bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using scientific-grade CCDs for the direct detection of dark matter with the DAMIC-M experiment
Authors: Papadopoulos Georgios 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The DAMIC-M [1] project is devoted to the exploration of the hidden sector and the search for light dark matter particles using Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs). It follows the DAMIC at SNOLAB [2] experiment which pioneered the detection of new particles through their interaction with the nucleus or the electrons of the bulk silicon of fully depleted CCDs. A kilogram-sized target mass will be installed at the Modane underground laboratory (LSM, France) which offers an excellent low background environment for rare-event search. DAMIC-M detectors demonstrate several technological advancements including the implementation of the skipper technique, and custom front-end control and read-out electronics. Skipper CCDs can perform multiple non-destructive measurements of the pixel charge which can lead to a read-out noise of a fraction of an electron. With a 15 μm × 15 μm pixel area, 675 μm thickness and the ability of 3D reconstruction using the diffusion of the particle track, the spatial resolution of our CCDs allows for the follow-up of radioactive chains, a powerful tool to discriminate genuine particle interaction from in situ radioactive decays. Together with an extremely careful fabrication procedure that controls the contaminant and the generation of bulk radioactive contamination by cosmic ray spallation, the single electron resolution will guarantee a detection energy threshold of only a few eVs, pushing the sensitivity of DAMIC-M by at least one order of magnitude better than previous experiments. I will present the current status of DAMIC-M describing our technological challenges and the solutions we have adopted. I will introduce our method to measure and mitigate the bulk radioactive contamination and discuss the ongoing assembly of a prototype detector, the Low Background Chamber (LBC), aiming at validating our design options.
The CMS Barrel Calorimeter Processor demonstrator (BCPv1) board evaluation
Authors: Loukas N. , Goadhouse S. , Anderson T. , Belloni A. , Gorski T. , Grassi T. , Hakala J. , Hirosky B. , Jessop C. , Lutton L. , Madorsky A. , Mariano J. , Marinelli N. , Moreno L. , Svetek A. , Tikalsky J. , Wa Ho K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For the CERN LHC phase 2, the barrel region of the CMS electromagnetic (ECAL EB) and hadronic calorimeters (HCAL HB) require new back-end electronics for their readout. To this purpose, a first version of the ATCA-based blade, the Barrel Calorimeter Processor (BCPv1), has been developed. The performance of the optical links as well as clock distribution are also presented here. The BCPv1 has been tested together with front-end and trigger boards, as well as with the new DAQ and TCDS Hub (DTH) [1], to demonstrate that the BCPv1 meets the required specifications.
Measurement of energy differential spectrum of cosmic-ray muons below 400 MeV
Authors: Sato Hikaru , Kin Tadahiro , Giammanco Andrea 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent applications of cosmic-ray muons require accurate
modeling of their flux at low energy. However, only a few
measurements have been reported below 400 MeV. Therefore, we
developed a full-absorption muon energy spectrometer (FAMES) to obtain
energy differential flux below 400 MeV. Because our main detector
can measure muon energies below 75 MeV, an energy degradation
method is adopted (using 5- and 20-cm thick lead blocks) to shift
the sensitive energy range. Three measurements were performed (in
the normal mode and the two energy degrading modes) for around two
weeks. The measurement results were compared with PARMA, an
analytical model for estimating terrestrial cosmic-ray fluxes nearly
anytime and anywhere in the world. As a result, we found that the
model can precisely predict the flux except its lower energy part.
Troubleshooting of the beam dump problem caused by helium vessel pressure fluctuation during the cryogenic adsorber regeneration process of a superconducting RF system for synchrotron user facilities
Authors: Joo Youngdo , Sohn Younguk , Park Sehwan , Lee Mujin , Kim Junghoon , Lee Yongseok , Lee Mooneon , Park Insoo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II) is a synchrotron
user-service facility that should provide a user-service period of
190 days per year with stable operation. A series of beam dump
problems related to the superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) system
but of unknown cause occurred twenty-five times from 2016 to 2018,
which severely degraded the stable operation of the PLS-II and the
SRF system. Intensive investigation has shown that the relevant beam
dumps occurred when the helium (He) flow control valves operated
momentarily during the adsorber regeneration process of the
cryogenic system. As the control valves operate momentarily, the He
vessel pressure of the cryomodule instantaneously fluctuates, and
the resonance frequency of the SRF cavity accordingly changes. If
the instantaneous change in the resonance frequency is larger than
the low-level RF (LLRF) control ability, then incorrect handling of
LLRF control occurs, resulting in a beam dump. The instantaneous
changes in the He vessel pressure occur via three different
mechanisms. Solutions for each beam dump mechanism were proposed and
implemented. After each solution was carried out, no beam dump
occurred during the adsorber regeneration process. The relation
between the He vessel pressure and the resonance frequency of the
SRF cavity was also studied to see how the solution works.
Fabrication, morphological, mechanical and biological performance of 3D printed poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/bioglass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Barbosa Talita V , Dernowsek Janaina A , Tobar Raul J R , Casali Bruna C , Fortulan Carlos A , Ferreira Eduardo B , Selistre-de-Araújo Heloisa S , Branciforti Marcia C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several techniques, such as additive manufacturing, have been used for the manufacture of polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. A new extruder head recently developed for improving the manufacturing process is an experimental 3D printer Fab@CTI that enables the use of ceramic powders in the processing of composite materials or polymer blends. Still, the manufacturing process needs improvement to promote the dispersion of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix. This article addresses the manufacture of scaffolds by 3D printing from mixtures of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and a glass powder of same composition of 45S5Bioglass®, labeled as synthesized bioglass (SBG), according to two different methods that investigated the efficiency of the new extruder head. The first one is a single extrusion process in a Fab@CTI 3D printer, and the other consists in the pre-processing of the PCL-SBG mixture in a mono-screw extruder with a Maddock® element, followed by direct extrusion in the experimental Fab@CTI 3D printer. The morphological characterization of the extruded samples by scanning electron microscope showed an architecture of 0°/90° interconnected struts and suitable porosity for bone tissue engineering applications. Scaffolds fabricated by two methods shows compressive modulus ranging from 54.4 ± 14.2 to 155.9 ± 20.4 MPa, results that are compatible to use in bone tissue engineering. Cytotoxicity assays showed non-toxic effects and viability for in vitro MG-63 cell proliferation. Alizarin Red staining test showed calcium deposition in all scaffolds, which suggests PCL/SBG composites promising candidates for use in bone tissue engineering. Results of cell morphology suggest more cell growth and adhesion for scaffolds fabricated using the pre-processing in a mono-screw extruder.
Persistent effect of temperature on GDP identified from lower frequency temperature variability
Authors: Bastien-Olvera B A , Granella F , Moore F C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is well established that temperature variability affects a range of outcomes relevant to human welfare, including health, emotion and mood, and productivity across a number of economic sectors. However, a critical and still unresolved empirical question is whether temperature variation has a long-lasting effect on economic productivity and, therefore, whether damages compound over time in response to long-lived changes in temperature expected with climate change. Several studies have identified a relationship between temperature and gross domestic product (GDP), but empirical evidence as to the persistence of these effects is still weak. This paper presents a novel approach to isolate the persistent component of temperature effects on output using lower frequency temperature variation. The effects are heterogeneous across countries but collectively, using three different GDP datasets, we find evidence of persistent effects, implying temperature affects the determinants of economic growth, not just economic productivity. This, in turn, means that the aggregate effects of climate change on GDP may be far larger and far more uncertain than currently represented in integrated assessment models used to calculate the social cost of carbon.
Uncertainty in land carbon budget simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: the role of atmospheric forcing
Authors: Hardouin Lucas , Delire Christine , Decharme Bertrand , Lawrence David M , Nabel Julia E M S , Brovkin Victor , Collier Nathan , Fisher Rosie , Hoffman Forrest M , Koven Charles D , Séférian Roland , Stacke Tobias 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Global estimates of the land carbon sink are often based on simulations by terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The use of a large number of models that differ in their underlying hypotheses, structure and parameters is one way to assess the uncertainty in the historical land carbon sink. Here we show that the atmospheric forcing datasets used to drive these TBMs represent a significant source of uncertainty that is currently not systematically accounted for in land carbon cycle evaluations. We present results from three TBMs each forced with three different historical atmospheric forcing reconstructions over the period 1850–2015. We perform an analysis of variance to quantify the relative uncertainty in carbon fluxes arising from the models themselves, atmospheric forcing, and model-forcing interactions. We find that atmospheric forcing in this set of simulations plays a dominant role on uncertainties in global gross primary productivity (GPP) (75% of variability) and autotrophic respiration (90%), and a significant but reduced role on net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration (30%). Atmospheric forcing is the dominant driver (52%) of variability for the net ecosystem exchange flux, defined as the difference between GPP and respiration (both autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration). In contrast, for wildfire-driven carbon emissions model uncertainties dominate and, as a result, model uncertainties dominate for net ecosystem productivity. At regional scales, the contribution of atmospheric forcing to uncertainty shows a very heterogeneous pattern and is smaller on average than at the global scale. We find that this difference in the relative importance of forcing uncertainty between global and regional scales is related to large differences in regional model flux estimates, which partially offset each other when integrated globally, while the flux differences driven by forcing are mainly consistent across the world and therefore add up to a larger fractional contribution to global uncertainty.
Extinction and hybridization in a neutral model of speciation
Authors: Botelho Larissa Lubiana , Darcie Marquitti Flavia Maria , de Aguiar Marcus A M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evolution is usually pictured as a tree where ancient species branch into new ones and eventually disappear. In this simplified view, the balance between speciation and extinction fully determines the diversity of life. Hybridization, however, introduces another level of complexity, allowing neighboring branches of the tree to interact, mixing their genetic content. This generates further diversity leading to reticulated trees. In this paper we study processes of speciation, extinction and hybridization using a genetically and spatially explicit neutral model of diversification. The model is based on the Derrida–Higgs formulation, where the genome of haploid individuals is represented by binary strings and reproduction is constrained by genetic similarity. Tracking all events of speciation, extinction and hybridization throughout the evolutionary process allows us to compute complete and exact phylogenetic trees. We found that genome size played a key role in these processes, increasing the extinction rate and decreasing the hybridization rate. Only in the limit of large genomes the simplified picture of a branching tree is recovered. Most hybridization events occurred between relatively abundant species, discarding lack of sexual partners or small population sizes as potential causes. We found that hybridization occurred mostly because of opportunity (genetic similarity and spatial proximity) between recently branched species, when the number of accumulated mutations is not yet too large.
Stochasticity of infectious outbreaks and consequences for optimal interventions
Authors: Morán-Tovar Roberto , Gruell Henning , Klein Florian , Lässig Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Global strategies to contain a pandemic, such as social distancing and protective measures, are designed to reduce the overall transmission rate between individuals. Despite such measures, essential institutions, including hospitals, schools, and food producing plants, remain focal points of local outbreaks. Here we develop a model for the stochastic infection dynamics that predicts the statistics of local outbreaks from observables of the underlying global epidemics. Specifically, we predict two key outbreak characteristics: the probability of proliferation from a first infection in the local community, and the establishment size, which is the threshold size of local infection clusters where proliferation becomes likely. We derive these results using a contact network model of communities, and we show how the proliferation probability depends on the contact degree of the first infected individual. Based on this model, we suggest surveillance protocols by which individuals are tested proportionally to their degree in the contact network. We characterize the efficacy of contact-based protocols as a function of the epidemiological and the contact network parameters, and we show numerically that such protocols outperform random testing.
Impact of air pollution exposure on lung function and exhaled breath biomarkers in children and adolescents
Authors: Carraro Silvia , Ferraro Valentina Agnese , Zanconato Stefania 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A growing number of scientific papers focus on the description and quantification of the detrimental effects of pollution exposure on human health. The respiratory system is one of the main targets of these effects and children are potentially a vulnerable population. Many studies analyzed the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants on children’s respiratory function. Aim of the present narrative review is to summarize the results of the available cohort studies which investigated how lung function of children and adolescents is affected by exposure to air pollution. In addition, an overview is provided on the association, in children, between pollution exposure and exhaled breath biomarkers, as possible indicators of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in pollution-related lung damages. The identified cohort studies suggest that, beside the possible impact of recent exposure, early and lifetime exposure are the variables most consistently associated with a reduction in lung function parameters in both children and adolescents. As for the effect of air pollution exposure on exhaled breath biomarkers, the available studies show an association with increased exhaled nitric oxide, with increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and with EBC acidification. These studies, therefore, suggest lung inflammation and oxidative stress as possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved in pollution related lung damages. Taken together, the available data underscore the importance of the development and application of policies aimed at reducing air pollutant concentration, since the protection of children’s lung function can have a beneficial impact on adults’ respiratory health in the future.
Revisiting the phase transformations involving Cu6Sn5 intermetallic: resolving local domain structures induced by ordering
Authors: Martin S , Winkelmann A , Leineweber A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cu6Sn5 is one of the most important intermetallics present in solder joints based on Cu and Sn. Due to still uncertain reasons for failure of these joints, detailed microstructural research can help to figure out the underlying mechanisms. For Cu- and as well for Sn-rich environments of the Cu6Sn5 the microstructural occurrence of the phase transformations are investigated. During the formation of stable η′ from the disordered high temperature η phase the formation of metastable modulated incommensurately ordered η′′ takes place. For the copper rich samples long-range ordering and twin-related domain formation within η′′ was observed. Although conventional Hough-based EBSD analysis was not able to identify the correct domain orientation, Kikuchi pattern matching using simulated patterns was able to resolve the correct microstructure. As ordered intermetallics tend to be brittle in nature, the current microstructure research provides a basis to investigate unresolved problems in the initiation of failure.
Simulated migration behavior of metastable Σ3 (11 8 5) incoherent twin grain boundaries
Authors: Homer Eric R , Verma Akarsh , Britton Darcey , Johnson Oliver K. , Thompson Gregory B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the migration behavior of one incoherent twin, a Σ3 (11 8 5) / (8 11 5) grain boundary. The boundary is known to exhibit non-Arrhenius boundary migration that slows as temperature increases. This behavior is examined in 165 metastable structures of the same boundary and in a large simulation cell where smaller length scales can have less of an effect. The metastable boundaries show diverse migration behaviors from non-Arrhenius to Arrhenius, though the majority of them exhibit non-Arrhenius behavior. The large simulation cell sizes show no dependence on system size, eliminating concerns about the effect of facet nucleation on the migration in periodic simulation cells. However, facet structures play an important role in the migration of the metastable boundaries. Boundaries with larger facets typically migrate faster than those with smaller facets and with defects in the boundary structure.
Synthesis, characterization, and dealloying of Al-Cu alloys prepared using spark plasma sintering
Authors: Sun S , Zhang C F , Gao W Q , Godfrey A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A series of Al-Cu alloys were prepared using spark plasma sintering by adjusting the initial composition ratio and powder sizes. The resulting phase and microstructure in these samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, as well as energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction of samples examined in the scanning electron microscope. Both the initial composition ratio and powder size affect the phase composition and phase distribution of the sintered samples. Smaller size powders lead to formation of near-equilibrium phase structures, while larger initial powders lead to metastable microstructures containing phases that deviate significantly from the phase diagram. Dealloying of a metastable microstructure was observed to result in the formation of hierarchical skeleton nanoporous Cu structure.
Heterogeneous lamellar-structured high manganese steel with excellent tensile properties
Authors: Xiong J C , Zhao J F , Kong L , Yang H K , Zhang X D , Wang Y H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A single-phase Fe-30Mn-0.11C steel with a heterogeneous lamellar structure composed of micron-sized recrystallized grains (MRGs) and deformation bands (DBs) was successfully produced by cold rolling to 90% in thickness reduction and annealing at 550 °C for 120 min. The tensile properties of samples cut out along the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD) were investigated. The results indicate that the samples along the RD and TD both exhibit excellent tensile properties, with a yield strength of approximately 600 MPa and a total elongation of more than 30%.
3D grain mapping by laboratory X-ray diffraction contrast tomography implemented on a conventional tomography setup
Authors: Fang H , Granger R , Ludwig W , Lhuissier P 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Non-destructive 3D characterization of grain orientations, shapes and sizes, i.e. grain mapping, offers immense opportunities for studying microstructural evolution in polycrystalline materials. In addition to a number of well-established grain mapping techniques available at synchrotron facilities, a polychromatic variant - laboratory diffraction contrast tomography (LabDCT) - using lab-based x-rays, has been developed and commercialized. Yet, the product is bounded to a specific instrument and requires a commercial license, which limits the use on widely available laboratory instruments. To promote the availability of LabDCT, we have developed a grain reconstruction method and implemented it on a conventional X-ray tomography setup at the SIMaP laboratory for LabDCT grain mapping. First, we tested the grain reconstruction algorithm by comparing an input virtual grain structure and a reconstructed volume using the forward simulated diffraction projections from the input structure. Then, we experimentally characterized an AlCu alloy sample using LabDCT and validated the grain mapping result by a grain reconstruction from synchrotron DCT measurement. Last, perspectives on further development of generalizing LabDCT technique on conventional tomography setups are discussed.
Separation of XRD peak profiles in single-phase metals with bimodal grain structure to analyze stress partitioning
Authors: Sjögren-Levin E , Pantleon W , Ahadi A , Hegedüs Z , Lienert U , Tsuji N , Ameyama K , Orlov D 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Materials with bimodal grain size distributions have an attractive combination of strength and ductility. Harmonic structure materials are a category of bimodal-structure materials with a specific microstructure design. The deformation mechanisms of such novel materials during the early stages of deformation are not well understood. Thus, we deformed nickel with harmonic structure in tension until a true strain of 0.04 while recording powder diffraction patterns with high-energy synchrotron X-rays. Line profile analysis based on such data enables quantification of stress states and lattice defect densities in different phases in multi-phase materials. Bimodal size distributions in single-phase materials add extra complexity due to the absence of differences in composition and crystal structure causing the diffraction peaks from fine and coarse grains to appear at the same diffraction angles. Therefore, prior to any meaningful line profile analysis, the respective diffraction profiles need to be separated. A general method for automatically separating profiles originating from different grain fractions in bimodal materials is presented in this work.