bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammary tuberculosis: report on 52 cases
Authors: Khanna R , Prasanna G V , Gupta P , Kumar M , Khanna S , Khanna A K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Fifty two cases of tuberculosis of the breast encountered over a 15 year period and accounting for 3% of all breast lesions are reported. The classic presentation was a breast lump with associated sinus in 39%, isolated breast lump in 23%, sinus without lump in 12%, and tender nodularity in 23% of the patients. Associated axillary lymphadenopathy was found in 41%. Diagnosis was confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology or histology in all the cases and antitubercular therapy formed the mainstay of treatment.
Procedures for recovering mesospheric and stratospheric temperatures from OSIRIS scattered-sunlight measurements
Authors: Haley C S , McDade I C 
Published: July 2002

Procedures for recovering mesospheric and stratospheric temperature profiles from scattered-sunlight limb radiance measurements made by the OSIRIS (optical spectrograph and infrared imager system) instrument on the Odin satellite are described. We assess various approaches to the problem and show that temperature recoveries based on an analysis of inferred volume-scattering rates are significantly more accurate than those based on direct analysis of the observed limb radiances. A forward model for the OSIRIS instrument is used to test temperature recovery algorithm performance in the presence of realistic instrument noise and to assess the expected accuracy of the OSIRIS temperature recoveries. It is shown that, for radiances measured in the near-infrared region, temperatures can be reliably recovered over the altitude range 40 km to 80 km with an accuracy of better than ±1 K. PACS Nos.: 42.68Mj, 94.10Dy
An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission
Authors: Murtagh D , Frisk U , Merino F , Ridal M , Jonsson A , Stegman J , Witt G , Eriksson P , Jiménez C , Megie G , Noë J de la , Ricaud P , Baron P , Pardo J R , Hauchcorne A , Llewellyn E J , Degenstein D A , Gattinger R L , Lloyd N D , Evans W FJ , McDade I C , Haley C S , Sioris C , Savigny C von , Solheim B H , McConnell J C , Strong K , Richardson E H , Leppelmeier G W , Kyrölä E , Auvinen H , Oikarinen L 
Published: July 2002

Odin is a 250 kg class satellite built in co-operation between Sweden, Canada, France, and Finland and launched in February 2001. It carries two instruments: a 4-band sub-millimetre radiometer used for both astronomy and atmospheric science and an optical spectrometer and infrared imaging system for purely atmospheric observations. As part of the joint mission Odin will observe the atmospheric limb for 50% of the observation time producing profiles of many species of interest in the middle atmosphere with a vertical resolution of 12 km. These species include, among others, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine monoxide, nitric acid, water vapour, and nitrous oxide. An overview of the mission and the planned measurements is given. PACS Nos.: 42.68Mj, 94.10Dy, 95.55Fw
A Decade of Molecular Studies of Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: O'Donnell William T. , Warren Stephen T. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation. In most cases the disease is caused by the methylation-induced transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene that occurs as a result of the expansion of a CGG repeat in the gene's 5′UTR and leads to the loss of protein product fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA binding protein that associates with translating polyribosomes as part of a large messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) and modulates the translation of its RNA ligands. Pathological studies from the brains of patients and from Fmr1 knockout mice show abnormal dendritic spines implicating FMRP in synapse formation and function. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo neuronal studies indicates that FMRP is located at the synapse and the loss of FMRP alters synaptic plasticity. As synaptic plasticity has been implicated in learning and memory, analysis of synapse abnormalities in patients and Fmr1 knockout mice should prove useful in studying the pathogenesis of fragile X syndrome and understanding learning and cognition in general.If an appreciable portion of the total variance (in IQ) is due to sex linked genes, it is of more importance that a boy should have a clever mother than a clever father.     Hogben 1932 (quoted in Lehrke 1974 )
Electrochemistry of Poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) and Its Application in Electrochemical Capacitor Materials
Authors: Naoi Katsuhiko , Suematsu Shunzo , Manago Ari 
Published: July 2002

A poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) [poly(DAAQ)], which is a conducting polymer condensed with 1,4‐benzoquinone, was studied electrochemically and was proposed as a new category of electrochemical capacitor material. In common nonaqueous media, the poly(DAAQ) showed two sets of reproducible redox couples for repeated cycles. The potential window of the material was in the range from ca. −1.5 to +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In situ UV‐visible spectroscopy suggested that the redox couple observed around −1.5 V is responsible for the quinone group and that around +1.0 V is due to the π‐conjugated system. The poly(DAAQ) showed high conductivity

(
0.3
–
2.0

Ω

−
1

cm

−
1

)

over a wide range of potential (−2.0 to 0.8 V), which suggests extension of the π‐conjugated system. It is proposed here that one can construct an electrochemical capacitor device by utilizing poly(DAAQ) as both positive and negative electrodes. We constructed the poly(DAAQ)/poly(DAAQ) electrochemical capacitor for test purposes. The poly(DAAQ)/poly(DAAQ) electrochemical capacitor exhibited high specific energy

(
25
–
46

Wh kg

−
1

)

and high specific power

(
10
,
200
–
30
,
500
W

kg

−
1

)

at discharge rates from 30 to 90 C. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Simvastatin Reduces Expression of Cytokines Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Circulating Monocytes From Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Authors: Rezaie-Majd Abdolreza , Maca Thomas , Bucek Robert A. , Valent Peter , Müller Michael R. , Husslein Peter , Kashanipour Ahmad , Minar Erich , Baghestanian Mehrdad 
Published: July 2002

Objective—A number of studies have shown that statins decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins have recently been implicated in the clinical benefit that can be obtained in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Little is known about the mechanisms by which statins counteract inflammation.Methods and Results—In this study, we asked whether simvastatin can influence in vitro and in vivo production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. A total of 107 hypercholesterolemic patients were treated with simvastatin. As measured by ELISA, serum levels of cytokines significantly decreased after 6 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, simvastatin decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Similar results were obtained in vitro by using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy normolipemic donors. Exposure to simvastatin, atorvastatin, or cerivastatin caused downregulation of the expression of cytokine mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all statins tested were able to reduce the concentrations of cytokines in cellular and extracellular fractions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P<0.05).Conclusions—Our data show that simvastatin is anti-inflammatory through the downregulation of cytokines in the endothelium and leukocytes. These effects may explain some of the clinical benefits of these drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Pitton Michael Bernhard , Schmenger Ralf Patrick , Neufang Achim , Konerding Moritz Anton , Düber Christoph , Thelen Manfred 
Published: July 2002

Background—The purpose of the present study was to systematically analyze the histopathologic organization processes in excluded aneurysms after endovascular stenting and to develop a noninvasive monitoring method for these processes using MRI.Methods and Results—In 36 mongrel dogs, autologous aortic aneurysms were created. Endovascular treatment was performed using covered stents. Follow-up was after 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months. MRI was performed with T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo sequences and T1-weighted spin-echo sequences and was repeated after contrast bolus with gadolinium. Histopathologic findings were correlated to signal intensities (SIs) of MRI images. SIs of distinct areas were analyzed and related to the SI of the reference tissue (SI ratio). The histological organization process was gradated in the following 4 classes: class 0, detritus without organization; classes I and II, connective tissue proliferation with increasing fiber synthesis; and class III, dense fibrous connective tissue. The SI ratios of T2-weighted images were significantly reduced from 4.76 in detritus (0) to 1.70 in dense fibrous connective tissue (III) as a function of histopathologic classes. SI ratios of T1-weighted images were reduced from 1.84 (0) to 1.12 (III). Contrast bolus with gadolinium-DTPA showed no change of SI ratio in detritus (0.99) but an increase from 1.12 (I) to 1.70 (III) as organization increased.Conclusions—The histological organization of excluded aneurysms can be monitored by MRI. Progressive organization is indicated by decreasing SIs in T2- and an increasing signal increase in T1-weighted images after gadolinium bolus.
The Neural Correlates of Grammatical Gender: An fMRI Investigation
Authors: Miceli Gabriele , Turriziani Patrizia , Caltagirone Carlo , Capasso Rita , Tomaiuolo Francesco , Caramazza Alfonso 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In an fMRI experiment, subjects saw a written noun and made three distinct decisions in separate sessions: Is its grammatical gender masculine or feminine (grammatical feature task)? Is it an animal or an artifact (semantic task)? Does it contain a /tch/ or a /k/ sound (phonological task)? Relative to the other experimental conditions, the grammatical feature task activated areas of the left middle and inferior frontal gyrus and of the left middle and inferior temporal gyrus. These activations fit in well with neuropsychological studies that document the correlation between left frontal lesions and damage to morphological processes in agrammatism, and the correlation between left temporal lesions and failure to access lexical representations in anomia. Taken together, these data suggest that grammatical gender is processed in a left fronto-temporal network. In addition, the observation that the grammatical feature task and the phonology task activated neighboring but distinct regions of the left frontal lobe provides a plausible neuroanatomical basis for the systematic occurrence of phonological errors in aphasic subjects with morphological deficits.
Materials Flows in Finland: Resource Use in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Mäenpaää Ilmo , Juutinen Artti 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn this article, the development of natural resource use in Finland during the period 1970‐1997 is analyzed. In measuring natural resource use, the concept of total material requirement (TMR) is applied. The focus is on the linkages of resource use with the changing structures of the economy. The linkages are studied using input‐output analysis.Using input‐output analysis, the TMR is further partitioned into resources used for domestic final use or for total material consumption (TMC) and total material requirement of exports (TME). The analysis shows that TMR has the problem of double accounting: if the TMRs of all countries of the world are summed, then international trade would be accounted for twice in the world TMR, once in imports and once in exports of each country.The TMC concept does not have this kind of defect. In a small, open economy like that of Finland, where the share of foreign trade is large, the difference between the TMR and the TMC is also large. We show that by 1997, the TME comprised about half of Finland's TMR and that the growth of the TMR over the study period has been due to the TME only as the TMC has stayed rather constant.
Comparison of Plastic Packaging Waste Management Options: Feedstock Recycling versus Energy Recovery in Germany
Authors: Wollny Volrad , Dehoust Günter , Fritsche Uwe R. , Weinem Peter 
Published: July 2002

SummaryPlastics recycling, especially as prescribed by the German Ordinance on Packaging Waste (Verpackungsverordnung), is a conspicuous example of closing material loops on a large scale. In Germany, an industry‐financed system (Duales System Deutschland) was established in 1991 to collect and recycle packaging waste from households. To cope with mixed plastics, various “feedstock‐recycling” processes were developed. We discuss the environmental benefits and the cost‐benefit ratio of the system relative to municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, based on previously published life‐cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Included is a first‐time investigation of energy recovery in all German incinerators, the optimization opportunities, the impact on energy production and substitution processes, an estimation of the costs, and a cost‐benefit assessment.In an LCA, the total environmental impact of MSW incineration is mainly determined by the energy recovery ratio, which was found on average to reach 39% in current German incineration plants. Due to low revenues from additional energy generation, it is not cost‐effective to optimize the plants energetically. Energy from plastic incineration substitutes for a specific mixture of electric base‐load power, district heating, and process steam generation. Any additional energy from waste incineration will replace, in the long term, mainly natural gas, rather than coal.Incineration of plastic is compared with feedstock recycling methods in different scenarios. In all scenarios, the incineration of plastic leads to an increase of CO2 emissions compared to landfill, whereas feedstock recycling reduces CO2 emissions and saves energy resources.The costs of waste incineration are assumed to decrease by about 30% in the medium term. Today, the calculated costs of CO2 reduction in feedstock recycling are very high, but are ex‐pected to decline in the near future. Relative to incineration, the costs for conserving energy via feedstock recycling are 50% higher, but this gap will close in the near future if automatic sorting and processing are implemented in Germany.
L'ORGANISATION SOCIALE DE L'AGRICULTURE DANS L'EGYPTE PHARAONIQUE PENDANT L'ANCIEN EMPIRE (2650-2150 AVANT J.-C.)
Authors: García Juan Carlos Moreno 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe author analyses the social background of agriculture in Old Kingdom Egypt as well as the interaction of its main constituents : institutions, peasants and the royal taxes. The impact of the foundation of royal farms and temples on peasant communities enhanced the position of the local elite, which became gradually incorporated into the State administration as the local representative of the Pharaoh. Social inequalities also increased on the long term, as some peasants became heavily indebted whereas rural potentates acquired land, serfs and flocks. The final result was the weakening of the State and the struggle for power by the members of the rural elite enriched during this process. L'auteur analyse l'organisation sociale de l'agriculture égyptienne pendant l'Ancien Empire, ainsi que les rapports existant entre ses éléments les plus importants : d'une part les institutions, d'autre part les paysans et, finalement, les impôts et les taxes prélevés par l'Etat. La fondation de temples et d'exploitations agricoles de la couronne contribua à renforcer la condition sociale des élites locales, de plus en plus intégrées dans l'appareil de l'Etat en tant que représentantes locales du Pharaon. Des inégalités sociales apparurent aussi au cours du temps, puisque certains secteurs de la paysannerie devinrent endettés en même temps que les potentats ruraux cumulaient des terres, des serfs et des troupeaux. Ce processus aboutit à l'affaiblissement du pouvoir de l'Etat et à des luttes pour le pouvoir entre les membres des élites rurales, enrichies grâce à ce processus.
MINT CONSOLIDATION AND THE WORSENING OF THE LATE SAFAVID COINAGE: THE MINT OF HUWAYZA
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe provincial town of Huwayza in Arabistan/Khuzistan, southwestern Iran, was a minting center from the early days of the Safavid period. Huwayza became an especially productive mint in the course of the seventeenth century, issuing a silver coinage, the mahmudi, that became the most widely circulating of all currencies throughout the Persian Gulf basin. A combination of extant mahmudis and written records about these coins permits an analysis that views the coinage of Huwayza through the prism of the economic problems that plagued Iran in the later Safavid period. The focus of the present article is twofold. The first part examines the place of Huwayza in the general consolidation of mints in seventeenth-century Iran and seeks to explain why Arabistan was somewhat of an exception to this trend. Part two makes an effort to substantiate the alleged deterioration of the Huwayza coinage as of the 1660s through numismatic techniques, relates this to the overall monetary situation in the country, and speculates on the causes and reasons for the demise of the Huwayza mahmudi at the turn of the eighteenth century. Huwayza, centre provincial situé en Arabistan/Khuzistan, au sud-ouest de l'Iran, possédait un atelier de monnaie dès le début de l'époque safavide. L'atelier monétaire de Huwayza atteignit son essor productif dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, avec la frappe d'un monnayage d'argent, le mahmudi, qui devint la monnaie la plus repandue dans le bassin entier du golfe Persique et jusqu'aux côtes occidentales de l'Inde. L'étude des pièces de monnaie preservées et des données écrites qui leur sont consacrées, nous permet d'analyser le mahmudi de Huwayza à la lumière des difficultés économiques qui accablaient l'Iran vers la fin de l'époque safavide. Le présent article a un double objectif. La première partie s'interroge sur la place de Huwayza dans l'unification des ateliers de frappe iraniens au XVIIe siècle, et sur les raisons pour lesquelles Huwayza ne s'était pas conformé à cette tendance générale. La seconde partie tente de vérifier, par des techniques numismatiques, la détérioration prétendue de la monnaie de Huwayza à partir de 1660. Enfin, en établissant un rapport entre le mahmudi de Huwayza et les conditions monétaires générales dans le pays, nous évoquons les causes de l'arrêt de l'émission de cette monnaie au tournant du XVIIIe siècle.
DIASPORA: HOMELAND RELATIONS IN EZRA-NEHEMIAH
Authors: Bedford Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEzra-Nehemiah is widely recognized as stressing the separation of Judeans repatriated from Babylonian exile from those they found living in and around Judah at their return. A related theme has received little attention, namely, the on-going relationship between the repatriates and their parent community in the Babylonian-Elamite diaspora. The present article highlights features of this relationship, noting that as a colony of the Babylonian exiles, the community of repatriates remained dependent on the diaspora for leadership and for instruction in religious culture and practice. It is suggested that in tandem with the emphasis on separatism, this view of diaspora-homeland relations reflects a concern current in the mid- to late-fourth century Judah to articulate a Judean identity that reinforced the connection of the Babylonian diaspora to the homeland. In its view of diaspora-homeland relations, Ezra-Nehemiah displays certain features in common with other late-Persian and Hellenistic biblical texts such as Esther and Daniel i-vi.
Spending Changes After Moving to Areas With Greater ACO Participation Among Nonattributed Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Hou Yucheng , Domino Marisa Elena , Lewis Valerie A. , Gong Qing , Callison Kevin , Trogdon Justin G. 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceAccountable care organizations (ACOs) under the Medicare Shared Savings Program have long been envisioned as a pathway to improved care efficiency and quality of care for all Medicare beneficiaries. However, little is known about whether the changes in health care spending associated with ACOs have extended beyond ACO-attributed Medicare beneficiaries to all Medicare beneficiaries.ObjectiveTo estimate spending changes by non-ACO–attributed Medicare beneficiaries after moving to geographic areas with greater ACO participation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study analyzed claims from a 20% representative sample of all Medicare beneficiaries, aged 65 to 99 years, from 2009 to 2017. The sample consisted of Medicare beneficiaries who were never attributed to an ACO and moved once across hospital service areas (HSAs) during the study period (movers) and was supplemented by a 20% random sample of beneficiaries who never moved (nonmovers). Data analysis took place from November 2022 to October 2024.ExposureChanges in the ACO market penetration rate triggered by nonattributed Medicare beneficiaries moving across HSAs.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAnnual standardized Medicare spending per beneficiary on acute inpatient, outpatient facility, physician services, and total acute care as well as on hospital outpatient department, evaluation and management, and nonadmitted emergency department visits.ResultsThe estimation sample included 62 618 movers (388 263 beneficiary-years; mean [SD] age, 75 [7] years; 134 503 [65%] female-years) and 433 298 nonmovers (2 066 404 beneficiary-years; mean [SD] age, 76 [8] years; 1 273 154 [62%] female-years). In the base model, moving into a market with a 1-SD higher ACO penetration was associated with a 5.8% (95% CI, 4.1%-7.4%) decrease in spending on outpatient facilities and with a 1.6% (95% CI, 0.9% to 2.2%) increase in spending on physician services. Limited changes in total spending on acute inpatient and total acute care were found. These estimated changes were robust to controlling for a rich set of patient- and market-level characteristics and origin-destination HSA combinations.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study provided novel evidence of market-level ACO spillovers to non-ACO–attributed Medicare beneficiaries. Although no substantial ACO spillovers in total acute care spending occurred, the substitution in spending on outpatient facility and physician services suggested that outpatient care may shift away from higher-cost facility settings for all Medicare beneficiaries in markets with greater ACO penetration.