bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological effects of exercising at different intensities wearing surgical or double‐layer cotton facemasks compared to not wearing a mask
Authors: Braga Fabrício , Espinosa Gabriel , Monteiro Amanda , Marinho Beatriz , Drummond Eduardo 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, the community use of facemasks has been widely recommended. However, their use during exercise has raised safety concerns. Thus, we compared the physiological differences between exercising wearing a surgical (SM) or a double‐layer‐cotton (DLC) facemask and not wearing a mask (NM). Sixteen volunteers underwent 4 bouts of cycling‐based exercise, which consisted of two different intensities: light‐to‐moderate and moderate‐to‐high. Facemasks were used as follows: bout‐1 and 4: NM; bout‐2: SM or DLC and bout‐3: DLC or SM. Ventilatory, metabolic, pulmonary gas exchange (PGE) and perceptual variables were collected. At both exercise intensities compared to NM, both facemasks induced similar ventilatory adaptations, increasing inspiratory time and tidal volume and decreasing breathing frequency. Effect sizes (ES) were larger for DLC than for SM. At moderate‐to‐high, both facemasks reduced the minute ventilation, whereas at light‐to‐moderate, it was only seen with DLC. End tidal and mixed CO2 pressures, as well as the difference between them, increased with both facemasks. Again, ES was larger for DLC than SM. No relevant oxygen saturation drop was observed with both facemaks and exercise intensities. A small ES increament in VO2 and VCO2 were seen with both facemasks. Effort perception increased at moderate‐to‐high for both exercise intensities, buth larger EF were with DLC than SM. DLC increased facial temperature during both exercise intensities. In conclusion, ventilatory adjustments imposed during facemask exercise influenced PGE and metabolic and perceptual changes. Larger ES were mostly seen for DLC than SM.Abbreviations: Bf : Breathing frequency.; CPET: Cardiopulmonary exercise test.; CI: Confidence interval.; DLC: Double‐layer cotton.; ETCO2: End tidal CO2 pressure.; ES: Effect size.; ΔET‐PECO2: Difference between ETCO2 and PECO2.; FMMT: Facemask microclimate temperature.; HR : Heart rate.; IQR: Interquartile range.; NM: No mask.; PECO2: Mixed‐expired CO2 pressure.; RER: Respiratory exchange ratio.; RPE: Rate of perceived effort.; SD: Standard deviation.; SM: Surgical Mask.; SpO2: Oxygen saturation.; STP: Subjective thermal perception.; Ti/TTOT: Duty cycle.; VE: Minute ventilation.; VCO2: Carbon dioxide output.; VO2: Oxygen uptake.; VT : Tidal volume.; VT: Ventilatory threshold.Highlights
Facemasks affect the breathing pattern by changing the frequency and amplitude of pulmonary ventilation.
The augmented ventilatory work increases VO2, VCO2, and RPE and promotes nonconcerning drops in SpO2 and CO2 retention.
Increased inspiratory and expiratory pressure can account for the reduction in pulmonary physiological dead space.
Monte Carlo evaluation of high-gradient magnetically focused planar proton minibeams in a passive nozzle
Authors: McAuley Grant A , Lim Crystal J , Teran Anthony V , Slater Jerry D , Wroe Andrew J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective. To investigate the potential of using a single quadrupole magnet with a high magnetic field gradient to create planar minibeams suitable for clinical applications of proton minibeam radiation therapy. Approach. We performed Monte Carlo simulations involving single quadrupole Halbach cylinders in a passively scattered nozzle in clinical use for proton therapy. Pencil beams produced by the nozzle of 10–15 mm initial diameters and particle range of ∼10–20 cm in water were focused by magnets with field gradients of 225–350 T m−1 and cylinder lengths of 80–110 mm to produce very narrow elongated (planar) beamlets. The corresponding dose distributions were scored in a water phantom. Composite minibeam dose distributions composed from three beamlets were created by laterally shifting copies of the single beamlet distribution to either side of a central beamlet. Modulated beamlets (with 18–30 mm nominal central SOBP) and corresponding composite dose distributions were created in a similar manner. Collimated minibeams were also compared with beams focused using one magnet/particle range combination. Main results. The focusing magnets produced planar beamlets with minimum lateral FWHM of ∼1.1–1.6 mm. Dose distributions composed from three unmodulated beamlets showed a high degree of proximal spatial fractionation and a homogeneous target dose. Maximal peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDR) for the unmodulated beams ranged from 32 to 324, and composite modulated beam showed maximal PVDR ranging from 32 to 102 and SOBPs with good target dose coverage. Significance. Advantages of the high-gradient magnets include the ability to focus beams with phase space parameters that reflect beams in operation today, and post-waist particle divergence allowing larger beamlet separations and thus larger PVDR. Our results suggest that high gradient quadrupole magnets could be useful to focus beams of moderate emittance in clinical proton therapy.
Fast generation of cat states in Kerr nonlinear resonators via optimal adiabatic control
Authors: Xue Jiao-Jiao , Yu Ke-Hui , Liu Wen-Xiao , Wang Xin , Li Hong-Rong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Macroscopic cat states have been widely studied to illustrate fundamental principles of quantum physics as well as their applications in quantum information processing. In this paper, we propose a quantum speed-up method for the creation of cat states in a Kerr nonlinear resonator (KNR) via optimal adiabatic control. By simultaneously adiabatic tuning the cavity-field detuning and driving field strength, the width of the minimum energy gap between the target trajectory and non-adiabatic trajectory can be widened, which allows us to accelerate the evolution along the adiabatic path. Compared with the previous proposal, preparing cat states only by controlling two-photon pumping strength, our method can prepare the target state with a shorter time, a high-fidelity and a large non-classical volume. It is worth noting that the cat state prepared here is also robust against single-photon loss. Moreover, when we consider the KNR with a large initial detuning, our proposal will create a large-size cat state successfully. This proposal for preparing cat states can be implemented in superconducting quantum circuits, which provides a quantum state resource for quantum information encoding and fault-tolerant quantum computing.
The solution to the problem of time in quantum gravity also solves the time of arrival problem in quantum mechanics
Authors: Gambini Rodolfo , Pullin Jorge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We introduced with coauthors some years ago a solution to the problem of time in quantum gravity which consists in formulating the quantum theory in terms of real clocks. It combines Page and Wootters’ relational proposal with Rovelli’s evolving constants of the motion. Time is associated with an operator and not a classical parameter. We show here that this construction provides a natural solution to the time of arrival problem in quantum mechanics and leads to a well defined time-energy uncertainty relation for the clocks.
Extragalactic H i Survey with FAST: First Look at the Pilot Survey Results
Authors: Kang Jiangang , Zhu Ming , Ai Mei , Yu Haiyang , Sun Chun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We present the first data release of H i sources extracted from a pilot extragalactic survey using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). We extracted sources from three-dimensional (3D) spectral data cubes datacubes to perform interactive searching and computing, yielding global parameters for each source, extending redshift ranges of H i emission up to z = 0.04. A total of 544 extragalactic H i sources has been detected by the pilot FAST H i drift scan survey covering part of the sky region in R.A. (R.A. or α) and decl. (decl. or δ) range 00h47m < R. A. (J2000) < 23h22m and +24° < decl. (J2000) < +43°. Of which, 528 sources are matched with optical counterparts via examination of digital optical survey databases collected from NED and Vizier data center, and 449 of them have optical velocities. Furthermore, we detect 36 galaxies with H i mass <108
M
⊙, which is significant for the study of low-mass systems in the local universe. We present catalogs for all H i detections with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) greater than 5.1. The data are classified into four categories based on their S/N and baseline qualities, which are flagged with code 1 to 4: (1) 422 sources with S/N > 6.5; (2) 61 sources with 5.1 ≲ S/N ≲ 6.5; (3) 28 sources with relatively poor baselines; (4) 33 sources that are partly masked by strong radio frequency interferences (RFIs). In addition, we find 16 H i sources that have not been matched with any counterparts in the existing galaxy catalogs. This data release can provide guidance for the future extragalactic H i survey with FAST.
Orbital angular momentum underwater wireless optical communication system based on convolutional neural network
Authors: Ma Wenqi , Lu Huimin , Chen Danyang , Jin Jianli , Wang Jianping 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, a novel 16-ary orbital angular momentum shift keying (OAM-SK) underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system based on convolutional neural network (CNN) demodulator and Gerchberg-Saxton CNN (GS-CNN) beam generator is proposed. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed UWOC system with different turbulence intensity, transmission distance, and relative intensity of temperature and salinity is further investigated. By comparing with the results from the UWOC system based on GS beam generator, it is revealed that the BER performance can be improved obviously for the proposed OAM-SK UWOC system combining the CNN demodulator and GS-CNN beam generator.
Physical simulation on Joining of 700 MC steel: A HAZ and CCT curve study
Authors: Roshan Rakesh , Naik Ajit Kumar , Saxena Kuldeep Kumar , Msomi Velaphi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the present work, coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) was simulated by Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram was generated from the results of the dilatometer, hardness, and microstructure analysis. The heating rate of 100 °C s−1, the peak temperature of 1300 °C, the holding time of one second, and thirteen different cooling conditions representing the actual welding condition were chosen here for simulation where the cooling rate was controlled by t8/3. At slow cooling rate ferrite, cementite, pearlite, and bainite were obtained. At a medium cooling rate, ferrite, bainite, and a small amount of martensite were observed. At a fast-cooling rate i.e., 100 °C s−1 fully martensite was obtained. The obtained hardness values were 225 HV, 263 HV, and 342 HV for slower, medium, and fast cooling rates respectively. The increase in hardness value shows that the amount of non-diffusional phases increases with an increase in cooling rate. The CCT curve shows the range of cooling rate and phase transformation temperature of ferrite, bainite, and martensite.
Branches of ZnO nanostructure grown on sub-microrod template with seed layer coated by ultrasonic-assisted immersion technique: effect of surface energy on the growth of branches
Authors: Siriphongsapak Nontakoch , Denchitcharoen Somyod 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Branches of ZnO nanostructure were hydrothermally grown on seed layer coated on sub-microrod template by ultrasonic-assisted immersion technique. Zinc acetate, monoethanolamine, and isopropanol were used as a precursor, stabilizer, and solvent for coating seed layer, respectively. The crystallization of seed layer, which was confirmed by x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), was facilitated by ultrasonic irradiation. The sol concentration was adjusted to be 20 and 50 mM with the coating cycles of 8 and 16 for controlling the uniformity and surface energy of seed layer. The increase of sol concentration and coating cycles led to the increase of crystal orientation in (002) plane causing the improvement of seed layer’s surface energy which was estimated from water contact angle of the template. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was revealed that the seed layer did not cover the template only at the lowest condition of both sol concentration and coating cycles. However, the roughness and maximum peak-to-valley value tended to be increased for other conditions and dropped for the last condition which was suitable to vertically grow branches. After the growth of branches, the morphology of hierarchical ZnO nanostructure was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). It was found that the branches were vertically grown on the surface of rod template in every condition except the lowest sol concentration and coating cycles. Moreover, when the sol concentration and coating cycle of seed layer were increased, the branch density was also increased.
Beyond quantum cluster theories: multiscale approaches for strongly correlated systems
Authors: Fotso Herbert F , Tam Ka-Ming , Moreno Juana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The degrees of freedom that confer to strongly correlated systems their many intriguing properties also render them fairly intractable through typical perturbative treatments. For this reason, the mechanisms responsible for their technologically promising properties remain mostly elusive. Computational approaches have played a major role in efforts to fill this void. In particular, dynamical mean field theory and its cluster extension, the dynamical cluster approximation have allowed significant progress. However, despite all the insightful results of these embedding schemes, computational constraints, such as the minus sign problem in quantum Monte Carlo (QMC), and the exponential growth of the Hilbert space in exact diagonalization (ED) methods, still limit the length scale within which correlations can be treated exactly in the formalism. A recent advance aiming to overcome these difficulties is the development of multiscale many body approaches whereby this challenge is addressed by introducing an intermediate length scale between the short length scale where correlations are treated exactly using a cluster solver such QMC or ED, and the long length scale where correlations are treated in a mean field manner. At this intermediate length scale correlations can be treated perturbatively. This is the essence of multiscale many-body methods. We will review various implementations of these multiscale many-body approaches, the results they have produced, and the outstanding challenges that should be addressed for further advances.
Three-body CsD2 calculation in Pd12 cage and E2 transition in ultra-low energy nuclear reaction
Authors: Watanabe T , Hiratsuka Y , Takeda M , Oryu S , Watari N , Kakigami H , Toyoda I 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The three-body energy levels of the

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CsD2 quasi-molecule in a CsD2Pd12 cluster are calculated using the Cs-D, D-D, Cs-Pd and D-Pd repulsive Coulomb interactions with electronic effects, the central Woods-Saxon potential for the two-body nuclear interactions, and a nuclear three-body potential term. The calculation was performed for distances ranging from fermis to nanometers, in one pass, using 100-figure numerical precision, and for energies between the

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La ground state (-25.92 MeV) to the top of the Pd-barrier. The ion bases calculated results are adjusted to the electron bases chemical ones at the ground state and at the first excited state of CsD2Pd12. The possibility of

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Cs(2D, γ)

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La reaction is investigated for the E2 transition between J

π
= 7/2+ of

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CsD2 and 7/2+ of the

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La ground state.
Direct methods applied to phase retrieval in high resolution transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Bhat Usha , Datta Ranjan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An alternative reconstruction method is proposed for retrieving the object exit wave function (OEW) directly from the recorded image intensity pattern in high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The method is based on applying a modified intensity equation representing the HRTEM image. A comparative discussion is provided between the existing methodologies involved in the reconstruction of OEW, off-axis electron holography and the present proposal. Phase shift extracted from the experimental images of MoS2, BN and ZnO are found to be in excellent agreement for most of the atom types investigated with the theoretical reference values. Additionally, it is shown that the Fourier series expansion of diffraction pattern is effective in retrieving the isolated and periodic image functions of certain forms directly. However, for aperiodic object information e.g., defects, dopants, edges etc, the first method works in entirety.
In-materio computing in random networks of carbon nanotubes complexed with chemically dynamic molecules: a review
Authors: Tanaka H , Azhari S , Usami Y , Banerjee D , Kotooka T , Srikimkaew O , Dang T-T , Murazoe S , Oyabu R , Kimizuka K , Hakoshima M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The need for highly energy-efficient information processing has sparked a new age of material-based computational devices. Among these, random networks (RNWs) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) complexed with other materials have been extensively investigated owing to their extraordinary characteristics. However, the heterogeneity of CNT research has made it quite challenging to comprehend the necessary features of in-materio computing in a RNW of CNTs. Herein, we systematically tackle the topic by reviewing the progress of CNT applications, from the discovery of individual CNT conduction to their recent uses in neuromorphic and unconventional (reservoir) computing. This review catalogues the extraordinary abilities of random CNT networks and their complexes used to conduct nonlinear in-materio computing tasks as well as classification tasks that may replace current energy-inefficient systems.
Life-Course Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Events in Black and White Adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Xiao Qian , Heiss Gerardo , Kucharska-Newton Anna , Bey Ganga , Love Shelly-Ann M , Whitsel Eric A 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIt has been reported that residents of low–socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, most of the previous studies focused on 1-time measurement of neighborhood SES in middle-to-older adulthood and lacked demographic diversity to allow for comparisons across different race/ethnicity and sex groups. We examined neighborhood SES in childhood and young, middle, and older adulthood in association with CVD risk among Black and White men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1996–2019). We found that lower neighborhood SES in young, middle, and older adulthood, but not in childhood, was associated with a higher risk of CVD later in life. When compared with the highest quartile, the lowest quartile of neighborhood SES in young, middle, and older adulthood was associated with 18% (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.36), 21% (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.39), and 12% (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.26) increases in the hazard of total CVD, respectively. The association between lower neighborhood SES in older adulthood and higher CVD hazard was particularly strong among Black women. Our study findings support the role of neighborhood SES in cardiovascular health in both Black and White adults.
Active Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Increased Age-Related Decline on Measures of Visuospatial Learning and Memory and Executive Function in Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Padula Claudia B , Durazzo Timothy C 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsThe goal of this study was to determine if active cigarette smoking in Veterans with alcohol use disorder (AUD) was associated with greater age-related neurocognitive decline.MethodsVeterans with AUD, in residential treatment (n = 125; 47 ± 14 years of age, min = 24, max = 76, 29 ± 26 days of abstinence), completed measures of executive functions, learning and memory, processing speed and working memory. Actively smoking AUD (AsAUD, n = 47) were active daily cigarette smokers; former smoking AUD (FsAUD, n = 45) were predominately daily smokers prior to study but did not smoke at the time of study; non-smoking AUD (NsAUD, n = 33) never used cigarettes or smoked ‘only a few times’ during lifetime.ResultsAsAUD demonstrated greater age-related decline on measures of visuospatial learning and memory, and response inhibition/cognitive flexibility, primarily relative to NsAUD; there were no age-related differences between FsAUD and NsAUD on any measure. There were few significant mean differences between groups across the 15 neurocognitive measures. In AsAUD, higher scores on indices of smoking severity were associated with poorer performance on measures of auditory-verbal learning and memory, response inhibition, set-shifting and working memory. In FsAUD, longer smoking cessation duration was related to lower PTSD, anxiety and depressive symptomatology.ConclusionsActive smoking was associated with accelerated age-related decline on cognitive functions implicated in response to common evidence-based AUD interventions. Results suggest that smoking history contributes to the considerable heterogeneity observed in neurocognitive function in early AUD recovery, and reinforce the clinical movement to offer smoking cessation resources concurrent with treatment for AUD.