bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study protocol for a prospective cohort study identifying risk factors for sport injury in adolescent female football players: the Karolinska football Injury Cohort (KIC)
Authors: Tranaeus Ulrika , Weiss Nathan , Lyberg Victor , Hagglund Martin , Waldén Markus , Johnson Urban , Asker Martin , Skillgate Eva 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionFootball is a popular sport among young females worldwide, but studies concerning injuries in female players are scarce compared with male players. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for injury in adolescent female football players.Methods and analysisThe Karolinska football Injury Cohort (KIC) is an ongoing longitudinal study that will include approximately 400 female football academy players 12–19 years old in Sweden. A detailed questionnaire regarding demographics, health status, lifestyle, stress, socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and various football-related factors are completed at baseline and after 1 year. Clinical tests measuring strength, mobility, neuromuscular control of the lower extremity, trunk and neck are carried out at baseline. Players are followed prospectively with weekly emails regarding exposure to football and other physical activity, health issues (such as stress, recovery, etc), pain, performance and injuries via the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O). Players who report a substantial injury in the OSTRC-O, that is, not being able to participate in football activities, or have reduced their training volume performance to a moderate or major degree, are contacted for full injury documentation. In addition to player data, academy coaches also complete a baseline questionnaire regarding coach experience and education.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Authority at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (2016/1251-31/4). All participating players and their legal guardians give their written informed consent. The study will be reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology. The results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals and disseminated to the Swedish football movement through stakeholders and media.
Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an online mindfulness program (MindOnLine) to reduce fear of recurrence among people with cancer: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Livingston Patricia M , Russell Lahiru , Orellana Liliana , Winter Natalie , Jefford Michael , Girgis Afaf , Austin David , O Eric , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Ugalde Anna , Chambers Richard , Phipps-Nelson Jo , Herath Dishan , Botti Mari , Rasmussen Bodil , Whitfield Kathryn , Ftanou Maria , Smith Allan Ben , Pilatti Kirsten , Sara Sally , Wootten Addie , Gillan Kate , Singh Madhu , Campbell David , Pillay Brindha , White Victoria 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionFear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common condition among cancer survivors that can lead to significant levels of distress, anxiety and depression. Online mindfulness programmes may provide the mechanism to support cancer survivors manage FCR and distress, and improve people’s well-being over the short, medium and long term. The primary aim of this study is to determine the potential efficacy of MindOnLine, a 9 session mindfulness-based programme for survivors of breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. A formal economic programme will also be conducted.Methods and analysisA single-blind randomised controlled trial to determine the efficacy and cost-efficacy of a MindOnLine programme for cancer survivors. A total of 400 people living with cancer will be recruited via online advertisements on social media platforms, peak consumer advocacy groups or through outpatient services at healthcare providers across Victoria, Australia. People will be randomly allocated to either the MindOnLine programme (n=200) or waitlist control (n=200). Participant assessments will occur at baseline, at 9 weeks and 9-month follow-up. The primary outcome is change in Fear of Recurrence Index Score total score between baseline and 9 weeks; secondary outcomes are changes in depression and anxiety, quality of life and mindfulness. The economic analysis comprises a cost-consequences analysis where all outcomes will be compared with costs.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (20-53) and Deakin University (2020-284). All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. Findings will be disseminated in peer reviewed journals and among key stakeholder organisations including hospitals, cancer and community organisations and Government. If successful the project will be rolled out nationally with a formal implementation plan.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (12620000645954); Pre-results. Registered 6 June 2020, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=379520&isReview=true.
Factors associated with the risk of HIV infection among HIV-exposed infants in Malawi: 2013–2020
Authors: Ng'ambi Wingston Felix , Merzouki Fatma Aziza , Estill Janne , Orel Erol , Chimpandule Tiwonge , Nyirenda Rose , Keiser Olivia 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundDespite the availability of individual-level data of infants accessing HIV DNA-PCR testing service, there has been little in-depth analysis of such data. Therefore, we describe trends in risk of HIV infection among Malawi’s HIV-exposed infants (HEI) with DNA-PCR HIV test result from 2013 to 2020.MethodsThis is an implementation study using routinely collected patient-level HIV DNA-PCR test result data extracted from the national Laboratory Management Information System database managed by the Department of HIV/AIDS between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2020. We calculated frequencies, proportions and odds ratio (OR) with their associated 95% CI. We performed a random-effects logistic regression to determine the risk factors associated with HIV infection in infants, controlling for the spatial autocorrelation between districts and adjusting for other variables.ResultsWe evaluated 255 229 HEI across 750 facilities in 28 districts. The HIV DNA-PCR test was performed within 2 months in 57% of the children. The overall HIV prevalence among all tested HEI between 2013 and 2020 was 7.2% (95% CI 7.1% to 7.3%). We observed a decreasing trend in the proportion of HEI that tested HIV positive from 7.0% (95% CI 6.6% to 7.4%) in 2013 to 5.7% (95% CI 5.4% to 5.9%) in 2015 followed by an increase to 9.9% (95% CI 9.6% to 10.2%) in 2017 and thereafter a decreasing trend between 2017 (i.e. 9.72% (95%CI: 9.43-10.01)) and 2020 (i.e. 3.86% (95%CI: 3.34-4.37)). The HIV prevalence increased by age of the HEI. There was spatial heterogeneity of HIV prevalence between districts of Malawi. The prevalence of HIV was higher among the HEI from the Northern region of Malawi.ConclusionThe main findings of the study are that the DNA test is performed within 2 months only in 57% of the children, that the decreasing trend of HIV prevalence among HEI observed up to 2015 was followed by an increase up to 2017 and a decrease afterwards, and that the risk of HIV infection increased with age at HIV testing. We summarised spatial and temporal trends of risk of HIV infection among HEI in Malawi between 2013 and 2020. There is need to ensure that all the HEI are enrolled in HIV care by 8 weeks of age in order to further reduce the risk of HIV in this population.
Fast-track hospital end-of-life discharge pathway: is it actually fast? National clinical audit
Authors:   Geriatric Medicine Research Collaborative
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo determine adherence to Department of Health and Social Care target of fast-track pathway discharge for end-of-life care within 48 hours.MethodsMulticentre audit in England using retrospective analysis of patient records for fast-track pathway tools submitted between 1 March 2019 and 31 March 2019.ResultsMost patients (72%) were not discharged within the 48-hour target. There was significant variability in success between hospital sites. Delays in discharge were most frequently considered to be secondary to delays in sourcing packages of care and 24-hour care facility placements. Involvement of specialist discharge nurses in paperwork submission improved rates by Commissioning Care Groups. Patients who died in hospital had significantly longer admissions than those who were discharged (discharged 19 days (IQR 11–28) vs died 28 days (IQR 18–42); p=0.039). This was entirely accounted for by increased numbers of days between admission and first suggestion of fast-track pathway discharge in those who died in hospital (discharged 9 days (IQR 5–19), died 15 days (IQR 9–33); p=0.003).ConclusionsWe demonstrated a delay in the fast-track pathway discharge process with significant variation in success of the discharge process at different geographical locations.
Interrupting the nitrosative stress fuels tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer
Authors: De Sanctis Francesco , Lamolinara Alessia , Boschi Federico , Musiu Chiara , Caligola Simone , Trovato Rosalinda , Fiore Alessandra , Frusteri Cristina , Anselmi Cristina , Poffe Ornella , Cestari Tiziana , Canè Stefania , Sartoris Silvia , Giugno Rosalba , Del Rosario Giulia , Zappacosta Barbara , Del Pizzo Francesco , Fassan Matteo , Dugnani Erica , Piemonti Lorenzo , Bottani Emanuela , Decimo Ilaria , Paiella Salvatore , Salvia Roberto , Lawlor Rita Teresa , Corbo Vincenzo , Park Youngkyu , Tuveson David A , Bassi Claudio , Scarpa Aldo , Iezzi Manuela , Ugel Stefano , Bronte Vincenzo 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest tumors owing to its robust desmoplasia, low immunogenicity, and recruitment of cancer-conditioned, immunoregulatory myeloid cells. These features strongly limit the success of immunotherapy as a single agent, thereby suggesting the need for the development of a multitargeted approach. The goal is to foster T lymphocyte infiltration within the tumor landscape and neutralize cancer-triggered immune suppression, to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of immune-based treatments, such as anticancer adoptive cell therapy (ACT).MethodsWe examined the contribution of immunosuppressive myeloid cells expressing arginase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 2 in building up a reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-dependent chemical barrier and shaping the PDAC immune landscape. We examined the impact of pharmacological RNS interference on overcoming the recruitment and immunosuppressive activity of tumor-expanded myeloid cells, which render pancreatic cancers resistant to immunotherapy.ResultsPDAC progression is marked by a stepwise infiltration of myeloid cells, which enforces a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment through the uncontrolled metabolism of L-arginine by arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, resulting in the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The extensive accumulation of myeloid suppressing cells and nitrated tyrosines (nitrotyrosine, N-Ty) establishes an RNS-dependent chemical barrier that impairs tumor infiltration by T lymphocytes and restricts the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. A pharmacological treatment with AT38 ([3-(aminocarbonyl)furoxan-4-yl]methyl salicylate) reprograms the tumor microenvironment from protumoral to antitumoral, which supports T lymphocyte entrance within the tumor core and aids the efficacy of ACT with telomerase-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.ConclusionsTumor microenvironment reprogramming by ablating aberrant RNS production bypasses the current limits of immunotherapy in PDAC by overcoming immune resistance.
Cost-effectiveness of thrombectomy in patients with minor stroke and large vessel occlusion: effect of thrombus location on cost-effectiveness and outcomes
Authors: Khunte Mihir , Wu Xiao , Koo Andrew , Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Matouk Charles , Heit Jeremy J , Wintermark Max , Albers Gregory W , Sanelli Pina C , Gandhi Dheeraj , Malhotra Ajay 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) to treat large vessel occlusion (LVO) in patients with acute, minor stroke (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) <6) and impact of occlusion site.MethodsA Markov decision-analytic model was constructed accounting for both costs and outcomes from a societal perspective. Two different management strategies were evaluated: EVT and medical management. Base case analysis was done for three different sites of occlusion: proximal M1, distal M1 and M2 occlusions. One-way, two-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsBase-case calculation showed EVT to be the dominant strategy in 65-year-old patients with proximal M1 occlusion and NIHSS <6, with lower cost (US$37 229 per patient) and higher effectiveness (1.47 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)), equivalent to 537 days in perfect health or 603 days in modified Rankin score (mRS) 0–2 health state. EVT is the cost-effective strategy in 92.7% of iterations for patients with proximal M1 occlusion using a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$100 000/QALY. EVT was cost-effective if it had better outcomes in 2%–3% more patients than intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in absolute numbers (base case difference −16%). EVT was cost-effective when the proportion of M2 occlusions was less than 37.1%.ConclusionsEVT is cost-effective in patients with minor stroke and LVO in the long term (lifetime horizon), considering the poor outcomes and significant disability associated with non-reperfusion. Our study emphasizes the need for caution in interpreting previous observational studies which concluded similar results in EVT versus medical management in patients with minor stroke due to a high proportion of patients with M2 occlusions in the two strategies.
Prognostic significance of international normalised ratio and prothrombin time in Chinese acute ischaemic stroke patients
Authors: You Shoujiang , Han Qiao , Dong Xiaofeng , Zhong Chongke , Du Huaping , Sun Yaming , Cao Yongjun , Liu Chunfeng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
We investigated the association between international normalised ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PT) levels on hospital admission and in-hospital outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients.

Methods
A total of 3175 AIS patients enrolled from December 2013 to May 2014 across 22 hospitals in Suzhou city were included. We divided patients into four groups according to their level of admission INR: (&lt;0.92), Q2 (0.92–0.98), Q3 (0.98–1.04) and Q4 (≥1.04) and PT. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of INR and PT on death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score (mRS)&gt;3), death and major disability (mRS scores 4–5) separately on discharge in AIS patients.

Results
Having an INR level in the highest quartile (Q4) was associated with an increased risk of death or major disability (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.31; P-trend = 0.001), death (OR, 2.64; 95% CI 1.12 to 6.19; P-trend = 0.002) and major disability on discharge (OR, 1.56; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.15; P-trend = 0.008) in comparison to Q1 after adjusting for potential covariates. Moreover, in multivariable logistic regression models, having a PT level in the highest quartile also significantly increased the risk of death (OR, 2.38; 95% CI 1.06 to 5.32; P-trend = 0.006) but not death or major disability (P-trend = 0.240), major disability (P-trend = 0.606) on discharge.

Conclusions
High INR at admission was independently associated with death or major disability, death and major disability at hospital discharge in AIS patients and increased PT was also associated with death at hospital discharge.
Tobacco tax evasion in Western Balkan countries: tax evasion prevalence and evasion determinants
Authors: Vladisavljevic Marko , Zubović Jovan , Jovanovic Olivera , Djukic Mihajlo , Trajkova Najdovska Natasa , Pula Ereza , Gligorić Dragan , Gjika Aida 
Published: January 2022

Background and objectiveTobacco tax evasion undermines the goal of tobacco taxes as a tobacco control measure to make tobacco products less affordable, increases the health risks for those who smoke and decreases the government revenue. This paper analyses the tobacco tax evasion in six Western Balkan (WB) countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. The aim of this research is to estimate the size of the illicit market and identify the main determinants of tax evasion activities in the Southeastern European region.Data and methodsData from 2019 Survey on Tobacco Consumption in Southeastern Europe (STC-SEE) are used. STC-SEE provides uniquely comparable nationally representative data on smoking behaviour for adult (18–85 years old) population for each country. Tax evasion is defined on the basis of available information on tax stamps, health warnings, price and the place of purchase, in accordance with the previous research on tax evasion. In order to estimate the determinants of illicit purchases we use binary choice model of tax evasion.ResultsThe study finds that 20.4% of all current smokers in WB countries evade taxes on tobacco products, with evasion being much more frequent for hand-rolled (HR) tobacco (86.7%) than for the manufactured cigarettes (MC) (8.6%). While HR is predominantly illicit in all six countries, MC evasion varies significantly, with evasion being significantly higher in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results further suggest that tax evasion is higher in the statistical regions where institutional capacities to tackle illicit trade are lower, in municipalities bordering countries with high MC evasion, as well as among smokers with low income, women and elderly. We also provide evidence that higher tobacco taxes and prices do not increase illicit consumption.ConclusionThe findings from the research suggest that in order to decrease tax evasion, governments should put additional effort to strengthen institutional capacities to tackle illicit tobacco markets. Furthermore, improving regional coordination in development and implementation of tobacco control policies, including the prevention of illicit market, is essential in lowering evasion in all WB countries. Finally, WB countries should regulate and enforce excise tax stamp requirements on the HR tobacco market to a much higher degree.
Closing the window on WIMP Dark Matter
Authors: Bottaro Salvatore , Buttazzo Dario , Costa Marco , Franceschini Roberto , Panci Paolo , Redigolo Diego , Vittorio Ludovico 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study scenarios where Dark Matter is a weakly interacting particle (WIMP) embedded in an ElectroWeak multiplet. In particular, we consider real SU(2) representations with zero hypercharge, that automatically avoid direct detection constraints from tree-level Z-exchange. We compute for the first time all the calculable thermal masses for scalar and fermionic WIMPs, including Sommerfeld enhancement and bound states formation at leading order in gauge boson exchange and emission. WIMP masses of few hundred TeV are shown to be compatible both with s-wave unitarity of the annihilation cross-section, and perturbativity. We also provide theory uncertainties on the masses for all multiplets, which are shown to be significant for large SU(2) multiplets. We then outline a strategy to probe these scenarios at future experiments. Electroweak 3-plets and 5-plets have masses up to about 16 TeV and can efficiently be probed at a high energy muon collider. We study various experimental signatures, such as single and double gauge boson emission with missing energy, and disappearing tracks, and determine the collider energy and luminosity required to probe the thermal Dark Matter masses. Larger multiplets are out of reach of any realistic future collider, but can be tested in future $$\gamma $$
γ
-ray telescopes and possibly in large-exposure liquid Xenon experiments.
Parallel Computing of Graph-based Functions in ReRAM
Authors: Froehlich Saman , Shirinzadeh Saeideh , Drechsler Rolf 
Published: January 2022

Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) is an emerging non-volatile memory technology. Besides its low power consumption and its high scalability, its inherent computation capabilities make ReRAM especially interesting for future computer architectures. Merging computations into the memory is a promising solution for overcoming the memory bottleneck.
To perform computations in ReRAM, efficient synthesis strategies for Boolean functions have to be developed. In this article, we give a thorough presentation of how to employ parallel computing capabilities of ReRAM for the synthesis of functions given state-of-the-art graph-based representations AIGs or BDDs. Additionally, we introduce a new graph-based representation called m-And-Inverter Graph (m-AIGs), which allows us to fully exploit the computing capabilities of ReRAM. In the simulations, we show that our proposed approaches outperform state-of-the art synthesis strategies, and we show the superiority of m-AIGs over the standard AIG representation for ReRAM-based synthesis.
SolType: refinement types for arithmetic overflow in solidity
Authors: Tan Bryan , Mariano Benjamin , Lahiri Shuvendu K. , Dillig Isil , Feng Yu 
Published: January 2022

As smart contracts gain adoption in financial transactions, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that they are free of bugs and security vulnerabilities. Of particular relevance in this context are arithmetic overflow bugs, as integers are often used to represent financial assets like account balances. Motivated by this observation, this paper presents SolType, a refinement type system for Solidity that can be used to prevent arithmetic over- and under-flows in smart contracts. SolType allows developers to add refinement type annotations and uses them to prove that arithmetic operations do not lead to over- and under-flows. SolType incorporates a rich vocabulary of refinement terms that allow expressing relationships between integer values and aggregate properties of complex data structures. Furthermore, our implementation, called Solid, incorporates a type inference engine and can automatically infer useful type annotations, including non-trivial contract invariants.
To evaluate the usefulness of our type system, we use Solid to prove arithmetic safety of a total of 120 smart contracts. When used in its fully automated mode (i.e., using Solid's type inference capabilities), Solid is able to eliminate 86.3% of redundant runtime checks used to guard against overflows. We also compare Solid against a state-of-the-art arithmetic safety verifier called VeriSmart and show that Solid has a significantly lower false positive rate, while being significantly faster in terms of verification time.