bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALKOHOL VERSUS KANABINOLE - PORÓWNANIE SZKODLIWOŚCI
Authors: Makulska-Nowak Helena E. 
Published: August 2022

Przedstawiono dotychczas zaobserwowane, potwierdzone i opisane w piśmiennictwie działania niepożądane alkoholu i kanabinoli. Porównanie szkodliwości tych substancji jest trudne z uwagi na różną strukturę i właściwości. Alkohol jest pojedynczą, egzogenną substancją o prostej budowie chemicznej, podczas gdy kanabinoidy to grupa 60 związków, występujących wyłącznie w typie narkotykowym rośliny o nazwie Cannabis sativa, wśród których znajdują się związki od szkodliwych do takich, których właściwości lecznicze można wykorzystać pod kontrolą lekarską. Z rośliny Cannabis sativa otrzymywane są produkty o różnej zawartości psychoaktywnych kanobinoidów, takie jak: marihuana, haszysz i olej haszyszowy.
Odkrycie receptorów kanabinoidowych CB1 i CB2, ustalenie ich lokalizacji w mózgu i innych strukturach organizmów ludzi i zwierząt, sklonowanie tych receptorów i odkrycie endogennych dla nich ligandów wskazało na możliwość ich udziału w niektórych funkcjach fizjologicznych i patofizjologicznych. W porównywaniu szkodliwości alkoholu i kanabinoidów niezwykle istotne jest uwzględnienie krótkotrwałych efektów szkodliwych i tych, które substancje te wywoływać mogą po długotrwałym ich nadużywaniu - można tu wykazać zarówno pewne podobieństwa jak i znaczące różnice. Należałoby porównywać pojedyncze substancje w ściśle określonych, ekwiwalentnych dawkach. Należy także uwzględnić postać związku, drogę wprowadzenia do organizmu, sposób zażywania, wielkość zastosowanej dawki, strukturę osobowości zażywającego, wiek, płeć, masę ciała, uwarunkowania genetyczne i środowiskowe, wydolność narządową, oraz aktywność enzymów uczestniczących w metabolizmie tych związków.
Adam von Trott und die »knospenden Saaten«
Authors: Onken von Trott Verena 
Published: August 2022

Die Tochter des Widerständlers Adam von Trott reflektiert über die »knospenden

Saaten«, die ihr Vater ihrer Familie und der Nachwelt hinterlassen haben.

Adam von Trott war erst 35 Jahre alt, als er am 26. August 1944 wegen Mitwirkung am Umsturzversuch des 20. Juli gegen Hitler hingerichtet wurde. Ein Gegner des NS-Regimes von Anfang an, betrieb er seit 1939 dessen Sturz und wurde nach mehreren gescheiterten Bemühungen zum engen Mitstreiter Stauffenbergs. Trott scheute keine Gefahr, um auf Auslandsreisen im Dienst des Auswärtigen Amts für den deutschen Widerstand zu werben. Seine Gabe, Kontakte zu knüpfen und Freundschaften zu schließen, zeichnete ihn aus. Trott verband Heimatliebe mit Weltoffenheit. Studienjahre in Oxford, Reisen durch die USA und ein Studienaufenthalt in China verliehen ihm Weitblick.

Im Kreisauer Kreis trat er für ein zukünftig gemeinsames Europa ein. Im Abschiedsbrief an seine junge Frau Clarita schreibt er, »ein Sämann überlässt nicht gerne knospende Saaten anderen zur weiteren Bearbeitung«.
Vom »Volkskörper« zum Individuum
Authors: Kreller Lutz , Kuschel Franzsika 
Published: August 2022

Gesundheitspolitik in der Demokratie: Das Bundesministerium für Gesundheitswesen in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren.

Im Herbst 1961 – zwölf Jahre nach Entstehung der Bundesrepublik – wurde das Bundesministerium für Gesundheitswesen (BMGes) gegründet. Lutz Kreller und Franziska Kuschel untersuchen erstmals auf breiter Quellenbasis die Geschichte dieses »verspäteten« bundesdeutschen Gesundheitsressorts von den Anfängen bis Mitte der 1970er Jahre.

Sie analysieren die Biografien leitender Beamtinnen und Beamten des BMGes und deren im Kaiserreich, in der Weimarer Republik und während des »Dritten Reiches« geprägtes Selbstverständnis. Zudem zeigen Kreller und Kuschel den maßgeblichen Einfluss des BMGes bei der Gestaltung zentraler gesundheitspolitischer Themen der 1960er und 1970er Jahre auf: etwa der Reform des ärztlichen Standes- und Zulassungswesens, des Gesetzes zur freiwilligen eugenisch indizierten Sterilisation, der Krebsbekämpfung, der Nikotinprävention und dem Verbraucherschutz.

Welche Rolle spielte dabei die Hypothek der Medizinverbrechen des Nationalsozialismus? Welche Faktoren bestimmten die Neuausrichtung der Bonner Gesundheitspolitik? Wie gestaltete sich der Entwicklungsprozess einer Gesundheitspolitik unter den Bedingungen der liberal-parlamentarischen Demokratie?
COVID-19 onset reduced the sex ratio at birth in South Africa
Authors: Masukume Gwinyai , Ryan Margaret , Masukume Rumbidzai , Zammit Dorota , Grech Victor , Mapanga Witness 
Published: August 2022

Background
The sex ratio at birth (defined as male/(male+female) live births) is anticipated to approximate 0.510 with a slight male excess. This ratio has been observed to decrease transiently around 3–5 months following sudden unexpected stressful events. We hypothesised that stress engendered by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic may have caused such a decrease in South Africa 3–5 months after March 2020 since in this month, South Africa reported its first COVID-19 case, death and nationwide lockdown restrictions were instituted.

Methods
We used publicly available, recorded monthly live birth data from Statistics South Africa. The most recent month for which data was available publicly was December 2020. We analysed live births for a 100-month period from September 2012 to December 2020, taking seasonality into account. Chi-squared tests were applied.

Results
Over this 100-month period, there were 8,151,364 live births. The lowest recorded monthly sex ratio at birth of 0.499 was in June 2020, 3 months after March 2020. This June was the only month during this period where the sex ratio inverted i.e., fewer male live births occurred. The predicted June 2020 ratio was 0.504. The observed June 2020 decrease was statistically significant p = 0.045.

Conclusions
The sex ratio at birth decreased and inverted in South Africa in June 2020, for the first time, during the most recent 100-month period. This decline occurred 3 months after the March 2020 onset of COVID-19 in South Africa. As June 2020 is within the critical window when population stressors are known to impact the sex ratio at birth, these findings suggest that the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic engendered population stress with notable effects on pregnancy and public health in South Africa. These findings have implications for future pandemic preparedness and social policy.
Effect of Customs Documentation and Procedures on Kenya’s Agricultural and Manufactured Commodity Exports to Uganda
Authors: Ekise Boniface Simiyu , Ali Umulkher , Mungai Angela , Ngala Consolata 
Published: August 2022

Aim: The study sought to examine the effect of customs documentation and procedures on Kenya’s agricultural and manufactured commodity exports to Uganda.
Place and duration of Study: The study was conducted at Busia and Malaba borders, on Kenyan side. The study took place between March and July, 2021.
Research Design: The study used transversal descriptive research design.
Methodology: From the total population of 1860 Kenyan exporters to Uganda, a sample size of 329 respondents was chosen using Yamane’s sampling formula. Data was collected using questionnaires. Validity and reliability of research instruments was verified through the pilot study. The research adopted descriptive statistics analysis and inferential statistical analysis. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis were used. Descriptive statistics analysis was done using means, standard deviation, percentages and frequencies. Data presentation was done in graphs, tables and diagrams. The study conducted diagnostic tests for normality and multicollinearity. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for data analysis.
Results: 280 questionnaires were completed, giving a response rate of 85.1%. The results indicated that time for customs documentation and procedures was (β2 = -0.352, P = .000<0.05). This meant that a one-unit rise in time for customs documentation and procedures would result in a 0.352-unit decrease in the agricultural and manufactured commodity export.
Conclusion: Time for customs documentation and procedures had a negative and significant effect on agricultural and manufactured commodity export. The study recommended on the governments of the two countries to harmonize standards expected on traded commodity and coordinate acquisition of commodity export documents.
Factors Associated With Mortality Among Homeless Older Adults in California
Authors: Brown Rebecca T. , Evans Jennifer L. , Valle Karen , Guzman David , Chen Yea-Hung , Kushel Margot B. 
Published: August 2022

ImportanceThe population of homeless older adults is growing and experiences premature mortality. Little is known about factors associated with mortality among homeless older adults.ObjectiveTo identify the prevalence and factors associated with mortality in a cohort of homeless adults 50 years and older.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this prospective cohort study (Health Outcomes in People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age [HOPE HOME]), 450 adults 50 years and older who were homeless at baseline were recruited via venue-based sampling in Oakland, California. Enrollment occurred in 2 phases, from July 2013 to June 2014 and from August 2017 to July 2018, and participants were interviewed at 6-month intervals.ExposuresBaseline and time-varying characteristics, including sociodemographic factors, social support, housing status, incarceration history, chronic medical conditions, substance use, and mental health problems.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMortality through December 31, 2021, based on state and local vital records information from contacts and death certificates. All-cause mortality rates were compared with those in the general population from 2014 to 2019 using age-specific standardized mortality ratios with 95% CIs.ResultsOf the 450 included participants, median (IQR) age at baseline was 58.1 (54.5-61.6) years, 107 (24%) were women, and 360 (80%) were Black. Over a median (IQR) follow-up of 55 (38-93) months, 117 (26%) participants died. Median (IQR) age at death was 64.6 (60.3-67.5) years. In multivariable analyses, characteristics associated with mortality included a first episode of homelessness at 50 years and older (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.13-2.32), homelessness (aHR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.23-2.68) or institutionalization (aHR, 6.36; 95% CI, 3.42-11.82) at any follow-up compared with being housed, fair or poor self-rated health (aHR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13-2.40), and diabetes (aHR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.06-2.26). Demographic characteristics, substance use problems, and mental health problems were not independently associated. All-cause standardized mortality was 3.5 times higher (95% CI, 2.5-4.4) compared with adults in Oakland. The most common causes of death were heart disease (n = 17 [14.5%]), cancer (n = 17 [14.5%]), and drug overdose (n = 14 [12.0%]).Conclusions and RelevanceThe cohort study found that premature mortality was common among homeless older adults and associated factors included late-life homelessness and ongoing homelessness. There is an urgent need for policy approaches to prevent and end homelessness among older adults in the US.
The return of intelligent textbooks
Authors: Brusilovsky Peter , Sosnovsky Sergey , Thaker Khushboo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe advancement of computational Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the recent decade has been transformative for many domains, including AI in Education. One direction, where it has caused a noticeable increase in research activity, is application of AI technologies to enhance digital textbooks by making them more interactive, engaging, adaptive, and intelligent. For many researchers coming into this field, it would have seemed as if an intelligent textbook is a completely new idea. We would like to provide a historic outlook on this field and outline the important phases that it went through over the last three decades. We hope that such an account can inform interested readers and help them better understand the problems and the approaches of intelligent textbooks.
Inoculation against conspiracy theories: A consumer side approach to India's fake news problem
Authors: Iyengar Ananya , Gupta Poorvi , Priya Nidhi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe attempt to replicate Roozenbeek and van der Linden's Western‐based study in India by employing the Bad News Game, an online game, in which players take on the role of a misinformation tycoon. They are exposed to weakened doses of the strategies employed in conspiracy and fake news production with the aim to cognitively inoculate them against misinformation. The proliferation of inexpensive mobile connections coupled with a lack of digital literacy has resulted in a conspiratorial pandemic in developing countries like India. We test the game's impact on an Indian sample (n = 1002) using a within‐subject design. We provide evidence of significant improvement in the ability of participants to identify the misinformation produced using Conspiracy, Impersonation, and to a lesser extent, the Discrediting technique, while observing greater truth discernment in correctly identifying true news. We also conduct sub‐sample analyses. These findings have positive implications for methods that protect users from malignant online content.
Aptamer‐Modified Nanohydrogel Microarrays for Bioselective Cancer Cell Immobilization
Authors: Lamberger Zan , Bargel Hendrik , Humenik Martin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPhotolithography combined with surface nucleated protein self‐assembly of azido‐modified spider silk proteins is used to create an arbitrarily shaped, inherently cell repellent micropattern based on nanofibrillar networks. Using “click” chemistry with dibenzocyclooctin modified oligonucleotides, the microstructures are functionalized with DNA‐aptamers, which selectively bind cancer cell markers protein tyrosine kinase 7 or nucleolin. The epitope‐specific cell interaction on the aptamer‐modified surfaces is tested using human non‐adherend leukemia T cells (Jurkat), as well as adherent cervix carcinoma (HeLa) and neuroblastoma (Kelly) cells. The cells can be immobilized with high precision and cell densities on the pattern, also revealing spatially defined proliferation and spreading into distinct morphologies upon cultivation. The formation of integrin‐based focal adhesions occurs in the case of the aptamer immobilized cancer cells, similarly to those anchored on RGD‐modified pattern. The firm aptamer‐marker anchorage allows for the formation of integrin‐dependent cell adhesions. Due to the amenability of the recombinant spider silk protein towards chemical and genetical modifications, the presented micropatterned fibrous networks have great potential for further development of adjustable and biocompatible cell‐specific arrays, enabling applications in circulating cancer cell isolation and cultivation, studies on the cell's pathogenesis, progression and metastasis capabilities as well as enabling development of platforms for personalized medicine.
Tailoring Photothermally Triggered Phase Transition of Multimodal Cascade Theranostics Platform by Spherical Nucleic Acids
Authors: Du Tianyu , Shi Zewen , Qin Zhaojian , Hu Yiwei , Zhu Yabin , Jiang Hui , Wang Xuemei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccurate targeting and low side effects are crucial for tumor theranostics. Herein, an in situ targeted therapy strategy which relies on a photothermally triggered theranostics nanoplatform is proposed. Taking advantage of spherical nucleic acids, black phosphorus nanosheets and zinc porphyrin metal‐organic framework (PPF‐1) nanosheets are programmed by DNA hybridization to result in a “sandwich” like structure. Its phase‐transition temperature is finely tuned by altering the strand length and the proportion of (A + T) and (C + G) of the oligonucleotides. The superstructure can disassemble during photothermal therapy (PTT) process once the temperature reaches the melting point (Tm) of oligonucleotides duplex. Since the relief of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, the photothermally triggered photodynamic therapy can be realized under the irradiation of near‐infrared laser. In turn, the enhanced singlet oxygen generation downregulates the heat shock proteins and thus improves the effect of PTT. Furthermore, the behaviors of superstructures in living cells and animals are elaborated by fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging, and the in vivo therapy efficiency is also evaluated. This superstructure may establish a multiple synergistic platform for advanced cancer theranostics.
Discovery of Efficient Visible‐light Driven Oxygen Evolution Photocatalysts: Automated High‐Throughput Computational Screening of MA2Z4
Authors: Lin Chao , Feng Xiang , Legut Dominik , Liu Xiaopeng , Seh Zhi Wei , Zhang Ruifeng , Zhang Qianfan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPhotocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by 2D semiconductors is a promising strategy for efficient energy conversion. The newly discovered 2D semiconductors MA2Z4 (M = transition metal, e.g., Mo, W; A = C, Si, and Ge; Z = N, P, and As) have shown characteristics of promising photocatalytic OER catalysts. Herein, an automated high‐throughput workflow is proposed to efficiently screen MA2Z4 photocatalytic OER catalysts, and further reveal the theoretical mechanism. The four criteria of semi‐conductivity, bandgap width/band edge position, structural stability, and free energy change, are proposed to screen MA2Z4 catalysts thermodynamically. The exciton properties and carrier mobility of these MA2Z4 are further studied to explore the high‐efficiency photocatalytic OER MA2Z4 with low exciton binding energy and high effective mass ratio. It is found that the bandgap width of MA2Z4 mainly depends on the strength of MZ bonding and the redistribution of electrons, while the catalytic effect is closely related to the adsorption capacity of O atom. In particular, β‐ZrSi2N4 and β‐HfSi2N4 are screened as efficient photocatalytic OER catalysts. This study develops a fully automated method and contributes to a complete framework for screening high‐efficiency photocatalytic OER catalysts.
Thermal Transport Properties of Phonons in Halide Perovskites
Authors: Jung Yoonseong , Lee Wonsik , Han Seungbin , Kim Beom‐Soo , Yoo Seung‐Jun , Jang Hyejin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHalide perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for various applications, such as photovoltaic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. The knowledge of the thermal transport of halide perovskites is essential for enhancing the device performance for these applications and improving the understanding of heat transport in complicated material systems with atomic disorders. In this work, the current understanding of the experimentally and theoretically obtained thermal transport properties of halide perovskites is reviewed. This study comprehensively examines the reported thermal conductivity of methylammonium lead iodide, which is a prototype material, and provides theoretical frameworks for its lattice vibrational properties. The frameworks and discussions are extended to other halide perovskites and derivative structures. The implications for device applications, such as solar cells and thermoelectrics, are discussed.
Powder Metallurgy Route to Ultrafine‐Grained Refractory Metals
Authors: Zhang Lin , Li Xingyu , Qu Xuanhui , Qin Mingli , Que Zhongyou , Wei Zichen , Guo Chenguang , Lu Xin , Dong Yanhao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUltrafine‐grained (UFG) refractory metals are promising materials for applications in aerospace, microelectronics, nuclear energy, and many others under extreme environments. Powder metallurgy (PM) allows to produce such materials with well‐controlled chemistry and microstructure at multiple length scales and near‐net shape manufacturing. However, sintering refractory metals to full density while maintaining a fine microstructure is still challenging due to the high sintering temperature and the difficulty to separate the kinetics of densification versus grain growth. Here an overview of the sintering issues, microstructural design rules, and PM practices towards UFG and nanocrystalline refractory metals are sought to be provided. The previous efforts shall be reviewed to address the processing challenges, including the use of fine/nanopowders, second‐phase grain growth inhibitors, and field‐assisted sintering techniques. Recently, pressureless two‐step sintering has been successfully demonstrated in producing dense UFG refractory metals down to ≈300 nm average grain size with a uniform microstructure and this technological breakthrough shall be reviewed. PM progresses in specific materials systems shall be next reviewed, including elementary metals (W and Mo), refractory alloys (W‐Re), refractory high‐entropy alloys, and their composites. Last, future developments and the endeavor towards UFG and nanocrystalline refractory metals with exceptionally uniform microstructure and improved properties are outlined.
Perovskite Wide‐Angle Field‐Of‐View Camera
Authors: Ji Zhong , Liu Yujin , Zhao Chuanxi , Wang Zhong Lin , Mai Wenjie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractResearchers have attempted to create wide‐angle field‐of‐view (FOV) cameras inspired by the structure of the eyes of animals, including fisheye and compound eye cameras. However, realizing wide‐angle FOV cameras simultaneously exhibiting low distortion and high spatial resolution remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel wide‐angle FOV camera is developed by combining a single large‐area flexible perovskite photodetector (FP‐PD) using computational technology. With this camera, the proposed single‐photodetector imaging technique can obtain high‐spatial‐resolution images using only a single detector, and the large‐area FP‐PD can be bent further to collect light from a wide‐angle FOV. The proposed camera demonstrates remarkable features of an extraordinarily tunable wide FOV (greater than 150°), high spatial resolution of 256 × 256 pixels, and low distortion. It is believed that the proposed compatible and extensible camera prototype will promote the development of high‐performance versatile FOV cameras.
Enhanced Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Micro‐Rhombic Patterned PDMS for Self‐Powered Wearable Sensing
Authors: Zhang Ping , Deng Lu , Zhang Honghao , He Jinfan , Fan Xinyue , Ma Yuting 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn recent years, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been used in energy harvesting and microsensing widely, and the performance of TENGs has been gradually improved through dielectric material surface modification strategies. Microscopic arrays mostly require expensive and tedious experimental steps to fabricate, such as micropillars, microneedles, cubes, and pyramids. Herein, a new type of triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of micro‐rhombic patterned PDMS (MR‐TENG) is proposed to enhance the performance. The micro‐rhombic patterns are simple to produce, using only a wire bar coater. The open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of MR‐TENG can achieve 81 V and 2.04 µA, respectively, which are 2.7 and 2 times those of triboelectric nanogenerator with smooth PDMS (S‐TENG). In addition, MR‐TENG can not only serve as a self‐powered motion sensor to recognize human motion status, but also be combined with electronic devices to form a self‐powered system to power small wearable devices including LCD screens, watches, and temperature and humidity sensors. MR‐TENG has the advantages of high cost‐effective, simple process, environment‐friendly, and miniaturization, which have good practical value in self‐powered wearable sensors.