The global spread of (mis)information on spiders
Authors: Mammola Stefano , Malumbres-Olarte Jagoba , Arabesky Valeria , Barrales-Alcalá Diego , Barrion-Dupo Aimee , Benamú Marco , Bird Tharina , Bogomolova Maria , Cardoso Pedro , Chatzaki Maria , Cheng Ren-Chung , Chu Tien-Ai , Classen-Rodríguez Leticia , Čupić Iva , Dhiya'ulhaq Naufal , Picard André-Philippe Drapeau , El-Hennawy Hisham , Elverici Mert , Fukushima Caroline , Ganem Zeana , Gavish-Regev Efrat , Gonnye Naledi , Hacala Axel , Haddad Charles , Hesselberg Thomas , Ho Tammy Ai Tian , Into Thanakorn , Isaia Marco , Jayaraman Dharmaraj , Karuaera Nanguei , Khalap Rajashree , Khalap Kiran , Kim Dongyoung , Korhonen Tuuli , Kralj-Fišer Simona , Land Heidi , Lin Shou-Wang , Loboda Sarah , Lowe Elizabeth , Lubin Yael , Martínez Alejandro , Mbo Zingisile , Miličić Marija , Kioko Grace , Nanni Veronica , Norma-Rashid Yusoff , Nwankwo Daniel , Painting Christina , Pang Aleck , Pantini Paolo , Pavlek Martina , Pearce Richard , Petcharad Booppa , Pétillon Julien , Raberahona Onjaherizo , Russo Philip , Saarinen Joni , Segura-Hernández Laura , Sentenská Lenka , Uhl Gabriele , Walker Leilani , Warui Charles , Wiśniewski Konrad , Zamani Alireza , Chuang Angela , Scott Catherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the Internet era, the digital architecture that keeps us connected and informed may collaterally amplify the spread of misinformation and falsehood1,2. The magnitude of this problem is gaining global relevance3, as evidence accumulates that misinformation interferes with democratic processes and undermines collective responses to environmental and health crises4,5. Therefore, understanding how misinformation generates and spreads is becoming a pressing scientific, societal, and political challenge3. Advances in this area are delayed because high-resolution data on coherent information systems are difficult and time-consuming to acquire at global scales. We collated a high-resolution database of online newspaper articles on spider-human interactions. Spiders are widely feared animals6 that frequently appear in the spotlight of the global press7,8. Our database is unique in that it covers a global scale (5,348 news articles from 81 countries and 40 languages) while providing an expert-based assessment of the content and quality of each news article9. Here, we first show that the quality of news on spiders is exceedingly poor—47% of articles contained different types of error and 43% were sensationalistic—and we consolidate a quantitative understanding of the relationship between article quality and different news-level features. Among other factors, the consultancy of spider experts, but not doctors and other professionals, decrease sensationalism. Next, we show that the flow of spider-related information occurs within a highly interconnected global network and provide evidence that sensationalism, along with other predictors including numbers of spider species and internet users in a country, are key factors underlying the spread of information. Our results improve understanding of the drivers of (mis)information across broad-scale networks. They also represent a starting point to formulate recommendations for improving journalism quality. In the specific case of spiders, a more accurate media framing would translate into measurable benefits, limiting resource waste and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts and the prevalence of widespread arachnophobic sentiments.