bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Canadian Response to the Pursuit of Global Sustainability Reporting Standards*
Authors: Elkins Hamilton , Entwistle Gary 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTAs business, government, and society continue to emphasize the importance of sustainability—both of individual organizations and of the natural world—accounting standard‐setting bodies want to be part of the process. In September 2020, in response to “urgent and growing demand” for more “consistent and comparable” sustainability reporting, the IFRS Foundation (the Foundation) released for comment a Consultation Paper on Sustainability Reporting. In the paper, the Foundation proposed the creation of a Sustainability Standards Board (SSB), which it would oversee alongside the IASB. The SSB would become, de facto, the global sustainability reporting standard setter. The Foundation received 577 responses to its proposal. These responses came from around the world and from a wide range of stakeholders. Thirty‐eight of the responses came from Canada. This study profiles the Canadian responses, contrasting them with the wider set of worldwide responses. Some uniquely Canadian features include user responses from a large number of pension funds and preparer responses solely from the energy sector. There was also a significant response from the Canadian accounting community, including from the full set of Canadian standard‐setting organizations. Five auditors general also responded. Overall, Canadian respondents supported both globalized sustainability reporting standards and the Foundation's creation of the SSB. This support aligns Canada's response with the worldwide response.
Commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks in woody vegetation of tropical inselbergs: Patterns of organization and structure
Authors: Couto Dayvid Rodrigues , Francisco Talitha Mayumi , Nascimento Marcelo Trindade 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe properties of ecological networks help to understand the patterns of commensal interactions between epiphytes and phorophytes as well as the importance of each species in the structure of the interactions in the community. Consequently, understanding how these interactions occur is extremely important, especially on inselbergs, one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. In this study, we used connectivity, specialization, nestedness and robustness to investigate the horizontal structure and modularity of the vertical structure in the epiphyte–phorophyte networks in woody vegetation on two inselbergs in the Atlantic Forest in south‐eastern Brazil. We found 113 phorophyte individuals in 13 species interacting with 4412 epiphyte individuals in 30 species, with a predominance of bromeliads, orchids and cactus. The networks had a nested horizontal structure, poor connectivity and low specialization. Using a modelling approach, these systems had low robustness when the phorophytes with more interactions were eliminated, being a fragile system in regard to local species loss, with 67% of the species restricted to Pseudobombax, a generalist phorophyte. There was little vertical modularity since many species of epiphytes were found in two or more modules, that we used to describe the vertical phorophyte zones. Highest species richness was found in the lower crown and on surface roots (mainly accidental epiphytes) while abundance had a different pattern, being highest in the upper crown, especially for the bromeliad Tillandsia loliacea. Our results suggest that both size (measured as DBH) as well as the species of phorophyte are important factors in the structuring of epiphyte–phorophyte networks on neotropical inselbergs woody vegetation.
Sociodemographic characteristics and social exclusion among the oldest old
Authors: Paine Naomi , Rachele Jerome N. , Turrell Gavin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe socioeconomically disadvantaged oldest old (people aged 85 years and over) are more vulnerable to social exclusion than the general population. Using a population representative sample, this paper examined associations between sociodemographic characteristics and social exclusion among the oldest old.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 307 participants aged 85 years and over from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Sociodemographic characteristics were measured using household composition, country of birth, housing tenure, income, education and neighbourhood‐level disadvantage. Three social exclusion domains were derived representing unsupportive relationships, neighbourhood exclusion and community disengagement. Analysis was undertaken separately for men and women.ResultsAmong men, living alone was associated with higher levels of unsupportive relationships (β = 11.6, 95%CI 2.1, 21.0) and having a lower income was associated with lower levels of neighbourhood disunity (β = −16.7, 95%CI −31.2, −2.2). Among women, living alone was associated with lower levels of community disengagement (β = −7.2, 95%CI −13.4, −0.9) and neighbourhood disadvantage was associated with lower levels of neighbourhood disunity (β = −10.4, 95%CI −19.6, −1.2). Both men and women with lower levels of education had higher levels of community disengagement (men: β = 8.3, 95%CI 1.9, 14.7; women: β = 17.0, 95%CI 8.6, 25.5).ConclusionsThis study showed few and unexpected associations between sociodemographic characteristics and social exclusion among oldest‐old Australians, suggesting a homogeneous effect of advancing age. Government approaches aimed at reducing social exclusion in this age group should consider gender and taking action across all socioeconomic stratification. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms linking sociodemographic characteristics to social exclusion.
Management of bacterial infections in young infants in Ethiopia: Facility preparedness, health workers’ knowledge and quality of care
Authors: Getahun Tigist , Azale Telake , Alemayehu Mekuriaw , Yitayal Mezgebu , Persson Lars Åke , Berhanu Della 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimWe assessed primary care facility preparedness, health workers’ knowledge and their classification and treatment of possible serious bacterial infection and local bacterial infection in young infants aged 0–59 days.MethodA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in four regions of Ethiopia, including 169 health posts with 276 health extension workers and 155 health centres with 175 staff. Registers of 1058 sick young infants were reviewed.ResultAntibiotics to treat possible serious bacterial infection were available in 71% of the health centres and 38% of the health posts. Nine of ten health extension workers and eight of ten health centre staff mentioned at least one sign of possible serious bacterial infection and local bacterial infection. Among the registered cases with signs of bacterial infections, the health extension workers classified 49% as having a possible serious bacterial infection and 88% as local bacterial infection. The health centre staff classified 25% as possible serious bacterial infections and 86% as local bacterial infections. One‐fourth (26%) of possible serious bacterial infection received the recommended treatment at health posts and 35% at health centres.ConclusionMany health posts lacked antibiotics. The classification and treatment of possible serious bacterial infection did not follow guidelines. The lack of medicines and poor adherence compromise the quality of care.
Interactions between color and intensity of LED light on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, immune response variable, and nutrient apparent utilization in broiler chicken
Authors: Tan Zichao , Sun Jinling , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Jie , Wang Shubai 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of light‐emitting diode (LED) color and intensity of broilers. One‐day‐old Cobb‐500 broilers (n = 648) were fed nine groups with six replicates; three light colors (white, blue, & green) and intensities (for 1 to 7 days, viz., 20, 40, and 60 lx; for 8 to 42 days, viz., 5, 10, and 15 lx) were applied. Test lasted for 42 days. Results indicated that compared with blue light, 60‐lx white light for 1 to 7 days increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers (p < 0.01). In the 10‐lx light groups, the levels of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and the concentrations of albumin (ALB) (p < 0.05) increased. Moreover, the nutrient apparent utilization for ether extract (EE) under 10‐lx green light was higher than that under 15‐lx blue light (p < 0.01). The interaction effects of light intensity and light color had an extremely significant influence on the ADG for 1 to 7 days, IL‐2 level, ALB content, and EE apparent utilization rate (p < 0.01) and had a significant influence on the ADFI and F/G for 1 to 7 days (p < 0.05). The production performance of broilers reared in three‐layer cage could be improved by using 60‐lx white LED light for 1 to 7 days and 5‐ to 10‐lx green LED light or 10‐lx white LED light for 8 to 42 days.
Diaphragmatic plication among lung transplant patients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Lawrence Adrian , Lovin Dylan , Mohanka Manish R. , Joerns John , Bollineni Srinivas , Kaza Vaidehi , Torres Fernando , Murala John , Peltz Matthias , Wait Michael A. , Banga Amit 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is lack of data reporting outcomes among patients needing diaphragmatic plication (DP) during or after lung transplantation (LT). We sought to assess the association of DP with post‐transplant spirometry among other outcomes.MethodsWe included all patients who underwent LT between 2012 and 2016 (n = 324, mean age 56.3±13.4 years; M:F 198:126). We compared early and late outcomes based on the need for DP.ResultsThe frequency of diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) on pre‐transplant fluoroscopy was 52.2%. A total of 38 DP procedures were performed among 37 patients (11.4% of LT patients). DP was done for anatomic (sizing or spacing issues) or functional indications (symptomatic DD). While patients with DP had significantly lower spirometry throughout the 3‐year follow‐up period, their slope of decline, functional assessments at the first annual visit, the risk of CLAD, and mortality were similar to patients without DP. A sub‐group analysis limited to patients with restrictive lung diseases as the transplant indication had similar findings.ConclusionsPre‐transplant DD is common among LT candidates although it did not predict the need for DP. DP may be performed for functional or anatomic indications especially for addressing the donor‐recipient size mismatch. Despite the lack of favorable effect on post‐transplant spirometry, patients undergoing DP have acceptable and comparable early and late outcomes.
The spectrum of melanocytic nevi and their clinical implications
Authors: Frischhut Nina , Zelger Bernhard , Andre Fiona , Zelger Bettina Gudrun 
Published: April 2022

SummaryThe magnitude of the topic of melanocytic nevi (MN) is directly related to its relevance in everyday clinical work. The different MN have different prognostic significance in regard to comorbidity and possible risk of transformation. In addition to the criteria of the ABCDE rule, relevant criteria in the assessment of an MN are the time of occurrence, the growth tendency, the distribution and the comparison with other MN of the respective individual.The present CME article provides an overview of the knowledge that has been gained with regard to the development and genetic background of MN and any risk of degeneration that may exist. In addition, certain clinical and/or dermatoscopic features may provide the clinician with a decision‐making aid in the management of different MNs.
Global patterns of soil gross immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Elrys Ahmed S. , Chen Zhaoxiong , Wang Jing , Uwiragiye Yves , Helmy Ayman M. , Desoky El‐Sayed M. , Cheng Yi , Zhang Jin‐bo , Cai Zu‐cong , Müller Christoph 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicrobial nitrogen (N) immobilization, which typically results in soil N retention but based on the balance of gross N immobilization over gross N production, affects the fate of the anthropogenic reactive N. However, global patterns and drivers of soil gross immobilization of ammonium (INH4) and nitrate (INO3) are still only tentatively known. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis considering gross N production rates, soil properties, and climate and their interactions for a deeper understanding of the patterns and drivers of INH4 and INO3. By compiling and analyzing 1966 observations from 274 15N‐labelled studies, we found a global average of INH4 and INO3 of 7.41 ± 0.72 and 2.03 ± 0.30 mg N kg−1 day−1 with a ratio of INO3 to INH4 (INO3:INH4) of 0.79 ± 0.11. Soil INH4 and INO3 increased with increasing soil gross N mineralization (GNM) and nitrification (GN), microbial biomass, organic carbon, and total N and decreasing soil bulk density. Our analysis revealed that GNM and GN were the main stimulators for INH4 and INO3, respectively. The structural equation modeling showed that higher soil microbial biomass, total N, pH, and precipitation stimulate INH4 and INO3 through enhancing GNM and GN. However, higher temperature and soil bulk density suppress INH4 and INO3 by reducing microbial biomass and total N. Soil INH4 varied with terrestrial ecosystems, being greater in grasslands and forests, which have higher rates of GNM, than in croplands. The highest INO3:INH4 was observed in croplands, which had higher rates of GN. The global average of GN to INH4 was 2.86 ± 0.31, manifesting a high potential risk of N loss. We highlight that anthropogenic activities that influence soil properties and gross N production rates likely interact with future climate changes and land uses to affect soil N immobilization and, eventually, the fate of the anthropogenic reactive N.
Phosphorus addition decreases plant lignin but increases microbial necromass contribution to soil organic carbon in a subalpine forest
Authors: Luo Ruyi , Kuzyakov Yakov , Zhu Biao , Qiang Wei , Zhang Yan , Pang Xueyong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIncreasing phosphorus (P) inputs induced by anthropogenic activities have increased P availability in soils considerably, with dramatic effects on carbon (C) cycling and storage. However, the underlying mechanisms via which P drives plant and microbial regulation of soil organic C (SOC) formation and stabilization remain unclear, hampering the accurate projection of soil C sequestration under future global change scenarios. Taking the advantage of an 8‐year field experiment with increasing P addition levels in a subalpine forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, we explored plant C inputs, soil microbial communities, plant and microbial biomarkers, as well as SOC physical and chemical fractions. We found that continuous P addition reduced fine root biomass, but did not affect total SOC content. P addition decreased plant lignin contribution to SOC, primarily from declined vanillyl‐type phenols, which was coincided with a reduction in methoxyl/N‐alkyl C by 2.1%–5.5%. Despite a decline in lignin decomposition due to suppressed oxidase activity by P addition, the content of lignin‐derived compounds decreased because of low C input from fine roots. In contrast, P addition increased microbial (mainly fungal) necromass and its contribution to SOC due to the slower necromass decomposition under reduced N‐acquisition enzyme activity. The larger microbial necromass contribution to SOC corresponded with a 9.1%–12.4% increase in carbonyl C abundance. Moreover, P addition had no influence on the slow‐cycing mineral‐associated organic C pool, and SOC chemical stability indicated by aliphaticity and recalcitrance indices. Overall, P addition in the subalpine forest over 8 years influenced SOC composition through divergent alterations of plant‐ and microbial‐derived C contributions, but did not shape SOC physical and chemical stability. Such findings may aid in accurately forecasting SOC dynamics and their potential feedbacks to climate change with future scenarios of increasing soil P availability in Earth system models.
The missing subject: Enabling a postcolonial future for climate conflict research
Authors: Siddiqi Ayesha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper suggests that the dominance of one debate on climate related conflict – establishing whether climate change leads to conflict, or not ‐ is the product of Imperial knowledge produced in the Global North Orientalising the Global South. This debate is also one in which the subdiscipline of political geography has been inadvertently complicit by accepting positivist approaches, that erase the subject and their subjectivities from this discussion, and frame them as science. The argument in this paper problematises the fundamental understanding of ‘climate conflict’, as defined and universalised by Western science in the Western academy. Instead, it argues that the subaltern's lived experience and interpretation of hazards and their relationship with conflicts needs to be located and centred in this conversation – not just as that of a hapless victim but as knowledge producers able to set the agendas and re‐orient the focus of this field. Research examining conflicts around floods and evictions begins to map a new future for how that might be possible.
Vertebrate lies? Arthropods were the first land animals!
Authors: Brookfield Michael E. , Catlos Elizabeth J. , Suarez Stephanie E. 
Published: April 2022

In contrast to the ‘propaganda’ of the currently dominant vertebrates (i.e. us), arthropods not amphibians were the first land animals. And like many another great advance, they first appeared in Scotland. The first land animals were ‘millipedes’, which evolved with the first true land plants at the edges of Scottish mountain lakes about 425 Ma. From then on, more elaborate and complex plant‐arthropod land communities evolved incredibly rapidly, and spread to lowland marshes, taking only 40 Myr to reach complex forest grade communities by 385 Ma. We recently dated some of the sediments enclosing these fossils to give a more precise age for the communities, a study still in progress, which indicates that the oldest land animal is a ‘millipede’ from Kerrera, Oban, Scotland.
The impact of ICT on shadow economy in West Africa
Authors: Ajide Folorunsho M. , Dada James T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn accordance with the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goal 9, this study probes the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on shadow economy in West Africa. The study is based on 12 countries in the period of 1996–2017. We augment the least‐squares dummy variables with Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) panel spatial correlation consistent (PSCC‐LSDV) to estimate the model, while the instrumental variables based on fixed effects (IV/FE) estimation technique and the novel method of moments quantile regression (MM‐QR) are used for robustness checks. Dumitrescu and Hurlin's (2012) panel causality test is employed to examine the causal direction. The results show that ICT reduces shadow economy in the West African region. In addition, the results of panel causality show that there is a bidirectional relationship between shadow economy and ICT variables in the West African region. This implies the two variables can be used to predict each other. The study concludes ICT can be used to reduce the level of shadow economy in West African countries and the magnitude impact differs across quantiles.
Dark side of skin‐lightening products: Social responsibility of advertisers
Authors: Raj Sahil , Sampat Brinda , Kajla Tanveer , Singh Harpreet 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe obsession with fair skin in India has prompted the Ministry of Health and Welfare to propose an amendment in the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954. This amendment proposes to impose a ban on advertisements promoting skin‐fairness products. However, with the proposed amendment, companies have adopted innovative strategies to rebrand their products and shift the spotlight from fair skin to glowing skin. Yet, the underlying message remains the same. The burgeoning growth of skin‐whitening creams in India calls for urgent attention to study the Indian consumers' motivations to purchase these products. The research study utilises self‐determination theory (SDT) to develop a grounded framework. The study results highlighted that intrinsic motivation and the two types of extrinsic motivation, namely, introjected regulation and external regulation, were positively associated with consumer buying behaviour. Surprisingly, attitude has no association with consumer buying behaviour. The results of the first moderator gender suggested that females are under social pressure to look fair for better jobs and marital prospects. The second moderator country of origin revealed that Indian consumers prefer foreign brands compared to Indian brands.
Phase evolution and thermophysical properties of high‐entropy RE2(Y0.2Yb0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ce0.2)2O7 oxides
Authors: Xu Liang , Su Lei , Wang Hongjie , Niu Min , Zhuang Lei , Peng Kang , Fan Xingyu , Gao Hongfei , Lu De 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPursuing novel thermal barrier–coating materials with lower thermal conductivity and high‐temperature stability can simultaneously improve the working efficiency and service temperature of a gas turbine. In this study, a series of high‐entropy RE2(Y0.2Yb0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ce0.2)2O7 (RE = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er) oxides were prepared though solid‐state reaction. Through tuning the rare‐earth cations, an order–disorder transition occurs from certain partially ordered weberite structure (C2221) to disordered defective fluorite structure (Fmm). All the high‐entropy RE2(Y0.2Yb0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ce0.2)2O7 oxides possess low thermal conductivity in the range of 0.91–1.34 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature, which can be attributed to increased lattice anharmonicity and disorder, resulting in additional phonon scattering. Herein, we proved that the incorporation of heterovalent cations at B‐sites in high‐entropy A2B2O7 crystals is an effective strategy to reduce the thermal conductivity without compromising the decrease of oxygen vacancy. Moreover, the high‐entropy RE2(Y0.2Yb0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ce0.2)2O7 oxides show the relatively higher thermal expansion coefficients of 10.3–10.7 × 10−6°C−1 and excellent phase stability at elevated temperatures.
Photoelectrochemical properties of butane reduced flame‐treated Zr‐doped hematite thin films
Authors: Mouchani Niusha , Yourdkhani Amin , Poursalehi Reza 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this research, Zr‐doped hematite thin films were prepared by a simple and highly scalable liquid phase deposition method, and their photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties were investigated. The samples were post‐heat treated using a butane reduced flame. PEC studies revealed that both Zr‐doping and flame‐treatment enhanced the performance of the hematite photoanodes. The photocurrent densities of the samples were considerably increased upon flame‐treatment, that is, about 3.5 times for a 4% Zr‐doped sample. The highest photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) was obtained, about 0.50 mA cm−2 for the 4% Zr‐doped sample, about five times higher than the undoped sample. The Mott–Schottky measurements revealed that the donor charge carrier density for the 4% Zr‐doped sample was increased fivefold upon flame‐treatment from 2.49 × 1019 to 1.38 × 1020 cm−3. The optical investigations showed that the optical band gap energy values depend on the level of Zr‐doping, and the sample with 4% Zr‐doping showed the lowest band gap energy value, about 1.82 eV. The mechanism behind the effectiveness of the flame‐treatment was investigated and attributed to the oxygen vacancy formation upon flame‐treatment. The formation of oxygen vacancies activates the donor doping, and as a result, the charge carrier density increases. In general, butane reduced flame‐treatment as a simple and effective strategy can be used as a post‐heat treatment to boost the PEC properties of hematite thin films.