bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Human Rights Implications of the Use of AI in the Digital Welfare State: Lessons Learned from the Dutch SyRI Case
Authors: Rachovitsa Adamantia , Johann Niclas 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The article discusses the human rights implications of algorithmic decision-making in the social welfare sphere. It does so against the background of the 2020 Hague’s District Court judgment in a case challenging the Dutch government’s use of System Risk Indication—an algorithm designed to identify potential social welfare fraud. Digital welfare state initiatives are likely to fall short of meeting basic requirements of legality and protecting against arbitrariness. Moreover, the intentional opacity surrounding the implementation of algorithms in the public sector not only hampers the effective exercise of human rights but also undermines proper judicial oversight. The analysis unpacks the relevance and complementarity of three legal/regulatory frameworks governing algorithmic systems: data protection, human rights law and algorithmic accountability. Notwithstanding these frameworks’ invaluable contribution, the discussion casts doubt on whether they are well-suited to address the legal challenges pertaining to the discriminatory effects of the use of algorithmic systems.
Artificial Intelligence Program to Predict p53 Mutations in Ulcerative Colitis–Associated Cancer or Dysplasia
Authors: Noguchi Tatsuki , Ando Takumi , Emoto Shigenobu , Nozawa Hiroaki , Kawai Kazushige , Sasaki Kazuhito , Murono Koji , Kishikawa Junko , Ishi Hiroaki , Yokoyama Yuichiro , Abe Shinya , Nagai Yuzo , Anzai Hiroyuki , Sonoda Hirofumi , Hata Keisuke , Sasaki Takeshi , Ishihara Soichiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis of colitis-associated cancer or dysplasia is important in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Immunohistochemistry of p53 along with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is conventionally used to accurately diagnose the pathological conditions. However, evaluation of p53 immunohistochemistry in all biopsied specimens is expensive and time-consuming for pathologists. In this study, we aimed to develop an artificial intelligence program using a deep learning algorithm to investigate and predict p53 immunohistochemical staining from H&E-stained slides.

Methods
We cropped 25 849 patches from whole-slide images of H&E-stained slides with the corresponding p53-stained slides. These slides were prepared from samples of 12 patients with colitis-associated neoplasia who underwent total colectomy. We annotated all glands in the whole-slide images of the H&E-stained slides and grouped them into 3 classes: p53 positive, p53 negative, and p53 null. We used 80% of the patches for training a convolutional neural network (CNN), 10% for validation, and 10% for final testing.

Results
The trained CNN glands were classified into 2 or 3 classes according to p53 positivity, with a mean average precision of 0.731 to 0.754. The accuracy, sensitivity (recall), specificity, positive predictive value (precision), and F-measure of the prediction of p53 immunohistochemical staining of the glands detected by the trained CNN were 0.86 to 0.91, 0.73 to 0.83, 0.91 to 0.92, 0.82 to 0.89, and 0.77 to 0.86, respectively.

Conclusions
Our trained CNN can be used as a reasonable alternative to conventional p53 immunohistochemical staining in the pathological diagnosis of colitis-associated neoplasia, which is accurate, saves time, and is cost-effective.
Advances and Challenges in Paleobiological Reconstructions of Joint Mobility
Authors: Manafzadeh Armita R , Gatesy Stephen M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Paleobiological reconstructions of joint mobility are an essential component of functional analyses of extinct animals. Over the past half-decade, the methods underlying mobility studies have advanced rapidly in three main areas: increasing complexity of virtual joint manipulation, formalizing pose viability criteria, and constructing more rigorous quantitative frameworks. Here we contextualize and review the recent history of this field, and call attention to remaining challenges and potential future directions. Additionally, we make available and describe a set of user-friendly scripts for the animation software Autodesk Maya. In doing so, we aim to make many of the latest approaches for virtual mobility reconstruction more easily accessible to other researchers, encouraging their broader adoption and collaborative improvement.
Demersal fish and invertebrate catches relative to construction and operation of North America's first offshore wind farm
Authors: Wilber Dara H , Brown Lorraine , Griffin Matthew , DeCelles Gregory R , Carey Drew A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Effects of offshore wind farm (OSW) development in the US on fishery resources have been predicted based on European experience. A seven-year study of the first US OSW documented the response of demersal fish and invertebrates to construction and operation. Local fishermen and scientists designed a monthly demersal trawl survey using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design to assess potential effects of Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF), a pilot scale 30 MW project completed in 2016. Common species did not exhibit statistically significant (α = 0.10) BACI interactions in catch per unit effort (CPUE) due to BIWF operation. CPUE of structure-oriented species, such as black sea bass (Centropristis striata) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), increased at BIWF following turbine installation. Fall and spring biomass varied synchronously between BIWF and a regional survey for several species including longfin squid (Loligo pealeii) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Spatial-temporal interaction between reference areas provided an estimate of the minimum effect sizes (approximately 40% to 63% among the fish evaluated) that may be considered ecologically significant when assessing potential OSW impacts. Results from this first North American OSW fisheries monitoring study provide valuable information for future OSW development on the northeastern US coastline.
Small-c constitutional rights
Authors: Chilton Adam , Versteeg Mila 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although constitutions establish countries’ fundamental laws, identifying which legal materials are constitutional is not a straightforward task. Empirical studies in comparative law have focused on countries’ formal, written constitutions—the “large-C” constitutions—while often ignoring the broader body of constitutional rules—the “small-c” constitutions. This oversight occurs because incorporating small-c constitutional law into comparative research requires overcoming the conceptual challenge of identifying which legal sources should be considered constitutional and the practical challenge of quantifying those sources across jurisdictions. In this article, we address both of these challenges. We address the conceptual challenge by outlining three approaches to identifying small-c constitutions: an entrenchment-based approach that emphasizes whether given rules are more deeply entrenched than conventional laws, an external approach that emphasizes exogenously defined core constitutional functions, and an internal approach that emphasizes local understandings of constitutional law. We then partially address the practical challenge by using an internal approach to collect data on one aspect of constitutional law: constitutional rights. We collected this data for 123 countries by conducting an expert survey of constitutional law scholars and practitioners. Our data reveals that although the large-C constitution is the primary source of constitutional rights in a majority of countries, the small-c constitution is still a notable source of rights, especially in older constitutional systems. But although our data offers new evidence about small-c constitutional rights around the world, it also points to several substantial obstacles that any efforts to code small-c constitutions are likely to face.
Plasmodium falciparuminAotus nancymaae: A New Model for Placental Malaria
Authors: Sharma Ankur , Jenkins Bethany , Akue Adovi , Lambert Lynn E , Orr-Gonzalez Sachy , Thomas Marvin L , Mahamar Almahamoudou , Diarra Bacary S , Dicko Alassane , Fried Michal , Duffy Patrick E 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes that display the variant surface antigen VAR2CSA bind chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) to sequester in placental intervillous spaces, causing severe sequelae for mother and offspring. Here, we establish a placental malaria (PM) monkey model. Pregnant Aotus infected with CSA-binding P. falciparum CS2 parasites during the third trimester developed pronounced sequestration of late-stage parasites in placental intervillous spaces that express VAR2CSA and bind specifically to CSA. Similar to immune multigravid women, a monkey infected with P. falciparum CS2 parasites over successive pregnancies acquired antibodies against VAR2CSA, with potent functional activity that was boosted upon subsequent pregnancy infections. Aotus also developed functional antibodies after multiple acute PM episodes and subsequent VAR2CSA immunization. In summary, P. falciparum infections in pregnant Aotus monkeys recapitulate all the prominent features of human PM infection and immunity, and this model can be useful for basic mechanistic studies and preclinical studies to qualify candidate PM vaccines.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02471378.
School-Based Malaria Screening and Treatment Reduces Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Anemia Prevalence in Two Transmission Settings in Malawi
Authors: Cohee Lauren M , Peterson Ingrid , Buchwald Andrea G , Coalson Jenna E , Valim Clarissa , Chilombe Moses , Ngwira Andrew , Bauleni Andy , Schaffer-DeRoo Sarah , Seydel Karl B , Wilson Mark L , Taylor Terrie E , Mathanga Don P , Laufer Miriam K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
In areas highly endemic for malaria, Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence peaks in school-age children, adversely affecting health and education. School-based intermittent preventive treatment reduces this burden but concerns about cost and widespread use of antimalarial drugs limit enthusiasm for this approach. School-based screening and treatment is an attractive alternative. In a prospective cohort study, we evaluated the impact of school-based screening and treatment on the prevalence of P. falciparum infection and anemia in 2 transmission settings.

Methods
We screened 704 students in 4 Malawian primary schools for P. falciparum infection using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and treated students who tested positive with artemether-lumefantrine. We determined P. falciparum infection by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and hemoglobin concentrations over 6 weeks in all students.

Results
Prevalence of infection by RDT screening was 37% (9%–64% among schools). An additional 9% of students had infections detected by qPCR. Following the intervention, significant reductions in infections were detected by microscopy (adjusted relative reduction [aRR], 48.8%; P &lt; .0001) and qPCR (aRR, 24.5%; P &lt; .0001), and in anemia prevalence (aRR, 30.8%; P = .003). Intervention impact was reduced by infections not detected by RDT and new infections following treatment.

Conclusions
School-based screening and treatment reduced P. falciparum infection and anemia. This approach could be enhanced by repeating screening, using more-sensitive screening tests, and providing longer-acting drugs.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04858087.
Rates of underreported needlestick and sharps injuries among healthcare workers in Turkey: in the light of Infection Control Committee data
Authors: Korkmaz Nesibe , Şentürk Gönül Çiçek , Tekin Asiye , Gürbüz Yunus , Sevinç Ganime , Tütüncü Emin Ediz , Şencan İrfan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective
Doctors and nurses are frequently exposed to needlestick and sharps injuries (NSIs) because of their work. It is estimated that NSIs are more common than the rates reported to Infection Control Committee. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and reporting rates of NSIs in our hospital.

Methods
After their consent forms were obtained for the questionnaire, 670 doctors and nurses were interviewed face-to-face by the Infection Control Committee nurse. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions, and the answers were recorded. The questions were on demographic data and injuries. The data of NSIs, whose active surveillance was made in our hospital since 2005 and in the last 1 year, were also analyzed retrospectively.

Results
A total of 119 (17%) people out of 670 people who participated in the study had at least one NSI; 43 (36%) people of the 119 people were doctors and 76 (63.9%) people were nurses. The most common injuries among doctors were found in assistant doctors (60%). No statistically significant differences were detected between the doctors and nurses in terms of injury status (P = 0.398). The most common injuries were found in surgical clinics, and a significant difference was detected here when compared to other clinics. The data that 20 (17%) people of the 118 people who were injured by the NSIs reported the injury were obtained from the Infection Control Committee database.

Conclusion
It is seen that injuries are high in surgical clinics and assistant doctors who have high work stress and workload. There were more injuries with sharp objects than the expected rates in our hospital although the reports were made very rarely. First of all, we should determine strategies, especially education, to reduce injuries, and then remove the obstacles to unreported injuries. The methods of clinics with a high rates of reporting needlestick and sharps injuries to the infection control committee should be examined and tried to be applied in our own clinics.
Forensic odontology: Assessing bite wounds to determine the role of teeth in piscivorous fishes
Authors: Muruga Pooventhran , Bellwood David R , Mihalitsis Michalis 
Published: March 2022

SynopsisTeeth facilitate the acquisition and processing of food in most vertebrates. However, relatively little is known about the functions of the diverse tooth morphologies observed in fishes. Piscivorous fishes (fish-eating fish) are crucial in shaping community structure and rely on their oral teeth to capture and/or process prey. However, how teeth are utilized in capturing and/or processing prey remains unclear. Most studies have determined the function of teeth by assessing morphological traits. The behavior during feeding, however, is seldom quantified. Here, we describe the function of teeth within piscivorous fishes by considering how morphological and behavioral traits interact during prey capture and processing. This was achieved through aquarium-based performance experiments, where prey fish were fed to 12 species of piscivorous fishes. Building on techniques in forensic odontology, we incorporate a novel approach to quantify and categorize bite damage on prey fish that were extracted from the piscivore’s stomachs immediately after being ingested. We then assess the significance of morphological and behavioral traits in determining the extent and severity of damage inflicted on prey fish. Results show that engulfing piscivores capture their prey whole and head-first. Grabbing piscivores capture prey tail-first using their teeth, process them using multiple headshakes and bites, before spitting them out, and then re-capturing prey head-first for ingestion. Prey from engulfers sustained minimal damage, whereas prey from grabbers sustained significant damage to the epaxial musculature. Within grabbers, headshakes were significantly associated with more severe damage categories. Headshaking behavior damages the locomotive muscles of prey, presumably to prevent escape. Compared to non-pharyngognaths, pharyngognath piscivores inflict significantly greater damage to prey. Overall, when present, oral jaw teeth appear to be crucial for both prey capture and processing (immobilization) in piscivorous fishes.
Anger and Apology, Recognition and Reconciliation: Managing Emotions in the Wake of Injustice
Authors: Friedrich Jasper 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article treats rituals of apology and reconciliation as responses to social discontent, specifically to expressions of anger and resentment. A standard account of social discontent, found both in the literature on transitional justice and in the social theory of Axel Honneth, has it that these emotional expressions are evidence of an underlying psychic need for recognition. In this framework, the appropriate response to expressions of anger and discontent is a recognitive one that includes victims of injustice in the political community by showing them that they are valued members. In the aftermath of injustices, such recognitive responses are thought to include acknowledgments of victim suffering, reconciliatory gestures, and rituals of contrition. I will argue, against this narrative, that treating victim anger as evidence of an underlying need for recognition threatens to depoliticize emotional responses to injustice by treating them as symptoms of psychic injuries instead of intelligible political claims. Discussing mainly the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation process set up to deal with the history of the Indian Residential School system, I show how rituals of reconciliation and apology, in the context of settler-colonial states and neoliberal politics, serve as a biopolitical management of “bad” emotions. This will serve as a critique both of the politics of reconciliation and of social–theoretic approaches that treat expressions of discontent exclusively through a lens of recognition. Instead, I argue, in politics as well as theory, we need to engage with emotional expressions as intelligible political claims that exceed the psychic need for recognition.
Charting a Path Towards Asian American Cancer Health Equity: A Way Forward
Authors: Chen Moon S , Lee Richard J , Madan Ravi A , Ta Park Van , Shinagawa Susan M , Sun Tracy , Gomez Scarlett L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On July 29, 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration’s Oncology Center of Excellence convened Conversations on Cancer. This Conversation, the first ever by the US Food and Drug Administration, focused on Asian Americans and served as the platform for this Commentary. Panelists elaborated on topics ranging from heterogeneity in Asian American demographics to racism through a path to health equity and supplemented this Commentary with literature citations. Asian Americans are the fastest-growing US race group, yet data aggregation obscures distinctions and cancer disparities within the more than 24 million Asians living in the United States with harmful impacts on communities and patients, as illustrated by breast cancer survivor Susan Shinagawa’s patient-to-advocate journey. Bigotry against Asian Americans has been pervasive since the 19th century, but especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Americans are unique as the first US population to experience cancer as the leading cause of death. Asian Americans are disproportionately affected by cancers because of infectious origins and have the highest rates of lung cancer among never-smoking women. The infinitesimal proportion of the National Institutes of Health’s budget compared with experiencing the highest percentage increases of any US racial population more than 3 decades highlights the dearth of focused research among Asian Americans. Recognizing the heterogeneity of Asian Americans and that disaggregated data are critical for accurately characterizing distinct ethnic groups, focusing on the impact of racism and COVID-19 on cancer disparities, and focusing and prioritizing funding resources are necessary steps forward for achieving health equity for Asian Americans.
MtGSTF7, a TT19-like GST gene, is essential for accumulation of anthocyanins, but not proanthocyanins in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Wang Ruoruo , Lu Nan , Liu Chenggang , Dixon Richard A , Wu Qing , Mao Yawen , Yang Yating , Zheng Xiaoling , He Liangliang , Zhao Baolin , Zhang Fan , Yang Shengchao , Chen Haitao , Jun Ji Hyung , Li Ying , Liu Changning , Liu Yu , Chen Jianghua 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanins (PAs) are two end products of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. They are believed to be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then sequestered into the vacuole. In Arabidopsis thaliana, TRANSPARENT TESTA 19 (TT19) is necessary for both anthocyanin and PA accumulation. Here, we found that MtGSTF7, a homolog of AtTT19, is essential for anthocyanin accumulation but not required for PA accumulation in Medicago truncatula. MtGSTF7 was induced by the anthocyanin regulator LEGUME ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION 1 (LAP1), and its tissue expression pattern correlated with anthocyanin deposition in M. truncatula. Tnt1-insertional mutants of MtGSTF7 lost anthocyanin accumulation in vegetative organs, and introducing a genomic fragment of MtGSTF7 could complement the mutant phenotypes. Additionally, the accumulation of anthocyanins induced by LAP1 was significantly reduced in mtgstf7 mutants. Yeast-one-hybridization and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that LAP1 could bind to the MtGSTF7 promoter to activate its expression. Ectopic expression of MtGSTF7 in tt19 mutants could rescue their anthocyanin deficiency, but not their PA defect. Furthermore, PA accumulation was not affected in the mtgstf7 mutants. Taken together, our results show that the mechanism of anthocyanin and PA accumulation in M. truncatula is different from that in A. thaliana, and provide a new target gene for engineering anthocyanins in plants.
Real World Impact of Remdesivir and Dexamethasone on Clinical Outcomes of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Community Hospital
Authors: Larson Derek T , Ewers Evan C , Gallagher Kia M , Mahoney Alexandra M , Paul Madison L , Weina Peter J 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Evidence has emerged showing potential benefit of Remdesivir and dexamethasone in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but results from large randomized control trials are conflicting. While initial data for dexamethasone indicated a mortality benefit, the impact of Remdesivir was best demonstrated in decreased time to recovery. Despite extensive disease burden throughout the world efficacy data of individual interventions is lacking in part due to extensive concurrent use of confounding investigational therapeutics.

Materials and Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of the impact of Remdesivir and dexamethasone on real-world outcomes in severe COVID-19. All patients admitted to our community hospital between March 2020 and December 31, 2020 were included, and all patients admitted before national guidelines endorsed Remdesivir and dexamethasone outside of clinical trials were treated with only supportive care and used as historical controls. No other investigational therapeutics were utilized. This study was reviewed and approved by the Fort Belvoir Community Hospital IRB.

Results
58 hospitalized patients met criteria for severe COVID-19 as confirmed by RT-PCR, and 14 (25%) were used as historical controls. Baseline demographics and overall mortality rate (7.1%) did not significantly differ between the groups. The median length of stay was 7 days and 6 days in the historical control group and interventional group, respectively (P = 0.55).

Conclusions
We did not observe an appreciable impact on the duration of hospitalization when Remdesivir and dexamethasone were added to supportive care in a community hospital. This study was not sufficiently powered to detect the previously described mortality benefit of dexamethasone.