bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African studies in the Netherlands: A brief survey
Authors: Abbink J. 
Published: April 2022

In the Netherlands there is an active community of Africanist scholars, numbering about 200 to 250. They work mainly in universities and other research institutes, but also in increasing numbers for government ministries (notably of Foreign Affairs and Development Co-operation), NGOs, and other aid organisations. Fields in which Africanists are strong are history, anthropology and geography, and to a lesser extent development sociology, medical science, law, comparative politics and religious studies. The following survey is necessarily a selective one.African Studies in the Netherlands can pride itself on a long history only if we include the many travellers, traders and missionaries active in African regions before the twentieth century. The scholarly study of the continent seriously started a few decades later than in other European countries: after the Second World War, when an Africa Institute was founded (in 1946, see below) and the first special professorial chair in African ethnology was instituted at Leiden University.
The Homer L. Shantz Collections, 1904 to 1958: A Botanist in Africa and the Americas
Authors: McConnell Kathleen 
Published: April 2022

This large collection is important to the history of science. Homer L. Shantz was one of the pioneers of environmental studies of vegetation, soils and available moisture over large regions. He studied the effects of erosion, increased salinity and alkalinity of soils and the damage that could be caused by introduced vegetation. His work is at the foundation of the environmental ‘engineering’ efforts of the 1960s and later.Homer L. Shantz was born in Michigan in 1876. He was educated at Colorado College and received a doctorate at the University of Nebraska in 1905 where he first began environmental surveys from the Botany Department. He was then employed by the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Plant Industry, during the first decades of the 1900's, where he worked for the Land Classification Board.
Amnesty International: information for human rights activism in Africa
Authors: Treacy Noel 
Published: April 2022

Along with the enormous growth in information made available by digital technology, which has had such an impact on our profession in the last fifteen years, Amnesty International has also undergone major changes in its approach to protecting human rights. So, before examining information and activism, I will briefly describe Amnesty International and its work on human rights, then look at the changes that it has undergone and give an outline of the movement's structure before going on to discuss information flow and how this contributes to activism in Africa. I will conclude with the challenges to both our activism in Africa and to our information work to support this activism.Amnesty International is a membership organisation campaigning for the protection and promotion of human rights. It is largely funded by members’ activities and does not receive money from governments or political parties. There are about one million members worldwide and every two years an international meeting is held that decides the priorities of the movement.
A guide to the historical records of the Asante people of Ghana at the Manhyia archives
Authors: Adams Musah 
Published: April 2022

The establishment of functional records management systems in Ghana to manage the records of some traditional authorities is a recent development. After independence some parastatals, financial institutions, corporations and private business firms began to recognize the importance of recorded information as a vital organizational resource. With this realization came the recognition that a system for managing this resource is essential. This awareness led to the establishment of what is usually referred to as special archives.In the case of the traditional authorities the archives were set up with the aim of preserving the cultural and historical heritage of their traditional areas. As noted by Adams (2005) in a study on the management of chieftaincy records in Ghana, the chiefs perform administrative, judicial and advisory roles to government on traditional issues.
War and record keeping practices in Eritrea
Authors: Tewelde Kiflom Tesfamariam 
Published: April 2022

Eritrea is a tropical country which stretches from 12 to 18 degrees north latitude and 36 to 43 degrees east longitude. It is located in North East Africa - sometimes called the Horn of Africa - west of the Red Sea. Eritrea, with an area of 124,320 square kilometres, has about 1000 kilometres of coastline and over 350 islands in the Red Sea. Its neighbours are Sudan in the west and north-west, Ethiopia in the south and Djibouti in the east. Yemen and Saudi Arabia, across the Red Sea in the east, are also its neighbours.The population of Eritrea is about 4 million. There are nine nationalities, Afar, Baza, Bilen, Hidareb, Kunama, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre, and Tigrigna, each with its own language. According to their racial origin the people are divided into three main groups; Nilotic, Hemetic and Semitic.
South African Sports History and the Archive
Authors: Allen Dean 
Published: April 2022

The history of sport in South Africa is about more than mere games. Within the preface to his study ofThe Games Ethic and Imperialism,J.A. Mangan expressed the wish that he:Would not like [the] study of cultural diffusion to be naively and erroneously catalogued under “Games”. It is concerned with much more: with ethnocentricity, hegemony and patronage, with ideals and idealism, with educational values and aspirations, with cultural assimilation and adaptation and, most fascinating of all, with the dissemination throughout the Empire of a hugely influential moralistic ideology.Arguably, nowhere more than in South Africa have such processes been played out through sport. This makes the country an ideal case study for sports historians. Based on experiences from my Masters and PhD studies, this paper will provide a contemporary perspective of studying South African sports history as well as form part of the discussion at the June 2011 SCOLMA conference, ‘Sport in Africa: History, Politics and the Archive’.
Selected Internet Sources for the Study of Africa
Authors: Kagan Al 
Published: April 2022

The following comments, analysis, and guide grow out of publishing two editions of a reference book and teaching a course on the Bibliography of Africa for the past nineteen years at the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign. The course is required for all Masters students in African Studies.Two major issues have emerged with compiling the following guide to the best online sources for the study of Africa. The first is the fast growth of digital sources, and the increasing need to have access to the Internet to do research on Africa. The second is the uneven mix between open access and fee-based access to these online resources, and therefore the growing gap between rich institutions and scholars and struggling organisations and individuals who are at a disadvantage in accessing knowledge.
The Forgotten Front: Experiences of Essex Men Fighting in East Africa
Authors: Lewis Allyson 
Published: April 2022

Essex Record Office (ERO) holds many collections containing stories of men and women who served during the First World War. The vast majority refer to men who were posted to the Western Front. However, a recently-deposited family collection included a diary and photographs, which revealed the experiences in an overlooked theatre of war of a motor cyclist with 26th Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps serving in British East Africa. This article is a case study based on the type of papers which can be found in local Record Offices.The diary was written by Harry Joseph Edward Ripper who was born on 18 September 1897, the second son of Harry Tucker Ripper and Edith Sarah Ripper.
The Collections of F. J. Bieber and the Kafa Culture: Connecting Anthropological and Archival Research
Authors: Yoshida Sayuri 
Published: April 2022

Archives have significant value as primary sources for a broad range of academic disciplines. In areas where published texts are lacking, such as Ethiopia, archives elucidate the history and culture of the society and clarify the current situation of that society. However, the meaning and influence such archives provide for the people in the society must be discussed.This paper aims to discuss new perspectives by combining archival research and anthropology. It focuses on the Kafa culture, the collections of Friedrich Julius Bieber (subsequently referred to as F. J. Bieber), recognised as the foremost authority on ethnological research dealing with Kafa in southwestern Ethiopia, and the significance of establishing archives from collections.The paper first discusses Kafa and its history. After examining previous Kafa research, it concludes that the Kafa people refer to foreign researchers’ work when explaining their own history and culture.
“Our Foreign Field”: records of the Salvation Army in Africa
Authors: Spencer Steven 
Published: April 2022

In the autumn and winter of 1954 Commissioner John Allan, the second-incommand of the Salvation Army, visited Africa and travelled through those countries where The Salvation Army was then established: Kenya, Rhodesia, South Africa, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, French Equatorial Africa and the Belgian Congo. During his visit he met tribal and national leaders including, on 11 November 1954 in the Gold Coast, Kwame Nkrumah in his Presidential Office, where Commissioner Allan “asked God to guide Nkrumah as he controls the destiny of his people”.When an account of the tour was written up for publication in 1955, the article began as follows:Nowadays Africa is a continent where something dramatic is always happening. One part or another is constantly in the public eye. Here and there a new order is in course of being established and, as one competent authority has stated, tomorrow's headlines are certain to come out of the Dark Continent.
Alcohol use and cognitive aging in middle-aged men: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging
Authors: Garduno Alexis C. , Laughlin Gail A. , Bergstrom Jaclyn , Tu Xin M. , Cummins Kevin M. , Franz Carol E. , Elman Jeremy A. , Lyons Michael J. , Reynolds Chandra A. , Neale Michael C. , Gillespie Nathan A. , Xian Hong , McKenzie Ruth E. , Toomey Rosemary , Kremen William S. , Panizzon Matthew S. , McEvoy Linda K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:To determine associations of alcohol use with cognitive aging among middle-aged men.Method:1,608 male twins (mean 57 years at baseline) participated in up to three visits over 12 years, from 2003–2007 to 2016–2019. Participants were classified into six groups based on current and past self-reported alcohol use: lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, very light (1–4 drinks in past 14 days), light (5–14 drinks), moderate (15–28 drinks), and at-risk drinkers (>28 drinks in past 14 days). Linear mixed-effects regressions modeled cognitive trajectories by alcohol group, with time-based models evaluating rate of decline as a function of baseline alcohol use, and age-based models evaluating age-related differences in performance by current alcohol use. Analyses used standardized cognitive domain factor scores and adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related factors.Results:Performance decreased over time in all domains. Relative to very light drinkers, former drinkers showed worse verbal fluency performance, by –0.21 SD (95% CI –0.35, –0.07), and at-risk drinkers showed faster working memory decline, by 0.14 SD (95% CI 0.02, –0.20) per decade. There was no evidence of protective associations of light/moderate drinking on rate of decline. In age-based models, light drinkers displayed better memory performance at advanced ages than very light drinkers (+0.14 SD; 95% CI 0.02, 0.20 per 10-years older age); likely attributable to residual confounding or reverse association.Conclusions:Alcohol consumption showed minimal associations with cognitive aging among middle-aged men. Stronger associations of alcohol with cognitive aging may become apparent at older ages, when cognitive abilities decline more rapidly.
Are processed fruits and vegetables able to reduce diet costs and address micronutrient deficiencies? Evidence from rural Tanzania
Authors: Sarfo Jacob , Pawelzik Elke , Keding Gudrun B 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:To assess the impact of integrating processed fruits and vegetables (FV) into diets in terms of diet cost reduction and ensuring nutritional adequacy year-round.Design:Market surveys were conducted to record foods. Focus group discussions (FGD) and 24-h dietary assessments – from children and women – were carried out to determine culturally accepted dietary habits. Six processed FV were considered for addition to diets. Using the Cost of Diet linear programming tool, standards diets were first modelled, and subsequently, the processed FV were included to analyse their impact.Setting:Rural Tanzania: Mtwara and Morogoro.Participants:Market survey: 50 traders; FGD: 40 women; 24-h recalls: 36 infants aged 6–23 months, 52 children aged 6–13 years and 292 women.Results:The standard diet costs between TZS 232 and 2368 (USD 0·3–3) daily for infants. For children aged 6–13 years, it costs between TZS 1711 and 7199 (USD 2·2–9·1) daily and the cost for the women was between TZS 2793 and 10 449 (USD 3·5–13·2). Addition of the processed FV reduced diet costs by up to 61 %, 48 % and 49 % for children aged 12–23 months, children aged 6–13 years and women, respectively. However, for infants aged 6–11 months, costs rose by up to 127 %. The processed FV addressed all micronutrient gaps in the diets except for infants aged 6–11 months, where some micronutrient intakes were unfulfilled.Conclusions:Processed FV could provide a feasible option to ensure availability of nutritious but cheap diets year-round. Hence, interventions to process FV into nutritious and affordable products should extensively be pursued.
Disease and Dissent: Progressives, Congress, and the WWI Army Training Camp Crisis
Authors: Setzekorn Eric 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn January 1918, Congress began public hearings on the American war effort in World War I due to widespread reports of gross inefficiency and incompetence within the War Department. In particular, unhealthy conditions and the outbreak of disease at hastily constructed training camps led to the deaths of thousands of newly drafted soldiers and prompted a public outcry. The criticism was led by Democratic Senator George Chamberlain, and the adversarial response of Secretary of War Newton Baker and President Wilson established a cleavage between the legislative and the executive branches during the last year of World War I that carried over into the postwar period. Furthermore, it highlights tensions within the progressive movement, as the use of expanded federal authority led some progressive Democrats to emphasize loyalty to the Wilson administration, while others continued to emphasize reform and governmental transparency.
Global Agricultural Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water Availability Under Future Climate Change
Authors: Liu Xingcai , Liu Wenfeng , Tang Qiuhong , Liu Bo , Wada Yoshihide , Yang Hong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractClimate change was projected to have negative effects on water availability and consequently a serious constraint to food production in many areas of the world. However, such effects have not been well understood, particularly over rainfed croplands, partly because of the poor representation of green water in associated assessments. In this study, we develop an integrated agricultural water scarcity index (WSIag) that incorporates blue and green water components to examine the agricultural water scarcity in the baseline (1981–2005) and future (2026–2050) periods under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)2.6 and RCP6.0 scenarios. Results show that ∼3.8 million km2 (∼39% of total) croplands experienced water scarcity in the baseline period and it would expand by more than 3% in the future. Under the two scenarios, WSIag projections are similar overall and are higher than that under the baseline in 83%–84% of global total croplands. Differences are found between the scenarios in Amazonia, Southern Africa, and South Asia. The increases in future WSIag are dominated by the decreased water availability in ∼60% of total croplands and ∼24% of which is dominated by the increased crop water requirement. Changes in green water availability have a significant contribution to changes in WSIag in 16% of global croplands, mostly in arid/semiarid regions (e.g., the South edge of the Sahel, Southern Africa, Northeast China, and Central America). This implies the important role of green water management for agriculture in these regions. The integrated assessment can help develop effective strategies for agricultural water management under climate change.
A 3D Physics‐Based Particle Model of the Venus Oxygen Corona: Variations With Solar Activity
Authors: Tenishev Valeriy , Combi Michael R. , Shou Yinsi , Bougher Stephen , Ma Yingjuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDue to Venus not having a substantial planetary magnetic field the fast‐flowing solar wind plasma can propagate to regions close to the planet. Therefore, thermal atomic oxygen in the thermosphere, hot oxygen in the corona, and the resulting pickup oxygen ions are essential for determining the overall interaction of the planet with plasma of the ambient solar wind. To investigate this complex system, we have initiated a project where a combination of Venus Thermosphere General Circulation Model (VTGCM) and Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator (AMPS) codes are used to determine the variability of the ”hot” O corona depending on the solar conditions. Here we present the results of modeling Venus' oxygen corona using the VTGCM ionosphere/thermosphere and AMPS kinetic particle models. VTGCM produces a self‐consistent calculation of the thermosphere/ionosphere, providing the spatial distributions of the dominant species. That is further used in AMPS’ modeling of Venus' exosphere (a) to specify the source of the newly created hot O atoms produced by dissociative recombination of ions and (b) to account for thermalization of these energetic oxygen atoms as they propagate in the upper thermosphere. The altitude distribution of hot O calculated for the solar maximum conditions agree well with Pioneer Venus Orbiter observations of the oxygen corona. The modeling that we have performed for the solar minimum conditions indicates a decrease of the oxygen density in the corona by almost a factor of six compared to that at solar maximum. That is consistent with the non‐detection of the oxygen corona from Venus Express. As expected, the solar moderate case is between the solar maximum and minimum cases.
Inotuzumab ozogamicin as single agent in pediatric patients with relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a phase II trial
Authors: Pennesi Edoardo , Michels Naomi , Brivio Erica , van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Jiang Yilin , Thano Adriana , Ammerlaan Anneke J. C. , Boer Judith M. , Beverloo H. Berna , Sleight Barbara , Chen Ying , Vormoor-Bürger Britta , Rives Susana , Bielorai Bella , Rössig Claudia , Petit Arnaud , Rizzari Carmelo , Engstler Gernot , Starý Jan , Bautista Sirvent Francisco J. , Chen-Santel Christiane , Bruno Benedicte , Bertrand Yves , Rialland Fanny , Plat Geneviève , Reinhardt Dirk , Vinti Luciana , Von Stackelberg Arend , Locatelli Franco , Zwaan Christian M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInotuzumab Ozogamicin is a CD22-directed antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, approved in adults with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Patients aged 1–18 years, with R/R CD22 + BCP-ALL were treated at the RP2D of 1.8 mg/m2. Using a single-stage design, with an overall response rate (ORR) ≤ 30% defined as not promissing and ORR > 55% as expected, 25 patients needed to be recruited to achieve 80% power at 0.05 significance level. Thirty-two patients were enrolled, 28 were treated, 27 were evaluable for response. The estimated ORR was 81.5% (95%CI: 61.9–93.7%), and 81.8% (18/22) of the responding subjects were minimal residual disease (MRD) negative. The study met its primary endpoint. Median follow up of survivors was 16 months (IQR: 14.49–20.07). One year Event Free Survival was 36.7% (95% CI: 22.2–60.4%), and Overall Survival was 55.1% (95% CI: 39.1−77.7%). Eighteen patients received consolidation (with HSCT and/or CAR T-cells therapy). Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS) occurred in seven patients. MRD negativity seemed correlated to calicheamicin sensitivity in vitro, but not to CD22 surface expression, saturation, or internalization. InO was effective in this population. The most relevant risk was the occurrence of SOS, particularly when InO treatment was followed by HSCT.
Pro-angiognetic and pro-osteogenic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-21-5p in osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Fang Shanhong , Liu Zhaoliang , Wu Songye , Chen Xinjie , You Mengqiang , Li Yongfeng , Yang Fuhui , Zhang Shuhuan , Lai Yiqun , Liu Peiyao , Jiang Weijiawen , Chen Peng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (Exos) enhanced new bone formation, coupled with positive effects on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This study aims to define the role of microRNA (miR)-21-5p delivered by human umbilical MSC-derived Exos (hucMSC-Exos) in the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We first validated that miR-21-5p expression was downregulated in the cartilage tissues of ONFH patients. Besides, hucMSCs delivered miR-21-5p to hFOB1.19 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through the secreted Exos. Loss- and gain-of-function approaches were performed to clarify the effects of Exo-miR-21-5p, SOX5, and EZH2 on HUVEC angiogenesis and hFOB1.19 cell osteogenesis. It was established that Exo-miR-21-5p augments HUVEC angiogenesis and hFOB1.19 cell osteogenesis in vitro, as reflected by elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition, and increased the expression of osteogenesis-related markers OCN, Runx2 and Collagen I. Mechanistically, miR-21-5p targeted SOX5 and negatively regulated its expression, while SOX5 subsequently promoted the transcription of EZH2. Ectopically expressed SOX5 or EZH2 could counterweigh the effect of Exo-miR-21-5p. Further, hucMSC-Exos containing miR-21-5p repressed the expression of SOX5 and EZH2 and augmented angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. Altogether, our study uncovered the role of miR-21-5p shuttled by hucMSC-Exos, in promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which may be a potential therapeutic target for ONFH.
A bio-inspired and self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor for underwater vehicle perception
Authors: Xu Peng , Liu Jianhua , Liu Xiangyu , Wang Xinyu , Zheng Jiaxi , Wang Siyuan , Chen Tianyu , Wang Hao , Wang Chuan , Fu Xianping , Xie Guangming , Tao Jin , Xu Minyi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMarine mammals relying on tactile perception for hunting are able to achieve a remarkably high prey capture rate without visual or acoustic perception. Here, a self-powered triboelectric palm-like tactile sensor (TPTS) is designed to build a tactile perceptual system for underwater vehicles. It is enabled by a three-dimensional structure that mimics the leathery, granular texture in the palms of sea otters, whose inner neural architecture provides additional clues indicating the importance of tactile information. With the assistance of palm structure and triboelectric nanogenerator technology, the proposed TPTS has the ability to detect and distinguish normal and shear external load in real-time and approximate the external stimulation area, especially not affected by the touch frequency, that is, it can maintain stable performance under high-frequency contact. The results show that the TPTS is a promising tool for integration into grippers mounted on underwater vehicles to complete numerous underwater tasks.