bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verticalizing and Horizontalizing the Notion of ‘Legality’ under International Human Rights Law
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter conducts a systematic analysis of this layered notion of ‘legality’ under IHRL using the various concepts of Vertical Legality and Horizontal Legality developed in the previous chapter and is divided into three substantive sections. The first section illustrates the ‘layered’ nature of the legality requirements embedded in IHRL for the right to life and the right to liberty by surveying their formulation. The second section explores the vertical dimension of these legality requirements and demonstrates the vision for Positive Legality. The third section explores the horizontal dimension of these legal requirements and demonstrates the vision for System-wide Legality.
Agents and Structures in the Field of Via Dolorosa
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study on the use of force against individuals in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, using both archival research and field research conducted in Israel and the occupied West Bank between 2015 and 2016. It is divided into three substantive sections. The first section describes the social structures, understood in a Durkheimian sense of collective consciousness and representations and the morphological facts of society, that influence the use of force in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The second section conceptualizes the role of human agency, respectively as a pre-legal notion, a legal construction, and a relative concept to signify greater or lesser degree of human autonomy, in the use of force against individuals in war. Adopting a relative conception of human agency, the third section establishes the relative distinction between structural and agential factors through examining their interaction in different instances of use of force in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It demonstrates how the purported convergence of the laws governing these factors leads to a conflation of ontologies in practice.
Repression and Conspiracy
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Machiavelli believed the 1466 Medici victory made constitutional opposition impossible. With power concentrated in one family’s faction, dissent could manifest itself only through conspiracy. Machiavelli relates two early challenges to Lorenzo: an actual conspiracy in Prato; and a dispute with Volterra (1472) over control of an alum mine. This was not a conspiracy, but Lorenzo, determined to assert unquestioned leadership of the party, decided, against the advice of Medici elder Tommaso Soderini, on a military solution that turned into a sack and massacre. Lorenzo saw plots everywhere and responded with humiliations and insults against the Pazzi and Pope Sixtus, thus provoking the attack that wounded Lorenzo and killed his brother Giuliano. Machiavelli highlights the regime’s confusion of public and private rights and wrongs in Lorenzo’s speech (8.10) in which he claims to be only a private citizen but also that his family “rules” the city by authority of the people’s “unito consenso.” The war that Sixtus and King Ferdinand launched against Lorenzo alone, as they insisted, generated dissatisfaction in Florence. Without authorization, Lorenzo went to Naples and negotiated a separate peace. Because of the rumblings during the war and unhappiness with aspects of the treaty, in 1480 Lorenzo imposed reforms that completed the regime’s seizure of power. Machiavelli emphasizes the regime’s precariousness and its drastic reaction to dissent. The phrase (8.36) about Lorenzo keeping his patria “sempre in festa” paraphrases verses from Juvenal’s tenth satire, and, when read together with passages from Discourses 3.6, hints at his underlying tyrannical ambitions.
(Re)designing the Future
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The conclusion of the book describes how the rise and dissemination of artificial intelligence (AI) and ideas about it produce a certain kind of world. The visions of technology that give strength to AI will bear partial responsibility for what kind of world emerges. So we must think with care about the technological values that are already present or emerging in our time and consider how best to ensure those values are productive. Shared responsibility and shared values can emerge through global collaboration. To build a single vision that accommodates every human culture is inconceivable; nevertheless, to advance AI in clear awareness of the religious and cultural contexts in which we deploy it offers opportunities to use AI to advance human flourishing.
First Report of Pucciniastrum boehmeriae in North America, Causing Rust Disease in Bog Hemp
Authors: Gomez-Zapata Paula A. , Smith Matthew E. , Frank Marc S. , Aime Mary Catherine 
Published: May 2022

Bog hemp ( Boehmeria cylindrica) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely distributed across the Americas. In September of 2016, a rust disease was observed on leaves of bog hemp in Florida, U.S.A. The specimen was sent to the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University for further identification and long-term deposit. Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the rust species was identified as Pucciniastrum boehmeriae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. boehmeriae in North America from any host.
Enterobacter cloacae Keratitis: Clinicomicrobiological Profiles, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
Authors: Rajarajan Mugundhan , Madduri Bhagyasree , Mohan Nitin , Fernandes Merle 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to report the clinical features, risk factors, antibiotic susceptibility, and treatment outcomes in a series of Enterobacter cloacae keratitis.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed of the electronic medical records of microbial keratitis caused by E. cloacae identified by the Vitek 2 system (BioMerieux, Craponne, France). We collected data pertaining to demographics, risk factors, ulcer characteristics, antibiogram, visual acuity at presentation and final follow-up, and management outcome. The main outcome measure was resolution of infection. The final visual acuity was the secondary outcome measure.

Results:
Ten episodes of E. cloacae keratitis in 9 patients were identified between January 2009 and December 2019. Nine (90%) cases had undergone penetrating keratoplasty and 8 were failed grafts. Other risk factors included topical steroid use and irregular ocular surface due to epithelial bullae. The mean ulcer size was 17.55 ± 13.99 mm2. More than 80% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and colistin. Nine (90%) cases healed on medical management within 56.55 ± 26.74 days (range 9–120 d), although almost all required adjunctive procedures: tissue adhesive application (n = 6) and/or tarsorrhaphy (n = 4). One case with a near total infiltrate had a mixed infection with Kocuria kristinae requiring therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. One case developed endophthalmitis and phthisis after the corneal infiltrate resolved.

Conclusions:

E. cloacae keratitis is a rare clinical entity seen more often in immunocompromised host conditions such as failed corneal transplants with concomitant topical steroids. Most cases healed with medical management.
Diffuse Synaptophysin Expression in Aggressive Recurrent Castration-Resistant Acinar (Usual) Prostate Cancer: Case Report and Review of Prostatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Russell Daniel H. , Mignano Salvatore E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMetastatic or locally advanced prostate cancer in a majority of men recurs within two to three years. The literature contains ample evidence that locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancers are associated with increased neuroendocrine expressing tumor cells, as is castration resistance. Usual (acinar) prostatic adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine features is a high-grade malignant acinar tumor with neuroendocrine expression, which can be mistaken for neuroendocrine carcinoma, in particular large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. We present a case of metastatic acinar prostatic adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine features with strong and diffuse synaptophysin expression, mimicking a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. We review recognized prostatic neuroendocrine tumors, tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation requiring further investigation, relevant differential considerations, and recommended ancillary workup of challenging cases.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Unique Presentation of a Rare Entity and Review of the Literature
Authors: Long James O. , Moncur Joel T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate is an exceedingly rare and aggressive histologic variant of prostate cancer, which is composed of glandular and squamous components. Up to two-thirds of these cases are identified in patients with a history of adenocarcinoma after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy or radiation therapy; however, multiple cases have been reported arising de novo. Patients frequently present with obstructive urinary complaints and bony osteolytic metastases. Serum prostate-specific antigen is usually normal or slightly elevated. We describe a rare case of de novo metastatic adenosquamous carcinoma in a patient presenting with a markedly elevated serum prostate-specific antigen and multiple osteoblastic lesions. The prognosis for patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate has historically been dismal, with death occurring within 12 to 24 months of diagnosis.
Association of PTSD With Longitudinal COVID-19 Burden in a Mixed-Serostatus Cohort of Men and Women: Weathering the Storm
Authors: Jones Deborah L. , Zhang Yuehan , Rodriguez Violeta J. , Haberlen Sabina , Ramirez Catalina , Adimora Adaora A. , Merenstein Daniel , Aouizerat Bradley , Sharma Anjali , Wilson Tracey , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Sheth Anandi N. , Plankey Michael , Cohen Mardge H. , Stosor Valentina , Kempf Mirjam-Colette , Friedman M. Reuel 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
This study of people with HIV (PWH) and those without HIV conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020 examines the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on COVID-19 burden, defined as pandemic-related disruptions.

Methods:
Data consisted of survey responses on PTSD among participants (N = 2434) enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Women's Interagency HIV (WIHS) cohorts. Unadjusted and adjusted regression models were used to examine the association of PTSD with COVID-19 burden (overall and domain-specific burdens). Quasi-Poisson regression models were used to assess associations with the COVID-19 burden score and 2 domain-specific burdens: (1) changes in resources and (2) interruptions in health care. Analyses was adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, HIV serostatus, current smoking status, number of comorbidities, education, and study regions.

Results:
Study participants were a median age of 58 (interquartile range, 52–65) years. In both bivariate and multivariable models, PTSD severity was associated with greater overall COVID-19 burden. PTSD severity was associated with the number of resource changes and number of interruptions in medical care. These findings were also consistent across cohorts (MACS/WIHS) and across HIV serostatus, suggesting a greater risk for COVID-19 burden with greater PTSD severity, which remained significant after controlling for covariates.

Conclusions:
This study builds on emerging literature demonstrating the impact of mental health on the burden and disruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, providing context specific to PWH. The ongoing pandemic requires structural and social interventions to decrease disruption to resources and health resource needs among these vulnerable populations.
The structural basis of long-term potentiation in hippocampal synapses, revealed by EM-imaging of lanthanum-induced synaptic vesicle recycling
Authors: Heuser John E. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTHippocampal neurons in tissue-culture were exposed to the trivalent cation lanthanum for short periods (15 to 30 minutes) and prepared for electron microscopy (EM), to evaluate the stimulatory effects of this cation on synaptic ultrastructure. Not only were characteristic ultrastructural changes of exaggerated synaptic vesicle turnover seen within the presynapses of these cultures - - including synaptic vesicle depletion and proliferation of vesicle-recycling structures - - but the overall architecture of a large proportion of the synapses in the cultures was dramatically altered, due to large postsynaptic ‘bulges’ or herniations into the presynapses. Moreover, in most cases these postsynaptic herniations or protrusions produced by lanthanum were seen by EM to distort or break or ‘perforate’ the so-called postsynaptic densities (PSD’s) that harbor receptors and recognition-molecules essential for synaptic function. These dramatic EM-observations lead us to postulate that such PSD-breakages or ‘perforations’ could very possibly create essential substrates or ‘tags’ for synaptic growth, simply by creating fragmented free-edges around the PSD’s, into which new receptors and recognition-molecules could be recruited more easily, and thus they could represent the physical substrate for the important synaptic-growth process known as “long-term potentiation” (LTP). All of this was created simply in hippocampal tissue-cultures, and simply by pushing synaptic vesicle recycling way beyond its normal limits with the trivalent cation lanthanum; but we argue in this report that such fundamental changes in synaptic architecture - - given that they can occur at all - - could also occur at the extremes of normal neuronal activity, which are presumed to lead to learning and memory.
A Computational Theory of Learning Flexible Reward-Seeking Behavior with Place Cells
Authors: Gao Yuanxiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn important open question in computational neuroscience is how various spatially tuned neurons, such as place cells, are used to support the learning of reward-seeking behavior of an animal. Existing computational models either lack biological plausibility or fall short of behavioral flexibility when environments change. In this paper, we propose a computational theory that achieves behavioral flexibility with better biological plausibility. We first train a mixture of Gaussian distributions to model the ensemble of firing fields of place cells. Then we propose a Hebbian-like rule to learn the synaptic strength matrix among place cells. This matrix is interpreted as the transition rate matrix of a continuous time Markov chain to generate the sequential replay of place cells. During replay, the synaptic strengths from place cells to medium spiny neurons (MSN) are learned by a temporal-difference like rule to store place-reward associations. After replay, the activation of MSN will ramp up when an animal approaches the rewarding place, so the animal can move along the direction where the MSN activation is increasing to find the rewarding place. We implement our theory into a high-fidelity virtual rat in the MuJoCo physics simulator. In a complex maze, the rat shows significantly better learning efficiency and behavioral flexibility than a rat that implements a neuroscience-inspired reinforcement learning algorithm, deep Q-network.
Anticodon Table of the Chloroplast Genome and Identification of Putative Quadruplet Anticodons in Chloroplast tRNAs
Authors: Mohanta Tapan Kumar , Mohanta Yugal Kishore , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Sharma Nanaocha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe chloroplast genome of 5959 species was analyzed to construct the anticodon table of the chloroplast genome. Analysis of the chloroplast transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) revealed the presence of a putative quadruplet anticodon containing tRNAs in the chloroplast genome. The tRNAs with putative quadruplet anticodons were UAUG, UGGG, AUAA, GCUA, and GUUA, where the GUUA anticodon putatively encoded tRNAAsn. The study also revealed the complete absence of tRNA genes containing ACU, CUG, GCG, CUC, CCC, and CGG anticodons in the chloroplast genome from the species studied so far. The chloroplast genome was also found to encode tRNAs encoding N-formylmethionine (fMet), Ile2, selenocysteine, and pyrrolysine. The chloroplast genomes of mycoparasitic and heterotrophic plants have had heavy losses of tRNA genes. Furthermore, the chloroplast genome was also found to encode putative spacer tRNA, tRNA fragments (tRFs), tRNA-derived, stress-induced RNA (tiRNAs), and group I introns. An evolutionary analysis revealed that chloroplast tRNAs had evolved via multiple common ancestors and the GC% had more influence toward encoding the tRNA number in the chloroplast genome compared to the genome size.
Changes in prefrontal GABA and glutamate through adolescence supports excitation/inhibition balance
Authors: Perica Maria I. , Calabro Finnegan J. , Larsen Bart , Foran Will , Yushmanov Victor E. , Hetherington Hoby , Tervo-Clemmens Brenden , Moon Chan-Hong , Luna Beatriz 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAnimal and human postmortem studies provide evidence for changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during adolescence, suggesting shifts in excitation and inhibition balance consistent with critical period plasticity. However, how GABA and glutamate change through adolescence and how the balance of these inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters changes is not well understood in vivo in humans. High field (7 Tesla) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging was used to investigate age-related changes in the balance of GABA/creatine (Cr) and glutamate/Cr in multiple developmentally-relevant regions of PFC in 144 10 to 30-year-olds. Results indicated a homogenous pattern of age-related Glu/Cr decreases across PFC regions, while age-related changes in GABA/Cr were heterogenous, with a mix of stable and decreasing age effects. Importantly, balance between glutamate/Cr and GABA/Cr in areas of prefrontal cortex increased through adolescence, suggesting the presence of critical period plasticity in PFC at this significant time of development when adult trajectories are established.
Heme-deficient metabolism and impaired cellular differentiation as an evolutionary trade-off for human infectivity in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Authors: Horáková Eva , Lecordier Laurence , Cunha Paula , Sobotka Roman , Changmai Piya , Langedijk Catharina J. M. , Van Den Abbeele Jan , Vanhollebeke Benoit , Lukeš Julius 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTResistance to African trypanosomes in humans relies in part on the high affinity targeting of a trypanosome lytic factor 1 (TLF1) to a trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR). While TLF1 avoidance by the inactivation of HpHbR contributes to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human infectivity, the evolutionary trade-off of this adaptation is unknown, as the physiological function of the receptor remains to be elucidated. Here we show that uptake of hemoglobin via HpHbR constitutes the sole heme import pathway in the trypanosome bloodstream stage. T. b. gambiense strains carrying the inactivating mutation in HpHbR, as well as genetically engineered T. b. brucei HpHbR knock-out lines show only trace levels of intracellular heme and lack hemoprotein-based enzymatic activities, thereby providing an uncommon example of aerobic parasitic proliferation in the absence of heme. We further show that HpHbR facilitates the developmental progression from proliferating long slender forms to cell cycle-arrested stumpy forms in T. b. brucei. Accordingly, T. b. gambiense was found to be poorly competent for slender-to-stumpy differentiation unless a functional HpHbR receptor derived from T. b. brucei was genetically restored. Altogether, we identify heme-deficient metabolism and disrupted cellular differentiation as two distinct HpHbR-dependent evolutionary trade-offs for T. b. gambiense human infectivity.
ABL1 Kinase plays an important role in spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced genomic instability in multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Talluri Srikanth , Zhao Jiangning , Liao Chengcheng , Potluri Lakshmi B. , Buon Leutz , Mu Shidai , Shi Jialan , Chakraborty Chandraditya , Tai Yu-Tzu , Samur Mehmet K. , Shammas Masood A. , Munshi Nikhil C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGenomic instability contributes to cancer progression and is at least partly due to dysregulated homologous recombination. Here, we show that an elevated level of ABL1 kinase overactivates the HR pathway and causes genomic instability in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Inhibiting ABL1 with either shRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor (nilotinib) inhibits HR activity, reduces genomic instability, and slows MM cell growth. Moreover, inhibiting ABL1 rescues the HR dysregulation and genomic instability caused by melphalan, a chemotherapeutic agent used in MM treatment, and increases melphalan’s efficacy and cytotoxicity in vivo in a subcutaneous tumor model. In these tumors, nilotinib inhibits endogenous as well as melphalan-induced HR activity. These data demonstrate that inhibiting ABL1 using the clinically approved drug nilotinib reduces MM cell growth, promotes genome stability, increases the cytotoxicity of melphalan (and similar chemotherapeutic agents), and can potentially prevent or delay progression in MM patients.
Blockade of TGF-β signaling reactivates HIV-1/SIV reservoirs and immune responsesin vivo
Authors: Samer S , Thomas Y , Araínga M , Carter CM , Shirreff LM , Arif MS , Avita JM , Frank I , McRaven M , Thuruthiyil CT , Heybeli V , Anderson MR , Owen B , Gaisin A , Bose D , Simons LM , Hultquist JF , Arthos J , Cicala C , Sereti I , Santangelo P , Lorenzo-Redondo R , Hope TJ , Villinger FJ , Martinelli E 
Published: May 2022

AbstractElevated levels of TGF-β, a potent immunosuppressive factor, are present in HIV-1 infected individuals even after years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). TGF-β plays a critical role in maintaining immune cells in a resting state by inhibiting cell activation and proliferation. Resting HIV-1 target cells represent one of the main cellular reservoirs after long term ART and the low inducibility of the latent provirus constitutes one of the major obstacles to “kick and kill” cure strategies. We hypothesized that releasing cells from TGF-β-driven signaling would promote latency reversal. To test our hypothesis, we comparedex vivomodels of HIV-1 latency reactivation with and without TGF-β and a TGF-β type 1 receptor (TGFBR1) inhibitor, galunisertib. We also tested the effect of galunisertib in SIV infected, ART treated macaques by monitoring SIV envelope (env) protein expression via PET/CT using the Cu64-anti gp120 Fab (7D3) probe, along with plasma and tissue viral loads (VL). Exogenous TGF-1β reduced HIV-1 reactivation in U1 and ACH2 latency models. Galunisertib increased HIV-1 latency reversal both inex vivomodels and in PBMC from HIV-1 infected, cART treated aviremic donors.In vivo, oral galunisertib promoted increased SIV env protein total standardized uptake values (SUVtot) in PET/CT images of tissues (gut and lymph nodes) of 5 out of 7 aviremic, long-term ART-treated, SIV-infected, macaques. This increase correlated with an increase in SIV RNA in gut tissue. Two out of 7 animals also exhibited increases in plasma viral load. Higher anti-SIV T cell responses and anti-SIV env antibody titers were detected after galunisertib treatment in most animals. In summary, our data suggest that blocking TGF-β signaling simultaneously increases retroviral reactivation events and enhances anti-SIV immune responses.