bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Material Properties on Micro-Scale Cutting of TA15 Alloy and Network-Structured TiBw/TA15 Composites
Authors: Yang Minghui , Deng Ben , Peng Fangyu , Rong Yan , Huang Yu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Currently, it still lacks the controlled studies which compare differences in the machinability between the TA15 alloy and network-structured TiBw/TA15 composites, which is not conducive to promoting the design and practical application of the TiBw/TA15 composites. Therefore, in this paper, the impact of material properties on the micro-scale cutting performances of the two materials is explored through the in-situ high-speed imaging and digital image correlation (DIC) technique. During the investigation, the chip formation process is recorded under diverse cutting load conditions, and the thermoplastic deformation in the shear plane is quantified using successive images and analyzed based on the microstructural and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the microstructural deformations in the machined subsurface are observed and evaluated for the two materials. The results indicate that the inhomogeneous deformation in micro-scale cutting that inevitably occurs in the TA15 alloy is improved in the TiBw/TA15 composites. And in comparison to the TA15 alloy, the TiBw/TA15 composites have greater temperatures and smaller accumulative plastic strain at failure in the shear plane due to the influences of macro- and micromechanical properties, while the comparison of equivalent strain rates between the two materials depends on the chip type of TA15 alloy. Accordingly, the subsurface deformation of the TA15 ally is notably anisotropic, while the microcracks and voids induced by TiBw reinforcement damage are evident in TiBw/TA15 composites. These findings can provide new insights into the future simulation and prediction of micro-cutting multiphase materials.
Glimpsing the Impossible: How Artificially Enhanced Targets Improve Elite Performance
Authors: Robinson Mark A. 
Published: May 2022

In 2009, elite swimming introduced polyurethane “supersuits,” which artificially enhanced performances and facilitated 43 world records at the World Championships, before being prohibited from 2010. This transient, artificial improvement spike created a natural experiment to examine the effect of “impossible” targets on subsequent performances. Analyses revealed that swimming speeds at global championships in the postsupersuit period (2011–2017) were substantially faster than predicted from the presupersuit period (2000–2007). These results suggest that the transient, artificially enhanced performances of the supersuit era recalibrated targets upward—acting as goals—and improved subsequent performances beyond previous trajectories (d = 0.64; 0.70%). Contributing to psychological goal-setting theory, the positive relationship between the size of the transient, artificial improvement (i.e., goal difficulty) and subsequent performance was curvilinear, increasing at a decreasing rate before improvements plateaued. Overall, the research demonstrates the potential for elite athletes to exceed perceived human limits after expectations have been recalibrated upward.
Microsurgical treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms based on angioarchitecture supplemented by high-resolution vessel wall MRI: a case series report
Authors: Yang Zixiao , Song Jianping , Quan Kai , Li Peiliang , An Qingzhu , Shi Yuan , Liu Peixi , Yu Guo , Tian Yanlong , Zhou Liangfu , Zhu Wei 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundSurgical treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms is challenging because many are nonsaccular and atherosclerotic. We report our tailored approach to PICA aneurysms, which is based on angioarchitecture supplemented by high-resolution vessel wall MRI (HR-VW MRI) findings.MethodsFrom March 2010 to September 2020, 27 patients with 29 PICA aneurysms underwent surgical treatment in our institution. Since October 2016, HR-VW MRI has been used for aneurysmal wall assessment. Clinical characteristics, radiological data and surgical outcomes were analysed.ResultsNineteen proximal PICA aneurysms (vertebral artery (VA), P1, P2 and P3) were treated using the far-lateral approach. Ten distal PICA aneurysms (P4, P5) were treated using the suboccipital midline approach. Direct clipping or clip reconstruction was achieved in 19 aneurysms. Ten were trapped in conjunction with extracranial–intracranial or intracranial–intracranial bypass, including three occipital artery-PICA reimplantations, three PICA-VA reimplantations, two PICA-PICA side-to-side anastomoses, one PICA-PICA reimplantation and one PICA-PICA reanastomosis. All aneurysms were eventually completely obliterated and all bypasses remained patent. At the last follow-up, 26 patients (96.2%) achieved a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score <3). Eight patients underwent HR-VW MRI. Among these, the six aneurysms with focal wall enhancement required bypass and the two with negative enhancement were successfully clipped.ConclusionPICA aneurysms have a higher frequency of complex features such as large or giant size and fusiform or dissecting morphology. Favourable outcomes were achieved with individualised microsurgical strategies based on angioarchitecture. HR-VW MRI may be used as a promising technique to predict aneurysmal atherosclerosis.
Association between Vitamin D Status and Mortality among Adults with Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Xu Feng , Lu Hongyu , Lai Tianwen , Lin Ling , Chen Yongsong 
Published: May 2022

Objective. Emerging evidence demonstrates that vitamin D status contributes to the incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the causal relationships between vitamin D and mortality among individuals with DKD are inconclusive. Our study is aimed at exploring the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and mortality among adults with DKD. Research Design and Methods. Our study included 1,202 adult participants with DKD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2014. Cox and competing-risks regression were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for associations between 25(OH)D concentrations and survival. Results. The overall mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was

55.9
±
26.3

. Vitamin D deficiency (

25

OH

D
<
50

nmol
/
l

), insufficiency group (

50
≤
25

OH

D
<
75

nmol
/
l

), and sufficiency group (

25

OH

D
≥
75

nmol
/
l

) were observed in 552 (45.9%), 409 (34.0%), and 241 (20.0%) participants, respectively. Higher levels of vitamin D were significantly associated with improved all-cause and nonaccident- and malignant neoplasm-cause mortality among individuals with DKD after adjusting for the potential confounding factors. Conclusions. We observed widespread vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in DKD patients. Higher 25(OH)D values were significantly correlated with lower risk of mortality after adjusting for confounding variables.
Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Accompanied by Elevated Serum CA19-9 Associated Not with Pancreatic Cancer but Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Okada Shuichi , Okada Junichi , Kikkawa Koji , Yamada Eijiro , Okada Kazuya , Ohshima Kihachi 
Published: May 2022

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> CA19-9 is the most reliable tumor marker for pancreatic cancer, with 70–90% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 69% positive predictive value, and 90% negative predictive value. However, increased CA19-9 levels have been observed in benign conditions, pancreatitis, pulmonary disease, smoking, and hepatobiliary system disease. Numerous studies have reported that circulating CA19-9 levels are elevated during hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) and have been associated with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). However, the precise mechanism behind increased serum CA19-9 levels in diabetes remains still unclear. Here, we report a case of type 2 DM (T2DM) accompanied by elevated serum CA19-9 levels due to not pancreatic cancer but interstitial pneumonitis. <b><i>Case Report:</i></b> The patient, a 73-year-old Japanese woman, was taking metformin (1,500 mg/day), repaglinide (1.5 mg/day), and sitagliptin (50 mg/day). Over the past year, she also took atorvastatin (5 mg/day) and azilsartan (40 mg/day). The patient had been followed up for systemic scleroderma (with low-dose steroid therapy) and mild interstitial lung disease (ILD) (without treatment) for a number of years at a different hospital. The patient’s peripheral blood laboratory findings were normal range. Her HbA1c level fluctuated between 7.0% and 8.0% in the past 6 months. Her CA19-9 level was fluctuated between 562.7 and 823.2 U/mL (normal &#x3c;37), and her KL-6 level was fluctuated between 516 and 557 U/L (normal &#x3c;500) in the past 6 months. Due to the marked increase in the CA19-9 level, an extensive screening examination was performed for malignancy, including abdominal ultrasound scan, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, revealing no malignancy. We observed bilateral pulmonary lesions (bottom of lungs) and ground-glass opacity on the chest CT. The pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 (DU-PAN-2) level was &#x3c;25 U/mL. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In our case, CA19-9 levels were increased in association not with pancreatic cancer but with ILD. Thus, when T2DM is accompanied by elevated serum CA19-9 levels, attention needs to be paid not only to the presence of pancreatic cancer but also to the possible ILD. Especially, when diabetes and ILD are treated in different hospitals, diabetologists need to pay attention about the presence of hidden ILD besides DM.
Rethinking Sri Lanka's Industrialization Strategy:  Achievements,  Lost Opportunities and Prospects
Authors: Athukorala Prema-chandra 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the contemporary policy debate on the industrialization strategy in developing countries by analyzing policy regime shifts and outcomes in Sri Lanka during the post-independence era. The analysis is guided by the received body of knowledge relating to the challenges faced by a small economy that takes world prices as given and is unable to affect world demand and supply in designing national industrialization strategy in this era of economic globalization. The findings demonstrate that the backlash against liberalization reforms in the contemporary Sri Lankan policy debate is largely based on ideological predilections rather than factual analysis. The comparative analysis of Sri Lanka's industrialization experience during the state-led import-substitution era and that of the post-reform era (in particular during the first two decades) makes a strong case for reconsidering the merit of the emerging emphasis on combining import substitution with export orientation with a sector specific focus. Selective policies to promote import substitution essentially impose a “tax” on export producers.
Advancements in Algorithms and Neuromorphic Hardware for Spiking Neural Networks
Authors: Javanshir Amirhossein , Nguyen Thanh Thi , Mahmud M. A. Parvez , Kouzani Abbas Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have experienced a rapid advancement for their success in various application domains, including autonomous driving and drone vision. Researchers have been improving the performance efficiency and computational requirement of ANNs inspired by the mechanisms of the biological brain. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide a power-efficient and brain-inspired computing paradigm for machine learning applications. However, evaluating large-scale SNNs on classical von Neumann architectures (central processing units/graphics processing units) demands a high amount of power and time. Therefore, hardware designers have developed neuromorphic platforms to execute SNNs in and approach that combines fast processing and low power consumption. Recently, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been considered promising candidates for implementing neuromorphic solutions due to their varied advantages, such as higher flexibility, shorter design, and excellent stability. This review aims to describe recent advances in SNNs and the neuromorphic hardware platforms (digital, analog, hybrid, and FPGA based) suitable for their implementation. We present that biological background of SNN learning, such as neuron models and information encoding techniques, followed by a categorization of SNN training. In addition, we describe state-of-the-art SNN simulators. Furthermore, we review and present FPGA-based hardware implementation of SNNs. Finally, we discuss some future directions for research in this field.
Do Congruent Auditory Stimuli Facilitate Visual Search in Dynamic Environments? An Experimental Study Based on Multisensory Interaction
Authors: Sun Xiaofang , Chen Pin-Hsuan , Rau Pei-Luen Patrick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cue congruency effect of auditory stimuli during visual search in dynamic environments. Twenty-eight participants were recruited to conduct a visual search experiment. The experiment applied auditory stimuli to understand whether they could facilitate visual search in different types of background. Additionally, target location and target orientation were manipulated to clarify their influences on visual search. Target location was related to horizontal visual search and target orientation was associated with visual search for an inverted target. The results regarding dynamic backgrounds reported that target-congruent auditory stimuli could speed up the visual search time. In addition, the cue congruency effect of auditory stimuli was critical for the center of the visual display but declined for the edge, indicating the inhibition of horizontal visual search behavior. Moreover, few improvements accompanying auditory stimuli were provided for the visual detection of non-inverted and inverted targets. The findings of this study suggested developing multisensory interaction with head-mounted displays, such as augmented reality glasses, in real life.
Toward Better and Healthier Air Quality: Implementation of WHO 2021 Global Air Quality Guidelines in Asia
Authors: Ouyang Huiling , Tang Xu , Kumar Rajesh , Zhang Renhe , Brasseur Guy , Churchill Ben , Alam Mozaharul , Kan Haidong , Liao Hong , Zhu Tong , Chan Emily Ying Yang , Sokhi Ranjeet , Yuan Jiacan , Baklanov Alexander , Chen Jianmin , Patdu Maria Katherina 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Air pollution is estimated to contribute to approximately 7 million premature deaths, of which around 4.5 million deaths are linked to ambient (outdoor) air pollution. The deaths attributed to air pollution rank the highest in the Asian region, and thus, the implementation of the stricter World Health Organization (WHO) Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) released on 22 September 2021 will generate the greatest health benefits in the Asian region. Here we present some key messages and recommendations at national, regional, and global levels to promote the strategies for implementation of the ambitious WHO 2021 AQGs in the Asian region.
Empirical Evidence for the Frontal Modification of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth Variability over Land
Authors: Clark Nicholas E. , Pal Sandip , Lee Temple R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Despite many observational studies on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) depth zi variability across various time scales (e.g., diurnal, seasonal, annual, and decadal), zi variability before, during, and after frontal passages over land, or simply zi variability as a function of weather patterns, has remained relatively unexplored. In this study, we provide an empirical framework using 5 years (2014–18) of daytime rawinsonde observations and surface analyses over 18 central and southeastern U.S. sites to report zi variability across frontal boundaries. By providing systematic observations of front-relative contrasts in zi (i.e., zi differences between warm and cold sectors, ) and boundary layer moisture (i.e., ABL-q) regimes in summer and winter, we propose a new paradigm to study zi changes across cold-frontal boundaries. For most cases, we found deeper zi over the warm sector than the cold sector in both summer and winter, although with significant site-to-site variability in Δzi. Additionally, our results show a positive ΔqABL (i.e., frontal contrasts in ABL-q) in summer and winter, supporting what is typically observed in midlatitude cyclones. We found that a front-relative ΔqABL of 1 g kg−1 often yielded at least a 100-m Δzi across the frontal boundary in both summer and winter. This work provides a synoptic-scale basis for zi variability and establishes a foundation for model verification to examine the impact of airmass exchange associated with advection on zi. This work will advance our understanding of ABL processes in synoptic environments and help unravel sources of front-relative zi variability.

Significance Statement
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the lowermost part of the atmosphere adjacent to Earth’s surface. The irregular motion of air inside the ABL plays an essential role in relocating air near the surface to the free troposphere. Meteorologists use ABL depth in weather forecast models to determine the atmosphere’s ability to dilute or enrich tracers within the ABL. However, knowledge about the changes in ABL depth during stormy conditions remains incomplete. Here, we investigate how the ABL depth varies before and after cold-frontal passages. We found that ABL depths were much deeper before the cold-frontal passages than after. This knowledge will help us develop new approaches to consider how storms modify the ABL in weather forecast models.
Insured Corn Losses in the United States from Weather and Climate Perils
Authors: Bundy Logan R. , Gensini Vittorio A. , Russo Mark S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study used corn insurance data as a proxy for agricultural loss to better inform producers and decision-makers about resilience and mitigation. Building on previous research examining crop losses based on weather and climate perils, updates to the peril climatology, identification of peril hotspots, and the quantification of annual trends using inflation-adjusted indemnities for corn were performed over the period 1989–2020. Normalization techniques in loss cost and acreage loss at county-level spatial resolution were also calculated. Indemnity data showed drought and excess moisture as the two costliest and most frequent perils for corn in the United States, although changes in the socioeconomic landscape and frequency of extreme weather events in the recent decade have led to significant increases in corn indemnities for drought, heat, excess moisture, flood, hail, excess wind, and cold wet weather. Normalized losses also displayed significant trends but were dependent on the cause of loss and amount of spatial aggregation. Perhaps most notable were the documented robust increases in corn losses associated with excess moisture, especially considering future projections for increased mid and end-of-century extreme precipitation. Subtle decreasing trends in drought, hail, freeze/frost, and flood loss cost over the study period indicates hedging taking place to protect against these perils, especially in corn acreage outside the Corn Belt in high-risk production zones. The use of crop insurance as a proxy for agricultural loss highlights the importance for quantifying spatiotemporal trends by informing targeted adaption to certain hazards and operational management decisions.

Significance Statement
This study quantified the climatology and trends of weather and climate perils affecting corn in the United States. Robust increases in losses were noted with perils causing excess moisture, which is cause for further concern given projected increases in extreme rainfall under a warming climate.
A Conceptual Synoptic Model Approach to the Development of a Precipitation Climatology as Applied to Montreal, Quebec
Authors: Melamed-Turkish Kai , Milrad Shawn , Gyakum John , Atallah Eyad 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study documents the frequency and intensity of precipitation at Montreal, Canada, from 1979 to 2018 as it relates to four quadrants of a 500-hPa wave, identified by the position of troughs, ridges, and inflection points. These quadrants provide a simplified conceptualization of the contributions from the temperature and vorticity advection forcing terms in the quasigeostrophic (QG) omega equation. Precipitation is found to be significantly more intense in every season except summer in the quadrant immediately upstream of the 500-hPa ridge, where differential cyclonic vorticity advection (DCVA) and a local maximum in horizontal warm-air advection (WAA) tend to promote unambiguous QG ascent. In summer, the average precipitation is still most intense in the DCVA-WAA quadrant, but not significantly more than in the quadrant immediately downstream of the 500-hPa trough, where DCVA and a local maximum in horizontal cold-air advection (CAA) are expected to compete, resulting in ambiguous QG vertical motion. Precipitation in the DCVA-CAA quadrant is more intense in every season than in the expected differential anticyclonic vorticity advection (DAVA) quadrants, with significantly higher intensities in spring and fall. Furthermore, the DCVA quadrants exhibit significantly stronger ascent compared to the DAVA quadrants and the DCVA-WAA quadrant features significantly warmer 850-hPa equivalent potential temperatures compared to the three other quadrants in every season. Odds ratios indicate a statistically significant association between heavy precipitation episodes and the DCVA-WAA quadrant. Heavy precipitation episodes in the DCVA-CAA quadrant are associated with a negatively tilted 500-hPa geopotential height pattern in winter and fall.

Significance Statement
Operational weather forecasters apply conceptual models that connect upper-atmospheric weather patterns to vertical motion and precipitation. However, few studies have quantified this connection over a longer, continuous period of time. In this study, we examine the relationship between historical subdaily precipitation at Montreal, Canada, and a simple large-scale conceptual model that relates vertical motion to the position of upper-level troughs and ridges. We find significant evidence for heavy precipitation to occur upstream of the upper-level ridge, and for very little, or very light, precipitation to occur upstream of the upper-level trough. These results provide quantitative support to some of the conceptual methods available to operational weather forecasters in preliminary analyses that support their precipitation forecasts.