bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Optimization of a Photo-Electrode: Interplay of Photoactive and Conductive Materials in a Lithium-Ion Photo-Battery
Authors: Briqueleur Elsa , Dollé Mickaël , Skene Will 
Published: November 2022

Green and sustainable devices that can harvest and store the solar energy along with delivering electricity during dark periods have garnered much attention. This is owing to solar energy being the best renewable source of energy for producing clean electricity that can potentially meet demand on a global scale.
Although silica solar panels can harvest sunlight, they must be coupled with conventional batteries such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs) to store the collected energy. Organic dyes offer many advantages to silica panels. They are lighter, cheaper, more versatile, as well as a more sustainable harvesting solution. We therefore took advantages of the benefits of LIBs and an organic dye to lay the groundwork required for developing an all-in-one device that potentially can harvest sunlight and store the energy directly in the LIB.
An organic dye was judiciously selected based on its known properties that meet the requirements for light harvesting and charge transfer with the LIB active components. We have established structure/property relationships that have confirmed the dye can be reduced by the battery’s electroactive components upon light absorption. This will be complemented by steady-state and time-resolved solid-state emission quenching studies. It will be shown that Raman spectroscopy can provide further insight in the effect of the photobattery architecture and the conductive surfaces on the charge transfer processes. This will be complemented with electrochemical studies, including galvanostatic cycling with the dye with various photo-cathode architectures to further understand the role of the microstructure in the electronic transfer. Systematically replacing various components of the LIB with their organic counterparts will also be presented to elucidate the photocharge mechanisms and lay the groundwork for an all-in-one photobattery.
Repassivation Temperature of One-Dimensional Artificial Pits in Stainless Steel
Authors: Li Tianshu , Frankel Gerald S. 
Published: November 2022

A new framework has been developed in recent works to describe pit growth stability 1-8, based on which many critical scientific issues in localized corrosion were addressed, such as the rate-controlling step in pit growth, the salt film growth and self-regulating mechanism, and the kinetics and the activation energy of metal dissolution in the local pit environment. Although many new insights were generated, there are still some phenomena that are not well understood, such as the pit repassivation temperature (T
rp). According to the new framework, T
rp is predicted to decrease with the increase of applied potential (E
app). However, T
rp sometimes exhibits an unexpected dependence on E
app that contradicts with the prediction, and the underlying mechanism is not clear.
In this study, T
rp of one-dimensional artificial pits made from 316L stainless steel was investigated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl by downward temperature scanning. For a given pit depth, T
rp exhibits an unexpected “S” dependence on applied potential, which has never been reported previously. Further analysis shows that this relationship is derived from repassivation underneath the salt film, which is different from repassivation that occurs when the pit surface concentration decreases below a critical value. This indicates that there is a reversal of the effect of the salt film on pit growth stability. The systematic study shows that such a reversal depends on temperature, E
app, and pit depth.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported as part of the Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award # DE-SC0016584.
References

G. S. Frankel, T. Li, and J. R. Scully, Journal of the Electrochemical Society,
164 (4), C180-C181 (2017).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
165 (9), C484-C491 (2018).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
165 (11), C762-C770 (2018).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
166 (6), C115-C124 (2019).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
166 (11), C3341-C3354 (2019).

T. Li, J. Wu, and G. S. Frankel, Corrosion Science,
182 109277 (2021).

T. Li, J. Wu, X. Guo, A. M. Panindre, and G. S. Frankel, Corrosion Science,
193 109901 (2021).

T. Li, D. E. Perea, D. K. Schreiber, M. G. Wirth, G. J. Orren, and G. S. Frankel, Corrosion Science,
174 108812 (2020).
(Digital Presentation) Effect of Mg2si on Trenching Formation Around Al6(Fe, Mn) on AA5083 in Diluted Synthetic Seawater
Authors: Kosaba Takumi , Muto Izumi , Nishimoto Masashi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: November 2022

In chloride containing solutions like atmospheric environments, an interface between intermetallic particles (IMPs) and Al-matrix is mainly one of the initiation sites in localized corrosion of Al alloys. It has been widely reported that Al-matrix around IMPs containing Fe and/or Cu was dissolved like trenching due to the oxygen reduction reaction on the IMPs and the subsequent alkalization on and around the IMPs. The trenching is precursory stage of localized corrosion on Al alloys. In the case of AA5083, Al6(Fe, Mn) was known to become the initiation site of localized corrosion1). In addition to Al6(Fe, Mn), Mg2Si is precipitated in AA5083 to increase the mechanical strength. Mg in Mg2Si is easily dissolved to solutions immediately after immersion. Therefore, Mg2Si is less possible to become the initiation site of localized corrosion compared with Al6(Fe, Mn). For the reason, few previous research has clearly shown the effect of the Mg dissolution in Mg2Si on the trenching formation around Al6(Fe, Mn). In this study, the effect of Mg2Si on trenching formation around Al6(Fe, Mn) by immersion tests of microelectrode containing single or double IMPs.
A5083 (Al-Mg alloy) were prepared as specimen in this research. The four types of AA5083 electrodes (1. only Al6(Fe, Mn), 2. only Mg2Si, 3. both of Al6(Fe, Mn) and Mg2Si, 4. neither Al6(Fe, Mn) nor Mg2Si (Al-matrix on AA5083)) were prepared. Diluted synthetic seawater (200 mg/L Cl-, pH 8.2) was used as the electrolyte for immersion tests. Ag/AgCl (3.33 M KCl) was used as the reference electrode. The immersion time was 1 h.
After the immersion tests, trenching was generated around Al6(Fe, Mn) on microelectrode containing both of Al6(Fe, Mn) and Mg2Si. On the other hand, no trenching was observed around Al6(Fe, Mn) on microelectrode containing only Al6(Fe, Mn). The results suggested that the formation of trenching around Al6(Fe, Mn) was affected to Mg2Si.
1) T. Kosaba, I. Muto, and Y. Sugawara, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 020550 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5301
(Digital Presentation) Effects of Secondary Phases in Stainless Steel on Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Saito Haruka , Muto Izumi , Nishimoto Masashi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: November 2022

Stainless steels are widely used because of their high corrosion resistance. It is well known that Mo improves the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels1, 2).
Mo dissolves at the passive region of stainless steels because of transpassive dissolution. In this study, we tried to provide dissolved species of Mo into the solution by utilizing transpassive dissolution of Mo. The type 304L stainless steel containing Mo phases was fabricated and corrosion resistance was measured. For fabrication of samples, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was used because non-equilibrium microstructure can be obtained by short sintering time and low temperature.
Type 304L stainless steel containing Mo phases was fabricated by SPS of type 304L gas atomized powder and 2.5 mass% of Mo powder. Sintering temperature was 1100℃ and it kept for 20 min. The specimen surface was polished down to 1 μm using a diamond paste. The same procedure was applied for fabricating sintered type 304L as comparison material.
The as-polished and etched surfaces of the samples were observed by an optical microscope. A field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system was also used to observe the surface of the samples.
From the observation of sample surface, it was found that the samples contained many voids. Mo phases were also observed in entire surface. In Mo phases, the concentration of Mo was more than 90 mass%, and other elements were hardly detected.
To assess the corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured in 0.1 M NaCl (pH 6.0). Electrode area was set from 100 µm × 100 µm to 5 mm × 5 mm depend on the measurement. Specimens were covered by epoxy resin except electrode area.
Polarization curve of the samples were unstable because of the presence of voids. In measurement of Type 304L (SPS), current density increased with increasing potential and no passivation was occurred. On the other hand, in the case of type 304L containing Mo phases (SPS), increase of dissolution currents was inhibited with dissolution of Mo phases. After polarization, the surfaces of the samples were observed. Mo phases were preferentially dissolved, but the possibility of improvement of pitting corrosion resistance by dissolved Mo species from Mo phases.
If the effect of dissolved species of Mo can be obtained by Mo oxide was investigated. The sample was fabricated by sintering of mixed powder of 304L and MoO3 powder. After the polarization measurement, no pitting was observed. This indicate that corrosion resistance was improved.
References;

Saito, I. Muto and Y. Sugawara, Mater.Trans., 61 (2020), 2248-2251

Nishimoto, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, N. Hara, J.Electrochem.Soc., 166 (11), C3081-C3089
(Digital Presentation) Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Evaluation of Anthraquinone Derivative As Cathode in Zinc Ion Battery
Authors: Merukan Chola Noufal , Nagarale Rajaram Krishna 
Published: November 2022

Aqueous zinc ion batteries are a very promisingly emerging class of energy storage devices. They are brought to the attention of the researchers owing to the abundant resourcefulness, user and environmental friendliness, and excellent water compatibility unlike the alkaline and alkaline earth metals. Unfortunately, their research and development are still in the unmatured stage. Few of the inorganic materials, such as oxides of manganese, vanadium, Prussian blue, etc., are some of the inorganic materials evaluated as cathode for zinc batteries. Even though inorganic materials offer high energy density which directly affects the size of the battery, they face some serious constraints of being used for real practical applications. They undergo irreversible structural lattice changes during the cycling process which ultimately deteriorate the battery performance over prolonged cycling. In addition, they face serious dissolution problems, lack of resourcefulness, and environmental non-benignity. In this regard, organic cathodes are interesting candidates because of their flexibility, simple charge storage mechanism, numerous choices of molecular engineering, and high resourcefulness. Herein, we studied the anthraquinone derivative as an organic cathode in ionic liquid electrolytes. Even though aqueous electrolytes are user-friendly, excessive water evaporation occurs with subsequent salt crystallization on the electrode which deteriorates the battery performance. We previously reported on addressing the restriction of water evaporation by choosing ethylene glycol as an electrolyte additive. Since ionic liquid exists as a liquid at room temperature, we selected different types of ILs, ie., imidazole containing different types of alkyl and functionalized alkyl chains as shown in the figure.
This work essentially emphasizes the aqueous zinc battery performance using functionalized ionic liquids as electrolytes with a newly designed anthraquinone-based organic cathode. It has been observed that the zwitterionic electrolyte exhibited comparatively good capacity performance of 156.2 mAhg-1 at 50 mAg-1 current density. The cycling stability, as well as coulombic efficiency, were also found to be much promising. On the whole, user-friendly organic-based electrolyte, as well as organic cathode, converge a new integrated electrode-electrolyte system for zinc ion battery. The detailed battery performance and post-mortem analysis have also been performed which reinvigorate the battery research, for zinc-like multivalent ion-based batteries in particular.

Figure 1
Corrosion Testing in Nitrate Molten Salt Using Rotating Cylindrical Electrode
Authors: Townsend Ty , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: November 2022

Molten salts are under consideration as the working fluid in thermal power generation. Nitrate molten salts store vast amounts of energy at high temperature and are an efficient energy production medium. Nitrate molten salts are corrosive to structural materials in these applications. Static corrosion studies may neglect the effects of fluid flow on corrosion and flowing test loops can be expensive and complex. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) can simulate the effects of fluid flow on the corrosion of structural materials and are more compact and economical then flow loops. We have developed a rotating cylinder electrode apparatus to study the corrosion of structural metals in flowing molten salts using accelerated electrochemical corrosion testing. In this study, we have evaluated the corrosion behavior in molten nitrate salts and used various surface characterization techniques to compare the results from static corrosion tests. Results and analysis of these studies will be presented.
Acknowledgement:
This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under awards DE-NE0008889 and DE-NE0008236, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract 31310018M0032. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively.
Factors Impacting Atmospheric Pitting Morphologies
Authors: Karasz Erin , Montoya Timothy , Taylor Jason , Katona Ryan , Bryan Charles , Schaller Rebecca Filardo 
Published: November 2022

Stainless steels exposed to marine and near-marine environments can suffer from localized corrosion due to the appreciable amount of chloride aerosols present. In some cases, this localized corrosion, in the presence of sufficient tensile stress, can lead to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is currently stored in stainless steel canisters at independent spent fuel storage installation sites (ISFSI), many of which are located in near-marine environments. The possibility of localized corrosion features transitioning to SCC is a potential concern, particularly as the use of the SNF canisters at ISFSIs has been extended beyond their original licensing period.
There is evidence that the likelihood of this transition occurring is dependent on the morphology of corrosion damage. Therefore, it is important to examine factors impacting the corrosion morphology. This work focuses on the effects of environment, surface finish, and stress state.
304L stainless steel u-bends of various surface finishes were deposited with fine droplets of magnesium chloride solution or artificial sea water. They were divided among several exposure environments, cyclic or static in nature. Flat coupons of 304H, 304L, or 316L were finished to the same surface roughnesses and exposed in the cyclic environment. Static exposures were 75% or 40% RH at an elevated temperature while the cyclic environment varied both temperature and relative humidity. The cyclic environment is designed to mimic diurnal cycles experienced on a warm SNF canister after an initial storage (or cooling) period. In the flat coupons, the roughest surface finish developed elongated pits and microcracks formed along the edges of the pits, largely running perpendicular to the grind lines. When viewed in cross-section, pits on the roughest surface finish also appeared to have more severe under-cutting and to be more irregularly shaped. The results of the flat coupons will be compared to the u-bends exposed with various salt types and stress states.

SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2022-4056 A. PNNL-SA-171827
(Invited) Advanced Warning for Intervention in Li-Ion Batteries during Abusive Conditions
Authors: Bates Alex Martin , Gray Lucas , Lamb Joshua , Torres-Castro Loraine 
Published: November 2022

Electrification is occurring in large sectors across the world, from electric vehicles to grid energy storage. As a result, battery safety is of paramount concern with electric vehicle fires quickly finding their way to media outlets worldwide. This is especially true when battery fires occur near a home or structure. For this reason, advanced warning of an off normal event is crucial for mitigation or intervention. That is, advanced warning so that we may potentially stop the occurrence of thermal runaway, and thus a battery fire, and/or advanced warning to allow movement of individuals away from a dangerous situation.
This work utilized rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a commercial gas sensing tool to quantify key metrics in early detection of off normal events for battery cells in the pouch format. The time between detection of an off normal event, via EIS response or gas detection, and thermal runaway was determined in a controlled environment, under abusive conditions. The importance of gas sensor proximity to the time between detection and thermal runaway was evaluated. This testing used an array of sensors positioned throughout an abuse testing bay, along with in-operando rapid EIS. Batteries with LFP or NMC cathodes were subjected to two abuse modes, overtemperature and overcharge. The gas composition was verified by FTIR to rule out the possibility of a false positive by some other substance, aside from vented gases, such as adhesive heating. This work gives insight into the ability of EIS and gas sensing to give advanced warning with different battery chemistries and failure modes.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Kelvin Probe Techniques in Corrosion Science: An Overview of the Latest Developments
Authors: Rohwerder Michael 
Published: November 2022

Over the last years, Kelvin probe techniques have found a more and more widespread application in corrosion science. While the pioneering applications by Stratmann et al were focused on investigating corrosion underneath ultra-thin electrolyte layers to cathodic delamination of organic coatings [1, 2], over the last 15 years the Kelvin probe method was shown to be applicable for new applications such as mapping hydrogen activities, measuring hydrogen permeation [3] and even measuring oxygen reduction at buried interfaces [4] or on surfaces just covered by a monolayer of water [5].
In this contribution examples about the latest developments of its application in corrosion science will be presented, from coating delamination to hydrogen in materials.
[1] M. Stratmann, H. Streckel, Corros. Sci., 30 (1990), pp. 681-696
[2] M. Stratmann, H. Streckel, R. Feser, Corros. Sci., 32 (1991), pp. 467-470
[3] S. Evers, M. Rohwerder, Electrochemistry Communications 24 (2012) 85
[4] D. Vijayshankar, T.H. Tran, A. Bashir, S. Evers. M. Rohwerder, Electrochimica Acta 189 (2016) 111-117
[5] X.K. Zhong, M. Schulz, C.H. Wu, M. Rabe, A. Erbe, M. Rohwerder, Chemelectrochem 8(4) (2021) 712-718
Impedance Analysis on Initiation and Growth of Ant-Nest Corrosion of Copper
Authors: Itagaki Masayuki , Makita Aoi , Watanabe Hikari , Shitanda Isao , Hosogi Tetsuro , Ito Shinichi 
Published: November 2022

The branched pitting corrosion often occurs on copper tubes used in heat-exchanger units in air-conditioners and leads to leakage of heat-exchanger fluid for several months. Figure 1 shows a photograph of this unique localized corrosion formed by galvanostatic polarization in the laboratory. The morphology is characterized by the fractal structure in which pits of several ten micro-m diameter are formed at copper surface and smaller pores are developed on the pit walls randomly. This localized corrosion has been reported with some names: ant-nest corrosion, formicary corrosion, unusual corrosion, branched pits and pinhole corrosion [1]. It’s well known that the occurrence of this localized corrosion is related to trace phosphorus in copper and presence of low molecular weight carboxylic acid such as formic acid. However, the origin to form branched structure has not been clarified.
We reported an impedance method to analyze the branched (fractal) pore electrode with transmission line model (TLM) [2, 3]. Impedance spectrum of simple cylinder pore electrode on Nyquist plane normally describes straight-line of 45 degree slope in the high frequency range. In the case of electrode with fractal pores, the slope of straight-line decreases depending on the fractal dimension [3]. In this study, we employed this impedance analysis to investigate the initiation and growth of branched pores in ant-nest corrosion of copper.
References:
[1] D. M. Bastidas, V. M. La Iglesia, E. Cano, S. Fajardo, and J. M. Bastidas, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, C578 (2008).
[2] M. Itagaki, S. Suzuki, I. Shitanda, K. Watanabe, H. Nakazawa, J. Power Sources, 161, 415 (2007).
[3] M. Itagaki, Y. Hatada, I. Shitanda, K. Watanabe, Electrochim. Acta, 55, 6255 (2010).

Figure 1
(Invited, Digital Presentation) 3D Printing of Flexible and Wearable Supercapacitors
Authors: Sundriyal Poonam 
Published: November 2022

Flexible and wearable electronics have recently emerged as a potential solution for next-generation electronics for healthcare, sports, transport, military, soft robotics, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and other applications. However, these devices are still at a fledgling stage due to the use of traditional manufacturing processes, lack of compatible power supply, poor commercialization capabilities, and integration problems. Here, we present 3D printing approaches for developing batteries and supercapacitors for flexible electronic applications. Such manufacturing techniques can revolutionize the rapidly growing field of flexible and wearable electronics due to their several attributes like; rapid production, simplicity, capability to produce size and shape versatile patterns, computer-aided design, user control, and environmental friendliness.(1-4) Different aspects of 3D printed supercapacitors (such as; device design, ink preparation of electrode/ electrolyte components, rheology control of inks, surface modification to get good print quality, electrochemical performance of printed devices, and flexibility analysis) will be discussed in detail with a focus on future requirements.
References

Sundriyal P, Bhattacharya S. Scalable micro-fabrication of flexible, solid-state, inexpensive, and high-performance planar micro-supercapacitors through inkjet printing. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2019;2(3):1876-90.

Sundriyal P, Bhattacharya S. Inkjet-printed electrodes on A4 paper substrates for low-cost, disposable, and flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2017;9(44):38507-21.

Sundriyal P, Bhattacharya S, editors. 3-D Printed Electrode Materials for Low-Cost, Flexible, and Stretchable Energy Storage Devices. ECS Meeting Abstracts; 2019: IOP Publishing.

Sundriyal P, Bhattacharya S. Textile-based supercapacitors for flexible and wearable electronic applications. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-15.