bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site-selected thionated benzothioxanthene chromophores as heavy-atom-free small-molecule photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Deiana Marco , Josse Pierre , Dalinot Clément , Osmolovskyi Artem , Marqués Pablo Simón , Castán José María Andrés , Abad Galán Laura , Allain Magali , Khrouz Lhoussain , Maury Olivier , Le Bahers Tangui , Blanchard Philippe , Dabos-Seignon Sylvie , Monnereau Cyrille , Sabouri Nasim , Cabanetos Clément 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy is a clinically approved anticancer modality that employs a light-activated agent (photosensitizer) to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is therefore a growing interest for developing innovative photosensitizing agents with enhanced phototherapeutic performances. Herein, we report on a rational design synthetic procedure that converts the ultrabright benzothioxanthene imide (BTI) dye into three heavy-atom-free thionated compounds featuring close-to-unit singlet oxygen quantum yields. In contrast to the BTI, these thionated analogs display an almost fully quenched fluorescence emission, in agreement with the formation of highly populated triplet states. Indeed, the sequential thionation on the BTI scaffold induces torsion of its skeleton reducing the singlet-triplet energy gaps and enhancing the spin-orbit coupling. These potential PSs show potent cancer-cell ablation under light irradiation while remaining non-toxic under dark condition owing to a photo-cytotoxic mechanism that we believe simultaneously involves singlet oxygen and superoxide species, which could be both characterized in vitro. Our study demonstrates that this simple site-selected thionated platform is an effective strategy to convert conventional carbonyl-containing fluorophores into phototherapeutic agents for anticancer PDT.
Direct structural observation of ultrafast photoisomerization dynamics in sinapate esters
Authors: Abiola Temitope T. , Toldo Josene M. , do Casal Mariana T. , Flourat Amandine L. , Rioux Benjamin , Woolley Jack M. , Murdock Daniel , Allais Florent , Barbatti Mario , Stavros Vasilios G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSinapate esters have been extensively studied for their potential application in ‘nature-inspired’ photoprotection. There is general consensus that the relaxation mechanism of sinapate esters following photoexcitation with ultraviolet radiation is mediated by geometric isomerization. This has been largely inferred through indirect studies involving transient electronic absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with steady-state spectroscopies. However, to-date, there is no direct experimental evidence tracking the formation of the photoisomer in real-time. Using transient vibrational absorption spectroscopy, we report on the direct structural changes that occur upon photoexcitation, resulting in the photoisomer formation. Our mechanistic analysis predicts that, from the photoprepared ππ* state, internal conversion takes place through a conical intersection (CI) near the geometry of the initial isomer. Our calculations suggest that different CI topographies at relevant points on the seam of intersection may influence the isomerization yield. Altogether, we provide compelling evidence suggesting that a sinapate ester’s geometric isomerization can be a more complex dynamical process than originally thought.
A hypoxia-related prognostic model predicts overall survival and treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Xing Jiyuan , Shen Shen , Liu Xiaorui , Zhang Yang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypoxia and hypoxia-related genes regulate tumor initiation and progression. However, the exact roles that hypoxia plays in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In the present study, we calculated the hypoxia score of each sample in the GSE14520 training set by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Then, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to identify gene modules most correlated with hypoxia. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was utilized to further compress the candidate genes. We constructed the hypoxia-related prognostic risk score (HPRS) model based on the genes’ corresponding Cox regression coefficients. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the hypoxia score and clinicopathological characteristics showed that the hypoxia score and stage were the main risk factors affecting the overall survival of patients. Based on WGCNA, we identified 41 key hypoxia-related gene modules and screened out nine core genes to construct the HPRS model. Importantly, high-HPRS patients have a worse prognosis, while low-HPRS patients have a better prognosis. Further research showed that various immune cells, such as CD8 T cells, cytotoxic cells, and DCs, were significantly enriched in the low-HPRS group compared with the high-HPRS group. Notably, patients in the low-HPRS group were less likely to benefit from immunotherapy and chemotherapy than those in the high-HPRS group. In summary, we identified and validated a hypoxia-derived gene model that could serve as a potential biomarker to predict prognosis and therapeutic response in HCC.
A miniature microstrip quad‐band filtering power divider based on quad‐mode resonators
Authors: Sun Zhengyu , Zhang Gang , Yang Xinyu , Tang Liming , Gu Xiaojun , Li Puhong , Tang Wanchun , Yang Jiquan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA miniature quad‐band filtering power divider (FPD) based on a quad‐mode stub loaded resonator (SLR) is presented. The quad‐band FPD is formed by a proper coupling topology between the open‐ended microstrip line and two pairs of quad‐mode SLRs. Moreover, to achieve good isolation, two resistors are mounted between the symmetrical SLRs with respect to the open‐ended microstrip line properly. The proposed SLR is analysed by the odd‐ and even‐mode analysis method, and four passbands are accordingly introduced. For demonstration, a quad‐band FPD centred at 1.20, 1.66, 1.89 and 2.16 GHz is designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. The measured results have good agreement with simulated ones, which validates the proposed design concept.
Ensemble voting‐based fault classification and location identification for a distribution system with microgrids using smart meter measurements
Authors: Islam Md Maidul , Usman Muhammad Usama , Newaz Alvi , Faruque Md Omar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study presents an ensemble learning approach for fault classification and location identification in a smart distribution network containing photovoltaics (PV)‐based microgrid. Lack of available data points and the unbalanced nature of the distribution system make fault handling a challenging task for utilities. The proposed method uses event‐driven voltage data from smart meters to classify and locate faults. The ensemble voting classifier is composed of three base learners; random forest, k‐nearest neighbours, and artificial neural network. The fault location (FL) task has been formulated as a classification problem where the fault type is classified in the first step and based on the fault type, the faulty bus is identified. The method is tested on IEEE‐123 bus system modified with added PV‐based microgrid along with dynamic loading conditions and varying fault resistances from 0 to 20 Ω for both unbalanced and balanced fault types. A further sensitivity analysis has been done to test the robustness of the proposed method under various noise levels and data loss errors in the smart meter measurements. The ensemble method shows improved performance and robustness compared to some previously proposed FL methods. Finally, the proposed method has been experimentally validated on a real‐time simulation‐based testbed using a state‐of‐the‐art digital real‐time simulator, industry standard DNP3 communication protocol and a cpu‐based control centre running the FL algorithm.
The evolving cluster cores: Putting together the pieces of the puzzle
Authors: Molendi S. , De Grandi S. , Rossetti M. , Bartalucci I. , Gastaldello F. , Ghizzardi S. , Gaspari M. 
Published: October 2022

Context. In this work we address the issue of whether the division of clusters in cool cores (CCs) and non-cool cores (NCCs) is due to a primordial difference or to how clusters evolve across cosmic time.
Aims. Our first goal is to establish if spectra from the central regions of a subclass of NCCs known as cool core remnants (CCRs) are consistent with having a small but significant amount of short cooling time gas, thereby allowing a transformation to CC systems on a timescale of a giga year. Our second goal is to determine if low ionization Fe lines emitted from this residual cool gas will be detectable by the calorimeters that will fly on board XRISM and Athena.
Methods. We performed a spectral analysis of CCR systems with a multi temperature model and, assuming the different components to be in pressure equilibrium with one another, derived entropy and cooling time distributions for the X-ray emitting gas.
Results. We find that in most of our systems, the spectral model allows for a fraction of low entropy, short cooling time gas with a mass that is comparable to the one in CC systems. Moreover, simulations show that future spectrometers on board XRISM and Athena will have the power to directly resolve emission lines from the low temperature gas, thereby providing incontrovertible evidence for its presence.
Conclusions. Within the scenario that we have explored, the constant fraction of CCs measured across cosmic time emerges from a dynamical equilibrium where CCs transformed in NCCs through mergers are balanced by NCCs that revert to CCs. Furthermore, CCs and NCCs should not be viewed as distinct sub classes, but as “states” between which clusters can move.
Forward fitting STIX visibilities
Authors: Volpara Anna , Massa Paolo , Perracchione Emma , Francesco Battaglia Andrea , Garbarino Sara , Benvenuto Federico , Krucker Säm , Piana Michele , Maria Massone Anna 
Published: October 2022

Aims.We seek to determine to what extent the problem of forward fitting visibilities measured by the Spectrometer/Telescope Imaging X-rays (STIX) on board Solar Orbiter becomes more challenging with respect to the same problem in the case of previous hard X-ray solar imaging missions. In addition, we aim to identify an effective optimization scheme for parametric imaging for STIX.Methods.This paper introduces a global search optimization for forward-fitting STIX visibilities and compares its effectiveness with respect to the standard simplex-based optimization used so far for the analysis of visibilities measured by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). We made this comparison by considering experimental visibilities measured by both RHESSI and STIX, as weel as synthetic visibilities generated by accounting for the STIX signal formation model.Results.We found that among the three global search algorithms for parametric imaging, particle swarm optimization (PSO) exhibits the best performances in terms of both stability and computational effectiveness. This method is as reliable as the simplex method in the case of RHESSI visibilities. However, PSO is significantly more robust when applied to STIX simulated and experimental visibilities.Conclusions.A standard optimization based on local search of minima is not effective enough for forward-fitting the few visibilities sampled by STIX in the spatial frequency plane. Therefore, more sophisticated optimization schemes based on global search must be introduced for parametric imaging in the case of the Solar Orbiter X-ray telescope. The forward-fitting routine based on PSO proved to be significantly robust and reliable, and it could be considered as an effective candidate tool for parametric imaging in the STIX context.
Lack of efficacy of fenbendazole againstGiardia duodenalisin a naturally infected population of dogs in France
Authors: Kaufmann Hugo , Zenner Lionel , Benabed Slimania , Poirel Marie-Thérèse , Bourgoin Gilles 
Published: October 2022

Giardiosis is a worldwide intestinal parasitosis, affecting both humans and animals. Treatment in dogs remains limited and the lack of efficacy of the few approved medications is a rising concern. In this study, 23 dogs raised by veterinary students and naturally infected withGiardia duodenaliswere treated in home conditions with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for 5 consecutive days). Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (FS1), 2–4 days after treatment (FS2) and 8–10 days after treatment (FS3).Giardia duodenaliscyst excretion was measured quantitatively by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) at FS1, FS2 and FS3. Molecular typing with a nested PCR targeting the SSUrDNA locus was also performed at FS1 and FS2. Fecal consistency improved in 16/21 dogs (76%) and mean cyst shedding was reduced by 84% after treatment. However, only 8/23 dogs (35%) achieved therapeutic success (≥90% reduction of cysts) and only 4/23 dogs (17%) had complete elimination ofG. duodenalis. Molecular typing showed that dogs harbored only canine-specific assemblages, with a high prevalence of assemblage C in analyzed samples (30/39). We also detected different assemblages after treatment and nucleotide substitutions in assemblage C sequences that have not been described previously. Eight to ten days after treatment, highGiardiacyst excretion was measured, suggesting possible reinfection despite hygiene measures and/or multiplication. These data suggest that fenbendazole treatment may improve fecal consistency but has limited therapeutic efficacy against giardiosis in this population of dogs. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole against canine giardiosis.
A statistical study of polar cap flow channels observed in both hemispheres using SuperDARN radars
Authors: Herlingshaw Katie , Baddeley Lisa , Oksavik Kjellmar , Lorentzen Dag A. , Laundal Karl M. 
Published: October 2022

This paper details the first large-scale, interhemispheric statistical study into ionospheric fast flow (>900 m/s) channels in the polar cap using the SuperDARN radar network. An automatic algorithm was applied to 6 years of data (2010–2016) from 8 SuperDARN radars with coverage in the polar cap regions in both hemispheres. Over 17,000 flow channels were detected, the majority of which occurred in the dayside polar cap region. To determine a statistical relationship between the flow channels and the IMF, a Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate probability distribution functions for IMF conditions and dipole tilt angles. These were used as a baseline for comparisons with IMF conditions associated with the flow channels. This analysis showed that fast flow channels are preferentially driven by IMF By dominant conditions, suggesting that a magnetic tension force on the newly reconnected field lines is required to accelerate the ionospheric plasma to high speeds on the dayside. The flow channels also occur preferentially during disturbed IMF conditions. Large populations of flow channels were observed on the flanks of the polar cap region. This indicates that significant momentum transfer from the magnetosphere can routinely occur on open field lines on the flanks, far from the dayside and nightside reconnection regions.
Radiological and Morphometric Study of the Emissary Foramens and Canal in the Posterior Cranial Fossa of the Human Skull with Its Neurosurgical Significance
Authors: Alghamdi Mansour A. , Honnegowda Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda , Nautiyal Amit , Deepanjan Mitra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objective The posterior condylar canals (PCCs), posterior condylar veins (PCVs), occipital foramen (OF), and occipital emissary vein (OEV) are potential anatomical landmarks for surgical approaches through the lateral foramen magnum. We performed the study to make morphometric and radiological analyses of the various emissary foramens and vein in the posterior cranial fossa.
Methods Morphometric study were performed on 95 dry occipital bones and radiological analyses on computed tomography (CT) angiography images of 150 patients. The number of OFs on both sides was recorded and PCC length and mean diameters of the internal and external orifices of PCC were measured for bony specimens. Prevalence of PCV and PCV size was investigated using CT angiography.
Results Mean PCC length was higher in the left side (9.85 ± 2.5). Mean diameter of the internal orifice and the external orifice diameter were almost the same. The majority of PCCs (75–79.33%) had 2 to 5 mm diameter; only 4 to 9.2% were small in size (< 2 mm). In CT angiography, PCV was not identified in 23 (15.33%) patients. PCVs were located bilaterally in 105 (70%) and unilaterally in 22 (20.5%) patients. Only 11.3% of PCVs were large in size (> 5 mm), 80% of PCVs were medium sized (2–5 mm), and 8.6% were small sized (< 2 mm).
Conclusion Normal values of OF, PCC, PCV, and OEV could serve as a future reference for the understanding of the physiology of craniocervical venous drainage, which is necessary to avoid surgical complications and can also serve as a guide to surgical interventions for pathologies of the posterior cranial fossa, such as tumors and injuries.
High-P–T impedance measurements using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell
Authors: Okuda Yoshiyuki , Oka Kenta , Kubota Yusuke , Inada Mako , Kurita Naoki , Ohta Kenji , Hirose Kei 
Published: October 2022

The electrical conductivity (EC) of minerals found on Earth and throughout the solar system is a fundamental transport property that is used to understand various dynamical phenomena in planetary interiors. High-pressure and high-temperature (P–T) EC measurements are also an important tool for observing phase transitions. Impedance measurements can accurately measure the EC of a nonmetallic sample. In previous measurements under static conditions using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (LHDAC), only direct current resistance is measured, but this method overestimates the bulk sample resistance. Moreover, the previous methodology could only be applied to nontransparent samples in an LHDAC using infrared lasers, limiting the range of measurable composition. To the best of our knowledge, no in situ high-P–T EC measurements of transparent materials have been reported using LHDAC techniques. We developed a novel impedance measurement technique under high-P–T conditions in an LHDAC that applies to transparent samples. As a validation, we measured the EC of Mg0.9Fe0.1SiO3 bridgmanite up to 51 GPa and 2000 K and found that the results are consistent with those of previous studies. We also measured the EC values of sodium chloride to compare with those of previous studies, as well as those of cubic boron nitride and zirconia cement to quantify how well they insulate under high P–T conditions. This is the first report of the impedance and EC measurements of transparent minerals in an LHDAC, which allows the measurement of Fe-poor/-free materials, including the major constituents of the interiors of gas giants and icy planets, under extreme conditions.
Evaluation of a new DIII-D Doppler backscattering system for higher wavenumber measurement and signal enhancement
Authors: Damba J. , Pratt Q. , Hall-Chen V. H. , Hong R. , Lantsov R. , Ellis R. , Rhodes T. L. 
Published: October 2022

The high density fluctuation poloidal wavenumber, kθ (kθ &gt; 8 cm−1, kθρs &gt; 5, ρs is the ion gyro radius using the ion sound velocity), measurement capability of a new Doppler backscattering (DBS) system at the DIII-D tokamak has been experimentally evaluated. In DBS, wavenumber (k) matching becomes more important at higher wavenumbers, owing to the exponential dependence of the measured signal loss factor on wave vector mismatch. Wave vector matching allows for the Bragg scattering condition to be satisfied, which minimizes the signal loss at higher k’s. In the previous DBS system, without toroidal wave vector matching, the measured DBS signal-to-noise ratio at higher kθ (&gt;8 cm−1) is substantially reduced, making it difficult to measure higher kθ turbulence. The new DBS system has been optimized to access higher wavenumber, kθ ≤ 20 cm−1, density turbulence measurement. The optimization hardware addresses fluctuation wave vector matching using toroidal steering of the launch mirror to produce a backscattered signal with improved intensity. The probe’s sensitivity to high-k density fluctuations has been increased by approximately an order of magnitude compared to the old system that has been in use at DIII-D. Note that typical measurement locations are above or below the tokamak midplane on the low field side with normalized radial ranges of 0.5–1.0. The new DBS probe system with the toroidal matching of fluctuation wave vectors is thought to be critical to understanding high-k turbulent transport in fusion-relevant research at DIII-D.
Pre-curing time effect on reactive powder concrete impact resistance
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Zhao Qingxin , Zhang Shuang , Lu Nan 
Published: October 2022

To test the effect of pre-curing time on the impact resistance of reactive powder concrete (RPC), RPC specimens were cured in a steam curing box at a temperature of 70 °C for 72 h with pre-curing times of 18, 24, and 30 h. At 28 days, the low-speed impact test was carried out on RPC specimens with a Ceast9350 drop weight impact system at an impact rate of 5 m/s and impact energy of 140 J. The variation curves of the impact force and displacement of RPC specimens with impact times were obtained. The results show that the impact resistance of RPC specimens improved with the increased pre-curing time, implying that appropriate pre-curing time (30 h in this case) can improve RPC mechanical properties. At the same time, combined with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope imaging of hydration products, and the energy dispersion spectroscopy test, the influence mechanism of pre-curing time on the impact resistance of RPC is analyzed from the microstructure standpoint. The results show that appropriate pre-curing time can make the hydration of cement form finer particles and make the hardened paste form a protective structure to reduce the damage of steam curing in the strength development process. Through multiscale homogenization calculation via the Mori–Tanaka scheme, it can be seen that RPC’s stiffness increases with the prolonged pre-curing time. Optimizing pre-curing time is conducive to improving the mechanical properties of RPC specimens.
Superfluid helium nanoscope insert with millimeter working range
Authors: Kamiya Naoki , Kuramoto Kazuki , Takishima Kento , Yumoto Tatsuya , Oda Haruka , Shimi Takeshi , Kimura Hiroshi , Matsushita Michio , Fujiyoshi Satoru 
Published: October 2022

A superfluid helium insert was developed for cryogenic microscopy of millimeter-sized specimens. An optical-interferometric position sensor, cryogenic objective mirror, and piezo-driven cryogenic stage were fixed to an insert holder that was immersed in superfluid helium. The single-component design stabilized the three-dimensional position of the sample, with root-mean-square deviations of (x, lateral) 0.33 nm, (y, lateral) 0.29 nm, and (z, axial) 0.25 nm. Because of the millimeter working range of the optical sensor, the working range of the sample under the active stabilization was (x, y) 5 mm and (z) 3 mm in superfluid helium at 1.8 K. The insert was used to obtain the millimeter-sized fluorescence image of cell nuclei at 1.8 K without a sample exchange.