bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech Interrupting Poetic Prose
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the fault line, in Baudelaire’s prose, between the audible and the visual: at the limit of what can be seen is precisely the point at which speech enters the poetic landscape. When the visual has reached the limits of its expressive capacities, the presentation of Truth and the poem’s reliability as a format of expression are shown as a thorny issue, once again demonstrating the problem of the poem as a representative genre pulled between surface gloss and more symptomatic readings. Lying and misrepresentation are the analytical cornerstones of this chapter’s readings. They reveal how Baudelaire’s poetic moment is punctuated with boisterous moments of shock and interruption, and his prose poems’ modernity—felt through speech acts that upend the visual—stakes its claims, loud and clear, amid the age-old tension between sights and sounds in poetry.
Attention and Distraction in Modern German Literature, Thought, and Culture
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Attention and distraction are anthropological constants, central to the way we experience the world; often cast as adversaries, they are in fact closely intertwined, and their relationship is not constant but highly changeable—a barometer of social and cultural change. This wide-ranging interdisciplinary study explores the interplay of attention and distraction from the Enlightenment to the present day, with a particular focus on twentieth-century Germany. Building on the Enlightenment tradition of mental self-observation, nineteenth-century Germany was the birthplace of experimental psychology which sought to measure and potentially enhance attention. Around 1900, this new, psychologically informed understanding of the self began to shape domains such as work and leisure, consumerism and education. In the Weimar Republic, the new discipline of psychotechnics was seen as central to the effort of building a modern, efficient, and potentially fairer society. Its aspirations were mirrored and enhanced by a thriving self-help literature market, which gave readers the tools for their own cognitive optimization. Yet as attention was cast as the key mental resource, in professions ranging from train drivers to telephone operators, distraction emerged as the new buzzword of the period, evoking the spectre of mental and social fragmentation. For many early twentieth-century commentators anxious about the pace of modern life, the rise of distraction spelled the end of contemplative attention. This book shows that many leading German writers, thinkers, and artists did not simply endorse this negative assessment of distraction, but engaged with the dialectical nature of attention constructively, by enacting and reflecting (on) the intrinsically fluid nature of the human mind.
Stillness
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photography embodied the spirit, but also the underlying tensions, of Weimar culture. The snapshot captured the dynamism of modern life, while illustrated magazines enabled the speedy dissemination of photographs across modern society, contributing to a veritable deluge of images. Yet in the 1920s photography practitioners and theorists became increasingly critical of these trends and turned to the early days of the medium in search of an alternative, slower and more authentic photographic aesthetic. The rediscovered portraits of the Scottish photography pioneers David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson were seen as the products of a bygone age of stillness and contemplation, which Weimar photographers sought to emulate. This chapter compares the resonances of these early portraits in the work of Erna Lendvai-Dircksen and Helmar Lerski. For all their aesthetic and political differences both photographers pursue a similar agenda: the search for authentic faces able to convey a sense of stillness in the age of acceleration.
Conceptualizing Legitimacy Crises in Multilateral Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter develops and defends the concept of legitimacy crisis that lies at the heart of this book. The chapter argues for the fruitfulness of its proposed definition of legitimacy crises for a broad range of research purposes beyond this particular study, while applying it to guide and motivate the construction of empirical measurements and research strategies employed in the following chapters. It suggests that an international organization undergoes a legitimacy crisis if, and only if, a relevant group of people perceive that it rules in ways that diverge from what is right, to a point where they react critically to the political status quo with an intensity that is extreme compared to other moments in time. Specifically, the chapter clarifies and defends the necessity in all legitimacy crises of five constitutive elements, namely a social belief, a rule without right, a relevant audience, a critical reaction to the status quo, and a moment of critical vulnerability limited in time.
Introduction
Authors: Osiatyński Jerzy , Toporowski Jan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA short account of the origin the book is followed by a brief biography of Kalecki. The biography is followed by an account of the essence of his theories of business fluctuations and the economic dynamics of a market economy, of economic growth and central planning in a centrally planned or socialist economy, and of financing economic development of developing countries. These theories formed the backdrop to his observations on international payments and capital flows. A common element in those theories was the question of employment, which is a key factor in political attitudes to international trade and payments. A summary of key points made in subsequent chapters closes the Introduction.
Long-Term Investment and its Financing
Authors: Griffith-Jones Stephany 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOne of the key constraints for ensuring sufficient levels of investment, and channelling it to the most productive sectors of the economy or those whose productivity is likely to increase most, is lack of sufficient amounts of long-term financing for productive investment. One effective way in which such finance is, and can be mobilized, is via national development banks. The analysis of development banks is placed in the context of the current economic situation, and the need to adjust the Kalecki theoretical framework to a new reality in which financial markets dominate over investment into expansion of real capital assets. This provides an opportunity for securing the financing for industrial development and greening the economy.
In Partibus
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“In partibus” takes Bianchini to France in 1713 while terms for ending the War of the Spanish Succession were under discussion at Utrecht. The ostensible purpose of his journey was to bring a cardinal’s hat to the newly appointed Cardinal de Rohan; but he had with him at least two ciphers for communicating in code the progress of business he had undertaken for the Ottobonis and the Pope. He made many friends in high places, most significantly James III, the claimant to the British thrones, whose cause he took up almost as his own. After finishing his work in Paris, Bianchini toured the lands of the heretics; after Holland, England, where he met Newton and assessed James’s chances of inheriting Britain from his half-sister Queen Anne despite his being a Catholic excluded from the succession by act of Parliament. Bianchini got along very well with English scholars he was obliged to regard as heretics, especially Newton, with whom he shared a deep interest in ancient chronology.
Avalanches in disordered media
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several avalanche phenomena occur in disordered media where randomness is frozen or “quenched” and does not evolve on the timescale of the avalanches. The simple examples are provided by percolation and its dynamic counterpart, invasion percolation. Furthermore, a wide class of driven disordered systems displays athermal disorder-induced phase transitions characterized by avalanche dynamics. The prototype model for this behavior is the random-field Ising model that, at the critical point, displays power law distributed avalanche distributions for which analytical results are possible. The model is particularly interesting because it is the prototype of many problems ruled by the competition between nucleation and growth of domains in a disordered landscape.
Plasticity
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Contrary to fracture, plastic deformation is usually associate to smooth flow and one would not expect to observe any avalanche behavior. Nevertheless, plastic instabilities with strong and widely fluctuating deformation jumps have been known for long time. These are typically attributed to the interplay between dislocation and diffusing solute atoms. Experiments have shown that in plastically deformed ice single crystals, acoustic emission displays power law amplitude distributions. This behavior is due to the collective motion of interacting dislocations and can be reproduced by numerical simulations. In presence of immobile solute atoms or other defects, dislocations display a depinning transition in response to external stress. The remarkable nature of the dislocation mutual interactions is also responsible for a similar jamming transition even without intrinsic pinning. In this chapter, we first introduce the basic concepts of continuum plasticity, which represent the macroscopic reference frame of the present discussion. We then discuss the physics of dislocation assemblies in presence of pinning and report on the basic phenomenology of the yielding transition which is ruled by dislocation mutual interactions. Finally, we review the properties of plastic deformation in amorphous materials and glasses.
Granular Matter
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While granular media were originally thought to be as the natural realization of self-organized criticality, it was soon realized that real sandpiles do not behave in the same way as sandpile models suggest. Instead of a power law distribution of avalanches, one observes a prevalence of system spanning events. This is due to the inertia of the grains. This can be reduced by using elongated grains (such as rice). The avalanches in the ricepiles closely follow the behavior observed in sandpile models. Avalanches are also found in granular media under shear, where, due to the complex grain arrangement and load transfer, one observes an intricate stick-slip behavior.
The Barkhausen Effect
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1919 H. Barkhausen discovered that the magnetization of iron is associated to a crackling noise that could be revealed as an inductionpulse in a coil. This observation provided an indirect indication of the existence of ferromagnetic domains and stimulated an intense research activity spanning eight decades. The Barkhausen effect is probably the cleanest example where the mechanism of self-organized criticality can be applied to an experiment. The scaling exponents describing Barkhausen avalanche distributions in bulk materials can be quantitatively explained by studying the depinning of domain walls. Our understanding is still not complete in the case of magnetic thin films where the domain structure and the avalanche dynamics are often quite intricate.
Shakespeare’s Rosalind
Authors: Hecht Paul J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Shakespeare’s Rosalind is distinguished from Lodge’s in three principal ways: cultivation of a more fully modern ennui; a sophisticated understanding of the relationship between truth claims and power; and an interest in appropriating power and the language of power. The first section traces the buildup of tensions around homoeroticism and appropriations of tyrannical power; the second section traces forces marshaled to meet that power. In doing so, it argues that Shakespeare takes a quintessential pastoral moment—the meeting of strangers in the countryside—and brings not only complete technical control, but also the dynamics of translation and conversion, including different versions of religious and erotic conversion. Thus, in a moment that recalls the “rustling” of Adorno’s concept of the power of passive art, Rosalind meets a poetry that she likes so well that it momentarily causes her to lose consciousness before recollecting herself.
The World Bank as an Organization
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter highlights the opportunity and challenge of explaining policy change within the World Bank. It hints at just a few of the dozens of stories and moments of change that are shared in subsequent chapters. The book explores 32 years of public sector management and public sector governance sector policy change from 1980 to 2012. It details who mattered (and why) in sector-specific policy changes while exploring how the Bank moved from little-to-no interest in public sector management in 1980 to a public sector governance addition by late 1991 and by 2012, the sector had become the Bank’s “DNA.” Also, in 2012 these public sectors became the only sectors (and still only in 2020) to be elevated to a Bank-wide Council with a multi-sectoral remit. The chapter’s conclusion briefly summarizes the book’s argument and previews upcoming chapters.
The “C” Word Decloaked and the State Matters (October 1996 to December 1999)
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn today’s understanding of PSM and PSG, it feels almost unnatural to ignore the negative impact of corruption on a public sector. But before October 1996, Bank staff were actively discouraged from discussing the “C” word. In fact, one is hard pressed to find the word “corruption” in Bank projects before 1995. But with James Wolfensohn’s arrival as Bank President, anti-corruption entered this sector’s lexicon. This first about-face was accompanied by second when the Bank declared in 1997 (contrary to its 1980s sector policy emphases) that the “state mattered” to development. Also noted in this chapter are the sector-specific impacts of the 1997 matrix reform, the importance of “who sat where” within the new internal structure, and the decorum-breaking interactions of the IMF and World Bank during 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. This chapter traces each policy shift, the bureaucratic battles, and whose voices were heard and which ones were ignored. With internal actors continuing their reign as this sector’s most important policy change actors, their bureaucratic bickering and their influence over sector policy change are key highlights.
Two Decades Late
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFrom 1980 to 1983, the earliest notions of a sector-specific PSM policy agenda were being formulated. However, it was not until 2000 that the first sector-specific Bank Strategy was written. The Strategy solidified sector importance at the Bank while introducing new sector-specific concepts such as “supply side” and “demand side.” The former included the Bank’s technocratic staff who supported PSM projects focused upon financial management, public expenditure management, and civil service reform. In contrast, “demand side” staff were an ascendant group of political economists who desired a rapid deepening and expansion of the PSG agenda. The early “winner” was the PSM staffs whose views are prominently shared within the Strategy. But this bureaucratic battle was far from over. The next chapter details its “explosion” (with the help of a Bank President) into the public sphere and a replacement of the 2000 Strategy with a new one.
Becoming The Bank’s DNA
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere are two parts to this chapter. The first relays the continued rise of a PSG agenda driven by staff who favored “demand side” governance. This includes the replacement of the 2000 Public Sector Strategy with the 2007 (and, later, 2012) Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy. The normal bureaucratic politicking and sector policy debates were present throughout this period. However, during these years there was an added dimension: Bank President, Paul Wolfowitz. His dismissal of the new draft Strategy, his behavior before the Bank’s Board, and the resulting public airing of Bank staff complaints ensnarled the sector agenda. The astute “use” of civil society actors by certain Bank staff to lend support to their demand side governance agenda had a dual purpose: to push back against broader concerns about Wolfowitz and to push forward a demand side dominance of sector policy. While Wolfowitz’ early departure is not removable from his internal behaviors and conflicts of interest, his attempts to alter lending incentives and to override internal staff discussions about this agenda ultimately led to his early exit. The second part of the chapter details a continued ascendancy of PSG under a new Bank President. This led to PSG (and by extension, PSM) achieving a first for any Bank sector, past or present: the creation of a Bank-wide Governance and Anti-Corruption Council with the remit to link demand side governance (and public sector management) with other sectors of Bank work. By 2012, this sector had become the Bank’s DNA.
Energy Essentials and Superconducting States
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea that superconductivity emerges because it is the most energetically favourable state of the material. The concepts of phase diagrams and phase transitions are explored using water as an example of a familiar system. What happens to a superconductor when it is placed in a magnetic field is discussed and compared with other types of magnetic materials, culminating in explaining the difference between type I and type II superconductivity in terms of the energetics of the system. The important concept that type II superconductors usually contain magnetic flux lines is introduced. An “Under the Lens” section focusses on the idea of spontaneous change, showing how the second law of thermodynamics is related to the definition of Gibb’s free energy. A “Wider View” section discusses why phase transitions are so important in materials science, using the deposition of thin films and the processing of materials as examples.
High Temperature Heroics
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The stage has now been set for tackling the very complex high temperature superconducting materials in this chapter. It begins with an introduction to the chemistry, structure and properties of this large family of superconductors. The idea that grain boundaries must be avoided in these materials has already been introduced, so here the focus is on how wires are processed and how the bulk pellets that are used for levitation and permanent magnet applications are manufactured. HTS thin films for microwave communication devices are also introduced. The concept of flux creep is introduced, and analogies are drawn with dislocation creep in the “Under the Lens” section. The “Wider View” section looks at other materials that need to be processed as single crystals - nickel superalloy turbine blades for jet engines – tying in with the discussion on creep.
Lost Persons, Cherished Things
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores Beckett’s ways of expressing grief and loss while avoiding sentiment. His letters about the illnesses and deaths of his family members and friends reveal the intensity of his involvement, even when he pretended otherwise. As he aged, his letters of condolence to friends grew ever more compassionate, their power of comfort emerging from his refusal to console in any of the conventional ways. The chapter goes on to study the rhythms of attachment and abandonment in the objects that Beckett’s characters cherish, enumerate, and dismiss, with special attention to Malone Dies, Happy Days, and the heart-breaking rendering of objects left behind by the dead in Ill Seen Ill Said.
Descartes’s Legacy
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Occasionalism is the view that God is the only cause, at least of body-to-body events. Although it’s often regarded as an ad hoc solution to the problem of mind‒body interaction, occasionalism is instead the metaphysical support for the moderns’ top-down picture. This chapter argues that Descartes’s inheritors—particularly Malebranche, Newton, and Berkeley—recognize that their picture of laws requires a divine being. Although he’s officially agnostic about the metaphysical support for his laws of motion, Newton privately endorses occasionalism. The chapter explores the debate between Leibniz on one hand and Newton and Clarke on the other, drawing support from the correspondence. It argues that Berkeley, so far from being an instrumentalist, is simply following Newton as far as he can, given his immaterialism. These individual studies support the overall claim that occasionalism’s longevity is due to its role in supporting the Cartesian view of laws.
Origins of the Powers View
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins of the powers view. Unlike the Cartesians, some of the moderns try to preserve the Aristotelian worldview. The chapter begins with Bacon and Spinoza, who, in their very different ways, both try to account for the behavior of physical objects in terms of their powers. Bacon identifies laws with powers. Unfortunately, like Hobbes, he has no means of dealing with conservation laws. Spinoza doesn’t identify laws with powers, but he does try to build a law of inertia from the nature of bodies. The chapter looks at Stephen Mumford’s recent view, which identifies laws with powers, before turning to historical figures who reject that identification. The chapter locates Euler, Helmholtz, and Shepherd within this debate, and shows how the Aristotelian approach persists into the nineteenth century and beyond.
Reading Fear in Silius Italicus’ Punica
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the representations of fear in the Punica in the construction of the Second Punic War as a ‘war on terror’ by both sides of the conflict. Although Hannibal is made to personify the tyranny of fear in the Roman psyche, this chapter argues that the true tyranny Rome must contend with is that of its own passions. It takes a very close look at how Silius utilizes the crisis in Roman leadership to test the limits of a positive use of metus hostilis (fear of the enemy) as a rallying call for state unity. It also discusses the cupido gloriae of Roman generals in the fostering of collective fear to manipulate public opinion for private political gain. Finally, it unravels the ways in which Silius uses his narrative to pinpoint the problems of the single man’s rule, as it looks ahead to the Principate.