bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leadership and Dark-Side Derailers
Authors: Kaiser Robert B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Robert and Joyce Hogan introduced the concept of the dark side of personality to identify common counterproductive dispositions associated with ineffective leadership and career derailment. Dark-side traits are more complex and complicated than the bright-side traits assessed by most personality inventories. This chapter is about untangling the risks and rewards of the dark side for those who conduct executive assessments for (1) hiring, promotion, and succession planning as well as (2) leadership development and executive coaching. First, a brief history of the origins of the dark-side concept is reviewed. Next, distinctions are made between bright-side traits, dark-side traits, and personality disorders. Then a paradox is identified and addressed: Dark-side derailers are associated with both upside potential for effective leadership and downside risks for ineffective leadership. Finally, practical implications are provided with recommendations for executive selection and development.
The Diegesis as Environment
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The concept of diegesis is essential to film studies and narratology. The first part of the chapter examines the historical trajectory to which the present concept of the diegesis owes its appropriation in film semiology, structuralist narratology, film musicology, and cognitive formalism into a “textual” model detached from narrative experientiality and affect. In reference to recent debates concerning the concept of diegesis, it is evidenced how textual assumptions continue to impede a field trying to move on to more embodied understandings of the filmic experience. This chapter develops the “enactive” and “media-anthropological” concept of the diegesis-as-environment as an alternative to the dominant conception of the diegesis-as-text. In doing so, it returns to the original filmological conception of the diegesis as more than “a series of events” but, rather, the world of the story, including its affective components such as the atmospheres that radiate from it. Consequently, the diegesis-as-environment rejects the semiological reduction of the diegesis to the sum of a film’s “literal” meanings, its denotations. Such a definition effectively identifies filmic signification with linguistic and verbal signification, thereby neglecting cinema’s material and affective modes of communicating their worlds through ambient noises, subtle colorations, editing rhythms, performative techniques, and camera movements that communicate through embodied affects. Proposed instead is an affective semiotics that replaces the Saussurean “sign” with Deleuze’s “signaletic material” as the main constituent of cinematic signification.
Remedies
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which courts can supply remedies for individual violations of the Constitution’s rights provisions. In the middle of the twentieth century, federal courts developed four powerful tools for addressing individual rights violations: the constitutional damages action under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871; the “habeas corpus” writ for unlawful detention, used to address violations of the Bill of Rights that happen during state criminal trials; the rule that evidence illegally gained by police must be excluded when it comes to trial; and the so-called Bivens remedy for unconstitutional acts by federal officials. The chapter explains why a supportive political coalition at the time backed all of these measures in ways that enabled judicial innovation. The chapter further explores the effect that these new remedial mechanisms had on the extent and use of state power during the twentieth century.
Remains
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the collapse of constitutional remedies in individual rights cases with the robust defense of “structural” constitutional rules, which travel under the rubric of the separation of powers and federalism doctrine. The chapter demonstrates that the US Supreme Court has not applied all the threshold screening rules for used most individual rights cases to litigants who file structural constitutional challenges. As a result, the latter do not need to demonstrate “fault” and are, indeed, sometimes not even required to show that they would be harmed, in a direct, material sense, by an alleged constitutional error. The chapter goes on to explore the effect of combining a fault-based regime for individual rights with a more plenary and open approach to structural questions. The net effect is a regressive one: Regulated firms causing externalities to third parties benefit from these arrangements, while socially marginalized groups commonly on society’s margins are harmed.
Institutional intention
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Institutional, crystallized action-focused outputs will be set to organize thought and action in partnership with relevant cognitive correlates in the direction of what is favored by the output. This chapter argues that this guidance, while it does not ensure corresponding shared intention, does have the structure of guidance that is characteristic of intention. So, within a functional specification approach, these institutional crystallized outputs are institutional intentions. The institutional background of such an institutional intention will involve various shared intentions/shared policies. But such an institutional intention need not itself involve a strictly corresponding shared intention. In an analogous way this leads to a model of institutional acceptance. Further, while institutional acceptance is not institutional belief, this makes room for derived talk of institutional belief.
Rethinking the Davidsonian synthesis
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Davidson’s theory of mind and action involved a synthesis of ideas from Anscombe, Quine, and expected utility theory. Reflection on institutional agents and, in that light, on individual agents supports three adjustments to this synthesis: a more complex relation between intentional agency and densely holistic subjecthood; a more complex relation between rationally guided intentional action and action for a reason; and a basic role of guidance by prior, partial plans in part by way of providing a rationally sensitive background framework for weighing of reasons. The Anscombe-Davidson tradition saw the explanatory role of reasons and (in the case of Anscombe) the role of forms of self-knowledge, as the most fundamental features of our human agency. What needs to be added to this, as a further fundamental feature, are interrelated forms of mind-shaped practical organization—cross-temporal, small-scale social, and institutional. And human planning capacities support these forms of organization.
The American Experiment in Historical Context
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development of church-state relations during the Roman Empire, the Papal Revolutionary and medieval period, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment. It traces the gradual and contested emergence of fundamental principles of liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious pluralism, and separation of church and state. It also portrays the dominant pattern of state establishments of religion – the idea, introduced in the fourth century, that only a single form of Christianity should be allowed in each political community, supported and enforced by the state, with all other faiths either banned as heretical or, at best, tolerated. These ideas of religious freedom and religious establishment were transmitted from Europe to colonial New England and American colonies in the south. But the 17th and 18th centuries also saw the first constitutional experiments, in colonial Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, of disestablishing religion and granting religious freedom to all peaceable religions.
The Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic structure of religious exercise cases in American law. It reviews the procedural features of, and the jurisdictional requirements for, such cases and it provides a clear classification of their types, organized both by factual clusters and time periods. In addition, this chapter introduces the different and evolving standards of review and doctrinal tests that the Supreme Court has used when evaluating religious liberty claims and deciding free exercise cases. The distinctions between low-level, rational basis scrutiny; intermediate or heightened scrutiny; and high-level or strict scrutiny standards are set out and illustrated. This chapter provides essential background for the two subsequent chapters (Chapters 6 and 7), which describe and carefully evaluate the entire body of the Court’s free exercise jurisprudence up to the present.
First Amendment Religious Exercise, Expression, and Exemption
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the Supreme Court’s decisions interpreting the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, beginning with the late nineteenth century cases relating to the persecution of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. It reviews the development of the Court’s doctrines relating to government actions that discriminate on the basis of religion and claims by religious believers to exemptions from generally applicable laws that burden religious exercise. These cases include those dealing with conscientious objections to conscription, regulations of religious expression, compelled professions of political allegiance, and the application of the First Amendment’s principles to state and local governments. This chapter includes the Court’s embrace of a strict scrutiny standard for neutral laws that burden religious exercise and the high-water mark for religious exemptions in the cases of Sherbert v. Verner (1963), which protected a Saturday Sabbatarian claim, and Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), which protected the rights of Amish parents to educate their children in accord with their communities’ religious commitments.
The American Party System and Populist Upheaval
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a conceptual framework for understanding political parties as mediating institutions. It centers the discussion on party structure and the ways in which the organization of party politics operates interdependently with the country’s governing institutions. The chapter then takes a massive sweep of American political history to demonstrate how the different arrangements of party organization and governing authority have worked in conjunction to mediate populist protests and produce meaningful political change in the pre-New Deal period. Drawing on extensive historical evidence, the chapter focuses on the Anti-Masonic movement of the 1820s, the Agrarian Populist movement of the post–Civil War period, and the threat posed by economic nationalists, such as Charles Coughlin, during the early New Deal. The chapter reinterprets these critical moments of populist anger, and the ways in which the political system reacted to “outside” movements.
Conservatism Transformed
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways that executive-centered partisanship has transformed the Republican Party since the 1960s. While Democrats may have been the first to throw the country “off-center,” Republicans and the conservative movements that have captured the party have had a particularly divisive effect on the political system. Beginning in 1968, with the election of Richard Nixon, the Republican Party came to embrace national administrative power and put it to work on behalf of impassioned causes that mobilized against the anti-war movement and federal civil rights enforcement. Conservatives are often portrayed as resisting federal power, but this chapter shows that the Republican Party and Republican presidents have deployed national administrative powers at least as ardently as liberals. This has further raised the stakes of party politics and weakened the party system’s ability to temper populist unrest.
The Pearls and the Coral
Authors: Bivins Jason C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The controversies surrounding David Barton’s Wallbuilders, which produces and markets Christian history textbooks, show how Embattlement promises a history where disaffected citizens can emerge as winners. Barton has for decades been instrumental in constructing Christocentric narratives of American history, and has long been a consultant to national and state-level political campaigns. While his view of providential history has become central to Martyr identity, and to Whistleblowers who gleefully fact-check the texts, Barton’s narratives are not revealing because they focus on conservative religion, but because they demonstrate why longing and nostalgia do not serve any meaningful, actual connection with the protean public culture of early America. This chapter argues that history in America is only meaningful, not depending on its religious quotient, but if it serves an egalitarian future that strives for reason and consensus on facts.
Socrates Takes Leave of the Many
Authors: Avgousti Andreas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Using Callicles as a touchstone for Socrates, chapter 2 argues that the Gorgias shows Socrates’ ambivalent attitude toward the demotic power of reputation. Callicles’ insistence that Socrates cares about the opinions of the many reveals the reputational character of the elenchus. Socrates is a demotic performer who appeals to the many and uses rumors, hearsay, and stories that circulate among them, even as Callicles’ portrayal of Socrates’ soul politics puts him at odds with the Athenian way of life. The recalcitrance of Callicles makes his interlocutor divulge an eschatological myth that jettisons the elenchus and its reputational repercussions altogether; Socrates abrogates the judgment of the many in favor of a good reputation among the true judges in the afterlife. What Callicles exposes, in sum, is Socrates’ ambivalent attitude toward reputation: he acknowledges the demotic character of reputation only to reject it. The chapter concludes with a brief excursus to Plato’s Crito, to meet a possible objection to the author’s claims about Socrates’ attitude to reputation, namely, that they are an artifact of his encounter with the many in the Apology and Callicles in the Gorgias.
Rocky (1976)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 situates Rocky (1976) in the contexts of Democrat Jimmy Carter’s surprising ascent to the presidency, the burgeoning men’s liberation movement, and affirmative action. Often read as a tale of a bootstrapping male individual and latent white racism, these contexts reveal another side to Sylvester Stallone’s script and character. The tenderhearted hero emerges from the hard shell of classical discipline by revealing his emotions and forming bonds with his Philadelphia neighbors. The joyful ending (after he loses the final bout!) suggests revitalization through an internal reform of national community. Meanwhile, close analysis demonstrates how the film self-consciously provokes the specter of a race rivalry, only to diffuse it by antiracist dialogue and satire of patriotic cant. It is argued that Rocky introduces multiculturalism from its most problematic angle, the white minority hero, who dampens the progressive spirit with a certain ambivalence.
Shut Out, Locked Up, and Foreclosed
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
RJ and then RM Daley used public and private funds to build structures that separated Chicago’s downtown business districts from the city’s South and West Side neighborhoods. This shut out and contained Black and Brown residents within hyper-segregated neighborhoods, excluding them from the city’s growing resources. RM Daley’s “iron fisted” law enforcement and a home foreclosure crisis intensified this inequality. As a result, minority citizens were cynical about police promises to serve and protect them. They saw police as ineffective or incapable of preventing crime and providing protection from criminal harm; in some neighborhoods, the police, such as Jon Burge and his officers, were actually a source of criminal victimization. Police work often involved monitoring and maintaining neighborhood boundaries—between the privileged neighborhoods that the police served and protected—and those they more cynically excluded and contained. Black residents in hyper-segregated neighborhoods, lacking alternatives, often resorted to urgent calls for police assistance, even while doubting they would actually receive it.
History is Not the Past
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Princeton historian Eddie Glaude observes that James Baldwin was revolutionary when he insisted that to understand White Americans required turning their thoughts upside down. Thus White people want to believe that police “serve and protect” everyone equally; yet we show that complaints about police misconduct are concentrated in racially segregated Black neighborhoods. We then show that mid-1990s Black legal cynicism about policing, net of many other factors, predicts complaints about police abuses nearly two decades later, in 2012–2014. In the 1990s, media attention to the police torture of Blacks intensified. We interpret the predictive influence of legal cynicism from this period as reflecting unyielding neighborhood resistance, undertaken in protest and protection of others who experienced police abuse. “History is not the past,” Baldwin explained; “It is the present. We carry our history with us. We are our history. If we pretend otherwise, to put it very brutally, we literally are criminals.”
Prolonging the Thirty-Year Cover-Up
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Twenty years after Andrew Wilson’s 1982 torture, Jon Burge remained a free man. From 2002–2006 a “special state’s attorney” with Daley machine connections led a multimillion-dollar investigation that scapegoated Police Superintendent Richard Brzeczek for “dereliction of duty” in neglecting a letter he sent Daley about Burge’s suspected torture. The backstory was that Brzeczek had challenged RM Daley for election as state’s attorney and lost, while Daley’s office had prosecuted Brzeczek for financial crimes and also lost. A deposition revealed how Daley used city resources to elude accountability. When asked about the unanswered 1982 letter alleging torture, RM’s city lawyer intervened: Q. Do you actually remember receiving this in the mail? . . . A. I would have to receive it, so I would have to say . . . MS. GEORGES [corporate counsel]: Just if you remember. A. I don’t remember today (21). For Daley, the investigation was a multimillion-dollar reprieve.
Call It by Its Name
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In 2010, Jon Burge was finally convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice. Yet the case also involved a 30-year cover-up, supervised torture, and the code of silence. An important sidebar ruling by the judge prevented presentation of evidence that Burge had enforced this code of silence to hide his torture crimes. Burge served three years in jail, while many of his victims remained on death row. Yet some of these victims later filed and won civil suits, and one suit finally succeeded in naming RM Daley as a co-defendant. Daley soon announced he would not seek re-election in 2011. Rahm Emanuel, Daley’s first big campaign fundraiser, was in turn elected mayor. Once in office, he authorized a settlement of the case in which Daley was a named co-defendant. When the plaintiff accepted a five million dollar settlement, Daley was spared the ignominy of going to trial with co-defendants.
Merchant Ships
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Flag states are responsible for ensuring that their merchant ships and warships comply with the law of naval warfare. The operation of civil shipping complicates the battle space and confounds enemy planning by expanding the area of operational maneuver. Distributing sensors and weapons on board merchant ships can expand the layers of the “kill chain” in defense and multiply strike options for offensive strikes. While advanced warships are costly, merchant ships can be an inexpensive force multiplier. Yet, belligerent merchant ships may be subject to capture (and if they resist, attack), with some exceptions, such as coastal fishing craft or those engaged in coastal search and rescue. States have employed merchant vessels as naval auxiliaries during armed conflicts, including the world wars, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, which may make them subject to attack. China employs a vast maritime militia in the service of the People’s Liberation Armed Forces. Neutral merchant ships are exempt from capture and attack unless they play a “direct part in hostilities.”
Unmanned Maritime Systems
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Unmanned systems (UxS) are entering into service to provide persistent and survivable naval capabilities in high threat environments with decreased risk to human life and at a lower cost than manned platforms. The vulnerability of traditional warships means that sensors and weapons are becoming distributed among a network that includes unmanned surface vessels (USVs), various submersible unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These systems are becoming more numerous and more capable alternatives to traditional warships and military aircraft, raising new legal issues. UAVs are considered “aircraft” in international instruments and state practice, while flag states are just beginning to designate USVs and UUVs as “ships” and submarines as “vessels” subject to the rules that govern such craft, such as navigational rights, including innocent passage, transit passage, and high seas freedoms. States are also moving toward designation of unmanned naval craft as “warships” entitled to sovereign immunity. Unmanned warships are also entitled to belligerent rights in the law of naval warfare.
An End to Poverty Everywhere
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at reducing or ending poverty in poor nations? The case that it would is weak. First, extreme poverty has decreased sharply in the era of global capitalism that began in the 1970s. Second, we don’t know enough about how to achieve sustained economic growth in poor countries to be confident that socialism would help. Third, increased migration—ideally via fully open borders—clearly would help, and it might be more difficult to enact under socialism due to working-class opposition to immigration.