bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of timing of infection from longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 viral load data: mathematical modelling study
Authors: Ejima Keisuke , Kim Kwang Su , Bento Ana I. , Iwanami Shoya , Fujita Yasuhisa , Aihara Kazuyuki , Shibuya Kenji , Iwami Shingo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundMultiple waves of the COVID-19 epidemic have hit most countries by the end of 2021. Most of those waves are caused by emergence and importation of new variants. To prevent importation of new variants, combination of border control and contact tracing is essential. However, the timing of infection inferred by interview is influenced by recall bias and hinders the contact tracing process.MethodsWe propose a novel approach to infer the timing of infection, by employing a within-host model to capture viral load dynamics after the onset of symptoms. We applied this approach to ascertain secondary transmission which can trigger outbreaks. As a demonstration, the 12 initial reported cases in Singapore, which were considered as imported because of their recent travel history to Wuhan, were analyzed to assess whether they are truly imported.ResultsOur approach suggested that 6 cases were infected prior to the arrival in Singapore, whereas other 6 cases might have been secondary local infection. Three among the 6 potential secondary transmission cases revealed that they had contact history to previously confirmed cases.ConclusionsContact trace combined with our approach using viral load data could be the key to mitigate the risk of importation of new variants by identifying cases as early as possible and inferring the timing of infection with high accuracy.
Diagnostic difficulties in the diagnosis of high acute-phase proteins levels in a teenage drug addicted female patient
Authors: Krakowczyk Helena , Szczepańska Maria , Wróblowska-Grzonka Urszula , Gajewska-Ormińska Katarzyna , Ziora Katarzyna , Machura Edyta 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Youth drug addiction is a significant social and health problem. Symptoms of the disease include a number of neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. Possible hormonal disorders and dysregulation of the immune system could also occur.

Case presentation
We describe a case of a teenage patient with multiple diseases such as esophagitis, allergic disease, and numerous behavioral disorders leading to: self-injury of the body, suicide attempts by drugs overdosing, and experimentation with various psychoactive substances (morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, codeine). She was also diagnosed with bipolar disorder. A few hours before the admission to the ward, the patient had an intravenous injection of drugs. Toxicological tests confirmed the presence of amphetamine, ecstasy and opioids in the blood and urine. Laboratory tests revealed extremely increased inflammatory parameters, leucopenia, increased levels of IgG, IgA and IgE (total) immunoglobulins, low concentration of vitamin D. Bacteriological examinations were negative. General condition of the patient got better very quickly, antibiotic therapy was abandoned on the 4th day. It was concluded that the cause of the elevated concentration of acute-phase proteins was most likely caused by intoxication with psychoactive drugs.

Conclusions
The discussed case shows the difficulties of differential diagnosis in a teenage patient struggling with many diseases, who has been abusing drugs for several years. Increased inflammatory parameters in the form of an raised PCT, CRP, NLR, PLR values may be caused by many factors. In adolescents who frequently experiment with psychoactive substances, such cause of these disturbances should also be taken into account.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review
Authors: Pathirathna Malshani L. , Nandasena Hapugahapitiye Mohottalage Renu Kal , Atapattu Atapattu Mudiyanselage Muditha Pium , Weerasekara Ishanka 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the risk factors associated with suicidal behavior and thus, prioritizing its prevention is recommended.

Methods
This study systematically reviewed the global evidence on the incidence of suicide/suicidal attempts and the trend in suicidal rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional and cohort studies investigating the outcomes of suicidal death and suicidal attempts at any setting during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched in Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO databases for papers published from December 2019 to May 2021.

Results
Out of 1052 studies18 studies with 12,746 suicidal attempts and 33,345 suicidal deaths were included in the final analysis. The mental health impact of social distancing, COVID-19 quarantine, and financial crises due to loss of employment were associated risk factors with suicide and/or suicidal attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Six common thematic recommendations for preventing suicidal deaths and suicidal attempts were identified.

Conclusions
Unexpected behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the increasing trend of suicidal attempts reported. Domestic conflicts and violence, financial loss, anxiety and depression, and pre-existing mental health condition/s should be considered in preventing suicidal attempts and deaths secondary to the COVID 19 pandemic. Early detection and timely intervention for individuals with suicidal behavior is crucial and collated recommendations in the current study can be utilized for those preventive interventions. More systematic suicide risk screening process should be introduced who are at risk, along with an evidence base prevention approach.
Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation
Authors: Balázs Péter György , Mitev Ariel , Brodszky Valentin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
This study aims to confirm validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and evaluate its dimensional structure.

Methods
Cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 among Hungarian general population. In addition to classical test theory methods, construct dimensionality of FCV-19S was assessed using EFA with principal axis factoring method and CFA with diagonally-weighted least squares estimation. Fear score was compared in age, gender, educational level, vaccination and infection subgroups.

Results
Significant differences in FCV-19S mean scores were observed between three subgroups (age, gender, vaccination). Items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). EFA identified two latent factors (eig = 4.2 and 1.02), though parallel analysis supports the one-factor model. The two-dimensional structure was confirmed by CFA, items 3,4,6,7 correlated with Factor 1 (physiological fear), items 1,2,5 with Factor 2 (emotional fear).

Conclusion
The Hungarian version of FCV-19S seems valid and reliable. The EFA identified two-latent factors (emotional and physiological fear), that was confirmed by CFA. The two-factor structure had better model fit, though its’ acceptance is limited.
Examining the independent and interactive association of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with frailty in Chinese community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Li Na , Huang Feng , Li Hong , Lin Siyang , Yuan Yin , Zhu Pengli 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
While physical inactivity or prolonged sitting has been linked to an increased risk of frailty, the interaction between sitting time (ST), physical activity (PA) and frailty is not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the dose-response relationship between PA, ST and frailty and further to evaluate the interaction effect of PA and ST on frailty in the context of regular COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in China.

Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 1458 participants (age ≥ 60) enrolled from a prospective cohort study of frailty in elderly people of Fujian Province. PA and ST levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A 40-item frailty index (FI) quantified frailty. Multivariable logistic regression and linear regression models were applied to examine the dose-response relationship between PA or ST and frailty level. Interaction plots were used to visualise the interaction effects of PA and ST on frailty.

Results
Compared with light PA, the odds ratios (ORs) for frailty were significantly lower for moderate PA (OR, 0.609 [95% CI, 0.419, 0.885], P < .001) and vigorous PA (OR, 0.399 [95% CI, 0.236,0.673], P < .001). Comparing subjects with ST <  4 h/day, those with ST ≥ 8 h/day were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with frailty (OR, 3.140 [95% CI, 1.932, 5.106], P < .001), 6–8 h/day (OR, 1.289 [95% CI, 0.835, 1.989], P >0.05), and 4–6 h/day (OR, 1.400 [95% CI, 0.972, 2.018], P >0.05). Each one unit increase in metabolic equivalents (h/day) of PA was related to an average 0.928 (0.887, 0.971) decrease in prevalence of frailty, while each one unit increase in sitting time (h/day) was related to average 1.114 (1.046,1.185) increase in prevalence of frailty. Negative interactive effects of PA and ST on frailty were observed (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
There are nonlinear and linear dose-response relationships between PA, SB and frailty respectively. In addition, excess ST may counteract the beneficial effects of PA on frailty. Interventions that focus on reducing excess ST may be effective strategies to reduce the risk of frailty and should be taken seriously by public health authorities, especially in the context of regular epidemic prevention and control in China.
Associations of serum long-chain fatty acids with multiple organ involvement in patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Suzuki Takahito , Karayama Masato , Inoue Yusuke , Hozumi Hironao , Suzuki Yuzo , Furuhashi Kazuki , Fujisawa Tomoyuki , Enomoto Noriyuki , Nakamura Yutaro , Inui Naoki , Suda Takafumi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Fatty acids have diverse immunomodulatory functions and the potential to be associated with inflammatory responses in sarcoidosis.

Methods
The serum levels of multiple long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were compared between 63 patients with sarcoidosis and 38 healthy controls. The associations of LCFAs with clinical outcomes of sarcoidosis were also evaluated.

Results
The patients with sarcoidosis had significantly lower levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p < 0.001) and n-6 PUFAs (p < 0.001) than the healthy controls. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) between the two groups. On multivariate logistic analysis, lower levels of n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and n-3/n-6 ratio were predictive of sarcoidosis. Among the patients with sarcoidosis, those with multiple organ involvement had significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-3/n-6 ratio than those with single organ involvement. There were no significant differences in the levels of n-6 PUFAs, SFAs, and MUFAs between the patients with multiple and single organ involvement. On multivariate logistic analysis, lower levels of SFAs and n-3/n-6 ratio were predictive of multiple organ involvement. The levels of LCFAs had no significant association with radiographic stage or spontaneous remission.

Conclusions
Assessment of LCFA profiles may be useful for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and evaluation of the disease activity.
Composite indices of femoral neck strength predicts the collapse of steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a retrospective study
Authors: Lin Tianye , Cai Kaishen , Yang Peng , WuRi Shana , Chen Weijian , Deng Pan , Li Ziqi , Chen Zhenqiu , He Wei , Zhang Qingwen , Wei Qiushi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purposes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive effect exerted by composite indices of femoral neck strength (compressive strength index (CSI), bending strength index (BSI) and impact strength index (ISI) on the femoral head collapse in steroid-associated ONFH patients.

Methods
Nonoperative steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) patients from 2017 to 2019 were selected. The patients fell into the collapsed group and the non-collapsed group according to whether the femoral head collapsed. CSI, BSI and ISI were calculated. Moreover, bone turnover markers were measured. The statistical analysis was conducted on the predictive effects of composite indices of femoral neck strength and bone turnover index on ONFH collapse.

Results
A total of 62 patients were included. The mean CSI, BSI and ISI were significantly lower in the collapsed group than those in the non-collapsed group (P < 0.05). CSI, ISI,t-P1NP and β-CTx were suggested as the protective risk factors for the femoral head collapse in ONFH patients. The ISI area under the curve values was 0. 878.The mean survival time of the hips of patients with ISI greater than 0.435 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of patients with ISI less than 0.435.

Conclusion
The composite indices of femoral neck strength can predict steroid-associated ONFH femoral head collapse more effectively than the bone turnover markers. The ISI value of 0.435 is a potential cut-off value, lower than this value can predict the early collapse of steroid-associated ONFH.
Letter to the editor: Calcar fracture gapping: a reliable predictor of anteromedial cortical support failure after cephalomedullary nailing for pertrochanteric femur fractures
Authors: Hagiyama Akikazu , Yamamoto Norio , Tomita Yosuke , Demiya Koji 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA recently published article by Song H et al. investigated the risk factors for anteromedial cortical support loss in pertrochanteric fractures treated with cephalomedullary nails. In this Correspondence, we would like to raise some concerns. Specifically, calcar fracture gap and anteromedial cortical support are different concepts in evaluating reduction quality. In addition, calcar fracture gap using immediate postoperative radiographic images has measurement bias. Lastly, explanatory variables selected for multivariable analysis are inappropriate. We would like to discuss and suggest solutions for these problems.
Comparison of the PIPAS severity score tool and the QSOFA criteria for predicting in-hospital mortality of peritonitis in a tertiary hospital in Uganda: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Iranya Richard Newton , Mbiine Ronald , Semulimi Andrew Weil , Nasige Joan , Makumbi Timothy , Galukande Moses 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The majority of the prognostic scoring tools for peritonitis are impractical in low resource settings because they are complex while others are quite costly. The quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score and the Physiologic Indicators for Prognosis in Abdominal Sepsis (PIPAS) severity score are two strictly bedside prognostic tools but their predictive ability for mortality of peritonitis is yet to be compared. We compared the predictive ability of the qSOFA criteria and the PIPAS severity score for in-hospital mortality of peritonitis.

Method
This was a prospective cohort study on consecutive peritonitis cases managed surgically in a tertiary hospital in Uganda between October 2020 to June 2021. PIPAS severity score and qSOFA score were assessed preoperatively for each case and all cases were then followed up intra- and postoperatively until discharge from the hospital, or up to 30 days if the in-hospital stay was prolonged; the outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. We used Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis to assess and compare the predictive abilities of these two tools for peritonitis in-hospital mortality. All tests were 2 sided (p < 0.05) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
We evaluated 136 peritonitis cases. Their mean age was 34.4 years (standard deviation = 14.5). The male to female ratio was 3:1. The overall in-hospital mortality rate for peritonitis was 12.5%. The PIPAS severity score had a significantly better discriminative ability (AUC = 0.893, 95% CI 0.801–0.986) than the qSOFA score (AUC = 0.770, 95% CI 0.620–0.920) for peritonitis mortality (p = 0.0443). The best PIPAS severity cut-off score (a score of > = 2) had sensitivity and specificity of 76.5%, and 93.3% respectively, while the corresponding values for the qSOFA criteria (score > = 2), were 58.8% and 98.3% respectively.

Conclusions
The in-hospital mortality in this cohort of peritonitis cases was high. The PIPAS severity score tool has a superior predictive ability and higher sensitivity for peritonitis in-hospital mortality than the qSOFA score tool although the latter tool is more specific. We recommend the use of the PIPAS severity score as the initial prognostic tool for peritonitis cases in the emergency department.
Risk prediction models for erosive wear in preschool-aged children: a prospective study
Authors: Gatt Gabriella , Attard Nikolai 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite increasing prevalence, age-specific risk predictive models for erosive tooth wear in preschool-age children have not been developed. Identification of at-risk groups and the timely introduction of behavioural change or treatment will stop the progression of erosive wear in the permanent dentition. This study aimed to identify age-specific risk factors for erosive wear. Distinct risk prediction models for 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were developed.MethodsA prospective cohort study included school-based clinical examinations and parent administered questionnaires for consented 3 and 5-year-old healthy children. Calibrated examiners measured the following health parameters under standardised conditions: erosion, using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination Index (BEWE), caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), plaque and calculus according to the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) scores, dental traumatic injuries and soft tissue lesions, salivary testing and BMI. Other health conditions were collected via a parent-administered questionnaire that explored oral- and general-health. Non parametric tests were utilised to explore the temporal relation of erosion with, demographic factors, oral hygiene habits, general health and dietary habits. Variables showing significance with a difference in BEWE cumulative score over time were utilised to develop two risk prediction models. The models were evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis.ResultsRisk factors for the 3-year-old cohort (N = 336) included erosive wear (χ2(1, 92) = 12.829, p < 0.001), district (χ2(5, 92) = 17.032, p = 0.004) and family size (χ2(1, 92) = 4.547, p = 0.033). Risk factors for the 5-year-old cohort (N = 441) also included erosive wear (χ2(1, 144) = 4.768, p = 0.029), gender (χ2(1, 144) = 19.399, p < 0.001), consumption of iced tea (χ2(1, 144) = 8.872, p = 0.003) and dry mouth (χ2(1, 144) = 9.598, p = 0.002).ConclusionsPredictive risk factors for 3-year-old children are based on demographic factors and are distinct from those for 5-year-old children based on biological and behavioural factors. Erosive wear is a risk factor for further wear in both age cohorts.
Systematic review of the impact of heatwaves on health service demand in Australia
Authors: Mason Hannah , C King Jemma , E Peden Amy , C Franklin Richard 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesHeatwaves have been linked to increased levels of health service demand in Australia. This systematic literature review aimed to explore health service demand during Australian heatwaves for hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, ambulance call-outs, and risk of mortality.Study designA systematic review to explore peer-reviewed heatwave literature published from 2000 to 2020.Data sourcesArticles were reviewed from six databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychINFO, ProQuest, Science Direct). Search terms included: heatwave, extreme heat, ambulance, emergency department, and hospital. Studies were included if they explored heat for a period of two or more consecutive days. Studies were excluded if they did not define a threshold for extreme heat or if they explored data only from workers compensation claims and major events.Data synthesisThis review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42021227395). Forty-five papers were included in the final review following full-text screening. Following a quality assessment using the GRADE approach, data were extracted to a spreadsheet and compared. Significant increases in mortality, as well as hospital, emergency, and ambulance demand, were found across Australia during heatwave periods. Admissions for cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, mental and behavioural conditions exhibited increases during heatwaves. The most vulnerable groups during heatwaves were children (< 18 years) and the elderly (60+).ConclusionsHeatwaves in Australia will continue to increase in duration and frequency due to the effects of climate change. Health planning is essential at the community, state, and federal levels to mitigate the impacts of heatwaves on health and health service delivery especially for vulnerable populations. However, understanding the true impact of heatwaves on health service demand is complicated by differing definitions and methodology in the literature. The Excess Heat Factor (EHF) is the preferred approach to defining heatwaves given its consideration of local climate variability and acclimatisation. Future research should explore evidence-based and spatially relevant heatwave prevention programs. An enhanced understanding of heatwave health impacts including service demand will inform the development of such programs which are necessary to promote population and health system resilience.
Healthcare use in commercially insured youth with mental health disorders
Authors: Hugunin Julie , Davis Maryann , Larkin Celine , Baek Jonggyu , Skehan Brian , Lapane Kate L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study is to describe age-related patterns of outpatient healthcare utilization in youth and young adults with mental health disorders.MethodWe used the IBM®MarketScan®Commercial Database to identify 359,413 youth and young adults (12–27 years) with a mental health disorder continuously enrolled in private health insurance in 2018. Exploratory analysis was used to describe patterns of outpatient healthcare use (e.g., primary, reproductive, mental health care) and therapeutic management (e.g., medication prescriptions, psychotherapy) by age. Period prevalence and median number of visits are reported. Additional analysis explored utilization patterns by mental health disorder.ResultsThe prevalence of outpatient mental health care and primary care decreased with age, with a larger drop in primary care utilization. While 74.0-78.4% of those aged 12–17 years used both outpatient mental health care and primary care, 53.1–59.7% of those aged 18–27 years did. Most 18–19-year-olds had a visit with an internal medicine or family medicine specialist, a minority had a pediatrician visit. The prevalence of medication management increased with age, while the prevalence of psychotherapy decreased.ConclusionsTaken together, this descriptive study illustrates age-related differences in outpatient healthcare utilization among those with mental health disorders. Additionally, those with the most severe mental health disorders seem to be least connected to outpatient care. This knowledge can inform efforts to improve utilization of healthcare across the transition to adulthood.