bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Efficacy of Methoxychlor for ELM Leaf Beetle Control, Delaware County, Ohio, 1987
Authors: Barger Jack H. , Hall Richard W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old potted trees of a single clone, Ulmus (hybrid '970'), growing under lathhouse conditions were sprayed with methoxychlor and subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments to determine whether insecticidal efficacy against elm leaf beetle (ELB) adults was affected. The experimental factors were as follows: methoxychlor applied at 0.5%, 3 SAR treatments (pH 3.0; pH 4.2; none), and 3 replicates each. Three elm trees not treated with methoxychlor or SAR served as controls. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03 and were applied through beta-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diameter, revolving at 2.4 revolutions/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 4 Sep and continued for 12 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.27 cm (0.5 inches) in 35 min (30.5 cm; 12 inches total). Trees were sprayed with methoxychlor to runoff on 3 Sept (20°C, 40% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone-tip nozzle opened one-half turn from full-closed at 206.8 kPa pressure. At 0, 7, 21, 42, and 84 days after treatment (DAT), 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for use in ELB bioassays. Each leaf was placed in a plastic Petri dish (15 mm) at 25°C on a 15:9 (L:D) schedule with 3 pair ELB reared on U. putnila and maintained as adults on an artificial diet. At each bioassay, ELB mortality was determined after 24 h. Insecticide phytotoxicity was determined at 1 and 84 DAT.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control Using Foliar Sprays, 1987
Authors: McClure Mark S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Gillette Castle State Park located in East Haddam in Middlesex County and Hadlyme in New London County, Conn., to determine the effectiveness of foliar sprays for controlling hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock. In March when studies were initiated, trees were heavily infested and injured, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Trees were sprayed with 7 pesticides on 3 dates: 14 Apr, when adelgids were adults and eggs; 13 May, when eggs and nymphs of various ages were present; and 16 Jul, when all adelgids were aestivating first instar nymphs. All treatments were applied with a SOLO® Jetpak 425 Knapsack Sprayer in sufficient volume to drench the foliage and branches completely but not excessively. Treatments were applied to each of 5 hemlocks that ranged in height from 3 to 7 m. Four branches were sampled from each of the 5 sprayed trees and 5 unsprayed trees 3 wk after treatments. Branches were examined microscopically, and the first 100 adelgids encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive. Therefore, 2,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment. Sprayed trees were examined periodically for phytotoxicity during the 6-month study period.
Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine, Wayne County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine (2-3 m tall) infested with pine needle scale growing in an abandoned Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides against scale crawlers. A flag was placed near the highest density of scale for each tree; sprays were applied to that area 6 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperture setting 3 for 45 s, delivering 930 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were cloudy, 24°C, with 16-32 km/h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 7, 13, and 28 days posttreatment by removing 5 needle fascicles from at least 3 locations within each sprayed area of each tree. N'eedles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where percent mortality was assessed with the aid of a dissecting microseope.
Evaluation of Residual Insecticides Against the German Cockroach, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of Dursban ME (11.7% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos), and Orthene PCO Formula II (96% acephate, soluable powder). The evaluation of both Dursban formulations occurred in 1986, and these are compared statistically; the Orthene evaluation (1987) is included for information, but no analysis is presented. Multifamily public housing units located in Michigan City, Ind., served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general clean-out procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated and approximately 0.5 gal of spray was used per unit. The exact volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-13 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts. Prior to statistical analysis, negative percent reductions are converted to zero.
Efficacy of Lynx 25 WP and Tempo 2C (F) on Turf Against Adult Cat Fleas, 1986
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Turf grass was sprayed with Lynx 25 WP at the rates of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 oz (AI)/1000 ft2, and 25% Tempo 2C (F) at 0.27, and 0.33 oz (AI)/1000 ft2. Both formulations were dissolved in water and applied in a 20 × 90 inch swath using a 1 gal Hudson pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.6 oz/s at 30 psi. A similar area treated with water served as a control. Turf height during the studies was ca. 2 inches. After treatment, 3 5-gal buckets with the bottoms removed were firmly placed into the soil in each plot. Approximately 25 adult cat fleas were released into each bucket. After 24 h, the number of live adult fleas were determined by placing ones’ hand into each bucket, recording and removing the number of fleas that attached. This procedure was repeated until 3 consecutive hand samples were negative for the presence of fleas.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Aerosol Space Sprays on Eight Species of Insects, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three 1200 ft3 rooms were itilized for comparing the effectiveness of F-533 (0.04% Bay FCR 1272, 0.72% tetramethrin, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, and 10% petroleum distillates); F-534 (0.14% pyrethrins, 0.063% tetramethrin, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.98% MGK 264, 0.48% petroleum distillates); and F-535 (0.25% tetranethrin, 0.15% permethrin, 9.25% petroleum distillates) as indoor flying insect space sprays. Tests were conducted at 60-70° and 90-100°F against eight pedes of insects at a rate of 3.3 g of material/1000 ft3 from each aerosol container. This rate was also increased to 13 and 15 g/1000 ft3 at 60-70°F for Aedes legypti, Indianmeal moths, gnats, and house flies. Each species was placed separately in 6.5 (length) × 3.2 inch (diam) screen cages and suspended from he ceiling at a height of ca. 5 ft from the floor prior to testing. Three cages/species were exposed to each formulation. Knockdown and mortality was recorded at 0, 5, 10, and 15 min and 24 h. Rooms remained closed for the first 15 min, then opened and a cotton ball saturated with 1% sugar solution was placed on he top of each cage. Control cages (3 cages/species) were treated similarly in an untreated room.
Control of DBM, 1988:
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Yang J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One-month-old seedlings of ‘K-Y Cross’ cabbage were transplanted in 4.5- by 3.3-m plots on 4 Jan in 2 identically designed experiments at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. In each experiment there were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air-pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone type nozzle. A 0.75-liter volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient [AI]) was applied/plot during the first 4 applications, and 1.5 liter/plot (1,000 liters/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 22 and 29 Jan; 5, 12, 19, and 26 Feb; and 4 and 11 Mar. Insecticide efficacy evaluation was performed on 4 and 25 Feb and 3, 10, and 17 Mar. At each evaluation interval the number of DBM larvae and pupae found on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot was recorded. The crop was harvested on 25 Mar.
Chemical Control of PPGA, 1988:
Authors: Teague T. G. , Scott A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 13 Oct 1987 at Rio Farms in Monte Alto, Tex. Row culture was 2 rows 10 inches apart on 40-inch beds. Plants within a row were thinned to a 12-inch spacing on 30 Oct. There were 6 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design and replicated 4 times. Plot size was 4 beds, 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys separating replications. The crop was irrigated as needed to avoid water stress. Insecticides were applied when plants were at the 5-leaf stage on 4 Nov. Either a soil application (sidedress) made in combination with a liquid fertilizer (32-0-0) or a foliar application was used. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator equipped with 3 shanks per bed and calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the sidedress treatments 1-3 inches below the soil surface. Outside shanks were positioned 3-6 inches from the crop plants. Soil temperature at the time of application was 26°C. Foliar applications consisted of a selective systemic aphicide applied using a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer fitted with a single-cone nozzle/bed and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre on a 20-inch band. The adjuvant Triton AG-98 Ag Emulsifler (0.125% vol/vol) was applied with the foliar sprays. Root aphid density was estimated using a simple flotation technique; roots from 5 randomly selected plants were immersed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon CaCl in 1 gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. Sampling commenced 2 wk after insecticide applications and continued at 2-wk intervals until harvest. Three 5-plant samples were taken from each plot. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting heads of commercially acceptable size in a 15-ft area in one bed near the center of each plot. Plots were harvested 4 times, and yield data were combined for each successive harvest to provide cumulative totals. Following the final harvest of marketable heads on 29 Feb, all remaining heads from the harvest area were cut. Yield data from that harvest were combined with total marketable yield to produce total yield values. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1988:
Authors: Yalemar Juliana , Marutani Mari , Muniappan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of ‘K-K Cross’ cabbage were transplanted 29 Mar, in a soil classified as clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohvperthermic Lithic Ustorthents in Barrigada, Guam. Each plot consisted of 5 rows with 12 plants/row. The distances between rows and between plants within a row were 120 cm and 46 cm, respectively. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied with back-pack sprayers on 12 and 27 Apr and 6 and 16 May. On 20 May the percentage of plants with various insect damage was examined by observing 30 plants/plot. Insect damage rating was estimated on a 1-5 scale (1, no insect damage; 2, 25% insect damage; 3, 50% insect damage; 4, 75% insect damage; 5, 100% insect damage). On 23 May 20 heads/plot were harvested and weighed to determine yield.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Turner Cathy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty,’ 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) of 34-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 6 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 12 Apr (prepink [PP]), 12 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 24 Jun (third cover [3C]), 11 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 29 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 11 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 22 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 2 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200, NAA, Solubor, Streptomycin, and Topsin-M. Control of AA and SA was evaluated by counting infested leaves on each of 10 terminals and the number of aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal on each ‘Golden Delicious’ tree. The effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each ‘Rome Beauty’ tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. WALH control was evaluated by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 20 and 21 Sep. Fruit picked from ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish on a scale of 1-5, 5 being worst.
Control of Collard Pests, 1988:
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Martin Phyllis A. W. , Linduska James L. , Bohm Howard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 20 ft long on 13 Jul. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between the rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, and each sprayed row was buffered by an unspraved guard row. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was applied in an unencapsulated formulation and several encapsulated formulations with different sunscreen materials to determine the effectiveness of these materials in protecting the virus from the ultraviolet and visible light just above the UV region. The NPVs do not infect ICW so that damage to plants in rows treated with virus was from ICW and CL. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 16 and 23 Aug. On 23 Aug 50 second-instar CL were released on each of the test rows. On 7 and 14 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows; 1, 0-3% damage (odd holes in leaves); 2, 4-10% damage (few leaves with holes); 3, 11-25% damage (moderate number of leaves with holes); 4, 26-50% damage (most leaves with holes); and 5, 51-100% damage (crown damage, all leaves with holes, or both).
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1988:
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study used ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn planted on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H. on 30 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 20-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of each treatment were initiated using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 28,8 gal/acre. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on each side of the row on 18 Aug, 22 Aug, 26 Aug, 31 Aug, and 3 Sep. Evaluations were made on 14 Sep by examining 20 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or feeding injury.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 20 Apr near Georgetown, Del. Four-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 22 Jun. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi on 22 Jun. All plant whorls were removed from the center two rows of each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants counted on 27 Jun.
Control of Organophosphate Resistant Onion Thrips, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Schweissing Frank 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a grower’s field of transplant onions in Rocky Ford, Colo. Previous applications of ethyl parathion to the field gave poor thrips control indicating development of an insecticide resistant strain of the thrips. Plots were 4 rows, 25 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made 21 Jim using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 34.5 gal/acre at 34 psi. Treatments were directed into the whorls, and spray mixtures included Bond at the rate of 4 oz/acre. Plots were evaluated 2 and 4 DAT by counting all thrips found in 5 randomly selected plants/plot.
Potato Insect Control, 1988:
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Tuttle A. F. , Slocombe A. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 9 May in South Deerfield, Mass. Soil type was a fine sandy loam, pH 5.6. CPB pressure was heavy because potatoes were grown adjacent to CPB overwintering sites. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows with a 6-ft fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 21 and 28 Jun and 8 and 15 Jul. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5-10 whole stalks/plot. To evaluate microbial insecticides, larvae were counted and recorded as early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth). The performance of these materials was evaluated primarily by comparing late instar counts, as it took 4-5 d for the dead larvae to drop from the plants. On 20 Jul, the leafhoppers were counted on 5 leaves/plot. On 20 Jul, each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale of 0-100%.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1988:
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size potatoes were planted 23 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 120 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator. An untreated control was planted between every 2 insecticidal treatments. The plots were not sprayed with any foliar insecticide. On 1 Oct potatoes were harvested, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treatment was calculated as the percentage of reduction in wireworm damage relative to the adjacent untreated control. The granular insecticides also were evaluated for nontarget species on 27 Jun, 6 Jul, 18 Jul, 28 Jul, 5 Aug, 11 Aug, and 23 Aug. Plots were sampled for PLH and PFB by counting 35 mid-plant leaves. CPB larvae were counted by instar on 20 randomly selected plants in each plot.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1988:
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates. Planting was done on 13 May for experiment CPB-A, 16 May for experiments CPB-B and CPB-C, and 19 May for experiment CPB-D at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1987. The 3.0-m space between blocks was bare soil, and the 4-row replicates were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy seed pieces (75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by foliar applications of Dithane FZ (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 11, 18, and 25 Jul; 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 1, 8, and 15 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. CPB larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, insect counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 3.7, 8.3, and 13.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.7, 20.4 and 18.9°C.
Control on Fall Squash, 1987:
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Draeger E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A pesticide efficacy trial was conducted at the University of Arizona Valley Experiment Station in Yuma to evaluate the ability of various insecticides to control the sweetpotato whitefly on squash. Plots were planted 25 Sept. Experimental materials were compared with untreated control plots and Thiodan 3 EC. A completely randomized design was used with 4 plots receiving each treatment. Plots measuring 6 by 2 m were separated by 22.25 m along the rows and 33.3 m across the rows. Test materials were applied 27 Oct using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a pressure of 206.8 kPa and a rate of 83.3 liter/hectare. Three sampling methods were used to record the number of adult whiteflies: In the leaf counts 10 leaves from each plot were examined; in vacuum samples, whiteflies were collected using a hand vacuum for a period of 5 s/plot; sticky card trap was placed in each plot from 10 am to 11 am. The leaf count sampling was the only method to show separation between the treatment means, so these are the only data presented here.
Control on Tomato, 1987
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Lee S. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One-month-old seedlings of‘TN-3’ tomatoes were transplanted in 4.5- by 3.3-m plots on 1 Oct at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. There were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone-type nozzle. A 0.75-liter volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient was applied/plot during the first 4 applications, and 1.5 liter/plot (1,000 liter/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 29 Oct; 5, 13, 19, and 26, Nov; 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Dec 1987; and 7 Jan 1988. Insecticide efficacy evaluations were performed on 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Dec 1987 and 6 and 13 Jan 1988. At each evaluation interval, the number of H. armigera-damaged and healthy ripe fruit was recorded. Total and marketable yields also were recorded. All fruit damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA.