bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le mariage dans la société artésienne du bas Moyen Âge
Authors: Stouff Louis 
Published: December 2022

Stouff (Louis), Le manage dans la société artésienne du bas Moyen Âge.
En exploitant 430 contrats de mariage arlésiens datés de 1426 à 1450, mais aussi des comptes de l'archevêché d'Arles, des contrats d'embauche de servante, des testaments, ainsi que la chronique de Bernard Boysset, le registre du notaire Jean Meyriani et le « Livre terrier » (livre d'estime de la commune daté de 1427), on examine ici tour à tour le phénomène des mariages « clandestins », l'âge au mariage, la géographie matrimoniale, les dispositions concernant les dots et les renseignements d'histoire sociale qui peuvent en être tirés. Le mariage s'avère un bon révélateur de la situation d'une société. Les mariages «clandestins » semblent plus nombreux en période de crise démographique ; ils concernent tous les niveaux de la société, mais plus les pauvres que les autres. Les femmes se marient, en moyenne, vers l'âge de quinze-seize ans (pour les hommes, les renseignements manquent). L'hétérogénéité des origines sociales dans le couple est rare ; ce sont les artisans et boutiquiers qui constituent le milieu le plus ouvert. Le montant de la dot, qui peut être mise en rapport avec les patrimoines relevés dans le « Livre terrier », reflète bien la place des individus dans la hiérarchie sociale.
Les figures de l’édifice ecclésial d’après le Guide du pèlerin de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle
Authors: Méhu Didier 
Published: December 2022

Images of the Ecclesiastical Building in The Pilgrim Guide to Santiago de Compostella.
Chapter 9 of the so-called Pilgrim ’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela presents a detailed description of the church of Saint James and of its ornamentation. The well-known text has often been used to reconstruct the partly-vanished Romanesque building, generally by translating twelfth-century words into contemporary architectural vocabulary. Such an approach, however, neglects the broader analysis of the narrative’s semantic field. This study resituates the description of the building within the sole context that gives it meaning, the Jacobus codex or Codex Calixtinus -composed in honour of Compostela and of the apostle of Galicia in the middle of the twelfth century -and positions the text within the frame of monumental and iconographical exegesis in the Gregorian age. Rather than being haphazard or imprecise, the vocabulary used in the description was instead a means of signifying the figurative process communicated by the building, in order to showcase, beyond what was directly perceptible, the accomplishments of the Ecclesia. mentation. The well-known text has often been used to reconstruct the partly-vanished Romanesque building, generally by translating twelfth-century words into contemporary architectural vocabulary. Such an approach, however, neglects the broader analysis of the narrative’s semantic field. This study resituates the description of the building within the sole context that gives it meaning, the Jacobus codex or Codex Calixtinus -composed in honour of Compostela and of the apostle of Galicia in the middle of the twelfth century -and positions the text within the frame of monumental and iconographical exegesis in the Gregorian age. Rather than being haphazard or imprecise, the vocabulary used in the description was instead a means of signifying the figurative process communicated by the building, in order to showcase, beyond what was directly perceptible, the accomplishments of the Ecclesia.
Le lieu cultuel dans la synthèse liturgique de Guillaume Durand
Authors: Rauwel Alain 
Published: December 2022

The Place of Worship in Guillaume Durand’s Liturgical Synthesis.
The Rationale divinorum officiorum by bishop of Mende Guillaume Durand is an exceptionaly rich source for the study of the constitution of a Christian worship places theology in the scolastic age. The proliferation of references to authorities in the book is explained by the author’s compilating approach and by the law of universal meaning upon which his whole understanding of liturgy relies. A detailed analysis of his work on dedication shows that Durand gives great importance to the consecration ritual, which is a fundamental element. Most of all, the author doesn’t ignore a real spirituality of the place of worship, especially in his moral interpretation of the altar, one of his favourite themes.
Les vicariae et la genèse des «paroisses» dans le Massif Central (fin IXe-milieu-XIe siècle)
Authors: Poble Pierre-Eric 
Published: December 2022

Vicariae and the Genesis of « Parishes » in Massif Central (End of 9th-Middle of 11th Centuries).
The new understanding of the 9-11th centuries vicariae as the usual entity for entrusting properties and local delegation of authority (potestas) is opening up prospects. There are several kinds of vicariae, and one of them is gathering ecclesiastical properties and rights around a single local church. Linked upon the law to the bishop and part of a hierarchical system, those ecclesiastical vicariae look like « parrochiae ». However, they are not similar, with their large scattering of linked properties and their fluctuating boundaries. So we can’t call a vicaria parish, even if some medieval scribes use the word « parrochia » to call some ecclesiastical vicariae as soon as the end of the 9th century Most of the time, before the middle of the 9th century, parrochia seems to be used in deed’s location phrases as synonymous with vicaria, like many other words (ager, ministerium, aids, centena, vallis...).
Les diocèses méridionaux d’après le Provinciale Romanum (XIIe-XVe siècle)
Authors: Délivré Fabrice 
Published: December 2022

Southern Dioceses According to the Provinciale Romanum (12th-15th Centuries).
The Roman Provinciale, an official catalogue of bishoprics of latin Christendom used by scribes of the central Church government, strongly reflects the papal claims to universalism. Dedicated to the dioceses of southern France, this paper stresses the great influence of the Notitia Galliarum (c. 400) on the Provinciale composed in the 12th century. Drawn up during the 1190’s, the new version of the text transmitted by the Liber Provincialis and the Liber censuum, and then copied in chronicles, established the division of the southern dioceses between France, Gascony and Burgundy, three territorial units to be joined, in the 14th century, by Provence, Aquitaine and Gothia. Under the reign of John XXII, the creation of the metropolis of Toulouse and of 16 episcopal sees in the provinces of Toulouse, Bourges, Bordeaux and Narbonne (1317-1318) gave rise to changes which concerned the chancery book, the Liber censuum and the Libri taxarum. Surviving evidence of the papal representation of the orbis christianus at odds with the tradition of late antiquity, the Provinciale of the Roman Church was exploited, since the 13th century, by the clerics of the french royal chancery who strove to define the realm as a space of sovereignty.
Le vocabulaire de la solitude et la réforme chez les grandmontains
Authors: Carvalho Godoy Castanho Gabriel de 
Published: December 2022

The vocabulary of solitude and the reform of the Grandimontines.
For some decades, historians of the Gregorian Reforms have changed their focus of thinking, becoming less interested in the conflict between the Empire and the papacy than in disputes between the ecclesiastical hierarchy and lay powers, or even between the Religious themselves. It is a matter for the period in question of organizing relationships between members of the Christian body. In this context, autonomy, and the distinction and the separation of clergy from the secular world, play an important role. All these ideas refer to a fundamental question, that of how to reconcile within the Church the forces driving religious reformers such as hermits. There are many different answers, and they witness to the many contradictions within the thinking of reformers. The intention of this paper is to approach this question by studying the hermit monks of Grandmont, more precisely starting with three important documents from the origins of the Grandimontines, namely the Thoughts, the Life of the founder, and the Rule for the Religious. The various types of sources selected for this analysis are chosen to cover the first period of the establishment of the Order. Founded by Stephen of Thiers around 1078 at Muret, and transferred to Grandmont after the death of the master in 1124, the congregation quickly becomes one of the beacons of reform in the Limousin. In fact, Grandimontines tried to distance themselves from secular matters through strong regulation of economic activities, such as land ownership and animal husbandry. However, their independence was not absolute. The proximity of counts and kings, particularly of Henry II Plantagenet, is the basis of the development of the order from the middle of the XIIth century under the control of Stephen of Liciac, who was prior between 1139 and 1163. A consideration which seeks to understand the purpose of the Grandimontines in withdrawing from the world could shed some light on the dynamic nature of solitude and community. Such kinesis is important in the monastic contribution to the Reform, discussion of which will require the help of a semantic approach. To address vocabulary which expresses key concepts of monastic practice from the end of the XIth century and the beginning of the 12th century - solitudo, contemplatio, heremus, quies, desertum, etc. - could present new perspectives for research.
À la recherche de textes rares. L’enquête de dom Estiennot sur les manuscrits du Languedoc et du Sud-Ouest de la France
Authors: Dolbeau François 
Published: December 2022

A search for rare texts. The investigation by Dom Estiennot into the manuscripts of Languedoc and the South-West of France.
Between 1678 and 1681, Dom Claude Estiennot, a Maurist monk, went, as secretary to the Visitor for the Toulouse province of his congregation, to look at the libraries of Southern France. He was looking for diplomatical or literary texts, which could be used for writing monastic history. The fruits of his searches are conserved in Paris, BnF, lat. 12751-52, 12760-62, 12770-74. Although Estiennot’s papers had already been worked on, in particular by his Maurist brothers, and, during the second half of the XIXth century, they still contained precious information (such as the forgotten provenance of one of the major copies of the Manuel of Dhuoda), and many unpublished pieces (for example, about St. Barnard, archbishop of Vienne, or St. Guillaume de Gellone). As these paper documents are fragile, it would be useful to study them in a more systematic way, bearing in mind the necessary precautions required in using these copies made by scholars. The last part of the article investigates the docu¬ mentation of Estiennot’s materials about St Maianus, venerated in Gascony and in several places in Languedoc. As an appendix, the Life of the saint, his fraudulent translation (from Lombez to the abbey of Villemagne), and his miracles are published for the first time in their entirety.
Livres, enluminures et enlumineurs : du Midi à la Catalogne (1100-1350)
Authors: Escandell Proust Isabel 
Published: December 2022

Books, illuminations and illuminators : from the south of France to Catalonia (1100-1350).
The artistic exchanges between the south of France, Catalonia and the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona were, from the XIIth to the XVth century, as numerous as they were frequent. A large amount of evidence attests to the historic ties established between the institutions and the ecclesiastical personages, ties which favoured multiple contacts and exchanges. Throughout the whole gothic period, these relationships were intensified, favouring the development of university studies and movements of student clerks and itinerant lay artists. A collection of illuminated manuscripts, illuminators and illuminations demonstrate the influence of the south of France over Catalonia and its surrounding area between 1100 and 1350. It relates to illuminated manuscripts from the south of France which are found at the present day in Catalonia, but also to several books produced in Catalonia which have assimilated models from the south of France. The approach presented here constitutes only a first step in the study of a phenomenon which deserves to be explored more widely by researchers, concerning both historical and artistic ties between the south of France and Catalonia, ties which are sometimes so strong that one could talk about a trans-Pyrenean artistic community.
Les reliques et miracles de sainte Foy de Conques. Dévotion, contestation et enjeu de pouvoir entre terre et ciel au XIe siècle
Authors: Foulon Jean-Hervé 
Published: December 2022

The relics and miracles of St. Foy of Conques. Devotion, dispute and a game of power between earth and heaven in the XIth century.
The Liber miraculorum and the relics of St. Foy of Conques are known to have fascinated numerous researchers. The question of a survival of paganism (revival of the use of an imperial mask as a figure of “the idol”, a tale full of reminiscences of ancient authors) has been debated for a very long time. However, the biblical fertilisation of the Liber should not be neglected. Bernard of Angers remains as inheritor of the Carolingian ecclesiastical renaissance. His literary work, as well as the monumental buildings (basilica, locus secretus, aurea imago), celebrate the triumph of the Christian faith by associating biblical theology with eschatological conception. The corporeal remains of St. Foy and her appearances do not make ofr to sacer locus, in the ancient sense including dream et incubation, propitiatorium invoking Christ, the Saviour of men. The Majesty of St. Foy, by its singularity, causes the golden face of the Beloved to shine (Ct 5, 11). It accompanies men in their earthly journey in the fashion of the arc of the alliance (Ex 25, 10-18) and arouses reverential fear in the face of the Judge at the end of time (Ap 20, 11). More prosaically, the power represented by a certain relic allows assurance of the prosperity of the monastery through the influx of gold and the trade in candles.
«Un démon dans mon ventre». Cortezia, amour, hérésie avant la Croisade albigeoise
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: December 2022

«A Demon in My Belly». Cortezia, Love and Heresy before the Albigensian Crusade.
In 1222 a pregnant adolescent girl named na Aimerzens Viguier was mocked by two «good women » for having a demon in her belly. The «good women » (or «good ladies ») were fugitive heretics and their insult was recalled by na Aimerzens two decades later for the inquisition in Toulouse. In the twelfth century there was no «heresy of the good women » or «heresy of the good men » between the Garonne and Rhone. Indeed, there were no heretics anywhere in Latin Christendom in the twelfth century, Waldensians included, if by that category we mean any individual purposely choosing to be labelled as hereticus or knowingly putting themselves at risk of persecution and punishment on account of what they believed or practiced. Of course, there were feverish accusations of heresy polluting the lands of the count of Toulouse by Latin Christian intellectuals in the twelth century, but such polemics, while sometimes efforts at explaining actual phenomena, were not, as modem scholars all too frequently read them, journalistic reportage. This does not mean I do not take such polemics seriously, I just do not think accusations of heresy, however sincerely believed by those making them, is the same as heresy actually existing as a historically verifiable entity. Moreover, accusations of heresy between the Garonne and the Rhône in the twelfth century rarely focused on the good men and good women, the targets being counts, bishops, abbots, wandering preachers, hermits and mercenaries. This diverse landscape of “heresy” is lost when we read backwards from the thirteenth century. This essay evokes the world of the good men and good women before the Albigensian Crusade, when they embodied cortezia, when they were not yet heretics, ultimately suggesting what it meant for an adolescent girl to be mocked in a time of holy war for having a demon in her belly.
Sexualité et déshonneur dans le Midi (XIIIe-XIVe siècles) : les péchés de la chair et l’opinion collective
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: December 2022

Sexuality and dishonour in the Midi : Sins of the Flesh and Public Opinion, 13th and 14th Centuries.
The received idea of a sexually repressive Middle Ages rests upon ideas of private shame and public honour and dishonour. A contrasting story of the period emphasizes unkempt, uncivilized and unrestrained behaviour, involving randy priests, bawdy troubadours, and a generally more relaxed attitude to public nudity and sex. The southern French punishment for adultery -beating the guilty couple through the streets, whilst unclothed -gestures uneasily in both directions at once. This article re-examines how adultery was treated in civic statutes for the south in the 12th and 13th centuries, contrasting the public punishment for adultery with the public penances imposed for heresy. It turns then to two civic court records from fourteenth-century Cordes to investigate attitudes toward sexual misbehaviour and reputation. In so doing, the article asks how much influence the Church’s perspective had on lay attitudes and practices ; whether sexual acts were innately ‘private’ and were thus policed by being rendered shameful if made ‘public’ ; and, ultimately, whether we see, in this time and place, a controlling discourse in regard to ‘sexuality’ -or something that should be read through a more ‘civic’ lens regarding public morality.
Les communes diocésaines en Occitanie
Authors: Barthélemy Dominique 
Published: December 2022

Diocesan communes in Occitania.
Communes are a principal component of diocesan institutions of peace. In effect, one must always expect an army of peace in support of spiritual arms. Despite the inadequacy of our documentation, it is not impossible for us to find numerous traces in Occitania, especially in the period 1148-1243. In particular, we have examined the Gascon statutes (1149), and the Toulousan ones (1163), which have recently reappeared. One needs also to reconsider the confraternity of Ste. Marie du Puy, with its ups and downs, from 1183, in close liaison with the diocesan peace. Finally, we examine the enquiries of 1269-1278 and recollections of 1301-1302, describing las pazes, in the countryside in the diocese of Mende in the first half of the XIIIth century.
Les évêques du Midi capétien et le service militaire au roi (1229-1304)
Authors: Hélary Xavier , Arbelet François 
Published: December 2022

The bishops of Capetian south of France and military service to the king (1229-1304)
Well established in “Royal France”, military service by the bishops was regularly performed in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries. When the Capetians established a foothold in the south of France, especially from about 1229, their representatives tried to impose a similar obligation, but they met resistance from the prelates. At the time of the siege of Quéribus (1255), the seneschal of Carcassonne tried to bring together the bishops, and developed his arguments in a long report sent to St. Louis, mingling the summonses of previous years, from the time of Simon de Montfort, and invocations of Roman law. Several years later, at the time of the “host of Foix” (1272), Phillippe III undertook to put in prime of place the military obligations of his vassals, throughout the whole of his domain, including the sénéchaussées of the south of France. Once again, the bishops protest, particularly that of Agde, whose case drags on for a long time before the Parlement of Paris. In reality, the arguments deployed barely allow one to question the military obligation of the bishops of southern France with regard to the king, but one can suppose that, beyond the question of right, the real matter at stake was the question of royal sovereignty ; by bringing their cause before the Parlement, the bishops of the south of France were led to recognise this fully.
Innocent III et la violence dans le Midi. Entre justice et miséricorde
Authors: Durand-Dol Françoise 
Published: December 2022

Innocent III and violence in the south of France. Between justice and mercy.
The attitude of Innocent III towards violence in the south of France is examined, starting with his letters and sermons, which show the principal scriptural models to which is referred his management of events occurring in a distant periphery and controlled with difficulty through the legates, with a return to the beginnings, seeking to limit anachronistic temptations. For him, analysis is theological, and his discourse knows only violence, which, multiform in nature, strikes the Church. All the rest is riposte, justified by the establishment of Church law of which he has charge. Thus he perceives private wars as obstacles to holy war against the Saracens, and he often reacts blow by blow to events transmitted to him by the legates. Without ever forgetting the Holy Land, he develops his action in the frame of his own comprehension as lieutenant of Christ the Judge, and as faithful steward preparing the return of the Master. As regards his unmanageable interlocutors, he has recourse repeatedly to the parables of the sterile tree and of the Samaritan in order to illustrate his policy, between justice and mercy, notably towards Raymond VI of Toulouse.
La violence des clercs méridionaux pendant la première croisade
Authors: France John 
Published: December 2022

The Violence of the southern French Clergy during the First Crusade.
In the XIth century the movement for church reform provoked a storm of new ideas which forced European elites to make ideological choices. Bishops, as leaders of the faithful, found that from this intellectual ferment holy men could emerge. These new ideas of reform inspired the First Crusade, and during it the tensions between holy men and bishops emerged. Later in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries these tensions gave rise to the great heretical movements.
Les légats méridionaux : Pierre de Castelnau, Raoul de Fontfroide et Arnaud Amalric. Recherches sur leurs familles et leurs motivations
Authors: Débax Hélène 
Published: December 2022

L’action des légats pontificaux présents en Languedoc au début du
XIIIe siècle, Pierre de Castelnau, Raoul de Fontfroide et Arnaud Amalric, est depuis longtemps un sujet de recherche. Leurs ancrages familiaux et territoriaux, leurs motivations plus personnelles ou lignagères ont cependant été moins explorées, c’est l’objet de cet article. On y découvre un Pierre de Castelnau issu d’un petit castrum de la mouvance des Guilhem de Montpellier, fidèle à la lignée de ses seigneurs et dans l’opposition aux Raimondins. En revanche, il n’a pas été possible de percer le secret des origines de maître Raoul, certainement un chanoine des chapitres narbonnais ou biterrois, mais qui, comme Pierre, est devenu cistercien pour endosser la charge de légat. Quant à Arnaud Amalric, il semble que l’on puisse le rattacher à la grande noblesse castillane des Manrique de Lara, dont une branche prit possession de la vicomté de Narbonne après le long gouvernement d’Ermengarde. Cette appartenance familiale donne du sens à son acharnement à revendiquer le titre de duc de Narbonne, une fois qu’il sera devenu archevêque. Ce qui semble clair au terme du parcours dans les généalogies de ces trois prélats, c’est que, pour diverses raisons, ils ont tous oeuvré sans relâche à l’encontre des comtes de Toulouse qui n’ont trouvé dans l’Église aucune voix d’envergure pour plaider leur cause.