bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Dents and Scratches: Logical Constraints in Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Localization
Authors: Bergmann Paul , Batzner Kilian , Fauser Michael , Sattlegger David , Steger Carsten 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe unsupervised detection and localization of anomalies in natural images is an intriguing and challenging problem. Anomalies manifest themselves in very different ways and an ideal benchmark dataset for this task should contain representative examples for all of them. We find that existing datasets are biased towards local structural anomalies such as scratches, dents, or contaminations. In particular, they lack anomalies in the form of violations of logical constraints, e.g., permissible objects occurring in invalid locations. We contribute a new dataset based on industrial inspection scenarios that evenly covers both types of anomalies. We provide pixel-precise ground truth data for each anomalous region and define a generalized evaluation metric that addresses localization ambiguities that can arise for logical anomalies. Furthermore, we propose a novel algorithm that improves over the state of the art in the joint detection of structural and logical anomalies. It consists of a local and a global network branch. The first one inspects confined regions independent of their spatial locations in the input image and is primarily responsible for the detection of entirely new local structures. The second one learns a globally consistent representation of the training data through a bottleneck that enables the detection of violations of long-range dependencies, a key characteristic of many logical anomalies. We perform extensive evaluations on our new dataset to corroborate our claims.
Developing a real-time social distancing detection system based on YOLOv4-tiny and bird-eye view for COVID-19
Authors: Saponara Sergio , Elhanashi Abdussalam , Zheng Qinghe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 is a virus, which is transmitted through small droplets during speech, sneezing, coughing, and mostly by inhalation between individuals in close contact. The pandemic is still ongoing and causes people to have an acute respiratory infection which has resulted in many deaths. The risks of COVID-19 spread can be eliminated by avoiding physical contact among people. This research proposes real-time AI platform for people detection, and social distancing classification of individuals based on thermal camera. YOLOv4-tiny is proposed in this research for object detection. It is a simple neural network architecture, which makes it suitable for low-cost embedded devices. The proposed model is a better option compared to other approaches for real-time detection. An algorithm is also implemented to monitor social distancing using a bird’s-eye perspective. The proposed approach is applied to videos acquired through thermal cameras for people detection, social distancing classification, and at the same time measuring the skin temperature for the individuals. To tune up the proposed model for individual detection, the training stage is carried out by thermal images with various indoor and outdoor environments. The final prototype algorithm has been deployed in a low-cost Nvidia Jetson devices (Xavier and Jetson Nano) which are composed of fixed camera. The proposed approach is suitable for a surveillance system within sustainable smart cities for people detection, social distancing classification, and body temperature measurement. This will help the authorities to visualize the fulfillment of the individuals with social distancing and simultaneously monitoring their skin temperature.
Mobile First? Ein Vergleich von Lese‑/Rechtschreibtests in traditionellem Papier-und-Bleistift-Format versus App-Format
Authors: Rothe Josefine , Visser Linda , Görgen Ruth , Kalmar Julia , Schulte-Körne Gerd , Hasselhorn Marcus 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDigitale Medien haben mittlerweile einen festen Platz im Alltag von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Sie dienen nicht nur der Vermittlung von Lehrinhalten, sondern werden zunehmend auch für das Erbringen von Leistungsnachweisen und zur Diagnostik eingesetzt. Für die Durchführung und Auswertung etablierter Testverfahren zur Erfassung schulischer Leistungen wäre es wünschenswert, wenn sie in einem digitalen Format vorliegen. Aber sind diese Testleistungen vergleichbar? Um dies zu prüfen, wurden verbreitete Papier- und Bleistift-Testverfahren zur Erfassung der Lesegenauigkeit (Verlaufsdiagnostik sinnerfassenden Lesens, VSL), Dekodiergeschwindigkeit (Würzburger Leise Leseprobe – Revision, WLLP-R) und Rechtschreibung (Weingartener Grundwortschatz Rechtschreib-Test, WRT 3+/4+) digitalisiert und in eine kindgerechte Rahmengeschichte eingebettet. Insgesamt führten 237 Kinder der dritten und vierten Klassenstufe aus Bayern und Hessen die Testverfahren zuerst in digitaler Version (via App am Tablet oder Smartphone) und danach als Papier-und-Bleistift-Version durch. Es zeigt sich ein hoher Zusammenhang zwischen den Testleistungen der beiden Testformate, der unterschiedliche Interpretationen zulässt. Chancen und Grenzen digitalisierter Leistungstests werden diskutiert.
The Changing Climate and Pregnancy Health
Authors: Ha Sandie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewClimate change is the biggest public health threat of the twenty-first century but its impact on the perinatal period has only recently received attention. This review summarizes recent literature regarding the impacts of climate change and related environmental disasters on pregnancy health and provides recommendations to inform future adaptation and mitigation efforts.Recent FindingsAccumulating evidence suggests that the changing climate affects pregnancy health directly via discrete environmental disasters (i.e., wildfire, extreme heat, hurricane, flood, and drought), and indirectly through changes in the natural and social environment. Although studies vary greatly in design, analytic methods, and assessment strategies, they generally converge to suggest that climate-related disasters are associated with increased risk of gestational complication, pregnancy loss, restricted fetal growth, low birthweight, preterm birth, and selected delivery/newborn complications. Window(s) of exposure with the highest sensitivity are not clear, but both acute and chronic exposures appear important. Furthermore, socioeconomically disadvantaged populations may be more vulnerable.SummaryPolicy, clinical, and research strategies for adaptation and mitigation should be continued, strengthened, and expanded with cross-disciplinary efforts. Top priorities should include (a) reinforcing and expanding policies to further reduce emission, (b) increasing awareness and education resources for healthcare providers and the public, (c) facilitating access to quality population-based data in low-resource areas, and (d) research efforts to better understand mechanisms of effects, identify susceptible populations and windows of exposure, explore interactive impacts of multiple exposures, and develop novel methods to better quantify pregnancy health impacts.
Evolution characteristics of precursor information of coal and gas outburst in deep rock cross-cut coal uncovering
Authors: Tang Jupeng , Zhang Xin , Sun Shengjie , Pan Yishan , Li Liping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs mines become deeper, the potential for coal and gas outbursts in deep rock cross-cut coal uncovering is enhanced. The outburst precursors are unclear, which restricts the effectiveness and reliability of warning systems. To reveal the evolution characteristics of coal and gas outburst precursor information in deep rock cross-cut coal uncovering, briquette specimens are constructed and experiments are conducted using a self-developed true triaxial outburst test system. Using acoustic emission monitoring technology, the dynamic failure of coal is monitored, and variations in the root mean square (RMS) of the acoustic emissions allow the effective cracking time and effective cracking gas pressure to be defined. These characteristics are obviously different in deep and shallow coal. The characteristic parameters of gas outburst exhibit stepwise variations at different depths. The RMS and cumulative RMS have stepped failure characteristics with respect to changes in gas pressure. The characteristic parameters of coal failure are negatively correlated with the average in-situ stress and effective stress, but positively correlated with the lateral pressure coefficient of in-situ stress and the critical gas pressure. The transition characteristics are highly sensitive in all cases. The critical depth between deep and shallow coal and gas outbursts is 1700 m. The expansion multiple of acoustic emission intensity from the microfracture stage to the sharp-fracture stage of coal is defined as the outburst risk index, N1. For depths of 1100–1700 m, N1 ≥ 7 denotes a higher risk of outburst, whereas at depths of 1700–2500 m, N1 ≥ 3 indicates enhanced risk.
Employment effects of immigration to Germany in the period of migration policy liberalization, 2005–2018
Authors: Erol Isil , Unal Umut 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGermany has undergone a significant migration policy shift since the early 2000s. This paper examines the total employment effect of immigration during the liberalization of migration policies from 2005 to 2018 using a regional approach. A set of methods, along with static and dynamic macro-econometric models, were applied on a balanced panel formed by a unique and first-hand-collected data for 156 statistical regions based on the definition of the German Federal Employment Agency. We find suggestive evidence that there has been a significant adverse impact of new immigrants on the overall employment rate, and this negative effect is substantially larger than those reported in previous studies on the employment effect of immigration in the German labor market. In a further step, we divide our sample into two subsamples to capture the employment effect of the massive humanitarian inflows that began in 2015. Our results indicate that, in addition to the new immigrants' lower rate of integration into the local labor markets, a sudden influx of asylum seekers may possibly lead to a substantial fall in the employment rates, because asylum seekers are not immediately allowed to work in the country.
A Feedforward Neural Network for Modeling of Average Pressure Frequency Response
Authors: Pettersson Klas , Karzhou Andrei , Pettersson Irina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Helmholtz equation has been used for modeling the sound pressure field under a harmonic load. Computing harmonic sound pressure fields by means of solving Helmholtz equation can quickly become unfeasible if one wants to study many different geometries for ranges of frequencies. We propose a machine learning approach, namely a feedforward dense neural network, for computing the average sound pressure over a frequency range. The data are generated with finite elements, by numerically computing the response of the average sound pressure, by an eigenmode decomposition of the pressure. We analyze the accuracy of the approximation and determine how much training data is needed in order to reach a certain accuracy in the predictions of the average pressure response.
Aflatoxin B1 Sorption and Safety of Dietary Sodium Bentonite in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Marroquín-Cardona Alicia G. , Deng Youjun , Garcia-Mazcorro Jose F. , Johnson Natalie M. , Mitchell Nicolle J. , Tang Lili , Wang Jia-Sheng , Harvey Roger B. , Phillips Timothy D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBentonites are readily available clays used in the livestock industry as feed additives to reduce aflatoxin (AF) exposure; their potential interaction with nutrients is the main concern limiting their use, however. The objective of the present study was to determine the safety of a dietary sodium-bentonite (Na-bentonite) supplement as a potential AF adsorbent, using juvenile Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a research model. Animals were fed either a control diet or a diet containing Na-bentonite at 0.25% and 2% (w/w) inclusion rate. Growth, serum, and blood biochemical parameters, including selected serum vitamins (A and E) and elements such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were measured. The mineral characteristics and the aflatoxin B1 sorption capacity of Na-bentonite were also determined. By the end of the study, males gained more weight than females in control and Na-bentonite groups (p ≤ 0.0001); the interaction between treatment and sex was not significant (p = 0.6780), however. Some significant differences between the control group and bentonite treatments were observed in serum biochemistry and vitamin and minerals measurements; however, parameters fell within reference clinical values reported for SD rats and no evidence of dose-dependency was found. Serum Na and Na/K ratios were increased, while K levels were decreased in males and females from Na-bentonite groups. Serum Zn levels were decreased only in males from Na-bentonite treatments. Overall, results showed that inclusion of Na-bentonite at 0.25% and 2% did not cause any observable toxicity in a 3-month rodent study.
Markov chain Monte Carlo for a hyperbolic Bayesian inverse problem in traffic flow modeling
Authors: Coullon Jeremie , Pokern Yvo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs a Bayesian approach to fitting motorway traffic flow models remains rare in the literature, we empirically explore the sampling challenges this approach offers which have to do with the strong correlations and multimodality of the posterior distribution. In particular, we provide a unified statistical model to estimate using motorway data both boundary conditions and fundamental diagram parameters in a motorway traffic flow model due to Lighthill, Whitham, and Richards known as LWR. This allows us to provide a traffic flow density estimation method that is shown to be superior to two methods found in the traffic flow literature. To sample from this challenging posterior distribution, we use a state-of-the-art gradient-free function space sampler augmented with parallel tempering.
Approaches to healthcare personnel exemption requests from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: Results of a national survey
Authors: Talbot Thomas R. , Beekmann Susan E. , Babcock Hilary M. , Polgreen Philip M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjective:Although a growing number of healthcare facilities are implementing healthcare personnel (HCP) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination requirements, vaccine exemption request management as a part of such programs is not well described.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Participants:Infectious disease (ID) physician members of the Emerging Infections Network with infection prevention or hospital epidemiology responsibilities.Methods:Eligible persons were sent a web-based survey focused on hospital plans and practices around exemption allowances from HCP COVID-19 vaccine requirements.Results:Of the 695 ID physicians surveyed, 263 (38%) responded. Overall, 160 respondent institutions (92%) allowed medical exemptions, whereas 132 (76%) allowed religious exemptions. In contrast, only 14% (n = 24) allowed deeply held personal belief exemptions. The types of medical exemptions allowed varied considerably across facilities, with allergic reactions to the vaccine or its components accepted by 145 facilities (84%). For selected scenarios commonly used as the basis for religious and deeply held personal belief exemption requests, 144 institutions (83%) would not approve exemptions focused on concerns regarding right of consent or violations of freedom of personal choice, and 140 institutions (81%) would not approve exemptions focused on introducing foreign substances into one’s body or the sanctity of the body. Most respondents noted plans for additional infection prevention interventions for HCP who received an exemption for COVID-19 vaccination.Conclusions:Although many respondent institutions allowed exemptions from HCP COVID-19 vaccination requirements, the types of exemptions allowed and how the exemption programs were structured varied widely.
Taming Abundance: Doing Digital Archival Research (as Political Scientists)
Authors: Kim Diana S. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTPolitical scientists are increasingly using digitized documents from archives. This article is a practical introduction to doing digital archival research. First, it explains when and why political scientists use evidence from archival research. Second, it argues that the remote accessibility of digitized records provides new opportunities for comparative and transnational research. However, digital archival research also risks aggravating five types of biases that pose challenges for qualitative, quantitative, interpretive, and mixed-methods research:survival,transfer,digitization, andreinforcement biasat the level of record collection andsource biasat the level of record creation. Third, this article offers concrete strategies for anticipating and mitigating these biases by walking readers through the experience of entering, being in, and leaving an archive, while also underscoring the importance of learning the structure of an archive. The article concludes by addressing the ethical implications to archival research as a type of field research for political scientists.
House Republican Decision Making Following the Capitol Riot
Authors: Strawbridge Michael G. , Lau Richard R. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTFormer President Donald Trump’s unsubstantiated vote-fraud claims following the 2020 presidential election divided the Republican Party. Numerous Republicans supported Trump’s efforts to overturn the election, others did not. These futile attempts reached a flashpoint during the January 6 attack on the United States Capitol. Even in the wake of such violence, many House Republicans continued to amplify Trump’s baseless claims by voting to exclude the election results from Arizona and Pennsylvania. This article analyzes these roll-call votes to determine the likely motivations for why some House Republicans were still willing to support Trump’s position following the Capitol riot. We then replicate our analysis with the January 13 impeachment and the May 19 vote to establish a bipartisan National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex (January 6 Commission) to investigate the insurrection. Our findings indicate the relevance of constituent preferences, Trump’s popularity, legislator ideology, and the racial diversity of constituents represented by Republicans.
Constraints on Absolute Magma Chamber Volume From Geodetic Measurements of Trapdoor Faulting at Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapagos
Authors: Zheng Yujie , Blackstone Laura , Segall Paul 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMagma chamber volume is critical for volcano hazards assessment and forecasting. Standard geodetic methods constrain volume change, not the total volume. Here, we show that the deformation response of the magma chamber to trapdoor faulting events at Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos, depends on the product of the absolute chamber volume and the magma compressibility. Bubble‐free magma provides the lower limit on compressibility, thus an upper bound on the chamber volume of 13.6–20.6 km3, depending on fault dip. We estimate an upper limit on compressibility using a conduit model relating volatile content to lava fountain height, compared with observations from the 2005 eruption, constrained by volatile content of olivine melt inclusions. This yields a lower bound on chamber volume roughly half the upper bound. We find that the best fitting trapdoor fault is near‐vertical; reverse dips are slightly favored (88°).
Increasing Nutrient Fluxes and Mixing Regime Changes in the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Schulz K. , Lincoln B. , Povazhnyy V. , Rippeth T. , Lenn Y.‐D. , Janout M. , Alkire M. , Scannell B. , Torres‐Valdés S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPrimary productivity in the Arctic Ocean is experiencing dramatic changes linked to the receding sea ice cover. The vertical transport of nutrients from deeper water layers is the limiting factor for primary production. Here, we compare coincident profiles of turbulence and nutrients from the Siberian Seas in 2007, 2008, and 2018. In all years, the water column structure in the upstream region of the Arctic Boundary Current promotes upward nutrient transport, in contrast to the regions further downstream, and there are first indications for an eastward progression of these conditions. In summer 2018, strongly enhanced vertical nitrate flux and primary production above the continental slope were observed, likely related to a remote storm. The estimated contribution of these elevated fluxes above the slope to the Pan‐Arctic vertical nitrate supply is comparable with the basin‐wide transport, and is predicted to increase with declining sea ice cover in the future.
A Weak Precipitation Sensitivity of Glacier Runoff
Authors: Banerjee Argha 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA clear understanding of the influence of glaciers on the climate sensitivity of catchment runoff is critical to unravel the ongoing and future changes in runoff regimes of glacierized catchments in a warming climate. We demonstrate that irrespective of the climate setting, annual glacier runoff is relatively insensitive to the precipitation variability. A temperature‐dependent runoff from the glaciers and a precipitation‐dependent runoff from the non‐glacierized parts determine the climate response of the runoff of glacierized catchments at different time scales. The buffering effect of glaciers against extreme droughts and the multidecadal runoff peak in catchments with shrinking glaciers, both follow from the above properties of glacier runoff. The empirically observed “glacier‐compensation effect” is caused by an inhibited (amplified) response of the catchment runoff to the interannual precipitation (temperature) variability due to the glaciers present in the catchment.
Quantification of Electric Fields in Fast Breakdown During Lightning Initiation From VHF‐UHF Power Spectra
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Liu Ningyu , Cummer Steven A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis work applies a new remote sensing approach to indirectly probe the electric fields in the discharge region of fast breakdown (FB) processes during lightning initiation. A VHF‐UHF broadband (1–750 MHz) measurement system is used to record the radiation spectra of FB. The average spectrum over 4 FB events exhibits a −10 dB spectral cutoff at 430 MHz, which yields an electrical field of 1.96–2.02 times the conventional breakdown field at 8–9 km altitudes. This in turn implies a localized field enhancement inside the region dominating the VHF‐UHF emissions of >7 times the expected pre‐discharge background field for lightning initiation. Such a high field has implications for the dynamics of individual streamers and their impact on the immediate environment, and also constrains the geometry of parts of the FB structure, suggesting that streamers initiate continuously in the enhanced field ahead of a narrow (aspect ratio >4) and conducting region.
Euler Potentials for Dungey Magnetosphere With Axisymmetric Ring and Field‐Aligned Currents
Authors: Romashets E. , Vandas M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEuler potentials are found for the magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere, consisting of the Earth's dipole field, the Dungey term, ring current (RC), and field‐aligned current (FAC). The magnetic field in this approximation is axially symmetric. One Euler potential for the dipole, Dungey term, and RC is the same, while that for the magnetic field induced by FAC is different and calculated in this work under the condition that all four field contributions have the same second Euler potential. The Euler potentials are determined for quiet, severe, and superstorm geomagnetic conditions. The restriction of the model is its axial symmetry, so changes of the location and intensity of the currents with azimuthal angle are not explicitly present. On the other hand, these parameters can be changed in the model, and one can study local distributions.