An Observational Report of Screen Time Use Among Young Adults (Ages 18-28 Years) During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Correlations With Mental Health and Wellness: International, Online, Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wiciak Michelle Teresa , Shazley Omar , Santhosh Daphne 
Published: July 2022

Background
Screen time (ST) drastically increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is little research on the specific type of ST use, degree of change from before COVID-19, and possible associations with other factors. Young adults are a particular interest since previous studies have shown the detriment ST has on a young person’s health. With the combination of a life-changing pandemic, there are unreached depths regarding ST and young adults. This study aims to provide insight into these unknowns.

Objective
This study aims to assess ST in 3 domains (entertainment, social media [SM], and educational/professional) in young adults early in the COVID-19 pandemic; identify trends; and identify any correlations with demographics, mental health, substance abuse, and overall wellness.

Methods
An online, cross-sectional observational study was performed from September 2020 to January 2021 with 183 eligible respondents. Data were collected on ST, trauma from COVID-19, anxiety, depression, substance use, BMI, and sleep.

Results
The average total ST during COVID-19 was 23.26 hours/week, entertainment ST was 7.98 hours/week, SM ST was 6.79 hours/week, and ST for educational or professional purposes was 8.49 hours/week. For all categories, the average ST during COVID-19 was higher than before COVID-19 (P<.001). We found ST differences between genders, student status, and continent of location. Increased well-being scores during COVID-19 were correlated with greater change in total ST (P=.01). Poorer sleep quality (P=.01) and longer sleep duration (P=.03) were associated with a greater change in entertainment ST (P=.01). More severe depression and more severe anxiety was associated with the amount of entertainment ST (P=.047, P=.03, respectively) and greater percent change in SM (P=.007, P=.002, respectively). Greater stress from COVID-19 was associated with the amount of ST for educational/professional purposes (P=.05), change in total ST (P=.006), change in entertainment ST (P=.01), and change in ST for educational/professional purposes (P=.02). Higher Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) tobacco scores were associated with greater change in total ST (P=.004), and higher pack-years were associated with greater change in SM ST (P=.003). Higher alcohol scores (P=.004) and servings of alcohol per week (P=.003) were associated with greater change in entertainment ST. Quarantining did not negatively impact these variables.

Conclusions
There is no doubt ST and worsening mental health increased during COVID-19 in young adults. However, these findings indicate there are many significant associations between ST use and mental health. These associations are more complex than originally thought, especially since we found quarantining is not associated with mental health. Although other factors need to be further investigated, this study emphasizes different types of ST and degree of change in ST affect various groups of people in discrete ways. Acknowledging these findings can help young adults optimize their mental health during pandemics.