bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Fields and Gravitational Waves
Authors: Yuan Tony 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object. Just as light waves are subject to the Doppler effect, so are gravitational waves. This article explores the following research questions concerning gravitational waves: Is there a linear relationship between gravity and velocity? Can the speed of a gravitational wave represent the speed of the gravitational field (the speed of the action of the gravitational field upon the object)? What is the speed of the gravitational field? What is the spatial distribution of gravitational waves? Do gravitational waves caused by the revolution of the Sun affect planetary precession? Can we modify Newton’s gravitational equation through the influence of gravitational waves?
Effects of osteoporosis on the biomechanics of various supplemental fixations co-applied with oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF): a finite element analysis
Authors: Liu Zi-Xuan , Gao Zi-Wei , Chen Chao , Liu Zi-Yang , Cai Xin-Yi , Ren Ya-Nan , Sun Xun , Ma Xin-Long , Du Cheng-Fei , Yang Qiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) is an important surgical modality for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spine disease. Various supplemental fixations can be co-applied with OLIF, increasing OLIF stability and reducing complications. However, it is unclear whether osteoporosis affects the success of supplemental fixations; therefore, this study analyzed the effects of osteoporosis on various supplemental fixations co-applied with OLIF.Methods: We developed and validated an L3-S1 finite element (FE) model; we assigned different material properties to each component and established models of the osteoporotic and normal bone lumbar spine. We explored the outcomes of OLIF combined with each of five supplemental fixations: standalone OLIF; OLIF with lateral plate fixation (OLIF+LPF); OLIF with translaminar facet joint fixation and unilateral pedicle and screw fixation (OLIF+TFJF+UPSF); OLIF with unilateral pedicle and screw fixation (OLIF+UPSF); and OLIF with bilateral pedicle and screw fixation (OLIF+BPSF). Under the various working conditions, we calculated the ranges of motion (ROMs) of the normal bone and osteoporosis models, the maximum Mises stresses of the fixation instruments (MMSFIs), and the average Mises stresses on cancellous bone (AMSCBs) .Results: Compared with the normal bone OLIF model, no demonstrable change in any segmental ROM was apparent. The MMSFIs increased in all five osteoporotic OLIF models. In the OLIF+TFJF+UPSF model, the MMSFIs increased sharply in forward flexion and extension. The stress changes of the OLIF+UPSF, OLIF+BPSF, and OLIF+TFJF+UPSF models were similar; all stresses trended upward. The AMSCBs decreased in all five osteoporotic OLIF models during flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The average stress change of cancellous bone was most obvious under extension. The AMSCBs of the five OLIF models decreased by 14%, 23.44%, 21.97%, 40.56%, and 22.44% respectively.Conclusions: For some supplemental fixations, the AMSCBs were all reduced and the MMSFIs were all increased in the osteoporotic model, compared with the OLIF model of normal bone. Therefore, the biomechanical performance of an osteoporotic model may be inferior to the biomechanical performance of a normal model for the same fixation method; in some instances, it may increase the risks of fracture and internal fixation failure.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices regarding HIV among Women of Childbearing Age in NYANGA Province, Gabon
Authors: Mouinga-Ondémé Augustin , Maghendji-Nzondo Sydney , Buekens Julie , Engone-Ondo Jéordy-Dimitri , Imboumy-Limoukou Roméo Karl , Sir-Ondo-Enguier Pater Noster , de Carvalho Julie Niemczura , Tsafack-Tegomo Nathalie Pernelle , Lékana-Douki Jean-Bernard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: The seroprevalence of HIV in Gabon is 4.1%. This rate varies among its nine provinces and is estimated at 4.2% in the province of Nyanga. This variance is believed to be the result of a lack of information and beliefs regarding HIV transmission and prevention. There are currently scarce epidemiological data from this region of Gabon. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women of childbearing age from Nyanga Province toward HIV.Methods: A 13-day cross-sectional descriptive study of 631 women aged 15 to 49 years was conducted within the departments of the province to assess their knowledge and attitudes about HIV, including mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Household recruitment of participants was conducted, and information was collected by means of a questionnaire. Correct answers were considered to indicate basic knowledge of the topic assessed.Results: Approximately 90% of women (570/631) were of childbearing age but not pregnant during the survey, with a mean age of 28 years. Additionally, 10% (61/631) were pregnant. Among surveyed women, 99.2% had heard of HIV/AIDS, and 81.8% knew at least one screening site for HIV. More than 83.6% knew that MTCT could occur during pregnancy, and 76.5% knew about transmission during breastfeeding. Moreover, 86.5% knew that HIV could not be transmitted through sharing food with an infected person. Similarly, 68.8% answered that HIV transmission cannot occur through mosquito bites. However, 45.8% of women said that HIV could be transmitted by witchcraft. Approximately 81.6% of participants were aware that HIV could be prevented by having a single monogamous sexual partner and protected sex. Approximately 70% of women were aware of antiretroviral therapy. More than 80% of the participants indicated that they had been screened overall, and 77.3% had been offered HIV screening services during antenatal visits.Conclusions: Almost all women of childbearing age in Nyanga had heard of HIV, yet approximately half of them had poor knowledge of its modes of transmission. It is therefore imperative to conduct awareness campaigns in conjunction with HIV testing services to better understand the current prevalence of HIV infection in the region.
Antibody-drug Conjugate Targets, Drugs, and Linkers
Authors: Teicher Beverly A. , Morris Joel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:Antibody-drug conjugates offer the possibility of directing powerful cytotoxic agents to a malignant tumor while sparing normal tissue. The challenge is to select an antibody target expressed exclusively or at highly elevated levels on the surface of tumor cells and either not all or at low levels on normal cells. The current review explores 78 targets that have been explored as antibody-drug conjugate targets. Some of these targets have been abandoned, 9 or more are the targets of FDA-approved drugs, and most remain active clinical interest. Antibody-drug conjugates require potent cytotoxic drug payloads, several of these small molecules are discussed, as are the linkers between the protein component and small molecule components of the conjugates. Finally, conclusions regarding the elements for the successful antibody-drug conjugate are discussed.
The Role of Medicinal Plants in the Diabetic Wound Healing Process
Authors: Chaudhary Rishabh 
Published: February 2022

Aim:
The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between diabetes and delayed
wound healing from the literature. Research literature from 2010-2020 was searched and it
was found that various medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents are effective in treating
wounds associated with diabetes. Potential medicinal plants that are used to treat wounds and can
be used to treat diabetes have been determined.

Methods:
Research and review articles from 2010-2020 have been researched on a variety of topics
such as PubMed, Scopus, Mendeley, Google Scholar, Indian traditional medicine system,
Ayurvedic treatment programme using different words such as "diabetes", "treatment of diabetes",
"plants in the treatment of diabetes", "wound healing", "wound healing plants".

Conclusion:
Other herbs are also traditionally used to treat wounds. In this study, the main focus is
on medicinal plants that are used specifically to treat wounds in diabetic conditions. Although quite
a few medicinal flora for wound restoration may be observed in the literature, there is a need for
the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compounds responsible for the wound restoration
properties. Also, cytotoxicity research needs to be conducted on promising agents or bioactive
fractions or extracts.
Abbreviated and Standard Breast MRI in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Response Evaluation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Yirgin Inci Kizildag , Engin Gulgun , Yildiz Şeyma , Aydin Esra Cureoglu , Karanlik Hasan , Cabioglu Neslihan , Tukenmez Mustafa , Emiroglu Selman , Onder Semen , Yildiz Sevda Ozel , Yavuz Ekrem , Saip Pınar , Aydiner Adnan , Igci Abdullah , Muslumanoglu Mahmut 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
This study aims to investigate the efficacy of abbreviated breast magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response evaluation.

Methods:
MR images of 50 locally advanced breast cancer patients who underwent standard protocol
(SP) breast MRI before and after NAC were re-evaluated retrospectively. Abbreviated protocol (AP)
was obtained by extracting images from SP and then evaluating them in a separate session. Protocols
were compared with the histological findings after surgery as the reference standard.

Results:
A statistically significant difference was found between the two protocols in response evaluation
by the McNemar test (p=0.018). However, the Kappa value was 0.62 (p<0.001), which indicates
substantial agreement. No statistically significant differences were found between the two protocols
(AP and SP) and pathological results in the McNemar test (p=0.12, p=0.60, respectively). Kappa values
were 0.48 (p<0.001) and 0.60 (p<0.001), respectively, which indicates moderate agreement for
both protocols with higher values by SP evaluation. The residual maximum median diameters were
smaller than the pathology, with both protocols (p<0.001).

Conclusion:
Despite the statistical differences, there was a significant correlation in response evaluation
between the two protocols. The pathological results were moderately correlated with both protocols,
with SP slightly higher. However, the residual maximum median diameters were smaller than the
pathology with both protocols. These results may limit the use of AP in evaluating the local extent of
the tumor, especially in patients who will undergo breast-conserving surgery.
Different Phenotypes of Schimke Immuno-Osseous Dysplasia (SIOD) in
Two Sisters with the Same Mutation in the SMARCAL1 Gene
Authors: Castellano-Martinez Ana , Acuñas-Soto Silvia , Varga-Martinez Raquel De la , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Moises , Mora-Lopez Francisco , Iriarte-Gahete Marianela , Roldan-Cano Virginia 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene. It is characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, T-cell immunodeficiency, hypercromic nevi, hypercholestero-le-mia, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with progressive renal failure to end-stage kidney disease.

Case presentation:
We report two cases of SIOD in sisters, diagnosed after the debut of nephrotic syndrome. Both had a personal history of short stature, acetabular hip dysplasia, and hypercho-lesterolemia. The first case, a 6-year-old girl, presented peripheral refractory edema, severe arte-rial hypertension, and progressive decrease of the glomerular filtration rate. Steroid-resistance of nephrotic syndrome was confirmed, treated with tacrolimus without response. Renal function worsened over the following 4 months, so haemodialysis was started. Her sister, a 5-year-old girl, had the steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and normal blood pressure and renal function under enalapril treatment. In view of the suspicion of SIOD, genetic studies were carried out, revealing the same mutation in homozygosis.

Conclusions:
SIOD has a variable expression with multi-systemic involvement with a short life expectancy. Early diagnosis is important, which can encourage the early start of treatment and anticipation of complications that may be life-threatening.
Balloon-Occluded Radiofrequency Ablation as Bridge to TACE in the
Treatment of Advanced HCC with Arterioportal Shunt
Authors: Iezzi Roberto , Posa Alessandro , Santoro Marco , Tanzilli Alessandro , Cerrito Lucia , Ponziani Francesca Romana , Pompili Maurizio , Grieco Antonio , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Gasbarrini Antonio , Manfredi Riccardo 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Transarterial chemoembolization is the most widely used palliative treat-ment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma; however, arterioportal shunt represents a contraindi-cation to this treatment.

Objective:
The study aims to assess the feasibility of balloon-occluded radiofrequency ablation in the transitory resolution of an extensive arterioportal shunt in patients with advanced hepatocellular carci-noma as a bridge to safe and effective transarterial chemoembolization.

Methods:
12 consecutive patients advanced multinodular unilobar unresectable hepatocellular carci-noma with a target lesion larger than 5 cm (mean diameter 7.7 ± 1.4 cm), not suitable to transarterial chemoembolization due to extensive arterioportal shunt, were recruited. Balloon-occluded radiofre-quency ablation of the hepatic area surrounding the shunt during occlusion of the artery supplying the shunt was performed, followed by lobar conventional chemoembolization. Intra/periprocedural complications were evaluated. Technical success was defined by the result of radiofrequency abla-tion in terms of immediate disappearance, reduction, or persistence of the shunt. Local efficacy of chemoembolization was evaluated at 1-month computed tomography according to m-RECIST crite-ria.

Results:
Technical success was achieved in all patients. No major complications were observed. 1-month follow-up showed a mean necrotic diameter of 6.3 cm (range: 3.8-8.7 cm), with an acceptable procedural result and persistence of the shunt. An overall response rate was obtained in all patients, with 25% complete response and 75% partial response.

Conclusion:
Balloon-occluded radiofrequency ablation of an arterioportal shunt in patients with ad-vanced hepatocellular carcinoma can temporarily reduce shunting, allowing to perform safe and ther-apeutically useful chemoembolization, with satisfactory control of tumor growth.
Age- and Sex-Specific Differences in Multimorbidity Patterns and Temporal Trends on Assessing Hospital Discharge Records in Southwest China: Network-Based Study
Authors: Wang Liya , Qiu Hang , Luo Li , Zhou Li 
Published: February 2022

Background
Multimorbidity represents a global health challenge, which requires a more global understanding of multimorbidity patterns and trends. However, the majority of studies completed to date have often relied on self-reported conditions, and a simultaneous assessment of the entire spectrum of chronic disease co-occurrence, especially in developing regions, has not yet been performed.

Objective
We attempted to provide a multidimensional approach to understand the full spectrum of chronic disease co-occurrence among general inpatients in southwest China, in order to investigate multimorbidity patterns and temporal trends, and assess their age and sex differences.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis based on 8.8 million hospital discharge records of about 5.0 million individuals of all ages from 2015 to 2019 in a megacity in southwest China. We examined all chronic diagnoses using the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) codes at 3 digits and focused on chronic diseases with ≥1% prevalence for each of the age and sex strata, which resulted in a total of 149 and 145 chronic diseases in males and females, respectively. We constructed multimorbidity networks in the general population based on sex and age, and used the cosine index to measure the co-occurrence of chronic diseases. Then, we divided the networks into communities and assessed their temporal trends.

Results
The results showed complex interactions among chronic diseases, with more intensive connections among males and inpatients ≥40 years old. A total of 9 chronic diseases were simultaneously classified as central diseases, hubs, and bursts in the multimorbidity networks. Among them, 5 diseases were common to both males and females, including hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, other cerebrovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. The earliest leaps (degree leaps ≥6) appeared at a disorder of glycoprotein metabolism that happened at 25-29 years in males, about 15 years earlier than in females. The number of chronic diseases in the community increased over time, but the new entrants did not replace the root of the community.

Conclusions
Our multimorbidity network analysis identified specific differences in the co-occurrence of chronic diagnoses by sex and age, which could help in the design of clinical interventions for inpatient multimorbidity.
A Smartphone-Based Information Communication Technology Solution for Primary Modifiable Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases: Pilot and Feasibility Study in Norway
Authors: Gram Inger Torhild , Skeie Guri , Oyeyemi Sunday Oluwafemi , Borch Kristin Benjaminsen , Hopstock Laila Arnesdatter , Løchen Maja-Lisa 
Published: February 2022

Background
Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes are the 4 main noncommunicable diseases. These noncommunicable diseases share 4 modifiable risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet). Short smartphone surveys have the potential to identify modifiable risk factors for individuals to monitor trends.

Objective
We aimed to pilot a smartphone-based information communication technology solution to collect nationally representative data, annually, on 4 modifiable risk factors.

Methods
We developed an information communication technology solution with functionalities for capturing sensitive data from smartphones, receiving, and handling data in accordance with general data protection regulations. The main survey comprised 26 questions: 8 on socioeconomic factors, 17 on the 4 risk factors, and 1 about current or previous noncommunicable diseases. For answers to the continuous questions, a keyboard was displayed for entering numbers; there were preset upper and lower limits for acceptable response values. For categorical questions, pull-down menus with response options were displayed. The second survey comprised 9 yes-or-no questions. For both surveys, we used SMS text messaging. For the main survey, we invited 11,000 individuals, aged 16 to 69 years, selected randomly from the Norwegian National Population Registry (1000 from each of the 11 counties). For the second survey, we invited a random sample of 100 individuals from each county who had not responded to the main survey. All data, except county of residence, were self-reported. We calculated the distribution for socioeconomic background, tobacco use, diet, physical activity, and health condition factors overall and by sex.

Results
The response rate was 21.9% (2303/11,000; women: 1397/2263; 61.7%, men: 866/2263, 38.3%; missing: 40/2303, 1.7%). The median age for men was 52 years (IQR 40-61); the median age for women was 48 years (IQR 35-58). The main reported reason for nonparticipation in the main survey was that the sender of the initial SMS was unknown.

Conclusions
We successfully developed and piloted a smartphone-based information communication technology solution for collecting data on the 4 modifiable risk factors for the 4 main noncommunicable diseases. Approximately 1 in 5 invitees responded; thus, these data may not be nationally representative. The smartphone-based information communication technology solution should be further developed with the long-term goal to reduce premature mortality from the 4 main noncommunicable diseases.
Loneliness and Social Isolation Detection Using Passive Sensing Techniques: Scoping Review
Authors: Qirtas Malik Muhammad , Zafeiridi Evi , Pesch Dirk , White Eleanor Bantry 
Published: February 2022

Background
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with multiple health problems, including depression, functional impairment, and death. Mobile sensing using smartphones and wearable devices, such as fitness trackers or smartwatches, as well as ambient sensors, can be used to acquire data remotely on individuals and their daily routines and behaviors in real time. This has opened new possibilities for the early detection of health and social problems, including loneliness and social isolation.

Objective
This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize recent scientific studies that used passive sensing techniques, such as the use of in-home ambient sensors, smartphones, and wearable device sensors, to collect data on device users’ daily routines and behaviors to detect loneliness or social isolation. This review also aimed to examine various aspects of these studies, especially target populations, privacy, and validation issues.

Methods
A scoping review was undertaken, following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews). Studies on the topic under investigation were identified through 6 databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ACM, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase). The identified studies were screened for the type of passive sensing detection methods for loneliness and social isolation, targeted population, reliability of the detection systems, challenges, and limitations of these detection systems.

Results
After conducting the initial search, a total of 40,071 papers were identified. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 (0.07%) studies were included in this scoping review. Most studies (20/29, 69%) used smartphone and wearable technology to detect loneliness or social isolation, and 72% (21/29) of the studies used a validated reference standard to assess the accuracy of passively collected data for detecting loneliness or social isolation.

Conclusions
Despite the growing use of passive sensing technologies for detecting loneliness and social isolation, some substantial gaps still remain in this domain. A population heterogeneity issue exists among several studies, indicating that different demographic characteristics, such as age and differences in participants’ behaviors, can affect loneliness and social isolation. In addition, despite extensive personal data collection, relatively few studies have addressed privacy and ethical issues. This review provides uncertain evidence regarding the use of passive sensing to detect loneliness and social isolation. Future research is needed using robust study designs, measures, and examinations of privacy and ethical concerns.