bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide-induced Brown Stain Development as Related to Phenolic Metabolism in Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Controlled atmospheres containing air + 11% CO2 caused tissue injury and induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) activity in iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) midrib tissue. Injury symptoms included brown stain (browning of epidermal tissue) and sunken epidermal areas (pitting) a few millimeters in diameter. Pitting occurred in high-CO2 atmospheres at 5C with no increase in phenolic content, but browning did not develop until the tissue had been transferred to air at 25C. Browning developed within several hours of transfer to air and the degree of browning was correlated with the soluble phenolic content. The oxidation of soluble phenolic compounds to brown substances by polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.2) could account for tissue browning. Lignification was associated with cell wall thickening in discolored tissue and was accompanied by an increase in ionically bound and soluble peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) activities. Exposure of tissue to elevated CO2 increased ionically bound indoleacetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity, but reduced soluble IAA oxidase activity. Application of an aqueous solution of 1.0 mm IAA to the tissue before treatment did not significantly reduce browning. Lettuce tissue exposed to 1.5% O2 + 11% CO2 had reduced PAL activity and lower soluble phenolic content than lettuce exposed to air + 11% CO2. Depending on the sensitivity of the lettuce tissue to CO2 injury, low-O2 atmospheres either reduced or slightly retarded browning induced by 11% CO2.
Maturation and Germination of Mango Somatic Embryos
Authors: DeWald Stephen G. , Litz Richard E. , Moore Gloria A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Maturation and germination of mango (Mangifera indica L.) somatic embryos were achieved by sequential transfer of heart-shaped somatic embryos on a series of media based on the B-5 formulation. Precocious germination and other developmental abnormalities were controlled by incorporating 3 μm abscisic acid (ABA) and 6% (w/v) sucrose in the medium. Other factors, including the substitution of Gelrite (0.175%) for agar, the use of solid rather than liquid medium, and the culture of somatic embryos in darkness until physiological maturity also affected normal growth and development. Coconut water (20%, v/v) was also essential for mango somatic embryogeny. Germinated mango somatic embryos were successfully established in planting medium and they have continued to grow in a greenhouse.
Effects of Dwarfing Rootstocks and Interstems on the Free Amino Acid and Protein Levels in Apple Roots1
Authors: Lasheen Aly M. , Lockard Raymond G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The levels of total free amino acids, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and protein were determined in the roots of apple plants grafted with (a) rootstocks of MM 111, MM 106 or EM IX or (b) rootstock MM 111 plus interstems 1, 3, 5, or 7 inches long of ‘Red Delicious’ (RD), MM 106 or EM IX; all scions were RD. The levels of free amino acids and protein in the rootstocks were not related to their dwarfing effect. The level of free amino acids was very low in MM 106. The levels of free amino acids in the roots of plants with MM 106 interstem increased as the interstem was increased in length. Plants with EM IX interstem had high and nearly equal levels of free amino acids in the roots when the interstem was 3, 5, or 7 inches long, but there was a much lower level in the roots of plants with a 1-inch interstem. The levels of protein in the roots of plants with MM 106 or EM IX interstem showed smaller differences but followed the same pattern as that of free amino acids. Among control plants free amino acids and protein were lower in roots of plants with 2 grafts than in those with 1 graft, and free amino acids were lower in the roots of those with 5- and 7-inch interstems than in those with 1- and 3-inch interstems. The levels of individual amino acids were variable, but the levels of aspartic acid and serine followed a pattern similar to that of total free amino acids.
Pollination and Erratic Bearing in ‘Italian’ Prune1
Authors: Thompson M. M. , Liu L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Erratic fruitfulness, reputedly characteristic of ‘Italian’ prune in many areas, was pronounced in this 2-year study. Supplemental pollination with self-pollen and with pollen of 2 other cultivars did not increase fruit set over that of open-pollination in any orchard regardless of whether yield was high or low. Controlled self- and cross-pollinations established that ‘Italian’ is self-fertile. The lack of differences in fruit set on caged trees with and without bees as well as the failure to increase set with supplemental self-pollinations demonstrated that bees are not necessary to transfer the self-fertile pollen. It was concluded that inadequate pollination, in terms of quantity or quality, is not responsible for the sporadic poor yields of this cultivar.
Effect of Flooding on Ethylene Concentration in Horticultural Plants1
Authors: Kawase Makoto 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene concentrations in leafless softwood cuttings of Malus robusta and Ligustrum obtusifolium and in leafy cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium increased in non-submerged controls steeped upright in water 2.5 cm deep for 20 hr. Increase in ethylene concn was greater in submerged cuttings than in controls.
Ethylene concn in fruits of Malus pumila ‘Red Gold’ and ‘Jonathan’ increased during 24 hr submersion. In Lycopersicon esculentum, however, submersion decreased ethylene concn in both young and mature fruits. Ethylene concn in bulbs of Tulipa fosteriana ‘Red Emperor’ increased in those submerged and the control, but with no significant difference between them. In bulbs of Tulipa gesneriana ‘Peach Blossom’ and tubers of Solanum tuberosum ‘Katahdin’, no ethylene gas was detected either before or after submersion.
Flooding the bases of intact plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Helianthus annuus, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Raphanus sativus for 24 hr increased ethylene concn in submerged stems and roots, while it did not change ethylene concn in controls. When roots and basal stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium and Helianthus annuus plants were flooded, ethylene concn in non-flooded stems adjacent to flooded stems also increased. When the bases of intact Lycopersicon esculentum plants were flooded, ethylene concn was greater in the lower half of the submerged portion than in the upper half.
Cold Injury to Red Raspberries and the Effect of Premature Defoliation and Mite Damage1
Authors: Doughty C. C. , Crandall P. C. , Shanks C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Defoliated and undefoliated red raspberry canes were subjected to freezing temperatures in December, January, and February and lateral buds were examined for injury. Raspberry plants injured by 2-spotted spider mite were also evaluated for freeze injury. Freezing tests showed that the pith in the basal portion of the buds was most susceptible to freeze damage followed in order by the pith of the cane, the vascular tissue in the base of the buds and the floral primordia. Defoliation and mite injury increased the susceptibility of the bud tissues to freeze injury and reduced starch and sugar reserves. Severe mite defoliation reduced the number of live dormant primary buds and primary laterals the following year.
Influence of Gibberellic Acid on Early Patch Budding of Pecan Seedlings1
Authors: Taylor R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A lanolin - potassium gibberellin (GA3) mixture when applied to the trunks of pecan seedlings, beginning 7-10 days after emergence and continuing at 10-14 day intervals for a total of 4 treatments, resulted in sufficient trunk growth for successful patch budding to be accomplished by the end of the third month of growth.
Effect of Container Type and Expanded Polyethylene Mulch on Soil Temperature, Root Growth, and Survival of Dwarf Yaupon Holly1
Authors: Pertuit Alton J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We evaluated effects of plastic and polystyrene containers, double-walled combinations of them and expanded polyethylene disc mulches on soil temp, root growth, and winter survival of Dwarf Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria, Ait. cv. Nana). All container treatments resulted in greater plant survival than did single, plastic pots. Double plastic pots resulted in the greatest amount of root growth. Regardless of container type or combination, mulching increased root growth. The influence of containers and mulch on soil temp, as affected by ambient temp, was determined under controlled conditions. Some treatments insulated the soil, influencing the rate of temp change and the hr required for the soil to freeze and thaw.
Acceleration of Filbert Nut Drop by (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1,2
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of 750 to 1,000 ppm of (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) will accelerate filbert nut drop by 2-3 weeks without causing excessive premature foliage drop, reduction in nut quality, or plant injury. When ethephon was applied in dilute and concentrate air-carrier sprays at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, responses were found to be a function of concn regardless of total amount of material applied. Results from 4-year trials indicate that over 90% nut drop can usually be attained approximately 3 weeks after treatment. Treatment should be applied as nuts start changing color from green to brown and begin their normal abscission from the base of the husk. Ethephon accelerates maturation of the filbert husk and causes its early release.
Effect of Daylength, Light Intensity, and Temperature On Growth and Flowering in Roses1
Authors: Moe Roar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increasing daylength inhibited budbreak, while high temp hastened it. The initiation of flowering was promoted by high light intensity and long days. The effect of daylength was temp dependent. At low temp rose shoots differentiated more leaves before flower initiation with short days than with long days, while at high temp there was no significant difference.
Rate of shoot growth was stimulated by long day and high temp. The final length of shoots at flowering was significantly longer with 16-hr days than shorter days, while increasing temp and light intensity decreased shoot length. Growth of the uppermost internodes, especially the neck, was most sensitive to daylength, temp, and light intensity.
The number of days from cut back until flowering was decreased by increasing daylength, temp, and light intensity. The great fluctuation in number of days from cut to cut in greenhouse roses in the course of the year was due to change in light intensity, daylength, and temp.
Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on Apple Scald1
Authors: Gough Robert E. , Shutak V. G. , Olney C. E. , Day H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Cortland’ and ‘Delicious’ apples were treated with 2 concn of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 3 levels of diphenylamine (DPA) at 3 temp levels over a 2-year period. On ‘Cortland’ apples, BHT at 10,000 ppm reduced scald as effectively as 2,000 or 4,000 ppm DPA. BHT also reduced scald on ‘Delicious’. BHT residue analyses indicated that most of the BHT remained in the peel of the apple, but the residue was greatly reduced in cold storage within 72 hr after treatment.
Extension of Vase-Life of Cut Flowers by Use of Isoascorbate - Containing Preservative Solutions1,2
Authors: Parups E. V. , Chan A. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A floral preservative solution containing iso-ascorbic acid, 100 ppm, sucrose, 4%, and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 50 ppm, extended cut rose life and was equal to other preservative formulations for carnations and snapdragons. Biochemical and other changes in rose petals resulting from the use of this preservative solution are described.
The Influence of Flower Removal on Growth and Seed Yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Wien H. C. , Sandsted R. F. , Wallace D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cvs. Red Kidney and Great Northern) were grown in the cool season in the lowland tropics at Los Banos, Philippines. Manual removal of flowers for 11 days from first bloom resulted in increased wt of vegetative parts and no change in rate of total dry wt gain. New branches, roots, and leaves provided efficient alternate sinks for assimilates, so that leaf area was increased and maintained longer, and more branches formed. Although temporary flower removal increased pod set compared to control plants, pod and seed abortion prevented a significant yield increase. This resulted in lower ratios of seed wt to total dry wt, and decreased pod wt production per unit leaf area.
A Characterization of the “After-Rest” Period of Flower Buds of Two Peach Cultivars of Different Chilling Requirements1
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Hendershott C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The “after-rest” and “post-rest” quiescent periods of flower buds of 2 peach cultivars of different chilling requirements were characterized by a period of reduced inhibition during which the degree of inhibition decreased each succeeding week. Buds within this reduced period of inhibition appeared to be quiescent since they broke and grew during 2 weeks in a greenhouse. However, during this period the buds responded to GA3 and chilling temp. The “post-rest” quiescent period was not reached until mid-February, at which time the buds no longer responded to GA3 or additional chilling and bud break occurred within 72 to 84 hours after exposure to the greenhouse environment.
The degree of inhibition of buds of the 2 cultivars varied throughout this study. ‘Redhaven’ buds were more inhibited than buds of ‘Redskin’ throughout the period studied.
Single Harvest Yields of Strawberries in Relation to Cultivar and Time of Harvest1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The suitability of 8 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars and selections for mechanical harvesting was evaluated by manual harvest at specified intervals during 2 ripening seasons. Single harvests 5, 8, 12 or 15 days after the date the majority of primary fruits were ripe significantly reduced marketable yields below the total yield of the conventional (several harvests throughout the ripening period) type. Highest single yields occurred on days 5 and 8. ‘WSU 1142’3 produced the highest marketable yields in single harvests. These equalled 75% for day 8 in 1971 and 69% for day 5 in 1972 of the conventional harvest marketable yield. ‘Shuksan’ and ‘Hood’ also produced high single harvest yields while ‘Northwest’, ‘WSU 1165’ and ‘Rainier’ had low yields. The incidence of Botrytis fruit rot increased and mean fruit size decreased as single harvest was delayed.
Placental Tissue and Ovule Development in ‘Lodi’ Apple1,2
Authors: Simons Roy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ‘Lodi’ apple has heavy bearing characteristics. This study shows it to have profuse numbers of ovules compared with other commercial cultivars. The principal morphological difference between ‘Lodi’ and other cultivars is that ‘Lodi’ contains numerous smaller seeds attached to the placental tissue, not only at the proximal end, but extending all the way to the distal end.
Ethephon [l,2-14C(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid] in Peach Fruits. II. Metabolism1
Authors: Lavee S. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The acid methanol extract from the exocarp of l,2-l4C(2-chloroethyl)ohosphonic acid 14c-CEPA treated peach fruits contained 4 radioactive substances in addition to 14c-CEPA. In the petroleum ether extract 3 such substances were found. The total radioactivity of these substances, compared to the 14c-CEPA and its inherent contaminants recovered from the peach fruit exocarp, did not exceed 3%. Neither the petroleum ether nor acid methanol fractions contained a true metabolite of CEPA as a result of reactions involving living tissue. The nature of the radioactive fractions and their significance is discussed. Additional examinations were made on the stability of these fractions and their distribution in the fruit. Sugars were involved in the formation of one of the major radioactive fractions.
Variation in Thiocyanate Content of Radish Plants During Ontogeny1
Authors: Chong Calvin , Bible B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Large differences occurred in thiocyanate (SCN−) content in roots and various tissues of the top of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) during ontogeny. In the root of ‘Burpee White’ and ‘Champion’, a decreasing content in SCN− occurred during rosette (vegetative) growth; thereafter, only small changes in SCN− content of roots were observed to flowering. In the foliage of both cultivars, a decreasing content in SCN− during growth of the rosette, as in the root, preceded large increases during reproductive growth. The highest amounts of SCN− in the foliage were found at early bolting. The SCN− content in vegetative and reproductive tissues decreased with age. Throughout ontogeny, the occurrence of large amounts of SCN− in young photosynthetic tissues, particularly in the emerging leaves, indicated that such tissues are probably major sites of synthesis or storage of SCN− precursors. Differences in the SCN− content of foliage and marketable roots of 14 radish cultivars were indicative of genetic control of thiocyanates in radishes.
Benomyl and Thiabendazole Treatments Reduce Decay of Apples in Polyethylene Consumer Bags1
Authors: Hardenburg R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adding 250 ppm benomyl or 500 ppm thiabendazole (TBZ) to contaminated dump-tank water in apple-packing plants reduced subsequent decay of fruit packed in polyethylene bags. In 9 tests with bagged apples (Malus domestica) stored in master containers for 3 months at 0°C plus 2 weeks at 21°C, decay averaged 6.0% in control lots, 3.9% with TBZ, and 1.8% with benomyl. Bags containing at least 1 decayed apple after this holding period averaged 44% for control lots, 27% with TBZ, and 19% with benomyl. However, 3 months at 0°C plus 2 weeks at 21°C was too long to store prepackaged apples in cartons, because of the high percentage of bags with decay. The fungicides also reduced decay during shorter storage of 2 weeks at 4.4°C plus 2 weeks at 21°C. Combination fungicide and scald-inhibitor treatments before bagging were effective. Without scald inhibitors about 33% of the apples scalded, while with scald inhibitors, alone or combined with fungicides, 10% scalded.
Magnesium Nutrition of White Rose Potato in Relation to Vegetative Growth and Minerals of Leaf and Root Tissues
Authors: Fong Kwok H. , Ulrich Albert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘White Rose’ potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown outdoors in water cultures with 0 to 16 meq/1 Mg displayed deficiency symptoms 30 days after transplanting ranging from severe to none. Corresponding growth reduction was caused by Mg stress. Critical concentrations in plant tissues for Mg deficiency were 0.06% Mg, dry wt basis, for the petiole and 0.09% for the blade of recently matured leaves.
Magnesium stress lowered the Mg concentration of petioles and blades much more than that of the fibrous roots. It had no appreciable effect on K but it decreased Na in most plant parts. Magnesium stress increased Ca in the fibrous roots and petioles but decreased it in blades. It increased nitrate-N in all tissues, and increased PO4-P in the fibrous roots and petioles but decreased it in blades. All petioles, as a rule, were much higher in K, Na, NO3-N, and soluble PO4-P than the blades. Our results indicated that the minerals interacting with Mg depend on the plant part analyzed.
The Commercial Implications of Gibberellin A4A7 Plus Benzyladenine for Improving Shape and Yield of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Unrath C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin A4A7 (GA4-7) and benzyladenine (BA) were applied to ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apples from 1969 through 1972. In initial tests, GA4-7 + BA (50 to 200 ppm each) increased fruit length, fruit wt and length/diam ratio (L/D) but did not alter diam or fruit color. Firmness and seed numbers were reduced only at 200 ppm. At concn above 50 ppm flower initiation was substantially reduced. Concentrations of 25 ppm were as effective as 50 ppm but concentrations below 25 ppm were not effective. To be most effective, these materials must be applied between full bloom and petal fall. In general, a single application was more effective than split applications. Repeated annual applications of 50 ppm resulted in continued good response and no adverse effects. In one of the 4 years tested, fruit set but not commercial crop, was significantly reduced by applications of GA4-7 + BA. Air blast applications were as effective as hand gun applications even when the amount of spray mixture/acre was substantially reduced. The average fruit weight response in all experiments reported was 12 and 20% at 25 and 50 ppm, respectively. The improved fruit shape and increased fruit mass could justify the use of GA4-7 + BA in apple producing areas where post bloom temp conditions reduce “typiness”.
Effects of Photoperiod and Ethephon Treatment on Abscisic Acid Levels in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.1
Authors: Sengupta Syamal K. , Rogers Marlin N. , Lorah Esther J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in purified extracts of ‘#3 Indianapolis White’ were measured with a gas liquid chromatograph (GLC) and confirmed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC). Apices contained 1½ to 3 times as much ABA as young or old leaves. Plants under long day (LD) treatment contained more ABA than those receiving short days (SD). ABA levels in the apices of plants sprayed with ethephon, (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid, and receiving 2 or 3 weeks SD, were lower than in plants given only 2 or 3 weeks SD.
Predicting Stages of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Development1
Authors: Arnold Charles Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The characteristics, limitations, and accuracy of 3 thermal (heat) unit systems were examined. One was a modified polynomial regression system and 2 were base temperature : cutoff temperature systems. All gave about the same minimum coefficient of variation if the proper parameters were used. Distinct differences were noted for the temperature-rate relationships found in 3 periods: planting to the 4th leaf, 4th leaf to silk, and silk to harvest.
No consistent advantage was found for maximums alone, minimums alone, or both maximums and minimums as independent variables over the use of the mean daily temperature. Planting dates used alone or in conjunction with thermal units were effective sometimes in reducing error of the predictive system. It is hypothesized that they reflect differences in climatic factors that show a trend during the growing season. The estimation of the 4th leaf stage failed to increase the accuracy of the prediction of silking or harvest dates enough to make the effort practical. The establishment of the 80% silking stage by field observation increased the accuracy of harvest date prediction.
The use of the Barger base temperature : cutoff temperature system with appropriate parameters is recommended.