bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical myelination in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chen Bosi , Linke Annika , Olson Lindsay , Kohli Jiwandeep , Kinnear Mikaela , Sereno Martin , Müller Ralph‐Axel , Carper Ruth , Fishman Inna 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntracortical myelin is thought to play a significant role in the development of neural circuits and functional networks, with consistent evidence of atypical network connectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the development of intracortical myelin in the first years of life in ASD, during the critical neurodevelopmental period when autism symptoms first emerge. Using T1‐weighted (T1w) and T2w structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 21 young children with ASD and 16 typically developing (TD) children, ages 1.5–5.5 years, we demonstrate the feasibility of estimating intracortical myelin in vivo using the T1w/T2w ratio as a proxy. The resultant T1w/T2w maps were largely comparable with those reported in prior T1w/T2w studies in TD children and adults, and revealed no group differences between TD children and those with ASD. However, differential associations between T1w/T2w and age were identified in several early myelinated regions (e.g., visual, posterior cingulate, precuneus cortices) in the ASD and TD groups, with age‐related increase in estimated myelin content across the toddler and preschool years detected in TD children, but not in children with ASD. The atypical age‐related effects in intracortical myelin, suggesting a disrupted myelination in the first years of life in ASD, may be related to the aberrant brain network connectivity reported in young children with ASD in some of the same cortical regions and circuits.
Structure elucidation of the novel synthetic cannabinoid Cumyl‐Tosyl‐Indazole‐3‐Carboxamide (Cumyl‐TsINACA) found in illicit products in Germany
Authors: Pulver Benedikt , Schönberger Torsten , Weigel Diana , Köck Matthias , Eschenlohr Yvonne , Lucas Tobias , Podlesnik Nika , Opatz Till , Dreiseitel Wolfgang , Pütz Michael , Schäper Jan , Jacobsen‐Bauer Andrea , Auwärter Volker , Westphal Folker 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNew chemical moieties continue to appear in synthetic cannabimimetics (SC), the largest group of new psychoactive substances in the EU. We describe the first comprehensive characterisation of the novel SC Cumyl‐Tosyl‐Indazole‐3‐Carboxamide (Cumyl‐TsINACA) (N‐[2‐phenylpropan‐2‐yl]‐1‐tosyl‐1H‐indazole‐3‐carboxamide) from seized case samples. Structure elucidation was performed within the EU‐project ADEBAR plus to facilitate confident identification by other researchers and practitioners worldwide. Characteristic MS fragmentations include the cleavage of the sulfonamide bond (S‐N), the aryl sulfone bond (C‐S) and the elimination rearrangement of SO2 in the side chain. Cumyl‐TsINACA is a full receptor agonist at hCB1 (Emax = 228%) with very weak binding affinity (Ki = 292 nm) and low functional activity (EC50 = 31 μm). Thermal degradation of Cumyl‐TsINACA was observed under GC conditions. The degree to which the tosyl side chain is cleaved due to pyrolysis primarily depends on solvent, the use of glass wool in the liner and injector temperature. The determination of the constitution by NMR spectroscopy was ambiguous due to the high number of neighbouring, non‐proton‐bearing atoms. Therefore, other possible structures compatible with the NMR correlations were generated using the WebCocon software. The unambiguous structural evidence was finally obtained by spectra comparison after the synthesis of Cumyl‐TsINACA. The low thermal stability, as well as the low affinity and potency, renders this compound unfavourable for the use as a psychoactive substance. Thus, we do not expect widespread adoption of this SC.
Structuring functional groups of aquatic insects along the resistance/resilience axis when facing water flow changes
Authors: Godoy Bruno S. , Valente‐Neto Francisco , Queiroz Luciano L. , Holanda Luis F. R. , Roque Fabio O. , Lodi Sara , Oliveira Leandro G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how differences in intensity and frequency of hydrological disturbances affect the resistance and resilience of aquatic organisms is key to manage aquatic systems in a fast‐changing world. Some aquatic insects have strategies that improve the permanence (resistance), while others use strategies that favor recolonization (resilience). Therefore, we carried out a manipulative experiment to understand the influence of functional characteristics of aquatic insects in their permanence and recolonization against hydrological disturbances in streams in the biodiversity hotspot of the Cerrado of Brazil. We placed 200 artificial substrates in five streams and submitted them to changing water flow regimes that differed both in frequency and intensity, and we observed the response of the aquatic community for 39 days. We used a hierarchical Bayesian approach to estimate the probabilities of permanence and recolonization of each life strategy group (nine groups). We observed that the most intense changes in the water flow tended to affect the permanence of almost all groups, but the intensity of this effect reduced over time. On the other hand, less frequent disturbances, regardless of intensity, tended to reduce the permanence of most groups of aquatic insects over time. The different effects of disturbance intensity may have been related to a greater recolonization capacity of some groups. The results we present are worrisome in a scenario of reduced riparian vegetation around streams and with the expectation of precipitation becoming more concentrated in shorter periods of time due to climate change in the Cerrado hotspot, reducing the occurrence of many groups of aquatic insects in their habitat, particularly those with traits associated with resistance against hydrological disturbance.
Low heritability and high phenotypic plasticity of salivary cortisol in response to environmental heterogeneity in a wild pinniped
Authors: Nagel Rebecca , Kaiser Sylvia , Stainfield Claire , Toscani Camille , Fox‐Clarke Cameron , Paijmans Anneke J. , Costa Castro Camila , Vendrami David L. J. , Forcada Jaume , Hoffman Joseph I. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIndividuals are unique in how they interact with and respond to their environment. Correspondingly, unpredictable challenges or environmental stressors often produce an individualized response of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and its downstream effector cortisol. We used a fully crossed, repeated measures design to investigate the factors shaping individual variation in baseline cortisol in Antarctic fur seal pups and their mothers. Saliva samples were collected from focal individuals at two breeding colonies, one with low and the other with high density, during two consecutive years of contrasting food availability. Mothers and pups were sampled concurrently at birth and shortly before weaning, while pups were additionally sampled every 20 days. We found that heritability was low for baseline cortisol, while within‐individual repeatability and among‐individual variability were high. A substantial proportion of the variation in baseline cortisol could be explained in pups and mothers by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors including sex, weight, day, season, and colony of birth. Our findings provide detailed insights into the individualization of endocrine phenotypes and their genetic and environmental drivers in a wild pinniped. Furthermore, the strong associations between cortisol and life history traits that we report in fur seals could have important implications for understanding the population dynamics of species impacted by environmental change.
A novel index to aid in prioritizing habitats for site‐based conservation
Authors: Basooma Anthony , Nakiyende Herbert , Olokotum Mark , Balirwa John S. , Nkalubo Winnie , Musinguzi Laban , Natugonza Vianny 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFunding biodiversity conservation strategies are usually minimal, thus prioritizing habitats at high risk should be conducted. We developed and tested a conservation priority index (CPI) that ranks habitats to aid in prioritizing them for conservation. We tested the index using 1897 fish species from 273 African inland lakes and 34 countries. In the index, lake surface area, rarity, and their International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status were incorporated. We retrieved data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and IUCN data repositories. Lake Nyasa had the highest species richness (424), followed by Tanganyika (391), Nokoué (246), Victoria (216), and Ahémé (216). However, lakes Otjikoto and Giunas had the highest CPI of 137.2 and 52.1, respectively. Lakes were grouped into high priority (CPI > 0.5; n = 56) and low priority (CPI < 0.5; n = 217). The median surface area between priority classes was significantly different (W = 11,768, p < .05, effect size = 0.65). Prediction accuracy of Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for priority classes were 0.912 and 0.954, respectively. Both models exhibited lake surface area as the variable with the highest importance. CPI generally increased with a decrease in lake surface area. This was attributed to less ecological substitutability and higher exposure levels of anthropogenic stressors such as pollution to a species in smaller lakes. Also, the highest species richness per unit area was recorded for high‐priority lakes. Thus, smaller habitats or lakes may be prioritized for conservation although larger waterbodies or habitats should not be ignored. The index can be customized to local, regional, and international scales as well as marine and terrestrial habitats.
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in heart failure: an updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Cao Yang , Li Pengxiao , Li Yi , Han Yaling 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimsWe aimed to examine efficacy and safety outcomes of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) for the treatment of heart failure (HF), especially in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Methods and resultsPubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials comparing SGLT2i vs. placebo in HF patients. A total of 10 studies with 23 852 HF patients were eventually included. Compared with placebo, SGLT2i is associated with a lower incidence of composite of first hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) or cardiovascular death (CV death) [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.76 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.71–0.81], which is consistent regardless of the diabetes status, type of gliflozines used, and follow‐up duration. SGLT2i can reduce the risk of total HHF or CV death (HR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.68–0.81), first HHF (HR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.64–0.75), CV death (HR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.80–0.96), any death (HR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.83–0.97), and any serious events (HR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.87–0.93) in HF patients, at the cost of increased risk of urinary tract infections (risk ratio = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.03–1.33). In HFpEF patients, SGLT2i is associated with a significant reduction of composite of first HHF or CV death (HR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.73–0.91), first HHF (HR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.62–0.82), and total HHF or CV death (HR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.43–0.86).ConclusionsSodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor contributed to better efficacy outcomes in overall HF patients and showed an inspiring breakthrough in the treatment of HFpEF.
GVHD, IBD, and primary immunodeficiencies: The gut as a target of immunopathology resulting from impaired immunity
Authors: Zeiser Robert , Warnatz Klaus , Rosshart Stephan , Sagar  , Tanriver Yakup 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe intestinal tract is the largest immunological organ in the body and has a central function of regulating local immune responses, as the intestinal epithelial barrier is a location where the immune system interacts with the gut microbiome including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Impaired immunity in the intestinal tract can lead to immunopathology, which manifests in different diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or intestinal graft‐versus‐host disease. A disturbed communication between epithelial cells, immune cells, and microbiome will shape pathogenic immune responses to antigens, which need to be counterbalanced by tolerogenic mechanisms and repair mechanisms.Here, we review how impaired intestinal immune function leads to immunopathology with a specific focus on innate immune cells, the role of the microbiome, and the resulting clinical manifestations including intestinal graft‐versus‐host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and enteropathy in primary immunodeficiency.
Interlaboratory Comparison of Three Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests
Authors: Lotufo Guilherme R. , Biedenbach James M. , Farrar J. Daniel , Chanov Michael K. , Hester Brian W. , Warbritton C. Ryan , Steevens Jeffery A. , Netchaev Jenifer M. , Bednar Anthony J. , Moore David W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Standard bioaccumulation tests are commonly conducted using Macoma nasuta (clam), and Alitta virens (polychaete) for marine tests, and Lumbriculus variegatus (an oligochaete) for freshwater tests. Because the interlaboratory variability associated with these tests is unknown, four experienced laboratories conducted standard 28-day bioaccumulation tests with the above species using sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical analysis of tissue samples was performed by a single laboratory. The intralaboratory variance among replicates was relatively low for PCB tissue concentrations, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 9% to 28% for all laboratories and species, with the exception of one laboratory reporting higher variability for L. variegatus (CV = 51%). Intralaboratory variance for PCB tissue concentrations was higher than interlaboratory variance for A. virens and L. variegatus, and the magnitude of difference (MOD) for laboratory means ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 across species. Intralaboratory variability was also low for lipid content, and lipid normalization of PCB and PAH body residues generally had little impact on variability. In addition to variability across bioassay laboratories, analytical variability was evaluated by different laboratories measuring the concentration of PCBs and total lipids in a subsample of tissue homogenate of sediment-exposed test organisms. Variability associated with tissue analysis was higher than bioassay laboratory variability only in tests with L. variegatus. Statistical differences between samples may be observed due to the low intralaboratory variability; however, the biological significance of these differences may be limited because the MOD is low. Considering the MOD when comparing bioaccumulation across treatments accounts for uncertainty related to inherent variability of the test in the interpretation of statistically significant results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1260–1275. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
The positivity‐preserving finite volume scheme with fixed stencils for anisotropic diffusion problems on general polyhedral meshes
Authors: Yang Di , Gao Zhiming , Ni Guoxi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTwo kinds of nonlinear cell‐centered positivity‐preserving finite volume schemes are proposed for the anisotropic diffusion problems on general three‐dimensional polyhedral meshes. First, the one‐sided flux on the cell‐faces is discretized using the fixed stencil of all vertices, then the cell‐centered discretization scheme is obtained using the nonlinear two‐point flux approximation. On this basis, a new explicit weighted second‐order vertex interpolation algorithm for arbitrary polyhedral meshes is designed to eliminate the vertex auxiliary unknowns in the scheme. In addition, an improved Anderson acceleration algorithm is adopted for nonlinear iteration. Finally, some benchmark examples are given to verify the convergence and positivity‐preserving property of the two schemes.
The love of nature: Imaginary environments and the production of ontological security in postnatural times
Authors: Pohl Lucas , Helbrecht Ilse 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe existence of nature is vehemently called into question in the Anthropocene. The standard image of nature as a pristine, harmonious, and stable background no longer holds, especially as ecological changes increasingly penetrate the collective consciousness. Consequently, there has been growing interest in the psychological effects of this end of nature. A recent wave of scholarship shows how climate change and the Anthropocene more generally affect people's daily lives and present significant threats to psychic well‐being. This paper follows on from these debates. In contrast, however, we ask if and how nature is still considered as providing a subjective sense of (ontological) security today. We argue that, even under postnatural conditions, nature still maintains an imaginary existence in the social reality of the subject. We address this argument empirically by focusing on everyday life perceptions of nature in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and theoretically by following the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Drawing on image‐based interviews (photo‐elicitation), we demonstrate that a psychoanalytic approach to imaginary environments allows us to understand why people state that they love nature even though it does not exist. We show how this love works by pointing out how nature is considered as (m)other and, through this, engaged as a place to retreat and escape from the burdens of everyday life while being perceived from a certain distance. In conclusion, we emphasise the broader political consequences of the imaginary existence of nature and call for further engagement with the persistence of nature's fantasy in times when nature seems to no longer fit the purpose.
Healthy, nudged, and wise: Experimental evidence on the role of information salience in reducing tobacco intake
Authors: Fakir Adnan M. S. , Bharati Tushar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe evaluate the performance of two behavioral interventions aimed at reducing tobacco consumption in an ultra‐poor rural region of Bangladesh, where conventional methods like taxes and warning labels are infeasible. The first intervention asked participants to daily log their tobacco consumption expenditure. The second intervention placed two graphic posters with warnings about the harmful effects of tobacco consumption on tobacco users and their children in the sleeping quarters of the participating households. While both interventions reduced household tobacco consumption expenditure, male participants who logged their expenditure substituted cigarettes with cheaper smokeless tobacco. The reduction in tobacco intake is larger among males with a non‐tobacco consuming spouse. Exploratory analysis reveals that risk‐averse males who spent relatively more on tobacco responded more to the logbook intervention. More educated, patient males with children below age five responded better to the poster intervention. The findings suggest that in countries with multi‐tiered tobacco excise tax structures, which incentivize downward substitution, extending complementary demand‐side policies that worked elsewhere to the rural poor might be unwise. Instead, policies may leverage something as universal as parental concern for their children's health to promote better health decision‐making.
The association between inflammatory biomarkers and statin use among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Getz Kayla R. , Bellile Emily , Zarins Katie R. , Chinn Steven B. , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Rozek Laura S. , Wolf Gregory T. , Mondul Alison M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundTumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytokines are associated with prognosis among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Statins (cholesterol‐lowering drugs) may improve HNSCC prognosis, particularly in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive cases, but the mechanism remains unclear.MethodsStatin use was collected from medical records for HNSCC cases (2008–2014). TILs were counted in tumor tissue, and a total weighted score (TILws) was created. Cytokines were measured in blood. The associations between statins and biomarkers were estimated using logistic (biomarker categories: <median, ≥median) and linear regression models (log‐transformed continuous biomarkers) adjusted for age, smoking, and comorbidities.ResultsWe observed a positive association between statins and TILs among HPV‐positive patients (TILws odds ratio [OR] = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.03–7.61), but no association among HPV‐negative patients. We observed no association between statins and cytokines.ConclusionsStatins may influence TILs in HPV‐positive patients. This may be the mechanism through which they improve prognosis in HPV‐positive HNSCC patients.
Successful management of testicular primitive neuroectodermal tumor with multiple bone metastases
Authors: Takasawa Takuya , Minagawa Tomonori , Domen Takahisa , Fukushima Toshirou , Fujii Yu , Iwaya Mai , Koizumi Tomonobu , Ogawa Teruyuki , Ishizuka Osamu 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionGerm cell tumor with malignant transformation is extremely rare. We present a case of testicular primitive neuroectodermal tumor with multiple metastases that was effectively managed by surgery, irradiation, and second‐line chemotherapy.Case presentationA 22‐year‐old man was diagnosed as having teratoma including primitive neuroectodermal tumor with lymph node and multiple bone metastases. Five months afterwards the first‐line therapy, his skull metastasis recurred. Vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide therapy followed by vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide therapy was given as second‐line chemotherapy. Computed tomography revealed no disease progression 3 months after the treatments.ConclusionMetastatic primitive neuroectodermal tumor may be successfully managed by multidisciplinary cancer treatment.