bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to fight corruption: Carrots and sticks
Authors: Knyazev Dmitriy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractI present a model of corruption with incomplete information where the bureaucrat may request a bribe from the citizen for providing a service. I show that corruption is detrimental to social welfare and consider a new policy to prevent it. I propose punishing bureaucrats who take bribes and rewarding citizens who report such cases. Neither punishment nor rewards can prevent corruption alone. However, the proper combination of punishment and rewards completely prevents corruption. I also show that higher bureaucracy increases corruption in equilibrium and makes it harder to combat it.
Gerhard Krüger's Platonic critique of Martin Heidegger
Authors: Pageau‐St‐Hilaire Antoine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper examines Gerhard Krüger's interpretation of Plato in light of Martin Heidegger's Destruktion of the Greeks and critique of Platonism. I argue that Krüger's new reading of Plato should be understood as a critique of Heidegger's understanding of Platonism, and thereby as a broader critique of Heidegger's thoughts on Western metaphysics and the history of Being (Seinsgeschichte). The force and originality of Krüger's response to Heidegger consist in the fact that Krüger's Plato anticipates Heidegger's critique of Platonism. Krüger thus contends that Plato (1) does not allow the understanding of truth as correctness (Übereinstimmung) to supplant the understanding of truth as disclosedness (Unverborgenheit), (2) understands and displays philosophy's dependence upon prereflexive attunements (Stimmungen); (3) appreciates the intricate relation between Being and temporality. In sum, Krüger's Plato is not guilty of Seinsvergessenheit, and rather opens up new ways for an authentic meditation on Being and on the human way toward an understanding of Being.
Pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa per se and combination in high‐impact trauma device‐induced traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Singh Govind 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health menace responsible for millions of fatalities and disabilities. Numerous drugs available provide symptomatic relief but cannot stop the progress of secondary injury; thus, it is required to discover newer therapeutic agents that protect neuronal damage after trauma, predominantly in secondary injury. Thus the present study was designed to study the pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa (NS) per se and in combination, using high‐impact trauma device (HIT)‐induced TBI model in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). Oregon R+ strains of fruit flies were pre‐treated, 24 h before TBI, with different concentrations of zonisamide, NS, and their combination. The mortality rate was observed at 0 h, 6 h, and 24 h, followed by measurement of locomotor activity using climbing assay after 6 h and 24 h of TBI. Furthermore, the level of AChE and various neurotransmitters were measured along with different oxidative stress parameters at 24 h after the injury. Administration of zonisamide and NS significantly reduced mortality rate and improved locomotor activity. Both zonisamide and NS elevate levels of AChE, GABA, serotonin, and dopamine level in fruit flies, along with a significant reduction in glutamate levels. Moreover, a concentration‐dependent elevation in SOD, GSH, and catalase level and a decrease in MDA and nitrite levels were observed. Co‐administration of zonisamide and NS showed tremendous neuroprotective potential by lowering behavior impairments, oxidative damages, and restoring altered neurotransmitter levels in fruit flies compared with individual administration and thus can employ as a better therapeutic medicine for the treatment of TBI.
Racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing: What do we know, and where should we go?
Authors: Veiga Ana , Pina‐Sánchez Jose , Lewis Sam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStrong evidence of racial and ethnic disparities has been documented in recent government‐led reports, suggesting the presence of discrimination in sentencing, with Black and ethnic minority defendants being systematically sentenced more harshly than their white counterparts. However, we still do not know how these disparities come about as most of the sentencing research has relied on quantitative designs focused on documenting the problem, rather than exploring its causes. In this exploratory study we use qualitative interviews with criminal law barristers to explore the different mechanisms that may give rise to these disparities. From our interviews we identified two predominant causal mechanisms: the differential consideration of mitigating and aggravating factors and indirect discrimination arising from defendants’ socio‐economic backgrounds and over‐policing. Based on these findings, we suggest effective strategies such as explicitly listing social deprivation as a mitigating factor in the sentencing guidelines and increasing judicial diversity for redressing these disparities.
Understanding inhibitory receptor function in neutrophils through the lens of CLEC12A
Authors: McLeish Kenneth R. , Fernandes Maria J. 
Published: November 2022

SummaryNeutrophils are the first leukocytes recruited from the circulation in response to invading pathogens or injured cells. To eradicate pathogens and contribute to tissue repair, recruited neutrophils generate and release a host of toxic chemicals that can also damage normal cells. To avoid collateral damage leading to tissue injury and organ dysfunction, molecular mechanisms evolved that tightly control neutrophil response threshold to activating signals, the strength and location of the response, and the timing of response termination. One mechanism of response control is interruption of activating intracellular signaling pathways by the 20 inhibitory receptors expressed by neutrophils. The two inhibitory C‐type lectin receptors expressed by neutrophils, CLEC12A and DCIR, exhibit both common and distinct molecular and functional mechanisms, and they are associated with different diseases. In this review, we use studies on CLEC12A as a model of inhibitory receptor regulation of neutrophil function and participation in disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to inhibitory receptor specificity offers the possibility of using physiologic control of neutrophil functions as a pharmacologic tool to control inflammatory diseases.
Using Stars for Moral Navigation: An Ethical Exploration into Celebrity
Authors: Archer Alfred , Sie Maureen 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTWhat role do celebrities play in our moral lives? Philosophers have explored the potential for celebrities to function as moral exemplars and role models. We argue that there are more ways in which celebrities play a role in helping us navigate our moral lives. First, gossiping about celebrities helps us negotiate our moral norms and identify competing styles of life. Second, fandom for celebrities serves as the basis for the development of distinct moral communities and identities. Third, celebrities possess high levels of epistemic power which can be used to help change and adapt our moral norms. We will then investigate two kinds of problems that arise from using celebrities in this way. Firstly, harm is done to celebrities because they are used in the ways explained in the first part of the article; secondly, celebrity life has a distinctive nature that can affect the moral agency of celebrities. Fame, we suggest, might lead to a morally unhealthy asymmetry in human relationships. We end by discussing the ethical implications of our analysis and conclude that when using stars for moral navigation, we should take into account the harm this does to them and the distinctive nature of their lives.
Contrasting genetic diversity and structure between endemic and widespread damselfishes are related to differing adaptive strategies
Authors: Robitzch Vanessa , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Alpermann Tilman J. , Frédérich Bruno , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimSeveral marine biogeographical provinces meet at the Arabian Peninsula. Where and how these junctions affect species is poorly understood. We herein aimed to identify the barriers to dispersal and how these shape fish populations, leading to differing biogeographies despite shared habitat and co‐ancestry.TaxonDascyllus marginatus (endemic) and Dascyllus abudafur (widespread).LocationCoral reefs from the Red Sea (RS), Djibouti, Yemen, Oman, and Madagascar.MethodsWe tested potential barriers to gene flow using RADseq‐derived SNPs and identified whether population genetic differences on each side of these barriers were neutral or selective to relate this to the biogeography of the species. Seven locations (ranging over 5100 km) were sampled for the endemic and six (ranging over 7400 km) for the widespread species, taking 20 individuals per location, with two exceptions.ResultsDascyllus marginatus populations (comprising 5648 SNPs) had an order of magnitude higher genetic differentiation compared to D. abudafur (comprising 10,667 SNPs), as well as several outlier loci that were absent in D. abudafur despite equal sampling locations. In both species, the RS and Djibouti specimens formed one genetic cluster separated from all other locations. Although ranging from the RS to Madagascar, D. abudafur was absent in Yemen and Oman.Main ConclusionsStronger genetic structure at smaller geographical scales and outlier loci in the endemic species seem associated with faster adaptation to environmental differences and selective pressure. Genetic differentiation in the widespread species is neutral and only occurs at large geographical distances. Restrictive transitions (between the Gulf of Aqaba and the RS or the RS and the Gulf of Aden) do not hinder gene flow in either species, and the environmental shift within the RS (at 22°N/20°N) only affected the endemic species. The genetic break in the Gulf of Aden likely reflects historical colonization processes and not contemporary environmental regimes.
Preferential looking to eyes versus mouth in early infancy: heritability and link to concurrent and later development
Authors: Viktorsson Charlotte , Portugal Ana Maria , Li Danyang , Rudling Maja , Siqueiros Sanchez Monica , Tammimies Kristiina , Taylor Mark J. , Ronald Angelica , Falck‐Ytter Terje 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundFrom birth, infants orient preferentially to faces, and when looking at the face, they attend primarily to eyes and mouth. These areas convey different types of information, and earlier research suggests that genetic factors influence the preference for one or the other in young children.MethodsIn a sample of 535 5‐month‐old infant twins, we assessed eye (relative to mouth) preference in early infancy, i.e., before neural systems for social communication and language are fully developed. We investigated the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the preference for looking at eyes, and the association with concurrent traits and follow‐up measures.ResultsEye preference was independent from all other concurrent traits measured, and had a moderate‐to‐high contribution from genetic influences (A = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.66). Preference for eyes at 5 months was associated with higher parent ratings of receptive vocabulary at 14 months. No statistically significant association with later autistic traits was found. Preference for eyes was strikingly stable across different stimulus types (e.g., dynamic vs. still), suggesting that infants' preference at this age does not reflect sensitivity to low‐level visual cues.ConclusionsThese results suggest that individual differences in infants' preferential looking to eyes versus mouth to a substantial degree reflect genetic variation. The findings provide new leads on both the perceptual basis and the developmental consequences of these attentional biases.
Impact of diagnosed (vs undiagnosed) dementia on family caregiving experiences
Authors: Burgdorf Julia G. , Amjad Halima 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundMost older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) do not receive a timely formal diagnosis, although formal diagnosis is linked to improved outcomes. Little is known about how a recognized formal diagnosis impacts family caregivers, who provide crucial support for older adults experiencing ADRD.MethodsWe analyzed 2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study and linked National Study of Caregiving data for a nationally representative sample of 724 (weighted n = 5,431,551) caregivers who assisted an older adult with probable dementia. Probable dementia was determined via previously validated composite measure. We modeled caregiver experiences as a function of recognized formal ADRD diagnosis using weighted, logistic regression and adjusting for the relevant older adult and caregiver characteristics.ResultsAmong caregivers who assisted an older adult with probable dementia, those assisting an individual with recognized formal ADRD diagnosis were significantly more likely to report emotional difficulty (aOR: 1.77; p = 0.03) and family disagreement over the older adult's care (aOR: 5.53; p = 0.03). They were also more likely to assist with communication during doctors' visits (aOR: 9.71; p < 0.001) and to receive caregiving‐related training (aOR: 2.59; p = 0.01).ConclusionsWhile a timely ADRD diagnosis may help ensure access to needed supports for older adult and caregiver alike, diagnosis must be linked to support as they navigate resultant complex emotions. Formal diagnosis is linked to caregiver integration with, and support from, the older adult's team of health care providers; therefore, reducing existing disparities in timely diagnosis is necessary to ensure all caregivers have equal access to support.
Heterosis in root microbiota inhibits growth of soil‐borne fungal pathogens in hybrid rice
Authors: Zhang Mengting , Wang Yinyue , Hu Yuanyi , Wang Huacai , Liu Yawen , Zhao Bingran , Zhang Jie , Fang Rongxiang , Yan Yongsheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn nature, plants are colonized by various microbes that play essential roles in their growth and health. Heterosis is a natural genetic phenomenon whereby first‐generation hybrids exhibit superior phenotypic performance relative to their parents. It remains unclear whether this concept can be extended to the “hybridization” of microbiota from two parents in their descendants and what benefits the hybrid microbiota might convey. Here, we investigated the structure and function of the root microbiota from three hybrid rice varieties and their parents through amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. We show that the bacterial and fungal root microbiota of the varieties are distinct from those of their parental lines and exhibit potential heterosis features in diversity and composition. Moreover, the root bacterial microbiota of hybrid variety LYP9 protects rice against soil‐borne fungal pathogens. Systematic analysis of the protective capabilities of individual strains from a 30‐member bacterial synthetic community derived from LYP9 roots indicated that community members have additive protective roles. Global transcription profiling analyses suggested that LYP9 root bacterial microbiota activate rice reactive oxygen species production and cell wall biogenesis, contributing to heterosis for protection. In addition, we demonstrate that the protection conferred by the LYP9 root microbiota is transferable to neighboring plants, potentially explaining the observed hybrid‐mediated superior effects of mixed planting. Our findings suggest that some hybrids exhibit heterosis in their microbiota composition that promotes plant health, highlighting the potential for microbiota heterosis in breeding hybrid crops.
Copy number variation in pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: A large case series of sporadic non‐syndromic patients and literature review
Authors: Correa‐Silva Silvia R. , Kunii Ilda , Mitne‐Neto Miguel , Moreira Caroline M. , Dias‐da‐Silva Magnus R. , Abucham Julio 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAbnormal hypothalamic/posterior pituitary development appears to be a major determinant of pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS). The observation of familial cases and associated congenital abnormalities suggests a genetic basis. Single‐gene mutations explain less than 5% of the cases, and whole exome sequencing has shown heterogeneous results. The present study aimed to assess copy number variation (CNV) using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in patients with non‐syndromic PSIS and comprehensively review data from the literature on CNV analysis in congenital hypopituitarism (CH) patients. Twenty‐one patients with sporadic CH from our outpatient clinics presented with ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP) and no central nervous system abnormalities on magnetic resonance image (MRI) or any other malformations on physical examination at presentation were enrolled in the study. aCGH using a whole‐genome customized 400K oligonucleotide platform was performed in our patients. For the literature review, we searched for case reports of patients with CH and CNV detected by either karyotype or aCGH reported in PubMed up to November 2021. Thirty‐five distinct rare CNVs were observed in 18 patients (86%) and two of them (6%) were classified as pathogenic: one deletion of 1.8 Mb in chromosome 17 (17q12) and one deletion of 15 Mb in chromosome 18 (18p11.32p11.21), each one in a distinct patient. In the literature review, 67 pathogenic CNVs were published in 83 patients with CH, including the present study. Most of these patients had EPP (78% out of the 45 evaluated by sellar MRI) and were syndromic (70%). The most frequently affected chromosomes were X, 18, 20 and 1. Our study has found that CNV can be a mechanism of genetic abnormality in non‐syndromic patients with CH and EPP. In future studies, one or more genes in those CNVs, both pathogenic and variant of uncertain significance, may be considered as good candidate genes.
Effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions on medication adherence in adults taking medication for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Chun‐Ja , Kim Moonsun , Lee Ga‐Young , Park Eunyoung , Schlenk Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo determine the effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions on medication adherence, medication knowledge and clinical outcomes in adults taking medication for metabolic syndrome.BackgroundDespite the significance of interventions designed to improve medication adherence, a systematic review of nurse‐led intervention studies for metabolic syndrome is lacking.DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials.MethodsThe study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines checklist. PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL and other manual sources were searched in May 2021.The quality assessment was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis 3.0 was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThis review included 20 studies of nurse‐led medication adherence interventions in 6017 adults at risk for metabolic syndrome. The pooled effect size using the random effects model indicated that nurse‐led interventions had a significantly moderate impact on enhancing medication adherence and medication knowledge and improving selected clinical outcomes of available studies in nurse‐led intervention groups compared with control groups. Duration of intervention (median 12 weeks), mode of delivery (group vs. individual) and using multiple strategies influenced outcomes of nurse‐led medication adherence interventions. The results revealed that interventions of moderate‐ to high‐quality studies were more likely to show significant improvements in medication adherence than those of low‐quality studies.ConclusionThe meta‐analyses showed that nurse‐led interventions may enhance medication adherence and knowledge and improve clinical outcomes of this population.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe findings may contribute to evidence‐based information about nurse‐led intervention and its selection of appropriate interventions for improving medication adherence in this population.Patient or public contributionPatients or the public were not directly involved in this review.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes risk factors, including overweight and obesity, among youth attending hospital‐based paediatric care in Western Melbourne
Authors: Angley Eleanor , Matejin Emily , Gul Saba , Rodda Christine , Longmore Danielle K 
Published: November 2022

AimTo determine the prevalence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese adolescents attending hospital‐based paediatric care in Western Melbourne.MethodsOne hundred overweight and obese adolescents (aged 10–17 years) who attended an outpatient clinic at Sunshine Hospital between May 2019 and May 2020 were randomly selected following a retrospective chart review of 10–17 years old for whom a height and weight had been documented. Additional risk factors for type 2 diabetes were ascertained via structured telephone interview. Data were analysed to determine the overall prevalence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate for associations between each parameter with body mass index and the number of risk factors.ResultsOf the 487 adolescents who had height and weight data recorded, 45% were overweight or obese. 77% of those who were interviewed had an additional risk factor for type 2 diabetes. No association between the number of risk factors and body mass index standard deviation score was found. Additionally, there was no association between the number of risk factors for type 2 diabetes and either family history of type 2 diabetes or ethnicity.ConclusionsThis paediatric subpopulation had a high rate of risk factors for type 2 diabetes in addition to overweight and obesity, and are at risk of premature mortality and chronic morbidity should they develop type 2 diabetes.
Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein‐losing enteropathy
Authors: Jones Charles , Jablonski Sara A. , Petroff Brian K. , Langlois Daniel K. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between the development of SHPT and ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations in blood of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease and abnormally low 25(OH)D is undefined.ObjectivesEvaluate relationships between ionized magnesium (iMg), PTH, ionized calcium (iCa), and 25(OH)D in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) with or without protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) and abnormal 25(OH)D. Determine whether dogs with CE or PLE, decreased 25(OH)D and SHPT have differences in iMg, iCa, or 25(OH)D when compared to dogs that do not have SHPT.AnimalsFifty dogs with CE +/− PLE and abnormally low serum 25(OH)D.MethodsRetrospective search of submissions database at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for vitamin D profiles submitted in years 2017 to 2020. Cases were excluded if supplemented with Ca, Mg, or vitamin D. Spearman correlation was performed to evaluate relationships between iMg, PTH, 25(OH)D, and iCa. Ionized Mg, iCa, and 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs with SHPT and those with normal PTH concentrations.ResultsConcentrations of iMg were weakly negatively correlated with PTH (rho, −.31; P = .03), and weakly positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D (rho, .34, P = .02) and iCa (rho, .42, P = .003). Ionized magnesium concentrations were lower in dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and SHPT compared to dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations (P = .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHypomagnesemia might contribute to alterations in iCa and parathyroid hormone in dogs with CE +/− PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D.