bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Studies on the Effects of Chemicals on the Coloration of Apples1
Authors: Smock R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Post harvest screening of compounds that might influence coloration of apples was done in the laboratory. A number of carbonates such as glycol carbonate and carbonate buffers increased anthocyanin development. Certain compounds that were phytotoxic increased coloration. Other compounds such as chloro-IPC, quercetin, and sym-dimethyl diphenylurea decreased coloration. Diuron decreased coloration at relatively high concentrations and increased it at 10 ppm. The possible side effects of this compound are not yet known. Monuron at 10 ppm also increased coloration.
Abscisic Acid, a Component of the Beta-inhibitor Complex in the Prunus Endocarp1
Authors: Ryugo Kay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the Prunus endocarp were found to delay germination and subsequent growth of peach, almond, cucumber and plantago embryos. Constituents in the extracts were partially purified by chromatographic separation on paper and thin-layer plates. While there are several components in the inhibitor complex, one has been identified tentatively as abscisic acid3 by its Rf values in different solvent systems, reactions with chromogenic reagents and absorption of ultraviolet light. Most of the inhibitors in the endocarp were fixed on anion exchange resins but not on nylon or hide powder. Mild acid hydrolysis of the endocarp yielded no HCN which eliminates cyanoglucosides as having a role in the inhibition. The extractives induced a marked reduction in oxygen uptake by germinating pea seedlings and growth inhibition in cucumbers. The latter was reversible with gibberellic acid (GA).
Influence of Preharvest Applications of Malathion and Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Anthocyanin Development in Vaccinium macrocarpon, var. ‘Early Black’1
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Zuckerman Bert M. , Demoranville I. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of malathion and IAA on color development in the cultivated cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon var. ‘Early Black’. Dosage and time of application were evaluated. Quantitative analyses for antho-cyanins of berries fresh-frozen at harvest showed that applications of 800, 1600, 2400 ppm malathion all caused a highly significant increase in color. Applications of IAA at 30 and 50 ppm did not affect color development. Treated and untreated berries were also analyzed for anthocyanin development after 7 and 14 days in common storage. No significant differences in size or yield were observed between treated and untreated berries. It was concluded that malathion applied 2 weeks before harvest at 1600 ppm would give good color enhancement and still be within the label restrictions for the use of this material on cranberries.
Pre-emergence Weed Control in Young Deciduous Fruit Trees1
Authors: Lange A. H. , Crane J. C. , Fischer W. B. , Roberts K. O. , Elmore C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A number of pre-emergence soil residual herbicides were tested at 2 locations on varieties of young peach, plum, cherry, pear and walnut rootstocks. The greatest variation in response resulted from differences in location. Important differences in varietal response were also obtained with the various herbicides in light soils. Simazine appeared sufficiently safe to trees in heavier soil but gave variable weed control. Diuron gave about the same degree of weed control but more safety than simazine on young trees. Of the uracil herbicides tested, DP-733 was the least toxic to the fruit tree species tested, while bromacil and isocil were generally the most toxic, except to peach trees. Of the commercial uracil herbicides, only DP-732 (terbacil) was of sufficient interest for further study.
Carotenes, Xanthophylls, and Color in Carrot Varieties and Lines as Affected by Growing Temperatures1
Authors: Bradley G. A. , Rhodes B. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleven of 39 varieties and lines resulted in good canned slice color in both unusually warm and unusually cool growing seasons for carrots. A number of lines showed seasonal interaction in color, with better color in the cool season, while others resulted in consistently fair or poor color in both growing seasons. No single pigment was highly correlated with color across the range of environmental and genetic diversity encountered in the study. Beta-carotene was the only single component showing a significant positive correlation with color. The highest multiple relationship with color considered beta-carotene, other carotenes except alpha carotene, and xanthophylls. Within a season this multiple correlation accounted for 47 to 50% of the color variance (R of .710 for spring and .686 for fall grown carrots).
The Influence of Population Density and Competition on Phenotypic Stability of Tomato Plants1
Authors: George B. F. , Peirce L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three varieties, ‘Red Top’, ‘Fireball’ and ‘Valiant,’ and their hybrids were grown in a split-plot design of mixed and pure populations at high and low population densities. The frequencies with which varieties or hybrids were selected for earliness and fruit size within high density (1 ft in-row spacing) and low density (3 ft in-row spacing) plots when genotypes were mixed did not differ significantly. Selections for concentrated ripening within the 2 densities were significantly different. The mean response of hybrids to density change was not significant. The mean response of inbreds to density change was significantly different for earliness and fruit size. Fruit size of the inbreds was also affected by competition when grown in mixed stands.
A Morphological Study on the Time of Reproductive Differentiation of the Apical Meristem of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, Plenck, cv. ‘Coastal’1
Authors: Gauss James F. , Taylor George A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Various histological criteria were employed in studying the chronological and morphological development of the apex of field-grown plants of Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. ‘Coastal’. Time of differentiation was based on changes in the size and configuration of the apex. The earliest evidence of reproductive differentiation was 5 weeks after sowing or at the time of macroscopic appearance and unfolding of the eighth true leaf. First order floral stalks began to appear at 7 weeks or at the time of macroscopic appearance of the 14th true leaf. Thus, the time interval for the transition from a vegetative to a reproductive apex appears to be approximately 2 weeks, under field conditions. By 9 weeks after sowing, or after the macroscopic appearance of the 22nd true leaf, second order floral stalk initiation and hence inflorescent head formation predominated.
Some Effects of a Growth Retardant on Shoot Meristems of Apple1
Authors: Wilde Mary H. , Edgerton L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Uniform, actively growing apple seedlings, 10-15 cm high, were sprayed with 1000 ppm succinamic acid 2-2 dimethyl hydrazide (Alar). The apical portion of treated and control seedlings was collected at the following intervals after treatment: 3, 27 hr; 3, 6, 8, 14 days; 5 weeks. Sections through the apex were prepared, stained and examined microscopically for mitotic figures. As compared with controls, the frequency of mitotic figures in the stem apex of treated plants progressively decreased through 3 days, thereafter the number of figures increased to 69% of that in untreated plants on the 14th day. In the rib meristem frequency of mitosis declined slightly at 3 hr, then progressively until the 3rd day, after which the number of figures increased progressively to the 14th day when it was 28% of that in untreated plants. Only a temporary decrease in mitotic activity occurred in young leaf primordia during the first 6 days. Five weeks old treated seedlings were examined for histological abnormalities associated with extreme shortening of internodes.
Degreening of Citrus Fruits in Response to Varying Levels of Oxygen and Ethylene
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Chace William G. , Cubbedge Randall H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The responses of ‘Hamlin’ oranges to varying levels of oxygen and ethylene were studied in a series of tests during the fall of 1967. Increasing ethylene levels up to 5 to 10 ppm resulted in rapid losses of chlorophyll. With 2 days’ degreening, the optimum ethylene level appeared to be higher than during a 1-day period. High oxygen (50%) alone increased the rate of degreening, but high oxygen plus ethylene did not produce any additive degreening response over ethylene alone. Low oxygen (10%) reduced the degreening response to ethylene in both ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Washington’ Navel oranges. In a test on ‘Dancy’ tangerines, the rate of degreening was slower at 70° than at 85°F. Degreening frequently continued after removal from the degreening atmospheres, resulting in modification or elimination of original treatment differences.
Growth Response of One-Year-Old Pecan Seedlings, Carya illinoensis, Koch, in Sand Culture to Various Levels of Potassium123
Authors: Upson J. R. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth response of 1-year-old pecan seedlings in sand culture to various levels (0, 60, 120, 240, 615, 990, 1365, and 1740 ppm) of K was determined.
Leaves of the plants receiving no K exhibited deficiency symptoms; and those receiving 1740 ppm K exhibited toxicity symptoms. In both cases, plant dry weight was suppressed when compared to plants grown with intermediate levels of K (60 to 1365 ppm). Growth response (weight of roots, stems, and leaves) to intermediate treatments of K was normal and did not vary significantly.
In all tissues, increase in per cent K was a diminishing response to the increasing supply of K in the nutrient solution. Per cent K in the leaf or leaflet was a better indicator of K availability than K in the roots or stems. Potassium in the leaf or leaflets was equally reliable indicator of K availability, but the percentages of K associated with a given availability varied with the tissue sampled and the time of sampling. Under the conditions of this study, the data indicate that K deficiency will probably occur when K, on a leaf dry weight basis, falls to some value below 1.0%.
Comparison of Staminate Flower Production on Gynoecious Strains of Cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L., by Pure Gibberellins (A3, A4, A7, A13) and Mixtures1
Authors: Clark R. K. , Kenney D. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mixture of GA4 and GA7 was effective in staminate flower production in gynoecious cucumbers and was nearly equal to pure GA7. Although GA13 produced male flowers on gynoecious cucumbers, it is much less active than GA7 or the mixture of GA4 and GA7.
Fertility Levels in Soil-Substitute Media: Their Influence on Transplant Development, Macro-Nutrient Content, and Yield in Tomato1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato transplants were grown in soil-substitutes of peat moss-Turface and peat moss-perlite. Nutrients were added to the mixtures in factorial combinations by varying the levels of N, P, K, and dolomite. Plants grown in peat-Turface were taller and heavier than those grown in peat-per-lite. In either medium, plants grown with the high level (10 lb./yd3) of dolomite were taller than the plants grown with the low level (5 lb./yd3) of dolomite. Plants grown in peat-Turface contained more N, K, and Ca than did the plants grown in peat perlite. Plants grown in peat-perlite contained more P than plants grown in peat-Turface. The growing medium had no influence on Mg content of plant tops. The highest and earliest yielding plants were those grown in peat-Turface. The 10-lb. rate of dolomite was essential for high early yields in peat-Turface, but the additional increment of dolomite had no effect on early yields for plants grown in peat-perlite. Interactions existed between media and nutrient levels for growth, nutrient uptake, and early yields.
Automated System for Determining Respiratory Gas Exchange of Plant Materials1
Authors: Dilley David R. , Dewey D. H. , Dedolph R. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A continuous gas flow system is described which utilizes a paramagnetic O2 analyzer and an infra-red CO2 analyzer to automatically sample, analyze, and record respiratory gas exchange of plant material. The system monitors gas exchange of up to 96 plant samples sequentially, repeatedly, and over extended time periods.
Determination of Need for Potato Irrigation Using Refractometric Index of Sap from Frozen Leaves1
Authors: Ewing E. E. , Farkas L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A modified technique for detecting plant moisture stress through refractometric measurement of expressed cell sap was evaluated for potato, Solarium tuberosum L. The difference between readings of unwatered and watered plants, defined as the Deficiency Index, was used as the basis for determining need for irrigation. The Deficiency Index was found to be greater in young than in old leaves. It reached maximum levels in the late morning and then declined. Irrigation based on the Deficiency Index increased potato yields during 2 of 3 years. Deficiency Indices made before August 5 were negatively correlated with soil moisture block readings, but no correlation was found later in the season. Contrary to earlier reports, the refractometer method does not appear well suited for use by potato growers.
Effects of Ripening Processes on Chemistry of Tomato Volatiles123
Authors: Shah B. M. , Salunkhe D. K. , Olson L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Investigations were carried out to isolate, identify, and characterize major volatile components of tomato fruit. Simultaneously, the confirmation was extended to the reported tomato volatiles. The volatile extracts from field and artificially-ripe fruits were compared qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The changes occurring in the volatile components of the fruit at the onset of senescence also were delineated.
A typical chromatogram from field ripe tomatoes contained 60 peaks. The functional group properties of individual peaks were derived by chemical analysis and approximate concentrations of individual groups were calculated. Among alcohols and carbonyls, 3-pen tanol, 1-nonanal, 1-decanal, and 1-dodecanal, and among esters, propyl acetate, geranyl acetate, and citronellyl butyrate were tentatively identified as volatile compounds of tomato fruit. Linalyl acetate, citronellyl butyrate, and geranyl butyrate were identified for the first time as the components of tomato volatiles.
The concentrations of short-chain (C4-C6) compounds were higher in the artificially ripe fruits while the long-chain (C9-C12) carbonyls and the terpene esters were predominant in the field ripe fruits. These differences were discussed. It was indicated that major contributions of the long-chain carbonyls and the terpene esters are essential for ripe tomato aroma. An attempt has been made to theorize the mechanisms of the biogenesis of these compounds. During senescence the amounts of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acetates, and propionates generally decreased. However, the concentrations of diacetyl and butyric acid esters increased.
A Study of the Relationship Between Optimum Harvest Dates for Storage and the Respiratory Climacteric Rise in Apple Fruits1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ fruits were harvested at 3—4 day intervals and ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits were harvested at 5 day intervals in several seasons. The respiration rate was measured 24 hr after each harvest in order to locate the position of the fruit on the respiratory climacteric curve. The optimum harvest dates for each variety were determined by evaluations of the quality and condition of the fruit after removal from storage. Optimum harvest dates were not found to be associated with any definite position on the climacteric curve.
Selection of Intercompatible Almond and Root-Knot Nematode Resistant Peach Rootstocks as Parents for Production of Hybrid Rootstock Seed1
Authors: Jones Robert W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Suitable parents for the production of F1 hybrid seed between almond and root-knot nematode resistant peach were selected. Three of 13 almond selections were found which, when pollinated by ‘Nemaguard’ pollen, produced good sets of seed. When germinated, their seedlings showed good root-knot nematode resistance, hybrid vigor, and exceptional compatibility with almond tops.
The self-incompatibility of almond was used to permit natural pollination between selection CP5-33 and a selected seedling of ‘Nemaguard’, 3-28. The F1 hybrids proved to be very compatible as rootstocks with almond and peach tops and imparted increased vigor to them.
Both ‘Nemaguard’ and a selected seedlings of ‘Nemaguard’ served as good pollen parents. ‘Okinawa’ peach, another rootknot nematode resistant peach type rootstock, was a less satisfactory pollen parent.
A Study of Critical Nutrient Levels in Pelargonium hortorum, Cultivar ‘Irene’1
Authors: Kofranek A. M. , Lunt O. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mineral nutrient requirements of geranium, Pelargonium hortorum, cv. ‘Irene’, were studied. Plants were grown in solution culture containing varying quantities of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca, or deficient in S, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn. Deficiency symptoms of the elements listed are described. The mineral levels in leaves which first show deficiency were found to be at approximate incipient deficiency: N, 2.40%; P, 0.28%; K, 0.62%; Ca, 0.77%; Mg, 0.14%; S, 0.12%; B, 18 ppm; Fe, 60 ppm; Cu, 5.5 ppm; Zn, 6 ppm; and Mn, 9 ppm. Additional useful analytical data are presented.
Breeding Peaches for Root-knot Nematode Resistance1
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Hesse C. O. , Lownsbery B. F. , Perry V. G. , Hansen C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five peach rootstock selections show immunity to root-knot nematode disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. These are the first peach rootstocks which remain free from galls when exposed to both these root-knot nematode species. They are derived from a 1949 cross in Chico, California, of Prunus davidiana Franch with a Chinese Peach.
Resistance to the species M. incognita and M. javanica depends on different genes. Resistance to the former was inherited as a monofactorial dominant. Resistance to M. javanica appeared dependent on 2 or more dominant genes in both ‘Okinawa’ and P. davidiana, but P. davidiana progenies were completely free from visible galls.
A third type of root-knot nematode was discovered in Florida in 1966. It reproduces readily on ‘Okinawa’, ‘Nemaguard’ and the other lines which have been selected for resistance or immunity to M. incognita and M. javanica.
Light Intensity and Air Movement Effects on Leaf Temperatures and Growth of Shade-requiring Greenhouse Crops1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Nautiyal J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five greenhouse-grown shade-requiring plants, Saintpaulia ionantha, Philodendron cordatum, Sansevieria trifasciata, Codiaeum variegatum cv. Aucubaefolium and Begonia semperflorens were grown in sunlight at wind velocities from 0 to 4.4 mph. Necrotic areas developed on Saintpaulia leaves in sunlight at all wind velocities, although injury decreased as air velocities increased. Codiaeum, Philodendron and Sansevieria were more compact at increased wind velocities than those at recommended light intensities. Leaves of those species also became smaller as air velocities declined. Abnormal variegation developed on newly formed Codiaeum leaves at lowest rates of air movement. Largest chlorophyll contents were found in plants receiving recommended light intensities. Chlorophyll contents of plants in sunlight generally increased as rates of air movement increased.
Infrared Radiation Shields for Cold Protection of Young Citrus Trees1
Authors: Martsolf J. David , Gerber John F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aluminum-foil-surfaced shields were evaluated with individual citrus trees. These shields, highly reflective in the infrared, moderated leaf temperatures by interrupting their radiant heat loss. A horizontal shield over an individual tree provided about 1°F of cold protection on clear and relatively calm nights. Temperatures of shielded and unshielded leaves were not affected by moderate wind drift or position on the tree. Radiant cooling may induce air flow over the tree that tends to convectively equalize leaf and air temperature. Large differences did not occur between leaf temperatures on adjacent trees. Neither position nor replication produced large temperature differences between leaves at night. Analysis of the heat balance in quasi-steady state indicated that 1° differences were reasonable and that small radiation shields cannot be expected to provide more protection than the amount that leaves are radiantly cooled below air temperature.
Vascular Blockage, Water Absorption, Stomatal Opening, and Respiration of Cut ‘Better Times’ Roses Treated with 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate and Sucrose1
Authors: Marousky Francis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate in prolonging the life of cut roses was due to decreased vascular blockage in stems, increased water absorption, and stomatal closure. Sucrose increased the respiratory rate of rose petals but 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate did not influence respiration. Sucrose also prolonged life of cut roses by reducing stomatal opening but water absorption was reduced. A solution of 200 ppm 8-hy-droxyquinoline citrate and 3% sucrose improved longevity of cut roses by reducing moisture stress through increased water absorption and retention. Roses held in this solution lasted twice as long as roses held in water.
Chemical Promotion of Fruit Abscission in Cherries and Plums with Special Reference to 2-chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Bukovac M. J. , Zucconi F. , Larsen R. P. , Kesner C. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit removal force (FRF) of sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’, was markedly reduced by foliar sprays of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) applied 3-15 days prior to harvest. The maximum reduction in FRF occurred with CEPA 6 days after treatment for all concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm). In addition to a reduction in FRF the dispersion of the individual FRF values was significantly reduced. Fifty per cent fruit removal with the 500 ppm treatment was accomplished by a force of 171 g compared to 434 g for the control. High concentrations (2000 and 4000 ppm) of CEPA caused serious phytotoxicity, such as leaf abscission, terminal dieback, gummosis and enlarged lenticels. Trees of low vigor or the spurs and terminal growth of weak wood were most seriously affected. Fruits on branches treated with CEPA appeared to be advanced in maturity. There was a striking delay in anthesis in the spring following summer application of 4000 ppm CEPA. No significant delay occurred at lower concentrations. Ascorbic acid (20,000 ppm), iodoacetic acid (300 ppm) and salicylic acid (500 ppm) were either not effective or less active than CEPA.
Respiration Rates and Compositional Changes in Stored Strawberry Plants1
Authors: Worthington John T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Respiration rates of barerooted dormant ‘Blakemore’ strawberry plants were measured over a 6-month storage period at 28° and 32°F. The mean respiration rate of plants, expressed as milligrams of CO2 produced per kilogram per hour, was 6.5 at 28° and 11.9 at 32° for the 6 months’ storage period. Growth of new roots was observed in the 32° stored plants after 5 months. Moisture content, percent alcohol insoluble solids, total sugars, and reducing sugars were determined each month for the crowns and roots of plants. No marked changes were found in moisture content of crowns throughout storage period at either storage temperature. The moisture content of freshly-dug plants was generally higher than that of stored plants. No difference in alcohol insoluble solids was found in either crowns or roots of plants. Total sugars were higher in roots than in crowns, whereas reducing sugars were the same in both parts.