bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legacy media as inhibitors and drivers of public reservations against science: global survey evidence on the link between media use and anti-science attitudes
Authors: Mede Niels G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPublic resentment toward scientific institutions, scholars, and their expertise challenges the status of science in society in many countries worldwide. It is thus essential to examine the global prevalence of such resentment—and the potential of legacy media to temper it, thanks to their ability to cultivate positive views of science, educate citizens, and connect publics to scientific discourse. However, existing research has mostly surveyed Western populations, focused on pro-science rather than anti-science views, rarely studied the role of media use, and often ignored country characteristics that may interact with media use. This secondary analysis addresses these caveats, drawing on the 2017–2020 wave of the World Values Survey (N = 70,867 in 49 countries) and three relevant country-level indicators (freedom of the press, populism, uncertainty avoidance). Findings indicate that anti-science attitudes vary substantially across countries and are more prevalent in many Latin American nations. Results of Bayesian multilevel regressions show that frequent use of newspapers, TV, and radio indeed alleviates anti-science attitudes in some countries—but fosters them in others, particularly in those where populist rhetoric is more prevalent in public discourse, potentially because such rhetoric often challenges science and academic expertise. These findings call for further comparative research on global reservations against science and reflections about their repercussions on the science-society nexus.
RF generation using a compact bench gyromagnetic line
Authors: Rossi J. O. , Yamasaki F. S. , Barroso J. J. , Greco A. F. , Rangel E. G. L. , Teixeira A. F. , Neto L. P. S. , Schamiloglu E. 
Published: February 2022

The search for new technologies aiming to reach radiofrequency (RF) generation in different manners for diverse ends is a constant demand for several applications. The goal is to develop cost-effective and simpler systems compared to those that already exist. Our motivation is to reach an alternative way of generating RF in pulsed transmission systems employing a gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line (GNLTL). The GNLTL consists of a ferrite-loaded-coaxial transmission line and can produce a large frequency spectrum with RF conversion efficiency above 10% from about 200 MHz up to the frequency of 2–4 GHz (S-band) for potential space-based applications. In a GNLTL, the signal amplitude is related to its propagation velocity since the peak voltage travels faster than its portion of lower amplitudes since the ferrite permeability decreases with the current amplitude. As the pulse crest travels faster than its valley, a time reduction happens in the output rise time, called pulse sharpening. Besides, the magnetic moments of ferrite dipoles initially aligned with the axial magnetic bias are displaced from their original position by the azimuthal field generated around the inner conductor by the current pulse, resulting in a damped precession movement. This movement happens along the line length as the current pulse propagates, inducing high-frequency oscillations. In short, the paper’s goal is to present the experimental results using a 60-cm gyromagnetic line to provide RF in the GHz range using a solenoid for magnetic bias on a testing bench. Finally, the paper discusses the influence of the azimuthal and the axial magnetic fields on the output signal with the ferrite rings operating in a saturation state during the current pulse propagation.
Confinement effects on glass-forming mixtures: Insights from a combined experimental approach to aqueous ethylene glycol solutions in silica pores
Authors: Reuhl Melanie , Monnard Philipp , Vogel Michael 
Published: February 2022

We perform nuclear magnetic resonance, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry studies to ascertain the dynamical behaviors of aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solutions in silica pores over broad temperature ranges. Both translational and rotational motions are analyzed, and the pore diameter (2.4–9.2 nm) and the EG concentration (12–57 mol. %) are varied, leading to fully liquid or partially crystalline systems. It is found that the translational diffusion coefficient strongly decreases when the diameter is reduced, resulting in a slowdown of nearly three orders of magnitude in the narrowest pores, while the confinement effects on the rotational correlation times are moderate. For the fully liquid solutions, we attribute bulk-like and slowed down reorientation processes to the central and interfacial pore regions, respectively. This coexistence is found in all the studied pores, and, hence, the range of the wall effects on the solution dynamics does not exceed ∼1 nm. Compared to the situation in the bulk, the concentration dependence is reduced in confinements, implying that the specific interactions of the molecular species with the silica walls lead to preferential adsorption. On the other hand, bulk-like structural relaxation is not observed in the partially frozen samples, where the liquid is sandwiched between the silica walls and the ice crystallites. Under such circumstances, there is another relaxation process with a weaker temperature dependence, which is observed in various kinds of partially frozen aqueous systems and denoted as the x process.
Hierarchical timescales in the neocortex: Mathematical mechanism and biological insights
Authors: Li Songting , Wang Xiao-Jing 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceIn the neocortex, while early sensory areas encode and process external inputs rapidly, higher-association areas are endowed with slow dynamics suitable for accumulating information over time. Such a hierarchy of temporal response windows along the cortical hierarchy naturally emerges in a model of multiareal primate cortex. This finding raises the question of why diverse temporal modes are not mixed in roughly the same way across the whole cortex, despite high connection density and an abundance of feedback loops. We investigate this question by mathematically analyzing the anatomically based network model of macaque cortex and theoretically show that three sufficient conditions of synaptic excitation and inhibition give rise to timescale segregation in a hierarchy, a functionally important characteristic of the cortex.
Variation of TNF modulates cellular immunity of gregarious and solitary locusts against fungal pathogen
Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Wang Yundan , Tong Xiwen , Yuan Shenglei , Yang Pengcheng , Li Ling , Zhao Yong , Kang Le 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Ecological immunology addresses the interactions between host immunity and the environment. Locusts display density-dependent phase transitions between solitary and gregarious locusts. In control practices and laboratory bioassays, gregarious locusts always exhibit stronger resistance to fungal pathogens than solitary locusts. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism of altered immune switch in locusts. Here, we combined mathematical simulation and experimental studies to show that gregarious locusts inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to alter immune defense by enhancing humoral defense and reducing cellular defense, and high levels of TNF reduce the survival of solitary locusts. Our study provides an important cue for understanding cellular immunity variations in response to different population densities and for improving the control efficacy of locust plagues.
Place-making: From a Residents’ Initiative to a Participatory Effect: The Case Study of BOMBAST
Authors: Schulte Monique , de Heus Nicoline 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This case study illustrates an organic bottom-up place-making process, which started with the initiative of a couple of residents who created an invented folktale as a gift to their community. Through the development of a fictional character, these residents intuitively tried to embody the place’s norms and values or, in other words, the DNA of the community. The challenge, however, was how to transform this single initiative into shared meaning-making, borne by the wider local community. Two trends, noted in place-making literature, are of significance for the case. First, the case shows that, in making the place more attractive to live, the focus should be on the intangible attributes— the cultural soul of the place. Secondly, the case illustrates, through the use of the Imagineering Design Methodology, how the wider community has been enabled to become co-producers and co-consumers in the place-making process. Moreover, by actively including disruptive voices, such as those locals who were critical in the enabling interventions, the place-making process evolved. The case, therefore, shows how these interventions led to a participatory effect.

VIU logo

WLCE logo

Information
Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence Main image: Stichting BOMBAST, 2020. Drawing by Clema van Bekhoven
© Monique Schulte – van Alphen and Nicoline de Heus2022
Energy–momentum tensor and duality symmetry of linearized gravity in the Fierz formalism
Authors: Tóth Gábor Zsolt 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A formulation of linearized gravity in flat background, based on the Fierz tensor as a counterpart of the electromagnetic field strength, is discussed in detail and used to study fundamental properties of the linearized gravitational field. In particular, the linearized Einstein equations are written as first order partial differential equations in terms of the Fierz tensor, in analogy with the first order Maxwell equations. An energy–momentum tensor

(

T

lg

a
b

)

with favourable properties and exhibiting remarkable similarity to the standard energy–momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field is found for the linearized gravitational field.

T

lg

a
b

is quadratic in the Fierz tensor (which is constructed from the first derivatives of the linearized metric), traceless, and satisfies the dominant energy condition in a gauge that contains the transverse traceless (TT) gauge. It is further shown that in suitable gauges, including the TT gauge, linearized gravity in the absence of matter has a duality symmetry that maps the Fierz tensor, which is antisymmetric in its first two indices, into its dual. Conserved currents associated with the gauge and duality symmetries of linearized gravity are also determined. These currents show good analogy with the corresponding currents in electrodynamics.
Slab dielectric waveguide with randomly fluctuating refractive indices
Authors: Reyes-Romero Arturo , Cruz Anabel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The three-layer slab dielectric waveguide is perhaps the most basic structure for designing optical and electronic devices. Deterministic results, assuming constant refractive indices, on the propagation of an electromagnetic wave within this structure are well known and they are reported in papers and textbooks, however to the best of the authors knowledge, there are no works reported in the literature on the stochastic propagation. In order to describe the stochastic propagation, we propose a model in which the refractive indices are variables fluctuating randomly. Our main objective is to show the student the significant difference between the deterministic and stochastic response of the system, when constant or random refractive indices are considered. In particular the dispersion curves, the distribution of the fields and the energy flow are presented and discussed. Our results show that the asymmetry factor associated with the dispersion curves can be easily modified by means of the magnitude of the induced fluctuation. Another interesting property shows that both TE0 and TM0 fundamental modes propagate only for small fluctuations. In the core of the guide, the amplitude of the electric and magnetic fields exhibits damped oscillations due to the randomness of the system. The energy flow is high in the substrate region, but it is vanishing in the cladding region. We conclude that those deterministic results are a particular case of our stochastic results.
A bi-stable mechanism actuated by patterned permanent magnet and Cu-Ni integrated micro-coil
Authors: Wang Yue , Xie Jin , Zhang Fengtian , Tao Fenggang , Xiong Zhuang , Zhi Chao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a bi-stable mechanism, which mainly consists of a suspended mass, a spacer and a bottom plate. Electromagnetic actuation is used for switching between two states (i.e. ‘On/Off’ state). The actuation is achieved via permanent magnet (PM) on the suspended mass and micro-coils embedded in the bottom plate. Different from spiral coil and central core in conventional design, micro-coils in this paper integrate Cu and Ni together as a whole, acting as both coil and ferromagnetic core. This integration simplifies the fabrication into one-mask process. Furthermore, chessboard patterned PM is utilized with Cu-Ni integrated micro-coils to generate enhanced force density. The bi-stable mechanism is designed, fabricated and experimentally characterized. Total size of this mechanism is 16 × 14 × 2 mm3. No power is needed for holding either of the state. Switching processes (both ‘On’ to ‘Off’ and ‘Off’ to ‘On’) can be realized with external acceleration of 24 G (gravity) and 37 G, respectively. Furthermore, resetting (i.e. ‘On’ to ‘Off’) can also be accomplished with 1.5 A current input.
Development of microfluidic flow cytometry capable of characterization of single-cell intrinsic structural and electrical parameters
Authors: Liang Hongyan , Zhang Yi , Chen Deyong , Li Yueying , Wang Yixiang , Wang Junbo , Chen Jian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although single-cell intrinsic structural and electrical parameters (e.g. D
c of cell diameter, D
n of nuclear diameter, σ
cy of cytoplasmic conductivity and C
sm of specific membrane capacitance) are promising for cell-type classification, they cannot be obtained simultaneously due to structural limitations of previously reported flow cytometry. This paper presented a microfluidic flow cytometry made of a double T-type constriction channel plus a predefined fluorescence detection domain, capable of high-throughput characterizing single-cell D
c, D
n, σ
cy and C
sm leveraging a home-developed impedance-fluorescence model. As a demonstration, the microfluidic platform quantified D
c, D
n, σ
cy and C
sm from ∼10 000 individual cells of three well-established tumor cell lines of A549, SW620 and HeLa where successful rates of cell-type classification were estimated as 54.5 ± 1.3% (D
c), 68.9 ± 6.8% (D
c + D
n) and 84.8 ± 4.4% (D
c, D
n, σ
cy + C
sm) based on neural pattern recognition. Then D
c, D
n, σ
cy and C
sm derived from ∼10 000 single cells of K562 vs Jurkat of leukemia and SACC-LM vs CAL 27 of oral tumor were quantified and compared, where successful rates of cell-type classification were estimated as 87.3% (K562 vs Jurkat) and 79.5% (SACC-LM vs CAL 27), respectively. In summary, the microfluidic platform reported in this study could quantify single-cell intrinsic structural and electrical parameters simultaneously, leading to significant increases in successful rates of cell-type classification.
Asymmetric optical transmission of a metallic grating-incorporated Fabry–Pérot cavity
Authors: Abudula Aibibula , Sun Zhijun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this report, we show a structure of metallic grating-incorporated Fabry–Pérot (F–P) cavity demonstrating asymmetric optical transmission (AOT) for all transmission modes. The asymmetric transmission basically arises from asymmetric coupling and decoupling of resonant surface plasmons (SPs) on both sides of the metallic grating with asymmetric media of different indices. Coupling of the SP mode with anti-resonance mode of the F–P cavity in orthogonal directions further optimizes transmission characteristics of the structure for asymmetric transmission. Particularly, a high contrast AOT is achieved by locating the SP resonance position at center of the anti-resonance band of the F–P cavity. Meanwhile, SP resonance modes induced at different interfaces/regions of the cavity structure influence the transmission properties. The AOT structure has no nanoapertures and critical requirements on profile of the grating surfaces for fabrication, and can be adapted to various optical systems.
Unbalanced distribution of electric current in underwater electrical wire array explosion
Authors: Liu Zhigang , Qian Dun , Xu Cong , Li Liuxia , Zou Xiaobing , Wang Xinxin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The uniformity of electric current distribution in a wire array and its unstable behavior during the process of underwater electrical explosion have been investigated. Two exploding wires in parallel were used in the experiments and the current waveforms flowing through each wire were obtained using two self-integrating coils. Significant differences in the current waveforms of the two wires were observed near the melting point, which was attributed to the non-simultaneity of heating and phase transition. Unbalanced current distribution caused by the deviations of wire dimensions was analyzed based on a magneto-hydrodynamic model, and the simulation results show that thermodynamic state difference between two wires is present throughout the entire electrical explosion process. It is also found that the initial stored energy of pulse generator will affect the thermodynamic state evolution of exploding wires, resulting in different behaviors of current distribution after the explosion time. The slightly different heating rate caused by unbalanced current distribution in a wire array can break the symmetry of converging shock waves and lower the pressure peak in the vicinity of implosion axis, which was discussed based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.
Stray field and combined effects on device miniaturization of the magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Cheng Chih-Wei , Chen Kuan-Ming , Wei Jeng-Hua , Hsin Yu-Chen , Sheu Shyh-Shyuan , Wu Chih-I , Tseng Yuan-Chieh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Magneto-static stray field (H
stray) interactions become an important issue when perpendicular CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are miniaturized. This raises the issue of which of the two mainstream etching processes, the pillar structure and the step structure, is better able to retain MTJ performance at extremely small scales. In the current study, we first simulated H
stray effects as a function of Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida strength within a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure for the two structures. Our results revealed that H
stray interactions were less influential (in terms of offset field) in step MTJs than in pillar MTJs during MTJ miniaturization. This is in good agreement with experimental results. This finding is further supported by adding Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions into the free-layer of the two structures. We further simulated thermal stability with the inclusion of H
stray for 30 nm MTJs. We found that adding etching damage effects (i.e. assuming both anisotropy constant and saturation magnetization of the free layer had some degree of loss) into the model of the pillar MTJ was necessary to obtain a trend that is close to the experimental results of thermal stability. This information can provide some guidance on the technical choices for the MTJ miniaturization.
Invalidation of the acquisition of internal quantum efficiency using temperature-dependent photoluminescence in InGaN quantum wells with high threading dislocation density
Authors: Yu Jiadong , Wang Lai , Wang Jian , Hao Zhibiao , Luo Yi , Sun Changzheng , Han Yanjun , Xiong Bing , Li Hongtao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) is mostly employed to evaluate the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of light-emitting semiconductors. The key assumption of this method is that the IQE is 100% under low temperature (LT) (e.g. 10 K), which is often considered to be reasonable without any verification. This may lead to an obvious contradiction between a considerable IQE value and poor emission intensity, especially when there exists a high threading dislocation density. In this paper, the power-dependent photoluminescence (PDPL), TDPL, and time-resolved photoluminescence are carried out on three InGaN single-quantum-well samples with diverse threading dislocation densities to obtain the IQE and the recombination coefficients. It is found that the IQE at LT must be confirmed by PDPL and used to calibrate the TDPL values. Then, the IQEs obtained from different measurements are in good agreement under the same excitation conditions. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain the evolution of IQE and recombination coefficients with threading dislocation density. This work indicates that the commonly used TDPL is not reliable, as the hypothesis of negligible nonradiative recombination at LT is proven to not be valid for InGaN quantum well samples, especially those with high threading dislocation density (>1010 cm−2).
Fine structure of thermoluminescence assisted by molecular vibrations in disordered organic semiconductors
Authors: Sugakov V I 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The article deals with the issue of the influence of a separate mode of molecular vibrations on the formation of the thermoluminescence from disordered systems with quasi-continuous spectra of localized carriers. The contribution of vibrations is noticeable if the energy of their quanta is close to the depth of some localized carriers and the transition of the carrier into the conductive region occurs via absorption of these quanta. At some value of a carrier–vibration interaction, the effect manifests itself in the appearance of a fine discrete structure on the generally smooth thermoluminescence curve. The thermoluminescence of polymers is calculated using the model of non-adiabatic transitions, in which the carrier–vibrational interaction is determined by the displacements of nuclei in the presence of the carrier. The dependence of the arising discrete structure of the thermoluminescence curve on a number of parameters of the system like the magnitude of the carrier–vibration interaction, the width of vibrational levels, the parameters of the conductive region is investigated. The processes with participation of multiple quanta of vibrations are investigated and the formation of repetitive structures on the thermoluminescence curve has been shown owing to the absorption of several vibrational quanta. Analysis of a number of experiments is presented using the suggested theory.