bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subject Advantage in L1-English Learners’ Production of Chinese Relative Clauses
Authors: Tanaka Nozomi , Cherici Alessia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study investigated whether L1-English Chinese learners show a subject preference in their oral production of Chinese relative clauses (RCs) and whether they show animacy effects. We conducted a picture-based elicited production experiment that compared subject and object RCs, varying the object animacy between animate and inanimate. The results from thirty learners showed more targetlike performance in subject RCs than in object RCs, both at group and individual levels, regardless of object animacy. Error analyses revealed that more object RCs were converted into subject RCs than vice versa. These results point toward a clear subject preference despite conflicted findings in previous research on RCs in Chinese as a foreign language. Animacy influenced subject and object RCs alike: both types were easier to produce when featuring an inanimate object. We suggested similarity-based interference or distribution-based effects to account for this finding.
Five reasons to cry—FRC: a taxonomy for common antecedents of emotional crying
Authors: Barthelmäs Michael , Kesberg Rebekka , Hermann Armin , Keller Johannes 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHuman beings are probably the only creatures with a capacity to shed emotional tears. While prior work has mostly used data-driven approaches to identify situational antecedents of adult crying, we present a theory-based taxonomy. Assuming that crying is preceded by the frustration or satisfaction of psychological needs, we postulate that the most common antecedents of crying can be organized into five categories—that is, the Five Reasons to Cry (FRC): loneliness, impotence, overload, harmony, and media. Testing our assumptions in a retrospective study (N = 720, pre-registered) and a thirty-day electronic diary study (N = 91) showed that (i) crying episodes could be reliably assigned to the FRC, (ii) the theorized relations to frustrated/satisfied psychological needs emerged, and (iii) the categories were systematically related to subjective well-being, indicating their criterion validity. In sum, this research provides a valid taxonomy of common situational antecedents of adult emotional crying.
Analysis of static frictionless beam-to-beam contact using mortar method
Authors: Tomec Jan , Jelenić Gordan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a formulation for frictionless beam-to-beam contact using the mortar method. The beams are modelled using the geometrically exact theory. A similar approach has been proposed very recently, with respect to which we offer a formulation based on a Lagrange-multiplier method and a simpler algorithm to cover the static interaction within the contact zone and analyse the performance of the method for different orders of interpolation for the Lagrange multiplier and in the presence of self-contact. Appropriate contact kinematics is developed from which the residual vector and the tangent stiffness matrix are obtained from a suitable contact potential and its variation and consistent linearisation for implementation in the finite element method. The algorithm describing the fulfilment of the contact kinematics is described in detail. The mortar method is found out to be suitable for modelling beam-to-beam contact and self-contact. The geometrically exact beam theory assumes full rigidity of the cross-sections and as such is naturally prone to higher oscillations in the contact force near the boundaries of the contact zone. For sufficiently small load steps, however, a stable solution is obtained, making it appropriate for future research.
The Pricing Structure of Legal Services: Do Lawyers Offer What Clients Want?
Authors: Felső Flóra , Onderstal Sander , Seldeslachts Jo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe analyze clients’ contract choices in auctions where Dutch law firms compete for standard cases such as labor disputes for individuals and collecting debts for businesses. In the auctions, lawyers can submit bids with any fee arrangement they prefer, including an hourly rate, a fixed fee, and a ‘mixed fee’: a time-capped fixed fee plus an hourly rate for any additional hours should the case take longer than expected. A game-theoretic analysis of this auction format reveals that clients should accept only fixed-fee bids in equilibrium. We estimate a simultaneous equation model that includes both the client’s and lawyers’ side. Qualitatively in line with our theoretical prediction, we find that clients strongly prefer fixed fees. Our results suggest that selecting a lawyer through an auction may benefit clients who face an incidental legal problem. More generally, our findings tentatively contradict lawyers’ often made argument that hourly rates are in a client’s best interest.
A rapid evidence assessment of the potential risk to the environment presented by active ingredients in the UK’s most commonly sold companion animal parasiticides
Authors: Wells Clodagh , Collins C. M. Tilly 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA number of parasiticides are commercially available as companion animal treatments to protect against parasite infestation and are sold in large volumes. These treatments are not intended to enter the wider environment but may be washed off or excreted by treated animals and have ecotoxic impacts. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the existing evidence for the toxicity of the six most used parasiticides in the UK: imidacloprid, fipronil, fluralaner, afoxolaner, selamectin, and flumethrin. A total of 17,207 published articles were screened, with 690 included in the final evidence synthesis. All parasiticides displayed higher toxicity towards invertebrates than vertebrates, enabling their use as companion animal treatments. Extensive evidence exists of ecotoxicity for imidacloprid and fipronil, but this focuses on exposure via agricultural use and is not representative of environmental exposure that results from use in companion animal treatments, especially in urban greenspace. Little to no evidence exists for the ecotoxicity of the remaining parasiticides. Despite heavy usage, there is currently insufficient evidence to understand the environmental risk posed by these veterinary treatments and further studies are urgently needed to quantify the levels and characterise the routes of environmental exposure, as well as identifying any resulting environmental harm.
Irrigation modernization and the efficiency paradox: a meta-study through the lens of Networks of Action Situations
Authors: Hoffmann Patrick , Villamayor-Tomas Sergio 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInfrastructure and technology investments that increase water-use efficiency (also called modernization investments) have become one of the most preferred solutions to cope with water scarcity in the context of climate change, increase productivity to satisfy growing demand, and save water to maintain ecosystems. In many cases, however, the higher efficiencies have led to more, instead of less, water consumption. This is generally known as the efficiency paradox or rebound effect. Understanding the processes behind the efficiency paradox remains a difficult task, given the variety of variables that either directly or indirectly factor into farmers’ water-use decisions and the strategic nature of many of those. This is even more the case when water is managed collectively by water-user associations, as in many irrigation systems worldwide. In order to better understand this complexity, our study applies the Networks of Action Situations approach to 37 studies of irrigation modernization investments in collectively managed irrigation systems. Through a systematic case review method, we identify 12 different action situations and 192 institutional, physical, and informational linkages that connect them. Although some studies report linkages between the modernization-investment and water-saving decision situations, many others relate them to situations typically associated with the collective management of irrigation systems (like the water application or infrastructure maintenance situations). A number of these situations, also including the water-saving situation, involve collective action problems that need to be integrated in current analyses. The solution towards more water saving may indeed benefit from a more active involvement of irrigation associations, given their proven capacity to promote collective action among farmers vis-à-vis other irrigation management situations.
Development of a data-driven case-mix adjustment model for comparison of hospital performance in hip fracture care
Authors: Würdemann Franka S. , Elfrink Arthur K. E. , Wilschut Janneke A. , van den Brand Crispijn L. , Schipper Inger B. , Hegeman Johannes H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Summary
To compare hospitals’ hip fracture patient mortality in a quality of care registry, correction for patient characteristics is needed. This study evaluates in 39,374 patients which characteristics are associated with 30 and 90-day mortality, and showed how using these characteristics in a case mix-model changes hospital comparisons within the Netherlands.

Purpose
Mortality rates after hip fracture surgery are considerable and may be influenced by patient characteristics. This study aims to evaluate hospital variation regarding patient demographics and disease burden, to develop a case-mix adjustment model to analyse differences in hip fracture patients’ mortality to calculate case-mix adjusted hospital-specific mortality rates.

Methods
Data were derived from 64 hospitals participating in the Dutch Hip Fracture Audit (DHFA). Adult hip fracture patients registered in 2017–2019 were included. Variation of case-mix factors between hospitals was analysed, and the association between case-mix factors and mortality at 30 and 90 days was determined through regression models.

Results
There were 39,374 patients included. Significant variation in case-mix factors amongst hospitals was found for age ≥ 80 (range 25.8–72.1% p < 0.001), male gender (12.0–52.9% p < 0.001), nursing home residents (42.0–57.9% p < 0.001), pre-fracture mobility aid use (9.9–86.7% p < 0,001), daily living dependency (27.5–96.5% p < 0,001), ASA-class ≥ 3 (25.8–83.3% p < 0.001), dementia (3.6–28.6% p < 0.001), osteoporosis (0.0–57.1% p < 0.001), risk of malnutrition (0.0–29.2% p < 0.001) and fracture types (all p < 0.001). All factors were associated with 30- and 90-day mortality. Eight hospitals showed higher and six showed lower 30-day mortality than expected based on their case-mix. Six hospitals showed higher and seven lower 90-day mortality than expected. The specific outlier hospitals changed when correcting for case-mix factors.

Conclusions
Dutch hospitals show significant case-mix variation regarding hip fracture patients. Case-mix adjustment is a prerequisite when comparing hospitals’ 30-day and 90-day hip fracture patients’ mortality. Adjusted mortality may serve as a starting point for improving hip fracture care.
The Role of CO2 in the Oxidation-Protection of Mg-Containing Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Solem Cathrine Kyung Won , Vullum Per Erik , Ebadi Mahsa , Tranell Gabriella , Aune Ragnhild E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
TEM EDS–EELS and XPS have been performed on disc samples of Al alloys 5182 (AlMg4.5Mn0.4) and 6016 (AlSi1.2Mg0.4) heat treated in an oxidizing atmosphere of 76 pct synthetic air, 20 pct Ar, and 4 pct CO2. For both alloys, an amorphous C–C bonded layer on top of a nanocrystalline MgO layer was observed, which is believed to inhibit further oxidation of Mg for the 5182 alloy and breakaway oxidation for the 6016 alloy.
Super-Tough and Environmentally Stable Aramid. Nanofiber@MXene Coaxial Fibers with Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Efficiency
Authors: Liu Liu-Xin , Chen Wei , Zhang Hao-Bin , Ye Lvxuan , Wang Zhenguo , Zhang Yu , Min Peng , Yu Zhong-Zhen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough electrically conductive and hydrophilic MXene sheets are promising for multifunctional fibers and electronic textiles, it is still a challenge to simultaneously enhance both conductivity and mechanical properties of MXene fibers because of the high rigidity of MXene sheets and insufficient inter-sheet interactions. Herein, we demonstrate a core–shell wet-spinning methodology for fabricating highly conductive, super-tough, ultra-strong, and environmentally stable Ti3C2Tx MXene-based core–shell fibers with conductive MXene cores and tough aramid nanofiber (ANF) shells. The highly orientated and low-defect structure endows the ANF@MXene core–shell fiber with super-toughness of ~ 48.1 MJ m−3, high strength of ~ 502.9 MPa, and high conductivity of ~ 3.0 × 105 S m−1. The super-tough and conductive ANF@MXene fibers can be woven into textiles, exhibiting an excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 83.4 dB at a small thickness of 213 μm. Importantly, the protection of the ANF shells provides the fibers with satisfactory cyclic stability under dynamic stretching and bending, and excellent resistance to acid, alkali, seawater, cryogenic and high temperatures, and fire. The oxidation resistance of the fibers is demonstrated by their well-maintained EMI shielding performances. The multifunctional core–shell fibers would be highly promising in the fields of EMI shielding textiles, wearable electronics and aerospace.
Risk Prediction of Central Nervous System Infection Secondary to Intraventricular Drainage in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Development and Evaluation of a New Predictive Model Nomogram
Authors: Zhang Yanfeng , Zeng Qingkao , Fang Yuquan , Wang Wei , Chen Yunjin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Currently no reliable tools are available for predicting the risk of central nervous system (CNS) infections in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after undergoing ventriculostomy drainage. The current study sought to develop and validate a nomogram to identify high-risk factors of CNS infection after ventriculomegaly drain placement for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods
A total of 185 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent ventriculoperitoneal drainage were enrolled to the current study. Patients were divided into a CNS infection group (20 patients) and a non-CNS infection group (165 patients). The baseline data from both groups was used to develop and evaluate a model for predicting the likelihood of developing CNS infection after ventriculoperitoneal drain placement for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Results
The finding showed that operative time, intraventricular drainage duration, postoperative temperature, white blood cell count in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neutrophils ratio in CSF, Red blood cell count in CSF, and glucose content in CSF were correlated with CNS infection. A nomogram for predicting the risk of CNS infection was constructed based on these variables. The c-index and the AUC of the ROC curve was 0.961, showing good discrimination. Clinical decision curve analysis indicated that the nomogram clinical application ranged between 1 and 100%. The clinical impact curve was generated to set with a threshold probability of 0.5.

Conclusion
The nomogram reported in the current study can be used by clinicians to identify patients likely to have secondary CNS infections, so that clinicians can better treat these patients at earlier stages.
MULTIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS WITH TIME AND CROSS-DEPENDENCE: AGGREGATION AND CAPITAL ALLOCATION
Authors: Hu Xiang , Zhang Lianzeng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates risk aggregation and capital allocation problems for an insurance portfolio consisting of several lines of business. The class of multivariate INAR(1) processes is proposed to model different sources of dependence between the number of claims of the portfolio. The total capital required for the whole portfolio is evaluated under the TVaR risk measure, and the contribution of each line of business is derived under the TVaR-based allocation rule. We provide the risk aggregation and capital allocation formulas in the general case of continuous and strictly positive claim sizes and then in the case of mixed Erlang claim sizes. The impact of both time dependence and cross-dependence on the behavior of risk aggregation and capital allocation is numerically illustrated.
The effects of proficiency level and dual-task condition on L2 self-monitoring behavior
Authors: Albarqi Ghadah , Tavakoli Parvaneh 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe current study examined the effects of task condition (TC; single vs. dual) and proficiency level (PL) on self-monitoring of second language (L2) speakers. Data were collected from sixty-six female L2 learners of English performing two speaking tasks under two task conditions. While performance in the single-task condition involved only narrating a picture-based oral narrative, the dual-task condition involved performing the same oral narrative as well as a secondary task. Factor analysis, MANOVA, and two-way ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of PL and TC on a range of self-monitoring measures. The results indicated that the higher proficiency learners made significantly fewer filled pauses, repetitions, and hesitations, and a higher ratio of error correction and error-free clauses than the lower proficiency learners. These results suggest that with the development of proficiency L2 learners’ performance becomes more fluent, and a more active and effective monitoring process seems to be at work. Compared to the single-task condition, performance in the dual-task condition led to significantly more repetitions implying the increased demand of TC triggers more dysfluency. These results are discussed in relation to the L1 monitoring models.
Cleistogamous spike and chasmogamous spike carbon remobilization improve the seed potential yield of Cleistogenes songorica under water stress
Authors: Zhang Zhengshe , Bai Mengjie , Tao Qibo , Wu Fan , Yan Qi , Nan Zhibiao , Wang Yanrong , Zhang Jiyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDevelopmental signals and environmental stresses regulate carbon distribution in the vegetative and reproductive organs of plants and affect seed yield. Cleistogenes songorica is a xerophytic grass with great potential application value in ecological restoration. However, how carbohydrate transport and distribution during grain filling affect the seed yield of C. songorica under water stress is not clear. The present study showed that the soluble sugar and starch contents of cleistogamous (CL) spikes and chasmogamous (CH) spikes were significantly higher at the milk stage, which was attributed to a significantly higher seed number and seed yield per spike under water stress conditions than under well-watered conditions (P < 0.01). RNA-seq data revealed a total of 54,525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under water stress conditions, but only 3744 DEGs were shared among all comparison groups. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that the transport and distribution of carbohydrates were regulated by ABA-responsive genes (CsABA8OX1_1, CsABA8OX1_2, CsABA8OX2_1, CsABA8OX2_2, CsNCED3, CsNCED1_1, CsNCED1_2 and CsNCED4_1) and sugar transport and starch synthesis genes (CsSUS1, CsSUS2, CsSUS3, CsAGP1, CsAGP4, CsAGP5, CsSSS1 and CsSBE5) under water stress conditions. These genes jointly regulated carbohydrate remobilization in sources (stems, leaves and sheaths) to promote grain filling and improve seed yield. The present study helped to clarify the phenotypic, metabolic and transcriptional response mechanisms of vegetative organs, such as stems and leaves, and reproductive organs, such as CL spikes and CH spikes, to promote carbohydrate redistribution under water stress, and it provides theoretical guidance for improving seed yields.
Interaction Between Climate and Tectonics in the Northern Lesser Antilles Inferred From the Last Interglacial Shoreline on Barbuda Island
Authors: Weil‐Accardo J. , Feuillet N. , Philibosian B. , Guihou A. , Jacques E. , Cabioch G. , Anglade A. , Meriaux A.‐S. , Deschamps P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the context of increasing evidence of plate interface coupling variability in subduction zones, there is a need to extend the short time window given by instrumental data and to gather data over multiple time and spatial scales. We hence investigated the long‐term topography on Barbuda island, located in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles, west of the Caribbean subduction zone. Following pioneering work using a set of marine terraces on the eastern side of the island, we performed the first U‐Th dating on 10 corals in growth position from the lowest terrace, for which the highest relative sea‐level (RSL) indicator is found at 9 ± 1 m above the mean sea level. We find that this terrace corresponds to the Last Interglacial (LIG) (ages between 122.8 ± 0.3 ka and 128.1 ± 0.3 ka) and we estimate a paleo RSL of 7 ± 2 m above the current mean sea level. The present elevation of the LIG shoreline on Barbuda might imply tectonics as an additional mechanism to eustatic sea level, mantle dynamic topography and glacial isostatic adjustment. East‐west morphological asymmetry of Barbuda and difference in LIG shoreline elevation between Barbuda and Antigua suggest a regional tectonic process. As with the proposed westward tilting from the forearc to the volcanic arc of the Guadeloupe archipelago, vertical deformation on Barbuda could be related to plate‐scale subduction processes. Long‐term uplift of Barbuda might be related to the accumulation of residual coseismic deformation not fully recovered by interseismic subsidence and the corresponding seismogenic segment would extend below the Moho.
Loss of Energetic Ions Comprising the Ring Current Populations of Jupiter's Middle and Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Clark G. , Connerney J. E. P. , Gershman D. J. , Haggerty D. K. , Hue V. , Imai M. , Kollmann P. , Kurth W. S. , Nénon Q. , Paranicas C. P. , Rymer A. M. , Smith H. T. , Sulaiman A. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe low‐altitude, polar orbit of the Juno mission allows the Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument to view into, and resolve, the loss cone of energetic ions comprising the low‐altitude extension of Jupiter's ring current ions. For regions mapping from just inside Ganymede's orbit to well beyond Ganymede's orbit, energetic ions (>50 keV H+ and >130 keV Oxygen and Sulfur ions) are strongly scattered into the loss cone and lost to the magnetosphere at the “strong diffusion limit” at essentially all times. We conclude, by arguing against magnetic curvature scattering, that the cause is waves, perhaps associated with Alfvénic variations previously documented in this equatorial region. Scattering is generally weak or nonexistent near the orbits of the moons Europa and Io, except for the regions just downstream of the corotating plasmas. For Io, we sometimes observe moderate, but not saturated, scattering within roughly 60° downstream. Significantly, scattering is weak or nonexistent just upstream of Io's position, an asymmetry echoed in some previous wave observations. A preliminary accounting of the total (longitude‐averaged) scattering losses near Io's orbit yields loss rates of order 4%–5% of the strong diffusion limit for H+ and 5%–7% for heavy ions (O + S). We conclude that near Io's orbit, charge exchange losses likely dominate over scattering losses for heavy ions and for the lower energy H+ ions (roughly <200 keV).