bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-safe behaviour before, during and after a youth mass gathering event: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Rathbone Joanne A , Stevens Mark , Cruwys Tegan , Ferris Laura J 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveAs mass gathering events resume in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a pressing need to understand (a) engagement in COVID-safe behaviour at these events and (b) how attending a mass gathering impacts subsequent behaviours. This study examined anticipated COVID-safe behaviour before, during, and after a youth mass gathering event.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.SettingSelf-report data were collected online at five timepoints from secondary-school graduates participating in celebrations linked to an annual week-long youth mass gathering event in Australia.ParticipantsAustralian secondary-school graduates completed surveys before the event (N=397), on days 1 (N=183), 3 (N=158) and 5 (N=163) of the event, and 3 weeks after the event (N=140). Of those who completed the first survey, 72 indicated they would attend a primary mass gathering site where the largest mass gathering of graduates in Australia occurs in a typical (non-pandemic) year; 325 indicated they would be celebrating at other locations (ie, secondary sites).Primary outcome measuresAnticipated COVID-safe behaviour: physical distancing from friends and strangers and additional protective behaviours (hand hygiene and mask wearing).ResultsAt all timepoints, participants anticipated maintaining appropriate (>1.5 m) physical distance from strangers, but not from friends (<0.5 m). Attendees at the primary site reported less physical distancing from friends over time throughout the mass gathering, χ2(4)=16.89, p=0.002. Physical distancing from strangers, χ2(4)=26.93, p<0.001, and additional protective behaviours, χ2(4)=221.23, p<0.001, also declined across the mass gathering among both groups. These reductions in COVID-safe behaviour were significant and enduring, with all declines persisting at follow-up.ConclusionIt is critical that public health messaging and interventions emphasise the risks of disease transmission arising from other attendees who are known to us during mass gathering events, and that such messaging is sustained during and following the event to combat reductions in COVID-safe behaviour.
School-to-work and school-to-university transition and health inequalities among young adults: a scoping review
Authors: Matos Fialho Paula Mayara , Dragano Nico , Reuter Marvin , Deindl Christian , Schleberger Sarah , Metzendorf Maria-Inti , Hoffmann Stephanie , Diehl Katharina , Wachtler Benjamin , Schüttig Wiebke , Herke Max , Richter Matthias , Pischke Claudia R 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesThe main objective was to systematically map evidence regarding the emergence of health inequalities in individuals aged 16–24 years during school-to-work and school-to-university transition (STWT). Second, we aimed to summarise the evidence on potential effects of contextual and compositional characteristics of specific institutional contexts entered during STWT on health and health behaviours.DesignScoping review.Study selectionRelevant literature was systematically searched following the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Ovid MEDLINE and Web of Science, and websites of the International Labour Organization and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were searched, using a predetermined search strategy. Articles in English or German published between 1 January 2000 and 3 February 2020 were considered.Data extractionTo collect the main information from the selected studies, a data extraction spreadsheet was created. Data were summarised and grouped into five health outcomes and five institutional contexts (school, vocational training, university, work, unemployment).ResultsA total of 678 articles were screened for inclusion. To be able to draw a picture of the development of various health outcomes over time, we focused on longitudinal studies. Forty-six prospective studies mapping health-related outcomes during STWT were identified. Higher family socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with higher levels of health behaviour and lower levels of health-damaging behaviour, but there was also some evidence pointing in the opposite direction. Disadvantaged family SEP negatively impacted on mental health and predicted an adverse weight development. There was limited evidence for the outcomes physical/somatic symptoms and self-rated health. Meso-level characteristics of the institutional contexts identified were not systematically assessed, only individual-level factors resulting from an exposure to these contexts, rendering an analysis of effects of contextual and compositional characteristics on health and health behaviours impossible.ConclusionsThis scoping review demonstrated a wide range of health inequalities during STWT for various health outcomes. However, knowledge on the role of the core institutional contexts regarding the development of health inequalities is limited.
Differences in self-reported health between cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance and survivors with moderate cerebral disability: a nationwide register study
Authors: Larsson Karin , Hjelm Carina , Lilja Gisela , Strömberg Anna , Årestedt Kristofer 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveThe aim was to compare self-reported health between cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance (CPC 1) and survivors with moderate cerebral disability (CPC 2).MethodsThis comparative register study was based on nationwide data from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. The study included 2058 in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance or survivors with moderate cerebral disability, 3–6 months postcardiac arrest. Survivors completed a questionnaire including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and EQ-5D five-levels (EQ-5D-5L). Data were analysed using ordinal and linear regression models.ResultsFor all survivors, the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms measured by the HADS was 14% and 13%, respectively. Using the EQ-5D-5L, the cardiac arrest survivors reported most health problems relating to pain/discomfort (57%), followed by anxiety/depression (47%), usual activities (46%), mobility (40%) and self-care (18%). Compared with the survivors with good cerebral performance, survivors with moderate cerebral disability reported significantly higher symptom levels of anxiety and depression measured with HADS, and poorer health in all dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L after adjusting for age, sex, place of cardiac arrest, aetiology and initial rhythm (p<0.001).ConclusionsThese findings stress the importance of screening for health problems in all cardiac arrest survivors to identify those in need of professional support and rehabilitation, independent on neurological outcome.
Evaluation of needs and supply of emergency care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional household survey
Authors: Diango Ken , Yangongo John , Sistenich Vera , Hodkinson Peter , Mafuta Eric , Wallis Lee 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveEmergency care can address over half of deaths occurring each year in low-income countries. A baseline evaluation of the specific needs and gaps in the supply of emergency care at community level could help tailor suitable interventions in such settings. This study evaluates access to, utilisation of, and barriers to emergency care in the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.DesignA cross-sectional, community-based household survey.Setting12 health zones in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.ParticipantsThree-stage randomised cluster sampling was used to identify approximately 100 households in each of the 12 clusters, for a total of 1217 households. The head of each household or an adult representative responded on behalf of the household. Additional 303 respondents randomly selected in the households were interviewed regarding their personal reasons for not accessing emergency care.Primary outcomeAvailability and utilisation of emergency care services.ResultsIn August 2021, 1217 households encompassing 6560 individuals were surveyed (response rate of 96.2%). Most households were economically disadvantaged (70.0% lived with <US$100 per person per month) and had no health insurance (98.4%) in a country using a fee-for-service healthcare payment system. An emergency visit in the last 12 months was reported in 52.6% of households. Ambulance utilisation was almost non-existent (0.2%) and access to health facilities for emergencies was mostly by walking (60.6% and 56.7% by day and night, respectively). Death in the last 12 months was reported in 12.8% of households, of which 20.6% occurred out-of-hospital with no care received within 24 hours prior to death. Self-medication (71.3%) and the expected high cost of care (19.5%) were the main reasons for unmet emergency care needs.ConclusionThere is a substantial gap in the supply of emergency care in Kinshasa, with several unmet needs and reasons for poor access identified.
Development of an imputation model to recalibrate birth weights measured in the early neonatal period to time at delivery and assessment of its impact on size-for-gestational age and low birthweight prevalence estimates: a secondary analysis of a pregnancy cohort in rural Nepal
Authors: Hazel Elizabeth A , Mullany Luke C , Zeger Scott L , Mohan Diwakar , Subedi Seema , Tielsch James M , Khatry Subarna K , Katz Joanne 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesIn low-income countries, birth weights for home deliveries are often measured at the nadir when babies may lose up of 10% of their birth weight, biasing estimates of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight (LBW). We aimed to develop an imputation model that predicts the ‘true’ birth weight at time of delivery.DesignWe developed and applied a model that recalibrates weights measured in the early neonatal period to time=0 at delivery and uses those recalibrated birth weights to impute missing birth weights.SettingThis is a secondary analysis of pregnancy cohort data from two studies in Sarlahi district, Nepal.ParticipantsThe participants are 457 babies with daily weights measured in the first 10 days of life from a subsample of a larger clinical trial on chlorhexidine (CHX) neonatal skin cleansing and 31 116 babies followed through the neonatal period to test the impact of neonatal massage oil type (Nepal Oil Massage Study (NOMS)).Outcome measuresWe developed an empirical Bayes model of early neonatal weight change using CHX trial longitudinal data and applied it to the NOMS dataset to recalibrate and then impute birth weight at delivery. The outcomes are size-for-gestational age and LBW.ResultsWhen using the imputed birth weights, the proportion of SGA is reduced from 49% (95% CI: 48% to 49%) to 44% (95% CI: 43% to 44%). Low birth weight is reduced from 30% (95% CI: 30% to 31%) to 27% (95% CI: 26% to 27%). The proportion of babies born large-for-gestational age increased from 4% (95% CI: 4% to 4%) to 5% (95% CI: 5% to 5%).ConclusionsUsing weights measured around the nadir overestimates the prevalence of SGA and LBW. Studies in low-income settings with high levels of home births should consider a similar recalibration and imputation model to generate more accurate population estimates of small and vulnerable newborns.
Investigating service delivery and perinatal outcomes during the low prevalence first year of COVID-19 in a multiethnic Australian population: a cohort study
Authors: Melov Sarah J , Elhindi James , McGee Therese M , Lee Vincent W , Cheung N Wah , Chua Seng Chai , McNab Justin , Alahakoon Thushari I , Pasupathy Dharmintra 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveInvestigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal outcomes in an Australian high migrant and low COVID-19 prevalent population to identify if COVID-19 driven health service changes and societal influences impact obstetric and perinatal outcomes.DesignRetrospective cohort study with pre COVID-19 period 1 January 2018–31 January 2020, and first year of global COVID-19 period 1 February 2020–31 January 2021. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted adjusting for confounders including age, area-level socioeconomic status, gestation, parity, ethnicity and body mass index.SettingObstetric population attending three public hospitals including a major tertiary referral centre in Western Sydney, Australia.ParticipantsWomen who delivered with singleton pregnancies over 20 weeks gestation. Ethnically diverse women, 66% overseas born. There were 34 103 births in the district that met inclusion criteria: before COVID-19 n=23 722, during COVID-19 n=10 381.Main outcome measuresInduction of labour, caesarean section delivery, iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), composite neonatal adverse outcome and full breastfeeding at hospital discharge.ResultsDuring the first year of COVID-19, there was no change for induction of labour (adjusted OR, aOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.02, p=0.26) and a 25% increase in caesarean section births (aOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.32, p<0.001). During the COVID-19 period, we found no change in iatrogenic preterm births (aOR 0.94; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.09) but a 15% reduction in spontaneous preterm birth (aOR 0.85; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97, p=0.02) and a 10% reduction in SGA infants at birth (aOR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99, p=0.02). Composite adverse neonatal outcomes were marginally higher (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.15, p=0.04) and full breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge reduced by 15% (aOR 0.85; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.90, p<0.001).ConclusionDespite a low prevalence of COVID-19, both positive and adverse obstetric outcomes were observed that may be related to changes in service delivery and interaction with healthcare providers. Further research is suggested to understand the drivers for these changes.
The impact of drug error reduction software on preventing harmful adverse drug events in England: a retrospective database study
Authors: Sutherland Adam , Gerrard William S , Patel Arif , Randall Michelle , Weston Emma 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe use of intravenous administration systems with dose error reduction software (DERS) is advocated to mitigate avoidable medication harm. No large-scale analysis of UK data has been attempted. This retrospective descriptive study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hard limit events and to estimate the potential severity of DERS events.MethodTwelve months of DERS data was obtained from two NHS trusts in England. Definitions for drug categories and clinical areas were standardised and an algorithm developed to extract hard maximum (HMX) events. Subject matter experts (SMEs) were asked to rate severity of all HMX events on a scale of 0 (no harm) to 10 (death). These were analysed by clinical area and drug category, per 1000 administrations.ResultsA total of 745 170 infusions were administered over 644 052 patient bed days (PBDs). 45% of these (338 263) were administered with DERS enabled. HMX event incidence across the whole dataset was 17.9/1000 administrations (95% CI 17.5 to 18.4); 9.4/1000 PBDs (95% CI 9.2 to 9.7). 6067 HMX events were identified. 4604 were <2-fold deviations and excluded. HMX were identified in all drug categories. The highest incidence was antibacterial drugs (2.21%; 95% CI 2.13 to 2.29). Of the 1415 HMX events reviewed by SMEs, 747 (52.6%) were low/no harm. Drugs with greatest potential harm were antiarrhythmics (21.8/1000 administrations; 95% CI 16.3 to 29.1), parenteral anticoagulants (24.16/1000 administrations; 95% CI 15.3 to 37.9) and antiepileptics (20.86/1000 administrations; 95% CI 16.4 to 26.5). DERS has prevented severe harm or death in 110 patients in these hospitals. Medical and paediatric areas had higher prevalence of potentially harmful HMX events, but these were probably related to profile design.ConclusionCompliance with DERS in this study was 45%. DERS events are common, but potential harm is rare. DERS events are not related to specific clinical areas. There are some issues with definition and design of drug profiles that may cause DERS events, thus future work should focus on implementation and data standardisation for future large-scale analysis.
Safety, immunological effects and clinical response in a phase I trial of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with treatment refractory SLE
Authors: Kamen Diane L , Wallace Caroline , Li Zihai , Wyatt Megan , Paulos Crystal , Wei Chungwen , Wang Hongjun , Wolf Bethany J , Nietert Paul J , Gilkeson Gary 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundReports of clinical improvement following mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) infusions in refractory lupus patients at a single centre in China led us to perform an explorative phase I trial of umbilical cord derived MSCs in patients refractory to 6 months of immunosuppressive therapy.MethodsSix women with a SLEDAI >6, having failed standard of care therapy, received one intravenous infusion of 1×106MSCs/kg of body weight. They maintained their current immunosuppressives, but their physician was allowed to adjust corticosteroids initially for symptom management. The clinical endpoint was an SRI of 4 with no new British Isles Lupus Activity Guide (BILAG) As and no increase in Physician Global Assessment score of >0.3 with tapering of prednisone to 10 mg or less by 20 weeks.ResultsOf six patients, five (83.3%; 95% CI 35.9% to 99.6%) achieved the clinical endpoint of an SRI of 4. Adverse events were minimal. Mechanistic studies revealed significant reductions in CD27IgD double negative B cells, switched memory B cells and activated naïve B cells, with increased transitional B cells in the five patients who met the endpoint. There was a trend towards decreased autoantibody levels in specific patients. Two patients had increases in their Helios+Treg cells, but no other significant T cell changes were noted. GARP-TGFβ complexes were significantly increased following the MSC infusions. The B cell changes and the GARP-TGFβ increases significantly correlated with changes in SLEDAI scores.ConclusionThis phase 1 trial suggests that umbilical cord (UC) MSC infusions are very safe and may have efficacy in lupus. The B cell and GARP-TGFβ changes provide novel insight into mechanisms by which MSCs may impact disease.Trial registration numberNCT03171194.
Formation of double-layers and super-solitons in a six-component cometary dusty plasma
Authors: Abulwafa Essam M. , Elhanbaly Atalla M. , Bedeir Ahmed M. , Mahmoud Abeer A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe formation and main features of the fully nonlinear structure in a six-component dusty plasma system have been investigated using Sagdeev potential approach. By means of pseudo-potential technique, the fluid equations describing the plasma system were diminished into a single nonlinear differential equation, called energy equation modified by presenting the parameters of addition plasma components. For certain values of the configurationally plasma parameters, our findings show that in addition to the solitary waves, double-layers and super-solitons exist and propagate in this plasma system. The main features of these waves have been studied by investigating the associated phase-portrait trajectories and potential curves as well and are found to be very sensitive to the variation of these parameters. The obtained results are mainly relevant to the cometary plasma and it may also provide better and helpful understanding of the nonlinear nature of space, astrophysical and cometary plasmas.
Graphical abstract
The formation and main features of the fully nonlinear structure in a six-component dusty plasma system have been investigated using Sagdeev potential approach. By means of pseudo-potential technique, the fluid equations describing the plasma system were diminished into a single nonlinear differential equation, called energy equation modified by presenting the parameters of addition plasma components. For certain values of the configurationally plasma parameters, our findings show that in addition to the solitary waves, double-layers and super-solitons exist and propagate in this plasma system. The main features of these waves have been studied by investigating the associated phase-portrait trajectories and potential curves as well and are found to be very sensitive to the variation of these parameters.
Maximizing friction by liquid flow clogging in confinement
Authors: Chen Shan , Guo Zhenjiang , Zhang Hongguang , Pagonabarraga Ignacio , Zhang Xianren 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn the nanoscale regime, flow behaviors for liquids show qualitative deviations from bulk expectations. In this work, we reveal by molecular dynamics simulations that plug flow down to nanoscale induces molecular friction that leads to a new flow structure due to the molecular clogging of the encaged liquid. This plug-like nanoscale liquid flow shows several features differ from the macroscopic plug flow and Poiseuille flow: It leads to enhanced liquid/solid friction, producing a friction of several order of magnitude larger than that of Couette flow; the friction enhancement is sensitively dependent of the liquid column length and the wettability of the solid substrates; it leads to the local compaction of liquid molecules that may induce solidification phenomenon for a long liquid column.
Graphical abstract
Trustworthy AI: A Computational Perspective
Authors: Liu Haochen , Wang Yiqi , Fan Wenqi , Liu Xiaorui , Li Yaxin , Jain Shaili , Liu Yunhao , Jain Anil , Tang Jiliang 
Published: July 2022

In the past few decades,artificial intelligence (AI)technology has experienced swift developments, changing everyone’s daily life and profoundly altering the course of human society. The intention behind developing AI was and is to benefit humans by reducing labor, increasing everyday conveniences, and promoting social good. However, recent research and AI applications indicate that AI can cause unintentional harm to humans by, for example, making unreliable decisions in safety-critical scenarios or undermining fairness by inadvertently discriminating against a group or groups. Consequently, trustworthy AI has recently garnered increased attention regarding the need to avoid the adverse effects that AI could bring to people, so people can fully trust and live in harmony with AI technologies.A tremendous amount of research on trustworthy AI has been conducted and witnessed in recent years. In this survey, we present a comprehensive appraisal of trustworthy AI from a computational perspective to help readers understand the latest technologies for achieving trustworthy AI. Trustworthy AI is a large and complex subject, involving various dimensions. In this work, we focus on six of the most crucial dimensions in achieving trustworthy AI: (i) Safety & Robustness, (ii) Nondiscrimination & Fairness, (iii) Explainability, (iv) Privacy, (v) Accountability & Auditability, and (vi) Environmental Well-being. For each dimension, we review the recent related technologies according to a taxonomy and summarize their applications in real-world systems. We also discuss the accordant and conflicting interactions among different dimensions and discuss potential aspects for trustworthy AI to investigate in the future.