bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cornea and conjunctiva
Authors: Kim Soyang Ella , Tuft Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the cornea and conjunctiva. It first discusses corneal anatomy and physiology, corneal nutrition, and conjunctival anatomy and physiology. Next, it outlines history taking for anterior segment disease. It then discusses clinical knowledge areas, including blepharitis, staphylococcal hypersensitivity disorders, dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, cicatrizing conjunctival disease, conjunctival degeneration, conjunctival neoplasia, corneal degeneration, infectious keratitis (bacterial, fungal, and viral), interstitial keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, metabolic and drug-induced keratopathies, corneal dystrophies, contact lenses, corneal ectasia, keratoplasty, anterior uveal tumours, anterior segment trauma, chemical injury, and refractive surgery. Practical skills, such as the removal of a corneal foreign body, and corneal sutures, are also discussed.
Refractive surgery
Authors: Laginaf Masara , Barsam Allon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a perfect optical system, a point source of light is focused onto a single point on the image plane; in the eye, light is focused on the retina. Optical aberrations are caused by imaging system imperfections which cause deviations in the transmission of light, preventing the convergence of light to a single point of focus. In recent years an increased understanding of higher-order wavefront aberrations has allowed improvements in both the measurement and treatment of refractive error. This chapter discusses refractive surgery. It details refractive error, aberrations, and presbyopia, along with preoperative evaluation for refractive surgery, laser refractive surgery, other corneal refractive procedures, refractive lens surgery, intraocular lenses, phakic intraocular lenses, and presbyopia correction.
Vitreoretinal surgery
Authors: Mehat Manjit , Bainbridge James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores vitreoretinal surgery. It starts off with a detailed examination of retinal anatomy, including a discussion of retinal embryology, and then discusses the physiology of the retina. Next, it outlines the clinical skills of posterior segment history taking and examination. It then discusses the use of diagnostic lenses, which enable visualization of the fundus by neutralizing the optical power of the eye (direct lenses) or increasing the refractive power of the eye to create an inverted real image of the fundus anterior to the eye (indirect lenses). It continues with a discussion of the practical skills of optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography, and retinal photocoagulation. The chapter also outlines clinical knowledge areas of vitreous disorders, retinal detachment, peripheral retinal abnormalities, macular surgery, submacular surgery, retinal tumours, choroidal tumours, vitreoretinopathies, and posterior segment trauma.
Microsurgical skills
Authors: Barnett Victoria , Sullivan Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Safe ophthalmic surgery requires the surgeon to have the ability to select the best instruments for a particular task, knowledge of the most effective way of using each instrument, and knowledge of the limitations and side effects of the use of each instrument. This chapter focuses on microsurgical skills. It begins with an introduction to the use of forceps and the way they are used to grasp tissues. It then goes on to discuss toothed forceps, sutures, suturing tissues, and tying a surgeon’s knot. The chapter also presents a number of surgical scenarios, such as suturing a leaking corneal wound, suturing skin during a lateral tarsal strip operation, repairing full-thickness corneal lacerations, and repairing scleral lacerations. It concludes with a discussion of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist and its impact on patient safety.
The physical origin for spatially large scatter of IGM opacity at the end of reionization: The IGM Lyα opacity-galaxy density relation
Authors: Ishimoto Rikako , Kashikawa Nobunari , Kashino Daichi , Ito Kei , Liang Yongming , Cai Zheng , Yoshioka Takehiro , Okoshi Katsuya , Misawa Toru , Onoue Masafusa , Takeda Yoshihiro , Uchiyama Hisakazu 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
The large opacity fluctuations in the z &gt; 5.5 Lyα forest may indicate inhomogeneous progress of reionization. To explain the observed large scatter of the effective Lyα optical depth (τeff) of the intergalactic medium (IGM), fluctuation of UV background (Γ model), or the IGM gas temperature (T model) have been proposed, which predict opposite correlations between τeff and galaxy density. In order to address which model can explain the large scatter of τeff, we search for Lyα emitters (LAEs) around two (J1137+3549 and J1602+4228) quasar sightlines with τeff ∼ 3 and J1630+4012 sightline with τeff ∼ 5.5. Using a narrow-band imaging with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam, we draw LAE density maps to explore their spatial distributions. Overdensities are found within 20 h−1 Mpc of the quasar sightlines in the low-τeff regions, while a deficit of LAEs is found in the high τeff region. Although the τeff of the three quasar sightlines are neither high nor low enough to clearly distinguish the two models, these observed τeff-galaxy density relations all consistently support the Γ model rather than the T model in the three fields, along with the previous studies. The observed overdensities near the low-τeff sightlines may suggest that the relic temperature fluctuation does not affect reionization that much. Otherwise, these overdensities could be attributed to other factors besides the reionization process, such as the nature of LAEs as poor tracers of underlying large-scale structures.
Surge in Incidence and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospital Risk of Death, United States, September 2020 to March 2021
Authors: Patel Bela , Murphy Robert E , Karanth Siddharth , Shiffaraw Salsawit , Peters Richard M , Hohmann Samuel F , Greenberg Raymond S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Studies of the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicate that patient outcomes may be adversely affected by surges. However, the impact on in-hospital mortality during the largest surge to date, September 2020–March 2021, has not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether in-hospital mortality was impacted by the community surge of COVID-19.

Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study of 416 962 adult COVID-19 patients admitted immediately before or during the surge at 229 US academic and 432 community hospitals in the Vizient Clinical Database. The odds ratios (ORs) of death among hospitalized patients during each phase of the surge was compared with the corresponding odds before the surge and adjusted for demographic, comorbidity, hospital characteristic, length of stay, and complication variables.

Results
The unadjusted proportion of deaths among discharged patients was 9% in both the presurge and rising surge stages but rose to 12% during both the peak and declining surge intervals. With the presurge phase defined as the referent, the risk-adjusted ORs (aORs) for the surge periods were rising, 1.14 (1.10–1.19), peak 1.37 (1.32–1.43), and declining, 1.30 (1.25–1.35). The surge rise in-hospital mortality was present in 7 of 9 geographic divisions and greater for community hospitals than for academic centers.

Conclusions
These data support public policies aimed at containing pandemic surges and supporting healthcare delivery during surges.
Long after “People before Highways”: Social Movements and Expert Activism in Greater Boston, 1960–2016
Authors: Porcelli Apollonya Maria , Frickel Scott , Niznik Aaron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study investigates the way local social movements respond to structural transformations in city politics. Drawing from archival research, published scholarship, and 51 in-depth interviews, we characterize the mobilization of experts into social movements in Greater Boston since the 1960s as a long-term shift from “protecting places” to “providing services.” Consonant with a shift from centralized to decentralized municipal government, we show how an initially unified resistance to urban renewal morphed into two diverging and opposing movements. One focused on housing affordability and relied on market-driven tactics; the other sought to enhance the “production of nature” through grassroots community organizing. These findings support two contributions to the scholarship on expert activism by showing that: (1) social movement organizations (SMOs) respond to structural shifts epistemologically, as well as organizationally; and (2) expert activism can alter the conditions and context of knowledge production in neighborhoods and the movements that rise in their defense.
Retained energy in lactating beef cows; effects on maintenance energy requirement and voluntary feed intake
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Holder Amanda L , Gross Megan A , Moehlenpah Alexandra N , Taylor Jared D , Reuter R R , Foote Andrew P , Goad Carla L , Lalman David L 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe objectives of these experiments were to determine the relationship between maintenance requirements and energy partitioned to maternal tissue or milk production in limit-fed Angus cows and to determine the relationship between retained energy during the lactation period to dry-period voluntary forage intake (VDMI). Twenty-four mature fall-calving Angus cows were used in a 79-d study during late lactation to establish daily metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm). Cows were individually fed daily a mixed diet (2.62 Mcal MEl/kg, 18.2% crude protein) to meet energy and protein requirements of 505 kg beef cows producing 8.2 kg milk daily. If cow BW changed by ±9 kg from initial BW, daily feed intake was adjusted to slow BW loss or reduce BW gain. Milk yield and composition were determined on 3 occasions throughout the study. Maintenance was computed as metabolizable energy intake minus retained energy assigned to average daily maternal tissue energy change, average daily milk energy yield, and average daily energy required for pregnancy. After calves were weaned, cows were fed a low-quality grass hay diet (8.2% crude protein, 65% NDF) and VDMI was measured for 21 days. Lactation maintenance energy was 83% the default value recommended by NASEM (2016. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition.) for lactating Angus cows. Increasing lactation-period retained energy (decreasing BW loss and increasing milk energy yield) was associated with lower maintenance energy requirements (P &lt; 0.01; R2 = 0.92). Increased residual daily gain during lactation was associated with lower lactation maintenance energy requirements (P = 0.05; R2 = 0.17). Post-weaning VDMI was not related to late-lactation milk energy production, although sensitive to lactation period BCS and BW loss. These results contradict previous reports, suggesting that maintenance requirements increase with increasing milk yield.
Behavioral economic methods predict future COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Strickland Justin C , Reed Derek D , Dayton Lauren , Johnson Matthew W , Latkin Carl , Schwartz Lindsay P , Hursh Steven R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increasing vaccine utilization is critical for numerous diseases, including COVID-19, necessitating novel methods to forecast uptake. Behavioral economic methods have been developed as rapid, scalable means of identifying mechanisms of health behavior engagement. However, most research using these procedures is cross-sectional and evaluates prediction of behaviors with already well-established repertories. Evaluation of the validity of hypothetical tasks that measure behaviors not yet experienced is important for the use of these procedures in behavioral health. We use vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic to test whether responses regarding a novel, hypothetical behavior (COVID-19 vaccination) are predictive of later real-world response. Participants (N = 333) completed a behavioral economic hypothetical purchase task to evaluate willingness to receive a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine based on efficacy. This was completed in August 2020, before clinical trial data on COVID-19 vaccines. Participants completed follow-up assessments approximately 1 year later when the COVID-19 vaccines were widely available in June 2021 and November 2021 with vaccination status measured. Prediction of vaccination was made based on data collected in August 2020. Vaccine demand was a significant predictor of vaccination after controlling for other significant predictors including political orientation, delay discounting, history of flu vaccination, and a single-item intent to vaccinate. These findings show predictive validity of a behavioral economic procedure explicitly designed to measure a behavior for which a participant has limited-to-no direct prior experience or exposure. Positive correspondence supports the validity of these hypothetical arrangements for predicting vaccination utilization and advances behavioral economic methods.
Involvement of the intrinsic functional network of the red nucleus in complex behavioral processing
Authors: Sung Yul-Wan , Kiyama Sachiko , Choi Uk-Su , Ogawa Seiji 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Previous studies suggested the possibility that the red nucleus (RN) is involved in other cognitive functions than motion per se, even though such functions have yet to be clarified. We investigated the activation of RN during several tasks and its intrinsic functional network associated with social cognition and musical practice. The tasks included finger tapping, n-back, and memory recall tasks. Region of interest for RN was identified through those tasks, anatomical information of RN, and a brain atlas. The intrinsic functional network was identified for RN by an analysis of connectivity between RN and other regions typically involved in seven known resting state functional networks with RN used as the seed region. Association of the RN network with a psychological trait of the interpersonal reactivity index and musical training years revealed subnetworks that included empathy related regions or music practice related regions. These social or highly coordinated motor activity represent the most complex functions ever known to involve the RN, adding further evidence for the multifunctional roles of RN. These discoveries may lead to a new direction of investigations to clarify probable novel roles for RN in high-level human behavior.
Injury severity analysis of electric bike crashes in Changsha, Hunan Province: taking different lighting conditions into consideration
Authors: Hu Lin , Wu Xiaotong , Hu Xinting , Wang Fang , Wu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With the increasing use of electric bikes, electric bike crashes occur frequently. Analysing the influencing factors of electric bike crashes is an effective way to reduce mortality and improve road safety. In this paper, spatial analysis is performed by geographic information system (GIS) to present the hot spots of electric bike crashes during daylight and darkness in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. Based on the Ordered Probit (OP) model, we studied the risk factors that led to different severities of electric bike crashes. The results show that the main influencing variables include age, illegal behaviour, collision type and road factors. During daylight and darkness, elderly electric bike riders over the age of 65 years have a higher probability of fatal crashes. Not following traffic signals and reverse driving are significantly related to the severity of riders' injuries. In darkness, frontal collisions are significant factors causing rider injury. In daylight, more serious crashes will be caused in bend and slope road segments. In darkness, roads with no physically separated bicycle lanes increases the risk of riders being injured. Electric bike crashes are mainly concentrated in the commercial, public service and residential areas in the main urban area. In suburbs at darkness, electric bike riders are more likely to be seriously injured. Adding protection measures, such as improved lighting, non-motorized lane facilities and interventions targeting illegal behaviour in the hot spot areas can effectively reduce the number of electric bike crashes in complex traffic.
A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways
Authors: Alkie Tamiru N , Lopes Sara , Hisanaga Tamiko , Xu Wanhong , Suderman Matthew , Koziuk Janice , Fisher Mathew , Redford Tony , Lung Oliver , Joseph Tomy , Himsworth Chelsea G , Brown Ian H , Bowes Victoria , Lewis Nicola S , Berhane Yohannes 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From 2016 to 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses circulated in Asia, Europe, and Africa, causing waves of infections and the deaths of millions of wild and domestic birds and presenting a zoonotic risk. In late 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from poultry in Canada and also retrospectively from a great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), raising concerns that the spread of these viruses to North America was mediated by migratory wild bird populations. In February and April 2022, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and broiler chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus from bald eagle was genetically related to H5N1 HPAI virus isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, in January 2022. The virus identified from broiler chickens was a reassortant H5N1 HPAI virus with unique constellation genome segments containing PB2 and NP from North American lineage LPAI viruses, and the remaining gene segments were genetically related to the original Newfoundland-like H5N1 HPAI viruses detected in November and December 2021 in Canada. This is the first report of H5 HPAI viruses’ introduction to North America from the Pacific and the North Atlantic-linked flyways and highlights the expanding risk of genetically distinct virus introductions from different geographical locations and the potential for local reassortment with both the American lineage LPAI viruses in wild birds and with both Asian-like and European-like H5 HPAI viruses. We also report the presence of some amino acid substitutions across each segment that might contribute to the replicative efficiency of these viruses in mammalian host, evade adaptive immunity, and pose a potential zoonotic risk.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Authors: Clare Eleni 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a relatively rare autoimmune process that causes demyelination of the central nervous system. This condition primarily affects children under age 10 years and can produce symptoms including fever, vomiting, headaches, and altered mental status. Diagnostic criteria include encephalopathy (behavioral changes or altered mental status not explained by fever) and MRI findings of demyelination during the first 3 months of developing symptoms without subsequent new MRI findings. Patients can have full recovery within days to weeks if recognized and treated promptly. This article describes an ED visit and hospital course for a 3-year-old girl with headaches and fatigue who was diagnosed with and treated for ADEM.
The Use of Virtual Mentoring With Underrepresented Minority Groups in Baccalaureate Programs of Nursing: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Dahlman Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this systematic review is to explore the state of science on virtual mentoring in baccalaureate programs of nursing (BSN) and its impact on recruitment and retention of underrepresented minority (URM) groups.

BACKGROUND
Research shows that URMs have significantly higher attrition rates than other BSN students. Innovative approaches to recruitment and retention through virtual means may increase the diversity of BSN programs and the nursing workforce.

METHOD
Studies in peer-reviewed articles between 2010 and 2021 were selected based on their relevance to the research questions posed. Evidence was summarized.

RESULTS
Although literature validated that virtual mentoring is used with graduate students, few BSN programs use mentoring as a strategy to recruit and retain URMs. None of the studies reviewed used this intervention virtually.

CONCLUSION
Additional research is required to determine if virtual mentoring can be used to recruit and retain URMs.
Diagnostic Outcome of Genetic Testing for Neuromuscular Disorders in a Tertiary Center
Authors: Al Sultani Husam , Hafeez Komal , Shaibani Aziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic testing is an effective and reliable modality in clinical neuromuscular diagnosis. The recent developments in testing methods and increasing reliance on genetic testing in clinical practice require more studies to examine the benefits and advantages of such tests. We examined the results of single-gene sequencing/repeat analysis, panels, and whole-genome sequencing (WES) of 514 tests of 393 patients. All patients were suspected of a neuromuscular disorder and the samples were either WBC or muscle tissue. 28.60% (n.147) of the tests were positive while 23.74% (n.122) were VUS. In single-gene sequencing/repeat analysis, 43.08% were positive, in panels, 23.17% were positive, while 30.00% were positive in WES. Our results showed consistency with current studies and improvement of the utility of genetic testing. Although some obstacles are identified, providing statistical data can support more usage and popularity of genetic testing among physicians and patients.
Long-Term Remission With Low-Dose Rituximab in Myasthenia Gravis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Castiglione Juan I. , Rivero Alberto D. , Barroso Fabio , Brand Patricio , Lautre Andrea , Kohler Alejandro A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objetive:
Rituximab (RTX) is a therapeutic option, for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) not responding to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. In this cohort, we evaluated long-term efficacy of RTX in the treatment of refractory generalized MG.

Methods:
A retrospective study was performed in adult patients with refractory generalized MG and at least 24 months of follow-up, between January/2015 and October/2021. The Myasthenia Gravis Status and Treatment Intensity Score was used to assess outcomes, and CD19/CD20+ B-cell counts were monitored.

Results:
Sixteen patients with MG (8 antiacetylcholine receptor+ and 8 muscle-specific antikinase+; mean age 45.5 ± 16.2 years) treated with low-dose RTX protocols were included. CD19/CD20 levels remained undetectable 12 months after induction, and no new relapses were observed during follow-up.

Conclusions:
Low-dose RTX infusions were sufficient to achieve undetectable CD19/20 cell counts and sustained clinical remission. In low and middle-income countries, the impact of low-dose RTX therapy represents a paradigm shift in decision-making for long-term treatment.