bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Invertebrate Community Composition and Functional Structure Across a Dune Succession Gradient
Authors: Frazier Christopher F. , Schriever Tiffany A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe world’s most extensive freshwater sand dunes lie along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, USA. These dunes follow a succession gradient from open canopy, grass-covered dunes to forested dunes further inland with wetlands interspersed in the dune landscape. We asked if macroinvertebrate assemblages in interdunal wetlands showed predictable change along the dune succession gradient. In April through October 2017, we collected physical–chemical data, characterized wetland habitat, and macroinvertebrate assemblages at 11 interdunal wetlands distributed along an open-forested dune gradient. We evaluated patterns of taxonomic diversity and abundance and functional richness, community composition, and community dissimilarity along the gradient. The dune gradient represented changes in water chemistry variables associated with terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Overall, interdunal wetlands in open dune habitat showed lower taxonomic diversity and were dominated by communities with functional traits tailored to variable habitats (active dispersal, bi/multi-voltine). Variation in assemblage composition along the gradient is correlated with differences in water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and amount of surrounding terrestrial vegetation. Community dissimilarity is driven primarily by terrestrial vegetation surrounding wetlands and secondarily by spatial location. This is the first study to document aquatic diversity across a dune succession gradient illustrating that terrestrial dune vegetation has a large impact on patterns of aquatic community and functional structure. To maintain high species diversity in Great Lakes sand dunes ecosystems we promote protection for both forest and dune habitat to safeguard unique species and biological traits that use interdunal wetlands.
Analytical Scheme of Stability Analysis for 4-DoF Mechanical System Subjected to Friction-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Puzyrov Volodymyr , Vazquez Gisela Pujol , Zuppa Leonardo Acho 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Purpose:
The stability problem for non-conservative multi-parameter dynamical system is usually associated with labor-intensive calculations, and numerical methods do not always allow one to obtain the desired information. The presence of circulatory forces often leads to the so-called ”destabilization effect” of the system under the influence of small dissipative forces. In this regard, it seems important to develop analytical approaches that make it possible to use a simplified scheme for checking the stability conditions.

Methods:
When obtaining and analyzing stability conditions, the algebra of polynomials and elements of mathematical analysis are applied. To obtain a simplified scheme for checking the stability conditions, an asymptotic method is used.

Results and Conclusion:
A mechanical system with four degrees of freedom which is under the action of dissipative, potential and non-conservative potential (circulatory) forces is considered. The stability problem of friction-induced vibrations is studying. In the case of weak damping an analytical approach is proposed that makes it possible to simplify the analysis of stability conditions, which, due to the presence of many uncertain parameters, are very cumbersome. With the help of numerical testing, the adequacy of the results obtained for the reduced conditions and full stability conditions was established. The results of the analysis make it possible to single out the ”advantageous” regions in the space of dimensionless parameters, which makes it possible to improve the design of the system to increase its reliability.
The Limits of Vietnam's Incrementalism towards the Abolition of Capital Punishment for Drug Offenses
Authors: Nguyen Tien Duc , Tran Thu Thuy Thi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInternational law has ruled out the application of the death penalty on drug offenses. Despite failure to meet the threshold to be categorised as one of the ‘most serious crimes’, the practice of capital punishment for drug offences in many parts of the world continues to dismay human rights activists and practitioners. This article aims to exhibit a dynamic view on drug offences under Vietnamese law. It contends that the nation's understanding of the severity of drug offences has witnessed incremental changes corresponding with international standards, although not completely compatible. Drawing on comparative scholarship, the article then moves on to ask whether there is any room left for the total abolition of capital punishment for drug offences. It suggests that Vietnam's incrementalism towards abolition has reached its bounds. Renovation in the understanding on the severity of drug crimes is very much needed to re-fuel the abolitionist movement in the country.
Information in Consumer Contracts: Reforming Consumer Protection Law in Malaysia
Authors: Zeno Junaidah 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article examines the effectiveness of theConsumer Protection Act 1999in ensuring that Malaysian consumers can make informed decisions and that their interests are adequately protected in modern electronic commerce (e-commerce) transactions. It first identifies the key elements required of a modern consumer protection framework and subsequently uses this model as a yardstick to assess the legal frameworks in two jurisdictions. The first jurisdiction is Malaysia, a common law country that, although considered a potentially important regional player in the development of e-commerce, has a relatively underdeveloped consumer protection framework. The second jurisdiction is England and Wales, which is likewise a common law jurisdiction but one whose consumer protection framework has been influenced by European Union consumer protection policy and legislation that has further provided the impetus for significant legal reform in both offline and online environments. This article examines the extent to which the laws in both jurisdictions provide appropriate protection, considering countervailing issues (eg, protection of commercial innovation and competition) and identifying potential gaps in provision (eg, inadequate regulation of new platforms or business methods). Based on these analyses, the article proposes an ‘evergreen’ consumer protection framework to improve the legal landscape of e-commerce in Malaysia.
A Neglected Aspect of Hume’s Nominalism
Authors: Weintraub Ruth 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I point to two problems engendered by two assumptions that Hume makes. The first is his nominalism: the view that all ideas are fully determinate with respect to all the aspects that are represented in them. The second, perhaps hitherto unnoticed, is that names denote ideas. I propose some solutions, aiming to find one that is Humean.
A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FAIRNESS REPORTING
Authors: Yap Jia Qing , Lim Ernest 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClear understanding of artificial intelligence (AI) usage risks and how they are being addressed is needed, which requires proper and adequate corporate disclosure. We advance a legal framework for AI Fairness Reporting to which companies can and should adhere on a comply-or-explain basis. We analyse the sources of unfairness arising from different aspects of AI models and the disparities in the performance of machine learning systems. We evaluate how the machine learning literature has sought to address the problem of unfairness through the use of different fairness metrics. We then put forward a nuanced and viable framework for AI Fairness Reporting comprising: (1) disclosure of all machine learning models usage; (2) disclosure of fairness metrics used and the ensuing trade-offs; (3) disclosure of de-biasing methods used; and (d) release of datasets for public inspection or for third-party audit. We then apply this reporting framework to two case studies.
The Crisis of Democracy in Interwar Britain
Authors: Middleton Stuart 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article reconstructs and examines the idea that democracy (in various senses) was fragile or, as some had it, in ‘crisis’ in interwar Britain. Recent scholarship on interwar political culture has generally emphasized its democratic or ‘democratizing’ character, in line with a conventional historical view of Britain as an exception to the instability and contestation of democracy in Europe. It is argued here that Britain's embroilment in a European ‘crisis’ of democracy was a commonplace of contemporary political thought, commentary, and argument; and that anxieties surrounding this prompted some of the initiatives that are conventionally seen as evidence of ‘democratization’. A properly historical understanding of those initiatives, and of interwar political culture in general, therefore appears to require that contemporary ideas of the weakness or ‘crisis’ of democracy in Britain are taken seriously (but not necessarily endorsed). In conclusion, the article suggests that interwar discussions of democracy gave rise to a tendency to equate democracy with a form of negative liberty, which registered and facilitated influential developments in politics and political thought beyond the interwar period; and that historical understanding of democracy in modern Britain might be enriched through an engagement with the political theorist Sheldon Wolin's concept of ‘fugitive democracy’.
Why Parents’ Fertility Plans Changed in China: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Zhang Cong , Yang Aaron Z. , Kim Sungwon , Fong Vanessa L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article examines the fertility desires, intentions and outcomes of 406 alumni of a middle school in Dalian city, Liaoning province, when they were surveyed in 2014–2015 (during their late 20s and early 30s). It also looks at how and why the fertility desires, plans and outcomes of a 47-member representative subsample and their spouses changed from year to year as they moved through their 20s and 30s between 2008 and 2021. Although most respondents started out wanting two children, longitudinal interviews with the representative subsample and their spouses showed that most gradually resigned themselves to having no more than one child. This was because they felt unable to provide two children with the high standard of living and childcare that their own experiences as singletons had led them to consider essential for proper childrearing.
Who Commands the Gun? Mobilization and Use of China's Armed Police
Authors: Wuthnow Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecent reforms to China's People's Armed Police have changed the balance of authority between central and local officials, continuing a pattern of reduced local control and granting more authority to Xi Jinping in his role as Central Military Commission chairman. The new system, however, attempts to balance central control with provisions that allow local officials down to the prefecture level to take command in some circumstances. This system intends to allow for rapid mobilization in cases of social unrest or natural disasters, although a review of emergency response plans and other Chinese sources indicates uneven implementation. The risk is that centralization could slow emergency response, although the effects will depend on the nature of civil–military coordination at different levels. The paper describes new legal authorities, assesses implementation and challenges, and reaches conclusions about the implications for Chinese political control and emergency response.
Informational rents in interbank competition
Authors: Garella Paolo G. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe present paper develops a two-period, simple model of interbank competition based on the idea that banks can partially control the behaviour of borrowers. The control effort by one bank over its customers is not observable by competitor banks. It is shown that the equilibrium behaviour of banks is characterised by a distorted incentive to exert the control effort. A second implication of the model is that unexpected tightening of the interest rate policy by the Central Bank increases the banks’ liabilities and thereby influences their loan policy. It is also shown that the returns from control are lower if banks expect that the economy be hit by a negative shock.
Optimal Growth and Transfers between Generations
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Michel Philippe 
Published: September 2022

SummaryGiven the difficulties of utilitarian and egalitarian social welfare functions in the context of intergenerational equity, an analysis directly based on the potential transfers that can be made between generations is proposed. A consumption path may be rejected if some transfers with infinite returns can be made. It is shown that such potential transfers are unlikely in the short run in ordinary growth models, but that the returns to sacrifice are often unbounded when distant dates are considered, except in some particular cases. These concepts help select acceptable growth paths, and give some insight into the dilemmas of intergenerational justice.
Introducing the Market in a Shortage Economy: The Vertical Integration Issue
Authors: Roland Gérard 
Published: September 2022

SummaryIt is well known that in the traditional Soviet-type economies, there is a spontaneous tendency of enterprise and ministries to integrate vertically, as a response to the supply uncertainty typical of a chronic shortage economy.The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the link between the vertical integration issue and economic reform. It is argued that, in an institutional context with fixed prices, when there is shortage of inputs, enterprises consuming these inputs will generally not be able to agree on a rationing scheme, in the absence of vertical integration. This decisional vacuum entails the functional necessity of a central planner who will decide on the rationing scheme. It is shown that this result may help to highlight some of the key theoretical and empirical issues of economic reform. One of its main implications is that, in an economy where vertical integration is weak, the abolition of imperative planning can hardly be successful if shortages are not suppressed at the same time. On the other hand, it is much easier to abolish imperative planning if the economy is highly vertically integrated but, because vertical integration destroys the competitive nature of markets, the main goals of economic reform cannot be fulfilled unless additional structural changes are introduced in order to create a competitive environment.
Contribution à une théorie de la croissance en économie ouverte
Authors: Lamfalussy Alexandre 
Published: September 2022

1. L’observation des faits économiques a conduit certains économistes, y compris l’auteur du présent article, à conférer aux exportations un rôle important dans l’explication de la croissance économique de l’Europe depuis la fin de la guerre. Ce «rôle important» doit être entendu dans un sens large, dépassant celui d’une simple incitation à l’expansion. La demande extérieure peut, en effet, au même titre que n’importe quelle composante de la demande intérieure, déclencher un processus de croissance. On sait, par exemple, que le développement de l’économie britannique au XIXe siècle doit beaucoup aux exportations de coton, de fer et de charbon. La pression de la demande étrangère sur les ressources nationales crée non seulement des revenus; elle peut aussi engendrer des innovations et aboutir à la création d’activités connexes.Les études auxquelles nous faisons allusion attribuent un rôle plus persistant à l’essor des exportations. Celui-ci est censé entretenir le processus de croissance; son affaiblissement devrait donc, toutes choses égales d’ailleurs, ralentir l’expansion. L’objet de cet article est de rendre explicite le raisonnement théorique qui soustend la thèse défendue dans ces écrits.
Estimation de la demande postale : l’exemple des bureaux de Namur (Belgique)
Authors: Thomas Isabelle 
Published: September 2022

Depuis une décennie, la localisation optimale des services publics a fait l’objet de publications diverses [9, 10, 20]; ces études se sont particulièrement concentrées sur la formulation mathématique des problèmes de localisation. Les quelques applications concernent principalement les services d’urgence[l, 16, 22], de santé[4] ou récréatifs[17]. Mais, dans la plupart des cas, le schéma d’utilisation des services publics par le consommateur est négligé. Or, dans la mesure où le lieu de consommation ainsi que la quantité consommée sont choisis par l’utilisateur, il convient de percevoir au mieux non seulement les exigences des services décideurs mais également les besoins et le comportement de la clientèle.C’est pourquoi, lebutde cette étude est de mieux comprendre le comportement des usagers d’un service public – celui des bureaux de poste – par l’estimation de leur fonction de demande, c’est-à-dire la quantité de service consommée par unité de temps; en d’autres termes, il s’agit de mettre en évidence les principaux facteurs qui déterminent le niveau d’utilisation du service postal en milieu urbain. Si l’organisation du service postal belge est bien connue, aucune donnée relative aux usagers n’est actuellement disponible.
Equality of What? On Welfare, Goods and Capabilities
Authors: Cohen G. A. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryIn his Tanner Lecture of 1979 calledEquality of What?Amartya Sen asked what metric egalitarians should use to establish the extent to which their ideal is realised in a given society. In this study I comment on answers to Sen’s question in recent philosophical literature. I describe and criticize what a number of authors (and notably Rawls and Sen) of egalitarian persuasion have said about the dimension(s) or respect(s) in which people should be made more equal, when the price in other values of moving towards greater equality is not intolerable.
On Ranking Opportunity Sets in Terms of Freedom of Choice
Authors: Pattanaik Prasanta K. , Xu Yongsheng 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe paper explores the notion of freedom of choice which is of considerable importance in welfare economics and the theory of social choice. Three plausible axioms are introduced for ranking alternative opportunity sets in terms of the degrees of freedom that they offer to the agent making choices. It is shown that, under these axioms, judgements about degrees of freedom of choice have to be based on the naive principle of simply counting the number of available options.
Persistence and Seasonality in Output and Employment of the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wolters Jürgen 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether shocks to output and employment had permanent or transitory effects during the period from 1961 to 1990 in the Federal Republic of Germany. There are a lot of parametric and non-parametric approaches which can be used for data generating processes which are difference-stationary or trend-stationary. But especially output and employment time series show very strong seasonal movements. Before employing usual persistence measures one has to test for seasonal integration. The application of seasonal adjustment procedures which are typically used in practice lead to different degrees of persistence, so one has to be very careful in interpreting the results.
The Life Cycle Hypothesis and Rational Expectations: Some Further Empirical Results
Authors: MacDonald R. , Peel D.A. 
Published: September 2022

In an innovative and important paper Hall (1978) demonstrated that the assumption of rational expectations when applied to the life cycle or permanent income hypothesis would, given a number of further assumptions such as constancy of the real rate of interest, imply that real consumption follows a martingale. Thus in logarithmslog C - log C- 1 = α + ∊where C is real consumer expenditure, α is a constant which allows for real growth in the economy and ∊ is a white noise error term.Hall presented empirical evidence for the U.S. economy which was broadly consistent with the hypothesis. However, subsequent work by a number of authors (eg Muellbauer (1983) and Hendry and von Ungern-Sternberg (1980)) appears to be inconsistent with the hypothesis. Past values of economic variables, such as consumption or income, are significant determinants of the first difference of the logarithm of consumption which violates the hypothesis.
Adam Smith and Three Theories of Altruism
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: September 2022

SummarySmith advanced a particular view of altruism that should prove to be relevant to the modern literature on the subject. It provided the backbone of his critique of three different theories. These three theories have been reincarnated in three modern approaches : Robert Axelrod’s “egoistic”, Gary Becker’s “egocentric”, and George Herbert Mead and Robert Frank’s ”altercentric” views. Axelrod’s approach repeats the failing, which Smith found in Mandeville’s. Becker’s theory echoes the shortcoming, which Smith identified in Hobbes’. Mead/Frank’s view duplicates the fault, which Smith uncovered in the approach of Francis Hutcheson and other figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
ANF preserves dependent types up to extensional equality
Authors: KORONKEVICH PAULETTE , RAKOW RAMON , AHMED AMAL , BOWMAN WILLIAM J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMany programmers use dependently typed languages such as Coq to machine-verify high-assurance software. However, existing compilers for these languages provide no guarantees after compiling, nor when linking after compilation.Type-preserving compilerspreserve guarantees encoded in types and then use type checking to verify compiled code and ensure safe linking with external code. Unfortunately, standard compiler passes do not preserve the dependent typing of commonly used (intensional) type theories. This is because assumptions valid in simpler type systems no longer hold, and intensional dependent type systems are highly sensitive to syntactic changes, including compilation. We develop an A-normal form (ANF) translation with join-point optimization—a standard translation for making control flow explicit in functional languages—from the Extended Calculus of Constructions (ECC) with dependent elimination of booleans and natural numbers (a representative subset of Coq). Our dependently typed target language has equality reflection, allowing the type system to encode semantic equality of terms. This is key to proving type preservation and correctness of separate compilation for this translation. This is the first ANF translation for dependent types. Unlike related translations, it supports the universe hierarchy, and does not rely on parametricity or impredicativity.
Cardiac magnitude resonance findings of a patient with Kawasaki–giant coronary aneurysm and active myocarditis
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Houshmand Golnaz , Mortaz Hejri Golnar , Asl Fallah Sahar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractKawasaki disease is the most common vasculitis in children which can result in myocarditis in the acute phase and coronary artery aneurysms, as a major complication, in the sub-acute to chronic phase. We present a case of Kawasaki disease in the sub-acute phase with its features in cardiac MRI manifesting concomitant active myocarditis and giant coronary artery aneurysms.