bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulation of Particle Velocity in HVO/AF
Authors: Zha Bailin , Wang Hangong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flame and particle velocity mathematical model were constructed according to jet dynamics. Velocity of flame, and WC-17Co and NiCrBSi particles were simulated. Results show that velocity of the flame decreases continuously from supersonic to subsonic with the increasing of spray distance. Velocity of particles distributes in 300~800m/s, which relates to particle diameter, density and flame velocity.
SOFC Interconnector Coating using HVOF Process
Authors: Hwang S.Y. , Kim J.H. , Seong B.G. , Yang H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an initial development of oxidation resistant coatings for SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) interconnectors using LaSrCoFe oxide (LSCF, (La0.6Sr0.4)(Fe0.8Co0.2)O3). The process involved the development of hermetic coatings using a HVOF (high velocity oxy-fuel) spray process, specifically a θ-gun spray process. The X-ray diffraction of the powder and the coating is analyzed at first. To get the hermetic coating, numerous process parameters were chosen using design of experiments (DOE). The hermeticity of the coating was tested using a salt spray test. After these tests, a hermetic LSCF coatings was obtained with virtually no interconnecting pores.
Application of Plasma Sprayed Coatings in a Novel Integrated Composite Seal for SOFCs
Authors: Huang X. , Ridgeway K. , Narasimhan S. , Reifsnider K. , Ma X. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Affordable and reliable solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are being widely sought as the next-generation answer to the power needs of many applications throughout the world. Maintaining stable hermetic sealing is critical for SOFC stacks to achieve high efficiency and longevity. The authors have introduced a novel multi-layered composite seal, consisting of thin layers of oxidation resistant alloys, plasma sprayed ceramic, and hermetic filler materials. The seal structure will be directly fabricated onto the surfaces of mating adherends using low-cost manufacturing methods such as atmospheric plasma spray (APS). During stack assembly, sealing can be achieved through a simple heat/pressure-assisted curing process. As an important part of the layered composite seal, a plasma sprayed porous alumina-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) ceramic coating on Fe-Cr based interconnect material has been developed. The ceramic coating was made from low-cost commercially available powders and deposited by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) method. The coating composition and fabrication procedure were optimized for high mechanical robustness, low electric conductivity. Experimental results based on coated “button” samples have demonstrated good bond strength between the plasma-sprayed ceramic layers and interconnect substrates, excellent thermal shock resistance, good electrical insulation properties, and low permeability. Initial testing result of a composite seal formed with a glass filler has shown a low gas leak rate and good thermo-cycling resistance.
Comparison of the Photocatalytic Behavior of TiO2 Coatings Elaborated by Different Thermal Spraying Processes
Authors: Toma F.L. , Sokolov D. , Bertrand G. , Klein D. , Coddet C. , Meunier C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper a comparative study on the microstructure and photocatalytic performances of titanium dioxide coatings elaborated by various thermal spraying methods (plasma spraying in atmospheric conditions, suspension plasma spraying and high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying) was proposed. Agglomerated spray-dried anatase TiO2 powder was used as feedstock material for spraying. Morphology and microstructural characteristics of the coatings were mainly studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The photocatalytic behavior of the TiO2-based surfaces was evaluated from the conversion rate of gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx). It was found that the crystalline structure strongly depended on the technique of thermal spraying deposition. Moreover, a high amount of anatase was suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants. Suspension plasma spraying permitted to retain the original anatase phase and to obtain very reactive TiO2 surfaces for the nitrogen oxides removal.
Thermal Spray Coatings for Tribological Applications in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Barbezat G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
New advanced thermal spray technology allows providing wear resistant coatings on the cylinder surface of aluminum or magnesium engines. The obtained special surface topography after the finishing allows to decrease significantly the coefficient of friction and to decrease the fuel consumption of an amount of 2 to 4%. Engine tests on diesel and gasoline engines have confirmed the value of this technology regarding the aspect of energy saving. This coating technology is introduced since 5 years in Europe by the manufacturing of high power diesel and gasoline engines respectively. The combination of different MMC coating materials allows the development of new specific solutions for each type of engine. Coatings with improved corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance were also developed and are available now. A brief overview on other applications of thermal spraying in the automotive industry will be also given. The MMC coating shows interesting perspectives for its use in diesel engines equipped with EGR systems to reduce the wear of the cylinder bores.
Thermal Spray Joining—Soldering and Filling of Aluminum Substrates under Atmospheric Conditions by a Combined Thermal Spray-Fusing Technique
Authors: Bach Fr.-W. , Möhwald K. , Drößler B. , Kolar D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal spraying for joining and filling of aluminum substrates under atmospheric conditions represents an enrichment in soldering technology. In a respective process, rod-, wire- or cored wire type, zinc-aluminum-based spray materials are applied for joining components or area filling of substrate and fused simultaneously. The advantages, in contrast to soldering, result from the direct application of the spray material, in particular also in constraint positions, and an uncomplex processing, which enables a conditioned inline capability and the use as a comparatively simple procedure for construction-site services or repairs. The aluminum substrate surface and spray material passivation, which would prevent a successful fusing, can be effectively suppressed by the use of a flux in the cored wires as well as straight on the substrates or a brushing activation.
Characterization of YSZ SOFC Electrolyte Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and Low Pressure Plasma Spraying
Authors: Zhang C. , Liao H. , Li W.-Y. , Coddel C. , Li C.-J. , Li C.-X. , Ning X.-J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yttria doped zirconia has been widely employed as electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Plasma spraying is a cost-effective process to deposit YSZ electrolyte. In this study, the 8 mol % Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) layer was deposited by low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with fused-crushed and agglomerated powders to examine the effect of spray method and particle size on the electrical conductivity and gas permeability of YSZ coating. The microstructure of YSZ coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the gas permeability was significantly influenced by powder structure. The gas permeability of YSZ coating deposited by fused-crushed powder is one order lower in magnitude than that by agglomerated powder. Moreover, the gas permeability of YSZ deposited by LPPS is lower than that of APS YSZ. The electrical conductivity of the deposits through thickness direction was measured by potentiostat/galvanostat based on three-electrode assembly approach. The electrical conductivity of YSZ coating deposited by LPPS with fused-crushed powder of small particle size was 0.043 S × cm-1 at 1000°C, which is about 20% higher than that of APS YSZ with the same powder.
Development of Porous Anode Layers for the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell by Plasma Spraying
Authors: Weckmann H. , Syed A. , Ilhan Z. , Arnold J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper focuses on development of the anode layer for SOFCs by plasma spraying. The composite (cermet) anode, developed by thermal spraying, consisted of nickel and YSZ. The effect of different plasma spraying technologies on the micro structural characteristics and the electrochemical behavior of the anode layer were investigated. Coatings were fabricated by spraying nickel-coated graphite or nickel oxide with YSZ using a Triplex II plasma torch under atmospheric conditions as well as a standard F4-torch under atmospheric or soft vacuum conditions. The investigations were directed in order to have an open micro porous structure, higher electrical conductivity and catalytic activity of anode deposits. Porosity was investigated by measuring the gas permeability. SEM and XRD technologies were applied to examine the morphology, microstructure and composition of the layers. Electrical conductivity measurements were carried out to determine ohmic losses within the anode layer. Most promising layers were analyzed by measuring the electrochemical behavior to obtain information about catalytic activity and performance.
A Novel Method for Twin-Wire Arc Metallization of Plastic Surfaces using High- Melting Temperature Materials
Authors: Elmoursi A. , Fuller B. , Patel N. , Van Steenkiste T. , Whitehead D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to metallize plastic surfaces. The approach has the ability to control the electrical resistance of a metallized surface by selecting the appropriate high-melting temperature metal or alloy to be thermally sprayed. Early stages of this study concluded that twin-wire arc thermal spray of high melting temperature metals do not form continuous adhering coatings on plastic surfaces. In addition, kinetic spray deposition of metals such as copper and tin on plastic surfaces also did not provide continuous uniform metallic coatings except on a few selected plastics such as Ryton and Ultem. Rather, the kinetic sprayed particles become embedded and isolated within the plastic substrate surface when using appropriate spray conditions. By combining the kinetic and thermal spray processes we developed a novel approach to metallize plastics. The kinetic spray process is used to prepare the plastic surface with anchoring sites to later accept thermally sprayed high-melting temperature metals or alloys that provide the metallization.
Coating Bores of Light Metal Crankcases
Authors: Bobzin K. , Lugscheider E. , Ernst F. , Zwick J. , Schlaefer T. , Verpoort C. , Schwenk A. , Schreiber F. , Wenz T. , Cook D. , Kowalsky K. , Conti J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crank cases of modern car-engines are made in general of light metal alloys, mostly aluminium alloys. Due to the low hardness of these materials, the use of cylinder liners, in general made of grey cast iron is required. The use of cylinder liners also leads to several disadvantages, such as the increase of the engines weight. The aim of this work in the long term is to replace these cylinder liners with a thermally sprayed nano-structured composite coating, characterised by high hardness. Therefore in this study a coating process employing a plasma transferred wire arc unit and a cored wire are used.
Graded Coatings for Light Gas Gun Flyer Plate Applications
Authors: Hall A.C. , Weyant C.M. , Wise J.L. , Hall C.A. , Jones S.C. , Urrea D.A. , Mccloskey J.F. , Cates J.W. , Roemer T.J. , Mayer A.J. , Beatty D.E. , Hirschfeld D.A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Use of graded coatings is a well-known strategy for creating materials with continuously changing physical properties. The stiffness (modulus of elasticity) and density of flyer plates used in light gas gun testing directly influences the shape of the shock wave produced by the flyer plate. Many strategies exist for creating flyer plates that produce variable shock profiles, including stacked foils and powder compaction. We have investigated graded thermal spray coatings as an alternative method for creating flyer plates that produce variable shock profiles. An initial proof of concept demonstration has been completed by air plasma spraying a graded coating of Cu & Al onto a copper substrate. This composite flyer plate was tested in a light gas gun to demonstrate that a non-linear shock profile can be created. The plasma spray strategies used to create a group of similar graded density impactors are discussed. Initial light gas gun testing shows that graded density impactors can be created using thermal spray coatings.
Effects of Ce and Si Addition to CoNiCrAlY Bond-Coat Material on Oxidation Behavior and Bonding Strength of Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Ogawa K. , Ito K. , Shoji T. , Tezuka H. , Kato H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In thermal barrier coating (TBC) system, thermally grown oxide (TGO) forms at the interface between the top-coat and bond-coat during service. Delamination or spallation at the interface can be occurred by the TGO formation and growth. Therefore, Modifications of the bond-coat materials are one means to inhibit the TGO formation and to improve the bonding strength of TBCs. In this study, morphologies of TGO were controlled by using Ce and Si addition to conventional CoNiCrAlY bond-coat material. As a result, when the TBCs with Ce added bond-coat materials were aged at 1373K for 100 hours, morphologies of TGO were changed drastically. It is expected that the morphologies can improve bonding strength of TBCs. We carried out to evaluate the bonding strength by using four-point bending tests. As a result, TBC coated with Ce added bond-coat materials indicated excellent bonding strength.
Nanostructured Partially Stabilized Zirconia as an Interlayer in a Multi Layered Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: Guru D.N. , Heberlein J.V.R. , Mook W.M. , Gerberich W.W. , Berndt C.C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stresses developed within a thermal barrier coating (TBC) due to the mismatch in thermal expansion of different coating components can cause coating failure. Nanostructured materials have an increased volume fraction of grain boundaries and this microstructural attribute may allow coatings to relieve the strain in the coating structure thereby improving the effectiveness and the lifetime of the TBC. Multi – layered TBCs were prepared using two techniques; atmospheric pressure plasma spray (APS) using a commercial system, and reduced pressure plasma spray using the Triple Torch Plasma Reactor (TTPR). The coatings were deposited on mullite and on NiCrAlY-coated steel substrates, and consisted of an inter – layer of nano-phase partially stabilized zirconia (n – PSZ) and a layer of conventional partially yttria stabilized zirconia coating (c – YSZ) as the top thermal barrier coat. The coatings were heat treated at various temperatures and the microstructural changes analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Mechanical properties of the coating were studied using four point bend testing to better understand the effect of the n-PSZ inter-layer on the strain relief mechanisms that may be operative within the TBC.
Microstructure and Oxidation of MCrAlY Coatings Produced by Various Thermal Spray Processes
Authors: Shibata M. , Kuroda S. , Watanabe M. , Murakami H. , Ode M. , Sakamoto Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To protect various gas turbine components against high temperature in the hot sections of power generation plants and aircraft engines, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been developed and widely used. Conventional TBCs consist of a MCrAlY bond coating for oxidation resistance and a ceramic top coating for thermal insulation. High quality coatings of MCrAlYs have been produced mostly by low pressure plasma spraying but other more economical processes are also used depending on the operating conditions of the component to be coated. In this study, CoNiCrAlY powders were deposited on Inconel 718 substrate with 3 types spraying system, i.e., low pressure plasma spraying, high velocity oxy-fuel spraying, and atmosphere plasma spraying. Specimens were isothermally tested for up to 100 h in air at 1373 K. Mass gain of the coatings was measured. Microstructure of the coating cross sections and the surface oxides were observed with SEM. To identify the crystal structure of the formed oxides, the specimens were analyzed by XRD from the surface.
Factors Affecting the Appearance of Air Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Xie L. , Dorfman M. , Patel A. , Aguilar I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Factors affecting the appearance of 7~8 wt.% yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings were investigated. The coating appearance can be separated into two aspects, darkening and coloring. Coating darkening is related to the retaining of off-stoichiometric zirconium oxide (ZrO2-x) or yttrium oxide (Y2O3-x). These off-stoichiometric oxides are stable at temperatures between 2300 °C and 2700 °C. Rapid cooling of these oxides leads to the retaining of them in the as-sprayed coatings. A heat treatment in air at temperatures higher than 500 °C transforms these off-stoichiometric oxides to stoichiometric oxides and therefore eliminates the coating darkening effect. Coloring of TBCs is attributed to the existence of impurity oxides. Coatings made from the ultra high purity powder, Z204NS, do not exhibit coloring phenomenon before or after heat treatment. As-sprayed coatings made from premium purity (M204NS) or regular purity (A204NS-1) powders exhibit metastable coloring effect. A 1-hour heat treatment at 500 °C can eliminate the metastable colors and turn the coating color back to the color of the starting powder.
Tailoring of YSZ Powders to Meet Fixed Process Windows, Parameters, and Properties for Land-Based Turbine Applications
Authors: Ladru F. , Reymann H. , Mensing M. , Zimmermann S. , Fischer J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a joint development project, TACR GmbH1 and H.C. Starck GmbH2 took an approach to adjust the properties of an agglomerated and sintered YSZ powder to a process setup optimized for a HOSP type powder. Within the OEM approved process parameters, which could be changed within narrow limits only, the particle size distribution of the agglomerated and sintered powder was adjusted to meet process parameters and spray setup. Key parameters for the comparison of coating properties and spray behavior were coating porosity and deposition efficiency (DE).
Microstructure and Properties of Plasma-sprayed Ultrafine Cr2O3 Feedstock Powder and Coating
Authors: Lin F. , Yu Y. , Zeng K. , Ren X. , Song X. , Li Z. , Cui Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chromium oxide coatings are used in gas turbine engines in anti-wear applications. Ultrafine YPSZ and WC/Co feedstock powders have already been widely used to prepare the ultrafine structured YPSZ and WC/Co coatings, which exhibited improved mechanical properties when compared to those of conventional coatings. Ultrafine chromium oxide powders, prepared by the method of solution precipitation, can not be directly used as plasma spray feedstock powder, because of its low mass of individual ultrafine particle and not good flowability. In this paper, spray drying and heat treatment are used to reprocess the ultrafine chromium oxide powder. The chromium oxide coating is prepared by plasma spraying. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to analyze the phase constituents of the feedstock powder and coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to observe the morphology and particle size of ultrafine powder feedstock powder as well as to examine the microstructure of the chromium oxide coating. In addition, loose density and flowability of the feedstock powder and hardness and bond strength of the ultrafine chromium oxide coating are measured. Experimental results show that the large agglomerated ultrafine chromium oxide feedstock powder after being reprocessed are spherical, have good flowability and high loose density, which are suitable for plasma spraying. The wear properties and microstructure of the ultrafine chromium oxide coatings are improved when compared to the ones of the conventional coatings.
Ceramic Metastable Powder through Plasma Spraying
Authors: Cano I.G. , Dosta S. , Miguel J.R. , Guilemany J.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recent research in the field of nanostructured ceramic materials has underscored the importance of using feedstock powders with metastable phases. During material consolidation the metastable structure evolves into a dual structure where the grain growth stops when the crystallites reach their respective equilibrium grain size. The mutual suppression of the grain growth is a direct consequence of the immiscibility of the two phases in the solid state. Due to their small grain size and uniform structure, the nanocomposites exhibiting very interesting properties, are formed. Metastable structures can be produced using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique. The main target of this work has been the synthesis of Al2O3-TiO2 metastable powder through atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and quenching route. The metastable phases have been produced from micron-sized feedstock powders and the effect of different raw powders have also been evaluated. The metastable phases have been characterised by XRD, SEM and FESEM analysis. The availability of producing nanostructured materials through these metastable phases have been studied. The phase and morphology evolution from this metastable phases to nanostructures has been observed.
Development of Zirconia Coatings by HFPD
Authors: Fagoaga I. , Parco M. , Barykin G. , Vaquero C. , de Juan J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Different YSZ powders have been deposited by the high frequency pulse detonation (HFPD) thermal spray process leading to highly dense and hard coatings in comparison to standard APS zirconia layers. During this development, the gun configuration and the process parameters (gas flows, explosion frequency, spray distance and cinematic conditions) have been optimised to get the best deposition performance. In order to explore the potential of the HFPD system to process YSZ base materials, different type of commercial spray powders (agglomerated, fused & crushed, fully or partially stabilized compositions) and size distributions, have been investigated and the resulting coatings characterized. A qualitative comparison of the coating performance at elevated temperatures is presented and discussed. For this purpose, an experimental set-up was designed. Potential applications of these types of zirconia coatings in advanced thermal barrier coating systems, high temperature wear protection or ionic conductors (sensors and fuel cells) are discussed.
Ceramic Coatings Prepared by Plasma Spraying for Semiconductor Production Equipment
Authors: Kato N. , Mizuno H. , Ibe H. , Kitamura J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Application of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings with a high purity of more than 99.9% has been sharply increasing in semiconductor and liquid-crystal-display (LCD) production equipments for dry etching, sputtering and ashing in the last few years. The size of the equipments becomes larger with increasing Si wafer size and the LCD size that promotes the replacement from conventional techniques, such as alumite film and bulk ceramics, to plasma spray coatings, where the high durability against the plasma erosion (anti-plasma erosion resistance) is required. However, as far as we know, no systematic studies on the plasma-erosion properties are reported. In this work, durability of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings against CF4/O2 plasma are investigated by reactive ion etching (RIE) system and are compared to that of the conventional techniques. The erosion mechanism is also discussed through the micro-structural analysis.