bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Inverse Transform Sampling of Non‐Gaussian Distribution Functions in Space Plasmas
Authors: An Xin , Artemyev Anton , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lu San , Pritchett Philip , Decyk Viktor 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNon‐Gaussian distributions are commonly observed in collisionless space plasmas. Generating samples from non‐Gaussian distributions is critical for the initialization of particle‐in‐cell simulations that investigate their driven and undriven dynamics. To this end, we report a computationally efficient, robust tool, Chebsampling, to sample general distribution functions in one and two dimensions. This tool is based on inverse transform sampling with function approximation by Chebyshev polynomials. We demonstrate practical uses of Chebsampling through sampling typical distribution functions in space plasmas.
A Study of Post‐Sunset Spread‐F Initiation During the 2013 EVEX Campaign
Authors: Kudeki Erhan , Reyes Pablo , Wallace Aaron , Ye Bingqian , Pfaff Robert F. , Larsen Miguel F. , Groves Keith M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEquatorial Vortex Experiment (EVEX), the EVEX mission of May 2013, carried out from Roi‐Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, explored the initiation physics of equatorial spread‐F with a pair of rockets launched simultaneously during local sunset to apogees of 182 and 331 km, respectively. EVEX measurements presented in this paper establish the existence of a differential zonal flow between plasma and neutrals at bottom‐side F‐region heights during the sunset time in support of a post‐sunset spread‐F initiation mechanism described in Kudeki et al. (2007) that is characterized by large growth rates for oblique‐propagating 10's‐of‐km‐scale electron density perturbations. F‐region plasma drifts were measured in situ using an electric field double‐probe instrument while neutral winds were measured by triangulating drifting vapor clouds. The state of the ionosphere and spread‐F irregularities were monitored by ground based ARPA Long‐Range Tracking and Instrumentation Radar and Illinois Radar Interferometer System radars using incoherent and coherent scatter techniques, respectively, as well as an ionosonde.
Temporal Changes in Seismic Velocity and Attenuation at The Geysers Geothermal Field, California, From Double‐Difference Tomography
Authors: Guo Hao , Thurber Clifford 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWater injection and Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) technologies have been used to exploit heat resources from geothermal reservoirs. Detecting spatial and temporal changes in reservoir physical properties is important for monitoring reservoir condition changes due to water injection and EGS. Here, we determine high‐resolution models of the temporal changes in the three‐dimensional P wave velocity and attenuation (Vp and Qp) structures between the years 2005 and 2011 in the northwestern part of The Geysers geothermal field, California, using double‐difference seismic velocity and attenuation tomography. The northwest Geysers has a shallow normal temperature reservoir (NTR) underlain by a high temperature reservoir (HTR) that has substantial underutilized heat resources but may be more fully utilized in the future through EGS. In the southeastern part of the northwest Geysers, however, EGS has been successfully but unintentionally applied for at least 50 years because the waters injected into the NTR have been flowing into the HTR. Our models are well resolved in this area and show that the NTR and HTR have different seismic responses (seismicity, Vp, and Qp) to water injection, which can be explained by the injection‐induced differences in fracturing and saturation that are likely related to their geological properties. Our results indicate that the joint analysis of changes in seismicity, velocity, and attenuation is valuable for characterizing changes in reservoir fracturing and saturation conditions. Our results suggest that high‐permeability zones and/or pre‐existing permeable fault zones are important for the success of EGS at The Geysers and potentially other geothermal systems.
Melting Behavior of Rimed and Unrimed Snowflakes Investigated With Statistics of Triple‐Frequency Doppler Radar Observations
Authors: Karrer Markus , Dias Neto José , von Terzi Leonie , Kneifel Stefan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractComparing the reflectivity flux at the top and bottom of the melting layer (ML) reveals the overall effect of the microphysical processes occurring within the ML on the particle population. If melting is the only process taking place and all particles scatter in the Rayleigh regime, the reflectivity flux increases in the ML by a constant factor given by the ratio of the dielectric factors. Deviations from this constant factor can indicate that either growth or shrinking processes (breakup, sublimation, and evaporation) dominate. However, inference of growth or shrinking dominance from the increase in reflectivity flux is only possible if other influences (e.g., vertical wind speed) are negligible or corrected. By analyzing radar Doppler spectra and multi‐frequency observations, we correct the reflectivity fluxes for vertical wind and categorize the height profiles by the riming degree at the ML top. We apply this reflectivity flux ratio (ZFR) approach to a multi‐month mid‐latitude winter data set that contains mostly stratiform clouds. The profiles of radar variables in the ML are found to be surprisingly similar for both unrimed and rimed profiles with slight differences, for example, in the absolute values of the reflectivity flux. Statistical analysis of the ZFR suggests that either microphysical processes other than melting are not important or strongly compensate for each other. The results seem to confirm that at least for moderately precipitating stratiform clouds, the melting‐only assumption applied in several retrievals and microphysical schemes is reasonable.
Influence of the North Pacific Victoria Mode on the Spring Persistence Barrier of ENSO
Authors: Shi Liang , Ding Ruiqiang , Hu Shujuan , Li Jianping , Tseng Yuheng , Li Xumin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study focuses on the influence of the North Pacific Victoria mode (VM) on the persistence of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Both observational data and outputs from phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project show that VM events can enhance the persistence of ENSO SSTAs and reduce the intensity of the spring persistence barrier (SPB) of ENSO SSTAs. The possible reasons for these phenomena are that the SSTAs develop (decay) slowly and do not experience a rapid sign reversal during their decaying phase, indicating a relatively weak ENSO SPB occurs in the spring for strong VM cases. However, during weak VM cases, they transit quickly from positive (negative) SSTAs into negative (positive) SSTAs. The amplitudes of the SSTAs during weak VM cases are relatively greater in the mature phase than those during strong VM cases, resulting in a relatively strong ENSO SPB. Furthermore, VM events can affect the strength of the westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific. The magnitude of the westerly wind anomalies is weaker when a strong ENSO co‐occurs with a strong VM event than when it is associated with a weak VM event. In addition, the subsurface water during the strong VM case transits slowly from positive to negative while that transits relatively fast during weak VM cases, which are consistent with the evolutions of SSTAs. Thus, they together affect the recharge/discharge oscillation process of ENSO, which eventually lead to a strong or a weak ENSO SPB phenomenon occurring in the spring during strong or weak VM cases, respectively. The findings offer a new sight for studying the persistence of ENSO SSTAs.
Advances in Deformable Plate Tectonic Models: 2. Reconstructing the Southern North Atlantic Back Through Time
Authors: King Michael T. , Welford J. Kim 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe offshore rifted margins of the North Atlantic have a spatially complex crustal structure comprised of variable crustal morphologies, continental blocks, and inherited structures. Recently, deformable plate tectonic models have permitted the interplay of plate kinematics and deformation to be assessed throughout the North Atlantic, and elsewhere. In particular, the ability to calculate temporal variations in crustal thickness has provided insight into the kinematic role of continental blocks and their interplay with large and micro‐tectonic plates during the formation of the North Atlantic offshore rifted margins. In this study, the deformable plate modeling workflow introduced in the companion contribution of this study (Part 1) is used to investigate previously published and newly presented deformable plate models of the Newfoundland, Irish, and West Iberian margins. This approach permits the deformation and subsequent crustal thickness evolution within previously recognized continental blocks and sedimentary basins throughout the southern North Atlantic Ocean to be visualized and assessed from 200 Ma to present day. The segmentation of early rift crustal thicknesses calculated by deformable plate models demonstrate strong correlations with the offshore extension of Appalachian and Caledonian terrane boundaries. Thus, our observations suggest that inherited orogenic boundaries potentially play a key role in the early rift crustal structure of sedimentary basins and the partitioning of deformation around and within continental blocks.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Exosomal miR-4466 from nicotine-activated neutrophils promotes tumor cell stemness and metabolism in lung cancer metastasis
Authors: Tyagi Abhishek , Wu Shih-Ying , Sharma Sambad , Wu Kerui , Zhao Dan , Deshpande Ravindra , Singh Ravi , Li Wencheng , Topaloglu Umit , Ruiz Jimmy , Watabe Kounosuke 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSmoking is associated with lung cancer and has a profound impact on tumor immunity. Nicotine, the addictive and non-carcinogenic smoke component, influences various brain cells and the immune system. However, how long-term use of nicotine affects brain metastases is poorly understood. We, therefore, examined the mechanism by which nicotine promotes lung cancer brain metastasis. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 810 lung cancer patients with smoking history and assessed brain metastasis. We found that current smoker’s lung cancer patients have significantly higher brain metastatic incidence compared to the never smokers. We also found that chronic nicotine exposure recruited STAT3-activated N2-neutrophils within the brain pre-metastatic niche and secreted exosomal miR-4466 which promoted stemness and metabolic switching via SKI/SOX2/CPT1A axis in the tumor cells in the brain thereby enabling metastasis. Importantly, exosomal miR-4466 levels were found to be elevated in serum/urine of cancer-free subjects with a smoking history and promote tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that exosomal miR-4466 may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting increased risk of metastatic disease among smoker(s). Our findings suggest a novel pro-metastatic role of nicotine-induced N2-neutrophils in the progression of brain metastasis. We also demonstrated that inhibiting nicotine-induced STAT3-mediated neutrophil polarization effectively abrogated brain metastasis in vivo. Our results revealed a novel mechanistic insight on how chronic nicotine exposure contributes to worse clinical outcome of metastatic lung cancer and implicated the risk of using nicotine gateway for smoking cessation in cancer patients.
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells are associated with long-term persistence of neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Wang Zhongfang , Yang Xiaoyun , Mei Xinyue , Zhou Yumin , Tang Zhiqiang , Li Guichang , Zhong Jiaying , Yu Mengqiu , Huang Mingzhu , Su Xiaoling , Lin Bijia , Cao Pengxing , Yang Ji , Ran Pixin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the decay and maintenance of long-term SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in infected or vaccinated people and how vaccines protect against other SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical for assessing public vaccination plans. Here, we measured different plasm antibody levels 2 and 12 months after disease onset, including anti-RBD, anti-N, total neutralizing antibodies, and two neutralizing-antibody clusters. We found that total neutralizing antibodies declined more slowly than total anti-RBD and anti-N IgG, and the two neutralizing-antibody clusters decayed even more slowly than total neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the level of neutralizing antibodies at 12 months after disease onset was significantly lower than that at 2 months but more broadly neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Lambda (C.37). Significant immune escape by the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was also observed 2 months post-recovery. Furthermore, we revealed that a high percentage of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and cTfh1 were associated with a slower decline in humoral immunity, accompanied by higher levels of CXCR3 ligands such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, higher frequency of cTfh1, and lower levels of cTfh2 and cTfh17. Our data highlight the importance of coordinating T-cell and humoral immunity to achieve long-term protective immunity.
Individualized prediction of psychiatric readmissions for patients with major depressive disorder: a 10-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhu Ting , Jiang Jingwen , Hu Yao , Zhang Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at high risk of psychiatric readmission while the factors associated with such adverse illness trajectories and the impact of the same factor at different follow-up times remain unclear. Based on machine learning (ML) approaches and real-world electronic medical records (EMR), we aimed to predict individual psychiatric readmission within 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days of an initial major depression hospitalization. In addition, we examined to what extent our prediction model could be made interpretable by quantifying and visualizing the features that drive the predictions at different follow-up times. By identifying 13,177 individuals discharged from a hospital located in western China between 2009 and 2018 with a recorded diagnosis of MDD, we established five prediction-modeling cohorts with different follow-up times. Four different ML models were trained with features extracted from the EMR, and explainable methods (SHAP and Break Down) were utilized to analyze the contribution of each of the features at both population-level and individual-level. The model showed a performance on the holdout testing dataset that decreased over follow-up time after discharge: AUC 0.814 (0.758–0.87) within 30 days, AUC 0.780 (0.728–0.833) within 60 days, AUC 0.798 (0.75–0.846) within 90 days, AUC 0.740 (0.687–0.794) within 180 days, and AUC 0.711 (0.676–0.747) within 365 days. Results add evidence that markers of depression severity and symptoms (recurrence of the symptoms, combination of key symptoms, the number of core symptoms and physical symptoms), along with age, gender, type of payment, length of stay, comorbidity, treatment patterns such as the use of anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressants (especially Fluoxetine, Clonazepam, Olanzapine, and Alprazolam), physiotherapy, and psychotherapy, and vital signs like pulse and SBP, may improve prediction of psychiatric readmission. Some features can drive the prediction towards readmission at one follow-up time and towards non-readmission at another. Using such a model for decision support gives the clinician dynamic information of the patient’s risk of psychiatric readmission and the specific features pulling towards readmission. This finding points to the potential of establishing personalized interventions that change with follow-up time.
Autophagy guards tendon homeostasis
Authors: Montagna Costanza , Svensson Rene B. , Bayer Monika L. , Rizza Salvatore , Maiani Emiliano , Yeung Ching-Yan Chloé , Filomeni Giuseppe , Kjær Michael 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTendons are vital collagen-dense specialized connective tissues transducing the force from skeletal muscle to the bone, thus enabling movement of the human body. Tendon cells adjust matrix turnover in response to physiological tissue loading and pathological overloading (tendinopathy). Nevertheless, the regulation of tendon matrix quality control is still poorly understood and the pathogenesis of tendinopathy is presently unsolved. Autophagy, the major mechanism of degradation and recycling of cellular components, plays a fundamental role in the homeostasis of several tissues. Here, we investigate the contribution of autophagy to human tendons’ physiology, and we provide in vivo evidence that it is an active process in human tendon tissue. We show that selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy), regulates the secretion of type I procollagen (PC1), the major component of tendon extracellular matrix. Pharmacological activation of autophagy by inhibition of mTOR pathway alters the ultrastructural morphology of three-dimensional tissue-engineered tendons, shifting collagen fibrils size distribution. Moreover, autophagy induction negatively affects the biomechanical properties of the tissue-engineered tendons, causing a reduction in mechanical strength under tensile force. Overall, our results provide the first evidence that autophagy regulates tendon homeostasis by controlling PC1 quality control, thus potentially playing a role in the development of injured tendons.
Tumor stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-17-5p inhibits anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer via targeting SPOP and overexpressing PD-L1
Authors: Sun Wei , Cui Junpeng , Ge Yang , Wang Jinshi , Yu Yifan , Han Bing , Liu Baolin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExosomes are known to transmit microRNAs (miRNAs) to affect human cancer progression, and miR-17-5p has been manifested to exert facilitated effects on colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, while the role of tumor stem cells-derived exosomal miR-17-5p in CRC remains unknown. We aim to explore the effect of CRC stem cells-derived exosomes (CRCSC-exos) conveying miR-17-5p on CRC. The exosomes were isolated from CRC stem cells and identified. HCT116 cells were transfected with speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) interfering vector or co-cultured with exosomes carrying miR-17-5p mimic/inhibitor. Then, the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of the cells were determined. The xenograft mouse model was constructed using BALB/C mice and the serum levels of T cell cytokines were assessed. Expression of miR-17-5p, SPOP, CD4, CD8 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was detected. The targeting relationship between miR-17-5p and SPOP was verified. MiR-17-5p was upregulated and SPOP was downregulated in CRC tissues. CRCSC-exos transmitted miR-17-5p to HCT116 cells to promote malignant behaviors and suppress anti-tumor immunity of HCT116 cells. The overexpressed SPOP exerted opposite effects. SPOP was confirmed as a target gene of miR-17-5p. Upregulated CRCSC-exosomal miR-17-5p inhibits SPOP to promote tumor cell growth and dampen anti-tumor immunity in CRC through promoting PD-L1.
Occurrence and phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population: A large online survey
Authors: Linszen Mascha M. J. , de Boer Janna N. , Schutte Maya J. L. , Begemann Marieke J. H. , de Vries Jacqueline , Koops Sanne , Blom Renske E. , Bohlken Marc M. , Heringa Sophie M. , Blom Jan Dirk , Sommer Iris E. C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough epidemiological studies report that hallucinations occur in 6–15% of the general population, little is known about their phenomenology. To overcome this paucity, this study investigates the phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations in the general population, by using a nationally promoted online survey to assess hallucination phenomenology in four sensory modalities, through a self-report version of the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE), in 10,448 participants (aged 14–88 years). The phenomenology of hallucinations was assessed if hallucinations reportedly occurred in the past month. In the past month, auditory hallucinations were reported most frequently (29.5%), followed by visual (21.5%), tactile (19.9%), and olfactory hallucinations (17.3%); hallucinations in two or more modalities were reported by 47.6%. Substantial numbers of participants rated their hallucinations as severe, due to negative content (16.0–31.6%), previous bothersome experiences (14.8–20.2%), ensuing distress (10.5–16.8%), and/or ensuing disfunctioning (12.7–17.3%). Decreased insight was found in 10.2–11.4%. Hypnagogia was reported by 9.0–10.6%, and bereavement hallucinations by 2.8%. Despite a low prevalence of delusions (7.0%), these phenomena were significantly associated with recent hallucinations, observed in up to 13.4% of the participants with hallucinations during the past week (p < 0.001). Our results indicate a wide variety of the phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population and support the existence of a phenomenological continuum.
Persistent Spike-specific T cell immunity despite antibody reduction after 3 months from SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine
Authors: Agrati Chiara , Castilletti Concetta , Goletti Delia , Sacchi Alessandra , Bordoni Veronica , Mariotti Davide , Notari Stefania , Matusali Giulia , Meschi Silvia , Petrone Linda , Aiello Alessandra , Najafi Fard Saeid , Farroni Chiara , Colavita Francesca , Lapa Daniele , Leone Sara , Agresta Alessandro , Capobianchi Maria , Ippolito Giuseppe , Vaia Francesco , Puro Vincenzo ,   INMI COVID-19 Vaccine Study Group, Cimini Eleonora , Tartaglia Eleonora , Casetti Rita , Grassi Germana , Cristofanelli Flavia , Capri Andrea , Santoro Annapaola , Orchi Nicoletta , Bettini Aurora , Francalancia Massimo , Specchiarello Eliana 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVaccine is the main public health measure to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and hospitalization, and a massive scientific effort worldwide resulted in the rapid development of effective vaccines. This work aimed to define the dynamics and persistence of humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Health Care Workers who received a two-dose BNT162b2-mRNA vaccination. Serological response was evaluated by quantifying anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies while cell-mediated response was performed by a whole blood test quantifying Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) produced in response to Spike peptides. BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune response against Spike in all HCW early after the second dose. After 12 weeks from vaccination, the titer of anti-RBD antibodies as well as their neutralization function decreased while the Spike-specific T-cells persisted at the same level as soon after vaccine boost. Of note, a correlation between cellular and humoral response persevered, suggesting the persistence of a coordinated immune response. The long lasting cell-mediated immune response after 3 months from vaccination highlight its importance in the maintaining of specific immunity able to expand again to fight eventual new antigen encountering.