bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUBSHIFTS OF FINITE TYPE WITH A HOLE
Authors: CHERIYATH HARITHA , AGARWAL NIKITA 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe consider a subshift of finite type on q symbols with a union of t cylinders based at words of identical length p as the hole. We explore the relationship between the escape rate into the hole and a rational function,
$r(z)$
, of correlations between forbidden words in the subshift with the hole. In particular, we prove that there exists a constant
$D(t,p)$
such that if
$q>D(t,p)$
, then the escape rate is faster into the hole when the value of the corresponding rational function
$r(z)$
evaluated at
$D(t,p)$
is larger. Further, we consider holes which are unions of cylinders based at words of identical length, having zero cross-correlations, and prove that the escape rate is faster into the hole with larger Poincaré recurrence time. Our results are more general than the existing ones known for maps conjugate to a full shift with a single cylinder as the hole.
Achieving the potential of mHealth in medicine requires challenging the ethos of care delivery
Authors: Ratanawong John P. , Naslund John A. , Mikal Jude P. , Grande Stuart W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mobile Health (mHealth) interventions have received a mix of praise and excitement, as well as caution and even opposition over recent decades. While the rapid adoption of mHealth solutions due to the COVID-19 pandemic has weakened resistance to integrating these digital approaches into practice and generated renewed interest, the increased reliance on mHealth signals a need for optimizing development and implementation. Despite an historically innovation-resistant medical ethos, mHealth is becoming a normalized supplement to clinical practice, highlighting increased demand. Reaching the full potential of mHealth requires new thinking and investment. The current challenge to broaden mHealth adoption and to ensure equity in access may be overcoming a “design purgatory,” where innovation fails to connect to practice. We recommend leveraging the opportunity presented by the COVID-19 pandemic to disrupt routine practice and with a new focus on theory-driven replicability of mHealth tools and strategies aimed at medical education and professional organizations.
SilencingRebelliousPriests: Rodolfo Escamilla García and the Repression of Progressive Catholicism in Cold-War Mexico
Authors: Pensado Jaime M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the silencing and repression of rebellious priests in Mexico from the 1940s to the mid 1970s and places the divergent actors that composed the Catholic Church during this period as key players in the Cold War. It examines the web of personal and organizational connections of a single emblematic individual whose transnational history has been mostly absent from the accounts of the era: the Jesuit priest Rodolfo Escamilla García. Founder of the Catholic Workers’ Youth (JOC) in the late 1950s, he championed the radical “See, Judge, Act” method that politicized thousands of people across Latin America during the 1960s, when liberation theology emerged throughout the continent and competing conservative authorities came together to repress it. In 1977 Escamilla García was brutally killed in Mexico City, likely with the approval of government security agencies. Yet, his brutal killing, and the murders and torture of other priests examined in this article, were never investigated by police authorities. Further, their silencing points to a moment in Mexican history when government leaders and iconic leftist intellectuals erroneously championed the idea that the nation was exceptional in the Latin American region, meaning less authoritarian and more democratic. The most influential ecclesiastical authorities overwhelmingly agreed. For them, maintaining a productive relationship with the state took precedence over the need to publicly condemn the assassination of rebellious priests. Instead, the loudest voices of condemnation came from progressive Catholics representing the Mexican Social Secretariat (SSM) and the National Center of Social Communications (CENCOS).
Selecting CMIP6 GCMs for CORDEX Dynamical Downscaling: Model Performance, Independence, and Climate Change Signals
Authors: Di Virgilio Giovanni , Ji Fei , Tam Eugene , Nishant Nidhi , Evans Jason P. , Thomas Chris , Riley Matthew L. , Beyer Kathleen , Grose Michael R. , Narsey Sugata , Delage Francois 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGlobal climate models (GCMs) are essential for investigating climate change, but their coarse scale limits their efficacy for climate adaptation planning at the regional scales where climate impacts manifest. Dynamical downscaling of GCM outputs better resolves regional climate and thus provides improved guidance for climate policy at regional scales. Being expensive to run, downscaling uses a subset of GCMs, necessitating careful GCM selection. This evaluation identifies a suitable subset of CMIP6 GCMs for downscaling over Australia by assessing individual GCMs against three criteria: (a) performance simulating daily climate variable distributions, climate means, extremes, and modes; (b) model independence; and (c) climate change signal diversity. Over Australia, GCMs are generally biased cold (warm) for maximum (minimum) temperature, with larger biases for minimum temperature. GCMs are generally wet biased, especially over the monsoonal north, but dry biased over eastern regions. Most GCMs show larger biases for temperature and precipitation over geographically complex, heavily populated eastern regions, relative to other regions. Evaluations identify a distinct group of 11 GCMs that perform consistently poorly across climate variables, statistics, and timescales with widespread, statistically significant biases, versus 13 GCMs that show consistent adequate‐to‐good performance with substantially reduced errors. Assessment of model independence highlights the lack of independence between several high‐performing GCMs, particularly from allied modeling groups, demonstrating the importance of careful ensemble selection when making selective samples of climate space. Once GCM climate signal diversity is considered, 6–8 mid‐to‐high‐performing, independent GCMs occupy the full range of the future climate space and, thus, are suitable for dynamical downscaling over CORDEX‐Australasia.
Relationships Between Air‐Sea CO2 Flux and New Production in the Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Pittman Nicholas A. , Strutton Peter G. , Johnson Robert , Matear Richard J. , Sutton Adrienne J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe equatorial Pacific is the largest oceanic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This outgassing varies depending on the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and decadal climate variability. New production, the amount of phytoplankton net primary production driven by upwelled nitrate, plays a significant role in modulating air‐sea CO2 fluxes as the biological carbon pump removes carbon from the surface ocean. We aim to understand how the physical drivers of sea surface temperature and wind speed influence interannual and decadal variability of the equatorial Pacific carbon cycle. In the equatorial Pacific, there are three biogeochemical regimes: the upwelling cold tongue east of 140°W and south of the equator (3°N–15°S); the eastern Pacific warm pool north of the equator (3°–15°N); and the 28.5°C western Pacific warm pool, west of 140°W. We find that between 2000 and 2020, air‐sea CO2 flux and ΔpCO2 increased in the cold tongue (45 mmolC m−2 yr−2, 1.5 μatm yr−1, respectively) but decreased elsewhere, while new production decreased everywhere. The western Pacific occasionally became a weak carbon sink, depending on ENSO and this sink was strongest at 165°E during central Pacific “Modoki” El Niño events. We find that changes in wind speed, temperature and ENSO frequency have altered the surface carbon budget. The mean basin‐wide (150°E−90°W and 15°N–15°S) new production for 2000–2020 was 1.2 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1 and air‐sea CO2 flux was 0.5 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1. New production decreased at −7.7 ± 1.6 TgC yr−2, compared to the CO2 flux trend of −1.7 ± 1.4 TgC yr−2.
Does Increasing Horizontal Resolution Improve Seasonal Prediction of Indian Summer Monsoon?: A Climate Forecast System Model Perspective
Authors: Kumar Siddharth , Phani R. , Mukhopadhyay P. , Balaji C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe seasonal prediction skill of climate forecast system model with two different resolutions, namely T126 and T382, is studied using hindcast data. Using novel diagnostic tools such as total variation distance and two‐state Markov Chain analysis, it is shown that increasing the horizontal resolution of the model has minimal impact on the quality of seasonal prediction. The underlying rain distribution and associated transition probabilities are very similar in both model versions. The Markov chain analysis also provides critical clues about the issues associated with convective processes in the model. Both the models produce longer (shorter) wet (dry) spells compared to the observations. Models are trying to bring the atmosphere closer to convective quasi‐equilibrium, leading to a substantial departure from observed features. Although the conventional error metrics are helpful to assess the prediction skills, the new metrics used in the study provide further insights on possible pathways to improve model moist physics.
Ocean Mixed Layer Depth From Dissipation
Authors: Giunta Valentina , Ward Brian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe mixed layer depth (MLD) is a widely used parameter for physical, chemical, and biological oceanography. The MLD delimits that region of the ocean, which is directly influenced by the atmosphere. There is a similar length scale referred to as the mixing layer depth, which is determined from profiles of dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, but is less prevalent due to the requirement for specialized instrumentation. Here, we suggest that the MLD can be estimated using density/temperature (henceforth hD) or using dissipation (henceforth hϵ). Utilizing two data sets in the North Atlantic collected with the autonomous Air‐Sea Interaction Profiler, hD and hϵ in the upper 100 m are compared. A new method based on the shape of the dissipation profile for estimating hϵ is presented. The main sources of turbulence in the upper ocean (i.e., wind, waves, and buoyancy fluxes), which tend to deepen the MLD, are more strongly correlated with hϵ variability for both data sets, confirming that the MLD derived from dissipation measurements represents more accurately the variability in the mixed layer. Given that dissipation measurements have become more operational due to the development of ocean microstructure technology, then it is appropriate that hϵ be adopted in the future for estimation of the MLD. This is additionally supported by the fact that hD typically overestimates the MLD when compared to hϵ, thus having consequences for studies where hD is used to represent the extent of mixing in the upper ocean.
Predictable Changes in Extreme Sea Levels and Coastal Flood Risk Due To Long‐Term Tidal Cycles
Authors: Enríquez Alejandra R. , Wahl Thomas , Baranes Hannah E. , Talke Stefan A. , Orton Philip M. , Booth James F. , Haigh Ivan D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate that long‐term tidally induced changes in extreme sea levels affect estimates of major flood hazard in a predictable way. Long‐term variations in tides due to the 4.4 and 18.6‐year cycles influence extreme sea levels at 380 global tide gauges out of a total of 581 analyzed. Results show coherent regions where the amplitudes of the modulations are particularly relevant in the 100‐year return sea level, reaching more than 20 cm in some regions (western Europe, north Australia, and Singapore). We identify locations that are currently in a positive phase of the modulation and therefore at a higher risk of flooding, as well as when (year) the next peak of the long‐term tidal modulations is expected to occur. The timing of the peak of the modulation is spatially coherent and influenced by the relative importance of each cycle (4.4 or 18.6‐year) over the total amplitude. An evaluation of four locations suggests that the potentially flooded area in a 100‐year event can vary up to ∼45% (in Boston) as a result of the long‐term tidal cycles; however, the flooded area varies due to local topography and tidal characteristics (6%–13%). We conclude that tidally modulated changes in extreme sea levels can alter the potentially inundated area in a 100‐year event and that the traditional, fixed 100‐year floodplain is inadequate for describing coastal flood risk, even without considering sea‐level rise.
Source Properties and Resonance Characteristics of the Tsunami Generated by the 2021 M 8.2 Alaska Earthquake
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Su Heng‐Yi , Ren Zhiyuan , Ma Yanxue 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA tsunami was triggered in the North Pacific Ocean by the 2021 Alaska earthquake (M 8.2) on July 29. We studied the source properties and resonance characteristics of the tsunami event using observed records from offshore tsunameters and coastal tide gauges as well as numerical simulation. Spectral analyses were conducted on records at tsunameters and tide gauges. We reconstructed the tsunami source spectrum by calculating the ratio of tsunami spectra to the background spectra of these stations. Based on the source spectrum, we estimated the source size of the 2021 Alaska earthquake to be 332 km (length) 256 km (width), which was generally consistent with the source model proposed by the United States Geological Survey using seismological approaches. In addition, we also performed spectral analyses of the tsunami wavefield in a region of interest, including the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Standing wave systems were found south of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. The Aleutian Islands prevent the propagation of tsunami oscillations. Only a small portion of energy propagates through the archipelago from the main part of the Pacific Ocean to the Bering Sea.
Temporal Variations of NDVI and LAI and Interactions With Hydroclimatic Variables in a Large and Agro‐Ecologically Diverse Region
Authors: Ukasha Muhammad , Ramirez Jorge A. , Niemann Jeffrey D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSatellite based vegetation indices are increasingly used to characterize vegetation's response to climate variability and change over large spatial extents. The use of a given index assumes that the index adequately describes the vegetation's response to hydroclimatic forcing. The objective of this study is to compare the temporal behaviors of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI) and their associations with hydroclimatic variables. Observations of monthly precipitation, streamflow, temperature, vapor pressure deficit, evapotranspiration, and total water storage anomalies (TWSA) are processed for the combined Sacramento River and San Joaquin River basins in California for 13 water years (October 2002 to September 2015). Estimates of NDVI and LAI are obtained for the same period from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The seasonal cycle of NDVI peaks 2–3 months earlier than LAI. The seasonal variation in NDVI follows the seasonality of TWSA (i.e., water availability) whereas the seasonal cycle of LAI follows the seasonality in mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit (i.e., atmospheric water demand). Cross‐correlation analyses of NDVI and LAI with the hydroclimatic variables show that LAI is more strongly correlated with most of the hydroclimatic variables considered.
Impact of Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Effects on Precise Position Determination
Authors: Biswas T. , Banerjee P. , Paul A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrecise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques serve as a very important tool, to provide high precision position information, using data from a grid of networked receivers. However, satellite signals are frequently perturbed by inhomogeneities present in the medium of propagation, introducing errors in the measured position, the dominant contribution of which could be attributed to the ionosphere. Low‐latitude stations, like Calcutta (22.58°N, 88.38°E geographic; magnetic dip 34.54°), being situated near the northern crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), experience some of the worst cases of ionospheric effects on position determination. However, such effects are usually minimal during early morning hours (typically 03–05 local time [LT]). In this study, PPP of the station Calcutta has been obtained under different solar activity conditions to assess and validate the applicability of sub‐centimeter level position accuracy. The PPP values have also been compared with early morning stand‐alone dual‐frequency GPS receiver‐derived position to assess and validate the diurnal ionospheric quiet time. Efforts have also been made to observe the effects of EIA on PPP solution. Data are recorded during a high (March 2014) and low (March 2019) solar activity period. Results of this study reveal agreement with the centimeter‐level accuracy of PPP; however, effect of solar activity is prominent when inspected in millimeter order. Additionally, the diurnal ionospheric quiet time is observed to lie within 04–06 and 02–04 LT for a high and a low solar activity period, respectively. Irrespective of the solar activity conditions, receiver noise contribution in position deviation is measured to be within 150 cm.
Wave Breaking Induced by Opposing Currents in Submerged Vegetation Canopies
Authors: Hu Z. , Lian S. , Zitman T. , Wang H. , He Z. , Wei H. , Ren L. , Uijttewaal W. , Suzuki T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWave height attenuation in vegetation canopies is often all attributed to the drag force exerted by vegetation, whereas other potential dissipation process is often neglected. Previous studies without vegetation have found that opposing currents can induce wave breaking and greatly increase dissipation. It is not clear if similar process may also occur in vegetation canopies. We conducted systematic flume experiments to show that wave breaking in opposing currents can occur in vegetated flows, but only in submerged canopies with shear currents above vegetation top. Subsequently, we developed a new analytical model to understand and assess the contribution of both drag‐induced dissipation in the lower vegetation layer and current‐induced breaking in the upper free layer. A new generic drag coefficient relation was applied in the model to quantify drag‐induced dissipation with various current‐wave combinations. It shows that breaking induced by opposing currents constitutes an essential part (up to 87%) of the total dissipation, which leads to considerably higher dissipation than the cases with following currents. Breaking can occur with various submergence ratios and with small opposing currents in the submerged vegetation field. It indicates that similar breaking process is likely to occur in real vegetation fields. The present study reveals and quantifies the current‐induced wave breaking process that has not been reported before, which can improve our understanding of vegetation wave dissipation capacity in field conditions.
Empirically Determined Auroral Electron Events at Mars—MAVEN Observations
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David L. , McFadden James P. , Schneider Nicholas M. , Milby Zachariah , Jain Sonal , Weber Tristan , Brain David A. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Halekas Jasper , Ruhunusiri Suranga , Mazelle Christian , Lillis Robert J. , Johnston Ben 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDiscrete aurorae have been observed at magnetized planets such as Earth and Jupiter, triggered by accelerated electrons. Similar aurorae have also been observed at Mars with only localized strong crustal magnetisms. However, our understanding of this phenomenon at Mars is still limited. In particular, direct and quantitative comparisons of the auroral and its source electron events are lacking as these two types of observations are usually made at different times and/or locations. In this study, we establish empirical criteria to select electron events (“auroral electrons”) that could trigger detectable auroral emissions with Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN measurements, thereby enabling a direct statistical comparison. We find auroral electrons share similar statistical characteristics to those previously reported for discrete auroral events. This study bridges the gap between electron observations and auroral detections and enables collaborations across different Mars missions, as well as comparative planetary studies of discrete aurora.
Transient Precipitation Increase During Winter in the Eastern North America
Authors: Liang Wengui , Zhang Minghua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have reported that enhanced eddy moisture convergence causes future increase of winter precipitation in the eastern North America in a warmer climate. This study investigates the mechanisms of the change in moisture convergence. Using ensemble simulations from climate models and composite analysis of moisture budget, we show that in the southeast United States, two thirds of the enhanced moisture convergence is caused by local thermodynamics due to increase of moisture, while one third is caused by stronger eddy wind convergence. In the north, it is primarily caused by the increase of moisture gradient associated with the spatial distribution of both the climatological temperature and the large amplitudes of the eddy temperature in the region of the storm tracks. Results help to better understand the physical mechanism of more winter precipitation in the eastern North America in a warmer climate.
Identification of active gaseous-alkane degraders at natural gas seeps
Authors: Farhan Ul Haque Muhammad , Hernández Marcela , Crombie Andrew T , Murrell J Colin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Natural gas seeps release significant amounts of methane and other gases including ethane and propane contributing to global climate change. In this study, bacterial actively consuming short-chain alkanes were identified by cultivation, whole-genome sequencing, and stable-isotope probing (SIP)-metagenomics using 13C-propane and 13C-ethane from two different natural gas seeps, Pipe Creek and Andreiasu Everlasting Fire. Nearly 100 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) (completeness 70–99%) were recovered from both sites. Among these, 16 MAGs had genes encoding the soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO). The MAGs were affiliated to Actinobacteria (two MAGs), Alphaproteobacteria (ten MAGs), and Gammaproteobacteria (four MAGs). Additionally, three gaseous-alkane degraders were isolated in pure culture, all of which could grow on ethane, propane, and butane and possessed SDIMO-related genes. Two Rhodoblastus strains (PC2 and PC3) were from Pipe Creek and a Mycolicibacterium strain (ANDR5) from Andreiasu. Strains PC2 and PC3 encoded putative butane monooxygenases (MOs) and strain ANDR5 contained a propane MO. Mycolicibacterium strain ANDR5 and MAG19a, highly abundant in incubations with 13C-ethane, share an amino acid identity (AAI) of 99.3%. We show using a combination of enrichment and isolation, and cultivation-independent techniques, that these natural gas seeps contain a diverse community of active bacteria oxidising gaseous-alkanes, which play an important role in biogeochemical cycling of natural gas.