bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horticulture and Pollution
Authors: Day Boysie E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Why should we address ourselves simultaneously to the subjects of Horticulture and Pollution? The two would appear to be poles apart. Horticulture, a gentle, pastoral art, provides for the material and esthetic needs of mankind. It does much good and seemingly harms no one. To think of horticulture is to bring forth visions of golden fruit, crisp lettuce, the noble potato, the aromatic onion, the fragrant rose, and the fragile orchid. Horticulture is the world of bounty and beauty, and pollution is the realm of filth, dissolution, decay, and squalor. Yet, horticulture and pollution do impinge upon one another and have come increasingly to have to coexist in a deteriorating environment.
Plant Tissue Monitoring for Fluorides
Authors: Compton O. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Air contamination by fluorides is one of our major air pollution problems. These compounds are released by industries processing clays, ores, phosphate rock, coal, or any other fluorine-containing materials. Aluminum reduction, ceramic, phosphate, chemical, steel, and thermal power generation works all release fluorides in their normal manufacturing processes. Both gaseous and particulate fluorides may be emitted.
Growth-Retardant-Treated Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Garrison S. A. , Bergman E. L. , Shannon S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on tomato transplants were evaluated in 9 field experiments. Two or more applications of 5,000 ppm of SADH at the seedling stage offers promise in scheduling tomato harvest by decreasing early yield.
Carryover Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Bartram R. D. , Carpenter W. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhy drazide (Alar) applied commercially to 'De licious’ apple trees at a concentration of 1,000 ppm at 8 and 125 days after full bloom in 1968 caused flattened misshapen fruit to be produced in 1969.
Annual Weed Control in Young Prunes1
Authors: Elmore C. L. , Lange A. H. , Buschmann L. L. , Chaney D. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The control of annual weeds in young prune orchards increased growth. The degree of foliar expressed phytotoxicity did not result in decreased tree growth. Simazine gave long lasting weed control and the most foliar symptoms on prunes, but superior tree growth. Simazine and dichlobenil produced more foliar symptoms than diphenamid, but less indication of growth reduction.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and Cycloheximide on Abscission and Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Griggs William H. , Iwakiri Ben T. , Fridley Robert B. , Mehlschau James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Branch units of 20 ‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 250, 500, or 1000 ppm or with cycloheximide (beta-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] glutarimide) at 3, 5, or 20 ppm a wk before the beginning of normal harvest to weaken the abscission layer to facilitate mechanical harvest. Half the trees had been sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to prevent preharvest drop. Nine days after application, Ethrel at 1000 ppm had significantly reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) on trees that had received no NAA. In contrast, the presence of NAA evidently nullified the abscission-promoting effect of Ethrel. All other treatments failed to reduce FRF significantly. None of the sprays caused discernible phytotoxic effects or hastened fruit maturity. However, after storage for 50 days at 0°C, 17% to 50% of the fruits that received Ethrel at 500 or 1000 ppm, broke down during ripening. Cycloheximide caused no breakdown, but 20% to 80% of the fruits aprayed with 5 or 20 ppm had necrotic spots at the calyx end.
Indicator of Freezing in Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky G. , Horanic G. , Galena F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Studies show electrical potential (Millivoltage output) generated by citrus seedlings is useful as an indication of freezing in hardened seedlings or where freeze rates are 1° hr-1 or less. Needle-sharp probes of a gold-amalgam wire attached to a strip chart recorder with a variable millivolt supply were used to detect mv changes in seedlings exposed to freeze conditions in an artificial environment room. An abrupt increase of 2 to 6 mv in the mv signal indicated the onset of freezing in the seedlings as checked by the heat of crystallization measured with thermocouples, visual signs of freezing, and subsequent physical damage studies.
Effect of Temperature on Flower Bud and Leaf Anthocyanin Formation in the Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Hall I. V. , Forsyth F. R. , Newbery R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lowbush blueberry plants had greater flower bud formation with more primordial meristems and more advanced floret primordia and lower concentration of anthocyanins in leaves at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures.
Response of Easter Lily to Bulb Treatments of Precooling, Packing Media, Moisture, and Gibberellin1
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. , Box C. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Harson’ lily bulbs were precooled at 45 to 50°F for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in damp peat (68% moisture) or dry peat (8% moisture) and then soaked for 2 hr in a 900 ppm solution of GA or tap water prior to forcing. Bulbs precooled in damp peat for 4 to 6 weeks had the shortest stems and earliest flowering. Four weeks precooling in damp peat hastened stem emergence and flowering but reduced flower no. as compared to those precooled 6 weeks in dry peat. Bulbs GA treated and precooled 2 weeks flowered about 4 weeks earlier without a decrease in flower no. compared with bulbs precooled for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Bulbs precooled 4 weeks in dry peat and treated with GA emerged and flowered as early as those precooled in damp peat for 4 weeks without GA or those in dry peat 6 weeks with or without GA. GA treatment hastened flowering similar to that caused by precooling in damp peat.
Photoperiodic Effects on Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Georgia’ Grown by the Controlled Temperature Forcing Method1
Authors: Carlson William H. , Carpenter William J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of daylength during the 63°F lily rooting period prior to 40° storage and the duration and scheduling of the storage period were determined for Japanese-grown ‘Georgia’ lilies. Benefits from the Controlled Temperature Forcing (CTF) method for increased flower buds and leaves were lost if used with 16-hr day lengths during the 63° period before storage. Artificial fluorescent light of 5 watts per ft2 to create a 16-hr daylength was found adequate to reduce the CTF effects. The length of the 63° period prior to cold treatment affected the days from bulb planting to flowering, no. of flowers, plant height, and no. of leaves. These results were similar at both the 10 and 16-hr day lengths. The effects of 6 week 40° cold period decline at both photoperiods as the duration of the 63° period before storage increases. Delaying the 40° cold period until 10 weeks after planting at the 16-hr daylength resulted in flowering only 4 days before lilies receiving no cold treatment.
Induction of Dormancy and Cold Hardiness in Citrus
Authors: Young Roger 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although citrus is grown in the southern regions of the United States, it is exposed to periodic freezes. Freezes are a serious production problem, as evidenced by the enormous loss of fruit and trees in recent years in the major citrus-growing areas (8). In 1962 in Florida, approximately 50 million boxes of fruit were lost, and substantial wood damage and loss of bearing surface occurred in approximately two-thirds of the citrus-producing areas (12). The monetary loss was estimated to exceed 500 million dollars. In Texas in 1951, 85,000 acres of trees were killed, and in 1962, 40,000 acres. Surviving trees lost their entire bearing surface. Many trees were killed back to 2-inch wood (27). Severe freezes also occur periodically in California and Arizona. In 1963, for instance, temperatures as low as 20°F occurred in some areas in California for eight consecutive nights. Injury was primarily to the fruit and very young trees (12). Studies of long-term weather records have indicated that freezes of 22°F minimums and lower occur in all major citrus-growing areas in the United States every 8 to 13 years on the average (5). Thus, it is expected that citrus-growing areas will be exposed to damaging freezes periodically.
Tomato Heat Unit Accumulation At Various Locations in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Calculated maturity dates based on a common hypothetical planting date and a 43°F base temperature indicated a 38 day spread in tomato maturity among 12 locations in California. In the inland valleys assumed maturity corresponded to the marine ventilation pattern. Isotherm patterns showed that the cooler longer season areas were in the delta at the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and shorter season areas were in concentric zones on the perimeter of the delta.
Effect of Planting Pattern and Population Pressure on the Yield Response of Tomato1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Row pattern outyielded square pattern at population levels from 2,178 to 52,272 plants per acre in a multiple sequential harvest system. Square outyielded the row pattern in the early harvests but the reverse occurred in later harvests because of an “edge effect” brought about by a continuous growth of vines into the row middles. This edge effect increased with increased plant population.
About Our Cover
Authors: Cutting C. V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although the Long Ashton Research Station of the University of Bristol, England, became internationally noted for its pioneer work on plant nutrition and plant protection, advances of equal significance have been made in other subjects. One of these is the study of Plant Surfaces, under the direction of Dr. J. T. Martin whose survey, (with Dr. B. E. Juniper), “The Cuticles of Plants” has recently been published.
Horticultural Education in Turkish Universities1
Authors: Bienz D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Training of foreign university students is one of the more important aspects of our nation’s commitment to the betterment of life in developing countries. Because of this commitment, most horticulturists have or will have contact with students from Africa, Asia, South America or the Middle East. Not infrequently, both the student and his American advisors and instructors experience frustrations which result from the different educational experience and social attitude of the foreign student. Spending a year in Turkey has greatly increased my appreciation for the difficulties these people face when they come to the United States for advanced training.
The Horticultural Crops Research Program of the Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico
Authors: Gaskins M. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico is maintained at Mayaguez for crops investigations requiring a tropical environment. When established in 1902, the station was the only institution for agricultural research on the island. The research program included all of the diverse investigations such as animal husbandry, entomology, and forestry, in addition to crops studies, required for improvement of agriculture in Puerto Rico. Today, the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Puerto Rico is responsible for studies related entirely to insular agriculture. Research projects at the Federal station are selected for applicability, not only in Puerto Rico, but in other tropical areas as well. The Federal station also maintains projects with temperate-zone crops when these are needed to supplement investigations at locations on the mainland. Since 1961, the station has been part of the Crops Research Division of the Agricultural Research Service, and joint projects have been maintained with various other research units in the Division.
A Tissue Culture Technique for Studying Chilling Injury of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits1
Authors: Vakis N. , Grierson W. , Soule J. , Albrigo L. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Visual observations of chilling-injury symptoms and respiration data indicated that discs from ‘Lacatan’ banana, ‘Taylor’ avocado, ‘Key’ and ‘Persian’ limes, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit on tissue-culture medium and intact fruits had similar responses when stored at chilling and non-chilling temperatures.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Growth and Flowering of Broccoli1
Authors: Fontes M. R. , Ozbun J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of growth retardants succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzy 1-tributylphosphonim chloride (CBBP) on growth and flowering of Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. ‘Waltham 29’ (broccoli) were investigated. All 3 compounds reduced plant height. At higher concn SADH reduced the no. of plants flowering in both cold and non-cold treated plants. Neither floral induction nor leaf no. was significantly affected by CBBP or CCC. Leaf no. increased with increasing conc of SADH, as a probable result of the increased inhibition of floral initiation.
Horticultural Teaching in Oregon’S Secondary Schools
Authors: Smith R. Albert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticultural instruction in secondary schools is not new. In fact, it dates back to the middle ages in Western Germany (2). Some of the earlier high school horticultural programs in the United States are found in Los Angeles, 1908 (1), Cleveland, 1911 (1), and Boston 1918 (11). However, only since 1963, has horticultural instruction in secondary schools become widespread in the United States. Loewen (4) conducted a survey of the 50 states in 1968 and found 31 of the 43 states responding had such horticultural programs.
Evaluation of Activated Carbon Root Dichlobenil Toxicity Dips for Control of in Nursery Plantings1
Authors: MacCubbin Thomas J. , Link Conrad B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field studies conducted during 1967 and 1968 evaluated activated carbon as an adsorbent for the reduction of dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzitrile) plant toxicity occurring in newly established nursery plantings. Eight lb. per acre of dichlobenil was a critical level for plant toxicity control through root dips of activated carbon since visual injury was often pronounced where dichlobenil was increased above this rate. Increases in the activated carbon dip concn did not enhance plant protection. Activated carbon dips are most effective where herbicide injury is expected to be marginal and when residues will rapidly dissipate from the soil immediately surrounding a plant’s developing root system.
Production and optimisation of adsorbent materials from teawaste for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution: feasibility of hexavalent chromium removal – kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm study
Authors: Mangwandi Chirangano , Chen Haili , Wu Jiahong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A face-centred central composite experimental design scheme was used to find experimental conditions this would result in producing magnetic bleached teawaste (MBTW) adsorbent material to have the optimum hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal capacity. The effect of treatment conditions, namely temperature (200 °C, 350 °C, 500 °C), duration of the heat treatment (2 h, 3 h, 4 h), the concentration of the iron chloride (0.02 g/g, 0.055 g/g, 0.09 g/g) added was investigated. The results obtained showed that the pyrolysis temperature and the amount of iron chloride added during treatment had significant effects on the performance of MBTW material in removal of both total chromium and Cr(VI). Increasing temperature from 200 °C to 500 °C, both Cr(VI) and total Cr removal would decrease. The material with optimum removal of Cr(VI) was used for the detailed adsorption study. The results from the detailed adsorption study indicated that the MBTW material has an excellent Langmuir removal capacity of Cr(VI) (269.9 mg/g). The Cr(VI) removal process also involved the reduction of the Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The removal process was shown to be temperature-dependent and endothermic. According to the FTIR analysis and the kinetic modelling results, chemisorption is the main mechanism responsible for the removal of the Cr(VI). The effect of background ions on the reduction of Cr(VI) was also investigated and the results show that presence of carbonate ions caused a huge reduction in removal of Cr(VI) while chloride ions had the least effect.
Effects of lead pollution on bacterial communities in biofilm attached to submerged plants
Authors: Chang Wenjie , Zhu Xiaoxiao , Sun Jieli , Pang Yong , Zhang Songhe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Submerged plants and biofilms have significant advantages in hydro-ecology rehabilitation, but their tolerance and physiological responses to heavy metal stress have thus far been under-investigated. This study investigated the influence of lead on physiological and biochemical responses, as well as variation in bacterial communities and functional characteristics of submerged plant biofilms. The results showed that chlorophyll a content of two submerged plants decreased with increased lead concentration. The concentration of malondialdehyde of both submerged plants was higher under high lead concentrations than under low lead concentrations, and the concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in Vallisneria natans were more stable. The antioxidant enzyme systems of the two plants played protective roles against lead stress. High lead concentration can inhibit the bacterial community and lead to decreased diversity. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (40.9%), Cyanobacteria (21.5%), and Bacteroidetes (14.3%). Proteobacteria abundance decreased with increased lead concentration, while Cyanobacteria abundance increased. The lead concentration in plants (19.7%, P &lt; 0.01) and the lead concentration in aquatic environment (17.7%, P &lt; 0.01) were significantly correlated with variation in bacterial communities. High lead concentration inhibits the activity of these bacteria related to the conversion of nitrogen and sulfur.
The Use of Telegram in Surgical Education: Exploratory Study
Authors: Soon Marcus Khai Siang , Martinengo Laura , Lu Junde , Car Lorainne Tudor , Chia Clement Luck Khng 
Published: September 2022

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical education, shifting learning online. Social media platforms, including messaging apps, are well integrated into medical education. However, Telegram’s role in medical education remains relatively unexplored.

Objective
This study aims to explore the perceptions of medical students regarding the role of messaging apps in medical education and their experience of using Telegram for surgical education.

Methods
A Telegram channel “Telegram Education for Surgery Learning and Application (TESLA)” was created to supplement medical students’ learning. We invited 13 medical students who joined the TESLA channel for at least a month to participate in individual semistructured interviews. Interviews were conducted via videoconferencing using an interview guide and were then transcribed and analyzed by 2 researchers using inductive thematic content analysis.

Results
Two themes were identified: (1) learning as a medical student and (2) the role of mobile learning (mLearning) in medical education. Students shared that pandemic-related safety measures, such as reduced clinic allocations and the inability to cross between wards, led to a decrease in clinical exposure. Mobile apps, which included proprietary study apps and messaging apps, were increasingly used by students to aid their learning. Students favored Telegram over other messaging apps and reported the development of TESLA as beneficial, particularly for revision and increasing knowledge.

Conclusions
The use of apps for medical education increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical students commonly used apps to consolidate their learning and revise examination topics. They found TESLA useful, relevant, and trustworthy.
Using Backward Design to Incorporate Technology into a Non-AIS Course
Authors: Lamberton Barbara A. , Raschke Robyn L. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to present a prototype using the Backward Design methodology to enhance a non-Accounting Information Systems (AIS) course with accounting and technology learning objectives. The backward design framework also provides an effective means of documenting that technology-learning strategies are being deployed in the curriculum, an important benefit for accreditation purposes. By illustrating backward design in cost accounting, this paper provides a blueprint that can be adapted and applied to other non-AIS courses, a helpful tool for curriculum redesign—especially for those who hesitate to add technology topics to their accounting courses.
Targeting Technology in Underserved Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Effect of Diabetes Practice Transformations on Improving Equity in CGM Prescribing Behaviors
Authors: Mathias Priyanka , Mahali Lakshmi Priyanka , Agarwal Shivani 
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVE
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is associated with improved outcomes in type 1 diabetes, but racial-ethnic disparities exist in use. We were interested in examining whether addressing structural health care barriers would change provider prescribing behaviors to make CGM access more equitable.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
From January 2019 to December 2021, we used multilevel stakeholder input to develop and implement several non-grant-funded practice transformations targeted toward equity, which included 1) developing a type 1 diabetes clinic, 2) conducting social needs assessments and management, 3) training support staff to place trial CGMs at the point of care, 4) optimizing prescription workflows, and 5) educating providers on CGM. Transformations were prioritized based on feasibility, acceptability, and sustainability. To examine effect on prescribing behaviors, we collected monthly aggregate data from the electronic medical record and performed multiple linear regression to examine and compare change in CGM prescriptions over the 3 years of transformation.

RESULTS
In total, we included 1,357 adults with type 1 diabetes in the analysis (mean ± SD age 38 ± 18 years; 30% Black [n = 406], 45% Hispanic [n = 612], 12% White [n = 164]; and 74% publicly insured [n = 1,004]). During the period of transformation, CGM prescription rates increased overall from 15% to 69% (P &lt; 0.001). Improvements were seen equally among Black (12% to 72%), Hispanic (15% to 74%), and White adults (20% to 48%) (between-group P = 0.053).

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes practice transformations that target equity, offload provider burdens, and focus on feasible sustainable stakeholder-driven solutions can have powerful effects on provider prescribing behaviors to reduce root causes of inequity in CGM among underserved adults with type 1 diabetes. Continued focus is needed on upstream determinants of downstream CGM use.