bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Could the Romans Do Strategy?
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The overwhelming historical consensus is that the Romans were incapable of thinking in strategic terms. This chapter explores reasons historians have offered in reaching that conclusion and demonstrates in no uncertain terms the fallacies behind them. It then builds a case that proves beyond doubt that the Romans could not only think, plan, and execute at the strategic level, but they could also do so at a level of sophistication not seen again until the late nineteenth century. To accept that Rome was incapable of strategic-level thinking means one must also accept that Rome for five hundred years paid for a huge military force without ever being able to articulate a practical justification for its maintenance. Moreover, Rome somehow, by some act of supreme serendipity, managed to post this force along the frontiers, where they were most needed.
How Dangerous Were the Barbarians?
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An idea that has gained currency recently is that the barbarians, on the other side of the Roman frontiers, were not truly as dangerous as the ancients made them out to be. If this is true, then for fifty decades Rome wasted vast sums of money securing itself from enemies that rarely raised themselves above the nuisance level. But is it true? This chapter uses many examples, starting with how barbarians collapse the Bronze Age, to disprove this spreading myth. Rome had good reason to fear the northern barbarian tribes, as from their earliest days the Gauls were the greatest threat to the city’s survival. In 390 bce, a Gallic force, led by their chieftain, Brennus, defeated a hastily assembled Roman army at the Battle of the Allia and entered the city itself. The story of the ensuing sack and Rome’s revival may be more myth than reality, but myths such as this endured as an objective reality for the Romans well into the late Empire. The impact on Roman attitudes was so great that the date of the Battle of the Allia—July 18—was viewed until the end of the Empire as accursed. This chapter also explores how these tribes became increasingly powerful over the years, to the point where in 406 CE they were able to overrun most of the Western Empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter ties together all of the book’s central themes while marking lessons that today’s policymakers should learn if we are to avoid Rome’s final fate. It provides a roundup of the crucial reasons explaining how Rome managed to maintain its empire for five hundred years. This boils down to three key elements: securing the economic foundations of the Empire, maintaining a military force second to none, and having a seemingly inexhaustible supply of soldiers. Rome fell only after it was unwilling or unable to obtain the resources and sustain the strategies that had maintained the Empire’s power and glory for all that time. Rome offers great lessons to modern strategists. If a great power neglects any one of these elements—maintaining a large and productive population, substantial economic power, and a large and effective military establishment—or even prioritizes one far above the others, it has set itself upon a path of strategic irrelevance and possible ruin.
What does the SJT test?
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the professional attributes of the Y1 role that are examined by the SJT. These include commitment to professionalism, coping with pressure, effective communication, patient focus, and working effectively as part of a team. It also discusses that the SJT is a knowledge-based examination, and a test of whether you know the ‘correct’ action and not whether you would act correctly if working as a doctor.
What We Do
Authors: Armstrong Isobel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the occlusion of the aesthetic and politics and the reasons for this in a number of twenty-first century critical texts advocating depthless reading—surface reading, postcritique, formalism, historical poetics, distant reading (Section 1). It argues, through a reading of Virginia Woolf that challenges Moretti, that the displacement of our discipline’s central concern with words leaves no protection against Fascist language. A social and civic linguistic praxis comes about through shared discourse—in particular the aesthetic comes into being because it is discussable (Section 2). The African novel (Section 3) is an ostensive definition of a crisis of discourse, an extreme example of today’s dilemma—when colonial language destroys indigenous speech—Achebe, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Emecheta, Dangaremba, Adiche, Forna, Makumbi.
Aesthetic Criticism and the Postcolonial
Authors: Mukherjee Ankhi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the fraught relationship between the discourse of aesthetics and postcolonial discourse. In the process, it redefines the meaning of “aesthetics” as it applies to the sense, sensibility, and “dissensus” (Rancière’s term) of postcolonial literature and theory. The chapter argues that this is crucial to reclaim postcolonial studies as either a Bloom-ian school of resentment or what Felski and Anker disparagingly call the “ethos of critique.” The chapter dwells also on what “postcolonial” might mean in this aesthetic reckoning, which acknowledges its political contexts and imperatives without arresting the play and performativity of the literary.
“Whose Eye Darted Contagious Fire”
Authors: Eldridge Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Human beings as possessors of self-consciousness and the power of choice tend by nature toward courses of prideful action that enable them to display and satisfy their distinct, individual powers and desires. This tendency is exacerbated in modernity, where technology enhances human powers of instrumental control, with both good and bad effects. This tendency and its chastening are Milton’s great subject in Paradise Lost. By soliciting readers to exercise and become aware of their powers of self-assertion in the interpretation of his diction and authorial voice, Milton offers us a chance to acknowledge more fully who we are and to take more apt responsibility for our own responses to our world.
Tennyson’s Tears, Brooks’s Motivations
Authors: Wolfson Susan J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To Cleanth Brooks’s signature argument in The Well Wrought Urn (1947) that “The language of paradox is the language of poetry” and that “paradox” is the expression of a dramatic tension in thinking, experience, and feeling, Tennyson’s Tears, Idle Tears posed a limit case: “Tennyson is perhaps the last English poet one would think of associating with the subtleties of paradox and ambiguity.” A chapter for this Studies in the Structures of Poetry (The Well Wrought Urn’s subtitle), “The Motivation of Tennyson’s Weeper,” looms as critical dramatic monologue about Brooks’s attachment to a lyric of unaccountably arresting power. At once provoking and resisting his professional management, the chapter’s deep humanity stirs in the fissures of the well wrought urn.
Flavor symmetries and the quark models
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a modern interpretation of the historical quark model. This interpretation is based on the flavor symmetry of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) used as a classification tool to provide the main features of all hadrons. It starts from the two-quark model based on SU(2)f because students are already acquainted with this group (Clebsch–Gordan coefficients and spin composition rules). The chapter also describes the experiment that discovered the first baryon heavier than the neutron: the δ(1232). The chapter then generalizes the flavor symmetry to three quarks classifying meson and baryons. It goes beyond quark models qualitatively introducing lattice-QCD, the modern technique to deal with QCD in the non-perturbative regime. Lattice-QCD offers a more profound explanation of the hadron masses and a straightforward way to compute their values. It also includes states never considered in quark models: tetraquarks, pentaquarks, and glueballs.
Signs of Genre and Sexual Identity Conveyed by Costume
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe third chapter of the book focuses on the signs of sexual identity conveyed by costume, what they are, how they are deciphered by the audience, and how the poets and vase-painters play with these codes in order to underline the artificiality of the bodies staged by the comedy. Exploring signs of femininity and masculinity such as clothing, accessories, skin colours, and hairiness, the chapter examines an essential aspect of the characterization through costume, which obeys codes proper to comedy but also reflects cultural, social, and aesthetic Athenian norms. On the other hand, studying the staging of figures which have both masculine and feminine traits, such as Agathon and Dionysus, and analysing cross-dressing scenes which expose the construction of the character’s identity through costume, leads to a re-examination of the modalities of the comic mimesis and the engagement of the audience in comic fiction.
Honoré de Balzac
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A personal account of coming to terms with Balzac: how I moved from more classical and restrained authors (Stendhal, Laclos) to the highly-coloured melodramatic novels of The Human Comedy, which give us the dynamics of a new and challenging world on the threshold of modernity. “The father of us all,” Henry James called Balzac. This is a book about how to read Balzac, to love reading him, and to engage his vast work.
Balzac: Reading for More
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How I moved from more “classical” works, of music and literature, to Balzac: why Balzac came to matter, and how reading individual works of his Human Comedy leads the reader to want more, to move on to further reading. The technique of “returning characters” that Balzac discovered while writing Père Goriot leads us from one notlve to another, and gives the fictional persons who reappear from novel to novel a new weight from the stories they carry with them. Main example in this chapter is Eugène de Rastignac, one of the best known and most important characers in the Human Comedy.
Reconciliations
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Act IV offers two scenes of reconciliation, with which we wish the story could end. Edgar, as Poor Tom, leads his father to Dover, where the blinded Gloucester intends to jump. Edgar stages a charade, leading Gloucester to believe he has jumped but survived. The idea of the grotesque describes this scene. Lear is now in the custody of Cordelia with her army. Awakening, he begs her forgiveness. Cordelia’s reply that she has ‘No cause’ against him is one of the emotional pinnacles of the play. Gloucester and Lear meet on the heath. Gloucester describes himself as now able to ‘see feelingly’, and Lear speaks of the falseness of authority. The final battle looms between the party of Lear and the evil sisters.
Tragic Sharing
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of tragedy as a literary genre is understood to depend on people first experiencing the tragic as a form of human relationship, in which hurts are fully acknowledged and shared. After briefly discussing tragedy as tragic sharing, this final chapter seeks to enact an initiatory gesture of that sharing. To hear characters talking back to us, we must first learn to speak directly to them. The chapter comprises a series of letters, addressed to each of the major characters, speaking directly, to inviting their response, however that might come. Each letter expresses appreciation for what that character has brought to the reader; many letters acknowledge how both Shakespeare and the author may have used the character badly; and some letters ask how far companionship with that character can go. These letters initiate an unpredictable future of dialogue with that character who has become a companion.
The Pragmatic Grammar of William James
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 is about learning to read William James, his language, his grammar, and its relation to a radical world-view. Together these two initial chapters try to show why the author thinks of William James as a ‘literary’ thinker, in whom you can see thought not finished and aloof, but in the very act of its making. His friend, John Jay Chapman said that William James was not articulate in the exact way that a thinker should be. He had the gift of ‘suggestion’, rather than well-defined expression. His thought came out of his ‘nature’ rather than his ‘intellect’, and was never quite in sharp focus. It exhilarated but also exasperated Chapman that ‘James was always throwing off sparks that were cognate only in this, that they came from the same central fire in him’. But that is just how the author of this book reads James’s writings and ideas, as if they were expressions of a warm and fiery person. And he does so in the way that, as James himself says, a psychologist tries to get inside a complex person, to gain some sense of ‘the sort of unuttered inner atmosphere in which his consciousness dwells alone’.
Charles Dickens
Authors: Federico Annette 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dickens’s first concern in all his fiction is with people’s feelings and their imaginations. How does a person learn to enter vividly into the life he or she has been given, and into the lives of others? How does someone change, how do they love, give their trust, look forward to the future? These questions make their way into all of Dickens’s novels, including the four discussed in this contribution to the My Reading series: Oliver Twist (1837–39), David Copperfield (1849–50), Little Dorrit (1855–57), and A Tale of Two Cities (1859). Consistent with the aims of the series, Annette Federico takes a personal approach to Dickens’s art. A chronology of her life as a reader of Dickens runs parallel to her life as a daughter, a spouse, a teacher, a scholar—though she does not let that last role loom too largely. In a letter from January 1859, Dickens outlined his desired legacy: “I hope I have done my part to make the rising generation ‘more childish,’ in rendering them a little more imaginative, a little more gentle, and a little less conceited and hard, than they would have been without me. I desire to do nothing better.” To grow more childish is a reverse education, a pilgrimage away from mere intellectual knowingness toward another kind of knowledge. It is to see the world more believingly and imaginatively, with a little less guile, perhaps, and less reliance on other people’s opinions. This book also attempts that backward journey.
A Question of Standing
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book presents an overview of the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) origins, successes, and failures, and looks at key events, such as the Bay of Pigs episode. It highlights the CIA’s effectiveness, which depended on its standing in the White House, Congress, and public opinion. It also explains how the CIA’s success depended on the ability of a president to understand intelligence briefings and his willingness to heed them, which is a function of personality and political priorities. The book looks at the significance of the CIA’s standing abroad and affirms that its covert actions were the greatest single cause of anti-Americanism in the post-World War II era.
RETHINKING MOTION IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe seventeenth-century renewal of our basic concepts of space, time, and motion brought facts, principles, and theorems of relativity. In his defense of the Copernican universe, Galileo introduced the nondetectability of a uniform translation of the reference of motion as a fact of experience. In parallel, Beeckman and the young Descartes assumed this relativity and used it in derivations of the laws of free fall. Descartes later reduced matter to geometry, in a manner that implied the full relativity of motion. In his Principia, Newton derived Galilean relativity as a theorem from his laws of motion. He also derived another kind of relativity, with respect to a rectilinear acceleration of the reference of motion. In his studies of collisions and free fall, Huygens pioneered Galilean relativity as a principle of theory construction.
Realism and the Structures of Fantasy
Authors: Attebery Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When we look at realism through the lens of fantasy rather than as a contrast with it, its constructed nature becomes more evident. The notion of what is realistic changes continually, but it is generally restricted to stories that are not merely possible but probable. What we consider to be realistic narratives are those we recognize from our previous experience of fiction, which also means stories that are in accord with ideological norms. Looking at the work of children’s writers who cross between fantastic and realistic modes, such as Edward Eager and Elizabeth Enright, we see that theirs is a consciously arranged version of realism closely related to their understanding of fantasy. Enright referred to this as “edited reality”; Eager called it “daily magic.”
Neighbors, Myths, and Fantasy
Authors: Attebery Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fantasy’s primary sources lie in myth, legend, and fairy tale; when it does not borrow directly from these, it imitates them. The chapter sets out definitions of myth (as deployed in the literary and academic fields) and of fantasy, Contemporary fantasy writers have begun to explore what happens when mythic systems collide. Just as modern cities jam together diverse populations and practices, fantasies such as Helene Wecker’s The Golem and the Jinni show different cultural traditions and mythic systems confronting one another. Two theoretical concepts are especially helpful in showing what happens next: Peter Berger’s idea of cognitive minorities and Donna Haraway’s idea of situated knowledges.
Young Adult Dystopias and Yin Adult Utopias
Authors: Attebery Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The most political form of fantasy is utopian fiction. Literary fashion sometimes favors dystopian critique and sometimes utopian ideals; currently young adult dystopia is riding high. However, Ursula K. Le Guin’s metaphor of yin and yang invites us to look inside each of these for seeds of its opposite: the dream hidden in the nightmare and vice versa. Utopian theorist Tom Moylan posits a third category that is neither blithe blueprint nor dystopian warning: what he calls the “critical utopia.” Critical utopias are conditional, limited, and changeable, rather than absolute, worldwide, and immutable. When we add both yin and critical utopias to our thinking, we find more cautiously hopeful fiction than expected, or at least more paths leading toward utopia.
The Politics of Fantasy
Authors: Attebery Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although fantasy’s connection with current events is indirect, it is produced and consumed by people who are necessarily immersed in political struggles. Rather than reproducing those struggles literally, fantasy uses its mythic, metaphoric, and structural ways of signifying to create new narratives—and thus new cognitive scripts—for change and resistance. Other forms are better suited than fantasy for representing structures of governance and methods of indoctrination—those are not among its affordances. What fantasy does especially well is to explore the politics of innocence and otherness, which is one reason it has been taken up by groups traditionally excluded from power, including women, Indigenous writers, and writers of color. Some of the issues they have explored through fantastic fictions include speech and silence, zones of exceptionality and hybridity, and the subversive transformation of cultural metanarratives.
Painting and Presence
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book is concerned with why (or whether) paintings have value: why they might be worth creating and attending to. I start from the challenge expressed in Plato’s critique of the arts generally according to which they do not lead us to what is true and good, and may take us away from them. I try to show that this Platonic challenge can be answered in its own terms, that painting is good because it does lead us to truth. What paintings can give us is a non-discursive ‘knowledge by acquaintance’ in which the essence of the painting’s subject matter is made present to the viewer. I trace this understanding of painting as ontologically revelatory from the theology of the Byzantine icon to classical Chinese appreciations of landscape painting, to the work of Merleau-Ponty and other Phenomenologists inspired by European Modernist art. I argue that this account of painting as disclosing the essences of things can also take up what is right about expressive and formalist theories of painting and that it can apply as much to abstract as to representational painting. But disclosing the reality of things can only be of value if the reality disclosed is itself of value, and in the concluding part of the book I argue that the value of painting can only be properly understood in the context of a wider metaphysics or theology in which value is understood not as a human projection but as a basic characteristic of reality as such.
Modernity
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Around 1900, the findings of experimental psychology were echoed by cultural commentators. Historians, sociologists, and psychiatrists coalesced around the same core argument: that rapid social and technological modernization was eroding sustained concentration, overloading mind and senses and leading to individual suffering and societal decline. This chapter looks at the debate around neurasthenia as one of the most dramatic (yet puzzling) manifestations of this perceived crisis of attention, contrasting this debate with the writings of Sigmund Freud. Freud was very familiar with psychological theories of attention but deems them insufficient to explain phenomena such as trauma and parapraxis. In his own therapeutic practice, he employs an ‘evenly suspended attention’ to pick up on unexpected clues in his patients’ utterances; in his writings, he emphasizes the multi-shaded nature of human experience in everyday life and the role of distraction as a literary theme.
Musical Listening between Immersion and Detachment
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ideal of contemplative listening emerged around 1800, in the context of the Romantic notion of Kunstreligion (art religion); this model was cemented and invested with a moral dimension in Eduard Hanslick’s treatise On the Musically Beautiful (1854), which emphasized the need to listen attentively rather than in a passive and ‘culinary’ fashion. In the early twentieth century the perceived gradual decline of sustained listening diagnosed by Hanslick turned into a full-blown crisis as new, popular and casual musical formats took hold in modern culture. However, responses to this shift were far from uniform. While some music critics and practitioners tried to restore contemplative listening in their audiences and bring classical music to new social groups, the musicologist and Heidegger pupil Heinrich Besseler pursued a different route. An advocate of Gebrauchsmusik, which breaks down the divide between performers and listeners, he turned to examples of embodied, only semi-attentive listening practices in the early modern period as a model for musical culture in the twentieth century.