bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study on the effect of different fibrous nanofillers on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Surya Koodappuzha Parameswaran , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra , Naskar Kinsuk , Bhowmick Anil Kumar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe specific geometry and distinct properties of one‐dimensional nanostructures make them the most ideal candidates as reinforcing elements in composites and the dependence of physical, mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of polymer composites on their dimensionality, nature, and dispersion is interesting. The upsurging demands for high‐performance elastomer composites require the application of such nanomaterials as reinforcing agents. Here, we offer a detailed characterization of some of the novel fibrous nanofillers such as silicon carbide nanofibers, aramid nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanofibers. Morphology, crystallinity, surface chemistry, polarity, and thermal stability of these nanofibers were analyzed using techniques such as electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Natural Rubber nanocomposites were developed using these fibrous nanofillers, and their rheometric, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties were studied. ANF‐reinforced compounds gave the highest increment in 300% modulus while the highest tensile strength was obtained by CNT reinforced compounds at 4 phr filler loading. CNT and GNF‐reinforced compounds improved the wear resistance simultaneously by 43% and 33% respectively, while SiC and ANF improved it by 10% and 8% respectively. Lower tan delta and better thermal stability were also recorded. Future exploration may involve the use of these nanofibers in conjunction with carbon black or silica to achieve high‐performance elastomer compounds for real‐life applications.
Survival rates and outcomes of pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18: A 16‐year experience from a public hospital in South Africa
Authors: Stewart Chantal , Owusu‐Bempah Atta , Boutall Alison , Barr Sonia , Wessels Tina‐Marié , Fieggen Karen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveMany studies, largely from high‐income countries (HIC), have reported outcomes in babies with trisomy 18 (T18), with a paucity of data from Africa. Knowledge of outcomes is important in counselling women prenatally diagnosed with T18. We aimed to review all prenatally diagnosed cases of T18 between January 2006 and December 2021.MethodDemographic data, diagnosis, gestation and outcome data were obtained from the Astraia® database and patient files.ResultsWe included 88 pregnant women of whom 46 terminated their pregnancies (30 beyond 24 weeks' gestation). Three underwent foeticides, one had a caesarean section for maternal obstetric reasons and 26 underwent inductions of labour without foetal monitoring. Four neonates were live born but none lived >8 h. In those who continued their pregnancies, the mean gestation at delivery was 34.8 weeks, 14 (33%) were live births and only 5 survived for >24 h with none surviving to 1 year of life.ConclusionIn our cohort, infants with T18 had lower live birth rates and shorter survival than in the current literature from HIC. This may be due to the implementation of non‐aggressive intrapartum care and comfort care for the neonates. This has implications for counselling in our setting.
A DFT study on the reaction pathway involved in the metal‐ion‐templated synthesis of benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7) from catechol and hexaethylene glycol ditosylate in the presence of base
Authors: Sisodiya Dilawar Singh , Ali Sk. Musharaf , Chattopadhyay Anjan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis present work explores the mechanism of the alkali metal‐ion (Na+ and K+) aided benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7) formation from catechol and hexaethylene glycol di‐p‐toluenesulfonate in the presence of base [Correction added on 29 December 2022, after first online publication: benzo‐21‐crown‐7(f) has been corrected to benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7).]. The density functional theory (DFT)‐based studies (in gas‐phase and in acetonitrile) have identified two SN2 steps along the reaction path, where each step is characterized by an energy barrier due to the presence of a transition state (TS). The metal‐ion template effect eases the binding between the catechol oxygen and the carbon atom holding the tosyl leaving group. This metal‐ion framework facilitates the cyclization process, which is responsible for the better yield of the crown ether. In case of K+‐coordinated system in solution, the TS dipole moment value for this step is 10 Debye higher than the corresponding reactant, whereas for Na+‐coordinated system, this difference is much smaller (~7.5 Debye). A comparison of the barrier heights of this intramolecular SN2 step in acetonitrile shows a higher value for Na+ ion system (30 kcal/mol) than that of K+‐coordinated system (22 kcal/mol). Expectedly, a higher rate constant for the cyclization has been found from the kinetics study of the latter, which is in‐line with the reported experimental results. Additionally, we have also explored the consequences of the involvement of a second metal ion in the process, a possibility, which was predicted earlier for large ring‐sized crown ethers.
Synthesis and mechanochemical inertness of a Zn (II) bidipyrrin double helix
Authors: Zhou Junfeng , Sathe Devavrat , Ciccotelli Andrew , Wang Junpeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHelices are unique structures that play important roles in biomacromolecules and chiral catalysis. The mechanochemical unfolding of helical structures has attracted the attention of chemists in the past few years. However, it is limited to a few cases which investigated how the mechanochemical reactivity is impacted by helical configurations. No synthetic helical mechanophore is reported. Herein, a Zn (II) bidipyrrin (BDPR‐Zn) double helix is designed as a potential mechanophore. A cyclic olefin containing a doubly strapped BDPR‐Zn is prepared and used for ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. The corresponding polymer is subjected to pulsed ultrasonication for mechanochemical testing. The sonication results reveal the mechanochemical inertness of BDPR‐Zn unit, which is further supported by force‐coupled simulation. Although no obvious activation is observed, our preliminary results on BDPR‐Zn unit could inspire further rational designs on force‐induced helix unfolding.
Understanding the in silico aspects of bacterial catabolic cascade for styrene degradation
Authors: Bhanot Vishalakshi , Pali Snigdha , Panwar Jitendra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStyrene is a nonpolar organic compound used in very high volume for the industrial scale production of commercially important polymers such as polystyrene resins as well as copolymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, latex, and rubber. These resins are widely used in the manufacturing of various products including single‐use plastics such as disposable cups and containers, protective packaging, heat insulation, and so forth. The large‐scale utilization leads to the over‐accumulation of styrene waste in the environment causing deleterious health risks including cancer, neurological impairment, dysbiosis of central nervous system, and respiratory problems. To eliminate the accumulating waste. Microbial enzyme‐based system represents the most environmental friendly and sustainable approach for elimination of styrene waste. However, comprehensive understanding of the enzyme–substrate interaction and associated pathways would be crucial for developing large‐scale disposal systems. This study aims to understand the molecular interaction between the protein‐ligand complexes of the styrene catabolic reactions by bacterial enzymes of sty operon. Molecular docking analysis for catalytic enzymes namely, styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI), and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) of the bacterial sty operon was carried out with their individual substrates, that is, styrene, styrene oxide, and phenylacetic acid, respectively. The binding energy, amino acids forming binding cavity, and binding interactions between the protein‐ligand binding sites were calculated for each case. The obtained binding energies showed a stable association of these complexes indicating the future scope of their utilization for large‐scale bioremediation of styrene, and its commercially used polymers and copolymers.
Epipericardial fat necrosis in a patient with sudden chest pain
Authors: Ikeo Satoshi , Yasuda Naoaki , Sakai Yuki , Hayashi Yasuyuki , Sokai Akihiko , Iwata Toshiyuki , Nishimura Takashi 
Published: November 2022

Key messageEpipericardial fat necrosis (EFN) may be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain. Clinicians should be kept in mind that EFN is self‐limiting and is often followed up with imaging.
Severity of COVID‐19 infection in pregnancy and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: A retrospective study in a tertiary center
Authors: Naseef Paul , Elnour Ayman Abou , Ramy Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionTo estimate the association between the severity of maternal SARS‐CoV2 disease and adversity of maternal and neonatal outcomes.MethodsA retrospective single‐site descriptive study was conducted, where the records of pregnant women, universally screened for COVID‐19 infection, with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV2 disease during the period from March 2020 to March 2021 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: an asymptomatic/mild disease group and a moderate/severe disease group. Maternal outcomes, including the incidence of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH)/pre‐eclampsia, cesarean section (CS) rates, maternal intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, and neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and neonatal ICU (NICU) admission rates, were compared in both study groups.ResultsA total of 352 patients were included with 87 (24.7%) having a moderate/severe disease. In this group, the incidence of preterm birth (<37+6 weeks) was 25.3% (n = 22) and that of low birth weight was 23.0% (n = 20) compared to 12.8% (n = 34) and 13.6% (n = 36) respectively in the asymptomatic/mild disease group. The rates of maternal and NICU admissions were also higher in the former group. Moreover, the rates of development of PIH/pre‐eclampsia in the former and latter groups were 9.2% (n = 8) and 4.9% (n = 13), respectively.ConclusionThere is likely an association between the severity of maternal SARS‐CoV2 disease and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Low‐gain integral control for a class of discrete‐time Lur'e systems with applications to sampled‐data control
Authors: Guiver Chris , Rebarber Richard , Townley Stuart 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe study low‐gain (P)roportional (I)ntegral control of multivariate discrete‐time, forced Lur'e systems to solve the output‐tracking problem for constant reference signals. We formulate an incremental sector condition which is sufficient for a usual linear low‐gain PI controller to achieve exponential disturbance‐to‐state and disturbance‐to‐tracking‐error stability in closed‐loop, for all sufficiently small integrator gains. Output tracking is achieved in the absence of exogenous disturbance (noise) terms. Our line of argument invokes a recent circle criterion for exponential incremental input‐to‐state stability. The discrete‐time theory facilitates a similar result for a continuous‐time forced Lur'e system in feedback with sampled‐data low‐gain integral control. The theory is illustrated by two examples.
Efficient Synthesis of Quaternised Guar Gum using Tri‐alkylamine and Epichlorohydrin Condensate by Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array
Authors: Tyagi Rakhi , Kumar Vineet , Sharma Pradeep 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGlycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GLYTAC) is an efficient quaternizing reagent, easy to synthesize, and causes lesser degradation to the polymer backbone than other reagents. Quaternization of guar gum was carried out using condensate of trimethylamine and epichlorohydrin as etherifying reagents adopting Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design of experiment to optimize the reaction conditions to attain a higher degree of substitution (DS). The set of optimized levels of selected control factors are as follows; 2.5 mL and 1.2 g of condensate and sodium hydroxide respectively at 30 °C and time 6 h. The DS of the quaternized derivative prepared under optimized reaction conditions was determined as 0.046. The appearance of an additional signal at 3.06 ppm and 54.62 in 1H and 13C and the corresponding cross signal inHSQC (1H−13C) confirmed the synthesis of quaternized guar gum. The study demonstrated that Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is a reliable statistical approach for efficient and green synthesis of quaternized derivatives.
Spin Selectivity in Chiral Hybrid Cobalt Halide Films with Ultrasmooth Surface
Authors: Wang Qian , Lu Ying , He Rui‐Lin , Chen Ruyi , Qiao Leilei , Pan Feng , Yang Zhou , Song Cheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroducing chirality into low‐dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic halides (HOIHs) creates brand‐new opportunities for HOIHs in spintronics and spin‐related optoelectronics owing to chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, preparing smooth films of low‐dimensional HOIHs with small roughness is still a great challenge due to the hybrid and complex crystal structure, which severely inhibits their applications in spintronic devices. Exploring new lead‐free chiral HOIHs with both efficient spin selectivity and excellent film quality is urgently desired. Here, cobalt‐based chiral metal halide crystals (R/S‐NEA)2CoCl4 constructed by 0D [CoCl4] tetrahedrons and 1‐(1‐naphtyl)ethylamine (NEA) are synthesized. The orderly configuration of NEA molecules stabilized by noncovalent CH···π interaction endows (NEA)2CoCl4 with good film‐forming ability. (NEA)2CoCl4 films exhibit strong chiroptical activity (gCD ≈ 0.05) and significant spin‐polarized transport (CISS efficiency up to 90%). Furthermore, ultrasmooth films (roughness ∼ 0.3 nm) with enhanced crystallinity can be achieved by incorporating tiny amount tris(8‐oxoquinoline)aluminum that has analogous conjugated structure to NEA. The realization of highly efficient spin selectivity and sub‐nanometer roughness in lead‐free chiral halides can boost the practical process of low‐dimensional HOIHs in spintronics and other fields.
An investigation of unsuccessful performance and subsequent retake behavior in principles of economics
Authors: Emerson Tisha L. N. , McGoldrick KimMarie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUsing student transcript data from eight institutions over 23‐years, we investigate enrollments in principles of microeconomics to determine characteristics of successful and unsuccessful students. We follow unsuccessful students to identify determinants of retake decisions and success (or lack thereof) for repeaters. Higher aptitude and more senior students are more likely to succeed in microeconomic principles. Experience with macroeconomics principles, financial accounting, and calculus also increases the likelihood of success. Traditionally challenged groups (females and underrepresented minorities) are more likely to be unsuccessful. Unsuccessful students who complete the course (earning less than a C‐) differ from withdrawers. Academically stronger females and URM students are more likely to withdraw than unsuccessfully persist compared to their white, male counterparts. Students with backgrounds in economics or financial accounting are less likely to withdraw. Withdrawers on the first attempt are more likely to retake the course than unsuccessful completers. Academically stronger females are more likely to retake but academically stronger URM students are less likely to do so. Many of the determinants of success, unsuccessful completion, and withdrawal from the first attempt remain significant predictors of outcomes for repeaters. We conclude with policy suggestions.
The Role of Policy in Shaping and Addressing the Consequences of Parental Incarceration for Child Development in the United States
Authors: Mihalec‐Adkins Brittany P. , Shlafer Rebecca 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTThe U.S. has seen a more than five‐fold increase in the number of children who experience the incarceration of a parent, such that now 7% of all U.S. children have been impacted. Parental incarceration has been linked to an array of consequences for children's development and well‐being, spanning most developmental domains and all developmental stages. The overarching goal of this report is to briefly summarize the associations between parental incarceration and adverse outcomes across various aspects of child well‐being and development (Section I), and to discuss the role of policy (Section II) in both contributing to mass parental incarceration in the U.S. (Section II.A.) and addressing the many impacts of parental incarceration in the U.S. on child well‐being and development (Section II.B.). Throughout this report, we acknowledge impacts and additional considerations related to families of color, who are disproportionately affected by incarceration and associated policies.
The potential for nanomaterial toxicity affecting the male reproductive system
Authors: Li Jiangxue , Ning Manman , Zhang Yiming , Liu Qianglin , Liu Kai , Zhang Hongjie , Zhao Yuliang , Chen Chunying , Liu Ying 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials offer great advantages in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, and show promise for biomedical applications. However, with these new products, nanomaterial pollutants may enter the human body to cause adverse health effects, including hazards to the male reproductive system. Nanomaterials can enter the body through inhalation, oral exposure, or intravenous injection, and reach the testis via the blood, penetrate the Sertoli cell barrier, and directly or indirectly elicit toxicopathological changes to the testicles. These may then trigger hormone disorders, inhibit spermatogenic cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis, ultimately leading to a decrease in sperm motility and number, ultimately diminishing male reproductive capacity. This review will discuss the toxicological effects of nanomaterials on the male reproductive system, including inflammation, the impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis), lipid peroxidation, and free ion release relevant to germ cells, Sertoli cell tight junctions, and the gonadal endocrine system.This article is categorized under:
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Einleitung
Authors: Gercke Marcus 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungGewalt trifft Menschen direkt, erzeugt handlungseinschränkende Ängste, vermindert Lebensqualität und bedroht den sozialen Frieden. Inhaftierungen gehen mit sozialem Ausschluss, Stigmatisierungen sowie hohen Gemeinschaftskosten einher und sind stärker von der nationalen Bestrafungs- bzw. Resozialisierungskultur abhängig als von der jeweiligen Kriminalitätsrate. Teenagerschwangerschaften und niedrige Bildung führen zu sozialer Ausgrenzung, niedrigen Aufstiegschancen, Stigmatisierung und Marginalisierung.
Topographic Mapping of Isolated Thalamic Infarcts Using Vascular and Novel Probabilistic Functional Thalamic Landmarks
Authors: Rauch Maximilian , Schüre Jan-Rüdiger , Lieschke Franziska , Keil Fee , Steidl Eike , You Se-jong , Foerch Christian , Hattingen Elke , Weidauer Stefan , Schaller-Paule Martin A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose
We aimed to re-evaluate the relationship between thalamic infarct (TI) localization and clinical symptoms using a vascular (VTM) and a novel functional territorial thalamic map (FTM).

Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical data of 65 patients with isolated TI were evaluated (female n = 23, male n = 42, right n = 23, left n = 42). A VTM depicted the known seven thalamic vascular territories (VT: inferolateral, anterolateral, inferomedial, posterior, central, anteromedian, posterolateral). An FTM was generated from a probabilistic thalamic nuclei atlas to determine six functionally defined territories (FT: anterior: memory/emotions; ventral: motor/somatosensory/language; medial: behavior/emotions/nociception, oculomotor; intralaminar: arousal/pain; lateral: visuospatial/somatosensory/conceptual and analytic thinking; posterior: audiovisual/somatosensory). Four neuroradiologists independently assigned diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions to the territories mapped by the VTM and FTM. Findings were correlated with clinical features.

Results
The most frequent symptom was a hemisensory syndrome (58%), which was not specific for any territory. A co-occurrence of hemisensory syndrome and hemiparesis had positive predictive values (PPV) of 76% and 82% for the involvement of the inferolateral VT and ventral FT, respectively. Thalamic aphasia had a PPV of 63% each for involvement of the anterolateral VT and ventral FT. Neglect was associated with involvement of the inferolateral VT/ventral FT. Interrater reliability for the assignment of DWI lesions to the VTM was fair (κ = 0.36), but good (κ = 0.73) for the FTM.

Conclusion
The FTM revealed a greater reproducibility for the topographical assignment of TI than the VTM. Sensorimotor hemiparesis and neglect are predictive for a TI in the inferolateral VT/ventral FT. The hemisensory syndrome alone does not allow any topographical assignment.
Computed Tomography of the Spine
Authors: Dieckmeyer Michael , Sollmann Nico , Kupfer Karina , Löffler Maximilian T. , Paprottka Karolin J. , Kirschke Jan S. , Baum Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introduction of the first whole-body CT scanner in 1974 marked the beginning of cross-sectional spine imaging. In the last decades, the technological advancement, increasing availability and clinical success of CT led to a rapidly growing number of CT examinations, also of the spine. After initially being primarily used for trauma evaluation, new indications continued to emerge, such as assessment of vertebral fractures or degenerative spine disease, preoperative and postoperative evaluation, or CT-guided interventions at the spine; however, improvements in patient management and clinical outcomes come along with higher radiation exposure, which increases the risk for secondary malignancies. Therefore, technical developments in CT acquisition and reconstruction must always include efforts to reduce the radiation dose. But how exactly can the dose be reduced? What amount of dose reduction can be achieved without compromising the clinical value of spinal CT examinations and what can be expected from the rising stars in CT technology: artificial intelligence and photon counting CT? In this article, we try to answer these questions by systematically reviewing dose reduction techniques with respect to the major clinical indications of spinal CT. Furthermore, we take a concise look on the dose reduction potential of future developments in CT hardware and software.