bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeneas: Rust verification by functional translation
Authors: Ho Son , Protzenko Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

We present Aeneas, a new verification toolchain for Rust programs based on a lightweight functional translation. We leverage Rust’s rich region-based type system to eliminate memory reasoning for a large class of Rust programs, as long as they do not rely on interior mutability or unsafe code. Doing so, we relieve the proof engineer of the burden of memory-based reasoning, allowing them to instead focus on functional properties of their code.
The first contribution of Aeneas is a new approach to borrows and controlled aliasing. We propose a pure, functional semantics for LLBC, a Low-Level Borrow Calculus that captures a large subset of Rust programs. Our semantics is value-based, meaning there is no notion of memory, addresses or pointer arithmetic. Our semantics is also ownership-centric, meaning that we enforce soundness of borrows via a semantic criterion based on loans rather than through a syntactic type-based lifetime discipline. We claim that our semantics captures the essence of the borrow mechanism rather than its current implementation in the Rust compiler.
The second contribution of Aeneas is a translation from LLBC to a pure lambda-calculus. This allows the user to reason about the original Rust program through the theorem prover of their choice, and fulfills our promise of enabling lightweight verification of Rust programs. To deal with the well-known technical difficulty of terminating a borrow, we rely on a novel approach, in which we approximate the borrow graph in the presence of function calls. This in turn allows us to perform the translation using a new technical device called backward functions.
We implement our toolchain in a mixture of Rust and OCaml; our chief case study is a low-level, resizing hash table, for which we prove functional correctness, the first such result in Rust. Our evaluation shows significant gains of verification productivity for the programmer. This paper therefore establishes a new point in the design space of Rust verification toolchains, one that aims to verify Rust programs simply, and at scale.
Rust goes to great lengths to enforce static control of aliasing; the proof engineer should not waste any time on memory reasoning when so much already comes “for free”!
Flexible presentations of graded monads
Authors: Katsumata Shin-ya , McDermott Dylan , Uustalu Tarmo , Wu Nicolas 
Published: August 2022

A large class of monads used to model computational effects have natural presentations by operations and equations, for example, the list monad can be presented by a constant and a binary operation subject to unitality and associativity. Graded monads are a generalization of monads that enable us to track quantitative information about the effects being modelled. Correspondingly, a large class of graded monads can be presented using an existing notion of graded presentation. However, the existing notion has some deficiencies, in particular many effects do not have natural graded presentations.
We introduce a notion of flexibly graded presentation that does not suffer from these issues, and develop the associated theory. We show that every flexibly graded presentation induces a graded monad equipped with interpretations of the operations of the presentation, and that all graded monads satisfying a particular condition on colimits have a flexibly graded presentation. As part of this, we show that the usual algebra-preserving correspondence between presentations and a class of monads transfers to an algebra-preserving correspondence between flexibly graded presentations and a class of flexibly graded monads.
Generating circuits with generators
Authors: Materzok Marek 
Published: August 2022

The most widely used languages and methods used for designing digital hardware fall into two rough categories.
One of them, register transfer level (RTL), requires specifying each and every component in the designed circuit.
This gives the designer full control, but burdens the designer with many trivial details.
The other, the high-level synthesis (HLS) method, allows the designer to abstract the details of hardware away and focus on the problem being solved.
This method however cannot be used for a class of hardware design problems because the circuit's clock is also abstracted away.
We present YieldFSM, a hardware description language that uses the generator abstraction to represent clock-level timing in a digital circuit.
It represents a middle ground between the RTL and HLS approaches: the abstraction level is higher than in RTL, but thanks to explicit information about clock-level timing, it can be used in applications where RTL is traditionally used.
We also present the YieldFSM compiler, which uses methods developed by the functional programming community -- including continuation-passsing style translation and defunctionalization -- to translate YieldFSM programs to Mealy machines.
It is implemented using Template Haskell and the Clash functional hardware description language.
We show that this approach leads to short and conceptually simple hardware descriptions.
Queueing-Network Based Applications Under Worst-case Attacks
Authors: Tavori Jhonatan , Levy Hanoch 
Published: August 2022

A variety of today's critical applications are based on queueing networks whose performance, mainly delay, depends on routing and resource allocation. These include computer networks (the Internet), load-balancers on cloud systems and vehicular traffic networks.
These applications are vulnerable to malicious attacks which may include the dis-functioning of the network components by malwares, or other computer viruses. For computer networks there are many references (e.g., [1, 5]); for vehicular traffic networks see navigation platforms attacks (e.g., Waze [4]).
Such attacks will increase the delay experienced in the network and degrade its performance. We aim at understanding what are the weak-points of such networks. That is, how can a sophisticated attacker cause the maximal damage to the network using minimal attacking power. Furthermore, we are interested in analyzing how flexible is the network in reacting to such attacks by re-routing its traffic, and whether such flexibility grants significant protection.
An intriguing question, which we aim at addressing and which may affect network planning, is what will be the nature of an optimal attack: will it be concentrated at few nodes of the network, or would it be scattered over many regions (nodes).
Prior works (e.g., [1, 3, 5]) that dealt with such worstcase attacks on distributed systems did not address queueing delays and their effects.
To allow analytic treatment that will reveal the nature of these networks, we consider here a simplistic queueing model based on k queues which captures the main features of these networks: (i) Multi-commodity arrival flows, (ii) The ability of the network to migrate requests (users) from one route to another. Treatment of general structure networks is the subject of ongoing research which is based on this work.
Our analysis reveals somewhat surprising properties: The nature of an optimal attack varies as a function of the system parameters, and may shift from fully concentrated to fully scattered in the extreme cases. This is in contrast to the (no queueing) model and results of [5] which asserted that optimal attacks are concentrated, even when the system can defend itself using requests migration. This suggests that queueing mechanisms and the consideration of queueing delays may cause scattering of optimal attacks.
A Study of Contact Detection between Noncircular Particles in Discrete Element Method
Authors: Li Chengbo , Gao Qianqian , Li Xianchang 
Published: August 2022

One of the key points of modeling noncircular particles in the discrete element method is the contact detection of particles. In this study, a general contact detection algorithm of two-dimensional particles with analytic shape functions is provided. The contact detection of particles with strictly convex shape function, such as ellipses and superellipses, is solved by Newton–Raphson method, and a grid method is provided to deal with heart-shaped particles. The grid method can be generalized into a particle system, in which the shape function is not convex. The accuracy and stability of the algorithm are verified by a series of tests. For the collision of a pair of ellipses with an aspect ratio of

α

=

a
/
b

= 1000, the efficiency is not worse than the Newton–Raphson method. For random packing under gravity, no residual kinetic energy is observed, and the force that acts on the bottom is equal to the gravity, that is, the system reaches a mechanical equilibrium state. After equilibrium, the process of hopper discharge is also simulated. The present method is suitable for arbitrarily shaped particles with analytic shape functions in two-dimensional cases. In addition to superellipses, the method can also be applied to other particle systems as long as the shape functions are given.
“Bilíngues”, “bilíngues de verdade” e global citizens: distinção e disposições de classe no mercado educacional
Authors: Michetti Miqueli 
Published: August 2022

Com base em pesquisa qualitativa sobre o mercado de educação bilíngue e internacional na cidade de São Paulo, o artigo analisa a problemática da distinção de classe na globalização. Após discutir transformações mais amplas no mercado de diplomas, apresenta-se o universo do ensino internacional/bilíngue no Brasil e, por meio de análise documental, delineia-se o espaço relacional das escolas privadas de ensino internacional/bilíngue na capital paulista. A tipologia de (a) escolas internacionais, (b) escolas brasileiras com currículo internacional, (c) escolas bilíngues e (d) escolas com programas bilíngues mostra que agentes em diferentes posições no espaço social disputam desigualmente a incorporação de disposições relacionadas à globalização.
Consumo e capital informacional nas lógicas de distinção entre grupos dominados
Authors: Castro Ana Lúcia de 
Published: August 2022

O artigo contribui para o debate acerca da atualidade do conceito “capital cultural” na apreensão da dimensão simbólica de disputas estabelecidas entre os grupos sociais em torno da legitimação de bens e práticas culturais e, portanto, na compreensão dos mecanismos pelos quais as hierarquias simbólicas são mantidas e a dominação reproduzida. Para tanto, analisa a apropriação de referências do universo das grifes por parte de adeptos ao movimento Hype como um tipo de capital cultural específico mobilizado no estabelecimento de fronteiras simbólicas entre grupos não dominantes, evidenciando a expansão da cultura de consumo e o capital informacional como dois aspectos da cultura contemporânea extremamente impactantes nos jogos de distinção.
O jornalismo no novo ambiente comunicacional: uma reavaliação da noção do “jornalismo como sistema perito”
Authors: Miguel Luis Felipe 
Published: August 2022

O artigo revê, à luz das transformações contemporâneas no ambiente comunicacional, a noção de que o jornalismo opera como “sistema perito” – um sistema de expertise que desfruta da confiança nele depositada por usuários incapazes de avaliá-lo tecnicamente. As novas tecnologias ampliaram a concorrência no espaço discursivo, dissolvendo o monopólio do jornalismo e erodindo suas fontes de financiamento. Ao mesmo tempo, uma incerteza epistêmica radical (“pós-verdade”) e o insulamento do público em enclaves fechados comprometem sua legitimidade. Esta situação contribui para a crise da democracia, uma vez que seu funcionamento pressupunha um patamar mínimo de concordância sobre a agenda e sobre os fatos relevantes, que o jornalismo supria.
Physical Function and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Hu Xiao , Mok Yejin , Ding Ning , Sullivan Kevin J. , Lutsey Pamela L. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Palta Priya , Matsushita Kunihiro 
Published: August 2022

Background
Reduced physical function, a representative phenotype of aging, has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have comprehensively investigated its association with composite and individual CVD outcomes in community‐dwelling older adults and its predictive value for CVD beyond traditional risk factors.

Methods and Results
We studied 5570 participants (mean age 75 [SD 5] years, female 58%, Black 22%) at visit 5 (2011–2013) of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. Physical function was evaluated with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which incorporates a walk test, chair stands, and balance tests. The SPPB score was modeled categorically (low [0–6], intermediate [7–9], and high [10–12]) and continuously. We assessed the associations of SPPB score with subsequent composite (coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure) and individual CVD outcomes (components within composite outcome) using multivariable Cox models adjusting for major CVD risk factors and history of CVD. We also evaluated improvement in C‐statistics by adding SPPB to traditional CVD risk factors in the Pooled Cohort Equation. Among the study participants, 13% had low, 30% intermediate, and 57% high SPPB scores. During a median follow‐up of 7.0 (interquartile interval 5.3–7.8) years, there were 930 composite CVD events (386 coronary heart disease, 251 stroke, and 529 heart failure cases). The hazard ratios of composite CVD in low and intermediate versus high SPPB score were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.20–1.79) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07–1.46), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders. Continuous SPPB score demonstrated independent associations with each CVD outcome. The associations were largely consistent across subgroups (including participants with prevalent CVD at baseline). The addition of SPPB to traditional CVD risk factors significantly improved the C‐statistics of CVD outcomes (eg, ΔC‐statistic 0.019 [95% CI, 0.011–0.027] for composite CVD).

Conclusions
Reduced physical function was independently associated with the risk of composite and individual CVD outcomes and improved their risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors in community‐dwelling older adults. Although confirmatory studies are needed, our results suggest the potential usefulness of SPPB for classifying CVD risk in older adults.
Regulatory Framework for eHealth Data Policies in Zimbabwe: Measuring FAIR Equivalency
Authors: Chindoza Kudakwashe 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe FAIR Guidelines—that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR)—aim to improve the management of digital data assets for improved decision making. FAIR comprises 15 elements (called facets) that explain how data should be able to be reused by researchers and policymakers. For this research, eight policy documents were reviewed from Zimbabwe's Ministry of Health and Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) from 1999 to 2020. These were scrutinised to determine the mention of the FAIR Guidelines or FAIR Equivalent principles. The vision, mission statement and objectives of these documents were analysed relative to the 15 facets of FAIR. The research found that none of the policy documents in health/eHealth or ICT in Zimbabwe explicitly mention the FAIR Guidelines, but all contain some FAIR Equivalent principles. Hence, the regulatory framework for health/eHealth data management in Zimbabwe is aligned with the FAIR Guidelines and, therefore, a policy window is open for the adoption of FAIR Guidelines in relation to health/eHealth data management.
FAIR Guidelines and Data Regulatory Framework for Digital Health in Nigeria
Authors: Kawu Abdullahi Abubakar , Elijah Joseph , Abdullahi Ibrahim , Maipanuku Jamilu Yahaya , Folorunso Sakinat , Basajja Mariam , Oladipo Francisca , Ibrahim Hauwa Limanko 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdopting the FAIR Guidelines—that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR)—in the health data system in Nigeria will help protect data against use by unauthorised parties, while also making data more accessible to legitimate users. However, little is known about the FAIR Guidelines and their compatibility with data and health laws and policies in Nigeria. This study assesses the governance framework for digital and health/eHealth policies in Nigeria and explores the possibility of a policy window opening for the FAIR Guidelines to be adopted and implemented in Nigeria's eHealth sector. Ten Nigerian policy documents were examined for mention of the FAIR Guidelines (or FAIR Equivalent terminology) and the 15 sub-criteria or facets. The analysis found that although the FAIR Guidelines are not explicitly mentioned, 70% of the documents contain FAIR Equivalent terminology. The Nigeria Data Protection Regulation contained the most FAIR Equivalent principles (73%) and some of the remaining nine documents also contained some FAIR Equivalent principles (between 0–60%). Accordingly, it can be concluded that a policy window is open for the FAIR Guidelines to be adopted and implemented in Nigeria's eHealth sector.
FAIR Equivalency, Regulatory Framework and Adoption Potential of FAIR Guidelines in Health in Kenya
Authors: Inau Ester Thea , Nalugala Reginald , Nandwa William Muhadi , Obwanda Fredrick , Wachira Antony , Cartaxo Antonio 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study explored the regulatory framework in Kenya that may facilitate the implementation of the FAIR Guidelines in health research, as well as the possibility of adopting the FAIR Guidelines at the national level. Fourteen key documents pivotal to the emerging digital health sector in Kenya were identified and analysed using a comprehensive coding and labelling approach based on a binary system for whether or not they mention the FAIR Guidelines or terms and vocabulary related to the FAIR Guidelines. The analysis revealed gaps in data stewardship that could be filled by the implementation of the FAIR Guidelines and, although the documents analysed do not explicitly mention the FAIR Guidelines, FAIR Equivalent terminology and practices are mentioned in varying detail. However, our analysis shows that there are still no provisions for the introduction and implementation of the FAIR Guidelines in health research in Kenya. Therefore, we recommend that the leadership be provided with a comprehensive introduction to the FAIR Guidelines, success stories about the FAIRification of data and research infrastructure in other parts of the world, and a demonstration of the steps needed for the FAIRification of health data in Kenya.
Information Streams in Health Facilities: The Case of Uganda
Authors: Basajja Mariam , Nambobi Mutwalibi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of digitally-recorded and connected health data poses a challenge for analysing the situation. Virus outbreaks, such as the current pandemic, allow for the optimisation and reuse of data, which can be beneficial in managing future outbreaks. However, there is a general lack of knowledge about the actual flow of information in health facilities, which is also the case in Uganda. In Uganda, where this case study was conducted, there is no comprehensive knowledge about what type of data is collected or how it is collected along the journey of a patient through a health facility. This study investigates information flows of clinical patient data in health facilities in Uganda. The study found that almost all health facilities in Uganda store patient information in paper files on shelves. Hospitals in Uganda are provided with paper tools, such as reporting forms, registers and manuals, in which district data is collected as aggregate data and submitted in the form of digital reports to the Ministry of Health Resource Center. These reporting forms are not digitised and, thus, not machine-actionable. Hence, it is not easy for health facilities, researchers, and others to find and access patient and research data. It is also not easy to reuse and connect this data with other digital health data worldwide, leading to the incorrect conclusion that there is less health data in Uganda. The a FAIR architecture has the potential to solve such problems and facilitate the transition from paper to digital records in the Uganda health system.
Proof of Concept and Horizons on Deployment of FAIR Data Points in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Basajja Mariam , Suchanek Marek , Taye Getu Tadele , Amare Samson Yohannes , Nambobi Mutwalibi , Folorunso Sakinat , Plug Ruduan , Oladipo Francisca , van Reisen Mirjam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRapid and effective data sharing is necessary to control disease outbreaks, such as the current coronavirus pandemic. Despite the existence of data sharing agreements, data silos, lack of interoperable data infrastructures, and different institutional jurisdictions hinder data sharing and accessibility. To overcome these challenges, the Virus Outbreak Data Network (VODAN)-Africa initiative is championing an approach in which data never leaves the institution where it was generated, but, instead, algorithms can visit the data and query multiple datasets in an automated way. To make this possible, FAIR Data Points—distributed data repositories that host machine-actionable data and metadata that adhere to the FAIR Guidelines (that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable)—have been deployed in participating institutions using a dockerised bundle of tools called VODAN in a Box (ViB). ViB is a set of multiple FAIR-enabling and open-source services with a single goal: to support the gathering of World Health Organization (WHO) electronic case report forms (eCRFs) as FAIR data in a machine-actionable way, but without exposing or transferring the data outside the facility. Following the execution of a proof of concept, ViB was deployed in Uganda and Leiden University. The proof of concept generated a first query which was implemented across two continents. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of the architecture was carried out and established the changes needed for specifications and requirements for the future development of the solution.
Expanding Non-Patient COVID-19 Data: Towards the FAIRification of Migrants’ Data in Tunisia, Libya and Niger
Authors: Ghardallou Mariem , Wirtz Morgane , Folorunso Sakinat , Touati Zohra , Ogundepo Ezekiel , Smits Klara , Mtiraoui Ali , van Reisen Mirjam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article describes the FAIRification process (which involves making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable—or FAIR—for both machines and humans) for data related to the impact of COVID-19 on migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Tunisia, Libya and Niger, according to the scheme adopted by GO FAIR. This process was divided into three phases: pre-FAIRification, FAIRification and post-FAIRification. Each phase consisted of seven steps. In the first phase, 118 in-depth interviews and 565 press articles and research reports were collected by students and researchers at the University of Sousse in Tunisia and researchers in Niger. These interviews, articles and reports constitute the dataset for this research. In the second phase, the data were sorted and converted into a machine actionable format and published on a FAIR Data Point hosted at the University of Sousse. In the third phase, an assessment of the implementation of the FAIR Guidelines was undertaken. Certain barriers and challenges were faced in this process and solutions were found. For FAIR data curation, certain changes need to be made to the technical process. People need to be convinced to make these changes and that the implementation of FAIR will generate a long-term return on investment. Although the implementation of FAIR Guidelines is not straightforward, making our resources FAIR is essential to achieving better science together.