bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A temperature‐dependent phenology model for Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, parasitoid of Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen)
Authors: Cañedo Verónica , Dávila Waldo , Carhuapoma Pablo , Kroschel Jürgen , Kreuze Jan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) is a major invasive pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Classical biological control using parasitoids had been of primary interest during the last decades to control this pest. More than twenty parasitoid species have been reported parasitizing P. operculella. Apanteles subandinus Blanchard had been successfully used in different countries. Determination of the parasitoid's temperature‐dependent development is crucial for better predicting the potential of the parasitoid to establish in a new region and to control the target pest. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of A. subandinus was studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 11–30°C in its main host P. operculella. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to collected life table data and to establish an overall phenology model to simulate life table parameters based on temperature. The parasitoid completed its life cycle at constant temperatures from 15 to 30°C. Temperature of 11°C was lethal to pupae, and at 35°C no larvae development was possible. The theoretical lower threshold temperatures for the development of egg‐larvae and pupae were 10.3°C and 11.8°C respectively. The model predicted limits for survival at around 12°C and 33°C. The lowest senescence rate was observed within the temperature range of 15–25°C. Oviposition time decreased significantly with increasing temperature from 12.2 days (15°C) to 1.8 days (30°C). The highest fertility was predicted at 27°C. Maximum population growth is expected around 26.78°C with a finite rate of increase, λ of 1.0445, which corresponds to a population doubling time of 15.9 days. The highest values for gross reproduction rate (GRR) and net reproduction rate (R0) were found between 24 and 25°C, and the shortest mean generation time (T) was observed at 30°C (23.48 d). The use of the phenology model in the context of classical biological control of P. operculella is discussed.
Patients as experts in the illness experience: Implications for the ethics of patient involvement in health professions education
Authors: Lefkowitz Ariel , Vizza Julie , Kuper Ayelet 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn response to calls to increase patient involvement in health professions education (HPE), educators are inviting patients to play a range of roles in the teaching of clinical trainees. However, there are concerns that patients involved in educational programs are seen as representing a demographic larger than themselves: their disease, their social group or even patients as a whole. This leads to difficult ethical challenges related to representation, including problems of tokenistic inclusion and of inadvertently essentializing marginalized groups. We propose that conceptualizing patients as experts in their illness experience can help resolve these dilemmas of representation equitably and effectively. Just as clinical experts are involved in HPE to share their expertise and represent their clinical experience, so too should patients be invited to participate in HPE explicitly for their expertise in their illness experience. This framing clarifies the goals of patient involvement as technocratic rather than tokenistic, mandates meaningful contributions by patients, and helps frame patient involvement for learners as the presentation of expert perspectives.
A Vision Transformer network SeedViT for classification of maize seeds
Authors: Chen Jiqing , Luo Tian , Wu Jiahua , Wang Zhikui , Zhang Hongdu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMaize is a crop that is widely cultivated all over the world. Thus, the classification of maize seeds quality is important, while the traditional methods based on the texture, shape, and color which require repeated work is not efficient. Recently, deep learning reached the goal in the field of image processing, and a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is often used to do the image classification task. Here, we explored another neural network called Vision Transformer (ViT), which originally was applied to the natural language processing. Based on the self‐attention mechanism, ViT discards the convolutional structure. But when trained from scratch on medium‐sized datasets, ViT performed poorly compared to CNN. Due to the lack of local structure within the input image, tokenization cannot be used to generate a valid training set in the original ViT model. As a result, we proposed an improved ViT model SeedViT. Compared with the original ViT which could only train large datasets, SeedViT can train small and medium datasets to achieve SOTA (State of the Art) in vision classification with only 2,500 images in our study. The feasibility of SeedViT to classify maize seeds’ quality was studied in this article, and we compared it with DCNN and traditional machine learning algorithms. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision were 97.6%, 94.1%, 98.9%, and 97%, respectively. In addition, we employed ViT and VGG (Visual Geometry Group, a convolutional neural network) to extract image features, and SVM (support vector machine) was used as the classifier to classify them, with the result that ViT‐SVM was stable around 96.6% on the test set and VGG‐SVM was stable around 94.6%. At last, a visual attention map was generated by visualization technology. It showed that SeedViT can be a new and novel way for maize seed manufacturing.Practical applications
An algorithm for classifying and sorting out high‐quality maize seeds.
Use the Transformer algorithm from the field of natural language processing instead of the convolutional neural network algorithm.
Use GeLU function for activation and soft split with images to improve Vision Transformer model so that it can achieve great performance with small and medium datasets.
Care preferences in physician orders for life sustaining treatment in California nursing homes
Authors: Jennings Lee A. , Wenger Neil S. , Liang Li‐Jung , Parikh Punam , Powell David , Escarce Jose J. , Zingmond David 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundPhysician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment (POLST) facilitates documentation and transition of patients' life‐sustaining treatment orders across care settings. Little is known about patient and facility factors related to care preferences within POLST across a large, diverse nursing home population. We describe the orders within POLST among all nursing home (NH) residents in California from 2011 to 2016.MethodsCalifornia requires NHs to document in the Minimum Data Set whether residents complete a POLST and orders within POLST. Using a serial cross‐sectional design for each year, we describe POLST completion and orders for all California NH residents from 2011 to 2016 (N = 1,112,668). We used logistic mixed‐effects regression models to estimate POLST completion and resuscitation orders to understand the relationship with resident and facility characteristics, including Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Nursing Home Compare overall five‐star quality rating.ResultsPOLST completion significantly increased from 2011 to 2016 with most residents having a POLST in 2016 (short‐stay:68%; long‐stay:81%). Among those with a POLST in 2016, 54% of long‐stay and 41% of short‐stay residents had a DNR order. Among residents with DNR, >90% had orders for limited medical interventions or comfort measures. Few residents (<6%) had a POLST with contradictory orders. In regression analyses, POLST completion was greater among residents with more functional dependence, but was lower among those with more cognitive impairment. Greater functional and cognitive impairment were associated with DNR orders. Racial and ethnic minorities indicated more aggressive care preferences. Higher CMS five‐star facility quality rating was associated with greater POLST completion.ConclusionsSix years after a state mandate to document POLST completion in NHs, most California NH residents have a POLST, and about half of long‐stay residents have orders to limit life‐sustaining treatment. Future work should focus on determining the quality of care preference decisions documented in POLST.
Relational Co‐ordination and Stigma at Work: How Frontline Employees Compensate for Failures in Public Health Systems
Authors: George Gerard , Chaturvedi Sankalp , Corbishley Christopher , Atun Rifat 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCo‐ordinating collective work and communicating a shared understanding of tasks is necessary to accomplishing organizational goals. Stigma could exacerbate co‐ordination challenges between public and private organizations by further widening differences in goals and incentives among employees. Using relational co‐ordination theory, we explore how stigma can influence employee behaviour in the context of healthcare delivery. We study healthcare professionals and frontline workers involved in the fight against AIDS in India to examine how public health systems fail due to a lack of communication and co‐ordination, and that these failures are worsened by stigma. When stigma is present, relationships between employees become strained due to misaligned work routines, lack of information sharing and cooperation failure. Our findings reveal emergent responses from frontline employees that mitigate co‐ordination failures through: (1) role adaptation to improve predictability of tasks; (2) social purpose identification to promote a common understanding and engage stigmatized clients; and (3) affective attachment that encourages extra‐role behaviours and task ownership. We draw implications for relational co‐ordination and stigma, as well as public‐private co‐ordination in public health systems.
Determinants of Interdependent Happiness Focusing on the Role of Social Capital: Empirical Insight From Japan1
Authors: Hommerich Carola , Ohnuma Susumu , Sato Kazushige , Mizutori Shogo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to identify determinants of interdependent happiness (IH), with a focus on social capital resources. Using data from a population survey conducted in Sapporo, Japan, we ran hierarchical regressions to compare determinants of IH with determinants of a standard measure of subjective well‐being (SWB), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). While we confirmed the relationships of control variables generally associated with SWB also for IH, we found several decisive differences between the two well‐being measures regarding social capital. For IH, an overall larger share of variance was predicted by social capital resources than for SWLS. IH is most strongly affected by social affiliation, which measures a sense of belonging to society, followed by interpersonal reliance, and social support. Reciprocal norms and institutional reliance predicted only IH, but not SWLS. Overall, our results imply that IH captures aspects of well‐being related to social capital not fully covered by standard measures of SWB. Thus, for societies in which the cultural construal of happiness is more inclined to IH, the specific importance of social capital resources for SWB might be underestimated when relying solely on standard measures of well‐being.
Global incidence and mortality of hepatitis B and hepatitis C acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Veracruz Nicolette , Gish Robert G. , Cheung Ramsey , Chitnis Amit S. , Wong Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute to significant healthcare burden globally. We aim to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of global trends in the incidence and mortality of HBV and HCV related acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Estimates of annual cause‐specific disease incidence and mortality for HBV and HCV were analysed using the 2010–2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study database. Three distinct disease states were evaluated: acute infections, cirrhosis and HCC. Age‐standardized disease incidence and mortality were presented per 100,000 population and stratified by age, sex, year and 21 world regions. From 2010 to 2019, overall incidence of acute HBV declined by 19.3% (95% CI 4.1–32.0, p < .05) and HBV cirrhosis declined by 15.0% (95% CI 9.8–20.7, p < .05). Incidence of HCV cirrhosis increased by 5.6% (95% CI 0.3–10.2, p < .05) and HCV HCC remained stable. Incidence of acute HCV declined until 2015, after which it began increasing. From 2010 to 2019, overall mortality for HBV cirrhosis and HCV cirrhosis declined, whereas mortality for acute infections and HCC remained stable. Major differences in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality trends were observed when stratified by world regions. In conclusion, while our analyses of global trends in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality demonstrate encouraging trends, disparities in disease epidemiology were observed across world regions. These observations will identify regions and populations where greater focus and resources are needed to continue progressing towards viral hepatitis elimination.
SAV4 is required for ethylene‐induced root hair growth through stabilizing PIN2 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Peirui , Ge Yanhua , Chen Liying , Yan Fenglian , Cai Lingling , Zhao Hongli , Lei Deshun , Jiang Jinxi , Wang Meiling , Tao Yi 
Published: March 2022

Summary

Root hair development is regulated by hormonal and environmental cues, such as ethylene and low phosphate. Auxin efflux carrier PIN2 (PIN‐FORMED 2) plays an important role in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips, which is required for root hair development. Ethylene promotes root hair development through increasing PIN2 abundance in root tips, which subsequently leads to enhanced expression of auxin reporter genes. However, how PIN2 is regulated remains obscure.

Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana sav4 (shade avoidance 4) mutant exhibits defects in ethylene‐induced root hair development and in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips.

Ethylene treatment increased SAV4 abundance in root tips. SAV4 and PIN2 co‐localize to the shootward plasma membrane (PM) of root tip epidermal cells. SAV4 directly interacts with the PIN2 hydrophilic region (PIN2HL) and regulates PIN2 abundance on the PM. Vacuolar degradation of PIN2 is suppressed by ethylene, which was weakened in sav4 mutant. Furthermore, SAV4 affects the formation of PIN2 clusters and its lateral diffusion on the PM.

In summary, we identified SAV4 as a novel regulator of PIN2 that enhances PIN2 membrane clustering and stability through direct protein–protein interactions. Our study revealed a new layer of regulation on PIN2 dynamics.
How to date a crocodile: estimation of neosuchian clade ages and a comparison of four time‐scaling methods
Authors: Groh Sebastian S. , Upchurch Paul , Barrett Paul M. , Day Julia J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractClade ages within the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia have long been debated. Molecular and morphological studies have yielded remarkably divergent results. Despite recent advances, there has been no comprehensive relative comparison of the major time calibration methods available to estimate clade ages based on morphological data. We used four methods (cal3, extended Hedman, smoothed ghost lineage analysis (sGLA) and the fossilized birth–death model (FBD)) to date clade ages derived from a published crocodylomorph supertree and a new neosuchian phylogeny. All time‐scaling methods applied here agree on the origination of Neosuchia during the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic, and the presence of the major extant eusuchian groups (Crocodyloidea, Gavialoidea, Alligatoroidea and Caimaininae) by the end of the Late Cretaceous. The number of distinct lineages present before the K/Pg boundary is less certain, with support for two competing scenarios in which Crocodylinae, Tomistominae and Diplocynodontinae either: (1) diverged from other eusuchian lineages before the K/Pg boundary; or (2) evolved during a ‘burst’ of diversification after the K/Pg event. Cal3 and FBD proved to be the most suitable methods for time‐scaling phylogenetic trees dominated by fossil taxa. Extended Hedman estimates are substantially older than the others, with larger standard deviations and a strong sensitivity to taxon sampling and topological changes; sGLA has similar problems. We conclude that a detailed understanding of phylogenetic relationships, tree reconstruction methods, and good taxonomic coverage (in particular the inclusion of the oldest taxon in each clade) is essential when evaluating the results of such dating analyses.
Root endophyte differentially regulates plant response to NO3− and NH4+ nutrition by modulating N fluxes at the plant–fungal interface
Authors: Sun Kai , Lu Fan , Huang Peng‐Wei , Tang Meng‐Jun , Xu Fang‐Ji , Zhang Wei , Zhou Jia‐Yu , Zhao Ping , Jia Yong , Dai Chuan‐Chao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the soil, plant roots associated with fungi often encounter uneven distribution of nitrate (NO3−)/ammonium (NH4+) patches, but the mechanism underlying N form‐influenced plant–fungal interactions remains limited. We inoculated Arabidopsis with a root endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris, and evaluated the effects of P. liquidambaris on plant performance under NO3− or NH4+ nutrition. Under NO3− nutrition, P. liquidambaris inoculation promoted seedling growth, whereas under NH4+ nutrition, P. liquidambaris suppressed seedling growth. Under high NH4+ conditions, fungus‐colonized roots displayed increased NH4+ accumulation and NH4+ efflux, similar to the effect of ammonium stress caused by elevated NH4+ levels. Notably, this fungus excluded NH4+ during interactions with host roots, thereby leading to increased NH4+ levels at the plant–fungal interface under high NH4+ conditions. A nitrite reductase‐deficient strain that excludes NO3− but absorbs NH4+, decreased NH4+ levels in Arabidopsis shoots and rescued plant growth and nitrogen metabolism under high NH4+ levels. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted that P. liquidambaris had altered transcriptional responses associated with plant response to inorganic N forms. Our results demonstrate that fungus‐regulated NO3−/NH4+ dynamics at the plant–fungal interface alters plant response to NO3−/NH4+ nutrition. This study highlights the essential functions of root endophytes in plant adaptation to soil nitrogen nutrients.
Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of depression in older adults: A report from the Japanese Society of mood disorders
Authors: Baba Hajime , Kito Shinsuke , Nukariya Kazutaka , Takeshima Minoru , Fujise Noboru , Iga Junichi , Oshibuchi Hidehiro , Kawano Masahiko , Kimura Mahiko , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Mimura Masaru ,   Committee for Treatment Guidelines of Mood Disorders, Japanese Society of Mood Disorders
Published: March 2022

The Committee for Treatment Guidelines of Mood Disorders, Japanese Society of Mood Disorders, published a Japanese guideline for the treatment of late‐life depression in 2020. Based on that guideline, the present guideline was developed and revised to incorporate the suggestions of global experts and the latest published evidence. In the diagnosis of late‐life depression, it is important to carefully differentiate it from bipolar disorders, depressive states caused by physical and organic brain disease, drug effects, and dementia, and to determine the comorbidity between late‐life depression and dementia. It is necessary to fully understand the clinical characteristics and psychosocial background of late‐life depression, evaluate the patient's condition, and provide basic interventions based on these factors. Problem‐solving therapy, reminiscence therapy/life review therapy, and behavioral activation therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy can reduce depressive symptoms. In terms of pharmacotherapy, newer antidepressants or non‐tricyclic antidepressants are recommended for late‐life depression, and it is recommended that the efficacy of least the minimal effective dosage should first be determined. Switching antidepressants and aripiprazole augmentation can be used to treatment‐resistant therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have demonstrated usefulness for late‐life depression. Exercise therapy, high‐intensity light therapy, and diet therapy also show some effectiveness and are useful for late‐life depression. Continuation therapy should be maintained for at least 1 year after remission.
Innate lymphoid cells in colorectal cancer
Authors: Marchalot Anne , Mjösberg Jenny 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInnate lymphoid cells (ILC) can be viewed as the innate counterparts of T cells. In contrast to T cells, ILCs exert their functions in antigen‐independent manners, relying on tissue‐derived signals from other immune cells, stroma and neurons. Natural killer (NK) cells have been known for their antitumour effects for decades. However, the roles of other ILC subtypes in cancer immunity are just now starting to be unravelled. ILCs contribute to both homeostasis and inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal inflammation predisposes the intestine for the development of colonic dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent data from mouse models and human studies indicate that ILCs play a role in CRC, exerting both protumoural and antitumoural functions. Studies also suggest that intratumoural ILC frequencies and expression of ILC signature genes can predict disease progression and response to PD‐1 checkpoint therapy in CRC. In this mini‐review, we focus on such recent insights and their implications for understanding the immunobiology of CRC. We also identify knowledge gaps and research areas that require further work.
Hit the right target! The Role of Issue Saliency among a Party's Potential Voters as a Determinant of the Party's Issue Emphasis in Switzerland
Authors: Borgeat Quentin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIssues matter in party competition. Therefore, the issue emphasis strategy of parties plays an important role during a campaign. Scholars disagree about the factors that explain strategies. Some argue that parties “ride‐the‐wave” and emphasize issues that are important for the public. Others argue that parties care about the issue priorities of their voters. Between these two theories, I argue that parties care about their potential voters, which means that issue priorities among potential voters have an impact on the issue emphasis of parties. The more important an issue is among this group, the more a party will emphasize this issue. To test this hypothesis, I use the panel survey of the Swiss Election Study Selects and the Année Politique Suisse data on newspaper ads. The findings from a multilevel zero‐inflated negative binomial regression suggest that the issue saliency among the potential voters has a positive impact on the issue emphasis of parties.