bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of High Concentrations of Homocysteine for the Development of Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Gaiday Andrey , Balash Lazzat , Tussupkaliyev Akylbek 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective To assess homocysteine (Hcy) levels in the three trimesters of pregnancy in women with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and to evaluate the role of Hcy as a possible predictor of FGR.
Methods A total of 315 singleton pregnant women were included in the present prospective cohort study and were monitored since the 1st trimester of pregnancy before delivery. Newborns were monitored for the first 7 days of life. Patients who had risk factors for FGR were excluded. Fetal growth restriction was defined according to uterine fundal height (< 10 percentile), ultrasound fetometry (< 5 percentile), and anthropometry of newborns (< 5 percentile). The concentrations of Hcy were detected at between 10 and 14, between 20 and 24, and between 30 and 34 weeks of pregnancy by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve test and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were performed to evaluate the results of ELISA.
Results The concentration of Hcy in patients with FGR was 19.65 umol/L at between 10 and 14 weeks, compared with 9.28 umol/L in patients with normal fetal growth (p < 0.0001). The optimal cut-off level for Hcy in the 1st trimester of pregnancy was > 13.9 umol/L with AUC 0.788, sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 83.6%, and DOR of 15.2.
Conclusion Assessment of serum Hcy concentration may be used as a predictor of FGR, with the highest diagnostic utility in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
People underestimate the probability of contracting the coronavirus from friends
Authors: Schlager Tobias , Whillans Ashley V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article reveals a social perception that may contribute to the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Across five studies—including two large-scale samples of Americans and Canadians (N = 3395)—we show that people consistently underestimate the risk of contracting the coronavirus from close others (i.e., friends) compared to other groups (e.g., colleagues or strangers). We show that informing people of their (unconscious) preference to believe that friends are less of a threat than strangers can effectively attenuate this tendency. Together, these results provide evidence that people’s beliefs about the probability of contracting the coronavirus from their friends are lower than from strangers, which can affect their physical distancing intentions.
Use of Deep Learning in Forensic Sex Estimation of Virtual Pelvic Models from the Han Population
Authors: Cao Yongjie , Ma Yonggang , Yang Xiaotong , Xiong Jian , Wang Yahui , Zhang Jianhua , Qin Zhiqiang , Chen Yijiu , Vieira Duarte Nuno , Chen Feng , Zhang Ji , Huang Ping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Accurate sex estimation is crucial to determine the identity of human skeletal remains effectively. Here, we developed convolutional neural network (CNN) models for sex estimation on virtual hemi-pelvic regions, including the ventral pubis (VP), dorsal pubis (DP), greater sciatic notch (GSN), pelvic inlet (PI), ischium, and acetabulum from the Han population and compared these models with two experienced forensic anthropologists using morphological methods. A Computed Tomography (CT) dataset of 862 individuals was divided into the subgroups of training, validation, and testing, respectively. The CT-based virtual hemi-pelvises from the training and validation groups were used to calibrate sex estimation models; and then a testing dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the trained models and two human experts on the sex estimation of specific pelvic regions in terms of overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Except for the ischium and acetabulum, the CNN models trained with the VP, DP, GSN, and PI images achieved excellent results with all the prediction metrics over 0.9. All accuracies were superior to those of the two forensic anthropologists in the independent testing. Notably, the heatmap results confirmed that the trained CNN models were focused on traditional sexual anatomic traits for sex classification. This study demonstrates the potential of AI techniques based on the radiological dataset in sex estimation of virtual pelvic models. The excellent sex estimation performance obtained by the CNN models indicates that this method is valuable to proceed with in prospective forensic trials. Key PointsDeep learning can be a promising alternative for sex estimation based on the pelvis in forensic anthropology.The deep learning convolutional neural network models outperformed two forensic anthropologists using classical morphological methods.The heatmaps indicated that the most known sex-related anatomic traits contributed to correct sex determination.
A semiclassical singularity theorem
Authors: Fewster Christopher J , Kontou Eleni-Alexandra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Quantum fields do not satisfy the pointwise energy conditions that are assumed in the original singularity theorems of Penrose and Hawking. Accordingly, semiclassical quantum gravity lies outside their scope. Although a number of singularity theorems have been derived under weakened energy conditions, none is directly derived from quantum field theory. Here, we employ a quantum energy inequality satisfied by the quantized minimally coupled linear scalar field to derive a singularity theorem valid in semiclassical gravity. By considering a toy cosmological model, we show that our result predicts timelike geodesic incompleteness on plausible timescales with reasonable conditions at a spacelike Cauchy surface.
Anomalies of cosmic anisotropy from holographic universality of great-circle variance
Authors: Selub Nathaniel , Wehlen Frederick , Hogan Craig , Meyer Stephan S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We examine all-sky cosmic microwave background temperature maps on large angular scales to compare their consistency with two scenarios: the standard inflationary quantum picture, and a distribution constrained to have a universal variance of primordial curvature perturbations on great circles. The latter symmetry is not a property of standard quantum inflation, but may be a symmetry of holographic models with causal quantum coherence on null surfaces. Since the variation of great-circle variance is dominated by the largest angular scale modes, in the latter case the amplitude and direction of the unobserved intrinsic dipole (that is, the ℓ = 1 harmonics) can be estimated from measured ℓ = 2, 3 harmonics by minimizing the variance of great-circle variances including only ℓ = 1, 2, 3 modes. It is found that including the estimated intrinsic dipole leads to a nearly-null angular correlation function over a wide range of angles, in agreement with a null anti-hemispherical symmetry independently motivated by holographic causal arguments, but highly anomalous in standard cosmology. Simulations are used here to show that simultaneously imposing the constraints of universal great-circle variance and the vanishing of the angular correlation function over a wide range of angles tends to require patterns that are unusual in the standard picture, such as anomalously high sectorality of the ℓ = 3 components, and a close alignment of principal axes of ℓ = 2 and ℓ = 3 components, that have been previously noted on the actual sky. The precision of these results appears to be primarily limited by errors introduced by models of Galactic foregrounds.
Analysing the pressure effect on the contact resistance of electrical connections
Authors: Riba Jordi-Roger , Bas-Calopa Pau 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We propose an experiment intended for undergraduate laboratories, with the aim to introduce different novelties as a subject for a practical session or students project. We deal with the different components of the resistance in an electrical connection, with special focus on the contact resistance and its dependence with the applied mechanical load or pressure at the interface, since for a fixed geometry and connection materials, the contact pressure has a leading role on the final value of the resistance. The topics analysed are suitable for students with intermediate knowledge of physics. The dependence of the electrical resistance of two metallic rough surfaces with the applied pressure is studied and measured in the laboratory, and the weight of their different components is determined from calculations, simulations and measurements. The pressure dependence of aluminium and copper contacts have been analysed, since they are the most commonly used materials in electrical connections.
How to administer an antidote to Schrödinger’s cat
Authors: Álvarez Juan-Rafael , IJspeert Mark , Barter Oliver , Yuen Ben , Barrett Thomas D , Stuart Dustin , Dilley Jerome , Holleczek Annemarie , Kuhn Axel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In his 1935 Gedankenexperiment, Erwin Schrödinger imagined a box with a cat and a poisonous substance which has a 50% probability of being released, based on the decay of a radioactive atom. As such, the life of the cat and the state of the poison become entangled, and the fate of the cat is determined upon opening the box. We present an experimental technique that keeps the cat alive on any account. This method relies on the time-resolved Hong–Ou–Mandel effect: two long, identical photons impinging on a beam splitter always bunch in either of the outputs. Interpreting the first photon detection as the state of the poison, the second photon is identified as the state of the cat. Even after the collapse of the first photon’s state, we show their fates are intertwined through quantum interference. We demonstrate this by a sudden phase change between the inputs, administered conditionally on the outcome of the first detection, which steers the second photon to a pre-defined output and ensures that the cat is always observed alive.
A direct Z-scheme MoSi2N4/BlueP vdW heterostructure for photocatalytic overall water splitting
Authors: Xuefeng Chen , Wenna Han , Minglei Jia , Fengzhu Ren , Chengxiao Peng , Qinfen Gu , Bing Wang , Huabing Yin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Building novel van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures is a feasible method to expand material properties and applications. A MoSi2N4/blue phosphorus (BlueP) heterostructure is designed and investigated as a potential photocatalytic candidate by first-principle calculations. Based on the band alignment and electron transfer, MoSi2N4/BlueP exhibits the characteristics of direct Z-scheme vdW heterostructure, which is favorable for the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers and retains a strong redox capacity. Moreover, the MoSi2N4/BlueP possesses suitable band-edge positions for overall water splitting. Compared with the light absorption of two monolayer materials, the heterostructure has a stronger light absorption from the visible to ultraviolet region. The solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency can reach 21.1% for the heterostructure, which is over three-fold and four-fold as great as that of pristine MoSi2N4 and BlueP monolayers, respectively. All the results show that the MoSi2N4/BlueP heterostructure is a promising photocatalyst for overall water splitting, and it provides new possibilities for designing high-efficiency photocatalysts.
Superconductivity in Heusler compound ScAu2Al
Authors: Bag Biplab , Loke Rajendra , Singh Birender , Thamizhavel A , Singh Bahadur , Ramakrishnan S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We report superconducting state properties and electronic structure of a full Heusler material ScAu2Al. The resistivity measurement indicates a zero-field (at nominal Earth’s field) superconducting transition temperature, T

c
= 5.12 K (in contrary to the previously reported value of 4.4 K), which falls in the highest T

c
-regime among the Heusler superconductors. The magnetization data shows that ScAu2Al is a moderate type-II superconductor, where the critical field values can be estimated from the Ginzburg–Landau–Abrikosov–Gorkov theory. The field-dependent magnetization response further shows signatures of flux jump in ScAu2Al. A sharp jump in the temperature dependent specific heat (C

p
) data confirms bulk superconductivity. We report that the electron–phonon coupling constant, λ
e–ph = 0.77, suggesting a moderate electron–phonon coupling in ScAu2Al. Further, we show that the observed λ
e–ph value in ScAu2Al is the highest amongst the reported Heusler superconductors, indicating strong correlation between T

c
and λ
e–ph values and significant role of electron–phonon coupling in mediating superconductivity in Heusler superconductors. Finally, we discuss the electronic properties and reveal the existence of van Hove singularity near the Fermi level in ScAu2Al.
Meta-optimization for fully automated radiation therapy treatment planning
Authors: Huang Charles , Nomura Yusuke , Yang Yong , Xing Lei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. Radiation therapy treatment planning is a time-consuming process involving iterative adjustments of hyperparameters. To automate the treatment planning process, we propose a meta-optimization framework, called MetaPlanner (MP). Approach. Our MP algorithm automates planning by performing meta-optimization of treatment planning hyperparameters. The algorithm uses a derivative-free method (i.e. parallel Nelder–Mead simplex search) to search for weight configurations that minimize a meta-scoring function. Meta-scoring is performed by constructing a tier list of the relevant considerations (e.g. dose homogeneity, conformity, spillage, and OAR sparing) to mimic the clinical decision-making process. Additionally, we have made our source code publicly available via github. Main results. The proposed MP method is evaluated on two datasets (21 prostate cases and 6 head and neck cases) collected as part of clinical workflow. MP is applied to both IMRT and VMAT planning and compared to a baseline of manual VMAT plans. MP in both IMRT and VMAT scenarios has comparable or better performance than manual VMAT planning for all evaluated metrics. Significance. Our proposed MP provides a general framework for fully automated treatment planning that produces high quality treatment plans. Our MP method promises to substantially reduce the workload of treatment planners while maintaining or improving plan quality.
Implementation of a thin, flat water target capable of high-repetition-rate MeV-range proton acceleration in a high-power laser at the CLPU
Authors: Puyuelo-Valdes P , de Luis D , Hernandez J , Apiñaniz J I , Curcio A , Henares J L , Huault M , Pérez-Hernández J A , Roso L , Gatti G , Volpe L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Fluid targets are attractive for laser-driven ion acceleration at high-repetition-rate laser facilities. In particular, liquid targets have several interesting features since they can regenerate in situ and are debris-free (or little) and operate at a high repetition rate. Here, we report high-repetition-rate MeV-range proton acceleration by the interaction of the VEGA-2 laser system with a micrometer-thick water sheet target in a high vacuum (10−4 mbar) environment. The water target was running continuously at this pressure for 4 h and more than 1000 shots were performed. Two different water thicknesses were studied, and we measured a continuous proton distribution with energies up to 3.5 MeV. Experimental results are compared with the literature and existing scaling laws.
Review of recent developments in ultra-high field (UHF) NMR magnets in the Asia region
Authors: Yanagisawa Y , Hamada M , Hashi K , Maeda H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper reviews recent developments in ultra-high field (UHF) superconducting magnets for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the Asia regionin particular, those for high-resolution NMR magnets using high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coils. In Japan, a power supply driven-mode 1.02 GHz (24.0 T) NMR magnet using a Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10-δ
(Bi-2223) inner coil was developed in 2015, providing the first high-resolution NMR at a 1H NMR frequency of >1 GHz (23.5 T). In late 2017, a new project was started to develop a persistent-mode 1.3 GHz (30.5 T) NMR magnet comprising a RE(rare earth)Ba2Cu3O7-δ
(REBCO) inner coil, a Bi-2223 middle coil, and a low-temperature superconductor (LTS) outer coil. The magnet employs the newly developed state-of-the-art superconducting joints between HTSs necessary for the persistent-mode operation, as well as magnet technologies providing an ultra-high magnetic field of >30.5 T with high temporal stability and spatiality homogeneity for high-resolution NMR measurement. In China, a ∼20 mm cold bored magnet comprising an LTS outer coil and no-insulation (NI) REBCO inner coils was developed and recorded a field of 32.35 T, the highest magnetic field ever achieved with an all-superconducting magnet, which can be used as a small cold-bored NMR. In Korea, a liquid helium-free 400 MHz (9.39 T) all REBCO NMR magnets using NI winding was developed, which is operational. These technologies provide future perspectives for a UHF NMR magnet with key features of persistent-mode operation, an operating field of 1.4 GHz using (32.9 T)-class magnets, and the liquid helium-free operation.
A review of compact modeling for phase change memory
Authors: Ding Feilong , Peng Baokang , Li Xi , Zhang Lining , Wang Runsheng , Song Zhitang , Huang Ru 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Phase change memory (PCM) attracts wide attention for the memory-centric computing and neuromorphic computing. For circuit and system designs, PCM compact models are mandatory and their status are reviewed in this work. Macro models and physics-based models have been proposed in different stages of the PCM technology developments. Compact modeling of PCM is indeed more complex than the transistor modeling due to their multi-physics nature including electrical, thermal and phase transition dynamics as well as their interactions. Realizations of the PCM operations including threshold switching, set and reset programming in these models are diverse, which also differs from the perspective of circuit simulations. For the purpose of efficient and reliable designs of the PCM technology, open issues and challenges of the compact modeling are also discussed.
First realisation of the kilogram with the METAS Kibble balance
Authors: Eichenberger A , Baumann H , Mortara A , Tommasini D , Reber D , Klingelé E , Jeanneret B , Jeckelmann B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
After several years of development and continuous improvement, the Kibble balance at the Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS) is now operational. Its stability and reliability allows high precision measurements to be performed under vacuum. Two measurement campaigns were conducted in 2021 with 1 kg stainless steel test masses. The result differs from the value deduced from the calibration following the dissemination process after the redefinition of the kilogram by 6 μg with a total standard uncertainty of 43 μg (k = 1). This paper presents the details of this first result with its associated uncertainty budget.
Experimental study on the role of the target electron temperature as a key parameter linking recycling to plasma performance in JET-ILW*
Authors: Lomanowski B. , Dunne M. , Vianello N. , Aleiferis S. , Brix M. , Canik J. , Carvalho I.S. , Frassinetti L. , Frigione D. , Garzotti L. , Groth M. , Meigs A. , Menmuir S. , Maslov M. , Pereira T. , Perez von Thun C. , Reinke M. , Refy D. , Rimini F. , Rubino G. , Schneider P.A. , Sergienko G. , Uccello A. , Van Eester D. , JET Contributors  
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Changes in global and edge plasma parameters (H
98(y,2), dimensionless collisionality ν
*, core density peaking, separatrix density n
e,sep) with variations in the D2 fueling rate and divertor configuration are unified into a single trend when mapped to ⟨T
e,ot⟩, the spatially averaged spectroscopically derived outer target electron temperature. Dedicated JET with the ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) experiments in combination with an extended JET-ILW database of unseeded low-triangularity H-mode plasmas spanning a wide range of D2 fueling rates, I
p, B
t and heating power have demonstrated the importance of ⟨T
e,ot⟩ as a key physics parameter linking the recycling particle source and detachment with plasma performance. The remarkably robust H
98(y,2) trend with ⟨T
e,ot⟩ is connected to a strong inverse correlation between ⟨T
e,ot⟩, n
e,sep and ν
*, thus directly linking changes in the divertor recycling moderated by ⟨T
e,ot⟩ with the previously established relationship between ν
*, core density peaking and core pressure resulting in a degradation in core plasma performance with decreasing ⟨T
e,ot⟩ (increasing ν
*). A strong inverse correlation between the separatrix to pedestal density ratio, n
e,sep/n
e,ped, and ⟨T
e,ot⟩ is also established, with the rise in n
e,sep/n
e,ped saturating at ⟨T
e,ot⟩ > 10 eV. A strong reduction in H
98(y,2) is observed as ⟨T
e,ot⟩ is driven from 30 to 10 eV via additional D2 gas fueling, while the divertor remains attached. Consequently, the pronounced performance degradation in attached divertor conditions has implications for impurity seeding radiative divertor scenarios, in which H
98(y,2) is already low (∼0.7) before impurities are injected into the plasma since moderate gas fueling rates are required to promote high divertor neutral pressure. A favorable pedestal pressure, p
e,ped, dependence on I
p has also been observed, with an overall increase in p
e,ped at I
p = 3.4 MA as ⟨T
e,ot⟩ is driven down from attached to high-recycling divertor conditions. In contrast, p
e,ped is reduced with decreasing ⟨T
e,ot⟩ in the lower I
p branches. Further work is needed to (i) clarify the potential role of edge opacity on the observed favorable pedestal pressure I
p scaling; as well as to (ii) project the global and edge plasma performance trends with ⟨T
e,ot⟩ to reactor-scale devices to improve predictive capability of the coupling between recycling and confined plasma fueling in what are foreseen to be more opaque edge plasma conditions.
Study on the inheritance of oleic acid content in reciprocal F1 hybrids of winter rapeseed at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops
Authors: Golova A A , Gorlova L A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The purpose of the research was to study the inheritance of the trait of oleic acid content in oil of winter rapeseed seeds in reciprocal F1 hybrids. We carried out the research in 2019-2020 under field and greenhouse conditions. We used two high oleic lines for hybridization: BH 1844 (82.2 %) and BH 1848 (83.0 %), and two high-yielding lines from the varieties Sarmat and Selegor with a standard level of oleic acid of 62.1 and 60.5 %, respectively. Analysis of the C18:1 content of F1 hybrids, under field conditions, showed that in the case of crossing high oleic lines BH 1844 and BH 1848 with high-yielding lines from the varieties Sarmat and Selegor, five of eight combinations had an intermediate type of inheritance (h/d from -0.10 to 0.28). In the remaining three cases there was incomplete dominance of the trait (h/d from 0.56 to 0.64). We carried out similar studies in the phytotron greenhouse complex. On average, the content of C18:1 in the greenhouse conditions was 5.5 % lower in the high oleic lines, 0.3 % lower in the variety Sarmat, and 0.9 % lower in the variety Selegor, as oleic acid is synthesized less intensively at low air temperature. All the combinations of the greenhouse conditions showed an intermediate type of inheritance (h/d from -0.43 to 0.48). With this type of inheritance, lines combining high yield with high content of oleic acid can be isolated in the future.