bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magneto-thermal instability in galaxy clusters – II. three-dimensional simulations
Authors: Perrone Lorenzo M , Latter Henrik 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
In the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxies, exchanges of heat across magnetic field lines are strongly suppressed. This anisotropic heat conduction, in the presence of a large-scale temperature gradient, destabilizes the outskirts of galaxy clusters via the magneto-thermal instability (MTI), which could drive observed ICM turbulence. In this paper we continue our investigation of the MTI with 3D simulations using the Boussinesq code snoopy. We redress two issues intrinsic to our previous 2D study: an inverse energy cascade and the impossibility of dynamo action. Contrary to 2D simulations, we find inconsequential transport of energy across scales (most energy is dissipated at the same scale as its injection) and that turbulent eddies are vertically elongated at or below the thermal conduction length yet relatively isotropic on larger scales. Similar to 2D, however, the saturated turbulent energy levels and the integral scale follow clear power-laws that depend on the thermal diffusivity, temperature gradient, and buoyancy frequency. We also show that the MTI amplifies magnetic fields, through a fluctuation dynamo, to equipartition strengths provided that the integral scale of MTI turbulence is larger than the viscous dissipation scale. Finally, we show that our scaling laws are consistent with extant observations of ICM turbulence if the thermal conductivity is reduced by a factor of ∼10 from its Spitzer value, and that the stable stratification significantly reduces the vertical elongation of MTI motions on global cluster scales.
Exploring the cosmic 21-cm signal from the epoch of reionization using the wavelet scattering transform
Authors: Greig Bradley , Ting Yuan-Sen , Kaurov Alexander A 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Detecting the cosmic 21-cm signal during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn will reveal insights into the properties of the first galaxies and advance cosmological parameter estimation. Until recently, the primary focus for astrophysical parameter inference from the 21-cm signal centred on the power spectrum (PS). However, the cosmic 21-cm signal is highly non-Gaussian rendering the PS suboptimal for characterizing the cosmic signal. In this work, we introduce a new technique to analyse the non-Gaussian information in images of the 21-cm signal called the Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST). This approach closely mirrors that of convolutional neural networks with the added advantage of not requiring tuning or training of a neural network. Instead, it compresses the 2D spatial information into a set of coefficients making it easier to interpret while also providing a robust statistical description of the non-Gaussian information contained in the cosmic 21-cm signal. First, we explore the application of the WST to mock 21-cm images to gain valuable physical insights by comparing to the known behaviour from the 21-cm PS. Then we quantitatively explore the WST applied to the 21-cm signal by extracting astrophysical parameter constraints using Fisher Matrices from a realistic 1000 h mock observation with the Square Kilometre Array. We find that: (i) the WST applied only to 2D images can outperform the 3D spherically averaged 21-cm PS, (ii) the excision of foreground contaminated modes can degrade the constraining power by a factor of ∼1.5–2 with the WST and (iii) higher cadences between the 21-cm images can further improve the constraining power.
Constraints onTESSalbedos for five hot Jupiters
Authors: Blažek Martin , Kabáth Petr , Piette Anjali A A , Madhusudhan Nikku , Skarka Marek , Šubjak Ján , Anderson David R , Boffin Henri M J , Cáceres Claudio C , Gibson Neale P , Hoyer Sergio , Ivanov Valentin D , Rojo Patricio M 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTPhotometric observations of occultations of transiting exoplanets can place important constraints on the thermal emission and albedos of their atmospheres. We analyse photometric measurements and derive geometric albedo (Ag) constraints for five hot Jupiters observed with TESS in the optical: WASP-18 b, WASP-36 b, WASP-43 b, WASP-50 b, and WASP-51 b. For WASP-43 b, our results are complemented by a VLT/HAWK-I observation in the near-infrared at $2.09\, \mu$m. We derive the first geometric albedo constraints for WASP-50 b and WASP-51 b: Ag &lt; 0.445 and Ag &lt; 0.368, respectively. We find that WASP-43 b and WASP-18 b are both consistent with low geometric albedos (Ag &lt; 0.16) even though they lie at opposite ends of the hot Jupiter temperature range with equilibrium temperatures of ∼1400 K and ∼2500 K, respectively. We report self-consistent atmospheric models that explain broad-band observations for both planets from TESS, HST, Spitzer, and VLT/HAWK-I. We find that the data of both hot Jupiters can be explained by thermal emission alone and inefficient day–night energy redistribution. The data do not require optical scattering from clouds/hazes, consistent with the low geometric albedos observed.
STAT3 is a biologically relevant therapeutic target in H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma
Authors: Zhang Liang , Nesvick Cody L , Day Charlie A , Choi Jonghoon , Lu Victor M , Peterson Timothy , Power Erica A , Anderson Jacob B , Hamdan Feda H , Decker Paul A , Simons Renae , Welby John P , Siada Ruby , Ge Jizhi , Kaptzan Tatiana , Johnsen Steven A , Hinchcliffe Edward H , Daniels David J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a lethal brain tumor that usually occurs in children. Despite advances in our understanding of its underlying biology, efficacious therapies are severely lacking.

Methods
We screened a library of drugs either FDA-approved or in clinical trial using a library of patient-derived H3K27M-mutant DMG cell lines with cell viability as the outcome. Results were validated for clinical relevance and mechanistic importance using patient specimens from biopsy and autopsy, patient-derived cell lines, inhibition by gene knockdown and small molecule inhibitors, and patient-derived xenografts.

Results
Kinase inhibitors were highly toxic to H3K27M-mutant DMG cells. Within this class, STAT3 inhibitors demonstrated robust cytotoxic activity in vitro. Mechanistic analyses revealed one form of activated STAT3, phospho-tyrosine- 705 STAT3 (pSTAT3), was selectively upregulated in H3K27M-mutant cell lines and clinical specimens. STAT3 inhibition by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, shRNA or small molecule inhibition reduced cell viability in vitro, and partially restored expression of the polycomb repressive mark H3K27me3, which is classically lost in H3K27M-mutant DMG. Putative STAT3-regulated genes were enriched in an H3K27M-knockout DMG cell line, indicating relative gain of STAT3 signaling in K27M-mutant cells. Treatment of patient-derived intracranial xenografts with WP1066, a STAT3 pathway inhibitor currently in clinical use for pediatric brain tumors, resulted in stasis of tumor growth, and increased overall survival. Finally, pSTAT3(Y705) was detected in circulating plasma extracellular vesicles of patients with H3K27M-mutant DMG.

Conclusions
STAT3 is a biologically relevant therapeutic target in H3K27M-mutant DMG. STAT3 inhibition should be considered in future clinical trials.
What Is the Optimal Follow-up Length for Mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia? Observations From a Systematic Review of Attributable Mortality
Authors: Bai Anthony D , Lo Carson K L , Komorowski Adam S , Suresh Mallika , Guo Kevin , Garg Akhil , Tandon Pranav , Senecal Julien , Del Corpo Olivier , Stefanova Isabella , Fogarty Clare , Butler-Laporte Guillaume , McDonald Emily G , Cheng Matthew P , Morris Andrew M , Loeb Mark , Lee Todd C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Deaths following Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) may be related or unrelated to the infection. In SAB therapeutics research, the length of follow-up should be optimized to capture most attributable deaths and minimize nonattributable deaths. We performed a secondary analysis of a systematic review to describe attributable mortality in SAB over time.

Methods
We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1 January 1991 to 7 May 2021 for human observational studies of SAB. To be included in this secondary analysis, the study must have reported attributable mortality. Two reviewers extracted study data and assessed risk of bias independently. Pooling of study estimates was not performed due to heterogeneity in the definition of attributable deaths.

Results
Twenty-four observational cohort studies were included. The median proportion of all-cause deaths that were attributable to SAB was 77% (interquartile range [IQR], 72%–89%) at 1 month and 62% (IQR, 58%–75%) at 3 months. At 1 year, this proportion was 57% in 1 study. In 2 studies that described the rate of increase in mortality over time, 2-week follow-up captured 68 of 79 (86%) and 48 of 57 (84%) attributable deaths that occurred by 3 months. By comparison, 1-month follow-up captured 54 of 57 (95%) and 56 of 60 (93%) attributable deaths that occurred by 3 months in 2 studies.

Conclusions
The proportion of deaths that are attributable to SAB decreases as follow-up lengthens. Follow-up duration between 1 and 3 months seems optimal if evaluating processes of care that impact SAB mortality.

Clinical Trials Registration
PROSPERO CRD42021253891.
Opportunistic Infection Associated With Elevated GM-CSF Autoantibodies: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lee Elinor , Miller Christopher , Ataya Ali , Wang Tisha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is known to play a key role in enhancing multiple immune functions that affect response to infectious pathogens including antigen presentation, complement- and antibody-mediated phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, and neutrophil chemotaxis. Reduced GM-CSF activity and immune response provides a mechanism for increased infection risk associated with autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) and other disorders involving the presence of GM-CSF autoantibodies. We present a case series of five patients with persistent or unusual pulmonary and central nervous system opportunistic infections (Cryptococcus gattii, Flavobacterium, Nocardia) and elevated GM-CSF autoantibody levels, as well as 27 cases identified on systematic review of the literature.
Public Reason and Public Health: Can Anti-smoking Policies Be Justified According to a Public Reason Account of Justification?
Authors: Nielsen Morten Ebbe Juul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPublic reason demands that policies are justified to all reasonable citizens. Public health aims at protecting or improving aggregated health outcomes. Since health is not an uncontroversial value, an insurmountable chasm between public reason and public health seems to preclude any viable synthesis between the two outlooks. For any given public health policy, some reasonable citizen seems to have a reason to support ‘no policy’ over ‘some policy’, meaning that the policy cannot be justified to all. The paper first spells out what exactly this conflict is about. Then, using smoking as a case, the paper outlines a model of reconciliation between public reason and public health that should give us some optimism if we want to have public health policies that are compatible with treating citizens as free and equal in the public reason sense.
The Surgical Procedure in the Case of Ovarian Lesion in Neonate
Authors: Sosnowska-Sienkiewicz Patrycja , Kaczmarek Agata , Maciejczyk Katarzyna , Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska Danuta , Mańkowski Przemysław 
Published: April 2022

Background:
In newborns and infants, ovarian lesions can be detected during ultrasound examination before or after birth. Malignant ovarian lesions account for <1% of malignancies in newborns. However, in case of doubt about the nature of the lesion, surgery with tissue collection for histopathologic evaluation should be considered with the absolute condition of fertility preservation.

Observations:
The aim of this publication was to describe a case report of a 3-day-old infant who presented an ovarian lesion on postnatal ultrasound, with features suggesting a malignant nature of the ovary. In the described case, laparoscopy and mini-laparotomy were performed, torsion was excluded. The ovary was preserved, and histopathologic examination excluded the malignant nature of the lesion.

Conclusion:
A detailed analysis of the clinical status, laboratory tests, and imaging studies is necessary before making a final decision on further therapeutic, especially surgical management of a newborn with an ovarian lesion.
Decision Making Near End of Life
Authors: Othman Elham H. , Khalaf Inaam A. , Zeilani Ruqayya , Majali Sawsan , Nabolsi Manar , Abdalrahim Maysoon 
Published: April 2022

Background
Discussions related to a patient’s prognosis and interventions near end of life are challenging and stressful for healthcare providers. Many reported experiencing emotional distress and discomfort during the decision-making process.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to describe the lived experience of nurses and physicians who participate in decision making near the end of a patient’s life.

Methods
A descriptive, phenomenological approach was used with a purposive sample of 7 nurses and 6 physicians from 2 palliative and end-of-life care institutions in Jordan. Data derived from focus group discussions conducted online via the ZOOM video communication application, and analysis followed Colaizzi’s qualitative methodology.

Results
Three major themes emerged from the healthcare providers’ experiences. Initially, the participants described how they “strive toward optimal decision-making near end of life,” “the overwhelming experience of decision making near end of life,” and finally, their struggle in sharing details about the end of life when patients ask and whether to tell or not to tell them as “the time for hard talk.”

Conclusions
The healthcare providers’ experiences revealed several issues of decision making near a patient’s end of life, such as a lack of appropriate training and administrative support, emotional distress, fear of legal liability, and the burden of a hard talk with patients. These findings necessitate institutional support of setting appropriate policies and guidelines, staff counseling, and healthcare provider support.

Implications for Practice
Institutions providing palliative and end-of-life care can use this study’s findings to support their staff by setting appropriate practice guidelines and providing staff training and counseling.
Coproducing and Implementing Person-Centered Key Performance Indicators in Ambulatory Cancer Nursing
Authors: Lynch Brighide , McCance Tanya V. 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundPolicy advocates person-centered healthcare for people living with cancer. Although nurses and patients alike recognize that a good care experience cannot be measured solely by clinical outcomes, the difficulty in finding indicators that measure the delivery of effective person-centered care remains a challenge.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the impact of a coproduced implementation project using the person-centered nursing key performance indicators to support the development of person-centered practice across ambulatory chemotherapy units.MethodsThe study adopted an evaluation approach derived from work of the Medical Research Council. A mobile app was used to collect and analyze 3 cycles of data using 4 measurement tools, with the aim of informing quality improvement activities. Six implementation teams were recruited from chemotherapy units across a region in the United Kingdom. Qualitative interviews were used to evaluate the experience of participants.ResultsData analysis revealed 4 themes: building relationships that nurture the care experience, inspiring nursing staff to flourish, shaping practice and service changes through the nature of the conversations, and becoming person-centered through coproduction.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of the value of implementing these person-centered key performance indicators using a model of coproduction in cancer nursing. The data generated by the key performance indicators offer valuable feedback to nurses that can inform the development of person-centered practice and contribute to an enhanced patient experience.Implications for PracticeThis study provides an innovative and transferable approach for implementing relevant and appropriate key performance indicators within cancer nursing, which can contribute to developing person-centered cultures.
Social and Cultural Factors, Self-efficacy, and Health in Latino Cancer Caregivers
Authors: Thomas Hebdon Megan C. , Badger Terry A. , Segrin Chris , Crane Tracy E. , Reed Pamela 
Published: April 2022

Background
Latino cancer caregivers are at risk of physical, mental, and emotional health issues. Sociocultural factors such as informational support, Anglo orientation, and spiritual practice may compound or protect against these risks.

Objective
The purpose of this research project was to examine self-efficacy as a mediator between sociocultural factors and health outcomes in Latino cancer caregivers.

Methods
This is a secondary analysis of baseline caregiver data from an experimental study testing two psychoeducational interventions in Latina individuals with breast cancer and their caregivers. Caregivers (N = 233) completed items assessing self-efficacy, informational support, Anglo orientation, spiritual practice, depression, and global health. Caregiver data were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression and mediation analysis.

Results
Spiritual well-being was not significantly associated with health outcomes or self-efficacy. In regression analysis, both informational support (b = 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20 to 0.45; P < .001) and Anglo orientation (b = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.11 to 2.48; P < .05) were significant predictors of global health, but informational support (b = −0.43; 95% CI, −0.55 to −0.30; P < .001) was the only significant predictor of depression. There were indirect relationships through self-efficacy for symptom management for both informational support and Anglo orientation and health outcomes.

Conclusions
Informational support and Anglo orientation were significantly related to health outcomes directly and indirectly through self-efficacy in Latino cancer caregivers.

Implications for Practice
Informational support through the health system and community, when provided with attention to culture and Spanish language translation, can increase Latino cancer caregivers’ self-efficacy to care for themselves and improve health outcomes.
Identification and comparison of somatic antigen composition for bacteria from Providencia genus
Authors: Kuchur Polina D. , Churkina Anna I. , Rybina Anna A. , Komissarov Aleksey S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractProvidencia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Morganellaceae family. This genus includes nine species (P. stuartii, P. sneebia, P. rettgeri, P. rustigianii, P. heimbachae, P. burhodogranariea, P. alcalifaciens, P. huaxiensis, and P. vermicola) with varying degrees of virulence, capable of infecting humans and insects [1, 2].For Gram-negative bacteria, the somatic antigen (O-antigen) has become one of the key virulence factors. It is the highly immunogenic part of lipopolysaccharides due to the distal location. O-antigens are characterized by structural heterogeneity, providing varying degrees of inter- and intraspecific virulence. At the genetic level, somatic antigens have an operon structure. Operon genes responsible for the synthesis and transformation of O-polysaccharide are transcribed together. Analysis of O-antigen operon organization determines genes specific for each O-serogroup. It is beneficial for molecular typing of strains and for studies of bacterial evolution.This study focuses on identifying and comparing candidates for O-antigen operons in Providencia species with different levels of virulence. The hypothesis is the presence of an association between the O-antigen operon composition and the bacteria lifestyle. Data processing and analysis are carried out by a pipeline developed by the authors. Pipeline combines five steps of the genome analysis: genome quality evaluation, assembly annotation, operon identification with verification of operon boundaries, and visualization of O-antigen operons. The results reveal previously undescribed O-antigen genes and the changes in the O-antigen operons structure. Among the changes are a transposon insertion leading to tetracycline resistance and the presence of IS elements.
A Novel Prognosis Model based on Comprehensive Analysis of Pyroptosis-Related Genes in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zeng Shijie , Wang Yuefei , Yang Yixi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPyroptosis plays a dual role in cancer. It can not only induce chronic tumor necrosis, but also stimulate acute inflammation to enhance immune response. However, the study of cell pyroptosis in Breast Cancer (BC) is still limited.MethodsA total of 26 pyroptosis-related differential genes were obtained, and PPI network and correlation analysis were demonstrated as well. Besides, 3 pyroptosis-related prognostic genes were collected by the univariate COX analysis. Through these 3 genes, patients were clustered into 2 sub-types by the Consensus clustering, then the EM and XMeans were also carried out to recheck the result. Furthermore, the significant prognosis-related genes were obtained by the Random Forest and LASSO analysis. Based on the above, the corresponding weights were calculated through the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, and the prognostic model was constructed. In addition, the ROC curve, risk curve, PCA, t-SNE, COX, GO, KEGG and ssGSEA were analyzed, respectively.ResultsThrough the verification of 3 different clustering algorithms, 2 sub-types of BC were obtained. Furthermore, ‘ELOVL2’, ‘IGLV6-57’, ‘FGBP1’, ‘HLA-DPB2’ with weights of −0.183, −0.101, −0.227 and −0.254 were employed to establish the prognostic model. Validation shows that our model has good effect and the Go KEGG and Immune microenvironment analysis showed the enrichment of the differential genes.ConclusionOur study identified 4 genes that are closely correlated with the overall survival of BC patients, and the prognostic model can effectively divide patients into high- and low-risk groups, which may have certain guiding significance for prognosis.
Structure and ensemble refinement against SAXS data: combining MD simulations with Bayesian inference or with the maximum entropy principle
Authors: Chatzimagas Leonie , Hub Jochen S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSmall-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful method for tracking conformational transitions of proteins or soft-matter complexes in solution. However, the interpretation of the experimental data is challenged by the low spatial resolution and the low information content of the data, which lead to a high risk of overinterpreting the data. Here, we illustrate how SAXS data can be integrated into all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to derive atomic structures or heterogeneous ensembles that are compatible with the data. Besides providing atomistic insight, the MD simulation adds physico-chemical information, as encoded in the MD force fields, which greatly reduces the risk of overinterpretation. We present an introduction into the theory of SAXS-driven MD simulations as implemented in GROMACS-SWAXS, a modified version of the GROMACS simulation software. We discuss SAXS-driven parallel-replica ensemble refinement with commitment to the maximum entropy principle as well as a Bayesian formulation of SAXS-driven structure refinement. Practical considerations for running and interpreting the simulations are presented. The methods are freely available via GitLab at https://gitlab.com/cbjh/gromacs-swaxs.