bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-B-10 Feeding Senior Labrador Retrievers Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Isolate to Prevent Sarcopenia
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Adams Heather A , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Conditions which affect humans are often closely followed by our companion animals, especially in aging populations. Canines often present with muscle wasting diseases such as sarcopenia and cachexia as a result of aging or chronic disease. In this 26wk study, our goal was to evaluate the effects of feeding 1.5x AAFCO CP from whey protein isolate and a pea isolate compared to feeding senior dogs a standard AAFCO CP diet (45g CP/1000 kcal DM) on body composition in exercised senior Labrador Retrievers. Thirty-six (36) Labrador Retrievers (18m/18f; 8-12yrs) were sorted into three equal groups and fed basal AAFCO diet plus hydrolyzed whey isolate, pea isolate, or added fat and sugar (control). All dogs ran 1.6km run twice weekly throughout the trial. Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at Weeks 0, 12, 20, and 26. All dogs were weighed weekly and feed intake measured daily. Body weights and feed intake were similar between groups. Whey group gained 1.69% fat and 0.6kg fat mass compared to control group gaining 7.97% fat and 3.05kg fat mass (p=0.045; p=0.005). From Wk0 to Wk26, whey group lost only 0.38kg lean/fat ratio compared to control group’s -1.75kg loss (p=0.021). From Wk12 to Wk26 and Wk18 to Wk26, whey group maintained a higher lean:fat ratio compared to pea and control group (p=0.101; p=0.049). Based on these results, senior Labrador Retrievers fed 1.5x AAFCO CP from basal plus hydrolyzed whey protein isolate during an exercise regimen maintained higher lean:fat ratio compared to seniors fed basal plus pea protein and seniors fed only basal. Senior dogs fed hydrolyzed whey protein isolate also had increased fat loss vs seniors consuming only the basal diet.
PSXIII-20 Study of Brachiaria Genotype Resistance to Pasture Leafhoppers Attack
Authors: Andrade Jordana , Mendonca Filipe , Gonçalves Mailza , Silva Ana Carolinne , Garcia Matheus , Ventorin Joao , Barbero Leandro 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genetic improvement of forage plants aims, in addition to increasing productivity, to develop hybrids that are more resistant to pest attacks. The objective of this work was to analyze the resistance to leafhoppers of hybrids of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu with codes (152, 153, 154, 155 and 156). The experiment was conducted at the "Capim Branco experimental farm" of the Federal University of Uberlândia, in a completely randomized design (CRD), from April 2017 to March 2019. All evaluations were performed during the rainy seasons, every 28 days or weekly, depending on the incidence of attacks. Moreover, at the end of the dry season just after the first rain, the evaluations were evaluated again. The evaluation of nymphs was carried out by counting the number of foam masses using a quadrilateral of 50 cm as a sampling unit, with four random points being sampled per plot. For adults, an entomological net with a diameter of 40 cm was used, with four samples at random per plot, 10 of which were collected at each point. Analysis of Variance was performed in order to verify the significance of the treatments using the Snedecor test, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) mean comparison test (SAS®). According to the results of ANOVA and the SNK for an adult variable, the average of adults on hibrids 152 (2.00), 153 (1.05), 154 (1.05), 155 (1.25), 156 (1.25) and Marandu (0.86) were statistically equivalent. Hybrid 156 had the highest average (3.07), thereby being less efficient than the others. For the variable nymphs, the means were 152 (0.48), 153 (1.11), 154 (0.67), 155 (1.01), 156 (1.38) and Marandu (1.16), being statistically equivalent.
PSXIII-B-14 Investigation of the Blood Transcriptome of Young Healthy Pigs to Identify Genetic Indicators for Disease Resilience
Authors: Lim Kyu-Sang , Cheng Jian , Tuggle Christopher K , Dyck Michael , Canada PigGen , Fortin Frederic , Harding John , Plastow Graham , Dekkers Jack C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic control of the blood transcriptome of young healthy pigs (~27 days of age) to identify genetic indicators for disease resilience. We estimated the heritability of the expression of 16,545 genes and their genetic correlations with 26 measures of performance and resilience before and after exposure to a natural polymicrobial disease challenge. Weaned barrows (n=3,205, Yorkshire*Landrace, 50 batches) from healthy multiplier farms were evaluated for disease resilience in an experimental facility consisting of a high-health quarantine nursery and a challenge nursery and finisher. All pigs were genotyped with a 650k array. Blood samples collected on 1,591 pigs in the quarantine nursery were used for 3’mRNA sequencing and analysis of white blood cell (WBC) counts. Heritability of gene expression was estimated using mixed linear models with (WI) or without (WO) accounting for WBC. The number of genes with significantly heritable expression levels (p&lt; 0.05) was similar for the WI (4,994) and WO models (5,515). Genes with heritable expression levels were significantly enriched for biological processes such as cell activation, immune system process, stress response, and leukocyte activation (q&lt; 1.0×10-7). One genomic region with heritable expression levels, based on average heritability estimates of genes in windows of 0.5Mb, overlapped with the major histocompatibility complex. Significant genetic correlations (p&lt; 0.05) were observed with all recorded phenotypes but not beyond expected false discovery rates (FDR). However, enrichment analysis of genes ranked by estimates of genetic correlations with recorded phenotypes revealed 7 significant GO biological processes (FDR&lt; 0.05), of which 5 were related to innate and/or adaptive immunity. These results suggest that expression levels in blood of young healthy pigs for genes in specific biological pathways have potential as indicator traits to select for disease resilience. Funding from USDA-NIFA #2017-67007-26144, Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, and PigGen Canada.
PSXIV-18 Fecal dry-Matter Output Determination from Irregular Marker Doses
Authors: Moffet Corey A , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Automated head chamber systems (AHCS) configured to offer known quantities of feed to individual animals may potentially be used to dose animals with an indigestible marker. Fecal marker analysis commonly assumes steady-state fecal concentration represented by average measured concentration. Due to irregular voluntary use of an AHCS, it’s not likely steady-state fecal concentrations would be achieved. Our objective was to determine whether steady-state assumptions could be relaxed and fit measured concentrations to multi-dose digesta kinetics models to produce reliable fecal output estimates when dose times and amounts are known but irregular. We used individually penned, rumen fistulated Dexter steers (n = 4, initial BW = 322 ±15 kg) limit fed a diet of hay and protein supplement in two experiments. First, after a 7-d acclimation period, steers were given a dose of TiO2 through the rumen fistula. On d 14, the steers received another dose. Over a period of 120 h after each dose, 14 fecal samples were collected. In Exp. 2, 7-d after the steers had received their 2nd dose, steers received the first of 6 daily doses, then on d 7 no dose, and on days 8 to 12 daily doses resumed. Beginning on d 7, when dose was skipped, fecal sampling began and over a 120-hr period, 14 fecal samples were collected. During both experiments total fecal collections were also made. For Exp. 1, marker concentration data were fit to a G2 digesta kinetics models and for Exp. 2, concentration data were fit to a multi-dose G2 digesta kinetics model. The multi-dose approach models over time, the sum of each known pulse, assuming identical digesta kinetics for each dose. Measured fecal output in Exp. 2 averaged 2,525 g/d, but the estimates obtained from fitting measured concentrations to multi-dose digesta kinetics models was significantly less (P = 0.005, 2,265 g/d).
PSXIII-12 Characterization of Physiochemical and Nutrient Profiles of Feedstock and co-Products from Canola bio-oil Processing in Ruminants: Impacted by Source Origin
Authors: Oliveira A , Yu P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize physiochemical and nutrient profiles of feedstock and co-products from canola processing that were impacted by source origin to compare feedstocks and co-products (mash and pellet) from five different bio-oil processing plants with five batches of samples in each processing plant in Canada (CA) and in China (CH) collected by the Canola Council of Canada (CCC). The detailed physicochemical and nutrients parameters for ruminants were determined in chemical composition, TDN and truly digestible nutrients, energy profile (ME, NE), and protein and carbohydrate subfractions and their degradation and digestion in dairy cows. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure in SAS 9.4 with RCBD. The treatment differences were compared using Tukey method. The results showed CP was greater in CH meals (P=0.003). The EE was not different between CA and CH (P &gt;0.05). TDN1x was similar in canola meals regardless of the country (P &gt;0.05). CH meals and feedstock had greater tdCP and tdNDF than CA (P&lt; 0.05), while CA had greater tdNFC (P&lt; 0.05). The energy values of ME3x, NELp3x, NEm3x, and NEg3x were similar in canola meals from both countries (P &gt;0.05). No differences were observed in the energy profile of feedstock between CA and CH (P &gt;0.05). The results also showed that pelleting affected the protein fractionation of CA canola meals (P&lt; 0.05). Canola meals were different between CA and CH in the soluble (PA2) and slowly degradable fractions (PB2) (P&lt; 0.05). The carbohydrate fractions of soluble fiber (CB2), digestible fiber (CB3), and indigestible fiber (CC) were different among CH meals (P&lt; 0.05). CH presented greater water-soluble carbohydrate (CA4, P=0.04) and less CB2 (P=0.01) and CC (P&lt; 0.001) than CA canola meals. Although the seeds were similar within and between counties, the oil-extraction process and pelleting seemed to have generated some different aspects on the meals in both countries.
PSXIII-10 Association of Fatty Acids, Prebiotics and Zinc Proteinate to Support Weaned Piglet Growth in Antibiotic Growth Promoter Free Diets
Authors: Martins Juliana S , Murakami Alice E , Araujo Gabriel A , Santos Vitoria T , Pozza Magali S , Cancian Felipe A , Pozza Paulo C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To evaluate the association of fatty acids, prebiotics and zinc proteinate (Viligen NE) in weaned piglet diets without AGP, 80 piglets averaging 6.69±0.19 kg (21-days old) were distributed in randomized blocks design. Eight replicates of one male and one female were used for each of five treatments: positive control (an antibiotic growth promoter; 0.02% Halquinol 60%), negative control (no additive) and 3 levels of Viligen NE (0.10, 0.14 and 0.18%). Daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were determined from 21 to 35 and 36 to 49 days of age. At the end of the experiment, jejunum content was collected to evaluate Lactobacillus sp and Enterobacteria sp counts, and cecum content for Bifidobacterium sp and Clostridium perfringens counts. The negative control had the worst ADG (P=0.0004) and FC (P=0.0357) from 21 to 35 days and ADG (P=0.0196) from 21 to 49 days. All levels of Viligen NE showed the same performance as 0.02% Halquinol, for both portions of the feeding period. The optimal Viligen NE levels for ADG, estimated by quadratic and broken line models, were 0.137 and 0.100%, respectively. Significant linear relationships were found between Viligen NE and FC (negative from 21 to 35 days) and ADG (positive from 21 to 46 days). Jejunal Lactobacillus count was least for Halquinol (P=0.0001). Cecal Bifidobacterium count was greater (P=0.0063) for the negative control and 0.18% Viligen NE, while Clostridium count was less (P=0.0008) for 0.10 and 0.18% Viligen NE. Quadratic and broken line models estimated less jejunal Enterobacteria sp count with 0.110 and 0.070% of Viligen NE, respectively, less cecal Clostridium count was estimated at 0,096 and 0,079% of Viligen NE, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, Viligen NE in weaned piglet diets at 0.10% or greater supported growth without detrimental effects on intestinal microbiota populations.
PSXV-19 Effects of L-Glutamine and L-Glutamate on Nursery Pigs fed Diets with low Digestible Lysine Content
Authors: Dorea Erika S , Júnior Valdir Ribeiro , Correia Amanda M , Rocha Gabriel C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of L-glutamine and L-glutamate (Gln/Glu) on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs fed low digestible lysine diets. Piglets (n = 150; 21-day-old; 5.6 ± 0.55 kg initial BW) were distributed in a randomized block design, with three treatments and ten replicates. Experimental diets were fed from 21 to 33 and 33 to 47 d of age. The treatments consisted of control, standard lysine level; low-lys, 90% of the lysine level of the control diets; low-lys + Gln/Glu, low-lys diets supplemented with 1.2% and 0.8% of Gln/Glu (AminoGut, Ajinomoto) per phase. Alanine, inert and starch were used to make treatments isoproteic and isocaloric. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.4 PROC GLM. From 21 to 33 d, pigs fed control or low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had improved ADG, G:F, and 33-d BW compared with those fed low-lys diets (P &lt; 0.05). From 21 to 47 d, pigs fed control or low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had improved ADG and 47-d BW compared with those fed low-lys diets (P &lt; 0.05). The supplementation of Gln/Glu in the diets improved G:F compared with those fed low-lys (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed low-lys + Gln/Glu had greater duodenum villus height compared with those fed low-lys (P &lt; 0.05), and pigs fed the control diet had intermediate results. Pigs fed control diets had increased presence of goblet cells in duodenum compared with those fed low-lys (P &lt; 0.05), and pigs fed the low-lys + Gln/Glu diet had intermediate results. Pigs fed low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had increased presence of goblet cells in jejunum compared with the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). The diets did not influence Peyer's patches count (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Gln/Glu on low lysine diets improved nursery pigs growth performance and intestinal heath.
PSVI-3 Reproductive Performance of Gilts Enrolled in the Batch Farrowing Ovugel Program Compared with Normal Breeding on Estrus Expression
Authors: Johnston Mike E , Anderson Christopher L , Swanson Mark E , Webel Stephen K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to compare the fertility (pregnancy and farrowing rates, total number of piglets born) of gilts enrolled in the Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program to control gilts receiving multiple inseminations upon expression of estrus. Four breeding groups of DNA F1 gilts were blocked by heat-no-service date, body weight and age. Altrenogest was fed (15 mg/gilt/day) to gilts for 14 days. Gilts not expressing estrus prior to altrenogest (n = 16) were divided equally between treatments. The last altrenogest feeding (LAF) was designated day 0. Treatment groups were: Control (n = 182) and Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program (OG, n = 182). Control gilts were inseminated upon detection of estrus and received additional inseminations at 24-hour intervals for the duration of estrus. Treatment OG gilts that first expressed strong signs of pre-estrus and/or standing estrus on day 6 post-LAF (n = 143) were administered OvuGel and received a single insemination 20 hours post-OvuGel regardless of estrus status. Treatment OG gilts that expressed standing estrus prior to day 6 (n = 10) and for the first time on days 7–8 (n = 22) post-LAF did not receive OvuGel, but were inseminated upon detection of estrus and received additional inseminations at 24-hour intervals for the duration of estrus. Treatment OG gilts that had not expressed estrus by day 8 (n = 7) were administered OvuGel and inseminated once 20 hours later. There were no differences in pregnancy rate (P &gt; 0.89, 94.0% for both OG and control), farrowing rate (P &gt; 0.34), or total number of piglets born per litter (P &gt; 0.83, OG = 16.3, control = 16.2) between OG and control gilts. These data indicate gilts placed on the Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program had similar fertility as gilts that received multiple inseminations upon the detection of estrus.
PSVI-1 Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine on Reproduction and Body Temperature of Nelore Cows in hot and Humid Environments
Authors: de Izquierdo Vinicius Souza , Lopes Fernanda , Da Menezes Bernardo Silva , Malaguez Edgard Gonçalves , Corrêa Marcio Nunes , Moriel Philipe , Brauner Cassio Cassal , Schmitt Eduardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the body temperature and conception rate of Nelore cows exposed to high temperature and humidity index (THI) values. This study was realized on a commercial beef farm located in the north of Brazil (5º 31’ 39” S, 48º 49’ 18” W). At d-31, 31 days before the FTAI protocol, a total of 563 lactating multiparous Nelore cows were divided into two treatments, with three blocks each, the control group (CG) and methionine group (MG). Both groups were kept on tropical pastures and received a mineral supplement. The MG Group was supplemented with 3g RPM/100g during 77 days, and the expected mineral supplement intake of both groups was 100g/cow/day. Between d0 and d9 of the FTAI protocol, a subset of groups of cows (n=142) remained with a data logger attached to the progesterone device, to monitor intravaginal temperature (IT) every 30 min. During the period that the cows remained with the dataloggers the minimum, average, and maximum THI were 72.76, 78.02, and 83.28, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis was realized 35 days after the artificial insemination and the conception rate was calculated as the number of pregnant cows/inseminated cows. Data were analyzed using the JMP GLIMMIX procedure. RPM supplementation did not affect the conception rate (CG = 64.36% vs. MG = 58.19%, P &gt;0.05). Intravaginal temperature from day 1 to day 8, between 0630 and 2030 h and between 2200 and 0100 h were lower (P≤0.05) for MG in comparison with CG. The average and the maximum IT were, respectively, 38.94ºC, 40.88ºC for MG and 39.02ºC, and 41.38ºC for CG. In conclusion, the supplementation of rumen-protected methionine reduced the internal body temperature in Nelore cows submitted to high THI environments, during the hottest hours of the day, but does not affect the conception rate.
PSXIV-5 Evaluation of Heat Resistance in Beef and Dairy Calves Using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Hair Follicles Based on Heat Shock Protein 70 Genetic Polymorphisms
Authors: Kim WonSeob , Peng DongQiao , Jo YongHo , Jo JangHoon , Nejad Jalil G , Lee JaeSung , Kim Jongkyoo , Lee HongGu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heat resistance depends on the breed of cattle and is important for genetic improvement under heat stress (HS). Study objectives were to investigate the heat resistance using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and hair follicles in beef and dairy calves based on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 genetic polymorphisms. The hair follicles samples from sixty calves (6-month-old, 30 Hanwoo calves, and 30 Holstein calves) were collected for DNA extraction. The HSP70 genotype was analyzed based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) before the experiment. In study 1, PBMCs were isolated from 20 calves (10 Hanwoo calves; H-CC, H-C/-type, and 10 Holstein calves; D-CC, D-C/-type) and exposed to heat (37°C; Con and 42°C; HS) for 3 h. Cells were harvested and used for mRNA gene expression via RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation was measured using an ELISA kit. In study 2, hair follicles were collected from 20 calves (six times every 30 days; low-HS, medium-HS, and high-HS) and HSP70 gene expression was measured. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Heat exposure decreased the cell proliferation rate (P &lt; 0.05) in the D-CC and D-C/- groups compared with the H-C/C and H-C/- groups. The mRNA gene expression of HSP70 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in D-C/- group than in the H-CC and H-C/- groups after heat exposure. Gene expression of HSP70 of hair follicles was increased by high-HS level than those at the low-HS level. In addition, overexpression of HSP70 was noted (P &lt; 0.05) in D-CC and D-C/- groups compared with the H-CC and H-C/- groups. Our results indicate that breeds and HSP70 genetic polymorphisms exhibit a distinctive pattern of immune cell proliferation and HSP70 profiles. The HSP70 gene expression in hair follicles can represent heat resistance in different breeds, and therefore, it can be used as a novel HS barometer.
PSXIV-12 Genetic Selection Using Ecofeed Index Reduces Carbon Footprint in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Kebreab Ermias , Naranjo Anna , Johnson Jocelyn R , Deeb Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Improvement in feed efficiency affects the carbon footprint of a dairy production system. The objective of this study was to determine the overall effect of using the EcoFeed index by STgenetics to reduce enteric methane, crop production and manure related emissions. Genomic estimated breeding values for residual feed intake (RFI) in lactating dairy cows were calculated using genetic parameters estimated for DMI, energy-corrected milk (ECM), body weight, and body weight change. A dataset containing phenotypic and genomic information on 639 lactating dairy cattle was used for the analysis. The dairy cattle were divided into low, medium and high EcoFeed classes. Genomic RFI class was determined based on animals being +/- ½ SD from genomic RFI. A life cycle assessment according to international standards (ISO 14040/44) and Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership guidelines was conducted to calculate the carbon footprint of the three EcoFeed classes. Production of a kilogram of ECM emitted 0.94, 1.00 and 1.04 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2e) from high, medium and low EcoFeed classes, respectively during a 305-day lactation cycle. In all cases, manure management and enteric methane emissions contributed the most to the carbon footprint. The greater contributions from manure was due to assumption of manure being managed in a lagoon system that carries relatively greater emission factor compared with solid storage. Crop production contributed to 0.11, 0.12 and 0.13 CO2e from high, medium and low EcoFeed classes, respectively. This is due to reduced amount of feed required in high and medium EcoFeed classes compared with the lower class because of efficiency gains. If high EcoFeed class dairy cattle were to be used in the US, there will be an estimated annual potential reduction of 10 billion CO2e. Therefore, genomic selection is a powerful tool to reduce carbon footprint in dairy cattle.