bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United Nations, the European Union, and the King of Sweden: Economic sanctions and individual rights in a plural world order
Authors: Stein Eric , Halberstam Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Reawakened from its long slumber during the Cold War, the UN Security Council has become more active than ever before. Increased UN activity, however, has not always spelled increased accountability and control. This problem becomes particularly acute in the case of UN decisions imposing targeted economic sanctions on individuals who are suspected of sponsoring terrorism. These sanctions, or the process by which the decisions on sanctions are reached, have been in considerable tension with international as well as domestic conceptions of fundamental rights.

When the UN enlists regional organizations and States in taking action against such individuals, the resulting multiplicity of institutions may be a blessing or a curse. The plurality of claims to ultimate legal authority may create multiple veto points checking for the protection of fundamental values or may provide myriad opportunities for obstruction, burden shifting, or evasion of responsibility. The difficulty, then, lies in arriving at an approach that can mediate productively between the needs for collective action and the particular perspective of each institutional participant without losing site of fundamental values, such as human rights.
This Article tackles these questions by examining the international human rights constraints that operate on UN authority, and then turning to a discussion of the UN’s economic sanctions regime and the clash of legal orders in recent litigation in the European Courts – especially in the Kadi case – surrounding implementation of that sanctions regime in the European Union and its Member States.
We argue that the UN Security Council should be considered bound by human rights; that the EC Treaty provides the European Community with power to implement targeted sanctions; that the relation between the European legal order and that of the UN lacks an ordered hierarchy; and finally, that this pluralist relationship should be managed neither by usurpation nor simple resistance, but by constructive mutual engagement on constitutional as well as international human rights.
What are we to make of the citizens initiative?
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: March 2022

The citizens' initiative is a novel instrument for direct democratic participation in the functioning of the European Union which was introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and given effect through the adoption of Regulation 211/2011. This article examines the background, context and content of the Citizens' Initiative, before turning to consider two main sets of legal issues: who precisely a citizens' initiative may claim to represent; and what a citizens' initiative may realistically seek to achieve. It is argued that (on paper at least) the Treaties and Regulation 211/2011 have together created a relatively weak instrument: one which is likely to be activated only by organised civil society; and in any event appears heavily dependent upon mediation through the Union institutions. But whatever its fate as a tool of participatory democracy, the citizens' initiative engages in new and potentially fruitful ways with various broader issues of Union law: for example, the prospects for building a truly borderless Union citizenship; the place of third country nationals within the political dimension to European integration; and the complex task of interpreting and reconciling the Union's core values and objectives.
De foetus of het toekomstige kind?
Authors: Dondorp W.J. , de Wert G.M.W.R. 
Published: March 2022

De foetus of het toekomstige kind? De rechtvaardiging van prenatale kinderbescherming vraagt om conceptuele helderheid
De afgelopen decennia is een rechtspraktijk ontstaan waarin al vóór de geboorte kinderbeschermingsmaatregelen kunnen worden opgelegd. Maar wat of wie is het voorwerp van die bescherming: de foetus of het toekomstige kind? Deze conceptuele onhelderheid ondermijnt de rechtvaardiging van die maatregelen, met mogelijke gevolgen voor de rechtspositie van zwangere vrouwen.
Appelleren is riskeren, maar bij het Centraal Tuchtcollege voor de Gezondheidszorg kun je het misschien proberen
Authors: Venderink W. , Bollen J. , Morsink M.E.B. 
Published: March 2022

Appelleren is riskeren, maar bij het Centraal Tuchtcollege voor de Gezondheidszorg kun je het misschien proberen. Jurisprudentieanalyse van tien jaar hoger beroep bij het CTG
Dit artikel beschrijft de analyse van de auteurs van de jurisprudentie van het Centraal Tuchtcollege voor de Gezondheidszorg (CTG) tussen 2011 en 2020. De auteurs beantwoorden vragen als: Hoe groot is de kans voor verschillende partijen op succes in hoger beroep? Zijn er belangrijke onderlinge verschillen tussen de Regionale Tuchtcolleges voor de Gezondheidszorg (RTG)? En: Wat zijn de reden voor het CTG om een maatregel te verhogen of te verlagen? Om dit te onderzoeken hebben we, aan de hand van de website tuchtrecht.overheid.nl, de jurisprudentie geanalyseerd van het CTG met uitspraakdatum vanaf 2011 tot en met 2020.
Indústria cultural e reificação: a subjetividade infantil em foco
Authors: Schunck Costa Pisaneschi Lucilene 
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo apresenta um recorte de uma investigação que se dedicou a pesquisar a construção da subjetividade infantil no seio do modelo social capitalista vigente. As considerações aqui tratadas têm como objetivo discutir as relações existentes entre a Indústria Cultural e o processo de reificação infantil. A contemporaneidade tem produzido uma infância que expressa uma criança cada vez mais fragmentada: ora segura de si, ora dependente; ora autônoma; ora tutelada; ora um indivíduo que existe aqui e agora; ora um ser a ser preparado para o futuro. A pesquisa em questão, de caráter qualitativa, tomou como fontes de análise matérias jornalísticas veiculadas pela mídia impressa e digital que apresentam a maneira como os pequenos têm sido inseridos, de forma frenética, na lógica do consumo. Do ponto de vista teórico- metodológico tomamos como referência a teoria crítica frankfurtiana, em especial, as reflexões dos pesquisadores da primeira geração da escola de Frankfurt. A análise do material possibilitou identificar como a presença de mecanismos criados pela Indústria Cultural tem operado a favor da universalização dos sujeitos contribuindo, do ponto de vista da infância, para a anulação das singularidades e para a reificação das crianças. Foi possível, também, trazer à tona as formas com que os pequenos olham para a realidade para além dos destroços que acumula, indicando-nos caminhos possíveis de resistências.
O pensamento de Paulo Freire no século XXI – questionamentos e validade atual
Authors: Navarro Daniel Fernando Sanchez , Kuhn Martin , Frantz Walter 
Published: March 2022

O sentido deste texto é fazer uma reflexão em torno da pertinência do pensamento de Paulo Freire, considerando questionamentos que lhe são feitos hoje. O texto tem o desafio de buscar, criar ou refazer aportes de seu pensamento à construção de um mundo mais justo e solidário por meio do ato educativo. Isto é, de sua validade e pertinência à educação hoje. O percurso da reflexão se estrutura em dois movimentos. O primeiro interroga as propostas do Movimento da Escola sem Partido, apresentando as intencionalidades inerentes ao projeto, seus limites e como o pensamento freireano responderia a suas preocupações. O segundo movimento questiona a legitimidade dos argumentos presentes no livro, “Desconstruindo Paulo Freire”, organizado por Santos (2017). Não se explora a obra na integralidade, pois ela mesma nos parece uma compilação de coisas, que não estão necessariamente relacionadas, mas todas compartilham um objetivo comum: desconstruir o pensamento de Freire. Analisa-se, então, fragmentos que exemplificam seu objetivo e permitem avançar nas reflexões acerca da pertinência do pensamento pedagógico de Freire. O ensaio conclui, retomando os pressupostos sócio-políticos e pedagógicos humanistas de Freire, entendendo-os como promissores na construção de um mundo comum mais democrático, livre, justo e solidário. Antecipa-se que as teses sustentadas pelos dois movimentos se enquadram em um cenário de culpabilização e de criminalização dos movimentos sociais, como sendo responsáveis pelo fracasso da escola pública.
The effect of adding whole-body vibration exercises to home exercise program on muscle strength in patients with post-polio syndrome
Authors: Topaloğlu Mahir , Ketenci Ayşegül , Baslo Barış , Şahinkaya Türker 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: This study aims to understand the effectiveness of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises performed with home exercise program in patients with post-polio syndrome (PPS) in terms of muscle strength, fatigue, the quality of life, and laboratory parameters.
Patients and methods: Between October 2015 and March 2016, a total of 14 patients (7 males, 7 females; mean age: 45.1±6.6 years; range, 34 to 57 years) who were diagnosed with PPS were included in the study. The patients were randomized into two groups: the first group received WBV, home exercise program and patient education while the second (control) group received home exercise program and patient education. The patients were evaluated by knee isometric and isokinetic peak torque, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase at baseline and at the end of the treatment.
Results: At the end of the treatment, the exercise program administered to the patients was found to be effective in increasing knee muscle strength in PPS patients (p<0.05). This difference was more apparent on the sequela side, isometric extension peak torque in the group with WBV. There was no significant change in the markers of muscle damage or NHP in both groups.
Conclusion: Inclusion of WBV in home exercise program in PPS patients does not seem to be superior, except for reducing the effect of fatigue on the patient's life.
A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey
Authors: Çerçi Barış 
Published: March 2022

Plagiognathus ozgurkocaki sp. nov. is described based on a long series of specimens from Karaman, Turkey. The new species is remarkable among its congeners in Palearctic Region due to the combination of following characters: remarkably small size, dense and unicolorous pale yellow vestiture, darkened cuneus and yellow first antennal segment with a basal ring and pre-apical dots. The new species is associated with the endemic Phlomis leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor. (Lamiaceae) which makes it unique among all its congeners. Additionally, Plagiognathus bipunctatus albicans (Reuter, 1901) and Plagiognathus marivanensis Linnavuori, 2010 are recorded from Karaman, former constitutes a new record for Turkey.
Rapid parameter estimation for selective inversion recovery myelin imaging using an open-source Julia toolkit
Authors: Sisco Nicholas J. , Wang Ping , Stokes Ashley M. , Dortch Richard D. 
Published: March 2022

Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used extensively to quantify myelin content, however computational bottlenecks remain challenging for advanced imaging techniques in clinical settings. We present a fast, open-source toolkit for processing quantitative magnetization transfer derived from selective inversion recovery (SIR) acquisitions that allows parameter map estimation, including the myelin-sensitive macromolecular pool size ratio (PSR). Significant progress has been made in reducing SIR acquisition times to improve clinically feasibility. However, parameter map estimation from the resulting data remains computationally expensive. To overcome this computational limitation, we developed a computationally efficient, open-source toolkit implemented in the Julia language.

Methods
To test the accuracy of this toolkit, we simulated SIR images with varying PSR and spin-lattice relaxation time of the free water pool (R1f) over a physiologically meaningful scale from 5% to 20% and 0.5 to 1.5 s−1, respectively. Rician noise was then added, and the parameter maps were estimated using our Julia toolkit. Probability density histogram plots and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients (LCCC) were used to assess accuracy and precision of the fits to our known simulation data. To further mimic biological tissue, we generated five cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) phantoms with concentrations that ranged from 1.25% to 20%. The phantoms were imaged at 3T using SIR, and data were fit to estimate PSR and R1f. Similarly, a healthy volunteer was imaged at 3T, and SIR parameter maps were estimated to demonstrate the reduced computational time for a real-world clinical example.

Results
Estimated SIR parameter maps from our Julia toolkit agreed with simulated values (LCCC > 0.98). This toolkit was further validated using BSA phantoms and a whole brain scan at 3T. In both cases, SIR parameter estimates were consistent with published values using MATLAB. However, compared to earlier work using MATLAB, our Julia toolkit provided an approximate 20-fold reduction in computational time.

Conclusions
Presented here, we developed a fast, open-source, toolkit for rapid and accurate SIR MRI using Julia. The reduction in computational cost should allow SIR parameters to be accessible in clinical settings.
Flexible Ionic Diodes with High Rectifying Ratio and Wide Temperature Tolerance
Authors: Guo Zi Hao , Wang Hai Lu , Shao Yangshi , Li Longwei , Jia Luyao , Pu Xiong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSoft iontronics expand the toolbox of bio‐integrated or bio‐interfaced devices, owing to their natural resemblance with living systems; however, the development for analogous integrated ionic circuits is immature due to the difficulty of fabricating fundamental ionic logic elements. Among these, ionic diodes have motivated great endeavors for their unique ionic current rectifying characteristics. Nonetheless, it is still challenging to achieve high‐performance ionic diodes; also, most reported aqueous solution‐based ionic diodes fail to work at extreme temperatures, seriously hindering their practical uses. This work reports a highly rectifying, temperature‐tolerant, and flexible hydrogel ionic diode enabled by an ethylene glycol/water binary solvent system. The ionic diodes exhibit outstanding dehydration resistance to high temperatures (100 °C) and anti‐freezing performance at low temperatures (−20 °C). Rectification ratios as high as 1201 (with 0% ethylene glycol content) and 566 (with 40% EG content) are achieved, which are distinctly advantageous over most previous reports. A flexible four‐diode bridge full‐wave rectifier circuit is then fabricated, and its integration with the triboelectric nanogenerator for effective biomechanical energy harvesting is demonstrated. This work is believed to open up new insights for the development of future bio‐interfaced applications.
Protein Repellent, Surface‐Attached Hydrogels Through Spray Coating
Authors: Bentley Nathan , Scherag Frank Daniel , Brandstetter Thomas , Rühe Jürgen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis work describes a novel technique for the deposition of surface‐attached hydrogels, which is based on a combination of spray coating and CH‐insertion cross‐linking (CHic) to create a protein repellent surface. To this, hydrogel precursor polymers are spray coated onto the surface to be modified, dried, and photo cross‐linked in the solid state. Spray coating allows the application of the hydrogel precursors in a fast and flexible way, so that even geometrically challenging substrates can be coated, such as the round surfaces present in the inside of blood collection tubes. Characterization of the coatings shows that the layer thickness and roughness can be controlled in the sub micrometer range by varying coating parameters. Interestingly, the ability for the deposited and attached layer to repel proteins is highly affected by these parameters. For layers with an identical chemical composition, protein repellent and adsorbing layers can be formed depending on the spraying conditions. Finally, protein and human serum repellency of spray coated layers in glass blood collection tubes is investigated and show a drastic improvement over uncoated tubes.
Facile Fabrication of an Ultrasensitive All‐Fabric Wearable Pressure Sensor Based on Phosphorene‐Gold Nanocomposites
Authors: Weng Xuan , Zhang Cheng , Feng Chengke , Jiang Hai 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFabric‐based sensors play a vital role in the development of wearable and flexible electronics. However, the research of wearable fabric‐based sensors with high sensitivity, wearing comfortability, ease of fabrication, superior stability, and fast response time is full of challenges. In this study, an all‐fabric flexible and wearable pressure sensor based on phosphorene‐gold nanocomposites (BP‐AuNCs) is developed. The sensor consists of a pair of screen‐printed interdigital carbon electrodes (SPICEs) and a BP‐AuNCs decorated fabric electrode. Benefiting from the microstructure of fabric fibers and the unique property of BP‐AuNCs, the developed pressure sensor presents excellent piezoresistivity, including a high sensitivity up to 0.372 kPa−1 (0–1.5 kPa), a rapid response time of 24 ms, good stability and durability (>4000 cycles), as well as washing durability. The distinguished performance of the flexible pressure sensor enables detection of subtle signal of human body motion, real‐time monitoring of wrist pulse and respiratory. Importantly, the proposed all‐fabric pressure sensor is fabricated by a simple process and is able to achieve high sensitivity while performing well in response time, wearing comfortability, stability, and reliability, demonstrating its great potential for smart wearable electronics.
Coupled Solid and Inverse Antenna Stacks Above Metal Ground as Metamaterial Perfect Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers with Extreme Subwavelength Thicknesses
Authors: Kim Minji , Jung Kyungmin , Choi Youmee , Hwang Seung Sang , Hyun Jerome K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe ability to completely absorb an electromagnetic (EM) wave with a material much thinner than the wavelength is a prerequisite for achieving ultracompact, flexible, and lightweight EM devices. Herein, a metamaterial microwave perfect absorber is demonstrated as thin as 1/1250 of the target wavelength by coupling an array of metal patches to inverse cross metal antennas through a dielectric separator and with a reflector placed underneath. Compared to a conventional three‐layer absorber, the modified design reduces the resonance frequency by up to tenfolds without altering the patch and dielectric layers, but by reconfiguring the induced current pathways that reorient the dipolar magnetic fields and dramatically boost the magnetic flux. With the reflector, the stack is framed for perfect absorption at the critical coupling condition, which is identified by monitoring the reflection phase shift across the resonance frequency. The study provides guidelines for shrinking the thickness further and can be extended to other frequencies.
Flexible Assembled Metamaterials for Infrared and Microwave Camouflage
Authors: Lee Namkyu , Lim Joon‐Soo , Chang Injoong , Bae Hyung Mo , Nam Juyeong , Cho Hyung Hee 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLight, heat, and waves in electromagnetic energy are the foundation for the advancement of human being. Camouflage materials based on metamaterials are used to excel the performance limits by manipulating the electromagnetic energy. However, multispectral camouflage materials with flexibility are difficult to fabricate because required radiative properties in each spectral regime are different and have largely different scales of the unit cell in a single structure. The authors propose flexible assembled metamaterials (FAM) by assembling the flexible infrared (IR) emitter and flexible microwave absorber. The authors adopt the intermediate layer to assemble the IR emitter and the microwave absorber, leading to securing the selective emission in IR wave measured by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) measurement and broadening the wavelength of microwave absorption. They calculate the energy dissipation of accumulated energy due to the lowering the radiative energy in the IR regime similar to that of conventional camouflage materials. The wavelength having required absorption (>0.9) for microwave camouflage is wider 2–12 GHz than the conventional microwave absorber. FAM demonstrate multispectral camouflage performances through the decrease in the contrast radiant intensity for IR wave by 75% and the radar cross section for microwave by 99% compared to reference surfaces.
Stereoselective Transaminase‐Mediated Synthesis of Serotonin and Melatonin Receptor Agonists
Authors: Baud Damien , Tappertzhofen Nadine , Moody Thomas S. , Ward John M. , Hailes Helen C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTransaminase enzymes have significant potential for the stereoselective synthesis of drugs or drug precursors. Here, starting from one prochiral β‐tetralone, a short and efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of four agonists of the serotonin/melatonin receptors have been developed. The key step is the stereoselective transamination of the prochiral ketone to produce both enantiomers of 8‐methoxy‐2‐aminotetraline in high yields and enantiomeric excesses. This was followed by either amidation to give the 8‐methoxy‐2‐acetimidotetralines or several facile chemical steps to the 8‐hydroxy‐2‐aminodipropyltetralines.magnified image
Robust Porous WC‐Based Self‐Supported Ceramic Electrodes for High Current Density Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Feihong , Wu Yutong , Dong Binbin , Lv Kai , Shi Yangyang , Ke Nianwang , Hao Luyuan , Yin Liangjun , Bai Yu , Xu Xin , Xian Yuxi , Agathopoulos Simeon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDeveloping an economical, durable, and efficient electrode that performs well at high current densities and is capable of satisfying large‐scale electrochemical hydrogen production is highly demanded. A self‐supported electrocatalytic “Pt‐like” WC porous electrode with open finger‐like holes is produced through industrial processes, and a tightly bonded nitrogen‐doped WC/W (WC‐N/W) heterostructure is formed in situ on the WC grains. The obtained WC‐N/W electrode manifests excellent durability and stability under multi‐step current density in the range of 30–1000 mA cm−2 for more than 220 h in both acidic and alkaline media. Although WC is three orders of magnitude cheaper than Pt, the produced electrode demonstrates comparable hydrogen evolution reaction performance to the Pt electrode at high current density. Density functional theory calculations attribute its superior performance to the electrode structure and the modulated electronic structure at the WC‐N/W interface.