bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo model for evaluation of concentration of gold nanoparticle clusters as predictor of effective dose in proton therapy of microscopic tumors
Authors: Alanazi Nadyah , Alanazi Reem , Akhdar Hanan , Alodhayb Abdullah 
Published: October 2022

Radio-sensitization with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is a relatively recent advancement of radiotherapy that is determined to increase radiation in the target tumor region. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is a well-known method that has gained popularity by assisting in determining the effective dose in various tumors. Assessing the concentration of particles during proton therapy can provide the key to evaluating the efficiency of the performed treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the interconnection between the concentration of gold nanoparticle clusters and the dose enhancement in microscopic tumors by using the MC Model. A single cell tumor model with a size of 5 μm that was exposed to 100 MeV protons in a region resembling the human brain was investigated by using an MC simulation employing the Geant4 toolkit. With each nanoparticle having a diameter of 15 nm, a three-dimensional model of the random distribution of gold nanoparticle clusters was developed. Then, the dose enhancement for various concentrations of the GNPs accumulated around the tumor was estimated according to the dose enhancement factor (DEF), while the dose was concentrated on the surface of each GNP in the clusters. The results showed that the dose enhancement located at the Bragg-peak in the tumor region depended on the different concentrations of the GNPs. DEF values were found to be 1.016, 1.022, 1.026, 1.035, 1.013, 1.000, and 0.984 for the 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 30, and 50 mg/ml concentration levels in water, respectively. The findings also revealed that large GNP clusters with high concentration levels yield larger DEFs than clusters with lower concentration levels, which may have an impact on radiation therapy. Specifically, at a concentration higher than 10 mg/ml, the estimated dose was significantly lower than those for a concentration of 5 mg/ml by about ∼100 mGy. As the benefit of the increased total dose must be balanced against the effect of the accumulation of nanoparticles, the current study detected dose reduction in regions that accumulate GNPs at high concentrations. As a result, the potential efficiency of the radiotherapeutic treatment can be reduced.
Instructions for COVID-19 self-tests
Authors: Walker Sue , Bravo Josefina , Edwards Al , Hart Julie , Little Gemma 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper summarises a cross-disciplinary project that explored ways of making instructions, funded as part of the UK COVID-19 rapid-response initiative. The project explored ways of making instructions for COVID-19 Lateral Flow Tests easy for lay people to use. Our method comprised rapid design decision making, where we used existing research, good practice in information design and consultation with diagnostic experts as part of the design process. Iterative review by a panel of users informed the development of prototype instructions: small studies investigated user preference for diagrams, and gathered feedback on the graphic articulation of the procedural steps involved in carrying out the test.
Post-processing treatments–microstructure–performance interrelationship of metal additive manufactured aerospace alloys: A review
Authors: Ojo Olatunji Oladimeji , Taban Emel 
Published: October 2022

The application of Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) in the aerospace industry has been gaining attention. The poor surface quality of parts greatly limits the prospects of MAM-produced parts in the aerospace industry as fatigue performance hinges on a good surface finish and homogeneous microstructure. Post-processing treatments are important to improve the surface quality and the overall performance of MAM-produced parts during static and dynamic loadings. This paper provides a review of the current state of post-processing treatment options for MAM-produced parts. The advances in the post-processing treatments of MAM parts to improve fatigue strength, tensile strength, surface integrity and other properties of parts are reviewed. Future research prospects on metal additive manufacturing of aerospace parts are briefly expounded. Abbreviations: AM: Additive Manufacturing; CMT-WAAM: Cold Metal Transfer-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing; CSD: Cold Spray Deposition; DA: Direct Aging; DED: Directed Energy Deposition; E: Elongation; EBAM: Wire-feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing; EBAM Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing; EBSD: Electron Back Scattered Diffraction; FRAM: Friction Rolling Additive Manufacturing; FSAM: Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing; FSP: Friction Stir Processing; HFDB: Hybrid Friction Diffusion Bonding; HIP: Hot Isostatic Pressing; HSA Homogenisation + Solution Treatment + Aging; IFSP: Interlayer Friction Stir Processing; IPF: Inverse Pole Figure; KAM: Kernel Average Misorientation; LAM: Laser Additive Manufacturing Process; LENS: Laser Engineered Net Shaping; LDM: Laser Deposition Manufacturing; L-PBF: Laser Powder Bed Fusion; MAM: Metal Additive Manufacturing; MTFS: Multi-track Multi-layer Friction Surfacing; O-WLAM: Wire Oscillating Laser Additive Manufacturing (O-WLAM); S: Solution Treatment; SA: Solution Treatment + aging; TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope; UAM: Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing; UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength; WAAM: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing; YS: Yield Strength
Global existence and decay estimates of solutions to the MHD–Boussinesq system with stratification effects*
Authors: Li Xinliang , Tan Zhong , Xu Saiguo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the inviscid Boussinesq system under the presence of magnetic field in porous media. We firstly proved the global well-posedness and large time behaviour of solutions in the whole space

R

3

. Precisely, when the H
3 norm of initial data is small, but the higher order derivatives can be arbitrary large, the system is globally well-posed by pure energy method. Moreover, by a set of mature negative Sobolev and Besov space interpolation methods, the L

p
− L
2 (1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2) type of the optimal time decay rates are obtained without any smallness assumption on the L

p
norm of the initial data. At last, we derive a global weak solution with large initial data and give an explicit decay rate of the solution in

R

2

. Our results mathematically explain the stable phenomenon of the system with stratification effects.
School visits to a physics research laboratory using virtual reality
Authors: De Angelis Ilaria , Budano Antonio , De Pietro Giacomo , Martini Alberto , Postiglione Adriana 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
School visits to research laboratories or facilities represent a unique way to bring students closer to science and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics careers. However, such visits can be very expensive for students and teachers, in terms of both time and money. In this paper, we present a possible alternative to on-site visits consisting in an activity addressed to high school students that makes use of a Virtual Reality application to make them ‘enter’ into a particle physics experiment. This proposal can represent a valid way of guaranteeing a visit to a research centre for all schools, regardless of their social or geographical origin. We describe the tests we carried out with a focus group of teachers and their students, and the obtained results.
Using a web-based and stand-alone oscilloscope for physics experiment during Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Ismail Mahizah , Minawi Farid , Adli Wan Mokhtar Wan Zul , L Abdul Rashid Noraihan , Ariffin Ahmad K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Teaching alternating currents, ac or sound waves, is incomplete without an introduction to the oscilloscope. An oscilloscope is a tool that graphically displays electrical signals and shows their time dependence. However, due to the pandemic, triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, many students do not have the opportunity to master the use of an oscilloscope. Face-to-face teaching activity has been interrupted in both schools and higher institutions. The sudden change to online teaching created problems among educators, especially for laboratory activities. The central issue is creating laboratory activities without going into the labs for the students to acquire the required skills, especially the basics of how to operate an oscilloscope. In order to create an opportunity and engaging environment, we suggested the use of the ‘web-based and stand-alone oscilloscope’. The software consists of a low-frequency (signal) generator (LFG), a direct current power supply, and an oscilloscope. The LFG is capable of producing several types of signal and the software is designed to aid the undergraduate engineering and physics students in learning the operation and functions of a digital storage oscilloscope. It can be used as an alternative to face-to-face laboratory activity for physics experiments. It is free and easy to use. The experiments enable students to develop the experimental and measurement skills related to signal generators and oscilloscopes. Hence it opens the opportunity of ‘doing’ virtual physics investigations individually at home.
Model experiments and analogies for teaching Einsteinian energy
Authors: Boublil Shachar , Blair David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The connections between light, matter, and energy are central to Einsteinian physics education in the age of renewable energy and modern technologies. Using activities, models, and analogies for presenting modern physics in the classroom is effective in helping students understand challenging topics. This paper describes three classroom activities designed to explore the physics behind a beautiful experiment that measured an atom’s mass increase when it absorbs a single photon and its mass reduction when a photon is emitted. The experiment demonstrates the direct link between E = mc2 and E = hf. Classroom math problems linked to the experiment use the powers of 10 to explore the large and small numbers associated with the physical concepts. The lesson we developed as part of the Einsteinian energy curriculum for year 8 students as part of the Einstein-first project in Australia, which aims to design and implement Einsteinian physics curricula for schools.
Initial conditions for the scalaron dark matter
Authors: Shtanov Yuri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The scalaron of the metric f(R) gravity can constitute dark matter if its mass is in the range 4 meV ≲ m ≲ 1 MeV. We give an overview of such f(R) gravity theory minimally coupled to the Standard Model. Similarly to other dark-matter models based on scalar fields, this model has the issue of initial conditions. Firstly, the initial conditions for the scalaron are to be tuned in order to produce the observed amount of dark matter. Secondly, the primordial spatial inhomogeneities in the field are to be sufficiently small because they generate entropy (or isocurvature) perturbations, which are constrained by observations. We consider these issues in the present paper. The initial conditions for the scalaron presumably emerge at the inflationary stage. We point out that the homogeneous part of the scalaron initial value is largely unpredictable because of quantum diffusion during inflation. Thus, to account for the observed amount of dark matter, one has to resort to anthropic considerations. Observational constraints on the primordial spatial inhomogeneity of the scalaron are translated into upper bounds on the energy scale of inflation, which happen to be low but not too restrictive.
Quantum fluctuations and semiclassicality in an inflaton-driven evolution
Authors: Brizuela David , Pawłowski Tomasz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A semiclassical description of quantum systems is applied to probe the dynamics of the
cosmological model of an inflationary universe with quadratic inflaton potential, described in a
quantum framework of geometrodynamics. The systematic analysis, focusing in particular on the
inflationary and post-inflationary epochs, revealed several surprising and counterintuitive
features: (i) during inflation the universe rapidly spreads out in volume which leads to
significant relative variance by the end of inflation; (ii) despite that, the quantum evolution
can still be described to high accuracy by semiclassical methods; (iii) moreover, in the
post-inflationary epoch, as the order of included quantum corrections increases, the quantum
trajectory approaches the classical one and the description involving second-order corrections
only is actually the least accurate there. The consequence of the latter is that the effects of
the quantum variances are washed out by the higher-order quantum corrections.
Probing pre-BBN era with scale invariant FIMP
Authors: Barman Basabendu , Ghoshal Anish 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Detecting dark matter (DM) relic via freeze-in is difficult in laboratories due to
smallness of the couplings involved. However, a non-standard cosmological history of the Universe,
prior to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), can dramatically change this scenario. In this context,
we study the freeze-in production of dark matter (DM) in classically scale invariant U(1)
X

gauge extension of the Standard Model (SM), recently dubbed as the Scale Invariant FIMP
Miracle. We assume an additional species dominates the energy density of the Universe at early
times, causing the expansion rate at a given temperature to be larger than that in the standard
radiation-dominated case. We find, the out-of-equilibrium scattering processes involving
particles in the thermal bath lead to significantly suppressed DM production in this era, thereby
enhancing the couplings between the visible and the dark sector (by several orders of magnitude)
to satisfy the observed DM abundance, and improving the detection prospects for freeze-in in
turn. Scale invariance of the underlying theory leaves only four free parameters in the model: the
DM mass mX
, the gauge coupling gX
, the temperature of transition TR
from early
scalar-dominated to radiation-dominated era and the power-law dependence n of this
temperature. We show, within this minimal set-up, experiments like FASER, MATHUSLA, DUNE, SHiP
will be probing various cosmological models depending on the choice of {n, TR
} that also
satisfy the PLANCK observed relic density bound. Moreover, due to the presence of a naturally
light scalar mediator, the direct detection of the DM at XENON1T, PandaX-4T or XENONnT becomes
relevant for Higgs-scalar mixing sinθ ≃ {10-5–10-3}, thus providing
complementary probes for freeze-in, as well as for non-standard cosmological pre-BBN era.
Variability and Spectral Behavior of Gamma-Ray Flares of 3C 279
Authors: Wang Gege , Fan Junhui , Xiao Hubing , Cai Jinting 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
3C 279 showed enhanced flux variations in Fermi-LAT γ-ray observations from 2018 January to June. We present a detailed Fermi-LAT analysis to investigate the variability and spectral behaviors of 3C 279 during the γ-ray flares in 2018. In this work, we analyzed the γ-ray spectra and found that the spectra in either the flaring or quiescent states do not show any clear breaks (or cutoffs). This indicates that the dissipation region is outside the broad-line region, and the energy dissipation may be due to the inverse Compton process of scattering the dust torus infrared photons, this result is also consistent with that in Tolamatti et al. An external inverse Compton scattering of dusty torus (DT) photons is employed to calculate the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED). This model was further supported by the fact that we found flare decay timescale was consistent with the cooling time of relativistic electrons through DT photons. During the SED modeling, a relatively harder spectrum for the electron energy distribution is found and suggests these electrons may not be accelerated by the shock that happened in the dissipation region. Besides, the magnetic reconnection is also ruled out due to a low magnetization ratio. Thus, we suggest an injection of higher-energy electrons from outside the blob and raising the flare.
Active and passive Q-switching operation of 1 μm Yb:YSP laser with an optical chopper/AOM and MoWS2 nanosheets
Authors: Yin Xiaoqin , Fan Shuzhen , Zhang Xingyu , Wu Guangda , Yu Fapeng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the laser diode (LD)-pumped all-solid-state Yb:YSr3 (PO4)3 (Yb:YSP) lasers with active and passive Q-switching operation were demonstrated for the first time. At the pump power of 5.5 W, the average output power was 369 mW and the single pulse energy was 184.5 μJ at 2 kHz in the active Q-switching operation with an optical chopper. For the acousto-optic modulator Q-switched laser, a 118 ns pulse duration and 2881 W pulse peak power at 0.5 kHz were obtained. Furthermore, MoWS2 nanosheets were implemented to the passively Q-switched Yb:YSP laser, generating stable pulses with duration of 1.45 μs at the repetition frequency of 55 kHz and verifying the optical response potential of MoWS2. The good laser beam quality of

M
x
2

= 1.14 and

M
y
2

= 1.12 were achieved as well.
Coherent destruction of tunnelling in a symmetrical double well driven by a series of time dependent δ functions
Authors: Seal Dipayan , Chaudhury Pinaki , Ghosh Subhasree 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It is analytically and numerically shown that the coherent tunnelling between the individual wells of a symmetrical double well potential can be totally suppressed when it is driven by a periodic series of δ function in time, depending on the time period and strength of the δ function. We have applied time dependent perturbation theory to have an understanding over the process. In absence of any kind of perturbation, the average position of the particle makes a sinusoidal oscillation between two wells. With the application of a periodic δ function, the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillation both get modified. In this article we have explored how the frequency and strength of the applied perturbation controls the quantum dynamics of tunnelling and finally, how these parameters drive the system towards a complete stand still situation, which is described as coherent destruction of tunnelling.
A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification
Authors: Veluru Sridevi , Hamzah Husam Talib , Tukaram Bai M , Poiba Venkata Rao , Mahdi Husam Salah 
Published: October 2022

Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel.
In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.
Polyploidy: its consequences and enabling role in plant diversification and evolution
Authors: Heslop-Harrison J S (Pat) , Schwarzacher Trude , Liu Qing 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Most, if not all, green plant (Virdiplantae) species including angiosperms and ferns are polyploids themselves or have ancient polyploid or whole genome duplication signatures in their genomes. Polyploids are not only restricted to our major crop species such as wheat, maize, potato and the brassicas, but also occur frequently in wild species and natural habitats. Polyploidy has thus been viewed as a major driver in evolution, and its influence on genome and chromosome evolution has been at the centre of many investigations. Mechanistic models of the newly structured genomes are being developed that incorporate aspects of sequence evolution or turnover (low-copy genes and regulatory sequences, as well as repetitive DNAs), modification of gene functions, the re-establishment of control of genes with multiple copies, and often meiotic chromosome pairing, recombination and restoration of fertility.

Scope
World-wide interest in how green plants have evolved under different conditions – whether in small, isolated populations, or globally – suggests that gaining further insight into the contribution of polyploidy to plant speciation and adaptation to environmental changes is greatly needed. Forward-looking research and modelling, based on cytogenetics, expression studies, and genomics or genome sequencing analyses, discussed in this Special Issue of the Annals of Botany, consider how new polyploids behave and the pathways available for genome evolution. They address fundamental questions about the advantages and disadvantages of polyploidy, the consequences for evolution and speciation, and applied questions regarding the spread of polyploids in the environment and challenges in breeding and exploitation of wild relatives through introgression or resynthesis of polyploids.

Conclusion
Chromosome number, genome size, repetitive DNA sequences, genes and regulatory sequences and their expression evolve following polyploidy – generating diversity and possible novel traits and enabling species diversification. There is the potential for ever more polyploids in natural, managed and disturbed environments under changing climates and new stresses.
Genome-wide Mendelian randomization and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses identify the causal effects of COVID-19 on 41 cytokines
Authors: Wang Chao , Yu Rui , Zhang Sainan , Zhao Yue , Qi Changlu , Zhu Zijun , Chen Xinyu , Bi Jianxing , Xu Peigang , Cheng Liang , Zhang Xue 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have attracted much attention during the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The conclusions of current observational studies are often controversial in terms of the causal effects of COVID-19 on various cytokines because of the confounding factors involving underlying diseases. To resolve this problem, we conducted a Mendelian randomization analysis by integrating the GWAS data of COVID-19 and 41 cytokines. As a result, the levels of 2 cytokines were identified to be promoted by COVID-19 and had unsignificant pleiotropy. In comparison, the levels of 10 cytokines were found to be inhibited and had unsignificant pleiotropy. Among down-regulated cytokines, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL7 were members of CC chemokine family. We then explored the potential molecular mechanism for a significant causal association at a single cell resolution based on single-cell RNA data, and discovered the suppression of CCL3 and the inhibition of CCL3-CCR1 interaction in classical monocytes (CMs) of COVID-19 patients. Our findings may indicate that the capability of COVID-19 in decreasing the chemotaxis of lymphocytes by inhibiting the CCL3-CCR1 interaction in CMs.