bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundations: The Question of Identity
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
National identity forms the basis of who is a “true” member of society, who is accepted as a legitimate resident and who should be supported by government programs if necessary. These decisions are based upon the values of members of society. They depend more on a country’s composition and history than upon its districts. There is little support for the argument that the nature of legislative elections or the structure of government matters. If they did, single-member districts would be the most polarized political systems while parliamentary elections would be more divisive. There is also no support for the claim that divided control might force compromise between parties. A structural account would expect that a nation such as Sweden would be the most polarized while the United States and the United Kingdom would be the least divided. This chapter sets the stage for the analysis of 10 countries with different legacies and distinct institutions as well as how to measure identity. The countries are the United States, Great Britain, France, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan.
The United States
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The United States has a history of either welcoming immigrants or rejecting them. At many periods the country welcomed immigrants, but at other times it has not. It always has struggled with the treatment of minorities, from African American enslavement to native Americans placed on reservations to Asian Americans put into camps to intolerance of Hispanics and to rejection of gays, lesbians, Muslims, Jews, and people who do not work with their hands. This trend has been prominent in American politics throughout its history but has become more prominent as American parties have polarized. White evangelicals now dominate the Republican party and have attempted to institute regulations on access to the ballot. Such actions are aimed at the minorities who support Democrats. The Christian right sees many minorities as unworthy of government assistance.
The Case of France
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
France is a country that has resisted nationalist politics for most of its history as a democratic nation. The conflict has been one of an elite versus the working classes. As immigration has increased, especially from Muslim countries, the electorate has become more focused on cultural issues, and the traditional political parties have given way to ones based upon one’s ethnic heritage. The traditional Gaullist party of the right, the Rally pour La Republique, has been replaced by a party once universally rejected, the Front National. Both the FN and the more moderate centrist coalition of Prime Minister Emmanuel Macron have shifted to the right on issues of immigration, demanding that Muslim immigrants accept the national doctrine of laicité, or the banning of religious symbols from public life.
Germany and Austria
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Germany and Austria are both countries that have long emphasized heritage based upon bloodlines. In World War II they were both ruled by the Nazi party (Adolph Hitler was born in Austria). After the war, Germany felt that it was necessary to repent for its sins and became a more open society. It began to welcome refugees from Muslim countries and Jews from the Soviet Union. Its parties did divide between the left and the right, but both were mostly centrist. There is a small nationalist movement, the Alternatif für Deutschland (AfD) that gets support from areas where the Nazis received most of their votes. It does not challenge either major party, even as it has pushed the major conservative party slightly to the right on immigration. In Austria the nationalist movement is strong, even entering the government. The government in Austria has become the most nationalist of any democracy in Europe, emphasizing the German past that Germany itself has abandoned.
Sweden
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sweden has long been one of the most equal countries in the world. At the turn of the 20th century, it adopted programs of universal benefits for all people in the country, whether born in the country or not. These programs included wages, health care, and education. The tolerant Swedes have long accepted immigrants and refugees from countries with different backgrounds. Sweden has more immigrants per capita than anywhere else in the West. Yet there is a movement, the Swedish Democrats, that has gained support by proposing to limit immigration and to restrict benefits to people of Swedish descent. It has not fared as well as many other nationalist parties in the West. Yet it has pushed the major parties to restrict both immigration and benefits more than in the past.
Deservingness
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Deservingness refers to which people living in a society are worthy of its benefits, specifically health care, education, unemployment, and standards of well-being. Is the society “inclusive” or “exclusive” in its approach to minorities, refugees, and immigrants? Inclusive societies embrace all of their residents Examples today are Sweden and Germany. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, the population and political coalitions are polarized over who is entitled to benefits. There is more consensus in Sweden and Germany for an inclusive approach and in the remaining countries for an exclusive sense of belongingness: Benefits are often denied to minorities and people of different ethnic, racial, and, religious groups–as well as gays and lesbians. To qualify for benefits in inclusive society, one must only “feel” him/herself to be willing to accept the country’s basic way of life. To receive benefits from a nation with an “exclusive” sense of identity, one should share the blood line, the religion, and the history of the majority population.
The Sources of Nationalism
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines some aggregate relationships from surveys with small samples based upon data availability. Its conclusions are thus suggestive and even speculative, but they do confirm the basic argument made earlier. Specifically, their acceptance of minorities and refugees as “true” members of society depends more upon values than upon institutions. Electoral systems do not shape preferences over identity. Preferences for identity may change over time without institutional reform (the United States is a notable example). The belief that more diverse societies are more likely to have exclusive identities is not supportive. The most diverse society in the analysis, the United States, is marked by a conflict between those who prefer a more inclusive identity and people who want to restrict immigration. One of the most homogenous countries, Sweden, has a population that welcomes refugees and immigrants. Yet, other countries with little diversity (Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Taiwan) have more exclusivist identities.
Opportunities, Not Threats
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks, Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies one of the most protracted and violent conflicts over mining in Peru: the Tía María open-pit copper mine project of the Southern Copper Corporation. The conflict can be traced to 2009 when Southern presented its first environmental impact assessment report. It emphasizes the role of organizations connected to the local agriculture, such as irrigator boards and producers’ associations. These organizations shared information related to the threats induced by mining and empowered individuals to challenge industry and government actors interested in expanding extractive activities. They also helped to redefine material threats to land and water with nonmaterial threats related to the community’s agricultural identity. Despite strong local opposition, Southern and various government actors remain interested in bringing the project to light.
The Pilgrimage for Life
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks, Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the conflict over B2Gold’s proposed open-pit gold mine in Rancho Grande, Nicaragua. Similar to other protracted conflicts, host communities, industry, and government actors were in a race against each other to define (or redefine) the threats and opportunities presented by mining. While farmers in Rancho Grande opposed the project, Catholic Church leaders became the main face of the anti-mining campaign. Church leaders emphasized a trade-off between short-term benefits and long-term costs of mining through radio shows and led peaceful marches against the proposed project. When these leaders spoke of the Church teachings related to the protection of the environment, they tapped into the religious identity of community members. As such, they helped to bridge material threats over land and water with nonmaterial concerns related to the community’s religious identity.
We Will Not Move
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks, Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the campaign against Ibutho Coal’s proposed open-pit coal mine near the community of Fuleni in northern South Africa. The project is also close to the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi nature reserve, which is home to endangered species, such as the southern white rhino. The reserve is also an important tourist destination and a cultural heritage of the Zulu nation because King Shaka lived and hunted there as a youngster. The proposed mine triggered a response at two levels: one local and focused on community livelihoods, and the other transnational and centered on wilderness conservationism. Local organizations promoted community exchanges to share information about the environmental harms of coal mining. They also sought to bundle material threats over land and water with nonmaterial threats related to the local Zulu identity and culture. Community members in Fuleni faced several obstacles that made preventive mobilization difficult, but they embraced other strategies to stall mining with the support of transnational wildlife advocacy networks.
Survey Results
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks, Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Using original public opinion surveys, this chapter highlights similarities as well as differences in the reasons for support and opposition to the proposed mining projects in Tía María (Peru), Rancho Grande (Nicaragua), and Fuleni (South Africa). This chapter presents our quantitative analysis on the determinants of support for mining. We explain the operationalization of our variables, modeling technique, and substantive findings. Our surveys reveal a representative picture of community views about mining that are politically layered based on contextual factors, which can remain unknown because supporters of mining are less vocal than opponents. While controlling for competing explanations and other socio-demographic variables, our empirical results confirm the hypothesized effect of social engagement on support for mining.
Conclusion
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks, Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes our findings and contributions to the literature on resource conflicts. We examined three cases characterized by protracted conflicts over mining in Peru, Nicaragua, and South Africa with the goal of revealing the attitudes of individuals prior to the extraction of minerals. This chapter contextualizes the importance of social engagement by considering different approaches to exploring participatory venues at the local level and by comparing conflicts at later stages in the commodity chain. It revisits the sources of support for mining, which—unlike opposition views, being more vocal and visible—remain largely under the radar. The concluding chapter also addresses the broader implications of our findings for the onset of conflicts, the salience of preventive strategies, firm–community relations, as well as participatory mechanisms related to decisions over mining.
Ethics and the Quality of Life in Communities
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 2 provides a theory of the founding of stable, viable, reasonably attractive communities using elementary game theory. It argues that the transition begins in circumstances analogous to Hobbes’s natural state, and transitions to one resembling that assumed by Locke through innovations in norms that ameliorate the Hobbesian dilemma. Among the norms developed and internalized are rules of conduct that reduce conflict, commons problems, public goods problems, and externality problems. Only the archetypes of such social dilemmas are illustrated, although there are thousands of specific instances of each. Ethical dispositions play roles in all the most likely solutions.
Ethics, Exchange, and Production
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAfter the most critical social dilemmas of life in communities have been ameliorated, commerce may emerge. Whether it does or not varies with the manner in which the first dilemmas are solved and the extent to which a community’s ethos tends to ameliorate social dilemmas associated with voluntary exchange and team production. These dilemmas are neglected by economic textbooks, because ethical dispositions that solved the problems examined in this and the previous chapter are commonplace in the markets those texts describe—and had long existed. Without those solutions, the extent of trading networks, specialization and team production would have been very limited—if they existed at all.
Ethics and Economic Progress
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNeoclassical theories of growth emphasize the accumulation of physical and human capital and the processes of technological advance. Capital accumulation increases the rate at which well-known goods and services can be produced using well-known methods of production. Fruitful innovations cause new goods to be produced and old ones to be produced through new more efficient methods This chapter demonstrates that both rates of capital accumulation and innovation are influenced by a community’s ethos. Indeed, it argues that the notion of economic process is itself at root an ethical concept. Changes in ethical dispositions can thus change a community’s “natural” rate of growth.
Ethics, Customary Law, and Law Enforcement
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs ethical dispositions emerge and become commonplace, various rules concerning treatment of other persons, animals, and things become routinized. Such routines, in turn, provide the foundation for customary law. Dilemmas associated with privately encouraging behavior in accord with customary laws may induce a community to create an organization that further encourages (enforces) a abiding by a community’s customary laws. However, it turns out that such organizations have dilemmas of their own that must be solved for law-enforcing organizations to be productive rather than extractive. Ethical dispositions are the most plausible solution to those dilemmas.
Debt, Death, and Destruction in Ancient Rome
Authors: Eberle Lisa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an anthropologically informed analysis of the Roman laws of usury and bankruptcy and the elite attitudes toward debt that demonstrably shaped these laws in the middle and late Republic. When Rome joined the Axial Age, Roman elites coped with the increasing use of money and markets in Roman society like many other elites had done before them: by emphasizing relations of reciprocity. Roman elites, however, were particularly fond of unequal reciprocal relations—of patronage, that is—which placed them at the top of a social hierarchy in which they had the most gifts to give. Their investment in this hierarchy led them to cast all of their interactions as part of such relations. This tendency was not only mocked in Roman comedies; it also explains why they came to understand monetary loans as part of such relations. The ethics of reciprocity, which thus came to inform their thinking about such loans, can, the author contends, help to unravel the unique association of debt, death, and destruction to which both elite writings and the legal system during the Republic testify. The chapter concludes by examining a seeming break in this association: cessio bonorum and its introduction in the late first century bce, through which the inability to repay a loan ceased to be inextricably linked to (social) death in ancient Rome.
The Poetics and Politics of Exchange in Roman Agronomy
Authors: Morley Neville 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is no reason to imagine that the market reflected natural human instincts and desires in Roman Italy any more than, as Graeber argued, it did anywhere else. Market values had to become thinkable and conceived as first an acceptable and then an integral part of society. It is strange, therefore, that his account omits Rome almost entirely. This chapter starts to remedy that omission by exploring the process of naturalization of economistic modes of thinking in the late Roman Republic through a case study of key passages in Varro’s agronomical work Rerum Rusticarum. This complex text both reflected the new economic structures and opportunities that emerged as the spoils of imperial violence flowed into Rome and, through a range of rhetorical and literary moves, actively sought to shape elite discourse by identifying virtue and honor with the rational pursuit of profit.
Zoroastrian Materialism
Authors: Payne Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The present chapter revisits the question of the relationship between the Zoroastrian religion and imperialism within the framework of David Graeber’s “Axial Age of spirituality . . . built on a bedrock of materialism.” It argues for the utility of Graeber’s periodization—comparable in its outlines to proposals for a Eurasian age of empires—in an extended form, 800 bce–800 ce, as a complement to more conventional chronological parameters of analysis. It does so on the basis of an account of Zoroastrian religious institutions and ideology that takes its materialist claims seriously and explores the ways in which the materialist practices and principles of the so-called Good Religion animated and sustained Iranian imperialism in late antiquity, an example of the inextricability of the so-called spiritual religions of the Axial Age from the “military–coinage–slavery complex” equally characteristic of the period. Without seeking to elevate Graeber’s framework to pre-eminence, the chapter demonstrates how productively his questions can be posed to the evidence and circumstances of late antiquity in particular.
Debt’s Fourth Millennium Seen from Below
Authors: Papaconstantinou Arietta 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter revisits one of Debt’s most central oppositions, that between Graeber’s idiosyncratic “Axial Age” and his “Middle Ages,” by insisting on the period of transition between the two but also by confronting cases from both sides of the perceived divide. It does this by applying a microhistorical lens to village communities of the eastern Mediterranean, in order to observe how debt was handled in practice and what that can say about the broader model. On the basis of Egyptian and Palestinian documentary papyri, a source that captures everyday activity as well as administrative relations with the state, the chapter shows that the binary model proposed in Debt needs to be nuanced by adding a third actor, the middling elites who were usually the direct beneficiaries of local credit economies. It also demonstrates that the opposition between the “Axial” and “Middle” Ages was much less stark than claimed in Debt, especially for small communities, where the continuity of internal hierarchies trumped the macrohistorical changes.
The Fundamental Problem
Authors: Pindyck Robert S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter explains the fundamentals of climate change, and the implications for temperature change. The chapter explains how CO2 emissions and atmospheric concentration are measured, how they affect temperature, and how higher temperatures can affect sea levels and weather patterns. The chapter then considers an optimistic scenario for global CO2 emissions: emissions start dropping in 2020 and fall to zero by the end of the century. Many have argued that a temperature increase greater than 2°C could be catastrophic. The chapter shows how even my optimistic scenario would likely cause a temperature increase greater than 2°C.
Climate Policy and Climate Change: What Can We Expect?
Authors: Pindyck Robert S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 2 used some very simple models to examine the likelihood of preventing the increase in the global mean temperature from exceeding 2°C by the end of the century. That chapter showed that even with a very optimistic scenario for emission reductions, it is unlikely that we will prevent a temperature increase of that magnitude. This chapter explores what might or might not happen in more detail. The chapter starts with CO2 emissions and asks what kinds of scenarios might we view as realistic, whether or not they are optimistic. The chapter includes the impact of methane emissions, which have been growing. These calculations provide even stronger evidence that it is unlikely we can prevent a temperature increase greater than 2°C.
What to Do: Reducing Net Emissions
Authors: Pindyck Robert S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 5 explained how it is unlikely—not impossible, but unlikely—that we will reduce global CO2 emissions enough to prevent a temperature increase greater than 2°C. So, what should we do? The answer is to try to reduce net CO2 emissions as much and as quickly as possible. This chapter explains why a carbon tax is the most efficient (i.e., least costly) way to do this, but it can also be done using direct regulations and subsidies for “green” industries. Given that climate change is a global problem, it is critical to reach an international agreement by which all countries reduce emissions, and the chapter discusses how this can be done. The chapter also discusses the role of nuclear power as a way of “decarbonizing” electricity production. Finally, the chapter discusses two different ways to remove CO2 from the atmosphere: planting trees, and carbon removal and sequestration.
Conducting and Analyzing Qualitative Interviews
Authors: Brinkmann Svend 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the interview phase itself. Different styles and forms of interviewing are discussed in this chapter as they are each appropriate for different purposes. Key distinctions are introduced between receptive and assertive interviewer styles, which are somewhat aligned with experience-focused and discourse-oriented approaches, respectively, and between doxastic and epistemic forms of interviewing. Doxastic interviewers seek to capture the experiences and opinions (the doxa) of the interviewees, whereas epistemic interviewers can be more confronting, with the ambition of developing epistemic knowledge in the interview situation itself (e.g., with inspiration from Socratic conversations). The chapter also presents different ways of analyzing interviews. It closes with a reflection on the ethics of interviewing and addresses some of the ethical dangers that are not often thought of in the context of qualitative interviewing.