bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Formation Overpressure Caused by Tectonic Compression in Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: Li Shaoxuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pore overpressure is widely developed in Paleogene strata of Bohai Bay. It is traditionally believed that overpressure in this area is caused by unbalanced compaction of thick mudstone and hydrocarbon generation of organic matter. By using Eaton formula to calculate an exploration well that encountered overpressure in the strike-slip fault zone in the northern Bohai Bay, it is found that the formation overpressure at the location of the well is contributed by other overpressure factors. The possibility of overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation is excluded from geochemical analysis. Based on the structural style and plane fracture system morphology in the seismic data volume, it is inferred from the perspective of structural kinematics that the formation at the location of the well is subjected to compression stress, and it is considered that the formation overpressure in this area is the result of unbalanced compaction of mudstone and tectonic compression.
In this study, formation overpressure based on tectonic compression was found in the s-type strike-slip fault zone in the Bohai Bay, and the exact distribution position of the overpressure development zone in the s-type fault zone was pointed out. This discovery will attract attention to the study of formation pressure in the s-type fracture area, thus ensuring drilling safety.
Laboratory Study and Field Trail of Micro-Nano Oil-Displacement System Conformance Control Technology
Authors: Sun Zhe , Wang Xiujun , Zhang Jian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Traditional polymer flooding technology has been widely used and obtained remarkable effect of increasing oil. However, in its later stage, the "entry profile inversion" phenomenon occurs inevitably, which seriously affects the development effect. To solve this problem, the micro-nano oil-displacement system has been developed in recentlt years. Due to its excellent performance and advanced mechanism, it can slow down the process of profile inversion, and achieve the goal of expanding swept volume and enhancing oil recovery substantially.
This novel system consists of micro-nano particles and carrier fluid. When migrating in porous media, it shows the unique motion feature of "trapping, deformation, migration", which froms Effective plugging and increases injection pressure. Meanwhile, carrier fluid is forced to enter the small pore with remaining oil, which increases oil production. Therefore, in this paper, reservoir adaptability evaluation, migration characteristics of micro-nano oil-displacement system (MNS) is tested by using the microfluidic technology and 3D Printing technology. On this basis, by adopting CT tomography technology, its oil displacement mechanism is further explored. Furthermore, the typical field application case is analyzed.
Results show that, the appearance of MNS is spherical particles, and it has good expansibility. Based on the reservoir adaptability test results, the matching relationship chart between MNS particle size and reservoir rock pore throat size can be obtained, which laid a good foundation for field trail scheme design. From micro experiments, MNS particles are prone to come into the larger pore with low flow resistance, which forms bridge blockage. Working together with carrier fluid, they can significantly enhance crude oil recovery. Furthermore, by adopting CT scanning devices, the percolation law of MNS in porous media and micro oil displacement mechanism is analyzed. During the experiment process, MNS particles presents the motion feature of "migration, trapping, and deformation", to realize deep fluid diversion and expand swept volume. From 3D macro experiment, MNS has strong transport ability in the core pore and good shear resistance. Lastly, two typical application cases are introduced and analyzed, which all obtained great success.
Through interdisciplinary innovative research methods, the performance evaluation, oil displacement mechanism and field trail of MNS is explored, which proves its progressiveness and superiority. The research results provide theoretical basis and technical support for this technology to enhance oil recovery significantly.
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Oil and Water Emulsion at Static Conditions
Authors: Zhou Denghong , Karatayev Kanat , Fan Yilin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Understanding emulsion evolution at static conditions is crucial for pipeline operations during shut-in and startup and separator optimal design. This study experimentally investigated the temporal and spatial evolution of oil-water emulsion characteristics at static conditions, which include rheological behaviors, droplet size and distribution, water-cut/density, and stability. Emulsion samples were created in a mixer at ambient conditions, which were transferred into graduated glass cylinders where the volumes of separated phases were measured at different times. Phase density, rheological behavior, and droplet sizes were also measured at different times and positions in the cylinders. Isopar V and tap water were used as the testing fluids and Span80 as the surfactant. Four water cuts, two mixing speeds, and two surfactant concentrations were investigated.
Experimental results showed that the apparent viscosity of the emulsion layer increased significantly with time and the shear-thinning behavior became more obvious over time. The emulsion apparent viscosity also variated vertically along with the glass cylinder. These phenomena were believed to be related to water volumetric fraction which was estimated from density measurements. The results showed that the water cut (or density) in the emulsion layer increased with time and eventually plateaued out near the inversion point, consistent with the rheological behaviors. Besides, it was observed that the droplet sizes increased with the depth, which could contribute to the gradually stronger shear-thinning behaviors. The water-in-oil emulsion became less stable at lower water cuts, lower surfactant concentrations below CMC, and slower mixing speeds. It was observed that lower surfactant concentration or slower mixing speed resulted in faster separation, leading to a faster increase of the apparent viscosity and density of the emulsion layer.
Use of Computer Vision for Monitoring of Slow Varying Displacements on Subsea Structures
Authors: Holden Harald , Bjørset Arve , Holm Heidi Gryteland , Torbjørn Amundsen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Structural monitoring of subsea structures is very common in the oil and gas industry. Monitoring may be performed to keep track of e.g. position, movements, loads and fatigue accumulation. Well growth of subsea wells is a slow process, and traditional accelerometer-based monitoring is not feasible. The objective of this paper is to present the camera-based monitoring campaign of the subsea wellheads on the Norwegian continental shelf.
The paper gives a brief introduction to the issue around well growth and how that potentially can lead to fatigue issues. Further we give an overview of the theory behind marker-based monitoring and explain how this is used in practice by presenting experience from a measurement campaign where 2 different battery powered camera kits operated subsea for 5 months. This to enable establishment of the fatigue integrity of the subsea wellheads. The paper will show how the experience from this campaign has been used to create a new and improved camera kit for more efficient monitoring of similar issues in the future. The technology can be used in a wide range of subsea applications for monitoring slowly variating relative displacements.
All Electrical Subsea System -Flexibility is Key to Enable Low Emission and Cost Efficient Field Developments
Authors: Lendenmann Heinz , Ingebrigtsen Stian , Vatland Svein 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Subsea Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD) have in recent years been qualified to TRL4. String testing with a subsea multiphase compressor brought the technology to TRL5. In subsea fields (e.g. new developments, upgrades to increase recovery, or brown field refurbishments), the electrical systems often have several main electrical consumers driving both fixed frequency and variable frequency motor loads. This paper summarizes a number of studies showing how the qualified electrical subsea power technology can be utilized – generally with simple engineering adjustments – to handle a wide variety of demands and field conditions. The electrical system is thereby greatly simplified, especially compared to classical long step out solutions. A first project evaluation presentedin this work, centers on the topic of combining a larger adjustable speed injection pump with a smaller fixed speed pump without the need for a subsea switchgear, or even worse two step-out cables. Another project case, examined to use a step-out cable to feed the adjustable speed pump, and use the same cable to power the pipeline heating system, during the phases the pump is turned-off. One of the projects later explored cost effective solutions to drive two smaller pumps instead, where the cost of two full size drive units would not be attractive. Finally, a project study examined how the qualified subsea switchgear and adjustable speed drive could be used where all or some of the power for the compression function would come from local floating wind turbines. In all these described cases engineering solutions are proposed that avoid the development of new technology. The flexible subsea power technology can be supplied from CO2 neutral power sources either locally generated or transmitted from shore. The use of subsea electrical power technology located on the seafloor enables a superior energy efficient production. Combined with flexibility to support a number of use cases it becomes a very powerful sustainable alternative.
Multiscale Computational Chemistry: How Molecular Modelling Accelerates Innovation in the Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Deguillard Estelle , Vai Yee Hon , Mohd Saaid Ismail , Chin Hsia Ivy , Mohd Fauzi Noor Amira , van Male Jan , Handgraaf Jan-Willem 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) is a method developed to recover the remaining oil from the fields by injecting a mixture of chemicals into the well to create type III microemulsion. Formulation design of such mixture to a specific crude is challenging and time-consuming. Recent developments in computational chemistry methodologies applied to the Oil and Gas industry showed great potential in being used to develop such mixtures. Work from the 1990s and recent advancements in coarse-grained computational chemistry has shown that a stable type III microemulsion presents 3 main properties: an ultra-low interfacial tension (∼10−3 mN/m), a torque value close to 0, and a high bending rigidity (∼ kBT). We developed a methodology combining the automatic generation of molecules from patent literature, their coarse-graining and parameterization, and the simulation of a synthetic crude/surfactant/brine system where the interfacial properties are measured. We investigate the potentiality of exclusively using simulation to understand the influence of molecule composition and how modifying their structure can lead to a potential candidate for synthesis. We selected 3 main surfactant structures from 3 different patents: a linear multicarboxylate, a linear sulfonate, and a Gemini-type surfactant. We automatically generated 24 structures consisting exclusively of a combination of polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or carbon groups. Results from the numerical simulation showed that linear surfactants may not be optimum to form type III microemulsion without the addition of a co-surfactant due to poor stability at the interface or the tendency to form type II microemulsion. Modification of their structure by elongating their tails or changing their composition by adding or substituting chemical groups did not improve their performance. The Gemini-type surfactant showed promising results. We saw that a tail exclusively composed of carbon atoms could form an oil in water emulsion while a tail composed of polyethylene oxide favored oil in water emulsion. Following the simulation results, we modified the design by creating a molecule containing a combination of both carbon and polyethylene oxide groups. These modifications resulted in a molecule that showed optimum properties for a type III microemulsion making it a candidate for synthesis and further testing. This investigation shows that it is now possible to exclusively use computational chemistry simulation to create and screen for surfactant structures that will show optimum properties for cEOR without the need for extensive experimental testing. This protocol effectively reduces the time needed to design and test novel chemicals ten-fold, opening the door to faster chemical development in the Oil and Gas industry for applications ranging from oil production to transport and demulsification.
Culturally appropriate care to support maternal positions during the second stage of labour: Midwives’ perspectives in South Africa
Authors: Musie Maurine R. , Peu Mmapheko D. , Bhana-Pema Varshika 
Published: April 2022

Background: ‘Doing what the Romans do in Rome’ was an expression raised by one of the midwives following workplace culture and disregarding women’s birth choices. Midwifery practice in South Africa caters for a culturally diverse ethnic groups of childbearing women. Culturally appropriate care highlights the importance of including women in decision-making concerning their birth preferences including maternal positions during labour. Women’s right to choose their maternal position and cultural preferences during labour has been overlooked, leading to poor maternal healthcare provision and negative birth experiences.Aim: In this article, the researchers aimed to describe and explore midwives’ perspectives on culturally appropriate care to support maternal positions during the second stage of labour.Setting: Midwives working in the maternity ward in a public hospital in South Africa.Methods: A qualitative descriptive design using individual interviews was used to collect data. The participants were selected using the purposive sampling method. The study population comprised 20 midwives who volunteered to participate in the study. Data were transcribed manually and analysed using thematic analysis.Results: The four main themes are as follows: (1) Caring for women from various ethnic groups, (2) midwives disregard women’s beliefs and culture, (3) midwife personal cultural attributes and (4) midwifery unit workplace culture.Conclusion: The authors concluded that culturally appropriate care towards the women’s choices of birth position during the second stage of labour should form an integral part of the midwifery care rendered.
Return to play in elite rugby players after severe knee injuries
Authors: Robyn Aneurin D. , Louw Quinette A. , Baumeister Jochen 
Published: April 2022

Background: Medical professionals working in an elite sport environment have the challenging task to balance the athlete’s readiness to return to the playing field after severe injury with other stakeholders’ (coaches, sponsors, teammates) opinions and objectives.Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate differences in the physical profiles of elite rugby players at return to play (RTP) after a severe knee injury, compared with their pre-injury profiles and matched controls.Method: Before the injury, participants performed four performance tests during their preseason screening. These tests were repeated and compared to baseline once a player was declared fit to play.Results: Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in the injured players’ group who were slower over 10 m speed, in their decision-making time and the total time of the reactive agility tests at RTP, whilst controls were significantly faster over 10 m and 30 m speed tests. The countermovement jump outcomes showed significant improvement in the uninjured participants (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion: Our study highlights that injured players’ running speeds and decision-making times are slower after injury. The uninjured players have a positive outcome to training and match stimulus by improving their running speed and lower body explosive power during the season.Clinical implications: Our study provides insight into the RTP profile of elite rugby players, and a novel finding was the decision-making time deficit. This highlights the importance of cognitive training during injury rehabilitation as athletes make numerous decisions in a pressured and uncontrolled environment during a match. Speed training development is recommended as the athletes were slower after severe knee injury.
Global profile of individuals undergoing total knee replacement through the PROGRESS-PLUS equity lens: Protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Coetzee Marisa , Clifford Amanda M. , Jordaan Jacobus D. , Louw Quinette A. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogenous degenerative disorder often causing destructive joint changes with severe pain and functional disability. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, social context and psychological factors influence the development and progression of the disease. Total knee replacement (TKR) aims at reducing pain and improving function and is more successful with pre-operative and post-operative rehabilitation. However, most international research on rehabilitation interventions is conducted in high income contexts.Objective: The aim of our systematic review is to gain an overview of the demographic and social profiles of adults undergoing TKR for primary knee OA in lower, middle- and high-income countries through a health equity lens to inform the translation of intervention research in local contexts.Methods: A systematic review will be conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Eligibility criteria include observational studies and grey literature (theses) since the beginning of the databases reporting on demographic data of adults awaiting or undergoing TKR surgery. The PROGRESS-Plus framework will be used to describe equity elements.Results: A narrative summary and description of the global profile of individuals undergoing total knee replacement for osteoarthritis.Conclusion: A snapshot of the global demographic and social profile of individuals receiving TKR for primary knee OA through an equity lens will shed light on the similarities and differences between individuals from different contexts. Global demographic profile information may inform or assist in the development of translational strategies for evidence-based rehabilitation.Clinical implications: Translation of existing rehabilitation interventions to local contexts could improve pre-operative and post-operative outcomes for individuals on our surgical waiting lists.
Paediatric minor head injury applied to Paediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network CT recommendations: An audit
Authors: Du Plessis Jacques , Gounden Sharadini K. , Lewis Carolyn 
Published: April 2022

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality, with higher TBI rates in low- and middle-income countries. Non-contrast brain CT is the gold standard for diagnosing intracranial injuries; however, it exposes patients to ionising radiation. The Paediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) clinical decision rule (CDR) aids clinicians in their decision-making processes whilst deciding whether a patient at very low risk of a clinically important TBI (ciTBI) requires a CT scan.Objectives: To establish whether the introduction of the PECARN CDR would affect CT utilisation rates for paediatric patients presenting with minor blunt head injuries to an academic hospital in Gauteng, South Africa.Method: This was an audit of paediatric patients who presented with minor blunt head injuries and were referred for CT imaging at an academic hospital in Gauteng, compared with PECARN CDR recommendations, over a 1-year period.Results: A total of 100 patients were referred for CT imaging. Twenty patients were classified as very low risk, none of whom had any CT findings of a TBI or ciTBI (p 0.01). A total of 61 patients were classified as intermediate risk and 19 as high risk. In all, 23% of the intermediate and 47% of the high-risk patients had CT features of a TBI, whilst 8% and 37% had a ciTBI, respectively.Conclusion: Computed tomography brain imaging may be omitted in patients classified as very low risk without missing a clinically important TBI. Implementing the PECARN CDR in appropriate patients would reduce CT utilisation rates.
The absence of urinary diversion in radical cystectomy avoids early complications in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Yang Yun-Ta , Liu Jui-Ming , Lin Cheng-Feng , Liu Kuan-Lin , Lin Cheng-Chia , Wu Chun-Te 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Patients with end-stage renal disease who receive dialysis are considered a high-risk group for perioperative complications following anesthesia and surgery. However, for patients with anuria who will undergo radical cystectomy (RC), a urinary diversion is unnecessary. This study aimed to identify a safe surgical strategy by comparing oncologic outcomes and early complication rates in dialysis and nondialysis patients after RC.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 85 patients with primary urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder who underwent RC at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent regular hemodialysis. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were compared to evaluate the oncologic outcomes. Complications at 3 months were graded using the Clavien–Dindo classification.

Results:
The overall survival and recurrence-free survival differences between dialysis and nondialysis patients were not significant (P = 0.686; P = 0.528). The degree of muscle-invasive disease was an independent factor affecting overall survival. The overall complication rates in the dialysis and nondialysis groups were 36% and 84%, respectively (P < 0.001). The major complication (Grades III–V) was 16% in the dialysis group and 28% in the nondialysis group (P = 0.241). The most common early complications were urinary tract infection and bowel kinetics change, and both were significantly lower in the dialysis group. A lower re-admission rate was also observed in the dialysis group.

Conclusion:
Lower rates of early complications and acceptable survival outcomes were observed in dialysis patients. Surgery can be conducted more aggressively, with confidence in suitable cases.