bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence in Adult Population of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Shrestha A. , Marla V. , Lamsal M. , Sarraf D. P. , Rao N. 
Published: November 2022

Background Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of premature death in the world. Tobacco-related deaths are associated with cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, oral potentially malignant disorders, cancer, others. Moreover there is also associated nicotine dependence which might result to numerous tobacco-associated diseases.
Objective This study was conducted to analyze the degree of nicotine dependence considering its potential health risk, in the Eastern region of Nepal.
Method A descriptive questionnaire-based study was conducted among current tobacco users of six districts of Eastern Nepal. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependency for Smokeless Tobacco (FTNDST) questionnaire were used for tobacco smokers and chewers, respectively.
Result Of the total participants, 836 were males and 359 females, among whom 736 were active tobacco smokers and 432 chewers, 34.8% had tried to stop consuming tobacco and 306 (25.6%) had oral lesions in white or red forms. Very low nicotine dependence was found among 244 (31.47%) tobacco smokers and 37 (8.56%) chewers whereas 36 (4.71%) smokers and 103 (23.84%) chewers had very high nicotine dependence. The mean score for FTND was 3.73±2.37 and 5.74±2.12 for FTND-ST. A significant difference in duration and age group with FTND score was observed, however not with FTND-ST.
Conclusion The information regarding degree of nicotine dependence can be used as baseline information for planning of preventive strategies and implementation of tobacco cessation and control programs.
Correlation between Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Shrestha B. , Shrestha P. , Ghale P. , Lakshmipathy G. 
Published: November 2022

Background In management of patients with traumatic brain injury, intracranial pressure holds an important place. Any untoward rise in intracranial pressure portends dreaded complications. Hence, any delay in detecting the issue is considered unacceptable.
Objective This study focuses on analyzing the correlation between ultrasound derived optic nerve sheath diameter and intracranial pressure values derived from invasive intracranial pressure monitoring system in a neurosurgical patient with severe traumatic brain injury.
Method A prospective observational study was performed using a convenience sample technique including all adult patients with traumatic brain injury who had invasive intracranial monitors placed as part of their clinical care. Ocular ultrasound was performed with 5 - 7.5 MHz linear probe of ACUSON X300 ultrasound system while simultaneous intracranial pressure readings were obtained directly from an invasive intracranial pressure monitoring system. The association between optic nerve sheath diameter and invasive intracranial pressure reading was assessed with the Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a receiver operator characteristic curve was created to determine the optimal optic nerve sheath diameter cutoff to detect intracranial pressure > 15 cm H2O.
Result One hundred and fifteen ocular ultrasounds were performed on 30 individual patients. The mean age of the population involved in this study is 42.13 years ± 1.89 with male preponderance in the ratio of 6:1. Pearson’s correlation coefficient of optic nerve sheath diameter and intracranial pressure was found to be 0.844 (p < 0.000) demonstrating a significant positive correlation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was found to be 0.961 (95% confidence interval = 0.93 to 0.99). Based on analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve, optic nerve sheath diameter > 4.85 mm performed best to detect intracranial pressure > 15 cm H2O with a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 83%.
Conclusion Optic nerve sheath diameter is a dependable screening tool to evaluate for elevated intracranial pressure among patients with traumatic nerve injury.
Mothers’ Perception of Their Children’s Play in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Karki S. , Shrestha S. , Shrestha K. 
Published: November 2022

Background Play is a cherished part of childhood that offers children holistic developmental benefits and parents the opportunity to fully engage with their children. However, modern-day children are spending significantly less time in outdoor play due to a number of factors including technological advancements, more time involved in structured activities, and a greater emphasis on early cognitive learning.
Objective To assess perception of mothers on their children’s play.
Method This was a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among the 228 mothers having at least one child children who attended in Paediatric OPD of Dhulikhel hospital of Nepal from 21st June, 2018 to 16th July, 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS). Research instrument was developed by Barnett and was adopted for this study with permission from the author. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select mothers and face to face interview was carried out to collect information.
Result Perception on play of children in the mothers was varied. Most of mothers agreed on different subscales of play with mean range 2.07-3.01 in which they were agreed on freedom play with mean score 3.01±0.40, importance of play with mean score 2.93±0.37 and nearly agreed on maternal rule with mean score 2.89±0.50, play safety with mean score 2.92±0.36, child’s choice with mean score 2.96±0.49 and disagreed on imaginative play with mean score 2.42±0.59 and gender typing with mean score 2.07±0.51.
Conclusion Although almost all respondents had positive attitudes towards different component of the play, they disagreed on gender typing and imaginative play which is very important for developing problem solving skill of children based on their gender. So, nursing faculties, pediatricians and nurses can use the findings to develop awareness on importance of gender typing and imaginative play among mothers.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Diacerein in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shakya Shrestha S. , Tamrakar S. , Shrestha R. , Shrestha R. , Basi A. , Malla M. , Khadka S. K. 
Published: November 2022

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease. The prevalence of OA is skyrocketing with time. Providing a proper treatment regimen for OA is also growing as a major public health challenge. Conventional pharmacological treatments are mainly for alleviating pain and have some severe adverse effects. Diacerein is a new oral anti-inflammatory drug especially developed for the management of OA having only mild to moderate adverse effects. However, the evidence of efficacy and safety of Diacerein in OA is not well documented and yet to be explored.
Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Diacerein in knee OA with conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Method A comparative study was conducted among knee OA patients attending Out- Patient Orthopedic department in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal from December 2019 to September 2020, using self-structured and standard questionnaire. The patients were randomized to receive either a conventional standard treatment (Treatment Group I: NSAIDs) or alternative treatment regimen (Treatment Group II: NSAIDS+ Diacerein). Patients were followed-up after two months and data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.
Result Among 72 patients enrolled in this study, majority (44.44%) were between 51-60 years of age in which 81.94% of the patients were female. Post treatment data was collected from 15 participants. The mean KOOS-PS score of the participants in Treatment Group I decreased from 35.56 ± 14.33 to 35.14 ± 12.65 while that of the Treatment Group II participants reduced from 63.31 ± 12.08 to 49.99 ± 13.10 in two months. Similarly, the mean WOMAC score decreased from 46.87 ± 17.80 to 34.37 ± 16.83 in Treatment Group I and from 54.23 ± 14.66 to 46.22 ± 12.16 in Treatment Group II. The mean Lysholm score in Treatment Group I increased from 55.57 ± 8.16 to 60.86 ± 15.01 and in Treatment Group II, it increased from 46.62 ± 13.01 to 60.25 ± 17.598.
Conclusion Diacerein treatment group had better functional outcome compared to the patients in the treatment group with conventionally used drugs. Also, the adverse effects faced by the patients were minor. The current study are suggestive of better efficacy and safety of Diacerein compared to other drugs.
Treatment of Acute Decompensated Chronic Heart Failure: Furosemide vs Furosemide and Metolazone: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Authors: Risal Ujjwol Prasad , Karki Prahlad , Shah Prashant 
Published: November 2022

Background: Heart failure is a leading cause of hospital admissions each year. In Nepal also the incidence of heart failure is increasing. Acute decompensated heart failure carries a poor prognosis. Most patients respond to intravenous loop diuretics but a substantial proportion of patients are resistant to them and may need additional diuretic agents like metolazone by the principle of “sequential nephron blockade”.
Methods: In a hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study, we assigned 68 patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure patients to receive furosemide at 1 mg/kg twice daily or furosemide at 1 mg/kg twice daily plus metolazone 5mg/day. The primary end-points were daily weight loss, negative water balance (difference between urine output and fluid intake) and symptomatic improvement on NYHA grading.
Results: There were 55% males and 45% females in total. There was a significant difference (p-value =0.003) in mean weight loss observed between the two groups on day three, i.e., 0.971±0.6 kg and 1.5±0.78 kg in furosemide group and furosemide plus metolazone group respectively. Mean negative water significantly more in the combination group on day two (450±230.94 ml vs 750.59±416.92 ml) with p-value <0.001 and day three (780.88±352.48 ml vs 504.38±292.46 ml) with p-value 0.001. There was no significant change in symptoms on the basis of NYHA grading between the two groups, duration of hospital stay and adverse events like hypotension, acute kidney injury and dyselectrolytemia.
Conclusion: Among patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure, treatment with combination of furosemide and metolazone was found to be more effective than furosemide alone without significant increase in adverse effects.
Coarctation of aorta in a young female with extensive collaterals presenting with secondary hypertension
Authors: KC Bishal , Dhungel Sachin , Gautam Samir , Khan Mazhar , Ullah Aziz 
Published: November 2022

Coarctation of aorta is a common condition usually diagnosed during childhood. During adulthood they are usually diagnosed during evaluation of secondary hypertension or resistant hypertension. We report a case of young female who was asymptomatic and found to have high blood pressure during routine clinical evaluation. During physical examination she had absent femoral pulses which lead to suspicion of presence of coarctation. She underwent surgical procedure with interposition graft. After follow up of one year she is doing well and her blood pressure under control with a single medication.
CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN LEXICOGRAPHY: STATUS, TYPOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Authors: Blynova Iryna A. , Davydenko Viktoriia I. 
Published: November 2022

The paper notes that at the turn of the 21st century, the lexicographic process is intensified worldwide due to the unique and advanced capabilities of dictionaries, namely: versatility, applied character, functional representation of the material, logic, harmony and simplicity of description, schematic, comprehensive presentation of the material, as well as scientists’ efforts to meet the requirements and challenges of today that are manifested in the improvement and development of innovative components, the involvement of modern computer technology, and so on. The drastic progress in a field of the dictionary-making is predetermined by dynamic scientific and technological developments, and hence by the demands of modern users that finds its reflection in the expansion of the object of research, the wealth of studies and its variety, etc. All this, in turn, is supported by many extralinguistic factors, such as: computerization, deepening and expanding the acquired knowledge, international collaboration, and the like. A lexical model allowing for lexicographic construction according to the given parameters proved to be the best one for presenting the results of research concerning not only all levels of the language structure, but also phenomena or facts of the surrounding reality. Currently, dictionaries continue to perform their traditional informative and normative function, and are seen as a systematic, comprehensive collection of various information presented in an adequate way, a means of recording human achievements, and a tool for their study, analyses, systematization, etc. Since recent decades in the modern Ukrainian lexicographical scope there have appeared a lot of encyclopedic, reference publications from various fields of knowledge, for general and special purposes, linguistic works like those of essential, borrowed words, neologisms; terminological, translated dictionaries; works of mixed type, educational works, etc.
CATEGORIES OF TEXT LINGUISTICS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN STUDYING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Authors: Breslavets Nadiia O. 
Published: November 2022

The paper deals with the problems of text linguistics as soon as language relations with various aspects of human life, social existence, education, communication, and cultural activity are cognized through the text. The aim of this paper is to establish the regularities of the functioning of the scientific and educational texts with the focus on the study of specific categories of text linguistics. The author considers the issues of text linguistics categorical apparatus united by shared characteristics, the most essential properties, and phenomena of the objective world. The notion ‘category of text linguistics’ as of a meaningful system with the certain structure of the defined category was justified. Insights into such characteristics and properties were provided. Further possibilities for expanding the scope of linguistic research were outlined. They include all linguistic ideas that integrate with interdisciplinary sciences – philosophy, psychology, lexicology, ethics, linguistics, and stylistics. Methods and techniques of research, investigation of the object of the linguistic text: its composition, inner and outer connections, properties and relations, as well as laws of its development were determined. It is emphasized that the specificity of a particular type of activity corresponds to a particular style, which is known through the text and determines the text categories. Scientific and educational texts used in the process of studying a foreign language are characterized with a specific thematic orientation and typical for them logical-syntactic structure. It is this specificity that determines the interest of a certain contingent of students in mastering profession-related types of texts. Important properties of the text – cohesion and coherence – allow establishing connections between the text and its individual structural and semantic components facilitating its perception and understanding. Categories of texts form the students' communication skills and abilities, allowing to interact in the professional sphere and prepare them for realization of own communicative and practical attitudes.
TYPES OF ANTONYM-TERMS IN FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY
Authors: Vdovychenko Liliia F. 
Published: November 2022

The paper deals with the study of the antonym relations in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The opposition that underlies antonymy is a multifaceted phenomenon and is studied by various sciences: psychology, logic, philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and religion. From a semantic point of view, there are three types of antonymy based on logical relations: the contrary antonymy, the contradictory (or complementary) antonymy and the reciprocal (or converse) antonymy. Considering antonymy on both lexical-semantic and stylistic levels, there are two types of oppositions: usual (linguistic) and occasional (characterizing the philosopher specific linguistic manner). Occasional oppositions are represented by contextual and individual-authorial oppositions, which are more expressive oppositions of usual antonyms; their impact on the reader is unexpected and unusual. From a structural point of view, we distinguish grammatical antonymy and lexical antonymy. In grammatical antonymy one of the items of the pair is morphologically marked by a negative prefix or prefixoide and in lexical antonymy the opposition is expressed by another lexeme. The paper gives the definition of antonymy in terminology and analyzes the main types of antonymy. As a result of the study, we defined the basic antonymous types of prefixes in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The most productive antonymous prefixes in French philosophical terminology are in-, im-, ir-, a-, dé-, dés-, dis-, non-, mé-. The prefixoids (contre-, plus-, moins-, poly-, mono-) are the initial elements of complex terms. The most productive Ukrainian negative prefixes are не-, без-, ін-. The absolute majority of philosophical antonymic terms in French and Ukrainian languages are nouns.
ETIQUETTE VOCATIVES IN FAMILY COMMUNICATION OF RUSSIAN NOBILITY IN THE XIXth CENTURY
Authors: Binbin Shen 
Published: November 2022

The article is an analytical research from the standpoint of the latest linguistic knowledge – linguistic pragmatics and cultural linguistics – vocatives as speech etiquette formulas that function in Russian classical prose of the XIXth century. In the article, an attempt was made to comprehensively study such a component of communicative-speech interaction in a family as vocative, or address: considering this category not only as performing a number of important functions in the communication process, but also setting a certain “pattern” of deployment of the entire communicative process, as well as significantly affects the tonality of the latter. Vocatives as components of the process of verbal communication are considered as formulas of speech etiquette, which makes it possible to take into account not only the linguistic characteristics of the category under consideration, but also extremely important semantic increments of social, cultural and other extralinguistic properties. The analyzed fragments of works of art allowed the author to demonstrate that in the noble environment, communication between parents and children took a special place in family communication. The vocatives used in this case almost always have an explicit positive emotional-expressive colouring, which contributes to the formation of the corresponding communication tonality: the tonality of love, tenderness, trust, and the like.
ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE-RECIPIENT
Authors: Kuvshynova Nataliia M. , Vozniuk Liudmyla A. 
Published: November 2022

In the Russian language of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, the significant part of foreign words were German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of development of the language loanwords recipient traditionally distinguish two main groups of words - assimilated and unassimilated. One of the main bits of foreign words, allocated according to the degree of assimilation, are actually borrowing assimilated words about the skill that scientists have no disagreements. The only problem in this sense is to hold the line between borrowing and internationalism. Internationalism represented, first of all, in the terminological lexicon. By the terms-internationalism: a) socio-political lexicon: congress, constitution, minister, meeting, party, politics, revolution, republic, resolution, senate, etc.; b) scientific terminology: biology, geography, geodesy, geology, zoology, history, linguistics, mathematics, physics, etc.; c) the technical name: unit, antenna, apparatus, harvester, monoplane, tank, tractor; d) art criticism lexicon: aria, ballet, drama, genre, novella, opera, poetry, tenor, etc. When classifying loanwords must be considered the formal features (assimilation of words in the borrowing language) and functionality (use of words in the borrowing language). According to the degree of adaptation of lexical units in the system of the Russian language-recipient, both full and partial assimilation of the German-language vocabulary is possible. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German- language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language blotches with preceding and following Russian equivalents. The research is based on actual data obtained by different linguists, and on the results of the author's own observations.
RENDERING ENGLISH FICTION INDEFINITE PRONOUNS INTO UKRAINIAN: A CORPUS APPROACH
Authors: Lytvynov Oleksandr O. 
Published: November 2022

The paper deals with an investigation into the usage of English indefinite nominal pronouns in modern fictional discourse and the specificity of their rendering into Ukrainian with employment of corpus approach. The pronouns under study have been selected by the entire sampling method from the complete register compiled on the basis of the novel by J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” and its Ukrainian version translated by V. Morozov. There have been determined the semantic structures of nine English indefinite pronouns based on their formal characteristics and the dictionary entries’ analysis. The units under analysis have been divided into three structural-semantic types according to their form and meaning, wherein two semantic subtypes have been distinguished. The lexemes of each of type have been distributed in decreasing sequence on a zero-ten frequency scale. There have been calculated the expected frequencies per 1,000 words for each of the types to suggest the probability of their usage in a text. The most frequent and the least frequent indefinite pronouns and pronoun types have been revealed, as well as the lexemes possessing medium frequencies. It has been identified that pronouns with 'some' are of highest frequency when pronouns with 'ever’ – the lowest, and pronouns with 'any’ are in between. The most frequent is the pronoun ‘something’, the least frequent is the pronoun ‘whoever’. Pronouns ‘anyone’ and ‘someone’ have demonstrated the average frequency in the microcorpus under analysis. With the use of the immediate constituents’ analysis and contextual analysis there have been revealed the peculiarities of the pronouns’ usage in the source text. Based on the transformational analysis there have been specified the translation methods and types of translation shifts employed for adequate rendering of the pronouns into Ukrainian. The most common methods of the analysed pronouns’ translation have been proved to be equivalent translation, omission, addition, lexical and lexico-grammatical replacements, with additions and grammatical shifts.