bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific enterotype of gut microbiota predicted clinical effect of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Qiao Jun , Zhang Sheng-Xiao , Chang Min-Jing , Cheng Ting , Zhang Jia-Qian , Zhao Rong , Song Shan , Liu Guang-Ying , Chang Jia-Song , Li Xiao-Feng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe most used drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains methotrexate (MTX). Unfortunately, up to 50% of patients do not achieve a clinically adequate outcome. Here we study whether the gut microbiota patterns can aid in the prediction of MTX efficacy for RA.MethodTo dissect gut microbiome profiles of RA patients (n = 145), 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. Dirichlet multinomial mixture (DMM) clustering was used to identify enterotypes at genus level. The relationships between enterotypes and clinical measures (such as lymphocyte subsets and cytokines detected by flow cytometry) were explored. Then, enterotype stability was evaluated by the stratification of the RA patient cohort (n = 66) in Shanghai, China, using the same method. Finally, the enterotype-based gut microbial human index classifier was applied to another independent RA patient cohort (n = 27) to identify the factors associated with MTX clinical response.ResultsOur analysis revealed that the RA patients always displayed two different dysbiotic microbiota patterns: RA E1 comprised predominantly Prevotella and RA E2 comprised predominantly Bacteroides. Among all of the lymphocyte subsets and cytokines, only the number of CD8+ T cells showed a significant difference between RA E1 and RA E2. These results were validated in the RA patient cohort in Shanghai, China. Significant associations of RA E1 with clinical response to subsequent MTX treatment were confirmed by another independent RA patient cohort.ConclusionTogether, the enterotype-based gut microbial human index (EGMI) classifier was useful to precisely and effectively identify enterotypes of individual RA patients, which could effectively evaluate MTX clinical responses.
Liberalization, democratization and the remaking of the South African corporate network 1993–2020
Authors: Reddy Niall 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTwo broad, complementary approaches have defined the literature on interlocking directorates. Inter-organizational theories see them as an outgrowth of firms’ efforts to monitor and manage their commercial environment. Intra-class theories focus on their functionality in harmonizing and coordinating the political action of different segments of the capitalist elite. But comparative work on network formation has drawn almost exclusively on the first of these approaches—linking variation in typologies to the economic institutions that shape patterns of inter-firm engagement. Here I deploy a synthesis of inter-organizational and intra-class theories to understand the evolution of the South African corporate network over the post-Apartheid period. I trace out a broad trend of fragmentation as a hierarchical business system gave way to one modeled on Anglo-Saxon lines. But I also demonstrate the persistence of a cohesive core in the network, firstly centered around the historically dominant social bloc, and subsequently around the personal networks of politically connected black directors. The results show the potential of intra-class theories to enrich our understanding of how corporate networks form and change.
The Journalistic Field in the Platform Economy: The New York Times and the Inverted Pyramid
Authors: Leeds Tyler 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bourdieu’s field theory has become a key heuristic for studying the impact of the market on American journalism, but this approach has not been employed to analyze the consequences of a technology-driven decline in advertising revenue. To understand this change and update the commercial critique of journalism, I extend the emerging Bourdieusian historical research program to chart transformations in the market’s heteronomous effects on journalism. To do so, I highlight how the New York Times was exceptionally positioned to manage heteronomy as it emanated through the technology, political, and financial fields. This analysis throws the crisis of the wider field into relief, a field I characterize as an “inverted pyramid” to reflect how the Times’ success deepened hierarchy, while also giving it the freedom to reinvent orthodoxy in a wide space of possibility atop the field.
Scylla or Charybdis? The beneficiary’s dilemma between contempt of court orders and Swiss–Liechtenstein Anti-Espionage Law
Authors: Gasser Johannes , Graham Toby 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Beneficiaries of foreign trusts and foundations are sometimes required by English and other courts to provide information and disclose documents pertaining to their beneficial interests and any related rights they may have to receive payment from the assets or income. This may be relevant in many circumstances, most importantly in family feuds and in divorce proceedings, where courts often ascertain whether such beneficial interests are to be considered beneficiaries’ property and thus whether they are to be shared with, or entirely awarded to, other litigant(s). Contempt of court orders ensure that the court’s directions to produce such evidence will be honoured and followed by the beneficiary, who will then, nolens volens, seek to obtain such information from the foreign trustee or foundation board. However, as the most recent Liechtenstein case law has revealed, this is not as easy and straight-forward as one would think. If the beneficiary is directed by the foreign court to disclose the trust or foundation documents, she or he may become liable for prosecution in Switzerland or Liechtenstein for the violation of somewhat strange, but serious, anti-espionage laws. Concurrently, the trustee or foundation board may not provide information to the beneficiary. Like shipwrecked Odysseus facing sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis, beneficiaries are then caught between two equally unpleasant options and need to venture into and navigate these uncharted waters.
‘If you take a horse to water it usually does drink’—mandatory mediation of trust disputes in New Zealand: Wright v Pitfield [2022] NZHC 385
Authors: Barber Simon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under the Trusts Act 2019, New Zealand’s High Court can compel parties to attend mediation against their will. Some argue that this compulsion is anathema to the voluntary and consensual nature of mediation. Others argue that it is pragmatic—recognising the proven success of mediation and its myriad advantages over litigation. In Wright v Pitfield, a typical family trust dispute between former spouses, the High Court exercised this power for the first time—finding that it was the ‘type of case Parliament had in mind when providing jurisdiction for the Court to require parties to attend mediation’. The question is whether courts will take a similarly liberal approach in more exceptional cases.
Exploratory toxicology studies of 2,3-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory properties
Authors: Serrano-Contreras José Iván , Meléndez-Camargo María Estela , Márquez-Flores Yazmín Karina , Soria-Serrano Martha Patricia , Campos-Aldrete María Elena 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundTrichomoniasis and amoebiasis are neglected diseases and still remain as a global health burden not only for developing countries, from where are endemic, but also for the developed world. Previously, we tested the antiparasitic activity of a number of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives (IMPYs) on metronidazole-resistant strains of Entamoeba Hystolitica (HM1:IMSS), and Trichomonas Vaginalis (GT3). Their anti-inflammatory activity was also evaluated.ObjectiveThe present work is a part of a project whose aim is to find new alternatives to standard treatments for these maladies, and to address the current concern of emerging resistant parasite strains. Here we report a non-clinical study focused on exploratory toxicology assays of seven IMPYs that showed the best antiparasitic and/or anti-inflammatory properties.MethodsAcute, and subacute toxicity tests were carried out. After 14-day oral treatment, liver and kidney functionality assays in combination with chemometric methods were implemented to detect hepatic and/or kidney damage.ResultsSome compounds produced off-target effects. Vehicle effects were also detected. However, no signs of hepatic or renal toxicity were observed for any IMPY.ConclusionThese compounds can continue non-clinical evaluations, and if possible, clinical trials as new candidates to treat trichomoniasis and amoebiasis, and inflammatory diseases. Further studies are also needed to fully elucidate a proposed dual effect that may exert these molecules against trichomoniasis and amoebiasis, which may also signify a novel mechanism of action to treat these infections.
Protective effect of inhibiting necroptosis on gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity
Authors: Hu Bing‐feng , Gong Qian , Chen Shi‐qing , Yue Lin , Ma Wen‐xian , Wang Fang , Feng Xiao‐wen , Wang Jia‐nan , Li Chao , Liu Ming‐ming , Wang Xue‐fu , Meng Xiao‐ming , Li Jun , Wen Jia‐gen 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNecroptosis is defined as a novel programmed cell necrosis that is mediated by receptor interacting serine–threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and other related signals. Necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation are commonly considered as the leading mechanism in acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by gentamicin (GEN), which is a useful antibiotic for treating the infection of Gram‐negative bacterial. However, the necroptosis in the pathogenesis of GEN‐induced AKI is unknown. In this study, to investigate the process and function of necroptosis in GEN‐induced AKI, NRK‐52E and HK‐2 cells and SD rats were used as the models. The necroptosis‐related proteins, including RIPK1, RIPK3, mixed lineage kinase domain‐like (MLKL) and phosphorylated MLKL (p‐MLKL), were all increasing time‐dependently when GEN was continuously given. By using the RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin‐1 (NEC‐1) and RIPK3 inhibitor (CPD42), the GEN‐induced toxicity of tubular cells was alleviated. Moreover, it was validated that GEN‐induced cell apoptosis and inflammation were attenuated after treating with NEC‐1 or CPD42, both in vivo and in vitro. When MLKL was knocked down by siRNA, NEC‐1 and CPD42 can not further protect the damage of tubular cells by GEN. Although the using of pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD significantly decreased GEN‐induced apoptosis, it enhanced necroptosis and slightly promoted the decreased cell viability in GEN‐treated cells, with the protective effects weaker than NEC‐1 or CPD42. Finally, in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests and bacteriostatic ring studies showed that NEC‐1 did not interfere with the antibiotic effects of GEN. Thus, suppressing necroptosis can serve as a promising strategy for the prevention of GEN‐induced nephrotoxicity.
Comparing Learners’ Psychomotor Skills and Anxiety During Standardized Patient Simulation Using Cooperative Versus Individual Practice: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: İlaslan Nagihan , Demiray Ayşe 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simulation has become increasingly important in teaching clinical nursing skills. Cooperative simulation practices based on social interdependence theory support skill acquisition by reducing student anxiety through practice. The aim of this experimental study, conducted with 60 junior nursing students, was to compare the effects of cooperative versus individual practice on psychomotor skill performance and student anxiety during simulation with a standardized patient. The results demonstrated that students who performed practice cooperatively had higher psychomotor skills scores and lower anxiety scores.
Research Methodologies in Health Professions Education Publications: Breadth and Rigor
Authors: Han Heeyoung , Youm Julie , Tucker Constance , Teal Cayla R. , Rougas Steven , Park Yoon Soo , J. Mooney Christopher , L. Hanson Janice , Berry Andrea 
Published: August 2022

Purpose
Research methodologies represent assumptions about knowledge and ways of knowing. Diverse research methodologies and methodological standards for rigor are essential in shaping the collective set of knowledge in health professions education (HPE). Given this relationship between methodologies and knowledge, it is important to understand the breadth of research methodologies and their rigor in HPE research publications. However, there are limited studies examining these questions. This study synthesized current trends in methodologies and rigor in HPE papers to inform how evidence is gathered and collectively shapes knowledge in HPE.

Method
This descriptive quantitative study used stepwise stratified cluster random sampling to analyze 90 papers from 15 HPE journals published in 2018 and 2019. Using a research design codebook, the authors conducted group coding processes for fidelity, response process validity, and rater agreement; an index quantifying methodological rigor was developed and applied for each paper.

Results
Over half of research methodologies were quantitative (51%), followed by qualitative (28%), and mixed methods (20%). No quantitative and mixed methods papers reported an epistemological approach. All qualitative papers that reported an epistemological approach (48%) used social constructivism. Most papers included participants from North America (49%) and Europe (20%). The majority of papers did not specify participant sampling strategies (56%) or a rationale for sample size (80%). Among those reported, most studies (81%) collected data within 1 year.
The average rigor score of the papers was 56% (SD = 17). Rigor scores varied by journal categories and research methodologies. Rigor scores differed between general HPE journals and discipline-specific journals. Qualitative papers had significantly higher rigor scores than quantitative and mixed methods papers.

Conclusions
This review of methodological breadth and rigor in HPE papers raises awareness in addressing methodological gaps and calls for future research on how the authors shape the nature of knowledge in HPE.
Standardized Patients’ Perspectives on Bias in Student Encounters
Authors: Fluet Angelina , Essakow Jenna , Ju Mindy 
Published: August 2022

Purpose
Standardized patient (SP) encounters are widely used in health professional education to evaluate trainees’ clinical skills. Prior literature suggests that bias can influence the evaluations of student learners in SP–student encounters. Understanding how SPs perceive bias in their work and how they view their role in mitigating or perpetuating bias in simulation is an important first step in addressing bias in the SP–student encounter.

Method
Researchers designed a qualitative interview study and conducted 16 semistructured interviews with SPs at the University of California, San Francisco Kanbar Simulation Center from July through September of 2020. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by researchers using inductive thematic analysis. Researchers met iteratively to reconcile codes and identify themes.

Results
SPs identified bias occurring in multiple directions: SP-to-student, student-to-SP, student-to-character, and SP-to-character. SPs were hesitant to label their own biases and instead used words such as “comfort” or “preference.” SPs reported little bias from students, because students were being evaluated and therefore behaving carefully. Additionally, SPs perceived bias in the implementation of health care simulation, which manifests as underrepresentation of certain groups amongst actors and character descriptions. Most SPs felt that they should play a role in mitigating bias in SP–student encounters, including addressing bias that occurs, challenging stereotypes, teaching about cultural differences, and/or being conscious of bias in their assessments of learners.

Conclusions
In the SP–student encounter, bias can occur on many levels and between many individuals, including between the SP and the character they are portraying. Identifying the areas in which bias can exist can help simulation educators mitigate bias.
American Radium Society (ARS) Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for Locoregional Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kumar Rachit , Tchelebi Leila , Anker Christopher J. , Sharma Navesh , Bianchi Nancy A. , Dragovic Jadranka , Goodman Karyn A. , Herman Joseph M. , Jiang Yixing , Jones William E. , Kennedy Timothy J. , Lee Percy , Kundranda Madappa , Russo Suzanne , Small William , Suh Wonsuk W. , Yee Nelson , Jabbour Salma K. 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the data regarding the use of neoadjuvant, perioperative, surgical, and adjuvant treatment options in localized gastric cancer patients and to develop Appropriate Use Criteria recommended by a panel of experts convened by the American Radium Society.

Methods:
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology was used to develop an extensive analysis of peer-reviewed phase 2/2R/3 trials, as well as meta-analyses found within the Ovid Medline database between 2010 and 2020. The expert panel then rated the appropriateness of various treatments in 5 representative clinical scenarios through a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi).

Results:
For patients with medically operable locally advanced gastric cancer, the strongest recommendation was for perioperative chemotherapy based on high-quality data. Acceptable alternatives included surgery followed by either chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). For patients with upfront resection of stages I to III gastric cancer (no neoadjuvant therapy), the group strongly recommended adjuvant therapy with either chemotherapy alone or CRT, based on high-quality data. For patients with locally advanced disease who received preoperative chemotherapy without tumor regression, the group strongly recommended postoperative chemotherapy or postoperative CRT. Finally, for medically inoperable gastric cancer patients, there was moderate consensus recommending definitive concurrent CRT.

Conclusions:
The addition of chemotherapy and/or radiation, either in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or perioperative setting, results in improved survival rates for patients compared with surgery alone. For inoperable patients, definitive CRT is a reasonable treatment option, though largely palliative.
Relationships Among Parenting Stress and Well-Being, COVID-19 Information Management, and Children's COVID-19 Fear
Authors: Boone Dianna M. , Stromberg Sarah , Fritz Alyssa , Rodriguez Juventino Hernandez , Gregus Samantha , Faith Melissa A. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, caregivers who are facing high stress levels and decreased emotional well-being may parent their children differently. Certain children are experiencing greater fear in response to COVID-19, and research is needed to identify parenting behaviors significantly linked with children's COVID-19 fear. The purpose of this article was to evaluate whether the association between parenting stress and children's COVID-19 fear could be explained by parents' COVID-19 information management and emotional well-being.

Methods:
Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. The sample consisted of 595 caregivers of children during the COVID-19 pandemic; 40.0% men, 69.2% non-Latinx White, 12.1% Black, 10.1% Latinx, 6.6% Asian, and <2% others. Children had an average age of 11.3 years. Parents completed self-report measures.

Results:
The bootstrapped confidence interval (0.040, 0.148) for the indirect effect (0.090) revealed that parent emotional well-being significantly mediated the relation between parenting stress and children's COVID-19 fear. In addition, parent management of children's COVID-19 knowledge significantly mediated the relation between parenting stress and children's COVID-19 fear.

Conclusion:
We found that the combined effect of parents' emotional well-being and parents' management of children's COVID-19 knowledge significantly mediated the positive relation between parenting stress and children's COVID-19 fear. Based on our findings, once parents' parenting stress is decreased and their well-being increases, parents may be more likely to provide children with developmentally appropriate and accurate COVID-19 information.
No benefit of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine in reducing mortality in adult sepsis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Qing , Xiao Jianguo , Liu Hui 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Supplementation of corticosteroid, ascorbic acid and thiamine in adult septic patients remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid and thiamine (HAT) in adult septic patients.

Methods
Data search included Pumbed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to Sep, 2021. Only studies with classifications of sepsis and intravenous HAT treatment were included. Adult patients with sepsis (aged ≥18 years) were divided into 2 groups. The treatment group received HAT therapy, whereas the control group received standard care and/or intravenous hydrocortisone. The primary outcome was hospital mortality.

Results
Eleven studies including 4579 patients who fulfilled the predefined criteria were analyzed (6 randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 5 clinical cohort studies). No hospital mortality reduction was demonstrated in patients treated with HAT when compared to the reference (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.27; I
2 = 39%) group. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score decrement at 72hours was more significant in HAT-treated patients (mean difference [MD]: –1.23; 95% CI: –1.94 to –0.53; I
2 = 81%). There was no difference in the duration of vasopressor use between HAT-treated patients and controls (MD: –4.92; 95% CI: –24.38 to 14.53; I
2 = 97%). Statistical heterogeneity was noted with no sign of significant publication bias.

Conclusion
In adult sepsis and septic shock patients, HAT treatment failed to reduce mortality or shorten vasopressor duration, but reduced SOFA scores.
Comparison of the anxiety level between the medical staff and the public during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Luo Guanguan , Liu Yumin , Yao Dongai , Ni Shaozhou , Wu Bangsheng , Lin Liting , Wang Yunming , Jin Xiaoqing 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
A sudden outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Up-to-date, there have been limited studies examining the anxiety status of Chinese individuals in the early phase of the pandemic period (January 30, 2020–February 15, 2020). This survey aimed to compare the level of anxiety of the medical staff with that of the public and to provide a theoretical basis for developing an effective psychological intervention.

Method
Questionnaires were sent on the Internet (http://www.wjx.cn) during this period. The anxiety levels of Chinese people were investigated using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the demographic data were collected simultaneously.

Results
A total of 1110 participants were enrolled in this study, with an effective response rate of 100%. A total of 482 respondents were medical staff (43.4%), while 628 were members of the general public (56.6%). The medical staff itself had a higher SAS score than the general public (48.36±13.40 vs. 45.74±11.79, P < 0.01), while the medical staff in Wuhan were more anxious than the public in Wuhan with a higher SAS score (54.17±14.08 vs. 48.53±11.92, P < 0.01).

Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the anxiety levels of the medical staff and the public, with the medical personnel showing a higher anxiety level than the public, especially female medical staff in Wuhan. Therefore, urgent intervention programs to reduce anxiety should be implemented.