bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-thinking procurement incentives for electric vehicles to achieve net-zero emissions
Authors: Nunes Ashley , Woodley Lucas , Rossetti Philip 
Published: April 2022

AbstractProcurement incentives are a widely leveraged policy lever to stimulate electric vehicle (EV) sales. However, their effectiveness in reducing transportation emissions depends on the behavioural characteristics of EV adopters. When an EV is used, under what conditions and by whom dictates whether or not these vehicles can deliver emissions reductions. Here, we document that replacing gasoline powered vehicles with EVs may—depending on behavioural characteristics—increase, not decrease, emissions. We further show that counterfactual vehicle inventory—how many vehicles a household would own absent an EV purchase—is an important influencer of these effects. We conclude that achieving emissions reductions using EVs requires redesigning procurement incentive programmes in a manner that (re)distributes incentives towards the second-hand EV market. Doing so would not only facilitate emissions reductions but also address fiscal prudency and regressivity concerns associated with these programmes.
Real-time structure search and structure classification for AlphaFold protein models
Authors: Aderinwale Tunde , Bharadwaj Vijay , Christoffer Charles , Terashi Genki , Zhang Zicong , Jahandideh Rashidedin , Kagaya Yuki , Kihara Daisuke 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLast year saw a breakthrough in protein structure prediction, where the AlphaFold2 method showed a substantial improvement in the modeling accuracy. Following the software release of AlphaFold2, predicted structures by AlphaFold2 for proteins in 21 species were made publicly available via the AlphaFold Database. Here, to facilitate structural analysis and application of AlphaFold2 models, we provide the infrastructure, 3D-AF-Surfer, which allows real-time structure-based search for the AlphaFold2 models. In 3D-AF-Surfer, structures are represented with 3D Zernike descriptors (3DZD), which is a rotationally invariant, mathematical representation of 3D shapes. We developed a neural network that takes 3DZDs of proteins as input and retrieves proteins of the same fold more accurately than direct comparison of 3DZDs. Using 3D-AF-Surfer, we report structure classifications of AlphaFold2 models and discuss the correlation between confidence levels of AlphaFold2 models and intrinsic disordered regions.
Altered regulation of mesenchymal cell senescence in adipose tissue promotes pathological changes associated with diabetic wound healing
Authors: Kita Arisa , Saito Yuki , Miura Norihiro , Miyajima Maki , Yamamoto Sena , Sato Tsukasa , Yotsuyanagi Takatoshi , Fujimiya Mineko , Chikenji Takako S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPathologic diabetic wound healing is caused by sequential and progressive deterioration of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and resolution/remodeling. Cellular senescence promotes wound healing; however, diabetic wounds exhibit low levels of senescent factors and accumulate senescent cells, which impair the healing process. Here we show that the number of p15INK4B + PDGFRα + senescent mesenchymal cells in adipose tissue increases transiently during early phases of wound healing in both non-diabetic mice and humans. Transplantation of adipose tissue from diabetic mice into non-diabetic mice results in impaired wound healing and an altered cellular senescence–associated secretory phenotype (SASP), suggesting that insufficient induction of adipose tissue senescence after injury is a pathological mechanism of diabetic wound healing. These results provide insight into how regulation of senescence in adipose tissue contributes to wound healing and could constitute a basis for developing therapeutic treatment for wound healing impairment in diabetes.
Structural validation and assessment of AlphaFold2 predictions for centrosomal and centriolar proteins and their complexes
Authors: van Breugel Mark , Rosa e Silva Ivan , Andreeva Antonina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObtaining the high-resolution structures of proteins and their complexes is a crucial aspect of understanding the mechanisms of life. Experimental structure determination methods are time-consuming, expensive and cannot keep pace with the growing number of protein sequences available through genomic DNA sequencing. Thus, the ability to accurately predict the structure of proteins from their sequence is a holy grail of structural and computational biology that would remove a bottleneck in our efforts to understand as well as rationally engineer living systems. Recent advances in protein structure prediction, in particular the breakthrough with the AI-based tool AlphaFold2 (AF2), hold promise for achieving this goal, but the practical utility of AF2 remains to be explored. Focusing on proteins with essential roles in centrosome and centriole biogenesis, we demonstrate the quality and usability of the AF2 prediction models and we show that they can provide important insights into the modular organization of two key players in this process, CEP192 and CEP44. Furthermore, we used the AF2 algorithm to elucidate and then experimentally validate previously unknown prime features in the structure of TTBK2 bound to CEP164, as well as the Chibby1-FAM92A complex for which no structural information was available to date. These findings have important implications in understanding the regulation and function of these complexes. Finally, we also discuss some practical limitations of AF2 and anticipate the implications for future research approaches in the centriole/centrosome field.
Enhanced chiroptical responses through coherent perfect absorption in a parity-time symmetric system
Authors: Wu Hsin-Yu , Vollmer Frank 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCoherent amplification of chiroptical activity from a molecularly-thin optically-active substance has been a long-standing challenge due to the inherently weak nature of chiral responses. Here we report how a coherent perfect absorber (CPA) enabled by an achiral optical system obeying parity-time (PT) symmetry has an enhanced ability to effectively sense molecular chirality of monolayered substances. We demonstrate that such a CPA-based PT-symmetric system enables us in complete darkness to probe a subtle signal change induced by the introduction of a small disturbance, such as adsorbed chiral monolayer, to the unperturbed PT-symmetric system, and allows for absolute measurement and quantitative detection of the magnitude and sign of both real and imaginary parts of the chirality parameter in a background-free environment. Moreover, the CPA-based PT-symmetric system also exhibits three orders of magnitude enhancement in chiroptical responses of molecules, which is consistent with analytical calculations of differential absorption.
A nutrient control on expanded anoxia and global cooling during the Late Ordovician mass extinction
Authors: Qiu Zhen , Zou Caineng , Mills Benjamin J. W. , Xiong Yijun , Tao Huifei , Lu Bin , Liu Hanlin , Xiao Wenjiao , Poulton Simon W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExpanded ocean anoxia and global cooling have been invoked as major causal mechanisms for the Late Ordovician mass extinction, but the factors underpinning the extinction remain unresolved. Here, we document two intervals of particularly intense phosphorus recycling in marine rocks deposited across a bathymetric transect in the Yangtze Shelf Sea. The first occurred during the initial phase of the extinction and, coincident with global cooling, drove the development of ocean euxinia on the shelf. The second re-established shelf euxinia after the peak of glaciation, leading to the second phase of extinction. Integration of these data into a global biogeochemical model indicates that phosphorus recycling would have doubled the long-term burial rate of organic carbon, driving ~4°C of global cooling. Thus, through its impact on both the spread of anoxia and global cooling, extensive redox-promoted phosphorus recycling was a critical factor in Earth’s first catastrophic loss of animal life.
Whole-system analysis reveals high greenhouse-gas emissions from citywide sanitation in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Johnson Jake , Zakaria Fiona , Nkurunziza Allan G. , Way Celia , Camargo-Valero Miller A. , Evans Barbara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGlobal estimates of emissions of greenhouse gasses do not take into account the complex service chain in rapidly growing cities in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents an end-to-end analysis to estimate emissions from all stages of the sanitation-service chain, using Kampala in Uganda as an example. We show that emissions associated with long periods of storage of faecal waste in sealed anaerobic tanks (49%), discharge from tanks and pits direct to open drains (4%), illegal dumping of faecal waste (2%), leakage from sewers (6%), wastewater bypassing treatment (7%) and uncollected methane emissions at treatment plants (31%), are contributing to high levels of greenhouse-gas emissions. Sanitation in Kampala produces 189 kt CO2 e per year, which may represent more than half of the total city-level emissions. Significant further empirical and modelling work is required to update estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from sanitation systems globally.
A framework to quantify mass flow and assess food loss and waste in the US food supply chain
Authors: Dong Wenquan , Armstrong Kristina , Jin Mingzhou , Nimbalkar Sachin , Guo Wei , Zhuang Jie , Cresko Joe 
Published: April 2022

AbstractReducing food loss and waste can improve the efficiency of food supply chains and provide food security. Here we estimate mass flow as well as food loss and waste along the US food supply chain for 10 commodity groups and nine management pathways to provide a baseline for designing efficient strategies to reduce, recycle, and recover food loss and waste. We estimate a total food loss and waste of 335.4 million metric tonnes from the U.S. food supply chain in 2016. Water evaporation (19%), recycling (55%), and landfill, incineration, or wastewater treatment (23%) accounted for most of the loss and waste. The consumption stage accounted for 57% of the food loss and waste disposed of through landfill, incineration, or wastewater treatment. Manufacturing was the largest contributor to food loss and waste (61%) but had a high recycling rate. High demand, perishable products accounted for 67% of food waste. We suggest that funding for infrastructure and incentives for earlier food donation can promote efficiency and sustainability of the supply chain, promote FLW collection and recycling along the U.S. FSC, and improve consumer education in order to move towards a circular economy.
A rapid antibody screening haemagglutination test for predicting immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Authors: Ertesvåg Nina Urke , Xiao Julie , Zhou Fan , Ljostveit Sonja , Sandnes Helene , Lartey Sarah , Sævik Marianne , Hansen Lena , Madsen Anders , Mohn Kristin G. I. , Fjelltveit Elisabeth , Olofsson Jan Stefan , Tan Tiong Kit , Rijal Pramila , Schimanski Lisa , Øyen Siri , Brokstad Karl Albert , Dunachie Susanna , Jämsén Anni , James William S. , Harding Adam C. , Harvala Heli , Nguyen Dung , Roberts David ,   PHE Virology group, Patel Monika , Gopal Robin , Zambon Maria ,   Oxford collaborative group, Wei Leiyan , Gilbert-Jaramillo Javier , Knight Michael L. , Vaughan-Jackson Alun , Dupont Maeva , Lamikanra Abigail A. , Klennerman Paul , Barnes Eleanor , Deeks Alexandra , Johnson Sile , Skelly Donal , Stafford Lizzie , Townsend Alain ,   Bergen COVID-19 Research Group, Tøndel Camilla , Kuwelker Kanika , Blomberg Bjørn , Bredholt Geir , Onyango Therese Bredholt , Vahokoski Juha , Bansal Amit , Trieu Mai Chi , Amdam Håkon , Akselsen Per Espen , Skorge Trude Duelien , Okkenhaug Liv Heiberg , Linchausen Dagrunn Waag , Langeland Nina , Cox Rebecca Jane 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Evaluation of susceptibility to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) requires rapid screening tests for neutralising antibodies which provide protection.

Methods
Firstly, we developed a receptor-binding domain-specific haemagglutination test (HAT) to Wuhan and VOC (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) and compared to pseudotype, microneutralisation and virus neutralisation assays in 835 convalescent sera. Secondly, we investigated the antibody response using the HAT after two doses of mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccination. Sera were collected at baseline, three weeks after the first and second vaccinations from older (80–99 years, n = 89) and younger adults (23–77 years, n = 310) and compared to convalescent sera from naturally infected individuals (1–89 years, n = 307).

Results
Here we show that HAT antibodies highly correlated with neutralising antibodies (R = 0.72–0.88) in convalescent sera. Home-dwelling older individuals have significantly lower antibodies to the Wuhan strain after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine than younger adult vaccinees and naturally infected individuals. Moverover, a second vaccine dose boosts and broadens the antibody repertoire to VOC in naïve, not previously infected older and younger adults. Most (72–76%) older adults respond after two vaccinations to alpha and delta, but only 58–62% to beta and gamma, compared to 96–97% of younger vaccinees and 68–76% of infected individuals. Previously infected older individuals have, similarly to younger adults, high antibody titres after one vaccination.

Conclusions
Overall, HAT provides a surrogate marker for neutralising antibodies, which can be used as a simple inexpensive, rapid test. HAT can be rapidly adaptable to emerging VOC for large-scale evaluation of potentially decreasing vaccine effectiveness.
An olfactory self-test effectively screens for COVID-19
Authors: Snitz Kobi , Honigstein Danielle , Weissgross Reut , Ravia Aharon , Mishor Eva , Perl Ofer , Karagach Shiri , Medhanie Abebe , Harel Nir , Shushan Sagit , Roth Yehudah , Iravani Behzad , Arshamian Artin , Ernst Gernot , Okamoto Masako , Poo Cindy , Bonacchi Niccolò , Mainen Zachary , Monteleone Erminio , Dinnella Caterina , Spinelli Sara , Mariño-Sánchez Franklin , Ferdenzi Camille , Smeets Monique , Touhara Kazushige , Bensafi Moustafa , Hummel Thomas , Lundström Johan N. , Sobel Noam 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Key to curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic are wide-scale screening strategies. An ideal screen is one that would not rely on transporting, distributing, and collecting physical specimens. Given the olfactory impairment associated with COVID-19, we developed a perceptual measure of olfaction that relies on smelling household odorants and rating them online.

Methods
Each participant was instructed to select 5 household items, and rate their perceived odor pleasantness and intensity using an online visual analogue scale. We used this data to assign an olfactory perceptual fingerprint, a value that reflects the perceived difference between odorants. We tested the performance of this real-time tool in a total of 13,484 participants (462 COVID-19 positive) from 134 countries who provided 178,820 perceptual ratings of 60 different household odorants.

Results
We observe that olfactory ratings are indicative of COVID-19 status in a country, significantly correlating with national infection rates over time. More importantly, we observe indicative power at the individual level (79% sensitivity and 87% specificity). Critically, this olfactory screen remains effective in participants with COVID-19 but without symptoms, and in participants with symptoms but without COVID-19.

Conclusions
The current odorant-based olfactory screen adds a component to online symptom-checkers, to potentially provide an added first line of defense that can help fight disease progression at the population level. The data derived from this tool may allow better understanding of the link between COVID-19 and olfaction.
Boosting image watermarking authenticity spreading secrecy from counting‐based secret‐sharing
Authors: Gutub Adnan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study presents enhancing images authentication by securing watermarking hidden data via shares generated from counting‐based secret sharing. The trustfulness of shares utilised secret‐sharing as an applicable privacy creation tool for the authentication of real‐life complex platforms. This research adjusts embedding the watermarking data over the images by innovative redistribution of shares to be embedded spread over all the images. The anticipated watermarking technique guaranteed to scatter the share bits implanting at different least significant bits of image pixels as boosting up the trust overall authentication practicality. The paper experimentation performance analysis shows that this improved image watermarking authentication (capacity) is averagely better by 33%–67% than other related exclusive‐OR oriented and octagon approaches. Interestingly, these measurement improvements did not degrade the robustness and security of the system, inspiring our research for opening novel track of related future counting‐based secret‐sharing authentication progresses to come.
The DoF region of two‐user MIMO broadcast channel with delayed imperfect‐quality CSIT
Authors: Zhang Tong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) play an important role in the performance of wireless networks. The CSIT model can be delayed and imperfect‐quality, since the feedback link has a delay and the channel state information (CSI) feedback has distortion. In this paper, the degrees‐of‐freedom (DoF) region of the two‐user multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) broadcast channel are characterised with delayed imperfect‐quality CSIT, where the antenna configurations can be arbitrary. The converse proof of DoF region is based on the enhancement of physically degraded channel. The achievability proof of DoF region is through a novel transmission scheme design, where the duration of each phase and the amount of transmitted symbols are configured based on the imperfect‐quality of delayed CSIT. As a result, it is shown that the DoF region with delayed imperfect‐quality CSIT is located between the DoF region with no CSIT and the DoF region with delayed CSIT.
Performance analysis of three‐phase five‐leg transformers under DC bias using a new frequency‐dependent reluctance‐based model
Authors: Canturk Sevket , Balci Murat Erhan , Hocaoglu Mehmet Hakan , Koseoglu Ahmet Kerem 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a reluctance‐based model considering the frequency‐dependent loss nature of the windings for the analysis of three‐phase five‐leg transformers under grid voltages with direct current (DC) bias. This is very important especially for proper determination of their harmonic current distortion and maximum loading capability (MLC) under DC‐biased grid voltage conditions. To figure out the developed model's validity under sinusoidal and DC‐biased grid voltage cases, it is comparatively analyzed with the model based on 2D finite element method (FEM). Thus, for the considered transformer type operated under DC bias, the excitation current's harmonic pollution, losses, and reactive power demand parameters are analyzed by using the developed model. Additionally, by regarding these performance parameters, the DC susceptibilities of the considered‐type transformer and the single‐phase shell‐type transformer are comparatively evaluated. Finally, for the studied grid voltage conditions, the effects of two important design considerations as (i) magnetic core material selection and (ii) legs’ cross‐sectional area sizing on the MLC are investigated. It is concluded from these investigations that under saturation conditions, the transformers, which have the core material with higher permeability or lower reluctance, draw higher excitation current, and have lower MLC ratio when compared to ones having the core material with lower permeability or higher reluctance. However, for unsaturated transformers, which work under DC bias, the case is the opposite to that in saturation conditions. On the other hand, under DC bias conditions, the effect of cross‐sectional area sizing on the MLC ratio is much more for the transformer with high permeable magnetic core material with regards to ones with low permeable magnetic core material.
Analysis and suppression of voltage oscillation at DC circuit breaker terminal in DC fault transient process
Authors: Shen Hong , Huang Xianrui , Qi Lei , Zhang Xiangyu , Ni Xiaojun , Qiu Peng , Wei Xiaoguang , Cui Xiang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHigh‐frequency voltage oscillation occurs at the initial stage of DC short‐circuit fault in the modular multilevel converter (MMC)‐based high‐voltage direct‐current systems, which directly threatens the reliable operation of the secondary equipment in DC circuit breakers (DCCBs). Therefore, this paper focusses on the voltage oscillation characteristic at DCCB terminals, considered the stray parameters of connecting lines, the parasitic parameters of main equipment and the impedance of grounding grid, established equivalent circuit models of MMC‐HVDC converter station at the initial stage of pole‐to‐pole and pole‐to‐ground fault, and obtained the analytical formula for the voltage oscillation frequency. Then, the comparison with the DC short‐circuit test data of ±200 kV MMC‐HVDC converter station verified the validity of the models and revealed the mechanism of voltage oscillation. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the converter station on the oscillation characteristics was discussed. It was proposed to install the DCCB at the MMC valve's terminal near the DC side, and the oscillation frequency is about 10–60 kHz, which is more than 5 times lower than that at the DC reactor's terminal near the DC pole bus, and the disturbance of oscillation to DCCB was alleviated.
Pre-main sequence stars in LH 91
Authors: Carini R. , Biazzo K. , De Marchi G. , Panagia N. , Beccari G. , Brocato E. 
Published: April 2022

Aims. We study the accretion properties of pre-main sequence (PMS) low-mass stars in the LH 91 association within the Large Magellanic Clouds.
Methods. Using optical multiband photometry obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, we identify 75 candidates showing Hα excess emission above the 3σ level with equivalent width EWHα ⩾ 10 Å. We estimate the physical parameters (effective temperature, luminosity, age, mass, accretion luminosity, and mass accretion rate) of the PMS stellar candidates.
Results. The age distribution suggests a period of active star formation ranging from a few million years up to ∼60 Myr with a gap between ∼5 Myr and 10 Myr. The masses of the PMS candidates span from 0.2 M⊙ for the cooler objects to 1.0 M⊙ with a median of ∼0.80 M⊙. The median value of the accretion luminosity of our 75 PMS stars is about 0.12 L⊙, the median value of the mass accretion rate is about 4.8 × 10−9 M⊙ yr−1 with higher values for the younger population (∼1.2 × 10−8 M⊙ yr−1), and lower values for the older candidates (∼4.7 × 10−9 M⊙ yr−1). We compare our results with findings for LH 95, the closest region to LH 91 for which accretion properties of PMS candidates were previously derived. An interesting qualitative outcome is that LH 91 seems to be in a more evolved stage. Moreover, we find that the PMS candidates are distributed homogeneously, without any evidence of clumps around more massive stars.