bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Paper 24: It takes two to tango: Decision-making processes on asset return
Authors: Baez Camargo Claudia , Fenner Gretta , Kassa Saba 
Published: January 2022

This Working Paper presents findings from a research project that sought to better understand decision-making processes on the return of illegally obtained assets using the examples of past cases of returning assets that had been stolen from Kazakhstan, Peru and the Philippines. While previous papers on the subject of returning stolen assets and end-use of returned assets were based on third-party and desk research, the research feeding into this working paper is based on first-hand accounts collected through semi-structured interviews with key decision makers involved in these cases in the concerned states.
The key objective of the research was to better understand the motivations, considerations and processes that led to the decisions on how and for what purpose to use returned assets. In this context, the report in particular looks at a question often debated in asset recovery circles, namely whether there may be a power imbalance between requesting and requested states in these processes despite the fact that requesting states are legally empowered through the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).
The potential existence of such a power imbalance has in the past often given rise to concern, as it is perceived to potentially compromise the fundamental principles of asset return of UNCAC and the sovereignty of the concerned states.
Working Paper 34: Local certification through Collective Action
Authors: Hans Vanessa , Wannenwetsch Scarlet , Aiolfi Gemma 
Published: January 2022

How can local certification of small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) help to alleviate anti-corruption due diligence for SMEs as well as multinational corporations (MNC) seeking to work with them. This Working Paper by the Basel Institute's Collective Action team attempts to answer that question based on discussions and analysis of current local certification initiatives in different countries and sectors.
Local certification in this context means the assessment of a company’s anti-corruption compliance standards according to a method devised through a Collective Action and developed within a domestic (local) market. The local component also involves verification (certification) by a reputable organisation based in the same country as the entity that is being certified.
The paper explores:

Due diligence dilemmas faced by both SMEs and MNCs.
How local certification can help SMEs develop and demonstrate robust anti-corruption compliance procedures.
How a trusted certification programme can help alleviate due diligence on third parties by MNCs, using a risk-based approach.
Wider benefits, including raising standards of compliance across the board.
How a Collective Action approach boosts the potential of local certification to achieve these wins.
Special considerations and six practical recommendations for practitioners seeking to raise levels of anti-corruption compliance through a local certification scheme.
DNA barcoding for the discrimination of Uncaria gambir and its closely related species using internal transcribed spacer genes
Authors: Supri Wardi Epi , Syukur Sumaryati , Chaidir Zulkarnain , Jamsari Jamsari , Nova Bastian 
Published: January 2022

Background: Uncaria gambir is one Uncaria species that exclusively grows in Indonesia. The phytochemical constituents of this species have been widely explored and its extracts are used as traditional medicine. However, the relationship between Uncaria gambir and other Uncaria species is still unknown. DNA barcoding was used in this study to reveal this relationship. Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from four main cultivated variants of Uncaria gambir species in Indonesia. ITS primer was used to amplify the specific gene region. Genetic distance analysis was carried out on Uncaria gambir and 12 other Uncaria species. A phylogenetic tree was created to determine the relationship among Uncaria species using the maximum likelihood method. Results: The ITS primer successfully amplified the ITS region in Uncaria gambir. Genetic distance and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that Uncaria gambir has a close relationship with Uncaria scandens, Uncaria yunnanensis, and Uncaria macrophylla which is also indicated by Interspecific distance analysis. Conclusions: Although the DNA barcoding gap is absent in genetic distance analysis, the phylogenetic tree analysis from the ITS region can differentiate Uncaria gambir from other Uncaria species.
A lifecourse approach to the relationship between lung function and cognition function in late life: findings from the Mysore studies of Natal effect on Ageing and Health (MYNAH) in South India
Authors: Krishna Murali , Majgi Sumanth , DU Bharath , Krishnaveni Gattu V. , Veena Sargoor R. , Prince Martin , Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Christaprasad Karat Samuel , Kumar Mohan , Padukundru Mahesh , Nagaraj Santhosh , Fall Caroline H.D. 
Published: January 2022

Background: Emerging evidence from high income settings indicates that lung function may be an independent determinant of cognitive abilities in late life. Despite a high burden of chronic lung disorders and neurocognitive disorders, there are limited data exploring the relationship between lung and cognitive function in later life in low- and middle-income (LMIC) settings. Methods: Between 2013 and 2016, 721 men and women from the Mysore Birth Records Cohort in South India, aged 55-80 years, were retraced and underwent standardised assessments for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiometabolic risk factors, lung function, cognitive function and mental health. Approximately 20 years earlier, a subset of them had assessments for cardiometabolic risk factors (n=522) and lung function (n=143). Results: Forced Expiratory Volume at one second (FEV1) and six seconds (FEV6) were higher among men than women. Women had higher immediate and delayed recall scores compared to men. Multivariate models indicated that those with lower FEV1 (lts) and FEV1/FEV6 ratio in late life had lower composite cognitive score (SD, standard deviation), independent of growth and environment in early life and childhood, attained education, socioeconomic position, cardiometabolic disorders in mid-and late life and lifestyle factors (0.29 SD per litre 95% confidence interval [CI] (0.10, 0.50) p=0.006 for FEV1 and 1.32 SD (0.20, 2.50) p=0.02 for FEV1/FEV6 ratio). Lung function in midlife was unrelated to cognitive outcomes in late life. Conclusions: Causality cannot be inferred from cross sectional associations. Therefore, causality is best explored in longitudinal studies with serial, but contemporaneous measurements of both lung and cognitive function. Mechanistic studies that examine the role of shared risk factors like environmental pollutants and biomass exposure on this relationship are urgently required in LMICs.
Connected Bradford: a Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator
Authors: Sohal Kuldeep , Mason Dan , Birkinshaw John , West Jane , McEachan Rosemary R.C. , Elshehaly Mai , Cooper Duncan , Shore Rob , McCooe Michael , Lawton Tom , Mon-Williams Mark , Sheldon Trevor , Bates Chris , Wood Megan , Wright John 
Published: January 2022

The richness of linked population data provides exciting opportunities to understand local health needs, identify and predict those in most need of support and evaluate health interventions. There has been extensive investment to unlock the potential of clinical data for health research in the UK. However, most of the determinants of our health are social, economic, education, environmental, housing, food systems and are influenced by local authorities. The Connected Bradford Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator was set up to link health, education, social care, environmental and other local government data to drive learning health systems, prevention and population health management. Data spanning a period of over forty years has been linked for 800,000 individuals using the pseudonymised NHS number and other data variables. This prospective data collection captures near real time activity. This paper describes the dataset and our Connected Bradford Whole System Data Accelerator Framework that covers public engagement; practitioner and policy integration; legal and ethical approvals; information governance; technicalities of data linkage; data curation and guardianship; data validity and visualisation.
The potential influence of injuries in basketball over the basketball players
Authors: Borowski Bartosz , Kozioł Małgorzata` , Markiewicz-Gospodarek Agnieszka 
Published: January 2022

Background: From all the sports around the world, basketball is certainly such popular that it attracts people who loves to watch it, as well as people who loves to play it. Due to the form of this sport, it is very likely to get an injury while playing it.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the most repeated types of injuries that might occur to the basketball players, how many basketball players get injured during their professional career, what the convalescence after the injury looked like, and how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the group of professional basketball players of the EBL (Energa Basket Liga), 1LM and 2LM.
Material and methods: Data collected from a survey sent to 19 basketball players in February 2021.
Results: Most of the basketball players who took part in the examination at some point during their career suffered from an injury, at least one. The part of the body that was affected the most was the lower limb. As the players stated, the injuries that they had were the reason of a long absence in the game. For most of the time the convalescence process consisted of co-operation with the physiotherapist. The mental health of the players was disparately affected by the ensuing injury. As well the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the interviewees’ contracts, and most of the times, their mental health’s condition. Among the players who were tested positive with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, each one developed some kind of signs of the infection.
Conclusion: Each of the examined players during their professional career at least once suffered form an injury that influenced their physical health, and sometimes also mental health condition. In general, the pandemic period affected badly not only in a sphere of mental health, but also social life elements, such as ability to work out and prepare to the season.
Noção de pessoa: apontamentos sobre um alargamento teórico possível
Authors: Gonçalves Flora Rodrigues 
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para suscitar reflexões sobre autoria e seus demais agenciamentos a partir da compreensão de que a autoria, tal como a concebemos e vivenciamos, é uma forma de experimentar o mundo. Uma abordagem antropológica da noção de autoria ou do autor parte, necessariamente, do entendimento de que a noção de autoria foi etnograficamente e historicamente circunscrita no conceito de pessoa. Porém, é preciso por em evidência a noção de pessoa nas sociedades ocidentais. As noções de pessoa que fogem da construção “ocidental” são extremamente significativas e podem auxiliar na própria compreensão de propriedade(s) intelectual(ais) realizada(s) e representada(s) além e aquém do nosso arcabouço legal e moral sobre autoria e indivíduo.
Association of aflatoxin B1 levels with mean CD4 cell count and uptake of ART among HIV infected patients: A prospective study
Authors: Jolly Pauline E. , Akinyemiju Tomi F. , Sakhuja Swati , Sheth Roshni 
Published: January 2022

Background
Aflatoxin suppresses cellular immunity and accentuates HIV-associated changes in T- cell phenotypes and B- cells.

Objective
This prospective study was conducted to examine the association of aflatoxin levels with CD4 T-cell count and antiretroviral therapy uptake over time.

Methods
Sociodemographic and food data were collected from antiretroviral therapy naïve HIV-infected patients. CD4+ counts were collected from participants’ medical records. Plasma samples were tested for aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts, hepatitis B surface antigen, and HIV viral load. Participants were separated into high and low aflatoxin groups based on the median aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct level of 10.4 pg/ml for data analysis.

Results
Participants with high aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct levels had lower mean CD4 at baseline and at each follow-up period. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher baseline aflatoxin B1 adduct levels were associated with statistically significant lower CD4 counts (est = -66.5, p = 0.043). Not starting ART and low/middle socioeconomic status were associated with higher CD4 counts (est = 152.2, p<0.001) and (est = 86.3, p = 0.027), respectively.

Conclusion
Consistent correlations of higher aflatoxin B1 adduct levels with lower CD4 over time indicate that there is an independent early and prolonged effect of aflatoxin on CD4 even with the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. The prospective study design, evaluation of baseline and follow-up measures, extensive control for potential confounders, and utilization of objective measures of aflatoxin exposure and CD4 count provide compelling evidence for a strong epidemiologic association that deserves careful attention in HIV care and treatment programs.
Biomechanical differences between able-bodied and spinal cord injured individuals walking in an overground robotic exoskeleton
Authors: Hayes Stephen Clive , White Matthew , Wilcox Christopher Richard James , White Hollie Samantha Forbes , Vanicek Natalie 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundRobotic assisted gait training (RAGT) uses a powered exoskeleton to support an individual’s body and move their limbs, with the aim of activating latent, pre-existing movement patterns stored in the lower spinal cord called central pattern generators (CPGs) to facilitate stepping. The parameters that directly stimulate the stepping CPGs (hip extension and ipsilateral foot unloading) should be targeted to maximise the rehabilitation benefits of these devices.AimTo compare the biomechanical profiles of individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied individuals inside the ReWalkTMpowered exoskeleton and to contrast the users’ profiles with the exoskeleton.MethodsEight able-bodied and four SCI individuals donned a ReWalkTMand walked along a 12-meter walkway, using elbow crutches. Whole-body kinematics of the users and the ReWalkTMwere captured, along with GRF and temporal-spatial characteristics. Discreet kinematic values were analysed using a Kruskall-Wallis H and Dunn’s post-hoc analysis. Upper-body differences, GRF and temporal-spatial characteristics were analysed using a Mann-Whitney U test (P<0.05).ResultsWalking speed ranged from 0.32–0.39m/s. Hip abduction, peak knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion for both the SCI and able-bodied groups presented with significant differences to the ReWalkTM. The able-bodied group presented significant differences to the ReWalkTMfor all kinematic variables except frontal plane hip ROM (P= 0.093,δ = -0.56). Sagittal plane pelvic and trunk ROM were significantly greater in the SCI vs. able-bodied (P= 0.004,δ = -1;P= 0.008,δ = -0.94, respectively). Posterior braking force was significantly greater in the SCI group (P= 0.004, δ = -1).DiscussionThe different trunk movements used by the SCI group and the capacity for the users’ joint angles to exceed those of the device suggest that biomechanical profiles varied according to the user group. However, upright stepping with the ReWalkTMdevice delivered the appropriate afferent stimulus to activate CPGs as there were no differences in key biomechanical parameters between the two user groups.
Clinical and radiographic characteristics of presumptive tuberculosis patients previously treated for tuberculosis in Zambia
Authors: Mateyo Kondwelani , Kerkhoff Andrew D. , Dunn Ian , Nteeni Mutinta S. , Muyoyeta Monde 
Published: January 2022

Background
Persistent respiratory symptoms and radiographic abnormalities are common among individuals previously treated for tuberculosis (TB) and may contribute to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment when they seek care. We sought to determine if clinical and radiographic characteristics differed among previously treated, presumptive TB patients according to their current TB disease status.

Methods
Adults (>18 years of age) seeking care at a public health facility in Lusaka, Zambia were systematically evaluated for active TB using symptom screening and chest X-ray. All patients with presumptive TB submitted a sputum sample for microbiological TB testing. Patients who reported a prior history of TB treatment were included in the present analysis. ‘Confirmed TB’ was defined by the detection of TB using Xpert Ultra and/or liquid culture, while ‘possible TB’ was defined by the receipt of TB treatment without a positive Xpert Ultra or culture result. We evaluated the positive predictive value (PPV) of clinical symptoms and radiographic features for active TB alone and in combination.

Results
Of 740 presumptive TB patients, 144 (19%) had been previously treated for active TB. Of these, 19 (13%) patients had confirmed TB, 14 (10%) had possible TB, and 111 (77%) had no pulmonary TB. Overall, 119 (83%) patients had ≥1 current respiratory symptom—this did not differ according to current TB disease classification (95%, 93%, 79%; p = 0.23). Sixty-one patients (56%) had radiographic abnormalities suggestive of active TB and such findings were more common among patients with confirmed or possible TB compared to those without TB (93%, 71%, vs. 47%; p = 0.002). Most patients (n = 91, 83%) had at least one radiographic abnormality—no difference by current TB classification was observed (93%, 100%, 79%; p = 0.08). The PPV of any current respiratory symptom, active TB radiographic finding, or any radiographic abnormality for TB was 13% (95%CI: 7–21%), 21% (95%CI: 12–34) and 14% (95%CI: 9–23), respectively; combining clinical and radiographic characteristics did not significantly improve the PPV for active TB.

Conclusions
Among presumptive TB patients previously treated for TB, respiratory symptoms and radiographic abnormalities were common and poorly differentiated those with current active TB from those without current active TB. Reliance on clinical and radiographic characteristics alone in this patient population may result in substantial overtreatment and therefore, microbiological investigations should be used to inform TB treatment decisions whenever possible.
Adult schistosomes have an epithelial bacterial population distinct from the surrounding mammalian host blood
Authors: Gobert Geoffrey N. , McManus Donald P. , McMullan Geoff , Creevey Christopher J. , Carson Jack , Jones Malcolm K. , Nawaratna Sujeevi S. K. , Weerakoon Kosala G. , You Hong 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic and chronic disease affecting hundreds of millions of people. Adult schistosomes reside in the blood stream of the definitive mammalian host. These helminth parasites possess two epithelial surfaces, the tegument and the gastrodermis, both of which interact with the host during immune evasion and in nutrient uptake.MethodsFemale ARC Swiss mice (4–6 weeks old) were infected percutaneously withSchistosoma japonicumcercariae freshly shed fromOncomelania hupensis quadrasisnails (Philippines strain). Fluorescentin situhybridisation (FISH) was performed by using fresh adultS.japonicumperfused from those infected mice. AdultS.japonicumworms were processed to isolate the tegument from the carcass containing the gastrodermis; blood and bile were collected individually from infected and uninfected mice. Total DNA extracted from all those samples were used for microbiome profiling.ResultsFISH and microbiome profiling showed the presence of bacterial populations on two epithelial surfaces of adult worms, suggesting they were distinct not only from the host blood but also from each other. Whereas microbial diversity was reduced overall in the parasite epithelial tissues when compared with that of host blood, specific bacterial taxa, includingAnoxybacillusandEscherichia, were elevated on the tegument. Minimal differences were evident in the microbiome of host blood during an active infection, compared with that of control uninfected blood. However, sampling of bile from infected animals identified some differences compared with controls, including elevated levels ofLimnohabitans,ClostridiumandCurvibacter.ConclusionsUsing FISH and microbial profiling, we were able to demonstrate, for the first time, that bacteria are presented on the epithelial surfaces of adult schistosomes. These schistosome surface-associated bacteria, which are distinct from the host blood microenvironment, should be considered as a new and important component of the host-schistosome interaction. The importance of individual bacterial species in relation to schistosome parasitism needs further elucidation.
Policing, Mental Illness and Media: The Framing of Mental Health Crisis Encounters and Police Use of Force, Katrina Clifford (2021)
Authors: Cullen Trevor 
Published: January 2022

Review of: Policing, Mental Illness and Media: The Framing of Mental Health Crisis Encounters and Police Use of Force, Katrina Clifford (2021)
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 347 pp.,
ISBN 978-3-03061-489-8, h/bk, €89.99
ISBN 978-3-03061-490-4, e-book, €76.99
Ser professor da educação especial: experiência narrada e vivida (no hospital e) na classe hospitalar
Authors: Pinel Hiram , Bragio Jaqueline , Sobroza Marcio Colodete 
Published: January 2022

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever compreensivamente o sentido de ser professor da classe hospitalar desvelando as experiências e relações existenciais da escolarização de crianças hospitalizadas. Método: foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de fundamentação fenomenológica. O período da coleta dos dados foi entre os meses de setembro a novembro do ano de 2018. O cenário da pesquisa foi a Classe Hospitalar de um Hospital Público Infantil do Estado do Espírito Santo. Participou da pesquisa uma professora que atua por um período de 10 anos nessa Classe Hospitalar. Para produção dos dados recorremos ao depoimento livre, no seu ambiente de trabalho. O desvelar dos fenômenos e tratamento dos dados resultou em três Guias de Sentidos: 1) Ser Professora da Educação Especial em uma Classe Hospitalar; 2) (Com)Vivendo com a morte e a dor na Classe Hospitalar; 3) Hospital e Escola: como se entrelaçam? Conclusões: o estudo mostrou a importância de conhecermos as histórias de vidas dos docentes, enquanto pertencentes a esse espaço escolar dentro de um hospital, pois a compreensão das ações, estratégias e experiências vividas nesse ofício, colaboram na continuidade e melhoria dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem aos alunos hospitalizados.