bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting self-recovery in post-conflict situations: a case study of Syria
Authors: Raeburn-Gibson Taylor 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSupporting shelter self-recovery is a modality of humanitarian aid which remains ill-defined and misunderstood despite the many aid organizations that utilize this approach. Of the little existing knowledge and best practices regarding self-recovery support methods, most has been developed for natural disaster contexts, and not post-conflict. Post-conflict situations are much more complex than disasters due to a multitude of economic, social, and other factors. Further research is greatly needed to support self-recovery programs in post-conflict situations, especially due to the complexities involved. This research aims to highlight the unique complexities of post-conflict support to self-recovery and to identify ways of improving this support. This is done through a combination of a literature review and a case study of self-recovery support methods currently being employed in Syria. The results include a framework which identifies and categorizes common factors, barriers, and facilitators which influence the implementation of self-recovery support projects. The results also include a list of recommendations to improve these projects for stakeholders involved. Based on an analysis of these recommendations, five Key Areas for Action are discussed which are as follows: maximizing implementing organizations’ capacities, contextualizing risks, increasing adaptable and flexible programming, addressing the social dimension, and improving international coordination.
Overall Survival, Progression-Free Survival, and Tumor Response Benefit Supporting Initial US Food and Drug Administration Approval and Indication Extension of New Cancer Drugs, 2003-2021
Authors: Michaeli Daniel Tobias , Michaeli Thomas 
Published: August 2022

PURPOSE Clinical trial evidence is routinely evaluated for initial drug approvals, yet the benefit of indication extensions remains uncertain. This study evaluates the clinical benefit supporting new cancer drugs' initial and supplemental US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indication approval. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical trial evidence supporting each indication's FDA approval was collected from the Drugs@FDA database between 2003 and 2021. Drug, indication, and clinical trial characteristics are described. Hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and relative risk for tumor response were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Out of 124 FDA-approved drugs, 78 were approved across multiple indications. Out of 374 indications, 141 were approved as combination therapies, 255 for solid cancers, 121 with biomarkers, and 182 as first-line therapy. Approval was mostly supported by open-label (267 [71%]) phase III (238 [64%]) concurrent randomized controlled trials (248 [66%]) with a median of 331 enrolled patients (interquartile range [IQR], 123-665 patients). Across 234 randomized controlled trials with available data, drugs' HRs were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.75; I2 = 29.6%) for OS and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.60; I2 = 90.6%) for PFS, whereas tumor response was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.33 to 1.42; I2 = 80.7%). Novel pharmaceuticals increased patient survival by a median of 2.80 months (IQR, 1.97-4.60 months) for OS and 3.30 months (IQR, 1.50-5.58 months) for PFS. Initial indications more frequently received accelerated approval, supported by single-arm trials for advanced-line monotherapies, than indication extensions. Initial approvals provided a higher PFS (HR, 0.48 v 0.58; P = .002) and tumor response (relative risk, 1.76 v 1.36; P < .001). CONCLUSION New cancer drugs substantially reduce the risk of death and tumor progression, yet only marginally extend patient survival. The FDA, physicians, patients, and insurers must evaluate and decide on a drug's safety and efficacy approval, pricing, coverage, and reimbursement on an indication-specific level.
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: An unusual cause of abdominal compartment syndrome and bilateral lower limb ischemia
Authors: Aw Avelyn EY , Lee James WK , Tan Ian JW , Ng Celene WQ 
Published: August 2022

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a rare, unusual cause of proximal intestinal obstruction. It is characterized by compression of the third part of the duodenum secondary to narrowing of the anatomical space between the SMA and the aorta due to a loss of the intervening mesenteric fat pad. This case highlights the challenge in obtaining a pre-operative radiological diagnosis in an extreme case of gastric outlet obstruction in SMA syndrome, fatally complicated by ACS and bilateral lower limb ischemia. It demonstrates that SMA syndrome remains important to exclude especially in patients with rapid weight loss and cardinal symptoms of intestinal obstruction, often requiring a high index of clinical suspicion.
Clinical value of AEF in the post-processing technique of liver perfusion-like phase III enhanced CT scan in evaluating the degree of liver function impairment in patients with Hepatitis-B cirrhosis
Authors: Wang Nannan , Sun Zhilei 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: To investigate the value of CT arterial enhancement fraction (AEF) in the post-processing technique of liver perfusion-like phase III enhanced CT scan in evaluating the degree of liver function impairment in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.
Methods: The study included 85 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis admitted to the Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from May 2018 to October 2020 were selected as the experimental group, and 71 patients with liver fibrosis during the same period were selected as the control group. All patients underwent routine liver CT phase III perfusion scan, and hepatic AEF (hAEF) and liver/spleen ratio (H/S) were compared between the two groups to analyze the differential value of hAEF and H/S for liver fibrosis and hepatitis B cirrhosis. Patients were divided into the mild group (Grade-A) and the severe group (Grade-B and C) according to Child-Pugh grading. hAEF and H/S values of the two groups were compared, and the evaluation value of AEF on the degree of impairment of hepatitis B cirrhosis was analyzed.
Results: hAEF and H/S values of the experimental group were greater than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the AUCs of hAEF and H/S values for distinguishing hepatitis B and cirrhosis were 0.727 (95%CI: 0.650-0.795) and 0.791 (95%CI: 0.718-0.852), respectively. Moreover, hAEF and H/S values of the severe group were greater than those of the mild group (P<0.05), and the AUCs of hAEF and H/S values in evaluating the degree of liver function impairment were 0.746 (95%CI: 0.627-0.834) and 0.770 (95%CI: 0.705-0.928), respectively.
Conclusions: AEF boasts the value of differentiating liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and of evaluating the degree of liver function impairment in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5362
How to cite this:Wang N, Sun Z. Clinical value of AEF in the post-processing technique of liver perfusion-like phase III enhanced CT scan in evaluating the degree of liver function impairment in patients with Hepatitis-B cirrhosis. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5362
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Clinical analysis of distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in blood culture of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from 2015 to 2019
Authors: Gao Jinghua , Song Jing 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: To analyze the distribution of common pathogenic bacteria and pattern of drug resistance in the blood culture of inpatients.
Methods: This was a descriptive study. Blood culture data of inpatients of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from January 2017 to December 2020 were collected from microbiology laboratory for retrospective analysis.
Results: A total of 24,786 specimens were submitted for examination from inpatients from 2015 to 2019, and 2131 strains of clinically non-repetitive pathogenic bacteria were identified. There were 1135 G-positive cocci (53.26%), including 248 strains of Staphylococcus hominis (21.85%) and 68 strains of Streptococcus species (5.99%). Other G-positive cocci 8 strains (0.70%). G-positive cocci were most sensitive to datomycin, linezolid and vancomycin. There were 923 G-negative bacilli (43.31%), including 476 strains (51.57%) of Escherichia coli, 244 strains (26.44%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 130 strains (14.08%) of Acinetobacter baumannii. G-negative bacilli were most sensitive to amikacin. Most of the blood specimens were obtained from the ICU patients (42.98%) followed by nephrology (8.68%) and respiratory medicine (7.32%).
Conclusion: G-positive bacteria were mainly detected in the positive blood culture samples of inpatients in this hospital. Daptomycin, linezolid and vancomycin were preferred for G-positive cocci, while amikacin was highly sensitive to G-negative bacilli.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5377
How to cite this:Gao J, Song J. Clinical analysis of distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in blood culture of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from 2015 to 2019. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5377
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Clinical study on the treatment of moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis by posterior nasal nerve combined with anterior ethmoid neurotomy
Authors: Wu Rongrong , Dong Lvhua , Mao Huajie , Wang Jianjun , Ma Dijiang , Sun Jianing 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: To investigate the clinical effect of posterior nasal nerve combined with anterior ethmoid neurotomy in the treatment of moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
Methods: Thirty patients with moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis admitted to Linhai Second People’s Hospital from August 2019 to June 2020 were selected as subjects for prospective study and design. All patients underwent posterior nasal neurotomy and anterior ethmoid neurotomy simultaneously. Subsequently, the efficacy of all patients at 0.5 and one year postoperatively was compared. Their symptom score preoperatively and one year postoperatively as well as their preoperative and postoperative quality of life score were compared, and related adverse reactions were collected.
Results: The curative effect ratio was 60% after 0.5 years and 90.0% after one year, showing a significant increase (χ2=12.000, P=0.007<0.05). The symptom score at one year postoperatively (1.15±0.32) was lower than that preoperatively (2.12±0.58), with a statistically significant difference (t=11.351, P=0.000<0.05); In terms of quality of life, nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms, practical difficulties, sleep disorders, emotional disorders and other symptoms were lower than those preoperatively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Adverse reactions occurred in 4 patients (13.33%), but were eliminated after treatment.
Conclusion: Posterior nasal nerve combined with anterior ethmoid neurotomy is a safe and reliable surgical method for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis, boasting a variety of benefits such as symptomatic relief, improved quality of life, and reduced adverse reactions, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5561
How to cite this:Wu R, Dong L, Mao H, Wang J, Ma D, Sun J. Clinical study on the treatment of moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis by posterior nasal nerve combined with anterior ethmoid neurotomy. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5561
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Detection and Management of Giant Submandibular Gland Sialolith
Authors: Mohsin Syed Fareed , Riyaz Mohamed Abdulcader , Alqazlan Abdulmalik Ali 
Published: August 2022

Sialolithiasis is a disease process involving the formation of conglomerates of calcifications in the ductal system or the parenchyma of the salivary gland. The Submandibular gland is more vulnerable to form sialoliths than the other major salivary glands due to its salivary composition and anatomic factors. The management of sialolithiasis is determined by the dimensions and position of the calculi. Here, we discuss a case of a twenty eight mm submandibular sialolith managed by an intraoral approach.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5988
How to cite this:Mohsin SF, Riyaz MA, Alqazlan AA. Detection and Management of Giant Submandibular Gland Sialolith. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.5988
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A review of studies evaluating medical cannabis for the chronic pain management
Authors: Żyga Justyna 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Medical cannabis for patients with chronic pain related to various conditions has been the focus of numerous investigations. Cannabis-based medicine has been described for hundreds of years but only recently have we seen the more scientific, evidence-based approach to its use, and ongoing investigations continue to explore its potential medical benefits.
State of knowledge: As the results of studies assessing medical cannabis in pain alleviate seem promising, only weak recommendations are available. Important factors to consider in the development of guidelines include optimal doses, routes of administration and used types of cannabinoids. In discussed studies no serious adverse events were reported and treatment was well tolerated by participants.
Conclusions: Evidence suggests that cannabis-based medicine can be safe and effective in pain relief. Further high-quality randomised clinical trial studies are needed. It is important to assess the safety profile of each individual cannabinoid formulation and define the population that can benefit from cannabis therapy for establishment of prospective recommendations and guidelines.
Public Speaking Aversion
Authors: Buser Thomas , Yuan Huaiping 
Published: August 2022

Fear of public speaking is very common, but we know little about its implications for individuals and organizations. We establish public speaking aversion as an economically relevant preference using three steps. First, we use laboratory and classroom experiments to show that preferences for speaking in public vary strongly across individuals with many participants willing to give up significant amounts of money to avoid giving a short presentation in front of an audience. Second, we introduce two self-reported items to elicit preferences for speaking in public through surveys. We show that these items are strongly related to choices in the incentivized laboratory experiment and that public speaking aversion is distinct from established traits and preferences, including extraversion. Third, we elicit these items in a survey of business and economics students and show that public speaking aversion predicts career expectations. Public speaking–averse individuals avoid careers in management consulting and are more attracted to data analyst and back office careers. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [Grant 850590]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4500 .
Effect of Thermomechanical Densification Treatment on Abrasion Resistance of Five US Hardwoods
Authors: Snow Dusty , Khademibami Laya , Sherrington Alan , Shmulsky Rubin , Montague Iris , Ross Robert J. , Wang Xiping 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of thermomechanical densification treatment on the abrasion resistance of five hardwood species were investigated in this study. The species tested include ash (Fraxinus sp.), hickory (Carya sp.), red oak (Quercus sp.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and white oak (Quercus sp.). The abrasion test was performed according to the American Society of Testing and Materials standards. Ten specimens from each species were initially tested for abrasion resistance, and those specimens were then put through a thermomechanical densification process. The densification process consisted of bringing the heated platen up to a temperature of 176°C (350°F) on one surface and pressing the specimens at 6.9 MPa (1,000 Psi) for a period of 5 minutes. The densified specimens were then subject to the same abrasion testing procedure. All data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the procedure of general linear mixed models. The results of this study indicated that densified hickory had the highest abrasion resistance among the five hardwood species tested.
Efficacy of Ethanedinitrile against Pinewood Nematode in Woodchips under Field Conditions
Authors: Stevens Mary C. , Ye Weimin , Thalavaisundaram Swaminathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As the ban on methyl bromide widens, the need for an effective phytosanitary fumigant alternative grows. Currently available alternatives, phosphine and sulfuryl fluoride, lack efficacy against the pinewood nematode. Ethanedinitrile is a highly efficacious fumigant with chemical properties similar to methyl bromide. Ethanedinitrile was tested against pinewood nematodes in a large-scale field setting with southern yellow pine wood chips at dose rates of 75 and 120 g/m3 for 24 hours. All treatments resulted in complete control of pinewood nematodes whereas a nontreated control confirmed the presence of live nematodes. These preliminary results confirm the efficacy of ethanedinitrile against pinewood nematodes in pine wood chips under field conditions.
Input From the Grassroots Level — Reflecting Challenges and Problems for VET Professionals in Germany
Authors: Anselmann Sebastian , Harm Stefan , Faßhauer Uwe 
Published: August 2022

Context: Often, vocational education and training (VET) professionals are not systematically prepared for their demanding, mostly diverse and complex tasks. Professional development can be understood as an enlargement of competencies that arise as opportunities in daily work. This study, embedded in a funded research project, focuses on VET professionals and their professional development. The research question is as follows: What challenges and problems regarding their professional development, as well as possible solutions, are described by training professionals in VET in Germany? Approach: The goal of this study is to discover what challenges VET professionals face and how they cope with them. Accordingly, this research was formalised with the following components: (A) An explorative study with group discussions (N = 53 participants in six groups) and (B) result validation with German VET experts (N = 10). The data were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Using a theory-based category system, the group discussion results were summarised in 12 systematic, organisational- and individual-level statements. The statements indicated that despite the necessity of formal professional development in the area of further training, most VET professionals must still be able to profit from offers at or below the German Qualification Framework (DQR) level 5. Many VET professionals ultimately sought visible recognition of their activities or personal commitment with regard to pedagogical and company-economic functions. The 10 VET experts also evaluated the 12 statements as important. Conclusion: The results of this study show that there is a huge need for qualification and learning opportunities for VET professionals. The demand is mostly for modern, tried-and-tested concepts and central themes, such as action and competency orientation, practice and transfer orientation, individual and structural reflection, media competency and learning support in all formats and at all levels.
Sensitivity and specificity of microRNA-204, CA125, and CA19.9 as biomarkers for diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Ali Fahmy T. , Soliman Reham M. , Hassan Nahla S. , Ibrahim Ahmed M. , El-Gizawy Mayada M. , Mandoh Abd Allah Y. , Ibrahim Ehab A. 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundOvarian cancer is usually detected at later stages and no effective screening approach, has been identified. Therefore, sensitive and specific biomarkers for detecting ovarian cancer are urgently needed.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the efficacy of six biomarkers for the early clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer.Subjects & methodsThe study included 120 patients (benign ovarian tumors and early and late ovarian carcinoma) and 30 control healthy volunteers. MiRNA-204, CA125, CA19.9, hepcidin, microfibril-associated glycoprotein 2, and ferroportin levels were determined in all patients and control volunteers.ResultsThe combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for miRNA-204, CA125, and CA19.9 were 0.938, 1.000, and 0.998 for benign tumors and early and late ovarian carcinomas, respectively. The sensitivities of miRNA-204, CA125, and CA19.9 were 98.04%, 100.00%, and 96.19% and the specificities were 58.33%, 62.50%, and 57.78%, respectively.ConclusionThe positive predictivity of miRNA-204, CA125, and CA19.9 for ovarian cancer is high (59.57%, 58.24%, and 61.67%, respectively). Thus, the combination of these three biomarkers is a good diagnostic tool for ovarian cancer.