bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DNA replication protein Orc1 from the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii is required for heterochromatin formation but not as a silencer-binding protein
Authors: Maria Haniam , Rusche Laura N 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To understand the process by which new protein functions emerge, we examined how the yeast heterochromatin protein Sir3 arose through gene duplication from the conserved DNA replication protein Orc1. Orc1 is a subunit of the origin recognition complex (ORC), which marks origins of DNA replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Orc1 also promotes heterochromatin assembly by recruiting the structural proteins Sir1-4 to silencer DNA. In contrast, the paralog of Orc1, Sir3, is a nucleosome-binding protein that spreads across heterochromatic loci in conjunction with other Sir proteins. We previously found that a nonduplicated Orc1 from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis behaved like ScSir3 but did not have a silencer-binding function like ScOrc1. Moreover, K. lactis lacks Sir1, the protein that interacts directly with ScOrc1 at the silencer. Here, we examined whether the emergence of Sir1 coincided with Orc1 acting as a silencer-binding protein. In the nonduplicated species Torulaspora delbrueckii, which has an ortholog of Sir1 (TdKos3), we found that TdOrc1 spreads across heterochromatic loci independently of ORC, as ScSir3 and KlOrc1 do. This spreading is dependent on the nucleosome binding BAH domain of Orc1 and on Sir2 and Kos3. However, TdOrc1 does not have a silencer-binding function: T. delbrueckii silencers do not require ORC-binding sites to function, and Orc1 and Kos3 do not appear to interact. Instead, Orc1 and Kos3 both spread across heterochromatic loci with other Sir proteins. Thus, Orc1 and Sir1/Kos3 originally had different roles in heterochromatin formation than they do now in S. cerevisiae.
Endogenous ceramide phosphoethanolamine modulates circadian rhythm via neural–glial coupling in Drosophila
Authors: Chen Xiupeng , Li Jie , Gao Zhongbao , Yang Yang , Kuang Wenqing , Dong Yue , Chua Gek Huey , Huang Xiahe , Jiang Binhua , Tian He , Wang Yingchun , Huang Xun , Li Yan , Lam Sin Man , Shui Guanghou 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
While endogenous lipids are known to exhibit rhythmic oscillations, less is known about how specific lipids modulate circadian behavior. Through a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments on ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase of Drosophila, we demonstrated that pan-glial-specific deficiency in membrane CPE, the structural analog of mammalian sphingomyelin (SM), leads to arrhythmic locomotor behavior and shortens lifespan, while the reverse is true for increasing CPE. Comparative proteomics uncovered dysregulated synaptic glutamate utilization and transport in CPE-deficient flies. An extensive genetic screen was conducted to verify the role of differentially expressed proteins in circadian regulation. Arrhythmic locomotion under cpes1 mutant background was rescued only by restoring endogenous CPE or SM through expressing their respective synthases. Our results underscore the essential role of CPE in maintaining synaptic glutamate homeostasis and modulating circadian behavior in Drosophila. The findings suggest that region-specific elevations of functional membrane lipids can benefit circadian regulation.
Widespread bird species show idiosyncratic responses in residual body mass to selective logging and edge effects in the Colombian Western Andes
Authors: Jones Harrison H , Colorado Z. Gabriel , Robinson Scott K 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Forest fragmentation is a major driver of tropical bird endangerment, yet the mechanisms underlying species losses in fragmented landscapes remain poorly known. Loss of foraging microhabitats and food diversity in fragmented landscapes are potential mechanisms explaining fragmentation sensitivity. We, therefore, measured the body condition (i.e., body mass adjusted for individual size) of 20 tropical understory birds as a proxy for food availability across gradients of fragment patch size and silvicultural histories in the Western Andes of Colombia. Specifically, we asked (1) if body condition correlates with patch size, edge effects, or selective logging disturbance; and (2) if species responses were driven by the same explanatory variables or varied idiosyncratically. We documented significant variation in body condition with covariates in 11 of 20 (55%) understory bird species, and 55% of significant correlations were with fragmentation and selective-logging associated variables. Species responses were idiosyncratic and contrasting, with at least 1 significant response to each fragmentation-related covariate. Most effects, however, were driven by logging-induced changes to vegetation structure including loss of large-diameter trees, reduction in foliage height diversity and canopy cover, and loss of understory vegetation. The body condition of frugivores and nectarivores increased with logging-induced shifts in vegetation structure, with canopy gaps potentially favoring early-successional fruiting and flowering plants. By contrast, some insectivores suffered lower body condition with loss of vegetation structure (reduced foliage height diversity). Overall, our data support the hypothesis that fragmentation and selective logging change food resources available to birds and that some widespread nectarivores, frugivores, and omnivores may benefit from increasing edge density and logging-driven vegetation disturbance. We also documented significant positive effects of breeding condition on body condition, however, highlighting the need to control for this factor. Body condition may therefore be a useful index of habitat suitability when paired with analyses of abundance and demographic changes.
A hnRNPA2B1 agonist effectively inhibits HBV and SARS-CoV-2 omicronin vivo
Authors: Zuo Daming , Chen Yu , Cai Jian-piao , Yuan Hao-Yang , Wu Jun-Qi , Yin Yue , Xie Jing-Wen , Lin Jing-Min , Luo Jia , Feng Yang , Ge Long-Jiao , Zhou Jia , Quinn Ronald J , Zhao San-Jun , Tong Xing , Jin Dong-Yan , Yuan Shuofeng , Dai Shao-Xing , Xu Min 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe twenty-first century has already recorded more than ten major epidemics or pandemics of viral disease, including the devastating COVID-19. Novel effective antivirals with broad-spectrum coverage are urgently needed. Herein, we reported a novel broad-spectrum antiviral compound PAC5. Oral administration of PAC5 eliminated HBV cccDNA and reduced the large antigen load in distinct mouse models of HBV infection. Strikingly, oral administration of PAC5 in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.1) infection significantly decreases viral loads and attenuates lung inflammation. Mechanistically, PAC5 binds to a pocket near Asp49 in the RNA recognition motif of hnRNPA2B1. PAC5-bound hnRNPA2B1 is extensively activated and translocated to the cytoplasm where it initiates the TBK1-IRF3 pathway, leading to the production of type I IFNs with antiviral activity. Our results indicate that PAC5 is a novel small-molecule agonist of hnRNPA2B1, which may have a role in dealing with emerging infectious diseases now and in the future.
Real-world use of an etanercept biosimilar including selectiveversusautomatic substitution in inflammatory arthritis patients: a UK-based electronic health records study
Authors: Cooksey Roxanne , Brophy Sinead , Kennedy Jonathan , Seaborne Michael , Choy Ernest 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveBiosimilars are approved as an alternative treatment to their originators. We compared the clinical outcomes of etanercept (ETN) biosimilar compared with ETN originator in real-world practice, from two local health boards in Wales with different policies on switching: automatic vs selective.MethodsData from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank in Wales were used to create a retrospective cohort study using linked primary and secondary care data. Patients aged ≥18 years with diagnosis codes for RA, PsA or AS were included. Outcomes included treatment failure and DAS-28 score (for RA). The local health board with a policy of automatic switching (i.e. clinician/nurse involvement not mandated) is labelled as automatic switch area, and the other, which required clinician/nurse supervision, as selective switch.ResultsOf 8925 individuals with inflammatory arthritis, 13.3% (365) received ETN biosimilar and 31.5% (863) ETN originator. The treatment discontinuation rate was similar for ETN biosimilar and originator by Kaplan–Meier analysis. More biosimilar failure patients were treated in the automatic switch area (15 vs 4.8%). In the automatic switch area, 28.8% (75 of 260) of patients switched automatically from ETN originator to biosimilar compared with 10.5% (11 of 105) in the selective switch area. ETN biosimilar reduced DAS-28 by 1.6 ± 1.8 in the selective switch area vs 0.4 ± 0.6 in the automatic switch area.ConclusionThe ETN biosimilar was well tolerated. Fewer people were switched using selective policy, but this was associated with lower failure rates. Automatic switch policy led to more patients being switched and did not lead to significant worsening of disease.
John Dryden’s Sister Arts: Face-Painting and Translation
Authors: Zou Qifei 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This essay explores an alternative figuration in Dryden’s thought and writing on the sister arts: face-painting and translation. In this parallel, Dryden conceives of the face as the original text, the face-paint as the translated word, the cosmetician as the translator, and vice versa. To explore the interrelationship of these arts is to reveal the contradictory impulses that shape Dryden’s 1697 Aeneis, reconciling opposing critical views of his translation strategies. In this essay, I survey the prevalent satiric and aesthetic functions of face-painting in Dryden’s writings. I show that in his essays of the 1690s, Dryden’s ambivalent views on cosmetics inform his views on translation: both the original text and the unpainted face are sacred designs that, paradoxically, may still be beautified by the translator’s expression or the cosmetician’s paint. In translation, Dryden is thus caught between the desire to foreground his own paint and the obligation to preserve Virgil’s design. By way of conclusion, I offer a reading of Dryden’s three renderings of the Aeneas and Lausus episode (Aeneid X), in which he liberally daubs and delicately paints upon Virgil’s original. These diverse strategies are poetic manifestations of the conflicting energies that define Dryden’s sister arts, face-painting and translation.
Refugee Women and the Gendered Violence of Australia’s Extraterritorial Asylum Regime on Nauru
Authors: Vasefi Saba , Dehm Sara 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article examines the gendered harms of state refugee externalisation laws and policies using the case study of Australia’s extraterritorial asylum regime on Nauru. While the regime has been widely criticised, the particular carceral experiences and structural vulnerabilities of refugee women and girls have received limited attention in refugee law scholarship. Drawing on interviews with 10 refugee women, this article documents and conceptualises the abusive nature of the regime from a gender perspective: first in relation to the produced insecurity and sexual violence in immigration detention and temporary resettlement in Nauru; next, in relation to the gendered medicalisation of refugee bodies under the official medical evacuation processes for transferring refugees from Nauru to Australia for healthcare; and finally, in relation to the continued punitive legal limbo and produced deportability for refugee women once transferred to Australia who nonetheless remain subject to the legal exclusions under Australia’s “offshore” detention and processing regime. We argue that, rather than being incidental to its operation, gendered harms have become a defining feature of the structural violence of Australia’s deterrence framework and practices of refugee expulsion and exclusion.
Bunk space requirements for growing beef cattle limit-fed a high-energy corn and corn co-product diet
Authors: Duncan Zachary M , DeBord Zachary L , Pflughoeft Madison G , Suhr Kyler J , Hollenbeck William R , Tarpoff Anthony J , Olson K C , Blasi Dale A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Bunk requirements for optimal growth performance of growing calves limit-fed high-energy corn and corn co-product diets have not been widely evaluated. Three-hundred eighty-five crossbred steers (initial body weight = 215 ± 25 kg) were purchased in Texas, transported to the Kansas State Beef Stocker Unit, and weighed at arrival. Steers were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 28 pens containing 12 to 14 head. Within block, pens were randomly assigned to one of four bunk allotment treatments: 25.4, 38.1, 50.8, or 63.5 cm of bunk per head for a 58-d receiving period. Calves were fed at 0700 h once daily at 1.8% of bodyweight (dry matter basis) from February 2 to March 13, 2021; thereafter the daily feed allotment was increased to 2.0% of bodyweight. The diet contained (dry matter basis) 39.5% dry-rolled corn, 7.5% supplement, 40% wet corn gluten feed, and 13% prairie hay. Steers were individually weighed on days 29 and 58 and pen weights were measured weekly to determine feed offered for the following week. Body weights on days 29 and 58, dry matter intake, or gain-to-feed ratio during the receiving period did not differ (P ≥ 0.34) between treatments. During the first 29 d, average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly as bunk space increased (P = 0.03); however, no treatment effects were observed thereafter. In addition, ADG standard deviation from days 0 to 29 responded quadratically (P = 0.05) where ADG standard deviation tended to be greater in the 38.1-cm allotment and was greater in the 50.8-cm allotment compared to the 25.4-cm allotment (P = 0.07 and P = 0.04, respectively). Bunk score tended to decrease linearly as bunk allotment decreased (P = 0.06). Following the receiving period, steers were blocked by bunk treatment and randomly assigned to 1 of 18 pastures. Steers were grazed for 90-d from May to August at a targeted stocking density of 280 kg live-weight ˖ ha–1. During the grazing season, ADG increased linearly with reduced (P &lt; 0.01) bunk allotment; however, body weights did not differ (P = 0.91) between bunk treatments at the completion of the grazing period. In addition, overall total body weight gains and ADG from the receiving and grazing periods did not differ (P &gt; 0.57) between bunk treatments. We interpreted our data to suggest that bunk space allotments of 25.4 to 63.5 cm per head had minimal impact on growth performance during a 58-d receiving period and did not affect final body weights following a 90-d grazing season.
New Microviridae isolated from Sulfitobacter reveals two cosmopolitan subfamilies of single-stranded DNA phages infecting marine and terrestrial Alphaproteobacteria
Authors: Zucker Falk , Bischoff Vera , Olo Ndela Eric , Heyerhoff Benedikt , Poehlein Anja , Freese Heike M , Roux Simon , Simon Meinhard , Enault Francois , Moraru Cristina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Microviridae family represents one of the major clades of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages. Their cultivated members are lytic and infect Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chlamydiae. Prophages have been predicted in the genomes from Bacteroidales, Hyphomicrobiales, and Enterobacteriaceae and cluster within the ‘Alpavirinae’, ‘Amoyvirinae’, and Gokushovirinae. We have isolated ‘Ascunsovirus oldenburgi’ ICBM5, a novel phage distantly related to known Microviridae. It infects Sulfitobacter dubius SH24-1b and uses both a lytic and a carrier-state life strategy. Using ICBM5 proteins as a query, we uncovered in publicly available resources sixty-five new Microviridae prophages and episomes in bacterial genomes and retrieved forty-seven environmental viral genomes (EVGs) from various viromes. Genome clustering based on protein content and phylogenetic analysis showed that ICBM5, together with Rhizobium phages, new prophages, episomes, and EVGs cluster within two new phylogenetic clades, here tentatively assigned the rank of subfamily and named ‘Tainavirinae’ and ‘Occultatumvirinae’. They both infect Rhodobacterales. Occultatumviruses also infect Hyphomicrobiales, including nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts from cosmopolitan legumes. A biogeographical assessment showed that tainaviruses and occultatumviruses are spread worldwide, in terrestrial and marine environments. The new phage isolated here sheds light onto new and diverse branches of the Microviridae tree, suggesting that much of the ssDNA phage diversity remains in the dark.
Summating Potential as Marker of Intracochlear Position in Bipolar Electrocochleography
Authors: Baumhoff Peter , Rahbar Nikoukar Laya , de Andrade José Santos Cruz , Lenarz Thomas , Kral Andrej 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Cochlear implantation criteria include subjects with residual low-frequency hearing. To minimize implantation trauma and to avoid unwanted interactions of electric- and acoustic stimuli, it is often recommended to stop cochlear implantation before the cochlear implant (CI) reaches the cochlear partition with residual hearing, as determined by an audiogram. For this purpose, the implant can be used to record acoustically evoked signals during implantation, including cochlear compound action potentials (CAP), cochlear microphonics (CMs), and summating potentials (SPs). The former two have previously been used to monitor residual hearing in clinical settings.

Design:
In the present study we investigated the use of intracochlear, bipolar SP recordings to determine the exact cochlear position of the contacts of implanted CIs in guinea pig cochleae (n = 13). Polarity reversals of SPs were used as a functional marker of intracochlear position. Micro computed tomography (µCT) imaging and a modified Greenwood function were used to determine the cochleotopic positions of the contacts in the cochlea. These anatomical reconstructions were used to validate the SP-based position estimates.

Results:
The precision of the SP-based position estimation was on average within ± 0.37 octaves and was not impaired by moderate hearing loss caused by noise exposure after implantation. It is important to note that acute hearing impairment did not reduce the precision of the method. The cochleotopic position of CI accounted for ~70% of the variability of SP polarity reversals. Outliers in the dataset were associated with lateral CI positions. Last, we propose a simplified method to avoid implantation in functioning parts of the cochlea by approaching a predefined frequency region using bipolar SP recordings through a CI.

Conclusions:
Bipolar SP recordings provide reliable information on electrode position in the cochlea. The position estimate remains reliable after moderate hearing loss. The technique presented here could be applied during CI surgery to monitor the CI approach to a predefined frequency region.
Exploring the Link Between the Serum/Blood Levels of Heavy Metals (Pb, As, Cd, and Cu) and 2 Novel Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Stress (Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2) in Copper Smelter Workers
Authors: Mourad Basma Hussein , El-Sherif Ghada Hossam 
Published: July 2022

Objective
Studying the association between the occupational exposure to Pb, As, Cd, and Cu with the serum levels of 2 novel biomarkers of cardiovascular stress; growth differentiation factor 15 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, in some Egyptian Cu smelter workers.

Methods
Forty-one exposed workers and 41 administrative controls were clinically evaluated. Serum/blood levels of heavy metals and biomarkers were measured for both groups.

Results
The smelter workers showed significantly elevated levels of heavy metals and biomarkers compared with controls. The elevated serum levels of both biomarkers were significantly and positively correlated with each other, the levels of heavy metals, and the duration of employment of the exposed workers.

Conclusions
There was a significant association between the levels of heavy metals and both biomarkers among the smelter workers. Further prospective studies should be performed.
Aerosol Generation During Otologic Surgery
Authors: Lahelma Mari , Oksanen Lotta , Rantanen Noora , Sinkkonen Saku , Aarnisalo Antti , Geneid Ahmed , Sanmark Enni 
Published: July 2022

Objective
To assess whether aerosol generation occurs during otologic surgery, to define which instruments are aerosol generating, and to identify factors that enhance safety in protection against airborne pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Study Design
An observational prospective study on aerosol measurements during otologic operations recorded between August and December 2020.

Setting
Aerosol generation was measured with an Optical Particle Sizer as part of otologic operations with anesthesia. Particles with a size range of 0.3 to 10 μm were quantified. Aerosol generation was measured during otologic operations to analyze aerosols during drilling in transcanal and transmastoid operations and when using the following instruments: bipolar electrocautery, laser, suction, and cold instruments. Coughing is known to produce significant concentration of aerosols and is commonly used as a reference for high-risk aerosol generation. Thus, the operating room background concentration and coughing were chosen as reference values.

Patients
Thirteen otologic operations were included. The average drilling time per surgery was 27.00 minutes (range, 2.00–71.80 min).

Intervention
Different rotation speeds during drilling and other instruments were used.

Main Outcome Measures
Aerosol concentrations during operations were recorded and compared with background and cough aerosol concentrations.

Results
Total aerosol concentrations during drilling were significantly higher than background (p < 0.0001, d = 2.02) or coughing (p < 0.0001, d = 0.50). A higher drilling rotation speed was associated with higher particle concentration (p = 0.037, η
2 = 0.01). Aerosol generation during bipolar electrocautery, drilling, and laser was significantly higher than with cold instruments or suction (p < 0.0001, η
2 = 0.04).

Conclusion
High aerosol generation is observed during otologic surgery when drill, laser, or bipolar electrocautery is used. Aerosol generation can be reduced by using cold instruments instead of electric and keeping the suction on during aerosol-generating procedures. If drilling is required, lower rotation speeds are recommended. These measures may help reduce the spread of airborne pathogens during otologic surgery.