bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxiaiy of Bedding Plants Resultings from Applications of Knoxout 2FM, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Knoxout 2FM was evaluated for phytotoxicity on 16 types of bedding plants. The experiment was conducted on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments were replicated 4 times for each type of plant in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one plant transplanted in a 4 x 4 inch square pot filled with pro-mix. Foliar sprays wetfe applied May 15 to the point of run-off with a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Knoxout 2FM was used at 2 rates: 1% (7.8 lb ai/100 gal) and 2% (15.6 lb ai/100 gal). Five treatments were observed: treatment 1, one application of 1% spray; treatment 2, two applications of 1% spray; treatment 3, one application of 2% spray; treatment 4, two applications of 2% spray; and treatment 5, control. Plants were retreated at a 7 day interval (temperatures 75°F and 76°F, respectively). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following the first application. They were evaluated for overall appearance of the plant compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3= severe.
Phytotoxicity on Greenhouse Floriculture, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty species grown for commercial pot plant production were evaluated for phytotoxicity resulting from the application of the miticide UC 55248. An experiment was initiated at the GA Exper Sta, Experiment on raised greenhouse benches in Jan. UC 55248 was applied to 5 plants of each species, each plant grown in Metro-mix 300 in a 115 mm pot. Three applications were made with 2 wks between applications and following a 4 wk observation 2 applications were made 7 days apart. Application was to the point of run-off with a hand CO2 sprayer at 35 psi utilizing a 8003 nozzle. Temperatures were 23-25C during application and ranged from 21 to 35C during the test. Treatment levels were 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/100 gal finished spray. Plants were observed weekly for phytotoxicity and evaluated on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage, 2 = moderate, affects marketability, and 3 = heavy, unmarketable. Untreated checks of each species were maintained to aid in evaluating phytotoxicity.
Evaluation of CGA 20168 As A Protectant for Dried Fruit and Tree Nuts, 1979
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Brandl D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insects were reared and tested at 26.7 + 1°C and 60% RH. Thompson variety raisins were treated with CGA 20168 (EC) by placing calculated (wt/wt) concentrations diluted in 5 ml of tap water into 0.5-kg lots of field run raisins in 3.8-liter glass jars and tumbling at 30 rpm for 30 min. Five ml of tap water only was applied to the control raisins. After the sealed jars had been held 1 day, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, they were opened and 50 g raisins were placed in a 500-ml paper container. Thirty containers were infested with 25 0-to-2-week-old adult merchant grain beetles, 25 red flour beetles, or 50 0-3-day-old Indianmeal moth eggs. Each concentration was replicated 10 times. Mortality was determined after 45 days and data were corrected with Abbott’s formula.
Evaluation of Bay Leaves and Bay Oil Preventing Insect Infestation of Stored Foods, 1980
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Buttery R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bay leaves were collected in Berkeley, CA and averaged 340 mg per leaf. The leaves were rinsed with tap water and air dried before use. Bay oil was obtained from a commercial* source (the method of preparation was steam distillation of bay leaves). Test culture medium consisted (by weight) of 1 part brewer’s yeast, 5 parts whole wheat flour, and 14 parts rice bran. Insect cultures were reared at 28°C and 60% R. H. Treatment was by placement of 1 bay leaf on the surface of the medium in each container or by incorporation of 1.5 mg of bay oil in 250 g of medium. Bay oil incorporation was by tumbling at 30 rpm for 30 minutes. Ten grams of medium were placed in a 30-ml plastic container that was closed with a lid having a 5-mm-diam hole therein. Five treated and 5 untreated containers were placed in a 38 cm W, 76 cm L, 47 cm H test arena. Twenty-five adult insects were placed in the test arena for 3 days. Test conditions were 28°C and 60% R.H. Test containers were then removed and their contents emptied into glass jars, covered with filter paper, and held for 30 days. Number of adults and larvae plus pupae were recorded.
Candidate Quarantine Aerosols for Stored-Product Insects, 1980
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidol formulations in transport trailers (ca. 71 m3) in Miami, FL and Baltimore, MD. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Freon-propelled aerosols were released within closed trailers, either from the center (total release) or by an individual walking the length of the trailer and spraying for the required amount of time. The exposure period was 5 hr; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 hr in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated at least 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 21° ± 3°C and 81 ± 4%RH.
Contact and Residual Sprays for Furniture Carpet Beetle (FCB) Control, 1980
Authors: Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of these tests was to evaluate the performance of several insecticides that might be used to control FCB larvae. Textile resistance tests outlines by the Chemical Specialities Manufactures Association (CSMA) were modified to assess the efficacy of direct contact sprays and residual deposits. Larvae were tested because only immature FCB damage materials such as woolen or contaminated fabrics, leather, furs and feathers. Adults are short-lived compared to larvae and reportedly feed on pollen and nectar. FCB larvae for these tests were collected from cultures maintained at 27°C, 70-75% RH on medium comprised of dry dog chow, yeast and turkey feathers. Approximately half-grown larvae (2-3 mg, 3 mm long), which were retained on a no. 16 screen, were placed on flat glass beneath a warm light bulb. Larvae were aspirated into gloss shell vials as they moved to the edge of the glass. Five groups of 15 larvae placed in a clean 500 ml beaker were sprayed with two pumps (0.5 ml) from a deVilbiss #152 bulb sprayer from ca 7 inch. The thoroughly wetted larvae were transferred to filter paper to remove excess spray before they were placed in 26 sq cm plastic boxes the floors of which were covered with wool felt lightly dusted with a dog chow-yeast mixture. For residual activity, 5 groups of 20 larvae were confined to 26 sq cm felt treated with 0.13 ml dilute insecticide (1%=73 mg ai/sq ft.) The number dead was recorded ca daily up to 14 days. Each piece of wool was tested only once. Treatments were evaluated 28 and 56 days old.
Laboratory Evaluation of Atroban Formulations Against the House Fly, 1980
Authors: Collison Clarence H. , Pitts Charles W. , Danka Robert G. , Kennell Daniel R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three formulations of Atroban (BW 21Z, permethrin) were evaluated in the laboratory to determine if there was a behavioral response of avoiding treated surfaces, and efficacy against laboratory reared house flies. In Test 1 adult house flies (100/cage) were placed in four ft screened cages, containing a sugar cube, vial of water, and two suspended 6x6 inch panels. Each panel consisted of two sheets of filter paper clipped together, with the exterior surface of one treated with Atroban at a rate of 125 mg/sq ft. In each cage, the two treated surfaces were sprayed with the same formulation. The panel surfaces in the control cage were left untreated. After 24 hours, the total number of fly specks on each exposed surface was determined and fly mortality recorded. This repellency test was repeated five times between Dec 17’79 and Jan 29’80. In Test 2, a “touch test” was used to determine the efficacy of the different formulations. Adult house flies (25/formulatton) were anaesthetized with CO2 and their tarsi touched to treated filter papers for five seconds. Filter papers were treated with Atroban at a rate of 125 mg/sq ft and untreated papers served as controls. After treatment, the flies were placed in 4-inch Dixie cups (No. 2186, American Can Co., Easton, PA) provided with a sugar cube and vial of water. Mortality counts were taken 24 hours later. The test was repeated seven times between Feb 5 and March 5’80. In Test 3, World Health Organization insecticide testing tubes were used to further evaluate the efficacy of the three Atroban formulations. Ten adult house flies were introduced into each holding tube prior to pesticide exposure. The plastic tubes were 125 mm in length and 44 mm in diameter with one end fitted with a 16-mesh screen. After a 15 minute pre-test holding period, flies were blown gently through the open slide gate into the attached exposure tube. Atroban treated papers (12 x 15 cm) at the rate of 125 mg/sq ft lined the exposure tubes. Tubes containing untreated papers served as controls. After an exposure time of 10 minutes, the flies were returned to the holding tubes by reversing the process. Each holding tube contained either a vial of water or a sugar cube and water. Fly mortality was determined 24 hours after pesticide exposure. The experiment was repeated 14 times between Jan 30 and Feb 28. During the first three tests, the holding tubes were supplied only with water. In Test 4 the World Health Organization tubes were also used to compare 1978 and 1979 42.5% EC formulations for fly efficacy. The tests were repeated 12 times between March 14 and April 1. Holding tubes were supplied with both water and sugar cubes.
Alfalfa Weevil, Insect Growth Regulators, 1976
Authors: Stuart L. Claire , Butler Linda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied May 12 to two-year-old ‘Narragansett’ alfalfa at the West Virginia University Reedsville Experiment Farm. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design, using 12 x 18 m plots with 6 m alleys between rows for tractor access. Sprays were applied by a John Bean tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer with a 6 m boom, tank capacity 189 liters, pressure 2.1 kg/cm2 and calibrated to deliver 243 liters/ha at a tractor speed of 5.6 to 6.4 km/h. Larvae were collected from the field on May 17 by sweep net and on May 24 by vacuum machine. They were reared in the laboratory in plastic petri plates with perforated lids and fed alfalfa from the treated plots. When over 100 larvae were collected per plot, only 100 were reared.
Apple, Timing Sprays for Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied at various times of the season to determine the optimum time to control the rosy apple aphid. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a Rome, Golden Delicious, Delicious, and York Imperial tree. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The sprays were applied with a handgun using a John Bean high pressure sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Refer to the table for the timing of sprays and phenological development of apple. Effectiveness of the sprays was evaluated by examining the entire tree and determining the number of infested clusters, the number of infested leaves, and the number of injured apples/tree. A leaf or cluster was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1980
Authors: Weires R. W. , Alm S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight-tree plots of from 5-7 different apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were 16-yrs-old, ca 12 ft high, on EM 2 rootstock, and spaced 15 X 30 ft. Treatments were applied at pink (‘Mcintosh’), May 1, petal fall (Rome), May 19 , and In 6 cover sprays, Jun 5, 19, Jul 3, 17, 31, and Aug 14, except the CGA 29170 treatment which was applied only at pink, and the UC 55248 treatment which was applied at pink and petal fall. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.2 (during May) to 4.2 (Jun on) gal spray/tree (307-403 gal/acre). The fungicides Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) and Cyrex 65WP (4 oz/100 gal) were applied over all plots by airblast sprayer at 3X (133 gal/acre) on Apr 17 and Jun 13, respectively. Plictran 50WP (4 oz/100 gal) was included for mite control with the DISA, HAG, Pydrin and Guthion treatments on Jul 3. Above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall prevailed during the entire growing season. Plum curculio, San Jose scale, and codling moth populations were above normal while other insect pressures were low.
Pear, Psylla Control with Low Volume Cover Sprays, 1980
Authors: Bode William M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a 3 acre block of 8-year-old trees in a commercial orchard. Each treatment was replicated 5 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot consisted of 3 adjacent frees in a row. Samples were taken from the middle tree of each plot. At least I unsprayed tree separated adjacent plots. Treatments were applied at 50 gal/acre with a Myers A32 3-pthitch air sprayer. The pretreatment counts were made on Aug 7 and all treatments were applied on Aug 8. Adult psylla from unsprayed trees quickly reinfested most plots.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1980
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sixteen-yr-old Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated by counts of adults and nymphs before the first application and at 2 week intervals for the duration of the test period. Counts taken between applications were pooled and expressed as the mean for these periods. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating tray samples/replicate. Nymphs were counted on 5 spurs through Jun 9 and on 5 terminals thereafter for each replicate. Two spotted spider mite and European red mite densities were estimated from 50-leaf samples taken 3 times during the test period by the standard leaf brushing technique. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray for evidence of phytotoxicity. At harvest 10 fruits/replicate were tested for firmness and soluble solids.
Effect of Reduced Coverage of Bait Sprays on Walnut Husk Fly Control, 1980
Authors: Hislop R. G. , Riedl Helmut , Joos Johannes 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field trials were performed in a 6 acre mature walnut orchard to evaluate baited treatments of the synthetic pyrethroid Pounce 3.2EC at reduced coverage on walnut husk fly control and influence on secondary pest abundance. Four treatments each consisting of four 6-tree replicates, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments Included full tree coverage without bait, half free and quarter tree coverage with bait, and an untreated check. Sprays were applied by hydraulic handgun until run-off. Nuts were inspected (2000/freafment) shortly before harvest (Oct 8) for presence of husk fly eggs, larvae, and shell stains. Leaf samples (100/treatment) were taken twice, Sep 24 and Oct 8, and brushed for mites, aphids and their natural enemies.
Thrips Control with Cygon, 1980
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cygon 400 was applied to 600 feet of row (6 row x 100’) of beans in the center of a thrips infested field. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized hand sprayer on Jul 25 and again on Jul 30 to obtain maximum thrips reduction. Thrips were counted weekly in the treated and untreated areas on 5 sets of 10 trifoliate leaves and in 10 blooms. Blooms per meter (5 samples/area/week) were counted as well as the number of pods per row foot (10 samples) and deformed pods per row foot (10 samples).
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms and European Corn Borers in Snap Beans, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Bush blue lake’ snap beans were planted in double row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jul 25 ’80. Each plot was buffered on either side by 2 untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Sep 12 & 17. All spray treat-ments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on Sep 21 by harvesting 1,000 bean pods/treatment/replication and recording the number pods injured by corn earworms and European corn borers. Yields were also taken Sep 21 by harvesting 2-25 ft sections of row in each plot.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Jun 18 at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 plants long, 3 plants wide, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Treatments were applied Jul 31 with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at ca 40 psi. Larvae were counted from the center 4 plants in each plot on Aug. 5.
Cabbage Foliar Protective Insecticide Spray Study, 1980
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wisconsin Golden Acre white cabbage was transplanted Jun 2 ’80 in a randomized block design with three replications and 24 inch row spacing. Tok 50W was used preemergence at 8 lbs/acre and 200 lbs. 15-15-15 broadcast applied and disced in with 60 lb fs|/A on Jun 6. Plot size was 5’ x 25’ with 2 rows per plot. Bravo 6F at 1 qt/A was applied with a Cub tractor boom sprayer weekly as maintenance. Broadcast foliar sprays were made using a CO2 bottle sprayer and making a 5”swath per plot at 30 GPA and 30 psi. Six weekly sprays were applied starting Jun 30, and continued Jul 7, 14, 21, 28 and Aug 4. At harvest, Aug 12-13, five mature cabbage heads per plot were cut. Lower leaves were removed and rated for insect damage. No aphid colonies or cabbage looper were observed in the plots nor was any chemical phytotoxicity noted. A moderate population of diamondback moth and cabbageworm larvae occurred with an average of 3.5 worms per head observed in the untreated check.
Control of Thrips on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Luetchford C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Testing was conducted in Stanley, NY in a commercial field moderately infested with thrips and two weeks from harvest. Previous to this test the only insecticide used was an early season application of parathion on May 30 at 0.5 lbs ai/acre for flea beetle control. The experimental area consisted of thirteen 32-in rows, each 27-ft in length. This area was divided into a RCB design with 10 replications. A single cabbage head was considered a plot and treatments were bordered by 1 row on each side and replications by 3 plants on each end. Prior to including a plant in the test, it was evaluated for the presence of thrips and all plants selected were infested. Treatments were applied Aug 1 using a hand-held 2.5 gal Hudson sprayer delivering 19 gal/acre. Sprays were directed into the cabbage plant from both sides at a 45° angle. One-half tablespoon of sticker-spreader was added/gal. Efficacy was evaluated on Aug 4-5 by removing each plant, examining the outer leaves and intact head, then peeling back the head leaves to the 10th layer. All thrips were counted but not separated into species.
Foliar Sprays to Control Cabbage Looper on Cauliflower, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Snowball’ cauliflower was transplanted Aug 15 in 3-ft rows with 20 inch row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, compressed-air, hand-operated sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Sep 2, 11, 19 and Oct 2. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers/10 cauliflower plants and by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of the leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 10-25% of foliage; 4) intense feeding on 25-50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, 1979
Authors: Harper J. D. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Col lard transplants were set in plots consisting of 6 rows (44 in centers) x 30 ft separated by 5 ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on Jul 16, 23, 31, Aug 7, 14 and 21. Applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 high clearance sprayer delivering 108 gal/acre. On Aug 6, counts were made of small, medium, and large T.rn larvae on 3 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot; on Aug 27, similar counts were made on the top 10 leaves of 3 plants per plot. On Aug 27, ten plants randomjy selected from the center 2 rows of each plot were rated for damage. Plants were rated on a 1-6 leaf loss scale, where 1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 6-10%, 4 = 11-20%, 5 = 21-50%, 6 &gt; 51% loss. Insect counts and damage ratings were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis for Control of Lepidopterous Insect Pests on Sweet Corn, 1979
Authors: Andreadis T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Sweet Sue’ sweet corn was planted on Jun 1, 1979 at Lockwood Farm, Hamden, CT. Treatment plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 5 replicates. Each plot consisted of 5 rows, 0.76 m apart and 3 m in length, surrounded on all sides by 2 untreated buffer rows. The commercial formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis tested were Thuricide-HPC aqueous concentrate (16,000 lU/mg) and Dipel wettable (4,000 lU/mg). Both were applied in water at the maximum recommended rateof 2.7 x 1010 1U/ha. Methomyl 1.8L was used as the standard of comparison for control. All treatments were applied with a hand held compressed-air sprayer equipped with a single nozzle at 30-40 psi. Treatments were initiated at the first sign of insect attack (Jul 26) when plants were in the early tassel stage and repeated at 3-5 day intervals until harvest (Sep 4) for a total of 8 treatments. Treatments were evaluated by examining 20 randomly selected plants from each plot at harvest for the presence of corn earworm, European corn borer and fall armyworm larvae and feeding damage. Ears were classified as damaged if they exhibited any kernal injury 2.5 cm below the ear tip.