bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the role of non-physician medical staff in primary care in Germany: protocol for a mixed-methods study exploring the perspectives of physicians in rural practices
Authors: Averbeck Heiner , Litaker David , Fischer Joachim E 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionPrimary care faces substantial challenges worldwide through an increasing mismatch in supply and demand, particularly in rural areas. One option to address this mismatch might be increasing efficiency by delegation of tasks to non-physician medical staff. Possible influencing factors, motives and beliefs regarding delegation to non-physician medical staff and the potential of an expanded role, as perceived by primary care physicians, however, remain unclear. The aim of this study is to assess these factors to guide development of potential interventions for expanding the role of non-physician medical staff in delivering primary care services in rural Germany.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods study based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF) consists of survey and interviews conducted sequentially. The survey, to be sent to all primary care physicians active in rural Baden-Wuerttemberg (estimated n=1250), includes 37 items: 15 assessing personal and practice characteristics, 15 matching TDF domains and 7 assessing opportunities for delegation. The interview, to be performed in a subsample (estimated n=12–20), will be informed by results of the survey. The initial interview guide consists of 11 questions covering additional TDF domains. Perspectives towards delegation will be maximised by comparing data emerging in either part of the study, seeking confirmation, disagreement or further details.Ethics and disseminationThe Ethics Committee of Heidelberg University approved this study (approval number: 2021–530). Written informed consent will be obtained before each interview; consent for participation in the survey will be assumed when the survey has been returned. Results will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals and talks at conferences. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, our results will support future research for crafting potential interventions to expand the role of non-physician medical staff in rural primary care.
Practical jet flavour through NNLO
Authors: Caletti Simone , Larkoski Andrew J. , Marzani Simone , Reichelt Daniel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAn infrared and collinear (IRC) safe definition of the partonic flavour of a jet is vital for precision predictions of quantum chromodynamics at colliders. Jet flavour definitions have been presented in the literature, but they are typically defined through modification of the jet algorithm to be sensitive to partonic flavour at every stage of the clustering. While this does ensure that the sum of flavours in a jet is IRC safe, a flavour-sensitive clustering procedure is difficult to apply to realistic data. We introduce a distinct and novel approach to jet flavour that can be applied to a collection of partons defined by any algorithm. Our definition of jet flavour is the sum of flavours of all partons that remain after Soft Drop grooming, reclustered with the "Image missing"algorithm. We prove that this prescription is IRC safe through next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO), and so can interface with the most precise fixed-order calculations for jets available at present. We validate the IRC safety of this definition with numeric fixed-order codes and further show that jet flavour with Soft Drop reclustered with a generalised$$k_T$$kTalgorithm fails to be IRC safe at NNLO.
Systematic study of alpha and cluster preformation probability using new empirical formulae
Authors: Prathapan K. , Preethi Rajan M. K. , Biju R. K. 
Published: July 2022

Cluster preformation probability in heavy nuclei is studied using the empirical formula of Ni and Zhou [Ren. Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010) 24311]. Dong et al. [Eur. Phys. J. A 41 (2009) 197–204], and four new formulae of Santhosh et al. [Indian J. Phys. 95 (2021) 121]. The predictions of these formulae are then compared to the preformation probabilities extracted from the experimental decay half-lives using the generalized liquid drop model (GLDM), density-dependent cluster model (DDCM), and unified fission model (UFM). It has been found that except for the isospin-dependent formula of Santhosh et al., all other formulae predict much larger preformation probability than the experimentally extracted values. Further, we propose four new empirical formulae for the cluster preformation probability in heavy nuclei, and the predictions are compared to the experimentally extracted values using different theoretical models. It is found that the predictions of all the four proposed formulae are in good agreement with the predictions of various theoretical models.
Reprogrammed Schwann Cells Organize into Dynamic Tracks that Promote Pancreatic Cancer Invasion
Authors: Deborde Sylvie , Gusain Laxmi , Powers Ann , Marcadis Andrea , Yu Yasong , Chen Chun-Hao , Frants Anna , Kao Elizabeth , Tang Laura H. , Vakiani Efsevia , Amisaki Masataka , Balachandran Vinod P. , Calo Annalisa , Omelchenko Tatiana , Jessen Kristjan R. , Reva Boris , Wong Richard J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Nerves are a component of the tumor microenvironment contributing to cancer progression, but the role of cells from nerves in facilitating cancer invasion remains poorly understood. Here we show that Schwann cells (SC) activated by cancer cells collectively function as tumor-activated Schwann cell tracks (TAST) that promote cancer cell migration and invasion. Nonmyelinating SCs form TASTs and have cell gene expression signatures that correlate with diminished survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In TASTs, dynamic SCs form tracks that serve as cancer pathways and apply forces on cancer cells to enhance cancer motility. These SCs are activated by c-Jun, analogous to their reprogramming during nerve repair. This study reveals a mechanism of cancer cell invasion that co-opts a wound repair process and exploits the ability of SCs to collectively organize into tracks. These findings establish a novel paradigm of how cancer cells spread and reveal therapeutic opportunities.

Significance:
How the tumor microenvironment participates in pancreatic cancer progression is not fully understood. Here, we show that SCs are activated by cancer cells and collectively organize into tracks that dynamically enable cancer invasion in a c-Jun–dependent manner.
See related commentary by Amit and Maitra, p. 2240.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2221
Impact of Vessel Narrowing and Changes in Blood Flow on the Development of Ischemia in Cervical Arterial Dissection Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: McGuire Laura Stone , Ryoo James S. , Hanjani Sepideh Amin , Atwal Gursant , Charbel Fady T. , Alaraj Ali 
Published: July 2022

Background
Up to 3% of all ischemic strokes are secondary to dissections; however, cerebral hemodynamic patterns in cervical arterial dissection and their association with cerebral ischemia are unknown. This study represents the first to assess blood flow using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography in patients with cervical arterial dissection and their presentation with ischemia.

Methods
Retrospective chart review was completed in patients with cervical arterial dissection between 2009 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were adults with dissection of internal carotid artery or vertebral artery who underwent baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative magnetic resonance angiography. Cases were reviewed for presentation, management, and imaging findings. Flow index was calculated using ipsilateral vessel flow divided by contralateral flow.

Results

A total of 37 patients with a mean age of 45.95±11.95 years were included. Of the patients, 19 (51.2%) had internal carotid artery dissections, 17 (45.9%) with vertebral artery dissections, and 1 with both. Patients with ischemia on MRI demonstrated lower flow in the ipsilateral vessel when compared with those patients without ischemia (
P
=0.003). Using the flow index in receiver operating characteristic analysis to predict ischemia on MRI yielded an area under the curve of 0.833 (
P
=0.002); receiver operating characteristic analysis of the percent of total flow for ischemia on MRI found an area under the curve of 0.895 (
P
=0.000), and receiver operating characteristic analysis of percent vessel narrowing calculated an area under the curve of 0.887 (
P
=0.000). Multivariate analysis identified vessel narrowing as significantly associated with ischemia on MRI (
P
=0.03).

Conclusion
This study represents the first to evaluate blood flow in patients with cervical arterial dissection using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography and its relationship with cerebral ischemia. Patients with lower flow as a result of dissection appear to be at higher risk of ischemia on presentation, emphasizing the role of hemodynamics in underlying pathophysiology, and vessel narrowing appears paramount in the association with developing ischemia.
The Enactive and Interactive Dimensions of AI: Ingenuity and Imagination Through the Lens of Art and Music
Authors: Sato Maki , McKinney Jonathan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDualisms are pervasive. The divisions between the rational mind, the physical body, and the external natural world have set the stage for the successes and failures of contemporary cognitive science and artificial intelligence.1 Advanced machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been developed to draw art and compose music. Many take these facts as calls for a radical shift in our values and turn to questions about AI ethics, rights, and personhood. While the discussion of agency and rights is not wrong in principle, it is a form of misdirection in the current circumstances. Questions about an artificial agency can only come after a genuine reconciliation of human interactivity, creativity, and embodiment. This kind of challenge has both moral and theoretical force. In this article, the authors intend to contribute to embodied and enactive approaches to AI by exploring the interactive and contingent dimensions of machines through the lens of Japanese philosophy. One important takeaway from this project is that AI/ML systems should be recognized as powerful tools or instruments rather than as agents themselves.
Trans-cultural and Intercultural Humanism As a Response to the “Clash of Civilizations”
Authors: Turki Mohamed 
Published: July 2022

In the early 1990s, after the fall of the Berlin Wall and with the easing of East- West tensions, Samuel Huntington presented his theory of a “clash of civilizations.” He announced that conflicts between ideologies had come to an end and were to be replaced by a new kind of confrontation, this time between cultures and religions.
This essay attempts to show how misled Huntington’s thesis can be by referring to forms of humanism from Africa as well as to some ideas developed in Arabian-Islamic philosophy. In the early 1930s, African intellectuals such as Léopold Sédar Senghor or Aimé Césaire already tried to oppose their own conception of humanism to Western individualistic humanism. The distinction can be found in the concept of Ubuntu, or “African humanism,” which incorporates notions of respect for the other, collective responsibility and solidarity. The Arab-Islamic world has also had similar concerns from an early stage. Its heritage from classical Greek philosophy, which placed human being at the centre of its thinking and ethical acting, came indeed under the significant influence of Islamic values, such as equality, fraternity and the community.
Thus the essay offers an alternative to Huntington’s post-modern model of “clash of civilizations” beyond the frontiers set by Western humanism and that is more relevant to our current globalising world – a new trans- and intercultural humanism that favours the ways human beings can relate to each other as persons regardless of race, culture and religion. Human dignity and respect for the “other,” including the environment, are therefore central to this new humanism.
America against China
Authors: Botz-Bornstein Thorsten 
Published: July 2022

This essay reflects on Chinese and American hyperrealism and its effect on the self-perceptions and cultural identities of both countries. Hyperreality is a condition whereby it is impossible to distinguish reality from fantasy. Such a condition is common in technologically advanced cultures where virtual reality has made possible the endless reproductions of fundamentally empty appearances. It is however also possible to speak of hyperreality in terms of “culture” or “civilization.” As a first example, China produces a hyperrealist version of its culture in ways that are peculiar to the Confucian treatment of history. As a second example, hyperrealism can be seen in American civilization, which has often been described by some as a materialized utopia excelling in simulations such as Disneyland or Las Vegas and that permeates through large parts of American life like an underlying structure.
The mythical and pseudo-historical past upon which many Chinese philosophical discourses are built has arguably led to a quasi-virtual timelessness whose effects remain significant in China’s contemporary political life. At the same time, American civilization consists – viewed from a certain angle – in an aseptic, dishistoricized culture that authors such as Jean Baudrillard have described in terms of “hyperreality.”
Explanatory Models and their Relationship with Drug Attitude in Patients with Depression in South India
Authors: Ram Dushad , Bheemaraju Samaksha Pasupaleti , Alammar Muath A. 
Published: July 2022

Background: The patient’s understanding of the illness may mediate beliefs towards its treatment. There is a paucity of studies examining the relationships between these variables in depression. This study was conducted to know the relationships between explanatory models and attitude to medication in depression. Methods: 494 patients with depression in remission were assessed with sociodemographic proforma, Drug Attitude Inventory, and Mental Distress Explanatory Model Questionnaire. Results: A favorable attitude toward medication was observed in 57.49% of participants. Mean scores on MDEMQ subscales Stress, Western Physiology, Non-Western Physiology, and Supernatural were 32.96, 21.87, 10.06, and 47.55, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between attitude towards medication and the patient’s marital status (more negative attitude with single status, χ2 = 11.72, df = 3, P = 0.008) and occupation (more negative attitude among unemployed patients, χ2 = 4.17, df = 1, P = 0.041). The scores of explanatory models did not differ based on positive or negative drug attitude. Conclusion: Though explanatory models are not linked to patient attitudes toward medication, patients who are single or unemployed have a negative attitude toward medications. Such negative attitude may impair compliance and worsen patient outcomes.
The chronic effects of a combination of herbal extracts (Euphytose®) on psychological mood state and response to a laboratory stressor: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind study in healthy humans
Authors: Dodd Fiona , Kennedy David , Wightman Emma , Khan Julie , Patan Michael , Elcoate Rian , Jackson Philippa 
Published: July 2022

Background: Global lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders has been estimated at approximately 16.6%, with subclinical prevalence likely much higher. Herbal approaches to reduce anxiety may be as effective as pharmacological treatments and are less likely to be associated with adverse side effects. The herbal species, namely, valerian, passionflower, hawthorn and ballota, have a long history of use as anxiolytics in traditional medicine, further supported by recent pre-clinical and clinical trials. Aims: To assess the effects of chronic (14 days) supplementation with a multi-herb extract preparation (MHEP, Euphytose®) on psychological state and psychological and physiological stress responses during a laboratory stressor. Methods: In this crossover study, 31 healthy participants (aged 19–58 years) received a MHEP and placebo for 14 days with a 28-day washout. Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mood and physiological measures of stress (heart rate, galvanic skin response, salivary α-amylase and cortisol levels) were measured before and after an Observed Multitasking Stressor. Cognitive performance was also assessed. Results: MHEP was associated with reduced tension-anxiety ( p = 0.038), with participants showing an attenuated response to the observed multitasking psychosocial stressor following MHEP, evidenced by lower salivary α-amylase ( p = 0.041) and galvanic skin response ( p = 0.004). Conclusions: The combination of herbal extracts contained within the MHEP reduced subjective anxiety in a healthy population and lowered electrodermal skin conductance and concentration of salivary α-amylase in response to a psychosocial stressor, compared to placebo. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT03909906).
The combination of decitabine and aspirin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xu Maoyi , Song Binbin , Yang Xinmei , Li Na 
Published: July 2022

Objective Combination therapy has become the hallmark of lung cancer treatment, as it reduces the dosage intensity of individual drugs while increasing their efficacy. In the current study, we analyzed the combinatorial effect of decitabine and aspirin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell growth. Methods In this study, we investigated the combinatorial effect of decitabine and aspirin by MTT, colony formation, and Transwell assays. We also explored the underlying molecular mechanism via a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results The combination of decitabine and aspirin regulated cell viability and migration in vitro. Moreover, the combination therapy suppressed tumor cell growth by inhibiting the β-catenin/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our study also found that the regimen increased the phosphorylation of β-catenin and decreased the expression of STAT3 and β-catenin. Conclusion The combined administration of decitabine and aspirin significantly reduced tumor growth compared with single-agent treatment and the control in vivo. The study results indicated that decitabine and aspirin could suppress NSCLC cell growth and metastasis via the β-catenin/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Podoplanin expression in lymph node metastases of head and neck cancer and cancer of unknown primary patients
Authors: Kühn Jan Philipp , Bochen Florian , Körner Sandrina , Schick Bernhard , Wagner Mathias , Smola Sigrun , Berkó-Göttel Barbara , Morris Luc G.T. , Wang Jingming , Bozzato Alessandro , Linxweiler Maximilian 
Published: July 2022

Introduction Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are cancers with generally poor prognosis. Outcomes have not improved in decades, with more than half of the patients presenting with lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis. A unique subtype of HNSCC, cancer of unknown primary of the head and neck (HNCUP) is associated with a poor outcome. Increased expression of the D2-40 gene (podoplanin) has been described for several human malignancies and has been associated with increased metastatic potential of cancer cells. Methods In order to examine the role of podoplanin in lymph node metastasis of HNSCC generally and HNCUP specifically, we evaluated the prognostic impact of podoplanin expression in HNSCC- (n = 68) and HNCUP-associated lymph node metastases (n = 30). The expression of podoplanin was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of lymph node tissue samples and correlated with clinical and histopathological data. Results We found a non-significant tendency towards a higher podoplanin expression in HNCUP compared to HNSCC lymph node metastases and a significant correlation between a high podoplanin expression and advanced node-stage classification. Podoplanin expression had no significant impact on overall survival for both groups and did not correlate with human papillomavirus tumor status. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that upregulation of podoplanin may be associated with a stimulation of lymphatic metastasis in head and neck cancer.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by ADHD Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wu Jinhui , Li Ping , Luo Hong , Lu You 
Published: July 2022

Objective: This study aimed to review the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and its different used types, characteristics of the studied cohorts, the reasoning for CAM use, and possible predictive factors for its use amongst ADHD patients. Method: The Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus were searched from inception to 10 February 2022. All of the original papers published in English which report data on CAM use by patients with ADHD were included. Results: Twelve original researches including 4,447 patients were included. The prevalence of CAM use varied from 7.5% to 67.6%. The most-reported CAM modalities were dietary modifications and natural products. Moreover, higher parental education should be considered as a predictive factor for CAM use. Conclusion: CAM use by ADHD patients seems to be prevalent. Healthcare providers should be trained about the most commonly used CAM therapies and their possible adverse events.
The m6A RNA Modification Quantity and the Prognostic Effect of Reader YTHDC2 in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Tang Wentao , Chen Yijiao , Liu Yu , Xu Donghao , Jiang Yudong , Zhou Shizhao , Qin Xiaorui , Ren Li , Chang Wenju , Xu Jianmin 
Published: July 2022

Background: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays crucial roles in cancers. However, its alteration in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still poorly described. The purpose of this study is to explore the change of m6A modification and the function of m6A binding protein YTHDC2 in CRC. Methods: The global level of m6A modification was detected by mass spectrometry and dot blotting assay. The expression of YTHDC2 was investigated using The Cancer Genome Atlas and using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry based on CRC tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to analyze the prognostic value of YTHDC2. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)-seq and m6A immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-seq were used to explore the direct targets of YTHDC2. Gene oncology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the pathways that could be influenced by YTHDC2. Results: No significant difference was observed in the global level of m6A modification on total RNA or mRNA between CRC and adjacent nontumor tissues. We further found a significant decreasing of YTHDC2 in CRC tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that lower expression of YTHDC2 was related to the worse disease-free survival and overall survival. In addition, lower expression of YTHDC2 was an independent worse prognostic factor in univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Using YTHDC2-RIP-seq and MeRIP-seq, we identified that YTHDC2 could participate in several important biological signal pathways. Conclusions: In summary, this study suggested that the global level of m6A did not change in CRC and identified that lower YTHDC2 as a prognostic marker for worse survival of CRC.