bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background features in the cytology of pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Hirabayashi Kenichi , Saika Tsubasa , Nakamura Naoya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCytology is a useful method for diagnosing pancreatic neoplasms. Although endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration has recently become the mainstream method for the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms, pancreatic juice and pancreatic duct brushing cytology continue to be useful diagnostic methods for the investigation of pancreatic neoplasms. Diagnoses using pancreatic cytology are primarily based on the features related to tumor cells; however, evaluation of the background features provides important information that could further aid the diagnosis. Pancreatic neoplasms show various histological types, each of which is associated with its own characteristic background features. The necrotic background, desmoplastic stroma, and presence of cancer‐associated fibroblasts are background features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, a mucinous background is associated with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms, and hyaline globules are observed in solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. However, some background features are associated with more than one histological type of pancreatic neoplasm, highlighting the importance to base a diagnosis on the results of a comprehensive analysis of not only the background features but also the tumor cells. Here, we provide a review of the key background cytological features of pancreatic neoplasms, which can serve as a guide to improve diagnosis and research.
Artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: A review on the current status
Authors: Larsen Solveig Linnea Veen , Mori Yuichi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence has become an increasingly hot topic in the last several years, and it has also gained its way into the medical field. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in the gastroenterology field has been of increasing interest, particularly in the colonoscopy setting. Novel technologies such as deep neural networks have enabled real‐time computer‐aided polyp detection and diagnosis during colonoscopy. This might lead to increased performance of endoscopists as well as potentially reducing the costs of unnecessary polypectomies of hyperplastic polyps. Newly published prospective trials studying computer‐aided detection showed that the assistance of artificial intelligence significantly increased the detection of polyps and non‐advanced adenomas approximately by 10%, while three tandem randomized control trials proved that the adenoma miss rate was significantly reduced (e.g., 13.8% vs. 36.7% in one Japanese multicenter trial). Promising results have also been shown in prospective single‐arm trials on computer‐aided polyp diagnosis, but the evidence is insufficient to reach a conclusion.
The amazing and anomalous axolotls as scientific models
Authors: Adamson Carly J. , Morrison‐Welch Nikolas , Rogers Crystal D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAmbystoma mexicanum (axolotl) embryos and juveniles have been used as model organisms for developmental and regenerative research for many years. This neotenic aquatic species maintains the unique capability to regenerate most, if not all, of its tissues well into adulthood. With large externally developing embryos, axolotls were one of the original model species for developmental biology. However, increased access to, and use of, organisms with sequenced and annotated genomes, such as Xenopus laevis and tropicalis and Danio rerio, reduced the prevalence of axolotls as models in embryogenesis studies. Recent sequencing of the large axolotl genome opens up new possibilities for defining the recipes that drive the formation and regeneration of tissues like the limbs and spinal cord. However, to decode the large A. mexicanum genome will take a herculean effort, community resources, and the development of novel techniques. Here, we provide an updated axolotl‐staging chart ranging from one‐cell stage to immature adult, paired with a perspective on both historical and current axolotl research that spans from their use in early studies of development to the recent cutting‐edge research, employment of transgenesis, high‐resolution imaging, and study of mechanisms deployed in regeneration.
Intrinsic traits, social context, and local environment shape home range size and fidelity of sleepy lizards
Authors: Payne E. , Spiegel O. , Sinn D. L. , Leu S. T. , Gardner M. G. , Godfrey S. S. , Wohlfeil C. , Sih A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHome ranges (HRs), the regions within which animals interact with their environment, constitute a fundamental aspect of their ecology. HR sizes and locations commonly reflect costs and benefits associated with diverse social, biotic, and abiotic factors. Less is known, however, about how these factors affect intraspecific variation in HR size or fidelity (the individual's tendency to maintain the same HR location over time) or whether variation in these features emerge from consistent differences among individuals or among the sites they occupy. To address this knowledge gap, we used an extensive GPS‐tracking data set of a long‐lived lizard, the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), which included repeated observations of multiple individuals across years. We tested how three categories of predictors—(1) lizard characteristics (sex, aggressiveness, and parasitic tick counts), (2) environmental characteristics (precipitation, food, and refuge quality), and (3) social conditions (conspecific overlap and number of neighbors)—affected HR size and fidelity. We found that individuals differed consistently in the size and fidelity of annual HRs (with a repeatability of 0.58 and 0.33, respectively), and that all three categories of predictors affected both HR size and fidelity. For example, HRs were smaller in areas with more food, and males had larger HRs than females. In addition, more aggressive lizards tended to have larger HRs. Conspecific overlap and number of individuals that a lizard interacted with (social network degree) had an interactive effect on HR size where individuals whose HRs overlapped more with neighbors had larger HRs, and this effect was particularly strong for individuals that interacted with more neighbors. HR fidelity declined over time (HR locations drifted from year to year), but individuals differed consistently in this rate of drift. The fact that HR size was consistent despite drifting locations suggests that lizard HRs reflect individual traits (e.g., habitat choice criteria that differ among individuals), rather than simple heterogeneity among sites. Overall, these findings demonstrate (1) both strong, long‐term, within‐individual consistency and between‐individual differences in space use and (2) combined effects of individual traits, social conditions, and environmental characteristics on animal HRs, with implications for diverse ecological processes.
Weak effects of birds, bats, and ants on their arthropod prey on pioneering tropical forest gap vegetation
Authors: Szefer Piotr , Molem Kenneth , Sau Austin , Novotny Vojtech 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe relative roles of plants competing for resources versus top‐down control of vegetation by herbivores, in turn impacted by predators, during early stages of tropical forest succession remain poorly understood. Here we examine the impact of insectivorous birds, bats, and ants exclusion on arthropods communities on replicated 5 × 5 m of pioneering early successional vegetation plots in lowland tropical forest gaps in Papua New Guinea. In plots from which focal taxa of predators were excluded we observed increased biomass of herbivorous and predatory arthropods, and increased density, and decreased diversity of herbivorous insects. However, changes in the biomass of plants, herbivores, and arthropod predators were positively correlated or uncorrelated between these three trophic levels and also between individual arthropod orders. Arthropod abundance and biomass correlated strongly with the plant biomass irrespective of the arthropods' trophic position, a signal of bottom‐up control. Patterns in herbivore specialization confirm lack of a strong top‐down control and were largely unaffected by the exclusion of insectivorous birds, bats, and ants. No changes of plant–herbivore interaction networks were detected except for decrease in modularity of the exclosure plots. Our results suggest weak top‐down control of herbivores, limited compensation between arthropod and vertebrate predators, and limited intra‐guild predation by birds, bats, and ants. Possible explanations are strong bottom‐up control, a low activity of the higher order predators, especially birds, possibly also bats, in gaps, and continuous influx of herbivores from surrounding mature forest matrix.
Cardiovascular outcomes associated with treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with ischaemic heart failure
Authors: Godec Thomas R. , Bromage Daniel I. , Pujades‐Rodriguez Mar , Cannatà Antonio , Gonzalez‐Izquierdo Arturo , Denaxas Spiros , Hemingway Harry , Shah Ajay M. , Yellon Derek M. , McDonagh Theresa A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimThe optimal strategy for diabetes control in patients with heart failure (HF) following myocardial infarction (MI) remains unknown. Metformin, a guideline‐recommended therapy for patients with chronic HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is associated with reduced mortality and HF hospitalizations. However, worse outcomes have been reported when used at the time of MI. We compared outcomes of patients with T2DM and HF of ischaemic aetiology according to antidiabetic treatment.Methods and resultsThis study used linked data from primary care, hospital admissions, and death registries for 4.7 million inhabitants in England, as part of the CALIBER resource. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization. The secondary endpoints were the individual components of the primary endpoint and all‐cause mortality. To evaluate the effect of temporal changes in diabetes treatment, antidiabetic medication was included as time‐dependent covariates in survival analyses. The study included 1172 patients with T2DM and prior MI and incident HF between 3 January 1998 and 26 February 2010. Five hundred and ninety‐six patients had the primary outcome over median follow‐up of 2.53 (IQR: 0.98–4.92) years. Adjusted analyses showed a reduced hazard of the composite endpoint for exposure to all antidiabetic medication with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42–0.59], 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.80), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.43–0.65), respectively. A similar effect was seen for all‐cause mortality [HRs of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35–0.52), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.46–0.70), and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.27–0.43), respectively].ConclusionsWhen considering changes in antidiabetic treatment over time, all drug classes were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization.
Boronic Acid‐Mediated Photocatalysis Enables the Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Olefins Using Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Yumura Taichi , Nanjo Takeshi , Takemoto Yoshiji 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn intramolecular hydroacylation of olefins using carboxylic acids (CAs) has been developed. With the aid of a boronic acid, CAs can be used as acyl‐radical precursors in catalytic photoredox reactions driven by visible light. The CAs are easily converted into their corresponding cyclic ketones without the need to use any stoichiometric activating reagents. Mechanistic studies implied that the formation of an “ate” complex from the CA and boronic acid is crucial for the generation of the acyl radical equivalent from the unreactive carboxy group.
Synthesis of Carbon‐ and Nitrogen‐Substituted 5‐ and 6‐Membered Benzophostams
Authors: Sabourin Axel , Dufour Jeremy , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Bernier David , Montchamp Jean‐Luc 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPreviously, the synthesis of the novel 6‐membered and a series of P‐substituted 5‐membered benzophostams was accomplished. Here, the synthesis of N‐ and C‐substituted benzophostams is presented. For N‐substitution, alkylation was accomplished using the heterocycle, LiHMDS and an alkyl halide, or alternatively by copper‐catalyzed cyclization of the N‐alkyl phosphonamide. N‐Arylation could similarly be accomplished on the preformed heterocycle or on the phosphonamide precursor via copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. Dimethylation at the benzylic position could be conducted with LiHMDS and methyl iodide. However, due to the significant cost of LiHMDS, a much less expensive and more efficient alternative approach was developed relying on a palladium‐catalyzed reductive Heck reaction.
Cognitive and quality‐of‐life related factors of body mass index (BMI) improvement after deep brain stimulation in the subcallosal cingulate and nucleus accumbens in treatment‐refractory chronic anorexia nervosa
Authors: Pérez Víctor , Villalba‐Martínez Gloria , Elices Matilde , Manero Rosa María , Salgado Purificación , Ginés José María , Guardiola Rocío , Cedrón Carlos , Polo María , Delgado‐Martínez Ignacio , Conesa Gerardo , Medrano Santiago , Portella Maria J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundUp to 20% of the cases of anorexia nervosa (AN) are chronic and treatment‐resistant. Recently, the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for severe cases of AN has been explored, with studies showing an improvement in body mass index and other psychiatric outcomes. While the effects of DBS on cognitive domains have been studied in patients with other neurological and psychiatric conditions so far, no evidence has been gathered in AN.MethodsEight patients with severe, chronic, treatment‐resistant AN received DBS either to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) or subcallosal cingulate (SCC; four subjects on each target). A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological and clinical outcomes was used before and 6‐month after surgery.FindingsAlthough Body Mass Index (BMI) did not normalise, statistically significant improvements in BMI, quality of life, and performance on cognitive flexibility were observed after 6 months of DBS. Changes in BMI were related to a decrease in depressive symptoms and an improvement in memory functioning.InterpretationThese findings, although preliminary, support the use of DBS in AN, pointing to its safety, even for cognitive functioning; improvements of cognitive flexibility are reported. DBS seems to exert changes on cognition and mood that accompany BMI increments. Further studies are needed better to determine the impact of DBS on cognitive functions.
Nobiletin enhances plasma Interleukin‐6 and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1 levels that are increased by treadmill running
Authors: Suzuki Toshihide , Shimizu Makoto , Yamauchi Yoshio , Sato Ryuichiro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractExercise increases the muscular secretion of Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), which is partially regulated by β2‐adrenergic receptor signaling. Nobiletin is a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) found in citrus fruits that induces the secretion of IL‐6 from C2C12 myotubes, but it remains unclear whether nobiletin promotes IL‐6 secretion during exercise. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of nobiletin on IL‐6 secretion during exercise. Nobiletin and epinephrine were found to synergistically increase IL‐6 secretion from differentiated C2C12 cells, which was suppressed by the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) or protein kinase A (PKA). Treadmill running for 60 min increased plasma levels of IL‐6, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in rats. Nobiletin (5 mg/kg) orally administered 30 min before running increased plasma IL‐6 levels further, although it did not increase plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. In a similar manner to IL‐6, nobiletin and epinephrine synergistically increased the secretion of C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL‐1) from C2C12 cells, or the increase in plasma CXCL‐1 was enhanced by nobiletin after treadmill running of rats. Our results suggest that nobiletin promotes IL‐6 and CXCL‐1 secretion from skeletal muscle by synergistic enhancement of the PKA pathway in β2‐adrenergic receptor signaling.
Endocannabinoid signaling in glioma
Authors: Costas‐Insua Carlos , Guzmán Manuel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHigh‐grade gliomas constitute the most frequent and aggressive form of primary brain cancer in adults. These tumors express cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as other elements of the endocannabinoid system. Accruing preclinical evidence supports that pharmacological activation of cannabinoid receptors located on glioma cells exerts overt anti‐tumoral effects by modulating key intracellular signaling pathways. The mechanism of this cannabinoid receptor‐evoked anti‐tumoral activity in experimental models of glioma is intricate and may involve an inhibition not only of cancer cell survival/proliferation, but also of invasiveness, angiogenesis, and the stem cell‐like properties of cancer cells, thereby affecting the complex tumor microenvironment. However, the precise biological role of the endocannabinoid system in the generation and progression of glioma seems very context‐dependent and remains largely unknown. Increasing our basic knowledge on how (endo)cannabinoids act on glioma cells could help to optimize experimental cannabinoid‐based anti‐tumoral therapies, as well as the preliminary clinical testing that is currently underway.
A comparison of two approaches for modeling dementia progression in a changing patient context
Authors: Wubben Nina , Haaksma Miriam , Ramakers Inez H. G. B. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Verhey Frans R. J. , Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Melis René J. F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo explain the heterogeneity in dementia disease trajectory, we studied the influence of changing patient characteristics on disease course by comparing the association of dementia progression with baseline comorbidity and frailty, and with time‐varying comorbidity and frailty.MethodsWe used individual growth models to study baseline and time‐varying associations in newly diagnosed dementia patients (n = 331) followed for 3 years. We measured cognition using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), daily functioning using the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), frailty using the Fried criteria and comorbidity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS‐G).ResultsAlthough baseline comorbidity and frailty were associated with decreased daily functioning at diagnosis, their effects clearly diminished over time. In contrast, when incorporating comorbidity and frailty as time‐varying covariates, comorbidity was associated with lower daily functioning, and frailty with both lower cognition and daily functioning. Being frail was associated with a 0.9‐point lower MMSE score (p = 0.03) and a 14.9‐point lower DAD score (p < 0.01). A 1‐point increase in CIRS‐G score was associated with a 1.1‐point lower DAD score (p < 0.01).ConclusionsTime‐varying comorbidity and frailty were more consistently associated with dementia disease course than baseline comorbidity and frailty. Therefore, modeling only baseline predictors is insufficient for understanding the course of dementia in a changing patient context.
Impact of COVID‐19 on carers of people with dementia in the community: Findings from the British IDEAL cohort
Authors: Quinn Catherine , Gamble Laura D. , Parker Sophie , Martyr Anthony , Collins Rachel , Victor Christina , Dawson Eleanor , Hunt Anna , Pentecost Claire , Allan Louise , Clare Linda 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveUnpaid carers for people with dementia play a crucial role in society. Emerging evidence suggests the COVID‐19 pandemic has negatively impacted on carers. This study sought to explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on carers for community‐dwelling people with dementia and compare responses with pre‐pandemic data.MethodsData were collected between September 2020 and April 2021 in England and Wales. Carers were identified from the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) cohort and data were collected either through the telephone, video conferencing, or an online questionnaire. Responses from 242 carers were compared against benchmark data from the IDEAL cohort collected pre‐pandemic. Analyses were conducted for the full sample of carers and spousal/partner carers only.ResultsIn total 48.8% of carers thought their healthcare needs were negatively affected during the pandemic. Compared with pre‐pandemic data carers were more lonely and experienced less life satisfaction. There was little impact on carers' experience of caregiving, although carers felt trapped in their caregiving role. Carers were more optimistic and had higher social contact with relatives. There were changes in the methods carers used for contacting relatives and friends. Most carers coped very or fairly well during the pandemic. There was little difference in the experiences of spousal/partner carers and the full sample.ConclusionsAfter a long period of providing care under pandemic conditions carers require additional support. This support needs to be focused on alleviating feelings of loneliness and increasing life satisfaction. Services need to consider how to improve access to health care, particularly resuming face‐to‐face appointments.
The effect on dental care utilization from transitioning pediatric Medicaid beneficiaries to managed care
Authors: Nasseh Kamyar , Bowblis John R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCompared to the fee‐for‐service (FFS) model, the managed care delivery system has the potential to improve health care management, increase provider accountability, and support better monitoring of health care quality. However, managed care organizations may attempt to control costs by curbing utilization among Medicaid beneficiaries or reducing reimbursement for Medicaid services. It is an empirical question whether managed care increases or decreases utilization of services. Using detailed pediatric public insurance dental claims data from 2016 through 2018, we examined whether the transition from FFS to managed care affects rates of dental care utilization. Between 2016 and 2018, Indiana, Missouri and Nebraska transitioned pediatric Medicaid beneficiaries from public dental fee‐for‐service programs to private managed care entities. Using an extended two‐way fixed‐effects estimation framework, we found that dental managed care leads to a decline in dental care utilization, especially when compared to states that maintain FFS provision of Medicaid dental services.
“Affirming” journey: Narrative review and practice considerations on gender affirming care
Authors: Mills Alex R. , Astle Kevin , Frazier Cheyenne C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThere is a growing interest in the healthcare community to focus on the healthcare needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or genderqueer (LGBTQ) patients, particularly transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients. TGD individuals have historically experienced rejection and mistreatment by healthcare providers yet have significant health needs, highlighting the need for providing affirming care. Medication therapy for TGD individuals involves many nuances and special considerations for managing concomitant therapies and drug interactions. Additionally, approaches to caring for TGD patients involve both medical interventions as well as social and legal processes. Pharmacists can assist and facilitate the care for TGD patients through a variety of mechanisms. This narrative review describes strategies to recognize and address many aspects of the care for TGD individuals, including destigmatizing care, affirmation strategies, and an overview of therapeutic misconceptions and concerns. Ultimately, this manuscript serves as a guide for pharmacists to care holistically for TGD patients.