bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law Beyond the Shadow of the State
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail the puzzles raised by one instance of constitutional plurality in the light of the conclusions of the previous chapter: the question of international law. Like other forms of transnational law, international law operates in the context of a ‘world state gap’; that is, the absence of a single centralized coercive authority which makes, adjudicates, and enforces its norms. It examines the problems associated with the ‘world state gap’ and how it has been managed in accounts of international law as a legal system by Kelsen and Hart as well as more contemporary accounts. It concludes that the circumstances of constitutional pluralism entail instances of legal systems which conform both with Kelsen’s monistic account of international law as well as more pluralistic Hartian-inspired accounts. Both accounts, then, are relevant to other non-state transnational legal systems which share the ‘world state gap’ in common with international law.
Foundations of body-part grammar
Authors: Lehmann Christian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter surveys body-part grammar. Body-part concepts are semantically relational, providing an argument position for their associated whole. In affectedness, they bear a sympathetic relation to their whole. In actions, they participate in the control their whole executes. They are also locations on their body. The semantic relationality may be grammaticalized as inalienability. Possessed nominals based on a body-part term then often have special morphological and syntactic properties. However, many languages subdivide the field of body-part terms based on such criteria as controllability or replaceability, and this may surface in two or more possessive classes into which body-part terms are subdivided. Syntactic constructions crucially involving body-part terms are systematized as follows: (1) Constructions dedicated to the possessive relation: this may be ascribed to the whole or to the part; and this may happen inside a referring expression or in a predication. (2) Propositions attributing some property to a body part: this may or may not instead be attributed to its whole. (3) Propositions comprising both terms of the possessive relation as arguments to some non-possessive predicate: The main choice here is between coding the possessive relation in a possessed nominal and leaving the participant relation of the whole uncoded, or coding the participant relation and leaving the possessive relation to inference. The most important participant relations are, for the whole, actor, undergoer, and indirectus, and for the body-part term, undergoer, instrument, and location. The sympathetic relation between whole and part gives rise to several constructions which are specific for body-part terms. The set of body-part terms emerges as a lexical field, and also as constitutive of a conceptual domain with its own grammar.
Pathways and patterns of metaphor and metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms
Authors: Bowers Jack 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn accordance with published data from several related varieties of Mixtecan, and numerous other languages, Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms feature expansive networks of extended senses as the head components of compounds, in multi-word expressions and in polysemous forms. Parts of the body which have given rise to other meanings in Mixtepec Mixtec and/or in other forms of Mixtec are: ‘head’, ‘face’, ‘foot’, ‘leg’, ‘back’, ‘hand/arm’, ‘belly/stomach’, ‘mouth’. Of these, as is the case in related Mixtecan varieties, ‘face’ and ‘foot’ are the most productive and have undergone multiple stages of extensions.
Body-part categorization and grammar in Piaroa
Authors: Labrada Jorge Emilio Rosés 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth description of body-part terms and their grammar in Piaroa, a language in the Sáliban family spoken in Venezuela and Colombia. Based on fieldwork data, it presents a comprehensive inventory of body-part terms as well as terms in other areas of the lexicon related to the body. This chapter also investigates the morphosyntax of body-part terms in Piaroa, with special attention to how they are formed and how they behave syntactically. Both their morphology and syntax show that Piaroa body-part terms are grammatically inanimate. This finding underscores the variable and language-specific character of body-part term categorization, adding to the crosslinguistic understanding of this domain.
A typology of body-part words in Eastern Tukanoan languages
Authors: Silva W. D. L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines adnominal possessive constructions in eighteen Tukanoan languages and presents an analysis that attempts to explain the variations in the types of possessive constructions. Moreover, this chapter presents a proposal for the development of overt possessive marking and the emergence of an alienability distinction in Tukanoan languages. In the languages of this family that distinguish between alienable and inalienable nouns, body parts and kinship terms together form a class of inalienable nouns. Finally, this chapter shows how language contact may have motivated the emergence of the alienability distinction in these languages.
Body-part terms in Baure and Paunaka
Authors: Danielsen Swintha , Terhart Lena 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines body parts in Baure and Paunaka, two closely related Arawak languages of Bolivia. In both languages body-part terms belong to the class of inalienable nouns, and thus they also play a role in compounding and incorporation. Possession is marked in a similar way in the two languages; however, they differ when expressing non-possession of a body part. There are considerable similarities and differences in the body-part terms themselves, with some being clearly cognates and others showing no or only minor relatedness. In both languages word formation created complex body-part terms, where some processes and peculiarities are shared, however, even among the most basic body part terms, Baure and Paunaka have different ways of deriving or generalizing terms, such as the words for ‘hand/finger/toe’. The denomination of body parts tells us about concepts in the body’s segmentation into distinct parts, where the two languages’ concepts are distinct from dominant Spanish. A broader typological survey with a comparison of different colexification strategies demonstrates the places of Baure and Paunaka within the global sample. Finally, body parts also play a role in spatial reference in both languages, though in different ways.
Topicality, affectedness, and body-part grammar
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPerhaps the most common distinction expressed in body-part grammar is alienability: possession of body parts and some other entities is often indicated with one grammatical construction, while possession of other objects is indicated with another. Because of this pervasiveness, it can be tempting to assume that if there are two different constructions involving body parts in a language, the difference will be alienability. Things can be more interesting, however, in ways both subtle and far-reaching. A closer look at the forms and usages of body-part terms in some unrelated languages indigenous to North America shows that what might at first appear to be possessive constructions, sometimes called ‘external possession’, actually convey distinctions of topicality and affectedness instead. Furthermore, the bases underlying such constructions can affect the shapes of neighboring languages.
Body-part terms in Mapudungun
Authors: Hasler Felipe , Poblete Mariana , Sandoval Consuelo , Neira Felipe , Aristegui Daniela , Pineda Ricardo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter identifies four word-formation strategies for body-part terms in Mapudungun: Coining of simple forms, derivation, compounding, and reduplication. Semantically opaque components in the latter two shed light on different diachronic stages coexisting in the synchronic language. An analysis of the syntactic behavior of body-part terms reveals the existence of oppositions related to inalienability in nominal and verbal possession. In relation to the morphosyntactic coding of the body part and its whole, two main constructions are identified. If the affectation of the body part is foregrounded, its possessive relation to the whole also tends to be coded overtly, whereas if the affectedness of a body-part is backgrounded, its possessive relation to the whole tends to be implied. Therefore, in Mapudungun, we find constructions where the possessive and sympathetic interpretations of the meronymic relationship coexist, and this coexistence is typologically marked.
Plant and animal body-part terms in Shiwulu grammar
Authors: Valenzuela Pilar M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter offers an account of the principal constructions involving body-part terms in Shiwilu (aka Jebero), a critically endangered polysynthetic language from the Peruvian Amazon and one of the two members that make up the Kawapanan family. First, Shiwilu features a set of over twenty classifiers. These are, typically, monosyllabic bound roots that appear in a remarkable number of morphosyntactic environments (Valenzuela 2016a, 2019). There are very close formal and semantic resemblances between inanimate classifiers and independent nouns designating parts of plants and animals; hence, the diachronic relationship between them is explored. Second, it is argued that three classifiers whose meanings are associated with ‘tree trunk’, ‘skin/bark’, and ‘body’ have developed into instrumental, habitual-agent, and resultative nominalizers, respectively. This constitutes a diachronic change from grammatical morphemes to even more strongly grammaticalized ones. Third, classifiers and certain nouns, especially those that denote body parts, may incorporate into the verb mainly to create new vocabulary for nameworthy concepts or to manipulate the flow of information in discourse (Mithun 1984, 1986, 1994). Various types of compounded verbs are analyzed, including some conveying physiological states, customary activities or states, and emotions; the latter can involve the internal organ noun kankan ‘liver’. Some discourse consequences of noun/classifier incorporation are also examined. Finally, it is shown that incorporated items can refer not only to the clausal O and S, but also to the A. This characteristic is very rarely attested in the world’s languages.
Training
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Both drama schools and national theatres were late arrivals in the anglophone world. Chapter 2, Training, looks at different kinds of actor training, past and present: repertory acting, university (as exemplified by the large number of Cambridge graduates in the early years of the National Theatre and RSC), drama school, and, post-school, in theatre companies with a training mission. The definition of a classical actor traditionally involves physical and vocal characteristics associated with a higher social class, and gives rise to debate over whether actors should try to lose their original accents, something that can affect their sense of identity. Given the high cost of drama school and the high unemployment rate for actors, it is worth asking whether (as has recently been argued in The Class Ceiling by Friedman and Laurison) acting, and Shakespearean acting in particular, is becoming a profession only for the well-off.
Directors
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Directors, the subject of Chapter 3, are in many ways like teachers and the variety of functions they have to serve makes their job, as Harriet Walter notes, difficult to define and difficult to perform satisfactorily. Arguing that directors are largely responsible for the idea that Shakespeare is ‘high culture’, this chapter looks at the rehearsal process and at the way both actors and directors deal with the three-way tension between author, actor, and director (including the special problems of the actress and the female director). Those who think the director has too much power have tried to create a director-less theatre. Attempts to ‘do without’ directors have included the Blackfriars Renaissance season, the Read Not Dead performances run by Globe Education, and the early attempts of Michelle Terry to create a democratic ensemble at the Globe. Like ‘great acting’, great directing may be incompatible with some political and social ideals.
Audiences
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While audience response used to be crucial to the future of a play in the theatre, the increasing gentrification of audiences has led to complaints that they are too polite. However, they have also been blamed for reacting audibly to performances, as at the reconstructed Globe. Even so, many Shakespeare productions now openly encourage actor–audience interaction. Chapter 6 surveys changing attitudes to applause, laughter, unexpected topical relevance (e.g. references to the weather), and moments when things go wrong, often reflected in theatrical anecdotes. It also looks briefly at some of the theories about cognition and imitation that attempt to account for the pleasure audiences find when they are simultaneously inside and outside the theatrical illusion.
Putting Properties First
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This philosophical work is about the metaphysical preconditions of natural science. It develops and defends a new metaphysical theory of natural modality called ‘Modal Platonism’, which puts properties first in the metaphysical hierarchy. According to this theory, natural properties—such as mass and charge—are ontologically fundamental entities which ground the laws of nature and the dispositions of things. The theory differs from other ‘properties-first’ approaches in two main ways. First, it views properties as Platonic universals, which exist even if they are not instantiated. Second, the theory rejects the popular idea that properties are identical with, or essentially dependent upon, dispositions. Instead, Modal Platonism views properties as qualities which necessarily ground dispositions and other modal phenomena. This theory, it is argued, solves a range of puzzles regarding dispositions and laws. Given that natural modality is a necessary precondition for scientific enquiry, Modal Platonism promises to provide a plausible metaphysical framework for all natural science.
Solving the Entailment and Governance Problems
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the theory developed thus far solves two problems which afflict rival accounts of natural modality. First, it seems that law statements should entail that certain regularities hold in the concrete world, but some theories of natural modality fail to show how such entailments hold. Using the relational account of dispositional directedness, it is demonstrated that the relevant law statements entail dispositional regularities, and that this entailment requires only the rules of first-order logic. A second well-known problem concerns how the modal relationships between properties can govern dispositional patterns in the concrete world. It is shown that Modal Platonism avoids this second problem because it views modal relations as grounded entities which are not metaphysically substantial enough to play a governing role.
Quantum Physics of Semiconductor Materials and Devices
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Semiconductors today touch every aspect of our lives. Semiconductor materials and devices are at the heart of solar cells for clean energy, in every component of computers and mobile devices that power the information age, in tools used to design new medicine to treat diseases, in tools used for decoding the genome, to devices for quantum computation and communication, to exploring the far reaches of space. This book introduces senior undergraduate and early graduate students to the physics underlying semiconductor materials and their rich range of applications. It is of interest to scientists, engineers, practitioners, policy makers, and enthusiasts of the science and art of semiconductors because it makes transparent the reason for their immense scientific, technological, social, and economic impact. Semiconductor physics rests on the pillars of condensed matter physics, statistical physics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics. These concepts are presented riogorously with lavish illustrations so that a student with limited prior exposure will learn and apply them to semiconductors. A deeper understanding of these core concepts is signifcantly amplified by connecting to the physical properties of semiconductors and by showing precisely how the quantum physics drives the rich range of device applications ranging from diodes to transistors, lasers, and qubits. The historical roots of the subject are presented to highlight it as a unique human endeavor and to celebrate the pioneering spirit of the people who have made this field possible, and with the goal of encouraging the young generation to join the ongoing semiconductor revolution.
Towards a Theory of Age Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretical and normative account of age discrimination law, grounded in the enduring tensions and ambivalences endemic to age discrimination. Drawing on discrimination law theory and theories of intersectionality and vulnerability as they relate to age, the chapter considers the normative basis and rationale for addressing age discrimination in employment. It argues that there are at least two areas in which the market is unable to resolve issues of age discrimination without regulatory intervention: in relation to dignity and age-based stereotypes; and in relation to redistribution and disadvantage. The chapter argues that age is an essential lens for interrogating discrimination and inequality.
Claiming
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically considers the process of claiming using empirical mixed method case studies of the enforcement of age discrimination law in the United Kingdom and Australia. Drawing on enquiry and claim statistics from statutory agencies and community legal centres, qualitative expert interviews, and a survey of advocates, the chapter considers why age discrimination claims are so infrequent, given the reported prevalence of age discrimination in employment. The chapter argues that the perceived costs of claiming far outweigh the perceived benefits. The chapter highlights the fundamental limits of relying on individual claims to address age discrimination, even at this preliminary stage of enforcement, and identifies clear gaps in enforcement, especially for younger workers.
Negotiation and Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the theoretical and practical impact of negotiation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR), as key components of the individual enforcement model, on the landscape of age discrimination law. Focusing on empirical mixed method case studies of the enforcement of age discrimination law in the United Kingdom and Australia, the chapter draws on statistics from statutory agencies, tribunals, and courts; qualitative and quantitative content analysis of conciliation case files held by Australian equality agencies; qualitative expert interviews; and a survey of advocates, to consider how ADR is shaping the enforcement of age discrimination law. The chapter argues that ADR offers important benefits to the parties involved, and to the justice system generally. However, the extent to which it is directing age discrimination claims away from public forums is a risk to legal development. The chapter puts forward options for improving ADR processes to better balance these risks and benefits, including around targeted transparency and systematic data collection, limiting reliance on non-disclosure agreements, prioritizing intensive conciliation, and referring matters beyond ADR processes.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the volume by reconsidering the tensions embedded in age discrimination law. It argues that reforming age discrimination law requires overcoming social ambivalence towards age equality by countering the perceived tensions inherent in age discrimination law and its enforcement. The chapter argues for a holistic and coordinated approach to advancing age equality, grounded in intergenerational solidarity and informed by consistent data collection and structured transparency. It concludes with a call to action for employers, governments, statutory equality agencies, unions, researchers, and the legal profession. It argues for a fundamental shift in community values and cultural change to respect and value age equality.
Kerry and Frege on Concept and Object
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After describing the philosophical background of Kerry’s work, an account is given of the way Kerry proposed to supplement Bolzano’s conception of logic with a psychological account of the mental acts underlying mathematical judgements. In his writings Kerry criticized Frege’s work and Kerry’s views were subsequently attacked by Frege. The following two issues were central to this controversy: (a) the relation between the content of a concept and the object of a concept; (b) the logical roles of the definite article. It is argued that, not only did Frege in 1892 offer an unconvincing solution to Kerry’s puzzle concerning ‘the concept horse’, but that Frege also overlooked the many criticisms levelled by Kerry against the notion of an (indefinite) extension on which his own definition of number was based.
Internationalizing Civil and Colonial Wars
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a new genealogy of Common Article 3, which regulates wars within states and empires (what were termed “non-international armed conflicts”). This was the first binding international legal provision in history that challenged states’ absolute sovereignty in their domestic and colonial affairs for humanitarian purposes. The book revives the neglected history of how this central provision, which has received both praise and criticism since 1949, unexpectedly came into being. In reconstructing the contingencies through which the article emerged, this chapter complicates some of the subsequent perspectives that have grown up around it. While some have branded Common Article 3 a failure, for many it remains the most innovative outcome of the entire drafting process. Moving beyond these dichotomies, this chapter provides an in-depth analysis of how attempts to internationalize so-called internal wars were profoundly shaped by the dynamics of imperialism and the Cold War.