bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence Automate The Generation of Billing Codes From Operative Note Dictations?
Authors: Kim Jun S. , Vivas Andrew , Arvind Varun , Lombardi Joseph , Reidler Jay , Zuckerman Scott L , Lee Nathan J. , Vulapalli Meghana , Geng Eric A , Cho Brian H. , Morizane Kazuaki , Cho Samuel K. , Lehman Ronald A. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Riew Kiehyun Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Study Design Retrospective Cohort Study. Objectives Using natural language processing (NLP) in combination with machine learning on standard operative notes may allow for efficient billing, maximization of collections, and minimization of coder error. This study was conducted as a pilot study to determine if a machine learning algorithm can accurately identify billing Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes on patient operative notes. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of operative notes from patients who underwent elective spine surgery by a single senior surgeon from 9/2015 to 1/2020. Algorithm performance was measured by performing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, calculating the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC). A deep learning NLP algorithm and a Random Forest algorithm were both trained and tested on operative notes to predict CPT codes. CPT codes generated by the billing department were compared to those generated by our model. Results The random forest machine learning model had an AUC of .94 and an AUPRC of .85. The deep learning model had a final AUC of .72 and an AUPRC of .44. The random forest model had a weighted average, class-by-class accuracy of 87%. The LSTM deep learning model had a weighted average, class-by-class accuracy 0f 59%. Conclusions Combining natural language processing with machine learning is a valid approach for automatic generation of CPT billing codes. The random forest machine learning model outperformed the LSTM deep learning model in this case. These models can be used by orthopedic or neurosurgery departments to allow for efficient billing.
Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Return to Sport After Isolated Popliteus Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morrissey Caellagh D. , Knapik Derrick M. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Injuries to the posterolateral corner of the knee are commonly reported in athletes, although the prevalence of isolated injuries to the popliteus in athletes is largely unknown. Purpose: To systematically review the literature to better understand the prevalence, mechanisms, sporting activities, tear characteristics, management, outcomes, and return-to-sport rate and timing in athletes who have sustained isolated popliteus injuries. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, the authors searched the PubMed, OVID, MEDLINE, Biosis Previews, SPORTDiscus, PEDRO, and EMBASE databases for studies from January 1988 to August 2021 on athletes who sustained isolated popliteus injuries during sporting activities. Results: A total of 19 studies consisting of 27 athletes with isolated popliteus injuries sustained during sport were identified. The mean athlete age was 19.9 ± 10.5 years, while 89% (n = 24/27) were male. Traumatic/contact mechanisms were reported in 67% (n = 18/27) of injuries, with American football and soccer being the most common sports. Lateral-sided knee pain was the most frequent complaint, with 85% (n = 23/27) of athletes reporting swelling. Avulsion injuries off the lateral condyle were present in 67% (n = 18/27) of cases. Nonoperative management was performed in 52% (n = 14/27) of athletes. Operative treatment consisted primarily of arthroscopic or open fixation of the osseous fragment. When reported, all athletes successfully returned to sport at a mean of 10.8 ± 8.2 weeks after injury. Conclusion: Isolated injuries to the popliteus remain rarely reported in athletes, and athletes are typically evaluated after they experience forced external rotation of the tibia relative to the femur, present with lateral-sided knee pain and effusion, and undergo a stable ligamentous examination. Injuries occurred primarily in male athletes and were the result of traumatic/contact mechanisms, most commonly involving avulsion injuries off the lateral femoral condyle.
Supportive needs of informal caregivers of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Switzerland: a qualitative study
Authors: Poppe Christopher , Schweikert Kathi , Krones Tanja , Wangmo Tenzin 
Published: February 2022

Objective: This study explores the supportive needs of informal caregivers of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Switzerland. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with nine informal caregivers currently providing care to a person with ALS, 14 bereaved informal caregivers, and 13 healthcare professionals. Interviews were recorded on digital audio and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis within a realist framework. Result: Informal caregivers discussed five themes of support needs relating to being overburdened by administrative demand, in contact with healthcare providers, home support, especially during the terminal phase, and having or lacking social support. Healthcare professionals discussed three themes of support needs of informal caregivers which related to the general institutional support for informal caregivers, their own work as caring for informal caregivers, and the challenges in healthcare for families with ALS they encountered. Significance of results: Informal caregiving for people with ALS can be demanding. This study provides evidence for improvements in supporting informal caregivers. It shows administrative needs of informal caregivers, stresses their needs regarding advance care planning early in the context of ALS, and underlines the importance of social support, be it in peer-groups or community care.
Neutrophil dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Wang Guoshun , Nauseef William M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) figure prominently in host defense against infection and in noninfectious inflammation. Mobilized early in an inflammatory response, PMNs mediate immediate cellular defense against microbes and orchestrate events that culminate in cessation of inflammation and restoration of homeostasis. Failure to terminate the inflammatory response and its causes can fuel exuberant inflammation characteristic of many human diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. CF affects multiple end organs, with persistent bacterial infection and chronic neutrophilic inflammation in airways predominating the clinical picture. To match the diverse microbial challenges that they may encounter, PMNs possess a variety of antimicrobial systems to slow or kill invading microorganisms confined in their phagosomes. Prominent among PMN defense systems is their ability to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent microbicide, by reacting oxidants generated by the NADPH oxidase with myeloperoxidase (MPO) released from azurophilic granules in the presence of chloride (Cl−). Products of the MPO-H2O2-Cl system oxidize susceptible biomolecules and support robust antimicrobial action against many, but not all, potential human pathogens. Underscoring that the MPO-H2O2-Cl system is integral to optimal host defense and proper regulation of inflammation, individuals with defects in any component of this system, as seen in chronic granulomatous disease or MPO deficiency, incur increased rates or severity of infection and signs of dysregulated inflammatory responses. We focus attention in this review on the molecular basis for and the clinical consequences of defects in the MPO-H2O2-Cl system because of the compromised Cl transport seen in CF. We will discuss first how the MPO-H2O2-Cl system in healthy PMNs participates in host defense and resolution of inflammation and then review how a defective MPO-H2O2-Cl system contributes to the increased susceptibility to infection and dysregulated inflammation associated with the clinical manifestations of CF.
DeepWalk based method to predict lncRNA-miRNA associations via lncRNA-miRNA-disease-protein-drug graph
Authors: Yang Long , Li Li-Ping , Yi Hai-Cheng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and have been confirmed to be concerned with various diseases. Largely uncharacterized of the physiological role and functions of lncRNA remains. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are usually 20–24 nucleotides, have several critical regulatory parts in cells. LncRNA can be regarded as a sponge to adsorb miRNA and indirectly regulate transcription and translation. Thus, the identification of lncRNA-miRNA associations is essential and valuable.

Results
In our work, we present DWLMI to infer the potential associations between lncRNAs and miRNAs by representing them as vectors via a lncRNA-miRNA-disease-protein-drug graph. Specifically, DeepWalk can be used to learn the behavior representation of vertices. The methods of fingerprint, k-mer and MeSH descriptors were mainly used to learn the attribute representation of vertices. By combining the above two kinds of information, unknown lncRNA-miRNA associations can be predicted by the random forest classifier. Under the five-fold cross-validation, the proposed DWLMI model obtained an average prediction accuracy of 95.22% with a sensitivity of 94.35% at the AUC of 98.56%.

Conclusions
The experimental results demonstrated that DWLMI can effectively predict the potential lncRNA-miRNA associated pairs, and the results can provide a new insight for related non-coding RNA researchers in the field of combing biology big data with deep learning.
Molecular phylogeography and species distribution modelling evidence of ‘oceanic’ adaptation for Actinidia eriantha with a refugium along the oceanic–continental gradient in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Guo Rui , Zhang Yong-Hua , Zhang Hua-Jie , Landis Jacob B. , Zhang Xu , Wang Heng-Chang , Yao Xiao-Hong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Refugia is considered to be critical for maintaining biodiversity; while discerning the type and pattern of refugia is pivotal for our understanding of evolutionary processes in the context of conservation. Interglacial and glacial refugia have been studied throughout subtropical China. However, studies on refugia along the oceanic–continental gradient have largely been ignored. We used a liana Actinidia eriantha, which occurs across the eastern moist evergreen broad-leaved forests of subtropical China, as a case study to test hypotheses of refugia along the oceanic–continental gradient and ‘oceanic’ adaptation.

Results
The phylogeographic pattern of A. eriantha was explored using a combination of three cpDNA markers and 38 nuclear microsatellite loci, Species distribution modelling and dispersal corridors analysis. Our data showed intermediate levels of genetic diversity [haplotype diversity (hT) = 0.498; unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHE) = 0.510] both at the species and population level. Microsatellite loci revealed five clusters largely corresponding to geographic regions. Coalescent time of cpDNA lineages was dated to the middle Pliocene (ca. 4.03 Ma). Both geographic distance and climate difference have important roles for intraspecific divergence of the species. The Zhejiang-Fujian Hilly Region was demonstrated to be a refugium along the oceanic–continental gradient of the species and fit the ‘refugia in refugia’ pattern. Species distribution modelling analysis indicated that Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (importance of 44%), Temperature Seasonality (29%) and Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (25%) contributed the most to model development. By checking the isolines in the three climate layers, we found that A. eriantha prefer higher precipitation during the coldest quarter, lower seasonal temperature difference and lower mean temperature during the wettest quarter, which correspond to ‘oceanic’ adaptation. Actinidia eriantha expanded to its western distribution range along the dispersal corridor repeatedly during the glacial periods.

Conclusions
Overall, our results provide integrated evidence demonstrating that the Zhejiang-Fujian Hilly Region is a refugium along the oceanic–continental gradient of Actinidia eriantha in subtropical China and that speciation is attributed to ‘oceanic’ adaptation. This study gives a deeper understanding of the refugia in subtropical China and will contribute to the conservation and utilization of kiwifruit wild resources in the context of climate change.
Risk factors associated with intraoperative shivering during caesarean section: a prospective nested case-control study
Authors: Qi Xiaofei , Chen Daili , Li Gehui , Cao Jun , Yan Yuting , Li Zhenzhen , Qiu Feilong , Huang Xiaolei , Li Yuantao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
To study the incidence and risk factors of shivering in pregnant women during cesarean section.

Methods
We performed a prospective nested case-control study involving parturients scheduled for cesarean sections between July 2018 and May 2021. The overall incidence of intraoperative shivering and its potential risk factors were investigated. The potential risk factors evaluated were pain, anxiety, emergency surgery, transfer from the delivery room, epidural labor analgesia, membrane rupture, labor, and the timing of the surgery. Shivering and body temperature at different time points during the cesarean section were also recorded. The selected seven time points were: entering the operating room, post-anesthesia, post-disinfection, post-delivery, post-oxytocin, post additional hysterotonics, and before leaving the operating room.

Results
We analyzed 212 cesarean section parturients. The overall incidence of shivering was 89 (42.0%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that anxiety, emergency delivery, and transfer from the delivery room to the operating room increased the overall shivering incidence (odds ratio = 1.77, 2.90, and 3.83, respectively). The peak shivering incidence occurred after skin disinfection (63, 29.7%), and the lowest body temperature occurred after oxytocin treatment (36.24 ± 0.30 °C). Stratified analysis of surgery origin showed that emergency delivery was a risk factor for shivering (odds ratio = 2.99) in women transferred from the obstetric ward to the operating room.

Conclusion
Shivering occurred frequently during cesarean sections, with the peak incidence occurring after skin disinfection. Anxiety, emergency delivery, and transfer from the delivery room to the operating room increased the risk of shivering development during cesarean sections.

Trial registration
The study protocol was registered online at China Clinical Registration Center (registration number: ChiCTR-ROC-17010532, Registered on 29 January 2017).
Breastfeeding and contraception counseling: a qualitative study
Authors: Pearlman Shapiro Marit , Avila Karina , Levi Erika E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
The objectives of this qualitative study were to better understand women’s experiences regarding contraceptive choice, breastfeeding intentions and the relationship between the two. Women are routinely presented with counseling on breastfeeding and contraception throughout their prenatal and postpartum care, but little is published on patients’ own priorities, desires and experiences of this peripartum counseling. This article aims to address this gap in the literature.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients in the immediate postpartum period. The interview guide explored: 1) timing and content of contraceptive counseling; 2) breastfeeding goals and expectations; 3) reasons for contraceptive choices; and 4) recommendations for counseling. Interview transcripts were coded to identify themes and analyzed.

Results
Twenty interviews were conducted. The participants were reflective of our patient population in the Bronx, with ninety percent using Medicaid for insurance and fifteen percent concerned about food security in the past month, well-validated questions reflective of poverty and socioeconomic status. Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) using contraception was described as a selfish decision by the mother without benefit to the newborn; (2) women felt pressure to breastfeed and saw the inability to breastfeed as a personal failure; and (3) medical providers were viewed as more trustworthy when it came to information regarding breastfeeding as opposed to contraceptive options, where decisions relied on anecdotes from friends or family.

Conclusions
Most decision-making regarding breastfeeding and contraception relied on the personal experiences of the participants and their friends and family. A clear need for support for women who are unable to breastfeed and education about the benefits of contraception for the newborn was identified.
Psychiatric vulnerability and the risk for unintended pregnancies, a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Schonewille N. N. , Rijkers N. , Berenschot A. , Lijmer J. G. , van den Heuvel O. A. , Broekman B. F. P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Unintended pregnancies (UPs) are a global health problem as they contribute to adverse maternal and offspring outcomes, which underscores the need for prevention. As psychiatric vulnerability has previously been linked to sexual risk behavior, planning capacities and compliance with contraception methods, we aim to explore whether it is a risk factor for UPs.

Methods
Electronic databases were searched in November 2020. All articles in English language with data on women with age ≥ 18 with a psychiatric diagnosis at time of conception and reported pregnancy intention were included, irrespective of obstetric outcome (fetal loss, livebirth, or abortion). Studies on women with intellectual disabilities were excluded. We used the National Institutes of Health tool for assessment of bias in individual studies and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation method for assessment of quality of the primary outcome.

Findings
Eleven studies reporting on psychiatric vulnerability and UPs were included. The participants of these studies were diagnosed with mood, anxiety, psychotic, substance use, conduct and eating disorders. The studies that have been conducted show that women with a psychiatric vulnerability (n = 2650) have an overall higher risk of UPs compared to women without a psychiatric vulnerability (n = 16,031) (OR 1.34, CI 1.08–1.67) and an overall weighed prevalence of UPs of 65% (CI 0.43–0.82) (n = 3881).

Interpretation
Studies conducted on psychiatric vulnerability and UPs are sparse and many (common) psychiatric vulnerabilities have not yet been studied in relation to UPs. The quality of the included studies was rated fair to poor due to difficulties with measuring the outcome pregnancy intention (use of various methods of assessment and use of retrospective study designs with risk of bias) and absence of a control group in most of the studies. The findings suggest an increased risk of UPs in women with psychiatric vulnerability. As UPs have important consequences for mother and child, discussing family planning in women with psychiatric vulnerabilities is of utmost importance.
Pregnancy planning and acceptance and maternal psychological distress during pregnancy: results from the National Perinatal Survey, France, 2016
Authors: Moreau Caroline , Bonnet Camille , Beuzelin Maxime , Blondel Béatrice 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Studies report heightened risks of mental health problems among women who experience an unintended pregnancy, but few consider the complexity of pregnancy intentions. In this study, we evaluate how different dimensions of pregnancy intentions (pregnancy planning and pregnancy acceptance) relate to two maternal depressive symptoms and perceived psychological distress.

Methods
This study draws from a cross-sectional national survey conducted in all maternities in France over a one-week period in 2016. All mothers 18 years and older who had a live birth during the study period were invited to participate. After excluding women who underwent infertility treatment, our analytical sample included 10,339 women. We first described levels and correlates of pregnancy planning and acceptance, defined in four categories; planned/welcomed, unplanned/welcomed, planned/unwelcomed, unplanned/unwelcomed. We then assessed the bivariate and multivariate associations between pregnancy planning and acceptance and two outcomes: women’s self-perceived psychological health and the presence of two depressive symptoms during pregnancy. We used multivariate logistic regressions to evaluate these associations, after adjusting for socio-demographic and medical factors.

Results
Altogether 7.5 to 24.1% of mothers perceived their psychological health during pregnancy was poor, according to pregnancy planning and acceptance categories and 10.3 to 22.4% indicated feelings of sadness and loss of interest during pregnancy, according to pregnancy planning and acceptance categories. As compared to women with planned/welcomed pregnancies, the odds of perceived poor psychological health and depressive symptoms were 2.55 times (CI 2.20–2.95) and 1.75 times higher (CI 1.51–2.02), respectively, among unplanned/unwelcomed pregnancies and 2.02 (CI 1.61–2.53) and 2.07 (CI 1.7–2.5) higher, among planned/unwelcomed pregnancies. Among women with unplanned pregnancies, we also found higher odds of perceived poor psychological health among women whose pregnancy was unwelcomed while the odds of depressive symptoms were not different by pregnancy planning status among women with unwelcomed pregnancies.

Conclusions
These findings consolidate previous reports of the association between pregnancy intentions and maternal psychological distress, while further specifying the relationship, which mostly depends on the acceptance of pregnancy timing rather than on pregnancy planning. Identifying women with low pregnancy acceptance can potentially enhance current medical practice by improving early detection of maternal depression.