bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical representation and access in sign languages
Authors: Mayberry Rachel I. , Wille Beatrijs 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is on how signed words are processed in relation to spoken ones, and whether the profound differences in how the two word types are articulated and perceived affect these processes. The form of words in sign languages, signs, is characterized by an architecture identical to that of spoken words, namely coordinated patterning between two language levels, meaning and articulatory patterning. The lexical architecture of sign differentiates it from that of gesture, which lacks this coordinated, bi-level linguistic structure. The patterning of sign phonology arises from the fine motor patterns of the fingers with the larger ones of the arms, torso, and head. Children’s lexical acquisition reveals how their analytic skills in phonological and morphological acquisition are tied to their early control of the visual field for inter-personal communication. Adult sign access and processing are governed by lexical structure and significantly modulated by prior linguistic experience.
Disorders of Lexical Access And Production
Authors: Mirman Daniel , Middleton Erica L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDisorders of lexical access are characterized by inconsistent lexical access such that individuals successfully comprehend or produce a word in some contexts but fail on other occasions. Therefore, the lexical representations are thought to be intact, but their retrieval or activation is impaired and/or competing representations are not effectively managed. Lexical access deficits are most well-studied in individuals with aphasia, though some degree of lexical access difficulty can occur in a wide variety of neurogenic and developmental disorders, as well as in typical aging. This chapter focuses on the intersections of language, cognitive control, and memory: (1) how inhibition of lexical competitors and selection among competitors may explain some lexical access deficit phenomena, and (2) learning and retrieval processes in lexical access deficits from both basic research and translational application perspectives.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLexical semantics is to be treated as a mental phenomenon, deeply connected to and supported by the human conceptualization of the world. In this light, the unlimited number of possible word meanings must be accounted for in terms of a generative system that constructs word meanings from a finite set of primitives and principles of combination. This chapter sets out some basic elements of this system: the contribution of spatial cognition; nonperceivable features such as modality and the type-token distinction; semantic decomposition into other than necessary and sufficient conditions, such as prototypical conditions; a rich ontology including objects, events, locations, trajectories, amounts, and manners; polysemy that straddles ontological categories; “dot-objects” and the notion of person; argument structure and thematic roles; and the relation of lexical meaning to world knowledge.
Learning words amidst speech sound variability
Authors: Creel Sarah S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHow do learners, particularly children, recognize and learn a word when its sound form is variable? For example, some American English speakers pronounce pen as ‘pen’ and others pronounce it as ‘pin.’ The chapter briefly outlines some language contexts that feature sound variability. Next, it discusses natural and experimental situations where perceivers recognize and adapt to new sound variants. Following that, the chapter considers how learners learn words when their forms are variable from the outset. It is argued that construing variability as gradient rather than discrete, as on exemplar models of word learning, provides a better account of recognition of, adaptation to, and learning of variable forms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of areas ripe for future inquiry.
Should We Automate Democracy?
Authors: Himmelreich Johannes 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews and evaluates different ways in which digital technologies may affect democracy. Specifically, the chapter develops a framework to evaluate democratic practices that is rooted in the tradition of deliberative democracy. The chapter then applies this framework to evaluate proposals of how technology may improve democracy. The chapter distinguishes three families of proposals, depending on the depth of the change that they affect. Mere changes, such as automatic fact-checking on social media, augment existing practices. Moderate reforms, such as apps that enable and reward participation in local government, facilitate new practices. Radical revisions, such as using artificial intelligence to replace parliaments, are constitutive of new practices often replacing existing ones. The chapter then concentrates on three radical revisions—Wiki democracy, avatar democracy, and data democracy—and identifies meaningful benefits in the first and deep problems in the latter two proposals.
The Prehistory of the Philippines
Authors: Dizon Eusebio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of the Philippine prehistory and archaeology. It provides the different chronology and periodization in the reconstruction of Philippine prehistory from the very beginning of the archaeological awareness in the Philippine archipelago, and until the most recent one. New archaeological data found in the Philippines are included in this chapter and the significance of these archaeological finds in the role of the Philippine archipelago to the archaeological setting of Island Southeast Asian prehistory. A better understanding of the terms “Palaeolithic”, “Neolithic”, “Metal Age”, and the “Age of Contact”in the Philippine archipelago has now becomes clear. There are more examples of archaeological sites representing these various periods in the Philippines.The connection of the Philippine archipelago with the rest of both Mainland and Island Southeast Asia is now demonstrated with the artifacts and archaeological features that were made available in the past two decades.
The Neolithic of Vietnam
Authors: Piper Philip J. , Dung Lâm Thị Mỹ , Kiên Nguyễn Khánh Trung , Thi Thuy Nguyễn , Higham Charles F. W. , Petchey Fiona , Grono Elle , Bellwood Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Neolithic in Mainland Southeast Asia is considered to be the period of human prehistory that commenced with the transition from hunting and gathering into mixed economies of foraging and farming. It lasted until the appearance of copper and bronze metallurgy and thus dates between circa 2500 and 1200 BC. In Vietnam, Neolithic sites and cultures are recorded especially around the edges of the Red River delta, along the northern and central coasts, and in the southern river basins between the Đông Nai and lower Mekong. This period of Vietnamese prehistory was characterized by the southward movements of East Asian Neolithic populations from southern China across Mainland Southeast Asia, the introduction of cereal cultivation (rice and foxtail millet), and the management of domesticated pigs and dogs. The Neolithic of Vietnam also reveals material culture relationships extending from southern China to central Thailand. Recent research is also starting to highlight social and cultural diversity during this period, together with the development of significant exchange networks.
Stone Industries of Mainland and Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Bulbeck David , Marwick Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Archaeological sites with concentrations of flaked stone dating to the last 5 years, associated with anatomically modern Homo sapiens, have been recorded widely across Southeast Asia. Two main types of industries have been documented: those based on knapping the raw stone to produce distinct cores, used for detaching flakes; and those based on flaking the surface of cobbles. Quality of locally available stone underpinned the distinction between the core-based industries, which used fine materials such as chert and obsidian, and the coarser-grained cobble-based industries. This explains the dominance of core-based industries in Island Southeast Asia and cobble-based industries in Mainland Southeast Asia, and the exceptions such as cobble-based industries in northern Sumatra, Niah Caves (Sarawak), and the North Moluccas. Across Southeast Asia, with certain notable exceptions, stone was rarely used for manufacturing distinctive implement types but instead involved the production of impromptu tools for working animal and vegetable material.
The Origins of the Bronze Age in Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Ciarla Roberto 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is argued that the long-wave of the southward dispersal of a copper-base metallurgical package and/or of the actual miners/founders from the copper-rich regions of the mid-Yangtze valley and its sophisticated, metallurgical tradition of the mid-to-late second millennium BC, known as the Wucheng/Xin’gan culture, in the long run sparked the onset of the Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) Bronze Age in the late second millennium BC. Archaeological evidence from Lingnan and MSEA indicates that emerging elites, unable to sustain the complex production of sophisticated bronze artifacts, might have “acquired” metal items of a lower technological profile, for example, the socketed tools cast in bivalve stone molds (BVMs). The geographic scope of this general, but definitely jeopardized phenomenon imbued of complex cultural and technological implications, invested low-ranked societies that, interacting since the late Neolithic within similar cultural environments, were experimenting different paths of cultural complexity growth. However, arguably the spread of the bronze technology and media among low-ranked societies only marginally affected the ongoing multilinear and multidimensional processes of sociocultural evolution.
The Archaeogenetics of Southeast Asia
Authors: Soares Pedro , Mormina Maru , Rito Teresa , Richards Martin B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The settlement of Southeast Asia has traditionally been discussed by scholars in terms of the spread of rice agriculture and the Austronesian and Austro-Asiatic language families. While this framework has also been adopted by some geneticists, many have moved toward a new paradigm. This stresses the importance of climate change over the past 50,000 years in the peopling of the region, and in particular the impact of global warming and sea-level rises after the Last Glacial Maximum, around 20,000 years ago. This chapter summarizes some current thinking in the archaeogenetics of the region, with a discussion of the broad phylogeographic patterns and time depth of the maternal lineages, as estimated from variation in the mitochondrial DNA. It places this discussion in the context of what is known about the paternal line of descent and genome-wide patterns.
Early States of Insular Southeast Asia
Authors: Manguin Pierre-Yves 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
During the mid-first millennium AD period considered in this chapter, a variety of polities along the coasts of the western façade of Insular Southeast Asia, all of them with long-standing relationships with polities across the Bay of Bengal, started adapting to their own needs a South Asian cultural package comprising writing, the usage of Sanskrit, text-based religions, and associated literature, iconography, and architecture. Recent work on these polities has reassigned such developments to a manifold process, with a variety of incentives and outcomes, showing that local rulers and their people, far from being passive recipients of imported cultural traits, were not cut off from transformations and developments in world economy taking place elsewhere in Asia at the turn of the first millennium and played an active part in such sociopolitical transformations. This chapter first concentrates on the state of Srivijaya and on those polities of the Thai-Malay Peninsula that were associated with the latter, for which both archaeological and textual evidence is available to document the state-formation process. Only then does this chapter try to recognize comparable processes for other areas—Java, Bali, Borneo—for which archaeological data remains scattered.
Srivijaya
Authors: Manguin Pierre-Yves 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Epigraphic reassessments and archaeological fieldwork in southeast Sumatra during the past four decades have brought ample confirmation that this is where the maritime-oriented polity known as Srivijaya was founded in the late seventh century in Palembang, and where its political center remained until its demise some seven centuries later, notwithstanding a complex and still badly understood relationship with Java, with outlying polities on the Thai-Malay Peninsula, and with western Borneo. Recent finds of protohistoric and early historic sites embedded in long-distance religious and economic networks, downriver from Palembang and in the Jambi area, now document the formation process of the new state. A number of archaeological sites within the city of Palembang confirm the existence of a harbor-city acting as the central place of the Buddhist, trade-oriented polity until it was moved to Jambi in the eleventh century. Both the Musi and the Batang Hari river basins have now also yielded a profusion of remains of brick temples attesting to the control of a vast hinterland from which resins and gold would be fed into trade networks. Radical shifts of the power balance in Southeast Asia, and the growing competition of Cola and Song maritime networks resulted in the final demise of Srivijaya in the late thirteenth century.
The Early Settlement of Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Barker Graeme 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evidence for the initial phases of settlement of Island Southeast sia by people, beginning with “archaic” humans (or “hominins”) with recognizably human characteristics but not identical to ourselves and ending with people who were fully modern in their anatomy and, it is thought, in their cognitive capacities (“modern humans”). Significant themes include the increasing complexity of the hominin landscape in the last 100,000 years, with modern humans at times sharing it with at least three other hominin species, the timing of their dispersals across the region and the complexity of the behaviours that underpinned this process. A range of subsistence technologies and practices were developed that enabled them to forage successfully in interior rainforest and colonize maritime environments, outcompeting other species. Plant and animal translocations are further evidence of their resourcefulness to meet ecological challenges encountered in their dispersals, as may be the increasing evidence for the richness of their conceptual or imaginative lives.
Chloroplast translational regulation uncovers nonessential photosynthesis genes as key players in plant cold acclimation
Authors: Gao Yang , Thiele Wolfram , Saleh Omar , Scossa Federico , Arabi Fayezeh , Zhang Hongmou , Sampathkumar Arun , Kühn Kristina , Fernie Alisdair , Bock Ralph , Schöttler Mark A , Zoschke Reimo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlants evolved efficient multifaceted acclimation strategies to cope with low temperatures. Chloroplasts respond to temperature stimuli and participate in temperature sensing and acclimation. However, very little is known about the involvement of chloroplast genes and their expression in plant chilling tolerance. Here we systematically investigated cold acclimation in tobacco seedlings over 2 days of exposure to low temperatures by examining responses in chloroplast genome copy number, transcript accumulation and translation, photosynthesis, cell physiology, and metabolism. Our time-resolved genome-wide investigation of chloroplast gene expression revealed substantial cold-induced translational regulation at both the initiation and elongation levels, in the virtual absence of changes at the transcript level. These cold-triggered dynamics in chloroplast translation are widely distinct from previously described high light-induced effects. Analysis of the gene set responding significantly to the cold stimulus suggested nonessential plastid-encoded subunits of photosynthetic protein complexes as novel players in plant cold acclimation. Functional characterization of one of these cold-responsive chloroplast genes by reverse genetics demonstrated that the encoded protein, the small cytochrome b6f complex subunit PetL, crucially contributes to photosynthetic cold acclimation. Together, our results uncover an important, previously underappreciated role of chloroplast translational regulation in plant cold acclimation.
Natural variation in WHITE-CORE RATE 1 regulates redox homeostasis in rice endosperm to affect grain quality
Authors: Wu Bian , Yun Peng , Zhou Hao , Xia Duo , Gu Yuan , Li Pingbo , Yao Jialing , Zhou Zhuqing , Chen Jianxian , Liu Rongjia , Cheng Shiyuan , Zhang Hao , Zheng Yuanyuan , Lou Guangming , Chen Pingli , Wan Shanshan , Zhou Mingsong , Li Yanhua , Gao Guanjun , Zhang Qinglu , Li Xianghua , Lian Xingming , He Yuqing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Grain chalkiness reduces the quality of rice (Oryza sativa) and is a highly undesirable trait for breeding and marketing. However, the underlying molecular cause of chalkiness remains largely unknown. Here, we cloned the F-box gene WHITE-CORE RATE 1 (WCR1), which negatively regulates grain chalkiness and improves grain quality in rice. A functional A/G variation in the promoter region of WCR1 generates the alleles WCR1A and WCR1G, which originated from tropical japonica and wild rice Oryza ruﬁpogon, respectively. OsDOF17 is a transcriptional activator that binds to the AAAAG cis-element in the WCR1A promoter. WCR1 positively affects the transcription of the metallothionein gene MT2b and interacts with MT2b to inhibit its 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to decreased reactive oxygen species production and delayed programmed cell death in rice endosperm. This, in turn, leads to reduced chalkiness. Our findings uncover a molecular mechanism underlying rice chalkiness and identify the promising natural variant WCR1A, with application potential for rice breeding.
Predicting funded research project performance based on machine learning
Authors: Jang Hoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Increasing investment and interest in research and development (R&D) requires an efficient management system for achieving better research project outputs. In tandem with this trend, there is a growing need to develop a method for predicting research project outputs. Motivated by this, using information gathered in the early stage of projects, this study addresses the problem of predicting research projects’ output, which is binary coded as either successful or not. To build the prediction model, we apply six machine learning algorithms: five are well-known supervised learning algorithms and the other is autoML, characterized by its ability to produce a learning model appropriate to the data characteristics on its own, with minimal user intervention. Our empirical analysis with real R&D data provided by the South Korean government over 5 years (2014–8) confirms that the autoML-based model performs better than models based on other machine learning algorithms for this task. We also find that project duration and research funding are important factors in predicting R&D project outputs. Based on the results, our study provides insightful implications leading to a paradigm shift for data-based R&D project management.
Suture Augmentation Neutralizes Deforming Muscular Forces in a Simulated 2-Part Osteoporotic Proximal Humeral Fracture Model
Authors: Scolaro John A. , Chalmers Christen E. , Wright David J. , Patel Nilay , McGarry Michelle , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
To evaluate the contribution that tension-relieving sutures, placed between a proximal humeral locking plate and the rotator cuff muscles, had on preventing varus malalignment in an osteoporotic 2-part proximal humerus fracture model.

Methods:
A 2-part fracture model was created in 8 cadaveric specimens and then fixed with a lateral locking plate. A custom shoulder testing system was used to increase loading through the supraspinatus (SS) tendon to drive varus deformity. Trials were performed with no suture placement; SS only; SS and subscapularis (SB); and SS, SB, and infraspinatus. The primary outcome was contribution of each point of suture fixation to prevention of varus collapse.

Results:
Suture augmentation to the SS, SB, and infraspinatus significantly decreased humeral head varus collapse when compared with the plate alone at nearly all loads (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in humeral head varus collapse between the 3 suture constructs.

Conclusions:
In our biomechanical evaluation of a simulated osteoporotic 2-part proximal humerus fracture with incompetent medial calcar, tension-relieving sutures placed between a lateral locked plate and the rotator cuff tendons prevented varus malalignment.
Comparing estrogen-based hormonal contraceptives and hormone therapy on bone mineral density in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review
Authors: Fine Alexa , Busza Alicja , Allen Lisa M. , Kelly Catherine , Wolfman Wendy , Jacobson Michelle , Lega Iliana C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Importance:
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition associated with estrogen deficiency which leads to decreased bone mineral density and an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Estrogen-based hormone therapy is an integral component of treatment; however, to date the ideal hormone formulation for optimizing bone health has not been established.

Objective:
To assess the effects of estrogen-based oral contraceptives (OCP) versus hormone therapy (HT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in women with POI.

Evidence Review:
A systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted from conception until December 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias for RCTs. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis.

Findings:
Our search yielded 1,227 studies; 3 RCTs and 2 observational cohort studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our study. The largest subpopulation was Turner Syndrome (n = 625), followed by idiopathic POI (n = 146). Of the four studies that assessed changes in BMD, two studies reported a significant increase in lumbar spine BMD with HT compared with OCP (+0.050 g/cm2, P < 0.025; +0.019 g/cm2, P < 0.01), one study found similar improvement in lumbar spine BMD across treatments (HT −0.003 g/cm2, P = 0.824), and one study did not directly compare treatments. Effects on bone turnover markers were inconsistent across three studies that evaluated this outcome.

Conclusions and Relevance:
This is the first systematic review to include studies that directly compared OCP and HT on bone outcomes in POI. While two studies reported increased lumbar spine BMD with HT, this result was not consistently found across studies. There were important differences in POI etiology, treatment regimens and formulations, and risk of bias was high in many of the studies. These results indicate future, larger-scale trials are needed to further understand the optimal hormone therapy for bone density in POI.