bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Being Impervious to the Discreet Charms of M. K. Gandhi
Authors: Suhrud Tridip 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
At 6.30 a.m. on 12 March 1930, M. K. Gandhi, accompanied by seventy-eight marchers, left the Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi, a coastal village in South Gujarat. He did not ever return to live in the ashram that he had created and nurtured since 1917. It is evident that the self-imposed exile applied not only to the Ashram but also increasingly to the city of Ahmedabad and Gujarat itself. In the remaining eighteen years of his life, Gandhi was to spend 301 days in Gujarat. His last visit to Ahmedabad was on 2 November 1936. His exile from Ahmedabad is reminiscent of a tap [penance]. He did not visit Gujarat after January 1942. If we understand something of this obvious turning away from Gujarat on the part of Gandhi, we might be able to capture something of the relationship that present-day Gujarat has with him. This chapter attempts in very broad strokes to capture the fraught cultural relationship that Gujarat shared with Gandhi—in his times and in ours.
Advocate Gandhi
Authors: DiSalvo Charles R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Society subjects public figures to scrutiny—usually contemporaneously. Some, like Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King, are also subject to withering posthumous criticism. Now, more than seventy years after his death, criticisms of Mohandas Gandhi’s work and person are arising with unusual force. These charges, including the charge of racism, disturb the picture the world has of Gandhi. This chapter sketches out a portrait of the Gandhi who is charged with racism and the position in society that he occupies. It offers a profile of the Gandhi who emerges after these attacks and suggests the position in society that the post-criticism Gandhi should occupy.
Patterns of Prime-Ministerial Performance
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter explores prime-ministerial performance across the eleven countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 1990 and 2018. The analysis of the aggregated score of prime-ministerial performance shows substantial variation within countries and moderate variation across countries. However, there is no evidence of an increase in performance over time. It furthermore shows that performance in settling cabinet conflicts, shaping government policies, and securing the support of the parliamentary majority and the prime minister’s own party is highly correlated; the prime minister’s success in crisis management and securing national interests at the international level operates independently of the other sub-dimensions of prime-ministerial performance. Overall, these findings cast doubt on the impression of prime ministers in the region as generally weak.
Introduction
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter lays out the historical conditions that produced the numberiness of nineteenth-century writing, such as the institution of the census and the rise of statistics and of democratic liberal individualism. It also begins to uncover more fundamental and ancient links between numbers and literature. The chapter then demonstrates the methods of the book and their potential payoff by way of a trio of brief readings of a specific, highly charged figure: three. Leaning into this number’s presence in Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, D. G. Rossetti’s “The Woodspurge,” and Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre yields insights into how these very different works of literature make their meanings. The number three juggles between older and newer forms of signification—between mystical and factual realms—and, in the process, heralds the tensions between past and present.
Plotting Age in Trollope
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Anthony Trollope habitually uses integers to describe his characters’ ages. “X was now Y years of age” is a favorite locution, and all Trollope’s novels measure the gap between adjacent nows by watching characters grow older. But while Trollope’s numbers describe his characters, they also bear heavily on his form of plotting. Narrative generally depends on keeping track of numbers, but not all genres of narrative count in the same ways. Numbers also structure more plot-driven fictions (detective and sensation fictions), and this chapter considers how novelists working in these genres deploy counts of years. But Trollope’s age-related numbers show what happens when plot is not so much subordinated to but rather embodied in character. A coda moves from Count Fosco of Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White to Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula to see how numbers describe age in a novel of the Un-Dead.
The impact of ABO blood group on the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in a tertiary-care hospital
Authors: Efobi Chilota Chibuife , Obi Emeka Stanley , Faniyi Oluwatobi , Offiah Christian Elochukwu , Okam Onyinyechi Victoria , Ndubuisi Onyinyechukwu Joyce , Obidiegwu Jonathan Izuchukwu , Chinonso Emezue Favour , Umeh Okechukwu Elijah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Transfusion-transmitted infections are a serious complication of blood transfusion. Devising a means of detecting at-risk blood donors may be beneficial in low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. We sought to determine the impact of ABO blood group on the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections.

Methods
A retrospective observational study was carried out at the blood bank of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria using data from blood donors. Information retrieved about donors included sex; blood group; and results of HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory screening results. Microsoft Excel was used to sort the data and, the data analysis was conducted using R, version 4.3.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). P &lt; .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
A total of 2356 donor records were reviewed; the majority of these donors were male. The prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, and venereal diseases in the study population was 0.5%, 3.3%, 1.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. There was a possible increased risk of HCV among blood group B donors (P &lt; .02799).

Conclusions
Blood group B donors were found to have a higher risk of contracting HCV infection than other donors. This finding could give more insights on donor selection and screening. Further studies that are more broadly based are required to validate our findings.
Performance analysis of the multistream microchannel heat exchangers coupled with ortho–para hydrogen conversion
Authors: Shen Yajie , Zhao Wenjing , Dong Wenping , He Guangli , Jin Tao 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To study the flow, heat transfer, and reaction performance of the microchannel multistream heat exchangers coupled with ortho–para hydrogen conversion, this work develops a one-dimensional model of heat exchanger, while considering the flow arrangement inside heat exchanger. The model reveals the temperature and pressure distributions across various streams in the exchanger and the changes in the concentration of para-hydrogen in the feed stream. The results show that the thermal load from ortho–para hydrogen conversion accounts for about one-third of the total thermal load of feed hydrogen. Increasing the feed hydrogen pressure is beneficial to reducing the heat transfer temperature difference, which can optimize heat transfer and reaction performance. When the temperature difference is reduced by 1.86 K, the outlet temperature decreases from 85.37 to 82.06 K, and para hydrogen concentration increases from 24.99% to 39.77%. Meanwhile, a larger heat transfer area is required. Proper allocation of thermal loads among the multiple cold streams is crucial to prevent performance deterioration. Further, simply increasing the reaction rate has a limited effect on performance, and the performance will be improved 83.45% while maintaining the heat exchanger area unchanged. This work provides a reference for designing multistream heat exchangers and lays the groundwork for continuous ortho–para hydrogen conversion in hydrogen liquefaction process simulations.
Asymmetric Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions: New Insights from Seven South Asian Countries
Authors: Mahapatra Bamadev , Jena Diptimayee 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The study examines the asymmetric effects of renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in seven South Asian nations. By employing data from 1990 to 2019, the study utilised a non-linear panel autoregressive distributed lag modelling framework to identify an asymmetric relationship between carbon emissions and shocks (positive and negative) in renewable energy consumption. The study revealed that there exists an asymmetric short- and long-term impact of shocks in renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in South Asian economies. Further, the study reported that in South Asian economies, a 1% rise in positive shocks in renewable energy consumption results in a 1.86% reduction in carbon emissions in the long term and a 1.50% reduction in the short term. Conversely, a 1% increase in negative shocks in renewable energy consumption leads to a 0.55% increase in carbon emissions in the long term and a 2.40% increase in the short term. Furthermore, the findings of the study suggest a few policy implications for South Asian countries, stressing the importance of promoting renewable energy consumption to achieve sustained carbon emissions reductions and to lessen the impact of negative shocks on emissions over both short and long terms.
Laboratory Monitoring in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals
Authors: Nolan Brendan J , Cheung Ada S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Increasing numbers of transgender and gender-diverse individuals are seeking initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy. This aligns an individual's physical characteristics with their gender identity and improves psychological outcomes. Physical changes, including changes to muscle mass and body fat redistribution, can alter sex-specific laboratory reference ranges.

Content
We review the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on laboratory parameters with sex-specific reference ranges, with a focus on hemoglobin/hematocrit, renal function, cardiac biomarkers, and prostate-specific antigen.

Summary
Gender-affirming hormone therapy results in changes in laboratory parameters with sex-specific reference ranges. For individuals established on gender-affirming hormone therapy, reference ranges that align with an individual's gender identity should be used for hemoglobin/hematocrit, serum creatinine, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide. Clinicians should interpret these biomarkers according to the reference range that aligns with one's affirmed gender.
Attack-Oblivious Node Protection Strategy for survivable routing in airborne tactical networks under uncertainty
Authors: Pan Ying , Lyu Na 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Airborne tactical networks are complex networks that connect various aircraft platforms via datalink systems. In the fierce battlefield, airborne tactical networks are under the risk of hostile node attack, causing route failures and packet losses. Reliable communication in airborne tactical networks is thus calling for an efficient node protection scheme design for routing strategies. Due to the inherent uncertainty of war, the enemy’s node attack is unpredictable, making it intractable to select the optimal node set to deploy defense countermeasures under limited resource. To hedge against such uncertainty, we propose an Attack-Oblivious Node Protection Strategy (AONPS) for survivable routing in airborne tactical networks. Through a crafty-designed randomized algorithm, AONPS can select an appropriate node set to protect. Both theoretical derivation and simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed AONPS can significantly enhance routing survival rate without accurate knowledge of the targeted attack nodes of the enemy, and achieve performance comparable to that of the ideal node protection strategy.
Radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Jorissen Thibaud , Fierens Liselotte , Bosmans Hilde , Verstockt Bram , Sabino João , Vermeire Séverine , Vanbeckevoort Dirk , Ferrante Marc 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background and Aims
Radiological imaging is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). With increasing awareness of radiation risks, imaging doses should be “as low as reasonably achievable,” with a risk level that one should try to stay underneath 75 mSv. However, real-world data on cumulative exposure are limited. We retrospectively analyzed the radiation exposure of patients with IBD in a Belgian tertiary referral center.

Methods
Radiation exposure examinations were reviewed using the electronic health records. Annual (AED) and cumulative effective dose (CED) were calculated. A sub-analysis of patients diagnosed after January 1, 2007 was performed, as detailed radiation doses were maintained prospectively from that date onwards.

Results
In total, 4333 IBD patients (2753 Crohn’s disease [CD], 1512 ulcerative colitis [UC]) were included. The median (Interquartile range [IQR]) AED was 0.47 (0.02-1.67) mSv/year, and higher in CD than in UC (0.59 [0.05-1.79] vs 0.28 [0.01-1.44] mSv/year, P = .855). CED ≥ 75 mSv was reached in 5.5% of patients after a median [IQR] of 24 [13-34] years of follow-up. Sub-analysis of 1754 patients diagnosed from 2007 showed a median (IQR) AED of 0.74 (0.02-2.76) mSv/year, again higher for CD than UC (1.16 [0.02-3.42] vs 0.29 [0.01-2.28] mSv/year, P = .189). Here, 3.3% reached a CED ≥ 75 mSv after a median (IQR) of 9 [6-12] years of follow-up. The most common reasons for radiation exposure were comorbidities like malignancy.

Conclusions
Up to 5.5% of IBD patients reached a CED ≥ 75 mSv. While most imaging decisions were deemed appropriate, caution against excessive radiation remains crucial.
Efficacy of a medicated feed to treat parasites of wild Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)
Authors: Henry Cassandra , Brym Matthew Z , Leach Jeremiah , Kendall Ronald J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Parasites are ubiquitous in wildlife populations and can cause reduced fecundity and survival in several species, as well as influence cyclic population fluctuations. Anthelmintic treatment has been found to mitigate these negative effects of parasites in many wild populations. It is suspected that the eyeworm Oxyspirura petrowi and caecal worm Aulonocephalus pennula are negatively affecting northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) populations in semiarid ecoregions of Texas. However, it is difficult to determine the effect of parasites on a population without experimentally reducing the parasite. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of an anthelmintic medicated feed at reducing parasite burden in wild bobwhite as part of a series of studies for United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) registration. Two pilot studies found that the medicated feed had a 71.5% and 81.7% efficacy against caecal worms and eyeworms, respectively, and significantly reduce total parasite burdens (p &lt; .05). For the final efficacy study, control or medicated feed was randomly assigned to 12 feeding systems on a private ranch and administered for 21 consecutive days to determine the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment of eyeworms and caecal worms in bobwhite. Up to five bobwhite were collected and assessed for parasite abundance from each feeding system following the 21-day treatment to assess efficacy. There was a significant difference for caecal worms between treated and control bobwhite (p &lt; .0001), with a 99.5% efficacy. This demonstrates that the medicated feed is a viable method for reducing parasites in wild bobwhite and could be used to elucidate the impacts of parasites on bobwhite populations.
Comparative glucocorticoid receptor agonism: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo and identification of potential biomarkers for synthetic glucocorticoid exposure
Authors: Cole Alexander R , Blackwell Brett R , Cavallin Jenna E , Collins Jacob E , Kittelson Ashley R , Shmaitelly Yesmeena M , Langan Laura M , Villeneuve Daniel L , Brooks Bryan W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is present in almost every vertebrate cell and is utilized in many biological processes. Despite an abundance of mammalian data, the structural conservation of the receptor and cross-species susceptibility, particularly for aquatic species, has not been well defined. Efforts to reduce, refine, and/or replace animal testing have increased, driving the impetus to advance development of new approach methodologies (NAMs). Here we used in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to elucidate a greater understanding of receptor-mediated effects of synthetic glucocorticoid exposure in teleost fish. Evolutionary conservation of amino acid residues critical for transcriptional activation was confirmed in silico using sequence alignment to predict across species susceptibility. Subsequent in vitro assays using zebrafish and human GR provided evidence of physiological congruence of GR agonism. Finally, adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed in vivo to the synthetic glucocorticoids, dexamethasone (0.04, 400, 4,000 µg/L) and beclomethasone dipropionate (130 µg/L), and GR agonism confirmed via digital polymerase chain reaction; in addition, EcoToxChip analyses identified potential mRNA biomarkers following glucocorticoid exposure. These findings support the use of NAMs to potentially reduce multispecies in vivo experimentation while providing empirical evidence that expands the taxonomic domain of applicability for the GR agonism molecular initiating event within the broader GR agonism adverse outcome pathway network.
Potential for biological effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Great Lakes tributaries and associations with land cover and wastewater effluent
Authors: Corsi Steven R , Loken Luke C , Ankley Gerald T , Alvarez David A , Villeneuve Daniel L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Surface water concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and potential for resulting biological effects were estimated in a study using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) from 60 tributary sites within 20 watersheds in the Great Lakes Basin in 2018. Sites represented a range of urban to agricultural, forested, and wetland land uses and included a gradient of wastewater treatment effluent from zero to 44% of annual streamflow. Several sites also had airport influence. Twenty-one of 32 targeted PFAS compounds were detected in POCIS samplers, of which, 16 had available POCIS sampling rates enabling time-weighted water concentration estimates and comparison with available effects data. Estimated water concentrations were compared with published water quality guidelines (available for nine PFAS), effect concentrations reported in primary literature within the ECOTOX Knowledgebase for apical endpoints (10 PFAS) and non-apical endpoints (10 PFAS), and in vitro high-throughput screening data from ToxCast (14 PFAS). Based on a conservative evaluation approach that was also weighted for persistence and limitations in available toxicological information, five individual PFAS, including Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, and Perfluorononanoic acid were identified as warranting additional investigation. Possible increased potency of PFAS mixtures over individual chemical effects, estimated by summation of exposure-activity ratios (EARs) for chemicals that influence common ToxCast assays and specified gene targets, indicated that EAR values increased up to 5.6-fold over individual chemicals with up to 14 chemicals contributing to mixture effect predictions. Potential for biological effects from PFAS, as estimated by summed exposure-activity ratios, were correlated with urban land use and the proportion of streamflow contributed by wastewater effluent.
Comparison of model-averaging and single-distribution approaches to estimating species sensitivity distributions and hazardous concentrations for 5% of species
Authors: Iwasaki Yuichi , Yanagihara Miina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Estimation of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and hazardous concentrations for 5% of species (HC5s) by fitting a statistical distribution to toxicity data for multiple species is essential in ecological risk assessment of chemicals. Given the challenge of selecting the appropriate statistical distribution in SSD estimation, a model-averaging approach that involves fitting multiple statistical distributions and using weighted estimates to derive HC5s is appealing. However, the effectiveness of this approach compared with SSDs based on a single statistical distribution (i.e., single-distribution approach) has not been thoroughly examined. We aimed to compare the model-averaging approach with the single-distribution approach based on log-normal, log-logistic, Burr type III, Weibull, and gamma distributions to estimate HC5s. For this comparison, we selected 35 chemicals with available toxicity data for more than 50 species, enabling the direct calculation of reference HC5 values from the 5th percentiles of the toxicity distributions. For each chemical, we examined the deviations between the reference HC5 value and HC5 estimates derived from SSDs based on toxicity data for 5–15 species subsampled from the complete dataset using model-averaging and single-distribution approaches. This subsampling simulated the typical limitations of available toxicity data. The deviations observed with the model-averaging approach were comparable with those from the single-distribution approach based on the log-normal, log-logistic, and Burr type III distributions. Although use of specific distributions often resulted in overly conservative HC5 or HC1 estimates, our results suggest that the precision of HC5/HC1 estimates would not substantially differ between the model-averaging approach and the single-distribution approach based on log-normal and log-logistic distributions. We further discuss the circumstances under which model-averaging and single-distribution approaches are better suited for estimating HC5s.
Methylmercury sorption to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and relevance to environmental exposure
Authors: Sizmur Tom , Frost Harrison , Felipe-Sotelo Monica , Bond Tom , Mallory Mark L , O’Driscoll Nelson J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Considerable amounts of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastic fibers are released into the environment by the laundering of polyester clothing. Microplastic fibers can be ingested by organisms in the environment. Therefore, it has been suggested that microplastic fibers act as vectors for adsorbed contaminants, which are subsequently desorbed in the gut of the organism. We undertook sorption isotherm experiments at pH 6, 7, and 8 to quantify the sorption of methylmercury (MeHg) to PET fibers. Sorption isotherms were fit to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller models. Sorption decreased with increasing pH, which can be explained by physisorption on the negatively charged PET surfaces and the greater presence of neutral or negatively charged MeHg species at higher pH. We used the parameters obtained by the model fits to predict the likely concentration of MeHg on PET microplastic fibers in aquatic ecosystems with environmentally realistic MeHg concentrations. We calculated MeHg concentrations on PET microplastic fibers to be four orders of magnitude lower than previously observed concentrations of MeHg in seston (suspended particles comprising algae and bacteria) at the base of the aquatic food web. The results indicate that the presence of PET microplastic fibers in the environment do not elevate the MeHg exposure to organisms that ingest fibers in the environment.