bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sweet Corn Insect Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Randell Roscoe , Eastman Catherine E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Gold Cup' sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plant spacing was 30 inches with 26,100 plants/acre. Plots consisted of 2 rows × 50 ft, with 25-ft alley ways between each replication. The design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made to the 2 middle rows with the outer 2 rows left untreated. In the insecticide efficacy trial, applications were made on 23, 25, 28, 31 Aug and 3 Sep corresponding to 0, 2, 5, 8, and 11 d after the first appearance of silks (DAS). In the Capture 2 EC spray-timing study, the insecticide was applied only once (2 DAT), twice (2 and 5 DAT), or 3 times (2, 5, and 8 DAT). Insecticide applications were made with a modified John Deere 6000 (HCV). A 10-ft boom equipped with Conejet TXSS12 hollow cone nozzles (2 nozzles/ row on 30-inch drop pipes) was mounted on the rear of the HCV. Sprays were directed at the ear zone of the plants. Treatments were delivered with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 31.4 gal/acre at 60 psi at a speed of 3 mph. On 14 Sep, 25 ears were collected from the 2 middle rows in each plot on 14 Sep. Each ear was examined for insect damage and classified as (1) no insect damage, (2) damage only on the tip, (3) damage only on the side, and (4) tip damage is extended to at least 1.5 inches to the side or both tip and side damage present. The number of ECB, CEW, and FAW larvae on or in the ear was also recorded.
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Classic' eggplant transplants were planted in 15 ft rows on 7 Jun with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun; 5, 11, 18 and 25 Jul; 2, 9 and 16 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 8 and 15 Aug from 5 plants.
Onion Thrips Control, 1990
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Korpal K. , Merritt M. , Potter M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Benny's Red' onions were direct seeded on 5 May, at Bassore Farm's Inc., Stockbridge, Mich. Plots were 7.62 m long with 40.6 cm spacing between rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. One buffer row was left unsprayed between each treatment plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a 2 nozzle boom (each nozzle directing spray over a single row), at 2.8 kg/cm2 and 280.6 liter/ha. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul, and 3, 9, and 16 Aug. On 31 Jul, prior to the first spray, a sampling for thrips was made. Ten samples were randomly collected from the field, each sample consisted of ten consecutive plants from a treatment row. Thrips were collected from each plant by rinsing the leaf bases of the plants with 75% ethanol. The rinse (with thrips) was collected in cups and returned to the lab. The rinse was filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips were counted (classified as adults or larvae) using a binocular microscope. On 2, 6, 10, and 17 Aug, 10 consecutive plants/plot were randomly selected and the number of thrips were determined as noted above.
Onion Maggot Control Using Pelleted Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, N.Y. on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder which planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Trigard 75 WP was applied to the seed by mixing it with 140 mesh sand and pelleting it using a copper pan treater and air brush. Progrow (Vitavax and Thiram) was included in the coating of each treatment at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of seed for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae).
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Natural Product Insecticides, Grand Forks, 1990
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Flanders Kathy L. , Hansen Roger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX 1806), B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Trident and BK-102) and azadirachtin (Margosan-O) from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Plots were planted 15 May at the Research Farm, Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, N.D. Plots were 6 rows wide, 16.8 (55 ft) long, with 91 cm (36 inches) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 inches) between plants. The two center rows of each plot were planted with certified 'Red Pontiac' seed pieces, the remaining four rows were planted with certified, B-size, 'Russet Burbank.' Plots were separated on all sides by 1.8 m (6 ft) of cultivated soil. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. Plots were scouted daily from CPB egg masses beginning 21 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch. Three basic spray schedules were used: first application at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent application on either a 7 d or 10 d schedule, or first application at 30% hatch of all eggs (unflagged) laid on or before that sampling date and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 1-3 times for each generation of CPB larvae: 29 Jun (30% hatch of flagged eggs—1st generation) 2 Jul (30% total hatch—1st generation), 5,9, 12, 16, 19 and 31 Jul (30% hatch of flagged eggs—2nd generation), 6 Aug (30% total hatch—2nd generation), 10, 13 and 14 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters water/ha (40 gal/ acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi). All data were collected from the two center rows of each plot. CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 20 randomly selected whole plants per plot, PLH nymphs were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves per plot. Leaf loss to defoliation (by CPB) and hopperbum (injury caused by PLH) were estimated visually (by 2 individuals per sampling date) as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 4, 10 and 17 Jul, and 1, 8 and 17 Aug; defoliation was estimated on 10, 17 and 24 Jul, 1, 8 and 15 Aug; PLH were counted on 4, 10, 17 and 24 Jul, 1, 8 and 17 Aug; hopperbum was estimated on 1, 8 and 15 Aug. Insect data and plant injury ratings were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury × number of days elapsed (= Area under Curve). AUC for CPB was calculated separately for 1st and 2nd generations, and then summed. Yields were obtained 2 Oct by harvesting one center row from each plot. Two way analysis of variance was used to test for treatment differences in pest densities, plant injury and yield. The 1990 growing season at Grand Forks was characterized by severe drought from late Jun through harvest.
Early Season ECB Control on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, NH. The experimental design consisted of 19 treatments in a randomized complete block with four replications. 'Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted on 9 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each insecticide treatment was applied two times at either a 5-day or 8-day interval between applications starting at the late whorl growth stage (when approximately one-half of the plants have tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). The insecticide treatments were applied using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. On 19 Jun, just prior to the first insecticide application, an evaluation was made of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury. The percentage of plants with ECB injured tassels was determined on 16 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest (5 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury to both stalks and ears.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sparys, 1991
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 21 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. When 10% of the plants were in the silking stage, spray applications of 17 insecticide treatments were initiated using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 30.3 gal/acre. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on each side of the plant on 13, 16, 19, and 23 Aug. On 17 Aug the block was subjected to high winds associated with Hurricane Bob that caused most of the plants to layover. On 18 Aug each plant had to be straightened up and soil packed around its base to allow passage of the sprayperson between the rows. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 3 and 4 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or larval feeding injury.
Control of Ear-Infesting Lepidoptera in Pennsylvania, Tests with Microbials, A Soap, and a General-Use Option, 1990
Authors: Fleischer S. J. , Spangler S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Alpine' sweet corn was planted on 6 Jun at the Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, about 10 miles west of University Park. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four blocks and five treatments. Plots (treatments within blocks) were two rows wide by 36 ft long, with 2 “guard rows” on each side; rows were planted 5.5 ft apart. Blocks were separated lengthwise by 10-ft alleyways. These alleyways were used to flush previous spray material from the system. Sprays were delivered with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with CO2-pressurized canisters and two nozzles/ row set at tassel height at a 45° downward angle. Sprays were applied at a rate of 46 gal/acre, with nozzle pressure at 50 psi, and tractor speed at 2.6 mph. Visual observations indicated that the sprays were effectively covering the ear-producing area of the plants. Sprays were applied from green silk to within 5 d of harvest on 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, and 26 Aug. At harvest maturity (1 Sep), three samples of 12 ears were picked from each plot (total of 36 ears/plot). For each 12-ear sample, evaluations were made of tip damage and side damage from Lepidoptera, and the number of larvae for each insect species was recorded. These values were converted to percent values. Transformed means per plot from the three samples were used as the dependent variable in an ANOVA, for calculating mean separations.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 11 Jun '91. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at late whorl-early tassel (30 Jul); 50% silk (3 Aug) and 4 days later (7 Aug). At harvest (15 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Dry conditions prevailed during most of the growing season. Insect pressure was moderate.
Control of Fall Armyworm on Whorl Stage Corn, 1991
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 3 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Four row plots, 20 ft long on 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized wheel barrow sprayer using one nozzle/row delivering 26.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from the center 2 rows from each plot, unrolled and the numbers of infested plants counted 13 Aug.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Bishop B. , Graflus E. , Henry P. , Roragen K. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Linn M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trials were conducted at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm in Entrican, Michigan. Potatoes were planted on 29 April. Plots were 40 ft long and 3 rows wide (34 inch row spacing), in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks)/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated either by 6 ft of bare ground, or 2 rows of potatoes that had been treated with Temik 15 G (3 lb All acre) in furrow at planting. Granular systemic treatments applied at planting were sprinkled over the furrow directly over the seed piece. The Temik sidedressed treatment was applied on 24 May by sprinkling the insecticide over the row just prior to hilling. Foliar treatments were applied using a tractormounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with 3 nozzles/row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over the top of the plant, and the other nozzles directed the spray to the sides of the plant. Foliar sprays were applied on 23, 30 Jun, 6, 13, 21, and 28 Jul. Insecticide-effectiveness was evaluated by counting the number of insects on entire, randomly selected plants. On 7 and 22 Jun, 2 plants/plot in the Temik-treatments, and 48-50 plants from the remaining area were sampled. On 27 Jun, 5, 11, 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug, 2 plants were sampled in each plot. Plots were visually assessed for damage rating on 5, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug. On 26 Sep the middle row of each plot was harvested. Tubers were separated by size and weighed.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thuringiebisis-Transgenic Potato Plants for CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, 1991
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Pyle A. , Parker G. , Stone T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transgenic and nontransformed seed potatoes were planted on 20 May at the Michigan State University, Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, MI. Treatment rows were 10 ft long, 12 in. within the row and 34 in. between rows, and were bordered by a row of commercial 'Russet Burbank' potatoes and a blank row. Treatments included four Btt transformed minitubers, a nontransformed minituber, commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed, and commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed yielding plants that were treated with Asana XL and PBO (0.05 lb Al/acre and 8.0 oz/acre, respectively) weekly from 6 Jun, through 8 Aug. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on the center six plants of each treatment twice weekly from 19 Jun through 9 Aug. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating on 8 Jul.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato-Infesting Aphids, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aphid foliar and systemic experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated six times. Experiments were conducted at Preseque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. The planting dates were I 21 and 20 May respectively. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 28 Jun in the foliar 1 experiment. These areas were left fallow in the other experiment. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the whole 'Katahdin' seed pieces (ca. 75 g) were planted 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by three foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Furrow j applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were i made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 940 liters/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle row of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior I to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logi0(x + 1) for Aphid-B. Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2, Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.1, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Bioinsecticides, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Superior' potatoes were planted 1 Mar, near Nixonton, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 2 May (all materials) and 9 May (MYX-1806, Trident II, and Novodor at 1 and 2 qt rates). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot and visual damage ratings were made 9 and 14 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 10 Jun.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults in Squash with Various Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Squash was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 7 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 1 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. SPWF adults were counted on the third expanded leaf from the growing point prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Untreated plants were interspaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adults for reinfestation. SPWF adults were counted on the third leaf 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Bartlett's Test for homogeneity of variance indicated that a square root transformation of means was needed for analysis of variance.
Control of Leafminers and Armyworms on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 5 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 4, 12, 18, 26 Oct, 1, 7, 15, and 21 Nov. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 60 gal/acre on the first spray, 85 gal/acre the next spray, 150 gal/acre the next two sprays, and 185 gal/acre for the final four sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 7 Dec, the number of small (&lt;0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long) Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit were harvested on 7 and 27 Nov and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm) were determined.
Insecticides for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three, 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 7-8 and 12-13 Jun. Spraying was interrupted during the first application because of a 2-3 inch rain. Spraying was interrupted during the second application because of a sprayer break-down. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used 8 hollow cone nozzles/row fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th and 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 5 Jun and 14-15 Jun (2 DAT). The numbers of live and dead crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted on a 12 mm disk from each leaflet. The percentage of dead crawlers and sessile nymphs was calculated. The percentage of dead pupae was not calculated since previous laboratory and greenhouse evaluations had indicated that the treatments would not inflict high pupal mortality. Therefore, the numbers of live pupae were used as a representation of the numbers of individuals surviving the crawler and sessile nymphs stages. Percentage data were transformed to the arcsine of the square root of the proportion before analyses but are presented in the original scale.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Sunny' tomatoes were transplanted 25 May, near Benson, NC using a row spacing of 60 in. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long, separated by 5 ft alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 6, 13, 20, 27 Jul, and 6 Aug. Fruit was harvested and the percent damaged or infested determined on 2, 6, 13, and 16 Aug.