bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates Nietzsche’s views on conscience, bad conscience, and guilt. The first section explicates Nietzsche’s account of the origins of conscience understood as a capacity for long-term memory and will. The second section looks at Nietzsche’s account of the origins of bad conscience understood as a capacity for self-reproach. The third section explores Nietzsche’s account of moral guilt understood as a sense of guilt essentially connected with the postulation of a divine being to whom we owe something that we can never fully repay. Finally, the fourth section considers the relationship between sympathy and conscience from a contemporary perspective.
James’s The Will to Believe
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses William James’s defense of the right to believe as set out in The Will to Believe. The first section introduces James, his life, and his works. The second section discusses evidentialism, the epistemological view that the only reason to believe something is that it is what is best supported by the evidence. The third section sets out a series of distinctions that frame James’s discussion. The fourth section explores a first line of argument James made in support of the (epistemic) right to religious belief. The fifth section addresses a second, more radical line of argument, for the same conclusion. The sixth section discusses the nature of philosophical progress and draws the book to a close.
Interactions between Species
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The population size of one species is affected by the population sizes of other species, which may include predators, prey, parasites, mutualists, and competitors. These interactions are usefully modeled by a path diagram, where arrows indicate how the change in one species’ population size would affect that of another species. This chapter focuses on competition, showing how competition between species affects not only population size but also geographical distribution of species, even at continental scales. In many cases, both exploitation (resource reduction) and interference (aggressive interactions) are involved in competition between species. The concept of the niche is introduced, where in the case of exploitation competition species coexist because each can efficiently exploit at least one resource most efficiently. In the case of interference competition, dominant species gain access to abundant resources but cannot persist where resources are less abundant. Alternative models of coexistence beyond niche partitioning are introduced.
Predation and Food Webs
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Predation is the species interaction in which one species consumes another. A food chain is a path diagram connecting species at different trophic levels: producers (plants) are eaten by primary consumers, which are eaten by secondary consumers, followed by tertiary consumers. If such chains are broken by removal of a species, the trophic level two links below will also decrease: for example, loss of otters to the fur trade led to an increase in urchins and a decrease in kelp, with ramifying effects on a large community of species that depend on kelp forest. Because humans often hunt large species, trophic cascades are an increasing phenomenon. The food chain may be extended by adding competitors, leading to a food web. Theoretically, the impact of any one species in the web on any other can be obtained by summing all the paths between them.
Parasites and Pathogens
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Parasites exploit other species, causing some degree of harm. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses act as parasites but are generally termed pathogens, and they cause millions of human deaths a year. Parasites and pathogens can generate population cycles where, when the parasite is common, host populations decrease to low numbers, followed by the disappearance of the parasite and the subsequent increase in the host. Then the cycle continues. Similar dynamics are observed when host populations do not decrease, but instead develop immunity, again resulting in the inability of the parasite to persist. Vaccination can replace natural immunity. Not all individuals need to be vaccinated or immune before the disease will die out: all that is required is that on average the disease is passed on to less than one host. A model of disease spread with reference to the 1917–1918 influenza pandemic is described to show that, in this case, vaccination or immunity of about half of all individuals would be sufficient to end the pandemic.
The Human Food Supply
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Our food consists entirely of other species. Eighty percent of what we eat comes directly from crops, and most of the rest derives from animals fed on crops. Forty percent of the total calories we consume comes from two crops: rice and wheat. Competitors, predators, parasites and pathogens all result in substantial crop losses. Notably, growing crops in monocultures makes them susceptible to disease and predation, particularly by specialist insects. Competitors, pathogens, and insect predators are constantly evolving to combat our attempts to control them: weeds mimic the appearance of the cultivated species, more than 600 arthropod species are now resistant to pesticides, and more than 40 species plant species somewhat resistant to the commonly applied herbicide Roundup. Application of more and alternative pesticides and herbicides is required to combat enemies. A complementary solution is to use biological control, whereby natural enemies are released, which has sometimes been successful but other times has led to the natural enemy becoming a pest in its own right.
Predictions of Future Climate and Its Effects
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ongoing emissions may lead to a global 2°C rise in temperature over historical levels. A 2°C rise is comparable to some episodes of the last interglacial period, which suffered few extinctions. Climate is changing faster than that time period, with much higher CO2 levels, and we are presently on course for a 2°C rise or more. Corals are experiencing many bleaching events (through expulsion of symbiotic algae) associated with a warm ocean and are less able to sequester calcium carbonate in a more acidic ocean. Some species on land will be unable to keep up with the pace of change in climate; Amazonia is expected to dry out; and threats from disease, invasive species, and so on, are being exacerbated by climate change. The need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels cannot be met by current biofuel technology, a failure that points to the importance of renewables, most notably wind and solar power.
Pollution
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Pollution—the contamination of the environment by humans—takes many forms, including plastics, mining runoff, air pollution, sewage, and light pollution. It has been directly responsible for the decline of many species, ranging from vultures in India to peregrine falcons in the United States. This chapter focuses on fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. A remarkable feature of the Anthropocene is that humans now fix as much atmospheric nitrogen as the natural world, primarily for use as fertilizer, and thus are altering natural ecosystems. Notably, rapid growth of algae in water bodies and their subsequent decomposition has led to depleted oxygen, and “dead zones” in both freshwater and the oceans. Many studies have demonstrated the negative effects of herbicides and pesticides on animal development and survival. Atrazine, widely used on cornfields, directly affects amphibian development. DDT and PCB accumulate in fat, which becomes particularly problematic for top predators. While legislative and other action is required to control pollutants, new forms are continually arising, making it exceptionally difficult to control and predict outcomes.
Invasive Species
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Invasive species are species that have been introduced from elsewhere and now cause economic or environmental harm. Such introductions were formerly sometimes deliberate, for example, for biological control, but now they are largely accidental, and because of increased global trade, they continue to increase. A small fraction of alien species become invasive, sometimes because they have left their natural enemies behind and so they flourish, but more often because native species are poorly adapted to deal with them. This is exemplified by the brown tree snake introduced to the island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean, causing the extinction of native birds and lizards. Elimination of most invasive species is likely impossible, hence the focus on the importance of reducing further arrivals. The costs of invasive species are illustrated by the introduced emerald ash borer in the United States, which has killed millions of ash trees, at a cost of almost $2 billion annually in the years leading up to 2010.
Harvesting in the Ocean
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The ocean has been exploited for a much shorter duration than land, making it possible to assess current stocks against historical baselines, inferred by modeling catches over the past 400 years. Present numbers range from 33% (whales) to less than 5% (turtles) of their historical maxima. Whales have recently increased as a result of the 1982 moratorium on whaling, but many are still considered endangered. Although official records suggest that fish catch has plateaued since 1990, a thorough assessment indicates that catch likely reached a maximum in the early 1990s and has been declining ever since, primarily because of stock depletion. As on land, large species are removed first and the smaller primary consumers are removed only after initial depletion. This process is known as fishing down the food chain. Ramifying effects on the food web are particularly clear for corals, which suffer from algal overgrowth in locations of heavy fishing. Despite declines, few marine species are known to have become extinct, including just two mammal species.
Harvesting
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
More animals could be harvested if depleted stocks were allowed to increase. Stocks are depleted because capture remains profitable even when populations are low, and a failure to allow them to recover requires restraint on the part of all interested parties. Government legislation and enforcement often require setting a quota. This is done by using models of population growth and catch, as described for one of the best-managed and best-modeled fisheries, Alaskan herring. Even in this case predictions remain uncertain, so allowable catch is set at a cautious level. Elsewhere, models are rare or nonexistent, and enforcement becomes a major issue, especially when multiple countries target the same resource. A promising route is to declare sanctuaries where fishing is entirely banned and allow fishing on the sanctuary’s edge. The rise of modern technologies, such as tracking individuals using videos uploaded to YouTube, is described.
Population Declines
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on evidence for declines in populations, which is difficult because it requires both evaluation of land-use change (habitat conversion) and changes within habitats. Examples are given of declines attributed to a single COPHID threat, including many in protected areas resulting from harvesting, disease, and invasive species. Three approaches to evaluating population changes are considered: the first compares pristine habitat with disturbed areas, finding that undisturbed habitat is critical to the maintenance of many species, especially in tropical rainforests. The second studies time series, exemplified by the North American Breeding Bird Survey, which finds a 30% decline in the number of birds between 1970 and 2010. This decline is attributed to multiple causes, including the rise of new generations of pesticides. The third uses the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to document the number of species considered threatened. For the best studied groups (amphibians, birds, and mammals combined) the figure is 20%.
Charlottesville and the End of American Exceptionalism
Authors: Olick Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In many regards, American national memory has constituted an exception within the trend toward accepting responsibility for regrettable pasts that has occurred in various places throughout the world. This chapter demonstrates the ways in which this has been the case, as well as points to signs of change, an end to American exceptionalism in national memory politics. This change has come about, although not without great struggle, following the murderous Unite the Right rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017. Sociological approaches to national memory elucidate the forces leading to this change, as well as the structure of indifference and inattention that required it.
The Weight of the Past
Authors: Cunningham David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Through a close account of the contentious history surrounding the Confederate soldier’s statue on the University of Mississippi campus, this chapter examines how the significance of any monumental object is shaped by, and bears upon, the valences exerted by other sites within its surrounding environment. Rooted in field theory, the ecological approach developed in this chapter emphasizes spatial and temporal contexts to examine three distinct phases in the statue’s trajectory to date, characterized by (1) the parallelism inherent in an additive approach to the commemorative landscape, (2) the amplification of critiques of that landscape that followed from a campaign to contextualize broader histories surrounding campus spaces, and (3) the current push to dismantle symbols of White supremacy on campus. As in earlier periods, the outcome of this current phase will be forged within the nexus of dismantling campaigns and elite efforts to resist or circumvent such changes.
Social Representations of History, Living Historical Memory, and Historical Charters
Authors: Liu James H. , Choi Sarah Y. , Zhang Robert Jiqi , Vilar Roosevelt , Hakim Moh. Abdul 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Living historical memory (LHM; informally communicated by living generations) and historical charters (the core and foundation of a country’s collective memory) are theorized as two complementary parts of collective memory working together to maintain a nation’s political culture. Historical charters are the enduring core of social representations of history, which are abstract, stable, and embed core national values. They are flanked by peripheral elements of LHM that change and adapt the nation to face current issues. A cross-cultural study of LHM shows that it facilitates critical consciousness—that is, less justification of the current social system, lower orientation to social dominance, as well as slightly higher national identity, especially in developing countries. LHM adapts people for change more than maintaining stability. In the case of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the dominant event in American LHM, it reflects a negative emotional climate and perception of relative decline, as well indicating that the American historical charter may be oriented toward “defender of the free world” more than “enlightened civilization.”
Decades Later
Authors: Abel Magdalena , Umanath Sharda , Barzykowski Krystian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
World War II as a global war had an impact upon almost all nations. The events that took place during the war and their consequences are still being debated today, decades later. This chapter discusses the results of two empirical studies that examined how people from 12 different nations remember World War II. Participants from Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States were asked to nominate the 10 most important events of World War II. The results show great cross-national overlap in events considered to be the most important ones, but they also show striking differences. In particular, Russian participants’ narrative seems quite different from that of other nationals. This chapter discusses potential ways in which national memories may come to adapt to a particular perspective over time but also how persistent idiosyncratic memories of a nation’s past may serve national identity.
How Collective Memories Emerge
Authors: Rajaram Suparna , Peña Tori , Greeley Garrett D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The opportunities for people to connect with others and build collective narratives of the past have increased over time, and these opportunities have catapulted to a global level with the advent of the internet and social media. As the theme of this book asks, How is it then that in this era of globalization, there is a rise of populism and nationalism? This chapter approaches this question from a cognitive psychological perspective to explore the nature of group-level memory representation. A key antecedent process called collaborative remembering is explored to understand how memories converge in groups and how shared memory representations can come to vary across different groups and contexts. This chapter identifies specific cognitive mechanisms that are activated during collaborative remembering and that lead to memory reconstruction, ultimately giving rise to collective memories. It discusses four attributes of collective memory formation: who talks to whom, who knows what, aligned memories structures, and emotional valence of information. It is concluded that by linking aligned memory structures to the idea of narrative forms as cultural tools, aligned memory structures may serve as laboratory analogs to understand the building blocks of collective memory.
Populist Beliefs
Authors: Marsh Elizabeth J. , Stanley Matthew , Taylor Morgan K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Why do many people believe that gun deaths are at an all-time high? This chapter explores the cognitive factors that support the acceptance of this and other incorrect beliefs. It highlights how people use heuristics to judge truth, relying on cues such as source credibility and ease of processing to decide whether something is true. Such heuristics develop because they often lead people to the correct answers, quickly and efficiently, but they can also cause mistakes. This chapter focuses on how people often make rapid decisions in complex situations that require simplification of incoming information. It also describes how having demonstrated knowledge is not always protective, with implications for interventions. Finally, it takes a deep dive into one cognitive process, namely the shifting accessibility of knowledge, to understand how activating one’s national identity can change the speed with which related information is retrieved.
The Narrative Tools of National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The re-emergence of populist nationalism in the 21st century calls for a deeper understanding of how narratives shape mental and cultural life. Approaching narratives as “equipment for living,” this chapter addresses the issue of “narrative truth” as it applies to “specific narratives,” “narrative templates,” and “privileged event narratives.” Differences over this sort of truth can give rise to stark differences in understanding past and present events and even lead to conflict between national communities. An analysis of how the United States and China engaged in a struggle to control the narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic is used to illustrate these claims, and the chapter concludes with proposals for how conflict over such matters might be managed.
Politics (beastly boasts, apocalyptic affects)
Authors: Moore Stephen D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter appropriates Deleuze’s reading tactics, together with contemporary affect theory, to connect the book of Revelation with the Trump presidency, post-Trump Trumpism, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the chapter relates Revelation’s Beast to Trump and Trumpism noneschatologically in a nonrepresentational reading strategy. The chapter’s operative assumption is not that Trump or the pandemic were prophesied in Revelation, but rather that Revelation possesses multiple sockets into which the pandemic, the Trump presidency, and now the Trump legacy may be plugged and thereby illuminated. The chapter proceeds, not by reading for relations of resemblance or analogy between Revelation’s visions and recent events, but rather by reading the events as though they were folded into the visions, coextensive with and co-implicated in them in a continuous plane of interimbrication. The chapter takes the form of a simultaneous plague journal and reign-of-the-Beast journal, and ends with a post-Beast postscript.
Hindu Women and the Gendering of Religious and Ritual Authority in Trinidad
Authors: Ramlakhan Priyanka 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with two Hindu women in Trinidad whose religious activities (in two very different ways) take place in public, articulating a new gendered religious authority and ritual agency. Brahmanical and devotional Hindu traditions were initially transplanted to Trinidad by Indian indentured laborers between 1845 and 1917. While women have been structurally part of Hindu public practices in Trinidad, there still is a long history of their omission from positions of religious authority, being rather participants than religious specialists and leaders. Ramlakhan investigates the role of the paṇḍitā (priestess) and the nāū (priest’s assistant), which are currently two roles in which woman are asserting ritual agency that challenges the androcentric construction of Hinduism in Trinidad. The latter at the same time is a ritual expert and healer whose śakti (power) is authenticated through her devotion to a local mud volcano goddess named Bālka Devī. Both women work within patriarchal structures to bring about change, yet they do not necessarily compete with their male counterparts because they are forging an entirely distinct space that is especially for women but also one in which men benefit.
A Tale of Two Stūpas
Authors: Welter Albert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hangzhou and the surrounding environs (i.e., the Jiangnan region) have arguably the most developed Buddhist culture in China. A Tale of Two Stūpas: Diverging Paths in the Revival of Buddhism in Hangzhou China tells the story of Hangzhou Buddhism through the conceptions, erections, and resurrections of Yongming Stūpa, dedicated to the memory of one of Hangzhou’s leading Buddhist figures, and Leifeng Pagoda, built to house stūpas of the historical Buddha’s remains. While delving into the intricacies of these two sites, the work is particularly interested in their origins and their “resurrections.” What we find in both cases is a history marked by grandeur and tragedy, of expected and unexpected turns. Reconstructed, reactivated, and reasserted Yongming Stūpa and Leifeng Pagoda have resumed meaningful places in the contemporary Hangzhou landscape. Their contemporary resurgences are by no means the first. Both had suffered devastation before and endured long periods of neglect. Yet both were resurrected (and re-resurrected) during the course of their histories, a mark of the power of their endurance. A Tale of Two Stūpas shows how the dynamics of initial conception, resurrection, and re-resurrection work and what it tells us about the nature of Hangzhou Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism, more generally.