bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Physical Activity Over Time in Older Patients Rehabilitating after Hip Fracture Surgery: A Preliminary Study
Authors: van Dartel Dieuwke , Wang Ying , Hegeman Johannes H. , Vermeer Marloes , Vollenbroek-Hutten Miriam M.R. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTPurposeTo investigate patterns of continuously monitored physical activity in older patients rehabilitating after hip fracture surgery and the association with patient characteristics.MethodsPhysical activity of surgically treated hip fracture patients (≥70 years) was continuously measured during rehabilitation at a skilled nursing home using an accelerometer. The intensity of physical activity per day was calculated to describe patients’ activity. Physical activity patterns of overall activity, overall variability, and day-to-day variability were investigated. Two experts in geriatric rehabilitation visually identified unique physical activity patterns for each aspect. Eighteen healthcare professionals independently classified each patient in one of the predefined patterns for each aspect. Differences between physical activity patterns and patient characteristics were assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis or Fisher’s Exact Test.ResultsData from 66 patients were used. Six unique patterns were identified for overall activity and overall variability, and five for day-to-day variability. The most common pattern of overall activity and day-to-day variability first slowly increased, then steeply increased, and subsequently flattened (n=23,34.8%). For overall variability, the most common pattern first slowly increased, then steeply increased, then decreased and lastly increased (n=14,21.2%). Differences in functionality at rehabilitation admission, measured with the Barthel Index, and duration of rehabilitation stay were found between patterns of physical activity.ConclusionsThis preliminary study showed different patterns of physical activity among older hip fracture patients during rehabilitation. Functionality at rehabilitation admission and duration of rehabilitation stay were associated with these different patterns. Differences in physical activity patterns emphasize the importance of personalized hip fracture treatment
Evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response to COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the Bono Region, Ghana
Authors: Gyasi Samuel Fosu , Donkoh Emmanuel Timmy , Frempong Samuel , Asamoah Akwasi , Raji Abdul Sakibu , Baidoo Rabbi Coffie , Isaac Williams , Essel Dorcas , Asakiya Herbert Alemiya 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundPreliminary data across the globe shows that the AstraZeneca vaccine was highly effective in preventing not only the symptoms but also the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In Ghana, data on the immune response generated by different vaccination doses is lacking. The present study aimed to compare the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among single and double-vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals.MethodsA case-control design was employed for this study. Seventy-nine participants (35 vaccinated, 44 unvaccinated) were recruited from the Sunyani West Municipality and screened for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM antibodies in plasma samples using a Standard COVID IgG and IgM Combo FIA test. Data analysis was carried out with STATA (Version 21).ResultsThe current study showed that mean IgG levels among vaccine groups (Group-1: Not vaccinated, Group-2: 1 dose, Group-3: 2 doses) differed significantly (F2, 76=11.457, p<.001) between Group-1 and Group-3; and between Group-2 and Group-3. Participants in Group-2 and Group-3 were 4.1 and 12.5 times more likely to develop more antibody responses compared to their counterparts in Group-1 respectively.ConclusionThe study showed that participants who took one shot of the vaccine, as well as those who took two shots of the AstraZeneca Vaccine, were 4.1 and 12.5 times more likely to develop a greater antibody response than those who did not receive the vaccine respectively.
Accelerated waning of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in obesity
Authors: van der Klaauw Agatha A. , Horner Emily C. , Pereyra-Gerber Pehuén , Agrawal Utkarsh , Foster William S. , Spencer Sarah , Vergese Bensi , Smith Miriam , Henning Elana , Ramsay Isobel D. , Smith Jack A. , Guillaume Stephane M. , Sharpe Hayley J. , Hay Iain M. , Thompson Sam , Innocentin Silvia , Booth Lucy H. , Robertson Chris , McCowan Colin , Mulroney Thomas E. , O’Reilly Martin J. , Gurugama Thevinya P. , Gurugama Lihinya P. , Rust Maria A. , Ferreira Alex , Ebrahimi Soraya , Ceron-Gutierrez Lourdes , Scotucci Jacopo , Kronsteiner Barbara , Dunachie Susanna J. , Klenerman Paul ,   PITCH Consortium, Park Adrian J. , Rubino Francesco , Stark Hannah , Kingston Nathalie , Doffinger Rainer , Linterman Michelle A. , Matheson Nicholas J. , Sheikh Aziz , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Thaventhiran James E. D. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTObesity is associated with an increased risk of severe Covid-19. However, the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with obesity is unknown. Here we studied the relationship between body mass index (BMI), hospitalization and mortality due to Covid-19 amongst 3.5 million people in Scotland. Vaccinated people with severe obesity (BMI>40 kg/m2) were significantly more likely to experience hospitalization or death from Covid-19. Excess risk increased with time since vaccination. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted a prospective longitudinal study of the immune response in a clinical cohort of vaccinated people with severe obesity. Compared with normal weight people, six months after their second vaccine dose, significantly more people with severe obesity had unquantifiable titres of neutralizing antibody against authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus, reduced frequencies of antigen-experienced SARS-CoV-2 Spike-binding B cells, and a dissociation between anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralizing capacity. Neutralizing capacity was restored by a third dose of vaccine, but again declined more rapidly in people with severe obesity. We demonstrate that waning of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced humoral immunity is accelerated in people with severe obesity and associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from breakthrough infections. Given the prevalence of obesity, our findings have significant implications for global public health.
Road environment characteristics and fatal crash injury during the rush hour period in the U.S.: Model testing and nested analytical study
Authors: Adeyemi Oluwaseun , Paul Rajib , Delmelle Eric , DiMaggio Charles , Arif Ahmed 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundA substantial proportion of crash injuries occur during the rush-hour period. This study aims to assess the relationship between county-level road environmental characteristics and fatal road crash counts during the rush-hour period.MethodWe merged eight-year (2010 - 2017) data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. We limited the data to crashes during the rush hour period (6–9 am; 3– 7 pm). The outcome variable was the counts of fatal crashes per county. The predictor variables were road design (intersection, driveway, ramp, work-zone), road type (interstate, highways, roads/streets), and inclement weather factors (rain, fog, snow). A nested spatial negative binomial regression model was used to estimate the rate ratio of fatal crash injury during the rush-hour period, with estimated county population sizes used as the offset variable. Small area estimates, adjusted crash fatality rates, clusters, and outliers were visualized using choropleths maps.ResultsThe median prevalence of rush-hour-related fatal crashes was 7.3 per 100,000 population. Case-specific fatality rates from interstates, highways, roads, streets, intersections, rain, fog, and snow were higher than the median fatality rates. Also, the median crash fatality rates were significantly higher in rural counties as compared to urban counties. During the rush-hour period, fatal crash injury rates were significantly elevated on interstates, highways, roads and streets, intersections, driveways, and work zones. Further, rain and fog were significantly associated with elevated fatal crash rates during the rush-hour period. Spatial clusters of fatal crash injuries were found in counties located in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, California, Wyoming, Utah, and across a few states in the Southeast.ConclusionCertain built, and natural road environment factors may influence crash injury rates during the rush-hour period.
Vaccine efficacy trials for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: insights from modelling different epidemiological settings
Authors: Vesga Juan F , Métras Raphaёlle , Clark Madeleine H A , Ayazi Edris , Apolloni Andrea , Leslie Toby , Msimang Veerle , Thompson Peter N. , Edmunds W John 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a priority emerging pathogen for which a licensed vaccine is not yet available. We aim to assess the feasibility of conducting phase III vaccine efficacy trials and the role of varying transmission dynamics.MethodsWe calibrate models of CCHF virus (CCHFV) transmission among livestock and spillover to humans in endemic areas in Afghanistan, Turkey and South Africa. We propose an individual randomised controlled trial targeted to high-risk population, and use the calibrated models to simulate trial cohorts to estimate the minimum trial endpoints necessary to analyse vaccine efficacy, sample size and follow-up time in the three settings.ResultsUnder assumptions of a minimum vaccine efficacy of 60%, the minimum sample size needed to accrue the required 150 clinical endpoints in a minimum follow-up time of 6 months is estimated to be 34,000 (CrI 95%, 16,750 – 88,725) and 37,000 (CrI 95%, 13,000 – 77,250) in Afghanistan and Turkey, respectively. The results suggest that for South Africa the low endemic transmission levels will not permit achieving the necessary conditions for conducting this trial within a realistic follow-up time. In a scenario of CCHFV infection (rather than clinical case) as trial endpoint, the required sample size is reduced by 70% to 80% in Afghanistan and Turkey, and in South Africa, a trial becomes feasible for large sample sizes (>75,000) and vaccine efficacy of >70%. Increased expected vaccine efficacy >60% will reduce the required number of trial endpoints and thus the sample size and follow-time in phase III trials.ConclusionsUnderlying endemic transmission levels will play a central role in defining the feasibility of phase III vaccine efficacy trials. Endemic settings in Afghanistan and Turkey offer conditions under which such studies could feasibly be conducted.
Pruning and thresholding approach for methylation risk scores in multi-ancestry populations
Authors: Chen Junyu , Gatev Evan , Everson Todd , Conneely Karen N. , Koen Nastassja , Epstein Michael P. , Kobor Michael S. , Zar Heather J. , Stein Dan J. , Huels Anke 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRecent efforts have focused on developing methylation risk scores (MRS), a weighted sum of the individual’s DNAm values of pre-selected CpG sites. Most of the current MRS approaches that utilize Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) summary statistics only include genome-wide significant CpG sites and do not consider co-methylation. New methods that relax the p-value threshold to include more CpG sites and account for the inter-correlation of DNAm might improve the predictive performance of MRS. We paired informed co-methylation pruning with P-value thresholding to generate pruning and thresholding (P+T) MRS and evaluated its performance among multi-ancestry populations. Through simulation studies and real data analyses, we demonstrated that pruning provides an improvement over simple thresholding methods for prediction of phenotypes. We demonstrated that European-derived summary statistics can be used to develop P+T MRS among other population such as African population. However, the prediction accuracy of P+T MRS may differ across multi-ancestry population due to environmental/cultural/social differences.
Availability, scope, and quality of monkeypox clinical management guidelines globally: a systematic review
Authors: Webb Eika , Rigby Ishmeala , Michelen Melina , Dagens Andrew , Cheng Vincent , Rojek Amanda , Dahmash Dania , Khader Susan , Gedela Keerti , Norton Alice , Cevik Muge , Cai Erhui , Harriss Eli , Lipworth Samuel , Nartowski Robert , Groves Helen , Hart Peter , Blumberg Lucille , Fletcher Tom , Jacob Shevin T , Sigfrid Louise , Horby Peter 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundMonkeypox (MPX) is an important human orthopoxvirus infection. There has been an increase in MPX cases and outbreaks in endemic and non-endemic regions in recent decades. We appraised the availability, scope, quality, and inclusivity of clinical management guidelines for MPX globally.MethodsFor this systematic review, we searched six databases from inception until 14 Oct. 2021, augmented by a grey literature search until 17 May 2022. MPX guidelines providing treatment and supportive care recommendations were included, with no exclusions for language. Two reviewers assessed the guidelines. Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool.ResultsOf 2026 records screened, 14 guidelines were included. Overall, most guidelines were of low-quality with a median score of 2 out of 7 (range: 1-7), lacked detail and covered a narrow range of topics. Most guidelines focused on adults, five (36%) provided some advice for children, three (21%) for pregnant women, and three (21%) for people living with HIV. Treatment guidance was mostly limited to advise on antivirals; seven guidelines advised cidofovir (four specified for severe MPX only); 29% (4/14) tecovirimat, and 7% (1/14) brincidofovir. Only one guideline provided recommendations on supportive care and treatment of complications. All guidelines recommended vaccination as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Three guidelines advised on vaccinia immune globulin as PEP for severe cases in people with immunosuppression.ConclusionOur results highlight a concerning lack of evidence-based clinical management guidelines for MPX globally. There is a clear and urgent need for research into treatment and prophylaxis including for different risk populations. The current outbreak provides an opportunity to accelerate this research through coordinated high-quality studies. New evidence should be incorporated into globally accessible guidelines, to benefit patient and epidemic outcomes. A ‘living guideline’ framework is recommended.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020167361Funding statementThis work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135].
Factors associated with neuromusculoskeletal injury and disability in Navy and Marine Corps personnel
Authors: Fraser John J. , MacGregor Andrew J. , Fechner Kenneth M. , Galarneau Michael R. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuromusculoskeletal injuries (NMSKI) are ubiquitous in the military, which contribute to short- and long-term disability.MethodsNMSKI, limited duty (LIMDU), and long-term disability episode counts in the US Navy (USN) and Marine Corps (USMC) from December 2016 to August 2021 were extracted from the Musculoskeletal Naval Epidemiological Surveillance Tool. NMSKI, LIMDU, and long-term disability episodes incidence were calculated. A hurdle negative binomial regression evaluated the association of body region, sex, age, rank, age by rank, and service branch on NMSKI, LIMDU, and long-term disability incidence.ResultsFrom December 2016 to August 2021, there were 2004196 NMSKI episodes (USN: 3285/1000 Sailors; USMC: 4418/1000 Marines), 16791 LIMDU episodes (USN: 32/1000 Sailors; USMC: 29/1000 Marines), and 2783 long-term disability episodes (USN: 5/1000 Sailors; USMC: 5/1000 Marines). There was a large-magnitude protective effect on NMSKI during the pandemic (RR, USN: 0.70; USMC: 0.75). Low back and ankle-foot were the most ubiquitous, primarily affecting female personnel, aged 25-44 years, senior enlisted, in the USMC. Shoulder, arm, pelvis-hip, and knee conditions had the greatest risk for disability, with female sex, enlisted ranks, ages 18-24 years, and service in the USMC the most salient factors.DiscussionThe significant protective effect during the pandemic was likely a function of reduced physical exposure and access to non-urgent care. Geographically accessible specialized care and resources aligned with communities with the greatest risk is needed for the timely prevention, assessment, and treatment of NMSKI.ConclusionBody region, sex, age, rank, and branch were salient factors for NMSKI.
The impact of Test Positivity on Surveillance with Asymptomatic Carriers
Authors: Gaspari Mauro 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesRecent studies show that Test Positivity Rate (TPR) gain a better correlation than incidence with the number of hospitalized patients in COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, epidemiologist remain sceptical concerning the widespread use of this metric for surveillance, and indicators based on known cases like incidence are still preferred despite the large number of asymptomatic carriers which remain unknown. Our aim is to compare TPR and incidence, to determine which of the two has the best characteristics to predict the trend of hospitalized patients in COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe perform a retrospective study considering 60 cases, using global and local data from Italy in different waves of the pandemic, in order to detect peaks in TPR time series, and peaks in incidence, finding which of the two has the best ability to anticipate peaks in patients admitted in hospitals.ResultsOn average the best TPR based approach anticipates incidence of about 4.6 days (95% CI 2.8, 6.4), more precisely the average distance between TPR peaks and hospitalized peaks is 17.6 days (95% CI 15.0, 20.4) with respect to 13.0 days (95% CI 10.4, 15.8) obtained for incidence. Moreover, the average difference between TPR and incidence increases to more than 6 days in the Delta outbreak during Summer 2021, where presumably the percentage of asymptomatic carriers was larger.ConclusionsWe conclude that TPR should be used as primary indicator to enable early intervention and for planning hospitals admissions in infectious diseases with asymptomatic carriers.
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with specific gut microbiota species and functions in the population-based Swedish CardioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)
Authors: Baldanzi Gabriel , Sayols-Baixeras Sergi , Theorell-Haglöw Jenny , Dekkers Koen F , Hammar Ulf , Nguyen Diem , Lin Yi-Ting , Ahmad Shafqat , Holm Jacob Bak , Nielsen Henrik Bjørn , Brunkwall Louise , Benedict Christian , Cedernaes Jonathan , Koskiniemi Sanna , Phillipson Mia , Lind Lars , Sundström Johan , Bergström Göran , Engström Gunnar , Smith J Gustav , Orho-Melander Marju , Ärnlöv Johan , Kennedy Beatrice , Lindberg Eva , Fall Tove 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder. In animal models, OSA has been shown to alter the gut microbiota; however, little is known about such effects in humans. Here, we used respiratory polygraphy data from 3,570 individuals aged 50–64 from the Swedish CardioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) and deep shotgun metagenomics to identify OSA-associated gut microbiota features. We found that OSA-related hypoxia parameters were associated with 128 bacterial species, including positive associations withBlautia obeumandCollinsela aerofacines. The latter was also associated with increased systolic blood pressure. Further, the cumulative time in hypoxia was associated with nine gut microbiota metabolic pathways, including propionate production from lactate, a biomarker of hypoxia. In conclusion, in this first large-scale study on gut microbiota alterations in OSA, we found that OSA-related hypoxia is associated with specific microbiota features. Our findings can direct future research on microbiota-mediated health effects of OSA.
A generalized ODE susceptible-infectious-susceptible compartmental model with potentially periodic behavior
Authors: Greenhalgh Scott , Dumas Anna 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDifferential equation compartmental models are crucial tools for forecasting and analyzing disease trajectories. Among these models, those dealing with only susceptible and infectious individuals are particularly useful as they offer closed-form expressions for solutions, such as the logistic equation. However, the logistic equation has limited ability to describe disease trajectories since its solutions must converge monotonically to either the disease-free or endemic equilibrium, depending on the parameters. Unfortunately, many diseases exhibit periodic cycles, and thus, do not converge to equilibria. To address this limitation, we developed a generalized susceptible-infectious-susceptible compartmental model capable of accurately incorporating the duration of infection distribution and describing both periodic and non-periodic disease trajectories. We characterized how our model’s parameters influence its behavior and applied the model to predict gonorrhea incidence in the US, using Akaike Information Criteria to inform on its merit relative to the classical SIS model and an SIS model with a time-varying recovery rate. The significance of our work lies in providing a novel susceptible-infected-susceptible model whose solutions can have closed-form expressions that may be periodic or non-periodic depending on the parameterization. Our work thus provides disease modelers with a straightforward way to investigate the potential periodic behavior of many diseases and thereby may aid ongoing efforts to prevent recurrent outbreaks.
Conserved gene signatures shared among MAPT mutations reveal defects in calcium signaling
Authors: Minaya Miguel A. , Mahali Sidhartha , Iyer Abhirami K. , Martinez Rita , Budde John , Temple Sally , Eteleeb Abdallah M. , Cruchaga Carlos , Harari Oscar , Karch Celeste M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMore than 50 mutations in the MAPT gene result in heterogeneous forms of frontotemporal lobar dementia with tau inclusions (FTLD-tau). However, early pathogenic events that lead to disease and the degree to which they are common across MAPT mutations remain poorly understood. The goal of this study is to determine whether there is a common molecular signature of FTLD-Tau. To do this, we analyzed genes differentially expressed in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)–derived neurons that represent the three major categories of MAPT mutations: splicing (IVS10+16), exon 10 (p.P301L), and C-terminal (p.R406W) compared with isogenic controls. Here, we identified 275 genes that were commonly differentially expressed in MAPT IVS10+16, p.P301L, and p.R406W neurons. These genes were enriched in synaptic and endolysosomal pathways and neuronal development and were also altered in the presence of tau aggregation in a mouse model of tauopathy. The MAPT mutations commonly led to changes in genes and pathways sensitive to disruptions in calcium homeostasis. One of these genes, CALB1, plays a role in calcium dysregulation and is targeted by several FDA- approved drugs used to treat neurological symptoms. Finally, a subset of genes commonly differentially expressed across MAPT mutations were also dysregulated in brains from progressive supranuclear palsy patients, suggesting that molecular signatures relevant to genetic and sporadic forms of tauopathy are captured in a dish. The results from this study demonstrate that iPSC-derived neurons capture molecular processes that occur in human brains and can be used to pinpoint common molecular pathways involving synaptic and endolysosomal function and neuronal development, which may be regulated by disruptions in calcium homeostasis.