bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USGS budget focuses on mapping, water, hazards
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The U.S. Geological Survey's Fiscal Year 1992 budget request represents a “balanced approach to addressing the significant Earth science issues confronting our nation during the 1990s in the context of the overall budget constraints,” said Dallas Peck, USGS director, testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies on March 12.The proposal totals $563.1 million for FY92, a decrease from the FY91 enacted level of $570.7 million. This is an increase of $56.5 over the FY91 President's budget request.
Program cut reduces quake studies
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The proposed decrease of $15 million in the Fiscal Year 1992 budget for the U.S. Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (EHRP) will significantly reduce earthquake studies. Congress provided expanded support of the program in FY91 as a continuation of support following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when Congress gave a supplemental appropriation. As created by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, EHRP is a major component of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, along with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.Betty Goodrich, Acting Budget Officer of USGS, notes that the cut is in response to a “tight fiscal situation and not that Congress is against the earthquake program.” She also attributes the reduction in the program to competing priorities among other major initiatives. “EHRP just did not make it through,” she said.
New seismic travel time tables developed
Authors: Kennett B. L. N. 
Published: September 2022

The seismological tables most commonly used for phase identification and source location at teleseismic distances is the Jeffreys & Bullen Tables, published by the British Association Seismological Committee in 1940, based on work performed from 1930–1939, and also on observations from an earlier period when timekeeping was not very reliable. The tables have the merit of providing times for a wide variety of P and S phases.In 1988 an international workshop was organized by the Subcommission on Earthquake Algorithms of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), to develop a framework for the construction of new travel time tables [Kennett, 1988], Since then, a major international effort has lead to the construction of a new set of global travel time tables—the first stage in developing travel time calculation and location schemes to allow for regional variations in the outer parts of the Earth.
DOE closer to Yucca Study
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The controversy over where to store nuclear waste in the United States has taken another step forward. In a 14‐5 vote on June 12, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved SI 138, the “Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1991,” a bill that would give the federal government authority to name the Yucca Mountain, Nev., site as the primary nuclear repository site in the country.Introduced by J. Bennett Johnston (D‐La.) on May 22, SI 138 amends the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 to direct the Secretary of Energy to carry out site characterization activities at Yucca Mountain. The bill states that the Secretary must work in consultation with the governor of the state of Nevada “in a manner that minimizes any significant adverse environmental impacts.”
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Hydrology Section member since 1981, died on May 1 at the age of 60 while visiting Beijing, China, as a member of a delegation of the Israeli Academy of Science. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado at Fort Collins and returned to Israel in 1969. Bresler joined the Institute of Soil and Water, the Volcani Center for Agricultural Research in Israel, where he served continuously as the head of the Soil Physics Department and in the last 4 years as the director of the Institute.Bresler made fundamental contributions to a wide range of subjects in soil physics, irrigation science, and hydrology. He was among the first to recognize the promise of numerical analysis and to apply it to developing codes of flow and transport in the unsaturated zone in collaboration with J. Hanks, S. Neuman, and R. Feddes. Bresler investigated various aspects of soil‐water‐salt interaction processes and their relation to irrigation practice and crop yield. In the last 12 years he made important contributions to the newly developing subject of flow and transport in soils of spatially variable properties.
Atmosphere model released
Authors: Jeffries Bill 
Published: September 2022

GRAM‐90, the most recent version of the Global Reference Atmosphere Model, has been released for use. The model is sponsored by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., and was developed at Georgia Tech.GRAM‐90, which has become something of a de facto standard within the aerospace community, is a blend of three empirical model atmospheres affording latitude, longitude, and monthly variability over a continuous altitude range of 0–700 km.
Particle flux studies in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Ittekkot Venugopalan 
Published: September 2022

There is scientific consensus that atmospheric carbon dioxide is a major controlling factor of the surface temperature of our planet. CO2 released into the atmosphere through fossil fuel burning and deforestation is believed to lead to global warming through the greenhouse effect. The CO2 content in the atmosphere is influenced not just by its release into the atmosphere, but also by its removal.Although it is generally accepted that oceans take up considerable amounts of CO2, the complex processes affecting this uptake are still poorly understood. Physicochemical exchange processes in the ocean remove large quantities of CO2, as do biological processes. During marine photosynthesis, microscopic plants in the oceans fix CO2 into their tissues in the form of organic matter. Part of this organic matter is oxidized back to CO2 in the mixed layer of the sea, which interacts with the atmosphere. The rest sinks down to the deep sea. The rate of this transfer to the deep sea determines the extent to which the formation of organic matter removes CO2 from the atmosphere.
Outstanding student papers at AGU meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Five students from the Solar‐Planetary Relationships section were cited for their outstanding papers delivered at the AGU 1991 Spring Meeting in Baltimore.Steve Benka, who presented “A Thermal/Non‐thermal (TNT) Model for Solar Microwave Bursts,” successfully completed the doctoral program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in August 1991. His research interests include the interpretation of high‐resolution spectra of solar flare hard X‐ray and microwave emissions. Benka is interested in extending the usefulness of concepts learned in physics to other phenomena, both atrophysical and within the solar system. Benka received a B.S. in both physics and mathematics from Metropolitan State College in 1985.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

As in many areas of human knowledge, the notion of climate acquired a deeper historical content around the turn of the 19th century. Natural philosophers, geographers, and others became increasingly aware of climate's own history and its relation to human, plant and animal, and Earth history. This article examines several aspects of this “historicization” of climate.The lively 18th century discussion of the influence of climate on society is well known. Montesquieu is its most famous representative, but Voltaire, Hume, Kant, and others also participated. Their debate was literary more than scientific, their goal the understanding of man, not climate. Partly for this reason and partly because of the lack of good information on climates, they made no attempt to gather substantial climatic data. In fact, the importance of systematically collecting reliable data was scarcely understood in any area of natural philosophy before the last decades of the century [Cf. Frängsmyr et al., 1990; Feldman, 1990]. Instead, participants in the debate repeated commonplaces dating from Aristotle and Hippocrates and based their conclusions on unreliable reports from travelers. As Glacken wrote of Montesquieu, “his dishes are from old and well‐tested recipes” [Glacken, 1967, chapter 12]. This is not to say that the debate over climatic influence was not significant—only that its significance lay more in the history of man than in the atmospheric sciences.
Correction to [Comment on] “IUGG 1991: Geophysics as a global endeavor”]
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Two articles published in Eos on the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (October 1 and 8, 1991) contained errors in the listing of new officers and IUGG member associations.The IUGG officers elected at the August 1991 General Assembly in Vienna are Helmut Moritz, president; V. I. Keilis‐Borok, past‐president; Peter J. Wyllie, vice‐president; Georges Balmino, secretary general; Soren Gregersen, treasurer; Du‐Zheng Ye, Gordon McBean, A. S. Monin, bureau members.
Unstable disks around stars may harbor clues to origin of solar system
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: September 2022

Since humans first developed critical consciousness, they have striven to understand the mysteries of our solar system. Prehistoric peoples built Stonehenge and other testaments to their understanding of the stars. Around 4000 B.C., Babylonian priests charted timetables of the constellations, while halfway around the world early Mayan civilizations produced astounding astronomical feats. And from there, the historic record only avalanched.Today, contemporary astronomers continue to pursue many of these age‐old questions. And now, a wave of new findings may help elucidate how our solar system's Sun and planets formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Moreover, the findings may help expedite the search for extrasolar planetary systems similar to our own.
U.S. Congress addresses risky science business
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: September 2022

A new breed of risk analysis may be coming to the rule‐making process, if Republican lawmakers get their way. The Republican Contract with America, among other things, entails a new regulatory contract for America, which may impact on how federal agencies conduct science in the future.The regulatory contract is one chunk of the Republican Contract that the Science Committee has a lot to say about, with primary jurisdiction over Title III of HR9, the Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act of 1995, which tackles risk assessment head on. Accordingly, hearings were already under way last week before both the Science and Commerce committees in keeping with the timetable of the promised 100‐day deadline. The risk assessment section of the bill, Title III, likely will be marked up this week, congressional sources say, if few snags arise during the Administration's testimony, which was slated for last Thursday and Friday.
Plasma Physics: An Introductory Course
Authors: Gary S. Peter 
Published: September 2022

Plasma Physics: An Introductory Course was developed from recent lectures given at the British Culham Summer School in Plasma Physics, a 2‐week introductory course for graduate‐level students, which has been conducted each summer since 1964.The volume presents many points of view since its 18 chapters were written by different authors, but the well‐integrated chapters provide an excellent introduction to plasma physics. While the absence of homework problems and the diverse points of view render it inappropriate for use as an introductory textbook, its cross‐cutting discussion of research progress in a wide range of plasma physics and applications constitutes a useful supplement to more conventional textbooks.
EPA looks to change—Not grow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Clinton asked for $7.4 billion for the Environmental Protection Agency in FY 1996—a $138 million (2% increase) over FY 1995. EPA's hallmark, according to the agency, is “not growth, but change,” with its strategic plan The New Generation of Environmental Protection as its signpost. Ecosystem protection, environmental justice, pollution prevention, strong science and data, partnerships, environmental accountability, and reinventing EPA management are its top priorities.Clinton's budget asks for $1.56 billion for the Superfund program, a $131.7 million increase over fiscal year 1995. The budget has $77.3 million, a $7.3 million increase, for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program. EPA's water infrastructure program would take a $404 million hit in FY 1996, down to $2.37 billion.
The importance of atmospheric measurements at Alert, Canada
Authors: Manning Martin , Dlugokencky Ed , Tans Pieter , Francey Roger , Fraser Paul , Steele Paul , Keeling Charles D. , Keeling Ralph , Levin Ingeborg , White Jim 
Published: September 2022

Since 1986 the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) of Environment Canada has operated an atmospheric chemistry program at Station Alert, which is located at 82°N on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island.The program provides a detailed record of atmospheric change in the high Arctic that is crucial to both regional and global issues. Plans to reduce the Canadian government's deficit now require Environment Canada to make budgetary cuts and are prompting reevaluation of this and other programs. In light of these circumstances, we would like to take the opportunity to consider the importance of Alert to international atmospheric science.
Nagai is new GRL Japanese regional editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Tsugunobu Nagai's term as Japanese Regional Editor of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) began this year and will run through 1997.Since 1993, Tsugunobu Nagai has been a faculty member of the newly established Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology; he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in atmospheric dynamics and space plasma physics. Nagai graduated from the University of Tokyo with a B.S. and M.S. in astronomy and then worked at Kakioka magnetic observatory, taking a Ph.D. at the University of Tokyo in space physics in 1981. As an NRC research associate at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, he researched low‐energy plasmas in the ionosphere and magnetosphere in 1983–1983. He next took part in research in upper atmosphere physics at the Meteorological Research Institute in the Tsukuba Science City, Japan. Because of increased interest in climate and environmental study, he became involved in research into climate change in 1987. With colleagues, Nagai has successfully simulated the El‐Nino‐Southern Oscillation, a major cause of climate change, with coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models.
Ice sheets play important role in climate change
Authors: Clark Peter U. , MacAyeal Douglas R. , Andrews John T. , Bartlein Patrick J. 
Published: September 2022

Ice sheets once were viewed as passive elements in the climate system enslaved to orbitally generated variations in solar radiation. Today, modeling results and new geologic records suggest that ice sheets actively participated in late‐Pleistocene climate change, amplifying or driving significant variability at millennial as well as orbital timescales. Although large changes in global ice volume were ultimately caused by orbital variations (the Milankovitch hypothesis), once in existence, the former ice sheets behaved dynamically and strongly influenced regional and perhaps even global climate by altering atmospheric and oceanic circulation and temperature.Experiments with General Circulation Models (GCMs) yielded the first inklings of ice sheets' climatic significance. Manabe and Broccoli [1985], for example, found that the topographic and albedo effects of ice sheets alone explain much of the Northern Hemisphere cooling identified in paleoclimatic records of the last glacial maximum (˜21 ka).
A rule‐of‐thumb for atmospheric density and pressure versus altitude
Authors: Dessler A. J. 
Published: September 2022

Order‐of‐magnitude values for the density and pressure of the Earth's atmosphere are readily obtained for altitudes up to 160 km by means of a simple rule‐of‐thumb. The results, while not precise, are good enough for rough calculations when your favorite atmospheric table is not at hand.The rule‐of‐thumb is atmospheric massdensity, number‐density, and pressure all decrease by approximately a factor of 10 for every 10‐mile increase in altitude up to an altitude of 100 miles. (This is one of the few cases in which working with English units is advantageous.) Interpolation in 5‐mile increments is obtained by using a factor of three decrease in atmospheric parameters for every 5‐mile increase in altitude.
High flier
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Pathfinder, an unpiloted, remotely controlled NASA aircraft has reached an altitude of 50,500 feet, a new record for a solar‐powered aircraft.The all‐wing aircraft, which weighs less than 600 pounds, is being evaluated in a program to develop technologies for operating unpiloted aircraft at altitudes of up to 100,000 feet on environmental sampling missions lasting up to a week or more. The evaluation program is called ERAST—Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology—and is part of Mission to Planet Earth.
NASA on the “Net”
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The “NASA Science Communications Strategy, The Final Report of the NASA Science Communications Working Group” is now available via the Internet. The report underscores the Agency's commitment to improving the way science is communicated to the public and outlines a strategy for developing scientific communications programs. The document can be accessed by using a web browser at URL: http://dlt.gsfc.nasa.gov/cordova/scicom.html.NASA's first electronic research announcement was issued in September by the Office of Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE). The announcement, soliciting several kinds of scientific proposals, was posted to the MTPE Home Page, and 30,000 postcards were sent to potential researchers notifying them that the announcement was available. Normally, NASA sends announcements by mail to lists of potential researchers, paying printing and postage for 2000–6000 copies. By using the Internet, NASA increased direct notifications, including 6000 overseas; the postcards gave an electronic address to download the announcement and a telephone number to call to request a paper copy. Depending on how many people request a paper copy, the electronic distribution could save NASA up to $80,000. Those interested can access the announcement by going to the Mission to Planet Earth Home Page (http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/mpte) and clicking on “MTPE Research Announcements.”
Green tools
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

With an eye toward forging tools that the nonscientist can use to make environmentally prudent policy, the National Science Foundation has provided the seed funding to establish a new National Center for Environmental Decision‐Making Research. NSF has awarded $5 million over the next five years to the Joint Institute for Energy and the Environment at the University of Tennessee for creation of the center.The organizing principle of the effort, according to NSF, is to “make scientific environmental research more relevant and useful to decision makers.” Interdisciplinary teams of sociologists, economists, geologists, ecologists, computer scientists, psychologists, urban planners, and others will be asked to interpret existing research and to conduct new studies of environmental problems and how they were resolved.
Fishy evidence
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Adding to the ongoing debate over the mass extinctions that marked the end of the Cretaceous period, a paleontologist from Purdue University recently uncovered a bed of 65‐million‐year old fish bones that bears the fingerprints of a meteorite impact. Gathering the fossils from Seymour Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula, William Zinsmeister discovered what he has termed a “horizon of death,” a 12‐square‐kilometer bone bed resting just above a layer of iridium. The element is rare on Earth but common to most meteorites.The Purdue professor of geosciences believes the site provides strong evidence that the impact of an extraterrestrial object played at least some part in the mass extinctions that marked the end of the Cretaceous.
Hole‐some research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

It is as massive as 1.2 billion Suns and surrounded by an 800‐lightyear‐wide disk of ionized gas and dust moving at speeds up to 1.67 million km/hr. But you can't see it—at least not in the usual ways—because it is compressed into a space the size of a thumbnail.The third black hole ever confirmed by astronomers has been discovered by Johns Hopkins graduate student Laura Ferrarese, Hopkins astronomer Holland Ford, and Leiden University astronomer Walter Jaffe. The team announced its discovery on Dec. 4 in Paris at the European Space Agency's “Science with Hubble Space Telescope II” conference.
Japan catches up to U.S. in some scientific and technological indicators
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Some of Japan's leading indicators of science and technological strength have caught up with or surpassed those of the United States, concludes a special report by the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Science Resources Studies (SRS) released in late January, prior to the release of President Clinton's 1999 budget proposal that calls for substantial increases in the U.S. science budget.The NSF report, “The Science and Technology Resources of Japan: A Comparison with the United States,” states that since 1989, Japan has slightly led the United States in the proportion of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) invested in overall research and development (R&D).
Worldwatchers push for sustainable development
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

“Recognizing the limits of natural systems is often seen as a call for no growth, but the issue is not growth versus no growth. The question is, What kind of growth? And where?” write Lester Brown and one of his 13 co‐authors, Jennifer Mitchell, in the 1998 issue of “State of the World: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress toward a Sustainable Society.”Now in its 15th annual edition, the book, which is published by a Washington, D.C. based nonprofit organization, this year focuses on the future of growth and on building a new economy.
Tuned to 1612 on the dial
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Five years in the making, the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) and Motorola, Inc. signed a memorandum of understanding in March that extends some protection from interference to radio astronomers who use the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico.Motorola, which operates the IRIDIUM commercial communications satellite system, has agreed to guarantee 8 hours of radio observing time each day—from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. U.S. Eastern Standard Time (6:00–11:00 UT)—that is free of potential signal interference from its satellites. With 66 IRIDIUM satellites scheduled to be operational in low‐Earth orbit this fall, the agreement had taken on some urgency.
Sustainable developments
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Hundreds of diplomats, along with industry, finance, environment, and labor leaders from around the world met from April 20 to May 1 for the sixth session of the United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD), an annual follow‐up conference to track the Agenda 21 program of action adopted at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit.During the session, which focused on freshwater management concerns and the role of industry in sustainable development, the participants discussed a number of issues about development and parity among northern and southern hemisphere countries.