bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Balances for Container-Grown Privet1
Authors: Stewart Jennifer A. , Lund L. J. , Branson R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted using ornamental privet plants (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) to determine the effects of irrigation treatment (daily vs. every 2 days), container type (plastic vs. clay), and mix (redwood-sand; pine-sand; pine-soil; or sphagnum peat-perlite-sand) on the fate of applied N. The sinks for N that could be accounted for consisted of uptake by plants, N absorbed and/or adsorbed by the mix and container, and N leached. Growth rate and uptake of applied N was greatest for plants in plastic containers which were irrigated daily. The type of mix used did not appear to significantly affect plant growth. Compared with all other treatments, larger proportions of the applied N were absorbed and/or adsorbed by redwood-sand or pine-sand mixes in plastic containers irrigated on alternate days. Larger proportions of applied N were lost in leachate water from plastic containers that were irrigated daily than all of the other treatment variables. Unaccounted-for N (denitrified) was greater for plastic containers (16.2%) than clay containers (10.8%), and pine mixes had significantly greater proportions of applied N denitrified (17.7% for pine-sand and 18.9% for pine-soil) than redwood (9.3%) or peat (8.1%).
Phosphorylase, Phosphatase, α-Amylase Activity and Starch Breakdown during Ripening of ‘Marmelo’ Banana [(Musa acuminata Colla) × (Musa balbisiana Colla) ABB Group] Whole Fruit and Thin Slices1
Authors: Chitarra Adimilson B. , Lajolo Franco M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Starch hydrolysis, phosphorylase, phosphatase and α-amylase activity of ‘Marinelo’ banana (Musa acuminata Colla × Musa balbisiana Colla, ABB group) during ripening of whole fruit and thin slices infiltrated with water (controls), cycloheximide and actinomycin D were investigated. Phosphatase and α-amylase activity of whole fruit increased during the climacteric while phosphorylase decreased as starch degradation proceded. Starch degradation had a different temperature coefficient than that of α-amylase activity when the storage temperature was raised from 20 to 25°C and stopped when 25% of the starch was still present. Activity of α-amylase in slices infiltrated with water, increased before the onset of the climacteric as a result of injury and at the same time starch was being hydrolyzed. Cycloheximide inhibited this induced activity increase but not starch breakdown or the increase of activity which occurs during the climacteric. Actinomycin D did not inhibit the α-amylase increase and its effect was a general retardation of ripening.
Effect of Soil Compaction on Physical Properties of Potting Media and Growth of Pilea pubescens Liebm. ‘Silver Tree’1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Physical characteristics were determined for 5 potting media composed of varying ratios of Florida sedge peat and pine bark subjected to compaction pressures of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 kg/cm2. Percent noncapillary pore space decreased as compaction pressure and amount of peat in the mixture increased, while water holding capacity by volume increased with peat addition and compaction pressure. Top growth of Pilea pubescens ‘Silver Tree’ in compacted media was generally as good as in noncompacted media, but root growth was restricted.
The Effect of Supplemental HPS Lighting during Propagation on Rooting and Quality of ‘White Marble’ Cut Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Hughes Becky R. , Tsujita M. James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Supplemental high pressure sodium (HPS) night lighting during propagation increased early growth and rooting of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. White Marble cuttings planted in October, and early growth only in cuttings planted in January. The results depended on the ambient light conditions and the level of supplemental HPS irradiance. Flower quality was enhanced by the supplemental light treatments only in the October plantings. Improving ambient light conditions as the crop developed apparently compensated for poor light conditions during the rooting period of the January planting.
Soil, Tree, and Fruit Responses to Lime and to Type and Timing of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Applications under ‘Sturdeespur Delicious’ Apple trees1
Authors: Lord William J. , Baker John H. , Damon Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Incorporating high Ca lime with the soil in the planting hole for trees of ‘Sturdeespur Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Malling-Merton 106 rootstock increased leaf Ca for the first 2 years. Annual soil applications of NH4NO3 for 8 years, in comparison to applications of KNO3or Ca (NO3)2, increased acidity of soil to depths of 50 to 61 cm. Soil Ca levels were reduced by NH4NO3 but were not increased by Ca (NO3)2. The trees were fertilized either 1 month prior to bloom or at bloom. Time of application or N source had no appreciable influence on tree growth, leaf nutrition, yield, fruit Ca levels, bitter pit and cork spot, or internal breakdown after storage.
Temperature and Cultivar Influences on the Chilling Period of Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Gilreath Phyllis R. , Buchanan D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Budbreak of ‘Woodard’ and ‘Bluegem’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) occurred sooner than ‘Tifblue’ following chilling at constant 10 and 15°C and a diurnal regime of 8 hours at 15°/16 hours at 7°. Results indicate a narrower range of effective chilling temperatures for ‘Tifblue’. The temperature effect was more pronounced for ‘Woodard’ rooted cuttings than budsticks and was more significant for floral than vegetative budbreak. Floral budbreak of rooted cuttings subjected to 14 days at 30° in the middle of the chilling period was faster than at continuous chilling treatments. The number of days required for budbreak was significantly reduced as chilling hours increased.
The Effect of Quantum Flux Density, Day and Night Temperature and Phosphorus and Potassium Status on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Content in Marigold Leaves1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Carlson W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A temperature of 10°C resulted in the greatest synthesis of anthocyanins in foliage of marigold (Tagetespatula L.) regardless of whether cold was applied during the day or night. Response surface techniques were used to determine combinations of light and temperature which result in equal levels of anthocyanin or chlorophyll. Predicted responses indicate that as night temperature increased from 10 to 26°C, a wide range of quantum flux densities and day temperatures resulted in low anthocyanin content. Night temperature of 10° and high day temperature resulted in the same chlorophyll content as 26° night temperature and low day temperature if quantum flux density was low. No significant correlation was found between anthocyanin level and foliar phosophorus or potassium.
Effects of Pruning on Penetration of Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Leaf Physiology in Apples Trees1
Authors: Porpiglia Peter J. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several summer pruning treatments were applied in August to ‘Stayman’/Malling Merton (MM) 111 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees measuring 4m high and 5m wide to examine the resulting changes in light climate. Diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased immediately by about 1/5 on the periphery and 1/10 within the canopy from 2 types of summer pruning. These changes in PAR had no effect on net photosynthetic (Pn) potential, dark respiration (Rd), or specific leaf weight (SLW) determined 21 and 54 days after pruning. One method of summer pruning reduced penetration of PAR into inner canopy positions the year following treatment.
Gene Dose Effects on Cane Thorn Density and Cotyledonary Gland Number in Tetraploid Blackberries1
Authors: Pavlis Gary C. , Moore J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen tetraploid seedling populations of blackberry (Rubus sp.), representing quadruplex, (TTTT), triplex (TTTt), duplex (TTtt), simplex (Tttt), and nulliplex (tttt) genotypes for the major gene conferring thorniness, were evaluated for segregation of cane thorn density and cotyledonary gland number. Comparisons of seedling distribution curves, means and variances of segregating and non-segregating populations did not show a gene dose effect on gland and thorn occurrence. Inheritance of cotyledonary glands and cane thorns in blackberry was qualitative with the density of glands and thorns apparently controlled by several modifying genes.
Inheritance of Resistance to Muskmelon Necrotic Spot Virus in a Melon Aphid-resistant Breeding Line of Muskmelon1
Authors: Coudriet D. L. , Kishaba A. N. , Bohn G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance to muskmelon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) was transferred by successive backcrossing without selection from Cucumis melo L. cv. Gulfstream to a breeding line of muskmelon resistant to the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), as a single recessive gene. This hypothesis is supported by the shift of resistant plants from 50 to 100% resistance in backcrossed and inbred progenies. The same gene, designated nsv for necrotic spot virus, for resistance was shown to be present in ‘PMR-5′ and ‘Planters Jumbo’. This finding documents the value of repeated backcrosses in breeding programs designed to transfer single gene characters from exotic sources into adaptive cultivars.
Plant Regeneration from Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts of Selected Ornamental Nicotiana Species1
Authors: Passiatore J. E. , Sink K. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of Nicotiana aiata Link & Otto, N. forgetiana Sander and N. sanderae W. Wats seedlings were established on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium to provide leaf material as the cell source for protoplasts. Viable protoplasts (8.0 × 105 to 1.5 × 106/ml per g fresh weight) were enzymatically isolated from N. alata in 2.5% Driselase plus 4.0–4.7% mannitol or sorbitol in cell protoplast wash solution (CPW). An enzyme mixture of 1.0% Driselase, 1.0% Macerozyme R-10, 1.0% Cellulase R-10, 0.5% potassium dextran sulfate and 4.0% mannitol in CPW released 4.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 106 and 7.6 × 105 to 8.5 × 105/ml protoplasts per g leaf tissue respectively from N. forgetiana and N. sanderae. Only 4 of 13 tested culture media, also exhibiting species selectivity, promoted sustained cell division of protoplasts to the macroscopic callus stage in 28-35 days. Optimum plating efficiency ranged from 15 to 37% when the protoplasts were cultured at 5.0 × 104/ml in Cool White light. Plating efficiency did not increase when cultures were placed under Gro-Lux light. Macroscopic callus was readily regenerated to shoots in 2 months on MS medium + 1.0 mg/liter zeatin (Z) or MS + 2.0 mg/liter idoleacetic acid (I A A) + 1.0 mg/liter benzy lamino purine (BA). Rhizogenesis occurred in hormone-free MS medium. Regenerated plants flowered in the greenhouse and exhibited minor variation in flower form and pigmentation.
Taxonomic affinities of 5 Cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. as Aided by Serological Analysis of Pollen Proteins1
Authors: Samaan Latif G. , Wallace D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Ouchterlony immuno-double diffusion and crossed immuno-electrophoresis tests each identified one specific pollen protein in each of 5 grape cultivars. Additional proteins that were common provided evidence for ‘White Roumi’ being closely related to ‘Red Roumi’ and ‘Italia’ and distantly related to ‘Thompson Seedless’. An intermediate but close serological relationship was also identified between ‘Italia’ and both ‘Bez-EI-Nakah’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’.
Relationship between Abnormal Embryo Sac Development and Fruitfulness in Olive1
Authors: Rallo L. , Martin G. C. , Lavee S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differences in pistil abortion did not account for variation in fruiting among ‘Manzanillo’ (biennal bearing), ‘Rubra’ (regular cropping), and ‘Swan Hill’ (strong blooming but unfruitful) olives (Olea europaea L.). Competition among normal fruits in an inflorescence seems to be a main factor in regulating final crops. Parthenocarpic fruit of ’Manzanillo’ and ‘Swan Hill’ did not exhibit fruit competition. A high percentage of ovules in ‘Swan Hill’ contained poorly developed embryo sacs at anthesis and were not fertilized. Most of the few parthenocarpic fruit formed eventually shriveled and abscised.
A Direct and Analytical Method for Determining Water-soluble Sugars from a Single Extract of Carrot Root Tissue1
Authors: Hosfield G. L. , Sippel S. A. , Curtin D. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure is outlined for the analysis of major water soluble sugars present in roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Fresh root tissue homogenized in methanol-chloroform-water (13:4:3, v/v/v) permitted differential extraction of sugars and carotenoid pigments based on their solubilities in the solvents eliminating the need to decolorize extracts. Moreover, determination of all sugars could be made from the same root extract. The relative concentrations of reducing sugars and total sugars were determined by a method using dinitrosalicylic acid and the enzyme, invertase. Glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method. Sucrose and fructose were determined colorimetrically using standard anthrone procedures. Recovery of sugars added to extracts and assay solutions agreed with values from control samples in which no sugar was added. This indicated that interfering substances were absent from the samples. The procedure's utility was demonstrated on roots of 4 open pollinated cultivars. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose comprised more than 97% of the total water-soluble sugars in each cultivar. This procedure, because of its precision, economy, and practicality can be applied to genetic research and plant breeding aimed at improving carrot eating quality.
The Effect of Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis on Ethylene-induced Senescence in Isolated Carnation Petals1
Authors: Wulster G. , Sacalis J. , Janes H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure of isolated petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to ethylene resulted in a rapid loss of fresh weight and “in-rolling,” both of which were prevented by pretreatment of petals with cycloheximide (CHI). Actinomycin D (ActD) had no effect on these responses. Treatment of petals with ethylene also resulted in an increase in O2 uptake, which was also inhibited by pretreatement with CHI. “In-rolling” of petals was prevented only if CHI was applied to petals within 4 hours after beginning the exposure to ethylene, but an 8 hour delay in application of CHI after exposure to ethylene was effective in inhibiting the loss of fresh weight.
Studies of ‘Delicious’ Apple Maturation and Ripening As a Chronometric Response to Light-Dark Cycles1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two studies were carried out to determine if the relatively constant length of seasons (LOS) for ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was controlled by the number of light-dark cycles (days). Potted, bearing trees received 19-hour light-dark (19 L-D) cycles and 24-hour light-dark (24 L-D) cycles in growth chambers during July and August. At the end of treatment period, 19 L-D trees received 15 more light-dark cycles than 24 L-D trees. In the second study, orchard trees were illuminated with 2200–4400 lux for 75 min beginning at midnight during July and August. Measurements of skin chlorophyll, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content, and ethylene evolution of harvested fruits as well as internal C2H4 concentrations in attached fruit indicated that maturation and ripening of ‘Delicious’ apples were not affected by these treatments.
The Effect of Phosphorus and Soil Moisture Levels on Yield and Processing Quality of ‘Centennial’ Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Hammett H. L. , Constantin R. J. , Jones L. G. , Hernandez Travis P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Centennial’ sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) did not respond to increasing levels of P over an 8 year period probably due to the low soil pH and relatively high native P levels. Increasing the available soil moisture to above 25% resulted in a 3.4 MT/ha increase in yield of marketable roots over that obtained with natural rainfall but increasing the available moisture had no influence on yield. The P rate had no effect on dry matter and/or carotenoid content, firmness and splitting of processed roots. Protein content as percent of dry weight was reduced with increased P rate. Increasing the available soil moisture resulted in lower dry matter, protein, and carotenoid contents but had no influence on fiber content, firmness, or splitting.
Relationship of Soluble Solids, Alcohol-insoluble Solids, Fruit Calcium, and Pectin Levels to Firmness and Surface Pitting in ‘Lambert’ and ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Facteau T. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Firmer ‘Lambert’ and ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) was associated with higher soluble solids (SS), higher concentration of alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS), and pectinase-soluble pectic substances and less crop, surface pitting, and lower concentration of water-soluble pectic substances. Fruit Ca and ethylene diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) soluble pectic substances were not associated with fruit firmness. Total pectic substances were lower in AIS extracted with 70% ethanol held at 70°C for 1 hour as compared with AIS extracted with 70% ethanol at room temperature plus 80% ethanol in 5% HCI (v/v) for an additional hour. The major differences between the 2 methods were less EDTA and more pectinase pectins in 70°C ethanol-extracted AIS.
The Choice of Plot Size in Randomized Block Experiments1
Authors: Binns M. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Blocking of experimental units is frequently used to improve the precision of an experiment, yet many discussions of optimal plot size do not include a factor for the effect of blocking. Since there is a relationship between the choice of optimal plot size and number of plots per block, such an omission may make recommendations inappropriate for blocked experiments. An adjusting formula of H. F. Smith allowing for blocking is expressed more intuitively in terms of the correlation among plots within blocks.
Sixteen-year Summary of Apple Rootstock Influence on Yield, Yield Efficiency, and Trunk Growth1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E , Fritts Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of 9 rootstocks on growth and production of ‘Goldspur’ (GS) and ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and 3 rootstocks on growth and production of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees was evaluated. The spur-type ‘Delicious’ strain (WS) produced more fruit per tree than the non-spur (RK) strain with Mailing (M) 7 and Malling-Merton (MM) 106 but not with M 26 roots. ‘Golden Delicious’ produced more fruit per tree than GS on all 3 stocks. Yield efficiencies were usually superior with spurred strains. There was a decline in efficiency evident or projected with RK. Comparing cumulative yields after 16 years with 9 stocks within spurred strains showed that highest yields were with MM 106 roots. Yields were influenced by tree spacing, scion type, and rootstock. Clonal rootstocks were more efficient producers than seedling. The least size-controlling stocks (seedling, MM 104, MM 109, and M 25) tended to be less efficient producers than M 2, M 7, M 26, MM 106, or MM 111 in the final year of the experiment, but the differences were not all significant and the trends throughout the experiment were not consistent, partially due to biennial bearing with some stocks. Largest trees with spurred tops were WS, GS/seedling, MM 104, and MM 109, and smallest trees were on M 26. RK/M 7, M 26 were identical in size.
An Evaluation of Chilling Models for Estimating Rest Requirements of Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)1
Authors: Norvell Dona Jo , Moore J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments utilizing both natural and artificial chilling conditions were conducted to evaluate chilling models for estimating rest completion of highbush blueberries. Temperatures of 1° and 12°C were effective in satisfying the rest requirement of blueberries, but were less effective than 6°. Thus, neither the Utah chill unit model nor the accumulated hours below 7.2° model are accurate, since the Utah model does not consider temperatures below 1.4°C as effective in chilling and the accumulated hours below 7.2° model does not consider temperatures above 7.2° as effective. A modification of the Utah model allowing each hour at 1° to contribute 0.5 chill units gave predictable results for highbush blueberries. Natural field chilling was more effective in satisfying rest requirements than artificial chilling in cold chambers.
Effect of Tree Density on Fruit Quality, Temperature, Light Penetration, Growth, and Production of Old-line ‘Atwood’ Navel Orange Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Nauer E. M. , Atkin D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of old-line ‘Atwood’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock were planted in 1970 at 6 different spacings in 5 replications to determine effects of tree spacing on fruit quality, tree growth, yield, air temperature, light penetration, and production costs. Growth rate was measured by trunk circumference and tree height. Trunk circumference increased as spacing increased. Closely spaced trees were 0.7 m higher than widely spaced trees after 9 years. Fruit quality analyses showed no differences until the trees began to crowd. Fruit colored faster in 1980 on the widely spaced trees than on closely spaced trees. Fruit from trees spaced 5.5 × 5.5 m reached legal maturity (8:1, solids:acid ratio) 12 days ahead of fruit from trees spaced 2.7 × 4.6 m.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation of Seeds on Germination and Plant Morphology of Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey1
Authors: Grossman Herbert H. , Craig Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of Pelargonium × hortorum cv. ‘Carefree Deep Salmon’ were given 1, 2, or 3 krad of acute gamma radiation to determine the influence on germination, plant morphology and growth. Percent germination was stimulated by 1 krad and inhibited by 3 krad compared to the control. Plant height and branch length were initially greater for irradiated plants, but the controls eventually grew significantly taller and had greater branch length than plants irradiated with 2 and 3 krads. The growth differential appeared to reflect differences in internode elongation and it is suggested that gamma irradiation may have altered the gibberellin status of the plants. Similar effects were noted for leaf and branch number; however, only the 3 krad dose caused a significant reduction in these parameters.
Gene Action and Heterosis for Yield and Vegetative Characteristics in a Cross between a Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber Inbred and a Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii Line1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Nienhuis James , Miller C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parents, F1, F2 and backcross generations of a cross between a Cucumis sativus L. gynoecious inbred, GY 14, and a selection of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. were evaluated for several horticultural characteristics. Generation means were significantly different for all characteristics, and were analyzed using an unweighted least squares procedure. An additive-dominance model accounted for most of the variation among generations for fruit weight per plant, lateral number, main stem and mature fruit length, diameter and length/diameter ratio. Additive × additive epistasis was involved in the variation among generations for fruit number per plant. Heterois above the high-parent was observed for fruit weight per plant and the main stem length, dominance was the major contributing factor to variation for these traits. F1 deviation from mid-parent was observed for lateral number.