bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radar Retrieval Evaluation and Investigation of Dendritic Growth Layer Polarimetric Signatures in a Winter Storm
Authors: Dunnavan Edwin L. , Carlin Jacob T. , Hu Jiaxi , Bukovčić Petar , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Finlon Joseph A. , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Delene David J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study evaluates ice particle size distribution and aspect ratio φ Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) dual-polarization radar retrievals through a direct comparison with two legs of observational aircraft data obtained during a winter storm case from the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign. In situ cloud probes, satellite, and MRMS observations illustrate that the often-observed Kdp and ZDR enhancement regions in the dendritic growth layer can either indicate a local number concentration increase of dry ice particles or the presence of ice particles mixed with a significant number of supercooled liquid droplets. Relative to in situ measurements, MRMS retrievals on average underestimated mean volume diameters by 50% and overestimated number concentrations by over 100%. IWC retrievals using ZDR and Kdp within the dendritic growth layer were minimally biased relative to in situ calculations where retrievals yielded −2% median relative error for the entire aircraft leg. Incorporating φ retrievals decreased both the magnitude and spread of polarimetric retrievals below the dendritic growth layer. While φ radar retrievals suggest that observed dendritic growth layer particles were nonspherical (0.1 ≤ φ ≤ 0.2), in situ projected aspect ratios, idealized numerical simulations, and habit classifications from cloud probe images suggest that the population mean φ was generally much higher. Coordinated aircraft radar reflectivity with in situ observations suggests that the MRMS systematically underestimated reflectivity and could not resolve local peaks in mean volume diameter sizes. These results highlight the need to consider particle assumptions and radar limitations when performing retrievals.

significance statement
Developing snow is often detectable using weather radars. Meteorologists combine these radar measurements with mathematical equations to study how snow forms in order to determine how much snow will fall. This study evaluates current methods for estimating the total number and mass, sizes, and shapes of snowflakes from radar using images of individual snowflakes taken during two aircraft legs. Radar estimates of snowflake properties were most consistent with aircraft data inside regions with prominent radar signatures. However, radar estimates of snowflake shapes were not consistent with observed shapes estimated from the snowflake images. Although additional research is needed, these results bolster understanding of snow-growth physics and uncertainties between radar measurements and snow production that can improve future snowfall forecasting.
Newly Developed Multiparameter Bulk Cloud Schemes. Part I: A New Triple-Moment Condensation Scheme and Tests
Authors: Zhang Jun , Sun Jiming , Deng Wei , Ma Yuxia 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Double-moment schemes cannot accurately describe the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum during condensation. Hence, a new triple-moment condensation scheme is developed to describe the evolution of cloud droplet spectra. In this scheme, a three-parameter gamma distribution function of the cloud droplet mass is adopted, and the prognostic equations of the spectral shape parameter and slope parameter are derived by means of the number concentration, cloud water content, and reflectivity factor of cloud droplets. The new parameterization scheme is compared with high-resolution Lagrangian and Eulerian bin schemes, double-moment schemes, and existing triple-moment schemes by performing simulations under different supersaturation values. The new scheme can reduce the cloud spectral error in the cloud water content and reflectivity factor caused by the fixed shape parameter in some bulk schemes. The spectra simulated with the new scheme match the Lagrangian analytical solutions well, with errors within approximately 1% in the cloud water content and reflectivity factor. The effects of curvature and solution on condensation growth are also tested using the new scheme, and a method of using multiple gamma distribution functions to characterize the multimodal spectrum of cloud droplets is proposed in the new condensation scheme. Ultimately, the formation of rain embryos from giant aerosols can be simulated via the new scheme.
Comparison of two primer-probe sets of Fusobacterium nucleatum using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for the detection of colorectal neoplasia from faecal samples
Authors: Yamaoka Yuko , Sasai Mai , Suehiro Yutaka , Hashimoto Shinichi , Goto Atsushi , Yamamoto Naoki , Suzuki Nobuaki , Higaki Shingo , Fujii Ikuei , Suzuki Chieko , Matsumoto Toshihiko , Hoshida Tomomi , Koga Michiko , Tsutsumi Takeya , Lim Lay A , Matsubara Yasuo , Tomochika Shinobu , Yoshida Shin , Hazama Shoichi , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Nagano Hiroaki , Sakaida Isao , Takami Taro , Yamasaki Takahiro 
Published: July 2022

Background: Although faecal DNA testing of Fusobacterium nucleatum ( Fn) is expected to be useful for colorectal neoplasia detection, there is no standardized quantification method of Fn. We performed this study to establish a possible standardized method. Methods: In this study, 322 participants including 71 subjects without colorectal neoplasia (control group), 31 patients with non-advanced colorectal adenoma, 93 patients with advanced colorectal adenoma, and 127 patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled. Faecal Fn were quantified by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) using two PCR primer-probe sets reported previously that are tentatively named Fn1 and Fn2. Fn1 has been used in ddPCR by us and Fn2 has been widely used in quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The Fn copy number using Fn1 was five times higher than that using Fn2, with a linear relationship shown between them. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the area under the curve (AUC) to be almost the same between Fn1 and Fn2 in discriminating between the control group and the colorectal cancer group (AUC = 0.81 and 0.81, respectively), and between the control/non-advanced colorectal adenoma group and the advanced colorectal adenoma/colorectal cancer group (AUC = 0.74 and 0.74, respectively). Conclusions: As the diagnostic performance was quite similar between Fn1 and Fn2, ddPCR-based Fn testing using Fn1 and Fn2 could be a possible standardized method for a colorectal neoplasia screening test, considering that Fn levels quantified by Fn1 are about five times higher than those by Fn2.
Improving Student Wellbeing: Evidence From a Mixed Effects Design and Comparison to Normative Data
Authors: Kemp Andrew H. , Mead Jessica , Fisher Zoe 
Published: July 2022

Background The wellbeing of university students is deteriorating, highlighting a critical role for institutions to better support student wellbeing. Objective The goal of this work is to determine whether a final-year undergraduate wellbeing science module, inspired by recent theoretical developments, improved wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Participants ( N = 128) completed a brief online questionnaire including the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale across baseline and follow-up assessments. Analysis involved 2 group (intervention, control) × 2 time (baseline T1, follow-up T2) mixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-sample t-tests to compare the intervention group with population-based norms for adults aged 16–75+. Results A significant interaction effect was observed , reflecting an increase in wellbeing in the intervention group in T2 relative to T1. Comparisons with published norms, further highlighted the beneficial impact of the module. Conclusion Encouraging connection to self, others and nature has beneficial impacts on wellbeing, consistent with a modern science of wellbeing. Teaching Implications Students learn the latest wellbeing theory, spanning the individual to the planet, and engage with opportunities to improve wellbeing, broadly defined. Teaching materials are made freely available for instructors wishing to develop a similar module or adapt materials for other purposes.
Prompted Self-Explanations Improve Learning in Statistics but Not Retention
Authors: Ryan Robert S. , Koppenhofer James A. 
Published: July 2022

Background College students often do not retain what they learn in Statistics in order to apply it in Experimental Psychology. Self-explanation, that is, elaborating on what one is trying to learn by asking questions, making inferences, etc., improves learning and may improve retention. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-explanation was superior to students’ usual study methods specifically for learning some basic concepts in statistics, and, if so, if it was similarly useful for retention a semester after the initial learning. Method We used 199 college students as participants in a randomized, between participant, two-part experiment examining the effects of training by prompting self-explanations as a potential solution to this applied problem. Results The self-explanations that we elicited improved initial learning and were superior to students’ usual study methods, but did not benefit retention. Conclusions Future research on improving the quality of the self-explanations and training with spaced retrieval practice, in order to benefit retention, is suggested. Teaching Implication Self-explanation should be implemented for teaching statistics in order to benefit initial learning. However, teachers should explore other methods to accomplish retention.
A Pilot Investigation of a Job Development App with Transition Teachers and Job Coaches
Authors: Baker Joshua N. , Stanger Carol , Katz-Flotte Sarah , Garza Tiberio 
Published: July 2022

This 2-year pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of a job coaching application (i.e., Job Coaching on Demand) on the knowledge and competencies of teachers and job coaches that work with young adults with developmental disabilities. Due to the global pandemic, this research was conducted virtually over a 2-year period. During the first year, a one-group formative pretest/posttest design with key informants was used to pilot the app with three teachers and five job coaches. The anecdotal findings from this pilot year were then used to further develop the application. The intent of the application was to provide professional development support to teachers and job coaches across the categories of (a) exploring careers, (b) ready for work, (c) part of the team, and (d) advocacy. In Year 2, a total of 31 teachers and job coaches were recruited, and a pretest/posttest was conducted to compare the differences in gained competencies between the two groups. The results show that those in the treatment group showed a larger increase in gains compared to the control group. The overall results of the 2 years of data, the current application development, and practical implications of the technology are further discussed.
Efficacy of outcome prediction of the respiratory ECMO survival prediction score and the predicting death for severe ARDS on VV-ECMO score for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Majithia-Beet Gavin , Naemi Roozbeh , Issitt Richard 
Published: July 2022

Background Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) therapy for respiratory failure is an increasingly popular modality of support. Patient selection is an important aspect of outcome success. This review assesses the efficacy of the popular prognostic tools Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction Score (RESP) and Predicting Death for Severe ARDS on VV-ECMO score (PRESERVE) for ECMO patient selection. Methods A literature search was performed. Six publications were found to match the specified selection criteria. These publications were assessed and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve statistical method to ascertain the discriminatory ability of the models to predict treatment outcome. Results Six articles were included in this review from 306 screened, of which all were retrospective cohort studies. Data was generated over a period of 3–9 years from 13 referring hospitals. Studies consisted of 467 male and 221 female (30 unknown) participants in total with a high heterogeneity. The PRESERVE prognostic model was found to have a higher AUROC score than the RESP model, however both models were found to be sub-optimal in their discriminatory ability. A high chance of bias was seen across all included studies. Conclusion It was the findings of this review, indicated by analysis using the AUROC measures, that the prognostic model PRESERVE performed better than RESP for predicting post ECMO therapy outcomes, for patients presenting with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome within their respective validated time frames, i.e., RESP at Intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and PRESERVE at 6 months post ICU discharge. However, It was recognized that comparator groups were small thereby introducing bias into the study. Further prospective, randomized studies would be necessary to effectively assess the utility of these predictive survival scores.
Investigation on a new type of latching mechanism on the satellite-rocket docking system and locking dynamic analysis
Authors: Lin Qing , Zhang Ming , Ren Jie , Hua Qiuqin 
Published: July 2022

To meet the in-orbit maintenance requirements of malfunctioning satellites and maintenance satellites rigid connections, a new type of latching mechanism based on satellite-rocket docking ring is proposed, which has light weight, good structural stiffness, simple motion and locking mechanism, simple control logic, high reliability and large range of docking ring size adaptation. A multi-body dynamic model of the docking ring latch mechanism, malfunctioning satellite and maintenance satellite were established, the maximum locking force and maximum friction of the latch mechanism and the maximum stress of the latching joint and crank of the direct force component were analyzed, and the change of locking force and friction under the three typical in-orbit maneuvering conditions were studied. The results show that: the maximum locking force and maximum friction of the latch mechanism on the docking ring is 1300N and 320N, respectively, stable locking force and friction are 300N and 80N, respectively, the maximum stress occurs on connecting rod which is 865 MPa; In-orbit maneuvering has little effect on the locking force and friction of the docking ring latch mechanism, and the docking ring latch mechanism can always lock the malfunctioning satellite steadily and reliably.
Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Among Young Adult Filipino American Women
Authors: Nagtalon-Ramos Jamille , Ayres Cynthia , Faught Brooke 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Little is known about Filipino American women’s (FAW) sexual and reproductive health (SRH). The purpose of this study was to examine the SRH knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy among young adult FAW. Method: This was a qualitative, descriptive interpretive design. Four focus group interviews and one individual interview were conducted. Purposive sampling was used for this study. Inclusion criteria were female, Filipino American, between the ages 18 and 24 years old, and be able to understand and speak English. Results: Twelve participants ( n = 12) were recruited. Three themes emerged from this study: (a) sources of SRH information; (b) influence of cultural values, religion, and intergenerational factors; and (c) facilitators of and barriers to women’s health services. Discussion: Themes emerged from the content analysis identifying SRH disparities within the Filipino American community, which may inform future interventions and research on this topic.
Association Between Interorganizational Collaboration in Opioid Response and Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties of Five States: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Swann William L , DiNardi Michael , Schreiber Terri L 
Published: July 2022

Background: Local governments on the front lines of the opioid epidemic often collaborate across organizations to achieve a more comprehensive opioid response. Collaboration is especially important in rural communities, which can lack capacity for addressing health crises, yet little is known about how local collaboration in opioid response relates to key outputs like treatment capacity. Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the association between local governments’ interorganizational collaboration activity and agonist treatment capacity for opioid use disorder (OUD), and whether this association was stronger for rural than for metropolitan communities. Methods: Data on the location of facilities providing buprenorphine and methadone were merged with a 2019 survey of all 358 counties in 5 states (CO, NC, OH, PA, and WA) that inquired about their collaboration activity for opioid response. Regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of a collaboration activity index and its constituent items on the capacity to provide buprenorphine or methadone in a county and whether this differed by urbanicity. Results: A response rate of 47.8% yielded an analytic sample of n = 171 counties, including 77 metropolitan, 50 micropolitan, and 44 rural counties. Controlling for covariates, a 1-unit increase in the collaboration activity index was associated with 0.155 (95% CI = 0.005, 0.304) more methadone facilities, ie, opioid treatment programs (OTPs), per 100 000 population. An interaction model indicated this association was stronger for rural (average marginal effect = 0.354, 95% CI = 0.110, 0.599) than for non-rural counties. Separate models revealed intergovernmental data and information sharing, formal agreements, and organizational reforms were driving the above associations. Collaboration activity did not vary with the capacity to provide buprenorphine at non-OTP facilities. Spatial models used to account for spatial dependence occurring with OUD treatment capacity showed similar results. Conclusion: Rural communities may be able to leverage collaborations in opioid response to expand treatment capacity through OTPs.
Changes in prognosis of the Danish multiple sclerosis population over time
Authors: Magyari Melinda , Joensen Hanna , Kopp Tine Iskov , Pontieri Luigi , Koch-Henriksen Nils 
Published: July 2022

Background: The course of multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to be milder in recent decades. Objective: To investigate how time from onset to disability milestones and how demographic and clinical characteristics have changed through subsequent onset cohorts of patients with MS. Methods: In the nationwide Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, we have registered all 13,562 Danish patients with onset of MS or clinically isolated syndrome from 1996 through 2020. For the analyses of prognosis, we used all cases with relapsing onset ( N = 11,669). After stratification into 5-year onset cohorts, we computed the hazard ratios for disability endpoints for all cohorts having at least 10 years of follow-up and the oldest 1996–2000 onset cohort as reference. Results: Patients in more recent MS onset cohorts have a shorter diagnostic delay and more of them start disease-modifying treatment within 1 year since diagnosis. The prognosis was better for later onset cohorts. For the 2001–2005 cohort, the hazard ratio for confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 4 was 0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76–0.95) and for confirmed EDSS 6: 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65–0.88). For the more recent 2006–2010 cohort, the corresponding hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.62–0.79) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.50–0.71). Conclusion: We observed a considerable improvement of the prognosis in recent onset cohorts of relapsing-onset MS.
Place identity and authenticity in minority language revitalisation: Scottish Gaelic in Glasgow
Authors: Nance Claire Louise , Moran Dominic 
Published: July 2022

Aims and objectives: This paper first aims to examine how young Gaelic-English bilinguals in immersion education produce aspects of Gaelic phonology. We second consider the extent to which they acquire aspects of a traditional dialect. Third, we investigate how young new speakers outside of a traditional community negotiate place identity and authenticity. Methodology: Our methodology first consists of quantitative acoustic and auditory phonetic analysis of word list production data, accompanied by mixed effects regression. Second, we employ qualitative analysis of interview data from the same participants. Data and analysis: Data are presented from 22 speakers aged 13–14 in Gaelic Medium Education in Glasgow and 15 speakers aged 13–14 in GME on the Isle of Lewis. For comparison with a traditional dialect, we also include three speakers from Lewis aged 65–80. Our quantitative analysis considers 3,605 tokens in total and the qualitative analysis considers interview data with all speakers. Conclusions: Our findings show that young speakers reproduce traditional aspects of Gaelic phonology, though generally to a lesser extent that older speakers. Young new speakers in Glasgow recognise that they do not speak a traditional dialect of the language. They are beginning to create a new authenticity associated with belonging to Glasgow, which represents a new acquisition setting. Originality: This study is the first to explore acquisition of dialect and phonology among young new speakers of Gaelic. We explore perceptions of dialect and the implications of not coming from a traditional Gaelic-speaking area for the first time in young people. Implications: Revitalisation settings can lead to successful language acquisition but may also contribute to dialect levelling. However, institutional support structures can lead to increased confidence and new place identities emerging in young speakers.
Fundamental frequency range in the bilingual repertoire of traditional and new Welsh speakers
Authors: Morris Jonathan 
Published: July 2022

Aims: This research aims to examine cross-linguistic interaction and intra-linguistic variation in the Welsh and English of bilingual speakers in two areas of north Wales. Specifically, I present an analysis of fundamental frequency range (FFR) and examine both cross-linguistic and intra-linguistic differences in speech production between bilinguals from Welsh-speaking and English-speaking homes. Design: Data were collected from Welsh–English bilinguals aged 16–18 in the areas surrounding the Welsh-dominant town of Caernarfon (Gwynedd) and the English-dominant town of Mold (Flintshire). The sample was equally stratified by speaker gender and home language. Data: The data were elicited from a reading passage task and were analysed acoustically. Measures of level and span were taken. Data were analysed using conditional inference trees and random forests. Findings: The results of the analysis of FFR in Caernarfon and Mold revealed no significant differences between English and Welsh. In Mold, gender was the only significant predictor of FFR across all measures. In Caernarfon, home-language differences in level were found in female speakers’ data only, and gender differences in span were found in the speech of those from English-speaking homes. Originality: The study contributes to previous studies of traditional and new speakers in minority-language contexts by examining both languages in the speakers’ repertoires. Specifically, it is the first study to examine the regional and home-language variation in FFR of bilingual speakers. Implications: The results highlight (1) the importance of community-specific patterns in minority-language contexts and (2) the way in which linguistic background might interact with other social factors in situations of long-term language contact. The results imply that a more holistic approach to examinations of variation in such contexts will be fruitful.