bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the Metal Atom in a Carbon‐Based Single‐Atom Electrocatalyst for LiS Redox Reactions
Authors: Xie Shuai , Chen Xingjia , Wang Chao , Lu Yin‐Rui , Chan Ting‐Shan , Chuang Cheng‐Hao , Zhang Jing , Yan Wensheng , Jin Song , Jin Hongchang , Wu Xiaojun , Ji Hengxing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCarbon‐based single metal atom catalysts (SACs) are being extensively investigated to improve the kinetics of the Li–S redox reaction, which is greatly important for batteries with cell‐level energy densities >500 W h kg‐1. However, there are contradictory reports regarding the electrocatalytic activities of the different metal atoms and the role of the metal atom in LiS chemistry still remains unclear. This is due to the complex relationship between the catalytic behavior and the structure of carbon‐based SACs. Here, the catalytic behavior and active‐site geometry, oxidation state, and the electronic structure of different metal centers (Fe/Co/Ni) embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphene, and having similar physicochemical characteristics, are studied. Combining X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and electrochemical analysis, it is revealed that the coordination‐geometry and oxidation state of the metal atoms are modified when interacting with sulfur species. This interaction is strongly dependent on the hybridization of metal 3d and S p‐orbitals. A moderate hybridization with the Fermi level crossing the metal 3d band is more favorable for LiS redox reactions. This study thus provides a fundamental understanding of how metal atoms in SACs impact LiS redox behavior and offers new guidelines to develop highly active catalytic materials for high‐performance LiS batteries.
Loss of corneal nerves and brain volume in mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Ponirakis Georgios , Hamad Hanadi Al , Khan Adnan , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Gad Hoda , Chandran Mani , Elsotouhy Ahmed , Ramadan Marwan , Gawhale Priya V. , Elorrabi Marwa , Gadelseed Masharig , Tosino Rhia , Arasn Anjum , Manikoth Pravija , Abdelrahim Yasmin H.M. , Refaee Mahmoud A , Thodi Noushad , Vattoth Surjith , Almuhannadi Hamad , Mahfoud Ziyad R. , Bhat Harun , Own Ahmed , Shuaib Ashfaq , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis study compared the capability of corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain volumetry for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, participants with no cognitive impairment (NCI), MCI, and dementia underwent assessment of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), MRI brain volumetry, and CCM.ResultsTwo hundred eight participants with NCI (n = 42), MCI (n = 98), and dementia (n = 68) of comparable age and gender were studied. For MCI, the area under the curve (AUC) of CCM (76% to 81%), was higher than brain volumetry (52% to 70%). For dementia, the AUC of CCM (77% to 85%), was comparable to brain volumetry (69% to 93%). Corneal nerve fiber density, length, branch density, whole brain, hippocampus, cortical gray matter, thalamus, amygdala, and ventricle volumes were associated with cognitive impairment after adjustment for confounders (All P’s < .01).DiscussionThe diagnostic capability of CCM compared to brain volumetry is higher for identifying MCI and comparable for dementia, and abnormalities in both modalities are associated with cognitive impairment.
Preclinical evaluation of drug treatment options for sleep‐related epileptiform spiking in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jin Nanxiang , Gureviciene Irina , Atalay Aysu Naz , Häkli Sara , Ziyatdinova Sofya , Tanila Heikki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionThere are no published data on prospective clinical studies on drug treatment options for sleep‐related epileptiform spiking in Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsUsing video‐EEG with hippocampal electrodes in 17 APP/PS1 transgenic male mice we assessed the effects of donepezil and memantine, anti‐seizure drugs levetiracetam and lamotrigine, gamma‐secretase inhibitor semagacestat, anti‐inflammatory minocycline and adenosine receptor antagonist istradephylline on density of cortical and hippocampal spikes during sleep.ResultsLevetiracetam decreased the density of hippocampal giant spikes and cortical spikes. Lamotrigine reduced cortical single spikes and spike‐wave discharges but dramatically increased hippocampal giant spikes. Memantine increased cortical single spikes and spike‐wave discharges dose‐dependently. Memantine and istradephylline decreased total sleep time while levetiracetam increased it. Lamotrigine decreased REM sleep duration. Other drugs had no significant effects.DiscussionLevetiracetam appears promising for treating sleep‐related epileptiform spiking in AD while lamotrigine should be used with caution. Donepezil at low doses appeared neutral but the memantine effects warrant further studies.
Modified retrograde intubation through the cricothyroid membrane in a cat with temporomandibular joint ankylosis
Authors: Kim Dalhae , Lee Inhyung , Son Won‐gyun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA 6‐month‐old, 2.9‐kg, male, Korean short hair cat was referred for inadequate mouth opening (4 mm), and condylectomy was scheduled for ankylosis of the left temporomandibular joint. Retrograde intubation via the cricothyroid membrane was planned since direct visualisation of the larynx was not possible. In dorsal recumbency, the cricothyroid membrane was punctured with an 18‐gauge needle, and a J‐tip guidewire, inserted via the needle, was advanced and identified at the mouth. A 6‐Fr truncated feeding tube was inserted from the mouth to the cricothyroid membrane along the guidewire. The guidewire was removed, and the tip of the feeding tube was advanced as an anterograde guide to the inner trachea. Subsequently, an endotracheal tube was inserted along the feeding tube. Capnography was used to confirm correct intubation. Condylectomy was performed on the left temporomandibular joint, and the patient recovered from anaesthesia uneventfully. Retrograde intubation is less invasive than tracheostomy or cricothyroidotomy, and the cricothyroid membrane has been suggested as a suitable site for guidewire insertion in humans and dogs. However, when resistance is encountered during the advancement of endotracheal tube using the traditional technique without the anterograde guide, it may be difficult to distinguish where the resistance occurred leading to damage or oesophageal displacement in cats with relatively fragile airway. This report suggests that retrograde intubation via the cricothyroid membrane can be performed in cats with limited visualisation of the larynx, and an anterograde guide following the retrograde wire could reduce the potential damage or oesophageal displacement.
Climate and hydrological seasonal effects on household water insecurity: A systematic review
Authors: Broyles Lauren M. T. , Pakhtigian Emily L. , Rosinger Asher Y. , Mejia Alfonso 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHousehold water insecurity (HWI) can have far‐reaching consequences for human health and well‐being, yet little is known about how environmental seasonality contributes to HWI variation. Using a systematic literature review, we examined the following questions: (1) How does environmental seasonality affect HWI? and (2) How do the effects vary over time? We also highlighted strategic areas for future research. We conducted the search using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO Academic Search Complete, with an end search date of February 3, 2021; only English‐language studies were included. Articles were included in the review if analysis studied seasonal temperature, precipitation, or freshwater variation and individual or household experiences with household water adequacy, water reliability, water affordability, or water safety. Bias was evaluated via hand assessment, and articles of poor quality were excluded. Studies that focused on extreme weather events or water insecurity at community or watershed levels were omitted. We identified 67 articles, the majority of which were cross‐sectional (n = 46, 68.7%). Among longitudinal studies (n = 21, 31.3%), only one used a quantitative HWI scale, while the rest relied on proxies (n = 20, 95.2%). Our review also revealed literature gaps related to unequal coverage of freshwater ecosystem habitat types and forms of environmental seasonality. There is a need for more attention to extreme climate events, such as a prolonged multiyear drought. With changing climate expected to exacerbate weather patterns with serious implications, especially for vulnerable populations, understanding seasonality in HWI is important for crafting sustainable engineering and policy responses to water insecurity.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Foundations
Authors: Marcus Pamela M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe ability to understand cancer screening data does not require an extensive background in biostatistics, biology, or oncology. Rather, it requires clear thinking, an open mind, and knowledge of a small set of foundational concepts, which are presented in this chapter. Cancer screening, the routine, periodic testing for signs of cancer among individuals who have no symptoms, is explained and its goals, at both an individual and population level, are discussed. Reasons that have driven the decision to screen for certain cancers in the US are presented, as are reasons that have driven the choice of who to screen. The clinical activities that come before and after application of the screening test, including invitation to be screened, diagnostic evaluation of a positive test, and cancer diagnosis, as well as the need to consider them when evaluating cancer screening, are discussed. Organized screening programs and opportunistic screening are compared and their strengths and weaknesses are noted. The most frequently used metrics of benefit of cancer screening are presented along with arguments for and against their use. The reason why efficacy, the ability of cancer screening to lead to a benefit in an experimental setting, does not guarantee effectiveness, the ability to lead to a benefit in a community setting, is discussed. The chapter closes with discussion of a central issue in cancer screening: the practice turns some healthy individuals into cancer patients, perhaps with no gain.
Datenschutz- und Sicherheitsanalyse von Mobilen Learning Apps
Authors: Dass Sunny , Kreutzer Michael , Schreiber Linda , Simo Fhom Hervais 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten Jahren hat die Popularität von mobilen Learning Apps für Kinder und Jugendliche stark zugenommen – insbesondere im Kontext der aktuell herrschenden Corona-Pandemie, in der der Präsenz-Schulbetrieb mehrfach stark eingeschränkt werden musste. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags untersuchen wir, inwieweit Android Learning Apps vor dem Hintergrund der DSGVO die Privatheit ihrer Nutzenden (i. d. R. Minderjährige) gewährleisten bzw. Anforderungen an Datensicherheit erfüllen. Die Datengrundlage für die Untersuchung besteht aus 199 Learning Apps aus dem Google Play Store. Die Analyse unterteilt sich in zwei Schritte: die grobgranulare und die feingranulare Analyse. Die grobgranulare Analyse befasst sich mit Beobachtungen und statistischen Erkenntnissen, welche direkt aus den bereits gesammelten Metadaten der Apps ersichtlich sind. Weiterhin werden die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich Datenschutz und Datensicherheit kritisch hinterfragt, indem Metadaten bezüglich Datenschutzerklärung und Berechtigungen eingestuft werden. Die feingranulare Analyse baut auf der grobgranularen Analyse auf. Hierbei wird das Android Package (APK) mittels Tools zur statischen und dynamischen Analyse genauer betrachtet. Des Weiteren werden das Vorhandensein und die Qualität von Maßnahmen zur Absicherung des Datenverkehrs der ausgewählten Apps untersucht und bewertet. Wir stellen fest, dass viele Learning Apps Datenschutzrichtlinien oder sichere Datenübertragung bieten, die Apps auf unsichere Weise implementiert sind und oft eine zum Teil niedrige Codequalität vorweisen, was auf zusätzliche Cybersicherheits- und Datenschutzrisiken schließen lässt.
Zum Konflikt zwischen Accessibility und Privacy
Authors: Rogalla Irmhild , Reichert Tilla 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungZunächst wird an konkreten Beispielen gezeigt, dass die digitale Welt für Menschen mit Behinderungen nicht problemlos zugänglich ist (Accessibility) und darüber hinaus unterschiedliche Konflikte zwischen Accessibility und Privacy bestehen. Zu den Konflikten tragen verschiedene Aspekte nicht hinreichender oder nicht vorhandener Accessibility wie Privacy bei. Die Ursachen für diese Situation liegen teilweise sehr früh und sehr tief in den Entwicklungsprozessen moderner Software und IT-Systeme, in mangelndem Bewusstsein wie fehlendem Wissen um entsprechende Anforderungen bei Entwickler:innen und Verantwortlichen. Eine Lösung dafür bietet der Europäische Standard EN 16234-1:2019 „e-Competence Framework (e-CF) – A common European Framework for ICT Professionals in all industry sectors“. In seiner neuesten Fassung werden unter anderem Accessibility und Privacy als „transversal aspects“ besonders hervorgehoben und alle IT-Fach- und Führungskräfte zu ihrer Berücksichtigung verpflichtet.
Warum Wettbewerbspolitik auch die Privatsphäre berücksichtigen muss
Authors: Blankertz Aline 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungEuropäische und deutsche Gesetzgeber:innen und Behörden sind sich einig, dass sie die negativen Folgen von Marktkonzentration begrenzen wollen. Doch inwieweit wirkt sich fehlender Wettbewerb auf den Schutz der Privatsphäre aus? Im Kontext des Facebook-Verfahrens werden v. a. zwei verschiedene Ansätze beleuchtet – einerseits, inwiefern Konzentration den Umfang der gesammelten bzw. genutzten Daten beeinflusst, und andererseits, wie Konzentration sich auf die Verhandlungsposition der Nutzer:innen auswirkt. Dieser Beitrag zeigt auf, dass der erste Ansatz nur spärlich empirisch gestützt ist, während der zweite weiterer konzeptioneller Ausarbeitung bedarf. Im Anschluss wird untersucht, inwieweit nicht nur Marktkonzentration, sondern fehlende Befähigung von Verbraucher:innen dazu führt, dass es keinen wirksamen Wettbewerb um besseren Datenschutz gibt. Beide Teile schließen mit politischen Handlungsempfehlungen ab.
Maschinelles Lernen und das Recht auf Nichtwissen
Authors: Kreutzer Michael , Mittermeier Johanna 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Recht auf Nichtwissen ist ein Teil der informationellen Selbstbestimmung. Als Persönlichkeitsschutz wurde es bislang überwiegend aus medizinischer Sicht betrachtet, dort ist es anerkannt und wird angewendet. Durch den Output Maschineller Lernsysteme, die u. a. mit persönlichen Daten trainiert werden, kann das aufgeklärte Recht auf Nichtwissen ebenfalls bedroht werden. Selbstanalysen, Selbstoptimierungsvorschläge und ggf. Hinweise zur Anpassung, die auf diesem Wege erstellt werden, bergen Gefahren für die freie Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit und sozialisatorischer Beziehungen – die vermittelte Information ist irreversibel. Dieser Beitrag ordnet die technischen Möglichkeiten zu Selbstanalysen, Selbstoptimierungsvorschlägen und Prognosen durch Maschinelles Lernen ein und verknüpft diese mit einer philosophischen Betrachtung entlang folgender Fragestellung: Wie steht es um die Freiheit der Entscheidung, ob das Individuum durch Maschinelles Lernen berechnete, auf sich bezogene Analysen wissen sollen muss oder ob es sich dazu entschließen darf, diese nicht wissen zu wollen.
Deanonymisierung im Tor-Netzwerk – Technische Möglichkeiten und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen
Authors: Wittmer Sandra , Platzer Florian , Steinebach Martin , Yannikos York 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungEine anonyme Nutzung des Internets wird durch die Verwendung sogenannter „Darknet-Technologien“ wie der Tor-Software ermöglicht und ist hierzulande grundrechtlich geschützt. Neben zahlreichen positiven Verwendungszwecken werden solche Technologien allerdings oft auch zur anonymen Begehung von Straftaten eingesetzt. Da ein Verbot von Anonymisierungstechnologien sowohl aus technischer, als auch aus rechtlicher Sicht abzulehnen ist, wendet sich dieser Beitrag den Möglichkeiten der Strafverfolgung im Tor-Netzwerk zu. Es werden Vorgehensweisen zur Identifizierung tatverdächtiger Personen vorgestellt und aus rechtlicher Perspektive bewertet, ob diese von den derzeit existierenden Ermittlungsbefugnissen der Strafverfolgungsbehörden gedeckt wären. Anhand dieser Erkenntnisse soll eine Diskussionsgrundlage für strafrechtliche Ermittlungen im Tor-Netzwerk geschaffen werden, ohne die Legitimität einer anonymen Nutzung des Internets grundsätzlich in Frage zu stellen.
Non-conformal behavior of holographic entanglement measures
Authors: Ali-Akbari M. , Asadi M. , Amrahi B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We evaluate the holographic entanglement entropy, HEE, holographic mutual information, HMI, and holographic entanglement of purification, EoP, in a non-conformal model at zero and finite temperature. In order to find the analytical results we consider some specific regimes of the parameter space. We find that the non-conformal effects decrease the redefined HEE and increase the redefined HMI and EoP in the all studied regimes. On the other side, the temperature effects increase (decrease) the redefined HEE (HMI) in the all studied regimes while it has no definite effect on the redefined EoP. Finally, from the information point of view, we find that in the vicinity of the phase transition the zero temperature state is more favorable than the finite temperature one.
Vagusnervstimulation bei schwer zu behandelnden Depressionen
Authors: Reif-Leonhard C. , Reif A. , Baune B. T. , Kavakbasi E. 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Einführung
Seit 20 Jahren ist die Vagusnervstimulation (VNS) eine europaweit zugelassene invasive Therapieoption für therapieresistente Depressionen (TRD). Im Gegensatz zu geläufigeren Behandlungen wie EKT sind Kenntnisse über VNS sowohl in der Allgemeinbevölkerung als auch in Fachkreisen gering.

Methoden
In diesem narrativen Review geben wir eine klinisch und wissenschaftlich fundierte Übersicht über die VNS. Hypothesen zum Wirkmechanismus sowie die aktuelle Evidenzlage zur Wirksamkeit werden dargestellt. Das perioperative Management, das Nebenwirkungsprofil und die Nachbetreuung einschließlich Dosistitration werden beschrieben. Ein Vergleich über internationale Leitlinienempfehlungen zur VNS findet sich ebenfalls. Ferner formulieren wir Kriterien, die bei der Auswahl geeigneter Patienten hilfreich sind.

Ergebnisse
Die elektrischen Impulse werden über den N. vagus afferent weitergeleitet und stimulieren über verschiedene Wege ein neuromodulatorisches zerebrales Netzwerk. Viele Studien und Fallserien zeigten die Wirksamkeit von VNS als adjuvantes Verfahren bei TRD. Der Effekt tritt mit einer Latenz von 3 bis 12 Monaten ein und steigt möglicherweise mit der Dauer der VNS. Unter der Beachtung der Stimulationsempfehlungen sind die Nebenwirkungen für die meisten Patienten tolerabel.

Fazit
Die VNS ist eine zugelassene, wirksame und gut verträgliche Langzeittherapie für chronische und therapieresistente Depressionen. Weitere Sham-kontrollierte Studien über einen längeren Beobachtungszeitraum sind zur Verbesserung der Evidenz wünschenswert.
Management decisions of an Academic Radiology Department during COVID-19 pandemic: the important support of a business analytics software
Authors: Laghi Andrea , Tamburi Virginia , Polici Michela , Anibaldi Paolo , Marcolongo Adriano , Caruso Damiano 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To analyze the response in the management of both radiological emergencies and continuity of care in oncologic/fragile patients of a radiology department of Sant’Andrea Academic Hospital in Rome supported by a dedicated business analytics software during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Imaging volumes and workflows for 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. Information was collected from the hospital data warehouse and evaluated using a business analytics software, aggregated both per week and per quarter, stratified by patient service location (emergency department, inpatients, outpatients) and imaging modality. For emergency radiology subunit, radiologist workload, machine workload, and turnaround times (TATs) were also analyzed.

Results
Total imaging volume in 2020 decreased by 21.5% compared to that in 2019 (p < .001); CT in outpatients increased by 11.7% (p < .005). Median global TAT and median code-blue global TAT were not statistically significantly different between 2019 and 2020 and between the first and the second pandemic waves in 2020 (all p > .09). Radiologist workload decreased by 24.7% (p < .001) during the first pandemic wave in 2020 compared with the same weeks of 2019 and showed no statistically significant difference during the second pandemic wave, compared with the same weeks of 2019 (p = 0.19).

Conclusions
Despite the reduction of total imaging volume due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared to 2019, management decisions supported by a dedicated business analytics software allowed to increase the number of CT in fragile/oncologic outpatients without significantly affecting emergency radiology TATs, and emergency radiologist workload.

Key Points
• During the COVID-19 pandemic, management decisions supported by business analytics software guaranteed efficiency of emergency and preservation of fragile/oncologic patient continuity of care.
• Real-time data monitoring using business analytics software is essential for appropriate management decisions in a department of radiology.
• Business analytics should be gradually introduced in all healthcare institutions to identify strong and weak points in workflow taking correct decisions.
Microwave ablation versus parathyroidectomy for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: a cohort study
Authors: Wei Ying , Zhao Zhen-long , Cao Xiao-jing , Peng Li-li , Li Yan , Wu Jie , Yu Ming-an 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective
To compare the clinical outcomes between microwave ablation (MWA) and parathyroidectomy (PTX) for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT).

Materials and methods
This retrospective study enrolled 212 patients with pHPT treated by either MWA (MWA group) or PTX (PTX group) from January 2015 to October 2020. The baseline data were balanced through propensity score matching. Clinical cure was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the MWA and PTX groups. The risk factors related to persistent or recurrent pHPT were screening out using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results
After propensity score matching, a total of 174 patients were enrolled in the present study, with 87 patients in each group. During the follow-up period (median, 28.5 months), there were no differences between the two groups regarding the clinical cure (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.81-3.62; p = .155), persistent pHPT rate (13.8% vs. 10.3%, p = .643), recurrent pHPT rate (6.9% vs. 3.4%, p = .496), or major complications (6.9% vs. 3.4%, p = .496). MWA resulted in a shorter procedure time (30 min vs. 60 min), smaller incision length (0.1 cm vs. 7 cm) and slightly higher costs (25745 CNY vs. 24111 CNY) (all p < .001). High levels of preoperative intact parathyroid hormone (p = .01) and multiple pHPT nodules (p < .001) were independent risk factors for recurrent and persistent pHPT in the two groups.

Conclusion
MWA and PTX have comparable clinical outcomes for pHPT. MWA has a shorter procedure time and smaller incision length.

Key Points
• There were no differences in terms of clinical cure, persistent pHPT, recurrent pHPT, or major complications between MWA and PTX in the treatment of pHPT.
• MWA is minimally invasive and results in a shorter procedure time.
• Multiple nodules and high levels of iPTH were the independent risk factors for recurrent and persistent pHPT.