bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared spectra of ice surfaces and assignment of surface-localized modes from simulated spectra of cubic ice
Authors: Rowland B. , Kadagathur N. S. , Devlin J. P. , Buch V. , Feldman Tova , Wojcik M. J. 
Published: July 2002

The use of a new method of preparing micron-thick deposits of nanocrystals of ice for Fourier transform infrared sampling, with the nanocrystals supported on a vertical infrared window, has greatly improved the signal-to-noise levels of the spectra available for large ice clusters. High quality spectra of modes of the surface molecules are reported, even for regions that underlie the intense bands of the bulk ice modes. These experimental features are most clearly displayed through the use of difference spectra. For example, the difference between spectra obtained for nanocrystals, before and after an annealing cycle that significantly increases the average cluster size, reflects the decrease in number of surface groups and the corresponding increase in number of interior molecules. Similarly, differences between spectra of bare and adsorbate-covered nanocrystals, obtained at the same temperature for the same ice sample, show the significant shifts of ‘‘surface-localized’’ ice modes caused by the adsorbate molecules. These difference spectra, and similar spectra for amorphous ice, are rich with information about the (three) distinct types of ice surface water molecules and their interactions with small adsorbate molecules. The extraction of that information has been initiated by comparison of the experimental difference spectra from two sizes of D2O cubic ice nanocrystals with simulated difference spectra for a relaxed cubic ice surface compared to bulk cubic ice.
From these comparisons specific experimental features have been assigned to modes of the three categories of surface D2O(HDO) molecules: (a) three-coordinated molecules with dangling-D—2725 (2713) cm−1; (b) three-coordinated D2O molecules with dangling-O—2645 (∼2600) cm−1; (c) relaxed four-coordinated molecules—∼2580 (∼2550) cm−1. Also, information has been obtained on the approximate positions (cm−1) of other modes of surface molecules: (a) D-bonded part of dangling-D(H) molecules; ∼2350; (b) dangling-O molecules; ∼2500; (c) four-coordinated molecules; 2300–2500. The computations also indicate that, of the various modes of the surface molecules, only the higher frequency modes of the dangling-D and dangling-O are strongly localized; and only the dangling-D mode is localized on individual surface molecules.
General Practitioners' views of home detoxification
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , WATT KERRIANNE , FISCHER JANE 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is a growing movement towards community‐based health care for the treatment and management of alcohol and drug problems across Australia. In spite of substantial evidence to support the clinical efficacy, cost‐effectiveness, and the utility of home detoxification, it is not an activity that has been readily embraced by Australian General Practitioners (GPs). Thus, GPs' views on this issue are vital if there is to be any form of viable home detoxification programme for alcohol and/or other drugs. A qualitative study was undertaken to determine General Practitioners' views in regard to alcohol and drug home detoxification. A qualitative data collection method, focus groups, was used. Focus group participants were obtained from a maximum variation sampling technique. Twelve focus groups were conducted in rural and metropolitan Queensland Australia, over a four‐month period. Fifty‐two participants (43 general practitioners and 9 other health professionals, 20 females and 32 males). Mean age was 40.5 years (age range 19–70). Views about home detoxification were dependent on level of experience with substance abuse treatment. Overwhelmingly, GPs argued that for home detoxification to become viable, there would need to be a more responsive infrastructure, clear policy guidelines, training and more reasonable remuneration than currently exists. GPs require improved training in addiction and drug and alcohol problems. Revised remuneration schemes will facilitate better GP management of complex chronic problems such as addiction. Even though GPs' held quite negative views about alcohol and drug dependent patients there was a high level of willingness to become involved in their treatment and support. Although the clinical efficacy of home detox has been demonstrated GPs have understandably mixed views about their potential involvement. Improved training, support and resourcing is needed to substantially facilitate the expansion of GPs' role into this growing area of care.
The resolution of lexical ambiguity with reference to context in dementia of the Alzheimer's type
Authors: Chenery Helen J. , Ingram John C. L. , Murdoch Bruce E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe present study investigated how a dementing illness such as Alzheimer's disease, might affect an individual's recourse to higher order contextual information in the access and integration of lexical material in on‐line discourse comprehension. More specifically, the experiment investigated the priming of homophones in a discourse context, by use of a cross‐modal lexical decision task, and compared the performances of a group of six subjects with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) with those of a matched control group. The subjects listened to 2‐sentence paragraphs and performed a lexical decision on visually presented targets that followed ambiguous prime words (or homophones) at two inter‐stimulus intervals (ISIs): 330 and 1000msec. When the target was a word, it was either an associate of the prime word, a probable inference suggested by the discourse, or an unrelated word. The control subjects primed both the discourse‐appropriate and discourseinappropriate associate of the homophone at short (330msec) ISIs (but not an appropriate inference word), a finding which supports the exhaustive access model of ambiguity resolution. As the ISI was lengthened to 1000msec, however, the discourse‐appropriate inference word was primed, and reflects the operation of attention‐dependent integrative strategies. The subjects with DAT primed both appropriate associates and inference words at the short ISI. At ISI of 1000msec, the DAT subjects primed the appropriate associate and showed substantial inhibition priming of the inappropriate associate. These results point to disturbances in the selective automatic activation of lexical material, and in the conscious integration and elaboration of lexical material in ongoing discourse comprehension in persons with DAT.
The motion of oxygen ions in oxygen
Authors: J Dutton  , P Howells  
Published: July 2002

The drift velocities of positive and negative ions produced in a glow discharge in oxygen were measured within the range 5 < E/p
0 < 100 v cm-1 torr-1 (E is the electric field and p
0 the gas pressure reduced to 0 °c) for values of p
0 in the range 7·71 to 0·83 torr.
The results for negative ions were in agreement with previous data on ion species generally believed to be O3
- and O2
-.
In the case of positive ions, on the other hand, the results were quite different from those obtained by previous investigators in that two species of ions were observed. For E/p
0 < 15 v cm-1 torr-1 only the faster species was present, and for E/p
0 > 28 v cm-1 torr-1 only the slower species, but in the intermediate region the results indicated that the ion species interacted with the gas molecules, the dominant species being dependent critically on the experimental conditions.
Measurements were also made of the ratio D/K (D the diffusion coefficient and K the mobility) for the positive ion species.
The drift and diffusion data for the positive ions were used to show that the binding energy of the faster ion species was 0·45 ev. Since this value is in close agreement with that of 0·42 ev previously determined for the binding energy of O4
+, the present results are consistent with the identification of the faster species as O4
+ and the slower species as O2
+, and with the view that for 19 < E/p
0 < 25 v cm-1 torr-1 the reaction between the ions and the gas molecules was of the form O4
+ &rlarr2; O2
+ + O2.
The drift and diffusion data for the slower species were also used to obtain information about the collision cross section of these ions.
Thin permalloy films: optimization of properties for computer memories
Authors: R M Pickard  , J A Turner  , J K Birtwistle  , G R Hoffman  
Published: July 2002

The vacuum deposition of Ni-Fe elements on glass for use in a 6000 bit, 100 ns cycle time memory is described. Measurement of the magnetic properties of some 20 000 elements has enabled reliable correlation to be made with film composition and deposition conditions.
Memory testing of elements made with calculated optimum dimensions show that films 100 nm thick have wide operating limits because of high coercivity and freedom from cross-tie walls.
Tapering the ends of the elements increased the domain nucleation coercivity above the wall coercivity. Although producing films with rectangular hysteresis loops, tapering did not increase the creep disturbance threshold.
Films thicker than 180 nm show anomalous domain configurations in hard direction fields together with a steep rise in wall coercivity and increased dispersion.
Water movement in porous materials III. Evaporation of water from soil
Authors: D A Rose  
Published: July 2002

The equation of vertical flow is adapted to describe the evaporation of water from a semi-infinite porous material during the second stage of drying when water loss is limited by the distribution of water in the material. Flow measurements on long columns of aggregates of six soil materials confirm the theory, and enable the transport parameters controlling flow to be found over the range of volumetric water content θ (cm3 water/cm3) from aggregate saturation θC to dryness (i.e. from near pF 2 to near pF 7).
Evaporation from porous materials initially at a uniform water content θC produces profiles of θ invariant with zt
−1/2 (where z is the depth in cm and t the time in seconds) which differ for each material. As θ decreases from θC diffusivities (D cm2 s−1) calculated from these profiles fall to a minimum, then rise to a subsidiary maximum close to dryness, before falling again as θ approaches zero. Such behaviour accords with prediction. Hydraulic conductivities (k cm s−1) fall continuously as θ decreases from θC to zero.
Light-scattering photometer calibration
Authors: B R Jennings  , H Plummer  
Published: July 2002

A Sofica commercial light-scattering photometer has been critically calibrated using three procedures:Comparing the angular scattered intensity with the turbidity of a solution of suitable Rayleigh scatterers.Comparing the experimental and theoretical scattered intensities of a solution of suitably chosen Mie scatterers.Comparing the scattering from benzene with data in the literature.Two silica sols, Ludox HS and Syton 2X, when used in method (i), gave identical calibration constants. These values agree with those obtained using method (ii) if polystyrene latex particles, which act as the Mie scatterers, are carefully chosen for their size, polydispersity and truly spherical shape. The procedure for this method appears to be entirely novel. Method (iii) showed that then2refraction correction which is often used seems to be in error, at least for the cylindrical cells and optical arrangement employed in this photometer. A correction innmore nearly fits the data. This was confirmed by measuring the molecular weight of a narrow fraction of polystyrene (Mw= 59 000) in three solvents of different refractive index.
The calculation of electron energy distributions and attachment coefficient for electron swarms in oxygen
Authors: J Lucas  , D A Price  , J L Moruzzi  
Published: July 2002

Electron energy distributions have been calculated for electron swarms in oxygen for 15 less-than-or-eq, slantE/Nless-than-or-eq, slant 152 Td. These distributions satisfy the experimentally measured values of both drift velocity and the diffusion coefficient, and allowed the theoretical value of the rate of attachment (ηv) to be calculated to an accuracy of ±3%.The calculated values of η/Nare dependent upon the measured values of the drift velocity, but since the latter show a large variation, the η/Nvalues have been represented by two limiting curves. The important feature of these curves is that η/Nquickly rises to its maximum value at aboutE/N=30 Td, from which it only gradually reduces asE/Nincreases. It has also been possible to obtain values of the momentum transfer cross section in oxygen for electron energies up to 10 eV. This cross section was found to have a simple form and to be very close in value to the total cross section.
The Nanomanufacturing Programme at the National
Science Foundation
Authors: Haris Doumanidis  
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the new Nanomanufacturing
programme at the National Science Foundation (NSF). This programme
focuses on up-scaling fabrication and synthesis of functional
nanoscale structures, devices and systems. It also emphasizes
integration across multiple dimensional scales,
multi-functionality across several energetic domains, and new
design and manufacturing approaches such as biomimetics. The
paper elaborates on key issues to this goal, including research
in precursor nanomaterials and nanoparticles; fabrication,
analysis and synthesis processes; instrumentation and equipment
for characterization and processing; theory, modelling,
simulation and control; design and integration of nanodevices
and systems; and nanomanufacturing education and dissemination
strategies. The discussion suggests a number of outstanding
research issues and topics, and illustrates them with current
research projects in nanomaterials processing, nanomachines and
metrology, nanosystems and design etc supported by the NSF.
Compact operators whose real and imaginary parts are positive
Authors: Bhatia Rajendra , Zhan Xingzhi 
Published: July 2002

Let

T
T

be a compact operator on a Hilbert space such that the operators

A
=

1
2

(
T
+

T

∗

)

A = \frac {1}{2} (T + T^{*})

and

B
=

1

2
i

(
T
−

T

∗

)

B = \frac {1}{2i}(T-T^{*})

are positive. Let

{

s

j

}

\{ s_{j}\}

be the singular values of

T
T

and

{

α

j

}
,
{

β

j

}

\{ \alpha _{j}\} , \{ \beta _{j}\}

the eigenvalues of

A
,
B

A,B

, all enumerated in decreasing order. We show that the sequence

{

s

j

2

}

\{ s^{2}_{j}\}

is majorised by

{

α

j

2

+

β

j

2

}

\{ \alpha ^{2}_{j} + \beta ^{2}_{j}\}

. An important consequence is that, when

p
≥
2
,

‖
T

‖

p

2

p \ge 2, ~\| T\| ^{2}_{p}

is less than or equal to

‖
A

‖

p

2

+
‖
B

‖

p

2

\| A\| ^{2}_{p} + \| B\| ^{2}_{p}

, and when

1
≤
p
≤
2
,

1\le p \le 2,

this inequality is reversed.
Comparison of 4-class ranks of certain quadratic fields
Authors: Gerth Frank 
Published: July 2002

Let

m
m

be a square-free positive integer. Let

r

4

(
K
)

r_{4}(K)

denote the 4-class rank of a quadratic field

K
K

. This paper examines how likely it is for

r

4

(

Q

(

−
m

)
)
=

r

4

(

Q

(

m

)
)

r_{4}(\mathbb {Q} (\sqrt {-m}\,)) =r_{4} (\mathbb {Q} (\sqrt {m}\,))

and for

r

4

(

Q

(

−
m

)
)
=

r

4

(

Q

(

m

)
)
+
1

r_{4} (\mathbb {Q} (\sqrt {-m}\,)) = r_{4} (\mathbb {Q} (\sqrt {m}\,)) +1

.
A new statistic for the 3𝑥+1 problem
Authors: Gluck David , Taylor Brian 
Published: July 2002

A finite

(
3
x
+
1
)

(3x+1)

–trajectory is a sequence

a
_

=

a
1

,
…
,

a
n

\underline { a}=a_1,\ldots ,a_n

of positive integers such that

a

i
+
1

=
3

a
i

+
1

a_{i+1}=3a_i+ 1

if

a
i

a_i

is odd,

a

i
+
1

=

a
i

/

2

a_{i+1}=a_i/2

if

a
i

a_i

is even,

a
i

>
1

a_i>1

if

i
>
n

i>n

and

a
n

=
1

a_n=1

. For such a sequence

a
_

\underline { a}

we define

C
(

a
_

)
=
(

a
1

a
2

+
⋯
+

a

n
−
1

a
n

+

a
n

a
1

)

/

(

a
1
2

+
⋯
+

a
n
2

)

C(\underline { a}) = (a_1a_2+\cdots +a_{n-1}a_n+a_na_1)/(a_1^2+\cdots +a_n^2)

. We prove that

9

/

13
>
C
(

a
_

)
>
5

/

7

9/13>C(\underline { a})>5/7

if

a
1

a_1

is odd and

a
1

≥
3

a_1\ge 3

. Histograms suggest that

C
C

may have an interesting limiting distribution.
Semigroups of mappings with rigid Lipschitz constant
Authors: Llorens-Fuster Enrique 
Published: July 2002

It is shown that two well-known uniformly fixed point free lipschitzian semigroups of mappings have minimal Lipschitz constant on the positive part of the unit ball of

ℓ
2

\ell _2

. This implies that a question raised by T. Kuczumow has a negative answer.
Proof of the Simon-Ando Theorem
Authors: Hartfiel D. 
Published: July 2002

In 1961, Simon and Ando wrote a classical paper describing the convergence properties of nearly completely decomposable matrices. Basically, their work concerned a partitioned stochastic matrix e.g.
\[

A
=

[

A
1

a
m
p
;

E
1

E
2

a
m
p
;

A
2

]

A = \begin {bmatrix} A_1&E_1\ E_2&A_2\end {bmatrix}

\]
where

A
1

A_1

and

A
2

A_2

are square blocks whose entries are all larger than those of

E
1

E_1

and

E
2

E_2

respectively.

Setting
\[

A
k

=

[

A
1

(
k
)

a
m
p
;

E
1

(
k
)

E
2

(
k
)

a
m
p
;

A
2

(
k
)

]

,

A^k=\begin {bmatrix} A^{(k)}_1&E^{(k)}_1\ E^{(k)}_2&A^{(k)}_2\end {bmatrix},

\]
partitioned as in

A
A

, they observed that for some, rather short, initial sequence of iterates the main diagonal blocks tended to matrices all of whose rows are identical, e.g.

A
1

(
k
)

A^{(k)}_1

to

F
1

F_1

and

A
2

(
k
)

A^{(k)}_2

to

F
2

F_2

. After this initial sequence, subsequent iterations showed that all blocks lying in the same column as those matrices tended to a scalar multiple of them, e.g.
\[

lim

k
→
∞

A
k

=

[

α

F
1

a
m
p
;
β

F
2

α

F
1

a
m
p
;
β

F
2

]

\lim _{k\to \infty }A^k=\begin {bmatrix} \alpha F_1&\beta F_2\ \alpha F_1&\beta F_2\end {bmatrix}

\]
where

α
≥
0

\alpha \geq 0

and

β
≥
0

\beta \geq 0

.

The purpose of this paper is to give a qualitative proof of the Simon-Ando theorem.
Spectrum of positive entropy multidimensional dynamical systems with a mixed time
Authors: Kaminski B. 
Published: July 2002

It is shown that if an abelian countable group

G
=

G

1

⊕

G

2

G = G_{1}\oplus G_{2}

is such that

G

2

G_{2}

is a finite group and every aperiodic positive entropy action

Φ
\Phi

of

G

1

G_{1}

on a Lebesgue probability space

(
X
,

B

,
μ
)

(X,\mathcal {B}, \mu )

has a countable Haar spectrum in the subspace

L

0

2

(
X
,
μ
)
⊖

L

0

2

(
X
,
Π
(
Φ
)
,
μ
)

L^{2}_{0}(X,\mu )\ominus L^{2}_{0}(X,\Pi (\Phi ),\mu )

, where

Π
(
Φ
)

\Pi (\Phi )

denotes the Pinsker

σ
\sigma

- algebra of

Φ
\Phi

, then every aperiodic positive entropy action of

G
G

on

(
X
,

B

,
μ
)

(X, \mathcal {B}, \mu )

has the same property. A positive answer to the question of J.P. Thouvenot is obtained as a corollary.
The indices, the nullities and the stability of totally geodesic submanifolds in the complex quadratic hypersurfaces: 𝑄_{𝑚}=𝑆𝑂(𝑚+2)/𝑆𝑂(𝑚)×𝑆𝑂(2)
Authors: Qiang Zhao 
Published: July 2002

In the paper, the stability of totally geodesic submanfolds in the complex quadratic hypersurfaces:

Q
m

=
S
O
(
m
+
2
)

/

S
O
(
m
)
×
S
O
(
2
)
(
m
>
1
)

Q_m=SO(m+2)/SO(m)\times SO(2) (m>1)

is discussed, and the indices, the nullities and the Killing nullities of totally geodesic submanifolds in

Q
m

Q_m

are calculated.
On invariants dual to the Bass numbers
Authors: Enochs Edgar , Xu Jinzhong 
Published: July 2002

Let

R
R

be a commutative Noetherian ring, and let

M
M

be an

R
R

-module. In earlier papers by Bass (1963) and Roberts (1980) the Bass numbers

μ
i

(
p
,
M
)

\mu _i(p,M)

were defined for all primes

p
p

and all integers

i
≥
0

i\ge 0

by use of the minimal injective resolution of

M
M

. It is well known that

μ
i

(
p
,
M
)
=

dim

k
(
p
)

⁡

Ext

R
p

i

⁡
(
k
(
p
)
,

M
p

)

\mu _i(p,M)=\dim _{k(p)}\operatorname {Ext} _{R_p}^i(k(p),M_p)

. On the other hand, if

M
M

is finitely generated, the Betti numbers

β
i

(
p
,
M
)

\beta _i(p,M)

are defined by the minimal free resolution of

M
p

M_p

over the local ring

R
p

R_p

. In an earlier paper of the second author (1995), using the flat covers of modules, the invariants

π
i

(
p
,
M
)

\pi _i(p,M)

were defined by the minimal flat resolution of

M
M

over Gorenstein rings. The invariants

π
i

(
p
,
M
)

\pi _i(p,M)

were shown to be somehow dual to the Bass numbers. In this paper, we use homologies to compute these invariants and show that
\[

π
i

(
p
,
M
)
=

dim

k
(
p
)

⁡

Tor
i

R
p

⁡
(
k
(
p
)
,

Hom
R

⁡
(

R
p

,
M
)
)

\pi _i(p,M)= \dim _{k(p)}\operatorname {Tor}_i^{R_p}(k(p), \operatorname {Hom}_R(R_p,M))

\]
for any cotorsion module

M
M

. Comparing this with the computation of the Bass numbers, we see that

Ext
\operatorname {Ext}

is replaced by

Tor
\operatorname {Tor}

and the localization

M
p

M_p

is replaced by

Hom
R

⁡
(

R
p

,
M
)

\operatorname {Hom}_R(R_p,M)

(which was called the colocalization of

M
M

at the prime ideal

p
p

by Melkersson and Schenzel).
Commensurators of parabolic subgroups of Coxeter groups
Authors: Paris Luis 
Published: July 2002

Let

(
W
,
S
)

(W,S)

be a Coxeter system, and let

X
X

be a subset of

S
S

. The subgroup of

W
W

generated by

X
X

is denoted by

W

X

W_{X}

and is called a parabolic subgroup. We give the precise definition of the commensurator of a subgroup in a group. In particular, the commensurator of

W

X

W_{X}

in

W
W

is the subgroup of

w
w

in

W
W

such that

w

W

X

w

−
1

∩

W

X

wW_{X}w^{-1}\cap W_{X}

has finite index in both

W

X

W_{X}

and

w

W

X

w

−
1

wW_{X}w^{-1}

. The subgroup

W

X

W_{X}

can be decomposed in the form

W

X

=

W

X

0

⋅

W

X

∞

≃

W

X

0

×

W

X

∞

W_{X} = W_{X^{0}} \cdot W_{X^{\infty }} \simeq W_{X^{0}} \times W_{X^{\infty }}

where

W

X

0

W_{X^{0}}

is finite and all the irreducible components of

W

X

∞

W_{X^{\infty }}

are infinite. Let

Y

∞

Y^{\infty }

be the set of

t
t

in

S
S

such that

m

s
,
t

=
2

m_{s,t}=2

for all

s
∈

X

∞

s\in X^{\infty }

. We prove that the commensurator of

W

X

W_{X}

is

W

Y

∞

⋅

W

X

∞

≃

W

Y

∞

×

W

X

∞

W_{Y^{\infty }} \cdot W_{X^{\infty }} \simeq W_{Y^{\infty }} \times W_{X^{\infty }}

. In particular, the commensurator of a parabolic subgroup is a parabolic subgroup, and

W

X

W_{X}

is its own commensurator if and only if

X

0

=

Y

∞

X^{0}= Y^{\infty }

.
Invariant subspaces for polynomially hyponormal operators
Authors: Prunaru Bebe 
Published: July 2002

We show that if

T
T

is a bounded operator on a Hilbert space such that

p
(
T

)
∗

p
(
T
)
−
p
(
T
)
p
(
T

)
∗

≥
0

p(T)^*p(T)-p(T)p(T)^*\geq 0

for every polynomial

p
p

, then

T
T

has a nontrivial invariant subspace.
Norms of embeddings of logarithmic Bessel potential spaces
Authors: Edmunds David , Gurka Petr , Opic Bohumír 
Published: July 2002

Let

Ω
\Omega

be a subset of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^{n}

with finite volume, let

ν
>
0

\nu >0

and let

Φ
\Phi

be a Young function with

Φ
(
t
)
=
exp
⁡
(
exp
⁡

t

ν

)

\Phi (t) = \exp (\exp t^{\nu })

for large

t
t

. We show that the norm on the Orlicz space

L

Φ

(
Ω
)

L_ {\Phi } (\Omega )

is equivalent to

sup

1
>
q
>
∞

(
e
+
log
⁡
q

)

−
1

/

ν

‖
f

‖

L

q

(
Ω
)

.

\begin{equation*}\sup _ {1>q>\infty } (e+\log q)^{-1/\nu } \|f\|_ {L^{q}(\Omega )}. \end{equation*}

We also obtain estimates of the norms of the embeddings of certain logarithmic Bessel potential spaces in

L

q

(
Ω
)

L^{q}(\Omega )

which are sharp in their dependences on

q
q

provided that

q
q

is large enough.