bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early-time searches for coherent radio emission from short GRBs with the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: Tian J. , Anderson G. E. , Hancock P. J. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Sokolowski M. , Rowlinson A. , Williams A. , Morgan J. , Hurley-Walker N. , Kaplan D. L. , Murphy Tara , Tingay S. J. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Bannister K. W. , Bell M. E. , Meyers B. W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from binary neutron star mergers, and there are several theories that predict the production of coherent, prompt radio signals either prior, during, or shortly following the merger, as well as persistent pulsar-like emission from the spin-down of a magnetar remnant. Here we present a low frequency (170–200 MHz) search for coherent radio emission associated with nine short GRBs detected by theSwiftand/orFermisatellites using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) rapid-response observing mode. The MWA began observing these events within 30–60 s of their high-energy detection, enabling us to capture any dispersion delayed signals emitted by short GRBs for a typical range of redshifts. We conducted transient searches at the GRB positions on timescales of 5 s, 30 s, and 2 min, resulting in the most constraining flux density limits on any associated transient of 0.42, 0.29, and 0.084 Jy, respectively. We also searched for dispersed signals at a temporal and spectral resolution of 0.5 s and 1.28 MHz, but none were detected. However, the fluence limit of 80–100 Jy ms derived for GRB 190627A is the most stringent to date for a short GRB. Assuming the formation of a stable magnetar for this GRB, we compared the fluence and persistent emission limits to short GRB coherent emission models, placing constraints on key parameters including the radio emission efficiency of the nearly merged neutron stars ($\epsilon_r\lesssim10^{-4}$), the fraction of magnetic energy in the GRB jet ($\epsilon_B\lesssim2\times10^{-4}$), and the radio emission efficiency of the magnetar remnant ($\epsilon_r\lesssim10^{-3}$). Comparing the limits derived for our full GRB sample (along with those in the literature) to the same emission models, we demonstrate that our fluence limits only place weak constraints on the prompt emission predicted from the interaction between the relativistic GRB jet and the interstellar medium for a subset of magnetar parameters. However, the 30-min flux density limits were sensitive enough to theoretically detect the persistent radio emission from magnetar remnants up to a redshift of$z\sim0.6$. Our non-detection of this emission could imply that some GRBs in the sample were not genuinely short or did not result from a binary neutron star merger, the GRBs were at high redshifts, these mergers formed atypical magnetars, the radiation beams of the magnetar remnants were pointing away from Earth, or the majority did not form magnetars but rather collapse directly into black holes.
The validation of contemporary body composition methods in various races and ethnicities
Authors: Blue Malia N. M. , Hirsch Katie R. , Brewer Gabrielle J. , Cabre Hannah E. , Gould Lacey M. , Tinsley Grant M. , Ng Bennett K. , Ryan Eric D. , Padua Darin , Smith-Ryan Abbie E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFew investigations have evaluated the validity of current body composition technology among racially and ethnically diverse populations. This study assessed the validity of common body composition methods in a multi-ethnic sample stratified by race and ethnicity. One hundred and ten individuals (55 % female, age: 26·5 (sd 6·9) years) identifying as Asian, African American/Black, Caucasian/White, Hispanic, Multi-racial and Native American were enrolled. Seven body composition models (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), two bioelectrical impedance devices (BIS, IB) and three multi-compartment models) were evaluated against a four-compartment criterion model by assessing total error (TE) and standard error of the estimate. For the total sample, measures of % fat and fat-free mass (FFM) from multi-compartment models were all excellent to ideal (% fat: TE = 0·94–2·37 %; FFM: TE = 0·72–1·78 kg) compared with the criterion. % fat measures were very good to excellent for DXA, ADP and IB (TE = 2·52–2·89 %) and fairly good for BIS (TE = 4·12 %). For FFM, single device estimates were good (BIS; TE = 3·12 kg) to ideal (DXA, ADP, IB; TE = 1·21–2·15 kg). Results did not vary meaningfully between each race and ethnicity, except BIS was not valid for African American/Black, Caucasian/White and Multi-racial participants for % fat (TE = 4·3–4·9 %). The multi-compartment models evaluated can be utilised in a multi-ethnic sample and in each individual race and ethnicity to obtain highly valid results for % fat and FFM. Estimates from DXA, ADP and IB were also valid. The BIS may demonstrate greater TE for all racial and ethnic cohorts and results should be interpreted cautiously.
The recognition of a right to be rescued at sea in international law
Authors: Papachristodoulou Aphrodite 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCurrent efforts to address the challenges faced by migrants at sea are not effective, as the attention is deflected to security measures for deterring people to leave their countries in the first place, rather than efforts to provide for an adequate search and rescue system which will preserve their rights and lives. This article puts an individual right to be rescued at sea on the legal map mindful of evolving migration challenges and the need to be responsive to human rights crises. By contextualizing philosophical theories that have shaped our understanding of the idea of human rights, it turns to examine the pathways in which rights on the horizon emerge and achieve full recognition. This article contends that irregular migration by sea necessitates normative change and activates an international dialogue on recognizing a right to be rescued at sea that will utmost challenge the boundaries of rights beyond national borders.
Logistic Red Flags in Mass-Casualty Incidents and Disasters: A Problem-Based Approach
Authors: Gamberini Lorenzo , Imbriaco Guglielmo , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Mazzoli Carlo Alberto , Badiali Stefano , Colombo Davide , Carenzo Luca , Flauto Alfonso , Tengattini Marco , Merlo Federico , Azzaretto Massimo , Monesi Alessandro , Candido Fernando , Coniglio Carlo , Gordini Giovanni , Della Corte Francesco 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground:Mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) and disasters are characterized by a high heterogeneity of effects and may pose important logistic challenges that could hamper the emergency rescue operations.The main objective of this study was to establish the most frequent logistic challenges (red flags) observed in a series of Italian disasters with a problem-based approach and to verify if the 80-20 rule of the Pareto principle is respected.Methods:A series of 138 major events from 1944 through 2020 with a Disaster Severity Score (DSS) ≥ four and five or more victims were analyzed for the presence of twelve pre-determined red flags.A Pareto graph was built considering the most frequently observed red flags, and eventual correlations between the number of red flags and the components of the DSS were investigated.Results:Eight out of twelve red flags covered 80% of the events, therefore not respecting the 80-20 rule; the number of red flags showed a low positive correlation with most of the components of the DSS score. The Pareto analysis showed that potential hazards, casualty nest area > 2.5km2, number of victims over 50, evacuation noria over 20km, number of nests > five, need for extrication, complex access to victims, and complex nest development were the most frequently observed red flags.Conclusions:Logistic problems observed in MCIs and disaster scenarios do not follow the 80-20 Pareto rule; this demands for careful and early evaluation of different logistic red flags to appropriately tailor the rescue response.
A tunable bandpass filter with extended passband bandwitdh
Authors: Dong Gaoya , Li Shaosheng , Yang Xiaolong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn Nth-order tunable bandpass filter (BPF) structure with extended passband bandwidth has been proposed in this paper based on the novel tunable resonator and coupling structure. The designed tunable resonator is composed of two coupled lines and one varactor diode, while the presented tunable coupling structure is constructed by two cascaded transmission lines and one short-circuited varactor diode. Moreover, the even-(odd-) method and lumped-element equivalent circuit are employed to analyze the operating mechanisms of the designed Nth-order tunable BPF. Specifically, the frequency tuning range is determined by the characteristic impedance and electrical length of coupled line when the varactor diode is within the fixed tuning range. Then, the design procedure for the Nth-order tunable BPFs is proposed. To demonstrate the presented idea, the second- and third-order fully tunable BPFs have been designed and simulated. Finally, a second-order tunable BPF with the compact size of 0.03λg × 0.13λg has been fabricated and measured, and the measured center frequencies are ranging from 0.91 to 1.46 GHz with the passband bandwidths wider than 11.2%.
Transit Times and StorAge Selection Functions in Idealized Hillslopes With Steady Infiltration
Authors: Kim Minseok , Harman Ciaran J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpatially integrated transport models have been applied widely to model hydrologic transport. However, we lack simple and process‐based theoretical tools to predict the transport closures—transit time distributions (TTDs) and StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. This limits our ability to infer characteristics of hydrologic systems from tracer observations and to make first‐order estimates of SAS functions in catchments where no tracer data is available. Here we present a theoretical framework linking TTDs and SAS functions to hydraulic groundwater theory at the hillslope scale. For hillslopes where the saturated hydraulic conductivity declines exponentially with depth, analytical solutions for the closures are derived that can be used as hypotheses to test against data. In the simplest form, the hillslope SAS function resembles a uniform or exponential distribution (corresponding to flow pathways in the saturated zone) offset from zero by the storage in the unsaturated zone that does not contribute to discharge. The framework is validated against nine idealized virtual hillslopes constructed using a 2‐D Richards equation‐based model, and against data from tracer experiments in two artificial hillslopes. Modeled internal age, life expectancy, and transit time structures reproduce theoretical predictions. The experimental data also support the theory, though further work is needed to account for the effects of time‐variability. The shape and tailing of TTDs and their power spectra are discussed. The theoretical framework yields several dimensionless numbers that can be used to classify hillslope scale flow and transport dynamics and suggests distinct water age structures for high or low Hillslope number.
Precipitation and Lake Water Evaporation Recorded by Terrestrial and Aquatic n‐Alkane δ2H Isotopes in Lake Khar Nuur, Mongolia
Authors: Strobel Paul , Struck Julian , Bazarradnaa Enkhtuya , Zech Michael , Zech Roland , Bliedtner Marcel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe compound‐specific hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of n‐alkanes is a valuable proxy to investigate hydrological conditions in lake sediments. While terrestrial n‐alkanes reflect the isotopic signal of the local precipitation, aquatic n‐alkanes incorporate the isotopic signal of the lake's water, which can be strongly modulated by evaporative enrichment. So far, the spatial distribution of the terrestrial and aquatic δ2H signal within lakes have not systematically been investigated. Here, we present compound‐specific δ2H results of terrestrial (δ2HC31) and aquatic (δ2HC23) n‐alkanes of surface sediment samples from Lake Khar Nuur, a semi‐arid and high‐altitude lake in the Mongolian Altai, and additionally investigate the δ2H signal of topsoils from the catchment. Our results show that the majority of the n‐alkane δ2H values from the catchment topsoils correspond well with modeled local growing season precipitation (JJAS). However, few samples in the northern catchment show more positive δ2H values possibly due to increased evapo(transpi)ration by southward exposition and shallower soils there. The only small variability of δ2HC31 in the surface sediments is in the range of most topsoils δ2H from the catchment, and thus, well reflects local growing season precipitation. δ2HC23 in surface sediment samples from the central and deepest parts of the lake, that is, the lake's sediment accumulation zones, shows distinctly more positive δ2HC23 values due to evaporative lake water enrichment. Consequently, Δaq‐terr, which is the isotopic offset between δ2HC23 and δ2HC31, indicates distinct lake water enrichment in the lake's accumulation zones and is a valuable proxy to investigate past hydrological changes.
Impacts of Road Deicing Application on Sodium and Chloride Concentrations in Philadelphia Region Drinking Water
Authors: Cruz Yuliza D. , Rossi Marissa L. , Goldsmith Steven T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHistorical application of roadway deicing agents (e.g., road salt and brines) has led to an increase in sodium and chloride concentrations in surface water over time. Numerous studies have explored the impacts of road salt on freshwater aquatic organisms such as amphibians and benthic macroinvertebrates; however, the public health risk associated with consuming drinking water with elevated sodium has been largely unexplored in the literature. Yet, sodium ingestion, primarily through diet, has been linked to adverse human health conditions, such as hypertension. This study documents weekly sodium and chloride concentrations in municipal tap water from three municipalities within the Philadelphia metropolitan area during winter 2018–2019 (November through March). A late winter peak in sodium and chloride concentrations was observed for all three municipalities immediately following successive snow events coupled with daily high temperatures above 0°C. Among municipalities, mean and peak sodium and chloride concentrations were associated with relatively higher development in upstream areas. Observed sodium concentrations ranged from 1 to 6.4x the USEPA recommended guideline of 20 mg/L for individuals restricted to a total sodium intake of 500 mg/day. Additionally, the contribution of sodium ingestion from water consumption to the recommended daily sodium intake limits for adults ranged from 3.5% to 18.8% for non‐restricted and 4.2%–33.3% for “low salt” (i.e., <1,500 mg/day) diets, respectively. The study results coupled with a records review for 40 U.S. municipalities in snow affected regions indicate the need for real‐time communication between water utilities and the general public regarding sodium exposure risk during winter months.
Characteristics of the Effective Scale Height in the Topside Ionosphere Extracted From Swarm A and Digisonde Observations: Preliminary Results
Authors: Belehaki A. , Tsagouri I. , Paouris E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe ionospheric scale height is a key parameter that defines the shape of the electron density profile. Given that its direct calculation requires knowledge of the physical and chemical state of the plasma, the concept of the effective scale height was proposed to facilitate its application. It is defined as the scale height that fits the electron density profiles with the α‐Chapman function. Its main characteristics, including the diurnal and altitudinal variation are still under investigation. This paper focuses on the specification of its key characteristics at middle latitudes based on coincident Digisonde and Swarm A satellite data. Based on the assumption that the topside electron density profile is approximated with the α‐Chapman model of variable scale height, the effective scale height at the Swarm A altitude is calculated and compared with the effective scale height at . A general conclusion is that the topside effective scale height at ∼450 km exhibits a diurnal variation with highest values in the early morning and evening sectors, while at it gets its maximum values at noon. At night, the effective scale height tends to increase with altitude, however in the daytime, its behavior is more complex. On a local scale, evidence for connection between spread F irregularities and high variability in the topside effective scale height is reported. These preliminary results indicate the potential to further exploit Swarm and Digisonde data for the development of a model for the effective scale height, able to support realistic electron density reconstruction models.
Global Evaluation of the Noah‐MP Land Surface Model and Suggestions for Selecting Parameterization Schemes
Authors: Li Jianduo , Miao Chiyuan , Zhang Guo , Fang Yuan‐Hao , Shangguan Wei , Niu Guo‐Yue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines the overall performance of the Noah with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) land surface model in simulating key land‐atmosphere variables at a global scale and explores the feasibility of running Noah‐MP with regionally different combinations of parameterization schemes. We conducted Noah‐MP ensemble simulations and evaluated the annual means and seasonal cycles of the simulated latent heat flux, net radiation (RN), runoff, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, land surface temperature (LST), leaf area index (LAI), and gross primary productivity (GPP) against a wide variety of global products. The results show that the global patterns of the modeled annual means of these variables generally agree with those of the reference data sets. By evaluating the best simulations in the ensemble, we show that Noah‐MP performs very well in simulating global LST and RN but produces biases in annual mean LAI and GPP by more than 40% in most herbaceous regions. Overall, the main disagreements between Noah‐MP and the reference data sets occurred in the tropical, polar, high‐altitude, and hyperarid regions. This study also highlights the potential of land‐cover‐specific combinations of parameterization schemes to produce optimal modeling results over different land‐cover types. In addition, we strongly suggest the use of multi‐objective optimization of the key parameterizations and parameters to further improve the Noah‐MP's overall performance.
Tides, Topography, and Seagrass Cover Controls on the Spatial Distribution ofPinna nobilison a Coastal Lagoon Tidal Flat
Authors: Silvestri Sonia , Capra Veronica , Cucchiaro Sara , Pivato Mattia , Tarolli Paolo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the last two decadesPinna nobilis, the largest bivalve mollusk endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, has recolonized the tidal flats of some coastal lagoons along the Italian Adriatic coast. In this study, we investigate the influence of tides on the spatial distribution and density of aP. nobilispopulation developing on a tidal flat of the Venice lagoon (NE Italy) by exploiting remote sensing technologies. Our results show that there is a threshold topographic elevation (about 0.5 m below mean sea level for the studied tidal flat) above which the number and duration of emersions become limiting factors ofP. nobilisabundance. Above this elevation, the population density decreases sharply. Densely populated areas tend to occur in tidal flat depressions, where the duration and frequency of emersions are low. We find, however, that the population density has large spatial variability in response to other factors, such as the seagrass percentage cover. The density of the shells increases with increasing seagrass percentage cover, and the denseP. nobilispopulation (0.8–2.68 N/m2) grows within theCymodocea nodosameadow that has a high seagrass percentage cover (>85%). However, within the seagrass meadow with the highest percentage cover, the bivalve preferentially colonizes the portion closest to the main channel, a possible source of nutrients. The shift toC. nodosa—dominated meadows in the Venice lagoon occurred during the last two decades has probably facilitated the observed colonization byP. nobilis. Our findings provide management information for protection and/or restoration ofP. nobilisin coastal lagoons.
Toward Reconciling Radiocarbon Production Rates With Carbon Cycle Changes of the Last 55,000 Years
Authors: Köhler Peter , Adolphi Florian , Butzin Martin , Muscheler Raimund 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince it is currently not understood how changes in 14C production rate (Q), and in the carbon cycle, can be combined to explain the reconstructed atmospheric Δ14C record, we discuss possible reasons for this knowledge gap. Reviewing the literature, we exclude that changes in the content of atoms in the atmosphere, which produce cosmogenic 14C after being hit by galactic cosmic rays, might be responsible for parts of the observed differences. When combining Q with carbon cycle changes, one needs to understand the changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, which are partially counterintuitive. For example, during the Last Glacial Maximum, Δ14C was ∼400‰ higher compared with preindustrial times, but the 14C inventory was 10% smaller. Some pronounced changes in atmospheric Δ14C do not correspond to any significant changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, since CO2 was changing simultaneously. Using two conceptually different models (BICYCLE‐SE and LSG‐OGCM), we derive hypothetical Qs by forcing the models with identical atmospheric CO2 and Δ14C data. Results are compared with the most recent data‐based estimates of Q derived from cosmogenic isotopes. Millennial‐scale climate change connected to the bipolar seesaw is missing in the applied models, which might explain some, but probably not all, of the apparent model‐data disagreement in Q. Furthermore, Q based on either data from marine sediments or ice cores contains offsets, suggesting an interpretation deficit in the current data‐based approaches.
Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice with C1q/TNF-related protein 9 genetic deficiency
Authors: Kim Eun Sil , Yoon Bo Hyun , Lee Seung Min , Choi Min , Kim Eun Hye , Lee Byong-Wook , Kim Sang-Yeob , Pack Chan-Gi , Sung Young Hoon , Baek In-Jeoung , Jung Chang Hee , Kim Tae-Bum , Jeong Jin-Yong , Ha Chang Hoon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite the strong influence of the gut microbiota on atherosclerosis, a causal relationship between atherosclerosis pathophysiology and gut microbiota is still unverified. This study was performed to determine the impact of the gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis caused by genetic deficiency. To elucidate the influence of the gut microbiota on atherosclerosis pathogenesis, an atherosclerosis-prone mouse model (C1q/TNF-related protein 9-knockout (CTRP9-KO) mice) was generated. The gut microbial compositions of CTRP9-KO and WT control mice were compared. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm the association between gut microbial composition and the progression of atherosclerosis. FMT largely affected the gut microbiota in both CTRP9-KO and WT mice, and all transplanted mice acquired the gut microbiotas of the donor mice. Atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid arteries were decreased in transplanted CTRP9-KO mice compared to CTRP9-KO mice prior to transplantation. Conversely, WT mice transplanted with the gut microbiotas of CTRP9-KO mice showed the opposite effect as that of CTRP9-KO mice transplanted with the gut microbiotas of WT mice. Here, we show that CTRP9 gene deficiency is related to the distribution of the gut microbiota in subjects with atherosclerosis. Transplantation of WT microbiotas into CTRP9-KO mice protected against the progression of atherosclerosis. Conversely, the transplantation of CTRP9-KO microbiotas into WT mice promoted the progression of atherosclerosis. Treating atherosclerosis by restoring gut microbial homeostasis may be an effective therapeutic strategy.