bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variability of Some Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Isolates and the Effect of the Virus on the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Plant Content of Some Mineral Elements
Authors: Hassan Suhair Q. , Kadhim Jamal H. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N. , AL-Musawi Balqees H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to isolate and identify three isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), infecting tomato, using polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences produced by PCR- amplified products to determine the genetic similarity and differences amongst the virus isolates. It also aimed to analyze the plant content of mineral elements: magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium to determine the effect of the virus on the plant content of these elements. The laboratory experiments mentioned in this study were carried out in the Plant Virology Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture/ Karbala University. Analysis of the mineral elements was carried out in the Soil Laboratory, College of Agriculture/ University of Kufa. A greenhouse experiment was also carried out to investigate the response of some tomato genotypes against TYLCV during the agricultural season 2018-2019. Results of PCR amplification by the CP-F and CP-R primer pair revealed the possibility of amplifying a 789bp product from each TYLCV isolate isolated from some farms located in some desert areas in Najaf and Karbala governorates. Analysis of the sequences resulting from the PCR-amplified products obtained from the viral isolates (5, 8, and 10) by BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) indicated that all these viral isolates diagnosed in this study belong to TYLCV. TYLCV isolates 5 and 8 obtained from Najaf province had a 100% similarity in the sequences of PCR-amplified products amplified from the TYLCV coat protein. These isolates gave a difference (96%) in the coat protein nucleotide sequence of the virus isolate 10. Furthermore, analysis of some mineral elements in plants infected with TYLCV showed a decrease in the concentrations of magnesium and calcium and an increase in the concentrations of elements sodium and potassium with a significant difference from their normal concentrations in the non-infected plants.
The Role of Salicylic Acid Alone or Mixedwith Acetamiprid and Matrixine Plus in Reducing the Whitefly Population Density on Eggplant
Authors: Farhan Dhurgham D. , Mahidi Samar M. , Ibade Khalid W. , Abed Mohammed M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of the phytohormone salicylic acid alone or in combination with Acetamiprid and Matrixine plus in reducing the effect of the white fly, Bemisia tabaci, which is one of the important insects that infects the eggplant crop Solaum melongena L. The study showed that all tested concentrations of salicylic acid mixed with pesticides gave effective results after periods of treatment, and an increase in the efficiency of pesticides against the numbers of nymphs and adults of the insect and some growth characteristics of the eggplant crop when compared with the treatment with pesticides alone. This can be a good economic orientation for pest control by reducing the recommended rate and its reflection on the effects of environmental pollution.
Isolation, Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Pathogenic and Competitors Fungi Associated with the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus sp. and Control Them
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Ibrahim Maha Talib 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from oyster mushroom culture media. 10 isolates showed antagonistic activity against P. pulmonarius, while two fungal isolates did not show any antagonistic activity. the highest pathogenic fungi were identified as T. longibrachiatum, T. pleuroticola, R. arrhizus, M. hiemalis and P. glabrum according to the morphological and molecular methods and were registered in the World Genetic Bank at NCBI with the accession numbers OM438162.1, OM438163.1, OM438161.1, OM453951.1 and OM438160.1, respectively, the species T. pleuroticola, R. arrhizus and M. hiemalis were recorded for the first time in Iraq at the molecular level. The effect of some oils on the growth of the oyster mushroom P. pulmonarius and its pathogenic fungi was studied, the results showed that the highest effect of jojoba oil, olive oil, almond oil, sesame oil and coconut oil at 5% was recorded the highest inhibition of the all tested pathogenic fungi, while no inhibitory effect was recorded for the oyster mushroom P. pulmonarius. Sodium bicarbonate at 3 and 5% showed complete inhibition of the growth of all pathogenic fungi. The results showed that 5% of acetic acid inhibits the pathogenic fungi T. longibrachiatum, R. arrhizus and T. pleuroticola, where the diameters of the colonies reached 2.5, 2.7 and 3.1 cm. respectively. The highest biological efficiency was recorded in P. eryngii growing in the medium treated with the pathogenic fungus P. glabrum in presence of sodium bicarbonate, which reached to 69.58%. In the interaction between oyster mushroom species and the media, the results showed that the highest infection rate was in P. eryngii in the medium treated with T. longibrachiatum, which reached to 39.56%, while the lowest infection rate was with P. pulmonarius grown in the medium treated with sodium bicarbonate and the pathogenic fungus P. glabrum, which was 13.15%. Under the pathogens infection, the highest protein content was found in P. eryngii grown in the treated medium with sodium bicarbonate and P. glabrum resulting in 31.22%, while the lowest protein was12.07%. in P. ostreatus grown in the medium infected with T. longibrachiatum.
Does grape leafhopper Arbordia hussaini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) effect on chlorophyll content of grape leaves?
Authors: Mohammed Youssif Ali , Ahmed Qasim , Arif Mokhtar Abdulsattar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The leafhopper Arbordia hussaini is a phloem feeding pest of the grape leaves causing a drop in chlorophyll levels in the grape leaves, which decreases photosynthesis and causes drying of the leaves depend on the population density of insects and found in various grape varieties growing around the world. The direct effects of A. hussaini on biomass dynamics, particularly the chlorophyll content of grapevine leaves, are investigated in this study. the high population of A. hussaini were 19.33 insect adult per grape leave in the first of September, while the low density of A. hussaini was 0.11 insect adult per grape leave at the end of December that trapped in blue sticky trap. The high density of leafhopper was recorded on the variety of Kamali followed by the variety of Halawani and Faranci. Chemical analysis of the chlorophyll content between the uninfested and infested grape leaves with the grape leafhopper showed decreasing of chlorophyll content and has been given 19.03 and 15.11 mg/L of the Halawani variety for the uninfested and infested leaves, respectively. Whereas, th mean of chlorophyll content of uninfested and infested leaves was 24.63 and 18.85 mg/L for Faranci variety, respectively. Moreover, the comparession of chlorophyll content between uninfested and infested Kamali leaf variety was 23.69 and 12.30 mg/L, respectively. Finally, depending on the degree of the attack, the grapevine response to A. hussaini infestation that affects on grape leaves and photosynthesis. This research shows that leafhopper feeding on tree sap has a significant direct impact on the chlorophyll content of grape leaves.
Responding Wheat and Weeds for Seeding Rates and Herbicide as Well Its Effect on Yield and Yield Components
Authors: Saleh Fadia Fouad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the seasons 2016 and 2017 in the farm of the Department of Field Crops Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad to evaluate the effect of(Aminopyralid + Flurasulam, Coldinafop-propargyl and Flucarbazone-sodium) herbicides and seeding rate (100, 125 and 150) Kg.ha-1 and the interaction between them in growth characteristics, grain and yield components in wheat (Var. IPA99). The results showed that herbicides used were significantly efficient in studied characteristics compared to weedy treatment. Herbicide Flucarbazone-sodium gave higher weed control after 60 and 90 days of spraying the herbicides about 85.29%, 87.54% and 89.91%, 90.53% for both seasons, respectively compared to weedy treatment. While Aminopyralid-Florasulam gave weed control 67.81%, 72.98%, 71.79%, 68.50% for two seasons, respectively. Two herbicides led to reduction of weed dry weight by 90.00 %, 76.56% in the first season and 90.72 %, 80.33% in the second season. This reflected in a significant impact on grain and yield components of wheat. The interaction between Flucarbazone-sodium herbicide and the seed rate125 kgha-1 led to reduce plant height by 15.74% and 20.39% in both seasons, respectively, but it led to increase the number of tillers by57.82 %, 49.65%, flag leaf 50.58 %, 37.91%, number of spikes per m2 44.47%, 44.69%, number of grains in spike 39.23%, 42.24% and grain yield 64.00%, 61.99% in both seasons, respectively. While the interaction between Aminopyraid-flurasulam and 150 kg. ha-1 seed rate cause to increase1000 grain weight amounted to 22.74% and 18.26% compared to weedy treatment of seed rate125 kg.ha-1 in both seasons, respectively
Wheat Parameters Under Influence of the Depths and Cultivation Machinery
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Shtewy Naim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of agricultural machines (AM) LDSM and Nordsten and planting depths (PD) on wheat/ Abu-Ghraib 3 cultivar. The experiment included two types of AM (LDSM and Nordsten) and three PD levels (PD1 of 6, PD2 of 8 and PD3 of 11 cm) and three application. The split -split plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications was used, the results indicated that the AM (Nordsten type) was major impact than AM (LDSM type) in all studied conditions, The PD of 6 cm, was significantly superior to the other two levels of PD of 8 cm, and PD3 of 11cm for most growth characters. (RL), (RDFW), (PDFW), (BY) and harvest index (HI).
Performance Evaluation of Local Design Machine (LDSM Type) on Productivity and Growth of Wheat
Authors: Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Alaamer Shathar. A. , Radhi Almushidy Adil. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of agricultural machines (AM) LDSM and Famarol, and planting distances (CD) on wheat/ Rashed cultivar. The experiment included two types of AM (LDSM and Famarol) and three CD levels (CD of 10, CD of 12 and CD of 15cm) in three application. The split -split plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications was used, the results indicated that the AM (Famarol type) was major impact than AM (LDSM type) in all studied conditions, The CD of 10 cm, was significantly superior to the other two levels of CD of 12 cm, and CD of 15 cm for most growth characters. PVI, RL, HI and GY, except FC which gave best result with CD of 15cm.
A test of the Threshing Machine (LMS Type) at Different Feed Rates and Speeds on Some Corn Properties
Authors: Aljibouri Mousa A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Alaamer Shathar A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of threshing machine (LMS type) on corn/ Sarah cultivar was studied based on some technical indicators. were tested under three feed rates (6A, 8A and 10A) and two level of speed 200 and 300rpm. in this experiment used complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications, according to Genstat software. The results showed that the feed rate 6A was major effect than other two levels of 8A and 10A in all studied conditions. Fine material ratio (FR), breakage ratio (BR), threshing efficiency (TE), grain damage (GD) and grain cleanliness (GC). The 200 rpm speed was meaningfully greater from the other level of 300 rpm speed in all studied conditions.
A study Some Technical Indicators of the Local Designed Machine
Authors: Hachim Isam T. , Jebur Hussein A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of compound machine on wheat/ AlNoor cultivar was studied based on some technical indicators. were tested under three speeds ( 2.541, 3.433 and 4.091km.hr-1) and three tillage depths (14, 16 and 18cm). The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under complete randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the 2.541km.hr-1 practical speed was significantly better than other two speed in all studied conditions. Except for the FC, which achieved the best results with the third speed 4.091 km.hr-1. mechanical parameters, plant growth parameters and yield and growth parameters. The 14cm depth was significantly superior to the other two levels of 16 and 18cm in all studied conditions. All interactions were significant, the best interaction was between the first speed 2.541km.hr-1 and 14cm tillage depth for all studied traits
Requirements and Indicators of the Energy and Capacity for Some Secondary Equipment to Prepare the Soil and Fragmentation Index of Soil
Authors: Aldaoseri Mahmood J , Muhsin Sadiq J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A survey was carried out in the field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Basra University. The mechanical field try was done by isolating the field’s property as indicated by the Randomized Completely Block Design (R.C.B.D) included two factors, the first factor uses two primary tillage implements was mounted moldboard plough and digger plough, and second factor was four kinds of auxiliary culturing implements: Disk harrows, Axe harrows, spring cultivator and Rotary plough. The research was conducted in silty loam soil to investigate the influence of fuel consumption, traction force, field efficiency and the soil Fragmentation index. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of trowel type on the performance indicators of mechanical units to adapt them to the soils studied. The use of agricultural machinery contributed significantly to reducing the time, costs, effort and wages of workers in the field. The most prominent of these processes are the primary and secondary preparation of the soil and the mixing of manure residues with the surface layer of the soil. In this research, the superiority of the rotary plow over the rest of the machines was observed by recording the lowest pulling force and the lowest fuel consumption rate that it needs while moving and it was 1.60 kN and 14.42 L. ha-1 respectively, in addition to that giving it the best field efficiency and the best fragmentation degree and it was 68.66%, 6.5 mm respectively.
The Influence of Some Secondary Tillage Implement and Mixing Organic Residues on Some Physical Properties of Soil at the Beginning and End of the Oat (Triticum aestivum L.) Growing Season
Authors: Aldaoseri Mahmood J. , Muhsin Sadiq J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted in one of the fields affiliated to the Agricultural Research Station at the University of Basra, Karmat Ali site. The agricultural field experiment was carried out by dividing the field land according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a one-time split plots design, where the main plots represent smoothing machines and sub-plots, the levels of organic residues and three replicators. The soil was plowed with a moldboard plow at a depth of 25-30 cm, and the organic residues were mixed with the soil by use of secondary tillage equipment. While the area of the experimental unit was (150 * 250) cm2, a distance of 2m was left between the experimental sectors and units to ensure that there was no overlap between the treatments. Seeds of oats were planted for all experimental units after the implementation of the treatments and at a seeding rate according to the recommendation followed in the region. Soil characteristics are measured for depths (0-15, 15-30) cm and for two periods (beginning and end of the plant growing season), and plant growth and yield indicators are measured at the end of the growing season. The aim of the research is to study the effect of adding levels of manure residues mixed with the surface layer in different ways on soil characteristics at the beginning and end of the oat crop growing season. The results of the experiment indicate the superiority of the spring cultivator and the percentage of adding organic residues (40 tons. Ha-1) over the rest of the machines and fertilization treatments by achieving the lowest apparent density at the beginning and end of the oats growing season, which amounted to 0.992 and 1.113 Mg m-3, respectively. In addition, they have achieved the highest the percentage of total porosity was 62.56 and 57.97 %, respectively. It also gave the highest weighted average diameter, which reached 0.859 and 0.688 mm, respectively. In addition, it gave the lowest soil penetration resistance, which reached 0.887 and 1.130 MPa, respectively.
Constraints Facing Rice Farmers in Iraq
Authors: Kshash Bassim Haleem , Oda Hayat Kadhum 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There is a decrease in cultivated area and production of rice in Iraq. This study was conducted in Mahanawiyah District, Diwaniyah Province, Iraq, to identify constraints facing rice farmers. One hundred and thirty rice farmers were randomly selected. A list of 3 categories affecting rice cultivation: production, financial and institutional, covering 25 constraints was prepared and administered to the respondents.50% of rice farmers indicated there was a high level of constraint facing them. Water shortage, low price during harvested, laborious nature of rice cultivation, weeding problems, poor extension service, scarcity of trained labor, high cost of inputs(fertilizer, pesticides), reluctance of rural youth to involve in rice cultivation, high cost of irrigation, high cost of improved varieties, instability of government policies for rice production, low productivity, unfavorable government marketing system, and high cost of land preparation, were the most cited. There were a negative significant relationships between respondents age, educational level and years of experience in rice cultivation with overall constraint score. Constraints were differed in their effect depending on rice farmer’s characteristics’.
A new nanohybrid with BODIPY and Fe3O4 modified graphdiyne oxide in theranostic
Authors: Lin Yanxin , Jiang Xu , Liu Yanhui , Wang Ning , Shi Ruijie , Wang Yingpu , Feng Yaqing , Huang He , Meng Shuxian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new 2D carbon material different from graphene, and its ideal drug carrying and photothermal therapy efficacy had been noticed recently. Graphdiyne-oxide (GDYO), which few phototherapy researches had been reported, has more oxygen functional groups than GDY. Metal-organic framework materials Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2 (FU) can covalently connect to GDYO layers and obtain covalent-organic framework-like structures FUGYO. FU enlarged interlamellar space of GDYO, which avoided the aggregation of FUGYO multiple layers. At the same time, more acetylenic bonds and hydrophilic group were exposed, which brings out advantages like stability, hydrophily, high drug-loading, as well as magnetic targeting and better magnetic resonance imaging efficacy. To promote cancer treatment effect and water solubility, we loaded chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) in FUGYO, then encapsulated FUGYO/DOX in phosphatidylcholine and fluorescent organic polymer BODIPY-PEG (BP) to integrate image-guided and synergistic therapy in one nanoparticle (BPFG/DOX). Due to the unique structure of BPFG/DOX, the π–π interaction between GDYO and BP improved photodynamic therapy efficiency. About 10 μg ml−1 BPFG/DOX have nearly 90% cell lethality to MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line) cells with laser irradiation. In vivo, BPFG/DOX possessed ideal magnetic targeting and effectively inhibited tumor growth in 6 d. In conclusion, BPFG/DOX not only acts as an excellent tumor theranostic agent but also provides a scheme for applying GDYO in the biomedical region.
Metal oxide-doped elastomeric materials for amplifying visible light-based antimicrobial activity
Authors: McShea Laura , Kambo Harjot S , Maclean Michelle , Sandison Mairi E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Healthcare-associated infection through transmission of pathogenic bacteria poses a huge threat to public health. One of the main transmission routes is via contaminated surfaces, including those of medical devices, and therefore significant efforts are being invested in developing new surface decontamination strategies. This includes visible light-based approaches, which offer improved compatibility with mammalian cells but lower germicidal efficacy with respect to UV-light. This study investigates the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of 405 nm light for surface decontamination through use of a photocatalytic TiO2-doped elastomer, elastomers being selected due to their wide use in biomaterials. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was doped with TiO2 nanoparticles and the surface elastomer etched to expose the embedded nanoparticles. As etching results in increased surface roughness, samples with control nanoparticles (SiO2 and Fe3O4) were also investigated to decouple the effects of roughness and photoinactivation upon bacterial attachment and inactivation. Characterisation by SEM, AFM and contact angle analysis confirmed that etching produced a rougher (39.3 ± 15.3 versus 5.11 ± 1.29 nm RMS roughness; etched versus unetched TiO2-PDMS), more hydrophobic surface (water contact angle of 120 ± 2.5° versus 110 ± 1.0°; etched TiO2-PDMS versus native PDMS). This surface, rich in exposed photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles, allows direct contact between contaminating bacteria and nanoparticles, enabling ROS generation in closer proximity to the bacteria and consequent enhancement of visible light treatment. Incorporating TiO2 into PDMS significantly improved the photoinactivation efficacy (mean bacterial count for light-treated samples normalised to untreated samples of 0.043 ± 0.0081) compared to PDMS alone (0.19 ± 0.036), when seeded with Staphylococcus aureus and exposed to 405 nm, 60 J cm−2 light. However, photoinactivation efficacy was significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced by etching the TiO2-PDMS surface (0.015 ± 0.0074), resulting in greater photoinactivation than that obtained for etched (47.0 ± 14.5 nm RMS roughness), non-photocatalytic SiO2-PDMS (0.10 ± 0.093). Results suggest this doping and etching strategy shows significant potential for facilitating decontamination of elastomer-based biomaterials.
Morphological investigation of maleic anhydride-grafted nitrile/nanoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Zemzem Mohamed , Vinches Ludwig , Hallé Stéphane 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dispersion and orientation of three different montmorillonite clay nanoparticles embedded in nitrile-based nanocomposites were examined in the current study. Maleic anhydride was grafted onto a nitrile structure for the purpose of enhancing compatibility, and the resulting nanocomposites were investigated. The grafting of maleic anhydride seemed to have a pronounced effect, leading the structure to a near-exfoliation state. Using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, the state of distribution of layered silicate clusters in the nanocomposite was assessed, and it was observed that maleic anhydride provided a reduction in the size of agglomerations and enhanced the homogeneity of the system. The intercalation and delamination of the layered silicates over grafting were validated by transmission electron microscopy. Inter-lamellar spacing measurements were found to correlate perfectly with x-ray data. On the other hand, the alignment of the clay nanoparticles was examined by small angle x-ray scattering. A 3D-orientation approach was developed based on the scattering stereographs.