bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carrying the Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Adding magistrates and quasi-magistrates to the roster of imperium holders meant more fasces, and more lictors, which in turn stimulated their awareness as a professional class. The numbers of lictors ballooned further in the later Republic, when certain individuals not holding imperium start to get the fasces, and especially in the early Empire. A new inscription from ca. 76 ce, during the reign of the emperor Vespasian, notes that the pool of lictors at Rome available for duty now numbered 370. These figures underline how common the frightening spectacle of fasces must have been in all historical eras, especially in the city of Rome, which served as both the seat of government and the point of departure for regular commands. Fortunately a sizable corpus of (mostly) imperial-era inscriptions that commemorate lictors offers a corrective on the biases of the literary sources against members of this class of public employee. The epigraphic evidence shows that these attendants enjoyed a privileged status in which they took considerable pride, and some were able to amass enough wealth to become patrons of corporations or whole communities.
The Pursuit of Dominance
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
How do great countries stay that way? The United States is the most powerful actor in the international system, but it is facing a set of challenges that might lead to its decline as this century unfolds. This book looks to the past for guidance, examining the grand strategy of previous superpowers to see how they maintained, or failed to maintain, their status. Over the course of six cases, from ancient Rome to the British Empire, it seeks guidance from the past for present U.S. policymakers. How did previous empires, regional hegemons, or simply dominant powers forge grand strategy? How did they define their interests, and then assemble the tools to address them? What did they do right, and where did they err? What—if anything—can current U.S. strategists learn from the experience of earlier superpowers?
Introductions
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe book begins with a description of the central role played by Catholic prison chaplain Edward Hartigan in a hostage situation at the Charlestown State Prison in 1955 and the work of chaplains during the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013. This topic is then more recently situated in media descriptions of chaplains during the COVID-19 pandemic and names the questions central to the book. It outlines the conceptual approach the study adopted to answer these questions, addresses the vagueness of the term chaplain and the book’s approach to it, explains Boston as the choice of the case study, and then briefly frames the research questions in relevant scholarly conversations about American religious life. The chapter includes relevant national data and addresses questions about generalizations from Boston as a case before concluding with outlines of the chapters to come.
Brokering Deaths
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAll chaplains, regardless of their settings and backgrounds, work around death. This chapter describes how chaplains engage when a death is sudden or more expected, and then pays particular attention to how they broker death through relationships, mostly improvised ritual, and reflective listening. I show how the institutions where chaplains work shape their engagements around death and how they broker end-of-life issues, all while serving as midwives to death and as the first steps in chains of memory that help loved ones and institutions remember those that are lost. As they help people die, most chaplains care for those who are religiously like and different from themselves and do so in diverse settings comprised of staff and family members who are pluralistic in spirituality and religion as well as race, ethnicity, age, and other factors.
Conclusions Can Be Beginnings
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter concludes by briefly summarizing the findings: who chaplains are, what they do, and how they are organizationally integrated into public and religious organizations. It then outlines how these findings can inform the work of theological educators, religious leaders, and chaplains, and how their work matters for scholars and the general public. The chapter describes the social factors that could lead chaplaincy and spiritual care to expand in scope and presence in the future, as well as factors that could lead to decline. I think much of what happens going forward will depend on how quickly and in what ways religious organizations—from congregations to national religious bodies to theological institutions—are willing to adapt or change. Chaplains and spiritual care providers could be central to the future of spiritual and religious life in the United States. As this chapter concludes the book, it explains how.
Disrupting Disruption
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Ali Titilayo Tinubu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Are American public schools dinosaurian organizations run by paper-pushers, staffed by teachers who are preoccupied with their salary and job security, not their students’ welfare? Is disruption—whether by inflicting a discipline-and-punish regime on our nation’s schools, or replacing them with charter schools or vouchers—the only way forward? With vivid narratives buttressed by solid quantitative research, Disrupting Disruption demonstrates that this diagnosis is wrong and the prescriptions more harmful than helpful. The success of three seemingly ordinary school districts—Roanoke, Virginia; Union, Oklahoma; and Union City, New Jersey—shows the way forward. Their students do not resemble those in high-flying, predominantly White and well-off places like Willamette, Illinois, or Lexington, Massachusetts, with their off-the-charts test scores and graduation rates. They look like many districts across the country, where White students don’t constitute a majority and many students come from low-income families. These districts deserve a shout-out because they have dramatically boosted graduation rates and closed the opportunity gap for Black and Latino students—not with flash and dazzle but through steady work, setting high expectations, and weaving a safety net of supports for each student. It doesn’t require a genius administrator or a potful of money to accomplish these results. Every school system can, and should, do as well.
The gene’s eye view that forged a neo-Darwinian synthesis
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe gene’s eye view of adaptive evolution was conceptualized in the 1960s by W.D. Hamilton and G.C. Williams, inspired primarily by R.A. Fisher’s theoretical genetics and David Lack’s and Niko Tinbergen’s empirical research. In the decades that followed, the new inclusive fitness view of individuals as optimizing agents facing trade-offs, opportunity costs, and reproductive conflicts was further developed and disseminated mainly by Robert Trivers, Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith, and Helena Cronin. Because neo-Darwinism originally arose in the UK and the modern synthesis was forged in the US, differences in emphasis on adaptive versus non-adaptive evolution persisted across the Atlantic throughout the 20th century. The gene’s eye theory of adaptation offered groundbreaking and often counterintuitive understanding of the evolution of somatic senescence, parent–offspring conflict, clutch-size optimization, and the costs and benefits of animal aggression—shedding general light on how cooperation and conflict are shaped by natural selection. In this chapter I explain the fundamental logic of Hamilton’s rule as it emerged from inclusive fitness theory, using the most general notation possible, and I briefly review the principle of co-replication as a key concept for understanding how potentially conflicting social and life-history traits are maintained by natural selection. I also highlight the two major assumptions behind the gene’s eye view of adaptation: optimality principles as drivers of naturally selected adaptive design and the simplification of genetics to breeding values for complex phenotypic traits. I then summarize theoretical advances and empirical research efforts that were instrumental for completing a neo-Darwinian synthesis of organismal biology towards the end of the 20th century.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for major evolutionary transitions
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFrom an individual perspective, there is a fundamental difference between cooperation for mutual benefit and self-sacrificing altruism. However, there is no such difference for the gene’s eye view of social evolution, which stipulates that both types of cooperation are equally self-serving. Gene’s eye explanations of altruism started with the pedigree version of Hamilton’s rule, and were later generalized when Price equation logic produced a statistical and fully general genetic theory of social evolution, and an approximate phenotypic theory amenable to empirical testing. However, this generalization applied to societies with redundant partnerships where relatedness is variable and social adaptations are mediated by condition-dependent altruism at the level of cellular or multicellular agents. Under such conditions, adaptations for the exclusive benefits of the higher-level of organizational complexity cannot evolve. Yet, such adaptations of unconditional somatic altruism universally characterize the convergent major evolutionary transitions (MTEs) towards multicellular organismality and colonial superorganismality. I show that the origins of (super)organismality can be conjectured to have required invariably maximal relatedness among cell copies or siblings, owing to lifetime commitment between a pair of gametes or monogamous parents. Such pairwise closure in terms of genetic information partitions Hamilton’s rule in an invariant necessary condition of relatedness equivalence between dispersing and adhering offspring, and a contingent sufficiency condition (b/c &gt; 1) that is additionally required to forge a MTE origin. This implies that (super)organismality MTEs are expected to evolve by directional kin selection for unconditional, obligate altruism by entire cohorts, which is different from individual selection for conditional altruism in societies. I contrast the predictions of the classical continuous version of Hamilton’s rule for social evolution in societies and the partitioned discontinuous version applicable to MTE origins, and argue that conflict reduction and body- or family-size stabilize societies but played no role in the origin of (super)organismality.
Adaptation, control information, and the human condition
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFollowing the inductive logic of Hume’s fork, this book has partitioned Hamilton’s rule so that it offers a general necessary and concrete sufficiency condition for the origins of major transitions in evolution (MTEs). My conjecture could in principle have been formulated decades ago, but several forms of confusion have compromised its development. First, Darwinism was “environmentalized” throughout the 20th century, becoming a branch of ecology and allowing researchers to avoid asking questions about adaptive design. This problem disappears only when adhering to a strict definition of what an environment really is, as George Williams did in 1966 and Helena Cronin updated in 2005. Second, many have failed to appreciate that the gene’s eye view of adaptive evolution is a concept of genetic information and phenotypic agency rather than of genetic reductionism. Making that perspective explicit helps to connect inclusive fitness theory to Shannon’s information theory, because both are about the use of information for prediction and control. It then emerges that inclusive fitness theory, captured by Price equation logic of selection and transmission, is the only biological theory that might ultimately be reconciled with theoretical physics via quantum Darwinism. Third, anthropomorphic bias has been rampant in biology, particularly in conceptualizing the human MTE. Our own transition is exceptional in not having originated via a new level of lifetime commitment and obligate reproductive division of labor, but from an already complex society that became domesticated by cumulative culture—an endosymbiosis between individual brains and sets of self-organizing algorithmic symbionts. Under that assumption, a dual Price equation framework may be the best unbiased tool for unraveling the extent of cooperation and conflicts between our genetic endowment and the reproductive interests of our Lamarckian brain symbionts. Dual host–symbiont agency appears to make anthropomorphic concepts such as “self-domestication” and “self-deception” moot, and to shed intriguing light on patterns of MTE symmetry over time.
The social context
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers an insight into the social context in which testamentary promises are made. It does so by drawing on information that can be gleaned from reported cases across a number of common and civil law jurisdictions. It outlines the specificities of testamentary promises, but also the vulnerabilities of the promisee, and why promisors should be held to their promises. The chapter first examines the distinguishing features of testamentary promises (e.g. that they are made informally and generically, involve close family members and friends, and are part of a testamentary exchange) before investigating the motivations that underpin both the behaviour of the promisor and that of the promisee, and finally, why testamentary promises may remain unfulfilled. It shows why testamentary promises are an attractive instrument for the promisee, but especially the promisor, and why the promisor is in a powerful position vis-à-vis the promisee. The analysis further illustrates that promises, even if made informally, are taken seriously and that they may remain unfulfilled for a number of reasons.
Establishing a claim on the basis of § 2057a BGB and §§ 677ff ABGB
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines two further modes of redress that can come to the aid of a testamentary promisee and their requirements. One is drawn from German law (§ 2057a BGB) and the other from Austrian law (§§ 677ff ABGB). Even though neither of these legislative solutions was developed to specifically address cases of unfulfilled informal testamentary promises, and thus no mention is made of promises, a promisee may nonetheless rely on them to obtain redress. While their scope of application is relatively narrow, and the protection offered on the whole limited, both legislative interventions are interesting. They represent attempts to acknowledge the importance of work and services provided by certain family members, and thus contributions to the estate, including in the form of domestic and care services that would otherwise remain unremunerated. In that sense they are similar to the créance de salaire différé, examined in the previous chapter, though the créance applies only in the agricultural context.
A Systematic Review of the Use of Systems-Thinking Frameworks in Health Systems Strengthening
Authors: Jha Savyasachee , Thomas Deepak , Thomas Steve , Normand Charles 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHealth systems strengthening is a priority for the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO identified systems thinking as one of the four revolutions that are going to transform health. A systematic literature review was conducted in order to investigate the six building blocks of the WHO framework and other systems-thinking approaches, which have been applied to the improvement and strengthening of health systems. Our findings from the analysis of twenty-six articles show that many authors used the WHO building blocks as guidelines to define health systems using similar sets of systems-thinking tools. However, frameworks which have been used in the field tended to define health systems more narrowly as compared to frameworks which have only been defined theoretically but not used for the design or evaluation of existing interventions or health systems. The analysis brings forth the need for practical frameworks to be designed for the same which are cognizant of the need for understanding relationships between different parts of a health system.
Applying Systems Thinking to Understand the Process of Decentralization
Authors: Chikaphupha Kingsley Rex , O’Byrne Thomasena , Nyondo-Mipando Linda , Chiumia Isabel Kazanga , Finn Mairéad , Vallières Frédérique 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDecentralization of health services entails empowering local governments to take the lead on decision-making and governance of health services provided in their districts. If managed properly, decentralization has the potential to strengthen governance, leadership, management, and accountability of the district health system; improve efficiency and responsiveness of the district healthcare system at all levels; and increase investments in human capital. Undergoing decentralization since 1998, Malawi has made significant progress in devolving human resources for health (health workforce), strengthening governance and leadership, and enhancing accountability through devolved health financing and health information systems. However, challenges remain, including lack of clarity on the roles, responsibilities, and the decision-making process within the context of decentralization, insufficiency of funds, and insufficient human resources for health. Using human resources for health as an entry point, and the case example of Malawi, this chapter demonstrates that systems thinking offers a useful framework through which to understand the process of decentralization in a particular context.
A Systems-Thinking Approach to the Training and Supervision of Community Healthcare Workers in Kenya
Authors: Winters Niall , Geniets Anne , Lakati Alice 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter promotes a systems-thinking approach when using mobile technologies to enhance the ongoing supervision and training of community health workers (CHWs). The implications of developing a smartphone app for CHWs, the role it played in training and supervision, and the challenges of embedding use within the community and formal health systems are discussed. The analysis details the establishment of improved relationships between health workers, the health system, and the community when supported by a systems-thinking approach to design and implementation. The chapter contends that well-designed mobile-based interventions can improve community health workers’ practice and can contribute to wider health systems strengthening, although this remains a significant challenge.
Applying Systems Thinking to Health Information Systems
Authors: Koivu Annariina , Aanestad Margunn , Shidende Nima 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores how systems thinking can contribute to understanding and solving challenges around health information systems (HIS). While systems thinking is of general value, it is particularly relevant in low- and middle-income (LMIC) settings, where HIS resources are limited. From paper-based systems to digital ones, HIS are complex entities, comprising multiple components that need to exchange information and work together at different levels of a health system. Building on the authors’ experiences in South Africa and Tanzania, the chapter argues for an approach that fosters a better understanding of the HIS linkages, relationships, and interactions to design and make the best use of HIS, especially in contexts where resources are scarce.
Implementing Systems Thinking for Global Mental Health during Humanitarian Emergencies
Authors: Vallières Frédérique , Elshazly Mohamed , Sleiman Jihane Bou , Daher Rony Abou , Bháird Caoimhe Nic a , Ceannt Ruth , Hyland Philip , Ventevogel Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 2019, over 168 million people across fifty-three countries were in need of emergency humanitarian relief. In addition to requiring access to basic services, such as health, shelter, water and sanitation, and social protection, many individuals in need of emergency relief are also in need of mental health and psychosocial support, or support aimed to protect and promote social well-being and prevent or treat adverse psychological outcomes. Using a number of international case examples, including from Bangladesh, Lebanon, Nepal, and as part of the COVID-19 response, we demonstrate how systems-thinking approaches can be applied across the conventional six building blocks (i.e., leadership and governance, information systems, financing, human resources, essential medical products and technologies, and health service delivery) to deliver mental health services in humanitarian emergencies more effectively. We further argue that the role of communities within each of these building blocks cannot be overlooked if MHPSS programs are to be effective, acceptable, and sustained in the longer term.
Systems Thinking for Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kidane Amanuel , Mwanri Lillian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the importance of systems thinking in Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) health system framework. With a focus on the response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, it describes the positive and negative (unintended) effects of GHIs—such as the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFTAM)—on the health systems in Sub-Saharan African countries. The chapter further identifies lessons learnt from the implementation of GHIs to inform the design and the application of similar initiatives in the future. The challenges of HIV/AIDS becoming a chronic disease along with the increasing double burden of diseases is also discussed, suggesting a reorientation of the health system of Sub-Saharan African countries.
Systems Thinking in the Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Authors: Pang Tikki , Amul Gianna Gayle Herrera 
Published: November 2022

AbstractReducing tobacco use is acknowledged globally as a highly desirable public health goal as embodied in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Previous work on systems thinking for tobacco control has primarily focused on healthcare delivery, particularly in smoking cessation programs and on governance with a focus on regulatory networks. This chapter will examine how systems thinking can improve governance, financing, and information as the most relevant health system building blocks to successful FCTC implementation. Using a case study approach, it emphasizes the relationships among the various actors and stakeholders involved in the implementation of the FCTC in South East Asia, particularly among members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It has a specific focus on how the interaction between intergovernmental organizations, philanthropic foundations, and non-governmental organizations involved in tobacco control, and unrelenting tobacco industry interference influence the state of FCTC implementation in the region.