bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved Aquila optimization with fuzzy model based energy efficient cluster routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ramamoorthy Ramakrishnan , Ranganathan Rameshkumar , Ramu Sivakumar 
Published: May 2022

Due to the latest advances in microelectronics, wireless sensor networking (WSN) has been introduced in many applications. The flow of event data in WSN applications requires timely and reliable distribution so that immediate response and appropriate action can be taken. However, the limited power supply to the sensor terminal causes a transmission between the delay on the way to the base station and the power consumption. Clustering techniques are essential in developing the WSN routing algorithm that improves network operating time and power efficiency. However, due to the unbalanced power consumption between the terminals, the WSN is the optimal, energy efficient routing. In this work, we propose an energy efficient cluster based routing protocol (EEC-HO) for WSN using hybrid optimization algorithm. We introduce an improved Aquila optimization with fuzzy (IAO-Fuzzy) model for optimal and efficient cluster formation and cluster head (CH) computation. The main objective of proposed IAO-Fuzzy model used to compute the trust degree of each node, the highest trust node is considered as CH. After that, the hybrid beetle search induced decision making (BSDM) algorithm for optimal path selection to transfer data transfer between two nodes. Finally, the simulation results of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is compared with the existing routing protocols. For the impact of sensor node density case, we observed that the effectiveness of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is 45.887%, 30.666%, 56.666%, 17.629% and 41.666% efficient than existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, average hop count, throughput and dead nodes respectively. For the impact of simulation rounds case, we observed that the effectiveness of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is 21.216%, 35.417%, 41.667%, 18.568% and 40.000% efficient than existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, average hop count, throughput and number of dead nodes respectively.
Analysis of influencing factors on digital platform and its impact on buyers
Authors: Krishna J. Phani , Katta Ashok Kumar , Rai Nisha , Parmar Mohfiz 
Published: May 2022

In the context of post covid-19 dynamic markets, focus on Consumers to attain their attention becomes always prime objective for the sellers. From the available options, digital platforms where sellers exhibit the product features, promotional features, labellings, taggings of the products are become more increasing there by drawing their attention. The current paper analyzed based on the research data of the followers and leads generated on the digital platform representing capital goods in current business scenario where the challenges and competitiveness are coexisting. Capital goods include buildings, machinery, equipment, vehicles, and tools. Capital goods are not finished goods instead part of a system, but they are used to make finished goods or process systems. These are physical assets that a company uses in the different processes to produce products and provide services that consumers will later use. Inorder to improve in sales leads generation increasing the visibility through various factors on digital platforms been discussed and from the data acquired and thus proving the tile.
Immunology concepts for secondary biology teachers
Authors: Hayder Zainab abdul wahhab , Abdulwahed Alaa Ahmed , Shanef Mazin Thamer 
Published: May 2022

The research aims to know the concepts of immunity for biology teachers of the secondary stage, and to achieve this goal the researchers constructed a multiple choice test for the concepts of immunity, its types and its related fields and contents consisting of (26) test items with three alternatives only one of which represents the correct answer and was chosen A sample consisting of (254) teachers and a school of biology for the secondary stage belonging to the Education Directorates in the Diwaniyah and Karbala governorates, by (20) teachers and a school as a preliminary survey sample, (132) teachers and a school for a second survey sample (the statistical analysis sample), and (102) A teacher and a school is a sample of the final application of the test after making sure of its validity and consistency, and the results showed that teachers possess an appropriate level of information related to concepts of immunology and the absence of statistically significant differences in the level of possession of immunity concepts according to the gender variable between male and female teachers, and the research came out with a set of recommendations.
Comparative study of intrathecal isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine in cesarean delivery
Authors: Satyanarayana Pathi , Sreedevi P. , Lakshmi M. Bhanu , Abbaiah Pasham 
Published: May 2022

Spinal Anesthesia is a common safe, economical, easy to perform and effective technique which provides rapid and reliable anesthesia with muscle relaxation for pts undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Aim: To compare isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean delivery Materials and Methods: Prospective Observational Clinical Study patients admitted for elective cesearan Delivery. The Duration of study is one year. 80 patients , aged 21 years to 30 years , belongs to ASA physical status 1 & 2, posted for elective Caesarean delivery under spinal Anaesthesia. These patients are divided into two groups of 40 patients Each. Group I : patients received 2ml of 0.75% Isobaric Ropivacaine (isobaric group), Group H: patients received 2 ml of 0.75% hyperbaric Ropivacaine in dextrose 50mg/ml (Hyperbaric group). There was no significant difference in the onset of sensory block. Time from injection to highest sensory block is significantly higher in isobaric group [ Group-I], when compared to hyperbaric group [ Group-H]. Time for onset of modified bromage grade 3 is longer in isobaric group than hyperbaric group. Time for motor regression is faster in hyperbaric group than in isobaric group so that early mobilization in hyperbaric group patients than isobaric group patients is possible.
comparative study of depression in elderly men and women following major fractures
Authors: Bharat G Naveen , Sudheendra P R , Shiva Kumar G V , Kushal D S 
Published: May 2022

Background: Depression accounts for approximately 8.2% of people living with disability worldwide. Depression and fractures are a common occurrence especially elderly who are predisposed to fractures due to low bone mineral density. Clinical Depression is linked to high cortisol levels and low mineral density. As most studies correlating fractures in the elderly and its association with depression have been done in the western countries, we felt the need to pursue a study to compare fractures in elderly men and women and its association with depression in the Indian population. Methods: This was a prospective study done over two years with continuous sampling method. The study included 90 inpatients (51males and 39females) with fractures of long bone and hip needing prolonged rehabilitation. Patients above 65 years of age admitted with fractures of long bones and hip were examined using Beck’s depression inventory. The data was tabulated and compared between males and females. Results: We found 58.96% of females suffered from some form of depression as opposed to 39.21% of males. We found statistically significant association between depression and female suffering from major fractures.
Article: The Potential Relevance of the CJEU Case Law on Group Taxation Under the EU/UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
Authors: Steenbergen Jorn , Weber Dennis 
Published: May 2022

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that the national treatment provision in Article 49 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union precludes Member States from disallowing consolidation between entities resident in the same Member State, where the top holding or intermediate holding company is resident in another Member State. After the United Kingdom left the EU from 1 January 2021, this case law no longer directly applies to situations with a top holding or intermediate holding company resident in the United Kingdom. However, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement concluded and in force between the EU and the United Kingdom (TCA) contains in Article 129 a provision on national treatment. The authors argue that the TCA could be interpreted in line with the national treatment provision in Article 49 TFEU and the case law of the CJEU on this. Notwithstanding the absence of any direct effect to the provision of the TCA, Member States should interpret their bilateral tax treaties in line with the TCA. The consequence is that the non-discrimination provisions in existing bilateral tax treaties between Member States and the United Kingdom should be interpreted in line with the TCA.
Group regimes, Brexit, Trade and Cooperation Agreement, Non-Discrimination, National Treatment, Capital Ownership, Bilateral Tax Treaties, Interpretation of EU law, Interpretation of Bilateral Tax Treaties
Workplace Mental Health Law: Perspectives Based on a Comparative Analysis of Legislation in Seven Countries
Authors: Mishiba Takenori 
Published: May 2022

This article summarizes the outcome of a comparative legal analysis conducted in seven countries (UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Germany, US, and Japan) to obtain practical and theoretical insights into prevention and appropriate responses to the increasing issues around mental health in the workplace. The author worked closely with experts in a wide range of fields, including psychiatry, occupational medicine, business administration, human resources management, and sociology to characterize the issue and identify effective approaches from a legal perspective. Based on the findings, this article emphasizes the importance of ensuring procedural rationality and establishing a ‘circle of responsibility’ among the relevant parties.
Workplace Mental Health, Psycho-Social Risks, Labour Law, Disability Discrimination Act, Organizational Psychology, Stress-Check System
Terroir and Trade War: Reforming China’s Legislation on Generic Terms Under the nfluence of the EU and US
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Song Xinzhe 
Published: May 2022

Geographical indications (GIs), valuable intellectual property assets for their respective countries and regions, are in danger of being considered as generic names for types of products and falling into public domain. Driven by trade interests, both the EU and US are competing in China to promote their conflicting approaches to the determination of generic status and the preventive measures against genericide. This article demonstrates that the EU-US competition results in a hybrid of both approaches, which cannot help overcome the difficulty of assessing generic status under China’s current GI system and may lead to a loss of legislative coherence. Furthermore, the hybrid compromises the intended goals of the bilateral agreements between China and the EU/US. Since the ‘bilateral treaty model’ fails to satisfy the need of each contractual party, we propose that national GI laws must be designed on the basis of the distinguishing function of GIs.
Generic terms, Geographical indications, Terroir, Trade competition, Bilateral agreements, Consumer perception, Harmonized approach, Distinguishing function
Silence in WTO
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle , Walker Rebecca , Koumadoraki Niki 
Published: May 2022

The World Trade Organization’s expansion in terms of its activities is becoming increasingly demanding for Members. Members may not express their acceptance or rejection to every statement or action taking place in the WTO, and they may remain silent to intentionally signify their position. This article examines the legal significance of Members’ silence in the WTO, in particular in the consensus-based decision-making procedures, in committees and council meetings, in the determination of subsequent practice when interpreting WTO provisions, schedules and practices, and in the assessment of whether or not a WTO Member has relinquished its right to initiate WTO dispute settlement proceedings. A brief description of the state of play of silence in public international law serves as a reference point to guide the analysis of silence in WTO law, which highlights the fact-specific nature of silence in both fields. While this article reveals that silence plays a role in the consensus decision-making function of the WTO, whether silence can amount to acquiescence in the context of councils and committees meetings remains unclear. Similarly, the Appellate Body has left the door open to the possibility that Members’ silence may provide evidence of subsequent practice for purposes of treaty interpretation. Contrary to international law where it has been suggested that silence may lead to a waiver of a state’s right to invoke the responsibility of another State, a relinquishment of a WTO Member’s right to initiate WTO dispute settlement proceedings must be formulated in clear and unambiguous language.
WTO, silence, protest, acceptance, relinquishment of rights, practice, decision-making, interpretation, subsequent practice
Duty Evasion in Free Trade Agreements: Norm Emergence and Implications
Authors: Marcoux Jean-Michel , K. Bjorklund Andrea 
Published: May 2022

Despite the failure of states to adopt multilateral rules to address the circumvention of anti-dumping and countervailing duties, efforts have more recently been deployed by the United States to focus on the issue of ‘duty evasion’. After failed attempts to discuss the issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) specifically addresses cooperation between Parties regarding information sharing and duty evasion verification requests with a view to ensuring the enforcement of trade remedy laws. Can the elaboration of duty evasion provisions in regional trade agreements facilitate the negotiation of rules to address the issue of anti-circumvention at the multilateral level? This article argues that the motivations and inherent limits underlying the USMCA duty evasion provisions are most likely to impede broad adoption at the multilateral level. It proceeds in two steps. First, while the United States is playing a pivotal role as a norm entrepreneur in the emergence of these duty evasion provisions, the article demonstrates a clear evolution in its strategy toward a populist approach to international economic policy. Second, after identifying similarities with other provisions, the article addresses the lacunae in the USMCA duty evasion provisions from a legal perspective.
duty evasion, anti-circumvention, anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, World Trade Organization, norm entrepreneur, populism
Who Governs the Promotion of Social Objectives in EU’s Trade Policies?
Authors: Cezar Rodrigo Fagundes 
Published: May 2022

Who decides about the promotion of social objectives in EU’s trade policies? The existing literature oscillates between giving emphasis to the EU Commission or to interest group lobbying. Both approaches have limitations. To overcome those limitations, I here revisit the EU history of promoting labour provisions at the bi – and multilateral trade levels between 1993 and 2016. I argue that the EU Commission acts in line with the political positions and preferences of EU constituents on trade-labour linkage and that its autonomy depends on how polarized and salient those positions are. After finding evidence in line with that argument, I conclude that EU principals are ultimately in control of the link between trade and social objectives in EU trade policy and that the autonomy of the Commission, although existent, is limited. This article applies nuance to arguments centred on the power of the Commission to promote its own preferences at the expense of its constituents’. In doing so, it also contributes to understanding the politics of the design of social and sustainable development provisions in EU trade agreements.
Trade Agreements. Labour. Social Issues. Principal-Agent Relations. Historical Narratives. European Union. EU Commission. Autonomy. Decision-making. Sanctions
Weaponizing International Trade in Political Disputes: Issues Under International Economic Law and Systemic Risks
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik 
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the world’s largest economies and traders – the United States, China, and Japan – have chosen to use measures affecting international trade as a means to achieve political objectives in contravention of the rules of international economic law and the practices of international trade established over several decades. Since the end of World War II, the world economy and international trade have rapidly expanded and prospered by achieving a degree of separation between international trade and political struggles under the rule-based international trading system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization. Thus, the recent misuses of trade measures by the world’s largest traders are alarming, because they undermine the stability of the world trading system, which has been maintained for the past several decades. This article accounts politically-motivated trade measures (‘PTMs’) recently invoked by the United States, China, and Japan, assesses their incompatibilities with the rules of international economic law, and also examines the risks that these PTMs pose to the world trading system.
Weaponizing Trade, The World Trade Organization, PTM, Section 301, National Security
Famine and Free Trade in the Covid Age: Lessons from the Great Irish Famine
Authors: Runge Carlisle Ford 
Published: May 2022

Governments over two centuries have repeatedly confronted whether freer trade helps or hinders the problem of widespread food shortages. This issue is of utmost concern in the current pandemic and the accompanying reaction of food markets to COVID-19, in which food insecurity is now a central challenge. This article will consider the historical record of the Great Famine in Ireland and its economic, agronomic, and political lessons for food and trade policy. These lessons include the likelihood of supply chain disruptions and panic buying as well as export restrictions, food purchases from abroad and the complexities of political and military strife. It finds that allowing market forces to cause freer flows of commodities is important if not sufficient to deal with the crises that pandemics cause. Resolute political intervention is also critical: the historical record reinforces the role of political leadership in this process.
Corn Laws, Tariffs, COVID-19, Potato Blight, Great Irish Famine, Robert Peel
Africa’s Integration into the WTO Multilateral Trading System: Academic Support and the Role of the WTO Chairs
Authors: Smeets Maarten 
Published: May 2022

The Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO recognized the need for positive steps to be taken to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth of international trade that is commensurate with their economic development needs. This article discusses how the WTO helps to facilitate Africa’s integration into the WTO multilateral trading system. It is argued that while African countries are actively engaged in the work of the WTO and are pursuing their economic and policy interests, some key challenges remain. These include further diversifying their production, linking to global value chains (GVCs) and developing adequate infrastructure to facilitate digital trade so that it becomes a vehicle for economic growth. The WTO, working closely with partner institutions, supports Africa in its endeavours to tackle some of these challenges, offering a range of programmes that are geared towards trade capacity-building. It is argued that the work undertaken by WTO Chairs and academic institutions under the aegis of the WTO’s Chairs Programme (WCP) is of critical importance in providing the analytical underpinnings for the policy choices that will encourage fuller integration into the multilateral trading system. This programme was significantly expanded and deepened in 2021 with a view to strengthening its capacity to provide support to beneficiaries and especially least-developed countries (LDCs) (largely African countries) so that they can more fully embrace the multilateral trading system.
trade, capacity-building, Africa, WTO, global value chains, academic support
Brand Bidding Restraints Revisited: What Is the Appropriate Economic and Legal Framework for the Antitrust Analysis of Vertical Online Search Advertising Restraints?
Authors: Deutscher Elias 
Published: May 2022

This article explores the law and economics of brand bidding restraints which constitute the most novel type of vertical restraints imposed by brand owners on their distributors in digital markets. The article tests and critically reflects on the restrictive approach European competition watchdogs have recently adopted towards these brand bidding restraints. It contends that this harsh antitrust treatment of brand bidding restraints is not sufficiently grounded in the economic analysis of vertical restraints. In proposing a comprehensive framework for the legal and economic analysis of brand bidding restraints, the article makes three principal contributions. First, it asserts that brand bidding restraints can have a number of procompetitive effects by internalizing advertising-related externalities, addressing free-riding on display and traditional advertising and facilitating fixed cost recovery through price discrimination. Second, the paper considers different ways through which brand bidding restraints may harm competition and consumer welfare when they disproportionately affect infra-marginal consumers, prevent meaningful intra- and inter-brand comparisons or result in price discrimination on the basis of search costs rather than brand preferences. Moreover, brand bidding restraints are of particular concern when adopted in the context of dual distribution systems where vertically integrated brand owners have an incentive to raise their retailers’ costs to prevent them from cannibalizing on their own sales channel. Third, the article explore various filters that may inform an effects-based analysis of brand bidding restraints. In this respect, the article makes a number of policy recommendations for the future antitrust analysis of brand bidding restraints. These proposals could also inform the ongoing revision of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) and Vertical Guidelines in the EU and in the UK.
brand bidding restraints, vertical online search advertising restraints, digital vertical restraints, e-commerce sector inquiry, B2-98/11 Asics, Case COMP/AT.40428 Guess, vertical restraints, Vertical Guidelines, Vertical Block Exemption Regulation
President Biden’s Antitrust Counterrevolution: Implications for Business
Authors: H. Akbar Yusaf 
Published: May 2022

The proposed changes to the way the United States handle antitrust policy enshrined in the July 2021 Executive Order (EO) issued by President Biden implies significant financial and strategic implications for corporates and their executives not seen since the 1980s. Changes to merger control policy, actions against price agreements as well measures to raise wage growth are all part of the EO and will likely be a legacy of the Biden Presidency for years to come. Among the more than seventy policy changes initiated by the EO, this article evaluates the probability of policy implementation of these policy initiatives and provides a series of options as to how companies could respond.
Non-market strategy, public policy, Antitrust, corporate political activity, strategic posture