bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAKING KIN: Rawness, Porosity, and the Agencies
Authors: Bell Joshua A. 
Published: February 2022

abstractThis afterword to the special issue “Materiality, Belonging, and the Activation of Difference” begins and ends with Kim TallBear's notion of kin‐making as a frame for understanding the relations between objects, peoples, places, heritage regimes, and museums that allows us to keep different ontological perspectives in view. More specifically, “making kin” allows us to unsettle still‐dominant settler‐colonial violence with an idiom of mutual obligation.
Neonatal anthropometry of malformed newborns: A large South American population‐based study
Authors: Heisecke Silvina , Alfaro Emma L. , Martínez Jorge , Figueroa Marcelo , Bronberg Rubén , Ratowiecki Julia , López Camelo Jorge S. , Dipierri José E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundPopulation‐based anthropometric evaluation of malformed newborns is scarce.ObjectivesTo evaluate malformed newborns' foetal growth using the ICD 10 malformations' classification.MethodsA study including 33,769 newborns (14,857 malformed and 18,912 nonmalformed), selected from 678,840 births from nine South American countries, period 2010–2018, was conducted. Prevalence of severe small and small for gestational age was calculated for malformed and nonmalformed newborns classified by preterm birth categories. Prevalence and relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The associations between anthropometric phenotypes and congenital malformations were evaluated with generalized linear models.ResultsPrevalence of preterm and term severe small and small for gestational age newborns was higher in malformed than that in nonmalformed neonates. For grouped ICD 10 malformations categories, the RR for severe small for gestational age was 2.88 (95% CI 2.51, 3.30) and 2.10 (95% CI 1.92, 2.30) for small for gestational age. For at‐term and preterm malformed newborns, the RR for severe small for gestational age was 2.21 (95% CI 1.87, 2.61) and 3.21 (95% CI 2.52, 4.10), respectively; for small for gestational age, the RR was 2.31 (95% CI 2.11, 2.53) for at‐term newborns and 2.58 (95% CI 2.16, 3.08) for preterm ones.ConclusionsPrevalence and relative risk of severe small and small for gestational age vary according to the group of malformations and gestational age; they increase in congenital malformations of the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems, and in chromosomal abnormalities and are lower for malformations of eye, ear, face and neck and cleft lip and palate. Foetal growth considered together with malformed newborns' gestational age would allow for inferring different risks of morbidity and mortality.
Canine sciatic and gluteal lymph nodes can be identified with computed tomography
Authors: Claude Riley J. , Ober Christopher P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSciatic and gluteal lymph nodes are present in multiple veterinary species, but these lymph nodes are explicitly stated to be absent in dogs. However, structures compatible with lymph nodes have been identified in the appropriate locations in some canine patients undergoing abdominopelvic CT, and the presence of such lymph nodes may have prognostic and therapeutic ramifications in canine patients with abdominopelvic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of sciatic and gluteal lymph nodes in dogs on CT. Images of 121 dogs that underwent abdominopelvic CT between September 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 were reviewed retrospectively by two readers to produce a consensus opinion regarding the presence or absence of sciatic and gluteal lymph nodes. Lymph nodes that were present were measured. Unilateral or bilateral sciatic lymph nodes were present in 19 of 121 dogs (prevalence 15.7%), and bilateral gluteal lymph nodes were identified in one of 121 patients (prevalence 0.8%). Recognition of the presence of sciatic and gluteal lymph nodes in some canine patients may play an important role in the staging of abdominopelvic disease, both in the identification of disease spread and in therapeutic planning.
Impact of farm‐level strategies against thermotolerant Campylobacter in broiler chickens, using a quantitative risk assessment model and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zbrun María Virginia , Olivero Carolina Raquel , Soto Lorena Paola , Lencina Florencia , Frizzo Laureano Sebastián , Zimmermann Jorge Alberto , Signorini Marcelo Lisandro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of control strategies (probiotic supplementation and vaccination) at farm on thermotolerant Campylobacter infection due to the consumption of salad cross‐contaminated from broiler meat. The broiler food chain was modelled considering the most common practices applied in Argentina (baseline model) and their effect on the prevalence and counts of Campylobacter. Probiotic supplementation and vaccination against Campylobacter spp. were included in different models to evaluate their effectiveness. The parameter distributions of each intervention were obtained based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis previously described. The control measures applied at farms were evaluated considering their effectiveness in reducing both the prevalence and the count of thermotolerant Campylobacter in comparison with the baseline model estimation and expressed as relative change in campylobacteriosis risk. Additionally, the identification of the most important input parameters for the model was performed by sensitivity analysis. The model estimated a risk of campylobacteriosis per consumed serving of salad contaminated with poultry meat of 4.99 x 10–3 (95% CI: 6.12 x 10–6–1.13 x 10–2), corresponding to an annual incidence risk estimated of 1,876,009 persons. Scenario analysis indicated that the application of vaccines against Campylobacter (probability of campylobacteriosis = 9.55 x 10–4; 95% CI: 5.31 x 10–4–1.29 x 10–3) and the supplementation of broilers with probiotics (probability of campylobacteriosis = 1.32 x 10–3; 8.55 x 10–4–1.69 x 10–3) can offer a modest reduction in risk estimates. The intervention efficacy was 80.86% and 73.54% for vaccination and probiotic supplementation, respectively. On‐farm interventions were effective to mitigate the risk of campylobacteriosis.
Experiences of birthing care during COVID-19: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Macdonald Danielle , Snelgrove-Clarke Erna , Ross-White Amanda , Bigelow-Talbert Kristen 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to explore and understand the birthing care experiences of midwives, nurses, women, and birthing people during COVID-19.

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had implications for providing and receiving birthing care globally. In addition to navigating fears of contracting COVID-19, health care providers and families have had to adapt to changing policies and clinical practices in response to varying recommendations and evidence. These changes, including restrictive visitor policies and mandated mask-wearing, influenced the experience of birthing care. Synthesizing qualitative evidence about the birthing experiences of midwives, nurses, women, and birthing people (people who give birth but who do not identify as women) during COVID-19 can provide important information for policies and decision-making for future global pandemics.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies including licensed midwives, licensed nurses, women, and birthing people who provided or received birthing care during the COVID-19 pandemic will be considered. Studies published from January 2020 onward will be included. The review will consider all studies that present qualitative data, including, but not limited to, research designs such as phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, feminist research, and action research.

Methods:
The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and LitCovid. MedArchiv, PsyArXiv, and Google Scholar will be searched for gray literature. Studies will be assessed independently by two reviewers. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. Data extraction will be completed by two reviewers. The JBI tools and resources will be used for meta-aggregation, including the creation of categories and synthesized findings.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021292832
The Integration of Concepts in the Terminology of Measurement and Control
Authors: Mason H. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Problems in measurement and control arise in every field of science and technology, but many aspects are common or interdependent. Examination is here made of the origins, nature, spread, and fixity of the relevant American words and their glosses. Existing agencies are noted, and suggestions are made as to useful approaches to and procedures in terminology.
Turbulence in a Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearing
Authors: Abramovitz Stanley 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Using water as a lubricant, experiments were made with a tilting-pad thrust bearing. It was found that the friction torque increased abnormally when the rubbing speed exceeded what appeared to be a critical value. This abnormal torque indicated the possible effect of turbulence in the hydrodynamic film between the runner and pads. An analysis was made of experimental data based on the work of G. I. Taylor. These data show the effect on friction torque of the variables of fluid viscosity and sliding speed for both laminar and turbulent film conditions.
Improving Airplane Handling Characteristics With Automatic Controls
Authors: Muzzey C. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The paper describes an important mode of airplane flight in which the aircraft is under the joint control of a human pilot and an automatic control system. The first part of the paper describes the interaction of air loads and inertia reactions which govern the dynamic stability of the airplane, and seeks to give a physical picture of the response of the airplane to control and random disturbances. The paper then describes a research project in which the pilot’s controls were disconnected from the control surfaces, and separate servos provided both to drive the aerodynamic surfaces, and to resist the actions applied to the cockpit-controls by the pilot. The surface servos receive signals from cockpit-control motions and from a stability computer which senses airplane-body motions. Airplane response as seen by the pilot can be varied by adjusting the computer, and the pilot is unaware of the control-surface motions caused by the computer. Thus both airplane stability and control feel can be varied independently and easily in flight. Research airplanes so equipped are now being used to map out regions of acceptability for future design in the handling characteristics problem, and are incidentally demonstrating means for stabilizing existing airplanes which may be deficient in one or more respects.
Ultrasonic Testing of Small-Diameter Tubing With Automatic Recording Equipment
Authors: Fleischmann W. L. , Rocha H. A. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the progress made in the ultrasonic test equipment which now appears to make automatic testing of small-diameter tubing a distinct possibility. It then presents some cross sections, showing the type and size of discontinuities detected with this equipment in Type 347 stainless-steel tubing. Finally, the summary points out the inherent difficulties in judging the severity of the defect by the amplitude indications alone and the importance of the experience factor which is required to interpret the test results.
Oil and Gas-Well Casing Suspension Assemblies
Authors: Rhodes A. F. , Wilhoit J. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper provides the engineer with an analytical method for use in designing or evaluating oil and gas-well casing suspension assemblies. It develops equations for deflection and stress and confirms their results by reports of controlled experiments. The design applications of the theory are discussed and detailed consideration given to an optimum casing suspension design.
Lower Flue-Gas Exit Temperatures Through Removal of the Solids Ahead of the Air Preheater
Authors: Tigges A. J. , Karlsson Hilmer 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The paper is a philosophical discussion of flue gases and stresses the important part played by the “extreme fine” solids in the flue gas. These fines are considered one of the major causes of problems with low-temperature surfaces of the boiler system, cause visible smoke, and are believed to contribute to the dangers of “smog.” Methods for removing fines in a high-temperature zone are discussed. Results are given from experimental work for removal of fines at high temperature and high velocity with high collecting efficiency.
Factors Influencing the Notch Fatigue Strengthening of N-155 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Hyler W. S. , Simmons W. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Data are given to illustrate the effect of stress raisers on the elevated-temperature fatigue behavior of N-155 alloy. These data were obtained on specimens notched with V-grooves having various root radii and various notch severities. The experimental program was in direct-stress fatigue, and covered a range of alternating stress to mean stress from A = 0.0 to A = ∞ at temperatures of 1200 to 1500 F. The effect of surface finish also was studied to a limited extent. A metallographic study of fractured surfaces was carried out.
Orifice Coefficients for Reynolds Numbers from 4 to 50,000
Authors: Iversen H. W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The sharp-edged orifice meter is standardized in shape and application by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1, 2) and by the International Standards Association (3). With sufficient precision and care in fabrication of the orifice and metering section, and with standard techniques of use, the accepted coefficients as listed in the codes may be used within prescribed metering accuracy tolerance over the Reynolds number range of the standardization. Many applications arise for use of the orifices in the Reynolds-number range below that of the present standards. Calibration results in the “low” Reynolds-number range are available in the literature as obtained by numerous investigators. These were assembled to produce, if possible, standard coefficients for the Reynolds-number range of 4 to 50,000 (based on the pipe diameter) and for orifice-to-pipe diameter ratios of 0.1 to 0.8.
Effect of a Globe Valve in Approach Piping on Orifice-Meter Accuracy
Authors: Murdock J. W. , Foltz C. J. , Gregory Clarence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of steam and water tests on sharp-edged thin-plate orifices preceded by a globe valve at various distances. Curves are given, showing the magnitude of change in indicated flow, when the approach piping is less than that recommended by the Joint AGA-ASME Committee on Orifice Meters. Comparative curves with the valve throttled also are given.
Plastic Metalworking
Authors: Crane E. V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Our prosaic objective is to stimulate analytical thinking, co-ordinate it with practice, and present it in usable form for the man in the field. Our assignment is in the art and science of forcing metals to flow into new shape, as distinguished from the whittling processes of metal cutting. More economical automobiles, better cooking utensils and refrigerators, faster planes, and even space ships are our field problems. We get exciting glimpses of new possibilities in the flowing of heat-treated steels at 150 tons per square inch and more. To obtain scientific basis for the advancement of the growing art, we must pursue the relationships of plastic flow, strain hardening, aging, residual stresses, and endurance characteristics back to the space-force relationships of the atom and the molecule. We face the sobering responsibility that our enthusiastic flights into higher mathematics, Greek letters, and coined terminologies must be brought back to a generally understandable and usable level.
Zirconium-Fabrication Techniques and Alloy Development
Authors: Lacy C. E. , Keeler J. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The fabrication techniques by which zirconium and its alloys have been successfully made into various product forms are described. The neutron-absorption characteristics, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of zirconium and some zirconium alloys are discussed.
Analytical Study of Journal-Bearing Performance Under Variable Loads
Authors: Shawki G. S. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents basic theoretical investigations into the performance of a complete journal bearing of infinite width under conditions of variable load. The theory excludes the existence of negative pressure (below vapor pressure) in the lubricating film. Analytical solutions are given for few simple cases; they show closer agreement with experiment than those attained by previous theory. Owing to the complexity of the equations involved in the analysis, solutions, in general, may be effected only by numerical computations; tables of relevant functions are included. Further work on the subject is proceeding.
Journal-Bearing Operation at Superlaminar Speeds
Authors: Smith M. I. , Fuller D. D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Journal bearings today are generally designed to operate under such conditions that laminar flow prevails in the lubricant film. However, with the continuing trend in machine design toward higher speeds, there is the possibility that the limits of laminar flow may be exceeded in many bearings of the future. In the investigation reported in this paper, the load-carrying and frictional characteristics of a journal bearing were studied at speeds ranging up to five times the critical speed. The “critical speed” is defined as that rotational velocity which just causes breakdown of laminar flow.
Two-and Three-Dimensional Flow of Air Through Square-Edged Sonic Orifices
Authors: Weir Alexander , York J. L. , Morrison R. B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this investigation, the two-dimensional flow of air through rectangular, and the three-dimensional axisymmetrical flow of air through circular, square-edged, sonic orifices were examined under pressure ratios ranging from 1.894 to 42.0 (upstream stagnation pressure/downstream static pressure). Mass-flow measurements were made using a primary metering system, rather than another orifice or nozzle, and optical techniques were used to obtain pictures of the flow upstream, within the thickness of the orifice plate, and downstream of the orifice. Evidence is presented in this paper which indicates that square-edged sonic orifices can be treated as sonic nozzles by utilizing the concept that the air “turning the corner” of the orifice plate, in effect, makes its own nozzle. It is believed that this interpretation of experimental observations is in full agreement with established principles of aero- and thermodynamics.
Some Aerodynamic Investigations in Centrifugal Impellers
Authors: Hamrick J. T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Results of both theoretical and experimental investigations of flow in rotating impeller passages are presented. It is the purpose of this presentation to acquaint the designer with the manner in which losses arise, their effect upon the flow within the passage, and their over-all effect upon impeller performance. In addition, analysis and design methods based on isentropic-flow calculations are discussed and their application to the design of mixed-flow impellers is demonstrated.
The Aerothermopressor—A Device for Improving the Performance of a Gas-Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Shapiro A. H. , Wadleigh K. R. , Gavril B. D. , Fowle A. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel gas-dynamics device having no moving parts yet performing the function of a compressor, are described. This device, called the “Aerothermopressor,” exploits the possibility of raising the total pressure of a high-speed gas stream through cooling of the gas. When placed at the exhaust of a gas turbine, the Aerothermopressor will reduce the exhaust pressure, thereby improving both fuel economy and power capacity per unit of air flow. Basic elements of the apparatus comprise a nozzle which accelerates hot gas into an evaporation section; a water-injection system which delivers finely atomized water into the high-speed stream; an evaporation section in which the gas is cooled and most of the water evaporated; and, finally, a diffuser in which the gas stream is decelerated and the static pressure increased.
Although the Aerothermopressor is simple in structural arrangement, the physical processes occurring within it are exceedingly complex in their details. The simultaneous effects on the gas stream of droplet drag, evaporative cooling, area variation, and wall friction lead to many regimes of operation, including the hitherto unknown passage from subsonic to supersonic speeds in a constant-area duct. Theoretical calculations of a one-dimensional nature, involving for the gas stream the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy, and for the liquid-droplet cloud the equations of motion, heat transfer, and mass transfer, have been carried out on a high-speed, electronic digital computer. The theory reproduces all the behavior patterns of experimental units and is in generally good quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
The results of experiments on a small-scale, constant-area unit of 2.13 in. diam are presented and compared with theoretical calculations. The experiments and theory both show that a net stagnation rise is possible only with gas flows greater than about 2 lb/sec; below this value the detrimental effects of wall friction completely absorb the gains due to cooling. In the range of 25 lb/sec a net stagnation pressure rise of about 10 per cent seems assured, while 20 per cent seems possible.
Early tests on a recently completed medium-scale unit of 25 lb/sec capacity have already demonstrated a net overall rise in stagnation pressure.
Flow in Corners of Passages With Noncircular Cross Sections
Authors: Eckert E. R. G. , Irvine T. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Conditions for convective heat transfer are known to be especially poor in the corner regions of noncircular passages. This situation causes the passage walls to become too hot in certain types of heat exchangers and directs attention to flow conditions in the corner regions. An experimental and theoretical investigation was conducted on the flow characteristics of triangular-shaped passages. Flow-visualization techniques revealed the remarkable fact that through a certain range of Reynolds numbers laminar and turbulent flows exist simultaneously side by side. Pressure measurements were made on two ducts to study the influence of the geometry on the hydrodynamic entrance length. The velocity field within the ducts was measured over a Reynolds number range from 500 to 43,000. An analytical study of the flow resulted in the development of a simple expression to describe the velocity field under the conditions of laminar fully developed flow in a narrow corner. This expression was confirmed experimentally using a sensitive micromanometer developed for this purpose.
On the Maximum and Minimum Velocities and the Accelerations in Four-Link Mechanisms
Authors: Freudenstein Ferdinand 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A method of analysis has been developed for obtaining (a) geometrical criteria for an extreme value of the angular velocity ratio of one link relative to another in a four-bar mechanism; (b) a direct method of determining the angular acceleration of the follower link of a four-bar mechanism, and maximum values of this acceleration in certain special cases. The results have been applied to a slider-crank mechanism.