COVID-19 impact on routine immunisations for vaccine-preventable diseases: Projecting the effect of different routes to recovery
Authors: Toor Jaspreet , Li Xiang , Jit Mark , Trotter Caroline L , Echeverria-Londono Susy , Hartner Anna-Maria , Roth Jeremy , Portnoy Allison , Abbas Kaja , Ferguson Neil M , Gaythorpe Katy AM 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionOver the past two decades, vaccination programmes for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) have expanded across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the rise of COVID-19 resulted in global disruption to routine immunisation (RI) activities. Such disruptions could have a detrimental effect on public health, leading to more deaths from VPDs, particularly without mitigation efforts. Hence, as RIs resume, it is important to estimate the effectiveness of different approaches for recovery.MethodsWe apply an impact extrapolation method developed by the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium to estimate the impact of COVID-19-related disruptions with different recovery scenarios for ten VPDs across 112 LMICs. We focus on deaths averted due to RIs occurring in the years 2020-2030 and investigate two recovery scenarios relative to a no-COVID-19 scenario. In the recovery scenarios, we assume a 10% COVID-19-related drop in RI coverage in the year 2020. We then linearly interpolate coverage to the year 2030 to investigate two routes to recovery, whereby the immunization agenda (IA2030) targets are reached by 2030 or fall short by 10%.ResultsWe estimate that falling short of the IA2030 targets by 10% leads to 11.26% fewer fully vaccinated persons (FVPs) and 11.34% more deaths over the years 2020-2030 relative to the no-COVID-19 scenario, whereas, reaching the IA2030 targets reduces these proportions to 5% fewer FVPs and 5.22% more deaths. The impact of the disruption varies across the VPDs with diseases where coverage expands drastically in future years facing a smaller detrimental effect.ConclusionOverall, our results show that drops in RI coverage could result in more deaths due to VPDs. As the impact of COVID-19-related disruptions is dependent on the vaccination coverage that is achieved over the coming years, the continued efforts of building up coverage and addressing gaps in immunity are vital in the road to recovery.SUMMARYWhat is already known?The impact of vaccination programmes without COVID-19-related disruption has been assessed by the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium.The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted vaccination programmes resulting in a decline in coverage in the year 2020, the ramifications of this is unclear.What are the new findings?We estimate the impact of disruptions to routine immunisation coverage and different routes to recovery. We compare to a scenario without COVID-19-related disruptions (assuming no drops in immunisation coverage).We estimate that reaching the Immunization Agenda (IA2030) targets leads to 5% fewer FVPs and 5.22% more deaths over the years 2020 to 2030 relative to the scenario with no COVID-19-related disruptions, whereas falling short of the IA2030 targets by 10% leads to 11.26% fewer fully vaccinated persons (FVPs) and 11.34% more deaths.The impact of the disruption varies across the vaccine-preventable diseases with those forecasted to have vast expansions in coverage post-2020 able to recover more.What do the new findings imply?A drop in vaccination coverage results in fewer vaccinated individuals and thus more deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases. To mitigate this, building up coverage of routine immunisations and addressing immunity gaps with activities such as catch-up campaigns are vital in the road to recovery.