bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1980
Authors: Witkowski J.F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first brood corn borer control were applied to dryland corn plots in Dixon County, Nebraska in July. Granular insecticides were applied July 3 with a specially modified Mahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 20 gal of water/acre at 2 mph at 22 psi with a specially modified back pack sprayer. Each single row plot was 100 ft. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Prior to insecticide application 14 consecutive plants in each plot were infested with approximately 60 first instar borer larvae using a hand held inoculator. In mid-August, artificially infested corn plants were split in half from tassel to the ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Efficacy of Chemicals for Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1980
Authors: Pitts Daniel L. , Pieters Edward P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stoneville 213 variety was planted on May 5 at the Plant Science Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots 8 x 90 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 5 gal of final spray mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, and 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 12 times on a 4 to 5 day schedule from July 14 to Sept 3. Azinphosmethyl was applied to all plots at 0.25 lb ai/acre 13 times as needed from July 3 to Sept 24, to control boll weevils, Anthonomusgrondis Boheman. Aldicarb was applied to all plots at 2 lb ai/acre on June 10 to reduce beneficial arthropods. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damage by randomly selecting 25 squares from all parts of the plants along the center 2 rows. The tobacco budworm consisted of 90% of the population on July 8, and Aug 6, respectively. Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 2 rows on Oct 20 and 21.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, 1979
Authors: Rohlfs W. Mitchell , Bass Max H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was initiated on Sept 18 near Cottonwood, AL. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each of the 40 plots was 4 rows x 37 ft (0.01 acres). Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer, 3 nozzles per row, delivering 15 gal of mixed spray per acre. Post-treatment counts were made by shaking the peanut vines vigorously in a section of row 3 ft long, then rolling the vines back from the middle to the row, first on one side of the row then on the other, and counting and recording the number of live VBC larvae on the ground. This was done twice per plot three days after treatment.
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides Against Rice Caseworm, 1980
Authors: Litsinger J. A. , Bandong J. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen days after transplanting, field plots(2 m2) were hand infested with greenhouse-reared second instar larvae at 4 larvae/hill. The next day insecticides were applied as foliar sprays at 0.75 kg ai/ha in a volume of 300 l/ha. The IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) trial (randomized complete block design) was replicated 4 times over time. Each plot surrounded with levees was encircled with plastic sheeting to prevent interplot larval movement. Two replications planted April 4 were sprayed April 18 and two replications planted May 26 were sprayed June 9. Climatic data for the two 10-day periods after each spraying were: rainfall 0 and 8.2mm, RH 79% and 83%, mean daily maximum temperature 32° and 32° C, and mean daily minimum temperature 23 and 25° C, respectively. Caseworm damage was scored immediately before spraying and 5 and 10 days later. A tiller was scored as damaged if at least one leaf was cut by caseworm feeding. The leaf scraping index (1-9) was based on percent leaf area removed: 1 = 0%, 3 = 1-10%, 5 = 11-25%, 7 = 26-50%, 9 = 51-100%.
Thrips Control on Soybean, 1980
Authors: Farlow R. A. , Pitre H. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans at the time of treatment were at the V-3 developmental stage, under drought stress and had moderately yellowed foliage due to the thrips. Treatment plots within a production field were 1 row x 25 ft, arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Thrips counts in each plot were taken by randomly selecting 10 trifoliolates which were examined later in the laboratory. Pretreatment counts averaged 29.9 thrips/trifoliolate. Treatments were applied June 11 using a hand held compressed sprayer air sprayer with a fan tip nozzle delivering 5 gpa at 40 psi (Basagran and Blazer applied at 10 gpa).
Soil Insecticide Applications on Soybeans, 1980
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-three soybean plots (Var. Williams) were located at the Southern Branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Plots measured 50 ft by 4 rows and were bordered by 2 rows. Soil type was a silt loam, pH = 6.6, and 3% organic matter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design, 3 blocks each with 11 treatments. Treatments were applied in-furrow or 7 in band with a 2-row John Deere planter with Gandy applicators on May 15. Temik was applied in 15 in rows, other treatments in 30 in rows. Plots then received a herbicide application of Lorox and Lasso. Soybeans were sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (25 sweeps/plot) on June 25, July 24, and Aug 27. Soybean plant growth stages at sampling were: V6, R3, and R7, respectively. Samples were examined for potato leafhoppers (PLH) and Mexican bean beetles (MBB) in the laboratory. Stand counts were taken and plants examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity on June 4. Total rainfall from planting to harvest was as follows: May 3.10 in, June 4.37 in, July 2.71, Aug 4.17 in, and Sept 3.10 in. Soybeans were hand harvested on Sept 24.
Green Cloverworm Control on Soybean, 1980
Authors: Lenrz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forrest variety soybean was planted May 6 on Collins silt loam soil (pH 7) at the Milan Experiment Station, Milan, TN. Four-row plots, 50 ft long, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made by taking 17 20-sweep samples over the entire plot area. Insecticides were applied Aug 22 with a 4-row boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row, with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Evaluations were made Aug 25 by taking a 20-sweep sample from each of the two center rows. The center two rows of each plot were harvested Oct 8.
Flue-Cured Tobacco, Insect Control with Transplant Water Treatments, 1980
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘McNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on May 28 in 4 ft rows with 20-in row spacing. Treatment plots, 20 ft long (12 plants) and 1 row wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated on each side by single guard rows. Transplant-water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre using a dipper. Black cutworm larvae (4th to 6th instar) were placed under 0.25 of loose soil about 3 in from each of 10 plants/plot on May 29. The number of plants damaged by cut-worms were recorded for each plot on May 30, 31, and June 2, 3, and 4. Five leaves/plot were examined for flea beetle punctures on June 16. Prior to analysis, green peach aphid counts were transformed to Log10
Apple, Acaricide Tests, 1980
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to run-off with a hand-gun at 14.06 kg/cm2 (200 psi) and 132.5 litres/min (35 gpm). Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Each replicate was represented by a different cultivar (Triple Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York). Unsprayed buffer trees were left between all replicates. A pretreatmenf (Jul 7) and 4 post-treatment mite counts (Jul 15, Jul 22, Jul 29, and Aug 5) were made. Random samples of 20 leaves/free were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites and mite eggs were counted. Data were recorded as mites or mite eggs/leaf. All data were transformed to log10 (X+l). ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used for the analyses. Plictran 50W was the standard.
Leaf Miner Control on Greenhouse Chrysanthemums, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted at a commercial chrysanthemum range in Coweta Co., GA. Five insecticide formulations were evaluated for efficacy in controlling leaf miners on chrysanthemums grown for pot flower production on raised greenhouse benches. Cuttings were stuck Jun 25, moved out of propagation Jul 8, pinched Jul 22, spaced Aug 12, and ready for shipping approximately Sep 1, Foliar sprays were applied Jul 9 and every 7 days thereafter until the last application on Aug 6 (Temp 27 - 30C). Application was to run-off utilizing a 8003 nozzle and 80 psi. Treatment plots were 20 to 25, 165 mm Azalea pots replicated 4 times. Each replication was a bench of 1 of 4 cultivars: ‘Pot-O-Gold’, ‘Butterball’, ‘Tip’, and ‘Garland’. Treatments were evaluated by placing a pot on a 26 cm diameter by 2.5 cm deep polystyrene tray (5 in each treatment block). Leaf miner larvae and/or pupae captured in the trays were counted each week. Treatments were evaluated on Aug 27 for marketability. Five plants in each treatment block were rated on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 10 (every fully developed leaf damaged).
Residual Control of Aphids in Christmas Tree Plantations with Aldicarb, 1977-80
Authors: Ahrens J. F. , Moore R.E.B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluations were made in 1980 of the effectiveness of prior applications of granular aldicarb (Temik 10G) on control of aphids in 5 to 8 ft conifers. The conifers were planted in Apr 74 in two-row plots replicated three times. The soil type was a sandy loam. The trees were spaced 3 to 6 ft apart in rows 6 ft wide. One row of each plot received Temik 10G in single bar holes 4 to 6 in deep at the drip line of the trees, and the other row was untreated. The holes were closed with a kick of the heel. Each subplot had three to five trees. The times and rates for the Temik 10G application in grams per tree were: Sep 8’76 - 10; Apr 13’78 - 10’ and Apr 10’79 - 20. No treatment was applied in 1980, On Jun 23’80, aphid injury ratings were made on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 as no injury and 4 as severe injury.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. , El-Azawi Elham 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for hemlock woolly adelgid control by treating four blocks of 35 - 40 ft trees. Four trees within each block were sprayed with one treatment using a Bean hydraulic sprayer (600 psi) on Oct 6. Each block of trees was separated by sufficient distance to avoid drift. Temperature was 60°F and winds were calm. Prerreatment observations of each treated tree indicated heavy infestations. Post-treatment evaluations were made by recording the number of living insects out of 20 observed per new terminal; 4 different sites with 4 terminals each were observed at 4 different locations within each tree for a total of 320 insects per tree. The mean number of living adelgids per tree site (out of 80) was determined 14 days post-treatment.
Japanese Beetle Control with Bendiocarb on Roses, 1980
Authors: Kathy J. , Wayne W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rose foliage was tested by use of a compressed air sprayer at 20 psi applied to the point of runoff and exposed to normal climatic conditions. Treatments were applied on Aug 13 at Hudson, New Hampshire. Rainfall was monitored during the study period. Six-inch stems (with foliage) were clipped, inserted in water containers and placed in quart jars. Jars were covered with cheesecloth, and 10 beetles were placed in each container at post-treatment periods of 1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days. Tests were replicated 3 times. Efficacy and speed of knockdown were monitored.
Phytotoxicity of Bedding Plants Resulting from Applications of Knoxout 2Fm, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Knoxout 2FM was evaluated for phytotoxicity on 8 types of bedding plants. The experiment was conducted on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments were replicated 4 times (exception ‘Red Star’ marigold only 3 replicates) for each type of plant in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one plant transplanted in a 4 x 4 inch square pot filled with pro-mix. Foliar sprays were applied May 2 to the point of runoff with a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Knoxout 2FM was used at 2 rates: 1% (7.8 lb ai/100 gal) and 2% (15.6 lb al/100 gal). Five treatments were observed: treatment 1, one application of 1% spray; treatment 2, two applications of 1% spray; treatment 3, one application of 2% spray; treatment 4, two applications of 2% spray; and treatment 5, control. Plants were retreated at a 7 day interval (temperatures 75°F and 76°F, respectively). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following the first application. They were evaluated for overall appearance of the plant compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3=severe.
Nursery Potted Vegetable Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1979-80
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Helmkamp A. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity resulting from one application of selected insecticides (one insecticide/vegetable) to several potted vegetables was determined. The following materials were evaluated: Lannate 1.8L, Orthene 75S, Pirimor 50W, Pramex 2E, SPB-1382 2E, Vydate 2L. Compounds were chosen based on their ability to control many pests commonly found on potted vegetables and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling on these crops in a nursery. Applications were made in Jan, March, July or Aug and several plots designs were employed (Table 1). Materials were applied until run-off with a hand gun operating from a 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) piston pump at 125 psi. Plants were sprayed outdoors at all locations and then transferred to raised benches within greenhouses at UCR and onto black plastic sheets located at ground level under shade at cooperating nurseries. The soil at all locations was based on a University of California mixture with a pH of ca 7.4. Following the date of spray application, data on phytotoxicity were recorded weekly for 4 weeks. Damage was evaluated based on the overall appearance of the plants compared to an untreated control: 0-no damage; 1-slight damage, no effect on marketability; 2-moderate damage, marketability reduced; 3-heavy damage, unmarketable. An evaluation of phytoroxic effects was made on plant growth if this occurred after the insecticide applications. Observations on phytotoxicity were made by at least 2 individuals on each date and where possible, only the innermost plants within replicates were evaluated.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1978
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Nolan P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas, from Sept 7-Dec 10. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB 1392), Fenvalerate 2.4E (SD-43775), Permethrin 2E (SPB-1513) (all at 0.1 lb ai/100 gal) and Oxyamyl 2E (Vydate) (0.5 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at 1 ml/gal of finished spray. Materials were applied until runoff to both sides of bracts and leaves using a 10 gal hydro-piston pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. There were 3 replicates/variety/treatment with 4 five-inch pots/replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: 1) when plants were well rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking), 2)when bracts began to show color and flower buds were evident and 3) when 0.5 - 0.75 in bloom. A commercial application of Aldicarb 10G (Temik) at 0.0416 g ai/ft was applied on Oct 20. Observations of phytotoxicity were made 2,4 and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated control.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1979
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Nolan P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were carried out at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas during Oct 16-Dec 4. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB-1382), Permethrin 2E (SBP-1513) and 3.2E (Pounce) (Permanone 40) (all at 0.1 lb ai/100 gal) and Bendiocarb 76W (NC 6897) (0.25 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at 1 ml/gal to tfie finished spray. Materials were applied to both sides of leaves and bracts using a 10 gal hydro-picton pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. The C-l red, white and Bl varieties were used with 4 replicates/variety/treatment with 3 five inch pots per replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: Oct 16, when plants were well-rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking); Nov 6, when bracts begin to show color and flower buds were evident; Nov 27, when plants were 0.5-0.75 in full bloom. Temperature range at the time of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications were 20.0-23.3, 21.1-23.9 and 21.7-26.7° C, respectively. Observations of phytotoxicity were made 2, 4, and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated check.
Insecticides Evaluated for Quarantine Use Against Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1979 and 1980
Authors: von Windeguth D. L. , Arner A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-one insecticides, combinations of insecticides and varying dose rates of toxicants were evaluated for use on international aircraft flights. Laboratory strain flies were caged In screen-capped 1-pint cardboard ice-cream cartons, ca. 100 adult flies/cage, and 4 cages were used for each test replicate. A 71-M empty trailer van provided a test area simulating the interior space of an aircraft. One cage was taped to each of three walls (right, left, and front) at ca. 1.5 M high and one to the van ceiling (ca. 3 M high) at a central location. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as an inert carrier and propelled with a pressurized CO2 cylinder. Aerosols were released from standard pressurized hand-held cans. The emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and ultra low volume concentrates (ULV) were applied with portable power-operated equipment. Aerosols were released inside closed trailers, sprays and dusts introduced through the right rear door. The insect toxicant exposure period was 30 minutes, 10 minutes with the van doors closed and 20 more with one door open. The cages containing the flies were then removed and 30-minute knock down (KD) counts made. At 24 hours following toxicant exposure a final mortality count was made. The average temperatures during the test period were 23°C in the April 1979 tests and 20°C in the April 1980 tests in Miami, Florida. Most tests were replicated 3 or 4 times except where noted differently. Tabulated mortality data is the mean for the replicates corrected for control mortality.
Evaluation of Aerosols for Quarantine Control of Three Tephritid Flies, 1979
Authors: Fons James , Cawley Bryant M. , Hayes Dora K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted to find an effective adulticide for treatment in aircraft cabins and hold to prevent accidental transport of three tephritid flies from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. Initial tests were con-ducted in transport trailers with caged flies. Colony-reared melon flies and Mediterranean and Oriental fruit flies were immobilized and counted in a cold room, and their sexes were determined. Ten of each sex for each species were placed in 0.45-liter paper cans with 7 mesh/crrr nylon screen on both ends. Sugar cubes and water-saturated sponges were placed on each cage before and after treatment. Five cages were placed in standard positions at three dif-ferent levels: floor, 1.5 m high on walls, and ceiling. In four tests three additional cages of flies were released inside the trailer just before treatment. Because only d-phenothrin was registered for use in aircraft, four tests were conducted with this formulation with caged flies in ten positions in the cargo areas in each of two C-141 and in eleven positions in the cabins of two DC-10 aircraft. All exposure periods were 30 min. In trailers the rear doors were closed for the first 10 min and opened for the remaining 20 min; in the aircraft, the first 10 min were without ventilation and the final 20 min were with it. The three insecticides selected for the study, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and S-5602, are synthetic pyrethroids with relatively low mammalian toxicity. All were formulated as self-propellant aerosols in dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12)- Aerosols were released along the entire length of the test space. Proper doses were obtained by spraying for a prescribed time based on release-rate and weighing and re-spraying as necessary. Knockdown counts were made immediately after the 30 min exposure period, and mortality counts were made 48 hr posttreatment.
Candidate Quarantine Pesticides for Stored-Product Insects, 1979
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared insects were exposed to pesticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 71 m3) in Miami, FL, and Baltimore, MD. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm-diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Freon-propelled aerosols were released from within closed trailers, either from the center of the trailer or by an individual walking the length of the trailer and spraying for the required length of time. Dusts were formulated with Hi Sil 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellent through an open rear door. Emulsifiable concentrates were diluted with water and introduced for 1 min through an open rear door with an ULVAFAN battery-powered unit (Micron West, Inc., Houston, TX), or a Micro-Gen Bolt Model E10 110 VAC (Micro-Gen Equipment Corp., San Antonio, TX). The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each insecticide application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) after 24 h and for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush) at 14 days post-exposure. Each test was replicated at least 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 24° ± 3°C.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Cockroaches in Urban Apartments, 1980
Authors: Bennett Gary W. , Runstrom Erik S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various insecticide formulations on field infestations of German cockroaches. Low-income housing units were treated and monitored from May to Aug. Aqueous formulations were applied to runoff with a 1 gal B&G compressed air sprayer using the coarse fan opening (spraying systems no. 80015). Aerosol and stick formulations were applied according to label directions. Visual counts were made in the kitchen and all bathrooms prior to treatment and at specified intervals after treatment. Analysis was calculated on percentage reductions for each apartment using Kruskal-Wallis rank sums and Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks tests.