bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odd radio circles as supernovae remnants in the intragroup medium
Authors: Omar A 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
A measurable fraction (∼8 per cent) of recently discovered arcmin-size circular diffuse radio sources termed as odd radio circles or ORCs can be supernovae remnants in the intragroup medium, within the Local Group and its immediate neighbour groups of galaxies. This estimate is based on the optical detection rate of the intragroup supernovae events in the nearby (z ∼ 0.1−0.2) galaxy groups. A rate of about 5400 intragroup supernovae per million year is expected within the local and its immediate neighbour groups of galaxies. For a radio detectability period of about 104 yr, on average 1.3 intragroup medium supernovae remnants per 1000 deg2 are expected to be detected in the radio surveys with a sensitivity that led to discovery of ORCs. The angular size, surface brightness, and radio flux of the supernova remnants up to a distance of ∼3 Mpc in the intragroup medium can be expected to be similar to the five known ORCs. The intragroup supernovae remnants are not residing in the dense and cold interstellar medium of the galaxies but evolving in low-density (10−4−10−5 cm−3) warm medium (105−106 K) in galactic haloes or beyond, and may find their progenitors in the diffuse stellar light associated with various tidal streamers surrounding the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies.
Promoting Health-Related Lifestyle
Authors: Araújo Liliana S. , Spahn Claudia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Making music require musicians to show optimal levels of physical, cognitive, emotional, and technical skills, which at times can be detrimental to their health and wellbeing. The many job challenges that musicians face related to work culture and practices, job insecurity, antisocial work patterns, and other psychosocial and financial challenges can also exacerbate the risks for musicians’ health and wellbeing. Therefore, promoting healthy lifestyles play a central role in helping musicians achieve the adequate physical and mental conditions to meet the demands of making music, preventing ill health and optimizing their performance. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section introduces approaches to health promotion and specific behavioral change models, offering an overview of relevant considerations in health prevention, promotion, and education that explain how people adopt healthier lifestyles. We also discuss the concept of health literacy as an asset in music settings that can empower musicians to adopt healthy lifestyles. The second section focuses on practical applications, in particular psychosocial protective factors, healthy practice and performance, and additional strategies to sustain healthy lifestyles. We believe that healthy lifestyles not only protect musicians’ health but have added value to unleash musicians’ true potential and sustain performance excellence.
Intergenerational Metaphors
Authors: Gosseries Axel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter looks into metaphors aimed at enlightening people about the nature of intergenerational relations and the possible normative implications of their characteristics. The chapter presents and discusses classical metaphors including generations as relay race runners, generations as populations of mayflies, and generations as bound together through a chain relationship. The chapter then discusses the mountain hut metaphor, stressing three types of rules applicable to successive user spaces and their respective properties. Finally, it draws on the Jeffersonian project of comparing generations with nations, exploring the meaning and implications of looking at generations as “period-locked”, comparing them with “land-locked nations”.
Individuals as Bystanders to Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Moerland Roland 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on individual bystanders to atrocity crimes, and it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most relevant research on the subject. The first part of the discussion focuses on the question of how to define the bystander and discusses the role that individual bystanders play in atrocity crimes. The second part of the chapter addresses the question of how individuals become bystanders and discusses research that has investigated how the social and psychological features of atrocity situations enable and facilitate bystander behavior. Bystander passivity has crime-enabling and facilitative implications, and it is thus far from innocent. It raises questions about moral and legal responsibility, which are addressed in the third part. Despite the wealth of research on the subject of the individual bystander, several lacunae remain. Therefore, the last section proposes several possible avenues for future research.
Aligning AI Regulation to Sociotechnical Change
Authors: Maas Matthijs M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
How do we regulate a changing technology, with changing uses, in a changing world? This chapter argues that while existing (inter)national AI governance approaches are important, they are often too siloed. Often, technology-centric approaches focus on individual AI applications, while law-centric approaches emphasize AI’s effects on pre-existing legal fields or doctrines. This chapter argues that to foster a more systematic, functional, and effective AI regulatory ecosystem, policy actors should instead complement these approaches with a regulatory perspective that emphasizes how, when, and why AI applications enable patterns of “sociotechnical change.” Drawing on theories from the emerging field of “techlaw,” it explores how this perspective can provide informed, more nuanced, and actionable perspectives on AI regulation. A focus on sociotechnical change can help analyze when and why AI applications actually create a meaningful rationale for new regulation—and how they are consequently best approached as targets for regulatory intervention, considering not just the technology, but also six distinct “problem logics” that accompany AI issues across domains. The chapter concludes by briefly sketching concrete institutional and regulatory actions that can draw on this approach to improve the regulatory triage, tailoring, timing and responsiveness, and design of AI policy.
Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through enhancing Nrf2 signaling
Authors: Li Huayu , Li Mengyan , Dong Chao , Liu Bing 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinically severe respiratory disorders, and there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drug therapies. It is of great interest to us that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DMF could alleviate lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI, and to explore its mechanism of action.

Materials and methods
We established a mice model of ALI with intratracheal instillation of LPS and intraperitoneal injection of DMF to treat ALI. The pathological damage and inflammatory response of lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, ELISA assay and western blot. ATP plus LPS was used for the establishment of ALI in vitro model, the therapeutic effects of DMF was explored by ELISA assay, RT-qPCR, western blot, and flow cytometry, and the therapeutic mechanisms of DMF was explored by administration of Brusatol (BT), a nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor.

Results
We found that intraperitoneal injection of DMF significantly reduced LPS-induced the pulmonary injury, pulmonary edema, and infiltration of inflammatory mediators. In LPS-induced ALI, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis was markedly activated, followed by cleavage of caspase-1 and GSDMD. DMF inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in both lung of ALI mice and ATP plus LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells. Mechanistically, DMF enhanced expressions of Nrf2, leading to inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome and reduced pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, BT reduced the inhibitory effects of DMF on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis, and consequently blocked the improvement roles of DMF on ALI.

Conclusions
DMF could improve LPS-induced ALI via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis, and that these effects were mediated by triggering Nrf2 expression, suggesting a therapeutic potential of DMF as an anti-inflammatory agent for ALI/ARDS treatment.
Rank and Tenure Amongst Faculty at Academic Medical Centers: A Study of More Than 50 Years of Gender Disparities
Authors: Franks Adam M. , Calamur Nandini , Dobrian Anca , Danielsen Mark , Neumann Serina A. , Cowan Eileen , Weiler Tracey 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
To investigate progress toward gender equality in academic medicine through a longitudinal analysis of gender parity among faculty at medical schools.

Method
The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster data on gender, tenure status, and academic rank of faculty in basic science (BSc) and clinical science (CSc) departments from 1966 to 2019. They expressed data as whole numbers and percent female. A trend analysis projected time to gender parity across rank and tenure categories, and cross-tabulation analysis revealed the relative odds of females being in a rank and tenure position relative to males.

Results
A 12-fold increase in the number of faculty occurred from 1966 to 2019, driven largely by increases in non-tenure track faculty. Female tenured and tenure track numbers increased at consistent rates (121 and 174 per year; P < .001). Female non-tenure track rates mirrored those for males, both changing in 2000. Odds ratios in 2019 for BSc and CSc females to be in tenure track versus non-tenure track positions compared with males were 0.83/0.98 and to be tenured were 0.63/0.44. Odds ratios in 2019 for BSc and CSc females to be full professors versus assistant or associate professors compared with males were 0.55/0.42. BSc assistant and associate professor percent female rates increased linearly from 1966 to 2019, while full professor rates increased in 1986. Transition points between periods of linear change were seen later in CSc departments (1977, 1980, 1985, 1994). Best fit line models indicated gender parity will be reached for BSc/CSc faculty in 2034/2023, 2047/2033, and 2065/2053 for assistant, associate, and full professors, respectively.

Conclusions
These findings suggest large historical changes in medical school expansion, medical education, and economics have shifted gender curves at all academic ranks. To achieve gender parity, additional national changes are needed.
Gartland Type IIa Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Outcomes of Attempted Nonoperative Management
Authors: McCartney Christian C. , Thompson Samuel , Waller Garrett , Parker John , Hart Thomas , Malloy Kimberly , Chong David 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The optimal treatment of Gartland type IIa supracondylar humerus fractures remains controversial. We report the results of a series of patients with type IIa fractures who underwent closed reduction and immobilization using conscious sedation in the emergency department. Our goal was to identify variables associated with fractures that were successfully managed nonoperatively.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients who underwent closed reduction of Gartland type IIa supracondylar humerus fractures with the use of conscious sedation in the emergency department. Prereduction and postreduction radiographs were reviewed to determine the degree of fracture extension, anterior humeral line index, Baumann angle, and splint flexion angle. The success of closed reduction was defined as a reduction that was maintained without the need for surgical intervention.

Results:
A total of 54 patients (54 elbows) were included in this study. The mean overall age was 5.2±2.5 years. Following the closed reduction in the emergency department, 38 (70%) patients were successfully managed nonoperatively with casting, and 16 (30%) patients required operative intervention. The degree of fracture extension on the injury radiograph was 13.2±8.4 degrees in the nonoperative group compared with 19.8±7.5 degrees in the operative group (P=0.008). The postreduction degree of fracture extension was 3.0±3.4 degrees in the nonoperative group and 10.0±7.2 degrees in the operative group (P<0.0001). The mean anterior humeral line index on the injury radiograph was 0.34 in the nonoperative group and 0.13 in the operative group (P=0.104). The mean anterior humeral line index on the postreduction radiograph was 1.2 in the nonoperative group and 0.38 in the operative group (P=0.0002). Patient age, prereduction and postreduction Baumann angle, and the postreduction splint flexion angle did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions:
Closed reduction under conscious sedation in the emergency department is a viable treatment option for Gartland type IIa supracondylar humerus fractures. Increasing fracture extension on injury radiographs can help predict failure of nonoperative management following closed reduction.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Effectiveness of acupuncture for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Guan Hong , Wang Jingyu , Zhu Yongzheng , Jia Hongling , Zhang Yongchen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by white matter inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Its clinical manifestations include decreased vision, diplopia, and limb weakness. As a green and simple traditional Chinese medicine method, acupuncture is gradually recognized by the public. At present, there is still a lack of systematic evaluation on acupuncture treatment of MS. This study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of MS, in order to provide a basis for clinical decision-making.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture for MS will be searched in the relevant database, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), WanFang Database, China Biology Medicine Database (CBM), Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP), regardless of publication date, or language. All relevant RCTs of electronic searches will be exported to EndNote X9.1 software. Data analysis will be performed using RevMan 5.4 and STATA 14.2 software.

Results:
Our study aims to explore the efficacy of acupuncture for MS and to provide up-to-date evidence for clinical of MS. We will publish our research results in peer review journals.

Conclusion:
This study will perform a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of acupuncture for MS, making up for the lack of relevant evidence of the clinical use of acupuncture.
Sampling multiple life stages significantly increases estimates of marine biodiversity
Authors: Maslakova Svetlana , Ellison Christina I. , Hiebert Terra C. , Conable Frances , Heaphy Maureen C. , Venera-Pontón Dagoberto E. , Norenburg Jon L. , Schwartz Megan L. , Moss Nicole D. , Boyle Michael J. , Driskell Amy C. , Macdonald Kenneth S. , Zattara Eduardo E. , Collin Rachel 
Published: April 2022

Biodiversity assessments are critical for setting conservation priorities, understanding ecosystem function and establishing a baseline to monitor change. Surveys of marine biodiversity that rely almost entirely on sampling adult organisms underestimate diversity because they tend to be limited to habitat types and individuals that can be easily surveyed. Many marine animals have planktonic larvae that can be sampled from the water column at shallow depths. This life stage often is overlooked in surveys but can be used to relatively rapidly document diversity, especially for the many species that are rare or live cryptically as adults. Using DNA barcode data from samples of nemertean worms collected in three biogeographical regions—Northeastern Pacific, the Caribbean Sea and Eastern Tropical Pacific—we found that most species were collected as either benthic adults or planktonic larvae but seldom in both stages. Randomization tests show that this deficit of operational taxonomic units collected as both adults and larvae is extremely unlikely if larvae and adults were drawn from the same pool of species. This effect persists even in well-studied faunas. These results suggest that sampling planktonic larvae offers access to a different subset of species and thus significantly increases estimates of biodiversity compared to sampling adults alone. Spanish abstract is available in the electronic supplementary material.
Systematic generation and imaging of tandem repeats reveal multivalent base-pairing as a major determinant of RNA aggregation
Authors: Isiktas Atagun U. , Eshov Aziz , Yang Suzhou , Guo Junjie U. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTExpansion of short tandem repeats (STRs) in the human genome underlies over fifty genetic disorders. A common pathological feature of repeat RNAs is their propensity to aggregate in cells. While these RNA aggregates have been shown to cause toxicity by sequestering RNA-binding proteins, the molecular mechanism of repeat RNA aggregation remains unclear. Here we devised a generalizable method to efficiently generate long tandem repeat DNAs de novo and applied it to systematically determine the sequence features underlying RNA aggregation. Live-cell imaging of repeat RNAs indicated that aggregation was mainly driven by multivalent RNA-RNA interactions via either canonical or noncanonical base pairs. While multiple short runs of two consecutive base pairs were sufficient, longer runs of consecutive base pairs such as those formed by a neurodegeneration-associated hexanucleotide repeat further enhanced aggregation. In summary, our study provides a unifying model for the molecular basis of repeat RNA aggregation and a generalizable approach for identifying the sequence and structural determinants of repeat RNA properties.
Searching for possible potentials of cultural and creative industries in rural tourism development; a case of Rudkhan Castle rural areas
Authors: Pourzakarya Maryam 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
This study aims to argue the concept of cultural and creative industries (CCIs)-led tourism within a rural context to investigate the potential of local cultural and creative assets from the perspectives of rural communities, visitors and public institutions to stimulate co-creation experiences and long-term development.

Design/methodology/approach
By adopting qualitative methodology and case study research, this paper aims at evaluating the positive and negative aspects of developing local CCIs through the case of Rudkhan Castle rural villages in Gilan, Iran, where is the source of various indigenous cultural resources. This will be followed by classifying common CCIs through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders leading to policy planning suggestions.

Findings
Results demonstrated that the existence of cultural heritage or a historical site in a village has a direct impact on the prioritisation of indigenous CCIs from the perspective of the local community, tourists and governmental organisations. In this case, local authorities need to focus on the development of lesser-known cultural industries such as crafts or gastronomy by involving locals in decision-making processes that could be extendable to long-term tourism development planning.

Originality/value
Although the initiation of CCIs has led to new debates on the significance of co-creation experiences and cultural values in the tourism industry, it is criticised for creating social exclusion or unstable jobs. This research contributes to filling the gap between the potential of CCIs and rural tourism development from a policy perspective.
VET ecosystems and labour market integration of at-risk youth in the Baltic countries: implications of Baltic neoliberalism
Authors: Tūtlys Vidmantas , Buligina Ilze , Dzelme Juris , Gedvilienė Genutė , Loogma Krista , Sloka Biruta , Tikkanen Tarja Irene , Tora Ginta , Vaitkutė Lina , Valjataga Terje , Ümarik Meril 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe paper seeks to disclose the features and implications of the neoliberal VET and employment policy agendas for the social and institutional VET ecosystems and the integration of at-risk youth in the labour market in the Baltic countries.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on the comparative policy analysis approach with reference to the theories of social and skill formation ecosystems and the historical institutionalism perspective.FindingsThe research has revealed three interconnected and alternately/simultaneously applied development pathways in the skill formation and vocational education of at-risk youth in the Baltic countries: (1) the market-oriented approach based on fostering immediate employability based on the momentary skills needs in the economy; (2) the state-assistance approach based on ensuring equal access to the VET and employment services by the state and (3) the approach of systemic support to socially disadvantaged or at-risk young people in developing their capabilities.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper lies in a new, holistic and comparative perspective in analysing the implications of the “Baltic neoliberalism” for the development of skill formation systems, VET and employment of at-risk youth in this region.
The urgency of linking peace and citizenship education
Authors: Cabezudo Alicia , Haavelsrud Magnus 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The aim of this paper is to highlight the utility of different sources of learning in informal, formal and non-formal venues in lifelong learning developing under variable contextual conditions. This calls for an integration of two fields that have been isolated for too long, namely, citizenship education and peace education.

Design/methodology/approach
Untrue, indoctrinating and even coercive communications negate learning that contributes to the formation of convictions based in conscientization. Political awareness is imperative for strengthening the human being’s influence as an historical subject and participant in present and future social movements.

Findings
Traditionally, citizenship education focused on citizens’ understanding of and relation to national political systems and domestic affairs. This focus was later enlarged to both a sub-national civic culture and to international orientations with an increasing interest in the global dimension. Peace education originated in peace research and action embedded in an understanding of peace from a value perspective aiming at transformation towards alternative visions of the future. Learners’ perceptions of problems, conflicts and contradictions ranging from local to global levels are starting points for a politicization approach in peace education.

Originality/value
It is claimed in this paper that this comprehensive approach in peace education is imperative in citizenship education in any society. The rationale for this integration of citizenship and peace education is that becoming and being a citizen involves a lifelong process of learning aiming at increasing political awareness and influence.