bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pressure-jet helicopter propulsion system
Authors: Nichols J. B. 
Published: July 2022

The helicopter rotor probably represents one of the most difficult of all power-transmission problems in the fact that high power is required at relatively low rotational speeds. High power at low speed defines high torque, and high torque in a mechanical transmission requires large, heavy gears. In addition, since every action has an equal and opposite reaction, the shaft torques must be reacted, and this requires a tail rotor system for the shaft helicopter.A jet-propulsion system offers certain distinct advantages in comparison with a shaft-drive system for powering a helicopter rotor. It delivers a driving torque to the rotor in the form of a tangential force at the tip of the rotor rather than by twisting a shaft at the centre of the rotor.
Predicting Design Costs
Authors: Leech D.J. , Earthrowl D. L. 
Published: July 2022

An investigation of design procedures in high technology engineering organisations is being undertaken by the Divi-sion of Industrial Systems Engineering at University College of Swansea. To ensure comparable levels of en-gineering sophistication the study has been confined mainly to the aircraft component industry.Initial work in this study has revealed some interesting facts about the prediction of design and development costs. Detailed information about design and development expenditures, estimated and actual, has been collected from one company and less precise data indicating similar trends has been gathered from three other companies.
Concorde navigation system
Authors: Hill H. 
Published: July 2022

Nothing in the Concorde could be more conventional in this day and age than its navigational equipment installation. Triple inertial systems, dual VOR/DME, dual ILS and even dual ADF are fitted to the basic aircraft. About the only thing we do not have is a navigator.This is really where the story starts, about 12 years or more ago, with a three man crew which did not include a navigator. His absence was only loosely related to being supersonic. Admittedly, the flight deck of any faster aircraft is very likely to get cramped, particularly in its width, and space for crew members costs money but it is economic pressures which apply to all aircraft which have gradually displaced the specialist crew member. The skill of the equipment designer has made this possible by providing simple controls capable of being operated by the pilot without distracting him from his main task. The specialist radio operator has gone and we are how entering an era in which the navigator will also disappear.
Pressure airships: a review
Authors: Hecks Karl 
Published: July 2022

Given the situation that there is at present something of a resurgence of interest in airships as practical vehicles, and that most people in aeronautics today are not very familiar with lighter-than-air flight, particularly in its technical aspects, it seems worth setting down a brief survey of the special characteristics of airships, as a contribution to the general understanding.The present article was written with this aim in mind. It refers mainly to non-rigid or pressure airships, reflecting the fact that in most applications these appear to be simpler and cheaper than rigid airships, even for very high volume. However, much of the text applies equally well to rigid ships, and it must be accepted that adopting the “rigid” approach can give a useful extra measure of design flexibility (e.g. for internal cargo stowage).
SI Units applied to aircraft performance calculations
Authors: Wingham P. J. 
Published: July 2022

The advent of SI units makes it necessary to revise many standard constants and numerical values which are familiar to a generation of aeronautical engineers whose education and practical experience have been solely with the British system of units.Most affected by these changes are not so much those who spend all their time carrying out (computer-aided) calculations, but those who direct such work and whose personal calculations are limited to the backs of envelopes. The task, for the latter, of assessing and communicating data presented in unfamiliar units is very daunting, and the possibility, for them, of ever being able to think in the new units may seem remote.
Engine Development in an Operators' Market
Authors: Edwards J. L. 
Published: July 2022

The modern aero engine is one of the most sophisticated machines currently produced by man. Its design, manufacture and repair necessitate the use of the latest knowledge and techniques, and development in one form or another continues throughout its service life.Despite this high technical content, the fundamental requirement of the industry is to run on a sound economic basis. Often, however, this objective is lost in the equally demanding requirements of flight safety, or meeting over optimistic dates and of keeping up with competition in a multiplicity of other ways.Much has been written about the initial development of engines up to type approval. This paper proposes to go beyond that and to describe some of the problems which arise during manufacture and operation, to emphasise the frustration and fury of an operator who has to unload 100 passengers and find them hotel accommodation—at his expense—in some outlandish part of the world because of a leaking oil pipe, and to highlight the need for repair techniques which are economical and simple.
Management of the UK Polaris Project
Authors: Dossor F. 
Published: July 2022

MY paper concerns the Management of the UK Polaris Project. Only Admiral Sir Hugh MacKenzie, leader of the UK Polaris Team, with his complete knowledge of the story, could do justice to this subject. However, as a member of the Polaris Management Team from January 1963 to December 1968 I was in a position to know most of the story.Before describing the management organisation, it is necessary to outline the job to be done. Major features of the UK Polaris Programme were:—(a) The design and building in the UK of four 8000 ton nuclear propelled submarines, craft twice as big as the Valiant class.(b) The procurement from the USA of Polaris A3 weapon systems for the submarines.(c) The design and manufacture in the UK of nuclear war-heads for the missiles.
The Helicopter—Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Sikorsky S. I. 
Published: July 2022

In the first 30 years of its existence, the helicopter has grown four times in speed and 75 times in gross weight. A comparable period in fixed-wing operation showed a speed growth of eight and 40 times in gross weight. The US aerospace industry (total 1.3 million persons) is currently employing 48 000 (3%) of its total force to build helicopters. However, this 3% is delivering over half of the manned aircraft being procured. US military inventory of helicopters has grown from 7317 helicopters in fiscal 1966 to 12 486 in fiscal 1969, thus comprising 35% of US manned aircraft. Military pilot training has already swung in favour of helicopters in the US, with 6000 fixed wing pilots trained annually compared with 7500 helicopter pilots annually. A similar trend is expected to take place in Europe and Asia.The helicopter is beginning to stabilise in several fairly clear families or classes.
Major A. R. Low, RAF, MA, FRAeS 1878-1969
Authors: Edmonston Low R. C. 
Published: July 2022

It is undoubtedly true to say that with the death of Archibald Reith Low on the 21st January 1969, there departed from the scene the last of the early pioneers of British aviation.Born in Aberdeen on 31st December 1878, he was brought up with four brothers and three .sisters at the Manse at Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, where his father was Minister of the Church of Scotland. His mother was Jane Stuart Reith, aunt of the present Lord Reith, who was thereby his first cousin.
A Probabilistic Approach to Aeronautical Research and Development
Authors: Harvey R. A. 
Published: July 2022

This paper is a revised version of a contribution towards the work of the Society's Future Policy Committee's Working Party on Effectiveness in R & D. An abbreviated version of the Working Party's report was published in the September 1969 Journal.The R & D process in any sphere exhibits features of uncertainty in many of its phases and it therefore seems appropriate to examine aeronautical R & D from a probabilistic viewpoint. Before discussing the origins and treatment of these uncertainties it is necessary to define Research and Development in the aeronautical context and to state its aims as seen by the author.
Effects of Rotation on a Turbulent Jet Flow over a Cylinder
Authors: Keil H. , Sridhar K. 
Published: July 2022

In all of the experimental and theoretical work done on wall jets(1-3), the flow always passed over a stationary surface. An exception to this is the theoretical analysis reported in ref. 4 in which a laminar axi-symmetric jet impinged on a rotating disc.The present investigation aims to provide information on the flow of a turbulent jet over a rotating cylinder. The curvature of the wall, the jet slot width and the initial speed of the jet are kept constant. The speed of rotation is the important variable.
Maximum Lift on Slender Wings
Authors: Bridson D. W. , Hancock G. J. 
Published: July 2022

Many authors have established that a finite wing in inviscid flow has a theoretical maximum lift coefficient. One formula based on a theoretical model of a rolled-up vortex system aft of an elliptically loaded wing iswhere AR is the aspect ratio. Ref. 6 criticises the validity of eqn. (1) but at least eqn. (1) gives the order of magnitude of an inviscid CLmax.
Vibration Analysis Formulations for Optimisation
Authors: Bampton M. C. C. 
Published: July 2022

In most dynamic analyses, it is customary to use a coarser mass idealisation than structural idealisation especially if stresses are to be involved. Compatibility between the stiffness matrix and the smaller mass matrix M is achieved by reduction of the stiffness matrix. Guyan has shown that the reduction is equivalent to a transformation of the original matrix K :where KR is the reduced stiffness matrix and T is the transformation matrix which contains stiffness terms.
Review of Bölkow Activities in the Rotorcraft Field
Authors: Pfleiderer Kurt 
Published: July 2022

A survey of the Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm company's activities in the helicopter field amounts to a review of the past 15 years. The scope of these activities, as measured by their technical diversity, can only be appreciated in full if something is known of the progressive thinking involved, the company's courage in taking commercial risks and the development and contract situation in post-war Germany.The Bolkow company evolved from a small engineering office into an aeronautical company in 1955, and from this time on the development of rotary wing systems was one of its important development aims.
Instruments and Electronics in Aviation
Authors: De Ferranti Sebastian 
Published: July 2022

For aviation to become commercially usable and reliable, in addition to the development of aerodynamics, of reliable structures and reliable engines, there had to be the development of instruments, communications, and navigational aids. Suppose, for example, that today one could not fly through cloud, or at night, then nothing remotely resembling a regular service would be possible. Flying would still be a sport.To illustrate what I mean I shall quote the example of another innovation with quite different properties in this respect. The first railway was immediately commercial and usable without any aids. It can be seen at once that the train running along rails is constrained compared with aircraft. It is obvious that the navigation problem here is very simple, and that there is not really a problem of control or stability—the first railway trains did not even have brakes. The mechanical skill of operating and maintaining the new device had to be learned; but very little else.
The Terminal Forces Acting on a Light Trailing Wire
Authors: Payne P. R. 
Published: July 2022

A “light wire” is one for which the integrated wire weight and tangential fluid friction forces are much smaller than the weight of the load which it supports, so that only the aerodynamic force acting normal to the wire need be considered. The equations for this simplified model were first formulated by Glauert, and have been further studied by Bryant et al and Neumark, among others. Ref. 4 contains a comprehensive list of references.In this note Glauert's equations are used to obtain numerical results for the wire shape, a wire shape integral which is of interest for trailing wire antennas, and the steady state aerodynamic forces which act upon the aircraft. Computer solutions taking cable weight into account have indicated that the results for a weightless cable are realistic for many cases.
Rapier
Authors: Dunn S. C. 
Published: July 2022

Rapier is a very important element in our armoury of defence against attack from the air. At low to medium altitudes the attack comes from all-weather, contour-following, very fast and very expensive aircraft, through much more numerous and diverse conventional aircraft limited to fair-weather operation, to helicopters and reconnaissance drones.The perfection of radar makes the high open sky a dangerous place to be. Aircraft are best used, like any other weapon, when they enjoy the greatest advantage. They will therefore, fly high enough to see their objective (stationary or slow-moving targets) but low enough to gain concealment from radar surveillance.
The Lift of a Slender Combination of a Fuselage of Rectangular Cross-Section with a High Wing
Authors: Andrews R. D. 
Published: July 2022

In a recent paper, Portnoy discussed the properties of a slender-wing with a slender half-body of revolution mounted beneath it. Another configuration of the same type has a fuselage of rectangular cross-section underneath the wing. The present note gives results for the lift on this class of configurations in attached flow and compares it with that for other wing-body combinations.Ward's slender-body theory describes the flows about appropriately slender configurations where viscous effects are negligible (i.e. the boundary-layer thickness is small in comparison with the transverse dimensions of the body and no separation occurs upstream of the station under consideration). A restriction of the simplified version used in this note is that no element of a load-bearing surface may be upstream of that station. This implies that the wing span must not decrease in a spanwise direction. Another assumption we make is that no leading-edge separation occurs.
Management of Design
Authors: Turner B. T. 
Published: July 2022

An informal discussion meeting of the Management Studies Group of the Society took
place on 1st April, 1969. Mr. Barry Turner opened the discussion, and has
summarised the proceedings.Design management is concerned with the exercise of mental, verbal and graphical skills which are so directed and controlled to meet a social need or needs. Any manager's job can briefly be stated as being composed of two complementary parts:(i) Deciding what has to be done, and(ii) assuring that the appropriate actions are taken to achieve the decisions taken.The functions of a manager are concerned with; forecasting, planning, organising, controlling, evaluating and directing. In practice these tend to spiral around as time proceeds, and may be depicted as in Fig. 1. In the centre of this diagram is the important factor of motivation which all good managers have and are able to inject into their staff. In engineering, design is the necessary prelude to the manipulation of matter. But before design ideas can be turned into hardware they have to be transferred through the design process.
The Evolution of the US Tactical Missile Programme
Authors: Augustine N. R. , Yates R. M. 
Published: July 2022

Certainly one of the most important elements in today's spectrum of military weaponry is the tactical guided missile. Few developments have offered a greater opportunity to increase the fighting potential of our military forces. As it happens, however, few developments have caused the frustrations and problems along their path to fruition that have been associated with the tactical guided missile.In selecting armament for a particular role, the merits and demerits of each class of weapon must be considered to arrive at that which is best for the particular application, and as such the guided missile must be viewed as just one of the possible candidates to be evaluated in its turn. The guided weapon often wins, of course, for it has certain unique characteristics that give it a number of advantages. But it is common now to find that in some applications that a decade ago would have been conceded to the missile, that guns and other types of “conventional” ordnance may be better.
The Role of Flight Recording in Aircraft Accident Investigation and Accident Prevention
Authors: Feltham R. G. 
Published: July 2022

This paper is intended to provide a summary of the present role of the flight recorder in relation to the investigation of aircraft accidents and to refer briefly to its future role in this field, together with its potential for flight safety monitoring.The paper deals principally with the philosophy of data recording for these purposes and with the general needs of the associated data recording, recovery and analysis systems. It also describes the predominant problems encountered up to the present time in the use of such systems for accident investigation purposes in the United Kingdom. The technical problems relating to system design, information recovery and analysis are, however, of a specialised nature and can only be referred to in brief terms within the scope of this paper.
Value Engineering — A Challenge to Management
Authors: Crum L. W. 
Published: July 2022

“I believe that everything made in England is costing too much for export. Everybody must do more and better work if we are to keep our present standard of life, or they must make better use of less money”.Sir Henry Royce 1931Students of history or economics would not be in any way surprised to read this quotation, declaring it to be nothing more than a visionary's warning and the often characteristic habit of history repeating itself, since the words seem more fitting to the problems facing the country today than in the grim early 1930s when the whole world was suffering from a serious trade recession. Although increased efficiency, on the lines suggested by Sir Henry, would no doubt have alleviated this country's problems, it is most doubtful whether under such adverse world conditions it would have been sufficient by itself.
Project Economic Evaluation
Authors: Norman P. A. 
Published: July 2022

The early papers given in this symposium, dealing with Civil and Military Market Research, form the basis for identification of possible new projects. The last paper to be given today, dealing with Value Analysis, deals with the subject of meeting design, manufacturing and quality requirements for a given cost.The object of this paper is to deal with one important aspect of the process that takes place between completion of recommendations from Market Research and the setting up and control process in Value Analysis. To give some idea of the activities that take place between phases involving Market Research and Value Analysis, the flow chart of Fig. 1 has been prepared showing the interrelation between technical, manufacturing and economic appraisals.
2020 vision: the prospects for large civil aircraft propulsion
Authors: Birch N. T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper will examine the prospects for propulsion systems for large civil transport aircraft over the next two decades, to the year 2020. This period is likely to see the market drivers for future propulsion system development change from the more traditional ones of fuel consumption and weight, to also include those that affect the impact of civil aviation on the environment, and the continuing pressure to reduce the cost of ownership of civil engines, namely, product unit cost, maintenance costs and reliability. Fifty years of civil aero-engine development are reviewed and trends showing the likely limits to the main engine performance parameters are provided. The paper concludes with consideration of a number of new civil aircraft and engine concepts that may emerge in the next 20 years
Use of bifurcation diagrams in piloted test procedures
Authors: Lowenberg M. H. , Y. Patel  
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the potential benefits of utilising bifurcation analysis results in the planning and evaluation of piloted simulator trials of manoeuvrable aircraft, particularly when encountering nonlinear phenomena such as departure. Comparisons of bifurcation diagram predictions with piloted simulations are performed in order to validate the technique for application to realistic flight conditions. A close relationship is found between the theoretical and the experimental responses, and potential improvements in effectiveness of piloted test programmes are identified. Proposals for enhancing the predictive capability of bifurcation methods are made.
The accuracy of flat plate, turbulent skin friction at supersonic speeds
Authors: Squire L. C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a comparison of turbulent skin-friction coefficients measured by floating element balances in zero pressure gradient conditions for a wide range of Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers. From these comparisons it is clear that although a large number of measurements have been made it is impossible to use these measurements to find the skin-friction coefficient for a given Mach number and Reynolds number to an accuracy of better than ±2 to 3%. This estimate of accuracy applies only to the range of Mach numbers and Reynolds within which there are a reasonable number of measurements to compare. Outside this range, say for Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness greater than 40,000 and Mach numbers greater than 2 the uncertainty is greater.
The meaning of life
Authors: Bristow J. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract'Life extension’ is the theme of this paper. However, unless there is a clear understanding of what ‘life’ means it is not readily obvious as to the appropriate means to adopt for its ‘extension'. This paper will explore some of the background to the meaning of life and the means being adopted to extend it for fixed wing civil transport aircraft. The focus will be on the safety of airframe structures from a regulatory viewpoint.A comparative review is made of the evolution, on both sides of the Atlantic, of civil aviation requirements for the fatigue, failsafe and damage tolerance design of structures. Definitions of life are discussed in the context of recent developments of ageing aircraft structural programmes. These definitions are accompanied by an extensive reference list.Example results are presented from a recent research study which compares the performance of a number of fracture mechanics analysis methods with conventional fatigue endurance approaches to the prediction of lives. The work was carried in a way directly representative of the current aircraft design environment. It was undertaken by three separate aircraft manufacturers and applied to a range of aircraft structural features that were not necessarily originally designed to damage tolerant principles.