bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calf‐cow and bull‐cow management in buffaloes: Effects on growth, productive and reproductive performance of mothers and their calves
Authors: Choudhary Sanjay , Kamboj Madan Lal , Ungerfeld Rodolfo , Singh Pawan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe aim of the first study was to determine the influence of the calf handling (restricted or full contact) and fenceline bull stimulation on performance of mothers and their calves. The aim of the second study was to determine the relative impact of calf–bull contact, comparing the result of restricted calf and no bull with that of fenceline calf contact and direct bull contact on the performance of mother buffaloes and their calves. In Experiment 1, 24 mother–calf dyads were allocated to three treatments: NCB (no calf–mother–bull contact), RC‐FBC (restricted calf and fenceline bull contact) and FC‐FBC (fenceline calf and fenceline bull contact). In Experiment 2, another 24 mother–calf dyads were allocated to two treatments: RC‐NB (restricted calf and no bull contact) and FC‐DBC (fenceline calf and direct bull contact). In Experiment 1, average daily gain (ADG) was greater in FC‐FBC than RC‐FBC and NCB calves (p < .05). Average dry matter intake (DMI) was greater in FC‐FBC than RC‐FBC and NCB calves. DMI of buffaloes was greater in FC‐FBC than RC‐FBC and NCB. Daily milk yield of buffaloes was more (p < .05) in FC‐FBC (10.2 ± 0.2 kg) than RC‐FBC (8.4 ± 0.2 kg) and RC‐FBC (7.8 ± 0.2 kg). There were no statistical differences observed in the interval from calving to first oestrus, first service, service period among three groups. In Experiment 2, ADG's and DMI were greater in FC‐FBC calves than RC‐FBC (p < .05). DMI of buffaloes was greater in FC‐DBC than RC‐NBC (p < .05). Daily milk yield of buffaloes was greater (p < .05) in FC‐DBC (11.6 ± 0.2 kg) than RC‐NBC (8.3 ± 0.2 kg). The first oestrus (51.5 ± 3.1 vs. 103.2 ± 7.2), days to first service (74.8 ± 3.5 vs.112.0 ± 7.6) and service period (78.8 ± 4.8 vs.118.9 ± 8.3 days) were lower (p < .05) in FC‐DBC than RC‐NBC buffaloes. The fenceline calf‐mother contact increased the growth rate, FCR, and feeding efficiency of buffalo calves; reduced some stress responses and improved the productive performance of buffalo mothers. Further, mother‐bull contact stimulated the post‐partum reproductive performance of buffaloes in fenceline calf contact.
The effect of priming and duration of oestradiol benzoate treatment before progesterone administration on embryo development and survival in anestrous recipient mares
Authors: Oquendo Pedro S. , Silva Elisa S. M. , Oquendo Fabiana M. G. , Cuervo‐Arango Juan , Beletti Marcelo E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe effect of three different hormonal protocols to prepare anestrous recipient mares on embryo survival was evaluated. The first group consisted of only progesterone administration (NE) 4 days before embryo transfer, while the recipients from the other two groups received a single administration of 2.5 mg of oestradiol benzoate (SE) 2 days earlier or 8 mg of oestradiol split in increasing doses for 5 consecutive days (LE) ending 3 days before progesterone treatment. The likelihood of recovering an embryo 2 days after transfer was 46.1% (6/13), 62.5% (5/8) and 85.7% (6/7) for recipient mares from the no oestrus, short and long oestrous groups respectively (p = .09). In conclusion, the presence and duration of oestradiol treatment before progesterone administration tended to influence the embryo survival in anestrous recipients 2 days after transfer. The surviving embryos recovered from the three different groups of recipients did not show any difference in size and morphology.
The role of social capital and trust in the success of local wine tourism and rural development
Authors: Tomay Kyra , Tuboly Emese 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe development of wine and food tourism can reinforce local economies by attracting visitors and new inhabitants to small and picturesque rural areas. However, not all villages benefit equally from the same wine and food tourism trends. What makes some settlements and territories economically attractive and successful? What accounts for the difference between success stories and areas that are lagging behind, despite similar ‘hard’ factors? This article focuses on the soft elements: the role of community and entrepreneurial values, attitudes, networks, social capital and trust in the economic success of prosperous rural settlements. The article presents three empirical case studies of settlements in different wine regions in Hungary, based on semi‐structured in‐depth interviews. We conclude that the economic success of winemaking settlements is due either to lifestyle entrepreneurs moving in or to the strength of the locally bounded community.
Fast Thermocouples as Control-System Elements Sensing Exhaust-Gas Temperatures in Aircraft Gas Turbines
Authors: Alford J. S. , Heising C. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Factors which favor the use of thermocouples as control-system elements sensing exhaust-gas temperatures in aviation gas turbines are presented, as well as the development of a construction having adequate strength to withstand vibration. The authors give analytical and experimental determinations of the time constant of thermocouples and present a mathematical analysis of the effect on time constant of conduction along the thermocouple wire to the support. The paper also includes a discussion of the recovery factors of thermocouples and an evaluation of the error introduced when a number of thermocouples that read different temperatures are connected in parallel.
Flame Velocities in Carbon Monoxide-Oxygen Mixtures
Authors: Price T. W. , Potter J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One of the ideal theoretical devices for determining flame velocities is the constant-pressure adiabatic bomb. In practice this has been realized in the form of a soap bubble filled with a premixed gas-oxidant combination, centrally ignited by a spark, and observed by high-speed photography. However, the aqueous soap film imposed certain restrictions, in that moisture content was not controllable, and that the film itself might have taken some part in the combustion reaction. The present paper reports (a) on a search for a substitute material for the bomb, and (b) the development of a technique in which a very thin transparent rubber balloon was used. The new method was then used to determine flame velocities in carbon monoxide-oxygen mixtures saturated with water vapor. These velocities were found to increase with increase of initial mixture temperature.
Local Heat-Transfer Coefficients on the Surface of an Elliptical Cylinder in a High-Speed Air Stream
Authors: Seban R. A. , Drake R. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Local heat-transfer coefficients and recovery factors have been determined for an elliptic cylinder of 1:4 axis ratio at zero and at a 5-deg angle of attack in an air stream. These results are presented for Reynolds numbers from 607,000 to 1,330,000, for which the onstream Mach numbers were from 0.20 to 0.53.
Seals to Minimize Leakage at Higher Pressure
Authors: Niemeier B. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Fixed and moving seals to be used in the super-pressure range, 10,000 to 100,000 psi, as classified by the author, are studied and evaluated. A general discussion of the theoretical problems in confining pressures of great magnitude precedes methods for designing seals for such pressures. A method and device for evaluating seals has been developed to provide confirmation of theories. Practical seal problems and applications are shown.
Influence of Unheated Starting Sections on the Heat Transfer From a Cylinder to Gas Streams Parallel to the Axis
Authors: Tessin William , Jakob Max 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The present investigation, sponsored by the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School and performed in Illinois Institute of Technology, is an extension of the work of Jakob and Dow dealing with the heat transfer between a cylinder and air flowing parallel to the longitudinal axis. Spherically tipped nosepieces of various lengths were attached to an electrically heated cylinder. The results show that the heat transfer is a function of the ratio of heated length to total length. Comparison of the results with those of Jakob and Dow indicates a decrease of the heat transfer with increasing cylinder radius. Extrapolation to infinite radius (flat plate), however, is uncertain. Therefore, it is recommended that an average value of the heat-transfer coefficient be used independent of the curvature pending further studies of the influence of configuration and turbulence level.
Radioactive Cutting Tools for Rapid Tool-Life Testing
Authors: Merchant M. E. , Ernst Hans , Krabacher E. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an abbreviated method of measuring cutting-tool life using radioactive isotopes as tracers to measure the “instantaneous” rate of tool wear. This method consists of machining with a tool which has been rendered radioactive by neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor, collecting the resulting chips, and measuring their radioactivity due to the particles abraded from the tool during a few seconds of cutting. The paper describes the preparation necessary, together with the equipment and techniques which were evolved in order to develop this test method. Data from tests conducted with various tool materials, work materials, rake angles, and cutting fluids are presented and analyzed. The results of special studies of the tool-wear mechanism also are presented.
Tubular Air-Heater Problems
Authors: Rothemich E. F. , Parmakian G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the occurrence of air-heater deposits, their effect on performance, maintenance, and design. Actual operating experiences and a survey of a large number of installed tubular air heaters are given to show the extent of the air-heater problems being encountered by steam-generating units fired with pulverized coal, stoker, natural gas, and oil. Suggestions are offered as to methods for minimizing these difficulties by design and operation.
Experimental Evaluation of Expansion Factors for Steam
Authors: Murdock J. W. , Foltz C. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The empirical expansion factor for the orifice-metering of compressible fluids is based largely on tests of natural gas and air. This paper presents data on superheated steam for orifice ratios from 0.30 to 0.82, superheats from 29 to 255 F, and pressures of 44 to 102 psia. Expansion factors obtained were in close agreement with those of natural gas and air.
On the Solution of the Reynolds Equation for Slider-Bearing Lubrication—V: The Sector Thrust Bearing
Authors: Charnes A. , Saibel E. , Ying A. S. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In an earlier paper (1) the authors developed an exact solution of the Reynolds equation for the slider bearing when the film thickness varied in an exponential manner. It was shown that this solution could be used as an approximate solution for the plane inclined slider, with good accuracy. Furthermore, the expressions for the pressure, total load, friction force, oil flow, and side leakage, and center of pressure were easily calculated from series which converged rapidly for all values of the parameter involved. It is the object of the present paper to develop a similar solution for the sector thrust bearing with side leakage for which no reasonably practical solution exists at the present time. For that reason recourse has been had in the past to analog solutions (2), numerical solutions (3), or approximations by means of analogous problems (4). In the numerical case any change in a dimension or parameter may necessitate a completely new solution, while in the others it is difficult to get good accuracy.
Investigation of Gravity Reinjection of Fly Ash on a Spreader-Stoker-Fired Boiler Unit
Authors: Morrow C. H. , Holton W. C. , Wagner H. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The subject of fly-ash collection and disposal on spreader-stoker-fired boiler units has received considerable study ever since this method of fuel burning came into extensive use. The J. I. Case Company has carried on considerable study and experimentation on this subject in connection with a rehabilitation and modernization program of its power plants started in 1941. This work along with the over-all performance records obtained from the Tractor Works Plant of the company has received considerable attention from engineers both in this country and abroad. In November, 1949, a new 100,000-lb-per-hr boiler unit was put into operation which incorporated, in so far as known, the first system of gravity return of fly ash from the dust collector to the boiler furnace. This installation was called to the attention of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. (BCR), by W. S. Major, then a development engineer with that organization. As a result of his initiative and efforts, a test program was initiated to investigate the over-all results obtained with this system under the joint sponsorship of the Detroit Stoker Company, BCR, and the J. I. Case Company. Battelle Memorial Institute was engaged to supervise and conduct the tests. The purpose of this paper is to report some of the test results obtained.
Large-Forging-Press Operations and Production Problems
Authors: Motherwell G. W. , Douslin J. R. , Rustay A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Examples of forging-design problems and progress are shown and discussed, illustrating recent advancements in the production of forgings with thin webs, smaller fillet and corner radii, and closer tolerances. Advancements in manufacturing techniques are described, including new processing methods and equipment. Factors affecting procurement time and cost are discussed.
Damage Prevention From Diesel Engine Crankcase Explosions
Authors: Cavileer A. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As the largest user of Diesel engines in the world the Navy Department is greatly concerned in solving the problems involved in crankcase explosions, and providing adequate means to minimize the hazard to personnel and equipment. The general problem is stated in the paper, and the test work being undertaken by the author’s branch is described. Results are given and recommendations for adequate pressure-relief arrangements.
Diesel Engine Crankcase-Explosion Investigation
Authors: Ferguson G. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present information gained from a study of the lubricating-oil aspects of crankcase explosions. Experimental tests indicate the crankcase atmosphere of a Diesel engine is a potentially inflammable mixture of oil mist and air in which ignition may be initiated by an overheated part. The minimum ignition temperature of an oil mist/air mixture is reduced by decreased air flow, increased mixture temperature, and increased igniter size. No significant differences were found in the minimum ignition temperature of a wide variety of lubricating oils, even when diluted with up to 20 per cent Diesel fuel. As long as inflammable lubricants are employed, it appears that little can be done from a lubricating-oil or fuel standpoint to prevent crankcase explosions. It is indicated that the problem may best be attacked by further critical studies of operation and maintenance practices and continued refinements in engine design.
Nondimensional Compressor Performance for a Range of Mach Numbers and Molecular Weights
Authors: Sheets H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The performance of centrifugal compressors is analyzed on the basis of nondimensional pressure and impeller-exit flow coefficients ψ and ϕ2. Use of these coefficients for impellers of high solidity permits presentation of compressor performance in a single curve for all conditions up to a critical Mach number. To show compressor data in a characteristic family of curves, performance is represented by pressure and flow coefficients KP and KQ. These coefficients take into account the coefficient of compression and the molecular weight simultaneously with the induction temperature. Test data for two compressors are presented over a range of Mach numbers from 0.36 to 2.0, and molecular weights in the range of that of air to heavy refrigerants. The test data show experimental verification of the fact that for centrifugal turbomachines with blades of high solidity the performance is a function of the Mach number only.
Effect of Taper on Screw-Thread Load Distribution
Authors: Stoeckly E. E. , Macke H. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The load distribution on the threads of bolts and nuts, made in the conventional constant-pitch manner and with tapered threads, was determined experimentally and theoretically. The results indicate that substantial improvement, in the order of 2 to 1, in thread load distribution can be made by tapering the thread of either the bolt or nut properly. Material improvement in bolting strength is obtained in applications that normally are conducive to little plastic flow and thus liable to result in brittle fractures, such as are encountered with dynamic loads or static loads at elevated temperatures. Ten years of operational experience on high-temperature high-pressure turbine bolting is cited to substantiate indicated improvements.
On the Automatic Control of Generalized Passive Systems
Authors: Chien Kun Li , Hrones J. A. , Reswick J. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of a multiple-capacity passive system is compared to that of a single-capacity system of appropriate “time constant with a finite time delay.” Such a comparison indicates that the latter system reproduces the dynamic behavior of the multiple-capacity system with sufficient accuracy for most engineering purposes. This fact makes it possible to characterize such systems by a single parameter, the ratio of the time constant (L) of the single-capacity system to the delay (D). Values of the control constants for various degrees of stability are plotted against this ratio (L/D) for proportional, proportional-plus-integral, proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative type regulators. An electronic analog computer was used in obtaining the data.
Supervisory Instruments for Power-Generating Equipment—Application and Interpretation of Records
Authors: Stewart E. Y. , Reynolds J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The proper application and use of turbine supervisory instruments is becoming more important owing to centralization of controls at remote points from the power-generating equipment and also the growing trend of power companies to quick-start their machines. Equipment is available to record turbine conditions in terms of shell and differential expansion, speed and camshaft position, bearing vibration, and shaft eccentricity. A description of shell and differential-expansion recording equipment is included. The value of the instruments depends upon the proper interpretation of the records. A feature of the paper is a discussion of a number of case examples in which mechanical trouble in the turbine or generator was detected by the instruments.
Analysis of Some Corrosion Problems in Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Mason J. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Over the past 25 years the Corrosion Engineering Section of the Development and Research Department of the author’s company has co-operated with the petroleum industry in analyzing corrosion problems encountered in refineries and in running spool tests to determine the most suitable and economical materials that might be used in specific applications. It is the purpose of this paper to present 15 actual corrosion problems that have been submitted for consideration and to show the steps taken to analyze them in the light of our practical experience and available test data obtained under the same or similar conditions. In some cases, where the problems were not readily solvable, based on available information, it was necessary to resort to the installation of spool-type specimen holders in the operating equipment to determine the relative suitability of various metals and alloys under actual service conditions. From the nature of the problems, it is indicated that Type 502 stainless steel is a highly acceptable and reasonably economical material as a replacement for mild steel except in instances where mineral acids or chlorides may be present as well as highly alkaline solutions at elevated temperatures. Under the latter conditions, the trend is toward the use of more highly alloyed materials such as Monel and nickel together with the copper-base alloys like 70-30 cupronickel, Admiralty metal, and Muntz metal.
Some Theoretical Aerodynamic Investigations of Impellers in Radial- and Mixed-Flow Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Stanitz J. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the numerical results of several theoretical, aerodynamic investigations of impellers in radial and mixed-flow centrifugal compressors and to discuss the significance of these results with respect to improved compressor performance. The solutions are not intended to supply specific design information but rather to help create a general understanding and awareness of the flow conditions in impellers of centrifugal compressors. The paper is given in two parts. In Part 1 two-dimensional relaxation solutions for compressible and incompressible fluids are presented for flow with axial symmetry (two solutions) and for flow between blades on surfaces of revolution about the axis of the impeller (eight solutions). The effects of variations in the following design and operating conditions of the impeller are investigated: (a) Compressor flow rate, (b) impeller-tip speed, (c) number of blades, and (d) blade curvature on flow surfaces of revolution. The numerical results are presented in plots of the streamlines, constant-velocity or Mach number lines, and constant static-pressure lines. In Part 2 three approximate methods of solution are presented which can be used for relatively rapid analysis of compressible flow between blades on flow surfaces of revolution.
Research in Exhaust Manifolds
Authors: Schweitzer P. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Over a period of four years, with the aid of the Office of Naval Research, the author has investigated the effect of the exhaust manifold on engine performance, particularly in two-stroke-cycle multicylinder engines. Some aspirator-type manifolds create suction rather than back pressure and result in scavenging-air flows that are greater than obtainable not only with conventional manifolds but even with no manifolds at all.
Station Design With Cyclone-Fired Steam Generators
Authors: Schroeder H. C. , Strasser R. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The need for finding better methods of burning Central Illinois coal led to the cyclone-furnace development. Sufficient operating experience has been gained since the first cyclone-fired steam generator was installed, as well as with numerous installations of recent years. Station design for cyclone-fired steam generators is treated in this paper as well as engineering design features of the installations now in operation. Consideration is also given to units in process of design and construction.