bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work Capacities of Energy Storage Systems on Basis of Unit Weight and Unit Volume
Authors: Kline L. V. , Marco S. M. , Starkey W. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In view of current and anticipated interest in conserving weight and space in engineering applications, a study is made of work-per-unit-weight and work-per-unit-volume moduli for energy storage systems. Gasoline engines, solid propellants, electrochemical cells, flywheels, compressed gases, compressed liquids, and stressed solids are evaluated. General analytical expressions for the work moduli are derived. For each such general expression, significant optimizing parameters are selected and methods of optimizing the moduli are presented. Information is included pertinent to the problem of selection of energy storage systems for specific applications. Comparisons are made of the practical maximum values of weight and volume moduli for the considered systems. Limitations of the systems, including maximum allowable stress, are discussed.
Analysis of Residual Stress in Ground Surfaces of High-Temperature Alloys
Authors: Halverstadt R. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Residual stress caused by grinding high-temperature alloys has proved to be a troublesome problem both from a standpoint of distortion of the parts and from reduced endurance limits. A complete analysis was made which measured the effect of grinding-wheel speed, grinding-wheel hardness, grinding fluid, down feed, and work speed on the residual-stress level in the surface of three alloys used in modern aircraft gas-turbine design. The results of the study show that stresses can be minimized by using lower wheel speeds and down feeds, increasing work speed and using a sulfurized oil as the grinding fluid.
The Formulation of Steam Properties for Digital Computer Application
Authors: Steltz William G. , Silvestri George J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Methods and equations are presented for approximating the properties of steam set forth in the Keenan and Keyes’ Steam Tables. Equations and functional relationships for derived thermodynamic properties as functions of basic independent variables are presented for compressed and saturated liquid, saturated and unsaturated vapor, and superheated steam. The thermodynamic properties, enthalpy and entropy, are described throughout while specific volume is determined only in the superheated steam region. Error plots of incremental differences from Keenan and Keyes’ values are shown as functions of the independent variables.
Problems in Measuring Steam Flow at 1250 Psia and 950 F With Nozzles and Orifices
Authors: Murdock J. W. , Goldsbury J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Measurement of steam flow at 1250 psia and 950 F with nozzles and orifices is discussed (a) during their calibration and (b) during performance tests on a turbine. All primary elements were constructed to ASME specifications, the nozzles being of long-radius, low-ratio design with throat taps, the orifices employing radius taps.
The calibrations for the flow nozzles indicated that reliable repeatable results could be obtained although one nozzle exhibited an abrupt increase in discharge coefficient of about 0.5 per cent at about 2 per cent pressure differential. The measured coefficients of discharge were within Power Test Code “probable tolerances” of ±1.25 per cent. The calibrations of the orifices were of little value because of permanent distortion of the orifice plates as a result of difference in expansion between the plates and their holding flanges.
For measuring steam flows to the turbine, additional orifices were made up of different material, reducing distortion of the plates to the point of being negligible. The results of the turbine test with orifices and nozzles in series indicated excellent agreement between the flows based on orifice data using calculated coefficients and those determined from nozzle data using coefficients obtained from the calibration. Some trouble was experienced from deposits found around the nozzle throat taps.
While this paper presents data indicating excellent agreement of the two methods of flow measurement during the turbine-performance tests, it also points out the need for more experimentation and knowledge of steam-flow measurement at elevated temperatures and pressures.
The Dependence of Thermal Stresses in Cylindrical Reactor Fuel Elements Upon the Method of Cooling
Authors: Merckx K. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thermal stresses and strains within cylindrical uranium-reactor fuel elements cooled by various methods are determined with a method of analysis which uses a material model relating the strain rate, temperature, strain, and stress. Solid and hollow cylindrical fuel elements internally, externally, and internally-externally cooled, operating in the temperature ranges of 200 to 600 C are used as numerical examples. For the cases with equal temperature drops, the stresses vary by 8 per cent while the plastic strains vary 140 per cent. The thermal stresses and strains in solid and hollow fuel elements externally and internally-externally cooled are compared for equal power generations. The maximum stress may be reduced 35 per cent and the maximum plastic strain 75 per cent if a solid fuel element is replaced by an internally-externally cooled fuel element (inner radius/outer radius = 0.4) producing the same power per foot.
Apparatus for the Experimental Study of the Thermodynamic Properties of Water
Authors: Reamer H. H. , Richter G. N. , DeWitt W. M. , Sage B. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As a part of an investigation of the properties of water at elevated temperatures and pressures, a study of the Joule-Thomson coefficient and the isothermal enthalpy-pressure derivative of steam has been undertaken. This experimental program is directed to the study of these coefficients at about temperatures between 400 F and 1500 F and at pressures up to 15,000 psi or to a specific weight of the fluid such that the coefficients approach the inversion point. Some measurements in the region of negative Joule-Thomson coefficient may be undertaken.
The Spiral Point Drill—A New Concept in Drill Point Geometry
Authors: Ernst Hans , Haggerty W. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The drilling process is one of the oldest and most widely used manufacturing operations. Billions of holes are drilled each year, and over 100 million drills are manufactured annually in the United States alone. However, in spite of its economic importance, the geometrical shape of the drill point (the so-called “chisel edge”) has remained virtually unchanged for over a hundred years, even though its disadvantages of lack of centering, and poor cutting action at the center, have long been recognized.
This paper describes an investigation into the cause of these disadvantages and a search for other geometrical forms which might result in improved performance. In the course of this investigation a “three-dimensional spiral” point shape was devised with interesting technical and performance characteristics, together with a unique method of point generation.
Photomicrographs are presented showing sections through the drill point and partly formed chips at various points along the cutting edge, both for the conventional chisel point and the spiral point shapes, showing characteristic differences in chip formation. The results of a series of investigations of cutting forces and other performance criteria such as roundness, hole size, and drill life, are presented for both of these shapes, together with a few case histories of results obtained with the new geometry under repetitive manufacturing conditions. A description is given of a method for producing this shape on any type of drill.
A modified form of the basic spiral point geometry is shown, which has additional unique characteristics for the drilling of sheet metal, and which therefore may have important applications in the aircraft and other sheet-metal fabricating industries.
Flow Characteristics of a Multiple-Cell Pump Basin
Authors: Dornaus W. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Variations of the flow pattern in a pump-suction pit containing a variable number of pumps in operation are of interest in studies to determine the most economical pumping structure. The use of a one-to-ten scale model of a large pumping plant gives quick and relatively inexpensive answers to questions concerning proper pump submergence, spacing, influence of baffling, and mechanical appurtenances such as screens and gates, and the relative influence between two or more pumps with various numbers of units operating together. Visual effects for flow observation make positive analysis fairly simple. Use of Froude’s law in this investigation confirms results of previous experimenters and simplifies test procedure.
Symposium on Welded Spiral Cases from the Consulting Engineers’ and Users’ Viewpoint: TVA Experiences, Welded Versus Riveted Spiral Cases
Authors: Gardner R. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes erection and welding procedures carried out on Fontana, Hiwassee, and Watauga Units of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and gives erection costs of both welded and riveted cases where such costs are comparable.
Symposium on Welded Spiral Cases from the Consulting Engineers’ and Users’ Viewpoint: Pressure-Embedment of Spiral Cases
Authors: Seitz Bradley G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is the practice of the Bureau of Reclamation to pressure-test hydraulic-turbine spiral cases in the field at case-design pressure and to embed them under normal operating pressure. This paper gives reasons why this practice was adopted and describes some of the methods used.
Blowdown and Charging Processes in a Single Gas Receiver With Heat Transfer
Authors: Reynolds W. C. , Kays W. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Gas blowdown and charging processes are generally analyzed on the basis of an adiabatic thermodynamic process. In most such processes of technical interest there is a considerable amount of heat transfer between the gas and the container walls, and in some applications heat capacitors are deliberately inserted in the container to control temperature or store thermal energy. In this paper the general problem of blowdown and charging is considered, including the effects of heat transfer to or from container walls or inserted heat capacitors. An experimental investigation of blowdown with heat transfer is described, and it is shown that the results correspond very well with the analysis.
The Propagation of Cracks and the Energy of Elastic Deformation
Authors: Bueckner H. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Griffith-model of brittle fracture of elastic solids and the model by Irwin and Orowan for the brittle fracture of elastic-plastic solids predict the propagation of cracks on the basis of energy supplied by the work of externally impressed forces and by the change of strain energy. Previous discussions have neglected the three-dimensional viewpoint and the body forces. Since the Irwin method of fracture-strength analysis has become of increased interest, especially with respect to rotor fracture, a general analysis of energy supply is presented. The analysis uses Clapeyron’s theorem and Betti’s reciprocal theorem. One of the results is that the energy supplied for crack extension equals the strain energy of the difference of the two stress fields before and after crack extension.
A Simple Method of Estimating the Reynolds Number Effects on Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines Operating at High Altitudes
Authors: Pinnes Robert W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
At present, the altitude performance of an aircraft gas-turbine engine is usually estimated by generalizing sea level data. Sufficient altitude test data have now been obtained to demonstrate that this method is not entirely valid. One of the primary reasons for the deviations from the generalized data is the Reynolds-number effect.
In this paper, an attempt is made to establish a simple method for estimating correction factors for these Reynolds-number effects, for both turbojet and turboprop engines. These correction factors are based on an empirical correlation of some available test data by means of an “effective Reynolds-number diameter” parameter.
The paper (a) discusses the general problem, (b) reviews the available test data, and (c) recommends correction factors for each of the cases considered. In the last analysis, an altitude calibration of each specific engine is still required to establish accurate altitude data. However, in the absence of any better information, the curves established herein may be used to provide some preliminary estimates.
Prediction of Creep in Bending from Tension- and Compression-Creep Data When Creep Coefficients Are Unequal
Authors: Findley W. N. , Poczatek J. J. , Mathur P. N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The method of predicting creep in bending from data on creep in tension previously described has been extended to the prediction of creep in bending when the creep in tension and compression are unequal, and when the time-dependent and time-independent stress functions are unequal. It was shown that the stress distribution and position of the neutral axis in a beam changed with time when the creep in tension and compression were unequal; and the stress distribution changed with time when the time-dependent and time-independent stress functions were unequal. Computed creep deflections were compared with available data on canvas laminate and polystyrene, with good results for the former and fair results for the latter.
Analysis of the Effect of Pulsations on the Response of Mercurial-Type Differential-Pressure Recorders
Authors: Martin R. J. , Moseley D. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Low-frequency periodic pressure pulsations are sometimes encountered in gas pipelines. These pulsations may cause oscillation of the recording pens of orifice meters, making a true reading of gas flow difficult. In this paper, general equations describing the response of the mercurial-type differential-pressure recorder to such pulsations are developed. For the purpose of this paper the system of equations is then linearized and a specific solution is presented.
On the Economics of the Basic Turning Operation
Authors: Brewer R. C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The general economic problem of turning is fairly well appreciated from a qualitative viewpoint; viz., that the reduction in machining cost as the cutting speed is increased will be eventually more than offset by increased tool changing and grinding costs. The problem involves, however, a great number of variables and it must be conceded as axiomatic that the number of variables which can be conveniently handled mathematically is such that a great deal of generality is lost. There is a further risk of loss of generality in attempting to represent the mathematical results in a form suitable for application, preferably graphical. This paper attempts to achieve the initial goal of including at least the fundamental variables in the analysis and representing the results in a reasonably useful form.
“DeCew Falls, Abitibi” Turbine Tests
Authors: Aeberli A. E. , Walker R. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the results of Gibson tests for efficiency and performance of the DeCew Falls, Abitibi Francis turbine. This turbine was installed initially at the Abitibi Canyon station to operate under 237-ft head and was later removed and reinstalled at a new site in the DeCew Falls station to operate under 280-ft head. A comparison is developed to show the results “expected” at DeCew Falls from the original Abitibi tests versus the actual field test results obtained at DeCew Falls.
Symposium on Laboratory Testing of Hydraulic Turbine Models in Relation to Field Performance
Authors: Petersen H. J. , Crowe G. F. , Rheingans William J. , MacNamee William R. , Sproule Robert S. , VanderBoegh Bruce L. , Johnson G. Dugan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This report includes, in full, the five prepared statements by representatives of the major American manufacturers and, in condensed form, the written and oral discussions presented at the 1956 Annual Meeting. These discussions have been condensed by Mr. G. Dugan Johnson, the 1956 Chairman of the Hydraulic Prime Movers Subcommittee, to reduce the over-all length of this publication and have not been edited by the respective authors. Therefore they may not reflect the intended and fully considered opinion of the parties quoted and where this is the case these authors are particularly requested to submit written discussions, correcting or appending this record. The Summary has also been prepared by Mr. Johnson and reflects his personal and tentative summation of the points on which the panel members and discussers appear to him to agree. It is offered as a basis for discussion at the 1957 Annual Meeting, particularly by each panel member and discusser quoted in this report.
Vibration and Shock in Freight Cars as Causes of Lading Damage
Authors: Settles James C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The high costs resulting from merchandise damaged in railway freight transit in recent years indicate a need for improvement and justify major changes in equipment design where necessary to meet the requirements of present operating conditions. Vibration and shock are two probable causes of lading damage. These two problems are analyzed briefly and on the basis of the findings methods are suggested for improving equipment design to reduce damage to both lading and equipment due to these two causes.
Treatment of Make-Up Feedwater, Condensate, and Recycle Water for Supercritical and Nuclear-Reactor Power-Plant Cycles
Authors: Calise V. J. , Duff J. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive view of the experience and practical knowledge, as well as the thought and advanced ideas employed in treatment of water in such power plants of the future as the supercritical and nuclear power stations. An attempt is made to show where pioneering engineering and scientific developments are being applied with little practical long-range experience to support them. Nevertheless the frontiers of power-plant water-treatment engineering are being advanced and we believe that the next few years will show substantial accumulation of actual performance data useful to power-plant designers of the future.
The Use of Adjustable-Stator Blades to Reduce the Idle Fuel Flow of a Simple-Cycle, Single-Shaft Gas Turbine
Authors: Howard C. , Hendrickson R. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A simple-cycle, single-shaft, gas-turbine power plant has been tested with adjustable compressor-stator blading to investigate this method of reducing idle fuel flow. This paper discusses the factors affecting idle fuel flow, and presents results of power-plant tests with several stator geometries.
Dynamic Analysis of a Boiler
Authors: Chien K. L. , Ergin E. I. , Ling C. , Lee Allyn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a boiler is accomplished by certain approximations which reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations to linear ordinary time-differential forms, and make it possible to obtain the time-dependent functions of large numbers of boiler variables. Linear equations thus obtained are solved by means of an electronic differential analyzer and open-loop response of drum pressure and water level for various input variables (feed-water rate, fuel-flow rate, and steam-flow rate) are shown as examples. A linearly controlled response of the same boiler is also given as an example of the flexibility of the method and the analog solution. It is shown that the potentiality of the method is not limited to this initial study, but can be extended for greater accuracy with the availability of machine computation. Analog simulation of the boiler also makes it possible to investigate the effects of the boiler physical dimensions, heat, or mass-transport constants and to verify some of the basic assumptions on the dynamic behavior of the over-all system.
Continuous Measurement of Characteristics of Systems With Random Inputs: A Step Toward Self-Optimizing Control
Authors: Goodman T. P. , Hillsley R. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To achieve self-optimizing control, a signal which reflects changes in system dynamics must be available to actuate controller adjustments. In this paper a new technique is presented whereby changes in system parameters are detected from changes in the moments of the system impulse response. At the same time, changes in input statistical properties are detected by changes in the moments of the input autocorrelation function. Recent investigations by Paynter and others have shown the importance of impulse-response moments as a means for characterizing the dynamics of a system. By the technique described in this paper, these moments are determined continuously and directly from the random variations in the system input and output, without passing through the intermediate steps of obtaining the input-output correlation functions and the system’s impulse or frequency response. The precision of measurement of the moments can be estimated statistically, so that the design specifications for the equipment required for any desired precision of measurement can be established. The new technique has been applied experimentally to a simple linear system with promising results.
Tacit Knowledge Capture Using Digital Tools in a Human-Robot Interaction: A Case Study
Authors: Guerra-Zubiaga David A. , Nasajpour-Esfahani Navid , Phan Ngan Q. , Gupta Shalu , Block Logan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Industry 4.0 is considering a new industrial revolution with important advanced manufacturing paradigms connected. This paper explores the capture of tacit knowledge using digital tools and a robotic mechatronic case study. Digital manufacturing tools have been used to simulate complex human-robot interactions, and it is important to capture said tacit knowledge to create next generation automation systems. This research uses a tacit knowledge lifecycle to capture key mechatronics experiences using a digital twin. The research hypothesis is that capturing mechatronic tacit knowledge through digital twins could support the creation of a new and more complex next generation automation system.