bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Diffusion Coefficient of Palm Oil in n-Hexane Using Laser Deflection Method and Image Processing
Authors: Aman Mohamad , Handoko Djati , Sudarmaji Arief , Handoyo  , Soedarmawan Levin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Determination of diffusion coefficient using the Wiener method has shown a high level of agreement with literature in previous studies, particularly for liquids with a mass of less than hundreds of amu and a small molecule-sized order of Angstrom (atomic mass unit). This method involves a laser beam deflection and refraction phenomenon on the inter-diffusion zone of two fluids with different refractive indexes. Palm oil, vegetable oil with a composition and structure that is quite complicated and size relatively large molecule, has abundantly available and has become one of the primary raw materials for biodiesel production and cooking. This study used the method to examine the diffusivity of palm oil in n-hexane, which is still rare and hard to find, so challenging to be studied. A camera is used to catch the trace of a deflected laser beam on a screen after it passes through a diffusion cell in the measurement. This image was then corrected, made grey, and digitized to extract the laser image coordinate data. An averaging window algorithm is used in digitizing. The digitized results are then processed to calculate the diffusion coefficient. Measurements were made three times to test the consistency of the results. Camera and digitizing techniques are used here to speed up and facilitate measurement. The measured value of diffusion coefficient of palm oil in n-hexane is 2.18×10-4 ± 5.05×10-5 cm2/minute. The results showed consistency in measure, i.e., precision with a maximum error range of 10.6%, but not good suitability value with literature data, i.e., accuracy was less than 10%. These results found that the measurement system that applied the laser deflection method and the image processing of averaging window could not measure the diffusion coefficient of large molecules and complexes such as palm oil quite well.
Effect of low percentage methanol blends in gasoline RON 90 on fuel volatility characteristics and spark ignition engine performance
Authors: Pratama Ravi Farkhan , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo , Fathurrahman Nur Allif , Hartulistyoso Edy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Methanol is one of the promising alternative fuel for gasoline that can be made from renewable sources. Methanol has high octane number, which can increase octane number of gasoline. Methanol is also an oxygenate and contain less carbon content than gasoline, so combustion emission can be reduced. Blending methanol with gasoline influences the volatility characteristics of the fuel blend where it could influence engine performance. Fuel used in this study were gasoline RON 90 blended with methanol in percentage of up to 20%. In this study, distillation and Reid vapor pressure were measured, and then engine performance tests were performed using those fuel blends. The obtained result showed that the vapor pressure was increasing with addition of methanol up to 15% with maximum vapor pressure of 74.75 kPa and started to decrease at 20% methanol blends. The distillation curve showed that increasing methanol addition to the fuel blend flattened the distillation curve below the methanol boiling point. Engine performance test results revealed that addition of methanol in fuel blend resulted in decrease of torque, changes in specific fuel consumption, and reduced CO and HC emission.
Comparative Study on the Effect of Catalyst to The Yield of Biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) Oil
Authors: Hartulistiyoso E , Farobie O , Rholanjiba S 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBiodiesel is an alternative fuel substitute for fossil fuel, which is produced from the trans-esterification and esterification process of vegetable oil and animal fats. One of the potential materials to be processed to biodiesel is kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma), due to its high oil content and inedible amount of toxic. Study based on literature review has been done to identify and analyze the effect of catalysts to the yield of biodiesel from kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma) oil. The acquired data on the catalyst used on the experimental trials was categorized as KOH with concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% and NaOH with concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5% and 2.0%. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the biodiesel that meets the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) requirements was the biodiesel treated with 0.2% KOH and processed in two stages of trans-esterification. Further experimental studies on the multi stages trans-esterification and catalyst treatments are still needed to explore the potential of kemiri sunan for biodiesel production.
Astaxanthin production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous grown in medium containing watery extracts from vegetable residue streams
Authors: Brands B , Kleinke M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous DSM 5626 is a basidiomycetous yeast [1]. It produces the carotene Astaxanthin, which is used in fish farming and gives the flesh a characteristic salmon colour [2–5]. Astaxanthin has antioxidative properties and is said to have anti-inflammatory properties [6] and potential in human health [7]. Currently, in the industry astaxanthin is isolated from the algae Haematococcus pluvialis. Recent studies have shown that the yield of astaxanthin in X. dendrorhous can be increased by optimizations in the medium composition [8–10]. In the BIVAC project, several vegetable residue streams were analysed for their composition. Many of them contained sugars and proteins, which could have a positive influence on the production of astaxanthin in X. dendrorhous, so we analysed the astaxanthin levels in X. dendrorhous after cultivation in media with different watery extracts of these residue streams; these results are presented here. The process could contribute to the utilization of surplus biomass and provide a possible path to sustainable biomass use in a rapidly changing world.
The effect of woven oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) filler fiber on the mechanical properties of natural and synthetic rubber
Authors: Nikmatin Siti , Irmansyah  , Indro Muhammad Nur , Cifriadi Adi , Farhan Muhammad , Nurwinda Yulisa Aviani 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are biomass from palm oil (CPO) processing which can be produced into long lignocellulose and made of yarn as raw material for woven textiles for sandwich biocomposite applications. The purpose of this study was to obtain a biocomposite sandwich variation of natural rubber, butyl, and silicone reinforced with OPEFB woven fibers at optimum filler concentration by studying mechanical properties. The biocomposite of rubber sandwiches with OPEFB fiber reinforced with concentrations of 14, 20, and 28 sheets with a size of 10 x 10 x 1 cm. The methodology used was layered printing with constant pressure and heat using a hot press. The best fiber concentration based on mechanical properties was a composite with a fiber concentration of 28 sheets on 70 shore A hardness natural rubber. This was because the fibers in the composite functioned as load bearers, where this containment was carried out by the distribution of stress. The more fiber concentration, the more effective and uniform distribution of stresses will be, so that an increase in the mechanical properties of the composite occurs. The mechanical properties of rubber have been shown to increase with the addition of fiber as a reinforcing material, the ratio of the impact strength of rubber (control) and fiber-reinforced rubber was lower than that of fiber-reinforced rubber. The natural rubber had an impact strength of 48 kJ/m2, while natural rubber with fiber reinforcement had a higher impact strength value of 321.40 kJ/m2.
A suitable design of metal hydride cartridge for a fuel cell assisted bicycle in consideration of heat transfer performance
Authors: Hara Daisuke , Miao Shan , Shimogawa Junnosuke , Katayama Noboru , Dowaki Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Metal hydrides (MHs) can store hydrogen produced from biomass at low pressure and high volumetric energy density. However, the endothermic reaction that occurs during hydrogen discharge decreases the hydrogen flow rate, which prevents the generation of sufficient power for fuel cell (FC) devices. Because a previous study reported that the hydrogen capacity of MHs would drop by approximately 20% due to the hydrogen sulfide contained in hydrogen from biomass, the utilizable amount of hydrogen in MHs should be enhanced. In this study, MH utilization for an FC-assisted bicycle in consideration of waste heat recovery from MH to FC was investigated. The results show that the MH-based hydrogen storage system can weigh 8 kg or lower for the FC bicycle to travel twice the distance of a lithium-ion-battery-derived bicycle. Using the mathematical model of hydrogen discharge from the MH, the heat transfer of a small MH cartridge for the FC bicycle was investigated. The center of the cartridge cooled by approximately 20 K from the initial temperature, indicating the necessity of heat injection into the MH cartridge even if the initial and boundary temperatures were high. It was also concluded that 83% of the hydrogen charged in the MH could be utilized to maintain the hydrogen flow rate to run a 220 W FC.
Decreased in Paddy Yield (Oryza sativa L.) as a Response to Plant Bioaccumulation of Chromium
Authors: Taufikurahman Taufik , Purnamawati Rizka , Rahmawati Andira 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In leather tannery industry such as a case in Sukaregang, Garut, untreated or poorly treated wastewater which contain chromium has been severely polluting nearby river. The polluted river water (PRW) has been used by local farmers to irrigate their paddy fields. In this study we planted Sarinah variety (Svar) and Rojolele variety (Rvar) of paddy in soil and watered with PRW, K2Cr2O7 solutions with concentration of 50 and 100 mg/L and clean water as a control, for a period of four months. Chromium solutions were added gradually to the soil until reached final concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L. The result showed that the treatment with PRW and Cr solutions reduced plants weight, shoot length and paddy production. Treatment with Cr solutions significantly decreased plants fresh and dry weight by 26.53% and 36.69% for Svar, 32.14% and 19.74% for Rvar. Paddy yield also decreased as higher Cr concentration was accumulated in plant tissues. The amount of filled grains decreased by 33.05%, while empty grains increased by 50.21% in Svar. In Rvar the amount of filled grains decreased by 21.44% and empty grains increased by 31.95%. Chromium treatment by gradual increase allowed plant to survive at an exposure of 100 ppm Cr, although the plant reduced its growth, biomass and yield.
Review of Biodiesel Policy in Indonesia
Authors: Widrian Adil Fajar , Arifianto Budiawan Sidik , Nurbaiti  , Sasongko Nugroho Adi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Indonesia is known as an energy-rich country, both fossil and renewable. In 2019, the national energy supply still relied on oil, coal and natural gas, with a total proportion in the primary energy mix of 91.5%. Import dependency on petroleum and the high burden of the state budget for fuel subsidies are why the Indonesian Government implements biofuel policies in Indonesia. Biofuel development in Indonesia has been implemented from 2006 with Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2006 to Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 41 of 2018. Since 2008, the Government has issued a mandatory policy for using biodiesel with a mixture content of 2.5%. The Government gradually encouraged increasing biodiesel content to 7.5% in 2010, 10% in 2011, 15% in 2015, and 20% in 2016. By 2020, biodiesel mandatory is targeted to be 30%. Over the years, the biodiesel industry has shown an increase in quantity and capacity. Using biofuels has many positive impacts, such as reducing diesel import and CO2 emission and increasing CPO and labour’s added value. On the other hand, the mandatory biofuel policy negatively impacts the environment due to the possibility of land expansion. This study aims to review biodiesel policies in Indonesia since 2006 and analyze the problems and outputs in each policy and challenge for future biodiesel development.
Combined evaluation of quality and eco-burdens of the hydrocarbon refrigerant GF-08 in tomato greenhouse air conditioning
Authors: Oki Akihiro , Kanemura Takuma , Dowaki Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on a combined evaluation of GF-08, a non-CFC hydrocarbon refrigerant, to maintain the quality and reduce the environmental impact of tomatoes during air conditioning (cultivation stage) and during cold storage (storage stage). Past studies have shown that power consumption can be reduced by replacing the conventional refrigerant R410A with GF-08 for air-conditioning in a tomato farm. In addition, the CO2 intensity of GF-08 was extremely low compared to that of R410A. Regarding the air conditioner for the cultivation technology, the relationship between the energy-saving performance and the nutritional and freshness preservation of agricultural products has not been discussed. This study examined the effects of temperature and CO2 gas controls on nutritional value and freshness preservation of a tomato facility based in Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The energy consumption and the characteristics were analyzed for the use of GF-08 and compared to the conventional refrigerant R410A. The effect of storage temperatures on the tomato quality was estimated and the energy consumption and eco-burdens were analyzed based on the LCA methodology. This combined data was further used to determine the relationship between the eco-burdens and quality of the tomato produce.
Analysis of university infrastructure and recognition of reward and punishment system on College Students’ garbage classification behavior – a case study of Wuhan University of Technology
Authors: Xia Zixuan , Xu Luhua , Zheng Bowei , Wang Zitong , Li Yuhong , Liu Yu , Shen Lei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Only a few college students can realize the garbage classification under the background that the garbage classification policy has already been issued. In order to explore the factors that influence garbage classification behavior, this paper puts forward five hypotheses based on Behavioral Science Theory, and explores the influence of internal and external factors on garbage classification behavior of Wuhan University of Technology Students. It provides a reference for improving college students’ consciousness of energy conservation and environmental protection and implementing college garbage classification.
In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against Botrytis cinerea of postharvest grapes
Authors: Xie Yongdong , Zhu Jiawen , Liu Hanyang , Lian Huashan , Liu Ji 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea is a widespread pathogen that infects a wide variety of plants. Postharvest grape infects with B. cinerea results in fruit rot and drop. In this study, the inhibitory effect of 30 kinds of plant essential oils on B. cinerea was investigated through in vitro experiments, and the types and concentrations of essential oils with the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea of postharvest grapes were screened. The results showed that 10 essential oils completely inhibited the growth of B. cinerea when the concentration of essential oils was 1000 μL/L. After reducing the concentration of these 10 essential oils to 500 μL/L, 5 essential oils showed continuous fungistasis effect on B. cinerea. The concentration of these five essential oils dropped to 250 μL/L, and only garlic essential oil showed long-lasting antifungal benefit. But which showed no long-lasting antifungal benefit at 125 μL/L. Therefore, garlic essential oil higher than 125 μL/L has sustained antifungal effect on B. cinerea, which can be used for postharvest preservation and storage of grapes.
Study on enhanced nitrogen removal of caprolactam production wastewater
Authors: Ling Wenhua , Zhou Yangyuan , Zhao Jianfu , Yao Guodong 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Caprolactam (CPL) is widely used in polymer material and engineering plastics synthesis. The CPL production wastewater is difficult to treat due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), complex components and poor biodegradebility. The common treatment method for this wastewater is biochemical treatment combined with physicochemical pretreatment. Though the NH3-N of effluent can decrease to 1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) usually is above 100 mg/L. Herein, the enhanced nitrogen removal way was studied. The results showed TN was mainly composed of nitrate nitrogen which the concentration was approximately 90 mg/L via traditional A/O process. A simulated A/O/A process with methanol addition was investigated and TN of the effluent was below 20 mg/L, indicating this process with carbon source is efficient for advanced nitrogen removal.
A new water treatment technology—Hybrid ozonation-coagulation process: A review
Authors: Wei Lelan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Hybrid ozonation-coagulation (HOC) process is an integrated water treatment process of simultaneous ozone and coagulation processes. This paper introduces the origin, performance, reaction mechanism and influence of coagulant in HOC system. Compared with traditional air flotation and pre-ozone-coagulation, HOC system shows more advantages in removal of organic pollutants. It is attributed to abundant pathways for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HOC process, which not only transfers pollutants to flocs but also synchronously degrades some organic pollutants.
Bibliometric analysis of related literatures on sludge disposal technologies
Authors: Liang Yuting , Lin Ye , Yue Bo , Meng Bang-bang , Yuan Xusheng 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In order to understand the research hotspots and development status of sludge disposal field at home and abroad, the Web of ScienceTM core collection was used as the data source to retrieve the articles on sludge disposal published in the 15 years from 2006 to 20 20. Using visual metrological analysis software CiteSpace and bibliometrics to draw the knowledge map of sludge disposal field, and analyze the research country, institution, discipline layout and keyword emergence, etc. The results show that in the past 15 years, the international sludge disposal field has shown an overall growth trend. The research hotspots in sludge disposal field can be divided into two stag es. The research focus of sludge disposal can be divided into two stages: land utilization and energy utilization from 2006 to 2010; Adsorption studies were added from 2010 to 2020. The impact of land use and sludge on the environment, the characteristics analysis of personal care products and heavy metals in sludge, and the environmental impact assessment of sludge disposal may become the main research trends in the future.
Research on the shaft orbit of hydropower units based on convolutional neural network and the fine-grained indicators
Authors: Pan H , Luo Z L , Xu J J , Feng F 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Shaft orbit is one of the most representative characteristics of vibration signals which reflect the healthy and breakdown status of hydropower units. However, the traditional pattern recognition methods consisting of feature extraction and classifier could not been able to identify the kinds of faults and the degree of severity effectively. In this paper, a novel intelligent method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and the fine-grained indicators is proposed for auto-diagnosis of faults with different severity levels in hydropower units. Firstly, four fine-grained indicators have been put forward to describe the severity of four kinds of common shafting faults. Secondly, a CNN fault diagnosis model is designed to extract high discriminative features and identify fault categories. Twelve kinds of shaft orbit samples were input into the model with the same size of 64×64.Through reaction of two convolution layers and two pooling layers in feature extraction module, the graphic features were extracted. The faults of hydropower units were identified after the fully connected layer and the SoftMax classifier. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed approach for the fault with different severity is 98.33%, which is better than the traditional learning method. The proposed method retains the pattern information in the axis trajectory to the maximum extent and has the ability to accurately capture features of various severity faults.
Assessment of Hydro cyclone Separator for Sediment Laden Hydropower Plants
Authors: Kayastha A , Shakya N , Thapa B S , Thapa B , LEE Y H 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Sediment management is particularly essential for run-of-river hydroelectric facilities and initiatives such as upstream sediment traps or watershed management can lower sediment yield downstream. It can prevent early failure of turbine runners and associated equipment at facilities which otherwise would cause significant problems in operation and sustainability of hydropower plants. The yearly operational and maintenance costs are typically represented as a percentage of the annual capital outlay per kW, with prominent figures ranging from 1 to 4 percent. Amongst many methods, hydro cyclone separators like a pre-filtering system can be implemented to reduce the inflow of sediment partially or completely. This paper focuses on the analytical design of hydrocyclone for hydro power plants. The theoretical calculations on the size, efficiency and number of hydrocyclones required for hydropower plants, on the basis of their operational parameters, have been presented in this paper. The basic parameter for the design of hydrocyclone is its cut size which influences all of its geometrical and operational variables. The analysis for hydrocyclones, ranging from 30 to 100 inches in diameter, has been conducted at pressure drops from 4 psi to 8 psi. The cut sizes and its underflow efficiency for afore mentioned sizes of hydrocyclones has also been calculated. A case design for Jhimrukh hydropower plant has been presented, on size and number of hydrocyclones required for the plant, to put purpose of this study into perspective.
Effects of Inlet S-duct on Inducer Performance and Cavitation Instability
Authors: Yoon Youngkuk , Song Seung Jin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effect of inlet flow distortion on two-bladed inducer performance and cavitation instability, the s-shaped duct was installed at the inlet of the inducer to induce secondary flow. Inducer cavitation performance with and without s-duct were compared while varying the cavitation number. Also, the effect of s-duct on the occurrence of alternate blade cavitation was investigated using unsteady casing pressure measurement and high-speed camera visualization. It was shown that the s-duct decreases the strength of alternate blade cavitation and lowers the head breakdown cavitation number without considerable head loss by reducing the tip leakage vortex cavitation.