bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Injury and the Lived Experience of Political Violence
Authors: Rothenberg Daniel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMoral injury names how the lived experience of armed conflict can damage an individual's ethical foundations, often with serious consequences. While the term has gained increasing acceptance for the clinical treatment of veterans and as a means of better understanding the impact of war, it is generally applied to individualized trauma. As part of the roundtable, “Moral Injury, Trauma, and War,” this essay argues that moral injury is also a useful means of addressing political violence at a societal level. It explores the term's value within international human rights discourse and practice, particularly in efforts to document and analyze the systematic commission of atrocities to achieve accountability and reconciliation. The essay presents field research among Iraqi human rights investigators as a means of reflecting on the value of rediscovering agency in the aftermath of societal trauma. In this way, moral injury provides guidance on the essential ethical qualities of the lived experience of violent repression, an issue central to a more complete understanding of international affairs.
Moral Injury and Revisionist Just War Theory
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jesse 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs part of the roundtable, “Moral Injury, Trauma, and War,” this essay explores the relationship between revisionist just war theory and moral injury. It proceeds in four sections. First, it offers a brief overview of the just war tradition, focusing on traditionalist and revisionist accounts, respectively. Next, it explores the relationship between moral injury and armed conflict. Then, it explores the links between moral injury and revisionist accounts of just war theory. Finally, by way of conclusion, the essay signals two potential complementary paths forward that future research could use to clarify the revisionist position and its link with moral injury.
Identity and Shared Humanity: Reflections on Amartya Sen's Memoir
Authors: Chatterjee Deen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAmartya Sen's memoir, Home in the World, is a compelling read, giving a fascinating view of the making of the mind of one of the foremost public intellectuals of our time. In reflections on the first three decades of his life—all filled with an amazing range of experiences, encounters, and intellectual explorations that span Asia, Europe, and North America—Sen weaves a comprehensive and interlocking narrative that brings together a unitary worldview where two multi-dimensional themes are juxtaposed throughout the book: the presence of the past and the convergence of the near and the far. In this essay, I highlight some of the life experiences and lessons shared in Sen's memoir grounded in his ideas of identity and shared humanity. These ideas took on a prominent place in Sen's life, in part, through his educational experience at the innovative school founded by the visionary poet Rabindranath Tagore. I draw on the views of both Sen and Tagore, as discussed in Sen's memoir. These lessons and ideas can help us in appreciating the power of knowledge, the value of education, and the allure of diversity. They can also guide us in our search for a more just world.
Dynamic Imaging of Glacier Structures at High‐Resolution Using Source Localization With a Dense Seismic Array
Authors: Nanni Ugo , Roux Philippe , Gimbert Florent , Lecointre Albanne 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDense seismic array monitoring combined with advanced processing can help retrieve and locate a variety of seismic sources with unprecedented resolution and spatial coverage. We present a methodology that goes beyond classical localization algorithms through gathering various types of sources (impulsive or continuous) using a single scheme based on a gradient‐descent optimization and evaluating different levels of phase coherence. We apply our methodology on an Alpine glacier and demonstrate that we can retrieve the dynamics of active crevasses with a metric resolution using sources associated with high phase coherence; the presence of diffracting materials (e.g., rocks) trapped in transverse crevasses using sources with moderate phase coherence; and the two‐dimensional time evolution of the subglacial hydrology system using sources with low phase coherence. Our study highlights the strength of using an appropriate and systematic seismological approach to image a wide range of subsurface structures and phenomena in settings with complex wavefields.
Oxygen Ion Escape at Venus Associated With Three‐Dimensional Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability
Authors: Dang Tong , Lei Jiuhou , Zhang Binzheng , Zhang Tielong , Yao Zhonghua , Lyon John , Ma Xuanye , Xiao Sudong , Yan Maodong , Brambles Oliver , Sorathia Kareem , Merkin Viacheslav 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHow oxygens escape from Venus has long been a fundamental but controversial topic in the planetary research. Among various key mechanisms, the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) has been suggested to play an important role in the oxygen ion escape from Venus. Limited by either scarce in‐situ observations or simplified theoretical estimations, the mystery of oxygen ion escape process associated with KHI is still unsettled. Here we present the first three‐dimensional configuration of KHI at Venus with a global multifluid magnetohydrodynamics model, showing a significantly fine structure and evolution of the KHI. KHI mainly occurred at the low latitude boundary layer if defining the interplanetary magnetic field‐perpendicular plane as the equatorial plane, resulting in escaping oxygen ions through mixing with the solar wind at the Venusian boundary layer, with an escape rate around 4 × 1024 s−1. The results provide new insights into the basic physical process of atmospheric loss at other unmagnetized planet.
The 2021 Western North American Heatwave and Its Subseasonal Predictions
Authors: Lin Hai , Mo Ruping , Vitart Frederic 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRecord‐breaking above‐normal temperatures were observed across western North America in June–July 2021. In this study, our ability to predict this heatwave 2–3 weeks in advance is assessed based on 10 Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal prediction models. It is found that the above normal temperature in Western Canada during June 28–July 4 was predicted by most models as early as June 10. However, for the forecasts initialized earlier than June 17, not a single ensemble member of all the models is able to capture the magnitude of the observed temperature anomaly. We identify two important processes: an upper tropospheric wave train associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in Southeast Asia and an anomalous North Pacific atmospheric river leading to high moisture conditions. Most models are able to predict the wave train across the North Pacific. A realistic representation of moisture transport and its pattern appears crucial for the extended‐range forecast of this heatwave.
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Winds and Tidal Variations During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Liu Guiping , Janches Diego , Ma Jun , Lieberman Ruth S. , Stober Gunter , Moffat‐Griffin Tracy , Mitchell Nicholas J. , Kim Jeong‐Han , Lee Changsup , Murphy Damian J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRealistic modeling of the winds and dynamical variations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) at Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid‐to‐high latitudes near 60°S where dramatic motions occur has been a challenge. This work presents an evaluation of the MLT zonal and meridional winds from ∼80 to 98 km altitude produced by the high‐altitude version of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM‐HA) numerical weather prediction system during the Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in September 2019. These results are compared with the coincident measurements by five meteor radars at Tierra del Fuego (TDF; 53.7°S, 67.7°W), King Edward Point (KEP; 54.3°S, 36.5°W), King Sejong Station (KSS; 62.2°S, 58.8°W), Rothera (ROT; 67.5°S, 68.0°W), and Davis (DAV; 68.6°S, 78.0°E) across SH mid‐to‐high latitudes. We find that the day‐to‐day variations in NAVGEM‐HA winds related to tidal motions are overall consistent with variations in the radar winds, and the daily mean winds have a correlation of 0.7–0.9 between them. Three‐hourly NAVGEM‐HA winds have a correlation of ∼0.5 and mean difference <10 m/s to the radar observations at most stations, and the Root Mean Square (RMS) error ranges from ∼25 to 35 m/s. Above 90 km altitude, the correlation coefficient decreases, and the difference and RMS error increase, indicating an upper limit to the validity of the NAVGEM‐HA results. Both the analyzed and observed winds reveal an enhancement in diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitude during this SH SSW. NAVGEM‐HA shows some evidence that nonmigrating tidal enhancements are produced through the interaction of migrating tides with planetary waves.
Wet Scavenging in Removing Chemical Compositions and Aerosols: A Case Study Over the Lake Urmia
Authors: Ravan Parisa , Ahmady‐Birgani Hesam , Solomos Stavros , Yassin Mohamed F. , Abasalinezhad Hamed 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLake Urmia, NW Iran, and S Caucasus region, has lost approximately three‐fourth of its water volume resulting in increased exposure of lacustrine deposits. Therefore, the role of Lake Urmia desiccated saline lands on local aerosols and rainwater compositions is still vague. This study investigates the temporal and seasonal patterns of rainwater chemistry from January 2018 to June 2018 (six months) in 13 stations throughout the Lake Urmia basin. The samples collected were analyzed using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐QQQ) and ion chromatography (IC) to measure elemental and ionic concentrations. Then, the Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) was applied to identify the pathway and contribution of emissions. The results depict that the concentration of elemental and ionic components over different parts of the Lake Urmia basin are significantly different. West and north directions have the highest concentrations of marine ions associated with fewer toxic elements. In contrast, the east and south directions show a high concentration of heavy metal elements and ions. The high level of heavy and toxic elements at the east and south directions indicates that local anthropogenic sources are more influential. The seasonal and monthly variabilities of chemical compositions depict that the highest concentration of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Cl−, Br−, NO3−, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co were in the spring season and SO42−, NH4+ and NO2− were highest in winter. Seasonal variation for MSA, organic acids (i.e., Pyruvate, Adipate, and Oxalate), Ni, Cu, Zn, V, and Ti were not apparent. Cluster‐mean HYSPLIT backward trajectories results show the most dominant air mass sectors are from W (a: Iraq, Syria, and Arabian deserts; b: Mediterranean Sea; and c: KSA) and NE (the Caspian Sea and its vicinity), contributed to almost 65% and 22%, respectively. These air masses bring a significant quantity of crustal and marine aerosols, respectively. It is inferred that the Lake Urmia dried‐up lakebeds have less impact on the contribution of emissions across the region.
An Insight Into Ancient Aeolian Processes and Post‐Noachian Aqueous Alteration in Gale Crater, Mars, Using ChemCam Geochemical Data From the Greenheugh Capping Unit
Authors: Bedford Candice C. , Banham Steven G. , Bridges John C. , Forni Olivier , Cousin Agnes , Bowden Donald , Turner Stuart M. R. , Wiens Roger C. , Gasda Patrick J. , Frydenvang Jens , Gasnault Olivier , Rammelkamp Kristin , Rivera‐Hernandez Frances , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Smith Rebecca , Achilles Cherie , Dehouck Erwin , Bryk Alexander B. , Schwenzer Susanne P. , Newsom Horton 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAeolian processes have shaped and contributed to the geological record in Gale crater, Mars, long after the fluviolacustrine system existed ∼3 Ga ago. Understanding these aeolian deposits, particularly those which have been lithified and show evidence for aqueous alteration, can help to constrain the environment at their time of deposition and the role of liquid water later in Mars' history. The NASA Curiosity rover investigated a prominent outcrop of aeolian sandstone within the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment as part of its investigation of the Glen Torridon area. In this study, we use geochemical data from ChemCam to constrain the effects of aeolian sedimentary processes, sediment provenance, and diagenesis of the sandstone at the Greenheugh pediment, comparing the Greenheugh data to the results from previous Stimson localities situated 2.5 km north and >200 m lower in elevation. Our results, supported by mineralogical data from CheMin, show that the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment was predominately sourced from an olivine‐rich unit that may be present farther up the slopes of Gale crater's central mound. Our results also suggest that the Greenheugh pediment Stimson formation was cemented by surface water runoff such as that which may have formed Gediz Vallis. The lack of alteration features in the Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment relative to those of the Emerson and Naukluft plateaus suggests that groundwater was not as available at this locality compared to the others. However, all sites share diagenesis at the unconformity.
Hydrological Drivers of Bedload Transport in an Alpine Watershed
Authors: Antoniazza G. , Nicollier T. , Boss S. , Mettra F. , Badoux A. , Schaefli B. , Rickenmann D. , Lane S. N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding and predicting bedload transport is an important element of watershed management. Yet, predictions of bedload remain uncertain by up to several order(s) of magnitude. In this contribution, we use a 5‐year continuous time series of streamflow and bedload transport monitoring in a 13.4‐km2 snow‐dominated Alpine watershed in the Western Swiss Alps to investigate hydrological drivers of bedload transport. Following a calibration of the bedload sensors, and a quantification of the hydraulic forcing of streamflow upon bedload, a hydrological analysis is performed to identify daily flow hydrographs influenced by different hydrological drivers: rainfall, snowmelt, and combined rain and snowmelt events. We then quantify their respective contribution to bedload transport. Results emphasize the importance of combined rain and snowmelt events, for both annual bedload volumes (77% on average) and peaks in bedload transport rate. A non‐negligible, but smaller, amount of bedload transport may occur during late summer and autumn storms, once the snowmelt contribution and baseflow have significantly decreased (9% of the annual volume on average). Although rainfall‐driven changes in flow hydrographs are responsible for a large majority of the annual bedload volumes (86% on average), the identified melt‐only events also represent a substantial contribution (14% on average). The results of this study help to improve current predictions of bedload transport through a better understanding of the bedload magnitude‐frequency relationship under different hydrological conditions. We further discuss how bedload transport could evolve under a changing climate through its effects on Alpine watershed hydrology.
Generalizable Permeability Prediction of Digital Porous Media via a Novel Multi‐Scale 3D Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Elmorsy Mohamed , El‐Dakhakhni Wael , Zhao Benzhong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSubsurface characterization is critical in understanding and controlling many natural and industrial processes including groundwater movement, oil extraction, and geological carbon dioxide sequestration. While recent advances in three‐dimensional (3D) imaging of core samples have enabled digital subsurface characterization, the exorbitant computational cost associated with direct numerical simulation in 3D remains a persistent challenge. In contrast, machine learning models are much more efficient, though their use in subsurface characterization is still in its infancy. Here, we introduce a novel 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) for end‐to‐end prediction of permeability, which is a fundamental characteristic of subsurface porous media. We show that increasing the dataset size and diversity, utilizing multi‐scale feature aggregation, and optimizing the network architecture elevate the model accuracy beyond that of existing state‐of‐the‐art 3D CNN models for permeability prediction. We demonstrate that the model is generalizable, and it is capable of predicting the permeability of previously unseen samples with an excellent accuracy.
Evolutionarily conservative and non-conservative regulatory networks during primate interneuron development revealed by single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing
Authors: Zhao Ziqi , Zhang Dan , Yang Fuqiang , Xu Mingrui , Zhao Shaoli , Pan Taotao , Liu Chuanyu , Liu Yongjie , Wu Qingfeng , Tu Qiang , Zhou Ping , Li Rong , Kang Jia , Zhu Lan , Gao Fei , Wang Yaqing , Xu Zhiheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight the importance to study primate ganglionic eminences (GEs) development. Here we used single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to characterize the emergence of cell diversity in monkey and human GEs where most striatal and cortical interneurons are generated. We identified regional and temporal diversity among progenitor cells which give rise to a variety of interneurons. These cells are specified within the primate GEs by well conserved gene regulatory networks, similar to those identified in mice. However, we detected, in human, several novel regulatory pathways or factors involved in the specification and migration of interneurons. Importantly, comparison of progenitors between our human and published mouse GE datasets led to the discovery and confirmation of outer radial glial cells in GEs in human cortex. Our findings reveal both evolutionarily conservative and nonconservative regulatory networks in primate GEs, which may contribute to their larger brain sizes and more complex neural networks compared with mouse.
Histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 by bridging the spike protein subunit 2 and sialic acid on host cells
Authors: Hong Weiqi , Yang Jingyun , Zou Jun , Bi Zhenfei , He Cai , Lei Hong , He Xuemei , Li Xue , Alu Aqu , Ren Wenyan , Wang Zeng , Jiang Xiaohua , Zhong Kunhong , Jia Guowen , Yang Yun , Yu Wenhai , Huang Qing , Yang Mengli , Zhou Yanan , Zhao Yuan , Kuang Dexuan , Wang Junbin , Wang Haixuan , Chen Siyuan , Luo Min , Zhang Ziqi , Lu Tianqi , Chen Li , Que Haiying , He Zhiyao , Sun Qiu , Wang Wei , Shen Guobo , Lu Guangwen , Zhao Zhiwei , Yang Li , Yang Jinliang , Wang Zhenling , Li Jiong , Song Xiangrong , Dai Lunzhi , Chen Chong , Geng Jia , Gou Maling , Chen Lu , Dong Haohao , Peng Yong , Huang Canhua , Qian Zhiyong , Cheng Wei , Fan Changfa , Wei Yuquan , Su Zhaoming , Tong Aiping , Lu Shuaiyao , Peng Xiaozhong , Wei Xiawei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can capture and kill viruses, such as influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), thus contributing to host defense. Contrary to our expectation, we show here that the histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, as found by using live SARS-CoV-2 and two pseudovirus systems as well as a mouse model. The histone H3 or H4 selectively binds to subunit 2 of the spike (S) protein, as shown by a biochemical binding assay, surface plasmon resonance and binding energy calculation as well as the construction of a mutant S protein by replacing four acidic amino acids. Sialic acid on the host cell surface is the key molecule to which histones bridge subunit 2 of the S protein. Moreover, histones enhance cell–cell fusion. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of NETosis, histone H3 or H4, or sialic acid notably affected the levels of sgRNA copies and the number of apoptotic cells in a mouse model. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could hijack histones from neutrophil NETosis to promote its host cell attachment and entry process and may be important in exploring pathogenesis and possible strategies to develop new effective therapies for COVID-19.
Self-healing oxygen evolution catalysts
Authors: Thorarinsdottir Agnes E. , Veroneau Samuel S. , Nocera Daniel G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractElectrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting offers a scalable approach to producing hydrogen from renewable sources for sustainable energy storage. Depending on the applications, oxygen evolution catalysts (OECs) may perform water splitting under a variety of conditions. However, low stability and/or activity present challenges to the design of OECs, prompting the design of self-healing OECs composed of earth-abundant first-row transition metal oxides. The concept of self-healing catalysis offers a new tool to be employed in the design of stable and functionally active OECs under operating conditions ranging from acidic to basic solutions and from a variety of water sources.
Quantum interference directed chiral raman scattering in two-dimensional enantiomers
Authors: Zhang Shishu , Huang Jianqi , Yu Yue , Wang Shanshan , Yang Teng , Zhang Zhidong , Tong Lianming , Zhang Jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRaman scattering spectroscopy has been a necessary and accurate tool not only for characterizing lattice structure, but also for probing electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions. In the quantum picture, electrons at ground states can be excited to intermediate energy levels by photons at different k-points in the Brillouin zone, then couple to phonons and emit photons with changed energies. The elementary Raman processes via all possible pathways can interfere with each other, giving rise to intriguing scattering effects. Here we report that quantum interference can lead to significant chiral Raman response in monolayer transitional metal dichalcogenide with triclinic symmetry. Large circular intensity difference observed for monolayer rhenium dichalcogenide originates from inter-k interference of Raman scattering excited by circularly polarized light with opposite helicities. Our results reveal chiral Raman spectra as a new manifestation of quantum interference in Raman scattering process, and may inspire induction of chiral optical response in other materials.
Implicitly perturbed Hamiltonian as a class of versatile and general-purpose molecular representations for machine learning
Authors: Alibakhshi Amin , Hartke Bernd 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnraveling challenging problems by machine learning has recently become a hot topic in many scientific disciplines. For developing rigorous machine-learning models to study problems of interest in molecular sciences, translating molecular structures to quantitative representations as suitable machine-learning inputs play a central role. Many different molecular representations and the state-of-the-art ones, although efficient in studying numerous molecular features, still are suboptimal in many challenging cases, as discussed in the context of the present research. The main aim of the present study is to introduce the Implicitly Perturbed Hamiltonian (ImPerHam) as a class of versatile representations for more efficient machine learning of challenging problems in molecular sciences. ImPerHam representations are defined as energy attributes of the molecular Hamiltonian, implicitly perturbed by a number of hypothetic or real arbitrary solvents based on continuum solvation models. We demonstrate the outstanding performance of machine-learning models based on ImPerHam representations for three diverse and challenging cases of predicting inhibition of the CYP450 enzyme, high precision, and transferrable evaluation of non-covalent interaction energy of molecular systems, and accurately reproducing solvation free energies for large benchmark sets.