bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivasi Petani dalam UsahataniBawang Putih (Allium sativum) di Kecamatan Tawangmangu, Kabupaten Karanganyar
Authors: Arga Udi , Setyawati Retno , Anantayu Apja 
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis : (1) motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih; (2) faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi petani; (3) hubungan antara faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi dengan motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih. Metode dasar yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan teknik survei. Penentuan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sengaja di Kecamatan Tawangmangu Kabupaten Karanganyar. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling dan responden di ambil sebanyak 50 petani. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi rank spearman ( ) dengan program IBM SPSS Statistics. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) kebutuhan sosial mendominasi tingkat motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih; (2) faktor pembentuk motivasi yaitu umur dalam kategori lansia awal, pendidikan formal rendah, luas lahan tinggi, pendapatan sangat rendah, pengalaman sangat tinggi, lingkungan sosial rendah, lingkungan ekonomi rendah, kelembagaan kelompok tani tinggi, dan dukungan pemerintah/swasta rendah; (3) Terdapat hubungan yang sangat signifikan antara faktor pendapatan, lingkungan sosial, dan lingkungan ekonomi dengan motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor luas lahan, kelembagaan kelompok tani dan dukungan pemerintah/swasta dengan motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor umur, pendidikan dan pengalaman dengan motivasi petani dalam usahatani tanaman bawang putih di Kecamatan Tawangmangu Kabupaten Karanganyar.
Analisis Integrasi Pasar dan Transmisi Harga Gabah di Provinsi Lampung
Authors: Sutisna Adi Destriadi 
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis integrasi pasar dan transmisi harga gabah di Provinsi Lampung. Metode analisis penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis keterpaduan harga melalui pendekatan secara vertikal dengan penggunaan analisis transmisi harga. Penelitian dilakukan di Provinsi Lampung. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer meliputi data harga gabah ditingkat petani dan ditingkat penggilingan sebanyak 47 pada tahun 2018-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat integrasi/keterpaduan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang yang relatif tinggi antara harga gabah ditingkat pabrik penggilingan di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah (konsumen) terhadap harga gabah yang diterima petani padi (produsen). Terdapat integrasi harga jangka pendek antara petani di Lampung Tengah dengan Lampung Timur. Tidak adanya integrasi harga pada jangka pendek di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Namun, terdapat keterpaduan harga gabah pada petani di Lampung Selatan dengan petani Lampung Tengah dalam jangka panjang. Terdapat integrasi/keterkaitan jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang antara petani di Metro dan Tanggamus dengan petani di Lampung Tengah baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Nilai elastisitas transmisi yang dihasilkan sebesar 7,39 lebih dari 1. Sehingga dalam hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemasaran harga gabah di Provinsi Lampung belum efisien dan termasuk dalam jenis pasar persaingan tidak sempurna.
Kontribusi Pelatihan Dasar Fungsional terhadap Peningkatan Kompetensi Penyuluh Pertanian di Provinsi Jambi
Authors: Lindung Lindung 
Published: January 2022

Pelatihan merupakan salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan kompetensi, juga indikator keberhasilan instansi penyelenggara pelatihan seperti Balai Pelatihan Pertanian (BPP) Jambi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tujuan peneliitian ini (1) menganalisis peningkatan kompetensi penyuluh pertanian melalui pelatihan dasar fungsional di BPP Jambi, (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil ujian komprehensif sebagai indikator akhir peningkatan kompetensi. Penelitian menggunakan data primer berupa data pre test dan post test, dailymood, perilaku, kepuasan berlatih, dan hasil ujian komprehensif peserta pelatihan. Responden ditentukan dengan teknik random sampling sebanyak 93 orang dari 183 orang penyuluh pertanian asal Provinsi Jambi yang mengikuti pelatihan dasar fungsional tahun 2018 di BPP Jambi. Analisis normalitas, uji t sampel berpasangan, dan regresi linear digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian. Hasil uji normalitas menunjukkan data menyebar normal. Hasil uji t mengindikasikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nyata antara nilai pre test dan post test, perbedaan nyata antara nilai perilaku awal, tengah, dan akhir, antara dailymood, kepuasan berlatih, perilaku, post test, dan ujian komprehensif. Hasil uji F menunjukan secara bersama faktor-faktor dailymood, perilaku, dan kepuasan berlatih berpengaruh terhadap ujian komprehensif. Secara parsial dari ujit t, hanya faktor perilaku yang berpengaruh nyata. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mampu memberikan kontribusi dalam meningkatkan kompetensi penyuluh pertanian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperlukan lagi penelitian lanjutan mengenai dampak pelatihan terhadap motivasi dan kinerja dari penyuluh pertanian.
Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penggelapan Berdasarkan Pasal 372 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana
Authors: Nusantara Hari Ulta 
Published: January 2022

Salah satu bentuk tindak pidana yang banyak terjadi di dalam masyarakat adalah tindak pidana penggelapan yang berhubungan dengan masalah moral ataupun mental dan suatu kepercayaan atas kejujuran seseorang sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 372 KUHP. Faktor penyebab pelaku melakukan tindak pidana penggelapan Pasal 372 KUHP tentang Penggelapan karena terdesak masalah kebutuhan ekonomi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, dikarenakan perbuatan pelaku tindak pidana penggelapan mampu membuat orang bertindak diluar batas yakni seseorang mampu berbuat kejahatan hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Selain itu pula faktor kesempatan karena niat jahat lebih besar. Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penggelapan Berdasarkan Pasal 372 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana tentang Penggelapan adalah perbuatan terdakwa secara sah dan meyakinkan telah melakukan tindak dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum memiliki barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah kepunyaan orang lain, tetapi yang ada dalam kekuasaannya bukan karena kejahatan sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 372 KUHP.
Selling Sustainability
Authors: Nalliah Maya , Smith Jaylan 
Published: January 2022

This study aims to evaluate the qualities required for sustainable clothing brands to succeed in an industry dominated by "fast fashion," an environmentally unfriendly manufacturing and distribution process. A number of cross-industry case studies were conducted, focusing on companies with sustainability built into their business models from several verticals. Our analysis found that the main reason for these businesses’ commercial success was not the fact that they were sustainable, but that they brought an innovative and marketable product that helped consumers. Their sustainability was not a selling point; instead, their products' benefits were, and we believe that sustainable businesses fail to do so. By marketing "coolness," the health benefits, luxury appeal, and clothing quality of Whole Foods Market, Tesla, and Patagonia allowed these brands to build extremely successful businesses, with sustainability benefits tacked on as a very positive externality. Generalizing, we claim that a sustainable fashion brand must be inexpensive, marketable, innovative, and profitable to find success in the fashion industry. We concluded that fashion companies should use advanced technology such as blockchain technology and biomimicry to create sustainable products that are appealing to the masses, mirroring the case studies above by providing outsized environmental benefits.
ارض مقدسہ کے قرآنی آثار اور مولانا ڈاکٹر سیدشیر علی شاہ مدنیؒ کے مشاہدات کا مطالعہ
Authors: Khan Imtiaz ali , Khan Saeed ur Rahman 
Published: January 2022

Ardhe-e-Quran (The Land and Nation in the Quran) is one of the major parts of Quranic studies which means the description of those lands or nations in the Quran which have been traveled and observed. The Shariah scholars of the Muslim world whether classical or contemporary have made these observations of “Ardhe-e-Quran”. In this regard, the scholars of India have also made a significant contribution. Travel of the pass-outs of Jamia Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania to these places and cities is also a part of this series. Especially Maulana Sher Ali Shah has lived in Arab countries and then he has made a regular journey to these places mentioned in the Qur'an. He observed Qur'anic places from Baitullah to Baitul Muqaddas.His travelogues, especially regarding Syria, contain useful information. The land of Syria is the blessed land, here is Jerusalem, in which Allah Almighty has created spiritual and spiritual charm when Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah visited this blessed city. He toured the city and observed the Quranic places. Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah went on Hajj by land on foot in 1966. After receiving permission from the embassies of Iran, Jordan, and Iraq, he reached Haramain on his way. After entering Iraq on January 2, 1967, he arrived in Baghdad, stayed there, and toured historical sites, then went to Jerusalem and observed the holy places there.
The golden impressions of this journey, the observations of the historical places and the details of Hajj he has written under the title of “Chand din Masjid Aqsa ki Fidhaon me (A few days in spiritual surroundings of Al-Aqsa Mosque)" and "In the luminous surroundings of the Harmain". In these journeys, He also observed the land of the Qur'an and the holy places, besides ancient libraries and Makhtootat.
Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon and Mufti Bakht Shaid have written a two-volume book on the life and services of Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani entitled "Maulana Sher Ali Madani: Life and services”. In this book, Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon has written a separate chapter on the “Observations and research on Ardh-e-Quran by Dr. Sher Ali Shah”. In which Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani has given a detailed discussion on these observations. In this regard, the researcher has intended to enlighten his analytical study on the topic of Ardh-e-Quran.
Brief Answer to the Big Questions میں تخلیق کائنات کے ملحدانہ دلائل کا تنقیدی جائزہ
Authors: Salman Muhammad Salman Mir , Khan Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Sajjad 
Published: January 2022

Atheism is a major topic of discussion in modern time. Critical study of Contemporary atheist literature is a bona-fide task for the emerging researchers for the decontamination of Muslim youth. On the basis of Rationality, Empiricism and critical thinking, brains are draining toward the realm of non-religions. Every person born on the nature of Islam but onward adopt the prevailing doctrines. In the past century an overwhelming critique has been put in academic field by the new atheists in favouring atheism in masquerading by science.
Science has nothing to do with supernatural or metaphysical phenomena. Atheism is being attributed to modernity. Considering overwhelming scientific attacks by contemporary atheist, it is the need of the hour to tackle account seriously and use Islamic doctrine to cope the penetrating insurgency of atheist through in Islamic world.
Stephen hawking (late) is a famous theoretical physicist and has imparted a valuable influential thoughts regarding origin of time, origin of universe and other hot cosmological and physical issues. Brief answers to the big questions are his last compilation. He argues that for interpretation of origin of Universe nothing has to be with personal God. Instead of attributing God, he attributes the laws of nature for the origin of universe. He argues that it was “time” that causes the universe to begin. He mixed up mythical accounts with the creation accounts as described by the revelation of different religions.
In first chapter, he focused on the question: Is there a God? He deliberately asked the question and mentioned that science has the capacity to answer that very question. He argues that before creation of universe God does not have “time” to initiate or trigger and creation process and hence God does not exit. Hawking arguments regarding origin of Universe and existence of God has been critically analysed.
Distance Lends Enchantment: Research challenges and opportunities in a remote area
Authors: McVeagh Janine 
Published: January 2022

I am a writer who has lived in rural Hokianga in the Far North of New Zealand for over thirty years. My published work ranges from short articles and fiction for children and adults to longer commissioned non-fiction books and junior novels in English as well as collaboration in readers and radio plays in te reo Maori. The following attempts to show how I developed some useful techniques of non-fiction research and writing without access to libraries or other research facilities.
J.M. Coetzee’s allegory of writing in Life and Times of Michael K: Politics and the writer’s responsibility
Authors: Freiman Marcelle 
Published: January 2022

The writer’s relationship to the physical environment, politics and history of his country is crucial in shaping the formations of his writing and his identity as a writer. J.M. Coetzee’s novel Life and Times of Michael K (1983), like his other novels set in South Africa, presents events of history in the form of allegory in order to focus on some of these issues. In this story of a homeless man in search of a place to live in a society that overtly excludes him, the protagonist’s search for a place to cultivate the land is linked with the question of individual creativity and storytelling in the context of apartheid South Africa in the 1970s and 80s. According to Edward Said, ’texts have ways of existing that even in their most rarefied form are always enmeshed in circumstance, time, place, and society - in short, they are in the world, and hence worldly’ (Said 1983: 35). Coetzee’s novel embodies an awareness of issues of the power and representation in writing and of the moral dilemmas faced by a writer in his participation in discourse creation.
Nationwide CoViD-19 lockdown impact on air quality in India
Authors: NIVDANGE SANDIP , Jena Chinmay , Pawar Pooja 
Published: January 2022

This paper discusses the comparative results of surface and satellite measurements made during the Phase1 (25 March to 14 April), Phase2 (15 April to 3 May) and Phase3 (3 May to 17May) of Covid-19 imposed lockdown periods of 2020 and those of the same locations and periods during 2019 over India. These comparative analyses are performed for Indian states and Tier 1 megacities where economic activities have been severely affected with the nationwide lockdown. The focus is on changes in the surface concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5 and PM10, Ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and retrieved columnar NO2 from TROPOMI and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from MODIS satellite. Surface concentrations of PM2.5 were reduced by 30.59%, 31.64% and 37.06%, PM10 by 40.64%, 44.95% and 46.58%, SO2 by 16.73%, 12.13% and 6.71%, columnar NO2 by 46.34%, 45.82% and 39.58% and CO by 45.08%, 41.51% and 60.45% during lockdown periods of Phase1, Phase2 and Phase3 respectively as compared to those of 2019 periods over India. During 1st phase of lockdown, model simulated PM2.5 shows overestimations to those of observed PM2.5 mass concentrations. The model underestimates the PM2.5 to those of without reduction before lockdown and 1st phase of lockdown periods. The reduction in emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO and columnar NO2 are discussed with the surface transportation mobility maps during the study periods. Reduction in the emissions based on the observed reduction in the surface mobility data, the model showed excellent skills in capturing the observed PM2.5 concentrations. Nevertheless, during the 1st & 3rd phases of lockdown periods AOD reduced by 5 to 40%. Surface O3 was increased by 1.52% and 5.91% during 1st and 3rd Phases of lockdown periods respectively, while decreased by -8.29% during 2nd Phase of lockdown period.
Trend assessment in climate variable by Mann Kendall test of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh
Authors: KHAVSE RAJESH , CHAUDHARY J.L. 
Published: January 2022

Climate change is a natural phenomenon but in present decades its variability of change mainly due to anthropogenic activities is alarming. Agriculture of Chhattisgarh state is mainly dependant on monsoon rain and its distribution. Considering this fact, the present study has been tried to analyze the most important climatic variables, viz., precipitation and temeperature for analyzing their trend in the area. The trends of maximum atmospheric temperature, rainfall and rainy days are analysed statistically for meteorological data of Jagdalpur station of Bastar district, over last three decades stretching between years 1980 to 2014. The long term change in temperature, rainfall and rainy days has been analysed by correlation and linear trend analysis. The annual MMAX temperature has decreased at a rate of -0.465 °C per year during this period at Jagdalpur station and decreasing trend for rainy days during monsoonal season (June to September) is also found and is confirmed by Mann-Kendall trend test. Very weak increasing trend is observed in total month rainfall (TMRF) during season June to September. There are decreasing trends of mean monthly rainfall and south west (June - September) rainfall observed in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The agricultural planning and utilization of water is dependent on monsoon rainfall and more than 75% of rainfall occurring during the monsoon season is uneven both in time and space. Therefore its analysis is important for crop planning.
Variability of CPT and tropopause characteristics over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: DALABEEH FALAHAL 
Published: January 2022

. The climatology of the cold-point tropopause (CPT) and tropopause characteristics in a subtropical area like The Arabian Peninsula is examined using the radiosonde data of the CPT characteristics and NCEP Reanalysis data of the tropopause characteristics. The monthly mean data for January and July are analyzed for three stations, namely Medina, Tabuk and Dammam in Saudi Arabia. The trends of CPT and tropopause characteristics of pressure, height, temperature, temperature anomalies, relative humidity, wind speed and potential temperature are also analyzed. The trends of these characteristics show that they experienced a sharp change during the 1990s and a significant change for the period from 2000 to 2016. For the whole period of study, the month of July, CPT and tropopause pressure decreased for about 5 hPa, whereas the height increased for more than 100 m. The temperature experienced a sudden drop during the beginning of the 1990s and a smooth decrease during the following years in January. Furthermore, a strong correlation is found between the CPT temperature and the Solar Cycle during the ‘90s period then it decreased sharply after this period.
Teori Belajar dalam Alam Pikir Ali Ahmad Madkur
Authors: Najili Hakin , Supriyadi Asep , Mustafa Izzuddin 
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang teori belajar dalam alam pikir Ali Ahmad Madkur. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode atau pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemikiran Ali Ahmad madkur tentang teori belajar berbeda dengan konsep teori belajar barat. Perbedaan tersebut terdapat dalam beberapa aspek. Pertama, konsep pembelajaran dalam kurikulum pendidikan Islam yaitu perilaku manusia dimulai dengan motif dari naluri manusia dan kebutuhan bawaan atau tindakan, atau dari perasaan, hati nurani, niat, dan kehendak bebas, atau dimotivasi oleh keyakinan, prinsip, filosofi, dan orientasi perilakunya. Kedua, sumber dan perangkat pembelajaran yaitu sumber pembelajaran dalam pendidikan Islam adalah wahyu yang terdiri dari Al-Qur’an dan hadits dan sumber yang lainnya adalah kaun (alam semesta). Sedangkan untuk sarana belajar adalah (a) Mengambil pelajaran dari bahasa manusia; (b) Pengalaman langsung yang disebut metode pembelajaran bawaan, yang dipelajari seseorang melalui tindakan, pengamatan, dan penggunaan indra. (c) Proses berfikir ; (d) Ilham. Ketiga, tujuan ilmu adalah tujuan ilmu dalam pendidikan islam adalah untuk beramal (aktivitas). Keempat, klasifikasi situasi belajar adalah ranah belajar Pendidikan Islam adalah mencakup keseluruhan aspek Kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik. Kelima, Stabilitas atau perubahan Pengetahuan adalah pengetahuan akan terus berubah, namun yang tidak berubah adalah hakikat kebenaran, standar, nilai, dan prinsip ilahi, apakah itu yang disebutkan dalam Al-Qur'an atau diucapkan secara lisan Rasul SAW.
Kiến thức và thực hành tự chăm sóc của người bệnh suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới mạn tính điều trị tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Thái Bình
Authors: Ngô Huy Hoàng , Hà Thị Thanh Thủy 
Published: January 2022

Mục tiêu: Mô tả thực trạng kiến thức tự chăm sóc của người bệnh suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới mạn tính tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Thái Bình năm 2020.
Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang sử dụng bộ câu hỏi tự điền để thu thập số liệu từ 81 người bệnh suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới mạn tính điều trị tại Trung tâm Tim mạch - Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Thái Bình trong thời gian từ 01/05/2020 đến 30/06/2020.
Kết quả: Đa sốngười bệnh (75,3% - 97,5%) nhận biết được các biểu hiện lâm sàng đặc trưng của suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới. Tỷ lệ người bệnh nhận thức đúng về chế độ làm việc và sinh hoạt là yếu tố nguy cơ, sử dụng thuốc điều trị củng cố, tự theo dõi bệnh và tái khám lần lượt là 80,2%; 81,5% và 82,7%. Về thực hành, 67,9% và 29,6% người bệnh đã tái khám khi thấy bất thường và tái khám theo hẹn; 64,2% và 33,3% người bệnh đã thực hiện đầy đủ và đúng một phần việc duy trì tư thế. Chỉ có 14,8% người bệnh biết được phù chân là một biểu hiện của suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới; 10% trả lời đúng hoàn toàn các kiến thức về điều chỉnh lối sống và chế độ sinh hoạt; 18,5% mang tất áp lực trên 16 tiếng mỗi ngày, 2,5% từng bỏ hẹn tái khám và chưa thực hiện điều chỉnh tư thế phù hợp với suy tĩnh mạch chi dưới.
Kết luận: Nghiên cứu cho thấy bên cạnh những nội dung tự chăm sóc đã được nhiều người bệnh biết và thực hiện, vẫn còn những nội dung tự chăm sóc quan trọng chưa được nhiều người bệnh biết hoặc thực hiện đầy đủ.
Kết quả chăm sóc và phục hồi chức năng cho người bệnh thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống thắt lưng tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Hậu Giang
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Thanh , Đỗ Đào Vũ 
Published: January 2022

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá kết quả chăm sóc, phục hồi chức năng trên người bệnh thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống thắt lưng và phân tích một số yếu tố liên quan đến kết quả chăm sóc.
Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang tiến cứu trên 161 người bệnh được chẩn đoán xác định thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống thắt lưng đang điều trị nội trú tại Khoa Y học cổ truyền - Vật lý trị liệu - Phục hồi chức năng Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Hậu Giang trong thời gian từ tháng 01/11/2020 đến 30/4/2021.
Kết quả: Sau điều trị, chăm sóc và phục hồi chức năng người bệnh cải thiện về mức độ đau thắt lưng, độ giãn cột sống thắt lưng, mức độ chèn ép rễ thần kinh, tầm vận động cột sống thắt lưng, chức năng sinh hoạt hàng ngày của người bệnh. Các hoạt động chăm sóc của điều dưỡng được đánh giá khá tốt; 73,9% người bệnh đánh giá công tác chăm sóc chung của điều dưỡng ở mức tốt; 83,2% người bệnh đạt kết quả điều trị tốt. Yếu tố liên quan đến kết quả chăm sóc người bệnh là chỉ số khối cơ thể (OR=2,393, 95%CI (1,00-6,19)) và số lần nhập viện (OR=2,48, 95%CI (1,01-5,90)).
Kết luận: Chăm sóc điều dưỡng và phục hồi chức năng cho người bệnh thoát vị đĩa đệm tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa tỉnh Hậu Giang đã cải thiện rõ rệt các triệu chứng của thoát vị đĩa đệm và được đa số người bệnh đánh giá tốt. Cần chú trọng hơn với những người bệnh thừa cân và người bệnh nhập viện lần đầu.