bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nayak Ullal Anand , Mahmoud Remaz Ahmed , Azzawi Aman Yasser , Althagafi Walaa Essa , Algarni Ahmed Mohammed , Nayak Prathibha Anand 
Published: November 2022

Context:
The COVID-19 epidemic having produced a sudden and dramatic change in teaching and learning approaches, it is imperative to ascertain the effectiveness of these frequently used methods.

Aims:
The present study intends to examine the learning experience of dentistry students during the COVID-19 epidemic and to determine the perception of these students regarding learning.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional survey was done among the students (3rd year through internship) from all the four dental schools in Jeddah using a nonprobability convenience sample approach.

Subjects and Methods:
A Google Form comprising the pilot tested survey questionnaire with open-ended 20 questions in English was distributed to the dental students by personal E-mails or social media/messaging. As per the response, the participants' descriptive statistics were reported in frequencies and percentages.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The Chi-square test was performed to seek for correlations between variables using the (IBM) SPSS software version 22.0.

Results:
A total of 415 dental students across four dental colleges of Jeddah participated in the survey. The most opted virtual platform for carrying out teaching was Zoom (64.58%). Nearly 67.71% of them showed good proficiency in using various electronic devices (P = 0.016). They preferred online video demonstrations of dental procedures over live demonstrations (P = 0.004). Students preferred to work in a simulation setting in a laboratory than working on patients with either nonaerosol producing procedures or with limited patient exposures (P = 0.012). They believed that their confidence level acquired in practical/clinical skills was good (P = 0.022), but the pandemic had negatively affected their personal well-being/career growth (P < 0.001). Furthermore, they agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic would change the future of dental education (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:
The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly changed the way of education and virtual online education has becoming the new norm. The traditional assessment method of focusing solely on examinations needs to be updated.
Ophthalmic Anthropometry Versus Spectacle Frame Measurements
Authors: Kumaran Samuel Livingstone , Periakaruppan Shakthi Pradheepa 
Published: November 2022

Purpose:
Refractive errors among children are on the rise and more children are wearing spectacle correction. Selecting an appropriate frame that conforms to the child's developing facial features is vital for comfortable spectacle wear. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the facial and frame measurements in spectacle-wearing children in southern India.

Materials and Methods:
This observational study included spectacle-wearing children aged 5–17 years. Participants were enrolled from the Paediatric Outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital and across various schools in southern India. The facial and frame measurements such as pupillary distance, crest height (CH), bridge projection, apical radius, distance between rims at 10 mm and 15 mm, frontal angle (FA), splay angle, front to bend, head width, temple width (TW), angle of side and downward angle of drop were measured using Rees Fairbanks facial gauge, head and TW caliper and Association of British dispensing opticians frame rule.

Results:
Hundred and four children participated in the study. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were observed between all facial and frame measurements such as CH, splay and FAs. Bland–Altman plots indicated large mean differences and wide limits of agreement between facial and frame measurements.

Conclusion:
Our study shows a large discrepancy between children's facial measurements and corresponding spectacle frame measurements. Many children were wearing reduced version of adult frames. This study highlights the need for dispensing age-appropriate spectacle frames for children. This may have implications for improved spectacle uptake and compliance.
Challenges and Acceptance of Synchronized e-learning for Undergraduates during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Manjareeka Magna , Kanungo Pratyush Kumar , Mishra Soumya , Mondal Himel , Mishra Jayanti 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Synchronized e-learning has been the savior of the educational system during the current COVID-19 pandemic. As this is newly implemented in lockdown, adaptability by the teachers may face challenges.

Objectives:
We aimed to evaluate the perception and experiences of teachers on online live classes conducted during the pandemic in a health school in the eastern part of India.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional online survey was conducted after getting the approval of the institutional ethics. The survey was conducted with medical, dental, and nursing teachers. The survey was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire was distributed among teachers through Google Forms.

Results:
A total of 130 teachers participated in this survey with a response rate of 63.8%. Among them, 120 (90.2%) were first time taking online classes in their teaching career. Around 78% and 41.5% of the faculties experienced discontinuation of class due to Internet disruption and technical issues, respectively. Around 72.3% of faculties perceived that animations or videos may increase the attention of students. The majority of the teachers (86%) considered the traditional method to be better than online classes and it cannot be a substitute for classroom learning on normal curricular days.

Conclusion:
Due to sudden implementation and resource limitations, many teachers faced challenges in conducting synchronized e-classes. Teachers considered online classes to be learner-centric one with time and place flexibility. Although online classes are not a substitute for traditional classes can enhance each other in the post-pandemic period.
Correlation of Cytokeratin-18 as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Nonobese and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Rasool Abid , Qadir Ajaz , Sahar Tajali , Khan Mushtaq Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

Background:
The evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in absence of obesity and diabetes is not fairly adequate; furthermore, there is not much data on the markers of NAFLD for this patient population, especially in Indian patients. We aimed to evaluate the severity of NAFLD in nonobese and nondiabetic patients and determine the correlation of its severity with cytokeratin-18 (CK-18). We also aimed to analyze the data for correlation between the conventional marker alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cardiovascular surrogate markers carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and CK-18 in adults with NAFLD.

Materials and Methods
This prospective, single-center, and noninterventional study enrolled 200 nonobese, nondiabetic adults with ultrasonography-confirmed NAFLD (presence of any two of the features – increased liver echogenicity with a clear contrast between kidney and liver, clouding of vessels, or deep weakening of the ultrasound signal) and 100 healthy controls and was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, India.

Results
The CK-18 levels progressively increased with the severity of fatty liver, 68.54 (Grade 1), 167.5 (Grade 2), and 324.44 (Grade 3). In patients with Grade 2 and 3 NAFLD, the levels of CK-18 were significantly higher compared to controls as well as Grade 1 (P = 0.00). The correlation between ALT, CIMT (right and left), and CK-18 levels using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that CIMT had a significant (P ≤ 0.0001) and positive correlation with both ALT and CK-18. The CIMT and ALT are highly correlated, whereas the CIMT and CK-18 are moderately correlated.

Conclusion
Apart from ALT, elevated CK-18 in patients with NAFLD appears to be promising as a signal for cardiovascular risk evaluation even in nonobese, nondiabetic adults.
Assessment and Quantification of Homovanillic Acid and Vanillylmandelic Acid in Rodent Urine Samples Using a Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Method
Authors: Bhalchim Vrushali , Undale Vaishali , Shewale Sunil 
Published: November 2022

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to establish a validated analytical method for estimating the biogenic amine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) simultaneously using the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method.

Materials and Methods
For the analysis of VMA and HVA in artificial urine samples, an HPLC method was devised and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Kromasil C8, 5 μm (125 mm × 4.6 mm) column at an ambient temperature of 25°C, with mobile phase combination of acetonitrile: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in ratio of 30:70 v/v at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min using Agilent HPLC system. For the separation of these two metabolites, different mobile phases were used on a trial and error basis. In terms of linearity, accuracy, repeatability, precision, and robustness, the developed technique was validated according to ICH guidelines.

Results
A high-resolution HPLC method was devised for the separation of VMA and HVA. VMA and HVA were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10 to 35 μg/mL, with coefficients of determination (r
2) of 0.955 and 0.963 for both metabolites, respectively. VMA and HVA had detection limits of 1.7 and 1.8 μg/mL, respectively, and quantification limits of 5.2 and 5.3 μg/mL. The results showed a low value of % relative standard deviation for repeatability, intra- and inter-day precision, and robustness studies.

Conclusion
A validated HPLC-UV method was developed for estimating VMA and HVA in urine samples.
Ten Commonly Asked Questions About COVID-19 Vaccines from a Group of the Saudi Population, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh
Authors: Altulaihi Bader A. , Aleraij Sara Mohammed , Salamah Ghalia Mustafa , Alshahrani Turki Mari , Haikel Kholoud Abdulaziz Bin , Alilaj Muath Owaidh , Alzaid Toful Abdullah , Alsaeed Roqaih Raja 
Published: November 2022

Background:
COVID-19 vaccination is the most effective method for stopping the pandemic and preventing the emergence of complications among diseased individuals. Many different vaccines are under observation, and people are highly stressed and confused due to the pandemic state and have lots of unanswered questions in their minds. Therefore, the study aimed to summarize the most commonly asked questions by patients regarding COVID-19 vaccines.

Materials and Methods
All questions related to COVID-19 vaccination asked between April 2021 and May 2021 were collected and the 10 most frequently asked questions were selected. The narrative evaluation was compiled from various sources, including the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and databases such as Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

Results
Most questions were related to the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. While some questions were general, such as the number of doses, side effects, vaccine interchangeability, and requirement of testing before vaccination, other questions were specific to the vaccine safety in persons with autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, organ transplant recipients, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and allergic individuals. The appropriate answers to these questions were validated by different authorized sources mentioned above.

Conclusion
This research outlined the most important aspects of COVID-19 vaccines and clarified several misconceptions raised by the general population.
India's COVID-19 Vaccine Implication on Bangladeshi's Health
Authors: Puri Nancy , Akhouri C. R. 
Published: November 2022

Aim:
The aim of this study is to curb the spread of COVID-19, India, has provided the Made-in-India AstraZeneca vaccine to Bangladesh. This research article will try to explain the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine experience among Bangladeshi citizens.

Methodology:
The article is based on a qualitative research design and the authors have reviewed the related review of literature on the postvaccine experience and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.

Results:
Through review-based literature, it was found that many Bangladeshi citizens including comorbid patients have not suffered any adverse events from the COVID-19 vaccines. Adverse events usually appeared after 12 h and went away within 48 h of vaccination. Most of the Bangladeshi population was satisfied during and after the vaccination program and most of them are recommending the COVID-19 vaccines to others as well.

Conclusion:
India constantly supplied COVID-19 vaccine assistance to Bangladesh and no adverse events from the vaccine were observed among the people.
Impact of Generic Drug User Fee Act and Other Initiatives on Generic Drug Approval Process in the USA
Authors: Singh Rajender , Singh Swati , Kumar Anil , Kulkarni Giriraj T , Thakkar Arti R 
Published: November 2022

Introduction:
Regulations of the drug approval process either new drug or generic has come a long way. Hatch-Waxman Act was one of the most important milestones in the drug regulations history of the USA, followed by various acts such as the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and Generic Drug User Fee Act (GDUFA).

Methods:
In this study, various data related to generic drug submission and approval were evaluated and critically reviewed, specifically impact of GDUFA II.

Results and Discussion:
Although the first 5-year term of GDUFA, i.e., GDUFA I was majorly known for clearing backlog at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), enhancing resources, and putting processes in place, it is the second 5-year term, GDUFA II, which is expected to bring the real benefit to industry in the form of higher-number and faster approvals, including increased first-cycle approvals. Apart from reduction in abbreviated new drug application approval times, more focus has also come on approval of first generic, complex products, increased FDA-Industry meetings to resolve complex matters, and reforms on review of DMFs.

Conclusion:
GDUFA legislation is credited for giving push to the availability of generic drugs by increased competition and it now helps save more than USD 300 Bn annually for the American healthcare system.
Galectin-3 as an early marker of diastolic dysfunction in children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis
Authors: Elsadek Akram , Ibrahim Mohamed , El Fallah Asmaa Adel , Elian Mohamed , Deraz Salem Elsayed 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and Aim :
Diastolic dysfunction is a common finding in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular hemodialysis (HD). Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as an early biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic values in cardiac dysfunction with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. We aimed to assess the correlation between Gal-3 levels and diastolic dysfunction in children with ESRD on regular HD.

Materials and Methods :
Gal-3 levels were assessed in 67 patients on regular HD and 67 healthy controls. Conventional echo-Doppler imaging and tissue-Doppler imaging were done to all patients and control groups. Patients were split into two categories: with or without diastolic dysfunction, based on the early diastolic transmitral velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/E') whether more or less than 15, respectively

Results :
Plasma Gal-3 levels in ng/ml were 16.7 (12.0–22.0) in healthy controls, 15.7 (10.5–22.0) in patients on HD without diastolic dysfunction, and 23.4 (13.4–25.0) in patients on HD with diastolic dysfunction. Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in HD patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). Both uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that low left ventricular Tei index, low early diastolic mitral annular velocity of lateral wall wave, low early diastolic mitral annular velocity of septal wall wave, high septal early diastolic transmitral velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity of lateral wall (E/E') ratio, and high Gal-3 are significant predictors for LVDD in the whole study group. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the Gal-3 and the grade of diastolic dysfunction. The cut of point of diagnostic accuracy of serum Gal-3 in diastolic dysfunction in HD children was 20.12 with a sensitivity of 93.3 and a specificity 78.4.

Conclusions :
Gal-3 is a potential early biomarker that can be used in early diagnosis and grading of diastolic dysfunction in ESRD children on regular HD.
Serosurveillance of hepatitis C Infection among health-care workers in RIMS, Imphal
Authors: Devi Yumlembam Bishwabati , Sumer Olisha , Kongbrailatpam Bidyarani , Kumar Laitonjam Lalit , Debnath Prahllad , Sawian Robertson , Khuraijam Ranjana Devi 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Alarming increase of hepatitis C infection among the general population has put a significant risk among health-care workers (HCWs). This study aims to find the prevalence of hepatitis C infection among HCWs and its importance for surveillance.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C infection among HCWs in a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, RIMS, Imphal, among healthy volunteer HCWs in October 2020 regardless of their COVID-19 status where blood samples were collected and tested for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Merilisa HCV).

Results:
A total of 378 nonconsecutive blood samples were obtained from volunteers aged between 21 and 65 years. The majority of samples were from Imphal West district with a female preponderance of 66.93%. Two positive cases were detected with a prevalence of 0.53% belonging to occupational Category II and III. Maximum prevalence was seen in the age group of 30–39 years, with both positive cases falling in this group. One case was newly detected, while the other was known as a case of hepatitis infection.

Conclusion:
Hepatitis C infection among HCWs is common. Infection control should be prioritized when dealing with patients directly or indirectly. Since no vaccine is available, HCWs require periodic screening. Thus, routine surveillance will help combat such infections among HCWs as a result of occupational exposure.
Time Intensity Curve in Primary Solid Hepatic Lesions: Does it Provide Objectivity to Otherwise Subjective Interpretation?
Authors: Maurya Vinay , Sharma Pankaj , Bhatia Mukul 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Aims and Objectives:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to characterize the primary solid hepatic lesions well and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) further improves the diagnostic yield. However, the interpretation of enhancement pattern of a lesion by visual method or eyeballing is quite subjective and is prone to observer error. Time intensity curve (TIC) which plots the signal intensity values in tumor over time provides objectivity in interpretation of DCE-MRI images. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the pattern of TIC in primary solid hepatic lesions using DCE-MRI.

Method:
All cases found to have solid hepatic lesions on ultrasound from January 2017 to December 2018 were included in the study. These cases were subjected to DCE-MRI.

Results:
Type III-TIC was seen in 30 (93.8%) of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), whereas only 2 (6.2%) of cases showed type II curve with χ
2 = 43.9848, P < 0.01. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) showed type II TIC in 8 (80%) of cases and type III curve in 2 (20%) of cases with χ
2 = 34.0052, P < 0.01. Hemangioma showed type I TIC in 14 (93.3%) of cases and type II curve in 1 (6.7%) of cases with χ
2 = 44.6185, P < 0.01. Cholangiocarcinoma showed type I TIC, χ
2 values could not be determined due to inadequate sample size.

Conclusion:
TIC provides an objectivity by constructing a time vs signal intensity curve and is less prone to observer error. Therefore, it is recommended that TIC be included in the MRI protocol for evaluating solid hepatic lesions.
Effect of video-based information on preoperative State trait anxiety inventory scores in adult patients presenting for elective caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kanyeki Timothy , Mung’ayi Vitalis , Bal Rajpreet , Odaba David 
Published: November 2022

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a common occurrence in patients presenting for surgery with a reported incidence of up to 80%. Increased preoperative anxiety has been associated with increased morbidity. Provision of information relating to surgery and anaesthesia to patients has been proven to have benefit in allaying anxiety. However, the best format of information dissemination remains unknown.
Objective: To determine the effect of video information in addition to the pre-anaesthetic review on the mean preoperative State anxiety inventory (STAI-S) score in adult patients presenting for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUHN), and to determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety in the obstetric population presenting for elective caesarean section at AKUHN.
Methods: Thirty-seven adult patients booked for elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the study arm; a video was shown to the participants in addition to the standard pre-anaesthetic review. In the control arm the participants only had a standard pre-anaesthetic review.
Results: The mean STAI-T score in the sampled population was 45.64 (SD 5.625). The mean baseline STAI-S score was 46.32 (SD 4.911). There was no statistically significant difference in change in STAI score between the video and control arms (p>0.05).
Conclusion: On the basis of this study among this population, there was no benefit demonstrated from the use of an information video about spinal anaesthesia on anxiety levels in obstetric patients presenting for a first time spinal.
Keywords: Video-based information; anxiety inventory scores; elective caesarean section.
Thiol–disulfide balance and trace element levels in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: Basri Savas Hasan , Gunizi Huseyin 
Published: November 2022

Background: The prevalence of allergic diseases is gradually increasing worldwide. The most common such allergic disease is allergic rhinitis (AR).
Objective: The present study investigated the possible relationship between seasonal AR and the thiol-disulfide balance and zinc and copper levels in adult individuals.
Study Design and Methods: 130 male and female adults were included in the study. The participants’ serum thiol-disulfide balance and zinc and copper levels were measured spectrophotometrically using commercial kits. Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05 between the groups.
Results: The serum copper (p = 0.001), native thiol (p = 0.006), reduced thiol (p < 0.001), and thiol oxidation reduction ratio (p < 0.001) levels were significantly lower in the seasonal AR group than in the control group.
Conclusion: In AR patients, the low level of copper, which is an important trace element, the deterioration of the thiol-disulfide balance, which represents a unique indicator of the oxidant-antioxidant balance, the increased disulfide level caused by oxidative stress, and the decreased native thiol level can all serve as important biochemical markers.
Keywords: Seasonal allergic rhinitis; native thiol; disulfide; oxidative stress; copper.