bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking strategy and statecraft for the twenty-first century of complexity: a case for strategic diplomacy
Authors: Prantl Jochen , Goh Evelyn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Today's most pressing security and policy challenges—great power conflict, economic interdependence, peacebuilding, climate change and other non-traditional threats such as pandemics—are all complex problems. Hyperconnectivity, power diffusion and radical technological transformation are significantly shrinking the policy space available to governments and other international agencies in what has been called the twenty-first century of complexity. Thus, the practice of statecraft requires accentuated strategic rationale: clear emphasis on big-picture and longer-term purposes and priorities. While effective strategy is essential for mobilizing power and winning strategic contests, effective diplomacy is necessary for garnering support for the strategy. This article contributes to stepping up to this challenge in three innovative ways. First, it utilizes key insights from complex adaptive systems thinking to recast the conceptual underpinnings of power, strategy and statecraft. Second, the article advances a ‘strategic diplomacy’ diagnostic and policy framework to maximize policy space in dealing with complex systems problems in international affairs. And third, by applying the framework to three significant international policy challenges, the article demonstrates the utility and implications of the ‘strategic diplomacy’ framework for strategic policy in the twenty-first century.
Impact of Biological Therapies and Tofacitinib on Real-world Work Impairment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Thomas Pepijn W A , den Broeder Nathan , Derikx Monique , Kievit Wietske , West Rachel L , Russel Maurice G V M , Jansen Jeroen M , Römkens Tessa E H , Hoentjen Frank 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
There are limited real-world data on the change in total work impairment (TWI) in biological-treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to evaluate the real-world effects of initiating biological therapy or tofacitinib on change in TWI in IBD patients.

Methods
This multicenter prospective cohort study enrolled IBD patients who started treatment with biological therapy or tofacitinib. Subjects completed the work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) questionnaire and short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire at therapy initiation and at week 26. Total work impairment comprises working hours missed due to sick leave and impact of disease during working hours (range 0%-100%). Clinical disease activity was assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI).

Results
We included 137 IBD patients for analyses (median age 38 years, 58% Crohn’s disease [CD]). The median baseline TWI was 50% and decreased by a median of 10%-points of points after 26 weeks. Patients with continued biological therapy or tofacitinib use, clinical disease activity at baseline, and clinical response or remission at week 26 showed a greater median TWI reduction (22%-points) than the remaining study patients (7%-points; P = .014). Ulcerative colitis (UC) and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) patients showed a greater median TWI reduction (26%-points) than CD patients (6%-points); P = .041. Correlations were observed between decrease in TWI and decrease in SCCAI, decrease in fatigue and increase in quality of life.

Conclusions
Work impairment in IBD patients decreased following biological therapy or tofacitinib initiation. Patients achieving clinical remission or response showed the greatest improvement, especially UC and IBD-U patients.
Can Men Do Feminist Fieldwork and Research?
Authors: Giri Keshab 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article systematically explores key theoretical and political, and epistemological and methodological considerations regarding men undertaking feminist fieldwork and research. This has become increasingly relevant as men working on exploring the gendered analysis of armed conflict and peacebuilding has become relatively routine recently. Yet, there is a dearth of systematic research on this topic. To fill this gap, this article asks two central questions: Can men do feminist fieldwork and research in conflict/post-conflict settings? What are the requirements for this? Drawing from my experience as a heterosexual cis male doing fieldwork on female combatants in a post-conflict setting in Nepal (2017–2018) and building on the long-standing robust scholarly conversation on desirability and possibility of men in feminist research and activism, the article argues that critical self-reflexivity with honesty on limitation and partiality of research, situated knowledge, and positionality and power including ethics of care, moral responsibility, and reciprocity are key considerations for men to engage in feminist fieldwork and research. While gender is a primary concern for men researching on women, there is “multiplex subjectivity” (race, class, caste, ethnicity, nationality, and education) interacting with gender creating complex relational power dynamics before/during/after the fieldwork to influence the research process and outcome.
Maternal supply of a source of omega-3 fatty acids and methionine during late gestation on the offspring’s growth, metabolism, carcass characteristic, and liver’s mRNA expression in sheep
Authors: Rosa-Velazquez Milca , Pinos-Rodriguez Juan Manuel , Parker Anthony J , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with fatty acids (FAs) and methionine (Met) during late gestation on offspring growth, energy metabolism, plasma resolvin (RvD1) concentration, carcass characteristics, and hepatic mRNA expression. Ewes (5 pens/treatment; 3 ewes/pen) blocked by body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments from day 100 of gestation until lambing. The treatments were: basal diet (NS) without FAs or Met supplementation; FA supplementation (FS; 1.01 % of Ca salts, containing n-3 FA); Met supplementation (MS; 0.1 % of rumen-protected methionine); and FS and MS (FS-MS). At birth (day 0), ewes and lambs were placed in a common pen. On day 60, lambs were weaned, sorted by sex, blocked by BW, and placed on a common finishing diet for 54 d (FP). A lamb per pen was used for a glucose tolerance test (GTT) after the FP. Carcass characteristics were recorded on day 56. Lamb data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with repeated measurements when needed (SAS 9.4). At weaning, lambs born to MS- or FS-fed ewes were heavier than lambs born from FS-MS ewes (FS × MS × Time; P = 0.02). A marginal significant FS × MS interaction (P = 0.09) was also observed on RvD1; lambs born to ewes in the NS and FS-MS treatments showed a lower RvD1 plasma concentration when compared with lambs born to FS- or MS-fed ewes. Lambs born to dams fed FA showed an increase (P = 0.05) in liver COX-2 mRNA relative expression. Lambs born to ewes supplemented with Met showed an increase (P = 0.03) in liver FABP4 mRNA expression. An FS × MS × Time interaction (P = 0.07) was observed in plasma glucose during the GTT; lambs born from FS-fed ewes showed lower plasma glucose concentration than lambs born to Met-supplemented ewes at 2 min after bolus administration. During the GTT, a marginal significant effect (P = 0.06) was observed for the lamb average insulin concentration due to maternal Met supplementation during late gestation, where these lambs had the lowest plasma concentration. Contrary to our hypothesis, the interaction of FA and Met supplementation during late gestation did not show a greater positive effect on offspring postnatal growth and metabolism. However, the individual supplementation of each nutrient has an effect on offspring development with a concomitant change in markers involved in the inflammatory response and energy metabolism.
Insulin signaling and antioxidant proteins in adipose tissue explants from dairy cows challenged with hydrogen peroxide are altered by supplementation of arginine or arginine plus methionine
Authors: Ma Nana , Liang Yusheng , Cardoso Fabiana F , Parys Claudia , Cardoso Felipe C , Shen Xiangzhen , Loor Juan J 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArginine (Arg) and methionine (Met) can elicit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in animals. Unlike Met, however, it is unknown if the supply of Arg can impact key aspects of adipose tissue (AT) function in dairy cows. Since Met and Arg metabolism are linked through the synthesis of polyamines, it is also possible that they have a complementary effect on aspects of AT function during a stress challenge. In this experiment, subcutaneous AT was harvested from four lactating multiparous Holstein cows (~27.0 kg milk per day, body condition score 3.38 ± 0.23) and used for incubations (4 h) with the following: control medium with an “ideal” profile of essential amino acids (IPAA; CTR; Lys:Met 2.9:1), IPAA plus 100 μM H2O2 (HP), H2O2 plus greater Arg supply (HPARG; Lys:Arg 1:1), or H2O2 plus greater Arg and methionine (Met) supply (HPARGMET; Lys:Met 2.5:1 and Lys:Arg 1:1). Western blotting was used to measure abundance of 18 protein targets associated with insulin and AA signaling, nutrient transport, inflammation, and antioxidant response. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess effects on genes associated with Arg metabolism. Among the protein targets measured, although abundance of phosphorylated (p) AKT serine/threonine kinase (P = 0.05) and p-mechanistic target of rapamycin (P = 0.04) were lowest in HP explants, this effect was attenuated in HPARG and especially HPARGMET compared with CTR. Compared with HP, incubation with HPARG led to upregulation of the AA transporter solute carrier family 1 member 3 (L-glutamate transporter; P = 0.03), the reactive oxygen species detoxification-related enzyme glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1; P = 0.03), and fatty acid synthase (P = 0.05). Those effects were accompanied by greater abundance of solute carrier family 2 member 4 (insulin-induced glucose transporter) in explants incubated with HPARG and also HPARGMET (P = 0.04). In addition, compared with other treatments, the peak response in abundance of the intracellular energy sensor 5ʹ-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase was detected with HPARGMET (P = 0.003). There was no effect of Arg or Arg plus Met on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with Arg metabolism (ARG1, NOS2, AMD1, SMS, and SRM). Overall, supplementation of Arg alone or with Met partially alleviated the negative effects induced by H2O2. More systematic studies need to be conducted to explore the function of Arg supply with or without Met on AT function.
Simultaneous Analysis of Zolpidem, Four Hydroxyzolpidems and Two Zolpidem Carboxylic Acids in Postmortem Urine Using Liquid Chromatography--Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yamaguchi Koji , Ohno Youkichi , Kanawaku Yoshimasa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Zolpidem (ZOL) is a short-acting hypnotic that is sometimes used in drug-facilitated crimes such as sexual assaults, robbery and homicides. Therefore, it is important to understand the metabolism of ZOL. This study quantified ZOL and its metabolites, including two carboxylic acids (zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid [M1] and 6-carboxylic acid [M2]) and four hydroxyzolpidems (4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl zolpidem [M3], 6-hydroxymethyl zolpidem [M4], 7-hydroxyzolpidem [7OH] and 8-hydroxyzolpidem [8OH]) in postmortem urine using liquid chromatography--triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The concentration of M1 was highest in all cases, followed by total 7OH in five of six samples. The concentrations of M2 and total M4 were relatively high. Most of M4 and 8OH were excreted as conjugates, whereas up to 55% of 7OH was excreted in its free form. Peaks corresponding to zolpidem dihydrodiol (ZHDH), dihydro(hydroxy)zolpidem cysteine adduct (DHZCys) and zolpidem cysteine adduct (ZCys) were also detected in all the urine samples. ZDHD was excreted as conjugates, whereas almost all DHZCys and ZCys were in their free form.
Drafting Investment Law: Patterns of Influence in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
Authors: Chaisse Julien , Elsig Manfred , Jusoh Sufian , Lugg Andrew 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The investment chapter in the recently signed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has the potential to affect investment decisions in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. Yet, we know relatively little about the pathways through which countries determine the content of investment law in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). In this article, we use quantitative text analysis to test theoretically informed conjectures about the negotiation process. We focus on which of the signatories’ past agreements most influenced RCEP, and whether countries chose to draw more from treaty practice through their previous PTAs or bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Our analyses yield several noteworthy findings. First, we show that no single country dominated the negotiation process, instead RCEP represents an effort to reconcile overlapping agreements around a more common template. Second, contrary to the fears of some observers, we show that larger powers such as China and Japan did not overwhelmingly impact the agreement, instead portions were influenced by Association of Southeast Asian Nations agreements, the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership, and others. Finally, we show that, on average, countries drew more from PTAs than BITs, but that they switch strategically between them to reuse language that they deem important for the development of investment law.
Incidence and Implications of Twin Gestational Surrogacy at Two Large U.S. Military Hospitals: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Osmundsen Elizabeth B , Shaw-Williams Michelle M , Lutgendorf Monica A , Thagard Andrew S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Individuals seeking a gestational surrogate often turn to U.S. military dependents due to favorable insurance coverage. Surrogate pregnancies, including multiple gestations, may be at increased risk for adverse outcomes. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of surrogacy in a twin population conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART), assess the impact on the military healthcare system, and determine if there is an increased rate of complications in twin surrogacy pregnancies.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a 10-year retrospective cohort study of ART-conceived twin gestations at two military hospitals. Charts were reviewed for demographic data, surrogacy status, and obstetric complications. Number of prenatal visits and formal sonograms were tabulated for surrogate pregnancies. Complication rates were compared between groups using Fisher’s exact test.

Results
Over the 10-year period, 36 of the 249 pregnancies were identified as gestational surrogates, equating to a rate of 14.4%. Surrogate mothers were younger than non-surrogates (29.58 years vs. 33.11 years, P &lt; .001). Care of surrogate pregnancies required a total of 306 prenatal visits and 98 formal ultrasounds. The incidence of gestational diabetes was higher among surrogates compared to other ART-conceived twin pregnancies at 27.8% vs. 12.2% (P &lt; .05), while other complications did not significantly differ.

Conclusions
Approximately one in seven ART-conceived twin gestations were surrogacy pregnancies, requiring significant clinical resources. The incidence of gestational diabetes was higher among surrogate gestations.
CCD photometry of galactic open clusters - II. NGC 2243
Authors: Bonifazi A , Fusi Pecci F , Romeo G , Tosi M 
Published: February 2022

Summary
New CCD photometry of 607 stars in the old open cluster NGC 2243 is presented. The resulting colour-magnitude diagram establishes the presence of a fraction of binary stars up to 30 per cent of the total population. Three additional features in the stellar distribution of the diagram are confirmed to be significant: a gap just below the top of the main sequence, six blue straggler candidates and an incipient red horizontal branch (curiously split into two almost parallel substructures).
The detailed comparison of the observational colour-magnitude diagram with the synthetic ones derived from various models of stellar evolution has allowed us to determine the main parameters of NGC 2243 and to infer interesting indications for the models themselves.
The cluster metallicity is Z = 0.003−0.006, the age is in the range 3−5 Gyr, the reddening E(B-V) = 0.06 − 0.08 and the distance modulus (m − M)0 = 12.7 − 12.8. The dependence of all these quantities on the adopted stellar evolution models is discussed, emphasizing in particular that the large difference in the derived ages depends on whether or not overshooting from convective cores is taken into account in the stellar interior. It is also worth noting that the gap is not predicted by overshooting models and that even the standard models do not reproduce it exactly.
Spectral variations in the broad-line region of NGC 6814
Authors: Sekiguchi K , Menzies J W 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We present optical spectroscopy of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 6814 obtained at the SAAO over a two-year period from 1983 May to 1985 October. During this period, the spectrum changed from Seyfert 1 to more closely resemble that of Seyfert 1.8-1.9. The Hβ flux decreased by more than a factor of 2 within two months. The decrease in the broad Balmer emission line strength was coupled with a decrease in the X-ray output.
The evolutionary status of the peculiar variable star V348 Sagittarii
Authors: Pollacco D L , Tadhunter C N , Hill P W 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We present new long-slit and narrow-band imaging observations of the nebula surrounding the peculiar variable star V348 Sgr. These show that the overall ionization state of the nebula is low, but the extent, structure and physical conditions are all typical of old planetary nebulae. An analysis of the abundances shows a pronounced helium enrichment, indicating that the system is highly evolved. Further clues to the past evolution of the system are provided by models which demonstrate that the ionization structure of the nebula is incompatible with ionization by a central star of temperature 20000 K and luminosity 3500 L⊙ as suspected for V348 Sgr. As there are no indications of a hotter star in the system, we are forced to accept that the star must have been hotter in the very recent past (nebular recombination time-scale is 120 &lt; τrec &lt; 2300 yr). Given all the observational facts, the evolutionary status of V348 Sgr is interpreted as a white dwarf that has suffered a last thermal pulse, reigniting a helium-burning shell. The lower limit for τrec is probably just consistent with the post-pulse crossing time required to reach the AGB, while the upper limit suggests the star may have already reached the AGB and is currently evolving to higher temperatures again. The present data do not allow us to differentiate between these two scenarios.
Non-Gaussian initial conditions in cosmological N-body simulations — I. Space-uncorrelated models
Authors: Messina Antonio , Moscardini Lauro , Lucchin Francesco , Matarrese Sabino 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Results are reported on N-body simulations of the large-scale structure of the Universe starting from non-Gaussian, space-uncorrelated, initial conditions: specifically, we consider two hierarchical models and the lognormal statistics for the initial probability distribution. These models share two common properties: they fulfil the positive mass constraint (δM ≥ − 1) and they have positive skewness (〈δM3〉&gt;0). The resulting distributions, both in space and velocity, are analysed by means of many statistical tests, and compared with an evolved reference Poisson model. The different starting conditions keep their effects after many expansion times as shown in particular by the cluster analysis and by the quadrupole statistics: the evolved nonGaussian distributions show the existence of elongated and/or flattened configurations in excess of the evolved Poisson model. The velocity field, analysed in terms of the cosmic Mach number, does not reveal relevant changes with respect to the initially Gaussian model. In general we find that the different models are better discriminated by their geometry (like the percolation curve and the amount of filamentariness) than by their clustering properties.
Mass decomposition of spiral galaxies from disc kinematics
Authors: Persic Massimo , Salucci Paolo 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We devise a method for the disc/halo mass decomposition of the rotation curves of spiral galaxies that was outlined by us in a previous paper. Upon application to a larger sample of 58 spirals, we confirm our earlier results. In particular, we find that the disc-to-halo mass ratio at the optical radius, Mdisc/Mhalo, is a strong function of luminosity, Mdisc/Mhalo α LB2/3.
Models of elliptical galaxies: NGC 3379, 4261, 4278 and 4472
Authors: van der Marel Roeland P , Binney James , Davies Roger L 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We investigate whether the observed kinematics and surface photometry for the elliptical E1/E2 galaxies NGC 3379, 4261, 4278 and 4472 can be modelled under the assumptions of (i) axisyrnmetry, (ii) a distribution function of the form f = f (E, Lz,) and (iii) constant mass-to-light ratio. The methods used are an extension of the work of Binney, Davies & Illingworth (Paper I).
Models satisfying the above assumptions fit the observations of all four galaxies remarkably well. For all galaxies, the rotation curves rule out isotropic velocity dispersion tensors. However, an excellent fit to the data can usually be obtained by including a measure velocity of anisotropy. Only in the case of NGC 4472 do the velocity dispersion profiles suggest that the radial and vertical dispersions are decoupled and thus the distribution function depends upon a third integral. In NGC 4278 the rotation velocity changes sign at R ⋍ 30 arcsec. Such behaviour is allowed by our models, but since it is associated with a large isophote twist, it is likely that it indicates a triaxial figure. We have developed a prolate model for NGC 4261 which accurately predicts the kinematics, although the comparison is limited to the rms line-of-sight velocities.
We investigate how the predicted kinematics vary as a galaxy’s isophotes are varied from ‘boxy’ to ‘discy’ in shape merely by deforming the bulge rather than introducing a thin disc. A discy model rotates faster on the major axis than the equivalent boxy system, but the effect is too small to account for Bender’s suggested correlation of (v/σ)* with disciness (which exhibits a large scatter). In boxy galaxies the rotation velocity falls more slowly away from the equatorial plane than in the equivalent discy galaxies.