bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening with Ethephon for Abscission Resistance of Flower Buds in Bell Pepper
Authors: Tripp K. E. , Wien H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Under conditions of environmental stress, many pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars lose flower buds, probably due to production of the abscission-causing hormone ethylene. Field applications of the ethylene-generating chemical ethephon (0 to 300 µl liter-1) were made to five cultivars of bell pepper growing under nonstressed conditions, but differing in resistance to stress-induced bud abscission. Cultivars were seeded at several times in 1985 to synchronize stages of plant development and allow a single simultaneous spray application to all plots. In the two 1986 experiments, all cultivars were sown on the same date and either two or three sprays were applied to all plots to more closely approximate screening conditions used by plant breeders. One week after application of ethephon at 300 µl.liter-1, virtually no flower buds remained on any cultivar in either year. Susceptible cultivars exhibited significantly greater abscission than resistant ones at ethephon concentrations of 75 to 200 µl.liter-1. The use of ethephon shows promise as a simple screening method for resistance to stress-induced flower bud abscission in pepper. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Relative Aluminum Tolerance of Prunus Rootstocks
Authors: Chibiliti George B. , Byrne David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sand culture system was used to compare growth reduction in Prunus rootstocks due to high A1 concentration. Aluminum at 50 mg liter-1 nutrient solution resulted in A1 tissue levels of 288 to 408 mg.kg-1, shoot growth reduction of 41% to 77%, and root growth reduction of 9% to 86%. Based on relative growth reduction, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. was more sensitive to A1 toxicity than were Nemaguard, Nemared, ‘Lovell’ [P. persica (L.) Batsch], P. besseyi Bailey, P. cerasifera Ehrh., and P. insititia L. Nemaguard and P. tomentosa had higher shoot A1 concentration at 50 mg Al/liter than the other rootstocks tested.
Pollen Size Variability within Genotypes of Vitis
Authors: Martens Mary-Howell R. , Reisch Bruce I. , Mauro Marie-Claude 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pollen from 157 genotypes of grape (Vitis sp.) were scanned for the occurrence of grains ≥30 μm in diameter. Eighteen diploid genotypes produced from 3% to 36% large pollen grains. Four of these produced distinctly oval-shaped grains. Eleven tetraploid genotypes produced from 47% to 87% large pollen. Large grains in diploid genotypes may be unreduced gametes that could be used in interploid crossing to breed hybrid tetraploids.
Inheritance of Annual Flowering in Brassica oleracea
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Segregation for annual vs. biennial flowering habit was observed in F2 progenies from crosses of early and late-maturing broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) inbred lines with cabbage (B. oleracea L. Capitata Group), kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. Gongyloides Group), collards (B. oleracea L. Acephala Group), kale (B. oleracea L. Acephala Group), and brussels sprouts (B. oleracea L. Gemmifera Group). F, progenies were usually completely annual. F2 progenies from crosses involving late broccoli contained two to five times as many biennials as F2 progenies from early broccoli crosses. Maturity factors carried by the biennial parents also appeared to affect expression of flowering habit. Annual habit is dominant over biennial and is controlled by several major genes with a strong effect of modifiers from both the annual and biennial parent. Time of heading of annual plants in F2 progenies appeared to be controlled by quantitative, mainly additive, factors. Distribution of heading dates for the F1 and annual broccoli parents showed a large environmental or cultural effect. It appears that the biennial parents, especially brussels sprouts and collards, contributed strong factors for late maturity.
Glucosinolates in Clubroot-resistant and -susceptible Selections of Broccoli
Authors: Chiang M. S. , Chong Calvin , Chevrier G. , Crête R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica Group) plants resistant or susceptible to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. races 2 and 6) produced from 10 segregating breeding lines were analyzed for their composition of glucosinolates as determined in terms of their hydrolytic breakdown products: goitrin, volatile isothiocyanates, and thiocyanate ion. Unlike goitrin and volatile isothiocyanates, the average content of thiocyanate ion was significantly lower (548 μg·g-1 dry weight) in resistant plants than in susceptible ones (712 μg·g-1). Of 15 resistant plants derived from 10 breeding lines containing zero goitrin and/or relatively low concentrations of one or more glucosinolate products, 10 plants were free of goitrin, three were low in volatile isothiocyanates (≤100 μg·g-1), two were low in thiocyanate ion (≤200 μg·g-1), and two were low in total glucosinolates (≤600 μg·g-1).
Estimation of Outcrossing of the Common Bean in Puerto Rico
Authors: Brunner Bryan R. , Beaver James S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted in Puerto Rico to estimate the outcrossing rate of six common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes when planted in December or May. Two experiments were conducted for each date, one using indeterminate and the other determinate genotypes. In each experiment, homozygous dominant and recessive genotypes were planted in alternate rows to permit natural cross-pollination. Percent outcrossing was calculated based on the number of heterozygous individuals observed in the progeny of the homozygous recessive rows. Significant differences in the rate of outcrossing were observed between genotypes and between planting dates. The dwarf outcrossing (do) genotype had rates of 15.9% and 39.3% for the December and May planting dates, respectively. Outcrossing rates of stipelless lanceolate leaf (sl) and dark green savoy (dgs) genotypes did not differ significantly from the white-flowered (p) genotype, which was < 1% for both dates. Outcrossing rates < 1% were also observed for both planting dates for the determinate genotypes.
Callus Initiation, Shoot Regeneration, and Micropropagation of Three Potato Cultivars
Authors: Wareh Hassan Al , Trolinder Norma L. , Goodin J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three North American potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars were characterized for callus initiation, shoot regeneration, and efficiency of micropropagation. Primary callus from leaf explants of ‘Viking’ and ‘Norgold-“M”’ formed stolon-like structures; ‘Red LaSoda’ formed both roots and stolon-like structures. After three transfers, 30% of ‘Red LaSoda’ calli eventually regenerated one to three shoots per callus. Micropropagation rates were 5.1, 3.7, and 3.8 shoots per axillary bud of ‘Red LaSoda’, ‘Norgold-“M”’, and ‘Viking’, respectively. No differences in mean number of shoots resulted from different growth conditions for ‘Norgold-“M”’ and ‘Viking’. ‘Red LaSoda’ produced significantly more shoots than ‘Viking’ or ‘Norgold-“M”’- Chemical names used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzylamino-purine (BA); gibberellic acid (Ga3).
Osmoconditioning Carrot Seed for Improved Emergence
Authors: Murray Glen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Osmoconditioning carrot seed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Brocklehurst and Dearman, 1983) has accelerated germination, promoted seedling emergence in cold soil (5C) (Szafirowska et al., 1981), and also has reduced germination (Hegarty, 1977). The current preliminary study measured the influence of PEG on seedling emergence of carrot cultivar Candy Pack grown for seed production.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Cucumber
Authors: Kim Yong-Hwan , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) produce organogenic callus, but plant regeneration has proven to be difficult (Alsop et al., 1978). Somatic embryos have been regenerated from cotyledon protoplast (Jia et al., 1986) and from anther cultures (Lazarte and Sasser, 1982), but the incidence of embryogenesis was low. This study reports somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in ‘Nokwon’ = Vcu-Hy-160 cucumber (Choong Ang Seed Co., Seuol, Korea).
‘UConn White’: A White-flowered Torenia fournieri
Authors: Brand Andrew J. , Bridgen Mark P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Torenia fournieri L., commonly known as the wishbone flower, bluewings, or torenia, is a bedding plant from the Scrophulariaceae. Native to Indochina, torenia plants grow well in full sun or partial shade but prefer cool, moist, shaded areas. Torenia are oppositely branched, round in habit, and attain a height of 30 cm. These low-growing annuals are attractive in garden borders but are also well-adapted to pot culture and hanging baskets. Torenia flowers are located on terminal racemes and consist of a five-winged tubular calyx. The common name, wishbone flower, refers to the shape and position of the stamens, which arch together, fusing at the anthers to resemble a chicken wishbone.
Fruit Breeding in Arkansas
Authors: Moore James N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The fruit breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station was begun in 1964. Crops initially targeted for improvement were strawberry, grape, and blackberry. In 1966, projects were approved for the breeding of peaches, nectarines, and apples; blueberries were added in 1976. The overall objective of the fruit breeding program is to develop cultivars uniquely adapted to the soils and climate of Arkansas to maximize production efficiency and that produce high-quality fruits for effective market use. To date, 16 cultivars have been developed and released from this program (Table 1). Many of these have become major commercial cultivars, not only in Arkansas but also in many other states.
Pear on ‘Winter Banana’ Interstem with M.26 Apple Rootstock as a Compatible Combination
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tree survival beyond 2 years of intergeneric pear/apple graft combinations depended on the scion cultivar, the use of ‘Winter Banana’ apple interstock, and the specific rootstock. Trees with ‘Cornice’ scion and ‘Winter Banana’ interstem (on all six stocks) had higher survival (27%) after 11 years than those with ‘Bartlett’ scion (12%). No ‘Cornice’ tree on apple rootstock survived without the ‘Winter Banana’ interstem. Tree survival with ‘Winter Banana’ interstem after 11 years was 73% on M.26, 14% on M.7 and M.9 EMLA, 7% on MM.106 and MM.111, and 0% on M.9. Only trees of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Cornice’ on M.26 and ‘Cornice’ on M.7 with ‘Winter Banana’ interstems produced fruit through the 11th year. Tree size ranged from 10% of standard for ‘Bartlett’ on M.26 to 25% for ‘Cornice’ on M.7 with the ‘Winter Banana’ interstem. Incompatability suppressed mainly foliar N and Zn but, to a degree, also P, Ca, and B.
Perennial Ryegrass Cultivar Evapotranspiration Rates
Authors: Shearman R. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twelve perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were evaluated for evapotranspiration (ET) rates in a field study, using mini-lysimeters placed in a turf area with 150 m fetch. Cultivars differed in ET, verdure, vertical elongation rate (VER), and root density. Evapotranspiration ranged from a low of 4.93 mm·day-1 for ‘Prelude’ on 3 Sept. 1987 to a high of 9.98 mm·day-1 for ‘Linn’ on 13 May 1988. ‘Linn’ had a mean VER that was twice that of ‘Prelude’. VER was positively correlated (r = 0.93) and verdure was negatively correlated (r = −0.89) with ET. Crop coefficients (Kc) ranged from 0.81 to 1.03. ‘Linn’ had a Kc > 1 on five of the six dates tested.
Preemergence Herbicide Control of Eclipta alba in Container-grown Plants
Authors: Berchielli-Robertson D. L. , Gilliam C. H. , Fare D. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Preemergence herbicides were evaluated for control of yerba-de-tago [Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl] and for phytotoxicity to four container-grown landscape species. Herbicides providing excellent control (less than one weed/pot) were chlorimuron at 0.035 and 0.07 kg·ha-1, chlorimuron + metribuzin at 0.075 + 0.485 kg·ha-1, and oryzalin at 4.5 and 9.0 kg·ha-1. Injury within 30 days after treatment occurred with applications of oxyfluorfen, lactofen, and fomesafen at the × 1 and × 2 rates on Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Nana’ (dwarf yaupon), Rhododendron satsuki ‘Pink Gumpo’ (‘Pink Gumpo’ azalea), R. obtusum (Lindl.) Planch. ‘Coral Bells’ (‘Coral Bells’ azalea), and Liriope muscari L. ‘Big Blue’ (lily turf). Injury symptoms were not present after 60 days, except with applications of lactofen at 0.44 kg·ha-1 and fomesafen at 1.1 kg·ha-1. All other herbicides were safe on the four ornamental species. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); N,N-diethyl-2-(l-naphthaIenyloxy)propanamide (napropamide); 3-[2,4-dich-loro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); N-(l-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 6-chloro-N,N-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate (bifenox); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 2-[[[[4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid (chlorimuron); 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin); (±)-2-ethoxy-l-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-2-nitrobenzoate (lactofen); and 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-N-(methysulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide (fomesafen).
Relationship Between Flowering and Ripening Dates Modified in Tomatoes by Polyethylene Mulch and Row Covers
Authors: Peirce L. C. , Crispi M. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Coefficients of determination (CD) for the association of dates of first flower and first ripe fruit in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were affected by the management system in which plants were grown. In a 2-year experiment, CD values increased when plants were grown using black polyethylene mulch and slitted polyethylene row covers. This increase was maximized using transplants. Row covers left over the plants beyond the date of first flower tended to reduce CD values, but this reduction was not a result of flower abortion. Row covers appear useful in northern areas to facilitate selection of early flowering lines.
Nitrogen Form Alters Sweet Basil Growth and Essential Oil Content and Composition
Authors: Adler Paul R. , Simon James E. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants were grown, until flower buds became visible, in a peat-lite mix and watered daily with a complete nutrient solution with 10 mm N as either or . Ammonium decreased plant height and stem plus petiole dry weight. Leaf blade dry weight was not affected by N form. However, the essential oil content was decreased by 28% with , thereby decreasing the essential oil yield per plant. Although decreased the content (nl·g-1 leaf blade dry weight) of linalool and eugenol, their percentage was not altered. Therefore, the changes in total yield of these individual constituents was simply a reflection of less total extractable essential oil. The total amount of the other major constituents in sweet basil, 1,8-cineole, methyl chavicol, and total sesquiterpenes was not affected significantly. While N form did not alter the percentage of monoterpenes and aromatic polypropa-noides, -N increased the total sesquiterpene percentage. Nitrogen form altered the essential oil content and composition of sweet basil and, therefore, should be considered in nutritional studies with aromatic plants.
Highbush Blueberry Firmness Following Insecticide Applications
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Meyer J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grower reports of increased fruit softening following insecticide use prompted this 2-year study to determine if insecticides commonly used against arthropod pests in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) caused significant fruit softening. Following applications of malathion or carbaryl, firmness (mean chord stiffness) of the fruit was determined with a blueberry compression instrument. No significant decreases in firmness were found due to post-bloom insecticide applications, but berries became softer with time after harvest. Chemical names used: 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); diethyl mercaptosuccinate, S-ester with O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (malathion).
Resistance to Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in Tomato Germplasm
Authors: Kasrawi M. A. , Abu-Irmaileh B. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-seven accessions of four Lycopersicon species were evaluated for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) resistance in a greenhouse pot experiment during 1988. The highest levels of resistance were found in accessions LA 372 and LA 1333 from L. peruvianum (L.) Mill.; LA 1380, LA 1599, LA 1581, and LA 1478 from L. pimpinellifolium Mill.; and LA 1311, LA 1228, and LA 1268 from L. esculentum var. cerasiforme. No appreciable levels of resistance were found among L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. accessions. Percent of tomato plants with O. ramosa flower shoots could be used as a screening method for rapid testing of large collections of tomato germplasm.
Resistance to Bacterial Spot Fruit Infection in Tomato
Authors: Scott J. W. , Cameron Somodi G. , Jones J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accession PI 270248 (‘Sugar’) had high levels of resistance to bacterial spot [incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye] on fruit, but foliage was susceptible. Hawaii 7998 (H7998) was highly resistant to foliar infection, but was intermediate in resistance to fruit infection. Fruit spot on hybrids between ‘Sugar’ and H7998 was usually intermediate to the parents. Occasionally, disease incidence of hybrids was not statistically different from one or both parents, but tended to resemble ‘Sugar’ more closely than H7998. There were no significant differences between reciprocal hybrids, indicating a lack of cytoplasmic inheritance. Under low disease incidence, hybrids between ‘Sugar’ and ‘Walter’ (susceptible to bacterial spot on fruit and foliage) had fruit spot incidence similar to ‘Sugar’ and significantly less than ‘Walter’. Thus, there was a high level of dominance for resistance to bacterial spot on fruit.
Alley Cropping Vegetable Crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Chen Y. S. , Kang Biauw Tjwan , Caveness Fields E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An alley cropping trial with various vegetable crops and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf soil in southern Nigeria. With application of N, P, and K fertilizer, there were no yield differences between crops grown with alley cropping compared to control plots. With no fertilizer application, alley-cropped paitsai (Brassica chinensis L.) enhanced yield and plant mineral concentration. Alley cropping gave higher plant stand of direct-seeded paitsai, mainly due to reduced soil erosion.
Structure and Development of Surface Deformations on Avocado Fruits
Authors: Fisher Jack B. , Davenport Thomas L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill., cv. Simmonds) flowers and fruitlets were histologically examined to characterize the development of disfiguring bumps and ridges, as well as to investigate possible causes of the disorder. The outer cell layers of the ovary are damaged by a small, surface-feeding insect during and soon after anthesis. Bumps and ridges form as a result of cell proliferation in the pericarp directly beneath the wounds. Circumstantial evidence suggests that two species of flower thrips (Frankliniella) are the possible causal agents.
Mechanical Injury—Primary Type of Unmarketable Anthurium Flowers in Hawaii
Authors: Hara Arnold H. , Nishijima Wayne T. , Bushe Brian C. , Sato Dwight M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study of anthurium farms in Hilo, Pahoa, and Kurtistown, Hawaii was conducted to assess types of unmarketable anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum André cv. Ozaki) flowers. Of the 5000 flowers harvested from test plots on each farm during 1 year, total flowers rejected were 32%, 31%, and 26% at the three farms, respectively. At all farms, mechanical injury was the most common type of reason for rejection of flowers, followed by curved petiole; rejections due to insects, mites, and diseases were minimal. The incidence of sunburn, phytotoxicity, thrips, and mites differed among seasons at Hilo and/or Kurtistown.
Tree Root Depth Relative to Landfill Tolerance
Authors: Gilman Edward F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Complete landfills throughout the United States are being developed into parks, golf courses, nature areas, and other multiple-use facilities. A critical element in achieving these end uses is establishment and maintenance of trees on the final cover soil over the refuse layers. Factors that affect establishment include toxicity of landfill-generated gases (e.g., CO2) to root systems, low soil O2 supply, thin cover soil, low water-holding capacity, species sensitivity, and other factors (Flower et al., 1978). Species differ in their tolerance to landfills (Leone et al., 1979). Nyssa sylvatica (Marsh) and Gingko biloba [(L.) Karst] were tolerant of conditions in landfill cover soil, whereas Liquidambar styracifula (L.) was intolerant. This study was designed to determine if plant tolerance to landfill cover soil was related to root system depth.
‘Saturn’ Seedless Grape
Authors: Moore James N. , Clark John R. , Morris Justin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Saturn’ is the fourth in a series of seedless table grapes released from the grape breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous releases were ‘Venus’ in 1977 (Moore and Brown, 1977), ‘Reliance’ in 1983 (Moore, 1983), and ‘Mars’ in 1984 (Moore, 1985). These cultivars are the foundation of an emerging commercial table-grape industry in the region. ‘Saturn’, a high-quality, red seedless grape with good storage and shelf-life characteristics, is expected to contribute to further expansion of the commercial industry.
‘Navaho’ Erect Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Moore James N. , Clark John R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One objective of the Arkansas blackberry breeding program has been to develop erect-growing, thornless cultivars that produce self-supporting canes. ‘Navaho’ is the first such release from this program, and, to our knowledge, it is the first fully erect thornless blackberry to be developed worldwide.