bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dicamba residue persistence in processing tomato
Authors: Meyers Stephen L. , Arana Jeanine , Woolam Brandi C. , Vargas Nathaly , Rodriguez Laura , Cardona Luz 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere is zero tolerance for dicamba and dicamba metabolite residue in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit following exposure to dicamba. Field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to determine the persistence of dicamba and metabolite (5-hydroxy dicamba and 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid [DCSA]) residue in processing tomato shoots and fruits. Dicamba was applied 49 d after transplanting at 0, 0.53, 5.3, and 53 g ae ha−1. Tomato plants were harvested 5, 10, 20, 40, and 61 d after treatment (DAT). No 5-hydroxy dicamba was recovered from any sample. In 2020, the DCSA metabolite was detected from tomato shoot tissue when dicamba was applied at the 53 g ha−1 rate at 0 (14 µg kg−1), 5 (3 µg kg−1), and 20 DAT (5 µg kg−1) and from tomato fruit tissue at 53 g ha−1 at 20 (2 µg kg−1) and 61 DAT (2 µg kg−1). In 2021, DCSA was not detected from tomato shoot or fruit tissues at any harvest date. By 5 DAT, dicamba was only detected from tomato shoot tissues treated with 53 g ha−1. At 0 DAT, dicamba residue was detectable only from tomato fruit on plants treated with 53 g ha−1. Tomato fruit dicamba residue from plants treated with 5.3 g ha−1 had a predicted peak of 19 µg kg−1 at 11.3 DAT. Tomato fruit dicamba residue from plants treated with 53 g ha−1 decreased from 164 to 8 µg kg−1 from 5 to 61 DAT. Furthermore, this study confirms that dicamba is detectable from tomato fruits at 61 DAT following exposure to 5.3 or 53 g ha−1 dicamba. Growers who suspect dicamba exposure should include tomato fruit tissue with their collected sample or sample tomato fruits separately.
An Analytical Framework for Determining the Ecological Risks of Wastewater Discharges in River Networks Under Climate Change
Authors: Yang Soohyun , Büttner Olaf , Kumar Rohini , Basso Stefano , Borchardt Dietrich 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOver the last decades, treatment of domestic wastewater promoted by environmental regulations have reduced human health risks and improved water quality. However, ecological risks caused by effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharged into rivers still persist. Moreover, the evolution of these ecological risks in the future is intimately related to effects of changing climate, especially regarding streamflow in receiving rivers. Here, we present an analytical and transferable framework for assessing the ecological risks posed by WWTP‐effluents at the catchment scale. The framework combines the size‐class k of WWTPs, which is a load‐proxy, with their outflows' location in river networks, represented by stream‐order ω. We identify ecological risks by using three proxy indicators: the urban discharge fraction and the local‐scale concentrations of each total phosphorous and ammonium‐nitrogen discharged from WWTPs. About 3,200 WWTPs over three large catchments (Rhine, Elbe, and Weser) in Central Europe were analyzed by incorporating simulated streamflow for the most extreme projected climate change scenario. We found that WWTPs causing ecological risks in the future prevail in lower ω, across almost all k. Distinct patterns of ecological risks are identified in the k‐ω framework for different indicators and catchments. We show, as climate changes, intensified risks are especially expected in lower ω receiving effluents of intermediate‐k WWTPs. We discuss the implications of our findings for prioritizing WWTPs upgrading and urging updates on environmental regulations. Further discussions underline the feasibility of applying the framework to any geographical regions and highlight its potentials to help in achieving global long‐term commitments on freshwater security.
Empirical Reconstruction of Earth‐Moon and Solar System Dynamical Parameters for the Past 2.5 Billion Years From Cyclostratigraphy
Authors: Zhou Maoyang , Wu Huaichun , Hinnov Linda A. , Fang Qiang , Zhang Shihong , Yang Tianshui , Shi Meinan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chaotic behavior of the Solar System prevents the prediction of the precise evolution of the planetary secular frequencies. Here we use four cyclostratigraphic sequences, ∼259 Ma Wujiaping Formation, ∼455 Ma Pingliang Formation, ∼655 Ma Datangpo Formation and ∼2,465 Ma Dales Gorge Member, and Bayesian inversion to provide powerful geological constraints to this problem. The inversion provides constraining estimates for the Solar System fundamental secular frequencies g1, g2, g3, g4, and g5, and the Earth's precession rate k from 105.26 ± 2.68 (2σ) arcseconds/year at ∼2,465 Ma to 55.86 ± 2.60 (2σ) arcseconds/year at ∼259 Ma. Stochastic monotone interpolation enables the reconstruction of Earth‐Moon distance from 2.5 billion years to the present. Calculation of tidal dissipation supports the ocean model before 1.4 Ga, but is outside the error range after ∼1.8 Ga, suggesting lower tidal dissipation in the early Proterozoic Eon, and a possible high value in the early Paleozoic.
Comparing and Contrasting the Properties of the Inner Heliosphere for the Three Most Recent Solar Minima
Authors: Riley Pete , Caplan Ronald M. , Downs Cooper , Linker Jon A. , Lionello Roberto 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe previous three solar cycles have ended in progressively more quiescent conditions, suggesting a continual slide into an ever deeper minimum state. Although the Sun's magnetic field is undoubtedly responsible for this quiescence, it is not clear how changes in its structure and strength modulate the properties of the solar wind. In this study, we compare the statistical properties of the solar wind during the three most recent minima (08/1996, 12/2008, and 12/2019) and develop global MHD model solutions to help interpret these observations. We find that, counter‐intuitively, the statistical properties of the solar wind for the most recent minimum lie midway between the 08/1996 and 12/2008 minima. For example, while the minimum speed dropped by 40 km s−1 between 08/1996 and 12/2008, they rose by 20 km s−1 around the 12/2019 minimum. From the model results, we infer that the 12/2008 and 12/2019 minima were structurally similar to one another, with the presence of corotating interaction regions driven by equatorial coronal holes, while the 08/1996 minimum represented a more “standard” tilted dipole configuration associated with those of earlier space age minima. Comparison of the statistical properties derived from the model results with data suggest several opportunities to improve model parameters, as well as to apply more sophisticated modeling approaches. Overall, however, the model results capture the essential features of the observations and, thus, allow us to infer the global structure of the inner heliosphere, of which the in‐situ measurements provide only a glimpse.
ALOX15-launched PUFA-phospholipids peroxidation increases the susceptibility of ferroptosis in ischemia-induced myocardial damage
Authors: Ma Xiao-Hui , Liu Jiang-Han-Zi , Liu Chun-Yu , Sun Wan-Yang , Duan Wen-Jun , Wang Guan , Kurihara Hiroshi , He Rong-Rong , Li Yi-Fang , Chen Yang , Shang Hongcai 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a classic type of cardiovascular disease characterized by injury to cardiomyocytes leading to various forms of cell death. It is believed that irreversible myocardial damage resulted from I/R occurs due to oxidative stress evoked during the reperfusion phase. Here we demonstrate that ischemia triggers a specific redox reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-phospholipids in myocardial cells, which acts as a priming signaling that initiates the outbreak of robust oxidative damage in the reperfusion phase. Using animal and in vitro models, the crucial lipid species in I/R injury were identified to be oxidized PUFAs enriched phosphatidylethanolamines. Using multi-omics, arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15) was identified as the primary mediator of ischemia-provoked phospholipid peroxidation, which was further confirmed using chemogenetic approaches. Collectively, our results reveal that ALOX15 induction in the ischemia phase acts as a “burning point” to ignite phospholipid oxidization into ferroptotic signals. This finding characterizes a novel molecular mechanism for myocardial ischemia injury and offers a potential therapeutic target for early intervention of I/R injury.
Nrf2 signaling activation by a small molecule activator compound 16 inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury and death in osteoblasts
Authors: Zhao Jing-wei , Tang Pei-jun , Zhou Zhen-tao , Xu Gang , Li Quan , Li Ke-ran , Zheng Yue-huan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe explored the potential activity of compound 16 (Cpd16), a novel small molecule Nrf2 activator, in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated osteoblasts. In the primary murine/human osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblastic cells, Cpd16 treatment at micro-molar concentrations caused disassociation of Keap1-Nrf2 and Nrf2 cascade activation. Cpd16 induced stabilization of Nrf2 protein and its nuclear translocation, thereby increasing the antioxidant response elements (ARE) reporter activity and Nrf2 response genes transcription in murine and human osteoblasts. Significantly, Cpd16 mitigated oxidative injury in H2O2-stimulited osteoblasts. H2O2-provoked apoptosis as well as programmed necrosis in osteoblasts were significantly alleviated by the novel Nrf2 activator. Cpd16-induced Nrf2 activation and osteoblasts protection were stronger than other known Nrf2 activators. Dexamethasone- and nicotine-caused oxidative stress and death in osteoblasts were attenuated by Cpd16 as well. Cpd16-induced osteoblast cytoprotection was abolished by Nrf2 short hairpin RNA or knockout, but was mimicked by Keap1 knockout. Keap1 Cys151S mutation abolished Cpd16-induced Nrf2 cascade activation and osteoblasts protection against H2O2. Importantly, weekly Cpd16 administration largely ameliorated trabecular bone loss in ovariectomy mice. Together, Cpd16 alleviates H2O2-induced oxidative stress and death in osteoblasts by activating Nrf2 cascade.
Native metabolomics identifies the rivulariapeptolide family of protease inhibitors
Authors: Reher Raphael , Aron Allegra T. , Fajtová Pavla , Stincone Paolo , Wagner Berenike , Pérez-Lorente Alicia I. , Liu Chenxi , Shalom Ido Y. Ben , Bittremieux Wout , Wang Mingxun , Jeong Kyowon , Matos-Hernandez Marie L. , Alexander Kelsey L. , Caro-Diaz Eduardo J. , Naman C. Benjamin , Scanlan J. H. William , Hochban Phil M. M. , Diederich Wibke E. , Molina-Santiago Carlos , Romero Diego , Selim Khaled A. , Sass Peter , Brötz-Oesterhelt Heike , Hughes Chambers C. , Dorrestein Pieter C. , O’Donoghue Anthony J. , Gerwick William H. , Petras Daniel 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe identity and biological activity of most metabolites still remain unknown. A bottleneck in the exploration of metabolite structures and pharmaceutical activities is the compound purification needed for bioactivity assignments and downstream structure elucidation. To enable bioactivity-focused compound identification from complex mixtures, we develop a scalable native metabolomics approach that integrates non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and detection of protein binding via native mass spectrometry. A native metabolomics screen for protease inhibitors from an environmental cyanobacteria community reveals 30 chymotrypsin-binding cyclodepsipeptides. Guided by the native metabolomics results, we select and purify five of these compounds for full structure elucidation via tandem mass spectrometry, chemical derivatization, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as evaluation of their biological activities. These results identify rivulariapeptolides as a family of serine protease inhibitors with nanomolar potency, highlighting native metabolomics as a promising approach for drug discovery, chemical ecology, and chemical biology studies.
A long-acting formulation of rifabutin is effective for prevention and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Manse , Johnson Claire E. , Schmalstig Alan A. , Annis Ayano , Wessel Sarah E. , Van Horn Brian , Schauer Amanda , Exner Agata A. , Stout Jason E. , Wahl Angela , Braunstein Miriam , Victor Garcia J. , Kovarova Martina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment requires strict adherence to drug regimens for prolonged periods of time. Long-acting (LA) delivery systems have the potential to improve adherence. Here, we show the development of LA injectable drug formulations of the anti-TB drug rifabutin made of biodegradable polymers and biocompatible solvents that solidifies after subcutaneous injection. Addition of amphiphilic compounds increases drug solubility, allowing to significantly increase formulation drug load. Solidified implants have organized microstructures that change with formulation composition. Higher drug load results in smaller pore size that alters implant erosion and allows sustained drug release. The translational relevance of these observations in BALB/c mice is demonstrated by (1) delivering high plasma drug concentrations for 16 weeks, (2) preventing acquisition of Mtb infection, and (3) clearing acute Mtb infection from the lung and other tissues.
Strikingly distinctive NH3-SCR behavior over Cu-SSZ-13 in the presence of NO2
Authors: Shan Yulong , He Guangzhi , Du Jinpeng , Sun Yu , Liu Zhongqi , Fu Yu , Liu Fudong , Shi Xiaoyan , Yu Yunbo , He Hong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCommercial Cu-exchanged small-pore SSZ-13 (Cu-SSZ-13) zeolite catalysts are highly active for the standard selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3. However, their activity is unexpectedly inhibited in the presence of NO2 at low temperatures. This is strikingly distinct from the NO2-accelerated NOx conversion over other typical SCR catalyst systems. Here, we combine kinetic experiments, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to obtain direct evidence that under reaction conditions, strong oxidation by NO2 forces Cu ions to exist mainly as CuII species (fw-Cu2+ and NH3-solvated CuII with high CNs), which impedes the mobility of Cu species. The SCR reaction occurring at these CuII sites with weak mobility shows a higher energy barrier than that of the standard SCR reaction on dynamic binuclear sites. Moreover, the NO2-involved SCR reaction tends to occur at the Brønsted acid sites (BASs) rather than the CuII sites. This work clearly explains the strikingly distinctive selective catalytic behavior in this zeolite system.
Cytosine base editing systems with minimized off-target effect and molecular size
Authors: Li Ang , Mitsunobu Hitoshi , Yoshioka Shin , Suzuki Takahisa , Kondo Akihiko , Nishida Keiji 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCytosine base editing enables the installation of specific point mutations without double-strand breaks in DNA and is advantageous for various applications such as gene therapy, but further reduction of off-target risk and development of efficient delivery methods are desired. Here we show structure-based rational engineering of the cytosine base editing system Target-AID to minimize its off-target effect and molecular size. By intensive and careful truncation, DNA-binding domain of its deaminase PmCDA1 is eliminated and additional mutations are introduced to restore enzyme function. The resulting tCDA1EQ is effective in N-terminal fusion (AID-2S) or inlaid architecture (AID-3S) with Cas9, showing minimized RNA-mediated editing and gRNA-dependent/independent DNA off-targets, as assessed in human cells. Combining with the smaller Cas9 ortholog system (SaCas9), a cytosine base editing system is created that is within the size limit of AAV vector.
Searching for ultra-light bosons and constraining black hole spin distributions with stellar tidal disruption events
Authors: Du Peizhi , Egaña-Ugrinovic Daniel , Essig Rouven , Fragione Giacomo , Perna Rosalba 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStars that pass close to the supermassive black holes located in the center of galaxies can be disrupted by tidal forces, leading to flares that are observed as bright transient events in sky surveys. The rate for these events to occur depends on the black hole spins, which in turn can be affected by ultra-light bosons due to superradiance. We perform a detailed analysis of these effects and show that searches for stellar tidal disruptions have the potential to uncover the existence of ultra-light bosons. In particular, we find that upcoming stellar tidal disruption rate measurements by the Vera Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time can be used to either discover or rule out bosons with masses ranging from 10−20 to 10−18 eV. Our analysis also indicates that these measurements may be used to constrain a variety of supermassive black hole spin distributions and determine if close-to maximal spins are preferred.
Electronic gap characterization at mesoscopic scale via scanning probe microscopy under ambient conditions
Authors: Li Dian , Wang Xiong , Mo Xiaoyong , Tse Edmund C. M. , Cui Xiaodong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractElectronic gaps play an important role in the electric and optical properties of materials. Although various experimental techniques, such as scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and optical or photoemission spectroscopy, are normally used to perform electronic band structure characterizations, it is still challenging to measure the electronic gap at the nanoscale under ambient conditions. Here we report a scanning probe microscopic technique to characterize the electronic gap with nanometre resolution at room temperature and ambient pressure. The technique probes the electronic gap by monitoring the changes of the local quantum capacitance via the Coulomb force at a mesoscopic scale. We showcase this technique by characterizing several 2D semiconductors and van der Waals heterostructures under ambient conditions.
Magnetic phase separation in microgravity
Authors: Romero-Calvo Álvaro , Akay Ömer , Schaub Hanspeter , Brinkert Katharina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe absence of strong buoyancy forces severely complicates the management of multiphase flows in microgravity. Different types of space systems, ranging from in-space propulsion to life support, are negatively impacted by this effect. Multiple approaches have been developed to achieve phase separation in microgravity, whereas they usually lack the robustness, efficiency, or stability that is desirable in most applications. Complementary to existing methods, the use of magnetic polarization has been recently proposed to passively induce phase separation in electrolytic cells and other two-phase flow devices. This article illustrates the dia- and paramagnetic phase separation mechanism on MilliQ water, an aqueous MnSO4 solution, lysogeny broth, and olive oil using air bubbles in a series of drop tower experiments. Expressions for the magnetic terminal bubble velocity are derived and validated and several wall–bubble and multi-bubble magnetic interactions are reported. Ultimately, the analysis demonstrates the feasibility of the dia- and paramagnetic phase separation approach, providing a key advancement for the development of future space systems.
Characterization of extracellular vesicles from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Authors: Kurata Atsushi , Kiyohara Shogo , Imai Tomoya , Yamasaki-Yashiki Shino , Zaima Nobuhiro , Moriyama Tatsuya , Kishimoto Noriaki , Uegaki Koichi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe investigated the characteristics and functionalities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum) towards host immune cells. L. plantarum produces EVs that have a cytoplasmic membrane and contain cytoplasmic metabolites, membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, and small RNAs, but not bacterial cell wall components, namely, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. In the presence of L. plantarum EVs, Raw264 cells inducibly produced the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and IF-γ and IL-12, which are involved in the differentiation of naive T-helper cells into T-helper type 1 cells. IgA was produced by PP cells following the addition of EVs. Therefore, L. plantarum EVs activated innate and acquired immune responses. L. plantarum EVs are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which activates NF-κB, but not by other TLRs or NOD-like receptors. N-acylated peptides from lipoprotein19180 (Lp19180) in L. plantarum EVs were identified as novel TLR2 ligands. Therefore, L. plantarum induces an immunostimulation though the TLR2 recognition of the N-acylated amino acid moiety of Lp19180 in EVs. Additionally, we detected a large amount of EVs in the rat gastrointestinal tract for the first time, suggesting that EVs released by probiotics function as a modulator of intestinal immunity.
A real-time object detection model for orchard pests based on improved YOLOv4 algorithm
Authors: Pang Haitong , Zhang Yitao , Cai Weiming , Li Bin , Song Ruiyin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccurate and efficient real-time detection of orchard pests was essential and could improve the economic benefits of the fruit industry. The orchard pest dataset, PestImgData, was built through a series of methods such as web crawler, specimen image collection and data augmentation. PestImgData was composed of two parts, PestImgData-1 and PestImgData-2. It contained 24,796 color images and covered 7 types of orchard pests. Based on the PestImgData and YOLOv4 algorithm, this paper conducted a preliminary study on the real-time object detection of orchard pests from 4 perspectives: transfer learning, activation function, anchor box, and batch normalization. In addition, this paper also visualized the feature learning ability of the detection models. On the basis of the above research, three improvement measures were adopted: the post-processing NMS algorithm was upgraded to DIoU-NMS, the training method was upgraded to 2-time finetuning training and the training data was enhanced. The performance of the improved model, F-D-YOLOv4-PEST, had been effectively improved. The mean average precision of F-D-YOLOv4-PEST was 92.86%, and the detection time of a single picture was 12.22 ms, which could meet the real-time detection requirements. In addition, in the case of high overlap area or high density, F-D-YOLOv4-PEST still maintained good performance. In the testing process of the laboratory and the greenhouse, including the wired network and the wireless network, F-D-YOLOv4-PEST could locate and classify pests as expected. This research could provide technical reference for the intelligent identification of agricultural pests based on deep learning.