bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The enforcement component
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the second operative component of the special regime around serious violations of human rights that encompasses enforcement measures surpassing bilateral inter-state relations. It specifically examines the UN Security Council measures, as well as third-party countermeasures, that seek to force perpetrators to cease the commission of serious violations of human rights. It reflects on the expansion of ‘threat to the peace’ (under the UN Charter) to include serious violations of human rights, thus justifying certain UN Security Council measures (sanctions, authorisation to use force, or peace operations) to be taken as a response to such violations. It argues that such measures are reserved only to serious violations of human rights, not to any human rights violation. Further, it follows the parallel developments outside the auspices of the UN, where international organisations and states other than those directly injured have also been taking enforcement measures on their own initiative as a response to situations of serious violations of human rights. It touches upon the debate around the responsibility to protect that is inevitably linked to these discussions.
The Maccabean Model
Authors: Gruen Erich S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 challenges the notion that the Maccabean ‘rebellion’ can serve as exemplary of subordinate peoples’ uprisings against imperial rule in antiquity. The struggles that prevailed in second-century bce Judea do not resolve themselves into a Jewish effort to throw off the yoke of Hellenistic monarchy, let alone the eradication of Hellenic influence. The chapter presents a more complex and shifting picture in which the Maccabees confronted local rivals within Judea and Palestine more generally and in which relations with the Seleucids fluctuated between hostilities and amicable negotiations that allowed for the continuance of Jewish authority within a larger Hellenic world. The celebrated persecutions under Antiochus IV proved to be exceptional and temporary and should not be allowed to define the era. Judah Maccabee and his successors benefitted as much from the favours of Seleucid princes and pretenders as from intermittent combats with them. An informal modus vivendi rather than unrelenting resistance characterized the relationship.
Central Asian Challenges to Seleucid Authority
Authors: Mairs Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers the historian Justin, whose work drew on the lost work of Pompeius Trogus and who was one of the few ancient Greek and Roman historians to give any information on Hellenistic Bactria. Justin’s work is all the more valuable, because he present chronological anchors for Bactrian history, tying together three separate periods when Bactria rebelled against Seleucid authority to events in Parthia. This chapter examines Justin’s use of synchronism as an historiographical and literary device. Justin’s use of this technique also allows us to explore the wider question of whether contemporaneous revolts against Seleucid authority in different regions were in any way connected to or benefitted from one another.
Political Catchphrases and Contemporary History
Authors: Gupta Suman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA historical account of the period 2001–2020 is presented by focusing on the shifting connotations of certain political catchphrases and words. These allow for a linked-up narrative covering areas such as politics and policy, business and investing, austerity and inequality, identity, climate change, crowd protests, flexible working, and online education. Key junctures are 9/11, the 2002 dot-com crash and the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the Occupy movements of 2011–2012, China’s economic policy from 2014 onwards, and the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Half the book is devoted to the unusually pervasive usage of the catchphrase ‘new normal’. Chapters are also given to ‘we are the 99%’ and the catchwords ‘austerity’ and ‘resilience’. Case studies of these catchphrases and words occupy much of the book. The final chapter makes conceptual inferences and proposes both a theory of political catchphrases and a distinctive approach to contemporary history. The source materials are predominantly from the UK and USA, but refer, naturally, to issues of global moment. The book would be of particular interest to students and researchers in politics and policy studies, contemporary social history, cultural studies and sociology, discourse analysis, and media studies. While following an academic format, it is written in an accessible style and would appeal to all who are alive to the momentous developments that are unfolding at present.
‘New Normal’, 2020
Authors: Gupta Suman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOn the eve of the COVID-19 outbreak, early in 2020, the catchphrase ‘new normal’ was being used with reference to freak weather events and anti-government protests in numerous countries. With the outbreak, it became predominantly attached to the lockdowns and restrictions that followed. This chapter argues that while the ‘new normal’ seemed to become denotative of the COVID-19 social condition itself, its prior resonances were not replaced—they seemed to accrue into the present, at times making the catchphrase opaque. That is to say, users often felt that the catchphrase was being overused, had become a cliché, or acquired an ironic ring. Nevertheless, it continued to be ever more intensively used. In tracing usage of the catchphrase in 2020, the chapter finds echoes of 9/11 amidst pandemic measures, and considers the imperative turn towards working from home and particularly online education, the effect of the pandemic on the impoverished and minorities, anxiety in business and investment circles, and speculation on the ‘next normal’. Increasing polarized political confrontations are described at the end, with particular attention to the global protests following the murder of George Floyd and then the US presidential elections. Amidst these a ‘return to normal’ (‘build back better’) as well as opposition to the pre-pandemic ‘new normal’ were variously mooted.
The Concept of Normality
Authors: Gupta Suman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThough everyday usage of the word ‘normal’ is now habitual and its meaning is taken as common sense, it has a relatively recent provenance (late eighteenth century in English) and emerged squarely from specialist and professional areas—in particular, from statistical and biomedical disciplines. In fact, both in its various specialist connotations and, relatedly, in popular discourses, the concept of the ‘normal’ has a critical place in modern knowledge construction and dissemination. This chapter considers what habituation to the catchphrase ‘new normal’ in so many contexts means for the concept of the ‘normal’ itself. It is possible that continuous usage of the catchphrase, even if unthinkingly, could implicitly shift the ground of what is commonly understood as ‘normal’. This argument is woven through well-defined conceptualizations of the ‘normal’ with various consonant and contradistinctive terms in specific contexts (with reference to the work of Georges Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, Lennard Davis, Michael Warner, Julian Carter, Sarah Igo, Anna Creadick, and Peter Cryle and Elizabeth Stevens). From a different direction, the implications of ‘new normal’ in relation to formulations of ‘normal science’ and ‘post-normal science’ are also picked up.
Anti-Establishment Catchphrases
Authors: Gupta Suman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFocusing on the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the resulting austerity policies, the Occupy movement slogan ‘We are the 99%’ and the catchphrases ‘the 99%’ and ‘the 1%’ are analysed. Unlike catchphrases/words examined in earlier chapters, which were mainly introduced top-down, these exemplify a bottom-up movement, appearing as banners of protest. These also offer an opportunity to pause on the popular conception of statistical signifiers, which both draws upon and is at odds with the practice of statistics. There are two sections. The first concentrates on the use of these statistical figures as metaphors for political mobilization. The means through which they were disseminated during the Occupy protests are outlined, as are the debates for and against the protests woven around them. The second section summarizes the statistical researches from which these catchphrases derived. Those concerned the measurement of income inequality in terms of fractiles. It is argued that while those researches sharpened the understanding of inequality and served to raise popular awareness of the issue, the erstwhile strong association between inequality and poverty was loosened—to some degree, the social condition of poverty was defocused. The pros and cons of such measurements for political mobilization are considered.
Customs and Movement of Goods
Authors: Moran Niall 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 by Niall Moran analyses the most consequential provision of the Protocol, namely Article 5, entitled ‘Customs, Movement of Goods’. As Moran explains, this provision has the effect of rendering applicable in Northern Ireland the full body of EU customs and internal market law—including the EU Customs Code and hundreds of pieces of EU legislation listed in great detail in Annex 2 to the Protocol—and as a result require customs and regulatory checks on goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland, which are regarded as being at risk of moving into the EU single market. Moran provides a careful legal anatomy of Article 5, and then considers the challenges connected to its implementation. He discusses the notion of ‘goods at risk’, and examines the decisions taken by the Joint Committee to implement this. He also outlines the significance of the technical prohibitions of restrictions on exports and imports, and the consequences of customs checks, both for goods entering into Northern Ireland and exiting it. All in all, Moran emphasizes how Article 5 fundamentally deprives the content of Article 4 of much meaning, which solemnly proclaims that Northern Ireland is to remain part of the UK customs territory: as he notes, while this may be true from the perspective of international trade agreements, the reality is that Northern Ireland remains embedded in the EU internal market for goods.
State Aid
Authors: Butler Graham 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 by Graham Butler focuses on another of the economic provisions of the Protocol, which extends to Northern Ireland the application of EU law: namely Article 10, on ‘State aid’. As Butler underlines, by virtue of Article 10 the full body of EU state aid law, which is listed in more detail in an Annex 5 attached to the Protocol, is applicable with respect to Northern Ireland. This means, as Butler claims, that judicial and administrative authorities in both Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK must give effect to EU state aid law, whenever that is relevant to Northern Ireland. While traditionally when the UK was a Member State it championed a more free-market approach than several continental EU Member States, the continuation of EU competition rules in the context of Northern Ireland after the UK’s withdrawal is an important guarantee of the level playing field. Indeed, competition law is a core element of the internal market and, from this viewpoint, Article 10 of the Protocol complements Article 5—as well as several other more technical clauses which all extend the application of EU laws into Northern Ireland as a condition to avoid a hard border in the island of Ireland.
Governance and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Larik Joris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 by Joris Larik overviews the institutional arrangements to govern the Protocol and to solve any disputes that may arise under it. As such, this contribution focuses on Article 12 of the Protocol, entitled ‘Implementation, Application, Supervision and Enforcement’—while also considering Article 14, establishing a Specialised Committee for Northern Ireland. However, as Larik points out, the governance of the Protocol is not set out only in the Protocol itself, as many important decision-making and dispute resolution bodies are established by the WA, to which the Protocol is attached. Based on this comprehensive and accurate overview, Larik underlines the role of the Joint Committee, with the support of the Specialised Committee, in governing the Protocol—as well as the continuing role of the European Commission in supervising enforcement and respect for the Protocol’s terms. Moreover, Larik explains the dual mechanisms for dispute resolution which operate with regard to the Protocol—one based on a new arbitration body, albeit required to refer matters of EU law to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and the other based on the continuing oversight of the ECJ. As Larik claims, the governance model of the Protocol can be theorized in different ways, but all confirms the continuing, strong presence of the EU administrative and judicial bodies within Northern Ireland after the UK’s withdrawal.
Introduction
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We introduce concepts and topics subsequently studied as instances of complexity. The treatment is restricted to topics in natural science, and it is noted that different areas here lead to common underlying structures, such as bird swarms and magnetic systems. Ken Wilson, Mitchell Feigenbaum and Per Bak are noted as the leading pioneers in the field. First attempts to define complexity are presented, and relations between critical behavior and complexity are discussed.
The Energy of Space
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We discuss the effect of the Big Bang as origin of the universe on the concept of energy conservation. In particular, it leads to a non-static universe, an effect which Einstein had tried to avoid by the introduction of the cosmological constant. The advent of Hubble’s law confirmed an expansion of the universe, and the subsequent observation of continued acceleration led to the introduction of the idea of dark energy. In this context, the idea of a universe emerging from nothing was introduced.
Critical Behavior
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We present critical behavior as singular structure in statistical mechanics, with melting, freezing and magnetization as familiar instances. We illustrate the resulting structure with the help of the Ising model. The concepts are then applied to study strong interaction thermodynamics, where an ideal gas of quarks and gluons through the hadronization transition leads to confinement and a system of hadrons. Such systems are presently studied experimentally in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Quantum Complexity
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Microscopic systems are today believed to be governed by quantum mechanics. Such quantum systems show novel forms of complexity, leading to a new form of critical behavior, actually observed prior to any prediction by quantum physics. Particular instances are superconductivity and superfluidity. Quantum mechanics itself leads to a new state of matter in the form of Bose–Einstein condensates. Subsequent works by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer have provided a phenomenological account for the observed behavior, and Bose–Einstein condensation as such has now also been observed.
‘Fear of Change’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares Milton’s standing as a poet and as a writer of controversial prose. It demonstrates his insight into conservative and reactionary temperaments and his contrasting ideal of tolerant open-mindedness in a life of perpetual trial. It also shows how the controversial prose, despite the rhetorical prowess, can dwindle into an aggressive dogmatism that he deplores elsewhere and that draws him closer to the reactionaries he opposes. In the poetry, on the other hand, he is both disciplined and liberated by the requirements of form. The craft of verse frees him from obsession and leads him to detachment and poise.
‘The Melting Voice Through Mazes Running’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rhythmic verve of L’Allegro and Il Penseroso. The unique poise of the four-beat or tetrameter verse is shown to emerge in part from the blending of seven- and eight-syllable lines, which tend to move very differently, but even more from the interfusion of two diverse prosodies. There is first the iambic verse of the prevailing accentual-syllabic mode, where both stressed and unstressed syllables have a structural presence. But there is also the accentual and lyrical mode of much popular verse—such as nursery rhymes and playground chants, folk songs, traditional ballads, and many popular songs—which is structured solely around the four beats of the line. This interfusion creates verse of unparalleled joie de vivre and disciplined freedom, and this influences how the poems are to be read, both read aloud and in interpretation, with results quite different from how they have sometimes been read.
Samson Agonistes
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Samson Agonistes in depth through Milton’s audacious and largely unprecedented approaches to sustained free verse, mainly in the choruses. The particular mode of its free verse is analysed in detail; its striking freedoms are set against such emerging forms of freer verse as are found in Greek tragedy, in the Latin tragedy of Seneca, in the Neo-Latin tragedies of the Renaissance, and in vernacular writings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The deliberate and innovative anti-lyricism of Milton’s choruses and free verse is explored. The contrast between the audacious verse and the humdrum human qualities of the Chorus provokes a critical rereading of the work and especially of the catastrophe, challenging the pious orthodoxy of traditional readings. The poem is seen neither as a celebration of the hero’s triumphant restoration to faith and divine favour—as in traditional readings—nor as a critique of Samson himself, as in some recent studies, and more as a probing and questioning of providence, asking: does the end justify the means? Untypically, Milton is even prepared to leave matters unresolved.
‘Rhyme was Not his Talent’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the lyric verse in the light of the persistent belief that, in view of the dismissal of rhyme prefixed to Paradise Lost, Milton was never much interested in rhyme, and not very good at it. It demonstrates, on the contrary, that his ear for nuances of rhyme was exquisite. From his early writing onwards he is fascinated with the possibilities of rhyme, and shows increasing finesse and daring in how to exploit them. Especially in Lycidas and the later sonnets, Milton is an adventurous and inventive rhymer; the rhyming is now ‘manifest’ rather than ‘latent’, that is, drawing attention to the inventiveness of individual rhymes, rather than their working quietly in the background. Rhyme is the epitome of literariness through sound, as the pun is through sense, raising arbitrary features of the sign to expressiveness.
Resonant Minutiae
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines three prosodic niceties: first, some apparently clumsy lines at the Son’s judgement of the fallen Adam and Eve; then a couple of isolated lines uniquely odd in rhythm or pronunciation; and finally an isolated but rich rhyme in Paradise Regained. These details are shown to colour and permeate their works as a whole. First, the rhythmic oddity of those ‘clumsy’ lines reveals something crucial to Milton’s profound rethinking of the Fall, its growth beyond a simple and harsh judgement of the fallen pair into tragic compassion, with some traces of optimism. Second, considering two words where metre and pronunciation are at odds broadens into a discussion of how to approach Milton’s rhythms: how to utter and hear the verse, and how to trust Milton’s rhythmic inventiveness rather than insist on regularity. Finally, dwelling on a single rhyme reveals how perception of the brief epic is changed once it is clear that the work is permeated by anticipations of Calvary.
Cromwell’s Three Great Poets
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the three great living English poets—Marvell and Dryden as well as Milton—all of whom worked for Cromwell’s government and walked together in his funeral procession. It explores the interactions of their diverse prosodies and their diverse ideologies in their Cromwellian and Restoration verse. Temperament and form are each an expression of the other; prosody and ideology are interwoven. Indeed, versification can be a strikingly direct expression of modes of thought, of temperament, and of sensibility. The poets’ differing conceptions and ideals of liberty are manifest in their differing forms and rhythms. Dryden sought the sanctuary of a definitive and protective power shaping the life of the individual, and his conservative temperament embodies itself in the dominant form of the day, the heroic couplet, where rhyme brings a sense of perpetual closure. Marvell was dedicated to the cause of liberty and came to support the Cromwellian revolution, but his need for stability restrains his search for freedom. So he is also a devotee of the couplet, though often now the lighter and fleeter tetrameter as well as pentameter, while the tight forms only serve to emphasise his free-wheeling imagination. Milton, working always towards (as he says in Areopagitica) ‘the reforming of Reformation it self’, goes further. He is prepared to shake the foundations, and is free in devising and handling literary form as he is in urging social reform.
How Friendship Cultivates Virtue
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In contrast to ancient times, friendship is rarely discussed nowadays as a resource in moral education. Even within Aristotle-inspired character education, where it could naturally claim pride of place, its coverage is miniscule compared, say, to that of the emulation of moral exemplars. The aim of this chapter is to retrieve friendship as a moral educational concept: to explain how moral educational goals define and sustain deep friendships, and how the thorny issue of when friendships should be terminated is best understood in terms of considerations as to whether they have exhausted their educational potential. By arguing that education is the raison d’être of deep friendship, it is shown how friendship is developmentally constituted and, in its most complete form as ‘character friendship’, educationally executed. The chapter analyses role modelling and explains how it differs from the idea of cultivating character through friendships. Finally, it explores the mechanisms of Aristotelian friendship education directly.
Epistemic Risk and Epistemic Utility for Beliefs
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we meet Thomas Kelly’s (2014) argument for permissivism about rational belief. It is inspired by William James’ (1897) permissivism about attitudes to epistemic risk. We interpret Kelly’s argument using an account of epistemic value due to Kenny Easwaran (2016) and Kevin Dorst (2019). According to this, we encode Jamesian attitudes to epistemic risk in our epistemic utilities. For the epistemically risk-averse, the disvalue of believing falsely is greater than the value of believing truly; for the risk-inclined, it is reversed. Kelly holds that rationality requires us to do whatever maximises expected epistemic utility from the point of view of our evidential probabilities. He notes that, since rationality permits different attitudes to epistemic risk, which we encode in different epistemic utilities, the same evidential probability might demand of one person that they believe a proposition and of another that they withhold judgment. This gives permissivism about rational belief.