bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yes-Associated Protein Targets the Transforming Growth Factor β Pathway to Mediate High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet-induced Arterial Stiffness
Authors: Liu Yanan , Li Mengke , Lv Xue , Bao Kaiwen , Yu Tian Xiao , He Lei , Shi Lei , Zhu Yi , Ai Ding 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Metabolic syndrome is related to cardiovascular diseases, which is attributed in part, to arterial stiffness; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of metabolic syndrome–induced arterial stiffness and to identify new therapeutic targets.

Methods:
Arterial stiffness was induced by high-fat/high-sucrose diet in mice, which was quantified by Doppler ultrasound. Four-dimensional label-free quantitative proteomic analysis, affinity purification and mass spectrometry, and immunoprecipitation and GST (glutathione S-transferase) pull-down experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of YAP (Yes-associated protein)-mediated TGF (transforming growth factor) β pathway activation.

Results:

YAP protein was upregulated in the aortic tunica media of mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 2 weeks and precedes arterial stiffness. Smooth muscle cell–specific YAP knockdown attenuated high-fat/high-sucrose diet–induced arterial stiffness and activation of TGFβ-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in arteries. By contrast,
Myh11Cre

ERT2

-Yap

Tg

mice exhibited exacerbated high-fat/high-sucrose diet–induced arterial stiffness and enhanced TGFβ-activated Smad2/3 phosphorylation in arteries. PPM1B (protein phosphatase, Mg
2+
/Mn
2+
-dependent 1B) was identified as a YAP-bound phosphatase that translocates into the nucleus to dephosphorylate Smads (mothers against decapentaplegic homologs) in response to TGFβ. This process was inhibited by YAP through removal of the K63-linked ubiquitin chain of PPM1B at K326.

Conclusions:
This study provides a new mechanism by which smooth muscle cell YAP regulates the TGFβ pathway and a potential therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome–associated arterial stiffness.
Radicalism and Moderation in the New Academy
Authors: Allen James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A dispute in the form of rival interpretations of Carneades arose in the New Academy about whether the wise person is permitted to form (mere) opinions. One party rejected opinion; the other defended it. Because the terms enjoy a certain currency, the positions are here labelled ‘radical’ and ‘moderate’ respectively. This essay tackles the question whether and how they differed. It argues (a) that the disagreement was less about human epistemic capacities than about the standards and aspirations against which they should be measured and (b) that Cicero, our principal source, was a consistent adherent of the ‘radical’ party.
Merchant Shipping during Global Health Pandemics: A Review of International Regulations
Authors: Jung Dawoon , Beckman Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article examines the impact of COVID-19 on the international regulation of merchant shipping. First, it provides an overview of the international regulatory framework established by the WHO, IMO and ILO to respond to the impact of global health emergencies on international merchant shipping. It then examines the responses of these organisations and the shipping industry to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on merchant shipping. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that global health emergencies require enhanced preparedness and response planning and cooperation between the IMO, WHO and ILO, which includes consultation and cooperation with global shipping associations and seafarers’ unions. The objective of the preparedness and response planning should be to keep maritime supply chains open while preventing the spread of infectious disease from ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore or shore-to-ship. Equally important, the enhanced cooperation at the global level must be matched by enhanced inter-agency cooperation at the national level.
Deep Seabed Mining: Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Non-State Actors
Authors: Luttrell Sam , Di Marco Matthew , Hirst Amelia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article addresses dispute resolution mechanisms which are available to non-State actors with respect to deep seabed mining. As deep seabed mining is still in the exploration phase, the dispute resolution mechanisms are yet to be tested by non-State actors. This article conducts a Vienna Convention analysis of the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea as well as their negotiating history to identify the types of disputes which may arise between non-State actors and the International Seabed Authority, how these disputes may be resolved, and relevant gaps in the legal framework which may act as barriers to accessing dispute resolutions mechanisms. This article confirms the link between dispute resolution mechanisms and accountability of the International Seabed Authority. Finally, this article presents arguments in respect of the potential for an administrative review body to be established by the International Seabed Authority.
Blue Trade and Forced Labour: Breaking the Resounding Silence of International Economic Law
Authors: Choukroune Leïla , Nedumpara James J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
On 5 December 2017, the United Nations declared a ‘Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development’ to be observed from 2021 to 2030. Beyond the rhetoric of sustainability, the absence of a rights-based approach that places human beings at the core of ocean policy and governance is striking. The ocean indeed remains the scene of major human rights violations. From seafarers to ship breaking sites or fisheries, the ocean is not only the place where 90% of trade in goods happens, but also the territory where grave human rights violations, often related to the labour recruited for ocean trade and investments, occur. In this context and based on a series of case studies involving seafarers, ship breaking and fisheries, in various countries, this article interrogates the silence of international economic law instruments and dispute settlement mechanisms and suggests pathways for reform in better integrating the International Labour Organization approach.
Projection of High Clouds and the Link to Ice Hydrometeors: An Approach Using Long-Term Global Cloud System–Resolving Simulations
Authors: Chen Ying-Wen , Satoh Masaki , Kodama Chihiro , Noda Akira T. , Yamada Yohei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines projections of high clouds related to sea surface temperature (SST) change using 14-km simulation output from NICAM, a global cloud system–resolving model. This study focuses on the vertical and horizontal structure of high cloud response to the SST pattern and how these cloud responses are linked to ice hydrometeors, such as cloud ice, snow, and graupel, which are not resolved by conventional general circulation models (GCMs). Under the present climate, the vertical and horizontal structure of the simulated increase in tropical high cloud amount for positive tropical mean HadISST SST anomalies has similar behavior to that of the GCM-OrientedCALIPSOCloud Product (GOCCP) cloud fraction for HadISST SST. We further show that cloud ice is the main contributor to the simulated high cloud amount. Under a warming climate, the composite vertical and horizontal structure of the tropical high cloud response to the SST shows similar behavior to that under the present climate, but the amplitude of the variation is greater by a factor of 1.5 and the variation is more widespread. This amplification contributes to the high cloud increase under the warming climate, which is directly linked to the wider spatial extent of cloud ice in the eastern Pacific region. This study specifically reveals the similarity of the patterns of the responses of the high cloud fraction and cloud ice to global warming, indicating that an appropriate treatment of the complete spectrum of ice hydrometeors in global climate models is key to simulating high clouds and their response to global warming.
Relative Contributions of Sea Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Nonlinearities to ENSO Asymmetrical Rainfall Response
Authors: Srinivas G. , Vialard J. , Lengaigne M. , Izumo T. , Guilyardi E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Here, we investigate the relative roles of atmospheric nonlinearities and asymmetrical sea surface temperature (SST) forcing in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) asymmetrical rainfall response. Applying a vertically integrated water vapor budget to the ERA5 reanalysis leads to a simple analytical equation for precipitation anomalies. This formulation reveals that ENSO rainfall anomalies are dominated by the linear component of the dynamical term (i.e., the anomalous moisture convergence due to the effect of circulation anomalies on climatological humidity). Nonlinearities in this term and the linear thermodynamical term (i.e., the effect of climatological circulation on humidity anomalies) both strengthen central Pacific rainfall anomalies for both ENSO phases. In contrast, the nonlinear term associated with the effect of anomalous divergence on anomalous moisture (i.e., the mixed term) weakens La Niña dry and strengthens El Niño wet anomalies, in particular during extreme El Niño events when it contributes to about 40% of the eastern Pacific wet anomalies. Overall, atmospheric nonlinearities directly account for ∼70% of the positively skewed ENSO rainfall distribution east of the date line, and ∼50% of the negatively skewed rainfall distribution in the western Pacific. The remaining ENSO rainfall asymmetries are attributable to the asymmetrical ENSO SST pattern. This asymmetrical SST pattern also has contributions from atmospheric nonlinearities through the Bjerknes feedback loop, in addition to those from oceanic nonlinearities. Our estimates are thus likely a lower bound of the contribution of atmospheric nonlinearities to the overall ENSO rainfall asymmetry.
A Prototype for Remote Monitoring of Ocean Heat Content Anomalies
Authors: Trossman David S. , Tyler Robert H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To overcome challenges with observing ocean heat content (OHC) over the entire ocean, we propose a novel approach that exploits the abundance of satellite data, including data from modern satellite geomagnetic surveys such as Swarm. The method considers a novel combination of conventional in situ (temperature and pressure) as well as satellite (altimetry and gravimetry) data with estimates of ocean electrical conductance (depth-integrated conductivity), which can potentially be obtained from magnetic observations (by satellite, land, seafloor, ocean, and airborne magnetometers). To demonstrate the potential benefit of the proposed method, we sample model output of an ocean state estimate to reflect existing observations and train a machine learning algorithm [Generalized Additive Model (GAM)] on these samples. We then calculate OHC everywhere using information potentially derivable from various global satellite coverage—including magnetic observations—to gauge the GAM’s goodness of fit on a global scale. Inclusion of in situ observations of OHC in the upper 2000 m from Argo-like floats and conductance data each reduce the root-mean-square error by an order of magnitude. Retraining the GAM with recent ship-based hydrographic data attains a smaller RMSE in polar oceans than training the GAM only once on all available historical ship-based hydrographic data; the opposite is true elsewhere. The GAM more accurately calculates OHC anomalies throughout the water column than below 2000 m and can detect global OHC anomalies over multiyear time scales, even when considering hypothetical measurement errors. Our method could complement existing methods and its accuracy could be improved through careful ship-based campaign planning.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate the potential for practical implementation of a remote monitoring method for ocean heat content (OHC) anomalies. To do this, we sample data from a reanalysis product primarily because of the dearth of observations below 2000 m depth that can be used for validation and the fact that full-depth-integrated electrical seawater conductivity data products derived from satellite magnetometry are not yet available. We evaluate multiple factors related to the accuracy of OHC anomaly estimation and find that, even with hypothetical measurement errors, our method can be used to monitor OHC anomalies on multiyear time scales.
Effects of a school-network intervention using Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in Thailand
Authors: Banchonhattakit Pannee , Inmuong Uraiwan , Duangsong Rujira , Phimha Surachai , Prachaiboon Tiwakorn , Padchasuwan Natnapa Heebkaew 
Published: February 2022

Background: Human behaviour contributes in a major way to global warming (GW), significantly adding to ill-health and disease. As a result, efforts should be made to enlist the support of school-aged children in preventive behaviour. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of a school-network intervention using Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (3Rs) to improve primary students’ GW preventive behaviour. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post and control group study was conducted. The experimental group ( n = 359) and the comparison group ( n = 331) comprising fifth and sixth grade primary students. School network members (SNMs), who included school principals, teachers, parents and community leaders, worked with the pupils for 4 months using the 3Rs approach. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire measuring knowledge, attitudes and practices. A paired t-test and an independent t-test were used to analyse the data. In-depth interviews and focus groups took place with SNMs to assess the perceived effectiveness of the 3Rs intervention. Results: Significant post-intervention improvements in students’ knowledge, attitudes and practice were found in the experimental group. The 3Rs programme received significant support from SNMs. Green living sub-projects including waste product recycling, planting, school energy conservation and changes in school lunch programmes to include more green food, were established by children. Conclusions: The 3Rs model, complemented by school networking, was perceived to have had a positive impact on students’ GW prevention activities.
Mental and social burden of COVID-19 on the Iraqi people
Authors: Lafta Riyadh K , Mawlood Nagham A 
Published: February 2022

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has affected all crucial aspects of daily life, including; food security, education, gender relation, mental health, and environmental air pollution, in addition to the impact of the lockdown that had far-reaching effects in different strata of life. Aims: To study the impact of COVID-19 on people with respect to their mental and social suffering and consequences. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted during the period from November 2020 through August 2021. A sample of 1,000 attendants to four teaching hospitals and eight PHCCs, was collected. The mental and social sequels of COVID-19 were assessed for all participants whether previously infected or not. Results: Out of the total sample (1,000), 389 had a history of infection with COVID-19. The main mental symptoms reported were depression (67.8%), and anxiety (46.9%), males and females equally reported symptoms of anxiety, while depressive symptoms were reported more among females (59.9%), Fear and worries of the participants about their health and their families’ was the main reason for mental symptoms (94.7%). Conclusions: Symptoms of depression and anxiety in time of COVID-19 are prevalent. Suspending educational activities was the most social burden that affect people while increase the price of food and cessation of work were the main causes of economic burden.
The Communist Party Case Revisited: Constitutional Review in the 2020 Term
Authors: Crawford Lisa B 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article examines the 2020 decisions of the High Court on constitutional law through the lens of the Communist Party Case, taking the 70th anniversary of that decision as an opportunity to reflect on the ongoing utility and efficacy of the constitutional principles it espoused. It focuses on the way in which constitutional meaning may be informed by ordinary legislation, the common law and the rich backdrop of principles and values against which the Constitution was drafted — particularly, the rule of law. In doing so, the article highlights enduring questions about the scope of the High Court’s power to remedy those deficiencies in the Constitution that reveal themselves over time.
Evaluation of the Auditory System in Autistic Children Using Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions and a Contralateral Suppression Test
Authors: Aslan Eda , Guzel Isil , Caypinar Basak , Samanci Baver , Oysu Cagatay 
Published: February 2022

In this study, we evaluated the cochlea, medial olivocochlear system, and brainstem function in autistic children using evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and a noninvasive contralateral suppression (CLS) test. In total, we included 21 autistic children with normal hearing (study group) and 11 healthy children (control group). Transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) and CLS of TEOAE were evaluated in the left and right ears of all patients. In a silent room, spontaneous, transient, and dP ILO292 were evaluated. The mean age of the study and control group was 9.1 years (range: 6-13 and 6-12 years, respectively). For the study group, there was no statistically significant difference between the OAE and CLS values of the right ear ( P > .05). However, for the left ears, OAE values were statistically significantly higher than the CLS values ( P < .05). In the control group, the OAE values of both ears were statistically significantly higher than the CLS values ( P < .05). In autistic children with normal hearing, the medial olivocochlear system functions more effectively in the right ear than the left ear. Asymmetry between the ears is likely responsible for the peripheral auditory lateralization and independence in auditory function between the left and right ears.
Existential suffering in the day to day lives of those living with palliative care needs arising from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A systematic integrative literature review
Authors: Bolton Louise Elizabeth , Seymour Jane , Gardiner Clare 
Published: February 2022

Background: The impact of living with palliative care needs arising from COPD disrupts an individual’s existential situation. However, no comprehensive synthesis of existing research has been published to determine the presentation and impact of existential suffering. Aim: To provide a synthesis of existing evidence on existential suffering for those living with palliative care needs arising from COPD. Design: This is an integrative review paper, undertaken using the methodological approach developed by Soares and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Data analysis was undertaking using an integrated convergent synthesis approach. Data sources: Nine electronic databases were searched from April 2019 to December 2019. A second search was undertaken in January 2021 to identify recently published papers meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No date restrictions were imposed. Only papers published in the English Language were considered for inclusion. Empirical research papers employing qualitative and/or quantitative methodologies and systematic literature reviews were included. Articles were accepted for inclusion if they discussed any component of existential suffering when living with COPD and palliative care needs. Results: Thirty-five papers were included within this review comprising of seven systematic reviews, 10 quantitative studies and 18 qualitative studies. The following themes relating to existential suffering were found: Liminality, Lamented Life, Loss of Personal Liberty, Life meaning and Existential isolation. The absence of life meaning, and purpose was of most importance to participants. Conclusions: This review suggests existential suffering is present and of significant impact within the daily lives of those living with palliative care needs arising from COPD. The absence of life meaning has the most significant impact. Further research is required to understand the essential components of an intervention to address existential suffering for this patient group, to ensure holistic palliative care delivery.
Diagnostic values of MRI indexes for polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wang Shaojuan , Zhang Meimei , Hu Xuyu , Duan Na , Chen Xiao , Yin Yanyun , Wang Zhongqiu 
Published: February 2022

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful non-invasive modality for observation of ovarian morphologic characteristics. Few studies have focused on the value of MRI-derived indexes in reproductive-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of MRI in women with PCOS. Material and Methods This prospective case-control study included 85 women with PCOS and 50 controls who underwent pelvic MRI during 2017–2019. Ovarian volume (OV), follicle count (FC; counts of follicles sizing 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, 2–9 mm, respectively), follicular peripheral distribution, absence of a dominant follicle and stromal to total area ratio (S:A) were determined with MRI. The diagnostic value (sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]) of OV, FC2–9, and follicular peripheral distribution for PCOS were assessed. Results The AUCs were 0.94 for OV, 0.96 for FC2–9, and 0.78 for follicular peripheral distribution. The optimal threshold to detect PCOS was 8.5 mL for OV (sensitivity 78%; specificity 96%) and 26 for FC2–9 (sensitivity 85%; specificity 98%). Sensitivity and specificity were 73% and 82% for follicular peripheral distribution, respectively. Reproducibility was perfect for OV (ICC = 0.96) and absence of a dominant follicle (k = 0.85), substantial for FC2–9 (ICC = 0.79) and S:A (ICC = 0.69), and moderate for follicular peripheral distribution (k = 0.56). Conclusion Detected by MRI, OV >8.5 mL or FC2–9 >26 are accurate for diagnosing PCOS.