bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lorsban Treatment Timing and Number of Applications for Sorghum Midge Control, 1992:
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Livingston Stephen D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos) treatment regimes for control of sorghum midge and an untreated control were compared in an experiment planted on the Texas A & M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center Farm at Corpus Christi. Sorghum plots 4-rows by 30-ft were planted 14 Apr on 38-inch row centers. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Lorsban 4 E treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.2 gal total spray volume/acre through size 3X hollow-cone nozzles (3 nozzles/row) at 44 psi. Initial treatments were made on 13, 16 and 19 Jun corresponding to panicle bloom stage. Therefore, treatments were based on 2 factors: (1) panicle bloom stage (10, 40 or 70%) and (2) number of treatments (1, 2, 3 or 4) applied at 3-day (72-h) intervals. This arrangement resulted in 12 insecticide treatment combinations. Two untreated rows served as a buffer between each 2 treated rows in each plot. Treatment effects were measured by visually estimating the percentage of midge damage to sorghum panicles on 13 Jul and harvesting 13.75 ft row from each of the center 2 rows in each plot on 24 Jul. Grain was removed from the panicle with an Amaco brand plot thrasher and grain weight was corrected to that corresponding to 14% moisture.
Thistle Caterpillar Control on Vegetative Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An unusually large spring influx of migrating painted lady butterflies created outbreaks of thistle caterpillars on early-planted soybean in the Midwest. Since efficacy data are rare, performance of 11 rescue insecticides was evaluated in a commercial soybean field planted 3 May near Glencoe, MN. Plots, measuring 2 rows (76 cm spacing) x 15 m, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were banded (38 cm width) over the row on 16 May using a CO2 powered back pack sprayer delivering 187 liters/ha through 8004 nozzles. Weather conditions (persistent winds of 3-4 m/s, 24°C) necessitated the higher carrier volume and 2 buffer rows between plots to reduce drift potential. Efficacy was evaluated 2 DAT by visually counting larvae on 2 7.6 m sections of row per plot. Concerns about larval mobility biasing untreated checks downward prompted creation of external checks adjacent to each block.
Control of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boyd Michael L. , Boethel. David J. , Leonard B. Roger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot insecticide screening trial was conducted at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of TCAH. Plots measuring 12.2 m by 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 140.3 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 4 Sep to soybeans in the R5 plant growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisted of 1 set of 25 sweeps per plot (38.2 cm diam sweep net) taken at 3 and 7 DAT, and one beat net sample per plot taken at 5 DAT. Beat net sampling involved beating several plants at 10 sites per plot, 3 times into a sweep net.
Control of Tobacco Wikeworms with Winter and Spring Applications of Lorsban, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station near Whiteville, NC, on 3 Mar. Plots were 22 plants long (ca 13.7 m) and 4 rows wide (1.2 m between rows) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 8 treatments and 4 blocks. The predominant soil type was Goldsboro fine sandy loam (pH 6.5). Winter treatments were made on 3 Mar and spring treatments were made on 23 Apr. Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with 5, 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles (20 inches apart) on a 80 inch boom at 30 psi and a delivery rate of 25 gal/acre. All treatments were incorporated via ridging immediately after application. Tobacco was transplanted on 24 Apr. Soil moisture was excellent at the time of transplanting. Twenty-six days after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from row 2 in each plot were gently pulled from the soil. The roots and underground portions of the stems were visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling &lt; 1 cm; 3 = pit tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling &gt; 5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Using this data, the avg wireworm rating and the proportion of wireworm damaged plants was calculated. Data were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine √ proportion before ANOVA.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Confidor and Orthene, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. , Etheridge A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 30 Apr with a 2-row transplanter. The soil type was Norfolk loamy sand and soil moisture was good. Individual plots were 2 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. On 1 May, the Confidor drench treatment was applied. Using a wooden stake, a hole was dug adjacent to each plant in the plot. Four oz of the insecticide suspension was applied in each hold to deliver 0.01 gr [AI] per plant. Once a wk after transplant, all plants in 1 row (20 plants) of the Confidor drench treatment and the control were rated for aphid abundance (0-7 scale). On 23 Jun, the entire test was rated for aphid abundance and the foliar treatments were applied. Foliar treatments (Confidor 240 FS at 50 gr [AL]/ha, Confidor 240 FS at 50 gr [AI]/ha tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at 8 oz per 100 gal, & Orthene TIS at 840 gr [AI]/ha) were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered sprayer. Materials were applied through a single D2-33 Spraying Systems full-cone nozzle per row at 414 kpa (60 psi) and a delivery rate of 234 li/ha (25 gal/acre). At 3, 10 and 17 d after treatment, aphid abundance in all plots was rated (0-7). Using these aphid abundance data, the avg aphid ratings were calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Wheat Seed-Treatment Efficacy Against Hessian Fly and Aphids, 1992:
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three rates of NTN 33893 240 FS seed treatment were compared to a standard of Disyston 15 G in-furrow for suppression of HF, aphids, and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) symptoms. The test was planted 13 Nov on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 x 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Disyston was placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. Seed treatments were made by adding 40-ml total volume dilutions of 6 lb of seed and thoroughly mixing in a plastic bag. HF counts were taken by randomly uprooting 10 plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and examining them in the laboratory for larvae and puparia. Aphids were sampled on 3 Feb by counting aphids on 2, random 6-inch samples per plot in 4 replicates (8/treatment). Aphid counts on 9 Mar were taken by shaking wheat plants from 6 inches of row into a sheet metal sampler, (2 samples/e.u., 8 samples/treatment) which extended beyond the full length of the plants. Specimens which could not be field identified were returned to the laboratory for microscopic examination. BYDV ratings were determined by counting the number of symptomatic flag leaves from four 50-ft rows (200 row ft) per plot (1,000 row ft/treatment). These were converted to % based on 2, random 1 m culm counts per plot. Yields were taken by harvesting the middle 6 rows with an Almaco plot combine.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Wheat and Barley, 1992:
Authors: Jensen G. L. , Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
These tests were conducted in irrigated spring wheat and barley in fields located near Billings, MT. Plots were 10 ft wide by 30 ft long and were arranged according to a RCB design having 5 treatments with 3 blocks for wheat and 4 treatments with 3 blocks for barley. Insecticides were applied on 3 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10-ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the number of CLB larvae on each of 50 randomly selected flag leaves from each treated and untreated replicate. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test.
Control of Thrips on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 4 Nov 91 through 29 May 92. Mature plants growing in 7.6 liter bags in volcanic cinder media under 80% polypropylene shade cloth were used in this study. Experimental plots measured 1.8 by 1.8 m with 36 plants per block, arranged in a RCB with four blocks. Seven biweekly applications of NTN 33893 240F were applied from 5 Nov through 28 Jan to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa. Triton B-1956 was added to NTN 33893 240F and the control at a rate of 0.23 ml per liter solution. NTN 33893 0.5 G was applied once on 4 Nov and watered immediately after treatment. Anthurium flowers were harvested biweekly at ¾ to full maturity and observed for thrips injury characterized by distinct bleached streaks on the front and/or back of the spathe. Pre-treatment data was taken on 11 and 25 Oct. Biweekly data were pooled for analysis.
Phytotoxicity on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara. A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 5 Nov 91 through 28 Jan 92. Mature plants growing in volcanic cinder media in 7.6 liter bags under 80% polypropylene shade cloth were used in study 1. Plants in study 2 were grown in a fiberglass greenhouse using the same cultural practices as study 1. In both studies, experimental plots measured 1.8 by 1.8 m with 18 plants per treatment. Both NTN 33893 0.5 G and NTN 33893 240F were evaluated in study 1. Only NTN 33893 0.5 G was evaluated in study 2. Treatments in study 1 consisted of eight weekly foliar applications of NTN 33893 240F at a rate of 0.03 g Al/liter applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa. In both studies 1 and 2, NTN 33893 0.5 G was applied once at a rate of 0.12 g AI/7.6 liter pot and watered immediately after treatment. Plants were observed for phytotoxicity weekly continuing for 5 weeks after the last application.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Tift County, GA, 1991:
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were 0.15 acre circles marked by an orange surveyor stake in the center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.1 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.15 acre circle on 24 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 1 Jul (1 wk), 30 Jul (5 wk), 3 Sep (10 wk), and 22 Nov (21 wk). Three replicates were used for each treatment. Treatments were applied between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm when the soil temperature averaged 85°F.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on Fairway 18-E (east) at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 20 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Irrigation was used once a day, late in the afternoon applying 0.5 inch. Rainfall from 20 May to 17 Jun was a total of 3.5 inches. All plots were irrigated the afternoon of treatments immediately prior to applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 20 May and post-treatment counts were made on 29 May, 3, 10 and 17 Jun.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 6 Aug. Granular and bait formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids and wettable powders were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 6 Aug to 24 Aug was a total of 8.5 inches. All plots received 0.5 inch rainfall within 1 h after applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 6 Aug and posttreatment counts were made on 14, 21 and 28 Aug and 4 Sep.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (5 Oct), the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 62°F; RH, 65%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 24.2% sand, 71.1% silt, 4.7% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 30.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment, Dylox 9.2G and Sevin 7.15G were watered in with 0.25 inches of water. Twelve h after treatment all treatments were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 4 d later (9 Oct). The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows was recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004 VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 92%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 45.3% sand, 45.6% silt, 9.1% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.1; water pH, 7.0; soil pH 5.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 d later (28 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Control of First Generation Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults on a Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two study sites were established, using large (&gt;110 m2) plots to determine the efficacy of chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) against black turfgrass ataenius adults. In each case, chlorpyrifos was applied twice, at two week intervals. The first site was a golf course fairway in Concord, MA–creeping bentgrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), perennial ryegrass (20%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Plots were 11.6 x 10 m, replicated 3 times, applied with hydraulic sprayer at 880 liter/ha. Plots were treated on 6 and 20 May or on 20 May and 3 Jun, and sample 13 Jul. The second site was a golf course fairway in South Hadley, MA–annual bluegrass (50%), creeping bentgrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Plots were 19 X 10m, replicated 3 times, applied with Hahn sprayer at 704 1/ha. Plots were treated on 7 and 21 May or on 21 May and 4 June and sampled 21 July. Both sites were evaluated by collected 10 soil cores (10.6 cm diam., 4 cm deep), at least 3m from the nearest edge, from each plot. Cores were inspected under magnification in the Amherst laboratory.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Dursban and Oftanol Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 28 Apr or 12 May or on both dates to 2.6 x 2.3 m plots, which were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY-annual bluegrass (60%), creeping bentgrass (40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 0.3 cm irrigation 1 h after application. Soil pH was 6.2, water pH varied from 7.0 to 7.4. Product efficacy was evaluated on 11 Jun by removing 5 soil cores (10.6 cm diam) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory (each plug was ca 0.01 m2). At the time of sampling, the population was 8% 3rd instar, 19% 4th instar, 63% 5th instar,and 10% pupae.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs with Rates of Dursban Using Subsurface and Conventional Broadcast Applications, 1991:
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough in Lincoln, NE. Plots were 1.1 x 4.6 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 7.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 1.3 to 2.5 cm. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 10%. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Aug using a newly developed Cushman prototype subsurface applicator to place insecticides at the soil/thatch interface (average depth 1.9 cm). Granular material was applied using a Grandy 24 H 12 drop spreader and liquids were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with LF-4 nozzle at 165 KPa and 18.9 liter/93m2. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 1.3 cm of water. An additional 5.7 cm of irrigated water was applied and 2.1 cm of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT (9 Sep) by removing from each plot six, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Subsurface Applications of Myx-678 and Turcam for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Ali M. A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course fairway. The turf (95% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 1.3 to 1.9 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 27.2°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 16.7°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 15%. Plots were 1.05 X 4.5 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 18 Aug; subsurface treatments were applied using a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid insecticides at the soil-thatch interface (average depth, 1.9 cm), and a Cushman prototype high pressure liquid injector. Conventional liquid insecticide treatments were applied with a C02 sprayer. Immediately following applications, plots were irrigated with 1 cm of water. The test area received approximately 3.8 cm of irrigated water during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 8 Sep by removing from each plot three, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (.09 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs
Residual Activity on NTN 33893 and Triumph 4E for Control of Annual White Grubs on A Golf Course Rough, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a golf course rough in Lincoln, NE. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 3.8 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 1.5 x 1.5 m, and the experimental design was a RCB with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 28 May and 29 Jul. Triumph was applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.6 KPa and 18.9 liter/93 m2 and the NTN 33893 0.62G was applied with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 1.3 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 26 Aug (28 days following the last application) by removing from each plot six 20.3 diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.