bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated expression of urokinase plasminogen activator in rodent models and patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Vervuurt Marc , Zhu Xiaoyue , Schrader Joseph , de Kort Anna M. , Marques Tainá M. , Kersten Iris , Peters van Ton Annemieke M. , Abdo Wilson F. , Schreuder Floris H. B. M. , Rasing Ingeborg , Terwindt Gisela M. , Wermer Marieke J. H. , Greenberg Steven M. , Klijn Catharina J. M. , Kuiperij H. Bea , Van Nostrand William E. , Verbeek Marcel M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimsThe aim of this work is to study the association of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) with development and progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).Materials and methodsWe studied the expression of uPA mRNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and co‐localisation of uPA with amyloid‐β (Aβ) using immunohistochemistry in the cerebral vasculature of rTg‐DI rats compared with wild‐type (WT) rats and in a sporadic CAA (sCAA) patient and control subject using immunohistochemistry. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) uPA levels were measured in rTg‐DI and WT rats and in two separate cohorts of sCAA and Dutch‐type hereditary CAA (D‐CAA) patients and controls, using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).ResultsThe presence of uPA was clearly detected in the cerebral vasculature of rTg‐DI rats and an sCAA patient but not in WT rats or a non‐CAA human control. uPA expression was highly co‐localised with microvascular Aβ deposits. In rTg‐DI rats, uPA mRNA expression was highly elevated at 3 months of age (coinciding with the emergence of microvascular Aβ deposition) and sustained up to 12 months of age (with severe microvascular CAA deposition) compared with WT rats. CSF uPA levels were elevated in rTg‐DI rats compared with WT rats (p = 0.03), and in sCAA patients compared with controls (after adjustment for age of subjects, p = 0.05 and p = 0.03). No differences in CSF uPA levels were found between asymptomatic and symptomatic D‐CAA patients and their respective controls (after age‐adjustment, p = 0.09 and p = 0.44). Increased cerebrovascular expression of uPA in CAA correlates with increased quantities of CSF uPA in rTg‐DI rats and human CAA patients, suggesting that uPA could serve as a biomarker for CAA.
“Not everybody approaches it that way”: Nurse‐trained health department directors’ leadership strategies and skills in public health
Authors: Kett Paula M. , Bekemeier Betty , Altman Molly R. , Herting Jerald R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEvidence points to nurses as possessing particular skills which are important for public health leadership; in particular, investigators have found that a nurse public health director is strongly associated with positive health department performance. To better understand this association and to guide the effective deployment of nurse leaders, researchers sought to explore the specific leadership strategies used by nurse public health directors, using a critical thematic analysis approach to examine these leadership strategies in the context of certain ideologies, power differentials, and social hierarchies. Data were collected via semistructured interviews conducted from July to September 2020 with 13 nurse public health directors from across the United States. Major themes illustrate a distinct picture of the nursing approach to public health leadership: (a) approaching their work with an other‐focused lens, (b) applying theoretical knowledge, (c) navigating the political side of their role, and (d) leveraging their nursing identity. Findings articulate the nurse public health director's distinctive combination of skills which reflect the interprofessional nature of public health nursing practice. Such skills demonstrate a specialized approach that may set nurse leaders apart from other types of leaders in carrying out significant public health work.
Analysis of the radial and ulnar arteries using ultrasound and a vascular visualization device in children
Authors: Kemmochi Makoto , Nawa Yuko , Ohno Sho , Sawashita Yasuaki , Terada Hirofumi , Oba Koji 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundRadial artery is the preferred site for cannulation. Recently, the ulnar artery was chosen as an alternative in adults.AimsWe aimed to measure the diameter and depth of the ulnar and radial arteries using ultrasound, and our secondary purpose was to evaluate their anatomical position using a near‐infrared transcutaneous illumination device.MethodsForty‐eight children (age range: 0–144 months) were assigned to the following groups: group Infant (aged <12 months), group Preschool (aged ≤12 to <72 months), and group School (aged ≥72 months). The diameter, depth, and position of the ulnar and radial arteries were compared between groups.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the diameters of the ulnar and radial arteries. In group Infant, group Preschool, and group School, mean diameters of the ulnar artery were 1.27 ± 0.15 mm, 1.62 ± 0.27 mm, and 2.03 ± 0.28 mm, respectively, and the radial artery were 1.29 ± 0.15 mm, 1.69 ± 0.27 mm, and 2.06 ± 0.29 mm, respectively. The corresponding differences between the diameters of ulnar and radial arteries were −0.02 mm, −0.07 mm, and −0.02 mm [95% CI −0.16 mm to 0.12 mm, −0.25 mm to 0.11 mm, and −0.25 mm to 0.21 mm; p = .776, p = .411, and p = .852]. In groups Preschool and School, the ulnar artery was at the recommended depth of 2–4 mm for arterial cannulation compared with the radial artery. In the Infant, Preschool, and School age groups, the ulnar and radial arteries were at the recommended depth of 2–4 mm for arterial cannulation in 70.0%, 100.0%, 93.8%, and 80.0%, 65.0%, and 50.0% of the cases, respectively. (difference: −10.0%, 35.0%, and 43.8%, 95%; CI −43.4% to 23.4%, 14.1% to 55.9%, and 19.4% to 68.1%, respectively).ConclusionsThe ulnar artery can be considered a promising alternative to the radial artery for facilitating arterial cannulation in children.
Interferon‐gamma induces melanogenesis via post‐translational regulation of tyrosinase
Authors: Mo Xuan , Kazmi Hasan Raza , Preston‐Alp Sarah , Zhou Bo , Zaidi M. Raza 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMelanogenesis (melanin pigment production) in melanocytes is canonically stimulated by the alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), which activates the cyclic‐AMP‐mediated expression of the melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream melanogenic genes, including the principal rate‐limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase (TYR). Here, we report that interferon‐gamma (IFNG; type II interferon), but not interferon‐alpha (a type I interferon), induces a noncanonical melanogenic pathway in mouse and human melanocytic cells. Inhibition of IFNG pathway by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib or knocking out Stat1 gene abrogated the IFNG‐induced melanogenesis. Interestingly, IFNG‐induced melanogenesis was independent of MITF. IFNG markedly increased the TYR protein expression but did not affect the mRNA expression, suggesting a post‐translational regulatory mechanism. In contrast, IFNG had no effect on the expression of other melanogenesis‐related proteins, for example, tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TYRP1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). Glycosidase digestion assays revealed that IFNG treatment increased the mature glycosylated form of TYR, but not its de novo synthesis. Moreover, cycloheximide chase assay showed that degradation of TYR was decreased in IFNG‐treated cells. These results suggest that the IFNG‐STAT1 pathway regulates melanogenesis via regulation of the post‐translational processing and protein stability of TYR.
Crowdsourcing and COVID‐19: How Public Administrations Mobilize Crowds to Find Solutions to Problems Posed by the Pandemic
Authors: Colovic Ana , Caloffi Annalisa , Rossi Federica 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe discuss how public administrations have used crowdsourcing to find solutions to specific problems posed by the COVID‐19 pandemic, and to what extent crowdsourcing has been instrumental in promoting open innovation and service co‐creation. We propose a conceptual typology of crowdsourcing challenges based on the degree of their openness and collaboration with the crowd that they establish. Using empirical evidence collected in 2020 and 2021, we examine the extent to which these types have been used in practice. We discuss each type of crowdsourcing challenge identified and draw implications for public policy.
Growth of the airway smooth muscle layer from late gestation to childhood is mediated initially by hypertrophy and subsequently hyperplasia
Authors: Wang Kimberley C. W. , Donovan Graham M. , Saglani Sejal , Mauad Thais , James Alan L. , Elliot John G. , Noble Peter B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe airway smooth muscle (ASM) layer thickens during development. Identifying the mechanism(s) for normal structural maturation of the ASM reveals pathways susceptible to disease processes. This study characterized thickening of the ASM layer from foetal life to childhood and elucidated the underlying mechanism in terms of hypertrophy, hyperplasia and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition.MethodsAirways from post‐mortem cases were examined from seven different age groups: 22–24 weeks gestation, 25–31 weeks gestation, term (37–41 weeks gestation), <0.5 year, 0.5–1 year, 2–5 years and 6–10 years. The ASM layer area (thickness), the number and size of ASM cells and the volume fraction of ECM were assessed by planimetry and stereology.ResultsFrom late gestation to the first year of life, normalized ASM thickness more than doubled as a result of ASM hypertrophy. Thereafter, until childhood, the ASM layer grew in proportion to airway size, which was mediated by ASM hyperplasia. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of ASM were accompanied by a proportional change in ECM such that the broad composition of the ASM layer was constant across age groups.ConclusionThese data suggest that the mechanisms of ASM growth from late gestation to childhood are temporally decoupled, with early hypertrophy and subsequent proliferation. We speculate that the developing airway is highly susceptible to ASM thickening in the first year of life and that the timing of an adverse event will determine structural phenotype.
Griswold for Google: Algorithmic Determinism and Decisional Privacy
Authors: Fairfield Joshua , Reynolds Nathaniel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs surveillance capitalism continues to collect data and automate decisions, those on the receiving end of such actions are often rendered speechless. We are less left in awe of the great force of these technologies than we lack the language that could properly define and defend against their onslaught. Often, we feel powerless as our data is extracted then aimed at us to manipulate our own choices, and yet the conversation around these practices seems stultified. Algorithms have shifted the technological landscape by co‐opting human decision‐making and in the process co‐opted the very tool that we use to respond to such changes—our ability to create language through individual action and collective reasoning.Humans deal with shifting technological landscapes by evolving their language. Language development starts with individual decisions that are then justified and presented to the group for judgment. As a result, moral frameworks develop, and over time legal language is shifted as common law courts and legislatures adopt new moral structures into legal code. Algorithms threaten to displace human decision‐making. Algorithms act, but unlike humans, they do not offer reasons. They halt the development of language by removing human decision‐making and cutting short the supply of decision‐rationales that fuel the conversation. The conversation can be reinvigorated by iterating and upgrading our language to apply to new situations and technological contexts.We apply this language theory to decisional privacy. Decisional privacy dictates that some realms of human decision, like sex and reproduction, so implicate private life that the government is held to be restrained by constitutional principles. These cases protect people’s capacity to make decisions and, by extension, our ability to provide and judge rationalizations for actions. Decided in the context of twentieth century totalitarianism, decisional privacy cases sought to prevent government inference in private life, but now the greatest threat to private life is corporate, not government. The context has shifted, and so too should our protections for private decisions. We offer the discussion of decisional privacy as a starting point in the conversation about moral constructions. That line of cases represents an acknowledgement of essential human values. People have the capability to make decisions regarding their home, family, health, and children. By preserving the essential ethic of these cases, we can preserve the process of decision‐rationale‐judgment that fuels our conversations, developing moral frameworks. Iterating the language of decisional privacy against instrumentarian corporate actors allows us to keep the conversation about algorithmic determinism open as we develop new ways of describing and defending against invasions into our private life.
Global value chains, trade shocks and jobs: An application to Brexit
Authors: Vandenbussche Hylke , Connell William , Simons Wouter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe develop a network trade model with country‐sector level input–output linkages with the objective of evaluating the impact of trade shocks. This framework is particularly useful to decompose the direct and the indirect trade effects of both a bilateral and a third country trade shock, evaluated at the country‐sector level. Using the sectoral World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with sectoral employment data, we evaluate the impact in terms of value added and employment of different scenarios of Brexit for 56 industries in the 27 Member States of the European Union, as well as the United Kingdom. In this respect, we consider both the results under the current EU–UK Trade agreement, as well as a counterfactual scenario in which WTO tariffs would apply. In contrast to other studies, we find EU‐27 value added and job losses to be substantially higher than hitherto believed as a result of the closely integrated EU network structure. Our approach finds that upstream sectors are particularly vulnerable to indirect trade shocks effects due to their network centrality.
Baseline assessment findings of the Africa Society for Blood Transfusion Step‐Wise Accreditation Programme in 10 sub‐Saharan African countries, 2016–2018
Authors: Kanagasabai Udhayashankar , Qualls Michael , Shiraishi Ray W. , Eno Laura , Zungu Innocent , Bust Lesley , Drammeh Bakary , Selenic Dejana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe accreditation of blood services promotes continuous quality improvement in blood and transfusion services. The Africa Society for Blood Transfusion (AfSBT) conducted 20 baseline assessments of National Blood Transfusion Services (NBTS) or blood banks as part of the Step‐Wise Accreditation Programme (SWAP) in 10 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2016 to 2018. This paper aims to elucidate the process and findings of the baseline assessments.Materials and MethodsThis is a descriptive study of 20 baseline assessments of NBTS. Eleven sections of the AfSBT assessment were reviewed, and 48 out of 68 standards and 356 out of 466 criteria were assessed. Each standard was assigned a value of 1 if it was fully achieved, 0.5 if partially achieved and 0 if not achieved. We defined average section scores >75% as having ‘met AfSBT Standards’, ≤25% as not meeting standards, 26%–50% as needs major improvement, and 51%–75% as needs some improvement and >75% as meets standards.ResultsThe AfSBT SWAP standards were met in 4 out of the 11 sections: donor management, blood collection, component production and compatibility testing. Three sections were determined to need some improvement (quality system; handling, transport and storage and testing of donated blood), and three sections were determined to need major improvement (haemovigilance, blood administration and national blood service accreditation). One section (receipt, ordering, and issuing of blood) did not meet standards.ConclusionDespite improvements in the quality of blood services in SSA over the past two decades, governments may consider the importance of prioritizing investments in NBTS, ensuring these institutions meet international accreditation standards that are aligned with safe blood transfusion services.
Analysis of Solar Irradiance Variation on Heat Flux and Temperature Distribution for a Dish Concentrator Receiver
Authors: Bekele Endeshaw Alemu , Ancha Venkata Ramayya , Binchebo Tarekegn Limore 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Concentrated solar power presents immense scope for the deployment of small-scale units focusing on diverse applications, including process heat and rural on/off-grid applications. This paper presents the analysis of solar irradiance variation on heat flux and temperature distribution at the dish concentrator receiver. A solar dish concentrator with a 2.8-m aperture diameter and a 0.4-m depth was used for this analysis. The solar ray intersection between a dish concentrator and its receiver, along with the heat flux distribution prediction, was carried out using SolTrace. The effect of flux intensity variation on temperature distribution at the receiver was investigated using comsol multiphysics. The optical analysis considered 10,000 rays, and 91.65% of them were observed to reach the surface of the receiver. For 1000 W/m2 of beam solar radiation, a peak heat flux and maximum temperature at the concentrator’s focal plane are found to be 32.4 MW/m2 and 923 K, respectively. The validation had been done using previously reported results in the literature to verify the correctness of the present simulation results. The effect of beam solar radiation variation on heat flux intensity and the temperature distribution revealed that both heat flux and temperature increase with increasing solar radiation, which points out the influence of design and operating conditions. Apart from PillBox and Gaussian distributions, the effect of slope and specularity errors was characterized, suggesting a greater sensitivity to the former than the latter.
Nonlinear Multimodal Model for Tuned Sloshing Dampers With Nonflat Bottoms
Authors: Love J. S. , Tait M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A third-order nonlinear multimodal model is developed for tanks with nonflat bottoms. A six-node finite element model is used to determine the mode shapes of the velocity potential and the associated natural sloshing frequencies. Using this modal information, equations of motion are developed that accommodate the nonlinear coupling among the first three sloshing modes. Damping arising from screens is incorporated into the model using the principle of virtual work. The equations of motion are ordinary differential equations that are solved using the Runge–Kutta–Gill numerical time-stepping method. The model is evaluated with an existing third-order nonlinear multimodal model for a flat-bottom tank and is found to be in excellent agreement. Demonstrative simulations are conducted for tanks with sloped-, boxed-, and ramped-bottoms. The resulting sloshing forces and wave heights at the tank end wall are calculated and presented using time series plots and frequency response plots. The excitation of higher-order sloshing modes through modal coupling results in larger wave heights, and shallower wave troughs. The sloshing forces are less impacted by the responses of higher modes. Secondary resonances are clearly visible in several frequency response plots at frequencies that correspond to the natural sloshing frequency of a higher-order mode divided by an integer. The model is applicable to tanks that are of intermediate water depth with moderate excitation amplitudes, where the response of the second- and third-order sloshing modes are less than the fundamental mode.
Contact Nonlinearity in Indenter–Foam Dampers
Authors: Liu Lejie , Yerrapragada Karthik , Henak Corinne R. , Eriten Melih 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the nonlinear response of indenter–foam dampers is characterized. Those dampers consist of indenters pressed on open-cell foams swollen with wetting liquids. Recently, the authors identified the dominant mechanism of damping in those dampers as poro-viscoelastic (PVE) relaxations as in articular cartilage, one of nature’s best solutions to vibration attenuation. Those previous works by the authors included dynamic mechanical analyses of the indenter–foam dampers under small vibrations, i.e., linear regime. The current study features the dynamic response of similar dampers under larger strains to investigate the nonlinear regime. In particular, the indenter–foam dampers tested in this paper consist of an open-cell polyurethane foam swollen with castor oil. Harmonic displacements are applied on the swollen and pre-compressed foam using a flat-ended cylindrical indenter. Measured forces and corresponding hysteresis (force–displacement) loops are then analyzed to quantify damping performance (via specific damping capacity) and nonlinearities (via harmonic ratio). The effects of strain and strain rates on the damping capacity and harmonic ratio are investigated experimentally. The dominant source of the nonlinearity is identified as peeling at the indenter–foam interface (and quantified via peeling index). A representative model consisting of a linear viscoelastic foam and rate-dependent adhesive interface (slider element with limiting adhesive strength) explains the observed trends in peeling and thus nonlinear dynamic response. Possible remedies to suppress those nonlinearities in future designs of indenter–foam dampers are also discussed.
A Workflow for 3D Reconstruction and Quantification of the Monkey Optic Nerve Head Vascular Network
Authors: Lee Po-Yi , Hua Yi , Brazile Bryn , Yang Bin , Wang Lin , Sigal Ian A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of the 3D vascular network of the optic nerve head (ONH) is critical to understanding eye physiology and pathology. Current in vivo imaging technologies, however, do not have simultaneous high spatial resolution and imaging depth to resolve the small vessels deep within the ONH. We describe a workflow for the 3D reconstruction and quantitative morphological analysis of the ONH vasculature. The vessels of a normal monkey ONH were perfusion labeled. Serial cryosections of the ONH were imaged using fluorescence microscopy (FM) and instant polarized light microscopy (IPOL) to visualize the labeled vessels and label-free collagen, respectively. The IPOL images were registered and used to form a stack of FM images from which the vessels were segmented and skeletonized to reconstruct the 3D vascular network. The network consisted of 12,966 vessel segments, 7,989 branching points, and 1,100 terminal points at the boundaries. For each vessel segment, we measured its length, tortuosity, inclination (θ), and polar orientation (f). The length followed a lognormal distribution, whereas the distribution of the tortuosity followed an exponential decay. The vessels were mainly oriented towards the coronal plane (θ = 90º). For orientation, there were nearly as many vessels aligned circumferentially (f = 90º) and radially (φ = 0º). Our results demonstrate the workflow for 3D eye-specific reconstruction and quantification of the monkey ONH vascular network. This is a critical first step to analyze the blood flow and oxygenation within the ONH, which will help understand the role of vascular dysfunction in glaucoma.