bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenolic glycolipid‐1 of Mycobacterium leprae is involved in human Schwann cell line ST8814 neurotoxic phenotype
Authors: Girardi Karina do Carmo de Vasconcelos , Mietto Bruno Siqueira , dos Anjos Lima Karoline , Atella Geórgia Correa , da Silva Débora Santos , Pereira Antonio Marcos Rodrigues , Rosa Patrícia Sammarco , Lara Flavio Alves 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLeprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection in Schwann cells. Axonopathy is considered a hallmark of leprosy neuropathy and is associated with the irreversible motor and sensory loss seen in infected patients. Although M. leprae is recognized to provoke Schwann cell dedifferentiation, the mechanisms involved in the contribution of this phenomenon to neural damage remain unclear. In the present work, we used live M. leprae to infect the immortalized human Schwann cell line ST8814. The neurotoxicity of infected Schwann cell‐conditioned medium (SCCM) was then evaluated in a human neuroblastoma cell lineage and mouse neurons. ST8814 Schwann cells exposed to M. leprae affected neuronal viability by deviating glial 14C‐labeled lactate, important fuel of neuronal central metabolism, to de novo lipid synthesis. The phenolic glycolipid‐1 (PGL‐1) is a specific M. leprae cell wall antigen proposed to mediate bacterial–Schwann cell interaction. Therefore, we assessed the role of the PGL‐1 on Schwann cell phenotype by using transgenic M. bovis (BCG)‐expressing the M. leprae PGL‐1. We observed that BCG‐PGL‐1 was able to induce a phenotype similar to M. leprae, unlike the wild‐type BCG strain. We next demonstrated that this Schwann cell neurotoxic phenotype, induced by M. leprae PGL‐1, occurs through the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of Akt by triciribine significantly reduced free fatty acid content in the SCCM from M. leprae‐ and BCG‐PGL‐1‐infected Schwann cells and, hence, preventing neuronal death. Overall, these findings provide novel evidence that both M. leprae and PGL‐1, induce a toxic Schwann cell phenotype, by modifying the host lipid metabolism, resulting in profound implications for neuronal loss. We consider this metabolic rewiring a new molecular mechanism to be the basis of leprosy neuropathy.image
Risk factors for stunting in children who are HIV‐exposed and uninfected after Option B+ implementation in Malawi
Authors: Toledo Gabriela , Landes Megan , van Lettow Monique , Tippett Barr Beth A. , Bailey Heather , Crichton Siobhan , Msungama Wezi , Thorne Claire 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvidence suggests children HIV‐exposed and uninfected (CHEU) experience poor growth. We analysed child anthropometrics and explored factors associated with stunting among Malawian CHEU. Mothers with HIV and their infants HIV‐exposed were enroled in a nationally representative prospective cohort within the National Evaluation of Malawi's Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child HIV Transmission Programme after Option B+ implementation (2014–2018). Anthropometry was measured at enrolment (age 1–6 months), visit 1 (approximately 12 months), and visit 2 (approximately 24 months). Weight‐for‐age (WAZ) and length‐for‐age (LAZ) z‐scores were calculated using World Health Organization Growth Standards; underweight and stunting were defined as WAZ and LAZ more than 2 standard deviations below the reference median. Multivariable logistic regression restricted to CHEU aged 24 months (±3 months) was used to identify factors associated with stunting. Among 1211 CHEU, 562/1211 attended visit 2, of which 529 were aged 24 months (±3 months) and were included. At age 24 months, 40.4% of CHEU were stunted and/or underweight, respectively. In multi‐variable analysis, adjusting for child age and sex, the odds of stunting were higher among CHEU with infectious disease diagnosis compared to those with no diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.35 [95% confidence interval: 1.82–6.17]), which was modified by co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis (p = 0.028). Infant low birthweight was associated with an increased odds of stunting; optimal feeding and maternal employment were correlated with reduced odds. This is one of the first studies examining CHEU growth since Option B+. Interventions to improve linear growth among CHEU should address their multi‐faceted health risks, alongside maternal ART prescription, and follow‐up of mother‐child pairs.
Effects of vegetation type differences induced by human disturbance on the nutrition strategy and gut microbiota of Siberian roe deer
Authors: Yuan Zi‐ao , Zhong Lin‐qiang , Du Hai‐rong , Feng Jia‐nan , Liu Xin‐xin , Yuan Hong‐yi , Guo Jin‐hao , Liu Peng , Zhang Ming‐hai 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) is a widely distributed ungulate in northeast China. Due to a series of human disturbance activities such as large‐scale forest cutting, deforestation and reclamation, road construction in the past, the appearance and internal structure of forest vegetation in the habitat of Siberian roe have changed significantly. At the same time, Siberian roe population had a series of ecological adaptation responses in the face of such habitat changes. Therefore, two typical vegetation types with differences were selected in the Muling Forest, China. We used nutritional ecology and microbial metagenomic analysis techniques to compare the nutritional selection strategy and the structure and functional characteristics of faecal microbiota of Siberian roe groups in two vegetation types. The results showed that the α diversity of dietary and gut microbes of deer in Natural Forest was higher than that in Plantation Forest. However, the gut microbes of the Plantation Forest group contained more unique enzymes in the functional pathways of carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. This study suggests that habitat type is associated with plant community composition, and contributes to changes in the intake proportions of major macronutrients by altering the availability, quality, and composition of certain edible plants. Feeding behaviour may be an important regulatory factor of gut microbiota structure and function of deer. The metabolic function of gut microbiota to different nutrients may affect the microbial community structure. Therefore, our results suggest that the gut microbes of Siberian roe may have coevolved with their diets, and reflect the adaptability of deer populations to environmental changes (e.g., vegetation type). Our study provides new insights into how spatial heterogeneity affects nutrition and microecosystems by describing the interactions among the environment, diet, and symbiotic gut microbes in wild ungulates.
Initial neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio predicts radiation‐induced trismus in parotid gland cancer
Authors: Somay Efsun , Yilmaz Busra , Topkan Erkan , Kucuk Ahmet , Pehlivan Berrin , Selek Ugur 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the link between pretreatment neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio(NLR) and the incidence of radiation‐induced trismus(RIT) in parotid gland cancers(PGC) patients after postoperative radiotherapy(PORT).MethodData of PGC patients who had oral examinations before and after PORT were reviewed retrospectively. We comprised patients who had maximum mouth opening (MMO) assessments before and after PORT and complete blood count test on the first day of PORT. MMO of ≤35 mm was considered as RIT. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to search for an ideal NLR threshold value that might be linked to RIT rates.ResultsFifty‐one patients were included, with a RIT incidence of 15.7%. The NLR cutoff that showed a link with the prevalence of RIT in the ROC curve analysis was 2.7[Area under the curve (AUC):82.0%; sensitivity:87.5%; specificity:74.4%]. The patients were divided into groups based on this value:Group 1: NLR≤2.7 (N = 34) and;NLR >2.7 (N = 17). In comparative analysis, the incidence of RIT was found to be statistically higher in the NLR >2.7 than counterpart (35.2%vs.5.8%;rs:0.79; p < .001). Also, a mean temporomandibular joint dose ≥51.0Gy was linked to increased RIT rates (p < .001).ConclusionThis study showed that high pre‐PORT NLR levels were a robust and independent predictor of significantly elevated rates of RIT.
A Novel Method of Making Hinges Using a Newly Designed Sharp Rongeur to Enhance Radiological and Clinical Outcomes in French‐Door Cervical Expansive Laminoplasty
Authors: Chen Ningning , Yu Lanzhe , Liu Xizhe , Chen Guoliang , Li Yanrun , Zou Xuenong , He Dacheng , Yang Jiaming , Cui Shangbin , Wang Le , Liu Shaoyu , Wei Fuxin 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveAlthough the lamina open angle of making hinges is closely related to the outcomes of French‐door laminoplasty (FDL) for treatment of cervical spondylosis, there have been no methods to predict the lamina open angle preoperatively as yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of predicting the laminal open angle using our newly designed sharp rongeur, and to compare the postoperative outcomes and complications between the methods of making hinges using the newly designed sharp rongeur and the traditional high‐speed micro‐drill during the FDL.MethodsThis was a single‐center retrospective study. Following the approval of the institutional ethics committee, a total of 39 patients (Male: 28; Female: 11) diagnosed with cervical spondylos who underwent FDL in our institution between January 2018 and May 2019 were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups based on the method of making hinges (sharp rongeur: 22 cases; high‐speed micro‐drill: 17 cases). The average age at surgery was 59.1 years (range: 16–85 years). The radiological parameters, clinical outcomes, modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale score, and the recovery rate of mJOA were recorded and compared between the groups, respectively. The radiological parameters and clinical measurements at pre‐ and post‐operation stages were compared using the paired‐sample t‐test, the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, and the Friedman's test, and variables in the two groups were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t‐test or a Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsThe average follow‐up period was 20.4 months (range: 14.0–25.9 months), the postoperative open angle was 60.13° ± 3.69° in the rongeur group with 22.78° ± 4.34° of angular enlargement, which was significantly lower than that of 68.96° ± 1.00° in the micro‐drill group with 32.75° ± 4.22° of angular enlargement (U = 19.000, p < 0.001). The rongeur group showed a higher fusion rate (34.1% vs 14.7%, χ2 = 11.340, p = 0.001), and a lower fracture rate of the lamina (7.8% vs 25.5%, χ2 = 14.185, p < 0.001) at 1‐month post‐surgery, compared to the micro‐drill group. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes and postoperative complications between the two groups (p > 0.05), except in the recovery rate of mJOA scores (0.836 ± 0.138 vs 0.724 ± 0.180, U = 115.000, p = 0.042) and neck disability index (NDI) at the final follow‐up (7.55 ± 10.65 vs 14.71 ± 8.72, U = 94.000, p = 0.008).ConclusionsThe special sharp rongeur with a tip angle of 20° could be a preferred method to make hinges during FDL, which can predict the laminal open angle accurately and enlarge it to about 23°, thus reducing the fracture rate and accelerating the bony fusion of hinges compared with the outcomes of the traditional micro‐drill method.
Fish disease and intestinal microbiota: A close and indivisible relationship
Authors: Medina‐Félix Diana , Garibay‐Valdez Estefanía , Vargas‐Albores Francisco , Martínez‐Porchas Marcel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe gut microbiota is currently one of the most studied ‘organs’ in animals, and fish are no exception. A complex diversity of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, yeast and fungus, constitute the gut microbiota, creating a complex interaction with their host and accomplishing multiple beneficial functions, such as food digestion, nutrient absorption, immune system, endocrine and stress response. The microbiota–pathogen interaction protects the host by mounting colonization resistance, competing for nutrients and space. Changes in the balance of the microbiota community could affect their structure and homeostasis, inducing dysbiosis. In addition, invading pathogens can induce dysbiosis by evading the host's defence barriers, acquiring nutrients from the fish host, using metabolites produced by the microbiota and producing toxins. In this regard, understanding the interactions within the fish gut microbiota is essential to prevent pathogen establishment in the host. Hence, this review describes the close and indivisible relationships and interactions between gut microbiota and pathogens that could lead to dysbiosis and disease.
Monetary Incentives and Early Initiation of Antenatal Care: A Matched‐Pair, Parallel Cluster‐Randomized Trial in Zambia
Authors: Chama‐Chiliba Chitalu Miriam , Hangoma Peter , Cantet Natalia , Funjika Patricia , Koyi Grayson , Alzúa Maria Laura 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMonetary incentives are often used to increase the motivation and output of health service providers. However, the focus has generally been on frontline health service providers. Using a cluster randomized trial, we evaluate the effect of monetary incentives provided to community‐based volunteers on early initiation of antenatal care (ANC) visits and deliveries in health facilities in communities in Zambia. Monetary incentives were assigned to community‐based volunteers in treatment sites, and payments were made for every woman referred or accompanied in the first trimester of pregnancy during January–June 2020. We find a significant increase of about 32 percent in the number of women completing ANC visits in the first trimester but no effect on service coverage rates. The number of women accompanied by community‐based volunteers for ANC in the first trimester increased by 33 percent. The number of deliveries in health facilities also increased by 22 percent. These findings suggest that the use of health facilities during the first trimester of pregnancy can be improved by providing community‐based volunteers with monetary incentives and that such incentives can also increase deliveries in health facilities, which are key to improving the survival of women and newborns.
Differences in the coordination and its variability among foot joints during running in neutral foot and flatfoot
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Inai Takuma , Kubo Masayoshi 
Published: November 2022

Flatfoot is a well‐known foot deformity, with a prevalence of 11.2%–29.0% among adults. Running injuries can occur in individuals with flatfoot; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We investigated the coordination pattern and variability among foot joints while running by comparing participants with neutral foot and with flatfoot. Participants with neutral foot (n = 15) and flatfoot (n = 15) were asked to run at their preferred speed. Using the modified vector coding technique, the coupling angle between the foot joints, representing interjoint coordination, was calculated and categorized into four coordination patterns. The standard deviation of the coupling angle was computed to measure the coordination variability during the stance phase. There were no differences in the spatiotemporal parameters (speed, step length, and cadence) between the groups. In the sagittal rearfoot and sagittal midfoot coordination patterns, the flatfoot group showed a significantly greater proportion of anti‐phase with proximal dominancy and a lower proportion of in‐phase with proximal dominancy than the neutral foot group during early stance. Coordination variabilities between the sagittal rearfoot and sagittal midfoot (midstance), between the sagittal midfoot and sagittal forefoot (early stance), and between the frontal rearfoot and sagittal midfoot (midstance) were greater in the flatfoot group than in the neutral foot group. This may explain why those with flatfoot are likely to experience running injuries.
Overconfident, resentful, and misinformed: How racial animus motivates confidence in false beliefs
Authors: Benegal Salil , Motta Matt 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe examine the role of racial resentment in motivating Americans to express confidence in misinformed beliefs on racialized scientific issues.MethodsWe study survey data from the 2020 American National Election Study. We examine respondents’ endorsement of misinformation on different scientific issues and their reported confidence in these views.ResultsWe find that racial resentment plays a strong role in leading Americans to hold confidently misinformed views about highly racialized policy issues (e.g., the occurrence of anthropogenic climate change or the origins of the COVID‐19 pandemic), but not on less racialized issues (e.g., childhood vaccine safety).ConclusionsOur work underscores the often‐overlooked importance of intergroup attitudes in shaping overconfidence and helps resolve theoretical tensions in the study of misinformation acceptance.
Evolution and Trend of Research on the Hydrogeomorphological Processes on Roads in the Last Decades: a Review
Authors: Antoneli Valdemir , Mazur Jeferson Eslei , Thomaz Edivaldo Lopes , Bednarz João Anésio 
Published: November 2022

Over time, roads have become an important study object. Several studies were carried out to understand the importance of roads on the hydrogeomorphological dynamics on hillslopes and watershed. Nonetheless, new gaps and new research methods emerged as research progressed on this subject. Therefore, to understand the evolution and new challenges of research on roads, a bibliographic review was prepared based on 300 articles searched in the Scopus platform considering the last two decades (2001–2010 and 2011–2020). We use keywords that refer to roads in the search field, e.g., soil erosion on roads, delivery rate, bank, rails, highways, abandoned roads, and road rehabilitation. The data were tabulated and separated according to the following themes: data collection method, study purposes, road types, and geographic location. Our main conclusions were a) in the 2000s, around 60% of surveys were carried out on unpaved roads and rural roads, mainly in roadbed features; b) In the 2010, occurred a decentralization on the research on rural roads from mainstream countries as US and Australia to Latin American countries e.g., Brazil and Middle East e.g., Iran; c) the studies in emerging countries, mostly tested known research methods in different landscapes of tropical climate; d) a new research perspective in recent decades have emerged, focusing on the influence of roads on the landscape’s dynamics. Finally, roads are recognized as a humanmade landscape signature and studies about nature and biodiversity conservation, particularly at watershed scale, must considered this anthropogenic feature.
Evaluation of 30-day mortality in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy in a tertiary hospital: a 3-year retrospective survey
Authors: Chatelanat Olivier , Spahr Laurent , Bichard Philippe , Bochatay Laurent , Goossens Nicolas , Bastid Caroline , Frossard Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveDespite international guidelines recommendations to use mortality as a quality criterion for gastrointestinal (GI) procedures, recent studies reporting these data are lacking. Our objective was to report death causes and rate following GI endoscopies in a tertiary university hospital.DesignWe retrospectively reviewed all GI procedures made between January 2017 and December 2019 in our tertiary hospital in Switzerland. Data from patients who died within 30 days of the procedure were recorded.ResultsOf 18 233 procedures, 251 patients died within 30 days following 345 (1.89%) procedures (244/9180 gastroscopies, 53/5826 colonoscopies, 23/2119 endoscopic ultrasound, 19/911 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 6/197 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies). Median age was 70 years (IQR 61–79) and 173/251 (68.92%) were male. Median Charlson Comorbidity Index was 5 (IQR 3–7), and 305/345 procedures (88.4%) were undertaken on patients with an ASA score ≥3. Most frequent indications were suspected GI bleeding (162/345; 46.96%) and suspected cancer or tumourous staging (50/345; 14.49%). Major causes of death were oncological progression (72/251; 28.68%), cardiopulmonary failure or cardiac arrest of unkown origin (62/251; 24,7%) and liver failure (20/251; 7.96%). No deaths were caused by complications such as perforation or bleeding.ConclusionsProgression of malignancies unrelated to the procedure was the leading cause of short-term death following a GI procedure. After improvements in periprocedural care in the last decades, we should focus on patient selection in this era of new oncological and intensive care therapies. Death rate as a quality criterion is subject to caution as it depends on indication, setting and risk benefit ratio.
Cerebral and cognitive modifications in retired professional soccer players: TC-FOOT protocol, a transverse analytical study
Authors: Kepka Sabrina , Lersy François , Godet Julien , Blanc Frederic , Bilger Mathias , Botzung Anne , Kleitz Catherine , Merignac Jeanne , Ohrant Emmanuel , Garnier Franck , Pietra François , Noblet Vincent , Deck Caroline , Willinger Remy , Kremer Stéphane 
Published: November 2022

IntroductionSoccer is the most popular sport in the world. This contact sport carries the risk of exposure to repeated head impacts in the form of subconcussions, defined as minimal brain injuries following head impact, with no symptom of concussion. While it has been suggested that exposure to repetitive subconcussive events can result in long-term neurophysiological modifications, and the later development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the consequences of these repeated impacts remain controversial and largely unexplored in the context of soccer players.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, single-centre, exposure/non-exposure, transverse study assessing the MRI and neuropsychological abnormalities in professional retired soccer players exposed to subconcussive impacts, compared with high-level athletes not exposed to head impacts. The primary outcome corresponds to the results of MRI by advanced MRI techniques (diffusion tensor, cerebral perfusion, functional MRI, cerebral volumetry and cortical thickness, spectroscopy, susceptibility imaging). Secondary outcomes are the results of the neuropsychological tests: number of errors and time to complete tests. We hypothesise that repeated subconcussive impacts could lead to morphological lesions and impact on soccer players’ cognitive skills in the long term.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained and the study was approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) No 2021-A01169-32. Study findings will be disseminated by publication in a high-impact international journal. Results will be presented at national and international imaging meetings.Trial registration numberNCT04903015.