bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Radiant Loss from a Heated Orchard under Frost Conditions1
Authors: David Martsolf J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Observations of horizontal and vertical components of net radiant loss, radiation divergence, from an orchard heated for frost protection using fixed and traversed net pyrradiomeiers are presented. The horizontal loss or flux through the orchard sides becomes significant as the area occupied by the orchard becomes less than 5 ha and as border heating is concentrated. The vertical loss, or loss through the top minus the input through the bottom, is shown to double (from approximately 2.5 to 5mWcm-2) during periods fired at typical rates. These observations suggest possible refinements of the radiation components of models and focus attention on the direct radiant loss from heaters. Some techniques that may result in conservation of heating fuel are suggested.
Evaluation of Fluorescent Lamps as an Energy Source for Plant Growth1
Authors: Biran Itzhak , Kofranek Anton M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative efficiency of several types of fluorescent lamps (General Electric) for dry matter production was examined both experimentally and by mathematical calculations. The highest yield of Tradescantia fluminensis plants per electrical energy input unit was obtained with Cool White lamps. In comparison to Cool White lamps the yield under other lamps was: Daylight = 88%; Cool White Deluxe = 73%; Plant Light = 72%; Pink + Blue = 36%. Similar results were found using calculations based on the action spectriim for photosynthesis of an “average leaf” proposed by McCree (8), the spectral energy distribution curves of the different lamps and the illuminance (lux) at the plant level. Measurement of the relative efficiency based on input wattage of Cool White (General Electric) and Agro-lite (Westinghouse, F-40/AGRO) fluorescent lamps for dry matter production of 9 foliage plant species showed an average 9% advantage of the Cool White lamp. We propose that fluorescent lamp evaluation for plant growth be standardized using McCree's or Balegh and Biddulph's equation for predicted photosynthetic efficiency.
Gibberellin-like Substances in Apple Seeds and Fruit Flesh1
Authors: Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin (GA)-like substances in extracts of immature apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds and fruits were partially purified by paper and column chromatography. Following silicic acid column chromatography, two zones of activity (S-I and S-II) were observed in seed extracts, occurring at the approximate elution volumes of GA4/7 and GA5/6 respectively. On thin layer chromatograms, most of the biological activity of S-I occurred at the Rf of GA4/7, although an additional less polar GA-like component appeared to be present; that of S-II occurred at the Rf of GA3. Both S-I and S-II were active in all 5 bioassays used. Levels of both components were at a maximum in early July, shortly after June drop. Bioassay of extracts prepared at this time indicated that over 95% of the activity occurred in the endosperm. Extracts of fruit flesh contained two GA-like components, both more polar than GA4/7. Activity per unit fresh weight was approximately 3000 fold higher in seeds than in fruit tissue. The possible roles of these compounds in fruit development and flowering are discussed.
The Prevention of Flower Bud and Leaf Abscission in Pot Roses during Simulated Transport1
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pot roses (Rosa hyb. cvs. Pink and Orange Margo Koster and Red Garnette) were sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) prior to simulated truck shipment which lasted 5 or 6 days to study the effect on flower bud and leaf abscision and on leaf senescence. “Shipment” under refrigerated conditions (1-3°C) prevented bud and leaf abscission. ‘Red Garnette’ and ‘Orange Margo Koster’ had little or no bud and leaf abscission even at a warm “shipping” temperature (20-22°C); however, ‘Pink Margo Koster’ was severely affected. Observations under “home conditions” for 10 days after this warm “shipping temperature” revealed that all 3 cultivars had severe leaf senescence. NAA spray (15 and 30 ppm) severely accelerated leaf abscission and senescence. NAA prevented bud drop, but the buds did not open. PBA (50 ppm) greatly reduced leaf abscission both during “shipment” and in “home conditions”. PBA also prevented bud drop and flowers subsequently opened normally.
The Feasibility of Improving Eating Quality of Table Carrots by Selecting for Total Soluble Solids1
Authors: Scheerens Joseph C. , Hosfield George L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots from 8 advanced generation breeding lines of carrot (Daucus carota L.) repeatedly selected for high or low total soluble solids content, and 2 selections of Tmperator 58', one with high and one with low soluble solids, were evaluated for perceived sweetness and eating quality by taste panels. Most taste evaluations were made using the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method. Two breeding lines, 5158 and 5164, had high levels of solids (X's averaging 10.4 and 10.8% respectively) but were downgraded in perceived sweetness in panel evaluations. The ranking of the other lines according to their mean preference scores for perceived sweetness was related to total soluble solids content. Bitter taste and harsh flavor characteristics were associated with 5158 and 5164. No perceived sensory differences were found between the high and low selections of Imperator 58 by a technological panel. A consumer preference taste panel, however, showed a slight preference for eating carrots from the high solids selection. The background constituents of carrot flavor appear to play an important role in the perception of sweetness at all levels of soluble solids.
Relative Effectiveness of Dilute and Concentrated Abscission-chemical Sprays in Loosening ‘Valencia’ Oranges from Trees1
Authors: Rasmussen G. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and fruit removal force (FRF) were more uniform and consistent when abscission chemicals were applied as dilute as compared to concentrated sprays to ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Cycloheximide (Acti-Aid), glyoxal-dioxime (Pik-Off), 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release), and Acti-Aid plus chlorothalonil (Sweep) were applied to ‘Valencia’ orange branches, each holding 100 to 120 fruit. The FRF's resulting from commercial concentrate and dilute sprays of Acti-Aid and Acti-Aid plus Sweep were similar to those in the branch tests. Equal amounts of chemical were applied in the dilute and concentrate sprays. Likely, the variation in coverage from concentrate sprays caused ethylene levels to vary greatly in the fruit (0 to 5.7 ppm). In turn, levels of hydrolytic enzyme activity varied as much as 10×, and fruit loosening was inconsistent (0 to 9.7 kg FRF). Release and Acti-Aid plus Sweep were more consistent than Pik-Off and Acti-Aid in dilute spray applications.
Responses Associated with Low Temperature Seed Germinating Ability in Tomato1
Authors: Maluf Wilson R. , Tigchelaar Edward C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Factors contributing to genetic differences in low temperature seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were examined by comparing the cold germinating (CG) accession PI 341985 the non-cold germinating (NCG) ‘Centennial’ and random F4 lines with varying low temperature germinating abilities. Rate of radicle elongation at 10°C was similar for both parental genotypes indicating that differences in emergence at 10° are not due to growth rates, but rather to more rapid initiation of germination activities in CG. Preincubation of seeds in hypertonic salt solutions enhanced rate of germination at 10°C equally in both lines, but did not substitute for the genetically based cold germinating ability. Low temperature germinating ability is associated with sprouting at high osmotic concentrations, and with a several fold higher rate of increase in peroxidase activity during the first 10 days of incubation at 10°. Germination at 10° of the NCG lines is improved by activated carbon in the germination media whereas no enhancement occurred in CG lines. Inhibition and/or delay in germination at 10° in NCG lines is due, in part, to low temperature induced formation of activated carbon adsorbable inhibitors of seed germination.
Avocado Pectinmethylesterase Activity in Relation to Temperature, Ethylene, and Ripening1
Authors: Awad M. , Young R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Investigation of optimum conditions for extraction, titrimetric assay and activity of avocado (Persea americana Mill cvs. Fuerte, Hass) pectinmethylesterase (PME) showed maximum extraction was obtained from lyophilized mesocarp using 0.4 m NaCl. Best assay conditions required a substrate of 0.5% pectin in 0.1 m NaCl. The enzyme was released from the tissue by salt but not by nonionic detergents. The Arrhenius plot between 3 and 32°C was a straight line which indicates no involvement with membrane lipid. Incubation with air or ethylene did not affect the enzyme. PME activity declined rapidly as ripening was initiated and reached a minimum shortly before the peak in respiration and ethylene production.
‘Delicious’ Apple Fruit Size and Quality as Influenced by Radiant Flux Density in the Immediate Growing Environment1
Authors: Seeley E. J. , Micke W. C. , Kammereck R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown under differing radiant flux densities (rfd nm) from 45 days post-bloom until harvest. The rfd nm affected red fruit color, soluble solids, starch content and size, but not firmness, pH or total acidity at harvest or after 105 days of storage at −0.5°C. Levels of rfd nm sufficient to enhance red color development in red sports of ‘Delicious’ were not necessarily sufficient to insure flesh quality.
The Effect of Artificial Aging on the Concentration of Ca, Mg, Mn, K, and Cl in Imbibing Cabbage Seed1
Authors: Loomis Edward L. , Smith Orrin E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Unimbibed seeds of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group, cv. Early Jersey Wakefield, were artificially aged at 40°C in 100% relative humidity for up to 20 days. Aged seed and non-aged seed were imbibed in H20 at 25° in the dark up 0, 1, 4 or 16 hours, after which concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, K, and Cl in the whole seed were determined by neutron activation analysis. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn did not significantly change during the imbibition period for either control or aged seed. However, as the aging time increased, seeds lost increasing amounts of K and Cl during imbibition. The concentration of K decreased continually throughout the imbibition period in both aged seed and control seed. The decrease was significantly greater in the aged seed. Cl, too, was lost during imbibition and like K, the greater loss occurred in aged seed.
Characterization of Thatch, Rhizomes, Carbohydrates, and Spring Deadspot in Twenty Cultivars of Bermudagrass1
Authors: Dunn J. H. , Nelson C. J. , Sebaugh J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carbohydrate content varied among cultivars of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) at 3 sampling dates during dormancy and greenup. Sucrose and starch decreased in rhizomes between March and May while reducing sugars remained constant. Concentration of stored carbohydrate was correlated positively with the number of rhizomes near the soil surface during winter and early spring. Spring deadspot injury ranged from 60% of the plot area for ‘KSU, (Kansas State University) T-5, to zero for ‘Royal Cape’, ‘Mich. C-53’, ‘Midway’ and ‘KSU D-17.’ Earliest to greenup in spring was ‘KSU T-3’ while ‘KSU T-5’, ‘F-4’, ‘Md. 23’, ‘24’ and ‘U-3’ were only 13-33% green on the same date. Injury was less severe where cultivars utilized carbohydrate and greened early in the spring. Early greenup was associated with thinner layers of thatch. There was no association between thickness or number of rhizomes and spring deadspot.
Turbulent Heat Fluxes above a Heated Orchard1
Authors: Bland William L. , Panofsky Hans A. , Martsolf J. David , Norman John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spatial and temporal components of the turbulent heat flux above a heated orchard are discussed. Direct measurements of the temporal component of the turbulent flux at 2 locations are reported. Drag anemometry and fine-wire thermocouples provided measurements of u, v, w, and T at 30 Hz. About 10% of the energy provided by heating escaped the crop zone by the temporal flux. Variation in the flux measured at a given location was caused by changes in wind speed and direction, and heater proximity.
Flood-induced Shift of Electron Flow Between Cyanide-sensitive and Alternative Respiratory Pathways in Roots of Tolerant and Intolerant Tree Species1
Authors: Carpenter James R. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of cyanide (as KCN) and/or salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on respiratory rates (QO2) of excised tree roots were evaluated before and after flooding intact plants. CN, an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase, stimulated QO2 in flood-intolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc.), but not in flood-tolerant red maple (Acer rub rum L.), and inhibited QO2 in very flood-tolerant baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich). Eight days of flooding eliminated CN-stimulation of QO2 in sugar maple. SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative oxidase, had little effect on QO2 of any species when used alone, but greatly inhibited QO2 of all species when combined with KCN, indicating the presence of substantial amounts of both respiratory pathways in flood-tolerant and intolerant species, as well as the ability of electrons to flow from one pathway to another when one is blocked by a specific inhibitor. Flooding reduced root respiration capacity in all species, affecting intolerant species the most and tolerant the least. The exception was QO2 of dormant Taxus roots, which was not inhibited by flooding. CN-sensitive QO2 was lost from roots of intolerant species in particular, and to a lesser extent from more tolerant species. A limiting leveL of O2 (0.5%) suppressed SHAM-sensitive QO2 more than CN-sensitive QO2 indicating a greater affinity for O2 by the CN-sensitive path-way. The evidence is consistent with a model for relative flood tolerance based upon differential damage to the aerobic respiratory mechanism.
Breeding for Resistance in Cabbage and Cauliflower to Cabbage Looper, Imported Cabbageworm, and Diamondback Moth1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Pieris rapae (L.), and Plutella xylostella (L.) in cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group)] and cauliflower (B. oleracea, Botrytis group) was studied using a 5-parent diallel. Resistance was quantitatively inherited without undesirable linkages. When Plant Introduction (PI) 234599 (a glossy-leaved cauliflower) was used as a parent, narrow sense heritabilities of 22-47% were obtained for resistance. This resistance was maintained irrespective of plant age or presence or absence of alternate oviposition hosts. Plants with moderate tolerance only express it at maturity. The highest levels of resistance were transferred with difficulty into desirable type cauliflower and cabbage with slight bloom.
Promotion of Leaf Abscission in Intact Ficus benjamina by Exposure to Water Stress1
Authors: Peterson John C. , Sacalis John N. , Durkin Dominic J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf abscission was promoted in Ficus benjamina L. (weeping fig) by withholding water from plants growing in sand and by the addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 to hydroponically-grown plants. Leaf shedding occurred when plant water potential decreased below about −6 bar in sand and below −3.5 bar in water culture. Shoot and root environmental conditions modified the water status of plants. Leaf shedding can be dramatically reduced by manipulating environmental conditions to maximize water absorption and minimize transpiration.
Inheritance of Tolerance to Rhizoctonia Fruit Rot of Tomato1
Authors: Werner R. A. , Sanders D. C. , Henderson W. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of tolerance to rhizoctonia fruit rot incited by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn differed depending upon the source of the plant material of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The tolerance in USDA 75B 846-1-1 was controlled by 1 major gene without dominance. The tolerance in USDA 75B 610-3 was polygenic with 4 major genes. Tolerance in USDA 75B 846-1-1 had a narrow-sense heritability of 71% while in USDA 75B 610-3 heritability was 30%. Fruit rot tolerance and resistance to puncture pressure were highly correlated in both families. Fruit shape and fruit rot tolerance were also highly correlated in the family with USDA75B 846-1-1.
Synthesis of Pisolithus tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Seedlings of Four Woody Species1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. , Hendrix James W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fresh and stored vegetative mycorrhizal inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch were incorporated into steamed media containing slow-release fertilizer. Austrian pine {Pinus nigra Arnold.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) seedlings were grown in 165-ml tubes in a greenhouse for 7 months. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings were grown in 7.6 cm diameter pots. All species formed mycorrhizae but the percent of seedlings which formed mycorrhizae differed among species. Stored inoculum was inferior to fresh inoculum. Differential growth responses to P. tinctorius also occurred among the species. P. tinctorius significantly increased height and stem diameter of Norway spruce only, and reduced the stem diameter of Austrian pine.
Resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars to Hypocotyl Inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn1,2
Authors: Moody A. R. , Benepal P. S. , Berkley B. , Koch E. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven-day-old hypocotyls of 149 bean cultivars were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and incubated in a growth chamber for 72 hours at 30°C. Based on the mean size of the largest lesion, and 10 most resistant cultivars were: ‘Dwarf Horticultural Long Pod’, ‘Yellow Eye’, ‘White Kidney’, ‘Romano Pole’, ‘French Horticultural’, ‘Red Kidney’, ‘Manitou’, ‘Sutter Pink’, ‘Wren’s Egg’, and ‘Red Mexican UI 37’. The mean largest lesion for ‘Dwarf Horticultural Long Pod’ (the most resistant) was 3.0 mm2 while that for the Bush Blue Lake 274 (susceptible) was 64.4 mm2. These 10 cultivars were further tested using 5 different isolates of R. solani. ‘Yellow Eye’ was the most resistant to all 5 isolates with a mean largest lesion size of 10.0 mm2 while ‘Bush Blue Lake’ had a mean lesion size of 90.9 mm2. The root rot ratings were highly correlated with the areas of the largest lesion, and the number of lesions. ‘White Kidney’ was the only white-seeded resistant cultivar.
Overcoming Self-incompatibility in Raphanus sativus L. with High Temperature1
Authors: Matsubara Sachiko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Self-incompatibility of Raphanus sativus L. was partially overcome by exposing plants to temperature of 30 to 50°C. The most effective treatment was 50°C for 25 minutes. Scanning electron microscopical (SEM) observation of pollen tubes on the papillae surface have shown that exposure of the gynoecium to 50°C for 25 minutes resulted in pollen tube growth following self-pollination that resembled that of cross-pollination. Openings of papillae and detached pollen grains and tubes were found as the result of successful pollen tube penetration of papillae. Fluorescence microscopical (FM) observation served to confirm these observations made by SEM. However, incompatible pollen failed to germinate although pollen grains were attached to the papillae by aid of their waxy surface substances.
Studies of Ovipositional Preference of Cabbage Looper on Progenies from a Cross between Cultivated Lettuce and Prickly Lettuce1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , McCreight J. D. , Coudriet D. L. , Whitaker T. W. , Pesho G. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
F1 progenies from a cross between Lactuca sativa L. breeding line 54671 and L. serriola L. PI 274372 (resistant to the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), averaged 42 ± 6 looper eggs per plant, compared to 213 ± 25 for the 54671 parent and 17 ± 4 for PI 274372. Two F2 populations varied widely in plant damage inflicted by the resulting larvae when they were exposed to 4 releases of adult loopers but the damage distribution was skewed towards the resistant parent. Antixenosis of 16 F3 progenies was independent of plant size (r ranged from 0.02 to 0.52) and of plant type (r ranged from 0.00 to 0.57).
Response of Sweet Cherry and Apricot Pollen Tube Growth to High Levels of Sulfur Dioxide1
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Rowe K. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen tube growth of ‘Tilton’ apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) was reduced by exposure to SO2. An empirical model, based on modified spline functions, described the decrease in pollen tube growth due to increasing dose (hours exposure × concentration of SO2) expressed on logarithmic scale. The response curve, based on this analysis, was “S-shaped” with a decrease from 98.5% pollen tube growth (PTG) for unexposed pollen tubes, based on percent of the style that the longest pollen tubes had grown to 91.6% at ℓ n dose 4.0. These was then a very sharp decrease in PTG to about 45% at ℓn dose 5.7, then a gradual curvilinear response to <1% PTG at the maximum ℓn dose of 7.7. There data strongly indicate that there is a threshold response to SO2 with respect to PTG. Response of ‘Van’ PTG in ‘Napoleon’ sweet cherry (P.avium L.) styles was similar to apricot, but not as definitive because of greater within year variation and differences between years. In one year (1979), a spline function model of PTG in cherry suggested a threshold value at about ℓn dose of 2.1, while in another year (1978), there was a nearly linear decrease in PTG with increasing ℓn dose.
Meiotic Chromosome Behavior in Intersectional and Intergeneric Species Hybrids in the Oncidium Alliance1
Authors: Phang V. P. E. , Charanasri U. , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The intersectional hybrids, Oncidium altissimum × O. sarcodes and O. floridanum × maculatum, and the intergeneric hybrid, Odontoglossum stenoglossum × O. macuiatum (all with 2n = 56), showed near normal meiosis with 27 or 28 bivalents per pollen mother cell indicating strong homology of parental genomes. Trichocentrum albopurpureum (2n = 24) × O. lanceanum (2n = 26) exhibited fair homology of parental genomes with the formation of 6 to 10 bivalents out of the possible 12. The other intersectional hybrids, O. pulvinatum (2n = 42) × O. floridanum (2n = 56), O. triquetrum (2n = 42) × O. floridanum (2n = 56), O. microchilum (2n = 36) × O. floridanum (2n = 56) and O. microchilum (2n = 36) × O. onustum (2n = 56) and the intergeneric hybrid, Comparettia falcata (2n = 42) × O. onustum (2n = 56) showed highly irregular meiotic behavior with poor chromosome pairing. The number of bivalents in these hybrids ranged from 1.4 to 9.5, indicating poor genome relationships of the parental species.