bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KNASTER AND FRIENDS III: SUBADDITIVE COLORINGS
Authors: LAMBIE-HANSON CHRIS , RINOT ASSAF 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe continue our study of strongly unbounded colorings, this time focusing on subadditive maps. In Part I of this series, we showed that, for many pairs of infinite cardinals
$\theta < \kappa $
, the existence of a strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is a theorem of
$\textsf{ZFC}$
. Adding the requirement of subadditivity to a strongly unbounded coloring is a significant strengthening, though, and here we see that in many cases the existence of a subadditive strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is independent of
$\textsf{ZFC}$
. We connect the existence of subadditive strongly unbounded colorings with a number of other infinitary combinatorial principles, including the narrow system property, the existence of
$\kappa $
-Aronszajn trees with ascent paths, and square principles. In particular, we show that the existence of a closed, subadditive, strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is equivalent to a certain weak indexed square principle
$\boxminus ^{\operatorname {\mathrm {ind}}}(\kappa , \theta )$
. We conclude the paper with an application to the failure of the infinite productivity of
$\kappa $
-stationarily layered posets, answering a question of Cox.
Driven from Home: Taking Stock of Central American Migration
Authors: Isaacs Anita 
Published: June 2022

This essay reviews the following works:
From Strangers to Neighbors: Post-disaster Resettlement and Community Building in Honduras. By Ryan Alaniz. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. xv + 216. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477314098.The Migrant Passage: Clandestine Journeys from Central America. By Noelle Kateri Brigden. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. Pp. 264. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781501730559.The Democracy Development Machine: Neoliberalism, Radical Pessimism, and Authoritarian Populism in Mayan Guatemala. By Nicholas Copeland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. Pp. 282. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781501736063.The Long Honduran Night: Resistance, Terror, and the United States in the Aftermath of the Coup. By Dana Frank. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018. Pp. 344. $17.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781608469604.Caravana: Cómo el éxodo Centroamericano salió de la clandestinidad. By Alberto Pradilla. Mexico City: Penguin Random House, 2019. Paperback. Pp. 293. ISBN: 9786073180511.Sexto Estado de la Región 2021: Versión completa. San José, Costa Rica: Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE); Programa Estado de la Nación (PEN), 2021. PDF. Pp. 476. ISBN: 9789930607138. Datos electrónicos, https://estadonacion.or.cr/informe/?id=332ae9fc-d7c0-4886-a8cd-b67ea5f0ac38.A House of One’s Own: The Moral Economy of Post-disaster Aid in El Salvador. By Alicia Sliwinski. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2018. Pp. x + 264. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780773552920.
Who Stays Poor and Who Doesn’t? An Analysis Based on Joint Assessment of Income and Assets
Authors: CHEN JUN-HONG , WU CHI-FANG , ZHENG HAOTIAN 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWhen designing programs to assist the poor, it is important to recognize who is most in need of government assistance. Although measures of poverty are often based on income alone, poverty measures based on both income and assets provide greater precision in the analysis of this group since accumulated assets can be liquidated to compensate for temporary shortfalls in income. The current study used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2007–2017) to analyze associations between different facets of poverty dynamics (i.e. poverty entry and exit) and its determinants. We explored differences in results based on whether poverty was measured by income alone, or income plus assets. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine how demographic characteristics predicted poverty entry and poverty exit. Results indicated factors predicting poverty entry were not identical to those predicting difficulty of exiting poverty. Also, the risk of poverty entry and exit differed based on whether poverty was measured by income alone, or income plus assets. Thus, using income plus assets provides new perspectives into poverty dynamics which past research, based on income alone, did not provide. These new insights can be used to inform decisions about policies for poverty prevention and alleviation.
Wishing for More: Technological Change, the Rise of Involuntary Part-Time Employment and the Role of Active Labour Market Policies
Authors: VAN DOORN LARS , VAN VLIET OLAF 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTechnological change has squeezed the demand for middle-skill jobs, which typically involve routine-intense tasks. This squeeze has coincided with an increase in the number of part-time working individuals who wish to work more hours. We argue that these two trends are linked. Due to the decline of middle-skill employment, medium-educated workers shift into low-skill employment, increasing the supply of labour for jobs in this segment of the labour market. This pushes those dependent on these jobs to accept part-time jobs, even if these involve fewer hours than they prefer. To empirically assess this claim, we analyse involuntary part-time employment across 16 European countries between 1999 and 2010. Our analysis confirms that a decline in middle-skill employment is associated with an increase in involuntary part-time employment at the bottom end of the labour market. This finding implies that the automation of routine-intense labour worsens employment possibilities in this segment of the labour market. However, we show that training and job creation schemes mitigate this effect. These programmes cushion competition either by providing medium-educated workers with the necessary skills to shift into high-skill jobs or by increasing employment possibilities. Thus, governments have the tools to support workers facing challenges in the knowledge economy.
Belowground structure and determinants of woody plant height at a tropical dry forest site in Zambia, southern Africa
Authors: Chidumayo Emmanuel N. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRoot metrics and plant height for 256 excavated saplings and small trees of 27 species, including sown plants, were used to describe belowground structure and assess factors that influence shoot growth in a tropical dry forest (TDF) in Zambia. Models were developed to (i) estimate taproot depth from incomplete excavations and (ii) coarse lateral root biomass from proximal diameter data. The majority of the species studied are slow-growing and had a median height of <200 cm at the age of 16 years. Root development advanced sequentially from taproot elongation to thickening to coarse lateral root development. Shrubs in shallow soil had short taproots with a lower wood density. Plant age explained <10% of the variance in shoot height. Root variables explained the majority of the variance in shoot height. More research is needed to improve our knowledge about how belowground structures influence shoot growth and tree recruitment in TDFs of southern Africa.
Aortic valve replacement using On-X valve in a child postorthotopic heart transplantation
Authors: James Adam , Foley Ross , Murchan Helene , Hasan Asif , DeRita Fabrizio , Reinhardt Zdenka , McMahon Colin J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA 20-month-old girl presented with severe dilated cardiomyopathy and decompensated congestive cardiac failure. Despite escalating inotropic and mechanical ventilation support, she required placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and transfer to the transplant centre in Newcastle, England. She was placed on biventricular assist device and then Berlin Heart but failed to show any recovery of ventricular function. She underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at 2 years of age. She developed bacterial endocarditis with Enterococcus faecalis resulting in severe aortic valve regurgitation requiring aortic valve replacement with a 19 mm On-X valve (Airtivion) 11 days after her transplant. Given the size of the donor heart, it was possible to implant a 19-mm valve in this 12 kg child with minimal risk of patient prosthesis mismatch. She was anticoagulated with warfarin (On-X valve INR 2-3 for first 3 months; INR 1.5-2.0 thereafter). Although she suffered several other post-operative complications, including malabsorption, nasojejunal feeding, liver dysfunction, vertebral fractures, renal impairment and renal calcification, and need for repeat opening of her tracheostomy site following her initial decannulation, her aortic valve function has remained stable.
Arsenate removal from aqueous solutions by Mg/Fe-LDH-modified biochar derived from apple tree residues
Authors: SHIRIAZAR Mohammad Ali , SEPEHR Ebrahim , MALEKI Ramin , KHODAVERDILOO Habib , ASADZADEH Farrokh , DOVLATI Behnam , RENGEL Zed 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The development of non-toxic and inexpensive materials for arsenic removal is required due to water sources being polluted by arsenic in many countries around the world. The main aim of this study was to characterise the capacity and behaviour of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides/biochar [Magnesium/Iron-Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Fe-LDH)] composite for arsenate adsorption from solution. Apple tree pruning residues were used to produce biochar at 500 °C under oxygen-limited atmosphere. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar was synthesised using a spontaneous in situ co-precipitation method. Batch experiments were used for the assessment of the kinetics, isotherms, and the effects of initial solution pH (4, 6, 8, and 10), ionic strength (0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 mol L−1), and co-occurring anions (carbonate and phosphate) on the arsenate removal. Scanning electron microscope images showed Mg/Fe-LDH were loaded on the biochar porous structure, and X-ray diffraction analysis affirmed the presence of crystalline LDH minerals in Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Surface modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-LDH increased the maximum arsenate adsorption capacity (3.6 mg g−1) ten times compared to unmodified biochar (0.35 mg g−1). Arsenate removal capacity increased from 4.2 % to 54.2 % with modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-based LDH. Kinetic studies indicated that >90 % of Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar arsenate adsorption from a starting concentration of 10 mg L−1 occurred in the first 120 min. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models described well the kinetics and isotherm of arsenate adsorption by biochar and Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar showed maximum arsenate removal capacity at pH 6. Increasing solution ionic strength and the presence of phosphate and carbonate anions suppressed arsenate removal by Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. In summary, surface modification of biochar using Mg/Fe-LDH produced a potentially more cost-effective, locally available, reusable, and non-toxic arsenic adsorbent for decontamination of surface- and groundwater.
Formulation of Wavelet Based Multi‐Scale Multi‐Objective Performance Evaluation (WMMPE) Metric for Improved Calibration of Hydrological Models
Authors: Manikanta Velpuri , Vema Vamsi Krishna 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEstimation of the hydrological model parameters, known as model calibration, is an important step in application of these models for various water resources problems. In the auto‐calibration approach, the match between the simulated and observed variables is assessed using the statistical performance measures, which are used as objective functions. Earlier studies show that the use of traditional single‐objective functions alone cannot capture all the features of the hydrographs, motivating the utilization of multi‐objective calibration. Further, wavelet‐based approaches can capture features that occur at different time scales. In this study, Wavelet Transforms are employed to formulate a Wavelet based Multi‐Scale Multi‐Objective Performance Evaluation (WMMPE) metric that combines multiple standard metrics at multiple time scales. The performance of WMMPE along with other objective functions such as Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Kling Gupta Efficiency (KGE)), Euclidean distance based Multi Objective Calibration Function and wavelet based Multi‐Scale NSE in calibrating two conceptual hydrologic models were tested on 53 watersheds. The performance of the five calibrated models were evaluated for their efficacy in simulating different characteristics of hydrograph such as, low and high flows, water balance components, frequency domain characteristics and average error magnitude. The results show that WMMPE calibrated models are performing well in matching all the flow segments of hydrograph in >22 basins for the two conceptual models. Further, results of the analysis suggested that the presence of outliers have minimum impact on the simulation of WMMPE calibrated models in the validation period.
Detection and Attribution of Human Influence on the Global Diurnal Temperature Range Decline
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Feng Xingyu , Gu Xihui , Zhang Jiawen , Slater Louise J. , Kong Dongdong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA decline in the global diurnal temperature range (DTR) and its implications for human and natural systems have been widely reported, yet it remains unclear whether humans have a detectable influence on the DTR and to what extent anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) may be driving such changes. Results indicate that the effect of anthropogenic forcing on the DTR is detectable separately from natural forcing across the globe and in many regions. GHG is the dominant contributor to DTR changes and caused the global DTR to decrease by −0.32°C during 1951–2018, close to the observed change of −0.41°C. Decreased anthropogenic aerosols (AER) increased the DTR in Europe, while increased AER decreased the DTR in Asia. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, further decreases in the DTR are likely to be observed in the future.
Elastic Contrast, Rupture Directivity, and Damage Asymmetry in an Anisotropic Bimaterial Strike‐Slip Fault at Middle Crustal Depths
Authors: Song Bo Ra , Song Won Joon , Johnson Scott E. , Gerbi Christopher C. , Vel Senthil S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMature faults with large cumulative slip often separate rocks with dissimilar elastic properties and show asymmetric damage distribution. Elastic contrast across such bimaterial faults can significantly modify various aspects of earthquake rupture dynamics, including normal stress variations, rupture propagation direction, distribution of ground motions, and evolution of off‐fault damage. Thus, analyzing elastic contrasts of bimaterial faults is important for understanding earthquake physics and related hazard potential. The effect of elastic contrast between isotropic materials on rupture dynamics is relatively well studied. However, most fault rocks are elastically anisotropic, and little is known about how the anisotropy affects rupture dynamics. We examine microstructures of the Sandhill Corner shear zone, which separates quartzofeldspathic rock and micaceous schist with wider and narrower damage zones, respectively. This shear zone is part of the Norumbega fault system, a Paleozoic, large‐displacement, seismogenic, strike‐slip fault system exhumed from middle crustal depths. We calculate elastic properties and seismic wave speeds of elastically anisotropic rocks from each unit having different proportions of mica grains aligned sub‐parallel to the fault. Our findings show that the horizontally polarized shear wave propagating parallel to the bimaterial fault (with fault‐normal particle motion) is the slowest owing to the fault‐normal compliance and therefore may be important in determining the elastic contrast that affects rupture dynamics in anisotropic media. Following results from subshear rupture propagation models in isotropic media, our results are consistent with ruptures preferentially propagated in the slip direction of the schist, which has the slower horizontal shear wave and larger fault‐normal compliance.
Speed and Acceleration of Droplets Generated by Breaking Wind‐Forced Waves
Authors: Erinin M. A. , Néel B. , Ruth D. J. , Mazzatenta M. , Jaquette R. D. , Veron F. , Deike L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLaboratory measurements of droplet size, velocity, and accelerations generated by mechanically and wind‐forced water breaking waves are reported. The wind free stream velocity is up to 12 m/s, leading to wave slopes from 0.15 to 0.35 at a fetch of 23 m. The ratio of wind free stream and wave phase speed ranges from 5.9 to 11.1, depending on the mechanical wave frequency. The droplet size distribution in all configurations can be represented by two power laws, N(d) ∝ d−1 for drops from 30 to 600 μm and N(d) ∝ d−4 above 600 μm. The horizontal and vertical droplet velocities appear correlated, with drops with slower horizontal speed more likely to move upward. The velocity and acceleration distributions are found to be asymmetric, with the velocity probability density functions (PDFs) being described by a normal‐inverse‐Gaussian distribution. The horizontal acceleration PDF are found to follow a shape close to the one predicted for small particles in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, while the vertical distribution follows an asymmetric normal shape, showing that both acceleration components are controlled by different physical processes.
Hybrid Kinetic Model of the Interaction Between the Dense Plasma Clouds and Magnetospheric Plasma on Large Time and Spatial Scales, and Comparison With MMS Observations
Authors: Lipatov A. S. , Avanov L. A. , Giles B. L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present a new simulation results of the cloud dynamics in the ambient magnetospheric plasma on the large time and spatial scales. It was assumed that these impulsive structures observed by the MMS spacecraft originally were created because of the reconnection at the magnetopause. Our new 3‐D hybrid kinetic modeling on the large time and spatial scales captures several of these processes: an excitation of the electromagnetic waves (whistler and shear‐Alfvén waves) and plasma instabilities (mirror and flute); a formation of shock waves, and collapsing diamagnetic cavity; particle acceleration. A strong overshoot in plasma density profile was observed in the modeling and MMS observation at the interface between the cloud and magnetospheric plasma. The cloud expansion into ambient magnetospheric plasma causes the flute waves connected with excitation of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability observed at the overshoot in plasma density profile across the external magnetic field. The modeling demonstrates a formation of the whistler waves at the initial stage which propagate in the external magnetic field direction. At the later stage, a formation of shear‐Alfvén waves was observed.
Densely Sampled Global Dynamic Topographic Observations and Their Significance
Authors: Holdt M. C. , White N. J. , Stephenson S. N. , Conway‐Jones B. W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTopography and bathymetry are principally supported by some combination of crustal and sub‐crustal density variations. However, dynamic topography is generated by vertical deflection of the Earth's surface as a result of mantle convection. Isolating and quantifying observable dynamic topography yields valuable information about mantle processes. Here, we investigate global dynamic topography by calculating residual depth anomalies throughout the oceanic realm and residual topographic anomalies across the continents. We correct for sedimentary and crustal loading by exploiting a variety of seismologic datasets that include seismic reflection profiles, wide‐angle/refraction surveys, and receiver functions. In this way, an extensively revised and augmented global compilation of 10,874 oceanic residual depth measurements and 3,777 continental residual topographic measurements is constructed. In the oceanic realm, the methodology has been revised to improve accuracy and resolution. First, quartz/clay content of the sedimentary column is adjusted to remove minor skewness of residual depth anomalies as a function of plate age. Secondly, variation of bulk density as a function of crustal thickness is taken into account. Our global compilation is used to generate spherical harmonic representations of observable dynamic topography out to degree 40 (i.e., ∼1,000 km). Resultant spectra demonstrate that dynamic topographic power varies linearly with inverse wavenumber. The spectral slope directly reflects the way by which dynamic topography is generated by Stokes' flow. Our global results are consistent with independent and diverse geologic markers of uplift and subsidence together with Neogene‐Quaternary intraplate basalt magmatism.
A Review of GNSS/GPS in Hydrogeodesy: Hydrologic Loading Applications and Their Implications for Water Resource Research
Authors: White Alissa M. , Gardner W. Payton , Borsa Adrian A. , Argus Donald F. , Martens Hilary R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHydrogeodesy, a relatively new field within the earth sciences, is the analysis of the distribution and movement of terrestrial water at Earth's surface using measurements of Earth's shape, orientation, and gravitational field. In this paper, we review the current state of hydrogeodesy with a specific focus on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System measurements of hydrologic loading. As water cycles through the hydrosphere, GNSS stations anchored to Earth's crust measure the associated movement of the land surface under the weight of changing hydrologic loads. Recent advances in GNSS‐based hydrogeodesy have led to exciting applications of hydrologic loading and subsequent terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimates. We describe how GNSS position time series respond to climatic drivers, can be used to estimate TWS across temporal scales, and can improve drought characterization. We aim to facilitate hydrologists' use of GNSS‐observed surface deformation as an emerging tool for investigating and quantifying water resources, propose methods to further strengthen collaborative research and exchange between geodesists and hydrologists, and offer ideas about pressing questions in hydrology that GNSS may help to answer.
Targeting fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical trials
Authors: Zhao Manyu , Wang Liqun , Wang Mengzhu , Zhou Shijie , Lu Ying , Cui Huijie , Racanelli Alexandra C. , Zhang Ling , Ye Tinghong , Ding Bisen , Zhang Ben , Yang Jinliang , Yao Yuqin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop fibrosis, including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Fibrosis such as liver cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis caused substantial disease burden. Persistent abnormal activation of myofibroblasts mediated by various signals, such as transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growh factor, has been recongized as a major event in the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. Although the mechanisms driving organ-specific fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, drugs targeting these identified aberrant signals have achieved potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly introduce the aetiology and epidemiology of several fibrosis diseases, including liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we summarise the abnormal cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts) and their interactions in fibrosis. In addition, we also focus on the aberrant signaling pathways and therapeutic targets that regulate myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix cross-linking, metabolism, and inflammation in fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the anti-fibrotic drugs based on their targets and clinical trials. This review provides reference for further research on fibrosis mechanism, drug development, and clinical trials.