bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standing Stem Persistence in No‐tillage Small‐Grain Fields
Authors: Steiner Jean L. , Schomberg Harry H. , Douglas Clyde L. , Black Alfred L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStanding stem residues affect erosion, hydrology, and other processes differently than flat residues, but stem persistence under no‐tillage management is not well understood. We developed an equation to predict standing stem number over time, based on precipitation and air temperature. Crops were field‐grown winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) grown near Bushland, TX, on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). Fallow‐period irrigation treatments produced three decomposition environments. Standing stems were counted in flagged quadrats 18, 98, 158, 223, 289, and 379 d after harvest. The daily minimum of precipitation‐based moisture or mean air temperature coefficients was accumulated as decomposition days (DD). Standing stem fraction (SF) was predicted assuming SF = exp [k(DD − B)]. The threshold, B, was ≈17.5 DD for all crops, and k was −0.284, −0.176, −0.169, and −0.116 for oat, barley, and winter and spring wheat, respectively. Equation evaluation used data from North Dakota, Oregon, and Texas. Stem number prediction tended to be high before the B threshold and low later. Paired t‐tests indicated no significant difference between predicted and measured stem fraction of spring wheat or barley. Stem fraction was overestimated by 0.09 for winter wheat averaged across Oregon and Texas data. Use of DDs improved prediction of standing stem persistence across diverse climates. Such information is needed for a wide range of erosion, water balance, and micrometeorological studies. A quantitative index for forces such as strong winds, animal traffic, or blowing precipitation may improve the model.
Target and suspect screening for biocides in drinking water resources of Honduras
Authors: Sherman Anya , Mejia Walter Alejandro Guardado , Padilla Natasha Ramos , Carpenter Corey M. G. , Rich Stephanie L. , Moncada Erika Tenorio , Helbling Damian E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of this research was to explore biocide occurrence in drinking water resources of Honduras. We collected 46 samples from seven drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Honduras during eight sampling events between October 2018 and August 2019. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of 55 target biocides and estimate the abundance of four priority suspect biocides and five additional high-abundance biocides. We measured 30 of the target biocides, one of the priority suspect biocides, and all five of the high-abundance biocides in at least one of the samples. No correlation was observed between the overall extent of agriculture and biocide occurrence. However, bean production was strongly and significantly correlated with the biocide mixture complexity, as well as with concentrations of aminobenzimidazole and abscisic acid. Biocide mixture complexity was higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, but biocide concentrations were lower during the rainy season. Finally, we found that existing DWTPs are not consistently effective at removing the target biocides. These data represent the first known broad survey of bioicides in drinking water resources of Honduras and demonstrate the need for further study to better understand and manage biocide occurrence.
Spatiotemporal variability and change in rainfall in the Oti River Basin, West Africa
Authors: Kwawuvi Daniel , Mama Daouda , Agodzo Sampson K. , Hartmann Andreas , Larbi Isaac , Bessah Enoch , Limantol Andrew Manoba , Dotse Sam-Quarcoo , Yangouliba Gnibga Issoufou 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding rainwater dispersion in a spatiotemporal context is invaluable toward resourceful water management and a food-secure society. This study, therefore, assessed the variations in rainfall at a spatiotemporal scale in the Oti River Basin of West Africa for observed (1981–2010) and future periods (2021–2050) under the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios. Rainfall data from meteorological stations and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) were used. The percentage changes in rainfall for the peak month as well as for rainy and dry seasons under the two climate scenarios were determined. The coefficient of variation (CV) and the standardized anomaly index (SAI) were used to assess annual variations in rainfall. In general, under both emission scenarios, rainfall is projected to decrease over the study area. However, the amount of rainfall during the peak month (August) for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 could increase by 0.26 and 9.3%, respectively. The highest SAIs for the observed period were +1.58 (2009) and −2.29 (1983) with the latter showing a relationship with historic drought in the basin. The projected SAI under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 indicated extremely wet (+2.12) and very wet (+1.91) periods for the years 2037 and 2028, respectively. The study provides relevant information and a chance to aid the design of innovative adaptation measures toward efficient water management and agricultural planning for the basin.
The Expedition of Azido-reductive Cyclization Approaches Towards Various Heterocycles
Authors: Soni Jay Prakash , Jadhav Nayan Arvind , Shankaraiah Nagula 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:Organic azides are in the interphase between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. Their uses in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles are extensively explored. In this review, the focus is placed on the azido-reductive cyclization of azides and detailed its significant insights. The wide-ranging literature for synthesizing various heterocycles, employing chemoselective and straightforward protocols for azido-reduction with concomitant intramolecular cyclization, has been elaborated. In due course, the azido-reductive cyclization strategy witnessed the synthesis of essential heterocycles such as benzodiazepines, quinazolinones, piperidine, pyrrole and their derivatives. In addition, the review includes applications of azido-reductive cyclization strategies towards the synthesis of various iminosugars, drugs/APIs, and natural products embedding such heterocycles.
Research Progress in Alpha-fetoprotein-induced Immunosuppression of Liver Cancer
Authors: Wen Lu , Zhao Kailiang , Zhou Xiaoquan , Xiao Yuchun , Wang Yanni 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, with limited treatment and 8.2% mortality. Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths, which seriously endangers human life and health. Approximately 70% of liver cancer patients show increased serum Alpha- Fetoprotein (AFP) levels. AFP is the main diagnostic and prognostic indicator of liver cancer. AFP, a key marker of liver cancer, plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation of tumor cells, apoptosis, and induction of cellular immune escape. High levels of AFP during embryonic development protect the embryos from maternal immune attack. AFP also promotes immune escape of liver cancer cells by inhibiting Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), Natural Killer cells (NK), Dendritic Cells (DC), and macrophages; thus, it is also used as a target antigen in immunotherapy for liver cancer. AFP is highly expressed in liver cancer cells. In addition to being used in the diagnosis of liver cancer, it has become a target of immunotherapy for liver cancer as a tumor-associated antigen. In immunotherapy, it was also confirmed that early AFP response was positively correlated with the efficacy of immunotherapy. Early AFP responders had longer PFS and OS than non-responders. At present, the methods of immunotherapy for liver cancer mainly include Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy (ACT), tumor vaccine therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy, etc. A large number of studies have shown that AFP mainly plays a role in ACT and liver cancer vaccines. This review presents the research progress of AFP and immunosuppression of liver cancer.
A Review on the New Indication of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NRTIs) in the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Karbasforooshan Hedyieh , Salari Sofia , Hosseinjani Hesamoddin 
Published: February 2022

Background:
In December 2019, a new coronavirus (nCoV) emerged as a public health
concern spreading all around the world. Several attempts have been made to discover effective drugs
and vaccines. Up to now, multiple COVID-19 vaccines have been developed against this mysterious
virus, and a lot of individuals have already got vaccinated.

Objective:
Anti-viral drugs are effective in treating and managing COVID-19. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs) are a collection of antiviral drugs for treating HIV and HBV infections.
These drugs prevent virus replication by blocking reverse transcriptase (RT). In this review, we discuss
the interaction of this class of anti- HIV drugs with specific functional proteins and enzymes of SARSCoV-
2.

Method:
A search of the databases, including Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Google
Scholar, was conducted from commencement to September 2020. The relevant articles on the potential
effects of NRTIs on COVID-19 were collected. Finally, twenty-three articles were selected, including
all in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.

Result:
It was observed that RdRp, spike, ACE2, PNP, inflammatory cytokines, and nucleocapsid
protein participate in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. NRTIs target these proteins by binding to
them.

Conclusion:
This review is focused on the mechanisms of NRTIs to introduce them as potential therapies
for COVID-19. However, further in vitro and in vivo investigations will provide helpful information
for the identification of drug candidates as a part of COVID-19 management.
Fluoroquinolone-induced Glycaemic Aberrations: Could Quinolones be
Repurposed to Serve as New Antidiabetic Agents?
Authors: Sibiya Ntethelelo , Ayodele Omobonlale , Khanye Setshaba , Mothibe Mamosheledi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Nalidixic acid is a synthetic antibiotic discovered in the 1960s during the synthesis of chloroquine,
an effective drug for treating malaria. Nalidixic acid became the backbone for developing
quinolones that are now widely used clinically for the treatment of various bacterial infections. The
mechanism of action of quinolone involves the inhibition of topoisomerase II and topoisomerase IV.
In attempts to improve the potency of fluoroquinolones, modifications were made; these modifications
resulted in the emergence of newer generations of fluoroquinolones. Also, due to these modifications,
several side effects were noted, including blood glucose control aberrations. Among fluoroquinolones
that disrupt glucose homeostasis is gatifloxacin, which is in the third-generation category. Fluoroquinolones
have been demonstrated to induce glycaemic aberrations by enhancing pancreatic cells' insulin
secretion and interaction with antidiabetic agents via inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Considering
their ability to induce hypoglycaemia, few studies have reported repurposing of quinolones as
antidiabetic agents. Hyperglycaemia has also been reported to often precede hypoglycaemia. Due to
the ability to decrease blood glucose, it is not surprising that some authors have reported novel quinolone
derivates with antidiabetic properties in experimental studies. However, there is still a paucity of
data regarding the effect of quinolones derivatives on glycaemic control. Understanding how fluoroquinolones
lower blood glucose concentration could serve as the basis for developing novel quinolone
derivatives with the sole purpose of lowering blood glucose concentrations. Although there are various
conventional anti-hyperglycaemic agents, due to their associated shortfalls as well as an increase in the
prevalence of diabetes, the discovery and development of new antidiabetics are warranted.
Analyzing Iraqi Political Cartoons
Authors: Abdulwahid Huda Y. 
Published: February 2022

Pictures have an essential effect on our thoughts and decisions. We have also noticed how these pictures produced in the form of cartoons affect our viewpoints. They do so since we are addicted to social media to the extent it can manipulate our thoughts unconsciously and obnoxiously. Besides, people don’t have the courage to express their viewpoints clearly, so they tend to use the satire to keep their face. This motivates the researcher to analyze the underlying structure of this satire presented in caricatures to read the message clearly. This research aims at revealing the way the political caricatures are produced and the main characteristics of political caricatures. Incorporating a methodology depending on selecting some samples, this paper is a semiotic analysis of political caricatures announced through the election campaign 2018 in Iraq. It concentrates on the format caricatures used as a communicative channel on net platform to come up with essential senses and prevailing political matters. This is carried out by adopting Barthes’ semiotic theory which is the first apparent semiotic approach. It is a good means to analyze the implied structure, including the dictionary and implied senses of creating influence of political caricatures. Besides, it provides us with a good means to interpret and understand political caricatures. This is quite important since political cartoons work as an approach to comprehend human consciousness.
NOD2 versus MEFV: Differential diagnosis of Yao syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Yao Qingping , Shen Min , Gorevic Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Yao syndrome (YAOS, OMIM 617321) was formerly designated as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-2 (NOD2)-associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID). This disorder shares similar clinical phenotypes with hereditary periodic fever syndromes (HPFS). This study aimed to compare YAOS with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).

Methods
In this retrospective study, electronic medical records of a case series of YAOS were reviewed and data were analyzed. All patients underwent genetic testing for periodic fever syndrome 6-gene panel.

Results
A total of 6 cases were presented. These patients were initially thought to have MEditerranean FeVer (MEFV)-negative FMF and received treatment with colchicine. They were eventually diagnosed with YAOS. The differences between these diseases were illustrated. In addition, both MEFV and NOD2 mutations were detected in some patients and family members. Patients with carriage of both gene mutations may present with heterogeneous disease expression. A close correlation between phenotypes and genotypes is needed to make a diagnosis.

Conclusions
YAOS may mimic FMF. Molecular analysis should cover NOD2 whole gene sequencing to help distinguish these diseases. Both NOD2 and MEFV mutations may contribute to disease expression in an individual.
Top 100 cited articles on osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2020
Authors: Yin Feng , Yang Qiuyu , He Yue , Peng Lihui , Zhao Zixia , He Chengsong , Chen Jie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the 100 top-cited articles in the field of osteoarthritis (OA) from 1990 to 2020.

Methods
We used the Web of Science to retrieve the articles related to OA. Then we selected 100 target articles and manually collected their general information, including article title, author, year of publication, journal, type of article, and the number of citations.

Results
The 100 top-cited articles were published in the period from 1990 to 2015. These articles have been cited 66,494 times in total, with the highest being 2382 times, the lowest being 433 times, the median number being 613, and a mean of 664.94 times. The 100 top-cited articles appeared in a total of 35 influential journals. The greatest number of articles in the top of 100 was published in Arthritis and Rheumatism. The authors of these articles came from 18 countries, led by the United States (n = 48), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 15). Among all the institutions, Boston University led the list with 10 articles. The most prevalent type of the study was review (n = 38) and clinical study (n = 38), followed by guideline (n = 12), basic science (n = 10) and other types.

Conclusions
This study provided some insights on the literature development and citation of OA in the recent 30 years. Articles published in high-impact journals are more likely to be cited in the field of OA. As recent studies did not have enough time to accumulate the number of citations, the latest articles may not be included in the top 100 cited articles.
Severe asthma with viral infection can develop into eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Ou Changxing , Ma Jianjuan , Lai Ning , Li You , Xie Jiaxing , Zhang Xueyan , Zhang Qingling 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Asthma is common in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and the annual incidence of EGPA in patients with asthma is much higher compared with the general population, and the trigger factor for this is unknown. We report a case of a 19-year-old male with a background of severe asthma who presented with eosinophilic lung infiltration after viral infection, which progressed to clinical EGPA. The diagnosis of EGPA was supported by an initial clinical presentation of recurrent cough and wheezing accompanied by a red rash, followed by peripheral eosinophilia, a high eosinophil percentage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and migratory pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates. Lung biopsy showed blood vessels with extravascular eosinophils. The patient responded well to high-dose glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide, and symptoms and biochemical markers improved. Our literature review identified few reports on the triggers of EGPA, which highlights that viral infection may be a risk factor for asthma that progresses to EGPA.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA in children: Clinical cases
Authors: Burlutskaya A. V. , Savel′eva N. V. , Naumenko G. V. 
Published: February 2022

Background. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Morquio syndrome) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disease. Due to rarity, the syndrome is typically diagnosed at a later stage of gross affections of musculoskeletal and central nervous systems, leading to disability and a markedly reduced quality of life. A replacement therapy is nowadays available with recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (elosulfase alfa) enzyme.Clinical cases description. Two siblings, 10-yo male and 8-yo female, were admitted with complaints of growth retardation, deformity of the spine, thorax and joints, impaired hearing and visual acuity, poor tolerance to exercise. In the boy’s medical history, ﬁrst manifestations appeared in the ﬁrst year of life and progressed gradually; the patient was being observed as spondylodysplastic. Mental development was unaffected. The diagnosis was conﬁrmed only by age of 7 at the National Medical Research Center for Children's Health Federal State Autonomous Institution of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Genotyping revealed two SNP mutations in gene GALNS (g.88909227C>A and g.88884454G>A in heterozygous state), and enzymatic assays — a severely reduced N-acetylgalactosamin-6-sulfatase activity. A routine elosulfase alfa replacement therapy has been received since 8-year age.The younger sister had neonatal cardiomegaly; congenital carditis and cardiomyopathy not excluded. Musculoskeletal affections developed by age of 3–4 years. By age of 5 and simultaneously with brother, the same GALNS mutations and severely impaired N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity were detected. A replacement therapy has been routinely received since 6-year age. The therapy triggered positive dynamics of restoring activity and muscle strength in both children, as well as signiﬁcantly abating the musculoskeletal affection progress.Conclusion. The clinical cases of Morquio syndrome presented demonstrate its long-term and complex diagnosis. A replacement therapy is nowadays available, which warrants an earliest disease detection to halt progression and improve the patient’s life quality and expectancy.
Gender and age-speciﬁc eating behaviour in urban populations at risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases: an observational cohort study
Authors: Gorban V. V. , Menshikh V. S. , Gorban E. V. 
Published: February 2022

Background. Nonrational nutrition is among main risk factors of chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) that can be contained via adopting and motivating population to a healthy diet by clarifying territorial, gender and age-speciﬁc eating behaviours.Objectives. A study of urban gender and age-speciﬁc eating behaviours associated with universal and metabolic CNCD risk factors.Methods. An observational cohort study has been conducted with 1,317 urban residents (657 men and 660 women) aged 18–74 years at Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, using anonymous surveys on food preferences, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity (PA), as well as physical examination, anthropometry, electrocardiography (ECG) and biochemical blood tests.Results. Urban residents revealed low-physical activity (PA) (88%), overweight and obesity (33%), high tobacco (65%) and alcohol use (39%) in men, high metabolic risk by waist/hip circumference (33.7%) and signiﬁcant polymorbidity in hypertension (3 to 8 diseases per person). The urban dietary pattern can be described “intermediate” by the co-presence of rational and nonrational ingredients in diet. Rational ingredients prevailed in women and elderly people. Elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein in blood were associated with foods intake like chips and breadsticks, potatoes, sweet drinks, confectionery and borscht.Conclusion. Adopting measures to rational nutrition in population may comprise a clear declaration of dysmetabolic nature of speciﬁc foods, eating behaviour monitoring and motivated self-control of body mass index and waist girth beyond medical check-ups.