bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global distribution, formation and fate of mineral‐associated soil organic matter under a changing climate: A trait‐based perspective
Authors: Sokol Noah W. , Whalen Emily D. , Jilling Andrea , Kallenbach Cynthia , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Georgiou Katerina 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest actively cycling reservoir of terrestrial carbon (C), and the majority of SOM in Earth's mineral soils (~65%) is mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM). Thus, the formation and fate of MAOM can exert substantial influence on the global C cycle. To predict future changes to Earth's climate, it is critical to mechanistically understand the processes by which MAOM is formed and decomposed, and to accurately represent this process‐based understanding in biogeochemical and Earth system models.

In this review, we use a trait‐based framework to synthesize the interacting roles of plants, soil micro‐organisms, and the mineral matrix in regulating MAOM formation and decomposition. Our proposed framework differentiates between plant and microbial traits that influence total OM inputs to the soil (‘feedstock traits’) versus traits that influence the proportion of OM inputs that are ultimately incorporated into MAOM (‘MAOM formation traits’). We discuss how these feedstock and MAOM formation traits may be altered by warming, altered precipitation and elevated carbon dioxide.

At a planetary scale, these feedstock and MAOM formation traits help shape the distribution of MAOM across Earth's biomes, and modulate biome‐specific responses of MAOM to climate change. We leverage a global synthesis of MAOM measurements to provide estimates of the total amount of MAOM‐C globally (~840–1540 Pg C; 34%–51% of total terrestrial organic C), and its distribution across Earth's biomes. We show that MAOM‐C concentration is highest in temperate forests and grasslands, and lowest in shrublands and savannas. Grasslands and croplands have the highest proportion of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the MAOM fraction (i.e. the MAOM‐C:SOC ratio), while boreal forests and tundra have the lowest MAOM‐C:SOC ratio. Drawing on our trait framework, we then review experimental data and posit the effects of climate change on MAOM pools in different biomes.

We conclude by discussing how MAOM is integrated into soil C models, and how feedstock and MAOM formation traits may be included in these models. We also summarize the projected fate of MAOM under climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) and discuss key model uncertainties.

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Impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on risk of prematurity, birthweight and obstetric complications: A multivariate analysis from a nationwide, population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Simon Emmanuel , Gouyon Jean‐Bernard , Cottenet Jonathan , Bechraoui‐Quantin Sonia , Rozenberg Patrick , Mariet Anne‐Sophie , Quantin Catherine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of maternal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on prematurity, birthweight and obstetric complications.DesignNationwide, population‐based retrospective cohort study.SettingNational Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information database in France.PopulationAll single births from March to December 2020: 510 387 deliveries, including 2927 (0.6%) with confirmed COVID‐19 in the mother and/or the newborn.MethodsThe group with COVID‐19 was compared with the group without COVID‐19 using the chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test, and the Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U test. Logistic regressions were used to study the effect of COVID‐19 on the risk of prematurity or macrosomia (birthweight ≥4500 g).Main outcome measuresPrematurity less than 37, less than 28, 28–31, or 32–36 weeks of gestation; birthweight; obstetric complications.ResultsIn singleton pregnancies, COVID‐19 was associated with obstetric complications such as hypertension (2.8% versus 2.0%, p < 0.01), pre‐eclampsia (3.6% versus 2.0%, p < 0.01), diabetes (18.8% versus 14.4%, p < 0.01) and caesarean delivery (26.8% versus 19.7%, p < 0.01). Among pregnant women with COVID‐19, there was more prematurity between 28 and 31 weeks of gestation (1.3% versus 0.6%, p < 0.01) and between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation (7.7% versus 4.3%, p < 0.01), and more macrosomia (1.0% versus 0.7%, p = 0.04), but there was no difference in small‐for‐gestational‐age newborns (6.3% versus 8.7%, p = 0.15). Logistic regression analysis for prematurity showed an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.77 (95% CI 1.55–2.01) for COVID‐19. For macrosomia, COVID‐19 resulted in non‐significant aOR of 1.38 (95% CI 0.95–2.00).ConclusionsCOVID‐19 is a risk factor for prematurity, even after adjustment for other risk factors.Tweetable AbstractThe risk of prematurity is twice as high in women with COVID‐19 after adjustment for factors usually associated with prematurity.
Production of the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin is mediated by target of rapamycin (TOR) in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae)
Authors: Behri Meryem , Teshima Haruki , Kutsuwada Keisuke , Nakatake Shoko , Ogihara Mari H. , Taylor DeMar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInitiation of vitellogenesis by blood feeding is essential for egg maturation in ticks. Nutrients derived from the blood meal are utilized by female ticks to synthesize the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin (Vg). Engorged Ornithodoros moubata ticks can synthesize Vg whether mated or virgin, thus O. moubata is an excellent model for studying the relative roles of blood feeding and mating in tick vitellogenesis. Injection of rapamycin into engorged O. moubata resulted in a reduction of ovarian growth and yolk accumulation in the oocytes of mated females. OmVg expression in the midgut and fat body and protein concentrations in the hemolymph significantly decreased in mated ticks after injection with rapamycin, indicating that inhibition of the nutrient‐sensing target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway disrupts egg maturation at the levels of Vg expression and synthesis. These results suggest that the TOR‐signaling pathway induces vitellogenesis in response to nutritional stimulation after a blood meal in O. moubata and is functionally independent of the mating‐induced pathway.
Information‐based summary statistics for spatial genetic structure inference
Authors: Qin Xinghu , Gaggiotti Oscar E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe measurement of biodiversity at all levels of organization is an essential first step to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive spatial patterns of biodiversity. Ecologists have explored the use of a large range of different summary statistics and have come to the view that information‐based summary statistics, and in particular so‐called Hill numbers, are a useful tool to measure biodiversity. Population geneticists, on the other hand, have focused largely on summary statistics based on heterozygosity and measures of allelic richness. However, recent studies proposed the adoption of information‐based summary statistics in population genetics studies. Here, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the power of this family of summary statistics to inform regarding spatial patterns of genetic diversity and we compared it with that of traditional population genetics approaches, namely measures based on allelic richness and heterozygosity. To give an unbiased evaluation, we used three machine learning methods to test the performance of different sets of summary statistics to discriminate between spatial scenarios. We defined three distinct sets, (i) one based on allelic richness measures which included the Jaccard index, (ii) a set based on heterozygosity that included FST and (iii) a set based on Hill numbers derived from Shannon entropy, which included the recently proposed Shannon differentiation, ΔD. The results showed that the last of these performed as well or, under some specific spatial scenarios, even better than the traditional population genetics measures. Interestingly, we found that a rarely or never used genetic differentiation measure based on allelic richness, Jaccard dissimilarity (J), showed the highest discriminatory power to discriminate among spatial scenarios, followed by Shannon differentiation ΔD. We concluded, therefore, that information‐based measures as well as Jaccard dissimilarity represent excellent additions to the population genetics toolkit.
Downregulation of PD‐L1 and HLA‐I in non‐small cell lung cancer with ALK fusion
Authors: Mu Di , Guo Jingjing , Yu Wenwen , Zhang Jiali , Ren Xiubao , Han Ying 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundEarly clinical trials indicate that patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐driven non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a lower response rate to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) antibody therapy. However, the specific mechanism underlying this remains unclear. To further explore the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and determine the potential mechanism of immunotherapy resistance in patients with ALK, we selected another important immune‐related molecule, major histocompatibility complex class I (HLA‐I), as the focus of our study.MethodsWe collected the biopsy samples of 140 patients with NSCLC. The number of CD8+ T cells and HLA‐I/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. Disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and their relationship with patient clinical characteristics analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. In addition, we treated ALK‐positive lung cancer cells with ALK inhibitors in vitro to observe changes of HLA‐I.ResultsALK positivity was associated with low membrane PD‐L1 and HLA‐I expression. However, these two indicators were not associated with the prognosis of patients with stage I–IIIa NSCLC. Inhibition of ALK could upregulate HLA‐I membrane expression to a certain extent.ConclusionPatients with ALK fusion showed downregulation of PD‐L1 and HLA‐I expression on the tumor cell membrane. Inhibition of ALK and its downstream signaling pathway can reverse it. These results suggest that the appropriate combination therapy should be considered for patients with ALK fusion and using targeted therapy at the proper time may increase patient benefits.
Shaping ability of non‐adaptive and adaptive core nickel–titanium single‐file systems with supplementary file in ribbon‐shaped canals analysed by micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Chinchiyanont Parichat , Yanpiset Kallaya , Banomyong Danuchit , Thongbai‐On Nathamon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study compared shaping ability between two single‐file systems and before/after using supplementary file in untouched area, volume of removed dentin, maximum cut depth (the highest cut depth by main file) and remaining thinnest dentin (the thinnest root dentin after preparation). Ribbon‐shaped distal canals of mandibular molars were prepared with non‐adaptive core (WaveOne Gold) or adaptive core (XP‐endo Shaper) files (n = 15/group) and additionally prepared with a supplementary file (XP‐endo Finisher), and the shaping ability was investigated using micro‐computed tomography. XP‐endo Shaper group demonstrated significantly less overall untouched area than WaveOne Gold group (38.21 ± 6.98% vs. 47.68 ± 9.16%) (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between XP‐endo Shaper and WaveOne Gold groups in volume of removed dentin (1.85 ± 0.53 vs. 1.66 ± 0.33 mm3), maximum cut depth (0.10–0.28 vs. 0.10–0.29 mm) and remaining thinnest dentin (0.66–0.80 vs. 0.78–0.88 mm). Supplementary XP‐endo Finisher treatment significantly decreased untouched area (11%–23% reduction) (p < 0.05) with minimally cut root dentin (0.01–0.02 mm).
Species richness and distribution of terrestrial ferns in tropical forest fragments in and around Kampala central, Uganda
Authors: Bulafu Collins , Mucunguzi Patrick , Sabakaki Peter Ziribagwa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe effects of forest fragmentation on the terrestrial fern species in forest fragments in and around Kampala, central Uganda, were investigated by comparing species richness and distribution among forest fragments of varying sizes ranging from 5 ha to 438 ha. Terrestrial ferns were inventoried in each of the fragment using the plot method (plots of 10 × 30 m, each). Number of sampling units taken varied with the size of the fragments. A total of 49 species belonging to 11 families and 25 genera were recorded in 11 forest fragments. The most species‐rich families in all forests were Aspleniaceae and Pteridaceae. Large forests of Mpanga and Kituza had higher species richness than the small forest fragments. Forest disturbance and size are the two most important factors responsible for fern species differences among the forest fragments. Our study reveals that forest fragments hold moderate number of fern species and are worth targeting for conservation. However, we argue for restoration and strengthening of conservation efforts for private and church owned forest fragments.
Similar effects of milk protein and blends of milk and plant‐based protein on appetite‐related hormones in 7‐ to 8‐year‐old healthy Danish children: secondary analyses from the PROGRO randomised trial
Authors: Larnkjær Anni , Grenov Benedikte , Ritz Christian , Michaelsen Kim F. , Mølgaard Christian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimThe effect of different protein sources on the appetite‐related hormones in children is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of milk protein versus blends of milk and rapeseed protein on plasma leptin and adiponectin in children.MethodsWe included 88 Danish 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children randomised to receive 35 g protein/day for 4 weeks in 2018 as either milk protein or blends of milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70). Outcomes included absolute and fat mass‐adjusted adiponectin and leptin measured at baseline, Weeks 1 and 4.ResultsThere was no difference in changes in absolute and fat mass‐adjusted adiponectin and leptin after 1 or 4 weeks between the three groups (p ≥ 0.100). Leptin increased within all groups (p ≤ 0.046). Combining the three groups, leptin and fat mass‐adjusted leptin increased by 23% (95% CI 11;35) and 17% (6.4;29) during the intervention respectively (both p ≤ 0.001). Adiponectin variables did not change during the intervention period.ConclusionThere were no differences between milk protein and blends of milk and rapeseed protein on absolute and fat mass‐adjusted leptin and adiponectin in healthy children with a habitual intake of milk. However, leptin increased within all three groups. Future studies should further investigate effect on appetite‐related hormones of rapeseed protein alone.
Fluorite used in ancient Chinese glassmaking during the 10th to 12th centuries: Evidence from glass products excavated in the capital city site of the Liao dynasty
Authors: Zhou Xueqi , Lv Hongshu , Cui Jianfeng , Dong Xinlin , Wang Ying 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study conducts a scientific analysis of six pieces of glass artefacts unearthed from Shang‐Jing, the capital city of the Liao dynasty. The test methods include laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction. In terms of chemical composition, one sample is K2O‐CaO‐SiO2 glass and the other samples belong to the K2O‐CaO‐PbO‐SiO2 system. Fluorite crystals were discovered in some of the samples. Ancient literature and some analysis of other archaeological materials suggest that using fluorite minerals as opacifiers in both of these kinds of glass is a traditional technique in China. Therefore, fluorite minerals are likely to be one of the raw materials in the studied glass artefacts. This study provides new information about the glass‐making recipe from the 10th to 12th centuries in China and further sheds some light on the development of ancient Chinese glass production.
Intraperitoneal administration of nanoparticles containing tocopheryl succinate prevents peritoneal dissemination
Authors: Hama Susumu , Nishi Takayuki , Isono Eitaro , Itakura Shoko , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Nishimoto Akinori , Suzuki Satoko , Kirimura Naoko , Todo Hiroaki , Kogure Kentaro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntraperitoneal administration of anticancer nanoparticles is a rational strategy for preventing peritoneal dissemination of colon cancer due to the prolonged retention of nanoparticles in the abdominal cavity. However, instability of nanoparticles in body fluids causes inefficient retention, reducing its anticancer effects. We have previously developed anticancer nanoparticles containing tocopheryl succinate, which showed high in vivo stability and multifunctional anticancer effects. In the present study, we have demonstrated that peritoneal dissemination derived from colon cancer was prevented by intraperitoneal administration of tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles. The biodistribution of tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and imaging analysis in mice administered quantum dot encapsulated tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles. Intraperitoneal administration of tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles showed longer retention in the abdominal cavity than by its intravenous (i.v.) administration. Moreover, due to effective biodistribution, tumor growth was prevented by intraperitoneal administration of tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles. Furthermore, the anticancer effect was attributed to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and improvement of the intraperitoneal microenvironment, such as decrease in the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A, interleukin 10, and M2‐like phenotype of tumor‐associated macrophages. Collectively, intraperitoneal administration of tocopheryl succinate nanoparticles is expected to have multifaceted antitumor effects against colon cancer with peritoneal dissemination.
Life under lockdown for children with autism spectrum disorder: Insights from families in South Africa
Authors: Adams Skye Nandi , Seedat Jaishika , Neille Joanne 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain vulnerable during the Covid‐19 outbreak due to significant changes to their daily routines, social interactions and diets. In addition, these challenges may be exacerbated for children living in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) such as South Africa where there are already barriers such as poverty, access to resources and availability of support. Understanding the impact of the Covid‐19 outbreak on children with ASD is imperative in order to create awareness as well as provide equitable services and support to both children with ASD and their families.PurposeThe study aimed to explore family‐reported changes for children with ASD and their reactions and responses to the Covid‐19 restrictions in South Africa.MethodA qualitative research design was employed. Twelve families consisting of different family compositions with a total of 21 family members (mothers, fathers and grandmothers) participated in the current study using semistructured interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed using a framework method for thematic analysis.ResultsFindings indicated that children with ASD present with unique challenges related to Covid‐19. Negative themes such as children's obstructive reactions due to the immediate changes to their routines, increases in emotional dysregulation as well as loss of previously acquired skills as a result of lack of access to services during lockdown were reported. However, families also reported on positive changes such as improved social interactions as children became more accustomed to their new lockdown routines.ImplicationsThe Covid‐19 response has had a negative impact on children with disabilities, specifically around access to services and support for both children with ASD and their families. While the future of the virus and impending lockdown measures is unknown, clinicians, providers and educators need to ensure that provisions are made for children's current adjustments as well as further adjustments to their current routines both during and after the pandemic.
Assessment of pupal mortality in Hypena opulenta: An obstacle for establishment of a classical biological control agent against invasive swallow‐worts
Authors: Jones Ian M. , Smith Sandy M. , Bourchier Robert S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Common obstacles for establishment of newly‐introduced biological control agents include climate and the activity of native antagonists. In temperate climates, these obstacles can disproportionately affect overwintering life‐stages because they are exposed to low winter temperatures, and may rely on passive defence from predators.
We conducted a series of field exposure experiments with predator‐exclusion treatments, in Ontario, Canada, to identify mortality factors for the pupae of Hypena opulenta, a biological control agent for invasive swallow‐worts in North America.
During two winters, predation rates in containers with large holes, that enabled predation, were relatively low (mean: 23.75%) but non‐predation mortality in closed containers was high (mean: 66.25%), particularly during the colder of the two winters (87.5% vs. 52.5%).
During the summer, non‐predation mortality in closed containers was low (mean: 7.5%) but predation rates in containers with large holes were higher than during the winter (mean: 53.33%), increasing as the summer progressed. Predation in containers with large holes was 70% during late summer, compared with 25% during the spring.
Across all seasons, pupal predation was dominated by large non‐arthropod predators.
Hypena opulenta can complete 2 generations per year. Photoperiods that induce diapause occur earlier in the introduced range than in the native range, however, and H. opulenta individuals in parts of the introduced range are likely to enter diapause early after a single generation. Our results highlight additional vulnerabilities encountered by such individuals, and can contribute to models predicting population dynamics of H. opulenta across its introduced range.