bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General and custom deep learning autosegmentation models for organs in head and neck, abdomen, and male pelvis
Authors: Amjad Asma , Xu Jiaofeng , Thill Dan , Lawton Colleen , Hall William , Awan Musaddiq J. , Shukla Monica , Erickson Beth A. , Li X. Allen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeTo reduce workload and inconsistencies in organ segmentation for radiation treatment planning, we developed and evaluated general and custom autosegmentation models on computed tomography (CT) for three major tumor sites using a well‐established deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).MethodsFive CT‐based autosegmentation models for 42 organs at risk (OARs) in head and neck (HN), abdomen (ABD), and male pelvis (MP) were developed using a full three‐dimensional (3D) DCNN architecture. Two types of deep learning (DL) models were separately trained using either general diversified multi‐institutional datasets or custom well‐controlled single‐institution datasets. To improve segmentation accuracy, an adaptive spatial resolution approach for small and/or narrow OARs and a pseudo scan extension approach, when CT scan length is too short to cover entire organs, were implemented. The performance of the obtained models was evaluated based on accuracy and clinical applicability of the autosegmented contours using qualitative visual inspection and quantitative calculation of dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean distance to agreement (MDA), and time efficiency.ResultsThe five DL autosegmentation models developed for the three anatomical sites were found to have high accuracy (DSC ranging from 0.8 to 0.98) for 74% OARs and marginally acceptable for 26% OARs. The custom models performed slightly better than the general models, even with smaller custom datasets used for the custom model training. The organ‐based approaches improved autosegmentation accuracy for small or complex organs (e.g., eye lens, optic nerves, inner ears, and bowels). Compared with traditional manual contouring times, the autosegmentation times, including subsequent manual editing, if necessary, were substantially reduced by 88% for MP, 80% for HN, and 65% for ABD models.ConclusionsThe obtained autosegmentation models, incorporating organ‐based approaches, were found to be effective and accurate for most OARs in the male pelvis, head and neck, and abdomen. We have demonstrated that our multianatomical DL autosegmentation models are clinically useful for radiation treatment planning.
Chyme reinfusion improved outcomes after definitive surgery for small‐intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula in patients with enteral nutrition
Authors: Liao Yannian , Tao Shen , Yao Zheng , Tian Weiliang , Xu Xin , Zhao Risheng , Zhao Yunzhao , Huang Qian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeIn patients suffering from small‐intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula who are receiving enteral nutrition (EN), although the function of the small intestine is sufficient, without chyme reinfusion (CR), disuse of the distal intestine of enteroatmospheric fistula may occur. However, CR reverses such pathological changes and have an influence on improving outcomes following definitive surgery (DS) for small‐intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula. This study attempted to investigate the effect of preoperative CR in patients with EN on the outcomes after DS for small‐intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula.MethodsAccording to whether CR was performed between January 2012 and December 2019, patients receiving DS for small intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula were divided into the CR group and non‐CR group. The effect of preoperative CR was then investigated.ResultsA total of 159 patients were finally enrolled, of which 72 patients were in the CR group and 87 patients were in the non‐CR group. A total of 47 (29.56%) patients were found to have recurrent fistula after DS, the recurrent fistula rate in the CR group (multivariate odds ratio = 0.557; 95% CI, 0.351–0.842; P = 0.019) was lower. CR was also shown to promote postoperative recovery of bowel function (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.982; 95% CI, 1.199–3.275; P = 0.008), and shorten postoperative length of stay (LOS) (HR = 1.739; 95% CI, 1.233–2.453; P = 0.002).ConclusionPreoperative CR may reduce the incidence of recurrent fistula, time to return of bowel function and postoperative LOS following DS for small‐intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula.
Fabrication and investigation potential effect of lentinan and docetaxel nanofibers for synergistic treatment of breast cancer in vitro
Authors: Ataollahi Hanieh , Larypoor Mohaddeseh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBreast cancer has a high prevalence among women which has high recurrences even after common therapies, so using nanofibers that contain natural compounds along with antineoplastic drugs locoregionally can be a novel supportive strategy. In this study, hot water extracted lentinan from Lentinula edodes (TMU340) was purified by ion‐exchange chromatography. The effects of electrospun PVA/lentinan/docetaxel nanofibers were determined on HER3 expression in MCF‐7 cell line. Lentinan concentration was determined at 0.243 mg/ml. The optimal electrospinning conditions were 15 kV, 15 cm, and 1 ml/h. The HER3 expression of cells treated with PVA/lentinan/docetaxel nanofibers obtained 0.52 in the most effective concentration at 72 h. Based on the results, PVA/lentinan/docetaxel nanofibers have shown appropriate synergistic effects on breast cancer. Therefore, the utilization of lentinan as a natural compound with a common chemical anticancer drug and nano‐drug delivery system can be considered as a promising suggestion within the treatment of cancer.
Phosphorylation of hTERT at threonine 249 is a novel tumor biomarker of aggressive cancer with poor prognosis in multiple organs
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Yamashita Taro , Ye Juanjuan , Yasukawa Mami , Yamakawa Keiko , Mukai Yuri , Machitani Mitsuhiro , Daigo Yataro , Miyagi Yohei , Yokose Tomoyuki , Oshima Takashi , Ito Hiroyuki , Morinaga Soichiro , Kishida Takeshi , Minamoto Toshinari , Yamada Shinji , Takei Junko , Kaneko Mika K , Kojima Motohiro , Kaneko Shuichi , Masaki Tsutomu , Hirata Masahiro , Haba Reiji , Kontani Keiichi , Kanaji Nobuhiro , Miyatake Nobuyuki , Okano Keiichi , Kato Yukinari , Masutomi Kenkichi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) regulates expression of target genes and is directly involved in tumor formation in a telomere‐independent manner. Non‐canonical function of hTERT has been considered as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. We have previously shown that hTERT phosphorylation at threonine 249 (p‐hTERT), which promotes RdRP activity, is an indicator of an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in liver and pancreatic cancers, using two cohorts with small sample sizes with polyclonal p‐hTERT antibody. To clarify the clinical relevance of p‐hTERT, we developed a specific monoclonal antibody and determined the diagnostic and prognostic value of p‐hTERT in cancer specimens using a large cohort. A monoclonal antibody for phosphorylated hTERT (p‐hTERT) at threonine 249 was developed and validated. The antibody was used for the immunohistochemical staining of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens from 1523 cases of lung, colon, stomach, pancreatic, liver, breast, and kidney cancers. We detected elevated p‐hTERT expression levels in cases with a high mitotic activity, high pathological grade, and high nuclear pleomorphism. Elevated p‐hTERT expression was an independent prognostic factor for lung, pancreatic, and liver cancers. Furthermore, p‐hTERT expression was associated with immature and aggressive features, such as adenosquamous carcinoma (lung and pancreas), invasive type of cancer (lung), high serum alpha‐fetoprotein level (liver), and triple‐negative status (breast). In conclusion, RdRP activity indicated by p‐hTERT expression predicts aggressive cancer phenotypes in various types of cancer. Thus, p‐hTERT is a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of aggressive cancers with a poor prognosis. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
On the necessity of importing neurobiology into mathematics
Authors: Filippov Mikhail , Zeki Semir 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, for every mathematical system there are correct statements that cannot be proven to be correct within that system. We here extend this to address the question of axiomatic statements that are perceived (or known) to be correct but which mathematics, as presently constituted, cannot prove. We refer to these as perceptual axioms.
In‐depth analysis of proteomic and genomic fluctuations during the time course of human embryonic stem cells directed differentiation into beta cells
Authors: Budnik Bogdan , Straubhaar Juerg , Neveu John , Shvartsman Dmitry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPluripotent stem cells (PSC) endocrine differentiation at a large scale allows sampling of transcriptome and proteome with phosphoproteome (proteoform) at specific time points. We describe the dynamic time course of changes in cells undergoing directed beta‐cell differentiation and show target proteins or previously unknown phosphorylation of critical proteins in pancreas development, NKX6‐1, and Chromogranin A (CHGA). We describe fluctuations in the correlation between gene expression, protein abundance, and phosphorylation, following differentiation protocol perturbations at all stages to identify proteoform profiles. Our modeling recognizes outliers on a phenomic landscape of endocrine differentiation, and we describe new biological pathways involved. We have validated our proteomic data by analyzing independent single‐cell RNAseq datasets for in‐vitro pancreatic islet production and corroborated our findings for several proteins suggestive as targets for future research. The single‐cell analysis combined with proteoform data places new protein targets within the specific time point and at the specific pancreatic lineage of differentiating stem cells. We suggest that non‐correlating proteins abundances or new phosphorylation motifs of NKX6.1 and CHGA point to new signaling pathways that may play an essential role in beta‐cell development. We present our findings for the research community's use to improve endocrine differentiation protocols and developmental studies.
Spatial variability of forward modelled attenuated backscatter in clear‐sky conditions over a megacity: Implications for observation network design
Authors: Warren Elliott , Charlton‐Perez Cristina , Lean Humphrey , Kotthaus Simone , Grimmond Sue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSensors that measure the attenuated backscatter coefficient (e.g., automatic lidars and ceilometers [ALCs]) provide information on aerosols that can impact urban climate and human health. To design an observational network of ALC sensors for supporting data assimilation and to improve prediction of urban weather and air quality, a methodology is needed. In this study, spatio‐temporal patterns of aerosol‐attenuated backscatter coefficient are modelled using Met Office numerical weather prediction (NWP) models at two resolutions, 1.5 km (UKV) and 300 m (London Model [LM]), for 28 clear‐sky days and nights. Initially, attenuated backscatter coefficient data are analysed using S‐mode principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. Four to seven empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are produced for each model level, with common EOFs found across different heights (day and night) for both NWP models. EOFs relate strongly to orography, wind, and emissions source location, highlighting these as critical controls of attenuated backscatter coefficient spatial variability across the megacity. Urban–rural differences are largest when wind speeds are low and vertical boundary‐layer dynamics can more effectively distribute near‐surface aerosol emissions vertically. In several night‐time EOFs, gravity‐wave features are found for both NWP models. Increasing the horizontal resolution of native ancillaries (model input parameters) and improving the urban surface scheme in the LM may enhance the urban signal in the EOFs. PCA output, with agglomerative Ward cluster analysis (CA), minimises intra‐group variance. The UKV and LM CA shape and size results are similar and strongly related to orography. PCA‐CA is a simple, but adaptable methodology, allowing close alignment with observation network design goals. Here, CA is used with wind roses to suggest the optimised ALC deployment is one in the city to observe the urban plume and others surrounding the city, with priority given to cluster size and frequency of upwind advection.
Probing for factors influencing exhaled breath drug testing in sports— Pilot studies focusing on the tested individual's tobacco smoking habit and sex
Authors: Garzinsky Ann‐Marie , Thomas Andreas , Thevis Mario 
Published: January 2022

RationaleExhaled breath (EB) was found to be a promising matrix in the field of sports drug testing due to the non‐invasive and non‐intrusive sampling procedure, but significant inter‐individual variations regarding detected drug concentrations have been observed in previous studies. To investigate whether the detectability of doping agents in EB is affected by sex or tobacco smoking, two administration studies were conducted with male and female smokers and nonsmokers concerning the elimination of the beta blocker propranolol and the stimulant pseudoephedrine into EB.MethodsFollowing the administration of 40 mg propranolol or 30 mg pseudoephedrine, a total of 19 participants, including female and male nonsmokers as well as female and male smokers, collected EB and dried blood spot (DBS) samples over a period of 24 h. Respective analyte concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography and high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry, and semi‐quantitative assays were characterized with regard to selectivity, limit of detection and identification, precision, linearity, and carryover.ResultsBoth propranolol and pseudoephedrine were identified in post‐administration EB samples from female and male nonsmokers as well as female and male smokers, and the maximum detected drug levels ranged from 9 to 2847 pg/cartridge for propranolol and from 26 to 4805 pg/cartridge for pseudoephedrine. The corresponding DBS levels were in a range of 4–30 ng/mL for propranolol and 55–186 ng/mL for pseudoephedrine.ConclusionsNeither the consumption of cigarettes nor the sex appears to represent a decisive criterion as to the detectability of propranolol or pseudoephedrine in EB, but inter‐individual variations regarding the detected drug levels were observed among all studied population groups.
MnOx Catalyst with High‐Efficiency Degradation Behavior of Toluene: Effect of Cryptomelane
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Wu Yinghan , Qin Chenghua , Zhang Zhuofu , Liu Wei , Liu Zepeng , Liu Chunyu , Zhu Xinfeng , Song Zhongxian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA series of MnOx catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal reaction of different pH values, which proved the important influence of preparation conditions on the structure and performance of the catalysts. The results proved that the cryptomelane MnOx catalyst with a pH of 10 (Cat‐2) exhibited the most outstanding performance in catalyzing toluene. The appearance of cryptomelane on Cat‐2 would reduce the chemical valence of Mn, which could increase the content of Mn3+ and the amount of oxygen vacancies. With the increase of Mn3+, the Mn−O bond was broken more easily, and then facilitated the mobility oxygen species, causing the promotion of the catalytic activity. Low‐valence manganese, high‐capacity oxygen vacancies and maximum concentration of lattice oxygen were the most important reasons for the best catalytic activity of Cat‐2. According to the results of in‐situ DRIFT, benzyl, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid were the main intermediate products, which followed the Mars‐van Krevelen mechanism.
Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Phenformin Derivatives
Authors: Cao Yufang , Xu Simeng , Xu Cangcang , Xiao Di , Chen Zhuliang , Wang Wei , Wang Zhiren , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhenformin has been recognized as a drug with anti‐ proliferative potential. Due to its excellent pharmaceutical parameters, its structure was modified based on the principle of intermediate derivatization, and the influence of different substituents of phenformin and its position on the benzene ring on its antiproliferative activity was discussed. In this study, 15 phenformin derivatives with different substituents were synthesized by inserting electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups on the different positions of phenyl side of phenformin, and screened for their antiproliferative activities. It was found that the introduction of electron‐donating substituents slightly improves the antiproliferative activity of phenformin, however, the introduction of −Cl and −OCF3substituents significantly increased the antiproliferative activity of phenformin with N‐l‐(2‐chloro) phenethylbiguanide (2B), the best antiproliferative activity compound. Western blot assay and the molecular docking studies demonstrated that2Bactivates AMPK.
Ultrasound‐Activated Modified Starch Microgranules for Removal of Ibuprofen from Aqueous Media
Authors: Navikaite‐Snipaitiene Vesta , Rosliuk Deimante , Almonaityte Karolina , Rutkaite Ramune , Vaskeliene Vaida , Raisutis Renaldas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltrasound activated (U‐CCS) and non‐activated microgranular cross‐linked cationic starch sorbents (CCS) of different degree of substitution (DS) of quaternary ammonium groups are developed and used for binding of ibuprofen (IB) via adsorption and removal from aqueous solution. Ultrasonic treatment results in the formation of some fissures and cracks on the exterior of the modified starch granules as observed by a scanning electron microscopy studies. The equilibrium adsorption of IB onto both types of granules is investigated. The parameters of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin‐Radushkevich adsorption models are calculated and showed that driving forces of adsorption are electrostatic interaction between quaternary ammonium groups of modified starches and carboxylic groups of IB. The sorption capacities of CCS with DS of quaternary ammonium groups equal to 0.21 and 0.42 are 232 and 345 mg g−1, respectively. The ultrasound activation increases the sorption capacities of U‐CCS to 574 and 579 mg g−1, accordingly. Therefore, the ultrasound activation allows to achieve high‐level binding of IB by using low amounts of chemical agent to modify starch granules. The ultrasound activation method presents a great potential to improve the CCS sorption properties and generating a promising sorbent for the removal of IB from aqueous media.
Themes, Trends, and Knowledge Structure in 30 Years of Starch Research in Food Science and Technology: a Visualization Review
Authors: Wang Xu , Hong Yan , Gu Zhengbiao , Cheng Li , Li Zhaofeng , Li Caiming , Ban Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStarch research comprises several aspects covering a multitude of domains. It is essential to elucidate the themes, trends, and knowledge structure of starch research on a holistic basis to understand its historical evolution and research hotspots, and to promote the development of starch research. In this review, the direction and discipline of starch research are analyzed based on 84 853 Web of Science (WoS) core collection documents over three decades. Co‐citation network maps, influential authors, collaborative patterns, changing paradigms, and research hotspots of starch research in food science and technology are identified using CiteSpace software. Starch research in food science and technology is becoming increasingly popular and is undergoing rapid development. Collaborative networks of countries, institutions, and study authors have been formed to study the functional properties of starch and their effects on human health; the effects of polyphenols and polysaccharides on starch structure, physicochemical properties, and digestibility; and Pickering emulsions, which are hotspots of starch research in food science and technology. These three research hotspots have their research emphases. In this review, a broad perspective is provided to facilitate the understanding of starch research and its various aspects.
Application of Exogenous 6‐benzyladenine at the Silking‐Stage Improves the Starch Quality of Waxy Maize Suffering from Post‐Silking Drought Stress
Authors: Huo Zhenggang , Yang Huan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe application of exogenous 6‐benzyladenine (6‐BA) can mitigate plant responses to drought stress. The effects of spraying exogenous 6‐BA at the silking‐stage on the waxy maize starch physicochemical properties under post‐silking well‐watered and drought conditions are studied using Jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000) and Yunuo7 (YN7) as materials. The starch granule size in response to drought is enlarged in JKN2000 but reduced in YN7. However, 6‐BA application enlarges the starch granule size of both hybrids under drought conditions. Under both water conditions, 6‐BA application increases the proportion of high‒molecular weight amylopectin branch chains in both hybrids. The amylopectin chain‐length and relative crystallinity in response to 6‐BA application are dependent on hybrid and water condition. The pasting viscosities of both hybrids are improved by 6‐BA application under well‐watered conditions. However, the peak viscosity under drought is improved in JKN2000 and unaffected in YN7 by 6‐BA application. Under drought, 6‐BA application does notaffect the gelatinization characteristics but decreases the retrogradation enthalpy and percentage of both hybrids. In conclusion, exogenous 6‐BA application at the silking‐stage can improve the pasting viscosities under well‐watered conditions and reduce the retrogradation percentage under drought conditions, thereby alleviating the negative influence of post‐silking drought in waxy maize production.
Cypermethrin inhibits Leydig cell development and function in pubertal rats
Authors: Li Shijun , Wang Yun , Zou Cheng , Zhu Qiqi , Wang Yiyan , Chen Haiqiong , Yang Wenjing , Tu Yuhan , Yan Haoni , Li Xiaoheng , Ge Ren‐Shan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCypermethrin is a broad‐spectrum pyrethroid insecticide that is widely used. It may induce adverse endocrine‐disrupting effects on the male reproductive system. Whether cypermethrin can disrupt Leydig cell development and function in the late puberty remains elusive. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of cypermethrin exposure to male rats on the development and function of Leydig cells in late puberty and explore the underlying mechanism. Thirty‐six male Sprague–Dawley rats (age of 35 days) were gavaged with cypermethrin (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day) from postnatal day 35–49. Cypermethrin significantly lowered serum testosterone level while elevating serum luteinizing hormone level at a dose of 50 mg/kg, without altering serum follicle‐stimulating hormone level. Cypermethrin markedly decreased CYP11A1‐positive Leydig cell number at 50 mg/kg without affecting SOX9‐positive Sertoli cell number. It significantly down‐regulated the expression of Leydig cell genes, Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1 and their proteins, while up‐regulating the expression of Sertoli cell genes, Dhh and Amh, and their proteins, at doses of 12.5–50 mg/kg. In addition, cypermethrin significantly increased malondialdehyde level while lowering the expression of Sod1 and Sod2 and their proteins at 50 mg/kg. Cypermethrin markedly induced reactive oxidative species at a concentration of 200 μM and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential at 25 μM and higher concentrations after 24 h of treatment to primary Leydig cells in vitro. In conclusion, cypermethrin inhibits the development and function of Leydig cells in male rats in late puberty.