bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unity and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book is about the work of the Holy Spirit in the world, as distinct from the Spirit’s work in the church. One traditional term for this work is ‘common grace’. The book argues that there are four kinds of unity that the Spirit is working to bring about, and it takes one example of each. After the first chapter which is introductory, the second chapter takes up the first kind of unity: unity between us and the material world. The example chosen is our experience of the beautiful and the sublime, and Immanuel Kant’s treatment of how this experience takes us to a divine being who lies behind both our faculties and the beautiful and sublime things we experience. The chapter uses two pieces by Beethoven, including the first movement of his Eroica symphony, as illustrations of the kind of unity that Kant has in mind. The second kind of unity is unity within a human life, and the third chapter discusses the example of gender transition within the life of a person assigned female at birth. The third kind of unity is unity between human beings, and the fourth chapter discusses the example of love of our country (patriotism) and its relation to the ideal of cosmopolitanism. The fourth kind of unity is unity of human beings with God, and the fifth chapter discusses the unity we can achieve in contemplation. Finally, the sixth chapter discusses the nature of unity itself and its relation to the Spirit’s love.
Love of Country
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes patriotism, a love of one’s country, as an example of unity between people, and considers its relation to the Kantian ideal of cosmopolitanism, where we are citizens of the cosmos. It starts by holding Kant’s ethical theory unacceptably rigouristic in requiring the exclusion in principle of individual reference in a moral maxim. It then rejects extreme cosmopolitanism with some empirical arguments from the political realists (like Reinhold Niebuhr). It argues that Kant makes a realist pessimism about radical evil consistent with the cosmopolitan aspiration because he bases the latter on premises about divine assistance through providence. The chapter then considers two contemporary cosmopolitans (Benhabib and Appiah) who try for a version without these premises. It then discusses how the moral theology invoking the work of the Spirit helps define limits to acceptable patriotism, and how it also helps motivate a love of country that extends to a moral concern for those in need in the rest of the world.
Unity
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the notion of unity itself, starting again with Aristotle who distinguishes different senses. The most important is unity in the sense of ‘form’ and the connection of this to ‘life’. The chapter goes through the examples of the four kinds of unity discussed in previous chapters, and considers which, if any, of Aristotle’s senses fits. For the first, the beautiful and the sublime, it looks at John Dewey’s account of the life in a successful work of art. For the second, gender transition, it looks at Kierkegaard’s account of purity of heart and transparency to the Spirit. For the third, patriotism and cosmopolitanism, it looks at Philip Gorski’s notion of an American covenant. For the fourth, contemplation, it looks at Pascal’s idea of ‘the eyes of the heart’ and how God moves our hearts by loving us. Finally, it considers why the Spirit should aim at unity, and concludes that it is because the Spirit loves.
Insite in Vancouver
Authors: Doberstein Carey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 2003, the first legal supervised safe injection site opened in Vancouver—the epicenter of the heroin epidemic in Canada. The creation of the service was the culmination of an extraordinary political struggle initiated by an activist movement of drug users, pioneering local elected leadership, and a delicate multi-level governance negotiation with legal, health, and public safety dimensions. Insite has been an unqualified success in its core objective: saving lives through a harm reduction model of treating drug use as a health issue rather than as a criminal one. Insite, and the subsequent additional sites created in Vancouver, enjoy enormously high public support in Vancouver, as well as the province and the country, representing a robust policy success that has survived several government turnovers at all three levels of government, and appears firmly institutionalized such that the model has since diffused to other cities in Canada.
The Great Lakes
Authors: Johns Carolyn M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The North American Great Lakes region provides an excellent policy laboratory to examine the complexity of policy success. Some 50 years ago environmental governance of the Great Lakes was viewed by the public, politicians, and the scientific community as a policy failure. A decade of scientific evidence and public mobilization resulted in government policy action when the Canadian and US federal governments signed the 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) and agreed to policy goals that would be implemented through domestic policies and programs. With the fiftieth anniversary of the GLWQA on the horizon, this case presents an opportunity to examine how time, space, scale, and complexity are important dimensions that must be considered when examining policy success. Using the programmatic, process, political, and endurance assessment framework and criteria in this book, this chapter presents an analysis of environment and water policy in the Great Lakes over five decades. The chapter highlights that policy success has been achieved on several fronts and a narrative of policy success continues to underpin policy commitment and action. However, this case also illustrates how there can be simultaneous, emergent, and enduring indicators of policy failure and why it is important to embrace the complexity of policy success in both theory and practice.
Standing, Domains, and Accountability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the key notion of the standing possessed by the accountor. Practical authority is described as a special type of standing. A person with standing can reasonably expect and request certain behaviors from an accountee, including giving an account, but the person with authority can order or demand certain actions. The chapter argues that it is a mistake to think that accountability only has relevance for cases of wrongdoing. Rather, the cooperative work of accountors and accountees often enhances the value of good outcomes. The standing possessed by human accountors is always limited to a particular domain and even within that domain is limited. The chapter then describes in detail nine key features of the person who has the virtue of accountability as well as some conditions which facilitate the manifestation of the virtue. These include both an embrace of the reasonable expectations of the person with standing and a willingness to protest or resist expectations or demands that are unreasonable, because they either are not within the proper domain or exceed appropriate limits within a domain. The possibility of this resistance shows the virtue is not identical with servility and is consistent with a reasonable kind of autonomy. The virtue of accountability is linked to common projects with good goals.
Accountability under Other Names and at Other Times and Places
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One objection to seeing accountability as an important virtue is that if this were the case, the virtue would have been recognized in other times and by other cultures. This chapter argues that accountability, or something very similar, has been recognized in this way, only by other names. The ancient Hebrew virtue of “the fear of the Lord” is analyzed as a particularly important instance of accountability, accountability to God. The Confucian virtue of “filial piety” is then described as another instance of accountability, found in Chinese culture. Finally, the western virtue tradition is briefly described, and it is argued that accountability can be found there also, understood as a sub-virtue of justice. Particularly, Thomas Aquinas described a virtue like accountability, but called it “obedience.” The chapter argues that the virtuous quality thus designated would be better described as accountability, as it turns out to be a quality that a superior can exercise towards someone under the superior’s authority, as well as one that can be exercised in peer relationships, and thus is not essentially tied to obeying a superior. Describing this virtue as accountability allows it to be seen as having an important role in a more democratic or egalitarian society.
Bank Politics
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The problem of banks being ‘too-big-to-fail’ was the defining regulatory issue of the global financial crisis. However, attempts to tackle the problem by separating retail banking from higher-risk trading activities—known as structural reform—proved to be highly divisive and contributed to significant regulatory divergence. Our book explains this variation by examining the politics of bank structural reform across six key jurisdictions: the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Integrating political economy and public policy approaches, we develop a novel ‘comparative financial power’ framework to analyse how financial industry influence is mediated by two factors: first, whether bank lobbying is unified and centralized (cooperative financial power) or divided and fragmented (competitive financial power); and second, policy makers’ use of venue shifting to depoliticize contentious policy issues. The book explains that the US and UK governments implemented major reforms because the banking industry was divided and faced significant opposition: but that venue shifting to an independent committee led to durable reform in the UK, while political polarization in the US contributed to contested reform. In contrast, the French and German governments balanced unified bank lobbying and political pressures to act by pursuing limited symbolic reforms; the Dutch government deflected the issue through delegation to multiple commissions (no reform); while political stalemate at the EU level resulted from early venue shifting and concerted pan-European bank lobbying. The book makes a major contribution to scholarship on the political economy of finance and business power.
Genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization
Authors: Sánchez-Guillén Rosa Ana , Vega-Sánchez Yesenia M. , Sánchez-Herrera Melissa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The term gene flow describes the spatial movement of genes within or between populations within species or between closely related species (that are not completely reproductively isolated) and plays an important role in the evolutionary trajectories of populations by changing allele frequencies and affecting the genetic diversity of populations. This chapter reviews our contemporary understanding of population genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization in odonates, framing it within a conservation context. We highlight the most common markers used and suggest the direction for future studies, including broadening research regions to collect data outside Europe, as genomic resources continue to advance.
Biogeographical ecology in Odonata
Authors: Beatty Christopher D. , Alves-Martins Fernanda , Smith Brenda D. , Verheyen Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biogeography—the study of the factors influencing the distribution of organisms in space and time—has a number of applications in modern research on odonates. Studies considering phylogenetic and geological information to infer past and extant patterns of biodiversity (known as historical biogeography, Jenkins and Ricklefs 2011) are considerably enhanced by ecological biogeography, providing a more complete view of the forces structuring odonate diversity. This chapter reviews current knowledge of the distribution of odonates globally, and also considers work in a number of active research areas in odonate biogeography, including the influence of climate on changing distribution, life-history attributes, and adaptation to changing landscapes, and the use of biogeographical methods in odonate conservation. It concludes that, while recent decades have seen much important work, much remains to be done to understand global odonate distributions, and to safeguard odonate diversity.
Odonata as surrogates of biodiversity
Authors: Kietzka Gabriella J. , Deacon Charl , Patten Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biodiversity surrogacy has become an essential component of conservation management, especially given the current global biodiversity crisis. Successful surrogates of biodiversity allow for rapid, cost-effective surveys and can signal early warnings of potential threats. Proposed surrogates should be well-known taxonomically and represent the diversity of other taxa that occur in the same ecosystem, much like Odonata, which are renowned for their use as biodiversity surrogates. This chapter discusses the history and terminology of surrogacy, a long-standing controversy, which dates back to the 1960s. We review some of the available literature, discuss methods for surrogate selection, and highlight the characteristics of dragonflies that make them successful biodiversity surrogates. Adults, nymphs, and exuviae of dragonflies can all be used as biodiversity surrogates, and each life stage has several advantages and disadvantages associated with their application. However, conservation measures that combine information from all three life stages have been found the most effective. Subsets of local dragonfly assemblages, in some cases even single rare and threatened species, have represented whole dragonfly assemblages. Using dragonflies as surrogates for other taxa has found mixed success dependent on scale and other factors. Lastly, the issue of standardization is brought to light by investigating confounding factors for using dragonflies as biodiversity surrogates and we recommend future research considerations for the way forward.
Hysteria in the Marketplace
Authors: Kim H. Yumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A burgeoning medical marketplace began targeting women in the early twentieth century. Between the mid-1910s and early 1930s, drug manufacturers, medical professionals, self-stylized healers, religious specialists, and other entrepreneurs offered treatments for hysteria and other nervous conditions that extended sites of care from the home to an eclectic array of places, including private clinics, rest homes, and religious centers. Yet diagnoses of mental illness and searches for treatment were still guided by “family” in two senses of the term. Mothers, sisters, husbands, and other relatives helped afflicted individuals navigate the medical marketplace. At the same time, afflicted women often identified these very families as the sources of their pain. The women made sense of their afflictions by using a family vernacular, situating their illnesses within intimate kinship relations, even as they sought cures in therapeutic facilities that replicated some of the structures of paternalistic family-based care.
The Military Payoff
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the US Army biological warfare program had initiated the POBSP study, and had funded it for seven years to the tune of an estimated $3 million, in the end the army actually made scant use of the results and data provided by the Smithsonian field teams. The chapter demonstrates for the first time that the army had chosen Johnston Island as a staging point for biological weapons testing long before the POBSP scientists generated any significant data about bird migration to or from the island. The chapter also describes in detail the three biological weapons tests that the army conducted, the first in an area near Johnston Island, the next on Baker Island, and the last on Eniwetok Atoll. It provides full information on the pathogenic agents used: (1) the tularemia microbe, (2) Coxiella burnetii, and (3) Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).
Resurfacing
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Althea Gibson’s experience with the trials that came with integration. It begins by looking at how she got into a position of both prestige and peril as a PE teacher at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. On the one hand, female PE teachers were seen as improving the health of African Americans, who had too often been experimented on when they were not being ignored. On the other hand, physical educators were sometimes dismissed on college campuses. Gibson had to navigate the fraught gender politics of her field. The chapter then considers how she challenged the rules of gender at Lincoln, as well as the lesbian athlete stereotype. It also recounts how Gibson confronted segregation and Jim Crow in Jefferson City. Finally, the chapter details how she joined the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), and how Gibson’s identity made her a valuable asset to the State Department as federal officials sent a team of tennis players to Southeast Asia for goodwill tours as part of a propaganda campaign designed to improve America’s image.
New Frontiers
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter details how Althea Gibson’s sabbatical from tennis further marked her as a social outlier in the 1950s. Again and again, Gibson found herself either ahead of or behind the times as well as failing to meet other people’s ideas of where she belonged, what she should say, and what she should do as a Black woman, a sports amateur, and an athlete who was steadily moving past her prime. Her foray into acting was the first in a series of impromptu engagements in her improvised journey. Like sports, the film industry appeared to be a cultural site where African Americans were getting over racial barriers to stride toward integration. The chapter then considers the questions that arose in Black media about Gibson’s loyalty to and self-identification with African Americans following the publication of her autobiography, I Always Wanted to Be Somebody (1958). The only part of the race that Gibson was concerned about, it seemed, was tennis players, and she felt that she had done all that she could do to help them. The chapter also looks at the release of the film The Horse Soldiers (1959), which tested Gibson’s influence as a modern symbol of African Americans and the duality of her life. She began her career as a professional tennis player in the fall of 1959.
A Winner Who Hasn’t Won Yet
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Althea Gibson’s professional golf career, which roused her spirit from the depths of disappointment brought on by the failure of her pro-tennis career. The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) was the only professional sports organization for women, offering regular tournaments, prizes, and purses. By playing on the circuit, she could do what she had always wanted: play sports for money. The chapter then considers African Americans’ relationship with golf, the last American sport to admit Blacks on the elite level. Black women had played golf across the country for decades, forming clubs of their own and competing in events organized by the United Golfers Association (UGA), which established a women’s division in 1930. Despite this feature, Black women still faced sexism and barriers to being made to feel as if they fully belonged in the association. Gibson thus earned positive press in the African American media as she embarked on her golf career. Disappointment, though, soon followed for Gibson as her golf career did not match the success that she had known in tennis. The chapter then looks at her marriage with Will Darben, begun in 1965, and the publication of her second memoir, So Much to Live For, in 1968.
The Harvest
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by looking at the formation of the Virginia Slims Circuit, which provided women tennis players a viable league for consistent competition and allowed them to make livelihoods through their sport. Meanwhile, Althea Gibson would spend the rest of her life cobbling together a livelihood through gigs. These include being the sports consultant for the Essex County Park Commission; the teaching professional and program director at Valley View Racquet Club; and the new national director and technical advisor of Pepsi’s Mobile Tennis Program. Gibson also served as the State Athletic Commissioner in New Jersey. She was the first African American nominated to serve in that position and the first woman, too. The chapter then considers Gibson’s support for the women’s rights movement and her candidacy for the New Jersey State Senate. Neither Gibson’s physical fitness nor her political platform were enough to win the State Senate race.
Two Deaths
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by recounting how Althea Gibson became one of nine women inducted into the new International Women’s Sports Hall of Fame in 1980, finally getting the recognition she deserved. The gala night, however, reminded Gibson of the things that did not happen for her because she came along too soon. A new generation of Black women were making names for themselves in tennis in the Eighties. No longer able to maintain a viable career in either tennis or golf, she traveled, spoke, and gave tennis exhibitions. Organizations invited her to speak during events dedicated to women, women in sports, and African Americans. Indeed, speaking in support of women in sports became chief among Gibson’s interests in her last years. In the early 1990s, Gibson fell ill and became homebound. Through her long end, television became Gibson’s constant companion. The rise of Venus Williams roused her. She knew all too well what it was like to be an outsider in tennis, and she encouraged Venus to look upon the status as an asset. Gibson died on September 28, 2003, felled at last by a heart attack suffered months earlier and respiratory problems.
The Problem of Democracy
Authors: Hamid Shadi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What happens when democracy produces “bad” outcomes? Is democracy good because of its outcomes or despite them? This “democratic dilemma” is one of the most persistent, vexing problems for America abroad, particularly in the Middle East—we want democracy in theory but not necessarily in practice. In The Problem of Democracy, Shadi Hamid offers an ambitious reimagining of this ongoing debate and argues for “democratic minimalism” as a path to resolving democratic dilemmas in the Middle East and beyond. In the seemingly eternal tension between democracy and liberalism, recognized by the ancient Greeks and the American founders alike, it may be time to prioritize one over the other, rather than acting as if the two are intertwined when increasingly they are not. At the end of the Cold War, the democratic idea was victorious, so much so that it took on more meaning than it could bear. Democracy became a means to other ends, whether it was liberalism, economic development, or cultural progress. What if, instead, democracy was reconceptualized as its own end? What if the people are right even when they’re wrong? The problem of democracy is no longer just a Middle Eastern problem. The polarizing effects of identity, culture, and religion are now haunting the world’s oldest democracies. To look then at the democratic dilemma abroad is to consider a deeper set of questions around why we believe democracy is good as well as whether we think it is good for other nations and cultures.