bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive genetic model for the world’s largest Sb deposit (Xikuangshan, China)
Authors: Fu Shanling , Hu Ruizhong , Peng Jiantang , Wu Liyan , Ma Dongsheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Mesozoic (160–130 Ma), fault-controlled Xikuangshan Sb deposit within Devonian limestone strata of Hunan Province, Southern China is the world’s largest Sb deposit containing a proven reserve of ~2.5 m Sb. Although mined for over a century, its genesis remains poorly understood. Here we use new He-Ar isotope data of hydrothermal stibnite and both new and existing C-O-Sr-Nd isotopes of hydrothermal calcite with known stages to decipher its genesis and the major constraints on mineralization intensity. The 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar ratios of fluid inclusions trapped in stibnite are from 0.01 to 0.04 Ra (Ra: atmospheric 3He/4He ratio) and 304–1077, respectively, indicating the ore-forming fluids at Xikuangshan were dominated by air-saturated meteoric groundwater after interaction with crustal rocks. Ore-stage calcite C and O isotopes indicated that most CO2 in the fluids was acquired from marine carbonate rocks by dissolution; whereas Sr and Nd isotopes differed from deposited Devonian country rocks but were similar to the underlying regional Proterozoic clastic rocks in the region. Calcite from early and late stages showed a strong positive correlation between δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr, consistent with the mixing between the circulating groundwater and compounds released from the Proterozoic rocks due to extensive fluid-rock interaction. The 3He/Q ratios of the fluid inclusions are low, varying from 4.3 to 18.5 × 10−15 cm3 standard temperature and pressure (STP) J−1, indicating deep-seated magma could have provided heat by conduction but no volatiles into the ore-forming fluids. Based on these new results, we suggest that deep-seated granitic magma heated the down-going meteoric groundwater along fault zones, after which the groundwater extensively interacted with and extracted Sb from the Proterozoic Sb-rich rocks to form Sb-rich fluids. The Sb-rich fluids then ascended through regional faults and deposited Sb as stibnites at favorable structural traps to form the Xikuangshan Sb deposit. This study highlights that extensive water-rock interaction is essential to form the deposit, and more intensive water-rock interaction at an early stage allowed for early-stage mineralization yielding higher Sb reserves (&gt;80%) at Xikuangshan.
Identification ofRNF13as cause of recessively inherited ALS in a multi-case pedigree
Authors: Khani Marzieh , Nafissi Shahriar , Shamshiri Hosein , Moazzeni Hamidreza , Taheri Hanieh , Elahi Elahe 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. The approximately 50 known ALS-associated genes do not fully explain its heritability, which suggests the existence of yet unidentified causative genes. We report results of studies aimed at identification of the genetic cause of ALS in a pedigree (three patients) without mutations in the common ALS-causative genes.MethodsClinical investigations included thorough neurological and non-neurological examinations and testings. Genetic analysis was performed by exome sequencing. Functional studies included identification of altered splicing by PCR and sequencing, and mutated proteins by western blot analysis. Apoptosis in the presence and absence of tunicamycin was assessed in transfected HEK293T cells using an Annexin-PE-7AAD kit in conjunction with flow cytometry.ResultsClinical features are described in detail. Disease progression in the patients of the pedigree was relatively slow and survival was relatively long. AnRNF13mutation was identified as the cause of the recessively inherited ALS in the pedigree. The gene is highly conserved, and its encoded protein (RING finger protein 13) can potentially affect various neurodegenerative-relevant functions, including protein homeostasis. TheRNF13splice site mutation caused expression of two mis-spliced forms ofRNF13mRNA and an aberrant RNF13 protein, and affected apoptosis.ConclusionRNF13was identified as a novel causative gene of recessively inherited ALS. The gene affects protein homeostasis, which is one of most important components of the pathology of neurodegeneration. The contribution ofRNF13to the aetiology of another neurodegenerative disease is discussed.
Safety of breast feeding during rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rød Brit Ellen , Torkildsen Øivind , Myhr Kjell-Morten , Bø Lars , Wergeland Stig 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundThere are limited data on the safety of breast feeding during rituximab therapy. Our objective is to determine exposure from breast feeding and biological effects of rituximab in breastfed infants.MethodsIn our case series of six mother–infant pairs, the nursing mothers with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis received rituximab during breast feeding. As part of clinical follow-up, six serial breast milk samples, and blood samples from both mothers and infants, were collected and analysed.ResultsThe median average rituximab concentration (Cavg) in breast milk was 0.04 µg/mL and the estimated relative infant dose (RID) was 0.07%. The highest measured concentration of rituximab in the breast milk samples was 0.25 µg/mL, giving an estimated RID of 0.26%.All infant serum rituximab concentrations were below 0.01 µg/mL. The CD19 +B cell count values were within the 10th– 90th percentiles of reported normal ranges in healthy infants.ConclusionsWe found minimal transfer of rituximab into breast milk and could not reliably detect levels of rituximab in infant serum. B cell counts in infants were unaffected.
Impact of Cloud-Base Turbulence on CCN Activation: CCN Distribution
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Thomas Lois , Kumar Bipin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Following our previous investigation of the turbulence impact on cloud-base single-size CCN activation, this study considers a similar problem assuming CCN size distribution obtained from field measurements. The total CNN concentration is taken as either 200 cm−3 to represent clean conditions, or as 2000 cm−3 to represent polluted conditions. CCN is assumed to be sodium chloride. The CCN activation in the rising nonturbulent adiabatic parcel is contrasted with the activation within a rising adiabatic parcel filled with inertial-range homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The turbulent parcel of 643 m3 and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate of 10−3 m−2 s−3 are used in most of the simulations. Results for a range of mean parcel ascent rates, between 0.125 and 8 m s−1, are discussed. Overall, the adiabatic turbulent parcel simulations show results consistent with the adiabatic nonturbulent parcel, with higher activated CCN concentrations for stronger parcel ascent rates. The key difference is a blurriness of the separation between dry CCN size bins featuring activated and nonactivated (haze) CCN, especially for weak mean ascent rates. The blurriness comes from CCN getting activated and subsequently deactivated in the fluctuating supersaturation field, instead of all becoming cloud droplets above the cloud base. This leads to significantly larger spectral widths in turbulent parcel simulations compared to the nonturbulent parcel when activation is completed. Modeling results are discussed in the context of the impact of turbulent fluctuations on CCN activation documented in laboratory experiments using the Pi chamber.
The Role of Ocean Circulation in Southern Ocean Heat Uptake, Transport, and Storage Response to Quadrupled CO2
Authors: Li Qiuxian , Luo Yiyong , Lu Jian , Liu Fukai 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In response to quadrupled CO2, the Southern Ocean primarily uptakes excess heat around 60°S, which is then redistributed by the northward ocean heat transport (OHT) and mostly stored in the ocean or released back to the atmosphere around 45°S. However, the relative roles of mean ocean circulation and ocean circulation change in the uptake and redistribution of heat in the Southern Ocean remain controversial. Here, a set of climate model experiments embedded with a novel partial coupling technique are used to separate the roles of mean ocean circulation (passive component) and ocean circulation change (active component). For the ocean heat uptake (OHU) response, the mean ocean circulation and ocean circulation change are of equal importance. The OHT response south of 50°S is mainly determined by mean ocean circulation, while the ocean circulation change generates an anomalous southward OHT north of 50°S. A heat budget analysis finds that the divergence of passive OHT acts to balance the passive surface heat gain to the south of ∼50°S, while the convergence of active OHT acts to balance the active surface heat loss to the north of ∼50°S. Intriguingly, all the increase in ocean heat storage (OHS) is attributable to the passive component, with the ocean circulation change playing almost no role. In the Southern Ocean, both the active and the passive ocean heat transports are overcompensated by the reverse atmospheric heat transport via the Bjerknes compensation.
The Estimation of the Total Freeboard of Arctic Sea Ice in Winter Using Passive Microwave Satellite Measurements
Authors: Kim Jong-Min , Sohn Byung-Ju , Lee Sang-Moo , Shi Hoyeon , Kwon Young-Joo , Kim Sang-Woo , Kim Hyun-Cheol 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A method for estimating the total freeboard hf of the sea ice in the Arctic basin was developed in this study. To utilize the dielectric properties of microwave measurements on the sea ice freeboard, we adopted the spectral difference between the microwave frequencies (e.g., the gradient ratio). Satellite lidar altimetry data were utilized as a reference, and two pairs of gradient ratios [GR(36.5, 18.7) and GR(10.7, 6.9)] and an optional brightness temperature for first-year ice [that is, TBH(6.9)] were converted from passive microwave sensors into hf using the multiple linear regression equation. Using this method, we estimated hf without direct altimetry measurements. The developed method was evaluated using Operation IceBridge data and the relationship between the regressed hf and Operation IceBridge hf had a correlation coefficient R of 0.761 and a nearly unbiased (approximately −0.4 cm) pattern. Because passive microwave measurements are taken in the Arctic daily, the approach presented in this study has the potential to enable daily hf estimations for the Arctic.

Significance Statement
Arctic sea ice is one of the most critical indicators when monitoring climate change. Precise and continuous observations of sea ice thickness are essential to understand Arctic sea ice. This study attempts to estimate sea ice thickness using passive microwave satellite data. Passive microwave satellite observations are advantageous because of their wide spatial coverage and long-term records. Therefore, the suggested method in this study can be used for filling in gaps in coverage between sea ice thickness estimates from L-band radiometry and radar/lidar altimetry. The total freeboard is proportional to the thickness of sea ice, which is converted into thickness using the hydrostatic equation. The estimated total freeboard during two winter periods (2018/19 and 2019/20) demonstrates a plausible geographical distribution over the Arctic and indicates good agreement with airborne measurements.
The Impact of Nonzenith Elevation Angles on Ground-Based Infrared Thermodynamic Retrievals
Authors: Seo Jongjin , Wagner Timothy J. , Gero P. Jonathan , Turner David D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Observing thermodynamic profiles within the planetary boundary layer is essential to understanding and predicting atmospheric phenomena because of the significant exchange of sensible and latent heat between the land and atmosphere within that layer. The Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) is a ground-based infrared spectrometer used to obtain the vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio. Most AERIs are only capable of zenith views, although the Marine AERI (M-AERI) has a design that allows it to view various elevation angles. In this study, we quantify the improvement in the information content and accuracy of the retrieved profiles when nonzenith angles are included, as is common with microwave radiometer profilers. The impacts of the additional scan angles are quantified through both a synthetic study and with M-AERI observations from the ARM Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX) campaign. The simulation study shows that low elevation angles contain more information content for temperature whereas high elevation angles have more information content for water vapor. Outside of very humid environments, the addition of low elevation angles also results in lower root-mean-square errors when compared with high angles for both temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, although this is primarily a result of averaging multiple observations together to reduce instrument noise. Real-world results from the ACAPEX dataset indicate similar results as were found for the simulation study, although not all predicted benefits are realized because of the small sample size and observational uncertainties.
Features of MCSs in the Central United States Using Simulations of ERA5-Forced Convection-Permitting Climate Models
Authors: Hwang Yunsung , Li Zhenhua , Li Yanping 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this work, we characterized the occurrences and conditions before the initiations of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the central United States, using 15 years of observations and convection-permitting climate model simulations. The variabilities of MCSs in summer were obtained using high-resolution (4 km) observation data [Stage-IV (stIV)] and ECMWF Re-Analysis v5 (ERA5)-forced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations (E5RUN). MCSs were identified using the object tracking algorithm MODE-time domain (MTD). MTD-determined MCSs were divided into daytime short-lived MCSs (SLM12), daytime long-lived MCSs (LLM12), nighttime short-lived MCSs (SLM00), and nighttime long-lived MCSs (LLM00). E5RUN showed skill to simulate MCSs by obtaining similar statistics in occurrences, areal coverages, and propagation speeds compared to those of stIV. We calculated the 15 parameters using sounding data from E5RUN before an MCS was initiated (−1, −3, −6, and −9 h) at each location of an MCS. The parameters were tested to figure out the significance of predicting the longevities of MCSs. The key findings are 1) LLM12 showed favorable thermodynamic variables compared to that of SLM12 and 2) LLM00 showed significant conditions of vertically rotating winds and sheared environments that affect the longevity of MCSs. Moreover, storm-relative helicity of 0–3 km, precipitable water, and vertical wind shear of 0–6 km are the most significant parameters to determine the longevities of MCSs (both daytime and nighttime MCSs).

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to understand the features of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in observational data and convection-permitting climate model simulations. We tested long-term simulations using new forcing data (ERA5) to see the benefits and limitations. We designed a novel approach to obtain the distributions of meteorological parameters (instead of obtaining one value for one event of MCS) before initiations of MCSs to understand preconvective conditions (times from −9 to −1 h from initiation). We also divided MCSs into daytime/nighttime and short-/long-lived MCSs to help predict MCSs longevity considering the initiation times. Our results provide hints for the forecasters to predict MCS longevity based on preconvective conditions from parameters discussed in this work.
Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxyselenophene)/ZnO Core–Shell Nanorods p-n Heterojunction
Authors: Kadir Aygul , Jamal Ruxangul , Abdiryim Tursun , Liu Xiong , Zhang Hujun , Serkjan Nawrzhan , Zou Dongna , Liu Ya jun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this work, we successfully assembled an organic–inorganic core–shell hybrid p-n heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector by the electropolymerization deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) (PEDOS) on the surface of zinc oxide nanoarrays (ZnO NRs). The structures of composite were confirmed by FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD and XPS. Mott–Schottky analysis was used to study the p-n heterojunction structure. The photodetection properties of ZnO NRs/PEDOS heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector were systematically investigated current–voltage (I–V) and current–time (I–t) analysis under different bias voltages. The results showed that PEDOS films uniformly grew on ZnO NRs surface and core–shell structure was formed. The p-n heterojunction structure was formed with strong built-in electric field between ZnO NRs and PEDOS. Under the irradiation of UV light, the device showed a good rectification behavior. The responsivity, detection rate and the external quantum efficiency of the ultraviolet photodetector reached to 247.7 A/W, 3.41 × 1012 Jones and 84,000% at 2 V bias, respectively. The rise time (τr) and fall time (τf) of ZnO NRs/PEDOS UV photodetector were obviously shortened compared to ZnO UV photodetector. The results show that the introduction of PEDOS effectively improves the performance of the UV photodetector.
Integration of probabilistic functional networks without an external Gold Standard
Authors: James Katherine , Alsobhe Aoesha , Cockell Simon J , Wipat Anil , Pocock Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Probabilistic functional integrated networks (PFINs) are designed to aid our understanding of cellular biology and can be used to generate testable hypotheses about protein function. PFINs are generally created by scoring the quality of interaction datasets against a Gold Standard dataset, usually chosen from a separate high-quality data source, prior to their integration. Use of an external Gold Standard has several drawbacks, including data redundancy, data loss and the need for identifier mapping, which can complicate the network build and impact on PFIN performance. Additionally, there typically are no Gold Standard data for non-model organisms.

Results
We describe the development of an integration technique, ssNet, that scores and integrates both high-throughput and low-throughout data from a single source database in a consistent manner without the need for an external Gold Standard dataset. Using data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae we show that ssNet is easier and faster, overcoming the challenges of data redundancy, Gold Standard bias and ID mapping. In addition ssNet results in less loss of data and produces a more complete network.

Conclusions
The ssNet method allows PFINs to be built successfully from a single database, while producing comparable network performance to networks scored using an external Gold Standard source and with reduced data loss.
Genome-wide identification and analysis of ACP gene family in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Authors: Ge Hanqiu , Xu Jingjing , Hua Mingzhu , An Wenwen , Wu Junping , Wang Baohua , Li Ping , Fang Hui 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Acyl carrier proteins (ACP) constitute a very conserved carrier protein family. Previous studies have found that ACP not only takes part in the fatty acid synthesis process of almost all organisms, but also participates in the regulation of plant growth, development, and metabolism, and makes plants adaptable to stresses. However, this gene family has not been systematically studied in sorghum.

Results
Nine ACP family members were identified in the sorghum genome, which were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Evolutionary analysis among different species divided the ACP family into four subfamilies, showing that the SbACPs were more closely related to maize. The prediction results of subcellular localization showed that SbACPs were mainly distributed in chloroplasts and mitochondria, while fluorescence localization showed that SbACPs were mainly localized in chloroplasts in tobacco leaf. The analysis of gene structure revealed a relatively simple genetic structure, that there were 1–3 introns in the sorghum ACP family, and the gene structure within the same subfamily had high similarity. The amplification method of SbACPs was mainly large fragment replication, and SbACPs were more closely related to ACPs in maize and rice. In addition, three-dimensional structure analysis showed that all ACP genes in sorghum contained four α helices, and the second helix structure was more conserved, implying a key role in function. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the SbACPs might be involved in light response, plant growth and development regulation, biotic and abiotic stress response, plant hormone regulation, and other physiological processes. What’s more, qRT-PCR analysis uncovered that some of SbACPs might be involved in the adaptive regulation of drought and salt stresses, indicating the close relationship between fatty acids and the resistance to abiotic stresses in sorghum.

Conclusions
In summary, these results showed a comprehensive overview of the SbACPs and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on the biological functions of SbACPs in sorghum growth, development and abiotic stress responses.
What happens after the kidney biopsy? The findings nephrologists should know
Authors: Montes Daniel , Beamish Claire , Waheed Sana , Osman Fauzia , Maursetter Laura 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Percutaneous kidney biopsies are important tools for the diagnosis of kidney diseases. Nephrologists must be familiar with the expected complications of the procedure to provide an adequate informed consent. Here, we present a quality improvement analysis that reviews the complication rate of percutaneous kidney biopsies performed over a 2-year period by nephrologists at a single center, and that tabulates the nature and timing of these events.

Methods
From a single center cohort, pre- and post-biopsy anthropomorphic and clinical measurements were collected. Post-biopsy complications were tracked and sorted into either major or minor complications. Statistical tests were used to analyze complication incidence across the pre- and post-biopsy measurements obtained.

Results
Of the 154 nephrologist-performed percutaneous native kidney biopsies, 2 biopsies (1.3%) were found to result in a major complication. Both major complications were detected within 4 hours of the biopsy. Analysis of the pre-biopsy and post-biopsy measurements found that the proportion of complications was higher in patients with hematuria prior to biopsy. It was also found that patients with complications were statistically younger and had fewer comorbidities. Under univariable analysis, older age was associated with a lower incidence rate ratio for complications. However, no pre-or-post biopsy measurement or characteristic had a statistically significant change in incidence rate ratio under multivariable analysis.

Conclusions
Percutaneous kidney biopsies were found to be low risk when performed by nephrologists in this single center cohort. Consistent with past literature, life threatening major complications rarely occurred and were reliably identified within 4 hours of biopsy, suggesting that centers can consider reduced observation times without compromising patient safety. Minor complications, such as pain, were more likely to occur in younger, healthier patients, and in those with hematuria prior to biopsy. This extensive tabulation of all biopsy adverse events is the first of its kind and will be beneficial for nephrologists to inform discussions with patients about expectations and risk-benefit of this procedure.