bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiology and outcomes of polymicrobial peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis: a register-based cohort study from the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry
Authors: Forté Valentine , Novelli Sophie , Zaidan Mohamad , Snanoudj Renaud , Verger Christian , Beaudreuil Séverine 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Previous studies have reported that polymicrobial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with poor outcomes, but recent data from European cohorts are scarce.

Methods
We included from the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry all patients ≥18 years of age who started PD between January 2014 and November 2020. We compared microbiology and patient characteristics associated with mono- and polymicrobial peritonitis. We assessed patient outcomes after a first polymicrobial peritonitis using survival analysis with competing events. We differentiated microorganisms isolated from dialysis effluent as enteric or non-enteric pathogens.

Results
A total of 8848 patients contributed 13 023 patient-years of follow-up and 3348 culture-positive peritonitis episodes, including 251 polymicrobial ones. This corresponded to rates of 0.32 and 0.02 episodes/patient-year, respectively. For most patients (72%) who experienced polymicrobial peritonitis, this was their first peritonitis episode. Enteric pathogens were more frequently isolated in polymicrobial than in monomicrobial peritonitis (57 versus 44%; P &lt; .001). In both cases of peritonitis with and without enteric pathogens, the polymicrobial versus monomicrobial character of the peritonitis was not associated with mortality in patients who did not switch to haemodialysis {adjusted cause-specific hazard ratio [acsHR] 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3–5.0], P = .78 and 1.1 [95% CI 0.7–1.8], P = .73, respectively}. However, the risks of death and switch to haemodialysis were higher for monomicrobial peritonitis with enteric pathogens compared with those without [acsHR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.7), P = .02 and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5–2.4), P &lt; .0001, respectively].

Conclusion
Isolation of enteric pathogens, rather than the polymicrobial character of the peritonitis, is associated with poorer outcomes.
Single-Dose, Patient-Initiated Amenamevir Therapy for Recurrent Genital Herpes: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Kawashima Makoto , Imafuku Shinichi , Fujio Kosuke , Komazaki Hiroshi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Amenamevir is a helicase-primase inhibitor with novel mechanisms of antiherpetic action. A patient-initiated single-dose regimen showed clinical efficacy for genital herpes in a phase 2 study.

Methods
In this phase 3 study, adult immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes and able to accurately recognize prodromal symptoms were randomly assigned to administer amenamevir 1200 mg or placebo as a patient-initiated therapy within 6 hours after onset of prodromal symptoms. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to healing of all genital herpes lesions.

Results
In the modified intention-to-treat population, which excluded patients with aborted lesions (amenamevir, n = 89; placebo, n = 97), the median time to all lesion healing was 4.0 days for amenamevir versus 5.1 days for placebo (hazard ratio, 1.60 [95% confidence interval, 1.19–2.15]; P = .0018), indicating superiority of amenamevir. All treatment-emergent adverse events in both groups were mild in severity.

Conclusions
Patient-initiated single-dose amenamevir reduced the time to all lesion healing of recurrent genital herpes versus placebo, with no safety concerns, suggesting it could be an effective treatment option for patients with recurrent genital herpes.
Clinical Trials Registration. JapicCTI-194955.
The Sociopolitical Context of Social Work Practice and the Carceral State
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the carceral state, which is defined as a system of punishment that includes all parts of the criminal legal system. This chapter showcases how to apply the anti-oppressive and feminist social work approach for analysis of the system of power that is the current criminal legal system in the United States. The chapter helps readers make connections between the carceral state, its sociopolitical context, and how individuals and communities are disproportionately impacted. Specifically explained is how the history of multiple oppressions, particularly white supremacy and economic inequalities, have constructed the sociopolitical context of today’s criminal legal system.
Disappearing Black People through Failures of White Empathy
Authors: Jones Janine 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEmpathy is sometimes thought to be, if not a moral panacea for crimes against humanity, then a moral motivator to work against them. This chapter argues that the construction of black people’s minds in Manichaean opposition to that of white people’s is at the root of white failures of empathy for black people. The chapter maintains that it is primarily due to this Manichaean-structured opposition, grounded in a fundamental difference between white and black fungibility, that white people’s ability to successfully perceive or empathize with black people is impeded. This view understands white and black fungibility as established by and derived from the nature of the kinds of minds constructed through anti-black, white-supremacist logics. Black fungibility is derivatively attributed to black bodies and implemented through them. The chapter proposes that rather than seek to empathize with black people, white people aim to self-empathize.
“I Shall Be of Use to the World”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the American historical context that gave rise to the antebellum temperance movement. As one of the major social movements before the Civil War, Frances Willard came of age when temperance activism reached its height. Willard and her family were especially influenced by Neal Dow, whose successful campaigns for prohibition in the state of Maine briefly became a model for other northern states to enact “Maine Laws.” The chapter also discusses Willard’s launching a teaching career, while analyzing her relationship with her best friend, Mary Bannister. The question of Willard’s sexuality is discussed, particularly how her early life experiences with women’s friendship relate to the research on nineteenth-century women’s friendship popularized in the 1970s by Carol Smith-Rosenberg.
“Tell Every Body to Be Good”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter carries Frances Willard’s story through the 1860s, exploring her life during the Civil War, her teaching career, and her efforts to become a writer. In 1862, her sister, Mary, died, leading Willard to publish her first major book, Nineteen Beautiful Years, a biography of her late sister. The book illustrated several evangelical themes of personal piety and entire sanctification that Willard later emphasized in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). This chapter focuses on Willard’s friendship with other schoolteachers, in particular Kate Jackson. After her father’s death, Willard and Jackson traveled two and one-half years through Europe and the Middle East, allowing Willard to explore issues of women’s rights. A highlight for Willard was her time in Paris, where she met with the French feminist Julie Victoire Daube. These travel experiences provided her a template that she was later able to use in undertaking a career as a college educator and social reformer.
“How to Win”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Frances Willard’s successful campaign in the late 1870s to become the second president of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Aided by women such as J. Ellen Foster, Willard pushed the WCTU toward embracing the home protection ballot, allowing women to vote in local elections on questions of saloon licensing. Forced temporarily to abandon her temperance work to manage her late brother Oliver’s newspaper, the Chicago Post, Willard resumed temperance work in the fall of 1878. She used her influence in the Illinois WCTU to mount a highly publicized state campaign for the woman’s home protection ballot. Although her efforts failed, the publicity generated in the Illinois campaign served as a template for Willard’s promotion of her “Do Everything” message. The chapter concludes by discussing Willard’s election as WCTU president in 1879, defeating her conservative rival, Annie Wittenmyer.
“White Shield Women”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Frances Willard’s support of the late-nineteenth-century social purity movement. Largely associated with British reformers such as Josephine Butler, Ellice Hopkins, and William Stead, Willard drew attention to the double standard that allowed men to sexually abuse women and girls with impunity. In creating a Department of Social Purity, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) campaigned for raising age-of-consent laws, as well as seeking ways to reach out to women nationally and globally who lived in forced prostitution. The chapter explores how the social purity movement in the WCTU was a major catalyst for the founding of the World’s WCTU. In creating an alliance with the British Women’s Temperance Movement (BWTA), Willard forged an Anglo-American women’s movement that increased Willard’s prominence. It also placed her in the orbit of international women’s leaders such as the Indian reformer Pundita Ramabai.
“New Testament Ethics”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Frances Willard’s leadership in the social gospel movement. Emphasizing an applied Christianity centered upon Jesus’ teachings, Willard pushed the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to endorse organized labor, specifically the Knights of Labor led by Terence Powderly. During the mid-1880s, Willard was influenced by numerous theorists, including Henry George, Richard Ely, and Josiah Strong. As part of her Do Everything agenda, Willard increasingly saw economic justice as essential to the success of the woman’s temperance movement. The chapter concludes by looking at the ways in which some temperance supporters began to question Willard’s expansive social agenda, centered upon economic justice and woman suffrage.
“I Should Have Loved . . . to Be a Gospel Preacher”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Frances Willard’s role within her own denomination, the Methodist Episcopal Church. As someone who desired to be an ordained minister, the chapter explores Willard’s arguments in support of women’s ordination. It also looks at persons who influenced Willard’s theology outside of Methodism, such as contemporary ministers including Henry Ward Beecher. Willard’s efforts to give women a voice in her church during the 1880s culminated with her election to serve as a lay delegate to the 1888 General Conference. Amid failed efforts in 1880 to approve the ordination of two Methodist women, Anna Oliver and Anna Howard Shaw, Willard also feuded with Rev. James Buckley, a prominent Methodist leader and opponent of women’s ordination.
“Queen Frances”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Frances Willard’s time in England with Isabel Somerset through 1893. Highlighting her and Somerset’s campaign to bring Do Everything reform to British women’s temperance organizations, the chapter discusses Willard’s professional triumphs early in her time in England. However, Willard’s growing health struggles ultimately forced her to abandon public speaking for several months. Willard’s prolonged absence from the United States led to multiple crises, with Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) leaders like Anna Gordon and Lillian Stevens staving off a series of challenges to Willard’s authority. Most damaging was a protracted campaign to detach the WCTU from ownership of the Woman’s Temple, in which several WCTU members called for the removal of one of Willard’s chief supporters, Matilda Carse.
“What Ails Miss Willard?”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Frances Willard’s career from 1894 through 1896. Focusing many of her efforts in building up the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Willard emphasized the need for temperance women to work toward alleviating poverty. Grounded in Christian socialism, Willard confronted numerous critics, as well as wrestled with the ramifications of a new prohibition organization in the United States: the Anti-Saloon League. The chapter concludes by discussing Willard’s and Isabel Somerset’s effort in the summer and fall of 1896 to raise public support for Armenian refugees in southern France, who escaped the Armenian massacres propagated by the Ottoman Empire. While engaged in her work in Europe, Willard continued to grapple with significant problems in the United States, including ongoing disputes over the Woman’s Temple and whether the WCTU should continue to endorse the Prohibition Party.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The final chapter assesses Frances Willard’s historical significance and how her legacy has been reinterpreted since her death. Despite the efforts of Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) women like Lillian Stevens and Anna Gordon to preserve their friend’s Do Everything legacy, themes in Willard’s home protection message were appropriated by twentieth-century conservative leaders like Phyllis Schlafly to advocate for a pro-capitalist agenda associated with the religious right. At the same time, Willard’s home protection and religious language has emerged in progressive political figures like Hillary Clinton. While not always successful, Willard’s Do Everything philosophy grounded in her late-nineteenth-century religious idealism crafted one of the most important models of women’s activism in American history.
Aerial Environments on the Early Modern Stage
Authors: Preedy Chloe Kathleen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the early days of the professional English theatre, dramatists including Dekker, Greene, Heywood, Jonson, Marlowe, Middleton, and Shakespeare wrote for playhouses that, though enclosed by surrounding walls, remained open to the ambient air and the sky above. The drama written for performance at these open-air venues drew attention to and reflected on its own relationship to the space of the air. At a time when theories of the imagination emphasized dramatic performance’s reliance upon the air through which its staged fictions were presented, plays written for performance at open-air venues frequently draw attention to that element’s theatrical significance. This book considers the various ways in which the air is brought into presence within early modern drama. Analysing more than a hundred works that were performed at London’s open-air playhouses between 1576 and 1609, I evaluate how the various textual, theatrical, and staging effects used by early modern dramatists and those presenting their plays might have foregrounded the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre’s relationship to and impact on the actual air. I conclude that open-air drama’s ongoing attention to aerial imagery, actions, and representational strategies reflects an emerging dramaturgical consciousness that extended from the earth to encompass and make explicit the space of the air.
Accumulating Airy Matter
Authors: Preedy Chloe Kathleen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As those writing for the playhouses and playing companies of Elizabethan and Jacobean England sought to theorize the compositional and performative practices of a nascent commercial drama, they engaged with what might be described as an aerial technology. Contemporary understandings of cognitive and affective processes were underpinned by inherited models in which sights, sounds, and other sensory stimuli were understood to be transmitted and processed via the medium of air. Yet such associations were prospectively threatening for the early modern theatre, as antitheatricalists denounced fiction’s airy insubstantiality and contagious threat. This chapter explores how various Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists, including Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare, responded to these tensions in writing dramatic fictions that were formed from and realized through the air.
Working the Air
Authors: Preedy Chloe Kathleen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the potential kinaesthetic significance of the various early modern dramatic episodes in which characters employ mechanical and supernatural technologies to work with and through the air. Fictional merchants and sailors are depicted negotiating the unpredictable movements of the wind, finding success or disaster insofar as they are able to predict its unseen operations, in a reflection of this aerial force’s contemporary commercial, religious, and political significance. The related, prospectively martial connotations of harnessing the air’s propulsive and ascensive force are more explicitly advertised in dramatic episodes that imply or simulate the onstage release of projectiles or depict characters ascending into and flying through the upper regions of the elemental world. In representing fictional aerial technologies, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century playwrights such as Robert Greene and William Haughton responded to open-air drama’s often challenging interactions with and implication in the air, offering playgoers a kinetic fantasy of elemental control and aerial action that paralleled the ambitions of real-life inventors and hinted at the comparable aspirations of those involved with the early modern playhouses.
Manipulating the Atmosphere
Authors: Preedy Chloe Kathleen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The early modern dramatic representation of aerial technologies was complemented by effects that suggested a more sustained and transformative mode of atmospheric encounter. From the sprinkling of herbs to the simulated firing of towns, the professional English theatre depicted episodes that imagined—and might actually achieve—a material alteration in the aerial environment. Discursive olfactory prompts were often accompanied by visual signifiers, and some dramatists crafted plays that made sustained use of scented properties and effects. Dispersing from the stage into the space of the audience, the fumes of incense, tobacco, and sulphur-infused gunpowder would have exerted a powerful imaginative and perhaps material influence over the fictive and actual aerial environment(s) of the Elizabethan and Jacobean playhouses. Thus, by manipulating the atmospheric conditions of playgoing, early modern dramatists and companies further interrogated the aerial impact and prospective influence of their performed fictions.
One Baptism
Authors: Cockayne Joshua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of a baptismal liturgy as an instance of initiation into the community of the Church, reflecting on the implications of this initiation for how a new member relates to the group. First, it considers recent philosophical work on the nature of promises. It argues that the promises made in baptism might be understood as instances of what Margaret Gilbert has called ‘joint commitments’. As Gilbert shows, promising, understood as an instance of joint commitment, always entails certain obligations of both promisor and promisee, and the same is clearly true in the promises of baptism. However, whilst Gilbert’s account captures important features of baptismal obligations in local communities, it fares poorly when extending this to consider the relationship to the Church as a whole. These promises must be understood as a response to work of the persons of the Trinity, who determine the grounds of membership in the Church, rather than effecting the membership by itself. Here, the chapter unpacks John Calvin’s notion of baptism as a sign and seal of the work already achieved through Christ. Finally, the chapter considers how this position can be extended to think about the case of infant baptism. Understanding baptism not as an instance of personal testimony, but as an initiation into the family of the Church allows us to see that making commitments on behalf of a child can be made sense of within our understanding of the Church’s ontology.
Wondrous Deeds
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines how Odysseus responds to Alkinoos’ request for theskela erga (“wondrous deeds”) that challenges the authority exhibited by Arete in the intermezzo. This chapter raises questions about Odysseus’ place in hero song and reveals Arete’s even deeper role in structuring the epic. Odysseus’ performance takes his skills as a poet to new levels as he leverages both Homeric and Hesiodic conceptions of heroism, ultimately casting the theskela erga as deeds of a bygone era that should never be revisited. After Odysseus recodes the theskela erga as deeds that are less Homeric but more associated with both Herakles and the end of the Age of Heroes, he uses song sequencing techniques to shift his tale back to the place where he began his tale to Arete—his departure from Ogygia and the notional beginning of the Odyssey itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion briefly examines Arete’s final appearance in the epic that reinforces her status as a transitional and transformational figure. This chapter argues further that the Phaeacian episode as we have it is immanent to Odysseus’ recapitulation to Penelope, which itself is arguably an idealized performance of the epic. Likewise, the epic asks us to imagine the Phaeacians as fixtures of Odysseus’ transformation in kleos, making them integral to successive reperformances of the epic. Without these figures, Odysseus does not achieve nostos or kleos, so their existence in this song is critical not only for his renown but also for the shape and existence of the epic itself. The Conclusion closes with a brief reflection of Odysseus’ status as a man who is remembered selectively, at the mercy of those who suffered him, as a better, banal, and very human version of himself.
From Busboy Poet to an International Voice for the Working Masses
Authors: De Santis Christopher C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With the publication of startlingly original blues poetry and an essay that became a manifesto to young Black artists and writers in the United States, Langston Hughes emerged in the 1920s as one of the major literary voices of the Harlem Renaissance, a writer uncompromising in his position that a racial art which reflected and celebrated the distinctive cultural practices and productions of Black communities was a necessary component in challenging and resisting systems of racial oppression. Visits in the 1930s to Cuba, Haiti, the Soviet Union, China, Japan, Mexico, and Spain deepened Hughes’s understanding of global issues of race and class, and his increasingly radical writings and statements during this period coincided with his rise from a celebrity poet of Harlem to an international voice for the working masses.