bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population differentiation and structural variation in theManduca sextagenome across the United States
Authors: Mongue Andrew J , Kawahara Akito Y 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany species that are extensively studied in the laboratory are less well characterized in their natural habitat, and laboratory strains represent only a small fraction of the variation in a species’ genome. Here we investigate genomic variation in 3 natural North American populations of an agricultural pest and a model insect for many scientific disciplines, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). We show that hornworms from Arizona, Kansas, and North Carolina are genetically distinct, with Arizona being particularly differentiated from the other 2 populations using Illumina whole-genome resequencing. Peaks of differentiation exist across the genome, but here, we focus in on the most striking regions. In particular, we identify 2 likely segregating inversions found in the Arizona population. One inversion on the Z chromosome may enhance adaptive evolution of the sex chromosome. The larger, 8 Mb inversion on chromosome 12 contains a pseudogene which may be involved in the exploitation of a novel hostplant in Arizona, but functional genetic assays will be required to support this hypothesis. Nevertheless, our results reveal undiscovered natural variation and provide useful genomic data for both pest management and evolutionary genetics of this insect species.
Judicial avoidance at the European Court of Human Rights: Institutional authority, the procedural turn, and docket control
Authors: Jackson Miles 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article concerns the ongoing conflict over the authority of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). As has been widely discussed, the authority of the Court has come under sustained pressure from states over the last decade. As one response to this pressure, the Court has undertaken what the literature calls a procedural turn—a doctrinal shift that has incorporated its changing political dynamic into its case law. The procedural turn is constituted by renewed deference to national authorities “premised on good faith domestic engagement with [European Convention on Human Rights] principles.” This article sets out a functional critique of the procedural turn by drawing attention to certain limitations in its assumptions and application. Is there an alternative—or additional—way for the Court to respond? Drawing on the practice of other courts, I propose that the ECtHR take seriously judicial avoidance as a way to protect its authority—specifically, the Court might avoid making a determination of a particular case at a particular time. This approach—though not without objection—may provide the Court with an ad hoc, flexible capacity to protect its authority, and comes with the additional benefits of neither legitimating the underlying domestic measure nor upsetting important doctrinal structures relevant to other cases. I further suggest that control of its docket through introducing strategic considerations at the admissibility stage would be the most appropriate technique of avoidance for the Court.
Living With Stigma and Low Self-esteem Among Individuals With Burn Injuries: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wu Xiaoxue , Hu Yueyun , Hu Ailing 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBurn injuries are a significant global public health concern. The psychological problems deserve more attention. Research has shown that reducing the stigma and improving the burn patient’s self-esteem are effective means to promote social reintegration. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between stigma and self-esteem and to examine the independent factors that contribute to with the stigma of burns. The convenience sampling method was used in Guangzhou, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Social Impact Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, statistical inference, correlation testing, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data among 146 burn survivors. The P-value was set as .05. The mean score of SIS was 57.03 ± 6.762. Of the four components of the Social Impact Scale, social rejection had the highest mean score (21.72 ± 3.00). The mean Self-Esteem Scale score was 21.05 ± 2.492, markedly different from the general population. A moderate positive correlation (r = .546, P &lt; .001) was found between stigma and low self-esteem among burn victims. Multiple linear regression analysis identified residence, itching, and Self-Esteem Scale score as significant influencing factors, accounting for 38.5% of the total variance in stigma. Burn survivors reported moderate levels of stigma and low levels of self-esteem. Residence, itching, and Self-Esteem Scale score were significant influencing factors for stigma. To promote recovery of patients with burn injury, it is necessary to eliminate the stigma and improve their self-esteem.
Hemispheric Asymmetry and Atypical Lobar Progression of Alzheimer-Type Tauopathy
Authors: Tremblay Cécilia , Serrano Geidy E , Intorcia Anthony J , Curry Jasmine , Sue Lucia I , Nelson Courtney M , Walker Jessica E , Glass Michael J , Arce Richard A , Fleisher Adam S , Pontecorvo Michael J , Atri Alireza , Montine Thomas J , Chen Kewei , Beach Thomas G 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The spread of neurofibrillary tau pathology in Alzheimer disease (AD) mostly follows a stereotypical pattern of topographical progression but atypical patterns associated with interhemispheric asymmetry have been described. Because histopathological studies that used bilateral sampling are limited, this study aimed to assess interhemispheric tau pathology differences and the presence of topographically atypical cortical spreading patterns. Immunohistochemical staining for detection of tau pathology was performed in 23 regions of interest in 57 autopsy cases comparing bilateral cortical regions and hemispheres. Frequent mild (82% of cases) and occasional moderate (32%) interhemispheric density discrepancies were observed, whereas marked discrepancies were uncommon (7%) and restricted to occipital regions. Left and right hemispheric tau pathology dominance was observed with similar frequencies, except in Braak Stage VI that favored a left dominance. Interhemispheric Braak stage differences were observed in 16% of cases and were more frequent in advanced (IV–VI) versus early (I–III) stages. One atypical lobar topographical pattern in which occipital tau pathology density exceeded frontal lobe scores was identified in 4 cases favoring a left dominant asymmetry. We speculate that asymmetry and atypical topographical progression patterns may be associated with atypical AD clinical presentations and progression characteristics, which should be tested by comprehensive clinicopathological correlations.
USDA Forest Service Employee Diversity During a Period of Workforce Contraction
Authors: Westphal Lynne M , Dockry Michael J , Kenefic Laura S , Sachdeva Sonya S , Rhodeland Amelia , Locke Dexter H , Kern Christel C , Huber-Stearns Heidi R , Coughlan Michael R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We analyzed USDA Forest Service (Forest Service) employment data from 1995 to 2017, by race and ethnicity, gender, as well as race/ethnicity and gender, to assess progress towards the Forest Service’s goal of achieving a multicultural workforce that reflects the US population. We look at the trends by an employee’s level in the Forest Service and by branch of the Forest Service. Our data show an overall decrease in the workforce by nearly 20%, an increase in diversity in Forest Service leadership levels, little change in the percentage of employees in non-White racial/ethnic groups combined, the number of Black employees decreased, and the number of women in lower grades and in the National Forest System Deputy Area decreased. Comparison with the civilian labor force provides additional context. Implications are relevant beyond the Forest Service, including a risk of losing public trust and reduced agency effectiveness if a representative workforce is not achieved.
5-Amino-4-Imidazolecarboxamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase/IMP Cyclohydrolase Polymorphisms Affect the Susceptibility to Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Wang Yu , Ling Zhian , Hu Zuojian , Gui Ying , Huang Chunni , Yao Yibin , Li Ruolin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe upregulation of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC) may affect tumorigenesis and multiple myeloma (MM) development.Materials and MethodsA total of 97 patients with MM and 102 healthy control patients were included in the study. The SNaPshot technique was used to detect the ATIC gene polymorphisms. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses were conducted using SHEsis software.ResultsThe genotype distribution or allele frequency of rs3772078 and rs16853834 was significantly different between the patients with MM and the healthy control patients (all P &lt; .05). The rs16853834 A allele, rs3772078 CT genotype, and C allele were associated with a decreased risk of MM (all P &lt; .05). Five single-nucleotide polymorphism combinations showed strong LD. Three haplotypes were associated with MM risk (all P &lt; .05). We found that ATIC rs7604984 was significantly associated with serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (P = .050).ConclusionWe determined that the rs3772078 and rs16853834 polymorphisms are associated with a decreased risk of MM.
UV/VUV photoprocessing of protonatedN-hetero(poly)acenes
Authors: Jacovella Ugo , Hansen Christopher S , Giuliani Alexandre , Trevitt Adam J , Nahon Laurent 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTN-heterocycles are suspected to play an important role in the chemical origin of life. Despite their detection in meteorites and in Titan’s atmosphere, their extra-terrestrial chemical formation networks remain elusive. Furthermore N-heterocyclics are undetected in the interstellar medium. This paper assesses the photostability of protonated N-hetero(poly)acenes after ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation. It provides information on their ability to retain the N atom into the cycle to generate larger N-containing species or functionalized N-heterocyles. Protonated N-hetero(poly)acenes were generated using electrospray ionization and injected into a linear ion trap where they were irradiated by radiation of 4.5 to 10 eV using the DESIRS beamline at the synchrotron SOLEIL. The photodissociation action spectra of protonated pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and acridine were measured by recording the photofragment yields as a function of photon energy. The four systems exhibit dissociation channels associated with H2 and HCN/HNC loss but with different branching ratios. The results indicate that increasing the size of the N-hetero(poly)acenes increases the chance of retaining the N atom in the larger fragment ion after photodissociation but it remains that all the protonated N-hetero(poly)acenes studied lose their N atom at part of a small neutral photofragment, with high propensity. Therefore, protonated N-hetero(poly)acenes in interstellar space are unlikely precursors to form larger N-containing species. However, protonated pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and acridine are most likely to retain their N atoms in planetary atmospheres where UV radiation at the planet’s surface is typically restricted to wavelengths greater than 200 nm – suggesting such environments are possible substrates for prebiotic chemistry.
The column densities of molecular gas across cosmic time: bridging observations and simulations
Authors: Szakacs Roland , Péroux Céline , Zwaan Martin A , Nelson Dylan , Schinnerer Eva , Lahén Natalia , Weng Simon , Fresco Alejandra Y 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Observations of the cosmic evolution of different gas phases across time indicate a marked increase in the molecular gas mass density towards z ∼ 2–3. Such a transformation implies an accompanied change in the global distribution of molecular hydrogen column densities ($N_{\rm {H_2}}$). Using observations by PHANGS-ALMA/SDSS and simulations by GRIFFIN/IllustrisTNG we explore the evolution of this H2 column density distribution function [$f(N_{\rm {H}_2})$]. The H2 (and H i) column density maps for TNG50 and TNG100 are derived in post-processing and are made available through the IllustrisTNG online API. The shape and normalization of $f(N_{\rm {H}_2})$ of individual main-sequence star-forming galaxies are correlated with the star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (M*), and H2 mass ($M_{\rm {H}_2}$) in both observations and simulations. TNG100, combined with H2 post-processing models, broadly reproduces observations, albeit with differences in slope and normalization. Also, an analytically modelled f(N), based on exponential gas discs, matches well with the simulations. The GRIFFIN simulation gives first indications that the slope of $f(N_{\rm {H}_2})$ might not majorly differ when including non-equilibrium chemistry in simulations. The $f(N_{\rm {H}_2})$ by TNG100 implies that higher molecular gas column densities are reached at z = 3 than at z = 0. Further, denser regions contribute more to the molecular mass density at z = 3. Finally, H2 starts dominating compared to H i only at column densities above log($N_{\rm {H}_2} / \rm {cm}^{-2}) \sim 21.8\!-\!22$ at both redshifts. These results imply that neutral atomic gas is an important contributor to the overall cold gas mass found in the ISM of galaxies including at densities typical for molecular clouds at z = 0 and 3.
KiDS-1000 cosmology: machine learning – accelerated constraints on interacting dark energy with CosmoPower
Authors: Spurio Mancini A , Pourtsidou A 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We derive constraints on a coupled quintessence model with pure momentum exchange from the public ∼1000 deg2 cosmic shear measurements from the Kilo-Degree Survey and the Planck 2018 cosmic microwave background data. We compare this model with Lambda cold dark matter and find similar χ2 and log-evidence values. We accelerate parameter estimation by sourcing cosmological power spectra from the neural network emulator CosmoPower. We highlight the necessity of such emulator-based approaches to reduce the computational runtime of future similar analyses, particularly from Stage IV surveys. As an example, we present Markov Chain Monte Carlo forecasts on the same coupled quintessence model for a Euclid-like survey, revealing degeneracies between the coupled quintessence parameters and the baryonic feedback and intrinsic alignment parameters, but also highlighting the large increase in constraining power Stage IV surveys will achieve. The contours are obtained in a few hours with CosmoPower, as opposed to the few months required with a Boltzmann code.
Acute Dacryoadenitis due to Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Authors: Hayano Satoshi , Nakada Naruhiko , Kashima Masayuki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We herein present the case of a 28-year-old male patient who presented with fever and bilateral upper eyelid edema without other upper airway symptoms and was diagnosed with acute dacryoadenitis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The patient’s medical history was unremarkable. Laboratory tests revealed lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes and abnormal liver function tests. Physical examination and computed tomography revealed swelling in the lacrimal glands, and serological tests confirmed EBV infection. Although rare, ocular symptoms of primary EBV infection are important for diagnosis. Acute dacryoadenitis should be considered as a rare manifestation and an underdiagnosed complication of primary EBV infection.
Overexpression of IGF-1 During Early Development Expands the Number of Mammary Stem Cells and Primes them for Transformation
Authors: Luo Linjie , Santos Andres , Konganti Kranti , Hillhouse Andrew , Lambertz Isabel U , Zheng Yuanning , Gunaratna Ramesh T , Threadgill David W , Fuchs-Young Robin S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) has been implicated in breast cancer due to its mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects. Despite substantial research on the role of IGF-1 in tumor progression, the relationship of IGF-1 to tissue stem cells, particularly in mammary tissue, and the resulting tumor susceptibility has not been elucidated. Previous studies with the BK5.IGF-1 transgenic (Tg) mouse model reveals that IGF-1 does not act as a classical, post-carcinogen tumor promoter in the mammary gland. Pre-pubertal Tg mammary glands display increased numbers and enlarged sizes of terminal end buds, a niche for mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Here we show that MaSCs from both wild-type (WT) and Tg mice expressed IGF-1R and that overexpression of Tg IGF-1 increased numbers of MaSCs by undergoing symmetric division, resulting in an expansion of the MaSC and luminal progenitor (LP) compartments in pre-pubertal female mice. This expansion was maintained post-pubertally and validated by mammosphere assays in vitro and transplantation assays in vivo. The addition of recombinant IGF-1 promoted, and IGF-1R downstream inhibitors decreased mammosphere formation. Single-cell transcriptomic profiles generated from 2 related platforms reveal that IGF-1 stimulated quiescent MaSCs to enter the cell cycle and increased their expression of genes involved in proliferation, plasticity, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This study identifies a novel, pro-tumorigenic mechanism, where IGF-1 increases the number of transformation-susceptible carcinogen targets during the early stages of mammary tissue development, and “primes” their gene expression profiles for transformation.
Chronic Hexavalent Chromium Exposure Upregulates the RNA Methyltransferase METTL3 Expression to Promote Cell Transformation, Cancer Stem Cell-Like Property, and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Wang Zhishan , Uddin Mohammad Burhan , Xie Jie , Tao Hua , Zeidler-Erdely Patti C , Kondo Kazuya , Yang Chengfeng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common environmental carcinogen causing lung cancer in humans. This study investigates the mechanism of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis focusing on the role of the epitranscriptomic dysregulation. The epitranscriptomic effect of Cr(VI) was determined in Cr(VI)-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, chromate-exposed mouse and human lungs. The epitranscriptomic effect and its role in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation, cancer stem cell (CSC)-like property, and tumorigenesis were determined by microarray analysis, soft agar colony formation, suspension spheroid formation, and mouse xenograft tumorigenesis assays. It was found that chronic Cr(VI) exposure causes epitranscriptomic dysregulations as evidenced by the increased levels of total RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and the RNA m6A methyltransferase like-3 (METTL3) in Cr(VI)-transformed cells and chromate exposure-caused mouse and human lung tumors. Knockdown of METTL3 expression in Cr(VI)-transformed cells significantly reduces their m6A levels and transformed phenotypes and tumorigenicity in mice. Moreover, knockdown of METTL3 expression in parental nontransformed cells significantly reduces the capability of chronic Cr(VI) exposure to induce cell transformation and CSC-like property. Together, this study reveals that chronic Cr(VI) exposure is capable of altering cellular epitranscriptome by increasing the m6A RNA modification via upregulating the RNA methyltransferase METTL3 expression, which plays an important role in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation, CSC-like property, and tumorigenesis.
Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PINACA Retain Affinity, Act as High Efficacy Agonists and Exhibit Atypical Pharmacodynamic Properties at CB1 Receptors
Authors: Cabanlong Christian V , Russell Lauren N , Fantegrossi William E , Prather Paul L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a large group of abused psychoactive compounds that elicit numerous toxic effects not observed with cannabis, including death. Abuse of third-generation SCRA 5F-MDMB-PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB) has been associated with over 40 fatalities. This SCRA is metabolized to several active phase I metabolites, including excessively high post-mortem serum concentrations of an ester hydrolysis metabolite, 5F-MDMB-PINACA-M7 (M7). Although high serum concentrations of M7 (and other active metabolites) have been suggested to contribute to 5F-MDMB-PINACA toxicity, the affinity of M7 for CB1 receptors is unknown and more complete pharmacodynamic characterization of 5F-MDMB-PINACA and its active metabolites is needed. Competition binding and G-protein modulation studies presented here confirm reports that 5F-MDMB-PINACA and a second N-5-hydroxypentyl metabolite (M2) exhibit nM affinity and act as high efficacy agonists at CB1 receptors. Also as previously published, M7 exhibits high efficacy at CB1 receptors; however, demonstrated here for the first time, M7 retains only low μΜ affinity. Empirically derived Kb values indicate rimonabant differentially antagonizes G-protein activation produced by 5F-MDMB-PINACA, relative to Δ9-THC (THC) or its metabolites. Chronic administration of 5F-MDMB-PINACA and metabolites results in CB1 down-regulation, but only 5F-MDMB-PINACA produces desensitization. Although low CB1 affinity/potency of M7 precluded in vivo studies, both M2 and THC produce locomotor suppression and CB1-mediated dose-dependent hypothermia and analgesia in mice. Collectively, these data confirm and extend previous studies suggesting that 5F-MDMB-PINACA is metabolized to active compounds exhibiting atypical pharmacodynamic properties at CB1 receptors, that may accumulate with parent drug to produce severe toxicity.
A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata:Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Authors: Scarpetta Simon G , Ledesma David T 
Published: February 2022

AbstractExtant alligator lizards of the genus Abronia are found in montane cloud forests and pine-oak forests of Mesoamerica and are iconic among the public and scientific communities. Here, we describe a fossilized partial skull from the Miocene of southern California (~12.5–11.0 Mya) that is the first definitive fossil and only recognized extinct species of Abronia. The locality of the fossil is substantially removed from the range of extant species of Abronia. This remarkable biogeographical discovery corroborates previous speculation that Abronia was distributed north of Mexico during the Neogene, a scenario that could not be inferred from the geographical ranges and phylogeny of the extant species alone. Additionally, the fossil preserves a distinctive morphology, osteoderm sails, that appears unique to the new taxon among alligator lizards. The finding emphasizes the importance of the fossil record for historical biogeography and could motivate new avenues of biogeographical research in Mesoamerica and the USA.
Review of pediatric hypercarbia and intraoperative management
Authors: Evans Beata , Dore Seamas , Couser Deanna 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
Hypercarbia in pediatric patients is an important component of intraoperative management. Despite marked advances in medicine and technology, it is uncertain what the physiological CO2 range in neonates, infants and small children. This data is extrapolated from the adult population. We are going to review advantages and disadvantages of CO2 measurement techniques, causes and systemic effects of hypercarbia. We are going to discuss how to approach management of intraoperative hypercarbia.

Recent findings
Although physiological range in this patient population may not be fully understood, it is known that any rapid change from a child's baseline increases risks of complications. Any derangements in CO2 are further compromised by hypoxia, hypotension, hypothermia, anemia, all of which may occur in a dynamic operating room environment.

Summary
Pediatric anesthesiologists and their teams must remain vigilant and anticipate these developments. Care must be taken to avoid any rapid changes in these vulnerable patients to minimize risks of adverse outcomes.