bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downscaling reverse osmosis for single-household wastewater reuse: towards low-cost decentralised sanitation through a batch open-loop configuration
Authors: Davey C. J. , Thomas N. , McAdam E. J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There is a significant demand for water recycling in low-income countries. However, wastewater infrastructure is primarily decentralised, necessitating the development of affordable household-scale reclamation technology. In this study, a batch open-loop reverse osmosis (RO) system is therefore investigated as a low-cost clean water reclamation route from highly saline concentrated blackwater. In a single-stage configuration, increasing feed pressure from 10 to 30 bars improved selective separation at water recovery exceeding 85%, whereas lower cross-flow velocity improved product recovery, reducing specific permeate energy demand from 21 to 4.8 kWh m−3. Rejection achieved for total phosphorous (99%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 96%), and final pH (8.7) of the RO permeate was compliant with the ISO30500 reuse standard for discharge. However, the rejection of total nitrogen in the RO permeate was non-compliant with the reuse standard due to the transmission of low-molecular weight (MW) uncharged organic compounds. It is suggested that rejection may be improved by increasing feed pressure to rebalance selectivity but may also be controlled by reducing fluid residence time (storage) to constrain the hydrolysis of urea. The economic analysis identified that a high-pressure 1812 element cost of ∼US$30 meets the sanitation affordability index of US$0.05 capita−1 day−1. However, the unit cost of a high-pressure feed pump must be reduced to ∼US$500 to obtain an affordable system cost. These unit costs can be achieved by manufacturing 1812 elements at economies of scale, and by adopting pumping solutions that have been developed for other applications requiring high pressures and low flows. Overall, our findings suggest that RO in the batch open-loop configuration has the potential to deliver affordable and safe water production from blackwater in a decentralised (single-household) context.
Effective adsorption of antimony (V) from contaminated water by a novel composite manganese oxide/oxyhydroxide as an adsorbent
Authors: Xie L. X. , Zhong Y. , Chen Y. Y. , Zhou G. Y. , Yang C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To obtain an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for the Sb(V) removal in Sb(V)-contaminated water, a novel composite manganese oxide/oxyhydroxide (CMO) was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The results revealed that the as-prepared CMO adsorbent possessed a porous structure consisting of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and MnOOH nanorods. Batch experiments showed that the adsorption behaviours were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, reaching the maximum adsorption capacity of 119.63 mg/g at 25 °C. The application of CMO adsorbent showed that the Sb(V) removal efficiency in 6.24 L Sb(V)-containing water with a concentration of 3.6 mg/L was more than 90%. The reusability of CMO adsorbent demonstrated that the Sb(V) removal efficiency was still more than 80% even after five times of regeneration. The adsorption mechanism for Sb(V) can be described as ligand exchange between hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface and hydroxyl groups in Sb(OH)6− molecules by forming inner-sphere complexes. Those results suggested that the CMO adsorbent can be considered as a potential adsorbent to remove Sb(V) from contaminated water.
Unveiling the Time Course Mechanism of Bone Fracture Healing by Transcriptional
Profiles
Authors: Jiang Tong-Meng 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Bone fracture healing is a time-consuming and high-priority orthopedic
problem worldwide.

Objectives:
Discovering the potential mechanism of bone healing at a time course and transcriptional
level may better help manage bone fracture.

Methods:
In this study, we analyze a time-course bone fracture healing transcriptional dataset in a
rat model (GSE592, GSE594, and GSE1371) of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RNA was obtained
from female Sprague-Dawley rats with a femoral fracture at the initial time (day 3) as well
as early (week 1), middle (week 2), and late (week 4) time periods, with nonfracture rats used as
control. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and pathway examinations were performed for
further measurements of GSEA and hub genes.

Results:
Results indicated that the four stages of bone fracture healing at the initial, early, middle,
and late time periods represent the phases of hematoma formation, callus formation, callus molding,
and mature lamellar bone formation, respectively. Extracellular organization was positively
employed throughout the four stages. At the hematoma formation phase, the muscle contraction
process was downregulated. Antibacterial peptide pathway was downregulated at all phases. The
upregulation of Fn1 (initial, early, middle, and late time periods), Col3a1 (initial, early, and middle
time periods), Col11a1 (initial and early time periods), Mmp9 (middle and late time periods),
Mmp13 (early, middle, and late time periods) and the downregulation of RatNP-3b (initial, early,
middle, and late time periods) were possible symbols for bone fracture healing and may be used as
therapeutic targets.

Conclusion:
These findings suggest some new potential pathways and genes in the process of bone
fracture healing and further provide insights that can be used in targeted molecular therapy for
bone fracture healing.
Biocompatible Nanomaterials for Burns
Authors: Shukla Rahul , Handa Mayank , Maharana Sandeep Kr , Pal Kamlesh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
The skin being the largest organ, protects our body against harmful chemicals, pathogens,
and physical agents. It constitutes primarily three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous
layers. Injuries occurring due to burning remain localized to the skin or other organic tissues
caused by flame, extreme heat, and close contact with chemicals or heated objects. Conventional
treatments are available for the treatment of burns; however, they are expensive and might completely
replace autologous tissue transfer. Nanotechnology-based approaches include organic nanoparticles,
dendrimers, hydrogels, etc. Biocompatibility usually refers to the ability of biomaterials
to perform their respective functions centered on medical therapy without causing any systemic
or local effects. Polymeric materials like a natural (chitosan and hyaluronic acid) and synthetic
(polylactic acid and polycaprolactone) materials are employed as biomaterials. Various preclinical
and clinical studies were performed in animal models. In this review, the authors have discussed
elaborately the biocompatible polymers, which are used in the treatment of burn wounds. Afterwards,
a brief discussion on the polymers, pre-clinical and clinical studies, and regulatory concerns
related to nanomaterials have also been covered.
The Virulent Hypothetical Proteins: The Potential Drug Target Involved in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Naveed Muhammad , Makhdoom Syeda Izma , Abbas Ghulam , Safdari Mohammadreza , Farhadi Amin , Habtemariam Solomon , Shabbir Muhammad Aqib , Jabeen Khizra , Asif Muhammad Farrukh , Tehreem Sana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Hypothetical proteins (HPs) are non-predicted sequences that are identified only by open reading frames in sequenced genomes, but their protein products remain uncharacterized by any experimental means. The genome of every species consists of HPs that are involved in various cellular processes and signaling pathways. Annotation of HPs is important as they play a key role in disease mechanisms, drug designing, vaccine production, antibiotic production, and host adaptation. In the case of bacteria, 25-50% of the genome comprises HPs, which are involved in metabolic pathways and pathogenesis. The characterization of bacterial HPs helps to identify virulent proteins that are involved in pathogenesis. This can be done using in-silico studies, which provide sequence analogs, physiochemical properties, cellular or subcellular localization, structure and function validation, and protein-protein interactions. The most diverse types of virulent proteins are exotoxins, endotoxins, and adherent virulent factors that are encoded by virulent genes present on the chromosomal DNA of the bacteria. This review evaluates virulent HPs of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Yersinia pestis. The potential of these HPs as a drug target in bacteria-caused infectious diseases, along with the mode of action and treatment approaches, has been discussed.
Oculomotor Abnormalities during Reading in the Offspring of Late-Onset
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fernández Gerardo , González Ana Paula , Abulafia Carolina , Fiorentini Leticia , Agamennoni Osvaldo , Guinjoan Salvador M. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Eye movement patterns during reading are well defined and documented.
Each eye movement ends up in a fixation point, which allows the brain to process the incoming information
and program the following saccade. In this work, we investigated whether eye movement
alterations during a reading task might be already present in middle-aged, cognitively normal offspring
of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (O-LOAD).

Methods:
18 O-LOAD and 18 age-matched healthy individuals with no family history of LOAD participated
in the study. Participants were seated in front of a 20-inch LCD monitor, and single sentences
were presented on it. Eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker with a sampling rate
of 1000 Hz.

Results:
Analysis of eye movements during reading revealed that O-LOAD displayed more fixations,
shorter saccades, and shorter fixation durations than controls.

Conclusion:
The present study shows that O-LOAD experienced alterations in their eye movements
during reading. O-LOAD eye movement behavior could be considered an initial sign of oculomotor
impairment. Hence, the evaluation of eye movement during reading might be a useful tool for monitoring
well-defined cognitive resources.
Progress in Metabolic Studies of Gastric Cancer and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Duenas-Gonzalez Alfonso , Romo-Perez Adriana , Dominguez-Gomez Guadalupe , Chavez-Blanco Alma , Taja-Chayeb Lucia , Gonzalez-Fierro Aurora , Diaz-Romero Consuelo , Lopez-Basave Horacio Noe 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Worldwide, gastric cancer is ranked the fifth malignancy in incidence and
the third malignancy in mortality. Gastric cancer causes an altered metabolism that can be therapeutically
exploited.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the significant metabolic alterations
caused by gastric cancer and propose a blockade.

Methods:
A comprehensive and up-to-date review of descriptive and experimental publications on the
metabolic alterations caused by gastric cancer and their blockade. This is not a systematic review.

Results:
Gastric cancer causes high rates of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. There are increased rates
of de novo fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, gastric cancer causes high rates
of lipid turnover via fatty acid β-oxidation. Preclinical data indicate that the individual blockade of
these pathways via enzyme targeting leads to antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless,
there is no data on the simultaneous blockade of these five pathways, which is critical as tumors show
metabolic flexibility in response to the availability of nutrients. This means tumors may activate alternate
routes when one or more are inhibited. We hypothesize there is a need to simultaneously block
them to avoid or decrease the metabolic flexibility that may lead to treatment resistance.

Conclusions:
There is a need to explore the preclinical efficacy and feasibility of combined metabolic
therapy targeting the pathways of glucose, glutamine, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and
fatty acid oxidation. This may have therapeutical implications because we have clinically available
drugs that target these pathways in gastric cancer.
Design and Facile Synthesis of Spiro-s-tetrazine Derivatives of 2,4-
diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9-one
Authors: Pati Anita , Nayak Manini , Samal Kanyanjali 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Literature survey suggested various methods of synthesis of the 3-
azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonanes which include, Mannich reaction, α, α'-Annelation of Cyclic Ketones or
through Enamines, Michael addition, Intramolecular Cyclizations, etc. However, a mechanism following
a Michael addition path through the formation of the dibenzylidene cyclohexanone intermediate
can not be ignored. Thus to ensure the mechanistic pathway for the formation of 2,4-diphenyl-
3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one and to understand the reactivity of a conformationally and biologically
important molecule for the synthesis of spiro-s-tetrazine derivatives and its further functionalization
with thiazole and thiazolidinone derivatives the present work has been undertaken.

Method:
Direct reaction of dibenzylidene cyclohexanone and ammonium acetate has been tried to
get the confirmation of Mannich/ Michael reaction pathway for the formation of 2,4-diphenyl-3-
azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one. Synthesis of the spiro-s-tetrazine derivative has been accomplished
by the simple condensation reaction of azabicyclic system and thiocarbohydrazide (TCH). Simple
methods have been adopted for the installation of heterocyclic moieties like thiazolidinone, thiazole.

Results:
Failure of the attempts to prepare 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-onedirectly
from dibenzylidene cyclohexanone ruins the possibility of Michael addition reaction and supports
the formation of the product through Mannich reaction. Synthesis of the spiro derivatives containing
tetrazine, thiazole, thiazolidinone moieties were achieved by using simple techniques and products
were obtained in good yield. FTIR, NMR spectroscopy are used for the characterization of all
the molecules. Formation of 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-onewas confirmed by using
some additional data like mass and single crystal XRD.

Conclusion:
Confirmation of the mechanistic route for the 2 2,4-diphenyl-3-
azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one was achieved and simple methods for the formation of spiro derivatives
containing tetrazine, thiazole, thiazolidinone were established.
A Mini-review on Functionalized Ionic Liquid Immobilized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Promoted One-Pot Domino Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic
Systems
Authors: Arya Anand Kumar , Arya Kritika , Kumar Sudesh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Ionic liquid-promoted one-pot synthetic methodologies have emerged as a frontier for the
facile access of diverse heterocycles. Owing to the high adaptability of ionic liquids (ILs), the design
of functionalized ILs with desired specific and attuned properties, ideally satisfying the one-pot syntheses,
are of great importance and endeavor. In particular, with the addressed drawbacks related to
the use of ionic liquids as a homogeneous catalyst, the concept of using ionic liquid supported magnetic
nanoparticles has drawn much attention as viable alternatives. This review focuses on the potential
of functionalized ionic liquid immobilized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the domino synthesis
of diverse heterocyclic systems.
Some Common Causes of False Positive Increases in Serum Levels of Cardiac
Troponins
Authors: Chaulin Aleksey Michailovich 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Cardiac troponin molecules (cTnI and cTnT) are the most valuable and in-demand biomarkers
for detecting various types of myocardial damage (reversible and irreversible, ischemic,
inflammatory, toxic, etc.) in current clinical practice. These biomarkers are widely used for early
diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and risk stratification of patients suffering from a
number of cardiac (such as myocarditis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and extra-cardiac diseases
(such as sepsis, renal failure, pulmonary embolism, neurological pathologies, etc.) that negatively
affect the cells of cardiac muscle tissue. However, in daily routine clinical activities, internists
and cardiologists often encounter cases of false increases in the concentrations of cardiospecific
troponins. A false increase in the concentration of troponins contributes to an incorrect diagnosis
and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient. A false increase in the concentration of troponins
contributes to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient,
therefore, internists and cardiologists should be well aware of the main reasons and mechanisms
for false-positive results cTnI and cTnT. This review article mainly focuses on the causes of falsepositive
increases in serum levels of cTnI and cTnT, which provide helpful clues for the accurate
diagnosis of AMI and evidence for the differential diagnosis.
Synthesis of New Thiazole Clubbed Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole Hybrid as
Antimycobacterial Agents
Authors: Mahmoud Huda K. , Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Abdel-Aziz Marwa M. , Gomha Sobhi M. 
Published: April 2022

Aims:
The study aims to synthesize bioactive hybrid pharmacophores (thiazole ring and
imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole system) by incorporating them into one biological assessment molecular system.

Background:
A literature survey revealed that various imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles, thiazoles, and hydrazones
have powerful antimycobacterial activity.

Objective:
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular hybridization and the scope for
imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-hydrazone-thiazoles to develop as promising antimycobacterial agents.

Method:
Several imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole–hydrazine-thiazoles 5a-g, 7a,b, 9a,b, 11a,b, 13, and 15a,b
were generated using a molecular hybridization strategy and assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(ATCC 25618) for their in vitro antituberculous activity.

Result:
Derivative 7b (MIC = 0.98 μg/mL) has shown the most promising antimycobacterial activity
among the series tested. Brief structure-activity relationship studies found that the thiazole of chlorophenyl
or pyridine, or coumarin had a significant relation with the antimycobacterial activity.

Conclusion:
The promising antimycobacterial activity of compound 7b compared with the reference
drug suggests that this compound may contribute as a lead compound in the search for new potential
antimycobacterial agents.
Adipose-derived Stem Cells: Potentials, Availability and Market Size in
Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Soltani Adele , Moradi Maryam , Nejad Aida Rezaei , Moradi Shabnam , Javandoost Ehsan , Nazari Hojjatollah , Jafarian Arefeh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been described as one of the most potent and accessible
human adult stem cells which can be utilized in various therapeutic approaches. Due to the wide
variety of cytokines and GFs secreted by them, ADSCs can be used for controlled drug release. These
cells can be used for proliferation and differentiation of tissues regardless of survival conditions and immunologic
problems. Because of their ability to differentiate into various lineages, ADSCs can be used in
musculoskeletal problems, diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, neurologic and nephrogenic diseases, and
wound healing, as well as applications in regenerative medicine such as osteogenic, cartilage, tendon,
muscle, skin, CNS, cardiac and vascularization, as well as liver and even periodontal regeneration.
To maintain the highest viability and efficiency, companies that provide ADSCs should offer the best
product quality to gain market share and scientists need to acquire an understanding of sources where they
can find the best products available. Therefore, in this article, we have reviewed the available products,
companies and the market size currently available for ADSCs. Enormous effort has been made to list the
most important trials, products and companies currently existent in the field. To achieve better outcomes
in scientific research, there is the need to compare the products available and choose the best option according
to desired goals. Thus, this paper provides a valuable reference for those interested in the field of
ADSCs and their applications.
Design and Development of Triazole Derivatives as Prospective Anticancer Agents: A
Review
Authors: Sachdeva Harshita , Saquib Mohammad , Tanwar Kumud 
Published: April 2022

Background:
In recent years, there has been a crucial need for the design and development of novel anticancer
drugs that can lessen the serious health problems and unwanted side effects associated with currently used anticancer
drugs. The triazole nucleus is well-recognized to possess numerous pharmacological activities, including anticancer,
as revealed by various investigations on anticancer drugs and the latest research findings.

Objective:
The aim of this review article is to summarise the anticancer potential of 1, 2, 3-triazole, 1, 2, 4-triazole and
heterocycle-fused triazole derivatives against several human cancer cell lines, compiling research articles published
between 2010 and 2021.

Methods:
Data were collected from PubMed, Google scholar and Research Gate using keywords “anticancer activity
of 1, 2, 3-triazole derivatives”, “anticancer activity of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives” and “anticancer activity of heterocycle-
fused triazole derivatives” and reviewed comprehensively.

Results:
This review examines the anticancer potential of 1,2,3-triazole coupledoleanolic acid/dithiocarbamate/ pyrido[
2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives, 1,2,3-triazole linked pyrimidine/1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids, and 1,2,4-triazole
substituted methanone derivatives, acridine-based 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, 1,2,4-thiadiazol coupled with 1,2,4-
triazole and 5-ene-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-6(5H)-one derivatives against several human cancer cell lines.

Conclusion:
This review highlights the key findings in the area of cancer therapy. Triazole derivatives possess anticancer
activity against various human cancer cell lines, and hence the triazole core may act as a lead molecule for the
synthesis of novel anticancer drugs.
Dopaminergic Signaling as a Plausible Modulator of Astrocytic Toll-Like
Receptor 4: A Crosstalk between Neuroinflammation and Cognition
Authors: Nampoothiri Madhavan , Gurram Prasada Chowdari , Manandhar Suman , Satarker Sairaj , Mudgal Jayesh , Arora Devinder 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Neuroinflammation is one of the major pathological factors leading to Alzheimer's disease
(AD). The role of microglial cells in neuroinflammation associated with AD has been known for a
long time. Recently, astrocytic inflammatory responses have been linked to the neuronal degeneration
and pathological development of AD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Amyloid Beta (Aβ) activate astrocytes
and microglial cells via toll-like 4 (TLR4) receptors leading to neuroinflammation. Reactive
(activated) astrocytes mainly comprising of A1 astrocytes (A1s) are involved in neuroinflammation,
while A2 astrocytes (A2s) possess neuroprotective activity. Studies link low dopamine (DA) levels
during the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders with its anti-inflammatory and immuoregulatory
properties. DA mediates neuroprotection via inhibition of the A1 astrocytic pathway through blockade
of NF-kB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3
(NLRP3); and promotion of A2 astrocytic pathways leading to the formation of neurotrophic factors
like BDNF and GDNF. In this current review, we have discussed the crosstalk between the dopaminergic
system in astrocytic TLR4 and NF-kB in addition to NLRP3 inflammasome in the modulation of
neuroinflammatory pathologies in cognitive deficits.