bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of Residual Petroleum Fuels
Authors: Sacks W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Although fuels derived from petroleum process residues have been used extensively for many years, considerable confusion still exists as to their characteristics. As essentially cheap by-product fuels, they have not received a great deal of attention in the past. In recent years their use in gas turbines and diesel engines has emphasized the need for a better understanding of their properties and behavior in combustion chambers. It is the aim of the present paper to bring together the published information on the nature of residual petroleum fuels, widely scattered in petroleum and engineering journals. It will be seen that these fuels generally exhibit a more complex behavior in comparison with heavy-distillate fuels.
A Wall-Thickness Formula for High-Pressure, High-Temperature Piping
Authors: Burrows Winston R. , Michel R. , Rankin A. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Early In 1951 the Executive Committee of the ASA B31 Sectional Committee, Code for Pressure Piping, authorized the formation of a Task Force to try to resolve the differences in points of view on the criteria to be used in calculating the wall thickness required for high-pressure steam piping. After considerable study and discussion, this Task Force recommended to the Executive Committee the formula given in the following paragraph. Inasmuch as this formula has now been adopted by the Power Boiler Section of the ASME Boiler Code, and has been approved by the Power Piping Committee of the ASA B31 Code for Pressure Piping, it was believed that the detailed work of this Task Force and, in particular, the development of this particular formula, should be published; that is the purpose of this paper.
Wall-Thickness Formula [30]
The formula developed by the ASA B31 Task Force is as follows:t=pD2S+2y pt = minimum thickness; p = internal pressure; D = outside diameter; S = Code allowable S-value
In this formula, y is a temperature-dependent parameter with the following values:
y, ferritic steels:
Temp F 900 and below = 0.4
Temp F 950 = 0.5
Temp F 1000 = 0.7
Temp F 1050 = 0.7
Temp F 1100 = 0.7
Temp F 1150 and above = 0.7
y, austenitic steels:
Temp F 900 and below = 0.4
Temp F 950 = 0.4
Temp F 1000 = 0.4
Temp F 1050 = 0.4
Temp F 1100 = 0.5
Temp F 1150 and above = 0.7
For values of y of 0.4, the foregoing formula reduces to the former ASME and ASA B31 Code formulas for calculating the thickness of high-pressure steam piping.
A Review of Thermal-Radiation Constants
Authors: Snyder N. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A survey of engineering literature and some of the recent textbooks in heat transfer indicates a lack of knowledge by the authors that the various radiation constants used are no longer valid. The various radiation constants, as reported in the CGS system of units by Birge (3), have been ignored, as well as the recent work of Dumond and Cohen (13) who have further refined the constants reported by Birge. The one particular constant which seems to vary from reference to reference is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ. Values appear to range from 1723 × 10−12 Btu/hr ft2 deg R4 to 1740 × 10−12. An investigation by the author of the atomic constants presented by Birge, and Dumond and Cohen indicates that this constant should be 1714 × 10−12. A complete discussion concerning the various constants is given in the paper.
Local Boiling Heat Transfer to Water at Low Reynolds Numbers and High Pressures
Authors: Clark J. A. , Rohsenow W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Local surface coefficients of heat transfer and maximum heat-flux density are presented for degassed, distilled water flowing upward in a vertical L-nickel tube under the following conditions: Mass velocities in the range 2.6 to 73 lbm/ft2 sec (or inlet velocities in the range 0.05 to 1.4 fps), absolute pressures up to 2000 psia, and liquid sub-cooling between 0 to 300 F. The effects of natural convection on the nonboiling heat-transfer process were found to be significant, causing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow at the surface to occur at length Reynolds number in the range 60,000–100,000. Emphasis is placed on data in the region of surface boiling. The test section dimensions were 0.180 in. ID and 9.4 in. long.
Linkage Design—A Note on One Method
Authors: Hall A. S. , Tao D. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A graphical procedure, using velocity-vector diagrams, is suggested for determining the coefficients ∂S/∂pn, where S represents the output displacement of a linkage and pn are parameters (dimensions) of the linkage. These coefficients appear in a design procedure used by Svoboda on the 4-bar linkage. It is suggested that his procedure may prove useful in the design of more complex linkages.
Interface Extension Versus Upper Limiting Time-Mean Energy-Release Rates of Constant-Pressure Steady-State Combustion Process
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The concepts of size and distribution of the mass elements sheared out by turbulence are added to the interface theory. This enables inclusion of the parameter interface extension in terms of the surface-volume ratio of such mass elements. The reciprocal of this ratio is the hydraulic mean depth of the mass elements which, in turn, is of the same order of magnitude as is the thickness of gaseous layer of the tail-end thermal diffusion process which is always present in the combustion process just prior to the major portion of the terminal chemical or molecular collision phases of the reaction. In applying this theory, it is found that, for the higher levels of energy-release rate, the mass elements must be so small, in order to provide the necessary interface extension, that the possible magnitude of tail-end diffusion is so small as to preclude any possibility that it could exercise a major influence in control over the reaction rate. This now resides in the terminal chemical phases of the reaction. The quantitative aspects of the preceding statement are based on results of an application of the theory to dodecane, the theory being generally applicable to second-order reactions but the accuracy of such results appears for the present as limited to their orders of magnitude. The disclosed quantitative aspects should not be far from the real facts for the cases considered, provided the deduced mass-element sizes are actually realized.
Vibration of the Grand Coulee Pump-Discharge Lines
Authors: Parmakian John 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a program of field tests, analyses, and modifications at the Grand Coulee Pumping Plant which were made to reduce the periodic vibration of the exposed sections of the pump-discharge lines. The source of the discharge-line vibration was traced to pressure oscillations originating in the pump. The vibration of the discharge lines subsequently was reduced to acceptable limits by a series of modifications of the pumps and discharge lines.
Thermal Conductivity of Gases
Authors: Keyes F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of earlier reported work in connection with two of the fundamental properties required for understanding and designing heat-transfer equipment. New measurements of heat conductivity are presented along with values for viscosity obtained by correlation of all available data found in the literature. The simplest substance from the point of view of theory is the monatomic gas. The results of a study of the five rare gases are included.
Boiler and Furnace Designed for Spreader-Stoker Firing
Authors: Coykendall L. H. , Loughin P. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper includes a brief review of the history of spreader-stoker firing, and describes the development of a furnace and boiler design particularly adapted to the spreader stoker. Test results present coal analysis, ash balance, and flue-dust loading, distribution, combustible content, and size consist, as well as gas temperatures and draft differentials throughout the unit.
The Momentum Principle Measures Mass Rate of Flow
Authors: Orlando V. A. , Jennings F. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The operation of a flowmeter which accurately measures the mass flow of fluid is described. Compared with conventional flowmeters, this instrument has many advantages, including a linear torque output easily adaptable to direct reading, remote indication, or control initiation. It is more easily installed in pipe lines than most flowmeters and can be mounted in any attitude. It has high accuracy, low pressure loss, small size, and light weight. The sample was tested using liquid petroleum fuels of various viscosities and densities, giving errors less than 0.5 per cent of full scale.
Measurement of the Viscosity of Five Gases at Elevated Pressures by the Oscillating-Disk Method
Authors: Kestin J. , Pilarczyk K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper describes the measurement of the influence of pressure on the viscosity of five commercially pure gases: air, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and helium, in a range up to about 70 atm (1000 psi) at room temperature (20 or 21 C). The viscosity was measured by observing the period of oscillation and the logarithmic decrement of an optically ground quartz disk of 70 mm diam suspended on a thin rhodium-platinum wire between two fixed optically ground quartz plates with a separation of 1 mm and performing torsional oscillations. The data were evaluated on the basis of Macwood’s equations, but the instrument proved capable of a higher accuracy of measurement than the 1 per cent inherent in the theory. The scatter of experimental data did not exceed 0.1 per cent and repeatability was of the same order of accuracy. In view of the mathematical difficulties no attempt is made to improve the theory of the instrument but it is shown that the motion of the disk is nonlinear and that the relation between the period of oscillation and the logarithmic decrement is not that which would be expected on the assumption of simple damped harmonic motion.
Results of Service Test Program on Transition Welds Between Austenitic and Ferritic Steels at the Philip Sporn and Twin Branch Plants
Authors: Lien G. E. , Eberle F. , Wylie R. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A test program was set up to give advance operating information on the dissimilar-metal welds installed on the American Gas and Electric Company (AG&E) System in the units of the Philip Sporn Plant of Appalachian Electric Power Company, The Ohio Power Company, and in unit No. 5 of the Twin Branch Plant of the Indiana & Michigan Electric Company. After cycling weld-test vessels, small surface notches and subsurface cracks have formed at the fusion line between the austenitic weld metal and the ferritic pipe. The program and findings to date are described in this paper.
Frequency-Response Data Presentation, Standards and Design Criteria
Authors: Oldenburger Rufus 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper gives standards for the presentation of frequency-response data. The standards are recommended by the ASME-IRD Dynamic Systems Committee to facilitate the exchange of information directly and through the medium of publications. The Committee recommends that magnitude curves be plotted on logarithmic co-ordinates, and phase on the linear scale versus frequency on the log scale. Further recommendations involve transfer functions, measurements, nonlinearity, ambient effects, and other factors. The paper was written with the technician in mind, as well as the automatic control engineer and scientist. For this reason the reader with little or no mathematical background is carried as far as possible into the theory of the frequency-response field. Basic design criteria, in common use, as well as others, are given, and it is shown that control design, in so far as dynamic performance is concerned, can be reduced, at least in rough analyses, to simple properties of curves that may be either theoretically or experimentally obtained. From the slope of one such curve the designer can often say whether or not a controller will be stable when placed on the system to be controlled. It is hoped that this paper will enable as many readers as possible to start on the scientific design of controls, and where they do so to use the standards here recommended. It is not implied that the reading of this paper is a substitute for a knowledge of some of the vast body of mathematics on which it is based. One objective of the paper is to give management, at least technical management, some insight into how automatic controls can be designed scientifically. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role the frequency-response approach plays among the design techniques available to the worker in the automatic control field.
Sine-Wave Generators: A Survey of Pneumatic, Mechanical, and Electrical Devices for Obtaining Frequency-Response Data
Authors: St. Clair D. W. , Erath L. W. , Gillespie S. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Data are given on pneumatic, mechanical, and electrical sine-wave generators which are or can be used to impose the “wiggle” necessary for the taking of frequency-response data in the industrial-control field. The high points are covered from a functional rather than a theoretical viewpoint and a reference list is presented to assist those interested in additional information.
Approximate Frequency-Response Methods for Representing Saturation and Dead Band
Authors: Chestnut Harold 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper indicates there are numerous nonlinear elements having saturation or dead-band characteristics for which an “equivalent linear coefficient” may be used as the describing function. The equivalent gain factors for saturation and dead band are shown to have a somewhat complementary nature and to be of relatively simple form. Although the results of using this approximate method of analyzing backlash and saturation do not provide an exact solution, they do permit the designer to obtain useful qualitative results. As such, this method is particularly helpful for use in the more complex systems such as are generally encountered in practice, but that do not lend themselves to more exact analytical treatment.
The Multidisciplinary Physical Preparation of a Multiple Paralympic Medal-Winning Cyclist
Authors: Sanders Dajo , Spindler David J. , Stanley Jamie 
Published: July 2022

Purpose: This case study aims to describe the multidisciplinary preparation of a multiple medal-winning Paralympic cyclist active in the C5 class. Specifically, it describes the 12-month preparation period toward the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Method: The participant (height 173 cm; weight approximately 63 kg) is active in the C5 para-cycling class (right arm impairment) and was preparing for the individual pursuit, road time trial, and mass-start race in the Tokyo Paralympic Games. The participant was supported by a multidisciplinary practitioner team focusing on multiple facets of athletic preparation. Morning resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as well as daily training data, were collected during the 12 months prior to Tokyo. Weekly and monthly trends in training, performance, and morning measures were analyzed. Training intensity zones were divided into zone 1 (<lactate threshold), zone 2(>lactate threshold, <critical power), and zone 3 (>critical power). Results: The participant won a silver (individual pursuit) and a bronze (time trial) medal at the Paralympic Games. Annual sums of volume and total work (in kilojoules) were, respectively, 1039 hours and 620,715 kJ. Analyzing all road sessions, 85% was spent in zone 1, 9% in zone 2, and 6% in zone 3. Physiological (eg, high training loads, hypoxic stimuli) and psychological stressors (ie, significant life events) were clearly reflected in morning HR and HR-variability responses. Conclusions: This case study demonstrates how a multidisciplinary team of specialist practitioners successfully prepared an elite Paralympic cyclist utilizing a holistic approach to training and health using data to manage allostatic load.
Does a Physical Activity Intervention on Classroom-Based Ergometers During Teaching Lessons Effect Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Health-Related Blood Parameters? A Pilot Cluster Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Reif Astrid , Hackl Markus , Nimmerichter Alfred , Oesen Stefan , Tschan Harald , Bachl Norbert , Triska Christoph , Wessner Barbara 
Published: July 2022

Background: Time constraints comprise one limiting factor for implementing school-based physical activity programs. The aim of this pilot cluster randomized controlled study was to explore the effects of a cycle ergometer intervention during regular lessons on physical fitness, body composition, and health-related blood parameters. Methods: Participants attended one of 2 classes selected from one school, which were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 23, 11.2 [0.5] y) consisting of cycling on classroom-based ergometers during 3 lessons per week at a self-selected intensity and a control group (n = 21, 11.3 [0.5] y) not receiving any treatment. Prior to and after the 5-month intervention period, physical fitness (with ventilatory threshold as primary outcome), body composition, and parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed. Results: A significant time × group interaction was revealed for ventilatory threshold (P = .035), respiratory compensation point (P = .038), gross efficiency (P < .001), maximal aerobic power (P = .024), triglycerides (P = .041), and blood glucose levels (P = .041) with benefits for the intervention group. Peak oxygen uptake and body composition were not affected. Conclusions: Children’s aerobic capacity benefited from the low-intensity school-based cycling intervention, while body composition and most blood parameters were not affected. The intervention using cycle ergometers is a feasible and time-saving strategy to elevate submaximal physical fitness.
Exploring the availability of specialist health workforce education in East and Southern Africa: a document analysis
Authors: Asamani James Avoka , Christmals Christmal Dela , Nyoni Champion N , Nabyonga-Orem Juliet , Nyoni Jennifer , Okoroafor Sunny C , Ahmat Adam 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundSpecialist health professionals improve health outcomes. Most low-income and middle-income countries do not have the capacity to educate and retain all types of specialists across various health professions. This study sought to explore and describe the opportunities available for specialist health professions education and the pathways to becoming a specialist health professional in East and Southern Africa (ESA). Understanding the regional capacity for specialist education provides opportunities for countries to apply transnational education models to create prospects for specialist education.MethodsA document analysis on specialist training programmes for health professionals was conducted in twenty countries in ESA to establish the capacity of specialist education for health professionals. Data were collected from policy documents, grey literature and websites at the country and institution levels.FindingsWe found 288 specialist health professions education programmes across ten professional categories in 157 health professions education institutions from 18 countries in the ESA are reported. Medical and Nursing specialist programmes dominate the list of available specialist programmes in the region, while Kenya, South Africa and Ethiopia have the highest number of specialist programmes. Most included specialist programmes were offered at the Master’s level or as postgraduate diplomas. There is a general uneven distribution of specialist health professions education programmes within the ESA region despite sharing almost similar sociogeographical context and disease patterns. Current national priorities may be antecedent to the diversity and skewed distribution of specialist health professions programmes.ConclusionAttention must be paid to countries with limited capacity for specialist education and to professions that are severely under-represented. Establishing regional policies and platforms that nurture collaborations towards specialist health professions education may be a proximal solution for increased regional capacity for specialist education.
Multidisciplinary approach to functional somatic syndromes: study protocol for a population-based prospective cohort study
Authors: Adibi Peyman , Ani Alireza , Vaez Ahmad , Hadizadeh Fatemeh , Snieder Harold , Roohafza Hamidreza 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionIsfahan functional disorders (ISFUN) cohort study aims to describe the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in shaping the characteristics of functional somatic syndromes (FSS). This study is primarily intended to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, course and prognosis of FSSs in a sample of adult Iranian population. The other aim is to develop a new delimitation of FSSs based on an integrated multidisciplinary approach comprising of phenotypic and multiomics data.Methods and analysisISFUN is a population-based prospective cohort study designed to follow a population of randomly selected seemingly healthy adults (18–65 years) through annual visits during a 4-year observation period. Structured questionnaires are used for data collection and clinical assessment of the participants. Questionnaire-based diagnosis of FSSs are validated in a medical interview. Human DNA genotyping, microbial amplicon sequencing and urine analysis is under progress for genomics, microbiota and metabolomics profiling, respectively. Enrolment began in September 2017, and study completion is expected in 2022. A total number of 1943 participants were initially recruited.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for data collection was granted by the National Research Ethics Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Research Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.REC.1395.1.149). Following the description of the study procedure, we obtained written informed consent from all study participants. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at scientific meetings.