bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representing Regular Languages of Infinite Words Using Mod 2 Multiplicity Automata
Authors: Angluin Dana , Antonopoulos Timos , Fisman Dana , George Nevin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe explore the suitability of mod 2 multiplicity automata (M2MAs) as a representation for regular languages of infinite words. M2MAs are a deterministic representation that is known to be learnable in polynomial time with membership and equivalence queries, in contrast to many other representations. Another advantage of M2MAs compared to non-deterministic automata is that their equivalence can be decided in polynomial time and complementation incurs only an additive constant size increase. Because learning time is parameterized by the size of the representation, particular attention is focused on the relative succinctness of alternate representations, in particular, LTL formulas and Büchi automata of the types: deterministic, non-deterministic and strongly unambiguous. We supplement the theoretical results of worst case upper and lower bounds with experimental results computed for randomly generated automata and specific families of LTL formulas.
Spinors and conformal correlators
Authors: Gillioz Marc 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In conformal field theory, momentum eigenstates can be parameterized by a pair of real spinors, in terms of which special conformal transformations take a simpler form. This well-known fact allows to express 2-point functions of primary operators in the helicity basis, exposing the consequences of unitarity. What is less known is that the same pair of spinors can be used, together with a pair of scalar quantities, to parameterize 3-point functions. We develop this formalism in 3 dimensions and show that it provides a simple realization of the operator product expansion (OPE) for scalar primary operators acting on the vacuum.
Epidemiology and specific features of shoulder injuries in patients affected by epileptic seizures
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Baumgartner Tobias , Walter Sebastian Gottfried , Menon Alessandra , Ossendorff Robert , Surges Rainer , Burger Christof , Wirtz Dieter Christian , Friedrich Max Julian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Epileptic seizures can cause multiple shoulder injuries, the most common of which are dislocations, recurrent instability, fractures, and isolated lesions of the rotator cuff. Currently, only limited literature exists which describes the frequency and types of lesions in cohorts of epileptic patients and the corresponding treatment outcome. This study aims to document the occurrence of shoulder lesions in patients affected by seizures and to provide detailed information on trauma dynamics, specific lesion characteristics and treatment complications.

Methods
All patients referring to a tertiary epilepsy center were screened for shoulder injuries and the clinical records of those sustaining them during a seizure were reviewed. Demographic information, lesions’ characteristics and trauma dynamics were analysed, as wells as—when carried out—the type of surgical intervention and any postoperative complications.

Results
The average age at the time of injury of 106 included patients was 39.7 ± 17.5 years and a male predominance was recorded (65%). Bilateral injuries occurred in 29 patients, simultaneously in 17 cases. A younger age, bilateral shoulder injuries and shoulder dislocations were significantly associated with the occurrence of a shoulder injury solely by muscular activation (p = 0.0054, p = 0.011, p < 0.0001). The complication rate in 57 surgically treated patients with follow-up data was 38.7%, with recurring instability being the most frequently reported complication (62.5%).

Conclusions
Uncontrolled muscle activation during a seizure is a distinctive but not exclusive dynamic of injury in epileptic patients, accounting for more than the half of all shoulder lesions, especially in the younger. This can lead both to anterior and posterior dislocations or fracture-dislocations and is frequently cause of bilateral lesions and of instability recurrence after surgery. The high complication rates after surgical treatment in this selected subgroup of patients require that appropriate preventative measures are taken to increase the probability of treatment success.

Level of evidence
Cohort study, level III.
Temporal learning in the suprasecond range: insights from cognitive style
Authors: Teghil Alice , D’Antonio Fabrizia , Di Vita Antonella , Guariglia Cecilia , Boccia Maddalena 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe acquisition of information on the timing of events or actions (temporal learning) occurs in both the subsecond and suprasecond range. However, although relevant differences between participants have been reported in temporal learning, the role of dimensions of individual variability in affecting performance in such tasks is still unclear. Here we investigated this issue, assessing the effect of field-dependent/independent cognitive style on temporal learning in the suprasecond range. Since different mechanisms mediate timing when a temporal representation is self-generated, and when it depends on an external referent, temporal learning was assessed in two conditions. Participants observed a stimulus across six repetitions and reproduced it. Unbeknownst to them, in an internally-based learning (IBL) condition, the stimulus duration was fixed within a trial, although the number of events defining it varied; in an externally-cued learning (ECL) condition, the stimulus was defined by the same number of events within each trial, although its duration varied. The effect of the reproduction modality was also assessed (motor vs. perceptual). Error scores were higher in IBL compared to ECL; the reverse was true for variability. Field-independent individuals performed better than field-dependent ones only in IBL, as further confirmed by correlation analyses. Findings provide evidence that differences in dimensions of variability in high-level cognitive functioning, such as field dependence/independence, significantly affect temporal learning in the suprasecond range, and that this effect depends on the type of temporal representation fostered by the specific task demands.
The orbitofrontal cortex of the sheep. Topography, organization, neurochemistry, digital tensor imaging and comparison with the chimpanzee and human
Authors: Gerussi Tommaso , Graïc Jean-Marie , Grandis Annamaria , Peruffo Antonella , Cozzi Bruno 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAreas dedicated to higher brain functions such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are thought to be unique to hominidae. The OFC is involved in social behavior, reward and punishment encoding and emotional control. Here, we focused on the putative corresponding area in the sheep to assess its homology to the OFC in humans. We used classical histology in five sheep (Ovis aries) and four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) as a six-layered-cortex primate, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in three sheep and five human brains. Nissl’s staining exhibited a certain alteration in cortical lamination since no layer IV was found in the sheep. A reduction of the total cortical thickness was also evident together with a reduction of the prevalence of layer one and an increased layer two on the total thickness. Tractography of the sheep OFC, on the other hand, revealed similarities both with human tracts and those described in the literature, as well as a higher number of cortico-cortical fibers connecting the OFC with the visual areas in the right hemisphere. Our results evidenced the presence of the basic components necessary for complex abstract thought in the sheep and a pronounced laterality, often associated with greater efficiency of a certain function, suggested an evolutionary adaptation of this prey species.
Free Energies for Nonlinear Materials with Memory
Authors: Golden J. M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn exploration of representations of free energies and associated rates of dissipation for a broad class of nonlinear viscoelastic materials is presented in this work. Also included are expressions for the stress functions and work functions derivable from such free energies. For simplicity, only the scalar case is considered. Certain standard formulae are generalized to include higher power terms.It is shown that the correct initial procedure in this context is to specify the rate of dissipation as a positive semi-definite functional and then to determine the free energy from this, rather than the other way around, which would be the traditional approach.Particularly detailed versions of these formulae are given for the model with two memory contributions in the free energy, the first being the well-known quadratic functional leading to constitutive relations with linear history terms, while the second is a quartic functional yielding a cubic term for the stress function memory dependence. Also, the discrete spectrum model, for which each memory kernel is a sum of exponentials, is generalized from the quadratic functional representation for the free energy to that with the quartic functional included.Finally, a model is considered, allowing functional power series with an infinite number of terms for the free energy, rate of dissipation and stress function.
Power spectrum for perturbations in an inflationary model for a closed universe
Authors: Kiefer Claus , Vardanyan Tatevik 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe derive the power spectrum of primordial quantum fluctuations in an inflationary universe for curvature parameter $${\mathcal {K}}=1$$

K
=
1

. This is achieved through a Born–Oppenheimer type of approximation scheme from the Wheeler–DeWitt equation of canonical quantum gravity using gauge-invariant variables. Compared to the flat model, the closed model exhibits a deficit of power at large scales.
Considerable Production of Ulvan from Ulva lactuca with Special Emphasis on Its Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Properties
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed I. A. , Amer Mohamed S. , Ibrahim Hassan A. H. , Zaghloul Eman H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the current study, a significant amount of ulvan was extracted from Ulva lactuca collected from Alexandria coastline, Egypt, using a simple extraction method. According to the chemical analysis, the obtained polysaccharide content is estimated to be 36.50 g/100 g with a high sulfate content of 19.72%. Physio-chemically, the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of sulfated groups attached to the carbohydrate backbone. The GC–MS results revealed the presence of various monosaccharides with relative abundances in the order: fucopyranose (22.09%) > L-rhamnose (18.17%) > L-fucose (17.46%) > rhamnopyranose (14.29%) > mannopyranose (8.59%) > α-D-glactopyranose (7.64%) > galactopyranose (6.14%) > β-arabinopyranose (5.62%). In addition, the SEM–EDX depicted an amorphous architecture with a majority wt% for the elements of C, O, and S. The partially purified ulvan demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against some fish and human pathogenic microbes. The inhibition zone diameter ranged from 11 to 18 mm. On the other hand, the prepared ulvan-chitosan hydrogel significantly improved the antimicrobial activity as the inhibition zone diameter ranged from 12 to 20. Moreover, when compared to the controls, the extracted ulvan demonstrated anti-fouling properties and successfully disrupted the biofilm formed on a glass slide submerged in seawater.
Psychometric properties of a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale and its relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem
Authors: Yamazaki Mizuki , Okano Shiho , Kawamura Yuria , Numata Asumi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis investigation aimed to validate a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale (MBS-J) to measure the behavioral aspects of modesty as a self-presentation tactic. Two preliminary surveys and three studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the factorial validity, construct validity, and internal consistency of the MBS, adding emic items generated from the Japanese sample in the preliminary surveys. The results confirmed a three-factor structure of Self-Effacement, Other-Enhancement, and Avoidance of Attention-Seeking, with good internal consistency for each subscale. Studies 1 and 3 also evinced appropriate correlations between the MBS-J subscales and theoretically related constructs, namely, trait modesty, independent and interdependent self-construal, self-efficacy, self-esteem, approval motivation, and dialectical self, suggesting good construct validity. Using a two-wave survey, Study 2 showed good test–retest reliability for the MBS-J. In Study 3, it was hypothesized that those with higher Self-Effacement tend to report lower explicit self-esteem owing to a self-presentation strategy instead of actual lower self-regard. The results showed that Self-Effacement was strongly negatively correlated with explicit self-esteem but not correlated with implicit self-esteem, supporting the hypothesis. These findings confirm the construct validity of this scale for modest behavior performed as self-presentation.
Electrical Resistivity Imaging in Parts of Nandurbar District, Deccan Volcanic Province, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Tahama Khan , Gupta Gautam , Erram Vinit C. , Baride Arti , Baride Mukund V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Exploration of groundwater resources in basaltic hard-rock terrain has always remained a challenging task for hydrogeologists as the potential groundwater zones/recharge pockets in such areas are associated with differential weathering, anisotropy, heterogeneities, fractured and fissured geological features etc. The thickness of the weathered/fractured layer overlying the compact rocks in such terrain plays a vital role in groundwater prospects. Paucity of water in the semi-arid trap covered areas of north Maharashtra necessitated to locate sources of groundwater almost all over the region. This has driven hydrogeologists to determine the role of dykes in the occurrence, movement and storage of groundwater. The study area is situated in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra bordering Narmada-Tapi rift zone. Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was used to generate subsurface resistivity models for delineating the availability of groundwater in the dyke-infested basaltic region of Nandurbar. The available dug well/borehole lithology suggests that the top layer is comprised of red bole, laterite or black soil followed by weathered/fractured rock. Results from the 2D inverted models of resistivity variation with depth suggest the occurrence of aquifers mostly in weathered/fractured zones within the traps or beneath it. The resistivity models suggest that the northern part of the study area represents a promising aquifer zone with reasonable thickness of weathered formation.
Sikkimite: A New and Rare Suite of Potassic-perpotassic Syenites from South Sikkim, Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Varma H.M. , Singh Jagmer , Krishnamurthy P. , Duraiswami R.A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new and rare suite of radioactive, plutonic-hypabyssal, nonperalkaline to peralkaline, potassic to perpotassic syenites have been reported as dyke-like and/or lensoid bodies (c. 100 m x 20 m to 5 m x 2 m) within the Buxa and Daling formations (Proterozoic) and Gondwana Group of rocks (Permo-Carboniferous) within the Ranjit tectonic window (RTW) and its peripheral parts in south Sikkim. These are christened in this work as ‘Sikkimites’ considering their unique field occurrences, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry, unlike any known saturated potassic - perpotassic syenites from the plutonic environment from India or elsewhere. The modal (vol.%) mineralogical variations observed within the potassic syenites include orthoclase (57-65%) with subordinate to minor amounts of brown alkali amphibole (kataphorite, 3-32%), aegirine (1-20%), biotite (13% in one sample), opaque minerals (ilmenite and magnetite, 4.2-24.5%), quartz (traces to 12.9%) and minor to trace amounts (&lt; 3%) of apatite, sphene, zircon, and monazite. Compositionally, the Sikkimite suite range from non-peralkaline to highly peralkaline types (with Mol. Na2O + K2O/Al2O3 varying from&lt;1 to1.2 to 1.5), mildly-perpotassic (Mol. K2O/Al2O3&gt;0.83 to 0.96) and perpotassic (Mol. K2O/Al2O3&gt;1 and Wt.% K2O/Al2O3 = 2.52-23.9) and Wt.% K2O/Na2O(3.05-23.9). The potassic syenites shows wide variations in major, minor and trace elements with significant enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Y, Zr and Nb. The petrogenetic model for these rare potassic syenite suite of rocks (termed here as Sikkimite) invokes a near-primary origin by partial melting of enriched, amphibole- and phlogopite-bearing heterogeneous mantle, having chemical signatures of both non-subduction and subduction-related metasomatism. Ar40-Ar39 dates on them indicate a Cretaceous age (100-90 Ma) suggesting their links to either the widespread igneous manifestation of the Kerguelen or the Marion plume of the Indian Ocean.. These rare potassic syenites were apparently brought to the near surface environments in south Sikkim due to the collision of Greater India with Asia and the ensuing Himalayan thrusts from the north (MCT1 and MCT2) which shifted the crystalline basement and the Gondwana rocks maximum to the south, unlike any other parts of the Himalaya.
Hydrothermal – From Geology to Technology (Part 1)
Authors: Namratha K. , Nayan M.B. , Darshan M.S. , Basavarajappa H.T. , Madesh P. , Byrappa K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The term hydrothermal is of geological origin. A great variety of crystals, minerals, ores and rocks have hydrothermal origin and occur as bulk, fine, ultrafine, and nanosized geologic materials. Hydrothermal refers to the action of water and other solvents at elevated temperature and pressure conditions in bringing about changes in the earth crust leading to the formation of rocks, minerals, crystals and ores. It also refers to the post-magmatic and pre-metasomatic stages. In the hydrothermal processes, a variety of volatiles also play an important role in the chemistry and geochemistry of hydrothermal solutions. The origin of a variety of metal deposits in deep-seated submarine hydrothermal ecosystems link with the origin of life on the earth. Today, hydrothermal has become one of the most important experimental methods of understanding the natural systems leading to the crystallization of rocks, minerals and ore deposits. Similarly, it has become one of the environmentally most benign techniques to synthesize a great variety of technological materials with desired functional properties. The technique has advanced so much that under laboratory conditions a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions can be created using specially designed hydrothermal autoclaves, PT sensors and controllers. In the present review, the authors discuss the evolution of hydrothermal process from geology to technology to develop technological materials in different sizes with specific functional properties. Also, the review describes some characteristic natural systems under hydrothermal conditions leading to the formation of some important geologic materials, the influence of different volatiles in the formation of various rocks and mineral deposits. Also the current trends in hydrothermal technology has been discussed with reference to the lowering of temperature and pressure conditions for the synthesis of high melting compounds like alkali rare earth tungstates, vanadates, diamond, etc. in this article.
Evolution of Opencast Mines in the Raniganj Coalfield (India): An Assessment through Multi-temporal Satellite Data
Authors: Patra Tanmoy , Duttaa Dipanwita , Kundu Arnab , Kumar Mukesh , Hossain Sk Sabir , Chattoraj K. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Surface mining is the dominant driver of land use land cover (LULC) change in the Raniganj coalfield region in West Bengal, India. Owing to its multifaceted consequences on soil, water, and landholders, assessment of spatio-temporal changes in mining areas has become important. The oldest coal mine of India, Raniganj coalfield has been producing superior quality non-coking coal for the last 246 years. To reduce the cost per unit production of coal, the mining authority prefers the opencast method over underground mining. The mushrooming growth of opencast mines in this coalfield causing huge waste dumps, depletion of vegetated surface, changing slope and drainage pattern, soil erosion, and degradation of environmental quality. With this background, the present study examines the spatio-temporal changes and evolution of opencast mines using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) datasets of 1991, 2001 and 2014. Further, the study assessed the dynamics of mining patches and their characteristics through spatial metrics analysis. The LULC maps reveal good agreement with in-situ observation as verified by overall accuracy (≥85%) and Kappa (≥0.75) statistics. The study showed that mining areas have increased rapidly during the period and the growth has occurred by depleting the forest, sparse vegetation, and agricultural land. It is also noteworthy that the rate of growth in mining areas was comparatively higher during 2001-2014 than in 1991-2001. The change of dynamics of LULC revealed that more than 70% of the active mines was excavated after 2001. It is also observed that patch parameters, i.e. area, perimeter, shape, and density of the mining patches have changed with time that certainly establishes the dynamic nature of mining patches. The unprecedented growth of mining areas during the last decade has been a serious matter of concern from the ecological perspective of the area.
Extreme index trends of daily gridded rainfall dataset (1960–2017) in Taiwan
Authors: Tung Yu-Shiang , Wang Chun-Yu , Weng Shu-Ping , Yang Chen-Dau 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrevious lectures have shown that to effectively explore Taiwan’s climate change or other relevant topics, long-term and stable observation datasets are required. We introduce the high-resolution grided precipitation dataset (TCCIP_PR), which was constructed by the Taiwan Climate Change projection and adaptation Information Platform (TCCIP) program from thousands of station records. Although, a high spatial-time relationship exists between the TCCIP_PR and the stations, a large uncertainty occurs over the complex terrain on the southwest windward side during the summer, due to sparse stations. To better understand the change in the extreme rainfall trends, we analyze 9 suitable indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Our result show that the extreme rainfall intensity and frequency have continuously increased for a long time, and the consecutive dry days have decreased in recent decades, particularly over southwest Taiwan. The regime change evaluations agree that the precipitation characteristics were amplified and become more unpredictable from the early (1960–2002) to the late (2003–2017) period. For future applications or research, the calculated results of the extreme indices can be found in the printed documentation and the online retrieval system.