bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and regulation of filamentous algal‐bacterial symbiosis based on microbiological quorum sensing
Authors: Kuizu Su , Ruiyu Wu , Hui Zhou , Wei Wang , Tianwei Hao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn algae‐bacteria symbiotic systems, algae and bacteria work cooperatively to reduce aeration demand and carbon emissions during wastewater treatment. However, controlling and stabilizing microbial communities in the conventional algae‐bacteria symbiotic systems are complicated and unstable. We, therefore, developed a novel sewage treatment system based on a filamentous algae‐bacterial symbiotic granule system (AB) in a photo‐sequencing batch reactor (PSBR). The exogenous signal molecules (i.e., N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones [AHLs]) were applied to promote the algae‐bacteria consortia formation. The characteristics and performance of the mature algae‐bacterial granular consortia were investigated and then compared with that of the activated sludge (AS) system under identical operating conditions. The chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal efficiencies were greater than 90% in the dynamic synergistic investigation, even without aeration. However, the addition of AHLs (5, 50, and 200 nmol/L) had a negligible effect on treatment performance. In static conditions, 10−9 nmol/L of AHLs can significantly regulate the algae‐bacteria symbiotic system, and AHLs (<50 nmol/L) improved COD and NH4+ removal efficiencies by up to 90%. Moreover, the addition of AHLs augmented polysaccharide secretion but had little effect on protein secretion. In comparison to the AS system, the AB system demonstrated promise in terms of pollution removal efficiency and microbial diversity enhancement.Practitioner Points
Oscillatoria can serve as an excellent biological carrier for immobilizing bacteria.
AHLs (10−9 mol/L) regulated the operation state of algae‐bacteria symbiotic system.
AHLs altered the composition and content of EPS in the algae‐bacteria system.
“Everybody Knows”: Reading from Screens
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the increased use of screen-based reading in education and in daily life generally, noting that readers usually have the option of printing off screen-based material to be read on paper. Some existing typefaces were taken over for use in computer systems, while other serif and sans serif typefaces were developed specifically for on-screen use. The chapter discusses the legibility of serif and sans serif typefaces projected using older technology such as slide projectors, overhead projectors, and PowerPoint. Finally, the chapter describes some of the technical issues concerning the way that images are displayed using cathode-ray tubes and liquid crystal displays.
“Everybody Knows”: Reading from Paper
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces Part I by summarising the attitudes of 20th-century typographers, who almost without exception considered that serif typefaces were easier to read than sans serif typefaces when printed on paper. In the twenty-first century, any dissenting voices have mainly come from journal editors, who have tended to recommend the use of sans serif typefaces without providing any supporting evidence. This chapter also considers but dismisses the idea that serifs are purely decorative and superfluous to the task of identifying individual letters.
The Legibility of Letters and Words
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe earliest research on the legibility of different typefaces was concerned with recognising individual letters and words under different conditions. The vertical “stripiness” of individual words can be defined in terms of their horizontal autocorrelation, and this seems to affect how quickly they can be read. Visual confusions among different letters were considered to be a primary determinant of legibility. There is a separate line of research concerned with evaluating visual acuity, going back to the construction of optical charts in the middle of the nineteenth century.
General Conclusions to Part I
Authors: Richardson John T. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter concludes Part I by summarising and discussing the key findings. Are there any differences in the legibility of serif and sans serif typefaces when they are used to generate printed material? Are there any differences in readers’ preferences and connotations between serif and sans serif typefaces when they are used to generate printed material? Where does this leave previously stated assumptions about the legibility of serif and sans serif typefaces? The chapter concludes by assessing the position adopted in the latest edition of the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual.
The joy of factorization at large N: five-dimensional indices and AdS black holes
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Morteza , Yaakov Itamar , Zaffaroni Alberto 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We discuss the large N factorization properties of five-dimensional supersymmetric partition functions for CFT with a holographic dual. We consider partition functions on manifolds of the form $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{M}}={\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_3\times {S}_{\upepsilon}^2 $$
ℳ
=

ℳ
3

×

S
ϵ
2

, where ϵ is an equivariant parameter for rotation. We show that, when ℳ3 is a squashed three-sphere, the large N partition functions can be obtained by gluing elementary blocks associated with simple physical quantities. The same is true for various observables of the theories on $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_3={\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}}\times {S}^1 $$

ℳ
3

=

Σ
g

×

S
1

, where $$ {\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

Σ
g

is a Riemann surface of genus 𝔤, and, with a natural assumption on the form of the saddle point, also for the partition function, corresponding to either the topologically twisted index or a mixed one. This generalizes results in three and four dimensions and correctly reproduces the entropy of known black objects in AdS6×wS4 and AdS7× S4. We also provide the supersymmetric background and explicitly perform localization for the mixed index on $$ {\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}}\times {S}^1\times {S}_{\upepsilon}^2 $$

Σ
g

×

S
1

×

S
ϵ
2

, filling a gap in the literature.
Constraints on axions from cosmic distance measurements
Authors: Buen-Abad Manuel A. , Fan JiJi , Sun Chen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Axion couplings to photons could induce photon-axion conversion in the presence of magnetic fields in the Universe. This conversion could impact various cosmic distance measurements, such as luminosity distances to type Ia supernovae and angular distances to galaxy clusters, in different ways. In this paper we consider different combinations of the most up-to-date distance measurements to constrain the axion-photon coupling. Employing the conservative cell magnetic field model for the magnetic fields in the intergalactic medium (IGM) and ignoring the conversion in the intracluster medium (ICM), we find the upper bounds on axion-photon couplings to be around 5×10−12 (nG/B) $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{Mpc}/s} $$

Mpc
/
s

GeV–1 for axion masses ma below 10−13 eV, where B is the strength of the IGM magnetic field, and s is the comoving size of the magnetic domains. When including the conversion in the ICM, the upper bound is lowered and could reach 5 × 10−13 GeV−1 for ma< 5 × 10−12 eV. While this stronger bound depends on the ICM modeling, it is independent of the strength of the IGM magnetic field, for which there is no direct evidence yet. These constraints could be placed on firmer footing with an enhanced understanding and control of the astrophysical uncertainties associated with the IGM and ICM. All the bounds are determined by the shape of the Hubble rate as a function of redshift reconstructable from various distance measurements, and insensitive to today’s Hubble rate, of which there is a tension between early and late cosmological measurements. As an appendix, we discuss the model building challenges of the use of photon-axion conversion to make type Ia supernovae brighter to alleviate the Hubble problem/crisis.
Duality invariant string beta functions at two loops
Authors: Bonezzi Roberto , Codina Tomas , Hohm Olaf 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We compute, for cosmological backgrounds, the O(d, d; ℝ) invariant beta functions for the sigma model of the bosonic string at two loops. This yields an independent first-principle derivation of the order α′ corrections to the cosmological target-space equations. To this end we revisit the quantum consistency of Tseytlin’s duality invariant formulation of the worldsheet theory. While we confirm the absence of gravitational (and hence Lorentz) anomalies, our results show that the minimal subtraction scheme is not applicable, implying significant technical complications at higher loops. To circumvent these we then change gears and use the Polyakov action for cosmological backgrounds, applying a suitable perturbation scheme that, although not O(d, d; ℝ) invariant, allows one to efficiently determine the O(d, d; ℝ) invariant beta functions.
Gauging the superconformal group with a graded dual operator
Authors: Alvarez P. D. , Chavez R. A. , Zanelli J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Based on the superconformal algebra we construct a dual operator that introduces a grading among bosonic generators independent of the boson/fermion grading of the superalgebra. This dual operator allows us to construct an action that is gauge invariant under the grading even bosonic generators. We provide a self-dual notion based on the dual operator. We use the definition of the dual operator to contruct a model with gauge invariance SO(1, 3) × SU(N) × U(1) ⊂ SU(2, 2|N). The choice of a graded dual operator allows us to overcome technical difficulties of U(N) unified theories based on the superconformal group. The gravity action reproduces the Einstein-Hilbert action in certain sector of the theory. The definition of the dual operator allows us to include fermionic matter in the gauge connection in a geometric manner. We give a summary with possible phenomenological parameters that are included in the model.
Between Stigmatization and Acceptance: Diabetic Patients as Civil Servants in West Germany, 1950–1970
Authors: Prüll Livia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPatient history has enriched medical history since about the 1980s. But there are still research gaps in certain periods and themes, especially in topics related to the medical history of West Germany. This paper deals with the efforts of patients, lay persons, and medical advisors (diabetologists) to enable diabetics to secure employment as civil servants (Verbeamtung). Attention will be payed to the fact that this success relied on the activities of mediators, who translated and conveyed the patients’ interests to society at large. This victory was concordant with similar initiatives in other fields of the diabetic life, including sexuality and lifestyle management. Therefore, efforts to achieve civil servant employment for diabetic patients were constitutive of a broader initiative that changed the image of the disease and promoted the integration of diabetic patients into West German society.
Bacterial diversity in different outdoor pilot plant photobioreactor types during production of the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. CCAP211/78
Authors: Lian Jie , Steinert Georg , de Vree Jeroen , Meijer Sven , Heryanto Christa , Bosma Rouke , Wijffels René H. , Barbosa Maria J. , Smidt Hauke , Sipkema Detmer 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs large-scale outdoor production cannot be done in complete containment, cultures are (more) open for bacteria, which may affect the productivity and stability of the algae production process. We investigated the bacterial diversity in two indoor reactors and four pilot-scale outdoor reactors for the production of Nannochloropsis sp. CCAP211/78 spanning four months of operation from July to October. Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated that a wide variety of bacteria were present in all reactor types, with predominance of Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria. Bacterial communities were significantly different between all reactor types (except between the horizontal tubular reactor and the vertical tubular reactor) and also between runs in each reactor. Bacteria common to the majority of samples included one member of the Saprospiraceae family and one of the NS11-12_marine group (both Bacteroidetes). Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed two phases during the cultivation period separated by a major shift in bacterial community composition in the horizontal tubular reactor, the vertical tubular reactor and the raceway pond with a strong decrease of the Saprospiraceae and NS11-12_marine group that initially dominated the bacterial communities. Furthermore, we observed a less consistent pattern of bacterial taxa appearing in different reactors and runs, most of which belonging to the classes Deltaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis showed that the bacterial community composition was significantly correlated with the nitrate concentration. This study contributes to our understanding of bacterial diversity and composition in different types of outdoor reactors exposed to a range of dynamic biotic and abiotic factors.

Key points• Reactor types had significantly different bacterial communities except HT and VT• The inoculum source and physiochemical factors together affect bacterial community• The bacterial family Saprospiraceae is positively correlated to microalgal growth
Ideal Male Umbilicus: An Observational Study of Surface Anatomy and Introduction to the SHAPE Classification
Authors: Graham Karissa A. , Livingston Ryan J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
The umbilicus is crucial to the aesthetic appearance of the abdomen. With abdominoplasty and umbilicoplasty, placement of the umbilicus is essential and often left at the surgeon’s discretion. This study aims to investigate the ideal male umbilical shape and location by examining photographs of top male models in 2019.

Methods
In this observational study, we examined 81 photographs of top male models to assess different ratios based on anatomical landmarks and umbilical appearance.

Results
The ratio of the distance from the xiphoid to the center of umbilicus (XU) and corresponding distance from center of umbilicus to abdominal crease (UC) had the most reliability (ratio XU/UC, with average measurement: 1.68 ± 0.38), which placed the male navel at a similar position but marginally below the average female umbilicus. Our findings revealed that an oval horizontal is the ideal umbilical shape in males, which differs from what is most aesthetically pleasing in females (oval vertical). In addition, we introduced the SHAPE (Shape, Hood, Adiposity, Protrusion & Position, External piercing) classification for navel appearance to better define the umbilicus and its direct management.

Conclusions
This study establishes that the ideal male umbilicus differs from that of females; it should be placed at the XU/UC ratio of 1.68 ± 0.38 and aim for a horizontal shape with hooding (SHAPE: H II). The SHAPE classification facilitates a logical stepwise approach for the surgeon to refashion the umbilicus.

Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Esophageal Achalasia: Evaluation and Treatment of Recurrent Symptoms
Authors: Patti Marco G. , Schlottmann Francisco , Herbella Fernando A. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder of unknown origin. Treatment is palliative and its goal is to decrease the resistance posed by a non‐relaxing and often hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. This goal can be accomplished by different treatment modalities such as pneumatic dilatation, laparoscopic myotomy or peroral endoscopic myotomy. In some patients, however, symptoms tend to recur overtime.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed focused on the management of recurrent achalasia.ResultsThe available treatment modalities can be used, alone or in combination. The goal of treatment is to resolve/improve symptoms, avoiding an esophagectomy, an operation linked to significant morbidity.ConclusionsThe treatment of these patients is often very challenging, and the best results are obtained in centers where a multidisciplinary team—radiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons—is present.
Low‐Cost Vacuum Assisted Core Needle Biopsy Technique for Breast Lumps
Authors: Yadav Sanjay Kumar , Carpenter Ashutosh , Rai Roshni , Jha Chandan Kumar , Sharma Dhananjaya 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundCore biopsy has replaced fine needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of breast lumps to diagnose malignancy and is now standard of care in developed countries. Unfortunately, cost of core biopsy system is a major limitation in low‐and middle‐income countries (LMICs). This prompted us to devise and appraise a low‐cost technique of core biopsy using negative pressure.MethodsWe devised and prospectively evaluated a simple model of core biopsy (vacuum assisted core needle biopsy‐VACNB) using a 50 ml syringe, a 10 ml syringe and a 14G needle.Results57 consecutive women (median age 42.66 years) with breast lumps (median diameter 5.2 cm) underwent VACNB. The sensitivity for diagnosing malignancy was 92%, specificity was 100%, and diagnostic accuracy was 92.98%. The positive predictive value of this technique was 100%, and negative predictive value was 63.64%. The cost (~ 5.5 USD) of the system was significantly less than the cost of core biopsy needle (~ 41.00 USD) and vacuum assisted breast biopsy needle (~ 341.00 USD) in India.ConclusionFrugal innovations are needed to overcome cost constraints in LMICs. Our low‐cost VACNB technique is easy to use and accurate.
Detecting short-term stress and recovery events in a vineyard using tower-based remote sensing of photochemical reflectance index (PRI)
Authors: Wong Christopher Y. S. , Bambach Nicolas E. , Alsina Maria Mar , McElrone Andrew J. , Jones Taylor , Buckley Thomas N. , Kustas William P. , Magney Troy S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFrequent drought and high temperature conditions in California vineyards necessitate plant stress detection to support irrigation management strategies and decision making. Remote sensing provides a powerful tool to continuously monitor vegetation function across spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we utilized a tower-based optical-remote sensing system to continuously monitor four vineyard subplots in California’s Central Valley. We compared the performance of the greenness-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the physiology-based photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to track variations of eddy covariance estimated gross primary productivity (GPP) during four stress events between July and September 2020. Our results demonstrate that NDVI was invariant during stress events. In contrast, PRI was effective at tracking the short-term stress-induced declines and recovery of GPP associated with soil water depletion and increased air temperature, as well as reductions in GPP from decreased PAR caused by smokey conditions from nearby fires. Canopy-scale remote sensing can provide continuous real-time data, and physiology-based vegetation indices such as PRI can be used to monitor variation of photosynthetic activity during stress events to aid in management decisions.
Bright and dark diffractive focusing
Authors: Rodrigues Gonçalves Manuel , Rozenman Georgi Gary , Zimmermann Matthias , Efremov Maxim A. , Case William B. , Arie Ady , Shemer Lev , Schleich Wolfgang P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe investigate bright and dark diffractive focusing emerging in the free propagation of specific wave profiles. These general wave phenomena manifest themselves in matter, water, and classical waves. In this article, we lay the foundations for these effects and illustrate their origin in Wigner phase space. Our theoretical studies are supported by experimental demonstrations of dark focusing in water waves. Moreover, by using different phase slits we analyze several aspects of bright and dark focusing for classical and matter waves.
Direct health care cost of treatment and medication of biliary atresia patients using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups
Authors: Hoshino Eri , Konomura Keiko , Obatake Masayuki , Moriwaki Kensuke , Sakai Michi , Urayama Kevin Y. , Shimozuma Kojiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Treatment of biliary atresia (BA), which typically requires an initial surgical intervention called the Kasai procedure (KP) and possible liver transplant (LT) afterwards, is quite resource-intensive and would affect patients and families for a lifetime; yet a comprehensive view of the economic burden has not been reported. We estimated direct health care costs from the public payer perspective using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan.

Methods
Children newly diagnosed at ages 0 days to 4 years between April 2010 and September 2019 were identified. Costs of treatment were estimated for six phases of care: prediagnosis, KP and inpatient hospitalization, follow-up after KP, pre-transplant checkup, LT and inpatient hospitalization, and follow-up after LT.

Results
Mean total prediagnosis medical cost was $6847 (USD) and KP and inpatient hospitalization was $42,157 per year. Follow-up after KP was $15,499, and pre-transplant checkup after KP was $36,015 per year. Mean cost for LT and inpatient hospitalization was $105,334, and follow-up after liver transplant was $25,459 per year.

Conclusions
Treatment of BA requires extensive medical resource consumption. The use of the comprehensive national database allowed us to estimate the costs which will be useful for health service planning and cost-effectiveness analysis.
Cognitive disorders in childhood epilepsy: a comparative longitudinal study using administrative healthcare data
Authors: Sorg Anna-Lisa , von Kries Rüdiger , Borggraefe Ingo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
The study aimed to assess the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy, the impact of age of epilepsy onset on cognition and the temporal relationship of epilepsy onset and intellectual impairment.

Methods
This longitudinal study analyzed birth cohorts and followed-up children born 2005–2007 up to the age of ten using administrative healthcare data of about 8.9 million members insured by the statutory health insurance “BARMER” in Germany. We compared prevalence of cognitive impairment (ICD-code F7*) in children with epilepsy (ICD-code G40) to controls, and calculated relative risks by age groups at onset of epilepsy and assessed differences in relation to the temporal sequence of the diagnoses.

Results
Of the 142,563 pre-pubertal children included in the analysis, 2728 (1.9%) had an epilepsy diagnosis within the first 10 years of life. 17.4% (475/2728) of children with epilepsy had a diagnosis of cognitive impairment compared to 1.7% (2309/139835) in controls. The relative risk for cognitive impairment compared to age-matched controls was 10.5 (95% CI 9.6, 11.6) and was highest in epilepsy cases with seizure manifestation within the first 2 years of life compared to older children. The prevalence of cognitive impairment before epilepsy diagnosis was slightly increased compared to controls, while it was increased by a factor of nine in children diagnosed with cognitive impairment in the year of onset of epilepsy or afterwards.

Conclusions
Pre-pubertal children with epilepsy have a ten-fold higher risk for intellectual impairment compared to age-matched controls. This risk inversely correlates with the age of epilepsy manifestation. Cognitive impairment was diagnosed after epilepsy manifestation in the majority of patients.