bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting childhood adversities from conditions of birth
Authors: Green Melissa J. , Watkeys Oliver J. , Kariuki Maina , Hindmarsh Gabrielle , Whitten Tyson , Dean Kimberlie , Laurens Kristin R. , Harris Felicity , Carr Vaughan J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildbirth presents an optimal time for identifying high‐risk families to commence intervention that could avert various childhood health and social adversities.ObjectiveWe sought to establish the minimum set of exposures required to accurately predict a range of adverse childhood outcomes up to the age of 13 years, from a set of 14 individual and familial risk exposures evident at the time of birth.MethodsParticipants were 72,059 Australian children and their parents drawn from a multi‐register population cohort study (data spanning 1994–2018). Risk exposures included male sex, young mother (aged ≤21 years), no (or late first; >16 weeks) antenatal visit, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small for gestational age, preterm birth, pregnancy complications (any of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes or pre‐eclampsia), >2 previous pregnancies of ≥20 weeks, socio‐economic disadvantage, prenatal child protection notification, and maternal or paternal mental disorder or criminal offending history. Individual outcomes included early childhood developmental vulnerability (age 5 years), sustained educational underachievement (age 8 and 10 years), mental disorder diagnoses, substantiated childhood maltreatment, and contact with the police as a victim or person‐of‐interest up to age 13–14 years.ResultsRisk exposures at birth predicted individual childhood outcomes with fair to excellent accuracy: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranged between 0.60 (95% CI 0.58, 0.62) for childhood mental disorder and 0.83 (95% CI 0.82, 0.85) for substantiated child maltreatment. The presence of five or more exposures characterised 12–25% of children with one or more adverse outcomes and showed high predictive certainty for models predicting multiple outcomes, which were apparent in 9% of the population.ConclusionsUp to a quarter of the neonatal population at risk of multiple adverse outcomes can be detected at birth, with implications for population health screening. However, cautious implementation of these models is warranted, given their relatively low positive predictive values.
Politicalized empowered learning and complex policy implementation: Targeted poverty alleviation in China's county governments
Authors: Cai Changkun , Li Yuexiao , Tang Na 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe implementation of complex policies is of critical significance for the achievement of many central governments' policy expectations. How do local governments implement complex policies? By using a structured‐learning framework constructed from the governance‐localization perspective, we evaluated the mode three Chinese counties employed to implement the targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policy. We found poverty alleviation task teams were the core TPA practitioners, and the implementation mode was politicalized empowered learning. Local governments reconstructed their implementation structures through the establishment of politicised project organisations. By involving and braiding multiple policy actors, vertical and horizontal conflicts were resolved, and collective action structures were constructed. They also constructed governance mechanisms for policy learning. Top‐down policy knowledge was translated and shared; bottom‐up local knowledge was produced; and, policy knowledge and local knowledge were integrated. The relationships between implementation structures, policy learning, and political steering led to diverse and unexpected policy implementation outcomes.
Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions
Authors: Abdalla Khatab , Mutema Macdex , Chivenge Pauline , Everson Colin , Chaplot Vincent 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRestoration of degraded grasslands through improved management is among the possible sustainable solutions to compensate for anthropogenic soil carbon (C) emissions. While several studies have shown a positive effect of rehabilitation on soil C, the impact on soil CO2 emissions is still uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed at quantifying the impact of grassland rehabilitation on soil CO2 emissions in a degraded grassland, South Africa. Commonly used rehabilitation practices were considered, that is rotational grazing (RG), livestock exclosure with fertilizer application (EF) and annual burning (AB), all being compared with traditional free grazing (FG). A total of 2880 in situ measurements of CO2 emissions were performed over 2.5 years under field conditions simultaneously with aboveground biomass, soil temperature, water content and soil organic C (SOC) to understand the changes in C fluxes. The RG performed the best under degraded grasslands by decreasing net CO2 emissions (per g of C) by 17% compared to FG, while EF increased emissions by 76% and AB had similar emissions to FG. The lower net emission under RG is associated with an increase in SOC stocks by 50% and aboveground biomass by 93%, after three years of implementation. Soil CO2 emissions were correlated positively to aboveground biomass and topsoil temperature (r = 0.91 and 0.60, respectively), implying a high effect of grass cover on soil microclimate and microbial activity. These results suggested RG as a potential cost‐effective nature‐based soil management strategy to increase SOC stocks into degraded grassland. However, long‐term trials replicated in different environments are still required.
Translational profile of developing phellem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana roots
Authors: Leal Ana Rita , Barros Pedro Miguel , Parizot Boris , Sapeta Helena , Vangheluwe Nick , Andersen Tonni Grube , Beeckman Tom , Oliveira M. Margarida 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe phellem is a specialized boundary tissue providing the first line of defense against abiotic and biotic stresses in organs undergoing secondary growth. Phellem cells undergo several differentiation steps, which include cell wall suberization, cell expansion, and programmed cell death. Yet, the molecular players acting particularly in phellem cell differentiation remain poorly described, particularly in the widely used model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using specific marker lines we followed the onset and progression of phellem differentiation in A. thaliana roots and further targeted the translatome of newly developed phellem cells using translating ribosome affinity purification followed by mRNA sequencing (TRAP‐SEQ). We showed that phellem suberization is initiated early after phellogen (cork cambium) division. The specific translational landscape was organized in three main domains related to energy production, synthesis and transport of cell wall components, and response to stimulus. Novel players in phellem differentiation related to suberin monomer transport and assembly as well as novel transcription regulators were identified. This strategy provided an unprecedented resolution of the translatome of developing phellem cells, giving a detailed and specific view on the molecular mechanisms acting on cell differentiation in periderm tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis.
Damage Model Prediction of Crack Initiation and Propagation in Five Fracture Geometries for X80 Pipeline Steel
Authors: Williams Bruce W. , Xue Jia , Xu Su , Park Dong-Yeob , Tyson William R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Test specimens used to calibrate damage-mechanics models are designed to produce a range of stress triaxialities and Lode angles to accurately capture the fracture envelope of the metal. Many of these specimens have lower constraint than deeply notched fracture specimens that undergo stable tearing and have high constraint at the crack tip. Often just one or two fracture geometries are used to calibrate the model. In this work, the ability of a damage model to capture variability associated with constraint at a crack tip, particularly for crack initiation, is assessed. A recent round-robin (Wilkowski et al., 2019, “1st Round-Robin for Exploring the Effects of Constraint on Fracture Initiation Toughness for Surface-Cracked Pipe/Fittings,” Panel Session held in Conjunction With ASME PVP2019, San Antonio, TX) study on the initiation toughness of X80 provided data for five fracture specimens in which crack tip constraint varied. As a damage model for X80 was not available, the well-calibrated modified Mohr–Coulomb (MMC) damage models from literature for X65 and X70 were used as a starting point for the model. Experimental data from the single compact tension C(T) specimen were used to slightly modify the X65 and X70 models to capture the X80 fracture response. The MMC damage model was applied in finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate both the crack initiation and propagation responses of single-edge-notched-tension (SENT) and surface-cracked pipe specimens. Except for a low J-integral at initiation predicted for the C(T) specimen, the remaining predicted responses for force, pressure, and initiation were in good agreement with the experimental data provided in the round-robin.
A Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement and Fluid Flow of Enhanced Tube With Ellipsoidal Dimples and Protrusions
Authors: Zheng Ji-yu , Zhang Liang , Liu Cheng-Gang , Liang Zheng , Deng Xiong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Heat transfer enhancement is an important thermal–hydraulic phenomenon in heat exchangers. Previous investigations mostly focused on unidirectional heat transfer enhancement inside the tube. In order to realize the bidirectional heat transfer enhancement inside and outside the tube, an enhanced tube with ellipsoidal dimples and protrusions is proposed. Through comparison among three computational conditions, the non-conjugate and periodic condition is adopted in this paper. Flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of the enhanced tube are investigated by numerical method. The distributions of temperature and flow fields are carried out to illustrate the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms. The Nusselt number, friction coefficient, and performance evaluation criteria (PEC) are presented to reveal thermal–hydraulic performance. Moreover, the effects of the geometric parameters such as dimple depth, dimple pitch, dimples/protrusions numbers in the circumference, and arrangement mode on thermal–hydraulic characteristics are investigated. The results show that the structure of dimples and protrusions induces intensive impingement and interrupts the boundary layers, improving the heat transfer for the internal and external flow, respectively. Besides, the Nu increases with depth and dimples/protrusions numbers in the circumference and decreases with the pitch in most cases. The overall heat transfer performance of staggered arrangement is better than that of aligned arrangement. For the present parameter conditions, when D = 2 mm, P = 25 mm, n = 6, and Re = 5000, the largest PEC of 1.40 and 1.42 occurs for the internal and external flow, respectively.
Boeing 737-400 Passenger Air Conditioner Control System Model for Accurate Fault Simulation
Authors: Chowdhury Shafayat H. , Ali Fakhre , Jennions Ian K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The aircraft environmental control system (ECS) is a highly integrated and complex system. The passenger air conditioner (PACK) is the heart of the ECS and has been reported as a key driver of unscheduled maintenance by aircraft operators. This is principally due to the PACK’s ability to compensate for degraded components, and hence mask their real condition, so that when failure occurs it is a major event. The development of an accurate diagnostic solution would identify the degradation early and hence focus effective maintenance and reduce cost. This paper is a continuation of the authors’ work on the development of a systematically derived PACK simulation for accurate fault diagnostics, utilizing a model-based approach. In practice, the PACK simulation accuracy is dependent on a number of factors, which include the understanding of its control system. The paper addresses this by taking an in-depth look at the factors controlling the operation of the PACK to enable the gap between the theoretical understanding of the PACK and the engineering design of the system to be bridged, and accurate simulations under healthy and degraded scenarios obtained. This paper provides a comprehensive explanation of the PACK control system elements (principally valves) and verifies their operation based on experimental test data acquired from a B737-400 aircraft. A discussion of the control used in the simulation is then given, resulting in the correct temperature, pressure, and flow being delivered to the cabin. The overall simulation results are then presented to demonstrate the importance of using a systematically derived control logic. They are then further used to assess the impact of degradation in the main PACK valves (PVs).
Engineering of core-shell Au nanorods@ZIF-8 electrocatalyst for sensitive voltammetric determination of 2-chlorophenol in aquaculture
Authors: Sun Junyong , Liu Xian , Chen Like , Peng Lijun , Peng Xitian , Gan Tian 
Published: February 2022

Herein, polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized Au nanorods were controllably implanted into ZIF-8 to form a well-uniformed AuNRs@ZIF-8 electrocatalyst with a multicore-shell structure. After characterizing the chemical and physical properties, a novel electrochemical sensing platform was fabricated for 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) monitoring based on the AuNRs@ZIF-8 modified glassy carbon electrode. Due to the unique electrochemical property of AuNRs cores and ultra-porous architecture of ZIF-8 shell, the electrocatalyst would effectively accelerate the electron transfer and greatly improve the electrochemical response of 2-CP. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current of 2-CP enhanced linearly with the increase of its concentration between 0.010 and 40 μM, and the limit of detection was 3.6 nM based on S/N = 3. Meanwhile, the prepared AuNRs@ZIF-8 electrode showed favorable stability, reproducibility, and selectivity, which could be applied to the accurate analysis of 2-CP in aquaculture with standard addition recovery ranging from 96.67% to 104.0%.
Complexity of four-dimensional hairy anti-de-Sitter black holes with a rotating string and shear viscosity in generalized scalar–tensor theories
Authors: Bravo-Gaete Moisés , Santos F. F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn four dimensions, we consider a generalized scalar–tensor theory where the coupling functions only depend on the kinetic term of the scalar field. For this model, we obtain a set of hairy anti-de-Sitter black hole solutions, allowing us to calculate the computational complexity, according to the Complexity equals Action conjecture. To perform this, the system contains a particle moving on the boundary, corresponding to the insertion of a fundamental string in the bulk. The effect string is given by the Nambu–Goto term, analyzing the time development of this system. Together with the above, we calculate the shear viscosity, where the viscosity/entropy density ratio can violate the Kovtun–Son–Starinets bound for a suitable choice of coupling functions.
A Phase Ib/II Randomized Study of RO4929097, a Gamma-Secretase or Notch Inhibitor with or without Vismodegib, a Hedgehog Inhibitor, in Advanced Sarcoma
Authors: Gounder Mrinal M. , Rosenbaum Evan , Wu Nian , Dickson Mark A. , Sheikh Tahir N. , D'Angelo Sandra P. , Chi Ping , Keohan Mary Lou , Erinjeri Joseph P. , Antonescu Cristina R. , Agaram Narasimhan , Hameed Meera R. , Martindale Moriah , Lefkowitz Robert A. , Crago Aimee M. , Singer Sam , Tap William D. , Takebe Naoko , Qin Li-Xuan , Schwartz Gary K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Purpose:
Because the Hedgehog and Notch pathways are often overexpressed in mesenchymal malignancies, we evaluated the efficacy of concurrent inhibition of Notch and Hedgehog signaling using the gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) RO4929097 and the smoothened antagonist vismodegib in unresectable or metastatic sarcoma.

Patients and Methods:
In this investigator-initiated trial, phase Ib used standard 3+3 dose escalation in which patients first received vismodegib once daily for 21 days, followed by the combination of RO4929097 concurrently with vismodegib in 21-day cycles. In phase II, patients were randomized to RO4929097 alone or in combination with vismodegib.

Results:
Nine patients were treated in phase Ib with no dose-limiting toxicities. RO4929097 at 15 mg daily in combination with 150 mg daily of vismodegib was declared the recommended phase II dose. Most adverse events were grade ≤ 2. In phase II (closed early due to discontinuation of RO4929097 evaluation), 34 patients were randomized to RO4929097 alone and 33 to RO4929097 plus vismodegib. RO4929097 did not interfere with the steady-state concentration of vismodegib, while vismodegib reduced the plasma concentration of RO492909. No patients had an objective response. Neither progression-free nor overall survival differed significantly between treatment arms. Paired tumor biopsies from a subset of patients demonstrated inhibition of cleaved Notch.

Conclusions:
The combination of RO4929097 plus vismodegib was generally well tolerated. Although accrual to this study was not completed, vismodegib did not meaningfully enhance the clinical efficacy of RO4929097 in an unplanned analysis. GSIs and GSIs plus vismodegib can inhibit intratumoral Notch and downstream phosphorylated Akt signaling.
Athena’s Vote: Imperial Proceedings and the Hegemonic Origins of International Criminal Law in Aeschylus’ Eumenides
Authors: Buis Emiliano J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the author gives an account of the final trial scene in Aeschylus’ Eumenides, which in his opinion could be described as a subtle literary representation of the imperial justification of the exercise of criminal legal power over foreigners in classical Athens. Based on a philosophical exploration of the importance of criminal pollution and the need to create a new tribunal—the Areopagus—to institutionally overcome its dreadful consequences, it is contended that Aeschylean drama provides us with an aesthetic justification in antiquity for the creation (and imposition) of courts concerned with international offences which were considered to be extremely serious and dangerous for Athenian interests.
Defining cerebral leukocyte populations in local ischemic blood samples from patients with hyperacute stroke
Authors: Zimmermann Lena , Pham Mirko , März Alexander G , Kollikowski Alexander M , Stoll Guido , Schuhmann Michael K 
Published: February 2022

In acute stroke, neuroinflammation can nowadays be analyzed by local cerebral aspiration of pial-ischemic blood during mechanical thrombectomy. Recently, Shaw et al. reported on differences in leukocyte subpopulations within the occluded cerebrovascular compartment. In their study, a main proportion of granulocytes was lost during isolation. By immediate analysis, we found a reproducible increase in absolute local granulocytes without variations in absolute lymphocyte and monocyte numbers. Flow-cytometric phenotyping confirmed a high proportion of granulocytes and a local shift towards CD4+ T cells. Thus, immediate analysis appears to be critical to observe distinct local responses of leukocytes to acute ischemic stroke.
Working with palliative care physicians to prepare for voluntary assisted dying legislation
Authors: Holmes Alex , Clinch Alexandra , Moran Juli , Yoong Jaclyn , Benson Melanie , Boughey Mark , Philip Jennifer 
Published: February 2022

Objective The Victorian Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (the Act) exposed a spectrum of opinions regarding euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide amongst Victorian palliative care physicians leading to sometimes acrimonious debate. The profession was unable to articulate a unified role in respect of VAD. Method A collaboration between psychiatry and palliative care led to a series of group discussions in order to prepare for the Act and to re-establish professional cohesion. Results Although the meetings revealed a plurality of views regarding VAD amongst palliative care physicians, the majority were firmly against the Act. Early meetings revealed strong feelings of shock and an inability to proceed. Previous debates resurfaced between those in support and those not in support of VAD. Over time, there was increased acceptance of the need to adapt to the presence of the Act in order to limit its impact on the robust relationship with the patient central to the practice of palliative care. Conclusions The implementation of VAD legislation requires an active process to address the challenges it represents for palliative care physicians. Collaborative facilitated meetings can help re-establish group cohesion through affirming the core principles of palliative care which remain independent of VAD
Successful Treatment of a 92-Year-Old Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma Man With Ultra-Low Dose Oral Etoposide
Authors: Tas Faruk , Sakar Burak 
Published: February 2022

Introduction Because classic Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS) is currently regarded as a low-grade vascular malignancy, it has been usually known as indolent clinical course. The slow-growing neoplasms are usually asymptomatic and rarely systematically progressive. Although CKS is a chronic disease which is rarely life-threatening, systemic therapy may be necessary in some patients with symptomatic skin or visceral involvement. Case report In this report, we presented a 92-year-old CKS man with widespread and symptomatic skin lesions. Management and outcome Patient was treated successfully with ultra-low dose oral etoposide; 50 mg/day for 7 days. Cycles were repeated in every 21 days. There was a dramatic regression in all lesions at the end of treatment; only skin colorations were persisted instead of palpable nodular lesions. Moreover, no serious hematological and non-hematological adverse events were observed. Discussion Fragile advanced CKS patients with advanced age and/or comorbitidies need to be considered to optimize outcomes. Treatment with single-agent oral chemotherapy, oral ultra-low dose etoposide, may be one of the effective treatment styles.