bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ethnographic study of an engineering community: Mentoring as a tacit rule and its implications for how people learn
Authors: Ayar Mehmet C. , Yalvac Bugrahan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundLaboratory studies explore the norms and characteristics of scientific practice and explain the constructive nature of knowledge production. However, how learning and research are sustained in engineering research laboratories at the graduate level requires further investigation.PurposeWe explored the cultural characteristics of an interdisciplinary engineering research center and documented how its members interacted and sustained both research and learning activities.Design/MethodWe employed ethnographic data collection strategies to document the process of developing expertise (i.e., learning) and meaningfully contributing (i.e., research) at the center. Participant observations, field notes, and interviews were conducted.ResultsThe center did not resemble the research laboratories described in prior ethnographic studies in terms of physical space; however, it is an organizational system that demonstrates various dimensions of human activity. We present our results in four subsections: (1) configurations of the research groups, (2) the roles and responsibilities of the engineering researchers, (3) characterization of the research center as a community of practice, and (4) authentic engineering practices. Mentoring as a tacit rule played a central role in sustaining engineering learning and research activities. It was dependent on the managerial preferences of lead engineering researchers as they developed different identities over time. Meetings, cultural transformation, shared repertoire, and tools characterized the center as a community of practice.ConclusionsOur findings inform how people learn. Educational settings should foster similar characteristics (e.g., mentoring to sustain engineering research, learning, and building a community of practice) to better portray authentic engineering and science practices to students.
Poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion among castes in Hindu and Muslim communities in Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Tiwari Chhavi , Goli Srinivas , Siddiqui Mohammad Zahid , Salve Pradeep S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study estimates poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion, for the first time, at the sub‐caste level in both Hindus and Muslims using a unique survey data collected from 7124 households in Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2014–2015. The results confirm the existing hypothesis that Brahmins, Thakurs and other Hindu general castes have higher wealth accumulation, lower poverty and lesser exclusion from formal financial services than Dalits. Exclusion from formal financial services forces Dalits to depend primarily on informal financial sources for borrowing—which leads to financial misfortune and further dragging them into a vicious cycle of poverty.
A novel variant of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase gene identified in an adult with newly diagnosed hepatitis C
Authors: Fawdry Helena , Gorrigan Rebecca , Ramachandran Radha , Drake William M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHepatic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency commonly presents with acute crises during infancy when glycogen stores are depleted. In these patients, dependence on glycogenolysis means that the duration of normoglycaemia is related to liver glycogen stores. Clinical hallmarks of FBPase deficiency include hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis with or without ketosis. Patients commonly present with hyperventilation, vomiting, tachycardia, reduced consciousness and glucagon‐resistant hypoglycaemia. Between crises, patients are usually well with normal growth and development; however significant ingestion of fructose, sucrose or glycerol during acute crises may be fatal, hence the importance of a prompt diagnosis. We present the case of a 30‐year‐old male who presented to our tertiary centre acutely unwell, shortly following a diagnosis of hepatitis C, which we speculate may have precipitated this severe presentation. He had similar, milder episodes throughout childhood. Furthermore, a pathological homozygous sequence variant in fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBP1) gene, previously unreported, was identified. Diagnosis in adulthood is underreported in the literature, however, represents an important, albeit rare, cause of hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis.
The importance of fecal nucleic acid detection in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Qiu , Liu Gong‐Xiang , Huang Xiao‐Li , Gan Hua‐Tian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPooled data from 2352 hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with viral RNA in feces across 46 studies were analyzed and the pooled prevalence of fecal RNA was 46.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.383–0.554). The pooled analysis showed that the occurrence of total gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms was 28.5% (95% CI: 0.125–0.44) in COVID‐19 patients with fecal RNA, that of both respiratory and GI symptoms was 21.9% (95% CI: 0.09–0.346), that of only GI symptoms was 19.8% (95% CI: 0.107–0.288), and that of only respiratory symptoms was 50.5%（95% CI: 0.267–0.744). The pooled data showed no significant difference in positive fecal RNA between severe and nonsevere cases (odds ratio = 2.009, p = 0.079, 95% CI: 0.922–4.378). During hospital admission, after samples from the respiratory system tested negative for viral RNA, 55.4% (95% CI: 0.418–0.669) of the patients with positive fecal RNA had persistent shedding of fecal RNA and pooled results from the other 4 studies including 848 discharged patients with nucleic acid‐negative stool samples indicated that the occurrence of repositive stool swabs was 18.1% (95% CI: 0.028–0.335), that of repositive respiratory swabs was 22.8% (95% CI: 0.003–0.452), that of both repositive stool and respiratory swabs was 19.1% (95% CI: 0.019–0.363), and that of only repositive stool swabs was 9.6% (95% CI: 0.010–0.203). The digestive tract may be an important organ involved in COVID‐19 infection and in the excretion of the virus. Because of the potential risk of fecal–oral transmission, giving emphasis on stool swab tests can help increase the detection rate of asymptomatic carriers and reduce missed diagnoses.
The SARS‐CoV‐2 Mu variant should not be left aside: It warrants attention for its immuno‐escaping ability
Authors: Pascarella Stefano , Bianchi Martina , Giovanetti Marta , Narzi Daniele , Cauda Roberto , Cassone Antonio , Ciccozzi Massimo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic continues to have a threatening impact on a global scale, largely due to the emergence of newly SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. The Mu (PANGO lineage B.1.621), was first identified in Colombia in January 2021 and was classified as a variant of interest (VOI) in August 2021, due to a constellation of mutations that likely‐mediate an unexpectedly enhanced immune resistance to inactivated vaccine‐elicited antibodies. Despite recent studies suggesting that the Mu variant appears to have less infectivity than the Delta variant, here we examined the structural effect of the Mu spike protein mutations and predicted the potential impact on infectivity of the Mu variant compared with the Delta and Delta plus spike protein.
Identification of homogeneous regions based on rainfall in the Amazon River basin
Authors: Ferreira Filho David Figueiredo , Pessoa Francisco Carlos Lira 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe identification of homogeneous rainfall regions facilitates the prioritization of watershed management measures. In the present study, it was applied the methodology of data clustering by the non‐hierarchical method of fuzzy C‐means, having as variables the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and average annual precipitation, provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC). The group formations were validated by Silhouette, PBM, Dunn, Davies Bouldin, and Xie Beni. The total annual precipitation values found for the regions are consistent with the precipitation volume recorded in the analysed region and found in the literature. The results presented satisfactory data from the application of the methodology, from which six homogeneous regions of well‐defined precipitation were formed, each with its own particularity, demonstrating the spatial–temporal variability of annual precipitation totals in the region. When analysing the climatological normals in relation to previous studies, a change in rainfall behaviour was noted, with changes occurring in the months with higher and lower average rainfall records in the area, mainly in homogeneous regions (HRs) 3 and 6. HRs 1 and 6 showed a unique behaviour, with their climatological normals different from the others.
Using artificial intelligence methods for systematic review in health sciences: A systematic review
Authors: Blaizot Aymeric , Veettil Sajesh K. , Saidoung Pantakarn , Moreno‐Garcia Carlos Francisco , Wiratunga Nirmalie , Aceves‐Martins Magaly , Lai Nai Ming , Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe exponential increase in published articles makes a thorough and expedient review of literature increasingly challenging. This review delineated automated tools and platforms that employ artificial intelligence (AI) approaches and evaluated the reported benefits and challenges in using such methods. A search was conducted in 4 databases (Medline, Embase, CDSR, and Epistemonikos) up to April 2021 for systematic reviews and other related reviews implementing AI methods. To be included, the review must use any form of AI method, including machine learning, deep learning, neural network, or any other applications used to enable the full or semi‐autonomous performance of one or more stages in the development of evidence synthesis. Twelve reviews were included, using nine different tools to implement 15 different AI methods. Eleven methods were used in the screening stages of the review (73%). The rest were divided: two in data extraction (13%) and two in risk of bias assessment (13%). The ambiguous benefits of the data extractions, combined with the reported advantages from 10 reviews, indicating that AI platforms have taken hold with varying success in evidence synthesis. However, the results are qualified by the reliance on the self‐reporting of the review authors. Extensive human validation still appears required at this stage in implementing AI methods, though further evaluation is required to define the overall contribution of such platforms in enhancing efficiency and quality in evidence synthesis.
Ultrasonic depolymerization of aqueous tara gum solutions: kinetic, thermodynamic and physicochemical properties
Authors: Santos Monique Barreto , Isabel Ianne Caroline Alves , Garcia‐Rojas Edwin Elard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDTara gum (TG) is characterized by its high viscosity and medium solubility, which is a result of its high molecular mass. However, for many applications, these characteristics are undesirable, making the use of TG infeasible. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound on the depolymerization of aqueous solutions of TG. The effect of ultrasonication was investigated by viscometry analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility.RESULTSThe intrinsic viscosity (η) and the molecular weight (Mw) of TG decreased after ultrasound, achieving a molecular weight reduction of 13.50 × 105 g mol−1 after 60 min of sonication at 25 °C compared to 22.04 × 105 g mol−1 before treatment. Degradation kinetics were applied to estimate the rate constant of degradation (k). It was found that the k value of TG increased with increasing temperature from 25 to 55 °C. Partially hydrolyzed TG showed greater solubility at the two temperatures investigated (25 and 80 °C). Ultrasonic treatment did not change the chemical structure of the TG molecules according to the structural analysis by FTIR, confirming its action only as breaking the structure of the polymer.CONCLUSIONUltrasound is a simple method for effectively reducing the molecular weight and viscosity and increasing the solubility of TG without using chemical reagents. The synthesis of partially hydrolyzed TG expands its potential for use in food products, including as a soluble dietary fiber. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mechanism of fungal inhibition activity of Nα‐lauroyl‐L‐arginine ethyl ester (LAE) and potential in control of Penicillium expansum on postharvest citrus ‘Benimadonna’ (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Chen Shanqiao , Jiang Wei , Sun Zhidong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDCitrus ‘Benimadonna’ (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) is a high‐value perishable fruit; thus there is an urgent need for a preservation technology with high effectiveness and low safety risk from industries. Nα‐Lauroyl‐l‐arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (LAE) was applied to enhance preservability by compounding with natamycin, and a possible fungal inhibition mechanism based on the hypothesis of an impact on the cell membrane by surfactant was investigated.RESULTSIn vitro testing showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of LAE against Penicillium expansum (PE), isolated as the predominant spoilage‐inducing fungus, was 32 mg L−1 and it was partially synergistic with natamycin. Subsequent in vivo testing proved the inhibition capacity. During 90 days' refrigerated preservation, spoilage rate was significantly decreased by preharvest spraying versus control without extra taste loss, and LAE showed an alleviating benefit on total pectin loss. Subsequently, electron microscopic imaging and intracellular protein levels of PE exposed to LAE indicated that LAE stress led to increased permeability and decreased cell integrity. Moreover, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase revealed that LAE enhanced oxidative stress, while pectinase was antagonized.CONCLUSIONThe present investigation first introduced LAE as a candidate active ingredient for citrus preservative. A theoretical basis was provided for the development of preservation technology for high‐value perishable fruit. According to the authors' knowledge this study is the first report on the inhibition mechanism of LAE in terms of oxidative stress. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry
Association of the Cerebro‐Placental Ratio With Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancies Affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ganor Paz Yael , Barzilay Eran , Saied Idriss Suraya , Murray‐Davis Beth , Melamed Nir , Ray Joel , Geary Michael , McDonald Sarah , Barrett Jon , Mawjee Karizma , Bagheri Negar , Berger Howard 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesCerebro‐placental ratio (CPR) is a doppler tool contributes to clinical decision‐making in pregnancies affected by small for gestational age weight (SGA). Pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) tend to have higher newborn weight, but greater risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. We hypothesized that in GDM‐complicated‐pregnancies CPR will be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes even in the absence of SGA.MethodsThis prospective single‐center cohort study included non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies in women with GDM. Those with pre‐pregnancy diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorder or suspected SGA were excluded. Routine fetal sonographic assessment included CPR—defined as middle cerebral artery pulsatilty index/umbilical artery pulsatilty index. Masked CPR measurement closest to birth was used, classified as >10th (normal) or ≤10th centile (low). Primary outcome was a composite, consisting of stillbirth, Caesarean birth due to abnormal fetal heart rate pattern, 5‐minute Apgar <7, cord arterial pH < 7.0, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, or NICU admission >24 hours.ResultsOf 281 participants, 24 (8.5%) had low CPR, at a mean gestational age of 36.3 weeks (IQR 34.0–37.4). Birthweight percentile was significantly lower among the low CPR group (35th [IQR 16–31] versus 60th [IQR 31–82]; P = .002). There was no statistically difference in the primary composite outcome between the groups (8.3% versus 7.0%, P = .68). Low CPR was significantly associated with a higher risk of neonatal hypoglycemia (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.2–8.3).ConclusionIn pregnancies affected by GDM, CPR ≤10th percentile was not associated with adverse perinatal outcome but was associated with neonatal hypoglycemia.
Three cases of congenital self‐healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis with BRAF‐V600E mutation
Authors: Ramírez‐Lluch Mar , Colmenero Isabel , Suárez José , Carrión‐Marrero Saulo , Rodríguez‐Fuertes Francisco , Mateos‐Mayo Ana , Hernández‐Martín Ángela , Torrelo Antonio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCongenital self‐healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CSHLCH) is a rare variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterised by the presence of skin lesions in the neonate and spontaneous self‐healing after a variable period of time. We report three cases of CSHLCH with BRAF‐V600E mutation and high Ki‐67 proliferative activity.
Deciphering the origin of riverine phytoplankton using in situ chlorophyll sensors
Authors: Peipoch Marc , Ensign Scott H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRiverine algal groups with distinct life histories can generate unique patterns of structural and functional behavior. As such, novel methods to discriminate between these groups can improve the understanding of river ecosystem processes. We examined benthic vs. planktonic contributions to suspended algal biomass by monitoring suspended chlorophyll concentration and turbidity during 48 storm events at 2 locations with contrasting hydraulic storage associated with low‐head dams. Upstream from the dams, chlorophyll hysteresis showed concentrating effects and counterclockwise rotation, suggesting stormflow concentrated algae from benthic sources. When autotrophic conditions (P/R > 1) preceded storms, chlorophyll hysteresis switched to more proximal benthic sources (faster mobilization). Downstream of the dams, hysteresis showed greater dilution effects and more proximal sources of planktonic algae than at the upstream site, in contrast to high similarly in turbidity hysteresis between sites. Our study supports the analysis of chlorophyll and turbidity hysteresis to infer sources and transport of suspended algal biomass.
Does multitasking change how we think? The impact of specialized depletion from concurrent task performance on subsequent behavior
Authors: Rubin Dan , Hildebrand Diogo , Malloy‐Diniz Leandro Fernandes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite the ubiquity of multitasking, prior research has ignored potential carryover effects of concurrent task performance on the way individuals interpret subsequent consumption behaviors and decisions. This study evinces that extensive use of updating, an executive function central to multitasking and necessary for construing actions abstractly, reduces the likelihood that it will be used on subsequent tasks. Accordingly, the results of three studies show that extensive employment of updating (via multitasking) reduces an individual's propensity to construe behaviors (consumption or otherwise) in abstract (vs. concrete) terms, influencing consumer choices. Specifically, we show that individuals are less likely to choose healthy food items (i.e., those consistent with long‐term health goals) and favor feasibility over desirability following episodes of multitasking. Further, we rule out general cognitive depletion and mood as alternative explanations for such carryover effects.
Shining Light on Polymeric Drug Nanocarriers with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmitt Sascha , Nuhn Lutz , Barz Matthias , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Koynov Kaloian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe use of nanoparticles as carriers is an extremely promising way for administration of therapeutic agents, such as drug molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. Such nanocarriers (NCs) can increase the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, protect their cargo from the environment, and if properly functionalized, deliver it to specific target cells and tissues. Polymer‐based NCs are especially promising, because they offer high degree of versatility and tunability. However, in order to get a full advantage of this therapeutic approach and develop efficient delivery systems, a careful characterization of the NCs is needed. This review highlights the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) technique as a powerful and versatile tool for NCs characterization at all stages of the drug delivery process. In particular, FCS can monitor and quantify the size of the NCs and the drug loading efficiency after preparation, the NCs stability and possible interactions with, e.g., plasma proteins in the blood stream and the kinetic of drug release in the cytoplasm of the target cells.
Surface layer microstructure evolution during interdiffusion annealing of chromium electroplated iron substrates
Authors: Jahns K. , Schroth M. , Wübbelmann J. , Krupp U. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjective of the present study was the understanding of the interdiffusion behaviour of chromium in deposited layers on a pure iron substrate. For this purpose, the layer substrate systems were vacuum‐annealed for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h at temperatures between 970 °C and 1090 °C, respectively. After the interdiffusion treatment, samples were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy line analysis (EDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results revealed that interdiffusion causes multimodal microstructure evolution. The applied chromium layer remained fine‐grained due to the formation of nano‐sized chromium oxides on grain boundaries during vacuum annealing. At the interface to the substrate some of those fine grains grew into the interdiffusion zone and caused stress relief during interdiffusion. Details of the microstructural changes, like a concentration step formation on account of a Cr concentration‐dependent shift of the fcc to bcc phase boundary and the formation of a pore network in the interface area, were discussed using the results of the microstructure analysis as well as phase diagrams and thus contributing to the development of interdiffusion coated plain carbon steels.
Degradation behavior of mechanical properties of galvanized steel exposed to the wind and sand environment
Authors: Wang Q.H. , Wu X.D. , Liu L. , Yan Z.T. , Li X.M. , Yi Y. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this work, the degradation of mechanical properties of galvanized steel under wind and sand erosion environment was studied. The law of weight loss of galvanized steel in corrosive environment was studied by accelerated corrosion experiment. The micro‐morphology and formation mechanism of corrosion products were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties of galvanized steel such as elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and elongation were investigated in detail. The results show that the weight loss rate of the zinc layer on the surface of galvanized steel follows an exponential function. Without the protection of the zinc layer, the mechanical properties of the steel will decrease quickly. Therefore, a zinc layer on the steel is necessary. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the hot‐dip galvanizing treatment on galvanized steel. This work provides a valuable reference for the corrosion behavior and protection measures of galvanized steel in the wind and sand environment.