bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rodeites sahni reinvestigated II
Authors: Chitaley S.D. , Paradkar S.A. 
Published: September 2022

The paper describes the structure of a 5 cm. long petiole bearing five Rodeites sporocarps one above the other in a row, collected from the Mohgaonkalan beds of the Deccan Intertrappean Series of India. It shows in T.S. a well-defined epidermis, aerenchymatous cortex and a central angular horse-shoe shaped robust vascular strand. On comparison with petioles of Marsilia, Pilularia and Regnellidium it is observed that the present petiole is different from them in thickness, arrangement of vascular tissues and in the number of protoxylem groups.
Eleven indusial septae are seen clearly in one of the sporocarps. They are attached to the inner side of the sporocarp wall.
The petiole bearing sporocarps and sporocarp with eleven indusial septae are being recorded here for the first time. Observations in this paper support the previous study of Rodeites sporocarps by the authors indicating that Rodeites was not identical with Regnellidium. but was an extinct fourth genus of Marsileaceae showing more resemblance to Marsilea than to Regnellidium. A new species Rodeites polycarpa is created in this paper.
Studies in the late quaternary vegitational history in Himachal Pradesh- 1. Khajiar lake
Authors: Sharma Chhaya , Singh Gurdip 
Published: September 2022

The paper discusses the results of pollen analytical investigations of Late-Quaternary deposits from Khajiar Lake in Himachal Pradesh.
At about 2000 B.C. the vegetational history begins with the predominance of oak woods. The oak woods along with some associated elements remain dominant throughout the pollen sequence except for a temporary decline which corresponds to the rise in elm and walnut and dates to 150 A.D. This change is perhaps suggestive of deforestation. Oak woods again declined at about 700 A.D. and were replaced by deodar. This change in vegetation is attributed to the biotic factor.
Studies in the late quaternary vegetational history in Himachal Pradesh- 2. Rewalsar lake
Authors: Sharma Chhaya , Singh Gurdip 
Published: September 2022

The paper embodies the results of pollen analytical investigations carried out at Rewalsar lake in Himachal Pradesh. The whole pollen sequence has been divided into several stages (a-e) as to facilitate the description of the pollen diagram. The Rewalsar lake is nearly 800 cm deep and is C-14 dated at two levels, i.e., 170 and 290 cm to 520 ± 55 and 1410 ± 60 years B.P. respectively. The date for bottom portion of the profile can be extrapolated to about 4000 years B.P. and thus whole sequence belongs to the "Post-glacial period ".
The vegetational stages as marked in the pollen diagrams to show the vegetational changes. The ‘Stage a’ the lowermost part of the lake basin is comprised of the forest in which oak appears to be the most dominant element followed by Pinus and Corylus with an undergrowth of grasses together with Artemisia and Cheno-Amarant. The succeeding ‘Stage b’ is almost in accordance with the preceding ‘Stage a’ except for a little rise in Quercus. ‘Stage c’ is differentiated from the preceding stages by the consistent rise in the values of Corylus and corresponding fall in the values of Quercus. The high altitude elements such as Pinus wallichiana, Abies, Picea and Cedrus have either gained or emerged during this stage. The ground flora except for minor fluctuations remains the same. ‘Stage d’ is marked by the tremendous decline in oaks and Corylus corresponding with a sudden rise in the values of Pinus roxburghii from the beginning of this stage. ‘Stage e’ is characterized by tremendous fall of Quercus giving pace to the grasslands comprising Gramineae Cyperaceae, Compositae, Artemisia, Cheno-Amarant type and Cerealia type.
On the palaeobotanical evidence for continental drift and Himalayan uplift
Authors: Hsu J. 
Published: September 2022

This paper provides some recent palaeobotanical evidence from Tibet. The Glossopteris flora from the Qubu Formation of Southern Tibet shows no relationship with the Gigantopteris flora of Northern Tibet. The fossil localities are only about 600 km apart from each other, yet these two floras are so distinct. They strongly support the view of continental drift that the India block drifted in Cretaceous from the south-eastern corner of Africa and later on in Eocene joined up with Asia to become its subcontinent.
The Cretaceous to Early Eocene flora obtained from Lhasa, Rikaze and Ali of Tibet do not show any relationship with the Deccan Intertrappean flora of India which demonstrates that the initial contact of the drifting India plate and the Eurasia plate began sometime after Early Eocene. The suture of these two plates perhaps lies in the belt of basic to ultrabasic rocks. along the Yalu Tsangpo valleys as suggested by some Chinese geologists.
The writer agrees with the view that the Himalayan uplift is due to the collision of the drifting India plate against the Eurasia plate. The Gandis Mountains may have been uplifted in the Eocene, earlier than the Himalayas. The Himalayan uplift probably began in Miocene, but went on more actively in the Quaternary. The uplift of the Tibetan plateau is also caused by the collision of these two plates, but the upheaval goes On gradually in Miocene.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India - 44. Aniganj plant Megafossils and Microspores from Auranga Coalfield, Bihar
Authors: Srivastava A.K. 
Published: September 2022

Eleven species of Glossopteris, viz., G. communis, G. sp. cf. G. nidpurensis, G. divergens, G. retifera, G. browniana, G. stricta, G. decipiens, G. fusa. G. sp., G. conspicua, G. leptoneura and scale leaves have been described in detail.
The miospore assemblage (18 genera & 36 species) is dominated by striate-disaccates and triletes alongwith a good percentage of Densipollenites. Three species, Faunipoilenites multistriatus, Striatopodocarpites haploxylonoides and Striatites obliquus are new.
Stratigraphy of the area around Matanomadh in North Western Kachchh with special reference to the Matanomadh formation
Authors: Saxena R.K. 
Published: September 2022

Four stratigraphic sections were measured in order to cover as much outcrop area as possible and to know the lateral persistence of various lithic units, their thickness and exact order of superposition in the area around Matanomadh, north-western Kachchh. The stratal units mapped in the area are Bhuj, Deccan Trap, Matanomadh and post-Matanomadh formations.
Frequency analysis and the variation pattern observed in the spore-pollen assemblage provide ample evidence for biostratigraphic zonation of the Matanomadh Formation. On the basis of the first appearance, maximum development and decline of the various palynomorphs four biozones have been recognized within this formation. These are (in ascending order): (i) Barren Zone, (ii) Dandotiaspora dilata Cenozone, (iii) Couperipollis brevispinosus Cenozone, and (iv) Sponge Zone.
Glossopterid leaves from the Early Mesozoic of northern Mexico and Honduras
Authors: Ash Sidney 
Published: September 2022

Many years ago Newberry (1876, 1888) reported the occurrence of leaves resembling Glossopteris, the typical Gondwana fossil, in the Late Triassic - Early Jurassic of northwestern Mexico and Honduras. Although, Glossopteris has been previously described a few times from areas like these outside the boundary of Gondwanaland the fossil occurs principally in the Permian and infrequently in the Early Triassic rocks of India and the southern continents, the now separated parts of Gondwanaland. The Glossopteris-like leaf from north-western Mexico is tentatively assigned to Glossopteris and the leaves from Honduras are assigned to Mexiglossa which was previously known only from the middle Jurassic of south-eastern Mexico.
Palyno-dating of Nidpur beds, Son Graben, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Tiwari R.S. , Ram-Awatar  
Published: September 2022

The Nidpur beds, located in Gopad River section near Nidpur Village, Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh, have proved to be a treasure of plant fossils-mainly fructifications and leaf-structures. The occurrence of Dicroidium rich pteridospermic megaflora provides the basis for dating these beds as Triassic. The present study reveals that the Nidpur beds are bracketed between two faults, as a result of which they escaped the erosion. The other underlying plant beds exposed in Gopad rivers and its tributaries (Mahan River and Sehra Nala) are older than
Nidpur beds as they yielded latest Permian palynoassemblages. Lithologically the Nidpur beds arc classified within the Upper Pali Member, and their palyno assemblage containing Playfordiaspora, Lundbladispora. Densoisporites, Araucariacites, Goubinispora, Klausipollenites, Lunatisporites, Trabeculosporites indicates a Triassic affiliation. The trailing striate-disaccates are the remainie of the Upper Permian flora. On the basis of mega and microfossils it is suggested that they are of the Early Triassic age.
Palynological studies of the Barail Group (Oligocene) in the Type Area, Assam
Authors: Kar R.K. 
Published: September 2022

The surface samples from Disang (Eocene), Laisong (Lower Oligocene), Jenam (Middle Oligocene), Renji (Upper Oligocene) and Bhuban (Lower Miocene) formations exposed along Silchar-Halflong road in the type area in Assam were palynologically investigated. Six samples studied from Disang are placed into Striatriletes microverrucosus Cenozone. Laisong palynological assemblage comprises 30 genera and 28 identifiable species and the entire assemblage is placed into Osmundacidites wellmanii Cenozone. The Jenam assemblage has 49 genera and 42 identifiable species and the assemblage is divisible into: (i) Malayaeaspora costata Cenozoe and (ii) Striatriletes susannae Cenozone. The Renji assemblage constitutes Cyathidites minor Cenozone. The Bhuban assemblage is placed into Pinuispollenites crestus Cenozone. The Disang palynological assemblage is distinguished from Laisong by the high representation of Phragmothyrites eocaenicus and Striatriletes susannae. Laisong is differentiated from Jenam by the dominance of Cyathidites minor, Lygodiumsporites lakiensis, Striatriletes susannae and Striatriletes multicostatus. In Renji Formation, Cyathidites minor reappears in a good percentage but frequency of Polypodiaceaesporites tertiartis, Striatriletes susannae, Striatriletes multicostatus and Osmundacidites wellmanii is considerably reduced. The Bhuban assemblage is distinguished from Renji by the abundance of Pinuspollenites crestus and Podocarpidites kbasiensis.
Siwalik pollen succession from Surai Khola of western Nepal and its reflection on palaeoecology
Authors: Sarkar Samir 
Published: September 2022

A palynological report dealing with the Siwalik Group of sediments from Surai Khola area of western Nepal is presented. The clay samples collected from six different lithological units of Lower Middle and Upper Siwalik provide data for palaeoecological interpretations. Significant elements of the palynoflora are: Zygnema, Mougeotia, Botryococcus, Striatriletes, Lycopodiumsporites, Monoporopollenites, Malvacerumpollis and Poyadopollenites.Periodic changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of the palynological spectra show that the vegetational succession reflects changing palaeogeographical conditions. A fresh-water swampy environment is interpreted for the older horizons. Algal remains of, Botryococcus, Pediastrum, Zygnema and megaspores of Azolla. etc., provide cogent evidence for this observation. Gradually swampy, conditions seem to have changed to a bottom land habitat. Which is evidenced by the presence of a number of pteridophytic elements, viz., Lycopodium, Polypodium, Schizaea, etc. Palynoassociations depict semi-evergreen vegetational pattern during the time of deposition of the Surai Khola Siwalik sequence in West Nepal.
Tertiary coals of Makum Coalfield, Assam, India: Petrography, genesis and sedimentation
Authors: Misra B.K. 
Published: September 2022

The two most important coal seams, viz., Seam no. 1 (18 m thick) and Seam no. 3 (6 m thick), of the Tikak Parbat Formation, Barail Group (Oligocene) are overlain by > 2000 m thick sediments of younger age. The coals are bright and non-banded in appearance. They are rich in vitrinite with subordinate amounts of liptinite and inertinite macerals. Early diagenetic pyrite and calcite alongwith clay and quartz are the main associated minerals. Under blue light excitation high amount of fluorescing macerals recorded are formed chiefly by perhydrous Vitrinite, liptodetrinite and resinite. Minor amount of sporinite, cutinite, suberinite and exsudatinite are also present with sporadic occurrence of f1uorinite and alginite. A comparison of Makum coals with the other Tertiary coals of India has also been attempted. The coals have low moisture and ash contents with high volatile matter and calorific value in relation to their rank by reflectivity measurements. The rank of the coal seams (R0 max. 0.72-0.75%) corresponds to high volatile bituminous B stage.
From the biopetrological, palaeobotanical and geological evidences it has been concluded that the coal seams originated mostly from in situ mangrove-mixed angiospermous forest vegetation growing under humid to per-humid tropical climate. The vegetal accumulation took place in a rheotrophic swamp forming in a near-shore lagoon on a lower delta plain. The maceral and mineral associations in the coal seams indicate that the accumulated vegetal matter was mainly subjected to anaerobic microbial degradation under elevated swamp water pH (> 6). This facilitated the precipitation of early diagenetic pyrite, calcite and in situ release of plant-derived minerals in the peat. Under these conditions highly pyriteous and perhydrous coal seams were formed mainly by putrefaction. Whenever microbial degradation of organic matter was severe normal vegetal supply fell short to produce a peat layer, with the result minor and major authigenic partings within the coal seams were formed.
Genesis of Indian Tertiary coals and lignites: a biopetrological and palaeobotanical view point
Authors: Misra B.K. 
Published: September 2022

Coal and lignite seams associated with the Tertiary sedimentary sequence of India are bright unbanded (coals) and sparingly banded (lignites) in appearance. They chiefly consist of vitrinite/huminite macerals with subordinate amounts of liptinites and inertinites. Desmocollinite/attrinite and densinite are the main vitrinite/huminite maceral groups. Sclerotinite (fungal remains) and inertodetrinite are the main inertinite macerals in the seams of northeastern States-Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some of the coal and lignite seams of Meghalaya and Gujarat have predominance of structured inertinite macerals (semifusinite and fusinite). Main inorganics associated with the seams are syngenetic pyrite and calcite. Clay and quartz (argillaceous matter) are usually in low proportions except in certain seams of Gujarat and Meghalaya. The seams, under blue light excitation, are characterized by moderate to very high proportion of fluorescing macerals constituted chiefly by perhydrous vitrinite/huminite, liptodetrinite, bituminite and resinite. Other macerals of liptinite group, viz., cutinite, sporinite, suberinite, exsudatinite, alginite (Botryococcus) and fluorinite in order of decreasing abundance, are in subordinate amounts.
The coal and lignite-forming evergreen angiospermous forest vegetation flourishing under humid tropical climate comprised inland, coastal, beach, back mangrove to mangrove plant communities. Herbaceous and shrubby, including aquatic, angiosperms and pteridophytes formed prolific undergrowth. Some of the coal and lignite seams of Meghalaya, Rajasthan and Gujarat have definite marine and brackish water elements.
The Tertiary coal and lignite deposits of India originated from hypo-autochthonous to autochthonous rheotrophic peat accumulating in lagoons or near-shore back swamps in Assam, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat and in small isolated estuarine or estuarine back swamps in Meghalaya. The vegetal matter experienced both aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation under neutral to mildly alkaline subaqueous conditions. The coalification trends of the ancient peat were influenced more by putrefaction rather than purily by humification. Small and ephemeral fresh water ponds/lakes developed occasionally on peat surface were responsible for the presence of aquatic and water-edge taxa in the seams. Herbaceous and shrubby vegetation, especially pteridophytes, growing in the vicinity of ancient peat swamps were the main source of structured and detrital inertinites. Occasional natural cindering of the peat surface, e.g., in Gujarat and Meghalaya, was responsible for relatively high inertinite contents. Variations in the thickness and rank of coal and lignite seams were controlled by the existing tectonic conditions and geothermal gradients in different areas.
Keywords- Biopetrology, Coal and lignite genesis, Palaeoenvironment, India.
Further contributions to the study of the Qubu Flora from southern Xizang (Tibet)
Authors: Xingxue Li , Rigby J.F. 
Published: September 2022

The taxonomy of Glossopteris species occurring in the Qubu Formation is reviewed; G. xizangensis is proposed. Samaropsis xizangensis is proposed for seeds found attached to G. xizangensis. An affiliation with the Glossopteris flora of the Mamal Formation, Kashmir appears valid although the number of distinctive species in common is reduced to Glossopteris dingriensis.
Aspects of sporophyte taxa are reviewed in the light of doubts concerning affiliations proposed previously. Additional specimens are needed before problems can be resolved concerning species of Sphenophyllum or Trizygia, Austroannularia, Cladophlebis and Pecopteris. Scale leaf remains have not been named.
New microfossils from the Meso-Neoproterozoic Deoban Limestone, Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Srivastava Purnima , Kumar S. 
Published: September 2022

Forty-five additional microfossils are being described from the Meso-Neoproterozoic Deoban Limestone (Formation). Microfossils are preserved in black bedded chert, occurring as thin lenses and bands intercalated with dolostones. The assemblage comprises both filamentous as well as coccoid forms. The assemblage is dominated by cyanobacterial population along with a number of microfossils belonging to other affinities represented by bacterial, algal, fungal and acritarchean forms. Out of the forty-five forms there are forty-four species belonging to 33 genera and one micro-organism is informally described as Form 'A'. Five taxa are described as new genera.
Additional Deoban forms are as follows:
Cyanobacteria- Archaeoellipsoides minor, A. major, Palaeopleurocapsa sp., Scissilisphaera gradata, Scissilisphaera sp., Coniunctiophycus gaoyuzhuangense, Archaeophycus sp., Gloeodiniopsis lamellosa, Palaeomerismopedia misrai gen. & sp. nov., Siphonophycus septatum, S. robustum, S. solidum, S. typicum, Polytrichoides lineatus, Oscillatoriopsis amadeus, O. obtusa, O. breviconvexa, Rhicnonema antiquum, Nostocomorpha sp., Eomicrocoleus crassus, Cyanonema sp., Palaeolyngbya catenata, Circumvaginalis sp., Obruchevella parva, O. valdaica, O. minor and Glomovertella glomerata.
Incertae sedis- Paleosphaeridium zonale, Germinosphaera sp., Myxococcoides chlorelloides, Myxococcoides stragulescence, Palaeococcus indicus gen. & sp. nov., Dumbellina deobanensis gen. & sp. nov., Maithea indica gen. & sp. nov., Eophycomyces herkoides, Bulgenia septata gen. & sp. nov. and Form 'A'.
Acritarchs- cf. Cymatiosphaeroides sp., Micrhystridium sp ., Favosphaeridium favosum, Trachysphaeridium sp., Leiosphaeridia crassa, L. jacutica, Caudosphaera sp. and cf. Ovulum saccatum.
The Deoban Microfossil Assemblage is characterised by dominance of mat building cyanobacterial population, exhibiting evolutionary conservatism. Extensive size variation from specimens of less than one micron to 265 microns in case of coccoids and from less than one micron to 48 microns among filamentous forms indicate the most favourable preservational conditions for silicification of the biota.
There are a number of forms, which show some resemblance with extant chlorophycean, bacterial and rhodophycean forms. Presence of large sized sphaeromorphs ranging in diameter from 105 to 265 µm and rare occurrence of acanthomorph or spinose acritarch (represented by Micrhystridium sp.) and small-sized, moderately developed spirally coiled filaments of Obruchevella support a pre-Vendian age to the Deoban microfossil assemblage.
Sequence evolution in the eastern Chhattisgarh Basin: constraints on correlation and stratigraphic analysis
Authors: Patranabis-Deb Sarbani , Chaudhuri Asru K. 
Published: September 2022

The Proterozoic succession in the eastern part of the Mesoproterozoic Chhattisgarh Basin comprises two unconformity-bounded sequences. Sequence I represents the Chhattisgarh Supergroup of earlier workers. It overlies rocks of the basement complex with a profound unconformity. Sequence II unconformably overlies Sequnce I, and represents the closing phase of basin evolution during the early Neoproterozoic time. It is unconformably overlain by rocks of the Gondwana Supergroup.
The Lohardi and Gomarda formations at the lower part of the Chandarpur Group of Sequence I comprise an immature succession of conglomerate, sandstone and shale deposited in fan-delta - pro-delta environments, marked by rapid facies changes, variable rates of sediment influx, and uneven rates of subsidence and creation of accommodation space. The Kansapathar Sandstone in the upper part of the Chandarpur Group, by contrast, comprises a sheet of mature arenite deposited in a macrotidal shelf. The immature assemblage is best developed in the eastern part of the basin, and rapidly thins out towards west, where the Kansapathar arenite directly overlies the basement. The Raipur Group provides an excellent example of cyclic sedimentation of red shale and limestone. It comprises three shale-dominated intervals and two carbonate-dominated intervals, organized into multiple shallowing-up cycles. The lower carbonate succession, the Sarangarh Limestone, developed as a shallow water un-rimmed platform and evolved into a deep water ramp, with an extensive thin sheet of black limestone facies. Stromatolites are conspicuously absent in the Sarangarh Limestone. Small stromatolite bioherms appear in the Gunderdehi Shale which overlies the ramp succession, and abundant growth of stromatolite is noted in the upper carbonate succession which evolved as a rimmed platform. A thick ignimbrite horizon in the Churtela Shale attests to major felsic volcanism and termination of the Sequence at ~1000 Ma.
The Kansapathar Sandstone, the black limestone facies of the Sarangarh Limestone, and the Gunderdehi Shale embedded with small stromatolite bioherms can be used as key marker horizons to overcome the problem of intrabasinal correlation. The marker horizons can be traced from the western part to the eastern part of the basin. The stromatolites in the Gunderdehi Shale and in the Saradih Limestone further provide a biostratigraphic frame, subject to detailed morphologic and microstructural analysis, for possible chronostratigraphic classification.