bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct-Contact Toxicity of 20 Candidate Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Vardell Henry H. , McDonald L. L. , Gillenwater H. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insects used in this test were confused flour beetle adults 7-14 days old and black carpet beetle larvae 3 to 5 mo old. These insects were reared and tested in rooms maintained at 27 ±1 C and 60_5X RH. All candidate compounds were technical formulations and prepared as acetone solutions at concentrations calculated to result in dosages of 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 micrograms per insect when 0.5 ul was applied topically. The insects were anesthetized with C0„ in a Buchner funnel for not more than 5 min. Immobilized insects were held individually with a suction tube while the insecticide was applied with an automatic microapplicator to the dorsal surface of the thorax. Forty insects of each species were treated at each dosage and equal numbers were treated with acetone as controls. Insects treated at the same dosages with malathion were used as the standard for comparison. After treatment the insects were placed into clean containers, without food, and observed post-treatment for knockdown (KD) or dead plus moribund (D+M) after 24 and 120 h for the confused flour beetles and after 24 and 336 h for the black carpet beetle larvae. Insects not able to move about freely were classed as knocked-down. Those that responded only feebly or not at all when lightly probed were classed as dead plus moribund. All percentages given in the table have been corrected for any mortality observed in the acetone treated controls.
Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grape Foliage, 198
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Hall Franklin R. , Werner James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticide treatments were screened for efficacy against the Japanese beetle on potted 'Seyval' grapes at Wooster, OH. The potted vines were transported from the greenhouse to a sodfield, highly infested with adult beetles just prior to treatment. A treatment consisted of 10 vines, 5 replicates, each containing 2 vines in a randomized block design. A single application was made Jul 8. Two methods of application were utilized, a C0„ constant pressure sprayer and a Herbi Micron ultra low-volume applicator. The CO. sprayer equipped with a TeeJet 9505E fan-type nozzle was operated at 40 psi to deliver 4 of the treatments at the rate of 50 dal/acre. The remaining treatments were applied with the Herbi at the rate of 0.5 gal water/acre. Treatments were evaluated through bioassay at 3 different periods post application. Leaves (2) were removed from treated plants and their petioles were placed in floral tubes. These leaves were in turn placed in 1-gal ice cream cartons with 10 Japanese beetles collected in an untreated area. The cartons had been modified by placing a 16-mesh wire screen over the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. The insect holding room was maintained at 75 F with 80 + 5% RH under a 16-hr photoperiod.
Control of German Cockroaches with Amidinohydraz0Ne Bait, 1982
Authors: Reierson D. A. , Rust M. K. , Van Dyke A. M. , Appel A. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were made to determine the efficacy of a new bait (Maxforce; Combat) against established populations of B. germanica. The bait, provided for tests by American Cyanamid Company, consisted of semisolid food substance containing 1.65%Twt/wt) amidTnohydrozone (CL217.300), the active ingredient in Amdro fire ant bait. Bait was presented in childproof plastic stations (5.1 × 5.1 cm × 10 mm tall) in infested aaartments near Los Angeles. Each apartment was about 37 m2 (400 ft2). Most cockroaches were in the kitchens, which were about 7.9m2. The performance of bait was monitored with 3 Black Flag sticky traps or 0.95-litre jar traps baited with bread. Traps were left under the kitchen sink and behind the stove and refrigerator for 7 days. Control was calculated from the difference between pre- and posttreat trap counts. Bait was placed in cabinets, behind appliances, and close to sites suspected of harboring cockroaches. Most bait was used in kitchens but additional stations were placed in other rooms in a few instances where large numbers of cockroaches were observed. During the test, stations were replaced only at sites in apartments where all the bait had been consumed. A simultaneous comparative test with a high rate of a commercial 0.5% Dursban bait was made in apartments at the same study site.
Performance of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control in Apartments, 1982
Authors: Rust M. K. , Reierson D. A. , Van Dyke A. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of insecticidal sprays, dusts and combination treatments was evaluated in 1 and 2 bedroom apartments in the Los Angeles area. The level of cockroach infestation in each apartment was monitored with two 0.95-liter jar traps provisioned with a slice of fresh white bread and finely divided clay. Traps were installed in the kitchen for 1 wk before treatment and for 1 wk at specific post-treatment intervals. Aqueous sprays applied from a 3.8-liter B & G compression sprayer equipped with a fine fan nozzle (Spraying Systems no. 800067) were directed along intersections, cracks and crevices, baseboard junctions, and areas likely to harbor cockroaches. Of 1.1-liter spray per apartment, about 0.6 was applied in the kitchen and bathroom, but other areas such as bedrooms and living rooms were also treated when occupants had seen cockroaches in those rooms. When dusts were tested, about 350 g was applied with a Getz powder duster to cabinet voids, cracks and crevices, underneath appliances, and to inaccessible areas where the dust would not be unsightly. When combination treatments were applied, dusts were applied after the sprays had dried. The significance of the reductions in trap catch after treatment, compared to precount, was analyzed by a Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test.
Contact Exposure Tests with Total Release Aerosols Against Household Insect Pests, 1981
Authors: Rust M. K. , Reierson D. A. , Dyke A. M. Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To determine the contact activity of various proprietary and commercial total release aerosols (TRA), 4 common household insect pests were exposed to the output of aerosols used at 28 g per 28.3 m3 (1 oz/100 ft3). Tests were conducted in vacant apartments ca 85 to 170m3. Insects in the test included cat fleas, German cockroaches, confused flour beetles and firebrats. Based on discharge rates per second, an appropriate amount of material from each TRA was released at a central location in an apartment. Insects were confined in open containers at 3 separate locations in the room where the TRA was released at a central location in an apartment. Insects were confined in open containers at 3 separate locations in the room where the TRA was released. The exposure sites were 0.6 m from the device and 0.6 m from each other. Insects were exposed for 4 h to the output of each TRA. Cockroaches (GC), beetles (CFB) and firebrats (F) were exposed while on filter paper fastened to the bottom of 9 cm-diameter glass petri dishes. About 20 adult cat fleas (CF-A) were exposed inside special cylinders constructed from cut and reassembled 0.9-liter glass jars. The jars were cut and glued together so that they made a cylinder about 36 cm tall that was threaded at each end to receive a canning ring. Cat flea larvae (CF-L), 10 3rd-instar per replicate, were exposed on 3.1 cm2 discs of filter paper fastened to the bottom of shortened glass vials. In tests with cockroaches, the inner vertical surface of the dishes were coated with Teflon T-30 emulsion and plexiglass rings 4 cm tall coated with Teflon were taped to the petri dishes to ensure that the insects would not escape during the period of exposure. Ten adult male cockroaches and 15 adult beetles or firebrats were used per replicate. All exposed insects were returned to the laboratory in closed containers and held overnight. Average percent mortality was calculated 20 h after the 4-h exposure to each TRA.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Cat Flea Control Inside Urban Dwellings, 1982
Authors: Osbrink Weste L. A. , Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A. , Lawton Michael J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The residual control of cat fleas indoors with Dursban LO, Ficam W, Knox Out, Safrotin and some mixtures with insect growth regulator Precor was evaluated in apartments and single family dwellings in coastal areas of southern California. Residences with active flea infestations were obtained through the cooperation of Western Exterminator Company. Residences where studies were made were surveyed 24 h before treatment and 30 and 60 days post-treatment. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were obtained with a Hoover Portapower vacuum cleaner modified with a special cloth filter attachment inserted in the collection hose. Fleas could be readily vacuumed from accessible floor space, including carpets and bare floors. Filters with fleas and debris were placed into plastic bags that were sealed and were returned to the laboratory to be evaluated. The contents were carefully examined and adult fleas unable to jump or crawl were considered to be moribund. Although larvae and dead adult fleas were occasionally collected, only living adult fleas were counted. Treatments were applied by professionals at 40 psi from a B & G compression sprayer equipped with a coarse fan nozzle. Ficam and Knox Out were applied at approximately 3.8 liters of finish spray/74m2 (1 gal/800ft2) while Dursban and Safrotin were applied at 1.9 liters/74m2. About 0.8ml of Precor was mixed with 3.8 liters of Safrotin and Knox Out and applied at the above rates. Safrotin provided excellent residual control for at least 60 days and the lowest percentage of complaints within 30 days after treatment. Even though Knox Out also provided excellent residual control, residents frequently mentioned the lack of rapid activity and the odor within 2-3 wk after treatment. The addition of 0.8 ml Precor per 3.8 liters of Safrotin or Knox Out did not appear to enhance their performance at 30 and 60 days. Ficam did not provide satisfactory control of cat fleas and all the residences needed another treatment within 2 wk.
Insecticide Efficacy Against the “Raspberry Aphid”, 1982
Authors: Schaefers George A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were evaluated against the respberry aphid on 'Heritage' red raspberries. The planting, 2 and 3 years since setting, was located in Geneva, NY and consisted of a series of 25ft long replications with 10 ft between replications and 10 ft between rows. One-half of the planting was annual cropped, i.e. all canes were removed each year and only the fruit grown on the current year's canes was harvested. Annual cropped crowns produced an abundance of new succulent growth which was preferred by the aphid; these replications were selected for the test. The planting was divided into 5 blocks and each treatment was randomly replicated once in each block. The treatments were applied with a vertical boom containing 5 flat-cone Tee Jet nozzles. Both sides of the rows were sprayed at a gallonage comparable to 100 gal/acre with rows planted on 6 ft centers. All treatments were applied on Jul 27. Aphid counts were made on Jul 30 (3-day) and again on Aug 19 (22-day). Five 6-inch cane tips were examined from eachreplication and the total numbers of aphids recorded. All treatments provided significantly better reductions over the check at the 3-day count.
Safrotin as a Residual Spray for Control House Flies and Lesser Mealworms, 1982
Authors: Vaughan J. A. , Turner E. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Safrotin 50% EC was investigated for its residual activity against the house fly and the lesser mealworm when applied to 3 plywood panel types; exterior enamel-painted, interior latex-painted, and unpainted. Three different doses of Safrotin 50% EC (0.50%, 0.25%, and 0.125% ai) and a control (water only) were prepared and sprayed onto 1 side of each of 3 panel types with a chromatography sprayer. Dosages were replicated 4 times. Twenty-five adult house flies and 10 adult lesser mealworm beetles were exposed to the surfaces for 1 h, removed and percent mortality was recorded at 24 h post-exposure. Exposure tests were repeated on day 1, 3, 9 and once a week thereafter until residual breakdown was evident.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Arborvitae, 1982
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , King Ed , Foltz Julie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated on a Chinese arborvitae hedge located in Stillwater, OK. Seventy-five ft of hedge was utilized and teatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Each treatment consisted of a 5 ft section 8-10 ft high. Plants were sprayed until run-off with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 psi. Treatments were made on Jul 8, when the temperature was 90 F and wind velocity ranged from 0-5 mph. A pretreatment count from 10 locations on each of the 9 replications showed an average of 9.5 larvae, 0.25 to 0.75 inches long, per 18 inches of terminal branch. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application.
Azalea Lace Bug Control, 'Gloria' Azalea, 1982
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Zarko Marie L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fenpropathrin and acephate (Orthene) were evaluated for control of azalea lace bug on container-grown azaleas. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark medium under 50% shade and were hand irrigated as needed. Treatments were applied Apr 14 to all leaf surfaces to run-off with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. At time of application, ambient temperature was 83°F with a relative humidity of 55.5%. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Nu-Film 17, 8 oz/100 gal water, was added as an adjuvant to all insecticide treatments. Counts were taken 1 and 7 days after treatment by brushing the canopy of an azalea held over a 8-1/2 × 11 in sheet of paper held in a clipboard.
Bronze Birch Borer Control, European White Birch, Richland Co., OHIO, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An abandoned nursery with a block of several hundred birches 3.5 - 5.5-m tall, growing on 1.8 m centers in rows 2.4 m apart, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides. Trees showing evidence of larval infestation but enough vigor to survive another year were selected. An hydraulic Meyer's sprayer operating at 200 psi was used to apply treatments to runoff on all bark surfaces. The canopy was also sprayed to maximize exposure of adults to insecticide. Each treatment was applied 3 times at 2 wk intervals to the same 5 trees (= replicates), beginning Jun 10 when skies were sunny, 21 C, with a 8-16 kph breeze. Ambient conditions were similar on Jun 24, except the temperature was 26°C. On Jul 8 (cloudy skies, 24-26°C and 16 kph breeze) all treatments except Ficam were applied when it began raining. Consequently, all treatments were reapplied on Jul 9, under cloudy skies, 21-23°C, and a 8-16 kph breeze. Soon afterward it began raining. Trees received permanent metal tags and color-coded surveyor's tape to ensure treatment identification the following year when treatment effectiveness was evaluated. Trees were felled May 20, 1981, and all old emergence holes were circled with a red wax pencil. Total bark surface area was estimated for each tree. Trees were cut to fit in a screenhouse where they were stored until Jul 9-10 when new emergence holes were counted to assess treatment effectiveness.
White Grub Control on a Home Lawn in Doylestown, Pa, 1982
Authors: Heller P. R. , Guiser S. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen insecticide treatments were applied Aug 16 to a home lawn infested with white grubs. The predominant white grub species present was Japanese beetle (70%) with the remaining species present in equal numbers (Coborealis, 15%; Phyllophaga spp, 15%). The lawn consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (25%), fescue (25%), and a wide array of weeds (50%). Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. At treatment time, the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 85°F; soil temperature, 76°F; soil type, silt-loam; soil pH, 5.0; percent organic matter, 2.9; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.06 in; and skies were clear and sunny. Post treatment counts were made 43 days later (Sep 29). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of living white grubs was recorded for each ft2 sample.
Japanese Beetle Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf, 1982
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Rodencal Jeff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiments were conducted in the left rough of No 3 fairway at Blackhawk Golf Course, Westerville, OH. The turf was composed of approximately 70% Kentucky bluegrass and 30% crabgrass. Mowing height was 2.5 to 3 in. There was no measurable thatch. The predominant soil type was Alexandria-Cardington, characterized as a greyish brown, strongly acid, friable silt loam 8-12 in thick. Environmental conditions at application time were as follows: air temperature, 75°F; relative humidity, 30-40%; wind from the NW at 8-10 mph; and sunny.skies with a few scattered clouds. The soil was wet from previous irrigation. Ten treatments replicated 4 times were applied to 5 ft × 10 ft (1.5m × 3m) plots arranged in an RCB design. Liquid applications were made usJng a CO2, pressurized sprayer with three 9520 nozzles mounted on a 5 ft aluminum boom, operating at 25 psi with a 4 gal/1000 ft spray rate. Granular materials were applied with a 2 ft Gandy drop spreader. All treatments were irrigated with 0.25 in of water immediately after application on Sep 3. Pretreatments counts showed a range of 20-40 larvae/ft. The experimental plots were evaluated 28 DAT (Oct 28) by randomly sinking four 7,75 in diameter cylinders (ca. 0.33 f t) into the turf to a depth of 6 in and counting the number of viable larvae in the soil plugs.
Control of “Picnic Beetles” on Red Raspberries, 1982
Authors: Werner James J. , Williams Roger N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were evaluated for the control of picnic beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on raspberries Wooster, OH. Raspberry rows were 18 inch wide with 6 ft between the center of adjacent rows. Plots were 9 ft long with four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Treatments were applied on Jul 12 with a hand operated C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi that was equipped with a TeeJet D3 disc and number 13 core. Sprays were applied to bushes at the rate of 79 gal/acr e. At each time interval after application five ripe berries were harvested from a single replicate and placed in a 150 × 25 mm tissue culture dish. Ten picnic beetles of unknown age and sex were released in a dish and allowed to feed in the confines of the dish for 24 hr before mortality was recorded.
Honey Locust POD Gall Midge Control and Phytotoxicity Evaluations of Two Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Wright G. C. , Carpenter G. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were tested on the University of Idaho campus for the control of the honey locust pod gall midge and for phytoxicity. A randomized block design with 4 replications was used. The treatments were applied until run-off with a handgun operating at 250-350 psi, on Jun 1, when the compound leaves were about 2 in long. Phytotoxicity was determined 5 days after treatment by counting the number of apical leaflets killed per 10 randomly selected compound leaves. For efficacy, counts were made of the number of compound leaves with at least one gall per 25 randomly selected leaves 12 days after treatment.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Flori Cultural Plants, Georgia, 1982
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Marigolds were grown in 90 mm plastic pots containing a 1:1 mix of Metro Mix¶ 300 and peat on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off at 30-35 psi on Jun 21, at a greenhouse temperature of 28°C and relative humidity 68%. Treatments were evaluated before and 1,2, and 3 wk following application by removing 2 leaves, with 7 leaflets each, and counting the number of mites and eggs on the lower surface of the leaves.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, Hawaii, 1982
Authors: Hara A. H. , Mau R. F. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on nonflowering cultivars in a greenhouse at University of Hawaii, Manoa from May 20 to Jun 30. Plants were grown in a 1:1 mixture of volcanite (andesite-pomice mix) and woodshavings. Eleven insecticides and 2 miticides were tested at ca. 2X the labeled rates. Materials were applied to runoff using a compressed C02 sprayer at 40 psi. Three complete treatments were applied and evaluated at 2-wk intervals. Each treatment consisted of 7 single-plant replications of each of 3 cultivars. Triton B-1955 was added to each treatment at a rate of 90 ml/100 gal. During the test period, maximum daily temperature ranged from 33.8° to 37.8°C and minimum night temperature were from 13.9° to 17.2°C. Plant damage was evaluated based on symptoms compared to untreated checks: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage (marketability not affected), 2 = slight to moderate damage (marketability slightly reduced), 3 = moderate damage (marketability reduced), 4 = severe damage (unmarketable).
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Acephate, Georgia, 1982:
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 6 species of greenhouse-grown ornamental plants. Plants were grown in a 1:1 mixture of Metro Mix 300 and peat moss and maintained on raised benches. Treatments were applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/100 gal on Jul 21, Aug 17, Aug 24, and Sep 1 utilizing a power sprayer at 80 psi. Foliar sprays were applied to run-off. Treatments consisted of single pots replicated 6 times. Treatments were evaluated each week and a damage rating made on a scale of 0-3: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe damage.
Greenhouse Plant Phytotoxicity Following Drenching, Pennsylvania, 1980:
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied by drenching to the following greenhouse plants: Christmas cactus, Zygocactus sp var. Christmas Cheer; Coleus, Coleus sp var. Multicolor Rainbow; English ivy, Hedera sp; Impatiens, Impatiens holsti var. Shady Lady-Pink. The insecticides Diazinon 4EC, Vydate L, SBP-1382 and Malathion 2EC were selected as potential controls for fungus gnat larvae (Bradysia sp). Pesticides were mixed at the .5X, X, 2X and 4X label rates. The plants were grown in 4.5 in square pots and 200 ml of each mixed pesticide was added causing runoff from the pot bottom. The plants were drenched on Mar 28, placed in a greenhouse and evaluated every 7 days for 21 days.
White Crub Control on Strawberries, 1981
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Four-year-old planting of 'Apollo' and 'Atlas' with a heavy infestation of Strigoderma arboricola (F.) was used for this evaluation. Single row plots 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Rows were 40 inch apart. The soil was clay loam with a high percent of organic matter. A single application was made on Aug 27, 81. Soil moisture was adequate at this time. Liquid formulations were applied using a sprinkling can at a rate equivalent to 300 gal. water/acre. Granular formulations were applied over-the-row using mason jars as ' salt shakers'. Following treatment application, 1/4 inch of water was irrigated over the plots. Prior to this test, the entire plot was treated with Marlate 50W (4 lb/acre) on Aug 3 and Marlate 50W (4 lb/acre) plus Sevin 80W (2 lb/acre) on Aug 13. Treatments were evaluated by sifting 1 sq ft, 6 inch deep in 3 locations within the replication. Grubs were returned and the holes filled.