bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit Rot Resistance in Strawberry Cultivars Adapted to the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Barritt B. H. , Torre Louis , Schwartze C. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five strawberry cultivars and advanced selections were ranked according to their field susceptibility to fruit rot caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. it was apparent that the resistant cultivars, ‘Shuksan’, ‘WSU 1140’ and ‘WSU 1142% derived their resistance from ‘Columbia’ and ‘Molalla’. Among the most susceptible cultivars were ‘Cheam’, ‘Cambridge Vigour’, ‘Northwest’ and ‘Marshall’. There was no apparent relationship between the incidence of fruit rot and yielding ability although 3 cultivars, ‘Shuksan’, ‘WSU 1140’ and ‘WSU 1142’, combined fruit rot resistance with high yields.
Organic Gardening, Is it the Answer?
Authors: Routley Douglas G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A little gentle persuasion was needed to convince plant breeder Elwyn M. Meader that his name should finally be bestowed on one of his many introductions. “You know” he said in his deliberate Yankee way, “most people get things named for them posthumously, and 1 f eel pretty good today.” However, he did agree that “Meader” might be an acceptable name for his blueberry selection, designated until now as N. H. #6.
Staminate: Pistillate Flower Ratio Best Suited to the Production of Gynoecious Hybrid Cucumbers for Machine Harvest.1
Authors: Connor Lawrence J. , Martin E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pickling cucumber yields and dollar value returns per acre were highest in isolated plots which produced 26% and 33% staminate flowers during the first 15 days of flowering. This flowering pattern was obtained by planting a seed blend of 90% gynoecious hybrid and 10% monoecious cultivar. Honey bees provided necessary pollination activity. Commercial gynoecious hybrids tested exceeded the desirable staminate: pistillate flower ratio without the necessity of blending seed of a monoecious cultivar. The proportion of staminate flowers increased with plant age.
Testing Vigor of Beans Following Unfavorable Storage Conditions1
Authors: Roos Eric E. , Manalo J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Garden bean seeds stored under high temperature (32.2°C) and relative humidity (90%) for periods up to 15 weeks showed a drop in germination after 9 weeks with the standard laboratory germination test while a recently developed vigor test for beans (Epicotyl wt measurement) showed a loss in vigor after only 3 weeks of storage. We conclude that this new testing procedure can be used to measure loss of vigor in bean seed stored under unfavorable conditions before a loss of viability is detected by the standard germination test.
Physiology and Mode of Action of Ethylene
Authors: Burg Stanley P. , Apelbaum Akiva , Eisinger William , Kang Bin Goo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The main evidence for a single mechanism of ethylene action is the observation that nearly all responses to the gas have the same dose response curve (8), suggesting a single type of receptor molecule. If so, the case is similar to that of phytochrome where one biochemical change produces a multitude of secondary changes resulting in a variety of physiological responses depending upon the tissue involved. We have chosen to use the etiolated pea seedling to investigate the primary and secondary actions of the gas because all parts of this plant have been extensively studied and are highly responsive to ethylene. When this seedling is exposed to ethylene stem growth slows, the hook tightens, the subapex swells and nutates horizontally, root growth slows and the zone of elongation swells, root hairs form, lateral root formation is inhibited, and the root tip bends plageotropically. The causes of these changes are to be found in the effects of ethylene on cell division, cell expansion, and auxin transport.
Apple Abscission
Authors: Edgerton L. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A horticulturist assigned this topic 30 years ago would start with a brief review of the nature of the abscission zone in the ripening apple fruit, and then spend the remainder of the time telling about research and experience on ways to delay the abscission process. The principal concern of that era was the loss frequently experienced by growers from preharvest drop of ripening fruits of ‘McIntosh’, ‘Delicious’ and several other cultivars. Anatomical studies of the apple pedicel and abscission zone by MacDaniels (18) contributed to an understanding of the abscission process, and orchard studies on nutrition and production led to practices by which growers could reduce their losses during the harvesting period. Then the research by Gardner et al. (13) with growth regulators paved the way for the effective control of harvest drop through the foliar application of a spray solution containing an auxin such as a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Many other growth regulators have been added to the list and are being used in special situations or for specific cultivars. These include 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and the growth retardant, succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH).
Inheritance of Seedling Resistance to Clubroot in Brassica Oleracea L.1
Authors: Vriesenga J. D. , Honma S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A clubroot susceptible (MSU 705) and resistant line (MSU 134) of Brassica oleracea were crossed and the parents, F1 and F2 were tested for resistance. Three distinct phenotypic classes were observed in the F2 with increasing susceptibility found with advancing age, culminating in mature plant susceptibility for all plants. F1 and F2 segregation suggest a 2-gene system with resistance controlled by an incomplete dominant and a recessive gene.
Gas Space Porosity of Citrus Roots1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Stolzy L. H. , Joseph H. , DeWolfe T. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The vol of gas spaces per unit root vol (porosity) was measured for 4 citrus rootstock cultivars grown in sand culture for 100 days under greenhouse conditions. Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) had a porosity of 7.2% which was significantly less than sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) at 10.9% and ‘Troyer’ citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. × C. sinensis) at 9.4%. Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) had a mean porosity of 9.8% with more variability than the other cultivars. ‘Troyer’ citrange roots sampled from trees grown in solution culture had a porosity of 13.2% and this is significantly higher than for roots grown in sand culture. Characterization of root porosity is one important factor in assessing the significance of internal plant aeration.
Industry Needs In Relation To Postharvest Horticulture - Fresh Market
Authors: Miller Leon W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We are faced with many problems after the crop is harvested, problems that are sometimes overlooked in research studies. Let us follow these problems through the channels of trade to the housewife who pays for the commodity. I do not think the ultimate has been reached in the care that most fruits and vegetables get at the shipping point, because at times economics have had more bearing on the way a crop is harvested and handled than consideration for good handling practices. Most of us are not sure in many cases how best to handle a commodity, by mechanical harvesting in small containers, bulk, etc. I do not think the job of research has been completed in these fields. This is true especially when the commodity is going into fresh market channels. I think we definitely need more research on mechanical harvesting and mechanical handling both in the field and at the packing house, and also education of the producer in both areas.
What Can We Do As An Action Program?
Authors: Stuart Neil W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The horticultural industry of the 1970's is, for the most part, a development of the 20th century. At the middle of the 19th century horticulture was still what Joe Gourley called “a rich man's fancy” (1). It is much more than that today with cash receipts of $5 billion per year at the producers’ level (2). The products grown on our 10 million acres touch the lives of more Americans in more ways than do any other agricultural products you can name. The progress we have made during the last 70 years is so overwhelming that we have a tendency to forget how far we have come. As we look ahead we must consider our problems, our needs, and our resources.
Stratification Effects on Endogenous Gibberellic Acid (GA) in Peach Seeds1
Authors: Mathur D. D. , Couvillon G. A. , Vines H. M. , Hendershott C. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach seed (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. Elberta) were stratified at 0°C in peat moss and analyzed for GA3 and GA7 at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at 4 week intervals for 16 weeks. Percentage germination increased as GA3 and GA7 increased during stratification. The suggestion is made that there is a conversion of GA7 to GA3 during stratification and the biosynthesis is temperature dependent.
Crude Protein Content of Yams1
Authors: Martin Franklin W. , Thompson A. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) contained from 6.3 to 13.4% crude protein, as measured by the Kjeldahl N technique. In the cv. Morado protein content tended to be highest in upper or inner (oldest) portions of the tuber. The peel, while rich in protein, is a minor part of the total wt. Tubers of ‘Morado’, varied significantly from 6.7 to 9.8% crude protein. Yams appear to contain sufficient quantities of protein to merit nutritional considerations.
Screening Citrus Hybrids for Cold Hardiness
Authors: Young Roger , Hearn C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tree and fruit losses from cold injury are important problems in growing citrus. Severe losses from the freezes of 1894-95, 1957-58, 1962, and 1970-71 in Florida; 1949, 1950, and 1962 in Texas; and 1913, 1937, 1949, and 1950 in California, have stimulated research on cold hardiness of citrus. One method of reducing losses from freezes is the production of cold hardy cultivars by breeding and selection. Citrus physiologists and breeders with the USDA at Orlando, Florida; Indio, California; and Weslaco, Texas, have coordinated their research to develop more cold hardy citrus cultivars (2, 3). This paper summarizes some recent efforts to develop methods for screening citrus hybrids for cold hardiness. The glossary (Table 1) of the citrus types and names used here include cold hardiness ratings. Common names or a designated number will be used for simplicity of discussion.
The Effect of Sub-freezing Temperatures on Fruit Quality and Seed Viability of ‘Lula’ Avocado1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Maxwell Norman P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Lula’ avocado fruits (Persea americana Miller) were exposed to temp ranging from -2.2 to -8.9°C for 4 hr in a freeze chamber. No off-flavors or discoloration developed during a 7-day ripening period (25°C) after temp of -5.6° and above. Temp of -6.7° and -7.8° caused discoloration and decay of the outer part of the mesocarp; the inner region remained hard, green, and unpalatable. Following the -8.9° treatment, the entire mesocarp decayed. Insertion of thermocouples into the fruits decreased cold tolerance 1°. Seed germination was reduced to less than 50% of normal in the -4.4° to -6.7° range, then decreased to 0 at -8.9°. Tissue temp curves showed heat release coincident with tissue damage, indicating internal ice formation.
Effectiveness of the Pressure-Load Meter in Measuring Firmness of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Sobotka Francis E. , Watada Alley E. , Diener Robert G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Pressure-Load (P-L) Meter, a small portable instrument, was as sensitive as an Instron Machine in measuring firmness of ripening tomato fruit. Firmness, as measured with the P-L Meter, was significantly correlated with changes in water and NaOH-soluble pec tic substances of ripening fruit.
Technical Education Centers in South Carolina
Authors: Senn T. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A system of two-year agricultural technology programs was established in South Carolina in 1966. These programs were designed for persons having a high school diploma or its equivalent, who do not plan to pursue studies leading to a college degree, and who are otherwise qualified to profit from such instruction. The technical program complements and does not duplicate the educational programs in agriculture now being offered. Courses completed in the two-year technical programs do not count toward a bachelor’s degree.
Salt Induced Water Stress as a Determinant of Flower Quality and Longevity in Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The market quality and vase life of cut flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ram., were not adversely affected by growing the plants in soil having an electrical conductance of the saturated paste extract (ECe) of 3.6 millimho/cm if high soil water content was maintained by wick irrigation. However, shorter stems, smaller flowers, lighter wt flowers, and flowers of shorter vase life were produced at ECe 3.6 than at ECe 1.8 under manual irrigation by hose. The optimal condition for most growth criteria was ECe 3.6 with wick irrigation, but the optimum for vase life was ECe 1.8. A salinity of ECe 4.0, in which KCI or K2SO4 was high, caused a slight reduction in growth and vase life but was not as severe as an ECe 3.6 with manual irrigation.
In an experiment of factorial design, high salinity (ECe 4.0), sand-peat soil of low water-holding capacity (WHC 32%), and manual irrigation resulted in shorter stems, smaller flowers, lower stem substance, and shorter vase life than was produced under low salinity (ECe 2.0), high water-holding soil (clay-peat of WHC 46%), and automatic irrigation. Automatic irrigation prevented an adverse effect of soil salinity on stem substance, flower size and flower longevity of the plants growing in the clay-peat medium but not of those growing in sand-peat.
Promotion of Renewal Canes in Roses by Ethephon1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H. , Mor Y. , Bachrach A. , Sapir I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Spary treatment of (2-choroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on the lower, unleafy parts of rose plants promoted the formation of renewal canes (growth of basal shoots). The best response was in the cv. Baccara. A thin score above the bud with a saw blade dipped in ethephon greatly increased the efficiency of the treatment.
A New Anthocyanin from Viburnum trilobum, L.1
Authors: Wang P. L. , Francis F. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many ornamentals owe their attractive coloration to anthocyanins. Although a large number of anthocyanins have been identified (3) not all the expected pigments have been reported. This note reports the identification of cyanidin-3-arabinoglucoside (Cn-3-GA) from V. trilobum L. also called V. americanum, the American cranberry-bush (4).
A Technique of Shoot Apex Grafting and Its Utilization Towards Recovering Virus-free Citrus Clones1
Authors: Murashige T. , Bitters W. P. , Rangan T. S. , Nauer E. M. , Roistacher C. N. , Holliday P. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot apices, excised from Citrus cultivars of known virus content, were successfully grafted in vitro onto disease-free rootstock seedlings and some virus-free plants were obtained. The prolonged juvenile phase which characterizes disease-free nucellar lines was bypassed by this procedure.
Severe Pruning Overcomes Alternate Bearing of Mandarin Trees in Rhodes1
Authors: Procopiou John , El-Gazzar A. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees have a tendency to severe alternate bearing. Old trees at Rhodes often bear large crops in the “on” year but the fruit is small, expensive to pick, and brings low prices. Hield and Hilgeman (1) have reviewed hand and chemical thinning and other treatments to overcome biennial bearing but no satisfactory pruning method to regulate production has been reported.
Mineral Nutrition in Humans
Authors: Keane K. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Minerals are constant constituents of animal tissue. They may be essential components for the maintenance of life processes, or they may perform some nonessential but favorable function. Man is omniverous and can live on a diet of animal, vegetable or mineral origin. The sources of minerals are therefore immaterial for man and the other omnivora; but the presence of all these elements in our food supply is essential. All essential elements are beneficial when present in the body in proper balance. Out of balance or in deficiency they lead to diseases and in excess they may be toxic. Various mineral elements are so interrelated in metabolism that their quantitative requirements are interdependent. A deficiency of a given nutrient may exist with respect to its specific function and also in the balance which should be maintained between it and certain other essentials. Conversely, pathological changes may result from relative as well as from absolute excesses of a given element.
Introduction and Establishment of Improved Crop Cultivars in Developing Countries
Authors: Thompson A. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The production of food in any given area is influenced by many factors. Man at the present time has little control over such factors as climate, but there are others over which considerable control can be exerted. These include adequate and proper fertilization, appropriate tillage methods, effective utilization of available moisture, and control of weeds, diseases and insects. One of the most important components of food production in which man has made and is continuing to make significant improvements is the genetic potential of plants. The few outstanding examples of successful agricultural development have all involved an active plant breeding and genetic research program. Fertilizers, pesticides, and improved cultural practices can only be effective when biological potential is bred into plants. The importance of genetic potential in cultivars is clearly illustrated by the introduction of the Mexican short-strawed wheats into India, Pakistan and Turkey, and the introduction of ‘IR-8’ and other new, high yielding rice cultivars throughout Asia.
Muskmelon Responses to Preflowering Treatments of Ethephon1
Authors: Lippert L. F. , Hall M. O. , McCoy O. D. , Johnson Hunter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to muskmelon seedlings prior to flowering was evaluated for concn of fruit set and effects on fruit maturity under spring and summer conditions in southern California. Concn of 400-600 ppm (spring) and 150-300 ppm (summer) were effective in altering sex expression and locating female flowers on nodes along the main runners. However, increased femaleness did not provide a concn of fruit set, earlier fruit maturity, nor increases in yield. It is concluded that preflower ethephon treatments are of little value in commercial muskmelon production.
Freeze Preservation of Callus Cultures of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Bannier L. J. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A modified Murashige and Skoog medium (5) containing 10% sucrose maintained viable tissue cultures of chrysanthemum at −3.5°C for 28 days. The high concn of sucrose resulted in supercooling of the tissue to −5.5° whereas in tissue maintained on 3% sucrose supercooling occurred at −3.3°.
Two Tetraploid Sources of Resistance for Breeding Blueberries Resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Stretch A. W. , Scott D. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A clone of the diploid blueberry species Vaccinium atrococcum Heller, was previously found to be highly resistant to the fungus tetraploid highbusy blueberry. The tetraploid V. atrococcum was highly root-rot resistant in a greenhouse study. It was crossed with ‘Earliblue’ and 85 seedlings were obtained. In general, the seedlings were fertile, had small, dark fruit with mild flavor, good scars and quite soft flesh consistency.
Blueberry selections Me-US 32 and Michigan Lowbush 1, and cultivars ‘Berkeley’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Earliblue’, and ‘Dixi’ were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to P. cinnamomi. Michigan Lowbush 1 was highly resistant to the root-rot fungus. Me-US 32 was resistant, but all the cultivars were susceptible. Michigan Lowbush 1 is a grandparent and probably the source of resistance of Me-US 32.
Effect of Genotype on Microbiologically Available Methionine Content of Bean Seeds1
Authors: Leleji O. I. , Dickson M. H. , Hackler L. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Comparison among F1 hybrid bean seeds indicated (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicated highly significant reciprocal difference in available methionine. There was no significant difference in available methionine between hybrid and selfed seeds in a low-methionine line, whereas a highly significant difference was found between hybrid and selfed seeds in a high-methionine line.
Open Growth Habit in Summer Squash1
Authors: Baggett James R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Summer squash cultivars (Cucurbita pepo L.) of the Zucchini type were classified on a scale of 1 (open) to 5 (dense growth habit). A trial with 5 cultivars indicated that yield is not dependent on heavy foliage, and that picking time required per unit of crop is much less with open growth habit.
An inheritance study was inconclusive because of problems in progeny plant classification. It appears that growth habit is a complex of several characteristics, and as such, is inherited in a multigenic manner.
Supplemental Light and Growth of Rose During Periods of Low Light Intensity1
Authors: Wiseley Donald K. , Lindstrom Richard S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Supplemental lighting with rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Forever Yours) using Wide Spectrum Gro-Lux, Sylvania Metalarc, and General Electric Lucalox lamps gave consistent (but non-significant) increases in production ranging from 29-40% in Jan. and Feb. and 0-24% in March and April and reduced flower development time from 2 to 9 days. Supplemental lighting did not affect stem diam or length or fresh wt of flowers.
Long Days and Cool Night Temperature Increase Flowering of Greenhouse Grown Limonium Cultivars1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Krizek Donald T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recently Raulston (1) reported that photoperiod and nutrition were important in determining the earliness and no. of inflorescences in annual statice (Limonium sinuata L.). Our results, based on date of first visible flower stalk (flowering) (Table 1) are comparable to his findings. Plants under Long Day (LD = 16 hr) came into flower an average of 22 days earlier than under Short Day (SD = 8 hr) treatment. The time of appearance of the first visible flower stalk varied greatly depending upon the cultivar and the photoperiod. Under LD, ‘Iceberg’ and ‘Gold Coast’ flowered first (an average of 115 days) while ‘Blue Bonnet’ and ‘Midnight Blue’ flowered last (an average of 139-140 days). ‘Twilight Lavender’ and ‘American Beauty’ were intermediate (approx 126-128 days). The greatest influence of photoperiod, however, was on the % of plants flowering. An average of 98% of the plants flowered under LD while only 52% flowered under SD. Flowering in ‘Gold Coast’ and ‘Iceberg’ under SD was reduced by ca. 20% while ‘Blue Bonnet’ failed to flower (Table 1).