bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Impact Assessment in Spain: A Critical Review
Authors: Rodriguez Esther Garcia 
Published: April 2022

Spanish environmental legislation and the implementation of Directives 85/337/EEC and 97/11/ EC on environmental impact assessment (EIA); an analysis of the main factors that influence the effectiveness of EIA in Spain, those factors being characterised as either internal (that is, inherent in legislation) or external, that is, other factors, which can vary from political to social issues. A comparison between the theory and the practice; and an assessment of the likely efficacy of the amended EIA Directive in Spain. Conclusion that certain failings are caused by failings in the text of the EIA Directive itself; although certain national legislative mechanisms in Spain have gone beyond the terms of the Directive, EIA in Spain is a politicised and arbitrary process and legislation is not usually respected, leading to a high proportion of unsatisfactory EIA and irregular implementation.
The International Biosafety Regime and the World Trade System after Ten Years of the Cartagena Protocol
Authors: Espinosa Juan-Francisco Escudero 
Published: April 2022

After ten years with the Protocol in force, it is necessary to draw up a balance, now that the uncertainties which justified the regime in Protocol appear to have become considerably less extensive. Apart from a large growth in the area under GMO crops, there has also been a considerable increase in their geographical spread. Moreover, it is possible to see a change in the state of affairs in which there is well-established practice among States and very limited conflict. In this new reality, the question of the debate about the relationship to international trade remains on the plane of an ex ante determination of a possible solution though examination of the substantive criteria of compatibility of the measures with the principles of the WTO and consideration of the procedural standards established by the most recent international practice, especially in the EC-Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products dispute. In view of the Panel's report, it must be accepted that choice taken was to isolate the WTO regime, rather than to adopt any more integrating conception of international law, as it subordinates the Cartagena Protocol relative to WTO Agreements.
Risks of Expanding the Geographical Scope of EU Energy Law
Authors: Talus Kim 
Published: April 2022

In the pursuit of its energy policy objectives, the EU has endeavoured to extend the application of internal energy law to non-EU countries. Until now the application of EU law has. in this context, focused on specific provisions of private law, but the latest proposals from the Commission have the intention to give EU energy law wider extraterritorial effect. The objective of this Article is to examine the risks that would entail from international law, if EU energy law is extended extraterritorially to non-EU countries. For one, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) establishes a number of rights to marine pipelines. More generally, the international trade rules of the WTO apply also to trade in energy goods and consequently create a number of rights and obligations. These aspects are discussed in relation to various territories that export natural gas to the EU via pipeline.
The use of Private and Public Land for the Development of Heat Networks
Authors: Reynebeau Maja 
Published: April 2022

District heating is a form of decentralized energy that has the potential to play a key role in stabilizing climate change. To dispense this decentralized energy from the heat source to the end-users, a heat network is needed. To realize (the potential of) these networks, there are a wide variety of issues to consider and barriers to overcome.
Law plays an important role in framing understandings of both heat networks and the legal design with regard to these networks. The article focuses on the legal challenge of land use to develop heat networks. Since developers do not have property rights on all the plots of land they want to use to realize their hear project, they need to secure appropriate land rights in order to locate their network in third party land. These land rights can be included in various legal instruments. It needs to be precisely determined what kind of rights one can obtain and which of those rights would be the most suitable for a particular district heating project.
The findings of the analysis indicate that a “one size fits all”-model is not the most appropriate policy to address issues on the complex and evolving crossroads of energy law, property law and contract law. A customized legal design is necessary to synchronize the interests of all stakeholders involved.
Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union: A Ride to the Micromobility Directive?
Authors: Sokolowski Maciej M. 
Published: April 2022

The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and pedestrian crossings vary among the Member States (some allow it, providing speed limits; others offer only the possibility of accessing bike paths or public roads). National legislation also provides some other requirements, such as age limits for electric scooter users when riding on a road or wearing protective equipment (e.g. helmet or safety vest). The research also proves that the majority of Member States do not provide any special rules on driving licences or insurance (generally not required when using electric scooters). Finally, the article addresses a seemingly basic legal European framework on electric scooters and a possible harmonization by adopting the Micromobility Directive.
electric transport, electric scooters, micromobility, micro-transportation, Micromobility Directive
The Bioenergy ‘Blind Spots’ in EU Climate and Energy Law
Authors: Romppanen Seita 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses how the climate performance of forest-based bioenergy is treated under the revised European Union (EU) climate and energy law in the form of the recast Renewable Energy Directive and the new land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) Regulation on land use and forestry. Forest-based bioenergy exemplifies the troubled relationship between bioenergy, forest management and emissions and removals from the land use and forestry sector. The article focuses on the climate-related legal challenges that arise from the regulatory approach taken to the use of forest-based bioenergy as a widely available renewable raw material for energy production. The article argues that this regulatory approach does not fully consider the underlying climate-related concerns and hence the current approach risk weakening the overall ambition of the EU’s legislative approach to the challenge of climate change. This article exposes the ‘blind spots’ in the link between the Renewable Energy Directive and the LULUCF Regulation both to support this argument and to point out the grave challenges related to the current legal approach on bioenergy.
forest-based bioenergy, carbon neutrality, climate change, climate law, energy law, the Renewable Energy Directive, the LULUCF Regulation
Regulation of Energy Storage Systems in the DACH Countries
Authors: Schreiber Markus 
Published: April 2022

In the mid – to long-term, energy storage systems may be necessary to balance the stochastic electricity production of renewable energies such as wind and solar. Many different storage solutions are either already technologically mature or on the brink of market introduction. However, regulatory barriers may hinder investments in storage capacity. Energy law in European countries typically defines very specific roles for different market participants, such as producers, grid operators or final customers. Storage systems often do not fit into these categories, or may simultaneously fall under several different rule sets. This raises many legal questions which have yet to be addressed by the courts. Especially problematic is the question of whether storage systems have to pay grid usage fees, which is closely related to their possible classification as final customers and may restrict many potential business models. This article compares the corresponding regulation in the main German-speaking (DACH) countries; Germany, Austria and Switzerland while also taking into account relevant EU legislation.
Energy Storage, Renewable Energy, Grid Tariffs, Final Customer, Electricity Internal Market Directive, Unbundling
Locality in EU Energy Law
Authors: Vanhove Simon 
Published: April 2022

This article identifies ‘locality’ as an overarching concept in EU energy law. This has two consequences. First, it highlights the need for coherent law-making on EU level, specifically by avoiding multiplication of similar-but-not-identical concepts. Second, I argue locality can be considered a specific expression of subsidiarity. To support these claims, this article takes Belgium as a case study for diverse interpretations of this locality concept in Member State law. This is done by an analysis of both regional legislation and the regulator’s decision practice. Furthermore, I revisit theory on the EU constitutional principle of subsidiarity. Finally, a counter-example is offered: the second generation of network codes and guidelines will increasingly impact ‘local’ aspects of the electricity markets. In conclusion, locality serves a double theoretical role: it offers a descriptive classification for EU energy law and provides a substantive hermeneutic tool for subsidiarity assessments.
EU energy law, Clean Energy Package, subsidiarity, locality, proximity, single market, integration, harmonization, network codes and guidelines
The EU’s Environmental Implementation Review: An Emerging Tool for Supervising Policy Delivery.
Authors: Hedemann-Robinson Martin 
Published: April 2022

The aim of this short article is to provide a brief overview and reflections on theUnion’s relatively recent introduction of a biennial Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) cycle as part of its activities in monitoring EU Member States’ (MS) implementation of Union environmental law and policy. The EIR reflects an increased level of interest on the part of the Union in seeking to identify ways in which MS may improve upon their track records in implementing EU environmental legislative requirements at national level. Notably, it envisages a more intense form of engagement and dialogue on the part of the European Commission with MS authorities on identifying strengths and weaknesses in terms of individual MS performance as well as identifying common challenges at national level. The article assesses what key outcomes may have emerged thus far with the two EIR cycles that have been completed and how the EIR relates to the other principal supranational supervisory tool used by the EU for the purpose overseeing compliance with the EU environmental acquis, namely the use of law enforcement action via infringement proceedings. Ultimately, the article posits the view that the tools of EIR and law enforcement may be best seen to be in a complementary and mutually supportive relationship, each needing the other to be able to make a sufficient impression and impact on MS in terms of inducing them to address the subject of implementation with the degree of importance and urgency it deserves.
Environmental Implementation Review, supranational supervision, implementation, infringements, compliance assurance, European Commission, Court of Justice of the European Union.
Greece: Implementation of Environmental Liability Directive: Actors & Procedure
Authors: Liaska Emilia , Bosdogianni Angeliki 
Published: April 2022

In Greece, the Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) provisions have not yet received special elaboration because of how misunderstood its operation within the modern administrative mechanism is, and the fact that many stakeholders may even be unaware of its existence. However, Presidential Decree (PD) 148/2009 transposing the directive into the Greek legislation remains the main legislative instrument, which establishes an environmental liability regime based on the polluter pays principle, focused on the prevention and remediation of environmental damage. Active citizens can play a very important role in the successful implementation of the ELD directive. But, as immediate public participation and informed decision-making is not always possible at an individual level, environmental organizations contribute to raising awareness, informing, and activating society to onset of the ELD procedure. The Greek Ombudsman can also make a unique and crucial contribution in ensuring the implementation of the environmental liability legislation. The power of environmental transparency and the implementation of the Aarhus Convention principles will help implement the ELD regime. Up-to-date, accurate and easyto- find environmental information empowers public and key stakeholders to make informed decisions that impact the environment. The aim of this article is to share the experience gained in the application of ELD and to contribute to a better understanding of the ELD key terms, and to improving the effectiveness of its implementation.
Environment, liability, Ombudsman, operator, environmental damage, remediation, compliance, authorities, transparency, prevention
PENGUNAAN SELF REGULATED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR BAHASA ARAB SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE DI SMAN 1 MATARAMAN
Authors: Rusdiah Rurdiah 
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the process and results of using Self Regulated Learning in increasing motivation to learn Arabic in the online learning system during the Covid-19 pandemic at SMA Negeri 1 Mataraman, Banjar, South Kalimantan. The research uses a qualitative approach designed in the form of action research. While the steps used refer to the Mertler model (2011), namely: (1) identification of initial ideas, (2) analysis of general problem finding, (3) general planning of action, (4) developing and implementing action steps (5) evaluating and revise the general design, and (6) develop in the second step of action and so on.
The results of the study found that in Cycle I the point of conformity reached 67.7% so that it was certain that students agreed with learning using the concept of Self-regulated learning. However, the acceptance of Arabic lessons is still low, some students still consider Arabic as a difficult subject. While in the second cycle the point of conformity reached 76.5%. Higher than the first cycle after improving the learning pattern in the personal evaluation system section by providing a standard format provided by the teacher. Thus, it can be concluded that students feel enthusiastic in carrying out Arabic learning with an online system if it is done using the concept of self-regulated learning.
The theoretical findings in the research are: (1) learning activities that provide wider opportunities for students or are more student centered (student centered learning) provide more opportunities for students to actualize themselves and develop themselves to be better, and (2) student satisfaction in solving their own problems and sharing with friends are important factors in online learning to foster high learning motivation. While the practical findings are (1) it is necessary to make other efforts to make Arabic lessons more interesting for students, even though the average results of the questionnaires are positive but some say they don't like Arabic lessons, and (2) cooperation in problem solving and Freedom in learning is an important thing that must be maintained, because it becomes a dominant factor in the motivation to learn Arabic.
Key words: Self-Regulated Learning, motivation, online learning
Penerapan Konseling Kelompok Untuk Menurunkan Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Remaja
Authors: Rivanda Sonyalita bintang 
Published: April 2022

The academic procrastination can be defined as the procrastinating behavior of school assignment, so it can cause negative effects for individual. The negative effects of academic procrastination is the emergence of emotional not quite so well, such as feeling worried, desperate, and easily stressed. Group counseling is a dynamic interpersonal relationship between counselor and counselee focused on a joint problem-solving. The purpose of this research is can be the academic procrastination in adolescents using group counseling.This research uses quasi experimental method with pre test post test control group design and assisted by using a measuring instrument academic procrastination scale. In this research, sampling using purposive sampling.The sample of the research consisted of 16 adolescents and divided into two groups, eight teenagers to the experimental group and 8 teenagers to the control group. The results showed a significant difference in the level of the academic procrastination (Z = -3371; P 0.001 <0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the application of group counseling can lower the academic procrastination in adolescents.

Keywords: Academic Procrastination, group counseling
Juan Benet: poeta en prosa del silencio y de las penumbras
Authors: Machín Lucas Jorge 
Published: April 2022

In this article I am going to discuss the importance of the concepts of silence and darkness in the literary works of Juan Benet. With them, this writer tries to invite us to explore what is beyond our agreed reason. He also wants to show us that what we call the irrational can be an unknown logic. According to him, this logic can be important in the future for our intellectual and social progress.
En el presente artículo se va a discutir la importancia de los conceptos del silencio y de las penumbras en la obra literaria de Juan Benet. Con ellos, este escritor pretende invitar a explorar todo aquello que está más allá de la razón pactada por los humanos y demostrar que lo que llamamos irracional puede constituir una lógica desconocida. Para él, esta puede ser clave en un futuro para nuestro progreso intelectual y social.
La mujer y el arte de la “dissimulazione onesta” en “La Raffaella: Ovvero della Bella Creanza delle Donne” (1539) de Piccolomini: ¿una obra filógina?
Authors: Martín-Clavijo Milagro 
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this article is to study whether Alessandro Piccolomini’s dialogue La Raffaella ovvero della bella creanza delle donne (1539) could be thought a work of philogyny, considering the elements related to the art of di/simulation applied to the most intimate sphere of women. The analysis is based on the sixteenth and seventeenth century treatises that deal completely or partially with this subject, and in particular with reference to women and on the current studies on this subject.
El objeto de este artículo es estudiar si el diálogo La Raffaella ovvero della bella creanza delle donne (1539) de Alessandro Piccolomini se podría considerar una obra filógina a partir de los elementos relacionados con el arte de la di/simulación aplicado a la esfera más íntima de la mujer. Para el análisis se parte de los tratados del siglo XVI y XVII que tratan completa o parcialmente de este asunto, y en particular en referencia a las mujeres, y en los estudios actuales sobre esta temática.
Figure femminili nelle Facezie di Lodovico Domenichi
Authors: Stefanuto Clelia , Giardina Manuel 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the various female figures in the Facezie collected and written by Ludovico Domenichi, in their facets, in their parody and ironic-popular representation, which changes according to the social context in which the anecdotes are set. The roles of men and women are often reversed, especially the peasant women, who appear as enterprising women, both in their use of words and in their gestures and attitudes, provoking comedy with their jokes at the end of a squabble with a man. The female figures always have the last word, winning the verbal debate with their opponents, and, together with the malmaritate or adulteresses for pleasure, find ample space in these tales. Given the variety of topics addressed in the Facezie, misogynistic accents coexist in them, but the defenders or champions of women, to whom Ludovico Dominichi feels he belongs, are also represented.
Il presente articolo si occupa di analizzare, nelle Facezie raccolte e scritte da Ludovico Domenichi, le diverse figure femminili nelle loro sfaccettature, nella parodizzazione e nella loro rappresentazione ironico-popolare, che cambia in base al contesto sociale in cui sono ambientati gli aneddoti. I ruoli femminili e maschili vengono spesso ribaltati soprattutto tra le contadine, che si presentano come donne intraprendenti, tanto nell’uso del linguaggio quanto nei gesti ed atteggiamenti, provocando l’effetto comico che generalmente si incontra nella chiusura del battibecco con l’uomo. Le figure femminili hanno sempre l’ultima parola, vincendo il dibattito verbale con i loro avversari, e, assieme alle malmaritate o adultere per diletto, occupano una posizione di rilievo all’interno della trama. Data la varietà degli argomenti che affrontano le Facezie, in esse convivono accenti misogini ma anche filogini, rappresentati dai difensori e paladini delle donne, di cui Ludovico Dominichi si sente farne parte.
La obra de Rainer Maria Rilke a la luz del concepto de “espíritu” de G. W. F. Hegel
Authors: Geraldino Esteban A. 
Published: April 2022

This article aims to interpret Rainer Maria Rilke’s work from G. W. F. Hegel’s concept of “spirit”, in order both to elucidate the meaning of his poetic task, and to systematize the fundamental problems of his work, placing special emphasis on his idea of God.
Este artículo se propone interpretar la obra de Rainer Maria Rilke desde el concepto de «espíritu» de G. W. F. Hegel, con el fin tanto de dilucidar el sentido de su tarea poética, como de sistematizar los problemas fundamentales de su obra, haciendo especial hincapié en su idea de Dios.