bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on back analysis of meso-parameters of hydraulic cemented sand and gravel based on Box-Behnken design response surface
Authors: Guo Lixia , Guo Yuhang , Zhong Ling , Zhu Jiantao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cemented sand and gravel (CSG) is a new type of dam-building material. Aiming at the cumbersome process and long calculation time of traditional methods to invert the meso-parameters, a mesophase parameter inversion method based on Box-Behnken Design response surface was proposed. By constructing a response surface simulation test scheme with different inversion parameters (elastic modulus of aggregates, mortars and interfaces, and interfacial tensile strength), the stochastic aggregate model is used to complete the numerical simulation of the damage process, and different results are obtained. The equation between the response variable (stress at different loading times) and the independent variable (inversion parameter) was verified, and the rationality of the response model was verified; the action mechanism of mesophase parameters at different stages on the mechanical properties of the specimen was analysed. The test results are brought into the response surface model, and the meso-parameters are obtained by inverse analysis. The stress–strain curve obtained by numerical simulation with this parameter has an error of 1.1% at the peak stress and 3.27% at the peak strain. The accuracy is high, the number of test groups is much smaller than other conventional inversion methods, and has feasibility of application in CSG.
Long-Term Effects of Repeated Social Defeat Stress on Brain Activity during Social Interaction in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Okamura Hibiki , Yasugaki Shinnosuke , Suzuki-Abe Haruka , Arai Yoshifumi , Sakurai Katsuyasu , Yanagisawa Masashi , Takizawa Hotaka , Hayashi Yu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the long-term effects of stress on brain function is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of depression. The BALB/c mouse strain has high susceptibility to stress and is thus an effective model for depression. The long-term effects of repeated social defeat stress (SDS) on BALB/c mice, however, are not clear. Here, we investigated the effects of repeated SDS in male BALB/c mice over the subsequent two weeks. Some defeated mice immediately exhibited social avoidance, whereas anxiety-like behavior was only evident at later periods. Furthermore, defeated mice segregated into two groups based on the level of social avoidance, namely, avoidant and nonavoidant mice. The characteristic of avoidance or nonavoidance in each individual was not fixed over the two weeks. In addition, we developed a semi-automated method for analyzing c-Fos expression in the mouse brain to investigate the effect of repeated SDS on brain activity more than two weeks after the end of the stress exposure. Following social interaction, c-Fos expression was reduced in several brain regions in the defeated mice compared with control mice. The correlation of c-Fos expression among these brain areas, with exception of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and central amygdala (CeA), was increased in defeated mice, suggesting increased synchrony. Notably, c-Fos expression in the lateral habenula (LHb) was different between mice that exhibited social avoidance from immediately after the repeated SDS and those that exhibited social avoidance only at later periods. These observations provide insight into the long-term effects of social stress on behavior and brain activity.
Outcome-Locked Cholinergic Signaling Suppresses Prefrontal Encoding of Stimulus Associations
Authors: Tu Gaqi , Halawa Adel , Yu Xiaotian , Gillman Samuel , Takehara-Nishiuchi Kaori 
Published: April 2022

Acetylcholine (ACh) is thought to control arousal, attention, and learning by slowly modulating cortical excitability and plasticity. Recent studies, however, discovered that cholinergic neurons emit precisely timed signals about the aversive outcome at millisecond precision. To investigate the functional relevance of such phasic cholinergic signaling, we manipulated and monitored cholinergic terminals in the mPFC while male mice associated a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with mildly aversive eyelid shock (US) over a short temporal gap. Optogenetic inhibition of cholinergic terminals during the US promoted the formation of the CS–US association. On the contrary, optogenetic excitation of cholinergic terminals during the US blocked the association formation. The bidirectional behavioral effects paralleled the corresponding change in the expression of an activity-regulated gene, c-Fos in the mPFC. In contrast, optogenetic inhibition of cholinergic terminals during the CS impaired associative learning, whereas their excitation had marginal effects. In parallel, photometric recording from cholinergic terminals in the mPFC revealed strong innate phasic responses to the US. With subsequent CS–US pairings, cholinergic terminals weakened the responses to the US while developing strong responses to the CS. The across-session changes in the CS- and US-evoked terminal responses were correlated with associative memory strength. These findings suggest that phasic cholinergic signaling in the mPFC exerts opposite effects on aversive associative learning depending on whether it is emitted by the outcome or the cue.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDrugs compensating for the decline of acetylcholine (ACh) are used for cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease. However, their beneficial effects are limited, demanding new strategies based on better understandings of how ACh modulates cognition. Here, we report that by manipulating ACh signals in the mPFC, we can control the strength of aversive associative learning in mice. Specifically, the suppression of ACh signals during an aversive outcome facilitated its association with a preceding cue. In contrast, the suppression of ACh signals during the cue impaired learning. Considering that this paradigm depends on the brain regions affected in Alzheimer's disease, our findings indicate that precisely timed control of ACh signals is essential to refine ACh-based strategies for cognitive enhancement.
Fibroblastic SMOC2 Suppresses Mechanical Nociception by Inhibiting Coupled Activation of Primary Sensory Neurons
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Cai Bing , Li Zhen , Wang Kaikai , Bao Lan , Li Changlin , Zhang Xu 
Published: April 2022

Nociceptive information is detected and transmitted by neurons in the DRG. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing has revealed the molecular profile of various cell types, including fibroblasts in the DRG. However, the role of molecules in fibroblasts needs to be elucidated in nociceptive regulation. Here, we found that secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2 (SMOC2) was secreted by fibroblasts to become a component of basement membrane and envelop the unit consisting of DRG neurons and attached satellite glial cells. KO ofSmoc2in both sexes of mice led to increased neuronal clusters and decreased mechanical threshold, but unchanged noxious thermal response. Knockdown ofSmoc2in the DRG phenocopied the behavioral performance bySmoc2KO in both sexes of mice.In vivocalcium imaging showed thatSmoc2KO increased coupled activation of adjacent DRG neurons induced by nociceptive mechanical stimuli, which was reversed by DRG injection of SMOC2. Importantly, SMOC2 interacted with P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and suppressed ATP-induced activation in HEK293 cells expressing this receptor. Injection of A740003, an antagonist of P2X7R, to the DRG reduced coupled activation of adjacent DRG neurons induced by nociceptive mechanical stimuli but did not further enhance the SMOC2-inhibited effect. Furthermore, peripheral inflammation resulted in a decreased SMOC2 and increased neuronal clusters. DRG injection of SMOC2 inhibited the neuronal coupling resulted from peripheral inflammation. This study reveals a specific role of fibroblastic SMOC2 in suppressing mechanical nociception through inhibiting the communication of adjacent DRG neurons, which provides an important mechanism of fibroblasts in nociceptive regulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe function of fibroblastic molecules is rarely noticed in the regulation of nociceptive sensation. Here, we reveal that fibroblastic SMOC2 is secreted to be a component of basement membrane and surrounded the unit consisting of DRG neuron and attached satellite glial cells. SMOC2 is required for maintaining the basal mechanical nociceptive threshold in the DRG. Loss of SMOC2 leads to the increased coupled activation of adjacent DRG neurons induced by noxious mechanical stimuli. Peripheral inflammation causes decreased fibroblast cells and SMOC2, which may result in the increase of coupled activation of adjacent DRG neurons. Mechanistically, SMOC2 interacts with and suppresses satellite glial P2X7 receptor to inhibit the coupled activation of adjacent DRG neurons.
Lesiones traumáticas en la mano por el uso de amoladora. Un problema en nuestro medio
Authors: Taboadela Fernando J. , Mantella Gorosito Daniela , Corti Augusto , Francese Martín , Borre Florencia , Maquieira Marcelo , Presas Jésica , Menéndez Ayelén , Duque Jaime 
Published: April 2022

Introducción: Las lesiones en las manos causadas por amoladora son comunes y generalmente ocurren en adultos jóvenes. En países en desarrollo, el ámbito doméstico y el trabajo informal son los escenarios más frecuentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir factores asociados a las lesiones por amoladora, y cuantificar y clasificar las heridas, según la gravedad y la región anatómica de la mano involucrada.
Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, retrospectivo. Entre 2016 y 2020, estudiamos a los pacientes con heridas de mano causadas por amoladora. Se analizaron el nivel educativo, la experiencia con la herramienta, el material cortado, el uso de equipo de protección personal, la edad y el sexo. Para determinar el patrón de las lesiones se realizó un análisis clínico-anatómico y radiológico detallado e individualizado. La gravedad fue evaluada con el Hand Injury Severity Score.
Resultados: Se evaluó a 928 pacientes (920 hombres y 8 mujeres, edad promedio 42 años). Solo el 22,4% usaba equipo de protección personal en el momento del accidente. El 84,5% (776 casos) realizaba tareas inusuales para la que esta herramienta no fue diseñada. La mano más afectada fue la izquierda (62,06%). En 784 pacientes, las heridas involucraban los dedos, el patrón de asociación predominante fue entre el 2do y 3er dedo (54,44%). Las lesiones fueron leves (24,1%), moderadas (41,3%), graves (26%) y mayores (8,6%).
Conclusiones: Las lesiones por amoladora pueden resultar devastadoras. Una actualización epidemiológica reforzaría la necesidad de desarrollar métodos preventivos con el fin de disminuir su alta incidencia.
Infância e justiça espacial: Desigualdades inter e intrabairros na apropriação da cidade por crianças curitibanas
Authors: Fernandes Sonia Maria , Ferreira Valeria Milena Rohrich 
Published: April 2022

Analisa-se aqui se há desigualdade nas experiências espaciais de crianças a depender do local da cidade e do bairro em que moram. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa em que foram analisados 1060 questionários respondidos por famílias de crianças de 27 escolas municipais de Curitiba, distribuídas nas 9 regionais da cidade, à época. Os dados foram analisados a partir de autores da sociologia, da sociologia urbana, da infância e da geografia. Verificou-se que crianças moradoras da região norte-central da cidade e de regiões centrais dos bairros tiveram maior acesso a locais consolidados de lazer e cultura, pois moravam próximas desses locais ou tinham maior facilidade de se locomover até eles (dentre outras questões relacionadas à classe, gênero, raça, tempo de moradia no bairro, origem geográfica das famílias), demonstrando tanto um “efeito residência” gerador de oportunidades quanto uma mobilidade espacial que, como capital, impulsionava experiências diversificadas na cidade. Já para as crianças que moravam na parte pobre e periférica do bairro e, ainda mais, se eram moradoras do sul e do extremo sul da cidade (quando se cruza dados interbairros com intrabairros), o bairro não se apresentou como um recurso, mas sim, como uma restrição e a mobilidade espacial pareceu ser um capital urbano escasso. A configuração foi a de uma não mistura social entre crianças moradoras de diferentes partes do bairro e da cidade. A cidade se mostrou injusta espacialmente e o bairro apresentou-se modelar, ensinando posições e status superior a algumas crianças e subalternidade e sedentarismo para outras.
Keeping the People's Liberties
Authors: Dinan John J. 
Published: April 2022

Which branch of government should be entrusted with safeguarding individual rights? Conventional wisdom assigns this responsibility to the courts, on the grounds that liberty can only be protected through judicial interpretation of bills of rights. In fact it is difficult for many people even to conceive of any other way that rights might be protected. John Dinan challenges this understanding by tracing and evaluating the different methods that have been used to protect rights in the United States from the founding until the present era.By examining legislative statutes, judicial decisions, convention proceedings, and popular initiatives in four representative states—Massachusetts, Virginia, Michigan, and Oregon—Dinan shows that rights have been secured in the American polity in three principal ways. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, rights were protected primarily through representative institutions. Then in the early twentieth century, citizens began to turn to direct democratic institutions to secure their rights. It was not until the mid-twentieth century that judges came to be seen as the chief protectors of liberties.By analyzing the relative ability of legislators, citizens, and judges to serve as guardians of rights, Dinan's study demonstrates that each is capable of securing certain rights in certain situations. Elected representatives are generally capable of protecting most rights, but popular initiatives provide an effective mechanism for securing rights in the face of legislative intransigence, and judicial decisions offer a superior means of protecting liberties in crisis times. Accordingly, rather than viewing rights protection as the peculiar province of any single institution, this task ought to be considered the proper responsibility of all these institutions.By undertaking a comparison of these institutional methods across such a wide expanse of time, Keeping the People's Liberties makes a highly original contribution to the literature on rights protection and provides a new perspective on debates about the contemporary role of representative, populist, and judicial institutions.
Kansas Populism
Authors: Clanton O. Gene 
Published: April 2022

Because Kansas has been called “the leading Midwestern Populist state,” and the Midwestern phrase was the principle one of this significant movement in American history, this first comprehensive history of the Kansas People’s party, its leaders, and their thoughts and actions is an important addition to Populist historiography. Through this study of the leadership, as well as a complete and personal background analysis of the Populist and Republican members of five Kansas legislatures, the author helps to place Populism within its proper historical context.Although Kansas Populism is shown to have had a retrogressive strain, the pervasive force of the movement is revealed as a constructive and progressive response to the technological achievements that had revolutionized agriculture and industry over the course of the nineteenth century. Their answers were not always commendable, but the Populists were the first political activists to come to grips in an effective manner with the problems created by the continuing economic revolution that uniquely characterizes modern history, and they were “intent on demonstrating, apparently, that the purification of politics was not an iridescent dream.” In the dialogue which they conducted, in the program which they advance, they assisted in launching a progressive quest that continues in our own time.Undertaken with the objective of testing recent controversial interpretations of the Populist movement, this book, according to one reader, “far surpasses” studies of Populism in other states “done long ago and innocent of modern methods.” It contains passages “almost epigrammatic in their perceptiveness” and is notable for the author’s “fairness in dealing with the evidence.” In fact, the breadth of research and the extensive annotation and bibliographical material included make this volume an important source in itself.
Brandeis
Authors: Strum Philippa 
Published: April 2022

Revered as the "People's Attorney," Louis D. Brandeis concluded a distinguished career by serving as an associate justice (1916-1939) of the U.S. Supreme Court. Philippa Strum argues that Brandeis—long recognized as a brilliant legal thinker and defender of traditional civil liberties—was also an important political theorist whose thought has become particularly relevant to the present moment in American politics.Brandeis, Strum shows, was appalled by the suffering and waste of human potential brought on by industrialization, poverty, and a government increasingly out of touch with its citizens. In response, he developed a unique vision of a "worker's democracy" based on an economically independent and well-educated citizenry actively engaged in defining its own political destiny. She also demonstrates that, while Brandeis's thinking formed the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom," it went well beyond Wilsonian Progressivism in its call for smaller governmental and economic units such as worker-owned businesses and consumer cooperatives.Brandeis's political thought, Strum suggests, is especially relevant to current debates over how large a role government should play in resolving everything from unemployment and homelessness to the crisis in health care. One of the few justices to support Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the 1930s, he nevertheless consistently criticized concentrated power in government (and in corporations). He agreed that the government should provide its citizens with some sort of "safety net," but at the same time should empower people to find private solutions to their needs.A half century later, Brandeis's political thought has much to offer anyone engaged in the current debates pitting individualists against communitarians and rights advocates against social welfare critics.
On Turner's Trail
Authors: Jacobs Wilbur R. 
Published: April 2022

Should Frederick Jackson Turner be revered as “the father of western history” or reviled as a misguided advocate of a frontier spirit and rugged individualism that denied cultural diversity and produced widespread environmental destruction? Dividing into campus over the issue, western historians place him everywhere from one end of the spectrum to the other.In this provocative new interpretation of Turner’s life, work, and legacy, Wilbur Jacobs challenges the views of traditionalists and views of traditionalists and revisionists alike. From extensive research in the Turner archives, a nationwide search for additional Turner correspondence, interviews with historians, and a lifetime of collecting Turner anecdotes, Jacobs chronicles Turner’s professional (and sometimes personal) bequest through 100 years of Western historical writing.Jacobs adds his voice to the heated debate by mixing a sophisticated critique of historical writing with stories of professional intrigue—the fights to protect Turner’s legacy, limit access to the Turner archives, and control the Western history Association. He traces the intellectual development of Turner’s frontier theory; explores the intense rivalry between two major Turnerian disciples, Frederick Merk and Ray A. Billington, as they vied for control of Turner’s legacy; and analyzes the efforts of new western historians who seek to erase Turner and Billington from the landscape of what is now called the history of the “West.”Balanced in his assessments, Jacobs treats Turner and his disciples with a sympathetic yet critical eye. He points out Turner’s limitations in dealing with environmental, racial-ethnic, and urban themes as well as the shortcomings of Merk, Billington, and other Turnerians. At the same time, however, Jacobs illuminates the major contributions of their work.Despite their intense differences, Jacobs argues, all western historians remain inextricably linked by Turner’s legacy.
Requiem
Authors: McDonald Forrest , Shapiro Ellen 
Published: April 2022

In eleven provocative essays Forrest McDonald and his wife, Ellen Shapiro McDonald, cover a wide range of the intellectual, political, military, and social history of the eighteenth century to present both a picture of the age in which our Constitution was crafted and commentary on developments that have caused American government to stray from the Founders’ principles.Appearing here in print for the first time is Forrest McDonald’s widely acclaimed 1987 NEH Jefferson lecture, “The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers.” In other essays the McDonalds examine such topics as the writing of the Constitution, the central role of such little-known Founders as John Dickinson (“the most underrated of all the Founders”), and the constitutional principles of Alexander Hamilton. Also presented is an exploration of the ritualistic aspects of eighteenth-century warfare and an analysis of Shays’ Rebellion as a tax revolt. In chapters focusing on the separation of powers, the political economy, and the death of federalism, the McDonalds argue the urgent need to “return to limited government under law.”
America's Bachelor Uncle
Authors: Taylor Bob Pepperman 
Published: April 2022

Emphatically revisionist, Bob Pepperman Taylor reveals a Thoreau most people never knew existed. Contrary to conventional views, Taylor argues that Thoreau was one of America's most powerful and least understood political thinkers, a man who promoted community and democratic values, while being ever vigilant against the evils of excessive or illegitimate authority.Still widely viewed as a remarkable nature writer but simplistic philosopher with no real understanding of society, Thoreau is resurrected here as a profound social critic with more on his mind than utopian daydreams. Rather than the aloof and very private individualist spurned by conservatives and championed by radicals and environmentalists, Taylor portrays Thoreau as a genuinely engaged political theorist concerned with the moral foundations of public life. Like a solicitous "bachelor uncle" (a self-referential phrase from his journals), Thoreau persistently prodded his fellow citizens to remember that they were responsible for independently evaluating the behavior of their government and political community.Taylor contends that, far from being confined to a few political essays ("Civil Disobedience," "Slavery in Massachusetts," and "A Plea for Captain John Brown"), Thoreau's political critique was a lifetime project that informed virtually all of his work. Taylor's persuasive study should send readers back to Walden, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, and the 14-volume Journal, among many other writings, for a provocative new look at one of America's most influential writers.