bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence, distribution, and management of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in China
Authors: Li Fangfang , Qiao Rui , Yang Xiuling , Gong Pan , Zhou Xueping 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), belonging to the genus Begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae, is the most damaging virus for global tomato production. This virus has become one of the most studied plant viral pathogens because of its huge economic importance. Since it was firstly identified in Shanghai, China, in 2006, it has been spread to most parts of the country. The widespread occurrence, rapid spread to new regions, and enormous damage to tomato production, makes it an important agricultural pathogen in China. TYLCV has been characterized extensively at the molecular level. This review is focused on the occurrence and distribution of all TYLCV isolates in China, providing valuable information for further epidemiological studies. In addition, management strategies for TYLCV are also proposed, with the ultimate goal to prevent and control the further occurrence of this viral disease.
The role of Fast spin-echo T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging for spine bone marrow changes evaluation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
Authors: Hammood Salman Mohammed Abed , Ali Talib Milad , Al-Baghdadi Firas Abdullah , Dehghani Sadegh 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
To prospectively investigate the role of Fast spin-echo T2-weighted (FSE T2-w) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting spine bone marrow changes in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (OP). A total of 101 postmenopausal women, mean age of 60.97 ± 7.41 (range 52–68) years old, who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the spine, were invited to this study and divided into three bone density (normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic) groups based on T-score. After that MRI scan with both FSE T2-w and DWI of the vertebral body was done to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Finally, MRI findings were compared in patients, between three groups and correlated with bone marrow density.

Results
The osteoporotic group showed significantly lower mean ADC values, compared to osteopenic and normal groups (0.58 ± 0.02 vs. 0.36 ± 0.05 vs. 0.24 ± 0.06 × 10–3 mm2/s, p < 0.001). According to these results, a significant positive correlation was found between T-scores and ADC values (r = 0.652, p < 0.001). The mean SNR in FSE T2-w images for normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups was calculated 5.61 ± 0.32, 5.48 ± 0.55, and 6.63 ± 0.67, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the mean SNR and T-score for all groups (r = − 0.304, p > 0.05).

Conclusions
DWI can be used as a noninvasive, quantitative, and valuable technique for OP evaluation. While, routine MRI needs more investigation to be demonstrated as a reliable diagnostic indicator for OP.
Translocation of Broca’s area in a case of low-grade glioma: reinforcing the importance of preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Arora Suryansh , Vani Kavita 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Functional MRI has enabled us to map the anatomical location of functional areas of brain including language centers and thus provides useful insights in preoperative planning and assessment for neurosurgeons. In recent years, fMRI has also provided evidence for neuroplasticity which implies that brain pathways have an ability to reorganize in response to any injury.

Case presentation
We present a case of a 27-year-old male, postoperative case of left frontotemporal glioma (WHO grade II) with residual tumor in inferior frontal, temporal and insular lobe in whom functional magnetic resonance imaging was carried out to elicit language centers. fMRI revealed activation of Wernicke’s area in left cerebral hemisphere in the right-handed patient, while Broca’s area was activated in right cerebral hemisphere, thus eliciting the translocation of Broca’s area in response to low-grade glioma.

Conclusions
This case provided an example of the ability of brain to reorganize pathways in response to injury or insult. The routine use of preoperative fMRI in such cases will help in better planning and lead to an improved postoperative outcome.
Artificial Neural network-based prediction of SCF at the Intersection of CFST Y-joints
Authors: Xiao Lin , Wei Xing , Zhao Junming , Kang Zhirui 
Published: July 2022

AbstractStress concentration factors (SCFs) are used to quantify the hot-spots stress in tubular joints with circular hollow section for fatigue assessment, which are always obtained by finite element analysis or specimens testing. According to design specifications, complex formulas are recommended to calculate the SCFs at special locations of the intersection lines weld toe of tubular joints for individual load cases. To improve the fatigue performance of the joint, the concrete is filled in the chord to form a concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) joint. The capability of back-propagation neural network-based (BPNN) model in calculation of the SCFs in CFST Y-joints was investigated in this study. Three hundred FE numerical models were investigated to evaluate the effects of changes in different geometrical parameters on the SCFs of CFST Y-joint and the FEA results were used to train and test the neural networks. The nonlinear mapping relationships between the affecting variables and the SCFs distributions were established. Research results showed that SCFs prediction results of CFST Y-joints from BPNN models are close to the FE results, and properly trained and well calibrated BPNN can be reliable alternatives to complicated SCFs equations for predicting SCFs distribution at intersection line of CFST Y-joints.
Short-stay crisis units for mental health patients on crisis care pathways: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Anderson Katie , Goldsmith Lucy P. , Lomani Jo , Ali Zena , Clarke Geraldine , Crowe Chloe , Jarman Heather , Johnson Sonia , McDaid David , Pariza Paris , Park A-La , Smith Jared A. , Stovold Elizabeth , Turner Kati , Gillard Steve 
Published: July 2022

Background
Internationally, an increasing proportion of emergency department visits are mental health related. Concurrently, psychiatric wards are often occupied above capacity. Healthcare providers have introduced short-stay, hospital-based crisis units offering a therapeutic space for stabilisation, assessment and appropriate referral. Research lags behind roll-out, and a review of the evidence is urgently needed to inform policy and further introduction of similar units.

Aims
This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of short-stay, hospital-based mental health crisis units.

Method
We searched EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL and PsycINFO up to March 2021. All designs incorporating a control or comparison group were eligible for inclusion, and all effect estimates with a comparison group were extracted and combined meta-analytically where appropriate. We assessed study risk of bias with Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies – of Interventions and Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials.

Results
Data from twelve studies across six countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, The Netherlands, UK and USA) and 67 505 participants were included. Data indicated that units delivered benefits on many outcomes. Units could reduce psychiatric holds (42% after intervention compared with 49.8% before intervention; difference = 7.8%; P < 0.0001) and increase out-patient follow-up care (χ2 = 37.42, d.f. = 1; P < 0.001). Meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in length of emergency department stay (by 164.24 min; 95% CI −261.24 to −67.23 min; P < 0.001) and number of in-patient admissions (odds ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.43–0.68; P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Short-stay mental health crisis units are effective for reducing emergency department wait times and in-patient admissions. Further research should investigate the impact of units on patient experience, and clinical and social outcomes.
Visual phenomenology in schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder: an exploratory study
Authors: Wearne Deborah , Ayalde Jeremiah , Curtis Guy , Gopisetty Aarethi , Banerjee Amit , Melvill-Smith Peter , Orr Kenneth , Rajanthiran Leon , Waters Flavie 
Published: July 2022

Background
Visual experiences such as hallucinations are commonly reported by people with psychosis, psychological trauma and dissociative states, although questions remain about their similarities and differences. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, clinical research must better delineate and compare the characteristics of these experiences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in schizophrenia.

Aims
To compare visual phenomena and dissociation in participants with a primary psychotic illness and those with a trauma diagnosis.

Method
A quantitative group design study comparing visual phenomena in three participant groups who also have a history of hearing voices: schizophrenia and no trauma history (n = 19), PTSD with dissociation (n = 17) and comorbid schizophrenia and PTSD (n = 20). Validated clinical measures included the North-East Visual Hallucination Interview, PTSD Symptoms Scale Interview, Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale, Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scales and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Results
There was a remarkable similarity in visual experiences, including rates of complex visual hallucinations, between the three diagnostic groups. There were no significant differences in the severity or components of distress surrounding the visual experiences. Dissociation predicted visual hallucination severity for the comorbid schizophrenia and PTSD group, but not for PTSD or schizophrenia alone.

Conclusions
Visual experiences in PTSD can include visual hallucinations that are indistinguishable from those experienced in schizophrenia. Multimodal hallucinations are frequently observed in both schizophrenia and PTSD. A model for visual hallucinations in PTSD is suggested, following two separate neurobiological pathways based on distinct responses to trauma.
Manifestations of Opioid Stigma in Patients With Advanced Cancer: Perspectives From Patients and Their Support Providers
Authors: Bulls Hailey W. , Hamm Megan , Wasilko Rachel , de Abril Cameron Flor , Belin Shane , Goodin Burel R. , Liebschutz Jane M. , Wozniak Antoinette , Sabik Lindsay M. , Merlin Jessica S. , Schenker Yael 
Published: July 2022

PURPOSE: Stigma surrounding prescription opioids, or opioid stigma, is increasingly recognized as a barrier to effective and guideline-concordant cancer pain management. Patients with advanced cancer report high rates of pain and prescription opioid exposure, yet little is known about how opioid stigma may manifest in this population. METHODS: We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 patients with advanced cancer and 11 support providers between March 2020, and May 2021. We took a rigorous inductive, qualitative descriptive approach to characterize how opioid stigma manifests in the lives of patients with advanced cancer. RESULTS: Patients and their support providers described three primary manifestations of opioid stigma: (1) direct experiences with opioid stigma and discrimination in health care settings (eg, negative, stigmatizing interactions in pharmacies or a pain clinic); (2) concerns about opioid stigma affecting patient care in the future, or anticipated stigma; and (3) opioid-restricting attitudes and behaviors that may reflect internalized stigma and fear of addiction (eg, feelings of guilt). CONCLUSION: This qualitative study advances our understanding of opioid stigma manifestations in patients with advanced cancer, as well as coping strategies that patients may use to alleviate their unease (eg, minimizing prescription opioid use, changing clinicians, and distancing from perceptions of addiction). In recognition of the costs of undermanaged cancer pain, it is important to consider innovative treatment strategies to address opioid stigma and improve pain management for patients with advanced cancer. Future research should examine opportunities to build an effective, multilevel opioid stigma intervention targeting patients, clinicians, and health care systems.
Prediction of Vitamin D Deficiency in Older Adults: The Role of Machine Learning Models
Authors: Sluyter John D , Raita Yoshihiko , Hasegawa Kohei , Reid Ian R , Scragg Robert , Camargo Carlos A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractContextConventional prediction models for vitamin D deficiency have limited accuracy.BackgroundUsing cross-sectional data, we developed models based on machine learning (ML) and compared their performance with those based on a conventional approach.MethodsParticipants were 5106 community-resident adults (50-84 years; 58% male). In the randomly sampled training set (65%), we constructed 5 ML models: lasso regression, elastic net regression, random forest, gradient boosted decision tree, and dense neural network. The reference model was a logistic regression model. Outcomes were deseasonalized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) &lt;50 nmol/L (yes/no) and &lt;25 nmol/L (yes/no). In the test set (the remaining 35%), we evaluated predictive performance of each model, including area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and net benefit (decision curves).ResultsOverall, 1270 (25%) and 91 (2%) had 25(OH)D &lt;50 and &lt;25 nmol/L, respectively. Compared with the reference model, the ML models predicted 25(OH)D &lt;50 nmol/L with similar accuracy. However, for prediction of 25(OH)D &lt;25 nmol/L, all ML models had higher AUC point estimates than the reference model by up to 0.14. AUC was highest for elastic net regression (0.93; 95% CI 0.90-0.96), compared with 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.91) for the reference model. In the decision curve analysis, ML models mostly achieved a greater net benefit across a range of thresholds.ConclusionCompared with conventional models, ML models predicted 25(OH)D &lt;50 nmol/L with similar accuracy but they predicted 25(OH)D &lt;25 nmol/L with greater accuracy. The latter finding suggests a role for ML models in participant selection for vitamin D supplement trials.
Target-dependent suppression of siRNA production modulates the levels of endogenous siRNAs in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline
Authors: Gajic Zoran , Kaur Diljeet , Ni Julie , Zhu Zhaorong , Zhebrun Anna , Gajic Maria , Kim Matthew , Hong Julia , Priyadarshini Monika , Frøkjær-Jensen Christian , Gu Sam 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Despite the prominent role of endo-siRNAs in transposon silencing, their expression is not limited to these ‘nonself’ DNA elements. Transcripts of protein-coding genes (‘self’ DNA) in some cases also produce endo-siRNAs in yeast, plants and animals. How cells distinguish these two populations of siRNAs to prevent unwanted silencing of active genes in animals is not well understood. To address this question, we inserted various self-gene or gfp fragments into an LTR retrotransposon that produces abundant siRNAs and examined the propensity of these gene fragments to produce ectopic siRNAs in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. We found that fragments of germline genes are generally protected from production of ectopic siRNAs. This phenomenon, which we termed ‘target-directed suppression of siRNA production’ (or siRNA suppression), is dependent on the germline expression of target mRNA and requires germline P-granule components. We found that siRNA suppression can also occur in naturally produced endo-siRNAs. We suggest that siRNA suppression plays an important role in regulating siRNA expression and preventing self-genes from aberrant epigenetic silencing.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
The potential of a nomogram combined PI-RADS v2.1 and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to reduce unnecessary biopsies in prostate cancer diagnostics
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Wang Shuai , Xiang Li-Hua , Xu Guang , Dong Lin , Sun Yikang , Ye Beibei , Zhang Yifeng , Xu Huixiong 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
To develop a nomogram prediction model based on Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System v.2.1 (PI-RADS v2.1) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for predicting prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in males with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 4–10 ng ml−1 to avoid unnecessary biopsy.

Methods:
A total of 490 patients who underwent prostate biopsy for PSA 4–10 ng ml−1 were enrolled and randomly divided into a pilot cohort (70%) and a validation cohort (30%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to select potential predictors of PCa and csPCa, and a nomogram was created. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was calculated, and compared using DeLong’s test. The diagnostic performance and unnecessary biopsy rate of the nomogram prediction model were also assessed. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was employed to test for model fitness.

Results:
The multivariate analysis revealed that features independently associated with PCa and csPCa were age, PI-RADS score and CEUS manifestations. Incorporating these factors, the nomogram achieved good discrimination performance of AUC 0.843 for PCa, 0.876 for csPCa in the pilot cohort, and 0.818 for PCa, 0.857 for csPCa in the validation cohort, respectively, and had well-fitted calibration curves. And the diagnostic performance of the nomogram was comparable to the model including all the parameters (p &gt; 0.05). Besides, the nomogram prediction model yielded meaningful reduction in unnecessary biopsy rate (from 74.8 to 21.1% in PCa, and from 83.7 to 5.4% in csPCa).

Conclusions:
The nomogram prediction model based on age, PI-RADS v2.1 and CEUS achieved an optimal prediction of PCa and csPCa. Using this model, the PCa risk for an individual patient can be estimated, which can lead to a rational biopsy choice.

Advances in knowledge:
This study gives an account of improving pre-biopsy risk stratification in males with “gray zone” PSA level through PI-RADS v2.1 and CEUS.
Learning Between Two Worlds: The known and the not-foreknow
Authors: Nikolaides Aliki 
Published: July 2022

There is a fundamental assumption that I have held about the role adult learning plays in society. That the sinuous stuff between personal and societal transformation is made up of the connections that learning makes. This assumption has been shaken over the as the past two years, as ruptures of civil unrest and the cloud of the global Pandemic have revealed weaknesses in the power of learning that makes the vital connection between the personal and societal, transformative. I wonder more than ever how to reveal and make real the learning that connects the two worlds I feel we live in. The world that is known and that continues to be reproduced with all of its inequities and exclusions and the world not- foreknown that wants to be different, liberating the creative potential that learning unfolds.
In this writing I offer a personal experience of penetrating the underlying assumptions I have about learning in between two worlds. I practice a method that I have created, in-scending, a practice of staying close to undergoing experience (Nicolaides, Forthcoming; Yorks & Nicolaides, 2013), experiencing experience while experiencing experience would be another way to describe what Dewey (1934) meant. In-scend(ing) is a word of my own making. It is the felt sense of moving beneath experience to undergo it. A tool of generative knowing (Nicolaides, Forthcoming; Nicolaides, 2015).
I explore the arising of awareness that emerged through the practice of in-scending, beneath an inquiry about my relationship to being secure in these times of insecurity. Undergoing is a less known aspect of reflection from Dewey’s pragmatist philosophy of learning through experience. Dewey discusses a necessary aspect of learning from experience in terms of undergoing an experience (Nicolaides, & Lim, 2020). Undergoing describes the felt sense of experiencing an experience. Having an experience is necessary for learning, and most assuredly for transformative learning to take shape though the meaning-making process that includes reflection on experience, and going beneath the experience with head, heart, and body. In this short offering I reveal what I learn by inquiring beneath what it means for me to be secure in times of insecurity. I do so by reviving Dewey’s (1934) concept of undergoing experience while also risking the conventional epistemologies that undergird transformative learning to consider a way of knowing that begin beneath experience (Nicolaides, 2015).
Οι υπουργικές ελίτ στην Ελλάδα (2000-2019): μεταξύ κόμματος, εξειδίκευσης και τεχνοκρατίας;
Authors: Κάρουλας Γεράσιμος , Κακεπάκη Μανίνα 
Published: July 2022

Στο παρόν άρθρο αναλύονται τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των υπουργικών ελίτ στην Ελλάδα κατά τις δύο πρώτες δεκαετίες του 21ου αιώνα, με έμφαση σε ζητήματα όπως το κοινωνικοδημογραφικό τους προφίλ, ο βαθμός ύπαρξης κομματικής ταυτότητας, η σχέση τους με τους αρχηγούς των κομμάτων, αλλά και η ανάδειξη τεχνοκρατών υπουργών. Η έρευνα αξιοποιεί δεδομένα που συγκεντρώθηκαν στο πλαίσιο της ερευνητικής πρωτοβουλίας SEGov Project για τη μελέτη των υπουργικών ελίτ στη Νότια Ευρώπη. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας αναδεικνύουν ζητήματα, όπως η περιορισμένη παρουσία γυναικών σε υπουργικά αξιώματα, το υψηλό επίπεδο σπουδών, η έλλειψη συσχέτισης μεταξύ αντικειμένου σπουδών και υπουργικού αξιώματος, ο περιορισμός της κομματικής ταυτότητας κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια και η παράλληλη αύξηση της τεχνικής εξειδίκευσης και των τεχνοκρατών υπουργών.
Concentration of Contractive Stochastic Approximation and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Chandak Siddharth , Borkar Vivek S. , Dodhia Parth 
Published: July 2022

Using a martingale concentration inequality, concentration bounds “from time n0 on” are derived for stochastic approximation algorithms with contractive maps and both martingale difference and Markov noises. These are applied to reinforcement learning algorithms, in particular to asynchronous Q-learning and TD(0). Funding: V. S. Borkar was supported in part by a S. S. Bhatnagar Fellowship from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India.
Pregnancy and dentistry: a guide for the general dental practitioner. Part 1
Authors: Curtin Claire , Stokes Simon , Shah Fayjel 
Published: July 2022

Pregnancy is a unique time in a woman's life when many physiological, physical, emotional and hormonal changes occur. It can also be quite an anxious time for women, particularly in the first trimester, when the risk of miscarriage is at its highest. Uncertainty still exists around the topic of dental treatment and care during pregnancy, which may create challenges for both the patient and the dental team. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The common health and oral health conditions that occur in pregnancy are relevant to all clinicians.
Early extraction of first permanent molars: applying the evidence
Authors: Murphy Ian , Noar Joseph H 
Published: July 2022

First permanent molars (FPM) are often of poor prognosis due to caries or molar incisor hypomineralization. If extraction can be planned then FPM may be extracted at a suitable time to allow spontaneous space closure from the second molar, or retained for the space to be used for orthodontics in the future. There are several evidence based patient and dental factors to consider in planning these cases. This paper illustrates these factors through a case series. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Ideally, poor prognosis 6s would be managed by a paediatric dentist and an orthodontist. However, where these services are not available, the general dentist should be aware of factors influencing treatment.