bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-speed waveguide Ge/Si avalanche photodiode with a gain-bandwidth product of 615  GHz
Authors: Xiang Yuluan , Cao Hengzhen , Liu Chaoyue , Guo Jingshu , Dai Daoxin 
Published: June 2022

High-sensitivity and high-bandwidth receivers are always demanded for high-speed optical link systems. As a key element, an avalanche photodiode (APD) is often regarded as one of the most attractive options for achieving high sensitivity owing to the potential high internal gain. In this paper, a 48-GHz waveguide Ge/Si avalanche photodiode operating at the O-band (1310 nm) is designed with a lateral reach-through structure and fabricated with simplified processes. The fabricated APD shows a high primary responsivity of 0.93 A/W at the unit-gain voltage of−4.7V. It has an avalanche gain of 12.8 and a record gain-bandwidth product of∼615GHzwith an input optical power of−15dBmwhen operating at a bias voltage of−14V. The present Ge/Si APD is used successfully for high-speed data receiving, showing a sensitivity improvement about 7.6 dB for KP4-FEC operation (i.e., BER=2.4×10−4) with 50 Gbps non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data, compared with the case of using the reference PIN PD on the same chip. The sensitivity of the receiver with the present APD for NRZ signals is about−21.3dBm,−17.8dBm, and−12.6dBmfor KP4-FEC operation with different data rates of 50 Gbps, 80 Gbps, and 100 Gbps, while the sensitivity for four-level pulse amplitude modulation signals is about−13.2dBmand−11.3dBmfor KP4-FEC operation with different data rates of 25 and 50 Gbaud. Such high-performance APDs pave the way to achieve high-speed and high-sensitivity data transmissions.
A prospective trial investigating the role of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer
Authors: Abdelgawad Ahmed , Hashem Abdelwahab , Mosbah Ahmed , Eissa Laila A. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose
Higher levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OHD) are associated with better prognosis in breast and colorectal cancer. However, the evidence is still inconclusive for bladder cancer (BC). Herein, we investigated the diagnosis and prognosis roles of serum levels of 25(OHD) in suspected BC patients presented by hematuria.

Methods
This prospective cohort study involved suspected patients of BC presented with hematuria. Patients were evaluated by CT urogram, office cystoscopy and urine cytology with subsequent inpatient biopsy for positive findings. Baseline blood samples were collected for measurement of 25(OHD) by electrochemiluminescence binding assay at the time of diagnosis. Patients with non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or BCG instillation. Patients were followed up for their recurrence status during 10 to 24 months. Recurrence was defined as the first time of NMIBC pathological relapse during the follow up period.

Results
A total of 115 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients had proven pathological BC (64 with NMIBC, and 20 with muscle invasive) and 31 patients were considered as control group. Controls were those patients with BC-free workup (including cytology, cystoscopy, and upper tract imaging). BC group showed a lower level of 25(OHD) than control group 16.47±5.88 versus 28.99±3.19 ng/mL (p<0.001). In addition, muscle invasive group also showed a lower level than NMIBC group 13.17±4.5 versus 17.49±5.04 ng/mL (P = 0.003). During the follow-up period of, tumor recurrence occurred in 16 (25%) of NMIBC patients. The baseline 25(OHD) were decreased in patients who experienced early recurrence; without being statistically significant (15.99 ± 5.17 vs. 18.38 ± 5.14 ng/mL; p = 0.08). 25(OHD) deficiency/insufficiency occurred in 5 (16.1%) and 64 (76.2%) in control and BC patients, respectively, (odds-ratios (OR): 2.13; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.52–2.99; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Serum 25(OHD) is significantly decreased in BC patients especially those with tumor muscle invasive group. However, the baseline serum 25(OHD) does not predict the recurrence in the NMIBC patients.
Barriers to accessing and engaging in healthcare as potential modifiers in the association between polyvictimization and mental health among Black transgender women
Authors: Sherman Athena D. F. , Balthazar Monique S. , Daniel Gaea , Bonds Johnson Kalisha , Klepper Meredith , Clark Kristen D. , Baguso Glenda N. , Cicero Ethan , Allure Kisha , Wharton Whitney , Poteat Tonia 
Published: June 2022

Background
Black transgender women endure pervasive polyvictimization (experiencing multiple forms of violence throughout the lifespan). Polyvictimization is associated with poor mental health. Black transgender women also face barriers in access to healthcare, but the extent that such barriers modify the association between polyvictimization and poor mental health has not been described using convergent mixed-methods analysis.

Methods
This convergent mixed-methods secondary analysis employs an intersectional lens and integrates two inter-related datasets to describe barriers to healthcare and the extent that such barriers modify the association between polyvictimization and mental health among Black transgender women. Investigators used survey data (n = 151 participants) and qualitative interview data (n = 19 participants) collected from Black transgender women (age 18 years and older) in Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC between 2016 and 2018. Analyses include thematic content analysis, bivariate analysis, joint display, and multivariate linear regression analysis examining mediation and moderation.

Results
Joint display illuminated three domains to describe how barriers to healthcare present among Black transgender women–Affordability, Accessibility, and Rapport and Continuity. Independent t-tests revealed significantly higher polyvictimization, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and depression scores among participants who reported at least one barrier to healthcare (BHI) compared to those who reported no barriers. BHI significantly moderated and partially mediated the association between polyvictimization and PTSD symptom severity and BHI fully mediated the association between polyvictimization and depressive symptom severity–when accounting for age and location.

Discussion
Findings highlight the importance of access to healthcare in modifying the association between polyvictimization and PTSD and depression symptom severity among Black transgender women. Findings call for immediate interventions aimed at reducing barriers to healthcare and improved training for clinical providers serving Black transgender women.
Association between Hashimoto thyroiditis and clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis
Authors: Tang Qizhi , Pan Weiyu , Peng Liangyue 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo assess association between Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).MethodsDatabases including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched. Weighed mean differences (WMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) were used to evaluate association between HT and clinical outcomes of PTC, and the effect size was represented by 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity test was performed for each indicator. If the heterogeneity statistic I2≥50%, random-effects model analysis was carried out, otherwise, fixed-effect model analysis was performed. Sensitivity analysis was performed for all outcomes, and publication bias was tested by Begg’s test.ResultsTotally 47,237 patients in 65 articles were enrolled in this study, of which 12909 patients with HT and 34328 patients without HT. Our result indicated that PTC patients with HT tended to have lower risks of lymph node metastasis (OR: 0.787, 95%CI: 0.686–0.903,P= 0.001), distant metastasis (OR: 0.435, 95%CI: 0.279–0.676,P<0.001), extrathyroidal extension (OR: 0.745, 95%CI: 0.657–0.845,P<0.001), recurrence (OR: 0.627, 95%CI: 0.483–0.813,P<0.001), vascular invasion (OR: 0.718, 95%CI: 0.572–0.901,P= 0.004), and a better 20-year survival rate (OR: 1.396, 95%CI: 1.109–1.758,P= 0.005) while had higher risks of multifocality (OR: 1.245, 95%CI: 1.132–1.368,P<0.001), perineural infiltration (OR: 1.922, 95%CI: 1.195–3.093,P= 0.007), and bilaterality (OR: 1.394, 95%CI: 1.118–1.739,P= 0.003).ConclusionsPTC patients with HT may have favorable clinicopathologic characteristics, compared to PTCs without HT. More prospective studies are needed to further elucidate this relationship.
A Novel SAVE Score to Stratify Decompensation Risk in Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease (CHESS2102): An International Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Chuan , Cao Zhujun , Yan Huadong , Wong Yu Jun , Xie Qing , Hirooka Masashi , Enomoto Hirayuki , Kim Tae Hyung , Hanafy Amr Shaaban , Liu Yanna , Huang Yifei , Li Xiaoguo , Kang Ning , Koizumi Yohei , Hiasa Yoichi , Nishimura Takashi , Iijima Hiroko , Jung Young Kul , Yim Hyung Joon , Guo Ying , Zhang Linpeng , Ma Jianzhong , Kumar Manoj , Jindal Ankur , Teh Kok Ban , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Qi Xiaolong 
Published: June 2022

INTRODUCTION:
In patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD), the invasive measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient is the best predictor of hepatic decompensation. This study aimed at developing an alternative risk prediction model to provide a decompensation risk assessment in cACLD.

METHODS:
Patients with cACLD were retrospectively included from 9 international centers within the Portal Hypertension Alliance in China (CHESS) network. Baseline variables from a Japanese cohort of 197 patients with cACLD were examined and fitted a Cox hazard regression model to develop a specific score for predicting hepatic decompensation. The novel score was validated in an external cohort (n = 770) from 5 centers in China, Singapore, Korea, and Egypt, and was further assessed for the ability of predicting clinically significant portal hypertension in a hepatic venous pressure gradient cohort (n = 285).

RESULTS:
In the derivation cohort, independent predictors of hepatic decompensation were identified including Stiffness of liver, Albumin, Varices, and platElets and fitted to develop the novel score, termed “SAVE” score. This score performed significantly better (all P < 0.05) than other assessed methods with a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.94) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73–0.92) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The decompensation risk was best stratified by the cutoff values at −6 and −4.5. The 5-year cumulative incidences of decompensation were 0%, 24.9%, and 69.0% in the low-risk, middle-risk, and high-risk groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The SAVE score also accurately predicted clinically significant portal hypertension (AUC, 0.85 95% CI: 0.80–0.90).

DISCUSSION:
The SAVE score can be readily incorporated into clinical practice to accurately predict the individual risk of hepatic decompensation in cACLD.
Migrant mothers’ heritage language education in South Korea: complex and agentive navigation of capital and language ideologies
Authors: Lew Shim , Choi Jayoung 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Heritage language (HL) learning has been known as essential to transmission of cultural values, familial and social bonds, and children’s potential academic and professional advancement. Nevertheless, social pressures of linguistic assimilation have made HL education difficult for many migrant families across the globe. HL transmission to younger generations is particularly challenging in damunhwa [multiculture] families in South Korea since the ethnolinguistic minority women from developing countries are pressured to acquire Korean rapidly and use Korean only with their children for faster integration to the mainstream society and to avoid discrimination in this traditionally homogenous country. Our qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews of 9 migrant mothers with various geographical, socioeconomic, and education backgrounds reveals that they exerted their agency in navigating and negotiating their available capital and the constraining language ideologies to promote HL education for their children in Korean-only spaces. Our analysis also depicts the diversity and complexity in the manifestations of the migrant women’s maneuvers for HL education within their specific circumstances with multiple intersecting factors. Our findings will contribute to wider HL education research and practices as we strive to make fertile ground for HL education for all migrant families and children around the globe, especially for those who speak socially stigmatized languages.
Phonetic transfer in Diné Bizaad (Navajo)
Authors: Palakurthy Kayla 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Research on bilingual populations finds that phonetic transfer between languages is common, especially in similar sounds. Yet, phonetic studies that include bilingual speakers of Indigenous languages remain rare. This paper analyzes phonetic transfer in Diné Bizaad (Navajo), a Dene language indigenous to North America. Specifically, I examine the evidence for intergenerational change and convergence with English in the release period durations of Diné affricated stops [kx, tx]. The analysis is based on tokens of Diné [kx, tx] and English [kh, th] extracted from recent interviews with 51 Diné-English bilinguals. Release durations of targeted sounds are measured, compared with earlier analogous measurements, and statistically analyzed to assess age effects. Participants, especially younger speakers, are predicted to produce Diné [kx, tx] with shorter releases than earlier measurements, and with releases that align more with similar English sounds. Data confirm that speakers pronounce Diné [kx], but not [tx], with shorter durations; younger participants also produce [kx] with the shortest releases, and with durations closest to English [kh]. Results suggest that perceptual similarity between velar sounds leads to phonetic convergence, but alveolar sounds are sufficiently distinct to prevent transfer. Together, findings attest to the relevance of minority language contexts to theories of bilingual phonology.
Where have all the sound changes gone? Examining the scarcity of evidence for regular sound change in Australian languages
Authors: Miceli Luisa , Round Erich 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlmost universally, diachronic sound patterns of languages reveal evidence of both regular and irregular sound changes, yet an exception may be the languages of Australia. Here we discuss a long-observed and striking characteristic of diachronic sound patterns in Australian languages, namely the scarcity of evidence they present for regular sound change. Since the regularity assumption is fundamental to the comparative method, Australian languages pose an interesting challenge for linguistic theory. We examine the situation from two different angles. We identify potential explanations for the lack of evidence of regular sound change, reasoning from the nature of synchronic Australian phonologies; and we emphasise how this unusual characteristic of Australian languages may demand new methods of evaluating evidence for diachronic relatedness, and new thinking about the nature of intergenerational transmission. We refer the reader also to Bowern (this volume) for additional viewpoints from which the Australian conundrum can be approached.
The recyclability and printability of electrophotographic printed paper
Authors: Sonmez Sinan , Wu Qingliu , Gong Roland , Fleming Paul D. , Pekarovicova Alexandra 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPaper is the most successful recycled material from commercial and municipal wastes. Part of recycled paper requires deinking to meet the product requirement, such as tissue, printing grade and newspaper. The original print method plays a major role in deinking performance. The digital print methods, such as electrophotographic (or laser) print, have been rapidly adapted in the commercial printing. Paper mills need to modify their procedure to deink these types of recycled paper, which contain fine toner particles. In this study, the recyclability of electrophotographic printed paper has been evaluated extensively, or three repeats with an industrial standard. Meanwhile, recycled fiber from each repeat underwent printability analysis. Except the influence from papermaking method and pulp furnish, the strength of the recycled fiber slightly declines after each repeat because of fiber deterioration, which also affected the paper surface properties. However, the recycled fiber presented good printability on each recycling, especially on print density and fine details. It suggested that the electrophotographic substrate can tolerate a high recycled fiber content.
Payment for Order Flow
Authors: Schuster Gunnar , Raetz Marius 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Payment for Order Flow (PFOF) is the practice of execution venues to make payments to a brokerage firm if the brokerage firm routes client orders to these execution venues. Following the “Gamestop” incident, PFOF has become the subject of increased scrutiny in the US and the EU. The European Commission has recently proposed legislation to ban this practice altogether. This article assesses the admissibility of PFOF under MiFID II with a focus on the German implementation and provides an overview of the proposed PFOF ban against the broader MiFIR legislative package.
Endoscopic diagnostic and surgical orbital approach in canines
Authors: Djuric Milos LJ. , Krstic Vanja P. , Lazic Tatjana M. , Grozdanic Sinisa D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe new diagnostic and surgical orbital approaches using video endoscopy in canines. Four different endoscopic approaches were investigated in this study of video endoscopy in cadavers: dorsal transorbital ligament approach via incision of the orbital ligament (DTOLA), dorsal subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (DSTA), ventral subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (VSTA), and transoral orbital approach (TOA). Two additional approaches, the ventral transpalpebral approach (VTA) and dorsal caudal transmuscular approach (DCTA) along with the DTOLA and DSTA were used in clinical patients. The most technically demanding approach was DTOLA; however, it provided the best visualisation of different anterior and posterior orbital structures. Visualisation of primarily the dorsal orbital wall, dorsal portion of the eye globe, and dorsal extraconal space also was achieved by DSTA. The VSTA enabled good visualisation of the ventral orbital floor and the ventral extraconal and intraconal space. In contrast, the TOA provided relatively poor visualisation of orbital structures, limited to the ventral orbital quadrant. Meanwhile, the VTA provided visualisation similar to the VSTA, while DCTA visualisation was limited to the dorsal and caudal orbital space. Orbital endoscopy is an effective and minimally invasive procedure that can be used for diagnostic and surgical orbital procedures.
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: ONLY A SHIELD? OR ALSO A SWORD? Harmse v City of Cape Town (2003) 24 ILJ 1130 and Dudley v City of Cape Town (2004) 25 ILJ 305 (LC)
Authors: David Thompson  , Adriaan van der Walt  
Published: June 2022

The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (hereinafter “the EEA”) which gives more detailed content to the right of equality enshrined in section 9 of the Constitution of South Africa, compels employers to promote equality in the workplace by eradicating unfair discrimination in employment policies and practices. Unfair discrimination against any employee, whether directly or indirectly, based on that employee’s race, sex, pregnancy, marital status, family responsibility, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age,disability, religion, HIV status, conscience, belief, political opinion, culture, language or birth is prohibited (s 6(1)). However, it is not unfair discrimination to take affirmative action measures consistent with the purpose of the EEA (s 6(2)). If an employee is thereforedifferentiated against due to affirmative action measures of the employer, such an employee will not succeed in an action based on unfair discrimination, provided that the employer acted within the permissible bounds of affirmative action. It has in fact been held by the South African Constitutional Court that any action in accordance with permissible affirmative action policies does in fact not amount to unfair discrimination (Minister of Finance v Van Heerden (2004) 25 ILJ 1593 (CC)). Affirmative action is therefore raised by employers as a justification for apparent unfair discrimination. If the justification is successful the particular court will conclude that there was no unfair discrimination. Affirmative action in this context is used as a shield, not a sword (see Dupper and Garbers“Commentary: Affirmative Action” in Thompson and Benjamin (eds) South African Labour Law Vol 1 (2002) 1-59). But can affirmative action be used as a sword? Can an employee (as envisaged in the EEA) argue that he or she is a victim of discrimination because his or her employer did not apply affirmative action measures consistent with the EEA? Is such a person also the victim of unfair discrimination? Can such a person base an application on section 6 of the EEA? This question may seem strange (see Grogan Dismissal, Discrimination and Unfair Labour Practice (2005) 93) and will in all probability not arise where only formal discrimination is at issue. In South Africa, however, where the ultimate goal is the achievement of substantive equality however, the issue needs consideration. Substantive equality can only be achieved if the distortions created by apartheid are removed and employers are compelled to give preference, at least for a while, to members of groups that were disadvantaged by unfair discrimination in the past. This question was addressed in two cases (Harmse v City of Cape Town (2003) 24 ILJ 1130 and Dudley v City of Cape Town (2004) 25 ILJ 305 (LC)). Both cases brought were against the City of Cape Town in the Labour Court. The purpose of this note is to analyse and evaluate the opposing judgments in these cases.
Digitalization as a Civilizational Factor in the Culture of the Information Society
Authors: Parshina Anna A. , Korolev Vladimir K. , Evgrafova Olga V. 
Published: June 2022

The subject of the article is the actual phenomenon of digitalization - an interdisciplinary consideration of its status. The goal of the authors is to substantiate the need to understand digitalization not only as an economic factor declared by the relevant state program, but also as a trend of modern socio-cultural modernization, which poses the task of clarifying the relationship between the concepts of “cultureˮ and “civilizationˮ in terms of their adequacy to the practice of digitalization. As a propaedeutic of this work, a brief analysis of digitalization (as total computerization) is carried out, some considerations about culture and civilization are given. In general, sharing the idea of culture as a technology of human activity and the views of O. Spengler, N.A. Berdyaev and J. Huizinga on the ratio of (“spiritualityˮ) culture and (“materialityˮ) civilization, the authors believe that digitalization embodies the formal, organizing, ordering, “technically - machineˮ side of modern socio-humanitarian processes, while the essence of culture exists in emphasizing goal-setting, in the creative development of their content. On this basis, it was concluded that digitalization marks a civilizational quality, a stage of development, factor of the screen-computer culture of the modern information society, and does not claim to a specific cultural-typological status, which does not negate the importance of interdisciplinary monitoring of digitalization.