bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An alternative approach to extract diode parameters from metal–semiconductor–metal asymmetric Schottky diodes
Authors: Bhattacharya Gourab , Venimadhav A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Back-to-back connected asymmetric Schottky diodes having metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) configuration are often encountered practically in solid state devices and, if the intended ohmic contact exhibits rectifying characteristics, then the extraction of diode parameters such as ideality factor and barrier height from forward current–voltage (I–V) plots using conventional methods becomes problematic. In this study, a new approach, which predicts extremums in measured current–voltage (I–V) graph assuming the dominant transport mechanism to be thermionic emission model, have been proposed. Using the proposed method, the first and second derivatives of the voltage- current function in combination to another previously established theoretical approach resulted in significantly accurate extraction of individual barrier heights of a MSM junction from single experimental I–V measurement. On the other hand, if individual barrier heights are known, using the proposed method the individual ideality factors for the two back-to-back junctions can be calculated. The proposed method has been validated by analyzing experimentally fabricated FeGa/n-Si/Ag and Co/n-Si/Ni MSM Schottky diodes. The obtained results from this approach have been compared with other established methods and the values were found out to be in good agreement with each other.
Emergence of low-temperature glassy dynamics in Ru substituted non-magnetic insulator CaHfO3
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Mukherjee K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Non-magnetic insulators/semiconductors with induced magnetism introduced via transition metal substitution are one of the promising materials in the field of spintronics, magnetoelectronics and magneto-optical devices. In this context, here, we focus on magnetism induced in a non-magnetic insulator CaHfO3, by the substitution of 4d element Ru, at Hf-site. Structural investigations indicate that substitution of Ru4+ (up to 50%) does not affect the original crystal structure of the parent compound. Magnetic studies divulge a crossover from a diamagnetic to paramagnetic state with 20% Ru substitution. Further replacement of Hf results in a glassy magnetic state in CaHf1−x
Ru
x
O3 (0.3 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.5). The nature of the low temperature glassiness (below 20 K) in these compositions is confirmed through Vogel–Fulcher and Power law, along with, magnetic memory effect and relaxation dynamics. The observed glassiness is explained through the phenomenological ‘hierarchical model’. Our studies indicate that the presence of competing short range interactions among randomly arranged Ru cations in non-magnetic insulator CaHfO3 are responsible for the observed low temperature magnetic state in this series with compositions >0.25.
Variations in size-specific effective dose with patient stature and beam width for kV cone beam CT imaging in radiotherapy
Authors: Martin C J , Abuhaimed A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The facilities now available on linear accelerators for external beam radiotherapy enable radiation fields to be conformed to the shapes of tumours with a high level of precision. However, in order for the treatment delivered to take advantage of this, the patient must be positioned on the couch with the same degree of accuracy. Kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography systems are now incorporated into radiotherapy linear accelerators to allow imaging to be performed at the time of treatment, and image-guided radiation therapy is now standard in most radiotherapy departments throughout the world. However, because doses from imaging are much lower than therapy doses, less effort has been put into optimising radiological protection of imaging protocols. Standard imaging protocols supplied by the equipment vendor are often used with little adaptation to the stature of individual patients, and exposure factors and field sizes are frequently larger than necessary. In this study, the impact of using standard protocols for imaging anatomical phantoms of varying size from a library of 193 adult phantoms has been evaluated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate doses for organs and tissues for each phantom, and results combined in terms of size-specific effective dose (SED). Values of SED from pelvic scans ranged from 11 mSv to 22 mSv for male phantoms and 8 mSv to 18 mSv for female phantoms, and for chest scans from 3.8 mSv to 7.6 mSv for male phantoms and 4.6 mSv to 9.5 mSv for female phantoms. Analysis of the results showed that if the same exposure parameters and field sizes are used, a person who is 5 cm shorter will receive a size SED that is 3%–10% greater, while a person who is 10 kg lighter will receive a dose that is 10%–14% greater compared with the average size.
Nanoparticles-based delivery system and its potentials in treating central nervous system disorders
Authors: Liu Tianyou , Xie Qinglian , Dong Zaiquan , Peng Qiang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), have become severe health concern worldwide. The treatment of the CNS diseases is of great challenges due largely to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). On the one hand, BBB protects brain from the harmful exogenous molecules via inhibiting their entry into the brain. On the other hand, it also hampers the transport of therapeutic drugs into the brain, resulting in the difficulties in treating the CNS diseases. In the past decades, nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems have shown great potentials in overcoming the BBB owing to their unique physicochemical properties, such as small size and specific morphology. In addition, functionalization of nanomaterials confers these nanocarriers controlled drug release features and targeting capacities. These properties make nanocarriers the potent delivery systems for treating the CNS disorders. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in nanoparticles-based systems for the CNS delivery, including the conventional and innovative systems. The prerequisites, drawbacks and challenges of nanocarriers (such as protein corona formation) in the CNS delivery are also discussed.
Polyethylene glycol—modified nanoscale conjugated polymer for the photothermal therapy of lung cancer
Authors: Ren Zhentai , Cui Jing , Sun Qiang , Qin Dehua , Tan Haisong , Li Minjie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Killing tumor cells efficiently with photothermal therapy remains a huge challenge. In this study, we successfully prepared a novel polymer with photothermal conversion capability via a condensation reaction, and then subjected it to Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification and ultrasonic nanocrystalline treatment to make it suitable for in vivo photothermal therapy applications. The conjugated polymer demonstrated good biocompatibility and photothermal conversion ability and was shown in cell experiments to be effective in killing tumor cells after laser irradiation. In addition, the conjugated polymer-based photothermal therapy, guided by photoacoustic real-time imaging and mediated by laser irradiation, of a tumor-bearing mouse model could effectively inhibit the growth of tumor tissue and demonstrated good in vivo biosafety. Thus, photothermal therapy based on the conjugated polymer synthesized in this study provides a new idea and strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
Gas permeation through nanoporous single-walled carbon nanotubes: the confinement effect
Authors: Li Yu , Cui Chuan-Xin , Jiang Jin-Wu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The gas permeation through nanoscale membranes like graphene has been extensively studied by experiments and empirical models. In contrast to planar membranes, the single-walled carbon nanotube has a natural confined hollow structure, which shall affect the gas permeation process. We perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of the nanotube diameter on the gas permeation process. It is found that the permeance constant increases with the increase of the nanotube diameter, which can not be explained by existing empirical models. We generalize the three-state model to describe the diameter dependence for the permeance constant, which discloses a distinctive confinement-induced adsorption phenomenon for the gas molecule on the nanotube’s inner surface. This adsorption phenomenon effectively reduces the pressure of the bulk gas, leading to the decrease of the permeance constant. These results illustrate the importance of the adsorption within the confined space on the gas permeation process.
Kinetic ballooning modes as a constraint on plasma triangularity in commercial spherical tokamaks
Authors: Davies R , Dickinson D , Wilson H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To be economically competitive, spherical tokamak (ST) power plant designs require a high β (plasma pressure/magnetic pressure) and sufficiently low turbulent transport to enable steady-state operation. A novel approach to tokamak optimisation is for the plasma to have negative triangularity, with experimental results indicating this reduces transport. However, negative triangularity is known to close access to the ‘second stability’ region for ballooning modes, and thus impose a hard β limit. Second stability access is particularly important in ST power plant design, and this raises the question as to whether negative triangularity is feasible. A linear gyrokinetic study of three hypothetical high β ST equilibria is performed, with similar size and fusion power in the range 500–800 MW. By closing the second stability window, the negative triangularity case becomes strongly unstable to long-wavelength kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) across the plasma, likely driving unacceptably high transport. By contrast, positive triangularity can completely avoid the ideal ballooning unstable region whilst having reactor-relevant β, provided the on-axis safety factor is sufficiently high. Nevertheless, the dominant instability at long wavelength still appears to be the KBM, though it could be stabilised by flow shear.
A FAIR based approach to data sharing in Europe
Authors: Strand P , Coster D P , Plociennik M , de Witt S , Klampanos I A , Decker J , Imbeaux F , Artaud J F , Bosak B , Cummings N , Fleury L , Ikonomopoulos A , Konstantopoulos S , Ludvig-Osipov A , Maini P , Morales J , Owsiak M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The European fusion research activities have, over recent decades, generated a vast and varied set of data. The volume and diversity of the data that need to be catalogued and annotated make the task of organising and making the data available within a broader environment very challenging. Nevertheless, there are strong scientific drivers as well as incentives and mandates from national research agencies suggesting that a more coherent approach to data referencing, dissemination and sharing would provide strong benefits to the fusion research community and beyond. Here, we discuss the technical requirements and developments needed to transition the current, and future, range of fusion research data to an open and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data sharing structure guided by the principle ‘as open as possible, as closed as necessary’. Here we propose a set of recommendations and technical implementations needed to form a European data sharing environment for the fusion research programmes. Consistency with the emerging IMAS (ITER Integrated Modelling and Analysis Suite) infrastructure is considered to facilitate future deployments.
Improvement of radial confinement of plasma via applying rotating magnetic fields
Authors: Ren Baoming , Li Qing , Ying Jiacheng , Liao Hui , Yang Zhida , Sun Xuan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report a novel method to control the plasma radial transport, namely, applying a rotating magnetic field (RMF) to create azimuthal shear flow, which is found to change the transport from Bohm to classical diffusion if the ratio of magnetization parameter

γ

to penetration parameter

λ

is greater than 1.5. Upon application of the RMF, the peak density is observed to increase by 33% above the normal value. Specifically, the ratio increases from 4 × 1018 m−3 to 6 × 1018 m−3, and the corresponding density gradient length changes from 11 cm to 6 cm, or the steepness increases by about a factor of 2. Further increasing the RMF strength cannot steepen the density further. The results suggest the RMF can be a non-intrusive method to control the radial transport and hence the plasma density profile.
Ridge waveguide lasers with vertically stacked quantum wells and tunnel junctions
Authors: Fricke J , Wenzel H , Maaßdorf A , Zink C , Matalla M , Unger R , Knigge A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report on the fabrication and electro-optical performance of ridge waveguide (RW) lasers emitting near 905 nm based on a vertical layer structure consisting of three single quantum wells (SQWs) as active regions separated by two tunnel junctions (TJs). The single waveguide core is designed in such a way that the third vertical mode is lasing. The width of the ridge is varied between 3 µm and 200 µm. Deep- and shallow-etched ridges were fabricated. The shallow etching stopped slightly above the topmost SQW, whereas the deep etch went through all TJs and stopped slightly above the lowest SQW. For comparison, we also fabricated conventional shallow-etched RW lasers based on a similar vertical structure having only one SQW and no TJs. The TJ RW lasers with deep-etched ridges provide the highest output power, lowest threshold current and best slope efficiency of 2.4 W A−1 for a ridge width of 6 µm. The performance of shallow-etched TJ RW lasers is lowest for small ridge widths but surpasses the performance of the conventional RW lasers when the ridge width is increased. The lateral far field angle of deep-etched TJ RW lasers is about 2° larger compared to the shallow etched ones.
Development of a new magnetorheological impact damper with low velocity sensitivity
Authors: Deng Lei , Sun Shuaishuai , Jin Shida , Li Zhixiong , Du Haiping , Zhang Shiwu , Li Weihua 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The velocity sensitive characteristic of the conventional linear magnetorheological (MR) damper is undesirable in the application of impact protection. It will induce large damping forces when the damper suffers high velocity impacts, whilst comprising the energy dissipation efficiency of the damper and posing a serious threat to occupants and mechanical structures. This work reports a new MR impact damper (NMRID) with low velocity sensitivity. Unlike the conventional MR impact damper (CMRID) in which MR fluids (MRFs) flow from one chamber to the other through a small annular gap between the piston and cylinder, the NMRID has a whole annular gap between the shaft and cylinder that is filled with MRFs, and the MRFs work in a pure shear mode without any liquid flow. In this work, a NMRID and a CMRID were prototyped. The velocity sensitivities of these two impact dampers were compared via numerical analysis and experimental impact tests. The analysis and test results indicate that NMRID possesses a much lower velocity sensitivity than the CMRID; the dynamic range of the NMRID decreases less than CMRID with the increase of nominal impact velocity. Then, to demonstrate the controllability of NMRID, impact tests with a bang–bang control were implemented, and the peak force of NMRID was successfully controlled around a target force under different levels of nominal impact velocity. This research proves that the designed NMRID is less sensitive to velocity than the CMRID and the NMRID has good controllability, demonstrating that the NMRID can serve as a better candidate than CMRID in applications with high impact velocity.
Novel electron and photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors
Authors: Breskin A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We present several novel ionization-electron and
scintillation-photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors,
for future applications in particle and astroparticle physics and in
other fields. These involve both single- and dual-phase detector
configurations with combined electroluminescence and small charge
multiplication in gas and liquid media.
Piled-up neutron-gamma discrimination system for CLLB using convolutional neural network
Authors: Peng S. , Hua Z.H. , Wu Q. , Han J.F. , Qian S. , Wang Z.G. , Wei Q.H. , Qin L.S. , Ma L.S. , Yan M. , Song R.Q. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A piled-up neutron-gamma discrimination system is designed
to discriminate single and piled-up events under high counting
rate. The data acquired by a Cs2LiLaBr6:Ce (CLLB) detector
and an Am-Be neutron source are used to train and test the model in
the n-γ discrimination system. The charge comparison method
is applied to discriminate the non-piled-up events in the
experimental data and label the dataset of single events. As a
result of the method, the figure-of-merit (FOM) value is 1.10, which
indicates that the wrong labeling ratio is about 0.248%. A dataset
of piled-up events is created by adding up waveforms and labels of
the events in the single-pulse dataset. The discrimination system
consists of three convolutional models, called Model_PulseNum,
Model_OnePulse and Model_TwoPulses. All the models are trained and
tested by the created dataset. Model_PulseNum is created and
trained to define the number of pulses in the waveform of the event,
with an accuracy of 99.94%. The other two models (Model_OnePulse
and Model_TwoPulses) are created and trained to discriminate the
particle types for non-piled-up and two-fold piled-up events with
the accuracy of 99.5% and 98.6%, respectively. For the whole
discrimination system, the accurcy for the particle identification
is over 97% for each class (γ, n, γ + γ,
γ + n, n + γ and n + n). These results indicate that CNN model can
improve the performance of particle detection systems by effectively
discriminate neutron and gamma for both piled-up and non-piled-up
events under high counting rates.
Controlled fabrication of functional liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Li Xiangpeng , Chen Jennifer Y , Abate Adam R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Multicellular liver spheroids are 3D culture models useful in the development of therapies for liver fibrosis. While these models can recapitulate fibrotic disease, current methods for generating them via random aggregation are uncontrolled, yielding spheroids of variable size, function, and utility. Here, we report fabrication of precision liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing. Our approach fabricates spheroids cell-by-cell, yielding structures with exact numbers of different cell types. Because spheroid function depends on composition, our precision spheroids have superior functional uniformity, allowing more accurate and statistically significant screens compared to randomly generated spheroids. The approach produces thousands of spheroids per hour, and thus affords a scalable platform by which to manufacture single-cell precision spheroids for disease modeling and high throughput drug testing.
Tribological characterization of cortical bone against 316 stainless steel during dry sliding
Authors: Han Ying , Lv Qinjing , Song Yixuan , Bi Jianping , Zhang Qinhe 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In surgery, the friction between the cortical bone and the metal instruments cause bone cells damage, which would affect the stability of intraosseous implants. In the present work, the tribological characterization of cortical bone against 316 stainless steel during dry sliding condition was investigated by pin-on-disk tests. Finite element method was used to monitor the change of friction temperature with vibration assistance. The wear mechanism of the bone sample and the 316 stainless steel had been analyzed and discussed. The results show that the friction coefficient decrease with the increasing of load, the wear rate and the friction temperature increase. While, the friction coefficient, the wear rate and the friction temperature are increased with the increase of sliding speed, respectively. Moreover, the friction temperature with vibration assisted is lower than that in the normal friction process. Adhesive and abrasive wear behavior are the main wear mechanisms of the cortical bone against 316 stainless steel during the test. The results in this paper provide guidance for the selection of parameters during bone cutting, which has great significance for the improvement of implant stability.
Recent progress in clean-surface formation of topological Kondo insulators and topological surface states observed there
Authors: Ohtsubo Yoshiyuki , Kimura Shin-ichi , Iga Fumitoshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The peculiar metallic electronic states proposed and observed in Kondo insulators (KIs), whose bandgap opens at low temperature derived from the Kondo effect between itinerant and localized electrons, have attracted considerable attention in this decade, because it suggests the coexistence of strong electron correlation and non-trivial topological order (TO) in such KIs, namely topological Kondo insulators (TKIs). However, experimental studies of these states have led to controversial conclusions mainly owing to the difficulty and inhomogeneity of the single crystal surfaces of the TKI candidates, samarium hexaboride (SmB6) and ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB12). In this article, we review studies focused on the surface atomic and electronic structures of TKI candidates and recent progress to form homogeneous, well-defined clean surfaces of them. Due to the homogeneous surface formation, the surface electronic states and their non-trivial TO are elucidated well in SmB6 and YbB12, by using spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Welding investigation on penetration and mechanical property of AISI 201 during A-TIG welding
Authors: Deep Akash , Singh Vivek , Ashutosh Som , Singh Ajay Pratap , Gupta Abhishek 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Austenitic Stainless Steel has improved mechanical properties and great corrosion resistance thereby it is extensively used in fabrication industries. The aim of our work is to compare the mechanical property and macrostructural of TIG and A-TIG welding process on Nitrogen alloyed stainless steel and find out the best oxide flux to be used before welding to improve the macrostructure, penetration, weld width, and tensile strength of butt joint. Five dissimilar fluxes i.e. SiO2, MnO2, TiO2, ZnO and CaO were used during A-TIG welding. Experiments were performed at same welding speed but at different welding current in both TIG and A-TIG welding. In the whole process SiO2 and TiO2 helps to get full penetration of 5 mm at 200 A welding current while least penetration of 3.16 mm obtained during TIG method. Welding parameters giving the best penetration profile was chosen to perform welding on butt joint for assessment of strength. Test coupon of TiO2 had greater strength (698 N mm−2) as well as percentage elongation (34.5).