bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaning, Motivation, and Free Will (Methods I.III, I.IV, and I.V)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book I, Chapters III, IV, and V. In these three chapters Sidgwick gives the first important articulation of his position on some foundational questions that had divided his predecessors. The questions are about the meaning and objectivity of moral judgments, about motivation, and about free will. The first section discusses Sidgwick’s defense of non-naturalism in metaethics in I.III, comparing his case for non-naturalism with G. E. Moore’s famous case in Principia Ethica. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s qualified endorsement of Joseph Butler’s argument against psychological hedonism in Chapter IV. The final section discusses Sidgwick’s argument in Chapter V that the free will question has less importance for moral philosophy than is often supposed.
The Critique of Common-Sense Morality (Methods III.I–III.XI)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapters I through XI. Its topic is Sidgwick’s critique of the theory he calls “common-sense morality” or “dogmatic intuitionism.” The first section introduces this theory, noting problems with both Sidgwick’s names for it. The second section discusses the project of Chapters I through XI, making the principles of common-sense morality clear and precise. The third section introduces the four conditions Sidgwick uses to test putative axioms. The fourth section outlines his argument that none of the principles of common-sense morality satisfy the four conditions, focusing on the example of promissory obligation. The fifth section considers two responses: defending absolutist deontology, and moving to moderate deontology by introducing, as W. D. Ross does, the concept of prima facie duty. The final section raises questions about the fairness of Sidgwick’s critique.
Scientific Research and Ethics
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
There is a growing recognition among scientists, government officials, research institutions, and the public that ethical conduct is essential to scientific research and that unethical conduct is highly deterimental. Ethical conduct in research, also known as research integrity, promotes the advancement of science and the public’s trust in and support for research. This chapter provides the reader with a conceptual framework for thinking about ethics in research, its importance for science and society, and how to make well-reasoned decisions when confronted with ethical dilemmas. This chapter discusses the nature of scientific professionalism, collaboration and trust, and ethical theories, principles, norms, and concepts.
A Six-Step Solution to Overcoming Bad Leadership
Authors: Reyes Denise L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scientific-based leadership development training is a key to overcoming poor leadership attitudes and behaviors. This chapter provides details on how to execute six necessary steps for successful leadership development training: (1) conduct a needs analysis, (2) design the training based on scientific evidence, (3) prepare the organization for leadership development training, (4) deliver the training effectively, (5) evaluate the program, and (6) sustain the trained material. Within these steps, the author provides scientific-based evidence and examples from the literature on leadership development and training. Specifically, the author draws from two recent meta-analyses on evaluating leadership development training. The goal of this chapter is to bridge the gap between management science and training in practice by helping organizational leadership implement the most effective strategies when training their leaders on intrapersonal, interpersonal, business, and leadership skills.
Fearless Dominance: The Upside of Psychopathy?
Authors: Genau-Hagebölling Hanna Aileen , Blickle Gerhard 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The personality trait of fearless dominance originated from research on psychopathy and incorporates features of high fearlessness, resilience, and social potency. Due to the apparent adaptiveness of fearless dominance, some researchers question whether it truly belongs under the overarching construct of psychopathy. However, recent research has suggested that psychopathy is more a configuration of loosely related dimensions than a unidimensional syndrome. The authors briefly address the role that fearless dominance plays within the psychopathy construct and then introduce this dimension as a promising tool for executive selection. In this sense, the authors present results on the characteristics of fearless dominance and its manifestations and impact in the work and leadership context. Because fearless dominance has been associated with professional success, but also with antisocial and counterproductive work behaviors, the authors then go on to discuss possible boundary conditions based on Lykken’s hypothesis of socialization and fearless dominance. The chapter concludes with implications for practice.
The Atmospheric Worlds of Cinema
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
To further advance the notion of the diegesis-as-environment and its material-affective nature, this chapter advocates for the atmospheric in cinematic perception. Drawing primarily upon the contemporary interdisciplinary surge of “atmosphere research” (e.g., Schmitz, Böhme, Ingold, Thibaut, and Griffero), this chapter maintains that although the concept of atmosphere has been omnipresent in the literature on film, it has yet to be adequately theoretically addressed. Moreover, what for classical narratology was deemed its conceptual weakness, its intermediate position between the subject (spectator) and object (film), is exactly its media-anthropological strength given that it carves out the anthropomedial space of their coexistence. Abandoned in the textual models of the diegesis, filmic atmospheres resurrect as the quintessential component of the diegesis-as-environment. It is argued that for atmosphere to become a key concept in narratology it needs to challenge the basic internalist assumptions of the contemporary “turn to mood” in (cognitive) film studies. Whereas the concept of “mood” is understood metaphorically as a filter that colors the already constituted narrative world in particular feeling tones, an “atmosphere” is the necessary ground out of which all filmic worlds emerge. Herein lies a new premise for understanding the narrative film: the atmospheric co-constitutes a film’s textual, representational, and propositional dimension rather than being its surplus. In its conclusion, the chapter explores two narrative atmospheric strategies employed by Alice Rohrwacher’s Happy as Lazzaro (Lazzaro Felice, 2018).
The Moving Camera and the Motor-Affective Arrangement of Films
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
With outset of the moving camera, this chapter argues that more than audiovisual cues for inferential elaboration, an externalization of our embodied mechanisms, a mimicking of ecological perception, or the activation of our motor cortex or mirror neuron system, cinematic motion perception is a particularly illuminating case of the media–man entanglement at the heart of the filmic experience without which there would be no narrative, no diegesis. Among the most established tropes in the study of cinema, its reception, and its production is that the camera presents a point of view onto an independently existing narrative world. The camera thus replaces the human eye as the gateway to the filmic diegesis. However, this trope relies on the illusion of the diegesis-as-text of being a story without discourse, i.e., an objective world existing independently of the spectator whose experience it belongs to. Contrarily, this chapter argues that the affective-motor resonances that flow between the embodied spectator and the material film must be conceived as an integral component of the cinematic diegesis. In reference to the camera work in Kalatozov’s The Cranes Are Flying (1957), it is argued that the true potential of embodiment is not to be found in cinema’s simulation or externalization of human embodied perception but the challenges it poses to a priori determinations of the “human” and the way it gestures toward “human technogenesis,” the coevolution of the human with technics. Embodiment is not separate from technics; it never was.
Blueprint
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents the historical context in which the American judiciary was created. It focuses on the key decisions taken by the Framers at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, which were then embedded in the text of the Constitution. These decisions were, as Alexander Hamilton explained in a series of famous Federalist Papers published under the pseudonym “Publius,” premised on assumptions about the legal profession and about the institutional balance of the new federal government. The chapter argues that key assumptions that Hamilton identified turned out to be false. First, Hamilton assumed that the Senate would have the inclination to act as a check and counterweight to the president. Second, he assumed that there will be so limited a supply of lawyers that appointments could not be based on ideology. In the wake of these assumptions failing, the fate of courts has been closely tied to the path of American state-building.
Building
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter charts the emergence of the federal judiciary and its growth through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As a result of choices embedded in Article III, the early federal judicial system was highly dependent on Congress. It played only a limited role in the vindication of constitutional rights. Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century did a robust federal judiciary start to emerge, and not until the first quarter of the twentieth century did it take anything like its present form. This shift occurred, most importantly, because it was in the interest of an electoral coalition of Republicans in 1874 to use the federal courts as a way of mitigating the costs of defeat in midterm polls by entrenching policy in the form of new jurisdiction and appointments. In the aftermath of this growth, the judiciary found ways to consolidate and advance its interests in Congress and the public sphere.
Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This accessible and authoritative introduction tells the American story of religious freedom from its colonial beginnings to the latest Supreme Court cases. The authors analyze closely the formation of the First Amendment religion clauses and describe the unique and enduring principles of the American experiment in religious freedom – liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious equality, religious pluralism, separation of church and state, and no establishment of religion. Successive chapters map all of the 240+ Supreme Court cases on religious freedom - concerning the free exercise of religion; the roles of government and religion in education; the place of religion in public life; and the interaction of religious organizations and the state. The concluding reflections argue that protecting religious freedom is critical for democratic order and constitutional rule of law. Clear, comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and balanced, this classic volume is an ideal classroom text and armchair paperback. It includes a table summarizing every Supreme Court case on religious freedom from 1815 to 2021. This new 5th edition addresses fully the new hot button issues and cases on religious freedom and sexual liberty; religious worship in the time of COVID; freedom of conscience and exemption claims with or without third party harms; state aid to religion; religious monuments and ceremonies in public life; and the rights of religious groups. The addition of distinguished Catholic religious freedom scholar Richard W. Garnett to this new edition adds further nuance and insider knowledge to the story.
Forging the First Amendment Religion Clauses
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the actions on religion and religious freedom in the Continental Congress (1774-1789), the United States Constitutional Convention and ratification debates (1787-1789), the First Congress (1789), and the ratification debates over the Bill of Rights that followed. The chapter parses in detail what each of these national bodies said about religious freedom in the surviving records, analyzes each of the 25 drafts of the religion clauses crafted between 1787 and 1789 and the surviving debates about them, and then analyzes what is clear and not so clear in the final words of the First Amendment that were ratified in 1791: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
The Quiet Diffusion of Social Investment in Japan
Authors: Miura Mari , Hamada Eriko 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
While the term “social investment” is hardly ever used in Japan, “investment in tomorrow” and “investment in people” have been repeatedly used to justify policy expansion for childcare and human resource development since the first decade of the 21st century. Although Japan is shifting its spending patterns, it is necessary to look into policy development and discourse in order to understand its qualitative features. This chapter argues that a stratified social investment was quietly diffused in Japan. Despite the expansion of social spending on the younger generation, stratification progressed due to the heavy reliance on private spending and indifference to universal access and redistribution. Government papers show that the typical reasoning behind social investment policies is missing. The protagonists of social investment in Japan were policymakers and bureaucrats concerned with a declining and aging population. Family policy was expanded to meet the needs of middle-class, dual-earner households. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party, however, was an antagonist since it relied on support from the religious right, which holds an anti-feminism ideology. Big business acted as both a protagonist and an antagonist: It is an ardent advocator of human resource development, but it is opposed to spending its resources on skill formation. Such a constellation of actors has shaped stratified social investment in Japan.
Politics of Social Investment in Post-industrial South Korea
Authors: Seung-yoon Lee Sophia , Kim Yeon-Myung 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how the Korean economic background and state legacies mattered in the formation of a social policy paradigm in the early period of the Korean welfare state, as well as why and how politically salient social investment proposals have been developed. This chapter mainly focuses on childcare policy in Korea. It examines how Korea first moved from a targeted social investment to a stratified one, with a function of mobilization of human capital, and eventually to an inclusive one. The authors pay close attention to how legacies from the compressed economic development mattered in constructing the social policy paradigm in the early period of Korean welfare state development and later how the Korean electoral system contributed to the continued expansion of childcare policy.
Social Policy for Institutional Change
Authors: Jenson Jane , Nagels Nora 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Latin America developed experiments with the social investment perspective as the neoliberal Washington Consensus faltered. This chapter tracks the dynamics of reform in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Change processes in the three were similar and involved a central policy instrument of social investment, the conditional cash transfer (CCT). Protagonists of reform intended these transfers to advance human development goals via creation of human capital in childhood, while also serving as anti-poverty measures. They targeted extreme poverty while emphasizing early childhood development and well-being. Those who promoted these instruments intended to do more than reform social protection, however. CCTs and other interventions were part of ambitious projects to reform the state and its institutions. Technocrats in particular sought to use the instruments of the social investment perspective to confront entrenched policy legacies, breaking with past practices, institutional supports, and supporting actors that for years had allowed clientelism and even corruption to drive social policy.
The Politics of Conditionality in Latin America’s Cash Transfer Reforms
Authors: Rossel Cecilia , Antía Florencia , Manzi Pilar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The extent to which conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are aligned with the social investment paradigm is still a contested issue. In this chapter, the authors offer new evidence to understand the conditions under which CCTs should be considered social investment reforms. To do so, they analyze the heterogeneity of 24 CCTs in 12 Latin American countries. They find that not all CCTs are created equal but instead vary in the design and stringency of their conditionalities. The authors then turn to understanding this variation, arguing that the type of conditionality is driven by the political dynamics of reform. By analyzing the trajectory of four cases, they argue that ideological preferences are important to shape governments’ choices regarding conditionalities. When strong preferences are not present, though, there is room for conditionalities’ designs to be used by governments in an effort of coalition-building or to gain support from the opposition or specific constituencies.
Populism and American Democracy
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of the vital center, as developed by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in 1949. Populism is not new to the American experience. Many of the same anxieties plaguing America at the end of World War II continue to fester in American society. But, as we contend, Schlesinger and other, modern-day political observers who desire a return to pragmatic politics fail to understand how the country’s political institutions reinforce the civic habits and cultural norms that support liberal, free society. Like other scholars, we turn our attention to the important mediating role that has long been played by the American party system. Unlike others, though, we develop our argument that the decline in collective party responsibility has gone hand in hand with the growth of presidential power, particularly since the 1960s.
The Forms of Covert Action
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Third Option assumes several forms, such as clandestine radio broadcasts and sabotage. This opening chapter explores these different kinds of covert action, within the categories of propaganda, political action, economic action, and paramilitary operations. A hush-hush organization like the Central Intelligence Agency (the CIA, responsible for the conduct of covert action) runs counter to the ethos of an open, democratic society. Given the forbearance in this country for this incongruity, a fundamental question raised in this chapter also ties the book together: Of what value has the Agency actually been in trying to contour global events, as a complement to the federal government’s more open national security organizations, such as the Department of State (DoS) and the Department of Defense (DoD)?
A Ladder of Clandestine Escalation
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a Ladder of Clandestine Escalation. The ladder metaphor provides a device for arraying examples of the Third Option. Its rungs move from minimal risk and moral doubt at the bottom of the ladder to rising levels that pose acute dangers and profound ethical implications for the United States. At the lower rungs, America’s secret interventions can include the relatively benign use of propaganda against autocratic regimes. At high levels, operations can be designed to degrade an adversary’s environment as well as food and water supplies, and possibly even overthrow a regime or assassinate its leaders.
The Third Option in an Age of Terror, 2000–2020
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at America’s use of covert action in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. To what degree did the Age of Terror, along with renewed aggression by the communist powers, lead to a metamorphosis in the forms and objectives of clandestine interventions carried out by the CIA on behalf of the United States? This period includes some of America’s most successful covert actions, including the post-9/11 counterattack against the Qaeda terrorist organization responsible for 9/11, as well as its host in Afghanistan, the Taliban regime. Another success a decade later: the elimination of Osama bin Laden, the Qaeda leader. Explored, too, is the renewal of assassination as a tool of America’s secret foreign policy, along with the rise of drone warfare and the challenge of cyberattacks.
The Meaning of Power
Authors: Parietti Guido 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter spells out a more apt definition of power, by examining both its form (what kind of concept “power” is) and its substantive meaning. “Power” will be preliminary defined as the status, or condition, enjoyed by someone who objectively has possibilities available and subjectively perceives them as such. However, we shall see that “objective” and “subjective” are not entirely appropriate terms. This is made clear by a deeper examination of the formal type of our concept, starting from the fact that it denotes a condition and not an object, which leads us to consider Arendt’s phenomenological approach as the most appropriate for our inquiry. This will allow us to understand the aforementioned definition in the more precise, and metaphysically less onerous, terms of the possibilities represented to and by persons in the world. The semantic of power is discussed through contemporary and historical examples of linguistic usage, with particular attention to the distinction between possibility (which is the actual root of power) and potentiality (which has nearly universally been confused for being the root of power).
The Homily
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Catholic Reform stressed the importance of the homily as indispensable part of the pastoral care of souls. This chapter outlines the pastoral and rhetorical instructions priests received for their preaching and what the role of the homily was in the liturgy (usually after a Mass). The homily increased the public stature of a priest, who now appeared prophet- or apostle-like. While some homilies focused on the biblical reading for the day, others were about catechetical issues. Most often an hour long, a homily was considered successful if it engaged its audience and kindled not only their imagination but also feelings of remorse as well as love for God.
Teaching the Faith in a Parish
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractReligious education was not a priority of the medieval church. The Catholic Reform after the Council of Trent, however, made it one. Such instruction was to instill adherence to the normative expectations in questions of faith and morality in the faithful. These initiatives certainly disciplined the masses and created a culture in which confessional differences became identity markers. Focusing on these aspects, however, has largely eclipsed that religious instruction also had a spiritual dimension, which is the focus of this chapter. Learning about the expectations of the church made the faithful aware not only of what they had to know to be saved but also of how to live their faith and transform their lives. Thereby the parish gained theological and ecclesial prominence.