bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Whiteflies on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted from 15 Nov to 20 Dec 91 on established ‘UH 1060’ and ‘Ozaki’ plants growing in volcanic cinder media in 7.6 liter bags under a fiberglass greenhouse. Treatments consisted of four blocks with 10 potted plants per block arranged in a RCB. Blocks 1 and 3 consisted of ‘UH 1060’ and blocks 2 and 4 consisted of ‘Ozaki’ cultivar. Tests began when a 100 percent infestation occurred in all blocks. NTN 33893 0.5% G was applied once and watered after application. Five weeks after treatment ten scale leaves were sampled from each block and examined under a dissecting microscope for live and dead adults, pupae, nymphs and eggs. The number of live adults, pupae, nymphs, and eggs from ten scale leaves were pooled for analysis.
Black Cutworm Control on Bentgrass Golf Greens, 1992:
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several insecticides and a commercially available nematode preparation for biological control were evaluated for caterpillar control on a bentgrass practice green at Pine Hollow Golf Course in Johnston Co. Experimental plots 10 ft wide x 30 ft long were established. Treatments with three replications were randomly selected. Soil and air temperature were both 84°F and soil moisture was adequate to preclude preirrigation. Spray formulations were applied to plots using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles delivering approx. 30 gal of spray/acre. Screens were removed from the sprayer to apply the Exhibit nematode treatment. Granular formulations were applied using shaker jars with perforated lids. Mocap could not be used on the bentgrass due to phytotoxicity, and this treatment was applied to an adjacent area of the fairway. Treatments were applied 9 Sep under intermittently cloudy skies. After application, all treatments were irrigated in with approx. 0.25 inch of water. Larvae were mostly of medium size. Plots were evaluated at 1 and 3 DAT by flushing three 1-m2 areas/plot with soapy water and taking counts of the emerging live worms. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are reported in the table.
Influence of the Wetting Agent HM-8902 in Combination with Three Formulations of Chlorpyrifos on Annual White Grub Control, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Ali M. A. A. , Gaussoin R. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass (50%) and perennial rye (50%) golf course rough. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 3.8 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 34.0°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 29.0°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 1.5 X 1.5 m, and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 11 Aug using a C02 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 1.3 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 1 Sep (21 DAT) by removing from each plot six 20.3 diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.5 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Spring Management of Bluegrass Billbug with Conventional and Experimental Formulations at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, PA, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 10 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with 4 8004 VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (20 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70"F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 71.0°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64.0°F; RH 70%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.5% sand, 61.5% silt, 16.0% clay; organic matter, 3.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 37 d later (26 Jun). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides to Control Japanese Beetles on A Golf Course Fairway in Harrison Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticide treatments were applied 3 Aug at Clarksburg C.C. The only species present was Japanese beetle which averaged 21.5 grubs/ft2 (mostly 1st instars). Experimental plots were 8 x 8 ft arranged in a CRD. Liquid formulations were applied in two liters of water with a sprinkler can; granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker. Plots were irrigated with about two liters of water about three min after treatments were applied. Water pH was 6.8. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 30°C; RH, 72%; partly sunny (calm); soil, moist; soil temperature, 29°C (1 inch); pH, 4.77; organic matter, 8.13%; soil type, loam (sand 42.6%, silt 43.4%, clay 14.0%); thatch layer 1/4 inch (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 1.35 inches. Plots were sampled at 28 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches; 4 random samples were taken per plot.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Marigold Plants in the Greenhouse, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six ‘Yellow Boy’ marigold plants at a Michigan State University research greenhouse were used for this experiment. The plants were grown to a height of 10 inches in 6-inch diameter clay pots. They were watered with a drip irrigation system three times per week. On 8 Apr the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites raised from a bean culture in the laboratory by placing infested leaves on the test plants. The precounts were made on 29 Apr by collecting 4 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 29 Apr with a R&D C02 sprayer with an 80° #3 nozzle at 50 psi. Postcounts were made on 5, 12, and 26 May in the same manner as the precounts.
Award Mound Treatments for Harvester Ant Control in Old-Field Pastures, Nm, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Award 1% bait formulation was applied to harvester ant mounds in an open pasture near Estancia, NM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 6 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made of active ants on and in the clear area of each mound and the number of active mound openings prior to treatment on 12 Jun. Treatments were made by sprinkling a measured amount of bait around each mound opening.
Allegheny Mound Ant Control, Grant Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ant mounds were categorized for treatment by diam size as small (up to 1.11 m), medium (1.14 to 1.40 m) and large (&gt; 1.40 m). Mounds were prepared for treatment by scraping off (with a hand trowel) the top of each mound to expose the large passage tunnels; amount of top removed on small, medium, and large mounds, respectively, was 20 to 25 cm, 30 to 35 cm, and 30 to 45 cm. The amount of drench solution applied to the exposed scrape surface of each mound was 1, 2, and 3 liters for small, medium, and large mounds, respectively. Drenches were applied with a sprinkling can. Treatment efficacy was evaluated (mostly at weekly intervals) by excavating (with a hand trowel) a small opening into the undisturbed side of mounds and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. The mound was judged active or inactive depending on the presence or absence of ants at the excavation site. Final evaluations were made by excavating 1/3 to 1/2 of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity. The study was conducted in an area comprising 1.33 ha and contained about 100 mounds per ha. Two tests were conducted. In Test 1, one small, medium, and large mound each was treated with the same insecticide. Treatments were applied 24 Jun. Air temperatures and RH at the start and finish times of treatments were 19°C and 33°C, and 75% and 39% RH, respectively; partly cloudy; soil temperature at 5.1 cm into mounds was 25 to 27°C. Accumulative precipitation for the trial period was 1.4, 1.7, 1.7, 6.7, and 11.9 cm at 7, 14, 21, 29, and 35 DAT, respectively. Efficacy of these treatments was evaluated over a period of 35 d and partial excavation made at 35 DAT. In Test 2, a larger number of mounds ranging from 7 to 18 per treatment (except for Karate, 4 mounds) were treated with each compound. An effort was made to include small, medium, and large mounds in each treatment but in some cases large mounds were not included because of their scarcity. Treatments were applied 30 Jul. Air temperature and RH at the start and finish times of treatment were 22°C and 28°C, and 75% and 63% RH, respectively; clear. Accumulative precipitation at 7, 16, and 21 DAT was 0, 2.8, and 2.8 cm, respectively. Partial excavation of mounds were made at 21 DAT. Since complete control was not achieved in the Turcam and Orthene treatments, an additional evaluation of activity was made at 56 DAT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from the top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. Twenty whitefly adults were caged on leaf no. 5 for 48 h. After egg eclosion (10 d) the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count. Treatments began the same day as the pre-treatment count (day 0) and continued weekly for 2 wk with a hand sprayer at 40 psi. One post-treatment count of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies was made 16 DAT.
Evaluation of Entomogenous Nematodes and Conventional Formulations to Control Pine Root Collar Weevil on Scotch Pine in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine root collar weevil on heavily infested 8-12 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Individual treatments were applied to replicates after the duff below each tree was removed and bare ground was exposed. Liquid formulations were applied at the rate of 312 gal/acre (946 ml/tree) with a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. The following conditions existed on 15 May: clear skies; air temperature, 90°F; water pH, 7.0; and RH, 39%. Each tree was dug and burlapped at the field site on 14 Nov, loaded into a rental truck, and returned to the laboratory. Each tree was thoroughly examined by removing all the bark from the root collar areas and lateral roots to record the presence of larvae. The soil ball was examined for the presence of larvae and adults.
Efficacy of Insecticide Formulations, 1991
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Various self-pressurized sprays, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories (St. Louis, MO), were directed into cracks and crevices in kitchens within single-family dwellings located in Duplin, Johnston and Sampson counties, NC. Kitchens with a minimum of 100 German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey served as individual plots with 5 replications per treatment. Preapplication visual tallies in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. When living cockroaches were observed during the reinspection intervals additional insecticide applications were made to the infested areas. Other rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each application time to minimize immigration of German cockroaches. Cockroach tallies were not made in these rooms nor was insecticide volume recorded. The active ingredient applied initially and during reapplications for all formulations ranged from 0.01-4.9 g and 0-3.0 g, respectively, per 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for reapplications because partial cockroach control resulted from the initial applications.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borers on Peanuts, 1992
Authors: Wolf S. P. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test consisted of two parts, a field application of the granular insecticides and a laboratory bioassay. Insecticides were applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Twelve treatments and a control were replicated four times in randomized complete block design. Each plot was six rows wide (36 in row spacing) and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied, at flowering, on 30 Jun with a small-plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. A second application of Dyfonate 20G and PCB-coated Dyfonate was made 27 d after flowering on 27 Jul. The soil sample was taken from each plot once per wk by collecting 3 subsamples (12-in wide by 4-in long by 1-in deep) from within each plot. The soil sample was collected from underneath the peanut canopy by removing the plant. Soil samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until assayed the following week. Soil from each treatment was air dried to &lt;1.0% moisture and placed in 1-oz plastic diet cups at a depth of 0.5 in. First instar larvae placed in these cups were provided diet as a continuous food source. Pesticide efficacy was evaluated by exposing 36 larvae (4 replicates times 3 cups per replicate times 3 larvae per cup) to each soil sample or treatment. At the end of a 72h exposure, the number of live and dead insects were counted.
Tomato Insect Control 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Marion’ tomatoes were transplanted July 26, 1976, in 6-ft rows with 20-inch spacing between plants. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each treatment plot consisted of a single, 25-ff row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/A (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #147 adjustable-cone nozzle. Applications were made on August 30, September 7, 13, 20, 27, October 5, and 13, 1976. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments, the number of leafminers and number of pinworm mines/10 plants were counted along with the number of potato aphids/10 leaves selected at random and fruitworm-infested tomatoes/100 fruit. All counts were made on October 8. Unfortunately an unseasonably early frost on October 18 (28°F) destroyed so much foliage and fruit that it was impossible to take records thereafter, and the experiment was terminated.
Control of Fruitworm and Pinworm on Tomato, 1977
Authors: Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Seedlings were transplanted on July 13. Plots consisted of 3 rows (88-inch centers) X 40 ft and were separated by 5-ft alleys. Plant spacing on the rows was 18 inches. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. To prevent fruit rots, Manzate 200 (at 2 lb ai/acre) was applied weekly through September 9, then Difolatan (at 2 lb ai/acre) from September 16 through October 7. Test insecticides were applied at weekly intervals from August 27 through October 7 using a Super Blue Boy 6000sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre. Data were taken from the middle rows. Damage to fruit by fruitworm and pinworm was determined by harvesting and examining all rotting and ripe fruits weekly from September 15 to October 13 and all ripe and mature green fruits on October 20. Data from all harvest dates were pooled for statistical analysis.
Potato Leafhopper and Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Hower A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Farm at Rock Springs, Centre County. Insecticide sprays were applied June 27 to 20 x 20 ft plots in a random-ized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. Alfalfa was 6 to 8 inches tall at treatment. Spray concentrates were applied in 30 gallons water per acre at 50 psi with a small plot boom type sprayer. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 5 - 180° sweep samples taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch diameter heavy duty insect net. The sweep arc was maintained approximately 18 inches from the sweepers feet. Alfalfa blotch leafminer control was determined from the number of occupied mines in 10 stems randomly collected across each plot. Both leafhopper and leafminer density were evaluated 3 times during 21 days post treatment. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2-60 ft2 samples taken per plot on July 26.
Alfalfa Foliar Sprays for Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Simonet D. E. , Martinez D.G. , Pienkowski R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 2 year old stand of Saranac AR alfalfa in Montgomery County, Virginia was used to assess insecticide efficacy on potato leafhoppers. Eight treatments (40 x 40 ft) arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates were compared to an untreated check. Insecticides were applied to 16 in. alfalfa on August 4 with a hand-carried compressed air sprayer at a rate of 20 gallons per acre at 40 psi. Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults were sampled 48 hr, 1 wk, and 2 wk after treatment. Two sets of 15 sweeps from each block were taken using a 180° sweep with a 15 in. sweep net. The total number of leaf-hoppers counted in each sample was transformed to Log (X+ 1) for analysis. Yield and green weight were taken on August 25 at 25% bloom with a flail forage harvester using a 3 x 20 ft swath per plot. Percent dry matter was also measured.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Suppression, 1977
Authors: Szatmari-Goodman Gary , Treece R. E. , Clement S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field corn was planted near Wooster (Wayne County) Ohio on May 9. Two recommended and 8 experimental insecticides were applied at planting in a 7 in. band in front of the presswheel at 1 lb ai/acre using electric Gandy insecticide boxes at 3 mph tractor ground speed. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 2 rows wide (38 in. spacing), 40 ft long, with four buffer rows between replicates that were contiguous and 20 ft alleyways between those that were not. The field had been in corn for 7 years; the only previous insecticides use was 1 lb ai/acre Furadan in 1976. Soil type was silt loam, pH 6.64, organic matter 2.1%. Rainfall during May was less than half normal, but abundant rain during the following months brought the season’s total to above average. Soil temperature at planting (4" depth) was 13°C. Larval damage was assessed on August 8, by digging and washing 24 root systems from each treatment (6/plot x 4 reps) and evaluating each root system on the standard Iowa 1-6 scale where 1 = little or no damage, and 6 = three or more nodes of roots destroyed.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M

.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winter, 1973-74
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory insecticide bioassays utilize laboratory-reared nymphs from eggs laid by field-collected adults. The basic diet consisted of greenhouse grown Balbo rye seedlings and commercial wheat bran. The candidate materials are tested on a microgram (active)/gram body weight basis. The numphs are weighed as a group for those data needed to obtain the average weight.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M

.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winter, 1974-75
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared nymphs from eggs laid by field-collected adults were used in the bioassays. The nymphs were fed a diet of Balbo rye seedlings and wheat bran. Dosages of all toxicants were based on microgram (active) per gram body weight.
Laboratory Bioassays, Grasshopper Control, 1975-76
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test 1 - Encapsulated Sumithion was tested against nymphs from eggs harvested from field-collected adults; the nymphs were reared in the laboratory on a diet of Balbo rye seedlings and wheat bran. Four concentrations (from approximately 10-40 μg ai/g of body weight) of each formulation were tested both topically and orally with ten 5th-instar M. sanguinipes per replicate. Topical treatment: A microapplicator was used to apply a 1-ul droplet to test insects. The droplets of TD-2010 and TD-2011 in water were applied under the inner wing pad so the material would adhere to grasshopper until the water evaporated. The standard EC formulation of Sumithion was mixed with acetone, and the droplets were applied to the dorsal surface of the third or fourth abdominal segment. All treatments were replicated four times.
Soybean, Potato Leafhopper and Bean Leaf Beetle Control, 1977
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans were planted May 16 at Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied August 11 and August 18, with a tractor drawn boom sprayer, in 60 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Insect samples were taken the day after spraying with a standard sweeping net. Each sample consisted of 2 sets of 25 sweeps/plot.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: AliNiazee M. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental insecticide pydrin was compared with two rates of Guthion and Penncap M for the control of codling moths as well as for the harmful effects on a common predatory mite species, Typhlodromus arboreus. Sprays were applied to single tree plots in a randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Trees were thoroughly sprayed to the point of run-off using a powered, pull-tank type sprayer with a hand gun. Chemicals were applied at about 350 psi pressure and at a rate of 350-400 gallons/acre. The codling moth emergence was monitored using Zoecon’s pherocon traps and spray timing determined accordingly. The first spray was applied June 11, 1977 and repeated on July 14 and August 16. The effectiveness of various treatments against codling moth was determined by examining approximately 100 apples/plot at harvest. The harmful effect of these insecticides on the predatory mite population was determined by collecting 25 leaves/plot at weekly intervals and examining for the number of eggs and mobile mites.