bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Germ Spreading Behaviors Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Executive Functioning
Authors: Hernandez Melissa L , Spiegel Jamie A , Coxe Stefany , Dick Anthony S , Graziano Paulo A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveInfectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are commonly transmitted by respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 and experience more hospitalizations than individuals without ADHD. The current study investigated the role of ADHD symptomatology and executive functioning (EF) in germ spreading behavior frequency among young children with and without ADHD and parenting responses to these behaviors.MethodsParticipants included 53 children diagnosed with ADHD and 47 typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 4–5 years (76% male; Mage = 4.62; 86% Hispanic/Latinx). Parents and teachers reported on children’s ADHD symptomatology and children completed three EF tasks. Germ spreading behavior frequency (direct contact of hand to face and toy in mouth) and parenting responses (verbal and nonverbal behaviors) were observed during a 5-min parent–child play situation.ResultsNegative binomial regression analyses indicated that both ADHD diagnostic status and poor metacognition predicted both higher rates of toy to mouth (β = 1.94, p &lt; .001; β = 0.03, p = .004) and face touching frequency (β = 0.60, p = .03; β = 0.03, p = .004), respectively. Additionally, poor attention and worse cognitive flexibility only predicted higher rates of toy to mouth frequency (β = 0.09, p &lt; .001; β = −0.04, p = .001), respectively.ConclusionsYoung children with ADHD are at high risk for spreading germs via putting toys in their mouth and touching their face. Particularly, high levels of inattention and poor EF appear to be associated with higher rates of germ spreading behaviors.
The role of carotenoids as a source of retrograde signals: impact on plant development and stress responses
Authors: Sierra Julio , McQuinn Ryan P , Leon Patricia 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Communication from plastids to the nucleus via retrograde signal cascades is essential to modulate nuclear gene expression, impacting plant development and environmental responses. Recently, a new class of plastid retrograde signals has emerged, consisting of acyclic and cyclic carotenoids and/or their degradation products, apocarotenoids. Although the biochemical identity of many of the apocarotenoid signals is still under current investigation, the examples described herein demonstrate the central roles that these carotenoid-derived signals play in ensuring plant development and survival. We present recent advances in the discovery of apocarotenoid signals and their role in various plant developmental transitions and environmental stress responses. Moreover, we highlight the emerging data exposing the highly complex signal transduction pathways underlying plastid to nucleus apocarotenoid retrograde signaling cascades. Altogether, this review summarizes the central role of the carotenoid pathway as a major source of retrograde signals in plants.
Incidental Discovery of a Patient with the Bombay Phenotype
Authors: Jacobs Jeremy W , Horstman Erin , Gisriel Savanah D , Tormey Christopher A , Sostin Nataliya 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Bombay phenotype, an exceptionally rare blood type in individuals outside of Southeast Asia, occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000,000 individuals in Europe. This blood phenotype is characterized by the absence of the H antigen on red blood cells (RBCs) and in secretions. As the H antigen is the structure on which the ABO system is built, individuals lacking this antigen are unable to produce A or B antigens and appear as type O on routine ABO phenotyping. H deficiency does not cause ill effect; however, these individuals produce an anti-H alloantibody capable of causing severe acute hemolytic transfusion reactions when exposed to RBCs that express the H antigen. In this case study, we highlight the incidental discovery of a patient with Bombay phenotype in a North American hospital system, expected test results, the immunologic and genetic basis underlying the Bombay and para-Bombay phenotypes, and methods to ensure availability of compatible blood.
The redshift evolution of extragalactic magnetic fields
Authors: Pomakov V P , O’Sullivan S P , Brüggen M , Vazza F , Carretti E , Heald G H , Horellou C , Shimwell T , Shulevski A , Vernstrom T 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTFaraday rotation studies of distant radio sources can constrain the evolution and the origin of cosmic magnetism. We use data from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey: Data Release 2 (LoTSS DR2) to study the dependence of the Faraday rotation measure (RM) on redshift. By focusing on radio sources that are close in terms of their projection on the sky, but physically unrelated (‘random pairs’), we measure the RM difference, ΔRM, between the two sources. Thus, we isolate the extragalactic contribution to ΔRM from other contributions. We present a statistical analysis of the resulting sample of random pairs and find a median absolute RM difference |ΔRM| =(1.79 ± 0.09) ${\rm rad\, m}^{-2}$, with |ΔRM| uncorrelated both with respect to the redshift difference of the pair and the redshift of the nearer source, and a median excess of random pairs over physical pairs of (1.65 ± 0.10) ${\rm rad\, m}^{-2}$. We seek to reproduce this result with Monte Carlo simulations assuming a non-vanishing seed cosmological magnetic field and a redshift evolution of the comoving magnetic field strength that varies as (1 + z)−γ. We find the best-fitting results B0 ≡ Bcomoving(z = 0) ≲ (2.0 ± 0.2) nG and γ ≲ 4.5 ± 0.2 that we conservatively quote as upper limits due to an unmodelled but non-vanishing contribution of local environments to the RM difference. A comparison with cosmological simulations shows our results to be incompatible with primordial magnetogenesis scenarios with uniform seed fields of order nG.
Constraints on the magnetic field structure in accreting compact objects from aperiodic variability
Authors: Mönkkönen Juhani , Tsygankov Sergey S , Mushtukov Alexander A , Doroshenko Victor , Suleimanov Valery F , Poutanen Juri 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTWe investigate the aperiodic variability for a relatively large sample of accreting neutron stars and intermediate polars, focusing on the properties of the characteristic break commonly observed in power spectra of accreting objects. In particular, we investigate the relation of the break frequency and the magnetic field strength, both of which are connected to the size of the magnetosphere. We find that for the majority of objects in our sample the measured break frequency values indeed agree with estimated inner radii of the accretion disc, which allows to use observed break frequencies to independently assess the magnetic field strength and structure in accreting compact objects. As a special case, we focus on Hercules X-1 which is a persistent, medium-luminosity X-ray pulsar accreting from its low-mass companion. In the literature, it has been suggested that the complex pulse profiles, the spin-up behaviour and the luminosity-correlation of the cyclotron energy seen in Her X-1 can be explained with a complex magnetic field structure of the neutron star. Here, we connect the measured break frequency to the magnetospheric radius and show that the magnetic field strength derived assuming a dipole configuration is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the magnetic field strength corresponding to the cyclotron energy. Accordingly, this discrepancy can be explained with the magnetic field having strong multipole components. The multipolar structure would also increase the accreting area on the neutron star surface, explaining why the critical luminosity for accretion column formation is puzzlingly high in this source.
Luminosity distribution of Type II supernova progenitors
Authors: Rodríguez Ósmar 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
I present progenitor luminosities (L) for a sample of 112 Type II supernovae (SNe II), computed directly from progenitor photometry and the bolometric correction technique, or indirectly from empirical correlations between progenitor luminosity and [${\rm O\, \small {I}}$] λλ6300, 6364 line luminosity at 350 d since explosion, 56Ni mass, or absolute V-band magnitude at 50 d since explosion. To calibrate these correlations, I use 12 SNe II with progenitor luminosities measured from progenitor photometry. I find that the correlations mentioned above are strong and statistically significant, and allow to estimate progenitor luminosities to a precision between 20 and 24 per cent. I correct the SN sample for selection bias and define a subsample of 112 SNe II with progenitor luminosities between log (L/L⊙) = 4.6 dex, corresponding to the completeness limit of the corrected sample, and the maximum observed progenitor luminosity of log (L/L⊙) = 5.091 dex. The luminosity distribution for this subsample is statistically consistent with those for red supergiants (RSGs) in LMC, SMC, M31, and M33 with 4.6 ≤ log (L/L⊙) ≤ 5.091. This supports that SN II progenitors correspond to RSGs. The conspicuous absence of SN II progenitors with log (L/L⊙) &gt; 5.1 dex with respect to what is observed in RSG luminosity distributions, known as the RSG problem, is significant at a $5.2\pm 0.5\, \sigma$ level.
A combinatorial system to examine the enzymatic repair of multiply damaged DNA substrates
Authors: Hsu Chia Wei , Conrad James W , Sowers Mark L , Baljinnyam Tuvshintugs , Herring Jason L , Hackfeld Linda C , Hatch Sandra S , Sowers Lawrence C 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
DNA damage drives genetic mutations that underlie the development of cancer in humans. Multiple pathways have been described in mammalian cells which can repair this damage. However, most work to date has focused upon single lesions in DNA. We present here a combinatorial system which allows assembly of duplexes containing single or multiple types of damage by ligating together six oligonucleotides containing damaged or modified bases. The combinatorial system has dual fluorescent labels allowing examination of both strands simultaneously, in order to study interactions or competition between different DNA repair pathways. Using this system, we demonstrate how repair of oxidative damage in one DNA strand can convert a mispaired T:G deamination intermediate into a T:A mutation. We also demonstrate that slow repair of a T:G mispair, relative to a U:G mispair, by the human methyl-binding domain 4 DNA glycosylase provides a competitive advantage to competing repair pathways, and could explain why CpG dinucleotides are hotspots for C to T mutations in human tumors. Data is also presented that suggests repair of closely spaced lesions in opposing strands can be repaired by a combination of short and long-patch base excision repair and simultaneous repair of multiply damage sites can potentially lead to lethal double strand breaks.
Molecular insights into the interaction of CAG trinucleotide RNA repeats with nucleolin and its implication in polyglutamine diseases
Authors: An Ying , Chen Zhefan S , Chan Ho Yin Edwin , Ngo Jacky Chi Ki 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a type of inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG) trinucleotide expansion within the coding region of the disease-associated genes. We previously demonstrated that a pathogenic interaction between expanded CAG RNA and the nucleolin (NCL) protein triggers the nucleolar stress and neuronal cell death in polyQ diseases. However, mechanisms behind the molecular interaction remain unknown. Here, we report a 1.45 Å crystal structure of the r(CAG)5 oligo that comprises a full A′-form helical turn with widened grooves. Based on this structure, we simulated a model of r(CAG)5 RNA complexed with the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) of NCL and identified NCL residues that are critical for its binding to CAG RNA. Combined with in vitro and in vivo site-directed mutagenesis studies, our model reveals that CAG RNA binds to NCL sites that are not important for other cellular functions like gene expression and rRNA synthesis regulation, indicating that toxic CAG RNA interferes with NCL functions by sequestering it. Accordingly, an NCL mutant that is aberrant in CAG RNA-binding could rescue RNA-induced cytotoxicity effectively. Taken together, our study provides new molecular insights into the pathogenic mechanism of polyQ diseases mediated by NCL–CAG RNA interaction.
StrainXpress: strain aware metagenome assembly from short reads
Authors: Kang Xiongbin , Luo Xiao , Schönhuth Alexander 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing–based metagenomics has enabled to identify microorganisms in characteristic habitats without the need for lengthy cultivation. Importantly, clinically relevant phenomena such as resistance to medication, virulence or interactions with the environment can vary already within species. Therefore, a major current challenge is to reconstruct individual genomes from the sequencing reads at the level of strains, and not just the level of species. However, strains of one species can differ only by minor amounts of variants, which makes it difficult to distinguish them. Despite considerable recent progress, related approaches have remained fragmentary so far. Here, we present StrainXpress, as a comprehensive solution to the problem of strain aware metagenome assembly from next-generation sequencing reads. In experiments, StrainXpress reconstructs strain-specific genomes from metagenomes that involve up to &gt;1000 strains and proves to successfully deal with poorly covered strains. The amount of reconstructed strain-specific sequence exceeds that of the current state-of-the-art approaches by on average 26.75% across all data sets (first quartile: 18.51%, median: 26.60%, third quartile: 35.05%).
The conundrum of the complex relationship between acute kidney injury and cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Genovesi Simonetta , Regolisti Giuseppe , Burlacu Alexandru , Covic Adrian , Combe Christian , Mitra Sandip , Basile Carlo ,   The EuDial Working Group of ERA, Bartolucci Chiara 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined by a rapid increase in serum creatinine levels, reduced urine output or both. Death may occur in 16–49% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit with severe AKI. Complex arrhythmias are a potentially serious complication in AKI patients with pre-existing or AKI-induced heart damage and myocardial dysfunction, with fluid overload, especially electrolyte and acid–base disorders, representing the pathogenetic mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. Cardiac arrhythmias, in turn, increase the risk of poor renal outcomes, including AKI. Arrhythmic risk in AKI patients receiving kidney replacement treatment may be reduced by modifying dialysis/replacement fluid composition. The most common arrhythmia observed in AKI patients is atrial fibrillation. Severe hyperkalaemia, sometimes combined with hypocalcaemia, causes severe bradyarrhythmias in this clinical setting. Although the likelihood of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias is reportedly low, the combination of cardiac ischaemia and specific electrolyte or acid–base abnormalities may increase this risk, particularly in AKI patients who require kidney replacement treatment.
The purpose of this review is to summarize the available epidemiological, pathophysiological and prognostic evidence aiming to clarify the complex relationships between AKI and cardiac arrhythmias.
Lineage-specific positive selection on ACE2 contributes to the genetic susceptibility of COVID-19
Authors: Pan Yuwen , Liu Panhong , Wang Fang , Wu Peng , Cheng Fanjun , Jin Xin , Xu Shuhua 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) gene, located on Xp22.2, attracts a great deal of attention because the protein it encodes is believed to be the functional cellular receptor for the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). However, recent studies are controversial, especially concerning the intrinsic link between ACE2 diversity and COVID-19 susceptibility. Here, we conduct a population genetic study on ACE2 in 6354 individuals representing 210 present-day populations and 5329 individuals of ancient or archaic groups. We dissected the genetic architecture of ACE2 and identified two major haplogroups (hg) in East Asians, i.e. ACE2-hg1 (43%) and ACE2-hg2 (53%), while other populations harbor more diverse ACE2-hgs. Accordingly, there was a significant loss of ACE2 common variations in East Asians in contrast to the X-chromosome-wide and genome-wide patterns. Notably, association analysis between ACE2-hgs and COVID-19 severity in 1229 Han Chinese individuals with various levels of COVID-19 severity showed a higher risk of ACE2-hg1 (odds ratio = 1.56, P &lt; 0.01) and a lower risk of ACE2-hg2 (odds ratio = 0.65, P &lt; 0.01). Interestingly, ACE2-hg1 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1849863-C, which is an assumed risk factor of elevated plasma ACE2 level and is related to a higher risk of COVID-19 severity, hospitalization and infection. Strikingly, remarkable signatures of positive selection were detected, especially on ACE2-hg2, and were traced back to 100 000 years ago (but rose to a strong level during the Bronze Age, 5000∼3000 years ago, in East Asians). The selection pressures could have stemmed from multiple sources, but pre-COVID-19 viral epidemics and pandemics might have been potential driving forces, which consequently contributed to the genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 within and between populations.
A Missed Opportunity: Extragenital Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Sexually Transmitted Infections in People With HIV in a Southeastern Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Clinic Setting
Authors: Geba Maria C , Powers Samuel , Williams Brooke , Dort Kathryn R , Rogawski McQuade Elizabeth T , McManus Kathleen A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Guidelines recommend annual screening for gonorrhea/chlamydia in sexually active people with HIV at multiple sites (urogenital, oropharyngeal, rectal). In the first year of multisite screening at our Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinic, we studied (1) sexual history documentation rate, (2) sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening rate, (3) characteristics associated with STIs, and (4) the percentage of extragenital STIs that would have been missed without multisite screening.

Methods
Participants were ≥14 years old with ≥1 in-person medical visit at our clinic in 2019. Descriptive analyses were performed, and adjusting for number of sites tested, a log-binomial model was used to estimate the association between characteristics and STI diagnosis in men.

Results
In this cohort (n = 857), 21% had no sexual history recorded. Almost all STI diagnoses were among males (99.3%). Sixty-eight percent (253/375) received appropriate urogenital testing, 63% (85/134) received appropriate oropharyngeal testing, and 69% (72/105) received appropriate rectal testing. In male participants with ≥1 STI test (n = 347), Hispanic ethnicity and having a detectable HIV viral load were associated with an STI diagnosis. Of those diagnosed with an STI who had multisite testing, 96% (n = 25/26) were positive only at an extragenital site.

Conclusions
Screening rates were similar across all anatomical sites, indicating no obvious bias against extragenital testing. In males, STIs were more frequently diagnosed in people who identify as Hispanic and those with detectable viral loads, which may indicate more condomless sex in these populations. Based on infections detected exclusively at extragenital sites, our clinic likely underdiagnosed STIs before implementation of multisite screening.
Radiofrequency Neurotomy Does Not Cause Fatty Degeneration of the Lumbar Paraspinal Musculature in Patients with Chronic Lumbar Pain—A Retrospective 3D-Computer-Assisted MRI Analysis Using iSix Software
Authors: Oswald Katharina A C , Ekengele Venant , Hoppe Sven , Streitberger Konrad , Harnik Michael , Albers Christoph E 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objective
The present study aimed (1) to analyze the relative paraspinal autochthonous intramuscular fat volume before and after radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN) and (2) to compare it to the contralateral non-treated side.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting
Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern.

Subjects
Twenty patients (59.60 ± 8.49 years; 55% female) with chronic low back pain, treated with RFN (L2/3—L5/S1) due to symptomatic facet joint syndrome (FCS) between 2008 and 2017 were included.

Methods
All patients received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine before and at a minimum of 6 months after RFN. The absolute (cm3) and relative (%) paraspinal muscle and fat volume was analyzed three-dimensionally on standard T2–MRI sequences using a newly developed software (iSix, Osiris plugin). Both sides were examined and allocated as treated or non-treated side.

Results
A total of 31 treated and 9 non-treated sides (Level L2/3–L5/S1) were examined. There were no differences in the relative paraspinal intramuscular fat volume before and at a median of 1.4 [0.9 – 2.6] years after RFN (P = .726). We found no differences in the relative fat volume between the treated and non-treated side before (P = .481) and after (P = .578) RFN.

Conclusions
Our study shows that there are no differences in the paraspinal muscle/fat distribution after RFN. RFN of the medial branches for FCS does not seem to cause fatty degeneration of the lumbar paraspinal muscles as a sign of iatrogenic muscle denervation.
Mitigating long queues and waiting times with service resetting
Authors: Bonomo Ofek Lauber , Pal Arnab , Reuveni Shlomi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhat determines the average length of a queue, which stretches in front of a service station? The answer to this question clearly depends on the average rate at which jobs arrive at the queue and on the average rate of service. Somewhat less obvious is the fact that stochastic fluctuations in service and arrival times are also important, and that these are a major source of backlogs and delays. Strategies that could mitigate fluctuations-induced delays are, thus in high demand as queue structures appear in various natural and man-made systems. Here, we demonstrate that a simple service resetting mechanism can reverse the deleterious effects of large fluctuations in service times, thus turning a marked drawback into a favorable advantage. This happens when stochastic fluctuations are intrinsic to the server, and we show that service resetting can then dramatically cut down average queue lengths and waiting times. Remarkably, this strategy is also useful in extreme situations where the variance, and possibly even mean, of the service time diverge—as resetting can then prevent queues from “blowing up.” We illustrate these results on the M/G/1 queue in which service times are general and arrivals are assumed to be Markovian. However, the main results and conclusions coming from our analysis are not specific to this particular model system. Thus, the results presented herein can be carried over to other queueing systems: in telecommunications, via computing, and all the way to molecular queues that emerge in enzymatic and metabolic cycles of living organisms.