bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMU during Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the transformations of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) during Covid-19. It maps the responses that the European Union (EU) institutions and Member States deployed to address the sudden halt in demand and supply due to the pandemic and the restrictive measures taken to contain it. To this end, the chapter first surveys the action of the Commission, the European Central Bank, and the Eurogroup, and then focuses on the approval of the ‘Next Generation EU’ (NGEU) Recovery Fund—from the May 2020 Commission proposal sponsored by France and Germany, to the July 2020 European Council endorsement, and the December 2020 entry into force after the European Council overcame a veto threat by Hungary and Poland. As this chapter points out, NGEU constitutes a paradigm change in the functioning of EMU, as it endows the EU with a fiscal capacity and leads towards the emergence of new governance arrangement in economic policy. This contrasts with the EU responses to the euro-crisis and can be explained in light of changing political stances, notably by Germany, towards fiscal integration.
EMU because of Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses in depth how Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has changed because of Covid-19, exploring the legal structure and constitutional aspects of Next Generation EU (NGEU), in a comparative perspective with the United States (US) system of fiscal federalism. This chapter explains the complex legal constellation that underpins NGEU, and presents the main features of the EU legislation, including the obligation for Member States to respect clear milestones and targets, and the rule of law, as a condition to receive NGEU money. At the same time, it underlines how NGEU is appropriately grounded on existing legal bases, and for the benefit of the EU27, rather than the Eurozone only. Yet, the chapter highlights constitutional issues of legitimacy and effectiveness, which will need to be addressed. Moreover, it compares the EU with the US, drawing lessons from its experience of fiscal federalism. As the chapter remarks, the US consolidated a fiscal capacity only through a centuries-long process, mostly driven by war, and progressively accompanied this with constitutional reforms to enhance democracy.
The EU beyond the War in Ukraine
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the future of the EU beyond the war in Ukraine, reflecting on the need for a permanent fiscal capacity in the EU in the longer term. The chapter surveys recent advances and setbacks in integration in response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine, and explains these in light of ongoing weaknesses in the EU power structure and financial firepower. To address these, the chapter advances an EU roadmap to safeguard the European economy and strategic autonomy, consolidate a permanent fiscal capacity, and consequentially improve the EU system of governance. As the chapter clarifies, this roadmap aligns with the results of the Conference on the Future of Europe, which has concluded its work with a plea for constitutional reforms. The chapter surveys the Conference’s functioning, final outcome, and follow-up, and maintains that this must lead to treaty revisions to make the EU, and EMU, fit for the geostrategic challenges of the day.
Conclusion
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter concludes the book, summarizing the main arguments developed in the volume. To this end, the chapter underlines how the responses to Covid-19 have led to the establishment of a fiscal capacity in the EU, via the creation of the Next Generation EU Recovery Fund. At the same time, the chapter restates that in light of the war in Ukraine this new EU fiscal capacity should be turned from a temporary into a permanent tool, and underlines the consequential institutional and democratic reforms that are needed to sustain it in the long term.
Princely Progress
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 looks at engagements with modernization and political change under Nawab Raza Ali Khan. The state-driven policy of selected modernization was resisted by the declining elites. However, more interesting and crucial was the local political activism that marked local public culture highlighted in vernacular print and associational culture and political activities. These transformative changes are located as effects of not just the “reform from above,” but “pressure from below” built by Rampuris for change. This was an important change from a court-(darbar) based polity to assembly-(majlis) based public culture and authority. The chapter therefore maps these shifting trajectories of Rampur from a “progressive princely polity” to its merger into the Indian Union as a “Muslim Princely State” at the time of partition.
Princely Past, Subaltern Present
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the History of Emotions and examines affective archives of nostalgia, melancholia in the remembrance, and forgetting of Rampuris in post-colonial India and Pakistan. Combining both literary sources and oral history accounts, it shows the connection of the past with the present and the traffic in memories and emotions across national and religious boundaries in contemporary Rampur as it negotiates the demand of post-colonial national affiliation. The sense of the local mediates and yet is reworked with the Nation without fully defined by it. The chapter explores the post-colonial reconstitution of locality, public culture, and belonging in the lives and writing of Rampuris in India and Pakistan.
An endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation–related E2–E3 enzyme pair controls grain size and weight through the brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Baolan , Duan Penggen , Yan Li , Yu Haiyue , Zhang Limin , Li Na , Zheng Leiying , Chai Tuanyao , Xu Ran , Li Yunhai 
Published: December 2022

AbstractGrain size is an important agronomic trait, but our knowledge about grain size determination in crops is still limited. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–associated degradation (ERAD) is a special ubiquitin proteasome system that is involved in degrading misfolded or incompletely folded proteins in the ER. Here, we report that SMALL GRAIN 3 (SMG3) and DECREASED GRAIN SIZE 1 (DGS1), an ERAD-related E2–E3 enzyme pair, regulate grain size and weight through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway in rice (Oryza sativa). SMG3 encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) UBIQUITIN CONJUGATING ENZYME 32, which is a conserved ERAD-associated E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. SMG3 interacts with another grain size regulator, DGS1. Loss of function of SMG3 or DGS1 results in small grains, while overexpression of SMG3 or DGS1 leads to long grains. Further analyses showed that DGS1 is an active E3 ubiquitin ligase and colocates with SMG3 in the ER. SMG3 and DGS1 are involved in BR signaling. DGS1 ubiquitinates the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and affects its accumulation. Genetic analysis suggests that SMG3, DGS1, and BRI1 act together to regulate grain size and weight. In summary, our findings identify an ERAD-related E2–E3 pair that regulates grain size and weight, which gives insight into the function of ERAD in grain size control and BR signaling.
Genome-wide gene by environment study of time spent in daylight and chronotype identifies emerging genetic architecture underlying light sensitivity
Authors: Burns Angus C , Phillips Andrew J K , Rutter Martin K , Saxena Richa , Cain Sean W , Lane Jacqueline M 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesLight is the primary stimulus for synchronizing the circadian clock in humans. There are very large interindividual differences in the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light. Little is currently known about the genetic basis for these interindividual differences.MethodsWe performed a genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study (GWIS) in 280 897 individuals from the UK Biobank cohort to identify genetic variants that moderate the effect of daytime light exposure on chronotype (individual time of day preference), acting as “light sensitivity” variants for the impact of daylight on the circadian system.ResultsWe identified a genome-wide significant SNP mapped to the ARL14EP gene (rs3847634; p &lt; 5 × 10−8), where additional minor alleles were found to enhance the morningness effect of daytime light exposure (βGxE = −.03, SE = 0.005) and were associated with increased gene ARL14EP expression in brain and retinal tissues. Gene-property analysis showed light sensitivity loci were enriched for genes in the G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway and genes expressed in Per2+ hypothalamic neurons. Linkage disequilibrium score regression identified Bonferroni significant genetic correlations of greater light sensitivity GWIS with later chronotype and shorter sleep duration. Greater light sensitivity was nominally genetically correlated with insomnia symptoms and risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).ConclusionsThis study is the first to assess light as an important exposure in the genomics of chronotype and is a critical first step in uncovering the genetic architecture of human circadian light sensitivity and its links to sleep and mental health.
Meperidine Compared With Nitrous Oxide for Intrapartum Pain Relief in Multiparous Patients
Authors: Zuarez-Easton Sivan , Zafran Noah , Garmi Gali , Dagilayske Dorit , Inbar Shiri , Salim Raed 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of intravenous meperidine and inhaled nitrous oxide for intrapartum analgesia in multiparous patients.

METHODS:
This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the delivery ward of a university teaching medical center in Afula, Israel. Multiparous patients with term, singleton pregnancies who were in labor were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 50 mg intravenous meperidine or inhaled nitrous oxide. The primary outcome was pain intensity 20–30 minutes after analgesic administration, measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10 cm. Secondary outcomes included the need for additional analgesia, labor length, delivery mode, patient satisfaction, and maternal and neonatal adverse effects. To detect a 1-cm (±2.6) difference in VAS score between the groups, 214 total participants were needed to achieve 80% power with an alpha of 0.05.

RESULTS:
From August 2016 through May 2019, 214 participants were enrolled. Fourteen were excluded after randomization. Of the 200 analyzed, 102 received nitrous oxide, and 98 received intravenous meperidine. Demographic and obstetric variables were comparable between the two groups. The VAS score 20–30 minutes after analgesic administration did not differ between the groups (7.7±2.3 cm and 7.6±2.7 cm in the nitrous oxide and meperidine groups, respectively, P=.89). There were no significant differences between the groups in the rate of additional analgesic use, labor length, delivery mode, Apgar scores, rate of breastfeeding, patient satisfaction, or maternal and neonatal adverse effects.

CONCLUSION:
Pain intensity was comparable in multiparous patients 20–30 minutes after administration of meperidine and nitrous oxide. Adverse effects were also comparable.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02783508.
Fasting Compared With Fed and Oral Intake Before the 1-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Sperling Meryl M. , Leonard Stephanie A. , Miller Sarah E. , Hurtado Janet , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Herrero Tiffany , Faig Jeffrey , Carter Susan , Blumenfeld Yair J. 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of fasting compared with eating before the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening results.

METHODS:
In a single-center, prospective randomized trial, participants were randomized to: 1) fasting for 6 or more hours or 2) oral intake (“fed”) within 2 hours of the 50-g, 1-hour OGTT. The 1-hour OGTT was administered after 24 weeks of gestation. A positive screen result was defined as a serum glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher. Protocol adherence was assessed by a survey administered immediately after the OGTT. We planned to enroll 100 participants in each group to detect an absolute difference of 20 percentage points or more on the 1-hour OGTT screen-positive rate using Fisher exact test, assuming an estimated screen-positive rate of 45% in the fasting and 25% in the fed group and 10% attrition, with a two-sided α=0.05, power=0.8. The primary outcome was the 1-hour OGTT screen-positive rate. Secondary outcomes included mean 1-hour OGTT glucose values, GDM diagnosis, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and patient perceptions regarding the 1-hour OGTT.

RESULTS:
From November 2020 through April 2021, 200 participants were randomized. One hundred ninety-five completed the 1-hour OGTT (97 fasting, 98 fed). Participant surveys confirmed 97.9% (n=95) adherence to the fasting and 91.8% (n=90) adherence to the fed groups. The screen-positive rate was significantly higher in the fasting than the fed group (32.0% vs 13.3%, respectively, P=.002), as was the mean glucose value (127.7 mg/dL vs 113.3 mg/dL, P=.002). The incidence of GDM in the fasting group was 12.4% (n=12) and in the fed group was 5.1% (n=5) (P=.08). There were no significant differences in maternal or neonatal outcomes.

CONCLUSION:
Fasting for 6 or more hours doubled the incidence of a positive 1-hour OGTT result when compared with eating within 2 hours of the test.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04547023.
Timing of Prone Positioning During Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Giani Marco , Rezoagli Emanuele , Guervilly Christophe , Rilinger Jonathan , Duburcq Thibault , Petit Matthieu , Textoris Laura , Garcia Bruno , Wengenmayer Tobias , Bellani Giacomo , Grasselli Giacomo , Pesenti Antonio , Combes Alain , Foti Giuseppe , Schmidt Matthieu ,   for the European Prone positioning During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (EuroPronECMO) Investigators
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To assess the association of timing to prone positioning (PP) during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) with the probability of being discharged alive from the ICU at 90 days (primary endpoint) and the improvement of the respiratory system compliance (Cpl,rs).

DESIGN:
Pooled individual data analysis from five original observational cohort studies.

SETTING:
European extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) centers.

PATIENTS:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients who underwent PP during ECMO.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Time to PP during V-V ECMO was explored both as a continuous and a categorical variable with Cox proportional hazard models. Three hundred patients were included in the analysis. The longer the time to PP during V-V ECMO, the lower the adjusted probability of alive ICU discharge (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.90 for each day increase; 95% CI, 0.87–0.93). Two hundred twenty-three and 77 patients were included in the early PP (≤ 5 d) and late PP (> 5 d) groups, respectively. The cumulative 90-day probability of being discharged alive from the ICU was 61% in the early PP group vs 36% in the late PP group (log-rank test, p <0.001). This benefit was maintained after adjustment for confounders (adjusted HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.66–3.81; p <0.001). In the early PP group, PP was associated with a significant improvement of Cpl,rs (4 ± 9 mL/cm H2O vs 0 ± 12 in the late PP group, p=0.038).

CONCLUSIONS:
In a large cohort of ARDS patients on ECMO, early PP during ECMO was associated with a higher probability of being discharged alive from the ICU at 90 days and a greater improvement of Cpl,rs.
Prediction of Difficult Laryngoscopy Using Ultrasound: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bhargava Vidit , Rockwell Nicholas A. , Tawfik Daniel , Haileselassie Bereketeab , Petrisor Cristina , Su Erik 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Evaluate associations between ultrasound measures and difficult laryngoscopy.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched using MeSH terms and keywords.

STUDY SELECTION:
Studies published in English describing the use of airway ultrasound for identifying difficult laryngoscopy, with sufficient data to calculate sensitivity and specificity using 2 × 2 tables.

DATA EXTRACTION:
We assigned the described indices of airway dimension to one of three domains based on methodology characteristics: anterior tissue thickness domain, anatomical position domain, and oral space domain. We then performed a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis, deriving pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio estimates. We assessed risks of bias using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 analysis.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Thirty-three studies evaluating 27 unique indices were included in the meta-analysis. The ultrasound protocols of the included studies were heterogeneous. Anterior tissue thickness demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 76% (95% CI, 71–81%), specificity of 77% (95% CI, 72–81%), and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.80–0.86). Anatomical position demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 74% (95% CI, 61–84%), specificity of 86% (95% CI, 78–91%), and an AUROC of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84–0.90). Oral space demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 53% (95% CI, 0.36–0.69), specificity of 77% (95% CI, 0.67–0.85), and an AUROC of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.69–0.77).

CONCLUSIONS:
Airway ultrasound metrics associate with difficult laryngoscopy in three domains: anterior tissue thickness, anatomic position, and oral space. An assessment instrument combining clinical and ultrasound assessments may be an accurate screening tool for difficult laryngoscopy.
Developmental language disorders in preschool children after high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances from contaminated drinking water in Ronneby, Sweden
Authors: Stübner Charlotte , Ebel Matilda , Jakobsson Kristina , Gillberg Christopher , Nielsen Christel , Miniscalco Carmela 
Published: December 2022

Background:
There are indications that early-life exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can impact neurodevelopment, but results are inconclusive. The objective was to investigate if high early-life exposure to primarily perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) increases the risk of developmental language disorder in children up to seven years of age.

Methods:
A register-based cohort of all children born 1998–2013 in Blekinge county, Sweden, was studied. Maternal residential history, that is, with or without highly PFAS-contaminated drinking water, during the 5-year period before childbirth was used as a proxy for early-life exposure. Exposure was categorized as high (n = 646), intermediate (n = 1,650), or background (n = 9,599). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for (1) referral to a speech- and language pathologist after routine screening at Child Health Services, and (2) subsequent language disorder diagnosis after clinical assessment. Models were adjusted for parity, maternal age, education level, and smoking, and explored effect modification by sex.

Results:
In children from the high-exposed area, the adjusted HR for referral was 1.23 (95% CI = 1.03, 1.47) and 1.13 (95% CI = 0.97, 1.56) for subsequent diagnosis. There was no increased risk in the intermediate exposure category.

Conclusion:
Children, particularly girls, with high exposure had an increased risk of both referral and confirmed developmental language disorder. Further research is needed on PFAS in the context of general neurodevelopment, for which language development is a proxy.
Prescription Habits of Scleral Lenses for the Management of Corneal Irregularity and Ocular Surface Disease Among Scleral Lens Practitioners
Authors: Shorter Ellen , Fogt Jennifer , Nau Cherie , Harthan Jennifer , Nau Amy , Schornack Muriel 
Published: December 2022

Objectives:
To describe prescribing patterns of therapeutic scleral lenses (SLs) in the management of corneal irregularity and ocular surface disease among practitioners who prescribe SLs.

Methods:
Participants ranked treatment options for corneal irregularity and ocular surface disease in the order they would generally consider using them in an electronic survey. Median rank score for each option is reported, along with the percentage of participants assigning first place ranking to each option. The percentage of participants assigning first, second, or third place ranking to each option is also reported.

Results:
Seven hundred and seventy-eight practitioners participated. Scleral lenses are most frequently considered as the first choice for the management of corneal irregularity based on overall median rank, followed by corneal rigid lenses (rigid gas-permeable [RGPs]). Scleral lenses were the first choice of 42% of participants, followed by RGPs (20%). For ocular surface disease, lubricant drops are most frequently used first, followed by meibomian gland expression, topical cyclosporine or lifitegrast, topical steroids, punctal plugs, and SLs, respectively. Lubricant drops were the first therapeutic option considered for ocular surface disease by 63% of participants and 45% ranked SLs as their sixth, seventh or eighth treatment based on median overall rank.

Conclusions:
Scleral lenses were identified as the first option for management of corneal irregularity more frequently than RGPs. Scleral lenses are considered for management of ocular surface disease before surgical intervention but after meibomian gland expression, punctal occlusion, and topical medical therapy are attempted.
Resident Perceptions of Continuity Clinic Patient Metrics Differ From EHR Data: Pilot Use of Population Health Dashboards
Authors: Smith Brandon M. , Kuryla Christine L. , Shilkofski Nicole A. , Hughes Helen K. , Wheeler Noah J. , Tschudy Megan M. , Solomon Barry S. , Kim Julia M. 
Published: December 2022

Background and Objectives:
Population health management (PHM) dashboards using electronic health record (EHR) data can teach trainees about the population they serve while also delivering data on their clinical practice. Yet, few studies have demonstrated their use. In this pilot study, we assessed baseline resident perceptions of population health metrics for continuity clinic panels by comparing resident estimates with EHR-reported values delivered by individualized PHM dashboards.

Methods:
A descriptive, comparative study was conducted at a primary continuity clinic site for pediatric residents in January 2018. Residents were surveyed about population health metrics for their patient panels, including demographics, utilization, and medical diagnoses. We compared resident estimates to corresponding EHR-reported values using 2-tailed paired t tests.

Results:
A total of 42 out of 55 eligible residents (76%) completed the survey. Compared with EHR-reported values, residents estimated higher percentages of emergency department utilization (22.1% vs 10.3%, P < .01) and morbidity, including medical complexity (15.6% vs 5.9%, P < .01), overweight (38.1% vs 11.7%, P < .01), obesity (20.5% vs 15.8%, P = .02), and asthma (34.6% vs 21.4%, P < .01).

Conclusions:
In this pilot study of PHM dashboards, resident perceptions of continuity clinic population health metrics did not align with EHR data. Estimates were higher for measures of utilization and morbidity. PHM dashboards may help trainees better understand their patient populations and serve as a consistent source of objective practice data. However, further research and investment is needed to evaluate dashboard implementation and impact on trainee and patient outcomes.