bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humidity- tunable liquefaction of Cr thin-film and its application to patterning
Authors: Ghosh Swapnendu Narayan , Talukder Santanu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Electric field induced liquefaction of chromium (Cr) thin-films, being a surface-based process, is affected by the moisture content in the surroundings. The said process is an electrochemical reaction, which takes place on an electrically stressed Cr thin-film. The reaction results in a liquid region, which appears to flow out radially from the tip of the cathode. A proper understanding of the phenomenon is warranted as it is applied for performing a nanolithography process, electrolithography (ELG). In this study we have focused on the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the material formation and transport on electrically stressed Cr thin-film. Varying the RH over a wide range, the phenomenon is studied using different levels of DC stress. The effect of the applied DC stress coupled with varying levels of RH showed trends which are explained qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicate that RH could be a pivotal parameter affecting the above-mentioned phenomenon on electrically stressed Cr thin-films and could significantly alter the minimum feature size attainable by ELG. To demonstrate the effect of RH on ELG, lines are drawn at various humidity levels resulting in greater than 100% increase in the attainable line width when RH is increased by about 40%.
Can a robot be a scientist? Developing students’ epistemic insight through a lesson exploring the role of human creativity in astronomy
Authors: Billingsley Berry , Heyes Joshua M , Lesworth Tim , Sarzi Marc 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence is transforming the practice of science worldwide. Breakthroughs in machine learning are enabling, for example, the discovery of potentially habitable exoplanets beyond our solar system. The growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in science raises questions for scientists, philosophers, computer scientists … and educators. How will the scholarship and practice of science education respond to the growing role of artificial intelligence in science? Questions like ‘Can a robot be a scientist?’ can help stimulate students’ epistemic curiosity, about the nature of scientific knowledge, including the value and importance of apparently uniquely human attributes such as creativity. In this article we explain the development and delivery of a science lesson using the question ‘can a robot be a scientist?’ to explore the role of human creativity in scientific observation and classification, using resources and activities created for the citizen scientist project ‘Galaxy Zoo’.
Computational dosimetry in MRI in presence of hip, knee or shoulder implants: do we need accurate surgery models?
Authors: Arduino Alessandro , Baruffaldi Fabio , Bottauscio Oriano , Chiampi Mario , Martinez Jessica A , Zanovello Umberto , Zilberti Luca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective. To quantify the effects of different levels of realism in the description of the anatomy around hip, knee or shoulder implants when simulating, numerically, radiofrequency and gradient-induced heating in magnetic resonance imaging. This quantification is needed to define how precise the digital human model modified with the implant should be to get realistic dosimetric assessments. Approach. The analysis is based on a large number of numerical simulations where four ‘levels of realism’ have been adopted in modelling human bodies carrying orthopaedic implants. Main results. Results show that the quantification of the heating due to switched gradient fields does not strictly require a detailed local anatomical description when preparing the digital human model carrying an implant. In this case, a simple overlapping of the implant CAD with the body anatomy is sufficient to provide a quite good and conservative estimation of the heating. On the contrary, the evaluation of the electromagnetic field distribution and heating caused by the radiofrequency field requires an accurate description of the tissues around the prosthesis. Significance. The results of this paper provide hints for selecting the ‘level of realism’ in the definition of the anatomical models with embedded passive implants when performing simulations that should reproduce, as closely as possible, the in vivo scenarios of patients carrying orthopaedic implants.
Bi-criteria Pareto optimization to balance irradiation time and dosimetric objectives in proton arc therapy
Authors: Wuyckens Sophie , Zhao Lewei , Saint-Guillain Michael , Janssens Guillaume , Sterpin Edmond , Souris Kevin , Ding Xuanfeng , Lee John A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective. Proton arc therapy (PAT) is a new delivery technique that exploits the continuous rotation of the gantry to distribute the therapeutic dose over many angular windows instead of using a few static fields, as in conventional (intensity-modulated) proton therapy. Although coming along with many potential clinical and dosimetric benefits, PAT has also raised a new optimization challenge. In addition to the dosimetric goals, the beam delivery time (BDT) needs to be considered in the objective function. Considering this bi-objective formulation, the task of finding a good compromise with appropriate weighting factors can turn out to be cumbersome. Approach. We have computed Pareto-optimal plans for three disease sites: a brain, a lung, and a liver, following a method of iteratively choosing weight vectors to approximate the Pareto front with few points. Mixed-integer programming (MIP) was selected to state the bi-criteria PAT problem and to find Pareto optimal points with a suited solver. Main results. The trade-offs between plan quality and beam irradiation time (static BDT) are investigated by inspecting three plans from the Pareto front. The latter are carefully picked to demonstrate significant differences in dose distribution and delivery time depending on their location on the frontier. The results were benchmarked against IMPT and SPArc plans showing the strength of degrees of freedom coming along with MIP optimization. Significance. This paper presents for the first time the application of bi-criteria optimization to the PAT problem, which eventually permits the planners to select the best treatment strategy according to the patient conditions and clinical resources available.
In-situ deposition of tungsten oxide hole-contact by Hot-Wire CVD and its application in dopant-free heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Guo Cong , Li Junjun , Liu Run , Zhang Dongdong , Qiu Junyang , Zhuang Zihan , Chen Yang , Qiu Qingqing , Liu Wenzhu , Huang Yuelong , Yu Jian , Chen Tao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The tungsten oxide (WO
x
) thin films have been deposited by a novel hot filament oxidation-sublimation process and applied in the dopant-free heterojunction solar cells as the hole selective contacts. The oxygen flow ratio plays a significant role during the deposition process. With increasing the oxygen flow ratio from 1.7% to 6.7%, the morphology of WO
x
films changes from small cauliflower-like particles to large cluster accumulation, and the ratio of W6+ increases from 76.1% to 91.4% with the ratio of W5+ decreasing from 23.9% to 8.6%. The work function of WO
x
can be tailored in a range of 5.5–6.1 eV by increasing the oxygen flow ratio. Its optical band gap maintains above 3.2 eV with the conductivity of about 10−5 S·cm−1. We have applied the WO
x
films in dopant-free silicon heterojunction solar cells as the hole selective contact layer by replacing the p-type amorphous silicon layer. By taking advantage of the highly transparent WO
x
layer, a high photon-current density of 39.6 mA·cm−2 was achieved with the oxygen flow ratio of 1.7%. It is interesting to find that the optimum cell conversion efficiencies of 14.9% were obtained with the oxygen flow ratio of 1.7% and the thickness of 10–20 nm for the deposition of WO
x
layer. This work proves the feasibility and good potential of Hot-Wire CVD prepared WO
x
hole selective contact for efficient dopant-free silicon heterojunction solar cells.
Quantum security and theory of decoherence
Authors: Mironowicz P 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We sketch a relation between two crucial, yet independent, fields in quantum information research, viz. quantum decoherence and quantum cryptography. We investigate here how the standard cryptographic assumption of shielded laboratory, stating that data generated by a secure quantum device remain private unless explicitly published, is disturbed by the einselection mechanism of quantum Darwinism explaining the measurement process by interaction with the external environment. We illustrate the idea with a paradigmatic example of a quantum random number generator compromised by a quantum analog of the Van Eck phreaking. In particular, we derive a trade-off relation between the eavesdropper’s guessing probability

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e
s
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and the collective decoherence factor Γ of the simple form

P

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u
e
s
s

+
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⩾
1

.
Molecular dynamics simulations of irradiated defect clusters evolution in different crystal structures
Authors: Guo Xinhui , Li Huan , Wang Junjie , Liu Chengze , Xu Jianping , Xi Yuntao , Wu Jinping 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Irradiation damage is an important cause of material failure in in-service nuclear reactors. It is important to explore the resistance to irradiation of metals with different crystal structures. As the formation and evolution of point defects on the atomic scale caused by cascade collisions in the early stages of irradiation are currently difficult to observe experimentally, it is currently possible to simulate the dynamic process of irradiation damage on the atomic scale by means of molecular dynamics (MD) methods. In this paper, some atomic scale numerical simulations are performed to study the irradiation behaviour and displacement cascades in metals with different crystal structures of bcc-Fe, hcp-Ti, hcp-Zr and fcc-Ni by the MD methods. The effect of temperature and the magnitude of the primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy on the generation and evolution of point defects is mainly studied. Results show that an increase in cascade energies from 0.5 keV to 10 keV can significantly promote defect formation for different crystal structures, while ambient temperature (T) has a slight effect on the number of surviving defects. The simulations also illustrate that high-energy cascades can significantly promote the formation of defect clusters. Statistical results of the displacement cascades show that bcc-Fe produces a small number of stable defects, a small cluster size and number relative to fcc-Ni, hcp-Ti, and hcp-Zr structures, which indicates that the bcc-Fe structure has a good radiation resistance. These findings could provide an appropriate idea for obtaining potential radiation-resistant materials for nuclear reactors.
Curcumin nanoparticles combined with 3D printed bionic tumor models for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Su Ya , Hu Xueyan , Kang Yue , Zhang Cheng , Cheng Yuen Yee , Jiao Zeren , Nie Yi , Song Kedong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Compared with conventional therapeutic approaches, nanomedicines are attracting a growing interest due to their better targeting ability, higher delivery efficiency, and good water solubility. However, conventional drug efficacy assessment methods are based on a two-dimensional (2D) culture approach of single cells to obtain in vitro therapeutic effects, which may not be representative of actual tumors. Based on the above considerations, the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models became a better choice since they can increase the complexity of in vitro systems and provide a biomimetic microenvironment that is closer to the in vivo native than 2D cultures. In our study, curcumin nanoparticle (CurNPs) with good water solubility and good tumor therapeutic effects were prepared by combining polymeric non-ionic surfactant (Pluronic F127) with curcumin. The hybrid scaffolds based on nano-clay, sodium alginate, and gelatin were also prepared, which showed good printability and excellent biocompatibility. We then studied the therapeutic effects of CurNPs on metastatic breast cancer using a 3D tumor model fabricated with scaffold-bound metastatic breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. It was showed that the 3D cell model presented better cell proliferation effect while compared with 2D version. Additionally, there was good enhanced permeability and retention effect when CurNPs entered with better accumulate in 3D cell ‘tumor’ sites which represented more realistic response of a more real tumor treatment effect for breast cancer cells. Our study indicated that the combinational of nanomaterials with 3D cell ‘tumor’ models provided an alternative and better platform for drug screening and has great potential be used as safe and effective treatment screening for breast cancer.
Families of Abelian Varieties and Large Galois Images
Authors: Zywina David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Associated with an abelian variety $A$ of dimension $g$ over a number field $K$ is a Galois representation $\rho _A\colon \operatorname {Gal}({\overline {K}}/K)\to \operatorname {GL}_{2g}(\widehat {{\mathbb {Z}}})$. The representation $\rho _A$ encodes the Galois action on the torsion points of $A$ and its image is an interesting invariant of $A$ that contains a lot of arithmetic information. We consider abelian varieties over $K$ parametrized by the $K$-points of a non-empty open subvariety $U\subseteq {\mathbb {P}}^n_K$. We show that away from a set of density $0$, the image of $\rho _A$ will be very large; more precisely, it will have uniformly bounded index in a group obtained from the family of abelian varieties. This generalizes earlier results that assumed that the family of abelian varieties has “big monodromy”. We also give a version for families of abelian varieties with a more general base.
Technical requirements for cardiac CT scanning
Authors: Haberland Ulrike , Allmendinger Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The clinical requirements for high-quality cardiac imaging can be directly translated into technical requirements for the CT scanner. The ability to freeze cardiac motion in each individual image yields the notion of temporal resolution (scanner rotation time, number of sources, multisegment reconstruction, and motion correction algorithms). The aim of minimizing the number of involved cardiac cycles is translated into detector coverage (physical collimation, number of slices, slice width). The structure size of interest in typical coronary lesions is on the sub-millimetre level resulting in the need for isotropic spatial resolution-enabled reconstruction (number of detector channels, detector element size). Finally, in the case of angiographic imaging, which is based on high iodine contrast imaging, requirements towards the X-ray tube and generator come into play (low kV, maximum tube current, tube power).
Patient selection and preparation
Authors: Rajani Ronak , Károlyi Mihály 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cardiovascular CT should only be performed when reasonable image quality is expected and the test results may affect patient management. Appropriate patient selection and preparation is fundamental to meet these criteria. Firstly, referral for cardiac CT should be evaluated for its appropriateness based on current recommendations of professional bodies. Secondly, it should only be performed by those personnel who have been appropriately trained and where the host institute has appropriate clinical governance measures in place. Finally, patient preparation should be optimized. This includes appropriate information being relayed to the patient, the completion of a pre-procedural CT safety checklist, and the active steps of cannulation and administration of medication.
Scanner setup, cardiac protocols, and contrast injection
Authors: Haberland Ulrike , Allmendinger Thomas , Pugliese Francesca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Coronary CT angiography uses two primary acquisition techniques: the prospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered sequential mode (step-and-shoot or axial scanning), and the retrospectively ECG-gated spiral or helical mode. The term ‘mode’ refers to the axial/sequential or spiral/helical approaches for CT data acquisition. The term ‘protocol’ indicates the scan mode associated with the specific algorithm for data synchronization (i.e. prospectively ECG-triggered or retrospectively ECG-gated acquisition). Wide-detector CT systems can provide coverage of the entire heart in a single cardiac cycle without movement of the scanner table. Dual-source CT systems offer a prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral protocol with fast table movement. Motion-free imaging depends on the scanner’s temporal resolution, on the heart rate, and on the cardiac ‘phase(s)’ selected for image acquisition. Appropriate intracoronary contrast enhancement practically means achieving an intracoronary attenuation of at least 250 HU or (ideally) higher. This can be achieved by adjusting the contrast injection rate based on the iodine concentration of the contrast medium, in order to achieve a desired iodine delivery rate of 1.6–2.0 g/s (e.g. for an iodine delivery rate of 2.0 g/s, use a 5 ml/s injection rate of a 400 mg/ml concentration contrast material).
Tips and tricks to improve image quality
Authors: Marwan Mohamed , Károlyi Mihály 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Obtaining a high-quality CT data set is crucial to deliver correct diagnostic information and provide the answer to the clinical question or to plan interventions (e.g. for structural heart disease). The spectrum of cardiac CT indications has increased over the last decade and now extends from assessment of the coronary arteries to the comprehensive analysis of different cardiac structures prior to or after structural heart disease interventions. In this chapter, several tips for obtaining high-quality cardiac and coronary CT data sets will be discussed, complemented by some specific considerations for data sets acquired for non-coronary assessment.
Coronary CT angiography interpretation and reporting
Authors: Szilveszter Bálint , Celeng Csilla , Takx Richard , Maurovich-Horvat Pál 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
CT imaging has demonstrated unparalleled technical advancements for the assessment of cardiac chambers and coronary arteries. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a reliable, noninvasive tool for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of coronary artery disease. Owing to its high negative predictive value, CCTA has been established as the first-line test to rule out obstructive CAD in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Developments in scanner technology including wide-detector panels, dose-saving strategies, dual-source imaging, faster gantry rotation, and novel iterative reconstruction algorithms enable high-quality image acquisition of the cardiac structures. The contemporary role of CT imaging not only rules out CAD, but also provides prognostic information and guides downstream patient management.
Atherosclerotic plaque imaging
Authors: Kolossváry Márton 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Aside from coronary artery stenosis assessment, coronary CT angiography (CCTA) provides a large amount of data on plaque extent, distribution, morphology, and composition, which may facilitate a more refined risk stratification of the patient. Calcified plaque components can be easily distinguished from non-calcified parts based on CT density, while further differentiation of soft tissue components (lipid-rich necrotic vs. predominantly fibrous) may be more challenging. Morphological high-risk plaque features associated with increased risk of ischaemic coronary events include the ‘napkin ring sign’, low intraplaque attenuation, positive (outward) plaque remodelling, and spotty calcification. Ultrastructural information from CCTA may be combined with biological signals from other imaging modalities (e.g. radionuclide imaging tracers of inflammatory plaque activity) to provide a more comprehensive assessment of plaque vulnerability.
Ventricular volume and function
Authors: Takx Richard A.P. , Celeng Csilla 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Precise measurement of left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volume, mass, and function is relevant for patients with heart disease. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging are considered the techniques of choice, although they are not always feasible due to contraindications. CT provides a good alternative with isotropic sub-millimetre spatial resolution and good temporal resolution. To lower radiation dose, functional information can be acquired by using retrospective gating with tube current modulation. In order to extract functional information, contours have to be traced in end systole and end diastole for both ventricles. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, valvular disease, and cardiac devices, accurate assessment of LV function is important. RV function is important in patients with pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, right-sided heart failure, and other disease of the RV. Global and regional LV function can be scored according to standard myocardial segmentation models.
Thoracic great vessels
Authors: Messerli Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
CT has evolved as the most important imaging tool for the assessment of the great thoracic vessels (i.e. the aortic and pulmonary arteries) owing to its fast acquisition time and high temporal/spatial resolution. Typical CT protocols of the aorta include a non-contrast phase, an arterial phase, as well as a venous phase in some circumstances. The non-contrast phase allows for the assessment of aortic calcifications, intramural haematoma, and surgical material; the arterial phase depicts the lumen of the aorta; and the venous phase may detect leakage of contrast media in the context of prior endovascular repair. Electrocardiogram gating improves image quality of the aortic root and ascending aorta, as artefacts from cardiac motion may mimic dissection flaps and generally degrade evaluation of these structures. Diseases of the pulmonary artery include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension with arterial enlargement, and the rare pulmonary artery sarcoma.
Pericardial disease
Authors: Moharem-Elgamal Sarah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pericardial diseases are often assessed by echocardiography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance. Cardiac CT offers a useful alternative to both techniques, with isotropic spatial and good temporal resolution, which allows for comprehensive assessment of the pericardial anatomy and characterization of different pericardial lesions. Knowledge of the normal pericardial anatomy, anatomical variants, and the CT appearances of different pericardial conditions is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Implanted cardiac devices and how to recognize them on CT
Authors: Benz Dominik C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Implanted cardiac devices are more commonly encountered in patients undergoing cardiac CT—either to assess the device itself or for various other cardiac or extracardiac indications (e.g. coronary CT angiography, left atrial anatomical map for radiofrequency ablations, and CT pulmonary angiography). Therefore, it is paramount for the cardiovascular imager to recognize the devices and be familiar with the normal findings. Meanwhile, patients with implanted devices may pose challenges to CT imaging, including beam hardening and partial volume effects, and motion artefacts from a rapid and irregular heart rate. Therefore, imaging protocols should be optimized for image quality. This chapter will present the most common implanted cardiac devices. They range from valvular devices to rhythm-management devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators, occluders of the left atrial appendage, persistent foramen ovale, or septal defects to circulatory assist devices. Moreover, the chapter will address the most common complications associated with these devices one should be aware of.