bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
Authors: Betty Emma L , Stockin Karen A , Hinton Bethany , Bollard Barbara A , Orams Mark B , Murphy Sinéad 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBiodiversity loss is a major global challenge of the 21st century. Ultimately, extinctions of species are determined by birth and death rates; thus, conservation management of at-risk species is dependent on robust demographic data. In this study, data gathered from 381 (227 females, 154 males) long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) that died in 14 stranding events on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017 were used to construct the first age- and sex-specific life tables for the subspecies. Survivorship curves were fitted to these data using (1) a traditional maximum likelihood approach, and (2) Siler’s competing-risk model. Life table construction and subsequent survival curves revealed distinct differences in the age- and sex-specific survival rates, with females outliving males. Both sexes revealed slightly elevated rates of mortality among the youngest age-classes (&lt;2 years) with postweaning mortality rates decreasing and remaining relatively low until the average life expectancy is reached; 11.3 years for males and 14.7 years for females. Overall (total) mortality is estimated to be 8.8% and 6.8% per annum for males and females, respectively. The mortality curve resembles that of other large mammals, with high calf mortality, lower postweaning mortality, and an exponentially increasing risk of senescent mortality. An accelerated mortality rate was observed in mature females, in contrast to the closely related short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus), which selects for an extension to the postreproductive life span. The reason for the observed differences in the mortality rate acceleration and postreproductive life span between the two pilot whale species have not been established and warrant further investigation. Obtaining robust information on the life history of long-lived species is challenging, but essential to improve our understanding of population dynamics and help predict how future pressures may impact populations. This study illustrates how demographic data from cetacean stranding events can improve knowledge of species survival rates, thus providing essential information for conservation management.
Long-term pelvic fracture and overall mortality risk after pelvic cancer and pelvic radiation
Authors: Nelson Rebecca A , Blakely Andrew M , Larson Joseph C , Chlebowski Rowan T , Chen Yi-Jen , Cauley Jane A , Shadyab Aladdin H , Lai Lily L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
The association of pelvic radiation with pelvic fracture risk has not been examined in prospective cohort settings with comprehensive fracture risk assessment, cancer-free comparison populations, and long-term follow-up. Our objective is to better characterize pelvic fracture and overall mortality risks in postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative.

Methods
A total of 135 743 Women’s Health Initiative participants aged 50 to 79 years enrolled from 40 US clinical centers from 1993 to 1998 who had entry Fracture Risk Assessment Tool scores were eligible. Outcomes included pelvic cancer diagnosis, pelvic fracture occurrence, and mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine associations of pelvic cancer and pelvic radiation with pelvic fracture and mortality risk.

Results
After 17.7 years (median) follow-up, 4451 pelvic cancers, 10 139 pelvic fractures, and 33 040 deaths occurred. In multivariable analyses, women with incident pelvic cancer, compared with women who remained pelvic cancer free, had higher pelvic fracture risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11 to 1.43) and higher overall mortality risk (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.77 to 3.05). Women with pelvic cancer treated with pelvic radiation, compared with women with pelvic cancer not treated with pelvic radiation, had higher pelvic fracture risk (HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.41 to 2.78) and higher overall mortality after pelvic cancer (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.15 to 1.52).

Conclusions
Postmenopausal women with pelvic cancer, especially those receiving pelvic radiation, are at higher pelvic fracture risk and higher overall mortality risk. As therapeutic advances have reduced cancer mortality, attention to and interventions for pelvic fracture prevention may be important in pelvic cancer survivors.
The locoweed endophyteAlternaria oxytropisaffects root development in Arabidopsisin vitrothrough auxin signaling and polar transport
Authors: Guan Huirui , Liu Xin , Fu Yanping , Han Xiaomin , Wang Yanli , Li Qing , Guo Liang , Mur Luis A J , Wei Yahui , He Wei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLocoweeds are leguminous forbs known for their toxicity to livestock caused by the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Unlike the defensive mutualisms reported in many toxin-producing endophytes and their plant hosts, the benefits that A. sect. Undifilum can confer to it host plants remains unclear. Here, we conducted physiological and genetic analyses to show that A. (sect. Undifilum) oxytropis influences growth, especially root development, in its locoweed host Oxytropis ochrocephala and Arabidopsis. The presence of A. oxytropis significantly decreased primary root length while increasing the numbers of lateral roots and root hairs, and increasing plant leaf area and fresh weight. The fungus also increased the concentrations of plant endogenous auxin, and the expression of key genes for auxin biosynthesis, signaling, and transport. These effects on root development were abolished in mutants deficient in auxin signaling and polar transport. Alternaria oxytropis down-regulated expression of PIN1 but increased expression of PIN2, PIN7, and AUX1, which might reflect alterations in the spatial accumulation of auxin responsible for the changes in root architecture. Plant growth was insensitive to A. oxytropis when naphthylphthalamic acid was applied. Our findings indicate a function of A. oxytropis in promoting the growth and development of Arabidopsis via the regulation of auxin, which in turn suggests a possible role in benefiting its locoweed hosts via a process independent of its toxin production.
R-loops: emerging key regulators in plants
Authors: Zheng Dongyang , Li Mengqi , Yang Ying , Huang Ranran , Zhang Wenli 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe biological implications of R-loops are increasingly receiving attention in plant biology. Compared with recent progresses in humans, the studies of R-loops in plants are lagging behind. Massive efforts must be invested by the plant community to better harness the possible regulatory functions of R-loops. Pioneering studies indicate that R-loops might act as key regulators of plant growth and development, and stress responses. This review thus timely updates the biological implications of R-loops and proposes a series of future lines of investigations to further decipher R-loop biology in plants. The following three aspects are included: the interplay between R-loops and epigenetic modifications at DNA, RNA, and chromatin levels; their regulatory roles in genome integrity, centromere functions, and DNA replication; and how they likely control plant growth and development as well as stress responses and RNA processing. Altogether, the wealth of information provided here portrays R-loop biology in plants accurately, and makes these new regulators interesting genetic levers in developing plants with new and beneficial agronomical traits.
Adult EEG
Authors: Sirven Joseph I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The use of electroencephalography (EEG), particularly long-term bedside EEG in the hospital and intensive care unit, has grown dramatically over the past several years. The purpose of these studies has been to identify occult seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Often, the EEG in these circumstances reveals a spectrum of abnormal nonepileptiform activity. This chapter explores these abnormal nonepileptiform patterns inclusive of focal and diffuse slowing, named findings such as frontal intermittent rhythmic delta or triphasic waves and rhythmic periodic abnormalities that often reside on the border between epileptiform and nonepileptiform discharges. The chapter addresses specific patterns often seen in common neuropathologies and then discusses the use of EEG in prognostication and brain death.
Quantitative EEG Analysis, EEG Mapping, and Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Brinkmann Benjamin H. , Lundstrom Brian Nils , Worrell Gregory A. , Lagerlund Terrence D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Quantitative EEG Analysis, EEG Mapping, and Magnetoencephalography reviews quantitative methods that facilitate interpretation of multichannel electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and extract information not readily obtainable with visual analysis alone. Fourier analysis assesses dominant background frequencies, looks for trends over long periods, and can be applied to epileptic seizures. Pattern recognition can automatically detect epileptiform discharges, seizures, and high-frequency oscillations. Montage reformatting allows the same EEG segment to be viewed using different montages, including the Laplacian montage. Cross-correlation and cross-spectral analysis quantifies time relationships between channels. Interpolation techniques and topographical displays help visualize spatial distributions of cortical activity. Multivariate statistical methods find independent components of a multichannel EEG recording and can be used for artifact removal. Machine learning approaches can facilitate identification of seizures and interictal features. Cortical projection and source localization techniques attempt to resolve underlying generators of EEG activity. Magnetic source imaging finds underlying generators of the magnetoencephalogram.
Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies and Sensory Nerve Action Potentials
Authors: Sorenson Eric J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sensory nerve action potentials are a valuable component of any neurophysiological assessment of the peripheral nerves. In the proper clinical environment these potentials can be invaluable in localizing lesions either proximal or distal to the dorsal root ganglia. They are among the most sensitive measures of peripheral nerve dysfunction and are more sensitive than motor conduction studies in most forms of peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, the responses may be able to provide some information about the pathophysiology of the neuropathy, suggesting demyelination or axonal loss in some cases. Because sensory nerve action potentials are much smaller than compound muscle action potentials (being microvolts in size, compared to millivolts of the compound muscle action potential), they are technically more difficult to perform and require greater expertise and caution. Temperature will have a greater impact on sensory potentials than motor potentials, with cooler limb temperatures leading to longer latencies, slower conduction velocities, and larger amplitudes. Background electrical interference may be a problem when recording sensory nerve action potentials. As a result, responses are commonly averaged three to five times to minimize the effect of the background noise on the waveforms. Distance from the electrical generator and interelectrode distance will also impact the appearance and size of the nerve potential waveform. All of these variables should be standardized wherever possible.
Late Responses
Authors: Laughlin Ruple S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Late responses are a group of responses occurring after the compound muscle action potential (M-wave) in motor nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and include F-waves, H-reflexes, and axon reflexes. These responses can be useful in assessing various disease processes as they serve as an indirect measure of the proximal segment of the nerve that are not obtained with routine motor NCS techniques. This chapter discusses the method of eliciting the late responses as well as their clinical applications. The focus of the chapter is F-waves and H-reflexes, as these entities have clinical implications, with a brief discussion of the axon reflex to allow discernment from the F-wave.
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Studies
Authors: Kennelly Kathleen D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe neuromuscular junction is a cholinergic synapse between the motor nerve terminal and the muscle fiber. If there is a deficit in neuromuscular transmission, patients can exhibit variable weakness. The electrophysiological techniques of repetitive stimulation are important components in evaluation of these patients. These techniques can unmask abnormalities in the neuromuscular junction by depleting the immediate acetylcholine stores at the nerve terminal with low-frequency repetitive stimulation or with brief exercise can facilitate the presynaptic calcium levels, thereby revealing a presynaptic neuromuscular junction abnormality. These procedures require knowledge of the physiology of neuromuscular transmission to be performed properly and to understand the pattern of abnormalities seen. This chapter describes the techniques that are used and how the tests should be individualized depending on the clinical symptoms. It also reviews the major disorders that can be evaluated with repetitive stimulation.
Electrodiagnostic Assessment of Mononeuropathies
Authors: Khoury Julie A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Electrodiagnostic testing plays an important role in the evaluation of mononeuropathies. In patients presenting with symptoms in a localized distribution in a limb, electrodiagnostic testing is used to differentiate a mononeuropathy from other localizations. Despite advancement of imaging modalities, nerve conduction studies and needle examination remain the principal modalities for diagnosing neuropathy. The clinical features should generate a differential diagnosis that informs the specific electrodiagnostic studies that should be performed. Electromyography (EMG) can confirm not only the suspected diagnosis but also the location and severity of the nerve injury. EMG is also important to exclude alternative diagnoses and more diffuse nerve injury. This chapter reviews the electrodiagnostic approaches and findings of upper and lower limb mononeuropathies.
Assessment of Plexopathies
Authors: Dimberg Elliot L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Electrodiagnostic studies are essential to the evaluation of both brachial and lumbosacral plexus neuropathies. They not only can confirm a suspected diagnosis but also exclude alternative or additional possibilities, such as radiculopathy or mononeuropathy. They are beneficial to assist with localization to specific areas within a plexus (including root or specific peripheral nerve involvement additionally), specify involvement that is not clinically evident, assess severity and degree of reinnervation, and potentially provide information regarding an etiology. Electrodiagnostic studies for the assessment of plexus abnormalities are frequently extensive, may require comparison to an unaffected limb, and may require nerve conduction studies and needle examination of less commonly studied nerves and muscles. This chapter presents plexus anatomy and the electrodiagnostic approach to brachial and lumbosacral plexus neuropathies.
Movement-Related Cortical Potentials and Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Utianski Rene L. , Caviness John N. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMovement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) are electroencephalographic (EEG) potentials that occur around the time of movement. They are recorded using surface scalp electrodes and analyzed with EEG back averaging. MCRPs and contingent negative variation are observed before a voluntary movement occurs. Similarly, other special EEG averaging techniques may be used to study the cortical processes underlying cognition. The P300, N400, and other event-related potentials provide electrophysiological correlates of attention and auditory processing. These potentials have been important in understanding the cortical activity underlying normal and abnormal movements and higher-level cognitive processes; however, their current clinical application is limited.
Long Latency Reflexes and the Silent Period
Authors: Hassan Anhar , Caviness John N. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLong latency reflexes (LLRs) and the silent period are normal electromyographic (EMG) phenomena recorded from muscles following a stimulus. LLRs are defined as involuntary responses, which follow the short latency response and precede the voluntary response. They can be elicited irrespective of whether the stimulus is muscle stretch, electrical stimulation of nerve (mixed nerve or cutaneous), or a more complex stimulus. LLRs help compensate for mechanical perturbations in different body parts in order to ensure goal success. They may be absent, delayed or enhanced in different disease states. The silent period can be evoked by strong shocks to either a mixed nerve or cutaneous nerve and reflects transient suppression of EMG activity. This is considered a protective reflex and may be shortened or absent in disease states. Together, LLRs and the silent period reflect the complex interplay of spinal cord, brainstem, and cortical influences in motor control.
Abnormal Sleep and Sleep Disorders
Authors: Louis Erik K. St. , Junna Mithri R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sleep disorders are a common source of major morbidity and impaired quality of life, with sleep-disordered breathing a risk to cardiovascular and brain health. Sleep disorders include insomnia (difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep with poor sleep quality), sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. Evaluation should first include an appropriately tailored history and examination, aided by evaluation with extensions of the clinical method, including polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing, multiple sleep latency testing, and actigraphy monitoring, when appropriate. Therapy is tailored toward the specific sleep disorder(s). Insomnia is most often treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. Obstructive sleep apnea may be effectively treated with positive airway pressure therapy or other alternatives, while narcolepsy and the central disorders of hypersomnolence most often require stimulant and wake-promoting pharmacotherapies. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders are addressed by counseling with appropriately timed bright light, light restriction, and melatonin therapies. The sleep-related movement disorder of restless legs syndrome should be investigated for iron deficiency with iron replacement therapy offered as a first-line therapeutic measure if appropriate and consideration of alpha-2 delta ligand calcium channel blockers, dopaminergic agonists, or opioids if necessary for symptomatic treatments. Timely diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders benefits patients greatly and improves their functioning, health, and quality of life.
Spinal Cord and Root Monitoring
Authors: Hoffman E. Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is the application of neurophysiologic tests as a surrogate for neurologic function during surgery wherein loss of neurophysiologic potentials indicates likely neurologic injury. Spinal cord IONM during vertebral column surgery is the most prevalent situation where these techniques are applied. This chapter discusses common electrophysiological modalities useful for spinal cord and spinal nerve root monitoring, including somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, D-waves, and electromyography. Spinal cord and nerve root injury can be detected by multimodality IONM. The selection of which modalities and which nerve/muscle combinations to use needs to be tailored to the each surgery. Given the variety of practice models, intraoperative monitoring physicians must strive to maintain excellent communication with and situational awareness of the operating rooms they are working in, even when working remotely.
Small bowel obstruction
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Moran Brendan J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a surgical emergency that results in morbidity and mortality in a substantial number of patients. SBO is characterized by failure of the normal passage of intestinal contents and its features include colicky abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and absolute constipation. In developed nations, the most common cause of SBO in adults is postoperative adhesions. Other causes include abdominal wall hernias, malignancy, Crohn’s disease, volvulus, and obstructing lesions distal to the small bowel. In contrast, SBO in adults from developing countries, including rural regions of the Indian subcontinent, may be a result of parasitic infections, abdominal wall hernias, and postoperative adhesions. Laboratory tests are used to assess the presence and severity of hypovolaemia, leucocytosis, and metabolic abnormalities such as hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia. Although supine and erect plain abdominal X-rays are helpful initial investigations, computed tomography is the preferred imaging technique for SBO as it identifies the location of the site of obstruction, differentiates between partial and complete SBO, and determines the cause of the obstruction by identifying hernias, masses, and strictures. Non-operative management involves intravenous resuscitation combined with nasogastric decompression. This so-called drip-and-suck strategy should be attempted in all patients with SBO unless there are signs of strangulation. Laboratory tests and imaging are not adequately sensitive in ruling out strangulated SBO. A patient with bowel obstruction, obvious septic physiology, and peritonitis should be considered for urgent surgical exploration, irrespective of reassuring laboratory or imaging results. Laparoscopy can be considered in selected cases of SBO provided an experienced laparoscopic surgeon, team, and equipment are available. An early conversion to laparotomy should not be considered a failure as patient safety is paramount.
Radiation enteritis
Authors: Rentea Rebecca M. , Otterson Mary F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Significant radiation exposure of the gastrointestinal tract produces early and late consequences. Therapeutic interventions are largely anecdotal, but there appear to be multiple mechanisms. The mechanism of injury and predisposing factors have been partially worked out in animal and cellular models. Clinical manifestations of chronic radiation enteritis vary and can be vague and difficult to characterize. Surgical intervention is required in 30% of patients with chronic radiation injury. A structured approach to assessing patients with GI symptoms after radiotherapy is useful as the therapeutic modality aimed at alleviating a specific symptom will clearly depend on the underlying pathology. Important information to gather at the time of presentation includes the history of the primary neoplasm, surgery performed, as well as an understanding of the duration and location of radiotherapy treatment, dosing regimen, target fields, and complications during treatment. Surgery may alleviate symptoms but is of greater risk than procedures on normal tissues.