bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-16 Effects of Clay Mineral ‘Illite’ on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Meat-Carcass Grade Quality in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Kim Ki Moon , Lim Chai Bin , Madesh Muniyappan , Kim In Ho 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Clays are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate molecules composed of alkali and alkaline earth cations along with small amounts of various other elements. The best-known are montmorillonite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, biotite and clinoptilolite. Such illite was used in this present study to investigate its effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat-carcass grade quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 150 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc); weighted 25.42 ± 3.23kg, were selected and randomly allocated to 2 treatments with 15 replicates per group and 5 pigs per replicates according to initial body weight and sex. The experimental treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (CON) and basal diet supplemented with 0.5% illite (IL). The experiment period lasted for 126 days. Pigs fed IL supplemented diet had greater (P&lt;0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and reduction in G:F during 43 to 70 and 99- 126 days compared with pigs fed CON diet. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) was greater during day 42 and 126 in pigs receiving IL supplemented diet compared with CON diet. The inclusion of IL in the diet of the pigs had increased (P&lt; 0.05) backfat thickness (BFT) during day 98 while drip loss was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) on day 7 and showed tendency (P=0.088) to increase the meat firmness. Therefore, we concluded that supplementation of 0.5% of IL in diets could improve growth performance, total tract digestibility of dry matter, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs
PSXV-17 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Spray Dried Plasma, Dried Intestinal Hydrolysates or Bovine Colostrum on the Growth and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Verso Luca Lo , Tanguay Philippe , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frederic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the potential of supplementing weaning diets with spray dried porcine plasma, dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates or bovine colostrum to modulate piglet growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, and immunity. At weaning, 96 piglets were housed three piglets per pen in 32 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CTRL); 2) basal diet containing spray dried porcine plasma at 50 g/kg feed (PP); 3) basal diet containing dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates at 50 g/kg feed (PIH); 4) basal diet containing bovine colostrum at 50 g/kg feed (BC). At d 0 and 14, piglets were weighed and feed intake was daily recorded. Eight pigs per treatment (one per pen) were euthanized at d 14 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, interleukin (IL) 4, IL17, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that PP and BC supplementation increased the final weight and G:F ratio compared with the other dietary treatments, whereas the ADG was greater in the BC group compared with PIH animals (P&lt; 0.05). Furthermore, feeding pigs with the PP diet partially affected the intestinal antioxidant status, as evidenced by the increased concentration of glutathione peroxidase compared with the BC group (P&lt; 0.05). BC supplementation also increased intestinal villus height compared with CTRL and PIH animals, as well as villus to crypt ratio compared with the CTRL group (P&lt; 0.05). No other dietary effect on immunity or intestinal morphology was recorded. This study highlights the potential of dietary supplementation, such as plasma proteins and bovine colostrum, to act as a valid alternative to in-feed antibiotics, to reduce effect of weaning stress and maintain gut health and performance in in the post-weaning period.
PSXVI-13 Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Fish Meal, Defatted Black Soldier fly Larva Meal and Adult Black Soldier fly fed to Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Ji Sang Yun , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in fish meal, defatted black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larva meal, and adult BSF fed to pigs. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 72.6 kg (SD = 10.4) fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 5 periods. Three experimental diets containing fish meal (68.6% CP, 5.24% Lys, and 7.5% ether extract), defatted BSF larva meal (59.5% CP, 3.82% Lys, and 7.6% ether extract), and adult BSF (59.0% CP, 2.80% Lys, and 26.8% ether extract) as the sole source of AA were prepared. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets contained 0.5% chromium oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The SID of CP in defatted BSF larva meal was less (73.8% vs. 88.3%; P &lt; 0.05) than that in fish meal but was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in adult BSF (56.1%). The SID of all indispensable AA except for Met and Phe in defatted BSF larva meal was less (P &lt; 0.05) than that in fish meal. The SID of all AA in defatted BSF larva meal was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in adult BSF. In conclusion, AA in defatted BSF larva meal are less digestible than those in fish meal when fed to pigs but are more digestible than those in in adult BSF.
PSV-B-17 Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Vitamins/Minerals and/or Energy on Fetoplacental Vascularity in Crossbred Angus Heifers
Authors: Ruiz Bethania J Davila , Dahlen Carl R , Hurlbert Jennifer L L , Baumgaertner Friederike , Bochantin Kerri A , Menezes Ana Clara B , Diniz Wellison , Kirsch James D , Borowicz Pawel P , Canovas Sebastian , Reynolds Lawrence P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of these studies was to evaluate if vascularity of the fetal part of the placenta, termed cotyledon (COT), of crossbreed Angus heifers is affected by vitamin and mineral (VTM) and/or energy (NRG) supplementation during pregnancy. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with VTM and/or NRG would improve fetoplacental vascular development, which is an important index of placental function. Two experiments were conducted: In Exp. 1, 34 heifers were randomly assigned to VTM/NoVTM supplementation 71 days before artificial insemination (AI). At breeding, the diet was maintained and heifers were randomly assigned to receive NRG, resulting in the following treatments combinations: NoVTM-NoNRG (n=8), NoVTM-NRG (n=8), VTM-NoNRG (n=9), and VTM-NRG (n=9). Dietary supplementation was maintained until d 83 when heifers were ovariohysterectomized and COT was collected. On Exp. 2, 72 heifers were randomly assigned to VTM supplementation (n=36) or control (CON) (n=36) treatments at breeding and continuing until parturition when COT from a subset of 28 heifers was collected. The COT from both experiments was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using rabbit anti-CD34 and anti-CD31 antibodies as markers for vascularity along with DAPI for background nuclear staining. In the d 83 group, BS1 lectin was used as a marker of fetal placental tissue. Three images per animal were captured and the percentage/number of blood vessels within the tissue area was analyzed. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Results indicated that on d 83 COT vascularity was not affected by VTM (P-value = 0.5030), NRG (P-value = 0.5450), or their interaction (P-value = 0.6664), whereas on parturition there was a tendency for COT vascularity to be greater in VTM than CON (P- value=0.0723). These results suggest that dietary VTM supplementation from breeding until parturition potentially has a beneficial effect on placental vascular development in crossbred Angus heifers.
PSVI-5 Treatment of Flunixin Meglumine and Prostaglandin E2 had no Effect on Corpora Lutea of Beef Cows
Authors: Larson Jamie E , Johnson Tate , Swanson Rebecca M , Messman Riley D , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a COX enzyme inhibitor and prostaglandin E2 (PGE) builds the corpus luteum (CL). However, the use of FM in conjunction with PGE has not been studied. The objective of this study was to determine effects of intravenous administration of FM and intravaginal release of PGE on characteristics of the CL and concentrations of PGE and progesterone in blood. Beef cows (n = 24, divided between two replicants over time) were synchronized using the Select Synch + CIDR protocol (expected estrus = d 0). Cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups in a factorial arrangement, with 6 cows in each: Control, FM, PGE, or FM+PGE. Treatments were administered from d 13 to 19 (FM 2.2 mg/kg iv every 12 hr; PGE released in osmotic pump at 0.1 mL/d). Every other day from d 0 to 26, transrectal ultrasonography with color Doppler was used to measure size and blood perfusion of CL; images were later analyzed with ImageJ. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture every other day from d 13 to 26 and later analyzed for concentrations of progesterone (P4; RIA) and PGE (ELISA). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 with day as a repeated measure; significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. There were no interactions between FM and PGE, thus main effects of treatments were evaluated. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.164) in size, vessel density, or blood perfusion of CL between treatment groups. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.141) in concentrations of PGE or P4 between treatment groups. However, concentrations of P4 and PGE and density of blood vessels decreased by day (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with FM or PGE did not influence CL characteristics nor concentrations of P4 or PGE in circulation.
PSXIV-4 Effects of Floor Space Allowance on Productivity of Sows
Authors: Min Yejin , Choi Yohan , Kim Joeun , Kim Doowan , Jeong Yongdae , Park Hyunju , Chung Hakjae , Sa Soojin , Jeon Dayeon , Jin Hyunju 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of floor space allowance on productivity of sows. A total of 48 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 220.64 ± 5.18 kg average initial body weight) were randomly assigned to four treatments (floor space allowance of 1.9 m2, 2.1 m2, 2.3 m2, 2.5 m2). Diets were titrated or exceeded the nutrient requirements for sows recommended by Nutrient Requirements of Swine of National Research Council. All sows were moved to floor space allocation six weeks after artificial insemination and transferred to farrowing crates at 107 days of gestation. There were no differences in sow performance, reproductive performance of sows in treatments. However, the total solids (%) and protein (%) of colostrum composition of sows in 2.3 m2 was less than that of sows in 1.9 m2 (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the floor space allowance of 1.9 ~ 2.5 m2 (0.2m2 intervals) did not show a difference in sow productivity, and colostrum composition showed a positive effect at 1.9 m2. An experiment to investigate sow productivity by applying a larger area than a space allowance of 2.5 m2 is necessary.
PSXIV-6 Feeding Frogs: A Path for Commercial Production without the Need of Live Food
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L , Mitchell Mary , Tilahun Yonathan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The United States has had a trade deficit in frog products for almost a century. Most of U.S. supply is imported. In 1971 the U.S. imported 1 million kg of frozen frog legs worth $3.8 million. It imported &gt;2.1 M kg annually in the 1980s. 1990s imports ranged from 500,000 – 1,500,000 kg/yr at $67/kg (Lutz and Avery 1999) (= $8.67 – 10.11 2016$US). This excludes the millions of dollars in animals delivered via laboratory supply houses and the pet trade. The challenge has been how to feed these animals without the need for live foods. No real progress has been made in this arena since the 1960s. We constructed two experiments using freeze-dried insects and pelleted diets. One used individually-housed juvenile American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and the other, group-housed Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens). We did not attempt group housing with bullfrogs due to their availability at that time. Frogs were conditioned to feeding on live foods in captivity and then we attempted to transition them to alternate foods. Although individually-housed bullfrogs adapted to eating live foods within one week in captivity, we were unable to transition them to non-living foods during this investigation. However, we were able to transition 100% of Northern Leopard frogs tested to rehydrated freeze-dried crickets within a few days. Northern Leopard Frogs maintained body condition (body mass/snout-vent length) feeding entirely on rehydrated freeze-dried crickets throughout the study period (25 days) (r2 = 0.003, s = 0.105, P = 0.743). Transition to pelleted diets was unsuccessful. Frogs only occasionally accepted dry pellets and more regularly took them after soaking in water that was previously used to rehydrate dried crickets. This suggests our pellets lacked taste or odor traits attractive to Northern Leopard Frogs. Ultimately, the use of rehydrated, freeze-dried prey may prove an economically viable alternative to live foods.
PSXVI-3 Individual Water Use Efficiency in Beef Cattle
Authors: Yost Tylor , Blake Nathan , Walker Matthew , Holaskova Ida , Hubbart Jason , Jose Mata Padrino Domingo , Ogunade Ibukun M , Sanders Kelsie , Wilson Mathew E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Public opinion has focused on animal agriculture being in competition with growing urban populations for land and water resources. With much of the US in drought conditions, improving water use efficiency is critical for the sustainability of animal agriculture. To date, little has been done to assess water efficiency in cattle. There is evidence for a positive relationship between water intake and DMI, but relationships between water and feed use efficiencies are likely more complex. Our objectives were to understand the magnitude of variation in water use efficiency and make comparisons with feed efficiency, as measured by residual feed intake (RFI). Our study utilized yearling bulls, steers, and heifers (n=745) between the summer of 2019 and the summer of 2021. Individual feed and water intakes were determined using a real-time feed intake system and an In Pen Weighing system (IPW). Water use efficiency, residual water intake (RWI), was calculated similarly to RFI where an expected water intake was determined for the group by regressing average daily water intake on metabolic mid-body test weight and either ADG or DMI. RWI was then calculated as actual daily water intake minus expected daily water intake. The estimation of expected water intake using DMI had a greater R2 than when ADG was used (.36-.51 vs .31-.35). The range in off-test RFI was about one order of magnitude smaller than the range of RWI (e.g., RFI -0.90 to 0.73 kg vs RWI -7.34 to 8.49 L), indicating greater variability in water intake compared with feed intake and a relationship among DMI, ADG, and RWI that needs to be further explored. As animal agriculture strives to be more sustainable, water use efficiency needs to become a common measure and genetic progress needs to be made. There appears to be sufficient variation in the trait to make this feasible.
PSXVI-1 Impact of Breed and/or Season on Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatment in Weaned Calves
Authors: Guy Chloey , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Epperson Kaitlin M , Quail Lacey K , Hairgrove Thomas B , Long Charles R , Perry George A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Antiparasitic resistance has become a major concern in the livestock industry and can have a tremendous impact on calf performance. The objective of this study was to determine resistance to different anthelmintic treatments in Brahman and Brahman/Hereford (F1) calves at weaning. Purebred fall weaned Brahman calves (n=95) and spring weaned F1 calves (n=45) were assigned to one of six treatment groups at weaning: Control (received no anthelmintic), received a benzimidazole (Synanthic 22.5% or Safeguard), a macrocyclic lactone (Dectomax or LongRange), or a combination of the two (LongRange and Synanthic). Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 14 or 28 (dependent on treatment), and 42 to determine fecal egg count (eggs/g; EPG). Body weights were collected at all time points. Data were analyzed as an ANOVA using the GLM procedure, or as an ANOVA with repeated measures using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There tended to be an effect of treatment (P = 0.0865), and there was an effect of breed (P &lt; 0.0001), time (P &lt; 0.0001), treatment by breed (P = 0.0458), treatment by time (P = 0.0067), and treatment by breed by time (P = 0.0214) on EPG. Overall, Brahmans had increased EPG compared with F1s (P &lt; 0.0001; 178.83±11.73 vs. 79.81±17.08). Benzimidazoles had a greater reduction in EPG (99.29%; P = 0.0011) compared with macrocyclic lactones (45.36%). There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.5184), or treatment by time (P = 1.0) on body weight. Body weight increased similarly among all treatment groups throughout the study. Furthermore, there was no difference in ADG during the study among treatments (P = 0.73). These data indicate that antiparasitic resistance occurs in all breeds, and resistance varies between benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones. Furthermore, there were differences between breeds and/or seasons among treatments even within a single operation.
PSI-18 Effect of Heat Processing Methods on Carbohydrate Subfractions and Degradation in Relation to Carbohydrate Molecular Spectral Profile of Barley Grain Using Advanced Molecular Spectroscopy in Ruminants
Authors: Feng X , Prates L , Yu P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To our knowledge, there are few studies on the association between carbohydrate molecular structure spectral profiles of barley grain and ruminant-relevant nutritional characteristics. This study aimed to study associate processing-induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structure with changes in ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles. The heat processing methods included: dry roasting, autoclaving, and microwave irradiation. The ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles were determined which included carbohydrate chemical profiles, carbohydrate subfractions, ruminant-relevant carbohydrate digestion. The molecular structure spectral profiles were determined using vibrational molecular spectroscopy (ATR-FT/IR). The results showed that heat related processing significantly induced carbohydrate molecular spectral profiles. The heat related processing also significantly changed ruminant-relevant nutritional characteristics. There was an association between processing induced carbohydrate molecular structure changes and ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopic technique (ATR-FTIR) shows the great potential as a fast analytical tool to predict ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional characteristics.
PSII-B-13 Bacterial Composition of the Rumen Microbiome with a Bacillus Probiotic Added to the Diet of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Linde Dina A , du Toit Lindeque , Schokker Dirkjan , van Marle-Koster Este 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The threat of the development of an antibiotic resistant bacterium necessitates investigation for alternative feed additives. Probiotics are known to confer a health benefit to the animal and affect the production of the animal through increased nutrient digestibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial composition of the rumen of South African feedlot cattle when supplemented with a Bacillus probiotic. Twenty-four Bonsmara cattle were randomly divided into two groups: a basal diet (control, CTR) and the basal diet supplemented with Bacillus-based probiotic (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S; BOV). The animals were fed for 120-days divided by starter, grower, and finisher diets. Four animals from each group were selected for rumen content collection via stomach tube during each phase. DNA extraction was performed and submitted for 16S rRNA sequencing (V3-V4). Approximately 41 300 ASVs were identified from 87 genera using DADA2, phyloseq and the RDP database. ANOSIM was used to determine different microbial profiles and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to determine significant differences in the relative abundance of the microbes between the treatment groups. Microbial profiles in the starter (ANOSIM=0.0416) and grower (ANOSIM=0.1771) phases were similar between CTR and BOV. Most bacteria had greater abundance in CON compared with BOV in the starter phase. In the grower, BOV had a significantly greater abundance of Prevotella (p=0.028) and Lachnobacterium (p=0.042) compared to CTR. The microbial profiles between CTR and BOV differed in the finisher phase (ANOSIM=0.3229) with most of the bacteria having a significantly greater abundance in BOV compared with CTR including Roseburia (p=0.028), Fibrobacter (p=0.057) and Ruminococcus (p=0.028). These microbes as well as Prevotella are known fiber-degraders in the rumen microbiome. The results indicate a tendency in BOV for increased abundance of fibre-degrading microbes, however further studies are needed to validate these findings.
PSII-B-14 Combination of Essential Oils, α-Amylase and 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin-D3 Increases Performance by Feedlot Cattle on Adaptation Period
Authors: Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , Lenon Correa Hugo L , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Acedo Tiago S S , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Concerns about the use of in animal feed antibiotics are growing. It is, therefore necessary to develop alternative products that can replace antimicrobial feed additives. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. Nellore bulls (n= 160; iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were allocated in 20 pens (n=8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina RumistarTM + HyD, a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/day (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 28 discounted by 4% from the full BW as ruminal fill. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P&lt; 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (10.54 kg vs. 8.74 kg, P&lt; .0001), ADG (2.00 vs. 1.59 kg/d, P&lt; .0001) and final BW (430 vs. 418 kg, P&lt; .0001) compared with animals fed MON+VM. The fluctuation in dry matter intake (4.55, P=0.24) and G:F (0.186, P=0.15) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina RumistarTM +HyD can be used as a tool to increase performance of feedlot adaptation period.