bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable elimination, graph reduction and the efficient g-formula
Authors: Guo F Richard , Perković Emilija , Rotnitzky Andrea 
Published: November 2022

SummaryWe study efficient estimation of an interventional mean associated with a point exposure treatment under a causal graphical model represented by a directed acyclic graph without hidden variables. Under such a model, a subset of the variables may be uninformative, in that failure to measure them neither precludes identification of the interventional mean nor changes the semiparametric variance bound for regular estimators of it. We develop a set of graphical criteria that are sound and complete for eliminating all the uninformative variables, so that the cost of measuring them can be saved without sacrificing estimation efficiency, which could be useful when designing a planned observational or randomized study. Further, we construct a reduced directed acyclic graph on the set of informative variables only. We show that the interventional mean is identified from the marginal law by the g-formula (Robins, 1986) associated with the reduced graph, and the semiparametric variance bounds for estimating the interventional mean under the original and the reduced graphical model agree. The g-formula is an irreducible, efficient identifying formula in the sense that the nonparametric estimator of the formula, under regularity conditions, is asymptotically efficient under the original causal graphical model, and no formula with this property exists that depends only on a strict subset of the variables.
Initial statin dose after myocardial infarction and long-term cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Kytö Ville , Rautava Päivi , Tornio Aleksi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Aims
Effective statin therapy is a cornerstone of secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI). Real-life statin dosing is nevertheless suboptimal and largely determined early after MI. We studied long-term outcome impact of initial statin dose after MI.

Methods and results
Consecutive MI patients treated in Finland who used statins early after index event were retrospectively studied (N = 72 401; 67% men; mean age 68 years) using national registries. High-dose statin therapy was used by 26.3%, moderate dose by 69.2%, and low dose by 4.5%. Differences in baseline features, comorbidities, revascularisation, and usage of other evidence-based medications were adjusted for with multivariable regression. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event (MACCE) within 10 years. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. MACCE was less frequent in high-dose group compared with moderate dose [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.92; P &lt; 0.0001; number needed to treat (NNT) 34.1] and to low dose [adj.HR 0.81; P &lt; 0.001; NNT 13.4] as well as in moderate-dose group compared with low dose (adj.HR 0.88; P &lt; 0.0001; NNT 23.4). Death (adj.HR 0.87; P &lt; 0.0001; NNT 23.6), recurrent MI (adj.sHR 0.91; P = 0.0001), and stroke (adj.sHR 0.86; P &lt; 0.0001) were less frequent with a high- vs. moderate-dose statin. Higher initial statin dose after MI was associated with better long-term outcomes in subgroups by age, sex, atrial fibrillation, dementia, diabetes, heart failure, revascularisation, prior statin usage, or usage of other evidence-based medications.

Conclusion
Higher initial statin dose after MI is dose-dependently associated with better long-term cardiovascular outcomes. These results underline the importance of using a high statin dose early after MI.
Cost performance of encapsulated phase change material-based thermal energy storage systems
Authors: Erregueragui Zineb , Tizliouine Abdeslem , Omari Lhaj El Hachemi , Chafi Mohammed 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The cost of thermal storage is crucial to the economic viability of concentrated solar power plants. The aim of this study was to investigate ways to reduce the cost of latent heat thermal energy storage systems, in particular encapsulated phase change material technology. A design approach based on the heat transfer modelling, with consideration of the cut-off temperatures, was established. The model was solved using a control-volume methodology with an implicit scheme. Various configurations were investigated, considering a 100-MW power plant with 6 hours of backup capacity. The results indicate that there is a possibility to significantly reduce the capacity cost to about $9/kWht when the internal insulation of the storage tank along with a low-cost ceramic shell and chloride-based salts are used.
Environmental Health Rights and Concepts of Vulnerability of Immigration Detainees in Europe Before and Beyond COVID-19
Authors: Van Hout Marie Claire 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe global COVID-19 health emergency has radically changed detention spaces, by heightening state and provider obligations to provide humane conditions and protect those detained against disease and subsequent ill-health. Using a socio-legal lens, this policy and practice note focuses broadly on the balance of European immigration detention regulations, and the actual conditions and treatment of immigrant detainees, putting an emphasis on developments before and after COVID-19. The special protections afforded to detainees assessed as vulnerable is unclear in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. While cognisant of aspects of legal positivism by outlining relevant legal provisions and extant European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) jurisprudence where conditions of detention have violated Article 3, a socio-legal argument is presented around state obligations to protect the health of all immigration detainees; the challenges in using simplistic/categorical definitions of vulnerability; and the imperatives to broaden considerations to include health vulnerability in the context of contagion and future pandemics. By analogy extant ECtHR jurisprudence on the rights of prisoners relating to right to health and disease mitigation (human immune-deficiency, tuberculosis) may offer additional protections. Broad consideration of environmental health factors in light of threats of disease in detention spaces warrant further consideration when establishing the threshold of the severity of conditions and when assessing detainee vulnerability (not limited to age, gender or health status). A public health rights-based argument can shape effective immigration detention policy reform by enhancing protective parameters based on broad definitions of health vulnerability within immigration detention spaces.
Individualized conditional survival nomograms for stage I–III early onset colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Chen Min , Chen Ting 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
Conditional survival accounts for the time already survived after surgery and provides additional survival information. The aim was to assess conditional survival in stages I–III early onset colorectal cancer patients and to create nomograms predicting the conditional overall survival and cancer-specific survival after surgery.

Methods
A total of 7058 patients who underwent surgical resection of early onset colorectal cancer were identified from surveillance, epidemiology and end results database. The formula used for conditional survival calculation was conditional survival(x|y) = S(x + y)/S(x), where S(x) represents the survival at x years. Conditional survival nomograms were then developed to predict the 5-year conditional overall survival and cancer-specific survival.

Results
The 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival after surgery increases gradually with additional survival time. Race, tumour site, grade, histology, T stage, N stage, lymph node ratio, preoperative carcinoma embryonic antigen level and perineural invasion status were independent predictors of cancer-specific survival, while age and sex were another two independent risk factors for overall survival. The nomograms based on these factors were successfully developed to predict 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival given 1–4 years already survived.

Conclusion
The probability of achieving postoperative 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival for early onset colorectal cancer increases gradually with additional time survived. The developed nomograms are fairly valuable and informative in facilitating clinical treatment and follow-up schemes.
Jackknife Bias-Corrected Generalized Regression Estimator in Survey Sampling
Authors: Stefan Marius , Hidiroglou Michael A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe generalized regression (GREG) estimator is a well-known procedure for using auxiliary data to estimate means or totals using a sample selected from a finite population. The GREG estimator is motivated by an assumed linear superpopulation model and it is known to be asymptotically unbiased regardless of whether the model is correctly specified or not. When the sample size is small and/or when the linear model does not fit the sample data well, the GREG estimator may have nonnegligible bias. In this article, we use the jackknife procedure to correct the bias of the GREG. We evaluate, both theoretically and by simulation, the performance of the jackknife bias-corrected regression estimator (GREG-JK) under unistage sampling without replacement with unequal probabilities. A jackknife mean squared error (MSE) estimator is proposed that naturally includes a finite population correction, which is usually absent in the standard jackknife methods for variance estimation. A simulation study shows that the empirical bias of GREG-JK is negligible for all sample sizes and generated populations. Furthermore, the proposed jackknife MSE estimator demonstrates improvements over the customary estimator.
Domestication has reduced leaf water use efficiency associated with the anatomy of abaxial stomata in cotton
Authors: Lei Zhangying , He Yang , Li Xiafei , He Ziqi , Zhang Yujie , Zhang Wangfeng , Liu Fang , Zhang Yali 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCrop domestication for increasing growth rates and yields appears to have altered the features of adaxial and abaxial stomata, but its effect on leaf water use efficiency (WUE) have not been experimentally verified. In this study, we characterized stomatal anatomy and carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) in 32 wild and 36 domesticated genotypes of cotton grown under agricultural field conditions. The results showed that domesticated genotypes possessed lower WUE, as indicated by low or more negative δ13C compared with wild genotypes. Higher theoretical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax) after domestication was accounted for by more stomata rather than significantly enlarged stomata. Specifically, abaxial stomatal density was higher whilst there was no change in the adaxial density. The size of both adaxial and abaxial stomata was greater due to larger guard cells but without there being any increase in pore size. However, there was a negative relationship between δ13C and stomatal size across wild and domesticated genotypes, especially on the abaxial leaf surface, because bigger stomata resulted in a lower maximum stomatal response rate to fluctuating canopy light, resulting in increased water loss. Overall, our results indicate that cotton domestication has resulted in substantial variation in stomatal anatomy, and that WUE and drought tolerance can potentially be improved in future breeding by decreasing the size of abaxial stomata to produce a faster stomatal response and hence a reduction in unnecessary water loss.
Cellobiose elicits immunity in lettuce conferring resistance toBotrytis cinerea
Authors: He Jiuxing , Kong Meng , Qian Yuanchao , Gong Min , Lv Guohua , Song Jiqing 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to function as a type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern in evoking plant innate immunity. In this study, cellobiose was demonstrated to be a positive regulator in the immune response of lettuce, but halted autoimmunity when lettuce was exposed to concentrations of cellobiose &gt;60 mg l–1. When lettuce plants were infected by Botrytis cinerea, cellobiose endowed plants with enhanced pre-invasion resistance by activating high β-1,3-glucanase and antioxidative enzyme activities at the initial stage of pathogen infection. Cellobiose-activated core regulatory factors such as EDS1, PTI6, and WRKY70, as well as salicylic acid signaling, played an indispensable role in modulating plant growth–defense trade-offs. Transcriptomics data further suggested that the cellobiose-activated plant–pathogen pathways are involved in microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses. Genes encoding receptor-like kinases, transcription factors, and redox homeostasis, phytohormone signal transduction, and pathogenesis-related proteins were also up- or down-regulated by cellobiose. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrated that cellobiose serves as an elicitor to directly activate disease-resistance-related cellular functions. In addition, multiple genes have been identified as potential modulators of the cellobiose-induced immune response, which could aid understanding of underlying molecular events.
Modelling the Lyman-α forest with Eulerian and SPH hydrodynamical methods
Authors: Chabanier Solène , Emberson J D , Lukić Zarija , Pulido Jesus , Habib Salman , Rangel Esteban , Sexton Jean , Frontiere Nicholas , Buehlmann Michael 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
We compare two state-of-the-art numerical codes to study the overall accuracy in modelling the intergalactic medium and reproducing Lyman-α forest observables for DESI and high-resolution data sets. The codes employ different approaches to solving both gravity and modelling the gas hydrodynamics. The first code, Nyx, solves the Poisson equation using the Particle-Mesh (PM) method and the Euler equations using a finite-volume method. The second code, CRK-HACC , uses a Tree-PM method to solve for gravity, and an improved Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique, where fluid elements are modelled with particles, to treat the intergalactic gas. We compare the convergence behaviour of the codes in flux statistics as well as the degree to which the codes agree in the converged limit. We find good agreement overall with differences being less than observational uncertainties, and a particularly notable ≲1 per cent agreement in the 1D flux power spectrum. This agreement was achieved by applying a tessellation methodology for reconstructing the density in CRK-HACC instead of using an SPH kernel as is standard practice. We show that use of the SPH kernel can lead to significant and unnecessary biases in flux statistics; this is especially prominent at high redshifts, z ∼ 5, as the Lyman-α forest mostly comes from lower-density regions that are intrinsically poorly sampled by SPH particles.
Propeller states in locally supercritical ULXs
Authors: Middleton M , Gúrpide A , Walton D J 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
An expected signature of the presence of neutron stars in the population of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are large scale changes in X-ray luminosity, as systems reach spin equilibrium and a propeller state ensues. We explore the predicted luminosity changes when the disc is locally supercritical, finding that a significant parameter space in dipole field strength, and accretion rate (at large radius) can be accompanied by changes of less than an order of magnitude in luminosity. We discuss the spectral signature and locate three ULXs (IC 342 X-1, Cir ULX-5, and NGC 1313 X-1), which appear to show changes consistent with the super-Eddington systems entering a propeller state, and place rough constraints on the dipole field strength of NGC 1313 X-1 of &lt; 1010 G. This work implies that the most reliable means by which to search for putative propeller states will be to search for changes in hardness ratio and at high energies.
Introduction
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter concerns the virtue of mercy in war, emphasizing the pity of war that Welsh poet Wilfred Owen dwelled on before he was killed in November 1918 in the last week of the Great War. It shows how mercy limits cruelty in ways laws and honor codes seldom do, because mercy is the highest personal and moral quality any person can achieve. Mercy is above all other virtues and is superior to bravery, especially in a soldier. The chapter explores how, inside the essential barbarism of war, some still act with astonishing grace toward their enemy. It depicts ordinary people caught up in an extraordinary swirl of savagery, who did not see themselves as saints or heroes at the time yet showed rare courage and moral restraint.
AI in Law or AI in the Place of Law?
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The exponential growth in the power and reach of artificial intelligence poses a further challenge: artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have colonized the law itself. This chapter argues that artificial intelligence, suitably regulated, may have a role to play in ordinary operations of the law, but that it must not take the place of law. It contrasts AI’s distinctive modus operandi, its characteristic mode of reasoning and its design for social control, with law’s distinctive mode of reasoning and mode of control. It argues that governance by algorithm leaves no room for legal reasoning, and hence no room for judgment, reflection, interpersonal engagement, or personal decision-maker responsibility. The chapter then asks what of value would be lost to us as individuals and to our political community if AI were to replace law in a large swath of our political and personal lives? It argues, first, that AI has no room for judgment-enhancing human elements like compassion. Second, AI-dominated adjudication of civil disputes and AI-dominated enforcement of the criminal law provide no opportunity for meaningful participation by immediately affected parties or by the public at large. Third, AI-dominated reasoning leaves no room for contesting specific exercises of power; and it leaves no room for contesting the alleged warrant for that exercise. Fourth, AI technologies replace accountability with accounting, the process of offering reasons and arguments with counting and calculation. Finally, AI technologies remove regulation from the deliberative domain of those subject to it.
InsideEnvironments’s Psychedelic “Psychological Sound”
Authors: Szabo Victor 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe first chapter focuses on Tintinnabulation (Contemplative Sound), a 1970 recording of bells from Syntonic Research, Inc.’s Environments series of nature sound LPs. The Environments series, created by Irv Teibel, between 1969 and 1979 popularly packaged spare audio recordings, mostly of nature sounds, under the pretense of their “psychological” efficacy. This chapter historicizes Environments and avant-garde minimalism together as concurrent and overlapping explorations of the psychological—and psychedelic—affordances of recorded cyclical and droning sounds. It investigates 1960s psychedelic art, as well as the early marketing of recorded minimal music in the late ’60s, as formative contexts for Teibel’s promotion of ambient audio as a hip commodity. Using Tintinnabulation as its chief example, it demonstrates how Environments embodied the ideals of the psychedelic counterculture as it popularized the hypnotic sonic minimalism of its avant-garde participants for a mass middle-class market.
Pacifica Radio’sMusic from the Hearts of Spaceand the Spacious Sound of California’s New Age
Authors: Szabo Victor 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe second chapter investigates the first decade of Music from the Hearts of Space, a Bay Area–based radio program that from 1973 to 1982 crystallized the ideals of the local grassroots spirituality network through the DJs’ ethereal “space music.” It describes how the aesthetic and concept of Hearts, which in the 1980s found national popularity through NPR syndication, grew out of the metaphysical ideals and material culture of the ’70s Bay Area New Age network. A style analysis illustrates, by way of the program’s most frequently played tracks during its first decade, common properties of “space music.” This chapter links these properties to the program’s universalist social vision, to which it applies a sociological critique and historical perspective. A concluding section details how Hearts’s “space music” appellation fell to the wayside of media discourses as the consumer market for ambient audio became more popularly fragmented by the new age and ambient genre labels.
Helena Augusta
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHelena, the mother of the first Christian emperor Constantine, is best known for the last two years of her life, when she traveled around the Eastern Mediterranean, and for something that, in all likelihood, she did not do: the discovery of the True Cross relic. Using a vast range of sources, from textual and epigraphical to visual, and an array of archaeological insights from the places Helena lived at or visited, this book instead investigates Helena in the round, taking seriously the ruptures in her life course and her changing positions within the imperial and female networks of her time. The book follows Helena’s life, the majority of which was spent in the third century and during the period of the tetrarchy, and explores the different ways in which she was commemorated after her death, up to the late sixth century. It wrestles Helena’s historical significance back from medieval legends, to demonstrate the development and purpose of her role within Constantinian politics and to chart her meandering impact on the image and behavior of the Christian empress in the late Roman world.
The Necklace Affair
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the evidence on Eastern tetrarchic women, especially those around the emperor Galerius and his nephew Maximinus Daza. It shows how these men’s attempts to build up their dynasties via commemorative tombs for their mothers and public profiles for their wives through titles and stylistic make-overs foreshadowed Constantine’s display of his own wife Fausta and of Helena. The chapter also details the brutal consequences of such public exposure for some of these women once their male relations had died and describes their executions in Antioch and Thessalonica.
Keeping Up Appearances
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the circumstances around Helena’s appearance at Constantine’s court, evidenced by coinage minted in Thessalonica c. 318. It shows how Constantine’s military expansion eastward coincided with an ever more public profile of his female relatives, mirroring that of earlier tetrarchic women, until his final victory over his brother-in-law Licinius in 324, which became the context of Helena’s elevation to Augusta. The chapter investigates Helena’s role in Constantine’s dynasty at this point and her relationship with Constantine’s wife Fausta, also promoted to Augusta in 324, through a detailed examination and comparison of their portraits on coins, cameos, intaglios, and other artwork.