bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two new genera and species of avian schistosomes from Argentina with proposed recommendations and discussion of the polyphyletic genus Gigantobilharzia (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae)
Authors: Lorenti Eliana , Brant Sara V. , Gilardoni Carmen , Diaz Julia I. , Cremonte Florencia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Gigantobilharzia Odhner, 1910 (Schistosomatidae) includes species that parasitize several orders of birds and families of gastropods from both freshwater and marine environments worldwide. Due to their delicate bodies, most of the species descriptions are incomplete, and lumped in the genus Gigantobilharzia, in some cases despite major morphological variability. Only three of those species have molecular sequence data but then lack a robust morphological description, making species differentiation very difficult. For this reason, several authors consider that many of the species of Gigantobilharzia should be reassigned to new genera. The aim of this paper is to describe two new genera and two new species of schistosomes using morphological and molecular characterization. We described Marinabilharzia patagonense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing Larus dominicanus from north Patagonian coast, and Riverabilharzia ensenadense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing L. dominicanus, Chroicocephalus maculipennis and Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus from freshwater Río de La Plata, in South America, Argentina. We then analysed and discussed the combinations of characters defining species of Gigantobilharzia and, based on that and on the available molecular data, we propose at least four possible new genera.
Poverty is not ‘another culture’: Against a right of children to work to live
Authors: Weber Heloise , Abbasi Aliya 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWell-being and protection of all children have widely been associated with universal rights. Simultaneously, though, there is growing advocacy for a right of children to work to live. Drawing on cultural relativist premises, such advocacy strongly correlates with an acceptance of poverty as a condition that is inevitable or simply ‘given’. We advance an argument against a right of children to work to live. The fact that only poor children are compelled to work should direct analyses to the causes of poverty. A critical engagement with the politics of development is necessary as it is often constitutive of relations of impoverishment. We critique Eurocentric perspectives that advocate for child labour and substantiate our argument by drawing on the case example of Bolivia, which lowered the legal age for child labour, only to eventually retract this decision. We demonstrate the link between neoliberal development and a rapid increase in the number of children forced to work to live since the 1980s. The case for a right of children to work to live is not justifiable; but there is a case for abolishing child labour and upholding the right of all children and their families to live in dignity. Poverty is not ‘another culture’.
Towards improving the robustness of sequential labeling models against typographical adversarial examples using triplet loss
Authors: Udomcharoenchaikit Can , Boonkwan Prachya , Vateekul Peerapon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP) such as part-of-speech tagging, text chunking, and named-entity recognition can be formulated as sequence labeling problems. Although neural sequence labeling models have shown excellent results on standard test sets, they are very brittle when presented with misspelled texts. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial training framework that enhances the robustness against typographical adversarial examples. We evaluate the robustness of sequence labeling models with an adversarial evaluation scheme that includes typographical adversarial examples. We generate two types of adversarial examples without access (black-box) or with full access (white-box) to the target model’s parameters. We conducted a series of extensive experiments on three languages (English, Thai, and German) across three sequence labeling tasks. Experiments show that the proposed adversarial training framework provides better resistance against adversarial examples on all tasks. We found that we can further improve the model’s robustness on the chunking task by including a triplet loss constraint.
Sonic Scars in Urban Space: Trauma and the Parisian Soundscape during l'année terrible
Authors: Brooks Erin 
Published: February 2022

In the “terrible year” of 1870–71 – spanning the Franco-Prussian War through the Commune – Parisians looked on with horror at the nightmarish transformation of their Ville Lumière. They not only watched, they listened – garnering crucial information but also failing to shut out belliphonic sounds that rendered them sleepless, sick or even unable to function. In a flood of lectures and treatises, a generation of neurologists and psychiatrists assessed the impact of this year on French minds and bodies. Moreover, Charcot and Janet formulated early understandings of trauma amidst the cultural memories and traumatized populations impacted by 1870–71.Weaving together contemporary medical discourse, journals, reportage and iconography, this article reveals a topography of Parisian sonic violence. Drawing on Mark M. Smith and Jennifer Stoever's work on how race, gender, and class structure listening, this case study analyses the positionality of sound's traumatic impacts on nineteenth-century Parisians. Connecting sound, the events of 1870–71, and early conceptions of trauma also critically integrates these decades with subsequent experiences of la grande guerre. As I ultimately situate a specifically urban theorization of the aural experiences of war, I conclude with how sonic trauma of l'année terrible might stretch far beyond 1870–71. Borrowing from Andreas Huyssen's concept of city as palimpsest – where visual reminders of violence leave ‘absent presences’ in the heart of an urban space – I query how sonic memories of conflict might similarly leave traces – sonic scars? – in both physical places and in individual and collective memories.
The 2020 Monte Cristo (Nevada) Earthquake Sequence: Stress Transfer in the Context of Conjugate Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Kariche Jugurtha 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOn 15 May 2020 at 11:03 (UTC) a shallow earthquake with a Magnitude Mw 6.5 struck the Central Walker Lane in the Mina Deflection region. This shallow event offers the possibility to model the change in Coulomb failure function (ΔCFF) including the historical events and to analyze the effect of fluid redistribution on fault ruptures. The static stress change modeling shows that the 1932 Cedar Mountain (Mw 7.1) earthquake increased ΔCFF on the 2020 Monte Cristo left‐lateral rupture by an average value of ∼2 bar suggesting a fault interaction in the context of conjugate strike‐slip faults. Also, the ΔCFF caused by the Monte Cristo earthquake shows a 0.1–0.5 bar increase on nearby right‐lateral fault planes at 8 km depth. In contrast to the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence (Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1), our poroelastic stress change modeling of the 2020 Monte Cristo earthquake shows no apparent correlation between the positive stress change values and fluid redistribution along the Monte Cristo conjugated ruptures. Nevertheless, the Coulomb modeling using adapted poroelastic solutions shows that the 2020 Monte Cristo mainshock increased stresses with a value of 0.2–0.9 bar south of the Mina Deflection along the White Mountains and Fish Lake Valley fault zones. The stress values combined with a strain rate of 40–50 nanostrain/yr represent a shift of 8%–15% of the recurrence time interval for a large earthquake along the White Mountains and Fish Lake Valley faults suggesting an elevated pore‐fluid effect for faults reactivation in both undrained and drained fluid conditions.
Permafrost Degradation Diminishes Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Capacity on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhuang Qianlai , Zhao Dongsheng , Zheng Du , Kou Dan , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEffects of permafrost degradation on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) have rarely been analyzed. This study used a revised process‐based biogeochemical model to quantify the effects in the region during the 21st century. We found that permafrost degradation would expose 0.61 ± 0.26 (mean ± SD) and 1.50 ± 0.15 Pg C of soil organic carbon under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and the RCP 8.5, respectively. Among them, more than 20% will be decomposed, enhancing heterotrophic respiration by 8.62 ± 4.51 (RCP 4.5) and 33.66 ± 14.03 (RCP 8.5) Tg C/yr in 2099. Deep soil N supply due to thawed permafrost is not accessible to plants, only stimulating net primary production by 7.15 ± 4.83 (RCP 4.5) and 24.27 ± 9.19 (RCP 8.5) Tg C/yr in 2099. As a result, the single effect of permafrost degradation would cumulatively weaken the regional C sink by 209.44 ± 137.49 (RCP 4.5) and 371.06 ± 151.70 (RCP 8.5) Tg C during 2020–2099. However, when factors of climate change, CO2 increasing and permafrost degradation are all considered, the permafrost region on the QTP would be a stronger C sink in the 21st century. Permafrost degradation has a greater influence on C balance of alpine meadows than alpine steppes on the QTP. The shallower active layer, higher soil C and N stocks, and wetter environment in alpine meadows are responsible for its stronger response to permafrost degradation. This study highlights that permafrost degradation could continue to release large amounts of C to the atmosphere irrespective of potentially more nitrogen available from deep soils.
Possible Thermal Effect of Tibetan Plateau on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Wen Qin , Yang Haijun , Yang Kai , Li Gen , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Jian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important in shaping the global climate. To understand how its thermal condition may affect the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), we conduct a series of albedo forcing experiments to simulate the TP warming and cooling conditions. The results show that the TP warming can immediately generate anticyclone in the subtropical North Atlantic, leading to more water vapor transporting from the North Atlantic to eastern tropical Pacific. This results in less precipitation over the North Atlantic and increases the sea surface salinity. The latter enhances the deep‐water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic and thus the AMOC. In contrast, the TP cooling weakens the AMOC via opposite processes. These findings imply that the AMOC change can be affected not only by local factors but also remote forcing from Asia.
An Extreme High Temperature Event in Coastal East Antarctica Associated With an Atmospheric River and Record Summer Downslope Winds
Authors: Turner John , Lu Hua , King John C. , Carpentier Scott , Lazzara Matthew , Phillips Tony , Wille Jonathan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHigh surface temperatures are important in Antarctica because of their role in ice melt and sea level rise. We investigate a high temperature event in December 1989 that gave record temperatures in coastal East Antarctica between 60° and 100°E. The high temperatures were associated with a pool of warm lower tropospheric air with December temperature anomalies of >14°C that developed in two stages over the Amery Ice Shelf. First, there was near‐record poleward warm advection within an atmospheric river. Second, synoptically driven downslope flow from the interior reached unprecedented December strength over a large area, leading to strong descent and further warming in the coastal region. The coastal easterly winds were unusually deep and strong, and the warm pool was advected westwards, giving a short period of high temperatures at coastal locations, including a surface temperature of 9.3°C at Mawson, the second highest in its 66‐year record.
Variable Depths of Magma Genesis in the North China Craton and Central Asian Orogenic Belt Inferred From Teleseismic P Wave Attenuation
Authors: Liu Hanlin , Byrnes Joseph S. , Bezada Maximiliano , Wu Qingju , Pei Shunping , He Jing 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEastern Asia is a prime location for the study of intracontinental tectono‐magmatic activity. For instance, the origin of widespread intraplate volcanism has been one of the most debated aspects of East Asian geological activity. Measurements of attenuation of teleseismic phases may provide additional constraints on the source regions of volcanism by sampling the upper mantle. This study uses data from three seismic arrays to constrain lateral variations in teleseismic P wave attenuation beneath the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton. We invert relative observations of attenuation for a 2‐D map of variations in attenuation along with data and model uncertainties by applying a Hierarchical Bayesian method. As expected, low attenuation is observed beneath the Ordos block. High attenuation is observed beneath most of the volcanoes (e.g., the Middle Gobi volcano, the Bus Obo volcano, and the Datong volcano) in the study area, and estimated asthenospheric Qp values span from 95 to 200. These values are within the range of globally average asthenosphere. We infer that these volcanoes may tap melt from ambient asthenosphere and occur where the lithosphere is thin, which is consistent with previous petrologic studies. More complex mantle drivers of volcanism are not rejected but are not needed to explain eruptions in this area. In contrast, at the Xilinhot‐Abaga volcanic site, the observed low attenuation (as low as beneath the Ordos block) excludes a typical shallow melting column. Fluids from the subducted Pacific plate may initiate the deep melting and would be consistent with petrological constraints.
A New Oxybarometer for Basalts Based on Olivine‐Melt Mn‐Fe2+ Exchange Coefficient and FeT/Mn Ratios in Olivine and Melt
Authors: Sun Zhongxing , Xiong Xiaolin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMelt Fe3+/FeT ratios are widely used as a proxy for the oxygen fugacity (fO2) in magma systems. A particular challenge is a difficulty in quantifying the Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents, which are not easily measurable by conventional techniques. Using the Mn–Fe2+ exchange coefficient (KD) between olivine (ol) and melt (m), this study develops a novel approach to this problem using the relationship of / = 1 − * (/Mnol)/(/Mnm). The key for applying this equation is to combine well‐defined with accurate Mn and FeT analyses of olivine and coexisting melt. The Mn and FeT analyses are readily measured by electron microprobe. To define , we performed experiments at 1.0–1.75 GPa and 1250–1450°C under graphite‐buffered conditions, where FeT can be used as Fe2+ to calculate . The results show that = 0.730 ± 0.025 is nearly constant over a realistic range of experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, and melt composition) relevant to basaltic magmas, allowing calculation of melt Fe3+/FeT ratios without the need for any further knowledge of these parameters. A comparison with published data, where melt Fe3+/FeT ratios have been directly measured, demonstrates that our calculation method is as accurate as Mossbauer spectroscopy and XANES techniques, thus providing a very simple and accessible approach to melt Fe3+/FeT ratio estimation. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of this method is critically reliant on: (a) accurate Mn and Fe analyses and (b) olivine‐melt chemical equilibrium.
The Spectral Mixture Residual: A Source of Low‐Variance Information to Enhance the Explainability and Accuracy of Surface Biology and Geology Retrievals
Authors: Sousa D. , Brodrick P. , Cawse‐Nicholson K. , Fisher J. B. , Pavlick R. , Small C. , Thompson D. R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpectrally mixed pixels are the rule, not the exception, in decameter terrestrial imaging. By definition, the reflectance spectrum of a mixed pixel is a function of more than one generative process. Physically based surface biology and geology retrievals must therefore isolate the component of interest from a myriad of unrelated processes, each occurring with unknown presence and abundance across the hundreds of square meters sampled by each pixel. Foliar traits, for example, must be isolated from canopy structure and substrate composition. In many cases, these unrelated processes can dominate overall variance of spatially integrated reflectance. We propose a new approach to isolate low‐variance spectral signatures in mixed pixels. The aggregate effects of (high‐variance) spatial mixing processes within each pixel are modeled by treating the observed reflectance as a linear mixture of a small set of generic endmember spectra. Spatial mixing effects are removed by computing the (low‐variance) difference between the modeled and observed spectra, named the Mixture Residual (MR). The MR, a residual reflectance spectrum that is presumed to carry the subtler and variable signals of interest, is then leveraged as a source of signal. We illustrate the approach using three independent collections of reflectance spectra: synthetic composites computed from field measurements, NEON AOP airborne image compilations, and DESIS satellite data. The MR is found to discriminate between land cover versus plant trait signals, and to accentuate subtle absorption features. Mean band‐to‐band correlations within the visible, NIR, and SWIR wavebands decrease from 0.97, 0.94, and 0.97 to 0.95, 0.04, and 0.31 (respectively). The number of dimensions required to explain 99% of image variance increases from 4 to 13. We focus on vegetation as an illustrative example, but note that the concept can be extended to other classes of spectra and used as an input to other algorithms.
Refractivity Inversions From Point‐To‐Point X‐Band Radar Propagation Measurements
Authors: Pastore Douglas M. , Wessinger Sarah E. , Greenway Daniel P. , Stanek Mathew J. , Burkholder Robert J. , Haack Tracy , Wang Qing , Hackett Erin E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDynamic refractive environments within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) pose difficulties in the prediction of X‐band radar wave propagation due to natural phenomena such as evaporation ducts (ED). This study utilizes a unique data set collected during the Coupled Air‐Sea Processes and Electromagnetic Ducting Research (CASPER)‐East field campaign, including multiple refractivity estimation methods and twelve point‐to‐point (PTP) electromagnetic datasets, to assess the efficacy of PTP inversion techniques for remote sensing of atmospheric refractivity within the MABL. Comparison of refractivity between the inverse and other refractivity methods show reasonable evaporation duct height estimates by the inversion, and inverse‐based propagation predictions are also shown to be more accurate than propagation based on other refractivity prediction methods: numerical weather prediction, theory, and in situ atmospheric measurements. These results propose the effectiveness of a PTP metaheuristic radar inversion to remotely sense refractive environments from radar propagation measurements in stable and unstable atmospheric conditions.
PGK1 contributes to tumorigenesis and sorafenib resistance of renal clear cell carcinoma via activating CXCR4/ERK signaling pathway and accelerating glycolysis
Authors: He Yu , Wang Xixi , Lu Weiliang , Zhang Dan , Huang Lan , Luo Yang , Xiong Li , Li Haocheng , Zhang Peng , Li Qiu , Liang Shufang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) has complicated and multiple functions in cancer occurrence, tumor progression and drug resistance. Sorafenib is the first-line treatment targeted drug for patients with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, but sorafenib resistance is extremely common to retard therapy efficiency. So far, it is unclear whether and how PGK1 is involved in the pathogenesis and sorafenib resistance of KIRC. Herein, the molecular mechanisms of PGK1-mediated KIRC progression and sorafenib resistance have been explored by comprehensively integrative studies using biochemical approaches, mass spectrometry (MS) identification, microarray assay, nude mouse xenograft model and bioinformatics analysis. We have confirmed PGK1 is specifically upregulated in KIRC based on the transcriptome data generated by our own gene chip experiment, proteomics identification and the bioinformatics analysis for five online transcriptome datasets, and PGK1 upregulation in tumor tissues and serum is indicative with poor prognosis of KIRC patients. In the KIRC tissues, a high expression of PGK1 is often accompanied with an increase of glycolysis-related enzymes and CXCR4. PGK1 exhibits pro-tumorigenic properties in vitro and in a xenograft tumor model by accelerating glycolysis and inducing CXCR4-mediated phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. Moreover, PGK1 promotes sorafenib resistance via increasing CXCR4-mediated ERK phosphorylation. In conclusion, PGK1-invovled metabolic reprogramming and activation of CXCR4/ERK signaling pathway contributes to tumor growth and sorafenib resistance of KIRC.
Tumour cell apoptosis modulates the colorectal cancer immune microenvironment via interleukin-8-dependent neutrophil recruitment
Authors: Schimek Vanessa , Strasser Katharina , Beer Andrea , Göber Samantha , Walterskirchen Natalie , Brostjan Christine , Müller Catharina , Bachleitner-Hofmann Thomas , Bergmann Michael , Dolznig Helmut , Oehler Rudolf 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSporadic apoptosis of tumour cells is a commonly observed feature of colorectal cancer (CRC) and strongly correlates with adverse patient prognosis. The uptake of apoptotic cell debris by neutrophils induces a non-inflammatory, pro-regenerative, and hence potentially pro-tumorigenic phenotype. In this study, we therefore sought to investigate the impact of apoptotic CRC cells on neutrophils and its consequence on other immune cells of the tumour microenvironment. Apoptosis induced by combined TNFα-treatment and UV-C irradiation, as well as various chemotherapeutic agents, led to a substantial release of neutrophil-attracting chemokines, most importantly interleukin-8 (IL-8), in both primary patient-derived and established CRC cells. Accordingly, conditioned media of apoptotic tumour cells selectively stimulated chemotaxis of neutrophils, but not T cells or monocytes. Notably, caspase-inhibition partially reduced IL-8 secretion, suggesting that caspase activity might be required for apoptosis-induced IL-8 release. Moreover, apoptotic tumour cell-conditioned media considerably prolonged neutrophil lifespan and induced an activated CD66bhighCD11bhighCD62Llow phenotype, comparable to that of tumour-associated neutrophils in CRC patients, as assessed by flow cytometry of dissociated CRC tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses of 35 CRC patients further revealed a preferential accumulation of neutrophils at sites of apoptotic tumour cells defined by the expression of epithelial cell-specific caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18. The same areas were also highly infiltrated by macrophages, while T cells were virtually absent. Notably, neutrophils induced an M2-like CD86lowCD163+CD206+ phenotype in co-cultured monocyte-derived macrophages and suppressed LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In an in vitro transwell model, IL-8 blockade efficiently prevented neutrophil-induced anti-inflammatory macrophage polarisation by inhibiting neutrophil migration towards IL-8 gradients generated by apoptotic CRC cells. To conclude, our data suggest that apoptotic cancer cells release chemotactic factors that attract neutrophils into the tumour, where their interaction with neighbouring macrophages might promote an immunologically unfavourable tumour microenvironment. This effect may contribute to tumour recurrence after chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.