bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomic Delimitation of Morphologically Cryptic Species in Globetrotting Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species Complexes
Authors: Williams Jason L , Zhang Y Miles , LaPolla John S , Schultz Ted R , Lucky Andrea 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The ant genus Nylanderia Emery has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes 150 extant described species and subspecies, with potentially hundreds more undescribed. Global taxonomic revision has long been stalled by strong intra- and interspecific morphological variation, limited numbers of diagnostic characters, and dependence on infrequently collected male specimens for species description and identification. Taxonomy is further complicated by Nylanderia being one of the most frequently intercepted ant genera at ports of entry worldwide, and at least 15 globetrotting species have widespread and expanding ranges, making species-level diagnoses difficult. Three species complexes (‘bourbonica complex’, ‘fulva complex’, and ‘guatemalensis complex’) include globetrotting species. To elucidate the phylogenetic positions of these three complexes and delimit species boundaries within each, we used target enrichment of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 165 specimens representing 98 Nylanderia morphospecies worldwide. We also phased the UCEs, effectively doubling sample size and increasing population-level sampling. After recovering strong support for the monophyly of each complex, we extracted COI barcodes and SNPs from the UCE data and tested within-complex morphospecies hypotheses using three molecular delimitation methods (SODA, bPTP, and STACEY). This comparison revealed that most methods tended to over-split taxa, but results from STACEY were most consistent with our morphospecies hypotheses. Using these results, we recommend species boundaries that are conservative and most congruent across all methods. This work emphasizes the importance of integrative taxonomy for invasive species management, as globetrotting occurs independently across at least nine different lineages across Nylanderia.
The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant GenusParamycetophylax(Formicidae: Attini)
Authors: Hanisch Priscila Elena , Sosa-Calvo Jeffrey , Schultz Ted R 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe evolutionary history of fungus-farming ants has been the subject of multiple morphological, molecular phylogenetic, and phylogenomic studies. Due to its rarity, however, the phylogenetic position, natural history, and fungal associations of the monotypic genus Paramycetophylax Kusnezov have remained enigmatic. Here we report the first excavations of colonies of Paramycetophylax bruchi (Santschi) and describe its nest architecture and natural history. Utilizing specimens from these collections, we generated ultraconserved-element (UCE) data to determine the evolutionary position of Paramycetophylax within the fungus-farming ants and ribosomal ‘fungal barcoding’ ITS sequence data to identify the fungal cultivar. A maximum-likelihood phylogenomic analysis indicates that the genus Paramycetophylax is the sister group of the yeast-cultivating Cyphomyrmex rimosus group, an unexpected result that renders the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr paraphyletic. A Bayesian divergence-dating analysis indicates that Paramycetophylax diverged from its sister group around 36 mya (30–42 mya, HPD) in the late Eocene-early Oligocene, a period of global cooling, expansion of grasslands, and large-scale extinction of tropical organisms. Bayesian analysis of the fungal cultivar ITS gene fragment indicates that P. bruchi practices lower agriculture and that the cultivar grown by P. bruchi belongs to the Clade 1 group of lower-attine fungi, a clade that, interestingly, also includes the C. rimosus-group yeast cultivars. Based on these results, we conclude that a better understanding of P. bruchi and its fungal cultivar, including whole-genome data, is critical for reconstructing the origin of yeast agriculture, a major transition in the evolution of fungus-farming ants.
Guilty Pleasures Revisited
Authors: Reid Melinda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn 2007, Song-Ming Ang initiated Guilty Pleasures, a series of listening parties dedicated to sharing beloved “bad songs” and facilitating critical discussions about complex desires and hierarchies of taste. In this article, I extend on these discussions and offer a theory of guilty pleasures. Informed by queer and critical approaches to affect and minor aesthetic categories, I argue that guilty pleasures are characterized not by a specific medium or style, but rather by their ability to evoke pleasure interrupted by a meta-response of guilt. This experience is activated by the outmoded, saccharine, or naff qualities of an object. I contrast guilty pleasures with good-bad art, painful art, and objects that foster akrasia, and provide an extended examination of naff, another minor aesthetic category with roots in Polari (a once-secret queer dialect) that intersects aspects of camp, heteronormativity, and Lauren Berlant’s notion of “cruel optimism.” I ultimately argue that guilty pleasures are far from a simplistic category of low art enjoyed with indifference. Instead, I perceive guilty pleasures as always enjoyed with a degree of criticality or skepticism that is tethered to the beholder’s taste, life experiences, and values.
Directional mutation and crossover for immature performance of whale algorithm with application to engineering optimization
Authors: Qi Ailiang , Zhao Dong , Yu Fanhua , Heidari Ali Asghar , Chen Huiling , Xiao Lei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn recent years, a range of novel and pseudonovel optimization algorithms has been proposed for solving engineering problems. Swarm intelligence optimization algorithms (SIAs) have become popular methods, and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is one of the highly discussed SIAs. However, regardless of novelty concerns about this method, the basic WOA is a weak method compared to top differential evolutions and particle swarm variants, and it suffers from the problem of poor initial population quality and slow convergence speed. Accordingly, in this paper, to increase the diversity of WOA versions and enhance the performance of WOA, a new WOA variant, named LXMWOA, is proposed, and based on the Lévy initialization strategy, the directional crossover mechanism, and the directional mutation mechanism. Specifically, the introduction of the Lévy initialization strategy allows initial populations to be dynamically distributed in the search space and enhances the global search capability of the WOA. Meanwhile, the directional crossover mechanism and the directional mutation mechanism can improve the local exploitation capability of the WOA. To evaluate its performance, using a series of functions and three models of engineering optimization problems, the LXMWOA was compared with a broad array of competitive optimizers. The experimental results demonstrate that the LXMWOA is significantly superior to its exploration and exploitation capability peers. Therefore, the proposed LXMWOA has great potential to be used for solving engineering problems.
PBIL for optimizing inception module in convolutional neural networks
Authors: García-Victoria Pedro , Gutiérrez-Naranjo Miguel A , Cárdenas-Montes Miguel , Vasco-Carofilis Roberto A 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInception module is one of the most used variants in convolutional neural networks. It has a large portfolio of success cases in computer vision. In the past years, diverse inception flavours, differing in the number of branches, the size and the number of the kernels, have appeared in the scientific literature. They are proposed based on the expertise of the practitioners without any optimization process. In this work, an implementation of population-based incremental learning is proposed for automatic optimization of the hyperparameters of the inception module. This hyperparameters optimization undertakes classification of the MNIST database of handwritten digit images. This problem is widely used as a benchmark in classification, and therefore, the learned best configurations for the Inception module will be of wide use in the deep learning community. In order to reduce the carbon footprint of the optimization process, policies for reducing the redundant evaluations have been undertaken. As a consequence of this work, an evaluation of configurations of the inception module and a mechanism for optimizing hyperparameters in deep learning architectures are stated.
A hybrid genetic algorithm, list-based simulated annealing algorithm, and different heuristic algorithms for the travelling salesman problem
Authors: Ilin Vladimir , Simić Dragan , Simić Svetislav D , Simić Svetlana , Saulić Nenad , Calvo-Rolle José Luis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The travelling salesman problem (TSP) belongs to the class of NP-hard problems, in which an optimal solution to the problem cannot be obtained within a reasonable computational time for large-sized problems. To address TSP, we propose a hybrid algorithm, called GA-TCTIA-LBSA, in which a genetic algorithm (GA), tour construction and tour improvement algorithms (TCTIAs) and a list-based simulated annealing (LBSA) algorithm are used. The TCTIAs are introduced to generate a first population, and after that, a search is continued with the GA. The problem of premature convergence of the GA to local optimum is tackled by a method called social disaster technique. Afterwards, the LBSA is applied to generate a new population based on one of two proposed operators called packing and judgement day. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the MATLAB environment, and its two variants, called GA-TCTIA-LBSA packing and GA-TCTIA-LBSA judgement day, are tested on symmetric and asymmetric instances from TSPLIB. The overall results demonstrate that the proposed GA-TCTIA-LBSAs offer promising results, particularly for small-sized instances.
When speed matters: a discussion on the benefits of a grace period in patent law to accelerate pharmaceutical innovation in times of pandemic
Authors: Ozyhar Tomasz , Barnabei Laura , Myrick Dorkina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a solemn reminder of the need to accelerate pharmaceutical innovation. The desire for fast access to vaccines triggered discussion of unrestricted access to research findings with the hope of facilitating the drug discovery process to combat COVID-19. Increasingly, abolition of the patent system is being discussed in connection with the fight against the pandemic. This may accelerate discovery of and increase access to medicines. However, society's desire for immediate disclosure of research findings conflicts with the inventor's legitimate interest to protect his or her invention as well as the need to recover investments made to develop the drug. The call for immediate disclosure of research results contradicts the interest of the inventor, whose primary goal is to secure his intellectual property rights, usually by applying for patent protection. In Europe, where patent law is based on the principle of absolute novelty, disclosure of the results reduces novelty and prevents subsequent patenting. Consequently, patenting remains the top priority for pharmaceutical companies in Europe, while disclosure of the results is secondary. The following article looks critically at the idea of using the grace period in European patent law to reconcile the conflicting interests of society and inventors in times of pandemic. In this paper, we investigate whether the implementation of a grace period in European patent law like that known in the USA, Japan, or Korea benefits the disclosure of results and increases the flow of information, ultimately leading to the promotion of innovation and rapid drug discovery. This article questions whether the use of a grace period provides a sufficient incentive to the inventor for rapid disclosure.
Using camera traps to estimate density of snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus): a keystone boreal forest herbivore
Authors: Jensen Paul O , Wirsing Aaron J , Thornton Daniel H 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBoreal ecosystems are experiencing extensive changes because of anthropogenic stressors such as climate change. Information on density of species at multiple sites is vital to understand and manage the impact of these changing conditions on boreal forest communities. Yet, for most boreal forest species, including the vast majority of mammals, obtaining reliable estimates of density is exceedingly difficult. Recently developed methods for the estimation of densities of unmarked animals from camera-trapping data could help to overcome this hurdle, but have not yet been empirically validated in many ecosystems. Here, we assess the ability of camera traps to estimate density of snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) using three different models: the random encounter model (REM), the random encounter and staying time (REST) model, and the time-to-event (TTE) model. We additionally evaluate the relationship between hare density and two simple indices based on camera detection rate and pellet counts. Across 13 sites in North Central Washington, United States, we compared live-trapping spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) estimates of density to the three camera-based density models and the two indices. We found that the camera-based models, in particular the REM and REST models, performed well in estimating densities consistent with the live-trapping data, with an average difference in density from SECR-based estimates of only 0.12 and 0.13 hares/ha, respectively. Both indices also had strong predictive relationships with hare density. Our results show that, owing to their noninvasive nature and relative ease of application, camera-based methods could be used to obtain hare density estimates at much larger spatiotemporal scales than have been applied to date. Given the keystone role of hare in boreal ecosystems, and emerging evidence of hare range retraction, the ability to estimate densities across many sites is a key tool for hare conservation and management. Moreover, our results are highly encouraging for the application of camera-based methods to obtain density estimates on a wide variety of boreal forest species, though additional validation will be necessary.
Individual Agency in Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Implementation of Policy Reforms: The Role of Their Policy Evaluation and Self-efficacy
Authors: Winter Søren C , Mikkelsen Maria Falk , Skov Peter Rohde 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper develops and tests a parsimonious micro-theory of street-level bureaucrats’ individual implementation behavior. By systemizing and synthesizing theoretical insights from Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, from Bandura’s theory of perceived self-efficacy, and from implementation literature, we claim that street-level bureaucrats’ policy implementation behavior is a function of their individual evaluation of the efficacy of the policy and of their own ability to implement the policy measures in terms of their perceived self-efficacy. We test our theory on a panel data set capturing teachers’ implementation of the wide-scale Danish public school reform of 2014. We use administrative data and a five-wave panel survey (2014–18) of 2,055 teachers in approx. 200 schools as well as their school leaders. Our results confirm the importance of teachers’ perceived policy efficacy and of their perceived self-efficacy for their implementation behavior. When, as shown in this study, street-level bureaucrats’ individual evaluations of a policy and their own perceived abilities shape their implementation behaviors, street-level bureaucrats become even more important individual policymakers than depicted in most research on street-level bureaucrats that mainly focuses on structural determinants of their behaviors rather than individual factors.
Non-Intrusive Questions as a Special Type of Non-Canonical Questions
Authors: Farkas Donka F 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces on the scene a new type of non-canonical question, dubbed non-intrusive, exemplified by interrogatives marked by the particle oare in Romanian. It does so by providing an account of the distribution and interpretation of this particle using an updated version of the context components in Fălăuş & Laca (2014), and an elaboration of the general assumptions in Faller (2002). The intuition the account captures is that by marking an interrogative with oare, the speaker signals that she does not assume that the issue she raises will be resolved in a future state of the conversation. It is further argued that non-intrusive questions are empirically close to but not identical with conjectural questions, discussed most recently in Eckardt (2018), and therefore have to be recognized as a separate category. The predictions and theoretical implications of the account are discussed relative to a general typology of canonical and non-canonical questions.
Refugee Community-Based Organizations: Resources, Power, and Dependency
Authors: Nungsari Melati , Chuah Hui Yin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In developing countries with limited resources available for aid distribution, community-based organizations have been pivotal in providing emergency relief to marginalized groups during the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent lockdown(s). Using the theory of power–dependence relations and resource dependency theory, this paper explores the realities of refugee-led community-based organizations (RLOs) in Malaysia and their relationships with internal and external agents. Utilizing qualitative data from 38 leaders and followers, we conducted a thematic analysis to understand the experiences of RLOs since March 2020, finding that during the pandemic: (1) a significant burden fell on a few leaders to distribute aid from external parties; (2) leaders and followers experienced the pandemic very differently; and (3) leaders became disseminators of public health information. Given the power structures, dependencies and findings identified in this paper, we propose a more cohesive aid distribution strategy for different actors to engage with RLOs, allowing them to maximize the reach of disbursed funds.
Situs inversus: an interesting case of spontaneous splenic rupture
Authors: Dastouri Darius , McSweeney William , Sivananthan Suntharalingam 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Situs inversus is described as exact mirroring of the normal anatomical arrangement of the major visceral organs. Polysplenia is a congenital anomaly associated with situs inversus and causes various splenic abnormalities. This case discusses a 62-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with hypotension and abdominal pain. Commuted tomography reveals situs inversus and a lobulated mass in the right upper quadrant consistent with a splenic rupture intraoperatively. This is the first reported case of a spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with situs inversus. This case highlights the rarity of splenic injuries in situs inversus and the unique anatomical challenges that surgeons are faced with intraoperatively in a high-pressure environment.
Trichoblastic fibroma mimicking sarcoma
Authors: Hotak Mirwais Khan , He Mike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Trichoblastic fibroma (TF) is a benign trichogenic tumour that has both epithelial and mesenchymal components and exhibits partial to complete follicular induction.TF is rare and in our case it is mimicking sarcoma. We report a 35-year-old gentleman who presented with a lump over his left lower leg for the last 15 years. The lump was gradually increasing in size with a slight discomfort, no pain or any other symptoms. Consequently, the patient had an ultrasound which revealed bilobed solid lesion, and ultrasound-guided core biopsy revealed basaloid neoplasm. After positron emission tomography scan and discussion in MDT wide local excision performed. The histopathology revealed TF. Hence, TF should be included in differential diagnosis of relative superficial suspicious sarcomas. If there is any suspicion and changes in behaviour of long-term stable nodules they should be excised with a clear margin as there are aggressive TF reported in the literature.
Using social media listening and data mining to understand travellers’ perspectives on travel disease risks and vaccine-related attitudes and behaviours
Authors: Bravo Catherine , Castells Valérie Bosch , Zietek-Gutsch Susann , Bodin Pierre-Antoine , Molony Cliona , Frühwein Markus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Travellers can access online information to research and plan their expeditions/excursions, and seek travel-related health information. We explored German travellers’ attitude and behaviour toward vaccination, and their travel-related health information seeking activities.

Methods
We used two approaches: web ‘scraping’ of comments on German travel-related sites and an online survey. ‘Scraping’ of travel-related sites was undertaken using keywords/synonyms to identify vaccine- and disease-related posts. The raw unstructured text extracted from online comments was converted to a structured dataset using Natural Language Processing Techniques. Traveller personas were defined using K-means based on the online survey results, with cluster (i.e. persona) descriptions made from the most discriminant features in a distinguished set of observations. The web-scraped profiles were mapped to the personas identified. Travel and vaccine-related behaviours were described for each persona.

Results
We identified ~2.6 million comments; ~880 k were unique and mentioned ~280 k unique trips by ~65 k unique profiles. Most comments were on destinations in Europe (37%), Africa (21%), Southeast Asia (12%) and the Middle East (11%). Eight personas were identified: ‘middle-class family woman’, ‘young woman travelling with partner’, ‘female globe-trotter’, ‘upper-class active man’, ‘single male traveller’, ‘retired traveller’, ‘young backpacker’, and ‘visiting friends and relatives’. Purpose of travel was leisure in 82–94% of profiles, except the ‘visiting friends and relatives’ persona. Malaria and rabies were the most commented diseases with 12.7 k and 6.6 k comments, respectively. The ‘middle-class family woman’ and the ‘upper-class active man’ personas were the most active in online conversations regarding endemic disease and vaccine-related topics, representing 40% and 19% of comments, respectively. Vaccination rates were 54%–71% across the traveller personas in the online survey. Reasons for vaccination reluctance included perception of low risk to disease exposure (21%), price (14%), fear of side effects (12%) and number of vaccines (11%).

Conclusions
The information collated on German traveller personas and behaviours toward vaccinations should help guide counselling by healthcare professionals.
Rethreading the Fabric of Mystery: Thinking Myth, Counter-Myth, and Christian Theology With Hortense Spillers
Authors: Watson Ed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hortense Spillers asserts the imperative for black writers to reconfigure the languages they inherit. One way of doing so is to craft counter-myths against dominative mythologies. Spillers casts myth as an integration of form and concept which overdetermines the significance of what it is used to talk about. One crucial effect of America’s racialising mythos has been to deny black women the ability to determine that significance. She then describes how this mythos is crafted through a double wounding that creates at least two ‘interstices’—first between home and market, then between blackness and humanity—which are covered up by mythological terms. Finally, Spillers shows how counter-mythologies can be crafted by speaking from within these interstices to reconfigure the conditions of possibility governing meaningful speech, taking the 19th- century African-American preaching tradition as her example. The article concludes by reflecting on what it might mean to practice Christian theology as counter-mythology in light of Spillers’ work through a reading of Edwidge Danticat’s The Dew Breaker.