bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-A-7 Evaluation of Technician Skill Level Effect on Ultrasonic Estimates of Body Composition in Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Wuest Nerissa Bechtol , Jesko Noah P , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate technician skill level on ultrasonic estimates of body composition in feedlot heifers (n = 31) across different days. One unexperienced technician (UT1) and one experienced technician (UT2) took measurements of 12-13th rib fat thickness (FTU), longissimus muscle area (REAU) and intramuscular fat thickness (IMFU) on Day 1 (98 days preharvest), Day 2 (42 days preharvest) and Day 3 (48h preharvest) with an IBEX EVO II ultrasound unit equipped with 3.5-MHz, 172-mm scanning width, linear-array transducer. Carcass fat thickness (FTC), longissimus muscle area (REAC) and Marbling Score (MS) were measured 24 h postmortem. Significant differences were observed between FTC and FTU for UT1 (p&lt; .01) and REAC and REAU for UT1 (p&lt; .01) on Day 3. No differences were detected between FTC, FTU, REAC and REAU for UT2 on Day 3. No differences existed for REAU between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.4547) or Day 2 (p = 0.4937). Significant differences between technicians were observed on Day 3 (p&lt; .05) for REAU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p&lt; .01) were .79 and .59 between REAU and REAC for UT1 and UT2, respectively. No significant differences were observed between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.6175), Day 2 (p = 1.0) or Day 3 (p = 0.0625) for FTU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p&lt; .01) were .79 and .76 between FTU and FTC for UT1 and UT2, respectively. No significant differences were observed between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.1716) or Day 2 (p = 0.0595) but were significant on Day 3 (p &lt; 0.05) for IMFU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p&lt; .01) were .69 and .68 between IMFU and MS for UT1 and UT2, respectively. These results indicate dependence of ultrasound image collection on technician skill and years of experience to achieve accurate predictions for carcass endpoints in beef cattle.
PSII-A-5 Effects of Time Postpartum and Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction on Beef Heifer Colostrum
Authors: Latimer Kirby J , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Redifer Colby A , Zamora Alejandro Rodriguez , McFadden Thomas B , Meyer Allison M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our objectives were to determine changes in colostrum yield and composition across the 36 hours post-calving and effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on these changes. Fall-calving, crossbred beef heifers (BW: 472 ± 33 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.5) were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (NR; n = 13) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, growth, and pregnancy from d 160 of gestation to parturition. Calves were removed from dams immediately post-calving and pre-suckling. Colostrum was hand-milked from all quarters at 1, 12, 24, and 36 h to determine total colostrum volume and weight. Colostrum protein, triglycerides, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration were analyzed using colorimetric assays on a UV-visible light microplate reader. Data were analyzed using fixed effects of treatment, hour, treatment × hour (repeated measures); calf sex, maternal sire, and treatment initiation date were covariates. Colostrum yield was affected (P &lt; 0.02) by the treatment × hour interaction. Colostrum volume and weight were 28% less (P ≤ 0.03) for NR than CON at 1 h. For both treatments, colostrum volume and weight decreased (P ≤ 0.04) from 1 to 12 h, before increasing (P ≤ 0.02) from 12 to 36 h. Triglyceride concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in NR than CON. Both triglyceride concentration and total protein decreased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1 to 24 h. Protein concentration decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from 1 to 36 h. Total triglycerides and MUN decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from 1 to 12 h, before total MUN increased (P &lt; 0.001) from 12 to 36 h and total triglycerides increased (P = 0.004) from 24 to 36 h. In conclusion, nutrient restriction may only affect colostrum yield at 1 h, and colostrum nutrient content decreases dramatically after the first milking.
PSXI-8 Evaluation of Nutrient Composition and Protein Quality Using the Precision fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay of Novel Avian Protein Sources for pet Nutrition
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Alternative protein sources are being incorporated in companion animal diets as a response to the market demand for high quality products. Chicken is a commonly used protein in pet food and was used as a comparison for emerging alternatives goose, quail, duck, and emu which have been evaluated in the current study. All protein sources were analyzed for chemical composition, and amino acid (AA) standardized digestibility and calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) were determined by using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Dry matter values ranged from 95% to 98% and were similar for all proteins. Crude protein was least for goose meat and greatest in emu meat (42% and 95%, respectively). Emu meat produced the least fat content while quail produced the most (4.7% and 42%, respectively). Standardized AA digestibility values for the novel proteins were above 60% for indispensable AA. The DIAAS-like calculation applied reference proteins based on Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) recommended nutrient profile and National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. The DIAAS-like values for cats for AAFCO and NRC were &gt;100%. Tryptophan was identified to be the first-limiting AA in every protein source except for goose meat where methionine was first-limiting using NRC recommended values for adult dogs.
PSXI-6 Effects of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product-Supplemented Diet on Circulating Immune Cells and Oxidative Stress Markers of Dogs
Authors: Yotis Sofia , Oba Patrícia M , Yotis Sofia , Panasevich Matthew , Norton Sharon A , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) has previously altered fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and immune cell function of adult dogs. The objective of this study was to further measure circulating immune cell numbers and activity, antioxidant status, and oxidative stress marker concentrations of adult dogs fed SCFP in an extruded diet. Sixteen adult pointer dogs (8M, 8F; mean age = 8.35 y; mean BW = 27.13 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design study. All dogs were fed a control diet for 4 wk, then randomly assigned to the control or SCFP-supplemented diet and fed to maintain BW for 10 wk. A 6-wk washout preceded the second 10-wk experimental period with dogs receiving opposite treatments. After baseline/washout and treatment phases, pre- and post-prandial blood samples were collected. Oxidative stress and immune cell function were measured using commercial ELISA kits, circulating immune cell numbers were analyzed using flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of oxidative stress genes were analyzed using RT-PCR. Change from baseline data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P&lt; 0.05 being significant and P&lt; 0.10 being trends. Changes in unstimulated lymphocytes and stimulated IFN-g secreting T-cells were lower (P&lt; 0.05) in SCFP-fed dogs, while change in stimulated T cells were lower (P&lt; 0.05) in control-fed dogs. The stimulated cytotoxic T cells delta trended lower (P&lt; 0.10) in SCFP-fed dogs. Change in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were higher (P&lt; 0.05) and change in catalase mRNA expression was lower (P&lt; 0.05) in SCFP-fed dogs. All other immune cells, oxidative stress markers, and gene expression were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, SCFP-fed dogs have increased SOD, which supports lower acute-inflammatory responses and aligns with some immune stimulation data.
PSX-A-6 Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Hybrid rye Ground to two Particle Sizes and fed without or with Multicarbohydrase Supplementation to Growing Pigs
Authors: Song Jichen , Nyachoti Martin , Heuer Claus Hinrich , Lee Jinyoung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Newly breeded hybrid fall rye (HFR) with improved ergot resistance can be an alternative energy source for pigs. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 18.2 ± 1.0 kg) were used to determine the effects of particle size (PS) and multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation on energy and nutrient digestibility in HFR. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets in a replicated 8 × 3 incomplete Latin square design. Each period lasted 9 d, with the first 5 d being for adaptation followed by 2 d each for fecal and ileal digesta collection. Two HFR varieties (KWS Bono and KWS Gatano) were hammer milled to a coarse (1,111 μm and 1,210 μm) or fine (594 μm and 717 μm) PS. Diets contained 92.9% HFR as the only source of protein without or with MC supplementation and 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with the final model having variety, PS, MC supplementation, and their interactions as the main effects. There were no interaction effects of variety, PS, and MC supplementation on the variables measured. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in KWS Bono than in KWS Gatano. The ATTD of gross energy (GE) and NDF tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) in finely than in coarsely ground HFR. MC supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) the ATTD of DM (83.5 vs. 84.6%) and GE (83.1 vs. 84.2%) and tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) the ATTD of NDF in HFR. In conclusion, the nutrient digestibility of HFR can be affected by its variety, and fine PS and MC supplementation could improve the nutrient digestibility in HFR fed to growing pigs.
PSXII-11 Evaluation of Yellow-Flowered Subspecies Falcata Alfalfa to Purple Flowered Medicago Sativa for Northern Plains: Productivity, Nutrient Profile, and in Vitro True dry Matter Digestibility
Authors: Christensen Rachael G , Hendrickson John R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The protein content and nitrogen fixation capabilities of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) make it valuable in cropland and rangelands. However, the semi-arid Northern Great Plains climate negatively affects stand establishment and persistence. Falcata alfalfa (Medicago sativa subs. Falcata) produces adventitious shoots from roots, improving stress and drought resistance. This study compared production and forage quality for yellow- flowered falcata alfalfa (FAL) to a conventional alfalfa (var. Vernal [MSP]). Plots were established as randomized complete block design with four replications. Each cultivar was seeded in 2019 as a monoculture. In 2020, two harvests were made and sampled. Dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value of alfalfa were determined. Results showed first cut DMY was 4,228±361 and 3,442±720 kg/ha for the FAL and MSP, respectively. Results for forage quality for first harvest indicate that FAL alfalfa had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ash (10.36 vs. 9.85 %), lignin (7. 86 vs. 7. 14 %), acid detergent fiber (ADF: 38.4 vs. 33.4%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF: 45.4 vs. 39.0 %) but less crude protein (CP; 18.7 vs. 21.2 %, DM basis), total digestible nutrients (TDN: 59.2 vs. 55.5%), non- fiber carbohydrates (NFC; 186 vs. 164), sugar (8.4 vs. 7.0 %), in vitro true dry matter digestibility after a 48-h incubation (IVTDMD48: 58.6 vs. 55.8%), compared with FAL. However, for the second harvest, DMY was 2,837±361 kg/ha for FAL, which had greater CP (20.4 vs. 19.4%), similar ADF (35.4 vs. 35.0), NDF (42.7 vs. 41.8 %), and IVTDMD48 (65.6 vs. 64.0%), but lower lignin (7.68 vs. 7.84%) and TDN (58.1 vs 58.9%) than MSP which yielded 2546 ±515 kg/ha. Falcata had greater nutritive value at second cutting and greater yield compared with Medicago but generally differed little for quality, suggesting falcata can be a viable alternative legume for Northern Plains.
PSXV-11 A Postbiotic from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Improves Microbiome Robustness in Young Stress-Challenged Horses in Training
Authors: Ganda Erika , Chakrabarti Anirikh , Sardi Maria , Bobel Jillian M , Kozlowicz Briana , Norton Sharon A , Warren Lori K , Khafipour Ehsan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nutritional and environmental stressors can disturb the gut microbiome of horses which may ultimately decrease their health and performance. In this study, we hypothesized that a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic (SCFP) improves the robustness of the gut microbiome in stress-challenged horses. Quarter horses (n=20) were randomized based on sex, age (22 ± 3 mo) and body weight (439 ± 3 kg) to receive a basal diet (60% forage:40% concentrate) supplemented without (CON) or with SCFP (21g/d, TruEquine, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). Treatments were implemented for 60 d. On d 57, horses were tethered with their heads elevated 35 cm above wither height for 12 h to mimic long-distance transport stress. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 56 pre-challenge and at 0, 12, 24 and 72 h post-challenge and subjected to DNA extraction and Nanopore shotgun metagenomics. Alpha-diversity and microbial abundances were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon-Rank-Sum test with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction. The SCFP stabilized alpha-diversity across all time points, whereas CON horses had more fluctuation (P &lt; 0.05) at 12, 24 and 72 h post-challenge compared to d 56. This resulted in a significant difference between CON and SCFP at 0 and 12 h. There was no difference in beta-diversity between SCFP and CON on d 56, however, treatments grouped separately (PERMANOVA, P &lt; 0.05) within the 12 h post-challenge showing SCFP horses maintained higher abundances (P &lt; 0.05) of fibrolytic taxa such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus species and several members of Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae among others. During the post-challenge period compositional clusters in the microbiome of CON horses were characterized by low abundances (P &lt; 0.05) of Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Blautia species versus SCFP. Overall, treatments were similar in microbiome diversity and composition pre-challenge, however, post-challenge, SCFP supplementation improved microbiome robustness indicating an ability to resist change due to stress.
PSIII-A-21 Weight Gain of Nelore Females on Pasture Using Different Genotypes of Brachiaria
Authors: Andrade Jordana , Mendonca Filipe , Bernardes Heitor , Gonçalves Mailza , Garcia Matheus , Barbero Leandro 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For an increasingly sustainable livestock, the use of quality pastures is essential. In this aspect, the development of new hybrids appears in order to optimize the weight gain of animals on pasture. Thus, the objective was to analyze the weight gain of Nelore females kept on pastures of five Brachiaria hybrids identified as 152,153,154,155 and 156, using the cultivar Marandu as a control treatment. The experiment was conducted at the "Capim Branco" experimental farm of the Federal University of Uberlândia, in a completely randomized design (CRD), from April 2017 to March 2019. The animals were weighed every 90 days to obtain the average daily gain, live weight gain and stocking rate. Data were analyzed using the SAS PROC MIXED (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC), and the p-value was P≤0.05 as the critical probability level for type I error. There was a difference among the hybrids analyzed during the rainy season, with an average gain of 0.548 kg/day, and during the dry period, with an average gain of 0.293 kg/day. There was a difference for the average daily gain between the rainy and dry season (p=0.05). The stocking rate has been different between the rainy and dry season, with averages of 3.057 and 1.279 AU/ha, respectively. Therefore, the total live weight gain per hybrid was different between these periods. In the rainy season, the live weight gains of each hybrid were: 152 (363.783), 153 (470.951), 154 (668.588), 155 (432.659), 156 (622.827) and Marandu (484.882), with an average total gain of 507.282 kg. In the dry season the gains were: 152 (83.348), 153 (94.605), 154 (142.541), 155 (117.101), 156 (126.653) and Marandu (85.534), with an average total gain of 108.297 kg.
PSIII-A-16 Preliminary Study: How Does Maternal Nutrition Affect Intramuscular Adipocyte Development in Longissimus Thoracis and Biceps Femoris Muscles of Wagyu Fetuses?
Authors: Haginouchi Taketo , Ogawa Minami , Zhang Yi , Muroya Susumu , Roh Sanggun , Oshima Ichiro , Gonzalez John M , Gotoh Takafumi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects maternal nutrition on Wagyu (Japanese Black) fetal intramuscular fat. Multiparous Wagyu cattle (N=12) were randomly allocated to two nutrition groups: high-nutrition group (HN: 120% of nutritional requirement, n=6) and low nutrition group (LN: 60%, n=6) from conception to d 8.5 months of gestation. Fetuses were harvested and fetal longissimus thoracis (LT) and biceps femoris (BF) morphometrics analyses were performed to focus on the intramuscular adipose precursor cells and adipocytes in the connective tissue (Table 1). Delta like 1 Homolog (DLK1) is expressed on the cell membrane, so its immunopositive area on the connective tissue was measured, and CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Beta (C/EBPB) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARG) are expressed in the cell nucleus, so those immunopositive number on the connective tissue was counted (Table 1). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of adipocytes in LT was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for HN than for LN, but there was no difference in the BF. In both HN and LN, the number of adipocytes per unit area of connective tissue tended to be higher in LT than in BF (P=0.08, and P=0.09, respectively). The DLK-1 positive area of the connective tissue area was smaller (P=0.03) for HN than for LN. Conversely, the number of PPARG-positive cells in the connective tissue area was 2.96-fold greater (P&lt; 0.01) for HN than for LN, however, the difference was not found in the number of C/EBPB-positive cells (P= 0.57). From these results, maternal nutrition particularly affects the development of intramuscular adipocytes in LT and promotes the increase in adipocyte CSA, and differentiation from adipose progenitor cells to adipocytes.
PSIII-A-18 The Effects of Feeding Finishing Cattle Benzoic Acid and/or Live Active Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) on Meat Quality
Authors: Williams Melissa S , Mandell Ira B , Wood Katharine M , Bohrer Benjamin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a randomized complete block design, 59 Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or a combination of both when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on meat quality and sensory evaluation of longissimus steaks. Steers were fed a high-moisture corn-based finishing diet for 106 d containing: no supplementation (CON), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD), 3 g/head/d active dry S. cerevisiae (YST), or both (0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/head/d S. cerevisiae (AY)). Cattle were humanely slaughtered at a commercial facility where 54 rib sections (CON; n=15, ACD; n=14, YST; n=15, and AY; n=11) were retrieved and used for evaluation of meat quality and trained sensory parameters. Statistical analysis was completed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Longissimus pH, proximate composition, shear force, and cooking loss did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.10). Although no differences in lipid oxidation was detected at the beginning of the retail display (d 0), lipid oxidation levels were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. AY steaks following 12 days of retail display. Some colour parameters differed (P ≤ 0.04) among treatments on days 11 (L*) and 12 (a*, L*, and discolouration) of the retail display. Although dietary treatment did not impact fatty acid profiles for longissimus muscle, n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios were greater in CON and YST than in ACD longissimus (P = 0.007). Steaks from Combination (AY) supplemented steers were chewier than steaks from steers only supplemented with benzoic acid, while juiciness, tenderness, and flavour were not impacted by supplementation. These results suggest that supplementation with benzoic acid and(or) yeast does not have a substantial impact on meat quality or sensory traits.
PSIII-A-13 Intramuscular fat and Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis in Nellore Bulls fed Snaplage
Authors: Junior Jose Oliveira , Domingues Edmilson , Bernardes Thiago , Gionbelli Mateus P , Casagrande Daniel R , Teixeira Priscilla , Gionbelli Tatyane , McCann Joshua C , Ladeira Marcio M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We hypothesized that diets with snaplage would increase the expression of lipogenic genes, resulting in higher marbling fat content, compared to a diet of whole-plant silage and reconstituted corn silage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, as well as the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and liver gluconeogenesis of Nellore bulls fed snaplage. Seventy-two Nellore bulls (24 months, initial body weight 400 ±27.4 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were stratified by body weight, housed in 24 pens (3 animals per pen), and designed to one of the three treatments (8 pens per treatment). Experimental diets (around 14% of crude protein) were: control (corn silage, ground and reconstituted corn grain, protein sources), snaplage + ground corn, replacing completely corn silage (SNAP65, with 65% snaplage), and snaplage 85, replacing completely corn silage and corn grain (SNAP85, with 85% snaplage). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of dietary treatment, and random effects of pen nested within treatment. Overall, diets did not affect (P&gt;0.11) the intramuscular fat. However, animals fed SNAP85 showed higher PPARG expression (P=0.03). The muscle of animals fed snaplage (SNAP65 and SNAP85) also had higher expression of ACACA and SCD1 genes (P≤0.03) than the control animals. The FABP4 expression tended to be higher (P=0.10) in the muscle of animals fed SNAP85 compared with SNAP65. In addition, animals fed control diet tended to have higher (P=0.07) expression of PC in the liver compared with animals fed SNAP65 and SNAP85. Also, PEPCK2 expression was lower (P=0.05) in in the liver of animals fed SNAP65 diet than control SNAP85. We conclude that diets with snaplage increased the expression of genes involved in the muscle lipogenesis, without increase intramuscular fat.