bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review on Pneumonia Image Detection: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Kareem Amer , Liu Haiming , Sant Paul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper surveys and examines how computer-aided techniques can be deployed in detecting pneumonia. It also suggests a hybrid model that can effectively detect pneumonia while using the real-time medical image data in a privacy-preserving manner. This paper will explore how various preprocessing techniques such as X-rays can detect and classify multiple diseases. The survey also examines how different machine learning technologies like convolution neural network (CNN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), RESNET, CheXNet, DECNET and artificial neural network (ANN) can be used in detecting pneumonia disease. In this article, we have performed a comprehensive review of the literature to find how we can combine hospitals and medical institutions to train the machine learning models from their datasets so that the ML algorithms can detect disease more efficiently and correctly. We have proposed the future work of using transfer learning combined with federated knowledge that could help the medical institutions and hospitals form a combined approach of performing medical image detection using real-time datasets. We have also explored the scope, future work and limitations of the proposed solution.
Harnessing Moral Psychology to Reduce Meat Consumption
Authors: MAY JOSHUA , KUMAR VICTOR 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHow can we make moral progress on factory farming? Part of the answer lies in human moral psychology. Meat consumption remains high, despite increased awareness of its negative impact on animal welfare. Weakness of will is part of the explanation: acceptance of the ethical arguments does not always motivate changes in dietary habits. However, we draw on scientific evidence to argue that many consumers are not fully convinced that they morally ought to reduce their meat consumption. We then identify two key psychological mechanisms—motivated reasoning and social proof—that lead people to resist the ethical reasons. Finally, we show how to harness these psychological mechanisms to encourage reductions in meat consumption. A central lesson for moral progress generally is that durable social change requires socially embedded reasoning.
Microbial lactate utilisation and the stability of the gut microbiome
Authors: Louis Petra , Duncan Sylvia Helen , Sheridan Paul Owen , Walker Alan William , Flint Harry James 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The human large intestinal microbiota thrives on dietary carbohydrates that are converted to a range of fermentation products. Short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) are the dominant fermentation acids that accumulate to high concentrations in the colon and they have health-promoting effects on the host. Although many gut microbes can also produce lactate, it usually does not accumulate in the healthy gut lumen. This appears largely to be due to the presence of a relatively small number of gut microbes that can utilise lactate and convert it to propionate, butyrate or acetate. There is increasing evidence that these microbes play important roles in maintaining a healthy gut environment. In this review, we will provide an overview of the different microbes involved in lactate metabolism within the gut microbiota, including biochemical pathways utilised and their underlying energetics, as well as regulation of the corresponding genes. We will further discuss the potential consequences of perturbation of the microbiota leading to lactate accumulation in the gut and associated disease states and how lactate-utilising bacteria may be employed to treat such diseases.
A New Chapter in Namibian History: Reflections on Archival Research
Authors: van der Hoog Tycho 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSince Namibian independence in 1990, historians have increasingly made use of Namibian archives to explore the history of the German and South African occupation. Researching the recent past is, however, much more difficult, considering the absence of a SWAPO archive and an embargo on governmental files of thirty years. But now, thirty years after independence, the files from the postcolonial administrations are set to gradually open up. In anticipation of this new chapter of Namibian history, this article examines the state of various archives in Namibia and offers a number of observations that may be of use to scholars who are interested in consulting them.
Performance of infectious diseases specialists, hospitalists, and other internal medicine physicians in antimicrobial case-based scenarios: Potential impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs at 16 Veterans’ Affairs medical centers
Authors: Graber Christopher J. , Simon Alissa R. , Zhang Yue , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Jones Makoto M. , Butler Jorie M. , Chou Ann F. , Glassman Peter A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:As part of a project to implement antimicrobial dashboards at select facilities, we assessed physician attitudes and knowledge regarding antibiotic prescribing.Design:An online survey explored attitudes toward antimicrobial use and assessed respondents’ management of four clinical scenarios: cellulitis, community-acquired pneumonia, non–catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria, and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria.Setting:This study was conducted across 16 Veterans’ Affairs (VA) medical centers in 2017.Participants:Physicians working in inpatient settings specializing in infectious diseases (ID), hospital medicine, and non-ID/hospitalist internal medicine.Methods:Scenario responses were scored by assigning +1 for answers most consistent with guidelines, 0 for less guideline-concordant but acceptable answers and −1 for guideline-discordant answers. Scores were normalized to 100% guideline concordant to 100% guideline discordant across all questions within a scenario, and mean scores were calculated across respondents by specialty. Differences in mean score per scenario were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results:Overall, 139 physicians completed the survey (19 ID physicians, 62 hospitalists, and 58 other internists). Attitudes were similar across the 3 groups. We detected a significant difference in cellulitis scenario scores (concordance: ID physicians, 76%; hospitalists, 58%; other internists, 52%; P = .0087). Scores were numerically but not significantly different across groups for community-acquired pneumonia (concordance: ID physicians, 75%; hospitalists, 60%; other internists, 56%; P = .0914), for non–catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (concordance: ID physicians, 65%; hospitalists, 55%; other internists, 40%; P = .322), and for catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (concordance: ID physicians, 27% concordant; hospitalists, 8% discordant; other internists 13% discordant; P = .12).Conclusions:Significant differences in performance regarding management of cellulitis and low overall performance regarding asymptomatic bacteriuria point to these conditions as being potentially high-yield targets for stewardship interventions.
The hydrostatic control of load-induced height changes above subglacial Lake Vostok
Authors: Richter Andreas , Schröder Ludwig , Scheinert Mirko , Popov Sergey V. , Groh Andreas , Willen Matthias , Horwath Martin , Dietrich Reinhard 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Lake Vostok, East Antarctica, represents an extensive water surface at the base of the ice sheet. Snow, ice and atmospheric pressure loads applied anywhere within the lake area produce a hydrostatic response, involving deformations of the ice surface, ice–water interface and particle horizons. A modelling scheme is developed to derive height changes of these surfaces for a given load pattern. It is applied to a series of load scenarios, and predictions based on load fields derived from a regional climate model are compared to observational datasets. Our results show that surface height changes due to snow-buildup anomalies are damped over the lake area, reducing the spatial standard deviation by one-third. The response to air pressure variations, in turn, adds surface height variability. Atmospheric pressure loads may produce height changes of up to

$\pm$

4 cm at daily resolution, but decay rapidly with integration time. The hydrostatic load response has no significant impact neither on ICESat laser campaign biases determined over the lake area nor on vertical particle movements derived from GNSS observations.
Systematics of 12 Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene squat lobster taxa (Galatheoidea)
Authors: Klompmaker Adiël A. , Robins Cristina M. , Jakobsen Sten L. , Sheldon Emma 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSquat lobsters within Galatheoidea are very diverse with over 1,300 extant species that live in all marine ecosystems, but their fossil record, starting in the Middle Jurassic, consists of only ~200 species. Consequently, much remains to be learned about their biodiversity, phylogeny, and paleobiogeography. We describe five new species (Galatheites sforum n. sp., Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, Germany; Vasconilia zapotitlanensis n. sp., Barremian, Early Cretaceous, Mexico; Eomunidopsis texcalaensis n. sp., Barremian, Early Cretaceous, Mexico; Protomunida bennickei n. sp., Danian, Paleocene, Denmark; and Protomunida eurekantha n. sp., Danian, Paleocene, Denmark) and one new genus (Tethysgalathea n. gen., Ypresian, Eocene, Italy). We further reassign Munida cretacea (Albian, Early Cretaceous, Texas, USA) to Galathea?, return Eomunidopsis? cobbani (Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Colorado, USA) to its original genus, report on the second occurrence of Vetoplautus latimarginus Robins et al., 2013 (Tithonian, Late Jurassic, Czech Republic), and reinstate Palaeomunidopsis moutieri (middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic, France) as the oldest galatheoid known to date. The five new species, all found in limestones containing corals, increase galatheoid diversity in the fossil record by 2.5%. Finally, the common yet hitherto unrecognized Protomunida eurekantha was discovered by making casts of external molds, revealing distinct spines on the posterior margin that are more difficult to see in internal molds and specimens with cuticle due to breakage. Collecting and studying the external molds for galatheoids and other fossil decapods could yield additional cryptic species.UUID: http://zoobank.org/68a25381-65c6-4773-a4f2-71d9b0a25304
The first Miocene chiton fauna from the northeastern Pacific
Authors: Vendrasco Michael J. , Powell Charles L. , LaFollette Patrick 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn assemblage of 34 chiton valves collected from rocks of the “Imperial” Formation sensu lato at Super Creek near Palm Springs, California, is described here. The sedimentary rocks exposed at Super Creek were deposited in the proto-Gulf of California during the Late Miocene. This chiton assemblage represents the first reported Miocene chitons from western North America. The chiton valves are classified asCallistochitoncf.C.elenensis,Chaetopleuracf.C.lanuginosa mixta,Calloplax roederin. sp.,Chiton solarisn. sp., Callistoplacidae sp. indet., and Chaetopleuridae sp. indet. Thick valves dominate the assemblage. The chiton fossils reflect the overall faunal pattern from the “Imperial” Formation s.l. of a strong similarity to taxa in the modern Gulf of California, with a Caribbean component as well. This assemblage fills a gap in the chiton fossil record and preserves details of the adaptive radiation of the Polyplacophora that occurred at the time in concert with the onset of an upwelling regime.UUID:http://zoobank.org/9947bfc9-84a3-4358-bac7-e660b936b067
Impact and legacy of the highly cited paper by Blaxter and Clapperton (1965) ‘Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants [Br J Nutr 19, 511–522]’
Authors: Wallace R. John 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe paper by K. L. Blaxter and J. L. Clapperton (1965) ‘Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. Br J Nutr 19, 511–522’ has been cited 656 times according to Web of Science and continues to be cited with increasing frequency to the present day. The analysis described in the paper, or meta-analysis as it would be known now, is of methane production from cattle and sheep based on forty-eight trials using closed-circuit respiration chambers, all carried out at the Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK, between 1955 and 1965. Methane emissions per unit of diet fed were shown to vary depending on diet, level of feeding and individual animal. As such, previous notions that methane emissions were essentially proportional to energy intake were set aside. The main reasons for the paper’s continuing citation are the set of equations that can be used to predict methane emissions from ruminants when the technically demanding respiration chambers are unavailable, and that it was the first definitive study to describe the complexities of methane emissions with respect to animals and diets. The paper thus provided abundant insights of the relations between ruminant methane emissions and nutritional biology, and rumen microbiology, in particular, that have informed countless research projects in the intervening half-century. Given the importance of methane as a greenhouse gas in the climate change scenario, these insights are at least as relevant today as they were in 1965.
When Do Voters Punish Corrupt Politicians? Experimental Evidence from a Field and Survey Experiment
Authors: de Figueiredo Miguel F.P. , Hidalgo F. Daniel , Kasahara Yuri 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhen do voters punish corrupt politicians? Heterogeneous views about the importance of corruption can determine whether or not increased information enhances accountability. If partisan cleavages correlate with the importance voters place on corruption, then the consequences of information may vary by candidate, even when voters identify multiple candidates as corrupt. We provide evidence of this mechanism from a field experiment in a mayoral election in Brazil where a reputable interest group declared both candidates corrupt. We distributed fliers in the runoff mayoral election in São Paulo. Informing voters about the challenger's record reduced turnout by 1.9 percentage points and increased the opponent's vote by 2.6 percentage points. Informing voters about the incumbent's record had no effect on behavior. We attribute this divergent finding to differences in how each candidate's supporters view corruption. Using survey data and a survey experiment, we show that the challenger's supporters are more willing to punish their candidate for corruption, while the incumbent's supporters lack this inclination.
Mortality, survival, and causes of death in mental disorders: comprehensive prospective analyses of the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Boschesi Barros Vivian , Fortti Vianna Schmidt Fernanda , Chiavegatto Filho Alexandre Dias Porto 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe UK Biobank is a large middle-aged cohort recruited in 2006–2010. We used data from its participants to analyze mortality, survival, and causes of death associated with mental disorders.MethodsOur exposures were mental disorders identified using (1) symptom-based outcomes derived from an online Mental Health Questionnaire (n = 157 329), including lifetime/current depression, lifetime/current generalized anxiety disorder, lifetime/recent psychotic experience, lifetime bipolar disorder, current alcohol use disorder, and current posttraumatic stress disorder and (2) hospital data linkage of diagnoses within the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) (n = 502 422), including (A) selected diagnoses or groups of diagnoses corresponding to symptom-based outcomes and (B) all psychiatric diagnoses, grouped by ICD-10 section. For all exposures, we estimated age-adjusted mortality rates and hazard ratios, as well as proportions of deaths by cause.ResultsWe found significantly increased mortality risk associated with all mental disorders identified by symptom-based outcomes, except for lifetime generalized anxiety disorder (with hazard ratios in the range of 1.08–3.0). We also found significantly increased mortality risk associated with all conditions identified by hospital data linkage, including selected ICD-10 diagnoses or groups of diagnoses (2.15–7.87) and ICD-10 diagnoses grouped by section (2.02–5.44). Causes of death associated with mental disorders were heterogeneous and mostly natural.ConclusionsIn a middle-aged cohort, we found a higher mortality risk associated with most mental disorders identified by symptom-based outcomes and with all disorders or groups of disorders identified by hospital data linkage of ICD-10 diagnoses. The majority of deaths associated with mental disorders were natural.
Suicide and death by other causes among patients with a severe mental illness: cohort study comparing risks among patients discharged from inpatient carev. those treated in the community
Authors: Musgrove R. , Carr M. J. , Kapur N. , Chew-Graham C. A. , Mughal F. , Ashcroft D. M. , Webb R. T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsPeople diagnosed with a severe mental illness (SMI) are at elevated risk of dying prematurely compared to the general population. We aimed to understand the additional risk among people with SMI after discharge from inpatient psychiatric care, when many patients experience an acute phase of their illness.MethodsIn the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD and Aurum datasets, adults aged 18 years and older who were discharged from psychiatric inpatient care in England between 2001 and 2018 with primary diagnoses of SMI (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, other psychoses) were matched by age and gender with up to five individuals with SMI and without recent hospital stays. Using survival analysis approaches, cumulative incidence and adjusted hazard ratios were estimated for all-cause mortality, external and natural causes of death, and suicide. All analyses were stratified by younger, middle and older ages and also by gender.ResultsIn the year after their discharge, the risk of dying by all causes examined was higher than among individuals with SMI who had not received inpatient psychiatric care recently. Suicide risk was 11.6 times (95% CI 6.4–20.9) higher in the first 3 months and remained greater at 2–5 years after discharge (HR 2.3, 1.7–3.2). This risk elevation remained after adjustment for self-harm in the 6 months prior to the discharge date. The relative risk of dying by natural causes was raised in the first 3 months (HR 1.6, 1.3–1.9), with no evidence of elevation during the second year following discharge.ConclusionsThere is an additional risk of death by suicide and natural causes for people with SMI who have been recently discharged from inpatient care over and above the general risk among people with the same diagnosis who have not recently been treated as an inpatient. This mortality gap shows the importance of continued focus, following discharge, on individuals who require inpatient care.
Monitoring Volcanic and Tectonic Sandbox Analogue Models Using the Kinect v2 Sensor
Authors: Rincón M. , Márquez A. , Herrera R. , Galland O. , Sánchez‐Oro J. , Concha D. , Montemayor A. S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe measurement of surface deformation in analogue models of volcanic and tectonic processes is an area in continuous development. Properly quantifying topography change in analogue models is key for a useful comparison between experiment results and nature. The aim of this work is to evaluate the capabilities of the simple and cheap Microsoft® Kinect v2 sensor for monitoring analogue models made of granular materials. Microsoft® Kinect v2 is a video‐gaming RedGreenBlue‐Depth device combining an optical camera and an infrared distance measurement sensor. The precision of the device for model topography measurements has been quantified using 64 experiments, with variable granular materials materials and distance to the model. Additionally, we tested the capabilities of averaging several distance images to increase the precision. We have developed a specific software to facilitate the acquisition and processing of the Kinect v2 data in experiment monitoring. Our results show that measurement precision is material dependent: with clear‐colored and fine‐grained materials, a precision ∼1.0 mm for digital elevation models with a 1.6 mm pixel size can be obtained. We show that by averaging ≥5 consecutive images the distance precision can reach values as low as 0.5 mm. To show the Kinect v2 capabilities, we present monitoring results from case study experiments modeling tectonics and volcano deformation. The Kinect v2 achieves lower spatial resolutions and precision than more sophisticated techniques such as photogrammetry. However, Kinect v2 provides a cheap, straightforward and powerful tool for monitoring the topography changes in sandbox analogue models.
Identification of Thresholds on Population Density for Understanding Transmission of COVID‐19
Authors: Jamal Yusuf , Gangwar Mayank , Usmani Moiz , Adams Alison E. , Wu Chang‐Yu , Nguyen Thanh H. , Colwell Rita , Jutla Antarpreet 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPathways of transmission of coronavirus (COVID‐19) disease in the human population are still emerging. However, empirical observations suggest that dense human settlements are the most adversely impacted, corroborating a broad consensus that human‐to‐human transmission is a key mechanism for the rapid spread of this disease. Here, using logistic regression techniques, estimates of threshold levels of population density were computed corresponding to the incidence (case counts) in the human population. Regions with population densities greater than 3,000 person per square mile in the United States have about 95% likelihood to report 43,380 number of average cumulative cases of COVID‐19. Since case numbers of COVID‐19 dynamically changed each day until 30 November 2020, ca. 4% of US counties were at 50% or higher probability to 38,232 number of COVID‐19 cases. While threshold on population density is not the sole indicator for predictability of coronavirus in human population, yet it is one of the key variables on understanding and rethinking human settlement in urban landscapes.
Imaging the Earth Using Time‐Domain Surface‐Wave Measurements: Evaluation and Correction of the Finite‐Frequency Phase Shift
Authors: Xu Yihe , Lebedev Sergei , Meier Thomas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSurface waves propagating from earthquakes, active sources or within the ambient noise wavefield are widely used to image Earth structure at various scales, from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. The accuracy of surface‐wave, phase‐velocity measurements is essential for the accuracy of the Earth models they constrain. Here, we identify a finite‐frequency phase shift in the phase travel time that causes systematic errors in time‐domain, phase‐velocity measurements. The phase shift arises from the approximation of monochromatic surface waves with narrow‐band filtered surface waves. We derive an explicit formula of the finite‐frequency phase shift and present a numerical method for its evaluation and for the correction of the measurements. Applications to high‐frequency and long‐period examples show that the phase shift is typically around π/60‐π/16 for the common settings of ambient‐noise imaging studies, which translates to 0.2%–0.8% phase‐velocity measurement errors. The finite‐frequency phase shift depends on the (a) second derivative of the wavenumber with respect to frequency; (b) width of the narrow‐band filter; (c) epicentral or interstation distance; and (d) center frequency of the filter. In conversion to phase velocity, the last two factors cancel out. Frequency‐domain methods for phase‐velocity measurements have the advantage of not producing the finite‐frequency phase shift. Both time‐ and frequency‐domain measurements, however, can be impacted by a break‐down of the far‐field approximation (near‐field phase shift), which our calculations also show. Our method offers an effective means of improving the accuracy of the widely used time‐domain, phase‐velocity measurements via the evaluation of and corrections for the finite‐frequency phase shift.