bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whistleblowing and Copyright
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A worker may want to make a disclosure using documents of which their employer or another person is the copyright owner. This chapter outlines the nature of the proprietary right to copyright under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA) and how copyright is infringed. It then describes the defence of fair dealing and the limitations of the utility of that defence to the whistleblower, given that the work in question must have been ‘made available to the public’. The public interest defence which is preserved by section 171(3) of the CDPA is then explained with the impact of the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the development of the law as to the public interest defence. The chapter concludes with consideration of the interrelationship of rights under the CDPA and those in relation to the making of protected disclosures under the Employment Rights Act 1996.
Whistleblowing Procedures in the Public and Private Sectors: Why They Are Needed and What They Should Contain
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers whistleblowing procedures in the public and private sectors and what they should contain. It considers the sources of guidance and who should be encouraged to report concerns, distinguishing between whistleblowing and grievances. To whom should concerns be raised? When should they be raised? Confidentiality or anonymity? Advice or assistance for whistleblowers and the need for monitoring and review of the procedure are also addressed. The chapter also considers the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and data protection issues before concluding with a discussion on whether financial incentives should be used.
Researching Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Ercan Selen A. , Asenbaum Hans , Curato Nicole , Mendonça Ricardo Fabrino 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Research on deliberative democracy has been flourishing over the past decades. We now know more about the conditions that enable or hinder inclusive and consequential deliberation, and how different actors, such as politicians, activists, and citizens, perceive and experience deliberative practices. Yet there are still many unknowns that drive research in deliberative democracy, especially as the field continues to develop in new directions and seeks to offer remedies for the problems democracies face today. This chapter unpacks what deliberative democracy research is, what it involves, and how we might go about conducting it. It discusses how the normative theory interacts with empirical research and how the deliberative ideals shape the practice and purpose of research. The chapter makes a case for methodological and epistemological diversity and outlines thirty-one different methods for theorizing, measuring, exploring, or applying deliberative democracy.
Methods of Theorizing
Authors: Chambers Simone 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What is normative theory and how is it done? This chapter introduces a typology of five types of normative theory found within the deliberative democracy tradition. The first category is called theories of the ideal and these lay out the core values and aspirations of deliberative democracy. The second type, critical reflective theory, questions, probes, and interrogates the first-order theories of the ideal in order to correct and improve normative theory through criticism. The third category is called constructive reflective theory and here theorists interpret, elaborate, and extend theories of the ideal by applying them in new ways or to new circumstances. The fourth and fifth categories engage the empirical world more directly, but like the reflective type, either critically or constructively. Critical applied theories engage normativity by criticizing existing arrangements for failing to live up to normative ideals. This can also be called the yardstick model of normative theory. Constructive applied theories engage normativity by suggesting, proposing, and designing innovative institutions and real-world practices to make democracy more deliberative.
Big Data Analysis
Authors: Franco-Guillén Núria , Laile Sebastian De , Parkinson John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines big data and sets out methodological decisions to be made in big data analysis. It offers ways of researching millions of instances of ‘everyday talk’ in the public sphere, on a scale that is impossible using other methods, and thus especially useful for deliberative systems research. The chapter discusses some of the challenges in data gathering, sources, data cleaning, and tool selection and contextualize these challenges in two case studies featuring large-scale, national conversations around constitutional change: the Scottish independence referendum campaign of 2012–2014, and an Australian campaign to recognize First Nations in its constitution. The results illustrate the value of big data tools in inductively revealing patterns of communication at scale that may not be obvious using tools that rely on human or even automated coding.
Dramaturgical Analysis
Authors: Ercan Selen A. , Hendriks Carolyn M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Dramaturgical Analysis as a way of analysing the performative aspects of public deliberation. It outlines the key dimensions of dramaturgical analysis including scripting, setting, staging and performance, and shows how these dimensions can be used to analyse public deliberation in structured forums, the broader public sphere and in policymaking processes. Dramaturgical analysis directs the researcher’s attention to often-overlooked aspects of public deliberation, such as the performative styles of the actors involved in deliberation, the symbols and artefacts they use to stage their arguments, to reach out and persuade diverse audiences. The chapter illustrates the application of dramaturgical analysis in deliberative democracy research and presents this analysis as a particularly promising way of investigating non-verbal practices and performances in public deliberation.
Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Rynning Sten , van Ham Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the drivers, constraints, and specific policies of Denmark and the Netherlands. For the past three decades, both countries have developed traditions of activism, of putting their forces behind political priorities also when it comes to high-end NATO operations, not least to secure transatlantic bonds and thus continued US leadership in Europe. At the same time, both countries find it increasingly difficult to uphold past reservations regarding the European Union and past limits to defence spending. Both Denmark and the Netherlands seek to render new developments in European and global security compatible with the traditional privileging of NATO as the supreme security guarantee of Europe. The chapter also offers a comprehensive overview of the domestic debates on NATO in both countries and makes use of opinion poll data indicating a continued support for NATO and its missions. Looking forward, the chapter looks at how ensuring effective transatlantic consultations on European and US security interests and a more equitable burden-sharing on defence will be a driving force in Danish and Dutch diplomacy. Such consultations have faltered in important respects (including under President Biden), as illustrated in the context of the Western withdrawal from Afghanistan in the summer of 2021. For both Denmark and the Netherlands, this underscores further the need for agile Atlanticist countries working for a renewed Alliance’s cohesion and relevance.
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Authors: Raik Kristi , Šešelgytė Margarita 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter examines the policies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania towards NATO. For the three Baltic States, the Alliance is a cornerstone of their security and an essential element in managing the existential threat posed by Russia. Their NATO membership, achieved in 2004, is based on broad political consensus and a high level of public backing. The chapter shows how the three Baltic States support NATO as a US-centred Alliance that anchors the United States to European security. NATO takes priority over any other defence cooperation framework, notably the European Union (EU). In the deteriorated security environment of the post-Ukraine crisis of 2014, the Baltic States have emphasized collective defence and deterrence as a core task of the Alliance and advocated for an enhanced presence of NATO in the Eastern flank. At the same time, both NATO and the EU are seen as essential to resilience in the face of hybrid threats such as disinformation and cyber activities; inter-institutional cooperation is supported as a consequence. The chapter also examines the contribution of the three states, individually and in cooperation, to NATO activities and analyses their political preferences and public attitudes regarding the Alliance. Looking forward, the chapter reviews challenges that the three Baltic States will be facing as NATO Allies, in particular in relation to maintaining the Alliance’s focus on Russia.
The Fossil Fuel Fa(u)lkners
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introduction provides a brief overview of the energy humanities, focusing on key scholars and methodologies that have defined the field. It then turns to Faulkner’s biography to detail the contributions of the novelist’s paternal ancestors to the modernization of north Mississippi’s energy regimes, before offering a brief history of petroleum exploration and production in the state of Mississippi. It details the author’s own decision to lease Greenfield Farm, his 320-acre property in rural Lafayette County, to oil prospectors in 1938 and again in 1942. After modeling a petrocritical methodology with an analysis of the energy unconscious at work in Faulkner’s 1954 short story “Sepulture South: Gaslight,” the introduction concludes with a chapter overview of the remainder of the book.
William Faulkner in Modernity’s Basement
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter one takes us on a career-long tour of the author’s imaginative engagements with coal and oil, the most important fossil fuels of his era. The discussion builds on Bob Johnson’s argument in Carbon Nation that the boilers, furnaces, dynamos, and internal combustion engines of US modernity functioned as its infrastructural foundation, the “basement” where fossil energy was converted to mechanical energy to propel and indeed accelerate twentieth-century life. Faulkner’s fiction lingers over and in such sites—and moreover imagines an attic for energy modernity in one memorable short story, “Carcassonne”—to interrogate their ongoing work, which turns out to be thoroughly entwined with the racializing work of the Jim Crow modernity that was also front and center in the author’s writings and his world.
Essays on Ethics and Culture
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
These essays discuss various ontological and epistemological questions in moral philosophy, drawing on ideas from Platonic-Aristotelian ethics, the later Wittgenstein, and Iris Murdoch, though without seeking to weave these into any unified system. The general approach is realist or objectivist, paying some attention to the role of imaginative literature (especially the novel) in ethical formation. The method used can be broadly described as phenomenological; the phenomena in question extend to value-perception on the one hand and to practical reason, including political deliberation, on the other. A common theme is the lived experience of the socially situated subject, including our capacity for engagement with the values present in an inherited tradition or ‘form of life’. Such engagement, once raised to consciousness, may contain elements both of affirmation and of cultural critique. In the book as a whole, the critical theme predominates, with a certain emphasis on discourses of social disruption. But it is always assumed that the right place to stand as an observer of the domain of value is within that domain, and that moral critique will be immanent with respect to the culture addressed—that is, it will make do with just the conceptual and linguistic resources available to ordinary participants in moral, political, or aesthetic conversation.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the context for the ethnographic work underlying the study: the assembly of the research team, the surveys and interviews collected, the practicalities of reaching readers during the pandemic, and the precedents for this kind of sociology of reading. It differentiates this ethnographic approach from those more focused on capturing a reaction of a universal reader to a text, regardless of the context for that interaction. But it also defines an approach more closely attentive than most sociological studies of reading to literary content, suggesting that the interpretation of novels is crucial to understanding what readers have to say about their importance in a moment of crisis.
Plague Literature and the Question of Allegory
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 turns to the book’s first case study: the reading of Camus’s The Plague in 2020. This is a way to introduce the phenomenon of readers seeking accounts of past plagues, but it also offers a discussion of how the status of texts, often understood as either realist or allegorical, can change when they are read under conditions of crisis. Intradisciplinary debates about the virtues of postcritical reading can, indeed, make it seem as if there are choices to be made between the study of books in their everyday use and the cultivation of reading as an academic endeavour. Taking the responses of real readers more seriously might allow us to see where fiction’s capacity to solicit investment and attachment depends upon circumstance. Like many objects of significance, books emerge in this light as mattering differently in certain constellations than in others: no book means anything except in the situated conditions of its reception. On the other hand, literary critics retort, novels have their own history and their own significance; to read The Plague as informative about plague history or to peg it too closely to our own moment is, in this light, to miss the point of its allegory. Reading Camus’s famous novel as a limit-case for the idea that allegorical reading is always opposed to literal reading, this chapter offers an exploration of what can happen when dystopian fiction aligns unexpectedly with its reading situation.
Old Books in New Times
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the reception of older works that at first glance seem less directly related to lockdown or the pandemic. Many of the readers interviewed in this study picked up timeworn titles simply because they were there on their shelves at home. The use of material that lies around, both in the cultural imagination, as part of the canon, and more literally on domestic bookshelves, can be difficult for book historians to register. It leaves fewer traces than other kinds of reading, shows up less markedly as downloads or purchase records. Old books are not generally the focus of reviews or the events that greet new publications. Yet scholars recognize how significant the consumption of one period’s literature in another can be to later readers. Analysing this difficult-to-trace type of reading or rereading, we see, for instance, in this chapter how the term ‘classic’ is used by readers to indicate familiarity, permanence, and security, as well as how this kind of reading involves a mixing of past and contemporary experience, with older books picked up or rediscovered under new conditions. Focusing on what the interviewees said about the reading of Jane Eyre under lockdown, the chapter pursues the ways in which the meaning and relevance of this text is refracted through the current moment.
Overview
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis first chapter provides background for the study. It mentions Jalnguy, the avoidance style (nicknamed ‘mother-in-law language’ by Chloe Grant) and the basic phonology, including phonotactics. The syntactic matrix is then outlined—word classes, split systems of marking, serial verb constructions, complementation strategies, etc. There is a full account of 1st and 2nd person pronouns, of gender, of time words, and of response words and interjections. Other topics are briefly introduced here and dealt with in more detail in a later chapter. These include possession and the two genitives, nominal morphology, verbal morphology, noun markers, demonstratives, and verb markers.
Relative clauses
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter has a wide scope. It begins with a survey of the syntactic techniques for clause linking, cross-linguistically. These are: restrictive relative clause constructions, non-restrictive relative clause constructions, complement clause constructions, linking words (conjunctions, etc.), and nominalisations. There is then consideration of thirteen types of semantic relations between clauses, and the varied syntactic means which English and Dyirbal employ for expressing them. The grammar of the two varieties of relative clauses in Dyirbal is then described. And the nine kinds of meaning which they express. The final section deals with a relative clause being used as an independent sentence.
Clitics
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAn affix is a term in a morphological system which is applied to lexical stems from one (or perhaps a small number of) word classes. In contrast, a clitic is an independent element which can attach to lexical stems from a wide range of word classes (often from every one). It cannot occur alone but must be linked to a lexical element (with which it may or may not be grammatically associated). Dyirbal has two varieties of enclitic. There are six ‘second position clitics’, which attach to the end of the first phonological word of a clause. One marks a question, another that a statement is definitely true, a third that there is an element of doubt. And there are three ‘floating clitics’, which may follow any word at any position in the sentence. Two indicate ‘only, just’ and ‘as well, too’. The final section of the chapter considers the enigmatic form - (a)rru, which has ten roles. Examining these, we suggest that four of them are homonymous affixes: ergative/instrumental allomorph, perlative case, etc. The remaining six are treated as instances of a floating enclitic =(a)rru meaning ‘another’ or ‘again’ or ‘too’.
The City Multiple
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Funeral travelling involves coming close to the pyres but also turning away from them to be back amongst the living. Taking cue, the chapter moves from the cremation ghats to the city of Banaras. In this movement towards the city, we encounter the surface of the many names of the city. Adapting from Annemarie Mol’s ‘The body multiple’, it is shown how the different names of the city, Benares, Banaras, Varanasi, and Kashi create a dynamic multiplicity. In the chapter the different place-names are substantively evoked in their literary, ethnographic, and historiographical usages alongside the everyday spoken form of the language in Banaras. The chapter further shows how the different usages of the place-names create a ‘side-shadowing’ (to borrow from Alf Hiltebeitel) instead of producing a unilateral referentiality of the place, thus creating a form of sliding reference where one name might do the work of referencing while others play dead in the ‘side-shadow’. This playing dead of the names becomes a complex ethical register through which the city is enacted as one’s own amongst different Banarasi people.
Diasporic Diplomacy
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Focusing on the US government’s use of Black literary ambassadors during the late 1950s and 1960s, this chapter examines how Langston Hughes used his cultural diplomatic missions to Africa as a way of redefining Black internationalism. The first portion of the chapter describes how the US State Department and two CIA-subsidized cultural fronts, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the American Society of African Culture attempted to influence newly independent African nations. The second section analyses Hughes’s carefully negotiations of anti-Communism and Black nationalism in his ambassadorial work for these three institutions. The third portion of the chapter interprets Hughes’ poem “Cultural Exchange” (1961) as a self-conscious engagement with the problems and opportunities that informed Black cultural diplomacy during the cold war. A coda examines Hughes’s performance of “Cultural Exchange” at the first National Poetry Conference (1962) in Washington, DC.
Republic of Letters, Cockpit of Controversy
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Arthur Miller never worked as a US cultural diplomat; however, he did become president of PEN International thanks to the machinations of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a CIA-funded front. This chapter examines Miller’s ambitious attempt to use his new position to publicize and oppose the Communist persecution of literary dissidents, thus contributing to US propaganda, and, more surprisingly, to highlight the way in which US writers were, for all their freedom, treated far more dismissively than their Communist counterparts. For the playwright, the two goals proved mutually constitutive. By working to protect their counterparts behind the Iron Curtain, US writers could also demonstrate their importance to a US public that had lost interest in the civic value of literature. Reading Miller’s journalism, plays, speeches, and other public pronouncements of the era, the chapter focuses mainly on his travel book In Russia (1969) and his play The Archbishop’s Ceiling (1977).
“A Harvest of Conversations Among Multitudes”
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The last full chapter begins with a brief history of the US-China Conferences (1982–1988) organized by long-time internationalist Norman Cousins. These conferences included such US literary giants as Maxine Hong Kingston, Allen Ginsberg, Toni Morrison, and Lesley Marmon Silko. I devote the bulk of the chapter to an examination of how Kingston, the only writer involved with the conferences from beginning to end, drew upon these cultural diplomatic experiences to reimagine US literature as world literature. Kingston’s international vision first emerges in Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989), a novel she completed while attending the 1988 conference. After closely examining the representation of national and global literary transmission in Tripmaster Monkey, the chapter ends with a brief examination of how Kingston’s new internationalism informed her creation of the Veterans’ Writing Workshop.