bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Happens During Stop & Frisk?
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the experiences of the targets of stop & frisk. A survey measured the frequency of stops, what happened to city residents who were swept up in them, how well stop & frisks matched principles that officers had been trained in, and the impact of their experiences on trust in the Chicago police. The survey found that, during 2014–2015, 22 percent of all adults reported being involved in an unwarranted stop & frisk in a year. African Americans and Hispanics bore the brunt of these often aggressive stops, leading to serious equity issues. The chapter then turns to an assessment of the quality of stop & frisks, using as a standard the procedural justice approaches that Chicago officers had been trained in. There was a great deal of variation in how well officers hewed to those principles. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to think they were treated disrespectfully and unfairly by the police. In turn, the experiences of Chicagoans at the hands of the police affected their trust in the police as an institution and as a local resource for addressing neighborhood problems. Good practice helped grow trust, bad practice undermined it, and bad practice was largely concentrated in African American neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the roots of support for a “law-and-order backlash” that animated perhaps 20 percent of the city’s adult population.
The Collapse of Stop & Frisk
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 details a dramatic period in the city’s history—the collapse of its stop & frisk regime during the waning months of 2015. The number of stop & frisks dropped by 85 percent in two months and stayed down for several years. The collapse came on the heels of scandal. A previously concealed video came to light that graphically documented a horrific episode of police violence. The unraveling of the cover-up of this event set loose a cascade of political events. The chief of police was driven from office, followed quickly by the head of the city’s civilian police review agency. Her political party abandoned the local prosecutor, who was defeated for re-nomination by a reformer just two months later. Investigations of the Chicago police were launched in short order by an independent local commission and by the U.S. Justice Department. The tsunami of press coverage generated put intense pressure on local leaders regarding police reform. The crisis was reflected in local opinion polls documenting new and widespread skepticism of the mayor and the police among White voters, as well as a continued erosion of support among Black and Brown Chicagoans. At the same moment, earlier agreements between the city and the local chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, plus new rules regulating stop & frisk from the Illinois State Legislature, came into effect. These imposed further restrictions on local policing practices. In the face of all this, stop & frisk collapsed.
The Long Journey to Affirmative Action
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education is analyzed in depth before pivoting to an examination of American society’s varied responses to the decision, from expected outcomes such as southern resistance to integration to unanticipated developments, such as white flight from cities. After Brown, civil rights advocates sought to dismantle de jure discrimination and de facto discrimination. But friction arose between those who believed the nation was not doing enough to redress past wrongs and those who believed the nation was overcorrecting. By the mid-1970s, public and private colleges and universities across America, frustrated by the continued lack of presence of Black students in their classrooms and libraries, enacted affirmative action policies to increase minority representation in their institutions. The chapter examines how this opened the next contentious chapter in the story: the ongoing debate, and litigation, over college and university admissions practices.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter presents a history of legal rulings and discusses the extent to which they either advanced or slowed efforts to promote racial equity in America. A key case examined in this chapter is University of California v. Bakke (1978), which shaped the contours of private attitudes, public discourse, and the Court’s affirmative action decision making for the next four decades. The centerpiece of the chapter is the Grutter v. Bollinger decision (2003), which became the landmark decision on affirmative action in higher education—the first case in which a majority of the Court adopted a unified position holding affirmative action constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. But the outcome of this case—and other Supreme Court cases that followed—were qualified victories for affirmative action’s proponents.
Self-understandings and the Limits of Revisionism
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues the project of developing and defending the author’s distinctive approach to the methodology of legal philosophy: indirectly evaluative legal philosophy (IELP). It considers the character and consequences of a point frequently emphasized by legal philosophers: that law is a concept embedded in the self-understandings of those subject to and administering it. That is to say: those living under law refer to, use, and frame things in terms of, the concept of law (and related concepts) when they talk about, think about, and engage with aspects of their lives in society. The chapter examines the character of these self-understandings and argues that they impose certain constraints on legal philosophers seeking to understand aspects of law’s nature. It engages critically with the views of Mark Greenberg, who takes the view that a theory of law’s nature is free to be significantly revisionist in character. The chapter argues, contra Greenberg, that theories of law are constrained in how revisionist they can be, because of the character of law, and because of the self-understandings in terms of law held by those living under it.
The Export of UK Policing
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the core concepts within the book related to UK international policing. It sets out the historical framework charting the overseas deployment of UK police as part of the evolution and journey of the UK policing brand. It explains the development of UK policing through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exploring how the processes of internationalization have impacted the UK policing brand in the contemporary era. The chapter provides an overview of the research methodology and data sources used to outline the export of UK policing as part of a lengthy historical process, and explores the use of police narratives to explore the post-1989 history of international policing through wide-ranging primary interviews.
The Rise of Police and Security Contracting
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the rise of the corporate security sector including former UK police and police organizations who increasingly provided a range of services within fragile and conflict-affected states and across the developing world—‘entrepreneurial policing’: individual police retirees, private security consultancies, and police organizations staffed by serving officers. Private security and police contracting would become the major conduit for the UK policing brand and an integral part of the ongoing commercialization of public policing. The corporate security sector encroached upon UK serving personnel in several conflict arenas (Afghanistan, Iraq) promoting the RUC–PSNI facets of the UK policing brand, a familiarity with hostile environment policing (semi-military), hard security approaches, counterterrorism, and intelligence management. UK police retirees have increasingly provided mentoring and advising internationally including as embedded police advisers to overseas governments as illustrated in the case study of the United Arab Emirates. The growth in the private security industry has promoted a modicum of self-regulation through licensing and accreditation where government has failed to provide an official legislative framework. However, industry self-regulation may be perceived with a degree of scepticism when considering media and government concerns relating to policing expertise provided to countries with poor human rights track records and, the need for additional scrutiny and official regulation.
Towards a Reconstruction of Ostracism in Athens
Authors: Węcowski Marek 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter Three attempts to reconstruct the procedure of Athenian ostracism, to study its topography, and to reassess the course of Athenian ostrakophoriai (including the much-debated quorum of the final vote, the issue of the historicity of ineffective votes, the topographical setting of the ostrakophoriai on the Agora of Athens, and the hypothetical ‘representation’ of the count of ostraka-votes on a red-figured vase by the Pan Painter). Preliminarily, a crucial testimony of Philochorus’ fragment 20 is thoroughly interpreted in order to reconstruct the original form of its underlying text, an entry in Theophrastus’ treatise On Laws. In this chapter, particular importance is attached to the opening vote in the Popular Assembly (epicheirotonia), whereby the Athenians decided whether to hold ostracism in a given year or not. To account for the original purpose of ostracism one must begin by studying the logic of this two-stage procedure, which allowed for up to two months between the initial and the final vote of ostracism. This delay is startling when one realises that a positive initial vote was bound to trigger a long period of intensified internal political strife between the potential ‘candidates’ for exile. The Athenians must have had good reasons to keep this institution working in this manner despite this obvious danger. Additionally, two much-debated procedural issues of Athenian ostracism are briefly discussed in this chapter, namely that of the duration of the exile of those ostracised and of the residential restrictions imposed on them.
Four personal narratives of restorative justice practices following sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter is based on four narratives in the words of different stakeholders about the restorative journey that was undertaken allowing to put into context and illustrating some of the earlier findings discussed in the book. The first of the narratives is an English case told by the facilitator who organised the meeting between an adult woman who had been raped and her offender, a young man. The second one is from the Netherlands and is told by the victim, a man who had been abused by two priests when he was a child, and by a representative of the church. The third one is from Ireland and is told by a woman who was raped as a child and who undertook a restorative journey as an adult. The final one is from Rwanda and is in the words of the victim of a rape during the genocide and her meeting through the Gacaca courts with her offender. These are all very different but equally important stories which give meaning and help to understand the topics addressed in this book.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction outlines what The Tangle of Science aims to do and describes how the contents of the book serve those aims. It explains that the central question the book addresses is ‘Why can we rely on the products of science to do the jobs we expect of them?’ It identifies ‘scientific method’, ‘rigour’, and ‘objectivity’ as the usual answers, which in Part I of the book we argue are not up to the job. It then introduces the central claim of the book: the reliability of any one product of science rests on a vast, amorphous network of other heterogeneous scientific products. This is ‘the tangle of science’, which is explained in detail in Part II.
Scientific Method
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we explain and defend three objections to scientific method. Objection (1): Any characterisation that is broad enough to cover everything that reasonably gets counted as science, from gravitational wave theory to thermometry to Covid-19 vaccine research to measures of democracy to the theory of gender performativity and so much more, will be so general as to lack content. Objection (2): Using the term ‘scientific method’ is dangerous. Privileging methods narrows the scope of what science is up to and of what is needed to evaluate it. Objection (3): Scientific method is too bound up with the attempt to establish scientific knowledge—true claims and explanations. But that leaves out the bulk of what science produces. For that the focus should be on reliability, and that requires a whole new research orientation in methodology and philosophy of science. This is key to our approach in this book.
The Tangled Principle of the Democratic Peace
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter puts the concept of the tangle to work, showing how it can be used to solve an ongoing debate in political science. Here we show how the theory of the democratic peace, an agreed-upon principle without a broadly agreed-upon explanation, is constrained by the way that its underpinning products interact under the tangle. These constraints, both divergent and convergent, create a single, overdetermined, version of the democratic peace principle—the democratic peace by anybody’s book. This new version of the democratic peace principle can support predictions about a smaller range of cases than most others. But, we claim, these predictions are likely to be more reliable. That’s because the principle has a far richer tangle backing it up.
A Cautionary Lesson
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a final caution: a virtuous tangle doesn’t ensure a scientific product is reliable. Using the example of gravitational wave energy we show how two scientific accounts, aimed at explaining the same phenomenon for the same purpose, can both have overwhelmingly virtuous tangles and yet be incompatible. So one must be giving the wrong answer, despite looking like a good account according to our theory of scientific reliability. The tangle, then, is a guide to reliability, rather than a guarantor.
EU Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book purports to analyse how the Covid-19 pandemic, and now the war in Ukraine, have affected the euro, and the European Union (EU) constitutional architecture of economic governance—what is technically known as Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Taking an EU law and policy perspective, the book focuses specifically on fiscal capacity, that is, a centralized budget, funded by own resources, to undertake counter-cyclical policies in case of asymmetric economic shocks. The book explores how the pandemic led to the emergence of an infant EU fiscal capacity, via the Next Generation EU (NGEU) Recovery Fund, and reflects on the possibilities of retaining it as a permanent feature of EMU in the future. The book argues positively that NGEU constitutes for all practical purposes a fiscal capacity for the EU, which goes a long way towards overcoming the original asymmetry of EMU—as it had long been called before the pandemic. Nevertheless, the book also argues normatively that the EU needs a permanent fiscal capacity beyond the pandemic—particularly in light now of the explosion of the war in Ukraine. On the basis of a comparison with the fiscal federalism system of the United States, the book underlines the paradigm change brought about in EMU by NGEU, but also makes the case to retain a fiscal capacity as a permanent feature of the EU, and to back it up with proper constitutional reforms, as recently also recommended by the Conference on the Future of Europe.
EMU before Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 outlines the state of economic and monetary union (EMU) before Covid-19. It overviews the original settlement of EMU and its subsequent developments, emphasizing the initial absence of a fiscal capacity, and the failure to establish one—even in the aftermath of the euro-crisis. At the same time, this chapter summarizes a number of high-level proposals in favour of setting up a fiscal capacity for EMU, put forward between 2012 and early 2020 by technical groups, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and several Member States. It contrasts these alternative plans, and considers them through a constitutional prism, including their proposed legal basis, funding, and governance and accountability mechanisms. As the chapter points out, the initiatives advanced before the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic revealed growing awareness of the importance of a fiscal capacity for the proper functioning of EMU, but were often sub-optimally designed—and were ultimately not accepted due to political opposition.
EMU beyond Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 assesses the operation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) beyond Covid-19. It examines the management of ‘Next Generation European Union’ (NGEU) at the European Union (EU) level, its implementation at the national level, and its possible retention after the pandemic. As the chapter highlights, the management of NGEU raises issues of governance, values, and funding, which will need to be monitored. At the same time, the execution of NGEU requires attention. In this respect, the chapter focuses on the Italian national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), exploring its context, content, and challenges. Because Italy receives €191.5 billion at current prices from NGEU, which is almost one-third of the entire NGEU envelope, the Italian NRRP represents the most relevant case study to analyse the implementation of NGEU and a test case to evaluate its success. As the chapter claims, the Government led by Mario Draghi designed an ambitious NRRP. But challenges lie ahead, including forthcoming elections, and this will test the success of NGEU, and thus the prospect to retain it as a part of an overhauled EMU.
Minority Pasts
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur—the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that today is pejoratively labelled as the centre of “Muslim votebank” politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book traces minority pasts of Muslims within the locality and public culture of Rampur revealing diverse histories, politics, and identifications. It highlights the importance of locality and emotions to understand Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, and attempt to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the of historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia.
Oasis in the Desert
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with the historical production of Rampur as a princely locality under the post-1857 colonial policy of paramountcy. It examines both continuity and change from the tradition of Mughal-Awadh sovereignty to the policy of princely patronage to argue the case for “Poetic Sovereignty” in Rampur under Nawab Kalb-e-Ali Khan. The chapter focuses on patron, poets, and poetic texts to understand the discourse of Rampur as “Arampur” or the place of comfort in post-1857 times of great turbulence. In its focus on poetry as an affective archive for understanding the Mughalai-Awadhi and Rohilla traditions, the chapter demonstrates both the persistence and transformation of patronage culture and the role of poetry as well as piety in Muslim princely politics.
Bureaucracies in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Vogler Jan P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the historical development of modern bureaucracies and their impact on socioeconomic structures. After introducing these systems’ key features, the chapter discusses several prominent classification schemes that allow for further conceptual differentiation. Then it examines the historical context in which modern bureaucracies emerged and the factors that influenced their organizational structures. Furthermore, the analysis considers the effects that public administrative systems had on their environment throughout history, emphasizing their impact on economies, but also discussing society and politics as additional dimensions.
The Historical Political Economy of Education
Authors: Paglayan Agustina S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although primary education systems are a central feature of modern states, many students are not acquiring basic skills that improve productivity and social mobility. Looking at history can help explain this disconnection between schooling and learning. Social scientists have disagreed on whether education systems emerged mostly to promote skills or to mold political values and behaviors. They have also disagreed on whether educational expansion was a consequence of democratization and mass demand for social mobility, or an elite-driven process to advance industrialization, nation-building, or state-building goals. This chapter synthesizes recent historical political economy (HPE) studies on the origins, centralization, and expansion of primary education systems, and finds greater empirical support for nation- and state-building theories than for democratization or industrialization theories. While today education systems seek to promote skills for social mobility and economic growth, they are often constrained by institutional foundations that never intended to promote these goals.