bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining and Targeting Esophagogastric Cancer Genomic Subsets With Patient-Derived Xenografts
Authors: Moy Ryan H. , Walch Henry S. , Mattar Marissa , Chatila Walid K. , Molena Daniela , Strong Vivian E. , Tang Laura H. , Maron Steven B. , Coit Daniel G. , Jones David R. , Hechtman Jaclyn F. , Solit David B. , Schultz Nikolaus , de Stanchina Elisa , Janjigian Yelena Y. 
Published: February 2022

PURPOSEComprehensive genomic profiling has defined key oncogenic drivers and distinct molecular subtypes in esophagogastric cancer; however, the number of clinically actionable alterations remains limited. To establish preclinical models for testing genomically driven therapeutic strategies, we generated and characterized a large collection of esophagogastric cancer patient–derived xenografts (PDXs).MATERIALS AND METHODSWe established a biobank of 98 esophagogastric cancer PDX models derived from primary tumors and metastases. Clinicopathologic features of each PDX and the corresponding patient sample were annotated, including stage at diagnosis, treatment history, histology, and biomarker profile. To identify oncogenic DNA alterations, we analyzed and compared targeted sequencing performed on PDX and parent tumor pairs. We conducted xenotrials in genomically defined models with oncogenic drivers.RESULTSFrom April 2010 to June 2019, we implanted 276 patient tumors, of which 98 successfully engrafted (35.5%). This collection is enriched for PDXs derived from patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (62 models, 63%), the majority of which were refractory to standard therapies including trastuzumab. Factors positively correlating with engraftment included advanced stage, metastatic origin, intestinal-type histology, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positivity. Mutations in TP53 and alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases ( ERBB2 and EGFR), RAS/PI3K pathway genes, cell-cycle mediators ( CDKN2A and CCNE1), and CDH1 were the predominant oncogenic drivers, recapitulating clinical tumor sequencing. We observed antitumor activity with rational combination strategies in models established from treatment-refractory disease.CONCLUSIONThe Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center PDX collection recapitulates the heterogeneity of esophagogastric cancer and is a powerful resource to investigate mechanisms driving tumor progression, identify predictive biomarkers, and develop therapeutic strategies for molecularly defined subsets of esophagogastric cancer.
Epilepsy and Pregnancy
Authors: Li Yi , Meador Kimford J. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Seizure disorders are the most frequent major neurologic complication in pregnancy, affecting 0.3% to 0.8% of all gestations. Women of childbearing age with epilepsy require special care related to pregnancy. This article provides up-to-date information to guide practitioners in the management of epilepsy in pregnancy.

RECENT FINDINGS
Ongoing multicenter pregnancy registries and studies continue to provide important information on issues related to pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Valproate poses a special risk for malformations and cognitive/behavioral impairments. A few antiseizure medications pose low risks (eg, lamotrigine, levetiracetam), but the risks for many antiseizure medications remain uncertain. Although pregnancy rates differ, a prospective study found no difference in fertility rates between women with epilepsy who were attempting to get pregnant and healthy controls. During pregnancy, folic acid supplementation is important, and a dose greater than 400 mcg/d during early pregnancy (ie, first 12 weeks) is associated with better neurodevelopmental outcome in children of women with epilepsy. Breastfeeding is not harmful and should be encouraged in women with epilepsy even when they are on antiseizure medication treatment.

SUMMARY
Women with epilepsy should be counseled early and regularly about reproductive health. Practitioners should discuss the risks of various obstetric complications; potential anatomic teratogenicity and neurodevelopmental dysfunction related to fetal antiseizure medication exposure; and a plan of care during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. Women with epilepsy should also be reassured that the majority of pregnancies are uneventful.
Thioamidate Ion as Effective Cocatalyst for Photoinduced C–H Alkylation via Multisite Proton-coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Ohmatsu Kohsuke , Fujimori Haruka , Minami Kodai , Nomura Kosuke , Kiyokawa Mari , Ooi Takashi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Thioamidate ions are introduced as competent cocatalysts for multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) catalysis. The effectiveness of these anions is ascribed to the high pKa values of their conjugate acids. The combined use of bench-stable tetrabutylammonium thioamidate with an appropriate Ir-based photosensitizer allows the C–H alkylation of a range of C–H donors, including simple cyclic alkanes, under visible-light irradiation.
Racial, Ethnic, and Nativity Disparities in Physical Activity and Sedentary Time among Cancer Prevention Study-3 Participants
Authors: REES-PUNIA ERIKA , KIRKLAND ELIZABETH G. , RITTASE MELISSA H. , TORRES CARLOS X. , CHANTAPRASOPSUK SICHA , MASTERS MATTHEW , PATEL ALPA V. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Understanding racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in physical activity (PA) is important, as certain subgroups bear a disproportionate burden of physical inactivity–related diseases. This descriptive study compared mean leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (LTMVPA) by race/ethnicity and nativity.

Methods
The Cancer Prevention Study-3 (78.1% women; age, 47.9 ± 9.7 yr) includes 4722 (1.9%) Asian/Pacific Islander; 1232 (0.5%) Black/Indigenous (non-White) Latino; 16,041 (6.5%) White Latino; 9295 (3.8%) non-Latino Black; 2623 (1.1%) Indigenous American; and 210,504 (85.7%) non-Latino White participants across the United States and Puerto Rico. Participants completed validated LTMVPA and 24-h time use surveys at enrollment (2006–2013). Differences in LTMVPA across race/ethnicity and nativity were examined by ANCOVA with paired Tukey tests adjusting for age and sex. The proportion of time spent sitting, sleeping, and on PA by race/ethnicity was also compared.

Results
There were significant differences in LTMVPA by race/ethnicity (race main effect, P < 0.001; nativity, P = 0.072; interaction, P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons showed that White participants born abroad were the most active (23.8 MET-h·wk−1) and non-White Latino participants born abroad were the least active (17.9 MET-h·wk−1). Among Latinos, participants born in Puerto Rico were 6.6–7.3 MET-h·wk−1 less active than participants born in Mexico, the United States/Canada, or other countries. There were variations in time use by race/ethnicity, with the largest difference in time spent sitting while watching TV. Black participants spent 14.8% of the day (~3.5 h) sitting watching TV, which was 78 min longer than Asian/Pacific Islander participants.

Conclusions
This study suggests that there are differences in LTMVPA accumulation by race, ethnicity, and nativity. Results can be used to identify demographic groups that may benefit from culturally tailored PA interventions.
Evaluation of hypoparathyroidism following laryngectomy
Authors: Edafe O , Tan ET , Jackson R , Sionis S , Balasubramanian SP , Beasley N 
Published: February 2022

Background Hypoparathyroidism is a recognised complication following laryngectomy; it is associated with significant short-and long-term morbidity. This study aimed to further characterise this condition, identify risk factors and describe preventative and management strategies in a large cohort. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study at a tertiary referral centre for head and neck cancers. All consecutive patients who had total laryngectomy over an eight-year period were included. Results A total of 140 patients were included. Rates of transient and long-term hypoparathyroidism were 14.3% and 10.1%, respectively. The following factors were significantly associated with transient post-surgical hypocalcaemia or hypoparathyroidism: total thyroidectomy (relative risk, RR, 4.33; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.86–10.10), oesophagectomy (RR 6.05; 95% CI 2.92–12.53) and female sex (RR 3.23; 95% CI 1.45–7.19). In addition, total thyroidectomy (RR 5.89; 95% CI 1.94–17.86), central neck dissection (RR 3.97; 95% CI 1.42–11.10), oesophagectomy (RR 9.38; 95% CI 4.13–21.3), pharyngectomy (RR 7.14; 95% CI 2.08–24.39) and female sex (RR 5.52; 95% CI 1.95–15.63) were risk factors for long-term hypoparathyroidism. There was variability in the use of preventative measures, monitoring and management of hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism following total laryngectomy. Conclusions Transient hypocalcaemia and long-term hypoparathyroidism occur in a significant proportion of patients after laryngectomy. A standard protocol is required to improve care.
The effect of reproductive, hormonal, nutritional and lifestyle on breast cancer risk among black Tanzanian women: A case control study
Authors: Akoko Larry Onyango , Rutashobya Amonius K. , Lutainulwa Evelyne W. , Mwanga Ally H. , Kivuyo Sokoine L. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effect of reproductive, hormonal, lifestyle and nutritional factors on breast cancer development among Tanzanian black women.

Methodology
We undertook a case-control study age-matched to ±5years in 2018 at Muhimbili National Hospital. The study recruited 105 BC patients and 190 controls giving it 80% power to detect an odds ratio of ≥2 at the alpha error of <5% for exposure with a prevalence of 30% in the control group with 95% confidence. Controls were recruited from in patients being treated for non-cancer related conditions. Information regarding hormonal, reproductive, nutritional and lifestyle risk for breast cancer and demography was collected by interviews using a predefined data set. Conditional multinomial logistic regression used to determine the adjusted odds ratio for variables that had significant p-value in the binomial logistic regression model with 5% allowed error at 95% confidence interval.

Results
The study recruited 105 cases and 190 controls. Only old age at menopause had a significant risk, a 2.6 fold increase. Adolescent obesity, family history of breast cancer, cigarette smoking and alcohol intake had increased odds for breast cancer but failed to reach significant levels. The rural residency had 61% reduced odds for developing breast cancer though it failed to reach significant levels.

Conclusion
Older age at menopause is a significant risk factor for the development of breast cancer among Tanzanian women. This study has shed light on the potential role of modifiable risk factors for breast cancer which need to be studied further for appropriate preventive strategies in similar settings.
Outcomes of peritoneal dialysis in elderly vs non-elderly patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jiang Chunling , Zheng Qiang 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
Several studies have compared outcomes of peritoneal dialysis (PD) between elderly and non-elderly patients but with variable results. We hereby designed this review to compare mortality, peritonitis, and technique survival between elderly and non-elderly patients on PD.

Methods
PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for studies comparing outcomes of PD between elderly and non-elderly patients. The last search date was 14th July 2021.

Results
Fourteen studies were included. 12 studies defined the elderly as ≥65 years of age and these were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis of crude (RR: 2.45 95% CI: 1.36, 4.40 I2 = 97% p = 0.003) and adjusted data (HR: 2.80 95% CI: 2.45, 3.09 I2 = 0% p<0.00001) indicated a statistically significant increased risk of mortality amongst elderly patients as compared to non-elderly patients. Meta-analysis of four studies demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of peritonitis in the elderly (RR: 1.56 95% CI: 1.18, 2.07 I2 = 76% p = 0.002). Pooled analysis demonstrated no statistically significant difference in technique survival between the two groups (RR: 0.95 95% CI: 0.86, 1.05 I2 = 86% p = 0.32).

Conclusion
Elderly patients on PD have a significantly increased risk of mortality as compared to non-elderly patients. The risk of peritonitis is also significantly increased in older adults but the increased age has no impact on technique survival. Further studies are needed to strengthen our conclusions.
The clinicopathology and survival characteristics of patients with POLE proofreading mutations in endometrial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jumaah Alaa Salah , Al-Haddad Hawraa Sahib , McAllister Katherine Ann , Yasseen Akeel Abed 
Published: February 2022

Background
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is classified into four distinct molecular subgroups. Patients with polymerase epsilon exonuclease domain mutated (POLE-EDM) tumors have the best prognosis of all. This meta-analysis consolidated the clinicopathology variations reported in the POLE-mutant subtype and survival parameters in patients with EC.

Methods
The following internet data bases were searched: PubMed, Web of science, Embase and Scimage directory. Data was extracted from eligible studies including sample size, number of positive POLE-mutant cases, EDM sequencing information, clinicopathologic, and survival data. Meta-analysis and a random-effects model produced pooled estimates of POLE prognostic parameters using 95% confidence intervals (CI), hazard ratios (HR), and odds ratios (OR).

Results
The meta-analysis included 11 cohort studies comprising 5508 EC patients (442 POLE EDM tumors). Patients with POLE mutant EC were associated with improved disease specific survival (HR = 0.408, 95% CI: 0.306 to 0.543) and progression-free survival (HR = 0.231, 95% CI: 0.117 to 0.456). POLE-mutated tumors were mostly endometrioid histology (84.480%; 95% CI: 77.237 to 90.548), although not significantly more than wild type tumors (OR = 1.386; p = 0.073). The POLE mutant tumors significantly present (p<0.001) at Federation of International of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) lower stages I-II (OR = 2.955, p<0.001) and highest grade III (OR = 1.717, P = 0.003). The tumors are significantly associated with invasion less than half (<50%) of the myometrium (OR = 1.765, p = 0.001), but not deeply invasive EC (MI>50%, OR = 0.83, p = 0.34). POLE mutations significantly protected against lymph node metastases (OR = 0.202, p = 0.001), and have no clear association with lymph-vascular space invasion (OR = 0.967, 95% 0.713–1.310, p = 0.826). The tumors are predominantly of low ESMO risk stratification distribution (40.356%; 95% CI: 27.577 to 53.838).

Conclusions
POLE mutations serve as an important biomarker of favorable prognosis in EC. The tumors are characteristically high grade, early stage, and remain localized in the endometrium with reduced likelihood of lymph node metastasis for improved survival prospects and the lowest risk classification. These findings have implications for medical management of EC.
Livestock Genetic Improvements through Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation Technology
Authors: Suyatno Suyatno 
Published: February 2022

Stem cells are unique cells that have the ability to differentiate into cells with specific functions and renew themselves to produce new stem cells. One type of stem cells that are actively studied is Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSC). SSC is a unipotent cell that develops into spermatozoa in the mammalian testis. SSC can be transplanted into male testis recipients to improve the genetic quality of livestock and propagate valuable livestock. SSC transplantation procedure is started from the isolation of SSC from testis of the donor animal, in vitro culture of SCC for propagation or genetic modification, preparations of recipient males, and transplant SSC into recipient males to produce normal sperm that can fertilize the egg. SSC transplantation technology has been successfully applied to large animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, buffalo, pigs, other mammals such as monkeys. SSC transplantation is promising biotechnology to improve livestock production in the near future. This review will describe the origins of the SSC, identification, and characterization of SSC, in vitro culture of SSC, and the application of SSC transplantation for genetic quality of livestock improvement.
Mechanical model for the deformation of the wood cell wall
Authors: Fratzl Peter , Burgert Ingo , Keckes Jozef 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the deformation of wood, as well as the mechanical interaction of cell-wall components, such as cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses, are not well understood. In a recently published experiment [1], we have shown that wood foils and single cells of compression wood of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) could deform permanently under tensile load via a stick and slip mechanism at the molecular level occurring during shear of the matrix between cellulose microfibrils. The shear originates from the fact that microfibrils are spiralling around the central lumen of the wood cell which can be considered as a hollow tube. During stretching, the microfibril angle between the cell axis and the direction of the cellulose was found to decrease in synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments, giving rise to shear deformation of the matrix and to a recovery mechanism after irreversible deformation. The corresponding stick and slip mechanism is treated here in the framework of a simple mechanical model which shows that the cellulose fibril orientation might define slip planes for shear deformation, in analogy to the slip planes in single crystals as described by Schmid’s law. Moreover, the effect of fibril reorientation upon straining as well as the possibility of cell torsion are considered in the model and discussed with respect to experimental data.
Sigma-phase in duplex-stainless steels
Authors: Pohl Michael , Storz Oliver 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The ferritic-austenitic duplex-steels have a very complex precipitation and transformation behaviour, which requires professional treatment. Especially the precipitation of the σ-phase causes considerable changes with regard to the mechanical as well as the corrosive properties, which are to be considered during the treatment of the duplex-steels.
Modifikation von Titanlegierungen für medizinische Anwendungen
Authors: Exner Hans Eckart , Müller Clemens , Schmidt Harald 
Published: February 2022

AbstractReintitan und einige Titanlegierungen werden als Ersatz für beschädigte Teile in den menschlichen Körper eingebaut. Die positiven Eigenschaften wie exzellente Biokompatibilität und hoher Korrosionswiderstand werden in einigen Anwendungen durch unzureichende mechanische Stabilität eingeschränkt. Diese Problematik wird an Reintitan für den Zahnersatz und an Titanlegierungen für Gelenkprothesen aufgezeigt.Im Zahnersatz wird ein Unterbau aus Titan aus ästhetischen Gründen und zum Verschleißschutz durch eine Keramikauflage verblendet. Die dafür notwendigen Prozessschritte verändern das Gefüge und den Oberflächenzustand und sind damit kritisch für den Einsatz, weil sie die Eigenschaften der Ausgangswerkstoffe negativ beeinflussen können. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich das günstige Ermüdungsverhalten von handelsüblichem Stangenmaterial stark verschlechtert, sich die ungünstigen Eigenschaften von Gussmaterial dagegen verbessern.Bei Gelenkprothesen führt häufig der Verschleiß bei Reibung gegen den als Gegenkörper eingesetzten Kunststoff zum Ausfall. Durch Ionenimplantation von Stickstoff und Kohlenstoff wird der Verschleißwiderstand wesentlich erhöht. Forschungsergebnisse, die in Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Institutionen gewonnen wurden, lassen Schädigungsmechanismen und die positive Auswirkung der Ionenimplantation auf den die Lebensdauer begrenzenden Verschleiß besser verstehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen das Zusammenwirken von Verschleiß- und Korrosionsbeanspruchung, wie sie für den Ausfall von künstlichen Gelenken typisch ist. Sie liefern die Grundlagen zum Einsatz der Titanlegierung TiAl6V4 in hoch beanspruchten Gelenkteilen und zum Ersatz allergisch wirkender Legierungselemente in neueren Titanwerkstoffen für die Humanmedizin.
Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
Authors: Duan Huiyu , Wang Tong , Su Ziyun , Pang Huan , Chen Changyun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Owing to their optical, mechanical, and catalytic properties, plasmonic nanomaterials (P-NMs) have been widely used in sensing, disease treatment, as well as energy transfer and conversion applications. Therefore, the synthesis, properties, and applications of P-NMs have garnered significant interest in recent decades. This review surveys the various types of P-NMs, their synthesis methods, their properties, and recent applications. In addition, we summarize the current challenges and future developments in P-NMs. We hope this article will help researchers to gain a deeper understanding of P-NM applications in the field of energy, overcome the current problems associated with P-NMs, and develop novel P-NMs with better characteristics.
Prevalence, Magnitude, and Methods of Weight Cutting Used by World Class Powerlifters
Authors: Kwan Kedric , Helms Eric 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Kwan, K and Helms, E. Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of weight cutting used by world class powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 998–1002, 2022—Powerlifters compete in the squat, bench press, and deadlift, with winners determined by the highest 3-lift total in each weight class. As a weight class–based sport, athletes often compete in classes lower than their habitual weight, using various strategies to make weight. This study's purpose was to examine weight cutting prevalence, magnitude, and methods among 42 male and 22 female powerlifters (25 ± 8 years old; 4 ± 2.2 years of competitive experience) competing at the 2018 International Powerlifting Federation classic world championship. The lifters, 83% of whom cut weight losing an average 2.9 ± 4.3% of body mass, completed a previously validated weight cutting questionnaire. The most frequently used weight cutting methods were gradual dieting (42.18%, 31.25%), fluid restriction after fluid loading (32.8%, 34.4%), restricting fluid ingestion without fluid loading (23.4%, 9.4%), fasting (15.6%, 18.7%), increased activity (9.4%, 24.4%), laxatives (9.4%, 18.7%), sauna (7.8%, 6.3%), diuretics (7.8%, 6.3%), skipping meals (4.7%, 21.9%), and wearing rubber suits (1.6%, 2.6%). Most lifters experienced negative changes in psychological state, with only 9% reporting never experiencing any negative effect on psychological state across the 5 states measured. Lifters reported experiencing fatigue (15.6%, 45.3%), anger (3.2%, 26.6%), feelings of isolation (4.7%, 12.5%), and anxiety (14.1%, 35.95%), and 11 of the 12 lifters who reported a perceived decrement in training performance performed weight cutting. Both weight cutting methods and negative psychological changes experienced were reported as always, sometimes. Therefore, it is vital to provide specific recommendations based on scientific research to improve the efficacy and safety of making weight while minimizing performance decrements.