bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of hair loss after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: Insight into the pathophysiology with implication for better management
Authors: Ohyama Manabu , Matsudo Kiichi , Fujita Toru 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, and COVID‐19 continues to have a major impact on society. Numerous studies have reported impaired health sequelae after COVID‐19 recovery, one of which is hair loss. Individuals with hair loss experience a substantial mental burden, which potentially hinders their social life. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the details including hair loss. Therefore, we conducted a narrative review using PubMed on the frequency, associated comorbidities, disease characteristics, and treatment of hair loss after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (HLASCI). Two search strings were used to identify 28 articles. Of note, most of the literature identified on COVID‐19 sequelae reported an emergence/occurrence of hair loss. HLASCI is speculated to be composed of a heterogeneous population, with the onset or exacerbation of telogen effluvium (TE), anagen effluvium, androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and alopecia areata (AA) reported as possible underlying mechanisms. Among these, acute TE is thought to be the primary cause of HLASCI, with COVID‐19 treatment and TE improvement being considered crucial for HLASCI management. An association between COVID‐19 and AA exacerbation has also been implicated with still insufficient evidence. Spontaneous recovery of TE can be expected once infection reduces; however, faster improvement in symptoms is expected to reduce the mental and social burden of patients. An additional search string identified 11 articles about TE treatment which suggested that the use of minoxidil may be beneficial. Topical minoxidil has been widely used for AGA patients, who have been speculated to exhibit poor resistance to SARS‐CoV‐2. Topical minoxidil may provide relief from HLASCI, but future clinical research is warranted to confirm this observation.
Fruit bat migration matches green wave in seasonal landscapes
Authors: Hurme Edward , Fahr Jakob ,   Eidolon Monitoring Network, Eric‐Moise Bakwo Fils , Hash C. Tom , O'Mara M. Teague , Richter Heidi , Tanshi Iroro , Webala Paul W. , Weber Natalie , Wikelski Martin , Dechmann Dina K. N. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Migrating grazers and carnivores respond to seasonal changes in the environment and often match peaks in resource abundance. However, it is unclear whether and how frugivorous animals use phenological events to time migration, especially in the tropics.

The straw‐coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum, Africa's most gregarious fruit bat, forms large seasonal colonies throughout much of sub‐Saharan Africa. We hypothesized that aggregations of E. helvum match the timing of their migration with phenologies of plant growth or precipitation.

Using monthly colony counts from across much of the species' range, we matched peak colony size to landscape phenologies and explored the variation among colonies matching the overall closest phenological event.

Peak colony size was closest to the peak instantaneous rate of green‐up, and sites with closer temporal matching were associated with higher maximum greenness, short growing season and larger peak colony size. Eidolon helvum seem to time their migrations to move into highly seasonal landscapes to exploit short‐lived explosions of food and may benefit from collective sensing to time migrations.

The link between rapid changes in colony size and phenological match may also imply potential collective sensing of the environment. Overall decreasing bat numbers along with various threats might cause this property of large colonies to be lost.

Remote sensing data, although, indirectly linked to fruiting events, can potentially be used to globally describe and predict the migration of frugivorous species in a changing world.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Every hooked beak is maintained by a prey: Ecological signal in cephalopod beak shape
Authors: Roscian Marjorie , Herrel Anthony , Zaharias Paul , Cornette Raphaël , Fernandez Vincent , Kruta Isabelle , Cherel Yves , Rouget Isabelle 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBeaks are among the few hard parts of coleoid cephalopods and are informative for species identification. Although mandible shape has been shown to be adaptive in many vertebrate taxa, it has been suggested that the shape of coleoid beaks does not bear any ecological signal. Yet, previous studies only explored beak shape in 2D and none have provided an in‐depth investigation of the potential relationship with ecological variables such as habitat use or diet.The goal of the present study was to understand whether variation in cephalopod beak shape reflects ecology and/or is more driven by phylogenetic relatedness as suggested previously.We imaged 101 lower and 108 upper beaks in 3D using underwater photogrammetry and micro‐CT scanning. Our 3D morphometric analysis conducted on 75 species of cephalopod shows that there is a significant but moderate phylogenetic signal. However, comparative phylogenetically informed analyses demonstrate that beak shape is also driven by ecology.We detected significant differences in beak shape between species inhabiting different habitats (pelagic, benthic or demersal) and of different trophic levels. Our results further suggest that beak shape variation can be summarized along a continuum between two main functions: fast closing versus hard biting.These results provide novel insights into the drivers of beak shape diversity in coleoid cephalopods and suggest that beak shape has evolved adaptively in relation to diet and habitat use.Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.
Intraspecific competition: A missing link in dermal armour evolution?
Authors: Broeckhoven Chris 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPredation is widely regarded as an important selective force in the evolution and maintenance of dermal armour; yet, the basic premise that predation and armour are strongly linked to each other has proven to be difficult to assess.In this concept, I put forward the fighting‐advantage hypothesis, the view that aggressive interactions with conspecifics, not predation, might have been a key selective pressure in the evolution of dermal armour.Considering intraspecific competition as a potential explanation could not only reveal previously overlooked aspects of the functional and evolutionary significance of dermal armour, but also advance the emerging field of biomimetics in which such knowledge forms the starting point of technological innovation.
Flower plantings support wild bee reproduction and may also mitigate pesticide exposure effects
Authors: Rundlöf Maj , Stuligross Clara , Lindh Arvid , Malfi Rosemary L. , Burns Katherine , Mola John M. , Cibotti Staci , Williams Neal M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture relies on pollinators, and wild bees benefit yield of multiple crops. However, the combined exposure to pesticides and loss of flower resources, driven by agricultural intensification, contribute to declining diversity and abundance of many bee taxa. Flower plantings along the margins of agricultural fields offer diverse food resources not directly treated with pesticides.

To investigate the potential of flower plantings to mitigate bee pesticide exposure effects and support bee reproduction, we selected replicated sites in intensively farmed landscapes where half contained flower plantings. We assessed solitary bee Osmia lignaria and bumble bee Bombus vosnesenskii nesting and reproduction throughout the season in these landscapes. We also quantified local and landscape flower resources and used bee‐collected pollen to determine forage resource use and pesticide exposure and risk.

Flower plantings, and their local flower resources, increased O. lignaria nesting probability. Bombus vosnesenskii reproduction was more strongly related to landscape than local flower resources.

Bees at sites with and without flower plantings experienced similar pesticide risk, and the local flowers, alongside flowers in the landscape, were sources of pesticide exposure particularly for O. lignaria. However, local flower resources mitigated negative pesticide effects on B. vosnesenskii reproduction.

Synthesis and applications. Bees in agricultural landscapes are threatened by pesticide exposure and loss of flower resources through agricultural intensification. Therefore, finding solutions to mitigate negative effects of pesticide use and flower deficiency is urgent. Our findings point towards flower plantings as a potential solution to support bee populations by mitigating pesticide exposure effects and providing key forage. Further investigation of the balance between forage benefits and added pesticide risk is needed to reveal contexts where net benefits occur.
Juvenile hormone acts on male accessory gland function via regulating l‐asparaginase expression and triacylglycerol mobilization in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Lyu Xiang‐Yang , Wang Xue‐Li , Geng Dan‐Qian , Jiang Hong , Zou Zhen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHormones control the reproductive development of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The adult male reproductive process and mating behavior require adequate nutrients and energy. Understanding the molecular mechanism linking hormones, energy metabolism, and reproduction in male mosquitoes is important. In this study, we found that the size of the male accessory gland, an essential part of the male reproductive system, gradually increased after eclosion. However, it was significantly reduced in male mosquitoes deficient in methoprene‐tolerant (Met), the receptor of juvenile hormone. Likewise, egg hatchability of females that mated with Met‐depleted males showed the same downward trend. The mRNA level of the gene encoding accessory gland protein, l‐asparaginase (ASNase), was reduced in Met dsRNA‐treated males. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and quantitative reverse transcription–PCR results revealed that Met was capable of binding directly to the promoter of ASNase and activated its transcription. RNA interference of ASNase in males resulted in the reduction of egg hatchability of the females with which they mated. These results showed that Met influenced the fecundity of male mosquitoes by directly upregulating the expression of the ASNase gene. Moreover, the levels of triacylglycerol and the sizes of lipid droplets were decreased by 72–78 h after eclosion in the fat body cells, whereas both of them increased in Met‐depleted male mosquitoes, indicating that Met knockdown reduced lipid catabolism. These data demonstrate that Met might influence the egg hatchability of females by regulating lipid metabolism and the development of the male accessory gland in male mosquitoes.
Juvenile hormone inhibitory and mosquito larvicidal substances derived from actinomycetes
Authors: Park Dong Hwan , Choi Jae Young , Kim Jong Hoon , Park Min Gu , Wang Minghui , Kim Sang Hee , Lee Ho Yeon , Je Yeon Ho 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMosquitoes are major pests that attack humans and spread pathogens. To control mosquito larvae, insect growth regulators such as methoprene and pyriproxyfen have been widely used. Juvenile hormone antagonists (JHAN) have the potential to act as an eco‐friendly insecticide with a novel mode of action. Actinomycetes are known as a producer of an enormous number of secondary metabolites. In this study, secondary metabolites of 232 Actinomycetes strains were screened for their juvenile hormone antagonist activity and their mosquito larvicidal activity. Among them, IMBL‐1939, 1952, 2005 and 2064 strains showed mosquito larvicidal activity with JHAN activity. These actinomycetes derived JHAN could be alternative sustainable vector control agents.
The disease severity index for inflammatory bowel disease is associated with psychological symptoms and quality of life, and predicts a more complicated disease course
Authors: Swaminathan Akhilesh , Fan Dali , Borichevsky Grace M. , Mules Thomas C. , Hirschfeld Esther , Frampton Chris M. , Day Andrew S. , Siegel Corey A. , Gearry Richard B. 
Published: May 2022

SummaryBackgroundThe Disease Severity Index (DSI) is a novel tool to predict disease severity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, its ability to predict disease complications and the presence of psychosocial comorbidity is unclear. Aims: To assess prospectively associations between the DSI and psychological symptoms, quality‐of‐life (QoL) and disease outcomes in an IBD cohort.MethodsPatients with IBD undergoing ileocolonoscopy were followed prospectively for 12 months. DSI, psychological symptoms (perceived stress (PSS‐10), depression (PHQ‐9), anxiety (GAD‐7)) and QoL (IBDQ‐32) scores were assessed at baseline. Logistic regression identified variables predicting a complicated IBD course at 12 months (composite outcome of need for escalation of biological/immunomodulator for disease relapse, recurrent corticosteroid use, IBD‐related hospitalisation and surgery). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified optimal DSI thresholds predicting a complicated disease course and multivariable logistic regression assessed the risk of reaching this outcome.ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐two patients were recruited (100 Crohn's disease, 91 female). Median DSI was 21 (IQR 11–32) and 97 patients had endoscopically active disease at baseline. The DSI was significantly higher in patients with symptoms of moderate–severe stress (PSS‐10 > 14, p < 0.01), depression (PHQ‐9 ≥ 10, p < 0.01), anxiety (GAD‐7 ≥ 10, p < 0.05) and impaired quality‐of‐life (IBDQ‐32 < 168, p < 0.01). Only the baseline DSI (OR 1.05, p < 0.01) and endoscopically active disease (OR 6.12, p < 0.01) were associated with a complicated IBD course. A DSI > 23 was strongly predictive of a complicated IBD course (OR 8.31, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe DSI is associated with psychological distress, impaired QoL and predicts a more complicated disease course in patients with IBD.
‘I can actually do it without any help or someone watching over me all the time and giving me constant instruction’: Autistic adolescent boys' perspectives on engagement in online video gaming
Authors: Pavlopoulou Georgia , Usher Claire , Pearson Amy 
Published: May 2022

AbstractResearch into autistic adolescents' engagement in online gaming has so far focused on time spent gaming, or characterizing problematic gaming behaviour and has relied mostly on caregiver report. In the current study, we interviewed 12 autistic adolescent boys, asking about their perspectives on their engagement in online gaming, and their motivations. We analysed the interview data using thematic analysis and identified three key themes in the data, which focused on agency and a sense of belonging, emotion regulation, and acknowledgement of the differing perceptions that the young people and their caregivers had of gaming. Our findings show the need to include the viewpoints of autistic young people in research about their interests and well‐being, and provide insights that can help caregivers and professionals to support autistic young people in flourishing.
Classification of PD‐L1 expression in various cancers and macrophages based on immunohistocytological analysis
Authors: Saito Yoichi , Fujiwara Yukio , Shinchi Yusuke , Mito Remi , Miura Yuji , Yamaguchi Tomoya , Ikeda Koei , Urakami Shinji , Nakashima Yuta , Sakagami Takuro , Suzuki Makoto , Tabata Yasuhiko , Komohara Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2022

AbstractProgrammed death (PD)‐1/PD‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibodies have shown an intense clinical effect in some patients with PD‐L1+ tumors, and their applications have rapidly expanded to various cancer types with or without the application of new companion diagnostics (CDx) with a lower cutoff value and inclusion of macrophage evaluation. However, the pathological background explaining the difference in the cutoff value remains unknown. To address this, we evaluated tissue array samples from 231 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 186 with lung squamous cell carcinoma, and 38 with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who were not receiving PD‐1/PD‐L1 antibodies to investigate the relationship between PD‐L1 expression on tumor cells and CD8+ T‐cell infiltration in tumor tissues. PD‐L1 expression in RCC was clearly lower than that in non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue, whereas CD8+ T‐cell infiltration was low in all cancers. We next analyzed PD‐L1 expression by interferon (α, β, and γ) and LPS stimulation in both macrophages and 41 cancer cell lines derived from various organs and histological types. The PD‐L1 expression patterns were classified into three types, which differed depending on each organ or tissue type. Interestingly, NSCLC cell lines showed highly diverse PD‐L1 expression patterns compared with RCC cell lines. Conversely, PD‐L1 expression was stronger and more prolonged in macrophages than in typical cell lines. Here, we revealed the diversity of the PD‐L1 expression patterns in tumor cells and macrophages, demonstrating the pathological and cytological significance of the transition of cutoff values in PD‐L1 CDx for PD‐1/PD‐L1 antibody administration.
Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in adult horses with mechanically induced lameness
Authors: Mercer Melissa A. , McKenzie Harold C. , Byron Christopher R. , Pleasant Robert S. , Bogers Sophie H. , Council‐Troche Roberto M. , Werre Stephen R. , Burns Travis , Davis Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundAcetaminophen has been used clinically in horses alone or combined with traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for treatment of musculoskeletal pain in horses.ObjectivesTo determine the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of acetaminophen at two doses in horses with mechanically induced lameness compared with phenylbutazone or placebo control.Study designIn vivo experiment.MethodsNine healthy mares with mechanical lameness induced via a reversible sole pressure horseshoe model were treated with acetaminophen (20 mg/kg PO; A20), acetaminophen (30 mg/kg PO; A30), phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg, PO; PB) and oral placebo (C) in a randomised four‐way Latin square model. Plasma concentrations for A20 and A30 were analysed via LC‐MS/MS and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured using a portable telemetry. Lameness was scored by three blinded boarded equine surgeons using the AAEP and 10‐point scales.ResultsMean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for A20 was 20.01 μg/ml within 0.66 h (Tmax) after administration; The meanCmaxfor A30 was 30.02 μg/ml with aTmaxof 0.43 h. Post‐treatment heart rate for A30 was significantly lower than A20 at 1 and 7 h; lower than PB at 2, 3, 4.5 and 7 h; lower than C at 2, 3.5, 4.5, 6, 7 and 8 h. 10‐point Lameness scores were significantly improved for A30 than C at 2 and 4 h post‐treatment; PB was significantly improved than C at 8 h post treatment. There were no significant differences in lameness between A20, A30 and PB.Main limitationsSmall sample size, lack of objective lameness measurement.ConclusionsAcetaminophen at 30 mg/kg produced a more rapid improvement in lameness scores and heart rate compared with other treatments in this model. Further evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and safety of repeated oral dosing of acetaminophen at 30 mg/kg is needed to determine clinical utility.
Influence of Lode parameter on damage and fracture behavior of polyethylene materials
Authors: Zhang Yi , Han Limei , Qiao Liang , Fan Junming , Zhou Bo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this study, a series of tests on notched polyethylene (PE) plate specimens providing clues to damage and fracture behavior for a wide range of Lode parameters was carried out. Two series of numerical simulations of each test were performed, the first one without taking damage evolution into consideration and the second one taking damage evolution into consideration. Good correlation of experimental and numerical results in terms of the engineering stress–displacement relation has been achieved. The results show that the average Lode parameter increases with the increasing notch radius of the plate specimens. In addition, the damaged and undamaged constitutive equations were determined from the first and second series of finite element (FE) simulation, respectively. The critical damage parameter calculated from the damaged and undamaged constitutive equations was found to decrease when the average Lode parameter is increased. Furthermore, fracture occurs at the center of the minimum cross section, where the maximum damage parameter and plastic strain occur. The fracture strain was found to increase with the increase in the average Lode parameter.
The carbon cost of the 2019–20 Australian fires varies with fire severity and forest type
Authors: Nolan Rachael H. , Collins Luke , Gibson Rebecca K. , Samson Stephanie A. , Rolls Katherine T. , Milner Kirsty , Medlyn Belinda E. , Price Owen F. , Griebel Anne , Choat Brendan , Jiang Mingkai , Boer Matthias M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTo estimate loss of above‐ground carbon (AGC) and conversion of live carbon to dead carbon following understorey and canopy fire.LocationSouth‐eastern Australia.Time period2019–2020.Major taxa studiedFour widespread resprouting eucalypt forests.MethodsAbove‐ground carbon was measured in 15 plots in each of four forest types one‐year post‐fire. We also assessed topkill, that is, trees subject to canopy loss that failed to resprout epicormically.ResultsWhile canopy fire was associated with greater declines in AGC than understorey fire, this was only statistically significant for only one forest type, where AGC declined from 154 to 85 Mg C ha−1 following canopy fire. Significant post‐fire increases in dead AGC were observed in one forest type, where dead carbon increased from 22 to 60% after canopy fire. Topkill of trees following canopy fire (48–78% of stems) was higher than topkill after understorey fire (36–53% of stems) and in unburnt forest (12–55%). Topkill occurred primarily in small‐diameter stems. Consequently, there was no effect of fire on the proportion of dead AGC in trees, with the exception of the forest with lowest productivity (i.e., lowest biomass) and lowest annual rainfall, where dead tree carbon increased from 8% in unburnt forest to 13 and 53% after understorey and canopy fire, respectively. AGC in understorey vegetation and coarse woody debris was similar or lower in burnt compared with unburnt forest. Litter carbon was significantly lower and pyrogenic carbon significantly higher in burnt forest, with no difference between understorey and canopy fire.Main conclusionsWhile increased fire severity was associated with increased changes to carbon stocks, there were differences among forest types. Specifically, the driest forest type had the highest rates of topkill following canopy fire. These results highlight the importance of spatial variability in fire severity and forest type in determining the effects of fire on carbon stocks.