bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paramountcy in German South West Africa
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Prior to the genocidal war of 1904 in German South West Africa, relations between the representatives of the German state and the rulers of the Herero and Nama nations had seen both intense conflict and cooperation. While the Germans resorted to violent atrocities to try and defeat the Paramount Leader of the Nama, Hendrik Witbooi, they managed to gain traction with the Herero nation by intervening to support the candidacy of Samuel Maharero as Paramount Leader of the Herero while isolating his primary rivals, including Nicodemus Kavikunua. At the same time as rival factions of the Herero were suppressed by the Germans with the support of Samuel Maharero, his paramountcy and closeness to the Germans were confirmed through the royal visit of his son, Friedrich Maharero, to Berlin, where he met Kaiser Wilhelm II. While this mutual reliance of the Germans and Samuel Maharero paid short- and medium-term dividends for both, the internal contradictions inherent to settler colonialism saw Maharero’s scope for independent sovereign action increasingly narrowed in the period leading up to 1904.
The Limits of Royal Reciprocity
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While other kingdoms in German Cameroon had chosen to resist the Germans and had paid a heavy price for doing so, King Njoya of Bamum persuaded his people that their interests were best served by striking an alliance with the Germans. As part of this self-conscious alignment, Njoya enthusiastically sent a military force against Nso, a Cameroonian kingdom that had earlier defeated and beheaded Njoya’s father, King Nsangu. When the Germans retrieved his father’s remains during the course of the war, Njoya agreed to send a replica of his throne to Kaiser Wilhelm II as a gift. At the same time as Njoya maintained friendly relations with the Germans, he also sought to balance his relations with the Islamic kingdoms of the north, to which he owed his initial rise to power. In this way, Njoya sought to maximize his autonomy within the broader structures of German imperialism and regional networks of power.
A Visit to the King of Samoa
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Even prior to the formal annexation of Samoa by the Germans, Samoan politics, including the contest for Samoa’s kingship, had been distorted by the influence of German, British, and American imperial rivalry. This tendency continued into the German period, during which Kaiser Wilhelm II was proclaimed to be the King of Samoa and the paramount Samoan leader was reduced to becoming subordinate to the German emperor and his colonial governor. The heir apparent to this paramountcy, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, was able to visit Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin, albeit as part royal envoy and part anthropological exhibit. Despite his aim of forging a personal connection to the German emperor, before Tamasese could become Samoa’s paramount leader, the paramountcy too was discontinued and converted into an advisory position shared between two Samoan notables, one of whom was Tamasese.
Conclusion
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pointing out that the case study approach of this book is far from exhausted, the conclusion brings together the various examples of royal interactions examined in the preceding chapters to demonstrate that the experiences of monarchs who came into contact with the German Empire were extremely varied and reflected both local conditions and the prevailing power differentials between the German colonizers, colonized monarchs, and the people they sought to rule. It reiterates that the role of Kaiser Wilhelm II in German Weltpolitik and Kolonialpolitik should not be overestimated and points out that whenever the German emperor did intervene, it caused more problems than it solved and led to his increasing marginalization in imperial affairs. It ends with a call for more work on German political, diplomatic, and economic history that shows an awareness of the colonial matrices of power that structured both domestic politics and foreign policy.
Introduction
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates contemporary French debates on postcolonial theory in the context of a general rejection by state officials and a wide swathe of French academia of race and colonialism as important themes in French history. By using some of the insights of the Martinican anti-colonial thinker Frantz Fanon on racism as a constitutive element to modern colonialism, the Introduction argues that race and empire are useful and crucial categories of analysis for understanding modern French history. A tangible example of this colonial inheritance has been the policing of North Africans in Paris, state schemes for housing racial minorities, and the interpenetration of social work and surveillance.
The Police Conception of North Africans
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When North African migrants became a durable presence in Paris after World War I, the Parisian municipal authorities noted the discrepancy between the surveillance regime that existed in the colonies and the relative freedom accorded to them in the imperial capital. Taking into account the continuity of a centuries-long police concern with foreigners in Paris, the chapter argues that the colonial migrant represented a new kind of stranger for city officials. The ideological origins of the stereotype of the “North African” who was often interchangeable with the “Arab” and the “Muslim” are traced to the early nineteenth-century French violent colonial encounter in Algeria. Ideas and practices emanating from colonial administrative services in Algeria, Indochina, and Madagascar, as well as colonial ethnographic and medical knowledge, all contributed to the police conception of North Africans that is reflected in the reports and memoranda of the Parisian police from the 1920s to the 1950s. The outcome of this conception was that police surveillance emerged as the preferred state practice in the management of difference in Paris.
The Coming of the Algerian Revolution
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes both the coming of the Algerian War to Paris and the police response to organized anti-colonial nationalism in the heart of the empire. The idea of the North African and the racial coding of the city would provide a map for police intervention. The neighborhood of La Goutte d’Or in the 18th arrondissement, considered the “medina of Paris” by police services, became a laboratory for police tactics upon the North African community and for the normalization of such tactics. Cordoning the neighborhood, mass identity checks, and repression of anti-colonial organizing by the MNA and FLN were characteristic of the policing regime organized by Prefect of Police Jean Baylot.
The Quest for “Autonomy”
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After independence and subsequent waning of the importance of nationalist associational life, new immigrant associations emerged to both challenge the older associations but also to confront the problems of the North African community in post-imperial Paris. The three problems focused on by most of the immigrant associations were police harassment, racism, and poor housing conditions. Drawing on the archives of the most active immigrant organizations, this chapter provides a history of their origins, their ideological positions vis-à-vis the French student radical movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, and their activities. There is a particular focus on the case of the murder of an Algerian teenage boy in La Goutte d’Or in 1971 by a white French citizen from the same neighborhood. Not only did this affair occasion major demonstrations by leftist organizations and an accompanying police occupation of the neighborhood, it also radicalized a number of North African immigrant activists who argued for counter-surveillance of the police and possible vigilante killings of perceived racists. Moreover, this episode further strengthened a desire for what these activists called “autonomy.” This was a schism from French student and labor activism and the construction of independent organizations, often along ethnic lines. The chapter emphasizes the persistence of discriminatory policing in post-imperial Paris, the rise of identity politics, and the origins of the so-called “second generation” of North Africans’ mistrust of French officialdom.
Conclusion
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects on the legacy of the colonial past in postcolonial France and how French policing and counterinsurgency techniques of the mid-twentieth century have ramified across the globe. Drawing on the history of the Paris as a racialized space, the chapter focuses on its implications for the contemporary discussions of French universalism, minority rights, and equal citizenship. The question of race and racism as categories of analysis is taken up in order to demonstrate that despite an official desire to reject such analyses as irrelevant to French life, this study has shown how integral they are to understanding the social life of the capital of France, once a capital of empire.
Careless
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Whether considering children, older adults, or even each other—friends, neighbors, community members—caregiving in America consistently falls short. To get a better idea of how, where, and why, the authors examine and discuss the major issues and factors at play. Only after recognizing and coming to terms with our country’s mistake in not prioritizing caregiving can it improve, both through individual efforts and as a society. This chapter gives a stark picture of the world if current trends continue. There is less and less emphasis on caregiving. Society neglects caregiving for children and older adults, as evidenced in the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation.
The Case Against the Business Case
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors debunk the so-called business case for work–life, demonstrating how it is unsound and paradoxically undermines progress. If the business case were so powerful, then some of today’s most profitable companies—Amazon, for example—would not operate in a way that is completely counter to the business case for work–life. In fact, the business case is not new. Historically it has played out from the company towns of the Industrial Revolution to the spike in women’s employment during World War II (with government-sponsored child care to boot) to the corporate benefits programs that cropped up in the early 1980s. Furthermore, the business case rests on a category error. The case is based on the idea that supporting caregiving is, and must be (to be justified), good for the bottom line. The authors argue for putting an end to the business case and replacing it with a humanistic case. People don’t (and shouldn’t) need a commercial justification for caregiving.
Conclusion
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, the authors invite the reader to consider how, when people are constantly told to find and pursue their passion projects, the most obvious one—organizing a life in which caregiving ambition is given full scope—is still hiding in plain sight. They pose a question to the reader: What happens when one starts to wonder if there is more to life than work? They encourage the reader to imagine if caring—not work—were the value around which society was organized. They also make concrete suggestions about where to start, including to stop hiding our caregiving at work and pretending that it doesn’t exist. Most importantly, they urge the reader to embrace and value ambitious caregiving—a laudable goal that can unite people, regardless of their respective career paths.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Patti Tamara Lenard’s defense of multiculturalism. The five steps of her part of the book are outlined: she begins with an account of culture and political inclusion, and argues that trust is at the centre of a collaborative democratic politics; she outlines the range of accommodation claims that are made in democratic states, including those based in equality of opportunity and reparations; she outlines the tricky cases she will consider in more depth, including culturally separate schools and Indigenous self-determination; she considers cultural groups that request exclusion rather than accommodation, including orthodox religious communities; and finally she defends the adoption of a shared public culture in diverse states.
Noninterference and Political Inclusion
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines special cases of “cultural preservation” requests, where minority groups ask for noninterference. These claims cannot be justified in terms of a commitment to political inclusion. The chapter examines two cases: exemption from mandatory education, as requested by Amish and Orthodox Jewish communities, and exemption from majority state conflict-resolution procedures, as requested by many religious communities. The chapter argues that the majority’s response ought to be framed in terms of how best to keep opportunities for political inclusion open and available over the long term and that the choice made with respect to requested exemptions may well require compromise on both sides. The host community must proceed by protecting the basis for trust relations between culturally segregated groups and the majority community, on the grounds that this trust will sometimes be required to facilitate political cooperation in times of emergency. To illustrate the latter, the challenges faced in New York City as it combated the spread of Covid-19 in Orthodox Jewish communities are examined.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Balint’s argument against multicultural minority rights. Balint explains that he is for minority accommodation, but thinks that liberal neutrality is better than multicultural minority rights in achieving this important end. The problem of minority accommodation is one of relative majority privilege, especially in the case of key public institutions. It is this privilege that should be removed, and thus neutralized, instead of adding the new forms of minority privilege proposed by multicultural minority rights advocates.
Response to Balint
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Patti Tamara Lenard responds to Peter Balint’s neutralist rejection of minority rights claims. The chapter examines Balint’s claim that culture is too hard to define, and rejects it, on the grounds that it is possible for culture to matter even if there are disputes about what should count as a culture; tricky definitional questions about culture do not undermine the real importance that cultures play in the lives of individuals. The chapter then examines the “domination” worry that Balint highlighted, the worry that if cultural groups are permitted preservation rights, the more powerful community members will dominate those who are less powerful. To do so, the chapter considers the political participation rates of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States, to show that political inclusion can travel with community separation. Finally, the chapter expresses skepticism of the role that toleration can play in sustaining solidarity in a diverse political space, as Balint claimed.
Getting to Know Kant
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Part One provides an overview of Kant’s ethical framework. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to Kant himself and the foundations of his theory in rationality. Chapter 2 explains the importance of freedom in Kant’s ethics. Chapter 3 takes up Kant’s picture of human moral psychology, especially our weaknesses and our susceptibility to vice. Chapter 4 focuses on moral motivation, virtue, and what it means to have a Kantian good will. Chapter 5 explains the universal law formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative, emphasizing the importance of moral equality. Chapter 6 explains the humanity formulation, highlighting the concepts of dignity, respect, and self-respect. Chapter 7 explains the kingdom of ends formulation, with a focus on moral community. Chapter 8 introduces the foundational Kantian moral attitudes of love and respect. Chapter 9 sets out a comprehensive overview of the different types of Kantian duties, including the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
Freedom
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of freedom in Kant's ethics, looking at his ideas about human nature and rationality. Kant thinks that we have to understand ourselves as free to choose courses of action. He describes this as freedom in a negative sense. But there is another sense in which, for Kant, we are free. This is the freedom that we exercise when we make choices in accordance with rational principles. Kant calls this positive freedom, and he thinks that we must also understand ourselves as being free in this positive sense. To have positive freedom is to be capable of acting for specifically moral reasons. Kantian freedom is not a means to an end; it is a way of living in which we guide ourselves in accordance with rationally defensible principles.
Human Nature
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant's picture of human moral psychology, especially our weaknesses and our susceptibility to vice. Kant draws a distinction that proves helpful in sorting through the internal obstacles in our path to becoming better. That is a distinction between what he calls self-love and self-conceit. Kant describes self-love as "benevolence toward oneself" and self-conceit as "satisfaction with oneself." He also distinguishes between the kinds of feelings that come upon us (affects), sometimes in an overpowering way, and the feelings and inclinations that are more settled parts of our character (passions). Finally, Kant identifies three "grades" of evil: frailty, impurity, and depravity. When vices infiltrate our characters, evil reasoning becomes both more likely and more difficult to detect.
Kantian Duties
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the different types of Kantian duties, including the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. It begins with a fundamental distinction between what Kant called juridical duties (or duties of right) and ethical duties (or duties of virtue). The easiest way to explain the difference between juridical duties and ethical duties is in terms of whether they are subject to external enforcement by the state. Perfect duties are duties to do or refrain from doing specific actions, while imperfect duties are duties to adopt ends or take on commitments. The chapter then looks at the two duties that Kant puts into the category of imperfect duties: a duty to improve ourselves and a duty to promote the happiness of others.
Knowing Ourselves
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the difficulties of self-knowledge, looking at the source of the difficulties and the implications. For Kant, much of the problem lies in our strong interest in getting what we want (self-love) while maintaining a high opinion of ourselves relative to others (self-conceit). When we combine these propensities toward self-love and self-conceit with our capacity to engage in rationalization and self-deception, the result is a major hurdle to self-knowledge. Honest self-assessment is a real challenge. If we are going to commit ourselves to our moral improvement, as Kant says we must, we have to be willing to be as honest with ourselves as possible.
Judging Ourselves
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies Kant's primary solution to the problem of accurate self-assessment, which he calls the court of conscience. In Kant's court of conscience, we call ourselves to account in a way similar to how we call suspected offenders to account in a courtroom. Kant believes that everyone has a conscience, in that everyone has it within their power to know what is right. He also seems to have confidence that if we really subject ourselves to the court of conscience, in good faith and with the right attitude, we will be able to see through the ruses that we use to rationalize our actions, at least many of them. But we do have to be willing to allow reflection to take us where we do not want to go. We have to let go of our desire to see ourselves as the victim, the hero, or whatever narrative about ourselves suits us best, and instead take ownership of our own moral mistakes and failures. This means that if we are going to use the court of conscience effectively, we need to develop a sense of humility.
Contempt
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the vice of contempt, which is a denial of fundamental respect to others as rational agents. Kant criticizes certain forms of judicial punishment as incompatible with respect for the dignity of humanity. This does not mean that we cannot hold people responsible for their morally despicable acts. Indeed, Kant thinks that punishing people within a judicial system is actually a way of respecting them. Kant believes that everyone is capable of recognizing and following the categorical imperative. This is part of his justification for holding lawbreakers accountable for what they have done. In holding someone accountable, we treat them as a rational being who could and should have known better. But it is possible to hold someone accountable without holding them in contempt. And that, according to Kant, is what morality directs us to do.
Defamation
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the vice of defamation or spreading negative gossip for its entertainment value. Kant worries about the effects of gossip on us, on others, and on the moral community. When the love of gossip becomes a deep-seated enjoyment of spreading nasty rumors about other people, he sees it as a full-fledged vice, one he calls the vice of defamation. As Kant describes the information-sharing that characterizes the vice of defamation, it is information that casts another person in a negative light. The duty to avoid the vice of defamation is the duty "not to take malicious pleasure in exposing the faults of others so that one will be thought as good as, or at least not worse than, others." Thus, the malicious pleasure is the real problem; self-conceit is a major impediment to having a good will.
Deceitfulness
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains Kant's opposition to lying and the reasons why deceitfulness is such a serious Kantian vice. Kant thinks that when we tell lies, we are fundamentally misusing reason in a way that he sees as a devaluing of our dignity, resting as it does on our rational capacities. This is why he considers a propensity to lie to be a vice, one that is contrary to what we owe ourselves as rational beings. Lying is also contrary to the duties we owe to other rational beings. But there is still more to Kant's concern about truthfulness, which is that it is foundational to the possibility of human community, as well as its progress. Essentially, a bunch of liars cannot form a functional society.