bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of origin and runoff of karst groundwater in the glacial lake area of the Jinsha River fault zone, China
Authors: Ma Jianfei , Li Xiangquan , Zhang Chunchao , Fu Changchang , Wang Zhenxing , Bai Zhanxue 
Published: August 2022

AbstractKarst groundwater plays important roles as a water supply and in sustaining the biodiversity and ecosystems of the eastern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau. Owing to the stratigraphic structure, high tectonic activity, and changeable climate of the region, the recharge source, runoff path, and dynamic characteristics of karst groundwater are highly complex, which poses challenges with regard to the protection of water resources and ecology. This study identified the origin and flow processes of karst groundwater in the glacial lake area of the Jinsha River fault zone using satellite remote sensing, hydrochemical and isotope analyses, and flow measurements. Results showed that active faults control the distribution of glacial lakes and the recharge, runoff, and discharge of karst groundwater. Glacial lake water is an important source of karst groundwater in the Jinsha River fault zone area. Specifically, glacial lake water continuously recharges the karst system via faults, fractures, and karst conduits, thereby maintaining the relative stability of karst spring flows. Through hierarchical cluster analysis, two main runoff conduits of karst water were distinguished: one along the Dingqu Fault and the other along the Eastern Zhairulong Fault, which together account for 59% of the total regional karst groundwater flow. The elevation difference between the recharge and discharge areas of the main karst springs is > 1000 m. Groundwater runoff is fast and residence time in the aquifer is short. The dissolution of calcite and dolomite mainly occurs during transit through the groundwater system, and cation exchange is weak. Therefore, the regional karst springs are predominantly HCO3−Ca·Mg type. To protect regional karst water resources and ecology, the monitoring and protection of glacial lakes should be strengthened.
Reliability-based load and resistance factor design model for energy piles
Authors: Hu Biao , Gong Quanmei , Zhang Yueqiang , Yin Yihe , Chen Wenjun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEnergy piles have been popular globally with functions of both pile foundation and ground source heat pumps. Although several researches have been devoted to the probabilistic design and assessment of energy piles, the corresponding procedures are too complicated for engineers. As a simple variant of the reliability-based design method, the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach for the geotechnical design of energy piles is presented in this study. Firstly, the load-transfer model for energy piles is developed to investigate the effect of cyclic thermal loading on the pile settlement. Then, the LRFD procedures based on first-order reliability method and target reliability method are implemented into two different constrained nonlinear optimization problems, respectively. The proposed LRFD model for energy piles is demonstrated through an example pile and a series of parametric analyses.
An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy
Authors: Hardie George , Gale Nathan , McEwan Michael , Oscar Stefano Milleri , Ziviani Luigi , Proctor Christopher J. , Murphy James 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTobacco heating products (THPs) have reduced emissions of toxicants compared with cigarette smoke, and as they expose user to lower levels than smoking, have for a role to play in tobacco harm reduction. One key concern of Public Health is that new tobacco and nicotine products should not be more addictive than cigarettes. To assess their abuse liability, we determined nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of two THPs compared with conventional cigarettes and a nicotine replacement therapy (Nicotine inhaler). In a randomised, controlled, open-label, crossover study healthy adult smokers used a different study product in a 5 min ad libitum use session in each of four study periods. Product liking, overall intent to use again, urge for product and urge to smoke questionnaires were utilised to assess subjective effects. Nicotine uptake was greater for the cigarette (Cmax = 22.7 ng/mL) than for either THP (8.6 and 10.5 ng/mL) and the NRT (2.3 ng/mL). Median Tmax was significantly longer for the NRT (15.03 min) than for the tobacco products (4.05–6.03 min). Product liking and overall intent to use again was highest for the cigarette, and higher for the THPs than the NRT. Urge to smoke was reduced more by the cigarette than by the other three products. Urge to use the THPs was greater than the NRT. These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT.
Nondestructive classification of soft rot disease in napa cabbage using hyperspectral imaging analysis
Authors: Song Hyeyeon , Yoon So-Ra , Dang Yun-Mi , Yang Ji-Su , Hwang In Min , Ha Ji-Hyoung 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIdentification of soft rot disease in napa cabbage, an essential ingredient of kimchi, is challenging at the industrial scale. Therefore, nondestructive imaging techniques are necessary. Here, we investigated the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) processing in the near-infrared region (900–1700 nm) for classifying napa cabbage quality using nondestructive measurements. We determined the microbiological and physicochemical qualitative properties of napa cabbage for intercomparison of HSI information, extracted HSI characteristics from hyperspectral images to predict and classify freshness, and established a novel approach for classifying healthy and rotten napa cabbage. The second derivative Savitzky–Golay method for data preprocessing was implemented, followed by wavelength selection using variable importance in projection scores. For multivariate data of the classification models, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and random forests were used for predicting cabbage conditions. The SVM model accurately distinguished the cabbage exhibiting soft rot disease symptoms from the healthy cabbage. This study presents the potential of HSI systems for separating soft rot disease-infected napa cabbages from healthy napa cabbages using the SVM model, especially under the most effective wavelengths (970, 980, 1180, 1070, 1120, and 978 nm), prior to processing. These results are applicable to industrial multispectral images.
Chemical evolution in ices on drifting, planet-forming pebbles
Authors: Eistrup Christian , Henning Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Context. Planets and their atmospheres are built from gas and solid material in protoplanetary disks. Recent results suggest that solid material such as pebbles may contribute significantly to building up planetary atmospheres. In order to link observed exoplanet atmospheres and their compositions to their formation histories, it is important to understand how icy pebbles may change their composition when they drift radially inwards in disks.
Aims. Our goal is to model the compositional evolution of ices on pebbles as they drift in disks, and track how their chemical evolution en route changes the ice composition relative to the ice composition of the pebbles in the region where they grew from micron-sized grains.
Methods. A state-of-the-art chemical kinetics code was utilised for modelling chemical evolution. This code accounts for the time-evolving sizes of the solids that drift. Chemical evolution was modelled locally for 0.1 Myr at two starting radii, with the micron-sized solids growing into pebbles simultaneously. The pebbles and local gas, isolated as a parcel, were then exposed to changing physical conditions, which was intended to mimic the pebbles drifting inwards in the disk midplane, moving to 1 AU on three different timescales. A modelling simplification was that the pebbles are not moved through, or exposed to new gas, but they stayed in the same chemical gas surroundings in all models.
Results. For ice species with initial abundances relative to hydrogen of >10-5, such as H2O, CO2, CH3OH, and NH3, the abundances change by less than 20% for both radii of origin, and for the two smaller drift timescales (10kyr and 100 kyr). For less abundant ice species, and the longest drift timescale (1 Myr), the changes are larger. Pebble drift chemistry generally increases the ice abundances of CO2, HCN, and SO, at the expense of decreasing the abundances of other volatile molecules.
Endovascular Treatment Strategy for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion with Unexpected Right-Sided Aortic Arch
Authors: Mizowaki Takashi , Fujita Atsushi , Miura Shinichi , Nakahara Masahiro , Tanaka Hirotomo , Matsumoto Shinichi , Takaishi Yoshiyuki , Kondoh Takeshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA right-sided aortic arch (RAA) is a rare variant of the aortic arch found. We present a case of endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute basilar artery (BA) occlusion with an RAA. A 70-year-old man developed acute ischemic stroke due to BA occlusion. During urgent EVT for BA occlusion with an RAA, which was observed unexpectedly, navigation of the catheter to the target vessel was achieved as a result of an early change in the access route. Flexible treatment strategies are warranted for cases of unexpected anatomical variant in the fight against time for emergent cases, such as acute ischemic stroke.
Medical Research Conduct and Publication during Higher Education in Syria: Attitudes, Barriers, Practices, and Possible Solutions
Authors: Hanafi Ibrahem , Haj Kassem Luma , Hanafi Mouaz , Ahmad Sulafa , Abbas Ola , Hajeer Mohammad Younis , Alsalkini Marah , Alahdab Fares 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background: The huge workload on doctors especially residents, who are the main health care providers in public hospitals, in addition to the vanishing incomes and lack of personal safety during the decade-long Syrian crisis, led to further hurdles in the focus on research. Postgraduate students in the medical and paramedical fields must conduct original research projects as part of their graduation requirements. However, this does not reflect on research publications coming from Syria.
Methods: This is a nation-wide cross-sectional study targeting medical, dental, and pharmacy postgraduate students who are at the phase of planning for their required projects. The questionnaire aimed to capture their attitudes toward research, perceived barriers, and previous research experiences in order to suggest evidence-based recommendations.
Results: The sample consisted of 429 residents representing about 22% of the target population. Nearly all the participants had positive opinion toward the important role of medical research and the significance of their participation. Agreement was also clear regarding perceived barriers, including the lack of adequate training and research facility. Seventy-one percent of the participants were not involved in any research before the time of their master theses, less than 13% of them had submitted an article for publication, and less than 5% had submitted more than one paper. Despite that, high-quality internet connectivity and rich English writing skills were associated with further research experiences. Additionally, mentors' support and self-paced learning of research skills had significant positive impact on students' research contributions with odds ratios of 2.04 [[95% Confidence Interval]: 1.02–4.06] and 2.68 [1.48–4.84], respectively.
Conclusion: Lack of training and mentorship, in addition to several common barriers to medical research, hampered residents' capacity of conducting and publishing research despite their positive attitudes toward it. Nevertheless, the variance within our sample exposed a promising window for implementing low-cost institutional and individual solutions such as peer-run self-paced training opportunities and long-distance mentoring.
Inter- and trans-generational effects of gestational ghrelin imbalance on development and reproduction in the mouse
Authors: Torres Pedro Javier , Luque Eugenia Mercedes , Ramírez Nicolás David , Carlini Valeria Paola , Martini Ana Carolina 
Published: August 2022

Context and aims We have demonstrated that ghrelin (Ghrl) participates in fetal programming, since intragestational hyperghrelinaemia increased pup’s growth and a Ghrl-receptor antagonist accelerated offspring’s sexual maturation and impaired their adult reproductive function. Now, we aim to analyse if these phenotypic changes (found in F1) also occurred in F2 and/or F3 generations. Methods We treated mice dams (F0), with 4 nmol/animal/day of Ghrl or 6 nmol/animal/day of an antagonist [Ant:(d-Lys3)GHRP6] from day 1 of pregnancy until delivery. When F1 female pups reached adulthood, they were paired to obtain F2, and subsequently, F2 females were paired to obtain F3. Parameters evaluated in F2 and F3 pups were: growth, physical development, neurobiological maturation, puberty onset and in adulthood, reproductive function. Key results The F2 and F3 Ant groups showed a significant increase in litter size. Although no differences were detected in the weight of these pups at birth, in adulthood, they were heavier. At F3, pups from the Ant group showed advanced incisors eruption and eye opening compared to controls. Furthermore, F3 male pups from the Ant group showed earlier testis descent, although in adulthood, these males exhibited reduced sperm concentration in comparison to Ghrl. No differences were detected in F2 or F3 females regarding puberty onset or reproduction. Conclusions and implications Some fetal programming effects of Ghrl seen in F1, also appeared transgenerationally. Since many women at reproductive age suffer from conditions with reduced Ghrl levels (i.e. obesity or polycystic ovarian syndrome), these results could be relevant to the health of their descendants.
Hot, wet and rare: modelling the occupancy dynamics of the narrowly distributed Dixie Valley toad
Authors: Rose Jonathan P. , Kleeman Patrick M. , Halstead Brian J. 
Published: August 2022

Context Small population sizes and no possibility of metapopulation rescue put narrowly distributed endemic species under elevated risk of extinction from anthropogenic change. Desert spring wetlands host many endemic species that require aquatic habitat and are isolated by the surrounding xeric terrestrial habitat. Aims We sought to model the occupancy dynamics of the Dixie Valley toad (Anaxyrus williamsi), a recently described species endemic to a small desert spring wetland complex in Nevada, USA. Methods We divided the species’ range into 20 m × 20 m cells and surveyed for Dixie Valley toads at 60 cells during six primary periods from 2018 to 2021, following an occupancy study design. We analysed our survey data by using a multi-state dynamic occupancy model to estimate the probability of adult occurrence, colonisation, site survival, and larval occurrence and the relationship of each to environmental covariates. Key results The detection probabilities of adult and larval toads were affected by survey length and time of day. Adult Dixie Valley toads were widely distributed, with detections in 75% of surveyed cells at some point during the 3-year study, whereas larvae were observed only in 20% of cells during the study. Dixie Valley toad larvae were more likely to occur in cells far from spring heads with a high coverage of surface water, low emergent vegetation cover, and water temperatures between 20°C and 28°C. Adult toads were more likely to occur in cells with a greater coverage of surface water and water depth >10 cm. Cells with more emergent vegetation cover and surface water were more likely to be colonised by adult toads. Conclusions Our results showed that Dixie Valley toads are highly dependent on surface water in both spring and autumn. Adults and larvae require different environmental conditions, with larvae occurring farther from spring heads and in fewer cells. Implications Disturbances to the hydrology of the desert spring wetlands in Dixie Valley could threaten the persistence of this narrowly distributed toad.
Brain endothelial STING1 activation by
Plasmodium
-sequestered heme promotes cerebral malaria via type I IFN response
Authors: Pais Teresa F. , Ali Hajrabibi , Moreira da Silva Joana , Duarte Nádia , Neres Rita , Chhatbar Chintan , Acúrcio Rita C. , Guedes Rita C. , Strano Moraes Maria Carolina , Costa-Silva Bruno , Kalinke Ulrich , Penha-Gonçalves Carlos 
Published: August 2022

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening form of
Plasmodium falciparum
infection caused by brain inflammation. Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of CM pathology, which is also associated with the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) inflammatory pathway. The molecular triggers and sensors eliciting brain type I IFN cellular responses during CM remain largely unknown. We herein identified the stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING1) as the key innate immune sensor that induces
Ifnβ1
transcription in the brain of mice infected with
Plasmodium berghei
ANKA (
Pba
). This STING1/IFNβ-mediated response increases brain CXCL10 governing the extent of brain leukocyte infiltration and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and determining CM lethality. The critical role of brain endothelial cells (BECs) in fueling type I IFN–driven brain inflammation was demonstrated in brain endothelial–specific IFNβ-reporter and STING1-deficient
Pba
-infected mice, which were significantly protected from CM lethality. Moreover, extracellular particles (EPs) released from
Pba
-infected erythrocytes activated the STING1-dependent type I IFN response in BECs, a response requiring intracellular acidification. Fractionation of the EPs enabled us to identify a defined fraction carrying hemoglobin degradation remnants that activates STING1/IFNβ in the brain endothelium, a process correlated with heme content. Notably, stimulation of STING1-deficient BECs with heme, docking experiments, and in vitro binding assays unveiled that heme is a putative STING1 ligand. This work shows that heme resultant from the parasite heterotrophic activity operates as an alarmin, triggering brain endothelial inflammatory responses via the STING1/IFNβ/CXCL10 axis crucial to CM pathogenesis and lethality.
Proxy-based sliding-mode tracking control of dielectric elastomer actuators through eliminating rate-dependent viscoelasticity
Authors: Zou Jiang , MacLean James D J , Ren Jieji , Aphale Sumeet S , Gu Guoying 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) usually suffer from rate-dependent viscoelastic nonlinearity, which manifests as hysteresis in their deformation cycles, leading to huge challenges in their modeling and control. In this work, we propose a model-free, proxy-based, sliding-mode tracking control approach to mitigate viscoelastic nonlinearity, achieving high-precision tracking control of DEAs. To this end, we first investigate the viscoelastic nonlinearity of DEAs, revealing its asymmetric and rate-dependent characteristics. Then, by combining the benefits of the PID control for small positioning errors and sliding-mode control for large errors, a proxy-based, sliding-mode tracking controller (PBSMC) is established. Finally, the stability of the controller is analyzed. To verify the effectiveness of the controller, several experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance of DEAs in tracking sinusoidal trajectories under different frequencies. The experimental results demonstrate that with the PBSMC, the DEA can precisely track sinusoidal trajectories within a frequency range of 0.1 Hz–4.0 Hz by effectively minimizing the effect of inherent viscoelastic nonlinearity. Compared with open-loop tracking performance, the proxy-based, sliding-mode controlled DEA shows a significant reduction in maximum tracking errors from 45.87% to 8.72% and in root-mean-square errors from 24.46% to 3.88%. The main advantages of the proxy-based, sliding-mode control are: (a) it adopts a model-free approach, avoiding the need for complex dynamic modeling; (b) it can achieve high-precision tracking control of DEAs, thereby paving the way for the adoption of DEAs in several emerging applications.
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of the Diversion Layer on the Flow Field of the α-Type Cyclone Separator
Authors: Fan J L , Li W H , Zhang P , Chen G H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The flow field stability and separation performance of the cyclone separator decrease significantly as its size increases. An inner guider was added in α-type cyclone separator, and in this paper, a numerical investigation on the gas-solid two-phase flow in the α-type cyclone was conducted. The Reynolds stress model and the DPM model were used to simulate the gas flow and the motion of particles, respectively. The influence of the guider on the velocity field, pressure field, turbulent kinetic energy field, and particle separation efficiency of the cyclone separator was analyzed. The results showed that after adding an inner guider, the tangential velocity increases, the turbulent kinetic energy decreases, the downward area of the axial airflow increases, and the number of airflow-carrying particles downward increases.
A Method for Obtaining Solution of the Spatial Optical Soliton Based on the Adomian Decomposition Method
Authors: Cai Yungao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For obtaining the solution of the spatial optical solution in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the aomian decomposition method was used for solving the complex equation. The specific process for solving had four steps. Firstly, the nonlinear equation was appropriately decomposed into several parts and the solution also was decomposed into infinite parts. Secondly, the special aomian polynomial that equaled to the nonlinear term was produced. Thirdly, the high order components were obtained by the low order components with the inverse operator. Finally, the sum of the components that was the approximation solution was obtained. The sum of the real part (the imaginary part) of the front five items by aomian decomposition method was approximation to that of exact solution respectively. The results show that the aomian decomposition method has the characteristics of the fast convergence and the high accuracy. The aomian decomposition method was an important method for solving the spatial solution
Numerical Simulation of Flow Past Circular Cylinder Based on Overset Grid Method
Authors: Song Liwei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Based on overset grid method, the problems about flow past circular cylinder were numerically studied, which include the flow around a single circular cylinder at Reynolds number Re=100 and Reynolds number Re=200, the flow past two tandem circular cylinders at Reynolds number Re=200 and dimensionless distance g*=4, and the flow around a lateral oscillating circular cylinder at Reynolds number Re=200. Overset grid method is effective in dealing with the problems of flow over multi-body and flow with moving boundaries. This grid method couple overlapping regions in an arbitrary manner through flow field information updating over acceptor cells in one region suing its donor cells in another region. The computed drag coefficient and lift coefficients of the circular cylinder, vortical structure in the flow wake and vortex shedding P+S mode are agreed well with the results in previous experiment investigations and numerical simulations.