bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Control of Flower Bud Dormancy in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). II. Levels of Abscisic Acid and its Water Soluble Complex1
Authors: Mielke E. A. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Levels of both free abscisic acid (ABA) and its soluble complex, assumed to be the l’-glucose ester (“bound” ABA), were measured by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography in the scales and floral primordia of sour cherry. On a per bud basis, more ABA was found in the scales than in the primordia, although the concentration was greater in the primordia. Concentrations of bound ABA were greater than those of free ABA. The concentration of free ABA changed more dramatically in the primordia than in the scales, rising rapidly in the fall, reaching a maximum in Nov. or Dec., then declining rapidly (ca. 4 wk) to or below the original level. The autumn increase was coincident, not with the onset of dormancy, but with the onset of leaf abscission, maximum levels occurring when about 90 to 95% of the leaves had abscised. In addition, free ABA returned to its original level several weeks prior to the termination of rest. Levels of bound ABA paralleled those of free ABA, but declined more slowly during early winter.
Cherry Fruit Abscission: A Role for Ethylene in Mechanically Induced Abscission of Immature Fruits1
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mechanical injury to the seed of immature sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency) fruit caused an immediate and marked increase in ethylene evolution followed by abscission of the fruit at the peduncle: pedicel zone. Ethylene evolution was induced when the seed, but not the pericarp, was injured. The magnitude of ethylene evolution was related to stage of fruit development at time of injury, and was most pronounced when the nucellus was the dominant tissue in the seed. Ethephon (500 and 1000 ppm) also caused immature fruits to abscise and abscission was preceded by embryo abortion. The site of ethephon-induced fruit separation differed depending on stage of fruit development at time of treatment. Fruit separation occurred at the peduncle:pedicel abscission zone when immature fruits were treated, and at the pedicel fruit zone when mature fruits were treated. The role of ethylene in the abscission of immature sour cherry fruit is discussed.
Developmental Anatomy of Interlocular Cavitation in Snap Beans Phaseofus vufgaris L.1
Authors: Lee Jung M. , Read Paul E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Developmental anatomy of interlocular cavitation (IC), defined as the formation of cavities in soft parenchymatous endocarp cells between seed locules4, was studied in pods of several snap bean cultivars grown under various cultural and environmental conditions during the years 1969–1972. IC occurred in pods from the stages of rapid pod elongation (6–10 days after anthesis) until the time of pod senescence. Unbalanced swelling of endocarp tissues combined with decreased periclinal cell division and rapid cell elongation are concluded to be the causes of IC. In the most commonly observed form, IC also includes the separation of fused endodermal cells. Pod malformation is greater in pods with severe IC and such pods exhibited more quality defects after processing. Sequential development of this developmental and physiological disorder is illustrated.
The Water Conductivity of Defective Graft Unions in Pome and Stone Fruits1
Authors: Gur A. , Blum A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using heat pulses the apparent velocity of the transpiration stream was measured in apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) grafted on French seedlings (M. baccata Desf.), and several cultivars of peach (Prunus persica Sieb. and Zucc.) and Japanese plum (Prunus triflora Roxb.) grafted on almond (Prunus amvgdalus Batsch.) rootstock. The trees varied in compatibility with their respective rootstocks, as established by visual observation and gross morphology of the zone of union. Velocity of the transpiration stream was measured in 3 regions of each tree: the rootstock stem, the zone of union, and the scion stem. In definitely defective unions velocity of the transpiration stream in the zone of union exceeded that in both rootstock and scion. The possible use of this method as a tool for identifying poor graft unions in orchards is evaluated.
Seasonal Nutrient Levels and Peach/Plum Graft Incompatibility1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Muraoka Tom 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Lovell’ peach seedlings (Prunus persica Batsch.) and ‘Marianna 2624’ plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh. × P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr.) were spring budded with ‘Fay Elberta’ peach or ‘Marianna 2624’. ‘Fay Elberta’/‘Marianna 2624’ was the only incompatible graft combination and foliar symptoms of ill-health appeared in early August. Levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in leaves and bark of the peach/plum trees before incompatibility symptoms developed were similar to those of compatible combinations. The concentration of foliar nutrients, however, was relatively low in trees with severe incompatibility symptoms. Foliar N and K levels fluctuated concurrently with the onset of decline symptoms on peach/plum trees. The concentrations of K, Mg, and Ca declined during the season in the scion bark of the incompatible combination but remained relatively unchanged in the rootstock bark. Among the 4 graft combinations, the level of P in the scion bark was greatest in peach/plum trees and its distribution profile down the bark was similar to that of inositol; both accumulated to the highest level immediately above the incompatible union.
Calcium Concentration of ‘Spartan’ Apple in Relation to Amount of Senescent Breakdown in Individual Fruits1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Drought B. G. , McDougald J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concentration of Ca in the flesh was closely related to the amount of breakdown in individual apples in 5 lots of ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) collected over 2 years. Correlation coefficients of 0.9 were obtained using log Ca and linear breakdown or log Ca and log breakdown. The amount of breakdown calculated for the 5 lots by the 2 equations was 100 percent at 70 ppm Ca, from 46 to 100 percent at 100 ppm Ca, from 3 to 12 percent at 150 ppm Ca and less than 2 percent at 200 ppm.
Variations in Levels of Four Natural Growth Regulators During Growth and Flowering of ‘Gloria’ Azalea1
Authors: Sydnor T. Davis , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three gibberellins; GA3, GA4, GA7; and abscisic acid (ABA) from the shoot tips of greenhouse grown ‘Gloria’ azaleas, Rhododendron sp.L., were tentatively identified using column chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and Rumex leaf senesence bioassay. Growth regulators were quantitatively estimated biweekly from 6 weeks after shoot tip removal until anthesis.
GA3 levels remained nominal for the normal commercial treatment until after plants were returned to 19°C from the 9° cooler. Endogenous GA3 levels then peaked at 0.6 μg/bud at anthesis. GA4 levels remained fairly constant for all treatments and times at 0.1 μg/bud. GA7 levels remained fairly constant below 2 μg/bud except in the cold-treated plants when endogenous GA7 levels peaked at 0.6 μg/bud at the time that plants were removed from the cooler.
ABA levels were similar until 24 wks. from pinch when the levels dropped to undetectable levels in cold-treated plants and increased in treatments not given a cold treatment by peaking at 0.1 μg/bud at 28 wks. from pinch.
Of the commercially available gibberellins that were monitored, GA7 seemed to be the best treatment for chemically overcoming flower bud dormancy in azalea.
Breeding Progress in Tomato with Pedigree Selection and Single Seed Descent1
Authors: Casali Vicente W. D. , Tigchelaar E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Estimation of breeding progress in 9 tomato populations subject to 4 generations of pedigree selection revealed significant generation differences for 5 of 12 variables measured. Cross effects were of greater magnitude than generation effects with response to pedigree selection measurable only for highly heritable characters.
Mean value of lines derived from 2 or 3 generations of pedigree selection followed by single seed descent (SSD) to F6 or F7 were similar to their corresponding pedigree lines and approximately 50% of SSD lines derived following selection to F4 surpassed pedigree lines in weighted value. Early generation pedigree selection to F4 followed by selection among F6 SSD derived lines appears to be the most rapid and effective means of sampling variability in segregating populations.
Effect of Scion and Rootstock on Mineral Composition of Mandarin-type Citrus Leaves1
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Marked differences were found in the mineral composition of leaves from 8 closely related scions grown on 6 different rootstocks for 7 years. The scions were ‘Owari’ Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco): ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata); ‘Robinson’, ‘Bower’, ‘Nova’, ‘6-9-10’ and ‘6-6-21’ hybrids of ‘Clementine’ tangerine × ‘Orlando’ (C. reticulata × (C. paradisi × C. reticulata)); and ‘Page’ hybrid of ’Minneola’ tangelo × ‘Clementine’ ((C. paradisi × C. reticulata) × C. reticulata). The rootstocks were rough lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.); ‘Milam’, rough lemon hyb.?; sour orange (C. aurantium L.); ‘Rusk’ citrange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); ‘Carrizo’ citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis); and ‘Orlando, tangelo. The differences caused by scion or rootstock were of about the same magnitude.
Effect of Tree Density on the First Ten Years of Growth and Production of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , McCarty C. D. , Hench K. W. , Lewis L. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High density planting of tree crops has the potential of increasing yield and income during the early years of an orchard’s life. Eleven different planting densities of citrus were studied over a 10-year period to determine the effect of tree spacing on yield, tree growth, root distribution, nutrition, and economic factors involved. Extremely close plantings soon crowded to the point where they were unmanageable and tree removal became necessary. Pruning was needed to maintain a workable orchard in more moderatley spaced plots.
Influence of Plant Spacing on Yield of Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Brightwell W. T. , Austin M. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants set 6.1, 6.4 and 6.7 m apart in each of 3.0-, 3.7- and 4.3-m rows of the muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia, Michx., cv. Hunt, were compared for 25 years. The highest plant density, 477 plants/ha, gave the greatest yield per m2 almost consistently for 25 years. The highest yields per plant were obtained from the wider in-the-row spacings. Alternate bearing was rather consistent from 1949 through 1963, but irregular thereafter.
Phenotypic Analysis of Progenies of Artificial and Natural Amphiploid Cultivars of New Guinea and Indonesian Species of Impatiens L.1
Authors: Arisumi Toru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phenotypic analysis of selfed and crossed progenies of colchicine induced and natural amphiploid cultivars of New Guinea and Indonesian Impatiens showed that the amphiploids were comparable to inbreds; i.e., seedlings within progenies were identical in nearly all of the floral, foliage, and plant characteristics studied. Most frequent Variation occured in patterns and intensity of flower colors.
Growth and Nutrient Response of Pecan Seedlings, Carya illinoensis Koch, to Nitrogen Levels in Sand Culture1,2,3
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Baker Donald H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of pecan seedlings in sand culture under various N levels (0 to 1260 ppm) induced N deficiency, normal growth, and N toxicity. Deficiency symptoms and N concentration of leaflets suggest N translocation does not occur from older to younger tissues or is minimal and that early growth is dependent on stored reserves of N. When growth exceeded N reserves, a “Steenbjerg effect” occurred, i.e., N concentration in leaflets decreased as growth increased. The symptom of N toxicity was an overall suppression of tree growth. Leaflet concentration of N was the best indicator of the N status of the tree; but, due to a diminishing return effect of N uptake to N supply, the N ranges associated with cardinal growth points were relatively narrow. Nitrogen application affected K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentration in the leaflet.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. IV. Extractable Auxin in the Seed and Pericarp1
Authors: Hopping Murray E. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Endogenous acidic and neutral growth-promoting substances were extracted from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) seed and pericarp tissues, separated by ascending paper chromatography and detected by the Avena first internode bioassay. Although correlations were established between the levels of seed auxin and concomitant development of the nucellus and integuments and the development of the endosperm and embryo, no correlation was found between the levels of seed and pericarp auxin or between the level of pericarp auxin and concomitant fruit development.
Chimeral Structure of Red Sports of ‘Northern Spy’ Apple1
Authors: Pratt Charlotte , Way Roger D. , Einset John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Blushed-fruited sports of striped ‘Northern Spy’ apple (Malus pumila Mill.) are thought to have a mutation for this color pattern in layers I and II of the apical meristem. 1) Increased anthocyanin occurred in the epidermis (derived from L I) and in the hypodermis and outer flesh cells (derived from L II) of mature fruits of 5 sports. 2) One sport crossed with a yellow cultivar produced more blushed- than striped-fruited progeny, indicating that gene(s) for blush were in L II. 3) Three sports consistently produced blushed fruits in the orchard or following gamma irradiation of 3000–5000 rads applied to dormant buds, suggesting that the mutation was in at least the 2 outer layers. Furrowed-fruit mutants were the result of unequal cell size and unsymmetrical growth of the flesh. In 2 of 11 such mutants, anthocyanin was not formed in the depressed area, where the outer cells degenerated.
Flowering Date of Onion Bulbs as Affected by Light and Temperature Treatments during Storage1
Authors: DeMille Brent , Vest Grant 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs exposed to light during all or a half of a 6-month storage period produced plants that flowered 2 to 4 days earlier than those kept in continuous dark. Bulb storage at 7°C resulted in earlier flowering than did a temperature regime of 2° the first half and 7°C the last half of the storage period.
Content of Thiocyanate Goiterogen in Radishes as Related to Nutrient Concentration and Sulfur Nutrition1
Authors: Bible B. , Chong Calvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content was determined in root and foliage of ‘Burpee White’ and ‘French Breakfast’ radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) grown hydroponically in modified Hoagland’s solution at 2 concentrations (½ × and 2×) and sulfate at 3 levels (1, 4, and 8 meq/liter). Root and foliage of both cultivars grown in ½ × solution contained more SCN− than tissues from plants grown in 2 × solution. Although SCN− content of ‘Burpee White’ roots increased linearly with sulfate level in ½ × solution, SCN− content in corresponding ‘French Breakfast’ roots and in roots of both cultivars grown in 2× solution was not significantly affected by sulfur nutrition. Nutrient concentration altered the synthesis or accumulation of thiocyanate-yielding compounds without affecting growth. Results indicate that the enforcement of regulations governing permissable amounts of toxicants, such as SCN−, in new cultivars may be difficult because of genotype-nutrient interaction which can induce variability in toxicant content.
Citrus Yield and Quality as Affected by Subsurface Irrigation1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Brown Ralph T. , Braud Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Supplemental subsurface irrigation resulted in increased yield and fruit size of ‘Washington’ navel and ‘Owari’ satsuma oranges. The larger fruit size, as a result of irrigation, induced a slight but significant increase in peel thickness. Supplemental moisture resulted in a reduction in juice content of ‘Owari’ satsuma. With ‘Washington’ navels irrigation increased juice content, or was equal to the control, in 4 out of 6 years. Irrigation did not greatly influence pH, percent soluble solids or solids/acid ratio of the juice. Two years results showed that irrigation did not affect peel color of ‘Washington’ navels. In 1973 irrigation had no effect on juice color of both types of oranges.
Rejuvenating Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Howell Gordon S. , Hansen C. M. , Bittenbender H. C. , Stackhouse S. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radical pruning rejuvenated highbush blueberries (Vaccinium australe Small) which had become excessively large and unproductive. The method returned poorly productive bushes (less than 3,390 kg/ha or 1.5 tons/acre) to superior production (11,300 kg/ha or 5 tons/acre) in 2 years. After 4 years, yields were greater yet (18,080 kg/ha or 8 tons/acre).
Abnormalities in Seed Development in Pistacia vera L.1
Authors: Bradley Muriel V. , Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the pistachio cv. Kerman an average of 26% of the fruits contain no seeds or only poorly developed ones at maturity. A study of aberrations revealed; a) pollen tubes sometimes entered the embryo sacs at the chalazal end (the pistachio is chalazogamous), which may result in eventual degeneration of endosperm or zygote nuclei; b) frequent degeneration of zygote (or egg) or young endosperm nuclei from unknown causes; c) occurrence of a brown spot on the funiculus of many young seeds in some years, the necrosis usually spreading to the embryo sac; d) and hypertrophy of nucellar cells in some older seeds was frequently accompanied by proliferation of other nucellar cells, both limiting development of embryo and endoperm. In cv. Bronte a frequent aberration is protrusion of endosperm or embryo through a greatly distended endostome.
Effect of Short-Term High CO2 Treatment on Storage of ‘d'Anjou’ Pear1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatment of ‘d'Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) with high CO2 atmosphere for a short period immediately following harvest prolonged storage life, retarded ethylene production, delayed the climacteric rise in respiration, reduced loss of malic acid, suppressed increase in protein N, retained firmness, quality and the capacity to ripen after long storage. Treatment with 12% CO2 for 2 or 4 weeks provided the best results without injury.
Yield-Tenderness Relationships in ‘Dark Skinned Perfection’ Peas1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Ramig R. E. , Allmaras R. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Maturity effects on yield of fresh peas (Pisum sativum L.) were identified by yield-tenderometer measurements. A percent yield-tenderometer reading relationship was shown to be a useful means for yield adjustment to a common maturity—100 tenderometer reading. Analysis of random error in the predicted percent yield, as a function of tenderometer reading, indicates the need to plan harvests within the 90 to 110 tenderometer range. Alternatively, the yield-tenderometer reading relationships show the possible magnitude of errors incurred in comparing green pea yields when no adjustment is made for dissimilar tenderometer ratings.
Influence of Sampling Time on Elemental Composition of Strawberry Leaves and Petioles1
Authors: John Matt K. , Daubeny Hugh A. , McElroy Fred D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of 13 macro and micro elements in leaves and petioles of 3 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were determined biweekly during the growing season. Concentrations of most elements changed rapidly during flowering and fruiting. For most elements, leaf analysis was preferred since markedly greater concentrations occurred in leaves than petioles. These sampling dates and tissue factors, and significant cultivar differences must be considered in interpreting foliar analysis data. Concentrations were relatively stable during the 6 weeks following harvest and this period appeared optimum for sampling.
Carbohydrates in Two Rhododendron Cultivars1
Authors: Wright R. D. , Aung L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Determinations of carbohydrates in the plant organs of Rhododendron spp. cv. ‘Sweetheart Supreme’ and ‘Hexe’, were made by chemical analysis, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Reducing sugar content was 1.5 times higher in buds than in leaves for ‘Hexe’ with no significant differences for ‘Sweetheart Supreme’. Reducing sugars were also higher in the roots than stems with both cultivars. Sucrose content was 1.4 times greater in leaves than in buds of ‘Hexe’ and 1.6 times greater in ‘Sweetheart Supreme’. Starch was significantly higher in leaves and buds than in stems and roots. The predominant soluble sugars identified by TLC and GLC were sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Small but detectable amounts of raffinose and maltose and an unidentified compound were also found in the plant organs.
An Economic Evaluation of Consumer Characteristics Affecting Sweet Potato Consumption1
Authors: Mathia Gene A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this report was to relate several economic and social characteristics of sweet potato consumers to level of fresh sweet potato consumption. National cross-sectional data were used to identify consumption patterns using the least squares regression procedure. Relationships were estimated for white and non-white households.
The relationships for white households indicated that price of sweet potatoes, family income, number of meals eaten-at-home, family size, and expenditures for white potatoes were important determinants of weekly sweet potato consumption. Regional, urbanization, and seasonal differences were also apparent for white households. Education, age, and employment status were not critical in determining consumption patterns.
The relationship for the non-white households was similar structurally to the white household relationship but the sample size was not sufficiently large to yield statistically significant coefficients for some of the variables found important in the white household. Nevertheless, price, age and number of households did exhibit statistically significant coefficient. Seasonal and urbanization differences were noted.
Sweet potato merchants should find the relationships useful in market segmentation. Sales efforts should take into account at least regional, seasonal, and urbanization differences.
Effect of Seed Coating on Performance of Lettuce Seeds in Greenhouse Soil Tests1
Authors: Roos E. E. , Moore F. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Performance of raw seeds of 2 lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., cultivars was compared with that of seeds from the same lots that had received 7 different seed coatings. Total emergence and coefficient of variability Of plant weights at 20 days were equal for coated and raw seeds in most instances. Coated seeds emerged 1 to 2 days later than raw seed and resulted in lower seedling weights. Seed coatings make possible precision planting of lettuce with apparently no sacrifice in overall performance.