bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Net Enzymatic Activity in Developing Peach Fruit using Computer Video Image Analysis
Authors: Stutte Gary W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A computer video image analysis system was used to quantify changes in oxidative browning of developing ‘Redskin’ peach fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Oxidative browning of endocarp tissue occurs rapidly at the onset of Stage I and decreases in rate and intensity during development, with little or no browning occurring by the time endocarp sclerification begins at the onset of Stage II. Conversely, little or no browning occurs in mesocarp tissue during early development, but browning increases in rate and intensity through endocarp sclerification. In this study, net oxidative browning was correlated with net polyphenyl oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.2) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) enzyme activity of the tissues as quantified by image analysis of PPO and POD histochemical staining reactions. Image analysis revealed localized areas of activity within the tissue.
Shoot and Root Temperature Effects on Xylary Cytokinin Levels during Budbreak in Young Apple Trees
Authors: Belding Robert D. , Young Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. EMLA 106) were subjected to all combinations of 10° and 20°C root and shoot temperatures after their chilling requirement had been satisfied at 5°. Extracted xylem sap was tested for trans-zeatin riboside-like cytokinin activity using an immunoassay. Cytokinin activity in the xylem sap increased during the first 6 days of treatment regardless of temperature, but decreased only as budbreak occurred. This decline was in proportion to the amount of budbreak, which primarily was dependent on shoot temperature.
Peach Root Development and Tree Hydraulic Resistance under Tall Fescue Sod
Authors: Michael Glenn D. , Welker William V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Loring/Halford] were grown in boxes 100 × 60 × 36 cm (length × width × depth) to evaluate the effect of K-31 tall fescue sod (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on peach root growth and development. The entire soil surface was kept bare in one treatment, while a fescue sod was established in one-third of the box for the second treatment. Trees were planted 17 cm from one edge of the box in bare soil in both treatments. Sod reduced tree growth. The length of roots ≥1 mm in diameter was unaffected by the sod at any position in the box. The length of roots <1 mm in diameter was reduced beneath the sod and in the area between the sod and tree compared to the bare soil treatment. The plant resistance to water flow/cm root (Rp) was unaffected by the presence of grass under both stressed and nonstressed conditions. Rp was relatively constant (9.4 × 109 s cm-1) over a range of transpiration flux levels until the flux dropped below 0.3 cm3 s-1. Below 0.3 cm3 s-1 Rp increased due to soil resistance to water flow.
Embryo Development in ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ Hazelnut
Authors: Me Giovanni , Emanuel Enrica , Botta Roberto , Vailania Rosalina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Tonda gentile delle Langhe’ hazelnut bloomed from 22 Dec. to 19 Jan. Fertilization occurred about 5 months later, in the last 10 days of May. In the first days of June, the embryo was globular whereas the free nuclear endosperm had started to become cellular. Around the middle of June the embryo was heart-shaped and the endosperm was entirely cellular. In the following 2 weeks, the endosperm became vacuolated and then disintegrated. Cotyledons formed (torpedo stage) and grew quickly, filling the ovule by the end of June. The seed had its final shape and dimension by 20 July, but the embryonal axis continued elongating until nut maturity, 15 to 30 Aug. Mature embryos contained six to eight leaf primordia, the apical meristem, and the radicle.
Association of Sweet Cherry Epidermal Characters with Resistance to Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Biggs Alan R. , Northover John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit from seven sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars were harvested at full ripeness and inoculated under controlled conditions with conidia of the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola (Wint.). Cherries were assessed for incidence of brown rot, length of the incubation period, and number of conidia produced per fruit. Non-inoculated fruit were examined microscopically and the thicknesses of the cuticle and the external epidermal cell wall were determined. Percent infection and numbers of conidia produced per fruit were correlated negatively, and incubation period was correlated positively, with the thickness of the outer epidermal cell wall of the fruit.
An Expert System on a Microcomputer for Determining Apple Tree Spacing
Authors: Crassweller Robert M. , Heinemann Paul H. , Rajotte Edwin G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apple orchards are highly diversified and complex ecological and economic systems. Production is affected by a wide range of insect, disease, weed, and mammalian pests, and is subject to the same economic and social constraints as any business enterprise. A computer technology, expert systems (ES), is being used to assist fruit growers, county extension agents, and private consultants in making better decisions about the complex horticultural, entomological, and pathological orchard problems.
Pecans Show Little Response to Low Rates of Applied GA and BA
Authors: Worley Ray E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) and benzylamino purine (BA) induce many growth and fruiting responses in plants (Davies, 1986; Elkner and Coston, 1986; Forshey, 1982; Green, 1980; Jones, 1973; Unrath, 1974). This study was conducted to determine some vegetative, flowering, and yield responses of pecan trees to low rates of BA and GA.
E7-47, E7-54, E29-56, and E31-10 Apple Germplasm with Multiple Pest Resistance
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Howard Paul H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
E7-47, E7-54, E29-56, and E31-10 apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) were found resistant to apple scab, [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] in greenhouse tests and in the field. Field and laboratory resistance to red-banded leafroller [Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) in E7-47, European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] in E7-54, apple maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)j in E29-56, and to codling moth (Laspyresia pomonella L.) in E31-10 were also found. E31-10 was also found to have resistance to European red mite in the field and greenhouse. E7-47, E7-54, E29-56, and E31-10 have been released as advanced pest- and disease-resistant germplasm lines by the ARS/USDA to interested apple breeders for use in breeding programs. The scientific names of diseases and insects mentioned in this release are as reported by the USDA (1960) and Sutherland (1978).
Horticulture in Morocco: North Africa’s California
Authors: Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Morocco is an ancient kingdom and an emerging nation occupying a strategic bridge between northwest Africa and Europe. The most westerly nation of the Maghrib (the western Islamic world of North Africa that includes present-day Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and western Libya), Morocco borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Europe’s Iberian peninsula by the narrow straits of Gibraltar (Fig. 1). Geographically, Morocco is African, but there are close links to the Middle East and the Islamic world as well as to Europe via France and Spain.
Aesculus ‘Autumn Splendor’
Authors: Bergmann Ben A. , Pellett Harold M. , Hackett Wesley P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The members of the genus Aesculus, known as buckeyes and horsechestnuts, includes trees commonly planted in parks, arboreta, college campuses, and home landscapes (2). Aesculus ‘Autumn Splendor’ is a selection that combines leaf scorch resistance, cold hardiness in USDA zone 4a, handsome flowers, and brilliant fall color to make it a particularly desirable medium-sized landscape tree.
Statistical Analysis of Experiments with Repeated Measurements
Authors: Littell Ramon C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Experiments with data collected at several points in time on the same sampling unit are called experiments with repeated measurements or repeated measures experiments. The sampling unit is usually a plant in a greenhouse experiment or a plot in a field experiment. Objectives are usually to investigate response over time, often growth of a plant, to several treatments. These experiments have been called split-plot in time experiments (Steel and Torrie, 1960) because data are often analyzed in a split-plot fashion, taking time as the subplot factor. The term “split-plot” in reference to experiments with repeated measurements has fallen into disfavor (Damon and Harvey, 1987; Little and Hills, 1978; Snedecor and Cochran, 1980; Steel and Torrie, 1980; Yates, 1982). This change is in part due to the fact that experiments with repeated measurements are not true split-plot experiments because time is not an experimental factor whose levels are randomly assigned to subplot units. Therefore, mathematical conditions required for validity of the split-plot type of analysis of variance might not hold. Furthermore, objectives of repeated measures experiments are usually different from objectives of split-plot experiments. In the general statistical literature, the expression “univariate repeated measures analysis of variance” usually refers to the split-plot type of analysis of variance, and the term “subject” refers to a sampling unit. Mainplot and subplot portions of an analysis of variance in the split-plot vernacular are more generally referred to as the between- and within-subjects portions of the analysis, respectively. Computer programs, such as SAS GLM and ANOVA (SAS Institute, 1985) use the terminology of the general literature.
Statistical Analyses and the Personal Computer
Authors: George A , Milliken  , Remmenga M. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The initial goal of this paper was to evaluate several PC-software packages as to their capabilities to carry out appropriate analysis of variance procedures and provide appropriate and necessary output. To date, most software reviews have concentrated on how well the computations for regression analysis are carried out. The reviews generally indicate the size of analysis of variance problems that can be handled, as to whether the program will do unbalanced and balanced analysis of variance computations, and as to the capability to provide multiple comparison procedures. But, such reviews do not indicate whether the claimed analyses are computed and presented correctly. Unfortunately, the grand goal of providing such comparisons for a large number of PC-based software packages is not achieved. There are at least two reasons for not completing the task.
Growth and Carbohydrate Distribution of Young Apple Trees in Response to Root Pruning and Tree Density
Authors: Ferree David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root-pruning young greenhouse-grown MM.111 apple trees decreased leaves per tree, total leaf area, and dry weight of leaves, shoots, and roots. Root pruning had no influence on the carbohydrate fractions in the leaves or shoots, but caused an increase in soluble and insoluble fractions in the roots. No interaction occurred between root pruning and number of trees in the container. As number of trees per container increased, leaf, shoot, and total dry weight per plant decreased. Root pruning decreased shoot growth for 3 weeks after root pruning, with a return to the unpruned shoot growth rate in the 4th week. Photosynthesis and transpiration were reduced by root pruning, but not affected by tree density.
Evapotranspiration Rates of Turf Weeds and Groundcovers
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Butler Jack D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Small weighing lysimeters were used to determine potential evapotranspiration (ET) (i.e., ET when soil water is not limiting) rates of turf weeds and ground-covers. When ET was monitored during two consecutive summers, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) had the highest mean water use rate (7.4 mm·day-1). Dichondra (Dichondra repens J.R. Forst. and G. Forst.), a low-growing C4 dicot, and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.], a C4 monocot, used the least water (3.9 and 4.1 mm·day-1, respectively). ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), a C3 species, and yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.] and smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.], C4 species, exhibited intermediate ET rates. Water use rates of these ground-covers should be considered when using them in landscapes. Eradication of some weeds, such as white clover, in well-watered turf areas may be an effective means of reducing ET.
Drought Stress Induces Fruit Abortion in Pecan
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit abortion in three cultivars of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] was compared during the 1986 drought. Fruit abortion in ‘Caddo’, ‘Western’, and ‘Cape Fear’ was, respectively, 36, 28, and 6 times greater from drought-stressed than from irrigated trees. These results may reflect cultivar differences in drought tolerance and/or differences in available soil moisture. The data also suggest that the third fruit drop in pecan is sensitive to water stress.
Fruit Germplasm Preservation
Authors: Hummer Kim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The cover photograph, by Joseph Postman, Plant Pathologist, USDA/ARS, demonstrates a portion of the unique diversity of Pyrus germplasm within the collection at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Coivallis, Ore. Each of the fruits in the photograph is a pear species, hybrid, or cultivar.
Scientific Poster Lettering and Display
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
ASHS specifies that minimum heights for poster lettering be 25 mm for the titles, authors, and institutions and 12.5 mm for everything else (ASHS, 1988). A survey of 167 posters in Poster Session 1 at the 1988 Annual Meeting indicated that these required minimum lettering sizes are usually not met (Table 1). One reason why these minimums are rarely met is that the minimum heights are unrealistic. The minimum heights were established for 2.4 × 1.2-m posters and not reduced when poster area was halved to 1.2 by 1.2 m. The 1:1 ratio between title and author/institution letter heights is not proportional because title lettering is nearly always taller than author/institution lettering. For example, HortScience titles are 5 mm tall with author/institution lettering 2.5 mm high. Thus, the smaller lettering for authors/institutions compared to titles on ASHS posters is understandable.
First-year Shoot Development and Carbohydrate Distribution in Fall-and Spring-planted Apple Trees
Authors: Young Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fall- and spring-planted spur ‘Delicious’ trees were monitored for first-year spur and shoot development and major carbohydrate levels in 1986 and 1987. Fall planting resulted in significantly greater shoot extension growth and lower tendency to become spurbound than spring planting during both years for two strains of spur ‘Delicious’. Higher starch reserves were found following the growing season after fall planting than after spring planting. A root dip of 10,000 mg a.i. IBA/liter before spring planting in 1987 did not affect any of the characteristics measured. Chemical name used: lH-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Growth and Development of Young ‘Loring’ Peach Trees after Foliar Sprays of Paclobutrazol and GA3
Authors: Casper Joyce A. , Taylor Bradley H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Container-grown ‘Loring’/Lovell seedling peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trained to four current-season extension shoots (ES) were treated with 60, 240, or 960 mg of foliar-applied paclobutrazol (PBZ)/liter 8 weeks after shoot growth began, followed 2 weeks later by a 50-mg spray of gibberellic acid (GA3)/liter. PBZ reduced both the post-treatment increment in trunk cross-sectional area (𝚫TCA) and current-season shoot length (𝚫ES) by up to 26% and 43%, respectively, as compared to control. GA3 increased 𝚫TCA by 45% and stimulated an increase in 𝚫ES, especially on the trees treated with PBZ at 0 and 60 mg·liter-1. PBZ had reduced the total length of lateral shoots (LS) developing on the ES by up to 48% and 38% as compared to control by 2 and 14 weeks, respectively, after PBZ application. However, the GA3 application increased the total LS length by 38%. The ES positioned at the two most basal locations on the tree trunk produced a 31% increase in LS length per ES, but there was no interaction between ES location and PBZ or GA3 influence on the final growth parameters. Total plant dry weight and root: shoot ratio were not affected by PBZ, but GA3 increased plant dry weight 38% and decreased the root: shoot ratio. Chemical name used: β -[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]- α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-l-H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Relationship Between Densities of Pear Psylla and Twospotted Spider Mite and Pear Leaf Nutrient Levels
Authors: Sugar David , Righetti T. L. , Westigard P. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Differential population levels of pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Foerster) and of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were established in ‘d’Anjou’, ‘Bartlett’, and ‘Bosc’ pear (Pyrus communis) trees by application of selective insecticides and acaricides. Numbers of psylla or mites counted were used to calculate psylla days and mite days by averaging numbers per leaf on successive sampling dates and multiplying this average by the number of days between samples. The N concentration of apparently uninjured shoot leaves of ‘d’Anjou’ and spur leaves of ‘Bartlett’ were negatively related to mite days. The reduction in N induced by mites on ‘d’Anjou’ shoot leaves was large enough to affect fertilizer recommendations based on foliar N. Phosphorus concentration was negatively related to mite days in both shoot and spur leaves of ‘d’Anjou’, but not in other cultivars. Other leaf nutrients were not consistently affected. Densities of the pear psylla were not correlated with foliar mineral nutrient concentrations, although high population levels were not established in this study.
Yield and Plant Nutrient Content of Vegetables Trickle-irrigated with Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Stevenson D. S. , Fitzpatrick J J. , Brownlee C. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and melon (Cucumis melo L.) were grown from 1983 through 1986 with trickle irrigation using either well water or secondary effluent. Yields with effluent irrigation were greater than or similar to yields obtained with well water. Effluent irrigation resulted in decreased Zn, increased P, and variable results for other nutrients in plant tissues. After 4 years of effluent irrigation, the exchangeable Na content of the 0.0 to 0.3-m depth increased, but soil chemical changes were of little practical significance. No major limitations were found for the production of high yields of vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater on the loamy sand soil at the experimental site after 4 years.
Picea Graft Success: Effects of Environment, Rootstock Disbudding, Growth Regulators, and Antitranspirants
Authors: Beeson Richard C. , Proebsting William M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several techniques were tested to improve the development of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm. ‘Hoopsi’) grafts. In the Pacific Northwest, Picea grafts are normally made on active rootstocks in heated greenhouses between December and mid-March. Grafting on dormant rootstocks and holding these grafts in an unheated, polyethylene-covered lath house resulted in generally higher graft success. IBA, NAA, and BA applied to the base of the scion just before grafting increased graft success by 10% to 13%. Retarding the development of the rootstock by dikegulac applications or by bud removal stimulated scion growth. Polyethylene tents and a film-forming anti-transpirant had no effect on graft success. Chemical names used N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(l-methylethylidone)-a-l-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Growth, Nutrient Status, and Yield of Celery Seedlings in Response to Urea Fertilization
Authors: Tremblay Nicolas , Gosselin André 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Celery seedlings (Apium graveolens L. cv. Florida 683) were seeded in multicell styrofoam trays containing a commercial peat mix. They were fertilized with nutrient solutions at two nitrogen fertilizations (150 or 350 mg N/liter), two NO3:NH4 ratios (2:1 or 3:1), and two urea-N levels (0% or 50%) in factorial combinations to determine main and interactive effects of urea on seedling growth, nutrient status, and crop yield. Urea used in combination with low N improved the percentage of shoot dry matter and increased leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, and root: shoot ratio of the seedlings. Urea proved beneficial in improving transplant yield potential under high-N fertilization.
Acetaldehyde Vapors Influence Postharvest Quality of Table Grapes
Authors: Pesis Edna , Frenkel Chaim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Sultanina’ and ‘Perlette’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), with initially low sugar concentrations (13% to 14% total soluble solids content; TSS) and high acidity received postharvest application of 0.2% to 0.9% acetaldehyde vapors for 24 hr. This treatment increased TSS, decreased acidity of the juice, and enhanced the sensory preference by judges in a test panel. However, the response was limited to early picked fruit with low TSS and high acidity and the treatment damaged the berries of ‘Sultanina’ grapes and left some off-flavor. The levels of acetaldehyde and ethanol in the juice were positively correlated with the amount of applied acetaldehyde, the level of ethanol being 20 times higher than that of acetaldehyde. After 4 days of shelf life, the levels of both acetaldehyde and ethanol declined in the juice.
Production Temperature Affects Leatherleaf Fern Postharvest Desiccation
Authors: Stamps R. H. , Nell T. A. , Cantliffe D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching] was grown in controlled environment chambers set for day/night temperatures of 35/24C (high temperature regime, HTR) or 24/13C (low temperature regime, LTR). Fronds were harvested for vase life studies at 1100 and 1800 HR and held in holding rooms in deionized water. Plants were then moved to a greenhouse environment (16–25C) and, after 1 week, an additional set of fronds were harvested. Water uptake of harvested fronds declined exponentially and was generally lower for HTR fronds. HTR fronds had, for the most part, reduced vase life compared to LTR fronds. Most (81%) of the HTR fronds exhibited desiccation symptoms, whereas none of the LTR fronds did. These differences did not appear to be related to preharvest diffusive resistance or water potential differences.
Element Concentration in Layers of Table Beet Roots and in Various Beet Cultivars
Authors: Van Buren Jerome P. , Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. , Cary Earle E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concentration of mineral elements from the outer peel to the core of five table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars was determined by separating roots into five fractions. Soil contamination was important only in affecting the concentration of Fe in the outer peel. Mineral element concentration was highest in the outer peel, decreasing by about one-half in the inner peel. Some mineral element differences are noted among cultivars.