bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African Data Protection Laws: Current Regulatory Approaches, Policy Initiatives, and the Way Forward
Authors: Boshe Patricia , Hennemann Moritz , Meding Ricarda von 
Published: June 2022

Data protection law is experiencing a global rise. Whilst setting the boundaries for public and private data processors, it has become a vital factor for individual protection and innovation alike. The quest for adequate data protection regimes is on-going, not only, but also on the African continent. Since 2001, the majority of African states have drafted and enacted data protection laws. Hard law and soft law instruments have been developed by the African Union and the African Regional Economic Communities. Regularly, EU-style legislation has been used as a source of inspiration – a process actively pushed for by the EU. Against this background, this study evaluates the current state of data protection law and data protection policy in Africa, questions the process of legal transplantation, and favours the consideration of a unique African approach to data protection. Thereby, this study is also a story about alternative routes to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which are – for many reasons – not easy to take.
Africa, African Union, African Regional Economic Communities, Data Protection, Privacy, GDPR
Empirical Research on the Alleged Invalidity of Arbitration Agreements: Success Rates and Applicable Law in Setting Aside and Enforcement Proceedings
Authors: Scherer Maxi , Jensen Ole 
Published: June 2022

This article is based on a data set of over 1,000 judicial decisions in setting aside, recognition and enforcement proceedings. Although sometimes cited as one of the most common grounds for setting aside an award or refusing its recognition and enforcement, the invalidity of the arbitration agreement was raised in less than one-fifth of those decisions. It was confirmed in under one-third of those cases. This article examines which arguments for invalidity were more successful than others and how courts have determined the law applicable to the (in)validity of the arbitration agreement. Notably, less than half of the courts in this data set have engaged in a meaningful conflict of laws analysis. Where they have done so, there does not appear to be a consensus on how the law applicable to the arbitration agreement should be determined and what significance a choice of law clause in the main contract has in this regard.
Arbitration agreement, arbitral awards, setting aside, recognition and enforcement, applicable law, invalidity, New York Convention, UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, empirical research
A Pathology (Yet) to Be Cured?
Authors: Shore Laurence , De Benedetti Vittoria , Nitto Personè Mario de 
Published: June 2022

Fifty years ago, Frédéric Eisemann coined the expression ‘pathological clause’ to refer to arbitration clauses that substantially deviate from the essential requirements of a model clause.
However, arbitration practitioners have not yet learned their lesson; the matter of pathology is far from being outdated.
Arbitration clauses may be pathological if they do not provide for mandatory referrals to arbitration proceedings, or do not meet certain other requirements to provide for a workable arbitration procedure, or contain a reference to non-existing arbitral institutions and/or arbitral rules, or provide for a proceeding administered by an arbitral institution pursuant to different institutional rules.
In most instances, the competent supervisory court (or the arbitral tribunal or institution dealing with a defective clause) seeks to cure these pathologies. Arbitral tribunals and national courts generally try to ascertain whether the parties’ real intention is to arbitrate, and, if that to arbitrate is apparent, to give effect to and enforce an otherwise invalid arbitration clause.
In any case, parties should not blindly rely on tribunals’ and courts’ tendency to uphold such clauses; the only safe approach is to avoid pathology.
pathological/pathology, arbitration clause, hybrid (arbitration clause), asymmetric (arbitration clause) effectiveness principle, validity, enforcement, vacatur contractual autonomy
Conflicts of Interests
Authors: Carrara Cecilia 
Published: June 2022

The Kluwer Research comprises over 1,000 cases in the period 2010-2020. These cases do not include challenges in particular, but include vacatur and enforcement actions. Out of a total of 504 vacatur cases, in approximately eighty cases arguments related to the composition of the arbitral authority have been made. As regards enforcement, out of a total of 589 enforcement actions, in sixty-one cases these arguments have been made.
The effectiveness of arbitrators’ impartiality and independence is ensured by an ex ante positive obligation of transparency, i.e., the duty to disclose any circumstances that may give rise to independence and impartiality, and an ex post sanctioning mechanism, which enables the parties to challenge an arbitrator who doesn’t comply with those requirements. Disclosure allows parties to verify the arbitrators’ compliance with the requirements of independence and impartiality. The challenge, however, remains the necessary procedure to establish the lack of such requirements. In most countries, the test of the arbitrators’ impartiality and independence is based on the criterion of justifiable doubts.
Raising arguments related to conflicts of interest after the award is rendered, either in vacatur or enforcement actions, is only successful in order to block the enforcement/vacating the award in very few instances. Thus, parties should timely raise all of their objections at an early stage, rather than after the award is rendered.
impartiality, independence, arbitrators, challenge, conflict of interests, disclosure, duty to disclose, justifiable doubts, party-appointed arbitrator, standards
An Empirical Study on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan Arbitral Awards in Mainland China
Authors: Dong Arthur , Yuan Alex 
Published: June 2022

In this report we analysed publicly available cases decided by courts of Mainland China (‘PRC courts’) from 2001 to 2021 in which the court refused or rejected party’s application for recognition and enforcement of foreign (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) arbitral awards, totalling thirty-seven cases. Here we provide factual summary for each case and conducted statistics with respect to their arbitration-related characteristics and PRC court’s ground of decision. With this report, one can see that PRC courts are extremely cautious in refusing or rejecting recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Lack of valid arbitration agreement, and violation of arbitration agreement/arbitration rules/law of the seat, are the two major causes that led to the PRC Courts’ refusal of recognition and enforcement. However, one should note that non-compliance of national laws in Mainland China may undermine recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.
PRC, Mainland China, foreign arbitral awards, recognition, enforcement, refusal, rejection, New York Convention, statistics
The Weaponization of Human Rights in US-China Trade Policy: Impacts and Risks
Authors: Slawotsky Joel 
Published: June 2022

The hegemonic rivalry between the United States and China has generated tectonic geoeconomic shifts with massive implications for global trade. Global trade, inextricably linked with national prosperity, international politics and global governance, is increasingly driven less by economic realities and more by great power rivalry. Demonstrating both the dynamic nature of US-China trade tensions and the impact of and international political relations, are allegations of Chinese human rights violations being injected by the US as part of trade policy. Invoking human rights in the trade context has already caused multi-dimensional complexities impacting businesses; supply-chains; coalition building; and spurring counter measures. Linking human rights to trade policies might also lead to increasing economic nationalism, regionalism, protectionism, and further counter-measures. Significantly, given economic and trade realism, whether the current Western concern over human rights is sustainable longer-term is an open question. Accordingly, weaponizing human rights in trade relations constitutes an omnipresent risk not only to China, but also to the US since economic practicalities and trade pragmatism could potentially precipitate a more Chinacentric international trade governance. Regardless of the outcome, connecting trade to human rights will likely lead to a re-shaping of the existing trade architecture.
global trade, hegemonic rivalry, human rights, national security
Digital Platforms and Journalism in Australia: Analysing the Role of Competition Law
Authors: Balasingham Baskaran , Neilson Tai 
Published: June 2022

News media businesses compete with search engines and social media networks for advertising revenue but at the same time depend on the latter to reach and interact with audiences. The Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) completed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that media businesses’ dependency on digital platforms gives companies like Google and Facebook substantial bargaining power over Australian news media businesses. This development over the past decade has caused negative repercussions for the choice and quality of news available to Australians. In response to thegse findings, Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code 2021 extends the application of competition law into digital news and advertising markets. The reform is intended to address the impact of digital platforms on the commercial viability of Australian news companies. In this article, we assess the application of competition law to the relationship between news media and digital platforms, including the strength of the DPI findings and the appropriateness of the resulting reforms. We argue that after decades of deregulation of the media sector in Australia the News Media Bargaining Code is a hybrid legislation, which introduces news media industry regulations under the guise of competition law. While we see a continued role for competition law in digital platform markets, this article indicates the challenges posed by digital platforms on media pluralism and the limitations of a market-driven approach to news media policy.
news media businesses, digital platforms, advertising, regulation, media policy, Australian competition law, market power, media pluralism, Digital Platforms Inquiry, News Media Bargaining Code
De ministeriële beschikking
Authors: Rogier L.J.J. 
Published: June 2022

De ministeriële beschikking
Een ministeriële ‘beschikking’ kan geen algemeen verbindend voorschrift inhouden, noch een beleidsregel, een plan of een concretiserend besluit van algemene strekking. Zij kan naar haar inhoud alleen een schriftelijk besluit zijn van een minister, inhoudende een publiekrechtelijke rechtshandeling die niet van algemene strekking is, zoals een verblijfsvergunning voor een vreemdeling. Alleen een dergelijk soort besluit is als beschikking aan te merken.
Zoomvergaderingen
Authors: Burgers H.Th.M. 
Published: June 2022

Zoomvergaderingen
Gedurende COVID-19 werd er veelvuldig online vergaderd door aandeelhouders en leden van verenigingen van eigenaren. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de vraag in hoeverre rechtsgeldige besluiten tot stand kunnen komen tijdens Zoom resp. online vergaderingen
On the definition and practice of Geoarchaeology
Authors: Cannell Rebecca J. S. 
Published: June 2022

Tanker omkring definisjon og praktisering av geoarkeologi
Utviklingen av geoarkeologi som en arkeologisk disiplin har en lang historie og kan sies å begynne med bruken av geologiske tilnærminger til arkeologiske problemstillinger på 1800-tallet. Selve begrepet geoarkeologi dukket for første gang opp på 1980-tallet, og faget har i dag vokst til en slik grad at det undervises ved mange universiteter som en spesialisert underdisiplin. Til tross for dette er begrepet ofte anvendt uten hensyn til definisjonen, og ofte bare med fokus på metodene. Geoarkeologi omhandler geomorfologiske og pedologiske vurderinger av sammenhenger og landskap ved arkeologiske lokaliteter, fra et mikronivå til et landskapsnivå, for på denne måten å få en økt forståelse for menneskelige og miljømessige aspekter av fortiden. Når en geoarkeologisk tilnærming anvendes fra evalueringsfasen av et arkeologisk prosjekt, kan man oppnå langt mer enn resultatet av en enkelt analyse, ved å gi et landskap kontekst og historie som basis for kulturelle tolkninger.
Societats Secretes a Haití: outopos de la memòria.
Authors: Gimeno Prats Joan 
Published: June 2022

La història d’Haití ha quedat marcada tant per la tracta d’esclaus i les pràctiques escla­vagistes de l’època colonial, com per la resistència front aquestes pràctiques. L’èxit de la revolta d’esclaus (1791-1804) que va portar a la independència del país, constitueix un cas únic en la història. Du­rant l’època d’esclavitud, però també durant les guerres per la independència, les comu­nitats de marrons (esclaus rebels) van jugar un rol essencial. En l’Haití contemporani, trobem altres grups que, com les comunitats de marrons d’antuvi, fan del secret i l’ocul­tació un dels seus principals modus d’existir i d’operar: les societats secretes. Temu­des, denigrades o deformades, però sempre presents en l’imaginari de la societat que podríem anomenar vudú o tradicional, aquestes societats han desenvolupat algunes funcions imprescindibles per l’equilibri de la societat. Són font de justícia en un país on les estructures administratives sempre queden lluny des de tots els punts de vista i, sobretot, esdevenen els llocs de la memò­ria silenciada, una memòria que guarda el record viu de l’horror de l’esclavatge i de la societat colonial, però també l’esperan­ça que al menys una vegada la lluita per la llibertat va triomfar front els mecanismes d’opressió i deshumanització.
PARA ALÉM DO CETICISMO
Authors: Chagas Igor Souza , Solano Edgar 
Published: June 2022

RESUMO: O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre Direito e Moral a partir da Teoria do Direito Natural do filósofo do Direito John Mitchell Finnis, consoante sua obra Natural Law and Natural Rights. Para tal, partindo de bibliografia especializada, far-se-á uma análise das principais críticas ao Direito Natural e suas insuficiências, abrindo caminho, então, para a exposição da teoria Finnisiana que, longe de se postar como uma corrente de pensamento ultrapassada, oferece com afã ricos fundamentos para o desenvolvimento da Teoria do Direito no século XXI, lançando luz sobre as tentativas contemporâneas de realizar uma leitura moral do Direito.
PALAVRAS CHAVE: Jusnaturalismo; Direito Natural; John Finnis; Positivismo; Pós-Positivismo.
Virtual Orthogonal Optimization in Upsetting of Cone End Billet with Large Height-To-Diameter Ratio
Authors: WANG Chengpeng , FAN Junkai , ZHAO Wu , LIU Wei 
Published: June 2022

To restrain bulging in the upsetting of the larger height-diameter ratio (LHDR) billet, a novel upsetting method named cone end billet upsetting (CEBU) is proposed in this article. This method is featured by prefabricating cone shape at billet ends, and aimed to obtain a smaller rigid deformation zone in forming. The forming characters of a cylinder LHDR billet were analyzed by the commercial finite element software DEFORM. Moreover, virtual orthogonal tests were proceeded to uncover several influence factors such as billet end taper, pressing speed and billet height. The results show that bulging can be effectively restrained in CEBU. In the condition of billet end taper α = 15°, pressing speed υ = 0.5 mm/s, and billet height h = 35 mm, a much smaller bulging can be achieved. The simulated results are in good agreement with experiment which was conducted with polycarbonate samples, and indicate CEBU is a promising method to control bulging in the upsetting of LHDR billet.
Mujeres tejiendo una red de encaje, las encajeras como modelo de colaboración y complicidad
Authors: Ribas San Emeterio Neus 
Published: June 2022

Las encajeras representan uno de los colectivos vinculados al textil más activos de Europa. La crisis de los negocios de encaje artesano no ha hecho desaparecer el interés y la resistencia de un arte mayoritariamente femenino que ha buscado nuevas líneas de representación y mantiene unas redes de intercambio de conocimientos, formación y de apoyo emocional muy activas. Este artículo analiza la historia de este colectivo desde sus orígenes, cuando la actividad se centraba en la actividad laboral, hasta la actualidad con la experiencia artística y emocional en el centro de la actividad.
El estudio plantea como la estructura radial es una de las características de este colectivo a lo largo de los siglos y como la comunicación global pueden reforzarla. El artículo se apoya metodológicamente en los trabajos sobre la historia de las mujeres y el asociacionismo femenino, la escasa documentación y estudios sobre las encajeras y mi experiencia como directora de un museo dedicado al encaje.
The Force of Non-Violence an Ethico-Political Bind de Judith Butler
Authors: Carfagnini María Eva 
Published: June 2022

En febrero de 2020, se publicó el más reciente libro de Judith Butler The Force of Non-Violence: an Ethico-Political Bind, en el cual la filósofa norteamericana retoma conceptos de sus anteriores trabajos, como la vulnerabilidad, las vidas dignas de ser lloradas y la interdependencia, y esta vez se propone repensar qué es la violencia, y más específicamente, cuestionar el uso instrumental de la violencia. Ante la justificación de la violencia por parte de movimientos sociales y/o militantes con el fin de conseguir objetivos de lucha, Butler (nos) pregunta si la violencia puede seguir siendo un mero instrumento o medio para derribar la violencia -sus estructuras, su régimen- sin convertirse en un fin en sí mismo.
Este libro da cuenta de la reflexión de Butler ante los actos violentos de la policía contra poblaciones racializadas en Estados Unidos, de las experiencias violentas que sufren los refugiados que llegan a Europa a través del Mediterráneo, de las incontables muertes por feminicidios. Pero también, nace de la fuerza que esta pensadora advierte en las marchas, manifestaciones, formas de organización de los movimientos sociales como Black Lives Matter o Ni Una Menos cuando se oponen, o más bien, imponen sus cuerpos como una fuerza contra fuerza, a esas violencias del aparato estatal o a las violencias contra los cuerpos racializados o feminizados. La filósofa encuentra en esas formas de resistencia, de transformación social, el lugar para proponer un nuevo imaginario político, que no se basa en el individualismo ni en el bienestar o libertad propia, porque precisamente lo que está en juego ahí es: ¿qué es lo propio?, ¿dónde termina mi cuerpo y empieza el otro?, ¿cuál es el self que se defiende cuando se habla de self defense? Así, el The Force of Non-Violence expresa lo que Butler ha podido sentir y pensar gracias a estas formas de lucha que no hacen uso - o al menos, no siempre - de la violencia, y propone entonces, como lo dice el título del epílogo, “Repensar la vulnerabilidad, la violencia, la resistencia” para así afirmar los potenciales de una política igualitaria radical.
Design of Microstrip Tchebyscheff Phased Array Antennas for Inter-Vehicular Communication
Authors: Roy J. S. 
Published: June 2022

To enhance the safety and comfort of a driver, the wireless technology is used for inter-vehicular communication (IVC). During the lane change in highways, the driver of a high speed vehicle can exploit the antenna technology using a microcontroller. Here, a 4-element Tchebyscheff phased array of microstrip antennas for IVC application is designed at millimeter wave frequency band of 60GHz. The details of this array design with feed network, its design layout and fabricated prototype are presented. Another 4-element microstrip Tchebyscheff phased array for 6GHz IVC application is designed and the measured result is compared with the simulated result.
Pattern of Some Sperm Proteins, Anti-oxidants, Testosterone, and Prostate-Specific Antigen of Infertile Males with Sperm Cell Deformities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Authors: Aworu Aminayanate M. , Chioma Adline Ben- , Elekima Ibioku , Brown Holy , Bartimaeus Ebirien-Agana S. 
Published: June 2022

Aim: Infertility is a global problem affecting both males and females. It is a condition with psychological, economic, and medical implications resulting in trauma and stress, particularly in a society where there is a strong emphasis on childbearing. The study therefore aims to investigate the pattern of some sperm proteins, anti-oxidants, and prostate-specific antigen in the seminal plasma of infertile males with sperm cell deformities.
Study Design: The study is a case-control study designed to investigate semen parameters and sperm proteins in infertile males with sperm cell deformities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. However, some of the Laboratory investigations were done in the Chemical Pathology Unit and Medical Microbiology Unit of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt. The Study was between the periods of September 2019 and Feb. 2022.
Methodology: A total of 276 males indicated interest to participate in the study of which 193 male subjects were recruited. These subjects were grouped into normospermic males (100), azoospermic (40) and oligospermic males (53). Based on their sperm cell morphology and active motility, they were further classified into asthenozoospermic (40), oligoasthenozoospermic (48), teratozoospermic (26), asthenoteratozoospermic (32), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (22). HSP70, PKA, MDA, TAC, and GPX (in seminal plasma), PSA, and testosterone (in serum) were analyzed using ELISA while TAC was done using spectrophotometric methods. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS.
Results: Sperm motility, TSC, and normal sperm morphology were poor in oligospermic subjects but were very severe in OAT subjects. Sperm proteins were altered in subjects with abnormal sperm cell morphologies. HSP70 and PKA were significantly increased while OPN, TAC, and GPX were significantly decreased in the seminal plasma of infertile males with abnormal sperm cells. Testosterone and PSA in blood plasma were significantly lower and higher respectively.
Conclusion: Oxidative stress played a significant role in sperm cell deformities and fertility. OAT subjects were the most affected.