bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of prolonged lipopolysaccharide exposure on lung function and health
Authors: Putz Nathan , Gibson Dustin , Jesse Jordan , Newcomb Dawn , Bastarache Julie 
Published: May 2022

RationalePatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease often have persistent inflammation of the airways that lead to symptoms of chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction. While it is known that long term exposure to cigarette smoke can cause persistent airways inflammation, it is not clear if this is a direct result of tobacco exposure or if it is a result of chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that a recurrent and prolonged inflammatory insult would result in alterations in lung mechanics characterized by airway obstruction.Methods. To test the independent effects of recurrent and persistent lung inflammation on lung mechanics, C57Bl/6 8 week old male mice were treated weekly with PBS or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via direct intratracheal injection. Monthly, we evaluated lung function analysis including: airway resistance and compliance, tissue damping, pressure volume loops, and forced expiratory volume using the flexiVent system.Results. Airway resistance at month 1 was 0.5543±0.017 PBS vs 0.552±0.009 cmH2O.s/mL LPS (p=0.999), month 2 0.5177±0.015 PBS vs 0.576±0.017 LPS (p=0.999), month 3 0.461± 0.03 PBS vs 0.47±0.038 cmH2O.s/mL LPS (p=0.999), month 5 0.43±0.015 PBS vs 0.468±0.026 cmH2O.s/mL LPS (p=0.999), month 6 PBS 0.408± 0.06 vs LPS 0.6465±0.18 cmH2O.s/mL (p=0.999), and month 7 PBS 0.384 ± 0.023 vs LPS 0.3498 ± 0.015 cmH2O.s/mL (p=0.999). Forced expiratory volume 0.1 (FEV 0.1) at month 1 was 0.4±0.08 PBS vs 0.803±0.107 mL LPS (p=0.999), month 2 0.2115±0.01 PBS vs 0.184±0.03 mL LPS (p=0.999), month 3 1.071±0.09 PBS vs 1.098±0.06 mL LPS (p=0.999), month 5 0.853±0.243 vs 0.756±0.21 mL LPS (p=0.999), month 6 2.671±1.06 PBS vs 1.669±0.87 mL LPS (p=0.999), month 7 0.9049±0.27 PBS vs 1.127±0.152 mL LPS (p=0.999).ConclusionIt is well known that chronic smoking can have a significant impact of lung function. Through this project we aimed to discover whether chronic inflammation alone would alter lung function. Interestingly even after weekly direct intratracheal injections of LPS there were no significant changes in lung function compared to PBS treated mice. We have shown here that chronic inflammation alone was not sufficient to alter lung function in mice, and that the decrease in lung function seen in chronic smokers is attributable to numerous factors and not inflammation alone.
In‐Vitro Combo Treatments of Human Melanoma (1205Lu) Cell line with Curcumin, Vitamins and Steroids
Authors: Ramaraj Pandurangan 
Published: May 2022

Our previous work on combo treatments of human melanoma (BLM) cell line pointed to the two combos A+RU and Cur+P+RU as the best combination to decrease cell growth, a basal secretion profile of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the major pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐8 secretion by the cells. In order to confirm these findings, experiments were repeated on the 1205Lu cell line. Cells were incubated in a 96 well plate along with a combination of compounds for 48 hrs. After 48 hrs, cell growth was assayed using MTT and supernatants were collected for Elisarray and IL‐8 quantitation by Elisa. Single or solo compound treatment resulted in cell growth in the range of 37 to 59% compared to untreated control 1205Lu cell growth at 100%. A double combo of compounds such as Cur+D3, Cur+P, Cur+RU, D3+P, D3+RU, P+RU, A+D3, A+P, A+RU resulted in cell growth in the range of 17 to 37%. A triple combo of compounds such as CUR+P+RU, Cur+A+D3, Cur+D3+RU resulted in cell growth in the range of 19 to 30%. Elisarray of the supernatants from various treatments pointed to A+RU, A+D3, Cur+D3+RU, Cur+P+RU as the combos having a basal secretion profile of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Quantitation of IL‐8 by Elisa suggested A+RU and Cur+P+RU as the two combos having a minimal amount of IL‐8 secretion 17.5 pg/ml and 8.0 pg/ml respectively.ConclusionThese experiments suggested that the combination of compounds really decreased cell growth and IL‐8 secretion. Two combos A+RU and Cur+P+RU were found to work well on both (BLM and 1205Lu) cell lines. These experiments will be repeated on other human melanoma cell lines for the confirmation of the above findings.
Integrating Clinical Education into the Anatomy Curriculum; The Advantages of Soft Preservation Techniques
Authors: Fair Jarrod D. , Boucher Laura C. , Agnor Celine , Balta Joy Y. 
Published: May 2022

Practitioners and educators continually evaluate alternative teaching methodologies to increase the learning of anatomical and clinical based skills. Traditionally, anatomy and clinical skills are taught separately to students in both physical and occupational therapy curricula. Formaldehyde preservation is seen as the primary embalming methodology within anatomical education but has been described as lacking when utilized within educational institutions. This study aimed to evaluate the integration of clinical skills into anatomical education using an alternative preservation technique called Imperial College London‐ Soft Preservation (ICL‐SP).Physical and occupational therapy completing the Musculoskeletal Anatomy course were presented with donors preserved with either formaldehyde or ICP‐SP. The students were tasked with traditional dissection and with performing clinical tests on the different donors followed by the administration of a questionnaire. The inclusion of ICL‐SP donors showed there was a better model for the representation of the vascular system and the nervous system without showing significant deficits in any other categories when compared to formaldehyde. The integration of clinical skills and anatomical curriculum presented increased student perceived understanding of associated anatomy (p < 0.05), gave better understanding of how anatomy is important to their professions (p < 0.05) and increased motivation to learn anatomy (p < 0.05). Students noted ICL‐SP was more beneficial forclinical skill procedures (Lachman's test: p < 0.05; Valgus Stress Test of the Elbow: p < 0.05). In conclusion, the integration of clinical skills into anatomical education can potentially provide clinicians with higher confidence performing clinical skills and may be complemented by the utilization of the new ICL‐SP methodology. Ethical approval was granted by the Ohio State University Institutional Review Board under log number 2021E0469.
Evaluation of the Number of Goblet Cells in Crypt of Colonic Mucosa Submitted to Experimental Gastric Restriction
Authors: Akamatsu Flávia E. , Nunes Camila , Fontes Luiz G. , Itezerote Ana M. , Saleh Samir O. , Hojaij Flávio , Andrade Mauro , Pereira José A. , Martinez Carlos A. R. , Jacomo Alfredo L. 
Published: May 2022

Obesity‐related comorbidity is defined as a condition caused by overweight/obesity or known to contribute to the presence or severity of the condition. These comorbid conditions are expected to improve or go into remission in the presence of effective and sustained weight loss. However, the mechanisms of surgical weight loss and the long‐term consequences of bariatric surgery remain unclear. World Health Organization reports obesity as a rising chronic condition with many devastating health consequences. Gastric reduction procedures are currently employed to treat morbid obesity and there are few reports concerning the consequent effects in large intestine.MethodsExperimental model of gastric restriction was devised using rats. The animals were submitted to surgical gastrostomy and a cylindrical loofah was inserted into the stomach. We studied 30 adult male Wistar rats divided in three groups: the stomach reduction group (R20), the sham group (SH20), which underwent the same procedure except for the loofah insertion and the control group (C20). Animals were fed and kept in separate cages. Two colon samples were collected 2 cm from the cecum and were individually packed into containers. Samples were submitted to routine histological processing for Alcian Blue, Periodic Acid and Reagent of Schiff (PAS) and High Iron Diamine (HID AB). The sections were analyzed for the length of the crypts and mucous cells. Goblet cells were obtained in all groups as mean, median, minimum, and maximum and were compared between groups using generalized estimation equations (GEE) with normal distribution and identity link function supposing exchangeable correlation matrix between fields. Bonferroni's multiple comparison was applied to identify differences between groups. The results are described by the mean value with respective standard deviation.ResultsThe analysis of PAS and AB Goblet cells count on R20 group indicated a statistically significant reduction and no shallower crypts as compared to the C20. The sialomucins and sulphomucins number cells were found with no enhance. There was not difference regarding on R20 compared to C20 and SH20.ConclusionThese findings might be a result of colonic mucosae atrophy secondary to the effects of gastric restriction in this model. Restriction decreases the content of neutral mucins and total acidic mucins, without interfering with the sulfomucin and sialomucin acid mucin subtypes.
Effect of Zinc in Submandibular Salivary Gland Branching Morphogenesis
Authors: Kazi Gulsan Ara Sathi 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionNerves from the parasympathetic branch are critical for the function of the glandular tissue including salivary gland. Parasympathetic innervation influences organ regeneration: tissue regrowth impaired after parasympathectomy in the salivary gland. As it is difficult to treat the damaged nerves, there is a need to develop new materials and treatment methods to treat the nerves. Zinc ions are reported to be important metal ions in the physiological functions of the nervous system and involved in neural cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we aimed to study the influence and neuroprotective role of the extracellular zinc during submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development using ex vivo tissue culture system. Also we prepared zinc ion‐containing agarose hydrogel beads (Zn+Aga) for sustained release of zinc ion.Materials and Methods300~500µm size beads prepared. Different concentration of zinc were incorporated in the beads. LY294002 an antagonist of PI3Kinase pathway also incorporate as needed. Next, 0.3 wt%~4 wt% alginate hydrogel sheets prepared for ex‐vivo organ culture. SMG were isolated from the pregnant ICR mouse at day 13 (E13) and culture on hydrogel sheet with or without Zn ion and LY294002 containing beads. Finally, the data analyzed histomorphometrically.ResultsWe successfully prepare the Zn+Aga and observed the sustain release of Zn+ upto 48 hours. Histological evaluation showed that zinc ion promoted the growth of submandibular tissue. The immuno expression of AKT was promoted by the administration of zinc ion. AKT decreased by using ly294002, which is an inhibitor of PI3kinase, and it recovered after administration of zinc. This indicates that zinc administration is involved in the AKT‐pathway.Discussion & ConclusionCollectively, these data clearly illustrate that the Zn is essential element during salivary gland organogenesis through activation of the PI3Kinase‐AKT pathway.
Assessing High‐ and Low‐intensity Physical Rehabilitation Approaches to Address Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction Following Volumetric Muscle Loss
Authors: Schifino Albino G. , Heo Jun‐Won , McFaline‐Figueroa Jennifer , Greising Sarah M. , Call Jarrod A. 
Published: May 2022

INTRODUCTIONVolumetric muscle loss (VML), the removal of a large volume of muscle tissue due to surgery or severe trauma is characterized by persistent contractile and metabolic deficits. There is a need to identify clinically translatable physical rehabilitation approaches to address VML; however, optimal parameters of physical rehabilitation strategies such as intensity, progression, and volume have not been well‐established. The primary objective of this study was to determine if the prescribed intensity of two clinically translatable rehabilitation strategies, i.e., whole‐body vibration and voluntary wheel running, influenced skeletal muscle mass and function after VML. We hypothesized that physical rehabilitation would improve muscle function versus leaving the injury untreated, and that magnitude of improvement would be influenced by intensity of physical rehabilitation. METHODS: 12‐week‐old, male C57BL/6 mice (N=55) were assigned to one of 5 groups: uninjured, VML with no rehabilitation (VML), high‐resistance wheel running (HR), low‐resistance wheel running (LR), high‐magnitude vibration (H‐Vib, 1.0g), and low‐magnitude vibration (L‐Vib, 0.6g). Mice underwent unilateral VML injury to the primary ankle plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris muscles). Physical rehabilitation strategies were administered for 8‐weeks starting 3‐days after VML injury. To determine rehabilitation effectiveness, muscle mass, muscle strength (i.e., in vivopeak‐isometric torque), and muscle metabolic function (permeabilized muscle fibers oxygen consumption and electron conductance) were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to uninjured mice, VML without rehabilitation resulted in 27% less muscle mass (p<0.01), 36% less peak‐isometric torque (p<0.01), 22% less maximal oxygen consumption (p<0.01) and 36% less electron conductance (p<0.01). Vibration: There were no statistically significant differences among groups for muscle mass or mitochondrial function (p≥0.50). Peak‐isometric torque was 24% greater in H‐Vib (p<0.01), but not L‐Vib mice, compared to VML. Wheel running:HR, but not LR, had 11% greater muscle mass compared to VML (p<0.05). Peak‐isometric torque was 22% greater in both HR and LR compared to VML (p<0.05). Metabolic function was not statistically different among groups. CONCLUSION: Our primary finding is that vibration and wheel running are capable of producing positive adaptations in VML‐injured muscle. Furthermore, results from this study suggest that intensity as a rehabilitation variable should be considered when developing and validating strategies to address functional deficits in VML‐injured muscle. Ongoing and future research is needed to determine the molecular signaling pathways affected by these rehabilitation strategies, and more importantly, why metabolic adaptations are lacking.
Targeting p21‐highly‐expressing Senescent Cells Enhances Skeletal Muscle Function through Mitochondrial Function and Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Noh Sung Gi , Ahn Ahram , Wang Lichao , Xu Ming , Kwon Oh Sung 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUNDThe accumulation of senescent cells is a hallmark of aging in the skeletal muscle which causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. p21 is one of the major regulators and most recognized cellular markers for senescent cells. Recent evidence demonstrated that clearance of p21high cells enhances muscle function including grip strength, hanging endurance, and maximal walking speed in mice. However, it is still unclear how the muscle performance enhances through the clearance of p21high cells. One of the potential mechanisms is mitochondrial function and/or mitochondria‐derived ROS. Therefore, this study investigated the linkage between mitochondria and p21high cells in aging or high fat diet‐induced muscle dysfunction.METHODSFive p21‐Cre/+; +/+ (P) and p21‐Cre/+; DTA/+ (PD) obese mice fed by high fat diet were administrated with tamoxifen for twice. Five P lean mice fed by normal chow were adopted as normal control. We previously demonstrated that p21high cells accumulate in obese P mice, and can be eliminated in obese PD mice by tamoxifen treatment. Mitochondrial respiration was measured, by high‐resolution respirometry, in permeabilized muscle fibers from the soleus muscle. Mitochondria‐derive ROS production was determined using Amplex Red assays. One‐way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post‐hoc were used to determine differences between groups (P < 0.05).RESULTSReductions in complex I + II state 3 respiration were observed in p21‐Cre mice with high fat diet but the clearance of p21high cells using tamoxifen enhanced complex I + II state 3 respiration (Lean P: 35.2 ± 3.13 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; Obese P: 17.45 ± 2.85 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; Obese PD: 30.04 ± 3.19 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; P < 0.05). State 4 respiration did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Respiratory Control Ratio (RCR), defined as respiration in state 3 divided by respiration in state 4, significantly decreased in high fat diet group but clearing p21high cells restored respiratory function (Lean P: 4.20 ± 1.18; Obese P: 2.21 ± 1.11; Obese PD: 3.85 ± 1.60; P<0.05). Also, high fat diet increased mitochondrial ROS production, but tamoxifen treatment attenuated ROS production (Lean P: 10.16 ± 0.41 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; Obese P: 26.83 ± 0.54 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; Obese PD: 12.23 ± 0.54 pmol·s‐1·mg‐1; P<0.05).CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrated that p21high cells may play a causal role in mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS emission in the skeletal muscle with obesity and other chronic diseases. Therefore, targeting p21high cells may enhance muscle performance through decreasing mitochondria‐derived ROS and enhancing mitochondrial function.
An Insight into the Role of Mesothelin in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Faust Joshua R. , Hamill Darcy , Kolb E. A. , Gopalakrishnapillai Anilkumar , Barwe Sonali P. 
Published: May 2022

Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that lead to the accumulation of immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Standard treatment of AML includes intense cytotoxic chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplants with relatively low cure rates. Targeted therapy options for AML are limited. Mesothelin (MSLN) is a 40‐kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein that is highly expressed on many tumors, but lacks expression in many normal tissues, making it an excellent target for cancer therapies. More recently, the identification of MSLN expression in a subset (about one‐third) of pediatric AML patients warranted preclinical studies with MSLN‐targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Recently, our lab utilized bispecific T cell engaging antibodies to recruit T cells to MSLN‐expressing leukemic cells, increasing in vivo survival rates in patient‐derived xenograft models.MSLN has been shown to play a role in promoting proliferation and invasion in mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, mainly through interactions with MUC16/CA125. Current investigative efforts in AML focus on MSLN‐targeted therapies, while the function of MSLN in AML remains unresolved. Previously, we identified a correlation between MSLN expression and extramedullary disease, as well as enhanced leukemic burden in xenograft models. Here, we report that MSLN expression is associated with increased rates of cell proliferation and migration.The proliferation rate of MSLN‐negative AML cell lines, MV4;11 & NOMO‐1‐KO, and two MSLN‐expressing cell lines, MV4;11‐MSLN & NOMO‐1, was evaluated by BrDU proliferation assay or direct measurement of cell numbers over 96 hours. MSLN‐expressing cells proliferated at an increased rate comparative to the non‐expressing cells. Consistent with higher proliferation rate in MSLN‐expressing cells, these cells showed reduced percentage of G1 population and increased population in the S phase of the cell cycle. In a Transwell migration assay, higher number of MV4;11‐MSLN cells migrated towards serum compared to their wild‐type counterpart, indicating that MSLN expression promoted cell migration. Our data suggest that MSLN expression in pediatric AML cells enhances proliferation and migration. Therefore, targeting MSLN may be beneficial to curb AML progression.
Use of the Lipolysis Inhibitor Acipimox Fails to Modulate Chronic Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates or Attenuate the Loss of Muscle Mass in a Rodent Model of Severe Burns
Authors: Vardarli Emre , Bhattarai Nisha , Abdelrahman Doaa , El‐Ayadi Amina , Murton Andrew 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveMassive burns result in chronic lipolysis of adipose stores resulting in ectopic lipid accumulation. Given reports that hyperlipidemia and/or increased intramyocellular lipid accumulation is associated with impaired synthesis of muscle proteins, we hypothesized that administering the lipolysis inhibitor acipimox could protect muscle protein synthesis capacity in a rodent model of burns, thereby blunting the loss of muscle mass.MethodsSprague Dawley rats (4 groups, 16 animals per group, n = 64) were randomized to receive a scald burn (~ 60 % total body surface area; n=32) or sham procedure. Animals in each group were assigned to receive either vehicle (saline) or acipimox (50 mg/kg/day) daily by i.p. injection for 7 days. All animals received a bolus of deuterated water (10 ml/kg, i.p.) followed by supplementation in drinking water (2 %) to monitor habitual muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS). On day 7, animals were sacrificed, and tissues collected. MPS was calculated by measuring intracellular and bound deuterium enrichment of alanine via Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry.ResultsSevere burns resulted in significant body weight loss compared to the sham injury group (7 % vs 10 %; p < 0.001). However, acipimox administration did not prevent the loss of body weight. There was a trend for gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle weights to be lower in burn animals (P = 0.058 and P=0.057, respectively). However, acipimox did not prevent the loss of muscle weight with burn injury. Neither burn injury nor acipimox administration impacted habitual MPS rates.ConclusionIn sharp contrast to what is observed in patients, severe burns do not alter habitual MPS rates in rats. Given evidence that rats still experience a loss of muscle mass in response to thermal injury, it suggests that the dominant mechanism by which muscle protein content declines in these animals is via enhanced muscle proteolysis. Acipimox appears to exert no beneficial impact on muscle protein homeostasis in burn injured rodents.
Amalgamation of Arts, Anatomy and Passion in Creating an Anatomy Atlas for Active Learning
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Soma 
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study was to develop a photographic atlas of rabbit anatomy to provide a low cost and effective learning tool to help students understand anatomy better.HypothesisThe newly developed interactive anatomy e‐atlas will provide a better learning resource and reference for Gen Z students and help them to succeed.A brief statement of methods:

System Approach – Selection of organ system
Development of hand drawn maps and photographic plates
Collection of feedback from Teaching Assistants (TA) and peers
Improvement and preparation of additional photo plates
Establish collaboration with instructional division to get additional help. Collaboration with peers
Use in class and IRB submission
Continue using the resource, collection of feedback.
Take trainings to improve photography skills.
Modifications and additions based on the feedback.
A summary of the results

Data collected so far shows a clear positive trend expressing effectiveness and usefulness of the newly created anatomy resource for muscular and vascular system of rabbit.A statement of the conclusions.
In conclusion it could be said that the newly developed resource (Photographic Atlas of Rabbit Anatomy) has become an important and necessary tool for student learning. Collecting data will be continued for next three years to monitor its effectiveness in helping students to develop the skill for dissection and identification and gaining knowledge about anatomical distribution of muscles and blood vessels.