bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF PERSONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT HP(0.07) USING CASO4:DY TEFLON DISC-BASED EXTREMITY DOSEMETER
Authors: Bhattacharya Madhumita , Samuel Kasthuri , Patil Sandeep , Yadav Rohit , Bakshi A K , Singh Sunil K , Sapra B K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The radiation workers in India use extremity dosemeter in occupational areas where there is likelihood of receiving significant dose to extremities of the body. Algorithm used for the estimation of whole body dose and extremity dose of wrist are same and is based on slab phantom calibration. However, internationally, different phantoms are recommended for calibration of dosemeter used for extremity and whole body. The recommended quantity for estimation of dose to extremity is the personal dose equivalent Hp(0.07) at 0.07 mm depth. In light of this, an algorithm was developed for estimation of wrist dose in terms of Hp(0.07) based on calibration performed on ISO recommended pillar phantom. Performance of the dosemeter for the estimation of Hp(0.07) with new algorithm was carried out at different angular exposures of photon beams and mixed field of photon and beta. Comparison of results obtained for two types of ISO phantoms (slab and pillar) is also performed for photon beams to highlight the uncertainty caused due to the use of the slab phantom. In case of beta radiation, it was found that the size and shape of the phantom has very little influence in the response of the dosemeter. Performance of the dosemeter using ISO slab and ISO pillar phantoms for beta radiation using the prevalent algorithm was carried out and found to be within the uncertainty limits laid down by ISO except at angle 60°.
Disentangling the Relationships Between the Clinical Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Theory of Mind: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Thibaudeau Elisabeth , Rae Jesse , Raucher-Chéné Delphine , Bougeard Alan , Lepage Martin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground and HypothesisPrevious studies have suggested links between clinical symptoms and theory of mind (ToM) impairments in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), but it remains unclear whether some symptoms are more strongly linked to ToM than others.Study DesignA meta-analysis (Prospero; CRD42021259723) was conducted to quantify and compare the strength of the associations between ToM and the clinical symptoms of SSD (Positive, Negative, Cognitive/Disorganization, Depression/Anxiety, Excitability/Hostility). Studies (N = 130, 137 samples) including people with SSD and reporting a correlation between clinical symptoms and ToM were retrieved from Pubmed, PsycNet, Embase, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Proquest, WorldCat, and Open Gray. Correlations for each dimension and each symptom were entered into a random-effect model using a Fisher’s r-to-z transformation and were compared using focused-tests. Publication bias was assessed with the Rosenthal failsafe and by inspecting the funnel plot and the standardized residual histogram.Study ResultsThe Cognitive/Disorganization (Zr = 0.28) and Negative (Zr = 0.24) dimensions revealed a small to moderate association with ToM, which was significantly stronger than the other dimensions. Within the Cognitive/Disorganization dimension, Difficulty in abstract thinking (Zr = 0.36) and Conceptual disorganization (Zr = 0.39) showed the strongest associations with ToM. The association with the Positive dimension (Zr = 0.16) was small and significantly stronger than the relationship with Depression/Anxiety (Zr = 0.09). Stronger associations were observed between ToM and clinical symptoms in younger patients, those with an earlier age at onset of illness and for tasks assessing a combination of different mental states.ConclusionsThe relationships between Cognitive/Disorganization, Negative symptoms, and ToM should be considered in treating individuals with SSD.
The Promise and Limitations of Information Technology for Tax Mobilization
Authors: Okunogbe Oyebola , Santoro Fabrizio 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tax revenue in many low- and middle-income countries is inadequate for funding investments in public goods and human capital. With high levels of informality and limited state capacity, many tax authorities have difficulty determining the true tax base and collecting taxes efficiently and equitably. Tax authorities are increasingly adopting new technologies to improve administrative processes, reduce taxpayer compliance costs, and enhance their overall effectiveness. This paper reviews the recent literature on the use of technology for tax administration. It highlights the potential of technology to improve tax collection by helping to identify the tax base, monitor compliance, and facilitate compliance. It also identifies possible limitations to the use of technology arising from inadequate infrastructure and connectivity, lack of adoption or resistance by taxpayers and tax collectors, lack of institutional mainstreaming, and an unsupportive regulatory environment.
Ozone Therapy in the Comprehensive Treatment of Leg Ulcers: Case Report
Authors: Pasek Jarosław , Stanek Agata , Szyluk Karol , Cieślar Grzegorz 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Treatment with ozone therapy is of interest in many fields of medicine. In the field of angiology, ozone is used to treat infected wounds that are difficult to heal. In this case report, the authors report the introduction of innovative therapeutic equipment into clinical practice to accelerate the healing process of clinical wounds by the external application of ozone in various forms. They present positive results of the comprehensive treatment of a 52-year-old woman with an ulcer on her right lower leg, which formed after a previous orthopedic surgery. In addition to pharmacotherapy and compression therapy, local ozone therapy was applied. After 30 ozone therapy procedures, the ulcer healed completely, and the patient’s pain was significantly alleviated, as assessed by a visual analog scale (9.0 points before therapy vs 0.5 point after therapy). As a result, the patient’s quality of life improved, as assessed by the EuroQol scale (10 points before therapy vs 90 points after therapy).
The use of local ozone therapy can be an appropriate complement in the comprehensive treatment of chronic wounds. In the presented case, ozone therapy helped complete healing of the ulcer and significantly reduced the intensity of pain experienced, thus improving the patient’s quality of life.
Does Sacrococcygeal Skeletal Morphology and Morphometry Influence Pressure Injury Formation in Adults?
Authors: Delmore Barbara , Sprigle Stephen , Samim Mohammad , Alfonso Allyson R. , Lin Lawrence , Chiu Ernest 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

GENERAL PURPOSE
To present a study that investigated sacrococcygeal skeletal structure as a possible nonmodifiable intrinsic risk factor for pressure injury and identify possible issues caused by its morphology.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Recognize the background information the authors considered when planning and conducting their study of sacrococcygeal skeletal structure as a possible pressure injury risk factor.
2. Identify the characteristics of the two groups of study participants.
3. Choose the results of the study clinicians may consider when implementing evidence-based practice.

Objective
To determine if sacrococcygeal skeletal morphology and morphometry characteristics were possible pressure injury (PI) intrinsic risk factors; determine the exact location of these PIs; and generate hypotheses and determine methodological considerations required for future larger studies.

Methods
This case-control pilot study compared 30 patients who had an MRI scan—15 patients had a PI and 15 patients did not. Key sacrococcygeal morphology and morphometry parameters were assessed.

Results
On average, patients with PIs had less of a lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal angle and a greater sacral curvature and intercoccygeal angle than did patients without a PI. Patients with PIs had more variable coccyx types. Tissue and bone destruction precluded several measurements in some patients. The most common area of destruction was located distally.

Conclusion
Sacrococcygeal measurements differed in patients with PIs, and PIs were predominately located distally. Authors recommend replicating this study on a larger scale because certain key attributes warrant further investigation to determine their influence on sacrococcygeal PIs. Sacrococcygeal morphology and morphometry parameters have not been previously studied as possible intrinsic risk factors for PIs; yet, this is the most common location for their occurrence. Knowledge regarding possible injury mechanisms due to the forces from overlying skeletal structures with respective tissue loading over the sacrococcygeal area has the potential to inform practice; preventive strategies; and equipment, products, and technology developed.
A Polio Epidemic Is Averted
Authors: Todd Betsy 
Published: October 2022

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.
In August 1961, the incidence of polio was rising in and around Syracuse, New York, and oral polio vaccine had just been made available. In this article from AJN's May 1962 issue, Syracuse Department of Health director of nursing Alyce Rooney details the rapid planning that resulted in the administration of more than 400,000 polio vaccines over a period of just three days.
In an incredible effort over less than two weeks, vaccine was obtained and repackaged, vaccination sites were secured, staff assignments were made, and the vaccines were given. After a high of 46 Syracuse-area polio cases in August, the number dropped to 18 in September and none in October.
More than 50 years later, vaccine hesitancy has become a roadblock to today's vaccination campaigns. In this issue, research by Roberts and colleagues provides an understanding of vaccine hesitancy among nurses, which may inform the development of policies, campaigns, and interventions aimed at increasing nurse vaccination rates.—Betsy Todd, MPH, RN
Serial Measurements of Protein Biomarkers in Sepsis-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Yang Philip , Iffrig Elizabeth , Harris Frank , Holder Andre L. , Martin Greg S. , Esper Annette M. 
Published: October 2022

IMPORTANCE:
The role of early, serial measurements of protein biomarkers in sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not clear.

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the differences in soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGEs), angiopoietin-2, and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) levels and their changes over time between sepsis patients with and without ARDS.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
Prospective observational cohort study of adult patients admitted to the medical ICU at Grady Memorial Hospital within 72 hours of sepsis diagnosis.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Plasma sRAGE, angiopoietin-2, and SP-D levels were measured for 3 consecutive days after enrollment. The primary outcome was ARDS development, and the secondary outcome of 28-day mortality. The biomarker levels and their changes over time were compared between ARDS and non-ARDS patients and between nonsurvivors and survivors.

RESULTS:
We enrolled 111 patients, and 21 patients (18.9%) developed ARDS. The three biomarker levels were not significantly different between ARDS and non-ARDS patients on all 3 days of measurement. Nonsurvivors had higher levels of all three biomarkers than did survivors on multiple days. The changes of the biomarker levels over time were not different between the outcome groups. Logistic regression analyses showed association between day 1 SP-D level and mortality (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.03–2.24; p = 0.03), and generalized estimating equation analyses showed association between angiopoietin-2 levels and mortality (estimate 0.0002; se 0.0001; p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Among critically ill patients with sepsis, sRAGE, angiopoietin-2, and SP-D levels were not significantly different between ARDS and non-ARDS patients but were higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. The trend toward higher levels of sRAGE and SP-D, but not of angiopoietin-2, in ARDS patients may indicate the importance of epithelial injury in sepsis-induced ARDS. Changes of the biomarker levels over time were not different between the outcome groups.
Qualitative Determination of Bioactive Metabolites of Chyawanprash by Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Rajesh Babu K , Saleem T S M , Thiruvengada Rajan V S , Madhu M , Chand Basha S , Narasimhulu U 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChyawanprash is a rich source of all the major bioactive metabolites because of its authentic and natural composition and widely used due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, the precise flow of analytical methods was employed for the identification and characterization of unknown secondary metabolites in Chyawanprash. The phytochemical components of the whole formulation were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol by maceration which shows the presence of all the major secondary metabolite components through preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening. The GC-MS analysis of different extracts of Chyawanprash was investigated using Clarus 680 GC (Perkin-Elmer (U. S. A) 30 m X 0.25 mm ID X 250 μm DF) which revealed the presence of total 15 unknown secondary metabolites. Finally, the results showed that the study forms the basis for the phytochemical characterization of Chyawanprash extracts, the isolation of responsible bio-active metabolites and their biological activity is necessary for future studies.
An Investigation of the Effects of Nitrate vs. Ammonium on Plants Using Metabolic Modeling
Authors: Lai Iris , Maurice Cheung C. Y. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs metabolism is a very complex process, it is essential to use computational modeling to better understand the changes in metabolism at a systems level. In this paper, we used a computational model that simulates the metabolism of mature plants to test how the use of nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen sources affects plant metabolism. Our model predicted and showed the possible changes in metabolism in different plant tissues in response to the use of different nitrogen sources. Our methodology produces predictions of metabolic fluxes in plants and improves our understanding of how plants react to changes in conditions. This research can potentially give insights into how we can improve crop yield by identifying metabolic processes that are important in plant growth and in the adaptation to different nitrogen sources. In future research work, we can apply the existing model to explore the effects of different nutrient availability under different conditions (e.g. well-watered vs drought) to optimize nutrient availability under particular environmental conditions. Experimental researchers, plant breeders, and farmers can use the knowledge gained from the modeling work to further our understanding of plant metabolism and apply the knowledge to improve plant growth in the lab and the field.
Emergence of linkage between cooperative RNA replicators encoding replication and metabolic enzymes thorough experimental evolution
Authors: Ueda Kensuke , Mizuuchi Ryo , Ichihashi Norikazu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe integration of individually replicating genes into a primitive chromosome is a key evolutionary transition in the development of life, allowing the simultaneous inheritance of genes. However, how this transition occurred is unclear because of the extended size of primitive chromosomes, which replicate slower than unlinked genes. Theoretical studies have suggested that a primitive chromosome can evolve in the presence of cell-like compartments, as the physical linkage prevents the stochastic loss of essential genes upon division, but experimental support for this is lacking. Here, we demonstrate the evolution of a chromosome-like RNA from two cooperative RNA replicators encoding replication and metabolic enzymes. Through their long-term replication in cell-like compartments, linked RNAs emerged with the two cooperative RNAs connected end-to-end. The linked RNAs had different mutation patterns than the two unlinked RNAs, suggesting that they were maintained as partially distinct lineages in the population. Our results provide experimental evidence supporting the plausibility of the evolution of a primitive chromosome from unlinked gene fragments, an important step in the emergence of complex biological systems.Author SummaryThe integration of genes into a chromosome is a fundamental genetic organization in all extant life. The assembly of unlinked genes during prebiotic evolution was likely a major evolutionary transition toward the development of a complex cell. Decades of theoretical studies have suggested a plausible evolutionary pathway to a primitive chromosome from replicating RNA molecules that harbor cooperative genes within a protocell structure. However, demonstrating the evolution of a primitive chromosome in an experimental setup is challenging. We previously developed a cooperative RNA replication system in which two types of RNAs co-replicate using their self-encoded replication and metabolic enzymes. Using this system, in the present study, we demonstrate the evolution of a linkage between the two cooperative RNA replicators in compartments. An evolved “linked” RNA harbored the entire region of both genes, accumulated distinct mutations, and retained the ability to replicate using the two proteins translated from itself. These experimental findings support a prebiotic evolutionary scenario, in which unlinked genes assembled into a single genomic structure.
Full-length merozoite surface protein 1 ofPlasmodium falciparumis a major target of protective immunity following controlled human malaria infections
Authors: Rosenkranz Micha , Nkumama Irene N. , Kraker Sara , Blickling Marie , Mwai Kennedy , Odera Dennis , Tuju James , Fürle Kristin , Frank Roland , Chepsat Emily , Kapulu Melissa C. ,   CHMI-SIKA study team, Osier Faith H. A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) is the most abundant protein on the surface of the invasive merozoite stages ofPlasmodium falciparumand has long been considered a key target of protective immunity. However, previous studies focused on small C-terminal fragments and potentially missed the opportunity to identify important epitopes that are relevant for protection. We used samples from a controlled human malaria challenge (CHMI) study in semi-immune volunteers to show that levels of pre-challenge antibodies directed against the full-length MSP1 (MSP1FL) are significantly correlated with protection from malaria. Furthermore, we showed that anti-MSP1FLantibodies induced five distinct Fc-mediated effector mechanisms: complement fixation, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, degranulation and IFNγ production, each of which was strongly associated with protection. The breadth of Fc-mediated effector functions was the strongest correlate of protection. Our findings suggest that MSP1FLis an important target of functional antibodies that contribute to a protective immune response against malaria and support the development of MSP1FL-based vaccines.
Bioacoustic Event Detection with Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning
Authors: Bermant Peter C. , Brickson Leandra , Titus Alexander J. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTWhile deep learning has revolutionized ecological data analysis, existing strategies often rely on supervised learning, which is subject to limitations on real-world applicability. In this paper, we apply self-supervised deep learning methods to bioacoustic data to enable unsupervised detection of bioacoustic event boundaries. We propose a convolutional deep neural network that operates on the raw waveform directly and is trained in accordance with the Noise Contrastive Estimation principle, which enables the system to detect spectral changes in the input acoustic stream. The model learns a representation of the input audio sampled at low frequency that encodes information regarding dissimilarity between sequential acoustic windows. During inference, we use a peak finding algorithm to search for regions of high dissimilarity in order to identify temporal boundaries of bioacoustic events. We report results using these techniques to detect sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) coda clicks in real-world recordings, and we demonstrate the viability of analyzing the vocalizations of other species (e.g. Bengalese finch syllable segmentation) in addition to other data modalities (e.g. animal behavioral dynamics, embryo development and tracking). We find that the self-supervised deep representation learning-based technique outperforms established threshold-based baseline methods without requiring manual annotation of acoustic datasets. Quantitatively, our approach yields a maximal R-value and F1-score of 0.887 and 0.876, respectively, and an area under the Precision-Recall curve (PR-AUC) of 0.917, while a baseline threshold detector acting on signal energy amplitude returns a maximal R-value and F1-score of 0.620 and 0.576, respectively, and a PR-AUC of 0.571. We also compare with a threshold detector using preprocessed (e.g. denoised) acoustic input. The findings of this paper establish the validity of unsupervised bioacoustic event detection using deep neural networks and self-supervised contrastive learning as an effective alternative to conventional techniques that leverage supervised methods for signal presence indication. Providing a means for highly accurate unsupervised detection, this paper serves as an important step towards developing a fully automated system for real-time acoustic monitoring of bioacoustic signals in real-world acoustic data. All code and data used in this study are available online.