bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationship between soft and hard tissues: The example of vertebral arteries and transverse foramina
Authors: de Jager Edwin , Prigge Lané , Amod Nooreen , Oettlé Anna , Beaudet Amélie 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how the brain is provided with glucose and oxygen is of particular interest in human evolutionary studies. In addition to the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries contribute significantly to the cerebral and cerebellar blood flow. The size of the transverse foramina has been suggested to represent a reliable proxy for assessing the size of the vertebral arteries in fossil specimens. To test this assumption, here, we statistically explore spatial relationships between the transverse foramina and the vertebral arteries in extant humans. Contrast computed tomography (CT) scans of the cervical regions of 16 living humans were collected. Cross‐sectional areas of the right and left transverse foramina and the corresponding vertebral arteries were measured on each cervical vertebra from C1 to C6 within the same individuals. The cross‐sectional areas of the foramina and corresponding arteries range between 13.40 and 71.25 mm2 and between 4.53 and 29.40 mm2, respectively. The two variables are significantly correlated except in C1. Using regression analyses, we generate equations that can be subsequently used to estimate the size of the vertebral arteries in fossil specimens. By providing additional evidence of intra‐ and inter‐individual size variation of the arteries and corresponding foramina in extant humans, our study introduces an essential database for a better understanding of the evolutionary story of soft tissues in the fossil record.
Development of customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics apps according to the use of NRF2 through DTC genetic testing after the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lee Jinkyung , Kwon Ki Han 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAfter the coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic, the definition of health continuity, well‐being, and well‐dying is also evolving.ObjectivesThis review is about the utilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) for customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics through Direct‐To‐Consumer (DTC) genetic testing in the non‐face‐to‐face era that is evolving after the global pandemic.MethodsIn May 2021, we proposed a narrative review as a new report and commentary. It was written with reference to keywords such as “Covid DTC Genetic Test,” “Covid 4th industrial revolution,” “Covid NRF2,” and “Antioxidants.” This study was performed by searching on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. A total of 432 papers were retrieved, of which 40 were successfully included in this study.ResultsWith the rapid transition to a non‐face‐to‐face society after COVID‐19, the concept of DTC was born, which allows consumers to receive genetic testing directly without visiting a medical institution. Based on the 4th industrial revolution, a convergence medical device is needed to secure the function as an NRF2 regulator of antioxidants in customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics.ConclusionTherefore, let us look at the fact that a fusion medical device based on the 4th industrial revolution has emerged in the global DTC genetic test market, which is still insufficient to summarize important research results. This study is expected to be an important data for the development of antioxidants as NRF2 regulators in customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics. As mobile use increases in the future, additional research focusing on app development is needed, and various follow‐up studies are also needed.
Effects of Availability, Contingency, and Formulaicity on the Accuracy of English Grammatical Morphemes in Second Language Writing
Authors: Murakami Akira , Ellis Nick C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe investigated whether the accuracy of grammatical morphemes in second language (L2) learners’ writing is associated with usage‐based distributional factors. Specifically, we examined whether the accuracy of L2 English inflectional morphemes is associated with the availability (i.e., token frequency) and contingency (i.e., token frequency relative to other forms with the same lemma) of the inflected word form as well as the formulaicity of the context in which it occurs (i.e., predictability of the form given the surrounding words). Data drawn from a large‐scale learner corpus indicated that contingency is a robust predictor of morpheme accuracy, thereby supporting the usage‐based view that language learners are sensitive to distributional properties in their input. Furthermore, the relationship of contingency with accuracy does not necessarily lessen when learners’ proficiency rises. Contrary to previous research investigating online processing, we did not identify in our study availability and formulaicity as predictors of accuracy of morpheme production in writing.
Comparison of Femoral Bone Mineral Density Changes around 3 Common Designs of Cementless Stems after Total Hip Arthroplasty—A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wei Wen‐Xing , Zeng Yi , Ma Jun , Yang Jing , Shen Bin 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the periprosthetic BMD changes around Tri‐Lock “Bone Preserving Stem” with the other two common and longer stems (Corail and Summit) after THA.MethodsIt was a retrospective cohort study followed patients underwent the total hip arthroplasty from January 2013 to December 2015. They were selected and followed from January 2013 to Janaury 2020. Patients without osteoporosis underwent hip replacements with three aimed stems were included. Among the 138 patients included, 49 patients received the Tri‐Lock stem, 44 patients received the Corail stem, and 45 patients received the Summit stem. The periprosthetic BMD changes evaluated by the Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (iDXA) measurement according to the seven Gruen zones was the primary outcome. The Radiographic changes including spot welds, pedestal sign and grade of stress shielding was evaluated by the consecutive hip images. Einzel‐Bild‐Roentgen‐Analyze‐femoral component analysis (EBRA‐FCA) was used to measure the stem migration at 5 years postoperatively. Patient‐reported outcomes (PROMs) and adverse events were assessed and compared in three groups. Finally, the subgroups for the periprosthetic BMD changes, radiological and clinical outcomes were made based on the age, gender and length of follow‐up.ResultsA total of 138 patients were retrospectively followed for an average of 4.66 years. Excepting the different stems used in three groups, the age, gender and other characteristics of patients included were similar between groups. There was no significant difference between the three groups in periprosthetic BMD changes over postoperative 5 years. The Summit stem shown more BMD loss in Gruen zone 1 compared with the Tri‐Lock and Corail stems without significant difference (7.49%, −1.89% and −2.62%, respectively, P = 0.42). And the most prominent BMD loss was found in Gruen zone 7 for all three stems (−12.60%, −11.84%, and −9.56%, respectively, P = 0.91). The spot weld was significantly more common around the Corail stem, while there was no difference in the stem migration between three groups. Patient reported outcomes (PROMs) were significantly improved compared with the preoperative values. Regarding the rate of postoperative complications, two patients underwent the dislocation and 25 patients sometimes felt mild to moderate thigh pain. Subgroup analysis showed that female patients older than 50 years lost more BMD and had lower clinical scores, while the stem stability was not good enough in male patients.ConclusionsThe Tri‐Lock Bone Preserving Stem did not show significant difference in periprosthetic BMD changes compared with the other two conventional longer stems at 5 years after THA.
Mediating effect of gait speed on the relationship between ankle‐brachial index and mild cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Zhao Yinjiao , Song Peiyu , Zhang Hui , Chen Xiaoyu , Han Peipei , Xie Danshu , Fan Weifeng , Zhan Qiunan , Zhang Suhua , Hu Xiaohua , Li Xin , Xu Jia , Xie Fandi , Guo Qi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients undergoing hemodialysis are highly predisposed to arterial disease, poor physical performance, and cognitive impairment. However, the connection between them is not yet known. We aimed to investigate the mediating effect of physical performance on the relationship between arterial stiffness and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsWe conducted a multicenter cross‐sectional study. The final analyzed hemodialysis patients comprised 616 subjects (men 391, women 225) from seven dialysis units in Shanghai, China. MCI was assessed by Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. Arterial function was measured by ankle‐brachial index (ABI) and branchial‐ankle pulse‐wave velocity (baPWV). Physical function was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Logistic regression and mediation model were used to analysis.ResultsThe mean age of the final analysis sample (n = 616) was 59.0 ± 12.0 years. Hemodialysis patients with MCI were more likely to have lower ABI (p < 0.001) and higher baPWV (p < 0.01). After adjusting for covariates, lower ABI (abnormal ≤0.9 and borderline 0.91–0.99) were positively associated with MCI (OR = 4.43, 95% CI = 1.89–10.39; OR = 4.83, 95% CI = 1.61–14.46). SPPB total score and its components standing balance, gait speed score were negatively associated with MCI. In the mediational model, gait speed played a mediating role (indirect effect ab = −0.21; 95% CI = −0.58 to −0.03) in the association of ABI (≤0.9) and MMSE, while standing balance and chair stands did not.ConclusionsLower gait speed mediates a positive association between ABI and MCI in hemodialysis patients. Suitable interventions for physical performance, especially gait speed, may reduce the risk of MCI in hemodialysis patients.
THE EFFECT OF MODIFY NaOH CONCENTRATION ON THE STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES IN CO-PRECIPITATED NANOCRYSTALLINE BISMUTH SUBSTITUTED COBALT FERRITE
Authors: Saputro D. E. , Budiawanti S. , Wira Sukarsa Suharno , Rahardjo D. T. , Purnama B. 
Published: April 2022

The structural and magnetic properties modification in the bismuth substituted cobalt ferrite nanopowder with various molar concentrations of NaOH has been successfully synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The crystalline structure was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), bond groups, and absorption strength was measured by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, and then magnetic properties were measured using a Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD measurement results confirmed that the whole samples of bismuth cobalt ferrite owing single phase of inverse spinel face cubic center (fcc) with space group Fd-3m were obtained for variations in molar concentration of NaOH. The FTIR measurements obtained that the absorption characteristic in the frequency band 400 - 750 cm-1 according to resonance at octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the occurrence metal oxide. The VSM measurement showed that the magnetic properties of bismuth substituted cobalt ferrite available to tune with modifying NaOH concentration in the co-precipitation procedure. Thus, the effect of increasing the concentration of NaOH into bismuth-substituted cobalt ferrite can change the characteristics of the cobalt ferrite such as lattice parameters, shifts in the absorption peaks of functional groups, and changes in magnetic saturation. The significance of this research is to know the exact concentration value of bismuth substituted cobalt ferrite to obtain the best characteristics.
Particle Scale Investigation of Influencing Factors on Heat Transfer in Nonspherical Particle–Fluid System
Authors: Cao Ze , Tafti Danesh K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Heat transfer characteristics of random suspensions of 0.25 aspect ratio (AR) cylinders are investigated for Reynolds numbers (Re) between 10 and 300 and solid fraction (φ) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 using particle resolved simulations. The effect of particle inclination with respect to flow and particle clustering on heat transfer is investigated. The Nusselt number decreases with an increase in inclination angle and the dependence becomes stronger as φ and Re increase. On the other hand, while prolate ellipsoid suspensions of AR 2.5 follow the same trend, the Nusselt number increases with inclination angle as AR increases to 5 and 10 and as φ increases. Local particle clustering nominally decreases the Nusselt number because of the dominance of thermal wakes. At low φ, this effect is felt only at low Re, but as φ increases, the effect spreads to higher Re. Similar but weaker trends are also found in suspensions of prolate ellipsoids of AR 2.5, 5, and 10. High AR, low Re prolate ellipsoids exhibit the greatest dependence of Nusselt number on local solid fraction. Implementation of two independent definitions of reference length, i.e., volume equivalent sphere diameter deq for ellipsoids and diameter dp of the cylindrical particle in the correlation of Tavassoli et al. (2015, “Direct Numerical Simulation of Fluid-Particle Heat Transfer in Fixed Random Arrays of Non-Spherical Particles,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 129, pp. 42–48) provides good estimates of the respective suspension mean Nusselt numbers.
Singular metrics with negative scalar curvature
Authors: Cheng Man-Chuen , Lee Man-Chun , Tam Luen-Fai 
Published: April 2022

Motivated by the work of Li and Mantoulidis [C. Li, C. Mantoulidis, Positive scalar curvature with skeleton singularities, Math. Ann. 374(1–2) (2019) 99–131], we study singular metrics which are uniformly Euclidean [Formula: see text] on a compact manifold [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) with negative Yamabe invariant [Formula: see text]. It is well known that if [Formula: see text] is a smooth metric on [Formula: see text] with unit volume and with scalar curvature [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is Einstein. We show, in all dimensions, the same is true for metrics with edge singularities with cone angles [Formula: see text] along codimension-2 submanifolds. We also show in three dimensions, if the Yamabe invariant of connected sum of two copies of [Formula: see text] attains its minimum, then the same is true for [Formula: see text] metrics with isolated point singularities.
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Antibacterial Studies of hexa-aza-macrocyclic Complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions
Authors: Ravinder  , Das Dipak Kumar , Vashistha Vinod Kumar , Kumar Anuj 
Published: April 2022

Due to their distinct structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties, macrocyclic complexes have been recognized as potential models in a variety of areas, including electrocatalysis, biology, and medicine. In this study, two hexa-aza-macrocyclic complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) transition metals (denoted as [NiL] and [CuL]) were synthesized via template procedure. Based on the results of multiple spectroscopic characterization, a distorted octahedral geometry was proposed for both the complexes. The electrochemical results showed that the macrocyclic framework can stabilize the unusual oxidation states of Ni(II) and Cu(II) transition metal ions, as evidenced by the corresponding quasi-reversible Ni(II)/(III) and Cu(II)/(III) redox couples. Additionally, both the complexes were found to be promising antibacterial agents against the B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli pathogens. The Cu(II) complex had the largest inhibition zone (22[Formula: see text]mm) against B. subtilis, while the Ni(II) complex had the smallest (15[Formula: see text]mm).
“From So Simple a Beginning”: Species of Artificial
Intelligence
Authors: Shadbolt Nigel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence has a decades-long history that exhibits alternating enthusiasm and disillusionment for the field's scientific insights, technical accomplishments, and socioeconomic impact. Recent achievements have seen renewed claims for the transformative and disruptive effects of AI. Reviewing the history and current state of the art reveals a broad repertoire of methods and techniques developed by AI researchers. In particular, modern machine learning methods have enabled a series of AI systems to achieve superhuman performance. The exponential increases in computing power, open-source software, available data, and embedded services have been crucial to this success. At the same time, there is growing unease around whether the behavior of these systems can be rendered transparent, explainable, unbiased, and accountable. One consequence of recent AI accomplishments is a renaissance of interest around the ethics of such systems. More generally, our AI systems remain singular task-achieving architectures, often termed narrow AI. I will argue that artificial general intelligence-able to range across widely differing tasks and contexts-is unlikely to be developed, or emerge, any time soon.
I Do Not Think It Means What You Think It Means: Artificial Intelligence,
Cognitive Work & Scale
Authors: Scott Kevin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Over the past decade, AI technologies have advanced by leaps and bounds. Progress has been so fast, voluminous, and varied that it can be a challenge even for experts to make sense of it all. In this essay, I propose a framework for thinking about AI systems, specifically the idea that they are ultimately tools developed by humans to help other humans perform an increasing breadth of their cognitive work. Our AI systems for assisting us with our cognitive work have become more capable and general over the past few years. This is in part due to a confluence of novel AI algorithms and the availability of massive amounts of data and compute. From this, researchers and engineers have been able to construct large, general models that serve as flexible and powerful building blocks that can be composed with other software to drive breakthroughs in the natural and physical sciences, to solve hard optimization and strategy problems, to perform perception tasks, and even to assist with complex cognitive tasks like coding.
The Machines from Our Future
Authors: Rus Daniela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While the last sixty years have defined the field of industrial robots and empowered hard-bodied robots to execute complex assembly tasks in constrained industrial settings, the next sixty years will usher in our time with pervasive robots that come in a diversity of forms and materials and help people with physical tasks. The past sixty years have mostly been inspired by the human form, but the form diversity of the animal kingdom has broader potential. With the development of soft materials, machines and materials are coming closer together: machines are becoming compliant and fluid-like materials, and materials are becoming more intelligent. This progression raises the question: what will be the machines from our future?
Socializing Data
Authors: Coyle Diane 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Will the proliferation of data enable AI to deliver progress? An ever-growing swath of life is available as digitally captured and stored data records. Effective government, business management, and even personal life are increasingly suggested to be a matter of using AI to interpret and act on the data. This optimism should be tempered with caution. Data cannot capture much of the richness of life, and while AI has great potential for beneficial uses, its delivery of progress in any human sense will depend on not using all the data that can be collected. Moreover, the more digital technology rewires society, creating opportunities for the use of big data and AI, the greater the need for trust and human deliberation.
Randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the healing of stasis ulcers in lower limbs with standard hydrocolloid gel dressings and with dressings with Syzygium cumini extract
Authors: Araújo Gilson Roberto de , Teles Bruna Stéfany Bento de Sousa , Xoteslem Giovana Cardoso , Gratieri Taís , Fortes Renata Costa , Novaes Maria Rita 
Published: April 2022

Objective To evaluate the healing of venous ulcers in the lower limbs (VLU) using dressings with hydrocolloid gel associated with Syzygium cumini extract (SHG) compared to standard hydrocolloid gel dressings (HG). Method This prospective, double-blind, randomized trial recruited 90 patients with VLU divided into: dressings with SHG ( n = 44) and dressings with HG ( n = 46). Primary endpoint was healing in the 14th visit. Secondary endpoints were healing rate, complete healing during follow-up, and improvement in the pain scale and in quality of life. Results There were no significant between-group differences in healing ( p = 0.15). The wound area made healing difficult ( p = 0.008). Age, body mass index, and wound time demonstrated a tendency to worsen the healing. Positive culture for Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in 88% reduction in the healing risk ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion There was no difference between the dressings evaluated. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly impaired wound healing.
Experiences of At-Risk Women in Accessing Breastfeeding Social Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Siwik Emila , Larose Samantha , Peres Dalia , Jackson Kimberley T. , Burke Shauna M. , Mantler Tara 
Published: April 2022

Background: With strict public health measures implemented in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many breastfeeding parents, who are within an at-risk population, have experienced limited formal and/or informal breastfeeding social support. In the Canadian context, the experiences of these women is unknown. Research Aim: To explore the experiences of at-risk postpartum breastfeeding women in accessing formal and informal breastfeeding social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal interpretive description study using mixed methods. Data were gathered using an online survey and one 52–112-min semi-structured interview at 12-weeks postpartum. At-risk breastfeeding participants were those who lack social support and had at least one of the following: age < 25 years; experiencing or had experienced intimate partner violence; or of low income. We sought participants’ experiences of accessing breastfeeding social support during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic/lockdown. Seven participants completed the survey and the interview. Results: Participants identified that the COVID-19 pandemic created barriers to accessing formal and informal breastfeeding social support, which stemmed from public health restrictions and difficulties communicating online with families and healthcare providers. Additionally, participants identified that the COVID-19 pandemic/lockdowns facilitated feelings of connectedness, protection, and resiliency. Conclusion: We provide preliminary insight into the experiences of trying to access breastfeeding social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future researchers should seek to prioritize improved communication and resources in supporting breastfeeding during COVID-19 and future pandemics/lockdowns.