bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hollow Nanomaterials in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: From Single‐ to Multiple Shells
Authors: Li Zhao , Xu Ke , Qin Linlin , Zhao Decai , Yang Nailiang , Wang Dan , Yang Yang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHollow‐structured nanomaterials (HSNMs) have attracted increased interest in biomedical fields, owing to their excellent potential as drug delivery systems (DDSs) for clinical applications. Among HSNMs, hollow multi‐shelled structures (HoMSs) exhibit properties such as high loading capacity, sequential drug release, and multi‐functionalized modification and represent a new class of nanoplatforms for clinical applications. The remarkable properties of HoMS‐based DDS can simultaneously satisfy and enhance DDSs for delivering small molecular drugs (e.g., antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and imaging agents) and macromolecular drugs (e.g., protein/peptide‐ and nucleic acid‐based drugs). First, the latest research advances in delivering small molecular drugs are summarized and highlight the inherent advantages of HoMS‐based DDSs for small molecular drug targeting, combining continuous therapeutic drug delivery and theranostics to optimize the clinical benefit. Meanwhile, the macromolecular drugs DDSs are in the initial development stage and currently offer limited delivery modes. There is a growing need to analyze the deficiency of other HSNMs and integrate the advantages of HSNMs, providing solutions for the safe, stable, and cascade delivery of macromolecular drugs to meet vast treatment requirements. Therefore, the latest advances in HoMS‐based DDSs are comprehensively reviewed, mainly focusing on the characteristics, research progress by drug category, and future research prospects.
Role of Moisture and Oxygen in Defect Management and Orderly Oxidation Boosting Carbon‐Based CsPbI2Br Solar Cells to a New Record Efficiency
Authors: Zhang Guizhi , Zhang Jianxin , Yang Zechao , Pan Zhenxiao , Rao Huashang , Zhong Xinhua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLarge energy loss (Eloss) caused by defect‐assisted recombination makes the photovoltaic performance of carbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) inferior to that of metal‐electrode ones. Herein, the influence of environmental factors (moisture and oxygen) on defect management during re‐annealing process of CsPbI2Br crystalline films is systematically studied. Density functional theory and experimental results indicate that moisture in the air can significantly reduce the oxidation kinetics of crystalline films, resulting in orderly oxidation. Concomitantly, the oxidation decomposition products PbO and CsPbIBr2 are enriched at grain boundaries, passivating surface defects efficiently. Simultaneously, energy band coupling between CsPbI2Br and CsPbIBr2 improves the hole extraction efficiency. The photovoltage of corresponding C‐PSCs is increased from 1.05 to 1.32 V, indicating a reduced Eloss derived from orderly oxidation strategy. Correspondingly, the champion cell achieves an efficiency of 15.27%, and a certified efficiency of 14.7%, which is a new record efficiency for CsPbI2Br C‐PSCs.
Broad‐Spectrum Photodetection with High Sensitivity Via Avalanche Multiplication in WSe2
Authors: Choi Haeju , Choi Seunghyuk , Kang Taeho , Son Hyeonje , Kang Chanwoo , Hwang Euyheon , Lee Sungjoo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHigh‐sensitivity broad‐spectrum photodetectors with detection capabilities ranging from ultraviolet to infrared have attracted significant attention for their application as photodetectors. They can be used as a receiver for all applications in optical communication for covering a wide spectral range with a single photodetector, which can significantly lower the overall system cost. In this study, by constructing an avalanche photodetector (APD) fabricated with 2D WSe2, a high photoresponsivity of over 107 A W−1 for a broad spectrum of 405–1310 nm is achieved under an electric field higher than the critical field for the avalanche multiplication of 35 kV cm−1, overcoming the limitation of the detectable wavelength induced by the energy bandgap of the material. The benchmark in terms of the photocurrent‐to‐dark current ratio and responsivity over a wide wavelength range demonstrates that the fabricated WSe2 APD outperforms the reported 2D layered material‐based APDs and reported WSe2 photodetectors. The obtained results can be attributed to the high‐gain mechanism via avalanche multiplication and phonon‐assisted photogeneration in WSe2, enabling efficient photodetection beyond sub‐bandgap wavelengths. This result provides a promising general approach for developing a single photodetector that can cover a broad spectral range with a high sensitivity for future optical communication.
Purely Organic Blue Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Activated by Acrylamide In Situ Photopolymerization
Authors: Sun Yonghui , Chen Yong , Jiang Linnan , Yu Xiaoyong , Qin Yuexiu , Wang Shuaipeng , Liu Yu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurely organic room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP), especially blue phosphorescence, has aroused considerable attention in organic optoelectronic applications. Herein, a purely solid supramolecular assembly with blue phosphorescence is constructed by 6‐bromoisoquinoline‐modified β‐cyclodextrin (CD‐IQ), acrylamide (AAm), and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) based on in situ photopolymerization strategy, accompanied by blue RTP emission at 450 nm. The abundant hydrogen‐bonding network between the formed polyacrylamide matrix and the β‐CD effectively restricts the motion of the 6‐bromoisoquinoline chromophore and suppresses the nonradiative transition, realizing purely blue RTP emission. As compared with CD‐IQ‐polymer, supramolecular assembly between CB[7] and CD‐IQ can improve the quantum yield and lifetime from the initial 25.5% and 238.47 ms to 49.41% and 268.9 ms, respectively, which is attributed to the confinement effect of the cucurbituril hydrophobic cavity, and can be further applied in fields of anti‐counterfeiting, information encryption, and writing.
Recent Advances of Single‐Atom‐Alloy for Energy Electrocatalysis
Authors: Shen Tao , Wang Shuang , Zhao Tonghui , Hu Yezhou , Wang Deli 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSingle‐atom‐alloys (SAAs), as an emerging kind of materials, combine the advantages of alloy and single‐atom catalysts. The full atomic utilization of active sites and well‐defined bonding environments in SAAs lead to superior electrocatalytic performance and give a deep insight into the structural–activity relationship. In this review, the recent advances of SAAs in various electrochemical reactions are highlighted for further designing of highly effective electrocatalysts. This review starts with an introduction to the fundamental concepts of several effects, which influence the electrocatalytic activities. Then the preparation and characterization methods on SAAs are listed and compared. Next, the recent advances of SAAs in hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, alcohol/hydrogen/formic acid oxidation reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, etc. are illustrated and discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and suggestions for the future development of SAAs in energy‐conversion electrocatalysis are presented.
Use of sludge from pulp mills in extensive crops: An assessment at a semi‐commercial scale in central South America
Authors: Mazzilli Sebastián Ramón , González Barrios Pablo , Ernst Oswaldo R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLand under agriculture has increased during the last 20 yr in the South American Pampas. Agricultural systems use mostly finite imported sources of P, so the use of local recycled P sources is an alternative. In Uruguay, two current events are relevant to this matter: the increase in the crop area ofBrassica carinata(biofuels production) and the presence of large pulp mills. The working hypothesis was that pulp mill sludge applied prior to sowing carinata crops will substitute the use of inorganic fertilizers, and that the combination of sludge and inorganic fertilizers will increase grain yield. Two on‐farm experiments were conducted, in which carinata was sown during the 2019 winter season and followed after harvest by soybean sown at one site and maize at another. At each site, six treatment strips (30 m wide × 400 m long) were established in a control‐plot design. The treatments corresponded to two sludge types (biosludge and mixed sludge), combined with a traditional N, P, K, S chemical fertilizer (29 kg P ha–1), compared with a control treatment (not fertilized). Carinata yields results do not support the proposed hypothesis, because the yields of the sludge treatments were lower than the chemical fertilization treatments. The limiting factor for the crops was associated with N supply, as the nitrogen nutrition index showed low values. Sludge application did not result in changes in summer crop yields and soil chemical properties. Future studies should focus on the sustained use of combined fertilizer sources over time.
Flame synthesis of tungsten‐doped titanium‐dioxide nanoparticles using novel precursor combination of liquid titanium tetra‐isopropoxide and solid tungsten mesh
Authors: Zhang Yuqian , Dong Zhizhong , Xiong Gang , Tse Stephen D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTungsten‐doped titanium‐dioxide (W‐TiO2) nanoparticles are successfully synthesized using a multiple‐diffusion‐flame burner with a separate center tube. Vaporized titanium tetra‐isopropoxide (TTIP) precursor issues from a center tube to produce TiO2 nanoparticles, while a tungsten mesh, suspended above the surrounding multiple over‐ventilated hydrogen diffusion flames, serves as the solid‐phase metal doping source. At a lower tungsten loading rate, W‐TiO2 nanoparticles are generated, as indicated by an obvious angle shift of 0.15° for the entire x‐ray diffraction spectrum. However, at a higher tungsten loading rate, homogenous nucleation of WOx occurs before or concurrently with TiO2 nucleation, producing mixed nanopowders, permitting fewer tungsten ions to be doped into TiO2. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic characterization reveals that the as‐synthesized W‐TiO2 nanoparticles possess augmented absorbing ability in the visible‐light wavelength range, where the band gap is reduced from 3.20 to 3.05 eV, compared with that for the nondoped TiO2 nanoparticles.
Acetic Acid‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐Amino‐3‐Cyanopyrroles via a Three‐Component Reaction Between Carbohydrates, Primary Amines and Malononitrile
Authors: Xia Mengxin , Moussa Ziad , Judeh Zaher M. A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDirect conversion of unprotected carbohydrates to N‐heterocycles is challenging and highly desirable. A simple three‐component synthesis of N‐substituted 2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyrrole key framework is developed from the reaction between unprotected carbohydrates, malononitrile, and primary amines. The reaction proceeded under mild reaction conditions (AcOH catalyst, EtOH, 60 °C, 2 hours), tolerated a wide substrate scope, worked smoothly on a 4 g scale, and gave the pyrroles in up to 86% yield. The pyrroles were also converted into functional intermediates to demonstrate their versatility. NMR and LC–MS experiments supported a proposed cascade reaction mechanism. The approach demonstrates a robust upcycling process for the challenging synthesis of highly functionalized N‐heterocyclic compounds from unprotected carbohydrates.
The effect of cigarette smoking on first‐trimester crown–rump length
Authors: Stamatopoulos Nicole , Lu Chuan , Vo Samuel , Vaquero Mercedes Espada , Leonardi Mathew , Condous George 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesDoes cigarette smoking impact the embryonic growth rate in the first trimester?MethodsThis is a retrospective multicentre observational study of 2912 pregnancies. Women who presented to the early pregnancy and perinatal ultrasound units between 2010 and 2019 were included in the study. The data collected included the following: smoking status, the crown–rump length (CRL) of the pregnancy at the first ultrasound that showed an embryonic heart rate, the gestation in days and the CRL at another ultrasound up to the nuchal translucency scan and the gestation in days. Additional demographic data included the following: age, weight, height, parity and mode of delivery.Of the 2912, complete smoking and demographic data were available for 657 pregnancies. One hundred and thirty‐seven (26.3%) were smokers, and 520 (73.7%) were not. The rate of change of smokers vs non‐smokers between two CRLs and two different days of gestation was calculated. The Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction was used for statistical analysis.ResultsThis gives a value of W = 31,940 and a P‐value = 0.06. There is a slight shift in location for the smokers; however, it is not statistically significant. The insignificance may be due to the general large variance in growth rate.ConclusionThe impact of cigarette smoking on embryonic growth rate detected by CRL in the first trimester is statistically insignificant.
Paediatric orbital ultrasound: Tips and tricks
Authors: Gupta Amit , Arora Shilpa Khanna , Seth Rachna , Kumar Rakesh , Jana Manisha 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe orbital structures are ideally suited for ultrasound examination due to their superficial location and cystic composition of the eye. However, orbital ultrasound remains an underutilised modality due to preference for other cross‐sectional modalities in general practice.AimIn this article, we review the basic principles, clinical uses and technique of orbital ultrasound in peadiatric patients.Materials and methodsThe clinical utility of orbital ultrasound in peadiatric patients is demonstrated using selected cases.ResultsUltrasound is useful in the diagnosis of various posterior segment pathologies, especially in conditions causing opacification of light‐conducting media of the eye. It is also beneficial in diagnosing various orbital pathologies, particularly in differentiating solid from cystic lesions.DiscussionThe added advantages of its use in children include lack of ionising radiation and reduced requirement of sedation or general anesthesia. Ultrasound is the most practical initial investigation in cases where ophthalmoscopy is limited by opacification of ocular media. The addition of color Doppler on ultrasound can give additional information about the vascularity of the lesion.ConclusionUse of ultrasound can be streamlined into the workup of various orbital and ocular pathologies either as an initial investigation or as a problem‐solving tool in cases with a diagnostic dilemma on other modalities.
MRI Clustering Reveals Three ALS Subtypes With Unique Neurodegeneration Patterns
Authors: Tan Harold H. G. , Westeneng Henk‐Jan , Nitert Abram D. , van Veenhuijzen Kevin , Meier Jil M. , van der Burgh Hannelore K. , van Zandvoort Martine J. E. , van Es Michael A. , Veldink Jan H. , van den Berg Leonard H. 
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by comparing patterns of neurodegeneration using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and explore their phenotypes.MethodsWe performed T1‐weighted and diffusion tensor imaging in 488 clinically well‐characterized patients with ALS and 338 control subjects. Measurements of whole‐brain cortical thickness and white matter connectome fractional anisotropy were adjusted for disease‐unrelated variation. A probabilistic network‐based clustering algorithm was used to divide patients into subgroups of similar neurodegeneration patterns. Clinical characteristics and cognitive profiles were assessed for each subgroup. In total, 512 follow‐up scans were used to validate clustering results longitudinally.ResultsThe clustering algorithm divided patients with ALS into 3 subgroups of 187, 163, and 138 patients. All subgroups displayed involvement of the precentral gyrus and are characterized, respectively, by (1) pure motor involvement (pure motor cluster [PM]), (2) orbitofrontal and temporal involvement (frontotemporal cluster [FT]), and (3) involvement of the posterior cingulate cortex, parietal white matter, temporal operculum, and cerebellum (cingulate‐parietal–temporal cluster [CPT]). These subgroups had significantly distinct clinical profiles regarding male‐to‐female ratio, age at symptom onset, and frequency of bulbar symptom onset. FT and CPT revealed higher rates of cognitive impairment on the Edinburgh cognitive and behavioral ALS screen (ECAS). Longitudinally, clustering remained stable: at 90.4% of their follow‐up visits, patients clustered in the same subgroup as their baseline visit.InterpretationALS can manifest itself in 3 main patterns of cerebral neurodegeneration, each associated with distinct clinical characteristics and cognitive profiles. Besides the pure motor and frontotemporal dementia (FTD)‐like variants of ALS, a new neuroimaging phenotype has emerged, characterized by posterior cingulate, parietal, temporal, and cerebellar involvement. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:1030–1045
High‐Power Near‐Neutral Aqueous All Organic Redox Flow Battery Enabled with a Pair of Anionic Redox Species
Authors: Gao Mengqi , Salla Manohar , Song Yuxi , Wang Qing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are regarded as a promising alternative for low‐cost and durable grid‐scale energy storage. However, the narrow potential gap, chemical lability and membrane fouling in most AORFBs constitute formidable roadblocks for practical applications. Herein, a pair of anionic organic molecules, namely (PPBPy)Br2 and PSS‐TEMPO, are proposed. The (PPBPy)Br2 in anolyte reveals remarkable electrochemical stability without degradation after 1000 cycles, while PSS‐TEMPO in catholyte presents a capacity decay rate as low as 0.012 %/cycle. At near‐neutral conditions, the (PPBPy)Br2/PSS‐TEMPO flow cell exhibits a high voltage of 1.61 V, extremely low permeability across cation‐exchange membrane and thus excellent cycling stability. Notably, a highest peak power density of 509 mW cm−2 has been achieved among reported all‐organic aqueous RFBs. The molecular engineering strategies demonstrated here could provide a credible example of high‐performance AORFBs.
Asymmetric Oxidative Lactonization of Enynyl Boronates
Authors: Zhang Kezhuo , Li Chenchen , Jia Yining , Zhao Wanxiang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOxidation of C−B bonds is extensively used in organic synthesis, materials science, and chemically biology. However, these oxidations are usually limited to the oxidation of C(sp3)−B and C(sp2)−B bonds. The C(sp)−B bond oxidation is rarely developed. Herein we present a novel strategy for the preparation ofγ‐lactones via the oxidation of enynyl boronates. This process successively involves the C(sp)−B bond oxidation, the epoxidation of C−C double bond and the lactonization. This protocol provided variousγ‐lactones and unsaturated butenolides efficiently that are prevalent in numerous nature products and bioactive molecules. Most importantly, asymmetric oxidative lactonization of enynyl boronates was also achieved, providing chiralγ‐lactones in high enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. The versatile transformations and ubiquity ofγ‐lactones shed light on the importance of this strategy in the construction and late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules.
Photoredox Activation of Anhydrides for the Solvent‐Controlled Switchable Synthesis of gem‐Difluoro Compounds**
Authors: Giri Rahul , Mosiagin Ivan , Franzoni Ivan , Nötel Nicolas Yannick , Patra Subrata , Katayev Dmitry 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe incorporation of the gem‐difluoromethylene (CF2) group into organic frameworks is highly sought due to the influence of this unit on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of molecules. Herein we report an operationally simple, mild, and switchable protocol to access various gem‐difluoro compounds that employs chlorodifloroacetic anhydride (CDFAA) as a low‐cost and versatile fluoroalkylating reagent. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that electron‐transfer photocatalysis triggers mesolytic cleavage of a C−Cl bond generating a gem‐difluoroalkyl radical. In the presence of alkene, this radical species acts as a unique intermediate that, under solvent‐controlled reaction conditions, delivers a wide range of gem‐difluorinated γ‐lactams, γ‐lactones, and promotes oxy‐perfluoroalkylation. These protocols are flow‐ and batch‐scalable, possess excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivity, and can be used for the late‐stage diversification of complex molecules.
Rationally Designing Efficient Electrocatalysts for Direct Seawater Splitting: Challenges, Achievements, and Promises
Authors: Liu Jianyun , Duan Shuo , Shi Hao , Wang Tanyuan , Yang Xiaoxuan , Huang Yunhui , Wu Gang , Li Qing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDirectly splitting seawater to produce hydrogen provides a promising pathway for energy and environmental sustainability. However, current seawater splitting faces many challenges because of the sluggish kinetics, the presence of impurities, membrane contamination, and the competitive chloride oxidation reaction at the anode, which makes it more difficult than freshwater splitting. This Review firstly introduces the basic mechanisms of the anode and cathode reactions during seawater splitting. We critically analyze the primary principles for designing catalysts for seawater splitting in terms of both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, including with noble metal, noble metal free, and metal‐free catalysts. Strategies to design effective catalysts, such as active site population, synergistic effect regulation, and surface engineering, are discussed. Furthermore, promises, perspectives, and challenges in developing seawater splitting technologies for clean hydrogen generation are summarized.
The combination of AlN and h‐BN for enhancing the thermal conductivity of thermoplastic polyurethane composites prepared by selective laser sintering
Authors: Zhang Xiyun , Wu Wei , Zhao Tianyu , Li Jianshuo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn recent years, with the rapid development of 5G communication technology and microelectronic chip integration technology, smart wearable devices with high thermal conductivity are becoming more and more important. The most common method to improve the thermal conductivity of polymers is to introduce fillers with high thermal conductivity for compounding and build a thermal conductivity network inside the system. At present, the main methods of preparing heat‐conducting composites are hot pressing molding, injection molding, and casting molding, but these traditional molding processes are difficult to prepare heat‐conducting composites with complex shapes and structures. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a new 3D printing technology, which uses the energy provided by laser to melt polymer powder, then sinter layer by layer, stack layer by layer, and finally form printed products. Compared with the traditional molding process, the SLS process has the advantages of a simple manufacturing process, high molding precision, recyclable materials, and wide application, which can realize the design and development of complex structural parts. In this study, TPU composites were successfully prepared by using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer as matrix material, AlN and h‐BN as thermally conductive fillers, and SLS technology. When the content of AlN is 20 wt% and the content of h‐BN is 15 wt%, the thermal conductivity of TPU composite is as high as 0.90 W/mK, which is 391% higher than that of pure TPU sintered parts. At this time, the tensile strength of the composite is 17.2 MPa and the elongation at break is 301%, and it still shows good mechanical properties. This work is devoted to proposing a preparation method of flexible and high thermal conductivity composite materials, which can be used to prepare thermal management materials with complex shapes and structures and carriers of smart wearable devices, and has broad application prospects.