bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation of tizanidine hydrochloride–loaded provesicular system for improved oral delivery and therapeutic activity employing a 23 full factorial design
Authors: Mohsen Amira Mohamed , El-Hashemy Hadeer Ahmed , Salama Abeer , Darwish Asmaa Badawy 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTizanidine hydrochloride (TZN) is one of the most effective centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. The objective of this study is to prepare TZN-loaded proniosomes (TZN-PN) aiming at enhanced oral delivery and therapeutic activity. TZN-PN were prepared by coacervation phase separation method. The developed vesicles were characterized via entrapment efficiency percentage (EE%), vesicular size (VS), and zeta potential (ZP). A 23 full factorial design was employed to attain an optimized TZN-PN formulation. The optimized TZN-PN were further characterized via in vitro release study and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vivo rotarod test was employed for determination of the muscle relaxant activities of rats and levels of GABA and EAAT2 were detected. The developed TZN-PN exhibited relatively high EE% (75.78–85.45%), a VS ranging between (348–559 nm), and a ZP (−26.47 to −59.64). In vitro release profiles revealed sustained release of TZN from the optimized TZN-PN, compared to free drug up to 24 h. In vivo rotarod study revealed that the elevation in coordination was in the following order: normal control < free TZN < market product < TZN-PN (F6). Moreover, the optimized TZN-PN exhibited significant elevated coordination activity by 39% and 26% compared to control group and market product group, respectively. This was accompanied with an elevation in both GABA and EAAT2 serum levels. Thus, it could be concluded that encapsulation of TZN in the provesicular nanosystem proniosomes has enhanced the anti-nociceptive effect of the drug and consequently its therapeutic activity.
Graphical abstract
Prioritizing farm management interventions to improve climate change adaptation and mitigation outcomes—a case study for banana plantations
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo , Do Hoa , Luedeling Eike , Luu Thi Thu Giang , Whitney Cory 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntervening into agricultural systems necessarily includes risks, uncertainties, and ultimately unknown outcomes. Decision analysis embraces uncertainty through an interdisciplinary approach that involves relevant stakeholders in evaluating complex decisions. We applied decision analysis approaches to prioritize 21 farm management interventions, which could be considered in certification schemes for banana production. We estimated their contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as ecological outcomes. We used a general model that estimated the impacts of each intervention on adaptation (benefits minus costs), mitigation (global warming potential), ecological parameters (e.g., biodiversity and water and soil quality), and farming aspects (e.g., yield, implementation costs and production risks). We used expert and documented knowledge and presented uncertainties in the form of 90% confidence intervals to feed the model and forecast the changes in system outcomes caused by each intervention compared to a baseline scenario without the measure. By iterating the model function 10,000 times, we obtained probability distributions for each of the outcomes and farm management interventions. Our results suggest that interventions associated with nutrient management (e.g., composting and nutrient management plan) positively affect climate change adaptation, mitigation, and ecological aspects. Measures with no direct yield benefits (e.g., plastic reduction) correlate negatively with adaptation but have positive impacts on ecology. Creating buffer zones and converting low-productivity farmland (incl. unused land) also have positive ecological and adaptation outcomes. Decision analysis can help in prioritizing farm management interventions, which may vary considerably in their relationship with the expected outcomes. Additional work may be required to elaborate a comprehensive assessment of the underlying aspects modulating the impacts of a given measure on the evaluated outcome. Our analysis provides insights on the most promising interventions for banana plantations and may help practitioners and researchers in focusing further studies.
Exploring the intersection of racism, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccine equity
Authors: Abdul-Mutakabbir Jacinda C. , Simiyu Brenda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Structural racism and systemic health inequities have an overwhelming and deadly impact on racially and ethnically minoritized groups. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely considered a global public health threat, and concerns that minoritized groups are disproportionately affected are increasing. With the emergence and spread of AMR, novel therapies and prevention strategies are imperative. Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has highlighted stark imbalances in the hospitalization and death rates of minoritized individuals compared to their White counterparts, irrespective of the availability of targeted preventive therapies (ie, vaccinations). Thus, dialogue regarding the utility of vaccines used prophylactically to decrease the number of infectious diseases cases and the historical lack of vaccine equity and uptake across minoritized groups is needed. All of these factors work in concert to increase the burden of AMR and ultimately health disparities within minoritized communities. Herein, we provide historical context pertaining to the impact of structural racism on healthcare inequities in the United States, we explore racial and ethnic disparities in AMR, and we discuss the intersection of racism, AMR, and vaccine equity. Lastly, we offer recommendations to mitigate the described inequities.
Porterville Alternate Care Site Provision of Oxygen at COVID-19 Pandemic Peak
Authors: Montauk Lance 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic peak, the author deployed twice to an emergency Alternate Care Site in Porterville, California. The provision of oxygen to patients there, as seen from a physician’s perspective, does not fully support the description in a recently published article of how the State of California approached oxygen logistics during the COVID-19 surge. To inform future planning, an adequate logistical assessment must include not only approaches for solving technical resource challenges, but also reliable numbers regarding end-user resource utilization, and non-utilization, as well as program costs, benefits, and unintended consequences.
Enhancing Artificial Intelligence for Twitter-based Public Discourse on Food Security During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Martin Nina M. , Poirier Lisa , Rosenblum Andrew J. , Reznar Melissa M. , Gittelsohn Joel , Barnett Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Food security during public health emergencies relies on situational awareness of needs and resources. Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized situational awareness during crises, allowing the allocation of resources to needs through machine learning algorithms. Limited research exists monitoring Twitter for changes in the food security-related public discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to address that gap with AI by classifying food security topics on Twitter and showing topic frequency per day.

Methods:
Tweets were scraped from Twitter from January 2020 through December 2021 using food security keywords. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling was performed, followed by time-series analyses on topic frequency per day.

Results:
237,107 tweets were scraped and classified into topics, including food needs and resources, emergency preparedness and response, and mental/physical health. After the WHO’s pandemic declaration, there were relative increases in topic density per day regarding food pantries, food banks, economic and food security crises, essential services, and emergency preparedness advice. Threats to food security in Tigray emerged in 2021.

Conclusions:
AI is a powerful yet underused tool to monitor food insecurity on social media. Machine learning tools to improve emergency response should be prioritized, along with measurement of impact. Further food insecurity word patterns testing, as generated by this research, with supervised machine learning models can accelerate the uptake of these tools by policymakers and aid organizations.
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Potential and Policy Changes in South Carolina, February 2020 – January 2021
Authors: Davies Margaret R. , Hua Xinyi , Jacobs Terrence D. , Wiggill Gabi I. , Lai Po-Ying , Du Zhanwei , DebRoy Swati , Robb Sara Wagner , Chowell Gerardo , Fung Isaac Chun-Hai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
We aimed to examine how public health policies influenced the dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) time-varying reproductive number (R
t
) in South Carolina from February 26, 2020, to January 1, 2021.

Methods:
COVID-19 case series (March 6, 2020, to January 10, 2021) were shifted by 9 d to approximate the infection date. We analyzed the effects of state and county policies on R
t
using EpiEstim. We performed linear regression to evaluate if per-capita cumulative case count varies across counties with different population size.

Results:
R
t
shifted from 2-3 in March to <1 during April and May. R
t
rose over the summer and stayed between 1.4 and 0.7. The introduction of statewide mask mandates was associated with a decline in R
t
(−15.3%; 95% CrI, −13.6%, −16.8%), and school re-opening, an increase by 12.3% (95% CrI, 10.1%, 14.4%). Less densely populated counties had higher attack rates (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
The R
t
dynamics over time indicated that public health interventions substantially slowed COVID-19 transmission in South Carolina, while their relaxation may have promoted further transmission. Policies encouraging people to stay home, such as closing nonessential businesses, were associated with R
t
reduction, while policies that encouraged more movement, such as re-opening schools, were associated with R
t
increase.
The microbiome in adult acute appendicitis
Authors: Lee Mei Sze , Sulit Arielle , Frizelle Frank , Purcell Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acute appendicitis is a common acute surgical emergency; however, the pathogenesis of adult appendicitis remains poorly understood. The microbiome is increasingly thought to play a key role in inflammatory disease of the bowel and similarly, may play a role in appendicitis. This study aimed to characterise the microbiome of adult acute appendicitis in a prospective cohort. We recruited 60 adults with acute appendicitis and 20 healthy controls. Rectal swabs were taken from each patient. After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was carried out for analysis of diversity and taxonomic abundance. Phylogenetic sequencing of the samples indicated that there is a difference between the microbial composition of those with acute appendicitis and healthy controls, with a statistically significant decrease in alpha diversity in rectal swabs of appendicitis patients compared to healthy controls. At the genus level, we saw an increased abundance of potential pathogens, for example, Parvimonas and Acinetobacter, and a decrease in commensal taxa such as Faecalibacterium, Blautia and Lachnospiraceae in appendicitis patients compared to healthy controls. There was a reduction in diversity and loss of commensals in the microbiome of those with acute appendicitis, which may play a role in the cascade leading to acute appendicitis or the result of this.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Woitrin Michel 
Published: August 2022

Au cours des trois derniers mois, la conjoncture a poursuivi son évolution ascendante, tant en Belgique que dans le monde.Les prix de gros et tous les prix sensibles ont ainsi continué leur mouvement de hausse rapide. L,es freins d'origines diverses qui avaient pesé sur les prix de détail et les produits finis n'ont pas été assez puissants pour maintenir le mouvement de baisse des prix de détail belges ébauché des octobre 1950.L'évolution financière est également dominée complètement par la haute conjoncture, quoique dans les dernières semaines on observe une certaine détente dans ce domaine.
Les finances publiques belges en 1950
Authors: Janssen Albert-Edouard 
Published: August 2022

Au cours de certaines années après la libération, les Ministres des finances belges ont trouvé un appoint substantiel dans les plus-values des recettes fiscales provoquées par la reprise spectaculaire de l'activité industrielle du pays et par une fiscalité déjà fondamentalement aggravée pendant la guerre quant au taux et encore accrue en charge, par après, par le jeu de l'accroissement des prix et des salaires.Pendant ces mêmes années, le Trésor a été avantagé par les remboursements d'avances faites antérieurement. Aussi bien pendant le dernier trimestre de l'année 1944 que pendant l'année 1945 de très importantes sommes ont dû être avancées par le Trésor, et cela pour diverses raisons. La récupération d'une grande partie de ces avances s'est échelonnée sur les années suivantes et a constitué, elle aussi, une aide non négligeable pour ceux qui présidaient à la direction de nos finances publiques.
Le commerce extérieur de la Belgique en 1950
Authors: Jussiant Jean 
Published: August 2022

I. — I/ÉVOLUTION DE LA SITUATION ÉCONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALELa fin de l'année 1949, avec les rajustements monétaires qui l'avaient accompagnée, avait marqué une étape décisive de l'évolution économique d'après-guerre. Elle avait vu la plupart des pays abandonner les politiques d'inflation plus ou moins contrôlée, de réglementation et de déficit chroniques de la balance commerciale, qui avaient été suivies presque partout immédiatement après la guerre.Cette évolution a tout d'abord continué pendant une partie de l'année 1950. Les effets favorables de la nouvelle orientation sur l'équilibre interne des économies respectives, se firent sentir de plus en plus nettement et l'expérience de la Belgique, qui avait été un des premiers pays à adopter pareille ligne de conduite, il y a plusieurs années déjà, s'en trouva ainsi une nouvelle fois confirmée. L'amélioration des diverses balances de paiement permit, d'autre part, d'entamer une large action de réduction des obstacles aux échanges internationaux.
Le commerce extérieur de la Belgique en 1951
Authors: d'Ursel Charles 
Published: August 2022

L'économie mondiale a continué en 1951 a être fortement influencée par les hostilités en Corée, déclenchées à la fin de juin de l'année précédente. Mais cette influence s'est exercée surtout à travers les réactions qui se sont manifestées aux Etats-Unis.Les six à neuf premiers mois de guerre en Corée, des programmes d'armement ambitieux ont été élaborés aux Etats-Unis, provoquant des réactions spéculatives très violentes dans le domaine des matières premières, et cela d'autant plus que le gouvernement américain procédait à des achats massifs en vue de la constitution de stocks stratégiques.
Le travail en double équipe dans I'industrie
Authors: Vercruysse Paul 
Published: August 2022

Le travail par équipes successives permet de poursuivre la production pendant un temps plus long que la journée normale de travail, sans que les prestations de la main-d'œuvre s'en trouvent allongées.La continuation de l'œuvre productrice est assurée par deux équipes de travailleurs, ou davantage, qui accomplissent le même travail en se succédant aux mêmes machines, dans les mêmes ateliers ou sur les mêmes chantiers. L/identité des tâches accomplies aux différents postes est une condition essentielle pour qu'il y ait travail par équipes successives.
Prix, consommation, balance et revenus en 1957
Authors: Baudhuin Fernand 
Published: August 2022

Le mouvement des prix n'a apporté aucune surprise véritable, durant l'année 1957. Les tendances antérieures se sont simplement confirmées, et l'économie belge n'a pris en cette matière aucune initiative qui lui eût été propre : elle a été visiblement entraînée par la conjoncture mondiale, et par le mouvement des prix sur les marchés internationaux.Il y a peu de chose à dire de nos prix de gros, qui suivent les tendances fondamentales. La comparaison des index des différents pays est peu significative, car leur mouvement dépend avant tout des articles qui sont observés. En Belgique, l'index des prix de gros porte sur une gamme étendue de produits allant des matières premières dominées par des cours mondiaux à, des produits finis dont les prix sont rendus rigides par les salaires étroitement incorporés.
Classrooms of democracy: cultivating change and social cohesion through rural community centres in postwar Hesse
Authors: Hall Kevin T 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInfluenced by proposals (spanning back to the Kaiser Reich) to hinder the urban-rural divide, Hessian Social Democrats introduced the Hessenplan in 1951 to rebuild the war-torn cities, reconstruct state infrastructure, and integrate displaced persons. A key component of this plan was the establishment of rural community centres, which provided modern amenities and leisure activities, attempted to reduce the hardship of the rural lifestyle through the mechanisation of labour, as well as reinforced democratic principles – all in an attempt to hinder the rural exodus. Branded ‘Castles of Peace’, the rural community centres also represented an environment and a tool for political transformation through democratic re-education. They provided an opportunity to help balance the social, cultural, and economic inequalities between urban and rural communities, were used to prevent further individual anomie, and to instill within the rural populace the importance of becoming responsible citizens in the new democratic age.
La situation inquiétante de l’industrie houillère belge
Authors: De Lespaul Charles Demeure 
Published: August 2022

De nouveaux progrès ont été accomplis en 1947 dans le relèvement de notre production de houille, qui s’est accrue de plus d’un million six cent mille tonnes par rapport à l’année précédente.Nos mines ont réussi, en effet, à compenser le départ des prisonniers de guerre allemands par la mise au travail d’importants contingents d’ouvriers étrangers, dont elles ont effectué l’apprentissage en un temps très court. I’effectif du personnel présent dans nos charbonnages a pu être maintenu, de cette manière, à son niveau précédent, supérieur d’environ 7 % à celui de 1939. D’autre part, son rendement s’est légèrement amélioré, passant à 77 % de celui de 1939 en décembre 1947, contre 72 % en décembre 1946. Nous avons pu produire ainsi, l’an dernier, 82 % du charbon que nous avions extrait pendant la dernière année normale d’avant-guerre.Mais le prix de revient de ce charbon a subi de nouvelles et inquiétantes augmentations, à la suite des nouvelles majorations de salaires et de charges sociales imposées par le Gouvernement aux charbonnages belges. Il s’établit nettement au-dessus du prix de vente fixé par ce même Gouvernement, et constitue ainsi l’ensemble de nos mines en perte—une perte qui n’est plus compensée qu’en partie par des subsides de l’Etat. Quoique les mines à bas prix de revient soient contraintes de céder la plus grande part de leurs bénéfices aux mines à prix de revient élevé, ces dernières ne voient apurer ainsi qu’une partie de leur déficit. Leur situation s’aggrave de jour en jour, et va acculer un certain nombre d’entre elles à la fermeture, ou plutôt, en vertu des récentes dispositions légales, à la réquisition par les pouvoirs publics.
Le mouvement social
Authors: Woronoff André 
Published: August 2022

La physionomie de l’année 1948 apparaîtra, aux yeux des observateurs du mouvement social en Belgique, très différente de celle des années précédentes, écoulées depuis la fin de la guerre.Jusqu’en 1947, en effet, l’accroissement du volume de l’emploi avait été constant, une hausse continue des salaires et des avantages sociaux avait tout naturellement suivi cette expansion, et des mesures, telles que la mobilisation civile, avaient dû être prises pour pallier les effets de la pénurie de main-d’œuvre. Mais en 1948 l’expansion prit fin. Le retour à des conditions considérées comme normales devenant de règle pour toute la vie économique du pays, une tendance à la normalisation se fit jour également dans le domaine des relations sociales entre employeurs et travailleurs. On peut en voir le signe dans l’abrogation du régime de la mobilisation civile ainsi que dans le retour progressif à la liberté des négociations collectives et au système de la liaison entre les salaires et l’indice des prix.D’autre part, la principale réforme introduite dans notre législation sociale depuis 1944 fut le vote, par les Chambres, de la loi du 20 septembre 1948 portant organisation de l’économie. Jointe à d’autres réformes dites « de structure », telles que la modification des statuts de la Banque nationale (dont il ne peut être question dans le cadre limité du présent article), elle apporte une transformation importante, encore que non révolutionnaire, dans la vie interne de l’économie belge en général et surtout, dans la vie des entreprises.Par contre, la législation en matière d’assurance et de.prévoyance sociales n’a subi que peu de retouches au cours de l’année sous revue.
Reflections on China’s primary care response to COVID-19: roles, limitations and implications
Authors: Tan Xiao , Liu Chaojie , Wu Hao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on the role of primary care in China’s response to COVID-19. A retrospective, reflective approach was taken using data available to one of the authors who led the national community response to COVID-19, first in Wuhan and then multiple cities in ten provinces/municipalities across the country. At the peak of the pandemic, primary care providers shoulder various public health responsibilities and work in close partnerships with other key stakeholders in the local communities. Primary care providers keep playing a ‘sentinel’/surveillance role in identifying re-emerging cases after the elimination of community transmissions of COVID-19. Critically, however, the pandemic once again highlights some key limitations of the primary care sector, including the lack of gatekeeping, limited capacity and weak integration between medical care and public health.
Yet Another Galant Schema: The Dominant Pedal Accompanied by a Chromatic Descent
Authors: Demeyere Ewald 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt is now well established that stock voice-leading patterns were an essential component of eighteenth-century compositional and improvisational practices both in Italy and abroad. In this article I focus on one of those patterns, which, as far as I am aware, remains unscrutinized: a dominant pedal point in the bass with a paradigmatic upper voice that descends chromatically from scale steps 5 to 2. In the first two sections, I deal with this pattern successively in eighteenth-century music pedagogy, with special emphasis on the teaching of the Neapolitan maestro Fedele Fenaroli, and in actual galant repertory, thereby exploring both its voice-leading and its syntactic possibilities. In the third section, I compare how this dominant pedal relates to other, already identified pedal-based patterns.