bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical model for predicting activation pressure and flow rate of pressure-compensating inline drip emitters and its use in low-pressure emitter design
Authors: Sokol Julia , Narain Jaya , Costello Jeffrey , McLaurin Tristan , Kumar Dheekshita , Winter Amos G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDrip irrigation has the potential to help farmers increase crop production with lower on-farm water consumption than flood or sprinkler irrigation; yet, its high costs keep it out of reach for many smallholder farmers, who make up about 20$$\%$$
%
of the world’s population. Pressure-compensating (PC) drip emitters enable uniform water delivery to all crops in a field by regulating the emitter flow rate, but typically require high pumping pressures, contributing to high capital and operating costs for the pump and power system. Redesigning PC emitters for lower pressure operation could enable more energy-efficient and affordable drip systems. However, the current lack of published design theory for PC emitters hinders the development of emitters with desired hydraulic performance. To address this gap, we present an analytical, parametric model for the hydraulic behavior (i.e., the flow rate versus pressure curve) of inline PC emitters before the flow-regulating regime. We combine this model with a validated prototyping method to demonstrate its utility in the design of PC emitters with target activation pressures and flow rates, and demonstrate a sample design that achieves 38$$\%$$
%
lower activation pressure than commercial emitters with similar flow rates. The proposed model sheds light on the parametric relationships between PC emitter geometry and performance. It may inform R&D efforts in the irrigation industry and lead to improved emitter designs with low operating pressures, helping reduce drip system costs and increase access to drip irrigation among smallholder farmers.
The effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, yield, and berry quality of grapevines (cv. Sangiovese) grafted on rootstocks with different resistance to water deficit
Authors: Caruso Giovanni , Palai Giacomo , Gucci Riccardo , D’Onofrio Claudio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the effect of full irrigation (FI), pre-veraison water deficit (RDI 1), or post-veraison water deficit (RDI 2) on growth, yield, and berry quality in container-grown, mature vines of cv. Sangiovese grafted onto either 1103P or SO4 rootstock over two consecutive growing seasons. Deficit irrigation regimes significantly affected vine water status of both rootstocks before and after veraison. Trunk diameter (TD) increment was markedly affected when water was restricted early, but not in the post-veraison period. Deficit irrigation from fruit set to veraison inhibited vegetative growth (TD, canopy volume, and weight of pruned wood) more than that applied from veraison to harvest. Yield was unaffected by either irrigation or rootstock in both years. Irrigation had a marked effect on berry and juice quality: the RDI 1 treatment induced the highest berry anthocyanin concentration, and the lowest titratable acidity (TA), which, instead, increased in the RDI 2 treatment. RDI treatments did not modify berry dry weight, soluble solid content, TA, anthocyanins, and epicarp total phenols in vines on both rootstocks.
Performance of polarization-sensitive neurons of the locust central complex at different degrees of polarization
Authors: Hensgen Ronja , Zittrell Frederick , Pfeiffer Keram , Homberg Uwe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe polarization pattern of the sky is exploited by many insects for spatial orientation and navigation. It derives from Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere and depends directly on the position of the sun. In the insect brain, the central complex (CX) houses neurons tuned to the angle of polarization (AoP), that together constitute an internal compass for celestial navigation. Polarized light is not only characterized by the AoP, but also by the degree of polarization (DoP), which can be highly variable, depending on sky conditions. Under a clear sky, the DoP of polarized sky light may reach up to 0.75 but is usually much lower especially when light is scattered by clouds or haze. To investigate how the polarization-processing network of the CX copes with low DoPs, we recorded intracellularly from neurons of the locust CX at different stages of processing, while stimulating with light of different DoPs. Significant responses to polarized light occurred down to DoPs of 0.05 indicating reliable coding of the AoP even at unfavorable sky conditions. Moreover, we found that the activity of neurons at the CX input stage may be strongly influenced by nearly unpolarized light, while the activity of downstream neurons appears less affected.
Feedback of tropical cyclones on El Niño diversity. Part II: possible mechanism and prediction
Authors: Wang Qiuyun , Li Jianping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPart I of this study has shown that the tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) can affect El Niño diversity. In this part, we further explore the possible mechanism of this phenomenon: Compared with the composite situation of all El Niño months, when the preceding (3 months earlier) accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is strong, the Walker circulation is further weakened and the east–west thermocline gradient is reduced. The eastward transport of warm sea water over the western Pacific is enhanced, the center of the maximum positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is located in the equatorial eastern Pacific, supporting for the development of the eastern-Pacific (EP) El Niño. In contrast, compared with the composite situation of all El Niño months, when the preceding ACE is weak, the Walker circulation is enhanced and the east–west thermocline gradient is strengthened. Thus, the center of the maximum positive SST anomalies is limited to the equatorial central Pacific, supporting for the development of the central-Pacific (CP) El Niño. The modulation of thermocline depth by the WNP TCs mainly results from Kelvin wave propagation and Ekman pumping. In addition, WNP TCs are verified to contribute to the prediction of both the phase-locking of the peak of EP and CP El Niño events and the rapid decrease in SST anomalies during the decaying period of two types of El Niño.
Blood and saliva contamination on protective eyewear during dental treatment
Authors: Bergmann Nora , Lindörfer Isabell , Ommerborn Michelle Alicia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objectives
Dental treatments are inherently associated with the appearance of potentially infective aerosols, blood and saliva splashes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the quantitative contamination of protective eyewear during different dental treatments and the efficacy of the subsequent disinfection.

Materials and methods
Fifty-three standardized protective eyewear shields worn by students, dentists and dental assistants during different aerosol-producing dental treatment modalities (supragingival cleaning, subgingival periodontal instrumentation, trepanation and root canal treatment and carious cavity preparation; within all treatments, dental evacuation systems were used) were analysed, using common forensic techniques. For detection of blood contamination, luminol solution was applied onto the surface of safety shields. A special forensic test paper was used to visualize saliva contamination. Further analysis was conducted after standardized disinfection using the same techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.

Results
Macroscopically detectable contamination was found on 60.4% of protective eyewear surfaces. A contamination with blood (median 330 pixels, equivalent to 0.3% of the total surface) was detected on all shields after dental treatment. Between various dental treatments, the contamination with blood tend to be statistically significant (p = 0.054). Highest amount of blood was observed after professional tooth cleaning (median 1,087 pixels). Significant differences of saliva contamination were detected between the different measurements (p < 0.001) with contamination only after dental treatment. Due to the low variance and right-skewed distribution for saliva contamination, no statistical analysis between different treatments could be performed. After disinfection, 0.02% blood contamination and no saliva contamination were detected.

Conclusions
Disinfection is effective against blood and saliva contamination. Macroscopically, clean protective eyewear contains up to 12% surface contamination with blood. Based on the results, it may be concluded that protective eyewear is essential for each dental practitioner.

Clinical relevance
As standard for infection prevention in the dental practice, disinfection of protective eyewear after each patient is necessary.
Merging of the Case 2 Regional Coast Colour and Maximum-Peak Height chlorophyll-a algorithms: validation and demonstration of satellite-derived retrievals across US lakes
Authors: Schaeffer Blake , Salls Wilson , Coffer Megan , Lebreton Carole , Werther Mortimer , Stelzer Kerstin , Urquhart Erin , Gurlin Daniela 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWater quality monitoring is relevant for protecting the designated, or beneficial uses, of water such as drinking, aquatic life, recreation, irrigation, and food supply that support the economy, human well-being, and aquatic ecosystem health. Managing finite water resources to support these designated uses requires information on water quality so that managers can make sustainable decisions. Chlorophyll-a(chl-a, µg L−1) concentration can serve as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and may be used as an indicator of increased anthropogenic nutrient stress. Satellite remote sensing may present a complement to in situ measures for assessments of water quality through the retrieval of chl-awith in-water algorithms. Validation of chl-aalgorithms across US lakes improves algorithm maturity relevant for monitoring applications. This study compares performance of the Case 2 Regional Coast Colour (C2RCC) chl-aretrieval algorithm, a revised version of the Maximum-Peak Height (MPH(P)) algorithm, and three scenarios merging these two approaches. Satellite data were retrieved from the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), while field observations were obtained from 181 lakes matched with U.S. Water Quality Portal chl-adata. The best performance based on mean absolute multiplicative error (MAEmult) was demonstrated by the merged algorithm referred to as C15−M10(MAEmult = 1.8, biasmult = 0.97,n = 836). In the C15−M10algorithm, the MPH(P)chl-avalue was retained if it was > 10 µg L−1; if the MPH(P)value was ≤ 10 µg L−1, the C2RCC value was selected, as long as that value was < 15 µg L−1. Time-series and lake-wide gradients compared against independent assessments from Lake Champlain and long-term ecological research stations in Wisconsin were used as complementary examples supporting water quality reporting requirements. Trophic state assessments for Wisconsin lakes provided examples in support of inland water quality monitoring applications. This study presents and assesses merged adaptations of chl-aalgorithms previously reported independently. Additionally, it contributes to the transition of chl-aalgorithm maturity by quantifying error statistics for a number of locations and times.
Perceived and Observed Treatment Gains Following PEERS: A Preliminary Study with Latinx Adolescents with ASD
Authors: Veytsman Elina , Baker Elizabeth , Martin Ann Marie , Choy Tricia , Blacher Jan , Stavropoulos Katherine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS) social skills intervention has demonstrated effectiveness for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, studies have been limited by a lack of objective outcome measures and an underrepresentation of Latinx families. This pilot study extends the PEERS literature by utilizing an observational measure of conversational skills (Contextual Assessment of Social Skills; CASS) with a diverse sample of 13 adolescents with ASD (with parent groups conducted in English and Spanish simultaneously) and a control group of 11 neurotypical adolescents. Consistent with previous research, adolescents with ASD and their parents perceived improvements in social functioning following intervention, which were maintained four months later and corroborated by improvements in conversational skills.
Quality of experience of 360 video – subjective and eye-tracking assessment of encoding and freezing distortions
Authors: van Kasteren Anouk , Brunnström Kjell , Hedlund John , Snijders Chris 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe research domain on the Quality of Experience (QoE) of 2D video streaming has been well established. However, a new video format is emerging and gaining popularity and availability: VR 360-degree video. The processing and transmission of 360-degree videos brings along new challenges such as large bandwidth requirements and the occurrence of different distortions. The viewing experience is also substantially different from 2D video, it offers more interactive freedom on the viewing angle but can also be more demanding and cause cybersickness. The first goal of this article is to complement earlier research by Tran, et al. (2017) [39] testing the effects of quality degradation, freezing, and content on the QoE of 360-videos. The second goal is to test the contribution of visual attention as an influence factor in the QoE assessment. Data was gathered through subjective tests where participants watched degraded versions of 360-videos through a Head-Mounted Display with integrated eye-tracking sensors. After each video they answered questions regarding their quality perception, experience, perceptual load, and cybersickness. Our results showed that the participants rated the overall QoE rather low, and the ratings decreased with added degradations and freezing events. Cyber sickness was found not to be an issue. The effects of the manipulations on visual attention were minimal. Attention was mainly directed by content, but also by surprising elements. The addition of eye-tracking metrics did not further explain individual differences in subjective ratings. Nevertheless, it was found that looking at moving objects increased the negative effect of freezing events and made participants less sensitive to quality distortions. More research is needed to conclude whether visual attention is an influence factor on the QoE in 360-video.
Shear behaviour of subgrade soil with reference to varying initial shear stress and plasticity index
Authors: Silva Isabella Novais , Indraratna Buddhima , Nguyen Thanh Trung , Rujikiatkamjorn Cholachat 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of stress anisotropy (K) (i.e. the ratio between effective horizontal and vertical stresses) on the shear behaviour of soils has received significant attention in past studies, but how its influence depends on different values of the plasticity index (PI) has not been properly quantified. In this study, the results of a series of undrained triaxial tests on anisotropically consolidated soil at different values of K are reported, and together with past experimental data, the interactive roles of K and PI on the shear behaviour of soil are rigorously interpreted. The findings indicate that the peak shear strength increases with higher brittleness, whereas the peak excess pore pressure diminishes when the value of K decreases. Moreover, increasing the value of PI up to 35 tends to increase the peak shear strength, but beyond that the influence of PI seems marginal. Based on the findings of this study, empirical equations incorporating PI and K to estimate the undrained shear strength are proposed with acceptable accuracy.
Effect of Process and Formulation Variables on the Structural and Physical Properties in Cream Cheese using GDL Acidulant
Authors: Kim Jiuk , Watkinson Philip , Lad Mita , Matia-Merino Lara , Smith Jeremy R. , Golding Matt 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report on the properties of analogue cream cheeses prepared using glucono delta-lactone (GDL) acidulant, notably the impact of particular processing and formulation variables, (homogenisation pressure, coagulation pH and temperature, and stabiliser level) on cream cheese physical, material and microstructural properties. Protein–protein and protein-fat interactions were seen to be the primary structural contributors to the physical properties of cream cheese. Cream cheese microstructure and its properties demonstrated well-defined correlations to specific and controllable processing elements within the manufacturing process, showing significance in interactions between parameters in multivariable linear regression analysis (P < 0.05). Summarising the effect of processing variables on key cheese properties, we observed that a progressive reduction in fat particle size of cheese milk arising from increasing homogenisation pressures was seen to increase the total surface area of fat that could be incorporated into the curd during coagulation. The greater extent of fat-fat and fat-proteins interactions during coagulation provided a reinforcing effect on the microstructure of the final cream cheese, with a corresponding increase in compressive fracture stress, shear storage modulus (G′) and shear loss modulus (G″). In terms of other processing variables, cream cheese firmness was also observed to progressively increase through lowering of coagulation pH from 5.13 to 4.33. Increasing coagulation temperature from 58 °C to 78 °C similarly caused an increase in cheese firmness. Finally, increasing the levels of added stabiliser were shown to correlate with increasing cheese firmness. Similar correlations could be observed in relation to physical properties, notably forced expressible serum separation. This model cream cheese preparation method has provided a useful model system for relating food structure to material and functional properties. In addition, it has the advantage of being able to rapidly screen many formulation and process variables because it is faster than the traditional cheesemaking. This study showed that the adjustment of process and formulation variables, either in isolation or in combination, in the manufacture of cream cheese can significantly influence the final material and textural properties of the product, thereby enabling controllable functional attributes capable of meeting different customer needs.
Diagnostic performance of CT lung severity score and quantitative chest CT for stratification of COVID-19 patients
Authors: Caruso Damiano , Zerunian Marta , Polici Michela , Pucciarelli Francesco , Guido Gisella , Polidori Tiziano , Rucci Carlotta , Bracci Benedetta , Tremamunno Giuseppe , Laghi Andrea 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Lung severity score (LSS) and quantitative chest CT (QCCT) analysis could have a relevant impact to stratify patients affected by COVID-19 pneumonia at the hospital admission. The study aims to assess LSS and QCCT performances in severity stratification of COVID-19 patients.

Materials and methods
From April 19, 2020, until May 3, 2020, patients with chest CT suggestive for interstitial pneumonia and tested positive for COVID-19 were retrospectively enrolled and stratified for hospital admission as Group 1, 2 and 3 (home isolation, low intensive care and intensive care, respectively). For LSS, lungs were divided in 20 regions and visually assessed by two radiologists who scored for each region from non-lung involvement as 0, < 50% assigned as 1 and > 50% as 2. QCCT was performed with a dedicated software that extracts pulmonary involvement expressed in liters and percentage. LSS and QCCT were analyzed with ROC curve analysis to predict the performance of both methods. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results
Final population enrolled included 136 patients (87 males, mean age 66 ± 16), 19 patients in Group 1, 86 in Group 2 and 31 in Group 3. Significant differences for LSS were observed in almost all comparisons, especially in Group 1 vs 3 (AUC 0.850, P < 0,0001) and Group 1 + 2 vs 3 (AUC 0.783, P < 0,0001). QCCT showed significant results in almost all comparisons, especially between Group 1 vs 3 (AUC 0.869, P < 0,0001). LSS and QCCT comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 did not show significant differences.

Conclusions
LSS and QCCT could represent promising tools to stratify COVID-19 patient severity at the admission.
Testing marginal homogeneity in Hilbert spaces with applications to stock market returns
Authors: Ditzhaus Marc , Gaigall Daniel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper considers a paired data framework and discusses the question of marginal homogeneity of bivariate high-dimensional or functional data. The related testing problem can be endowed into a more general setting for paired random variables taking values in a general Hilbert space. To address this problem, a Cramér–von-Mises type test statistic is applied and a bootstrap procedure is suggested to obtain critical values and finally a consistent test. The desired properties of a bootstrap test can be derived that are asymptotic exactness under the null hypothesis and consistency under alternatives. Simulations show the quality of the test in the finite sample case. A possible application is the comparison of two possibly dependent stock market returns based on functional data. The approach is demonstrated based on historical data for different stock market indices.
Flowability, Rehydration Behaviour and bioactive Compounds of an Orange Powder Product as Affected by Particle Size
Authors: Camacho M. M. , Silva-Espinoza M. A. , Martínez-Navarrete N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBy offering a powder that ensures the healthy value of the fruits, a proper flowability and adequate viscosity after rehydration, there could be an opportunity to promote fruit consumption. The particle size is of critical importance with regard to the properties of a powder. But the separation of a product by particle size is usually associated with compositional changes. In this study, an orange powder product with the same composition but different particle size was compared. The particle sizes considered (269 ± 4, 189 ± 4, 118 ± 3 µm) offer a product with the same bioactive compound content and guarantee a good powder flowability: angle of repose, compressibility, density, porosity and Hausner’s and Carr’s indexes. Nevertheless, grinding can be used as a simple green technology with which to adjust the particle size so as to obtain rehydrated products with differing viscosities and, therefore, powders with different applications: the smaller the particle size, the lower the viscosity.