TargetingEchinococcus multilocularisPIM kinase for improving anti-parasitic chemotherapy
Authors: Koike Akito , Becker Frank , Sennhenn Peter , Kim Jason , Zhang Jenny , Hannus Stefan , Brehm Klaus 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe potentially lethal zoonosis alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode larval stage of the tapewormEchinococcus multilocularis. Current AE treatment options are limited and rely on surgery as well as on chemotherapy involving benzimidazoles (BZ). BZ treatment, however, is parasitostatic only, must be given for prolonged time periods, and is associated with adverse side effects. Novel treatment options are thus urgently needed.Methodology/Principal findingsBy applying a broad range of kinase inhibitors toE. multilocularisstem cell cultures we identified the proto-oncogene PIM kinase as a promising target for anti-AE chemotherapy. The gene encoding the respectiveE. multilocularisortholog, EmPIM, was characterized andin situhybridization assays indicated its expression in parasite stem cells. By yeast two-hybrid assays we demonstrate interaction of EmPIM withE. multilocularisCDC25, indicating an involvement of EmPIM in parasite cell cycle regulation. Small molecule compounds SGI-1776 and CX-6258, originally found to effectively inhibit human PIM kinases, exhibited detrimental effects onin vitrocultured parasite metacestode vesicles and prevented the formation of mature vesicles from parasite stem cell cultures. To improve compound specificity for EmPIM, we applied a high throughputin silicomodelling approach, leading to the identification of compound Z196138710. When applied toin vitrocultured metacestode vesicles and parasite cell cultures, Z196138710 proved equally detrimental as SGI-1776 and CX-6258, but displayed significantly reduced toxicity towards human HEK293T and HepG2 cells.Conclusions/SignificanceRepurposing of kinase inhibitors initially designed to affect mammalian kinases for helminth disease treatment is often hampered by adverse side effects of respective compounds on human cells. Here we demonstrate the utility of high throughputin silicoapproaches to design small molecule compounds of higher specificity for parasite cells. We propose EmPIM as a promising target for respective approaches towards AE treatment.Author summaryThe larva of the tapewormE. multilocularisgrows tumor-like within the host liver, thus causing the lethal disease alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Anti-parasitic treatment relies on chemotherapy with benzimidazoles, which do not kill the parasite and must be applied for years. As druggable enzymes with key functions in growth control, protein kinases are promising drug targets and many kinase inhibitors have been identified during cancer research. Optimized for binding to human kinases, however, repurposing of such drugs for parasitic disease treatment is associated with adverse side effects. Herein, the authors applied anin silicoapproach to identify small molecule compounds that show higher specificity for a parasite kinase, EmPIM, over its mammalian homologs. The authors demonstrate expression of EmPIM inEchinococcusstem cells, which are the drivers of parasite growth, and show that mammalian PIM kinase inhibitors SGI-1776 and CX-6258 also affect parasite developmentin vitro. Finally, they show that one of thein silicoscreened compounds is equally effective against the parasite as SGI-1776 and CX-6258, but significantly less toxic to human cells. These results demonstrate the utility ofin silicoapproaches to identify parasite-specific kinase inhibitors.