bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ypsilandrosides U-Y, five new steroidal saponins from Ypsilandra thibetica
Authors: Gao Wen-Tao , Yu Ling-Ling , Xie Jing , Xiao Long-Gao , Zhang Shi-Juan , Ma Wen-Yi , Yan Huan , Liu Hai-Yang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPhytochemical reinvestigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandrathibetica obtained four new spirostanol glycosides, named ypsilandrosides U-X (1–4), and one new cholestanol glycoside, named ypsilandroside Y (5). Their structures have been established by extensive spectroscopic data and chemical methods. Among them, compound 4 is a rare spirostanol glycoside which possesses a novel 5(6 → 7) abeo-steroidal aglycone, while compound 1 is a first spirostanol bisdesmoside attached to C-3 and C-12, respectively, isolated from the genus Ypsilandra. The induced platelet aggregation activity of the isolates was tested.
Graphical Abstract
Decoupling of Internal and External Workload During a Marathon: An Analysis of Durability in 82,303 Recreational Runners
Authors: Smyth Barry , Maunder Ed , Meyler Samuel , Hunter Ben , Muniz-Pumares Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Aim
This study characterised the decoupling of internal-to-external workload in marathon running and investigated whether decoupling magnitude and onset could improve predictions of marathon performance.

Methods
The decoupling of internal-to-external workload was calculated in 82,303 marathon runners (13,125 female). Internal workload was determined as a percentage of maximum heart rate, and external workload as speed relative to estimated critical speed (CS). Decoupling magnitude (i.e., decoupling in the 35–40 km segment relative to the 5–10 km segment) was classified as low (< 1.1), moderate (≥ 1.1 but < 1.2) or high (≥ 1.2). Decoupling onset was calculated when decoupling exceeded 1.025.

Results
The overall internal-to-external workload decoupling experienced was 1.16 ± 0.22, first detected 25.2 ± 9.9 km into marathon running. The low decoupling group (34.5% of runners) completed the marathon at a faster relative speed (88 ± 6% CS), had better marathon performance (217.3 ± 33.1 min), and first experienced decoupling later in the marathon (33.4 ± 9.0 km) compared to those in the moderate (32.7% of runners, 86 ± 6% CS, 224.9 ± 31.7 min, and 22.6 ± 7.7 km), and high decoupling groups (32.8% runners, 82 ± 7% CS, 238.5 ± 30.7 min, and 19.1 ± 6.8 km; all p < 0.01). Compared to females, males’ decoupling magnitude was greater (1.17 ± 0.22 vs. 1.12 ± 0.16; p < 0.01) and occurred earlier (25.0 ± 9.8 vs. 26.3 ± 10.6 km; p < 0.01). Marathon performance was associated with the magnitude and onset of decoupling, and when included in marathon performance models utilising CS and the curvature constant, prediction error was reduced from 6.45 to 5.16%.

Conclusion
Durability characteristics, assessed as internal-to-external workload ratio, show considerable inter-individual variability, and both its magnitude and onset are associated with marathon performance.
What Is “Socioeconomic Position (SEP),” and How Might It Modify Air Pollution-Health Associations? Cohering Findings, Identifying Challenges, and Disentangling Effects of SEP and Race in US City Settings
Authors: Clougherty Jane E. , Humphrey Jamie L. , Kinnee Ellen J. , Remigio Richard , Sheffield Perry E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewEnvironmental epidemiology has long considered socioeconomic position (SEP) to be an important confounder of pollution effects on health, given that, in the USA, lower-income and minority communities are often disproportionately exposed to pollution. In recent decades, a growing literature has revealed that lower-SEP communities may also be more susceptible to pollution. Given the vast number of material and psychosocial stressors that vary by SEP, however, it is unclear which specific aspects of SEP may underlie this susceptibility. As environmental epidemiology engages more rigorously with issues of differential susceptibility, it is pertinent to define SEP more clearly, to disentangle its many aspects, and to move towards identifying causal components. Myriad stressors and exposures vary with SEP, with effects accumulating and interacting over the lifecourse.Here, we ask: In the context of environmental epidemiology, how do we meaningfully characterize”SEP”?Recent FindingsIn answering this question, it is critical to acknowledge that SEP, stressors, and pollution are differentially distributed by race in US cities. These distributions have been shaped by neighborhood sorting and race-based residential segregation rooted in historical policies and processes (e.g., redlining), which have served to concentrate wealth and opportunities for education and employment in predominantly-white communities. As a result, it is now profoundly challenging to separate SEP from race in the urban US setting.SummaryHere, we cohere evidence from our recent and on-going studies aimed at disentangling synergistic health effects among SEP-related stressors and pollutants. We consider an array of SEP-linked social stressors, and discuss persistent challenges in this epidemiology, many of which are related to spatial confounding among multiple pollutants and stressors. Combining quantitative results with insights from qualitative data on neighborhood perceptions and stress (including violence and police-community relations), we offer a lens towards unpacking the complex interplay among SEP, community stressors, race, and pollution in US cities.
Digital Light Processing 3D-Printed Ceramic Metamaterials for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Zhou Rui , Wang Yansong , Liu Ziyu , Pang Yongqiang , Chen Jianxin , Kong Jie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Combining 3D printing with precursor-derived ceramic for fabricating electromagnetic (EM) wave-absorbing metamaterials has attracted great attention. This study presents a novel ultraviolet-curable polysiloxane precursor for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing to fabricate ceramic parts with complex geometry, no cracks and linear shrinkage. Guiding with the principles of impedance matching, attenuation, and effective-medium theory, we design a cross-helix-array metamaterial model based on the complex permittivity constant of precursor-derived ceramics. The corresponding ceramic metamaterials can be successfully prepared by DLP printing and subsequent pyrolysis process, achieving a low reflection coefficient and a wide effective absorption bandwidth in the X-band even under high temperature. This is a general method that can be extended to other bands, which can be realized by merely adjusting the unit structure of metamaterials. This strategy provides a novel and effective avenue to achieve “target-design-fabricating” ceramic metamaterials, and it exposes the downstream applications of highly efficient and broad EM wave-absorbing materials and structures with great potential applications.
Corruption and firms’ efficiency: international evidence using an instrumental variable approach
Authors: Aldieri Luigi , Barra Cristian , Ruggiero Nazzareno , Paolo Vinci Concetto 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing a sample of firms over the 2002–2010 period relative to the US, Europe, and Japan, this paper investigates the effects of control of corruption on firms’ efficiency. Our econometric analysis is developed into two main steps. In the first step, we rely on the application of the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to estimate firm-level efficiency. We then regress the derived efficiency scores against the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) control of corruption indicator, through an Instrumental Variable approach, where the ICRG index is instrumented using a measure of ethnolinguistic fractionalization. The evidence reported in the paper indicates that improved control of corruption systematically enhances firms’ efficiency. We also rely on a direct approach, in which we assess the impact of corruption on R&D expenditures and the number of registered patents and show that improved control of corruption stimulates both of these dimensions of innovation, though the impact is higher, in magnitude and significance, for patents. The evidence reported in this paper, which is robust to alternative specifications of the production technology, to an alternative instrumentation strategy and to the aggregation of firm-level information, brings relevant implications in terms of policy.
Nanomechanical subsurface characterisation of cellulosic fibres
Authors: Auernhammer Julia , Langhans Markus , Schäfer Jan-Lukas , Keil Tom , Meckel Tobias , Biesalski Markus , Stark Robert W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe mechanical properties of single fibres are highly important in the paper production process to produce and adjust properties for the favoured fields of application. The description of mechanical properties is usually characterised via linearized assumptions and is not resolved locally or spatially in three dimensions. In tensile tests or nanoindentation experiments on cellulosic fibres, only mechanical parameter for the whole fibre, such as elastic modulus or hardness, is usually obtained. To obtain a more detailed mechanical picture of the fibre, it is crucial to determine mechanical properties in depth. To this end, we discuss an atomic force microscopy-based approach to examine stepwise the local stiffness as a function of indentation depth via static force-distance curves. To our knowledge, we are the first authors to apply this method cellulosic fibres. The method was applied to linter fibres (extracted from a finished paper sheet) as well as to natural raw cotton fibres to better understand the influence of the pulp treatment process in paper production on the mechanical properties. Both types of fibres were characterised in dry and wet conditions with respect to alterations in their mechanical properties. The used stepwise analysis method of the force-distance curves allowed subsurface imaging of the fibres. It could be revealed how the walls in the fibre structure protects the fibre against mechanical loading. Via a combined 3D display of the mapped topography and the fitted elastic moduli in z-direction, a spatially resolved mechanical map of the fibre interior near the surface could be established. Additionally, we labelled the fibres with different carbohydrate binding modules tagged with fluorescent proteins to compare the AFM results with fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. Nanomechanical subsurface imaging in combination with fluorescent protein labelling is thus a tool to better understand the mechanical behaviour of cellulosic fibres, which have a complex, hierarchical structure.Graphical abstract
Some phytochemical and functional properties of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaf protein concentrates obtained from three locations in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Enenya Ikenna Gabriel , Agbonghae Osagie Wisdom , Nwokoro Smart Obiajuru , Onyeaka Helen , Agbugba Ikechi Kelechi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis research was conducted to determine some phytochemicals and functional properties of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaf protein concentrates obtained from three locations in Edo State, Nigeria. Pawpaw leaves were obtained from the University of Benin (location A), Oluku (location B) and Ekenwan (location C), and they were processed into leaf protein concentrates in triplicates using heat coagulation method. The resultant pawpaw leaf protein concentrates (PLPC) were analyzed for their phytochemical and functional properties. The results from the phytochemical analysis showed that tannin was absent in PLPC in all three locations. Saponin was high in location A, only present in location C, but absent in location B. Flavonoids and phytates were present in samples from all locations. In contrast, alkaloids and oxalates were absent in all locations. The results from the analysis of functional properties showed that protein solubility was highest in location B, having a value of 0.82 ± 0.07% and lowest in location A, having a value of 0.5 ± 0.02%. Water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity were highest in location B, with values of 1.33 ± 0.15 g/g and 1.9 ± 0 g/g, respectively and lowest in location C, with values of 0.63 ± 0.07 g/g and 1.16 ± 0.38 g/g, respectively. The forming capacity and forming stability were highest in location A, having values of 22.49 ± 1.28% and 98.78 ± 0.62%, respectively and lowest in location B, with values of 8.77 ± 0.31% and 89.39 ± 9.37%, respectively. Fat emulsion capacity was highest in location C (45.32 ± 0.32%) and lowest in location A (37.47 ± 0.43%). Fat emulsion stability for all locations was 100%. The least gelation capacity for locations B and C had the same value of 16%, and that of location A had a value of 14.7%. The results obtained in this study suggest that pawpaw leaf protein concentrate has the potential as an alternative protein source for livestock and man.
Multiple complicated concurrent hernias with rare findings: A case report
Authors: Ali Mahamudu Ayamba , Hagbevor Israel , Abedi Emmanuel 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:
Occult hernias mostly are asymptomatic with no positive signs on physical examination. They are difficult to diagnose before surgery, especially in resource-deprived health facilities with no advanced imaging or endo-laparoscopic setup. As the standard treatment in such centres, open surgery is traumatic, has slow recovery, and has many complications.

Case presentation:
A 76-year female with many predisposing factors presented with typical clinical symptoms and physical examination of complicated hernias. An incidental left Amyand hernia and right occult femoral hernia with incarcerated ovary was detected upon a further right femoral region exploration. She had a rare successful same time multiple hernia repairs after visceral surgeries with unremarkable recovery.

Clinical discussion:
We initially believed her concurrent overt multiple hernias rather than concealed hernia with other rare viscera involvement noticed during surgery was responsible for her symptoms.

Conclusion:
Groins herniation points must be explored for occult hernias and complicated viscera in overt symptomatic multiple concurrent hernias.
Robot-assisted donor nephrectomy: Initial results and comparison with the hand-assisted laparoscopic technique. A retrospective study
Authors: Idu Mirza M. , Bemelman Frederike , Nurmohamed Azam , van der Pant Karlijn 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
The aim of this study is to evaluate feasibility and safety of robotic-assisted donor nephrectomy (RADN) as compared with the hand-assisted laparoscopic technique (HALDN).

Patient and methods:
This is a retrospective study of the first 83 consecutive RADN procedures which were compared with a group of 103 consecutive HALDN procedures.

Results:
The median operating time in the RADN group and the HALDN group were respectively 173 (SD = 37) and 137 (SD = 29) min (p = 0.000). The mean first warm ischemia time (min, SD) in the RADN and HALDN group were respectively 2.60 (0.78) and 2.15 (0.38) (p = 0.000). The median blood loss (ml, SD) in the RADN and HALDN group were respectively 33 (87) and 64 (146) ml (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in post-operative pain-score, post-operative length of stay and complications between the two groups. There were also no statistically significant differences in recipient serum creatinine at 1 week and 1 month after transplantation. The median recipients eGFR (CKD-EPI) at 1 week in the RADN and HALDN group were respectively 50 (SD = 20) and 38 (SD = 19) (p = 0.018) and at 1 month respectively 52 (SD = 16) and 47 (SD = 15) ml/min/1.73m2 (p = 0.090).

Conclusion:
Robotic-assisted donor nephrectomy is an evolving technique which is safe for the donor and for the graft.

Highligts
The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors with stunting among under-five children in Hawassa City, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Kibemo Berhanu , Mulugeta Afework , Hailu Dejene , Gelaw Baye 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Undernutrition in children is a challenging problem in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Stunting is the most prevalent form of undernutrition. The majority of studies on childhood stunting and its associated factors focused on children, maternal and socioeconomic components. However, a few studies reported poor WaSH status and antibiotic exposure as environmental risk factors for child stunting, and the case of socio-demographic factors also lacks consistency. Concerning this, there is a lack of information in Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study assessed the association of socio-demographic, WaSH, and antibiotic exposure with stunting among under-five children. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 340 mother–child pairs. Anthropometric data were collected using standard and calibrated height and weight scales. For factorial data, an interviewer-guided standard questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors determining childhood stunting. In the present study, the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 14⋅7 % (95 % CI 10⋅9, 18⋅5), 4⋅4 % (95 % CI 2⋅4, 6⋅8) and 2⋅1 % (95 % CI 0⋅6, 3⋅5), respectively. Low dietary diversity, being born from a mother with an education level of secondary school, and belonging to a female-headed household were positively associated (P < 0⋅05) with stunting. The prevalence of overall undernutrition was lower (21⋅2 %) in the study area. Stunting was significantly associated with dietary diversity, maternal educational level and sex of households head. The government policy should focus on enhancing the dietary diversity of households, and encouraging women's education.
Quaternary ironstones in the Xingu River, eastern Amazonia (Brazil)
Authors: Freire Marília Prado , Góes Ana Maria , Fairchild Thomas Rich , Gautheron Cécile , Parra Mauricio , Pupim Fabiano Nascimento , Bertassoli Junior Dailson José , de Sousa Leandro Melo , Hartmann Gelvam André , Pinna-Jamme Rosella , Sawakuchi André Oliveira 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing a multimethod approach, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), SEM with mineral liberation analyzer (MLA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, we examined sub-recent ferruginous crusts in the Xingu River in the Amazon Basin that have formed since the Early Pleistocene (<1.2 Ma), as indicated by (U-Th)/He dating of goethite. Although now preserved as goethite, the size and form of the smallest components of the ironstone (nanorods) and the nature of isomorphic substitution in the goethite point to very early transformation of the original precipitate, an unstable hydrous ferrous oxide (HFO) mineral, into goethite. The fine, multiply undulating laminae of the ironstone contain abundant filamentous microbial molds and casts that together support identification of the crusts as ferruginous microbialites and suggest a role of bioinduction/bioinfluence in ironstone precipitation, although inorganic precipitation is also evident. The Xingu Quaternary ironstones are the first evidence of ferruginous microbialite in a modern freshwater system in South America and may hold clues to the recent history of the Xingu River.
Role of creatine supplementation on the myofibre characteristics and muscle protein synthesis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
Authors: Tian Juan , Cheng Xiaoli , Yu Lijuan , Jiang Ming , Gao Weihua , Lu Xing , Zhang Wenbing , Wen Hua 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTo assess the role of dietary creatine on myofibre characteristics and protein synthesis in muscle, we fed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus, initial body weight: 88·47 ± 1·44 g) creatine-supplemented diets (1·84, 5·91, 8·48 and 15·44 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. Creatine supplementation did not affect growth performance, but significantly increased creatine contents in muscle and liver. At 8·48 g/kg, creatine decreased the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and improved hardness and chewiness of muscle due to shorter myofibre mean diameter, higher myofibre density and the frequencies of the diameters of classes I and III and collagen content, longer sarcomere length and upregulated mRNA levels of slow myosin heavy chains. Creatine supplementation upregulated the mRNA expressions of myogenic regulatory factors. The 8·48 g/kg creatine-supplemented diet significantly increased the contents of protein, total amino acids (AA), essential AA and free flavour AAs in muscle, the protein levels of insulin-like growth factor I, myogenic differentiation antigen and PPAR-γ coactlvator-1α in muscle and stimulated the phosphorylation of target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in muscle. In summary, 8·48 mg/kg creatine improved fish health and skeletal muscle growth and increased hardness and protein synthesis in muscle of grass carp by affecting myofibre characteristics and the TOR signalling pathway. A second-order regression model revealed that the optimal dietary creatine supplementation of grass carp ranges between 8·48 and 12·04 g/kg.
Communication between the Militants of the ‘8 October’ Revolutionary Movement and the Peasants of Brotas de Macaúbas, Bahia, Brazil (1969–71)
Authors: Teló Fabricio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDuring the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–85), the Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro (‘8 October’ Revolutionary Movement, MR-8) attempted to mobilise peasants for its revolutionary project. This article analyses communication between MR-8 militants and peasants in Brotas de Macaúbas, Bahia. Based on interviews and document analysis, it documents the central role of José Campos Barreto (Zequinha) as a leader in this political process. The son of a local family, Zequinha enjoyed the respect of peasants and relied on his knowledge of their lives to better communicate with them. While the MR-8 made some inroads with peasants, its work in the region was prematurely ended when agents of the state descended on Brotas to arrest Carlos Lamarca, one of the dictatorship's most wanted militants.
Alternate Attendance Parades in the Japanese Domain of Satsuma, Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries: Pottery, Power and Foreign Spectacle
Authors: Clements Rebekah 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study examines the practice of ‘alternate attendance’ (sankin kōtai), in which the daimyo lords of Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868) marched with their retainers between their home territories and the shogunal capital of Edo, roughly once a year. Research on alternate attendance has focused on the meaning of daimyo processions outside their domains (han), along Japan's highways and in the city of Edo. Here I argue that, even as daimyo embarked upon a journey to pay obeisance to the shogun, the ambiguous nature of sovereignty in early modern Japan meant that alternate attendance could also be used for a local agenda, ritually stamping the daimyo's territory with signs of his dominance, much like what has been highlighted in the study of royal processions in world history. I focus on the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, providing a case study of visits made by the Shimazu family, lords of Satsuma domain, to a village of Korean potters within their territory, whose antecedents had been brought as captives during the Imjin War of 1592–8. During daimyo visits, a relationship of mutual benefit and fealty between the Shimazu and the villagers was articulated through gift-giving, banqueting, dance and displays of local wares. This in turn was used to consolidate Shimazu power in their region.