bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Responses to Protestant Missionaries: Educational Competition and Economic Development in Ottoman Turkey
Authors: Amasyali Emre 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn recent years, a growing literature has claimed that there is a strong and consistent association between the presence of historic missionary societies outside Europe and positive long-term socio-economic outcomes. Yet, most of these studies fail to specify whether this finding is the result of missionary investment in human capital or of local actors stepping up their educational efforts in reaction to missionary activities. This article uses the example of Protestant missionary activity in Ottoman Turkey to separate these two mechanisms. The Ottoman state and the Armenian population responded to missionary incursions by modernizing and expanding their educational efforts. However, after the foundation of the Republic and of modern Turkey, most of the missionary schools were closed and the Armenian population was dramatically reduced. Using the blockage of direct effects, this study confirms the role that indirect effects or emulation has played in Ottoman Turkey. Results show that places with historically heightened competition between missionary schools and native educational institutions are more likely to have a higher income, as measured by night-time light density.
Implementing the AfCFTA Agreement: A Case for the Harmonization of Data Protection Law in Africa
Authors: Salami Emmanuel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AEAfCFTA) is a revolutionary treaty of the African Union (AU) which creates an African single market to guarantee the free movement of persons, capital, goods and services. The AEAfCFTA is geared towards enabling seamless trade among African countries. The single market relies heavily on the processing of the personal data of persons resident within and outside the AU, thereby necessitating an effective data protection regime. However, the data protection regime across Africa is fragmented, with each country either having a distinct data protection framework or none at all. This lack of a uniform continental framework threatens to clog the wheels of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), because by demanding compliance with the various data protection laws across Africa, free trade will be inhibited, the very problem the AEAfCFTA seeks to remediate. These concerns are considered and applicable solutions are proposed to ensure the successful implementation of the AfCFTA.
Dive into the sea: first molecular phylogenetic evidence of host expansion from terrestrial/freshwater to marine organisms in Mermithidae (Nematoda: Mermithida)
Authors: Kakui K. , Shimada D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We report the first mermithid nematode found to be parasitic in a marine tanaidacean crustacean. Ten host tanaidaceans were collected from a depth of 52 m in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Japan, north-western Pacific, and identified as a species in the tanaidid genus Zeuxo Templeton, 1840. Nematodes occurred in the host's body cavity; in one case, at least two individuals inhabited a single host. We provide a brief description and illustrations of the morphology of the nematode. In a phylogenetic reconstruction based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, the nematode nested in a clade otherwise containing mermithids from terrestrial or freshwater hosts, showing an expansion in host utilization in Mermithidae Braun, 1883 from terrestrial/freshwater hosts to a marine organism.
A Reformed Division of Labor for the Science of Well-Being
Authors: Fumagalli Roberto 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper provides a philosophical assessment of leading theory-based, evidence-based and coherentist approaches to the definition and the measurement of well-being. It then builds on this assessment to articulate a reformed division of labor for the science of well-being and argues that this reformed division of labor can improve on the proffered approaches by combining the most plausible tenets of theory-based approaches with the most plausible tenets of coherentist approaches. This result does notper seexclude the possibility that theory-based and coherentist approaches may be independently improved or amended in the years to come. Still, together with the challenges that affect these approaches, it strengthens the case for combining the most plausible tenets of those approaches.
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: relationship of central nervous system manifestations with physical disability and systemic inflammation
Authors: Busatto Geraldo F. , de Araujo Adriana Ladeira , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Damiano Rodolfo Furlan , Imamura Marta , Guedes Bruno F. , de Rezende Pinna Fabio , Sawamura Marcio Valente Yamada , Mancini Márcio C. , da Silva Katia R. , Garcia Michelle L. , Sumita Nairo , Brunoni Andre Russowsky , da Silva Duarte Alberto J. , Burdmann Emmanuel A. , Kallas Esper G. , Cerri Giovanni G. , Nitrini Ricardo , Bento Ricardo F. , Rocha Vanderson Geraldo , de Souza Heraldo Possolo , Miguel Euripedes C. , de Carvalho Carlos R. R. , Forlenza Orestes V. , Batistella Linamara Rizzo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite the multitude of clinical manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), studies applying statistical methods to directly investigate patterns of symptom co-occurrence and their biological correlates are scarce.MethodsWe assessed 30 symptoms pertaining to different organ systems in 749 adults (age = 55 ± 14 years; 47% female) during in-person visits conducted at 6–11 months after hospitalization due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including six psychiatric and cognitive manifestations. Symptom co-occurrence was initially investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and latent variable modeling was then conducted using Item Response Theory (IRT). We investigated associations of latent variable severity with objective indices of persistent physical disability, pulmonary and kidney dysfunction, and C-reactive protein and D-dimer blood levels, measured at the same follow-up assessment.ResultsThe EFA extracted one factor, explaining 64.8% of variance; loadings were positive for all symptoms, and above 0.35 for 16 of them. The latent trait generated using IRT placed fatigue, psychiatric, and cognitive manifestations as the most discriminative symptoms (coefficients > 1.5,p< 0.001). Latent trait severity was associated with decreased body weight and poorer physical performance (coefficients > 0.240;p⩽ 0.003), and elevated blood levels of C-reactive protein (coefficient = 0.378; 95% CI 0.215–0.541;p< 0.001) and D-dimer (coefficient = 0.412; 95% CI 0.123–0.702;p= 0.005). Results were similar after excluding subjects with pro-inflammatory comorbidities.ConclusionsDifferent symptoms that persist for several months after moderate or severe COVID-19 may unite within one latent trait of PASC. This trait is dominated by fatigue and psychiatric symptoms, and is associated with objective signs of physical disability and persistent systemic inflammation.
Health Technology Assessment in Support of National Health Insurance in South Africa
Authors: Wilkinson Maryke , Gray Andrew Lofts , Wiseman Roger , Kredo Tamara , Cohen Karen , Miot Jacqui , Blecher Mark , Ruff Paul , Johnson Yasmina , Poluta Mladen , McGee Shelley , Leong Trudy D , Brand Mark , Suleman Fatima , Maramba Esnath , Blockman Marc , Jugathpal Janine , Cleary Susan , Nematswerani Noluthando , Moodliar Sarvashni , Parrish Andy , Jamaloodien Khadija K , Stander Tienie , MacQuilkan Kim , Crisp Nicholas , Wilkinson Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
South Africa has embarked on major health policy reform to deliver universal health coverage through the establishment of National Health Insurance (NHI). The aim is to improve access, remove financial barriers to care, and enhance care quality. Health technology assessment (HTA) is explicitly identified in the proposed NHI legislation and will have a prominent role in informing decisions about adoption and access to health interventions and technologies. The specific arrangements and approach to HTA in support of this legislation are yet to be determined. Although there is currently no formal national HTA institution in South Africa, there are several processes in both the public and private healthcare sectors that use elements of HTA to varying extents to inform access and resource allocation decisions. Institutions performing HTAs or related activities in South Africa include the National and Provincial Departments of Health, National Treasury, National Health Laboratory Service, Council for Medical Schemes, medical scheme administrators, managed care organizations, academic or research institutions, clinical societies and associations, pharmaceutical and devices companies, private consultancies, and private sector hospital groups. Existing fragmented HTA processes should coordinate and conform to a standardized, fit-for-purpose process and structure that can usefully inform priority setting under NHI and for other decision makers. This transformation will require comprehensive and inclusive planning with dedicated funding and regulation, and provision of strong oversight mechanisms and leadership.
African Americans’ perceptions of nutrition interventions: a scoping review
Authors: Greene Matthew , Houghtaling Bailey , Sadeghzadeh Claire , De Marco Molly , Bryant De’Jerra , Morgan Randa , Holston Denise 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNutrition education and policy, systems and environmental (PSE) change interventions may be able to address food insecurity and obesity, conditions which are disproportionately experienced by African Americans. Work that seeks to address these disparities and advance social justice should uplift and learn from participant voices, particularly from marginalised groups. This scoping review aimed to summarise the available literature describing African Americans’ perceptions of and experiences participating in nutrition interventions. We conducted an electronic literature search with the assistance of a research librarian which encompassed six databases (MEDLINE, PyscINFO, Agricola, ERIC, SocINDEX and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses) and identified thirty-five sources meeting our inclusion criteria. The majority of studies assessing African Americans’ satisfaction with interventions examined educational interventions alone, and about half of the included studies assessed satisfaction through quantitative methods alone. The only studies which found participants to be dissatisfied with interventions used qualitative methods and examined interventions providing education alone. Future work should evaluate African Americans’ experience with nutrition-focused PSE changes, interventions which may be better able to address racial disparities in obesity and food insecurity. Nutrition educators working with African Americans should also consider evaluating future interventions using qualitative inquiry, to obtain an in-depth understanding of participant experiences with interventions.
Application of probability theory to neonatal cardiac evaluation
Authors: Rodríguez Velásquez Javier O. , Correa Herrera Sandra C. , Bertolotto Cepeda Ana M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBased on probability theory, a methodology that allows diagnosing neonatal cardiac dynamics was previously developed; however, diagnostic applications of this method are required to validate it to the neonatal cardiac dynamics was conducted, allowing to differentiate normal from pathological dynamics. The hourly maximum and minimum heart rate values from 39 continuous and ambulatory electrocardiographic records with a minimum length of 21 hours were taken, from newborns between 0 and 10 days of life, 9 clinically within normality limits and 30 with cardiac pathologies. The probability of occurrence of heart rates in ranges of 5 beats/minute was calculated. The distributions of probability were analysed, and finally the diagnosis was determined by the physical-mathematical methodology. Then, a statistical validation of sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic agreement was performed. Normal registries showed probability distributions with absent or minimal presence of heart rates of the ranges between 125 and 135 beats/minute, while the abnormal ones had values within these ranges, as well as absence or minimal presence of heart rates from 75 beats/minute to 85 beats/minute. The sensitivity and specificity were 100%, and the Kappa coefficient had a value of 1. Hereby, it is concluded that through an application of a physical–mathematical methodology of neonatal cardiac diagnosis, it is possible to differentiate normality from disease.
Electron‐Scale Current Sheet as the Boundary of a Linear Magnetic Hole in the Terrestrial Current Sheet Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Volwerk M. , Xiao S. D. , Wu M. Y. , Chen Y. Q. , Zhang T. L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIon‐scale and electron‐scale magnetic holes widely exist in many space plasma regions, and have been extensively studied. However, characteristics of the charged particles and current densities inside the linear magnetic holes (LMHs) with a size between typical ion and electron scales are unclear. Here, we report a LMH with a cross section size of ∼2.4 ion gyroradii in the terrestrial current sheet using the high‐resolution data of the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission. We find that the electron velocity and temperature have significant variations at the sharp boundaries of this LMH, while the ion parameters have no significant change. The decrease of the magnetic field pressure is mainly balanced by the electron thermal pressure. A strong electron flow accompanied by an enhancement of the electric field is formed by electron drift motions on the outermost boundary with a thickness of 0.12–0.24 ion gyroradius. This electric field might originate from variations of the ion and electron gyrations when crossing the sharp boundary. The electron flow forms a thin current sheet on the outermost side of the LMH instead of being distributed over the entire cross section. Most of the trapped electrons are wrapped by this thin current sheet. These results could improve our understanding of the properties of LMHs with a size between typical ion and electron scales.
Novel Hybrid Numerical Simulation of the Wave Equation by Combining Physical and Numerical Representation Theorems and a Review of Hybrid Methodologies
Authors: Lyu Chao , Zhao Liang , Capdeville Yann 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present a novel hybrid method to simulate wave propagation through remote regional models. By reviewing and refining the two main existing hybrid categories, the multiple point sources method and direct discrete differentiation method, containing five distinct subcategories, the proposed hybrid method has the following three advantages. (a) The meshing of the local target model is completely independent of that of the global reference model. (b) Only three physical quantities, that is, the gradient ∇q, potential q, and second temporal derivative of the potential ∂ttq for the acoustic wave equation (traction, displacement, and acceleration for the elastic scenario) are required to construct the hybrid inputs during the first global simulation. They are located exactly on the two‐dimensional (2D) hybrid interface, which is highly accurate and memory efficient for three‐dimensional (3D) hybrid numerical simulations. The required memory of hybrid inputs can be reduced fourfold if the very high polynomial degree spectral element method (SEM) is used for the 3D local hybrid simulation. (c) An efficient artificial perfectly matched layer (PML) can be adopted naturally without any elements overlapping between the local and PML domains in the second hybrid simulation. We build on theoretical analysis and 2D/3D numerical forward simulations based on the SEM to illustrate this new hybrid method and demonstrate its validity. The proposed hybrid method is promising for efficiently probing key 3D structures anywhere within the Earth using the so‐called “box tomography.”
Peak Frequency Changes From HV Spectral Ratios in Central Italy: Effects of Strong Motions and Seasonality Over 12 Years of Observations
Authors: Vassallo Maurizio , Cultrera Giovanna , Di Giulio Giuseppe , Cara Fabrizio , Milana Giuliano 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe analyzed 12 years of continuous seismic data acquired by two seismic stations in Central Apennines (Italy) with the aim to investigate the temporal variations of H/V spectral ratios. The two stations are located in the epicentral areas of the main strong motion earthquakes occurred in Central Italy in the last 12 years (L’Aquila 06 April 2009, Mw 6.1; Amatrice 24 August 2016, Mw 6.0; Visso 26 October 2016, Mw 5.9, and Norcia 30 October 2016, Mw 6.5). H/V ratios are computed both on continuous and earthquakes data recorded by the two stations. H/V ratios are subjected to abrupt changes after strong earthquakes. The results highlight that after strong shaking, there are remarkable drops of the peak frequencies (7%–10% of reduction). After this sudden decrease, the peak frequency slowly recovers to the initial value in a time ranging from a few months to a few years. We also observe a moderate frequency variation (of order of 2%–3%) linked to seasonal variations: the peak frequencies increase in the spring‐summer months and decrease during the winter. The frequency changes after strong earthquakes have been interpreted in terms of velocity variations of the shallow layers. This effect must be taken into account for microzonation, geophysical, and engineering studies that are often carried out in the epicentral areas after strong earthquakes. H/V analysis over time proved to be a useful procedure for highlighting temporal changes relating to the properties of shallow layers of the propagation medium and could provide relevant information for the site characterization of permanent seismic stations.
A Morphometric Investigation of Large‐Scale Crustal Shortening on Mars
Authors: Atkins R. M. , Byrne P. K. , Bohnenstiehl D. R. , Wegmann K. W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMars' surface exhibits abundant topographic expressions of large thrust fault‐related folds that have been attributed to global planetary contraction. Morphometric analyses of such structures provide insight into their growth history. With global THEMIS imagery and HRSC–MOLA topographic data, 49 thrusts with lengths between 35 and 544 km were mapped across Mars' surface. Assuming planar fault geometries with dips of 30°, the average maximum displacement‐length ratio (Dmax/L) of these structures is 6.1 × 10−3 ± 1.4 × 10−3, with smaller ratios observed for faults within the northern lowlands (2.9 × 10−3 ± 0.9 × 10−3) compared to the southern highlands (9.2 × 10−3 ± 1.9 × 10−3). However, these differences may be accounted for if mechanical layering in the northern lowland crust promotes either a shallowing of the fault dip angle relative to the southern highlands or the development of ramp‐flat geometries such that the topographic scarp height may under‐estimate the total fault displacement or a combination of these two scenarios together. Alternatively, these Dmax/L patterns may reflect hemispheric differences in the brittle‐ductile transition (BDT) depth; however, the observed pattern is stratigraphically inconsistent with the Martian crustal dichotomy, whereby the northern lowlands have thinner (or denser) crust and therefore presumably a deeper BDT than the southern highlands. Fault displacement‐length profiles are commonly asymmetric, with multiple local minima observed along their lengths. Spectral analysis of these profiles, using Fourier‐ and S‐Transforms, indicates power at a range of spatial frequencies, reflecting complex growth and linkage histories, with peak spectral frequency, or number of segments, being negatively correlated with the Dmax/L ratios.
QRF4P‐NRT: Probabilistic Post‐Processing of Near‐Real‐Time Satellite Precipitation Estimates Using Quantile Regression Forests
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Ye Aizhong , Nguyen Phu , Analui Bita , Sorooshian Soroosh , Hsu Kuolin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAccurate and reliable near‐real‐time satellite precipitation estimation is of great importance for operational large‐scale flood forecasting and drought monitoring. The state‐of‐the‐art precipitation post‐processing model is based on a deterministic approach to construct relationships between satellites estimates and ground observations. We propose a probabilistic postprocessor, the Probabilistic Post‐Processing of Near‐Real‐Time Satellite Precipitation Estimates using Quantile Regression Forests (QRF4P‐NRT), based on quantile modeling, yielding both deterministic and probabilistic predictions. The experimental design incorporates different solutions of near‐real‐time predictors to further improve the model performance. Using the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals Early Run for Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (IMERG‐E) product as an example, we illustrate that the proposed method significantly improves the overall quality of the raw IMERG‐E and is also superior to the bias‐corrected product (IMERG Final Run, IMERG‐F) at daily scale in a complex mountain basin. Evaluations of the corrected IMERG‐E, raw IMERG‐E, and IMERG‐F using ground observation show that the corrected IMERG‐E improves correlation coefficients (0.7), mean error (−0.14 mm/day) and root mean square error (3.3 mm/day) relative to the raw IMERG‐E (0.31, −0.72 and 5.5 mm/day) and IMERG‐F (0.34, −0.09 and 6.0 mm/day). The error decomposition further confirms that the QRF4P‐NRT improves on the various deficiencies of the raw IMERG‐E product. The ensemble assessment also demonstrates that the quantile outputs provide reliable prediction spread and sharp prediction intervals. The promising results indicate the great potential of the proposed method for probabilistic post‐processing for near‐real‐time satellite precipitation estimates, and for further applications such as hydrological ensemble forecasting.