bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence in positioning between mandibular third molar and inferior alveolar nerve on panoramic radiography
Authors: Choi Eunhye , Lee Soohong , Jeong Eunjae , Shin Seokwon , Park Hyunwoo , Youm Sekyoung , Son Youngdoo , Pang KangMi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDetermining the exact positional relationship between mandibular third molar (M3) and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is important for surgical extractions. Panoramic radiography is the most common dental imaging test. The purposes of this study were to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model to determine two positional relationships (true contact and bucco-lingual position) between M3 and IAN when they were overlapped in panoramic radiographs and compare its performance with that of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) specialists. A total of 571 panoramic images of M3 from 394 patients was used for this study. Among the images, 202 were classified as true contact, 246 as intimate, 61 as IAN buccal position, and 62 as IAN lingual position. A deep convolutional neural network model with ResNet-50 architecture was trained for each task. We randomly split the dataset into 75% for training and validation and 25% for testing. Model performance was superior in bucco-lingual position determination (accuracy 0.76, precision 0.83, recall 0.67, and F1 score 0.73) to true contact position determination (accuracy 0.63, precision 0.62, recall 0.63, and F1 score 0.61). AI exhibited much higher accuracy in both position determinations compared to OMFS specialists. In determining true contact position, OMFS specialists demonstrated an accuracy of 52.68% to 69.64%, while the AI showed an accuracy of 72.32%. In determining bucco-lingual position, OMFS specialists showed an accuracy of 32.26% to 48.39%, and the AI showed an accuracy of 80.65%. Moreover, Cohen’s kappa exhibited a substantial level of agreement for the AI (0.61) and poor agreements for OMFS specialists in bucco-lingual position determination. Determining the position relationship between M3 and IAN is possible using AI, especially in bucco-lingual positioning. The model could be used to support clinicians in the decision-making process for M3 treatment.
Global illumination rendering versus volume rendering for the forensic evaluation of stab wounds using computed tomography
Authors: Fukumoto Wataru , Kitera Nobuo , Mitani Hidenori , Sueoka Takahiro , Kondo Shota , Kawashita Ikuo , Nakamura Yuko , Nagao Masataka , Awai Kazuo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe compared three-dimensional (3D) CT images of stabbing victims subjected to volume-rendering (VR) or global illumination-rendering (GIR), a new technique now available for the reconstruction of 3D CT images. It simulates the complete interactions of photons with the scanned object, thereby providing photorealistic images. The diagnostic value of the images was also compared with that of macroscopic photographs. We used postmortem 3D CT images of 14 stabbing victims who had undergone autopsy and CT studies. The 3D CT images were subjected to GIR or VR and the 3D effect and the smoothness of the skin surface were graded on a 5-point scale. We also compared the 3D CT images of 37 stab wounds with macroscopic photographs. The maximum diameter of the wounds was measured on VR and GIR images and compared with the diameter recorded at autopsy. The overall image-quality scores and the ability to assess the stab wounds were significantly better on GIR than VR images (median scores: VR = 3 vs GIR = 4, p < 0.01). The mean difference between the wound diameter measured on VR and GIR images and at autopsy were both 0.2 cm, respectively. For the assessment of stab wounds, 3D CT images subjected to GIR were superior to VR images. The diagnostic value of 3D CT GIR image was comparable to that of macroscopic photographs.
Toward the limits of complexity of interstellar chemistry: Rotational spectroscopy and astronomical search for n- and i-butanal
Authors: Sanz-Novo M. , Belloche A. , Rivilla V. M. , Garrod R. T. , Alonso J. L. , Redondo P. , Barrientos C. , Kolesniková L. , Valle J. C. , Rodríguez-Almeida L. , Jimenez-Serra I. , Martín-Pintado J. , Müller H. S. P. , Menten K. M. 
Published: February 2022

Context. In recent times, large organic molecules of exceptional complexity have been found in diverse regions of the interstellar medium.
Aims. In this context, we aim to provide accurate frequencies of the ground vibrational state of two key aliphatic aldehydes, n-butanal and its branched-chain isomer, i-butanal, to enable their eventual detection in the interstellar medium. We also want to test the level of complexity that interstellar chemistry can reach in regions of star formation.
Methods. We employ a frequency modulation millimeter-wave absorption spectrometer to measure the rotational features of n- and i-butanal. We analyze the assigned rotational transitions of each rotamer separately using the A-reduced semirigid-rotor Hamiltonian. We use the spectral line survey ReMoCA performed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array to search for n- and i-butanal toward the star-forming region Sgr B2(N). We also search for both aldehydes toward the molecular cloud G+0.693−0.027 with IRAM 30 m and Yebes 40 m observations. The observational results are compared with computational results from a recent gas-grain astrochemical model.
Results. Several thousand rotational transitions belonging to the lowest-energy conformers of two distinct linear and branched isomers have been assigned in the laboratory spectra up to 325 GHz. A precise set of the relevant rotational spectroscopic constants has been determined for each structure as a first step toward identifying both molecules in the interstellar medium. We report non-detections of n-and i-butanal toward both sources, Sgr B2(N1S) and G+0.693-0.027. We find that n- and i-butanal are at least 2-6 and 6-18 times less abundant than acetaldehyde toward Sgr B2(N1S), respectively, and that n-butanal is at least 63 times less abundant than acetaldehyde toward G+0.693−0.027. While propanal is not detected toward Sgr B2(N1S) either, with an abundance at least 5–11 lower than that of acetaldehyde, propanal is found to be 7 times less abundant than acetaldehyde in G+0.693−0.027. Comparison with astrochemical models indicates good agreement between observed and simulated abundances (where available). Grain-surface chemistry appears sufficient to reproduce aldehyde ratios in G+0.693−0.027; gas-phase production may play a more active role in Sgr B2(N1S). Model estimates for the larger aldehydes indicate that the observed upper limits may be close to the underlying values.
Conclusions. Our astronomical results indicate that the family of interstellar aldehydes in the Galactic center region is characterized by a drop of one order of magnitude in abundance at each incrementation in the level of molecular complexity.
Mehr als Inhalte: Was KrebspatientInnen bei professioneller
psychosozialer Unterstützung wichtig ist
Authors: Engesser Deborah , Krauß Oliver , Briest Susanne , Stolzenburg Jens-Uwe , Singer Susanne 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Ziel der Studie war herauszufinden, welche Erwartungen
KrebspatientInnen an professionelle psychosoziale Unterstützung
haben.
Methodik Im Rahmen einer multizentrischen prospektiven Studie wurden
KrebspatientInnen zwei Jahre nach ihrer Diagnose befragt, was sie von
professioneller psychosozialer Unterstützung erwarten. Aus den
Freitextantworten wurden gemäß qualitativer Methoden Kategorien
gebildet und alle Antworten kodiert.
Ergebnisse 447 PatientInnen wurden
kontaktiert, für die Auswertung lagen 285 Antworten vor. PatientInnen
war der Erhalt von Informationen sowie Austausch mit genug Zeit für
Zuhören wichtig. Als Resultat der Unterstützung
wünschten sie sich vor allem die Förderung psychischer
Stärke.
Diskussion Neben den Inhalten sind Aspekte des
„wie“ der Unterstützung sehr wichtig, vor allem
Aufmerksamkeit und fachliche Kompetenz. Es sollte genug Zeit für das
Eingehen auf individuelle Bedürfnisse zur Verfügung
stehen.
Schlussfolgerung Zusätzlich zu Erhalt von Informationen und
Kompetenz sind Zuhören und persönlicher Austausch besonders
wichtig für Betroffene.
It’s a trap: effective methods for monitoring house mouse populations in grain-growing regions of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Brown Peter R. , Henry Steve , Pech Roger P. , Cruz Jennyffer , Hinds Lyn A. , Van de Weyer Nikki , Caley Peter , Ruscoe Wendy A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract Context Wild house mice cause substantial economic damage to grain crops in Australia, particularly during mouse plagues. Populations were monitored to detect changes in abundance, with data from surveys used in models to forecast likely mouse outbreaks. However, it is not always feasible to use live-trapping (the ‘gold standard’) for assessing mouse abundance at a large number of monitoring sites spread across south-eastern Australia. A range of alternative methods was tried to assist the grains industry with strategic decisions to reduce crop damage. Aims The aim of this work was to determine which survey methods could provide useful and effective indexes of mouse abundance across a large area. Methods Monitoring of mouse populations was conducted at representative grain farms by using (1) live-trapping at long-term ‘benchmark’ sites (n = 2), and (2) mouse chew cards and active burrow counts at ‘rapid-assessment’ sites (n = 44 farms across 5 regions). Monitoring was conducted for 22 monitoring sessions over 7.5 years through low, medium and high mouse abundance conditions. Key results Live-trapping provided the most useful, but most resource-intensive, information. There were strong relationships between the index of mouse abundance from live-trapping with mouse chew cards and active burrow counts at a local (explaining 63% and 71% of variation respectively) and regional (explaining 71% and 81% of variation respectively) scales. The same quantitative relationship held between the mouse chew cards and trapping regardless of season and year. However, the relationship between active burrow counts and trapping was best in winter and autumn seasons. There was a strong relationship between mouse abundance from live-trapping and active burrows across 1 ha grids (R2 = 0.88). We determined there were 1.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± s.e.) mice per active burrow. Conclusions Live-trapping supplemented with data from chew cards and active burrows remains sufficient to monitor a wide range of sites to show regional trends. Implications It is likely that live-trapping will need to be used for the foreseeable future to provide useful parameters such as breeding condition and population abundance that are required for the forecast models. Supplementary monitoring at rapid-assessment sites (using chew cards in all seasons and active burrow counts particularly in autumn and winter), that can be collected easily without the need for animal handling, will provide additional indications of region-specific changes in mouse abundance and activity.
Diverse methylotrophic methanogenic archaea cause high methane emissions from seagrass meadows
Authors: Schorn Sina , Ahmerkamp Soeren , Bullock Emma , Weber Miriam , Lott Christian , Liebeke Manuel , Lavik Gaute , Kuypers Marcel M. M. , Graf Jon S. , Milucka Jana 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Seagrass meadows colonize shallow coastlines around the world and represent sites of intense carbon cycling. Due to their capacity to produce methane, seagrass ecosystems constitute net sources of methane to the atmosphere. Here, we identify key processes and microorganisms responsible for methane formation in seagrass-covered sediments in the Mediterranean Sea. Our work shows that methane is solely formed from methylated compounds that are produced and released by the plant itself. Due to the persistence of these compounds in buried plant material, microbial methane production continues long after the death of the living plant. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of methane production in seagrass habitats, thereby contributing to our knowledge on these important blue carbon ecosystems.
The origin of volatile elements in the Earth–Moon system
Authors: Borg Lars E. , Brennecka Gregory A. , Kruijer Thomas S. 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceUnderstanding the history of volatile species such as water in the Earth–Moon system is a major objective of planetary science. In this work, we use the moderately volatile element Rb, which has a long-lived isotope (87Rb) that decays to87Sr, to show that lunar volatile element depletion was not caused by the Moon-forming impact. The Rb–Sr systematics of lunar rocks mandate that the bodies involved in the impact that formed the Earth–Moon system were depleted in volatile elements relative to the bulk solar system prior to the impact. As such, Earth’s relatively small proportion of water is either primarily indigenous or was added after the Giant Impact from a source that contained essentially no moderately volatile elements.
Identification of Fenton-like active Cu sites by heteroatom modulation of electronic density
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Ke Ming-Kun , Huang Gui-Xiang , Chen Cai , Chen Wenxing , Liang Kuang , Qu Yunteng , Yang Jia , Wang Ying , Li Fengting , Yu Han-Qing , Wu Yuen 
Published: February 2022

Significance
The Fenton-like process based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been widely investigated and recognized as a promising alternative in recent years for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants. However, the sluggish kinetics of PMS activation results in prohibitive costs and substantial chemical inputs, impeding its practical applications in water purification. This work demonstrates that tuning the electronic structure of single-atom sites at the atomic level is a powerful approach to achieve superior PMS activation kinetics. The Cu-based catalyst with the optimized electronic structure exhibits superior performance over most of the state-of-the-art heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts, while homogeneous Cu(II) shows very poor activity. This work provides insights into the electronic structure regulation of metal centers and structure–activity relationship at the atomic level.
Research on the thermal failure mechanism of an opposed-contact gallium arsenide photoconductive semiconductor switch in avalanche mode
Authors: Sun Yue , Hu Long , Li Yongdong , Zhu Li , Dang Xin , Hao Qingsong , Li Xin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The switching mechanism and the thermal process of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) with an opposed-contact is investigated by numerical simulation of the two-dimensional (2D) structure using temperature-dependent physical parameters of the carriers in GaAs. Triggered by a low-energy laser pulse, the PCSS switches on due to the formation and evolution of multiple powerful avalanche domains. The 2D evolving characteristics of the avalanche domains on the two sides of photogenerated plasma during the switching transient are comparatively analysed. It is found that the ionizing centre of each domain moves with the drift of accumulated electrons inside the domain. Meanwhile, the evolution of avalanche domains causes an obvious thermal effect along the drift path of ionizing centres during the switch-on stage of PCSS. Then, the temperature keeps increasing at the edge of the anode and cathode although the switching current starts dropping after the conduction of PCSS, and finally peaks at ∼491 K and ∼541 K, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the 2D filamentary current flows along the drift path of ionizing centres inside the avalanche domains, which finally leads to filamentary erosion after continuous operation of the PCSS. On the basis of numerical simulation, an experiment with opposed-contact GaAs PCSS with 2.5 mm gap at the bias field of ∼90 kV cm−1 is performed. The thermal erosion is found to initially accumulate at the edge of the electrodes and then spreads along the current channel into the GaAs substrate, which is in accordance with the simulation results and analysis.
Covalent organic framework wrapped by graphene oxide as an efficient sulfur host for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Hu Zongjie , Yan Gaojie , Zhao Jinchen , Zhang Xiaojie , Feng Yi , Qu Xiongwei , Ben Haijie , Shi Jingjing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The practical application of lithium–sulfur battery is seriously limited by the loss of active substances and the deterioration of cycle stability caused by the ‘shuttle effect’ of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this work, graphene oxide (GO) coated covalent organic framework (COF) compound materials were synthesized as sulfur host material in spray-drying process. The polar groups on COF can efficiently adsorb LiPSs through lithiophilic interaction, which can reduce the ‘shuttle effect’ caused by soluble LiPSs. Besides, GO in the outer layer can wrap discrete sulfur to reduce the loss of active substances, which further improves the cycle stability of the cathode. The COF@GO/S cathode exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 848.4 mAh g−1 and retains a capacity of 601.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 C counting with a low capacity fading of 0.058% per cycle.
Sub-nanosecond operations on superconducting quantum register based on Ramsey patterns
Authors: Bastrakova Marina , Klenov Nikolay , Ruzhickiy Vsevolod , Soloviev Igor , Satanin Arkady 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An ultrafast qubit control concept is proposed and analyzed theoretically to reduce the duration of operations with single and multiple superconducting qubits. It is based on the generation of Ramsey fringes due to unipolar sub-nanosecond control pulses. The interference of waves of qubit states population propagating forward and backward in time play a key role in the concept. The influence of the shape and duration of control pulses on the contrast of the interference pattern is revealed in the frame of Ramsey’s paradigm. Protocols for the observation of Ramsey oscillations and an implementation of various gate operations are developed for flux qubits. We also suggest a notional engineering solution for creating the required sub-nanosecond control pulses with the desired shape and amplitude. It is demonstrated that this makes it possible to control the quantum states of the system with a fidelity of more than 99%.
Neural network reconstruction of late-time cosmology and null tests
Authors: Dialektopoulos Konstantinos , Said Jackson Levi , Mifsud Jurgen , Sultana Joseph , Zarb Adami Kristian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The prospect of nonparametric reconstructions of cosmological parameters from observational data sets has been a popular topic in the literature for a number of years. This has mainly taken the form of a technique based on Gaussian processes but this approach is exposed to several foundational issues ranging from overfitting to kernel consistency problems. In this work, we explore the possibility of using artificial neural networks (ANN) to reconstruct late-time expansion and large scale structure cosmological parameters. We first show how mock data can be used to design an optimal ANN for both parameters, which we then use with real data to infer their respective redshift profiles. We further consider cosmological null tests with the reconstructed data in order to confirm the validity of the concordance model of cosmology, in which we observe a mild deviation with cosmic growth data.
Power law scaling and country-level centralization of global agricultural production and trade
Authors: Dupas Marie-Cécile , Halloy José , Chatzimpiros Petros 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlobal food production and international trade are rapidly expanding and drive increasing agricultural globalization and specialization. Following production patterns, network properties and added-value chains, exportable surpluses of countries can offset food and feed deficits in other countries. However, production and trade patterns are barely addressed in the scientific literature as two interactive components of global agriculture. Integrated analysis of the temporal dynamics and distribution patterns of production and trade among countries can help addressing future food security challenges in view of ongoing trends. Here, we analyse the interdependent patterns of global agricultural production and trade from 1986 to 2016. We classify total production and trade mass into six product categories—cereals, oilcrops, meat, fruits and vegetables, coffee and cocoa. We estimate reexports in global trade by assessing mass balances of production, imports and exports per country. We show that global trade and reexports increase exponentially faster than production and that production and trade are highly centralized among a small number of countries. For most agricultural categories, the centralization of flows has increased in time for production and net exports, and has decreased for net imports and reexports. Accordingly, a growing number of deficient countries are sustained by a decreasing number of top-producing countries. In parallel, reexport routes are increasingly dominated by long-industrialized countries besides the increase in time in the number of reexporting countries. We discuss the interdependencies between global agricultural production and trade patterns. We highlight the drivers and implications of the observed trends for food security challenges.
Quantum phase transition of a modified spin-boson model
Authors: Qin Yan , Li Sheng-Chang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We adopt a modified spin-boson model to investigate the quantum phase transition in an ultracold atom-molecule conversion system involving molecule–molecule interaction. We explore the properties of ground state, entanglement entropy, and many-body dynamics, which confirm that the system exhibits a second-order phase transition from a pure atom phase to a mixed atom-molecule phase when the energy detuning is below a critical value. We obtain three scaling laws and the corresponding two critical exponents to characterize the phase transition. In particular, we discuss the effects of both the speed of ground-state dynamical evolution and the strength of molecular interaction on the phase transition. The adiabatic evolution condition is obtained as well. Our results show that the molecular interaction can greatly reduce the upper bound of the adiabatic condition, which provides a theoretical basis for easier observation of the phase transition in experiments.
Resistance law dependence on radius ratios for turbulent Taylor-Couette flow from extended local balance model
Authors: Balonishnikov Alexander , Kruchkova Julia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Turbulent Couette-Taylor flow is the most interesting kind of flow for theoreticians and experimenters. There are a great number of theories and experiments for larger and larger Reynolds numbers. The picture becomes more complex if we consider the case of independently rotating cylinders. The most simple quantity is a torque, acting on the lateral surface of inner cylinder by rotating fluid. How can we deduce theoretically the torque from Navier-Stokes equation? Unfortunately we have only bounds on this variable yet. So we cause use models of turbulence to predict the torque dependence on Reynolds numbers or Taylor number and on radius ration. Here we present the results of simple calculations, based on extended local balance model. The study compares the theory with experiments.