bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crack initiation and propagation analysis for fisheye failures in high-strength gears
Authors: Rommel S. , Fuchs D. , Tobie T. , Stahl K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLightweight design has had an important role to play in recent gear developments. One way of reducing gear weight is to apply a shot-peening process in addition to the usual case-hardening because the higher compressive residual stresses within the material mean that the same torque values can be transmitted with smaller gears. However, due to the compressive residual stresses, fisheye failures at non-metallic inclusions can occur, which have an effect on the endurance fatigue strength of high-strength gears, especially in the very high cycle fatigue range. This paper presents a detailed FEM simulation of the stress state at a non-metallic inclusion in the tooth root fillet of such high-strength gears. The aim is to explain certain fracture characteristics, which differ from fisheye failures of standard specimens. With the results of the simulation und taking into consideration the fracture characteristics determined in a SEM, a fracture analysis for fisheye failures in the tooth root fillet of high-strength gears is carried out that links different theories found in the literature. Subsequently, this analysis and the influence of residual stresses are compared with data and further fracture analyses from experimental investigations found in the literature.
Is it transformation or reform? The lived experiences of African women doctoral students in STEM disciplines in South African universities
Authors: Mkhize Zamambo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields have historically been disciplines dominated by white men. The colonial ideology designated Africans as subhuman, inferior intellectually, socially, and culturally to the white masculine norm in STEM disciplines. STEM education and careers were thus constructed to attract white, heterosexual, middle-to-upper class, Christian, able-bodied men. This positioning ensured that STEM environments remained inhospitable to anyone whose identity was outside the constructed somatic norm. The calls and imperatives to transform notwithstanding, the transformation process in STEM disciplines is moving at a snail-like pace. This article argues that what is occurring in STEM disciplines in South African universities is reform not transformation. It is underpinned by the intersectional theory within the qualitative paradigm. Seventy-three African doctoral and postdoctoral women students in STEM were interviewed from five South African universities. The findings highlighted how African women in STEM face challenges based on their racial and gendered identities and that what is presented as transformation is still oppressive to them. The study also found that equity through access to education in democratic South Africa does not equate to transformation. The argument presented is that despite existing policies and initiatives in South African universities to transform, the demographic inclusion of African, female staff and students does not necessarily equate to transforming the STEM environment. What needs to occur is a shift beyond reform and towards transformation through the use of strategic inventions which dismantle the racist, sexist, classist, and xenophobic ideology that permeates these environments.
Soft stop on syringing and probing may have a high false-positive rate in diagnosing pre-sac obstruction
Authors: Usmani Eiman , Shapira Yinon , Macri Carmelo , Davis Garry , Selva Dinesh 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPurposeTo determine the diagnostic value of 'soft stops' encountered during lacrimal syringing and probing.MethodsSingle-center retrospective review. Adult patients with epiphora attending a tertiary lacrimal clinic from May 2010 to April 2021 were reviewed. Cases with evidence of soft stop encountered during lacrimal syringing/probing were included, and patients with possible canaliculitis or a history of lacrimal surgery were excluded. Findings of syringing/probing consistent with pre-sac obstruction were correlated with dacryocystography (DCG) and surgical findings.Results53 (10.2%) canalicular systems had soft stops on syringing/probing and were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was 63.8 ± 15.6 (range 28–87) years, and 27 (65.9%) were females. Intraoperative examination findings were available for 27 of 30 cases that underwent lacrimal surgery and DCG was available for 40 systems. Pre-sac obstruction found on syringing/probing was confirmed in 40% and 37% of cases on DCG and surgery, respectively. The correlation between syringing/probing and DCG was stronger for canalicular than for common canalicular location (p = 0.016). Canalicular stenosis on syringing/probing manifested as pre-sac abnormality on DCG in 5/7 (71.4%) compared to 0/6 common canalicular stenosis cases (p = 0.021). Based on the surgical findings, the false-positive rate of a soft stop on syringing/probing was highest for common canalicular ‘stenosis’ (100%) and lowest for canalicular ‘block’ (45.5%;p = 0.093). Findings of pre-sac obstructions on DCG were confirmed in 85.7% of the cases intraoperatively (p = 0.035 compared to syringing/probing alone).ConclusionsSoft stops on probing showed poor correlation with DCG and surgical findings, particularly in common canalicular location.
Does the Dream of Home Ownership Rest Upon Biased Beliefs? A Test Based on Predicted and Realized Life Satisfaction
Authors: Odermatt Reto , Stutzer Alois 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe belief that home ownership makes people happy is probably one of the most widespread intuitive theories of happiness. However, whether it is accurate is an open question. Based on individual panel data, we explore whether home buyers systematically overestimate the life satisfaction associated with moving to their privately owned property. To identify potential prediction errors, we compare people’s forecasts of their life satisfaction in 5 years’ time with their current realizations. We find that home buyers for whom the purchase of the home is a main reason for moving, on average, systematically overestimate the long-term satisfaction gain of living in their dwelling. The misprediction therein is driven by home buyers who follow extrinsically-oriented life goals, highlighting biased beliefs regarding own preferences as a relevant mechanism in the prediction errors.
Rho Kinase Inhibitor Y27632 Improves Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Shifting Astrocyte Phenotype and Morphology via the ROCK/NF-κB/C3 Pathway
Authors: Zhang Yongyuan , Wang Xiaohui , Jiang Chao , Chen Zhe , Ni Shuangyang , Fan Hong , Wang Zhiyuan , Tian Fang , An Jing , Yang Hao , Hao Dingjun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in loss or reduction in motor and sensory functions. Despite extensive research, no available therapy can restore the lost functions after SCI. Reactive astrocytes play a pivotal role in SCI. Rho kinase inhibitors have also been shown to promote functional recovery of SCI. However, the role of Rho kinase inhibitors in reactive astrocytic phenotype switch within SCI remains largely unexplored. In this study, astrocytes were treated with proinflammatory cytokines and/or the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632. Concomitantly the phenotype and morphology of astrocytes were examined. Meanwhile, the SCI model of SD rats was established, and nerve functions were evaluated following treatment with Y27632. Subsequently, the number of A1 astrocytes in the injured area was observed and analyzed. Eventually, the expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), C3, and S100A10 were measured. The present study showed that the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 improved functional recovery of SCI and elevated the proliferation and migration abilities of the astrocytes. In addition, Y27632 treatment initiated the switch of astrocytes morphology from a flattened shape to a process-bearing shape and transformed the reactive astrocytes A1 phenotype to an A2 phenotype. More importantly, further investigation suggested that Y27632 was actively involved in promoting the functional recovery of SCI in rats by inhabiting the ROCK/NF-κB/C3 signaling pathway. Together, Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 effectively promotes the functional recovery of SCI by shifting astrocyte phenotype and morphology. Furthermore, the pro-regeneration event is strongly associated with the ROCK/NF-κB/C3 signal pathway.
One report, multiple aims: orthopedic surgeons vary how they use patient-reported outcomes with patients
Authors: Lavallee Danielle C. , Rothrock Nan E. , Chen Antonia F. , Franklin Patricia D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Purpose
We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with surgeons to assess their goals for incorporating a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM)-based shared decision report into discussions around surgical and non-surgical treatment options for osteoarthritis of the knee and hip.

Methods
Surgeons actively enrolling patients into a study incorporating a standardized PROM-based shared decision report were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview lasting 30 min. Open-ended questions explored how the surgeon used report content, features that were helpful, confusing, or could be improved, and how use of the report fit into the surgeon’s workflow. We used a conventional content analysis approach.

Results
Of the 16 eligible surgeons, 11 agreed to participate with 9 completing the interview and 2 withdrawing due to work demands. We identified 8 themes related to PROM-based report use: Acceptability, Patient Characteristics, Communication Goals, Useful Content, Not Useful Content, Challenges, Training Needs, and Recommended Improvements. Additional sub-themes emerged for Communication Goals (7) and Challenges (8). All surgeons shared positive feedback about using the report as part of clinical care. Whereas surgeons described the use of the report to achieve different goals, the most common uses related to setting expectations for post-surgical outcomes (89%) and educating patients (100%).

Conclusion
Surgeons tailor their use of a PROM-based report with individual patients to achieve a range of aims. This study suggests multiple opportunities to further our understanding of the ways PROMs can be used in clinical practice. The way PROM information is visually displayed and multi-component reports are assembled can facilitate diverse aims.
Renal function damage in children with duplex kidneys
Authors: Lin Qian , Ni Jiajia , Li Yufeng , Jin Jing , Zhu Yaju 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate renal function damage in children with duplex kidneys.

Methods
A total of 355 duplex kidneys, 110 urinary tract infection (UTI) kidneys without abnormalities, and 104 kidneys with primary unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were reviewed. Clinical data including age at diagnosis, body weight, history of UTI, ureteroceles, ectopic ureteral opening, VUR grade, serum creatinine level, cystatin C level, renal scarring, split renal function in dimercaptosuccinic acid scans, and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were analyzed.

Results
Duplex kidneys had a higher grade of VUR and renal scarring. Split renal function in unilateral duplex kidneys (45.58 ± 12.85%) was much lower than that in contralateral duplex kidneys (56.33 ± 11.90%) and controls (50.00 ± 11.38%) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.014, respectively). Both left and right split renal functions in bilateral duplex kidneys were similar to those ipsilateral to the controls (P = 0.906 and P = 0.932, respectively). However, the total ERPFs in the left, right, and bilateral duplex kidneys were significantly lower than that in the control group (P = 0.003, P = 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively). The total ERPFs in the left and right unilateral duplex kidneys were similar. ERPF in unilateral duplex kidneys (106.70 ± 48.05 mL/min/m2) was significantly lower than that in contralateral duplex kidneys (150.18 ± 49.01 mL/min/m2) or those ipsilateral to controls (145.98 ± 41.16 mL/min/m2) (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion
Duplex kidneys are usually accompanied by a higher grade of VUR, more severe renal scarring, and renal function impairment. Split renal function in duplex kidneys often declines significantly. Notably, the evaluation of split renal function in bilateral duplex kidneys should be performed cautiously.
Laboratory markers of severity across three COVID-19 outbreaks in Australia: has Omicron and vaccinations changed disease presentation?
Authors: Wang Julie , Choy Kay Weng , Lim Hui Yin , Ho Prahlad 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 has rapidly evolved since it was first discovered in December 2019. We aimed to retrospectively review our experience with COVID-19 infection across 2020–2022, focusing on differences in laboratory markers at presentation. Consecutive adult patients admitted to hospital with confirmed COVID-19 infection were retrospectively reviewed across three periods (29/3/2020–29/9/2020, 16/8/2021–13/10/2021 and 1/1/2022–31/1/2022), correlating with the lineages B.1.338, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.159), respectively. Laboratory findings of the first requested blood test within 24 h of presentation were recorded and correlated with patient outcome. The primary outcome was requirement for oxygen therapy at any point. Inflammatory markers, namely serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly lower on presentation during 2022 compared to 2021, corresponding to a milder disease course. More than 80% of 2022 patients had received 2 or more vaccine doses and fully vaccinated patients displayed significantly lower inflammatory markers at presentation. Using 2022 data, a multivariate prediction model was constructed to predict for oxygen requirement, with c-statistic 0.86. Patients in 2022, corresponding with the Omicron variant, displayed a milder disease course, even in hospitalised patients, with the majority not requiring oxygen and lower inflammatory markers. We constructed a simple-to-use risk prediction model with c-statistic 0.86 which may identify individuals who can be safely managed as outpatients in the era of highly transmissible variants.
Self-lubricating CrAlMoN high performance tool coatings for machining of TiAl6V4
Authors: Bobzin K. , Kalscheuer C. , Carlet M. , Stachowski N. , Hintze W. , Möller C. , Ploog P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTiAl6V4 allows significant performance improvements in industrial applications. However, the machining is a considerable challenge due to low thermal conductivity, Young’s modulus and strong adhesion tendency. This leads to high thermal and mechanical loads on the cutting edge resulting in early tool failure. Today, uncoated cemented carbide tools are commonly used. However, temperature active physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings like CrAlVN and CrAlMoN provide a promising approach to increase tool life. For this, the coating’s ability to form lubricating oxide phases is vital. In the present study, CrAlVN and CrAlMoN coatings were investigated to determine the more suitable version for increasing the economic efficiency of machining TiAl6V4. The coatings were deposited by hybrid direct current magnetron sputtering/high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (dcMS/HPPMS) processes. Morphology, thickness, chemical composition, indentation hardness, indentation modulus and oxide phase composition were analyzed. Moreover, friction and wear behavior of the coated tools were determined using a pin on disc (PoD) tribometer at various temperatures. Additionally, tool life and deformation behavior were analyzed after turning TiAl6V4. The CrAlVN and CrAlMoN coatings show a dense morphology and a smooth surface topography. Both variants have a good adhesion to the cemented carbide tools. For increased temperatures, the tribological analyses showed a reduction in the coefficient of friction. In case of CrAlMoN coated samples, a friction reduction compared to CrAlVN was observed at lower temperatures. Due to this, an increased tool life was achieved for CrAlMoN coated cutting inserts during turning of TiAl6V4.
Application of phase-conjugate beams in beam correction and underwater optical wireless communication subject to surface wave turbulence
Authors: Li Qi , Yuan Xiuhua , Zhou Feng , Zhou Zeyu , Liu Wujie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWater surface wave turbulence is one of the factors affecting the performances of underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems. In our research, a phase-conjugate beam was used to correct the beam distortion and enhance the communication performances when a system is subject to surface wave turbulence. The phase-conjugate beam was generated by a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM), and a turbulence generator was used to generate surface wave turbulence in the experiment. We calculated the beam centroid distribution and the results showed that the phase-conjugate beam had a better propagation performance than the distorted beam at the different water depths. The root mean square (RMS) of the beam centroid for the phase-conjugate beam was 11 times less than that for the distorted beam, which meant that the phase-conjugate beam could effectively correct the beam drift. We further investigated the scintillation index and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); the results showed that the phase-conjugate beam was able to reduce the scintillation and an obvious improvement in SNR could be obtained. This research has the potential to be applied in UWC.
Graphical Abstract
Diversity and distribution of Kinorhyncha in abyssal polymetallic nodule areas of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and the Peru Basin, East Pacific Ocean, with the description of three new species and notes on their intraspecific variation
Authors: Sánchez Nuria , González-Casarrubios Alberto , Cepeda Diego , Khodami Sahar , Pardos Fernando , Vink Annemiek , Arbizu Pedro Martínez 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPolymetallic nodule fields represent a large reservoir of undiscovered biodiversity that becomes particularly evident for meiobenthic organisms, the smallest-sized faunal group. Knowledge gaps are especially noticeable for the generally low-density metazoan groups, such as Kinorhyncha, the so-called mud dragons. Using both morphological and genetic (metabarcoding) approaches, we provide a general overview and comparison of the diversity of kinorhynchs collected during nine sampling campaigns (2016–2019) that targeted abyssal environments in several contract areas for exploration in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) and in the Peru Basin. Our findings from morphological analyses reveal a highly diverse mud dragon community, with 16 species present in the CCZ. Of these, 12 appear in the German contract area, including three new species described in the present contribution: Echinoderes delaordeni sp. nov., Echinoderes sanctorum sp. nov., and Echinoderes zeppilliae sp. nov. Furthermore, metabarcoding data of the kinorhynch community gathered from the area is provided, together with the geographic distribution of the known species stated per contractor area, including new records and still undescribed species. Most of the identified species in the CCZ seem to have a wide distribution, with Echinoderes sp.4 being the most common and abundant species with a distribution spreading across the CCZ and also present in the Peru Basin. Metabarcoding analyses targeting the V1V2 hypervariable region of the 18S gene from the 253 stations of the CCZ revealed 14 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to Kinorhyncha with grade values higher than 98% detected at 15 different stations within six different areas along the CCZ. Concurring with morphology, the family Echinoderidae was the most diverse as the genus Cephalorhyncha had five ASVs, followed by Echinoderes with four ASVs. Semnoderes, however, showed the widest spread ASV, being detected at six stations. In the CCZ, the metabarcoding data showed there were no shared ASVs between the CCZ areas as well as the highest number of uniques, which was 11. Our morphological study showed a low number of specimens inhabiting nodules (surface/crevices), suggesting that specific kinorhynch species do not typically inhabit the nodules in addition to the surrounding sediment.
Onderwijs en opleiding in seksuologie en sexual medicine
Authors: Reisman Y. Cobi 
Published: September 2022

SamenvattingHoewel patiënten en hun partners de wens hebben dat de arts het gesprek over hun seksualiteit initieert, blijven seksualiteit en intimiteit in de behandelkamer toch vaak buiten beschouwing. Dat komt vooral door gebrek aan scholing en training. Volgens de visie van de European Union of Medical Specialists (EUMS) dient iedere praktiserende medicus te beschikken over basiskennis rond seksualiteit om te begrijpen hoe seksualiteit beïnvloed kan worden door ziekte en medische interventies, over vaardigheid om seksualiteit in de anamnese te integreren en om de patiënt passend te informeren over de seksuele effecten van de voorgeschreven of voorgestelde medicatie en interventies. Er zijn echter grote verschillen in de mate aan seksuologie-onderwijs tussen de verschillende medische opleidingen en specialisaties. In dit artikel worden de aspecten van seksuologieonderwijs besproken die relevant zijn voor de uroloog en de urologische kliniek, met het doel de uroloog en zijn team hiermee bekend te maken.
Complexity and the Evolution of Consciousness
Authors: Veit Walter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article introduces and defends the “pathological complexity thesis” as a hypothesis about the evolutionary origins of minimal consciousness, or sentience, that connects the study of animal consciousness closely with work in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology. I argue that consciousness is an adaptive solution to a design problem that led to the extinction of complex multicellular animal life following the Avalon explosion and that was subsequently solved during the Cambrian explosion. This is the economic trade-off problem of having to deal with a complex body with high degrees of freedom, what I call “pathological complexity.” By modeling the explosion of this computational complexity using the resources of state-based behavioral and life history theory we will be able to provide an evolutionary bottom-up framework to make sense of subjective experience and its function in nature by paying close attention to the ecological lifestyles of different animals.