bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVII-6 Effects of Hydroponically Sprouted Cereal Grains on Feedlot Performance, Blood Serum Chemistry, and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility in Beef Cattle
Authors: Slack Emmalee E , Tidemann Duane E , Jenkins Shawn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recent technological advancements in the local chain agricultural technology sector have produced automated systems that overcome pitfalls of traditional forage production. With significantly altered nutrient composition when compared with typical forages, research investigating the effects of hydroponically sprouted grain (HG) on feedlot growth and performance is needed. Angus steers (n = 40) averaging 274 kilograms body weight were randomly assigned to one of four pens in replicated pen experimental feedlot setting. Treatment pens were balanced for incoming weight, age, and genetic background to ensure uniformity throughout the experiment. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned and delivered continuously for an eight-week comparison period; diets were balanced for metabolizable energy, fiber, and crude protein content with 15% inclusion of HG administered in the treatment group. Nutrient digestibility was assessed through weekly manure sampling. Daily rate of gain, feed conversion ratio, and cost of gain was assessed through monthly replicated (n = 3) weight evaluations. Blood serum chemistry was evaluated through individual animal blood serum samples collected from the lateral tail vein. Multiple variables measured indicated positive and statistically significantly (p &lt; 0.05) changes resulting from the inclusion of HG (Table 1). On a percentage basis, daily rate of gain and dry matter intake improved 12% and 11%, respectively. Marginal trends (p &lt; 0.20) in nutrient digestibility were noted and blood serum metrics associated with nutrient bioavailability and rumen health were positive. Results highlight the potential feeding value of HG and automated production systems as a novel agricultural technology solution.
PSVII-8 Effects of Processed Saccharina Latissima and Ascophyllum Nodosum on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production in Continuous Culture
Authors: Driemel Ashley W , Baker Lauren M , Snider Miriam A , Posman Kevin , Quigley Charlotte , Price Nichole N , Greenwood Sabrina L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of processed dietary supplements derived from two seaweeds, Saccharina latissima (SL) and Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), on microbial methane production and fermentation profile using in vitro methods. Four dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were utilized in a 4x4 Latin Square design to assess these 4 supplements: unwashed, coarsely milled SL (UNW), 3-min rinsed SL (3MR), 20-sec blanched SL (20SB), and a crude phlorotannin extract from AN (PHLT). Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters and were top dressed on the total mixed ration (TMR) at 5% of total dry matter (DM). Four, 10-d experimental periods were conducted, consisting of a 7-d equilibration period followed by a 3-d sampling period. Vessel pH was continually measured, and effluent samples were collected for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and calculation of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibilities. Methane was measured prior to the first AM and PM feedings during the 3-d sampling period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4) with fermenter as the random effect and period and treatment as fixed effects. Processed treatments (3MR= 7.86, 20SB= 5.75, PHLT= 10.46 mg/dL) yielded less methane (P &lt; 0.02) than unprocessed (UNW= 24.06 mg/dL). Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF and ADF were not affected by treatment. Total VFA (mM) was greater (P = 0.02) in 3MR than PHLT. The acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in PHLT compared with 20SB, 3MR and UNW (5.62 vs 1.47, 1.27 and 1.54, respectively). Time spent below pH 5.8 during fermentation was not affected by treatment. These results indicate that seaweed processing method can affect methane production in vitro without negatively impacting rumen fermentation and should be further investigated using in vivo models.
PSVII-9 Effects of Roughage Level on Animal Behavior in Nelore Cattle Receiving a High Concentrate Diet Under Tropical Conditions
Authors: Mendonca Filipe , Goulart Rodrigo , Garcia Matheus , Veiga Pedro , Junior Paulo Bortoleto , Seronni Gustavo , Balieiro Julio C , Lanna Dante 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roughage levels have an important role in high concentrate diets. Also, Nelore cattle are the main breed produced in Brazil. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of roughage levels on Nelore behavior. Nelore Bulls (n = 20) with body weight of 420 kg ± 45 kg were used in this study, receiving 5 finishing diets with different roughage levels for 105 days. The diets were composed by corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal, citrus pulp, urea, potassium chloride and premix. During each 21-day period of the finishing diet, roughage levels were decreased. The first diet had 15% of NDF from forage, followed by 12%, 9%, 6% and 3% on DM basis. On 14 th of each period, animal behavior events were measured by 4 different people during 24 hours of evaluation. The variables recorded were resting time, chewing time, rumination time and meal events. During every 10 minutes, animal behavior data of the 20 Nelore bulls were collected. Furthermore, we used a polynomial regression by proc mixed in SAS. The rumination time was decreased when there was the reduction of roughage level. It was a linear effect P&lt; 0.0001, starting from 369 minutes and 50 seconds (15% of NDF from forage) to to 129 minutes and 50 seconds (3% NDF from Forage). For resting time the outcome experienced was different, including 955 minutes of resting to the treatment with 15% NDF to 1,119 minutes to the lowest roughage level treatment, P&lt; 0.0001. Regarding chewing time, there was a linear effect when the greatest chewing time was obtained to the diet with greatest roughage level ,15% NDF from Forage, P&lt; 0.0001. there was no effect of roughage level on meal events, P &gt; 0.0001. Thereby, the rumination time as well as chewing time may be helpful to the animal wellness in high concentrate diets.
PSVII-2 Effects of Feeding a Starch or Pectin Supplement on Ruminal Parameters and gas Production of Grazing Young Bulls
Authors: Berca Andressa S Scholz , Cardoso Abmael Silva , Fonseca Natalia Vilas Boas , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of two feeding times and two sources of energy supplementation on pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of beef cattle reared in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. We used eight rumen-cannulated ½ Aberdeen Angus x ½ Nellore young bulls (280±7 kg) distributed in a double 4x4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of supplementation at 0.3% of body weight with corn or citrus pulp, supplied at 0900 or 1700. Ruminal fluid pH was measured with a digital pH analyzer and SCFA was analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC. The IVGP was determined using a transducer and a data logger for 48 h after incubation of samples combining forage and supplement in real intake proportion (88% forage, 12% supplement). Considering the rapid fermentation of sugars, animals supplemented with pectin maintained higher pH (P = 0.021) due to changes in bacterial populations to digest the pectic substances (Table 1). Lactate production after starch digestion caused lower pH. Despite the differences in evaluated energy substrates, there was no effect on the primary SCFA concentration (P &gt; 0.05). Citrus pulp provided greater formic (P = 0.005) and valeric (P = 0.042) acids concentrations compared with corn, but there was no influence of formic acid in lactic acid production (Table 1). The greater IVGP by citrus pulp (P = 0.0140; Figure 1) may be related to its greater carbohydrate fraction A, soluble with a rapid rate of rumen degradation, and also because its ruminal fermentation results in greater acetic acid production, which provides more ruminal H2 and CO2, favoring the CH4 production. The citrus pulp can be used as an alternative source to corn because it might prevent acidosis, does not affect the main SCFA production, and is a non-human edible feed.
PSVII-18 Feeding Behavior of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet in a Calf-fed System
Authors: Rush Camron J , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Ciriaco Francine M , Huerta-Leidenz Nelson O , Lopez Alejandra M , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Peters Sarah , Manna Mikala Di , Osorio-Doblado Andrea M , Coello Kymberly , Quijada Angel A , Hinds Jordan , Saes Yasmim , Crossland Whitney L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of a nutritional packet containing a direct-fed microbial combined with vitamins/electrolytes offered at the beginning and end of the finishing phase to beef steers in a calf-fed system on feeding behavior were evaluated. Angus crossbred steer-calves (n = 18; BW = 234 ± 4 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight; steer = experimental unit) and stratified into two treatments: a) control (no packet, finely-ground corn carrier only); and b) 30 g of DM/animal-daily of a nutritional packet [live-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g), vitamin C (5.4 g/kg of ascorbic acid), vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg of thiamine hydrochloride), and electrolytes of NaCl (80 g/kg) and KCl (80 g/kg)]. Animals were individually offered [electronic feed-bunks (Smart-Feed/C-Lock Inc.)] a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum once daily for 233 d, while treatments were offered during the first (phase-1) and last 60 d (phase-2) on feed only. Feeding behavior activities were assessed in min/d by using CowManagerTM ear tag sensors. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no treatment × phase interactions (P ≥ 0.15), except that steers receiving the nutritional packet tended (P = 0.10) to spend more time (6 vs. 9 min/kg) eating digestible DM during phase-2 only. Regardless of phase, steers consuming the nutritional packet spent more time (P = 0.04) eating per kg of hemicellulose. Regardless of treatment, a decreased rumination (P ≤ 0.03) and chewing (P ≤ 0.01) activity-variables were observed for the phase-2 compared to phase-1. Steers receiving the nutritional packet exhibited superior time spent on eating activities, especially during the final 60 d before slaughter, and fiber seems to be the major driver inducing such effect. Towards the end of the finishing phase, cattle reduced rumination and chewing compared to the arrival phase.
PSVII-17 Feeding Behavior of Beef Feedlot Yearling Steers Offered Finishing Diets with Direct fed Microbial Mixtures
Authors: Lopez Alejandra M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Johnson Bradley J , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Rush Camron J , Rodrigues Barbara , Peters Sarah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of dietary inclusion of live bacteria mixtures on feedlot beef cattle feeding behavior were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus yearling steers (n = 192; initial BW = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen; 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered ad libitum once daily containing the following treatments: 1) Control, in which no direct fed microbial (DFM) was offered (lactose as carrier only); 2 and 3) Probiotic mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Orts DM were quantified daily and subtracted from total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Feeding behavior activities (continuous 24 h) were visually assessed (d 106 and 113) by trained personnel, where time spent on each activity was recorded every 5 min. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS and pen was considered the experimental unit. No treatment × period interactions (P ≥ 0.21) were observed. Main feeding behavior variables consisting of time spent ruminating, chewing, eating, and drinking in minutes per day were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatments, while steers in general ruminated, ate, chewed, and were more active (P ≤ 0.01) during the second behavioral assessment, regardless of treatments. Rates of intake in minutes per kg of DM, OM, fiber and digestible DM, OM, and fiber were not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by treatments; however more time spent (P &lt; 0.01) ruminating, eating, and chewing in minutes per kg were observed on d113 compared to d106 regardless of treatments. Drinking time (min/d) and drinking rates (min/kg) were not affected (P ≥ 0.81) by period. The DFM mixtures did not negatively affect feeding behavior of yearling steers consuming steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets.
PSVIII-17 Nutrient Digestibility of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet in a Calf-fed System
Authors: Rush Camron J , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Ciriaco Francine M , Huerta-Leidenz Nelson O , Crossland Whitney L , Lopez Alejandra M , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Osorio-Doblado Andrea M , Peters Sarah , Manna Mikala Di , Hinds Jordan , Saes Yasmim , Rodrigues Barbara , Quijada Angel A , Coello Kymberly 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of a nutritional packet containing a direct-fed microbial combined with vitamins/electrolytes offered to beef steers in a calf-fed system on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Angus crossbred steer-calves (n = 60; BW = 234 ± 4 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight; steer = experimental unit) and stratified into 2 treatments: a) control (no packet, finely-ground corn carrier only); and b) 30 g of DM/animal-daily of a nutritional packet [live-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g), Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg of Ascorbic acid), Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg of Thiamine hydrochloride), and electrolytes of NaCl (80 g/kg) and KCl (80 g/kg)]. Animals were individually offered [electronic feed-bunks (Smart-Feed/C-Lock Inc.)] a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum, once daily for 233 d. Treatments were offered during the first (phase-1) and last (phase-2) 60 d on feed. At the conclusion of each phase, feed samples were collected once daily (1400 h), while fecal samples twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) from each steer during 4 consecutive days. Fecal and feed sample composites were dehydrated (55oC), ground (1 mm), and analyzed to assess DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The 288-h indigestible NDF was used as dietary internal marker to estimate fecal output and used to calculate nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Intake of DM, OM, and fiber components during both digestibility trials were not affected (P ≥ 0.56) by treatments. Steers offered the nutritional packet had increased (P &lt; 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose by at least 2.4, 2.4, 8.3, 10, and 7.5%, respectively, in both digestibility phases. Superior nutrient digestibility without affecting nutrient intake may justify a potential enhanced carcass energy deposition.
PSVIII-2 Hy-D Increases Performance of Grazing Nellore Young Bulls Receiving Protein Supplement in the Growing Phase
Authors: Silveira Melissa Barreto , Mudado Fernanda Simões , Perdigão Alexandre , de Matos Isabelle E , da Silva Aline Gomes , Fernandes Henrique Jorge , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Studies demonstrate the benefits of supplementing 25-OH Vit D3 to bovines, few is known about its effect on performance of grazing animals in tropical conditions. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of 25-OH Vit D3 (Rovimix Hy-D 1.25%, Hy-D) in protein supplement on performance of grazing Nellore steers during the rainy season. Nellore steers (n=50; iBW of 346 ± 5 kg; age, 14 mo) were used. Animals were equally distributed in two paddocks (25 animals each one) of B. brizantha, cv. Marandú (7.0 ha each), equipped with electronic feeders, that allowed assess to individual supplement intake. The treatments consisted of a protein supplement (Fosbovi Proteico 30, DSM, Brazil), with or without the addition of Hy-D, in a dose adjusted to daily intake of 1 mg/animal/d. The experimental period was 99-d. To avoid possible effects of paddocks, groups of animals were rotated among the paddocks weekly. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, animals were weighed after 16h of total fasting. At the end of the trial, blood samples from 15 animals per treatment were collected before fasting, to determine serum concentrations of 25-OH Vit D3. Data were analyzed according to a complete randomized block design. The use of Hy-D (Control vs Hy-D) decreased supplement daily intake (0.753 vs 0.529 kg/d; P&lt; 0.02); did not affected final BW (427 vs 423 kg; P &gt;0.10) or ADG (0.810 vs 0.765 kg/d; P &gt;0.10); and increased the supplementation efficiency (1.166 vs 1.591 kg ADG / kg supplement, P&lt; 0.01) and serum 25-OH Vit D3 (27.3 vs 59.3 ng/mL; P&lt; 0.01). It is known that 25-OH Vit D3 has a positive effect on skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the increased serum 25-OH Vit D3 in the present study points that the greater nutritional efficiency of animal receiving Hy-D could be linked to a greater muscle deposition.
PSVIII-16 Metagenomic Analyses of Microbial and Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes in the Rumen of Holstein Steers Supplemented with Seeds of Pharbitis nil
Authors: Bharanidharan Rajaraman , Byun Jun Suk , Kim Kyoung Hoon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our previous research revealed the effects of dietary supplementation of Pharbitis nil seeds (PA) in improving the ruminal methane reduction and digestibility in Hanwoo steers. The objective of this study was to further investigate the effects of PA supplementation on rumen microbial taxonomy, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthology functional categories and the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Five rumen cannulated Holstein steers (744 ± 35 kg) were fed either basal diet (Control) or basal diet supplemented with PA at 5% dry matter intake (PA5) for two consecutive periods of 40 days in pairwise comparison. Rumen fluid was collected on the last day of each period after 4h of morning feeding. Analysis of rumen microbial metagenome revealed that contigs assigned to taxa Methanobrevibacter millerae decreased (p = 0.090) in PA5 group. Functional annotation of contigs using KEGG database revealed that genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were enriched (p = 0.058) in PA5 group compared with control. CAZyme analysis identified genes that encode glycoside hydrolase (GH) accounted for 63.18% and 65.66% of all CAZymes in control and PA5, respectively. The GH2 family (enriched in oligosaccharide-degrading enzymes) genes were greater (p = 0.090) in PA5 than control. Likewise, the abundance of GH26 and GH53 (endo-hemicellulases), GH5_4 (cellulases), and GH13_36 and GH13_42 (α-amylase) were increased (p &lt; 0.1) in PA5 relatively compared with control. Most of the genes were mainly produced by unclassified contigs followed by Cupriavidus oxalaticus and Prevotella ruminicola 23. De novo assembly and binning recovered a total of 107 metagenome-assembled genomes taxonomically assigned to different bacterial phyla and one archaeal phyla. Of these genomes, 39 represented the uncultivated bacteria and 1 represented Lactobacillus genera. This study revealed that PA supplemented steers had increased GH activity, which encode enzymes that efficiently degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides in the rumen thereby increasing the fiber digestibility.
PSVIII-4 Impact of Different Forage Allowances During the Middle and Late Thirds of Pregnancy of Nellore Dams Pregnant with Female Calves on dam Performance
Authors: Sousa Luciana M , Oliveira Ivanna M , Souza William L , Oliveira Karla A , Cidrini Iorrano A , Nogueira Henrique R , Prados Laura F , Resende Flávio D , Siqueira Gustavo R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of forage allowance (FA) on performance, during pregnancy until weaning, of dams pregnant with Nellore female calves subjected to two different FA during the middle and final thirds of pregnancy. The experiment lasted 390 days, divided into two phases: gestational phase (150 days - from June to November 2019) and nursering phase (240 days - from November/2019 to July/2020). Multiparous Nellore n = 42; initial BW of 425 ± 36 kg and body condition score (BCS) of 3.67 ± 0.23] dams pregnant with female calves were used in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), with the experimental unit being the paddock and six replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted of two different FAs during pregnancy phase: low forage allowance (LFA; 2.80 kg of DM/kg of BW) and high forage allowance (HFA; 7.60 kg DM/kg BW). The dams were kept in an area composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and received a protein supplement (1 g/kg BW/day). In the nursing phase, all animals remained in the same pasture conditions and supplementation (ad libitum mineral salt) until calves were weaned. The data were analyzed using the SAS PROC MIXED. Dams subjected to LFA had reduced BW (-35 kg) and BCS (-0.23) at calving (P&lt; 0.01). All variables measured in the carcass, except marbling score (P=0.33), showed differences (P&lt; 0.01) between treatments at calving, with the least values observed in the animals subjected to LFA. At weaning, dams subjected to LFA had reduced BW (-16 kg; P&lt; 0.01). Dams subjected to LFA, at the level and period evaluated, probably went through feed restriction during the middle and final thirds of gestation, implicating lower performance and deposition of tissues in the pre and post calving until weaning.