bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Production and Exchange of States and Societies in Precolonial Nigeria
Authors: Usman Aribidesi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the economic production and exchanges in states and societies in precolonial Nigeria. It highlights the prehistoric period in modern-day Nigeria's territories, from the earliest archaeological findings in the Late Stone Age (LSA) to the Iron Age. It also describes socio-political complexity, and cultural and economic changes that took place in various territories that later became modern-day Nigeria from the year 1000 CE. The chapter recounts how iron tools had begun to replace stone tools, and trade routes began to link various societies. It discusses the different types of economic productions and trade, parameters for exchange, organization of trade, and changes from the late eighteenth century to the eve of the colonial conquest in the late nineteenth century.
Gender, Class, and Culture in Colonial Nigeria
Authors: Agbaje Funmilayo Idowu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of gender, class, and culture in the colonial society in Nigeria between the latter half of the nineteenth century and 1960. It illustrates how Nigeria was marked by administrative, economic, and sociocultural diversities before it became a colony of Britain, which is a far cry from the framework that British colonial rule subsequently sought to construct in that territory. It also points out the comprised multiplicity of groups of peoples, communities, and kingdoms in Nigeria that have advanced and complex systems of governments that developed over long periods of independent existence. The chapter elaborates on the natural foundations of colonial and postcolonial Nigeria in the contacts and interactions among the diverse peoples and communities from the precolonial era. It discusses the debate on the extent of the impact of colonial rule on gender, class, and culture and across the broad spectrum of African history and society.
Federalism and the First Republic of Nigeria, 1960–1966
Authors: Suberu Rotimi T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Contemporary celebrations of Nigeria’s First Republic as a moment of benign and truly decentralized federalism belie the federal system’s fraught origins, profound contradictions, and violent disintegration. Although it creatively fostered regional self-rule while encouraging collegiate parliamentary coalitions at the center, federalism in the First Republic embodied fundamental flaws. The British colonial government’s promotion of a federation of three regions, one of which was larger than the other regional units combined, was especially detrimental to post-independence democratic stability in Nigeria’s deeply multi-ethnic context. Such structural imbalance explosively compounded and gravely polarized inter-regional, inter-ethnic, and inter-party conflicts in the First Republic. The First Republic’s federal system’s current idealizations should be nuanced by a more balanced acknowledgment of the system’s chronic failures and modest achievements.
The Nigerian Civil War and Its Legacies
Authors: Doron Roy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter refers to the end of the Nigerian Civil War on January 15, 1970, which concluded with Yakubu Gowon, Nigeria’s Federal Military Government (FMG) head, embracing Philip Efiong, Biafra’s second president. It reviews the civil war’s literature, which is replete with amplifications of the most extreme views and promotions of unfounded and irresponsible ideas regarding the war's genesis, ending, and enduring legacies. It also discusses how Biafran prospects as a viable nation-state never materialized and how the war on 1970 with the country’s reabsorption into Nigeria. The chapter cites Gowon’s 1970 proclamation about the conflict having no victors nor vanquished, which restricted debate to tropes that did not openly challenge the concept of Nigerian unity. It talks about how serious discourse about the civil war was harshly suppressed until the latest transition to civilian rule in 1999.
Islamic Education in Nigeria
Authors: Kurfi Mustapha Hashim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins, forms, structure, forms, stages, and classifications of Islamic education vis-à-vis the traditions of Qurʾānic, Islamic, and Ajami knowledge systems in Nigeria during the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. It shows that the Islamic knowledge system entails more than the study of Islamic sciences and deals with all activities of the intellectual development of humankind, including technology, culture, mysticism, history, dream interpretation, language, entertainment, and so on. It shows how organized and sufficient the system had been, demonstrating the breadth and depth of approaches to the past that Nigerians have engaged with. The chapter posits that there is persistence in this knowledge system’s relevance despite disruption by some factors including lack of funding, coordination, and supervision in the Nigerian education system. The chapter also provides policy recommendations to salvage and sustain the Islamic knowledge system in Nigeria.
An Afrocentric Overview of Education, Health, and Welfare Service in Twenty-First-Century Nigeria
Authors: Abidogun Jamaine M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Indicators to demonstrate where Nigeria, as an African nation-state, depends on African ethnonational-based institutions that run parallel to and/or are combined with Western institutions to support Nigerians beyond what is reflected in the global indicators. The analysis is set in Afrocentric terms to counter the false idea that African institutions are marginalized or non-existent in the twenty-first century. This chapter demonstrates Nigeria’s dual system's viability and the need to adequately recognize and support African institutions in collaboration with nation-state Western-style institutions through brief histories and descriptions of the African education, health, and welfare institutions.
Federalism and Politics in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic
Authors: Obi Cyril , Onuoha Godwin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex dynamics and tensions besetting federalism since Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999 and its implications for national cohesion, unity, and development. It provides a background to the nature of Nigeria’s federalism under military rule and how the opening of democratic space in the post-transition years has unleashed current demands for political restructuring. This is followed by analyzing several factors and the politics driving or obstructing demands for restructuring Nigeria’s federalism from 1999 to date. These include quests for decentralizing power, reforming the country’s fiscal federalism and revenue allocation system, the politics of zoning and power-sharing between geopolitical regions, and the festering citizenship and the national question. Based on the foregoing analysis, the chapter provides deeper insights into the protests against the Nigerian federation’s structural inequities and the clamor for political restructuring by various groups across Nigeria’s geopolitical regions. The concluding section sums up the growing distrust of the federal government and its institutions and the broader implications for Nigeria’s Fourth Republic.
Dimensions of Nigeria’s National Security and Development Challenges in Changing Global Contexts
Authors: Mimiko N. Oluwafemi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Effective organization of the security and welfare of society is the raison d’être of the modern state. It is the critical nexus of state–society relations, and the essence of national and human security in any social formation. In the manner in which it is composed and organized, the Nigerian state has not delivered on this mandate. Thus, it has created an enduring basis for insecurity, such as has manifested in different forms, as the country evolved from colonialism, through bouts of civil and martial rule, in the context of a monocultural economy of grossly limited productive capacity. The past twenty years of civil but limited democratic rule has not significantly enhanced the responsiveness of the Nigerian state to the aspirations of a preponderance of its society, especially the youths that constitute an overwhelming majority of the total population, yet grossly excluded from the nation’s economic and political processes. A re-casting of the governance structure is imperative to reposition and imbue the state with the capacity and commitment to deliver on critical social needs that can be the basis for national security.
Nigeria’s Impact on Diasporic Cultures in the Americas
Authors: Childs Matt D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter analyzes the impact of captives taken from the Bights of Benin and Biafra in forging diasporic cultures in the Americas. After a survey of theories used to study the role of the Yoruba and Igbo in the African Diaspora, the chapter examines the enslavement process in the Bights of Benin and Biafra that laid the foundations for diasporic cultures to be transferred to the Americas. In particular, a focus is placed on how enslaved Africans recreated Yoruba and Igbo customs and traditions from their homelands and modified them to the New World through such belief systems as Santería, Vodun, and Candomblé. The prominence of people of Nigerian ancestry in the African Diaspora tells a much larger history of how the customs and cultures of the Bights of Benin and Biafra not only survived in the minds, thoughts, and actions of their descendants but also reshaped the empires and nations of the Americas.
Nigeria and the Global Umma
Authors: Kendhammer Brandon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Despite often being reduced to a peripheral role in wider scholarly and journalistic stories of global Islam, Nigeria has long been at the center of many of Islam’s most important international developments. From early ties built around long-distance trade and the emergence of a Sahelian Islamicate world to regional powers like Bornu and the Sokoto Caliphate and the crucial development of colonial indirect rule systems incorporating Muslim leadership, the region has been at the forefront of wider global changes that shape the faith. Today, Nigeria’s place in the global umma is driven by the connections forged in the independence era and shaped by Muslims’ newfound mobility for business, education, and in recent years, violent extremism.
The Origins of Kingdoms and Empires in Precolonial Nigeria
Authors: Hiribarren Vincent 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a summary of the main academic debates surrounding state formation in precolonial Nigeria. It provides a multidisciplinary discussion on the evolution of the scholarship on statehood’s origins in different polities now part of modern-day Nigeria (Benin, Borgu, Borno, Hausa cities, Oyo). Not surprisingly, the quest for origins always tends to be teleological, as one needs to understand the golden age of one polity by examining the seeds of what would become one day a kingdom or an empire. This chapter aims to show that it is impossible to understand the myths surrounding the creation of Nigerian kingdoms and empires without analyzing the political regimes and scholarly paradigms since the nineteenth century. In other terms, the myths of creation have their own history and are constantly changing in Nigeria.
The Cross-National Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Scott Kate M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the recent findings from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Many consistent patterns of association emerge in all countries: mental disorders begin relatively early in the lifespan; they are most prevalent among the young and the socially disadvantaged; they are often highly impairing and frequently comorbid with other disorders; and they are greatly undertreated. These findings have important policy implications indicating the need to prioritize the detection and treatment of mental disorders in young people, to upscale treatment services in low- and middle-income countries in particular, and to coordinate the health policy response with other relevant agencies to reduce the incidence and improve the outcomes of mental disorders among the socially vulnerable. Substantial cross-national variation is also evident, with both prevalence and impairment being lower in low-income countries than in high-income countries. These cross-national patterns are provocative but difficult to interpret given the inability to tease apart the respective contributions of methodological and substantive factors to the cross-national variation observed. A good deal of further research into the ways cultures interact with both the expression and the assessment of mental disorders is required.
Acculturation by Plasticity and Stability in Neural Processes: Considerations for Global Mental Health Challenges
Authors: Goh Joshua O. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The cultural environment can have significant influence on the brain. This is not surprising given that plasticity with respect to environmental stimulation defines neural morphological changes and functioning that instantiate cognitive operations in the brain. Nevertheless, certain aspects of neural structure and function such as neurophysiological regulatory mechanisms at the cellular level and neural processing of informational commonalities should also remain stable across different environments. This chapter considers how the interplay between neuroplasticity with stability might be a general principle for brain and behavioral acculturation such as in the processing of physical regularities, social mores, self-related information, causal inference, and biological homeostasis. Gleaning from work on prediction error processing, the chapter presents a framework that views stability and plasticity as neural mechanisms that habitualize behaviors or make them extinct, and also considers clinical implications when these mechanisms are dysregulated. From this, the presence of cultural differences in social interactions between people groups is suggested to reflect the brain’s normative solution to solving the problem of dynamic environments. The chapter incorporates this perspective of brain acculturation into applications for global mental health challenges, particularly in light of the advancement in communication technology and globalization that has resulted in increased cultural interactions and cultural mixing.
Conclusion
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Li Shu-Chen , Turner Robert , Lee-Tauler Su Yeon , Pringle Beverly A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the recent findings from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Many consistent patterns of association emerge in all countries: mental disorders begin relatively early in the lifespan; they are most prevalent among the young and the socially disadvantaged; they are often highly impairing and frequently comorbid with other disorders; and they are greatly undertreated. These findings have important policy implications indicating the need to prioritize the detection and treatment of mental disorders in young people, to upscale treatment services in low- and middle-income countries in particular, and to coordinate the health policy response with other relevant agencies to reduce the incidence and improve the outcomes of mental disorders among the socially vulnerable. Substantial cross-national variation is also evident, with both prevalence and impairment being lower in low-income countries than in high-income countries. These cross-national patterns are provocative but difficult to interpret given the inability to tease apart the respective contributions of methodological and substantive factors to the cross-national variation observed. A good deal of further research into the ways cultures interact with both the expression and the assessment of mental disorders is required.
Developmental Plasticity and Global Aging
Authors: Li Shu-Chen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Brain aging at the neurochemical, anatomical, and functional levels has direct implications for various cognitive, motivational, and affective functions in old age. With global population demographics heading towards a faster-growing trend in the population aged 60 and above than all other age groups, the task to maintain and enhance cognitive, motivational, and affective vitality in old age beyond merely reducing or treating physical illnesses plays an increasingly important role for global mental health. Albeit the brain is aging, the aging brain still possesses a substantial amount of plasticity at different levels. Selective recent research findings on cognitive and brain plasticity in old age, focusing on the effects of cognitive and physical fitness interventions as well as lifestyle dietary and social participation factors, are reviewed here. Outlooks on technologies as modern drives for cultural changes as well as prospects of new technological developments in internet-based behavioral interventions are highlighted.
The Feldenkrais Method
Authors: Paparo Stephen A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to the Feldenkrais Method (FM) of somatic education as a means of enhancing practice and performance for musicians. Because musicians’ ability to move determines the quality of their singing or playing, learning to move more efficiently can positively impact their performance. The FM involves self-observation during specifically designed movement lessons that refine awareness and increase movement possibilities. Key Feldenkrais principles and their application to musicians include the following: (a) learning is a process; (b) posture as dynamic equilibrium; (c) exploratory versus performative movement; (d) whole versus part learning; and (e) repetition and variation. A conceptual model for the relationship between expanded repertoire of movements, repertoire for sounds, and musical understanding is also presented. An overview of relevant research from the medical, rehabilitation, and arts literature provides growing evidence of the efficacy of the FM with various populations. The chapter also includes a self-guided Awareness Through Movement lesson as a means to experience these Feldenkrais principles firsthand. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the applications to practice and performance for musicians of all levels.
Solo Voice
Authors: Welch Graham F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the physical basis of solo singing. Skilled vocal performance requires a multifaceted coordination of the singer’s anatomy and physiology, which is conceived as a tripartite system of energy source, vibrator, and resonators. The vocal instrument embraces (a) the respiratory apparatus, which compresses air upwards through the larynx; this (b) sets the vocal folds in vibration and converts an airstream to sound; and (c) filters the sound of the resultant pulsating airflow to be radiated from the vocal tract. Each of these components is discussed in detail, as well as their interconnectedness, with implications drawn in the concluding section for how this information is important to the soloist in understanding how their voice works in performance.
The Alexander Technique
Authors: Valentine Elizabeth R. , Kleinman Judith , Buckoke Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The origin of the Alexander Technique (AT) and its concept of “good use” are explained, with its potential for improving function in music practice and performance. The principles of primary control, inhibition, and body mapping are explained, and illustrated by quotes from students and performers. Procedures used to assist the learning of the principles, including semi-supine, hands-on-the-back-of-a-chair, lunge, monkey, and “whispered ah” are illustrated. The application of the AT to performance anxiety is outlined. Attention is drawn to some of the methodological problems involved. Physiological, behavioral, and experiential investigations of the effects of the AT are reviewed. These include electrophysiological studies of string players and singers, respiratory function in wind players, and blood pressure in orchestral players. Behavioral and experiential studies range from pioneering studies on postural faults to later work on bodily misuse and quality of music performance based on ratings of video recordings by relevant experts, as well as self-reports. A number of studies have shown beneficial effects of training in the AT on breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, posture and bodily use, quality of musical performance, and mental attitude. Practitioners report improved mental attitudes and increased awareness of ability to minimize tension.
Vocal Ensembles
Authors: Jers Harald , Ternström Sten 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A typical performance situation of a vocal ensemble or choir consists of a group of singers in a room with listeners. The choir singers on stage interact while they sing, since they also hear the sound of the neighboring singer and react accordingly. From a physical point of view, the choir singers can be regarded as sound sources. The properties of the room influence the sound and the listeners perceive the sound event as a sound receiver. Furthermore, the processes in the choir can also be described acoustically, which affects the overall performance. The room influences the timbre of the sound on their way to the audience, the receiver. Reflection, absorption, diffraction, or refraction influence the timbre in the room. The sound in a performance space can be distinguished between a near field very close to the singer and a far field. The distance at which the far field can be assumed is strongly dependent on the acoustics of the room. Especially for singers within a choir, the differentiation between those sound fields is important for hearing oneself and the other singers. The position of the singers, their directivity, and the seating position of the listener in the audience will have an influence on listener perception. Furthermore, this chapter gives background information on intonation and synchronization aspects, which are most relevant for any vocal ensemble situation. Using this knowledge, intuitive behavior and performance practice can be explained and new adaptations can be suggested for singing in vocal ensembles.
Electronic Instruments
Authors: Chafe Chris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Electronic musical instruments using electrical signals as a sound source have existed for over 150 years. The chapter on electronic instruments focuses on digital musical instruments and explores the designs of computer-based technologies in the most common present of electronic synthesizers. As these machines advance, so do the capabilities for expressive performance. Instruments may be devices with keyboards, microphones, and/or other kinds of sensors attached or they may exist solely as software applications running on many possible kinds of computers. The chapter describes how performance gestures and sound are treated as numbers and are represented in formats such as the MIDI protocol and sound files. Musical sound is produced by samplers and synthesizers that are programmed for tone generation. The basics of spectrum analysis and synthesis methods are covered in order to understand what a particular tone generator algorithm provides as sonic dimensions to control and which dimensions of control might be available to the performer.