bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Multivariable Optimum Filters
Authors: Westcott J. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper considers in detail a case of multivariable optimum filter design which is of engineering interest. This is the problem of extracting the best resemblance, in a minimum mean-square-error sense, of a message available in differently corrupted forms from a number of sources, given the statistical characteristics of message and disturbances. The solution is shown to involve an essential difference from the familiar case for a single source. Other multivariable optimum studies are not in principle different from the one considered here and consequently require the same type of analysis. A numerical example of the design of the optimum combination of filters for deriving a message from two noisy sources is given.
Performance Prediction for a Process Heat-and-Power Complex by Resistance Concept
Authors: Kayan C. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In process-plant engineering, systems of process-fluid heating combined with power generation are often of such complex character that orthodox analytical methods of mathematical, graphical, and numerical nature prove inadequate. In general, solution of thermal-energy flow processes, particularly under off-design conditions, is fraught with many complications; under these circumstances, recourse to analysis via the resistance concept of energy flow, offers distinct advantages. Furthermore, in terms of the concept which expresses flow as the result of a motivating force acting against resistance, processes may be simulated analytically by electrical flow with its attendant circuitry; that is, by electrical analogy.
In the heat-and-power process plant treated, a prime mover, such as a steam turbine, exhausts directly to a vapor-condensing fluid heater, thus serving, in effect, as a power-producing “reducing valve.” In such an arrangement, the performance of the turbine, as to steam consumption and corresponding steam exhaust, is greatly influenced by the heater conditions; conversely, the heater performance is directly dependent on the associated steam-turbine performance. The prediction of over-all performance characteristics of such an integrated complex is one in which the resistance concept is of unique value. Adaptation to simulation via electrical analogy thus introduces another tool for the study of combined process-and-power systems, the demonstration of which is the particular purpose of the present paper.
A Study of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Under Conditions of Laminar Flow in the Shell Side of Cross-Baffled Heat Exchangers
Authors: Test F. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses a study of the laminar region and develops heat-transfer and pressure-drop correlations for an effective Reynolds number below 100. The principal variables were oil-weight rate, mean oil temperature, mean water temperature, and baffle spacing. All runs were performed with an SAE 60 and an SAE 30 oil. An increase in baffle spacing would increase the rate of heat transfer and decrease the pressure drop, particularly at low oil flows. A change in the mean oil temperature had very little effect on the oil-film coefficient of the SAE 60 oil. The oil-film coefficient would change very rapidly with mean water temperature. The heat-transfer and pressure drop results are correlated on the basis of an effective Reynolds number. The effective Reynolds number is a function of the effective area which accounts for various leakage passages. The correlations predict results that rarely differ by more than 10 per cent from the experimental results.
Dynamic Response of Heat Exchangers Having Internal Heat Sources—Part I
Authors: Clark J. A. , Arpaci V. S. , Treadwell K. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dynamic response of the bulk temperature of the coolant in a heat exchanger having time-variant heat sources is evaluated analytically as a function of space and time. The mathematical development involves the use of the Laplace-transform technique. Results of the theory are compared with experiment and favorable agreement is obtained. Both theoretical and experimental results are included. Heat exchangers to which the solutions apply include the heterogeneous nuclear reactor.
Heat-Transfer Rates to Cross-Flowing Mercury in a Staggered Tube Bank—II
Authors: Rickard C. L. , Dwyer O. E. , Dropkin D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As part of a continuing liquid-metal heat-transfer program at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, both local and tube-average heat-transfer coefficients have been obtained for the flow of mercury normal to a staggered tube bank. The bank consisted of sixty ½-in. tubes, six wide and ten deep, arranged in an equilateral-triangular array. The paper presents results showing the effects of flow rate, Prandtl number, wetting, gas entrainment, and tube location on the tube-average coefficients. The angular variation of the local coefficient is not considered here, owing to the fact that the values have not been calculated completely from the original data. The mercury results are compared with a few results obtained with water in the same equipment. The heat-transfer runs cover the Reynolds number range of 20,000 to 200,000, whereas the water runs cover the range 8000 to 20,000. Pressure-drop results for both water and mercury flow through the tube bank are reported also. The mercury coefficients for tubes in the interior of the tube bank are well represented by the equationNu=4.03+0.228(Pe)0.67
Heat Transfer to Fluids With Low Prandtl Numbers for Flow Across Plates and Cylinders of Various Cross Section
Authors: Grosh R. J. , Cess R. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Local and over-all heat-transfer coefficients were determined analytically for one and two-dimensional flow of a fluid with small Prandtl number, such as a liquid metal, across a flat plate and cylinders of various cross section. The possibility of heat generation within the fluid was considered. Certain of the results were simplified for convenient calculation, and the approximations investigated. A comparison of the results with those of Pohlhausen and Squire showed good agreement. The procedure for obtaining these coefficients rested upon a consideration of forced convection in a fluid with small Prandtl number which implied that inviscid flow can be assumed, and eddy transport of heat is negligible in comparison to molecular conduction for flows with small or moderate Peclet numbers. The analysis was simplified greatly by means of a transformation and certain results due to Boussinesq (1). The agreement of the analytical results with those obtained experimentally by Hoe (2) for mercury flowing through tube banks and the method for calculating heat-transfer rates in tube banks will be described in a later paper.
Boundary Layer Along Annular Walls in a Swirling Flow
Authors: Yeh Hsuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The development of incompressible turbulent boundary layers along concave and convex stationary annular walls is investigated analytically and experimentally for a swirling flow; i.e., flow with both tangential and axial mean velocities. It was found that the integral momentum equation describing this type of boundary layer contains three correction terms to the conventional equation. The combined influence of these corrections appears to promote the growth of the boundary layer next to a concave wall. Other differences between the boundary layers with swirl and those without swirl are pointed out and interpreted. Measurements on turbulence intensities appear to confirm such interpretations.
Interpreting Dynamic Measurements of Physical Systems: Part I—Aims and Objectives
Authors: Lees Sidney 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background concepts are developed for the interpretation of dynamic measurements. General objectives for a dynamic-measurements program are discussed together with suggested criteria for selecting a test method. A generalized concept of the linear system is developed that has its quantitative form in the idea of the multicoupled operating system with several inputs and outputs. Several schemes to represent the parameters and coefficients of the performance equations associated with the multicoupled operating system are given, according to the test procedure. A general discussion is included of the experimental limitations bounding the interpretation techniques.
Resistance to Rolling and Sliding
Authors: Dunk A. C. , Hall A. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In general a single “coefficient of friction” is inadequate to define the fractional resistance between contacting bodies. It is necessary to know both the inclination of the resultant force line and the offset of this line from the theoretical point of contact. This paper presents results of experiments, which were made to determine the effects of velocity on the inclination, and the offset of the line of action of the resultant force between two disks in peripheral contact.
The results indicate that the sliding velocity is of primary importance in determining the inclination of the line of action of the resultant force. It is the sum of the sweep velocities that is of primary importance in determining the offset of the resultant force line. The nature of the relationship between the angle of inclination and the offset of the line of action of the resultant force, and the proximity of the contact conditions to those existing for pure rolling, was investigated but no conclusive results were obtained.
General Design Considerations for Smaller Gas Turbines
Authors: Von Der Nuell W. T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Following the general acceptance of its big brother, the smaller gas turbine is entering the market as a strong contender among power producers. While many thousands of units in the range up to 500 hp are in daily use, especially in the Armed Forces, new developments are active on a large scale with the biggest financial input probably aiming at vehicle propulsion. Due to the flexibility in arrangement and working the smaller gas turbine can find application in numerous fields where its outstanding capabilities offer definite advantages. Recent developments have demonstrated that its fuel consumption need not be too high and that it can be a very reliable machine. For further improvements, the most important contributions can be expected through better heat exchangers and better materials in addition to the continued efforts to raise component performance and to develop greater adaptability, such as reversibility.
Ideal Performance of Valved-Combustors and Applicability to Several Engine Types
Authors: Goldstein Arthur W. , Klapproth J. F. , Hartmann Melvin J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pressure rise and flow capacity of valved combustors are estimated, and engine power and efficiency are calculated using valved-combustor characteristics with and without regenerators for stationary power turbines and for turbojet and ramjet engines. Results are compared with those from similar engines using unvalved combustors.
Advancing Adhesion—Development and Test of a Chemical Formulation to Condition the Running Surface of Rail for Improved Wheel-to-Rail Adhesion
Authors: Fisher F. G. , Allen R. K. , Luvisi G. W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chemical conditioning of rail running surface to overcome the effects of oil films is capable of producing a definite increase in locomotive adhesion. Extensive tests under operating conditions for more than a year have demonstrated its practicability and economy. Characteristics necessary to permit a chemical formulation to qualify for commercial use have been determined and a practical method of application developed. The ultimate objective of application from the locomotive, as is done with sand, is being sought.
A Method for Studying the Behavior of Cutting Fluids in Wear of Tool Materials
Authors: Colwell L. V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Refinements of design and instrumentation in a new friction and wear machine result in some new types of information which show promise of extending knowledge of the mechanisms of friction, lubrication, and wear. Provision has been made for varying normal load linearly with time and oscillating it between preset values. There is continuous recording of both the normal load and the friction reaction. Continuous recording at oscillating normal loads has discriminated sharply between lubricant additives. Close control of test conditions in wear studies has made it possible to identify high residual compressive stresses produced in finish grinding of cutting tools.
The Pressure-Viscosity Effect: Background
Authors: Hartung H. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Indications are that the pressure-viscosity effect is an important factor in certain cases of lubrication, notably heavily-loaded elements. How important it is in the lubrication of lightly-loaded elements we do not know, nor do we know what refinements in design may be possible by taking this factor into account. The three papers which follow this introduction are modern contributions to our knowledge in this area. Following them, the Research Proposal on the Machine Element Test program will be discussed. Hopefully, the result of this presentation and discussion will be a better understanding of the importance of this problem and the potential value to industry of a solution to it.
Viscosity-Pressure Effect on Friction and Temperature in a Journal Bearing
Authors: Needs S. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The recently published report on investigations conducted by the ASME Research Committee on Lubrication on the increase in viscosity of lubricants with pressure brings up the question of the importance of this phenomenon in actual machine elements. The present tests were undertaken to show differences in friction and operating temperature when heavily loaded partial journal bearings were operated with two different oils in the same viscosity range but of widely different viscosity index and viscosity-pressure characteristics. It is hoped that the results obtained in this short study will lead to more comprehensive investigations, not only in the field of journal bearings, but in other machine elements as well.
Symposium on Welded Spiral Cases from the Consulting Engineers’ and Users’ Viewpoint: Hydraulic and Weight Features of Welded Spiral Cases
Authors: Sutherland R. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An illustrative example of comparative head loss of welded and riveted plate-steel spiral cases shows that a substantial monetary value may accrue by the use of a welded case. An approximate relationship for weight of case in terms of rated head, case-design head, and inlet diameter is derived and checked against known data.
Controlled Starting and Loading of Modern Central Power Stations
Authors: Kuehn F. W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper outlines experiences in starting major central-station equipment of all vintages under controlled conditions, with emphasis on a new 160-mw, 1250-lb, 950-F, single-shell tandem-compound turbine. The influence of steam leads between turbine and boiler on turbine end steam temperatures; quenching of valve bowls; and relation between horizontal turbine-flange temperature differentials and permissible loading rates are explained in detail. Use of steam from the first turbine stage for heating massive horizontal flange sections in the first to seventh-stage region of the high-pressure turbine as an operating routine, over a two-year period, to reduce loading time for starts from cold and after weekend shutdown, and to minimize flange distortion, is discussed. Boiler-drum circulation difficulties and remedies, and some innovations in furnace tube-metal temperature measurements are covered.
Study of Corrosion and Cavitation-Erosion Damage
Authors: Lichtman J. Z. , Kallas D. H. , Chatten C. K. , Cochran E. P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The effects of fluid cavitation and cavitation bubble collapse on a guiding surface have been investigated using two water tunnels, a magnetostrictive-transducer apparatus, a piezoelectric transducer apparatus, and a rotating-disk apparatus. Studies of the mechanism of damage to a surface and its relationship to change in fluid pressure and stream velocity were made. These studies and examination of numerous ships in service showed that although fluid cavitation may occur adjacent to underwater appendages of vessels at normal operating speeds, the areas in which cavity collapse is the primary cause of damage are restricted to propellers. Damage to ships’ struts, rudders, and other appendages is shown to be primarily corrosive in nature, aggravated by mechanical scouring action.
Subcritical and Critical Flow Through Straight-Through, Elbow, and Tee A-N Fittings and Sharp-Edged Orifices at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Ducoffe A. L. , Bennett J. R. , Ray C. G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation of the flow through straight-through, elbow, and tee A-N standard fittings at negligible approach velocity with approach temperatures up to 1100 F and head pressures up to 60 psia. The element pressure ratio, i.e., the ratio of downstream to upstream static pressure across the test element, was varied between 1.0 and approximately 0.25. Empirical equations for the subcritical and critical flow regimes are derived for the rate of weight flow as a function of element pressure ratio, flow area, and approach temperature and pressure. Empirical equations for a given geometry are derived for a flow factor which is shown to be a function of pressure ratio only in both the subcritical and critical regions. In addition, previous work at room temperature on the flow through sharp-edged orifices in the subcritical and critical regimes has been extended to include a variation of approach temperature up to 1100 F.
A Method for Predicting Supercompressibility Factors of Natural Gases
Authors: Zimmerman R. H. , Beitler S. R. , Darrow R. G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Accurate prediction of the supercompressibility factor for natural gases is of great importance to the natural-gas industry. This paper presents a working method for the accurate prediction of these factors within the pressure range of 0 to 3000 psi and in terms of gas properties generally known or conveniently determined. This method is the basis upon which the American Gas Association Supercompressibility Tables have been developed.
Comparison of Total Emittances With Values Computed From Spectral Measurements
Authors: Bevans J. T. , Gier J. T. , Dunkle R. V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Spectral and total emittances have been measured for materials exposed to various oxidation conditions (total of 25 samples). The total emittance values computed from the spectral data have been found to compare favorably with the measured total values. The experimental techniques utilized for both types of determinations are described and the effect of temperature, sample preparation, and experimental errors are discussed relative to the differences obtained in the results.
On-Off Control With Periodic Sensing Device
Authors: Izawa Keisuke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper describes the effectiveness of PD-type control function for the on-off control system with a periodic sensing device. When the system is subject to steady random disturbance, provided that the disturbance is varying rather slowly compared to the time constant of the controlled plant, the properly chosen PD control action can effectively decrease magnitude of fluctuation of the controlled variable.
Investigation of Erosion and Corrosion of Turbine Materials in Wet Oxygenated Steam
Authors: Cataldi H. A. , Cheng C. F. , Musick V. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Steam from the boiling water reactor of the Dresden Nuclear Power Station will enter the turbine at 869 psia and 525 F with ½ per cent moisture and with oxygen concentration higher than normal in power-plant practice. This paper discusses a series of preliminary laboratory tests evaluating the resistance of various materials for turbines and related components to erosion (impact, washing, wire-drawing) and corrosion (weight loss, pitting depths, crevice, and galvanic attack) in wet, oxygenated steam. Materials tested included carbon and low-alloy steels and cast iron, austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, Monel, cupronickels, leaded bronze, Stellite, and Ductile Ni-Resist No. 3. It is concluded that, with proper design, conventional materials may be used in the Dresden turbine except in a few critical areas.
Aluminum in Rolling Stock; Impact Tests at Collision Speeds
Authors: Campbell R. A. , Sutherland J. G. , Whiting J. F. , Kemp R. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The impact tests at collision speeds reported in this paper demonstrate that aluminum has high impact resistance. The tests also prove that the welded aluminum center sill met the published design requirements of the AAR. Moreover, valuable data were obtained on body-to-sill connections and on the performance of draft gear and rear draft lugs. The information gained from these tests already has been incorporated in the design of 30 welded aluminum hopper cars built for the R. & S. Railway in 1957 as well as the 17 covered welded aluminum hopper cars now on order for Aljam and the 5 all-aluminum refrigerator cars now on order for the Canadian National Railways.
Dynamic Characteristics of Cam Forms Calculated by the Digital Computer
Authors: Mercer S. , Holowenko A. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a simple, numerical method for analyzing the residual vibrational-stress characteristics of any cam form for which the cam-acceleration function is known. This may be regarded as a generalization of prior work, because the use of a high-speed digital computer in conjunction with this method makes it possible to analyze those cams which otherwise would be impractical to consider. Results in the form of residual stress-factor curves plotted against follower-system natural frequency are given for fifteen different cam forms. In addition, a relation between the residual vibratory-stress amplitude and the resonant build-up of stress for various follower-system natural frequencies is shown. As a result, it is possible to use the residual-stress-factor curve to determine the frequencies at which resonance is likely to be troublesome, and the strength of the resonant tendency at each critical frequency for a cam with dwells of any duration.
On the Art of Designing Compressor Foundations
Authors: Swiger W. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The designer of foundations for vibrating machines, such as compressors, must consider several related fields. The behavior of soil under static and vibrational loads and the magnitude and effects of soil distortions must be evaluated. Means of limiting vibration and the possibilities of deterioration or distortion of the actual foundation must be considered. This paper summarizes the relationship of present thinking and recent studies in the various fields to compressor foundations.
Slipper Bearings and Vibration Control in Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Hill H. C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Several new principles of bearing design have proved effective in improving the reliability and smoothness of small gas turbines. The key development was the tilting-slipper thrust bearing which not only provided important radial clearance, but also made possible higher speeds at higher thrust loads. One of the unique features considered important for performance and low production costs is that the slippers float in their retainers instead of having fixed pivots.