bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empagliflozin for Heart Failure With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction With and Without Diabetes
Authors: Filippatos Gerasimos , Butler Javed , Farmakis Dimitrios , Zannad Faiez , Ofstad Anne Pernille , Ferreira João Pedro , Green Jennifer B. , Rosenstock Julio , Schnaidt Sven , Brueckmann Martina , Pocock Stuart J. , Packer Milton , Anker Stefan D. ,   on behalf of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Committees and Investigators
Published: August 2022

Background:
Empagliflozin improves outcomes in patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, but whether the effects are consistent in patients with and without diabetes remains to be elucidated.

Methods:
Patients with class II through IV heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction >40% were randomized to receive empagliflozin 10 mg or placebo in addition to usual therapy. We undertook a prespecified analysis comparing the effects of empagliflozin versus placebo in patients with and without diabetes.

Results:

Of the 5988 patients enrolled, 2938 (49%) had diabetes. The risk of the primary outcome (first hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death), total hospitalizations for heart failure, and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline was higher in patients with diabetes. Empagliflozin reduced the rate of the primary outcome irrespective of diabetes status (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.67, 0.94] for patients with diabetes versus hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64, 0.95] in patients without diabetes;
P
interaction
=0.92). The effect of empagliflozin to reduce total hospitalizations for heart failure was also consistent in patients with and without diabetes. The effect of empagliflozin to attenuate estimated glomerular filtration rate decline during double-blind treatment was also present in patients with and without diabetes, although more pronounced in patients with diabetes (1.77 in diabetes versus 0.98 mL/min/1.73m
2
in patients without diabetes;
P
interaction
=0.01). Across these 3 end points, the effect of empagliflozin did not differ in patients with prediabetes or normoglycemia (33% and 18% of the patient population, respectively). When investigated as a continuous variable, baseline hemoglobin A1c did not modify the effects on the primary outcome (
P
interaction
=0.26). There was no increased risk of hypoglycemic events in either subgroup as compared with placebo.

Conclusions:
In patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction enrolled in the EMPEROR-Preserved (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction), empagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of heart failure outcomes irrespective of diabetes status at baseline.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03057951.
Shift Work and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Among Patients With Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study of UK Biobank
Authors: Yang Liu , Luo Yi , He Lingfang , Yin Jinghua , Li Tie , Liu Shuai , Li Dongjie , Cheng Xunjie , Bai Yongping 
Published: August 2022

Background
Although the association between shift work and individual cardiometabolic diseases has been well studied, its role in the progression to cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the association between shift work and the incidence of CMM in patients with hypertension.

Methods and Results
This study is a population‐based and prospective cohort study on 36 939 UK Biobank participants. We used competing risk models to examine the association between shift work and the risk of CMM, which was defined as coexistence of hypertension and diabetes, coronary heart disease, or stroke in our study. We also investigated the association between the frequency and duration of shift work and CMM risks. In addition, we conducted a cross‐classification analysis with the combination of frequency and duration of shift work, chronotype and sleep duration as the exposure metrics. During a median follow‐up of 11.6 years, a total of 5935 participants developed CMM. We found that usually/always night shift workers were associated with a 16% higher risk of CMM compared with day workers (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16 [95% CI, 1.02–1.31]). We also found that a higher frequency of night shifts (>10/month) was associated with increased risk of CMM (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.06–1.34]) that was more pronounced for >10/month in combination with a morning chronotype or <7 hours or >8 hours of sleep duration (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02–1.56]; HR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.19–1.72], respectively).

Conclusions
We find that night shift work is associated with higher CMM risk in patients with hypertension.
Current Opinions on Optimal Management of Basilar Artery Occlusion: After the BEST of BASICS Survey
Authors: Drumm Brian , Banerjee Soma , Qureshi Muhammad M. , Schonewille Wouter J. , Klein Piers , Huo Xiaochuan , Chen Yimin , Strbian Daniel , Fischer Urs , Puetz Volker , Hu Wei , Ji Xunming , Li Chuanhui , Alemseged Fana , Yamagami Hiroshi , Sacco Simona , Saposnik Gustavo , Michel Patrik , Kristoffersen Espen Saxhaug , Sedova Petra , Mikulik Robert , Siegler James E. , Meinel Thomas R. , Aguiar de Sousa Diana , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Roi Dylan , Demeestere Jelle , Asif Kaiz S. , Martins Sheila O. , Abdalkader Mohamad , Goyal Mayank , Nguyen Thang Huy , Ton Mai Duy , Zhu Yuyou , Liu Xinfeng , Qiu Zhongming , Miao Zhongrong , Caroff Jildaz , Romoli Michele , Diana Francesco , Thomalla Götz , Nagel Simon , Sandset Else C. , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Jovin Tudor G. , Nogueira Raul G. , Raymond Jean , Nguyen Thanh N. 
Published: August 2022

Background
The best management of basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains uncertain. The BASICS (Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study) and the BEST (Basilar Artery Occlusion Endovascular Intervention Versus Standard Medical Treatment) trials reported neutral results. We sought to understand physicians’ approaches to BAOs and whether further BAO randomized controlled trials were warranted.

Methods
We conducted an online international survey from January to March 2022 to stroke neurologists and neurointerventionalists. Survey questions were designed to examine clinical and imaging parameters under which clinicians would offer (or rescind) a patient with BAO to endovascular therapy (EVT) or best medical management versus enrollment into a randomized clinical trial.

Results
Of >3002 invited participants, 1245 responded (41.4% response rate) from 73 countries, including 54.7% stroke neurologists and 43.6% neurointerventionalists. More than 95% of respondents would offer EVT to patients with BAO, albeit in various clinical circumstances. There were 70.0% of respondents who indicated that the BASICS and BEST trials did not change their practice. Only 22.1% of respondents would perform EVT according to anterior circulation occlusion criteria. The selection of patients for BAO EVT by clinical severity, timing, and imaging modality differed according to geography, specialty, and country income level. Over 80% of respondents agreed that further randomized clinical trials for BAO were warranted. Moreover, 45.6% of respondents indicated they would find it acceptable to enroll all trial‐eligible patients into the medical arm of a BAO trial, whereas 26.3% would not enroll.

Conclusion
Most stroke physicians continue to believe in the efficacy of EVT in selected patients with BAO in spite of BEST and BASICS. There is no consensus on which selection criteria to use, and few clinicians would use anterior circulation occlusion criteria for BAOs. Further randomized clinical trials for BAO are warranted.
Towards an Aesthetic Epistemology of International Law
Authors: Machado Sebastian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While there is a growing jurisprudence in the field of art (aesthetics) and international law, there is still space to theorise about the philosophical approach that we choose when we decide to engage the discipline as an artistic endeavour. In this article I argue that an aesthetic conception of international law can help go past the limitations imposed by rationalist accounts of legal order by thinking of it as an experience rather than a social science. This subjective shift in emphasis does not have to commit to a preordained theory of how international law is meant to look like, but rather focuses on the manner in which international lawyers engage with their discipline. I conclude by arguing that international law is not a naturally occurring phenomenon which exists in the empirical world and which we pick out by our senses – it is a human artefact constructed through our involvement with reality. This allows for many argumentative possibilities, and it is by the action of choosing these possibilities that we define the boundaries of what international law is.
The Legality and Scope of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters
Authors: Ntahiraja Bernard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Universal jurisdiction in criminal matters has been a hot topic for many decades already. In discussions on its legality and scope, waters are usually muddied by the inclusion of unrelated issues or by the use of inappropriate methodologies. The purpose of this article is to discuss the legality and scope of universal jurisdiction, mainly by clarifying the concept and addressing the main misunderstandings characterising the discussions on its legality. The main claim is that objections to the legality and to the extended (unlimited) scope of universal jurisdiction in criminal matters are based on two confusions/conflations of notions. Firstly, this paper demonstrates that the so-called conflicts between the exercise of universal jurisdiction and general norms of international law are only imaginable in a framework that misrepresents/misunderstands the concept of jurisdiction itself by conflating the notions of jurisdiction to prescribe and jurisdiction to enforce. Secondly, it argues that the view which limits the scope of universal jurisdiction to a few crimes fails to clearly distinguish states’ international duties and rights in criminal law matters. In terms of methods, the paper takes the (traditional) view that states are allowed to do everything international law does not prohibit.
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 2 and Discrimination on the Basis of Childhood
Authors: Daly Aoife , Stern Rebecca Thorburn , Leviner Pernilla 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The crc as an instrument calls attention to children as a group. Yet paradoxically it has not resulted in explicit consideration of discrimination against children on the basis of childhood (i.e. detrimental treatment for being young/under 18) in the same way that has happened for other groups like women and ethnic minorities in instruments drafted specifically for their rights. Children are more likely to suffer poverty and violence than adults, and under-18s are largely excluded from national legislation prohibiting unfair discrimination. In this article the jurisprudence of the Committee on the Rights of the Child is examined and it is established that even though child-specific discriminatory practices such as corporal punishment are criticised by the Committee, they are seldom labelled ‘discrimination’ as such. The Committee reserves consideration of Article 2, which enshrines the principle of non-discrimination, for traditionally disadvantaged groups of children such as girls and ethnic minorities. It is concluded that Article 2 has great potential for drawing attention to detrimental treatment for being young/under 18, but that the phenomenon must be more explicitly referenced with greater frequency in law, practice, and scholarship.
Around the World They Go: Circumnavigating Balloon Satellites!
Authors: McKinney Todd , Perlaky Nick , Danielson Evan , Mohammed Areeb , Lee Jackson , O’Bryan Ben , Stoll Connor , Hochmuth Clara , Gallien Tyler , Kerr Skyler , Johnson Timothy , Shiffer Chris , Hassler Sean , Jankens Ethan , Feaster Mariama , Morris Connor , Leffler Zeb , Crawford Alice , Cohen Mark , Newchurch Michael , Brown Bill , Tucker Paula , Knupp Kevin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Students from the University of Alabama in Huntsville successfully deployed three micro superpressure balloon satellites in winter 2021. Students planned and implemented all phases of the project: obtaining funding, determining project timelines, preparing equipment, launching balloons, designing and implementing a website, writing daily blogs on the balloon progress, and analyzing the data. The objective of the flights was to use the balloons as a meteorological tool to study conditions in the lower stratosphere (12–14 km), as a tracer for evaluating modeled air parcel trajectories, and as an outreach and educational tool. The three balloons successfully traveled hundreds of thousands of kilometers, making an accumulated total of 16 global circumnavigations. Throughout the project, students made connections with hundreds of researchers, ham radio operators, STEM groups, and other students around the globe. The balloons provided velocity telemetry within many different weather regimes, including vigorous jets over the Himalayas, slow-moving equatorial air masses over the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and dense polar air masses over the Arctic Circle. This study has found that the accuracy of HYSPLIT-calculated trajectories using numerical weather predication (NWP) meteorological data can be quantified using parcel velocity, duration of trajectory forecast, and spatial resolution of the NWP model.
Stirring of interior potential vorticity gradients as a formation mechanism for large subsurface-intensified eddies in the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Manucharyan Georgy E. , Stewart Andrew L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Beaufort Gyre (BG) is hypothesized to be partially equilibrated by those mesoscale eddies that form via baroclinic instabilities of its currents. However, our understanding of the eddy field’s dependence on the mean BG currents and the role of sea ice remains incomplete. This theoretical study explores the scales and vertical structures of eddies forming specifically due to baroclinic instabilities of interior BG flows. An idealized quasi-geostrophic model is used to show that flows driven only by the Ekman pumping contain no interior potential vorticity (PV) gradients and generate weak and large eddies, ℴ(200km) in size, with predominantly barotropic and first baroclinic mode energy. However, flows containing realistic interior PV gradients in the Pacific halocline layer generate significantly smaller eddies of about 50 km in size, with a distinct second baroclinic mode structure and a subsurface kinetic energy maximum. The dramatic change in eddy characteristics is shown to be caused by the stirring of interior PV gradients by large-scale barotropic eddies. The sea ice-ocean drag is identified as the dominant eddy dissipation mechanism, leading to realistic sub-surface maxima of eddy kinetic energy for drag coefficients higher than about 2×10−3. A scaling law is developed for the eddy potential enstrophy, demonstrating that it is directly proportional to the interior PV gradient and the square root of the barotropic eddy kinetic energy. This study proposes a possible formation mechanism of large BG eddies and points to the importance of accurate representation of the interior PV gradients and eddy dissipation by ice-ocean drag in BG simulations and theory.
Internal Hydraulic Transition and Turbulent Mixing Observed in the Kuroshio over the I-Lan Ridge off Northeastern Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ming-Huei , Cheng Yu-Hsin , Yeh Yu-Yu , Yang Yiing Jang , Jan Sen , Liu Chih-Lun , Matsuno Takeshi , Endoh Takahiro , Tsutsumi Eisuke , Chen Jia-Lin , Guo Xinyu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Complex small-scale processes and energetic turbulence are observed at a sill located on the I-Lan Ridge that spans across the strong Kuroshio off Taiwan. The current speed above the sill is strong (1.5 m s−1) and unsteady (±0.5 m s−1) due to the Kuroshio being modulated by the semidiurnal tide. Above the sill crest, isothermal domes, with vertical scales of ∼20 and ∼50 m during the low and high tides, respectively, are generated by turbulent mixing as a result of shear instability in the bottom boundary layer. Tidally modulated hydraulic character modifies the small-scale processes occurring on the leeward side of the sill. Criticality analysis, performed by solving the Taylor–Goldstein equation, suggests that the observed lee waves and intermediate layer sandwiched by two free shear layers are related to the mode-1 and mode-2 critical control between the sill crest and immediate lee, respectively. Around high tide, lee waves are advected further downstream, and only mode-1 critical control can occur, leading to a warm water depression. The shear instabilities ensuing from the hydraulic transition processes continuously mediate flow kinetic energy to turbulence such that the status of marginal instability where the Richardson number converges at approximately 0.25 is reached. The resultant eddy diffusivity Kρ is concentrated from O(10−4) to O(10−3) m2 s−1 and has a maximum value of 10 m2 s−1. The sill on the western flank of the Kuroshio is a hotspot for energetic mixing of Kuroshio waters and South China Sea waters.
Influence of Wind on Subtidal Salt Intrusion and Stratification in Well-Mixed and Partially Stratified Estuaries
Authors: Jongbloed Hendrik , Schuttelaars Henk M. , Dijkstra Yoeri M. , Donkers Paul B. , Hoitink Antonius J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An idealized width-averaged model is employed to study the influence of wind stress on subtidal salt intrusion and stratification in well-mixed and partially stratified estuaries. We show that even in mild conditions, wind forcing can influence the estuarine salinity structure in a substantial way. By studying the role of wind forcing on dominant salt transport balances and associated salt transport regimes, we unify and clarify ambiguous observations from previous authors regarding the influence of wind stress: the response of the estuarine salinity structure to wind forcing is different depending on the underlying dominant salt transport balance, which in turn was found to determine whether wind-induced salinity shear, wind-induced modulation of the longitudinal salt distribution, or wind-induced mixing dominates.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this idealized study is to better understand how wind influences the salinity distribution in estuaries on large time scales. This is important because a change in winds can move saline water further inland, threatening freshwater availability and the natural balance of delicate ecosystems. We clarify the sometimes ambiguous observations regarding the influence of wind on the salt distribution and highlight the importance of including average wind forcing in analyses of estuarine dynamics on large time scales.
On the Consistency of the Bottle and CTD Profile Data
Authors: Gouretski Viktor , Cheng Lijing , Boyer Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nansen bottle casts served as the main oceanographic instrumentation type for more than a century since the establishing of the technique in the late 1890s. Between the end of the 1960s and the end of the 1990s Nansen cast technique has been gradually replaced by electronic sensor profilers (CTD). Both instrumentation types are considered as the most accurate among other oceanographic instruments and are often used as the unbiased reference. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of the consistency of the temperature data from Nansen casts and CTD profilers analyzing the quasi-collocated bottle and CTD data between the 1960s and the 1990s when both instrumentation types overlap. We found that Nansen casts tend to overestimate the sample depth with reversing mercury-in-glass thermometer temperatures being on average slightly lower compared to CTD data. Respectively, depth and temperature corrections are provided. Further, we estimated the ocean heat content changes between 1955 and 1990 using (along with all other instrumentation types) corrected and uncorrected Nansen cast data. These calculations show that for the upper 2 km layer the global average warming trend for this time period increases from 0.20 ± 0.05 W m−2 for the uncorrected data to 0.28 ± 0.06 W m−2 for the corrected data at the 90% confidence level. Finally, we suggest that the Nansen bottle cast profiles be put into a separate instrumentation group within the World Ocean Database.
Using OSSEs to Evaluate the Impacts of Geostationary Infrared Sounders
Authors: McGrath-Spangler Erica L. , McCarty Will , Privé N. C. , Moradi Isaac , Karpowicz Bryan M. , McCorkel Joel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) was performed to assess the impact of assimilating hyperspectral infrared (IR) radiances from geostationary orbit on numerical weather prediction, with a focus on the proposed sounder on board the Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) program’s central satellite. Infrared sounders on a geostationary platform would fill several gaps left by IR sounders on polar-orbiting satellites, and the increased temporal resolution would allow the observation of weather phenomena evolution. The framework for this OSSE was the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) OSSE system, which includes a full suite of meteorological observations. The experiment additionally assimilated four identical IR sounders from geostationary orbit to create a “ring” of vertical profiling observations. Based on the experimentation, assimilation of the IR sounders provided a beneficial impact on the analyzed mass and wind fields, particularly in the tropics, and produced an error reduction in the initial 24–48 h of the subsequent forecasts. Specific attention was paid to the impact of the GeoXO Sounder (GXS) over the contiguous United States (CONUS) as this is a region that is well-observed and as such difficult to improve. The forecast sensitivity to observation impact (FSOI) metric, computed across all four synoptic times over the CONUS, reveals that the GXS had the largest impact on the 24-h forecast error of the assimilated hyperspectral infrared satellite radiances as measured using a moist energy error norm. Based on this analysis, the proposed GXS has the potential to improve numerical weather prediction globally and over the CONUS.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the proposed geostationary hyperspectral infrared sounder as part of the Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) program on numerical weather prediction. The evaluation was done using a simulated environment, and showed a beneficial impact on the tropical mass and wind fields and an error reduction in the initial 24–48 h forecasts. Over the contiguous United States, the GeoXO Sounder (GXS) performed well and had the largest impact of the assimilated infrared satellite radiances on the 24 h forecast as measured by a moist energy error norm. Based on the results of this study, the proposed GXS has the potential to improve numerical weather prediction.