bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH AMONG CLASSIC-PERIOD URBAN AND RURAL MAYA: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Tiesler Vera , López Pérez Raúl 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHealth benefits among the members of state-level societies may vary depending on sex, social privilege, and whether the individual resides in an urban or rural setting. Human skeletal remains are prone to express individual life experiences and, ultimately, well-being. This research elaborates on these correlates by contextualizing the physiological stresses among Classic Maya hinterland populations in comparison to their urban peers. Comparisons are made using the frequencies and expression of enamel hypoplasia, caries, porotic hyperostosis, infectious osteomyelitis/subperiosteal reaction and osteoporosis in 842 adult skeletons of both sexes from 63 peripheral and centric, inland, lowland settlements. The results suggest problematic inland weaning diets and higher infectious load among rural populations. While comparisons between urban and rural lifeways show inconsistent load differences, our results indicate repeated distinctions between the sexes. We cautiously interpret this pattern as an indication of a physically demanding regime of rural life compared to a more sedentary routine among urban peers and gendered lifestyles in general. We conclude that apart from these distinctions (and potential sample biases), the health costs versus benefits impacted rural lifestyles in a complex and non-uniform fashion during the first millenniuma.d., rejecting clear-cut hierarchical conceptualizations while inviting more nuanced causal explorations.
RURAL SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN EARLY CLASSIC CHUNHUAYUM, YUCATAN, MEXICO
Authors: Lamb Céline 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article examines rural social differentiation in Chunhuayum, Yucatan, a rural village continuously occupied from approximately 800 b.c.–a.d. 1000. Focusing on the late Early Classic (a.d. 400/500–600/630), a time when other settlements of the Uci polity experienced political and population disruptions, I examine how households shaped and expressed local social differentiation, particularly wealth, occupation, and social connectivity. Residential architecture provides the most salient marker of wealth differences at Chunhuayum, while ceramic, shell, and obsidian assemblages indicate that households also varied in terms of their occupations and external social networks. Within this predominantly agrarian village, two households attempted to improve their economic and immaterial well-being through locally innovative strategies—shell crafting and group-oriented ritual orchestration. Such strategies ultimately had different outcomes both for the household and community. These points underscore the heterogeneity of the rural ancient rural Maya, and that social differentiation was actively constructed by rural people rather than a trickling-down of the normative hierarchical social order. Through habituated practice and innovative action, Chunhuayum's Early Classic residents continued participating in external networks while shaping locally meaningful relations of differences.
Effectiveness of a worksite lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI among farmworkers in California: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Matias Susana L , Riden Heather E , Lee Deandra S , Bang Heejung , Schenker Marc B 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effectiveness of PASOS SALUDABLES, a culturally tailored lifestyle intervention to prevent obesity and diabetes among Latino farmworkers, when implemented at large scale in the worksite.Design:This study was a two-arm parallel group, cluster randomised controlled trial, where participants received either a twelve-session lifestyle intervention (intervention) or six-session leadership training (control) at their worksite. The intervention was delivered by Promotoras in Spanish. All sessions were conducted at the worksites (ranches) during meal breaks. Blinded, trained research assistants collected socio-demographic and outcome data (i.e. BMI as primary outcome and waist circumference, glycated Hb (HbA1c), cholesterol and blood pressure as secondary outcomes) at baseline and follow-up assessments (i.e. 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 1·5 years).Setting:Recruitment and intervention delivery occurred at twelve study ranches in Oxnard, California.Participants:We enrolled farmworkers hired by a large berry grower company, who were ≥18 years old, spoke Spanish and were free of diabetes at screening.Results:A total of 344 workers were enrolled in the intervention and 271 in the control group. The intervention resulted in attenuated increase of BMI over time; however, the difference in trend between groups was not significant (β = −0·01 for slope difference, P = 0·29). No significantly different trend by group was observed in secondary outcomes (P > 0·27).Conclusions:The worksite intervention, implemented during meal breaks, did not reduce BMI or other clinical indicators. Nevertheless, this study supports the feasibility of recruiting and engaging the Latino farmworker population in workplace health promotion interventions.
Novellas and Free Voluntary Reading: an overview and some starting points for further research into practice
Authors: Hunt Steven 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the US the use of extensive reading in Latin for school students to develop vocabulary growth and attain reading fluency is an emerging classroom practice. To meet the demand for resources, a small but growing number of teachers have started to make available self-published short Latin stories or ‘novellas’, designed to provide students with extensive reading material in Latin at an age-appropriate level for novice and intermediate level students. There are now over 100 such short books, written in Latin, on a variety of topics, suitable for beginner and intermediate students (typically of between one and two years taught Latin). This article contains three areas of interest: the rationale, challenges and successes of writing and using these resources in the school classroom; a snapshot survey of a range of publications, to give readers a ‘flavour’ of the materials; and some further reading.
Predictive Skill of Teleconnection Patterns in Twentieth Century Seasonal Hindcasts and Their Relationship to Extreme Winter Temperatures in Europe
Authors: Schuhen Nina , Schaller Nathalie , Bloomfield Hannah C. , Brayshaw David J. , Lledó Llorenç , Cionni Irene , Sillmann Jana 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEuropean winter weather is dominated by several low‐frequency teleconnection patterns, the main ones being the North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic, East Atlantic/Western Russia, and Scandinavian patterns. We analyze the century‐long ERA‐20C reanalysis and ASF‐20C seasonal hindcast data sets and find that these patterns are subject to decadal variability and fluctuations in predictive skill. Using indices for determining periods of extreme cold or warm temperatures, we establish that the teleconnection patterns are, for some regions, significantly correlated or anti‐correlated to cold or heat waves. The seasonal hindcasts are however only partly able to capture these relationships. There do not seem to be significant changes to the observed links between large‐scale circulation patterns and extreme temperatures between periods of higher and lower predictive skill.
The Influence of Dust‐Smoke Mixtures on Boundary Layer Processes and Nocturnal Warming in the Sahel
Authors: Phillips Christopher , Nair Udaysankar , Christopher Sundar 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing a single column model with ground‐based, aircraft, and satellite data sets we assess the combined role of smoke and dust aerosols, land degradation/aridization (LDA), and their impact on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in influencing near‐surface air temperature over the Sahel. Our study is unique because it assesses the combined role of smoke and dust aerosols on PBL evolution and near‐surface air temperatures during both day and nighttime. More importantly, using a theoretical framework, we provide a careful explanation of the geophysical processes responsible for the changes in PBL and near‐surface air temperature. Our results indicate that during northern hemisphere winter months, dust, and smoke over Sahel radiatively combine to impact the PBL. We show that aerosol mixtures dominated by dust modify PBL height in a manner that minimizes/maximizes surface layer cooling/warming at times when daytime maximum/nocturnal minimum temperatures occur. Furthermore, we find that increasing smoke contribution to total column aerosol optical extinction counteracts nighttime warming through daytime cooling. When smoke constitutes half or more of to the total column aerosol optical extinction, the ratio of longwave to shortwave radiative forcing is less than 10%, and nighttime cooling ensues. Minimum temperature is most sensitive to changes in mid‐visible aerosol optical depth (AOD) values <1 and doubling of dust AOD within this range during the 1950–1980 Sahelian LDA event is estimated to have a nocturnal warming potential of 0.6°C.
The Role of Clouds in Shaping Tropical Pacific Response Pattern to Extratropical Thermal Forcing
Authors: Hsiao Wei‐Ting , Hwang Yen‐Ting , Chen Yong‐Jhih , Kang Sarah M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractExtratropical influences on tropical sea surface temperature (SST) have implications for decadal predictability. We implement a cloud‐locking technique to highlight the critical role of clouds in shaping the tropical SST response to extratropical thermal forcing. With heating imposed over either the extratropical Northern Atlantic or Pacific, Hadley Cells respond similarly that the trades strengthen south of the rainband. The wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback leads to cooling over the southern subtropics, which is enhanced in the southeastern Pacific due to the positive feedback between SST and stratiform clouds. Cloud‐locking experiments show that zonal contrasts in SST and cloud feedbacks in the Pacific enhance the zonal surface winds, leading to increased evaporation and strengthens zonal SST difference. We propose that the meridional and zonal SST gradients are tightly linked via WES effects and the cloud‐radiative‐SST feedbacks, which are largely determined by the climatological rainband position and the spatial distribution of cloud properties.
Sensitive Dependence of Global Climate to Continental Geometry
Authors: Baum Mark , Fu Minmin , Bourguet Stephen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOver its multibillion‐year history, the Earth has experienced a wide range of climates. The long‐term climate is controlled by the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which is regulated by marine sequestration through chemical weathering. This chemical weathering sink is strongly linked to the distribution and composition of the continents. However, the effect of continental distribution has never been studied within a general framework. Here we show that the global weathering rate is sensitive to the size and shape of the continents, but is not well explained by the amount of land in the tropics. We construct synthetic continental configurations and use an ensemble of global climate model simulations to isolate the expected effect of continental arrangement on weathering and carbon burial. Runoff patterns are complex, sensitive to detailed features of continental geometry, and poorly predicted by continental latitude. These results help explain the long‐term variability and irregularity of Earth's climate.
Intense Equatorial Electrojet and Counter Electrojet Caused by the 15 January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption: Space‐ and Ground‐Based Observations
Authors: Le Guan , Liu Guiping , Yizengaw Endawoke , Englert Christoph R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present space‐ and ground‐based multi‐instrument observations demonstrating the impact of the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption on dayside equatorial electrodynamics. A strong counter electrojet (CEJ) was observed by Swarm and ground‐based magnetometers on 15 January after the Tonga eruption and during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm. Swarm also observed an enhanced equatorial electrojet (EEJ) preceding the CEJ in the previous orbit. The observed EEJ and CEJ exhibited complex spatiotemporal variations. We combine them with the Ionospheric Connection Explorer neutral wind measurements to disentangle the potential mechanisms. Our analysis indicates that the geomagnetic storm had minimal impact; instead, a large‐scale atmospheric disturbance propagating eastward from the Tonga eruption site was the most likely driver for the observed intensification and directional reversal of the equatorial electrojet. The CEJ was associated with strong eastward zonal winds in the E‐region ionosphere, as a direct response to the lower atmosphere forcing.
The role of autophagy in cadmium-induced acute toxicity in glomerular mesangial cells and tracking polyubiquitination of cytoplasmic p53 as a biomarker
Authors: Jung Ki-Tae , Oh Seon-Hee 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant that can severely damage the kidneys. Here, we show that Cd-induced apoptosis is promoted by the cytoplasmic polyubiquitination of p53 (polyUb-p53), which is regulated by the polyubiquitination of SQSTM1/p62 (polyUb-p62) and autophagy in mouse kidney mesangial cells (MES13E cells). p53 was detected in monomeric and different high-molecular-weight (HMW) forms after Cd exposure. Monomeric p53 levels decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. HMW-p53 transiently accumulated in the cytoplasm independent of proteasome inhibition. The expression patterns of p53 were similar to those of p62 upon Cd exposure, and the interactions between polyUb-p53 and polyUb-p62 were observed using immunoprecipitation. P62 knockdown reduced polyUb-p53 and upregulated nuclear monomeric p53, whereas p53 knockdown reduced polyUb-p62. Autophagy inhibition induced by ATG5 knockdown reduced Cd-induced polyUb-p62 and polyUb-p53 but upregulated the levels of nuclear p53. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 increased polyUb-p62 and polyUb-p53 in the cytoplasm, indicating that p53 protein levels and subcellular localization were regulated by polyUb-p62 and autophagy. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence revealed an interaction between p53 and LC3B, indicating that p53 was taken up by autophagosomes. Cd-resistant RMES13E cells and kidney tissues from mice continuously injected with Cd had reduced polyUb-p53, polyUb-p62, and autophagy levels. Similar results were observed in renal cell carcinoma cell lines. These results indicate that cytoplasmic polyUb-p53 is a potential biomarker for Cd-induced acute toxicity in mesangial cells. In addition, upregulation of nuclear p53 may protect cells against Cd cytotoxicity, but abnormal p53 accumulation may contribute to tumor development.
Bringing chiral functionality to in vivo applications of nanomaterials
Authors: Mukhina Maria 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChirality is a universal property of an endless number of objects in the universe. Nanotechnology is rapidly expanding to find ways to introduce chirality to artificial nanostructures. In a recent publication in Light: Science and Applications, Das et al. have successfully used capping with chiral ligand molecules to obtain chiral carbon dots. The authors provide a theoretical model to describe the origin of chirality in carbon dots as arising due to exciton coupling in a pair of chiral chromophores. Due to non-toxic chemical composition and sizes as small as 2–5 nm, the chiral carbon dots have the potential to outperform other chiral nanostructures in numerous biomedical applications. However, similarly to chiral drugs, their chiral toxicity must be well understood before the carbon dots are brought to living systems.
Metasurface-enabled on-chip multiplexed diffractive neural networks in the visible
Authors: Luo Xuhao , Hu Yueqiang , Ou Xiangnian , Li Xin , Lai Jiajie , Liu Na , Cheng Xinbin , Pan Anlian , Duan Huigao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractReplacing electrons with photons is a compelling route toward high-speed, massively parallel, and low-power artificial intelligence computing. Recently, diffractive networks composed of phase surfaces were trained to perform machine learning tasks through linear optical transformations. However, the existing architectures often comprise bulky components and, most critically, they cannot mimic the human brain for multitasking. Here, we demonstrate a multi-skilled diffractive neural network based on a metasurface device, which can perform on-chip multi-channel sensing and multitasking in the visible. The polarization multiplexing scheme of the subwavelength nanostructures is applied to construct a multi-channel classifier framework for simultaneous recognition of digital and fashionable items. The areal density of the artificial neurons can reach up to 6.25 × 106 mm−2 multiplied by the number of channels. The metasurface is integrated with the mature complementary metal-oxide semiconductor imaging sensor, providing a chip-scale architecture to process information directly at physical layers for energy-efficient and ultra-fast image processing in machine vision, autonomous driving, and precision medicine.
An investigation into the reliability of a mobile app designed to assess orthodontic treatment need and severity
Authors: Nandra Sukbir , Crawford Nicola , Burford Daniel , Pandis Nikolaos , Cobourne Martyn T. , Seehra Jadbinder 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAim To investigate reliability of the Easy IOTN app between clinicians with different levels of experience in determining Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) scores from study models. The accuracy of each clinician in discriminating treatment need using the app against the 'gold standard' conventional assessment at the threshold of treatment acceptance criteria was also explored.Materials and methods In total, 150 sets of pre-treatment study models were assessed by six clinicians using the app on two separate occasions (T1 and T2). A single IOTN-calibrated clinician also scored the models using the conventional technique. Clinician scores for both intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using Cohen's Kappa. The performance of each clinician in discriminating treatment need using the app against the conventional assessment method at the threshold of treatment acceptance criteria was also assessed using the area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic.Results The intra-rater agreement for the clinician undertaking the conventional assessment of the models was 1.0. Intra-rater agreement scores for clinicians using the Easy IOTN app ranged between 0.37-0.87 (DHC) and 0.22-0.44 (AC). Inter-rater agreement scores at T2 were 0.59 (DHC) and 0.23 (AC). Based on the IOTN DHC, all clinicians displayed an excellent level of accuracy in determining malocclusions qualifying for treatment (range 81.7-90.0%). Based on the IOTN AC, all clinicians showed an acceptable level of accuracy in determining malocclusions qualifying for treatment (range 71.9-79.2%).Conclusions The Easy IOTN app was shown to have moderate inter-rater reliability. Variation in the intra-rater reliability was evident between clinicians of different grades/level of experience. Importantly, the diagnostic accuracy of the app to discriminate between malocclusions that qualify for NHS treatment was rated as excellent (IOTN DHC) and acceptable (IOTN AC) and independent of clinician grade or level of experience.
Prosocial correlates of transformative experiences at secular multi-day mass gatherings
Authors: Yudkin Daniel A. , Prosser Annayah M. B. , Heller S. Megan , McRae Kateri , Chakroff Aleksandr , Crockett M. J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHumans have long sought experiences that transcend or change their sense of self. By weakening boundaries between the self and others, such transformative experiences may lead to enduring changes in moral orientation. Here we investigated the psychological nature and prosocial correlates of transformative experiences by studying participants before (n = 600), during (n = 1217), 0–4 weeks after (n = 1866), and 6 months after (n = 710) they attended a variety of secular, multi-day mass gatherings in the US and UK. Observations at 6 field studies and 22 online followup studies spanning 5 years showed that self-reported transformative experiences at mass gatherings were common, increased over time, and were characterized by feelings of universal connectedness and new perceptions of others. Participants’ circle of moral regard expanded with every passing day onsite—an effect partially mediated by transformative experience and feelings of universal connectedness. Generosity was remarkably high across sites but did not change over time. Immediately and 6 months following event attendance, self-reported transformative experience persisted and predicted both generosity (directly) and moral expansion (indirectly). These findings highlight the prosocial qualities of transformative experiences at secular mass gatherings and suggest such experiences may be associated with lasting changes in moral orientation.
Dynamic hetero-metallic bondings visualized by sequential atom imaging
Authors: Inazu Minori , Akada Yuji , Imaoka Takane , Hayashi Yoko , Takashima Chinami , Nakai Hiromi , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTraditionally, chemistry has been developed to obtain thermodynamically stable and isolable compounds such as molecules and solids by chemical reactions. However, recent developments in computational chemistry have placed increased importance on studying the dynamic assembly and disassembly of atoms and molecules formed in situ. This study directly visualizes the formation and dissociation dynamics of labile dimers and trimers at atomic resolution with elemental identification. The video recordings of many homo- and hetero-metallic dimers are carried out by combining scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with elemental identification based on the Z-contrast principle. Even short-lived molecules with low probability of existence such as AuAg, AgCu, and AuAgCu are directly visualized as a result of identifying moving atoms at low electron doses.
Fluent molecular mixing of Tau isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease neurofibrillary tangles
Authors: Dregni Aurelio J. , Duan Pu , Xu Hong , Changolkar Lakshmi , El Mammeri Nadia , Lee Virginia M.-Y. , Hong Mei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by the microtubule-associated protein tau and extracellular plaques formed by the β-amyloid peptide. AD tau tangles contain a mixture of tau isoforms with either four (4R) or three (3R) microtubule-binding repeats. Here we use solid-state NMR to determine how 4R and 3R tau isoforms mix at the molecular level in AD tau aggregates. By seeding differentially isotopically labeled 4R and 3R tau monomers with AD brain-derived tau, we measured intermolecular contacts of the two isoforms. The NMR data indicate that 4R and 3R tau are well mixed in the AD-tau seeded fibrils, with a 60:40 incorporation ratio of 4R to 3R tau and a small homotypic preference. The AD-tau templated 4R tau, 3R tau, and mixed 4R and 3R tau fibrils exhibit no structural differences in the rigid β-sheet core or the mobile domains. Therefore, 4R and 3R tau are fluently recruited into the pathological fold of AD tau aggregates, which may explain the predominance of AD among neurodegenerative disorders.