bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WISQARS Cost of Injury for public health research and practice
Authors: Peterson Cora , Rice Ketra L , Williams Dionne D , Thomas Robert 
Published: November 2022

AimSince 2011 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) has demonstrated per-injury average and population total medical and non-medical costs of injuries by type (such as unintentional cut/pierce) in the USA. This article describes the impact of data and methods changes in the newest version of WISQARS Cost of Injury.MethodsData sources and methods were compared for the legacy version of the WISQARS Cost of Injury website (available 2011–2021; most recent prior update was published in 2014 with 2010 injury incidence and costs) and the new version (published 2021; 2015-present injury incidence and costs). Cost data sources were updated for the new website and the basis for medical costs and non-fatal injury work loss costs changed from mathematical modelling (combined estimates from multiple data sources) in the legacy website to statistical modelling of actual injury-related medical and work loss financial transactions in the new website. Monetary valuation of non-medical costs for injury deaths changed from lost employment income and household work in the legacy website to value of statistical life. Quality of life loss costs were added for non-fatal injuries. Per-injury average medical and non-medical costs by injury type (mechanism and intent) and total population injury costs were compared for years 2010 (legacy website data) and 2020 (new website data) to illustrate the impact of data and methods changes on reported costs in the context of changed annual injury incidence.ResultsOwing to more comprehensive cost capture yielding higher per-injury average costs for most injury types—including those with high incidence in 2020 such as unintentional poisoning and unintentional falls—reported total US medical and non-medical injury costs were substantially higher in 2020 (US$4.6 trillion) compared with 2010 (US$693 billion) (both 2020 USD).Conclusions and relevanceNew data and methods increased the injury costs reported in WISQARS Cost of Injury. Researchers and public health professionals can use this information to proficiently communicate the burden of injuries and violence in terms of economic cost.
Cost–benefit analysis of a distracted pedestrian intervention
Authors: Rahim Md Jillur , Schwebel David C , Hasan Ragib , Griffin Russell , Sen Bisakha 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveCellphone ubiquity has increased distracted pedestrian behaviour and contributed to growing pedestrian injury rates. A major barrier to large-scale implementation of prevention programmes is unavailable information on potential monetary benefits. We evaluated net economic societal benefits of StreetBit, a programme that reduces distracted pedestrian behaviour by sending warnings from intersection-installed Bluetooth beacons to distracted pedestrians’ smartphones.MethodsThree data sources were used as follows: (1) fatal, severe, non-severe pedestrian injury rates from Alabama’s electronic crash reporting system; (2) expected costs per fatal, severe, non-severe pedestrian injury—including medical cost, value of statistical life, work-loss cost, quality-of-life cost—from CDC and (3) prevalence of distracted walking from extant literature. We computed and compared estimated monetary costs of distracted walking in Alabama and monetary benefits from implementing StreetBit to reduce pedestrian injuries at intersections.ResultsOver 2019–2021, Alabama recorded an annual average of 31 fatal, 83 severe and 115 non-severe pedestrian injuries in intersections. Expected costs/injury were US$11 million, US$339 535 and US$93 877, respectively. The estimated distracted walking prevalence is 25%–40%, and StreetBit demonstrates 19.1% (95% CI 1.6% to 36.0%) reduction. These figures demonstrate potential annual cost savings from using interventions like StreetBit statewide ranging from US$18.1 to US$29 million. Potential costs range from US$3 208 600 (beacons at every-fourth urban intersection) to US$6 359 200 (every other intersection).ConclusionsEven under the most parsimonious scenario (25% distracted pedestrians; densest beacon placement), StreetBit yields US$11.8 million estimated net annual benefit to society. Existing data sources can be leveraged to predict net monetary benefits of distracted pedestrian interventions like StreetBit and facilitate large-scale intervention adoption.
Pharmacological treatment in patients with aortic dissection
Authors: Smedberg Christian , Hultgren Rebecka , Leander Karin , Steuer Johnny 
Published: November 2022

ObjectivesTo describe medical management in aortic dissection (AD) and to analyse the possible associations between antihypertensive, antithrombotic, anticoagulant and statin agents, respectively, and long-term survival.MethodsFrom Swedish medical registers, all patients diagnosed with AD in 2006–2015 were identified. Filled prescriptions prior to admission and within 1 year from discharge in patients discharged and alive at 30 days were registered. Associations between pharmacological treatment and long-term survival were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOf 3951 patients hospitalised with acute AD, 3046 (77%) were discharged and alive at 30 days. In hospitalised patients, mean age was 66 years (SD 13), and 36% (n=1098) were women. Within 1 year from discharge, 96% (n=2939) had at least one antihypertensive drug. Beta blocker was the most commonly used drug type (90%, n=2741). Statin treatment (47%, n=1418) was associated with higher long-term survival; HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.87, p<0.001). The positive association between statins and long-term survival remained, in subgroup analysis, in medically managed patients (HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.86, p<0.001)), but not in patients undergoing surgical repair (HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.14, p=0.230)). Beta blockers were associated with favourable long-term survival in surgically managed patients (HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.97, p=0.038)) but not in medically managed patients (HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.12, p=0.057)). Neither antiplatelet therapy nor anticoagulants were associated with long-term survival.ConclusionsStatin treatment was associated with favourable long-term outcome in medically managed AD patients, whereas treatment with beta blocker was associated with higher survival only in surgically managed AD patients. Statin use as well as optimal antihypertensive therapy in the chronic stage of the disease need to be further analysed, preferably in randomised controlled trials.
Health inequities in human papillomavirus prevention, diagnostics and clinical care in the USA: a scoping review
Authors: Magana Kimberly , Strand Laura , Love Mitchell , Moore Ty , Peña Andriana , Ito Ford Alicia , Vassar Matt 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most common STI in the USA. HPV inequities in prevention, diagnostics and clinical care persist. We define inequities as systematic, avoidable and unfair differences in health outcomes.ObjectivesThe objectives of this scoping review are to chart existing data on HPV-related inequities, identify gaps in existing literature and guide future research to reduce these inequities.MethodsWe completed a scoping review following guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses scoping reviews extension. We performed a literature search on PubMed and Ovid Embase in July 2022 for articles pertaining to HPV and evaluating populations within the USA. We included English language publications from 2018 to 2022 evaluating at least one health inequity outlined by the National Institutes of Health. General publication characteristics and health inequity data were charted in a masked, duplicate fashion using a pilot-tested Google Form. We analysed frequencies of health inequities and summarised main findings from included studies.ResultsOur final sample included 170 publications. The most common inequities examined were race/ethnicity (140 studies), sex or gender (97 studies), and income (69 studies). Many historically marginalised racial/ethnic groups had lower rates of HPV-related knowledge, vaccination and worse overall outcomes related to HPV. Compared with women, men had lower rates of HPV vaccination and provider recommendation, and higher rates of HPV-infection. Results regarding income were largely conflicting.ConclusionFindings from our review demonstrate clear gaps in HPV-related inequity research. Vaccine completion, provider recommendation and intersectionality should continue to be evaluated to implement targeted interventions.
Understanding sexual transmission dynamics and transmission contexts of monkeypox virus: a mixed-methods study of the early outbreak in Belgium (May–June 2022)
Authors: Vanhamel Jef , Laisnez Valeska , Liesenborghs Laurens , Brosius Isabel , Berens-Riha Nicole , Vanbaelen Thibaut , Kenyon Chris , Vercauteren Koen , Laga Marie , Hammami Naïma , Lambricht Oriane , Mahieu Romain , Lecompte Amaryl , Vanden Berghe Wim , Vuylsteke Bea 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveThe available epidemiological and clinical evidence from the currently ongoing monkeypox (MPX) outbreak in non-endemic areas suggests an important factor of sexual transmission. However, limited information on the behaviour and experiences of individuals with an MPX infection has to date been provided. We aimed to describe the initial phase of the MPX outbreak in Belgium, and to provide a more in-depth description of sexual behaviour and transmission contexts.MethodsWe used routine national surveillance data of 139 confirmed MPX cases with date of symptom onset until 19 June 2022, complemented with 12 semistructured interviews conducted with a subsample of these cases.ResultsSexualised environments, including large festivals and cruising venues for gay men, were the suspected exposure setting for the majority of the cases in the early outbreak phase. In-depth narratives of sexual behaviour support the hypothesis of MPX transmission through close physical contact during sex. Despite awareness of the ongoing MPX outbreak, low self-perceived risk of MPX acquisition and confusing initial signs and symptoms for other STIs or skin conditions delayed early detection of an MPX infection. In addition, we describe relevant contextual factors beyond individual behaviour, related to sexual networks, interpersonal interactions and health systems. Some of these factors may complicate early MPX detection and control efforts.ConclusionOur results highlight the role of sexual contact and networks in the transmission of MPX during the early phase of the outbreak in Belgium. Risk communication messages should consistently and transparently state the predominant sexual transmission potential of MPX virus, and prevention and control measures must be adapted to reflect multilevel factors contributing to MPX transmission risk.
A new maximum-likelihood method for template fits
Authors: Dembinski Hans , Abdelmotteleb Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA common statistical problem in particle physics is to extract the number of samples which originate from a statistical process in an ensemble containing a mix of several contributing processes. The probability density function of each process is usually not exactly known. Barlow and Beeston found an exact likelihood for the problem of fitting binned templates obtained from Monte-Carlo simulation to binned data, which propagates the uncertainty of the templates into the result. Solving the exact likelihood is technically challenging, however. The original paper also did not provide a way to use weighted simulation samples with varying weights. Other papers have introduced alternative likelihoods to address these points. In this paper, a new approximate likelihood is derived from the exact Barlow–Beeston one. The new likelihood is generalized to fits of weighted templates to weighted data. The performance of the new likelihood is evaluated based on toy examples. The performance is excellent – point estimates have small bias and confidence intervals have good coverage – and is comparable to the exact Barlow–Beeston likelihood when the templates are not weighted. The new likelihood evaluates faster than the Barlow–Beeston one when the number of bins is large.
Exploring Neuromorphic Computing Based on Spiking Neural Networks: Algorithms to Hardware
Authors: Rathi Nitin , Chakraborty Indranil , Kosta Adarsh , Sengupta Abhronil , Ankit Aayush , Panda Priyadarshini , Roy Kaushik 
Published: November 2022

Neuromorphic Computing, a concept pioneered in the late 1980s, is receiving a lot of attention lately due to its promise of reducing the computational energy, latency, as well as learning complexity in artificial neural networks. Taking inspiration from neuroscience, this interdisciplinary field performs a multi-stack optimization across devices, circuits, and algorithms by providing an end-to-end approach to achieving brain-like efficiency in machine intelligence. On one side, neuromorphic computing introduces a new algorithmic paradigm, known as Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which is a significant shift from standard deep learning and transmits information as spikes (“1” or “0”) rather than analog values. This has opened up novel algorithmic research directions to formulate methods to represent data in spike-trains, develop neuron models that can process information over time, design learning algorithms for event-driven dynamical systems, and engineer network architectures amenable to sparse, asynchronous, event-driven computing to achieve lower power consumption. On the other side, a parallel research thrust focuses on development of efficient computing platforms for new algorithms. Standard accelerators that are amenable to deep learning workloads are not particularly suitable to handle processing across multiple timesteps efficiently. To that effect, researchers have designed neuromorphic hardware that rely on event-driven sparse computations as well as efficient matrix operations. While most large-scale neuromorphic systems have been explored based on CMOS technology, recently, Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies show promise toward implementing bio-mimetic functionalities on single devices. In this article, we outline several strides that neuromorphic computing based on spiking neural networks (SNNs) has taken over the recent past, and we present our outlook on the challenges that this field needs to overcome to make the bio-plausibility route a successful one.
[89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab and [18F]FDG PET/CT to Predict Watchful Waiting Duration in Patients with Metastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Verhoeff Sarah R. , Oosting Sjoukje F. , Elias Sjoerd G. , van Es Suzanne C. , Gerritse Sophie L. , Angus Lindsay , Heskamp Sandra , Desar Ingrid M.E. , Menke-van der Houven van Oordt C. Willemien , van der Veldt Astrid A.M. , Arens Anne I.J. , Brouwers Adrienne H. , Eisses Bertha , Mulders Peter F.A. , Hoekstra Otto S. , Zwezerijnen Gerben J.C. , van der Graaf Winette T.A. , Aarntzen Erik H.J.G. , Oyen Wim J.G. , van Herpen Carla M.L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Purpose:
Watchful waiting (WW) can be considered for patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) with good or intermediate prognosis, especially those with &lt;2 International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium criteria and ≤2 metastatic sites [referred to as watch and wait (“W&W”) criteria]. The IMaging PAtients for Cancer drug SelecTion-Renal Cell Carcinoma study objective was to assess the predictive value of [18F]FDG PET/CT and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab PET/CT for WW duration in patients with mccRCC.

Experimental Design:
Between February 2015 and March 2018, 48 patients were enrolled, including 40 evaluable patients with good (n = 14) and intermediate (n = 26) prognosis. Baseline contrast-enhanced CT, [18F]FDG and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab PET/CT were performed. Primary endpoint was the time to disease progression warranting systemic treatment. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured using lesions on CT images coregistered to PET/CT. High and low uptake groups were defined on the basis of median geometric mean SUVmax of RECIST-measurable lesions across patients.

Results:
The median WW time was 16.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0–31.7]. The median WW period was shorter in patients with high [18F]FDG tumor uptake than those with low uptake (9.0 vs. 36.2 months; HR, 5.6; 95% CI: 2.4–14.7; P &lt; 0.001). Patients with high [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab tumor uptake had a median WW period of 9.3 versus 21.3 months with low uptake (HR, 1.7; 95% CI: 0.9–3.3; P = 0.13). Patients with “W&W criteria” had a longer median WW period of 21.3 compared with patients without: 9.3 months (HR, 1.9; 95% CI: 0.9–3.9; Pone-sided = 0.034). Adding [18F]FDG uptake to the “W&W criteria” improved the prediction of WW duration (P &lt; 0.001); whereas [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab did not (P = 0.53).

Conclusions:
In patients with good- or intermediate-risk mccRCC, low [18F]FDG uptake is associated with prolonged WW. This study shows the predictive value of the “W&W criteria” for WW duration and shows the potential of [18F]FDG-PET/CT to further improve this.
Outcomes of Mechanical Thrombectomy of Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion Due to Underlying Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Bartolini Bruno , Krajina Antonin , Budzik Ron , Gupta Rishi , Nogueira Raul G. , Malek Ali , Sarraj Amrou , English Joey , Narata Ana Paula , Taqi Muhammad , Miller Timothy , Grobelny Thomas , Baxter Blaise , Jenkins Paul , Liebeskind David S. , Veznedaroglu Erol ,   the Trevo Registry Investigators
Published: November 2022

Background
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a common cause of posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to compare baseline characteristics, recanalization rates, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute basilar occlusion due to underlying ICAD to patients with other causes of occlusion.

Methods
The Trevo Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02040259) was a prospective open‐label mechanical thrombectomy registry that included 2008 patients from 76 sites across 12 countries. For a secondary analysis, we selected patients with isolated acute basilar occlusion. We then classified patients into 2 groups: patients with acute basilar artery occlusion due to ICAD (ICAD group) and patients with acute basilar occlusion due to another cause (non‐ICAD group).

Results

We identified 90 subjects with acute basilar occlusion. According to stroke mechanism, there were 9 (10.0%) patients in the ICAD group and 81 (90.0%) in the non‐ICAD group. There was a significant difference (
P
=0.001) in the lesion location between the 2 groups, with 60.5% of non‐ICAD occlusions located in the distal region and no ICAD occlusions there. The 2 groups showed a significant difference (
P
=0.003) for rescue therapy with balloon angioplasty, with 33.3% in the ICAD group and 1.2% in the non‐ICAD group, respectively. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and intravenous tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), the odds of 90‐day death (odds ratio=4.6;
P
=0.10) were higher for atherosclerotic subjects.

Conclusion
Acute basilar occlusions related to ICAD showed a similar good clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0–2) and a tendency for a higher rate of 90‐day mortality compared with non‐ICAD occlusions.
Beyond the Paranoid Style—Fascism, Radical Right and the Myth of Conspiracy
Authors: Jackson Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Following two years of online events, from the 14 to 16 September 2022 the fifth annual Convention of the International Association for Comparative Fascist Studies (COMFAS) took place in Florence. The title of the conference ‘Beyond the Paranoid Style: Fascism, Radical Right and the Myth of Conspiracy’ presented a framework for a wide variety of reflections that were both historically grounded and timely. After all, in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, many scholars have had new experiences of the impact of conspiracy theory thinking.
Simulation and Projection of Tropical Cyclone Activities over the Western North Pacific by CMIP6 HighResMIP
Authors: Tang Yulian , Huangfu Jingliang , Huang Ronghui , Chen Wen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study assesses the relative impacts of model resolutions, tropical cyclone (TC) trackers, and ocean coupling on simulating TC climatology over the western North Pacific (WNP) based on six Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) models from 1979 to 2014. The HighResMIP multimodel ensemble (MME) analysis shows that the high resolution has a higher Taylor skill score II (S2) in both temporal and spatial patterns of TC genesis frequency and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) than the low resolution. In contrast, the TempestExtremes tracker (coupled run) results in a higher S2 in temporal patterns but a lower S2 in spatial patterns than the TRACK tracker (uncoupled run). Among the three factors, increased resolution leads to the greatest improvement in S2 in both temporal and spatial patterns. Furthermore, this study investigates the projections of future TC activity over the WNP by HighResMIP under the SSP5–8.5 scenario. Overall, HighResMIP MMEs project a decrease in the genesis frequency, track density, and ACE of all TCs, with the high-resolution, TRACK tracker, and uncoupled run showing greater magnitude. The high-resolution MMEs, using both trackers, project an increase in the genesis frequency and ACE of intense TCs in the coupled run. Moreover, TC track density and ACE show a larger poleward migration in the coupled run than in the uncoupled run, consistent with the significant surface warming in the northern WNP.