bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual and mixed effects of slag and biochar on soil aggregates and their carbon concentration and on fungal community structure in subtropical early‐ and late‐cropping paddy fields
Authors: Jin Qiang , Wang Weiqi , Peñuelas Josep , Sardans Jordi , Lan Xingfu , Xu Xuping , Wang Chun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAggregates are the basis for the formation of a good soil structure. Soil fungi community plays an important role in soil nutrient transformation, soil aggregate formation and ecological balance of the plant–soil system. However, little is known about the multi‐year response of soil aggregates, their carbon concentrations and fungal community structure to different exogenous agents in double cropping paddy fields in southern China. Therefore, we studied the changes of aggregates' carbon concentrations and stability and fungal community structure under the application of slag and biochar individually and mixed in paddy fields in southeastern China for two annual cycles. Geometric mean diameter in the 0–15 cm layer in the early paddy fields was 29.0% lower in the slag + biochar treatment than in the control. The percentage of soil carbon concentrations in aggregates <0.25 mm in the four treatments in the early paddy field was 35.5%, 38.6%, 45.8% and 51.2%, respectively, in the 0–15 cm layer and 36.1%, 33.8%, 54.9% and 50.9%, respectively, in the 15–30 cm layer. Thus, treatments including biochar increase aggregates carbon concentration probably due to carbon retained in the biochar. Amendments with biochar and slag affected the fungal community structure even 2 years after their application. The results of this study reveal the relationship between soil aggregates and their carbon concentration and fungal community structure in paddy fields under slag and biochar application. These findings provide a theoretical basis for sustainable agricultural applications.
The pediatric global burden of stunting: Focus on Latin America
Authors: Montenegro Clara Rojas , Gomez Gabriel , Hincapie Oscar , Dvoretskiy Svyatoslav , DeWitt Tiffany , Gracia Daniela , Misas Juan Diego 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionStunting is a devastating consequence of poor nutrition from before birth to early childhood. While the prevalence of stunting is decreasing over the past 30 years, approximately 144 million children still suffer from stunting globally and 5 million in Latin America (LATAM).MethodThe purpose of this review is to provide an overview of stunting globally, with a focus on LATAM. Stunting can impact child development, lead to greater susceptibility to infections, increase functional impairments, and increase mortality risks. Furthermore, the economic negative impact of stunting is large, as stunted children will likely suffer from productivity losses due to chronic diseases in adulthood. The reduction in per capita income of the labor force due to stunting is close to 5% in LATAM; therefore, there is a continued need for comprehensive approaches to address stunting in this region and around the globe.ConclusionsA multisectoral comprehensive approach to address stunting is required, with nutritional intervention being a key part of that process.
Impact of NaCl impurity on corrosion of 316 L steel in molten nitrate salts for thermal energy storage: An electrochemical study
Authors: Li Heng , Wang Xiaowei , Feng Xiucheng , Yang Xinyu , Tang Jianqun , Gong Jianming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe impact of NaCl impurity on corrosion of stainless steel (SS) 316 L in binary nitrate salts (60 wt% NaNO3 + 40 wt% KNO3) was systematically investigated at 565°C via electrochemical measurements. SS 316 L exhibits active dissolution behavior in salts containing 0–1.4 wt% NaCl. The influence of NaCl impurity shows a strong time dependence according to the negligibly affected corrosion current density obtained from a short‐time potentiodynamic polarization sweep. The corrosion process of 316L in salts with NaCl‐free is controlled by ions transport through the oxide layer. With the presence of NaCl impurity, it is controlled by higher rate of ions transport and the diffusion of metal chlorides. The alternation in basicity in the corrosion front caused by chloride ions increases the solubility of chromium oxide and hence the dissolution of chromium oxide, which can lead to the formation of a less protective oxide layer.
Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Under Continuous Flow Using Polyurethane‐Based Monolithic Supports with Tailored Mesoporosity
Authors: Acikalin Hande , Panyam Pradeep K. R. , Shaikh Abdul Wasif , Wang Dongren , Kousik Shravan R. , Atanasova Petia , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNon‐porous polyurethane‐based monoliths are prepared under solvent‐induced phase separation conditions. They possess low specific surface areas of 0.15 m2 g−1, pore volumes of 1 µL g−1, and a non‐permanent, solvent‐induced microporosity with pore dimensions ≤1 nm. Mesoporosity can be introduced by varying the monomers and solvents. A tuning of the average solubility parameter of the solvent mixture by increasing the macroporogen content results in a decrease in the volume fraction of micropores from 70% to 40% and an increase in the volume fraction of pores in the range of 1.7–9.6 nm from 22% to 41% with only minor changes in the volume fraction of larger mesopores in the range of 9.6–50 nm. The polymeric monoliths are functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups, which allowed for the immobilization of an ionic liquid that contained the ionic Rh‐catalyst [1‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)‐3‐mesityl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene))(η4‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene)Rh(I) tetrafluoroborate]. The supported catalyst is used in the hydrosilylation of 1‐alkynes with dimethylphenylsilane under continuous flow using methyl‐tert‐butyl ether as second liquid transport phase. E/Z‐selectivity in hydrosilylation is compared to the one of the analogous biphasic reactions. The strong increase in Z‐selectivity is attributed to a confinement effect provided by the small mesopores.
A meshed kinematical approach for 3D slope stability analysis
Authors: Li Tianzheng , Gong Wenping , Tang Huiming , Zhang Limin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe limit analysis method has been extensively recognized as an efficient tool for a quick estimate of slope stability. Its common practice is to divide the potential failure domain into one or more standard geometric shapes such as the slice method or horn failure mechanism. However, these methods are difficult to solve the problems with spatially varying soil properties, especially for the variation of soil internal friction angles. To solve this problem, a meshed kinematical approach is proposed in this study for 3D slope stability analysis. The proposed approach takes advantage of the spatial discretization technique to achieve the failure mechanism generation based on soil properties rather than a predetermined geometric shape. It also shares some boundary conditions with the well‐known horn failure mechanism to respect the theoretical framework of limit analysis. The obtained failure mechanism is meshed and composed of a large number of well‐arranged elements, which in turn gives it great flexibility and compatibility in integrating spatially discretized data or combining numerical simulation methods. For verification purposes, the proposed approach is tested by some hypothetical slope stability cases and compared with the horn failure mechanism. Two case studies, respectively, involving a multi‐layer slope and a slope subjected to pore water pressure, are presented to illustrate the practical application of the proposed approach. It is concluded that the meshed kinematical approach is effective for slope stability assessment, which can gain high computation accuracy with much less time consumption compared to the numerical simulations.
BMI trajectories, morbidity, and mortality in England: a two‐step approach to estimating consequences of changes in BMI
Authors: Gray Laura A. , Breeze Penny R. , Williams Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveBMI is known to have an association with morbidities and mortality. Many studies have argued that identifying health risks using single BMI measures has limitations, particularly in older adults, and that changes in BMI can help to identify risks. This study identifies distinct BMI trajectories and their association with the risks of a range of morbidities and mortality.MethodsThe English Longitudinal Study of Aging provides data on BMI, mortality, and morbidities between 1998 and 2015, sampled from adults over 50 years of age. This study uses a growth‐mixture model and discrete‐time survival analysis, combined using a two‐step approach, which is novel in this setting, to the authors' knowledge.ResultsThis study identified four trajectories: “stable overweight,” “elevated BMI,” “increasing BMI,” and “decreasing BMI.” No differences in mortality, cancer, or stroke risk were found between these trajectories. BMI trajectories were significantly associated with the risks of diabetes, asthma, arthritis, and heart problems.ConclusionsThese results emphasize the importance of looking at change in BMI alongside most recent BMI; BMI trajectories should be considered where possible when assessing health risks. The results suggest that established BMI thresholds should not be used in isolation to identify health risks, particularly in older adults.
Water intake, thirst, and copeptin responses to two dehydrating stimuli in lean men and men with obesity
Authors: Chang Douglas C. , Penesova Adela , Bunt Joy C. , Stinson Emma J. , Kavouras Stavros A. , Gluck Marci E. , Paddock Ethan , Walter Mary , Piaggi Paolo , Krakoff Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivePhysiological systems responsible for water homeostasis and energy metabolism are interconnected. This study hypothesized altered responses to dehydration including thirst, ad libitum water intake, and copeptin in men with obesity.MethodsForty‐two men (22 lean and 20 with obesity) were stimulated by a 2‐hour hypertonic saline infusion and a 24‐hour water deprivation. In each dehydrating condition, thirst, ad libitum water intake after dehydration, and urinary and hormonal responses including copeptin were assessed.ResultsAfter each dehydration condition, ad libitum water intake was similar between both groups (p > 0.05); however, those with obesity reported feeling less thirsty (p < 0.05) and had decreased copeptin response and higher urinary sodium concentrations when stressed (p < 0.05). Angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, and apelin concentrations did not differ by adiposity group and did not explain the different thirst or copeptin responses in men with obesity. However, leptin was associated with copeptin response in lean individuals during the hypertonic saline infusion (p < 0.05), but the relationship was diminished in those with obesity.ConclusionsDiminished thirst and copeptin responses are part of the obesity phenotype and may be influenced by leptin. Adiposity may impact pathways regulating thirst and vasopressin release, warranting further investigation.
A global analysis of factors predicting conservationists' values
Authors: Luque‐Lora Rogelio , Keane Aidan , Fisher Janet A. , Holmes George , Sandbrook Chris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

There exists a wealth of philosophical, sociological and anthropological literature on environmental values; yet, few studies have investigated the values held by conservationists themselves, and how these shape the conservation movement.

Here, we present the first global analysis of the relationships between conservationists' values and a broad range of conservationists' characteristics, categorised into their educational and professional background, geographical context and personal experiences in childhood and adulthood. We draw on survey responses from 9264 conservationists from 149 countries to conduct the broadest analysis to date of what factors are associated with the values of conservationists.

Our results demonstrate that 13 characteristics of conservationists' personal and professional backgrounds are statistically related to their values regarding the place of people, science, capitalism and nonhuman entities in conservation. Of these characteristics, educational specialism and continent of nationality had the highest predictive power. We also draw on open‐text responses to uncover other factors that conservationists identify as having been important in shaping their values; travel and religion were the most commonly reported.

Our findings have important implications for current debates on diversity and inclusion within the conservation community. In particular, we provide broad empirical evidence that increasing personal and professional diversity in conservation organisations is likely to also increase the range of values represented. We also discuss the implications of our results for interdisciplinarity, the management of disagreement and conflict in conservation, and the training of future generations of conservationists.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Highly transparent castor oil‐derived polyurethane/silica nanocomposite coating synthesized by in situ polymerization
Authors: Mohanty Debasmita , Kanny Marven Krishnan , Mohanty Smita 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe automobile paint industry normally consumes petro‐based feedstock as the raw material, which is non‐renewable and emits a higher amount of volatile organic compound, that pollutes the environment. This study focuses on the use of eco‐friendly castor oil (CO) as a substitute for petro‐based feedstocks; while synthesizing polyurethane (PU)‐based automobile clear coats. An acrylate‐PU/nano‐silica (NS) hybrid coating was developed, which was derived from CO‐based polyol. CO was modified by employing a process that includes epoxidation, followed by transesterification, and acrylation to synthesize the required polyols, which is used for acrylate‐PU paint synthesis via the in‐situ polymerization process. Triallyl isocyanurate (TI) modified NS particles were incorporated with the paint matrix by the ultrasonication method to enhance the paint properties. Experimental findings revealed that with the incorporation of NS particles, char residue, Young's modulus, abrasion resistance, and cross‐cut adhesion % increased by 71.31%, 42%, 0.28%, and 5% respectively. Also, glass transition temperature, pencil hardness, nanoindentation depth, water contact angle, and cross‐linking density were increased from −12.16°C, 2H, 3300 nm, 81.71°, and 0.90 mol/m3 to 1.65°C, 3H, 2000 nm, 92.26°, and 1.78 mol/m3 respectively. The UV‐visibility spectra, haze, transmittance, and gloss parameter showed the enhanced optical properties of the paint samples. PU/NS composite coating developed showed equivalent properties as that of the commercial clear coat.
Prognostic value of texture analysis of the primary tumour in high‐risk neuroblastoma: An 18F‐DOPA PET study
Authors: Fiz Francesco , Bottoni Gianluca , Bini Fabiano , Cerroni Francesca , Marinozzi Franco , Conte Massimo , Treglia Giorgio , Morana Giovanni , Sorrentino Stefania , Garaventa Alberto , Siri Giacomo , Piccardo Arnoldo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the prognostic value of texture analysis of the primary tumour with 18fluorine‐dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/X‐ray computed tomography (18F‐DOPA PET/CT) in patients affected by high‐risk neuroblastoma (HR‐NBL).MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 18 patients with HR‐NBL, which had been prospectively enrolled in the course of a previous trial investigating the diagnostic role of 18F‐DOPA PET/CT at the time of the first onset. Texture analysis of the primary tumour was carried out on the PET images using LifeX. Conventional indices, histogram parameters, grey level co‐occurrence (GLCM), run‐length (GLRLM), neighbouring difference (NGLDM) and zone‐length (GLZLM) matrices parameter were extracted; their values were compared with the overall metastatic load, expressed by means of whole‐body metabolic burden (WBMB) score and the progression‐free/overall survival (PFS and OS).ResultsThere was a direct correlation between WBMB and radiomics parameter describing uptake intensity (SUVmean: p = .004) and voxel heterogeneity (entropy: p = .026; GLCM_Contrast: p = .001). Conversely, texture indices of homogeneity showed an inverse correlation with WBMB (energy: p = .026; GLCM_Homogeneity: p = .006). On the multivariate model, WBMB (p < .01) and the first standardised uptake value (SUV) quartile (p < .001) predicted PFS; OS was predicted by WBMB and the N‐myc proto‐oncogene protein (MYCN) amplification (p < .05) for both.ConclusionsTextural parameters describing heterogeneity and metabolic intensity of the primary HR‐NBL are closely associated with its overall metastatic burden. In turn, the whole‐body tumour load appears to be one of the most relevant predictors of progression‐free and overall survival.
Finite element analysis of biaxial tensile mechanical properties and burst properties of woven fabric for layflat hose
Authors: Sun Yiwan , Cai Lihai , Shao Weiguang , Liu Wenyan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of woven fabric structures on the biaxial tensile mechanical properties and burst properties of woven fabric for layflat hose. A repeat unit cell finite element modeling for woven fabrics for layfalt hose is adopted. To investigate the effects of fabric structure, two parameters are studied: warp yarn spacing and weft yarn linear density. The mechanical response outcomes such as stress distribution, intensity, breaking elongation, and burst properties such as burst pressure, burst direction, are defined and the effects of structure parameters studied on these outcomes are studied. The effects of the warp yarn spacing and the weft yarn linear density on the biaxial tensile mechanical properties and the burst properties of woven fabric for layflat hose are determined. Moreover, the results suggest finite element method exhibits high accuracy in predicting the burst pressure of layflat hose.
Experimental study of explosion overpressure and flame propagation of micro‐sized and nanosized iron powder
Authors: Meng Xiangbao , Wang Zhifeng , Zhang Yansong , Xiao Qin , Yang Panpan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn order to study the explosion of micro‐sized and nanosized iron powder, the explosion overpressure and flame propagation were measured in a 20‐L near‐spherical explosion pressure experiment and a Hartmann tube experiment. The explosion overpressure experiments show that the optimum explosion concentrations of micro‐sized and nanosized iron powder are 750 and 375 g/m3, respectively. The maximum explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure rise rate of nanosized iron powder are 0.56 MPa and 46.41 MPa/s, which are 144% and 225% of that of micro‐sized iron powder, respectively. Under the optimum explosion concentration, the explosion flame of nanosized iron powder is brighter, and the propagation time is shorter. The maximum propagation velocity of micro‐sized and nanosized iron powder flame is 0.84 and 6.55 m/s, respectively, and the flame pulsation degree of micro‐sized iron powder is larger. The spherical particles and the cracks on the surface of the product particles were observed in the micro images of the explosion products, and the explosion mechanism model of micro‐sized and nanosized iron powder was obtained. It was observed that the deformation of micro‐sized iron particles intensifies, forming regular and complete spherical iron oxide particles.
Wind field and droplet coverage characteristics of air‐assisted sprayer in mango‐tree canopies
Authors: Jiang Shijie , Yang Shenghui , Xu Jiawei , Li Wenwei , Zheng Yongjun , Liu Xingxing , Tan Yu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDAir‐assisted sprayers is one of the primary fruit tree pest control approaches in agricultural production. It is necessary to study the influence of multiple factors on both wind field and droplet coverage of air‐assisted sprayers. In this article, foliage area volume density (FAVD) and power gradient were considered factors, and field tests were conducted in an orchard to determine such influence.RESULTSThe results showed that in‐canopy wind speed was mainly affected by the air‐assisted sprayer. FAVD showed significance to the wind speed and droplet coverage inside canopies (P < 0.001), compared with power gradient (P > 0.05). With the increase of FAVD, the wind speed in the bottom layer of canopies first increased and then decreased, while the wind speed in the middle and top layers first decreased and then increased. Meanwhile, the wind field was mainly concentrated on the surface of canopies and gradually approached the canopy center as the power gradient increased. Furthermore, a Back‐Propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was constructed to predict droplet coverage at any canopy location to avoid repeated experiments. The overall correlation coefficient (R) of this model was about 0.731, indicating good fitting performance.CONCLUSIONFAVD has a significant effect on wind speed and droplet deposition inside the canopy, and the air‐assisted sprayer parameter setting should consider the effect of FAVD. The prediction model can predict droplet deposition inside the canopy without repeating. The study can provide a reference for selecting operating parameters of air‐assisted sprayers and help reduce droplet loss and environmental pollution. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The construction of preclinical evidence for the treatment of liver fibrosis with quercetin: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Guo Xiaochuan , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Weizheng , Wang Luyao , Hu Sihan , Xiao Xiaolin , Hu Caiyu , Dai Yao , Zhang Yiheng , Li Ziyu , Li Junlin , Ma Xiao , Zeng Jinhao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractQuercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid, is widely found in fruits and vegetables and exerts broad‐spectrum pharmacological effects in the liver. Many studies have explored the bioactivity of quercetin in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Hence, through a systematic review and biological mechanism evaluation, this study aimed to construct a body of preclinical evidence for the treatment of liver fibrosis using quercetin. The literature used in this study was mainly obtained from four databases, and the SYRCLE list (10 items) was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. A meta‐analysis of HA, LN, and other indicators was performed via STATA 15.0 software. Subgroup analyses based on animal species and model protocol were performed to further obtain detailed results. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of quercetin was summarized in a directed network form based on a comprehensive search of the literature. After screening, a total of 14 articles (comprising 15 studies) involving 254 animals were included. The results from the analysis showed that the corresponding liver function indexes, such as the levels of HA and LN, were significantly improved in the quercetin group compared with the model group, and liver function, such as the levels of AST and ALT, were also improved in the quercetin group. The species‐ and model‐based subgroup analyses of AST and ALT revealed that quercetin exerts a significant effect. The therapeutic mechanism of quercetin was shown to be related to multiple pathways involving anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities and lipid accumulation, including regulation of the TGF‐β, α‐SMA, ROS, and P‐AMPK pathways. The results showed that quercetin exerts an obvious effect on liver fibrosis, and more prominent improvement effects on liver function and liver fibrosis indicators were obtained with a dose of 5–200 mg during a treatment course ranging from 4 to 8 weeks. Quercetin might be a promising therapeutic for liver fibrosis.