bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Stevia and Neem Based Herbal Formulation
Authors: Selvapriya S. , Priyadharshini R. , Rajeshkumar S. , Sinduja Palati 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Nanotechnology is being used in developing countries to treat diseases and prevent health issues. Stevia, conjointly stated as Stevia rebaudiana member of the chrysanthemum family, a subgroup of the Asteraceae family. Azadirachta indica is a native tree to Asian nations. Azadirachta indica could facilitate the fight against plaque buildup and stop periodontal disease. Applied science in drugs needs the employment of nanoparticles to transmit the drug, heat, lightweight, or alternative substances to specific cell sorts like cancer cells.
Aim: In this present investigation, Stevia and Neem-based plant extract was prepared and analyzed its anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects.
Materials and Methods: The plant extract was prepared and an anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect was done using a UV-Beckmann spectrometer. The anti-inflammatory activity of nanoparticles prepared using plant extract was investigated by albumin denaturation assay. The results of the test were described as the standard deviation and analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. For the cytotoxic activity, wells are used, wherein the mortality rate of the shrimps was estimated when the plant extract mediated of nanoparticles of different concentrations was added.
Results: The nanoparticles synthesized using the stevia and neem extract showed the highest absorbance at a concentration of 50µL (90%) when subjected to inhibition of albumin denaturation assay to check for its anti-inflammatory activity. Brine shrimp lethality was done and the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was found to be increasing with increasing concentration of the administered nanoparticles.
Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Neem and Stevia mediated nanoparticles showed a successful outcome in both the assays.
Effect of total body irradiation lung block parameters on lung doses using three‐dimensional dosimetry
Authors: Luk Samuel M. H. , Wallner Kent , Glenn Mallory C. , Ermoian Ralph , Phillips Mark H. , Tseng Yolanda D. , Kim Minsun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeTotal body irradiation (TBI) is an integral part of stem cell transplant. However, patients are at risk of treatment‐related toxicities, including radiation pneumonitis. While lung dose is one of the most crucial aspects of TBI dosimetry, currently available data are based on point doses. As volumetric dose distribution could be substantially altered by lung block parameters, we used 3D dosimetry in our treatment planning system to estimate volumetric lung dose and measure the impact of various lung block designs.Materials and methodsWe commissioned a TBI beam model in RayStation that matches the measured tissue‐phantom ratio under our clinical TBI setup. Cerrobend blocks were automatically generated in RayStation on thoracic Computed Tomography (CT) scans from three anonymized patients using the lung, clavicle, spine, and diaphragmatic contours. The margin for block edge was varied to 0, 1, or 2 cm from the superior, lateral, and inferior thoracic borders, with a uniform margin 2.5 cm lateral to the vertebral bodies. The lung dose was calculated and compared with a prescription dose of 1200 cGy in six fractions (three with blocks and three without).ResultThe point dose at midplane under the block and the average lung dose are at the range of 73%–76% and 80%–88% of prescription dose respectively regardless of the block margins. In contrast, the percent lung volume receiving 10 Gy increased by nearly two‐fold, from 31% to 60% over the margins from 0 to 2 cm.ConclusionsThe TPS‐derived 3D lung dose is substantially different from the nominal dose assumed with HVL lung blocks. Point doses under the block are insufficient to accurately gauge the relationship between dose and pneumonitis, and TBI dosimetry could be highly variable between patients and institutions as more descriptive parameters are not included in protocols. Much progress remains to be made to optimize and standardize technical aspects of TBI, and better dosimetry could provide more precise dosimetric predictors for pneumonitis risk.
A Universal Strategy for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Polymer Photocatalysts under Visible Light by Inserting a Narrow‐Band‐Gap Spacer between Donor and Acceptor
Authors: Han Changzhi , Xiang Sihui , Xie Peixuan , Dong Peihua , Shu Chang , Zhang Chong , Jiang Jia‐Xing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is challenging for polymer photocatalysts to achieve high photocatalytic performance under visible light due to their weak light absorption in visible light region. Herein, a universal strategy for boosting the photocatalytic activity of donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymer photocatalysts upon visible light irradiation by inserting a π‐spacer of thiophene unit between the electron donors and acceptors to form a D–π–A molecular structure is reported. The introduction of thiophene unit with narrow band gap can enhance the conjugation degree of the polymer chains and extend the light absorption range. Meanwhile, the introduction of thiophene spacer through ternary copolymerization also enables the controllability on the chemical structure of the resulting D–π–A polymers by altering the feed ratio between the electron donors and acceptors. The optimized D–π–A copolymer photocatalyst shows an impressive hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 78.4 mmol h–1 g–1 under visible light irradiation, and the HER could be further improved to 127.9 mmol h–1 g–1 under UV–vis light irradiation by loading 1 wt% Pt co‐catalyst. More importantly, this strategy can also be extended to other polymeric photocatalysts with different donor and acceptor units, demonstrating the universality for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of polymeric photocatalysts.
Oxide/ZIF‐8 Hybrid Nanofiber Yarns: Heightened Surface Activity for Exceptional Chemiresistive Sensing
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ha , Chong Sanggyu , Park Chungseong , Ahn Jaewan , Jang Ji‐Soo , Kim Jihan , Kim Il‐Doo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThough highly promising as powerful gas sensors, oxide semiconductor chemiresistors have low surface reactivity, which limits their selectivity, sensitivity, and reaction kinetics, particularly at room temperature (RT) operation. It is proposed that a hybrid design involving the nanostructuring of oxides and passivation with selective gas filtration layers can potentially overcome the issues with surface activity. Herein, unique bi‐stacked heterogeneous layers are introduced; that is, nanostructured oxides covered by conformal nanoporous gas filters, on ultrahigh‐density nanofiber (NF) yarns via sputter deposition with indium tin oxide (ITO) and subsequent self‐assembly of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) nanocrystals. The NF yarn composed of ZIF‐8‐coated ITO films can offer heightened surface activity at RT because of high porosity, large surface area, and effective screening of interfering gases. As a case study, the hybrid sensor demonstrated remarkable sensing performances characterized by high NO selectivity, fast response/recovery kinetics (>60‐fold improvement), and large responses (12.8‐fold improvement @ 1 ppm) in comparison with pristine yarn@ITO, especially under highly humid conditions. Molecular modeling reveals an increased penetration ratio of NO over O2 to the ITO surface, indicating that NO oxidation is reliably prevented and that the secondary adsorption sites provided by the ZIF‐8 facilitate the adsorption/desorption of NO, both to and from ITO.
Sliding Mechanism for Release of Superlight Objects from Micropatterned Adhesives
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhang Xuan , Hensel René , Arzt Eduard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRobotic handling and transfer printing of micrometer‐sized superlight objects is a crucial technology in industrial fabrication. In contrast to the precise gripping with micropatterned adhesives, the reliable release of superlight objects with negligible weight is a great challenge. Slanted deformable polymer microstructures, with typical pillar cross‐section 150 µm × 50 µm, are introduced with various tilt angles that enable a reduction of adhesion by a switching ratio of up to 500. The experiments demonstrate that the release from a smooth surface involves sliding of the contact during compression and subsequent peeling of the object during retraction. The handling of a 0.5 mg perfluorinated polymer micro‐object with high accuracy in repeated pick‐and‐place cycles is demonstrated. Based on beam theory, the forces and moments acting at the tip of the microstructure are analyzed. As a result, an expression for the pull‐off force is proposed as a function of the sliding distance and a guide to an optimized design for these release structures is provided.
Photoresponsive Polymer Films with Directly Micropatternable Surfaces Based on the Change in Free Volume by Photo‐Crosslinking
Authors: Noguchi Takafumi , Akioka Nobuhiro , Kojima Yuri , Kawamura Akifumi , Miyata Takashi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPhotoresponsive polymers, whose structures or properties change when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, have been studied for the fabrication of micro‐ and nano‐devices for various applications. Herein, photoresponsive polymer films are investigated with directly micropatternable surfaces formed by only UV exposure without the development process using solvents. The photoresponsive polymer films are designed based on the decrease in free volume induced by the photodimerization of cinnamoyl groups. The photoresponsive polymers are synthesized by copolymerizing a monomer with photodimerizable groups and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) macromonomer. Micropatterns are easily formed on the film surfaces by only UV exposure using photomasks. The micropatterns are achieved due to the decrease in the film thickness with a decrease in the free volume induced by photo‐crosslinking. Using a decrease in free volume by photo‐crosslinking leads to wide practical applications with simple processes and low costs.
Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies
Authors: Li Weiwei , Akhter Zubair , Vaseem Mohammad , Shamim Atif 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the advent of the Internet of things, 5G wireless communication, and smart city applications, demand for a new form of radio frequency (RF) electronics has risen, one that can be mounted or integrated on non‐conformal objects, is mass manufacturable at lower costs, and is optically transparent to maintain the aesthetics of the environment where deployed. This new breed of electronics can be realized through printing technologies, which are capable of manufacturing diverse designs on flexible substrates via large‐scale and high‐volume printing techniques at lower costs. However, the major challenge for printed electronics is the preparation of conductive inks with performance comparable to their bulk metal counterparts. This review summarizes the recent developments in printable transparent and conductive materials (TCMs), inks, and methods for optically transparent RF passives. In addition, techniques to enhance the conductivity of the TCMs are presented. Moreover, it covers several design examples of optically transparent RF passives, such as antennas, microwave absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. Furthermore, many challenges and potential solutions are discussed in terms of the TCMs, inks, and printing technologies needed for the realization of such designs. Finally, some future trends in the area of transparent RF electronics and PE are discussed.
A High Output Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator Based on In‐Phase Parallel Connection
Authors: Zhao Tiancong , Niu Bo , Xie Guangci , Hu Chao , Liu Boying , Xu Minyi , Ma Yong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the advent of carbon neutrality, renewable energy installations are being upgraded toward miniaturization, low cost, and high conversion efficiency. Thus, a high output triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator based on in‐phase parallel connection (IP‐HG) is proposed. The output characteristics of both TENG (triboelectric nanogenerator) and EMG (electromagnetic generator) can be effectively complemented to provide excellent output over a wide range of operating frequencies. By connecting multiple TENGs in parallel with EMGs in the same phase respectively, cumbersome rectification elements and wiring can be eliminated, and the energy output of the device can be greatly increased. The output characteristics and advantages of the IP‐HG are systematically investigated, including the material of the TENG, the rotation speed, the combination of dielectrode, and their effect on the electrical output of the IP‐HG. The short‐circuit current of 63 mA, open‐circuit voltage of 80 V, and an instantaneous output power density of 610 W m−3 is obtained by using a full‐wave rectifier circuit at 243 rpm, which can charge a 470 μF capacitor to 1 V in 0.2 s. A maximum output efficiency reaches 36.162% at 189 rpm. In addition, the IP‐HG can continuously power a commercial sensor and three 5 W DC light bulbs at very low rotational speeds. The reported IP‐HG offers an efficient and sustainable design approach to the development of hybrid harvesters.
Strategies of Perturbing Ion Homeostasis for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lee DaeYong , Ha JongHoon , Kang Minjeong , Yang Zhaogang , Jiang Wen , Kim Betty Y. S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPerturbing ion homeostasis has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for enhanced cancer therapy. Intensive development of ion homeostasis‐disturbing agents has been investigated to activate cell death signaling pathways in cancer or to boost antitumor immunity in immune cells. These approaches can treat cancer via new mechanistic behaviors. Although the anticancer mechanism of ion homeostasis‐disturbing agents is not yet clearly understood, a number of studies have recently been reported that demonstrate new possible mechanisms and their clinical applicability as novel anticancer agents. In this review paper, the authors elucidate various mechanisms for promoting cell death or activating antitumor immunity that are elicited using various ion homeostasis‐perturbing agents. Moreover, the authors provide a perspective of the future that makes a bridge between ion homeostasis and cancer immunotherapy for future innovation.
Operationally Stable Ultrathin Organic Field Effect Transistors Based on Siloxane Dimers of Benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]Benzothiophene Suitable for Ethanethiol Detection
Authors: Trul Askold A. , Chekusova Victoria P. , Anisimov Daniil S. , Borshchev Oleg V. , Polinskaya Marina S. , Agina Elena V. , Ponomarenko Sergey A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltrathin organic field effect transistors (OFETs) demonstrate great potential as highly sensitive gas sensors since its electrical performance strongly depends on the environment. However, fabrication of high performance OFETs with reliable operational stability for continuous measurements by fast, rather simple, and inexpensive technique is still a challenge. Herein, electrical and sensing properties of ultrathin OFETs based on siloxane dimers of benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) with different aliphatic spacer lengths fabricated by Langmuir–Blodgett, Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) or spin‐coating techniques are studied, compared and optimized. Investigation of the influence of interface dielectric layer on electrical performance and operational stability of the devices allowed obtaining uniform low‐defect ultrathin semiconducting layers responsible for improved electrical performance. Field‐effect mobility up to 0.47 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved for the devices based on the dimer with undecylenic spacer between the BTBT core and disiloxane central fragment fabricated by LS method on the top of poly(methyl methacrylate) interface layer. Promising operational stability lead to advanced sensory properties demonstrated by sensing of ethanethiol with the limit of detection of 30 ppb in the humid air, which is a record value for portable sensing technologies.
Discovering governing equations via moving horizon learning: The case of reacting systems
Authors: Lejarza Fernando , Baldea Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGoverning equations in the form of differential equations are fundamental modeling elements for understanding, controlling, and optimizing chemical processes. While significant advances in machine learning allow for high‐performance surrogate modeling, the resulting models typically fail to extrapolate to regimes beyond the training data and provide little physical insight regarding the underlying phenomena. In this work, we propose a moving horizon dynamic nonlinear optimization strategy that recovers parsimonious governing equations from large‐scale, noisy data sets. Differently from prior works, our approach does not rely on significant structural assumptions (mainly concerning linearity with respect to estimated model coefficients), which provides greater modeling flexibility and permits distilling governing equations of systems involving chemical reactions occurring under nonisothermal conditions. The main advantages and contributions of our proposed approach are demonstrated through two numerical case studies consisting of a continuously stirred tank reactor operated under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions.
CO2 absorption intensification using three‐dimensional printed dynamic polarity packing in a bench‐scale integrated CO2 capture system
Authors: Xiao Min , Sarma Moushumi , Thompson Jesse , Nguyen Du , Ruelas Samantha , Liu Kunlei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPostcombustion carbon capture using a chemical absorbent is a promising technology to reduce CO2 emission. However, the overall construction and operating costs remain a major challenge. In order to intensify the absorption process and to reduce these costs, a novel dynamic polarity structured packing (DP packing) with alternate patterns of surface polarity has been developed to enhance local macro‐scale turbulence within the advanced viscous solvent to reduce the mass transfer diffusion resistance. Three DP structured packings that incorporate multiple polymeric materials were fabricated using three‐dimensional printing technique and evaluated through parametric testing using a bench‐scale integrated CO2 capture unit with 76.2 mm ID absorber. At optimized operating conditions, the DP packing showed a relative 22.7% increase in absorption and 20.0% decrease in energy penalty.
Increased RyR2 open probability induces neuronal hyperactivity and memory loss with or without Alzheimer's disease–causing gene mutations
Authors: Yao Jinjing , Liu Yajing , Sun Bo , Zhan Xiaoqin , Estillore John Paul , Turner Ray W. , Chen S. R. Wayne 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionNeuronal hyperactivity is an early neuronal defect commonly observed in familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear.MethodsWe employed a ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) mutant mouse model harboring the R4496C+/– mutation that markedly increases the channel's open probability (Po) to determine the impact of increased RyR2 activity in neuronal function without AD gene mutations.ResultsGenetically increasing RyR2 Po induced neuronal hyperactivity in vivo in anesthetized and awake mice. Increased RyR2 Po induced hyperactive behaviors, impaired learning and memory, defective dendritic spines, and neuronal cell death. Increased RyR2 Po exacerbated the onset of neuronal hyperexcitability and learning and memory impairments in 5xFAD mice.DiscussionIncreased RyR2 Po exacerbates the onset of familial AD–associated neuronal dysfunction, and induces AD‐like defects in the absence of AD‐causing gene mutations, suggesting that RyR2‐associated neuronal hyperactivity represents a common target for combating AD with or without AD gene mutations.
Reduction in Cognitive Processing Speed Surrounding Multiple Sclerosis Relapse
Authors: McKay Kyla A. , Bedri Sahl K. , Manouchehrinia Ali , Stawiarz Leszek , Olsson Tomas , Hillert Jan , Fink Katharina 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and information processing efficiency among persons with relapsing–remitting MS.MethodsWe conducted a Swedish nationwide cohort study of persons with incident relapsing–remitting MS (2001–2019). Relapse information and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) scores were obtained from the Swedish MS Registry. Follow‐up was categorized into 2 periods based on relapse status: “relapse” (90 days pre‐relapse to 730 days post‐relapse, subdivided into 10 periods) and “remission.” Linear mixed models compared SDMT scores during the relapse periods to SDMT scores recorded during remission (reference) with results reported as β‐coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, SDMT type (written vs oral), time‐varying, disease‐modifying therapy exposure and sequence of SDMT.ResultsOver a mean (SD) follow‐up of 10.7 (4.3) years, 31,529 distinct SDMTs were recorded among 3,877 persons with MS. There was a significant decline in information processing efficiency that lasted from 30 days pre‐relapse up to 550 days post‐relapse, with the largest decline occurring 0 to 30 days post‐relapse (β‐coefficient: −4.00 (95% CI = −4.61 to −3.39), relative to the period of remission.InterpretationWe found evidence of cognitive change up to 1 month prior to relapse onset. The reduction in SDMT lasted 1.5 years and was clinically significant up to 3 months post‐relapse. These results suggest that the effects of a relapse on cognition are longer than previously thought and highlight the importance of reducing relapse rates as a potential means of preserving cognitive function. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:417–423
Kontrolle über Chaos und Ordnung: Gegensätzliche Mikrostrukturen von PCL‐co‐PGA‐co‐PLA durch einen einzigen Katalysator zugänglich**
Authors: Rittinghaus Ruth D. , Zenner Johannes , Pich Andrij , Kol Moshe , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEin Katalysator, zwei Reaktionsaufbauten, drei Monomere und unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten für makromolekulare Mikrostrukturen: Der Eisen‐Guanidin‐Komplex [FeCl2(TMG5NMe2asme)] (1) polymerisiert Lactid schneller als das industriell verwendete Zinnoktanoat und zeigt hohe Aktivitäten für Glycolid und ϵ‐Caprolacton. Seine herausragenden Eigenschaften ermöglichen die Synthese von blockförmigen sowie randomisierten Copolymeren in der Schmelze durch eine einfache Änderung des Polymerisationsaufbaus. Die sequenzielle Zugabe von Monomeren führt zu hoch geordneten Blockcopolymeren, einschließlich der symmetrischen PLA‐b‐PGA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PGA‐b‐PLA‐Pentablockcopolymere, während die Polymerisation von Monomermischungen starke Umesterungen nutzt, um zu Di‐ und Terpolymeren mit hochdisperser Verteilung der Wiederholungseinheiten zu kommen. Ein robuster Katalysator, der unter industriell anwendbaren Bedingungen aktiv ist und Copolymere mit gewünschten Mikrostrukturen herstellt, ist ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung biokompatibler Polymere mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften als Alternative zu herkömmlichen Kunststoffen auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Kreislaufführung von Materialien.