bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mini-review of advances in intestinal flora and necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Zhao Q. , Shi Q. , Zhu Q. , Hu Y. , Zhang X. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a digestive disease that frequently occurs in premature infants with low gestational age and low birth weight, and seriously threatens the life of NEC patients. NEC pathogenesis is recognized to be affected by multiple factors, such as preterm birth, formula feeding and low birth weight. As a popular object for the past decades, intestinal flora is commonly used in NEC-related studies, and intestinal disorder is considered as a critical risk factor for the occurrence and development of NEC. The colonization of abnormal microbiota into gastrointestinal micro-ecosystem can easily lead to the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier, destruction of immune function, inflammatory reaction and further the occurrence of NEC. Although it is a low-cost and safe way to prevent and treat the NEC by early intervention of oral probiotics to regulate the intestinal homoeostasis, more studies in the future are still encouraged to narrow the gap between theoretical guidance and practical application.
Comparative electrocardiogram in two anesthetized pinnipeds, the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and the Southern sea lion (Otaria byronia), with analysis of ECG parameters allometry
Authors: Dassis Mariela , De León Carolina , Diaz Alejandro , Rodríguez Edgardo M. , Rodríguez Diego H. , Giardino Gisela V. , Castro Eduardo F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe mammalian heart has been described as a highly evolutionarily conserved structure and the cardiovascular system allometry has been fully studied among many mammalian species, but few of these studies have been focused on marine mammals. Previously reported electrocardiogram (ECG) of anesthetized Southern sea lions (SSL; n = 13) and South American fur seals (SAFS; n = 19) females were compared, and linear models were used to examine variations of ECG parameters with body mass (BM) and heart rate (HR). Electrocardiograms resulted in qualitatively similar characteristics (rhythm, polarity patterns, mean electrical axes orientation, and waves/complex forms), but there were significant quantitative differences in HR and all ECG parameters. With few exceptions, duration and amplitude parameters were significantly higher in the SSL, whereas the SAFS had a significantly higher HR. Allometric scaling was verified for most duration variables (P, T, QRS, and PR interval) and P wave amplitude, which were all significantly and positively associated with BM, with no significant effect found for HR. Results suggest that the cardiac conduction system is highly conserved, and allometry occurs for these species even in anesthetized subjects, particularly in atrial contraction and atrioventricular conduction, which was proposed as potentially related to optimal atrioventricular activation sequence and high hemodynamic efficiency.
Herbert McCabe on the Eucharist: Entering a New World
Authors: Wynn Mark 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this discussion, I aim to offer a sympathetic reading of some central themes in Herbert McCabe's 1969 paper ‘Transubstantiation and the Real Presence’. I begin by setting out McCabe's core claims, before introducing an analytical framework that is intended to throw further light on their import and importance.
Reduction of larval resistance and adult reproductive capacity in Spodoptera littoralis at different degrees of superparasitization by Microplitis rufiventris
Authors: Hegazi Esmat M. , Khafagi Wedad E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris Kok, attacks and can develop in the first three instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae with preference for third‐instar. We used the last three instars to show the effect of increasing superparasitization on host resistance and reproductive capacity of surviving moths of S. littoralis that had been parasitized during their newly moulted fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae. The degree of resistance of late instars and reproductive capacity of surviving moths varied significantly as a function of both, the virulence factors (number of wasp eggs, venom and polydnavirus) and size of host instars. Increasing number of parasitism events overcame resistance in larger host instars. The host survival was increased with the host instar and decreased with the number of ovipositions, while the chances that at least one wasp emerges follow a reverse pattern. When the survived parasitized hosts were able to pupate, parasitism usually reduced their weight, but sometimes the host pupal weight was increased. Furthermore, for surviving hosts, the weight of egg masses produced in female moths, decreased with increasing superparasitization, that is, the number of ovipositions during their larval stage. The ‘threshold’ number of parasitoid eggs, which allows the development of host, accounts for three parasitoid eggs in the fourth and fifth host instar and five parasitoid eggs in the sixth instar. The survived parasitized hosts (L4–L6) exhibited fitness‐related costs in terms of smaller size and lower reproductive output.
In Defense of Hart’s Supposedly Refuted Theory of Rules
Authors: Kaplan Jeffrey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractH. L. A. Hart’s “practice theory” of rules is widely thought to face two problems: (1) It fails to account for the normativity of law and (2) it is susceptible to a decisive counterexample dating back to Warnock (1971). In this paper, I offer solutions to both problems. In response to (2), I appeal to an old, but underappreciated, distinction made by Rawls (1955) and argue that the counterexample is no counterexample at all. In response to (1), I apply a newly popular distinction regarding the nature of law’s normativity and argue that Hart’s practice theory has no problem accounting for the normativity of law.
Viability and developmental potential of porcine blastocysts preserved for short term in a chemically defined medium at ambient temperature
Authors: Lin Qingyi , Le Quynh Anh , Takebayashi Koki , Hirata Maki , Tanihara Fuminori , Thongkittidilok Chommanart , Sawamoto Osamu , Kikuchi Takeshi , Otoi Takeshige 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study developed an efficient method for liquid storage of in vitro‐derived porcine blastocysts at ambient temperature for 24 hr. We evaluated the effects of new chemically defined media (cell wash and preservation solution, Cellstor®‐W [Cell‐W] and cell suspension and preservation solution, Cellstor®‐S [Cell‐S]) for short‐term storage. In the first experiment, in vitro‐derived blastocyst were stored at 25ºC for 24 hr in Cell‐W solution, Cell‐S solution and pig embryo culture (PBM) medium. There were no differences in the rates of survival and development of stored blastocysts between the Cell‐S and Cell‐W solutions, but the total cell number of embryos that survived after storage in Cell‐S solution was significantly higher (p < .05) than that in the Cell‐W solution. In the second experiment, Cell‐S solution was used to store the in vitro‐derived blastocysts at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C. Storage at 20°C resulted in a significant decrease in the rates of survival and development of stored blastocysts compared to storage at 25°C or 30°C. No differences in survival and development rates were observed between storage at 25°C and 30°C, but the damage to the embryo quality after storage and culture was significantly lower at 25°C than at 30°C. In the third experiment, Cell‐S solution was supplemented with β‐mercaptoethanol and curcumin, either alone or in combination, as antioxidant agents. Although the supplementation with curcumin did not improve survival, it significantly increased the development rate of stored blastocysts compared with the control blastocysts stored without antioxidants. In conclusion, when porcine blastocysts were stored at 25°C for 24 hr, a Cell‐S solution may be effective for maintaining the survival and development of in vitro embryos.
The Sceptical Bayes Factor for the Assessment of Replication Success
Authors: Pawel Samuel , Held Leonhard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractReplication studies are increasingly conducted but there is no established statistical criterion for replication success. We propose a novel approach combining reverse-Bayes analysis with Bayesian hypothesis testing: a sceptical prior is determined for the effect size such that the original finding is no longer convincing in terms of a Bayes factor. This prior is then contrasted to an advocacy prior (the reference posterior of the effect size based on the original study), and replication success is declared if the replication data favour the advocacy over the sceptical prior at a higher level than the original data favoured the sceptical prior over the null hypothesis. The sceptical Bayes factor is the highest level where replication success can be declared. A comparison to existing methods reveals that the sceptical Bayes factor combines several notions of replicability: it ensures that both studies show sufficient evidence against the null and penalises incompatibility of their effect estimates. Analysis of asymptotic properties and error rates, as well as case studies from the Social Sciences Replication Project show the advantages of the method for the assessment of replicability.
Can cardiac auscultation accuracy be improved with an additional app‐based learning tool?
Authors: Garvick Sarah , Gillette Chris , Gao Hong , Bates Nathan , Waynick Joshua , Crandall Sonia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionMany institutions use simulation ‘events’ to instruct cardiac auscultation. Research shows that these ‘one and done’ events limit repetition, are costly and do not incorporate learning science techniques, such as spaced learning and retrieval practice. The Littmann Learning™ mobile app, which has unlimited access to a large library of real patient heart sounds, is a cost‐effective tool that we considered could be leveraged by educators to provide this training.MethodsThis was a quasi‐experimental pre‐ and post‐design consisting of an intervention group (PA22) and a non‐equivalent comparator group (PA21). The intervention group used a novel mobile app cardiac auscultation curriculum (MACAC), while the comparator group received standard didactic instruction. One‐way analyses of variance were used to analyse the data.ResultsA total of 174 PA students participated in the study. There was a significant (p < 0.001) difference in knowledge and auscultation scores between those who did and did not complete the MACAC. PA22 didactic year knowledge scores were 4.11 and 2.96 points higher than PA21 didactic and clinical year knowledge scores (p < 0.001, d = 1.61 and p < 0.001, d = 1.32), respectively. On average, PA22 didactic year auscultation scores were 0.83 points higher than PA21 clinical year scores (p < 0.001, d = 0.6).ConclusionResults indicate that students in their didactic year achieved proficiency in clinically identifying heart sounds, despite not having access to a mannequin simulator and not having an opportunity to identify these sounds bedside. Overall, a MACAC may be an effective method to teach cardiac auscultation to medical learners.
How to Supplement Mentalist Evidentialism: What Are the Fundamental Epistemological Principles?
Authors: Berghofer Philipp 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEvidentialism and mentalism enjoy much popularity. In fact, mentalist evidentialism is often considered the most plausible internalist approach towards epistemic justification. However, mentalist evidentialism does not amount to a comprehensive theory of epistemic justification. In their attempt to complete their epistemological system and to answer the question of why experiences are justifiers, Conee and Feldman supplement mentalist evidentialism with explanationism. They take principles of best explanation to be the fundamental epistemic principles. In this paper, I show that explanationist mentalist evidentialism is plagued by severe shortcomings. What is more, I argue for an alternative in the spirit of Conee and Feldman's internalism that avoids the problems of explanationism, offering a straightforward commonsense account of epistemic justification. The fundamental epistemological principles are phenomenological principles.
The relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin level and red blood cell storage lesion in blood donors
Authors: Li Hongyan , Fang Kuiming , Peng Haibo , He Li , Wang Yongjun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundGlycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), not routinely screened in blood donors, is associated with morphological, biochemical, and functional abnormalities of red blood cells (RBCs) and with enhanced oxidative stress. We aimed to explore HbA1c levels in blood donors and their effect on RBC storage.Study Design and MethodsAn analytical cross‐sectional study was conducted on 875 eligible blood donors aged 18–60 years from May 1, 2021, to August 30, 2021. Two selected groups of donors (HbA1c <6.5%, n = 10; HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, n = 10) exhibiting as similar as possible baseline values (such as age, sex, and living habits, etc.) were recruited for blood donation in leukoreduced CPDA‐1 units. RBC morphological, biochemical, structural, and oxidative stress states were measured during 5–35 days of storage.ResultsElevated HbA1c prevalence was 37%, including 31.7% (277/875) in the prediabetes range (HbA1c 5.7%–6.4%) and 5.4% (47/875) in the diabetes range (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption were the main factors influencing the HbA1c levels. During storage, high‐HbA1c group had abnormal RBC morphology, impaired membrane function, and ion imbalance (higher mean corpuscular volume, distribution width, hemolysis rate, potassium ion efflux, and phosphatidylserine exposure) as compared with low HbA1c group. Additionally, RBC oxidative stress was significantly increased in donors with high HbA1c levels during 21–35 days.DiscussionBlood donors proportion with abnormal HbA1c levels was relatively high, and donor HbA1c levels may be associated with stored RBCs capacity. Our study provides new insights into the different effects of donor HbA1c levels on RBC storage lesions.
Comparison of error rates between four pretrained DenseNet convolutional neural network models and 13 board‐certified veterinary radiologists when evaluating 15 labels of canine thoracic radiographs
Authors: Adrien‐Maxence Hespel , Emilie Boissady , Alois De La Comble , Michelle Acierno , Kate Alexander , Mylene Auger , David Biller , Marie de Swarte , Jason Fuerst , Eric Green , Séamus Hoey , Kevin Koernig , Alison Lee , Megan MacLellan , Hester McAllister , Jaime Rechy Jr , Zhu Xiaojuan , Micaela Zarelli , Federica Morandi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractConvolutional neural networks (CNNs) are commonly used as artificial intelligence (AI) tools for evaluating radiographs, but published studies testing their performance in veterinary patients are currently lacking. The purpose of this retrospective, secondary analysis, diagnostic accuracy study was to compare the error rates of four CNNs to the error rates of 13 veterinary radiologists for evaluating canine thoracic radiographs using an independent gold standard. Radiographs acquired at a referral institution were used to evaluate the four CNNs sharing a common architecture. Fifty radiographic studies were selected at random. The studies were evaluated independently by three board‐certified veterinary radiologists for the presence or absence of 15 thoracic labels, thus creating the gold standard through the majority rule. The labels included “cardiovascular,” “pulmonary,” “pleural,” “airway,” and “other categories.” The error rates for each of the CNNs and for 13 additional board‐certified veterinary radiologists were calculated on those same studies. There was no statistical difference in the error rates among the four CNNs for the majority of the labels. However, the CNN's training method impacted the overall error rate for three of 15 labels. The veterinary radiologists had a statistically lower error rate than all four CNNs overall and for five labels (33%). There was only one label (“esophageal dilation”) for which two CNNs were superior to the veterinary radiologists. Findings from the current study raise numerous questions that need to be addressed to further develop and standardize AI in the veterinary radiology environment and to optimize patient care.
New mechanism for forming thick granitic continental crust at Phanerozoic convergent margins
Authors: Lundstrom C.C. , Lin X. , Brueckel K. , Campe C. , Nan X. , Ortega K. , Akrie P. , Yu M. , Marshak S. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Phanerozoic continental subduction zones have produced thick continental crust composed almost entirely of granitoid plutons. While ideas about how plutons form have evolved from models that envisioned large, highly molten magma bodies, the exact processes involved remain debated. Geochronology and seismology have led to the view that plutons form by incremental emplacement; stacked sills represent one type of incremental model whereby granitoids grow top-down by sills underplating their predecessor. Still, many questions remain unanswered, including why sill-like contacts are not often seen in more mature plutons, why the mafic residuum is not observed with many granitoid plutons, why some plutons are compositionally zoned (and others are not), and why geochemical characteristics of intrusions systematically change during magmatic cycles.
Here, we propose a hypothesis for the construction of batholiths by amalgamation of plutons formed in a two-stage process. During stage 1, intermediate-composition sills underplate previous sills, forming a moving reaction zone mafic complex that produces a thickening granitoid as the process moves downward. The top of this mafic complex also releases a water-rich, low-temperature silicate liquid (LTSL), which begins ascent by reactive porous flow. During stage 2, the upward flux of LTSL further differentiates the overlying granitoids, increasing silica by 5%–10% and resulting in linear “mixing-like” behavior on Harker diagrams. Multiple plutons building downward in a magmatic cycle thicken the crust, leading to garnet gabbro mafic complexes forming at ~20 km depth. Their high density leads to delamination and net silicification of continental crust. The continuous flux of LTSL up through the arc crust can explain many geochemical spatial-temporal trends found in magmatic cycles, including Pb isotope evolution and increasing Fe3+, and provides a mechanism for addition of water to the upper crust, leading to sustained volcanism through time.
Late Miocene–Pliocene onset of fluvial incision of the Cauca River Canyon in the Northern Andes
Authors: Pérez-Consuegra N. , Hoke G.D. , Fitzgerald P. , Mora A. , Sobel E.R. , Glodny J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe incision of kilometer-scale canyons into high-standing topography is often used to constrain the surface uplift history of mountain ranges, controlled by tectonic and geodynamic processes. However, changes in climate may also be responsible for canyon incision. This study deciphers the timing of incision of the ~2.5-km-deep Cauca River Canyon in the Central Cordillera of the Northern Andes using the cooling (exhumation) history of rocks from the canyon walls and a regional analysis of channel steepness in rivers. Ten bedrock samples and one detrital sample were collected on the eastern border of the canyon between 300 m and 2300 m of elevation. Bedrock and detrital AFT data yield ages from 50 to 38 Ma, while two bed-rock AHe ages from the valley bottom yield ages of 7–6 Ma. The AHe ages and inverse thermal history models reveal a previously unidentified late Miocene (ca. 7–6 Ma) pulse of exhumation that we interpret as the age of a single incision event that formed the Cauca River Canyon. We conclude that the Cauca River Canyon was carved as a response to rock uplift in the northern Central Cordillera and propagation of an erosion wave into the mountain range starting in the latest Miocene.
Combining retinal and choroidal microvascular metrics improves discriminative power for diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Tan Bingyao , Lim Nicole-Ann , Tan Rose , Gan Alfred Tau Liang , Chua Jacqueline , Nusinovici Simon , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Chakravarthy Usha , Wong Tien Yin , Schmetterer Leopold , Tan Gavin 
Published: February 2022

PurposeTo use optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters from both the retinal and choroidal microvasculature to detect the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodThis is a cross-sectional case–control study. OCTA parameters from retinal vasculature, fovea avascular zone (FAZ) and choriocapillaris were evaluated from 3×3 mm2fovea-centred scans. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to compare the discriminative power on the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), the presence of DR and need for referral: group 1 (no DM vs DM no DR), group 2 (no DR vs any DR) and group 3 (non-proliferative DR (NPDR) vs proliferative DR (PDR)).Results35 eyes from 27 participants with no DM and 132 eyes from 75 with DM were included. DR severity was classified into three groups: no DR group (62 eyes), NPDR (51 eyes), PDR (19 eyes). All retinal vascular parameters, FAZ parameters and choriocapillaris parameters were strongly altered with DR stages (p<0.01), except for the deep plexus FAZ area (p=0.619). Choriocapillaris parameters allowed to better discriminate between no DM versus DM no DR group compared with retinal parameters (areas under the ROC curve=0.954 vs 0.821, p=0.006). A classification model including retinal and choroidal microvasculature significantly improved the discrimination between DR and no DR compared with each parameter separately (p=0.029).ConclusionsEvaluating OCTA parameters from both the retinal and choroidal microvasculature in 3×3 mm scans improves the discrimination of DM and early DR.
Pushing for change: a qualitative study of the experiences of elite athletes during pregnancy
Authors: Davenport Margie H , Nesdoly Autumn , Ray Lauren , Thornton Jane S , Khurana Rshmi , McHugh Tara-Leigh F 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesAthletes train and compete at the elite level during their reproductive years, yet sport policies that support pregnant athletes are lacking. The experiences of elite athletes during pregnancy are vastly under-represented, and such voices are needed to support evidence-informed policy. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of elite female athletes as they navigate pregnancy, and to identify sport policy considerations regarding participation during pregnancy.MethodsTwenty athletes (mean age 35±5 years) who, within the last 5 years, had trained or competed at the elite level immediately prior to becoming pregnant were included. Data were generated via one-on-one semistructured interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed through a process of content analysis.ResultsThe findings of this study are represented by one overarching message: mother versus athlete, and five main themes: (1) pregnancy planning and fertility, (2) pregnancy disclosure and discrimination, (3) training pregnant athletic bodies, (4) safety concerns, and (5) supportive network and equitable funding.ConclusionIn-depth stories shared by participants highlight the many significant decisions athletes must make as they navigate pregnancy alongside elite sport participation. The shared experiences of pregnant athletes highlight clear challenges that should be considered in the development of sport policy and practices that are inclusive and supportive of female athletes.