bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Insects on Tomatoes, 1988
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 30 May. Orthene 75 SP was applied as a transplant water treatment at the rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre, using 4.5 oz water/plant. Plots wete 23 by 7 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 2 rows of tomatoes with 23 plants in each row. Effectiveness of the treatments for DCW control was evaluated by counting the number of damaged plants in each plot 2-wk after transplanting. Toxicity and residual activity of Orthene against sixth- to seventh-instar DCW were tested by collecting random leaf samples from each plot beginning 1 d after transplanting and then weekly for 3 wk. Samples were taken to the laboratory and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing insecticide-free sand and 10 larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 d by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. CPB control was tested by collecting random leaf samples from each plot 7 d after transplanting. Samples were taken to the laboratory, and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing 10 adults of CPB collected from an untreated tomato field. Mortality was assessed daily for 5 days by counting the number of dead beetles in each dish. Abbott's formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated check. For evaluation of PFB control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 wk after transplanting, and the number of feeding holes on each leaf was counted. To assess for GPA control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 and 6 wk after transplanting, and the number of living GPA on each leaf was counted under a magnifier in the laboratory. The mortality percentages of the cutworms were transformed to angular units. The logarithmic transformation was used for the aphid counts. The number of PFB feeding holes on the leaves and DCW-damaged plants in each plot was transformed to X + 0.5 before ANOVA. Harvests were taken from each plot and marketable yields (ton/acre) were recorded. All data were subjected to ANOVA. Mean values were converted to original units for presentation in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental area was a 2-yr-old stand of 'Cimarron' alfalfa. The plots were 68 ft by 68 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 7 Jun with a low-pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. PLH population densities were determined 5, 12, and 16 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 4-yr-old alfalfa stand at the Delaware State College farm in Dover. Plots were 10 by 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 26 Jul with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 27 gal water/acre at 40 psi to 6-inch-tall alfalfa. PLH density was evaluated prior to treatment and at 2, 7 and 12 DAT by taking 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Evaluation of Furadan and Orthene Against A Bluestem Seed Midge, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Manglitz G. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticides were applied to 2 fields, one in Saunders Co., Neb., (1986 and 1987) and the other in Cass Co., Neb. (1987 only). Both were seed production fields of'Pawnee' big bluestem which were planted in rows spaced 3.5 ft apart and cultivated annually to maintain row spacing. The insecticides were single applications of Furadan 4 F (carbofuran) and Orthene (acephate) at the rate of 1.0 lb/A in 6 gal/acre water at early anthesis. The insecticides were applied with a CO2 activated pressure, knapsack sprayer equipped with a 5 ft boom. Applications were made on either 16 or 17 Jul in both yr and at both locations. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications at each site. Each plot consisted of six 30 ft rows. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested for seed by removing the upper portions of the raceme bearing culms with hand sickles during the last week of Sep. The harvested material was then threshed with a small plot thresher. The midge population was sampled by collecting 25 raceme bearing culms from each plot the first week of Aug and again during the first week of Sep at both locations in 1987. The culms were taken to the laboratory and placed in water-filled flasks, which were enclosed in dark insect rearing cages. Insects emerging from the florets were collected in glass vials (light traps) inserted in the sides of the cages.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1989
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three granular corn rootworm insecticide studies were conducted to evaluate various application techniques, rates, and formulations. Garretson, Nunda, Rutland, and 2 Lake Andes sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Sufficient levels of soil moisture were present at all locations. Rootworm infestations ranged from moderate to heavy which resulted in untreated plots being severely damaged. Significant treatment separations were observed in all studies among various pesticides.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1989
Authors: Jarvi Keith 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine soil insecticides were applied at the fully labeled rate and a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, NE. The test plot was plant 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 40-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Infurrow treatments were applied by a John Deere tractor mounted unit at planting. All other treatments were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines on 9 May. Cultivation treatments were applied 5 Jun over the row followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator. Feeding damage was evaluated 17 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Rainfall was approximately 50% of normal for the period from 8 May to 17 Jul. Subsoil moisture rated short at time of planting.
First Generation European Cornborer Insecticide Trials, 1989
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established at the OARDC, Wooster, OH, to evaluate control of first generation ECB with various labeled and experimental insecticides. Pioneer 3352 was planted in 30 inch rows on 1 May with a 4 row Allis Chalmers Planter into a conventional till continuous corn field. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 20 ft in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied with 12 V electric motor driven Gandy metering units in a 7 inch band over the row. Spray treatments were broadcast at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 3 mph. A natural population accounted for 90 percent infestation by ECB in the plots. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jun when corn was approximately 8 inches high. Five plants/plot were dissected to count cavities/plant on 25 Jul. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference was used to rank means. Results are presented as percent cavities/plant and yield.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1989
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gilford J. M. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 7 IA locations in 1989. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered plus experimental products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered plus EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant whorl provided whorl treatments. The inclusion of soybeans in our trials resulted from grower testimonials reporting the prevention of rootworm damage by applying ground soybeans. Soybeans were ground to a size similar to that of insecticide granules and applied at 11.2 lb/acre, the highest rate possible. The low bulk density of soybean meal caused the drop tubes to clog at higher rates. In mid-Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and 6 equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun, by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yield trials were hand harvested. Roots were also evaluated for larval damage in the yield trials by digging them from a 15-ft area at the end of each treatment. This area was not included in the harvest sample. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Evaluation of 3 Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton—Northeast Mississippi Location, 1989
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of 3 insecticides was evaluated in non-irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Northeast Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Verona, MS. Plots were 8 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with the outside nozzles on 13 inch drops. Applications were made on 11 and 17 Aug. Prior to the test, the plots received applications of organophosphorus insecticide for early season thrips and for boll weevil control. Aphids were counted in each plot on each of 10 leaves picked at random from 2 levels of the plant; the third or fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, and a leaf arising from the mainstem approximately Vs of the plant height down the plant from the terminal. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags to count aphids. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.
Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (mixed cultivars) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent single-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 18 × 24 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 5.4 gal of spray was applied/replicate tree (ca. 540 gal/acre). Dates of application were 8 and 19 Jun, 1, 14 and 22 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of fungicides Rubigan and Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 1 complete spray (17 Jul) of Vydate 2 L plus Omite 30 W (for mite control) were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on the tufted apple bud moth was assessed counting the number of shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of 150 apples/tree on 13 Sep. Apple samples averaged 192 apples/tree, 768 apples/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy.
Larvicide Trials, 1989
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Pickel S. L. , Benedict J. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted in Portland, TX, to measure the efficacy of binary mixtures combining Orthene and 3 pyrethroids against cypermethrin-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) 3rd instar TBW (from ICI Americas). Treatments were compared in 1-row by 20-ft plots of commercially grown cotton and applied with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Within 2-h following application of treatments, 160 leaves, less than 50-mm in diameter, were removed from plants in each treatment and placed individually into 50-mm Petri dishes containing moistened filter paper. The dishes were transported to the laboratory and one 3rd instar TBW was placed in each dish on the leaf and covered with the petri dish lid. The larvae were held for 48 h in the laboratory, then inspected for live or dead larvae. The percent of leaf eaten was rated for each larva. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of 40—80 larvae.
Soybean Looper Control, Test 2, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides and insecticide mixtures for control of soybean looper were evaluated in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group V soybean planted on 26 May in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 38 inches and closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 5°7 p.m. on 11 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gallons of water per acre. Temperature at application was 84°F, with overcast skies, and wind speed of 2-3 mph. No rainfall occurred during the observation period. Treatments were evaluated 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replication, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.
Aerial Insecticide Control Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Scott A. W. , Meagher R. L. , Brown H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of sugarcane in Hidalgo Co., near Monto Alto, TX. The field was divided into plots consisting of 34 rows (60-inch centers) × 1027 ft, with the center 26 rows treated. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was applied to the crop canopy with two 55-ft swath widths at a rate of 5-gal finished formulation (material + water)/acre. All treatments included Val Buff (1 qt/100 gal) and Triton CS-7 (1 pt/100 gal). Treatments were applied during evening (6:00-7:45 pm CDT) on 27 May, 28 Jun, 16 Jul, and during morning (6:45-7:30 am CDT) 11 Aug, after leaf sheath infestations exceeded 10% (action threshold). Postspray counts of bored internodes (30 stalks/plot) were taken on 22 Sep to evaluate injury levels.
Second Generation Walh and WPM Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were tested for efficacy against second generation WALH and effect on WPM. The test was conducted in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 single tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied on 3 Aug to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree. WPM densities were determined by brushing mites from 20 leaves/tree onto detergentcoated glass plates and counting them under a microscope.
Hessian Fly Control in Winter Wheat with Spring-Applied Foliar Insecticides, 1986, 1987
Authors: David Buntin G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected foliar insecticides were evaluated for controlling the Hessian fly during the panicle emergence and grain-filling phase of wheat growth. Trial 1 was conducted at the Bledsoe research farm in northern Pike Co., GA. Trials 2, 3 and 4 were conducted in Sumter Co. near Plains, GA. Seed were planted in 8 inch rows at 90 lb/acre using a grain drill on 20 Oct 1986 in Trial 1, 29 Oct 1986 in Trial 2 and 3, and 1 Dec 1987 in Trial 4. Plots measured 7 by 20 ft in each trial and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Plots in Trial 1 were treated on 1 Mar 1987 during the mid-joint stage. Plots in Trials 2 and 3 were treated at anthesis on 1 Apr 1987. Plants in Trial 4 were treated in the flag leaf stage on 8 Apr 1988. Hessian fly infestations were sampled in each plot by digging plants in a 1-ft section of row and determining the percentage of infested tillers. Pretreatment samples were taken 1 day before application. Posttreatment samples were taken on 25 May in Trial 1 and 12 May in Trial 2 and 3. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine. Grain weight, test weight and moisture content were meausred and yield was adjusted to 13.5% moisture content.
Texas Citrus Mite and Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Test in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Cowan T. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 350 psi (ca. 3 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 4-5 May. Water pH was 7.4. Ten leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around each sample tree at designated intervals before and after spraying. Each 10 leaf sample was placed in a separate, labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Control of Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage in A Seasonal Pro-Gram, 1989
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 26 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of 2 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A back pack sprayer with one row boom, having 3 nozzles/row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug, 8, 20, and 29 Sep and evaluated 7 d after each spray date. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae. Damage ratings were made at harvest. Heads having no damage or damage amounting to less than $0.50 piece size were considered marketable. Heads with greater damage were considered unmarketable.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1988
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 3 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plot size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied to the plot. The entire field was sprayed with 0.1 lb [AI]/acre permethrin on 8 and 15 Jun to protect the emerging plants from adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB). An application of Asana 0.0375 lb Al/acre was applied on 5 Jul to reduce the high density of CPB. Experimental treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 5, 22, 25 Jul, and 4 Aug. The entire field was sprayed again with Asana (0.0375 lb Al/acre) on 9 Aug. Border rows were sprayed with Pydrin (0.2 lb Al/acre) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (0.4 lb Al/acre). A George White boom sprayed delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held COa pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or 10 stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were taken 24-72 h following application with all stages of CPB being sampled. Average daily temperatures (°F) were 62.6° for May, 70.6° for Jun, 77.7° for Jul, and 75.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 8.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 5.99 inches in May, 1.16 inches in Jun, 7.97 inches in Jul, and 4.37 inches in Aug.