bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Season, Location, Cultivar, and Fruit Size upon Quality of Light-Sorted Blueberries1
Authors: Kushmann L. J. , Ballinger W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Regardless of season, location, harvest date, or size, ‘Wolcott’ blueberry fruits sorted with transmitted light according to their anthocyanin (ACY) contents were reasonably well separated for quality as expressed by pH, titratable acid (AC), soluble solids (SS) and the SS/AC ratio. Quality of fruits of the same ACY class differed according to cultivar (‘Wolcott’, ‘Berkeley’, and ‘Jersey’). AC content of the fruit decreased slightly during the season regardless of ACY class or cultivar. This consistent reduction in AC as the season progressed was accompanied by increases in the SS/AC ratios and development of decay. Location of harvest (farm to farm) influences SS somewhat. A long harvest interval produced a small but consistent effect on all quality parameters.
Improving Vigor Expression of Cyclamen Seed Germination with Surface Disinfestation and Gibberellin Treatments1
Authors: Anderson Robert G. , Widmer Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Slow and inconsistent germination of cyclamen, Cyclamen persicum Mill., seed appeared to be more related to seed and seedling vigor than to any type of seed dormancy. Pregermination and germination seed treatments such as immersion in hot water, still and flowing water, cool moist storage, alternating temperatures and fungicide treatments were of little value. Treatment with gibberellin (GA) solutions accelerated germination but created an expelled embryo problem. The grower is advised to surface disinfest fully imbibed seed in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 sec to 1 min.
Sweet Potato Quality as Affected by Soil Reaction (pH) and Fertilizer1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Jones Lloyd G. , Hernandez Travis P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Centennial’ and ‘L4-89’ cultivars of sweet potatoes grown in soil with a pH of 4.4–5.1 had a higher dry matter content than when grown in soil with a pH of 5.3–6.0 or 6.4–7.2. Soil pH had no influence on dry matter content of ‘L4-186’. Soil pH did influence firmness of the canned product; however, cultivar differences occurred. ‘L4-89’ when grown on soil with a pH of 4.4–5.1 had firmer roots than when grown at higher soil pH. Firmness of ‘L-186’ was not affected by soil pH. Roots from ‘Centennial’ grown at the higher soil pH in combination with fertilizer were softer after canning; however, without fertilizer, roots from the intermediate soil pH were the firmest. Carotenoid content (flesh color) of either fresh or processed roots was not affected by varying soil pH. Varying soil pH had a slight influence on fiber content of ‘Centennial’ but no effect on fiber content of ‘L4-89’ and ‘L4-186’. Protein content and splitting of canned roots were not greatly affected by varying the pH of the soil.
The addition of fertilizer to the soil pH plots resulted in a lowering of dry matter content and softer canned roots of ‘Centennial’; however, the reverse was true for ‘L4-89’.
Carotenoid content and splitting of canned roots were not affected by the addition of fertilizer to the soil pH plots. Fiber content was lowered in ‘Centennial’ (fresh wt. basis) and in ‘L4-186’ (dry wt. basis) by the addition of fertilizer to the soil. Roots grown in plots receiving fertilizer were higher in protein content than those grown without fertilization.
Biochemical and Ultrastructural Effects of Certain Organo Halides on Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1,2
Authors: Berry D. L. , Campbell W. F. , Singh B. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Labeled 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCPE) (5.90 × 10−7 moles/ml) or 3-chloroallyl alcohol (3-CAA) (6.12 × 10−7 moles/ml) was administered to tomato seedlings through the roots. Radioactivity in various fractions was determined at various intervals of time. Maximum amounts of 1,3-DCPE and 3-CAA had been absorbed and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants by 4 hr. Gas chromatographic analysis of plant materials showed that the compounds were readily metabolized by the plant. The 1,3-DCPE was metabolized to 3-CAA, part of which was converted to 3-chloroacrylic acid and 3-chloro-1-propanol as confirmed by co-chromatography with standard compounds. No parent 1,3-DCPE was found in the plant after a 72-hr incubation period and 3-CAA was not detected after a 96-hr incubation. In unlabeled experiments, micrographs of cells from control plants showed normal organellar structure. By contrast, the chloroplasts in some leaf cells from plants treated with 3-CAA had undergone slight swelling and partial disruption of the membrane system 6 hr after treatment. At 12 and 24 hr after treatment, both chemicals had disrupted the organellar structure of the chloroplasts and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of some cells. Although the normal organellar structure was disrupted, the data indicate that the dichloropropenes and 3-CAA do not present plant residue problems, and that concern about the ultimate environmental fate of these compounds may be minimal.
Genetics of Stigma Shape, Cotyledon Position, and Flower Color in Reciprocal Crosses Between Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus coccineus (Lam.) and Implications in Breeding1
Authors: Ibrahim A. M. , Coyne D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phaseolus coccineus was found to be cross-pollinated because of extrorse stigmas, hairs around the stigmas, and dehiscence of self-pollen on stylar hairs below the stigmas. Phaseolus coccineus was found to be self-fertile when self pollen was pushed through the stigmatic hairs onto the stigmatic surface. Application of White's nutrient solution to P. coccineus stigma surfaces prior to pollination with P. vulgaris pollen resulted in pollen germination and fertilization. Mature seed with viable hybrid embryos developed in pods with partially broken pedicels and in those removed from the plant and cultured in sealed ‘Ziploc’ bags. Use of these techniques open up new possibilities in bean breeding. Pollen viability was high in the F1 P. coccineus × P. vulgaris, but low in the reciprocal F1. Stigma shape of P. coccineus was dominant in the former F1 but not dominant in the reciprocal. Stigma shape, hairiness of stigma, and cotyledon position were inherited quantitatively in the cross P. vulgaris × P. coccineus, while discrete segregation for cotyledon position was observed in the reciprocal cross. Cotyledon position, stigma shape, hairiness and flower color were controlled by cytoplasmic as well as genic factors.
Spur/Pedicel Abscission in Plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Stanley) Morphology and Anatomy of Persisting and Drop Fruits1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Chu M. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parameters of spur/pedicel abscission in the plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Stanley) have been recorded throughout induction and development during the early stages of fruit growth. This study of abscission includes both young-persisting and ‘drop’ fruits, each having diverse abscission potentials. Gross morphology revealed irregularity of pattern and stain intensity in abscission development occurring between the spur and fruit pedicel. Anatomical study indicated an effect upon cells (as far as 20–50 in number away from the immediate abscission zone) in response to safranin and fast green stains.
Advancement of Nectarine Fruit Ripening with Daminozide and Fenoprop1
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spraying trees of nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) or 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (fenoprop; 2,4,5-TP) at initiation of pit hardening induced earlier fruit ripening by enhancing the rates of growth and color development. The climacteric peak occurred earlier in fruit from either treatment than in the controls. Whereas fenoprop enhanced CO2 evolution more than daminozide, daminozide stimulated postharvest ethylene production more than fenoprop. Treatment with both regulators did not have an additive effect in advancing the harvest date, in spite of a significant increase in color development and a somewhat increased rate of fruit softening. There was, however, an additive effect in stimulation of ethylene evolution.
Potential for Increasing Tomato Flavor via Increased Sugar and Acid Content1
Authors: Allen Stevens M. , Kader Adel A. , Albright Marjorie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High sugar and acid F1 hybrids of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were rated higher in sweetness, sourness, and overall flavor intensity than the standard cultivar ‘Cal Ace’. Titratable acidity and soluble solids content were responsible for most of the differences in overall flavor intensity among these hybrids, their parents, and ‘Cal Ace’. The results support the idea that improved tomato flavor can be achieved via increased sugar and acid content.
Influence of Low Temperatures During Dormancy on Growth and Development of ‘Catskill’ Strawberry Plants 1
Authors: Marini R. P. , Boyce B. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Catskill) were subjected to several freezing temperatures to study growth and development following various degress of crown injury. The T50 was approximately —l2.5°C, but exposure to nonlethal temperatures resulted in abnormal growth of leaves, early runner production, decreased blossom numbers, and browning of crown tissues. Browning of crown tissues was associated with number of runners, number of blossoms, size of leaves, dry wt of leaves, and test temperatures. Number of blossoms emerging was negatively correlated with low freezing temperature, while early runner emergence was positively correlated with low temperature.
Inheritance Studies of Seedlessness in Grapes 1
Authors: Loomis N. H. , Weinberger J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
More than 10,000 seedlings were studied to elaborate the mode of inheritance of seedlessness in grapes (Vitis spp.). Self-pollinations of seeded selections having seedlessness in their parentage gave 0 to 10.7% seedless progeny. Crosses between seeded selections with seedlessness in one or both parents gave similar proportions. Crosses of seeded × seedless selections gave 0-55% seedless. Results were extremely variable, without apparent correlation to normal genetic ratios. Seedlessness appeared to be largely controlled by recessive factors.
Growth and Nutrient Removal by Broccoli 1
Authors: Magmfico Vitangelo , Lattanzio Vincenzo , Sarli Giulio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The accumulation of N, P, and K in various stages of the cultural cycle of ‘Medium Late 423’ broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group) was determined in an experimental field in southern Italy. Plant samples were obtained every two weeks beginning at transplanting and continuing for a 173 day period. Broccoli plants removed 559 kg N, 23 kg P and 723 kg K/ha. Total growth was 1,484 q/ha fresh material and 168 q/ha dry matter. The fresh material included 128 q/ha of main heads and 195 q/ha of secondary heads.
A Morphological Study of the Development of Reproductive Structures of Phaseolus lunatus L.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Lynch Steven P. , Tucker C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus cv. Early Thorogreen, is primarily self-pollinated. Morphological characteristics of reproductive structures which facilitate self-pollination include the stage of floral development at the time of anther dehiscence and the relative positions of anthers and stigma within the keel at the time of pollen shedding. Coincidental maturation of pollen and receptivity of the stigmatic surface also enhance the capacity for self-pollination. The varying degrees of cross-pollination frequently reported may be facilitated by extrusion of the stigma from the keel, which occurs in connection with insect visitation at an thesis, and also by the prolonged period of stigma receptivity, which extends from the white bud stage through anthesis.
Influence of the Nr, rin, and nor Genes on Changes in Abscisic Acid, Phaseic Acid, and Gibberellin Activity during Growth and Senescence of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: McGlasson W. B. , Franklin M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low levels of abscisic acid (ABA) were found at 10 days after anthesis in fruits of a normal cultivar (‘Rutgers’) and of the abnormal ripening mutants (Nr, rin and nor) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Thereafter the levels increased to peak values which preceded or coincided with coloring in all strains. Peak levels of ABA coincided with the completion of growth in ‘Rutgers’ and rin but followed completion of growth in Nr and nor. Phaseic acid (PA) and gibberellin (GA) activity were highest in all strains about 10 days after anthesis. Subsequently the levels decreased then rose to a second peak except for PA in rin which remained at a relatively high level from 20 days until completion of growth. The second peak in PA in Rutgers, Nr and nor coincided approximately with peak levels of ABA, the second peak in gibberellin activity preceded the peak of ABA in Rutgers, Nr and rin but coincided with it in nor. The results showed that the patterns in the levels of ABA, PA and gibberellin from about 14 days after anthesis are related to ripening or senescence in the four strains and not to growth.
Phytochrome Regulation of Seed Germination in a Dwarf Strain of Watermelon1
Authors: Loy J. Brent , Evensen Kathleen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Continuous, low intensity, far red (FR) irradiation prevented germination, and continuous, low intensity, red (R) irradiation decreased the rate of germination of seed of dw-2 dwarf watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara and Nakai]. Intermittent, 15 minute light treatments with R or FR at 6 hour intervals affected germination similarly to continuous irradiations. Seeds germinated best in darkness and would germinate in darkness following prolonged incubation in FR light. A short exposure to R light following a prolonged FR treatment enhanced subsequent germination in darkness (D), and the effect of R light was reversed by a short exposure to FR light, indicating phytochrome control of germination. Responses to single, short exposures to FR light after different periods of incubation, and to different intervals of D and prolonged FR light, indicated that germination of dwarf watermelon seeds is regulated by phytochrome between about 6 to 24 hours of incubation at 29 to 30°C.
Tomato Yields from CO2-enrichment in Unventilated and Conventionally Ventilated Greenhouses1
Authors: Kimball B. A. , Mitchell S. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The yield of 2 crops of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) was determined in CO2 enriched, unventilated and conventionally ventilated greenhouses. The “ventilated” control house was cooled at 26.5°C with conventional ventilation fans and wetted pads. The “unventilated” houses were cooled at 26.5° by recirculating the greenhouse air through direct-contact heat exchanger pads sprayed with water from evaporative cooling towers and also under severely humid conditions by ventilating at 29.5°. For the first spring crop, the ventilated control house at ambient CO2 yielded 8.58 kg/plant (0.35 m2/plant). Unventilated houses enriched with 650 and 1000 μl CO2/liter air had 17 and 48% greater yields than the control. An unventilated, unenriched house suffered a 13% yield decrease. For the second winter crop, the control house yielded 8.48 and 9.70 kg/plant at standard and high nutrient levels, respectively. At the standard nutrient level, unventilated houses yielded 64 and 63% greater than the control at 1000 and 1350 μl CO2/liter, respectively. At the high nutrient level, they yielded 35 and 37% greater. A ventilated house enriched to 1000 μl/liter whenever cooling was not required yielded 8 and 10% greater than the control at the standard and high nutrient levels, respectively.
Interaction of Daminozide, Harvesting Date, and Ethylene in CA Storage on ‘McIntosh’ Apple Quality1
Authors: Liu F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Daminozide (butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)-treated ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) harvested at the preclimacteric stage did not soften in 7-½ months of controiled-atmosphere (CA) storage with <1 ppm ethylene in the atmosphere. These apples were satisfactorily firm and of acceptable-to-good quality after storage plus 7 days at 21°C. Apples from all other treatments were softer and had inferior quality. Control fruit harvested at the preclimacteric stage and stored in CA with a low ethylene level (<2.6 ppm) was also slightly firmer than similar fruit stored in CA with high ethylene (10 or 500 ppm). With a high ethylene level (500 ppm) in CA, daminozide-treated fruit was not firmer than control fruit and had more ‘McIntosh’ breakdown during the 7-day holding period after storage.
Effects of Inherited Differences in Growth Habit on Pattern of Harvest in Tomato1
Authors: Emery George C. , Munger Henry M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cumulative marketable yield patterns for the determinant, sp, indeterminate, sp+, jointless, j, and dwarf, d plants were compared at spacings of 6′ × 1.5′ and 6′ × 0.5′, and in 3 varietal backgrounds, ‘Fireball’, ‘Gardener’, and ‘Cornell 54–149’, into which these alleles were previously backcrossed. Determinate vines maintained a superior yield throughout the first 4 weeks of harvest, but in the last week of harvest, determinate and indeterminate vines had accumulated equal yields. Dwarf and jointless vines yielded less than determinate and indeterminate vines throughout the harvest period. Jointless vines finally produced a higher yield than dwarf vines on the last harvest date. Determinate vines responded to closer spacing with a higher yield increase than plants of the other growth habits primarily in the first 3 weeks of harvest.
Influence of Light and Temperature Upon Leaf and Bract Abscission in Poinsettia1
Authors: Shanks J. B. , Noble W. E. , Witte W. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flowering plants of several cultivars of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, were placed in darkness or low intensity artificial light to determine their influence on induction or retardation of abscission of leaves and bracts.
Photoperiod was not a factor in abscission control but abscission of leaves and bracts was induced in darkness. Light of 25 or more ft-c intensity had an effect in delaying abscission. Longer light periods were more effective and continuous 25 ft-c light was as effective in delaying abscission as 8 hr of 225 ft-c light. Continuous 225 ft-c light delayed abscission for periods up to 60 days.
Leaves tended to abscise before bracts in darkness and bracts before leaves in low intensity light. Higher light intensities were required to delay abscission following longer dark periods than following shorter or no dark storage. Leaf and bract abscission were promoted by 11 days of darkness and delayed by 75 ft-c light in cv. ‘Elisabeth Ecke’ while the long lasting cv. ‘New Ecke White’ required 16 days for promotion of leaf abscission (bract abscission was not promoted by 16 days of darkness) and 25 ft-c light was capable of delaying abscission.
Influence of Nursery Harvest Date, Cold Storage, and Planting Date on Performance of Winter Planted California Strawberries1
Authors: Voth Victor , Bringhurst R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight non-everbearing California strawberry cultivars were evaluated under the standard winter planting system (October-November) in comparisons involving differentials in plant harvest and transplanting dates and comparing approximately 30, 15 and 0 days of cold storage conditioning at Santa Ana, a relatively warm-winter south coastal California site. The varieties differed greatly in performance and the results were consistent with that which is known of their varying performance under commercial conditions. ‘Sequoia’ was almost an ideal performer but the fruit lacks firmness. Photoperiod is important in governing the reproductive response under this planting system since the duration of the fruiting period for a given variety was directly associated with how long the plant had grown under short days. However, chilling appeared to be the dominant factor governing acceptable performance in all varieties except ‘Sequoia’. ‘Sequoia’ performed satisfactorily over the entire range of treatments and although it responded to chilling, apparently it has a short rest period. Of the other varieties that are of great economic importance in California, ‘Fresno’ and ‘Shasta’ evidently have relatively long rest periods and cannot be manipulated satisfactorily under the winter planting system whereas ‘Tioga’ is intermediate and responds favorably to manipulation.
Effects of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid on Flower Types and Flowering Sequences in Muskmelon1
Authors: Karchi Z. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four concentrations of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) were applied at three stages of growth to andromonoecious, monoecious, and hermaphrodite muskmelon cultivars. Generally, Ethrel promoted female flower production and suppressed male flower initiation. Preflowering sprays, however, resulted in the production of exceptional pistillate flowers in andromonoecious and hermaphroditic cultivars, and hermaphroditic flowers in the monoecious cultivar. Appearance of the exceptional flowers generally followed, in all treated cultivars, a common pattern commencing with pistillate flowers and followed by increased frequency of hermaphrodite and male flowers. Exceptional flowers were fertile and capable of producing fruits with normal seed yield. Even though pistillate flowers developed at lower nodes on Ethrel-treated plants than on untreated plants, flower initiation was delayed, resulting in later maturity in all cultivars. Fruits on the treated plants were usually deformed, but seed yield and viability were normal.
Stimulation of Mushroom Yield by Supplementation with Vegetable Oils before Phase II of Composting1
Authors: Schisler Lee C. , Patton Thomas G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Supplementation of mushroom compost with crude cottonseed oil prior to phase II (indoor decomposition process) of composting resulted in 15–20% increases of mushroom yield. This addition also increased microbial activity and thermogenesis during phase II. The subsequent growth of mushroom mycelium in the supplemented compost was stimulated, reducing the length of spawn growing period usually required. Additional yield increases occurred when the compost was supplemented with cottonseed oil and protein at casing.
The Effects of Nutrient Stress on the Growth and Composition of Spinach1
Authors: Maynard Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fall and spring spinach experiments were conducted in the greenhouse in sand culture. Nutrient stress was produced late in the growth period by removal of N, P, K, Ca, or Mg from the nutritional regime. Nitrogen stress caused a general restriction in growth and chlorophyll concentration while dry weight was reduced by P and K stress only in the spring experiment. Element stress generally resulted in lower concentrations of that element in mature leaves in the fall and in both mature and immature leaves in the spring investigation. Redistribution generally occurred at a sufficient rate to prevent lower element concentrations in the fall but not in the spring study. K, Ca, and Mg accumulated in mature spinach leaves while N and P were found in higher concentrations in immature leaves.