bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geological and Field Justification of Yuzhno-Vyintoyskoye Field Development Process Based on Dynamic Marker Monitoring in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Dulkarnaev Marat , Katashov Alexander , Belova Anna , Husein Nadir , Malyavko Evgeny , Saprykina Kseniya , Upadhye Vishwajit , Semenova Ekaterina 
Published: April 2022

Summary
Effective management of oil and gas field development is impossible without employing an integrated approach to well and reservoir studies, well interference assessment, and analysis of the reservoir pressure maintenance system effectiveness. To make hard-to-recover reserves development effective, the key objective is to develop and substantiate recommendations for stimulating oil recovery and increasing the oil recovery factor.
This paper dwells on a new approach to the geological feasibility study of the field development management and inter-well influence evaluation, which involves predictive modelling. Such an approach implies studying the field geological structure, analysing the current recovery status, dynamic quantum tracer-based production profile surveillance in horizontal wells, as well as using Spearman rank correlation analysis to evaluate the performance of the reservoir pressure maintenance system.
The subject reservoir is represented by a series of wedge-shaped Neocomian sandstones that are marked by a complex geological structure, lateral continuity, non-uniform distribution of reservoir rocks, and an extensive water-oil zone. At the moment, the subject field is in a production increase cycle (Dulkarnaev et al., 2020).
An integrated approach was used in this study to provide an extra rationale to the starting points of the reservoir pressure maintenance system impact at new drilling sites to improve oil recovery and secure sustainable oil production and the reserve development rate under high uncertainty.
Experimental Research on Mechanical Properties for Hydraulic Fracture Design of Weak Sands: A Case Study in Bohai
Authors: Han Zhilei , Cui Yunjiang , Xu Sainan , Ma Chao , Cao Meng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In recent years, in order to improve the oil production of unconsolidated sand reservoirs, hydraulic fracture through the screen liner has been carried out in the Bohai oilfield. Traditional hydraulic fracture design methods usually assume the rock is elastic, while the weak sands are often nonlinear elastic rocks. This study investigates how to optimize the mechanical parameters used in the hydraulic fracture design to best approximate the rock elastic properties under in-situ formation conditions, and show how to derive them from well logs.
We performed uniaxial strain and triaxial stress compression experiments on five and seven groups of core samples, which were from well P6 and well P8, respectively. Each group of samples had five plugs with similar depth, one of which was designed for the uniaxial strain experiment and the other four for the triaxial stress experiment. Linear regression analyses and extrapolations were carried out for each set of core data to find the proper mechanical parameters for the fracturing design. The quantitative conversion formulas between core analysis and well log-derived results of these moduli were eventually established.
The reservoir rocks of P oilfield located in Bohai are relatively weak and have low stiffness. Mechanical experiments show that there is a linear correlation between deformation modulus and effective confining pressure. Core data analyses indicate that constrained modulus provides the best approximation of rock modulus under initial reservoir conditions. And its value is the ratio of stress to strain (from initial linear data) in the uniaxial strain experiment. Therefore, it is recommended to use the constrained modulus as the mechanical parameter in hydraulic fracture design. Meanwhile, there is a strong linear relationship between constrained modulus and Young's modulus, and the former is roughly six times greater than the latter. Combining the conversion between core and well log-derived Young's modulus, it is possible to estimate constrained modulus from well logs. The method proposed in this research was used for the fracturing design of well P45. After fracturing, the daily oil production increased from 399.3 to 2,462.9 ft³, and the liquid production increased four times.
Based on the studies of rock mechanics laboratory data, we propose that constrained modulus is the appropriate parameter in the hydraulic fracture design of soft sediments. And it has been verified by actual production data. The new method provides a reliable reference for the hydraulic fracture design of weakly consolidated sands in Bohai and other similar oilfields.
Multi-Valued Problems Associated with Liquid-Assisted Gas-Lift Processes and its Implication for Production Enhancement
Authors: Fleifel Hazem , Thiberville Caitlyn J. , Kam Seung I. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Liquid-assisted gas-lift process (LAGL), a variation of conventional gas lift, is a relatively new technique to improve the productivity of existing wells suffering from liquid loading. Its versatility is especially attractive because modern wells tend to be deeper, often with long horizontal sections, as shown by the examples from offshore and unconventional resources developments. By conducting transient computer simulations in various scenarios (i.e., a wide range of injection conditions for shallow and deep wells), this study aims to gain the fundamental knowledges associated with LAGL and learn how to apply them optimally in the field applications - unloading liquids in the producing wells and, at the same time, reducing the maximum injection pressure (Pinj-max) required.
After determining model parameters from the simulation fit to experimental data and extending the simulations into a wide range of conditions, this study shows the following major findings. First, adding water in the injection stream during LAGL process does not always guarantee a reduction in Pinj-max. Instead, the results support that there is a certain range of injection-condition window (in terms of gas and liquid flowrates (Qg and Qw)) within which the process can effectively reduce the maximum injection pressure (Pinj-max). Second, the presence of such a window associated with a multi-valued problem is caused by the complex multiphase flow behavior, which coincides with the change in flow regimes (i.e., transitioning from mist/annular flow to slug flow). Third, applying the injection condition within the window in field-scale trials may not be necessarily straight forward because the pressure and liquid holdup responses sometimes show oscillatory behaviors (whether cyclic or chaotic) during the process. These oscillatory behaviors occur more easily in deeper wells in which the system allows more time for the injected gas and liquid mixture to get segregated during the downward flow in the annulus. The use of pressure and liquid holdup contours, as implemented in this study, is believed to be a useful means of planning for the LAGL treatments in the field.
High Voltage Cables – A Technology Step
Authors: Iversen Øyvind , Audun Johansen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A two-sided marked push for subsea power transmission has taken place in the last 5 years, first initiated by the oil & gas industry's push for subsea electrification, then followed by a desire to reduce the CO2 footprint from oil & gas production throughelectrification of production facilities with power from onshore.
More recently, the dramatic development in offshore wind and especially the floating wind market for clean renewable power results in the same need.
Common for both areas is the need for transmission capability of the electric power at high voltage. Subsea cables for high voltage have existed since the early 20th century, but deep water and dynamic use of cables has, until recently, only been needed in niche areas.
The know-how and experience from the niche areas combined with long-term operational experience for high voltage transmission cables has been a vital factor leading to the development of a qualified solution for deepwater and/or long-distance cabling system which also function in a dynamic situation. The latter is vital for larger offshore wind farms, as well as subsea development.
Electrical insulation systems are grouped as wet or dry, where the latter traditionally has been used for voltage ratings above 52 kV. The traditional solution using lead as a water barrier is not suited for dynamic applications and this paper presents the process of qualifying a new industrial solution for dynamic high voltage cables suited for deep water and/or harsh weather for oil & gas or floating windfarms.
A complete 145 kV dry design cable system has been qualified for dynamic and static use, with factory joints and repair joints making deepwater and/or long-distance transmission capacity possible.
At the same time, qualification of a 72.5 kV wet design cable and factory joint has been completed.
The qualified transmission system consists of a mixture of traditional cable design and a new novel water barrier system for subsea cables. Combining this development with the extended qualification of wet design supports increased power transmission capacity.
Unlocking Resident Underwater Inspection Drones or AUV for Subsea Autonomous Inspection: Value Creation between Technical Requirements and Technological Development
Authors: Mattioli Matteo , Bernini Thomas , Massari Giovanni , Lardeux Mathieu , Gower Andy , De Baermaker Sébastien 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Post-pandemic fossil fuels volatility, the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources into the energy supply mix, the onset of electrification, digitalization, regulation and commitment towards decarbonization targets as well as the prioritization for environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors is leading offshore operators to tackle the Energy Transition era with new disruptive technologies. The global offshore inspection, repair, and maintenance market size was more than USD 7 billion in 2018 and projected to double in the next 5 years. Almost the total of this market segmentation is operated by conventional offshore support vessels services (typically MSV, PSV operating ROVs) which are mainly fossil fueled, and the remaining, which is only a small portion, is serviced by advanced technologies like USV and AUV.
TotalEnergies has launched a R&D initiative aimed to support the Energy Transition trend, looking at higher degree of automation of subsea inspection services and to explore the value proposition of new disruptive technologies like Resident SubseaDrones for inspection which are anticipated to dominate the next decades. A dedicated study was conducted by Saipem to quantify the value creation via a structured and robust approach, and to highlight the technology needs and gap analysis for future advancement by leveraging on the knowledge of the most advanced subsea robotics systems and field operation procedures.
Within the study, six different cases, distinguished by their status of advancement (from Brown to Green Fields) and by the level of penetration of subsea drones in the architecture, have been analyzed. An engineering process, based on the principles of ISO15663 (i.e. Scoping, Data Collection, Modelling and Reporting/Decisions) was conducted in a pragmatic approach covering the full life cycle costing to steer the conceptual engineering choices that could maximize the value proposition.
The study identified the main technological and economic impacts coming from the adoption of such subsea drones on a current and future Subsea Field exploring the following pillars: i) CAPEX, ii) OPEX, iii) Return of Investment, and iv) CO2 Emissions. Key findings will be presented along with the metrics associated to the emerging vision of an innovative fleet of fully autonomous subsea drones based on the identification of the technical and operative gaps (in terms of missing or immature features). A deployment roadmap will be followed to target the Energy Transition challenges.
Wind Turbines Spacing Guidelines Review and Wake Region Analysis Based on a CFD Simulation of a Wind Turbine Blade
Authors: Avila Carlos , Johnson Steven 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Guidelines for Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) spacing are not consistent. Several authors have proposed different rules of thumb for such spacing in order to find the minimum distance between WTGs while avoiding the wake effects downwind from each unit which would reduce the overall efficiency of a wind farm. There is an economic impact due to WTG spacing as development land (on-shore or off-shore) may be limited in some cases hence benefitting from maximizing the number of WTG units per area while retaining each unit's performance. While WTG spacing may need case-by-case analysis especially for challenging topographies, there is room for improvement on WTG spacing even while using some of the available commercial software.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an essential tool that can help understand the coupled fluid-WTG interactions as the wind affects turbines blades deformation and stresses, and as the WTG creates a wake region downwind of each unit, so potentially diminishing the performance of other units. A CFD model has been used as a tool to understand the interactions of the wind turbine blades with the wind flow domain and its effects on velocity streams and turbulence decay. The model only includes the effects of the blades, and it assumes that the effects of the tower, nacelle and other components are negligeable.
Results from the CFD model show insights in the development of velocity streamlines from the interaction against the turbine blades and how the streamlines evolve downwind in the near vicinity a few rotor diameters immediately after the WTG location. Additionally, mapping of the eddy viscosity in the same region downwind the WTG, provides information pertinent to the turbulence created by the interaction between the wind and the blades and how this turbulence is dissipated as a function of distance from the WTG until reaching values similar to the upstream and far distance conditions.
The use of CFD, although computationally demanding for simulations of the scale of a wind turbine farm, can provide more details to improve the guidelines and rules of thumb used in the literature by monitoring other fundamental fluid mechanics variables including the eddy viscosity. Improvements on future wind turbine farms spacing criteria should include a combination of experimental data, large-scale modeling and detailed CFD modeling results in the near region downwind of a WTG as each of these approaches may help to achieve a more robust and complete guideline.
From Degradable Shaped Charge Liner to Engineered Seed-Pod for Reforestation: A Journey Towards Sustainability and Natural Resources Stewardship Through Technology Synthesis and Cross-Pollination
Authors: Roy Ting , Ben Naceur Kamel , McDonald Rosemary , Markel Daniel , Harrison Casey , Shelton James , Hall Aaron , Harrison Holden , Harp Leonard , Ardic Hifzi , Wilkinson Christian , Roy Indranil 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Rapid tree planting can offset the effects of deforestation caused by human activities and natural disasters. This paper outlines our story, a compelling case of crosspollination and energy transition: a journey which starts with designing degradable shaped charge liners for use in reservoir perforation using high entropy nano-Bulk-Metallic-Glass-Composites (HEA/BMGC) and ends with these being synthesized to design drone delivered seed-pods for re-forestation.
As technology innovators in the energy industry, to offset our carbon footprint, we have embraced environment and natural resources stewardship as one of our core values, with a strong focus on conservation and environmental management policies. We believe our wellbeing; thus, success and nature are intimately intertwined. As such, we are committed to contributing, as individuals and as an organization, to a flourishing human-ecological system. This had led to an endeavor to rapidly plant trees through aerial drones to offset the effects of deforestation.
Here we present, our patented seed-pod, a game changer in reforestation. It stems from an environmentally friendly, lightweight, high-strength biodegradable alloy, providing a nurturing environment for seeds to germinate and grow. We are building high-strength, water reactive or degradable shells to house seeds, nutrients, and water and using a drone with a pneumatic gun to launch these into the ground, burying and planting them. Unlike the existing approaches that deposit seeds on the surface, which are frequently consumed by animals or damaged by inclement weather, that guarantee only a 5-10% survival rate, our approach gives a seed the best chance to germinate and thrive.
The industrial potential of this innovative application and its associated technology is enormous. It can be used in any area affected by natural disaster, for example, fires or where reforestation projects are needed. There are 3 trillion trees in the world and 15 billion are removed each year with only 5 billion being replanted. This can also be offer valuable support in areas such as soil erosion with the consequent loss of land mass to oceans and water bodies and additionally to prevent encroachment of deserts into other natural habitats and urban areas.
The Energy Transition: An Opportunity for Technology Development and Deployment to Achieve Impact at Scale
Authors: Joustra Tjerk , Tienhaara Mika , Henry Thomas , Kanestrøm Efraim , Reid David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This is an article condensing some of the thoughts from this years’ panelists and moderator about the venture capital view for technology and innovation. The group has vast experience from operations, field development, innovation and disruptive technology, venture capital, startups and scaleups.
There is a huge potential for the oil and gas industry to mould and be part of the charge in the energy transition roadmap. This points squarely at the strengths of the existing energy juggernaut of the O&G industry. whereby our agility, technical prowess and scalability to utilise the offshore environment in the development and utilization of new energy resources.
The O&G sector is in a transformative phase, where Efficiency, Sustainability and Carbon Footprint have a significant focus. Efficiency improvements for existing O&G production (improve recovery with lower cost), utilizing sustainable energy resources (e.g. renewables, electrification, energy storage) and carbon neutrality via Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions and Carbon Capture & Underground Storage (CCUS) technologies.
Quality and accreditation in Cellular Therapy
Authors: Magalhaes Gotardo Salvino Bruna , Salvino Marco Aurelio , Kondo Andrea 
Published: April 2022

Quality in a Health System as we know it today can trace its origins back to the early twentieth century, when a number of measures were taken to address great variations in medical education and care. The complexity of haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) as a medical technology and the frequent need for close interaction and interdependence between different services, teams and external providers (donor registries, typing laboratories, etc.) distinguish it from many other medical fields.
The implementation of a Quality Management program with its components including quality control, quality assurance, quality assessment and quality improvement advances the quality of service provided for patients and helps programs to address external threats and internal weaknesses, which could negatively impact services and products. In HCT, different stakeholders have been identifed as holding an interest in ensuring that patients receive quality care: patients and their families, referring physicians, payers, other community healthcare providers, commercial suppliers, regulatory authorities, insurance payers and professional and patient organizations. Evidence does exist for HCT, where studies using European HCT registry data have correlated the different phases of preparation for and achievement of accreditation at centre level with incremental improvements in patient survival and reduction in procedural mortality. It also proves the level of commitment to high-quality measures and monitoring cellular therapy practice and patient care.
This Manual chapter will deepen the theme of quality in cell therapy, as discussed in the Consensus 2021 of SBTMO, in order to stimulate the development of quality in the centers, as well as to give a north in the proper deployments. We will briefly go through all the steps of the implementation of quality in a Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Center
Preclinical studies using CAR-T cells.
Authors: Preto de Godoy Juliana , Nassif Kerbauy Lucila , Melo Alves Paiva Raquel , Tiemi Kondo Andrea , Keith Okamoto Oswaldo , Bonamino Martín 
Published: April 2022

The therapy with genetically modified T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is a promising strategy for immunotherapy against cancer. CAR-T cells can specifically recognize antigens on the surface of tumor cells and then effectively kill those cells. Several researchers have presented the development of CAR-T cells for various hematological targets and the treatment of solid tumors. Quality control and preclinical evaluation of these products are essential to demonstrate their safety and efficacy and allow development to the clinical trial phase. This chapter will present relevant guidelines regarding pre-clinical research of CAR-T cell products.
Preclinical research on cell therapy products should include in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics studies (antitumor activity), pharmacokinetics (proliferation, distribution, and persistence of CAR-T cells in vivo), and animal safety studies.
Advanced Cell Therapy product release containing CAR-T cells
Authors: Preto de Godoy Juliana , Nassif Kerbauy Lucila , Melo Alves Paiva Raquel , Tiemi Kondo Andrea , Keith Okamoto Oswaldo , Mauro Kutner José 
Published: April 2022

Manufacturing of customized gene or cell therapy products such as CAR-T cells is complex and depends on release tests and exams that can attest to a consistent quality standard for each product. The quality of CAR-T cell products is subject to donor variation, but also includes the manufacturing environment, as well as the quality and availability of materials and reagents. Quality must be carefully monitored and integrated into the manufacturing process.
Collection of lymphocytes by apheresis
Authors: Miranda de Souza Aline 
Published: April 2022

The first step in the manufacturing of cell therapy products is the collection of cells from donors or patients. This point should be given special attention by all professionals involved in the development of these therapies because it is critical to guarantee the quality of the final product. Lymphocytes, especially T-cell lineage, have been used for treatment in a large number of pathologies, including oncological and infectious diseases, especially after approval by regulatory agencies in several countries for the use of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapies (CAR T). This article describes the steps for the procedure of collecting lymphocytes by apheresis, defining indications and contraindications as well as the planning and preparation measures for the procedure.