bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete‐item inventory control involving unknown censored demand and convex inventory costs
Authors: Yang Jian , Shi Jim (Junmin) 
Published: August 2022

We study inventory control involving lost sales and hence censored demand. In a long‐run average framework, the demand distribution is largely unknown. As long as the stationary inventory costs are strictly convex to the extent that the second lost item costs strictly more than the first one, the regret would be [Formula: see text]. Our discrete‐item setting has rendered the presence or absence of strong censoring indicators or equivalently, being knowledgeable or ignorant of one more demand request after the depletion of the inventory, a critical issue and any gradient‐based method designed for the continuous‐item case ineffective. We propose a policy that deliberately orders up to very high levels in designated learning periods and in the remaining doing periods, uses base‐stock levels tailored to near‐empirical distributions formed over the learning periods. A matching [Formula: see text] upper bound can be achieved by this policy. The results can hold even when items are nonperishable. Numerical experiments further illustrate the relative competitiveness of our separate learning‐doing policy.
Identification of xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferases catalyzing the addition of 2‐O‐xylosyl residue onto arabinosyl side chains of xylan in grass species
Authors: Zhong Ruiqin , Lee Chanhui , Cui Dongtao , Phillips Dennis R. , Adams Earle R. , Jeong Ho‐Young , Jung Ki‐Hong , Ye Zheng‐Hua 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARYGrass xylan, the major hemicellulose in both primary and secondary cell walls, is heavily decorated with α‐1,3‐linked arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues that may be further substituted at O‐2 with xylosyl (Xyl) or Araf residues. Although xylan 3‐O‐arabinosyltransferases (XATs) catalyzing 3‐O‐Araf addition onto xylan have been characterized, glycosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of 2‐O‐Xyl or 2‐O‐Araf onto 3‐O‐Araf residues of xylan to produce the Xyl‐Araf and Araf‐Araf disaccharide side chains remain to be identified. In this report, we showed that a rice GT61 member, named OsXAXT1 (xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferase 1) herein, was able to mediate the addition of Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains onto xylan when heterologously co‐expressed with OsXAT2 in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 (glucuronic acid substitution of xylan 1/2/3) triple mutant that lacks any glycosyl substitutions. Recombinant OsXAXT1 protein expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells exhibited a xylosyltransferase activity catalyzing the addition of Xyl from UDP‐Xyl onto arabinosylated xylooligomers. Consistent with its function as a xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferase, CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated mutations of the OsXAXT1 gene in transgenic rice plants resulted in a reduction in the level of Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains in xylan. Furthermore, we revealed that XAXT1 close homologs from several other grass species, including switchgrass, maize, and Brachypodium, possessed the same functions as OsXAXT1, indicating functional conservation of XAXTs in grass species. Together, our findings establish that grass XAXTs are xylosyltransferases catalyzing Xyl transfer onto O‐2 of Araf residues of xylan to form the Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains, which furthers our understanding of genes involved in xylan biosynthesis.
Dedicated farnesyl diphosphate synthases circumvent isoprenoid‐derived growth‐defense tradeoffs in Zea mays
Authors: Tang Hoang V. , Berryman David L. , Mendoza Jorrel , Yactayo‐Chang Jessica P. , Li Qin‐Bao , Christensen Shawn A. , Hunter Charles T. , Best Norman , Soubeyrand Eric , Akhtar Tariq A. , Basset Gilles J. , Block Anna K. 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARYZea mays (maize) makes phytoalexins such as sesquiterpenoid zealexins, to combat invading pathogens. Zealexins are produced from farnesyl diphosphate in microgram per gram fresh weight quantities. As farnesyl diphosphate is also a precursor for many compounds essential for plant growth, the question arises as to how Z. mays produces high levels of zealexins without negatively affecting vital plant systems. To examine if specific pools of farnesyl diphosphate are made for zealexin synthesis we made CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of each of the three farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPS) in Z. mays and examined the resultant impacts on different farnesyl diphosphate‐derived metabolites. We found that FPS3 (GRMZM2G098569) produced most of the farnesyl diphosphate for zealexins, while FPS1 (GRMZM2G168681) made most of the farnesyl diphosphate for the vital respiratory co‐factor ubiquinone. Indeed, fps1 mutants had strong developmental phenotypes such as reduced stature and development of chlorosis. The replication and evolution of the fps gene family in Z. mays enabled it to produce dedicated FPSs for developmentally related ubiquinone production (FPS1) or defense‐related zealexin production (FPS3). This partitioning of farnesyl diphosphate production between growth and defense could contribute to the ability of Z. mays to produce high levels of phytoalexins without negatively impacting its growth.
Modeling and Cycle Parameter Matching of a High-Speed Variable Cycle Turbofan-Ramjet Engine
Authors: Yao Yao , Zhang Xiao-Bo , Zhang Mingyang , Wang Zhanxue 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVariable cycle turbofan-ramjet (VCTR) engine is a promising propulsion system candidate for future Mach 4+ vehicles. Compared with conventional turbine engines, the VCTR engine has a higher thrust-to-weight ratio, a smaller diameter and a more compact structure. A component-based simulation model is developed to explore the operating characteristics of a high-speed VCTR concept. Modeling methods of variable-geometry components are characterized in this paper, and then, the way to build the VCTR model solver is described. The VCTR engine simulation model is validated by the numerical and experimental results of double bypass (DB) variable cycle engines from NASA technical reports. Performance and control law of the VCTR engine along the flight trajectory with flight Mach number varying from 0.5 to 4.0 are obtained to maximize net thrust and compared with that of a conventional two-spool afterburning mixed-flow turbofan (MFTF). Results show that the VCTR's performance is highly dependent on the fan characteristics and limited by various operating constraints, such as fan surge margin, turbine inlet temperature, and compressor discharge temperature. In addition, the thrust level of the MFTF with the variable-area low-pressure turbine is close to the VCTR engine.
Forced Response System Identification of Full Aero-Engine Rotordynamic Systems for Prognostics and Diagnostics
Authors: Hur I. , Spakovszky Z. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A first-of-its-kind forced-response system identification approach is introduced to measure rotordynamic damping of shaft modes in a full gas turbine aero-engine. The approach involves forced-response modal analysis in which the rotordynamic system is excited with an external shaker, and engine modal characteristics are extracted from rotor shaft response signals. A reduced-order modeling framework capturing full-engine dynamics and coupling between rotor shafts and support static structure was developed and implemented in a Pratt & Whitney Canada PW615 Turbofan engine. The framework was used to guide the design of forced-response system identification experiments. The design study shows that two orthogonal shakers are required to excite both forward- and backward-whirling shaft modes and that excessive forcing amplitudes that produce whirl over 0.4 of journal eccentricity ratio can yield up to 12% lower response magnitudes due to nonlinear bearing characteristics. A statistical analysis of virtual experiments under real engine operating conditions demonstrates feasibility and robustness of the approach, measuring rotordynamic damping for key shaft modes with an uncertainty of up to 15%. General applicability of the approach with similar error levels is suggested for multispool multiframe aero-engine architectures. Guidelines for experimental setup, data acquisition, and processing are established for full-engine forced-response system identification experiments. The new capability shows promise in supporting aero-engine diagnostics and prognostics to improve the life cycle operation of commercial and military engines.
H
2 Performance Analysis of Tractors Traveling on Rough Terrain
Authors: Izumi Shinsaku , Hayashida Riku , Xin Xin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article considers tractors traveling on rough terrain and studies the effects of the road surfaces on their behavior. Clarifying these effects is useful for their stable traveling on rough terrain, which contributes to the automation of tractors. We select the H2 norm as a performance index to quantify the behavior of tractors and attempt to analyze the norm of a system corresponding to a tractor traveling on rough terrain. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, we modify the system by focusing on the relationship between the H2 norm, white noise, and the characteristics of the road surface. Subsequently, the H2 norm of the resulting system is derived as a function of the parameters, including the road roughness. Numerical examples demonstrate that the analysis result based on the modified system accurately captures the behavior of the tractor compared with the result based on the original system.
Environmental Protection in Nature-Based Sport Events: The Case of Olympus Marathon
Authors: Triantafyllidis Stavros , Kaplanidou Kyriaki 
Published: August 2022

Mountain running events have increased, making efforts toward a more environmentally sustainable organized context. This case study examines the environmental orientation and the carbon offsetting behavioral intentions among participants of the Olympus Marathon, the annual mountain running event in Mount Olympus, Greece. The organizers of Olympus Marathon are interested in developing an environmentally friendlier approach to the event by implementing a new pro-environmental plan which targets the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions generated by their consumers’ (runners) travel behaviors. This case study provides students the opportunity to (a) analyze mountain runners’ environmental orientation to justify the implementation of pro-environmental practices in nature-based sport events, (b) investigate mountain runners’ voluntary carbon offsetting behavioral intentions, and (c) develop effective a voluntary carbon offsetting emission marketing plan to support pro-environmental actions in sport events.
Immediate Effects of Manipulating Footwear or Cadence on the Lower Limb Biomechanics of Female Masters Runners
Authors: Esculier Jean-Francois , Charlton Jesse M. , Krowchuk Natasha M. , De Pieri Julia , Hunt Michael A. 
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to compare the immediate effects of modifications to footwear or cadence on lower limb biomechanics of female Masters runners. After analyzing habitual treadmill running biomechanics in 20 female runners (52.4 [8.3] y), we assessed the effects of 5 conditions: (1) barefoot running, (2) Merrell Vapor Glove, (3) Merrell Bare Access, (4) Brooks Pure Flow, and (5) increasing cadence by 10%. In comparison with habitual biomechanics, greater vertical loading rates of the ground reaction force were observed during running barefoot or with a Merrell Vapor Glove or Bare Access. There was high variability among participants as to changes in foot kinematics during the conditions. Running barefoot (−26.0%) and with a Merrell Vapor Glove (−12.5%) reduced sagittal plane knee moments, but increased sagittal plane ankle moments (both 6.1%). Increasing cadence by 10% resulted in a more modest decrease in knee flexion moments (−7.7%) without increasing peak external ankle dorsiflexion moments. When asked if they would prefer minimalist shoes or increasing cadence, 11 participants (55%) chose cadence and 9 (45%) chose footwear. Minimalist footwear decreased sagittal knee moments, but increased vertical loading rate and sagittal ankle moments. Increasing cadence may be useful to lower sagittal knee moments without increasing ankle moments.
Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Talic Stella , Shah Shivangi , Wild Holly , Gasevic Danijela , Maharaj Ashika , Ademi Zanfina , Li Xue , Xu Wei , Mesa-Eguiagaray Ines , Rostron Jasmin , Theodoratou Evropi , Zhang Xiaomeng , Motee Ashmika , Liew Danny , Ilic Dragan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health, and World Health Organization COVID-19 database (preprints).Eligibility criteria for study selectionObservational and interventional studies that assessed the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was incidence of covid-19. Secondary outcomes included SARS-CoV-2 transmission and covid-19 mortality.Data synthesisDerSimonian Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of mask wearing, handwashing, and physical distancing measures on incidence of covid-19. Pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and the I2 metrics, with two tailed P values.Results72 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 35 evaluated individual public health measures and 37 assessed multiple public health measures as a “package of interventions.” Eight of 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated a reduction in incidence of covid-19 associated with handwashing (relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 1.12, I2=12%), mask wearing (0.47, 0.29 to 0.75, I2=84%), and physical distancing (0.75, 0.59 to 0.95, I2=87%). Owing to heterogeneity of the studies, meta-analysis was not possible for the outcomes of quarantine and isolation, universal lockdowns, and closures of borders, schools, and workplaces. The effects of these interventions were synthesised descriptively.ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that several personal protective and social measures, including handwashing, mask wearing, and physical distancing are associated with reductions in the incidence covid-19. Public health efforts to implement public health measures should consider community health and sociocultural needs, and future research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of public health measures in the context of covid-19 vaccination.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020178692.
Through the eyes of hospital-based healthcare professionals: exploring their lived experience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mathura Pamela , Li Miriam , Vegt Jennie , Penrod Zoe , Suranyi Yvonne , Osborne Cathy , Kassam Narmin 
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveThe spread of the COVID-19 virus has caused an unforeseen strain on the healthcare system and particularly on healthcare workers (HCW). In this study, 1 year after the COVID-19 pandemic began, we used photovoice, a visual photographic approach, to understand HCW needs, concerns and resilience and to determine improvement strategies aligned with the HCW-described challenges.MethodsUsing a qualitative design, HCW were recruited from a single Western Canadian hospital, voluntarily submitting a photographic image and narrative that depicts their experiences. An artist artistically enhanced the photovoice submissions, which were then displayed at the hospital-based art gallery for public display. A survey was used to collect feedback from gallery viewers. Inductive thematic analysis was completed identifying themes from the photovoice narratives and survey comments, aiding the identification of recommendations.ResultsThere were 25 submissions, and 1281 individuals viewed the art exhibit. Six themes emerged: (1) hopeful and resilient, (2) pandemic fatigue-negative mental and physical states, (3) personal protective equipment is our armour but masks who we are, (4) human connection, (5) responsibility, preparation and obligation and (6) technology surge. According to survey results from the art exhibit, the use of photovoice was a creative method that personalised the HCW experience and validated viewers’ perceptions of the difficulties faced by HCW. Ten improvement strategies that were aligned with the described challenges were identified.ConclusionThe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to strain HCW. Photovoice has great potential in the professional clinical setting to provide unique insights that narrative language alone cannot capture. Future research exploring the longitudinal impact of COVID-19, reviewing photographs at different timepoints could be beneficial. Using this method as a creative outlet intervention and evaluating participation artistic experience may offer additional insights to further support both HCW and patients.
068 Effect of low dose adjunctive perampanel in adults and adolescents with focal- onset seizures
Authors: Giallonardo Anna Teresa , Aguglia Umberto , Goldman Samantha , Chiacchiaretta Martina , Gentile Anna , Patten Anna 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundWe report a post hoc analysis of the efficacy and safety of low dose adjunctive perampanel 4 mg/day in adults and adolescents from A Mirroring Clinical Practice Study in Italy (AMPA;NCT04257604).MethodsAMPA was a prospective, observational study in patients aged ≥12 years with focal-onset seizures (FOS). Patients were prescribed adjunctive perampanel per the approved indication. Seizure diaries and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were verified at baseline and study visits. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in seizure frequency/28 days at Month 6. Secondary endpoints included: 50% and 75% responder rates, seizure-freedom rates, retention rates and safety (≤12 months).ResultsOf the 234 patients who received adjunctive perampanel, 62 (26.5%) received a modal peram- panel dose of 4 mg/day and were included in the Safety Analysis Set. The 6-month median reduction from baseline in all-seizure frequency was 55.4% (95% confidence interval, 31.7%-90.3%). The 12-month 50% and 75% responder, seizure-freedom and retention rates were 57.1%, 46.9%, 26.0% and 46.8%, respec- tively. TEAEs occurred in 50% of patients; the most common TEAE was dizziness/vertigo (17.7% [n=11]).ConclusionsAdjunctive perampanel at 4 mg/day is efficacious and safe in adult and adolescent patients with FOS in a real-world clinical setting. Funding: Eisai s.r.l.
073 Fenfluramine exhibits disease-modifying effects in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Reeder Thaddeus , Cha John , Filatov Gregory , Smith Steve , Wong Darren , Gammaitoni Arnold 
Published: August 2022

RationaleFenfluramine (FFA) provides clinically significant reductions in convulsive seizure frequency and improved executive function in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS). FFA also reduces sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in mouse models of DS. We investigated FFA effects upon survival, myelination, and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of DS.Methodsscn1a+/-mice (DS mice) were treated subcutaneously with FFA. FFPE sagittal brain sections were immunostained with D-MBP antibody for degenerated myelin and CD11b antibody for inflamma- tory microglia.ResultsIn animals receiving FFA, the mortality rate was reduced to 24% (P< 0.01; Figure 1). Degenerated myelin was enriched in DS mouse cortex and hippocampus compared to wild-type controls. FFA treatment reduced degenerated myelin.ConclusionThis is the first report of increased survival and reductions in myelin degeneration and neuro- inflammation in DS mice treated with FFA. Improved survival and reduced myelin damage and neuroin- flammation demonstrates the claim that FFA exhibits disease-modifying effects in animal models of DS.
088 Croydon neurology assessing the use of a new headache pathway and referral form
Authors: Elsherif Lamiaa , Nitkunan Arani 
Published: August 2022

A headache pathway and referral form was implemented across Southwest London in September 2020 – it includes prompts about migraine preventer use. This study aimed to assess its use at Croydon University Hospital.From 07/04/2021 to 05/08/2021, data were extracted retrospectively from referral and clinic letters for neurology outpatients (first appointments only) given a diagnostic code of a primary headache disorder; including the number of ED attendances in the year before and 3-6 months after their appointment. Appropriateness was determined against the recommendations in the pathway.Primary headaches accounted for 153 (8%) first appointments compared to 13% in 2016. 73% were dis- charged. 26% of referrals used the referral form with 37% being appropriate. The main reasons for referral were seeking advice (35%) and uncertain diagnosis (33%). 42 had at least 1 Croydon ED attendance in the year before their appointment reducing to 6 in the 3-6 months afterward.Despite this pathway coming into use during the pandemic, a quarter of referrals exercised the form. As it embeds and with the use of Advice and Guidance and teaching, we hope to enable more GPs to be confident in managing these patients.
095 Artificial Intelligence based detection of Parkinson’s disease in magnetic resonance imaging brain scans
Authors: Courtman Megan , Thurston Mark , McGavin Lucy , Caroll Camille , Sun Lingfen , Ifeachor Emmanuel , Mullin Stephen 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundThere is a need for diagnostic tests of early PD diagnosis. A subset of AI known as deep learning (DL) has shown great promise in diagnostic medical imaging, sometimes outperforming radiolo- gists by detecting patterns invisible to the human eye. Using DL, we explored whether such changes are detectable on routine PD MRI scans.MethodsWe trained a convolutional neural network to classify 138 PD and 60 control brain MRI images acquired from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) database. Models were assessed using k-fold cross-validation. We used Deep SHapley Additive exPlanations (DeepSHAP) to visualise the contri- bution of individual pixels to the model’s prediction.ResultsA combined dataset of axial T2 and proton density MRI images was classified with 79% accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86. Respectively T2 and proton density models classified cases with 81/84% accuracy and AUC of 0.83/0.88. DeepSHAP heat maps demonstrated predominant interest in midbrain slices.ConclusionOur models exhibited good diagnostic performance and demonstrated interest in PD relevant brain regions. We will validate this model in a large dataset of routinely collected NHS MRI scans, many of which predate onset of motor symptoms.