bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Feasibility Evaluation of Discovery Group: Determining the Acceptability and Potential Outcomes of a Patient-led Research Group in a Secure Mental Health Inpatient setting
Authors: Arslan Mudassar , Aboaja Anne , Atewogboye Oluwatosin , Parry-Newton Lucia , Wilson Lindsey 
Published: June 2022

AimsPatient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) is recognised as an essential part of health research. It provides an opportunity for patients to shape health research and acquire research skills, in the inpatient mental health setting, PPIE may have additional value in providing meaningful activity and enhancing recovery, as defined using connectedness, hope, identity, meaning and empowerment (CHIME) principles. An eight -session PPIE programme (“Discovery Group”) was designed to support patient-led research in a secure mental health hospital. This feasibility study aims to evaluate the acceptability of the programme from the perspective of patients and identify potential outcomes.MethodsA retrospective single-arm post-programme evaluation of Discovery Group was undertaken. Participants attended an evaluation workshop where they were interviewed individually to complete an acceptability questionnaire designed using the domains of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Participants also completed an outcomes questionnaire, which included CHIME-based recovery items. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively. Direct content analysis was applied to qualitative data.ResultsIn our sample, eight participants attended at least one session of the discovery group with one patient attending all sessions. Most of the participants felt positive about taking part in the group and expressed interest in joining another group in future. All participants experienced some burden from the effort required during group sessions, but a low level of opportunity cost in terms of the extent to which they perceived they had to forfeit benefits to participate in the programme.Some described the group as effective in helping them learn about research. Of the five CHIME recovery domains, only connectedness was reported as a benefit of the group. The participants valued the opportunity to use their time.ConclusionDiscovery Group is a novel intervention that offers high level, non-tokenistic PPIE suitable for use in secure mental health inpatient settings. It produces research of value to patients through a programme of high acceptability and provides them with potential benefits of recovery as well as research knowledge and skills, and an activity that alleviates boredom, enhances autonomy, breaks down some important power and paternalistic barriers that can be experienced by patients detained in secure mental health settings. Finally, a future evaluation study that involves patients during the design, implementation, evaluation and writing stages, aiming to measure the potential outcomes identified in the present study using pre- and post-testing with a control group would reliably demonstrate the effectiveness of the revised Discovery Group and ensure meaningful involvement with patients as co-researchers.
‘Sheldon' in the Medical Field: Emotional Intelligence and Its Associated Factors in Medical Students of Pakistan
Authors: Athar Unsa , Rehman Muhammad Bilal , Nawaz Ahsan , Siddique Aimen , Fatima Ambreen , Khan Alamgir Aslam , Nagi Muhammad Luqman 
Published: June 2022

AimsThe dearth of emotional intelligence leads to medical students’ inability to handle the pressures of medical education, sub-sequently causing burnout and mental illnesses. Poor emotional intelligence in young doctors also begets increased mistrust from the public, lowering the quality of healthcare delivery. Emotional intelligence of Pakistani students, similar to global context, is impacted by a myriad of psycho-socio-economic factors. It is pertinent to find out the detrimental and/or protective factors, and design interventions to enhance emotional intelligence as a soft skill. With this aim in mind, we explored the relationship of emotional intelligence with adverse childhood experiences and prevalent mental illnesses (depression and anxiety) amongst the medical students of one of the most populous cities of Pakistan; Lahore.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted including currently enrolled MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery) students from first year to final year in 2 medical schools of Lahore. An online google form was constructed by combining Modified Adverse Childhood Experiences Score Scale (ACES), Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10) and Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale (HADS). Data were exported to SPSS version 25.0 for descriptive and analytical analysis. Pearson's chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to study the association between the outcome and dependent variables; Odd's ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated.ResultsParticipants (N = 324) belonging to two different medical colleges in Lahore, namely King Edward Medical College (public) and Shalamar Medical and Dental College (private), took part in the study.Pearson's chi-square showed significant association of emotional intelligence with early private schooling (p = 0.029), nuclear family system (0.044) and the presence of symptoms of depression (0.005). The adjusted logistic regression model showed that people who studied in a private sector school (OR: 2.12, CI: 1.01–4.45) and people who lived in a nuclear family (OR: 2.02, CI: 1.00–4.08) had significantly twice the likelihood of having high emotional intelligence. Also noteworthy is that respondents who were depressed according to HADS showed significantly lower emotional intelligence (OR: 0.37, CI: 0.16–0.86)ConclusionEmotional intelligence is now being recognized as an important life skill for healthcare providers. Emotional intelligence of medical undergraduates is influenced by a number of factors such as early schooling, family's living situation, current mental health and adverse childhood experiences. More prospective researches should be conducted to evaluate these relationships. Carefully crafted interventions for improving emotional intelligence for medical students must be implied at an early level to achieve better outcomes from medical education.
Comparative Study of Care Home Referrals During Three National COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns
Authors: Badrakalimuthu Vellingiri Raja 
Published: June 2022

AimsTo compare characteristics, presentation and treatment of care home patients referred to care home pathway team during three lockdowns.MethodsData were collected from referrals to G&W care home pathway team during lock downs:First: 23rd March 2020 to 30th June 2020Second: 5th November 2020 to 2nd December 2020Third: 5th January 2021 to 8th March 2021Variables collected included number of referrals, age, gender, type of care home, reason for referral, type of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), diagnosis, new diagnosis of dementia, comorbidity, type and professional to make initial contact, blood tests at point of referral, appointments, duration on caseload, type of interventions for BPSD, admission, and use of antipsychotics. They were analysed for statistical significance at p value <0.05.ResultsThere were 23, 21 and 34 referrals respectively in the three lockdowns, with significant reduction in the weekly average of referrals (1.6), and number of men (17.4%) referred in the first lockdown. Significantly greater proportion of referrals in first lockdown was for BPSD (65.2%), with aggression (40%) as most common BPSD. Alzheimer's dementia was commonest dementia (67%) across lockdowns with fewer new diagnosis (21.7%) made in first lockdown. There was lower rate of delirium (21.7%) in fist lockdown associated with fewer blood investigations (56.5%) at point of referral. Although there was no difference by type of professional, number of appointments, and discharges, duration on caseload (median 58.5 days) was significantly longer during first lockdown. There was access to medical, nursing, and psychological therapies input during all lockdowns. There was reduction in medication prescription including antipsychotics (33%), with no new antipsychotics commenced in all lockdowns.ConclusionDespite availability of mental health services, this study highlights reduction in access to mental health services as well as physical health investigations for elderly residents in care homes during the first lockdown.
Theory of Mind Deficits in Bipolar Disorder in Remission
Authors: Chauhan Shravani 
Published: June 2022

AimsTheory of mind (ToM) is the ability to represent one's own and other's mental state. Studies in bipolar affective disorder show mixed results possible due to confounding factors like intelligence, attention, phase of illness and current mood. Purpose of this study is to study ToM in remittent bipolar disorder patients and compare with normal controls to find if there are residual deficits during remissionMethods40 bipolar patients in remission and 40 age and sex matched controls were recruited. Clinical remission for 3 months with YMRS <4 and HAM-D <7 was inclusion criteria. ToM was assessed by Faux Pas test. Data were analysed using SPSS-11.5 for Windows with parametric and non-parametric tests as indicated. Level of significance taken as p < 0.05 (two tailed).ResultsMean age of onset of illness in patient group was 23.8 years with duration of illness 11.3 years. Mean number of episodes 6.7 and duration of remission 4.15 months. ToM test result revealed deficit in recognizing social cues in faux pas test by bipolar patients as compared to normal controls. There was no difference between both groups in test result on control stories.ConclusionResults suggest that ToM deficits are present in bipolar disorder patients even during apparent clinical remission, indicating it may be a trait marker of the illness. There is no deficit in understanding a regular social context without faux pas. It also revealed that there is no correlation with ToM and duration of illness
Origins of Callous-Unemotional Behaviours in Infants
Authors: Cheung Gloria , Whitehead Francesca , Geangu Elena 
Published: June 2022

AimsCallous-unemotional (CU) trait is a characteristic of conduct disorder. As CU-like behaviours emerge from early childhood, this could potentially be predicted early on in life. There is debate in whether general or specifically fear expression processing was impaired in those with CU traits. No studies investigated subliminal emotion processing in those with CU traits. Hence, this study addressed two questions. Firstly, we investigated whether attention to general facial expression or fearful expression is related to future CU behaviours. Secondly, we examined whether subliminal emotion processing can predict CU behaviours alongside supraliminal emotion processing by comparing EEG data to CU behaviours.MethodsWe performed EEG on 7 months old infants using fearful and happy faces as stimuli to investigate whether attention bias to general facial expression or fearful expression is related to future CU behaviours through the Nc component (300–600ms). We also used both subliminal and supraliminal eliciting techniques to determine whether there are any differences in terms of prediction of CU behaviours. The ERP data were then compared with behavioural data, including aggression and empathy scores, collected when the participants reach 14 to 18 months old through the infant-toddler version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB) and the infant empathy and prosocial behaviour (IEPB) questionnaires.ResultsA total of 18 infant participants were included in our analyses. There is a significant interaction between emotion and empathy for the Nc component, but not aggression. Infants with low empathy paid less attention to fearful facial expressions compared to happy facial expressions while those with high empathy paid more attention to fearful facial expressions compared to happy facial expressions. Moreover, subliminal and supraliminal emotion processing had similar ERP eliciting ability.ConclusionOur study showed those with less empathy have a different pattern of attention bias to emotional expression and are less sensitive to fear emotion. Attention bias to emotional expression during infancy could be used to predict CU behaviours during toddlerhood. Being able to predict CU behaviours before their occurrence could help identify those in need of early intervention and help identify potential participants for longitudinal studies that could aid the development of interventions and understanding of CU behaviours. Furthermore, subliminal and supraliminal emotion processing has a similar predicting ability for CU behaviours. This is the first study that investigated subliminal emotion processing in infants with CU behaviours. Future studies would need to include a larger sample size to verify our findings.
The SHIELD Project: Designing an Intervention for Social Media With Young People
Authors: Cheung Gloria , Varvari Ioana , Fenton Clare 
Published: June 2022

AimsThe primary aims of our study is to gather ideas from young people about developing an intervention for children who first started using social media. Our study also aims to investigate whether different types of social media use are associated with impact of social media on emotions and self-esteem.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was distributed to young people (16–25 years old), who were UK residents, through word of mouth, social media and university newsletters. We assessed participants’ baseline characteristics, including types of social media use (active, active-passive and passive), impact of social media. We also explored young people's idea on developing a social media intervention, including how it should be delivered, topics that needs to be covered. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinal regression analysis.Results90 young people completed the questionnaire. 37.8% of the participants started using social media before 13 years old. Analysis has shown that interacting with other users and creating social media content is associated with higher self-rated negative impact on self-esteem from social media, but there is no association between impact on self-esteem and reacting to other's social media content or browsing other's social media content. Types of social media use were not associated with a self-rated impact of social media on emotions. Regarding the co-development of an intervention for social media, young people believe the best ways to distribute information about social media is through an interactive session by professionals (36.7%) or teaching it in class (28.9%) while the least popular ways are poster/booklet (1.11%) and mobile phone app (1.11%). The majority of young people felt the following topics on social media to be useful to cover during interventions, including risks on social media (85.6%), emotional safety on social media (81.1%), social media hygiene (70.0%), coping strategies and finding help on social media (66.7%), communication on social media (58.9%).ConclusionAlthough types of social media use are not associated with impact on emotions from social media, those who create social media content are at higher risk of having more impact on self-esteem. Interventions should be developed to help protect or improve self-esteem while using social media. This could be done by focusing on different topics. Future interventions for young social media users should be interactive and led by experts. They should also start before children reaches the common legal age of social media use to make them more resilient to the digital world.
From Infancy to Modern Day: The History of Mother and Baby Units in the United Kingdom
Authors: Chin Rui-Ernn Natassia , Lim Mao Fong 
Published: June 2022

AimsMother and baby units (MBUs) are inpatient units where women with severe acute postpartum psychiatric problems can be cared for alongside their babies. This is currently considered to be gold-standard care, recognising the importance of early childhood bonding and family-centered care. Great Britain has spearheaded the development of the MBU, however the history of MBUs in the United Kingdom (UK) has never been published.MethodsThrough a narrative review of published and grey literature, we explore the development of the MBU in the UK, from its infancy to modern day.ResultsWe outline the history of the MBU model of care, from its early conception to current state. We also examine factors contributing towards the expansion of MBUs and more broadly, the expansion of perinatal mental health services throughout the UK. We also briefly describe the approach to MBUs worldwide, taking into consideration sociocultural differences and approaches to caring for the mother-baby dyad.ConclusionSince its conception, there has been considerable investment in and expansion of perinatal mental health services, both in community and inpatient settings. Sustained research and continued advocacy is required to expand provision of care.
Mind and Spirit. Chaplaincy and Spiritual Care in Inpatient Psychiatry – a Qualitative Study
Authors: Diamantis Elias , Miles-Marsh Rupert , Stowell Anita 
Published: June 2022

AimsIntroduction. Despite society's secularisation, as of 2019 only 38.4% of the population of England and Wales identified as “No Religion”. The integration of chaplaincy and spiritual care teams into health services varies widely and we undertook this qualitative research to better understand the spiritual needs on psychiatric wards.MethodsBetween October 2021 and January 2022, we carried out semi-structured interviews with 10 patients and 10 staff-members, convenience sampled from acute General Adult Wards. The interviews were approximately 10–15 minutes long, documented in shorthand, compiled, and analysed thematically.ResultsThemes (P = patient, S = staff member)1. Religion and belief, or lack of it, defies categorisationP1 (36M) identified as Christian but didn't really believe, whilst S2 (Nurse Clinical Team Leader) professed no religion but prayed that her sister would be healed. P7 (59F) was brought up Christian but thought religion was a fantasy. P2(21M) identified as Wiccan but thought all religions hold truth.2. An incarnational, embodied serviceP9 (33F) wished chaplains wandered around the wards and S10 (F1 Junior Doctor) praised their presence in general hospitals. P1 wanted a “prayer circle” and S5 (Student Nurse) suggested weekly worship services.3. Space to “be”S10 liked an empty chapel to think in and P4 (29M) said he was Lacking space for reflection and meditation.4. Unmet needsP9 felt abandoned by God during the admission and her vicar had recently died. She wanted someone to sit, pray with her and point her to helpful scriptures but was not aware of the existence of chaplaincy. Of the patients, only P3 knew how to contact the service and S8 said it was rarely discussed by the MDT.5. Caution, ignorance and suspicionS1 and S8 said chaplaincy visits are sometimes distressing for patients preoccupied with devils and demons and P5 (26M) was worried they'd judge him.6. Links with wider faith communitiesP6 (46F) would like to attend church with her family, P4(29M) would like to know where he could go to worship and S2 was also curious of what's available outside hospital.ConclusionDiscussion and clinical implicationsDespite limitations of small size and recruitment bias, the themes emphasise the complexity of understanding someone's spirituality. It highlights a call for a more visible presence and thoughtful consideration of what a spiritual need is and how it can be met.Ward visits should be prioritised, having recently been limited by COVID-19 restrictions. Patient information and staff education regarding chaplaincy and spiritual care is urgently needed on psychiatric inpatient wards.
Examining the Levels of Violence in Mental Health Trusts
Authors: Dinkel Charlotte , Hassanally Khalil 
Published: June 2022

AimsA recent NICE report stated that there were 68,683 assaults reported by NHS staff between 2013 and 2014. 69% of these were in the mental health or learning disability setting. We sought to explore the number of violent incidents within mental health trusts across England and to understand whether the levels of violence against staff have increased, decreased, or remained the same between the years 2014 to 2019. We also looked at whether a change in bed numbers correlated with the levels of violence experienced.MethodsMental Health Trusts in England were identified, and Freedom of Information requests were sent to them. We asked for the numbers of sexual and physical violence between the years 2014 and 2020, broken down by outpatient and inpatient setting. Using bed data from NHS England we looked at whether there was a correlation with violence.ResultsOut of the 53 trusts we approached with freedom of information requests, 43 returned responses with data that could be used for analysis. Data sets were often incomplete, especially for the earlier years requested. The total number of violent incidents from the 43 trusts was 24,393, in the year 2014. There was an increase to 37,907 by the year 2019, which may, in part, be explained by more complete data. Over the same time period, there was a decrease in bed numbers. Average number of episodes of violence per bed increased over 2014 to 2019 from 2 to 2.5, but the increase was not statistically significant. From our data, a correlation between the decrease in bed numbers and increase in rates of violence cannot be drawn.ConclusionThe high number of violent incidents within the mental health setting remain troubling, particularly when taking into account that this analysis represented only a partial data set. This limitation, together other data robustness issues, including the probability of under reporting by staff mean that firm conclusions cannot be drawn. This remains an area where urgent further research is needed, both to identify the extent of the problem, and to probe the impact violence has on staff and patients.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Post-Laminectomy Syndrome: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Faria Fernanda , Oliveira Marília , Júnior Demosthenes , Olmos Ana , Cosmo Camila , Filho Gerardo 
Published: June 2022

AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in treatment of post-laminectomy syndrome.MethodsTwenty-four patients were randomized in three groups to receive active or sham anodic stimulation (1.5 mA, 20 minutes for five consecutive days, with 25cm2 electrodes) in two different areas (primary motor cortex (M1) vs. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), according to lateralization of pain. Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were instruments used to assess pain, while Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) was applied to measure severity disease and clinical response. Additionally, the quality of life assessment was based on World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). In order to identify psychiatric comorbidities, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI) tests were applied. Comparisons between groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, ANOVA-Welch, Kruskal-Wallis, Man-Whitney, and Fisher's test.ResultsIt is observed that there was a statistically significant difference (difference 0,15† [95% CI, 7,07 ± 1,39]) in the way individuals assess their quality of life and the improvement in pain intensity by VAS, especially in M1. The assessment of quality of life among those who showed improvement was higher than those who did not improved.ConclusionApplication of tDCS in primary motor cortex (M1) produced an improvement in pain pattern in patients with post-laminectomy syndrome. Our data suggest that tDCS - a low-cost, technically simple and highly tolerable technique, is a promising technique for management chronic pain in disorders such as post-laminectomy syndrome.