bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zero Base Budgeting Applied to Oilwell Construction
Authors: Petersen Flávia Cristina , Ramos Junior Antonio Carlos , Marques Marcello , Da Silva Hugo Alves , Dalvi Dos Santos Priscilla Regina , Rodrigues Lorrainy Toledo , Rodrigues dos Anjos Jorel Lopes , Russo Renato Márcio Dias , Ferreira Filho Virgílio Martins 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The development of digital transformation tools has significantly increased the amount of available data in recent years. As in all sectors of the economy, the oil industry, with a focus on well construction, was not left out of the process. Numerous data are monitored and stored in real time and several studies are carried out to increase operational performance. However, little has evolved in relation to the knowledge that these data can generate in decision-making processes, such as in the definition of targets that serve as a reference for the planning of interventions. Thus, this article explains a new methodology for defining targets, based on the knowledge of specialists, the concept of zero-based budgeting and risk analysis, with the integration of teams of well designers, reservoirs, and budgeting. The methodology was used in 19 fields’ studies and directly applied to the planning of 5 new projects.
Economic Analysis of Gas to Power Project in Nigeria
Authors: Ihejirika Vivian Chinenye , Iledare Omowumi , Adeogun Bimpe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This research work is based on the economic analysis of Gas to Power in Nigeria. Gas is progressively substituting the time of crude which substituted Coal. Nigeria is positioned as the 9th country in Africa with 192tcf estimated gas reserve in the world and 1st in Africa. The power sector has been underdeveloped over the years. The current initiative by the Federal Government of Nigeria to reach a target of 20GW capacity of electricity by year 2020 has identified the choice of Gas-to-Power as a major key-driver in attaining such a goal. This research work considered the economic analysis of converting Gas-to-Power under the prevailing petroleum fiscal system, through a critical review of a number of literatures. Model assumptions were made based on an offshore field for the analysis of associated Gas sales and an average of 20,000kW of power generated every year for 20years. Government Net Present Value (NPV) was gotten to be $181.12 MM and contractor NPV $337.04 MM for sales of the Gas and $20.07B, $10.78B for the government and contractor NPV respectively for power generation, Internal rate of return (IRR) for the contractor was recovered as 15% and 19% for gas sales and power generation respectively and the Profitability Index (PI) was calculated to be 3.88 for Gas and 3.2 for Power at the end of 20 years field life. The effect of CAPEX, OPEX, product price, production rate and discount rate on NPV, IRR and PI at 15% discount rate was investigated to know the range of profitability of Gas-to-Power using @Risk software to perform risk and sensitivity analysis. Discount rate and Price were seen to have the most impact on the output variables. Generally, the results were favorable for converting Gas-to-Power. The economic model has proved that Gas to Power technology is profitable in Nigeria and can also lead to industry growth which will invariably lead to revenue generation, therefore bettering the Nigerian economy and increasing social and human development.
Novel Marine Energy Environmental Compliance Reporting Application Summarizes Disparate Content by Tags and Location
Authors: Barr Zach W. , Best Ben , Peplinski William J. , Jones Craig , Chang Grace , Roberts Jesse D. , Kramer Sharon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Marine renewable energy (ME) projects in the United States must complete a wide range of environmental permitting activities focused on evaluating the potential interactions between the technology and the environment (endangered species, habitats and human uses) (Kramer et. al. 2020). For those interactions where there is high uncertainty, studies are likely to be required, with outcomes addressed through adaptive management, which can increase expense and time needed to work through the permitting process. We developed the publically available marine energy toolkit (http://https://marineenergy.app) to provide multiple sources of information to support permitting ME projects.
Casing String Fatigue: No More
Authors: Noshi Christine Ikram , Amani Mahmood 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Casing strings are an indispensable component in the design of any well and serve numerous purposes in oil and gas wells, constituting 20-30% of the total well cost. An alarming rate of failures, up to 50%, have been observed yet hushed under the rug, due to reputation, company profile, and privacy. In this work, The designed workflow follows 6 acceptance criteria, namely, (1) identification of potential risk factors amongst different exposures, (2) evaluation of the type and magnitude of the impact for each risk factor, (3) identification of the levels within each potential risk factor that impose the highest risk on casing failure, (4) acknowledgement of the depths most susceptible to casing failure, (5) prediction of the overall probability of casing failure given the information for pre-defined risk factors, and finally (6) have a scheme for mitigating casing failure.
Case-control study design was adopted to test the association between the different exposures and the occurrence of casing failure. Impact type and magnitude of identified risk factors were determined through various statistical association measurements. Non-parametric survival analysis techniques were used for identification of the levels within each potential risk factor that impose the highest risk on casing failure and the depths most susceptible to casing failure.
The scheme provided quantifiable numeric percentage increase/decrease for significant risk factors at lower, intermediate, and higher depth of casing. One importance of such conclusions is that although the conclusions coincide with already proven theories, unlike physics-based models, we did not need to acquire any domain knowledge to reach to those outputs. Moreover, in addition to exploring the significance of subcategories with respect to imposed risk, we managed to quantify those impacts which would be of great value when calibrating malpractices later using the proposed "correction-prediction" procedure.
Accelerate Digital Transformation in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Ziadat Dr. Wael M. , Kirkham Dr. Richard W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It has been recognized that Digitalization in the oil and gas industry, as emerging information communication and technology, can improve collaboration to different extents. However, because of the fast progress of Digitalization adoption both on the scope and in-depth, there is a knowledge gap between industry and academia that lacks systematic analysis on critical success factors (CSFs) of implementing Digitalization for collaboration in the oil and gas industry. This study develops a digitalization framework for collaboration from technical, organizational, process, and legal scopes. It identifies the CSFs of Digitalization in each scope based on the latest publications. From a system analysis perspective, the pair-relationship matrix is established to reveal the hidden effect between CSFs. The CSFs in the specific Digitalization application areas are identified based on the matrix.
The Innovative Digital Race is based on the evolution of the operational backbone of the engineering domain, driven by advancements in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Automation, energy technologies, and data-driven prediction and analytics.
Organizations are constantly buffeted by unexpected events, from the COVID-19 pandemic to climate change to political unrest. In contrast, the promise of digital transformation to prosper and outperform the challenges during disturbances stays apparent as digital is responsible for supporting digital enterprise technology. As a result, enterprises can embrace innovations to accelerate growth and strategically drive the enterprise forward through gaining trusted digital connections, solutions to disruptive scale digital creativity, and innovative capacities to post business growth and resilience.
Influence of Residual Stress on Casing Collapse Performance under External Pressure
Authors: Lin Bisen , Coe David , Harris Richard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Collapse performance of a casing string subjected to external hydraulic pressure is one of the most important parameters in the deep water well casing design. It often becomes one of the governing factors in a casing design program. This paper investigates the quantitative effect of inherent circumferential residual stress (RS) on casing collapse resistane to external pressure through parametric Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Nonlinear elastic-plastic FEA study on casing collapse calculations have been performed. Different magnitudes and orientations of the initial circumferential residual stress were considered. Modified Riks method was used to predict the casing onsite collapse pressure as well as the post-collapse response. Parameters considered in the analysis include: (i) two material grades (L80 and Grade 135); (ii) for each material grade, ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness (i.e. D/t) ranging from 10 to 50; (iii) for each D/t ratio, initial circumferential residual stress at casing inner diameter (ID) ranging from -40% to +50% of the material yield strength (YS).
Analysis results indicate that there is a highly nonlinear, parabolic-like dependence of collapse strength on the initial circumferential residual stress. Comparison of the FEA results to the predictions by Klever-Tamano Ultimate Limit-State (KT ULS) equation indicates that the KT ULS equation in the current API Technical Report 5C3 (API TR 5C3) does not capture this nonlinear relationship. This is probably due to the limitation of the API historical collapse test data upon which the KT ULS equation was calibrated to. The majority of the API historical collapse tests had the compressive residual stress at the casing ID. Moreover, the relationship between casing collapse strength and residual stress may be used as a guideline for potentially developing new high collapse casing by full-length residual stress control in mill production.
Alternatives to Conventional Offshore Fixed Wind Installation
Authors: Robinson Roy , Furtado Ivan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents alternatives to the conventional offshore fixed wind construction and installation methods. Of particular interest are methods that avoid the need for the heavy lift vessels. The Jones Act in the USA precludes the efficient use of these vessels, and this curtails the rate at which offshore renewable energy can be constructed. The primary areas of focus are:
Platform designs that allow for in-port assembly of the structure. Alternatives to the current wind turbines and the heavy lifts they require Alternative offshore methods of assembling current systems.
The conventional installation method of stick building offshore wind turbines one at time using specialized, and costly, vessels has become limit on rapid low-cost deployment. This paper is intended make the audience aware that there are practical and more cost-effective alternatives that could challenge the established method.
Offshore fixed wind breaks the golden rule of offshore development: never do in port what you can do onshore, and never do offshore what you can do in port. If it costs $1 onshore, its $2 in port, and $10 offshore. For the industry to thrive this needs to change. The paper describes first how offshore fixed wind is installed, then proceeds to address the shortcomings of the current methods by drawing from a data base of more than 2000 companies and technologies to illustrate there are viable alternatives to the conventional construction methods.
Practical methods for in-port integration, robotic assembly, and alternatives to conventional turbines are presented. If applied these systems would resolve Jones Act issues limiting rapid development of US based offshore wind, reduce the cost and risk of offshore wind developments generally, and increase the value of current offshore wind leases.
High Performance Heated Pipe-in-Pipes: Comparative Constructability Study for Remote Subsea Tiebacks
Authors: D’Huart Pierre Emmanuel , Jardin Antoine 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe High Performance DEH-PiP is a new technology for electrical heating of subsea tie-back flowlines, that minimizes disturbances to the construction and installation process wrt. to standard PiP avoiding the use of internal heating cable, while reaching the same electrical efficiency as e.g. Electrical Heat-Traced (EHT) pipe-in-pipes. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study that has been made on the cost, delivery schedules, and local content of various heated pipelines technologies for subsea tiebacks, with specific application targets, notably in West Africa.A complete engineering study has been made (flow assurance, pipeline design, electrical engineering, installation engineering) based on real cases. Full EPCI costs have been evaluated, and local content for fabrication quantified. Two construction techniques have been compared: J-Lay comparatively to Reel-Lay, as the DEH-PiP is a product well adapted to all types of construction vessels. The study concludes that High Performance DEH PiP, while being comparable in terms of electrical efficiency to ETH, brings a 20% saving in total EPCI costs and a very significant increase in manhours of local fabrication (+100k mhrs)This paper introduces a new DEH-PiP design, reaching significantly higher electrical efficiency, in the range of 90%-95%, and installable with a very versatile fleet. Hence constructability studies in J-Lay are completely novel.
Dynamic Operations for Wax Removal, a Challenge on Pre-Salt Oil Wells
Authors: Veiga Helena Maria Borja , German Carole 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pre-salt oil wells represent huge Flow Assurance challenges for operators both in terms of the complex oil compositions and deep-water conditions. In this paper a field case will be presented with the description of novel wax deposition removal techniques developed case by case to mitigate fouling on production pipelines where a service network is not available. The efficiency of cleaning operations brings not only more stable production but also higher operational efficiency and reduction of emissions per barrel produced. The added challenge of the lack of service network was a constraint specially in terms of keeping acceptable integrity parameters during operations.
The methods described on the present article are dynamic operations developed case by case, with the available means, to efficiently clean the production networks. The methods are the so-called diesel soaking, effluent soaking, and gas top-up. All the methods use the shear effect caused by the presence of a viscous fluid and a high velocity gas flow.
The production lines cleaning effectiveness was compared in terms of oil gain, fouling factors reduction, flaring events duration during cleaning operations and improvement of energy efficiency of the plant. The savings with OPEX were also mentioned. Differently from what has been suggested before, it seems that the presence of a high velocity flow is the most important parameters when speaking of cleaning by dynamic methods.
This article proposes an improvement on previous works proposing dynamic methods to clean wax deposits. Here suggesting methods that can be used for cases where a service network is not available for cleaning, yet, obtaining the same gains.
Fixed AI-Powered Imaging for Automated Leak Detection on Offshore Production Platforms
Authors: McKay Mike , Bansal Gurjeet , Ahmed Tariq 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
At the request of a major offshore producer in Thailand, an analytic edge-based leak detection vision technology was developed and implemented. The solution was the result of modifications made to an onshore system that was engineered in collaboration with a midstream operator and has been proven in various aboveground facilities and other industrial monitoring applications. One of the key changes involved making the product explosion-proof (Ex).
The modified AI vision system addresses 1) the unique challenges of offshore platform environments (remoteness, harsh climate, network limitations, and high safety risks), and 2) customer coverage requirements: continuous, autonomous monitoring of distributed assets with automated detection and alarming on early-stage leaks and/or leaks of a particular size. Aside from leak detection, the system can also be implemented for exhaust vents monitoring prior to well pad remote start up, fire detection and other applications.
It is anticipated that the solution will deliver the benefits and advantages intended by design as well as those that were gained by onshore operators with the use of the original AI leak detection vision system. These include higher operational efficiency, improved event detection and alarm validation capabilities, enhanced automation (e.g.: remote shutdown), up to 90% workload reduction as a direct result of significantly lowered false alarms along with 50% decrease in monitoring related costs and site visits.
The success of the first installation in 2019 was followed by system deployment at additional well pads, with continued expansion planned. The growing demand and the positive experience with the technology together demonstrates the viability, value and potential of artificial intelligence powered cameras for remote monitoring of offshore platform assets and processes.
From Laboratory to Field Applications: A Safer Gas Hydrate Dissolver to Replace Methanol
Authors: Sayed Mohammed , Saini Rajesh , AlAli Eyad , Kalgaonkar Rajendra , Arnous Ahmed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon gases, such as methane and ethane, along with other low-molecular-weight species, such as CO2 and H2S, exist within the gas stream flowing through the pipelines used to transport natural gas and crude oils. Under certain conditions of low temperature and high pressure, and in the presence of free water molecules, gas-hydrate crystals will start to form. These gas hydrate crystals may accumulate and cause partial or complete plugging of the pipeline in the vertical or horizontal sections of the pipe. Methanol was previously found to be the only effective chemical able to clear gas hydrate plugs in many cases. The low flashpoint of methanol makes it unsafe to be pumped or stored in large volumes in hot regions such as in the Middle East. The main objective of the current work is to develop a safer chemical treatment with a higher flashpoint for the dissolution/mitigation of in-place gas hydrate plugs in pipelines.
The parameters that make methanol an effective hydrate dissolver were investigated before development of the new hydrate dissolver. Methanol has a very low freezing point (-90°C) and is completely miscible with water. Solvent-based and aqueous-based formulations were chosen while considering parameters such as miscibility with water, freezing point, viscosity, and availability. The performance of these formulations was evaluated using a see-through gas hydrate cell. Pressure and temperature were modified to allow the formation of hydrates at simulated field conditions. Representative gas and water compositions were used in the experiments to form gas hydrate inside the gas hydrate cell. Hydrate formation can be detected either by detecting the change in torque on the stirring shaft or by visual inspection of the cell. The performance of these formulations was evaluated and compared to methanol.
Two solvent-based formulations and two aqueous-based treatments met the flashpoint requirement and were effective in dissolving hydrate plugs at similar dosage when compared to methanol. These formulations proved to dissolve gas hydrate plugs in similar or less time than methanol. Two field trials were conducted to test one of the aqueous-based treatments and the outcome showed that the hydrate plug was dissolved in less than 17 minutes from the moment the aqueous solution was injected.
The tested formulations have been shown to not only work as a dissolver, but also as an inhibitor to prevent the fresh formation of hydrate downstream. In addition to improving the performance of dissolving gas hydrate plugs in the pipelines, the use of these treatments has enabled safer operations in the field.
Integrated Active Heating and Subsea Boosting Technologies to Unlock Long Tie-Back Reservoirs with Flow Assurance Challenges
Authors: Jez Radoslaw , Eretveit Ragnar , Lazarczyk Michal , Ejma-Multanski Jakub , Vivet Romain , Liszka Michal 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Subsea oil and gas production can utilize a number of technical solutions to ensure efficient and cost- effective operation. There are two main technologies applied to address flow assurance challenges in case of particularly long tieback reservoirs: subsea active heating and subsea boosting. The production from distant reservoirs with challenging flow assurance conditions may require application of both mentioned systems. In such case, one challenge relies on the selection of a power supply infrastructure for both systems, considering all possible optimization aspects.
In the conventional approach, the implementation of both systems is realized independently. Subsea active heating system and subsea boosting system are supplied and monitored from topside by the separate power strings. However, the development of subsea technologies allows to review the approach and consider integration of both systems, enabling reduction of topside infrastructure for general cost savings.
The purpose of this article is to present the integrated system composed of Electrically Trace Heated Pipe in Pipe (ETH-PIP) and subsea boosting pumps where Variable Speed Drive (VSD) is required. The role of both system is shortly presented. Next, a proposal of an integrated power system for subsea heating and boosting is illustrated and discussed on a case study example. The analysed field layout is characterized by a long tie-back to a production facility where both subsea boosting and active heating systems are necessary operating in the relevant power modes. The results of analysis allow to conclude that the presented solution can be valuable alternative to traditional approach of complex subsea system topologies.
Floating Wind Power Cable Installation with Lazy Wave Configuration Both Ends Set Up
Authors: Patrick Belenfant , Julien Boucard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The floating wind industry requires dynamic 66kV inter array cable to be installed and hooked up to the floating structure on both ends. While first end lazy wave initiation is a common practice, the scope focus on 2nd end lazy wave installation to obtain the final configuration according to max design excursion of the floater and temporary measure to be taken.
The inter array cables are preset cable length with end termination which are either design for short term subsea or long term subsea storage. For the floating wind turbine, the 2nd end cable requires to be inserted into I-tube with specific arrival angle and a lazy wave configuration compatible with extreme design excursion of the floater (circa 30m). The Windlfoat Atlantic 2nd end required cross haul to the I tube while keeping sag bend well above seabed, with no uncontrolled contact. Temporary buoyancy module was connected to lazy wave to achieve this transient configuration, maintaining the operating radius of the power cable, with correct I-tube entry angle. For Windfloat floater design, the I.tube are disconnectable from the floater and is self standing in case of disconnection of floater.