bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Regulators of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype During Senescence and Aging
Authors: Han Xiaojuan , Lei Qing , Xie Jiamei , Liu Huanhuan , Li Jing , Zhang Xiaohua , Zhang Tianying , Gou Xingchun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Senescent cells express and secrete a variety of extracellular modulators that include cytokines, chemokines, proteases, growth factors, and some enzymes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, defined as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP reinforces senescent cell cycle arrest, stimulates and recruits immune cells for immune-mediated clearance of potentially tumorigenic cells, limits or induces fibrosis, and promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration. On the other hand, SASP mediates chronic inflammation leading to the destruction of tissue structure and function and stimulating the growth and survival of tumor cells. SASP is highly heterogeneous and the role of SASP depends on the context. The regulation of SASP occurs at multiple levels including chromatin remodeling, transcription, mRNA translation, intracellular trafficking, and secretion. Several SASP modulators have already been identified setting the stage for future research on their clinical applications. In this review, we summarize in detail the potential signaling pathways that trigger and regulate SASP production during aging and senescence.
Potency density tensor inversion of complex body waveforms with time-adaptive smoothing constraint
Authors: Yamashita Shinji , Yagi Yuji , Okuwaki Ryo , Shimizu Kousuke , Agata Ryoichiro , Fukahata Yukitoshi 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARY
Large earthquakes are often accompanied by complex fault rupture, but it has been difficult to reliably estimate such a complex rupture process with conventional waveform analysis tools due to modelling errors originating from limited accuracy of the fault geometry. Recently, a potency density tensor inversion method has been developed to solve this problem; allowing any types of faulting mechanism on an assumed model plane, the method replaces the modelling error of fault orientation with that of fault location, which is insensitive in teleseismic waveforms with low spatial resolution. The method has successfully unveiled earthquake source processes with geometrically complex fault rupture. However, the method imposes the same intensity of smoothing constraint on all the basis slip components irrespective of possible changes of slip direction during the rupture. This leads to excessive smoothing to a slip component with large amplitude, which results in obscuring the rupture process. In this study, we propose a time-adaptive smoothing constraint that dynamically adjusts the smoothness intensity inversely proportional to the amplitude for each basis slip function. Through a numerical experiment assigning an input model involving a drastic change in the focal mechanism (reverse, strike-slip and normal faulting) during the rupture, we find that the time-adaptive smoothing constraint solves the problem of excessive smoothing to the dominant slip component, and the spatiotemporally non-uniform rupture episodes with different focal mechanisms are successfully reproduced. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the time-adaptive smoothing constraint, we apply the method to the teleseismic body waves of the 2002 Denali fault and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes, which involve complex fault ruptures with changing focal mechanisms. We find that the developed method well captures the focal mechanism transition in space and time from reverse to strike-slip faulting during the ruptures of the 2002 Denali fault and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes. Even though these source models are built using only the teleseismic P waveforms with simple model fault geometry that is represented by a horizontal rectangular plane, they well explain the complex observed waveforms and agree with characteristics of source processes obtained in previous studies using seismic and geodetic data as well as field surveys. The potency density tensor inversion method with time-adaptive smoothing constraint is a powerful tool to analyse earthquake rupture processes with complex fault geometries involving different faulting types.
Representations of Shifted Quantum Affine Algebras
Authors: Hernandez David 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe develop the representation theory of shifted quantum affine algebras $\mathcal {U}_\mu (\hat {\mathfrak {g}})$ and of their truncations, which appeared in the study of quantized K-theoretic Coulomb branches of 3d $N = 4$ SUSY quiver gauge theories. Our approach is based on novel techniques, which are new in the cases of shifted Yangians or ordinary quantum affine algebras as well: realization in terms of asymptotical subalgebras of the quantum affine algebra $\mathcal {U}_q(\hat {\mathfrak {g}})$, induction and restriction functors to the category $\mathcal {O}$ of representations of the Borel subalgebra $\mathcal {U}_q(\hat {\mathfrak {b}})$ of $\mathcal {U}_q(\hat {\mathfrak {g}})$, relations between truncations and Baxter polynomiality in quantum integrable models, and parametrization of simple modules via Langlands dual interpolation. We first introduce the category $\mathcal {O}_\mu $ of representations of $\mathcal {U}_\mu (\hat {\mathfrak {g}})$ and we classify its simple objects. Then we establish the existence of fusion products and we get a ring structure on the sum of the Grothendieck groups $K_0(\mathcal {O}_\mu )$. We classify simple finite-dimensional representations of $\mathcal {U}_\mu (\hat {\mathfrak {g}})$ and we obtain a cluster algebra structure on the Grothendieck ring of finite-dimensional representations. We prove a truncation has only a finite number of simple representations and we introduce a related partial ordering on simple modules. Eventually, we state a conjecture on the parametrization of simple modules of a non-simply-laced truncation in terms of the Langlands dual Lie algebra. We have several evidences, including a general result for simple finite-dimensional representations.
Philanthropic Foundations as Agents of Justice in Global Sustainability Governance
Authors: Kalfagianni Agni 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrivate philanthropic foundations—nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations with assets provided by donors for socially useful purposes—have become key political actors in global sustainability governance. Their collective efforts amount to over USD 112 billion for the implementation of the United Nations (UNs)’s ambitious plan to deliver on seventeen interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This corresponds to about a quarter of governmental contribution through official development assistance for the same purposes. Many of these foundations implicitly or explicitly aim to foster global justice, through, for example, empowering women, reducing inequalities, and promoting democracy. They thus act as justice agents shaping the substance and practice of justice in global sustainability governance. But what does this direction of private money into supporting global justice norms really mean? This question deserves scrutiny, especially against a context of diverse and contested meanings of justice and because philanthropy—beyond an act of giving—is often an exercise of power. Using critical discourse analysis of texts produced by selected foundations that are key funders of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda, this paper examines how private foundations frame global justice and with what implications for sustainability governance.
Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Systemic Toxicity in Patients with Hydrofluoric Acid Skin Exposure Injury: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of 125 Clinical Cases from 1979 to 2020
Authors: Kim Myeong-sik , Shin Heejun , Kim Hanbit , Choi Sung-Woo , Eun Kim Ji , You Lee Han , Eun Moon Ji 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyze the factors contributing to the occurrence of systemic toxicity in patients injured after skin exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and to present guidelines for active treatment intervention based on this analysis. Data were acquired from EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane library for individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. Key searching terms included calcium gluconate (CAG), hydrofluoric acid, and case. This research consisted of case studies published between 1979 and 2020. Systemic toxicity was set as the main outcome. Data sets from 50 case studies (N = 125 participants) were analyzed. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of IPD found significant association effect of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned, indicating systemic toxicity [Regression coefficient estimate, 0.82; SE, 0.41; Odds ratio, 2.28; [95% confidence interval, 1.03–5.06], and p = 0.0424]. The optimal cutoff point (sensitivity; specificity) of the receiver operating characteristic curve of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned for contributing occurrence of systemic toxicity was 2.38(0.875; 0.959). IPD meta-analysis indicates that existing evidence supports the positive proportional association of the TBSA burned for systemic toxicity. If the TBSA burned (%) in patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid is greater than 2.38, early aggressive treatment intervention, including decontamination and various CAG application, should be recommended as the guideline.
Essential Oils in Urban Insect Management—A Review
Authors: Oladipupo S O , Hu X P , Appel A G 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe allures of city life have culminated in the rise of urban populations resulting in conditions that promote the establishment of certain insect pests. Globally, the public health significance of these urban insect pests is enormous, ranging from billions of dollars to loss of lives. Most chemical insecticides no longer provide the anticipated level of control, and significant insecticide resistance has been reported. Therefore, there has been a spike in interest for alternatives to conventional insecticides. Among them, natural products from plants such as essential oils (EOs) and essential oil components (EOCs) have enjoyed the most attention owing to widespread reports of efficacy and toxicity even against insecticide-resistant urban insects. Yet, there is no comprehensive synthesis on the extent and impact of the management of urban insects using EOs or EOCs. Such a review is highly relevant since it provides a means to assess the extent of progress made, shortfalls, limitations, and prospects. More so, we hope it can be used to make informed decisions and develop relevant policies reliably. We present the ranges of insecticidal effects of EOs, EOCs, and commercially available EO-based products from laboratory and field studies. Finally, we discuss the gaps in our knowledge and prospects for the sustainable use of EOs.
Trophic processes constrain seasonal ungulate distributions at two scales in an East African savanna
Authors: James Nicholas L , Bond Monica L , Ozgul Arpat , Lee Derek E 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHabitat selection is a dynamic biological process where species respond to spatiotemporal variation in resource availability. The resulting distribution patterns can be detected as presence–absence or heterogeneity in abundance and indicate habitat preferences based on environmental correlations at multiple scales. Variation in habitat selection by ungulates is constrained by trade-offs in top-down and bottom-up trophic processes arising from differences in forage requirements, water dependency, anthropogenic effects, and predation avoidance, and mediated by physiological (feeding guild) and morphological (body size) factors. We conducted distance sampling over 7 years in the Tarangire Ecosystem (TE) of northern Tanzania for six resident ungulate species: Kirk’s dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), Grant’s gazelle (Nanger granti), Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), Masai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and common waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), and tested hypotheses related to effects of top-down and bottom-up processes on ungulate presence and abundance. We modeled ecological correlates against two distributional responses to understand which environmental factors constrained these ungulate species at different scales; (i) presence–absence observations modeled in a logistic regression to assess habitat selection at an ecosystem scale; (ii) local abundances from presence-only observations modeled using a negative binomial distribution for finer-scale selection. Browser and grazer species in the TE selected suitable habitat proximal to rivers and avoided the Combretum–Azanza woody plant assemblage. Browsers and grazers also showed strong preference for habitat with more dense cover of preferred forage species, and abundance was influenced by the presence of specific forage species with significant seasonal variation. Mixed feeders were more heterogeneous in habitat suitability implying that broader diets allow avoidance of areas with high human activity. Small-bodied and dehydration-sensitive species selected areas near rivers and seasonal tributaries. Seasonal habitat selection was more pronounced among mixed feeders. Conservation strategies based on spatially and seasonally explicit resource selection studies such as ours can minimize impacts to biodiversity by protecting vital resources to ungulates through all seasons of the year.
Spatial resolution in secondary-electron microscopy
Authors: Egerton R F , Zhu Y 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe first review the significance of resolution and contrast in electron microscopy and the effect of the electron optics on these two quantities. We then outline the physics of the generation of secondary electrons (SEs) and their transport and emission from the surface of a specimen. Contrast and resolution are discussed for different kinds of SE imaging in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and scanning-transmission microscope instruments, with some emphasis on the observation of individual atoms and atomic columns in a thin specimen. The possibility of achieving atomic resolution from a bulk specimen at SEM energies is also considered.
Validation of the FENCE Risk Groups for Prediction of Febrile Neutropenia With First-Cycle Chemotherapy
Authors: Zatarah Razan , Faqeer Nour , Quraan Tasnim , Mahmoud Aseel , Matalka Lujain , Abu Khadija Lana , Kamal Aya , Rimawi Dalia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
The FEbrile Neutropenia after ChEmotherapy (FENCE) score was developed to estimate the risk of febrile neutropenia (FN) at first cycle of chemotherapy but has not been externally validated. We aimed to validate the FENCE score based on its risk groups in patients treated at a comprehensive cancer center.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of treatment-naïve adult patients with solid tumors and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received first-cycle chemotherapy between January and November 2019. Patients were followed until the second cycle of chemotherapy to identify any FN events (neutrophil count &lt;0.5 × 109/L with fever ≥38.2°C). The FENCE score was determined and patients classified as low, intermediate, high, and very high risk. The discriminatory ability of classifying patients into FENCE risk groups was calculated as the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve and incidence rate ratios within each FENCE risk group.

Results
FN was documented during the first cycle of chemotherapy in 45 of the 918 patients included (5%). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58 to 0.73). Compared with the low-risk group (n = 285), the incidence rate ratio of developing FN was 1.58 (95% CI = 0.54 to 5.21), 3.16 (95% CI = 1.09 to 10.25), and 3.93 (95% CI = 1.46 to 12.27) in the intermediate (n = 293), high (n = 162), and very high (n = 178) risk groups, respectively.

Conclusions
In this study, classifying patients into FENCE risk groups demonstrated moderate discriminatory ability for predicting FN. Further validation in multicenter studies is necessary to determine its generalizability.
Cultures Count
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAt its essence, mental illness–related stigma is a cultural phenomenon, created by such factors as shared beliefs, values, and expectations about what constitutes normal, abnormal, and mentally disordered behavior. Stigma has been generally described as being universal. Yet, more recent research shows that it can vary considerably by time and place. Mental illnesses take on a particular significance in relation to local beliefs and norms, and associated stigma may be substantially modified or even eliminated as a result. This chapter reviews historical and cultural perspectives of mental illness and its related stigma. While stigma has been highly prevalent, and often severe, there have been times and places where stigmatization has not been the dominant reaction to people exhibiting mentally disordered behaviors. Cultures can act as both a stigmatizing and destigmatizing force.
Stigma and Substance Abuse
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA wide range of substances have been stigmatized, including tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs (such as opioids), and illicit drugs. Public health officials want to stigmatize substances to limit their use, while at the same time they work to destigmatize people with drug dependencies to promote help-seeking and greater social acceptance. Particularly in the case of tobacco use, public health officials wielded a heavy hand in marginalizing and de-normalizing smoking. This chapter considers the stigma surrounding drug use, including opioid use and alcohol use. Because substances are stigmatized differentially, alcohol and other substances are not collapsed into a single group, as is often the case. Stigma of substance use in non-Western cultures, substances used in religious ceremonies, and substance use among women are also examined. The chapter closes with approaches to stigma reduction.
Summary and Reflections
Authors: Stuart Heather , Sartorius Norman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some of the most important lessons learned from past research and practice. It highlights key approaches to successful stigma reduction, both the principles and practices. It reflects on successful anti-stigma programming and considers novel ways of operating. The state of the art in anti-stigma programming described in the first edition of this book (Paradigms Lost) is contrasted to what we know today (Paradigms Found). Future challenges and opportunities are highlighted.
‘The mystery and school house of nature’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4, ‘The mystery and school house of nature: bibliography and the works of Thomas Willis’, explains that there is no published bibliography of the works of Thomas Willis. Copies known to Willis’s contemporaries, and those which remained in the family until the nineteenth century are identified. The process of imposition, printing, stop press alteration, folding and distribution of sheets, and binding are described. From this follows discussion of bibliographical description relating to separate editions and issues, and the state of individual leaves. The bibliographical method used in the book is explained: classification, title page(s), collation, type, contents, headlines, catchwords, frontispiece, portrait, printers’ ornaments, decorated initials, plates, and the copy used for detailed description. The chapter concludes with a short title list of 103 copies containing various combinations of the fourteen treatises printed in Latin, English, or Dutch across the period of interest (1659–1721). {143 words}
‘To understand all things but itself’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9: ‘To understand all things but itself: De anima brutorum (1672–1674)’ provides a detailed bibliography, using the system described in chapter 4, of ten copies of Willis’s fifth published book in which is included one treatise in two parts: 11. De anima brutorum. Described by Willis in referring to his treatises on ‘neurologie’ as the ‘crown of the work’, this book is significant for additions to anatomy, including comparative studies, and his observations on mind and brain in health and disease. These descriptions are preceded by a narrative highlighting the main bibliographic issues that characterize the various editions, states, and issues of these copies. Of these, some are already known but others newly identified. {116 words}
Introduction
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Nurmikko Turo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 summarizes the contents of the book to which 37 international authors have contributed. It provides a short summary of each chapter. These include historical material, epidemiology, overall diagnosis, and assessment of facial pain. The diagnosis and the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, both medical and surgical, are provided in a number of chapters. Other conditions causing facial pain are covered. The psychological impacts of these pains are discussed and patients provide their views on how they can be supported. Trigeminal neuralgia is also visualized through photographic images created by patients. Future challenges and research areas that need to be addressed through international collaborations are discussed in a separate chapter. Key general references are provided.
Other cranial neuralgias
Authors: O’Neill Francis , Nurmikko Turo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Less common, less recognized, and often misdiagnosed cranial neuralgias and neuropathies include occipital neuralgia, auriculotemporal neuralgia, great auricular neuralgia, and superior laryngeal neuralgia. Pain is due to compression by muscles, fascia, arteries, bony abnormalities, or tumours at one of multiple potential sites during the course of the nerve involved. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown but nothing suggests they are substantially different from those of other peripheral neuralgias. Diagnosis is clinical, based on the quality and location of pain, pain provocation, and effect of nerve blocks. The main differential diagnosis is with major cranial neuralgias while non-neuropathic pain conditions, such as temporomandibular disorder and referred pain from cervical structures, must also be considered. Nerve blocks are useful for precise diagnosis and—as a series of injections—for therapy. Neuroablative and decompressive procedures are reserved for refractory cases.
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
Authors: Bahra Anish , Amer Mohammed A. , Thomas Pravin , Fuccaro Matteo , Lambru Giorgio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are a group of primary headache disorders that share clinical and pathophysiological features. They are characterized by attacks of strictly unilateral head pain and ipsilateral autonomic features, resulting from excessive activity in the peripheral trigeminal system and its central connections, an augmented trigeminovascular reflex, prominent parasympathetic output, and sympathetic deficit. The four disorders—cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNHA), and hemicrania continua—are clinically distinguished on the basis of attack duration and frequency, with the attacks becoming shorter and more frequent from cluster headache to SUNHA. Hemicrania continua and paroxysmal hemicrania are diagnosed by their complete response to indomethacin. Hemicrania continua stands apart from other TACs with its continuous nature of pain and severe exacerbations. Treatment strategies across the four TACs differ considerably both for acute attacks and prophylaxis.