bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humility
Authors: Covaleski Nicholas D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThroughout history, humility has been marked with ambivalence, steadily oscillating between the statuses of virtue and vice. Recent scholarship in positive psychology, however, has begun to unveil the nuances of humility and its associations with human health and happiness. In particular, this limited but promising set of literature has persuasively shown that cultural, epistemic, and existential humility reliably corresponds with positive mental health outcomes in a variety of therapeutic contexts. Moreover, this same set of research strongly indicates that humility is positively associated with an array of traits and behaviors that promote overall well-being. Thus humility appears to be a key virtue for fostering human flourishing within mental health settings and beyond. Lastly, religious and spiritual traditions, many of which have dense histories of reflection on humility, may be particularly well equipped with the resources needed to cultivate humility and to enrich an understanding of this old and intricate virtue.
Hope (Optimism, Resilience)
Authors: Kinghorn Warren 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clinicians often debate whether hope is adaptive or maladaptive for patients who are confronting serious medical and mental health challenges. But these debates, which focus on hope as belief and/or emotion, sidestep the question of whether hope can be a virtue, that is, an embodied disposition to act with ease in particular circumstances in ways that contribute to flourishing. Drawing on Thomas Aquinas’s account of hope as a virtue that sits between the twin vices of despair and presumption, I argue that hope as a virtue is not simply emotion, cognitive or intellectual belief, wishing, positive thinking, or optimism. Hope, rather, is the capacity to rest in a not-yet-present, difficult-to-attain good future that will be brought about by an agent outside the self. Hope in Aquinas’s sense is therefore an exogenous virtue that forms courage and perseverance in the subject. The exogenous nature of hope is vividly displayed in the work of the poet, priest, and civil rights attorney Pauli Murray, in the speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., and in other black American Christian witnesses to hope. Understood as an exogenous virtue, hope enables clear-eyed appraisal of evil, the capacity to discern and to trust in a coming good future made possible by another, human solidarity and community, and the courageous capacity to act toward a good and just future that is not yet present but that will surely come.
Care of the patient with heart failure
Authors: Jaarsma Tiny , Stromberg Anna , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Protopapas Andreas , Hill Loreena , Ljubas Ana , Thompson David R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Heart failure is a major and growing health problem that imposes a significant human and economic burden on individuals, families, and society through the associated high mortality, morbidity, and hospital readmission rates. It also impairs the quality of life and well-being of patients, families, and carers. The management of patients with heart failure depends on a detailed, systematic clinical assessment of their clinical presentation. Although treatments, especially pharmacological ones, but also devices, are increasingly effective, patients with heart failure and their families need education and support to help them understand and cope with treatments and any complications, make adjustments to their lifestyle, adhere to treatments, and take responsibility for their self-care.
Patient education and communication
Authors: Astin Felicity , Harris Emma , Neubeck Lis , Gallagher Robyn , Jones Jennifer 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nurses and allied health professionals play a key role in communicating and educating patients and informal carers. Comprehensive therapeutic patient education requires planning, delivery, evaluation, and documentation. Informal carers should be involved in all aspects of therapeutic education. Communication skills training for health professionals can improve patient satisfaction with care. Therapeutic education is more likely to be effective if best practice communication and teaching skills are applied in clinical practice which includes a learning needs assessment. Single sessions of therapeutic education are less effective than multiple sessions with follow-up. Problematic health literacy is a major obstacle to therapeutic patient education. Universal health literacy precautions should be implemented to reduce health inequalities. Effective therapeutic patient education has the potential to reduce unnecessary health resource use by patients and adverse events.
Looking forward: the future of cardiovascular care
Authors: Thompson David R. , Neubeck Lis , Gallagher Robyn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cardiovascular care is evolving rapidly in an era of unprecedented demand. Nurses are increasingly caring for a growing number of people who are older, present with multiple chronic conditions, and are socially isolated. This is against a backdrop of public, political, economic, and professional pressures to work more effectively and efficiently, ensuring cost containment or value for money for health services and better outcomes and experiences for patients. Health services and healthcare professionals are being exhorted, when and where possible, to keep people out of hospital; reduce waiting times and hospital stays; speed up, shorten, and avoid duplication of diagnostics, treatments, and clinic visits; make care processes more patient-centred and coordinated; and ensure monitoring and follow-up, including linking with other sectors such as social services. In summary, to make healthcare services more responsive and patient driven, we need to change the way we think and work so that we think more creatively, work more smartly, and exploit technology and other resources appropriately, while at all times being cognizant of patient and family needs, values, and preferences, and aiming to improve outcomes and experiences.
Molecular Aspects of Hormone Regulation
Authors: Siddle Kenneth , Brierley Gemma V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hormones travel in the bloodstream to exert effects on target tissues, which are often anatomically remote from the site of hormone secretion. They achieve this by binding and activating receptors, which usually are highly selective or specific. Receptors are grouped into several families according to their molecular structure and mechanism of action. Common classes of receptors important in endocrinology include cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cytokine-like receptors, and intracellular nuclear hormone receptors. In this chapter the basic anatomy of the signalling pathways emanating from these receptors is described, and the principles and mechanisms of information coding and transmission, and how these may go awry in endocrine disease, are discussed.
Pituitary Assessment Strategy
Authors: Drake William M. , Keevil Brian , Trainer Peter J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Accurate assessment of anterior pituitary function requires a sound knowledge of its normal physiology together with careful integration of clinical and biochemical information. The optimum methods of testing anterior and posterior pituitary function and the interpretation of the results are subjects of continuing debate. The syndromes associated with and consequences of hypo- and hyperpituitarism; and the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes insipidus are all discussed elsewhere in this book. The intention of this chapter is to describe the physiological basis and evidence in favour of the various available tests of anterior pituitary function, while at the same time acknowledging their limitations and appreciating the importance of the clinical context of testing.
Acromegaly
Authors: Wass John A.H. , Trainer Peter J. , Korbonits Márta 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Acromegaly is a disease with a long history; with gigantism this is particularly so. It is uncommon. Significant genetic advances have been made in regard to the causation of the tumour but more needs to be known and understanding the genetic basis of these tumours is not universal. The most important asset of this disease is early recognition. It presents to a number of different specialties. The mainstay of treatment is transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Not infrequently, even in the hands of experienced surgeons, acromegaly persists and drug therapy with dopamine agonists, somatostatin analogues, and pegvisomant are needed. New drugs are being developed in the field of acromegaly. Radiotherapy may occasionally be necessary to control the tumour and/or growth hormone levels in the absence of response to some medical therapies. Nowadays it is possible however in the majority of patients to control IGF1 secretion with adequate doses of pegvisomant.
Hypothalamic Dysfunction (Hypothalamic Syndromes)
Authors: Gan Hoong-Wei , Cerbone Manuela , Dattani Mehul T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Despite its small size, the hypothalamus is one of00 the most complex and vital structures of the human brain. Through its intimate connection with the pituitary gland and other areas of the brain, the hypothalamus acts as the master regulator of various neuroendocrine systems while integrating endocrine and neural signals which regulate superior functions such as appetite, thirst, circadian rhythms, arousal, memory, and behaviour. Consequently, acquired damage to or maldevelopment of this area can have widespread consequences on a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Hypothalamic dysfunction can present with heterogeneous clinical features including hypopituitarism necessitating pituitary hormone replacement, a spectrum of weight disorders ranging from hypothalamic obesity to diencephalic syndrome/anorexia, temperature and sleep dysregulation, behavioural difficulties, and memory and autonomic dysfunction. Targeted treatment for hypothalamic obesity and the ‘non-endocrine’ manifestations of hypothalamic dysfunction has proven difficult, and supportive care and avoidance of acquired hypothalamic damage are the only strategies currently available for these patients.
Perisellar Tumours Including Cysts, Hamartomas, and Vascular Tumours
Authors: Honegger Jürgen , Ernemann Ulrike , Beschorner Rudi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are prevailing among perisellar tumours. That is why other perisellar tumours are often misinterpreted as pituitary adenomas. Careful consideration of the characteristic endocrinological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are of paramount importance to differentiate between various tumours encountered in the perisellar region. With knowledge of the typical and occasionally pathognomonic signs of the different perisellar tumour entities, the correct diagnosis can often be made with a high degree of certainty even before histological confirmation of diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy is decisive for purposeful clinical decision-making. In parallel, histopathological classification in surgical cases has further developed and molecular markers have been implemented allowing a more precise distinction and definition of tumour entities. Extended transsphenoidal skull base approaches have expanded the surgical options in the treatment of perisellar tumours. Radiotherapeutic modalities have been refined and the experience with radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy for perisellar tumours has significantly increased over the past 10 years. Novel targeted therapies are emerging as additional therapeutic options for solid tumours. The endovascular techniques for treatment of aneurysms including stent-assisted coiling and flow diversion have rapidly advanced. The characteristic clinical findings, the current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and the outcome with the advanced treatment options in non-adenomatous perisellar tumours are presented in this chapter.
The History and Iconography Relating to the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Volpé Robert , Sawin Clark 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a brief summary of the history and art related to the thyroid gland. The reader is referred to other sources for an exhaustive exposition of these matters at the end of the chapter in its References. Knowledge of goitre (which was not known to be a thyroid enlargement until about the sixteenth century) goes back into antiquity. From this early documentation of goitre and cretinism in prehistoric times, to the discovery of iodine at the beginning of the nineteenth century and beyond, thyroid conditions and their treatment—including hyper- and hypothyroidism, cretinism, Graves’ disease, goitre, myxoedema, and fibrous thyroiditis—have been known by humankind for millennia.
Biosynthesis, Transport, Metabolism, and Actions of Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Visser W. Edward 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the thyroid, which produces thyroid hormone, the common name for prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the bioactive hormone 3,3ʹ,5-triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormone biosynthesis takes place in thyroid follicular cells. The bioavailability of thyroid hormone in target tissues depends to a large extent on the supply of plasma T4 and T3, the activity of plasma membrane transporters mediating the cellular uptake and/or efflux of these hormones, as well as the activity of deiodinases and other enzymes catalysing their activation or inactivation. The actions of thyroid hormone are mediated by binding of T3 to the nuclear thyroid hormone (or T3) receptors (TRs).
The Complex Genetics of Thyroid Disease
Authors: Davies Terry F. , Menconi Francesca , Tomer Yaron 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the identification and characterization of susceptibility genes for the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) which includes Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and are among the commonest autoimmune endocrine diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. There is a strong familial aggregation with these diseases, a high sibling risk ratio, and a high concordance rate in monozygotic twins. Several major AITD susceptibility genes have been identified which can be categorized by the disease phenotype or their function. In the group of immune regulatory genes, HLA-DR3 was shown long ago to be associated with GD and HT, and the presence of arginine at position 74 of the HLA-DRβ chain is now known to be the specific sequence variant conferring risk. Three additional susceptibility genes related to immune regulation have also been revealed—CTLA-4, CD40, and PTPN22, as well as two thyroid-specific genes: thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor (TSHR). While CTLA-4, PTPN22, and thyroglobulin confer susceptibility to both GD and HT, CD40 and TSHR are specific for GD.
Environmental Factors
Authors: Köhrle Josef 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The thyroid gland, its feedback regulation within the hypothalamus–, pituitary–, thyroid–periphery axis, and the action of thyroid hormones belong to the most vulnerable components of the endocrine system affected by our environment. Thyroid hormone synthesis critically depends on live long nutritional availability of three essential trace elements (i.e. iodine, selenium, and iron). The complex, evolutionary highly conserved system, utilizing the uptake, organification, storage, and fine-tuned mobilization and activation of iodine as the main chemical constituent of and environmentally dependent thyroid hormones, provides a number of possibilities for nutritive, industrial and environmental compounds (endocrine disruptors) to interfere with these reactions and to cause adverse effects. Thyroid hormones are critical for brain development already in utero and represent potent permissive regulators of growth, energy metabolism, regulation of body temperature, and turnover of biomolecules. Deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones due to exposure with endocrine disrupting compounds is associated with various thyroid-related diseases.
Thyroiditis
Authors: Pearce Elizabeth N. , Farwell Alan P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thyroiditis comprises a diverse group of disorders that are among the most common endocrine abnormalities encountered in clinical practice. These disorders range from the extremely common chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) to the extremely rare invasive fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel’s thyroiditis). Clinical presentations are also diverse, ranging from an incidental finding of a goitre to potentially life-threatening illness, from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, infectious thyroiditis, and sclerosing thyroiditis (Riedel’s thyroiditis, which may be linked to immunoglobulin G4-related disease).
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Pearce Simon H.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Subclinical hyperthyroidism is a biochemical diagnosis, defined by a serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) below the reference range coupled with normal serum free thyroid hormones. It rarely causes symptoms and affects around 1% of people, becoming more prevalent in individuals over 80 years of age. It is most frequently a transient condition owing to non-thyroidal illness or medication use. Many observational population-based studies of older people have shown that subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with a poor long-term outcome, including an excess of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, osteoporosis, dementia, and death. This is likely to reflect that serum TSH is a biomarker of ageing and thus low TSH defines a group of people with more morbidity or frailty. However, if the serum TSH is fully suppressed (&lt;0.05 mU/L) then it can represent a state of mild thyroid autonomy and treatment should be considered.
Management of Toxic Multinodular Goitre and Toxic Adenoma
Authors: Führer Dagmar , Jäschke Holger 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Toxic adenoma (TA) and toxic multinodular goitre (TMNG) represent the clinically important presentations of thyroid autonomy. Thyroid autonomy is a condition where thyrocytes produce thyroid hormones independently of thyrotropin (TSH) and in absence of TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (TSAb). This prevalence of thyroid autonomy is linked with dietary iodine supply and is a common finding in areas with iodine deficiency. Genetic alterations frequently determined in patients with TA or TMNG are activating somatic mutations in the TSH receptor or the Gs alpha protein subunit resulting in a loss of pituitary control of the thyroid. This chapter discusses beside epidemiology and pathology also the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with TA or TMNG.
Pathogenesis of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Santoro Massimo , Jarzab Barbara , Krajewska Jolanta , Rusinek Dagmara 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thyroid cancers (TCs) include a wide spectrum of cancer types, from indolent papillary microcarcinomas, through well-differentiated TCs to aggressive and treatment-refractory poorly and undifferentiated TCs. TC, mostly papillary microcarcinoma, features one of the most rapid incidence increases compared to other malignant neoplasms. This phenomenon is mainly explained by a widespread use of diagnostic tools (neck ultrasound, fine needle aspiration biopsy). However, it is possibly also a consequence of the impact of environmental and genetic factors. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge concerning environmental and in particular molecular factors related to TC pathogenesis. The use of high throughput methods showed a wide spectrum of genetic and epigenetic alterations as well as their associations in TC. Notwithstanding our better understanding of the molecular pathology of TC, numerous questions still remain open.
Hypercalcaemic and Hypocalcaemic Syndromes in Children
Authors: Ardeshirpour Laleh , Carpenter Thomas O. , Robinson Cemre 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mineral requirements vary considerably throughout life, reflecting the intensive mineral accretion that occurs in during childhood. The correct diagnosis of bone and mineral disorders as well as the monitoring of relevant therapies requires an understanding of the age-dependent changes in serum minerals and calciotropic hormones. Many heritable disorders of mineral homeostasis become evident in infancy and childhood and are best recognized when viewed within the appropriate context of mineral requirements and the hormonal milieu during the early stages of life. Thus, an understanding of the relevant physiology is central to formulating age-specific approaches to management of these various clinical problems. This chapter reviews features of calcium homeostasis specific to children, and the diagnosis and management of various inherited and acquired syndromes of hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia, in the context of physiology specific to childhood.
Thyroid Disorders and Bone Disease
Authors: Watts Laura M. , Freudenthal Bernard , Bassett J.H. Duncan , Williams Graham R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thyroid hormones have important effects on bone that are mediated by thyroid hormone receptor alpha. Hypothyroidism in children causes growth retardation and delayed bone age, whereas juvenile thyrotoxicosis accelerates growth and skeletal maturation. In adults, hyperthyroidism increases bone resorption and formation disproportionately and results in high bone turnover osteoporosis and an increased susceptibility to fracture. Thus, thyroid hormones stimulate anabolic responses during skeletal growth but have catabolic effects in adults. Overt thyrotoxicosis, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overtreatment of hypothyroid patients with thyroxine all result in bone loss and varying degrees of osteoporosis and susceptibility to fracture. Furthermore, population studies demonstrate that thyroid status within the upper normal reference range is associated with low bone mass and an increased risk of fracture. Taken together, it is evident that thyroid hormones are essential for skeletal growth and adult bone maintenance, and the skeleton remains exquisitely sensitive to thyroid hormones throughout life.
Adrenal Surgery
Authors: Palazzo Fausto , Mihai Radu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at how the past two decades have witnessed a significant increase in the diagnosis of both functioning and non-functioning adrenal tumours. The widespread use of cross-sectional imaging has unveiled a previously undiagnosed reservoir of as many as 10% of adults with enlarged adrenal glands. Increasingly sensitive oncological staging has led to the identification of patients with previously undiagnosed solitary adrenal metastases. The (slow) acceptance of screening of hypertensive populations for hyperaldosteronism has been encouraged by the recognition of the potential benefits of adrenal surgery in hyperaldosteronism. All of these changes have increased the number of patients considered for adrenal surgery.