bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of cover crops for cropland soil carbon, nitrogen leaching, and agricultural yields – a global simulation study with LPJmL (V. 5.0-tillage-cc)
Authors: Porwollik Vera , Rolinski Susanne , Heinke Jens , von Bloh Werner , Schaphoff Sibyll , Müller Christoph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Land management practices can reduce the environmental impact of
agricultural land use and production, improve productivity, and transform
cropland into carbon sinks. In our study we assessed the biophysical and
biogeochemical impacts and the potential contribution of cover crop
practices to sustainable land use. We applied the process-based, global
dynamic vegetation model LPJmL (Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land) V. 5.0-tillage-cc with a modified representation
of cover crops to simulate the growth of grasses on cropland in periods
between two consecutive main crops' growing seasons for near-past climate
and land use conditions. We quantified simulated responses of agroecosystem
components to cover crop cultivation in comparison to bare-soil fallowing
practices on global cropland for a period of 50 years. For cover crops with tillage, we obtained annual global median soil carbon
sequestration rates of 0.52 and 0.48 t C ha−1 yr−1 for the first
and last decades of the entire simulation period, respectively. We found
that cover crops with tillage reduced annual nitrogen leaching rates from
cropland soils by medians of 39 % and 54 % but also the productivity of
the following main crop by an average of 1.6 % and 2 % for the 2 analyzed decades. The largest reductions in productivity were found for rice and modestly lowered ones for maize and wheat, whereas the soybean yield revealed an
almost homogenously positive response to cover crop practices replacing bare-soil fallow periods. The obtained simulation results of cover crop with tillage
practices exhibit a good ability of the model version to reproduce observed
effects reported in other studies. Further, the results suggest that
having no tillage is a suitable complementary practice to cover crops, enhancing
soil carbon sequestration and the reduction in nitrogen leaching, while
reducing potential trade-offs with the main-crop productivity due to their
impacts on soil nitrogen and water dynamics. The spatial heterogeneity of simulated impacts of cover crops on the
variables assessed here was related to the time period since the
introduction of the management practice as well as to environmental and
agronomic conditions of the cropland. This study supports findings of other
studies, highlighting the substantial potential contribution of cover crop
practices to the sustainable development of arable production.
Sedimentary microplankton distributions are shaped by oceanographically connected areas
Authors: Nooteboom Peter D. , Bijl Peter K. , Kehl Christian , van Sebille Erik , Ziegler Martin , von der Heydt Anna S. , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Having descended through the water column, microplankton in ocean sediments is representative of the ocean surface environment, where it originated. Sedimentary microplankton is therefore used as an archive of past and present surface oceanographic conditions. However, these particles are advected by turbulent ocean currents during their sinking journey. So far, it is unknown to what extent this particle advection shapes the microplankton composition in sediments. Here we use global simulations of sinking particles in a strongly eddying global ocean model, and define ocean bottom provinces based on the particle surface origin locations. We find that these provinces can be detected in global datasets of sedimentary microplankton assemblages, demonstrating the effect provincialism has on the composition of sedimentary remains of surface plankton. These provinces explain the microplankton composition, in addition to, e.g., the ocean surface environment. Connected provinces have implications for the optimal spatial extent of microplankton sediment sample datasets that are used for palaeoceanographic reconstruction, and for the optimal spatial averaging of sediment samples over global datasets.
Comparison of soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient (Chile) to global observations
Authors: Schaller Mirjam , Ehlers Todd A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Weathering of bedrock to produce regolith is essential for sustaining life
on Earth and global biogeochemical cycles. The rate of this process is
influenced not only by tectonics, but also by climate and biota. We present
new data on soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates from the large climate and ecological gradient of the Chilean Coastal
Cordillera (26 to 38∘ S). Four Chilean study areas are investigated and span (from north to south) arid (Pan de Azúcar),
semi-arid (Santa Gracia), Mediterranean (La Campana), and temperate humid
(Nahuelbuta) climate zones. Observed soil production rates in granitoid
soil-mantled hillslopes range from ∼7 to 290 t km−2 yr−1 and are lowest in the sparsely vegetated and arid north and highest in the Mediterranean setting. Calculated chemical weathering rates range from zero in the arid north to a high of 211 t km−2 yr−1 in the Mediterranean zone. Chemical weathering rates are moderate in the semi-arid and temperate humid zones (∼20 to 50 t km−2 yr−1). Similarly, physical erosion rates are lowest in the arid zone (∼11 t km−2 yr−1) and highest in the Mediterranean climate zone (∼91 t km−2 yr−1). The contribution of chemical weathering to total denudation rates is lower in the arid north than further south. However, due to heterogeneities in lithologies and Zr concentrations, reported chemical weathering rates and chemical depletion fractions are affected by large uncertainties. Comparison of Chilean results to published global data collected from hillslope settings underlain by granitoid lithologies documents similar patterns in soil production, chemical weathering, and total denudation rates for varying mean annual precipitation and vegetation cover amounts. We discuss the Chilean and global data in the light of contending model frameworks in the literature and find that observed variations in soil production rates bear the closest resemblance to models explicitly accounting for variations in soil thickness and biomass.
Untangling irrigation effects on maize water and heat stress alleviation using satellite data
Authors: Zhu Peng , Burney Jennifer 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Irrigation has important implications for sustaining global food production by enabling crop water demand to be met even under dry conditions.
Added water also cools crop plants through transpiration; irrigation might
thus play an important role in a warmer climate by simultaneously moderating water and high temperature stresses. Here we used satellite-derived evapotranspiration estimates, land surface temperature (LST) measurements, and crop phenological stage information from Nebraska maize to quantify how irrigation relieves both water and temperature stresses. Unlike air temperature metrics, satellite-derived LST revealed a significant irrigation-induced cooling effect, especially during the grain filling period (GFP) of crop growth. This cooling appeared to extend the maize growing season, especially for GFP, likely due to the stronger temperature sensitivity of phenological development during this stage. Our analysis also revealed that irrigation not only reduced water and temperature stress but also weakened the response of yield to these stresses. Specifically, temperature stress was significantly weakened for reproductive processes in irrigated maize. Attribution analysis further suggested that water and high temperature stress alleviation was responsible for 65±10 % and 35±5.3 % of the irrigation yield benefit, respectively. Our study underlines the relative importance of high temperature stress alleviation in yield improvement and the necessity of simulating crop surface temperature to better quantify heat stress effects in crop yield models. Finally, considering the potentially strong interaction between water and heat stress, future research on irrigation benefits should explore the interaction effects between heat and drought alleviation.
Optimizing Reinforcement
Authors: Orlinski Adam , De Rycke Klaas , Heimrath Moritz 
Published: February 2022

The combination of parametric modelling with structural analysis prompted new synergies between designing and engineering. The connection of structural calculation models such as Karamba3d to algorithmic modelling platforms such as Grasshopper3d allowed to embed tools for analysis and simulation into the environment of creative design processes. This way structural analysis advanced from its single sided calculation “duty” towards participation in design language of articulated structural expression. 3d-concrete-printing serves as a great new territory to apply the potential of real-time parametric structural analysis in the built environment of rapid prototyping and robotic fabrication. While 3d-printed-concrete rapidly advanced in technology and empiric know-how, so also grew the ambition to utilize them for larger purposes and bigger building projects. Known requirements such as structural integrity according to building code, interfaces for construction or waterproofing pose clear challenges for further realizations. In order to develop 3d-concrete-printing to its full potential all challenges must serve as opportunities to dissect and rethink established norms and practices, and to construct a new interdisciplinary rule book for an emerging building technology. In this field working through challenges via prototypes serve as great basis for development and allows for an applied discourse within the wider community. Furthermore to address challenges a flexible toolbox for structural analysis such as Karamba3d offers the potential to serve as an open instrument for structural analysis and to promote 3d-concrete-printing within that interdisciplinary effort to its next level. On the one hand the tool enables to suggest customized and optimized rebar layouts which could support the development of 3D-concrete-printing further. By enabling this more customizable calculation and tailored real time feedback for complex structures, solutions can develop more structurally informed. On the other hand, recent developments with Karamba3D within our office of Bollinger+Grohmann have shown the possibility of real time feedback loops between the physical printing process and the digital calculation model. Both developments show the potential that material systems can be optimized towards specific patterns or values of forces, or structures can be evaluated in real time for their load bearing capacity while hardening during printing.
On James Baldwin and Black Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What I aim to elucidate in this article is Baldwin's moral psychology of anger in general, and black rage in particular, as seen in his nonfiction. I'll show that Baldwin's thinking is significant for moral psychology and is relevant to important questions at the intersection of philosophy of emotions, race, and social philosophy. It also has pragmatic application to present-day anti-racist struggle. Baldwin's theoretical account of Black rage, I'll argue, (1) dignifies Blacks by centering them as people with agential capacities and (2) provides them with a pragmatic politics of rage that is useful in the fight against white supremacy and racial injustice.
What is an Anti-Racist Philosophy of Race and History?
Authors: Basevich Elvira 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this article, I defend the pragmatic relevance of race in history. Kant and Hegel's racist development thesis assumes that nonwhite, non-European racial groups are defective practical agents. In response, philosophers have opted to drop race from a theory of history and progress. They posit that denying its pragmatic relevance amounts to anti-racist egalitarianism. I dub this tactic “colorblind cosmopolitanism” and offer grounds for its rejection. Following Du Bois, I ascribe, instead, a pragmatic role to race in history. Namely, Du Bois argues that race is an “instrument of progress” that advances emancipatory struggle. He appeals to the writing of history—or historiography—to cultivate group consciousness of historical memory in order to (1) strengthen intragroup bonds among the racially oppressed, especially black Americans, and (2) create intergroup bonds that reconstruct the republic on the basis of universal ideals. I detail Du Bois's defense of the black struggle for freedom in the wake of the U.S. Civil War to provide a concrete illustration of “spirit” in American history.
Toward a Black Radical Critique of Natality
Authors: Castro Andrés Fabián Henao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this article I criticize Hannah Arendt's concept of natality as unable to confront the ways in which racial capitalism links the biopolitical cultivation of natality to the necropolitical natal alienation that is structural to modern slavery. I base this argument in an understanding of social death as the production of racial capitalism, one that gives slavery an aftermath, post-abolition, which continues to dispossess Black and brown people of their capacity to begin something anew via their inclusion into juridical personhood. I conclude this article with an articulation of the political impossibility of Black and brown people to begin something anew under a polis that remains structured by racial capitalism in Ralph Ellison's phenomenological description of the invisible man's misrecognized new beginnings with the Brotherhood.
A package for objective analysis of isobaric contours
Authors: SINHA M. C. , DAYAL V. , BEGUM Z. N. 
Published: February 2022

The paper gives details of a package for objective analysis of geopotential fields on isobaric surfaces. The model is a portable one with adjustable resolution and latitude-longitude grid. It includes time consistency, internal consistency and some other quality control procedures for checking the input data. The final output is obtained in chart form through printer output. A sample of cyclic global belt analysis from equator to 60 deg. N is also presented. Low values- of long term verification statistics (RMSE) prove the good performance of this package.
200 bauds start-stop regenerator
Authors: DAS S. K. , SUNDARAM K. , PANT K. C. 
Published: February 2022

Teleprinter signals on long and medium haul land-line and radio circuit get distorted causing delay in exchange of information due to its garbled reception. The authors have designed a simple start-stop regenerator to correct the distortions to the minimum to enable the acceptance of signals by the printing system.

The design evolved is simple in its circuitry capable of correcting distortions upto 49 per cent and also can accommodate a speed variation of ±10 bauds. The regenerator can be used on circuits operating on 50, 75, 100 and 200 bauds speed.
Radar estimation of precipitation around Madras
Authors: RAGHAVAN S. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN T. R. 
Published: February 2022

Radar observations over a selected target area of 2000 sq km near Madras were compared with data from a recording raingauge network. A mean relationship for northeast monsoon rains not associated with cyclones between radar reflectivity factor (Z) and rainfall rate (R) was derived. The constants in the Z-R equation are found to be appreciably lower than the Marshall-Palmer values.

This mean relationship may not hold good for each individual occasion of rainfall. A gauge to radar estimate ratio was therefore determined for each occasion over this small raingauge network and this ratio used to adjust radar estimates over larger areas. Such adjusted estimates of total areal rainfall over 17000 sq km area were found to agree within a factor of two with a net work of 50 non-recording raingauges. Spatial distribution of rainfall indicated by radar and by raingauges also agree well but point estimates do not show good agreement.

It is concluded that total areal rainfall and spatial distribution of rainfall can be assessed over large areas by using a mean seasonal relationship and an adjustment factor derived for each occasion from a small raingauge network. The radar estimate can in turn be used as ground truth to adjust satellite estimates over larger areas.
On dynamic initialization experiment in Indian region
Authors: SINGH S. S. , KULKARNI A. A. , SIKKA D. R. 
Published: February 2022

A comparative performance of dynamic initialization (Dl) and static initialization (SI) schemes for balancing initial wind and pressure fields for primitive equation barotropic model in Indian region has been investigated. For the purpose of dynamic initialization experiment the set of model equations are integrated forward and backward around the initial time following Euler backward time differcnce scheme without restoration of any variable. For static initialization the nonlinear balance equation is solved to obtain the balance height field from non-divergent wind.

The results of initialization experiments from both the schemes are compared and discussed. The initial fields from DI scheme are found to be superior than those based on SI scheme.
Correlations and causal relationships between historical climatic indicators and price data
Authors: ANDERSON J. L. 
Published: February 2022

In order to generate coefficients by which air temperatures in the past may be estimated from price data, Libby ( 1977) relates changes ill the price of wheat, and in the wheat equivalents of wages, to instrumentally recorded air temperatures.

However, the crucial effects on prices of changes in the population (and of demand generally) are neglected; the allowance made for the changing value of money ill terms of wheat is inadequate; and the suggested relationship between air temperatures and grain prices is not evident in the long term.

Accordingly, the validity of temperature scales derived from correlations Bengal be accepted.
Short-wave albedo of soil and jowar crop
Authors: MURTHY B. SRINIVASA , RAO K. SUBBA 
Published: February 2022

Measurements of albedo of jowar were made during the kharif season of 1970. The diurnal variation of crop albedo under different sky conditions is discussed. The average noontime albedo of jowar was 22 per cent compared to the soil albedo of 11 per cent. There is a strong dependence of crop albedo on solar elevation under clear sky conditions; the dependence is relatively weak under cloudy conditions. The midday crop albedo values do not change significantly with cloudiness.

The seasonal trend of midday albedo of jowar shows an increase of albedo with crop growth, till it reaches 25 per cent when the crop was 55 days old, remains steady for 15 day" and decreases gradually thereafter to about 18 per cent as the crop matures.
A study of performance of different types of radiosondes used over Indian sea areas during Monex- 79
Authors: SESHADRI N. 
Published: February 2022

An attempt has been made to study and evaluate the compatibility of the upper air thermodynamic data recorded using different types of Radiosondes during Monex-79 from the various platforms over Indian sea areas. The observations recorded over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal areas using Russian Radiosondes from USSR research vessels, Vaisala Omegasonde from Indian Monex ships, and American dropsonde from the US research aircraft together with the Indian Radiosonde observations from coastal Indian land stations have been studied. The essential information on the sensors used in the different types of sondes is also given. The results of intercomparison between the Indian Radiosonde arid Vaisala Omegasonde data has also been presented.

This study provides an opportunity to evaluate the comparative performance of the Indian Radiosonde with that -of other established radiosonde techniques in the field of upper air sounding over land and sea areas. The performance of the temperature and humidity sensors used in the Indian radiosonde have showed a very high degree of reliability, stability and compatibility in respect of data recorded by the other established systems. The wind observations taken by the Indian sonde have also shown very close agreement with the Omega winds of Vaisala Omegasonde as brought out by the results of inter-comparison.
On certain features of atmospheric circulations in periods of droughts
Authors: KRUZHKOVA T. S. 
Published: February 2022

An attempt to identify the main features of atmospheric circulation accompanying drought formation was made based on the analysis of data describing droughts occurred in the Northern Hemisphere in the period from 1970 to 1980. Conditions of circulation in the troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere in 1972 were considered for this purpose. In that year the drought spread over vast territories of Africa, North India and East Europe. The total annual precipitation in that period on the territory between Sahara and 15 deg. N was less than half the long-range annual normal precipitation. The deficit of rainfall in Niger, Mali in June, July and August amounted to 35-40 per cent of relevant monthly- means. Delay of the beginning of monsoon in June 1972 and its long interruption in July resulted in drought occurrence in many regions of North India. In summer mean air temperatures over the European USSR were 4.6 deg. above normal.

Conditions of atmospheric circulation in 1972, particularly in summer months, were significantly different from normal. Unusually intensive and blocking situations were observed in the above mentioned territories both in summer and in winter during extended periods; mean pressure was considerably above normal.

Tropical troposphere in June 1972 according to "TROPEX-72" data was characterized by considerable anomalies, namely, the subtropical jet stream was at the latitude of winter climatic planetary maximum of wind, trade jet streams were shifted by 10 degrees towards the equator, as compared with their climatic location.
A study of the cyclonic storms incident on the different sections of the coast around the Bay of Bengal
Authors: MOOLEY D. A. , MOHILE C. M. 
Published: February 2022

The study covers all the storms/severe storms incident on the different sections of the Bay coast during 1877-1980. The series of storms/severe storms have been examined for trend, changes in mean frequency and changes in the ratio of severe storms to storms incident on each section of the Bay coast, the east India coast and the whole Bay coast. The mean annual frequency of storms incident on Bangladesh coast shows a highly significant increase during the period 1965-80. For the severe storm series for the Andhra Pradesh, the Bangladesh, the east India and the Bay coasts, mean annual and mean post-monsoon season frequency shows a highly significant increase in the same period. Possible causes have been given for the highly significant increase in the incidence of storm/severe storms. Locations of the origin of storms reaching different sections of the Bay coast have been brought out. The number of storms which form over each of the different sectors of the Bay and of these, the numbers which reach each of the sections of the Bay coast have been indicated. The frequency of 0, 1, 2, 3, etc storms in a year/season are found to be consistent with the Poisson probability model. Finally, mean annual frequency has been estimated for the next 50-year period and using this mean, frequencies of 1, 2, 3, 4 etc storms in a year have been worked out on the basis of the Poisson probability model. These frequencies may be useful for planning funds to mitigate the hardship of the people affected by storm havoc or for evolving a suitable insurance scheme for the benefit of the areas liable to storm havoc.