bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group-based trajectory and predictors of anxiety and depression among Chinese breast cancer patients
Authors: Li Wengao , Zhang Qiongxiao , Xu Yining , Sun Hengwen , Wen Youlu , Xu Wenjing , Tong Yiling , Garg Samradhvi , Chen Yu , Yang Yuan 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundThe aim of the current study is to investigate the change in anxiety and depression amongst Chinese breast cancer patients and to identify causal associations between baseline variables and the trajectory of anxiety and depression within this identified group.MethodsThis is a longitudinal prospective study. Three hundred women with breast cancer were recruited. Patient's depression and anxiety were repeatedly measured by PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months after discharge. The SAS 9.4 PROC Traj procedure was used to examine the group-based trajectory of these recruited patients. Linear mixed models (LMM) were utilized to examine anxiety/depression changes over time, accounting for relevant baseline demographic and clinical factors.ResultsAbout 26.3% of the participants reported none or very mild anxiety over time, 60.7% reported stable low-level anxiety, and the remaining 13.0% showed significantly decreasing trend in GAD total scores. Meanwhile, 10.7% of the participants reported none or very mild depressive symptoms over time, 66.0% reported stable PHQ total scores throughout the research period, and 23.3% were classified as the “high level-decreasing group”. Patients reported significantly higher anxiety and depression scores in the first three assessments. Participants with no or mild life stress along with a positive personality tended to report lower anxiety and depression scores over time.ConclusionMost of the breast cancer patients reported stable low-level anxiety and depression 18 months after discharge. Early assessment of optimism and stress levels among cancer patients might help identify people at risk of experiencing long-term anxiety and depression.
Associations between external beam radiotherapy and overall survival in patients with gallbladder cancer: A population-based study
Authors: Song Jiazhao , Kang Xiaoli , Di Yupeng , Ren Gang , Wang Yingjie 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundThere is a lack of studies regarding radiotherapy (RT) in patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) on the survival benefit after surgery and nonsurgical treatment. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of external beam RT on the overall survival (OS) of patients with GBC in a real-world setting.MethodsPatients with GBC enrolled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were examined through Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox regression analyses.ResultsA total of 7,866 patients with GBC were screened for the current analysis, of whom 2,130 (27.1%) did not undergo RT or surgery, 209 (2.7%) underwent RT, 4,511 (57.3%) underwent surgery, and 1,016 (12.9%) underwent both RT and surgery. The median OS times were 4 months, 8 months, 16 months, and 22 months (p &lt; 0.0001). OS was significantly different between adjuvant RT (p = 0.0002) and palliative RT (p &lt; 0.0001). Multifactorial analysis (controlling for age, sex, year of diagnosis, marital status, race, grade, and stage) showed that both adjuvant RT (surgery and adjuvant RT vs. surgery alone; HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69–0.82, p &lt; 0.001) and palliative RT (RT alone vs. no treatment; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69–0.92, p = 0.003) had a significant impact on patient OS. The results remained stable following sensitivity analyses.ConclusionThe study results indicate that adjuvant and palliative radiation treatment was associated with a survival benefit. GBC patients can derive a survival benefit from external beam RT.
Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing
Authors: Ponce Ninez A. , Adia Alexander C. , Banawa Rachel A. , Tan Sean , Sabado-Liwag Melanie D. 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundDuring COVID-19, anti-Asian discrimination increased in attention. Hate and unfair treatment are related but do not completely overlap. We expect those who report a hate incident would also report race-based unfair treatment, yet feelings of social desirability or self-blame may lead to under-reporting of unfair treatment.ObjectivesTo describe reporting of an experience of race-based hate but not an experience of race-based unfair treatment among Asians in California and explore the association between this reporting discordance with (1) serious psychological distress, (2) forgoing needed medical care, (3) increased household interpersonal conflict, and (4) feeling unsafe in their neighborhood.MethodsWe used the 2020 California Health Interview Survey's AANHPI COVID Module, conducted weighted descriptive and multivariate analyses, and computed adjusted relative risks (RR). The multivariate models controlled for Asian subgroup, age, gender, immigrant status, education level, poverty, and English proficiency.ResultsAmong Asians who reported race-based hate (6.9% overall), 62.4% reported not experiencing race-based unfair treatment. Compared to Asians not reporting a hate incident, this “discordant” group was more likely to experience serious psychological distress (RR = 6.9), forgo necessary medical care (RR = 2.4), increased household interpersonal conflicts (RR = 2.7), and feel unsafe in their neighborhoods (RR = 3.0). The “concordant” group did not post significant effects for severe psychological distress nor forgoing necessary medical care.DiscussionMost Asians reporting hate did not report race-based unfair treatment, and this group is most affected by the consequences of a hate incident. We indicate future directions for research and policy.
Intended and unintended impacts of the comprehensive reform of urban public hospitals: A mixed-method study in Hangzhou, China
Authors: Zhang Tao , Liu Jing , Lu Beiyin , Yan Zhongheng , Huang Xiaojun , Lu Wei 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesPublic hospital reform is a key area in the Chinese healthcare system reform with the aim of controlling excessive growth of medical expenditures. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of two rounds of urban public hospital reforms respectively starting in 2018 and 2019.MethodA mixed-method method was conducted in Hangzhou. In the quantitative phase, monthly data covering 7 provincial, 12 municipal, and 35 district hospitals from March 2017 to June 2020 was analyzed using a panel-interrupted time-series. Thematic content analysis was conducted using qualitative data collected from 32 in-depth interviews.ResultsQuantitative data showed a considerable reduction in the proportion of drug revenue (provincial hospitals: −4.937%; municipal hospitals: −2.765%; district hospitals: −2.189%) and an increase in the proportion of consumable (provincial hospitals: β2 = 2.025; municipal hospitals: β3 = 0.206) and examinations (provincial hospitals: β2 = 1.354, β3=0.159; municipal hospitals: β2 = 1.179) revenue after the first reform. In post-reform 2, The respective instant decrease and increase in the proportion of consumable (provincial hospitals: −2.395%; municipal hospitals: −0.898%) and medical services (provincial hospitals: 2.115%; municipal hospitals: −2.604%) revenue were observed. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative data indicated inpatient expenditures dropped considerably after the reform. However, insufficient compensation for medical services and increased financial pressure on hospitals were repeatedly mentioned as unintended consequences in qualitative interviews.ConclusionsOverall, the urban public hospital reforms in China created positive effects in adjusting hospital revenue structure and constraining soaring medical expenditures. Unintended consequences remind policymakers to establish rational and dynamic compensation mechanisms for public hospitals.
Epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injuries in a multicenter retrospective study in northwest China, 2017–2020
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Du Jinpeng , Jiang Chao , Zhang Yong-yuan , Tian Fang , Chen Zhe , Zhang Yuyang , Zhang Ying , Yan Liang , Hao Dingjun 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundTraumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) are worldwide public health problems that are difficult to cure and impose a substantial economic burden on society. There has been a lack of extensive multicenter review of TSCI epidemiology in northwest China during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodA multicenter retrospective study of 14 selected hospitals in two provinces in northwest China was conducted on patients admitted for TSCI between 2017 and 2020. Variables assessed included patient demographics, etiology, segmental distribution, treatment, waiting time for treatment, and outcomes.ResultsThe number of patients with TSCI showed an increasing trend from 2017 to 2019, while there were 12.8% fewer patients in 2020 than in 2019. The male-to-female ratio was 3.67:1, and the mean age was 48 ± 14.9 years. The primary cause of TSCI was high falls (38.8%), slip falls/low falls (27.7%), traffic accidents (23.9%), sports (2.6%), and other factors (7.0%). The segmental distribution showed a bimodal pattern, peak segments were C6 and L1 vertebra, L1 (14.7%), T12 (8.2%), and C6 (8.2%) were the most frequently injured segments. In terms of severity, incomplete injury (72.8%) occurred more often than complete injury (27.2%). The American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale of most patients did not convert before and after treatment in the operational group (71.6%) or the conservative group (80.6%). A total of 975 patients (37.2%) from urban and 1,646 patients (62.8%) from rural areas were included; almost all urban residents could rush to get treatment after being injured immediately (&lt;1 h), whereas most rural patients get the treatment needed 4–7 h after injury. The rough annual incidence from 2017 to 2020 is 112.4, 143.4, 152.2, and 132.6 per million people, calculated by the coverage rate of the population of the sampling hospital.ConclusionThe incidence of TSCI in northwest China is high and on the rise. However, due to pandemic policy reasons, the incidence of urban residents decreased in 2020. The promotion of online work may be an effective primary prevention measure for traumatic diseases. Also, because of the further distance from the good conditional hospital, rural patients need to spend more time there, and the timely treatment of patients from remote areas should be paid attention to.
Dilated perivascular spaces can present incidental CSF-isointense foci within the ventral forebrain of dogs and cats in transverse MR images
Authors: Fischer Carolin , Schaub Sebastian , Büttner Kathrin , Hartmann Katinka , Schmidt Martin Jürgen 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveVirchow-Robin-Spaces (VRS) are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-containing perivascular spaces encompassing brain vessels while coursing through the parenchyma. VRS can enlarge and become visible in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While dilatated VRS are mostly incidental findings, they were associated with degenerative brain disease in humans. This study aimed to evaluate their occurrence and MRI morphology within the ventral forebrain of structurally normal canine and feline brains and physiological cerebrospinal fluid analysis.SampleRetro- and prospective, observational study reviewing medical records of client-owned dogs and cats which underwent MRI brain scans for unrelated reasons between 2011 and 2021. We comprised studies with various magnetic field strengths (1 Tesla/3 Tesla). Out of 2500 brain scans, three hundred thirty-five patients (293 dogs, 42 cats) presented with absent intracranial pathology and physiological CSF analysis and were included.ProcedureThe ventral forebrain of the included animals was assessed for bi- or unilateral CSF-isointense foci in the transverse plane. Statistical correlations were evaluated between dilated VRS presence, field strength, age, gender, weight, and cranium conformation. Additionally, a post-mortem histopathologic analysis of one dog and one cat showing dilated VRS on MRI was performed to confirm perforating arteries in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain.Results57% of patients presented dilated VRS (N = 191: 170 dogs, 21 cats). 43% did not display dilated VRS (control group; N = 144: 123 dogs, 21 cats). A significant relation between increased magnetic field strength and detection of dilated VRS was observed in dogs; there was a 2.4 increase (p = 0.0001) in detection using 3 Tesla vs. 1 Tesla. There was a 2.4-fold increase in dilated VRS occurrence in male dogs compared to female dogs. Detection also increased with the rise of body weight. We detected no statistically significant difference between dilated VRS and the control group in age, species or cranium conformation.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceDilated VRS can be seen within the ventral forebrain at the level of the rostral commissure on transverse MR images as symmetrical or unilateral, dot-like, CSF-isointense areas. Understanding their signal intensity features and localization prevents misinterpretation and helps differentiate them from various pathological conditions.
Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention in Primary Health Care in Kazakhstan—Results of a Cluster Randomised Pilot Study
Authors: Verthein Uwe , Lahusen Harald , Martens Marcus Sebastian , Prilutskaya Mariya , Yussopov Oleg , Kaliyeva Zhanar , Schulte Bernd 
Published: October 2022

Objective: The aim of this pilot trial was to assess the feasibility of ASBI in primary health care units (PHCUs) in Kazakhstan.Methods: A two-arm cluster randomised trial in five PHCUs based on the RE-AIM framework for implementation studies was carried out. Patients with AUDIT-C scores ≥4 for females and ≥5 for males received a brief face-to-face intervention delivered by a trained physician plus information leaflet (intervention group, IG) or simple feedback including a leaflet (control group, CG).Results: Among 7327 patients eligible for alcohol screening according to the inclusion criteria 1148 patients were screened (15.7%, IG: 11.5%, CG: 27.3%). 12.3% (N = 141) were tested AUDIT-C positive (IG: 9.9%, CG: 15.1%). Out of 112 physicians invited, 48 took part in the ASBI training, 31 finally participated in the study, 21 in the IG (2 PHCUs), 10 in the CG (3 PHCUs). The majority of physicians did not have difficulties in performing the intervention.Conclusion: ASBI is feasible and can be implemented into PHC settings in Kazakhstan. However, the implementation depends on the willingness and interest of the PHCU and the physicians.
ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Authors: Boris Ol'ga , Parakhina Valentina , Ustaev R. 
Published: October 2022

Currently, youth unemployment is a complex and problematic issue in all countries, including Russia. The article highlights the regions for which this problem is most relevant. In the Russian Federation, this is the North Caucasian Federal District, where unemployment is 2 times higher than the national average. Youth find it difficult to find employment in times of crisis. For this reason, about 20 percent of young people in the world have lost their jobs during the pandemic. The article discusses the features of youth entrepreneurship as a way to overcome youth unemployment. It has been established that having a high level of activity, young people often have an overestimated level of expectations and claims that prevent them from adequately assessing their capabilities. On the basis of the conducted content analysis, the triune essence of youth entrepreneurship was determined: economic (activation of economic growth), state-public (overcoming unemployment); socio-psychological (the growth of the well-being of young people and the possibility of its rapid self-realization).
Two fairly independent, but over time intertwining types are identified - forced and goal-oriented entrepreneurship, which form two sets of youth enterprises discussed in the article. It is also shown that the younger generation should be considered the most important innovative part of society.
The purpose of the work is to highlight the features of youth entrepreneurship as a means of solving the problem of unemployment and creating conditions for economic growth in modern conditions. To achieve the goal, methods of statistical analysis of data on unemployment, as well as comparative and morphological analysis and synthesis of factors that determine changes in the youth business environment, were used.
The conclusions of the article may be of practical importance for government bodies and business associations in the North Caucasus Federal District to solve the problems of youth unemployment.
The study showed that in a crisis, for the success of youth enterprises, their effective, purposeful and strategically built support is important, including support by the state and / or educational organizations and / or the business community in various options highlighted in the article.
ASPECTOS ETIOEPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DA FEBRE MACULOSA BRASILEIRA: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
Authors: Zanchetta e Gava Mariana , Ribeiro Braga Fabio , Langoni Helio 
Published: October 2022

A Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB) é uma zoonose, febril aguda, de gravidade variável, que geralmente se desenvolve em caráter endêmico, com distribuição mundial, causada por bactérias da família Rickettsiaceae, denominadas Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia sp. cepa Mata Atlântica e Rickettsia parkeri (1, 2, 3). O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca dos aspectos epidemiológicos da febre maculosa brasileira, entre estudos empíricos publicados em periódicos entre os anos de 2010 e 2021, indexados nas bases de dados das plataformas de busca LILICAS, PubMed, Google Scholar e SciELO. Foram encontrados um total de 42 artigos científicos catalogados no período de 2010 até abril de 2021. Dos trabalhos obtidos, 17 encontram-se na PubMed, 4 na LILACS,11 SciELO e 10 no Google Scholar. Seguindo os critérios de exclusão, 30 resumos publicados antes do ano de 2010 foram excluídos. Foram também excluídos 6 dissertações, 2 teses e 2 capítulos de livro. Entre os 42 artigos analisados, 24 foram publicados em inglês, 18 em português e nenhum foi publicado em espanhol. Sendo assim, a partir desse estudo será possível adotar e atualizar as medidas preventivas contra a FMB, tais como: divulgação de informações, orientar os profissionais do sistema de saúde, , educação em saúde para população de risco, guiar as ações de vigilância em saúde e orientação de novas diretrizes das políticas públicas, relacionadas a um importante problema de saúde única, considerando-se os aspectos ambientais, de saúde humana e da presença dos animais, como as capivaras entre outros, e ainda dos vetores, como os carrapatos.
Computable Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Bennett Michael Timothy 
Published: October 2022

<p>The general reinforcement learning agent AIXI may be the only mathematical formalism of artificial general intelligence (AGI) supported by proof that its performance is optimal. This is achieved using compression as a proxy for intelligence. Unfortunately, AIXI is incomputable and claims of its optimality were later shown to be subjective. This paper proposes an alternative, supported by proof, which overcomes both problems. Integrating research from cognitive science (enactivism), philosophy (intension and extension), machine learning and planning (satplan), an arbitrary task is given mathematical rigour. This serves as an enactive model of learning and reasoning within which a description of intelligence is formalised. Instead of compression we use weakness as our proxy, and the result is both computable and objective. We formally prove that maximising weakness maximises intelligence. This proof is then further supported with experimental results comparing weakness and description length (the closest analogue to compression possible under the enactive model that would not reintroduce the problem of subjective performance). Our results show that weakness outperforms description length, and is a better proxy for intelligence. The foremost limitation is that intelligence as we have defined it is computationally complex, but may be coupled with domain specific inductive biases to make real-world domains of practical significance tractable (e.g. the domain of all tasks a human would undertake). Like AIXI this is not intended to be a panacea but to demonstrate useful principles, which may be integrated with existing tools such as neural networks to improve performance.</p>
Novel B Transtibial Prosthetic 9-DoF Artificial Leg Adaptive Controller - Part II
Authors: Bansal Abhishek 
Published: October 2022

<p>This is the second part of the four-part series paper, where the novel mathematical dynamical modelling of transtibial prosthetic leg has been developed, which will be used in the algorithm for guidance and calculating the approximate trajectory of movements with the aim to help amputee's patients with dementia, paralysis, monoplegia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, cancer, infection or from induced virus/parasites, which impairs decision making. The hardware of ankle joint motor and metatarsophalaneal joint motor with beta logic been explained. The mathematical 4-rod pendulum equations with Lagrangian and Hamilton are developed for four rigid links and gait cycle. The mathematical models developed in these papers are also useful for doctors in studying gait and finding the solution for ailments, various abnormalities and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. The model has been tested in simulation and found to be promising to be tested for clinical purposes,even the patellar reflex arc test has shown positive response from the leg; this reduces the expenses which even after expenses is ineffective but not been clinically tested.</p>
Automated Detection and Depth Determination of Melt Ponds on Sea Ice in ICESat-2 ATLAS Data —The Density-Dimension Algorithm for Bifurcating Sea-Ice Reflectors (DDA-bifurcate-seaice)
Authors: Herzfeld Ute 
Published: October 2022

<p>As climate warms and the transition from a perennial to a seasonal Arctic sea-ice cover is imminent, understanding melt ponding is central to understanding changes in the new Arctic. NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat-2) has the capacity to provide measurements and monitoring of the onset of melt in the Arctic and on melt progression. Yet ponds are currently not reported on the ICESat-2 standard sea-ice products because of the low resolution of the products, in which only a single surface is determined.</p>
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<p>The objective of this paper is to introduce a mathematical algorithm that facilitates automated detection of melt ponds in ICESat-2 ATLAS data, retrieval of two surface heights, pond surface and bottom, and measurements of depth and width of melt ponds. With the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS), ICESat-2 carries the first space-borne multi-beam micro-pulse photon-counting laser altimeter system, operating at 532~nm frequency. ATLAS data are recorded as clouds of discrete photon points. The Density-Dimension Algorithm for bifurcating sea-ice reflectors (DDA-bifurcate-seaice) is an auto-adaptive algorithm that solves the problem of pond detection near the 0.7m nominal alongtrack resolution of ATLAS data, utilizing the radial basis function for calculation of a density field and a threshold function that automatically adapts to changes in background, apparent surface reflectance and some instrument effects. The DDA-bifurcate-seaice is applied to large ICESat-2 data sets from the 2019 and 2020 melt seasons in the multi-year Arctic sea-ice region. Results are evaluated by comparison to those from a manually forced algorithm.</p>