bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Mavrik® Formulations on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Worms, 1983
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18-24 inch interplant spacing on 27 Apr. The Ritzville silt loam soil (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Mavrik® 2F and 2E were applied at 0.05 and 0.10 lb ai/acre on 22 and 29 Jun and 6, 13, and 20 Jul using a drop nozzle boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The formulations were applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET® hollow cone nozzles with one nozzle above and one on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were irrigated with sprinklers at 1.0 acre-inch/week. Overall efficacy was determined by the percent of undamaged-insect free heads in 20 examined. The number of insects present was determined 27 Jul, 7 days after the final applications. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.
Effect of Dimilin on Cabbage for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Lasota Joan A , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There were 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design per treatment. The cabbage plants were arranged in a plot consisting of 12 blocks (10 plants per block) with 7 ft of row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and 5 ft of alley spacing between replicates. Cabbage seedlings were treated in the greenhouse (2 Jul and 12 Jul) with Dimilin, using a compressed air sprayer, uniformly calibrated to spray 2 application rates (0.5 and 1.0 lb (Ai)/100 gal H2O). Seedlings were transplanted into the field (VPI & SU Hortic. Res. Farm) after incorporation of 200 lb/acre nitrogen, 100 lb/acre phosphate, 100 lb/acre potash fertilizer, and 1.75 tons/acre lime. Metolachlor was also incorporated for nutsedge and broadleaf weed control. Post-seedling applications of Dimilin at similar rates were made in the field on 8, 19, and 26 Aug, using a compressed air sprayer equipped with 2 Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzles which delivered a foliar braodcast spray at 20 gal/A. Dimilin was applied to mature plants in a similar fashion on 3, 9, and 17 Sep. Maintenance applications of fungicide (chlorothalonil) at each insecticide application date were made on treated and control plants. The cabbage plants were harvested on 25 Oct, and insect feeding damage was evaluated on 5 randomly selected cabbage plants per replicate. The following damage rating index was used: 1 = 0-5% defoliation; 2 = 6-25% defoliation; 3 = 26-50% defoliation; 4 = 51-75% defoliation; 5 = 76-100% defoliation. Also at harvest, imported cabbageworm larvae (small = instars 1-3; large = instars 4 & 5) were counted on the cabbage leaves and heads. Five randomly selected plants per replicate were used to determine the cabbageworm population.
Beet Armyworm Control on Celery Using Thuricide SAN 415, 1984
Authors: Gjerde Andrea , Trumble John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new strain of Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated in the greenhouse using celery growing in 3-liter pots. The pesticide was applied 12 Nov at 1.1 kg/ha using a 2-nozzle backpack sprayer equipped with D3 orifice disks and #25 cores. Pressure was maintained at 2.11 kg/cm2 using CO2. Treated plants were allowed to dry, then infested with 10 second instars, 10 third instars or 4 fifth instars of the BAW from a laboratory colony initiated from larvae collected from celery during the summer of 1984. All larvae included in these tests were newly molted. Treatments were replicated 4 times with the second and third instars (n = 40 second + 40 third instars), and 10 times with the fifth instars (n = 50). Plastic and cheesecloth cages were placed over each plant to prevent the BAW from escaping. Evaluations were made at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment by counting numbers of dead/live larvae in and under plant canopies.
Carrot Weevil Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Wells Art , Olsen Larry , Comegys George 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Celery was planted in a muck soil in Cass County, Michigan on 17 Jun. The field had a history of severe carrot weevil. Three plots of single rows, 30 ft long, arranged in a complete randomized design were sprayed with foliar insecticides. Directed applications were with a CO2 hand boom sprayer with 1 nozzle over the row and a nozzle on either side of the row. Materials were applied in 50 gpa using 70 psi and TJ-6502 nozzles. The experimental pyrethroids Baythroid 2EC and Pydrin 2.4EC were applied on 3, 12, 20, 30 Aug and 6 Sep. Spray dates for the standard Vydate 2L were 3, 12, and 20 Aug only, due to label restrictions. The entire plot area was oversprayed with Bravo on 30 Aug for disease control. On 13 Sep, a rating of 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe chewing) was made on CW feeding damage to the crown on 10 plants per replicate.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Flood Brian R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 11 Jun ’85 so that ear formation coincided with expected peak European corn borer (ECB) activity. Nineteen chemical treatments and 4 stratified untreated checks were replicated in 4 randomized complete blocks 75 ft × 134 rows. Each treatment consisted of 4 rows. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All treatments were applied with a Hagie Hiboy (20 gpa, 3 mph, 25 psi, boom with D3/45 tips on 19 inch centers). The design was to compare rate and interval effects of potential commercial insecticides. Treatments were applied from 25% silk to 15 days before harvest during the second most severe ECB infestation in 30 years, based on light trap records. At harvest, 25 ears from each replicate were evaluated for damage: “clean” (no yellow kernels eaten), “tip”, “side” and “tip & side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of ECB in the small (S), mid (M), or late (L) instar stage.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Corn, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted 11 Jul into a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. All treatments were applied on 6, 13, and 20 Aug. Plant whorls were rated for FAW damage on 27 Aug as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, up to 10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% feeding damage; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and (5) whorl destroyed. Ten plant whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live larvae were counted.
European Corn Borer Control, Spray Frequency Trials, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 25 May. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 9 inch. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were mixed in 5 gal of water and applied with a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a spray boom delivering 30 gal per acre. ECB stalk damage was assessed by selecting 5-10 plants per plot and counting the number of ECB entrance holes. At harvest (14 Sep) a sample of 100 ears from each treatment replicate was selected for grading. A 1 to 3 scale was used: 1―no apparent insect feeding (marketable); 2―slight feeding damage to tip and leaves; 3―severe damage, evidence of boring.
Sweet Corn Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted 30 May to a Hagerstown silt loam field. Plots were 4 rows × 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied 9, 23, 29 Aug using a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a spray boom set to deliver 30 gal per acre. At harvest, 100 ears were selected from each treatment and evaluated for signs of insect feeding externally (silks and sides) and internally (kernels and ear tips). Numbers of FAW, CEW and ECB were counted. Stalk damage caused by ECB was assessed by cutting 10 plants per plot splitting the stalks and counting the number of cavities. Data were analyzed using a square root transformation where appropriate. Rainfall totalled 2.33 inch for Jun, 4.40 inch for Jul and 2.76 inch for Aug. Average maximum and minimum daily temperature (°F) were 80.8 and 45.6 for Jun, 85 and 51.8 for Jul, and 86.8 and 51 for Aug.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn in Alabama, 1985
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Herbert D. A. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Plots were 8 rows (44-inch centers) by 100 ft of sweet corn. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment was used. The test was designed to evaluate protection from damage provided by different schedules of insecticide applications. All treatments were Lannate sprays at 0.45 lb (AI)/acre but differed from each other in the frequency of application as follows: Tr. 1, daily sprays for 5 days followed by 3 sprays on alternate days, followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 2, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays on alternate days; Tr. 3, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 4, sprays on alternate days throughout the test period; Tr. 5, untreated. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 45 gal/acre. Applications were initiated on 8 Jul at 10% silking and were continued until 23 Jul. On 24 Jul 50 ears were randomly selected from the 2 middle rows of each plot. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage, and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1) clean; 2) slight silk or tip damage; 3) tip damage of &lt;1.5 inch; 4) tip damage of &gt;1.5 inch; 5) side damage; and 6) tip and side damage. Ears rated as 4 or higher were considered unmarketable.
Control of the European Corn Borer by a Single Aerial Application of Ambush, Pounce, or EPN, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One commercial field, located near Lima, NY, was divided into 4 sections. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply a single application (5 Aug) of each treatment to the corn when it was in the early green tassel stage. Control of the ECB was assessed by removing a whole leaf from the middle height of 10 plants/plot, excising a 4-inch square from the middle of the leaf, and allowing 5 neonatal larvae to feed on the section for 72 h at 70°F. Samples were taken from the field at 3 and 7 days posttreatment.
Control of Thrips on Eggplant, 1985
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 19 Feb ’85, 0.75 m apart on 6.09-m long by 4.57-m wide plots, at the Waimanalo Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Each treatment plot consisted of 3 rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 25 Apr; 9, 21 May; 4 and 18 Jun by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Thrips counts were made on leaves and fruits on 18 Apr, 1 May and 13 Jun. On 16, 28 May and 24 Jun thrips counts were conducted only on leaves, due to the absence of fruits in most plots. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 6 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot together with 6 young fruits (ca. 5 cm long). Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves and all over the sampled fruits. Thrips pressure was high from the second month after transplanting (Apr). Untreated control plots were very badly infested, resulting in the arresting of terminal plant growth, very few flowers and fruits. Plants in these check plots had smaller, deformed and thickened leaves and highly deformed fruits when they were present. Although the melon thrips counts were low on these malformed leaves and fruits, they do not represent the true severity of the infestation. The deformation caused by heavy thrips infestations resulted in these leaves and fruits becoming unsuitable for subsequent thrips feeding.
Early Season Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Black Magic’ and ‘Black Beauty’ eggplant were transplanted on 21 May near Benson, NC ‘Black Magic’ was transplanted in Furadan 15G plots (2 rates), untreated check and Pydrin plots. ‘Black Beauty’ was transplanted in the Furadar. 4F and Vydate 2L plots. Treatments consisted of single rows on 84-inch centers replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Kelthane 4F was applied 12 Jun and 19 Jul to control spider mites. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operating at 60 psi and 80 gal water per acre. Granular materials were applied with shaker jars in 12-15 inch bands and incorporated 3 inches deep before black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation tubes were laid. Furadan 4F and Vydate 2L were applied in 4 oz transplant water. Treatments were made 15 May (PPI), 21 May (TPW) and 29 Jun and 8 Aug (foliar). Plots were artificially infested with CPB (4-5 adults per plot) on 18 Jun. Insect damage ratings and CPB counts were made 19, 27 Jun, 3, 10, 23, 30 Jul.
Control of the Onion Maggot with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Bishop Guy W. , Johnston Richard L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘CIMA’ onions were planted at the University of Idaho SW Idaho Research and Extension Center, Parma, ID, in Vickery-Marsing silt loam soil on 5 Apr. Thirteen-ft plots were planted using a ‘Planet Jr.’ push-type planter in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting. A stand count was taken on 25 May to determine percent germination. Bulbs were lifted and topped on 30 Sep, and placed in storage 4 Oct.
Onion Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 24 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, NY on the Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gpa through a gravity-fed system. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb Al/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each iieatment except for those already having a fungicide. Stand counts were taken 20 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca. twice/week from the time of stand counts until 19 Jul.
Control of Pepper Weevil on Pepper, 1985
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 12 Mar, 12 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inches high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 22, 29 Apr, 6, 13, 21 and 28 May with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 40-80 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). Plots were harvested on 20 May and 4 Jun. In addition to fruit of marketable size on the plants, all fruit that had abscised from the plants and trapped in 1-inch high barriers surrounding each plot were collected. Each abscised fruit from the first harvest date and all harvested fruit were examined for pepper weevil feeding/oviposition scars on the outer surface, pepper weevil internal feeding damage and pepper weevil larvae, pupae and adults. Harvested fruit were also examined for stink bug and armyworm damage. The percentages of damaged and undamaged fruit were calculated and transformed arcsine (%) (.01) prior to analysis. Data are presented in the original scale.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes with Foliar Sprays, 1985
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study site was located on the Rodonis Farm, Litchfield, New Hampshire, where resistance to several registered insecticides has been reported. ‘Katahdin’ Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows spaced 3 ft apart on 13 May. Each plot consisted of two 25-ft rows and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Spray applications were begun on 25 Jun when adult CPB were present and laying eggs. Spray applications were repeated on 3 Jul, 12 Jul, 22 Jul, 1 Aug and 12 Aug with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 32 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5-ft hand-held boom with 4 nozzles which covered 2 rows. Evaluations were made on 7 Jul and 22 Aug by counting the live larvae in each plot (50 ft row) that are visible from above without disturbing the foliage. There was not enough foliage injury at any time to permit a damage rating assessment. Due to the low population of Colorado potato beetles, no attempt was made to determine yields.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Morrow E. A. , Grafius E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 2 May ’85 at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 45 ft, with 5 ft of buffer before the next plot. Two untreated rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a sidedress with fertilizer at hilling (20 May), or as weekly foliar treatments from 20 June to 8 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (12 June-12Aug), were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. On 3 Jul, Cygon was sprayed on all plots to control the potato leafhopper infestation. On 12 Aug, the plots were rated for Colorado potato beetle damage. Yields were taken from the center row of each plot on 11 Sep. Analysis of variances was done on the season total number of adults and large larvae. Analysis was also done on individual dates for large larvae and adults. Multiple comparisons (SNK) were made where significant results were obtained.
Pydrin Ineffective for Control of Green Peach Aphid on Turnip, 1982
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Purple top-white globe’ turnips were seeded into 20-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 8-inch interplant spacing on 29 Apr ’82. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2 Pydrin was applied at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 lb (AI)/acre on 15, 22, 29 Jun, and 6 Jul using a boom sprayer mounted on a tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Pydrin was applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through D2-25 TEEJET nozzles spaced 11 inches apart on the boom. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as necessary with 0.32 acre-inches/irrigation. Efficacy was determined by counting the aphids on 10 leaves taken at random from each plot 3 days after the final application. Phytotoxicity was determined at the same time.
Insect Control in Zucchini, 1985
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedling zucchini, in 2.25-inch peat cups, were transplanted 13 Aug, at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots consisted of a single row of 10 plants set at 2-ft intervals. Rows were separated by 6.5 ft, and 4-ft alleys separated plots. Sprays were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with two TX-6 nozzles operated at 30 psi. Spray volume was 15 gpa. Application dates were 8 and 16 Sep. Prior to application an 8-inch × 18-inch × 0.75-inch styrofoam tray was placed under each plant. Insecticide effectiveness was evaluated by counting the dead insects in each tray 24 h after each spray.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Alfalfa Weevil Larvae and Adults, 1985
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. L. , Gibb T. J. , Neumann-Dye P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested pre-bud stage alfalfa (12 inches tall) was treated on Apr 20 ’85. Thirteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots measured 6 by 9 m. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa) with a carbon dioxide-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 80 degree hollow cone nozzles.
Second Brood European Corn Borer Chemical Efficacy Trials, Landisville, Pennsylvania, 1985
Authors: Calvin Dennis D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn plots (4 rows (30-inch spacing) × (50 ft) were established using a randomized complete block design to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides used for European corn borer control. Twelve chemical treatments and a check were randomly assigned to corn plots within each of 4 blocks. Chemical treatments were timed using an ECB phenological growth model and egg mass sampling to determine the period of egg laying. Treatments were applied on 4 Aug approximately 4 days after peak egg deposition (majority of eggs in blackhead stage). Liquid formulations were applied using a nitrogen-pressurized system mounted on a Hiboy with the boom pressure adjusted to 30 psi (liquid output = 26 gal/acre). Three hollow cone nozzles/row were used, with the side 2 nozzles mounted at a 45° angle on 15-inch drop-extensions and the remaining nozzle directed down over the row. Granular formations were applied using Gandy granular applicators mounted on the Hiboy. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band over the row. Plots were evaluated on 11 Sep for surviving ECB larvae. Twenty consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) were dissected and examined. Plots were harvested on 16 Oct from 100 row-ft using a 3-row harvester. Yield from each plot was adjusted to pounds of grain/plant and a 15.5% moisture content.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn, 1984
Authors: Chmiel Stephen M. , Wollam John D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Pioneer 3572’ field corn was planted in a sandy loam soil on 27 Aug at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. Plots measured 3 ft (1 row) × 15 ft with 3 replications in a completely randomized block design. Granular treatments were applied to the soil as a 7-inch band at planting using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle applicator and lightly incorporated with a rake. Enclosures measuring 1 ft × 3 ft × 7 inches were randomly placed in each plot and corn populations thinned to 10 plants/enclosure. On 4 Sep, when the corn plants were in the first true leaf stage, enclosures were infested with 11 fourth stage laboratory reared black cutworm (BCW) larvae. Liquid treatments were applied as broadcast rescue sprays using a CO2 pressurized hand boom with 8002E flat fan tips at 20 psi and 18 gpa 4 h after enclosures were infested with BCW. Damaged and cut plants/enclosure were observed daily for 5 days following infestation and the totals for the period were determined on 9 Sep. Plants were considered cut if severed below the first true leaf. Plants were classified as damaged if cut or if other evidence of feeding was apparent. A third parameter (% healthy plants) was evaluated 24 days after infestation on 28 Sep. Plants were considered healthy only if they appeared completely normal and were not stunted or deformed due to early feeding injury.