bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tunable terahertz absorption modulation in graphene nanoribbon-assisted dielectric metamaterial
Authors: Dhriti K M , Kumar Chowdhary Ashish , Singh Chouhan Bhagwat , Sikdar Debabrata , Kumar Gagan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Designing metamaterial absorbers with tunable and broadband response with high modulation depth is crucial for application in switches, polarization sensitive devices, and optical filters. In this article, we report a tunable broadband metamaterial absorber in terahertz regime. The design comprises frustum shaped dielectric (SiO2) metamaterial structures on top of a one-dimensional period array of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) deposited over the ultrathin metal-backed dielectric. For TM polarization, our design offers a near-perfect absorption in the range of 0.72 THz to 0.9 THz with 72.7

%

fractional bandwidth. On the contrary, we get a negligible absorption for the TE polarization of the incident light, thereby giving an absorption contrast ratio up to 20.5 dB. The excitation of plasmons in GNRs combined with resonance induced by the graphene-dielectric-metal cavity leads to nearly perfect broadband absorption for the TM polarized radiation. Further, modulation of the absorption spectrum has been achieved by changing graphene conductivity with the help of its Fermi energy. A theoretical model based on effective medium theory and transfer matrix method has been presented to validate absorption response for various Fermi energy values of the graphene. The figure of merit of our design can outperform some of the recently reported tunable metamaterial absorbers.
Approximating quantum thermodynamic properties using DFT
Authors: Zawadzki K , Skelt A H , D’Amico I 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The fabrication, utilisation, and efficiency of quantum technology devices rely on a good understanding of quantum thermodynamic properties. Many-body systems are often used as hardware for these quantum devices, but interactions between particles make the complexity of related calculations grow exponentially with the system size. Here we explore and systematically compare ‘simple’ and ‘hybrid’ approximations to the average work and entropy variation built on static density functional theory concepts. These approximations are computationally cheap and could be applied to large systems. We exemplify them considering driven one-dimensional Hubbard chains and show that, for ‘simple’ approximations and low to medium temperatures, it pays to consider a good estimate of the Kohn–Sham Hamiltonian to approximate the driving Hamiltonian. Our results confirm that a ‘hybrid’ approach, requiring a very good approximation of the initial and, for the entropy, final states of the system, provides great improvements. This approach should be particularly efficient when many-body effects are not increased by the driving Hamiltonian.
Polarimetric imaging system based on double-layer prisms pair with polarizer coating and one camera
Authors: Yuan Tianyu , Dai Xiangjun , Yang Fujun , He Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A novel polarimetric imaging system is proposed, which is based on one complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera and double-layer prisms pair. Four polarizers, whose axes were set at different angles and affixed to the four prisms. The CMOS camera is used to simultaneously record the intensity of the light passing through the prisms with four specific polarization information. An algorithm is adopted to align and correct parallax to generate accurate Stokes parameters. Indoor and outdoor experimental performances verify the effectiveness and high measurement accuracy of the proposed system.
Investigations in the tape-to-tape contact resistance and contact composition in superconducting CORC® wires
Authors: Phifer Virginia , Small Michael , Bradford Griffin , Weiss Jeremy , van der Laan Danko , Cooley Lance 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Conductor on Round Core (CORC®) wires and cables, constructed from multiple layers of helically wound REBa2Cu3O7−δ
tapes, are a promising cable technology for high field magnet applications. An important feature of high-temperature superconductor cables is the ability to share current between conductors, allowing current to bypass drops in I
c and minimizing the risk of hot spot formation, which could lead to potential burnout in the superconductor. In contrast to stacked-tape cables, which have continuous contact between tapes, in CORC® the transfer points occur at discrete tape crossovers. The tape-to-tape contact resistance, R
c, plays a critical role in the current sharing capabilities and current distribution in cables. For the work reported here, special CORC® wires were manufactured using different winding parameters to investigate variations in R
c. Variations comprised inclusion of a lubricant, different lubricant conductivity, inclusion of pre-tinning, and heating briefly to melt the solder. Cables were first tested as straight lengths, followed by bending to a 10 cm diameter. In straight cables R
c values ranged from 1 to over 1000 μΩ cm2, depending on cabling parameters, with the highest values being found for cables made by the present ‘standard’ process. Bending the cables to a 10 cm diameter decreased R
c by a factor 2–5. Tinning with PbSn decreased R
c by three orders of magnitude compared to standard CORC® wires, and heat treating wires with tinned conductor resulted in only a small further decrease in R
c. Based on the measured R
c at an electric field of 1 μV cm−1 the resulting current transfer length between layers can range from a few millimeters to a tens of centimeters. Examination of contacts with a laser confocal microscope showed plastic deformation of the copper at the edges of the contact overlap area, apparently caused by thicker plating at tape edges digging into the copper of neighboring layers. These images reveal that only a fraction of the total contact surface may actually be touching when there is nothing to compensate for height differential. Images of the PbSn coated tapes indicated that application of solder produces a much more uniform contact surface and higher contact area. Furthermore, imaging of CORC® cross-sections confirmed that in the non-tinned cables there are many regions where tapes are not in contact, while in contrast the PbSn cable shows significantly more contact between the tapes. These different imaging techniques reveal that tape surface morphology is a significant parameter in determining R
c.
The microstructure and Ruppeiner geometry of charged anti-de Sitter black holes in Gauss–Bonnet gravity: from the critical point to the triple point
Authors: Wei Shao-Wen , Liu Yu-Xiao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRuppeiner geometry has been successfully applied in the study of the black hole microstructure by combining with the small–large black hole phase transition, and the potential interactions among the molecular-like constituent degrees of freedom are uncovered. In this paper, we will extend the study to the triple point, where three black hole phases coexist acting as a typical feature of black hole systems quite different from the small–large black hole phase transition. For the six-dimensional charged Gauss–Bonnet anti-de Sitter black hole, we thoroughly investigate the swallow tail behaviors of the Gibbs free energy and the equal area laws. After obtaining the black hole triple point in a complete parameter space, we exhibit its phase structures both in the pressure–temperature and temperature–horizon radius diagrams. Quite different from the liquid–vapor phase transition, a double peak behavior is present in the temperature–horizon radius phase diagram. Then we construct the Ruppeiner geometry and calculate the corresponding normalized curvature scalar. Near the triple point, we observe multiple negatively divergent behaviors. Positive curvature scalar is observed for the small black hole with high temperature, which indicates that the repulsive interaction dominates among the microstructure. Furthermore, we consider the variation of the curvature scalar along the coexisting intermediate and large black hole curves. Combining with the observation for different fluids, the result suggests that this black hole system behaves more like the argon or methane. Our study provides a first and preliminary step towards understanding black hole microstructure near the triple point, as well as uncovering the particular properties of the Gauss–Bonnet gravity.
Validation of high voltage power supplies for the 1-inch photomultipliers of AugerPrime, the Pierre Auger Observatory upgrade
Authors: Anastasi G.A. , Buscemi M. , Aglietta M. , Caruso R. , Castellina A. , Costa S. , Gallian S. , Gorgi A. , Guardone N. , Lombardo C. , Wheadon R. , Zampieri A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the framework of the upgrade of the Pierre Auger
Observatory, a new high voltage module is being employed for the
power supply of the 1-inch photomultiplier added to each
water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array with the aim of
increasing the dynamic range of the measurements. This module is
located in a dedicated box near the electronics and comprises a low
consumption DC-DC converter hosted inside an aluminum box. All the
modules have undergone specific tests to verify their reliability in
the extreme environmental conditions of the Argentinian pampa. In
this paper, we describe the validation procedure and the facility
developed to this aim. The successful results of the tests on the
HVPS modules are presented and discussed.
Substantial carbon loss respired from a corn–soybean agroecosystem highlights the importance of careful management as we adapt to changing climate
Authors: Moore Caitlin E , Gibson Christy D , Miao Guofang , Dracup Evan C , Gomez-Casanovas Nuria , Masters Michael D , Miller Jesse , C von Haden Adam , Meyers Tilden , DeLucia Evan H , Bernacchi Carl J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Understanding agroecosystem carbon (C) cycle response to climate change and management is vital for maintaining their long-term C storage. We demonstrate this importance through an in-depth examination of a ten-year eddy covariance dataset from a corn–corn–soybean crop rotation grown in the Midwest United States. Ten-year average annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) showed a net C sink of −0.39 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. However, NEE in 2014 and 2015 from the corn ecosystem was 3.58 and 2.56 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Most C loss occurred during the growing season, when photosynthesis should dominate and C fluxes should reflect a net ecosystem gain. Partitioning NEE into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) showed this C ‘burp’ was driven by higher ER, with a 51% (2014) and 57% (2015) increase from the ten-year average (15.84 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). GPP was also higher than average (16.24 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) by 25% (2014) and 37% (2015), but this was not enough to offset the C emitted from ER. This increased ER was likely driven by enhanced soil microbial respiration associated with ideal growing season climate, substrate availability, nutrient additions, and a potential legacy effect from drought.
Net carbon accounting and reporting are a barrier to understanding the mitigation value of forest protection in developed countries
Authors: Mackey Brendan , Moomaw William , Lindenmayer David , Keith Heather 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Meeting the Paris Agreement global warming target requires deep and rapid cuts in CO2 emissions as well as removals from the atmosphere into land sinks, especially forests. While international climate policy in the land sector does now recognize forest protection as a mitigation strategy, it is not receiving sufficient attention in developed countries even though they experience emissions from deforestation as well as from logging of managed forests. Current national greenhouse gas inventories obscure the mitigation potential of forest protection through net carbon accounting between the fossil fuel and the land sectors as well as within the different categories of the land. This prevents decision-makers in national governments, the private sector and civil society having access to all the science-based evidence needed to evaluate the merits of all mitigation strategies. The consequences of net carbon accounting for global policy were investigated by examining annual inventory reports of four high forest cover developed countries (Australia, Canada, USA, and Russia). Net accounting between sectors makes a major contribution to meeting nationally determined contributions with removals in Forest Land offsetting between 14% and 38% of the fossil fuel emissions for these countries. Analysis of reports for Australia at a sub-national level revealed that the State of Tasmania delivered negative emissions due to a change in forest management—a large and rapid drop in native forest logging—resulting in a mitigation benefit of ∼22 Mt CO2-e yr–1 over the reported period 2011/12–2018/19. This is the kind of outcome required globally to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goal. All CO2 emissions from, and atmospheric removals into, forest ecosystem carbon stocks now matter and should be counted and credited to achieve the deep and rapid cuts in emissions needed over the coming decades. Accounting and reporting systems therefore need to show gains and losses of carbon stocks in each reservoir. Changing forest management in naturally regenerating forests to avoid emissions from harvesting and enabling forest regrowth is an effective mitigation strategy that can rapidly reduce anthropogenic emissions from the forest sector and simultaneously increase removals of CO2 from the atmosphere.
Mesoscopic Möbius ladder lattices as non-Hermitian model systems
Authors: Ryu Jung-Wan , Hentschel Martina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While classic quantum chaos originated from the idea to set into context nonlinear physics and Hermitian quantum mechanics, non-Hermitian models have enhanced the field in recent years. At the same time, low-dimensional effective matrix models have proven to be a powerful tool in accessing the physical properties of a system in a semiquantitative manner. Here, we focus on two realizations of non-Hermitian physics in mesoscopic systems. First, we consider spiral optical microcavities in which the asymmetric scattering between whispering gallery modes induces the non-Hermitian behaviour. Second, for parity-time (PT) symmetric ladder lattices we compare circular and Möbius geometries. We find the effective coupling between even and odd parity modes to be symmetric but complex in a microscopically derived 2 × 2 matrix model, resulting in non-Hermitian behaviour as well. Most importantly, the Möbius topology acts like a scatterer that induces a qualitatively new form of (avoided) level crossing—a PT-broken phase terminated by exceptional points—resulting from the symmetric but non-Hermitian coupling.
Reproducibility and reporting, the routes to progress in breath research—highlights from the Breath Biopsy Conference 2021
Authors: Lawson Jonathan L D , Nakhleh Morad K , Smolinska Agnieszka 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the continued presence of COVID-19 worldwide, it has been a challenge for the breath research community to progress with clinical studies and travel restrictions have also limited the opportunities to meet up, share ideas and celebrate the latest advances. The Breath Biopsy Conference 2021 offered the chance to catch up with the latest breath research and to share progress that researchers in the community have been able to make in these difficult times. Limited opportunities for clinical research have led many in the field to look more closely at different methods for breath collection and have contributed to the growing calls for consistent standards in how results are reported, shared and even how breath studies themselves are carried out. As such, standardization was a key theme for this year’s event and featured prominently in the keynotes, discussions and throughout many of the presentations. With over 900 registrants, almost 400 live attendees and 16 speakers, the Breath Biopsy Conference continues to bring together breath research leaders from around the world. This article provides an overview of the highlights from this event.
The significance of nanoparticles in brain cancer diagnosis and treatment: modeling and simulation
Authors: Badawi Mohamed I , Hafez Karim S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A numerical analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions in a realistic human head model is presented in this study. The key challenge is to rise cancer temperature to an optimal temperature without heating nearby healthy tissues. The model’s uniqueness is that it captures the effect of nanoparticles on both brain cancer diagnosis and treatment. A realistic human head model with a cancerous brain segmented from 2D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gained from an actual patient using 3D Slicer, modeled, and simulated using CST-Microwave Studio, and illuminated by Archimedes spiral antenna. At frequencies of 2450 MHz and 915 MHz, the model simulated the absence and presence of various nanoparticles. The obtained results suggest that when using nanoparticles, it is possible to achieve sufficient energy deposition and temperature rise to therapeutic values (greater than 42 °C) in brain cancers using the proposed noninvasive hyperthermia system at 915 MHz frequency, especially for gold nanoparticles, without harming surrounding healthy tissue. Our research might pave the way for a clinical applicator prototype that can heat brain cancer.
Classifying the 2021 ‘Ahrtal’ flood event using hermeneutic interpretation, natural language processing, and instrumental data analyses
Authors: Kahle Michael , Kempf Michael , Martin Brice , Glaser Rüdiger 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Extreme weather events and severe flash floods during July 2021 caused numerous deaths and massive ecological disasters across Europe. The regionally overstrained environmental and socio-cultural resilience triggered an intensive discussion about cause and effect, responsibilities and public denouncement, and the financial consequences of climate-induced extreme events. In this article we analyze the flood event by four methodological approaches: (1) hermeneutics, with an analog interpretation of printed newspapers and sources; (2) text mining and natural language processing of digital newspaper articles available online; (3) precipitation and discharge models based on instrumental data; and (4) how the findings can be linked to the historical extreme floods of 1804 and 1910, based on documentary source analysis. These four approaches are used to compare and evaluate their consistency by tracking the course, consequences, and aftermaths of the flood disaster. The study shows a high consistency between the analog, digital, and instrumental data analysis. A combination of multidisciplinary methods and their application to historical events enables the evaluation of modern events. It enables to answer the question of return periods and intensities, which are indispensable for today’s risk assessments and their social contextualization, a desideratum in historical and modern climatology.
Laser-induced microjet-assisted ablation for high-quality microfabrication
Authors: Guo Yang , Qiu Pei , Xu Shaolin , Cheng Gary J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Liquid-assisted laser ablation has the advantage of relieving thermal effects of common laser ablation processes, whereas the light scattering and shielding effects by laser-induced cavitation bubbles, suspended debris, and turbulent liquid flow generally deteriorate laser beam transmission stability, leading to low energy efficiency and poor surface quality. Here, we report that a continuous and directional high-speed microjet will form in the laser ablation zone if laser-induced primary cavitation bubbles asymmetrically collapse sequentially near the air-liquid interface under a critical thin liquid layer. The laser-induced microjet can instantaneously and directionally remove secondary bubbles and ablation debris around the laser ablation region, and thus a very stable material removal process can be obtained. The shadowgraphs of high-speed camera reveal that the average speed of laser-induced continuous microjet can be as high as 1.1 m s−1 in its initial 500 μm displacement. The coupling effect of laser ablation, mechanical impact along with the collapse of cavitation bubbles and flushing of high-speed microjet helps achieve a high material removal rate and significantly improved surface quality. We name this uncovered liquid-assisted laser ablation process as laser-induced microjet-assisted ablation (LIMJAA) based on its unique characteristics. High-quality microgrooves with a large depth-to-width ratio of 5.2 are obtained by LIMJAA with a single-pass laser scanning process in our experiments. LIMJAA is capable of machining various types of difficult-to-process materials with high-quality arrays of micro-channels, square and circle microscale through-holes. The results and disclosed mechanisms in our work provide a deep understanding of the role of laser-induced microjet in improving the processing quality of liquid-assisted laser micromachining.
Ketorolac tromethamine represses senescence in aging articular chondrocytes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Mei Rong , Wu Shuxuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present study aims to explore the potential function of ketorolac tromethamine in treating osteoarthritis (OA) by examining its effects on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-triggered cellular senescence in chondrocytes. More β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positively stained cells, promoted cell fraction in the G0/G1 phase, increased release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13, and upregulated cellular senescence-related genes (p21 and p53) were observed in IL-1β-challenged HC-A cells, all of which were significantly reversed by 25 and 50 mg/mL ketorolac tromethamine. Furthermore, the upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and elevated release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in IL-1β- challenged HC-A cells were dramatically repressed by ketorolac tromethamine. Lastly, the inhibitory effects of ketorolac tromethamine on the activation of β-galactosidase and the upregulation of p21 and p53 were greatly abolished by the overexpression of COX-2. Collectively, ketorolac tromethamine repressed cellular senescence in aging articular chondrocytes by inhibiting COX-2.
Noncanonical functions of PIWIL1/piRNAs in animal male germ cells and human diseases
Authors: Wang Xin , Gou Lan-Tao , Liu Mo-Fang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are specifically expressed in animal germlines and play essential roles during gametogenesis in animals. The primary function of PIWI/piRNAs is known to silence transposable elements for protecting genome integrity in animal germlines, while their roles beyond silencing transposons are also documented by us and others. In particular, we show that mouse PIWIL1 (MIWI)/piRNAs play a dual role in regulating protein-coding genes in mouse spermatids through interacting with different protein factors in a developmental stage-dependent manner, including translationally activating a subset of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs in round spermatids and inducing massive mRNA degradation in late spermatids. We further show that MIWI is eliminated through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway during late spermiogenesis. By exploring the biological function of MIWI ubiquitination by APC/C, we identified ubiquitination-deficient mutations in human PIWIL1 of infertile men and further established their causative role in male infertility in mouse model, supporting PIWIL1 as a human male infertility-relevant gene. Additionally, we reported that PIWIL1, aberrantly induced in human tumors, functions as an oncoprotein in a piRNA-independent manner in cancer cells. In the current review, we summarize our latest findings regarding the roles and mechanisms of PIWIL1 and piRNAs in mouse spermatids and human diseases, and discuss the related works in the field.