bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Rootworm Control in Three Minnesota Locations, 1991
Authors: Luedeman L. J. , Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil insecticide performance trials were established at agricultural experiment stations located in Lamberton, Rosemount, and Morris, MN. Soil types in these locations are Vef loam in Lamberton, Waukegan silt loam in Rosemount, and Tara silt loam in Morris. Lamberton and Morris plots were established in corn planted 21 May and 15 May following trap crops the previous season. Rosemount plots were established in continuous corn planted 7 May. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76 cm row spacing) × 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Due to low WCR pressure, the central 3 m of the Lamberton plots were infested with WRC eggs @ 600 eggs/30.5 cm on 12 Jun using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). Lamberton consisted mainly of WCR, Morris mainly of NCR, and Rosemount a mixture of both species. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory to be accurately delivered at a tractor speed of 6.5 km/h (4 mph). Insecticides were applied at planting at each location using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Five roots per plot were dug from the Rosemount plots on 24 Jul, from the Morris plots on 26 Jul, and from the infested areas of the Lamberton plots on 30 Jul. Roots were rated for injury in a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means separated by DMRT.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer in Corn, 1991
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE, on 2 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn Hi-Boy with 25 cm row banders. Twenty-four hs prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper discs were pinned to the middle portion of 15 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. On 6 Sep, 15, marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded. At time of application, about 80% of the plants were infested with a natural population of ECB egg masses or young larvae.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 2 May at Stoneville, MS (Trial 1) and 1 May at Elizabeth, MS (Trial 2). Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Trial 1 was applied after pretreatment counts were taken on 16 Jul and Trial 2 was applied on 27 Jul after a survey indicated a heavy aphid infestation. Total spray volume was 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2 TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by counting aphids within one square inch on the under surface of a leaf in the top third, middle third, and bottom third portion of 40 randomly chosen plants/treatment.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphids, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 8 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 14 May with plots consisting of 4 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 6 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two X-12 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 93.7 liters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. All plots were treated with Ammo 2.5 EC at 0.03 kg (AI)/ha on 5 Jun to induce a population outbreak of aphids. Treatments were applied on 17 Jun and samples were taken 2 and 7 DAT. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated in 2 plant horizons by sampling the plant terminal (all shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Twenty samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 X magnification. Rainfall was recorded on 18 Jun (0.43 cm) and 23 Jun (3.23 cm).
Control of SPW in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Norman J. W. , Sparks A. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Test 1 Temik and Thimet were applied to 6-row, irrigated plots (38 inch row widths), clay loam soil type, which accounted for approximately 0.3 acres each, replicated 4 times on 8 Mar. Applications were made either at-planting with a John Deere Max Emerge planter/applicator and/or side-dressed at bloom stage with a Gandy brand insecticide applicator. In Test 2 Temik at the rate of 3.0 lb(AI)/acre was applied side-dress at bloom. Gandy brand insecticide applicators were used to apply the material to the 4 replicated plots arranged in a randomized complete block. SPW (adults, eggs, immatures, and pupae) on leaves were checked once per wk and counts were based on a laboratory examination of 3 to 5 leaves per plot, 4th leaf from the top of each randomly-selected sampled plant. All counts were recorded as insects per leaf. Sidedress applications were made on May 21, followed 7 days later with an infurrow irrigation of approximately 4 acre-inches of water. Yields were machine harvested with a John Deere brand 2 row spindle harvester. Subsamples were extracted from each plot and ginned for fiber analysis and percent lint. Data were analyzed using Proc Anova of PC-SAS and mean separations with Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted 9 May at the Bill Whitehurst farm in Pitt Co. Soil temperature was 66°F and seeding rate was approx. 90 lb/acre in an Exum A fine sandy loam with 0.8% humic matter and a pH of 5.5. Plots were 4 rows (on 36 inches center) × 20 ft with 4 replications/treatment arranged in a randomized complete block. The pre-plant incorporated (PPI) Lorsban 4 E was applied just prior to planting by spraying a broadcast treatment over the plot with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at 40 psi. Immediately after application, the insecticide was lightly incorporated with a hand rake. The pegging-time applications of Lorsban 4 E were applied in a similar fashion, but were placed in a 16 inch band over the row and were not incorporated. A bicycle-wheel applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit was used to apply the at-pegging treatments on 16 Jul in a 16 inch band. Crowing conditions were dry in May and Jun, but Jul and Aug had above normal precipitation. This same wet weather also promoted increased leaching of pesticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 7 Sep by collecting 100 pods/plot at random from 5 plants in the 2 right-hand rows. Pods were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for freezing and subsequent examination. Peanuts were harvested 1 Nov, and yield was determined by harvesting the 2 left-hand rows of the plots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by DNMRT. All data were transformed Vx = 0.05 prior to analysis, but actual means are reported.
Liquid Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lorsban 4 E, applied at different times and rates, was evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in 'NC 7' Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 13 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Lorsban 4 E was applied at planting time either broadcast preplant incorporated (broadcast, ppi) or banded preplant incorporated (band, ppi), or banded at early flowering time (14 Jun). Planting time broadcast treatments were applied just before planting, with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 17 psi through 8003VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Planting time banded applications were made in a 14-inch band with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through one 8004E nozzle per row. Both were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep with a land conditioner. Early flowering treatments were applied in 14-inch bands with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 22 psi through 2, 8002E nozzles per row, 1 on each side of the row, then lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Lorsban 15 C was applied as a 14-inch band at early flowering time as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Percent injury was determined for mature, immature, and total pods sampled. Yield was based on digging, combining (8 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Management on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: White C. A. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied aerially to plant cane varieties 'CP 74-383' (3 replications) and 'CP 70-331' (1 replication) at the Goldmine Plantation near Edgard, LA, for evaluation of control of secondary infestations of YSA. Experimental plots were 30 rows wide (1.8 m row spacing) and 152.4 m in length (0.84 ha) arranged in a randomized block design (4 replications). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Truck with a swath width of 18 m (10 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished form/ha. The first application was made when 60% of the stalks exhibited visible internodes above ground and infestations of sugarcane borer (SCB) exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks infested with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (17 Jun). Second (10 Jul), third (1 Aug), and fourth (21 Aug) applications were made when the SCB infestation exceeded this threshold in plots treated with Asana XL 0.66 EC. YSA infestations were monitored by counting the number of aphids on 20 randomly selected leaves of the whorl and 20 randomly-selected leaves 3 positions below the whorl in each plot each wk.
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Wilkinson W. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar spray and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of the tobacco aphid on flue-cured tobacco. Experimental plots, 1 row (4 ft) wide and 40 ft long, were established in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA. Tobacco was transplanted on 15 May into experimental plots that were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single, untreated, border rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5-ft alleys. Except for insect control, production practices followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Immediately after transplanting, a measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments at 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre). Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26.4 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 60 psi. Aphids were counted on 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot one day before the foliar treatment and 3, 7, and 14 DAT. On 23 Aug plant damage associated with aphid infestations was rated on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = no damage and 5 = most severe damage. Tobacco was harvested, cured, and yield determined. Aphid counts were transformed to log(x+l) before analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P=0.05) were separated by DMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Oconee County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Sta. , Sparks Beverl. , Bass Ma. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve treatments were evaluated as follows: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and acephate mound drenches; chlorpyrifos applied as an injected aerosol; acephate applied as a dry powder sprinkled over the mound; 1,1,1-trichloroethane poured into the mound; Amdro, Logic, and Finitron baits sprinkled around the base of the mound; grits sprinkled over the top of mound; and an untreated control. Each plot was a 0.2 acre circle marked with an orange surveyor stake at its center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.1 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.2 acre circle on 6 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 22 Jun, 18 Jul, and 19 Aug (2, 6, and 15 wk after treatment, respectively). Three replicates were used for each treatment, except there were five control replicates. Treatment was made between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm when the soil temperature averaged 85°F.
Apple, Grape Mealybug Control, 1991
Authors: Kahn A. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature apple trees were sprayed with a Metters airblast sprayer traveling 1.5 mph, with flip-over nozzles calibrated to apply 80 and 400 gal per acre. Plots consisted of 6 unreplicated half-acre blocks, with four trees chosen as subsamples from each plot. Trees were heavily infested with early instar GMB crawlers which had settled at the leaf petioles on vigorous shoots. Application was made 19 Jul and was evaluated 22 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for GMB control by counting nymphs dead and alive at the first 6 petioles (below the first fully unfurled leaf) on 4 shoots per subsampled tree (16 per treatment). Percent mortality was calculated.
Campylomma Control, 1991
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted, each in a different orchard. The test 1 orchard contained 'Bisbee Delicious' s 2 m tall, test 2 contained 'Golden Delicious' 2:6 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in both orchards. Test 1 had 8 treatments and 6 replications (3 tree per replicate); test 2 had 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and 350 psi in tests 1 and 2, respectively. Per acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Nymphs were sampled by limb tap onto a 45 cm × 45 cm, black cloth tray. In test 1, three taps per replicate (1 tap per tree) were made. In test 2, 2 taps/tree were made. Fruit evaluation was conducted before hand thinning, after hand thinning, and before fruit harvest. Pre- and post-thinning evaluation consisted of 40 fruit per replicate, and preharvest evaluation consisted of 80 and 120 fruit per replicate for tests 1 and 2, respectively. Fruit with one or more stings were considered culls.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. All treatments were applied 2 May and 26 Jun. Cold Power and Ray-Gard were also applied 10 May, 23 May, and 25 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample per replication. PP nymphs were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under 10 × magnification. Fruit damage by insects and mites was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Summer Control of Pear Rust Mite, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature 'Bartlett' trees in Fennville, MI (VanVorhees West-Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 100 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 10 May (PF), 21 May (IC). Guthion was applied to all treatments. Dates of PRM evaluation were 24 May, 30 May, 13 Jun, 28 Jun, 12 Jul, 26 Jul, 9 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves/replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine and examined under a stereo microscope for rust mite adults. On 21 Aug, 50 mature fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were harvested and examined for russetting damage from PRM. Evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table. White bud applications for this trial were not possible due to inclement weather.
Cherry, Borer Control with Insecticides, All Season, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied as trunk sprays to drip to mature trees near Fennville, MI (Crane's Block) with an FMC 1029 handgun sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 5 times. Applications were made as indicated in the table on 19 May and 10 Aug, and evaluated on 26 Oct. The trees were destructively sampled by removing bark on the trunk, from the scaffolds to the ground, then counting live borer larvae.
Evaluation of Lorsban 4 E for Grape Root Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Townsend Howard G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was conducted in a 25-yr-old commercial ‘Catawba’ vineyard near Mountain Grove, MO. The experimental design was completely randomized with 2 replications. Each plot consisted of 3 rows each containing 66 vines. Lorsban 4 E was applied in a 3 ft wide band under the trellis row at the rate of 6.13 qt in 272 gal water/acre on 28 Jul 1987, 23 Jul 1988, and 25 Jul 1989. Because the grape root borer has a 2-year life cycle, evaluation for control of newly hatched larvae entering the soil was made by determining the number of adults emerging from the soil under treated and untreated vines 2 years after treatment. Evaluation consisted of examining the soil surface under all vines in the middle row of each plot for pupal exuviae on 15 Aug 1989, 9 Aug 1990, and 8 Aug 1991, after peak adult emergence had occurred.
Danitol Evaluated for Scale Control on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol was compared to Lorsban, Talstar, and Sevin for efficacy against CRS. Treatments were randomly assigned to 2 × 2 (= 4 tree) plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 15 × 24 ft spacing. Treatment applications were made on 5 Jun with an FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with nozzling, pressure, and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At pre- and post-spray intervals, fully developed new leaves were randomly collected (8 leaves/tree) and examined separately under a microscope at 15 X for live crawler and sessile stage CRS. Sessile CRS were recorded as live if fluid issued from the insect’s body when probed with a needle.
Danitol Evaluated Against Mites on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol was compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM and TCM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old grapefruit grove on 12 X 24 ft spacing. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff on 13 May using a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 PSI. For CRM, 16 fruit per tree (replicate) were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10 × handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. For TCM, 16 leaves per tree (replicate) were randomly sampled and processed through a mite-brushing machine. TCM were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks utilizing a binocular microscope at 15 X.
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for the control of citrus thrips during spring, 1990 in Field 12 (20-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. The field was divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block (except 8 replicates for the untreated control, 3 in two blocks, 2 in the third); each replicate consisted of four trees. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct 1990 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study).