bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Silence in Investment Treaties
Authors: Batifort Simon , Larkin Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The ambiguity of key terms in investment treaties, such as ‘investment’, ‘fair and equitable treatment’ and ‘fair market value’, has been subject to extensive analysis. Less attention has been paid to the silence of investment treaties on numerous issues that routinely arise in practice. This article argues that treaty silence has played a critical role in the development of international investment law. It shows that arbitrators frequently adopt a creative approach to silence resulting in expansive interpretations, and argues that this approach stands in tension with several fundamental principles of public international law. The article concludes by highlighting considerations drawn from its analysis for arbitrators, treaty drafters and the international legal order.
Harish–Chandra Bimodules of Finite K-type in Deligne Categories
Authors: Utiralova Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We continue the study of Harish–Chandra bimodules in the setting of the Deligne categories $\operatorname {Rep}(G_{t})$ that we started in [17]. In this work, we construct a family of Harish–Chandra bimodules that generalize simple finite dimensional bimodules in the classical case. It turns out that they have finite $K$-type, which is a non-vacuous condition for the Harish–Chandra bimodules in $\operatorname {Rep}(G_{t})$. The full classification of (simple) finite $K$-type bimodules is yet unknown. This construction also yields some examples of central characters $\chi $ of the universal enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak {g}_{t})$ for which the quotient $U_{\chi }$ is not simple, and, thereby, it allows us to partially solve Problem 3.23 posed in [10].
Queering Gender-Based Violence Scholarship: An Integrated Research Agenda
Authors: Loken Meredith , Hagen Jamie J 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearch on armed conflict's gender dynamics has expanded significantly in the past decade. However, research in this field pays little attention to sexual orientation and gender identity. Moreover, where scholarship focused on violence against sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals during war exists, it is largely divorced from work on gender-based violence (GBV) in conflict-related environments and from sexuality studies. In this article, we integrate these bodies of work and argue for the theoretical expansion of GBV as a conceptual, empirical, and analytic category to study and explain targeted attacks against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and otherwise queer individuals. We suggest two theoretical interventions to better equip existing GBV frameworks to explain violence perpetrated against SGM people. We argue, first, that violence targeting SGM communities is GBV, as sexuality and gender identity are integral components of gender, and second, that analyzing gender dynamics adds to our understanding of when, how, and why targeting SGM individuals composes part of an organization's regulatory “repertoire of violence.” We examine violence in Colombia's civil war as an illustrative application of our approach and we identify future, fruitful research avenues with important policy implications for studying and responding to GBV during war.
Automatic detection of deteriorated inverted-T patching using 3D laser imaging system based on a true story indiana
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Guangwei , Wang Kelvin C P , Wang Guolong , Li Joshua , Nantung Tommy 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Deteriorated Inverted-T patching can lead to uneven settlement, dip, or reflective transverse cracking on the asphalt overlay. This paper demonstrates a hybrid method to automatically detect deteriorated Inverted-T patching for an efficient maintenance schedule. First, hundreds of 2D/3D pavement images with deteriorated Inverted-T patching were manually identified and labelled from more than 400 miles of field data in Indiana. All data were collected through a high-speed 3D laser imaging system. Afterward, three deep learning architectures, including the Single Shot Detector network (SSD300), an advanced Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), and a fast and precise convolutional network (U-Net), were applied to develop artificial intelligence models to identify deteriorated Inverted-T patching from 3D images. The results indicate that the Mask R-CNN model can achieve good detection accuracy only on the prepared testing images. Further, a hybrid deep learning model was developed to combine International Roughness Index (IRI) values and the corresponding 3D images to detect deteriorated Inverted-T patching. The hybrid method was promising and significantly improved the efficiency of locating deteriorated Inverted-T patching from network screening.
Analytical solution of cloaking in creeping flow inside composite porous media with simultaneous heat transfer
Authors: Yeung Woon-Shing , Hung Fu-Sui , Mai Van-Phung , Yang Ruey-Jen 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of steady-state creeping flow in a composite porous domain with coupling heat transfer. The problem arises in thermal cloaking studies in which it is desirable to hide an obstacle from the surrounding hydrodynamic and thermal fields, by suitably covering the obstacle with a cloak having specific material properties. The particular system under investigation consists of a porous composite region, with a thermal-hydro field driven by imposed temperature and pressure difference in the surrounding. Both two dimensional circular and three-dimensional axisymmetric spherical annuli are considered. Under the validity of Darcy law for a porous medium, an exact solution satisfying the continuity, momentum and energy equations at any Péclet number is derived. The analytical results have been numerically verified using the commercial code COMSOL.
Voting Behaviour
Authors: Lago Ignacio 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the factors that shape voting behaviour in Portugal. It is structured in three stages. The first stage provides an overview of the determinants of voting behaviour, in particular the impact of voters’ long- and short-term predispositions when it comes to elections. The second stage explores the correlates of voting behaviour in the 2019 Portuguese election using data from the corresponding National Election Study. Findings illustrate the relevance of variables that increase the homogeneity of voting behaviour across districts, namely the role of the economy and party leader ratings. Finally, the chapter examines the degree of nationalization of electoral politics in Portugal in comparative perspective. It aims to clarify the question of why Portugal is the country in the European Union with the most homogenous party system across districts, when the electoral system offers very strong incentives for heterogeneous electoral results.
Plus Ça Change?
Authors: van Biezen Ingrid , Casal Bértoa Fernando 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal regulation of political parties in Portugal since the democratic transition in 1974 until the present day. We provide an overview of the legal parameters and changes over time in three key types of laws: the national constitution, party laws, and party finance laws. Our analysis shows that Portugal stands out in a relatively high level of party regulation compared to other European democracies, and also that political parties have been granted a privileged position in legal terms, a benefit that has generally been reinforced following various legislative revisions. In addition, we find that party regulation in Portugal tends to have a clear partisan character, either responding to the interests of the particular party in power or protecting the interests of the ‘insiders’ (PSD, PS, and CDS/PP) vis-à-vis the ‘outsiders’ (PCP and BE).
Emigration and Immigration in Portugal
Authors: Carvalho João 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Portugal has a long history of emigration dating back to the fifteenth century, with large-scale immigration having only developed by the late twentieth century. Within the European context, Portugal shows the second highest rate of emigrants in proportion to the resident population. By contrast, the immigrant population legally settled in Portugal only surpassed half a million individuals in the late 2010s. This chapter presents a historical overview of Portuguese waves of emigration and the public policies that have supported this social phenomenon. Against a background of low attractivity for inflows, the chapter will also assess the waves of immigration, the policies related to immigration control and immigrant integration, and the levels of politicization of this social phenomenon. In short, this investigation will highlight the interdependence between Portugal’s net migration and its positioning as a semi-peripheral country in the world economy.
Education Policies
Authors: Balcão Reis Ana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Over the last 45 years, Portugal has witnessed a huge expansion of enrolment rates in secondary and higher education. In addition, the country’s participation in international assessments like PISA since 2000 shows an improvement in Portuguese results. Until 2015, there was a trend to extend external evaluation to lower levels of education (in addition to secondary education), which contributed to stronger school accountability, namely through the publication of school rankings. In 2015, some national exams were eliminated, and the future of external evaluation in Portugal is uncertain. Teachers’ training, evaluation, and remuneration have probably been the main factors of dispute in the political arena regarding the educational system. The renewal of the teaching staff that will be required in the next decade is one of the major challenges facing the educational system and will depend greatly on the redefinition of these policies.
Protectors in Liechtenstein: protecting or threatening trust and foundation assets?
Authors: Gasser Johannes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When setting up trusts and foundations, settlors and founders struggle with giving away assets and control to professional trustees in Liechtenstein whom, in many cases, they have never met. At first, to bridge that gap, settlors’ confidants accepted roles as protectors and the settlor conferred powers on them aimed at policing and, if necessary, firing the trustee. In the absence of enforceable rights to information and locus standi in Liechtenstein courts, discretionary trust beneficiaries greatly rely on the assistance of such protectors, especially when trusts are in crisis or dispute. More recently, however, protectors have undergone sophisticated (re-)structuring and adopted new identities, e.g. as corporate entities, thus not necessarily facilitating governance, but sometimes adding complexity. Increasingly, the international regulatory framework has impacted that structure, as the threat of being considered a controlling protector might lead to undesired effects, including protectors being registered and exposed in BO Public Registers, or, even worse, being reported as beneficial owners of trusts and foundations to their local tax authorities. As is the case with any legal concept, structuring provides protectors with both opportunities and pitfalls. This article wishes to set out how protectors can save trusts and foundations from collapsing and how to protect assets from the onslaught of the settlors’ creditors. That said, there are some downsides: a very recent Supreme Court case shows that using protectors might doom the trust or foundation to failure unless pristine standards and principles are followed.
Characterisation and prevalence of community-associated MRSA among horses, dogs, cats and their human handlers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Abdulkadir Aliyu , Kabir Junaidu , Mohammed Bello , Olayinka Busayo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an infectious organism of public health significance has evolved to a genetically distinct community-acquired MRSA with extended resistance to other than β-lactams. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 149 participants handling 446 animals (240 horses and 206 companion animals). The isolates were characterised as S. aureus and MRSA based on polymerase chain reaction detection of the nuc, mecA and mecC genes and the pvl gene for differentiation as community associated/livestock associated or hospital associated. The isolation rate of S. aureus from the human handlers’ samples was 26 (17.4%) and 170 (38.1%) from the animal samples. The prevalence of MRSA among the isolates was 7 (4.7%) from the human handlers and 19 (4.3%) from the animals. Dogs and dog handlers had the highest isolation rates and were more likely to be colonized by S. aureus and MRSA compared with horses, cats and their handlers. The highest prevalence of MRSA was from horses (5.0%) and dog handlers (10.6%). This study has demonstrated a high prevalence of community associated MRSA in apparently healthy animals and their human handlers. This has important implications for antibiotic selection and use as well as infection control measures.
Hepatic Dry Copper Weight in Pediatric Autoimmune Liver Disease
Authors: Nayagam Jeremy S. , Joshi Deepak , Thompson Richard J. , Dhawan Anil , Hadzic Nedim , Mestre-Alagarda Claudia , Deheragoda Maesha , Samyn Marianne 
Published: November 2022

Objectives:Elevated hepatic dry copper weight is recognized in adults with autoimmune liver disease (AILD) and chronic cholestasis. We aim to review hepatic dry copper weight in pediatric AILD.Methods:Retrospective review of pediatric AILD managed at our institution from 1999 to 2018, and 104 patients with hepatic dry copper weight assessment were included.Results:Median age at presentation was 13.4 years (interquartile range, IQR, 11.7–14.9), 60% female, 54% autoimmune hepatitis, 42% autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis, and 4% primary sclerosing cholangitis. Histological features of advanced liver fibrosis in 68%. Median hepatic dry copper weight was 51.1 µg/g dry weight (IQR, 28.0–103.8). Elevated hepatic dry copper weight (>50 µg/g dry weight) was present in 51%, and was not associated with AILD subtype (P= 0.83), age at presentation (P= 0.68), or advanced fibrosis (P= 0.53). Liver transplantation (LT) was performed in 10%, who had higher hepatic dry copper weight (148.5 µg/g dry weight [IQR, 39.5–257.3] vs 47.5 [IQR, 27.8–91.5],P= 0.04); however this was not associated with LT on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 1.002, 95% CI 0.999–1.005,P= 0.23). In 8 (7.7%) patientsATP7Bwas sequenced and potentially disease causing variants were identified in 2 patients, both who required LT.Conclusions:Elevations in hepatic dry copper weight are common in pediatric AILD. Unlike in adults, it is not associated with AILD subtypes with cholestasis. Higher dry copper weight was detected in patients who required LT. While further work is needed to identify the significance of copper deposition in pediatric AILD, we recommend close monitoring of patients with elevated levels for progressive liver disease.
Mapping the convergence of genes for coronary artery disease onto endothelial cell programs
Authors: Schnitzler Gavin R. , Kang Helen , Lee-Kim Vivian S. , Ma X. Rosa , Zeng Tony , Angom Ramcharan S. , Fang Shi , Vellarikkal Shamsudheen Karuthedath , Zhou Ronghao , Guo Katherine , Sias-Garcia Oscar , Bloemendal Alex , Munson Glen , Guckelberger Philine , Nguyen Tung H. , Bergman Drew T. , Cheng Nathan , Cleary Brian , Aragam Krishna , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Lander Eric S. , Finucane Hilary K. , Gupta Rajat M. , Engreitz Jesse M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered thousands of risk loci for common, complex diseases, each of which could point to genes and gene programs that influence disease. For some diseases, it has been observed that GWAS signals converge on a smaller number of biological programs, and that this convergence can help to identify causal genes1–6. However, identifying such convergence remains challenging: each GWAS locus can have many candidate genes, each gene might act in one or more possible programs, and it remains unclear which programs might influence disease risk. Here, we developed a new approach to address this challenge, by creating unbiased maps to link disease variants to genes to programs (V2G2P) in a given cell type. We applied this approach to study the role of endothelial cells in the genetics of coronary artery disease (CAD). To link variants to genes, we constructed enhancer-gene maps using the Activity-by-Contact model7,8. To link genes to programs, we applied CRISPRi-Perturb-seq9–12to knock down all expressed genes within ±500 Kb of 306 CAD GWAS signals13,14and identify their effects on gene expression programs using single-cell RNA-sequencing. By combining these variant-to-gene and gene-to-program maps, we find that 43 of 306 CAD GWAS signals converge onto 5 gene programs linked to the cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) pathway—which is known to coordinate transcriptional responses in endothelial cells15, but has not been previously linked to CAD risk. The strongest regulator of these programs isTLNRD1, which we show is a new CAD gene and novel regulator of the CCM pathway.TLNRD1loss-of-function alters actin organization and barrier function in endothelial cellsin vitro, and heart development in zebrafishin vivo. Together, our study identifies convergence of CAD risk loci into prioritized gene programs in endothelial cells, nominates new genes of potential therapeutic relevance for CAD, and demonstrates a generalizable strategy to connect disease variants to functions.
The Effect of Node Features on GCN-based Brain Network Classification: An Empirical Study
Authors: Wang Guangyu , Zhang Limei , Qiao Lishan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBrain functional network (BFN) analysis has become a popular technique for identifying neurological/mental diseases. Due to the fact that BFN is a graph, graph convolutional network (GCN) can be naturally used in the classification of BFN. Different from traditional methods that directly use the adjacency matrices of BFNs to train a classifier, GCN requires an additional input — node features. To our best knowledge, however, there is no systematic study to analyze their influence on the performance of GCN-based brain disorder classification. Therefore, in this per, we conduct an empirical study on various node feature measures, including 1) original fMRI signals, 2) one-hot encoding, 3) node statistics, 4) node correlation, and 5) their combination. Experimental results on two benchmark databases show that different node feature inputs to GCN significantly affect the brain disease classification performance, and node correlation usually contributes higher accuracy compared to original signals and manually extracted statistical features.
A Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Interleukin 9 Circuit Induces Paneth Cell Metaplasia and Small Intestinal Remodeling
Authors: Yuan Cheng-Yin , Rayasam Aditya , Moe Alison , Xu Wenwen , Szabo Aniko , Hayward Michael , Wells Clive , Salzman Nita , Drobyski William R. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTPaneth cell metaplasia (PCM) typically arises in the setting of pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases; however, the mechanistic pathway that induces metaplasia and whether PCM is initiated exclusively by disorders intrinsic to the GI tract has not been delineated. Herein, we describe the development of PCM in a murine model of inducible bcr/abl oncogene-driven chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in which metaplasia is causally and temporally linked to the development of leukemia. Mechanistically, CML induced a proinflammatory state within the GI tract that resulted in the production of epithelial-derived IL-33. Binding of IL-33 to ST2 led to the production of IL-9 by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) which was directly responsible for the induction of PCM in the colon and Paneth cell hyperplasia in the ileum. In addition, IL-9 directed remodeling of the small intestines characterized by goblet and tuft cell hyperplasia along with the expansion of mucosal mast cells. Thus, we identify that an extra intestinal disease can trigger an ILC2/IL-9 immune circuit which induces PCM and regulates epithelial cell fate decisions in the GI tract.
IPSILESIONAL HIPPOCAMPAL GABA IS ELEVATED AND CORRELATES WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND MALADAPTIVE NEUROGENESIS AFTER CORTICAL STROKE IN MICE
Authors: Torres-López C , Cuartero MI , García-Culebras A , de la Parra J , Fernández-Valle ME , Benito M , Vázquez-Reyes S , Jareño-Flores T , Hurtado O , Buckwalter MS , García-Segura JM , Lizasoain I , Moro MA 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive dysfunction is a frequent stroke sequela but its pathogenesis and treatment remain unresolved. Involvement of aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis and maladaptive circuitry remodelling has been proposed but their mechanisms are unknown. Our aim was to evaluate potential underlying molecular/cellular events implicated.MethodsStroke was induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in 2-month-old C57BL/6 male mice. Hippocampal metabolites/neurotransmitters were analysed longitudinally byin vivomagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Cognitive function was evaluated with the contextual fear conditioning test. Microglia, astrocytes, neuroblasts and interneurons were analysed by immunofluorescence.ResultsApproximately 50% of mice exhibited progressive post-MCAO cognitive impairment. Notably, immature hippocampal neurons in the impaired group displayed more severe aberrant phenotypes than those from the non-impaired group. Using MRS, significant bilateral changes in hippocampal metabolites such asmyo-Inositol (mIns) or N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) were found that correlated, respectively, with numbers of glia and immature neuroblasts in the ischemic group. Importantly, some metabolites were specifically altered in the ipsilateral hippocampus suggesting its involvement in aberrant neurogenesis and remodelling processes. Specifically, MCAO animals with higher hippocampal GABA levels displayed worse cognitive outcome. Implication of GABA in this setting was supported by the amelioration of ischemia-induced memory deficits and aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis after blocking pharmacologically GABAergic neurotransmission. These data suggest that GABA exerts its detrimental effect, at least partly, by affecting morphology and integration of newborn neurons into the hippocampal circuits.ConclusionsHippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission could be considered a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for post-stroke cognitive impairment.