bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
proANP Metabolism Provides New Insights Into Sacubitril/Valsartan Mode of Action
Authors: Michel Thibault , Nougué Hélène , Cartailler Jérôme , Lefèvre Guillaume , Sadoune Malha , Picard François , Cohen-Solal Alain , Logeart Damien , Launay Jean-Marie , Vodovar Nicolas 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) treatment is beneficial in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but its mode of action remains elusive, although it involves the increase in ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Methods:
Combining mass spectrometry and enzymatic assay in the plasma of 73 HFrEF patients treated with S/V and controls, we deciphered proANP processing that converts proANP into 4 vasoactive peptides.

Results:
We found that proANP processing is sequential and involved meprin B, ECE (endothelin-converting enzyme) 1, and ANPEP (aminopeptidase N). This processing is limited in HFrEF patients via the downregulation of proANP production, corin, and meprin B activities by miR-425 and miR1-3p. S/V restored or compensated proANP processing by downregulating miR-425 and miR1-3p, hence increasing levels of proANP-derived bioactive peptides. In contrast, S/V directly and indirectly partially inhibited ECE1 and ANPEP. ECE1 partial inhibition resulted in a lower-than-expected increase in ET1 (endothelin 1), tilting the vasoactive balance toward vasodilation, and possibly hypotension. Furthermore, proANP glycosylation interferes with the midregional proANP assay –a clinical surrogate for proANP production, preventing any pathophysiological interpretation of the results. The analysis of S/V dose escalation with respect to baseline treatments suggests S/V-specific effects.

Conclusions:
These findings offer mechanistic evidence to the natriuretic peptide -defective state in HFrEF, which is improved by S/V. These data also strongly suggests that S/V increases plasma ANP by multiple mechanisms that involve 2 microRNAs, besides its protection from NEP (neprilysin) cleavage. Altogether, these data provide new insights on HFrEF pathophysiology and the mode of action of S/V.
Population estimates of the endangered Callithrix aurita and Callithrix hybrids records in a large Atlantic Forest remnant
Authors: Gestich Carla C. , Gonçalves João M. , Saranholi Bruno H. , Freitas Patrícia D. , Galetti Pedro M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Forest-dependent species are among the most threatened species due to landscape changes, and this is the case of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita), an Atlantic Forest endemic primate. Besides its extensive habitat reduction across Atlantic Forest, the species suffers from the negative impact of the presence of non-native congeners that threatens its local populations due to competition and hybridization events. Knowing the population status of this endangered species is important to guide conservation efforts. Thus, we estimated the population density of C. aurita and recorded the presence of invasive Callithrix species and Callithrix hybrids in Serra do Japi, a large forest remnant with mountainous terrain within the most human-populated region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We surveyed a 14.8 km2 area with 387.2 km of survey effort. We estimated a sighting rate of 4.4 groups/10 km walked. The maximum number of individuals recorded per group ranged from 7 to 12. We identified 15 groups throughout the sampled area, totalling 1.01 groups/km2. Two individuals from two distinct groups presented body pelage characteristic of hybrids between C. aurita and other Callithrix species. No individuals of other Callithrix species were recorded within the surveyed area. Considering the total size of this remnant and the potential population size of C. aurita inhabiting this area, this local population may be an important source of individuals for helping the conservation and long-term persistence of the species. However, the presence of Callithrix hybrids in the area is worrying and may threaten the local native population. Our study reinforces the concern with C. aurita conservation and the need for studies focused on the management of hybrids and invasive Callithrix species. Mitigation measures should be directed to readily control hybridization to keep this large population of Serra do Japi safe.
International Criminal Law, Everyday Spaces and Feminist Legal Theory
Authors: Marshall Jill 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this piece, I advocate using everyday spaces research methods, more common in anthropology and cultural studies than law, to ensure the participation and inclusion of the voices of survivors of conflict-related sexual violence (crsv). I argue these methods are in harmony with a feminist holistic interpretation of the International legal framework, including International Criminal Law, purporting to bring justice for survivors of crsv, and recent United Nations’ calls for survivor-centred approaches to crsv.
Sex, Age, Education, Marital Status, Number of Children, and Employment – the Impact of Extralegal Factors on Sentencing Disparities
Authors: Mamak Kamil , Dudek Joanna , Koniewski Maciej , Kwiatkowski Daniel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Countries that have judicial discretion in their legal system usually struggle with sentencing disparities. This is no different in Poland. The current study examined whether extralegal factors such as age, sex, education, marital status, number of children, and having a job impact sentencing disparities. We examined court files from 13 district courts in Poland for two offenses: drug possession and drunk driving. Our findings show that sex, age, and number of children have no or little effect on outcomes, whilst marital status and employment status have small to medium effects on sentencing. The clearest result pattern to emerge from our analyses is that defendants with tertiary education are treated more leniently than those with primary or lower secondary education.
R2P, Terrorism, and the Protection of Civilians – ‘Are All Humans Human? Or Are Some More Human than Others?’
Authors: Nanlohy Sascha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Terrorism is often cited in the justifications of state perpetrators of mass atrocities. The reality behind these claims runs the gamut from thin pretext to genuine security threats. Irrespective of this reality, the discursive abuse of counter-terrorism to perpetrate atrocities is a key challenge to the Responsibility to Protect. Perpetrators employing the language of counter-terrorism to justify their actions, in an attempt to pre-empt objections or interventions, disincentivises external action by actors unwilling to incur the risk that they may inadvertently protect terrorists. This risks limiting the application and successful operationalisation of the Responsibility to Protect to relatively simple or ideal cases. This article provides a comparative analysis of two crises often described as successes or failures for R2P, Kenya (2007–08) and Sri Lanka (2009) respectively, to demonstrate this challenge for the operationalisation of R2P even in cases with complex conflict dynamics.
The Philippines in 2021: Duterte’s Limited Achievements and Unkept Promises
Authors: Tana Maria Thaemar C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The article examines the main issues and events that defined 2021. It looks at the Duterte government’s key domestic and foreign policies, as well as its successes and failures in addressing new and existing challenges. The article finds that while there had been some accomplishments, Duterte falls short in fulfilling most of his 2016 campaign promises. However, despite Duterte’s shortcomings, his popularity remains high, although it remains to be seen if this will carry over to next year’s elections and whether or not his legacies will endure.
Diyanet Imams between Turkish Majoritarianism and German ‘Majority Society’
Authors: Yaşar Aysun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Religious majoritarianism was established in Turkey with the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Diyanet became the new home for the Ottoman Sunni ulema and supported the implementation of Sunni majoritarianism by assimilating minorities, e.g. Alevis. With the AKP government in power in the last decades in Turkey, Turkish majoritarianism has come to the fore. Turkish majoritarianism consists of Sunni Islam along with Turkish cultural and political dimensions. Diyanet imams function as important transmitters of Turkish majoritarianism to the Muslim community. At the same time, imams in Germany are seen as mediators for German integration policies. German politicians set the framework for integration with the expression ‘majority society’ (Mehrheitsgesellschaft) in policies regarding Islam, although a concrete definition of this seems to be problematic. Elements of Christian religion and German culture are used as elements in the construction of a ‘majority society’.
Nontheoretical Presuppositions in Science and Scholarship: Critique of an Uncritical Critique
Authors: Dooyeweerd Herman 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Translation of “De niet-theoretische voor-oordeelen in de wetenschap: Critiek op een oncritische critiek” by Herman Dooyeweerd (1938), Philosophia Reformata 3 (4), pp. 193–201.
The Institutionalization of Research Ethics Committees in Germany – International Integration or in the Shadow of Nuremberg?
Authors: Krischel Matthis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Although already established in West Germany since the 1970s, with the introduction of research ethics committees (rec s) into the Tokyo revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, they gained in importance. From 1985, a duty to consult rec s in human subject research was written into West German physicians’ codes of conduct. In East Germany (“Deutsche Demokratische Republik”, ddr), a central rec was set up in 1981 within the ddr Ministry of Health, and after German reunification, a duty to consult rec s was introduced in the federal Medical Products Act (Arzneimittelgesetz). Since 2001, European regulations were incorporated into national laws which applied in Germany as in other member states. Regarding the institution and legal history of rec s in Germany, this contribution seeks to answer three questions: (1) Were rec s developed in response to a specifically German experience of medical crimes and the abuse of human research subjects, or were they part of an internationalization of medical research ethics and international integration of German research? (2) Was the setting up of rec s in Germany a more top-down, centralized process or a more bottom-up, grassroots undertaking, and what does this tell us about the status that biomedical researchers gave to the ethics of human subject research in that period? And (3) who has traditionally held authority over human subject research in Germany and who holds it today?
Who Cares for the Children? Debating Public and Private Involvement in Maternity Protection and Childcare in Post-wwii Italy
Authors: Inaudi Silvia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This contribution aims to provide an analysis of the debate on maternal and child welfare in post-World War ii Italy in the broader context of the building of social citizenship in the brand-new Italian Republic. In the perspective of path dependency, the research shows how democratic welfare in this domain has been conditioned by the gendered and cultural assumptions of different political visions, the legacy of Fascism, the influence of the Church, and new psychological knowledge about children.
Isolated Hip Fractures in the Elderly: Best Practice Analysis of Perioperative Medical Optimization Including Effect of Comorbidities, Functional Status, and Demographics
Authors: Rhodes Heather , Coile Evelyn , Eversley-Kelso Tatiana , Shaw Eric , Harton Robert , Dunne James , Pepe Antonio 
Published: April 2022

Isolated hip fractures (IHFs) contribute to functional decline in the elderly. Our purpose was to evaluate IHF at two level 1 trauma centers and the effect of comorbidities on length of stay (LOS), ICU admission, disposition, and mortality. A retrospective study from July 2016 through December 2020 including patients ≥65 with IHFs identified 785 patients. Prior dependent functional status yielded a longer LOS (>6 days vs <6 days, P = .01). Comorbidities were not associated with increased LOS or ICU admission. ICU admission rate was 12.75%. Patients with advanced directive had increased ICU admission (8% vs 3%). The mortality rate was 2%. Increased mortality was seen with advanced directives (17% vs 2%, P < .05) and cirrhosis/substance abuse (12% vs 2%, P < .05). Disposition included home (20%), rehabilitation (43%), and SNF (31%). Comorbidities did not affect ICU admission, LOS, or disposition; however, cirrhosis/substance abuse demonstrated increased mortality.
Impact on Breast Cancer Survival by Surgical Facility Type Secondary to the ACOSOG Z0011 Trial
Authors: Hofmann Alana , Liu Huazhi , Copeland Edward , Ang Darwin 
Published: April 2022

Background Studies have reported differences between age, socioeconomic status, treatment facility, and tumor burden based on survival outcomes for breast cancer (BC). The goal of this study is to evaluate BC survival and mortality outcomes by facility type. To examine likely influence of evidence-based practices, these groups were then sub stratified by pre- and post-Z0011 trial. Methods This is a population-based study using the National Cancer Database of Commission on Cancer (CoC) designated centers. Intergroup comparisons of demographics were performed using chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox Hazard Ratios were used to evaluate survival differences. Multivariable regression methods were used to evaluate risk-adjusted 30- and 90-day mortality among BC patients. A difference-in-difference (DiD) analysis was used to evaluate the change of treatment over time pre- and post-Z0011 trial. Results Median survival was highest among comprehensive community facilities at 63.2 months and integrated community facilities at 62.7 months, while the lowest for community and academic facilities at 60.6 months and 61 months. Academic facilities had the lowest 30- and 90-day mortality. Community centers saw the largest improvement in overall mortality post-Z0011 trial. The benefit after the Z0011 trial was evident among community centers at the 90-day mortality period as their decrease in mortality (−1.7%) was significantly lower than the decrease of mortality among academic centers (−1.3%), P-value = .01. Conclusion While the Z0011 trial had a positive influence in both community and academic facilities, community programs benefited the most. Z0011 trial showed the most change in practice for the community centers.
Transplant Fellowship and Presenting at a Transplant-Specific Conference
Authors: Langford John T. , Yoo Peter S. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction The ASTS implemented a task force in 2018 to increase residents’ interest in careers in organ transplantation. National meetings offer important experiences that can increase interest. The present study examines an association that exists between presenting at a major transplant surgery meeting and a trainee’s likelihood of pursuing a career in transplant surgery. Methods All abstracts from the ASTS State of the Art Winter Symposium from 2010 to 2019 were evaluated. Using a combination of internet-based resources, it was determined if the presenter was a resident, what year of residency they were in, and if that individual went into a transplant fellowship. Results 1544 abstracts were reviewed and 133 were presented by residents. Out of residents that presented, 68.4% (54/79) were senior residents and 31.6% (25/79) were junior residents. Of senior residents, 66.7% (36/54) went into transplant fellowships, while only 20.0% (5/25) of junior residents went into transplant fellowships. Being a senior resident when presenting was statistically significant for pursuing a transplant fellowship (P = .000113). Discussion Senior residents who present at ASTS SAWS are likely to pursue a transplant surgery fellowship. Junior residents who present are less likely to pursue transplantation, and this represents an opportunity to improve the engagement of young surgeons in the specialty.
A multi-centre prospective cohort study of patients on the elective waiting list for cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Yates Martin T , Balmforth Damian , Kirmani Bilal H , Acharya Metesh , Jeganathan Reuben , Ngaage Dumbor , Kanani Mayzar , Deglurkar Indu , Lopez-Marco Ana , Sanders Julie , Ye Oo Aung 
Published: April 2022

Summary Objectives During the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, elective cardiac surgery was suspended to provide ICU beds for COVID-19 patients and those requiring urgent cardiac surgery. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of the pandemic on outcomes of patients awaiting elective cardiac surgery. Design A multi-centre prospective cohort study. Setting The elective adult cardiac surgery waiting list as of 1 March 2020 across seven UK cardiac surgical centres. Participants Patients on the elective adult cardiac surgery waiting list as of 1 March 2020 across seven UK cardiac surgical centres. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was surgery, percutaneous therapy or death at one year Methods Data were collected prospectively on patients on the elective adult cardiac surgery waiting list as of 1 March 2020 across seven UK cardiac surgical centres. Primary outcome was surgery, percutaneous therapy or death at one year. Demographic data and outcomes were obtained from local electronic records, anonymised and submitted securely to the lead centre for analysis. Results On 1 March 2020, there were 1099 patients on the elective waiting list for cardiac surgery. On 1 March 2021, 83% (n = 916) had met a primary outcome. Of these, 840 (92%) had surgery after a median of 195 (118–262) days on waiting list, 34 (3%) declined an offer of surgery, 23 (3%) had percutaneous intervention, 12 (1%) died, 7 (0.6%) were removed from the waiting list. The remainder of patients, 183 (17%) remained on the elective waiting list. Conclusions This study has shown, for the first time, significant delays to treatment of patients awaiting elective cardiac surgery. Although there was a low risk of mortality or urgent intervention, important unmeasured adverse outcomes such as quality of life or increased perioperative risk may be associated with prolonged waiting times.
Association of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, pregabalin, and melatonin with traffic accidents: A nationwide cohort and case-crossover study in Danish adults
Authors: Osler Merete , Jørgensen Martin B 
Published: April 2022

Background: Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, pregabalin, and melatonin (BZPMs) have been associated with a higher risk of traffic accidents, but the evidence is inconsistent, and lacking for newer drugs. Aim: To examine the association of BZPMs with risk of traffic accidents. Methods: All Danish adults ( n = 3,823,588) were followed for redeemed prescriptions of BZPM and for incident traffic accidents registered in Danish registers from 2002 through 2018. Associations were examined in cohort and case-crossover designs using Cox proportional hazard and conditional logistic regression with adjustment for co-variables. Results: A total of 19.3% ( n = 738,019) of all participants initiated treatment with BZPMs. During the mean follow-up of 10.3 years, 595,173(15.5%) of participants were involved in a traffic accident. In the cohort analysis, all BZPMs besides pregabalin were associated with a higher risk of traffic accidents in adults below 70 years, with chlordiazepoxide showing the strongest association (hazard ratio (HR)age 18–49 = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67–1.86 and HRage 50–69 = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.70–2.00). In the older age groups, the specific BZPM medications were associated with lower or no risk of traffic accidents. However, in case–time-crossover analysis with inherited control for confounders, no BZPM medication was positively associated with traffic accidents, except for chlordiazepoxide, which had a higher odds ratio in middle-aged group (1.62, 95% CI: 1.15–2.29). Conclusions: This study does not fully support that BZPM use is a risk factor for traffic accidents. However, a positive association was found for chlordiazepoxide, which is approved for treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal.
Ancillary findings in distinguishing between anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration and sprain on MRI: a practical approach
Authors: Cilengir Atilla Hikmet , Akkus Onur Kaan , Baysan Caner , Uluc Engin , Cilengir Nevin , Tosun Ozgur 
Published: April 2022

Background Imaging findings of both anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain and mucoid degeneration overlap in some cases, which may cause errors in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. Purpose To determine the ancillary findings on MRI in distinguishing between ACL sprain and mucoid degeneration, and also to obtain a diagnostic scheme. Material and Methods MRI scans of 77 patients with ACL mucoid degeneration and 77 cases with ACL sprain were retrospectively evaluated to compare with regard to parameters of age, sex, side, the status of posterior cruciate ligament – medial collateral ligament – lateral collateral ligament, bone marrow edema, intraosseous cyst, subchondral sclerosis, chondromalacia, meniscus tear, effusion, and osteochondral body. A decision tree algorithm was created to predict pathology in ACL, whether it was a sprain or mucoid degeneration. Results The prevalence of female sex, femoral intraosseous cyst, tibial intraosseous cyst, subchondral sclerosis, femoral chondromalacia, tibial chondromalacia, medial meniscus tear, and lateral meniscus tear were significantly higher in the ACL mucoid degeneration group ( P < 0.001, P = 0.016, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). The probability of being mucoid degeneration increased 41.2 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.296–321.132) in cases with tibial intraosseous cyst and increased 1.05 times (95% CI = 1.010–1.080) with each one-year increase in age ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). The decision tree algorithm had an overall accuracy of 79.2%. Conclusion Ancillary findings are helpful in the diagnosis of suspicious cases for ACL mucoid degeneration and ACL sprain. The decision tree algorithm offers a practical and successful approach to this issue.