bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“This Lower World Shall Be All over Covered with Light”
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By situating Edwards’s millennialism in the Reformed tradition, one finds that he serves as a typical example of a dramatic paradigm shift in the millennial views of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. As a summary and climax of this shift, Edwards expected a one-thousand-year millennial kingdom. This kingdom is earthly, inchoate, and arriving in the distant future. The futuristic and terrestrial view was informed by Edwards’s hermeneutical approach and theology, and it highlighted God’s glorification. This was a significant departure from Calvin and other reformers. While Edwards aligned himself with a few groups among his Puritan contemporaries, his millennialism diverged from them in several aspects, including a millennial chronology, the first resurrection of the slain saints, and Christ’s spiritual reign on earth.
“As the Cold Increases . . .”
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A once-prevalent misinterpretation of Edwards’s millennial feature is his anticipation of its imminence. While he agreed with those who held an imminent millennialism in many aspects, Edwards was convinced of a long but gradual advancement of the divine redemptive work before the millennium. Several factors were at work: his awareness of the complexity of the work of redemption, his expectation of the final universal revival, and his belief in the divine wisdom, sovereignty, and glory manifested in the progressive realization of the millennial kingdom. Anticipating an earthly millennium that will be realized in the distant future and highlighting its apolitical features, Edwards diverged from many of his optimistic colleagues who were expecting an imminent inauguration of a golden age. In his millennialism, Edwards rejected the over-optimism of the Reformation and Puritan ages.
Edwards’s Judeo-Centric Vision of the Millennium
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unlike some Puritan divines who advocated supersessionism or an England-/America-centric view, Edwards upheld a Judeo-centric millennialism: the land of Israel would be the ideal location of the millennial kingdom on earth; and the people of Israel after their eschatological restoration will play critical and decisive roles in commencing the millennium. By giving Israel a significant place in the millennial kingdom and following his redemptive-historical vision, Edwards decentralized the land and people of England and New England in his millennial vision, hence departing from many Reformed predecessors and Puritans. While his millennial view is Judeo-centric, Edwards distanced himself from the Israel-superiority spectrum. His expectation of Israel’s restoration is based on his conviction of God’s faithfulness and glorification.
“As the Waters Cover the Seas”
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While Judeo-centric, Edwards’s millennialism is also cosmic. His vision of the millennial kingdom extends from New England and Israel to China and other parts of the heathen world. For Edwards, the interaction among heaven, hell, and earth extends throughout redemptive history, so his millennial vision involves both visible and invisible worlds: earth, heaven, and hell. Among his Reformed forefathers and Puritan contemporaries, Edwards stood out in his anticipation of China being included in the millennial kingdom. Confronting the Deists who viewed China as a case to challenge the authority of Christian orthodoxy, Edwards took the same case to refute their natural theology and defended the necessity of biblical revelation and divine redemption, though his interpretation of Chinese philosophical classics appears problematic and unconvincing at times.
Shifting the Focus
Authors: Seligson Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins by introducing why, despite increasingly nuanced understandings of Pre-Colonial Maya socio-ecological resilience and perseverance, the focus in the broader public imagination continues to be on the Terminal Classic “Maya Collapse.” The overarching arguments of the book are introduced, which include the following: (1) That the most incredible thing about Pre-Colonial Maya civilization is not that it collapsed, but that it endured for over seven centuries; and (2) that the most significant lesson we can learn from the Pre-Colonial Maya is to be flexible when it comes to our human-environment relationships and practices. The chapter then includes a brief overview of the rise and eventual breakdown of Classic Maya civilization to orient the non-specialist reader. The main areas of Classic Maya conservation and sustainability practices that will be the focus of the book are introduced, including forestry, agriculture, water management, burnt lime production, and stone processing. It concludes with an introduction to the environmental mosaic of the Maya lowlands. The Maya area should not be thought of as a homogeneous territory, but rather a mix of microenvironments sharing some tropical characteristics but requiring highly localized socio-ecological adaptations.
From Camera Lucida to Lidar
Authors: Seligson Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the advances in archaeological technology, methods, and theoretical frameworks that have changed our understanding of human-environmental relationships in the Pre-Colonial Maya lowlands. It begins by summarizing the origins of the earliest ideas about the Classic Maya Collapse, and how contemporary public understandings are lagging behind changing ideas in academic circles. After a brief description of the earliest scholarly investigations in the lowlands, it focuses more specifically on recent advances in technological and methodological approaches applied to the study of the ancient Maya. These include environmental science methods like lake core and mineral formation analyses, as well as microscopic botanical analyses. The chapter concludes with an in-depth discussion of the application of lidar airborne laser-scanning technologies to the study of ancient settlement patterns, population estimates, and land-use strategies. This exploration of scientific methods used to reconstruct past environments and climatic records provides a basis for understanding many of the developments discussed in the succeeding chapters.
Water
Authors: Seligson Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of Classic Maya water-management systems, highlighting both the challenges of securing year-round access to water and the variety of solutions engineered by communities across the lowlands to address them. In many regions, communities learned from the shortcomings of their Preclassic forebears and diversified their water capture and storage strategies. The relatively stable climate of the Classic Period contributed to the steady growth of communities for over seven centuries, but the population expansion presented its own challenges. As communities like Tikal and Edzna expanded, they adapted their water-management systems by augmenting the scale of existing reservoir and canal networks and constructing new, smaller reservoirs away from the site center. A massive, centrally planned terrace network transformed the landscape of the Vaca Plateau around Caracol to slow runoff, capture water, and saturate the soil. Palenque’s engineers continued to carve new building surfaces out of the site’s waterlogged perch on the edge of the highlands by diverting streams and runoff channels into paved conduits. In the Puuc region, Classic residents supplemented existing communal surface reservoirs with individual household cisterns. Throughout the lowlands, communities modified their natural environments to their advantage. Even a relatively stable climatic period in the tropics can include significant swings in precipitation from year to year and from subregion to subregion. Classic communities prepared for these uncertainties by diversifying water-management strategies and continuing to adapt their practices.
Base Towns
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When do we see social movements against the American military overseas, and what explains their varying intensity? Despite increasing interest in the global network of U.S. military bases on foreign soil, we still do not understand why some host communities mobilize against the American bases in their backyards, while others remain compliant. This book addresses this puzzle by investigating the contentious politics surrounding twenty U.S. military bases across Korea and Japan—faithful U.S. allies and two of the largest U.S. base hosts in the world. In particular, it looks at municipalities hosting these bases and differing levels of community acceptance and resistance over time. Drawing on fieldwork interviews, participant observation, and protest event data (2000–2015), the book shows that activists in base towns successfully build broad-based anti-base movements when they (1) take advantage of quotidian disruption (i.e., major changes at these bases); (2) adopt culturally resonant—but surprisingly mundane—protest frames; and (3) ally with local political elites. These activist strategies, however, sometimes end up reinforcing the widely presumed inevitability of the American presence. Ultimately, this book sheds light on marginalized actors in international politics—far removed from elite decision-making processes that shape interstate base politics, and yet living with their consequences—who sometimes manage to complicate the operations of America’s military behemoth. In doing so, the book also reminds readers that American military bases overseas, often discussed in the rather abstract terms of American power projection, have concrete local and human consequences.
Governing Bases
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that activists strategically court local political elites, who occasionally emerge as surprisingly influential veto players in interstate base politics. Elite involvement legitimates the anti-base movement in the eyes of latent adherents and elevates the scope of the base conflict to a question of local autonomy. Elites, however, do not exist as a mere background for activists. Some are opportunists, who co-opt the movement by capitalizing on local grievances as political leverage in their negotiations with the central government. Others become movement enthusiasts who fully embody the anti-base cause. Both opportunists and enthusiasts, however, can bring about unintended consequences by undermining the movement in the long run. Notable cases include Camp Casey in Korea and Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in Japan.
Studying Government Perceptions of Popular Discontent in Autocracies
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Opacity is a fundamental feature of nondemocratic politics. Understanding the mechanisms of autocratic rule requires piercing the veil of authoritarian secrecy by utilizing direct sources that are generated internally for regime insiders rather than for public distribution. The chapter engages with two central questions that arise when working with internal government materials. The first is definitional: What are these direct sources? Where are they located? And how have they been constituted? The second is methodological: How do we approach documents of this kind? This chapter argues that archival ethnography is the most effective technique for engaging with direct sources. This methodological approach yields both empirical and theoretical insights about information gathering in communist autocracies that are presented in the remainder of the chapter and in Appendix A1, which illustrates how direct sources enrich our understandings of the complex issue of estimating the size of the corps of informants in autocracies.
Information-Gathering Institutions in Bulgaria, 1989–1991
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how Bulgaria handled the regime crisis of 1989–1991 when sophisticated systems for the collection of information transmitted detailed intelligence to the incumbent and to elite insiders about a growing incapacity to manage overt discontent. The Bulgarian case demonstrates that the dictator’s dilemma can be solved, but this does not necessarily mean that the incumbent can avoid being deposed. A second finding is that information-gathering institutions can persist after the end of a dictatorship whose demise they have foretold—this occurred in Bulgaria and helped preclude an immediate win by the opposition in the first competitive elections in the newly democratic postcommunist regime. The final theoretical insight from the Bulgarian case is that assimilation is not an optimal solution of the problem of ethnic minority impenetrability—grievances persist and, should they be visibly expressed, can destabilize the regime. All three findings have direct relevance for China’s future.
The “Authentic” Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The main objection to the social theory of ideology is that it does not deal with “authentic” ideology or ideologues, but this claim does not hold. Essentialists who believe that those ideologues who do not fit their essentialist definition are not “true” ideologues are falling victim to a private language fallacy that ultimately leads to circular reasoning (e.g., “conservatives oppose change and if conservatives support change that just shows they aren’t true conservatives”). Others assert that an alternative essence lies behind the political spectrum, but all such essences depend upon ex post storytelling rather than falsifiable claims. Those who insist that there are deep psychological roots to liberalism or conservatism are confusing correlation with causation or mistaking a psychological connection to one political issue (such as free markets) with a connection to all political issues (such as free markets and abortion and affirmative action and foreign policy).
The Future of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While it is true that the essentialist paradigm currently has a firm grip on society, there is the possibility that we can break free. Recognizing the myth of left and right and going granular in political discourse can minimize the scourge of ideology and make our political interactions more informed and constructive. Since political positions do not come naturally packaged together, we should stop pretending they do. Instead of thinking in terms of left and right, we should think in terms of specific policies and ideas. While ideology creates confusion by lumping opposites together, granularity dispels confusion by distinguishing between diverse policies and people. Furthermore, finding healthier tribes and engaging in adversarial collaboration would make politics more about the pursuit of the common good and less about victory for a side in the destructive tribal warfare that our politics has become.
A Legacy of Discrimination
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Affirmative action policies in the Unites States are under assault, especially in higher education. Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, a case that has reached the Supreme Court, has the potential to overturn decades’ worth of progress for minorities—especially Black students. In this robust and full-throated defense of affirmative action policies, the authors argue that in order to fully comprehend affirmative action’s intent and impact, readers must reacquaint themselves with the era in which it arose, beginning with the most important Supreme Court decision of the twentieth century, 1954’s Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. As the book unfolds, readers will be introduced to subsequent, and evolving, affirmative action case law that sought to dismantle racism and enable social, educational, and economic progress for Black people and other minority groups and the ongoing challenges to each of these efforts. Though progress has been made since Brown, Black Americans today continue to experience discrimination and disadvantage in nearly every facet of life. Americans, then, must view affirmative action as a very long-term commitment, especially when we consider that a relatively recent effort to secure justice for Black Americans was preceded by three and a half centuries of grave injustice. At the center of the debate over affirmative action is interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Accordingly, the co-authors, two of the nation’s leading constitutional scholars, will demonstrate how and why affirmative action policies stand on firm legal ground—and can and must remain protected.
Introduction
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Affirmative Action, which began in the 1960s as a good faith effort to expand opportunities to Americans historically denied them—especially Black Americans—has since became defined, in the minds of some, as preferential treatment for some groups at the expense of others. How did an effort to level the playing field for all Americans come to be interpreted by some Americans as a zero-sum game with clear winners and losers? Why do many segments of the American population still encounter discrimination as a result of their race, creed, color, and national origin? Where do we go from here? This book argues that America’s obligation to remediate past discrimination based on race is far from over. And that conscience and jurisprudence not only can, but must, be intertwined to advance and protect the ideals Americans claim to cherish. Affirmative action, then, is not only constitutionally permissible, it is morally mandated.
Elucidating Law
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What are the aims of legal philosophy? Which questions should it seek to address? How should legal philosophers approach and engage with their subject matter, and what constraints are incumbent on them as they do so? What are the criteria of success of theories of law, and how do we know if they have been met? Can there be progress in legal philosophy? In this new work, Julie Dickson addresses these and other questions concerning the methodology, or the philosophy, of legal philosophy and offers her own distinctive response to them. The book advocates that legal philosophers should espouse an approach that Dickson terms ‘indirectly evaluative legal philosophy’. This distinctive approach can facilitate legal philosophers’ understanding of aspects of the nature of law, whilst avoiding prematurely or inappropriately regarding law as inherently morally valuable. Law is a powerful, systemic, and institutionalized social tool. It should be understood in a manner appropriate to its character.
Elucidating Law
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter introduces some of the main themes of the book. It begins by explaining aspects of the author’s idea of what it means to elucidate law. Following a brief consideration of the idea of elucidation in certain works in philosophy, and in legal philosophy, it outlines the author’s view of four key ideas associated with the idea of elucidating law and offers a preliminary account of each of them. The chapter also discusses some of the author’s motivations for writing the book. It concludes with an outline of each chapter of the book, providing the reader with a road map for the discussion that follows.
Approaching Law
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins to develop and defend the author’s own methodology of legal philosophy: indirectly evaluative legal philosophy (IELP). It opens with an outline of six key tenets of this distinctive methodological approach. The chapter then goes on to argue that certain constraints are incumbent on legal philosophers as they approach and begin to characterize their subject matter. One of these constraints stems from the need to do adequate justice to each aspect of an important duality running through law, namely law’s social character on the one hand, and its normative character on the other. The chapter also argues that, given the character of law itself, legal philosophers should approach understanding law with an ‘attitude of due wariness’, and that this provides another constraint on the methodology of legal philosophy.
Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn Chapter 3, the reader finds an in-depth description of the fundamental theory of stochastic processes. The Chapter introduces concepts of continuous and discrete random variables, stationarity, ergodicity, recurrent and transient states, Markov processes and Markov chains. Examples from mathematics and physics are presented to exemplify random processes such as the Buffon’s needle and the Ehrenfest Urn Model.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 7 presents the Markov Chain Montecarlo method with a description of the probably the most famous algorithm in stochastic theory, the Metropolis algorithm. After a through description of the theory and code, the travelling salesman problem is presented, with the simulated annealing approach. The Travelling Salesman Problem is solved with the simulated annealing algorithm that exploits Markov Chains. The concept of Bayesian analysis is here briefly introduced and leading into the next Chapter.
The Tangle of Science
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Science is remarkably reliable. It puts people on the moon, performs laser eye surgery, tells us about ancient civilisations and species, and predicts the future of our climate. What underwrites this reliability? This book argues that the standard answers—the scientific method, rigour, and objectivity—are insufficient for the job. Here we propose a new model of science that places its products front and centre. This is the ‘Tangle of Science’. In this book we show how any reliable piece of science is underpinned by a vast, diverse, and thick network of other scientific products. In doing so we bring back into focus areas of science that have been long neglected, emphasising how every product, from the screws that hold the space shuttle together to ways of measuring the consumer price index to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, work together to support results we can trust.
Illustrating the Tangle
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the concept of a tangle using two episodes from the history of science. In the first episode, we examine how natural philosophes of the eighteenth century ‘fixed’ the boiling point of water. In the second, we shift to the twentieth century to analyse the development of the antibiotic penicillin. We argue that the virtuous features of the tangle—its richness, entanglement, and long tails—help to explain successes in both episodes.
Changing Times
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a narrative of the measures taken by a new team which was at the helm of affairs during 2007–14. The actions taken, the activities engaged in and the shift in focus is presented in an absorbing discussion—academic strengthening and school enrichment, fundraising, and networking, setting up of a Teachers’ Resource Centre, a Junior Science laboratory, exposure visits to museums and science centres, building infrastructure, the revival of football in the school, and so on. The perceptible difference all this made and the dynamism at play because of these new developments is visible. The nuanced understanding of a minority educational institution which emerges is illuminative.