bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerial Applications of EL-468 (Eli Lilly and Company) Baits For Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1981
Authors: Williams D.F. , Lofgren C.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aerial application of baits containing EL-468 against natural infestations of the red imported fire ant were conducted in Georgia during Apr. The treatments were made on improved bermuda grass pasture that had been allowed to go fallow for 3-4 years. The chemical was formulated in soybean oil and applied on a carrier of pregel defatted corn grits. The concentration of EL-468 was 0.75% in the total bait. The applications were made using a Transland slim-line spreader (Model 20241) mounted on a Cessna Ag-Truck aircraft flying at 50-ft altitude and 120 mph with a swath width of 50 ft. The EL-468 bait was applied at 2 rates; 1.25 and 2.5 lb/acre. Amdro (0.88% concentration) applied at a rate of 1 lb/acre was used as a standard.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to an apple block at Steeles Tavern including Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman and York. Spray dates were Apr 21, May 4, 17, Jun 18, 30, Jul 15, 26 and Aug 10. Four single-tree replicates were included in each treatment, in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Mite populations were assessed on several dates by brushing 20-leaf samples with a leaf-brushing machine. STLM were evaluated by counting mines over a 3 min period on Jul 29.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in California, 1982
Authors: Morse J. G. , Jones V. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaracides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations on 12-year-old lemon trees (21 ft × 21 ft spacing, EW rows) located in Riverside, CA. A randomized block design was used with 8 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied May 13 with a Hardie hand-gun (single nozzle, no. 8 disc) at 450 psi (ca 1200 gal per acre, 12 gal per tree) using a John Bean sprayer. Naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two 4-leaf terminals per quadrant, top surface only) were made.
Texas Citrus Mite (TCM) and Citrus Red Mite (CRM) Control, 1982
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Materials were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 450 psi (ca 10 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer. Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were collected around the outer canopy of each sample tree. The number of living motile spider mites on each leaf was counted in the laboratory.
Insecticidal Control of the Grape Berry Moth, 1982
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Ellis Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16-year-old experimental vineyard of 'Concord' grapes at Wooster, OH was used for the evaluation. Rows were 9 ft on center with 9 ft between vines within a row. Each row was a randomized complete block containing a single replicate of each of the 6 treatments. Replicates consisted of 2 adjacent vines, with 4 replicates/treatment. Insecticidal applications were made on July 14 and July 26 at the rate of 80 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a C02 sprayer operated at 45 psi and equipped with Tee Jet D-3 disc and no. 23 core. At harvest, Oct 4, ten clusters were taken at random from each replicate and the number of stung berries was recorded.
Relative Repellancy of Insecticide Treated Grape Foliage to Japanese Beetles, 1982
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Fickle Dan , Werner James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven treatments were evaluated for their repellancy to the Japanese beetle at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within the row. Granular formulations (Temik and Furdan) were applied only once on June 3. Granules were incorporated into the soil 1.5 ft away from each side of the row. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 2-inch furrow and covered with soil within 5 minutes. Soil moisture was good at time of application and granules were not watered-in. The rest of the treatments were applied June 24 and Jul 12 as foliar sprays using a hand-operated C02 sprayer operated at 50 psi and equipped with a TeeJet 3D disc and No. 13 core. Sprays were applied to vines at the rate of 60 gal/acre. Visual observations were made on the 8 ft of canopy between the trunks of vines from the east side of the row. Ratings were as follows: no live beetles = 0; 1-10 live beetles = 1; and 11 or more live beetles = 2. No phytotoxicity was observed. Reports of repellancy by synthetic pyrethroids were confirmed with Cymbush and Advantage yielding lower counts at 2 days after treatment. Cymbush retained its repellancy for a full 9 days.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1981
Authors: Selhime A. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental acaricides were compared with Oil 435-66 for efficacy against citrus rust mite in a block of 5-year-old navel orange trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree plots with 5 replicates in a randomized complete block design on Jul 28. Treatments were applied as dilutefull coverage sprays, using a hydraulic truck-mounted sprayer and handgun with pressure maintained at 400 psi at the pump. Water pH in 2 samples was 7.1 and 7.4. Citrus rust mites were sampled at 2-week intervals post-treatment from 20 leaf samples/rep collected from the last mature growth flush. Living adult citrus rust mites were counted in four 10X binocular microscope fields/leaf (2 upper and 2 lower-leaf surface fields).
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1982
Authors: Estes P. M. , Stahl S. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a commercial pecan orchard near Hurtsboro, AL using a randomized block design. Each Treatment was replicated 3 times with 1 record tree per replicate. Applications were made with a John Bean Speed Sprayer at 10 gal spray per tree. Aphid populations were monitored prior to each application by counting all aphids on each of ten arbitrarily selected compound leaves on each record tree. A total of 7 applications were made at ca 2-week intervals starting Jun 8 and ending Sep 13.
Residue Toxicity of Candidate Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Vardell Henry H. , McDonald L. L. , Gillenwater H. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insects used in these tests were the confused flour beetle adults 7-14 days old and black carpet beetle larvae 3-5 mo old. The insects were reared and the tests were conducted in rooms maintained at 27 1 C and 60_5% RH. A Gardner blade applicator was used to apply acetone solutions of the technical formulation insecticides to 3 by 12 inch strips of 40-lb kcaft paper laminated to aluminum foil. Rates of 5, 10, and 50 ugy/cm2 - were applied on the paper, surfaces and 1, 5, and 25 ug/cm2 on the aluminum surfaces for the tests of 1-day-old residues. Rates of 10, 50, and 100 ug/cm2" and 5, 25, and 50 ug/cm2 were applied on the paper and aluminum surfaces, respectively, for the tests of 28-day-old residues. Ten insects were exposed to the residues in each of 4 arenas formed by 6.4 cm dia, by 2.5 cm high, glass cylinders placed on each type of surface. The confused flour beetle adults and the black carpet beetle larvae were exposed on the 1-day-old residues for 4 and 24 h, respectively. Both species were exposed on the 28-day-old residues for 24 h. After exposure, the insects were placed into clean petri dishes without food, The numbers of knocked-down and dead plus moribund insects were recorded after 120 and 168 h for the confused flour beetle adults and the black carpet beetle larvae, respectively. Insects not able to move about freely were classes as knocked-down and those that responded only feebly or not at all when lightly probed were classed as dead plus moribund. Malathion-treated surfaces were used as a standard for comparison for each treatment rate. Acetone-treated surfaces were used as the controls. The insecticidal activity of each candidate insecticide was ranked by comparison with the malathion standard according to the test conditions as follows: 1, equal to or greater than the standard; 0, less than the standard; and -1, little or no insecticidal activity.
Efficacy of Bait Formulations of Avermectin Bl and Amdro Upon Male German Cockroaches, 1982
Authors: Ballard James B. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bait formulations of avermectin Bl and Amdro was evaluated in modified Ebeling choice boxes. The modification consisted of the deletion of screened holes in the sides of the box. The choice box was 30 cm × 30 cm × 15 cm and made of clear white pine. A center partition divided the box into 2 chambers whereas a 1-cm hole near the top center of the partition permitted the movement of cockroaches between chambers. Box bottom was of 0.6 cm replaceable plywood panels. Top was 0.4-cm-thick panels of replaceable plexiglass. In 3 replications both chambers of the choice box were provisioned with water and kept dark. One chamber of each choice box received a 0.5 g sample of Al po dry dog food bait previously treated with a selected concentration of either Bl or Amdro. Preliminary trials indicated that 1,000 or 10,000 ppm Amdro was required for sufficient mortality for analysis. The other choice box chamber received a 0.5-g sample of untreated Al po dog food. Samples were placed into choice boxes in plastic petri dish bottoms. The hole in the center partition was stoppered and 25 male German cockroaches, Orlando Normal biotype, were introduced into each chamber (50 cockroaches per box). One hour later, after the effects of carbon dioxide anesthesia had subsided, the stopper was removed. Once each day at 1 p.m. for 7 days the number of dead or moribund cockroaches in each chamber were recorded and removed. Probit analysis was performed on the data to estimate LT50 values.
Evaluation of Six Avermectin Formulations by Topical Application, 1982
Authors: Vance Art D. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory reared male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), Orlando normal biotype, were used as test insects in the evaluation and comparison of 6 Avermectin agents with Dursban (a. i. chlorpyrifos) insecticide. Six concentrations of each material were evaluated in each of 3 replicated trials each with 10 male cockroaches. Cockroaches were briefly anesthetized with carbon-dioxide gas and the test materials applied with a micro-applicator to the venter between the pro- and mesothoracic coxae. Treated cockroaches were held in a dark growth chamber at 30°C ± 2°C and 90% ± 5% RH. in a pt bottle with food and water ad libum for 7 days. Mortality was recorded at 4 h and at 24-h intervals post-treatment throughout the test period. Probit analysis of mortality data was utilized to calculate LD50 and LT50 values for the materials evaluated.
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr's and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1981
Authors: Chamberlain W. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screwcapped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 ul of acetone was added to the mix, and after it was stirred, the acetone was evaporated at room temperature. Next, 200 ul of water was added and stirred into the mix. Twenty-five laboratory-reared 2nd stage larvae were added. Vials were then covered with 0.3 mm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at 75% RH, 29 ± 1°C, and 8/16 dark/light cycle. Each test was replicated 2-6 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. The vials were examined weekly for 2 or 3 wk, and any cocoons were removed and placed in 3.7-ml shell vials and covered with the marquisette cloth. Twenty-one days after removal of the cocoons, any emerged fleas were killed with chloroform and counted. The highest concentration of IGR or toxicant tested was 100 ppm; dilutions to 1.0 ppb were tested, as needed, to obtained reduced mortality.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1982
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a lawn in Lincoln, NE (Lancaster Co.). Thatch accumulation was 0.59 - 0.67 in, and temperature at treatment time (Sep 14) was 76.2 F. The grubs were third instars and damage to the turf was evident. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Individual plots were 2 × 2 ft. Granular materials were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken onto the plots. Liquid formulations were mixed with water at equivalent rates of 1,530 gal/acre and applied with a hand-held sprinkling can. After all treatments were applied, the entire test was irrigated with an automatic watering system with sufficient water to wet the first 0.5 in of soil. Rainfall during the post-treatment sampling period (Sep 14 - Oct 14) was measurable on Sep 14 (0.25 in), Sep 18 (0.47 in), Sep 29 (0.47 in), Oct 1 (0.50), Oct 3 (0.35 in). Grub populations were sampled at 2 (Sep 30) and 4 (Oct 14) wk post-treatment by cutting a 1 × 2 ft × 2 in deep s trip from each plot on each sampling date with a mechanical sod cutter, and recording the number of live and dead grubs in the sod roll and in a 1 in zone below the soil line. Percent control of each plot was transformed to arcsin prior to AN0VA; untransformed means are presented in the table.
Control of Black Vine Weevil on Red Raspberry, 1981-82
Authors: Shanks Carl H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested as winter soil treatments against the weevil larvae. Plots were single rows 9 ft apart and treatments were in a randomized complete block design. Location, plot length, replication, and dates of treatment were as follows: (1) Lebanon, OR; 30 ft; 3 times; Dec 10 '81 (2) Vancouver, WA; 80 ft; 5 times; Jan 29 '82 (3) Ridgefield, WA; 30 ft; 4 times; Feb 12 '82. Chemicals were applied with a sprinkling can in 1 qt of water/10 ft of row. Only a 3-ft band was treated over the row. Rain was the means of leaching the chemicals to the root zone. The treatments were evaluated the following April by counting the larvae in 4 shovels of soil from each plot.
Sugarcane Rootstalk Borer Weevil Regulatory Treatment in Ornamental Plants, 1982
Authors: Schroeder W. J. , Jones I. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted to develop a potting soil amendment to prevent movement of Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae in ornamental plants. Heptachlor is presently used in the potting soil for ornamental plants produced in the weevil areas. Lindane was mixed with Terra-lite Metro Mix, a commercial potting soil containing Canadian sphagnum peat moss, domestic horticultural vermiculite, processed, bark, composted pine bark, and washed granite sand in March. The rates/acre were computed on a 6-in depth acre with 800 yd of treated soil/acre. Coral Ardisia, Ardisia crispa, an ornamental plant that supports development of D. abbreviatus was planted in 6-in pots, and 20 plants/treatment were used. Plants were infested with 100 first stage larvae 4 mo after treatment and the soil examined for larvae 2 mo later. Plants wepe maintained in a covered screen enclosure.
Control of Gypsy Moth Larvae on Lake-Front Properties in New Durham, New Hampshire, 1982
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the usefulness of the Bacillus thuringiensis products, Bactospeine FC and Bactospeine WP in preventing total defoliation in a high gypsy moth population area wh"en applied by ground equipment to small lake-front house lots. Applications were made to a total of 53 properties located on Merrymeeting Lake, New Durham, New Hampshire between May 20 and Jun 3. A Bean high pressure sprayer with a FMC 785 spray gun at 500 psi capable of reaching 50 ft heights was used. All deciduous trees and shrubs on each property were covered with a single application using approximately 300 gal/acre. Some properties which showed evidence of reinfestation received a second application approximately 10 days after the first. Evaluations of variations in dosages (BIU's) and numbers of applications were made by determining the amount of foliage injury to oak, birch, and beech on Jun 9 and Jun 25 using the following foliar injury ratings: 0=no damage; l=slight or trace feeding holes; 2=moderate feeding on 25% of leaves; 3=severe feeding on 25-50% of leaves; 4=severe feeding on 50-75% of leaves; 5=severe feeding on 75-100% of leaves or total defoliation. At each site, evaluations were made on both treated lots and adjacent untreated (control) areas. Therefore, each treated site was compared with its own adjacent control.
Phytotoxicity Trials on Nursery Stock, California, 1982
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Robb K. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity tests were conducted on 6 species of plants with 3 rates of fenpropathrin, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.40 lb ai/100 gal. The material was applied to runoff with a hand gun operating from a 2.5 gpm piston pump at 125 psi with a 5003 nozzle. Plants were sprayed under shade cloth in early morning at a cooperating nursery on May 31, Jul 6, Sep 7. Each dosage was applied to three 3-gal containers; a water check consisted of an equal number of plants. After spraying, plants were left on location at the nursery. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly after pesticide application.
Phytotoxicity Test on Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Alabama, 1982
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Cobb Gary S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity of fenpropathrin 2.4EC was evaluated on 15 woody ornamentals produced in south Alabama. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark medium. F. japonica, M. bealei, R. X 'Coral Bell', R. X 'Mrs. G. G. Gerbing', and T. japonica were grown under 47% shade; other species in full sun. Overhead impulse sprinklers were used for irrigation. Treatments were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off Apr 8, Apr 27, and May 11, at 0.075, 0 . 1 , and 0.4 lb ai/100 gal water with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. Phytotixicity evaluations were made 1 wk after each application and 4 wk after the last application. There were 5 single-plant replicates/species arranged in a completely randomized design.
Insecticide Efficacy Against the Meadow Spittlebug on Strawberries, 1982
Authors: Schaefers George A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticide treatments were evaluated against the meadow spittlebug on a 4-variety strawberry planting at Geneva, NY. The planting, established in 1980, consisted of 40 rows with each row having 4 - 2 × 20 ft sections of plants of the varieties 'Honeyoye', 'Canoga1, 'Redchief, and 'Midway'. The planting was divided into 4 blocks and each treatment was randomly replicated once in each block. Treatments were applied with a boom sprayer having flat cone Tee Jet nozzles. Application was made on May 25 '82 at 50 gal/acre. Counts were made of the total number of spittle masses on May 27 '82. Six ft of plant material were examined in each varietal section for a total of 24 ft for each row.
Purple Passion Plant, Green Peach Aphid, 1982
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Zarko Marie L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fenpropathrin and acephate (Orthene) were evaluated for aphid control on purple passion. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark medium in a glass greenhouse and hand irrigated as needed. Treatments were applied Apr 30 to all leaf surfaces to run-off with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. At time of application, ambient temperature was 78°F with a relative humidity of 56%. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Nu-Film 17, 8 oz/100 gal water, was added as an adjuvant to all insecticide treatments. Pretreatment and post-treatment counts were taken on tagged plant terminals.
Effect of Application Timing on Control of European Corn Borer Damage to Snap Bean, 1982
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Bush Blue Lake 94' snap beans were planted Jun 1 at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 3-row, 35 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Ten plants from the center of each row were artificially infested the morning of Jul 23 with 2 egg masses/plant of European corn borer in the 'blackhead' stage of development. Egg hatch occured during mid-day and first spray applications were made during late afternoon. Subsequent applications were made either 5 or 10 days following egg hatch. All applications were made using a CO.-powered sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at ca 25 psi . Evaluations of the plots were made Aug 12 by harvesting the center 10 ft of each plot and recording the presence of larvae and the extent of stem and pod tunneling.
Aphid and Mite Suppression on Strawberries, 198
Authors: Trumble John T. , Nakakihara H. , Carson W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Tufts' strawberries were transplanted Nov 3 '81 into drip-irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 week following transplanting. Vydate was injected through the drip line by reversing a standard line filter, adding the chemical, and allowing the water and Vydate mixture to be forced through the system. The water was turned on ca. 1 hr prior to application and allowed to run for 1.5-2hr following application. Water pressure averaged 13 psi. Treatments were made weekly beginning Jan 19 until Feb 16 (5 applications) at 1.12 kg/ha. Remaining 11 weekly applications were at 0.56 kg/ha. Each plot was 22.9 m (2 rows/bed) and was replicated 4 times in an incomplete block design. Edge effects were reduced by leaving at least 4 buffer rows on each side of the test and 4.25 m on each end. On Jan 26, Feb 9, and on alternate weeks thereafter (7 sample dates), mites and aphids in treatment plots were evaluated by whole plant counts from one randomly chosen sub-bed per replicate (16 plants). Infestations were classified by the following index: 0 = 0, 1-5 = 1, 6-20 = 2, 21-50 = 3, 51+ = 4. Additionally, 10 leaves were selected at random from each replicate and examined with a dissecting microscope. The number of mite-infested leaves per replicate and an index of pest population size (size previous index) were recorded on each sampling date.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Snap Beans, 1982
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against snap bean insects at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. Snap beans were planted in 38-inch rows on Jul 15. Plots were 3 rows × 20 ft with 1 untreated row between plots. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide sprays were applied with a 2-gal hand sprayer at 50 gal/acre spray on Aug 20 and Sep 9. Insecticide dusts were applied on Aug 20 with a rotary hand duster and on Sep 9 with a cheesecloth shaker method at the rate of 10 lb/acre for Pounce and at 20 lb/acre for the Sevin-Thiodan dust. One treated row/plot was sampled by taking 5 sweeps along the row (ca 15-row ft) with a 15-inch diameter insect net. A different row was sampled on each date to reduce plant damage. There were 2.9 Mexican bean beetle (MBB) adults and 1.7 MBB larvae per plot prior to the initial treatment. A 3-ft section from each middle row was hand harvested on Sep 14.