bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the (In)security of Palestinian Civil Society Websites
Authors: Abrahams Alexei , Maynier Etienne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Civil society organizations (cso s) are reemerging as the central reference of the Palestinian struggle at a time when cyber threats to civil society are on the rise worldwide. We developed a web scanning tool to gather security data on websites and web servers, finding Palestinian cso s neglect even basic precautions like encrypting web traffic or keeping software updated. Why? Evidence suggests this neglect cannot easily be explained by technical or financial constraints. Widening our scan to include Israeli organizations, and non-Palestinian organizations allied with the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (bds) movement, we find similar security lapses, suggesting insecurity is neither unique to Palestinian cso s nor does it necessarily decline as organizations enter into contentious politics. Our results underscore the sociotechnical nature of cybersecurity, while encouraging greater vigilance from cso s.
After the Uprising: the Intifada-Oslo Generation and Attitudes Toward the Palestinian Police
Authors: Greenwald Diana B. , Tessler Mark 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Does experiencing a mass uprising during one’s formative years shape attitudes toward post-uprising institutions? Existing research on cohorts has not examined settings of ongoing statelessness. We focus on Palestinians who witnessed the First Intifada and subsequent Israeli-Palestinian negotiations during their youth-to-adulthood transition. Analyzing a pooled sample of surveys conducted between 1996 and 2000, we observe that men from this cohort – using a youth-based definition of one’s formative years – evaluated the Palestinian police more negatively than did other men, ceteris paribus. We test two, potential explanations. We find support for the proposition that men from this cohort held distinctive views about coercion and resistance that shaped their evaluations. We conclude that experiencing mass mobilization and transition during one’s formative years can influence attitudes, but additional work is needed to test for their long-term endurance. Further, a younger operationalization of one’s impressionable years may be salient in settings of insecurity.
Putting Palestinian Agency First
Authors: Pearlman Wendy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
While some political science scholarship and commentary on Palestinian politics engages Palestinian society as a topic of empirical scrutiny and theoretical significance, much of it either ignores society-level actors and dynamics or regards them as superfluous. Accordingly, society factors into the political story to the degree that it absorbs Israeli policies, is manipulated by self-interested factions, or is pushed to extremism by repression or religious radicalism. This special issue pushes against these trends. This introduction begins with an illustration of the problem, using the example of protest and how, for a century, many commentaries dismiss the societal groundings of mobilization. The essay then reviews a broad interdisciplinary scholarship that offers an alternative approach and the new contribution made by each of the five research articles in this issue. As a collection, these cutting-edge works put Palestinian society front and center as the driver of the Palestinian national movement, the anchor of Palestinian politics, and a key to the Arab-Israeli conflict without which no resolution is possible.
Historical Writing in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Expansion, Islamization, and Nationalization (1839–1908)
Authors: Sönmez Erdem 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The nineteenth century was a period of profound transformation in Ottoman historical writing, as in other avenues of Ottoman cultural, intellectual, and socio-political life. Aiming to establish a general framework for nineteenth-century Ottoman historiography, the present article traces the evolution of late Ottoman historical writing and explores the ways in which Ottoman historiographical practices changed over the century. The article first focuses on the Tanzimat period and examines the process of what can be called historiographical expansion, which took place with the emergence of a new understanding of history among the Ottomans. Then, the article considers Ottoman historiography during the Hamidian era and traces how it received a relatively Islamized and nationalized content as a result of the shift in the political context. Lastly, the article concludes with an epilogue on Ottoman/Turkish historiography after the 1908 Constitutional Revolution, which led to a decisive break from traditional patterns of historical writing.
Continuity and Change: the Missed Historical Background of the Turkish Legal Revolution
Authors: Ceyhan Muhammed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Republic of Turkey, built on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, has carried out, as in many other areas, a wide-ranging and radical revolution in the field of law; yet, it should be noted that this revolution was founded on the Ottoman Empire’s legacy of innovation and constituted its continuation. How this reality has been evaluated and perceived after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, however, is a matter of debate. In this article, the legal changes in the period from 1839, when the reforms began, to the end of the 1930s, when they were completed, are considered as a continuum. In this context, the article evaluates how the interaction between Islamic and state law and the Ottoman legacy have been perceived during the period of the Republic of Turkey with a focus on reform in the field of civil law.
On Bülent Ecevit and the Ottoman-Republican Contention: a Kemalist Hardliner or a Mediator?
Authors: Konuralp Emrah 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Turkey’s political structure was built on what remained of the Ottoman Empire, not on its ruins. For this reason, it was unlikely that political polarization would be immune to rival attitudes towards the Ottoman past. On the one hand, following the War of Independence the Kemalist revolutionaries carefully detached the new state from the Ottoman legacy. On the other hand, their more conservative allies, the opposition group in the First Grand National Assembly, and religious power centres within society seemed discontent with the new regime’s orientation. Therefore, a positive and sometimes nostalgic approach to Ottoman history has been an important reference point for the conservatives who are more distant from Kemalism and the counter-revolutionary dissidents. This article discusses Bülent Ecevit’s position on the antagonism between Kemalist and conservative readings of Ottoman history as the third chair of the chp and the pioneer of Turkey’s Social Democratic movement.
Recitation of Poetry by a Leader as a Means to Combine History with Politics and Ideology: Erdoğan and the Promotion of the akp’s Policy Formula
Authors: Michalakopoulos Georgios 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Language constitutes a powerful tool for the transmission of information and of ideology and power alike. Should this succeed, groups of people acquire an ‘identity’ and feel different from the ‘others’. Thus, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan uses poetry as a means to connect the past with the present and the future and also to promote his personal world view and that of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This method has been criticized, but seems to serve him well in terms of communicational needs. However, it is premature to evaluate the potential outcome of the new mixture between Turkishness and Islam that both the akp and Erdoğan himself promote.
A Scholar, Calligrapher, and Illuminator in Early Fourteenth-Century Cairo: The Illuminated Manuscripts of Ahmad al-Mutatabbib
Authors: Laclau Adeline 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ahmad al-Mutatabbib is one of the few copyists from the Mamluk period to whom several preserved manuscripts can be linked, i.e., five illuminated Qurʾans and a copy of Avicenna’s al-Qānūn fī’l-ṭibb. Among these manuscripts, three are dated and localized and are among the rare illuminated manuscripts of the Mamluk period that mention the name of the city in which they were produced. However, no mention is made of this artist in Mamluk literature. Consequently, I propose to study these manuscripts through the analysis of their writing and illuminations, as well as the Qurʾanic vocalization system explained in three of his Qurʾans. The aim of this article is to shed new light on the place of Ahmad al-Mutatabbib’s works in the illuminated manuscript production of Cairo in the first half of the fourteenth century and to provide new information on the formation and the career of this prolific artist of the Mamluk arts of the book.
“Angels of the Angels”: Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa’s Coins, Egypt, and History
Authors: Türker Deni̇z 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article revisits the bureaucratic career of Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa (d. 1886), the prominent Ottoman statesman and pioneering numismatist of the nineteenth century, whose much-overlooked early migratory life between Morea and Egypt shaped his contributions to the principal Tanzimat institutions. By weaving together fragmentary biographical accounts, institutional histories, and Subhi’s understudied academic work, the article also offers new historiographical approaches to nineteenth-century Ottoman antiquarianism, archaeology, and museology. The varied trajectories of Subhi’s itinerant professional life allow us to trace intellectual networks between Istanbul and Cairo, academic initiatives of a diverse cast of Ottoman high officials, changes in the scope of the translation movement, and the growing centrality of history and its writing in cultural undertakings.
“Rosetta Stone”: One or More? Examples of Multilingualism Texts and the Deciphering of Ancient Scripts
Authors: Mansour Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

The decipherment of ancient languages and scripts was a challenging mission for linguists and philologists. There are successful and unsuccessful attempts to decipher ancient and famous languages, of which is the Egyptian hieroglyphs. In 1822, Champollion announced in the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres his innovative methodology to read ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs when he could read the three scripts of the Rosetta Stone: Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. Champollion’s theory is based on finding a multi-script or multi-script text that is used as an aiding tool to read and decipher the required scripts.
Thus, this paper sheds fresh light on the role of multilingualism in decoding ancient scripts. It is worth mentioning that the “Rosetta Stone” became an equivalent term of an assistance tool to crack ancient languages and scripts, giving examples of famous texts such as the Behistun Inscription and the manuscript copy of Landa alphabet.
Islam in the Chinese Religious Landscape: Secularization of Mosque Leadership in Late Imperial China, 1600–1900
Authors: Zhang Shaodan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that in late imperial China, leaders of mosques and Muslim communities underwent a secularizing process, shifting from traditional spiritual leaders to social and political Muslim elites in the mainstream Chinese society. Instead of causing a decline of Islam, the process produced seemingly contradictory outcomes. On the one hand, Muslims came to embrace Chinese political ideology and apparatus. On the other hand, mosques and Islamic education flourished in China. Secularization in this case was a “reconfiguration” of Islam – a strategy of Muslims to incorporate themselves into the Chinese polity and society without losing their Islamic features.
Social Categorization and Local Humanitarian Help: The Limitations of Legal Categories for Refugees
Authors: Kweka Opportuna L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The legal categorization of refugees in Tanzania has resulted in the requirement that they maintain residence in camps, and in the restriction of their movements. Refugees residing in designated camps are supposed to receive full support through humanitarian aid. However, the protracted nature of refugees’ stay in Western Tanzania has resulted in a decline of monetary and practical support, as well as donor fatigue over time. A review of the literature about humanitarian aid reveals a widely shared misconception that most humanitarian support for refugees in Tanzania generates from the global North. This false assumption is challenged by showing how refugees and their host communities take part in everyday humanitarian practices. Refugees are compelled to socially re-categorize themselves in order to access the local assistance provided by their host communities.
Actively Engaging Large Classes in Tanzanian Universities
Authors: Mwakabenga Rehema Japhet 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of large classes in African universities is the result of increasing student enrolment which does not match the teaching and learning resources that are available. Tensions for individual pedagogues emanate from excessively large classes including the constraints of inadequate resources, anonymity of students, poor participation of students and difficulties with timely continuous assessment of huge quantities of written work. University authorities appointed to leadership roles should hold themselves responsible for enhancing lecturers’ pedagogy skills to order to improve both teachers’ and students’ commitment to the learning process. Strategies to promote active engagement of students include regularly updating lecturers’ competency in producing well-organized lectures and active learning strategies, strengthening seminar discussions, designing pre-lecture activities, and devising strategies to learn students’ identities.
The Last Presidential (Re)Election in Italy
Authors: Stradella Elettra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The paper focuses on the recent reelection of Sergio Mattarella as the President of the Republic in Italy. It basically analyzes the most important issues concerning presidential election and reelection, underlining constitutional perspectives and all the controversial aspects of parliamentary procedure. Within this framework it reflects on internal and external reasons determining this result, and it investigates the role of the Parliament, as well as the impact of the stabilization of the reelection practice on future presidential elections.
Decision-making changes for patients and medical personnel in the management of acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Cai Xuan , Bi Jingtao , Zheng Zhixue , Liu Yaqi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen. During the pandemic, to contain the spread of COVID-19, there were some integral changes in the medical processes based on the pandemic prevention policy, especially regarding emergency surgery. This study was conducted to investigate whether this pandemic also impacted the decision-making for both patients and medical personnel along with the treatment outcomes.

Methods
Patients of age 18 years or older who were diagnosed clinically and radiologically with acute appendicitis between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 202,0 were reviewed. The data of 1991 cases were collected and used for this study. Two groups were formed, one group before and the other group after the outbreak. The gathered data included gender, age, appendiceal fecalith, outcomes of treatment, and long-term outcomes of non-operation (8 months follow-up). We also collected details of surgical cases from the above two groups. This data also included age, gender, appendiceal fecalith, fever, jaundice, length of onset before presenting to an emergency department (ED), anesthesia, surgery, white cell count, pathology, complications, and length of stay. We compared the above data respectively and analyzed the differences.

Results
Compared to the period before the outbreak, patient visits for acute appendicitis remarkably dropped (19.8%), but surgical cases showed no change (dropped by roughly 5%). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in failure of non-operation(after the pandemic 8.31% vs. before pandemic 3.22%), interval appendectomy(after pandemic 6.29% vs. before pandemic 12.84%), recurrence(after pandemic 23.27% vs. before pandemic 14.46%), and outcomes of recurrence. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in anesthesia method, surgery way, and complications( before pandemic 4.15% vs. after pandemic9.89% P < 0.05) in patients who underwent the surgery. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) concerning age, gender, fever, jaundice, appendiceal fecalith, white cell count, and length of onset before presenting to the ED.

Conclusion
The current pandemic prevention policy is very effective, but some decision-making processes of doctor-patient have changed in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, that further influenced some treatment outcomes and might lead to a potential economic burden. It is essential to address the undue concern of everyone and optimize the treatment process.
Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Chu Chang-Hung , Shih Hong-Mo , Yu Shao-Hua , Chang Shih-Sheng , Sie Ji-Syuan , Huang Fen-Wei , Hsu Tai-Yi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a critical complication of acute myocardial infarction, especially ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study identified the risk factors for SCA in patients with STEMI before receiving catheterization.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with STEMI and cardiac arrest who presented to a tertiary care center in Taiwan between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. Only patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) confirmed by coronary angiography were included in this study. We collected the patients’ demographic and clinical data, such as age, sex, medical history, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and coronary angiographic findings. The primary outcome of this study was SCA in patients with STEMI. Continuous and nominal variables were compared using the two-sample Student's t-test and chi-squared test, respectively. The results of logistic regression were subjected to multivariate analysis with adjustment for possible confounders.

Results
A total of 920 patients with STEMI and coronary angiography–documented CAD and 108 patients with SCA who presented between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019, were included. The bivariate logistic regression analysis of patients’ demographic data revealed that patients with STEMI and SCA were slightly younger, were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, and had a lower eGFR than did the patients without SCA. The coronary angiographic findings indicated a higher prevalence of left main CAD and three-vessel disease in patients with SCA than in patients without SCA. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that left main CAD (odds ratio [OR]: 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84 to 7.72), a lower eGFR (OR: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96 to 0.98), and younger age (OR: 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96 to 0.99) were the risk factors for SCA in patients with STEMI.

Conclusions
Left main CAD, lower eGFR, and younger age are the risk factors for cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Evaluating the feasibility of the Community Score Card and subsequent contraceptive behavior in Kisumu, Kenya
Authors: Onyango Dickens Otieno , Tumlinson Katherine , Chung Stephanie , Bullington Brooke W. , Gakii Catherine , Senderowicz Leigh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Women seeking family planning services from public-sector facilities in low- and middle-income countries sometimes face provider-imposed barriers to care. Social accountability is an approach that could address provider-imposed barriers by empowering communities to hold their service providers to account for service quality. Yet little is known about the feasibility and potential impact of such efforts in the context of contraceptive care. We piloted a social accountability intervention—the Community Score Card (CSC)—in three public healthcare facilities in western Kenya and use a mix of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to describe the feasibility and impact on family planning service provision.

Methods
We implemented and evaluated the CSC in a convenience sample of three public-sector facility-community dyads in Kisumu County, Kenya. Within each dyad, communities met to identify and prioritize needs, develop corresponding indicators, and used a score card to rate the quality of family planning service provision and monitor improvement. To ensure young, unmarried people had a voice in identifying the unique challenges they face, youth working groups (YWG) led all CSC activities. The feasibility and impact of CSC activities were evaluated using mystery client visits, unannounced visits, focus group discussions with YWG members and providers, repeated assessment of score card indicators, and service delivery statistics.

Results
The involvement of community health volunteers and supportive community members – as well as the willingness of some providers to consider changes to their own behaviors—were key score card facilitators. Conversely, community bias against family planning was a barrier to wider participation in score card activities and the intractability of some provider behaviors led to only small shifts in quality improvement. Service statistics did not reveal an increase in the percent of women receiving family planning services.

Conclusion
Successful and impactful implementation of the CSC in the Kenyan context requires intensive community and provider sensitization, and pandemic conditions may have muted the impact on contraceptive uptake in this small pilot effort. Further investigation is needed to understand whether the CSC – or other social accountability efforts – can result in improved contraceptive access.
Collaborative medication management for older adults after hospital discharge: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Pereira Filipa , Bieri Marion , del Rio Carral Maria , Martins Maria Manuela , Verloo Henk 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Safe medication management for older adults after hospital discharge requires a well-coordinated, interprofessional, patient-centered approach. This study aimed to describe the perceived needs for collaborative medication management for older adults taking several different medications at home after hospital discharge.

Methods
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with older adults (n = 28), informal (n = 17), and professional caregivers (n = 13).

Results
Findings revealed four main needs: older adults and informal caregivers’ perceived needs for greater involvement in discharge planning; older adults’ perceived needs to be informed, listened to, and to be actively involved in decision-making; informal caregivers’ perceived needs for help in supporting and coordinating medication management; and older adults’ and informal and professional caregivers’ perceived needs for better communication and coordination between professional caregivers.

Conclusion
This study revealed two underutilized pathways towards improving collaborative medication management: medication follow-up involving a community healthcare professional taking an overarching responsibility and empowering older adults and their informal caregivers in medication management after hospital discharge.