bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William the Conqueror’s writ for the City of London
Authors: Karn Nicholas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
William the Conqueror’s writ for London is a much-cited source, and has hitherto been read as a document that ensured continuity and unity in London against the depredations of the Norman conquerors. This article argues that the writ does not reflect the initial contact between London and the Normans, but rather was written later in the 1060s and was designed to deal with internal disputes in London itself, in which English and French groups clashed over customs and law in the City. This focus on internal difference is a substantial reinterpretation of the document.
Multidimensional innovation responses and foreign competition
Authors: de Elejalde Ramiro , Ponce Carlos J , Roldán Flavia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dramatic increase in China’s exports after its accession to the World Trade Organization offers a window of opportunity for learning the innovative behavior of firms under competitive distress. Using manufacturing firm-level data, we quantify the effects of foreign competition on innovation in Uruguay. Our estimates show that a higher level of foreign competition reduces innovation inputs (acquisition of new machines, equipment, and software) and outputs (process and product innovations). These adverse effects are larger for firms in business groups and smaller for more productive firms and firms with more skilled labor.
Calibrating the response to populism at the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Zysset Alain 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article aims to examine the relationship between the populist phenomenon and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from a normative perspective. It asks whether the Court, given its particular jurisdiction and established practice, is equipped to respond to the attacks of populist governments on European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) rights and how it should adjust its interpretive apparatus to address these attacks. To this end, this article first reconstructs the ideational structure of populism, distinguishes two ideal-types (an exclusive/naturalized one and an inclusive/aggregative one, respectively), and posits that both ideal-types entertain a distorted account of democracy that fuels antagonism and partisanship. Second, it argues that across this spectrum the notions of pluralism and deliberation offer a vantage point to evaluate the role and practice of the ECtHR in responding to populism. Based on recent empirical studies evidencing populist attacks on democratic rights and structures, the article highlights the prototypical phenomena of media and electoral captures. Turning to the Court’s practice, this article shows how pluralism and deliberation heavily inform its reasoning as to the nature, scope, and justification of the two ECHR-relevant rights—namely freedom of expression and the right to free and fair elections—and the decisive role these notions play in resolving cases in proportionality analysis. The article finally explores whether the Court’s interpretive equipment is tailored to address the populist attacks on these fronts and articulates a practice-induced set of interpretive principles and techniques to better detect populist abuses.
Mixed precision low-rank approximations and their application to block low-rank LU factorization
Authors: Amestoy Patrick , Boiteau Olivier , Buttari Alfredo , Gerest Matthieu , Jézéquel Fabienne , L’Excellent Jean-Yves , Mary Theo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We introduce a novel approach to exploit mixed precision arithmetic for low-rank approximations. Our approach is based on the observation that singular vectors associated with small singular values can be stored in lower precisions while preserving high accuracy overall. We provide an explicit criterion to determine which level of precision is needed for each singular vector. We apply this approach to block low-rank (BLR) matrices, most of whose off-diagonal blocks have low rank. We propose a new BLR LU factorization algorithm that exploits the mixed precision representation of the blocks. We carry out the rounding error analysis of this algorithm and prove that the use of mixed precision arithmetic does not compromise the numerical stability of the BLR LU factorization. Moreover, our analysis determines which level of precision is needed for each floating-point operation (flop), and therefore guides us toward an implementation that is both robust and efficient. We evaluate the potential of this new algorithm on a range of matrices coming from real-life problems in industrial and academic applications. We show that a large fraction of the entries in the LU factors and flops to perform the BLR LU factorization can be safely switched to lower precisions, leading to significant reductions of the storage and expected time costs, of up to a factor three using fp64, fp32, and bfloat16 arithmetics.
The MHM Method for Linear Elasticity on Polytopal Meshes
Authors: Gomes Antônio Tadeu A , Pereira Weslley S , Valentin Frédéric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The multiscale hybrid-mixed (MHM) method consists of a multi-level strategy to approximate the solution of boundary value problems with heterogeneous coefficients. In this context, we propose a new family of finite elements for the linear elasticity equation defined on coarse polytopal partitions of the domain. The finite elements rely on face degrees of freedom associated with multiscale bases obtained from local Neumann problems with piecewise polynomial interpolations on faces. We establish sufficient conditions on the fine-scale interpolations such that the MHM method is well-posed and optimally convergent under local regularity conditions. Also, a multi-level error analysis demonstrates that the MHM method achieves convergence without refining the coarse partition. The upshot is that the Poincaré and Korn’s inequalities do not degenerate, and then the convergence arises on general meshes. Two- and three-dimensional numerical tests assess theoretical results and verify the robustness of the method on a multi-layer media case.
Weyl Groups and Cluster Structures of Families of Log Calabi–Yau Surfaces
Authors: Zhou Yan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Given a generic Looijenga pair $(Y,D)$ together with a toric model $\rho :(Y,D)\rightarrow (\overline {Y},\overline {D})$, one can construct a seed $\textbf {s}$ such that the corresponding $\mathcal {X}$-cluster variety $\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}$ can be viewed as the universal family of the log Calabi–Yau surface $U=Y\setminus D$. In cases where $(Y,D)$ is positive and $\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}$ is not acyclic, we describe the action of the Weyl group of $(Y,D)$ on the scattering diagram $\mathfrak {D}_{\textbf {s}}$. Moreover, we show that there is a Weyl group element $\textbf {w}$ of order $2$ that either agrees with or approximates the Donaldson–Thomas transformation $\textrm {DT}_{\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}}$ of $\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}$. As a corollary, $\textrm {DT}_{\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}}$ is cluster. In positive non-acyclic cases, we also apply the folding technique as developed in [20] and construct a maximally folded new seed $\overline {\textbf {s}}$ from $\textbf {s}$. The $\mathcal {X}$-cluster variety $\mathcal {X}_{\overline {\textbf {s}}}$ is a locally closed subvariety of $\mathcal {X}_{\textbf {s}}$ and corresponds to the maximally degenerate subfamily in the universal family. We show that the action of the special Weyl group element $\textbf {w}$ on $\mathfrak {D}_{\textbf {s}}$ descends to $\mathfrak {D}_{\overline {\textbf {s}}}$ and permutes distinct subfans in $\mathfrak {D}_{\overline {\textbf {s}}}$, generalizing the well-known case of the Markov quiver.
Vertical Asymptotics for Bridgeland Stability Conditions on 3-Folds
Authors: Jardim Marcos , Maciocia Antony , Martinez Cristian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Let $X$ be a smooth projective threefold of Picard number one for which the generalized Bogomolov–Gieseker inequality holds. We characterize the limit Bridgeland semistable objects at large volume in the vertical region of the geometric stability conditions associated to $X$ in complete generality and provide examples of asymptotically semistable objects. In the case of the projective space and $\operatorname {ch}^\beta (E)=(-R,0,D,0)$, we prove that there are only a finite number of nested walls in the $(\alpha ,s)$-plane. Moreover, when $R=0$ the only semistable objects in the outermost chamber are the 1-dimensional Gieseker semistable sheaves, and when $\beta =0$ there are no semistable objects in the innermost chamber. In both cases, the only limit semistable objects of the form $E$ or $E[1]$ (where $E$ is a sheaf) that do not get destabilized until the innermost wall are precisely the (shifts of) instanton sheaves.
cageminer: an R/Bioconductor package to prioritize candidate genes by integrating genome-wide association studies and gene coexpression networks
Authors: Almeida-Silva Fabricio , Venancio Thiago M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify variants associated with traits of interest, they often fail in identifying causative genes underlying a given phenotype. Integrating GWAS and gene coexpression networks can help prioritize high-confidence candidate genes, as the expression profiles of trait-associated genes can be used to mine novel candidates. Here, we present cageminer, an R package to prioritize candidate genes through the integration of GWAS and coexpression networks. Genes are considered high-confidence candidates if they pass all three filtering criteria implemented in cageminer, namely physical proximity to (or linkage disequilibrium with) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), coexpression with known trait-associated genes, and significant changes in expression levels in conditions of interest. Prioritized candidates can also be scored and ranked to select targets for experimental validation. By applying cageminer to a real data set of Capsicum annuum response to Phytophthora infection (RNA-seq and SNPs from an association panel), we demonstrate that it can effectively prioritize candidates, leading to a significant reduction in candidate gene lists. The package is available at Bioconductor (https://bioconductor.org/packages/cageminer).
Prescriptive and Semantic Analysis of an Automatic Sign Language Translation: Cases on VLibras Avatar Translation Using Video Interviews and Textual Interactions With a Chatbot
Authors: Silva André Luiz da Cunha , Sá Tatiane Militão de , Diniz Ruan Sousa , Ferreira Simone Bacellar Leal , Siqueira Sean Wolfgand Matsui , Bourguignon Saulo Cabral 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Algorithms designed to translate textual content into sign language (SL) expressed through avatars have been used to reduce accessibility barriers. Our research aimed to identify whether the VLibras tool, widely adopted on Brazilian government websites, is an effective accessibility solution for automatic translation into SL. It is an exploratory and applied qualitative research project involving a bibliographic review and support from expert interpreters. We conducted two experimental studies using sequential chronological cuts and applying prescriptive and semantic analyses. We present evidence that there is no actual translation into SL in the automatic translation process performed by the VLibras translation algorithm (TA) but only a transposition of part of the SL lexicon to the Portuguese morphosyntactic structure. The automatic translation of long texts and texts with complex syntactic structures results in excessive pauses and dactylology for words that have a sign registered in the basic SL dictionary. Using human–computer interaction concepts to evaluate automatic translation into sign language by the VLibras TA expands the existing theoretical discussion. It also contributes to minimizing communication problems caused by the discrepancy between the original message and the machine translation, a practical applicability of this study.
Collecting Raphael in reproduction in the nineteenth century
Authors: Collier Carly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Between 1853 and 1876, an unparalleled corpus of prints and photographs after the works of Raphael was assembled at the instigation of Prince Albert. Such an ambitious endeavour necessitated scrupulous bibliographic research, the assistance of art historians and artists, and international collaboration on a novel scale, as well as the harnessing of nascent photographic technologies. The Raphael Collection, recently digitized, remains a significant resource for the study of the artist’s oeuvre. This article sketches the genesis and development of the collection, considering, among other sources, previously uncited evidence in Queen Victoria’s journal. It then charts the collection’s fortunes after Albert’s death in 1861, drawing on unpublished correspondence between the prince’s librarians and royal courtiers, which illuminates the purpose, physical format and intended audience for the collection and its accompanying catalogue. Finally, it offers the first assessment of the early reception of the Raphael Collection among critics and Raphael scholars.
Wheels of Injustice: How Medical Schools Retained the Power to Discriminate Against Applicants in Wheelchairs in the Era of Disability Rights
Authors: Gordon Emily Rose 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the era of disability rights, medical schools retained the power to discriminate against applicants in wheelchairs. This article explores how medical schools set boundaries for admission into the profession, remained intransigent in their discrimination, and persuaded courts to side with them. Interviews with physicians in wheelchairs, legal documents, medical journal articles, and white papers demonstrate how medical schools established physical standards for entry into the profession specifically in response to applicants with disabilities. In the 1970s, medical schools created exclusionary physical requirements and persuaded the Supreme Court that these “technical standards” preserved patient safety. In the 1980s, schools asserted that students with disabilities would require expensive accommodations and lower educational standards. In the 1990s, medical schools strategically interpreted vague language in the Americans with Disabilities Act to justify continuing to exclude applicants with disabilities. This article complicates triumphalist histories of disability activism and reveals the continuation of exclusion in medical education, which had historically occurred based on race and gender. Interviews with successful applicants in wheelchairs provide powerful testimony against medical school policies and offer a clear path forward. Technical standards should change to value compassion and critical thinking over physical fitness. Physicians in wheelchairs perform most medical tasks and bring unique perspectives to a historically homogenous profession.
Sovereign Solvency as Monetary Power
Authors: Patrício Ferreira Lima Karina 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
This article reconceptualizes sovereign insolvency from a money-centred perspective. Drawing on contemporary critiques of money and finance, it argues that as long as the international monetary system is structured upon a hierarchy of currencies, monetary power determines the solvency of sovereign states. The ability to issue debt in own currency and the degree to which such currency performs the functions of money at an international level are the most important factors underpinning solvency. Sovereign insolvencies are inherent to the asymmetric character of global liquidity, rather than solely the product of fiscal misfortunes or mismanagement. To correct those asymmetries, it is necessary to reset the international monetary system. Yet insofar as this reform does not materialize, an international sovereign bankruptcy mechanism is indispensable to ensuring a more equitable global economic order.
Overcoming the Four Horsemen of Reassurance Diplomacy: Explaining Variation in Face-to-Face Engagement
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J , Holmes Marcus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The decision to engage in face-to-face diplomacy aimed at reassuring an adversary is one of the most salient ones a state leader will have to make. However, often leaders choose not to engage in such diplomacy because they follow those scholars and pundits who are skeptical of the reassurance value of interpersonal face-to-face diplomacy. This creates an important puzzle. Why do leaders sometimes choose to promote reassurance through meeting personally? And why, in other cases, do they not? The answer we provide in this article is that it depends crucially on the extent to which each leader in the dyad possesses security dilemma sensibility (SDS). We conceptualize SDS as varying both in intensity of the strength of the actor's intention and capacity to exercise it and in the extent to which actors believe the other actor in the dyad may possess SDS. The article develops a typology of three SDS leader types—distrusters, uncertains, and empathics—showing how the strength and orientation of SDS in each type shape their willingness to pursue face-to-face diplomacy. We then illustrate the utility of the typology in three short cases: Reagan and Gorbachev's decisions to engage in 1985 in Geneva, Kennedy and Khrushchev's decisions to meet in 1961 in Vienna, and finally, one of the “dogs that did not bark” (the summits that did not happen), the lack of face-to-face diplomacy between Obama and his North Korean counterpart, Kim Jong-il. We conclude with implications for future research and recommendations for policymakers.
A novel rRNA hybridization-based approach to rapid, accurateCandidaidentification directly from blood culture
Authors: Matzko Michelle E , Sephton-Clark Poppy C S , Young Eleanor L , Jhaveri Tulip A , Martinsen Melanie A , Mojica Evan , Boykin Rich , Pierce Virginia M , Cuomo Christina A , Bhattacharyya Roby P 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInvasive fungal infections are increasingly common and carry high morbidity and mortality, yet fungal diagnostics lag behind bacterial diagnostics in rapidly identifying the causal pathogen. We previously devised a fluorescent hybridization-based assay to identify bacteria within hours directly from blood culture bottles without subculture, called phylogeny-informed rRNA-based strain identification (Phirst-ID). Here, we adapt this approach to unambiguously identify 11 common pathogenic Candida species, including C. auris, with 100% accuracy from laboratory culture (33 of 33 strains in a reference panel, plus 33 of 33 additional isolates tested in a validation panel). In a pilot study on 62 consecutive positive clinical blood cultures from two hospitals that showed yeast on Gram stain, Candida Phirst-ID matched the clinical laboratory result for 58 of 59 specimens represented in the 11-species reference panel, without misclassifying the 3 off-panel species. It also detected mixed Candida species in 2 of these 62 specimens, including the one discordant classification, that were not identified by standard clinical microbiology workflows; in each case the presence of both species was validated by both clinical and experimental data. Finally, in three specimens that grew both bacteria and yeast, we paired our prior bacterial probeset with this new Candida probeset to detect both pathogen types using Phirst-ID. This simple, robust assay can provide accurate Candida identification within hours directly from blood culture bottles, and the conceptual approach holds promise for pan-microbial identification in a single workflow.Lay SummaryCandida bloodstream infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality, yet slow diagnostics delay recognition, worsening patient outcomes. We develop and validate a novel molecular approach to accurately identify Candida species directly from blood culture one day faster than standard workflows.
Studying the chemical and kinematical structures of dense cores TMC-1C, L1544, and TMC-1 in the Taurus molecular cloud using CCS and NH3 observations
Authors: Koley Atanu 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
The measurement of chemical and kinematic structures in pre-stellar cores is essential for better understanding of the star-formation process. Here, we study three pre-stellar cores (TMC-1C, L1544, and TMC-1) of the Taurus molecular cloud by means of the thioxoethenylidene (CCS) radical and ammonia (NH3) molecule observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array telescope in the D, C, and CNB configurations. Our main results are based on the CCS observation of the TMC-1C core, showing that complex structures are present. A spatial offset relative to dust emission is observed in the CCS radical. Across a wide region around the dust peak, inward motion is found through the CCS radical. We have calculated the infall velocity and measured the turbulence inside the core. The turbulence is found to be subsonic. We obtain that the virial parameter α is &lt; 1. Thus, thermal and non-thermal motions cannot prevent the collapse. Spatial incoherence of the CCS and NH3 is observed from the integrated intensity maps in these cores, suggesting that these molecules trace different environments in the cores. We compare the integrated flux densities of CCS with previous single-dish data and find that a small amount of flux is recovered in the interferometric observations, indicating the presence of significant diffuse emission in favourable conditions for producing CCS.
The Galactic underworld: the spatial distribution of compact remnants
Authors: Sweeney David , Tuthill Peter , Sharma Sanjib , Hirai Ryosuke 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
We chart the expected Galactic distribution of neutron stars and black holes. These compact remnants of dead stars – the Galactic underworld – are found to exhibit a fundamentally different distribution and structure to the visible Galaxy. Compared to the visible Galaxy, concentration into a thin flattened disc structure is much less evident with the scale height more than tripling to 1260 ± 30 pc. This difference arises from two primary causes. First, the distribution is in part inherited from the integration over the evolving structure of the Galaxy itself (and hence the changing distribution of the parent stars). Secondly, an even larger effect arises from the natal kick received by the remnant at the event of its supernova birth. Due to this kick we find 30 per cent of remnants have sufficient kinetic energy to entirely escape the Galactic potential (40 per cent of neutron stars and 2 per cent of black holes) leading to a Galactic mass-loss integrated to the present day of $\sim 0.4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the stellar mass of the Galaxy. The black hole – neutron star fraction increases near the Galactic centre: a consequence of smaller kick velocities in the former. Our simulated remnant distribution yields probable distances of 19 and 21 pc to the nearest neutron star and black hole, respectively, while our nearest probable magnetar lies at 4.2 kpc. Although the underworld only contains of order $\sim 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the Galaxy’s mass, observational signatures and physical traces of its population, such as microlensing, will become increasingly present in data ranging from gravitational wave detectors to high precision surveys from space missions such as Gaia.