bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Roles of Pathogens and Mutualists: Exploring the Continuum of Symbiosis in the Context of Microbial Ecology and Evolution
Authors: Stengel Ashley , Drijber Rhae A. , Carr Erin , Egreja Thais , Hillman Edward , Krause Timothy , Reese Samantha , Herr Joshua R. 
Published: January 2022

Systems of classification are important for guiding research activities and providing a common platform for discussion and investigation. One such system is assigning microbial taxa to the roles of mutualists and pathogens. However, there are often challenges and even inconsistencies in reports of research findings when microbial taxa display behaviors outside of these two static conditions (e.g., commensal). Over the last two decades, there has been some effort to highlight a continuum of symbiosis, wherein certain microbial taxa may exhibit mutualistic or pathogenic traits depending on environmental contexts, life stages, and plant host associations. However, gaps remain in understanding how to apply the continuum approach to host–microbe pairs across a range of environmental and ecological factors. This commentary presents an alternative framework for evaluating the continuum of symbiosis using dominant archetypes that define symbiotic ranges. We focus particularly on fungi and bacteria, though we recognize that archaea and other microeukaryotes play important roles in host–microbe interactions that may be described by this approach. This framework is centered in eco-evolutionary theory and aims to enhance communication among researchers, as well as prioritize holistic consideration of the factors shaping microbial life strategies. We discuss the influence of plant-mediated factors, habitat constraints, coevolutionary forces, and the genetic contributions which shape different microbial lifestyles. Looking to the future, using a continuum-of-symbiosis paradigm will enable greater flexibility in defining the roles of target microbes and facilitate a more holistic view of the complex and dynamic relationship between microbes and plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Estimating Skeletal Maturity by Segmented Linear Modeling of Key AP Knee Radiographic Parameters
Authors: Yuan Joshua T. , Furdock Ryan J. , Benedick Alex , Liu Raymond W. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The recently described Modified Fels knee system allows for accurate skeletal maturity estimation using a single anteroposterior knee radiograph but requires evaluation of 7 parameters. A faster method may have clinical utility in the outpatient setting.

Methods:
Seven anteroposterior knee radiographic parameters associated with 90% of the final height (an enhanced skeletal maturity standard compared with peak height velocity) were analyzed in 78 children. Segmented linear regression and generalized estimating equation analyses were used to identify the subsets of parameters most important for accurate skeletal maturity estimation for different patient demographics and parameter scores. This process produced abbreviated skeletal maturity systems, which include fewer parameters and are quicker to use. The accuracy of the resulting abbreviated skeletal maturity systems was evaluated and compared with the full 7-parameter Modified Fels knee system and with the Greulich and Pyle (GP) left-hand bone age.

Results:
A total of 326 left knee radiographs from 41 girls (range, 7 to 15 y) and 37 boys (range, 9 to 17 y) were included. Models generated by segmented regression and generalized estimating equation analysis required fewer parameters (range, 1 to 5 parameters) than the full Modified Fels knee system (7 parameters). Skeletal age estimates produced by segmented regression models were more accurate than GP (P<0.05) and not significantly different from the full Modified Fels system (P>0.05). The percentage of outlier estimations (estimations >1 y off from actual skeletal age) made by segmented regression models was not significantly different from GP (P>0.05) or the Modified Fels knee system (P>0.05).

Conclusion:
An abbreviated version of the Modified Fels knee system estimates skeletal maturity more accurately than the GP system with just 2 to 3 radiographic knee parameters.

Clinical Relevance:
The abbreviated Modified Fels knee system may allow for rapid skeletal age estimation (~30 s) appropriate for routine outpatient practice.
Neuromuscular Patients Are 40% More Likely to Get a Cast Injury
Authors: Lin Adrian J. , Cao Lisa A. , Lightdale-Miric Nina , Bent Melissa A. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Cast injuries can occur during application, throughout immobilization, and during removal, with common morbidities being pressure ulcers and cast saw burns. The incidence rate of cast injuries in generalized and diagnosis specific pediatric populations is not known. The goal of this study is to accurately quantify the rate of incidence of cast injuries at a large pediatric orthopaedic practice and identify potentially modifiable risk factors to guide quality of care improvement.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed at our institution between July 2019 and October 2020. Inclusion criteria was all pediatric patients (below 21 y old) with an orthopaedic diagnosis that was treated with casting. The child’s diagnosis, specific type of cast, and training level of the person applying the cast was recorded. Patient injuries were identified through cast technicians’ documentation regarding cast removal. The primary outcome was the incidence of casting injuries from July 2019 through October 2020. Additional outcomes included the association between diagnosis of neuromuscular disease and training level of individual applying the cast with casting injuries. χ2 tests were used to compare categorical variables and post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni correction. Injury incidence rates were calculated as number of injuries per 1000 casts.

Results:
There were 2239 casts placed on children at this institution between July 2019 and October 2020 and a total of 28 injuries for an incidence rate of 12.5 per 1000. Of the 28 total injuries reported, there were 5 cast saw burns (2.2 per 1000) and 23 pressure ulcers (10.3 per 1000). Incidence of cast injury was not significantly correlated with timing of application during the academic year or training level of the individual applying the cast (P=0.21 and 0.86). Notably, there was a significantly higher incidence of cast injuries in individuals with a diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder (37.4 per 1000) than those without (7.5 per 1000) (P<0.01).

Conclusion:
The incidence of cast injuries is 12.5 per 1000 children at our level I trauma tertiary referral pediatric clinic. Training level of the individual applying the cast or timing during the academic year did not correlate with cast injuries. Patients with neuromuscular disorders are at significantly higher risk for experiencing cast injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Deficiency of two-pore segment channel 2 contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus via regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle
Authors: Li Keke , Xu Jingkai , Xue Ke , Yu Ruixing , Li Chengxu , Fei Wenmin , Ning Xiaoli , Han Yang , Wang Ziyi , Shu Jun , Cui Yong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease, and the mechanism of SLE is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the role of two-pore segment channel 2 (TPCN2) in SLE pathogenesis.

Methods:
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of TPCN2 in SLE. We performed a loss-of-function assay by lentiviral construct in Jurkat and THP-1 cell. Knockdown of TPCN2 were confirmed at the RNA level by qRT-PCR and protein level by Western blotting. Cell Count Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to analyze the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of TPCN2-deficient cells. In addition, gene expression profile of TPCN2-deficient cells was analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq).

Results:

TPCN2 knockdown with short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated lentiviruses inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of G2/M phase in both Jurkat and THP-1 cells. We analyzed the transcriptome of knockdown-TPCN2-Jurkat cells, and screened the differential genes, which were enriched for the G2/M checkpoint, complement, and interleukin-6-Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways, as well as changes in levels of forkhead box O, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin, and T cell receptor pathways; moreover, TPCN2 significantly influenced cellular processes and biological regulation.

Conclusion:

TPCN2 might be a potential protective factor against SLE.
Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women or infants for preventing allergic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Luo Chao , Sun Yaning , Zeng Zuojing , Liu Ying , Peng Shunlin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background:
It is still unclear if and to what extent antenatal or infant or childhood vitamin D supplementation would affect the development of allergy diseases later in life. This study aimed to review the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, infants, or children for the prevention of allergies.

Methods:
MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (OVID), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to March 1, 2020. We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention. These trials were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration domains and the consensus was reached via discussion with the full study group. We descriptively summarized and quantitatively synthesized original data to evaluate vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention by using Review Manager software for meta-analysis.

Results:
The search yielded 1251 studies. Seven RCTs were included in this analysis. A meta-analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women or infants may not decrease the risk of developing allergic diseases, such as asthma or wheezing (supplementation for pregnant women, risk ratio [RR]: 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81–1.26, P = 0.90, I

2
= 47%; supplementation for infants, RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.70–1.43, P = 0.99, I

2
= 0%; supplementation for pregnant women and infants, RR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.10–1.25, P = 0.11), eczema (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.80–1.13, P = 0.77, I

2
= 0%; supplementation for infants, RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.64–1.11, P = 0.19, I

2
= 42%), allergic rhinitis (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.78–1.11, P = 0.15, I

2
= 47%), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (supplementation for pregnant women, RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.85–1.11, P = 0.59, I

2
= 0%), or food allergy.

Conclusions:
Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnant women or infants does not have an effect on the primary prevention of allergic diseases.

Systematic Review Registration:
PROSPERO (CRD42020167747)
Institutional Adherence to Current Mohs Surgery Appropriate Use Criteria With Reasons for Nonadherence and Recommendations for Future Versions
Authors: Stancut Eugen , Melvin Olivia G. , Griffin Russell L. , Phillips Carlton B. , Huang Conway C. 
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND
The appropriate use criteria (AUC) were established to optimize the use of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and confer the highest possible clinical benefit to the patient.

OBJECTIVE
We documented our adherence to AUC and review reasons for nonadherence regarding lesions classified as inappropriate, in the hopes of informing future versions of the AUC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of 1,000 consecutive patients who underwent MMS at a single institution. A total of 1,318 biopsy-proven nonmelanoma skin cancers were treated with MMS, and each skin cancer that underwent MMS was classified as appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate based on the AUC.

RESULTS
Data were collected on 1,318 lesions with 1,237 (93.9%) categorized as appropriate, 59 (4.5%) uncertain, and 22 (1.7%) not appropriate. The primary variables that determined appropriateness were type of cancer (p = .001), size (p < .001), and area of body (p < .001).

CONCLUSION
Institutional adherence to AUC was high, with 93.9% of treated tumors classified as appropriate, 4.5% as uncertain and 1.7% as inappropriate. By far the most commonly reported reason for performing MMS on an inappropriate lesion in our review was the treatment of adjacent lesions in 1 session.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus screening rates in racial and ethnic minority groups
Authors: Joy Alexa J. , Duckworth Laurie , Scarton Lisa 
Published: January 2022

Background:
More than 7 million Americans aged 18 years and older have undiagnosed diabetes. As primary health care moves toward preventative medicine, it is important that diabetes screening deficits are addressed.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to identify current screening rates among racial and ethnic minorities who are considered at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methodology:
Data were collected through an IRB-approved i2b2 database from previously consented patients who had been treated at a large academic health center and outpatient facilities. Patients who were included in this study were those seen in outpatient settings between June 2011 and June 2019, aged 18–39 years at high risk for developing T2DM, defined as those of a racial and ethnic minority background, obese, and with a family history of T2DM.

Results:
Approximately 1,476 ± 3 individuals were identified as high risk, and of those, only 106 ± 3 (13.9%) were screened for T2DM between June 2011 and June 2019. Following the American Diabetes Association guidelines of including body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, approximately 1,263 ± 3 of the original 1,476 patients were identified as overweight with high risk, and of those patients, only 90 ± 3 (13.8%) were screened.

Conclusions:
Findings indicate that less than 14% of patients at high risk for developing T2DM in their lifetime are being screened.

Implementations:
Screening strategies need to be developed and implemented to better identify individuals at high risk of developing T2DM, which may lead to earlier diagnosis, treatment, and decreased disease burden.
Effects of Gaze Cues on Distributive Behavior of the Ultimatum Game in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Ikuse Daisuke , Hayashi Wakaho , Hanawa Youichi , Nakamura Dan , Arai Gousuke , Saga Nobuyuki , Iwanami Akira 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty in social decision-making. The ultimatum game (UG) is a popular economic game used to evaluate social decision-making. This study aimed to examine the effects of schematically depicted eyes and ADHD symptoms on UG performance. Thirty adults with ADHD were recruited. The computer screen background was changed among the “eyespots,” “neutral,” and “flowers” conditions among 30 trials of UG. Through all trials, task performances were recorded, and then compared with 30 typical adults and 30 adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The reaction time was not affected by the background in any group. Although typical adults distributed more money in the “eyespots” condition, a nonsignificant background effect was observed in adults with ADHD or ASD. These results may be associated with reduced attention to social cues in individuals with ADHD, and this ADHD characteristic might lead to difficulty in social decision-making.
Increased 68Ga-FAPI Uptake by Mediastinal Benign Teratoma on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT
Authors: Peng Dengsai , Wu Junhao , Zhang Tao , Chen Yue , Hu Zhi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mediastinal teratoma is a relatively rare disease that usually contains tissue from the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. We report a finding that mediastinal benign teratoma showed intense FAPI activity on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT, which may lead to misdiagnosis of this benign lesion. It is necessary to realize that benign teratoma is also one of the reasons for the intense FAPI uptake in mediastinal masses, so as not to be misdiagnosed as a malignant tumor.
False-Positive 131I Uptake After Transareola Endoscopic Thyroidectomy in a Patient With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Anbo , Fu Wenhui , Deng Ying , He Limeng , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
False-positive 131I accumulation in patients with thyroid carcinoma could be due to various etiologies. Herein, we reported a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 36-year-old woman. She underwent a 131I radiotherapy after a transareola endoscopic total thyroidectomy. 131I scintigraphy showed a high uptake in the thyroid bed. Surprisingly, increased activity was also noted in the right areola area. This activity corresponding to the entry site of endoscope revealed on the following SPECT/CT.
A Rare Case of Pituitary Carcinoma With Bone Metastases
Authors: Filizoglu Nuh , Ozguven Salih 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare and aggressive tumors that comprise only 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. Because of its rarity, pituitary carcinomas are difficult to diagnose. Conventional imaging methods are inadequate to detect metastatic lesions. Pituitary carcinomas are neuroendocrine tumors and express somatostatin receptors; therefore, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT may be used in the staging of these rare tumors. Herein, we present an exceptional case of pituitary carcinoma with sclerotic skeletal metastases showing 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake.
Case of Adult Metastatic Medulloblastoma Demonstrated on 18F-DOPA PET/CT
Authors: Marafi Fahad , Sadeq Alyaa , Esmail Abdulredha , Usmani Sharjeel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

18F-DOPA is a promising radiotracer used for both staging and restaging of primary brain tumors based on increased transport via the L-type large neutral amino acid transport system in tumor cells. Adult medulloblastoma is extremely rare. We present a case of 25-year-old man with posterior fossa medulloblastoma treated with surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy 5 years back, which later developed metastasis to left cerebral lobe treated with gamma knife followed by surgical debulking. Recent 18F-DOPA PET/CT demonstrates recurrence and disease progression on follow-up scan. 18F-DOPA PET/CT is extremely useful for characterizing brain tumors, response assessment, and prognosis.
Expect the Unexpected
Authors: Chua Wei Ming , Tang Charlene Yu Lin , Tham Wei Ying , Yang Samantha Peiling , Tay Young Soon , Loke Kelvin Siu Hoong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A 61-year-old woman with well-differentiated thyroid cancer underwent 124I-PET/CT imaging. A 124I capsule was administered orally, and the patient was imaged 90 minutes after from the skull vertex to feet. The 124I capsule was unexpectedly lodged in the esophagus. We illustrate attenuation and scatter correction artifacts from 124I capsule unexpectedly lodged in the esophagus and the usefulness of nonattenuation correction images in such circumstances. This also highlights the importance of drinking adequate amounts of water following the ingestion of iodine capsules (123I, 124I, or 131I) to reduce the resulting radiation dose to the esophagus.
Death With Function and Graft Failure After Kidney Transplantation: Risk Factors at Baseline Suggest New Approaches to Management
Authors: Merzkani Massini A. , Bentall Andrew J. , Smith Byron H. , Benavides Lopez Xiomara , D’Costa Matthew R. , Park Walter D. , Kremers Walter K. , Issa Naim , Rule Andrew D. , Chakkera Harini , Reddy Kunam , Khamash Hasan , Wadei Hani M. , Mai Martin , Alexander Mariam P. , Amer Hatem , Kukla Aleksandra , El Ters Mireille , Schinstock Carrie A. , Gandhi Manish J. , Heilman Raymond , Stegall Mark D. 
Published: January 2022

Background.
Improving both patient and graft survival after kidney transplantation are major unmet needs. The goal of this study was to assess risk factors for specific causes of graft loss to determine to what extent patients who develop either death with a functioning graft (DWFG) or graft failure (GF) have similar baseline risk factors for graft loss.

Methods.
We retrospectively studied all solitary renal transplants performed between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2018, at 3 centers and determined the specific causes of DWFG and GF. We examined outcomes in different subgroups using competing risk estimates and cause-specific Cox models.

Results.
Of the 5752 kidney transplants, graft loss occurred in 21.6% (1244) patients, including 12.0% (691) DWFG and 9.6% (553) GF. DWFG was most commonly due to malignancy (20.0%), infection (19.7%), cardiac disease (12.6%) with risk factors of older age and pretransplant dialysis, and diabetes as the cause of renal failure. For GF, alloimmunity (38.7%), glomerular diseases (18.6%), and tubular injury (13.9%) were the major causes. Competing risk incidence models identified diabetes and older recipients with higher rates of both DWFG and nonalloimmune GF.

Conclusions.
These data suggest that at baseline, 2 distinct populations can be identified who are at high risk for renal allograft loss: a younger, nondiabetic patient group who develops GF due to alloimmunity and an older, more commonly diabetic population who develops DWFG and GF due to a mixture of causes—many nonalloimmune. Individualized management is needed to improve long-term renal allograft survival in the latter group.
Building a Utility-based Liver Allocation Model in Preparation for Continuous Distribution
Authors: Kling Catherine E. , Perkins James D. , Biggins Scott W. , Wall Anji E. , Reyes Jorge D. 
Published: January 2022

Background.
The current model for end-stage liver disease-based liver allocation system in the United States prioritizes sickest patients first at the expense of long-term graft survival. In a continuous distribution model, a measure of posttransplant survival will also be included. We aimed to use mathematical optimization to match donors and recipients based on quality to examine the potential impact of an allocation system designed to maximize long-term graft survival.

Methods.
Cox proportional hazard models using organ procurement and transplantation network data from 2008 to 2012 were used to place donors and waitlist candidates into 5 groups of increasing risk for graft loss (1—lowest to 5—highest). A mixed integer programming optimization model was then used to generate allocation rules that maximized graft survival at 5 and 8 y.

Results.
Allocation based on mathematical optimization improved 5-y survival by 7.5% (78.2% versus 70.7% in historic cohort) avoiding 2271 graft losses, and 8-y survival by 9% (71.8% versus 62.8%) avoiding 2725 graft losses. Long-term graft survival for recipients within a quality group is highly dependent on donor quality. All candidates in groups 1 and 2 and 43% of group 3 were transplanted, whereas none of the candidates in groups 4 and 5 were transplanted.

Conclusions.
Long-term graft survival can be improved using a model that allocates livers based on both donor and recipient quality, and the interaction between donor and recipient quality is an important predictor of graft survival. Considerations for incorporation into a continuous distribution model are discussed.