bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les marchés dérivés de produits agricoles. Présentation et perspectives de développement dans l'Union européenne
Authors: Cordier Jean 
Published: March 2022

Derivative Contracts for Agricultural Commodities. Presentation and Perspectives of Development within the European Union
The 1992 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, the GATT signature in 1994 and the inpending integration of the Eastern Countries bring decisive signals on public market regulations. The first consequence is a definite comeback of consumer's demand on the whole food chain. The second is the increasing price volatility on a short and long term basis. These volatilities bring financial risks to the chain members from the producers to the commodity users. As a consequence, risk management techniques are under the professional's scrutiny. Eventhough the basic techniques of risk pooling and risk spreading through diversification are well-known in theory, their application at market level raises quite a lot of questions. Furthermore, a considerable innovation in diversified and customerized contracts has brought attention to many professionals and academics for potential use and consequences. The article analyses the potential development of private risk management tools as traded on OTC or centralized commodities markets in Europe. These tools are currently heading a new industry on financial markets. What are the perspectives for agricultural commodity markets ? The first part of the paper is a rapid description and essay on the classification for the derivatives which are expanding rapidly in terms of customerized contracts. Not only have the contracts been more finely designed, they are also expanding in volume. The second part develops the main theoretical problems : market efficiency with respect to information and subject to the micro-structure of the market place ; spot and forward price relationships for innovative contracts ; optimal hedging using a dynamic approach or asymétrie price risk management. The potential of development of derivatives contracts used as risk management techniques is presented in part three.
As a conclusion, the paper indicates that the partial deregulation of European commodity markets brings a real incentive for risk management at each level of the marketing chain, from the producers to the food industry which transform volatile commodity prices into a fixed price for food products as described in a price range. The total amount of risk management demand will divide itself into mutualized techniques and individual portfolio techniques. Therefore, the absolute value of derivative contracts will increase in the coming years a well as its relative market share. The limit of this analysis is the quantitative evaluation of innovative products which depends on their diffusion rate within the industry. This is a long process where the future equilibrium of techniques is difficult to forecast.
Union européenne et pays ACP : la fin des privilèges ?
Authors: Combes Jean-Louis , Daubrée Cécile , Motel-Combes Pascale 
Published: March 2022

European Union and ACP-Countries : are preferential trade agreements to be taken for granted ?
Exports of developing countries may be differently stimulated. First, devel-oping countries' exports may benefit from gradual cuts in custom-duties negociated under the auspices of the GATT. Second, developing countries' exports may be favoured by preferential trade agreements like those granted by the European Union towards the ACPs. The theoretical issues of the effects of preferential trade agreements rely on the Viner's analysis of trade flows creation and diversion. The Viner's analysis is however limited to the welfare costs and benefits of the donor. Moreover, those kinds of cost-benefit analyses are by definition static. In this article, we propose a theoretical and econometrical analysis of the Yaounde and Lomé conventions effects on the ACPs' manufactured exports. From a theoretical point of view, the exports of tnanufactured goods depend on the income of import buyers, on sectorial capacity and competitiveness indicators. The two latter variables are either unobservable or unavailable on a panel of developing countries. We substitute the sectorial capacity indicator by a domestic income indicator, making further additional econometric assumptions that allow us to estimate a log linear function of the export rates of ACP's. We secondly substitute the sectorial by a global competitiveness indicator : the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). The use of the latter is only allowed if we control for labor and human capital endowments. The finally estimated export rate estimated function depends – positively on the income of OECD countries, human capital endowments and – negatively on the REER and the labor force. Preferential trade agreements are taken into account by binary dummies denoting ACP membership. We check separately the effects of the Conventions on the manufactured goods exports of ACPs to the European countries and to the world. Explanatory variables have the predicted effect. ACP-countries do perform better than other developing countries when they export to European countries. But the latter positive effect is more prevalent under the early conventions. Moreover, ACP-countries do not perform significantly better than other developing countries when they export towards European and non-European countries. We notice however that the Yaoundé convention granting reciprocal trade advantages has solely favoured the ACPs' exports. Some pieces of explanation are proposed. Trade agreements may have postponed economic reforms in ACP-countries, that appeared to be necessary in the face of emerging exporting countries in the South-Asia and South America. Trade agreements appear to have allowed for the durability of distorsions. In last ive diagnose more for a trade flows diversion instead of a stimulation that may question the relevance of trade agreements.
Innovation et qualité du facteur travail
Authors: Huiban Jean-Pierre , Bouhsina Zouhaïr 
Published: March 2022

Innovation and quality of labour input.
The aim of our paper is to analyse the determinants of the innovation propensity of the firm. Among the numerous works devoted to this subject, the interest of our research is, firstly, to use a direct measurement of innovation, instead of the usual proxies, as R&D expenditures and patents statistics, secondly, to emphasize the role of labour factor quality as a major determinant of innovation. We first build a definition of labour factor quality, based on a double dimension : individual skill level and functional distribution of jobs inside the firm. At the end we consider that each job category can be involved into the innovation process, at the different steps of it : conception, decision, implementation. This approach differs from the Schumpeterian one, devoted to the single entrepreneur influence.
Our logit model takes into account four explanatory dimensions : the quality of labour factor employed inside the firm, the usual firm variables as size, capital intensity ..., the sectoral market structures and, at the end, the quality of labor factor employed inside the firm sector, as a proxy for the inter-firm diffusion of innovation.
We use some individual firms data, including a direct and binary measurement of the innovation event, that distinguished between several types : radical vs incremental and product vs process vs organizational innovation. The French food industry with its 500000 employees and 42 sectors constitutes our empirical field.
The results emphasize the influence of the usual firm structural variables. Firm size, particularly, is very clearly positively related to the innovation propensity. By the same time, some more original facts appear, as the influence of firm status : after controlling the sectoral influence, cooperative firms seem to innovate less than private ones.
Labour factor quality plays a very significant role, but which deeply differs in regard to the kind of innovation. Some well-known results are obtained as the positive influence of the formally high-skilled job categories as R&D employees or engineers. But this influence remains the most important only in the specific case of radical innovation. By considering the incremental form of innovation, and particularly the incremental process innovation, it sounds quite surprising to point out the technicians intermediate category as the crucial one. By the same time, another surprising result is that neither managers category nor skilled workers one appear to influence the innovation propensity of the firm.
Analyse de l'évolution d'un paramètre dans les enquêtes répétées
Authors: Bertail Patrice , Combris Pierre 
Published: March 2022

Dynamic Analysis in Repeated Survey Sampling.
This article presents a survey on the analysis and estimation of the dynamics of a parameter in repeated survey sampling, in particular in panels (with rotation or not). We first present the classical and model based approaches. We compute the exact form of the Horvitz-Thompson estimators for a two-period comparison in the classical approach and give the main tools for a model based analysis of the dynamic of a parameter of interest (in our case the consumption mean). We show that state-space models are perfectly adapted to take into account the dynamic of the sampling scheme and the proper dynamic of the parameters of interest. We illustrate this approach on the Secodip consumption rotating panel and study more particularly the consumption of oil. In particular we emphasize some tests to detect transient and permanent changes.
Use of income, and financial behaviour in agricultural firms. An empirical analysis
Authors: Rasmussen Svend 
Published: March 2022

L'auteur analyse ici le comportement financier des agriculteurs danois au cours des années 1980-1993. L'objectif principal a été d'analyser de façon empirique l'influence des modifications des revenus et des réserves de crédit sur les décisions financières des agriculteurs. Certaines hypothèses reposent sur l'œuvre théorique de Barry, Baker et Sanint. Elles se concentrent sur la réaction financière de l'agriculteur quand la totalité des crédits disponibles baisse ou quand les revenus sont modifiés. L'auteur a notamment testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle les agriculteurs très endettés ont un comportement financier différent de celui des agriculteurs qui le sont peu.
Un modèle économique basé sur les comptes de l'exploitation (panel data) a été évalué. Le modèle est un système de huit équations individuelles qui décrivent la consommation privée et l'investissement en différents types d'actifs en fonction du revenu courant de l'année précédente, des modifications dans le capital propre, ainsi que du temps.
Les résultats montrent que la consommation privée, le remboursement de prêts, ainsi que les investissements en actifs financiers et biens immobiliers changent comme prévu selon les modifications apportées au capital propre et au revenu. Ainsi le comportement financier observé est en concordance avec le comportement attendu selon le modèle de Barry, Baker, Sanint (1981). Toutefois, les résultats obtenus ne confirment pas l'hypothèse énoncée ci-dessus. Les résultats montrent aussi que la tendance marginale à consommer le revenu courant (consommation privée) est très basse dans l'agriculture danoise. Quand le revenu courant augmente, seulement 6 à 8 % sont utilisés pour la consommation privée au cours des deux premières années et environ 1 5 % pour les investissements en machines. La plus grande partie de l'augmentation du revenu (à court terme) s'accumule en comptes bancaires. En conclusion, de nouvelles recherches empiriques sur le comportement financier, insistant sur les réactions dynamiques, seraient souhaitables.
Meat consumers' long-term response to perceived risks associated with BSE in Great Britain
Authors: Burton Michaël P. , Young Trevor , Cromb Roy 
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical evidence of the scale of the long-term impact of BSE on meat consumption in Great-Britain. The first two studies reviewed specified a dynamic demand system for 4 meats, using quarterly National Food Survey data for the period 1961 : Q1 to 1995 : Q4-The results suggest that as a consequence of BSE some portion of the beef market has been irretrievably lost and that this finding is robust.
The second body of empirical work reviewed here was undertaken on behalf of the Meat and Livestock Commission (MMD, 1991). Using four-weekly data from Audits of Great Britain, for the period January 1988 to March 1991 , the analysis gives broadly comparable short-run shifts in the meat expenditure shares due to BSE, and indicates that there has been a long-run loss in the market, but the effect is not as great as would have been implied by the earlier models.
Les déterminants de la consommation individuelle de vin en France
Authors: Ayouz Mourad , Cibenel Christian , Laporte Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2022

The determinants of individual consumption of wine in France.
The objective of this article is to study the factors influencing indiduals' consumption of wine in France using cross section data gathered by ONIVINS and INRA for 2000. We first estimate the probatilities of drinking wine and its frequency (number of times per week) using binary and ordered probit models, respectively. The ordered probit model has however some weaknesses. It does not allow to have estimated parameters to take different values to explain the desision to consume wine and the frequencies. If we only want to explain the frequencies of drinking wine, the estimation of a simple ordered probit based on only those who have decided to drink wine (i.e. those with a positive frequency) produces a selection bias. To overcome this problem, we specify both the probability to drink wine and the probatility to have a given frequency of drinking wine in a common model framework. Such a model framework is called a bivariate ordered probit model because it incorporates two qualitative dependent variables and one of them is ordered. This model enables us to disentangle between the factors that indluence the decision to drink wine from those affecting the frequencies without any selection bias. It also has the advantage of being able to test whether the decision to drink wine and the number of times are correlated or not.
Estimating this model with French date, we are able to show that the two decisions — drinking wine or not and then how many times per week — are statistically independent. In short, we conclude that the decision process to drink wine is sequential. Variables like age, gender, area of residence, numbers of individuals in the household, number of good meals taken at home, influence both the decision to drink wine and the frequencies. The social status of the household, individuals' family status, individuals' beliefs and individuals' attitudes towards wine (measured by the parents' habits to drink wine and their attitudes regarding their children's alcohol consumption) have an impact only on the decision to drink wine. The individuals' frequencies to consume wine outside home (number of times attending bars etc...), family's habits (presence of alcoholic beverages in the household during their childhood) influence only the frequency per week to drink wine
Member states positions and voting coalitions on the Agenda 2000 CAP Reform
Authors: Katranidis Stelios , Vakrou Alexandra 
Published: March 2022

Positions et alliances des états-membres sur la réforme de la PAC de l'Agenda 2000

Dans le contexte de l'Agenda 2000, des réformes ont été apportées aux politiques de l'Union, notamment à la PAC. Les positions des états-membres à l'égard des propositions de la Commission ont été formalisées et débattues lors d'un processus de négociation qui aboutit, en 1999, à l'Accord de Berlin.
Cette étude, qui s'inscrit dans la démarche de la nouvelle économie politique, explore la formation de coalitions transnationales regroupant des états-membres aux positions similaires.
Utilisant une méthode de classification hiérarchique, elle s'efforce d'identifier l'émergence de ces groupes et le rôle qu'ils ont joué dans la conclusion d'un accord, en constituant soit des majorités soit des minorités de blocage.
L'analyse montre que les groupes constitués sont relativement dispersés dans le cas des céréales, mais davantage structurés dans le domaine des propositions de réforme relatives à la viande bovine et au lait.
Sur les propositions faisant référence aux mesures horizontales, le regroupement des pays présente une spécificité géographique. L'Allemagne semble être la plus isolée, tandis que le Royaume-Uni, les Pays-Bas, la Suède et le Danemark constituent un groupe homogène partageant des positions communes. L'Europe du Sud ne constitue pas un groupe homogène : la Grèce rejoint les positions de l'Irlande, la France et l'Italie ont des positions contradictoires.
Concernant la possibilité d'apparition d'une minorité de blocage, la plus forte probabilité se situe dans les propositions de réforme du secteur lait, et ensuite dans celles portant sur les céréales. Pour les réformes relatives à la viande bovine et les propositions de type horizontal, l'apparition d'une minorité de blocage est plus incertaine. Cette étude compare dans une deuxième phase les résultats fournis par l'analyse avec les résultats réels issus de l'Accord de Berlin, et propose des conclusions sur l'applicabilité de la méthode à des cas semblables.
Le rôle controversé de la fiscalité forestière dans la gestion des forêts tropicales. L'état du débat et les perspectives en Afrique centrale
Authors: Karsenty Alain 
Published: March 2022

The controversial role of forest taxation regimes on tropical forests management practices. Issues and perspectives in Central Africa

The effects of forest taxation regimes on logging and management practices in moist tropical forests have been assessed in opposite ways. In the meantime, donors are asking developing countries to reform their existing forest taxation regimes to improve the overall forest sector management.
The debate stands on two different aspects : the level and the distribution of the forest economic rent on one hand, and the balance between the upstream and the downstream part of the wood commodity chain on the other hand. In Central Africa, the amplitude of the forest rent has fluctuated during the last 30 years. If the influence of high rent levels on management practices is uncertain, one can say however that its lamination due to the low level of timber prices on the international markets led to an expansion of bad management practices. The recovery since the mid-1990' s and the new regulation constraints have led a handful of forest operators to invest in management plan preparation. But the institutional instability and the endemic corruption in several countries within the sub-region are also key factors for the decision process toward the choice of management practices.
What is at stake is may be less the absolute level of taxes and royalties than the choice of optimal taxes combinations, coupled with new regime of access to the forest resources. In that view, forest control, taxes, and other foreseeable economic instruments - as transferable log exports quotas - are acting as a system. As the main forest companies in Central Africa are vertically integrated, analysis should take into consideration the industrial wood processing and its associated innovation potential, which leads to a differentiation between the economic rent level amongst companies. On that basis, the taxation regime, backed by regulations enforcement, can contribute to stir up the selection process leading to increase the general level of efficiency within the forest sector.
La vente en primeur, un substitut au crédit bancaire
Authors: Hadj Ali Héla 
Published: March 2022

This article focuses on the role of “ en primeur” market in financing wine producers facing liquidity problems. “ En primeur” market is a kind of wine forward market specific to the Bordeaux region. It occurs every spring after the grape harvest while the wine is still in barrel. Wine is bottled and delivered one to two years later. A producer’s loan repayment capacity depends on the wine future value i. e. the price of the wine when it is bottled. The existence of an information asymmetry between the banks and the producer about the quality of the wine creates a credit rationing problem in the spirit of Stiglitz and Weiss (1984). To address this issue we propose an adverse selection model whereby a producer needs to raise funds to finance a project. He can apply for a bank loan and/ or sell “ primeur”
wine to a trader. The purchase of “ primeur” wine by a trader can also act as a certification mechanism for the future value of the wine. Our analysis shows that when trader’s information is completely revealed, the credit rationing problem is solved. However, because of the nature of the traded good, certification is not robust to collusion between the trader and the producer. Finally, we show that “ en primeur” sales are only used for financing needs after grape harvest.
Les exploitations agricoles polonaises à la veille de l’élargissement : efficacité des facteurs de production et structure financière
Authors: Latruffe Laure 
Published: March 2022

Polish farms on the eve of accession : production factors efficiency and financial structure
Among the Central and Eastern European Countries that entered the European Union (EU) in May 2004, Poland has the biggest farming sector. The aim of the paper is to investigate the economic structure of individual Polish farms and to estimate their technical efficiency with the Data Envelopment Analysis method, using the most recent data. The objective is also to identify the main determinants of this efficiency. The major contribution of the study is to include financial indicators as potential determinants, using a two-stage regression model to account for potential endogeneity with the technical efficiency score. Results suggest that Polish farms specialised in livestock production are the most efficient. Moreover, besides the farms’ small size and low degree of market integration, the main constraints to efficiency deal with capital, which is obsolete, and labour, which is for the most part unskilled. Numerous lessons can be drawn from such a study that can help EU authorities targeting and assessing common policies in Poland in terms of improvement of farms technical efficiency.
Public participation in environmental decision-making: A case study of ecosystem restoration in South Florida
Authors: Ogden Laura 
Published: March 2022

Implication des citoyens dans les décisions publiques en matière de préservation de l’environnement : une étude de cas sur la restauration d’un écosystème dans le sud de la Floride
L’approche en termes «d’écosystème » (entendue ici comme la variété des échelles spatiales et temporelles dans le cadre desquelles s’organisent les interrelations entre les habitats et les organismes) constitue le modèle conceptuel retenu pour guider les projets de restauration dans des Everglades, région marécageuse située au sud de la Floride. Estimée à 14,8 milliards de dollars, la restauration de ce milieu particulier représente l’un des projets environnementaux les plus importants et les plus onéreux jamais entrepris. L’article commence par une présentation des changements déjà intervenus et des interventions de restauration des milieux qui en ont découlé. Le cadre conceptuel guidant la gestion de l’écosytème est ensuite exposé ; l’auteur insiste sur son évolution et son institutionalisation à travers un ensemble de pratiques liées à la gestion et à la planification des opérations. L’article se termine par une analyse sur la façon dont la notion de «public » est conceptualisée dans le cadre d’une gestion institutionalisée de l’écosystème et par les prolongements de cette conceptualisation en ce qui concerne les décisions publiques en faveur de la restauration des Everglades.