bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P-Chloride-Free Synthesis of Phosphoric Esters: Microwave-Assisted Esterification of Alkyl- and Dialkyl Phosphoric Ester-Acids Obtained from Phosphorus Pentoxide
Authors: Keglevich György , Harsági Nikoletta , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIt is a reasonable endeavour to replace P-chloride starting materials (e.g., POCl3) with greener and cheaper reagents. Our purpose was to start from phosphorus pentoxide, i.e. to utilize its reaction with alcohols in the preparation of (HO)2P(O)(OR) and HOP(O)(OR)2, and to convert the mixtures of the corresponding monoester and diester, so obtained, into the target trialkyl esters. Separate experiments showed that the monobutylphosphate undergo microwave (MW)-assisted esterification with butanol in the presence of [bmim][BF4] catalyst at 200 °C to afford dibutylphosphate in a selective manner (ca. 95%) that, in turn, may be converted into tributylphosphate by alkylation under MW irradiation. In this way, the mixtures of (HO)2P(O)(OR) and HOP(O)(OR)2 obtained by the practical reaction of phosphorus pentoxide and alcohol (ROH) could also be converted in two additional steps into the corresponding trialkyl esters. The three-step synthesis of trialkylphosphates starting from phosphorus pentoxide was also transformed in a one-pot (step 1: preparation of the monoester diester mixture, step 2: diesterification) and telescoping (step 3: triesterification) variation, avoiding the isolation and purification of the intermediates, and affording the triesters­ in 86–93% yields. The three- and two-step P-chloride-free methods developed are ‘green’ and of more general value.
Adding Intermittent Vibration to Varied-intensity Work Intervals: No
Extra Benefit
Authors: Bossi Arthur Henrique , Mesquida Cristian , Hopker James , Rønnestad Bent Ronny 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVaried-intensity work intervals have been shown to induce higher fractions of
maximal oxygen uptake during high-intensity interval training compared with
constant-intensity work intervals. We assessed whether varied-intensity work
intervals combined with intermittent vibration could further increase
cyclists’ fraction of maximal oxygen uptake to potentially optimise
adaptive stimulus. Thirteen cyclists (V̇O2max:
69.7±7.1 ml·kg−1·min−1)
underwent a performance assessment and two high-intensity interval training
sessions. Both comprised six 5-minute varied-intensity work intervals within
which the work rate was alternated between 100% (3×30-second
blocks, with or without vibration) and 77% of maximal aerobic power
(always without vibration). Adding vibration to varied-intensity work intervals
did not elicit a longer time above ninety percent of maximal oxygen uptake
(415±221 versus 399±209 seconds, P=0.69).
Heart rate- and perceptual-based training-load metrics were also not affected
(all P≥0.59). When considering individual work intervals, no
between-condition differences were found (fraction of maximal oxygen uptake,
P=0.34; total oxygen uptake, P=0.053; mean
minute ventilation, P=0.079; mean heart rate,
P=0.88; blood lactate concentration, P=0.53;
ratings of perceived exertion, P=0.29). Adding intermittent
vibration to varied-intensity work intervals does not increase the fraction of
maximal oxygen uptake elicited. Whether intermittent exposure to vibration can
enhance cyclists’ adaptive stimulus triggered by high-intensity interval
training remains to be determined.
Analysis of light – current characteristics of high-power semiconductor lasers (1060 nm) in a steady-state 2D model
Authors: Slipchenko S.O. , Golovin V.S. , Soboleva O.S. , Lamkin I.A. , Pikhtin N.A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a 2D model of a high-power semiconductor laser, which takes into account carrier transport across the layers of its heterostructure and longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB), an effect related to the nonuniform gain distribution along the cavity axis. We show that the use of the 2D model which takes into account carrier transport across the layers of the heterostructure allows an appreciable contribution of LSHB to saturation of light – current characteristics to be demonstrated. The LSHB effect, causing a decrease in the output optical power of semiconductor lasers, is shown to be stronger at high drive currents and low output mirror reflectivities. In the case of high drive currents, the LSHB-induced drop in power is related to the faster growth of internal optical and recombination losses because of the nonuniform current density distribution along the cavity axis, such that the highest current density can be almost twice the lowest one. LSHB is shown to increase the power stored in a Fabry – Perot cavity, which is an additional mechanism reducing the output optical power.
α-Synuclein phosphorylation at serine 129 occurs after initial protein deposition and inhibits seeded fibril formation and toxicity
Authors: Ghanem Simona S. , Majbour Nour K. , Vaikath Nishant N. , Ardah Mustafa T. , Erskine Daniel , Jensen Nanna Møller , Fayyad Muneera , Sudhakaran Indulekha P. , Vasili Eftychia , Melachroinou Katerina , Abdi Ilham Y. , Poggiolini Ilaria , Santos Patricia , Dorn Anton , Carloni Paolo , Vekrellis Kostas , Attems Johannes , McKeith Ian , Outeiro Tiago F. , Jensen Poul Henning , El-Agnaf Omar M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Converging evidence points to the build-up of phosphorylated α-synuclein (α-syn) at residue serine 129 (pS129) in Lewy body disease, suggesting its central role in the regulation of α-syn aggregation and neuronal degeneration. However, a comprehensive understanding of the role of α-syn phosphorylation at pS129 in α-synuclenopathies pathogenesis is still lacking. Herein, we study the phosphorylation incidence and its effect on α-syn aggregation propensity and cellular toxicity. Collectively, our data suggest that pS129 occurred subsequent to initial α-syn aggregation, lessened aggregation propensity, and attenuated cytotoxicity through diverse assays. Our findings highlight major implications for a better understanding of the role of a molecular modification on protein aggregation.
Bi-functional Ni-doped La2O3 nanosheets: their enhanced photocatalytic performance and antibacterial properties
Authors: Arshad Aqsa , Siddique Sadaf , Shahid M , Zulqurnain M , Niazi R K , Mansoor Q , Nadeem K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Contaminated water and antibiotic resistance are global threats that need urgent attention. In this work, we present the sunlight-induced removal of methyl violet (MV) and antibacterial properties of neat La2O3 nanoribbons and Ni (1%, 3%, 5%)-doped La2O3 nanosheets. The increased concentration of Ni dopant not only induces the morphological transformation to quasi-2D-surface-like nanosheets but also greatly improves the optical properties by reducing the bandgap of La2O3, which synergistically serves to enhance the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MV. The 5% Ni-doped La2O3 nanosheets exhibit the maximum photocatalytic efficiency, i.e. 99.15% compared to La2O3 (29%) nanoribbons alone, which makes them an exceptional material for the decontamination of MV polluted water. In addition, at the optimized concentration of Ni, La2O3 nanosheets show robust antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by inhibiting 83.14% and 84.88% growth, respectively. 5% Ni-doped La2O3 can be a potential bi-functional nanocatalyst and a novel antibacterial material owing to its unique sheet-like morphology that provides high surface interaction with the bacteria and a greater number of adsorption sites for the contaminant dye.
Manifestation of Majorana modes overlap in the Aharonov–Bohm effect
Authors: Aksenov S V 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One of the key features of the Majorana bound states emerging in topological superconducting (SC) wires is increasing oscillations of their energy under the growth of magnetic field or chemical potential due to concomitant enhancement of hybridization of the Majorana mode wave functions initially localized at the opposite edges of the structure. In this study we found that the other consequence of it is a shift of Aharonov–Bohm (AB) oscillations of linear-response conductance in an interference device where two ends of the SC wire connected with a normal contact via non-SC wires (arms). In addition, it is accompanied by an oscillation period doubling. The numerical calculations for the spinful system are supported by the analytical results for different spinless models allowing to track the conductance evolution as the hybridization of the Majorana modes increases. It is shown that since the coupling between the different arms and normal contact is implemented only via the different-type Majoranas the AB oscillations acquire a fundamental π/2 shift in comparison with the effect for an analogous system of zero-energy quantum dots.
Comment on ‘Two-dimensional carbon nitride C6N nanosheet with egg-comb-like structure and electronic properties of a semimetal [2021, Nanotechnology

32, 215702]’
Authors: Mortazavi Bohayra , Neek-Amal Mehdi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recently, Bafekry et al (2021 Nanotechnology
32 215702) predicted a novel two-dimensional carbon nitride with an egg-comb-like structure and a C6N stoichiometry. Their density functional theory results reveal the thermal stability of this structure at 300 K. They also examined the thermoelectric properties of this monolayer up to 500 K. By adopting the same methodology employed in the original work by Bafekry et al (2021 Nanotechnology
32 215702), we show that this monolayer is thermally unstable and cannot be employed for practical applications. Aforementioned theoretical work also includes inaccuracies in the evaluation of thermoelectric properties of the C6N monolayer, as they did not consider the contribution of the lattice thermal conductivity.
Unsighted ghost imaging for objects completely hidden inside turbid media
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Chen Hui 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ghost imaging (GI) is an unconventional imaging method that retrieves the image of an object by correlating a series of known illumination patterns with the total reflected (or transmitted) intensity. However, the patterns on the object are required to be known, which highly limits its application scenarios, especially in a strong scattering environment. We here propose a scheme that removes this basic requirement, and enables GI to non-invasively image objects through turbid media. As experimental proof, we project a set of patterns towards an object hidden inside turbid media that make the patterns falling on the object completely unknown. The spatial information of both the object and the illumination is lost. We prove that, when the source is within a memory-effect angular range of the turbid medium, the spatial frequency of the object is preserved in the correlation of GI, which can be used for image reconstruction. This scheme also circumvents the major challenge in non-invasive imaging through turbid media: the object must be small enough to fit in a field-of-view which is usually extremely small in realistic scenarios. Our method removes this limitation and is an important step towards realistic applications.
Transfers, Diversification and Household Risk Strategies: Can Productive Safety Nets Help Households Manage Climatic Variability?
Authors: Macours Karen , Premand Patrick , Vakis Renos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present experimental evidence on a programme aimed at improving households' risk management through income diversification. The intervention targeted rural Nicaraguan households exposed to weather variability and combined a one-year conditional cash transfer with vocational training or a productive investment grant. Both complementary interventions provided protection against weather shocks two years after the programme ended. Households that received the productive investment grant also had higher average consumption levels. The complementary interventions facilitated income smoothing and diversification of economic activities. Relaxing capital constraints induced investments in non-agricultural businesses, while relaxing skills constraints increased wage work and migration in response to shocks.
Applied phenomics and genomics for improving barley yellow dwarf resistance in winter wheat
Authors: Silva Paula , Evers Byron , Kieffaber Alexandria , Wang Xu , Brown Richard , Gao Liangliang , Fritz Allan , Crain Jared , Poland Jesse 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf is one of the major viral diseases of cereals. Phenotyping barley yellow dwarf in wheat is extremely challenging due to similarities to other biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeding for resistance is additionally challenging as the wheat primary germplasm pool lacks genetic resistance, with most of the few resistance genes named to date originating from a wild relative species. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the use of high-throughput phenotyping to improve barley yellow dwarf assessment; (2) identify genomic regions associated with barley yellow dwarf resistance; and (3) evaluate the ability of genomic selection models to predict barley yellow dwarf resistance. Up to 107 wheat lines were phenotyped during each of 5 field seasons under both insecticide treated and untreated plots. Across all seasons, barley yellow dwarf severity was lower within the insecticide treatment along with increased plant height and grain yield compared with untreated entries. Only 9.2% of the lines were positive for the presence of the translocated segment carrying the resistance gene Bdv2. Despite the low frequency, this region was identified through association mapping. Furthermore, we mapped a potentially novel genomic region for barley yellow dwarf resistance on chromosome 5AS. Given the variable heritability of the trait (0.211–0.806), we obtained a predictive ability for barley yellow dwarf severity ranging between 0.06 and 0.26. Including the presence or absence of Bdv2 as a covariate in the genomic selection models had a large effect for predicting barley yellow dwarf but almost no effect for other observed traits. This study was the first attempt to characterize barley yellow dwarf using field-high-throughput phenotyping and apply genomic selection to predict disease severity. These methods have the potential to improve barley yellow dwarf characterization, additionally identifying new sources of resistance will be crucial for delivering barley yellow dwarf resistant germplasm.
A note on functional relations in a certain class of implicative expansions of FDE related to Brady’s 4-valued logic BN4
Authors: Robles Gemma , Méndez José M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The logic E4 is related to Brady’s BN4 in a similar way to which Anderson and Belnap’s logic of entailment E is related to their logic of the relevant implication R. In ‘A companion to Brady’s 4-valued relevant logic: the 4-valued logic of entailment E4’, quoted in this paper, three alternatives to BN4 and another three to E4 are summarily introduced in a couple of pages as the only alternatives containing Routley and Meyer’s basic logic B, provided some conditions are fulfilled. The aim of this note is to prove (i) BN4 and its three alternatives are the same logic up to some point, since they are functionally equivalent to each other, as it is the case with E4 and its three alternatives, which are also functionally equivalent to each other; (ii) to some extent, E4 is superior to BN4, since the latter is functionally included in the former, but not conversely.
Better Understanding the Timing Of Androgen Deprivation Trial Outcomes: Impacts of Prior Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Authors: Stensland Kristian D , Devasia Theresa , Caram Megan E V , Chapman Christina , Zaslavsky Alexander , Morgan Todd M , Hollenbeck Brent K , Sparks Jordan B , Burns Jennifer , Vedapudi Varsha , Duchesne Gillian M , Tsodikov Alexander , Skolarus Ted A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The Timing Of Androgen Deprivation (TOAD) trial found an overall survival benefit for immediate vs delayed androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–relapsed or noncurable prostate cancer. However, broad eligibility criteria allowed entry of a heterogeneous participant group, including those with prior ADT exposure, raising concerns about subsequent androgen sensitivity. For these reasons, we completed previously specified subgroup analyses to assess if prior ADT was associated with ADT timing efficacy after PSA relapse.

Methods
We examined TOAD trial patient-level data for participants with PSA relapse after local therapy. We performed Kaplan-Meier analyses for overall survival stratified by prior ADT and randomized treatment arm (immediate or delayed ADT). We compared group characteristics using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher exact tests. All hypothesis tests were 2-sided.

Results
We identified 261 patients with PSA relapse, 125 of whom received prior ADT. Patients with prior ADT had higher PSA at presentation (12.1 vs 9.0 ng/mL; P &lt; .001), more cT3 disease (38.4% vs 25.0%; P = .007), and more likely received radiotherapy as local treatment (80.0% vs 47.8%; P &lt; .001) but were otherwise similar to patients without prior ADT exposure. Within this prior ADT group, those who received immediate ADT (n = 56) had improved overall survival compared with those who received delayed ADT (n = 69; P = .02). This benefit was not observed in the group with no prior ADT (P = .98).

Conclusions
The survival benefit demonstrated in the TOAD trial may be driven by patients who received ADT prior to trial entry. We provide possible explanations for this finding with implications for treatment of PSA-relapsed prostate cancer and future study planning.
Beyond the binary debates in migration: Experiences of Fulani nomads, sedentary Fulani, and autochthone farmers in Agogo, Ghana
Authors: Setrana Mary Boatemaa , Kyei Justice Richard Kwabena Owusu , Nyarko Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The contestations over land and pasture redefine broad complex boundaries between three groups: autochthone farmers of Agogo, Fulani sedentary herders, and Fulani nomads. The broad boundaries have emerged into sub-categories between the sedentary Fulani and Fulani nomads who belong to the same ethnic group of Fulbe in West Africa. With growing population pressures and shrinking resources, the competition for land and livelihoods has fuelled tensions among these groups, feeding a cycle of recurring violence. Extended qualitative fieldwork conducted in six communities in the forest transitional zone of Ghana reveals how these tensions are connected to emerging forms of self-categorisation and othering: developing positive attitudes of in-groups, while viewing others less favourably. This has produced a triadic relationship with varied claims to authority, space, and residential superiority. The indigenous farmers claim ownership of the land and demand the evacuation of both sedentary Fulani and Fulani nomads from the area. The sedentary Fulani claim they are not the troublemakers but that they are blamed for the encroachment and destruction of farms. The Fulani nomads resist assertions that they are dangerous and unapproachable, but intentionally remain aloof and outside, at the margins of Ghana’s legal authority.
An investigation of the kinetics and thermodynamics of NaCl nucleation through composite clusters
Authors: Bulutoglu Pelin S , Wang Shiyan , Boukerche Moussa , Nere Nandkishor K , Corti David S , Ramkrishna Doraiswami 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Having a good understanding of nucleation is critical for the control of many important processes, such as polymorph selection during crystallization. However, a complete picture of the molecular-level mechanisms of nucleation remains elusive. In this work, we take an in-depth look at the NaCl homogeneous nucleation mechanism through thermodynamics. Distinguished from the classical nucleation theory, we calculate the free energy of nucleation as a function of two nucleus size coordinates: crystalline and amorphous cluster sizes. The free energy surface reveals a thermodynamic preference for a nonclassical mechanism of nucleation through a composite cluster, where the crystalline nucleus is surrounded by an amorphous layer. The thickness of the amorphous layer increases with an increase in supersaturation. The computed free energy landscape agrees well with the composite cluster-free energy model, through which phase specific thermodynamic properties are evaluated. As the supersaturation increases, there is a change in stability of the amorphous phase relative to the solution phase, resulting in a change from one-step to two-step mechanism, seen clearly from the free energy profile along the minimum free energy path crossing the transition curve. By obtaining phase-specific diffusion coefficients, we construct the full mesoscopic model and present a clear roadmap for NaCl nucleation.
Proterozoic supercontinent break-up as a driver for oxygenation events and subsequent carbon isotope excursions
Authors: Eguchi James , Diamond Charles W , Lyons Timothy W 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oxygen and carbon are 2 elements critical for life on Earth. Earth's most dramatic oxygenation events and carbon isotope excursions (CIE) occurred during the Proterozoic, including the Paleoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event and the associated Lomagundi CIE, the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation event, and the Shuram negative CIE during the late Neoproterozoic. A specific pattern of a long-lived positive CIE followed by a negative CIE is observed in association with oxygenation events during the Paleo- and Neo-proterozoic. We present results from a carbon cycle model designed to couple the surface and interior cycling of carbon that reproduce this pattern. The model assumes organic carbon resides in the mantle longer than carbonate, leading to systematic temporal variations in the δ13C of volcanic CO2 emissions. When the model is perturbed by periods of enhanced continental weathering, increased amounts of carbonate and organic carbon are buried. Increased deposition of organic carbon allows O2 accumulation, while positive CIEs are driven by rapid release of subducted carbonate-derived CO2 at arcs. The subsequent negative CIEs are driven by the delayed release of organic C-derived CO2 at ocean islands. Our model reproduces the sequences observed in the Paleo- and Neo-proterozoic, that is oxygenation accompanied by a positive CIE followed by a negative CIE. Periods of enhanced weathering correspond temporally to supercontinent break-up, suggesting an important connection between global tectonics and the evolution of oxygen and carbon on Earth.