bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Item Response Models in Assessing the Health Literacy Facet Understanding Health Information for Early Childhood Allergy Prevention and Prevention of COVID-19 Infections by Pregnant Women and Mothers of Infants
Authors: Schulz Anja Alexandra , Dresch Carolin , Heiberger Andrea , Wirtz Markus Antonius 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Appropriate parental health literacy (HL) is essential to preventively maintain and promote child health. Understanding health information is assumed to be fundamental in HL models. We developed N = 67 items (multiple-choice format) based on information materials on early childhood allergy prevention (ECAP) and prevention of COVID-19 infections to assess the parental HL facet Understand. N = 343 pregnant women and mothers of infants completed the items in an online assessment. Using exploratory factor analysis for ordinal data (RML estimation) and item response models (1-pl and 2-pl model), we proved the psychometric homogeneity of the item pool. 57 items assess the latent dimension Understand according to the assumptions of the 1-pl model (weighted MNSQ < 1.2; separation reliability = .855). Person parameters of the latent trait Understand correlate specifically with subjective socioeconomic status ( r = .27), school graduation ( r = .46), allergy status ( r = .11), and already infected with COVID-19 ( r = .12). The calibrated item pool provides a psychometrically sound, construct-valid assessment of the HL facet Understand Health Information in the areas of ECAP and prevention of COVID-19 infections.
Ocean Sciences Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science
Authors: Graham Jasmin , Hannides Angelos , Mamnun Nabir , Sitz Lina E. , Walsh Ian D. , Wood‐Charlson Elisha M. , Ponsoni Leandro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article is composed of three independent commentaries of how “Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked” (ICON), as well as “Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable” (FAIR; under the umbrella of “Open” from ICON), principles are currently embedded in ocean sciences, and what are the opportunities and challenges by adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different perspective as follows: (a) field sampling and experimentation to remote‐sensing and autonomous observations; (b) global collaboration, technology transfer and application, reproducibility, and data sharing and infrastructure; (c) increasing diversity and broadening participation in ocean sciences. Overall, there is a consensus that ocean sciences is well‐advanced in adopting many of the Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked‐Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (ICON‐FAIR) principles regarding (a and b), although there are still plenty of opportunities to develop further by, for instance, making broader use of data‐of‐opportunity and citizen science, improving efforts toward standardized data organization and avoiding data fragmentation, and increasing training activities to implement good practices. On the other hand, fostering diversity, and broadening participation in ocean sciences is still in its infancy. Actions are needed to overcome under‐representation of women and other marginalized groups, create opportunities for early‐career scientists, and build bridges to support scientists from low‐income countries. We recognize that adopting ICON‐FAIR principles comes with high costs and efforts, but it has strong potential to develop ocean sciences in many aspects.
High Carbon Mineralization Rates in Subseafloor Hadal Sediments—Result of Frequent Mass Wasting
Authors: Zabel M. , Glud R. N. , Sanei H. , Elvert M. , Pape T. , Chuang P.‐C. , Okuma E. , Geprägs P. , Kölling M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the past 20 years, the exploration of deep ocean trenches has led to spectacular new insights. Even in the deepest canyons, an unusual variety of life and unexpectedly high benthic oxygen consumption rates have been detected while microbial processes below the surface of the hadal seafloor remains largely unknown. The information that exist comes from geophysical measurements, especially related to seismic research, and specific component analyses to estimate the carbon export. In contrast, no information is available on metabolic activities in deeper buried sediments of hadal environment. Here we present the first pore water profiles from 15 up to 11 m long sediment cores recovered during three expeditions to two hadal zones, the Japan Trench and the Atacama Trench. Despite low levels of organic debris, our data reveal that rates of microbial carbon turnover along the trench axes can be similar to those encountered in much shallower and more productive oceanic regions. The extreme sedimentation dynamics, characterized by frequent mass wasting of slope sediments into the trenches, result in effective burial of reactive, microbially available, organic material. Our results document the fueling of the deep hadal biosphere with bioavailable material and thus provide important understanding on the function of deep‐sea trenches and the hadal carbon cycle.
Topographic Rossby Wave‐Modulated Oscillations of Dense Overflows
Authors: Han Xianxian , Stewart Andrew L. , Chen Dake , Lian Tao , Liu Xiaohui , Xie Xiaohui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe global supply of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is sourced from a handful of dense overflows. Observations from the Weddell Sea indicate that the overflow there exhibits prominent oscillations accompanied by dense eddies, while the Ross Sea overflow shows no significant oscillations other than tides, yet the genesis of these oscillations and their role in mediating AABW export remain poorly understood. Here idealized model simulations are used to investigate the dynamics of these oscillations. It is shown that the dominant oscillations result from the formation of Topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) associated with baroclinic instability of the dense overflow. A key finding is that the TRWs can feed back onto the dense overflow, producing coherent subsurface eddies of the same frequency. A series of sensitivity experiments reveal that these behaviors depend strongly on the local environment: steep topographic slopes suppress the baroclinic growth of TRWs, while strong downstream along‐slope flows suppress the upstream propagation of TRW energy and genesis of subsurface eddies. These results explain the varying prevalence of different oscillatory phenomena observed across different dense overflow regimes.
An Examination of SuperDARN Backscatter Modes Using Machine Learning Guided by Ray‐Tracing
Authors: Kunduri B. S. R. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Thomas E. G. , Shepherd S. G. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a network of High Frequency (HF) radars that are typically used for monitoring plasma convection in the Earth's ionosphere. A majority of SuperDARN backscatter can broadly be divided into three categories: (a) ionospheric scatter due to reflections from plasma irregularities in the E and F regions of the ionosphere, (b) ground scatter caused by reflections from the ground/sea surface following reflection in the ionosphere, and (c) backscatter from meteor trails left by meteoroids as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. Due to the complex nature of HF propagation and mid‐latitude electrodynamics, it is often not straightforward to distinguish between different modes of backscatter observed by SuperDARN. In this study, we present a new two‐stage machine learning algorithm for identifying different backscatter modes in SuperDARN data. In the first stage, a neural network that “mimics” ray‐tracing is used to predict the probability of ionospheric and ground scatter occurring at a given location along with parameters like the elevation angles, reflection heights etc. The inputs to the network include parameters that control HF propagation, such as signal frequency, season, UT time, and geomagnetic activity levels. In the second stage, the output probabilities from the neural network and actual SuperDARN data are clustered together to determine the category of the backscatter. Our model can distinguish between meteor scatter, 1/2 hop E‐/F‐region ionospheric as well as ground/sea scatter. We validate our model by comparing predicted elevation angles with those measured at a SuperDARN radar.
Using Noncontact Measurement of Water Surface Dynamics to Estimate River Discharge
Authors: Dolcetti G. , Hortobágyi B. , Perks M. , Tait S. J. , Dervilis N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEstimating river discharge requires simultaneous measurement of velocity and flow depth. While surface velocities are relatively easy to measure using noncontact techniques, depth measurement usually requires physically intrusive instrumentation. This limits our capability to remotely monitor discharge in natural rivers subject to bed level variations. This work tests the potential to estimate the surface velocity, the water depth, the depth average velocity, and then discharge of a river using only a sequence of images of the dynamic water surface. The method is based on a comparison between the spatiotemporal Fourier spectra of the pixel intensities of these images and the theoretical dispersion relations of turbulence‐generated surface fluctuations and gravity‐capillary waves. The method is validated through the analysis of water surface videos obtained with fixed cameras from two river sections equipped with conventional discharge gauging. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated and the measurement uncertainties are quantified. The method is affected by two main sources of uncertainty: one derives from the estimation of the velocity index and the other from the obtainable resolution of the Fourier analysis. This resolution strongly controls the observation of depth and/or velocity variations in space and in time. The technique has advantages over current approaches: it has clear physical foundations; the equipment is low cost and is highly mobile; it does not need artificial tracers or physical equipment to measure depth; and it can directly provide estimates of the key flow parameters just from time series of images of the water surface.
Galileo reveals new lunar features
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Exciting new images of the Moon taken by the Jupiter‐bound Galileo spacecraft December 8 and 9 promise to expand understanding of lunar geology. Galileo viewed the Moon from a new perspective, showing for the first time, through spectral techniques, the mineralogical composition of the lunar crust on the far side. The Galileo flyby also revealed the largest impact basin ever seen on the Moon.The mosaic at left was constructed from images that Galileo's Solid‐State Imaging system obtained from a range of 567,000 km after the spacecraft had completed a flyby of Earth en route to Jupiter. The images were taken through violet and near‐infrared filters and overlain digitally on an airbrushed map of the Moon to show how the colors relate to geographic features.
The importance of “small” science
Authors: Dalrymple G. Brent 
Published: September 2022

My subject is “small” science—not small in physical dimensions or significance, but science done by capable individuals or small teams of scientists who are motivated solely by curiosity about how nature works. I mean science unencumbered by the goals, direction, or guidance of administrators, funding agencies, or politicians. I mean science done without the slightest consideration of its practical worth to society or humankind.How important is “small” science? I think it is the single most important thing that has made possible the technological revolution of the 20th century. This is by no means a new idea; it was expressed 45 years ago by Vannevar Bush, who wrote, “New products and processes are founded on new principles and conceptions which, in turn, are developed by research in the purest realms of science.” I also think, however, that the contributions of small science to the wealth and welfare of humankind are not well recognized today, either among the population at large or among those who fund science. It is fairly obvious to anyone who has looked at research budgets over the past decade or two that small science is being increasingly neglected in favor of big science and of science directed toward perceived national and global problems. In the long run this neglect will be detrimental to society, and the trend must be reversed.
JGR‐Oceans section on surface microlayers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

A wide range of remote‐sensing techniques and air‐sea exchange processes are affected by modifications of marine surface microlayers. Recent information about surface microlayers, especially those surfaces modified so as to produce visible surface slicks, will be presented in a special section of JGR‐Oceans. William Garrett of Orincon Corporation will serve as guest editor for the section.Manuscripts are solicited on all aspects of surface microlayers in general and surface slicks. Manuscripts are specifically sought on the chemical and biological composition of the surface microlayer, the relation of the surface microlayer to upper oceanic and lower atmospheric conditions, surface wave modifications, and the influence of surface microlayers on radar and microwave sensing techniques. Submission of papers is open to all interested researchers.
AGU Council looks to the future
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Precollege education was the focus of an important action taken by the AGU Council at its December 4, 1990, meeting in San Francisco. An expenditure of $50,000 was authorized to provide staff time to develop and implement programs in this area. The Union is looking forward to significant grant support for these education activities. With the funds the Education and Human Resources Committee hopes to improve the flow of students into the Earth and space sciences and generate an appreciation of science among all students and the general public.The Council also approved proceeding with plans for the construction of a new headquarters building. At current growth rates, the headquarters building will be full by 1994. After an extended study of a wide range of alternatives, the Ad Hoc Committee on Real Estate, chaired by Ned Ostenso, recommended that the current “obsolescent” building be demolished and a new and larger one built on the same site. While plans are being made for the next step in this process, a search will also be conducted for a suitable building in a good location in Washington that could be purchased at a reasonable price. The current state of the real estate market dictates keeping one's options open.
Catalog of solar‐terrestrial models available
Authors: Bilitza Dieter , King Joseph H. 
Published: September 2022

The National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, Md., recently published “Solar Terrestrial Models and Applications Software,” by Dieter Bilitza (NSSDC 90‐19, July 1990, 98 pp.), which identifies and describes more than 70 model software packages in several areas of the solar‐terrestrial environment. Some of these may be accessed and run on the NSSDC Online Data and Information Services (NODIS) account by external researchers.The principal areas and parameters covered include ionosphere (electron density and temperature, ion temperature, composition, and drift, electric field and current, precipitating particle flux, etc.), atmosphere (density, temperature, winds, etc.), magnetosphere (internal‐ and external‐source geomagnetic fields, energetic proton and electron fluxes, etc.), Sun and interplanetary space (IR and EUV reference spectra, solar protons, cosmic rays, etc.) and Venus atmosphere and ionosphere. Representative models include the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), the Heppner‐Maynard‐Rich ionospheric electric field model, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Interna tional Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), the Tsyganenko geomagnetic models (1982, 1987, and 1989), the AP8 and AE8 trapped particle models, the revised SERF2 solar EUV Flux model [Tobiskas, 1990], the Jet Propulsion Laboratory solar proton model, and the CREME cosmic ray program.
Ocean drilling program sets FY 92 schedule
Authors: Austin James A. 
Published: September 2022

At its November 28–December 1, 1990, meeting in Kailua‐Kona, Hawaii, the Planning Committee (PCOM) of the Ocean Drilling Program, in association with chairpersons of ODP's scientific advisory structure, has established its Program Plan for Fiscal Year 1992 (approximately mid‐November 1991 through mid‐January 1993). ODP is the successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project and the International Phase of Ocean Drilling, and is a consortium of countries led by the United States with a broad mandate to conduct scientific ocean drilling in the world's ocean basins. Based upon ODP's Long Range Plan (available from Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Washington, D.C.) and the scientific priorities set by ODP's thematic panels, PCOM has placed seven 56‐day drilling legs on the proposed schedule, beginning with Leg 141.The new schedule is generally consistent with long‐term ODP planning, which has stipulated that drilling operations will be concentrated in the eastern Pacific until late 1992, when the drill ship JOIDES Resolution will transit to the North Atlantic for operations there during calendar 1993. Each program in FY 1992 is briefly summarized below (see also Figure 1), both to alert the Earth sciences community to future opportunities for direct participation aboard the drill ship and to publicize a new ODP policy for “supplemental science” (see accompanying sidebar), which will be initiated for the period covered by legs 141–147.
FY 1992 Budget committed to R&D
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

President's Bush's Fiscal Year 1992 budget for research and development is clear proof of his commitment to R&D as a long‐term investment for the next American century, according to D. Allan Bromley, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy. The FY 92 budget proposes to allocate $75.6 billion for research and development, an increase of $8.4billion, or 13% over the amount appropriated for FY 91. Calling it a “good budget,” Bromley revealed the specifics of research and development in the President's budget on February 4.Bromley believes that as a nation we are underinvesting in research and development,but sees the 1992 budget increases as concrete steps to address this problem. The newly organized and revitalized Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)—an interagency forum of Cabinet secretaries, deputy secretaries, and the heads of independent agencies that reviews, coordinates, and helps implement federal science and technology policy‐named three high‐priority cross—cutting areas of R&D and organized special interagency programs in these areas. The areas are high‐performance computing and communications, global change, and mathematics and science education.
An apologia for papers poorly scheduled
Authors: Baker Daniel N. 
Published: September 2022

During the program planning for my last AGU annual meeting as SPR Magnetospheric section secretary, I realized the need to apologize to the many people who were upset or disappointed by the scheduling of their talks at the annual meetings. Thus, I apologize to those who were scheduled …… on Monday or Friday (I also apologize to those who didn't want anything in the middle of the week.)… just before lunch or just after lunch … just before coffee breaks or just after coffee breaks. (I should also apologize to those whose talks were “too early in the morning” or “too late in the afternoon.”)
Geomagnetic reference field: To license or not to license?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

British scientists at a January 11 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society were asked to consider a proposal to license commercial use of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). The income—which could reach over $2 million a year—would support geomagnetic observatories in developing countries. The proposal would not affect the access that research scientists presently have to the data free of charge.IGRF has become the industry standard for all kinds of navigation, including that of airplanes and radio systems. In oil production, it is used for the highly accurate magnetic tools that direct bores. Even with modern navigational devices, the risk associated with mid‐direction makes magnetic reference more critical than ever, if only as a fail‐safe system.
Mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Delaney John 
Published: September 2022

The global mid‐ocean ridge system is a primary focus for energy transfer from the Earth's interior to the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. In a coordinated effort to understand the causes and predict the consequences of mantle‐driven physical, chemical, and biological fluxes through the ridge‐crest system, the RIDGE (Ridge Inter‐Disciplinary Global Experiments) Initiative will launch in 1991 a series of integrated studies of the mid‐ocean ridge “RIDGE Steering Committee, 1989”.Seafloor observatories will be developed for monitoring temporal variation in active hydrothermal and volcanic systems on a decadal scale. Innovative seafloor instrumentation and work systems will perform physical, chemical, and biological measurements and sampling to address covariation among magmatic, tectonic, hydrothermal, and water‐column components of the ridge‐crest system. Initial studies may be focused on the Northeast Pacific.
The French program of circumterrestrial magnetic surveys using stratospheric balloons
Authors: Achache José , Cohen Yves , Unal Gilbert 
Published: September 2022

The riddle propounded by numerous reports of sightings of silver and circular “unidentified flying objects” hanging in the sky of South Africa in northwest Pretoria was answered in the November 26, 1988, issue of the Pretoria News. UFO spotters had been watching two Infrared Montgolfiers (IRM) launched a few days earlier by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) of France. Due to unexpectedly quiet weather conditions, the vehicles wandered for several days above South Africa before beginning their journeys across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans driven by zonal westward stratospheric winds near 25‐km altitude.One of these balloons was carrying a magnetometer payload in a first attempt at performing a quasi‐circumterrestrial continuous magnetic anomaly profile. This experiment formed part of a program initiated in 1984 by the Département de Géomagnétisme of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris to determine the intermediate wavelength (50–1000 km) magnetic anomaly field of crustal and lithospheric origin.
Historians probe geophysics in Seattle
Authors: Fleming James R. 
Published: September 2022

The history of geophysics is becoming a “hot topic” among historians of science and technology. While previous annual meetings of the History of Science Society had few papers on the topic, the latest meeting of the society on October 25–28, 1990, in Seattle featured three sessions with a total of 11 papers. Two “works in progress” papers were also on geophysical topics.The first session on the history of geophysics was Climate Change in Historical Perspective. In spite of all the recent attention given to global warming, it is important to remember that climatic change is not a new issue. Indeed, measured over the course of centuries, approaches to the study of climate and ideas about climatic change have been changing more rapidly than the climate itself. In addition to being interesting in its own right, the history of climatic change is beginning to play a crucial role in global change education, research, and policy decisions. Papers in this session spanned 200 years of the history of climatology as a science and climatic change as an issue.