bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FarNet-II: An improved solar far-side active region detection method
Authors: Broock E. G. , Asensio Ramos A. , Felipe T. 
Published: September 2022

Context. Activity on the far side of the Sun is routinely studied through the analysis of the seismic oscillations detected on the near side using helioseismic techniques such as phase-shift sensitive holography. Detections made through those methods are limited to strong active regions due to the need for a high signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the neural network FarNet was developed to improve these detections. This network extracts more information from helioseismic far-side maps, enabling the detection of smaller and weaker active regions.
Aims. We aim to create a new machine learning tool, FarNet-II, which further increases FarNet’s scope, and to evaluate its performance in comparison to FarNet and the standard helioseismic method for detecting far-side activity.
Methods. We developed FarNet-II, a neural network that retains some of the general characteristics of FarNet but improves the detections in general, as well as the temporal coherence among successive predictions. The main novelties of the new neural network are the implementation of attention and convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) modules. A cross-validation approach, training the network 37 times with a different validation set for each run, was employed to leverage the limited amount of data available. We evaluate the performance of FarNet-II using three years of extreme ultraviolet observations of the far side of the Sun acquired with the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) as a proxy of activity. The results from FarNet-II were compared with those obtained from FarNet and the standard helioseismic method using the Dice coefficient as a metric. Given that the application of the ConvLSTM modules can affect the accuracy as a function of the position on the sequence, we take this potential dependency into account in the evaluation.
Results. FarNet-II achieves a Dice coefficient that improves that of FarNet by over 0.2 points for every output position on the sequences from the evaluation dates. Its improvement over FarNet is higher than that of FarNet over the standard method.
Conclusions. The new network is a very promising tool for improving the detection of activity on the far side of the Sun given by pure helioseismic techniques. Space weather forecasts can potentially benefit from the higher sensitivity provided by this novel method.
La pandémie Covid-19 : une opportunité pour développer la formation en santé mondiale
Authors: Ladner Joël , Giard Janie 
Published: September 2022

Contexte et problématique : La pandémie de Covid-19 a déclenché des mesures urgentes sans précédent dans le monde et entraîné le confinement de plus de la moitié de la planète. Des populations ont été et restent fragiles et vulnérables. Les facultés de médecine gèrent au mieux cette période inédite et doivent anticiper et préparer l’avenir en tenant compte de cette nouvelle réalité, et se préparer à la gestion de nouvelles crises sanitaires. Exégèse : La santé mondiale, discipline émergente, est fondée sur une approche transnationale des problèmes de santé, une caractéristique de la pandémie Covid-19, tout en prenant en compte l’ensemble des déterminants environnementaux et sociaux de la santé (au-delà du système de soins). L’enseignement de la santé mondiale, intégré à la formation médicale, contribuera à mieux préparer les professionnels de santé à répondre aux besoins des populations confrontées aux crises sanitaires. Conclusion : Un des premiers enseignements de la pandémie Covid-19 est la nécessité de développer rapidement des filières de formation structurées, multidisciplinaires en santé mondiale pour les étudiants en santé.
Strukturelle Gehirnveränderungen und Läsionen durch
den Konsum illegaler Drogen und Psychedelika
Authors: Wiesmann Martin 
Published: September 2022

ZusammenfassungDrogen können sowohl die Funktion wie auch die Struktur des Gehirns
verändern. Gelegentlicher oder regelmäßiger Drogenkonsum
ist in der Bevölkerung weit verbreitet. Daher ist die Kenntnis
möglicher Nebenwirkungen und charakteristischer Bildbefunde bei
Untersuchungen des Gehirns für den klinischen Alltag wichtig. Dieser
Artikel beschreibt die für die am weitesten verbreiteten Substanzen
typischen Komplikationen und morphologisch-radiologischen Veränderungen.
Zu den möglichen Pathomechnismen gehören neurotoxische Effekte,
die zu Leukenzephalopathie oder Hirnatrophie führen können, und
vaskuläre Komplikationen wie Vasokonstriktion, Vaskulitis oder
Hypertonus, durch die es zu intrazerebralen Blutungen oder Infarkten kommen
kann. Da die klinische Präsentation oft unspezifisch ist, und die
betroffenen Patienten ihren Drogenkonsum häufig verschweigen, ist das
Erkennen typischer Bildbefunde essentiell für eine zuverlässige
Diagnosestellung und zielgerichtete Therapie.
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Versorgung und dem Outcome
von pAVK Patienten – Eine Sekundärdatenanalyse-
Authors: Makowski Lena , Feld Jannik , Engelbertz Christiane , Köppe Jeanette , Kühnemund Leonie , Fischer Alicia , Lange Stefan A , Dröge Patrik , Ruhnke Thomas , Günster Christian , Malyar Nasser , Gerß Joachim , Freisinger Eva , Reinecke Holger 
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, die geschlechtsspezifischen
Unterschiede in der Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit peripherer
arterieller Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) im Stadium der Claudicatio intermittens
(IC) auf Grundlage von Sekundärdaten zu analysieren. Weiterhin sollte
der Einfluss des biologischen Geschlechts auf kurz- und langfristige
Therapieerfolge bestimmt werden.
Methodik Das GenderVasc Projekt erfolgt in Kooperation mit dem
Wissenschaftlichen Institut der AOK (WIdO) und als Datengrundlage dienten
Sekundärdaten aller AOK-Versicherten, die aufgrund einer pAVK im Stadium
der IC stationär behandelt wurden. Neben den intersektoralen
Querschnittsanalysen wurden auch longitudinale Analysen mit einem Follow-up von
bis zu 5 Jahren durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse Die durchgeführten Analysen der Sekundärdaten
von 42.197 pAVK Patienten im Stadium der IC zeigten, dass Männer
häufiger im Krankenhaus behandelt wurden und Frauen zum Zeitpunkt der
Behandlung älter waren (Frauen: 72,6 vs. Männer: 66,4 Jahre).
Weiterhin war die Rate an durchgeführten vaskulären Prozeduren
(diagnostische Angiographie und Revaskularisierung) bei Frauen mit IC geringer.
Auch die Verschreibung von leitliniengerechten Medikamenten (Statine und
Blutverdünner) war bei weiblichen Patienten niedriger im Vergleich zu
Männern. Eine multivariate Cox Regression zeigte nach Adjustierung auf
Alter, kardiovaskuläre Risikoprofil und den durchgeführten
vaskulären Prozeduren, dass das weibliche Geschlecht protektiv
bezüglich des Gesamtüberlebens und des Voranschreitens der pAVK
(Progress zu einer chronischen Extremitätenischämie oder
ischämische Amputation) ist.
Schlussfolgerung In Deutschland sind weibliche pAVK Patienten im Stadium
der IC älter und bekommen weniger häufig die nach den
Leitlinien-empfohlene Therapie, während Frauen ein besseres Outcome
aufweisen. Inwieweit das erhöhte Alter oder Vorhandensein anderer
Komorbiditäten die Entscheidung zu einer vaskulären Prozedur
beeinflusst, kann bei einer Sekundärdatenanalyse nur vermutet werden.
Weiterhin ist die Verschreibung von Medikamenten bei multimorbiden Patienten
eine Herausforderung und auch die Compliance der Patienten ist nicht Teil
unserer Analysen gewesen. Nichtsdestotrotz sind gezielte Analysen, wie im Rahmen
des GenderVasc Projektes, dringend erforderlich, um zu Grunde liegende
Versorgungsdefizite aufzudecken und anzugehen.
Die ärztliche Haltung bei Suizidalität – Von
der Suizidprävention zum assistierten Suizid
Authors: Hasiba Barbara 
Published: September 2022

ZusammenfassungDurch das Sterbeverfügungsgesetz vom Januar 2022 haben sich die
Herausforderungen für Ärztinnen und Ärzte im Umgang mit
Suizidalität erweitert. War ärztliche Haltung und
ärztliches Handeln bislang vor allem auf Prävention
ausgerichtet, geht es nunmehr auch um die Assistenz bei der vorzeitigen
Beendigung des Lebens. In beiden Fällen bedarf es der
ausführlichen Klärung der unterschiedlichen Anliegen von
Patient*innenseite sowie der ärztlichen Möglichkeiten,
fragend und kommentierend zu explorieren.Ressourcenorientierte und lösungsfokussierte Fragen können dabei
helfen, die Arzt-Patient-Beziehung auf eine förderliche Weise zu
gestalten. Es bedarf zudem ärztlicherseits der Erkundung der eigenen
Gefühle und Werte, um dem Gegenüber gerecht werden zu
können. Das bio-psycho-soziale Krankheits- und Gesundheitskonzept trifft
auf Fragen der Spiritualität und Philosophie. Die angestrebte
Selbstbestimmtheit mündet in eine „bedingte
Autonomie“.
„Beziehungs-Weisen – Interaktionsbezogene Fallarbeit
(IFA) und Balint-Gruppe im Dialog“
Authors: Otten Heide , Galke Dirk , Grünbaum Johannes , Manthey Janine 
Published: September 2022

ZusammenfassungBalintarbeit und Interaktionsbezogene Fallarbeit sind in unterschiedlicher
Intensität seit Jahren im Gespräch. Anlässlich der 4.
IFA Tagung entwickelte sich ein aktueller Dialog, der hier wiedergegeben wird,
um die Leser daran zu beteiligen – ohne den Verlust der
Identität der jeweiligen Systeme, aber um
„anschlussfähig“ (i.S.v. N. Luhmann) zu bleiben.
The Ninki Nanka Trail, The Gambia
Authors: Stanford Davina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This case study documents the development of the Ninki Nanka Trail, a responsible tourism initiative in The Gambia. The case study provides the rationale for the development of this community-led tourism product and outlines how the trail has evolved through partnership working. This partnership working has culminated in an alternative approach to destination management, with a not-for-profit charity (the Ninki Nanka Foundation) taking the lead on the development and delivery of the trail. This case study provides further detail on the historic development of the trail and shines the spotlight on the development of one area of the charity’s activity, the co-creation of an interpretation plan for the trail using the input of all stakeholders, including the community. The conclusions offer some critical reflections on the case study, including limitations and issues, challenges and opportunities for the future.

Information
This case study documents the Ninki Nanka Trail in The Gambia, a community-based tourism product developed through partnership working
© CAB International 2022
Some direct and inverse source problems in nonlinear evolutionary PDEs with Volterra operators
Authors: Slodička Marian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper deals with direct and inverse source problems for parabolic or byperbolic PDEs containing nonlinear Volterra operators (including the variable order time-fractional derivatives). We show the well posedness (existence and uniqueness of a solution) of various settings. The proof-technique is based on the contraction mapping theorem and on a bootstrap argument, which ensures the existence of a global in time solution.
Minkowski-like fractal seismic metamaterial with wide low-frequency band gaps on single and layered soil
Authors: Fan Li , Du Qiujiao , Peng Pai , Liu Fengming 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient Minkowski-like fractal seismic metamaterial by hybridizing U-shaped and cross-shaped pillars, providing wide complete band gaps (BGs) due to its multi-scale self-similar property. Numerical modeling of seismic surface waves is used to study the band structure and transmission of our seismic metamaterial. A comparison of the band structures of the developed seismic metamaterial with various levels reveals that the iteration order itself is responsible for the increase in the number of frequency bands and the decrease in the center frequencies of the BGs. Furthermore, the vibrational modes are calculated and examined to understand the mechanism of BG generation. To demonstrate the efficiency of earthquake shielding in multiple complete BGs, investigations of seismic surface wave propagation on a 1D array of Minkowski-like fractal structure units on the surface of single and layered semi-infinite substrates are employed. The results show that the layered soil has the function of widening BGs by itself. Our proposed Minkowski-like fractal structure due to its multi-scale self-similarity mitigates the intrinsic drawback of the narrow BG of resonant metamaterial, providing a superior alternative in seismology and related areas of multi-frequency band vibration reduction. Moreover, its green design and manufacturing due to low filling rates, strong wear resistance, and ductility can realize the low-carbon and sustainable development of the construction industry.
A high absorptance wide-band metamaterial absorber with metasurface and low-permittivity dielectric slabs
Authors: Ma Zheyipei , Jiang Chao , Li Jiale , Huang Xiaozhong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a new wide-band and high-absorption metamaterial absorber (WHMA), consisting of a metasurface (MS), three low-permittivity dielectric slabs, and a metal backplane, is proposed and fabricated. The unit cell of MS is concentric rings loaded with chip resistors. This structure exhibits excellent absorption property and improved stability of oblique incidence, which are difficult to be achieved in previous radar absorbing materials. The functions of MS and different dielectric slabs are analysed. At normal incidence, the simulated results indicate that −10 dB absorption and −20 dB absorption bands cover a bandwidth of 4.8–14.3 GHz and 5.70–13.57 GHz, respectively. The measured results show that −10 dB and −20 dB absorption are achieved with the bandwidth of 4.6–16.3 GHz and 5.5–14.4 GHz respectively at normal incidence; below 50° angle of oblique incidence, WHMA can still have wide-band −10 dB absorption. The agreement between simulation and measurement validates the proposed design. Finally, since the structure is made of foam and thin dielectric layers, the area density is relatively low.
Dynamic characteristics of cathode spots during expansion process in a vacuum arc
Authors: Liu Liming , Yuan Zhao , Chen Lixue , Liu Shan , Ye Jingjing , Jiang Wei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cathode spot is the source of plasma and metal vapor which affects the breaking capacity of vacuum circuit breakers. In this paper, the cup-shaped axial magnetic field contacts were used and the images of cathode spots were obtained by an ultra high-speed camera in the experiment. The dynamic characteristics of cathode spots during expansion process in vacuum arc were investigated. Under the conditions of different current amplitudes, different distributions of cathode spots were observed. During the expansion process of cathode spot, there are group spots and individual spots. The group spot only occurs in the cold electrode. The electrons emission characteristics of cathode spot as a function of temperature and electric field was calculated. The formation of group spot is related to the current and electron emission of cathode spot. The cathode spots were identified by Matlab. It was found that the variation of number of cathode spots is consistent with the current. However, at different stages, the reasons for the increase in the number of cathode spots are different, such as the increase in the area of cathode spots in the initial arcing stage and the splitting of cathode spot. It was observed that the cathode spots are not completely evenly distributed on the cathode surface. The farther away from the center of the contact, the longer the distance between the cathode spots. It is mainly effected by the transverse magnetic field (TMF) which is generated by the arc column. The closer to the contact edge, the higher the TMF at the cathode spot and the higher the expansion velocity of cathode spot.
Application of a portable primary standard level graphite calorimeter for absolute dosimetry in a clinical low-energy passively scattered proton beam
Authors: Lourenço A , Lee N , Shipley D , Romano F , Kacperek A , Duane S , Cashmore M , Bass G , Palmans H , Thomas R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective. A calibration service based on a primary standard calorimeter for the direct determination of absorbed dose for proton beams does not exist. A new Code of Practice (CoP) for reference dosimetry of proton beams is being developed by a working party of the UK Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM), which will recommend that ionisation chambers are calibrated directly in their clinical beams against the proposed Primary Standard Proton Calorimeter (PSPC) developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The aim of this work is to report on the use of the NPL PSPC to directly calibrate ionisation chambers in a low-energy passively scattered proton beam following recommendations of the upcoming IPEM CoP. Approach. A comparison between the dose derived using the proposed IPEM CoP and the IAEA TRS-398 protocol was performed, and

k

Q

values were determined experimentally for three types of chambers. In total, 9 plane-parallel and 3 cylindrical chambers were calibrated using the two protocols for two separate visits. Main results. The ratio of absorbed dose to water obtained with the PSPC and with ionisation chambers applying TRS-398 varied between 0.98 and 1.00, depending on the chamber type. The new procedure based on the PSPC provides a significant improvement in uncertainty where absorbed dose to water measured with a user chamber is reported with an uncertainty of 0.9% (1

σ

), whereas the TRS-398 protocol reports an uncertainty of 2.0% and 2.3% (1

σ

) for cylindrical and plane-parallel chambers, respectively. The

k

Q

values found agree within uncertainties with those from TRS-398 and Monte Carlo calculations. Significance. The establishment of a primary standard calorimeter for the determination of absorbed dose in proton beams combined with the introduction of the associated calibration service following the IPEM recommendations will reduce the uncertainty and improve consistency in the dose delivered to patients.
Male pelvic multi-organ segmentation using token-based transformer Vnet
Authors: Pan Shaoyan , Lei Yang , Wang Tonghe , Wynne Jacob , Chang Chih-Wei , Roper Justin , Jani Ashesh B , Patel Pretesh , Bradley Jeffrey D , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective. This work aims to develop an automated segmentation method for the prostate and its surrounding organs-at-risk in pelvic computed tomography to facilitate prostate radiation treatment planning. Approach. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning algorithm combining a U-shaped convolutional neural network (CNN) and vision transformer (VIT) for multi-organ (i.e. bladder, prostate, rectum, left and right femoral heads) segmentation in male pelvic CT images. The U-shaped model consists of three components: a CNN-based encoder for local feature extraction, a token-based VIT for capturing global dependencies from the CNN features, and a CNN-based decoder for predicting the segmentation outcome from the VIT’s output. The novelty of our network is a token-based multi-head self-attention mechanism used in the transformer, which encourages long-range dependencies and forwards informative high-resolution feature maps from the encoder to the decoder. In addition, a knowledge distillation strategy is deployed to further enhance the learning capability of the proposed network. Main results. We evaluated the network using: (1) a dataset collected from 94 patients with prostate cancer; (2) and a public dataset CT-ORG. A quantitative evaluation of the proposed network’s performance was performed on each organ based on (1) volume similarity between the segmented contours and ground truth using Dice score, segmentation sensitivity, and precision, (2) surface similarity evaluated by Hausdorff distance (HD), mean surface distance (MSD) and residual mean square distance (RMS), (3) and percentage volume difference (PVD). The performance was then compared against other state-of-art methods. Average volume similarity measures obtained by the network overall organs were Dice score = 0.91, sensitivity = 0.90, precision = 0.92, average surface similarities were HD = 3.78 mm, MSD = 1.24 mm, RMS = 2.03 mm; average percentage volume difference was PVD = 9.9% on the first dataset. The network also obtained Dice score = 0.93, sensitivity = 0.93, precision = 0.93, average surface similarities were HD = 5.82 mm, MSD = 1.16 mm, RMS = 1.24 mm; average percentage volume difference was PVD = 6.6% on the CT-ORG dataset. Significance. In summary, we propose a token-based transformer network with knowledge distillation for multi-organ segmentation using CT images. This method provides accurate and reliable segmentation results for each organ using CT imaging, facilitating the prostate radiation clinical workflow.
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and optimal prediction of partially-observed complex systems
Authors: Rupe Adam , Vesselinov Velimir V , Crutchfield James P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Only a subset of degrees of freedom are typically accessible or measurable in real-world systems. As a consequence, the proper setting for empirical modeling is that of partially-observed systems. Notably, data-driven models consistently outperform physics-based models for systems with few observable degrees of freedom; e.g. hydrological systems. Here, we provide an operator-theoretic explanation for this empirical success. To predict a partially-observed system’s future behavior with physics-based models, the missing degrees of freedom must be explicitly accounted for using data assimilation and model parametrization. Data-driven models, in contrast, employ delay-coordinate embeddings and their evolution under the Koopman operator to implicitly model the effects of the missing degrees of freedom. We describe in detail the statistical physics of partial observations underlying data-driven models using novel maximum entropy and maximum caliber measures. The resulting nonequilibrium Wiener projections applied to the Mori–Zwanzig formalism reveal how data-driven models may converge to the true dynamics of the observable degrees of freedom. Additionally, this framework shows how data-driven models infer the effects of unobserved degrees of freedom implicitly, in much the same way that physics models infer the effects explicitly. This provides a unified implicit-explicit modeling framework for predicting partially-observed systems, with hybrid physics-informed machine learning methods combining both implicit and explicit aspects.