bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global consultancy of parliaments and parliamentarism
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter discusses processes that have led to growing isomorphism among national legislatures. The establishing of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1889 contributed to spreading and standardizing the idea of parliament as a model to organize governance both in national and transnational contexts. The IPU itself also became a model emulated by others, so that a growing number of regional or task-specific interparliamentary associations and interparliamentary organs of IGOs were established worldwide. Especially from the mid-1960s onward, the IPU also began to address “imperfections” of national parliaments, paving the way to an explosion of organizations that give recommendations and publish manuals on parliamentary procedures or in other ways engage in “democracy promotion” that equates parliaments and democracy.
National parliament and the worldwide institutionalization of politics
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that the formation of remarkably isomorphic national legislatures in each UN member state has not only homogenized the ritualized forms by which laws are passed and regimes are legitimated in national states; as a specific cultural form, national parliament has also extended its influence outside the parliamentary buildings: it has formed a surrounding political field comprising professions, organizations, and forms of knowledge employed in debate and governance. The chapter shows how rituals and invariant practices figure in parliamentary practices. To illustrate the institutionalization of politics, it then discusses the formation of three groups of actors within and around national legislatures: political parties and ideologies; the parliamentary staff, experts, and stakeholders; and lobbyists, think tanks, and international organizations.
The Evidence for Innate Intersubjectivity
Authors: Bradley Benjamin S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The observations and experiments on infant–adult interaction most often held to prove a capacity for intersubjectivity as manifest in early infancy have traditionally attracted three interpretations: as evidence for babies’ ability to read and respond to others’ mental states when in dyadic conversation (Trevarthen’s argument); as demonstrating that young infants’ interest in adults’ ‘mirroring’ behaviour has a narcissistic form (Winnicott’s argument); and as an illusion created by adults’ conversational expertise (some learning theories). This chapter re-examines the pros and cons of each interpretation, stressing the need for symmetry in producing genuine intersubjectivity and the degree to which it is compromised in recordings of infant–adult interaction. A more propitious setting for showing whether infants manifest intersubjectivity is, therefore, the observation of symmetrical all-infant groups. Experiments and observations of young babies in groups now prove that early intersubjectivity exists in a supradyadic ‘group’ form—not (just) a dyadic form, as Trevarthen first proposed.
The Psychology of Prenatal Research
Authors: Reissland Nadja 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter discusses the use of behavioural profiles to evidence neurocognitive development. It argues that this is an important tool to investigate non-invasively developmental trajectories. The problem identified by Trevarthen many years ago relates to the tools that are objective and well defined so that they can be used by researchers across the world and allow comparisons of findings from different laboratories. Hence the chapter then queries the future of prenatal behavioural observational research and if it will lie in testing objective measurement systems, which could be indicative of foetal ill health specifically and child development generally.
The Psychobiologist Who Taught Musicians How to Sing
Authors: Osborne Nigel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theory of communicative musicality in regard to Colwyn Trevarthen. It explains that the theory is vital for the human experience of music, and the support, insights, and methodologies it offers to music education, technology, and informatics. The psychobiological and intersubjective models in the emerging theory of communicative musicality became critical for the development of Music in Community interventions to support children in zones of conflict and post-conflict. The chapter then looks into several case studies primarily concerning communicative musicality and Covid-19. It explains that the experiences of listening to music online embrace a certain kind of intersubjectivity and indeed several aspects of communicative musicality.
Play, Tickling, and Companionship
Authors: Negayama Koichi , Nakano Shigeru 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Parents make their children laugh by creating playful interactions with them not as caregivers but as playmates. By observing this type of companionship, we know that infants also try to make their parents laugh. However, traditional studies on parent–child relations, especially attachment studies, have focused on a ‘vertical’ relationship that seeks to secure protection, and the playful parent–infant ‘horizontal’ relationship has been ignored. This chapter sheds light on the playful aspects of parent–infant interactions and their functions by focusing on infant humour and tickling play. Tickling is a special tactile communication which produces ticklishness in the recipient. Tickling play occurs after the middle of the first year. Ticklishness cannot be produced by self-stimulation, and therefore is connected to self–other differentiation. Touch is a significant source of intersubjectivity, and joyful ticklishness is obtained by an intimate person’s tickling. Mother–infant tickling is a proto-triadic interaction, with the infant’s specific body part as a target of joint attention.
The Music of Intersubjective Interaction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter starts by briefly mapping out some debates about empathy, including the distinction between basic and higher-order empathy, and various approaches, including simulation, phenomenology, and hermeneutics, that address the distinction. I then suggest that Colwyn Trevarthen’s work on intersubjective interaction, which he characterizes as involving sympathy (an older term than empathy), provides an alternative view of basic empathy, and some important insights that can inform these debates. I conclude by highlighting a question about the role that narrative plays in Trevarthen’s account. I suggest that there is a continuity between basic and higher-order empathy based not on narrative, but on the continuing role of primary intersubjectivity—the music of intersubjective relations—that extends throughout the life span.
The Functional Architecture of Mother–Infant Communication, and the Mirror Neurone System
Authors: Murray Lynne , Ferrari Pier Francesco 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Since Colwyn’s original description of primary intersubjectivity, research has accumulated demonstrating that early mother–infant exchanges have a highly organized structure that we term a ‘functional architecture’. Thus, mothers use specific responses, such as ‘mirroring’ and ‘positive marking’, in highly selective ways to different infant social and non-social behaviours, with these maternal responses in turn having marked effects on infant social and non-social development. At the neurological level, the organization of the motor system highlights the importance of the body in supporting early forms of social cognition. Research on mirror neurones in human and non-human primate infants shows that this mechanism is fundamental in determining the infant’s capacity to process social information and in supporting early communicative exchanges. The quality of early mother–infant exchanges has a significant impact on the development of the mirror neurone system, thus indicating a close relationship between primary intersubjectivity and neurological mechanisms of action–perception.
Companionship versus Care
Authors: Zeedyk Suzanne 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The twenty-first century is generating new contexts within which the importance of human companionship can be illuminated. One context is the rise of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Movement, which has gathered international enthusiasm over two decades. This chapter argues that the study of ACEs lacks a robust developmental account and that the current turn toward attachment theory, with its emphasis on care and buffering, will ultimately be insufficient. Instead, the chapter suggests that the emphasis needs to be placed on companionship, locating the origins of childhood trauma within intersubjective processes. Untangling this theoretical tension matters both for the public, whose understanding of childhood trauma has sharpened, and for infancy researchers, whose discoveries of embodied emotionality hold greater societal import than they may themselves realize. It is hoped that, in the process, the name of Colwyn Trevarthen, one of most influential scientists leading those discoveries, might gain the public esteem his legacy deserves.
Change the Child or Change the System?
Authors: Dunlop Aline-Wendy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The term ‘transitions’ has different meanings in different disciplines. There is a growing field of research into early childhood transitions which variously focuses on child development, continuity, discontinuity, play, curriculum, teaching and learning, wellbeing, attainment, relationships, and friendships (Dunlop, 2018). Insights from disciplines beyond education suggest transitions are much more than adapting to external events, but rather may refer to or include internal transformations. Through insights gained in my studies of transitions and in honour of the continuing debates Colwyn and I have about ways of defining transitions, this chapter uses my adaptation of the mature version of Bronfenbrenner’s ecology of human development (Bronfenbrenner and Evans, 2000; Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 1998; Tudge et al., 2016) to unravel the ways in which agency, companionship, and collaboration influence shifts in children’s identities, wellbeing, and engagement with learning during educational transitions. A focus is made on each of person, process, and context as they change over time. The chapter elaborates Bronfenbrenner’s case that transitions are both developmental in nature and developmentally instigating. The chapter concludes by recognizing that systems are usually different either side of any transition and, whenever this is the case, they ought to be capable of meeting every child as a person who shows different individual attributes along their developmental journey. Embracing individual difference means systems must change and recognize each child’s capacity for change.
What Do Young Children Have to Say?
Authors: Pascal Christine , Bertram Anthony Douglas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter foregrounds a trans-national study in which Froebelian storytelling techniques are used to capture children’s play narratives about their COVID experiences. The study acknowledges the pandemic posed particular challenges for young children, yet often their voices are excluded from consideration. Analysis of the children’s play narratives reveals an expressed desire to regain their daily life and routines, be with their friends, have extended time to play, be outdoors, and have authentic information. It suggests responses to the pandemic should seriously consider these expressed needs. We celebrate Trevarthen’s contribution to our democratizing movement in early childhood education and the innovative ways he gives us to think about children’s minds and relationships. As we move towards a post-pandemic world, his wisdom, agency, and companionship are needed more than ever.
Universal Harmony
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Universal Harmony. It explains that the human desire to find meaning with companions is so strong that people suffer shame and anger when people receive no trust or understanding. Most rigorous physical scientists must assume that there exists a harmony of forces in the universe they study. However, nature grows on the edge of creation, between order and chaos, and must conserve a rhythm of being in all its evolving processes and substances regardless of its fragility. The chapter then looks into the key concept of musicality that nurtures the movement of life from its beginnings.
Causality, infinity, and horizons
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this final chapter of this part of the book on cosmology, we study some very general ideas that allow us to think about infinity in the context of the geometry of spacetime. The conformal structure of a model universe allows us to treat its infinities as points or surfaces at the edge of spacetime. Penrose diagrams allow us to visualize the conformal structure of a spacetime, revealing particle and event horizons. Singularities can be incorporated into Penrose diagrams: they form boundaries to spacetime that can be separated from an observer by a finite interval.
‘Arms Trade Law’ and the Potential of International Justice
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 proposes a putative field of ‘Arms Trade Law’ and examines how some of its deficiencies demonstrate a potential role for International Criminal Law. A plurality of national and international laws—from arms embargoes, laws on state responsibility, the use of force and neutrality, humanitarian, human rights, and counter-terrorism laws, and other subsidiary areas, all (indirectly) impact the flow of weapons to atrocity situations. The chapter foregrounds the limitations of UN Security Council arms embargoes, which lack criminal accountability, are restricted to specified items, and are selectively applied. The analysis of the transnational assemblage of ‘Arms Trade Law’ reveals the strengths of International Criminal Law: as well as integrating structurally and legally with other areas, an international arms trade prosecution would offer the expressive value of condemnation. The International Criminal Court (ICC) could play a powerful symbolic role; communicating moral opprobrium against those who profit from complicit arms sales.
Overlooking Arms Brokers in the ICC’s Situation in the DRC
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 9 evaluates the International Criminal Court (ICC)’s handling of potential arms trade cases in its Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) during a formative period in the Court’s early development. Initially, the Prosecutor of the ICC took a broad approach to case selection in the DRC Situation, which included arms traders. But this approach became narrowed as the Prosecutor’s interest in brokers such as Victor Bout was abandoned in favour of prosecuting the Ituri warlords. The chapter identifies four ‘blind spots’ that are consistent with this narrowing: political viability, pragmatism, perceptions of victim interests, and horizontal selectivity. The blind spots were consistent with an ICC legal culture that prioritized what it perceived to be the more traditional, pragmatically safer military and political targets, excluding economic actors like arms brokers. The Prosecutor thus missed an early, formative opportunity for the Court to pursue a fuller spectrum of targets. The chapter highlights the need for greater awareness of arms trade liability among practitioners, to foster a broader, more inclusive approach to international criminal prosecutions.
Honour and the Economy of Credit in the Age of Revolutions
Authors: Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Eighteenth-century warfare was no exemplar of restraint. Just as armies plundered occupied territories when commanders felt that they could get away it, so captured officers and governments abused the terms of parole for their own benefit. The expansion of European military campaigns to colonial settings only complicated the standards to which belligerents could be held. Nevertheless, contracts of honour commanded respect as part of a wider economy of credit, which rewarded promise-keeping and the repayment of debts. Freemasonry, an important social invention of the Enlightenment dedicated to universal human improvement, helped members gain freedom on parole by keeping channels of communication open between enemies. The French Revolution (1789) marked a historical watershed, since it sharpened categories of alterity which undermined trust. Napoleon’s rise to power in 1799 returned honour to a place of prominence but engendered fresh debate about the duties it imposed on paroled prisoners.
Are There Errors and Biases in the Application of the Death Penalty?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that society must not close its eyes to the reality of error in the justice system and that sometimes the system wrongfully arrests, convicts, imprisons, and occasionally even executes an innocent person. This is the most troubling form of error in capital cases. The chapter details some instances of wrongful execution and explores the reasons for such miscarriages of justice. The author argues that the alternative to the death penalty—life imprisonment without the possibility of parole—not only satisfies society’s goal of protecting itself, but also eliminates the risk of killing innocent people or threatening them with execution.
The Slow Death of Capital Punishment in the United States
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the United States, death sentences and executions are both in decline. Over the past ten years, about forty new inmates are sent to death row per year, and, during the same period, about twenty-two prisoners are executed each year. The incoming residents of death row are added to the roughly 2,300 people who are already living there. Most death row inmates will not die at the hands of the executioner. Some will have their convictions overturned, many will have their sentences changed to life imprisonment without parole, many more will die of natural causes. The author argues that these numbers expose the current system of capital punishment as little more than an elaborate, cruel, and costly charade.
What Is Normativity?
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Philosophers have proposed many different accounts of normativity and of normative judgment. To evaluate these accounts, we need to have a theory-neutral characterization of what these theories are intended to explain. This chapter provides such a characterization. A widely accepted view, for example, is the reasons-fundamentalist idea that normativity can be analyzed by reference to reasons. This account is not theory-neutral for, arguably, there are reasons that are not normative in the philosophically most important sense, including reasons of games and reasons in etiquette. These are “formally normative,” but not “robustly normative.” The chapter proposes the “essential relation characterization”: for a belief, concept, property, or fact to be robustly normative, is for it to have a characteristic essential authoritative relation to decisions, choices, intentions, or attitudes. It would have this relation in virtue of its semantics, content, or nature.
Objections and Replies
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter responds to several important objections to ethical naturalism. Earlier chapters discussed objections to specific naturalist views. For example, in Chapter 8, section 8.1 discussed Harman’s objection from moral explanations and Horgan and Timmons’s moral twin-earth objection against Cornell Realism; section 8.2 discussed the “because objection” against the Canberra program; section 8.3 discussed Parfit’s argument from the burning hotel against Neo-Humean Subjectivism; section 8.5 discussed Street’s evolutionary debunking argument. The book as a whole responds to the chief objection, which is that ethical naturalism cannot account for robust normativity. This chapter responds to many additional objections, under the following headings: 9.1 The “Is/Ought Gap”; 9.2 The “Open Question Argument”; 9.3 The “Argument from Queerness”; 9.4 Ethical Motivation and the Expressivist Intuition; 9.5 The Non-Empirical Character of Ethical Belief; 9.6 Parfit’s Objections; 9.7 Ardent Realism and Reference-Determination; 9.8 The Normative Question and Transparency; 9.9 The Just Too Different Objection.
Whose Morality Is Out of Order?
Authors: Xie Chaoqun 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The internet, serving as a remarkable testament to human technological advancement, offers abundant opportunities for individuals to engage in social interactions and participate in various aspects of the life-world. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the online environment also creates a platform where (im)morality and aspects of human nature may manifest more prominently. This chapter explores how issues of deviance and respectability contribute to the understanding of morality and human nature in the Chinese cultural context, using a case study of a university teacher who became the target of online whistleblowing by his students for expressing different views on ancient China’s Four Great Inventions. Ultimately, this chapter aims to not only enhance the understanding of internet-mediated discursive (im)morality, but also provide insights into the intricate and nuanced relationships between (im)morality, deviance, and respectability.
Moralizing (Un)civil Behavior
Authors: Reiter Rosina Márquez , Franch Patricia Bou 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the multiplicity of citizens’ moralizing discourses resulting from a controversial bill in Uruguay to protect vulnerable people from the dangers of second-hand smoke but excluded cannabis consumption, whose recreational use is legal and observed in public spaces. Moralizing discourses, understood as communicative practices, are examined by drawing on the notion of interpellations. A sociopragmatic analysis of a corpus of user-generated comments from the Facebook page of a Uruguayan broadsheet reporting the bill revealed four main themes around which commenters constructed moralizing discourses regarding civil and moral expectations in public space: politics and (lack of) regulation of tobacco/cannabis use, personal attacks, relational violence in public/private space, and citizen insecurity. The findings show how commenters reflexively question the contemporary social order as being increasingly permeated by relational violence. They bring into focus the moral expectancies of civility in the lived face-to-face and digital experiences of modern citizens.
From CDs to Covid-19
Authors: Gidal Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5, “From CDs to Covid-19: Professional Agency in Volatile Industries,” explains changing business practices that have affected Brazilian jazz in New York between 2000 and the Covid-19 pandemic that started in 2020. It introduces theories from popular music studies, musicology, and business that view music, culture, institutions, and capitalist industries as a holistic system, and that emphasize the agency and strategies of professionals. People work in the local market that supports Brazilian jazz primarily because of their passion for the music, yet they must exercise business savvy to survive, let alone to accomplish their ambitious goals. The chapter then explains changing business practices of music venues and record labels during the 2010s in contrast to each of the preceding two decades. Starting in 2020, the experiences of musicians and presenters during the pandemic exemplify contrasting ways that they adopted new technologies and pivoted business practices.