bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peace and Friendship
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Detouring from the violent and conflict-ridden mainstream of Western American history, this book spotlights an adjacent face of American frontiers in which peace, if not always also friendship, prevailed—for a time. Not to be confused with “alternate history,” a genre whose “what if” imaginings move into the realm of fiction and fantasy, this “alternative history” sticks to what happened. It traverses American frontiers from the Appalachians to the Pacific and from the birth of the United States through its first century as a republic, with each chapter focused on a particular locale where peoples previously at odds with one another came together. But instead of encounters that turned grounds dark and bloody, Peace and Friendship explores how common ground was sometimes found and then lost. Featuring famous figures like Daniel Boone, William Clark, and Wyatt Earp, its chapters explain how people overcame their differences and contained violence and why these arrangements did not endure. Its contents also examine the ways in which the alternative histories of these sites have been forgotten or turned into “wishtories” and what lessons we might glean from the legacy of broken concord.
Apple Creek
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The unraveling of peace and friendship around Apple Creek and the removal of Shawnees and Delawares from Missouri is the focus of this chapter. It spotlights the roles of Lewis and Clark, who, as appointed governors, were charged with overseeing relations with scores of Indian nations across a vast new West of the United States, including with the Shawnees and Delawares around Apple Creek. For a few years, after the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, good neighborship continued at Apple Creek, which first Lewis and later Clark attempted to protect. But these relations fell apart after the War of 1812, when Clark found himself on the wrong side of a new tide of American settlers and bent to the force of Jacksonian Democracy during the 1820s and 1830s.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Islam has persisted for some fourteen centuries. The usual secular litany of Islam’s failings and shortcomings cannot explain that simple historical fact. Successive waves of Islamic reform and renewal can. The present-day Awakening has brought justice, the core Islamic value, to the fore. With justice has come renewed interest in the legacy of Abu Dharr al Ghifari, the seventh-century companion of the Prophet. Abu Dharr has for centuries represented justice, The “callers” to Islam who have fueled and guided the Awakening regularly evoke his legends. Along with Abu Dharr, the Islamic prophet Jesus has received enhanced attention. The Prophet Muhammad himself forged a link between Abu Dharr and Jesus. Muslims do not accept the Christian belief that Jesus is the son of God. The Muslim Jesus, however, is revered for his humility, love for the poor, and profound spirituality. The Islam that Abu Dhar represents is thus anchored in justice characterized by both a caring social and deeply spiritual character.
Shaikh Muhammad al Ghazalli
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muhammad al Ghazalli, regarded by many as the preeminent Sunni cleric of the twentieth century, emerged from the Muslim Brotherhood. He blended sophisticated but understated scholarship, meaningful social activism, and unmatched rapport with al nas (the common people). Ghazalli spoke and acted for midstream Islam, the Wasittia. He stood with the influential centrists of the Egyptian New Islamic Trend, against both retrograde Wahabbi Islam and violent extremist movements. Ghazalli himself always acknowledged just how much he owed to the Brotherhood. Yet, when he found the society too restrictive in institutional and intellectual terms, he objected and left the movement. As an Islamic public intellectual, Ghazalli rose above movements, regimes, and sects. Centrist in practice and thought, Muhammad al Ghazalli gave the mind and heart of midstream Islam tangible expression. His social activism and his lifetime of scholarship made Muhammad al Ghazalli an Islamic figure for the ages.
Big Data and the Future Law of Armed Conflict in Cyberspace
Authors: Stephan Paul B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some who should know argue, and I find plausible, that among the several aspects of AI, accumulation and organization of data sets is the most significant. If this claim is right, then increasingly the most valuable property on the planet will be in cyberspace. As a conflict grows in intensity, adversaries will want to protect their property and degrade that of their opponents. The more important big data becomes, the more likely that adversaries will take actions affecting it. Almost inevitably some kind of international law will come into the picture, in the sense that relevant actors will frame claims about what they and others do in terms of international legal arguments. This chapter focuses on the question of jurisdiction or domain, rather than content: Under what circumstances will international lawyers in 2040 look to LOAC, including ius ad bellum, to regulate actions taken in cyberspace involving big data? This focus allows me to avoid considering what particular rules LOAC will apply. Rather, I consider whether LOAC, rather than some other body of international law or exclusively municipal law, might govern particular cyberspace activity.
Coalition Warfare and the Future of the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Cathcart Blaise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to reflect upon future armed conflicts, at least out to the year 2040, and to draw some conclusions about the potential state of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and coalition warfare. It highlights how the LOAC of 2040 will be at significant risk of being largely ineffectual, ignored, and viewed as illegitimate unless coalitions, consisting of State and/or non-State actors, more fully comply with, and respect, the LOAC. Failure of coalitions to openly and consistently apply, affirm, and legitimize the fundamental underlying principles of the LOAC will result in the LOAC falling into serious disuse. This, in turn, will profoundly threaten the rule of law, the maintenance of international order and humanity.
Who Gets to Make International Humanitarian Law in the Future
Authors: Moorehead Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses how substantive international humanitarian law develops—as well as other key questions surrounding its legitimacy, level of implementation, and enforcement—and suggests it will in large part depend on unsettled issues of process, that is, the modes by which the law is created, who plays a role in its development, and who sets the agenda for its reform. While the world is undergoing fundamental shifts that may be changing how we understand the role of States and global governance, States remain the primary and most powerful actors and will continue to be so in the coming decades. States are, and should be, the primary subjects and makers of international humanitarian law. This offers the best hope for greater recognition and application of the rules and their enforcement. Yet for international humanitarian law to retain its legitimacy in future decades, a pluralistic approach to international lawmaking must be embraced—one that international humanitarian law has already shown itself capable of coping with. This is not just a matter of good practice but survival: for the law of armed conflict to thrive in the future, it needs to channel the vibrancy of our diverse world by incorporating and enabling the views of a wider range of States and, in a supporting role, of civil society. A reversion to a narrow State-centric view of the law is likely only to lead to the marginalization of the law.
Virtue, Luck, and Other Goods
Authors: van Ackeren Marcel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nagel labeled the question about demandingness “Williams’s Question.” In this chapter, the author tries to overcome the underappreciation of the historical aspects of the current debate on demandingness by arguing that pagan ancient ethics, which Williams considered to be an alternative to the modern morality system, can be very demanding, too. After clarifying his terminology and addressing alleged methodological obstacles, three previous interpretations are rejected, namely by Nagel, Raz, and Annas. The author then opposes the view that the main problem for ancient ethics is egoism by showing that classical virtue theories can be highly demanding precisely because of their views regarding personal well-being: a comparison between the Stoics and the Socratic-Platonic tradition, including a brief contrasting glance on Aristotle, will reveal that the demandingness of these theories depends on whether virtue is considered the only life-enhancing good or whether luck and other things have the status of goods. Ancient theories promote moral sainthood and can run into the same problems as Kantian or consequentialist theories, only for different reasons.
Williams, Kant, and Morality’s “Peculiarity”
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, Bernard Williams makes an argument that the “morality system” should be abolished since its core idea of obligation makes moral obligation not only inescapable but also ubiquitous, so that moral agents are not able to achieve the integrity that consists in pursuing their own projects. In making this argument, Williams draws heavily on Kant, “the philosopher who has given the purest, deepest, and most thorough representation of morality,” in Williams’s view. Williams’s critique insightfully identifies moral obligation’s conceptual connection to accountability and attitudes through which we hold ourselves and others accountable, most notably, moral blame. The author argues, however, that focusing on morality’s connection to accountability shows us how Williams’s critique can be resisted. He also considers Kant on these questions and argues that, perhaps ironically, although morality can escape Williams’s abolitionist critique, Kant’s moral theory cannot.
A Shelter from Luck
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Far from being indiscriminately critical of the morality system, Bernard Williams offered vindicatory explanations of its crucial building blocks: the moral/nonmoral distinction, the idea of obligation, the voluntary/involuntary distinction, and the practice of blame. The rationale for these concessions, the author argues, is that understanding what these ideas do for us when they are not in the service of the system is as important to leading us out of the system as the critique of that system. The author then shows how regarding the aspiration to shelter life from luck as the system’s organizing ambition explains why the system elaborates and combines these building blocks in the way it does. Finally, he argues that the ultimate problem with this construction is its frictionless purity. It robs valuable concepts of their grip on the world and, by insisting on purity from contingency, threatens to engender nihilism about value and skepticism about agency.
Civil Society I
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the beginning of the 2011 Kapteinsklip land occupation, in which residents constituted themselves as a series: fragmented, isolated, and acting in simultaneity rather than in common. The organization that mobilized them represented the project of land occupation as legal, suggesting that each participant would receive a small plot of land. They therefore viewed the state as a partner in realizing the dream of distributive democracy. Rather than forming a unified front against an antagonistic state, each household instead passively received plots from the organization on an atomized basis. When they were subsequently confronted by armed police, they organized defensively into factions to secure their access to their own plots, rather than as a collective defending the entire occupation.
Political Society II
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Much like the preceding chapter, this chapter shows how the civil society articulation described in Siqalo in chapter 4 produced an unintended political society articulation: the fused group translated into an elected representative committee. As residents expanded this committee, their lawyer came to deal exclusively with their elected leadership, which publicly reported back to the rest of the community. As in Kapteinsklip, their case was perpetually delayed. But ultimately, when they had their day in court, judges viewed them as houseless people in immediate need of shelter. Of course, this was objectively true in both cases, but only in Siqalo were residents actually read as such. As in chapter 5, this chapter contends that occupiers were legible to judges, housing officials, and other government employees as political society articulations, even if these were unintended consequences of their articulation in civil society.
Political Choice in a Polarized America
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
What motivates citizens to support one party over the other? Do they carefully weigh all the relevant issues and assess which party or candidate best matches their own positions? Or do people look at politics as something more akin to a team sport—the specifics do not matter as long as you know what side your team is on? Understanding how and why Americans vote the way they do is central to understanding the political process. Political Choice in a Polarized America claims that individuals have core beliefs about what the government should or should not do, and these attitudes explain a great deal about what party a person identifies with and votes for. Moreover, the book demonstrates these attitudes’ explanatory power has increased in recent decades. Its thesis rests on the idea that voters generally try to support the party or candidate that best matches their orientations. However, voters’ ability to successfully do so varies as a function of the signals sent by elites. Voters have an easier time connecting their own orientations with the party offerings when the parties are polarized. As a result, voters’ policy attitudes explain a lot more about their partisan preferences than they did in previous eras. When the parties are polarized, people notice, even if they do not place close attention to politics. The result is an electorate divided by partisanship, policy, and ideology.
America the Polarized
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter offers a preview of the theoretical argument, the scope of the evidence, and the outline for the rest of the book. It provides readers an overview of the American political landscape. It begins with a discussion of polarization among America’s elected officials before moving on to discuss how polarization among elites affects how people behave. Here the book’s central argument is introduced: polarization among elected officials sharpens the contrast between the choices for voters, and this causes them to connect their policy attitudes more readily with the parties. As a result, Americans have become more likely to identify with and vote for the party that best reflects their attitudes.
A Test of How Elite Polarization Shapes Mass Political Behavior
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a test of how elite polarization influences individual-level political behavior. The chapter begins with a discussion of how elite polarization conditions how citizens think about politics and then moves on to discuss how elite polarization is measured. It then performs an analysis interacting a measure of elite polarization with individual-level policy orientations. It finds that policy orientations become stronger predictors of partisanship, vote choice, and hostility toward opposing partisans as elite polarization increases. The chapter includes an additional set of tests that shows individuals are sensitive to changes in the level of elite polarization in addition to the absolute level. It concludes with a discussion of how political sophistication moderates the relationship between elite polarization and individual-level policy orientations.
How Political Sophistication Shapes Responses to Elite Polarization
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This penultimate chapter provides a test of how political sophistication conditions individuals’ responses to elite polarization. This chapter replicates many of the analyses from chapters 6 and 7 but breaks the analyses down by a respondent’s level of sophistication. It finds that those with middling levels of sophistication exhibit the strongest response to elite polarization, and now look very much like the highly sophisticated in terms of the relationships between their policy attitudes and their partisanship and vote choice. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how elite polarization has reshaped the entire electorate, not just the most sophisticated citizens.
Modern Virtue
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mary Wollstonecraft revolutionized ancient traditions of the virtues in modern and Christian modes for feminist and abolitionist aims. Formed by religious traditions of dissent, Wollstonecraft radically altered the garments of the eighteenth-century religious, ethical, political, and aesthetic imagination. She sought to discard sexed virtues, to shed corsets that restrict women’s roles and rights, to expose and break chains of domination, to exchange the vicious finery of the rich for virtue in rags, and to design garb fit for a society in which all participate in defining and cultivating common goods. The virtues and debate about them remain indispensable to modern Christian traditions and democratic societies. When wed, virtues and contestation are among the goods shared in common. Canonical in women and gender studies, feminist philosophy, political science, literary studies, and history, Wollstonecraft is mostly unknown or ignored in contemporary virtue ethics, theology, and religious studies. Modern Virtue seeks to transform prominent narratives in each. Wollstonecraft scholars debate whether theology is ornamental or foundational for her radical arguments. Her use of the wardrobe metaphor provides a fitting alternative. Modern Virtue also challenges influential and competing narratives about the virtues in modernity. These stories render modern virtue a contradiction in terms, common goods obsolete. Modern accounts of the virtues must address this twofold conundrum: systems of domination thwart virtue and mask vice, and the virtues are integral to just sociopolitical transformation. Wollstonecraft’s account does just this.
Introduction
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Who is Mary Wollstonecraft? Why should Christian theologians and ethicists, philosophers of religion, and virtue ethicists care? What does she contribute to these fields today? Why think of modern virtue as a tradition of dissent? Is not each phrase a contradiction in terms? The introduction addresses these questions. Mary Wollstonecraft’s account of virtue provides an alternative to influential and competing narratives about the virtues in modernity. Virtues’ defenders tell a story about the virtues’ modern demise and mid-twentieth-century revival. Virtues’ despisers and designers suspect that we are better off without a revival of this tradition on these terms. Wollstonecraft helps us to move beyond the impasse that has emerged. She extends and revolutionizes ancient traditions of the virtues in distinctively modern and Christian modes for distinctively feminist and abolitionist aims.
Staging a Tragicomic Revolution
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines two ethical conflicts and the tragicomic nature of each: the revolution in France, and Burke and Wollstonecraft’s dispute about its significance. Burke portrays the French Revolution as a tragicomic scene. Wollstonecraft demonstrates in equally dramatic modes that Burke is mistaken about the nature and extent of the revolutionary tragedy. Still, she prevents their dispute from devolving into a culture war or tragic conflict, exemplifying practices of accountability and contestation needed to sustain democratic societies in the midst of sociopolitical revolutions. The Revolution debates of the 1790s distill modern ethical conflicts that remain as significant in the 1970s as today. These intra-Protestant debates provide an important counterpoint to depictions of modernity as an epic battle of tastes between two opposing and incommensurable views, a Nietzschean tragedy or Christian comedy, hopeless pessimism or utopian optimism. The Revolution is better understood, Wollstonecraft suggests for different reasons than Burke, as a tragicomedy.
On Love
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wollstonecraft’s call for a revolution in female manners entails a revolution of loves, earthly and divine. That such a revolution is inherently political has been denied or ignored by many, a source of anxiety for others. From premoderns like Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine to late moderns like Hannah Arendt, James Baldwin, Stanley Hauerwas, Martha Nussbaum, Alexander Nehamas, and Danielle Allen the political perils of love, friendship, and religion have been a matter of ongoing dispute. Wollstonecraft is keenly aware of the dangers of disordered loves. Oppressive relations of every kind require a revolution, a reordering of loves, desires, and relations as well as of laws, social norms, and institutions. The political virtues of friendship, generosity, and charity or love supplement the virtues of justice by perfecting all manner of loves—love of self, family, spouse, friends, strangers, enemies, country, nature, and God. Such virtues simply are common goods.
Kant, Liberalism, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book is the first extended treatment of Kant’s understanding of the meaning of life. It focuses on his largely neglected early lectures on anthropology from the 1760s and 1770s in the crucial years leading up to his Critique of Pure Reason. These lectures feature Kant at his least metaphysical, abstract, and legalistic. Instead, in these lectures, Kant adopts a naturalistic perspective, examining the purpose of the human being as an embodied, needy creature. This book argues that for the early Kant, human nature has two conflicting ends—that of wholeness and perfection—a conflict that justifies humanity in giving itself its own moral purpose to bring harmony to our nature and meaning to our lives. It then argues that Kant’s early view of the meaning of life has important implications for understanding his political theory. Kantian liberalism has in recent years been virtually synonymous with John Rawls’ liberalism, which has been criticized for abstracting from concerns about meaning in life and from debate and contestation in democratic politics. This book argues that Kant’s liberalism involves a more dynamic and contestatory politics than Rawls’ liberalism, because of the tensions in our nature as revealed by Kant’s anthropology. In addition, Kant’s anthropology points to a perfectionist dimension in Kantian liberalism, that politics on Kant’s view is not only a framework for pursuing our own view of the good, but also a partnership that fosters a meaningful life.