bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
115 Effects of Probiotic and Heat-Killed Probiotic Supplementation on Systemic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Fermentative end Products of Adult Cats
Authors: de Souza Sergio Miranda , He Fei , de Godoy Maria R , Davenport Gary M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Probiotics and heat-killed probiotics (postbiotic) have been linked with enhancement of the intestinal barrier function and mucosal immunity, anti-inflammatory properties, as well as production of fermentative end-products including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which may confer benefits to the gut microbiome and health. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects of daily supplementation of pro- and post-biotics on oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), inflammatory biomarkers from a panel of 19 cytokines and chemokines, the hormone leptin, as well as the fecal metabolites, such as phenol and indole, SCFA, and ammonia, of adult cats. The study was a complete randomized design with 36 cats divided into 3 treatments (n=12/treatment). Animals were fed a standard extruded commercial diet. The treatments used were control diet + placebo (maltodextrin carrier; CON), control diet + Probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis CECT8145; daily dosage: 109CFU/cat; PRO), and control diet + postbiotic (Heat-killed Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT8145; daily dosage: 109CFU/cat; PST). Test articles were supplied by ADM Biopolis (Valencia, Spain). Longitudinal analyses were performed every 30 days for a total of 90 days. No interaction of day by treatment (P &gt;0.05) was observed for any of the variables evaluated. For fecal metabolites, there was a main effect of treatment for butyrate concentration, PST was greater (P&lt; 0.05) than PRO. It was also observed a main effect of treatment for some cytokines and chemokines, cats on CON had reduced (P&lt; 0.05) GM-CSF, KC, and SDF-1, when compared with PST, PRO, and both PST and PRO respectively. Whilst for RANTES and IL-12(p40), cats on CON had greater concentration (P&lt; 0.05) when compared with cats on PST and PRO, and PST, respectively. Overall, the supplementation of the probiotic and postbiotic showed no detrimental effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, and fermentative end-products in adult cats.
131 Rendering Effects on pet Food Ingredients
Authors: Meeker David L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Approximately 31 million tons of animal by-products are generated by livestock and poultry farming, meat processing, and retailing in the U.S. and Canada each year. Utilizing rather than discarding these resources prevents the release of large amounts of GHGs into the atmosphere. Renderers reclaim the carbon from these by-products and transform them into 6.3 million tons of refined animal fats and 8.9 million tons of rendered protein meals for use as animal food ingredients annually. In 2019, 1.5 million tons of rendered protein meals and 289 thousand tons of animal fats were used in pet food, and another 1.83 million tons of fresh and frozen meat and poultry by-products and organ meats were used in pet food without first being rendered. Rendering cookers break down tissues so that fats can be pressed out of muscle, bone, and connective tissues. Rendered products are safe from biological hazards as cooking is done at higher temperatures for longer times than necessary for food safety. The Prioritization of food safety in both rendering and pet food industries in recent years have delayed emphasis on some quality factors. Many citations in literature document that excessive heat damages proteins and decreases their quality and digestibility. Research is planned to provide guidance to renderers on cooking procedures that would meet the needs for processing and food safety without sacrificing quality and digestibility. Other factors that impact the availability and usability of rendered products include parts available for rendering after fresh parts are selected for pet food, upstream human food safety interventions, time and temperature conditions between slaughter and rendering, cooling, drying, storage, transport, and the use of antioxidants, antimicrobials, and other processing aids. Opportunities exist to modernize plants and processes to provide high quality ingredients. Renderers have invested with the pet food sector to collaborate on strategies to improve safety, quality, and sustainability of pet food ingredients.
151 Energy Metabolism, Digestive and Absorptive Capacity, and Fecal Microbiome of Nursery Piglets Selected for Feed Efficiency
Authors: Wu Yujia , Azevedo Paula , Jin Shunshun , Zhao Xiaoya , Xu Haoxiang , Lei Huaigang , Rodas Argenis , Nyachoti Martin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Improving feed efficiency (FE) plays an important role in the economic and environmental sustainability of the swine industry. Genetic selection based on low estimated breeding value for feed conversion ratio (EBV_FCR) can effectively improve FE. This study investigated the growth performance, nutrient and energy digestibility, activity of hydrolyses, expression of nutrient transporters and tight junction proteins, and fecal microbiome of nursery pigs selected for high and low feed efficiency. A total of 128 pigs weaned at 21 + 2 days were selected from parents of low and high EBV_FCR calculated based on phenotypes for FCR during growing-finishing stage. Pigs were fed with corn-soybean meal-based diets in a two-phase feeding program for 4 weeks under similar rearing conditions. The results revealed that there were no differences in average daily feed intake, average body weight gain, FCR, energy, and nutrient digestibility between the two groups. Moreover, enzyme activity kinetics results showed no differences in the maximal activity of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, maltase, and maltase-glucoamylase between the two groups (p &gt; 0.05). Real-time PCR analyses showed that SGLT1, ASCT2, PepT1, EAAC1, and BoAT1 mRNA abundances were not affected by the pig groups (p &gt; 0.05). There were also no significant differences in claudin-1 and ZO-1 protein abundances on the jejunum membrane between the two pig groups. The two pig groups had similar fecal microbial taxonomic composition and function. However, the microbiota diversity results showed that the high-efficiency pig group has higher species evenness, and there is a trend (p &lt; 0.084) for beta diversity difference, which indicates that high-efficiency pigs might have a more homogenous and healthier gut environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs selected for high and low feed efficiency based on parents EBV_FCR did not differ in growth performance, nutrient digestibility and absorptive capacities, microbiota composition and function.
165 Environmental Concerns Identified Through an Anonymous Online Survey
Authors: McGill Staci , Hayes Morgan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Equine farms, typically, build either stables or barns for the horses to live in and additional facilities to train and work horses (Kidd, Winchell, & Burwash, 1997). Often these training facilities also include indoor riding arenas to ensure continuums in training programs. As the equine industry contributes a total of $122 billion dollars a year to the United States’ economy, it is important to research the farms and facilities that are built and used (American Horse Council Foundation, 2018). 71% of the 335 respondents of an anonymous online survey conducted in the summer of 2018 reported having environmental concerns in the indoor arenas they rode and trained in. The main environmental concerns were dust, moisture, and air movement, though light and temperature were also noted concerns. Analysis was conducted to examine the association of the environmental concerns with different aspect of the indoor arenas such as footing types, attachment to barn, presence of windows and wall openings, and temperature control mechanisms in the facility. A notable trend towards significance is the concern with air movement decreased with the presence of fans and temperature control mechanisms (p&lt; 0.10), while significant associations between lighting concerns were impacted by the presence or absence of translucent panels (p&lt; 0.05) and the number of lights in the indoor arena also impacted whether lighting was a concern (p&lt; 0.05). Overall, dust was always a concern no matter the circumstances. As environmental concerns were expressed by the majority of respondents, it’s important to identify potential reasons for the issues and then work to mitigate the concerns. This involves more targeted research in the future, assessment of mitigation tactics, and resources to design and build indoor arenas and facilities in ways that minimize environmental issues.
168 Evaluation and Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Cereal and Pulse Grains for Swine
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T , Tan Felina , Beltranena Eduardo , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feed represents the greatest variable cost of swine production, with feed energy as its largest component. In most swine production systems, cereal grains such as corn, wheat, or barley provide historically the most energy in feed. Cereal grains contain &gt;50% starch and &lt; 20% crude protein. Pulse grains such as field pea, faba bean, and chick pea are now widely grown on the Great Plains for human consumption and crop diversification. Pulse grains contain 30 to 40% starch and 20 to 30% crude protein. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch does not differ between cereal and pulse grain. However, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch is lower for pulse grains; thus, apparent hindgut fermentation of starch is greater. Both AID and ATTD of total dietary fiber are greater for pulse than cereal grains. Calculated net energy (NE) value is greater for cereal than pulse grains. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine is greater for pulse than cereal grains. Cereal and pulse grains are milled prior to diet mixing, and particle size reduction can increase ATTD of energy. Whereas steam pelleting may not increase nutrient digestibility of pulse grains, extrusion may increase digestibility of both energy and amino acids. Fiber-degrading enzymes can increase nutrient digestibility of grains by depolymerizing the fiber matrix. In phase-3 nursery diets that are formulated to equal NE value and SID lysine, barley grain can replace wheat grain without reducing growth. Similarly, pulse grains can replace part of cereal grain and soybean meal in phase-3 nursery diets without reducing growth. In conclusion, pulse grains are alternative energy sources to cereal grains but can also replace protein feedstuffs such as soybean meal in sustainable swine feeding programs and provide agronomic benefits like rhizobia N fixation and reduced carbon footprint.
167 Monomodular and Multi-Functional Processive Endocellulases for Improving Fibre Utilization and Reducing Environmental Footprint in Pigs
Authors: Fan Ming Z , Cheng Laurence , Wang Min , Chen Jiali , Fan Wenyi , Wang Weijun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Global emission of the major greenhouse gases (GHG) from food animal production accounts for 15% of the total human-induced GHG with pork production being a significant contributor. Poor efficiency of dietary fibre utilization not only limits global pork production profit margins but also adversely affects dietary crude protein and amino acid utilization; and these collectively lead to excessive manure fibre and nitrogenous compounds, resulting in anaerobic biogenesis and emission of the major GHG from swine manure slurry storage. Two unique glycosyl hydrolase family-5 (GH5) processive endoglucanases, referred to as GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-, have been reported. The GH5-tCel5A1 was originally identified via targeted genome sequencing of the extremely thermophilic Thermotoga maritima while the GH5-p4818Cel5_2A was screened from the porcine hindgut microbial metagenomic expression library. Both GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818_2A have been characterized to be monomodular, act as processive β-1,4-endoglucanases and have multi-functionality towards hydrolyzing dietary natural crystalline cellulose and pre-treated cellulosic substrates as well as several hemicelluloses including β-glucans, xylan, xylogulcans, mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans. We have recently overexpressed both GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818Cel5_2A in the ClearColiBL21(DE3) cell and investigated the susceptibility of both these cellulases to auto-oxidation by air-borne O2. Furthermore, we have also examined these endoglucanases’ stability under the mimicked in vitro porcine gastric and the small intestinal pH and proteases’ conditions. Further pig nutrition and growth performance studies are being conducted to investigate the in vivo efficacy of these two processive endoglucanases as newly emerging potential exogenous fibre enzymes.
172 Developing Genomic Tools for Bison
Authors: Miller Michelle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Genomic tools are increasingly being used in livestock production due to their practical applications in production management and animal genetic improvement balanced with a price point that is acceptable to the livestock producer. Our program developed three genetic tools for the bison industry, including Parentage Verification, Subspecies Composition, and Cattle Introgression. The development of these tools occurred in two phases. The first was to use whole genome sequencing to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bison; approximately 52.5 million biallelic SNPs were discovered from 21 bison animals with high quality sequence data. The second phase was to select a subset of the SNPs for use on a genotyping assay that would ultimately consist of the SNP content for the commercial tool. The resulting genomic tools may provide an opportunity to increase the sustainability, competitiveness, and profitability of the bison industry from both production and conservation perspectives.
176 Costs for Supplementing Small Ruminants Under the Various Grazing-Based Production Systems
Authors: Karki Uma , Shrestha Bhuwan , Chaudhary Santoshi , Tiwari Anand , Karki Lila B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The supplementary feeding costs of small ruminants can be substantial when there is not much vegetation available for grazing or browsing. However, such costs have not been reported well and the strategies to minimize them not discussed enough. The objective of this study was to quantify the feeding costs involved in supplementing small ruminants under grazing-based production systems. Grazing studies were conducted from July to October in 2021 (88 d) in woodlands with lactating Kiko does (17) along with their young kids (33). Animals were divided into two groups (1 & 2) and randomly allocated to three woodland plots each for rotational stocking. Group 1 was allowed to rotationally graze in nearby silvopasture plots for 3-4 hours daily and Group 2 was supplemented with ad lib. hay and corn (0.5% metabolic wt.). Another study was conducted from October to December 2021 (70 d) involving 56 Kiko goats and 18 Katahdin-St. Croix ewes. During this study, there was not much foliage available, and animals were supplemented with hay (ad lib.) and corn (0.5% live wt.). Cost and amount of hay and corn used for supplementation were recorded. Data were analyzed in Excel for descriptive statistics. In the woodland study, cost for supplementing animals was $0.13 per animal per day, with 86% of the cost accounted for hay and 14% for corn. In the second study, when not much vegetation was available for grazing, cost for supplementing animals was $0.43 per animal per day, with hay cost accounting for 77% and remaining for corn. Findings of this study suggest that planted forages can be used to replace the need for purchased feed during the forage-growing period. The costs of supplementation can be significantly high during the lean period of forage production.
187 Body Performance of Beef Steers Swathgrazing oat Monoculture or Forage-Blends During Winter Months
Authors: Durunna Obioha N , Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Vandenberg Carien , Krys Deanna , Lardner Bart 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extended grazing strategies have the potential to reduce beef winter-feeding costs. Beef producers can incorporate monoculture cereal crops in their winter swathgrazing programs, but recently, the use of polycrops (also known as intercrops or cover crops) is growing. There is little information about beef cattle body performance when swathgrazing forage blends during winter months. This study evaluated animal performance when swathgrazing oat monoculture or a polycrop blend (oat, turnip,canola and forage pea). Forage systems (treatment) were seeded on a 12-hectare site, further separated into 2-hectare paddocks. The paddocks were seeded in June and swathed in August at the hard dough stage for the oats. Forty-two crossbred steers were randomly allocated to one of two replicated (n=3) systems while balancing for body weight and breed composition. Body weights (BW) were determined over two consecutive days at the start and end of grazing, and at 2-wk intervals throughout the 86 d grazing period. Ultrasound backfat, rumpfat and intramuscular fat were collected at the start and end of the trial. At the start of the trial, two steers in each replicate group were fitted with rumen pH/temperature boluses. The biomass yield of the oat and polycrop were 6,225±651 and 4,867±471 kg DM ha-1, respectively, while mean regrowth for oat and polycrop were 177 and 1409 kg DM ha-1, respectively. Start-of-test BW (246, 247kg; P = 0.92), end-of-test BW (304, 303.5; P = 0.97), average daily gain (0.68, 0.74 kg d-1; P = 0.61), backfat change (0.53, 0.69 mm; P =0.65), rumpfat change (0.84,1.30 mm; P=0.14) and intramuscular fat change (-0.12, 0.14%; P=0.66) did not differ for steers assigned to oat and polycrop systems, respectively. Other measures were mean rumen temperatures (39.13oC, 38.96oC; P=0.03) and pH (6.76, 6.70; P=0.10) for the oat and polycrop respectively. These results suggest that polycrops may be an alternative in a swath grazing system during the winter months.
191 Evaluation of Diverse Cool-Season Grass Mixtures with red Clover on Ruminal Fermentation in Continuous Culture
Authors: Snider Miriam A , Mulakala Bharath K , Driemel Ashley W , Ziegler Sara E , Darby Heather M , Soder Kathy J , Brito Andre F , Greenwood Sabrina L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to evaluate the impacts of forage mixtures on ruminal fermentation. Diets (DM basis) contained 40% red clover combined with 1) 60% orchardgrass (OG); 2) 30% orchardgrass + 30% meadow fescue (MF); 3) 20% orchardgrass + 20% meadow fescue + 20% Kentucky bluegrass (KYBG); or 4) 15% orchardgrass + 15% meadow fescue + 15% Kentucky bluegrass + 15% perennial ryegrass (PRG). Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each 10-d period included a 7-d adaptation and 3-d sampling period. Diets (110 g DM/d) were added across 4 feedings/d (33% each, 0700 h and 1600 h; 17% each, 0820h and 1720 h). Fermenter pH was recorded continuously for 10-d. Methane was measured on d 7-10 at 0630 and 1530 h. Effluent samples were collected on d 8-10. Results were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with significance at P ≤ 0.05. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) for fermenters receiving KYBG, followed by PRG. Apparent DM and OM digestibility for OG and MF were less than KYBG by 18.0% and 19.6%, respectively. Fermenters receiving KYBG spent the greatest amount of time under pH 5.8 (avg. 15.5 h/d; P = 0.0004). Acetate:propionate and acetate + butyrate:propionate ratios were greater for fermenters receiving KYBG (4.09 and 4.71) and PRG (4.03 and 4.65; P &lt; 0.0001). Water soluble carbohydrate concentration of effluent was least for KYBG (0.80 mg/ mL; P ≤ 0.05). Methane output for KYBG (116.8 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.0001) was greater than that of OG (13.7 mg/dL), MF (31.7 mg/dL), and PRG (11.9 mg/dL) which did not differ from one another. These results suggest that diets containing KYBG and PRG were more digestible with PRG having the added benefit of decreased methane output.
189 Effects of hay Maturity on the Enteric Methane Emission, Intake, and Energy Metabolism by Beef Heifers
Authors: Friend Emalee , Gunter Stacey A , Moffet Corey A , Beck Paul A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heifers (n=12; initial BW=296 ± 30 kg) were used to determine the effect of wheat (Triticum aestinum L.) hay maturity (HM) on energetics and gas emissions. Hay was harvested at 3 maturities and was fed for three 7-d periods. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 HM levels including immature (cut at stem elongation, Zadok score [Tottman, 1987] = 3.1, 37% NDF), intermediate (cut at boot stage, Zadok = 3.9-4.1, 55% NDF), and mature (hay cut at milk stage Zadok = 7.9, 63% NDF). Hay was fed for ad libitum intake plus a daily supplement of 0.90 kg of pellets (12% CP) were offered via an automated head-chamber system that measured heifer CO2, CH4, and O2 fluxes. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with HM as the main plot, period the subplot, and beginning body weight as a covariate; main effects were compared using linear and quadratic contrasts. DMI was different for each level of HM with the most DMI for immature and the least for mature, but across all HM levels, DMI did not differ among periods (P ≥ 0.13). Neither HM nor period had an effect (P ≥ 0.16) on total enteric CH4 emissions. However, CO2 emission and O2 consumption had a positive quadratic response to both HM (P ≤ 0.02) and period (P ≤ 0.03). Heat production (HP) had a positive linear effect (P &lt; 0.01) to HM and negative quadratic response to period (P &lt; 0.01). Hay maturity and period had a significant negative linear effect (HM, P &lt; 0.01) and quadratic (period, P &lt; 0.01) effect on metabolizable energy (ME) intake (ME = HP + retained energy). These results indicate that as HM decreased it has a negative effect on DMI, CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, HP, and MEI, but did not have an effect (P ≥ 0.16) on total enteric CH4 emission.
193 Forage Species to Improve Nutritional Opportunity for Grazing Livestock: A Southeast Perspective
Authors: Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The southeastern US covers a number of the USDA plant hardiness zones and is therefore quite versatile in the forages that can be grazed. Many of these forages have excellent nutritional values if utilized at the proper growth stage. Generally speaking, forage nutritional value is greater from cool-season vs warm-season forages and annual vs perennial forages and declines with forage maturity. However, these nutritional differences may be offset by other factors such as greater persistence, earlier grazing or harvest, a longer growing season, adaptation to adverse environments, etc. Therefore, when evaluating forages to improve the nutritional opportunities for grazing livestock, numerous factors should be included in addition to forage chemical composition. These factors include ease and cost of establishment, longevity, productivity, palatability, adaptability to a range of soil types and environments, tolerance to grazing, and compatibility with other plants in the ecosystem either concurrently or in subsequent growing seasons. Additionally, long-term sustainability and environmental benefits should be considered. Without considering a number of these and simply focusing on nutritional values, information and recommendations may be quite misleading and result in disappointment and ultimately a loss of trust by producers. Therefore, collaboration among disciplines and agencies and the ability to monitor key factors listed above over an extended timeframe will be required. Longer-scale studies, even when evaluating annual forages, across a range of weather conditions and seasons, will provide needed information that will ultimately help producers reduce risk. Therefore, we will discuss the necessary information required to allow us to make more useful recommendations for nutritional improvement for pastures in the southeast.