bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
61 Mycotoxin Trends in US Corn Grain and Corn Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Gott Paige N , Zheng Lan , Schwandt Erin F , Pender Chasity M , Hofstetter Ursula , Levy April W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites which may affect animal health and performance and are frequently detected in various feedstuffs. Mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in US corn grain and corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) samples were monitored in this study. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. The presence of clinical health or performance concerns on-farm was reported for each sample. Results from samples without clinical concerns that were above the limit of detection for each respective mycotoxin group were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to test the effect of harvest year on mean contamination level. Results are presented in Table 1. Of the 219 samples of 2021 corn grain screened in the current data set, 69% were positive for some level of B-Trich, an increase from 58% positive in 2020. Fumonisins (61%) and ZEN (27%) were the next most frequently detected mycotoxins in 2021 samples. Although numerically lower, mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) was similar to 2020 crop while contamination with FUM was elevated (P = 0.0001) compared to the prior year. Mean ZEN levels are numerically greater, but similar to 2020 samples. Out of 35 corn DDGS samples, occurrence of B-Trich, FUM, and ZEN remained high at 100, 100, and 94%, respectively. Mean B-Trich and FUM concentrations were similar year-to-year across the study period for DDGS while current mean ZEN level was similar to 2020, but lower than 2019 (P &lt; 0.001). Preliminary results of the 2021 US corn grain and DDGS survey suggest increased mycotoxin occurrence with comparable mean contamination levels to those observed in 2020. Continued surveillance is suggested to assess contamination in common livestock feed ingredients.
402 The Silver Linings of a Pandemic
Authors: Bolden -Tiller Olga 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite differing origins, the three types of land grant institutions (LGI) share the common mission of teaching, research and extension in service to all, resulting in the land-grant college system being seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the US economy that led to it being an economic superpower. Through the years, the LGI mission has been relatively resolute; however, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic mandated that, LGI, like all organizations, respond to its unprecedented demands. Though the land grant institutions share the single mission of teaching, research and extension, the support of these efforts at land grant institutions vary tremendously, often with great disparities existing for the 1890 and 1994 institution. As in most industries, the pandemic not only revealed many disparities, but exacerbated them. Instead of dampening the work of 1890 institutions like Tuskegee University, the pandemic called on these institutions to be innovative in carrying out its mission, resulting in numerous silver linings, which will be discussed in this session.
66 Environmental Impacts of Animal-Sourced Foods: Historical Trends and Future Opportunities
Authors: White Robin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is considerable debate within the scientific literature surrounding the role of animal-source foods (ASF) in sustainable food systems. Much of that debate centers on the environmental impacts of ASF. Although exact values vary with geographical location, data source, temporal focus, production strategies, and other factors, it is without doubt that ASF contribute notably to the environmental impacts of agriculture systems. The contributions of animal agriculture to environmental impacts globally has been used repeatedly as justification to downscale or eliminate consumption of ASF; however, this logic is predicated on the assumption that omission of livestock from the food production system would result in impact reductions proportional to current contributions. Simulations of the potential impacts of animal agricultural removal from the U.S. suggest this assumption may not hold. As such, there is a need to better understand the nature of ASF environmental impacts, to explore scenarios intermediate to current production practices and wholescale omission of ASF, and to prioritize potential strategies to address the societal challenges presented by the environmental impacts of ASF. These objectives of this work are to: 1) review the importance of critical context clarifications when discussing the environmental impacts of ASF; 2) explore the historical changes in the environmental impacts of ASF; and 3) highlight emerging areas of opportunity to enhance the environmental impacts of ASF. When considering the impact of ASF it is critical to contextualize discussions within geographical, temporal, and production-relevant scopes as relative impacts and conclusions drawn vary dramatically across different levels of these factors. Within the context of historical, U.S. agricultural systems, industry consolidation and productivity enhancement has contributed to notable improvements in the environmental footprints of ASF; however, absolute emissions in some industries are constant or increasing with time. Future efforts to enhance environmental impact should focus on productivity enhancement and direct impact mitigation to simultaneously address environmental footprints and absolute impacts.
71 Agent-Based Modeling: A Historical Perspective and Comparison to Other Modeling Techniques
Authors: Kaniyamattam Karun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The earliest known history of agent-based modeling (ABM) is traced back to Von Neumann’s self-reproducing cellular automata, designed in the 1940s. The usage of ABM in different scientific fields accelerated in the 1990s, supported by the phenomenal increase in computing capabilities. ABM is gaining acceptance in animal systems, as daily decision-making is becoming complex due to multiple competing outcomes of interest to food systems stakeholders. ABM typically replicates complex real-world systems, for example, a herd of animals that dynamically interact based on simple rules. ABM simulate the heterogenous, stochastic characteristics of agents observed in the real-world. The dynamic interaction of agents replicates the observable real-world complex system patterns. Application of ABM in animal systems ranges from modeling cell behavior, precision nutrition and herd management to predicting the spread of epidemics, and food animal supply chain optimization. Animal science's most widely used alternative modeling techniques include system dynamic models, differential equations-based models, and statistical modeling. The list of unrealistic assumptions that limit the utility of these modeling techniques includes the assumptions of linearity, homogeneity, normality, and stationarity. The advantageous characteristics of an agent in ABM that set it apart from other techniques include being identifiable, capable of existing in an environment where it interacts with other agents while being autonomous and self-directed, goal-oriented behavior, flexible learning, and capability of adaptations in its behavior over time, based on experience. Identifying the purpose of the model, the questions the model will answer, and the potential users are the key decision variables modelers should ponder upon before embarking on building ABM. The commonly used ABM software includes Repast, Swarm, Netlogo, and MASON. Developing an ABM has several highly interleaved stages: concept development, requirements definition, design, implementation, and operationalization, each of which will be illustrated during the hands-on training session on ABM.
70 Asas-Nanp Symposium Roundtable Discussions
Authors: Menendez Hector M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The power and utility of modeling approaches are only as good as the animal scientist's ability to apply them. Critical to this ability is knowledge of what tools are available, how they can be applied, and where to find resources to turn ideas into action. After experiencing a hands-on workshop on Agent-Based Modeling in Agriculture and Making Sense of Big Data, Machine Learning, and Modeling, the National Animal Nutrition Program-Pre-Conference Symposia attendees will have a chance to debrief. This roundtable provides a time to ask critical questions and to raise ideas regarding challenges and opportunities regarding modeling training and implementation to benefit animal science research and student training. Finally, updates will be given to provide a further vision of the next steps regarding the National Animal Nutrition Program's efforts in mathematical modeling.
79 Effects of Nutrient Restriction During Late Gestation of the First Parity on cow and Calf Performance During the Second Lactation
Authors: Davies Shelby L , Redifer Colby A , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Meyer Allison M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fall-calving Herford-SimAngus heifers were individually fed either 100% (control; CON, n = 10) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR, n = 12) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements from d 160 of gestation to calving. Postpartum cows were individually fed 100% of energy and protein requirements until d 149 of lactation, then fed tall fescue hay or pasture as a single group through parity 2. Second parity cow performance and calf size were measured at birth, d 30, and d 60 post-calving. Single-quarter colostrum yield was collected pre-suckling. At d 30 and 60 of lactation, 4-hour milk yield was collected. Data were analyzed with the fixed effect of first parity nutritional plane, and calving or breeding date, calf sex, and calf sire (calf measures) were covariates. Milk yield included day and day x treatment (repeated measures). We previously reported that in parity 1, NR reduced (P ≤ 0.04) colostrum and milk yield, calf weaning weight, and dam weaning BCS. From calving to d 60 of parity 2, CON cows had greater (P ≤ 0.008) BCS and greater (P = 0.003) backfat on d 30. Additionally, CON cows had greater (P ≤ 0.002) BW compared with NR at d 30 and 60 of lactation. Calf size was not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by first parity nutritional plane except that cannon length at birth and d 60 tended (P ≤ 0.08) to be longer in CON calves. Colostrum and milk volume and weight were not affected (P ≥ 0.37) by first parity nutritional plane. Milk yield was greater (P ≤ 0.001) at d 30 than d 60. These data indicate that cow BW and energy reserves remained less in parity 2 when heifers experienced late gestational nutrient restriction, but calf size, colostrum yield, and milk yield were unaffected in the second parity.
86 Effects of Hurricane-Related Prenatal Stress on Postnatal Growth and Development of Steers and Heifers in a Limited Resource Beef cow-Calf System
Authors: Odhiambo John F , Elder Kasey A , Fernandez Rachel , Dunn Rachel , Green Kiana , Coble Derrick 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cost effective growth in beef calves is necessary for productivity of limited-resource pasture-based cow-calf operations. However, pasture-based production systems are often plagued by environmental stressors such as droughts, high ambient temperatures and adverse weather events that might impede calf growth and development. Our study evaluated the effects of prenatal stressors such as hurricanes on postnatal calf growth and development. Crossbred beef calves born from the same lineage in two different years were compared: Group 1, dams experienced effects of a category 5 hurricane in their late gestation. Group 2, dams experienced no adverse environmental effects their late gestation. Body weights and condition scores were collected at weaning, yearling age, 14 -15 months age and, and 20 months of age. Blood samples were collected periodically to evaluate metabolite and hormone profiles. Data were evaluated by mixed procedures of SAS, and significance determined at P&lt; 0.05. Calf body weights during the juvenile periods were less (P&lt; 0.05) in both steers and heifers born to dams that experienced hurricane-related stress during late gestation compared with their normal contemporaries. However, this weight difference was not evident during adult stages. Further, although blood cortisol was not different in yearling heifers, glucose and progesterone concentrations were decreased (P&lt; 0.05; P&lt; 0.01, respectively) in Group 1 heifers compared with the control group. In adult steers, serum cortisol differed (P&lt; 0.001) between groups (965±38 vs 1282±40.5, pg/mL for Groups 1 and 2 respectively). Indeed, Group 1 steers exhibited decreased serum cortisol concentrations at both summer and fall periods when ambient temperatures were expected to present varied stressful challenges to the animals. Thus, detrimental effects of a natural disaster such as a hurricane may impede postnatal growth and development of heifers and steers as seen in this project. Further investigation is on this phenomenon is warranted. Funded by NIFA CBG # 2021-38821-34599.
88 How can Industry Use Energy and Body Composition Predictions to Achieve Production Expectations?
Authors: Holland Ben P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cattle feeders and consulting nutritionists must weigh numerous data points when making decisions. Each operation must define success in production and set expectations. Then considering inputs, such as cattle genetic potential, production technologies, feeder and fed cattle market conditions, grid premiums and discounts, and ingredient pricing and nutrition composition, they must design systems that are capable of achieving these expectations. Models have been developed for the projection of cattle growth, retained energy, and body composition and can be helpful in designing feeding and management programs. However, intricacies available in models that can lead to improved prediction can be difficult to implement. As a result, data may be underutilized, and decisions are often made based on limited information. This presentation will attempt to consider the dynamic conditions involved in making such decisions as choosing days on feed and determining marketing dates and provide context that can be used by research and industry when developing and applying models in cattle feeding.
100 Gut Inflammation: Fanning non-Specific Flames That Impact Health and Performance
Authors: Abeyta Megan A , Baumgard Lance H , Callaway Todd R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Inflammation emanating from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a key component to suboptimal farm animal productivity. Gut inflammation encompasses more than just acidosis and is a widespread condition in high producing feedlot or dairy cows which is commonly associated with feeding high grain (starch) ration. Many of the direct causes of gastrointestinal inflammation are related to the microbial fermentation in the rumen and in the hindgut, both directly and indirectly. However, many of the impacts on production are “silent” from a health perspective, and are not limited to a single compartment of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal inflammation is often linked with tight junction dysfunction which is accompanied by gross morphological changes that reduce intestinal barrier function, allowing for intestinal luminal contents and microbes to infiltrate into portal and systemic blood (leaky gut). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin found in gram negative bacteria which is a potent antigen, which can cause systemic responses including widespread inflammation. Leukocyte antigen recognition initiates a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and thus the immune system becomes an obligate glucose utilizer. The reprioritization in the hierarchy of glucose trafficking reduces glucose availability to support milk and muscle synthesis. GIT hyperpermeability and the ipso facto immune stimulation is accompanied by hypophagia and a unique endocrine footprint characterized by hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia. Preventing leaky gut should be the nutritionists primary objective and multiple strategies should be considered. The use of probiotics, organic acids, and phytochemicals offer potential alternatives to antimicrobials (ATA) that can alter the microbial population and reduce: 1) microbial activity that leads to the development of conditions leading to barrier dysfunction, 2) impacts of fermentation endproducts on epithelial tissues, and 3) immunostimulation due to LPS reaching the host.
119 Change in Serum Total Lipid Profiles in Dogs Supplemented with Camelina, Flaxseed, or Canola oil for 16 Weeks
Authors: Burron Scarlett , Richards Taylor , Shoveller Anna-Kate , Pearson Wendy , Grant Caitlin E , Akhtar Nadeem , Trevizan Luciano 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are few data describing the effects of different oils on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in dogs. Our objectives were to assess the effects of camelina (CAM), flaxseed (FLAX), and canola oil (OLA) on the serum total lipid FA profiles over a 16-week feeding study. Thirty healthy, adult dogs of various breeds [17 females, 13 males; 7.2±3.1 years and 27.4±14.0 kg (mean±SD)] underwent a 4-week dietary wash-in period on a commercial, low-fat kibble top dressed with 8.2g sunflower oil/100g food intake. Dogs were blocked by breed, age, and size, and assigned to receive CAM, FLAX, or OLA for 16-weeks at the same dose as wash-in. Serum total FA were measured using gas chromatography from dogs at baseline and week 16. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. In all treatments, the final percent area of pooled and individual omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) FAs were inversely related, with n-3 being greater at week 16 and n-6 less at week 16 compared with baseline (p&lt; 0.05). Conversely, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid showed accumulation at week 16 and docosahexaenoic acid was less at week 16 than baseline for all treatments (p&lt; 0.05). Stearidonic acid was greater in FLAX than OLA but both were similar to CAM, and α-linolenic differed among all treatments (FLAX &gt;CAM &gt;OLA) (p&lt; 0.05). Eicosadienoic acid was less in FLAX than CAM and OLA (p&lt; 0.05). Omega-9 FA were greater at week 16 for all treatments and individual FAs (p&lt; 0.05). Eicosaenoic and mead acid were greater in CAM than FLAX and OLA, and oleic acid was greater in FLAX than OLA, but similar to CAM (p&lt; 0.05). Differences among dogs fed camelina, flax, and canola oils were due to the inherent FA concentrations of the oil and suggest all oils are suitable for increasing serum n-3 concentrations.
120 Seasonal Variation of Select Serum Electrolyte Concentrations in Siberian Huskies Housed Outside in Ontario Canada from may Until October
Authors: McCorkell Terence C , Singh Pawanpreet , Templeman James , Cargo-Froom Cara , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of season has been recognized in both human and veterinary medicine for its influence on various hematological and biochemical parameters. However, limited research has been conducted in dogs regarding seasonal electrolyte changes, especially in those non-exercising and housed outdoors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variation in ambient conditions on electrolyte status in 28 outdoor-housed adult Siberian huskies (13 females: 8 spayed, 5 intact and 15 males: 9 neutered, 6 intact). Dogs had an average age of 5.3 ± 2.8 years and body weight of 23.22 ± 3.73 kg. Dogs were fed one of four dry extruded diets formulated with the same mineral premix. Fasted blood samples were collected monthly from May until October and sera were analyzed for Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and P using photometric analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with dog as a random effect and temperature, spay-neuter status, and age as fixed effects. Serum Na+, K+, Ca2+, and P concentration were least in May, and greatest in September, October, October, and June, respectively (P&lt; 0.05). Conversely, serum Mg2+ were greatest in May and September, and least in August (P&lt; 0.05). Serum Cl- were greatest in May and October, and least in July (P&lt; 0.05). Across all months, females had decreased serum Ca2+ than males, intact dogs had greater serum Cl-, and younger dogs (&lt;3 years of age) had greater serum P compared with older dogs (P&lt; 0.05). These results suggest that dogs experience significant changes in electrolyte balance due to seasonal and ambient variation. Those that are higher risk for electrolyte loss and imbalance may benefit from supplementation during the summertime. Further research is needed to understand if seasonal or ambient variations drive these changes and if they compromise athletic performance.
126 Antioxidant-Containing Kibble Supplemented to Adult Cats Elicited Improvements in Antioxidant Outcomes and C-Reactive Protein
Authors: Panasevich Matthew , Daristotle Leighann , Lin Ching-Yen , Frantz Nolan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative health biomarkers in healthy male and female adult cats (n=30; 10 male and 20 female, avg age and BW + SD 3.34 ± 3.19 years; 3.85 ± 1.07 kg) fed an adult maintenance diet (Blue Buffalo Healthy Living Adult Chicken and Brown Rice) without (control diet) and supplemented with an antioxidant-containing kibble (test diet; proprietary blend containing blueberries, cranberries, and other antioxidant-containing ingredients). Both diets analyzed as 35.9% crude protein, 19.8% fat, 2.1% crude fiber, 6.4% moisture, 28.6% carbohydrate as-is. We hypothesized that test feeding would reduce serum pro-oxidative biomarkers, compared with control feeding. The study protocol was first approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All cats were fed a base kennel maintenance diet (no added antioxidants beyond maintenance requirements) for 14d before treatment phase. Animals were then randomized to control or test for a 28d treatment period in a randomized cross-over design. Base kennel maintenance diet was provided for a 14d washout, followed by another treatment period. Serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 of for biomarkers analysis. Data were analyzed as a mixed models 2-way ANCOVA (SAS v9.4). Significant differences between treatments were set at P&lt;0.05. Average daily food intake and body weight were similar between treatments for the duration of the study. Serum advanced glycation end-products and malondialdehyde were significantly (P&lt;0.05) less when animals consumed test diet compared with control diet. Interestingly, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was decreased and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand was greater (P&lt;0.05) when cats were fed test diet compared with control diet. These data suggest that inclusion of an antioxidant-containing kibble extruded to preserve antioxidant activity to a base kibble exhibits some favorable modulation to serum antioxidant markers and CRP in cats. These observations warrant additional research to elucidate the effects.