bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Expression of Topoisomerase II Alpha Protein in Patients with Breast Cancer and Its Correlation with Different Prognostic Factors
Authors: Al-Alawchi Mohammed Saeed Sharif Fadhil , Alkafaji Haider Abdul Ridha 
Published: July 2022

Background:
There are indications to support the knowledge about the prognosis of breast cancer. One of these markers is regarded as a prognostic factor and related to the proliferation rate. Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), encoded by the TOP2A gene, is a molecular target for anthracycline therapy.

Aims:
The aim of this article is to establish any association of the status of topoisomerase IIa immunohistochemistry with different prognostic clinicopathological and molecular parameters in breast cancer.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Babylon University, during the period from January 2020 through December 2020.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty cases with invasive breast carcinoma have been obtained from surgical modified radical mastectomy specimens from the Laboratory of Histopathology in Al-Kafeel Specialized Hospital, Karbala for the last 3 years (2017–2019). Different clinicopathological variables were estimated. The expression of TOP2A was stained by using the PathnSitu PolyExcel Detection System of Immunostaining.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Immunostaining with TOP2A expression used a cut-off value of 10%. The results were considered statistically significant if the P-value was ≤ 0.05.

Results:
Fifty cases of TOP2A overexpression were classified as follows: 28 cases (56%) had 3+ expression, 4 cases (8%) with 2+ expression, and 4 cases (8%) with 1+ expression, whereas 14 cases had no expression of TOP2A (28%). TOP2A overexpression was shown to be associated with a higher grade (P = 0.023) and molecular subtypes (P = 0.057), but not with other clinicopathological parameters (age of patients, type of histology, number of lymph nodes involved, tumor size).

Conclusion:
According to these results, TOP2A plays a major role in the aggressive nature of tumors. This may support the suggestion to be used as a prognosis marker.
Tubularized Preputial Free Graft One-Stage Repair for Proximal Hypospadias
Authors: Al-Hajjar Bassam Khalid 
Published: July 2022

Background:
One of the most frequent urogenital malformations in newborn boys is hypospadias. After undescended testis, in boys, it is the second most popular congenital abnormality. There are different one-stage surgical procedures used to repair proximal hypospadias, each has its own advantages and outcome. One of them is tubularized preputial free graft, which is first tried by the urologist team of Horton and Devine who used full thickness preputial grafts tubularized in a single-stage operation.

Aim:
The aim of this article is to assess the outcome of a one-stage tubularized preputial free graft.

Materials and Methods:
The present case series study provides a prospective analysis of 88 proximal hypospadiac boys operated on primarily over more than 5.5 years (from March 2014 to September 2019) using preputial skin as a tubularized free graft in one stage. Ethical approval for this review was obtained.

Results:
The present study includes 88 boys with hypospadias with mean age 20.6 months (ranging from 5 months to 7.5 years). The proximal hypospadias represents 33 (37.5%), penoscrotal 51 (58.0%), and scrotal 4 (4.5%) boys. Thirty-three boys out of 88 are under 12 years, 29 are between 12 and 24 years, and 26 above 24 years. The postoperative complications reported are fistula which occurs in 9 (10.3%), glans dehiscence in 3 (3.4%), meatal stenosis in 3 (3.4%), and diverticulum in 2 (2.3%), and numbers of complications with respect to age groups were six complications under 12 years, two complications between 12 and 24 years, and nine complications above 24 years.

Conclusion:
One-stage correction using a tubularized preputial free graft is an appropriate choice for repairing proximal hypospadias with chordee when compared with other widely used procedures for proximal cases.
Effect of the Dietary Protein Intake on Urea Reduction Rate in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis in Merjan Teaching Hospital
Authors: Al-Shibly Khalid H. , Al-Diwan Jawad K. 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a major health problem worldwide. The mainstay of nutritional treatment in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis is the provision of an adequate amount of protein and energy.

Objective:
The present study aims to assess the correlation of protein consumption with dialysis adequacy in patients on hemodialysis.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dialysis Unit of Merjan Hospitals, Babil Governorate, Iraq on 64 hemodialysis patients from April to August 2021. The tools used for the data collection were anthropometry, medical information, and 24-h dietary recalls. A descriptive analysis was performed.

Results:
The food intake was evaluated and compared with the recommended intake. The patients’ average energy intake was 18.7 ± 7.2 kcal/kg/day, which represents 53.4% of the recommended daily energy intake for dialysis patients. About 75% of the consumed energy was provided by carbohydrates, 12.2% was provided by fats, and the rest 14.6 was provided by protein. The average dietary intake of protein was 0.71 ± 0.29 g/kg/day. Only 7.8% of the patients had met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of protein intake. In the study sample, the measures of the delivered dose of hemodialysis therapy are directly correlated to the amount of consumed protein per kilogram body weight. But this correlation is only significant for patients who consume 1.2 g/kg body weight or less.

Conclusion:
The energy and protein intake were significantly low when compared with specific recommendations for individuals in hemodialysis; a dietician has an important role in providing nutritional education to the patients to improve the nutrient intake.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Rahman Goran Adnan , Al-Othman Abdulkareem Abdulwahab 
Published: July 2022

Background and Objective:
Heart failure is a major public health problem with 64.3 million people affected all over the world, and it is an important cause for hospital admission and mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical characteristics, frequency of hospitalization, and outcomes of heart failure with preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejection fraction.

Materials and Methods:
This is a prospective study of 91 patients aged more than 18 years of both genders with clinical features of heart failure supported by transthoracic echocardiography, who had been admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of Hawler Teaching Hospital for the period from October 2019 to February 2021. Heart failure patients were classified into preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejection fraction according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines 2021 for the diagnosis of heart failure. The hospital outcomes, echocardiographic variables, the frequency of hospitalization, and mortality over 6 months were compared.

Results:
Among the 91 patients, the majority were females 48 (52.7%), the male: female ratio is 1:1.1, and the majority had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction 68 (75%). Ischemic heart disease 27 (30%) accounts for the majority of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Hyperlipidemia 17 (18.9%), orthopnea 15 (16.7%), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 15 (16.5%), cardiovascular hospitalization 13 (14.3%), and mortality 6 (6.6%) were higher in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Conclusion:
The high frequency rate of ischemic heart disease was reported in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cardiovascular hospitalization and mortality rate were higher among heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction.
To Identify the Risk Factors Associated with Development of Anterior Abdominal Wall Hernia
Authors: Kumar Mohnish , Shankar Manu , Joshi Richa , Prasad Shobhit Kumar 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Numerous risk factors for the development of hernia have been identified, including abnormal collagen fiber organization and increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study is to investigate if one or both of these factors (arrangement of collagen fibers and increased intra-abdominal pressure) contribute to the formation of hernias.

Materials and Methods:
Adolescents and adults with anterior abdominal wall hernia were admitted to the hospital and underwent surgery after completing a standard preoperative evaluation protocol that included a detailed medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Prior to anesthesia induction in the operation room, intra-abdominal pressure was measured using a Foley's catheter attached to a pressure transducer. According to their condition, the patients underwent routine surgery, either laparoscopic or open. Excision of the sac and submission to the histo-pathological examination for collagen analysis using two different stains, Masson's trichrome and Gomori's reticulin. Categorical variables were quantified using numbers and percentages (percent), whereas continuous variables were quantified using the mean, standard deviation, and median. The chi-square test was used to ascertain correlations between qualitative variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
We considered a total of 200 patients, 50 of whom served as controls. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure has been identified as a risk factor for ventral wall hernia. Collagen fibers in patients with hernias were found to be disorganized at the microscopic level. Obesity and elevated intra-abdominal pressure were found to be statistically significant predictors of collagen disorder and the development of hernias. Hernias are more likely to occur as people age. Although chronic cough has been linked to metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, we found no statistically significant link.

Conclusions:
Intra-abdominal pressure elevation, disordered collagen fiber arrangement, obesity and increasing age are risk factors associated with hernia development.
Effect of Isometric Exercise on Heart Rate Variability in Prehypertensive Young Adults
Authors: Kotwal Suresh K. , Charak Garima , Rafiq Nadeema , Shekhar Sudhanshu , Nabi Tauseef 
Published: July 2022

Background and Objective:
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a sensitive and specific non-invasive tool to evaluate the degree of heart rate variation under the balanced influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The aim was to study the effect of isometric hand grip exercise on HRV in prehypertensive young adults and to find a correlation of HRV with body mass index (BMI).

Materials and Methods:
This observational study was done on 60 healthy young adults aged 18–30 years. All the subjects were divided into three groups of 20 each on the level of their BMI and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Group I were subjects with BMI <25 and normotensive, group II with BMI <25 and prehypertensive, and group III with BMI >25 and prehypertensive. HRV analysis (Chart HRV module, ADInstruments Pty Ltd) was performed with the following parameters calculated: low-frequency power (LF), high-frequency power (HF), and LF/HF ratio.

Results:
LF/HF ratio was significantly increased (P<0.001) in prehypertensive subjects (groups II and III) when compared with the normotensive subjects (group I), which indicates a heightened sympathetic discharge in prehypertensives. A positive correlation between anthropometric parameters and cardiac autonomic activity parameters and increased sympathetic activity in obese subjects were noted.

Conclusion:
An increase in anthropometric indices is associated with a change in cardiac autonomic activity, especially toward sympathetic activity. Regular anthropometric assessment can prevent the development of cardiac abnormalities and the incidence of sudden cardiac death.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Hussein Zahir Salih 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, currently the top cause of infectious death from a single pathogen worldwide.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of clinical and radiological presentations of pulmonary TB on mortality.

Materials and Methods:
This retrospective case series study was performed on 215 patients (120 females and 95 males) using the recorded files of patients who were registered as pulmonary TB at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil, Iraq. Recorded files were studied from January 2018 to December 2019.

Results:
The mean age ± SD of the patients was 44.03 ± 21.57 years (ranged from 1 to 91 years), and female to male ratio was of 1.16:1. The right lung [97 (45.1%)] and upper zones [148 (68.8%)] were involved more frequently than other zones. Infiltration [120 (56%)] was the most common lung lesion. Clinical symptoms such as hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, and chest pain were associated with a statistically significant increase in mortality. The right upper zones were affected more than other zones, and its involvement was statically significant. The involvement of both lungs had significant higher mortality [9 (25.7%)] than a single lung involvement [right lung: 2 (2.1%) versus left lung: 3 (3.9%)]; P value was <0.0001. The lower lung zone involvement has higher mortality [7 (19.4%)], and the type of lung lesion such as miliary distribution and cavitation has higher mortality, 2 (100%) and 3 (14.3%), respectively; P value was <0.016.

Conclusion:
Poor predictors of the outcome of pulmonary TB include clinical (hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, and chest pain) and radiological (both lung involvement, upper zones especially the right upper zone, miliary distribution, and cavitation) presentations.
Diabetic Nephropathy in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with Vitamin D Deficiency and Dyslipidemia as Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Abdullah Wasnaa Hadi , Kadhum Ausama Jamal , Baghdadi Ghazwan Abdulsalam 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common and significant chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is linked to poor control of diabetes and its complications including the microvascular one such as DN. Dyslipidemia is believed to play a role in DN progression.

Objective:
The aim of this article is to estimate the prevalence of DN in children and adolescents with type 1 DM and its association with VD deficiency and dyslipidemia as risk factors.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study over a period of 6 months on 45 patients (children and adolescents) who attended the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic of the National Diabetic Center/Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad city, Iraq. The age of study participants ranged from 10 to 17 years, with the duration of type 1 DM of 5 years or more. Data including age, gender, duration of diabetes, daily insulin dose per kilogram body weight, growth measurements, and blood pressure (BP) were reported. A venous blood sample was collected for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, VD level, whereas a urine sample was collected for albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Two of the three specimens were obtained within a 3–6-month period due to variability in urinary albumin excretion.

Results:
The majority of diabetic children (71.1%) had DN. There were no significant differences in age, gender, duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and BP between patients with diabetes and nephropathy and those with only diabetes. Both insulin dose and the HbA1c levels were significantly greater in diabetic patients with nephropathy (P-value 0.018 and 0.04, respectively) compared with diabetic patients without nephropathy. Insufficient and deficient VD levels were significantly higher among diabetic patients with nephropathy, whereas the sufficient level was higher among diabetic patients without nephropathy (P = 0.020). Diabetic patients with nephropathy had significantly higher levels of triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL but lower high-density lipoprotein levels than diabetic patients without nephropathy (P-values 0.004, 0.047, 0.024, and 0.030 respectively).

Conclusion:
DN was not significantly associated with age, gender, disease duration, BMI, and BP of patients. Patients with DN need higher doses of insulin therapy and had higher HbA1c levels. VD deficiency is linked to a higher risk of DN. Patients with nephropathy had more significant dyslipidemia than patients without nephropathy.
Bone Marrow Examination
Authors: Majumdar Arijit , Biswas Soumali , Jana Angshuman 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) is a common diagnostic dilemma that needs a number of diagnostic modalities to arrive at a diagnosis. Bone marrow examination is one of the common tests implicated in the diagnosis in combination with others. Authors, in this study, have attempted to explore the role of bone marrow morphological study in determining the various causes of PUO in children.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted at Dr. B. C. Roy PGIPS, Kolkata, West Bengal over the period of 2 years. Bone marrow aspiration was performed and evaluated morphologically in 100 patients. Marrow trephine biopsy was also performed in some cases, undiagnosed in aspiration smears, to reach at a conclusion.

Results:
Besides reactive hyperplasia (25%), other frequent outcomes were acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 15 (15%), marked hemophagocytosis in 15 (15%), and visceral leishmaniasis in 5 (5%) patients.

Conclusion:
Early diagnosis of PUO can be aided by the morphologic examination of bone marrow. Bone marrow biopsy is a complementary and in some respects, better diagnostic tool than aspiration in patients with PUO. This study will help to know the current spectrum of diseases causing PUO in children in this region.
Use of Traffic Signal Lights in Vehicle– to– Vehicle Communication on Underground Mine Ramps
Authors: Normanyo E. , Ainoo C. L. 
Published: July 2022

To minimise collisions and road accidents, road safety systems require Vehicle– to– Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle– to– Road (V2R) communication infrastructure. Two-way traffic flow dynamics in single-lane underground mine haulage ramps do affect productivity of ramp in times of ore transportation to the surface for processing. Optical wireless communication offers no health hazard, low power consumption, non-licensed channels and high bandwidth. In this research, V2V communication on an underground mine ramp has been actualised making use of traffic signal lights, Radio Frequency (RF) Transmitters (Tx) and Receivers (Rx), and a traffic signal lights module. Simulation outcomes confirm orderly movement of two heavy vehicles on the haulage ramp. This development stands to minimise the incidents occurrence rate in mine ramp haulage systems.
Microbial Analysis and Sensory Attributes of Garri Produced and Marketed in Bida Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Obi P. U. , Mohammed Y. M. , Okeke K. S. , Ibrahim N. J. , Ajayi M. A. , Benedict A. U. , Umar M. 
Published: July 2022

Garri is one of the most preferred cassava products due to its less expensive nature, less bulky, easy to cook and not readily perishable. This study was carried out to ascertain the microbial analysis and sensory attributes of garri produced and marketed in Bida Niger state, Nigeria. The collected samples were analyzed using standard methods and procedures. The results show moisture content of the garri sample ranged from 7.0 to 11.0%. The swelling index ranged from 2.0 to 4.0%. The mean bacteria count ranged from 4.04±3.98 to 4.11±3.98 Cfu/g and the mean fungal count ranged from 3.57±3.50 to 3.62±3.50 Cfu/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean bacterial and fungal count observed among the samples from the studied garri production area. The bacterial isolates encountered were Micrococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella sp. While the fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. Most of the isolates are of public health importance and there is need to maintain a clean, safe personal and environmental hygiene in garri producing areas of Bida Niger state to avoid microbial contamination.
Early Prediction of Cerebrovascular Disease using Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms to Assist Clinicians
Authors: Abdullahi S. D. , Muhammad S. A. 
Published: July 2022

Clinicians are required to make an early prediction of diseases to save a life, especially cerebrovascular diseases. The objective of this research is to use mathematical models such as boosting machine learning algorithms as a tool to be applied by clinicians for cerebrovascular disease. This paper particularly, considered XGBoost, AdaBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost Classifiers to predict cerebrovascular disease using age, gender, BMI, hypertension, heart disease, residence type, ever married, smoking status, and average glucose level of the patients. Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique Edited Nearest Neighbors Under-sampling (SMOTE-ENN) and Feature Engineering were applied to the dataset to enhance the performance of the algorithms. The result obtained showed that XGBoost Classifier is the best model with an accuracy of 98% and an AUC of 0.983.
Impact of Processing on Physical, Chemical and Pasting Properties of Tamarind (T. indica) Seed Flour
Authors: Makinde F. M. , Ayodele T. I. 
Published: July 2022

Tamarind seed is a discarded waste material from the tamarind pulp industry. The seed contains plethora of nutrients, however its application as food ingredient in Nigeria is limited. This study investigated the impact of processing techniques on physical (colour), proximate, mineral, anti-nutrient and pasting properties of tamarind seed flour using standard methods. Unprocessed seeds (sample A) served as the control, soaked seeds (sample B), roasted seeds (sample C) and autoclaved seeds (sample D). The obtained flour samples were analysed for the physical (colour), proximate, mineral, anti-nutrient and pasting properties using standard methods. Colour values (L*) of seed flour decreased whereas a* and b* values increased in processed flours compared to the control. Raw and processed tamarind seed flours are composed mainly of carbohydrate (65.0-75.2%) and protein (2.3-12.7%) with minuscule quantities of dietary fibre (3.50-7.10%), fat (5.4-6.8%) and ash (1.25-2.08%). The results revealed the following ranges in mineral concentrations: calcium (11.72-18.76mg/100g), magnesium (125.48-152.55mg/100g), potassium (224.49-487.37mg/100g) and iron (22.34-31.04mg/100g). Boiling, autoclaving and roasting significantly (p≤0.05) altered the anti-nutritional contents of tamarind seeds. There exist variation in the pasting viscosities with the control and processed tamarind flours being significantly different (p≤0.05). The study highlighted that roasting of the seeds could eliminate the anti-nutrients and improved the quality of seeds compared to soaking and autoclaving processes. Exploring the potential of tamarind seeds for human consumption will clearly reduce the over-dependence on common legumes as protein source in marginalised communities.