bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of African Oil Palm Provides Insights into Its Divergence and Stress Adaptation
Authors: Wang Le , Lee May , Yi Wan Zi , Bai Bin , Ye Baoqing , Alfiko Yuzer , Rahmadsyah Rahmadsyah , Purwantomo Sigit , Song Zhuojun , Suwanto Antonius , Hua Yue Gen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The palm family (Arecaceae), consisting of ∼ 2600 species, is the third most economically important family of plants. The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the most important palms. However, the genome sequences of palms that are currently available are still limited and fragmented. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of an oil palm, Dura, assembled by integrating long reads with ∼ 150× genome coverage. The assembled genome was 1.7 Gb in size, covering 94.5% of the estimated genome, of which 91.6% was assigned into 16 pseudochromosomes and 73.7% was repetitive sequences. Relying on the conserved synteny with oil palm, the existing draft genome sequences of both date palm and coconut were further assembled into chromosomal level. Transposon burst, particularly long terminal repeat retrotransposons, following the last whole-genome duplication, likely explains the genome size variation across palms. Sequence analysis of the VIRESCENS gene in palms suggests that DNA variations in this gene are related to fruit colors. Recent duplications of highly tandemly repeated pathogenesis-related proteins from the same tandem arrays play an important role in defense responses to Ganoderma. Whole-genome resequencing of both ancestral African and introduced oil palms in Southeast Asia reveals that genes under putative selection are notably associated with stress responses, suggesting adaptation to stresses in the new habitat. The genomic resources and insights gained in this study could be exploited for accelerating genetic improvement and understanding the evolution of palms.
FROBENIUS-AFFINE STRUCTURES AND TANGO CURVES
Authors: HOSHI YUICHIRO 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn a previous paper, we discussed Frobenius-projective structures on projective smooth curves in positive characteristic and established a relationship between pseudo-coordinates and Frobenius-indigenous structures by means of Frobenius-projective structures. In the present paper, we discuss an “affine version” of this study of Frobenius-projective structures. More specifically, we discuss Frobenius-affine structures and establish a similar relationship between Tango functions and Frobenius-affine-indigenous structures by means of Frobenius-affine structures. Moreover, we also consider a relationship between these objects and Tango curves.
Can't coalesce, can't constrain: redefining elite influence in non-democracies
Authors: Kaire José 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhat allows autocratic political elites to coordinate with each other and check dictators? Earlier work assumes that elite coordination becomes easier as dictators share more power. I argue that, even when power-sharing is pervasive, a lack of cohesiveness can rob regime members of their influence over dictators. Conflicting interests can leave seemingly powerful elites unable to agree on when or how to challenge the dictator. I develop a measure of elite collective action based on this framework. It documents not only how much power elites have, but also the obstacles they would need to resolve to work together. In doing so, it better describes the relationship between autocrats and their ruling coalition, and its added nuance allows it to recover findings that current measures miss. By paying closer attention to the cohesion of autocratic elites, this paper explains why some dictators can rule tyrannically without retribution, and why weaker elites can still constrain powerful autocrats.
TWO LETTERS OF THE USURPER MAGNUS MAXIMUS (COLLECTIO AVELLANA39 AND 40)
Authors: Omissi Adrastos 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article presents, for the first time in English, a translation of the two letters of the usurping emperor Magnus Maximus that are to be found within theCollectio Avellana(letters 39 and 40). The letters—from Maximus to the Emperor Valentinian II and from Maximus to Siricius, bishop of Rome—are each introduced with an extensive discussion of their subject matter, the circumstances of their composition, and their probable date. The article then considers possible reasons for these letters’ unusual survival; as letters of a usurping emperor, one would have expected them to be destroyed, and the article explores how we may understand their inclusion in theCollectio Avellana. Finally, the translations are given, with extensive commentary in their notes.
Initial Public Offerings Chinese Style
Authors: Qian Yiming , Ritter Jay R. , Shao Xinjian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article provides a survey of China’s initial public offering (IPO) market, focusing on IPO pricing, bids and allocation, and aftermarket trading. We show that strict regulations result in suppressed IPO offer prices and high initial returns, causing a high cost of going public. Investors treat IPOs as lotteries with extremely high short-term returns, with little attention to the long term. The auction selling method, however, works in the way it is supposed to. Mutual funds bid in a more informative way than other investors, and their advantages are unlikely to be due to underwriters’ preferential treatment. We also discuss the latest registration-system reform.
Ethnic differences in physical and mental multimorbidity in working age adults with a history of depression and/or anxiety
Authors: Ronaldson Amy , de la Torre Jorge Arias , Broadbent Matthew , Ashworth Mark , Armstrong David , Bakolis Ioannis , Hatch Stephani L. , Hotopf Matthew , Dregan Alex 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe current study used data from an ethnically diverse population from South London to examine ethnic differences in physical and mental multimorbidity among working age (18–64 years) adults in the context of depression and anxiety.MethodThe study included 44 506 patients who had previously attended Improving Access to Psychological Therapies services in the London Borough of Lambeth. Multinomial logistic regression examined cross-sectional associations between ethnicity with physical and mental multimorbidity. Patterns of multimorbidity were identified using hierarchical cluster analysis.ResultsWithin 44 056 working age adults with a history of depression or anxiety from South London there were notable ethnic differences in physical multimorbidity. Adults of Black Caribbean ethnicity were more likely to have physical multimorbidity [adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.36] compared to adults of White ethnicity. Relative to adults of White ethnicity, adults of Asian ethnicity were more likely to have physical multimorbidity at higher thresholds only (e.g. 4 + conditions; aRRR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.17–2.00). Three physical (atopic, cardiometabolic, mixed) and three mental (alcohol/substance use, common/severe mental illnesses, personality disorder) multimorbidity clusters emerged. Ethnic minority groups with multimorbidity had a higher probability of belonging to the cardiometabolic cluster.ConclusionIn an ethnically diverse population with a history of common mental health disorders, we found substantial between- and within-ethnicity variation in rates of physical, but not mental, multimorbidity. The findings emphasised the value of more granular definitions of ethnicity when examining the burden of physical and mental multimorbidity.
An Extratropical Contribution to the Signal‐To‐Noise Paradox in Seasonal Climate Prediction
Authors: Knight Jeff R. , Scaife Adam A. , Maidens Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSkillful seasonal prediction of northern hemisphere mid‐latitude winter climate has become a reality in the last decade, but its practical applications are hampered by the “signal‐to‐noise paradox,” in which predicted signal amplitudes are much smaller than expected from the correlation with observations. Various hypotheses for the paradox have been advanced. Here we test whether we can identify a contribution from extratropical processes. To do this, we use ensembles of numerical experiments in which the tropical dynamical state is relaxed toward observationally based reanalysis. This allows us to remove errors in the representation of the tropical sources of teleconnections to mid‐ and high‐latitudes. We find that a signal‐to‐noise paradox remains present in our relaxation experiments, implying that at least part of the origin of the paradox must arise from errors in simulating processes in the extratropics. This finding helps to narrow the search for its ultimate cause.
Successive Westward Traveling Surges Driven by Sequential Plasma‐Sheet Bubble Injections
Authors: Wei Dong , Yang Jian , Liu Chengming , Zhang Fei , Wang Wenrui , Sun Weiqin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe westward traveling surge (WTS) is one of the most notable manifestations of auroral substorms. Using the Rice Convection Model, previous study confirmed that a single plasma‐sheet bubble injection can result in the formation of WTS. In reality, however, earthward‐propagating bubbles are persistently injected from the magnetotail during substorms; hence it is worth further investigating how sequential bubble injections would affect the features of WTS. In this study, we find that the successive WTSs observed by all‐sky imagers correspond well with continual plasma‐sheet bubble injections detected by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms satellite in the magnetosphere. Numerical simulations are carried out to reveal that the multiple plasma‐sheet bubble injections lead to sequential surges in the ionosphere. Interestingly, our results indicate that the propagation speeds of WTSs are well correlated with the magnetic field dipolarization in the magnetosphere.
Mapping Vertical Land Motion in Challenging Terrain: Six‐Year Trends on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, With PS‐InSAR, GPS, Tide Gauge, and Satellite Altimetry Data
Authors: Huang Stacey A. , Sauber Jeanne M. , Ray Richard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSea level rise is a major challenge facing coastlines worldwide and can be strongly exacerbated by land subsidence. However, detailed characterization of vertical land motion (VLM) is limited for many tectonically active islands, as many remote sensing methods are hindered by dense vegetation and thick cloud cover. In American Samoa, strong post‐seismic deformation from the 2009 Samoa‐Tonga earthquake has increased flooding, but large uncertainties remain in hazard forecasting as only point measurements of VLM have been available. Here, we present novel VLM results over Tutuila, the largest and most populated island in American Samoa, using interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, tide gauge, and satellite altimetry data. Measurements cover populated areas, with subsidence rates of 6–9 mm/yr and uncertainties of <1 mm/yr; the highest rates lie along the coastlines. We find differences in rate changes across the island, suggesting that local processes need to be well‐constrained for effective flood forecasting efforts.
Correlation Between Bandwidth and Frequency of Plasmaspheric Hiss Uncovered With Unsupervised Machine Learning
Authors: Vech Daniel , Malaspina David M. , Drozdov Alexander , Saikin Anthony 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrevious statistical studies of plasmaspheric hiss investigated the averaged shape of the magnetic field power spectra at various points in the magnetosphere. However, this approach does not consider the fact that very diverse spectral shapes exist at a given L‐shell and magnetic local time. Averaging the data together means that important features of the spectral shapes are lost. In this paper, we use an unsupervised machine learning technique to categorize plasmaspheric hiss. In contrast to the previous studies, this technique allows us to identify power spectra that have “similar” shapes and study their spatial distribution without averaging together vastly different spectral shapes. We show that strong negative correlations exist between the hiss frequency and bandwidth.
Properties of Turbulent Alfvénic Fluctuations and Wave‐Particle Interaction Associated With Io's Footprint Tail
Authors: Janser S. , Saur J. , Clark G. , Sulaiman A. H. , Szalay J. R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe investigate the small‐scale magnetic field fluctuations and their associated turbulent nature in the Io flux tube (IFT) connected to Io's footprint tail (IFPT). Our study is based on the recent magnetic field measurements by the Juno spacecraft during the PJ12 Juno flyby. Here, we are interested in understanding what type of turbulence is consistent with the fluctuations in the quasi‐dispersionless frequency range of 0.2–800 Hz as observed by Sulaiman et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088432. Knowledge of the turbulent fluctuations is important to constrain the acceleration mechanisms for ions and electrons in the IFT. In this work, we suggest that the observed temporal fluctuations in the spacecraft frame correspond to Doppler‐shifted spatial fluctuation structured perpendicular to the background magnetic field. This would imply an alternative reinterpretation of the spectral index of the observed magnetic power spectral density to be potentially the result of weak‐MHD and sub‐ion scale kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence in the low‐frequency regime. Our theoretical modelings show that turbulence can be driven both in the torus region and at high‐latitudes rendering results in agreement with the Juno measurements. Calculated turbulence heating rates are consistent with observed energy fluxes in the IFT and represent efficient drivers for particle acceleration. Moreover, a widening of the IFPT structure with respect to the IFT extent is consistent with propagating dispersive Alfvén waves modified by kinetic effects on their group velocities.
Modeling Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip (SEAS) in Elasto‐Plastic Fault Zones With a Hybrid Finite Element Spectral Boundary Integral Scheme
Authors: Abdelmeguid Mohamed , Elbanna Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe present a coupled finite element spectral boundary integral framework for modeling sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip on a 2‐D planar rate‐and‐state fault with off‐fault visco‐plastic response in the plane strain approximation. The model resolves both slow aseismic deformation and inertia effects during rapid slip. As an application, we perform two sets of simulations with different choices of cohesion to explore the co‐evolution of fault slip, bulk plasticity and local stress fields. The first set implements a relatively large value of the cohesion parameter, which results in limiting inelastic strain accumulation to dynamic rupture phases. The second set implements a smaller cohesion, allowing for plastic strain to accumulate in both seismic and aseismic phases. For the first model, our results indicate that the extent and distribution of plastic strain depend on the angle of maximum compressive principal stress. At larger angles, inelastic strain accumulates on the extensional side of a dynamically propagating rupture. At smaller angles, the extent of plasticity is limited to the compressional side of the domain. At smaller cohesion values, off‐fault plasticity may occur during aseismic slip, which alters the nucleation characteristics and earthquake sequence pattern. Furthermore, our results at lower cohesion values indicate that plastic strain accumulation may occur in both the extensional and compressional sides of the off‐fault bulk even at higher angles of maximum compression. This produces damage patterns that deviate from the traditional off‐fault fan‐like distribution observed in dynamic rupture simulations and emphasizes the significance of long‐term deformation in interpreting observations.
Using Polarimetric Radar Observations to Characterize First Echoes of Thunderstorms and Nonthunderstorms: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhao Chuanhong , Zhang Yijun , Zheng Dong , Liu Xiantong , Zhang Yang , Fan Xiangpeng , Yao Wen , Zhang Wenjuan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis work compares the characteristics of the first echoes of thunderstorms and nonthunderstorms retrieved from S‐band polarimetric radar observations. Observations of 57 (39) isolated thunderstorm (nonthunderstorm) cells with roughly equivalent aerosol and water vapor conditions but different convective available potential energy were obtained with a S‐band polarimetric radar and three independent lightning location systems during 2016/2017 in southern China. Storms with the first echoes were divided into three types based on echo top heights, namely, type 1 (below 0°C layer), type 2 (0°C to −10°C), and type 3 (above −10°C layer). Our observations show median values of radar reflectivity (ZH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) of type 1 and type 2 in warm phase layer (below 0°C layer) are obviously greater in nonthunderstorms than in thunderstorms, but this feature is not significant in type 3 storms. In the mixed 1 phase layer (0°C to −10°C), median ZH in type 2 is greater in nonthunderstorms while median ZDR in type 3 is slightly smaller. In the mixed 2 phase layer (−10°C to −38°C), median ZH is greater in thunderstorms while median ZDR is smaller, and ZDR values in nonthunderstorms are closer to zero. Although results of ZDR comparisons in the mixed phase are likely affected by random errors and/or residual bias errors, these different signatures suggest different characteristics of liquid or ice particles between thunderstorms and nonthunderstorms. This study is expected to advance our understanding of physical processes responsible for the generation of the first flash.
Topographic Diffusion Revisited: Small Crater Lifetime on the Moon and Implications for Volatile Exploration
Authors: Fassett Caleb I. , Beyer Ross A. , Deutsch Ariel N. , Hirabayashi Masatoshi , Leight CJ , Mahanti Prasun , Nypaver Cole A. , Thomson Bradley J. , Minton David A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCrater degradation and erosion control the lifetime of craters in the meter‐to‐kilometer diameter range on the lunar surface. A consequence of this crater degradation process is that meter‐scale craters survive for a comparatively short time on the lunar surface in geologic terms. Here, we derive crater lifetimes for craters of <∼200 m in diameter by analyzing existing functional expressions for crater population equilibrium and production. These lifetimes allow us to constrain the topographic degradation needed at different scales to explain when craters become undetectable on equilibrium surfaces. We show how topographic degradation can be treated as a process of anomalous (scale‐dependent) topographic diffusion and find large differences in effective diffusivities at different scales, consistent with a wide range of evidence besides equilibrium behavior. Understanding the range of morphology of meter‐scale craters is particularly relevant for future exploration of the lunar surface with rovers. We illustrate expectations for the d/D distribution of small lunar craters on surfaces with negligible regional‐scale slopes. Our results imply that if volatiles are found in preserved <4 m craters and were delivered after crater formation, the volatiles must have been emplaced in the last ∼50 Ma. Given the rates of surface evolution we infer, the most likely emplacement time for any volatiles discovered at or near the surface in the interior of fresh, small craters may be much younger than this upper limit.
Seasonal Variation of Long‐Chain Alkyl Diols Proxies in Suspended Particulate Matter of the Changjiang River Estuary
Authors: Wang Zimin , Zhou Yang , Xing Lei , Bao Rui , Zhang Junjie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLong‐chain alkyl diols (LCDs) were applied as indicators of salinity, sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling, and nutrient conditions in marine settings. While increasing the body of most applications of LCDs proxies reconstructed paleo‐environment information, few studies reported seasonal variation in LCDs and evaluated their applicability as environmental indicators in modern marine environments. Here, the composition and distribution of LCDs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) in three seasons in the Changjiang River Estuary (CRE) were analyzed to evaluate seasonal influence on the application of LCDs as environmental indicators. We found that the reconstructed temperature based on the long‐chain diol index (LDI; LDI = C30 1,15‐diol/(C28 1,13‐diol + C30 1,13‐diol + C30 1,15‐diol)) was not consistent with satellite‐measured SST, likely due to vertical mixing of LCDs in this region. The 1,14‐diols previously used to indicate upwelling conditions, did not reflect the nutrient distribution of this region due to the Changjiang River (CR) nutrients discharge. Our results showed that the mean relative proportions of FC32 1,15‐diol (FC32 1,15‐diol = C32 1,15‐diol × 100%/(C28 1,13‐diol + C30 1,13‐diol + C30 1,15‐diol + C32 1,15‐diol)) gradually decreased from nearshore to offshore (71.1%, 37.4%, and 16.5%, respectively), suggesting that FC32 1,15‐diol was a reliable proxy for riverine input to the CRE. We found that the diol index (DI; DI = C30 1,15‐diol × 100/(C30 1,15‐diol + C32 1,15‐diol)) values were correlated strongly with salinities in spring (R2 = 0.82) and summer (R2 = 0.94), indicating that DI can be considered as a useful indicator for salinity construction in this estuary.
Hybrid magnetic resonance and optoacoustic tomography (MROT) for preclinical neuroimaging
Authors: Chen Zhenyue , Gezginer Irmak , Augath Mark-Aurel , Ren Wuwei , Liu Yu-Hang , Ni Ruiqing , Deán-Ben Xosé Luís , Razansky Daniel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMulti-modal imaging is essential for advancing our understanding of brain function and unraveling pathophysiological processes underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders. Magnetic resonance (MR) and optoacoustic (OA) imaging have been shown to provide highly complementary contrasts and capabilities for preclinical neuroimaging. True integration between these modalities can thus offer unprecedented capabilities for studying the rodent brain in action. We report on a hybrid magnetic resonance and optoacoustic tomography (MROT) system for concurrent noninvasive structural and functional imaging of the mouse brain. Volumetric OA tomography was designed as an insert into a high-field MR scanner by integrating a customized MR-compatible spherical transducer array, an illumination module, and a dedicated radiofrequency coil. A tailored data processing pipeline has been developed to mitigate signal crosstalk and accurately register image volumes acquired with T1-weighted, angiography, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) sequences onto the corresponding vascular and oxygenation data recorded with the OA modality. We demonstrate the concurrent acquisition of dual-mode anatomical and angiographic brain images with the scanner, as well as real-time functional readings of multiple hemodynamic parameters from animals subjected to oxygenation stress. Our approach combines the functional and molecular imaging advantages of OA with the superb soft-tissue contrast of MR, further providing an excellent platform for cross-validation of functional readings by the two modalities.