bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Oxide Channel Thin Film Transistor for Ultra-High-Resolution Display
Authors: Lee Sein , Sung Taehoon , Song Min-Kyu , Kwon J.-Y. 
Published: July 2022

The significance of backplane devices for ultra-high-resolution (UHR) display has increased with the recent development of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices. Since the human visual resolution can distinguish up to 60 pixels per degree (PPD), the AR/VR device panel needs at least 3000 pixels per inch (PPI) to exceed the human retina resolution limit for clear display without screen effect. As a results, the unit pixel pitch of thin film transistor (TFT) for UHR display should be not only smaller than a few micrometers (~3 μm), TFT channel length should also be sub-micrometers level. In active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display type, self-aligned top gate (SATG) TFT has been widely used as a planar backplane device structure because of its low parasitic capacitance and tolerance of illumination degradation caused by the light from emitting layer [1-2]. However, SATG TFT has fundamental disadvantages for device miniaturization due to its essentially required area of metallization region for reducing contact resistance and scaling limit of channel induced by carrier diffusion shrinking effective channel length. For this reason, we suggested a size tunable oxide channel VTFT structure that can achieve a high pixel density on account of structural benefit on device footprint.
In this work, we fabricated amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) based VTFT. The previously published VTFT structure, channel length is determined by the thickness of spacer between source and drain electrodes [3]. Owing to spacer etching process, uneven backchannel roughness and high off current has become well-known issues of VTFT. On the contrary, the proposed VTFT structure has a controllability of effective channel aspect ratio because source and drain electrodes are able to be patterned by photolithography process. Furthermore, the parasitic capacitance is also relatively less than the formerly reported VTFTs controlled by inevitable thickness limit structurally due to the electrodes.
To sum up, we not only realized the oxide channel VTFT that meets high performance for AR/VR display, but opened new application possibility to UHR electronic devices platform.

Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the proposed VTFT (b) Transfer characteristic of VTFT

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(KEIT) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (No. 2021-11-1283)

References

Kang, Dong Han, et al. "Self-aligned coplanar a-IGZO TFTs and application to high-speed circuits." IEEE electron device letters 32.10 (2011): 1385-1387.

Wang, Guoying, et al. "8.3: High Stability Against Light and Heat Based on the Top Gate Self‐Aligned a‐IGZO TFTs under OLED Dislplay." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. 49. 2018.

Petti, Luisa, et al. "Flexible quasi-vertical In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistor with 300-nm channel length." IEEE Electron Device Letters36.5 (2015): 475-477.

Figure 1
“Presenting of Sound and Non-Sound Waves Signal Analysis “
Authors: Pozinkevych Ruslan 
Published: July 2022

Our research is an attempt to derive mathematical formula to describe the state of a system created by to or more waves resulting in a shockwave production
The shockwave produced is a carrier of an energy that can be used for motion in gases and liquids
To be able to utilize this energy we must be able to describe the state of a system of two or more waves at any given time thus deriving a formula that links energy produced to the component characteristics of the wave e.g frequency amplitude etc
A mathematical model is used which presents a system of waves as a sum or difference of two vectors which is the resulting vector or a shockwave It is a model that has been obtained after using detailed analysis of both longitudinal and transverse waves
To simplify the description we are going to look at the waves purely as a carrier of an energy that can further be utilized for different purposes and from that standpoint its easier to regard our waves and a resulting shockwave as a vector I am going to try and explain it from the point of view of mathematics
Lets take a look at the sum (difference) of the two vectors The resulting sum (difference) vector is our sought shockwave which in itself is a carrier of energy
In the attachment to my submission I am presenting a f-la of the wave as a carrier of energy
Its a universal approach towards wave analysis and can be applied to different kind of waves acoustic and non acoustic In that sense analysis of the latter fits well into the agenda and will lead to a detailed explanation on how this principle works (pls see the attached file)

Figure 1
(Digital Presentation) Synthesis of Multisize Layered Silica Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Sadat Arabjafari Maliheh , Bayat Farzaneh , Jamshidi-Ghaleh Kazem , Amani-Ghadim Ali Reza , Fatemi Ali , Rasouli Milad 
Published: July 2022

Today, human beings have found an increasing need for energy. The ever-increasing effort to shrink information systems at higher speeds has led to the common idea that photons are used as carriers of information instead of electrons. Photonic crystals have a structure whose dielectric constants and refractive indices change alternately in one, two, or three dimensions, which are called one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional photon crystals. Periodicity in the refractive index of the crystal structure causes a photonic bandgap that includes a range of frequencies in which light with a frequency of this range is not allowed to pass the crystal structure and is reflected or absorbed.
In this work, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres of different sizes were first synthesized using the suspension polymerization method. Concentrations of used materials including initializer, monomer, reaction temperature, reaction time, and rotation speed play important roles in determining the final diameter of PMMA microspheres. Then, the vertical deposition method is used for the growth of multi-layered opals of different sizes, one on top of another. On the other hand, inverse opals have porous and organized structures that are made using opals as the template. The method used in this study to make multisize layered inverse opal made of silica is as follows: 1- Fabrication of a uniform layer of polymer microspheres on a glass substrate with a specified size as a colloidal crystal template 2- Infiltration of void space between the microspheres of the opal template 3- Creating the next layer with different size on the first layer 4- Reinjection of the silica precursor. 5- Repeating the coating layer and injection of the precursor. 6- Finally, selective removal of the opal template by calcination or etching with an organic solvent to create the porous structure of the multisize layered Silica inverse opal photonic crystals. The silica precursor contains a mixture of ethanol, TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate, and hydrochloric acid.
The results show that the fabricated inverse opals are organized, crack-free, and uniform. It is possible to make the desired number of layers by changing the concentration of the PMMA microspheres' colloidal suspension. By changing the characteristics of photonic crystals, such as their constituent materials and refractive indices, lattice constants, and the number of layers, it is possible to control their photonic properties which are beneficial for different applications.
(Invited) Ir Strangelove: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace the PEM
Authors: Mittelsteadt Cortney 
Published: July 2022

There are extremely ambitious plans for rapid growth in hydrogen generation from renewables. PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) electrolysis is particularly well suited to work with these intrinsically intermittent power sources due to their ability to duty cycle on the seconds timescale. An oft-sited liability of PEM is their reliance on precious group metal, PGM materials, specifically the use of Iridium for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Iridium is the rarest natural element on earth, with global production a scant 10 tons/year[1]. Speculation on increased demand has led to a recent price surge as well (Figure 1). Current Ir usage is estimated around 400 g Ir/MW of electrolysis[2]. This would put a cap of 25 GW/year of PEM electrolysis, assuming 100% of production was steered towards electrolysis, away from current uses, which include crucibles, chlor-alkali catalyst and spark plugs.
These perceived challenges have motivated a healthy increase in alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis, which can operate without the use of PGMs. AEMs have yet to demonstrate suitable durability, and have other system implications. The iridium availability cap can be greatly increased, however, by lowering Ir loadings on an areal basis and increasing current density. Furthermore, platinum which is far more prevalent can be used as a substitute, however at the cost of efficiency. This talk will look at how much iridium is needed, the likelihood of increased production, the cost iridium in PEM electrolysis, the use of substitutes, either membrane or catalyst systems to determine if the total addressable market for hydrogen electrolysis can be met by PEM.

[1] M. Garside Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/585840/demand-for-iridium-worldwide/

[2] Ahmad Mayyas, Mark Ruth, Bryan Pivovar, Guido Bender, and Keith Wipke,
Manufacturing Cost Analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers
. NREL, Aug, 2019. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/72740.pdf

Figure 1
Alteration of Oxygen Evolution Mechanisms in Layered LiCoO2 Structures By Intercalation of Alkali Metal Ions
Authors: Kim Yohan , Kim Seongmin , Shim Minyoung , Oh Yusik , Lee Kug-Seung , Jung Yousung , Byon Hye Ryung 
Published: July 2022

The word ‘Sustainability’, including carbon neutrality, has dominated the direction of social development over the past decade. In particular, energy conversion reactions through electrochemical methods are one of the efficient methods of obtaining small carbon footprint fuels. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key step in determining the overall reaction efficiency of fuel-related electrochemical reactions such as CO2 reduction reaction and H2 evolution reaction. However, electron transfer is sluggish for OER due to 4 electrons per one O2 molecule. This promotes multiple studies on the metal oxide electrocatalyst structure.
The Alkali-transition metal oxides with the layered structure are one of the attractive OER electrocatalyst series. For example, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO) presented OER activity through Li+ extraction (delithiation) from the lattice structure. In this work, we investigated the insertion effect of large alkaline cations (A+: Na+, K+, and Cs+) at the delithiated LCO for OER activity and stability.
The intercalations of hydrated Na+ and K+ induced significant phase transformation of the delithiated LCO structure. In addition, the relative ratio between Co and alkali metal species determined the average Co oxidation state of LCO. We found that OER activity was improved in the order of Li+ < Na+ < K+, which was associated with the increased Co valence state and the Co-O bond covalency. Consistently, density functional theory (DFT) simulation also predicted the formation of efficient OER active sites by the K+ insertion. In comparison, Cs+ insertion exhibited the highest OER activity and demonstrated different OER processes. Due to the larger Cs+ size, the cation insertion was predominantly achieved at the delithiated LCO surface, resulting in imposing tensile strain to the surface edge. This catalyst showed the significant pH dependency on the OER property, suggesting the lattice-oxygen-based pathway for LCO. However, the bulk structure was preserved with little phase transformation, demonstrating better OER stability than others. In the presentation, I will discuss the catalytic activity responsible for the cation sizes and two different mechanisms in detail.

Figure 1
Dopant-Free Conductive SnO2/CNT Support for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Kim Eom-Ji , Bak Junu , Shin Dongwon , Song DongHoon , Cho EunAe 
Published: July 2022

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is an energy conversion device for producing green hydrogen, which is one of the key elements for moving toward a hydrogen society. However, there are two obstacles to the commercialization of PEMWE, which are cost and durability. In particular, a large amount of a noble metal catalyst such as ruthenium (Ru) or iridium (Ir) is required for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the anode electrode. To reduce the usage of noble metal catalysts, carbon supports could be introduced. However, due to the harsh conditions resulting from the high voltage and acidic environment in the anode, the carbon easily corrodes and decomposes into carbon dioxide. To prevent corrosion of support materials, metal oxide support can be used. Tin oxide (SnO2) is one of good candidate support because it is stable under acidic and high potential conditions. However, the electrical conductivity of SnO2 needs to be increased to be used as an anode support material for PEMWE. In previous studies, the electrical conductivity of SnO2 was increased by the introduction of dopants such as antimony (Sb), indium (In), fluorine (F) and so on. However, recently, it was reported that these dopants can be dissolved under the OER conditions. Thus, a new approach for synthesizing dopant-free and stable metal oxide supports is required.
Herein, we report tin oxide-carbon nanotube composite (SnO2-CNT) support for the anode in PEMWE. The SnO2 nanoparticles were coated on CNT for high conductivity and stability. For evaluating the electrochemical performance, Ir nanoparticles were supported on SnO2-CNT. Ir/SnO2-CNT showed high OER activity and stability under acidic conditions. These results demonstrated that SnO2-CNT support can be utilized for reducing the amount of precious metal catalysts and increasing the stability of OER supported catalyst in PEMWE.
Optimal Energy Storage Systems for Long Charge/Discharge Duration
Authors: Poli Nicola , Bonaldo Cinzia , Trovo Andrea , Guarnieri Massimo 
Published: July 2022

The interest for long-term energy storage in electrical grid provided with renewable energy sources is presently growing, because of the wide range of service that such systems can offer [1,2]. Although the choice of optimal duration of the charge / discharge cycles of energy storage systems for stationary applications is still an open question, among the different energy storage technologies available at a high readiness level (TRL), a few fit particularly well this kind of services [3,4]. Depending on the application and the market in which the energy storage systems are applied, the optimal duration can have different values and call for different technologies. Among electrochemical energy storage systems Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs) are emerging as a very promising solution for long-term stationary applications [5]. In order to find an optimal duration value for applications, the development of a physical-economic model becomes essential. Indeed, the optimal duration of energy storage systems not only depends on the technical features of each energy storage device (e.g. life cycle, self-discharge, ecc...), but also on the specific services required by the market. VRFBs devices which may be very expensive for a specific market, could be a competitive solution for a different one. The purpose of this work is to size the optimal duration of VRFB system according to the specific applications and the reference market.
Reference

Wu Y, Liu Z, Liu J, Xiao H, Li, R, Zhang L, Optimal battery capacity of grid-connected PV-battery systems considering battery degradation, Renewable Energy, 2022,181:10-23. DOI: 1016/j.renene.2021.09.036.

Simoglou CK, Biskas PN, Marneris IG, Roumkos CG, Long-term electricity procurement portfolio optimization, Electric Power Systems Research, 2022, 202:107582. DOI: 1016/j.epsr.2021.107582

Alotto P, Guarnieri M, Moro F, Redox Flow Batteries for the storage of renewable energy: a review, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014,29:325-335. DOI: 1016/j.rser.2013.08.001.

Ibrahim H, Ilinca A, Perron J, Energy storage systems-Characteristics and comparisons, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008,12,5:1221-1250. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.023

Guarnieri M, Mattavelli P, Petrone G, Spagnuolo G, Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Potentials and Challenges of an Emerging Storage Technology, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2016,10,4:20-31. DOI: 1109/MIE.2016.2611760.

Figure 1
High Accuracy Measurements for Rapid Evaluation of Extremely Low Decomposition Rates of Redox Active Molecules
Authors: Sosa Jordan D. , Aziz Michael J. 
Published: July 2022

Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (AORFBs) have potential to disrupt the energy storage technology market for renewable energy sources. To combat the issue of intermittency[i] for these energy sources, AORFBs use non-volatile, potentially cheap, and abundant materials to deliver decadal time scale energy storage with the advantage of decoupled energy and power density by scaling the former with the size of electrolyte tank volumes and scaling the latter with the area of the electrode surface where the reactions take place. Because many candidates have been discovered and remain to be discovered for applications as redox active molecules with long chemical lifetimes in AORFBs, in this work we developed a setup for quickly and accurately evaluating molecular decomposition.
To make AORFBs more competitive for commercialization, our group has fine-tuned the electrochemical properties of active organic molecules via new synthetic approaches to achieve capacity fade rates lower than 1% per year.[ii] To better understand the decomposition mechanisms of these redox active species in AORFBs, we have also developed volumetrically unbalanced, compositionally symmetric cell cycling methods to evaluate capacity losses solely from decomposition and not from active species crossover through the membrane or changes in internal resistance of the battery.[iii]

While the symmetric cell cycling technique allows isolating molecular decomposition as the source of capacity fade for AORFBs, for evaluating extremely low decomposition rates, flow batteries can require run times from several weeks to months due to noise in capacity measurements from temperature and pressure fluctuations or droplets in the batteries losing contact with solution being pumped to react in the cell. Additionally, since we have experienced slight variations in fade rates across cells with the same experimental conditions, decomposition rates should be determined from several cycling experiments, not one.[iv] In order to more quickly and more accurately evaluate extremely low decomposition rates, we have developed a simple static cell into which electrolyte is injected into porous electrodes and sandwiched together by current collectors without a flow system. By removing the complexities of the flow system, we may determine capacity fade rates in much shorter times and with lower uncertainties.

[i] J. Rugolo and M. J. Aziz, “Electricity storage for intermittent renewable sources.” Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 7151

[ii] M. Wu et al., “Extremely Stable Anthraquinone Negolytes Synthesized from Common Precursors”. Chem 6,1–11 June 11, 2020

[iii] M.A. Goulet and M. J. Aziz, “Flow Battery Molecular Reactant Stability Determined by Symmetric Cell Cycling Methods”. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 (7) A1466-A1477 (2018)

[iv] Eric Michael Fell and Michael J. Aziz 2021 Meet. Abstr.
MA2021-01 207
(Invited) Accelerating Material Design for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Wang Wei 
Published: July 2022

Aqueous soluble organic (ASO) redox-active materials have recently shown great promise as alternatives to transition metal ions to be employed as energy-bearing active materials in redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage because of their structural tunability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and safety features. Development so far however has been limited to a small palette of organics that are aqueous soluble. How to quickly identify and design organic molecules for the targeted properties became a critical challenge in accelerating the aqueous organic flow battery development.
In this presentation, a data-driven material design process is discussed. This process incorporates database building, machine learning modeling for properties prediction, and the subsequent material synthesis and testing. Examples including Fluorenone and Phenizane derivative development for the flow battery application will be discussed.
Reference: Feng et al., Science 372, 836–840 (2021)
Suppression of Dendrite Formation with Porous and Conductive Carbon on Anode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Su Tzu-Chi , Chen Han-Yi 
Published: July 2022

Electrochemical energy storage systems with high power and energy density have been drawing attention with the increasing demand for electric vehicles and portable electronics. However, rechargeable nonaqueous lithium-based energy storage system, which is the most widely-used type, is still limited with unsafety, resulting from its toxic organic electrolyte and flammability. Hence, zinc has been considered a strong candidate in rechargeable aqueous energy storage systems. With high theoretical capacity (823 mAh g−1) and low operating potential (−0.76 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), Zinc-ion batteries show the highest energy density among all aqueous batteries at low cost. Moreover, to improve the low power density and short cycle life for batteries, Zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZICs) are introduced by combining the characterizations of both battery and supercapacitor.
Despite the advantages of ZICs mentioned above, the instability during the charging and discharging process are unneglectable. Formation of dendrites due to uneven zinc electrostripping and electroplating process on zinc metal anode can cause internal short-circuit after they penetrate the separators of the batteries. Hydrogen generation also results in low Columbic efficiency. To enhance electrochemically stability for zinc metal anode, a zinc anode modification with porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported.
Electrostatic Spray Deposition (ESD) is a technique through which liquid droplets of a precursor solution are accelerated by a high DC voltage to form aerosol and deposit on the heated substrate. By coating rGO with ESD on zinc anode, the study of how the morphology of coating affects the electrostripping and electroplating process can be discussed in detail. The modified materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical active surface area. The porous rGO coated zinc anode shows small voltage polarization and long cycle life. With porous rGO coated zinc anode, the charge distribution on the electrode can be optimized, and the porous structure can guide pathways for zinc ions. Furthermore, the zinc deposition is much uniform than bare zinc during cycling, which can be observed in several operando techniques, including transmission X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy.