bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of coronary surgery and postoperative mortality: the HUNT study
Authors: Smenes Benedikte Therese , Nes Bjarne Martens , Letnes Jon Magne , Slagsvold Katrine Hordnes , Wisløff Ulrik , Wahba Alexander 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVESLow physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are known risk factors for coronary artery disease, but how they affect the risk of undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is not established. We explored how physical activity and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness affect the risk of coronary surgery and postoperative outcome.METHODSParticipants with no history of coronary disease from the second wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2) were cross-linked with the local heart surgery register and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by a previously developed algorithm using clinical and self-reported information. Fine-Gray competing risk analyses were used to calculate the risk of undergoing isolated coronary surgery across physical activity groups and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (mL/kg/min) as quintiles and per 1 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (3.5 mL/kg/min).RESULTSWe included 45,491 participants. The mean population age was 46.0 [standard deviation (SD) 15.8] years, and the mean estimated fitness was 41.3 (SD 8.9) mL/kg/min. A total of 672 (1.5%) participants underwent coronary surgery during the follow-up period. The risk of undergoing isolated coronary surgery was 26% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3–44] lower for those classified as highly active compared to those classified as least active. Further, an 11% (95% CI 6–15) lower risk per 1-MET (3.5 mL/kg/min) of higher fitness. Finally, we observed a 15% (95% CI 5–23) lower mortality risk after surgery per 1-MET of higher fitness among those undergoing surgery.CONCLUSIONSHigh levels of physical activity and high estimated fitness levels were inversely associated with the risk of developing coronary disease requiring surgery and overall mortality after surgery.
Roles for non-human primate-associated phage diversity in improving medicine and public health
Authors: Gogarten Jan F 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMammals harbor trillions of microorganisms and understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes structuring these ecosystems may provide insights relevant to public health and medicine. Comparative studies with our closest living relatives, non-human primates, have provided first insights into their rich bacteriophage communities. Here, I discuss how this phage diversity can be useful for combatting antibiotic-resistant infections and understanding disease emergence risk. For example, some primate-associated phages show a pattern suggesting a long-term co-divergence with their primate superhosts—co-diverging phages may be more likely to exhibit a narrow host range and thus less useful for phage therapy. Captive primates lose their natural phageome, which is replaced by human-associated phages making phages an exciting tool for studying rates of microorganism transmission at human–wildlife interfaces. This commentary tackles avenues for selecting phages for therapeutic interventions based on their ecological and evolutionary history, while discussing frameworks to allow primate-associated phages to be incorporated into the arsenal of clinicians.
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with valvular heart disease
Authors: Fanaroff Alexander C , Vora Amit N , Lopes Renato D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban have transformed the management of atrial fibrillation (AF), but are only approved by regulatory authorities for stroke prophylaxis in patients with so-called “non-valvular AF.” This terminology has spawned confusion about which patients with valvular heart disease benefit from NOACs and which should be treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) instead. Patients with valvular heart disease other than mechanical prosthetic valves or severe mitral stenosis (including those with bioprosthetic valves) were included in pivotal trials demonstrating the benefit of NOACs over VKAs, and consensus guidelines recommend NOACs over VKAs in these patients. Subsequent devoted randomized controlled trials in patients with AF and bioprosthetic valves, including transcatheter valves, have confirmed the safety of NOACs in this population. In patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, observational studies indicate that NOACs may be safe and effective, but randomized controlled trials are ongoing. By contrast, a randomized controlled trial showed that dabigatran is harmful in patients with mechanical prosthetic mitral valves; however, these data may not extrapolate to patients with mechanical valve prostheses in other locations or to other NOACs, and randomized controlled trials are ongoing. In this review, we discuss these data in greater depth, and make recommendations for the use of NOACs in patients with valvular heart disease.
The Role of Epigenetic Clocks in Explaining Educational Inequalities in Mortality: A Multicohort Study and Meta-analysis
Authors: Fiorito Giovanni , Pedron Sara , Ochoa-Rosales Carolina , McCrory Cathal , Polidoro Silvia , Zhang Yan , Dugué Pierre-Antoine , Ratliff Scott , Zhao Wei N , McKay Gareth J , Costa Giuseppe , Solinas Maria Giuliana , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Tumino Rosario , Grioni Sara , Ricceri Fulvio , Panico Salvatore , Brenner Hermann , Schwettmann Lars , Waldenberger Melanie , Matias-Garcia Pamela R , Peters Annette , Hodge Allison , Giles Graham G , Schmitz Lauren L , Levine Morgan , Smith Jennifer A , Liu Yongmei , Kee Frank , Young Ian S , McGuinness Bernadette , McKnight Amy Jayne , van Meurs Joyce , Voortman Trudy , Kenny Rose A ,   Lifepath consortium, Vineis Paolo , Carmeli Cristian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Educational inequalities in all-cause mortality have been observed for decades. However, the underlying biological mechanisms are not well known. We aimed to assess the role of DNA methylation changes in blood captured by epigenetic clocks in explaining these inequalities. Data were from 8 prospective population-based cohort studies, representing 13 021 participants. First, educational inequalities and their portion explained by Horvath DNAmAge, Hannum DNAmAge, DNAmPhenoAge, and DNAmGrimAge epigenetic clocks were assessed in each cohort via counterfactual-based mediation models, on both absolute (hazard difference) and relative (hazard ratio) scales, and by sex. Second, estimates from each cohort were pooled through a random effect meta-analysis model. Men with low education had excess mortality from all causes of 57 deaths per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38, 76) compared with their more advantaged counterparts. For women, the excess mortality was 4 deaths per 10 000 person-years (95% CI: −11, 19). On the relative scale, educational inequalities corresponded to hazard ratios of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.57) for men and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.37) for women. DNAmGrimAge accounted for the largest proportion, approximately 50%, of the educational inequalities for men, while the proportion was negligible for women. Most of this mediation was explained by differential effects of unhealthy lifestyles and morbidities of the World Health Organization (WHO) risk factors for premature mortality. These results support DNA methylation-based epigenetic aging as a signature of educational inequalities in life expectancy emphasizing the need for policies to address the unequal social distribution of these WHO risk factors.
Reflection and transmission coefficients of spherical waves at an interface separating two dissimilar viscoelastic solids
Authors: Liu Xu , Greenhalgh Stewart , Kumar Manjeet , Li Huijian , Liu Bo , Liao Qinzhuo , Huang Xingguo 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARY
Spherical wave reflection and transmission (R/T) coefficients at an interface are not only of theoretical significance but also play an important role in the amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis of wide-angle reflection seismic data and cross-borehole surveys. For sources close to the interface the resulting wavefields cannot be adequately described in terms of a single incident plane wave. Rather, the spherical waves must be viewed as the superposition of an infinite number of plane waves. Moreover, the R/T coefficients for each individual plane wave in viscoelastic media have proven to be more complicated than expected due to the difficulty in selecting the correct vertical slowness. In such attenuating media the R/T coefficients cannot be properly determined by simply replacing the real elastic parameters with their complex viscoelastic counterparts. In this study, the reflection and transmission coefficients of spherical waves at a plane interface separating two dissimilar viscoelastic solids are rigorously investigated. The difficulty in selecting the vertical slowness is shown to be circumvented if the spherical wavefields are calculated from the plane wavefields using the Sommerfeld integral appropriate for the dissipative materials. However, some resulting phase curves of the complex spherical wave R/T coefficients tend to be of opposite sign to the corresponding phase curves of plane waves due to non-uniqueness of the latter for post-critical wave incidence. In this contribution we propose a new definition of spherical wave R/T coefficients for viscoelastic media which differs from the conventional one. Its advantages are that it is not explicitly expressed as a function of the R/T angles, it is valid for both P and S waves, yet it is consistent with the existing definitions of spherical wave R/T coefficients but is more robust. By way of examples we compute both spherical wave reflection coefficients (SWRC) and spherical wave transmission coefficients (SWTC) for two different viscoelastic models. Unlike plane waves, both the SWRC and the SWTC of converted PS waves are found to be non-zero at vertical incidence and may be drastically affected by the existence of longitudinal PS waves which are confirmed by full waveform calculations for the converted PS waves.
Multi-criteria decision-making approach for the selection of cleaning method of solar PV panels in United Arab Emirates based on sustainability perspective
Authors: AlMallahi Maryam
Nooman , El Haj Assad Mamdouh , AlShihabi Sameh , Alayi Reza 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Solar power has become one of the most essential sources in the move to clean energy production. It plays a vital role in providing environmental, social and economic benefits. As a result, the solar panels must be cleaned consistently. There are several cleaning methods, including passive, active and manual cleaning. In this paper, multi-criteria decision-making method Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution is utilized to compare between different cleaning methods and find the optimal cleaning method in Dubai. This approach considers the influential factors and their relative importance of the cleaning methods to prioritize the alternatives. The aim of the work is to consider social, economic and environmental criteria while choosing the appropriate cleaning method for solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The chosen attributes include several important factors, such as initial and running cost, time required for cleaning, safety, energy required, water consumption, environmental impact and economic impact. The data were collected through a survey of solar energy experts in Dubai. Different weighting methods, such as simple additive weighting and multiplicative exponential weighting were used to determine the relative relevance of the criteria. Sensitivity analysis was conducted, and cost attribute was removed. Inter-criteria correlation, entropy and stochastic dominance were calculated, and the results revealed that robot water-based (sprinkler and brush) cleaning method was the most effective option 0.648, 0.753 and 0.707, respectively. Also the sensitivity analysis results confirmed that robot water based is the most preferred cleaning method by experts in Dubai.
Antifungal use in children with acute leukaemia: state of current evidence and directions for future research
Authors: Yeoh Daniel K. , Haeusler Gabrielle M. , McMullan Brendan J. , Butters Coen , Bryant Penelope A. , Clark Julia E. , Cooper Celia M. , Gwee Amanda , Kotecha Rishi S. , Lai Tony , Slavin Monica A. , Thursky Karin A. , Blyth Christopher C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInvasive fungal disease (IFD) remains a common and serious complication in children treated for leukaemia. Antifungal prescription in children with leukaemia presents unique challenges, particularly due to variation in IFD risk between and within leukaemia treatment protocols, drug toxicities and interactions between antifungals and chemotherapeutic agents. With recent advances in the understanding of IFD epidemiology and large clinical trials in adults assessing antifungals for IFD treatment and prophylaxis, together with paediatric clinical and pharmacokinetic studies, there is a growing body of data to inform optimal antifungal use in children. A panel of infectious diseases and haematology-oncology clinicians with expertise in IFD management compiled a list of 10 key clinical questions following development of the 2021 Australia and New Zealand Mycology Antifungal Consensus Guidelines. A focused literature review was conducted to explore available evidence and identify gaps in knowledge to direct future research. With the changing epidemiology of IFD globally, the ongoing evolution of paediatric leukaemia treatment and the increasing availability of novel antifungal agents, advocacy for paediatric clinical studies will remain vital to optimize IFD prevention and treatment in children with leukaemia.
Climate Change and Recreation in the Western United States: Effects and Opportunities for Adaptation
Authors: Miller Anna B , Winter Patricia L , Sánchez José J , Peterson David L , Smith Jordan W 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Climate change is affecting natural resources globally, altering ecosystems that support outdoor recreation. In the western United States, effects such as warming temperatures, increased drought, reduced snowpack, and widespread wildfires will change the outdoor recreation landscape. In this article, we synthesize the state of science regarding the effects of climate change on outdoor recreation in the western US and summarize adaptation options that can reduce the consequences of climate change, considering the adaptive capacities of recreationists and managers. We draw from a series of climate change assessments in which researchers and managers collaborated to understand recreation vulnerability to climate change and develop effective adaptations. We conclude that building climate resilience requires a shift in planning and resource allocation decisions, including (1) longer-term planning timeframes, (2) interdisciplinary teams, and (3) collaboration among agencies, recreation providers, and communities.
Study Implications: Outdoor recreation in the western US is changing due to the effects of climate change. Organized by five recreational categories, this study describes the vulnerability of outdoor recreation to climate change and synthesizes strategies to adapt recreation management to these vulnerabilities. Multiple direct and indirect factors influence individual recreationists’ and land managers’ capacities to adapt to climate change, as we describe through a diagram. Climate-resilient land management requires long-term planning, integration of multiple resource areas, and collaboration across agencies, recreation providers, and communities.
Maxillary Odontogenic Keratocyst
Authors: Walsh Michael , Hussein Mansoor A , Carter Marguerite , Abdulrahman Shawkat 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) is one of the most aggressive odontogenic cysts. OKCs of the maxilla are particularly rare with less than 1% of cases reported in the literature. A 29-year-old female patient presented with pain and loose upper molars. Imaging confirmed an ectopic tooth at the osteomeatal complex and a maxillary OKC. These were endoscopically surgically removed and two teeth were encountered at the maxillary antrum. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of OKC of the maxilla. Surveillance with CT imaging and clinical assessment at 6 months shows no evidence of recurrence.
High C-Reactive Protein-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Predictive of Unfavorable Prognosis in HBV-Associated Decompensated Cirrhosis
Authors: Ye Bin , Ding QiuMing , He Xia , Liu XiaoYun , Shen Jianjiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveHepatitis B virus–associated decompensated cirrhosis (HBV-DeCi) is difficult to cure and has a very high risk of mortality. However, prediction of its prognosis is challenging. The C-reactive protein–to–lymphocyte ratio (CLR) is a newly discovered inflammatory indicator, but its role in HBV-DeCi remains unclear. In the present study, we sought to determine the prognostic role of the CLR in patients with HBV-DeCi.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 134 patients with HBV-DeCi. Independent prognostic markers were identified using multivariate regression analysis.ResultsThe 30-day mortality rate was 12.7% (n = 17). The CLR was markedly higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. The multivariate analysis identified a high CLR as an independent risk factor for mortality.ConclusionWe found that the CLR is an effective and simple prognostic marker in patients with HBV-DeCi.
Diagnosis of mucormycosis using an intercalating dye-based quantitative PCR
Authors: Bigot Jeanne , Godmer Alexandre , Prudenté Lysa , Angebault Cécile , Brissot Eolia , Bige Naike , Voiriot Guillaume , Leger Pierre-Louis , Petit-Hoang Camille , Atallah Sarah , Gouache Elodie , Senghor Yaye , Valot Stéphane , Hennequin Christophe , Guitard Juliette 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

PCR-based methods applied to various body fluids emerged in recent years as a promising approach for the diagnosis of mucormycosis. In this study, we set up and assess the value of a qPCR to detect a wide variety of Mucorales species in a single tube. A pair of degenerated primers targeting the rDNA operon was used in a qPCR utilizing an intercalating fluorescent dye. Analytical assessment, using a wide variety of both Mucorales strains (8 genera, 11 species) and non-Mucorales strains (9 genera, 14 species), showed 100% sensitivity and specificity rates with a limit of detection at 3 rDNA copy/qPCR reaction. Subsequently, 364 clinical specimens from 166 at-risk patients were prospectively tested with the assay. All the seven patients classified as proven/probable mucormycosis using the EORTC-MSG criteria had a positive qPCR as well as a patient with a proven uncharacterized invasive mold infection. In addition, three out of seven patients with possible mold invasive infections had at least one positive qPCR test. Sensitivity was calculated between 73.33 and 100% and specificity between 98.10 and 100%. The qPCR method proposed showed excellent performances and would be an important adjunctive tool for the difficult diagnosis of mucormycosis diagnosis.

Lay abstract
qPCR-based diagnosis is the most reliable approach for mucormycosis. We set up a pan-Mucorales qPCR able to detect in a single reaction not less than 11 different species. Both analytical and clinical performances support its use in the clinical setting.
Cosmic-ray generated bubbles around their sources
Authors: Schroer B , Pezzi O , Caprioli D , Haggerty C C , Blasi P 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Cosmic rays (CRs) are thought to escape their sources streaming along the local magnetic field lines. We show that this phenomenon generally leads to the excitation of both resonant and non-resonant streaming instabilities. The self-generated magnetic fluctuations induce particle diffusion in extended regions around the source, so that CRs build up a large pressure gradient. By means of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hybrid particle-in-cell simulations, we show that such a pressure gradient excavates a cavity around the source and leads to the formation of a cosmic ray dominated bubble, inside which diffusivity is strongly suppressed. Based on the trends extracted from self-consistent simulations, we estimate that, in the absence of severe damping of the self-generated magnetic fields, the bubble should keep expanding until pressure balance with the surrounding medium is reached, corresponding to a radius of ∼10–50 pc. The implications of the formation of these regions of low diffusivity for sources of Galactic CRs are discussed. Special care is devoted to estimating the self-generated diffusion coefficient and the grammage that CRs might accumulate in the bubbles before moving into the interstellar medium. Based on the results of 3D simulations, general considerations on the morphology of the γ-ray and synchrotron emission from these extended regions also are outlined.
Modelling stars with Gaussian Process Regression: augmenting stellar model grid
Authors: Li Tanda , Davies Guy R , Lyttle Alexander J , Ball Warrick H , Carboneau Lindsey M , García Rafael A 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Grid-based modelling is widely used for estimating stellar parameters. However, stellar model grid is sparse because of the computational cost. This paper demonstrates an application of a machine-learning algorithm using the Gaussian Process (GP) Regression that turns a sparse model grid on to a continuous function. We train GP models to map five fundamental inputs (mass, equivalent evolutionary phase, initial metallicity, initial helium fraction, and the mixing-length parameter) to observable outputs (effective temperature, surface gravity, radius, surface metallicity, and stellar age). We test the GP predictions for the five outputs using off-grid stellar models and find no obvious systematic offsets, indicating good accuracy in predictions. As a further validation, we apply these GP models to characterize 1000 fake stars. Inferred masses and ages determined with GP models well recover true values within one standard deviation. An important consequence of using GP-based interpolation is that stellar ages are more precise than those estimated with the original sparse grid because of the full sampling of fundamental inputs.