bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Oak, Gypsy Moth Larvicide Test, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oak seedlings (1-0) growing in 3-gal (11.3 liter) containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against fourth-instar gypsy moths. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to apply sprays to 3 single-tree replicates/treatment, each harboring 5 larvae. Sprays were applied 8 Jul to run-off to containerized trees growing in a greenhouse. Modified 1-gal (3.9 liter) Fonda cups were used to prevent larval escape. Tops and bottoms were removed from the cups. A bottom was secured around the base of each tree stem prior to larval placement and spray application. After spraying, Fonda cups were secured to bottoms, and nylon organdy cloth was fitted over the top. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1, 6, and 13 DAT by visually assessing larval mortality. Five additional larvae were placed on each replicate 48 h after treatment for all treatments except the insect growth regulator (IGR); larval mortality was assessed 96 h later. Foliage consumption of larvae on IGR treatments was compared with a standard insecticide-and-check treatment by using a leaf-area meter.
Spruce, Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Control, Salem, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Norway spruce (0.5-1.0 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern spruce gall adelgids. Four single-tree replicates, each with at least 4 recent galls, were sprayed with each treatment. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on setting 3 for 30 s delivered 946 ml of finished spray to each tree. Sevin 80 S was applied 1 Oct, when adelgids were active on twigs, but hatching was not complete. An additional treatment was applied 14 Oct, along with the other treatments, when hatching was complete. Conditions on both spray dates were sunny, 15-18°C, and 8-16 km/h breeze. Treatments were evaluated 12 Nov by randomly removing 4 8-12-cm-long, lateral branch tips having at least 1 gall for each of the 4 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice chest to the laboratory. Samples were immediately processed with the aid of a dissecting microscope by assessing the percentage of twigs with galls having live adelgids near buds. All buds were examined for presence of adelgids.
Effects on Population Growth, 1986
Authors: White N. D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wheat flour was treated by pipette with 3 insecticides in acetone to yield 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 ppm. A layer of flour 3-mm deep was placed in the bottom of a 387-ml-capacity glass bottle, with 3 replicate bottles/treatment, then hard red spring wheat was added to a depth of 8 cm. The bottles were sealed with ventilated lids. Twenty-five adults, 12 females and 13 males less than 2 wk old, were placed in each bottle and held at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5%RH for 4, 8, or 12 wk, when adults and immatures were counted. Controls were as above, except untreated flour (acetone only), was substituted for the treated flour under the wheat. Three controls were run for each sampling period. Data were analyzed separately for numbers of adults and immatures on each sampling date by ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Magnetic Roach Food, 1988
Authors: Douskey Elaine R. , Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted to determine effectiveness of Magnetic Roach Food at various application times against German cockroaches. Magnetic Roach Food (2.5 g) was applied to each bottom corner surface on 1 side of Ebeling choice boxes modified into 2 equal compartments and held in darkness. Treated choice boxes were held for 0, 4, 8, and 15 d prior to cockroach introduction. Three replications were conducted for each time and for an untreated control. Food and water were provided on both sides of each choice box. Fifty male German cockroaches were anesthetized and placed in the untreated compartment of each choice box. Cockroaches were allowed to acclimate in the dark for 18 h before the dividing stoppers used to prevent access to the treated compartment were removed. Mortality was recorded every 12 h for 14 d. Mortality data were converted to proportions of the total number of cockroaches present and ANOVA was performed. Proportions were converted using the arcsine transformation so data would fit ANOVA assumptions. Treatment means over all times were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test and preplanned orthogonal contrasts.
Short-Term Residual Studies, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted to evaluate 2 formulations of PP 321 (cyhalothrin 10 W and 12 WG). Three dose rates of each formulation were compared with Demon. The test surfaces consisted of 8- by 8- by one-quarter-inch unfinished plywood panels. The surfaces were treated with a modified B & G sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track. A spraying system Multi Teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported on the track. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches above the panels. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft/s. The sprayer design, speed of delivery, and amount of liquid applied was set to duplicate field application. After spraying, the treated panels were allowed to dry for 24 h before the cockroaches were placed on the treated surface. Cockroach containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using PVC open-ended plastic cylinders (6¼-inch diam by 8 inches high). The cockroaches were exposed to 30.68 inch2 of treated surface. A mixture of petroleum jelly and mineral oil was applied to the container wall to keep the cockroaches on the treated surface. Nylon fabric was placed over the top of the containers to aid in the transfer of cockroaches from treated to untreated surfaces and to guard against escapes.
Field Trials of Type II Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 6 spray preparations of 3 cyano-pyrethroids: Demon (cypermethrin, 2 EC), Tempo (cyfluthrin, 2 EC and 20 W) and 3 rates of tralomethrin (0.3 EC). The Dorie Miller Homes, a multifamily public housing complex in Gary, Ind., served as the test site. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 3.8-liter compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-Jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated with approximately 0.5 gal of spray/unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each treatment was replicated in 13-16 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment counts; negative percent reductions were converted to zero before analysis.
Field Trials of Abamectin Bait Formulations, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G . W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 formulations of Avert baits: a dry formulation, 0.05% abamectin (avermectin Bla), and an aerosol formulation, 0.01% abamectin. The Delaney Apartments, a multifamily public housing complex in Gary, Ind., served as the test site. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait product placement was pervasive throughout the apartments. In kitchens, bait was placed under the sink, in corners, at wall intersections near the stove and refrigerator, beneath major appliances, and behind cabinets; in the bathroom, behind the toilet and in a cabinet beneath the sink. Bait also was distributed in living rooms, closets, and bedrooms in corners and wall intersections and inside many pieces of furniture, such as dressers and free-standing cabinet No attempt was made to limit the amount of product applied within an apartment; the extent of the infestation and the amount of cockroach harborage needing treatment dictated the amount of bait applied. The exact weight of bait applied in each apartment was recorded. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each formulation was replicated in 15 or 16 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation.
Evaluation of Knockdown Activity for Type II Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests assessed the relative knockdown activity of wettable powder formulations of 4 cyano-pyrethroids: cypermethrin (40.0%), cyfluthrin (20.0%), cyhalothrin (10.0%), and tralomethrin (13.3%). Sprays of 0.06 and 0.015% AI were applied to 1-ft2 (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging; residual agings evaluated were 1 d and 1 mo. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined (in a continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm diam plexiglass rings lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Two exposure times were evaluated at each aging period: a continuous exposure during which insects were left on the treated panel until moribund, and a 30-s exposure after which the insects were removed from the treated panel and observed. The time until 50% of the test insects were knocked down was recorded. The functional definition of knockdown was inability to move in any way, coordinated or otherwise. Insects were periodically challenged with probes to aid in determining their condition.
Control of Lesser Mealworm in a Hroiler House with IGRs and Pyrethroids, West Virginia, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two IGRs, UC84572 and XRD-473, and two pyrethroids, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were evaluated for control of lesser mealworm. Tests were conducted in a poultry house located at West Virginia University. The house is 30 x 100 ft with 2 holding areas separated by a 20- X 30-ft feed mixing and storage corridor. Each side of the house is divided into 3 rows of 5- x 8-ft pens for holding birds; each pen is stocked with 54 birds at the start of a cycle. At the end of a cycle (about 42 d), accumulated hard crust is removed and about 2 inches of new wood chip litter is added. Treatments were applied to the surface of new litter with no mixing of the litter after treatment. Sprays were applied with a 2-gal hand sprayer at the rate 1 gal/250 ft2. Treatments were replicated twice; each side of the house had a replicate of each treatment assigned at random. Treated and untreated areas were 160 ft2 (4 pens).
Laboratory Spray Table Screening Of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine treatments were evaluated for toxicity to BAW in the laboratory. Treatments were applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘STV 213’) terminals in water pics using a laboratory spray table using one TX6 nozzle calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph and 30 psi. Treatments to 20 terminals were replicated 3 times/treatment. BAW were collected from a cotton field at Stoneville, Miss., and were reared in the laboratory through 1 generation. One third instar was placed on each terminal 2 h after spray treatment and held under ventilated paper cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. The percentage of mortality was assessed 72 h after treatment.
Evaluation of Microencapsulated, Pressurized Aerosol Formulations, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of microencapsulated insecticides was evaluated on painted pine and stainless steel panels. The treatments were Dursban ME (liquid), Dursban ME (aerosol), Optem ME (aerosol) and Sumithrin ME (aerosol). Pine panels (232.-25 cm2) were cut from pine lumber, and painted with two coats of latex semigloss paint or covered with stainless steel plates. A 4-mm-deep circular groove was cut into the surface of the wood or steel, so that an inverted plastic Petri dish cover (92 mm diam) could retain cockroaches on the test surfaces. The chemical surfaces were prepared by pipeting a 1-ml water solution of Dursban and distributing it with a saturated natural bristle brush or applying the aerosol treatments with a device constructed in our laboratory. The aerosol device consisted of a can that was aligned such that a solenoid depressed the plunger for timed bursts. The duration of the burst was controlled by a programmable time delay relay with a range of 0.5-5.0 s. The panels were put 12 inches from the spray tip and adjusted so that the entire panel was uniformly coated with insecticide. The treated panels were then held at 25°C scotophase until bioassay.
Dietary Toxicity Trial, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests evaluated the toxicity of the dihaloalkyl arylsulfone biocide, A-9248 (diiodomethyl para-tolyl sulfone), when fed continuously to German cockroach nymphs from the second and fifth (last) nymphal stage until adulthood. The toxicants were formulated into diets prepared by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox into 5-g portions and reconstituting each with 6 ml of water and 3 ml of an acetone solution of technical A-9248. This was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h within an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets (75-100 mg) of the desired concentration (% AI). Seven diet concentrations (10-0.156%; 0.5 times serial dilutions) were evaluated to achieve a clear representation of A-9248 activity. Groups of 10 unsexed, newly eclosed (&lt;24 h) second- or fifth-stage nymphs were placed into 100- by 25-mm vented plastic Petri dishes supplied with test diet, water vial, and cardboard harborage. Each diet concentration was replicated 6 times, for a total of 60 nymphs/dilution rate.
Mite and Insect Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.1 gal spray/tree or 300-397 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr old, 10 ft high, 12 ft wide, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on EMU rootstock. Most treatments were applied soon after petal fall on 26 May; A1335 was applied at pink, 4 May, or at first cover, 10 Jun. Supplemental applications were made with some treatments, primarily for San Jose scale control on 19 and 23 Jul; the high-rate application of A1335 was reapplied 1 Aug. Additional materials applied either with the experimental miticides or on their own for disease control included Dithane M-45 80 W 1.5 lb/100 gal, Rubigan 1 EC 2 oz/100 gal, Rubigan 1 EC 3 oz/100 gal, Nova 60 DF 1 oz/100 gal, and Nustar 20 DF 1 oz/100 gal. These materials were applied alone or in combination with Dithane M-45 80 W 1 lb/100 gal, at tight cluster, 27 Apr; pink, 4 May; petal fall, 20 May; first cover, 26 May; and third cover (Dithane only), 30 Jun. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one ‘Red Delicious’ tree/plot biweekly throughout the summer. In the laboratory mites and eggs were brushed from leaves with a mite-brushing machine and counted using a binocular scope. Fruit clusters (25/‘McIntosh’ tree/plot) were evaluated for European apple sawfly and plum curculio injury on 17 Jun. Aphids were evaluated on 17 Jun, 21 Jun, and 24 Jun by examining 25 terminals/tree for the presence of aphid colonies. San Jose scale crawler tape traps were placed on the branches of infested trees in several plots. As the crawlers became active, the tape traps were brought into the laboratory and the crawlers were counted. Rainfall was below normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. Temperatures were considerably above normal during June, July, and August. Mite pressure was slow to build up in the block, in part due to weather-induced epizootic outbreaks early in the season.
Mite Control Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Lawson D. Scott 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.2 gal spray/tree or 300-403 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr-old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on EMU rootstock. The XRD-473, XRD-473 + Lorsban, Lorsban, Guthion 3 F, and Guthion 35 W treatments were all tested in a seasonal program with sprays applied at pink, 4 May; petal fall, 23 May; and in cover sprays on 7 Jun, 21 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. Pounce and Pounce/ALT were both applied at pink and petal fall then followed by cover sprays of Imidan on 7 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug; Thiodan was substituted for aphid control on the 21 Jun cover. Further treatments included Orthene at pink, followed by Guthion at the recommended rate at petal fall and again on 21 Jun, with Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug, with Danitol on 7 Jun. A similar treatment used the same materials and schedule except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin; Danitol at pink and 7 Jun, followed by Guthion at the recommended rate at petal fall and 21 Jun, with Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin and Surfel applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A final treatment was made using the same materials, timings, and rates as the preceding treatment except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80 S 12.5 lb/acre, 6 Apr; Dithane M45 80 W 10 lb/acre + Rubigan 1 EC 0.6 lb/acre, 20 May, 27 May, and 9 Jun; and Dithane M45 80 W 15 lb/acre, 30 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid (Kling-tite formulation) was applied in thinning sprays on 27 May using from 0 to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar and apparent fruit set. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one ‘Red Delicious’ tree/plot biweekly throughout the summer. In the laboratory mites and eggs were brushed from leaves with a mite-brushing machine and counted using a binocular scope. Rainfall was less than normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. However, most rain fell toward the end of July after an extensive drought had occurred. Temperatures were considerably above normal during June, July, and August.
Soft Pesticide Test, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to compare seasonal programs of soft pesticides for control of insect and mite pests of pear and for survival of beneficial arthropods. Plots consisted of 3 30-tree replicates in 3-row blocks. An untreated control was also included in the randomized block design. PP adults, PP predators, and the parasite Trechnites insidiosus densities were monitored by limb taps. PP nymphs were counted on 50-leaf samples/replication. Samples for first-generation nymphs were collected from fruiting spurs, whereas those for second and subsequent generations were collected from growing shoots. The proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle were picked from each of 10 shoots. Leaves were processed with a leaf-brushing machine, and PP nymphs and mites were counted on 20% of the resulting slides with a binocular dissecting microscope. Pest damage to fruit was determined by examining 250 pears/replication at harvest. Fruit firmness, size, and soluble solids content were compared on 2 10-fruit samples/replication.
Second-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an 8-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Sevin 4 F (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed at 100 °D intervals beginning at 2000 °D (lower threshold, 48°F; upper threshold, 90°F). The °D at dates of application were as follows: 2000 degree-days on 29 Jul, 2100 degree-days on 1 Aug, 2200 degree-days on 4 Aug, 2300 degree-days on 7 Aug, 2400 degree-days on 10 Aug, and 2500 degree-days on 13 Aug. The first spray was timed to correspond with the hatching of the summer eggs. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the generation.
Tart Cherry, Cherry Fruit Fly Insecticide Test, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to 30-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in an abandoned orchard near Mears, Mich. Treatment consisted of single unreplicated blocks of approximately 0.5 acre each. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. All treatments were applied first at petal fall on 19 May for GFW and CU control and then again on 23 Jun and 5 and 19 Jul, beginning 1 wk after the first ammonia acetate yellow sticky board trap catch and continuing through to harvest. Early season GFW and CU evaluations were made on 2 Jun before the damaged cherries could fall to the ground. One hundred cherries per tree were examined for injury from 5 central trees of the block for a total of 500 cherries/treatment. Defoliation ratings for GFW damage were based on a 0-5 scale with a 5 denoting consistent and noticeable defoliation. Late season evaluations of the mature fruit for larvae consisted of blending 8 pints/treatment of cherries in a blender and seiving the resulting slurry to remove the pulp. The remaining material was then examined for larvae. Two control blocks, each at opposite’ends of the field, were used to better estimate differences in the population due to location or soil.
First-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an 8-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Thiodan 50 W (1.5 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed at 50-degree-day intervals beginning at 325 degree-days (lower threshold, 48°F; upper threshold, 90°F). The degree-days at dates of application were as follows: 325 degree-days on 6 May, 375 degree-days on 10 May, 425 degree-days on 12 May, and 475 degree-days on 17 May. The first spray was timed to correspond with the hatching of overwintering eggs. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves per tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the generation.