bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mooring System Supply and Anchor Design for WindFloat Atlantic Project
Authors: Ozmutlu Senol 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the mooring system supply and management model and the design of anchors for a semi-commercial Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF): WindFloat Atlantic. A Project Management and Engineering (PME) model has been developed and employed for effective delivery of various components involved in the mooring package. The goal of the development is to prepare the mooring system supply chain and be ready for commercial scale FOWF developments. The anchors for the WindFloat Atlantic FOWF have been designed and installed with limited and sparse data. The anchor design and qualification methodology developed for the project is proven by the successful installation of anchors in record time.
The overall mooring system supply process is explained and the critical elements on engineering, testing, certification, trial fits, documentation, and logistics are highlighted. The PME model for WindFloat Atlantic mooring project is introduced. The anchor design for the project is explained. The anchor design is based on a model developed for limited and sparse geo data. The engineering geological and geotechnical characterization with limited soil data, the definition of soil design bounds and identification of geotechnical risks are explained.
The results show that the PME model is successful in the management of the numerous components, stakeholders, and interfaces. As a post project extension, the PME model is supplemented by an electronic equipment marking and identification system suitable for permanent mooring application. This extension is expected to improve HSEQ, traceability and identification therefore avoiding risks and increasing efficiency in farm scale mooring system deployments, inspections, and maintenances. The regulatory approval and the successful installation of anchors proves the effectiveness of the applied anchor design methodology. The results show that the anchor type selection and anchor sizing are highly dependent on the mooring design conditions, applicable class rules, and the geotechnical risks within the windfarm development area. The value of laboratory scale model testing under the simulated mooring tensions and in comparable soil conditions has been demonstrated as a further risk reduction measure before the actual offshore installation.
The mooring system delivery and the offshore installation of the project anchors are completed successfully in a noticeably short time proving the effectiveness of the applied models and design methodologies. The PME model and the anchor design methodology developed for WindFloat Atlantic project are expected to improve the delivery time of the mooring system and anchors, and to reduce the cost of overall package for the farm scale FOW developments. It is expected that the experiences gained in this project and the methods developed will help accelerating the launch of the FOWF projects.
Harnessing Wave Energy to Provide Autonomous Offshore Power for Subsea Well Monitoring
Authors: Aston Trevor , Marchetti David , Walker Colin , Wiener Jeff , Stratmann Philipp , Silverman Keith 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Due to rig availability and costs, operators can face significant delays in well decommissioning before plug and abandonment (P&A), during which temperature and pressure monitoring is required. If an umbilical connected to these wells fails, then it must be replaced, adding additional costs to a field with nonproducing wells. This study addresses a solution to replacing a faulty umbilical in a small field where hydraulics are already supplied to the wells, but power and communications are failing.
Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) has developed the PB3 PowerBuoy® that converts wave energy into local electric power. The PB3 can provide power and communications for many applications, including subsea well monitoring. OPT partnered with a prominent North Sea-based subsea controls original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and engineering company to perform a preliminary front-end engineering and design study to evaluate the use of a PB3 PowerBuoy to provide power and communications for two subsea trees (XTs) located in the North Sea.
The Subsea Control Modules (SCMs) for these two XTs are powered by an umbilical from a production platform, providing power, communications, and hydraulics. Given the government regulations for well monitoring until P&A, having a plan for an independent backup power source is critical.
In this study, the PB3, umbilical cable, and OPT's subsea battery module (SSB) are added to the existing subsea infrastructure to provide power to the subsea XTs and relay data back to the production platform via a Tampnet 4G node on the PB3. These requirements have been compared with the PB3's expected power generation capabilities in this location to develop a preliminary system configuration.
As a part of this study, OPT has also completed a preliminary mooring and umbilical cable analysis. In addition, OPT worked with our partners to develop a preliminary communications plan to integrate their legacy frequency shift keying (FSK) communications into the PB3 network by use of a modified downhole interface unit (DIU) containing a terminal server to network the master control station (MCS) on the production platform to the SCMs.
This study shows that OPT's PB3 can provide power and communications to subsea wells requiring monitoring through renewable wave-powered energy. Such a development will provide proof-of-concept for using the PB3 as a remote power and well control solution on future all-electric developments.
Conversion of a Redundant Drillship to a Floating OTEC Platform
Authors: Brown Martin G. , Brown Giles H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Commercial OTEC development has been constrained by high capital cost, lack of operational experience and perceived technical risk. Reduction in the price of oil plus environmental concerns led to a decline in offshore drilling and the premature scrapping of a number of high specification drillships. This work looks at the potential to covert a redundant drillship into a 64 MW net grazing OTEC production facility. Redundant vessels can be purchased at scrap value, which minimizes capital cost and thereby helps to improve economic feasibility while also reducing technical uncertainty.
A review was undertaken to identify a promising drillship for conversion. The selected unit is a full Dynamically Positioned fifth generation unit. Based on the hull dimensions it was possible to fit within the hull 6 × 10.7 MW net closed cycle power modules using plate heat exchangers giving a power output of 64MW.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis demonstrated the potential to use the discharged warm and cold water to propel the unit in search of highest possible surface temperatures based on satellite data and also to avoid extreme weather conditions. The energy produced is planned to be exported as anhydrous liquid ammonia to dynamically positioned ammonia dedicated shuttle tankers using hoses, similar to tandem offloads from a FPSO.
A new design of composite Cold Water Pipe (CWP) has been proposed, which would be hung off the drillship's central moonpool using a novel motion decoupling three point support. A dynamic simulation of the response of the drillship and CWP in severe quartering seas did not result in exceedance of allowable values.
The capital cost of the converted unit was estimated and an investment appraisal carried out. It was found that for areas such as the Hawaiian Islands, where energy costs are high, a converted drillship represents a commercially attractive option and also reduced technical risk.
Benefits of AI-Based Cybersecurity Tools for De-Manning Existing Offshore Platforms
Authors: Atkinson Julia , Miorelli Sam , Ljungmark Cassandra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While de-manning in initial design is a core element of new build offshore platforms today, de-manning existing platforms is often a much more complicated and capital-intensive exercise. One element of this cost is the cybersecurity implications of the high-connectivity requirements of de-manned platforms vs. old and at-risk control systems integrated into a platform before such connectivity was imaginable. This paper evaluates how AI cybersecurity tools can lower these barriers.
Decarbonization Impact and System Optimization of Wind Integrated Solutions for Offshore Systems Local Powering
Authors: Delaplace Thomas , Maugé Rudy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of decarbonizing the Oil and Gas (O&G) industry has led to investigations regarding offshore power generation, one of the major sources of emissions in offshore activities. Some investigations have been carried out on the integration of wind turbines into local power generation grids, supported by the developments in floating wind technologies and the increasing size of turbines, unlocking far offshore applications.
The specificity of offshore O&G applications is that power should be continuously supplied to maintain production. The intermittent nature of wind energy requires back-up power solutions. Industry has been working on such local wind-based power systems with solutions, integrating the back-up power systems onto the turbine floater. Energy storage is an interesting option to further increase the decarbonization potential associated with wind-based local microgrids, but it comes with several challenges in terms of technology, and sizing and rationalization of the overall scheme.
Statistical approaches allow quick analysis of the wind resource potential for a specific location, relevancy of wind-based solutions, and the need for back-up solutions. When looking at energy storage feasibility and associated sizing to cope with wind downtime, the dynamic charge and discharge phases are very important. A dedicated methodology and associated tool based on wind time series has been built to analyze the wind energy resource and the local power generation with a dynamic approach to the energy storage system. This tool allows computation of the wind power available, the need for back-up at each timestep of the time series and integrates the charge/discharge cycles of energy storage. This is specifically useful to properly size the energy storage system and to assess the overall green share of the energy mix, as well as the actual CO2 emissions savings. Storage sizing is not only based on raw average downtime duration but also on the ability of the storage solution to be recharged by excess wind power, considering also the storage process efficiencies.
It has been demonstrated that the power system cannot be sized by only considering the worst or average low wind durations. The dynamic behavior of the local microgrid has to be taken into consideration for proper design. The presented paper is based on a representative case study to illustrate the major challenges, specificities and balance of such local-microgrids, as well as explain the need for optimization and rationalization of the solution design. There is a need for rational wind-based power system sizing, as CO2 emission reduction targets can be reached through various configurations. Some opportunities to further valorize the green energy from the local power microgrids are also discussed.
Combining the Process and Maintenance Digital Twin to Create an Autonomous Production Platform
Authors: Okhuijsen Bob 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the next 5-10 years, it is to be expected that normally unmanned production platforms (and eventually autonomous platforms) with a single yearly maintenance intervention will become the norm. This paper describes the basis for achieving this objective by integrating digital twins for the Process and Asset Performance/Maintenance domains.
The Process Twin described has been deployed in real-world field applications and provides the necessary level of reliability and accuracy to allow for closed-loop production optimization in real-time (i.e., optimized setpoints are pushed directly to the DCS or SCADA without manual verification or validation). The process model covers the entire production value chain, including reservoir, wells, risers, process facilities, sale of product, etc. Multiple constraints can be entered into the optimization engine, giving operators the ability to define a bespoke landscape for their optimization based on several key performance indicators (KPIs) related to production, process, economic, and environmental requirements.
The Asset Performance Twin complements the Process Twin by continuously generating the remaining Useful Life (RUL) of equipment. In the event that RUL does not match the timing of the next planned maintenance campaign, an alternative operational scenario can be calculated to extend the RUL. The Process Twin then optimizes production around this new constraint, with the ultimate objective being to minimize unplanned downtime and associated manual interventions.
Characterization of Sand Production for Clayey-Silt Sediments Conditioned to Hydraulic Slotting and Packing: Experimental Observations, Theoretical Formulations, and Modeling
Authors: Jin Yurong , Wu Nengyou , Li Yanlong , Yang Daoyong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn our previous work (Jin et al. 2021), an experimental effort has been made to microscopically observe the sand failure, migration within a matrix, invasion to gravel packing, and production for openhole gravel packing, while three sanding patterns (i.e., fractures, wormholes, and fluidized channels) have been identified. The first pattern is associated with an uneven strain-stress effect, while the last two patterns result from liquid seepage. To theoretically reproduce our previous experimental measurements, in this study, the experimental techniques have been further modified and improved to eliminate the associated uneven strain-stress effect by uniformly injecting water to a radial flow vessel. Experimentally, by generating slots near the gravel packing, sand failure dynamics, sand flow paths, and sand production for the clayey-silt sediments can be microscopically observed, geometrically depicted, and volumetrically quantified conditioned to different operational conditions, i.e., no hydraulic slotting, single hydraulic slotting without proppant packing, single hydraulic slotting with different lengths, and double hydraulic slottings with different intersection angles. Theoretically, a wormhole growth model has been proposed to reproduce the sand production for both hydrate-free and hydrate-bearing sandpacks by considering the sand failure criteria as well as the porosity and permeability alteration models. Good agreements between the measured and simulated data (i.e., pressure and temperature profiles, gas and water production, and produced sand volumes) have been achieved. The experimental measurements show that hydraulic slotting is an effective stimulation manner to mitigate the skin effect near a wellbore and that a predesigned hydraulic slotting after well completion would decrease the hydraulic gradient near the wellbore and thus decrease the possibility of sand failure. It is revealed that the operational conditions dictate the sand failure patterns as well as the sand production volume together with the produced grain size. Similar to the hydrate production, the sand production is also divided into three stages, i.e., before dissociation (transport of free particles or weakly consolidated particles), during hydrate dissociation (sand detachment due to the loss of hydrate cohesion and massive water production), and after hydrate dissociation (transport of fully unlocked particles). It is shown from sensitivity analysis that cumulative sand production and permeability increment are affected with the following order from strong to weak: intrinsic failure resistance, tortuosity, Kozeny coefficient, and absolute permeability, while the breakdown pressure is dominated by the absolute permeability and the pressure of the stable stage is mainly dictated by the intrinsic failure resistance, tortuosity, and Kozeny coefficient.
Navigating the Path to Energy Transition: Understanding the U.S. Regulations for Offshore Wind Vessels
Authors: Rawson Charles , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Offshore wind is a burgeoning industry in the U.S. and a key contributor to the energy transition, but what are the safety implications and how do owners and operators plan for compliance? This paper is intended to use the authors’ acquired experiences to facilitate the maritime industry's understanding of U.S. safety regulations and Class requirements applicable to offshore wind vessels, and to promote dialogue between owners, operators, developers, designers, builders, class and U.S. authorities.
This paper provides an overview of the U.S. Regulatory framework, then describes the USCG safety regulations and class Rules applicable to wind farm vessels. It contrasts the gaps between U.S. and international regulations, identifying both existing differences and potential overlap of standards. This paper also addresses how the USCG and a class society collaborate to develop and align the safety standards that apply to offshore wind industry, specifically using Jones Act compliant wind turbine installation vessels, feeder vessels, service operation vessels, and crew transfer vessels as examples.
Virtual Remote Factory Acceptance Test
Authors: Thimmaiah Swetha , Kumar Narayanan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The strategic objective of this paper is to discuss how virtual Factory Acceptance Tests (FATs) will contribute towards achieving capital project excellence. The pandemic has transformed virtual FATs into an accepted method of testing which is likely to become a standard in the post-pandemic project execution. Virtual FATs are sustainable and smart alternative that reduces associated costs, time, resources and CO2 impact.
This paper will highlight the advantages of assembling a global team and conducting a virtual FAT using an internet cloud service based on a combination of inhouse project experience and literature review. Virtual FAT supplements and produces equally dependable results as a traditional witnessed FAT. Virtual FAT opens up the experience to a wider global audience. This paper will provide cost comparisons between the two different types of FATs based on CAPEX and OPEX to establish economic advantages due to this switch. Despite travel restrictions due to pandemic, with virtual FAT project schedule can be met while reducing project risks, cost and CO2 impact. This paper will review the Modbus interface testing between different systems using IPSec VPN tunnel based on combination of inhouse project experience and literature review.
With virtual FAT has created new ways of working by providing previously unseen benefits through the extended use of digital tools. Traditionally FATs involved several days of costly travel. With virtual FAT solution, project team can fully participate in FATs by receiving all the necessary information in real time and define improvements based on fully assembled test system without leaving their location. This paper will also emphasize virtual FAT benefits from operators’ perspective. The IPSec tunnel creates robust security layers to fully protect the data that is transmitted over the Internet. This paper will highlight how remote collaboration using augmented reality can be performed using Microsoft HoloLens and Microsoft Teams meeting.
Limiting greenhouse gas emission is very critical to protect our environment. All energy producers endeavor to reduce the carbon footprint. This paper will highlight how emissions can be reduced by virtual FAT. In conclusion this paper will summarize how virtual FAT definitely has future potential beyond pandemic. This paper will present a case study on how virtual FAT can reduce the CAPEX, decrease FAT execution time with maintaining reliability and also minimize the carbon impact.
Although remote monitoring is well proven, this paper will highlight how this concept can be extended to virtual remote testing of complex system and packages. This paper will emphasize how a well-planned virtual FAT can benefit all involved parties. From time and cost savings to accessibility and better documentation and reduced CO2 impact, a virtual FAT has many advantages and is now here to stay.
Flexible Pipes Integrity Assessment in Field Campaign with Novel Mobile Annulus Testing System
Authors: Polo Marco Angel Gabriel , Bertoni Fabiano , Clevelario Judimar , Pinheiro dos Santos Fabrício , Ribeiro Mario Luis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Flexible pipes annulus condition is a key concern regarding the pipe's integrity. The presence of water in the annulus may lead to a corrosive environment which reduces the fatigue life of the tensile armours. Annulus flooding is the most frequent failure case [1] and may occur due to a failure on the external sheath, failure of the end fitting sealings or failure of the vent valves installed in the end fittings. Water may also reach the annulus not from the outside but as condensation of the permeated gases from the bore.
One of the current approaches to assess the annulus condition consists in the detection of annulus flooding through free volume measurment by means of a positive pressure test or a vacuum test. This intervention may be complemented by gas sampling from the annulus and measurement of bore-to-annulus gas flow permeation rates. Conventional venting systems on the top end fitting typically do not allow for these operations but for approximations of permeation flow rate by monitoring of annulus pressure build-up because of pressure sensors installed in the venting system.
To address flexible pipes integrity, the Mobile Annulus Testing System (MATS) was developed. MATS allows for the determination of free annulus measurement, by means of conventional positive pressure or vacuum testing. Moreover, MATS allows for permeation gas flow rate measurement and gas sampling. Also, MATS is easily deployable and can be transported as cargo on flight helicopters.
MATS was tested on a field campaign in 09 flexible risers in the Tupi Field in Santos Basin, brazilian pré-salt, and this paper presents the results obtained.