bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NLR receptor networks in plants
Authors: Adachi Hiroaki , Kamoun Sophien 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
To fight off diverse pathogens and pests, the plant immune system must recognize these invaders; however, as plant immune receptors evolve to recognize a pathogen, the pathogen often evolves to escape this recognition. Plant–pathogen co-evolution has led to the vast expansion of a family of intracellular immune receptors-nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs). When an NLR receptor recognizes a pathogen ligand, it activates immune signaling and thus initiates defense responses. However, in contrast with the model of NLRs acting individually to activate resistance, an emerging paradigm holds that plants have complex receptor networks where the large repertoire of functionally specialized NLRs function together to act against the large repertoire of rapidly evolving pathogen effectors. In this article, we highlight key aspects of immune receptor networks in plant NLR biology and discuss NLR network architecture, the advantages of this receptor network system, and the evolution of the NLR network in asterid plants.
Reducing metabolic burden in the PACEmid evolver system by remastering high‐copy phagemid vectors
Authors: Davenport Beth India , Tica Jure , Isalan Mark 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOrthogonal or non‐cross‐reacting transcription factors are used in synthetic biology as components of genetic circuits. Brödel et al. (2016) engineered 12 such cIλ transcription factor variants using a directed evolution ‘PACEmid’ system. The variants operate as dual activator/repressors and expand gene circuit construction possibilities. However, the high‐copy phagemid vectors carrying the cIλ variants imposed high metabolic burden upon cells. Here, the authors ‘remaster’ the phagemid backbones to relieve their burden substantially, exhibited by a recovery in Escherichia coli growth. The remastered phagemids' ability to function within the PACEmid evolver system is maintained, as is the cIλ transcription factors' activity within these vectors. The low‐burden phagemid versions are more suitable for use in PACEmid experiments and synthetic gene circuits; the authors have, therefore, replaced the original high‐burden phagemids on the Addgene repository. The authors’ work emphasises the importance of understanding metabolic burden and incorporating it into design steps in future synthetic biology ventures.
A novel primary frequency regulation strategy of wind farm based on wind turbine health condition
Authors: Li Shaolin , Wang Weisheng , Zhang Xing , Qin Shiyao , Ying You 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn order to optimize the primary frequency regulation performance of the wind farm and increase the service life of the wind turbines (WTs), this paper presents a novel primary frequency regulation strategy of the wind farm to maintain the system frequency considering each WT's health condition level. The proposed strategy can make WTs participate in frequency regulation according to their health conditions. Thus, the unhealthy WTs can be prevented from further deteriorating by reducing the load. In this paper, condition monitoring data from WTs is applied to estimate their health condition levels. Then, the power support is estimated according to the supplementary loop which includes inertial control and droop control. An adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) algorithm is employed to improve the control accuracy and mitigate the fluctuation caused by frequency variation. The case study is carried out in a two‐area wind‐diesel power system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed strategy optimizes the effect of primary frequency regulation while reducing the load on unhealthy WTs.
Numerical solutions to linear transfer problems of polarized radiation
Authors: Benedusi Pietro , Janett Gioele , Riva Simone , Krause Rolf , Belluzzi Luca 
Published: May 2022

Context. The polarization signals produced by the scattering of anistropic radiation in strong resonance lines encode important information about the elusive magnetic fields in the outer layers of the solar atmosphere. An accurate modeling of these signals is a very challenging problem from the computational point of view, in particular when partial frequency redistribution (PRD) effects in scattering processes are accounted for with a general angle-dependent treatment.
Aims. We aim at solving the radiative transfer problem for polarized radiation in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, taking angle-dependent PRD effects into account. The problem is formulated for a two-level atomic model in the presence of arbitrary magnetic and bulk velocity fields. The polarization produced by scattering processes and the Zeeman effect is considered.
Methods. The proposed solution strategy is based on an algebraic formulation of the problem and relies on a convenient physical assumption, which allows its linearization. We applied a nested matrix-free GMRES iterative method. Effective preconditioning is obtained in a multifidelity framework by considering the light-weight description of scattering processes in the limit of complete frequency redistribution (CRD).
Results. Numerical experiments for a one-dimensional (1D) atmospheric model show near optimal strong and weak scaling of the proposed CRD-preconditioned GMRES method, which converges in few iterations, independently of the discretization parameters. A suitable parallelization strategy and high-performance computing tools lead to competitive run times, providing accurate solutions in a few minutes.
Conclusions. The proposed solution strategy allows the fast systematic modeling of the scattering polarization signals of strong resonance lines, taking angle-dependent PRD effects into account together with the impact of arbitrary magnetic and bulk velocity fields. Almost optimal strong and weak scaling results suggest that this strategy is applicable to realistic 3D models. Moreover, the proposed strategy is general, and applications to more complex atomic models are possible.
Two-fluid implementation in MPI-AMRVAC with applications to the solar chromosphere
Authors: Braileanu B. Popescu , Keppens R. 
Published: May 2022

Context. The chromosphere is a partially ionized layer of the solar atmosphere, which acts as the transition between the photosphere where the gas is almost neutral and the fully ionized corona. As the collisional coupling between neutral and charged particles decreases in the upper part of the chromosphere, the hydrodynamical timescales may become comparable to the collisional timescale, thus calling for the application of a two-fluid model.
Aims. In this paper, we describe the implementation and validation of a two-fluid model that simultaneously evolves charges and neutrals, coupled by collisions.
Methods. The two-fluid equations are implemented in the fully open-source MPI-AMRVAC code. In the photosphere and the lower part of the solar atmosphere, where collisions between charged and neutral particles are very frequent, an explicit time-marching would be too restrictive, since, to maintain stability, the time step needs to be proportional to the inverse of the collision frequency. This caveat can be overcome by evaluating the collisional terms implicitly, using an explicit–implicit (IMEX) scheme. Out of the various IMEX variants implemented, we focused on the IMEX-ARS3 scheme and we used it for all simulations presented in this paper. The modular structure of the code allows us to directly apply all other code functionality – in particular, its automated grid adaptivity – to the two-fluid model.
Results. Our implementation recovers and significantly extends the available (analytic or numerical) test results for two-fluid chargeneutral evolutions. We demonstrate wave damping, propagation, and interactions in stratified settings, as well as Riemann problems for coupled plasma-neutral mixtures. We generalized a shock-dominated evolution from single to two-fluid regimes and made contact with recent findings on typical plasma-neutral instabilities.
Conclusions. The cases presented here cover very different collisional regimes and our results are fully consistent with related findings from the literature. If collisional time and length scales are smaller than the hydrodynamical scales usually considered in the solar chromosphere, the density structures seen in the neutral and charged fluids will be similar, with the effect of elastic collisions between charges and neutrals shown to be similar to the effects of diffusivity. Otherwise, density structures are different and the decoupling in velocity between the two species increases, and neutrals may, for instance, show Kelvin–Helmholtz roll-up while the charges do not. The use of IMEX schemes efficiently avoids the small time step constraints of fully explicit implementations in strongly collisional regimes. Implementing an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) greatly decreases the computational cost, as compared to uniform grid runs at the same effective resolution.
Using standards to maximise the benefit of digitisation of construction product Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) to reduce Building Life Cycle Impacts
Authors: Anderson Jane , Rønning Anne 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide standardised environmental information about the impact of making, using, and disposing of products – their embodied impacts and many are now provided digitally for use in Building LCA. Recognising the need to significantly reduce the embodied impact of our buildings, ISO/TC59/SC17 WG3 has developed ISO 22057 to standardise the provision of digitised and digitalised EPD and ensure EPD can be used to their full potential, as machine interpretable digitalised data.
Methods: ISO/TC59/SC17 WG3 has developed the standard using for ISO procedures with liaison with those in ISO working on Building Information Modelling (BIM) and building level environmental assessment standards. Using the Vienna Agreement, CEN/TC350 is also participating in the work and should adopt the standard as a European Standard.
Results: ISO 22057 will ensure digitised gate to grave EPD results are accompanied by machine readable and machine interpretable data. By standardising this process using ISO 22057, it will ensure that all building LCA tools and tool developers have access to common digital information in the most appropriate format to use alongside BIM.
Conclusions: ISO 22057 offers the opportunity to provide standardised, machine interpretable EPD and generic data which will enable the rapid digitalisation of building life cycle assessment.
Optomagnetic Imaging Spectroscopy (OMIS) for in situ detection of bacteria in blood – feasibility study
Authors: Garry Brittany , Stoiljkovic Nikola , Jovic Zorana , Pavlovic Radmila , Getnet Derese , Demons Samandra T. , Tyner Stuart D. , Zurawski Daniel V. , Swierczewski Brett E. , Koruga Djuro , Bobrov Alexander G. , Antonic Vlado 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in military and civilian hospitals. Rapid identification of involved pathogens is a key step for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and ultimately survival. Current diagnostics tools are either very bulky and not deployment ready, or require a long time to provide results. Given these obstacles, new solutions are urgently needed. Optomagnetic Imaging Spectroscopy (OMIS) is novel technology successfully used for the detection of cancer cells and viruses. OMIS has high sensitivity due to recording the unpaired and paired electrons of sample material. Furthermore, machine learning that uses the algorithms random forest (RF) classifier and artificial neural network (ANN) is integrated into the technology to enhance detection. Here we evaluated the feasibility of OMIS for the detection of bacteria in blood. Methods: We used commercially available human blood spiked with a defined concentration multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus derived from a clinical isolate. Final concentrations of bacteria of 1 × 106, 1 × 105 and 1 × 104 CFU/mL corresponding to High (H), Medium (M) and Low (L) concentrations respectively. A total of 240 samples (60 samples per concentration as well as 60 samples of sterile blood (N)) was imaged, and the data were analyzed using random forest classifier and artificial neural network. Images for the training set and validation sets were separately obtained and used for comparison against true positive values (confirmatory plating on the nutrient agar). Results: The average score of classification samples in the correct category (N, L, M, H) one-by-one was 94% for the ANN algorithm, while for the RF algorithm accuracy was 93% (average means that three times different 40 samples (of 240 samples) were chosen, and each prediction test had different sample mixtures). The closeness of the two values of accuracy strongly indicates that the input data (interaction of light with paired and unpaired electrons) and output data (classification N, L, M, H concentration of bacteria) are correlated.
Hegel, subjectivity and youth
Authors: Pais Alexandre 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article discusses how the constant pressure for young people to optimise themselves, to become the masters of their lives and to enjoy life to the full, instead of leading towards a new empowered citizenship, can also be experienced as an existential burden. It does so by engaging with the most recent research literature on youth studies concerning the agency/structure debate, which will be illustrated with results from a European project on youth participation. This literature will be discussed against the background of Hegelian philosophy, where it will be argued that structure is not as much a negative entity constraining people’s lives but a necessary feature of agency. The article finishes with a short exploration of Greta Thunberg’s political engagement, as an example of what universal politics could mean amidst a world permeated by identity politics.
Can measurements of foraging behaviour predict variation in weight gains of free-ranging cattle?
Authors: Augustine David J. , Raynor Edward J. , Kearney Sean P. , Derner Justin D. 
Published: May 2022

Context Technologies are now available to continuously monitor livestock foraging behaviours, but it remains unclear whether such measurements can meaningfully inform livestock grazing management decisions. Empirical studies in extensive rangelands are needed to quantify relationships between short-term foraging behaviours (e.g. minutes to days) and longer-term measures of animal performance. Aims The objective of this study was to examine whether four different ways of measuring daily foraging behaviour (grazing-bout duration, grazing time per day, velocity while grazing, and turn angle while grazing) were related to weight gain by free-ranging yearling steers grazing semiarid rangeland. Methods Yearling steers were fitted with neck collars supporting a solar-powered device that measured GPS locations at 5 min intervals and used an accelerometer to predict grazing activity at 4 s intervals. These devices were used to monitor steers in four different paddocks that varied in forage biomass, and across two grazing seasons encompassing a wide range of forage conditions. Steer weight gain (kg/steer.day) was measured in each paddock during each of three ∼60 day time intervals, and daily foraging behaviours were measured during 15–21 days in each interval. Results A model based on only two daily measurements of foraging behaviour, mean grazing bout duration (calculated at a 5 min resolution) and mean velocity while grazing explained 62% of the variation in animal weight gain. Conclusions Daily measurements of foraging behaviour vary substantially in response to varying foraging conditions in space and time, and can effectively serve as indicators of variation in cattle weight gain. Implications On-animal sensors that monitor foraging behaviour have the potential to transmit indicators to livestock managers in real time (e.g. daily) to help inform decisions such as when to move animals among paddocks, or when to sell or transition animals from rangeland to confined feeding operations.
Activation of indistinguishability-based quantum coherence for enhanced metrological applications with particle statistics imprint
Authors: Sun Kai , Liu Zheng-Hao , Wang Yan , Hao Ze-Yan , Xu Xiao-Ye , Xu Jin-Shi , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can , Castellini Alessia , Lami Ludovico , Winter Andreas , Adesso Gerardo , Compagno Giuseppe , Lo Franco Rosario 
Published: May 2022

Significance
Quantum coherence has a fundamentally different origin for nonidentical and identical particles since for the latter a unique contribution exists due to indistinguishability. Here we experimentally show how to exploit, in a controllable fashion, the contribution to quantum coherence stemming from spatial indistinguishability. Our experiment also directly proves, on the same footing, the different role of particle statistics (bosons or fermions) in supplying coherence-enabled advantage for quantum metrology. Ultimately, our results provide insights toward viable quantum-enhanced technologies based on tunable indistinguishability of identical building blocks.
The acquisition of cold sensitivity during TRPM8 ion channel evolution
Authors: Lu Xiancui , Yao Zhihao , Wang Yunfei , Yin Chuanlin , Li Jiameng , Chai Longhui , Dong Wenqi , Yuan Licheng , Lai Ren , Yang Shilong 
Published: May 2022

Significance
Adaptation to more severe ambient temperature fluctuations can be considered one of the key innovations of terrestrial tetrapods. Our study shows the formation of the functional MHR1-3 domain in transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) bestowed the channel with cold sensitivity during the water-to-land transition. The evolved MHR1-3 domain found in terrestrial tetrapods serves as an independent apparatus with cold sensitivity. Furthermore, this domain with independent cold sensitivity is necessary for the regulatory mechanism of the pore domain, where the efficacy of cold activation is largely altered by evolutionary tuning of the hydrophobicity of several residues during the diversification of terrestrial tetrapods. Our findings advance the understanding of cold-sensing emergence during evolution and the thermodynamic basis of TRPM8 cold activation.
Handle it in-house?
Authors: Naismith Ben , Juffs Alan , Han Na-Rae , Zheng Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Vocabulary lists of high-frequency lexical items are an important resource in language education and a key product of corpus research. However, no single vocabulary list will be useful for every learning context, with the appropriateness of such lists affected by the corpora on which they are based. This paper investigates the impact of corpus selection on one measure of lexical sophistication, Advanced Guiraud, focusing on two frequency lists originating from an in-house learner corpus (PELIC) and a global learner corpus (Cambridge Learner Corpus). This analysis shows that frequency lists derived from both types of learner corpus can effectively serve as the basis for measuring the development of lexical sophistication, regardless of the specific program of the learners. Therefore, publicly available learner corpus frequency lists can be a reliable resource for stakeholders interested in the lexical gains of language learners.
Quantum entanglement and coherence of tripartite W state for Dirac fields under noisy channels in non-inertial frames
Authors: Kim Kwang-Il , Pak Myong Chol , Song An Ok , Gyong Ri Un , Ko Myong-Chol , Kim Nam-Chol 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We investigate quantum entanglement and coherence of tripartite W state for Dirac fields under phase damping, phase flip and bit flip channels, respectively, in non-inertial frames. Via π-tangle, we numerically compute tripartite entanglement of W state under three channels when two observers are accelerated. We also analytically derive l
1-norm quantum coherence of W state under the simultaneous influence of Unruh effect and noisy environments. For phase-damping and phase-flip channels, both the acceleration and noisy channels modulate the behaviour of the tripartitle entanglement and quantum coherence. They do not vanish even for infinite acceleration when only A's qubit is under noisy environment, in contrast with the case when two or more observers’ qubits are under noisy environment. In the case of the bit flip channel, the behavior of the tripartite entanglement is similar to the one of the phase flip channel, but quantum coherence remains unaffected by the environment.
Understanding the core confinement in DIII-D super-H experiments by transport modeling
Authors: Jian X. , Holland C. , Ding S. , Knolker M. , Snyder P.B. , Chan V.S. , Garofalo A.M. , Grierson B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The DIII-D super-H (SH) scenario, which is characterized by a significantly higher pedestal pressure compared to standard high confinement mode (H mode) plasmas, typically exhibits two phases in its temporal dynamics. The early hot ion (SH–HI) phase has higher core ion temperatures and normalized confinement factor (H
98(y,2) ∼ 2) than the later ‘standard’ SH phase, which has similar pedestal pressure characteristics to the SH–HI phase but a lower confinement factor (H
98(y,2) ∼ 1.2) as well as lower pedestal T
i/T
e ratio. However, beyond the pedestal differences, it is also observed that in the core plasma T
i is more peaked and has a significantly larger normalized gradient scale length a/L
Ti in the SH–HI phase than in the SH phase. This paper identifies the physics responsible for the different core profiles via gyrokinetic and gyrofluid modeling. It is found that the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode dominates the core transport for both phases. Absent flow shear effects, the ITG critical gradient (a/L
Ti,crit) is shown to be far smaller in the SH–HI phase than the SH phase. The lower a/L
Ti,crit in the SH–HI phase is shown to be mainly induced by the hollow carbon (impurity) density profile, which is strongly destabilizing relative to the nearly flat carbon density profile in the SH phase. Differences in the T
i/T
e ratio between these phases are found to have a minor impact. However, the significantly stronger flow shearing in the SH–HI phase relative to the SH phase enables the achievement of higher core a/L
Ti values and is therefore mainly responsible for the higher core T
i values observed in the early SH–HI phase. Predictive transport modeling shows that the confinement in the lower-rotation SH phase could be elevated significantly if a peaked impurity density profile can be achieved, and potential applications to the performance improvement of future reactors are discussed.