bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 8
Authors: Wittkopp Sarah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies Article 8 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 8 codifies women’s participatory entitlement in international affairs, thus complementing their participatory rights as stated in Article 7. Similarly to Article 7, the object of Article 8 is the realization of equality of men and women in all spheres of public life on the international level. Thus, it includes international organisations, the international civil service, and has gained particular importance in the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. The article has played a comparatively minor role in the work of the Committee. However, the conceptual work of the Committee as regards State obligations under Article 7 in political and public life—the interpretation of substantive equality, the obligation to reach parity as the ultimate goal, and the obligation to adopt proactive measures, including TSMs, to that end—can be applied to the areas covered by Article 8 as well. In this understanding, the article can contribute to the advancement of gender equality and the realization of women’s human rights in general.
Article 13
Authors: Rudolf Beate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 13 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 13 obliges States parties to ensure women’s equality in all areas of economic and social life, including cultural life. It complements the Convention provisions covering political life, specific rights in the social sphere (education, employment, and health), and those pertaining to the private sphere. Article 13 thus reaffirms the indivisibility of all human rights and the central Convention premise that women are entitled to participate in all areas of life on a basis of equality. Recognizing that women, like men, are entitled freely to choose economic activity according to their own aspirations, Article 13 guarantees women’s right to autonomy in the economic sphere and to earn their livelihood as entrepreneurs as well as women’s non-discrimination with respect to family benefits and financial credit. Conceptually, Article 13 is underdeveloped in the work of the Committee, as is evidenced by the lack of a general recommendation on this provision. Yet, the past decade has seen an increased focus of the Committee on Article 13, in particular with respect to women’s right to food, water, sanitation, adequate housing, social services and social security, and women’s equality in poverty alleviation programmes.
Article 14
Authors: Banda Fareda 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Article 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which focuses on the particularity of rural women’s experiences. While recognizing that all the other articles in the Convention apply to rural women, Article 14 highlights issues which impact disproportionately on this group. These include that rural living increases women’s socio-economic disadvantages due to lack of access to services including health and reproductive services, education and information, water, housing, and transport. Their vulnerability to poverty is further exacerbated by legal and social policies that exclude them from land ownership and access to credit. Article 14 also speaks to rural women’s right to voice their opinions in development planning and in local and community government. Notable developments in the CEDAW Committee’s interpretation of Article 14 include a greater engagement with the impact of climate change and extraterritorial obligations of States parties in extractive and other industries. The Committee is also alive to global inequalities and the lack of resources for States in crisis, particularly as relates to rural women, recommending international assistance.
Article 18
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 18 deals with States parties’ reports, the main procedure for reviewing their implementation of Convention obligations. Until the adoption of the Optional Protocol, this constituted the only procedure for monitoring Convention compliance. The reporting procedure is comprehensive, covering all substantive articles of the Convention, and is periodic, thus allowing the Committee to identify trends within States parties and at the international level. Article 18 do not provide details as to how the Committee should undertake this task, merely stating that it shall ‘consider’ reports. This leaves much room for the Committee to apply the provision in a way that best contributes to its general mandate under Article 17: ‘considering the progress made in the implementation of the present Convention’. The lack of detail has also allowed the Committee to develop its working methods over the years and to improve the efficacy of the reporting procedure.
Article 19
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Article 19 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 19 provides that the CEDAW Committee shall adopt its own rules of procedure and elect its officers for a term of two years. The CEDAW Committee has determined that it shall have five officers: one Chairperson, three Vice-Chairpersons, and a Rapporteur. The Rules of Procedure reflect the development of the Committee’s working methods over the past four decades. The text of the treaty is relatively brief on the Committee’s mandate to examine reports. This has allowed the Committee important discretion to develop its methods in order to strengthen the effectiveness of the reporting procedure by adopting concluding observations, developing a follow-up procedure, and by inviting national human rights institutions (NHRIs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to submit information. For these actors, however, it is a time-consuming process to determine the applicable working methods and rules. This requires consulting annual reports and additional sources on the website to obtain a complete picture. Over the years, the Committee has adopted numerous decisions on its practice, which regularly leads to an amendment of its Rules of Procedure.
Article 24
Authors: Byrnes Andrew , Campbell Meghan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 24 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). At first sight, Article 24 seems to state an obvious principle of international law: that States parties must take measures at the domestic level to give effect to the obligations they accept under a treaty. It also appears to repeat, and to be subsumed by, other obligations set out in the Convention. Articles 2, 3, and 24 are closely linked and overlapping articles, and the omission of Article 24 from the Convention would be unlikely to have any significant impact on the obligations of States parties. Indeed, some commentators suggest that Article 24 may be ‘redundant’. Nevertheless, the drafters included Article 24 in the Convention as a separate article; accordingly, it is appropriate to consider its history and potential role, as well as to analyse the references States parties and the CEDAW Committee have made to Article 24. However, the exact function that Article 24 is intended to perform is far from clear and the Committee rarely engages with this provision.
Article 30
Authors: Kroworsch Susann 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article 30 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). It is current practice that treaties concluded under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) provide in their final clauses that the texts are equally authentic in all the official languages of the UN and officially recognized at the date the treaty was adopted. The official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. These are the languages in which the meaning of the Convention’s provisions is to be determined and only the wording of the six authentic languages is binding. Although the Convention does not require that the text be made available in accessible format for persons with disabilities, the Convention should be construed in light of subsequent treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) Article 49. States parties have started distributing the Convention or State party reports in Braille and in electronic formats and audio tape as well as in all official languages, although the Convention does not call for this explicitly.
Introduction
Authors: Vinson Donald E , Reichert Klaus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of international arbitration. Typically, the seat of an international arbitration determines the country laws applicable to the arbitration, but the actual commencement location of arbitration could still shift depending on the agreement of the parties. The planning phase of the arbitration follows the formation of the tribunal, which is also in line with the meeting between the tribunal and counsel. Then, the written phase of the arbitration involved the memorial of claimants and respondents, while the oral phase begins with the call for witnesses’ cross-examination. The chapter highlights the significance of persuasion when delivering information to the tribunal.
How Arbitrators See and Hear
Authors: Vinson Donald E , Reichert Klaus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter tackles the importance of perception for arbitrators. Perception refers to the process of understanding and apprehending the world through the senses. Thus, the perception of arbitrators focuses on the individual arbitrator views and the events amidst the arbitration due to selective sensitization. The attire, language, accent, and grooming could affect the perception of a person. Additionally, eyewitness testimony could help achieve the perception of people’s evidence despite the possibility of inaccuracies and distortion. An issue of attention, internal sets, distraction, and oral hearing could cause problems in perception as well. The chapter expounds on adaptation level theory and the theory of signal detection.
Protection of Detainees and Prisoner-of-War Status
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the protection of prisoners provided by the international humanitarian law (IHL). The IHL insists on the humane treatment of detainees, which meant they are protected from violence at the hands of others while their basic needs are met. Additionally, prisoners of war tend to achieve additional rights, such as the right to immunity from prosecution, under the 1949 Geneva Convention III, 1977 Additional Protocols, and customary law. The chapter discusses how women must be given specific treatment if they gain prisoner of war status. According to the 1949 Geneva Convention III, the use of firearms against an escaping prisoner of war should be an extreme measure preceded by warnings appropriate to the circumstances.
Relief Operations
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on relief operations conducted to address humanitarian needs created by armed conflicts. It recognises armed conflict as the principal driver of massive population displacement. The norms related to humanitarian relief have a more general nature with no specific mandate on humanitarian organisations. The chapter then presents the regulations that international humanitarian law (IHL), human rights law, and norms front during humanitarian relief operations and accessing populations in need despite inherent limits. The perspective of armed non-State actors on humanitarian operations revolves around neutrality, impartiality, and independence. The chapter also considers the negative impact on the civilian population of the restrictions and impediments to humanitarian relief operations.
The Distinctive Emblems
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the distinctive medals worn by wounded soldiers on the battlefield that signify the presence of doctors and nurses near the soldiers. It highlights the importance of the emblem’s uniformity and universality. However, emblems in armed conflict could be marred by political disputes and cultural relativism. Thus, the international humanitarian law (IHL) primarily recognises the red cross, the rest crescent, the red crystal, and the red sun and lion due to their respective significance and function according to the Statutes of the Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The chapter also covers the rules on emblems within the IHL, the Geneva Conventions, and the 1977 Additional Protocols.
The Rule of Distinction (Objects)
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the rule of distinctions, which governs the conduct of hostilities in international humanitarian law (IHL). It clarifies that the rule particularly targets objects under the two 1977 Additional Protocols, other IHL treaties, and customary law. The 1977 Additional Protocol explicitly focuses on the overarching obligation to distinguish between civilian objects and military objectives in the conduct of hostilities. The chapter also recognises how certain objects have no military function by their nature, but the virtue of their location makes an effective contribution to military action. Moreover, any civilian object could become a military objective as a consequence of its use for military functions. The chapter then highlights the special protection to hospitals and cultural property.
Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration
Authors: Blackaby KC Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is an established treatise on the law and practice of international arbitration. It follows the chronology of an arbitration from the drafting of the arbitration agreement right through to the enforcement of arbitral awards. This seventh edition takes a fresh look at the law and practice of international arbitration in today’s world, against a background of constant change and evolution. The new edition has been completely revised to incorporate the latest significant developments in the field. These include changes in many of the major arbitration rules and supporting guidelines; leading court decisions on arbitration matters from a wider-than-ever spread of jurisdictions; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of arbitration; and significant developments in the specialist field of investor-state dispute resolution. In reviewing the many changes that have taken and are taking place, the new edition positions these changes in context as part of the constant evolution of a voluntary system of dispute resolution that is today recognised and established worldwide.
Powers, Duties, and Jurisdiction of an Arbitral Tribunal
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the arbitral tribunal’s powers, duties, and jurisdiction. It mentions the difference between the operation of a national court and an arbitral tribunal settling international disputes. The powers are established to enable operation in relation to applicable law. Then, an arbitrator’s duties are imposed by either parties, law, or ethical duties. According to national laws and international conventions, an arbitral tribunal is not allowed to exceed its jurisdiction, whiles its decision is subject to control by the courts of law. The chapter also looks into Recital 12, which covers the regulation not applicable to any action relating to the establishment of an arbitral tribunal.
Role of National Courts During the Proceedings
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter tackles the role of national courts amidst proceedings. The relationship between arbitral tribunals and courts is defined as a partnership and forced cohabitation. Court intervention could occur at the beginning of the arbitral process under the grounds of the enforcement of the arbitration agreement, the establishment of the tribunal, and challenges to jurisdiction. The chapter expounds on the powers given to national courts by legislation, which is also imposed to serve the interests of justice. Thus, an appropriate balance should be struck between the rights of courts to supervise arbitrations and the rights of parties to ask for assistance from the court.
Award
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses awards as the destination of international arbitration. Both the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) recognise the significance of an award at the place of arbitration. Arbitral awards include awards made by both arbitrators and by permanent arbitral bodies that the parties submitted. The chapter clarifies the difference between an award and an order in terms of a tribunal’s decisions. However, no arbitral tribunal is expected to guarantee the enforcement of its award in the winner’s choice of country. While all awards are final and binding, they are still subject to certain exceptions, such as their delivery.
Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of ferroptosis
Authors: Guo Jingyi , Zhou Yunhao , Liu Dingfei , Wang Mengfei , Wu Yi , Tang Daolin , Liu Xingguo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMitochondria are well known to be “energy factories” of the cell as they provide intracellular ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, they also function as a “cellular suicidal weapon store” by acting as a key mediator of various forms of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, distinct from the other types of regulated cell death, is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane rupture. Growing evidence suggests that an impaired ferroptotic response is implicated in various diseases and pathological conditions, and this impaired response is associated with dramatic changes in mitochondrial morphology and function. Mitochondria are the center of iron metabolism and energy production, leading to altered lipid peroxidation sensitivity. Although a growing number of studies have explored the inextricable link between mitochondria and ferroptosis, the role of this organelle in regulating ferroptosis remains unclear. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of mitochondria in ferroptosis and summarize the characteristics of this novel iron-based cellular suicide weapon and its arsenal. We also discuss the importance of ferroptosis in pathophysiology, including the need for further understanding of the relationship between mitochondria and ferroptosis to identify combinatorial targets that are essential for the development of successful drug discovery.
Ex vivo explant model of adenoma and colorectal cancer to explore mechanisms of action and patient response to cancer prevention therapies
Authors: Khan Sam , Miles Gareth J , Demetriou Constantinos , Sidat Zahirah , Foreman Nalini , West Kevin , Karmokar Ankur , Howells Lynne , Pritchard Catrin , Thomas Anne L , Brown Karen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the UK. Novel therapeutic prevention strategies to inhibit the development and progression of CRC would be invaluable. Potential contenders include low toxicity agents such as dietary-derived agents or repurposed drugs. However, in vitro and in vivo models used in drug development often do not take into account the heterogeneity of tumours or the tumour microenvironment. This limits translation to a clinical setting. Our objectives were to develop an ex vivo method utilizing CRC and adenoma patient-derived explants (PDEs) which facilitates screening of drugs, assessment of toxicity, and efficacy. Our aims were to use a multiplexed immunofluorescence approach to demonstrate the viability of colorectal tissue PDEs, and the ability to assess immune cell composition and interactions. Using clinically achievable concentrations of curcumin, we show a correlation between curcumin-induced tumour and stromal apoptosis (P &lt; .001) in adenomas and cancers; higher stromal content is associated with poorer outcomes. B cell (CD20+ve) and T cell (CD3+ve) density of immune cells within tumour regions in control samples correlated with curcumin-induced tumour apoptosis (P &lt; .001 and P &lt; .05, respectively), suggesting curcumin-induced apoptosis is potentially predicted by baseline measures of immune cells. A decrease in distance between T cells (CD3+ve) and cytokeratin+ve cells was observed, indicating movement of T cells (CD3+ve) towards the tumour margin (P &lt; .001); this change is consistent with an immune environment associated with improved outcomes. Concurrently, an increase in distance between T cells (CD3+ve) and B cells (CD20+ve) was detected following curcumin treatment (P &lt; .001), which may result in a less immunosuppressive tumour milieu. The colorectal tissue PDE model offers significant potential for simultaneously assessing multiple biomarkers in response to drug exposure allowing a greater understanding of mechanisms of action and efficacy in relevant target tissues, that maintain both their structural integrity and immune cell compartments.
DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) update report 2022
Authors: Tanizawa Yasuhiro , Fujisawa Takatomo , Kodama Yuichi , Kosuge Takehide , Mashima Jun , Tanjo Tomoya , Nakamura Yasukazu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Bioinformation and DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) Center (https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) maintains database archives that cover a wide range of fields in life sciences. As a founding member of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), our primary mission is to collect and distribute nucleotide sequence data, as well as their study and sample information, in collaboration with the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the United States and the European Bioinformatics Institute. In addition to INSDC resources, the Center operates databases for functional genomics (GEA: Genomic Expression Archive), metabolomics (MetaboBank), and human genetic and phenotypic data (JGA: Japanese Genotype–Phenotype Archive). These databases are built on the supercomputer of the National Institute of Genetics, whose remaining computational capacity is actively utilized by domestic researchers for large-scale biological data analyses. Here, we report our recent updates and the activities of our services.