bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress of the RF negative hydrogen ion source for fusion at HUST
Authors: ZUO Chen , CHEN Peng , LI Zengshan , YANG Jinghan , SONG Fei , CHEN Dezhi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Huazhong University of Science and Technology has developed an experimental setup of a radio frequency (RF) driven negative hydrogen ion source, to investigate the physics of production and extraction of the H− ions for neutral beam injection in nuclear fusion reactors. The main design parameters of the ion source are: RF power ≤40 kW; extraction voltage ≤10 kV; accelerator voltage ≤20 kV. This paper gives an overview of the progress of the ion source with particular emphasis on some issues. The RF driver and source plasma are analyzed and optimized in terms of impedance matching, plasma characteristics and power coupling. In regard to the simulation analysis, a plasma model based on the particle-in-cell method and a beam trajectory model considering beam stripping loss are developed to investigate the plasma and negative ions transport inside the ion source. Furthermore, a collisional radiative model of H and H2 is built for plasma optical diagnosis.
Generation of atmospheric pressure air diffuse discharge plasma in oxygen enriched working gas with floating electrode
Authors: ZHANG Min , LIU Yunhu , LI Yao , LI Shuqi , YUAN Hao , LIANG Jianping , ZHOU Xiongfeng , YANG Dezheng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this work, a floating electrode is employed to generate a stable large-area diffuse discharge plasma under an open oxygen-rich environment. The discharge image and the optical emission spectra of the N2(C-B),

N

2

+

(B-X), N2(B-A), and O(3p–3s, 777 nm) are measured to analyze the morphological and optical characteristics of the discharge. The effects of applied voltage, gas flow rate, and electrode gap on the reactive species, vibrational temperature and rotational temperature are investigated, and the discharge mode is discussed by simulating the electrostatic field before the breakdown. It is found that the changes of applied voltage and electrode gap causes the transition of the discharge modes among corona mode, diffuse discharge mode and spark mode. It is shown that the floating electrode can inhibit the transition from discharge to spark mode to a certain extent, which is conducive to maintaining the stability of discharge. As is vividly illustrated in this study, the increase of applied voltage or the decrease of electrode gap contributes to the generation of more active particles, such as N2(C) and

N

2

+

(B). Furthermore, the Joule heating effect becomes more evident with the increased applied voltage when the electrode gap is 15 and 20 mm. Moreover, as the applied voltage increases, the vibrational temperature increases at the electrode gap of 25 mm.
What is Gödel’s theorem?
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate the content of Gödel’s theorem, which states that no axiomatization can determine the whole truth and nothing but the truth concerning arithmetic. Arithmetic is defined as the study of the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, … and the various operations that apply to them such as addition and multiplication. This prompts discussion of the idea of an algorithm—a mechanical step-by-step procedure that a computer could follow and that is guaranteed to produce a result after finitely many steps—since the operations in question are those that can be carried out by following an algorithm. An axiomatization is defined as a finite stock of basic principles and rules that can be used to prove statements. In these terms Gödel’s theorem states that no axiomatization of arithmetic can be both complete, in the sense that it can be used to prove every arithmetical truth, and sound, in the sense that it can’t be used to prove any arithmetical falsehood. Some common misconceptions of Gödel’s theorem are scotched. One of these is that the theorem establishes the existence of arithmetical truths that are absolutely unprovable; another is that it applies to all branches of mathematics, not just to arithmetic. Some other misconceptions are discussed that are much wilder and involve the bearing of the theorem on God and our understanding of the universe.
The key concepts involved in Gödel’s theorem
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines and explicates the key concepts involved in proving Gödel’s theorem. It begins with the concept of a formal language and the distinction between the logical vocabulary in such a language, which can be used in connection with any subject, and the non-logical vocabulary in it, which can be used only in connection with the language’s own subject. A statement in a formal language is then said to be a logical consequence of others when the language’s logical vocabulary guarantees that if they are all true, so is it. A theory is defined as a set of statements that includes all its own logical consequences. A theory is then said to be axiomatizable when it consists of the logical consequences of some set of axioms; sufficiently strong when it contains some core arithmetical truths; consistent when there is no statement in its language such that both the statement and its negation belong to the theory; and complete when there is no statement in its language such that neither the statement nor its negation belongs to the theory. Granted these definitions, Gödel’s theorem can be recast as follows: no theory can be sufficiently strong, consistent, complete, and axiomatizable. For each of these four conditions, an example is given of a theory that satisfies all but that one. Finally, a Gödel numbering is defined as an algorithmic assignment of natural numbers to the expressions in a formal language and to proofs involving them.
The diagonal proof of Gödel’s theorem
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents what is called the ‘diagonal’ proof of Gödel’s theorem. Two versions of the proof are given: a semantic version which proceeds on the assumption that any statement in any given formal language is either true or false; and a non-semantic version which dispenses with that assumption. Each proof begins by in effect assuming—contrary to what is to be proved—that there is a theory that is sufficiently strong, consistent, complete, and axiomatizable. An argument is given that, if there is such a theory, then there is an algorithm for telling whether any given statement belongs to it; and that, if there is such an algorithm, then, via a Gödel numbering, there is a set of natural numbers that is picked out by some expression in the language of the theory but that cannot be picked out by any expression in the language of the theory on pain of contradiction. Three features of the proof are highlighted: the connection that it establishes between axiomatizability and the existence of such an algorithm; the power that it shows that any such algorithm would have if it did exist; and the generous conception of sufficient strength on which it rests. The third of these raises a concern, namely that the conception is overgenerous. An assurance is given that this concern can be assuaged.
Living in the meantime
Authors: Williams Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Although the satisfaction accomplished by the voluntary self-offering of the God-man is sufficient to heal the breach that human sin opened between God and humanity, it does not wipe out the effects of the sin of our first parents. Life in the meantime—life between satisfaction and ultimate consummation—is demanding, and Anselm speaks vividly of his awareness that we live on a knife-edge between heaven and hell. In his many letters of spiritual counsel he warns that it is much easier to fall than it is to ascend. We can do no good at all apart from God’s grace, but we can freely throw away that grace by willing something that is incompatible with it. Grace is simply God’s restoring an upright or just will: by free choice we can hold on to justice for the sake of justice itself, so that, far from being incompatible with free choice, grace gives our free choice its fullest scope. A just will, Anselm emphasizes, is one that wills what God wills it to will. Obedience—to God, to the just demands of our superiors—is crucial: it was one act of disobedience that banished our first parents from paradise. We are never secure from falling, but we are upheld by grace; and though Anselm never loses his sense that we are ‘halfway between fear and hope’, as he says in one of his prayers, hope does seem to get the final word.
Living with microbes
Authors: Douglas Angela E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of microbes. It notes how all healthy animals and plants are inhabited by communities called microbiomes, which are generally regarded as an indication of health. In many animals, the most abundant microbial populations are housed in the gut, while the roots of plants are associated with large and diverse microbial communities. Although microbiomes generally promote the host of the animal or plant host, they can occasionally be deleterious. Strategies to study microbiomes include the use of laboratory animals, especially mice and fruit flies, that are deprived of their resident microorganisms and colonized with specific microorganisms.
Microbial therapies and healthy microbiomes
Authors: Douglas Angela E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores ongoing strategies to modify the microbiome of people and other animals, for improved health. The underlying rationale for these efforts comes from the evidence that industrial lifestyles have perturbed and impoverished microbiomes associated with both the gut and the skin. To date, the most successful microbial therapy is the application of faecal microbiome transplantation by colonoscopy for patients with infections of Clostridium difficile that are unresponsive to other therapies. Other interventions for improved health include microbial products taken by mouth in probiotic foods and prebiotic foods that promote the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut. There is also increasing interest in phage therapies that target specific pathogenic microbes.
Current Challenges With the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes
Authors: Shi Xu , Li Kendrick Qijun , Mukherjee Bhramar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The widespread testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has facilitated the use of test-negative designs (TNDs) for modeling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and outcomes. Despite the comprehensive literature on TND, the use of TND in COVID-19 studies is relatively new and calls for robust design and analysis to adapt to a rapidly changing and dynamically evolving pandemic and to account for changes in testing and reporting practices. In this commentary, we aim to draw the attention of researchers to COVID-specific challenges in using TND as we are analyzing data amassed over more than two years of the pandemic. We first review when and why TND works and general challenges in TND studies presented in the literature. We then discuss COVID-specific challenges which have not received adequate acknowledgment but may add to the risk of invalid conclusions in TND studies of COVID-19.
Evaluating homophily in networks via HONTO (HOmophily Network TOol): a case study of chromosomal interactions in human PPI networks
Authors: Apollonio Nicola , Blankenberg Daniel , Cumbo Fabio , Franciosa Paolo Giulio , Santoni Daniele 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Summary
It has been observed in different kinds of networks, such as social or biological ones, a typical behavior inspired by the general principle ‘similarity breeds connections’. These networks are defined as homophilic as nodes belonging to the same class preferentially interact with each other. In this work, we present HONTO (HOmophily Network TOol), a user-friendly open-source Python3 package designed to evaluate and analyze homophily in complex networks. The tool takes in input from the network along with a partition of its nodes into classes and yields a matrix whose entries are the homophily/heterophily z-score values. To complement the analysis, the tool also provides z-score values of nodes that do not interact with any other node of the same class. Homophily/heterophily z-scores values are presented as a heatmap allowing a visual at-a-glance interpretation of results.

Availability and implementation
Tool’s source code is available at https://github.com/cumbof/honto under the MIT license, installable as a package from PyPI (pip install honto) and conda-forge (conda install -c conda-forge honto), and has a wrapper for the Galaxy platform available on the official Galaxy ToolShed (Blankenberg et al., 2014) at https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/view/fabio/honto.
Mitochondria as disease-relevant organelles in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Weyand Cornelia M , Wu Bowen , Huang Tao , Hu Zhaolan , Goronzy Jörg J 
Published: November 2022

SummaryMitochondria are the controllers of cell metabolism and are recognized as decision makers in cell death pathways, organizers of cytoplasmic signaling networks, managers of cellular stress responses, and regulators of nuclear gene expression. Cells of the immune system are particularly dependent on mitochondrial resources, as they must swiftly respond to danger signals with activation, trafficking, migration, and generation of daughter cells. Analogously, faulty immune responses that lead to autoimmunity and tissue inflammation rely on mitochondria to supply energy, cell building blocks and metabolic intermediates. Emerging data endorse the concept that mitochondrial fitness, and the lack of it, is of particular relevance in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where deviations of bioenergetic and biosynthetic flux affect T cells during early and late stages of disease. During early stages of RA, mitochondrial deficiency allows naïve RA T cells to lose self-tolerance, biasing fundamental choices of the immune system toward immune-mediated tissue damage and away from host protection. During late stages of RA, mitochondrial abnormalities shape the response patterns of RA effector T cells engaged in the inflammatory lesions, enabling chronicity of tissue damage and tissue remodeling. In the inflamed joint, autoreactive T cells partner with metabolically reprogrammed tissue macrophages that specialize in antigen-presentation and survive by adapting to the glucose-deplete tissue microenvironment. Here, we summarize recent data on dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondria-derived signals relevant in the RA disease process that offer novel opportunities to deter autoimmune tissue inflammation by metabolic interference.
Functional reconfiguration of task-active frontoparietal control network facilitates abstract reasoning
Authors: Morin Thomas M , Moore Kylie N , Isenburg Kylie , Ma Weida , Stern Chantal E 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
While the brain’s functional network architecture is largely conserved between resting and task states, small but significant changes in functional connectivity support complex cognition. In this study, we used a modified Raven’s Progressive Matrices Task to examine symbolic and perceptual reasoning in human participants undergoing fMRI scanning. Previously, studies have focused predominantly on discrete symbolic versions of matrix reasoning, even though the first few trials of the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices task consist of continuous perceptual stimuli. Our analysis examined the activation patterns and functional reconfiguration of brain networks associated with resting state and both symbolic and perceptual reasoning. We found that frontoparietal networks, including the cognitive control and dorsal attention networks, were significantly activated during abstract reasoning. We determined that these same task-active regions exhibited flexibly-reconfigured functional connectivity when transitioning from resting state to the abstract reasoning task. Conversely, we showed that a stable network core of regions in default and somatomotor networks was maintained across both resting and task states. We propose that these regionally-specific changes in the functional connectivity of frontoparietal networks puts the brain in a “task-ready” state, facilitating efficient task-based activation.
How Fiscal Rules Matter for Successful Fiscal Consolidations: New Evidence
Authors: Aaskoven Lasse , Wiese Rasmus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Fiscal rules are increasingly promoted by international organizations. We investigate whether fiscal rules are effective in achieving sustained debt reduction during periods of fiscal consolidation using data from 19 OECD countries. The analysis is based on an extended version of the International Monetary Fund’s fiscal rules database. Fiscal consolidation periods are identified using a novel method that takes differences in the variability of fiscal balances into account. We find: (i) the EU’s Stability and Growth Pact is associated with sustained debt reduction while it is more doubtful if the mere existence of national fiscal rules has an effect. (ii) Fiscal rules have a stronger association with sustained debt reduction when they are embedded in a stricter national institutional framework (JEL codes: H6).
Prevalence, Distribution, and Characteristics Associated With Possession of Buprenorphine Waivers Among Infectious Diseases Physicians in the United States
Authors: Fujita Ayako Wendy , Loughry Nora , Moore DeLante E , Carter Andrea E , Hussen Sophia A , Cooper Hannah , Colasanti Jonathan A , Sheth Anandi N 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundPersons with opioid use disorder (OUD) may present with infectious complications from injection drug use; thus, infectious diseases (ID) physicians are uniquely positioned to treat OUD. Buprenorphine is safe and effective for OUD but remains underutilized. The prevalence and geographic distribution of ID physicians who are waivered to prescribe buprenorphine are unknown.MethodsThis cross-sectional study merged data from several publicly available datasets from 1 November 2021 to 15 January 2022. Our primary outcome was the proportion of ID physicians possessing buprenorphine waivers in the United States. We identified individual- and county-level characteristics associated with buprenorphine waiver possession. We then used geospatial analysis to determine the geographic distribution of waivered ID physicians.ResultsWe identified 6372 ID physicians in the United States, among whom 170 (2.7%) possessed waivers. Most ID physicians (97.3%) practiced in metropolitan counties. In our multivariable analysis, ID physicians had lower odds of having a waiver for every 10-year increase since graduating medical school (OR: .79; 95% CI: .68–.91). ID physicians practicing in counties with a higher proportion of uninsured residents had lower odds of having a waiver (OR: .75; 95% CI: .62–.90). Among counties with ≥1 ID physician (n = 729), only 11.2% had ≥1 waivered ID physician.ConclusionsWe found an extremely low prevalence and skewed geographic distribution of ID physicians with buprenorphine waivers. Our findings suggest an urgent need to increase the workforce of ID physicians waivered to prescribe buprenorphine and a call for increased integration of OUD education into ID training and continuing medical education.
Who Stands Up for the ICC? Explaining Variation in State Party Responses to US Sanctions
Authors: Broache M P , Reed Kyle 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
On September 2, 2020, the United States sanctioned two International Criminal Court (ICC) officials, under an executive order issued 3 months previously. In response, over two-thirds of ICC States Parties issued or joined public statements supporting the Court. Why did some ICC members condemn the sanctions or otherwise express support for the Court, while others did not? We begin by documenting variation in the type and timing of statements before proposing and testing a theory focused on the interaction between security dependence on the United States and domestic rule of law norms. We find that states more dependent on the United States for security were less likely to issue statements; furthermore, among states that issued statements, security dependence was associated with issuing weaker—and fewer—statements. Conversely, states with stronger domestic rule of law issued stronger—and more—statements, although rule of law was not significantly associated with issuing any statement.
Discrimination and Education Quality Moderate the Association of Sleep With Cognitive Function in Older Black Adults: Results From the Einstein Aging Study
Authors: Ji Linying , Zhaoyang Ruixue , Jiao June L , Schade Margeaux M , Bertisch Suzanne , Derby Carol A , Buxton Orfeu M , Gamaldo Alyssa A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectivesHeterogeneity among Black adults’ experiences of discrimination and education quality independently influence cognitive function and sleep, and may also influence the extent to which sleep is related to cognitive function. We investigated the effect of discrimination on the relationship between objective sleep characteristics and cognitive function in older Black adults with varying education quality.MethodCross-sectional analyses include Black participants in the Einstein Aging Study (N = 104, mean age = 77.2 years, 21% males). Sleep measures were calculated from wrist actigraphy (15.4 ± 1.3 days). Mean ambulatory cognitive function (i.e., spatial working memory, processing speed/visual attention, and short-term memory binding) was assessed with validated smartphone-based cognitive tests (6 daily). A modified Williams Everyday Discrimination Scale measured discriminatory experiences. Linear regression, stratified by reading literacy (an indicator of education quality), was conducted to investigate whether discrimination moderated associations between sleep and ambulatory cognitive function for individuals with varying reading literacy levels. Models controlled for age, income, sleep-disordered breathing, and sex assigned at birth.ResultsHigher reading literacy was associated with better cognitive performance. For participants with both lower reading literacy and more discriminatory experiences, longer mean sleep time was associated with slower processing speed, and lower sleep quality was associated with worse working memory. Later sleep midpoint and longer nighttime sleep were associated with worse spatial working memory for participants with low reading literacy, independent of their discriminatory experiences.DiscussionSociocultural factors (i.e., discrimination and education quality) can further explain the association between sleep and cognitive functioning and cognitive impairment risk among older Black adults.
Postoperative aortic injury caused by a staple line formed during wedge resection of the lung
Authors: Yamaji Masayuki , Yano Motoki , Okamaoto Sawako , Fukui Takayuki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We report a case of aortic perforation caused by the staple line formed during a wedge resection for lung cancer. Six hours after an uneventful wedge resection, sudden frank drainage of blood from the chest tube occurred. A reoperation was performed, and we found bleeding from the aorta. After suturing the bleeding spot on the aorta, we found that the stapling line of the lung rode on the aorta with longitudinal contact. We speculated that the stapling line scratched the aorta in synchrony with the patient's breathing and injured the aorta.
Surgical management of cardiac cystic echinococcosis in a paediatric patient: a case report
Authors: Biçer Mehmet , Kozan Şima , Altın Hüsnü Fırat , Aydemir Numan Ali 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease, is endemic to many countries worldwide. This slowly progressing disease is seen rarely in the paediatric age group. In terms of cyst localization, cardiac involvement is infrequent. We report the case of a successful surgical and medical management of a paediatric hydatid disease patient with involvement of the heart.