bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commerce
Authors: De Bruyn Frans 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A well-read and intellectually curious individual, Samuel Johnson had a solid grasp of principles of economics and commerce, but his remarks on these subjects are scattered and eclectic rather than systematic. Although he was not an original thinker on the subject, his opinions largely echoing the mercantile perspective prevalent in his time, his reflections on trade and commerce can nonetheless surprise because of the unpredictable moral perspective he brings to bear. His views on the moral and social effects of wealth and consumption, for example, are perceptive precisely because they are not weighed down by received moral strictures about the dangers of riches and luxury. His opinions about colonization, empire, and the slave trade are also memorable for their powerfully expressed moral indignation. Some of the most forceful and scathing statements of this most quotable of writers were prompted by his loathing of slavery and his sense of the questionable legality of European colonial claims.
Education
Authors: Richard Jessica 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson was famously learned, a teacher, an autodidact, and a didactic writer; he understood all of his work to be educational in purpose. Like so many educational thinkers of his era, he was strongly influenced by John Locke and excited by the opportunities that an expanding print market offered for learning. Yet he understood and acknowledged more than most educationalists of his era how one’s psychology might undermine efforts at learning; rather than fighting these weaknesses, Johnson structured his educational approach around them. Examining Johnson’s own learning, his teaching, and his educational writing across his career, from the textbook The Preceptor to his essays and tales to the Dictionary, we can see Johnson’s construction of an educational practice sensitive to the challenges of reading with attention.
Philosophy
Authors: Pasanek Brad 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter approaches eighteenth-century philosophy characterologically, exhibiting Samuel Johnson by means of several Theophrastan types (Sage, Gadfly, Stoic, Skeptic, Man of Science) and surveying likewise the cast of philosophical characters presented in his periodical essays and other publications. Many studies of Johnson’s philosophical engagements pair him with John Locke, David Hume, or Jean-Jacques Rousseau and discover surprising alignments and affinities. Often in this important scholarship, much of it here summarized and digested, Johnson is contrasted with a contemporary philosophe who becomes a foil useful for more narrowly characterizing Johnson’s commitments as those of a moralist or religious anti-philosopher. My exposition instead begins and concludes with a consideration of nonsense and laughter, which are understood as conditioning the open and variegated eighteenth-century character system available to Johnson and evidenced in his writing.
Virtue
Authors: Hudson Nicholas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Although virtue is a preeminent concern in Johnson’s writings, his various remarks on this concept are rife with inconsistencies and even contradictions. As a secular moralist, he stressed that the distinction between virtue and vice, while clear in theory, was obscured by the challenges of daily life and overborn by the senses and worldly desires. This recognition of the difficulty of a virtuous life generally led him to adopt a highly forgiving attitude toward moral failure. As a Christian thinker, however, he was far less forgiving, at least on himself. In his religious writings, the term “virtue” is mostly eclipsed by the different concept of “sin.” “Sin” concerned not just virtuous behavior but private thoughts and inward piety, leading him to a stern and even despairing assessment of his own chances for salvation.
God
Authors: Parker Blanford 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We can deduce from Johnson’s major works his clearest conception of God. We get a very particular kind of “fideism” by reading the ideas of God and futurity in The Vanity of Human Wishes, Rasselas, The Vision of Theodore, and his review of Soame Jenyns. Johnson indicates that faith and hope are the only fruitful means of getting close to a remote and largely unknowable God. This position is conformed in a few very important Rambler essays. This alone grounds for him the promise of the Bible. By this, Johnson challenges most of the claims of evidential or natural theology so common in his era.
Verse
Authors: Venturo David F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson wrote verse from his adolescence in the 1720s to weeks before he died in December 1784, his poetic reputation secured early by his imitations of Juvenal: London (1738) and The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749). Johnson was a versatile poet, at home in many genres. Besides the political London and religious and philosophical Vanity, he wrote outstanding theater prologues and an epilogue, poignant elegies and epitaphs, and playful and satiric drawing-room verse. Johnson became the foremost British critic of verse of his time, editing the Works of Shakespeare (1765) and concluding his career with the fifty-two biographical and critical essays now known as The Lives of the Poets (1779–81). Although often regarded as an “Augustan” or “neoclassical” poet, the directness and simplicity, as well as the expressive intimacy of his later poetry, make Johnson a surprising forebear of Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge.
Colonization to Climate Change
Authors: Levi Barnard John 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes Jack London’s story “To Build a Fire” as a starting point for the elaboration of an ecocritical method that attends to quotidian things and habits of consumption as they have appeared across an array of American literary and cultural productions over the long twentieth century. It focuses in particular on consumable commodities like meat, tobacco, and petroleum, tracing them back to their points of origin—through space to distant sites of industrial production and through time to the longer history of colonization from which American industrialization emerged—as a way of revealing the deep implication of modern American life, from its food culture to its literary forms, in both the histories of colonial expropriation and carbon emission and the present planetary crises that have been their cumulative result.
“Warm with Tipsy Embraces”
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Allen Ginsberg’s “Series of Poems on China,” works written during the 1984 US–China Writers’ Conference, as an important example of how cultural diplomacy sometimes enabled the expression of queer intimacies. An iconoclastic literary ambassador, Ginsberg had little interest in contributing to the emerging ties between the People’s Republic of China and the United States, but he did hope to connect on an ad hoc basis with ordinary Chinese citizens. He pursued this goal by sharing poems by Whitman and Williams and by generating his own lyric tributes to China and Chinese writers in an affective, and often homoerotic, manner. Rather than serve as a medium for state expression, poetry for Ginsberg had the capacity to detourn the cultural Cold War, transforming the grand narrative of geopolitics into the fleeting closeness of a same-sex literary encounter.
Unidentified Flying Objects
Authors: Carroll Rachel Jane 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues for the relevance of conceptual art to literary studies and demonstrates the centrality of Black radicalism to the history of conceptualism. The chapter employs “undisciplined” literary studies methods in readings of key works in conceptual artist and philosopher Adrian Piper’s output from the 1970s, including untitled performance at Max’s Kansas City (1970), Catalysis (1970–1971), Talking to Myself: The Ongoing Autobiography of an Art Object (1974), and Mythic Being (1973–1975). It illustrates how attention to literary elements such as style, voice, and address can help us to understand Piper’s conceptualism in consonance with the Black radical tradition. At the intersections of literary studies and Black studies, these readings suggest that Black radicalism has something to teach us about reading and conceptualism—and vice versa.
Of Canons and Cabinets
Authors: Gercken Becca 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new type of Indigenous literary activism: by thinking differently about what enters the canon and by approaching existing canonical texts in new ways, we can stimulate new readings, new pedagogical strategies, and perhaps even new methodologies. The texts analyzed in this chapter call for an Indigenous understanding—tribal, national, transnational—of Indigenous bodies. Heid E. Erdrich, Mark Turcotte, and Sherman Alexie’s engagement with problematic Western (mis)readings of Indigenous bodies and N. Scott Momaday’s warning of the potential for misreading offer us a way forward as we work to establish canonical parameters and reading strategies that will transform not only the context of the American literary canon but also the ways that we engage with that content.
Where Border Meets Narrative, Where Body Meets Word
Authors: Hernández Bernadine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter suggests how Chicanx and Latinx performance art continues the work of literary border narratives, opening up new possibilities for theorizing border subjectivity. The “body narrative” of Chicanx and Latinx performance interrogates the line between animal species being and the human. Artists such as Naomi Rincón Gallardo, Xandra Ibarra, and Rafael Esparza have taken up the marginality of the “human” and focused on the subhuman, the animal, and/or objectified “brownness” to explode traditional border narratives with their bodies, tell a story of what is next for the Chicanx subject, and imagine a new future of possibility for border studies.
Transcranial Stimulation of Episodic Memory Networks
Authors: Hebscher Melissa , Voss Joel L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Substantial evidence implicates the hippocampus and its coordination with a distributed network of interconnected brain areas as being essential for episodic memory, our memory for past events. Motivated by findings that the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are conducted throughout stimulated networks, recent experiments have successfully manipulated memory by targeting the hippocampal network via “network-targeted” stimulation. These experiments have identified increases in episodic memory and the network-wide coordination of brain activity that it requires. Network-targeted stimulation differs from the dominant framework for TMS experiments which emphasizes focal effects of stimulation on the stimulated tissue. We offer a conceptual framework for important distinctions between network-wide and focal effects of stimulation on episodic memory and discuss factors that may influence stimulation effects. The findings we review offer considerable evidence for TMS enhancement of episodic memory, which is promising for the future development of treatments for memory disorders.
Experimental and Therapeutic use of Transcranial Stimulation TECHNIQUES in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Oberman Lindsay M. , Enticott Peter G. , Kirkovski Melissa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is a paucity of translational approaches that target the brain networks underlying the core behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One exception is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which has emerged as a viable tool for both the study and potential treatment of ASD. Herein we summarize the research using TMS to investigate the neuropathophysiology of ASD as well as preliminary evidence suggesting that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols may lead to improvements in neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and clinical aspects of ASD. While preliminary results are promising, there is insufficient evidence to support its wide-spread use to treat the core symptoms of ASD in general clinical practice. Given the growing interest and ongoing randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in this area, we expect that over the next several years we will see an increase in the use of TMS to study and treat individuals with ASD.
Theoretical Context
Authors: Schefold Bertram 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ordoliberalism arose as a response to totalitarianism at the time of the Second World War but underlying ideas were older. Though directed against the relativism of the historical school, it rescued its heritage by solving the so-called ‘antinomy’ of theory and history. The economy always operates in an economic order that has grown and can be represented as an ideal type. Economic development expresses itself in the transformation of this order and in the transformation of processes that take place within. The former should guarantee the free play of the market, while the state should abstain from interfering with the latter. Eucken thus contributed to the solution of the Methodenstreit, continuing the work of Weber and, indirectly, discussions on the duty of the state and the rights of the subjects in cameralism. Even public debates on monopoly and competition during the time of the Reformation expressed similar concerns.
Viktor Vanberg
Authors: Dold Malte 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the work of German economist-sociologist Viktor Vanberg. By working out a synthesis between the contractarian economics of James Buchanan and the evolutionary economics of Friedrich Hayek, Vanberg has made essential contributions to the development and modernisation of Ordoliberal thinking. The first part of this chapter highlights biographical milestones in Vanberg’s career, which help trace important personal and institutional influences on his intellectual journey. The second part of this chapter carves out key themes of Vanberg’s research programme—constitutional political economy (CPE). It discusses the methodological foundations of CPE, including its underlying behavioural model, the question of deliberate design versus the evolution of social orders, and the relationship between market and state. The chapter closes with an assessment of Vanberg’s contributions to Ordoliberal philosophy and economics.
Adam Smith
Authors: Vanberg Viktor J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Various authors have pointed to the puzzling discrepancy between the emphasis with which Ordoliberals have sought to dissociate their version of liberalism from Adam Smith’s, and the apparent commonalities that their own outlook in fact share with his political economy. Focusing on the Ordoliberal Freiburg School, the argument in this chapter is based on the supposition that this discrepancy should be attributed to the fact that, in a time when liberalism had fallen into disrepute, the founders of the Freiburg School were less concerned with doing justice to Smith’s work than with dissociating their Ordoliberal paradigm from an ill-reputed liberal tradition. The chapter takes a closer look at the parallels between Smith and the Freiburg School’s outlooks on economic policy.
Carl Schmitt
Authors: Cristi Renato 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Decisionism is the juridical conception that Carl Schmitt deployed politically during the Weimar period to draw a separation between the state and market society. His aim was to set up the conditions for an authoritarian liberal compromise to strengthen the authority of the state and, at the same time, guarantee the autonomy of markets. Schmitt’s idea of a strong state caught the attention of German economists such as Alexander Rüstow and Walter Eucken, who criticised laissez-faire liberalism for its naturalisation of the market economy. They blamed a weak, non-interventionist state for the cartelisation of the German economy. Despite the fact that these economists balked at Schmitt’s Nazi conversion in 1933 and broke with the Nazi regime after Kristallnacht in 1938, their espousal of a strong state has remained a contentious issue because of its association with Schmitt’s decisionism.
Historical Context of the Theoretical Formation
Authors: Ptak Ralf 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In order to understand German neoliberalism, it is necessary to reflect on Germany’s path to liberal capitalism. It is in the course of this process that German liberalism gains its authoritarian and democracy-sceptical character, which also becomes the core of the founding Ordoliberal generation. The 1920s and especially the Great Depression of 1929–1932 are of decisive importance for the emergence of Ordoliberalism. In this phase, it emerged as an independent current, detached itself from the plural economic debates of the time, and interpreted the Great Depression as a policy failure of the democratic constitutional state. The early Ordoliberals, in line with the political right, seek limits to democracy and politics and develop the first rudiments of liberal interventionism. In the 1930s and 1940s, they then elaborate the theoretical foundations of an Ordoliberal economic and social concept.
Balancing the World
Authors: Schulz-Forberg Hagen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ordoliberal international theory developed a holistic, interdependent multilateralism in the middle of the twentieth century. Constructing a theoretical edifice that combined their anti-centralist conviction with a world economic order, decentralisation became one of the central ideas within Ordoliberal reflections on regionalism and international order. Any construction of a smaller spatial unit needed to be conducive to the world economy, which was conceptualised as an interdependent network of voluntary members. European integration was discussed intensely by Ordoliberals and serves here as a prism for understanding Ordoliberal regional and international theory as well as the avoidance of arbitrary power via the notion of ‘functional integration’. While criticising arbitrary exertion of power via institutions, Ordoliberals endorsed regimes of power built on an understanding of so-called ‘anonymous coercion’.
Walter Eucken on Currency Matters and Central Banking
Authors: Bibow Jörg 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This contribution revisits Walter Eucken’s views and policy advice concerning currency matters and central banking. It explores his famous ‘currency primacy postulate’, his specific ideas for sound currency arrangements, and the role of central bank independence as an institutional safeguard of price stability. The chapter highlights that there seems to be little correspondence between the principle of central bank independence as established in West Germany after the second war (and as later bequeathed to Europe under the euro) and Eucken’s favoured (perfectly) competitive economic order and the envisioned monetary order which he believed deserved primacy in such an order. Independent central bankers setting interest rates, that is, intervening in market processes, while telling democratically elected politicians what economic policies they should follow, do not provide any ‘inbuilt automatic monetary stabiliser’—nor do they constitute ‘Ordnungspolitik’ at all.
Post-War Ordoliberalism, Race and the Politics of Development
Authors: Cornelissen Lars 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how leading Ordoliberal thinkers, Wilhelm Röpke and Alexander Rüstow, approached the concepts of race and development in their post-war writings, arguing that these offered them a means of theorising non-Western culture. It begins by mapping their respective positions on race, showing that whilst Röpke and Rüstow held different views on the notion of racial superiority, both men believed that ‘scientifically’ informed race theory is a legitimate and important branch of the social sciences. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the way they framed the concept of economic ‘underdevelopment’, which they theorised as the result of cultural ‘backwardness’. The chapter contends that this argument was underpinned by their shared belief in the importance of racial differences and concludes that despite their differing views on racial hierarchy, both Röpke and Rüstow relied on a racialised understanding of culture and development.
Social Policy in an Entrepreneurial Society
Authors: Maier-Rigaud Remi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ordoliberal social policy outlines the normative social order of a free and humane society and is key to the understanding of competitive markets as merely instrumental. It is a specific type of social policy, coined ‘vital policy’ (Rüstow) and ‘structural policy’ (Röpke), which emerged against the background of Ordoliberal critique of unadulterated forms of laissez-faire capitalism, which led to proletarianisation. Ordoliberal social policy contains conservative elements, but it is highly relevant today with respect to its emphasis on local solidarity and equality of opportunity. By empowering the individual to endorse an entrepreneurial spirit, it aims at overcoming mass society and comprehensive welfare states, with their emphasis on material support. Furthermore, Ordoliberal social policy is avant-garde with respect to Sen’s capability approach and ideas of a green economy.
Ordoliberalism as Political Rationality in Foucault’s Genealogy of Liberalism
Authors: Vogelmann Frieder 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Michel Foucault analyses liberalism’s evolving practices of government as a series of political rationalities that determine how, what and when to govern. He focuses on four aspects: the possible objects of government that a political rationality designates, the subjects to be governed and who should govern, the concepts used to articulate these systems of governable objects and subjects, and the strategies to establish the political rationality. Using this framework to understand Ordoliberalism shows it to occupy a pivotal place in the genealogy of liberalism because it introduces three lasting changes: it denaturalises liberalism, generalises the government for competition and embeds markets in an enterprise society. By complicating the presumed distinctions between society and economy and between neo- and Ordoliberalism, Foucault’s account of Ordoliberalism shows the dangers of the popular critique of neoliberalism that argues in favour of a socially embedded liberalism.
Franz Böhm’s Private Law Society and Lessons for Our Age
Authors: Everson Michelle 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Franz Böhm, Bildungsbürger, son of a protestant-catholic public servant, First World War hero, committedly radical (market) liberal, anti-Nazi, post-war University Rector and Christian Democrat member of the German Bundestag, was a man of his age, and is for that all the more a man for our times. Where progressive academic thought has dissected Böhm, probing for his affinities with Carl Schmitt, most discomforting of all legal dissenters, we are now drawn to relearn his biography in the light of strains placed upon the contemporary liberal state. Likewise, where Michel Foucault decried Böhm as simple forerunner for neoliberalism, constrained only by a fundamental fear of the masses, we need now to differentiate, to better understand, with the aid of Böhm’s writings, the defining distinctions between (failing) technocratic universalisms, nihilistic seekers-after-power and ‘ordered’ exchange within a ‘free’ but constrained market. Even as we continue to doubt the existence of equity and equality within Böhm’s ‘private law society’, we can celebrate and still make use of his writings in defence of the core of the liberal state against civil disintegration, market anarchists and attack by power-hungry authoritarians.