bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effect, Structural and Morphology Evolution, and Doping Mechanism of Spherical Br‐Doped Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C toward Enhanced Sodium Storage
Authors: Hu Zhuang , Zhang Ruijie , Fan Changling , Liu Xunlin , Gao Peng , Zhang Weihua , Liu Zhixiao , Han Shaochang , Liu Jinshui , Liu Jilei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNa3V2(PO4)2F3 has attracted wide attention due to its high voltage platform, and stable crystal structure. However, its application is limited by the low electronic conductivity and the ease formation of impurity. In this paper, the spherical Br‐doped Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C is successfully obtained by a one‐step spray drying technology. The hard template polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) supplements the loss of fluorine, forming porous structure that accelerates the infiltration of electrolyte. The soft template cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) enables doping of bromine and can also control the fluorine content, meanwhile, the self‐assembly effect strengthens the structure and refines the size of spherical particles. The loss, compensation, and regulation mechanism of fluorine are investigated. The Br‐doped Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C sphere exhibits superior rate capability with the capacities of 116.1, 105.1, and 95.2 mAh g−1 at 1, 10, and 30 C, and excellent cyclic performance with 98.3% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10 C. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows weakened charge localization and enhanced conductivity, meanwhile the diffusion energy barrier of sodium ions is reduced with Br doping. This paper proposes a strategy to construct fluorine‐containing polyanions cathode, which enables the precise regulation of structure and morphology, thus leading to superior electrochemical performance.
Restricting the Formation of Pb–Pb Dimer via Surface Pb Site Passivation for Enhancing the Light Stability of Perovskite
Authors: Feng Xiangxiang , Liu Biao , Peng Yongyi , Gu Chenxi , Bai Xue , Long Mengqiu , Cai Mengqiu , Tong Chuanjia , Han Liyuan , Yang Junliang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPoor light stability hinders the potential applications of perovskite optoelectronic devices. Recent experiments have demonstrated that the passivation surface via forming strong chemical bonds (SO4‐Pb, PO4‐Pb, Cl‐Pb, O‐Pb, and S‐Pb) could effectively improve the light stability of perovskite solar cells. However, the underlying reasons are not clear. Herein, the elusive underlying mechanisms of light stability enhancement are explained in detail using first principles calculations. The small polaron model and self‐trapped exciton model demonstrate that an iodine vacancy defect on the surface of perovskite could trap a free electron under light illumination, which leads to a significant rearrangement of the Pb–I lattice and creats a new chemical species, i.e., a Pb–Pb dimer bound in the typical perovskite of CH3NH3PbI3. The Pb–Pb dimer distorts the Pb–I octahedral lattice and reduces the defect formation energy of the I atoms. The surface Pb site passivation can prevent the formation of the Pb–Pb dimer, thereby improving the light stability. In addition, the strong ionic bond could better stabilize the Pb site. The in‐depth understanding of the light stability and the passivation mechanism in this study can promote the application of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
Effects of crumb rubber inclusion on strength, permeability, and acid attack resistance of alkali‐activated concrete incorporating different industrial wastes
Authors: Pradhan Shashwati Soumya , Mishra Umesh , Biswal Sushant K. , Jangra Parveen , Pham Thong M. , Arora Saloni , Lim Yee Yan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study examines the suitability of alternate binders and crumb rubber (CR) to produce light weight alkali‐activated concrete (AAC). For this, strength, and durability performance of AAC incorporating CR by partially replacing fine aggregate was studied. To produce AAC, four different binders, including fly ash, rice husk ash (RHA), metakaolin, and bottom ash were used. Fine aggregates were substituted with CR at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% for each AAC mix (with different binders). Furthermore, the mixes were prepared using 12 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and the ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to NaOH was taken as 2.5. The samples were cured at ambient temperature. Strength and durability properties, including permeability through water absorption and acid attack (hydrochloric acid [HCl] and sulfuric acid [H2SO4]), were also checked. Results of this study revealed that the strength decreased with the increase in CR content. Further, this decrease was high at 30% replacement but strength was satisfactory. AAC showed good relationships among compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths. Similar footprints were observed for permeability results. However, highest water absorption was observed for bottom ash binder (with 30% substitution of CR). Mixes with fly ash and metakaolin binders outperformed the other mixes while comparing the compressive strength of acid exposed samples. Overall, a sustainable and durable light weight AAC can be prepared using 20% CR.
The map trap: Why and how word learning research should move beyond mapping
Authors: Wojcik Erica H. , Zettersten Martin , Benitez Viridiana L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA pervasive goal in the study of how children learn word meanings is to explain how young children solve the mapping problem. The mapping problem asks how language learners connect a label to its referent. Mapping is one part of word learning, however, it does not reflect other critical components of word meaning construction, such as the encoding of lexico‐semantic relations and socio‐pragmatic context. In this paper, we argue that word learning researchers' overemphasis of mapping has constrained our experimental paradigms and hypotheses, leading to misconceived theories and policy interventions. We first explain how the mapping focus limits our ability to study the richness and complexity of what infants and children learn about, and do with, word meanings. Then, we describe how our focus on mapping has constrained theory development. Specifically, we show how it has led to (a) the misguided emphasis on referent selection and ostensive labeling, and (b) the undervaluing of diverse pathways to word knowledge, both within and across cultures. We also review the consequences of the mapping focus outside of the lab, including myopic language learning interventions. Last, we outline an alternative, more inclusive approach to experimental study and theory construction in word learning research.This article is categorized under:Psychology > LanguagePsychology > Theory and MethodsPsychology > Learning
Development of high‐fidelity design‐driven wind blade manufacturing process models to investigate labor predictions in wind blade manufacture
Authors: Johnson Stephen B. , Chetan Mayank , Griffith D. Todd , Sherwood James A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWind turbines have shown significant advancements in efficiency and power output in the last 20 years. However, during the same time period, parallel advances in the manufacturing of wind blades have not happened due to the reluctance of wind blade manufacturers to make significant capital investments into unproven automation technologies. This reluctance is due in part to the lack of access to a robust techno‐economic model that can give feedback on if and how these investments will impact the overall cost to make a blade. In the current research, existing costing methods are reviewed and a new techno‐economic model for estimating the number of man‐hours required to manufacture a wind turbine blade is proposed. A set of standardized input parameters for the proposed model is developed from time studies completed at three wind blade manufacturing facilities. The proposed model uses 77 discrete processing steps. The credibility of the proposed model is validated by its ability the predict the required man‐hours for the manufacture of previously produced blades by the blade manufacturers. Additionally, validation is done against models of publicly available designs. The proposed model delivers more accurate and realistic estimates over prior models reflecting the application of current production techniques and detailed design information.
Sociology of the Military
Authors: Resteigne Delphine 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMilitary sociology, or more precisely, the sociology of military organizations, studies social facts about military institutions, their functional and structural components, and their relations with the societies that constitute their environments. Three periods can be roughly distinguished in the historical development of military sociology: the origins of the discipline, the Cold War period, and the current one. Like other subfields of sociology, the themes discussed in military sociology reflect the evolution of society at large. This particular branch of sociology bridges individual behaviors with broader social structures, in this case, military organizations.
Innovation for the Better: How Renewable Energy Technologies Improve Living Standards
Authors: Thiaw Abdoulaye , Toure S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnergy has always been of paramount importance for human societies. It played an instrumental role in the progress of nations. Throughout history, communities have sought to control and manage energy resources through technology. This chapter presents examples of innovation in energy technologies and services that aimed to improve living standards in local communities. The study exemplifies communities in the districts of Pikine and Guédiawaye, with solar photovoltaic systems to improve access in high schools. Our ambition is to learn from motivations, experience and people’s testimonials, the determinants of a successful energy transition in local communities.
Energy in Development Objectives: How the Energy Ecological Footprint Affects Development Indicators?
Authors: Nkounga W. M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAccess to affordable energy services remains a priority for eradicating poverty in developing countries. Energy services from conventional resources are necessary to power economic growth. However, they have a significant ecological footprint. In this study, we assess the impact of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted by energy systems on some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The study explores the relationships between the carbon intensity of the energy sector, the energy intensity of the economy and the carbon intensity of the economic system. In a sample of African countries, we found a positive correlation between energy use per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita and per unit GDP (carbon intensity of the economy). However, the correlation is less conclusive between energy use per capita and GHG emissions and between energy use per capita and energy use per unit GDP (energy intensity of the economy). Our results support new perspectives on energy sustainability agendas that take into account the macroeconomic parameters of the Sustainable Development Goal number 7 (SDG-7).
Democratization of Energy Planning: On a New Planning Tool Tailored to the Needs of Developing Countries
Authors: Fall A. , Ndiaye C. H. T. C. , Mbodji C. A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe chapter presents the concept of a model developed to support planning of energy access and transition to sustainability in emerging cities of the sub-Saharan Africa region. Energy planning software is the most used tool for the description and planning of an energy system. Existing software features several drawbacks that make them irrelevant for planning energy systems in cities like Dakar, Senegal. This chapter documents the reasons why existing energy planning software is not suitable for planning these energy systems. It also proposes a new approach for designing a software (MoCES) that is tailored to the needs of Dakar, using a combination of multi-criteria decision-making analysis, energy landscaping, and visual computing. MoCES is an innovative tool that supports the rising citizens’ engagement to access and transition to a sustainable energy future, which integrates all dimensions of sustainability, including economic affordability, social acceptance and environment friendliness.
Inheritance, Methodology, Integrity, and Creativity
Authors: Weller Paul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this final chapter, Weller attempts a preliminary evaluation of Gülen’s inheritance in interaction with the potential futures of Hizmet. An important creative tension is identified between what Weller calls the “distinctive normativity” of Gülen’s approach and an increasing awareness of its relative “normality” found among many Hizmet participants. In the light of Gülen’s mortality, the challenges arising for the interpretation and appropriation of his heritage are discussed. At the heart of this, Weller identifies not so much a body of teaching to be preserved and passed on, but rather a methodological approach rooted in the Qu’ran and Sunnah coupled with a readiness to learn by doing, including through the risks entailed in attempting new expressions of faithful action. In closing, Weller identifies how such an approach might offer a resource for an appropriately confident Muslim engagement in the doing of current Ijtihads, on an ecumenically inclusive basis.
Nachwuchsförderung in der Anästhesiologie: attraktive Gestaltung der Famulatur
Authors: Scheffel D. , Wirkner J. , Adler S. , Wassilew G. , Dragowsky K. , Seemann R. , Fröhlich S. ,   AG-Lehre der DGOU, Ghanem M. , Meder A. , Bakir S. , Huoy B. , Herbstreit S. , Kasch R. 
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Praktische Erfahrungen in Famulaturen können die spätere Weiterbildungswahl prägen.

Fragestellung
Ziel der Untersuchung war es, Faktoren in der anästhesiologischen Famulatur zu finden, die Studierende ermutigen, sich auf das Fachgebiet zu spezialisieren.

Material und Methoden
Im Rahmen einer bundesweiten Online-Umfrage beantworteten die Studienteilnehmenden (n = 479) Fragen zu ihrer mindestens 4‑wöchigen Famulatur in der Anästhesiologie. Die Befragten wurden in 4 Gruppen aufgeteilt: Diejenigen, die sich aufgrund der Famulatur ein Wahltertial im praktischen Jahr (PJ) in der Anästhesiologie vorstellen konnten (n = 212; 44 %), wurden mit denjenigen, die dies verneinten (n = 56; 12 %) und denjenigen, die sich schon vor der Famulatur festgelegt hatten (Ja: n = 144; 30 % und Nein: n = 67; 14 %) varianzanalytisch verglichen.

Ergebnisse
Die Umfrage erreichte alle medizinischen Fakultäten in Deutschland und befragte Teilnehmende im durchschnittlichen Alter von 25,8 Jahren. In allen 4 ausgewerteten Gruppen fanden sich signifikante Unterschiede.
Die Studierenden, die mit der Famulatur zufrieden waren und sich für das PJ-Wahltertial in der Anästhesiologie aussprachen, unterschieden sich signifikant hinsichtlich Integration ins Team, Kompetenzerwerb, Struktur und Qualität der Lehre von den anderen Gruppen. Die Vermittlung von praktischen Kompetenzen und Fachwissen sowie die Integration in Diagnosefindung und Therapieplanung förderten ebenfalls die Nachwuchsgewinnung.

Diskussion
Eine positiv bewertete anästhesiologische Famulatur fördert die spätere Spezialisierungspräferenz für dieses Fach. Für das Fachgebiet gewonnene Famuli erlangten mehr Fähigkeiten im Verlauf der Famulatur. Um angehende Ärzte für die Anästhesiologie zu gewinnen, sollte das ärztliche Team die oben genannten Kriterien bei der Famulaturgestaltung bedenken.
Microtiter plate with built-in oxygen sensors: a novel approach to investigate the dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth suppression in the presence of divalent cations and antibiotics
Authors: Almatrood Wafa , Nakouti Ismini , Hobbs Glyn 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe depletion of dissolved oxygen in a defined synthetic medium can be measured in real time, using a micro-well plate format, associated with a fluorescent plate reader. This technology is appropriate for investigating the effect of antibiotics on cell kinetics because there is a direct correlation between the latter and the amount of dissolved oxygen in the medium of an assay. In this study, the metabolic activity of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 was investigated using the OxoPlate OP96U optical sensor technology. The response of P. aeruginosa to aminoglycoside antibiotics when Ca2+and Mg2+ ions are present in the Evans defined synthetic medium was measured. The results revealed that the effect of antibiotics on P. aeruginosa is influenced by the concentration of divalent cations present in the test medium, although the efficiency of Ca2+ in supressing antibiotic activity was found to be greater than that of Mg2+. By comparison to tobramycin, the effect of amikacin is largely inhibited by the Ca2+and Mg2+concentrations. The study results underscore that the reliability of the observation of growth inhibitors is enhanced by the oxygen consumption measurements. Thus, the OxoPlate OP96U system is proven to be an accurate method to test the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments against P. aeruginosa.
Cutaneous steam burns and steam inhalation injuries: a literature review and a case presentation
Authors: Holm Sebastian , Engström Olof , Melander Marielle , Horvath Monika C. S. , Fredén Filip , Lipcsey Miklós , Huss Fredrik 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scald is one type of burn that s often mentioned alone and occurs mostly in the paediatric population. Inhaled steam is mostly cooled off in the airways, why thermal damage is rarely seen. A sudden exposure to hot steam/inhalation can cause a thermal inhalation injury. A scoping review was performed, with the aim to summarize all published papers in English, about steam-related injuries. The search was conducted using the PubMed® and Cochrane libraries on 19th of May 2021, without a set time period. Out of a total of 1186 identified records, 31 were chosen for review. Burns related to the contact with steam are generally rare and can be both minor and severe. The more severe cases related to steam exposure are mostly workplace accidents and the minor injuries reported in the literature are often related to steam inhalation therapy, especially in the paediatric population. This review describes the challenges that can be found dealing with patients suffering from cutaneous steam burns and/or steam inhalation injuries. A steam injury to the airways or the skin can be directly life-threatening and should be treated with caution. This type of injury can lead to acute respiratory insufficiency and sometimes death. A case of a male patient with extensive cutaneous steam burns and a steam inhalation injury who passed away after 11 days of treatment is also presented to illustrate this review.
Level of evidence: Level V, Therapeutic; Risk/Prognostic Study.
Deep learning–based time-of-flight (ToF) image enhancement of non-ToF PET scans
Authors: Mehranian Abolfazl , Wollenweber Scott D. , Walker Matthew D. , Bradley Kevin M. , Fielding Patrick A. , Huellner Martin , Kotasidis Fotis , Su Kuan-Hao , Johnsen Robert , Jansen Floris P. , McGowan Daniel R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To improve the quantitative accuracy and diagnostic confidence of PET images reconstructed without time-of-flight (ToF) using deep learning models trained for ToF image enhancement (DL-ToF).

Methods
A total of 273 [18F]-FDG PET scans were used, including data from 6 centres equipped with GE Discovery MI ToF scanners. PET data were reconstructed using the block-sequential-regularised-expectation–maximisation (BSREM) algorithm with and without ToF. The images were then split into training (n = 208), validation (n = 15), and testing (n = 50) sets. Three DL-ToF models were trained to transform non-ToF BSREM images to their target ToF images with different levels of DL-ToF strength (low, medium, high). The models were objectively evaluated using the testing set based on standardised uptake value (SUV) in 139 identified lesions, and in normal regions of liver and lungs. Three radiologists subjectively rated the models using testing sets based on lesion detectability, diagnostic confidence, and image noise/quality.

Results
The non-ToF, DL-ToF low, medium, and high methods resulted in − 28 ± 18, − 28 ± 19, − 8 ± 22, and 1.7 ± 24% differences (mean; SD) in the SUVmax for the lesions in testing set, compared to ToF-BSREM image. In background lung VOIs, the SUVmean differences were 7 ± 15, 0.6 ± 12, 1 ± 13, and 1 ± 11% respectively. In normal liver, SUVmean differences were 4 ± 5, 0.7 ± 4, 0.8 ± 4, and 0.1 ± 4%. Visual inspection showed that our DL-ToF improved feature sharpness and convergence towards ToF reconstruction. Blinded clinical readings of testing sets for diagnostic confidence (scale 0–5) showed that non-ToF, DL-ToF low, medium, and high, and ToF images scored 3.0, 3.0, 4.1, 3.8, and 3.5 respectively. For this set of images, DL-ToF medium therefore scored highest for diagnostic confidence.

Conclusion
Deep learning–based image enhancement models may provide converged ToF-equivalent image quality without ToF reconstruction. In clinical scoring DL-ToF-enhanced non-ToF images (medium and high) on average scored as high as, or higher than, ToF images. The model is generalisable and hence, could be applied to non-ToF images from BGO-based PET/CT scanners.
A soft gripper with contamination resistance and large friction coefficient
Authors: Wang Zuodong , Wu Yali , Yang Jiayi , Song Honglie , Dinh Khuong Ba , Zhang Dongguang , Truong Vi Khanh 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith the development of soft gripper systems, food processing, packaging, and processing technology has seen a significant advancement. The soft gripper must be protected from surface contamination and liquid lubrication; hence, a hydrophobic and contamination-resistant surface is used. There is an urgent need for a soft gripper that meets the functions of hydrophobic performance and contamination resistance, but there has been little study. In this study, the two functions are well achieved by introducing a flexible superhydrophobic surface. A novel design of a flexible superhydrophobic surface-based gripper (SSBG) is proposed by the template method. After a series of testing, it was discovered that the friction coefficient between the SSBG surface and the glass plate, cardboard, and steel plate is larger than that of a standard surface gripper (SSG). At the same time, the contamination resistance of SSBG is particularly important. Because of the existence of the plastron layer, the surface was discovered to be able to repel bacterial colonization. Finally, when the usual gripping force of the SSBG is measured on a 250 ml beaker with contamination and liquid lubrication, it can be shown that the gripping ability is improved by at least 100% and 170% compared to the SSG, respectively. As a result, the SSBG has a high potential for utilization in industrial and therapeutic contexts.