bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Codification Challenge
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Can we discover and codify the way in which moral and prudential reasons are to be compared? This chapter looks at (i) three original proposals for such codifications (those of Derek Parfit, Joshua Gert, and Dale Dorsey) and (ii) attempts to avoid the codification challenge though the position that our practical reasons are comparable but also uncodifiable. As Gert’s and Dorsey’s proposals have much in common and make concessions to normative pluralism, both are discussed under the label “weak monism.” While both Parfit’s “wide dualism” and weak monism can account for some of the intuitions supporting normative pluralism, it is argued that normative pluralism overall has advantages over these theories. It is furthermore argued that trying to avoid the codification challenge may be the monist’s best route, but it also faces several challenges. Neither particularism nor various forms of Aristotelianism can by themselves guarantee the comparability of moral and prudential reasons.
Stars and Shadows
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stars and Shadows is the first book to provide a comprehensive history of the political significance of interracial friendship in American politics. From Thomas Jefferson’s abrupt connection with Benjamin Banneker to the rich and familiar friendship between Barack Obama and Joe Biden, the book traces the ways in which such friendships have been integral to demonstrating the possibilities—and, at times, shortcomings—of multiracial democracy in America. By invoking less familiar as well as well-covered examples ranging from Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass to Ella Fitzgerald and Marilyn Monroe, Stars and Shadows offers an innovative approach to thinking about the relationship between racial equality, political leadership, and personal friendship. Taking the metaphor of Stars and Shadows from Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, this text exposes the strengths and weaknesses endemic to America’s quest to become a truly egalitarian nation.
Riverside
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From Chicago to Selma to Riverside Church in Harlem, Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. built a friendship dedicated to eradicating racism and the evils of a society premised upon militarism over justice and equality. Their intellectual, political, and ultimately spiritual bond underscored the possibilities for multiracial democracy and human dignity. Their culminating moment was at Riverside Church in 1967, as Dr. King publicly opposed the Vietnam War for the first time, with Heschel at his side. Their prophetic voices remain an inspiration for an American society no longer premised upon racial, religious, or class divisions. Chapter 8 presents the intimate and powerful connection between two prophetic leaders in a defining moment of national reckoning.
Apple Creek
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter probes how people who had been locked in a death struggle for control of the Ohio Valley then lived in peace and friendship as neighbors and explains the factors that contributed to this reconciliation. For that is what happened when, in the aftermath of the American Revolution, Indians and Americans from the Ohio Valley relocated to the vicinity of Apple Creek in what is today Missouri but what was then part of the Spanish colony of Louisiana. There and elsewhere under nominally Spanish rule, they found the common ground that had eluded Boone and his Shawnee adopters in Chillicothe. In an astonishing rapprochement, Shawnee and American refugees, including Boone and his family, now settled harmoniously alongside one another during the 1790s.
The Laws of Neutrality in the Interconnected World
Authors: Nasu Hitoshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The traditional law of neutrality emerged to address the conflicting interests of belligerent and neutral States, particularly during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when maritime transport gained significance to the world’s economies as the means of international commerce. The fundamental principles of impartiality and abstention from assisting belligerents in the prosecution of warfare were developed to balance the right of neutral States to freedom of trade against the right of belligerents to defend themselves against the damage that might arise from such trade. While, since then, the law of neutrality has remained stagnant, the growth in dual-use technologies and various means of transmitting knowledge, goods, and services has created the environment where military operations rely heavily on interconnected infrastructure such as cyber and space assets. Further technological advances in different areas such as 3D printing and nanotechnology are expected to reduce the need to rely on traditional means of transport in order to acquire arms and military equipment. This chapter explores how the competing interests of belligerents and neutral States might play out in the interconnected world by examining four possible scenarios that might unfold in future warfare.
Transatlantic Legal Cooperation and the Future Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Hill Steven 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Written from the perspective of a practitioner in the transatlantic arena, this chapter predicts factors that may develop between now and 2040 that would make legal interoperability, the traditional technique that has been used to manage differing legal views among allies within NATO, more difficult. After setting forth a working definition of that concept and some of the techniques that are used at both the operational and the political levels to manage differences, this chapter applies the principle to three broader policy trends: (1) increasing domestic accountability around use of force decisions; (2) developments in European defense; and (3) divergent transatlantic approaches related to data. For each of these emerging trends, the chapter identifies different ways in which the environment might evolve by 2040 and make some tentative prediction about what these might mean for the law of armed conflict.
Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State
Authors: Perkoski Evan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the split between the Islamic State and Al Qaeda that took place in 2014. It provides an account of how the Islamic State transformed from Jama’at al-Tawhid wa’al-Jihad to Al Qaeda in Iraq to the Islamic State with a focus on the complex intraorganizational politics involved. This is not a typical case of organizational splintering and the goal is not to evaluate the book’s theory and purported mechanisms as in previous chapters. Instead, it demonstrates how factional politics and intragroup dynamics shaped the course of events and, consequently, how the book’s theoretical lens is useful even in ambiguous cases of organizational splintering. From a policy perspective, this chapter also reveals how it was primarily intraorganizational politics, and not counterterrorist interventions by the US and others, that inspired this organizational split.
Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research
Authors: Perkoski Evan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief summary of the book including its theory and main findings. It then turns to the book’s implications for researchers and policymakers. For researchers, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that splinters exhibit common trajectories and universally emerge to spoil peace. They also challenge the overwhelming focus on external events and group characteristics to explain organizational splits, and they suggest focusing more on intragroup politics that provide greater analytic leverage. For policymakers, these findings urge a reconsideration of existing approaches to dividing armed groups as a means of defeating them. Policies to blindly fragment armed groups re uncertain at best and counterproductive at worst. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how this theoretical approach could help explain other outcomes as well, like parent-splinter cooperation and conflict, and splits among other entities like nonviolent resistance groups.
Forcing Reform onto a Two-Party System
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter gives the structure of the rest of the book, puts the Progressive Era into comparative perspective, and gives reasons for the stability of ‘ranked-choice’ systems in other countries (i.e., the Alternative Vote and single transferable vote, or STV). Key themes include America’s relative lack of pre-reform multi-partism, a search for local-level ‘demonstration cases,’ the attractiveness of anti-party advocacy frames, and the STV-specific problem of inter-party preference flows. Key points from subsequent chapters are given.
Party Government and Electoral Reform
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays out the "shifting coalitions" theory of electoral reform and applies it to out-of-sample reform episodes. The key premise is that electoral-system change is about control of government. The motivating model is based on multiple policy dimensions, resulting in a coalition with internal tensions. Reform involves the activation of such tensions. Three reform types result: insulating, realigning, and polarizing. Five bargaining dimensions in reform are laid out: assembly size, district magnitude, ballot type, allocation rule, and rules about nominations. Reforms can be pro- or anti-party, depending on the composition of the reform coalition. In turn, that composition depends partly on the pre-existing number of parties. Finally, reforms shape governance in the medium term by shaping the number of "bargaining units."
Spreading the Reform Template
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reform coalitions can be insulating or realigning (setting aside for now the “polarizing” mode in Chapter 7). Further, they can be pro- or anti-party. This chapter documents reform coalitions in STV-adopting cities, contrasting them with negative cases (STV failures and non-STV reform “victories”). Based on available information, all were of the anti-party-realigning type. None involved a strictly multi-party reform coalition, which explains why STV and other features of the Model City Charter were not revisited. STV found traction in relatively competitive jurisdictions where reformers were able to split the dominant party, then bring it into coalition with the main out-party. Key exceptions are Cleveland and New York City, whose reform coalitions also contained minor parties. Sources of dominant-party disunity include organized labor, targets of ethnic discrimination, and local women’s movements.
Legislative Limbo, Polarizing Repeal
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses roll-call and electoral data to analyze “polarizing” episodes in three key cases. Two of these, Cincinnati and New York City, have been prominent in STV historiography. A third, Worcester (MA), reveals the same basic patterns. Legislative roll rates, transfer-leakage rates, and visual evidence of realignment predict repeal efforts. They also account for passing observations, in STV historiography, about the behavior of key players. Repeal efforts do not succeed when third parties and/or independents offset defections from “good government” parties. A fourth case, Cambridge (MA), does not repeal STV despite experiencing similar levels of transfer leakage. Rather, the “good government” group begins to limit nominations. Anecdotes suggest similar problems in other cities. Nationally, movement leaders and political scientists come to see STV as a problematic way to deliver minority representation.
More Parties or No Parties?
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book and suggests that history is repeating in key ways. Again, STV has intellectual traction because it is compatible with nonpartisanship. Other forms of "ranked-choice voting" are seen as ways to familiarize ranked ballots. These developments are broadly similar to compromises made in 1913. The chapter then uses history to speculate about the future. Non-use of rankings and independents’ poor performance may lead to reduced interest in majority systems. STV may find traction to satisfy independents, as well as proponents of descriptive representation. As for Congress, "shifting coalitions" theory does not suggest an obvious adoption path. Reformers again may seek "demonstration cases" in state and local government. Yet STV may not "work" if the underlying number of parties remains two, if "reform slates" do not limit their nominations, or STV is not modified to promote party competition. Party-list systems are another option, but these have not ever found traction.
Mass Opinion in Context
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of how much Americans know about politics. It provides an overview of the different perspectives, which vary from “Americans know next to nothing” to “Americans are reasonably competent.” It argues that Americans are more competent than they often get credit for. The chapter then moves on to discuss the key dispositions that shape Americans’ political behaviors: policy orientations and partisanship, as well as the interrelationships between them. The chapter then provides some descriptive evidence that demonstrates how the predictive power of partisanship and policy orientations has increased, arguing that heightened elite polarization drives these changes.
Worldwide Changes in the Lives of Children and Youth
Authors: Gielen Uwe P. , Kim Sunghun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdopting a socioecological perspective, this chapter focuses on selected long-term global changes in the lives of children and youth. After comparing children’s lives in small, pedestrian hunter–gatherer groups with those in larger peasant societies and today’s digital information societies, the emphasis shifts to a discussion of children and youth in China and South Korea. There follows a delineation of global trends and the impact of globalization on the lives and identities of children, adolescents, and emerging adults. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child and the ongoing efforts by the United Nations to assess and support worldwide improvements in the lives of children, especially in the poorer countries.
The Pursuit of Honor
Authors: Cross Susan E. , Üskül Ayşe K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhy are people around the world willing to sacrifice for honor? This chapter addresses that question with a focus on the little-researched cultural context of Turkey. When compared to European Americans from northern US states, Turkish people have richer conceptions of the concept of honor, and they perceive that a greater variety of situations are imbued with honor-related implications. They respond to honor-relevant situations with more intense emotions and are more sensitive to sharing content in social media that could lead to shame or disrepute. This research replicates previous findings of the link between honor and aggression, and it showed that honor threats impair goal pursuit more among Turkish participants. Turkish participants react more strongly to a charge that they behaved dishonestly (i.e., an honor threat) than to a charge that they were incompetent, compared to European American participants in northern US states. This research provides an important extension to previous research focused on the southern states in the United States.
Culture and Negotiation Strategy
Authors: Brett Jeanne M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the theory and research linking culture, negotiation strategy, and joint gains. It distinguishes between motivational and behavioral theories of negotiation strategy but concludes that two theories of strategy are functionally equivalent with respect to predicting joint gains as both measure value-claiming and value-creating strategy. It explains how the intersection of cultural levels of trust and tightness–looseness account for cultural differences in the use of negotiation strategy. It concludes, based on a meta-analysis, that value-creating negotiation strategy as conceptualized and measured by motivational or behavioral theory predicts joint gains in Western, but not in non-Western, culture negotiations.
Foresight, Punishment, and Cooperation
Authors: Gavrilets Sergey 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution of social behaviors, norms, and institutions, which are at the core of all human cultures, requires understanding human decision-making processes. Two important characteristics of humans are that people care about future payoffs and that they have the “theory of mind” which allows them to predict to a certain extent the reaction of their social partners to their own actions. In evolutionary game theory, these characteristics can be modeled by a recently introduced strategy update method called foresight. This chapter discusses applications of foresight to several evolutionary games describing the effects of punishment on cooperation in repeated dyadic or group interactions. It is argued that foresight is able to solve both the first and second order free-rider problems, simplifying cooperation and the evolution of social institutions. Moreover, it can maintain social norms. Foresight can also undermine cooperation by allowing for manipulation and tactical deception.
Practicing Peace
Authors: Glas Aarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book offers a comparative regional perspective on the conflictual long peace of Southeast Asia and South America. In South America, despite persistent territorial disputes and regime instability, war has been the exception rather than the rule since the 1940s. In Southeast Asia since the 1960s, war has largely eluded the region’s states, despite territorial disputes and interstate rivalries that remain all but endemic. This book explores and accounts for these realities. It finds that regional interstate relations are shaped by particular habitual dispositions, discrete sets of processual and substantive qualities of relations understood and enacted largely as a matter of course by diplomatic communities of practice. Different habitual dispositions in each case shape conflict management and regionalism in important ways and lead to a tolerance of limited regional violence. The book expands on new developments in social international relations theory to develop a practice-oriented and interpretive account of regional relations, drawing on detailed interviews with regional practitioners. The book centers on exploring the existence of habitual dispositions in each case and tracing their role across crucial cases of regional conflict management, including the Southeast Asian response to the Preah Vihear dispute in 2011 and the South American response to the Cenepa conflict in 1995.
The Space Between
Authors: Maibom Heidi L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Space Between argues that empathy makes us less, not more, biased, contrary to what many seem to think. How? The fact is that a person sits in the center of a web of relationships with her body, her environment, her interests, and other people. These relationships shape how she thinks about herself and the world around her, what she needs, what she wants, and what she values. This is a perspective. We each have one. It represents the significance of the world to us. At the same time, it ignores what matters to others and how or what we are to them. Taking another person’s perspective is a way of reorienting that egocentric image so that it centers on someone else. Relying on empirical evidence from psychology and neuroscience, philosopher Heidi Maibom argues that although a perspective is unique to a person in some ways, it nonetheless possesses characteristics common to all perspectives. This commonality enables us to use our own first-person perspective to represent what matters to others, by imagining that we are at the center of their web of relationships. It also helps reveal who we actually are. It is this form of shifting perspectives that is at the core of impartiality, Maibom argues, and not the cold, scientific eye of so-called objectivity. Why? Because perspectives are ineliminable. A point of view is always a point of view, only an “objective” one leaves out many of the things that matter to human beings.
The Health Harms of Incarceration and Punishment
Authors: Glied Sherry , Judkins Alesha , Lumumba Rukia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents how and why the nation’s incarceration problem is not only a justice problem—it is also a health problem. After a brief statistical review, a dean at NYU/Wagner offers a dire health profile of those who cycle through prisons and jails. A criminal justice reform expert from FWD.us discusses an “incarceration crisis” in Mississippi, where long prison sentences have become the norm. An attorney from the People’s Advocacy Institute explains that the health impacts of the criminal justice system begin long before an individual first comes into contact with law enforcement and continue through incarceration and reentry. The three contributors also identify opportunities to reverse incarceration trends, highlighting the role of education and early intervention, and the need to address the root causes of the health disparities that arise when society sends too many people to prison for too long.
Immigrant Health
Authors: Hall Mark , LeBrón Alana M.W. , Melo Milena A. , Morita Julie , Osoria Mariana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, contributors review the impact of structural inequity and fear on immigrant health. Experts from the University of California, Irvine; Wake Forest University; the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; RWJF; and Family Focus discuss how the health of immigrants and the health of their communities are impacted by racism, inequities, and fear of participating in civic life—especially when people risk being deported and separated from their families. Along with research and data, the contributors offer poignant stories of what it means to live with increased surveillance in Texas, how immigration policies keep people from essential health programs in Illinois, and what the fear of being observed in ordinary activities does to health in North Carolina. The contributors also consider the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on immigrant communities.
The Ideology of Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Ideology of Democratism argues that history’s most vocal champions of democracy from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson to John Rawls put forth an interpretation of democracy that effectively transforms the meaning of “rule by the people” into its opposite. Making use of democratic language and claiming to speak for the people, politicians, philosophers, academics, religious, and many others advocate a more “complete” and “genuine” form of democracy that in practice has little regard for the actual popular will. This way of conceiving of democracy, which constitutes an entire view of life and politics, has been and remains a powerful influence in America and leading Western European nations and their colonial satellites. This book defines and describes the ideology of democratism through a look at some of its major historical contributors, including Rousseau, Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson, Jacques Maritain, Jürgen Habermas, John Rawls, and prominent figures in the George W. Bush administration. The findings of this book suggest that to the great political “isms” of the past two centuries must be added another of equal scope: democratism.