bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 surveillance in the Flemish school system: development of systematic data collection within the Public Health School System and descriptive analysis of cases reported between October 2020 and June 2021
Authors: Merckx Joanna , Crèveceour Jonas , Proesmans Kristiaan , Hammami Naïma , Denys Hilde , Hens Niel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background

The age specific distribution of SARS-CoV-2 cases in schools is not well described. The numbers recorded reflect the intensity of community transmission while being shaped by biases from age-dependent testing regimes and effective age-specific interventions. A case-surveillance system was introduced within the Flemish school and health-prevention network during the 2020-2021 school year. We present epidemiological data of in-school reported cases in pre-, primary and secondary schools based on the surveillance system, in conjunction with test data and community cases from October 2020 to June 2021.
Methods

We describe the development of the surveillance system and provide the number of reported cases and standardized rates per grade over time. We calculate absolute and relative differences between incidence cases by grade of primary (grades 1-6) and secondary-school (grades 7-12) and compare these to grades 7-8, relating them to non-pharmaceutical infection prevention interventions. Cumulative population incidences (IP) stratified by age, province and social-economic status (SES) of the school population are presented with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results

A total of 59,996 COVID-19 cases were reported in the school surveillance system, with the highest population adjusted IP in grade 11-12 of 7.39% (95%CI 7.24-7.53) and ranging from 2.23–6.25% from pre-school through grade 10. Age-specific reduction in in-person teaching and introduction of masks, are temporally associated with decreases in incident cases by grades. Lower pupil SES is associated with increased cumulative cases (excess 2,739/100,000 pupils compared to highest SES tertile). Community testing volumes varied more for children compared to adults, with overall higher child test-positivity. Holidays influence capturing of cases by the system, however efficiency increased to above 75% after further automation and integration in existing structures.
Conclusion

Integration of case surveillance within an electronic school health system is feasible, provides data to follow up the epidemic evolution in schoolchildren and should be part of public health surveillance and pandemic preparedness. The relationship towards community transmission needs careful evaluation because of age-different testing regimens. In the Flemish region, case incidence within schools follows an age gradient that is mitigated through grade specific interventions, while differences by SES remain.
New insights in polydopamine formation via surface adsorption
Authors: Hemmatpour Hamoon , De Luca Oreste , Crestani Dominic , Lasorsa Alessia , Wel Patrick van der , Loos Katja , Giousis Theodosis , Asl Vahid Haddadi , Rudolf Petra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Polydopamine is a biomimetic self-adherent polymer, which can be easily deposited on a wide variety of materials. Despite the rapidly increasing interest in polydopamine-based coatings, the polymerization mechanism and the key intermediate species formed during the deposition process are still controversial. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of polydopamine formation on halloysite nanotubes; the negative charge and high surface area of halloysite nanotubes favour the capture of intermediates that are involved in polydopamine formation and decelerate the kinetics of the process, to unravel the various polymerization steps. Data from X-ray photoelectron and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies demonstrate that in the initial stage of polydopamine deposition, oxidative coupling reaction of the dopaminechrome molecules is the main reaction pathway that leads to formation of polycatecholamine oligomers as an intermediate and the post cyclization of the linear oligomers occurs subsequently. Furthermore, Tris molecules are incorporated into the initially formed oligomers.
The Deeper the Better? A Thermogeological Analysis of Medium-deep Borehole Heat Exchanger Efficiency in Crystalline Rocks
Authors: Piipponen Kaiu , Martinkauppi Annu , Vallin Sami , Arola Teppo , Leppäharju Nina , Korhonen Kimmo , Bischoff Alan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The energy sector is undergoing a fundamental transformation, with significant investment in low-carbon technologies to replace fossil-based systems. In densely populated urban areas, deep boreholes offer an alternative over shallow geothermal systems, which demand extensive surface area to attain large-scale heat production. This paper presents numerical calculations of the thermal energy that can be extracted from the medium-deep borehole heat exchangers of depths ranging from 600-3000 m. We applied the thermogeological parameters of three locations across Finland and tested two types of coaxial borehole heat exchangers to understand better the variables that affect heat production in low permeability crystalline rocks. For each depth, location, and heat collector type, we used a range of fluid flow rates to examine the correlation between thermal energy production and resulting outlet temperature. Our results indicate a trade-off between thermal energy production and outlet fluid temperature depending on the fluid flow rate, and that the vacuum-insulated tubing outperforms high-density polyethylene pipe in energy and temperature production. In addition, the results suggest that the local thermogeological factors impact heat production. Maximum energy production from a 600-m-deep well achieved 170 MWh/a, increasing to 330 MWh/a from a 1000-m-deep well, 980 MWh/a from a 2-km-deep well, and up to 1880 MWh/a from a 3-km-deep well. We demonstrate that understanding the interplay of the local geology, heat exchanger materials, and fluid circulation rates is necessary to maximize the potential of medium-deep geothermal boreholes as a reliable long-term baseload energy source.
Composition and community structure of mangroves distributed on the east coast of Marajó Island, Brazil
Authors: Faro Barbara Luzia Santos de Oliveira , de Medeiros-Sarmento Priscila Sanjuan , Beltrão Norma Ely Santos , Gomes Paulo Weslem Portal , Tavares-Martins Ana Cláudia Caldeira 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mangroves in the Amazon are influenced by several environmental conditions that determine the composition and structural development of the arboreal flora, which results in different distribution patterns. In this study, we sought to answer two questions: (1) what is the composition and structure of the mangroves near the mouth of the Amazon River in Marajó Island? (2) Are the fringe and inland mangroves more similar or dissimilar in terms of floristic composition? For this, we delimited a fringe zone and an inland zone about 1 km apart from each other. In each zone, we distributed five 400-m2 plots. The individuals were grouped into diameter and height classes and structural and phytosociological parameters were calculated. Ten species were recorded in the mangroves, of which seven are typical of white-water (várzea) and black-water (igapó) flooded forest ecosystems. We believed the adjacent ecosystems and the hydrological network are inducing the establishment of such species. The composition and structure of mangroves did not differ statistically between zones, and the degree of similarity may be a result of similar environmental factors in these zones such as low relief and high frequency of macrotides. We conclude that the vegetation of the studied mangroves has a major influence of the fluvial-marine system of the great rivers of the Amazon associated with a diversity of ecosystems that, together, generate greater floristic richness when compared to mangroves in other regions.
Comparative analysis of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine induced antibody responses and the 3rd BNT162b2 vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants
Authors: Belik Milja , Jalkanen Pinja , Lundberg Rickard , Reinholm Arttu , Laine Larissa , Väisänen Elina , Skön Marika , Tähtinen Paula , Ivaska Lauri , Pakkanen Sari , Häkkinen Hanni , Ortamo Eeva , Pasternack Arja , Ritvos Mikael , Naves Rauno , Miettinen Simo , Sironen Tarja , Vapalathti Olli , Ritvos Olli , Osterlund Pamela , Kantele Anu , Lempainen Johanna , Kakkola Laura , Kolehmainen Pekka , Julkunen Ilkka 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Two COVID-19 mRNA and two adenovirus vector vaccines have been licensed in Europe and various vaccine combinations and dosing strategies have been exploited to maximize the immunity against COVID-19. Here, we show that among health care workers (n=328) two doses of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1 as also a combination of an adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines induces equally high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against B.1 and B.1.617.2 when administrated with a long 12-week dose interval. Two doses of BNT162b2 with a short 3-week interval induce 2-3-fold lower titers of neutralizing antibodies compared to the long interval. Third mRNA vaccine dose for the short dose interval group increased the antibody levels 4-fold compared to the levels after the second dose. Importantly, sera from all three-times vaccinated neutralized B.1.1.529 (Omicron). The data indicates that a third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose efficiently induces cross-protective neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants.
Using Observational Study Data as an External Control Group for a Clinical Trial: an Empirical Comparison of Methods to Account for Longitudinal Missing Data
Authors: Norvang Vibeke , Haavardsholm Espen A. , Tedeschi Sara K. , Lyu Houchen , Sexton Joseph , Mjaavatten Maria D. , Kvien Tore K. , Solomon Daniel H. , Yoshida Kazuki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Observational data are increasingly being used to conduct external comparisons to clinical trials. In this study, we empirically examined whether different methodological approaches to longitudinal missing data affected study conclusions in this setting. Methods: We used data from one clinical trial and one prospective observational study, both Norwegian multicenter studies including patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and implementing similar treatment strategies, but with different stringency. A binary disease remission status was defined at 6, 12, and 24 months in both studies. After identifying patterns of longitudinal missing outcome data, we evaluated the following five approaches to handle missingness: analyses of patients with complete follow-up data, multiple imputation (MI), inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW), and two combinations of MI and IPCW. Results: We found a complex non-monotone missing data pattern in the observational study (N=328), while missing data in the trial (N=188) was monotone due to drop-out. In the observational study, only 39.0% of patients had complete outcome data, compared to 89.9% in the trial. All approaches to missing data indicated favorable outcomes of the treatment strategy in the trial and resulted in similar study conclusions. Variations in results across approaches were mainly due to variations in estimated outcomes for the observational data. Conclusions: Five different approaches to handle longitudinal missing data resulted in similar conclusions in our example. However, the extent and complexity of missing observational data affected estimated comparative outcomes across approaches, highlighting the need for careful consideration of methods to account for missingness when using observational data as external controls to trial data.
A high accurate method for solving an inverse problem of the Laplace equation in detection of a Robin coefficient
Authors: Hadj Abdelhak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study This work deals with an inverse problem for the harmonic equation to recover a Robin coefficient on a non-accessible part of a circle from Cauchy data measured on an accessible part of that circle. By assuming that the available data has a Fourier expansion, we adopt the Modified Collocation Trefftz Method (MCTM) to solve this problem. We use the truncation regularization method in combination with the collocation technique to approximate the solution, and the conjugate gradient method to obtain the coefficients, thus completing the missing Cauchy data. We recommend the least squares method to achieve a better stability. Finally, we illustrate the feasibility of this method with numerical examples.
Climate Projections Over Different Climatic Regions of Afghanistan for Shared Socioeconomic Scenarios
Authors: Sediqi Mohammad Naser , Hendrawan Vempi Satriya Adi , Komori Daisuke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The global climate models (GCMs) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) were used spatiotemporal projections of precipitation and temperature over Afghanistan for three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, 2-4.5 and 5-8.5) and two future time horizons, early (2020-2059) and late (2060-2099). The Compromise Programming (CP) approach was employed to order the GCMs based on their skill to replicate precipitation and temperature climatology for the reference period (1975-2014). Three models, namely ACCESS-CM2, MPI-ESM1-2-LR, and FIO-ESM-2-0, showed the highest skill in simulating all three variables, and therefore, were chosen for the future projections. The ensemble mean of the GCMs showed an increase in maximum temperature by 1.5-2.5oC, 2.7-4.3 oC, and 4.5-5.3 oC and minimum temperature by 1.3-1.8 oC, 2.2-3.5 oC, and 4.6-5.2 oC for SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively in the later period. Meanwhile, the changes in precipitation in the range of -15-18%, -36-47% and -40-68% for SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The temperature and precipitation were projected to increase in the highlands and decrease over the deserts, indicating dry regions would be drier and wet regions wetter.
Indigenous Lands at Risk: Identifying Global Challenges and Opportunities in the Face of Industrial Development
Authors: Kennedy Christina M. , Fariss Brandie , Oakleaf James R. , Garnett Stephen T. , Fernández-Llamazares Álvaro , Fa Julia E. , Baruch-Mordo Sharon , Kiesecker Joseph 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Indigenous Peoples’ (IP) stewardship has helped conserve biodiversity and maintain healthy ecosystems worldwide. Among many challenges to this role are mounting pressures from industrial development. By assessing the current ecological condition of Indigenous lands with their potential for future industrial development, we show that the ecological integrity of 22% (8.6 million km2) of Indigenous lands is highly threatened across five continents and 37 countries. We further find that the risk to Indigenous lands is greatest across West and Central Africa because of their high ecological threat and greater obstacles for Indigenous Peoples to realize self-determined and culturally-responsive development outcomes. Using a novel national-level framework that examines the security of IP’ rights and authority over their lands, their capacity to engage in decision-making, and support for facilitating sustainable development, we highlight potential challenges and opportunities for strategic investments and interventions to help IP safeguard their futures and rights, as well as the ecological integrity of their lands.
Characteristics and mechanism of reciprocal ST-segment depression in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Gao Qijun , Bie Fangfang , Hu Yinfu , Chen Yafeng , Yang Bo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: At present, the mechanism of reciprocal ST-segment depression(RSTD) is still not clear.Methods: The electrocardiogram and angiography of 85 STEMI patients were retrospectively analyzed to summarize the characteristics of ST segment changes and explore the mechanism of RSTD.Results: A total of 85 patients were included, of which 75 were patients with RSTD (10 patients with anterior myocardial infarction had no RSTD), all 45 patients with inferior myocardial infarction had limb leads RSTD, and 37 of them had anterior lead ST segment depression.Thirty patients with anterior myocardial infarction were accompanied by mild ST segment changes in the limb leads. According to the characteristics of RSTD, it is speculated that the mechanism of RSTD is that the action potential of infarct area decreased , which could not offset the action potential in non-infarct area.Conclusion: the mechanism of RSTD in acute myocardial infarction maybe that the negative electrode action potential of the lead was weakened or disappeared, and the positive electrode action potential could not be completely offset, resulting in ST segment depression.
Derivation of Yarn Package Radius Measuring System for Yarn Winding Machines
Authors: Gelaw BELETE BAYE , Tesfaye Tamrat , Kasaew Esubalew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Decreasing waste materials through recycle has in the recent contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many textile industries for better resource utilization in textile mills. This has been given first priority in manufacturing, processing and finishing operations. Most of the time the yarn manufacturing and proper utilization of this material didn’t give attention in most companies. Especially yarn length variation of packages, weaving beams and copes have very critical impact on those companies which manufacture and utilize yarn products. This variation problem has great impact on their productivity and profitability. This paper describes the application of a new formula in the yarn packaging process and it is accomplished by derivation a new formula that can determine the radius of any package. The formula has integrated the basic characteristics of yarn and fiber including yarn diameter, yarn/ fiber density and mass of the yarn coiled on the cop. Finally we have concluded that package radius is the quadratic function of yarn density and package mass on the cope.
Choosing the Optimal Tissue Expander Size: A Single Center Randomized Clinical Trial on Chinese Microtia Patients’ Normal Ears Using 3D Scanning
Authors: Sun Hefeng , Sun Pengfei , Jiang Haiyue , Yang Qinghua , Li Tongtong , Pan Bo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The tissue expansion technique is the most suitable procedure for Chinese patients with microtia. However, it is difficult to determine whether the expanded flap is sufficient, and there are no clear or objective guidelines for determining the volume of the expander for different sizes of auricles. One hundred patients with unilateral microtia who visited our department in 2021 were randomly selected for auricular data collection using 3D scanning. The auricle length, width, projection, perimeter, and surface area were measured. Eight different volumes of expanders underwent CT and the surface areas of these expanders were measured. The surface areas of the auricles and expanders were compared and the correlation between them was explored. The average auricle parameters were calculated. The scatter plot showed a linear relationship between auricle length and auricle surface area (R2 = 0.9913), which demonstrated that the auricle area was approximately equal to the auricle length multiplied by 76.921. Additionally, the surface area of the expanders was measured and made into a table for selection against the surface area of the auricles. Using our equation, the auricle surface could be estimated by simply measuring the non-defective auricle length; therefore, the suitable volume of the expander could be determined.
Postprandial Levels of Branched-chain and Aromatic Amino Acids Associate With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: GAO BeiBei , SHEN Qiong , WU Ying , CAO MengDie , ZHANG QiWu , CHEN Lei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
AimsSerum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) are associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We want to investigate the levels of these amino acids in women with GDM and subsequently examine their changes in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods43 GDMs and 67 non-GDMs during their second trimester were recruited in this study. A 75-g OGTT was administered, and fasting, 1-h, and 2-h blood samples were obtained. Serum BCAA and AAA levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsThe differences of BCAAs and AAAs between women with GDM and controls during their second trimester were not evident during fasting, while became significant after a 75-g glucose load. Glucose ingestion decreased the levels of BCAAs and AAAs in both groups. Notably, GDMs showed a delayed and blunted decrease of these amino acids compared to non-GDMs. The risks of 2-h change of BCAAs and AAAs for GDM were significant.ConclusionsWe identified that the differences of BCAAs and AAAs between women with GDM and controls during their second trimester, which were not evident during fasting, could be provoked by performing OGTT.
Risk Factors for Visual Field Progression in New-diagnosed Exfoliation Glaucoma Patients in Sweden.
Authors: Ayala Marcelo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to identify risk factors for visual field progression in new-diagnosed exfoliation glaucoma patients. Methods: Prospective non-randomized cohort study. The study included patients with new-diagnosed exfoliation glaucoma. All patients were followed for at least three years with reliable visual fields. Both risk factors at inclusion and during the three years follow-up were considered. For inclusion, five reliable visual fields were needed. Exfoliation glaucoma was defined based on the European Glaucoma Society guidelines. Visual field evaluation was performed using the 24-2 strategy of the Humphrey Field Analysis. Outcomes: Visual field progression. Three different approaches were used: mean deviation (MD), visual field index (VFI), and guided progression analysis (GPA). Results: The results were different in the three different models used (MD, VFI and GPA). The only variable that showed a significant association in the three models was age (p= 0.004; p=0.006; p=0.04). Significant variables in two models were: IOP at diagnose (p=0.02; p=0.04), IOP reduction in absolute terms (p=0.006; p=0.003), IOP reduction in relative terms (%) (p=0.04; p=0.009) and number of medicines (p=0.02; p=0.002). Significant variables in one model were: family history (p=0.04), smoking (p=0.03), cataract surgery (p=0.04) and SLT treatment (p=<0.001). Conclusion: Exfoliation glaucoma is fast progressive glaucoma. Age at diagnosing must be considered. Significant IOP reduction must be achieved to slow down progress in exfoliation glaucoma. The use of SLT treatment should be advised in exfoliation glaucoma patients.