studying alternate large steam-station designs. The proper selection from among these many combinations is a broad economic problem which can best be solved by considering initially only those few basic variables that apply directly to the problem. It is the purpose of this paper to present these basic data on turbine and condenser performance in a form that will help the user to determine quickly the most economical turbine-condenser combination for a given situation.
Effect of Viscosity of Car-Journal Oils on Running Temperature and Other Characteristics of Journal-Bearing Performance
Authors: Keller W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The effect of viscosity in journal oil has been the subject of discussion for many years. Until recent years no data had been obtained with sufficient accuracy and in sufficient quantity to establish the optimum viscosity for oils in the journal box. In more recent years with laboratory test equipment, it has been possible with controlled conditions to isolate the oil as a variable and obtain reliable data on this subject. A consideration of this problem shows that with full hydrodynamic lubrication the asperities of journal and the bearing are separated by a film of oil. While there may be minor areas in which this condition does not obtain, the general separation of the two surfaces must take place, as it is evident that if large areas of the bearing were in metal-to-metal contact the wear which results would be of a much higher order and bearing failure more frequent. When bearings have a hydrodynamic film and the metal surfaces are not in contact, the heat developed in a journal box is from two sources, i.e., the pressure of the waste against the bottom of the journal and the viscous shear of the oil film between the bearing and the journal.
Action of Boiler Water on Steel—Attack by Bonded Oxygen
Authors: Kaufman C. E. , Trautman W. H. , Schnarrenberger W. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper includes information relating to attack by boiler water on steel of boilers and superheaters. Emphasis is placed on the power of water itself, in the absence of dissolved oxygen, to oxidize metal, causing substantial damage under some conditions. Examples of aggressive action drawn from field experience are explored by metallographic study of damaged specimens. Laboratory results show that hydrogen embrittlement can be produced and controlled in test bombs. It is concluded that the power of bonded oxygen of water to react with steel can be curbed by making both chemical and physical changes in boiler systems.
An Introduction to the Thermal Problems of Turbojet Engines for Supersonic Propulsion
Authors: Gardner A. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An introductory summary of what temperature ranges are to be expected in planning the design of turbojet engines for use at supersonic flight speeds, and the effect of the expected temperatures on various basic engine components. The source and magnitude of the heat is first considered. The general effects of the high temperatures on engine materials, compressor performance, and energy, added in the form of fuel, are outlined. General requirements and possible design considerations for supersonic turbojets are summarized briefly.
Human Problems Associated With High-Speed and High-Altitude Flight
Authors: McFarland R. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Human tolerance for heat and cold is outlined so that aeronautical engineers may have a better understanding of design problems related to cabin atmosphere. The hazards resulting from noxious gases and vapors also are considered. The need for air-crew indoctrination in the effective use of equipment is emphasized as well as the need for airmen to understand their own physical limitations while in flight. Finally, the need for more effective collaboration between the biological and engineering sciences is stressed in regard to improving the man-machine systems in high-speed, high-altitude flying.
Carbon-Molybdenum Steel Steam Pipe After 100,000 Hours of Service
Authors: Sinnott R. J. , Rohrig I. A. , Freeman J. W. , Rush A. I. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Rarely does the engineer or metallurgist have an opportunity to evaluate design considerations and laboratory data in terms of creep in service. Carbon-molybdenum steam pipe, carefully measured for service creep during 100,000 hr of operation at 900 F, was subjected to laboratory examination after removal from service. The purpose was to check calculated service creep rates, assess creep damage, and to compare long-time performance prediction based on short-time laboratory data. Remarkable correlation was observed between calculated service creep rates and those established by subsequent laboratory creep testing. Full agreement with average values used by the Subgroup on Allowable Stresses for Ferrous Materials of the ASME Boiler Code Committee in setting allowable stresses for this material was established for both creep and stress-rupture properties.
Resistance of Tubular Materials to Sulphide-Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Fraser J. P. , Treseder R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A typical sulphide-corrosion cracking failure of tubing in a sour gas-condensate well is described in detail. A laboratory test procedure is described which allows alloys to be rated as to their resistance to sulphide-corrosion cracking. Using this rating, based on the critical stress to cause cracking in a standard laboratory test, a study has been made of the relative susceptibility to cracking of a large number of heats of commercial tubular alloys (e.g., N-80, J-55, 5 per cent nickel steel, and 9 per cent nickel steel). It has been shown that significant improvement in the resistance to cracking of commercial N-80 tubing can be effected by means of a simple tempering heat-treatment.
The Design of Vertical Pressure Vessels Subjected to Applied Forces
Authors: Bergman E. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Pressure-vessel codes do not give design methods except for the relatively simple case of cylindrical shells with standard-type heads and openings under uniform pressure. The designer must apply engineering principles when he deals with more complicated structures and loading systems. This paper discusses some design principles that are not covered in the codes. It deals with vessels that are subjected to various applied forces acting in combination with internal or external pressure. The type of vessels considered is limited to cylindrical shells with the longitudinal axis vertical.
Hydrazine for Boiler-Feedwater Treatment
Authors: Harshman R. C. , Woodward E. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of hydrazine are discussed, particularly, as they relate to its use for scavenging dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwater. The amount of hydrazine to use, the methods of application, and the methods of control of dosage are described. The results of use of hydrazine for boiler-feedwater treatment in several central power stations are summarized.
Suppression of Burner Oscillations by Acoustical Dampers
Authors: Putnam A. A. , Dennis W. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Tests on the suppression of burner oscillations are described. The work was not all inclusive but did produce several positive conclusions which may help in quieting particular combustion installations, or may be of help in preventing waste of effort in trying ineffective methods. The effectiveness of a quarter-wave tube was found to be critically dependent on length, but relatively insensitive to location, as long as the tube is placed in the region of the pressure antinode. Similarly, the effectiveness of a Helmholtz resonator depended critically on volume for a particular neck, but is quite insensitive to location. In neither case did the suppressor have to be placed near the particular antinode where energy was fed into the oscillation. The degree of suppression obtained was approximately proportional to the cross-sectional area of the tube; the same conclusion appears to be warranted with regard to the cross-sectional area of the throat of a Helmholtz resonator. Almost complete suppression was obtained with holes drilled in the side of the tube and placed within 10 per cent of a wave length from a pressure antinode. It was found that the diameter of the hole need not be greater than about 1/10 to 1/15 of the diameter of the combustion chamber, but should be greater than the wall thickness for best suppression.
The Assembly-Line Balancing Problem
Authors: Salveson M. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An increasing number of industrial problems in programming and scheduling now are being solved by analytic procedures. Yet, the almost universal problem of balancing an assembly line does not appear heretofore to have been so treated, even though the first known assembly line was established as early as the War of the Revolution by Eli Whitney for the manufacture of muskets. Efficient procedures for handling this problem are highly desirable. A very large percentage of all commodities, both civilian and military, are manufactured by assembly-line methods, so that any improvement in these procedures would have a very broad area of impact, in both peacetime and wartime production. This paper reports initial results in attempting to develop such a procedure. While refinements are expected with increasing experience and further research, it is believed the practical usefulness of the analytical, engineering approach to this manufacturing problem is demonstrated by present results. Indeed, substantial improvements in productivity have been achieved in each of several cases in which it was used. In addition, the present procedure lends itself to machine computation, such that it likely will be possible to compute optimum balances for assembly lines for many different levels of output in advance and thereby permit reduction by two to three weeks the lead time required to change the rate of production when required by changes in sales.
The Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance for Gas-Turbine-Blade Materials
Authors: Young W. E. , Hershey A. E. , Hussey C. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Surface analysis of gas-turbine-blade material before and after exposure to the combustion products of residual fuel oils, demonstrates the corrosive effect of these products, and a measurable indication may be obtained in a fraction of the testing time required to produce appreciable weight loss. Surface analysis has the further advantage that it is possible to measure corrosion in specific regions on a specimen where the specimen has been exposed to a gas-flow pattern with a well-defined temperature profile. Weight-loss measurements following long-time tests have shown good agreement with this method of analysis. The fusion temperature of the fuel ash appears to be a reliable criterion for judging the potential corrosivity of residual fuel oil, and good correlation has been obtained between ash-fusion temperatures and corrosion both for untreated oils and oils with additives.
Thermal Conductivity and Its Variability With Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Kowalczyk L. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper gives a summary of the present status of the theory of thermal conductivity and attempts to explain its variability with temperature and pressure by means of the nature of heat, structure of matter, and resistances offered by matter to heat conduction at various physical states. Experimental data are used to illustrate theoretical considerations; long mathematical derivations are thoroughly avoided.
Residual Grinding Stresses in Hardened Steel
Authors: Letner H. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Residual stresses resulting from surface grinding a hardened ball-bearing-type steel under closely controlled conditions were measured by the deflection method and the effects of wheel grade, unit downfeed, and grinding fluid upon the stresses generated were studied. The stress gradients close to the surface were found to be quite steep and, in a number of instances, both components of the biaxial stress were compressive at the surface. This behavior contrasts with previous dry-grinding experiments on annealed steel and indicates the possibility of generating compressive surface stresses in hardened steel by grinding.
Cutter Design and Application for Face-Milling Cast Iron and Steel
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper summarizes an extensive research program sponsored by the Office of Production Research and Development during World War II. Two previous papers have presented the results of power and cutter life, respectively. These results, relating to cutter design, are averaged for various grades of cast iron, tool materials, feed, depth, width of bar, number of teeth in the cutter, and the cutting speed. General effects of each variable are obtained from final tool shapes for steel and cast iron which are given for recommended practice.
The Influence of Curvature on Heat Transfer to Incompressible Fluids
Authors: Kreith Frank 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The analogy between momentum transfer and heat transfer has been extended to flow channels with heating surfaces of either a convex or a concave curvature in the direction of flow. Using experimental results of wall shear and velocity distribution obtained by Wattendorf, Nusselt numbers have been calculated for Reynolds numbers ranging from 104 to 106 and Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.01 to 100, and for radii of curvature ranging from 0.12 to 1.2 ft. It was found that the heat-transfer coefficient from a heating surface with a concave curvature is considerably higher than for a heating surface of the same curvature in a convex configuration under similar conditions of flow-cross-sectional area and flow rate. The calculated results are in agreement with results from heat-transfer experiments using flow channels with convex and concave heating surfaces in the direction of flow.
Free-Convection Heat Transfer From a Rotating Horizontal Cylinder to Ambient Air With Interferometric Study of Flow
Authors: Etemad G. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Free-convection heat-transfer correlation for a rotating horizontal cylinder in air was evaluated experimentally for a range of Reynolds numbers from 0 to 65,400. The stability of flow around the rotating cylinder and the transition from laminar Couette flow to fully developed secondary flow were investigated with the aid of a Zehnder-Mach interferometer. The heat-transfer data obtained agree well with the experimental results of Anderson and Saunders (1). The experimental results for the models in the stationary state exhibited substantial correlation with published data.
Through-Flow in Concentric and Eccentric Annuli of Fine Clearance With and Without Relative Motion of the Boundaries
Authors: Tao L. N. , Donovan W. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The problem of the through-flow across annuli of fine clearance has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The study includes the effects due to the relative motion of the walls and to varying degrees of eccentricity of the bounding surface. The experimental work was carried up to a Reynolds number, based on the diametral clearance, of 30,000. The theoretical results are presented both graphically and in the form of equations. Nomographs are included for rapid solution of certain engineering problems.
Predictor Control Optimalizes Control-System Performance
Authors: Silva L. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A new technique for the design of automatic-control systems with nearly optimum transient response has been developed. The fundamental concept in the new method is that the control or forcing of the output member must be performed in such a manner that the error or deviation and its derivatives should be reduced to zero in three steps for third and higher-order systems. These three steps consist of a single period of maximum corrective action which forces the controlled variable in the direction of decreasing error or deviation, a single period of maximum corrective action in the opposite sense to decelerate the controlled variable, and finally a force-free period at the end of which the error and its derivatives simultaneously go to zero. In the practical embodiment of this mode of control a proportional control action exists during the final phase. During this proportional control period, the controller corrects any errors introduced by the instrumentation during the initial phases. In addition to the superior transient performance, a predictor-control system has the advantage that its response is not affected by variations in gain, if the gain is sufficiently large, and that the allowable gain in the proportional region is considerably in excess of that permitted in conventional linear-type systems. As a result, the steady-state accuracy which can be obtained is not dependent on a critical gain setting and the system response and accuracy are not degraded by the incorporation of variable gain elements.
The Effect of Wheel-Work Conformity in Precision Grinding
Authors: Hahn R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The conformity between wheel and work is defined in terms of the trochoidal work surface at the region of engagement. Experimental results are presented for a variety of wheels which show that the rate of metal removal varies as the 0.18 power of the curvature difference. Two modes of grinding action are recognized, one in which stock removal is proportional to work speed and independent of wheel speed and the other where the reverse is true. A mechanism of grinding action is proposed and a theoretical formula relating rate of stock removal to normal force and curvature difference is derived which in certain respects agrees remarkably well with experiment.
Possibilities of Burning Lower-Cost Diesel Fuels
Authors: McBrian Ray 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The question of getting the most out of diesel fuel and the possibilities of burning lower-cost diesel fuels involves more than the operational price savings. It requires a knowledge and understanding of the facts of combustion as related to engine performance and the effects of the characteristics of fuels and means by which undesirable features can be recognized and corrections made so that fuels may be burned satisfactorily in service. The paper outlines the research carried out by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad on lower-cost fuels and the resulting economies.
Phase-Plane Analysis—A General Method of Solution for Two-Position Process Control
Authors: Eckman D. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The phase-plane method of analysis requires transforming the differential equations for the closed loop into coordinates of rate of change of deviation versus deviation. Then, by integral equations the period and amplitude of oscillation of process control may be evaluated. Five interesting problems in process control are discussed. The limitations of the analysis are that process-control problems involving differential equations of higher order than second cannot be evaluated exactly. For process-control problems, an approximation of the response by a Ziegler-Nichols method of approach can be used in a very simple manner. Problems involving various nonlinearities also may be solved.
Proposal for a Standard Design for General Industrial Coarse-Pitch Cylindrical Worm Gearing
Authors: East F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper suggests a method of standardizing general industrial coarse-pitch cylindrical worm gear drives, particularly the worm diameter and tooth proportions, to eliminate the present situation where no recognized standard exists. The suggestions contained in this paper do not insist on a single worm diameter for each pitch or center distance but rather a limited group of worms that will cover the range of good design.
A Plastic-Flow Problem Arising in the Theory of Discontinuous Machining
Authors: Lee E. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Plastic flow is analyzed adjacent to the nose of the tool in the initial stages of the formation of a discontinuous-chip segment. It is assumed on the basis of experimental evidence that fracture of the previous chip segment occurred across a plane through the cutting edge of the tool. The present solution applies only while the fracture surface is being deformed, before plastic flow spreads to the initial work surface. The solution demonstrates the influence of the plastic-stress distribution in determining the chip-formation process. It shows that simple shear across a plane between two undeforming regions cannot satisfy stress conditions in typical cases. It is shown that the inclination of the plane of equivalent simple shear is remarkably insensitive to the coefficient of friction at the tool face. The variation to be expected as a result of spread of plastic flow to the initial work surface is discussed briefly. The choice between alternative types of slip-line fields which arise in certain cases is considered.
Predicting the Angle of Chip Flow for Single-Point Cutting Tools
Authors: Colwell L. V. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Current practice for predicting tool life is entirely empirical; consequently, a prohibitive number of tests must be conducted in order to take all influential factors into consideration in predicting tool performance for a specific set of cutting conditions. One of these factors is the direction of chip flow across the tool face. This determines the effective rake angle which in turn affects the tool life. The usefulness and application of present tool-life data and that to be obtained will be greatly expanded if they can be correlated with the rake angle in the direction of chip flow. However, such a correlation, once established, will be useful only if it is possible to predict the direction of chip flow for a given tool used with any combination of cutting conditions. This paper presents a method for predicting the direction of chip flow over a range of tool shape and cutting conditions, thus establishing a necessary basis for the successful completion of the second phase of the over-all objective.