bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and source of plutonium in sediments from the southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Corcho-Alvarado José A. , Díaz-Asencio Misael , Röllin Stefan , Herguera Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHere, we report on new data (75 analyses) of plutonium (Pu) isotopes to elucidate activity concentrations, inventories, sources, and their transport from the ocean surface to the seafloor from a collection of six deep-sea sediment cores (depths ranging from 257 to 3739 m) in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Sediment cores collected from the continental shelf and upper slope region of the Gulf of Mexico showed 240Pu/239Pu ratios of 0.15 to 0.26, and 239+240Pu-inventories ranging from 14.7 to 33.0 Bq m−2. Inventories and ratios are consistent with global fallout Pu for this tropical region. In contrast, sediment cores collected from the lower slope region and abyssal plain showed low 240Pu/239Pu ratios of 0.07 to 0.13 and much lower 239+240Pu inventories below 6.8 Bq m−2. This implies that only a small fraction of the expected global fallout Pu has reached the deep-sea sediments. The low 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratios indicate that fallout from the Nevada testing site was an important source of Pu in deep-sea sediments, and that this Pu was likely more efficiently scavenged from the water column than Pu from global fallout. We estimated that up to 44% of the total inventory of 239+240Pu in deep-sea sediments is due to the Nevada source. Low values and a progressive decrease of 240Pu/239Pu ratios and 239+240Pu inventories with increasing water depth have been previously reported for the Gulf of Mexico. Analysis of Pu isotopes in two sediment traps from the upper slope regions shows 240Pu/239Pu ratios comparable to those observed in global fallout. These results indicate that global fallout Pu is currently the main source of Pu in sinking particles in the water column. Therefore, a significant fraction of global fallout Pu must still be present, either in a dissolved phase, or as biologically recycled material in the water column, or scavenged on the shelf and shelf break. Our results bring to light important questions on the application of Pu isotopes to establish sediment chronologies in deep-sea sediments, since global fallout features such as the 1963 maximum are not available.
Walls of silence and organized crime: a theoretical and empirical exploration into the shielding of criminal activities from authorities
Authors: Roks Robert A. , Kruisbergen Edwin W. , Kleemans Edward R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this article, we aim to further our understanding of the social embeddedness of organized crime by exploring the (possible) ways the social environment adds to the shielding of organized crime or criminal activities by organized crime groups. We argue that the metaphor of ‘walls of silence’ provides a fruitful way to examine the shielding of organized crime. Based on a theoretical and empirical exploration of 30 cases from the fifth data sweep of Dutch Organized Crime Monitor, we illustrate how organized crime offenders in the Netherlands depend on the silence and secrecy of co-offenders, victims, bystanders, and others who are aware of their (criminal) activities. Furthermore, we present a framework of the shielding of organized crime activities to provide insight into how offenders not only make use of the social environment to shield their activities, but also how the social environment can (purposely) act as walls of silence and secrecy.
Migration and Sexual Health Services Use – Results from the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD)
Authors: Wiessner Christian , von dem Knesebeck Olaf , Gerlich Miriam G. , Briken Peer , Becher Heiko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Migration background is an important predisposing characteristic of health service use (HSU). In this cross-sectional survey, we aim to explore the association between migration background and HSU in the context of sexual health.

Methods
In a population-representative sample of 4,955 persons from all German federal states (data collection 2018/2019), we examined the HSU of first-generation (15.9% of the total sample) and second-generation migrants (9.8%) compared to non-migrants (74.3%). Outcomes of sexual HSU ranged from primary and secondary prevention measures such as human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccination and chlamydia test to HSU due to sexual problems in the relationship, and consultations on contraceptives, and HIV or other STIs.

Results
Generally, first-generation migrants used sexual health services less often than non-migrants. Notably, first-generation migrant women had lower odds of being vaccinated against HPV (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.14; 0.38), of a lifetime use of both a chlamydia test in the context of a screening program for young women (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.11; 0.39), and a HSU due to contraceptives (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.28; 0.58). Second-generation migrants resembled more closely the non-migrants, only showing differences regarding the use of the HPV vaccination (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30; 0.76).

Policy Implications
First-generation migrants showed remarkable differences in the HSU compared to non-migrants. Therefore, this group should be targeted with the aim of a more equitable HSU that is mainly based on the needs for health services and not restricted due to formal or informal barriers. Both migration generations had lower odds of being vaccinated against HPV indicating the need for a better education regarding the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
Demography, trade and state power: a tripartite model of medieval farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyu Islands
Authors: Jarosz Aleksandra , Robbeets Martine , Fernandes Ricardo , Takamiya Hiroto , Shinzato Akito , Nakamura Naoko , Shinoto Maria , Hudson Mark 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHunter–gatherer occupations of small islands are rare in world prehistory and it is widely accepted that island settlement is facilitated by agriculture. The Ryukyu Islands contradict that understanding on two counts: not only did they have a long history of hunter–gatherer settlement, but they also have a very late date for the onset of agriculture, which only reached the archipelago between the eighth and thirteenth centuries AD. Here, we combine archaeology and linguistics to propose a tripartite model for the spread of agriculture and Ryukyuan languages to the Ryukyu Islands. Employing demographic growth, trade/piracy and the political influence of neighbouring states, this model provides a synthetic yet flexible understanding of farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyus within the complex historical background of medieval East Asia.
The support of singular stochastic partial differential equations
Authors: Hairer Martin , Schönbauer Philipp 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We obtain a generalisation of the Stroock–Varadhan support theorem for a large class of systems of subcritical singular stochastic partial differential equations driven by a noise that is either white or approximately self-similar. The main problem that we face is the presence of renormalisation. In particular, it may happen in general that different renormalisation procedures yield solutions with different supports. One of the main steps in our construction is the identification of a subgroup

$\mathcal {H}$

of the renormalisation group such that any renormalisation procedure determines a unique coset

$g\circ \mathcal {H}$

. The support of the solution then depends only on this coset and is obtained by taking the closure of all solutions obtained by replacing the driving noises by smooth functions in the equation that is renormalised by some element of

$g\circ \mathcal {H}$

.
One immediate corollary of our results is that the

$\Phi ^4_3$

measure in finite volume has full support, and the associated Langevin dynamic is exponentially ergodic.
What is the entrainment coefficient of a pure turbulent line plume?
Authors: Richardson James , Hunt Gary R. 
Published: January 2022

Despite its pivotal role in the classic theory of turbulent line plumes, there has been no consensus on the value of the entrainment coefficient $\alpha$ suitable for a pure plume. Reported measurements vary by 100 %, from $\alpha =0.1$ to $\alpha =0.2$, hindering the predictive capabilities of plume theory. Following our theoretical developments, measurements of plume entrainment using a new approach and a rigorous assessment of reported values for $\alpha$, we conclude that ${\alpha =0.11\pm 15\,\%}$ should be adopted as the consensus value. Our theoretical framework demonstrates how $\alpha$ is determined from underlying plume measurements, and places an emphasis on the link between measurement uncertainty and uncertainty in $\alpha$. This framework inspired our experimental design, intentionally conceived to precisely determine $\alpha$. From measurements of the plume scalar width and the entrainment velocity outside the plume, we determine that $\alpha =0.108\pm 2\,\%$ ($95\,\%$ confidence interval). Complementing our experiments is an evaluation of the historical data which, after we explain why some reported values of $\alpha$ are erroneous, supports the range $0.095\lesssim \alpha \lesssim 0.13$. The proposed consensus value thus represents both our precisely determined value and the variation in the published data. The significance of a consensus value for $\alpha$ can be summarised as follows: (i) it enhances confidence in the application of plume theory to practical situations and (ii) it permits more detailed comparison of entrainment between pure line plumes and related turbulent flows, including forced and lazy line plumes and wall plumes.
Influence of slip velocity in a two-phase bubbly jet
Authors: Seo Hyunduk , Marjanovic Goran , Balachandar S. , Kim Kyung Chun 
Published: January 2022

The effect of the slip velocity in a bubbly jet (

$Re = 3000$

, initial void

$\textrm {fraction} = 1.1\,\%$

) is studied with various bubble slip ratios (0.07–2.1 times the inlet velocity, 0.01–0.31 m s

$^{-1}$

in dimension). The governing equations, which are the conservation of mass, momentum and volume fraction, are solved by direct numerical simulations. A set of ordinary differential equations was derived by using a conventional one-dimensional integral framework on jets and by expressing the slip velocity using an exponential function. The one-dimensional analysis of bubbly jets successfully predicted the jet velocity radius, centreline velocity and the gas spread rate downstream of the bubbly jet. Second- and third-order statistics were also analysed to better understand the turbulent characteristics of the bubbly jet. A high slip ratio results in a rigid, narrower bubbly jet core region, where the turbulent kinetic energy is conserved along the centreline but does not diffuse towards the ambient region. The narrow, circular region around the core at high slip ratios decreased the turbulent kinetic energy. In the rigid bubbly jet core, turbulent diffusion of the gas phase is suppressed and has low correlations with the velocity fluctuations. Turbulence characteristics such as turbulence stress were compared with single-phase jet and plume results from existing literature. The magnitude of the turbulence characteristics at the lowest slip ratio is comparable with what is found in the literature, but there is a rapid transition from slip ratios of

$0.14$

to

$0.7$

. Furthermore, the turbulent kinetic energy budget was analysed for each case. The production term had the largest contribution, and its magnitude was almost five times the buoyancy production downstream. High slip ratio cases show a positive peak of pressure strain and turbulent diffusion along the centreline.
Large very dense subgraphs in a stream of edges
Authors: Mathieu Claire , de Rougemont Michel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study the detection and the reconstruction of a large very dense subgraph in a social graph with n nodes and m edges given as a stream of edges, when the graph follows a power law degree distribution, in the regime when
$m=O(n. \log n)$
. A subgraph S is very dense if it has
$\Omega(|S|^2)$
edges. We uniformly sample the edges with a Reservoir of size
$k=O(\sqrt{n}.\log n)$
. Our detection algorithm checks whether the Reservoir has a giant component. We show that if the graph contains a very dense subgraph of size
$\Omega(\sqrt{n})$
, then the detection algorithm is almost surely correct. On the other hand, a random graph that follows a power law degree distribution almost surely has no large very dense subgraph, and the detection algorithm is almost surely correct. We define a new model of random graphs which follow a power law degree distribution and have large very dense subgraphs. We then show that on this class of random graphs we can reconstruct a good approximation of the very dense subgraph with high probability. We generalize these results to dynamic graphs defined by sliding windows in a stream of edges.
PREMATURE OXIDATION DURING ARGON PLASMA CLEANING OF WATER-RICH RADIOCARBON SAMPLES
Authors: Cox J Royce , Blinman Eric , Wacker Lukas , Rowe Marvin W 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTPlasma oxidation for 14C sampling utilizes low-pressure (133 Pa), low-energy (<50 W), and low- temperature (<50°C) Ar- and O2-plasmas generating CO2 for AMS dating. O2-plasmas on empty chambers remove organic contamination. When clean, a new specimen is inserted and Ar-plasmas dislodge adsorbed atmospheric CO2 from surfaces. Finally, O2-plasmas oxidize organic materials to CO2 for AMS analysis. During some Ar-plasmas we observed anomalous pressure increases and unexpectedly high CO2. Residual gas analysis detected water, hydrogen and oxygen species with Ar and CO2 indicating water plasmas that produced excited oxygen species that prematurely oxidized specimen organic matter. Evolution of excess CO2 during Ar cleaning compromises the ability to affirm that atmospheric CO2 was removed. Standards, TIRI Belfast Pine and VIRI I Whalebone, were dated to determine whether water-induced oxidation was a confounding influence in dating. TIRI wood was sampled twice, once a water-soaked specimen in an Ar plasma and once with water-vapor-plasma only. The TIRI dates agreed with six earlier dates on usual specimens. A colloidal extract from VIRI I whale bone was also sampled and dated twice using both water–plasma oxidation in an Ar-plasma and in an O2-plasma. Dating agreement suggests that water plasmas do not pose undue risks of contamination.
National Debt and Political Allegiance in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Weber Lina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe article traces a hitherto-neglected form of political obligation, one that resulted from national debt and relied on creditors’ self-interest. Eighteenth-century commentators argued that William III had introduced public borrowing to gain support from the people and to maintain the Revolution Settlement. This claim was first made by tories and became a staple argument of opposition authors. Around the middle of the eighteenth century, this connection between national debt and political allegiance was reassessed. Robert Wallace presented the debt as a price worth paying for the excellent British constitution, David Hume considered it as Britain's last hope to maintain the established order. In the discussions of American independence, the association of national debt with political obligation was used for divergent purposes. While Adam Smith and Richard Price utilized it to argue for a reform of empire, Thomas Paine urged the American provinces to unite under an American national debt. Drawing on authors from various political allegiances in eighteenth-century Britain, the article shows how the same idea about national debt and political obligation could be used for different purposes.
Technophany and Its Publics: Artisans, Technicians, and the Rise of Vishwakarma Worship in India
Authors: George Kenneth M. , Narayan Kirin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe worship of Vishwakarma, a god long associated with India's hereditary artisans and their tools, has achieved new relevance with the rise of industrial capitalism in South Asia. No longer moored solely to artisanal caste interests, worship of the god heralds a range of publics in whichtechnē(crafting, fabricating, or making) is an exalted activity and public concern. Using “technophany” as a conceptual framework, we argue that deifications of technology and technicity sit at the core of Vishwakarma worship. Rather than treat religion and technology as ontologically distinct modalities of being-in-the-world, we use this framework to show how artisans, technicians, mechanics, and engineers use Vishwakarma worship to bring industrial technologies into alignment with the cosmos. Drawing on historical and ethnographic materials, we push beyond earlier scholarship that has treated Vishwakarma worship as a holdover from peasant culture or as a set of practices pitted against industrial capitalism.
Prevalence of herpes zoster virus reactivation in patients diagnosed with Bell's palsy
Authors: Freire de Castro R , Crema D , Neiva F C , Pinto R A S R , Suzuki F A 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveHerpes zoster virus can cause inflammatory neuropathy of the facial nerve. However, studies evaluating the prevalence of this agent in peripheral facial palsy are heterogeneous regarding sample group selection, laboratory analysis method and variables studied. In addition, there are a lack of epidemiological data in the Brazilian population on this serological phenomenon in peripheral facial palsy. This study estimated herpes zoster reactivation prevalence in serological samples through chemiluminescence immunoassay for quantitative determination of specific antibodies directed against the virus.MethodsThis cross-sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of viral reactivation by herpes zoster in subjects with idiopathic peripheral facial palsy through analysis of serological samples over a year.ResultsForty-seven patients (32 females and 15 males) participated. Severe paralysis was more common in older patients (p = 0.017). Facial pain (p = 0.02) and vertigo (p = 0.001) were related to a worse evolution of facial palsy. The rate of serological reactivation of the virus was 12.76 per cent.ConclusionThe rate of serological reactivation of herpes virus in idiopathic peripheral facial palsy in our population is similar to foreign literature data, suggesting similar aetiological mechanisms in the genesis of this morbidity.
Self-harm in pregnancy and the postnatal year: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Ayre Karyn , Liu Xiaoqin , Howard Louise M. , Dutta Rina , Munk-Olsen Trine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundSelf-harm in pregnancy or the year after birth (‘perinatal self-harm’) is clinically important, yet prevalence rates, temporal trends and risk factors are unclear.MethodsA cohort study of 679 881 mothers (1 172 191 pregnancies) was conducted using Danish population register data-linkage. Hospital treatment for self-harm during pregnancy and the postnatal period (12 months after live delivery) were primary outcomes. Prevalence rates 1997–2015, in women with and without psychiatric history, were calculated. Cox regression was used to identify risk factors.ResultsPrevalence rates of self-harm were, in pregnancy, 32.2 (95% CI 28.9–35.4)/100 000 deliveries and, postnatally, 63.3 (95% CI 58.8–67.9)/100 000 deliveries. Prevalence rates of perinatal self-harm in women without a psychiatric history remained stable but declined among women with a psychiatric history. Risk factors for perinatal self-harm: younger age, non-Danish birth, prior self-harm, psychiatric history and parental psychiatric history. Additional risk factors for postnatal self-harm: multiparity and preterm birth. Of psychiatric conditions, personality disorder was most strongly associated with pregnancy self-harm (aHR 3.15, 95% CI 1.68–5.89); psychosis was most strongly associated with postnatal self-harm (aHR 6.36, 95% CI 4.30–9.41). For psychiatric disorders, aHRs were higher postnatally, particularly for psychotic and mood disorders.ConclusionsPerinatal self-harm is more common in women with pre-existing psychiatric history and declined between 1997 and 2015, although not among women without pre-existing history. Our results suggest it may be a consequence of adversity and psychopathology, so preventative intervention research should consider both social and psychological determinants among women with and without psychiatric history.
‘Viva Malta’: national unity, loyalty and the familiar in a post-independence Maltese song
Authors: Ciantar Philip , Mamo Renè 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the years following its independence from Britain in 1964, Malta experienced several changes socially, politically, economically and culturally. In part, these arose from the fact that after independence Malta, as a small Mediterranean island-country, had to take full control of its own destiny, including its economy and politics. At approximately the same time a band called The Malta Bums was set up and eventually gained popularity both locally and further afield. Their 1967 release of ‘Viva Malta’ achieved unprecedented success and is still hugely popular today. This article analyses this song in its historical, cultural and social context. It discusses how and why this track became so popular at that time and is still popular nowadays. For that purpose, it scrutinises its music and lyrics, as well as the production process and how each one of these built on the familiar to convey sentiments of national unity central to the loyalty that the lyrics call for.
Balance control based on six-dimensional spatial mechanics and velocity adjustment through region intervention and foot landing for quadruped robot
Authors: Luo Bende 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCurrently, the body balance control algorithm of a quadruped robot executing trot gait motion is more complex and computationally intensive, which is not conducive to improving the real-time control performance of the robot. This paper proposes a six-dimensional spatial mechanics decoupling algorithm to enhance the balance control accuracy during trot gait while optimizing the computational effort. A 6 × 6 matrix is established to describe the relationship between six ground reaction forces of the diagonal supporting leg and six spatial forces and torques controlling robot degrees of freedom, which is optimized to reach the full rank. Decoupling calculation is adopted to obtain required ground reaction forces by matrix inverse operation, and forces are converted to joint motor torques utilizing the Jacobian matrix. The trajectory of the swing leg foot is generated based on cubic interpolation, and the robot motion speed is adjusted by selecting the landing point. This paper also proposes a region intervention control method based on center of mass projection to regulate the moving speed while ensuring the balance of the robot. Finally, the algorithm is verified by simulation using open source software Webots. The results show that when the robot moves at an average speed of 0.5 m/s, the lateral displacement change of the robot is less than 0.009 m, the height change is less than 0.003 m, and the rotating angles around the x, y, and z axes are less than 0.0036 rad, 0.0013 rad, and 0.001 rad, respectively.