bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freemasons and Anti-Masons in British North America and the United States in the 18th – First Half of the 19th Centuries: Ideological Confrontation
Authors: Прилуцкий В.В. 
Published: August 2022

В статье рассматриваются конфликтные отношения между американскими франкмасонами и их идейными противниками в XVIII – первой половине XIX в. Масонство в изучаемый исторический период стало влиятельной социально-политической силой, что вызывало как справедливые обвинения в адрес секретного братства, так и незаслуженные нападки на тайный союз. Имели место две волны американского антимасонского движения: на рубеже XVIII в. и XIX в. и в 1820–1840-е гг. Первый период антимасонства был во многом связан с событиями Французской революции, потрясшей западный мир. Второй период имел внутриамериканскую историю – «дело Моргана» 1826 г. Показано, что франкмасоны, несмотря на элитарность, уже изначально прочно ассоциировались с прогрессом и либеральными реформами. Они были одними из первых, предлагавшими проекты объединения североамериканских колоний в единый союз или федерацию (Б. Франклин и ранее), принимали активное участие в борьбе за независимость и создании американского государства. Антимасоны выступали как преимущественно консервативная социальная и политическая сила.
The article deals with the conflict relations between American Freemasons and their ideological opponents in the XVIIIth – first half of the XIXth c. Freemasonry in this historical period became an influential socio-political force, which caused both fair accusations against the secret brotherhood and undeserved attacks on the secret alliance. There were two waves of the American Anti-Masonic movement: at the turn of the XVIIIth and XIXth cc., and in the 1820s – 1840s. The first period of Anti-Masonry was largely associated with the events of the Great French Revolution, which shook the Western world. The second period had an internal American history – the «Morgan case» of 1826. It is shown that Freemasons, despite their elitism, were already strongly associated with progress and liberal reforms from the very beginning. They were among the first to propose projects for the unification of the North American colonies into a single union or federation (B. Franklin and earlier), took an active part in the struggle for independence and the creation of the American state. The Anti-Masons acted as a predominantly conservative social and political force. Key words: history of Freemasonry in North America, American Anti-Masons, the idea of a Masonic conspiracy, the protest movement, socio-political struggle in the USA in the late XVIIIth – first half of the XIXth c.
History – to School
Authors: Экштут С.А. 
Published: August 2022

Готовя страну к предстоящей большой войне, в 1930-е годы Сталин занимался не только армией, авиацией и флотом, но и подготовкой школьных учителей и школьных учебников, предназначенных для обучения будущих призывников.
Preparing the country for the upcoming big war, in the 1930s, Stalin was engaged not only in the army, aviation and navy, but also in the preparation of school teachers and school textbooks designed to teach future conscripts.
Invisible Influence: The Political Discourse of Hunger in Modern England
Authors: Шабунина А.К. 
Published: August 2022

В статье представлена рецензия на книгу британского историка С.Дж. Гриффина «Политика голода: голод, бедность и политика в Англии, 1750–1840 гг.». Гриффин в своем исследовании конструирует дискурс голода, рассматривает его влияние на социокультурное пространство Англии Нового времени. Разрывая с прежней историографической традицией, он предлагает собственное понимание голода через анализ политической риторики и эволюцию социальных страхов англичан.
This article is a review of the book «The politics of hunger: Protest, poverty and policy in England, c. 1750–c. 1840», by the British historian С. J. Griffin. The research material is considered in line with the current methodological direction of the new social history. The author in his study constructs the discourse of hunger, considering its influence on the socio-cultural space of Modern England. Breaking with the traditional historiographic tradition, С. Griffin brings his own understanding of the famine through the analysis of political rhetoric and the evolution of the social fears of the British.
History and Theory
Authors: Тоштендаль Р. 
Published: August 2022

В статье автор хочет показать, что ставшему в последние десятилетия общепринятым понятию теории истории (или философии истории) не достает непосредственной связи с исторической дисциплиной. Прежде под этим термином подразумевались в первую очередь анализ и критика того, что делает историк и к каким выводам он приходит. Кроме того, философы-обществоведы стремились к созданию теорий развития всемирной истории. Карл Маркс, а позднее Освальд Шпенглер и Арнольд Тойнби – наиболее известные из них. Те же, кто теперь доминируют в тео-рии истории – в первую очередь Хейден Уайт, Франк Анкерсмит и их многочисленные последователи – не анализируют исторические исследования и не рассуждают на тему основ развития истории. Их дискуссии представляют собой внутренние, ведущиеся между теоретиками истории споры, которые не имеют прямого отношения к деятельности историков.
In this article the author wants to show that the term “theory of history” (alternatively, “philosophy of history”) has been given a new sense during the last few decades, a sense that is not connected with the discipline of history. Earlier the term meant primarily analysis and criticism of what historians do and of their inferences from their materials in their accounts of history. Beside this, there were social philosophers who wanted to establish theories for the development of world history – Karl Marx and later Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee are most well-known. The theorists who are now dominating the theory of history – foremost Hayden White and Frank Ankersmit and those inspired by them – are neither analysts of historical research works nor philosophers discussing the causes for the development of history. Their discussions are internal for the group of historical theorists and are devoid of relevance for what historians actually do.
The historical researches and cognitivistics: The latest trends and traditional paradoxes
Authors: Хазина А.В. , Софронова Л.В. 
Published: August 2022

В статье дается краткий обзор нескольких исследовательских проектов, осуществляемых в рамках нового интердисциплинарного пространства – когнитивных наук, в их взаимодействии с различными гуманитарными дисциплинами: египтология, медиевистика, антропология, лингвистика и др. Анализируются некоторые методологические проблемы и концептуальные прорывы именно таких «граничных» исследований. Прослеживаются закономерности, характерные для междисциплинарных исследований не только в пределах гуманитарных дисциплин, но и на «границах» между гуманитаристикой и «естественными науками». Подчеркивается продуктивность «взаимных интервенций» когнитивистики и гуманитаристики, которая способствует преодолению «атомизма» как внутри наук гуманитарного цикла, так и на «фронтирах» между ними и естественно-научными дисциплинами.
The article provides a brief overview of several modern research projects carried out within the framework of the new interdisciplinary field - cognitive sciences in their interaction with various humanitarian disciplines: Egyptology, medieval studies, anthropology, linguistics, etc. Some methodological problems and conceptual breakthroughs of such “frontier” studies are analyzed. The authors try to emphasize some features of interdisciplinary research not only within the humanitarian disciplines, but also on the "boundaries" between the humanities and STEM (Science, Technologies, Engineering, Mathematics). Despite of some discrepancy of such interdisciplinary researches, they also show a great productivity of “mutual interventions” between the cognitive science and humanities, a kind of reciprocity, which contributes to overcoming “atomism” both within the humanities and on the “frontiers” between humanities and STEM.
Atkinson, a Rootknot and Fusarium Wilt Resistant Tomato Variety of the Rutgers Class
Authors: Greenleaf Walter H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Atkinson’, a rootknot nematode and Fusarium wilt resistant tomato variety, probably the first of the Rutgers class to bs released to the public, was named in honor of George F. Atkinson who first described the life cycle of the rootknot nematode at Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Auburn University) in 1889 (1).
Reduction of Fruit Drop by Navel Oranges with Antioxidant Dusts and Girdling12
Authors: Thompson C. R. , Taylor O. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Premature fruit drop by navel oranges at an early stage of development is indicated to be one of the effects caused by photochemical air pollutants in the Los Angeles Basin (9). Both “weather fleck” of tobacco and “stipple” of grape leaves have also been shown by Heggestad and Middleton (3) and Richards, Middleton and Hewitt (8), respectively, to be caused by ozone, one of the members of the photochemical oxidant complex.
Sex Ratio in Ilex opaca Ait.12
Authors: Clark Robert B. , Orton Elwin R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A population of 1945 seedlings of Ilex opaca Ait. was observed for a period of seven years after field planting. Sex determinations were obtained for 1930 of the seedlings. In general, the staminate plants flowered at an earlier age than did the pistillate plants. However, staminate and pistillate plants were found to occur with equal frequency (1.03/1.00).
Leaf Spot Control on Quince Understocks Increases Stand of Dwarf Pear1
Authors: Bauske R. J. , Buchholtz W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1962 an Iowa nursery had almost no dwarf pear trees growing from the previous season’s budding. This exceptionally poor stand was attributed to lack of bud take on the quince understock, Cydania oblonga Mill. During the previous summer the understock block had suffered extensive earlv defoliation as a result of infection by the leaf spot fungus, Fabraea maculata Atk. (1). Poor bud take in pear has been linked to early defoliation and subsequent hardening of the understock wood (2). The effect of preventing defoliation by leaf spot on success of budding pear on quince was investigated.
No Simazine Residues in Pecan Nuts
Authors: Worley Ray R. , Harmon S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many pecan groves throughout the south are grazed for pasture. Simazine at 3 lb/A is recommended for pastures, but the amount of residue accumulating in pecan nuts grown in pastures treated with this herbicide is not known. In this study rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 lb/A of active Simazine was applied as a spray underneath the canopy of approximately 40-year old Stuart pecan trees on March 16, 1963 while trees were dormant. Two replications were used. On November 14, a 10 lb nut sample was collected from each tree and analyzed by the Geigy Research laboratories. All samples contained less than 0.04 ppm of Simazine in both shells and kernels, which is considered essentially no residue. No damage to the trees was noticed.
Comparison of Some Biochemical Constituents of EM IX and XVI Bark
Authors: Martin George C. , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the more effective means of developing a smaller than standard apple tree is to graft the desired variety onto East Mailing (EM) IX rootstock. This combination results in a tree from 1/3 to 1/2 standard size. A decisive explanation for the mechanism of dwarfing by EM IX has not appeared in the literature. Of the suggested factors which might result in dwarfing by EM IX rootstock, those which involve organic constituents appear to be most plausible. It has been shown that EM IX is not deficient in fat, starch, reducing sugars, and disaccharides (3, 10). Also there is evidence to indicate that neither the root system (11) nor water (4) is limiting the growth of a dwarfing rootstock.
Time of Differentiation of Peel Qualities in Shamouti Orange
Authors: Patt J. , Ahroni M. , Benor J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peel quality differentiation in Shamouti Orange was apparent about a month after fruit set, and little change occurred afterwards, through the main growth season (July-January). Conditions prior to July appear to have a major influence on peel qualities.
Reception of the Light Stimulus for Cold Acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx1
Authors: Hurst C. , Hall T. C. , Weiser C. ]. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since the acclimation of woody perennial plants to low temperatures is an active and annual phenomenon, it is probable that the onset of this process is triggered by fairly specific stimuli. Shortening days in autumn and possible concommitant changes in light quality could well be among the major stimulators triggering cold hardening in plants.
Withholding Phosphorus as a Conservation Measure for Vegetable Plants
Authors: Kohl Harry C. , Nelson R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that plants in the vegetative state would not succumb as rapidly to low light intensities if they had no phosphorous available as the resulting restriction in growth would permit stored photosynthate to be available for plant maintenance. The first used Peperomia obtusifolia ‘Variegata’ as the test plant. The rooted cuttings were received on December 22, 1965, and potted in propagator’s sand. They were grown in sand cultures to the surface of which a mineral nutrient solution was applied daily with the leachate allowed to drain away. The mineral nutrient solution contained in millimoles per liter, 5, 6, 1, and 1 of Ca(NO3)2, KNO3, KH2PO4, and Mg-SO4, respectively. Two ppm of Fe were added as a chelate (Fe 138) and trace elements were added as usual for a solution culture according to the recipe of Hoagland.
Desirable Features of Accreditation for Horticulture
Authors: Mohr Hubert C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The most desirable feature of proposing an accreditation program for horticulture may be that of making horticulturists more acutely aware of the serious problems that must be solved if education in their professional field is to continue at the university level. There is entirely too much complacency in our profession. The steadily increasing emphasis upon research has resulted in an indifference, if not an actual opposition, toward the undergraduate teaching program in a number of Land Grant institutions. This now seems to be extending to the master’s degree program, in some cases, with only the PhD program carrying prestige in the teaching area of horticulture. It seems pertinent to raise such questions as these: where will our future PhD candidates receive the motivation to become professional horticulturists? Can we expect to continue to have both the quantity and quality of graduate students we need without strong undergraduate programs?
What Accreditation Has Meant to Landscape Architecture
Authors: Osmundson Theodore 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight years ago I became a member of the Committee on Education of the American Society of Landscape Architects which is the accreditating body for the profession of landscape architecture. I served on that Committee for four years and went on a number of accrediting visits to various schools of landscape architecture. During the last four years I have engaged in other activities for the Society, but one of the most important was the study of the Committee on Education itself with a view toward improving its functions and to relieve some of the criticisms which were coming from various schools throughout the country. So I am quite familiar with accreditation in this field and am extremely interested in it. I feel that this is one of the most important activities in which the AS LA is involved today — the improvement of education.
Changes in Titratable Acidity of Tomato Fruits Subjected to Low Temperatures12
Authors: Hall C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The titratable acidity of the locular and pericap portions of tomato fruits (incipient color stage) was determined before and after storage at 38°, 45°, or 50°F for 4 or 8 days. Acidity measurements were also made on similar fruits held at the above temperatures for 0, 4, or 8 days followed by 6 days at 70°.
The pericap and locular portions of fruits stored for 4 and 8 days at low temperatures had a higher titratable acidity after ripening than control fruits ripened without prior chilling. The per cent decrease in acidity during ripening was greatest for the unchilled fruit and least for the fruits chilled for 8 days. The pattern was the same for the 3 temperatures. There was an increase in acidity of fruits after 4 days of storage.
Solution Pocket: A Physiological Problem of Brined Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Cameron H. R. , Westwood M. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The occurrence of solution pockets in brined sweet cherries has increased during the past 15 years. Affected fruits exhibit translucent pockets beneath the epidermis, filled with ruptured cell contents and brine solution. Pockets may occur anywhere in the fruit but are commonly at the suture. Affected fruits sometimes are not firm enough to pass through a pitting machine without being torn, increasing cullage and lowering grade. Sweet cherries are brined in a solution of sulfur dioxide and lime rather than the usual salt-brine method used on other crops (4).
Photoperiod, Indolebutyric Acid, and Type of Cutting Wood as Factors in the Rooting of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vacamum asbei Reade), cv. Woodward1
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Pokorny F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rabbiteye blueberry, V. ashei, is planted to a limited extent in the Southeast, although it is adapted to an area extending from Virginia to Texas. The difficulty in propagating the species is one factor limiting the planting of improved selections (1). Many factors are known to influence root initiation and development in cuttings of rabbiteve, lowbush, and highbush blueberry species (2,4,5,7,8,9,10), but the effect of extended photoperiods on the rooting of the rabbiteye species is lacking. This study was conducted in 1963 and 1964 to investigate the effect of photoperiod and IBA on the rooting of cuttings of the rabbiteye blueberry, ‘Woodard’.
Dwarfing of Some Malvaceous Ornamental Plants as a Nursery Practice
Authors: Bose T. K. , Hore B. K. , Mukherjee D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cycocel (2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) inhibited shoot growth and increased number of flowers in azalea (1) and Gardenia jasminoides (2), while height of poinsettia (3) and chrysanthemum (4) was also effectively controlled by the application of the chemical. Some varieties of Bougainvillea grew dwarf and bushy with markedly improved flowering following application of Cycocel (5). In view of the great possibility offered by the growth retardants, an extensive investigation to study the efficacy of these chemicals on large number of species and varieties of tropical ornamental plants belonging to different families was begun. The results of the effect of Cycocel on growth and flowering of some popular ornamental plants belonging to family Malvaceae are reported.
Cytology and Seed Set Studies in Viola tricolor Hortensis L.
Authors: Emino Everett R. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pansy, Viola tricolor Hortensis, L. is a popular bedding plant, however, the problem of low seed set has hindered genetic studies, plant breeding efforts, and the production of Fl hybrids. Twenty-nine commercial inbred pansy lines were investigated cytologically to establish a possible relationship between chromosome number and pollen fertility. The somatic chromosome number of all lines studied was found to be 2n=48 and pollen fertility was above 90 percent. Preliminary hybridization investigations suggest the problem may be an incompatibility system.
Soil Compaction and Soluble Salt Accumulation in Amended Turf Soils1
Authors: Thurman P. C. , Pokorny F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil compaction is considered to be a major factor in the loss of grass in established turf plantings. Associated with the onset of soil compaction is a decrease in soil aeration (1), a reduction in gaseous exchange, and reduced water infiltration rates (2, 6, 7). Attempts to increase turf vigor and putting green resiliency by applying higher rates of fertilizer and by increased irrigation have often accentuated long-standing problems of diseases, poor root development, and low water infiltration rates (3,7). Frequent but light irrigations may also contribute to a buildup of harmful salt concentrations in compacted soils (5, 8).
Field Observations on Effectiveness of Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Onions by Helicopter
Authors: Pendergrass Ann , Isenberg F. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stored samples of onions from commercially grown fields sprayed with maleic hydrazide both by ground spray apparatus and by helicopter showed that acceptable sprout control could be attained with either application method. Comparison of samples within fields, however, indicated that helicopter spray may not always be uniformly effective.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide on Flower Bud Formation of the ‘Coville’ Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Shutak V. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) has been found to have many physiological effects on growth and development of several plant species. (1,3,4,5,6). Hall and Aalders (2) in 1966 reported the effects of this growth regulator on highbush and lowbush blueberries but gave no specific data. These early preliminary data may be of some interest to researchers working with growth regulators.
Attempts to Improve Flower Bud Retention and Development in Tomatoes with Grafts, Nutrition and Growth Regulators
Authors: Coggins C. W. , Lesley J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A mutant of tomato obtained by treatment of seeds of the Canary Export variety with p32 produces only an occasional flower at a considerably longer time after seeding than the original variety. The mutant requires a longer time for fruit development, expresses less apical dominance, and also differs from Canary Export in flesh color of the fruit, leaf shape and internode length (2).
Collecting Wild Fruits in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Brooks Howard J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under the auspices of the Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Exchanges in the Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and Other Fields in 1966-67, I collected wild fruits in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the summer of 1967. I travelled with Dr. Willis Skrdla, Research Agronomist, U.S. Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa, who collected seed of legume and forage crops. We arrived in Moscow August 15 and departed October 1.
Gene Resources and Fruit Research in the Soviet Bloc Countries
Authors: Weaver G. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of improved fruit varieties is largely dependent on three main factors: 1) the calibre of the raw material or the gene resources; 2) the quality of the tools used in choosing parents, hybridization and progeny selection; and 3) the human element and such qualities as perception or at least a capacity for keen observation. The degree of success achieved by any plant breeder is obviously influenced to a considerable extent by his resourcefulness in enlarging upon his gene resources, and the use of the most efficient breeding tools further enhances the program.
Effect of Gibberellin A3 on Concentration of DNA, RNA, and Protein in Pea Plant (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Soleimani Abbas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relation between the action of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in plant cells, is known in several plant species (2,4,6). However, previous investigations have not shown the effect of GA3 on each of these syntheses in tissue from the same plant. This communication shows the influence of GA3 on each of these substances.