bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of DOPO concentration and epoxy amine stoichiometry on the rheological, thermal, mechanical and fire‐retardant properties of crosslinked networks
Authors: Seraji Seyed Mohsen , Gan Houlei , Le Nguyen‐Duc , Zhang Juan , Varley Russell J 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPresented here is an investigation into the effect of a phosphorus‐based fire retardant on the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties and flammability of an epoxyamine network prepared using stoichiometric and off‐stoichiometric epoxyamine compositions. The flame retardant 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) was reactively incorporated into a blend of a bisphenol‐F diglycidyl ether epoxy resin and a polyfunctional epoxidized phenol Novolac resin, then cured with diethyltoluenediamine and accelerated using imidazole. Increased DOPO concentration improved fire retardancy, but reduced reactivity and thermal and mechanical properties. An increasing amino excess stoichiometry, however, comparatively increased reactivity and improved thermal and mechanical properties. Despite evidence of an earlier onset of degradation and higher char yield, enhanced graphitisation and reduced volatile emissions for the off‐stoichiometric networks, no significant improvements in fire resistance as a function of stoichiometry were observed using UL‐94 and limiting oxygen index measurements. © 2022 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Toxicological and transcriptomic effects in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to chlorantraniliprole and functional characterization of glutathione S‐transferases
Authors: Li Hao , Zhang Bang‐Xian , Liu Fang‐Fang , Liu Ze , Zhang Wen‐Ting , Wang Qian , Sun Yan‐Xia , Toufeeq Shahzad , Rao Xiang‐Jun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDChlorantraniliprole (CAP) is an efficient anthranilic diamide insecticide against economically important pests such as the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Resistance to CAP may develop due to enhanced enzymatic detoxification. The glutathione S‐transferase (GST) superfamily in M. separata has not been systematically characterized. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the effects of lethal and sublethal doses of CAP on M. separata larvae, screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responding to CAP exposure, identify and characterize the GST superfamily, and analyze the metabolism of CAP by recombinant GSTs.RESULTSThe toxicity bioassay showed that CAP was active against M. separata third‐instar larvae. LC50 was 17.615, 3.127, and 1.336 mg/L after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Poisoned larvae showed contracted somites and disrupted midgut. Total GST activity in larvae was significantly elevated 24 h after CAP exposure. RNA‐sequencing generated 43 055 unigenes with an average length of 1010 bp, and 567 up‐regulated and 692 down‐regulated DEGs responding to CAP treatment were screened. Thirty‐five GST genes were identified from unigenes, including 31 cytosolic, three microsomal, and one unclassified. The expression profile of GST genes was analyzed using samples from different developmental stages, adult tissues, and CAP treatments. Metabolic assays indicated that CAP was depleted by recombinant MseGSTe2 and MseGSTs6.CONCLUSIONSThis study provides insight into the toxicological and transcriptomic effects in M. separata larvae exposed to CAP. The identification and functional characterization of the GST superfamily will improve our understanding of CAP detoxification by GSTs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Unitary Design of Quantum Spin Networks for Robust Routing, Entanglement Generation, and Phase Sensing
Authors: Alsulami Abdulsalam H. , D'Amico Irene , Estarellas Marta P. , Spiller Timothy P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSpin chains can be used to describe a wide range of platforms for quantum computation and quantum information. They enable the understanding, demonstration, and modeling of numerous useful phenomena, such as high fidelity transfer of quantum states, creation and distribution of entanglement, and creation of resources for measurement‐based quantum processing. In this paper, a more complex spin system, a 2D spin network (SN) engineered by applying suitable unitaries to two uncoupled spin chains, is studied. Considering only the single‐excitation subspace of the SN, it is demonstrated that the system can be operated as a router, directing information through the SN. It is also shown that it can serve to generate maximally entangled states between two sites. Furthermore, it is illustrated that this SN system can be used as a sensor device able to determine an unknown phase applied to a system spin. A detailed modeling investigation of the effects of static disorder in the system shows that this system is robust against different types of disorder.
Malignant Chondroid Syringoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zufall Alina G. , Mark Erica J. , Gru Alejandro A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Malignant Chondroid Syringomas (MCS) are very rare malignant tumours arising from cutaneous sweat glands, with only 51 reported cases in the literature. These tumours can metastasize and cause death if not treated adequately. While there are histological criteria to diagnose MCS tumours, there are no established criterion to determine which tumours are more or less likely to metastasize. A systematic review was performed to establish if any features of the primary MCS tumour are associated with risk of metastasis or patient mortality, as well as the efficacy of common treatment options. The literature search was performed using the Ovid Medline and Web of Science databases from inception through March 2020. This yielded 47 case reports corresponding to 51 unique patients. Statistical analysis of the collected data revealed none of the commonly accepted malignant histopathologic findings (including nuclear atypia and/or pleomorphism, mitotic figures, an infiltrative growth pattern, presence of satellite nodules, necrosis, and vascular and/or perineural invasion) of the primary tumour to be significantly more associated with metastatic risk or death. However, gross characteristics of the tumour, including size (greater than 5 cm) and truncal location of the primary lesion, were found to be associated with a higher risk of metastasis. The most effective treatment modality was wide local excision. Overall, primary MCS tumours, especially those greater than 5 cm or located on the trunk, should be treated with a wide local excision and followed closely to confirm no lesion recurrence or distant metastasis.
CoN5 Sites Constructed by Anchoring Co Porphyrins on Vinylene‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Zhai Lipeng , Yang Shuai , Lu Chenbao , Cui Cheng‐Xing , Xu Qing , Liu Jing , Yang Xiubei , Meng Xutong , Lu Siyu , Zhuang Xiaodong , Zeng Gaofeng , Jiang Zheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDeveloping effective electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is of critical importance for producing carbon‐neutral fuels. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an ideal platform for constructing catalysts toward CO2RR, because of their controllable skeletons and ordered pores. However, most of these COFs are synthesized from Co‐porphyrins or phthalocyanines‐based monomers, and the available building units and resulting catalytic centers in COFs are still limited. Herein, Co‐N5 sites are first developed through anchoring Co porphyrins on an olefin‐linked COF, where the Co active sites are uniformly distributed in the hexagonal networks. The strong electronic coupling between Co porphyrins and COF is disclosed by various characterizations such as X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory calculation (DFT). Thanks to the CoN5 sites, the catalytic COF shows remarkable catalytic activity with Faraday efficiencies (FECO) of 84.2–94.3% at applied potentials between −0.50 and −0.80 V (vs RHE), and achieves a turnover frequency of 4578 h–1 at −1.0 V. Moreover, the theoretical calculation further reveals that the CoN5 sites enable a decrease in the overpotential for the formation COOH*. This work provides a design strategy to employ COFs as scaffold for fabricating efficient CO2 electrocatalysts.
Nanoplastic Toxicity: Insights and Challenges from Experimental Model Systems
Authors: Schröter Laura , Ventura Natascia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNanoplastic particles (NPs) can be produced or derived from the degradation of several daily used products and can therefore be found in the air, water, and food. Every day, these microscopic particles are confronted by different routes of exposure. Recent investigations have shown the internalization of these particles, differing in size and modification, in vivo in aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms, as well as in vitro in different human cell lines. During the last years, the number of studies investigating the effects of NPs using widely different model systems and experimental approaches is exponentially growing, thus providing information about NPs, especially about polystyrene particle toxicity on health. To facilitate the grasping of the most relevant information, an overview is provided on the toxic effects of NPs coming from studies in cellular systems and in vivo in model organisms and on aspects which can be of particular relevance for particle toxicity (e.g., particle internalization mechanisms and structural modifications). Major achievements and gaps in the field as well as the point of view on how more systematic studies and exploitation of in vivo model organisms may improve the knowledge on important aspects of NPs are also pointed out.
Nanomicelles Array for Ultrahigh‐Density Data Storage
Authors: Wang Guan , Li Hua , Zhang Qijian , Zhang Cheng , Yuan Junwei , Wang Yuxiang , Lu Jianmei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHigh‐density data storage devices based on organic and polymer materials are currently restricted by two key issues, size limitations and uniformity of memory cells. Herein, one triblock polymer is synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, where the polymer contains an electron‐donor‐acceptor (A1D) segment, an electron‐acceptor (A2) segment, and a hydrophilic segment, that shows ternary memory behavior in a conventional sandwich‐type device. The polymers that have monodisperse molecular weight dispersity self‐assemble into nanomicelles with a uniform size of 80 nm. Each nanomicelle is composed of an A1DA2‐type hydrophobic core stabilized with a hydrophilic shell. Nanobowls based on conductive oxide are prepared via the template method, wherein the nanomicelles are present as independent nanoscale memory units to produce an array of micelle matrices. Investigations of the resulting nanomemory device using conductive atomic force microscopy show that the micelles exhibit a predominant semiconductor memory behavior. Compared to traditional ternary devices with a memory unit size of ≈1 mm, this innovative fabrication method based on arrayed uniform nanomicelles downscales the size of storage cells to 80 nm. Furthermore, the described system leads to a greatly enhanced storage density (>108 times over the same area), which opens up new paths for further development of ultrahigh‐density data storage devices.
Amorphous Tellurium‐Embedded Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanofibers as High‐Rate and Long‐Life Electrodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Dandan , Li Qinghua , Zhang Wei , Huang Shaoming 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTellurium (Te) is a promising electrode active material for potassium‐ion batteries due to its intrinsic electrical conductivity and ultra‐high theoretical volumetric capacity. Nevertheless, Te‐based electrodes usually exhibit low capacity at high rates and poor cycling stability caused by the large volume expansion and severe polytellurides dissolution. Herein, hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (HPCNFs) film is utilized as a multifunctional Te substrate. The free‐standing Te@HPCNFs electrode renders an outstanding K‐ion storage performance with a high‐rate capacity of 1294.4 mAh cm−3 (207.1 mAh g−1Te) at 14C and ultra‐long lifespan for 4500 cycles at 7C, and K‐ion full batteries coupled with KSn alloy anode also exhibit good cyclability. Such a superior performance benefits from the space confinement of HPCNFs to load amorphous Te in the micropores for accommodating the volume change, where the interconnected conductive frameworks and residual hierarchical pores enable fast ion/electron diffusion kinetics. In situ UV–vis absorption spectra confirm that the detachment of polytellurides and K2Te from the electrode is effectively suppressed, and ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals the conversion of Te into K5Te3 and K2Te. This work presents the significance of porous structure design of carbon matrix to construct high performance Te electrodes, which will be instructive for chalcogens‐based energy‐storage materials.
Intermetallic PtFe Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Ordering Degree‐Dependent Performance
Authors: Song Tian‐Wei , Chen Ming‐Xi , Yin Peng , Tong Lei , Zuo Ming , Chu Sheng‐Qi , Chen Ping , Liang Hai‐Wei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPlatinum‐based atomically ordered alloys (i.e., intermetallic compounds) have distinct advantages over disordered solid solution counterparts in boosting the cathodic oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) in proton‐exchange‐membrane fuel cells. Nevertheless, the pivotal role of ordering degree of intermetallic catalysts in promoting ORR performance has been ignored heavily so far, probably owing to the lack of synthetic routes for controlling the ordering degree, especially for preparing highly ordered intermetallic catalysts. Herein, a family of intermetallic PtFe catalysts with similar particle size of 3–4 nm but varied ordering degree in a wide range of 10–70% are prepared. After constructing the PtFe/Pt core/shell structure with around 3 Pt‐layer skin, a positive correlation between the ordering degree of the intermetallic catalysts and their ORR activity and durability is identified. Notably, the highly ordered PtFe/Pt catalyst exhibits a high mass activity of 0.92 A mgPt−1 at 0.9 ViR‐corrected as cathode catalyst in H2–O2 fuel cell, with only 24% loss after accelerated durability tests. The ordering degree‐dependent performance can be ascribed to the compressive strain effect induced by the intermetallic PtFe core with smaller lattice parameters, and the more thermodynamically stable intermetallic structure compared to disordered alloys.
Cracks as Efficient Tools to Mitigate Flooding in Gas Diffusion Electrodes Used for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kong Ying , Liu Menglong , Hu Huifang , Hou Yuhui , Vesztergom Soma , Gálvez‐Vázquez María de Jesus , Zelocualtecatl Montiel Iván , Kolivoška Viliam , Broekmann Peter 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe advantage of employing gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) in carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzers is that they allow CO2 to reach the catalyst in gaseous state, enabling current densities that are orders of magnitude larger than what is achievable in standard H‐type cells. The gain in the reaction rate comes, however, at the cost of stability issues related to flooding that occurs when excess electrolyte permeates the micropores of the GDE, effectively blocking the access of CO2 to the catalyst. For electrolyzers operated with alkaline electrolytes, flooding leaves clear traces within the GDE in the form of precipitated potassium (hydrogen)carbonates. By analyzing the amount and distribution of precipitates, and by quantifying potassium salts transported through the GDE during operation (electrolyte perspiration), important information can be gained with regard to the extent and means of flooding. In this work, a novel combination of energy dispersive X‐ray and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based methods is employed to study flooding‐related phenomena in GDEs differing in the abundance of cracks in the microporous layer. It is concluded that cracks play an important role in the electrolyte management of CO2 electrolyzers, and that electrolyte perspiration through cracks is paramount in avoiding flooding‐related performance drops.
Quantification‐Promoted Discovery of Glycosylated Exosomal PD‐L1 as a Potential Tumor Biomarker
Authors: Zhu Lin , Xu Yuanfeng , Kang Siyin , Lin Bingqian , Zhang Chi , You Zhenlong , Lin Haoting , Yang Chaoyong , Song Yanling 
Published: July 2022

AbstractExosomal programmed cell death ligand 1 (exoPD‐L1) has emerged as a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy outcome prediction. However, the existing quantitation methods are incapable of addressing the heterogeneity of exoPD‐L1 glycosylation, which has been demonstrated to be the institutional basis for PD‐L1/PD‐1 interaction and the crucial participant in inhibiting the activity of CD8+ T cells. Herein, an aptamer‐ and lectin‐induced proximity ligation assay combined with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction for precise quantitation of glycosylated exoPD‐L1 is developed. Leveraging the metabolism‐free lectin labeling of glycosylation, the glycosylation‐independent aptamer tagging of PD‐L1, and excellent selectivity of dual‐recognition, this method enables glycosylated exoPD‐L1 quantitation with high sensitivity and selectivity in a wash‐free manner. As a result, this method is able to distinguish the levels of glycosylated exoPD‐L1 between healthy donors and cancer patients with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Compared with the total circulating exoPD‐L1 level, glycosylated exoPD‐L1 is for the first time identified to be a more reliable biomarker for tumor diagnosis. Overall, this strategy holds a great potential for revealing the significance of exoPD‐L1 glycosylation and converting glycosylated exoPD‐L1 into a reliable clinical indicator.
Mortality rate of Boer, Central Highland goat and their crosses in Ethiopia: Nonparametric survival analysis and piecewise exponential model
Authors: Yitagesu Erdachew , Alemnew Enyiew 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAnalysis of survival data by linear or logistic model ignores censoring and skewness inherent in the mortality data. The objective of this study is to estimate the morbidity and mortality rates of kids and adult goats, identify important risk factors for mortality using survival analysis and summarise important causes of goat death.MethodsNonparametric survival analysis and a piecewise exponential model (PEM) were used.ResultsThe mortality rates of kids and adult goats were 0.629 and 0.302 per animal year, respectively. The 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of survival time of kids were 5, 162 and 1300 days, respectively, and those of adults and goats were 280, 828 and 1,735 days, respectively. Gastrointestinal‐related diseases, pneumonia, weak kid, agalactia, mismothering and heartwater (cowdriosis) were the most important causes of mortality. Constant piecewise exponential regression analysis of risk factors indicated that breed, kid birth weight, doe post‐partum weight (PPWT), birth type, birth year and precipitation variables were associated with (p‐value < 0.05) kid mortality rate. Pure Boer kids compared with Central Highland goat cross with Boer goats were 2.505 times at a higher probability of mortality (p‐value < 0.001). A 1‐kg increase in kid birth weight and dam PPWT reduces mortality probability by 32.5% (p‐value = 0.000) and 6.4% (p‐value < 0.001), respectively. Twin birth kids had a 1.512 times higher rate of mortality (p‐value = 0.001) than single‐born kids. A 1‐ml increment of 15 days of average precipitation significantly reduced kid mortality by 7.8% (p‐value < 0.001).ConclusionVaccination, extensive control of ticks and the use of proper comfortable housing to reduce the stress of goats are recommended. Scheduling a mating programme (May to early July) to match the kidding period to the less kid mortality seasons (end of the long rainy season) of flocks is also important to reduce kid mortality.
Pericardial effusion in a dog due to T‐cell lymphoma of granular lymphocyte type
Authors: Vasilatis Demitria M. , Vernau William 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPericardial effusions in dogs are most often diagnosed as haemorrhagic and idiopathic. Pericardial effusions secondary to an underlying neoplastic process are infrequently diagnosed, as neoplastic cells are rarely observed in a sample of the effusion. In the present report, we describe a 9‐year‐old dog with pericardial effusion due to T‐cell lymphoma of granular lymphocyte type. Immunophenotyping and molecular clonality PCR were performed to confirm the cytologic diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pericardial effusion in a dog due to T‐cell lymphoma of granular lymphocyte type.
Catheter‐associated air embolism of the brain in a hospitalised horse
Authors: Hritz Rachel , Mullen Kathleen R. , Mason Gary , Schaffer Paula A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old, approximately 590 kg Belgian draft cross gelding was anaesthetised for tenoscopy and repair of a tendon sheath laceration. The horse remained hospitalised for several days. During post‐operative hospitalisation, the jugular catheter accidentally became disconnected from the extension set. The next day, the horse was blind bilaterally and circling to the left. Elevated cardiac troponin with mild tachycardia was also noted. The horse was treated supportively, but neurologic signs persisted, and after 3 weeks of no improvement humane euthanasia was elected. The most significant finding on gross postmortem examination was generalised cerebral oedema and gross malacia and haemorrhage of the left occipital cortex. Histopathology revealed regionally extensive grey and white matter necrosis in the left and right occipital cortices, consistent with an infarctive pathogenesis. The history and postmortem examination findings are compatible with air emboli in the brain. This is a rare but serious complication of intravenous catheter use in horses.