bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion on Institutional Designs for the United Nations: An International Survey Experiment
Authors: Ghassim Farsan , Koenig-Archibugi Mathias , Cabrera Luis 
Published: July 2022

AbstractScholars and policy makers have intensely debated institutional reforms of the United Nations (UN) since its creation. Yet, relatively little attention has been given to institutional design preferences among the public in UN member states. This study examines two questions: Which possible rules concerning UN authority and representation do citizens prefer? Which personal and country characteristics are associated with their varying institutional preferences? A population-based conjoint survey experiment conducted in Argentina, China, India, Russia, Spain, and the United States is used to identify public preferences on nine distinct institutional design dimensions figuring prominently in UN reform debates. We find widespread support for increasing or at least maintaining UN authority over member states and for handing control over its decision-making to UN organs that would represent the citizens of every member state more directly. Citizens’ institutional preferences are associated with their political values and vary depending on whether their home countries would gain or lose influence from a specific reform.
Glee and Grievance: Emotive Events and Campaign Size in Nonviolent Resistance
Authors: Gledhill John , Duursma Allard , Shay Christopher 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhile scholars of nonviolent resistance recognize that large-scale campaigns are more likely to be successful campaigns, we currently have little understanding of why some nonviolent protests grow into mass movements while others do not. In this article, we explore campaign size and, in particular, the role of individual and collective motives in facilitating the growth of nonviolent campaigns. We start by assuming that, after campaign onset, barriers to growth emerge because some aggrieved individuals who are sympathetic to the cause are wary of incurring the (opportunity) costs of participating in campaign rallies. On occasion, we argue, organizers respond to this challenge by staging events that generate rewarding emotional experiences for participants and spectators, such as concerts, mass singing, or other collective expressive acts. Since the feelings of empowerment, solidarity, catharsis, or glee that accompany these events can only be enjoyed by those who are physically present at campaign rallies, the provision of such “emotive events” creates an individual-level incentive for passive supporters to mobilize. As this incentive attracts new participants, campaigns can grow—potentially into large-scale phenomena. To assess the plausibility of our argument, we code original data on emotive events and investigate whether the provision of such events in the course of nonviolent campaigns is associated with the size and scale of those campaigns. Finding this to be the case, we conclude that campaigns that are more creative, humorous, cathartic, and/or fun are also more likely to be large-scale campaigns.
Citizens to Soldiers: Mobilization, Cost Perceptions, and Support for Military Action
Authors: Blankshain Jessica D , Cohn Lindsay P , Kriner Douglas L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Policymakers have long assumed, and scholars have long argued, that how a government raises military manpower affects public support for military action through two obvious mechanisms: the likelihood any given individual will be personally affected by the conflict, and the expected aggregate cost of the conflict. Increased costs are thought to cause the public to be more critical of the use of military force. But do they? We gain leverage on this question in the US context by employing a survey experiment that allows us both to compare reactions to a range of manpower policies—an all-volunteer standing force, conscription, and mobilization of the reserves—and to explicitly test multiple mechanisms—expectations of bearing personal cost, expectations of aggregate cost, and effects not explained by these cost expectations. Our results strongly suggest that manpower policies’ effects are not straightforward. Consistent with previous studies, we find that an expectation of conscription lowers public support for military action. Mobilization of the reserves, however, fails to diminish support, despite the fact that it should also affect more people and signal a larger conflict. While casualty estimates (proxy for scale) are negatively correlated with mission support, personal cost expectations are not. Furthermore, much of the variation between manpower treatments is not explained by either tested cost mechanism, suggesting a role for norms and values. These findings have implications for whether military manpower policies designed to impose political costs on policymakers are likely to work and for wider discussions of public support for military operations.
Defense Contractors, Private Equity Firms, and US National Security
Authors: Mahoney Charles W , Tkach Benjamin K , Rethmeyer Craig J 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPrivate equity firms have become important financial actors in the US defense industry in recent years—acquiring over 500 defense contractors since the early 2000s. This inquiry describes how increased capital flows into private equity funds, rising national security budgets, Pentagon policy, and rapid industry consolidation have spurred private equity investment in the businesses of American defense. Subsequently, the study demonstrates two ways private equity acquisitions of corporations in the defense industry affect US national security. First, because private equity firms often fund acquisitions through leveraged buyouts, the debt obligations of private equity–owned defense contractors are characterized by a relatively high risk of credit default. Second, the debt burden private equity firms place on defense contractors often reduces these companies’ free cash flow. As an increasing number of defense contractors are acquired by private equity firms, aggregate corporate reinvestment in the defense industry may well decline, thus diminishing the ability of contractors to perform their national security obligations.entreprises du secteur de la défense sociétés de capital-investissement et sécurité nationale aux états-unis
Adjusting the bow-tie: a morpho-kinematic study of NGC 40
Authors: Rodríguez-González J B , Toalá J A , Sabin L , Ramos-Larios G , Guerrero M A , López J A , Estrada-Dorado S 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive study of the ionization structure and kinematics of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 40 (a.k.a. the Bow-tie Nebula). A set of narrow-band images obtained with the Alhambra Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera at the Nordic Optical Telescope are used to study the turbulent distribution of gas in the main cavity, the ionization stratification and the density of this PN. High-resolution Manchester Echelle Spectrograph observations obtained at 2.1m telescope of the San Pedro Mártir Observatory are used to unveil in great detail the kinematic signatures of all morphological features in NGC 40. The images and spectra suggest that NGC 40 had multiple mass ejections in its recent formation history. We found 4 jet-like ejections not aligned with the main axis of NGC 40 (PA = 20°), some of them having pierced the main cavity along the SW–NE direction as well as the southern lobe. Using a tailor-made morpho-kinematic model of NGC 40 produced with shape, we found that the main cavity has a kinematic age of 6500 yr and the two pairs of lobes expanding towards the N and S directions have an averaged age of 4100 ± 550 yr. NGC 40 thus adds to the group of PNe with multiple ejections along different axes that challenge the models of PN formation.
Heat storage in ocean worlds: The role of slurries
Authors: Prieto-Ballesteros Olga , Muñoz-Iglesias Victoria , Bonales Laura J 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Several icy moons of the Solar system, such as Europa, harbor global oceans below their surfaces. It is conceivable that a number of exoplanetary bodies may also possess them. The presence of aqueous layers, partially or totally liquid, highly influences the bulk physical properties of these bodies, particularly the thermal state, and consequently, the geological activity and the potential habitability over time. In this work, we obtained experimental data to characterize the thermal budgets of aqueous environments in planetary bodies depending on the main solute composition, and we quantified the heat associated with water-rich materials’ phase transitions occurring during planetary evolution. We measured the heat capacity (Cp) and the sensible heat values of aqueous systems at several concentrations of sulfate, carbonate, chloride, ammonia, and methanol at low temperatures, and we calculated the latent heat associated with the phase transitions. Raman spectroscopy allowed us to identify the phases related to the Cp and enthalpy (ΔH) variations. We applied thermal functions to estimate the energy involved in the generation of oceans and other endogenous processes, recognizing the impact of heat transfer by both ice and brine slurries. Likewise, we calculated the heat associated with the formation of local liquid lenses, particularly below Europa’s surface, which is suggested by the presence of geological features such as Thera Macula. We propose that the calorimetric properties of the slurries of the studied salt- and volatile-systems may sustain the potential habitability of icy moons and support the formation of certain surface features, in particular due to the high latent heat density and the promotion of the exothermic local growth of ice blocks that can separate from the remaining liquid.
Detection of spicules termed rapid blueshifted excursions as seen in the chromosphere via H α and the transition region via Si iv 1394 Å line emission
Authors: Vilangot Nhalil Nived , Shetye Juie , Doyle J Gerry 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We show signatures of spicules termed rapid blueshifted excursions (RBEs) in the Si iv 1394 Å emission line using a semi-automated detection approach. We use the H α filtergrams obtained by the CRISP imaging spectropolarimeter on the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope and co-aligned Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph data using the SJI 1400 Å channel to study the spatiotemporal signature of the RBEs in the transition region. The detection of RBEs is carried out using an oriented coronal loop tracing algorithm on H α Dopplergrams at ±35 km s−1. We find that the number of detected features is significantly impacted by the time-varying contrast values of the detection images, which are caused by the changes in the atmospheric seeing conditions. We detect 407 events with lifetime greater than 32 s. This number is further reduced to 168 RBEs based on the H α profile and the proximity of RBEs to the large-scale flow. Of these 168 RBEs, 89 of them display a clear spatiotemporal signature in the SJI 1400 Å channel, indicating that a total of $\sim 53{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ are observed to have co-spatial signatures between the chromosphere and the transition region.
Tracing Milky Way scattering by compact extragalactic radio sources
Authors: Koryukova T A , Pushkarev A B , Plavin A V , Kovalev Y Y 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We used archival very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data of active galactic nuclei (AGN) observed from 1.4 to 86 GHz to measure the angular size of VLBI radio cores in 8959 AGNs. We analysed their sky distributions, frequency dependencies, and created the most densely sampled and complete to date distribution map of large-scale scattering properties of the interstellar medium in our Galaxy. Significant angular broadening of the measured AGN core sizes is detected for the sources seen through the Galactic plane, and this effect is especially strong at low frequencies (e.g. at 2 GHz). The scattering screens containing electron density fluctuations of hot plasma are mainly concentrated in the Galactic plane and manifest clumpy distribution. The region of the strongest scattering is the Galactic centre, where the Galactic bar and the compact radio source Sagittarius A* are located. We have also found the enhancement of scattering strength in regions of the Cygnus constellation, supernova remnants Taurus A, Vela, W78 and Cassiopeia A, and the Orion Nebula. Using multifrequency observational data of AGN core sizes, we separated the contribution of the intrinsic and scattered sizes to the measured angular diameter for 1411 sources. For the sources observed through the Galactic plane, the contribution of the scattered size component is systematically larger than for those seen outside the Galactic plane. The derived power-law scattering indices are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the diffractive-dominated scattering of radio emission in a hot plasma with Gaussian distribution of density inhomogeneities.
The prevalence of galaxy overdensities around UV-luminous Lyman 𝛼 emitters in the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Leonova E , Oesch P A , Qin Y , Naidu R P , Wyithe J S B , de Barros S , Bouwens R J , Ellis R S , Endsley R M , Hutter A , Illingworth G D , Kerutt J , Labbé I , Laporte N , Magee D , Mutch S J , Roberts-Borsani G W , Smit R , Stark D P , Stefanon M , Tacchella S , Zitrin A 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Before the end of the Epoch of Reionization, the Hydrogen in the Universe was predominantly neutral. This leads to a strong attenuation of Ly α lines of z ≳ 6 galaxies in the intergalactic medium. Nevertheless, Ly α has been detected up to very high redshifts (z ∼ 9) for several especially UV luminous galaxies. Here, we test to what extent the galaxy’s local environment might impact the Ly α transmission of such sources. We present an analysis of dedicated Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging in the CANDELS/EGS field to search for fainter neighbours around three of the most UV luminous and most distant spectroscopically confirmed Ly α emitters: EGS-zs8-1, EGS-zs8-2, and EGSY-z8p7 at zspec = 7.73, 7.48, and 8.68, respectively. We combine the multiwavelength HST imaging with Spitzer data to reliably select z ∼ 7–9 galaxies around the central, UV-luminous sources. In all cases, we find a clear enhancement of neighbouring galaxies compared to the expected number in a blank field (by a factor ∼3–9×). Our analysis thus reveals ubiquitous overdensities around luminous Ly α emitting sources in the heart of the cosmic reionization epoch. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with expectations from the Dragons simulation, confirming the theoretical prediction that the first ionized bubbles preferentially formed in overdense regions. While three UV luminous galaxies already have spectroscopic redshifts, the majority of the remaining fainter, surrounding sources are yet to be confirmed via spectroscopy. JWST follow-up observations of the neighbouring galaxies identified here will thus be needed to confirm their physical association and to map out the ionized regions produced by these sources.
Universal relations for rapidly rotating cold and hot hybrid stars
Authors: Khosravi Largani Noshad , Fischer Tobias , Sedrakian Armen , Cierniak Mateusz , Alvarez-Castillo David E , Blaschke David B 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Several global parameters of compact stars are related via empirical relations, which are (nearly) independent of the underlying equation of state (EoS) of dense matter and, therefore, are said to be universal. We investigate the universality of relations that express the maximum mass and the radius of non-rotating and maximally rapidly rotating configurations, as well as their moment of inertia, in terms of the compactness of the star. For this, we first utilize a collection of cold (zero-temperature) and hot (isentropic) nucleonic EoS and confirm that the universal relations are holding for our collection of EoS. We then go on, to add to our collection and test for the same universality models of EoS that admit a strong first-order phase transition from nucleonic to deconfined quark matter. Also in this case we find that the universal relations hold, in particular for hot, isentropic hybrid stars. By fitting the universal relations to our computed data, we determine the coefficients entering these relations and the accuracy to which they hold.
vKompth: a variable Comptonization model for low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in black hole X-ray binaries
Authors: Bellavita Candela , García Federico , Méndez Mariano , Karpouzas Konstantinos 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) show strong variability over a broad range of time-scales. The analysis of this variability, in particular of the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO), is key to understanding the properties of the innermost regions of the accretion flow in these systems. We present a time-dependent Comptonization model that fits the energy-dependent rms-amplitude and phase-lag spectra of low-frequency QPOs in black hole (BH) LMXBs. We model the accretion disc as a multitemperature blackbody source emitting soft photons that are then Compton upscattered in a spherical corona, including feedback of Comptonized photons that return to the disc. We compare our results with those obtained with a model in which the seed-photons source is a spherical blackbody: at low energies, the time-averaged, rms, and phase-lag spectra are smoother for the disc-blackbody than for a blackbody, while at high energies both models give similar spectra. In general, we find that the rms increases with energy, the slope of the phase-lag spectrum depends strongly on the feedback, while the minimum-lag energy is correlated with the disc temperature. We fit the model to a 4.45-Hz type-B QPO in the BH LMXB MAXI J1438–630 and find statistically better fits and more compatible parameters with the steady-state spectrum than those obtained with a blackbody seed-photons source. Furthermore, we successfully apply the model to the type-C QPO in the BH LMXB GRS 1915 + 105, and thus conclude that this variable-Comptonization model reproduces the rms and phase-lags of both type B and C low-frequency QPOs in BH LMXBs.
Paving the way forEuclid and JWST via probabilistic selection of high-redshift quasars
Authors: Nanni Riccardo , Hennawi Joseph F , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Schindler Jan-Torge , Fan Xiaohui 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We introduce a probabilistic approach to select 6 ≤ $z$ ≤ 8 quasar candidates for spectroscopic follow-up, which is based on density estimation in the high-dimensional space inhabited by the optical and near-infrared photometry. Densities are modelled as Gaussian mixtures with principled accounting of errors using the extreme deconvolution (XD) technique, generalizing an approach successfully used to select lower redshift ($z$ ≤ 3) quasars. We train the probability density of contaminants on 1902 071 7-d flux measurements from the 1076 deg2 overlapping area from the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS) ($z$), VIKING (YJHKs), and unWISE (W1W2) imaging surveys, after requiring they dropout of DECaLS g and r, whereas the distribution of high-$z$ quasars are trained on synthetic model photometry. Extensive simulations based on these density distributions and current estimates of the quasar luminosity function indicate that this method achieves a completeness of $\ge 56{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and an efficiency of $\ge 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for selecting quasars at 6 &lt; $z$ &lt; 8 with JAB &lt; 21.5. Among the classified sources are 8 known 6 &lt; $z$ &lt; 7 quasars, of which 2/8 are selected suggesting a completeness $\simeq 25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, whereas classifying the 6 known (JAB &lt; 21.5) quasars at $z$ &gt; 7 from the entire sky, we select 5/6 or a completeness of $\simeq 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The failure to select the majority of 6 &lt; $z$ &lt; 7 quasars arises because our quasar density model is based on an empirical quasar spectral energy distribution model that underestimates the scatter in the distribution of fluxes. This new approach to quasar selection paves the way for efficient spectroscopic follow-up of Euclid quasar candidates with ground-based telescopes and James Webb Space Telescope.
Substructure detection reanalysed: dark perturber shown to be a line-of-sight halo
Authors: Sengül Atinç Çagan , Dvorkin Cora , Ostdiek Bryan , Tsang Arthur 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Observations of structure at subgalactic scales are crucial for probing the properties of dark matter, which is the dominant source of gravity in the universe. It will become increasingly important for future surveys to distinguish between line-of-sight haloes and subhalos to avoid wrong inferences on the nature of dark matter. We reanalyse a subgalactic structure (in lens JVAS B1938 + 666) that has been previously found using the gravitational imaging technique in galaxy-galaxy lensing systems. This structure has been assumed to be a satellite in the halo of the main lens galaxy. We fit the redshift of the perturber of the system as a free parameter, using the multiplane thin-lens approximation, and find that the redshift of the perturber is $z_\mathrm{int} = 1.42^{+0.10}_{-0.15}$ (with a main lens redshift of z = 0.881). Our analysis indicates that this structure is more massive than the previous result by an order of magnitude. This constitutes the first dark perturber shown to be a line-of-sight halo with a gravitational lensing method.
The emergence of diffused gamma-ray burst afterglows from the discs of active galactic nuclei
Authors: Wang Yi-Han , Lazzati Davide , Perna Rosalba 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have emerged as rich environments for the production and capture of stars and the compact objects that they leave behind. These stars produce long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) at their deaths, while frequent interactions among compact objects form binary neutron stars and neutron star–black hole binaries, leading to short GRBs upon their merger. Predicting the properties of these transients as they emerge from the dense environments of AGN discs is key to their proper identification and to better constrain the star and compact object population in AGN discs. Some of these transients would appear unusual because they take place in much higher densities than the interstellar medium. Others, which are the subject of this paper, would additionally be modified by radiation diffusion, since they are generated within optically thick regions of the accretion discs. Here, we compute the GRB afterglow light curves for diffused GRB sources for a representative variety of central black hole masses and disc locations. We find that the radiation from radio to ultraviolet and soft X-rays can be strongly suppressed by synchrotron self-absorption in the dense medium of the AGN disc. In addition, photon diffusion can significantly delay the emergence of the emission peak, turning a beamed, fast transient into a slow, isotropic, and dimmer one. These would appear as broad-band correlated AGN variability with a dominance at the higher frequencies. Their properties can constrain both the stellar populations within AGN discs and the disc structure.