bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Flowers of Cineraria and Their Relation to Flower Color1
Authors: Ashtakala S. S. , Schwartz A. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extracts from flowers of 5 Cineraria cultivars contained 4 major phenolic compounds: 2 anthocyanidins (cyanidin and delphinidin), the flavone apigenin2, and caffeic acid. The flavone and the phenolic acid were present in all cultivars. The color variations among the cultivars is apparently caused by variations in the relative concn of the 2 anthocyanidins. The presence of delphinidin is of particular interest because of its rare occurrence in Compositae.
Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Composition of Fruits from ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth, yield, and composition of ‘Thompson Seedless’ fruits from 4-year-old vines growing in a perlite-vermiculite mixture and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution modified to contain 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mM NO3 were studied. Vines grown without N added to tap water produced no fruits. Number of clusters per vine and number of berries per cluster were significantly less for vines grown with 1/2 or 8 mM NO3 than for vines which received 1, 2, or 4 mM NO3. Weight, pH, and malate level of berries increased with increasing levels of NO3 in the nutrient solution. The concn of arginine in berry juice increased linearly with increasing levels of NO3 from 1/2 through 4 mM, and then remained relatively constant, with about a 12-fold increase between the lowest and highest NO3 treatments. A second-degree quadratic equation best described this relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The level of proline, however, continued to increase between 1/2 and 8 mM NO3 with about a 4-fold overall increase. The concn of proline in the juice of grapes at harvest was much more sensitive to level of ripeness (°Brix) than to N treatment, whereas the opposite relationship was true for arginine. The arginine levels in fruits grown with 1/2 to 8 mM NO3 increased 9 to 20-fold when compared at the same stage of ripeness (°Brix). Total soluble solids, total acidity, and tartrate in berries were not significantly affected by N treatment.
Genetic Studies in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Each of 3 albino characters is governed by a single recessive gene. Virescent chlorophyll deficiency, pale yellow flower, golden flower, abaxial leaf hairs, and plump involucre shape are also regulated by single recessive genes. Male-sterility is inherited as a single dominant.
Studies of Morphactin on the Growth and Auxin Distribution on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Tjia B. , Kiplinger D. C. , Kozel P. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of plant grpwth retardant, methyl-2,7-dichloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin), was investigated on Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Golden Yellow Princess Anne. Treatments with 10 and 20 ppm were the most effective. Pot chrysanthemums grown and pinched following accepted commercial practices were sprayed with the material. The morphactin induced more branches to develop, especially when low light intensity prevailed in mid-winter. Flower count on treated plants, grown 3 to a 6-inch azalea pot, were comparable to untreated plants grown 5 to a 6-inch pot. The branch inducing property was found to be consistent, both during the winter and summer months.
A detailed study of the distribution of diffusible and extractable auxin following morphactin spray of 20 and 100 ppm, showed that the polarity of the auxin following treatments was reduced. Extractable auxin did not seem to be affected by the treatment, when the wheat straight growth test bioassay was employed. In addition, the material caused a delay in flowering, reduced leaf size, thickened stems, and reduced cell division.
The Physiological Effect of Water Quality and Method of Application on Tomato, Cucumber, and Pepper1
Authors: Gornat B. , Goldberg D. , Rimon D. , Ben-Asher J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes and cucumbers were irrigated by sprinkling and trickling, using equal quantities of water containing 800 mg Cl/liter and having an electrical conductivity of 3.6 mmho/cm. Sprinkling produced higher contents of soluble and diffusible ions, free ammonia, and free amino acids in the leaves, and reduced starch, protein, pigments, and relative turgidity. The yield of ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes irrigated by trickling was more than double that obtained by sprinkling, while no yield at all was achieved from sprinkled ‘Marmande’ tomatoes and cucumbers. The differences in plant response between the irrigation methods seem to be the result of salinity.
Pepper plants irrigated with water containing 95 mg Cl/liter and having an electrical conductivity of 0.6 mmho/cm had a higher content of soluble and diffusible ions in the leaves when irrigated by sprinkling than when irrigated by trickling. There was no difference in yield between the 2 methods.
Translocation of 14C-Indoleacetic Acid and 14C-Sucrose in Excised Apple Pedicels1
Authors: Schneider G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excised ‘Staymared’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple pedicels translocated more indoleacetic acid (IAA) basipetally as the flower opened and fruit set, but basipetal and acropetal sucrose translocation did not increase seasonally. In both cultivars translocation of sucrose was not affected by spraying the tree with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (Sevin). Basipetal translocation of IAA was increased on the tenth day following treatment with NAA. Pedicels of fruit about to abscise had lost much of their capacity for basipetal IAA translocation but not for sucrose translocation. The thinning effect of NAA and Sevin apparently was not due to their effect on translocation of auxin or sucrose by the pedicel.
Further Studies on Controlled Atmosphere Storage of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Claypool L. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bartlett’ pears picked early in the harvest season stored best in an atmosphere low in O2 (0.5-1%) and with elevated CO2 (5%) at 0°C. However, pears harvested about 3 weeks later were intolerant to CO2 (even 2.5%) as severe core and flesh browning occurred in storage in less than 2 months. Fruits harvested at an intermediate date were mostly tolerant to elevated CO2, but the number of intolerant fruits would rule out commercial feasibility. Low O2 atmospheres (0.5-1%) caused no injury at any stage of maturity, but pears harvested late in the season were unsuited to prolonged storage regardless of atmospheric composition. Prolonged storage in controlled atmospheres, providing subsequent ripening was normal, did not result in undesirable flavor effects when the pears were canned. Firmness of individual pears is not sufficiently related to physiological status to permit its use in accurately predicting tolerance to CO2 in storage. Core and flesh browning associated with CO2 injury are distinct from browning and breakdown associated with excessive storage time and failure to ripen.
Water Uptake Rates by Cut Roses (Rosa hybrida) in Light and Dark1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rate of absorption of distilled water by individual ‘Forever Yours’ cut roses was measured in continuous light (720 ft-c) and total darkness. Maximum water uptake in light (1.5 to 3.5 ml/hour) was found 24 to 48 hour (hr) after harvest followed by a gradual decline, while the lower (0.18 to 0.47 ml/hour) uptake in the dark persisted during the 120 hour study. Alternating 12 hour light and dark periods for 120 hours in a second study showed absorption rates change rapidly from light to dark or dark to light exposure. Statistical correlations were made among cut rose morphological parts and the rate of water uptake. Leaf area was found to be the factor most closely associated with water uptake in both light and dark. Anatomical studies revealed overall tissue degradation in rose stems kept in distilled water 5 days.
Quality Improvement in Canned ‘Rainier’ Cherries (P. avium L.) with Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Carter G. H. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA), applied at 10 to 30 ppm early in stage III of fruit growth, resulted in canned sweet cherries, cv. Rainier, that were a clear golden color with nearly clear syrup, and were firmer and larger than untreated fruit. The differences appeared to be due more to a change in fruit characteristics than to a simple delay in maturity.
Optimum Temperature and Ethylene Concentrations for Postharvest Development of Carotenoid Pigments in Citrus1
Authors: Wheaton T. A. , Stewart Ivan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Substantial improvement in the external color of harvested citrus fruit was achieved by holding at optimum temperature and ethylene concentration. Under specific conditions, marked improvement in orange and red pigmentation occurred. Initial color development was most rapid at 30°C but carotenoid accumulation ceased after a few days. Best color was obtained with fruit held at 15-25°C for longer periods of time. Optimal ethylene concentration decreased as temperature decreased. At the lowest temperature, high ethylene concentration inhibited color development.
Ethylene Production and Bruise Injury in Apple1
Authors: Robitaille H. A. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production decreased linearly in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples given from 1 to 8 uniform bruises while CO2 evolution was generally high in bruised apples. Primary regions of ethylene production and O2 utilization were located under the skin and in the core.
Stem Galls on Root-knot Nematode Resistant Snap Beans1
Authors: Fassuliotis George , Deakin John R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A successful host-parasite relationship was established in the stems of both resistant and susceptible snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Thirty days after beans were planted in infested soil, all had stem galls containing egg-laying females. Histological studies showed giant cells developed from both vascular and cortical tissues.
Differential Effects of Aluminum on the Vegetative Growth of Tomato Cultivars in Acid Soil and Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato cultivars developed in Brazil, Hawaii, and different parts of the continental United States differed significantly in their tolerance to an acid (pH 4.2), Al-toxic Bladen soil. Cultivars showing greatest tolerance included ‘BGH 588’ (Brazil), ‘Ace’ (Calif.) and Owyhee’ (Idaho); those showing low tolerance included ‘BGH 402’ (Brazil), Anahu’ (Hawaii), and Truckers Favorite’. Differential Al tolerances of ‘BGH 588’, ‘BGH 402’, and ‘Truckers Favorite’ were confirmed in nutrient solutions containing a range of Al concentrations. Tolerance to Al-toxic Bladen soil, measured by vegetative growth, was not associated with reported resistance to blossom end rot (Ca deficiency).
Cultivars showing the greatest tolerance to acid Bladen soil tended to contain lower concentrations of Al, Ca, and P in their tops than did the more sensitive cultivars. In nutrient solutions containing Al, the tops of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive cultivars generally contained similar concentrations of Al, P, and Ca. Roots of tolerant cultivars tended to contain lower concentrations of Al and P and sometimes Ca.
Results suggest the possibility of developing tomato cultivars specifically for greater tolerance to acid soil environments which cannot be economically corrected. An example would be strongly acid Al-toxic soil zones beneath the plow layer.
Effect of Indolebutyric Acid on Distribution of 14C-Photosynthate in Softwood Cuttings of ‘Marianna 2624’ Plum1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Muraoka Tom 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treating the bases of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum cuttings with indolebutyric acid (IBA) enhanced rooting and affected the distribution of labeled assimilate. IBA, however, did not significantly affect the uptake of 14CO2 by a single leaf or the proportion of fixed radioactivity that was translocated in 20 hours. Approximately 60% of the translocated 14C remained in the stem portion immediately below the treated leaf, whereas less than 5% reached the basal end. The rest of the activity was recovered in the upper stem. This distribution pattern was present in both control and IBA-treated cuttings, and remained essentially unchanged until callus appeared at the base of the latter group. The base of treated cuttings then began to accumulate an increasingly larger share of translocated 14C. This value eventually reached 6 times that found in unrooted controls. Throughout the study, 87-95% of the radioactivity in the base of either type of cutting was in an ethanol-soluble neutral fraction which contained sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol. Treatment with IBA increased starch loss in the base of the cutting, while the sugar content rose similarly in both types of cuttings. The time of increased mobilization of photosynthate to the base may be influenced more by the extent of local carbohydrates reserves than by a particular stage of rooting.
Heritability Studies of Tomato Emergence at Different Temperatures1
Authors: El Sayed M. N. , John C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivar emergence base (CEB) temperatures were calculated for the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cvs. G-18824 and H2134 and their hybrid progenies. Each population required a mean accumulation of 160 daily heat units above their CEB. The early emerging parent had a low CEB of 42.6°F, the late emerging parent had a high CEB of 46.1°F, and their progenies were intermediate. The CEB of each cultivar and progeny was the same at different temperatures. Inheritance was found to be quantitative and an estimated 24 gene pairs differentiated the parents for CEB. There was strong evidence for additive gene action. Dominance and epastasis were not ruled out. Broad sense and narrow sense heritability estimates were 25-40% and 25% respectively. The same gene system appears to control emergence at both low and high temperatures. Selection for emergence at low temperature could be achieved at high temperatures on the basis of CEB.
Fluoride Induced Necrosis of Cordyline terminalis Kunth ‘Baby Dolt’ as Influenced by Medium and pH1,2
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although grown by foliage growers for its colorful red leaves, Cordyline terminalis Kunth ‘Baby Doll’ often develops foliar necrosis during propagation. Propagating media had a pronounced influence on amount of necrosis, but soluble salts, pH, and cation exchange capacities of the media offered few clues for the variation. Necrosis was related to soluble soil fluoride. Addition of superphosphate containing 1.6% fluorine (F) increased leaf tissue F and tip necrosis, and both were reduced when media pH increased with liming amendments.
Paint Applications for Reduction of Radiational Cooling1
Authors: Hales T. A. , Moore R. E. , Dacus A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to the tops of mature ‘Red Blush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees to reduce radiationally induced depression of leaf temperature below that of nearby air. Spray applications of solutions containing aluminum powder reduced temperature depression by 0.6°C. When combined with solid fuel heater-block heating, the aluminum powder solution reduced depression by 0.9°C. Carnauba wax and silicone solutions alone had no effect on leaf temperature but reduced temperature depression by 0.3 and 0.6°C, respectively, when combined with solid-fuel heater-block heating.
Toxicity of Dinitroaniline Herbicides to Watermelons1
Authors: Eshel Y. , Shlevin E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inherent phytotoxicity of 5 preplanting dinitroaniline herbicides to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Mansf.) was studied in the greenhouse and field. The herbicides were: N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benenn); N-sec-butyl-N-terbutyl-2,6-dinitroaniline (dibutalin); 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine (isopropalin); 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin); and a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Marked differences in tolerance to the herbicides were found among the 3 watermelon cultivars; Chili > Malali > Sugar baby. Dibutalin and isopropalin were the least phytotoxic to watermelons, benenn was moderately toxic, and trifluralin and nitralin were the most toxic. Growth reduction of watermelon seedlings was observed when the roots, rather than the emerging shoot, were exposed to benenn so depth of incorporation of the herbicide may determine its selectivity.
Preplanting soil-incorporated dibutalin was found suitable for selective weed control in watermelons grown under plastic cover in 3 field experiments. Selective action of dibutalin at 1.75 and 3.50 kg/ha was better than that of the other herbicides.
Influence of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Levels on Brown Stain, Respiration Rate, and Visual Quality of Lettuce1,2
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Brecht Patrick E. , Woodruff Richard , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Brown stain on crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Calmar) was increased by exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) combined with elevated CO2 (1, 2 or 5%) regardless of the O2 level (2, 5, 10, or 21%). Carbon monoxide at 1, 3, or 5% added to air without added CO2 did not induce brown stain. Holding under 5 or 10% O2 in combination with 1% CO2 and with or without 1% CO for 20 days followed by a 4-day period in air at 10°C resulted in better overall visual quality compared with air or 2% O2 controls. Carbon monoxide in combination with air or 2% O2 reduced the respiration rate of lettuce during a 10-day period at 2.5°C. Lettuce previously subjected to CO had higher respiration rates, relative to controls, during the subsequent 4-day period in air at 10°C.
Effects of Lighting Easter Lily Bulbs During Cold Treatment on Plant Growth and Flowering1
Authors: Pertuit Alton J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Before forcing in a 21.1°C minimum greenhouse, Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’ bulbs, with half their bulb mass above the soil, received 4, 6, or 8 weeks of 7.2°C cold storage in dark or while exposed to 18 or 36 ft-c incandescent light for 12 or 18 hr/24 hr cycle during the last 2 weeks of cold storage. Plants from bulbs which received 4-weeks cold storage did not flower, but light intensity and duration during 6-weeks cold treatment increased the flowering percentages. All plants from bulbs that had received 8 weeks of cold storage flowered; however, except for the lowest intensity-duration combination, light during refrigeration resulted in plants with fewer leaves than plants from bulbs which had received no light. Thirty-six ft-c of light for 18 hr/24 hr cycle during 8-weeks cold storage resulted in earlier forcing than other plants except plants from bulbs which received 18 ft-c of light for 18 hr/24 hr cycle.
The Effect of Crotonylidene-di-Urea Fertilization on Fruit Growth, Yield, Quality, and Chemical Composition of White Peach1
Authors: Uchiyama Yoshio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crotonylidene-di-urea (CDU) fertilization increased fruit size of white peach (P. persica var. vulgaris Maxim, cv. Hakuto). The increased size resulted in increased yield. Organoleptic tests indicated that treated fruits were of a brighter, more desirable color and more symmetrical shape than the controls. During the period of pit hardening CDU-treated fruit was an increase in the level of respiration. There was a large increase in sucrose content in treated fruit as it entered the ripening period. Although the results of chemical analysis supported the superiority of CDU-treated fruit as compared with control fruit, the differences in analytical values were small.
The Amino Acid Composition of Five Species of Yams (Dioscorea)1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E. , Martin Franklin W. , Rhodes Ashby M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Principal component analysis based on 19 characters (amino acids and protein measurements) was used to analyze differences among 46 cultivars in 5 yam species: (Dioscorea alata L., D. rotundata Poir., D. esculenta Burkill, D. trifida L.f., and D. bulbifera L.). Considerable diversity existed in amino acid composition among cultivars within species and also between species. Most of the cultivars contained adequate amounts of the essential amino acids except those containing sulfur. The quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids was not associated with individual species or geographical sources. Large variation in the methionine to half-cystine ratio was found, and these amino acids in the 5 species composed 50% to 79% of the amount found in the FAO reference protein. The essential amino acids leucine, phenylalanine, and threonine were present in sufficient excess to supplement proteins from other sources. The pattern of diversity for amino acids was compatible with current biochemical knowledge and suggested that in yams most amino acids are inherited independently of each other.
Sorting Blueberries for Quality by Vibration1
Authors: Hamann D. D. , Kushman L. J. , Ballinger W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method is described and test results reported for sorting blueberries with low-frequency vibration. Separation was dependent on fruit firmness which is affected by roughness of handling and other softening factors.
Firmness, as measured by compressing blueberries 0.2 cm between flat plates, statistically explained 58 to 72% of the variation in frequency for removal of berries from a vibrating trough with constant energy input. When comparing ripeness with frequency for sorting, light transmittance (∆OD; 740-800 nm) values, which indicate anthocyanin pigment concentration, explained only 10% of the variation in sorting frequency.
Berries of several cultivars and harvest dates were vibration sorted and tested for susceptibility to decay. Sorting frequency statistically explained 75% of the variation in decay level. Thus, the vibration method should be suitable for sorting blueberries into groups of different shelf life.
Effect of Manganese Soil and Seed Treatments on Growth and Yield of Peas1
Authors: Anderson W. C. , Carstens J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A broadcast MnSO4 treatment of 38 Kg Mn/ha resulted in 2½-fold increase in both plant growth and shelled pea yields of ‘Darkskin Perfection’ peas. Pods per plant and peas per pod, 2 components of the yield equation, were reduced by Mn deficiency. Seed treatments of Mn EDTA were not effective in correcting the deficiency.
Seed Transmission of Lettuce Mosaic Virus in Mosaic Resistant Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mosaic-susceptible and -resistant lettuce cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for seed transmission of the virus. Two methods of indexing were used: the seedling method, in which seedlings from infected plants were observed; and the Chenopodium method, in which a local lesion host, C. quinoa, was inoculated with seed samples ground in buffer solution. Susceptible lines transmitted at a rate averaging about 2% per plant. Over 90% of resistant lines failed to transmit the virus; the rest transmitted at extremely low rates, averaging 0.49% in one experiment. The parent plant’s environment appears to affect the transmission rate. Low day temperature results in a higher rate than high.