bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Deformation of Peripapillary Retina in Response to Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation
Authors: Kwok Sunny , Pan Manqi , Hazen Nicholas , Pan Xueliang , Liu Jun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) may cause mechanical injuries to the optic nerve head (ONH) and the peripapillary tissues in glaucoma. Previous studies have reported the mechanical deformation of the ONH and the peripapillary sclera (PPS) at elevated IOP. The deformation of the peripapillary retina (PPR) has not been well-characterized. Here we applied high-frequency ultrasound elastography to map and quantify PPR deformation, and compared PPR, PPS and ONH deformation in the same eye. Whole globe inflation was performed in ten human donor eyes. High-frequency ultrasound scans of the posterior eye were acquired while IOP was raised from 5 to 30 mmHg. A correlation-based ultrasound speckle tracking algorithm was used to compute pressure-induced displacements within the scanned tissue cross sections. Radial, tangential, and shear strains were calculated for the PPR, PPS, and ONH regions. In PPR, shear was significantly larger in magnitude than radial and tangential strains. Strain maps showed localized high shear and high tangential strains in PPR. In comparison to PPS and ONH, PPR had greater shear and a similar level of tangential strain. Surprisingly, PPR radial compression was minimal and significantly smaller than that in PPS. These results provide new insights into PPR deformation in response of IOP elevation, suggesting that shear rather than compression was likely the primary mode of IOP-induced mechanical insult in PPR. High shear, especially localized high shear, may contribute to the mechanical damage of this tissue in glaucoma.
Transient Operation of Sensible Fixed-Bed Regenerators
Authors: Ramin Hadi , Krishnan Easwaran N. , Gurubalan Annadurai , Simonson Carey J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fixed-bed regenerator is a type of air-to-air energy exchanger and recently introduced for energy recovery application in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems because of their high heat transfer effectiveness. The testing of fixed-bed regenerators (FBRs) is essential for performance evaluation and product development. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) recently included guidelines for testing of FBRs in their respective test standards. The experiments on FBRs are challenging as they never attain a steady-state condition, rather undergoes a quasi-steady-state operation. Before reaching the quasi-steady state, FBRs undergo several transient cycles. Hence, the test standards recommend getting measurements after one hour of operation, assuming FBR attains the quasi-steady state regardless of test conditions. However, the exact duration of the initial transient cycles is unknown and not yet studied so far. Hence, in this paper, the duration of FBR’s transient operation is investigated for a wide range of design and operating conditions. The test standards’ recommendation for the transient duration is also verified. The major contributions of this paper are (i) quantifying the effect of design parameters (NTUo and Cr*) on the duration of transient operation and (ii) the investigation of the effect of sensor time constant on the transient temperature measurements. The results will be useful to predict and understand the transient behavior of FBRs accurately.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in a Wedge-Shaped Channel With Guiding Pin Fin Arrays Under Rotating Conditions
Authors: Liang Ce , Rao Yu , Chen Jianian , Zhang Peng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Experiments and numerical simulations under stationary and rotating conditions have been conducted to investigate turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of innovative guiding pin fin arrays in a wedge-shaped channel, which models the internal cooling passages for modern gas turbine blade trailing edge. The Reynolds number range is 10,000–80,000, and the inlet rotation number range is 0–0.46. With the increase of Reynolds number, the enhancement of heat transfer performance of the channel with guiding pin fin arrays is significantly higher than that of the channel with conventional circular pin fin arrays. At the highest Reynolds number of Re = 80,000, the overall Nusselt number of the channel with guiding pin fin arrays is about 33.7% higher than that of the channel with circular pin fin arrays under the stationary condition and is about 23.0% higher than the latter under the rotating conditions. At the highest inlet rotation number of Ro = 0.46, the heat transfer difference between the trailing side and leading side of the channel is significantly lower with the guiding pin fin arrays than with the circular pin fin arrays. Through both the experiments and numerical simulations, it is found that the heat transfer uniformity of the endwall is significantly improved by the guiding pin fin arrays, and the rotation presents appreciably less influence on the heat transfer distribution with the guiding pin fin arrays than with the circular pin fin arrays. Moreover, the novel guiding pin fins provide more reasonable flow distribution in the wedge-shaped channel and produce obviously higher heat transfer performance in the tip region of the channel, which is significantly advantageous for a better design of gas turbine blade trailing edge internal cooling.
Heat Transfer in Rotating, Trailing Edge, Converging Channels With Full- and Partial-Height Strip-Fins
Authors: Sahin Izzet , Chen I-Lun , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , Xu Hongzhou , Fox Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A wide variety of pin-fins have been used to enhance heat transfer in internal cooling channels. However, due to their large blockage in the flow direction, they result in an undesirable high pressure drop. This experimental study aims to reduce pressure drop while increasing the heat transfer surface area by utilizing strip-fins in converging internal cooling channels. The channel is designed with a trapezoidal cross section, converges in both transverse and longitudinal directions, and is also skewed β=120deg with respect to the direction of rotation to model a trailing edge cooling channel. Only the leading and trailing surfaces of the channel are instrumented, and each surface is divided into 18 isolated copper plates to measure the regionally averaged heat transfer coefficient. Utilizing pressure taps at the inlet and outlet of the channel, the pressure drop is obtained. Three staggered arrays of strip-fins are investigated: one full-height configuration and two partial fin height arrangements (Sz = 2 mm and 1 mm). In all cases, the strip-fins are 2 mm wide (W) and 10 mm long (Lf) in the flow direction. The fins are spaced such that Sy/Lf = 1 in the streamwise direction. However, due to the convergence, the spanwise spacing, Sx/W, was varied from 8 to 6.2 along the channel. The rotation number of the channel varied up to 0.21 by ranging the inlet Reynolds number from 10,000 to 40,000 and rotation speed from 0 to 300 rpm. It is found that the full-height strip-fin channel results in a more nonuniform spanwise heat transfer distribution than the partial-height strip-fin channel. Both trailing and leading surface heat transfer coefficients are enhanced under rotation conditions. The 2 mm height partial strip-fin channel provided the best thermal performance, and it is comparable to the performance of the converging channels with partial-length circular pins. The strip-fin channel can be a design option when the pressure drop penalty is a major concern.
Advanced breakup-nucleon enhancement of deuteron-induced reaction cross sections
Authors: Avrigeanu M. , Rochman D. , Koning A. J. , Fischer U. , Leichtle D. , Costache C. , Avrigeanu V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFollowing the EUROfusion PPPT-programme action for an advanced modeling approach of deuteron-induced reaction cross sections, as well as specific data evaluations in addition of the TENDL files, an assessment of the details and corresponding outcome for the latter option of TALYS for the breakup model has been carried out. The breakup enhancement obtained in the meantime within computer code TALYS, by using the evaluated nucleon-induced reaction data of TENDL-2019, is particularly concerned. Discussion of the corresponding results, for deuteron-induced reactions on$$^{58}$$58Ni,$$^{96}$$96Zr, and$$^{231}$$231Pa target nuclei up to 200 MeV incident energy, includes limitations still existing with reference to the direct-reaction account.
Islands and Page curves in charged dilaton black holes
Authors: Yu Ming-Hui , Ge Xian-Hui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study the Page curve for eternal Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger dilaton black holes in four dimensional asymptotically flat spacetime by using the island paradigm. The results demonstrate that without the island, the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation is proportional to time and becomes divergent at late times. While taking account of the existence of the island outside the event horizon, the entanglement entropy stops growing at late times and eventually reaches a saturation value. This value is twice of the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy and consistent with the finiteness of the von Neumann entropy of eternal black holes. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the stringy coefficient n and charge Q on the Page time and the scrambling time respectively. For the non-extremal case, the influence of the coefficient n on them is small compared to the influence of the charge Q. However, for the extremal case, the Page time and the scrambling time become divergent or near vanishing. This implies the island paradigm needs further investigation.
Multi-partonic medium induced cascades in expanding media
Authors: Adhya Souvik Priyam , Salgado Carlos A. , Spousta Martin , Tywoniuk Konrad 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGoing beyond the simplified gluonic cascades, we introduce both gluon and quark degrees of freedom for partonic cascades inside the medium. We then solve the set of coupled evolution equations numerically with splitting kernels calculated for static, exponential, and Bjorken expanding media to arrive at medium-modified parton spectra for quark and gluon initiated jets. Using these, we calculate the inclusive jet $$R_\mathrm {AA}$$

R
AA

where the phenomenologically driven combinations of quark and gluon jet fractions are included. Then, the rapidity dependence of the jet $$R_\mathrm {AA}$$

R
AA

is examined. We also study the path-length dependence of jet quenching for different types of expanding media by calculating the jet $$v_2$$

v
2

. Additionally, we study the sensitivity of observables on effects from nuclear modification of parton distribution functions, vacuum-like emissions in the plasma, and the time of the onset of the quenching. All calculations are compared with recently measured data.
Hadron interactions for arbitrary energies and species, with applications to cosmic rays
Authors: Sjöstrand Torbjörn , Utheim Marius 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThePythiaevent generator is used in several contexts to study hadron and lepton interactions, notably$$\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}$$ppand$$\mathrm{p}{\bar{\mathrm{p}}}$$pp¯collisions. In this article we extend the hadronic modelling to encompass the collision of a wide range of hadronshwith either a proton or a neutron, or with a simplified model of nuclear matter. To this end we model$$h\mathrm{p}$$hptotal and partial cross sections as a function of energy, and introduce new parton distribution functions for a wide range of hadrons, as required for a proper modelling of multiparton interactions. The potential usefulness of the framework is illustrated by a simple study of the evolution of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, and by an even simpler one of shower evolution in a solid detector material. The new code will be made available for future applications.
Hamiltonian formulation of higher rank symmetric gauge theories
Authors: Banerjee Rabin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent discussions of fractons have evolved around higher rank symmetric gauge theories with emphasis on the role of Gauss constraints. This has prompted the present study where a detailed hamiltonian analysis of such theories is presented. Besides a general treatment, the traceless scalar charge theory is considered in details. A new form for the action is given which, in $$2+1$$

2
+
1

dimensions, yields area preserving diffeomorphisms. Investigation of global symmetries reveals that this diffeomorphism invariance induces a noncommuting charge algebra that gets exactly mapped to the algebra of coordinates in the lowest Landau level problem. Connections of this charge algebra to noncommutative fluid dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics are shown.
On a structure of the one-loop divergences in 4D harmonic superspace sigma-model
Authors: Buchbinder I. L. , Budekhina A. S. , Merzlikin B. S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study the quantum structure of four-dimensional $${{\mathcal {N}}}=2$$

N
=
2

superfield sigma-model formulated in harmonic superspace in terms of the omega-hypermultiplet superfield $$\omega $$
ω
. The model is described by harmonic superfield sigma-model metric $$g_{ab}(\omega )$$

g

ab

(
ω
)

and two potential-like superfields $$L^{++}_{a}(\omega )$$

L
a

+
+

(
ω
)

and $$L^{(+4)}(\omega )$$

L

(
+
4
)

(
ω
)

. In bosonic component sector this model describes some hyper-Kähler manifold. The manifestly $${{\mathcal {N}}}=2$$

N
=
2

supersymmetric covariant background-quantum splitting is constructed and the superfield proper-time technique is developed to calculate the one-loop effective action. The one-loop divergences of the superfield effective action are found for arbitrary $$g_{ab}(\omega ), L^{++}_{a}(\omega ), L^{(+4)}(\omega )$$

g

ab

(
ω
)

,

L
a

+
+

(
ω
)

,

L

(
+
4
)

(
ω
)

, where some specific analogy between the algebra of covariant derivatives in the sigma-model and the corresponding algebra in the $${{\mathcal {N}}}=2$$

N
=
2

SYM theory is used. The component structure of divergences in the bosonic sector is discussed.
Multimodal Imaging of Target Detection Algorithm under Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Jiang Meiping , Lei Sanlin , Zhang Junhui , Hou Liqiong , Zhang Meixiang , Luo Yingchun 
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic value of multimodal images based on artificial intelligence target detection algorithms for early breast cancer, so as to provide help for clinical imaging examinations of breast cancer. This article combined residual block with inception block, constructed a new target detection algorithm to detect breast lumps, used deep convolutional neural network and ultrasound imaging in diagnosing benign and malignant breast lumps, took breast density grading with mammography, compared the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm with the proposed algorithm, and then applied the proposed algorithm to the diagnosis of 120 female patients with breast lumps. According to the results, accuracy rates of breast lump detection (94.76%), benign and malignant breast lumps diagnosis (98.22%), and breast grading (93.65%) with the algorithm applied in this study were significantly higher than those (75.67%, 87.23%, and 79.54%) with CNN algorithm, and the difference was statistically significant (

P

< 0.05); among 62 patients with malignant breast lumps of the 120 patients with breast lumps, 37 were patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, 8 with lobular carcinoma in situ, 16 with intraductal carcinoma, and 4 with mucinous carcinoma; among the remaining 58 patients with benign breast lumps, 28 were patients with fibrocystic breast disease, 17 with intraductal papilloma, 4 with breast hyperplasia, and 9 with adenopathy; the differences in shape, growth direction, edge, and internal echo of multimodal ultrasound imaging of patients with benign and malignant breast lumps had statistical significance (

P

< 0.05); the malignant constituent ratios of patients with breast density grades I to IV were 0%, 7.10%, 80.40%, and 100%, respectively. In short, the multimodal imaging diagnosis under the algorithm in this article was superior to CNN algorithm in all aspects; according to the judgment on benign and malignant breast lumps and breast density with multimodal imaging features, the higher the breast density, the higher the probability of breast cancer.
Effects of the Minimum Wage on Small Firms in China: Spillover Effects from Large Firms
Authors: Chen Qiaoyi , Chen Zhao , Guan Lin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study investigates how minimum wage affects small firms through spillover effects from large firms. Using firm-level panel data from Anhui Province in China, we find that after a minimum wage increase, small firms will reduce workers’ wages and create jobs due to the inflow of displaced workers from large firms. This spillover effect is larger for micro firms and private firms, where minimum wage compliance tends to be lower. We also find that high-tech small firms are more affected than low-tech ones because of their greater demand for skilled labor. Our findings not only highlight the unintended consequences of minimum wage on small firms in China, but also help to explain the ambiguous employment effects of minimum wage on the covered sector in developing countries.
Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) FluxByCldTyp Edition 4 Data Product
Authors: Sun Moguo , Doelling David R. , Loeb Norman G. , Scott Ryan C. , Wilkins Joshua , Nguyen Le Trang , Mlynczak Pamela 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project has provided the climate community 20 years of globally observed top of the atmosphere (TOA) fluxes critical for climate and cloud feedback studies. The CERES Flux By Cloud Type (FBCT) product contains radiative fluxes by cloud type, which can provide more stringent constraints when validating models and also reveal more insight into the interactions between clouds and climate. The FBCT product provides 1° regional daily and monthly shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud-type fluxes and cloud properties sorted by seven pressure layers and six optical depth bins. Historically, cloud-type fluxes have been computed using radiative transfer models based on observed cloud properties. Instead of relying on radiative transfer models, the FBCT product utilizes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances partitioned by cloud type within a CERES footprint to estimate the cloud-type broadband fluxes. The MODIS multichannel derived broadband fluxes were compared with the CERES observed footprint fluxes and were found to be within 1% and 2.5% for LW and SW, respectively, as well as being mostly free of cloud property dependencies. These biases are mitigated by constraining the cloud-type fluxes within each footprint with the CERES Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) observed flux. The FBCT all-sky and clear-sky monthly averaged fluxes were found to be consistent with the CERES SSF1deg product. Several examples of FBCT data are presented to highlight its utility for scientific applications.
Assessing the Forecast Impact of a Geostationary Microwave Sounder Using Regional and Global OSSEs
Authors: Posselt Derek J. , Wu Longtao , Schreier Mathias , Roman Jacola , Minamide Masashi , Lambrigtsen Bjorn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Forecast observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are conducted to assess the potential impact of geostationary microwave (GeoMW) sounder observations on numerical weather prediction forecasts. A regional OSSE is conducted using a tropical cyclone (TC) case that is very similar to Hurricane Harvey (2017), as hurricanes are among the most devastating of weather-related natural disasters, and hurricane intensity continues to pose a significant challenge for numerical weather prediction. A global OSSE is conducted to assess the potential impact of a single GeoMW sounder centered over the continental United States versus two sounders positioned at the current locations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) East and West. It is found that assimilation of GeoMW soundings result in better characterization of the TC environment, especially before and during intensification, which leads to significant improvements in forecasts of TC track and intensity. TC vertical structure (warm core thermal perturbation and horizontal wind distribution) is also substantially improved, as are the surface wind and precipitation extremes. In the global OSSE, assimilation of GeoMW soundings leads to slight improvement globally and significant improvement regionally, with regional impact equal to or greater than nearly all other observation types.

Significance Statement
This work seeks to determine the impact of a new geostationary microwave (GeoMW) sounder on tropical cyclone forecasts in particular, and on weather forecasts in general. It does so by assimilating simulated GeoMW sounder data into two different forecast models: one global and one regional. The data have a small positive impact globally, and a significant positive impact over the region viewed by the GeoMW instrument. In particular, assimilation of GeoMW data has a significant and positive impact on forecasts of tropical cyclone track, strength, and structure.
Applicant Perspectives on Virtual Otolaryngology Residency Interviews
Authors: Kraft Daniel O. , Bowers Eve M. R. , Smith Brandon T. , Jabbour Noel , Schaitkin Barry M. , O’Leary Miriam A. , Groblewski Jan C. , Young VyVy N. , Sridharan Shaum 
Published: January 2022

Objective: Residency interviews serve as an opportunity for prospective applicants to evaluate programs and to determine their potential fit within them. The 2019 SARS-CoV2 pandemic mandated programs conduct interviews virtually for the first time. The purpose of this study was to assess applicant perspectives on the virtual interview. Methods: A Qualtrics survey assessing applicant characteristics and attitudes toward the virtual interview was designed and disseminated to otorhinolaryngology applicants from 3 large academic institutions in the 2020 to 2021 application cycle. Results: A total of 33% of survey applicants responded. Most applicants were satisfied with the virtual interview process. Applicants reported relatively poor quality of interactions with residents and an inability to assess the “feel” of a geographic area. Most applicants received at least 11 interviews with over a third of applicants receiving >16 interviews. Only 5% of applicants completed >20 interviews. Most applicants believed interviews should be capped between 15 and 20 interviews. Most applicants reported saving >$5000, with over a quarter of applicants saving >$8000, and roughly one-third of applicants saving at least 2 weeks of time with virtual versus in-person interviews. Conclusions: While virtual interviews have limitations, applicants are generally satisfied with the experience. Advantages include cost and time savings for both applicants and programs, as well as easy use of technology. Continuation of the virtual interview format could be considered in future application cycles; geographical limitations may be overcome with in-person second looks, and increased emphasis should be placed on resident interactions during and prior to interview day.