bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Shelf? Women, Librarians, and Agency in Twentieth-Century Fiction
Authors: Crawford Alice 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how the figure of the librarian has been presented in British and American middlebrow fiction of the twentieth century. Examining a title in each decade between the 1900s and the 1990s, it shows how, for novelists and short-story writers, the trope of the female librarian can provide a key to the cultural history of the period, her behaviour and reception by others often a barometer of changing times. The chapter focuses particularly on how female writers of twentieth-century fiction depict the struggles of women for agency within the increasingly professionalized field of librarianship.
The Act of Borrowing; or, Some Libraries in American Literature
Authors: Treen Kristen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Scholars of library culture have emphasized the importance of organizational systems and lending practices to the history of United States libraries, and to their emergence as practical and rhetorical sites of democratic significance in the US. This chapter examines literary representations of US library patrons and their acts of borrowing to complicate the idea of the North American library as a democratic institution. Drawing on a range of nineteenth- and twentieth-century literary engagements with the reading rooms and varied holdings of US libraries—social, domestic, reference, and free—it argues that writers of all stripes critiqued the limits of America’s changing democratic practices by reimagining the borrower’s roles and capabilities. For writers including Benjamin Franklin, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Washington Irving, Louisa May Alcott, Frederick Douglass, and Henry James, the borrower’s imaginative uses, manipulations, and circumventions of the library’s rules and regulations drew attention to the contradictions which had come to characterize the US democratic project by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Library and Scriptorium in Eco’s The Name of the Rose
Authors: Murray Kylie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose shows us simultaneously a twentieth-century library and a medieval one, while presenting readers with the trope of the library as physical and ideological battle-site that has featured in earlier chapters of Libraries in Literature. Alert to ways in which Eco’s crime novel draws on Borgesian visions of the library as labyrinth, this chapter shows how in its presentation of library and scriptorium The Name of the Rose is deeply attuned to medieval culture and actual medieval libraries. At the same time, the novel presents both library and scriptorium in terms of mirroring, reflection, and refraction, implying that learning and book culture involve not only illumination but also opacity and confusion. Ultimately, presenting a spectrum of ideas about the role of reading and knowledge, Eco’s library represents at once the sum of a living civilization’s values and, ironically, the potential enemy of civilized life.
Coda
Authors: Crawford Alice , Crawford Robert , Reynolds Siân 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After a brief consideration of Elias Canetti’s Die Blendung (1935; translated into English as Auto de Fé), this chapter examines three twenty-first-century novels in which the library is used to investigate aspects of national politics and identity. Ukraine-born Russophone novelist Mikhail Elizarov’s The Librarian (2007; English translation 2015) presents life in the former USSR in terms of ‘libraries’ that operate like armed gangs fighting over talismanic books. Graphic and shocking, this novel in which a young male librarian becomes ‘Curator of the Motherland’ transcends satire to present the library as a powerful, if problematic, resource at the core of civilization. French writer Sophie Divry’s book The Library of Unrequited Love (2010; English translation 2013) masquerades as a monologue by a frustrated female librarian, but this is a pretext for a knowingly humorous commentary on French identity. France’s history, politics, philosophy, and literature are subjected to the coruscating gaze of a subaltern, the self-styled ‘cultural assembly-line worker’ in the library. Published in 2018, two years after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, Salley Vickers’s The Librarian features an idealistic young librarian in 1950s England who finds herself in a milieu where ideals become tarnished and the library becomes a metaphor for an impossible dream. By turns nostalgic for and critical of class-ridden post-war English society, Vickers’s novel reflects something of the confusion of a divided Brexit-era Britain.
Quietism and Counter-Normativity
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter defends quietism against one of the most influential recent objections to the theory—the ‘schmeasons’ or ‘counter-normativity’ objection. The objection is that the quietist, being unwilling to step outside of ethics to vindicate it externally, cannot explain why we ought to privilege our ordinary normative standards over so-called ‘counter-normative’ standards in the case of a conflict. The chapter distinguishes between three possibilities: (1) both normative and counter-normative concepts are completely thin; (2) normative concepts like that of a reason are thin, but counter-normative concepts like that of a ‘schmeason’ are not; and (3) there are no completely thin concepts on either side of the normative/counter-normative divide. It is argued that, if (1), there can be no conflicts between normative and counter-normative standards; and if (2), normative standards are privileged over counter-normative ones. Finally, it is argued that (3) is highly implausible.
What Thoughts Are About
Authors: Berto Francesco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The logic of thought, understood as the logic of propositional or de dicto intentional mental states, such as knowing, believing, supposing, should be topic-sensitive. What ψs one must think (know, believe, etc.) as a consequence of thinking that φ should depend on the propositions that φ and that ψ, which make for the contents of such thoughts. This work defends the idea that propositions are individuated, not just by the sets of worlds at which they are true, but also by what they are about: their topic or subject matter. The topic-sensitive operators used to express the ascription of attitudes like knowledge, belief, etc., to be explored in the book, fail full logical closure. This means that, given one such operator X, one’s Xing that φ does not imply that one Xs all the logical consequences ψ of φ, due to the topics of the propositions that φ and that ψ: what they are about, and, thus, what one thinks about. On the other hand, such operators are not logically anarchic: they still display some logical closure properties. Failure of full closure connects to the problem of logical omniscience, and it is shown that non-omniscience has distinct, independent sources. The chapter then goes through a summary of the contents of the following chapters, introducing their main ideas and pointing at developments of such ideas currently in progress.
Topic-Sensitive Intentional Modals
Authors: Berto Francesco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces two-place Topic-Sensitive Intentional Modals (TSIMs): variably strict, topic-sensitive modal operators of the form ‘Xφψ’, which are to represent attitude ascriptions—generic reading: ‘One Xs (thinks, believes, imagines, etc.) that ψ, given φ’. It presents a basic possible worlds semantics for a simple propositional language including them. The key twofold clause, giving the truth conditions for the TSIMs, has it that, for Xφψ to be true, we require (1) that ψ be true throughout a set of worlds, selected via an accessibility relation or function indexed to φ; and (2) that ψ be fully on-topic with respect to φ. (1) makes of the TSIM variably strict modal operators, that is, variably strict quantifiers over possible worlds. (2) makes them topic-sensitive. The semantics validates various inferences involving conjunction; invalidates various inferences involving disjunction; and makes the TSIM operators non-monotonic (in particular, Xφψ does not entail Xφ&Xψ) and hyperintensional: capable of differentiating between necessarily or intensionally equivalent contents. Such validities and invalidities are defended for interpretations of X that range across a variety of attitudes. Finally, the chapter introduces a number of constraints on the selection functions. These will give us stronger logics for the Xφψs, as well as different plausible readings for them, to be explored in the three following chapters.
Toward an Intermediate Sex
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An inverse trajectory from Symonds is evident in Edward Carpenter, who found an increasing affinity with German models emphasizing homosexuality as an intermediate or third sex. Through a close analysis of the manuscript changes to his two key homophile publications of the 1890s, Homogenic Love and An Unknown People, each reworked under censorship pressures following the Wilde trials, the chapter shows Carpenter wrestling with the problem of effeminacy and yet arriving at a very different position from Symonds. The revising of the two essays, which Carpenter did by literally writing over and re-purposing his earlier work, shows an evolution in his thought which moves away from the standard narrative of British Victorian sexology in its increasing engagement with Continental European work. In the backlash brought on by Wilde’s conviction, British homophile activists were forced into a strategic reassessment about the rhetorical uses of the pederastic model in defense of same-sex love. In Carpenter’s case, his engagement with feminist politics and ethics reimagined the context in which he could envisage an effective work of advocacy, suggesting different arguments that could be made regarding the social and civic contributions of homosexuals. A new way of thinking about gender roles, more in line with the German sexologists, emerged in the revised versions of both of Carpenter’s essays, representing an under-acknowledged break with figures associated with Oxford Hellenism such as Symonds and Wilde.
Dickens and Victorian Psychology
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDickens and Victorian Psychology: Introspection, First-Person Narration, and the Mind positions Charles Dickens’s fiction in the midst of Victorian psychological debate, tracking Dickens’s increasing reliance over the course of his career on the introspective mode, those moments—from free indirect discourse to first-person narration—in which Dickens attempts to represent the inner view of his characters’ minds. In the middle of the nineteenth century, introspection remained the central investigative method for dualist psychologies, theories that tied the mind’s immortality to its immateriality. Because those psychologies found evidence of the mind’s ontological difference from the body in the subjective experience of consciousness, this book argues that the moments of inwardness in Dickens’s fiction, in both their form and their content, constitute efforts to resist the encroachment of psycho-physiology by making a case for the mind’s transcendence of the body. Yet Dickens and Victorian Psychology also shows the consequences of a material psychology’s appropriation of such an inward view—as well as the results of the efforts by psycho-physiologists to redefine the terminology of a mainstream dualism—by tracing the ambiguities and contradictions that find their way into Dickens’s representations of the mind. In these ways, this book reveals an overlooked context for Dickens’s experiments with narrative point of view and broadens our understanding of the strategies that a material psychology used to assuage the anxieties of those who saw psycho-physiology as a threat to immortality.
Mysteries of the Mind
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines Dickens’s revised thinking in Bleak House about introspection and the potential legibility of the flesh. Esther Summerson’s notoriously coy narration, this chapter argues, works to underscore the fundamental privacy of consciousness, reinforcing the notion that introspection provides the most reliable means by which to know the mind. But even as it insists on the privacy of consciousness, the novel also appears to walk back the skepticism about the legibility of the flesh that Dickens articulates in the last half of Martin Chuzzlewit, instead suggesting anew that the body might serve as a reliable index to the immaterial mind. Both Esther and the third-person narrator thus often describe the physiognomical clues by which readers might discern characters’ thoughts. But while Esther touts her ability to read the minds of those with whom she is most intimate, the third-person narrator tends to withhold what he gleans through his own physiognomical readings. This refusal to narrate the thoughts of the novel’s characters emerges as a strategy: the third-person narrator’s silences mimic the law’s own refusal to move from (bodily) sign to (mental) signified, an interpretive practice that, Bleak House suggests, is equivalent to the scientific naturalism of physicalist psychology. In this way, Bleak House finally positions psycho-physiology as a species of willed illiteracy, a hardheaded refusal to move from the body to that to which it points for conservative physiognomists, the soul.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Introduction opens by reviewing the expansion of advertising in Britain circa 1840–1914. It then turns to the book’s central arguments. Beginning with modernity-as-disenchantment, it reviews the extensive body of scholarship that has theorized enchantment by advertising, and places the book’s approach and findings in relation to this scholarship. The discussion then turns to questions of cultural boundaries, which unfolded within the tensions of dis/enchantment. It reviews the impact of legally empowered boundary work on advertising, which was simultaneously legitimized and ridiculed, stabilized and disparaged. It also discusses the dialectical impact of boundary work on the fields that interacted with advertising, among them news, art, and science. Next it explains the argument about the disavowal of enchantment as a normative enterprise and its implications. Lastly, the Introduction explains the book’s legal theory, methodology, sources, and choices of place and time.
The Market Enchanters
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
By the close of the nineteenth century, advertising professionals faced a challenge of self-definition. They wanted to extend their services in the growing market for advertising, but confronted the weight of criticisms that were attaining legalized forms. Criticisms denied professionals the comfort of integrating advertising with fields of knowledge, information, aesthetics, or common morality, and left its meaning in a conceptual vacuum. They were looking for a different ground for cultural authority, found in the concept of expertise in the human mind. Professionals relied on advertising literature—a peculiar genre that expanded from the mid-1880s—to self-brand as experts who worked magic across the distance between producers and consumers, capturing consumers’ attention and altering their desires. They thus claimed mastery over the scene of enchantment left unaddressed by law, in psychological terms. The psychological version took hold not simply because it suited advertisers’ proclivities, or because competitive market conditions mandated psychological control, but as an effect of the longer-term history examined in this book, which sent advertisers searching for a role that would not end in a backlash. The turn to psychology was controversial because it cast doubt on concepts of volition; therefore, professionals worked hard to reconcile the image of the market enchanters with the rationality of consumers as well as advertisers. Ultimately, professionals assumed the mythical role of the creators of enchantment, and presumed to be its rational tamers. There was paradox in the very definition of this goal, which remains elusive. Nonetheless, the myth of advertisers as the sorcerers of capitalism succeeded beyond their wildest dreams.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This brief conclusion reflects on the book’s findings, and on the centrality of law to the project of modernity-as-disenchantment. Ultimately, advertising energized an entire culture to examine and articulate the terms on which it lived, and had a world-generating power for late capitalism in terms of aesthetics, epistemology, and ontology. On these terms, the full impact of advertising becomes clear.
Fundamental Moral Ignorance
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of whether and how it is possible to be blameworthy for unwitting wrongdoing when the ignorance involved is attributable to the failure to appreciate some underlying moral principle. It examines cases in which wrong is done because of a lack of conscience and cases in which wrong is done because of a misguided conscience. It also briefly addresses cases of witting wrongdoing committed in the belief that there is sufficient reason to engage in the behavior in question despite the fact that it is wrong to do so.
Nothing Is Said
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While there has been much debate between minimalists and contextualists about the nature of what is said, both sides assume that some such notion must be appealed to in modelling linguistic communication. This book challenges that assumption, arguing that from the perspective of basic linguistic interpretation, nothing is said. To do this, the book draws a distinction between linguistic communication proper and behavioural communication, and then draws on Situation Theory and Relevance Theory to develop a model of the former that makes no appeal to any notion of what is said. Rather, what is said is introduced later as part of a reflective competence underlying sophisticated behavioural communication, such as irony and insinuation. The notions of implicature employed in these two types of communication are shown to be distinct, and to play different explanatory roles. With the division between linguistic and behavioural communication established, the book goes on to reconsider a number of areas of linguistic investigation that have received considerable attention in recent years. These include lexical modulation, scalar implicature, lying vs. otherwise misleading, and the correct characterisation of assertion and asserted content. The final chapter of the book relates the ideas developed to the discursive-commitment framework proposed by Robert Brandom. In doing so it considers, among other things, the notion of public language in relation to linguistic theorising, and the developmental relationship between language use and theory of mind.
Introduction
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed introduction to Nothing Is Said. It sets out the main issues that the book seeks to address and outlines how this is to be done. A justification for the overall structure of the book is given, and the topics covered in each chapter are detailed. Key notions and distinctions are briefly introduced, such as utterance type, linguistic vs. behavioural communication, and the difference between interpretation and reflection. Some indication is also given of the consequences of the proposed theory for topics such as lexical pragmatics, scalar implicatures, conditionals, negation, and assertion.
Conclusion
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter serves as a conclusion to the book as a whole. It shows that the position developed is compatible with approaches to language that draw evidence from the reflective notion of what is said. Intuitions about what is said should be treated as a source of data for semantic and pragmatic theories, rather than as an explanatory target for these. What the current theory opposes, it is emphasised, is the idea that some conception of what is said need be posited as a level of representation when modelling basic utterance interpretation. Rather, from such a perspective, there is nothing that is said.
Wreccum Maris
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rooted in early modern legal commentary and the records of legal process, this chapter also engages with recent scholarship on law-mindedness, legal culture, and legal pluralism to show how seafarers and shore folk became entangled in disputes over shipwrecks. It asks questions that historians always find useful: cui bono? to whose benefit? and ‘who is saying what to whom?’. It was axiomatic in England that the goods and materials of shipwrecks belonged by prerogative to the crown, which could assign those rights to proprietors, corporations, or individuals. A statute of Edward I, however, enshrined the complication that, ‘where a man, a dog, or a cat escape quick out the ship’, neither that ship, nor anything on it, should be judged wreck. The original owners would have a year and a day to reclaim their property, subject to payment of droits, fees, and rewards. Endless enquiries, suits, and arguments followed about the circumstances of shipwreck, whether all aboard had perished or abandoned their vessel, whether ‘true wreck’ was proved, and how the spoils should be divided. Different views coexisted about the legality and propriety of shoreline activities, whether salvagers worked with or against established authority, whether wrecking constituted a service, a custom, or a crime, and whether common lawyers or the civil lawyers of the Admiralty had jurisdiction.
Aristotle on Comparison
Authors: Junco Elena Comay Del 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many contemporary philosophers hold that comparison requires a common, monistic ‘covering value’, and Aristotle is often described as a forerunner of this view. This paper reconsiders that claim. First, its textual warrant is substantially weaker than has been thought. Philosophically, moreover, Aristotle’s theory of non-synonymous predication allows for comparisons to be made using the special kind of non-synonymous terms that he calls pros hen legomenon, literally those ‘said with reference to a single thing.’ His favourite example is ‘healthy’ as said of food, organisms, and medical procedures: these various senses are not entirely synonymous, yet are not simply unconnected. This has significant implications. Aristotle famously holds that goodness is species-specific, and it would then seem that species cannot be ranked according to how good they are. Yet Aristotle does—frequently—rank species. The paper shows us that he is not, pace other scholars, thereby caught in a contradiction.
Aristotelian Continence Reconsidered
Authors: Price A. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For Aristotle, continence (enkrateia) falls short of practical wisdom in two ways: the continent agent is not fully dependable in action (being liable occasionally to act contrary to judgement) and lacks a full understanding of the goals of action (which would require his desires to be united and well directed). Hence he may most often do what he should, but he never acts as he should, since he does not act dependably and with a full grasp of the value of his action.