bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commissioning a multileaf collimator virtual cone for the stereotactic radiosurgery of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Brown Thomas A. D. , Ayers Rex G. , Popple Richard A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA multileaf collimator (MLC), virtual‐cone treatment technique has been commissioned for trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) at Tri‐Cities Cancer Center (TCCC). This novel technique was initially developed at the University of Alabama in Birmingham (UAB); it is designed to produce a spherical dose profile similar to a fixed, 5‐mm conical collimator distribution. Treatment is delivered with a 10‐MV flattening‐filter‐free (FFF) beam using a high‐definition MLC on a Varian Edge linear accelerator. Absolute dose output and profile measurements were performed in a 20 × 20 × 14 cm3 solid‐water phantom using an Exradin W2 scintillation detector and Gafchromic EBT3 film. Dose output constancy for the virtual cone was evaluated over 6 months using an Exradin A11 parallel plate chamber. The photo‐neutron dose generated by these treatments was assessed at distances of 50 and 100 cm from isocenter using a Ludlum Model 30–7 Series Neutron Meter. TGN treatments at TCCC have been previously delivered at 6‐MV FFF using a 5‐mm stereotactic cone. To assess the dosimetric impact of using a virtual cone, eight patients previously treated for TGN with a 5‐mm cone were re‐planned using a virtual cone. Seven patients have now been treated for TGN using a virtual cone at TCCC. Patient‐specific quality assurance was performed for each patient using Gafchromic EBT‐XD film inside a Standard Imaging Stereotactic Dose Verification Phantom. The commissioning results demonstrate that the virtual‐cone dosimetry, first described at UAB, is reproducible on a second Edge linear accelerator at an independent clinical site. The virtual cone is a credible alternative to a physical, stereotactic cone for the treatment of TGN at TCCC.
Hybridizing Triboelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects: A Novel Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting Technology
Authors: Rodrigues Cátia , Pires Ana , Gonçalves Isabel , Silva Daniel , OIiveira Joana , Pereira André , Ventura João 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeveloping new energy generation technologies able to effectively convert low‐grade thermal energy into electricity is an urgent necessity to tackle the continuous surge in energy demand and mitigate climate change. Here, a hybrid device that couples triboelectric and thermomagnetic effects to generate electrical power in the presence of small temperature gradients near room temperature is demonstrated. The thermomagnetic effect allows to induce the periodic and sustained motion of a second‐order ferromagnetic material in temperature gradients below 30 °C. This mechanical motion is then converted into electrical energy using a low‐cost triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The applicability of this concept is demonstrated in a broad range of operating temperatures in both the cold (15 to 37 °C) and hot (60 to 90 °C) sides. It is further shown that the electrical power generated by the hybrid TENG is more than 35× higher than that obtained by a conventional thermomagnetic generator driven by magnetic induction. The obtained results show that this implementation is a feasible thermal energy conversion technology, further expanding the applicability of triboelectricity into the realm of room temperature thermal harvesting.
Biomass‐Derived Nanoporous Graphene Memory Cell
Authors: Sattari‐Esfahlan Seyed Mehdi , Bonnassieux Yvan , Kymissis Ioannis , Kim Chang‐Hyun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNanoporous graphene (NPG) exhibits an apparent semiconductivity to solve the zero‐gap problem of graphene and also offers multifunctionalities that are directly associated with its structural and chemical nature. However, reliable, low‐cost, and large‐scale production of NPG is a major challenge for its practical applications. Here, a high‐performance resistive‐switching memory cell based on biomass‐derived NPG materials is demonstrated for the first time. A new processing method is suggested to create 3D NPG starting from Saccharum officinarum. The fabricated Au/NPG/Au two‐terminal devices achieve an excellent electrical performance characterized by an operating voltage below 5 V and an ON/OFF current ratio of over 106. A range of materials and device characterizations reveal the oxygen ion migration and charge‐injection modulation as a key mechanism behind the observed memory behaviors. This unconventional approach to high‐performance memory devices is an important step toward sustainable electronics and intelligent technologies.
Tuning the Photon Sensitization Mechanism in Metal‐Halide‐Perovskite‐Based Nanocomposite Films Toward Highly Efficient and Stable X‐Ray Detection
Authors: Wei Jiajun , Tao Liting , Li Liqi , Yan Minxing , Wang Chenhao , Sun Wei , Yang Deren , Fang Yanjun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMetal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising X‐ray detection materials. However, most MHP‐based X‐ray detectors are incompatible for large‐area preparation and integration, and suffer from the serious ion migration issue. This work demonstrates a “perovskite‐in‐a‐host” nanocomposite structure for X‐ray detection, by embedding the perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) sensitizers in the organic interpenetrating charge transport channels to work as the X‐ray attenuation layer. Intriguingly, the photon sensitization mechanism can be readily tuned from indirect‐ to direct‐type X‐ray conversion by decreasing the ligand density on the PNC surface, which significantly increases the sensitivity to 5 696 µC Gyair–1 cm–2. Besides, the ion migration gets suppressed due to the ion blocking effect of the surrounding organic phase. Therefore, an ultra‐small dark current relative drift of 3.57 × 10–9 cm s–1 V–1 is achieved even under an extremely large electric field up to 5 100 V cm–1, ensuring a low detection limit down to 72 nGyair s–1. The superior sensitivity and biasing stability enable the high performance X‐ray imaging capability of the devices, which exhibit great potential in scaling up and integration for the flat panel imaging.
Engineering Core Size of InP Quantum Dot with Incipient ZnS for Blue Emission
Authors: Suh Yo‐Han , Lee Sanghyo , Jung Sung‐Min , Bang Sang Yun , Yang Jiajie , Fan Xiang‐Bing , Zhan Shijie , Samarakoon Chatura , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Kim Yoonwoo , Choi Hyung Woo , Occhipinti Luigi G. , Lee Tae Hoon , Shin Dong‐Wook , Kim Jong Min 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBlue indium phosphide quantum dot (InP QD) is an emerging colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal, considered as a promising next‐generation photoactive material for light‐emitting purposes. Despite the tremendous progress in blue InP QDs, the synthetic method for tailoring InP core size to realize the blue‐emissive QDs still lags behind. This work suggests a synthetic method for blue‐emitting InP QDs by engineering the core size with an incipient ZnS (i‐ZnS) shell. The formation of i‐ZnS complexes, before the tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine injection (e.g., before core growth process), restrains the overgrowth of InP nuclei by rapidly forming a ZnS shell on its surface, thereby resulting in further dwarfed InP cores. With additional ZnS shell coating, the blue QDs exhibit a photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈52% at 483 nm. The origin of bandgap diminution with the increase of shell thickness, or with the utilization of ZnSe shell is unraveled via the first‐principles density functional theory simulations. Simulational evidence on InP‐core densification with the shell coating, along with accompanying changes in chemical and structural properties, is presented. The blue‐emitting InP QD device shows a maximum luminance of 1162 cd m−2 and external quantum efficiency of 1.4%.
Gain Bandwidth Engineering in Polymer Blends for Full‐Color‐Tunable Lasers
Authors: Jiang Yi , Wei Qi , Li King Fai , Jin Mingke , Tam Hoi Lam , Li Guixin , Xing Gui‐Chuan , Cheah Kok Wai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeveloping semiconductors with broad gain bandwidth has always been at the forefront of laser technologies. The variation in feedback resonators can provide a useful tool for producing a relatively wide range of discrete lasing wavelengths. However, the lasing wavelength range is limited by the fundamental gain bandwidth of the semiconductor itself. Gain bandwidth engineering for full‐color range lasing though remains a daunting challenge. Considering the abundant energy levels of organic semiconductors, the authors stride over the barrier of the gain bandwidth limitation and demonstrate the dynamically tunable amplification/lasing across the entire emission range by leveraging on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐assisted guest–host blends. The unprecedented tunability in amplification and lasing is governed by energy transfer process, which enables them to achieve wavelength‐tunable semiconductor lasers spanning the full visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Their distributed feedback (DFB) lasers using these guest–host blends as gain media cover almost all CIE color gamut (94%), which is 170% more perceptible colors than standard Red Green Blue color space. These insights can guide the versatile and convenient design of organic semiconductor materials transcending the current gain bandwidth limitation, paving the way for next generation of optoelectronic devices.
Synchronous Outcoupling of Tri‐Colored Light for Ultra‐Bright White Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Using External Wrinkle Pattern
Authors: Qi Hui , Wang Shujie , Huang Guangguang , Tu Yufei , Li Chenguang , Jiang Xiaohong , Fang Yan , Wang Aqiang , Shen Huaibin , Du Zuliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe brightness of white quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (W‐QLEDs) is one of the most important indicators for their commercialization. However, the brightness of W‐QLEDs is severely limited by the light trapped in the substrate mode. In this work, a prototype W‐QLED with the original brightness of 88 181 cd m−2 is fabricated by using a mixture of red‐, green‐, and blue‐emitting quantum dots as a light emitting layer. Then, a tailored wrinkle pattern is attached on the bottom of the glass substrate of W‐QLEDs for the further light extraction. Different from the widely used external periodic patterns, the wrinkle patterns with richer Fourier spectra can outcouple the tricolor light trapped in the substrate mode simultaneously. In this case, the brightness of W‐QLEDs has a 54.4% enhancement to an ultra‐high value 136 207 cd m−2, and realizes the quasi‐Lambertian emission. The external quantum efficiency is improved from 9.68% to 13.41%. Meanwhile, correlated color‐temperature can cover a wider span transforming from pure white light (5115 K) to cold white light (6912 K). This work proposes a unique and efficient approach for the light extraction and color control of W‐QLEDs for their real application.
Single‐Component Molecular Dual Persistent Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Low‐ and High‐Lying Triplet States
Authors: She Pengfei , Duan Jiayu , Lu Jinyu , Qin Yanyan , Li Feiyang , Liu Chenyuan , Liu Shujuan , Ma Yun , Zhao Qiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSingle molecules with dual persistent luminescence are very rarely explored, in spite of their emerging use in frontier optoelectronic applications. Here, a pure organic phosphor of tris(4‐chlorophenyl)phosphine oxide (CPO) possessing a large energy gap between the lowest excited triplet (T1) and higher excited triplet (T2) states is reported, which can emit dual persistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from low‐ and high‐lying triplet excited states. The femtosecond transient absorption experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the excitons to the T1 and T2 states are populated through different pathways. As a result, the distribution of the triplet excitons can be efficiently manipulated by using different excitation energy, and tunable afterglow colors from green to yellow can be achieved. Furthermore, the CPO molecule is successfully applied in the fabrication of high‐level anti‐counterfeiting tags and flexible 3D objects with curling properties. From these initial discoveries, it is expected that triphenylphosphine derivatives, with their rich chemistry of core‐substitution, can provide infinite opportunities in the expansion of organic molecules with high‐lying persistent RTP.
Adiabatic Connection for Range‐Separated Hybrid Functionals
Authors: Garrick Rachel , Kronik Leeor , Gould Tim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA generalized adiabatic connection that applies to any type of range‐separated hybrid (RSH) functional employed within generalized Kohn–Sham (KS) theory is presented. This generalized relation is then used to derive a definition for a rigorous distinction between multiplicative exchange and correlation components. The developed adiabatic connection is defined in terms of both generalized and conventional KS orbitals. It is shown, however, that using only the KS orbitals produces an error that is , where is fully defined in terms of parameters in the RSH functional, and is found to be small in practical calculations. It is expected that this new adiabatic connection can assist in the development of new RSH functionals and the assessment of existing ones.
Unveiling Charge Carrier Recombination, Extraction, and Hot‐Carrier Dynamics in Indium Incorporated Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Chaocheng , Zhang Tianju , Zhang Chao , Liu Xiaolin , Wang Jun , Lin Jia , Chen Xianfeng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been propelled into the limelight over the past decade due to the rapid‐growing power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the internal defects and the interfacial energy level mismatch are detrimental to the device performance and stability. In this study, it is demonstrated that a small amount of indium (In3+) ions in mixed cation and halide perovskites can effectively passivate the defects, improve the energy‐level alignment, and reduce the exciton binding energy. Additionally, it is confirmed that In3+ ions can significantly elevate the initial carrier temperature, slow down the hot‐carrier cooling rate, and reduce the heat loss before carrier extraction. The device with 1.5% of incorporated In3+ achieves a PCE of 22.4% with a negligible hysteresis, which is significantly higher than that of undoped PSCs (20.3%). In addition, the unencapsulated PSCs achieve long‐term stability, which retain 85% of the original PCE after 3,000 h of aging in dry air. The obtained results demonstrate and promote the development of practical, highly efficient, and stable hot‐carrier‐enhanced PSCs.
Long‐term translocation explains population genetic structure of a recreationally fished iconic species in Japan: Combining current knowledge with reanalysis
Authors: Kitada Shuichi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAyu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) is an important freshwater fisheries resource and popular recreational fishing species in Japan that lives for only 1 year, with a single breeding season. To supplement increased recreational fishing demand for this species, more than 13 million wild‐born landlocked juveniles are translocated every year from Lake Biwa into Japanese rivers, and more than 52 million hatchery‐reared juveniles born from captive‐reared parents have been extensively released. The translocation of landlocked juveniles and hatchery release has continued for more than 100 and 30 generations, respectively. Previous studies have reported that landlocked and amphidromous forms of Ayu easily hybridise, leading to concerns that the fitness of hybrid progeny would be reduced in the wild. However, limited information exists regarding the reproductive success of landlocked Ayu in translocated rivers, and to date no studies have evaluated the effects of translocation on population structure. Demonstrating that hybridisation occurs between the two forms is central to future management and conservation of this species. To address this, a literature search to summarise biological knowledge of Ayu and population genetic data screening was undertaken, and published genetic data sets covering a distribution range in Japan were reanalysed. Analyses provide strong evidence for very high gene flow between sampling locations. Genetic diversity is homogeneous in amphidromous samples. Bayesian admixture analysis infers widespread hybridisation in Japanese rivers (24 ± 8%). Maximum likelihood admixture graphs detect two migration events from Lake Biwa to rivers in the northern Sea of Japan and Hokkaido. Analyses consistently indicate that hybridisation between translocated landlocked juveniles and native amphidromous Ayu occurs throughout Japanese rivers. These results are discussed in relation to the management of this species.
Sarcoidosis in Northern Ontario hard‐rock miners: A case series
Authors: Oliver L. Christine , Sampara Paul , Pearson Donna , Martell Janice , Zarnke Andrew M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSarcoidosis is a rare multisystem granulomatous disease traditionally considered to be of unknown etiology. The notion that sarcoidosis has no known cause is called into question with the increasing number of case reports and epidemiologic studies showing associations between occupational exposures and disease published in the past 10–20 years. Occupational exposures for which associations are strongest and most consistent are silica and other inorganic dusts, World Trade Center (WTC) dust, and metals. Occupations identified as at‐risk for sarcoidosis include construction workers; iron‐foundry and diatomaceous earth workers; WTC emergency responders; and metal workers. We report here 12 cases of sarcoidosis in a cohort of hard‐rock miners in Northern Ontario, Canada. To our knowledge sarcoidosis has not been reported previously in hard‐rock miners. The cases are all male and Caucasian, with average age 74 years. At the time of diagnosis, two were never smokers; six, former smokers; and four, current smokers. Five have extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: two cardiac and three endocrine (hypercalciuria). Using occupational histories and air sampling data from the gold, uranium, and base‐metal mines in which they worked, we examined exposure of each case to respirable crystalline silica (RCS). The annual mean RCS exposure for the 12 cases was 0.14 mg/m3 (range: 0.06–1.3 mg/m3); and the mean cumulative RCS exposure was 1.93 mg/m3 years (range: 0.64–4.03 mg/m3 years). We also considered their exposure to McIntyre Powder, an aluminum powder used for silicosis prophylaxis.
Computing ship strikes and near miss events of fin whales along the main ferry routes in the Pelagos Sanctuary and adjacent west area, in summer
Authors: David Léa , Arcangeli Antonella , Tepsich Paola , Di‐Meglio Nathalie , Roul Marine , Campana Ilaria , Gregorietti Martina , Moulins Aurélie , Rosso Massimiliano , Crosti Roberto 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Mediterranean Sea is a high‐density maritime traffic area, particularly in the Pelagos Sanctuary. Ship strikes pose a substantial threat to fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) according to reports from the IUCN, the IWC, the ACCOBAMS and the EU Habitats Directive.Near miss events (NMEs) were collected, as a proxy indicator of ship strikes for fin whales, along the main ferry routes crossing the Pelagos Sanctuary and adjacent western waters during ‘summertime’ (April to October). The ‘Fixed Line Transect Med Network’ carries out systematic surveys from ferries and collects data according to the ‘linear transect’ method. From 2008 to 2019, 13 different ferry routes were surveyed with 238,499 km monitored.Of the 2,775 fin whales encountered, 43 individuals were involved in NMEs (1.55% of the sightings). NMEs occur over the great majority of the routes monitored with enough effort and were correlated with the density index of fin whales.High‐risk areas for NMEs were identified in the central and deeper parts of the north‐western Mediterranean Sea and in some sections of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea.Of all NMEs, the majority of whales (63.4%) surfaced in front of the vessel (<50 m), leaving no time for the crew to manoeuvre the vessel. The others were travelling (26.8%) or resting (9.7%) without any noticeable reaction at the vessel.The speed of the ferries seems to play a role in the occurrence of the NME, as this parameter is significantly different (t‐test,P = 0.002) for NMEs compared to all fin whale sightings, whereas month and hour of day were not.Quantifying NMEs based on real‐time observation with observers on board, could be used as a feasible and efficient way to limit collisions, raising awareness by the crew, and testing or evaluating other potential tools that can help mitigate this threat.
Rapid population decline in one of the last recruiting populations of the endangered Clanwilliam sandfish (Labeo seeberi): The roles of climate change and non‐native fish
Authors: Cerrilla Cecilia , Afrika Johannes , Impson Dean , Jordaan Martine S. , Kotze Nathan , Paxton Bruce R. , Reed Cecile , Schumann Mandy , van der Walt Johannes A. , Shelton Jeremy M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Freshwater fish are in decline worldwide as a result of introduced non‐native species, impoundment, water quality changes, over‐abstraction, and climate change.
The Clanwilliam sandfish Labeo seeberi is an endangered migratory cyprinid endemic to a single river system in South Africa's Cape Fold Ecoregion. It has declined across its range and persists as fragmented populations in the Doring River system.
One of the last recruiting populations occurs in the Oorlogskloof River, where three non‐native fish species are present: smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus (both alien and invasive), and banded tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii (extralimital). Impacts of these non‐natives, together with climate change, may pose a serious threat to this important sandfish population and to other cohabiting native fish species.
A 6 year data set, collected over 9 years and spanning 25 km of the Oorlogskloof River, was analysed to characterize spatio‐temporal variation in sandfish abundance and size structure and to evaluate the relative impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on population trends.
Sandfish experienced a 92.6% decline in relative abundance from 2013 to 2018, driven by a 99.6% decline in young‐of‐the‐year individuals. A combination of extreme rainfall events and drought appear to have played a key role in the decline and subsequently prevented recovery.
Small sandfish (≤200 mm) were almost entirely absent from the centrarchid‐invaded section of the Oorlogskloof but were relatively abundant where these centrarchids were absent, suggesting a strong adverse impact of these non‐native species. Banded tilapia co‐occurred with sandfish without any apparent adverse impacts on the relative abundance or size structure of sandfish.
Improved water resource management and preventing the further spread of non‐natives must be conservation priorities. Localized eradication of non‐native species must also be considered to reclaim habitat and restore connectivity. Translocations may be required to prevent species extinctions.