bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematic–lamellar tricritical behavior and structure of the lamellar phase in the ammonium pentadecafluorooctanoate (APFO)/water system
Authors: Boden N. , Clements J. , Jolley K. W. , Parker D. , Smith M. H. 
Published: July 2002

2H NMR spectroscopy has been used to map a high-resolution (±0.04 K) phase diagram for the ammonium pentadecafluorooctanoate(APFO)/heavy water system. It is qualitatively similar to that for the CsPFO/heavy water system. In particular, it exhibits a discotic micellar nematic phase N+D intermediate to an isotropic micellar solution phase I and a lamellar phase for weight fractions of APFO between 0.395 (φ=0.278) and 0.589 (φ=0.455) and temperatures between 292.10 and 338.10 K. The N+D to lamellar transition crosses over from second to first order behavior at a tricritical point similar to the superfluid transition in 3He/4He mixtures. X-ray scattering experiments shows there to be no dramatic change in the structure of the micelle at the I to N+D and the N+D to lamellar transitions. Nematic order parameters (orientational order parameters of the discoidal micelles) have been calculated from electrical conductivity measurements. Their variation with temperature in the nematic phase and across the nematic to lamellar transition are qualitatively consistent with the behavior expected for thermotropic calamitic liquid crystals undergoing an isotropic to nematic to smectic-A sequence of transitions.
It is, therefore, concluded that the transition from the N+D to the lamellar phase solely involves the propagation of long range positional ordering of the discoidal micelles into planes along the nematic director, that is, the lamellar phase is a discotic lamellar phase LD. This result reinforces previous claims about the structure of the lamellar phase of the CsPFO system as opposed to the alternative scenario of a classical lamellar phase in which the bilayers are perforated by microscopic defects. This conclusion is supported by measurements of 2H quadrupole splittings of heavy water. Similar measurements for deuterated ammonium ions show a preference for counterion binding to sites of lowest surface curvature. The fraction of counterions bound to the surface of the micelle is shown to increase as the temperature is lowered due to a growth in diameter and associated changes in surface curvature.
Translational and orientational dynamics of a water cluster (H2O)108 and liquid water: Analysis of neutron scattering and depolarized light scattering
Authors: Saito Shinji , Ohmine Iwao 
Published: July 2002

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze effects of the translational and orientational motions on the coherent and the incoherent neutron scattering and the depolarized light scattering (DLS) spectra of the water cluster (H2O)108 and liquid water. In the neutron scattering of the water cluster and liquid water, there exist two modes, the high and the low frequency modes, in the collective longitudinal current fluctuations for oxygen atoms. The low frequency mode is almost independent on wave number above 0.6 Å−1, while the velocity of the high frequency mode is faster than 3000 m/s, as experimentally observed in liquid water. The nature of this high frequency mode is analyzed by changing the molecular interaction parameters characterizing the hydrogen bond structure of the system. It was found that the high frequency mode is very sensitive to hydrogen bond structure and a three dimensional network structure of the hydrogen bonds is essential for its existence. In order to characterize the water dynamics reflected in the neutron scattering, the density fluctuations of water are classified into two kinds of dynamics; the local oscillatory dynamics around local potential minima (intrabasin dynamics) and the large amplitude dynamics associated with the structure change of hydrogen bond network (inherent structure transitions; interbasin dynamics). We also analyzed the collective and individual longitudinal current fluctuations for hydrogen atoms.
For the depolarized light scattering, the contribution of the cross correlation is examined and compared with those in the collective orientational relaxation in the far infrared spectrum. The interaction-induced component plays a dominate role below 300 cm−1 while the permanent component does above 300 cm−1 in DLS of the cluster and liquid water. The induced component relaxes very slowly in the cluster and yields almost an identical relaxation to that of the dipole–dipole interaction tensors. It was found that the power spectrum of the DLS base line of liquid water obtained from the molecular dynamics calculation is in good agreement with experimentally observed spectrum by Walrafen et al.
‘Drunken Tans’: Representations of Sex and Violence in the Anglo-Irish War (1919–21)
Authors: Ryan Louise 
Published: July 2002

War is a highly gendered experience which is both informed by and informs constructions of masculinity and femininity. The dominant depiction of masculine heroes and feminine victims simplifies the complex intersections of militarism, nationalism and gendered roles and identities. Focusing on a case study of the Anglo-Irish War or War of Independence (1919–1921), this paper examines how violence against women, especially sexual violence, was written about and reported in ways which framed representations of Irish and British masculinity and Irish femininity. In addition, by analysing a range of varied sources including newspapers, autobiographical accounts and recorded testimonies, this paper attempts to assess the extent to which violence against women formed a key aspect of military practice in the war. In conclusion, I engage with some of the difficulties faced by researchers today in exploring evidence of gendered violence in specific historical, cultural and militarized contexts.
Literacy, schooling and ideology in a multilingual state
Authors: Blackledge Adrian 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue that current government policy for teaching literacy in schools in England is part of a broader ideology of homogeneity which is visible in other dominant‐culture institutions. Despite the multilingual nature of England and its schools, the dominant discourse is one which values English at the expense of other languages, leading to the ‘misrecognition’ (Bourdieu, 1998b: 131), by majority and minority language speakers alike, of English as the sole language of symbolic capital. While the first part of this article outlines the monolingual ideology of current literacy policy in schools in England, and locates this in the context of a similar ideology evident in discourses beyond education, I also suggest that this process of symbolic domination is not inevitable. Schools need not be sites of social and cultural reproduction. They can challenge existing relations of power in society, and put in place structures and practices which question and even reverse the coercive relations between majority‐culture schools and minority‐culture communities and their children. I propose some ways forward in the development of structures which can enable schools to become sites of social and cultural transformation, rather than reproduction.
Aging of Human Skin: Review of a Mechanistic Model and First Experimental Data
Authors: Giacomoni Paolo U. , Declercq Lieve , Hellemans Lieveke , Maes Daniel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe physical, chemical, and biochemical factors that accelerate skin aging have been proposed to activate a self‐maintained micro‐inflammatory process, one of the expected end results of which is an imbalance in the turnover of macromolecules in the dermis. Surface peroxides are recognized as controllable factors of skin aging, and their accumulation is attributed to environmentally induced impairment of defense enzymes. Topical application of antioxidants decreases the rate at which skin elasticity and skin thickness are modified.
Pressing the ‘send’ key — preferential journal access in developing countries
Authors: Silver Keith 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTArguably the most striking recent departure in online publishing has been the succession of initiatives designed to provide free or reduced‐rate journal access to the developing world. This article examines the motives behind some of these campaigns and probes the difficulties associated with supplying scientific information equitably, productively, and to an appropriate readership in developing or transitional countries. It considers the strengths and weaknesses of the main solutions currently on offer, while advocating a more unified approach based on the three C's of co‐ordination, comprehensiveness, and clarity.
Book reviews
Authors: Fraser Ron , Mabe Michael , Watkinson Anthony 
Published: July 2002

The Web of Knowledge: A Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Garfield edited by Blaise Cronin and Helen Barsky Atkins ASIS Monograph Series, Information Today, Medford, NJ, 2000. Pp. 565. Hardback, $49.50. ISBN 1‐57387‐099‐4A Century of Science Publishing: A Collection of Essays edited by Einar H. Frederiksson IOS Press (Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam), 2001, Pp. 320. Paperback, $38/Eur40/£26. ISBN 1‐58603‐148
The Arason invariant and mod 2 algebraic cycles
Authors: Esnault Hélène , Kahn Bruno , Levine Marc , Viehweg Eckart 
Published: July 2002

Letkkbe a field,XXoverkka smooth variety with function fieldKKandEEa quadratic vector bundle overXX. Assuming that the generic fibreqqofEEis inI3K⊂W(K)I^3K\subset W(K), we compute the image of its Arason invariant\[e3(q)∈H0(X,He´t3(Z/2))e^3(q)\in H^0(X,{\mathcal H}_{\mathrm {\acute {e}t}}^3({\mathbb Z}/2))\]inCH2(X)/2CH^2(X)/2by thed2d_2differential of the Bloch-Ogus spectral sequence. This gives an obstruction toe3(q)e^3(q)being a global cohomology class.
METATOOL: for studying metabolic networks.
Authors: Pfeiffer T , S√°nchez-Valdenebro I , Nu√±o J C , Montero F , Schuster S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: To reconstruct metabolic pathways from biochemical and/or genome sequence data, the stoichiometric and thermodynamic feasibility of the pathways has to be tested. This is achieved by characterizing the admissible region of flux distributions in steady state. This region is spanned by what can be called a convex basis. The concept of 'elementary flux modes' provides a mathematical tool to define all metabolic routes that are feasible in a given metabolic network. In addition, we define 'enzyme subsets' to be groups of enzymes that operate together in fixed flux proportions in all steady states of the system. RESULTS: Algorithms for computing the convex basis and elementary modes developed earlier are briefly reviewed. A newly developed algorithm for detecting all enzyme subsets in a given network is presented. All of these algorithms have been implemented in a novel computer program named METATOOL, whose features are outlined here. The algorithms are illustrated by an example taken from sugar metabolism. AVAILABILITY: METATOOL is available from ftp://bmsdarwin.brookes.ac. uk/pub/software/ibmpc/metatool. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: http://www. biologie.hu-berlin.de/biophysics/Theory/tpfeiffer/metatoo l.html
Earliest pages of bioinformatics
Authors: Trifonov Edward N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This review is a brief outline of the chronology and essence of early events in bioinformatics, covering the period from 1869 (discovery of DNA by Miescher) to 1980–1981 (beginning of massive sequencing). For the purpose of this review, bioinformatics is understood as a chapter of molecular biology dealing with the amino acid and nucleotide sequences and with the information they carry.
Contact: edward.trifonov@weizmann.ac.il
Comparison of two recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in in-vitro fertilization: a randomized clinical study
Authors: Tulppala Maija , Aho Milla , Tuuri Timo , Vilska Sirpa , Foudila Tuija , Hakala-Ala-Pietilä Tiina , Moilanen Jarna , Bützow Tarja , Kaukoranta Seija , Söderström-Anttila Viveca , Siegberg Rita , Suikkari Anne-Maria , Hovatta Outi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A randomized comparison of two recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (recFSH) preparations (Gonal-F® and Puregon®) in ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was carried out at the Infertility Clinic of the Family Federation of Finland. A total of 348 women (aged 22–43 years) suffering from infertility due to miscellaneous causes was recruited. Of these, 344 underwent stimulation using equal starting doses (150 IU/day: Gonal-F®n = 164, Puregon®n = 158 or 300 IU/day: Gonal-F®n = 8, Puregon®n = 14) after down-regulation with intranasal buserelin from the mid-luteal phase. Similar clinical pregnancy rates were achieved with both preparations; 33.5% per cycle and 37.4% per embryo transfer (24.5% one-embryo and 75.5% two-embryo transfers, n = 147) with Gonal-F® (150 IU/day) and 32.9% per cycle and 36.4% per embryo transfer (30.1% one-embryo and 69.9% two-embryo transfers, n = 145) with Puregon® (150 IU/day). The ongoing cumulative pregnancy rates after frozen–thawed embryo transfer were 35.4% with Gonal-F® and 37.7% with Puregon®. Six cycles were cancelled because of a low response (three in each group). Similar numbers of oocytes were obtained in both groups; 13.0 with 150 IU/day and 6.1 with 300 IU/day Gonal-F®, and 12.4 with 150 IU/day and 7.1 with 300 IU/day Puregon®. The fertilization and cleavage rates and the incidence of moderate or severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (Gonal-F®, 2.0% and Puregon®, 0.7%) were also similar. Gonal-F® and Puregon® were equally and highly effective in stimulation for IVF and ICSI.
A trial comparing low-dose, short-course ciprofloxacin and standard 7 day therapy with co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Authors:   the Urinary Tract Infection Group, Iravani Abdollah , Klimberg Ira , Briefer Caesar , Munera Catherine , Kowalsky Steven F. , Echols Roger M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The study was undertaken to compare the safety and efficacy of twice-daily ciprofloxacin for 3 days with standard 7 day therapy with either co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of women with acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI). This multicentre, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial compared oral ciprofloxacin (100 mg bd) for 3 days with co-trimoxazole (160/800 mg bd) or nitrofurantoin (100 mg bd) for 7 days. Bacteriological and clinical evaluations were performed at study entry, during therapy and 4-10 days and 4-6 weeks after the completion of therapy. The primary efficacy parameter was eradication of the causative organism 4- 10 days following treatment. Of 713 women enrolled and evaluable for safety, 521 were evaluable for efficacy (168 ciprofloxacin, 174 co-trimoxazole, 179 nitrofurantoin). Escherichia coli (83%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen in all treatment groups. Bacteriological eradication was reported in 88% of ciprofloxacin patients, 93% of co-trimoxazole patients and 86% of nitrofurantoin patients. At the 4-6 week follow-up, ciprofloxacin had statistically significantly higher eradication rates (91%) than co-trimoxazole (79%; 95% confidence limit (CL) = −20.6%, −3.9%) and nitrofurantoin (82%; 95% CL = −17.1%, −0.9%). Clinical resolution 4- 10 days after therapy and at the 4- 6 week follow-up was similar among the three treatment groups. The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was not significantly different (P= 0.093) among the three drug regimens, althousgh co-trimoxazole was associated with a greater number of adverse events than ciprofloxacin (P ≤0.05). Ciprofloxacin also caused fewer episodes of nausea than either of the other agents (P ≤0.01).
A novel approach for assesing macromolecular complexes combining soft‐docking calculations with NMR data
Authors: Morelli Xavier J. , Palma P. Nuno , Guerlesquin Françoise , Rigby Alan C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present a novel and efficient approach for assessing protein–protein complex formation, which combines ab initio docking calculations performed with the protein docking algorithm BiGGER and chemical shift perturbation data collected with heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) or TROSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This method, termed “restrained soft‐docking,” is validated for several known protein complexes. These data demonstrate that restrained soft‐docking extends the size limitations of NMR spectroscopy and provides an alternative method for investigating macromolecular protein complexes that requires less experimental time, effort, and resources. The potential utility of this novel NMR and simulated docking approach in current structural genomic initiatives is discussed.
Hydroxynonenal inactivates cathepsin B by forming Michael adducts with active site residues
Authors: Crabb John W. , O'Neil June , Miyagi Masaru , West Karen , Hoff Henry F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOxidation of plasma low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) generates the lipid peroxidation product 4‐hydroxy‐2 nonenal (HNE) and also reduces proteolytic degradation of oxLDL and other proteins internalized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. This leads to accumulation of undegraded material in lysosomes and formation of ceroid, a component of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. To explore the possibility that HNE contributes directly to the inactivation of proteases, structure‐function studies of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B have been pursued. We found that treatment of mouse macrophages with HNE reduces degradation of internalized maleyl bovine serine albumin and cathepsin B activity. Purified bovine cathepsin B treated briefly with 15 μM HNE lost ∼76% of its protease activity and also developed immunoreactivity with antibodies to HNE adducts in Western blot analysis. After stabilization of the potential Michael adducts by sodium borohydride reduction, modified amino acids were localized within the bovine cathepsin B protein structure by mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides. Michael adducts were identified by tandem mass spectrometry at cathepsin B active site residues Cys 29 (mature A chain) and His 150 (mature B chain). Thus, covalent interaction between HNE and critical active site residues inactivates cathepsin B. These results support the hypothesis that the accumulation of undegraded macromolecules in lysosomes after oxidative damage are caused in part by direct protease inactivation by adduct formation with lipid peroxidation products such as HNE.
High stability of a ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon A. ambivalens: Involvement of electrostatic interactions and cofactors
Authors: Moczygemba Charmaine , Guidry Jesse , Jones Kathryn L. , Gomes Cláudio M. , Teixeira Miguel , Wittung‐Stafshede Pernilla 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ferredoxin from the thermophilic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens is a small monomeric seven‐iron protein with a thermal midpoint (Tm) of 122°C (pH 7). To gain insight into the basis of its thermostability, we have characterized unfolding reactions induced chemically and thermally at various pHs. Thermal unfolding of this ferredoxin, in the presence of various guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) concentrations, yields a linear correlation between unfolding enthalpies (ΔH[Tm]) and Tm from which an upper limit for the heat capacity of unfolding (ΔCP) was determined to be 3.15 ± 0.1 kJ/(mole • K). Only by the use of the stronger denaturant guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) is unfolding of A. ambivalens ferredoxin at pH 7 (20°C) observed ([GuSCN]1/2 = 3.1 M; ΔGU[H2O] = 79 ± 8 kJ/mole). The protein is, however, less stable at low pH: At pH 2.5, Tm is 64 ± 1°C, and GuHCl‐induced unfolding shows a midpoint at 2.3 M (ΔGU[H2O] = 20 ± 1 kJ/mole). These results support that electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to the stability. Analysis of the three‐dimensional molecular model of the protein shows that there are several possible ion pairs on the surface. In addition, ferredoxin incorporates two iron–sulfur clusters and a zinc ion that all coordinate deprotonated side chains. The zinc remains bound in the unfolded state whereas the iron–sulfur clusters transiently form linear three‐iron species (in pH range 2.5 to 10), which are associated with the unfolded polypeptide, before their complete degradation.
Sb2Se3 Thin‐Film Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Power Conversion Efficiency Enabled by Injection Vapor Deposition Technology
Authors: Duan Zhaoteng , Liang Xiaoyang , Feng Yang , Ma Haiya , Liang Baolai , Wang Ying , Luo Shiping , Wang Shufang , Schropp Ruud E. I. , Mai Yaohua , Li Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBinary Sb2Se3 semiconductors are promising as the absorber materials in inorganic chalcogenide compound photovoltaics due to their attractive anisotropic optoelectronic properties. However, Sb2Se3 solar cells suffer from complex and unconventional intrinsic defects due to the low symmetry of the quasi‐1D crystal structure resulting in a considerable voltage deficit, which limits the ultimate power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, the creation of compact Sb2Se3 films with strong [00l] orientation, high crystallinity, minimal deep level defect density, fewer trap states, and low non‐radiative recombination loss by injection vapor deposition is reported. This deposition technique enables superior films compared with close‐spaced sublimation and coevaporation technologies. The resulting Sb2Se3 thin‐film solar cells yield a PCE of 10.12%, owing to the suppressed carrier recombination and excellent carrier transport and extraction. This method thus opens a new and effective avenue for the fabrication of high‐quality Sb2Se3 and other high‐quality chalcogenide semiconductors.
Stimuli‐Responsive Hybrid Vesicle for Tumor Dual‐Model NIR‐II Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging and Precise Radiotherapy
Authors: Lv Ningning , Zhang Xuan , Wang Shuhan , Wu Ying , Ge Xiaoguang , Song Jibin , Ma Qingjie , Gao Shi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBioimaging guided‐radiotherapy is widely investigated as one of the mainstream cancer theranostic strategies for precision medicine. Nevertheless, background noise with “always‐on” imaging signal and inadequate tumor enrichment restrict disease diagnosis and therapy. Here, a nanogapped gold nanoparticles (AuNNPs)–silver sulfide (Ag2S) vesicle (Ve) is designed as a “biological switch” through the self‐assembly of pH‐responsive polymer thiolated polystyrene‐co‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) grafted AuNNPs and Ag2S quantum dots (QDs). The AuNNPs–Ag2S Ve exhibits quenched NIR‐II fluorescence (FL) and enhanced photoacoustic signals initially, which can be specifically activated by an acidic environment to release Ag2S QDs and “turn on” NIR‐II FL signal in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 950–1700 nm) window. Besides, the strategy of disease‐located NIR‐II imaging guided cancer therapy can remarkably enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy, as well as minimize side effects. Such an intelligent nanoplatform with the ability of stimulus activated NIR‐II imaging guided radiotherapy shows great promise to precision biomedicine in the future.