bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Context Matters: The Influence of Application Domain on Preferred Degree of Anthropomorphism and Gender Attribution in Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Roesler Eileen , Naendrup-Poell Lara , Manzey Dietrich , Onnasch Linda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe application of anthropomorphic design features is widely believed to facilitate human–robot interaction. However, the preference for robots’ anthropomorphism is highly context sensitive, as different application domains induce different expectations towards robots. In this study the influence of application domain on the preferred degree of anthropomorphism is examined. Moreover, as anthropomorphic design can reinforce existing gender stereotypes of different work domains, gender associations were investigated. Therefore, participants received different context descriptions and subsequently selected and named one robot out of differently anthropomorphic robots in an online survey. The results indicate that lower degrees of anthropomorphism are preferred in the industrial domain and higher degrees of anthropomorphism in the social domain, whereas no clear preference was found in the service domain. Unexpectedly, mainly functional names were ascribed to the robots and if human names were chosen, male names were given more frequently than female names even in the social domain. The results support the assumption that the preferred degree of anthropomorphism depends on the context. Hence, the sociability of a domain might determine to what extent anthropomorphic design features are suitable. Furthermore, the results indicate that robots are overall associated more functional, than gendered (and if gendered then masculine). Therefore, the design features of robots should enhance functionalities, rather than specific gendered anthropomorphic attributes to avoid stereotypes and not further reinforce the association of masculinity and technology.
An Integrated-Plasmonic Chip of Bragg Reflection and Mach-Zehnder Interference Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguide
Authors: Zeng Liang , Li Jiaqi , Cao Chengyi , Li Xudong , Zeng Xinyuan , Yu Quanhao , Wen Kunhua , Yang Jun , Qin Yuwen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a Bragg reflector is proposed by placing periodic metallic gratings in the center of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide. According to the effective refractive index modulation caused by different waveguide widths in a period, a reflection channel with a large bandwidth is firstly achieved. Besides, the Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) effect arises by shifting the gratings away from the waveguide center. Owing to different optical paths with unequal indices on both sides of the grating, a narrow MZI band gap will be obtained. It is interesting to find out that the Bragg reflector and Mach-Zehnder interferometer are immune to each other, and their wavelengths can be manipulated by the period and the grating length, respectively. Additionally, we can obtain three MZI channels and one Bragg reflection channel by integrating three different gratings into a large period. The performances are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. In the index range of 1.33–1.36, the maximum sensitivity for the structure is as high as 1 500 nm/RIU, and it is believed that this proposed structure can find widely applications in the chip-scale optical communication and sensing areas.
Life cycle assessment of hydrogen-powered city buses in the High V.LO-City project: integrating vehicle operation and refuelling infrastructure
Authors: Pederzoli Davide W. , Carnevali Cristina , Genova Riccardo , Mazzucchelli Maurizio , Del Borghi Adriana , Gallo Michela , Moreschi Luca 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDuring the project High V.LO-City, which ended in December 2019, 14 hydrogen fuel cell buses were operated in four European cities. This paper aims at presenting total emissions through the lifetime of fuel cell buses with different hydrogen production options, including the refuelling stations. The environmental assessment of such bus system is carried out using the life cycle assessment methodology. Three hydrogen production pathways are investigated: water electrolysis, chlor-alkali electrolysis and steam methane reforming. Fuel economy during bus operation is around 10.25 KgH2/100 km, and the refuelling station energy demand ranges between 7 and 9 KWh/KgH2. To support the inventory stage, dedicated software tools were developed for collecting and processing a huge amount of bus data and refuelling station performance, for automating data entry and for impacts calculation. The results show that hydrogen-powered buses, compared to a diesel bus, have the potential to reduce emissions during the use phase, if renewables resources are used. On the other hand, impacts from the vehicle production, including battery pack and fuel cell stack, still dominate environmental load. Consequently, improving the emission profile of fuel cell bus system requires to promote clean electricity sources to supply a low-carbon hydrogen and to sharpen policy focus regarding life cycle management and to counter potential setbacks, in particular those related to problem shifting and to grid improvement. For hazardous emissions and resource use, the high energy intensity of mining and refining activities still poses challenges on how to further enhance the environmental advantages of fuel cells and battery packs.
Influence of different methods of application of effective microorganisms in nutrition of wheat on weight by 1000 grains, yield, and content of crude wheat proteins (TRITICUM SP)
Authors: Cvijanović Vojin , Cvijanović Gorica , Rajičić Vera , Marinković Jelena , Đukić Vojin , Bajagić Marija , Đurić Nenad 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe research was carried out in three vegetative seasons 2015/16, 2016/17, and 2018/19, on an experimental plot in Padinska Skela, Belgrade, Serbia. The supplement included four NPK treatments (kg ha−1) and foliar treatment with effective microorganisms (EM 7 l ha−1) T1-129: 60: 60; T2-129: 60: 60 + 1 EM; T3-106: 60: 60 + 2 EM ; T4-83: 60: 60 + 3 EM. Four wheat genotypes were sown (Ratarica, Pobeda, Nogal, and Apache). Thousand grain weight and grain yield were determined. The thousand grain weight (TGW) was in the variety Pobeda 43.73 g, and the highest grain yield was in the variety Ratarica 7.02 tha−1. Both varieties are medium late, bread varieties. The treatments have different effects on the studied variables. The TGW was the highest in the T2 treatment of 40.81 g and the grain yield in T3 of 6.62 t ha−1, which was at the level of statistical significance of p > 0.01. The crude protein content was highest in the treatment of T2 13.93% (p > 0.01).
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Cyberbullying-Free Online Social Networks in Smart Cities
Authors: Al-Marghilani Abdulsamad 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn recent years, smart city services have moved the existence of people from the physical to the virtual world (cyberspace), e.g., online banking, e-commerce, telemedicine, etc. Along with the benefits of smart cities, the problems of the physical world are also moved to the cyber world, like cyberbullying in online social networks (OSN). Automated cyberbullying detection techniques need to be designed to remove the potential tragedies in OSNs. The recent advent of artificial intelligence (AI) models like machine learning and deep learning (DL) models can be employed for the detection of cyberbullying in the OSN. With this motivation, this paper develops an AI-enabled cyberbullying-free OSN (AICBF-ONS) technique in smart cities. The proposed AICBF-ONS technique involves chaotic salp swarm optimization (CSSO)-based feature selection technique to derive a useful set of features from the OSN data. In addition, stacked autoencoder model is used as a classification model to allocate appropriate class labels of the OSN data. To improve the detection performance of the SAE model, a parameter tuning process take place using the mayfly optimization (MFO) algorithm. An extensive experimental analysis ensured the supremacy of the proposed AICBF-ONS technique.
The influence of members’ attachment style on group cohesion in substance use therapy groups
Authors: Naeli Anissa , Skentzos Melina , Hronis Anastasia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGroup cohesion is an important factor in group therapy as it influences treatment outcomes and group processes. One’s attachment style has been found to impact experiences of group cohesion, however research into this relationship in substance use disorder (SUD) group treatment is lacking. This is of particular concern as insecure attachment presentations are more prevalent in this clinical population and group therapy is often treatment of choice. The current study sought to determine whether attachment style significantly predicted group cohesion. It also provided a qualitative exploration of factors that promote group cohesion in SUD group treatment. Participants (N = 38) attending a SUD therapy program completed self-report measures. Attachment avoidance was a significant negative predictor of positive bonding and positive working, and a significant positive predictor of negative relationships. Attachment anxiety was a significant negative predictor of negative relationships, however, unexpectedly did not significantly predict positive bonding or positive working. The current findings highlight the importance of group therapists tailoring group treatment to meet the attachment needs of individuals to promote a group therapy environment conducive to recovery.
A RegTech Approach to Fintech Sustainability: The Case of Spain
Authors: Cruz Rambaud Salvador , Expósito Gázquez Ariana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFramework:It is well known that the financial technology (Fintech) industry has great potential not only to transform the financial system, but also to build an equitable and sustainable society. In effect, if this technology is applied in the right way, it could be used to overcome the social and economic gaps that exist worldwide.Justification:However, until now, the specific legal regimes (RegTech) that have been established for Fintech have, in addition to the general lack of confidence in new technologies, made its implementation more difficult. Nevertheless, in order to consolidate Fintech, it is necessary to design suitable regulation to transform these new technologies into ordinary instruments of our financial system.Objective:Therefore, in order to promote an appropriate RegTech that allows for the progress of Fintech, it is necessary to analyse the legal problems that restrict their expansion by using an analytical methodology and a bibliographic compilation of legal resolutions.Main conclusion:Legal personal data protection is the main obstacle that must be overcome by paying attention to the guarantees inherent to this fundamental right. In this way, if the legal system is to be ready for the Digital Revolution, society must not be worried about either the loss of rights or increases in inequalities.
Step roots of Littlewood polynomials and the extrema of functions in the Takagi class
Authors: HAN XIYUE , SCHIED ALEXANDER 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe give a new approach to characterising and computing the set of global maximisers and minimisers of the functions in the Takagi class and, in particular, of the Takagi–Landsberg functions. The latter form a family of fractal functions
$f_\alpha:[0,1]\to{\mathbb R}$
parameterised by
$\alpha\in(-2,2)$
. We show that
$f_\alpha$
has a unique maximiser in
$[0,1/2]$
if and only if there does not exist a Littlewood polynomial that has
$\alpha$
as a certain type of root, called step root. Our general results lead to explicit and closed-form expressions for the maxima of the Takagi–Landsberg functions with
$\alpha\in(-2,1/2]\cup(1,2)$
. For
$(1/2,1]$
, we show that the step roots are dense in that interval. If
$\alpha\in (1/2,1]$
is a step root, then the set of maximisers of
$f_\alpha$
is an explicitly given perfect set with Hausdorff dimension
$1/(n+1)$
, where n is the degree of the minimal Littlewood polynomial that has
$\alpha$
as its step root. In the same way, we determine explicitly the minima of all Takagi–Landsberg functions. As a corollary, we show that the closure of the set of all real roots of all Littlewood polynomials is equal to
$[-2,-1/2]\cup[1/2,2]$
.
Return to normal pre-COVID-19 life is delayed by inequitable vaccine allocation and SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhao Zebin , Ma Chunfeng , Nie Xiaowei , Wu Adan , Li Xin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, whether and when the world can reach herd immunity and return to normal life and a strategy for accelerating vaccination programmes constitute major concerns. We employed Metropolis–Hastings sampling and an epidemic model to design experiments based on the current vaccinations administered and a more equitable vaccine allocation scenario. The results show that most high-income countries can reach herd immunity in less than 1 year, whereas low-income countries should reach this state after more than 3 years. With a more equitable vaccine allocation strategy, global herd immunity can be reached in 2021. However, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants means that an additional 83 days will be needed to reach global herd immunity and that the number of cumulative cases will increase by 113.37% in 2021. With the more equitable vaccine allocation scenario, the number of cumulative cases will increase by only 5.70% without additional vaccine doses. As SARS-CoV-2 variants arise, herd immunity could be delayed to the point that a return to normal life is theoretically impossible in 2021. Nevertheless, a more equitable global vaccine allocation strategy, such as providing rapid vaccine assistance to low-income countries/regions, can improve the prevention of COVID-19 infection even though the virus could mutate.
Ranking facts for explaining answers to elementary science questions
Authors: D’Souza Jennifer , Mulang Isaiah Onando , Auer Sören 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn multiple-choice exams, students select one answer from among typically four choices and can explain why they made that particular choice. Students are good at understanding natural language questions and based on their domain knowledge can easily infer the question’s answer by “connecting the dots” across various pertinent facts. Considering automated reasoning for elementary science question answering, we address the novel task of generating explanations for answers from human-authored facts. For this, we examine the practically scalable framework of feature-rich support vector machines leveraging domain-targeted, hand-crafted features. Explanations are created from a human-annotated set of nearly 5000 candidate facts in the WorldTree corpus. Our aim is to obtain better matches for valid facts of an explanation for the correct answer of a question over the available fact candidates. To this end, our features offer a comprehensive linguistic and semantic unification paradigm. The machine learning problem is the preference ordering of facts, for which we test pointwise regression versus pairwise learning-to-rank. Our contributions, originating from comprehensive evaluations against nine existing systems, are (1) a case study in which two preference ordering approaches are systematically compared, and where the pointwise approach is shown to outperform the pairwise approach, thus adding to the existing survey of observations on this topic; (2) since our system outperforms a highly-effective TF-IDF-based IR technique by 3.5 and 4.9 points on the development and test sets, respectively, it demonstrates some of the further task improvement possibilities (e.g., in terms of an efficient learning algorithm, semantic features) on this task; (3) it is a practically competent approach that can outperform some variants of BERT-based reranking models; and (4) the human-engineered features make it an interpretable machine learning model for the task.
Opportunities to address the failure of online food retailers to ensure access to required food labelling information in the USA
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L , Cash Sean B , Springer Morgan , Del Giudice Inés M , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:The rapid growth in web-based grocery food purchasing has outpaced federal regulatory attention to the online provision of nutrition and allergen information historically required on food product labels. We sought to characterise the extent and variability that online retailers disclose required and regulated information and identify the legal authorities for the federal government to require online food retailers to disclose such information.Design:We performed a limited scan of ten products across nine national online retailers and conducted legal research using LexisNexis to analyse federal regulatory agencies’ authorities.Setting:USA.Participants:N/A.Results:The scan of products revealed that required information (Nutrition Facts Panels, ingredient lists, common food allergens and per cent juice for fruit drinks) was present, conspicuous and legible for an average of only 36·5 % of the products surveyed, ranging from 11·4 % for potential allergens to 54·2 % for ingredients lists. More commonly, voluntary nutrition-related claims were prominently and conspicuously displayed (63·5 % across retailers and products). Our legal examination found that the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commission and United States Department of Agriculture have existing regulatory authority over labelling, online sales and advertising, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme retailers that can be utilised to address deficiencies in the provision of required information in the online food retail environment.Conclusions:Information regularly provided to consumers in conventional settings is not being uniformly provided online. Congress or the federal agencies can require online food retailers disclose required nutrition and allergen information to support health, nutrition, equity and informed consumer decision-making.
What are the benefits and risks of nutrition policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption? An Australian case study
Authors: Russell Cherie , Baker Phillip , Grimes Carley , Lawrence Mark Andrew 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to critically analyse Australia’s current and proposed policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption. Over-consumption of added sugar is a significant public health nutrition issue. The competing interests, values and beliefs among stakeholders mean they have disparate views regarding which policy actions are preferable to reduce added sugar consumption.Design:Semi-structured interviews using purposive, snowball sampling and policy mapping. Policy actions were classified by two frameworks: NOURISHING (e.g. behaviour change communication, food environment and food system) and the Orders of Change (e.g. first order: technical adjustments, second order: reforming the system, third order: transforming the system).Setting:Australia.Participants:Twenty-two stakeholders from the food industry, food regulation, government, public health groups and academia.Results:All proposed and existing policy actions targeted the food environment/behaviour change; most were assessed as first-order changes, and reductionist (nutrient specific) in nature. Influences on policy actions included industry power, stakeholder fragmentation, government ideology/political will and public pressure. Few stakeholders considered potential risks of policy actions, particularly of non-nutritive sweetener substitution or opportunity costs for other policies.Conclusions:Most of Australia’s policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption are reductionist. Preferencing nutrient specific, first-order policy actions could reflect the influence of vested interests, a historically dominant reductionist orientation to nutrition science and policy, and the perceived difficulty of pursuing second- or third-order changes. Pursuing only first-order policy actions could lead to ‘regrettable’ substitutions and creates an opportunity cost for more comprehensive policy aimed at adjusting the broader food system.
The Search for Social Harmony at Harvard Business School, 1919–1942
Authors: Acton Ryan M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the mid-1920s, Wallace Donham, the dean of Harvard Business School, recruited two intellectuals, Elton Mayo and Lawrence Henderson, to find solutions to the nation's ills. Like many intellectuals since the late 1800s, Donham, Mayo, and Henderson believed that laissez-faire modernization and competitive individualism had shattered the social bonds that had once harmonized the nation. Corporations, they believed, thus should use a new science of administration to tie workers into close-knit workgroups. These bonds would fulfill workers’ needs for stability and community, discipline workers’ wayward emotions and thoughts, and diminish workers’ susceptibility to labor activism and radical politics. Historians have shown that a vein of intellectuals turned the common “progressive” faith in social bonds into an argument for the strong state. This article shows, however, that this faith also contributed to conservative thought and tools of control.
Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage
Authors: Bennett Robert J. , Montebruno Piero , van Lieshout Carry , Smith Harry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe article links the digital records of individual proprietors in the manuscript censuses 1851–81 for the whole of England and Wales using the BBCE database to identify career changes of employers and own account proprietors. It investigates continuing proprietorship, entry to business from previous activity, and switching out of business. The article identifies the effects on switching of demography, gender, household relationships, sector markets, and opportunity/necessity measured by location and access to railways. Previous analysis of nineteenth-century proprietor careers has been based mainly on local case studies and large firms. This article allows examination across the spectrum of small and large businesses for a representative sample large enough to generalize to the behavior of the whole population. The analysis shows a larger proportion of flows between employer, own account, and worker status than often expected, indicating a relatively open and flexible Victorian economy, and higher than in the modern United Kingdom. Farm and nonfarm activities show contrasted patterns, with farm proprietors more stable with less switching, as to be expected. Switching appears to have slowed slightly over time, with incumbency increasing for both farm and nonfarm employers, and for both men and women, but own account proprietorship was often relatively ephemeral. The article assesses the factors influencing switching using logistic regression. This confirms age, sex, marital status, family position, location, and sector as significant for explaining switching/nonswitching. The results demonstrate that although open and flexible, proprietorship was highly varied between sectors, with changes of railway accessibility mainly significant for farmers.