bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Truth, Postmodernism and the Public Sphere
Authors: Newman Saul 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the epistemic and political challenge of post-truth discourse to the idea of the liberal democratic public sphere—a challenge that has been intensified in the time of right-wing populism and COVID-19. However, I also take this as an opportunity to rethink the notion of the public sphere, pointing to the way that emancipatory social movements disrupt the institutions of the liberal democratic state through their claims for social and environmental justice. In this context, I examine the controversy around the relationship between post-truth and ‘postmodernism’, arguing that, so far from being hostile to truth, poststructuralist theory may serve as an antidote to post-truth. Here I focus on Foucault’s idea of parrhesia as an agonistic way of speaking truth to power that at the same reinvigorates the democratic space.
The Context of Fake News, Disinformation, and Manipulation
Authors: Fossum John Erik 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to discuss how, and the extent to which, we may consider fake news, disinformation, and manipulation as bellwethers for the health of democracy. The chapter argues that there are two quite different readings of the democratic implications of the fake news, disinformation, and manipulation challenge: on the one hand, as the rise of a certain type of political actor that claims that established politicians and their conduct of politics have lost touch with ordinary people and their concerns, and in addition, actively seeks to undermine confidence in science and scientists. Thus, the factual and evidence-based foundation of democratic politics is challenged by the rise of a particular species of populist politician and populist parties marked by a distinct style, and relatively unencumbered by conventional party politics. If these phenomena can be identified with and confined to a specific set of actors, parties, and their supporters, then the political challenge is how best to contain or isolate them. The other reading approaches the democratic challenge from a more structural angle and searches for the roots of anti-political sentiment and the trust gap in the circumstances surrounding policymaking and politics. The two readings suggest different causal dynamics in terms of how fake news, disinformation, and manipulation affect democracy. If structural changes are important sources of fake news, disinformation, and manipulation, then the rise of populism is hardly the only source of fake news and disinformation. If so, the irony in focusing on the most blatant manifestations of fake news as espoused by populist politicians is that it may detract attention from those factors that helped create such traits in the first place.
Journalism, Truth and the Restoration of Trust in Democracy: Tracing the EU ‘Fake News’ Strategy
Authors: Michailidou Asimina , Eike Elisabeth , Trenz Hans-Jörg 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTrust in journalism in Europe and beyond has been undermined by a series of scandals, by the closeness of journalists to political parties and government, but also by more frequent attacks against freedom of speech and of the press run especially by populist leaders and new authoritarian governments. In some countries, like Hungary, Poland and Italy, the press freedom index is in steep decline, and governments have also entered a ‘war’ with journalism, putting increasing pressure on the free exercise of the profession, restricting budgets and the autonomy of public service broadcasting. In our chapter, we critically discuss the responses, i.e. counter-strategies, for trust-(re)building that this disruption triggers, from a top-down European Union (EU) policy perspective. We assess the EU’s response to the authoritarian and fake news challenge and discuss the limits of a voluntary (self) regulatory approach in light of public sphere standards.
“Europe is Christian, or It Is Not Europe”: Post-Truth Politics and Religion in Matteo Salvini’s Tweets
Authors: Evolvi Giulia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPost-truth narratives are often connected to the online spreading of far-right ideologies and hate speech. Disinformation has also been studied in relation to religion, as it tends to target religious people and involve narratives about Christianity and Islam. In this chapter, I explore the use of post-truth online narratives about religion by focusing on the case of Italian populist political leader Matteo Salvini, who is renowned for his anti-Islam positions, for his Catholic faith, and for his intense use of social media. Through an analysis of tweets sent by Salvini between September 2019 and January 2020, I found that his narratives about religion create three types of post-truth narratives: first, generalisations that consider all Muslims as holding values incompatible with Western democracies; second, hyperboles that negatively frames the ideology of Catholic clergy and left-wing politicians; third, misleading connections that suggest correlations not based on factual information. These strategies show that post-truth politics is not necessarily characterised by news that is blatantly false, but can involve implicit disinformation. In conclusion, Salvini’s tweets suggest that disinformation creates a climate of post-truth that activates religious emotions through the circulation of claims about religion; in turn, religious narratives further fuel antagonisms and emotional reactions that sustain the spreading of disinformation.
Facts, Narratives and Migration: Tackling Disinformation at the European and UN Level of Governance
Authors: Björk Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses migration as a political question for the EU and in global governance. It outlines the interplay and tension between sovereign and decentralised power and the role of facts and narratives in this interplay. The aim is to discuss the possible political shift that is ongoing both as a United Nations led and a European driven effort. This means the initiatives to tackle migration as a political issue through recognition of framing, facts, accurate information, data and communications tools as key features in the debates. It is also a shift to acknowledging, directly and indirectly, that states, as the main subjects of international law and the ones with the responsibility to respect, protect and fulfil human rights and can be held more accountable for their actions in tackling e.g. disinformation and radical right discourses against human rights. The chapter illustrates this through selected cases, such as recent initiatives of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the UN Global Compact for Safe and Orderly Migration. The motivation behind the analysis is the way the emergence of the hybrid media space means that it is no longer possible to ignore the contemporary channels of information as crucial sites of power struggle in the politics of migration. This development is, the chapter argues, now an important feature in Europe Union institutional politics and global migration governance.
Intelligent Networked Music Performance Experiences
Authors: Comanducci Luca 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA Networked Music Performance (NMP) is defined as what happens when geographically displaced musicians interact together while connected via network. The first NMP experiments begun in the 1970s, however, only recently the development of network communication technologies has created the necessary infrastructure needed to successfully create an NMP. Moreover, the widespread adoption of network-based interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a renewed interest towards distant music-based interaction. In this chapter we present the Intelligent networked Music PERforMANce experiENCEs (IMPERMANENCE) as a comprehensive NMP framework that aims at creating a compelling performance experience for the musicians. In order to do this, we first develop the neTworkEd Music PErfoRmANCe rEsearch (TEMPERANCE) framework in order to understand which are the main needs of the participants in a NMP. Informed by these results we then develop IMPERMANENCE accordingly.
How Deep Learning Can Help Solving Geophysical Inverse Problems
Authors: Picetti Francesco 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis brief summarizes some of the main results I obtained during my Ph.D. studies at Politecnico di Milano, under the supervision of Professor Stefano Tubaro. The thesis provides contributions to understanding the advantages, and limitations, of data-driven deep learning approaches to geophysical inverse problems, with a special focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Exploration Geophysics aims at estimating accurate physical properties of the Earth subsurface from seismic data acquired close to the surface. Seismic data show a great variety of statistically relevant and independent patterns. I devise Deep Learning methods to solve several geophysical tasks by learning such patterns. First, I devise generative networks as a post-processing operator for refining reflectivity images. When trained on pure image datasets, these networks suffer from the lack of physical knowledge. Then, I show a different approach named Deep Priors, which are CNNs that precondition the inverse problem. In particular, I develop a scheme to interpolate seismic data. Finally, I leverage the features extraction ability of CNNs for buried landmine detection on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) acquisitions. While the presented methods are effective compared to the state of the art, improvements can be achieved by integrating pure data-driven algorithms within general inverse problems theory through a-priori information derived from domain knowledge.
Dynamic Sediment Connectivity Modelling for Strategic River Basin Planning
Authors: Tangi Marco 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSediment connectivity is a distributed property of river systems that emerges from the connected transfer of sediment between multiple sources and sinks. Its disruption, brought by anthropic disturbances, can have severe and unforeseen consequences on both fluvial ecosystems and human livelihood. Modeling network-scale sediment connectivity provides a foundational understanding of river processes and their response to new pressures and can be used to forecast future system evolutions. In this chapter, we present the basin-scale, dynamic sediment connectivity model D-CASCADE (Dynamic CAtchment Sediment Connectivity And DElivery), which quantifies spatiotemporal patterns of sediment delivery in river networks. D-CASCADE considers multiple factors affecting transport, including heterogeneities in hydrology and sediment supply, different grain sizes, channel morphological evolution, and reservoir presence and management. The model is designed to be flexible, data parsimonious, and computationally efficient. We also present two applications of D-CASCADE in real-world case studies for historic geomorphic evolution reconstruction and future dam impacts forecasting. D-CASCADE is intended for integrated, basin-scale water management efforts, to perform multiple screening of various decision portfolios for hydromorphological impact assessments.
Exploration of Geothermal Resources Utilizing Geophysical and Borehole Data in the Abu Gharadig Basin of Egypt’s Northern Western Desert
Authors: Elmasry Ahmed , Abdel Zaher Mohamed , Madani Ahmed , Nassar Tamer 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Abu Gharadig Basin is regarded as one of the most essential in Egypt, serving as the country’s second most important reservoir for hydrocarbon production. Our present study is focused on the investigation of geothermal resources in the Abu Gharadig Basin. Using airborne magnetic and gravity surveys, as well as temperature well records, we can identify possible geothermal sources in this region. Power spectral analysis was used on the airborne magnetic measurements to compute the Curie Point Depths (CPDs) and display the temperature gradients and heat flows regime in the study area, while on the gravity data, 3-D density inversion was used to identify the basement surface. Real data from bottom-hole temperature (BHT) logs and geological data (structural and stratigraphic data from prior studies) were used to cross-validate the geophysical maps and to ascertain the stratigraphy and structural setting beneath the study location. The depth of the basement rock, according to the studies, ranges from 4.5 to 7 km, and the CPDs run from 17 to 22 km. Furthermore, the estimated temperature gradients vary from 25 to 34 degrees Celsius per kilometer, whereas the heat flows vary from 52 to 86 mW/m2. Generally, there is a correlation between shallow curie depths, uplifts on basement rocks, and sites of high heat flow, indicating that basement rocks are primarily accountable for the geothermal potential of the basin.
Mixed finite elements for Bingham flow in a pipe
Authors: Gustafsson Tom , Lederer Philip L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe consider mixed finite element approximations of viscous, plastic Bingham flow in a cylindrical pipe. A novel a priori and a posteriori error analysis is introduced which is based on a discrete mesh dependent norm for the normalized Lagrange multiplier. This allows proving stability for various conforming finite elements. Numerical examples are presented to support the theory and to demonstrate adaptive mesh refinement.
Predicting post-radiation genitourinary hospital admissions in patients with localised prostate cancer
Authors: David Rowan , Hiwase Mrunal , Kahokehr Arman A. , Lee Jason , Watson David I. , Leung John , O‘Callaghan Michael E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The risk of treatment-related toxicity is important for patients with localised prostate cancer to consider when deciding between treatment options. We developed a model to predict hospitalisation for radiation-induced genitourinary toxicity based on patient characteristics.

Methods
The prospective South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes registry was used to identify men with localised prostate cancer who underwent curative intent external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) between 1998 and 2019. Multivariable Cox proportional regression was performed. Model discrimination, calibration, internal validation and utility were assessed using C-statistics and area under ROC, calibration plots, bootstrapping, and decision curve analysis, respectively.

Results
There were 3,243 patients treated with EBRT included, of which 644 (20%) patients had a treated-related admission. In multivariable analysis, diabetes (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13–1.60, p < 0.001), smoking (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.40–2.12, p < 0.001), and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) without transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) (HR 7.49, 95% CI 6.18–9.08 p < 0.001) followed by BOO with TURP (HR 4.96, 95% CI 4.10–5.99 p < 0.001) were strong independent predictors of hospitalisation (censor-adjusted c-statistic = 0.80). The model was well-calibrated (AUC = 0.76). The global proportional hazards were met. In internal validation through bootstrapping, the model was reasonably discriminate at five (AUC 0.75) years after radiotherapy.

Conclusions
This is the first study to develop a predictive model for genitourinary toxicity requiring hospitalisation amongst men with prostate cancer treated with EBRT. Patients with localised prostate cancer and concurrent BOO may benefit from TURP before EBRT.
Impacts of land cover changes and global warming on climate in Colombia during ENSO events
Authors: Manciu Astrid , Rammig Anja , Krause Andreas , Quesada Benjamin Raphael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractColombia is highly vulnerable to climate change which may be intensified due to the climatic effects of regional deforestation. Here, we quantify the impact of historical (1900–2011) land cover changes (LCC) and of global warming during ENSO events (CC) on precipitation, temperature and surface energy balance components by running the Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF v3.9 at 10 km resolution. We find that historical anthropogenic CC causes a mean temperature increase of 0.77 ± 0.02 °C in Colombia, which is more pronounced in high altitudes. Precipitation is enhanced by 0.98 ± 0.30 mm/day (+ 9%), particularly over forested areas and reduced at the Pacific coast. LCC imply a reduction of precipitation particularly above the Andes (− 0.48 ± 0.10 mm/day) and Caribbean Coast (− 0.67 ± 0.12 mm/day), where LCC effects dampen CC effects by 24% and 72%, respectively. La Niña tends to intensify LCC and CC effects in the Andes but dampens them at the Coast, roughly by a factor of two compared to El Niño impacts in both regions. At the subregional level, LCC and CC can have impacts of similar magnitude on precipitation highlighting the need to precisely account for both drivers in hydroclimatic assessments. Contrary to almost all observations and similar simulations with climate models, WRF simulates a cooling bias after historical deforestation in Colombia, even with alternative WRF land surface models. We identify two main sources of biases in the default WRF parametrization to explain this inaccuracy: (1) surface shortwave radiation reflected after deforestation is overestimated; (2) associated evapotranspiration loss is underestimated. Improved model representation and validation of tropical vegetation properties are necessary to provide more robust and confident projections.
Whole-genome sequencing of artificial single-nucleotide variants induced by DNA degradation in biological crime scene traces
Authors: Schulze Johann Kristina , Bauer Hannah , Wiegand Peter , Pfeiffer Heidi , Vennemann Marielle 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify artificial single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in degraded trace DNA samples. In a preliminary study, blood samples were stored for up to 120 days and whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Snakemake workflow dna-seq-gatk-variant-calling to identify positions that vary between the time point 0 sample and the aged samples. In a follow-up study on blood and saliva samples stored under humid and dry conditions, potential marker candidates for the estimation of the age of a blood stain (= time since deposition) were identified. Both studies show that a general decrease in the mean fragment size of the libraries over time was observed, presumably due to the formation of abasic sites during DNA degradation which are more susceptible to strand breaks by mechanical shearing of DNA. Unsurprisingly, an increase in the number of failed genotype calls (no coverage) was detected over time. Both studies indicated the presence of artificial SNVs with the majority of changes happening at guanine and cytosine positions. This confirms previous studies and can be explained by depurination through hydrolytic attacks which more likely deplete guanine while deamination leads to cytosine to thymine variants. Even complete genotype switches from homozygote 0/0 genotypes to the opposite 1/1 genotypes were observed. While positions with such drastic changes might provide suitable candidate markers for estimating short-term time since deposition (TsD), 11 markers were identified which show a slower gradual change of the relative abundance of the artificial variant in both blood and saliva samples, irrespective of storage conditions.
External quality assessment (EQA) for tumor mutational burden: results of an international IQN path feasibility pilot scheme
Authors: Esposito Abate Riziero , Cheetham Melanie H. , Fairley Jennifer A. , Pasquale Raffaella , Sacco Alessandra , Nicola Wolstenholme , Deans Zandra C. , Patton Simon J. , Normanno Nicola 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTumor mutational burden (TMB) has recently been approved as an agnostic biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, methods for TMB testing have not yet been standardized. The International Quality Network for Pathology (IQNPath) organized a pilot external quality assessment (EQA) scheme for TMB testing. The aim of this program was the validation of the materials and the procedures for the EQA of this complex biomarker. Five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cell lines were selected to mimic the various TMB values observed in clinical practice. The FFPE samples were tested with the FoundationOne CDx (F1CDx) assay as the reference test and three commercially available targeted sequencing panels. Following this internal validation, the five cell lines were sent to 29 laboratories selected on the basis of a previous survey. Nineteen of the 23 laboratories that submitted results (82.6%) used targeted sequencing for TMB estimation. Only two laboratories performed whole exome sequencing (WES) and two assessed TMB by clinical exome. A high variability in the reported TMB values was observed. The variability was higher for samples with the highest TMB value according to the F1CDx test. However, good reproducibility of the TMB score was shown by laboratories using the same panel. The majority of laboratories did not indicate a TMB cut-off value for clinical interpretation. In conclusion, this pilot EQA scheme suggests that it is feasible to run such an EQA program for TMB assessment. However, the results of our pilot highlight the numerous challenges for the standardization of this test.
Unnecessary radiation exposure during diagnostic radiography in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Su Yu-Tsun , Chen Yu-Shen , Yeh Lee-Ren , Chen Shu-Wen , Tsai Yu-Cheng , Wu Chien-Yi , Yang Yung-Ning , Tey Shu-Leei , Lin Chyi-Her 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUnnecessary radiation exposure (URE) during radiographic examination is an issue among infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The causes of URE have not been fully explored. This study investigated the incidence and identified the causes of URE in infants during diagnostic radiography in a NICU. This was a retrospective cohort study. We retrieved and analysed requests and radiographs taken at a tertiary NICU between September and November 2018. URE was defined as the rate of discordance between requests and images taken (DisBRI) and unnecessary radiation exposure in irrelevant regions (UREIR) during radiography. We compared the rates of URE between very low-birth-weight (VLBW, birth weight < 1500 g) infants and non-VLBW infants. A total of 306 radiographs from 88 infants were taken. The means ± standard deviations (SDs) of gestational age and birth weight were 35.7 ± 3.6 weeks and 2471 ± 816 g, respectively. Each infant underwent an average of 3.5 radiographs. The DisBRI rate was 1.3% and was mostly related to poor adherence to requests. The UREIR rates in thoraco-abdominal babygrams were 89.6% for the head, 14.8% for the elbows and 18.4% for the knee and were mainly related to improper positioning of and collimation in infants while performing radiography. The UREIR rates for the head, knee and ankle were higher in VLBW infants than in non-VLBW infants (94.6% vs. 85.6%, 27.0% vs. 11.5% and 5.4% vs. 0.7%, respectively, p < 0.05).Conclusions: URE during diagnostic radiography is common in sick infants and is mainly related to improper positioning and collimation during examinations. Adherence to protocols when performing radiographic examination or using ultrasonography may be a solution to reduce URE in infants in NICUs.

What is Known:• The risk of unnecessary radiation exposure (URE) during radiography has been a common and important issue in sick infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).• The new point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) technique decreases the need for chest films and prevents radiation exposure in neonates.

What is New:• In the NICU, URE is still a common issue in critically ill infants during radiographic examinations. The causes of URE during diagnostic radiography are mainly due to improper positioning and collimation during examinations.• The incidence of URE in irrelevant regions is higher in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants than in non-VLBW infants.