bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation Process for Oil and Gas Sand Consolidation Applications
Authors: AlKuroud Deem Nuaman , Tariq Zeeshan , Khalil Amjad Bajes , Mahmoud Mohamed , Alahmari Manar , Bataweel Mohammad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sand production from a poorly consolidated reservoir formation is always considered a challenging problem in the petroleum industry. Sand production can cause erosion and corrosion to downhole and surface equipment and loss of production. Over the past few decades, sand control techniques have attracted increased attention to improve and enhance the characteristics of weak sand formations. Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is considered a relatively new sustainable technique studied for soil improvement. In-situ calcite precipitation in the sand can restrict the movement of the grains by forming bridges. This precipitation fills the pores and binds sand particles causing a reduction in the porosity which as a result improves sand shear strength.
In this study, different mixes of EICP solution were studied and tested in the laboratory. To cure the samples at higher temperatures Xanthan Gum (XC-polymer) was used as a temperature stabilizer. EICP solution is primarily composed of urea, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, XC-polymer, and urease enzyme. Different concentrations and compositions of reagents were tested. The mixed solutions were left for different curing times at different curing temperatures to allow the reaction to happen. The properties of the produced precipitates were examined through different techniques such as pH, conductivity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
The XRD results showed the precipitation of calcite and dolomite. The combination that produced the highest amount of thermally stable calcite with a minimal amount of aragonite, highest precipitation efficiency was further selected for the sand consolidation experiment. A solution containing 1M Urea, 0.5M CaCl2, 0.5M MgCl2, 5g/L XC-polymer, and 2g/L urease was considered as an optimum combination for an EICP process.
The novelty of this paper is that it not only describes the development of a unique formula for the EICP process used for sand control and water conformance but also provides a selection criterion for applying the EICP for these downhole applications.
An Overview of Successful Fit to Purpose Tubing Stem Test Operation on MUFFIN-X Appraisal Well to Unlock Gas Potential of Deep Formation with HPHT & High CO2-H2S Environment in MTJDA, North Malay Basin
Authors: Setiawan Avidianto Suryo , Apiwathanasorn Sippakorn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper will share a success story of a well-test operation performed on MUFFIN-X, an appraisal well located at the northern part of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MTJDA). The well was drilled in Q4-2020 and penetrated two fault blocks of northern MTJDA to appraise the area for further field development study and proposal. The objective of the test itself is to acquire new data to reduce the subsurface uncertainties and unlock the gas potential from deep formations of the area, which is well known for its multilayer reservoirs, High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT), and high CO2-H2S content. These conditions are the key challenges to developing the area. To cope with the challenges, Carigali-PTTEPI Operating Company (CPOC) has been using a Tubing-Stem-Test (TST) approach that provides secured wellbore conditions and multiple accessibilities to multiple reservoirs, straightforward operation, and realistic production simulation. The TST of MUFFIN-X was designed to complete each zone within 24-to-36 hours for deliverability and pressure transient tests. The TST performed on MUFFIN-X has successfully unlocked 20 MMscf/d of gas and 5000 bbl/d of oil potentials from the deep formations of the block. The job was completed 16 hours earlier than the design, bringing approximately 40K USD of cost optimization.
Coreflooding Experiments on PAM/PEI Polymer Gel for Water Control in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions: With and Without Crossflow Effect
Authors: Amir Zulhelmi , Mohd Saaid Ismail , Mohamed Jan Badrul Hisham 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study presents the coreflooding experiments to evaluate the performance of PAM/PEI polymer gels as conformance control agent in porous media. The experiments were designed to investigate the effectiveness of PAM/PEI polymer gels to block a high permeability zone and to divert water to low permeability zone. The work is based on four relevant elements that determine the suitability of a gel to mitigate excessive water production in a high temperature and high pressure conditions. They are adequate gelation time to achieve the target zone, reducing permeability to water, applicable injectivity, and long-term thermal stability. Two different coreflooding schemes were performed, which are coreflooding without crossflow using native sandstone, and coreflooding with crossflow using composite core that has permeability contrast. Native and composite cores represent homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs, respectively. Four different set of gelants, which are; 1) pure PAM/PEI polymer gelant; 2) PAM/PEI polymer gelant with NH4O; 3) PAM/PEI polymer gelant with NH4O at high salinity; and 4) Polymer gelant in high salinity and NH4Cl reinforced with SiO2 nanoparticles (NP), were prepared and injected into the cores. The selected mixture of gelants are sufficient to represent the effect of salinity, NH4Cl as retarder and solid nanoparticles on the gel in porous media. The pressure drop is an indication of the gel strength. Higher pressure drop signifies good gel strength. The highest pressure drop can be observed in the core treated with silica NP reinforced polymer gel. Compared to the gel without silica NP, the pressure drop during waterflooding post gel treatment can rise up to 1500 psi. On the oil recovery, highest recovery is established for core treated with reinforced polymer gel. Additional 24% of the trapped oil was recovered after treatment. It signifies the effectiveness of polymer gel with silica NP to divert the flow of water into where trapped oil is located. Good gel performance can be visualized through the dye stain on the surface of the core cut. When brine is injected, the dye stain will be left at the water flow path. For the core treated with reinforced gel, the dye stain is only spotted at the inlet of the core. It can be assumed that rigid gel is able to divert water to low permeability zone before water reaches further surface. The different mixture of PAM/PEI polymer gels were assessed in native and composite sandstone cores at high temperature and pressure. Results showed that PAM/PEI polymer gel reinforced with solid silica NP has proved to provide satisfactory gel strength to divert water flow, thus effective to recover more oil. Strengthening gel by addition of solid particles could be the remedy for the weakened polymer gel.
High claudin-4 antigen expression in triple-negative breast cancer by the immunohistochemistry method
Authors: Naimi Azar , Zare Nadereh , Amjadi Elham , Soltan Maryam 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Triple-negative breast cancer is a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer. Claudin is an epithelial tight junctional protein, and also it is a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and shows impairment of expression in several cancers. The chief purpose of this study is to assess the claudin-4 expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) Iranian patients and evaluate its correlation with some clinicopathological factors.

Materials and Methods:
In this study, 81 TNBC patients were evaluated for the claudin-4 expression by immunohistochemistry. The slides’ staining intensity was examined and scored from 0 to 3. Then, slides were reviewed to assess the percentage of cells with membrane and cytoplasmic staining; the obtaining scores were 1–4. Finally, added the resulting two numbers from two stages, and the final number was a maximum of 7. Final scores of 0–3 were considered the low expression, and 4–7 were considered the high expression. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

Results:
Eighty-one women with breast cancer and a mean age of 49 ± 12 years participated in the study. In 80% of the patients, there was a high expression of claudin-4 marker, and 20% had low expression. The expression level of the marker was not significantly correlated with age, tumor size, lymph node involvement, tumor grade, disease stage, Ki-67, and metastasis.

Conclusion:
The present study confirmed the high frequency of claudin-4 antigen expression in TNBC patients, and no significant correlation was observed between the expression of antigen and demographic or clinicopathological factors.
Fictional representation of facts: Memory and indictment in Chimamanda Adichie’s Americanah
Authors: Ike Onyeka , Otu Oyeh Oko 
Published: March 2022

Chimamanda Adichie’s Americanah has received a wide range of criticisms from feminist, postcolonial, even from psychoanalytic perspectives, etc., but not really from the New Historicist evaluation which usually offers the opportunity for a panoramic historical interpretations of literary texts. Such interpretations usually enable readers to have a broader understanding of some vital actual historical developments being fictionalized in a literary text to learn from the mistakes of the past with regard to certain actions of individuals and institutions in society. In an attempt to achieve this, the study establishes the relationship between the characters, settings, incidents, and even some discourses created and represented in the novel with factual historical and contemporary political figures and issues related to them. The crystallizing issues from the author’s literary searchlight in this regard principally border on former President Obasanjo’s controversial privatization programme, General Babangida’s political and economic maradonism, particularly his IMF/SAP-inflicted economic sores and sufferings and the historically suspicious plane crash under his administration, as well as several other sensitive and indicting issues associated with dictatorship, ethnicity and racism, among others. The study maintains that as an insightful creative writer and a reminder of history, Adichie dutifully stands on the watchtower of society, remembering and making certain significant indictments with the instrumentality of her novelistic art in focus, and that such representations can only be said to be fruitful or serve their cardinal intent when individuals in society learn from them and avoid recurrences.
Description of four new species of Crambidae from the Afrotropical region (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae)
Authors: Maes Koen V.N. 
Published: March 2022

Four new species from the Afrotropical region are described: Pioneabathra flammea sp.nov.; Diathrausta media sp.nov.; Udeoides invagnalis sp.nov. and Pyrausta rosecentralis sp.nov. Adult moths and their genitalia are illustrated.
Puerarin mitigates symptoms of depression in ovariectomized female rats by regulating hippocampal cAMP-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Rui , Li Yubo , Wang Zheng , Li Jinfeng , Liang Yuan , Li Min 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of puerarin on the symptoms of depression in ovariectomized female rat model, and the mechanism of action involved.
Methods: Ninety healthy female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to five groups: sham, model, low-dose puerarin, medium-dose puerarin, and high-dose puerarin groups, with 18 rats per group. Changes in the levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and apoptosis-related proteins were determined and compared.
Results: Compared with the sham group, vertical and horizontal scores, and levels of DA, NA, 5-HT, Bcl-2, p-CREB and BDNF in the model group were significantly decreased. On the other hand, duration of immobility in forced swimming was prolonged, while the concentrations of caspase-1 and ASC increased significantly (p < 0.05). Compared with the model group, with increase in pueraria dose, vertical and horizontal scores, and expression levels of DA, NA, 5-HT, Bcl-2, p-CREB and BDNF of rats were gradually increased, duration of immobility in forced swimming was gradually shortened, and the expression levels of Caspase-1 and ASC w decreased gradually, relative to model group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Puerarin mitigates depression-like behavior of ovariectomized-depression rats by activating cAMP-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Thus, this compound is a potential new lead in the development of drugs for the treatment of depression in ovariectomized women.
Anti-hypoxia effects of ginseng (Panax Ginseng C A Meyer) oligopeptides in mice
Authors: Li Di , Ren Jinwei , Sun JingQing , Wu Lan , Liu Peng , Li Yong 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To study the anti-hypoxia effects of ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs) in mice.
Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: vehicle control group, whey protein-fed group (0.30 g/kg body weight, BW), and four groups given GOP at doses of 0.075, 0.150, 0.300, 0.600 g/kg BW. All treatments were administered via gavage once a day for a total of 30 days.
Results: GOPs significantly extended survival times under normobaric hypoxia, sodium nitrite toxicosis and acute cerebral ischemia. Moreover, GOPs enhanced the levels of RBC, Hb and Hct; decreased brain malonaldehyde (MDA) and lactate contents, enhanced brain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and upregulated the mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Conclusion: GOPs exert anti-hypoxia effects via mechanisms which may involve improvement of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and oxygen utilization, reduction of lipid peroxidation-associated lesions, enhancement of brain capacity to buffer against lactic acidosis, promotion of angiogenesis, and regulation of response to hypoxia.
Glutinol inhibits the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Li Juan 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate the anticancer effect of glutinol on OVACAR3 human ovarian cancer cells, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Methods: Cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle distribution, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured via flow cytometry, while protein expression levels were determined with western blotting assay.
Results: Glutinol exerted significant growth-inhibitory effects on human OVACAR3 cells, but interestingly, it exhibited comparatively lower cytotoxic effects against normal SV40 cells. The IC50 of glutinol against human OVACAR3 cells was 6 μM, while the IC50 against normal SV40 cells was 60 μM. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increase in population of OVACAR3 cells in G2/M phase from 4.02 % in control to 29.05 % on treatment with 12 μM glutinol, suggestive of G2/M phase arrest. The G2/M arrest of OVACAR3 cells was also accompanied by suppression of cyclin B1. It was also found that increases in ROS levels and decreases in MMP activities contributed to the glutinol-induced antiproliferative effects on human OVACAR3 cells. Moreover, glutinol deactivated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in OVACAR-3 ovarian cancer cells.
Conclusion: Glutinol exerted potent anticancer effects against human ovarian cancer. Thus, it might be of potential benefit in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Protective role of cannabinoids against diabetic nephropathy induced in rats by streptozotocin
Authors: Fan WenXing , Hong ShiJun , Wei Tao , Yang YueNa , Weng Min , Zhang Jing , Su Feng , Niroj Mali 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effects of cannabinoid ligand in diabetic nephropathy mediated by streptozotocin (STZ) injection in rats.
Methods: Rats deprived of food were injected streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg/kg) followed by confirmation of diabetes by checking the blood glucose level for three consecutive days. The kidney tissue was exposed to periodic acid Schiff reagent (PASR) for the investigation of glomerular sclerotic injury under microscope.
Results: Cannabinoid treatment decreased mesangial expansion, glomerular volume, proteinuria, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in STZ rats. The cells were cultured with 40 mM of glucose for 8 h in which the podocytes responded with 2.9-fold increase in dihydroethidium fluorescence signal, compared to the podocytes cells cultured in low glucose (10 mM). However, cannabinoid treatment decreased ROS production in podocytes as indicated by dihydroehidium relative fluorescence. Further, the effect of ROS production by glucose on podocytes was inhibited by NADPH oxidase inhibitor, DPI (10 mM). Moreover, cannabinoid treatment reduced the expression of Sgk1, NADPH oxidase activity which was elevated by high glucose.
Conclusion: Treatment with cannabinoid decreases mesangial expansion, glomerular volume, proteinuria, and reactive oxygen species production in STZ rats. Thus, cannabinoid may be a protective agent against diabetic nephropathy in humans.
Effect of immunotherapy on T lymphocyte subsets, FOXP3 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in children with allergic asthma
Authors: Zhang Yanrui , Li Lei , Wang Rong , Wang Jingjing , Yuan Jing 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To study the effect of specific immunotherapy on T lymphocyte subsets, FOXP3 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in children with allergic asthma (AA).
Methods: 57 AA children were selected and received the allergen specific immunotherapy, thereafter, the T lymphocyte subsets, FOXP3 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio were measured at three time points, before treatment, after 1yr and 2yr of treatment. Then the clinical efficacy after 2yr was recorded.
Results: The pre- and post- treatment percentages of CD4 + CD25 + T cells in CD4 + T cells had no difference (P>0.05). The proportion of CD4 + CD25 high T cells in CD4 + T was significantly increased after 1yr and 2yr of treatment (P<0.05), the difference between that after 1yr and 2yr of treatment was not significant. The relative expression of FOXP3 at three time points in a descending order was after 1yr, 2yr of treatment and pre-treatment (P<0.05). The relative IFN-γ expression after 1yr of treatment increased and returned to pre-treatment level after 2yr of treatment; IL-4 expression levels decreased as the treatment time extended; The IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio at three time points in a descending order was after 1yr, 2yr of treatment and pretreatment (P<0.05). The levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the children increased significantly as treatment time extended (P<0.05), and became stable after 1yr and 2yr of treatment, while the concentration of IL-4 showed a decrease trend (P<0.05), also tended to be stable after 1yr and 2yr of treatment. The clinical efficacy after 2yr of treatment was 87.72%.
Conclusion: This study has revealed that FOXP3, IFN-γ, and IL-4 have significant roles FOXP3 in the process of specific immunotherapy for children with allergic asthma. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism.
MiR-143-5p inhibits proliferation, invasion, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells by downregulation of HMGA2
Authors: Li Xiuqing , Zhang Hui , Cui Tao , Wu Youshan , Wang Shougang 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate the regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of miR-143-5p in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression.
Methods: Expression of miR-143-5p in CRC cell lines SW620 and HCT116 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Stable miR-143-5p overexpression was mediated by lentivirus. The effects of miR-143-5p on proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) of SW620 and HCT116 cells were assessed by colony formation assay, CCK-8, Transwell assay, wound healing assay, and western blot. Target prediction was performed for miR-143-5p, and a dual luciferase assay was used to verify the targeting relationship.
Results: Compared to CRC cells transfected with negative controls, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and EMT were inhibited in miR-143-5p-overexpressing cells. Expression of HMGA2 (high- mobility Group AT-Hook 2), a target gene of miR-143-5p, was repressed by miR-143-5p. Rescue experiments confirmed that upregulation of HMGA2 due to mIR-143-5p overexpression reversed inhibition of CRC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT.
Conclusion: MiR-143-5p inhibits the malignant progression of CRC by regulating HMGA2 expression and is expected to provide new therapeutic approaches for clinical treatment of CRC.
Irigenin exhibits anticancer activity against human colon cancer cells via autophagy, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, and targeting of ERK/MAPK signal pathway
Authors: Zhan Yan , Kong Shuangxi , Fan Liang , Jiang Jun 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To study the anticancer effect of naturally-occurring irigenin isoflavonoid on colon cancer, and to determine the mechanism involved.
Methods: The effect of irigenin on viability of normal and cancerous colon cells was assessed by MTT assay, while clonogenic assay was used to measure colony generation. Autophagy was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blotting. Transwell chamber assay was used to determine the influence of irigenin isoflavonoid on cell migration and invasion. The expression levels of ERK/MAPK signal pathway-associated proteins were assayed using Western blotting.
Results: Irigenin significantly decreased the viability of Caco-2 colon cancer cells, in contrast to normal CCD841 colon cells, and produced concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects (p < 0.05). The number of cell colonies in control group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) upon exposure to irigenin. Results from TEM revealed that irigenin caused dose-dependent formation of autophagosomes, and dose-based up-regulation of the expressions of Beclin-1, LC3-I and LC3-II (p < 0.05). Moreover, irigenin markedly suppressed the migration and invasion of Coca-2 cells. Furthermore, irigenin exposure dose- dependently blocked the expressions of proteins associated with ERK/MAPK signal pathway in Coca-2 cells.
Conclusion: These results indicate that irigenin exerts potent inhibitory effect on the growth and migration of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, irigenin induces autophagy, inhibits cell migration and invasion, and targets ERK/MAPK survival signal pathway. Therefore, irigenin may be a lead candidate drug for colon cancer treatment. However, there is need for further in vivo and clinical studies to validate these findings.