bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation and Shadowing: Two Methods to Research Values and Values Work in Organisations and Leadership
Authors: Sirris Stephen , Lindheim Tone , Askeland Harald 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to provide insights into how participant observation and shadowing, which are relevant methods for studying practices, can be used for collecting data in studies on values work, which refers to examining values in action. Our review of important observational studies in the domain of organisation and leadership research shows how the growing interest in practice has paved way for such methods. We characterise and compare each method and illustrate with examples how such methodological studies can be undertaken. With the help of these examples and considerations, we discuss the contributions and implications of using participant observation and shadowing when researching values. Importantly, these methods offer insights into the core dimensions of values practices by means of granulated in situ and in vivo data.
General Conclusions to Part II
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter concludes Part II by summarising and discussing the key findings. Are there any differences in the legibility of serif and sans serif typefaces when they are used to generate material on computer monitors or other screens? Are there any differences in readers’ preferences and connotations between serif and sans serif typefaces when they are used to generate material on computer monitors or other screens? Where does this leave previously stated assumptions about the legibility of serif and sans serif typefaces on computer screens?
Concepts and Research Methods
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes between typefaces and fonts and between legibilityand readability. A variety of objective methods have been developed for measuring the legibility of printed material, and many have been taken over into research on reading from screens. Researchers have also collected subjective reports from participants regarding the legibility and other properties of presented material. This chapter also describes how typographers define the size of typefaces and which aspects are likely to affect the legibility of material.
Lattice fermions as spectral graphs
Authors: Yumoto Jun , Misumi Tatsuhiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study lattice fermions from the viewpoint of spectral graph theory (SGT). We find that a fermion defined on a certain lattice is identified as a spectral graph. SGT helps us investigate the number of zero eigenvalues of lattice Dirac operators even on the non-torus and non-regular lattice, leading to understanding of the number of fermion species (doublers) on lattices with arbitrary topologies. The procedure of application of SGT to lattice fermions is summarized as follows: (1) One investigates a spectral graph corresponding to a lattice fermion. (2) One obtains a matrix corresponding to the graph. (3) One finds zero eigenvalues of the matrix by use of the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT). (4) By taking an infinite-volume and continuum limits, one finds the number of species. We apply this procedure to the known lattice fermion formulations including Naive fermions, Wilson fermions and Domain-wall fermions, and reproduce the known fact on the number of species. We also apply it to the lattice fermion on the discretized four­dimensional hyperball and discuss the number of fermion species on the bulk. In the end of the paper, we discuss the application of the analysis to lattice fermions on generic lattices with arbitrary topologies, which could lead to constructing a new theorem regarding the number of species.
Stress topology analysis for porous infill optimization
Authors: Wang Junpeng , Wu Jun , Westermann Rüdiger 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe optimization of porous infill structures via local volume constraints has become a popular approach in topology optimization. In some design settings, however, the iterative optimization process converges only slowly, or not at all even after several hundreds or thousands of iterations. This leads to regions in which a distinct binary design is difficult to achieve. Interpreting intermediate density values by applying a threshold results in large solid or void regions, leading to sub-optimal structures. We find that this convergence issue relates to the topology of the stress tensor field that is simulated when applying the same external forces on the solid design domain. In particular, low convergence is observed in regions around so-called trisector degenerate points. Based on this observation, we propose an automatic initialization process that prescribes the topological skeleton of the stress field into the density field as solid simulation elements. These elements guide the material deposition around the degenerate points, but can also be remodelled or removed during the optimization. We demonstrate significantly improved convergence rates in a number of use cases with complex stress topologies. The improved convergence is demonstrated for infill optimization under homogeneous as well as spatially varying local volume constraints.
In situ modification of case-hardening steel 16MnCr5 by C and WC addition by means of powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals (PBF-LB/M)
Authors: Bartels Dominic , Novotny Tobias , Hentschel Oliver , Huber Florian , Mys Ruslana , Merklein Carsten , Schmidt Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTypical high-strength products are made from carbon-rich steels possessing relatively high carbon content, thus reducing weldability. In this work, preliminary studies on designing and tailoring a low-alloyed steel for the laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) process by adding carbon black (C) nanoparticles and tungsten carbide (WC) particles for enhancing the material properties are provided. First, the base material 16MnCr5 is modified with different concentrations of C and WC. It was found that an increased C and WC content resulted in an elevated material hardness in the as-built state. However, this comes at the cost of a poorer processability as pore formation increased for C-modified and crack tendency increased for WC-modified 16MnCr5. When applying a post-process quenching and optional tempering heat treatment, material hardness in the range of 615 HV can be achieved for C-enriched 16MnCr5 in the tempered state, which would be suitable for bearing and gearing applications. The addition of WC particles favored an improved wear resistance which is twice as high as the one of C-modified material for similar material hardness, showing the enormous potential of WC addition for reducing the wear rate. Complementary SEM and EDX analyses show that both the dilution and bonding zone of the WC particles are affected by the processing conditions and the WC concentration. Furthermore, it was found that a nearly defect-free fabrication of WC-enriched 16MnCr5 was possible for up to 2.5 wt.-% of WC, proving that the occurring defects are highly sensitive to the WC concentration.
Development of simple, scalable protease production from Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Self Rachel A. , Harrison Mark D. , Te’o Valentino S. , Van Sluyter Steve 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHeat haze-forming proteins are stable during winemaking and are typically removed via adsorption to bentonite. Proteolytic degradation is an alternative method to prevent wine-haze and offers the opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts and labor cost of the process. Herein, we describe the development of a production system forBotrytis cinereaproteases for the enzymatic degradation of heat haze-forming proteins. The effect of culture medium on the secretion of glucan byB. cinereawas investigated and methods to inactivateB. cinerealaccase in liquid culture medium were assessed. Protease production byB. cinereawas scaled up from 50 mL in shake flasks to 1 L in bioreactors, resulting in an increase in protease yield from 0.30 to 3.04 g L−1. Glucan secretion byB. cinereawas minimal in culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and either lactic or sulfuric acid for pH control.B. cinerealaccases were inactivated by reducing the pH of culture supernatant to 1.5 for 1 h.B. cinereaproteases were concentrated and partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SWATH-MS identified aspartic acid protease BcAP8 amongst the precipitated proteins. These results demonstrate a simple, affordable, and scalable process to produce proteases fromB. cinereaas a replacement for bentonite in winemaking.Key points•Isolates of B. cinerea that produce proteases with potential for reducing wine heat-haze forming proteins were identified.•Media and fermentation optimization increased protease yield tenfold and reduced glucan secretion.•Low pH treatment inactivated laccases but not proteases.Graphical abstract
Deep learning reconstruction improves radiomics feature stability and discriminative power in abdominal CT imaging: a phantom study
Authors: Michallek Florian , Genske Ulrich , Niehues Stefan Markus , Hamm Bernd , Jahnke Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To compare image quality of deep learning reconstruction (AiCE) for radiomics feature extraction with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (AIDR 3D), and model-based iterative reconstruction (FIRST).

Methods
Effects of image reconstruction on radiomics features were investigated using a phantom that realistically mimicked a 65-year-old patient’s abdomen with hepatic metastases. The phantom was scanned at 18 doses from 0.2 to 4 mGy, with 20 repeated scans per dose. Images were reconstructed with FBP, AIDR 3D, FIRST, and AiCE. Ninety-three radiomics features were extracted from 24 regions of interest, which were evenly distributed across three tissue classes: normal liver, metastatic core, and metastatic rim. Features were analyzed in terms of their consistent characterization of tissues within the same image (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.75), discriminative power (Kruskal-Wallis test p value < 0.05), and repeatability (overall concordance correlation coefficient ≥ 0.75).

Results
The median fraction of consistent features across all doses was 6%, 8%, 6%, and 22% with FBP, AIDR 3D, FIRST, and AiCE, respectively. Adequate discriminative power was achieved by 48%, 82%, 84%, and 92% of features, and 52%, 20%, 17%, and 39% of features were repeatable, respectively. Only 5% of features combined consistency, discriminative power, and repeatability with FBP, AIDR 3D, and FIRST versus 13% with AiCE at doses above 1 mGy and 17% at doses ≥ 3 mGy. AiCE was the only reconstruction technique that enabled extraction of higher-order features.

Conclusions
AiCE more than doubled the yield of radiomics features at doses typically used clinically. Inconsistent tissue characterization within CT images contributes significantly to the poor stability of radiomics features.

Key Points
• Image quality of CT images reconstructed with filtered back projection and iterative methods is inadequate for the majority of radiomics features due to inconsistent tissue characterization, low discriminative power, or low repeatability.
• Deep learning reconstruction enhances image quality for radiomics and more than doubled the feature yield at doses that are typically used in clinical CT imaging.
• Image reconstruction algorithms can optimize image quality for more reliable quantification of tissues in CT images.
Meta-analysis of aspirin-guided therapy of colorectal cancer
Authors: Mädge Johanna C. , Stallmach Andreas , Kleebusch Lisa , Schlattmann Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Some evidence has shown that aspirin can reduce the morbidity and mortality of CRC. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare standard care of patients with CRC and standard care with the addition of aspirin in terms of the survival benefit.

Methods
The systematic search was conducted by two independent reviewers in the databases PubMed and Web of Science. Survival data were extracted from studies published before July 2019. We searched for randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies.

Results
We included 27 studies in our meta-analysis. There was a sample size of 237,245 patients overall. Aspirin use after diagnosis was associated with an improvement in CRC-specific survival with a hazard ratio (HR) for cancer-related death of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.62–0.89). Our analysis of overall survival data revealed reduced mortality with an HR of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74–0.90). Patients with the phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation profited from postdiagnosis aspirin use (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56–0.97). For a high expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) = COX-2, we found an HR of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.52–0.82).

Conclusion
Aspirin can improve the outcome of patients with CRC. PIK3CA mutation status and high expression of PTGS2 are associated with longer survival. However, randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate postdiagnosis aspirin use in CRC patients taking into account cancer stage and gene expression.
Water therapies (hydrotherapy, balneotherapy or aqua therapy) for patients with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Reger Maren , Kutschan Sabine , Freuding Maren , Schmidt Thorsten , Josfeld Lena , Huebner Jutta 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Water therapies as hydrotherapy, balneotherapy or aqua therapy are often used in the relief of disease- and treatment-associated symptoms of cancer patients. Yet, a systematic review for the evidence of water therapy including all cancer entities has not been conducted to date.

Purpose
Oncological patients often suffer from symptoms which in patients with other diseases are successfully treated with water therapy. We want to gather more information about the benefits and risks of water therapy for cancer patients.

Method
In May 2020, a systematic search was conducted searching five electronic databases (Embase, Cochrane, PsychInfo, CINAHL and PubMed) to find studies concerning the use, effectiveness and potential harm of water therapy on cancer patients.

Results
Of 3165 search results, 10 publications concerning 12 studies with 430 patients were included in this systematic review. The patients treated with water therapy were mainly diagnosed with breast cancer. The therapy concepts included aqua lymphatic therapy, aquatic exercises, foot bathes and whole-body bathes. Outcomes were state of lymphedema, quality of life, fatigue, BMI, vital parameters, anxiety and pain. The quality of the studies was assessed with the AMSTAR2-instrument, the SIGN-checklist and the IHE-Instruments. The studies had moderate quality and reported heterogeneous results. Some studies reported significantly improved quality of life, extent of lymphedema, neck and shoulder pain, fatigue and BMI while other studies did not find any changes concerning these endpoints.

Conclusion
Due to the very heterogeneous results and methodical limitations of the included studies, a clear statement regarding the effectiveness of water therapy on cancer patients is not possible.
The Forensic High and Intensive Care Monitor: Measurement Properties of a Model Fidelity Scale for Contact-Based Care in Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Gerritsen Sylvia , Widdershoven Guy A. M. , van Melle Anne L. , de Vet Henrica C. W. , Voskes Yolande 
Published: February 2022

AbstractForensic High and Intensive Care (FHIC) has recently been developed as a new care model in Dutch forensic psychiatry. FHIC aims to provide contact-based care. To support Dutch forensic care institutions in the implementation of the model, a model fidelity scale was developed called the FHIC monitor. The aim of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability, content validity, and construct validity of the FHIC monitor. A multi-methods design was used, combining qualitative and quantitative research. To collect data, audits and focus group meetings were organized to score care at individual wards with the monitor and get feedback from auditors and audit receiving teams about the quality of the monitor. In total, fifteen forensic mental healthcare institutions participated. The instrument showed acceptable inter-rater reliability and content validity, and a significant difference between expected high and low scoring institutions, supporting construct validity. The instrument can be used as a valid instrument to measure the level of implementation of the FHIC model on forensic psychiatric wards in the Netherlands.
Historical reconstruction of sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) spatiotemporal distribution and causes for their decline in North-Western Europe
Authors: Brevé Niels W. P. , Nagelkerke Leopold A. J. , Buijse Anthonie D. , van Tuijn Theodorus J. , Murk AlberTinka J. , Winter Hendrik V. , Lenders H. J. Rob 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study aims to reconstruct the historical spatiotemporal distribution of the anadromous sturgeons, Acipenser sturio and A. oxyrinchus, in NW-Europe (especially in the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers, and in the North Sea), in light of evaluating the possibilities for their reintroduction. It is based on fisheries data from the 14th–twentieth century, consisting of > 5000 records of sturgeon landings and sales (c. 40,000 specimens) from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Luxemburg, France and Switzerland. Most data originate from fisheries in the Rhine-Meuse delta (c. 28,000 specimens, 98% of the Rhine catches). Further upstream, far fewer sturgeons (c. 600 specimens) were reported from the Rhine’s mainstem and its principal tributaries, Mosel, Neckar and Main. Smaller tributaries and the Ems, Meuse, and Scheldt rivers seldom yielded sturgeons. This spatial pattern can be related to the species’ preference for large-river habitat, combined with fisheries activities that were most intensive in the delta areas. Sturgeon catches began to dwindle in the late nineteenth century, at a time when river engineering first strongly affected the sturgeon’s reproductive habitats in the Lower Rhine and delta areas. Also from then onwards, North Sea fishery pressure increased, as trawlers switched from sail to steam-powered propulsion. These sea fisheries harvested all age-classes of sturgeons year-round, including populations from other European rivers. The outcomes strongly suggest that NW-European sturgeon populations were initially impacted by intensive river fisheries, but especially by destruction of reproductive habitat, due to river regulation, and an intensified North Sea fishery, ultimately resulting in total population collapse.
A species-specific qPCR assay provides novel insight into range expansion of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) by means of eDNA analysis
Authors: Valsecchi Elena , Coppola Emanuele , Pires Rosa , Parmegiani Andrea , Casiraghi Maurizio , Galli Paolo , Bruno Antonia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe monk seal is the most endangered pinniped worldwide and the only one found in the Mediterranean, where its distribution and abundance have suffered a drastic decline in the last few decades. The limited understanding of the population demographics and conservation status of this species are due to both its rarity and evasiveness, with records biased towards occasional, mostly coastal, encounters. Current molecular techniques allow us to detect DNA traces released into the environment (eDNA) by any organism. We have developed three species-specific qPCR-assays targeting the 12S/16S rRNA mitogenome regions of the monk seal. The assays have been tested extensively on a comprehensive and diverse set of samples (n = 73), including positive controls from a breeding population in Madeira collected during their peak abundance, and two opportunistic collections of Mediterranean eDNA samples (offshore/coastal) from on-going projects. Monk seal DNA was detected in 47.2% of the samples collected from a ferry platform in the Tyrrhenian (2018–2019) and in 66.7% of those obtained in the Pelagie archipelago in the Strait of Sicily (2020). These findings anticipated subsequent visual observations in the proximity of these sampling areas by up to 2 years. At the Tyrrhenian site, monk seal detection increased between 2018 and 2019. The demonstrated approach provides a non-invasive and highly sensitive tool for defining the monk seal actual distribution and home range -enabling monitoring also in nocturnal hours-, for assessing its recovery rate and pinpointing coastal/offshore sites where prioritizing conservation, research, citizen-science, and educational opportunities.
Modification of CuO–ZrO2–ZnO Mixed Oxide Catalyst with Mn, Ga, Ni: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Hydrogen Production via Low Temperature Steam Reforming of Ethanol
Authors: Śliwa Michał , Socha Robert Piotr 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of CuO/ZrO2/ZnO (Cu/Zr/Zn) catalyst modification with Mn, Ni, Ga on the physicochemical properties and activity toward hydrogen production in steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) reaction has been evaluated. The increase in hydrogen yield and the lowest selectivity to acetaldehyde were observed upon Cu/Zr/Zn modification with Mn and Ga. The physicochemical characterisation of spent catalysts revealed changes in catalysts phase compositions and reducibility. In the case of Cu/Zr/Zn, Cu/Zr/Zn/Ni and Cu/Zr/Zn/Ga catalysts, the CuO phase was reduced to metallic phase and Cu2O. Therefore, these spent catalysts exhibited lower reduction degree (Rd) in comparison with fresh catalysts. On the other hand, the addition of Mn preserved the copper on + 2 oxidation state during SRE reaction as indicated by XRD and XPS. The µRaman experiments showed that carbon deposit is formed only on the surface of Cu/Zr/Zn/Ni catalyst, which is the reason for the vast deactivation and the lower total activity of this catalyst in SRE. This was also supported by XPS which additionally showed interaction of carbon containing by-products with the surface active sites. In the case of other synthesised catalysts, no carbon formation was stated.
Graphical Abstract
Climate policy conflict in the U.S. states: a critical review and way forward
Authors: Basseches Joshua A. , Bromley-Trujillo Rebecca , Boykoff Maxwell T. , Culhane Trevor , Hall Galen , Healy Noel , Hess David J. , Hsu David , Krause Rachel M. , Prechel Harland , Roberts J. Timmons , Stephens Jennie C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany U.S. states have taken significant action on climate change in recent years, demonstrating their commitment despite federal policy gridlock and rollbacks. Yet, there is still much we do not know about the agents, discourses, and strategies of those seeking to delay or obstruct state-level climate action. We first ask, what are the obstacles to strong and effective climate policy within U.S. states?We review the political structures and interest groups that slow action, and we examine emerging tensions between climate justice and the technocratic and/or market-oriented approaches traditionally taken by many mainstream environmental groups. Second,what are potential solutions for overcoming these obstacles?We suggest strategies for overcoming opposition to climate action that may advance more effective and inclusive state policy, focusing on political strategies, media framing, collaboration, and leveraging the efforts of ambitious local governments.
The Information Encoded in Structures: Theory and Application to Molecular Cybernetics
Authors: Bielecki Andrzej , Schmittel Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTheoretical frames for analyzing information in biological and molecular multicomponent structures are proposed. The mathematical foundations of the proposal are presented. Both the information encoded in structures is defined and the method of calculating the amount of this information is introduced. The proposed approach is applied to the operation of a molecular multicomponent machine.