(Invited) Optimized Operation of the Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Khaki Bahman 
Published: July 2022

The Redox Flow Battery (RFB) systems are unique chemically, mechanically, and electrically compared to other kinds of batteries. Among RFBs, the Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs) are the most commercialized type. VRFBs are a suitable option for large-scale energy storage with exceptional advantages like the decoupled power and energy design (scalability), long life-time, safe battery chemistry (non-toxic, and non-flammable), etc. The power and energy designs in VRFBs are decoupled, known as the scalability benefit of the VRFBs. This implies more output energy from the battery is possible only by adding more electrolytes to the reservoir tanks.
There are only a few research studies in the literature about the optimized operation of the Vanadium redox flow batteries. Most of these papers are not applicable to develop in real practice. The introduced optimized operation algorithms of VRFBs in this lecture can help the participants learn how to improve the performance of the battery and operate the battery more efficiently. Different objective functions are considered in this lecture to be optimized, e.g. minimizing the time duration of battery charging (for fast charging), energy loss, voltage loss, and capacity loss of the battery. The participants can find the results of this useful in optimized operation and implementation of the VRFBs.
High charging current density results in faster charging and reduces the capacity fading in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB). On the other hand, it leads to the reduced energy efficiency of the battery. Also, the lower electrolyte flow rate in VRFBs results in less energy consumption by the pumps leading to the higher energy efficiency of the VRFBs. However, higher flow rates have the benefit of reducing voltage loss of VRFBs. To address these trade-offs, closed-loop charge control and flow management in VRFBs are necessary. In this lecture, a multi-objective optimization is proposed in first section to optimize the charging duration and flow management of the VRFB simultaneously during its charging. An innovative method is proposed for modeling pump consumption based on affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, which leads to new electrolyte flow management. Further, three case studies are defined in charging mode on a nine-cell VRFB unit laboratory prototype to validate the proposed optimization's performance, involving the duration of charging, flow management, and energy efficiency of the VRFB. The method is compared with previously published research studies on the optimal operation of VRFBs, which shows the uniqueness and consistency of the proposed optimization method for simultaneous controlling VRFB's charging duration and flow management.
Capacity fade in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB) relies on the loss of electrolyte volume in each of charge and discharge cycles. The loss of volume in each cycle, also known as the bulk electrolyte osmosis, is due to Vanadium ions' diffusion from the membrane. The lower electrolyte flow rate in VRFB can reduce capacity fade as the electrolyte's velocity across the membrane decreases. However, the lower electrolyte flow increases the battery’s voltage loss. A new electrolyte flow management is introduced in second section of the lecture to address this trade-off, which considers the decrease of both capacity fade and voltage loss in VRFBs simultaneously. The proposed multi-objective flow management shows a significant reduction of both capacity and voltage losses in VRFBs.
Moreover, typically complex electrochemical models and equations are needed to model capacity fade in VRFBs, which are not straightforward to model. The capacity fade modeling can lead to the estimation of available capacity and the battery’s State of Health (SoH). Therefore, a new mathematical model is proposed for the VRFB’s available capacity based on the electrochemical-based capacity fade model results. The model further is developed to estimate the State of Charge (SoC) and the SoH of VRFBs per cycle of charge and discharge.