bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological phrasing
Authors: Lahiri Aditi , Plank Frans 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe speech stream is divided up in chunks as it is being planned, delivered, and processed. Focusing on domains at the lower levels of prosodic complexity, in particular that of the phonological word, we trace the history of the scholarly study of prosodic chunking, contrasting two basic approaches. One, prominently espoused in generative grammar, sees prosodic grouping determined by surface-syntactic constituency, directly or mediated through a hierarchy of specifically prosodic units. For the other, with a substantial tradition behind it (here illustrated through a few landmark studies), prosodic grouping is rhythmically motivated, instantiating metrical patterns of prominence alternations rather than being dictated by the groupings of morphology and syntax.
Phonology in the Soviet Union
Authors: Iosad Pavel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers the development of phonological theory in the Soviet Union, both within the context of its origins in the intellectual atmosphere of late 19th- and early 20th-century linguistics in Russia, and within the light of its later separation into two different frameworks, known as the Moscow and Leningrad Schools. It is shown that both approaches are closely related to other varieties of phonological structuralism, notably the Prague School, and share important similarities in how they addressed issues of phonological analysis. In particular, I argue that many of the analytical choices and controversies were shaped in a significant way by the properties of the phonological grammar of Russian, with which both schools were preoccupied.
Government Phonology in historical perspective
Authors: Ritter Nancy A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at the foundations of, and developments within, the phonological research programme known as ‘Government Phonology’ (GP). Government Phonology is an approach that incorporates a system of fixed principles in conjunction with language-specific parameters, which together operate on representations in terms of minimal computation. This approach, which falls in line with the approach of Government-Binding theory in syntax of the time, brings phonology in line with syntax to yield a unified cognitive approach and further captures why phonology is ‘not’ different from syntax. The chapter discusses the seminal works that underlie GP, and, in so doing, points out how GP diverges from earlier rule-based approaches, shifting the onus to fully enriched representations. This would include the crucial role that the melodic content or internal structure of phonological segments plays in terms of building the sound inventory of a language, and in concepts such as, sonority, and in the manner in which certain processes operate, such as vowel harmony.
Optimality Theory
Authors: van Oostendorp Marc 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the mid-1990s, Optimality Theory (OT) was an immediate success within phonological theory. Within a few years, the theory became a lingua franca of phonologists. People would not just work on the theoretical aspects of OT, but also used it to present their results that might also have easily been presented in other frameworks. An unforeseen result of this immense popularity was that the theory had to very rapidly expand its theoretical coverage; and a result of this in turn was that many proposals came on the market to deal with opacity, with faithfulness relations beyond input-output and with language variation and lexical exceptions. If we take all of these proposals, the theory probably overgenerates massively; but that does not take away from its original appeal.
The Measurement of Prisoner Literacy and its Uses
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows how the spread of schemes to instruct prisoners in reading and writing gave rise to statistics on prisoner literacy. This data, initially recorded in prison registers, and publicised by chaplains in their annual reports, came to the attention of educational reformers, who recognised its utility as educational data which could be used to shape policy on education for the masses. The data was interpreted in such a way as to reinforce the importance of a moral—that is, religious—core in popular education. Prison chaplains became central players in this interpretation, and thus contributed to the entrenchment of the ‘religious problem’ in educational policymaking, further delaying the introduction of a national system of elementary education in England.
Neighbours, Distrust, and the State
Authors: Brodie Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
There has been a growing acceptance among historians that significant social and personal tensions and divisions existed even within the apparently homogeneous and solid ‘traditional’ working-class communities in Britain before World War Two. But no work has been undertaken on how any such conflicts and distrust also affected political views—and particularly attitudes held towards external institutions such as the state. A larger role for government, it has continued to be argued, was generally rejected by these communities. This book investigates, across a range of topics, whether it is true that the poor in particular were hostile towards the interventions of the state in Britain in this period. It suggests that the evidence previously used by historians looking at this question painted a somewhat distorted picture of uniformity. There was a far more diverse range of attitudes than realized within these communities. Power differences (including between men and women) and struggles with neighbours or others of the working class were crucial in the development of individuals’ attitudes. Many of the poor wanted authorities to have a larger role, and for there to be greater intervention, in neighbourhoods, institutions, and lives. As well as being a direct challenge to current historical understandings on this topic, this book’s themes have a contemporary political relevance. Many of the points it makes are also important for further challenging the idea, held across much of the political spectrum, that understanding a ‘lost’ solidarity of working-class neighbourhoods is essential to comprehending current political responses in these communities.
Police
Authors: Brodie Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Widespread community hostility towards the police—perhaps the most visible arm of the state—is one of the most entrenched historical ideas about how the working class reacted to the intervention of outsiders. This chapter shows that, in fact, fear of the more powerful and threatening within their own neighbourhoods led many of the poor to support, and want more action from, the police. Previous historical views have largely been based upon what men said and did (particularly those who were coming into conflict with the police) and have largely ignored how the less powerful, such as women and the elderly, felt about the role of these authorities. We should recognize that those in working-class neighbourhoods in this period could be ‘terrorised’ by antisocial behaviour, and want assistance, in just the same way that we might accept now.
Conclusion
Authors: Brodie Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A key theme emphasized throughout the book is that it is vital to recognize power differences within working-class communities when considering diversity in their views, particularly in this case towards the state. Differences in gender, age, or other types of vulnerability (or their feelings of ‘threat’) matter a great deal. We also saw how important it is, with this topic as with others, to look closely at whether historical evidence has been drawn too much from the responses and actions of a particular group. The themes of the book are also connected by a recognition that a less positive view of human nature (and a focus on personal failings—including of those in their own neighbourhood) was—(and still is) very important in the political views of the poorer working class. They also often wanted better provision of state services, rather than a withdrawal of government interference.
The Statute of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organisation: A Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Kolawole Oke Emmanuel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interface between intellectual property and human rights in the African context. This is important because of the African Union (AU) legal order’s emphasis on human rights as encapsulated in Article 3(c) of the AU Constitutive Act. The chapter examines the Statute of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organisation (PAIPO Statute) in light of the potential impact that it could have on human rights to health and education (which are both recognized in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights). It contends that there is a need to incorporate a human rights perspective into the PAIPO Statute by amending its provisions accordingly. Specifically, the provisions of Article 4 of the Statute which outlines the functions of PAIPO needs to be revised to bring it in line with the objectives of the AU and also to avoid any incoherence between the Statute and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
The Quasi-Supranational AU and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Chigara Benedict Abrahamson 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Eurocentric inclinations of international law that lie at the core of its foundations have become a deliberate target of the quasi-supranational African Union (AU) that, unlike its predecessor, the Organisation of African Union (OAU), regards non-compliance with a perceived discriminatory international legal system as a duty. International law’s perceived historic inferiorization of African situations from slavery, colonialism, economic structural adjustment projects sponsored by Bretton Woods institutions, among others, collectively appear to be the main basis of the reactionary attitude of the AU to the International Criminal Court – one of international law’s youngest and most powerful institutions. African Member States Parties of the ICC appear to be asserting that an international legal order that maintains a disdainful look at Africa while its strictures may be under scot-free attack elsewhere is no longer sustainable. By modernizing and transforming their regional organization around the same time that the ICC came into force, discarding the OAU and replacing it with the quasi-supranational AU, African states appear to have been quietly and deliberately readying themselves for the next phase in their own approach to international relations, namely, one that challenges inferiorization of African situations by insisting on the UN value of equality of sovereign independent states.
Land, Property, and Human Rights in AU Law and Policy
Authors: Home Robert 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The importance of land as property and a natural resource is increasingly recognized internationally and in the Banjul Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights. UN-Habitat operates a Global Land Tools Network (GLTN) to improve access to land for the poor and regularization of informal settlements. The AU recognizes the importance of land policy and its legal regulatory framework, for instance in the AU Declaration on Land Issues (2009), and recent judgments of the African Court of Human and Political Rights relate to land in violations of the right to property. Many disputes and conflicts over land in sub-Saharan Africa occur, both between and within states. Land can be a ‘site of struggle’ between elites and the people, and between competing legal systems (such as communal land regimes and land titling programmes advancing de Soto’s support to private property rights). Early determinations by the African Court of Human and Political Rights have supported Indigenous peoples, but implementation is not progressing, both because of opposition by the state and the complex and long-standing nature of the cases. This chapter draws from theories of historic institutionalism. Case law and the importance of group claims to ancestral lands are investigated in the context of an emerging AU law.
Sustainable Development and the AU Legal Order
Authors: Ekhator Eghosa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sustainable development has been at the centre of discourse in the African Union (AU) and its Member States in recent times. Over time, the AU has developed mechanisms on sustainable development including conventions and different policies and programmes. This chapter critically analyses these mechanisms and their possible implications in the development of sustainable development norms in Africa. This chapter argues that the various AU treaties on the environment and initiatives on sustainable development are an integral part of the emergent AU legal order on the continent. This chapter discusses the utility of the African Charter on Human and People’s Right and Agenda 2063 as integral aspects of sustainable development under the AU and hence contributing to the emergent AU legal order. This chapter focuses on the contribution of the African Charter and Agenda 2063 to the development of sustainable development norms under the AU’s framework.
Machiavelli's Broken World
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Machiavelli was painfully aware of living in a disastrous moment of Italy’s history: foreign invasions, occupations, and shattered states. This is a study of his evaluation of the failures of Italy’s political leaders, professional soldiers, and popes—and of the underlying causes of those failures. The first chapter presents Machiavelli’s reactions to Italy’s travails during his years in Florence’s chancery. Chapter two surveys his critique of Italy’s republics and princes. The next two explore the dispatches from Machiavelli’s diplomatic missions (legations) when he observed the self-destructive delusions and ambitions of the would-be prince, Cesare Borgia, and the recklessness of Pope Julius II. Searching for the causes of the dysfunctions of this “broken” political world, Machiavelli focused on the “ambition” and “avarice” of Italy’s elite families. The central fifth chapter analyzes his theorization of this class’s relentless ambition and abuses of power, particularly its preference for extra-constitutional private power through factions that weaken law and governments—what he called corruption. Four chapters examine his understanding of elite politics in the historical context of the Florentine republic: the ambition of elite families leading to competing private factions aiming to control the republic from outside the institutions of government, and eventually to the dominance of the Medici faction, which, after suppressing its rivals, tolerated no dissent and drove all opposition into conspiracy, itself living in fear of conspiracies, real or imagined. The last chapter contends that, for Machiavelli, those who corrupted legal institutions in pursuit of private power represent the most dangerous kind of tyranny, the collective tyranny of the wealthy and powerful.
The Papacy and Julius II
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores Machiavelli’s assessment of the Church’s role in Italy’s troubles. In his major works he outlines the growth of the Church’s political power, scathingly criticizes the papacy for eroding the piety of Italians and keeping Italy disunited, blames Christianity for teaching the passive acceptance of sufferings instead of the vigorous defense of one’s country, and blames Saints Francis and Dominic for teaching that “it is evil to speak evil of evil” and allowing churchmen “to do the worst they can.” Machiavelli praises Roman religion but shows how the nobles manipulated the oath and the auspices to deceive the plebs. Savonarola was learned and virtuous, but misused his political influence. In 1503 Machiavelli witnessed Pope Julius’s destruction of Cesare Borgia and in 1506 accompanied Julius on his seemingly reckless campaign to humble Giampaolo Baglioni of Perugia and remove the Bentivoglio of Bologna. Throughout he emphasizes Julius’s erratic, impulsive, indecisive, choleric, and imperious nature. In 1510 Machiavelli was sent to France to persuade Louis not to pressure Florence to send troops to support French positions in Lombardy. After tense meetings that focused on Julius’s threats against Florence and the danger he represented to peace in Italy, Machiavelli succeeded in persuading the king to drop the demand. Julius’s successes despite his lack of prudence posed theoretical issues that Machiavelli explored in the Ghiribizzi, The Prince, and the Discourses. Ultimately, he portrayed him as the author of Italy’s ruin.
Decision Weights for Experimental Asset Prices Based on Visual Salience
Authors: Bose Devdeepta , Cordes Henning , Nolte Sven , Schneider Judith Christiane , Camerer Colin Farrell 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe apply a machine-learning algorithm, calibrated using general human vision, to predict the visual salience of prices of stock price charts. We hypothesize that the visual salience of adjacent prices increases the decision weights on returns computed from those prices. We analyze the inferred impact of these weights in two experimental studies that use either historical price charts or simpler artificial sequences. We find that decision weights derived from visual salience are associated with experimental investments. The predictability is not subsumed by statistical features and goes beyond established models.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Sources, Detection, and Inoculum Quantification of Flower Blight Pathogens in Macadamia
Authors: Prasannath Kandeeparoopan , Galea Victor J. , Akinsanmi Olufemi A. 
Published: May 2022

Dry flower disease caused by Pestalotiopsis/Neopestalotiopsis spp., green mold caused by Cladosporium spp., and gray mold caused by Botrytis spp., collectively known as flower blight cause significant yield losses in macadamia. Potential sources of inoculum of the various pathogens in macadamia tree canopy were examined using pathogenicity tests and a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay developed in this study. The qPCR assay detected and quantified the relative abundance of the inoculum of flower blight pathogens. The assay revealed that remnant racemes contributed a high amount of inoculum of all the three groups of flower blight pathogens, while the yellow halo leaf spot contributed only Pestalotiopsis/Neopestalotiopsis species. The amount of conidia per gram of remnant racemes ranged from 7 × 103 to 2 × 104 for dry flower disease, 3 × 103 to 1 × 104 for green mold, and 5 to 8 × 103 for gray mold pathogens. Conidia of Pestalotiopsis/Neopestalotiopsis species quantified from leaf spots varied from 1 × 102 to 1 × 103 per cm2. Pathogenicity tests performed on developing racemes under field conditions, using conidial suspensions from both sources of inoculum (remnant racemes and yellow halo leaf spot), resulted in severe flower bight symptoms. Disease severity was not significantly different ( P > 0.05) when remnant racemes were incubated directly with the developing racemes compared with inoculation with conidial suspension from the material. This suggests that racemes from preceding seasons that remain in the tree canopy carryover inoculum between seasons and should be removed as a control option for flower blights in macadamia orchards.
Understanding the Radiation Soaking Effect in Neutron Survey Instruments
Authors: Mozhayev Andrey V. , Piper Roman K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The drift in response of neutron survey meters that employ moderated 3He and BF3 proportional counters has been reported and investigated by instrument calibration laboratories for over 20 y. When within a constant radiation rate field of high intensity, dose rate readings of an instrument may steadily increase with a rate proportional to the field intensity before reaching a relatively stable plateau. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as the radiation soaking effect, has been attributed to the accumulation of charge on insulating surfaces inside the detector. This paper provides results of a study specifically conducted to better understand the effect and, hence, to possibly identify mitigation techniques. The magnitude of the effect in different instruments tested under the same conditions has been assessed, and a reason for the detector response variance has been clearly identified. In addition to measures used in calibration practice to compensate for the radiation soaking effect, a potential method to return an instrument sensitivity to its baseline level is also discussed.
Indications and Results of Emergency Penetrating Keratoplasty With Simultaneous Cataract Surgery (“Triple-PKP à Chaud”)
Authors: Berger Tim , Seitz Berthold , Flockerzi Elias , Suffo Shady , Daas Loay 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the indications and clinical results of emergency penetrating keratoplasty with simultaneous cataract surgery (“Triple-PKP à chaud”).

Methods:
This study included all subjects who underwent Triple-PKP à chaud between 2006 and 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar in Germany. Data obtained from patient records were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:
Triple-PKP à chaud was successfully performed in 27 of 29 eyes with a mean age of 66.0 ± 19.9 years. Previous surgery was performed in 20 eyes (69.0%), most frequently amniotic membrane transplantation in 11 eyes (37.9%) and previous keratoplasty in 9 eyes (31.0%). The most common indication was infectious keratitis (62.1%). In 27 subjects (93.1%), capsulorhexis was performed using the open-sky technique. The most frequent intraoperative complication was positive vitreous pressure (24.1%). In 2 eyes (6.9%), no intraocular lens implantation was performed because of posterior capsule rupture. The preoperative uncorrected visual acuity improved from 2.2 ± 0.6 logMAR (range = 3.0–0.7 logMAR) to 1.3 ± 0.7 logMAR (range = 3.0–0.18 logMAR) postoperatively (P < 0.001). Common postoperative complications were suture loosening (44.4%) and corneal epithelial defects (33.3%). Repeat keratoplasty was necessary in 14 eyes (51.9%), including 9 eyes (64.2%) within 12 months postoperatively. The mean graft survival was 12.2 ± 17.9 months (range = 1–69 mo).

Conclusions:
Triple-PKP is also feasible in emergency conditions. Nevertheless, the surgery is associated with an increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Combined surgery should, therefore, only be performed in severely diseased eyes with progressed stage of cataract.