bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing combined effects of varenicline and N‐acetylcysteine on reducing nicotine seeking in rats
Authors: Nall Rusty W. , Beloate Lauren N. , Meyerink Michael E. , Penaloza Tiffany , Doolittle Jade , Froeliger Brett , Kalivas Peter W. , Garcia‐Keller Constanza 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNicotine addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder, and cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Currently, the most effective pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is Varenicline (VRN), which reduces both positive and negative reinforcement by nicotine. Clinically, VRN attenuates withdrawal symptoms and promotes abstinence, but >50% of smokers relapse within 3 months following a quit attempt. This may indicate that VRN fails to ameliorate components of nicotine‐induced neuroplasticity that promote relapse vulnerability. Animal models reveal that glutamate dysregulation in the nucleus accumbens is associated with nicotine relapse. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) normalizes glutamate transmission and prolongs cocaine abstinence. Thus, combining VRN and NAC may promote and maintain, respectively, nicotine abstinence. In rats, we found that VRN effectively reduced nicotine self‐administration and seeking in early abstinence, but not seeking later in abstinence. In contrast, NAC reduced seeking only later in abstinence. Because VRN and NAC are sometimes associated with mild adverse effects, we also evaluated a sequential approach combining subthreshold doses of VRN during self‐administration and early abstinence with subthreshold doses of NAC during late abstinence. As expected, subthreshold VRN did not reduce nicotine intake. However, subthreshold VRN and NAC reduced seeking in late abstinence, suggesting a combined effect. Overall, our results suggest that combining subthreshold VRN and NAC is a viable and drug‐specific approach to promote abstinence and reduce relapse while minimizing adverse effects. Our data also suggest that different components and time points in addiction engage the different neurocircuits targeted by VRN and NAC.
Synergistic impact of semiochemicals of plant parts and prey on chemotaxis response of Chrysoperla carnea
Authors: Zaib Muhammad Shah , Abbas Khalid , Zakria Muhammad , Zaka Syed Muhammad 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Diaphorina citri is a major pest of citrus tress because it is the vector of citrus greening. Growers rely on insecticides to manage D. citri, but these have side effects (e.g., pollution, public health issues, pest resistance, etc.). There is a need to assess the role of semiochemicals in the biological control of D. citri.
A four‐armed olfactometer was used to evaluate the orientation response of larval Chrysoperla carnea, a natural enemy, to odours produced by young leaves, mature leaves, ripe fruit and fruit peel of mandarine orange (Citrus reticulata). Lacewing responses to both uninfested plant parts and infested with D. citri were measured.
Results showed that C. carnea discriminated between the volatiles emitted by plant parts and citrus psyllid. In all tested combinations (I‐V), both in the absence and presence of citrus psyllid, all first, second and three C. carnea preferred the volatiles of fresh leaves and old leaves over other plant parts. Moreover, all three instars of the predator significantly preferred the area having volatile of citrus psyllid.
Volatiles of fresh leaves and old leaves can be used in the management of citrus psyllid. Moreover, this tritrophic interaction could play a vital role in developing IPM strategies for the management of citrus psylla.
Colonial Financial Infrastructures and Kenya’s Uneven Fintech Boom
Authors: Bernards Nick 
Published: February 2022

AbstractKenya is a widely cited case for proponents of fintech for development. This article shows how Kenya’s fintech boom replicates patterns of uneven development inherited from the colonial era. In particular, fintech use is unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas, and heavily concentrated on Nairobi and Mombasa in particular. The article seeks to explain these patterns by situating them in relation to the spatiality and political economy of settler‐colonial agriculture, tracing successive (unsuccessful) efforts at reforming the financial system to ameliorate social and spatial disparities inherited from the colonial era. It does so drawing on recent debates about “financial infrastructures”, alongside considerations of the political economy of land, property relations, and the state.
Evaluation of postsale endoscopy as a predictor of future racing performance in an Australian thoroughbred yearling population
Authors: Ahern BJ , Sole A , de Klerk K , Hogg LR , Vallance S A , Bertin FR , Franklin SH 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionUpper airway endoscopy of thoroughbred (TB) yearlings is commonly used in an attempt to predict laryngeal function (LF) and its impact on future race performance. The aim of this study was to determine if different grading systems and laryngeal grades were correlated with future performance.Materials and MethodsPostsale endoscopic recordings were obtained from an Australian TB yearling sale during a four‐year period from 2008 to 2011. Horses were included if they had a diagnostic postsale video endoscopic recording and raced within Australia. Recordings were graded using the Havemeyer system and subsequently recategorised according to the Lane scale and two condensed scales. Performance data were sourced from Racing Australia and comparisons were made between groups.ResultsA total of 1244 horses met the inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in sex or sales price between groups. There were no significant differences in the number of starts or wins between groups for any grading system. For the condensed Havemeyer scale, horses with intermediate LF were separated into two groups. Significant differences in earnings were found between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ (P = 0.02) and ‘intermediate‐low’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between horses with ‘intermediate‐high’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.40). No significant differences were found between the two intermediate grades (P = 0.60) or between horses with normal LF and either ‘intermediate‐low’ or ‘intermediate‐high’ grades (P = 0.99).DiscussionResting LF in Australian yearling TBs assessed using a condensed Havemeyer grading scale had some predictive value for future racing performance. This information should be considered when performing yearling endoscopic examinations.
Multicenter, cross‐sectional study of the costs of illness and cost‐driving factors in adult patients with epilepsy
Authors: Willems Laurent M. , Hochbaum Maja , Frey Katharina , Schulz Juliane , Menzler Katja , Langenbruch Lisa , Kovac Stjepana , Immisch Ilka , von Podewils Felix , Hamacher Mario , Siebenbrodt Kai , Rosenow Felix , Reese Jens‐Peter , Strzelczyk Adam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study was undertaken to quantify epilepsy‐related costs of illness (COI) in Germany and identify cost‐driving factors.MethodsCOI were calculated among adults with epilepsy of different etiologies and severities. Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine any epilepsy‐related and sociodemographic factors that serve as cost‐driving factors.ResultsIn total, 486 patients were included, with a mean age of 40.5 ± 15.5 years (range = 18–83 years, 58.2% women). Mean 3‐month COI were estimated at €4911, €2782, and €2598 for focal, genetic generalized, and unclassified epilepsy, respectively. The mean COI for patients with drug‐refractory epilepsy (DRE; €7850) were higher than those for patients with non‐DRE (€4720), patients with occasional seizures (€3596), or patients with seizures in remission for >1 year (€2409). Identified cost‐driving factors for total COI included relevant disability (unstandardized regression coefficient b = €2218), poorer education (b = €2114), living alone (b = €2612), DRE (b = €1831), and frequent seizures (b = €2385). Younger age groups of 18–24 years (b = −€2945) and 25–34 years (b = −€1418) were found to have lower overall expenditures. A relevant disability (b = €441), DRE (b = €1253), frequent seizures (b = €735), and the need for specialized daycare (b = €749) were associated with higher direct COI, and poorer education (b = €1969), living alone (b = €2612), the presence of a relevant disability (b = €1809), DRE (b = €1831), and frequent seizures (b = €2385) were associated with higher indirect COI.SignificanceThis analysis provides up‐to‐date COI data for use in further health economics analyses, highlighting the high economic impacts associated with disease severity, disability, and disease‐related loss of productivity among adult patients with epilepsy. The identified cost drivers could be used as therapeutic and socioeconomic targets for future cost‐containment strategies.
Strength and consistency of density dependence in marine fish productivity
Authors: Rindorf Anna , van Deurs Mikael , Howell Daniel , Andonegi Eider , Berger Aaron , Bogstad Bjarte , Cadigan Noel , Elvarsson Bjarki Þór , Hintzen Niels , Savina Roland Marie , Taylor Marc , Trijoulet Vanessa , van Kooten Tobias , Zhang Fan , Collie Jeremy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe correct prediction of the shape and strength of density dependence in productivity is key to predicting future stock development and providing the best possible long‐term fisheries management advice. Here, we identify unbiased estimators of the relationship between somatic growth, recruitment and density, and apply these to 80 stocks in the Northeast Atlantic. The analyses revealed density‐dependent recruitment in 68% of the stocks. Excluding pelagic stocks exhibiting significant trends in spawning stock biomass, the probability of significant density dependence was even higher at 78%. The relationships demonstrated that at the commonly used biomass limit of 0.2 times maximum spawning stock size, only 32% of the stocks attained three quarters of their maximum recruitment. This leaves 68% of the stocks with less than three quarters of their maximum recruitment at this biomass limit. Significantly lower recruitment at high stock size than at intermediate stock size was seen in 38% of the stocks. Density dependence in late growth occurred in 54% of the stocks, whereas early growth was generally density‐independent. Pelagic stocks were less likely to exhibit density dependence in recruitment than demersal and benthic stocks. We recommend that both the degree to which productivity is related to density and the degree to which the relationship changes over time should be investigated. Both of these aspects should be considered in evaluations of whether sustainability and yield can be improved by including density dependence in forecasts of the effects of different management actions.
Short report: Characterizing HIV care among a clinical sample of transgender women living with HIV
Authors: Lacombe‐Duncan Ashley , Shokoohi Mostafa , Persad Yasmeen , Underhill Angela , Machouf Nima , Côté Pierre , Wheatley Megan , Gupta Meenakshi , Kyne Luke T. , Besharati Amir A. , Fung Raymond , Chan L. Y. Louie , Arbess Gordon , Bourns Amy , Nguyen Quang , Loutfy Mona 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to characterize and identify factors associated with HIV care among transgender (trans) women living with HIV (TWLWH) in two urban centres in Canada.MethodsRetrospective data were collected from clinic charts of TWLWH aged 16 years and older across seven family medicine, endocrinology and/or HIV clinics in Montreal and Toronto, Canada, from 2018 to 2019 (n = 86). We assessed the proportion of individuals being ever engaged in HIV care [defined as having any recorded antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen and/or viral load], current ART use, and most recent viral load (suppressed [<200 copies/ml] vs. unsuppressed) overall and compared across subgroups using χ2 tests.ResultsAll TWLWH in our sample [100.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 95.8–100.0%] were engaged in HIV care; most (93.0%, 95% CI: 85.4–97.4%) were currently using ART and most (93.4%, 95% CI: 85.3–97.8%) with complete data (n = 71/76) were virally suppressed. A higher proportion of trans women of colour (100.0%) reported current ART use compared with white trans women (76.9%, p = 0.017). A higher proportion of those with no documented history of injection drug use (IDU; 96.6%) were virally suppressed compared with those with a history of IDU (66.7%, p = 0.022). Although not statistically significant, 96.2% of those currently reporting feminizing hormone use were virally suppressed, compared with 85.0% of those not reporting use (p = 0.202).ConclusionsOnce engaged in HIV care, TWLWH in Canada appear to have excellent ART use and viral suppression. Findings can be leveraged to identify target populations to enhance HIV care and to further explore the relationship between gender‐affirming medical care and HIV care.
Effects of frozen storage temperature on the quality and oxidative stability of bigeye tuna flesh after light salting
Authors: Jiang Qingqing , Du Yufan , Nakazawa Naho , Hu Yaqin , Shi Wenzheng , Wang Xichang , Osako Kazufumi , Okazaki Emiko 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARYEffects of frozen storage temperature on the quality and oxidative stability of lightly salted tuna were investigated. The bright and vivid colour became totally brown after 4 weeks at −20 °C and 8 weeks at −30 °C, where the a*/b* value decreased from 1.35 to 0.38 and 0.58, respectively. Discoloration and lipid oxidation occurred concurrently in lightly salted tuna flesh, and it was speculated that the oxidation of oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin exacerbated lipid oxidation and vice versa. Storage at −40 °C or lower temperatures effectively suppressed the discoloration and maintained the high water‐holding capacity and unique textural properties of lightly salted flesh. It was attributed to the reduction in the conformational changes and particularly hydrophobic interactions among proteins, protecting the myoglobin from oxidative damages during frozen storage. Considering the quality maintenance and energy savings, storage at −40 °C was appropriate for lightly salted tuna flesh.
Effects of enzymatic/alkali protein removal and particle size reduction on physicochemical and functional characteristics of okara dietary fibre
Authors: Xie Hexiang , Tang Xiaoming , Woo Meng Wai , Xiong Hua , Zhao Qiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe combined effects of enzymatic/alkali protein removal treatments and superfine grinding on the characteristics of okara dietary fibre (DF) were investigated. Protein removal could effectively increase the obtained DF content and further enhance water‐holding capacity (WHC), swelling capacity (SC) and oil‐holding capacity (OHC). The DF with Alcalase treatment and superfine grind through 500‐μm mesh size had the highest total dietary fibre, WHC (12.5 g g−1), SC (12.7 mL g−1) and OHC (2.7 g g−1). Decreasing particle size will trigger a redistribution of some fibre composition from the insoluble to the soluble fraction. The WHC and SC of the sieved DFs decreased with reducing mesh size (500–40 µm). The OHC of DF with Flavourzyme treatment reduced with decreasing mesh size (500–100 µm), but improved with mesh size less than 100 µm.
COVID‐19 y disparidades por género y renta: evidencia de Filipinas
Authors: LAVADO Rouselle F. , NOWACKA Keiko , RAITZER David A. , RODGERS Yana van der Meulen , ZVEGLICH Joseph E. 
Published: February 2022

ResumenLa pandemia de COVID‐19 y las políticas de contención asociadas han afectado más a Filipinas que a la mayoría de los países en desarrollo por aplicar confinamientos de los más estrictos del mundo, y cierres generales de escuelas de los más prolongados. Con un modelo de simulación novedoso, se estiman los efectos de estos factores por sector, región administrativa y género en los niveles de empleo, ingresos y pobreza, con particular atención al empleo de los docentes y a los ingresos de las personas con hijos pequeños en relación con el cierre de escuelas. Se constata que la pandemia tiene repercusiones sin precedentes en la actividad económica y afecta desproporcionadamente a las mujeres.
Pharmacogenomic testing: perception of clinical utility, enablers and barriers to adoption in Australian hospitals
Authors: Pearce Angela , Terrill Bronwyn , Alffenaar Jan‐Willem , Patanwala Asad E. , Kummerfeld Sarah , Day Richard , Young Mary‐Anne , Stocker Sophie L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite healthcare professionals (HCP) endorsing the clinical utility of pharmacogenomics testing, use in clinical practice is limited.AimsTo assess HCP' perceptions of pharmacogenomic testing and identify barriers to implementation.MethodsHCP involved in prescribing decisions at three hospitals in Sydney, Australia, were invited to participate. The online survey assessed perceptions of pharmacogenomic testing, including: (i) demographic and practice variables; (ii) use, knowledge and confidence; (iii) perceived benefits; (iv) barriers to implementation; and (v) operational and/or system changes and personnel required to implement on site.ResultsHCP were predominantly medical practitioners (75/107) and pharmacists (25/107). HCP perceived pharmacogenomic testing was beneficial to identify reasons for drug intolerance (85/95) and risk of side‐effects (86/95). Although testing was considered relevant to their practice (79/100), few HCP (23/100) reported past or intended future use (26/100). Few HCP reported confidence in their ability to identify indications for pharmacogenomic testing (14/107), order tests (19/106) and communicate results with patients (16/107). Lack of clinical practice guidelines (62/79) and knowledge (54/77) were identified as major barriers to implementation of pharmacogenomics. Comprehensive reimbursement for testing and clinical practice guidelines, alongside models‐of‐care involving multidisciplinary teams and local clinical champions were suggested as strategies to facilitate implementation of pharmacogenomic testing into practice.ConclusionsPharmacogenomic testing was considered important to guide drug selection and dosing decisions. However, limited knowledge, low confidence and an absence of guidelines impede the use of pharmacogenomic testing. Establishment of local resources including multidisciplinary models‐of‐care was suggested to facilitate implementation of pharmacogenomics.
Novel deep‐red‐emitting double‐perovskite type Ca2ScNbO6:Mn4+ phosphor: Structure, spectral study, and improvement by NaF flux
Authors: Chen Zhanglin , Tian Zhaobo , Zhang Jie , Li Fei , Du Songmo , Zhang Shijia , Zhu Kaiming , Cui Wei , Yuan Xuanyi , Chen Kexin , Liu Guanghua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA novel deep‐red‐emitting phosphor Ca2ScNbO6:Mn4+ is prepared via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction and its luminescent properties are systematically investigated. The results show that Mn4+‐activated Ca2ScNbO6 phosphors have broad absorption in ultraviolet region, and show bright deep‐red emission at 692 nm. The optimal doping concentration, crystal‐field strength, internal quantum efficiency, and mechanism of concentration and thermal quenching effects are discussed in detail. Moreover, NaF flux is screened out to improve both luminescent intensity and morphology of the phosphor. Finally, a red light‐emitting diode (LED) lamp is fabricated with as‐prepared Ca2ScNbO6:Mn4+ phosphors and a 365 nm LED chip. The electroluminescence spectra show a good overlapping with phytochrome PR and PFR absorbance. The results provided the as‐synthesized Ca2ScNbO6:Mn4+ phosphors a great potential in plant growth lighting.
New insights into the role of acidocalcisomes in trypanosomatids
Authors: Docampo Roberto , Huang Guozhong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAcidocalcisomes are electron‐dense organelles rich in polyphosphate and inorganic and organic cations that are acidified by proton pumps, and possess several channels, pumps, and transporters. They are present in bacteria and eukaryotes and have been studied in greater detail in trypanosomatids. Biogenesis studies of trypanosomatid acidocalcisomes found that they share properties with lysosome‐related organelles of animal cells. In addition to their described roles in autophagy, cation and phosphorus storage, osmoregulation, pH homeostasis, and pathogenesis, recent studies have defined the role of these organelles in phosphate utilization, calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling, and bioenergetics, and will be the main subject of this review.
Electrical conductivity of foods and food components: The influence of formulation processes
Authors: Kamonpatana Pitiya , Sastry Sudhir K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDevelopment of safety protocols for solid–liquid mixtures processed by continuous flow ohmic heating systems requires the determination of the electrical conductivity of foods. In exploiting the advantages of ohmic heating, it is necessary to formulate the product to ensure uniform heating: toward this end, it is most desirable to match electrical conductivities of all phases as closely as possible. In this work, we investigate pretreatment protocols designed both to increase and decrease electrical conductivities of various solid particles, including components of chicken chow mein. Electrical conductivities of some particles, such as carrots, water chestnuts, and celery, could be increased or decreased by blanching in a medium of higher or lower conductivity. Products such as mushroom were more difficult to alter, requiring combinations of vacuum infusion and blanching. The electrical conductivity of chicken was most difficult to alter by blanching alone and required marination in conductive media for the appropriate lengths of time. Relationships were determined between treatment solution conductivities and the conductivity of the end product. A simulation of an incompletely equilibrated blanch process showed that subsequent thermal lag between fluid and solid during ohmic heating was reduced by increasing the blanch duration, and also by addition of an intermediate equilibration step postblanching. We also detail herein, treatments needed for formulating chicken alginate particles for use as surrogate inoculated particles.Practical applicationsIn this work, we investigate pretreatment protocols designed both to increase and decrease electrical conductivities of various solid particles. Electrical conductivities of some particles, such as carrots, water chestnuts, and celery, could be increased or decreased by blanching. Products such as mushroom were more difficult to alter, requiring combinations of vacuum infusion and blanching. The electrical conductivity of chicken was most difficult to alter by blanching alone and required marination.