bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Musical We”
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that musical encounters have the potential to change the configuration of relationships, lessen the effects of stigma, and enlarge the moral imagination. It begins by exploring how the “musical we” is formed; what it means to share musical time, spaces, joy, and flourishing with others; how shared musical experience can transform and transpose relationships; and the nature and significance of musical presence. Building upon the discussion of intellectual disability in previous chapters, it argues that these forms of connection are particularly ethically significant in establishing and expanding relationships with and between individuals with intellectual disabilities. It concludes with a discussion of four specific virtues that can be cultivated both within and beyond the musical encounter: empathy, acknowledged dependence, humility, and solidarity.
PMP and Historical Changes
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how the PMP principle can be helpful in understanding the role the media can play in historical changes in the political world. Three cases are analyzed: two from the United States and one from Israel. The American cases are the civil rights movement of the late 1950s and the 1960s and changes in opinion and policies concerning the death penalty, especially during the late 1990s and the decade starting in the year 2000. The Israeli case has to do with a historical change that also has taken place in other countries: the increasing personalization of politics. As in the other chapters, there is a discussion of the structural, cultural, and situational variables that help illuminate important elements that are considered part of the political and communication ecosystems and that help explain the role of the media in the historical changes under discussion.
Autonomous Vehicles, the Badness of Death, and Discrimination
Authors: Černý David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to address concerns regarding possible discriminatory behavior of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in collision situations. In the first part, the author analyzes paradigmatic cases of direct discrimination and arrives at a semiformal definition of it. The second part is devoted to a thorough investigation into the nature and badness of death and culminates with a defense and characterization of the deprivation account of the badness of death. In the final part, the author sets out to apply the analysis, conclusions, and conceptual distinctions from the previous two parts to the problem of whether distributing harms based on age necessarily involves some form of discrimination. The conclusion is negative: if an AV distinguished between two possible trajectories, each of which would lead to the death of a human person, on the basis of age, its choice and behavior would not be an instance of direct discrimination.
Autonomous Vehicles and Normative Pluralism
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The emerging prospect of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has made normative ethical thinking relevant in new and enhanced ways. In the most direct way, these vehicles create a need to program the computers that will guide them in decision-making that is of manifestly moral import. More broadly, setting up a world in which transportation is in large part autonomous requires special value-based social decision-making. Operating in these spheres in a way that is sensitive to normative pluralism requires novel philosophical thinking. This thinking not only involves the applications of normative pluralism in autonomous transportation but, in light of the special opportunities and challenges posed by AVs, can help us to understand in new ways the spheres of morals and values.
A Handbook of Diction for Singers
Authors: Adams David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The 3rd edition of A Handbook of Diction for Singers is a guide to help classical singers achieve professional levels of lyric diction in Italian, French, and German, the three major languages of classical vocal repertory. It serves as a textbook for student singers, as well as a reference for voice teachers, vocal coaches, and conductors. The presentation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The newly created chapter 1, “An Introduction to Specific Sounds,” introduces the relevant phonetic symbols, with descriptions of how each sound is produced and reference to the positioning of the articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, glottis) for each sound. Comparison of sample words from each language, including English, are provided. Each of the three languages is given its own chapter, with discussion not only of the sounds but also of features such as diacritical marks, words stress, vowel length, syllabification, and word structure. Example words have been expanded from previous editions, and most words are translated into English and transcribed into phonetic symbols. There are multiple musical examples, as well as basic exercises for specific sounds and IPA transcription (a new feature). Fine points not available from other textbooks are covered, such as extensive information on the open and close vowels sounds of e and o in Italian, sequencing of consonant sounds and word structure in German, and vowel length and details of the treatment of mute e in French. Additional resources are discussed for each language and sample texts are given with IPA transcriptions and translations.
Italian Diction
Authors: Adams David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the sounds of Italian: vowels, consonants, and glides, along with the relevant phonetic symbols. It explains diacritical marks, vowel length, syllabification, word stress, and apocopation. There is extensive discussion of diphthongs and triphthongs, both within words and across words boundaries (phrasal diphthongs). Double consonants and phrasal doubling across word boundaries are presented in detail. There are examples of words with translations and phonetic transcriptions, as well as musical examples. Problems specific to singing are discussed, such as proper value of vowels in diphthongs and triphthongs and how to execute double consonants and consonant clusters. Resources for Italian and sample vocal texts with phonetic transcriptions and translations are provided. There are exercises interspersed throughout the chapter. Following the main chapter is an appendix, primarily meant as a reference, that discusses the two sounds each for the letters e and o in Italian, the open sound and the close sound.
French Diction
Authors: Adams David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the sounds of French: vowels, consonants, and glides, along with the relevant phonetic symbols. It explains diacritical marks, vowel length, and word stress. Owing to its complexity, French syllabification is deferred to the end of the chapter. The section on consonant sounds and letters gives extensive information concerning when consonant letters are sounded or silent. It discusses enchaînement, elision, and liaison, along with mute e and its various musical settings, as well as e moyen and vocalic harmonization. There are extensive examples of words with translations and phonetic transcriptions, as well as musical examples. Resources for French and sample vocal texts with phonetic transcriptions and translations are provided. There are several exercises interspersed throughout the chapter.
The West’s Guilt toward the “Rest”
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Part III addresses some major ideological premises and fixations that have dominated the public and political discourse in the economically most developed countries of the world. At present, all these countries are liberal democracies; the great majority are Western in terms of their cultural heritage, while others are largely “Westernized”. Liberal democracy has been their consensual ideological and political framework since 1945. It encompasses the two major ideological creeds that branched out of classical liberalism: right-wing, minimal government liberalism, which has joined hands with modern conservatism; and left-wing, welfare-state liberalism, which has come closer together with modernized social democracy. The West’s interaction with other parts of the world has been a major subject of debate and soul-searching within the democracies. Influenced by the radical-left’s critique, it has become commonplace that the modern West has been exceptionally bellicose, imperialistic, oppressive, and murderous. However, overall, the opposite is true. Tribal societies around the globe suffered far higher rates of violent mortality. And premodern state societies everywhere were the scene of endemic, highly lethal wars, imperial conquests, massacres, enslavement, brutal oppression, and an all-pervasive material deprivation. While the West was the most successful in all the above during the early modern period, it was soon to transform the rules of the game themselves. Furthermore, within the West, the emergent liberal democracies should not be conflated with the countries that were not. Indeed, the soul-searching and sense of guilt in the democracies is rooted precisely in the new norms that they themselves have established.
Virtual Victory
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhere do offensive cyber operations (OCOs) fit in modern military strategy? No capability, warfighting domain, or approach works in a vacuum. Cyber can and does fit in a joint operations doctrine, but it requires acknowledging its unique circumstances, advantages and disadvantages. This chapter analyses the applicability of military concepts to OCOs. Where do they fit, and to what end? While event-based operations skew more heavily towards tactical, battlefield outcomes, presence-based operations facilitate deceptive surprise and may even result in strategic outcomes at the campaign level. One of the biggest failings of modern militaries is their incorrect application of cyber capabilities alongside kinetic or even other intangible means. Knowing how, when and where to exercise the unique force made available through OCOs can make the difference between an investment wasted and a key enabler of success. Cyber operations will never single-handedly win a war, but they can make a difference if used correctly. This chapter reviews military concepts and their application to cyber-warfare, including economy of force, centers of gravity, deception and the notion of asymmetry.
HIV
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The emergence of AIDS in the early 1980s caused a profound crisis for federal health agencies, particularly the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists in ACT UP, charging that these agencies were failing patients with AIDS, initiated a series of escalating protests. NIH officials, led by Dr. Anthony Fauci, began to talk with the advocates and make major changes in the research process. However, over at the FDA, a protest involving the arrest of hundreds of AIDS activists undermined the agency’s public health image. Eventually, under a new commissioner, the FDA earned back the trust of activists.
Communications and Politics
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An effective communications approach starts with a basic dictum set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “Be first, be right, be credible.” Agencies must establish themselves as vital sources of accurate information to maintain the public’s trust. At the same time, public health officials must recognize that communications play out in the context of ideological debates, electoral rivalries, and other political considerations. During a public health crisis, this means that health officials often need to constructively engage political leaders in communications and management. Navigating these waters in the middle of a crisis can be treacherous. Figuring out the best way to engage elected leaders is a core aspect of political judgment.
The Occult Does Not Exist
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn recent years, it has become common for academic writers to use "the occult" as an analytical category to which various types of mystical belief and activity that are quite widespread in Africa are assigned. This includes those often described as "magic" and "witchcraft". It is notable that all these concepts generally go undefined. The present article argues that much of the current academic vocabulary used to describe and analyze the invisible world that many Africans believe to exist is tainted by an intellectual history associated with colonialism. Instead, we propose that much African thought and action related to the invisible world should be considered in terms of religion, with the latter being defined contextually as a belief in the existence of an invisible world, distinct but not separate from the visible one, that is home to spiritual beings with effective powers over the material world.
Not a Level Playing Field
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 3 discusses the requirements of different state actors to conduct cyber operations, based on their strategic, legal and organizational constraints. First, this chapter notes that state-actors face different strategic, organizational and legal/normative constraints when it comes to conducting cyber operations. A constrained actor tends to embed cyber operations within a well-defined legal and ethical framework, is aware of the impact organizational trade-offs, and behaves strategically, connecting these cyber means ultimately to a political end. Second, this chapter explains that these constraints have a major influence on the operational requirements to conduct cyber effect operations.
Intentional Interstate Capability Transfers
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter studies the dynamics of intentional state-to-state transfer of cyber capabilities. This chapter sets up a comparison between the incentives of conventional arms transfer and cyber arms transfer. Whereas for conventional capabilities an arms-producing state typically engages in either the transfer of finished systems or knowledge of how to reproduce existing technology and less in transfers that help to adapt or innovate weapon technology, this chapter explains that there is little incentive to engage in this type of transfer for offensive cyber capabilities--specifically exploits and tools. If any incentives exist for state-to-state transfer, it would be in facilitating other state actors to develop their own offensive capabilities--that is by providing expertise, infrastructure and organizational capacity to adapt and innovate--as this does not reduce the effectiveness of one's own arsenal. However, an advanced cyber power would only consider this type of transfer with a highly select group of other actors with whom it has historically strong ties and can trust that these capabilities will not be deployed against their interests.
Underground Penality and State-Prefiguration
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRebel groups often try to mimic their state adversaries. Mobilised by an ambition to become the governing power of the state, they explicitly emulate elements of state practice and discourse in order to substantiate their authority and convey ‘stateness’. This chapter argues that punishment provides a particularly apposite context in which armed groups such as the IRA can evoke state-like authority, subverting and reclaiming the assumption that the power to punish offenders is the prerogative of the state. The actions most associated with the IRA (and with other armed groups)—planting bombs, shooting at soldiers, prisoners’ hunger strikes—cannot convey stateness effectively as their form and nature usually cannot distinguish isolated terrorists from a self-proclaimed people’s army or government-in-waiting. Yet penality– the way the power to punish is claimed and exercised—can perform this function and symbolically dramatise the aspired state-like quality. The IRA sought to present itself as akin to a state government and invested considerable effort in state-like practices such as holding formal and public military-style funerals. This chapter analyses its penal practices and discourses in relation to informing—such as using the idiom and forms of criminal justice, presenting killing as a ‘death penalty’, or constructing informing as treason—as a mimicry, or prefiguration, of stateness: acting as an ‘as-if state’. The logics underlying the IRA’s approach to informers thus went beyond eliminating the security threat to the organisation: the meanings punishment sought to communicate were political and pertained to the group’s broader goals and self-image.
The Paramedic at Work
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAmbulance services and paramedics perform critical roles in contemporary healthcare economies. Trained to work in the field and respond rapidly to emergencies, societies have come to increasingly rely on ambulance services to deliver urgent care, never more so than in recent years given intense social inequality, overstretched and underfunded health systems, and deadly pandemics. This monograph is the first book-length study of the paramedic profession in England. Based on in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation The Paramedic at Work provides a detailed account of the complex realities of work in this fascinating occupation. Empirical chapters explore the nature of work ‘out on the road’, the peculiarities of ambulance organizational culture, the intensity of workplace stress and burnout, and the current and future trajectory of paramedic professionalism. The book documents the unique paradoxes experienced by those employed in this line of work. Ambulance staff are trained to handle life-threatening trauma and disease, but most callouts consist of unplanned primary care. Paramedic work features wide autonomy but is also bound into an array of micromanaging performance indicators. Paramedics are trusted and respected in society but the profession is poorly understood and employers can be unsupportive. But, no matter how intense the personal struggles can be, paramedic work also offers rare opportunities for meaningful and socially valued work. The nature of the paramedic role is rapidly moving from a manual occupation rooted in first aid and transportation, to a clinical profession of increasing scope, versatility, and social respect.
The Game Designer's Playbook
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Video games have captivated us for over 50 years, giving us entire worlds to explore, new ways to connect with friends, thought-provoking stories, or just a fun way to pass the time. Creating games is a dream for many, but making great games is challenging. This is a book about that challenge. More specifically, it’s a book about game interaction design—in other words, shaping what players can do and how they do it to make a game satisfying and memorable. Our time with a game is built on interaction, from basic things like pushing buttons on a controller, to making complicated strategic decisions and engaging with its narrative. If you’ve ever felt the adrenaline rush from beating a perfectly tuned boss fight or been delighted by the fanfare of picking up that last collectible, you’ve experienced good interaction design first-hand. This book is about learning what makes for great (or terrible!) interaction design in games, exploring things like controls, feedback, story, and tutorial design by analyzing existing games. It also looks at how newer and still-developing tech like VR and streaming are changing the ways we play, and how you can bring great interaction design to your own games.
Caveman Arcade
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The video game industry as we know it was born around the 1970s, but the history of games in general stretches back over five thousand years. This chapter gives a short overview of that history, discussing what makes a game, why people play games, and how games have changed over the centuries. In particular, it explores shifts in game design between the arcade era and the present day. As a primer to the chapters that follow, it discusses the appeal of interacting with games, and the various benefits that games offer as entertainment. This chapter also provides a brief explanation to readers of what they can expect from the work as a whole.
The Long Con
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Learning to play is one of the most important parts of a game’s experience, with the ability to make or break a player’s first few minutes with a game. This chapter outlines advice for good tutorial design, questioning the efficacy of traditional tutorials and discussing how learning can occur throughout the course of an entire game. It explores how information can be communicated through instruction, demonstration, and interactivity, and how each method can best be used. Challenges like balancing difficulty and pacing during player learning are also investigated, along with overcoming the annoyance of repetition and avoiding the dreaded label of “hand-holding.” Lastly, the chapter touches on how learning a game’s interactions can contribute to replayability and long-term satisfaction.
Multidimensional Poverty
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere is now a widespread consensus that poverty is multifaceted, reflecting deprivation people suffer in many aspects of life. The literature on measuring multidimensional poverty has expanded rapidly in recent times. This chapter carefully reviews the development of multidimensional poverty. Although the literature on multidimensional poverty has made considerable progress in identifying the poor and developing multifaceted poverty indices, too many unresolved issues remain to be considered. The chapter has provided a comprehensive discussion of many unresolved problems. The literature has developed many multidimensional measures, making many arbitrary assumptions that lead to an arbitrary degree of poverty. The chapter proposes an alternative analysis of multifaceted poverty requiring a lesser degree of arbitrariness. The inequity index developed in this chapter would be an indispensable tool in formulating public policies to reduce multidimensional poverty. The chapter presents the illustration of multidimensional poverty in Brazilian municipalities for 2010. The empirical estimates suggest the analysis of ill-being (not well-being) indicators divided into four broad dimensions: health, education, living conditions, and labor market activities. The ill-being indicators fall into a mixture of both output and outcome indicators. The chapter concludes that it would be meaningless to aggregate them into a composite poverty index. From the policy perspective, it is also more insightful to analyze poverty in various dimensions instead of constructing a composite index.