bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To What Extent Must Creatures Return to the One?
Authors: Cohoe Caleb 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by highlighting the role of necessary emanation in allowing for goodness to be diffused without involving anything contingent or external. It then argues that, while Timothy O’Connor’s position avoids modal collapse, it may imply divine coercion. O’Connor suggests that God, in order to properly manifest God’s goodness, must create creatures capable of divine union and give them everything required to make their enjoyment as perfect and infinite as it can be. This view is in danger of making God’s salvific acts required, rather than gratuitous. The difficulty is not unique to O’Connor. Any position on which created things are capable of sharing in infinite goodness faces this tension. Such views can imply both that God must create a universe containing creatures capable of infinite enjoyment and that, within such a universe, the return of all things to God must be as complete, infinite, and encompassing as possible.
Ineffability and Creation
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The doctrine of divine ineffability is a part of the major Western monotheistic traditions. But it is a difficult doctrine to make sense of without self-defeat, undercutting theistic devotion, or technical problems. Whereas previous attempts have had a semantic focus, this one offers a pragmatic account of ineffability which avoids the problems of earlier accounts. Moreover, it suggests a solution to the seemingly unrelated puzzle of why a divine being might choose not to create.
Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book presents a compelling and original survey of British grand strategy in the inter-war period. Whereas most existing accounts privilege either diplomacy and foreign affairs, intelligence, or military affairs more narrowly, this book underlines the inexorable relationships between foreign policy, grand strategy, military force, intelligence, finance, and not least, domestic politics and public opinion. Britain was the world’s only global power in the inter-war period and it confronted problems on a global scale. Policy-makers sought two goals: peace with security. They did so successfully in the 1920s, partly due to favourable circumstances that made their task relatively easy, and partly because they understood the strengths and limitations of British power and knew how to wield them. The situation deteriorated rapidly in the 1930s, however, as the international system became increasingly unfavourable to Britain. Policy-makers then proved less adept than their predecessors at meeting these new challenges, partly because those challenges were more formidable, but also because they lacked the self-confidence of their predecessors, who had held high office during the most difficult years of the First World War, and they lacked their predecessors’ understanding of how to wield the levers of international power. The book ends by providing a new and more sophisticated account of how and why Neville Chamberlain appeased the fascist powers in the late 1930s, and why Winston Churchill opposed him and eventually supplanted him in May 1940.
Introduction
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the historiography of grand strategy and explains how its meaning changed in the early twentieth century. It then examines the contested history of appeasement, and suggests that British grand strategy between the world wars cannot be explained simply by the pursuit of appeasement. Until the second half of the 1930s British policy-makers were more likely to try to deter or coerce their rivals than to appease them. The failures of policy-makers in the 1930s can best be understood by analysing the reasons for their predecessor’s successes in the 1920s.
Who Made British Policy and Grand Strategy
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The British policy-making elite consisted of a small, socially cohesive group of politicians, civil servants, and senior officers of the armed forces. They shared a common aim: the creation and maintenance of a world in which the British Empire could enjoy peace with security. Policy and strategy were made by these men working within a structure of Cabinets, committees and ministries. Policy-makers had to take cognizance not only of Britain’s own strengths and weaknesses. They also had to understand the ambitions, strengths, and weaknesses of their rivals, and what British public opinion would, or would not, allow them to do.
Creating the New World Order, 1919–21
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
By l921 British policy-makers had met with very mixed success in their efforts to create a new world order that would ensure the peace and security of their empire. Germany’s power was diminished, but it remained capable of revival and bent on revising the Versailles settlement, something the French would not countenance, and something that the League of Nations was unlikely to be able to deliver. The Middle Eastern settlement was also imperfect. Two other powers who had been excluded from meaningful participation in peace-making, Turkey and the Soviet Union, also rejected the legitimacy of the terms that the victors had imposed on them. The British were more successful in overcoming challenges from within their empire, partly because they were relatively much stronger than those groups who were challenging their paramountcy and partly because after they had failed to maintain their position by force, they opted to do so through negotiations.
Reconstructing the New World Order, 1921–6
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how British policy-makers re-shaped the immediate post-war settlement in ways that gave them peace combined with security. At the Washington conference the British contained the American threat to their global naval supremacy, and the Japanese threat to their regional security in the Far East. The British public wanted arms limitation agreements, and British policy-makers gave it to them, and they did so in a way that enhanced the security of their empire. They also succeed in blunting the threat to the peace and security of Europe and the Middle East. By 1922 the combination of the Russo-Turkish treaty and the Russo-German treaty signed at Rapallo meant that the three major revisionist powers, the USSR, Germany, and Turkey, had come together in a potentially dangerous grouping intent on overturning the post-war settlement. Over the next four years the British broke up that alliance. The Treaty of Lausanne, the Dawes Plan, the Locarno pact, and the settlement of the Mosul dispute created, at least temporarily, the kind of stable settlement they needed to safeguard their imperial security. By 1926 Britain was the world’s only global power. The Americans might have had the economic and financial wherewithal to challenge them, but they lacked the sustained political will to do so.
‘And I sincerely believe that we have at last opened the way to that general appeasement which alone can save the world from chaos’
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When Chamberlain signed the Munich agreement in September 1938, he signalled Britain’s disinterest in the fate of the states of Central and Eastern Europe. This chapter explains why just a year later he announced that Britain had declared war on Nazi Germany. It shows that in the winter and spring of 1938–9 there was a seismic shift in British policy. Most policy-makers, even those who had supported Chamberlain’s efforts to secure a negotiated settlement of the Czechoslovak crisis, came to recognize that appeasement had failed and that the right policy was to do what Eden had suggested in November 1937, to accelerate rearmament and work with other powers to try to contain Hitler’s ambitions. It also demonstrates that Chamberlain did not accept this consensus and worked behind the backs of his own ministers to continue to try to appease Hitler.
‘…there was no hurry as time was on our side’Chamberlain’s War
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The British began the war committed to a Fabian grand strategy. They believed that the allies’ superior economic staying power meant they had a three-year-long window of opportunity extending into 1942 in which to defeat Germany. Chamberlain’s priority was to mobilize Britain’s own resources in such a way as to ensure that it would be able to stay the course. Simultaneously it would try to erode Germany’s staying power by imposing an economic blockade, and only when it was apparent that it had been significantly weakened would the allies themselves go over to the offensive. It was a strategy that promised to deliver victory at minimal cost. However, by the end of 1939 their faith in this strategy was beginning to fade. German staying power might be greater than they had suspected, Britain’s own staying power might not suffice to fight a long war, and ministers were under growing criticism at home for the apparent lack of vigour with which they were waging the war. They needed a short-cut to victory and believed that they had found it in Scandinavia. Their decisions proved to be so hopelessly misconceived that in May 1940, on the eve of a German offensive in the west that saw France collapse within six weeks, they brought about Chamberlain’s fall and his replacement by Churchill.
Introduction
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many critics and theorists have claimed that literature of the Romantic period resists the logic of enlightened progress; this introduction proposes an alternative view. Using William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience as an opening example, this introduction shows how writers of the Romantic age imbibed but radically altered criteria for political progress. Whereas earlier writers likened improvements in political institutions to the progress of the sciences or refinement of manners, the novelists, poets, and political theorists examined in this book reimagined politically progressive thinking. While embracing a commitment to optimistic improvement—increasing freedom, equality, and protection from injury—they also cultivated increasingly visible and volatile energies of religious and political dissent.
Hope, Politics, and The Prelude
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes William Wordsworth’s Prelude, a poem which both affirms and qualifies the fundamental logic of progressive political philosophies of the eighteenth century. Wordsworth often appears to be entirely congenial to notions of political progress that encourage increasing equality and a respect for “individual worth.” But even while making his political views explicit, The Prelude insists that political change—through either revolution or reform—can only be the focus of the poet’s “hope,” rather than an occasion for direct political agency in order to bring about a new state of affairs. Whereas hope lends a voice to dissent without its determining political ends, the problem with French Revolutionaries and royalists alike is that they are too “busy with one work.” Wordsworth’s commitment to a progressive politics without direct action produces surprising effects, I further argue, in the author’s account of ideal educational and ecclesiastical institutions in book 3. There, the attempt to “body forth” or envision future institutions procuring a “solid good,” either in a university or in a church, coincides with a consistent effort to curtail institutional completion. Envisioning a future while avoiding any exclusive claim upon the future’s shape makes schools and churches resemble “stately groves” with “ruminating creatures” rather than organized infrastructure.
How Shelley Moves
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing embodies a spirit of perfectionism and realized political hope. I explore The Revolt of Islam’s forthright commitment to an enlightened “moral and political science,” which the poem reinforces with cosmic imagery allegorizing planetary and stellar movement as political movement. But the poem’s characters, and even its narrator, offer conflicting accounts of that movement: the moon, for instance, is described as “still” or “moving” at alternate points. The final scene of the poem thrives upon this tension without resolving it: Laon, Cythna, and Cythna’s child approach the “Temple of the Spirit”—seemingly a kind of paradise—but they are also strangely suspended in time and space. After exploring how this reading guides us to new accounts of other poems by Shelley such as Prometheus Unbound, this chapter ultimately claims that the tensions between directed and undirected movement are not merely aesthetic evasions of politics but instead central to Shelley’s understanding of political reform itself. A Philosophical View of Reform, for example, insists on recognizably utilitarian reforms that include the abolition of church privileges and a standing army. However, the same text also calls for a far less directed practice of “censuring and judging one another,” animated by a “diversity of convictions,” concerning the poet’s own clearly articulated criteria for progressive reform.
The Romantic Novel and the Progress of Civilizations
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The genre of the novel may seem to provide the most obvious instance of literary progressivism. But I expose revelatory complications beneath this apparently paradigmatic instance. Critical tradition routinely coordinates the rise of the novel with a series of other progressive narratives: the rise of empiricism, realism, and capitalism (to name just a few). But I show how the Romantic novel, as presented in the work of Ann Radcliffe, Charlotte Smith, and Jane Austen, tests the explanatory limits of such alignments. Whereas Radcliffe’s The Romance of the Forest only provisionally equates an ideal political community with refined taste, Smith’s The Banished Man rejects this political tutelage, envisioning a far looser and picaresque form of interpersonal association. Adventitious connections among ill-assorted “strangers” and “wanderers” in this novel model a political community of nonconformists. Austen’s Emma finds an uneasy place between the alternatives found in Radcliffe and Smith: her novel repeatedly gestures toward the possibility of a community defined by a maximized “happiness,” but happiness requires little sense of agreement. The mutually beneficial romantic attachments solidified by the novel’s end also paradoxically demand a “forbearance” and “patience” toward those—like Mrs. Elton, Miss Bates, or Mr. Woodhouse—who appear to contradict, detract from, or otherwise challenge a carefully calculated felicity.
Conclusion
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
My book concludes by assessing the troubled fate of Romantic progressivism over the past two centuries. Victorian writers such as Matthew Arnold helped to define an enduring view of the Romantics, criticizing poets from William Wordsworth to Lord Byron for their lack of proper normative progress to maturity and philosophical learning. Arnold’s poignant reaction to this predicament is to view himself as Romanticism’s troubled cultural heir: a poet “wandering between two worlds,” he inhabits the stunted position of the Romantic dreamer while still yearning for the lost opportunity to enhance civilization’s organic growth. Generations of critics and theorists in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries appear to echo a Victorian fear of Romanticism as they focus progressive politics on specific criteria and dismiss unwelcome distractions from those criteria. Turning to twentieth- and twenty-first-century examples of 1970s feminism and the more recent “Occupy” movement, I show how progressive political initiatives have focused energies on single, unified interests while pushing other people, arguments, and interest groups to the margins in order to avoid a supposedly self-defeating structurelessness. But I close with a more positive assessment to be found in Frederic Jameson’s An American Utopia. At one of its decisive moments, Jameson’s argument sounds utterly, although unintentionally, Romantic. Harnessing the energy of the “collective” in order more effectively to counter the destructive forces of capitalism, Jameson simultaneously seeks to accommodate numerous “antagonisms” in order to include “people with whom you have nothing in common and would normally avoid.” Whenever our efforts to achieve a collective good are simultaneously sundered by such forms of internal dissent, I argue, we’re recalling, and honoring, Romantic progressivism.
Normal skin
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines normal skin by considering the roles it fulfils in keeping us healthy. In practical terms, these include the ability to regulate temperature, absorb sunlight, and prevent infection, as well as to play host to a microbiome of more ‘friendly’ bugs on the skin surface. It is also recognized that there is a more emotive side to having normal skin, however, due to the prevalence of flawless skin in the media and its importance in society. This idea is addressed in turn, but with the conclusion that skin doesn’t necessarily have to look perfect in order to be healthy or normal.
Spots and acne
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the process by which spots form on the skin, considering various contributing factors, before then moving on to a discussion of the treatment of spots and acne. It aims to debunk the myth that spots and acne develop just because you are dirty; instead, the way hair follicles become blocked by grease is detailed, and the role of hormones in this process explained. The types of spots that can develop as a result are discussed, and the creams and tablets available to treat these are explained. One tablet treatment—known as isotretinoin—is mentioned in more detail, in order to address the risks, benefits, and side effects of this particular medication.
Hives/Urticaria
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This section focuses on urticaria—known more commonly as hives—and covers the relation between urticaria and allergy, alongside discussion of alternative causes, diagnosis, and treatments. Urticaria very common, and at least 1 in 5 people will experience an episode of spontaneous urticaria at some point in their lives. Urticaria, as well as a form that affects deeper layers of the skin known as angioedema, are both issues that can be triggered by a variety of things other than allergy. It is therefore important to know when allergy testing will be useful, before deciding how best to treat the itch and skin changes commonly associated with this condition.
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an evidence-based approach to the condition known as hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), covering the symptoms, diagnosis, and management of the painful spots caused by HS. HS is a complex condition, and the causes are not completely understood. As with other inflammatory skin conditions, both genes and environment play a role. It gives an explanation of the apocrine glands, and the process by which they become blocked and inflamed in HS, before then moving on to the potential triggers—in particular smoking and weight—associated with the condition. Treatment of HS, including preventative steps, tablet options, and surgical management, are also evaluated in detail.
Genital skin
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on genital skin, and how it can be affected during puberty and beyond. Normal variations in this area, skin conditions specific to this region, and the ways in which other skin problems including eczema and psoriasis can affect the genitals, are all discussed in turn. The ways in which the genitals develop through puberty—and the skin changes that are considered normal in this time—are first covered, before the signs and symptoms that may indicate a genital skin condition requiring treatment are then outlined. Specific conditions, known as lichen sclerosus and lichen planus, are two of the more common examples, and the diagnosis and treatment of these is explained in more detail.
Moles and marks
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This section describes the different marks that can appear on skin over a lifetime, with particular focus on moles. The medical term for these is naevi, or naevus if there is only one, and you can either be born with them or develop them throughout your life. The majority of moles that we see in childhood and adolescence will never become cancerous; they should be checked if you are ever concerned, but most will not need removing. There are not many reasons to remove a mole, and—given the risks of scarring associated with these procedures—living with or possibly camouflaging these marks can often be a better option.
Skin infections and infestations
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Our skin is host to a whole range of friendly bugs, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi; some bugs—if they grow unchecked, however—can cause problems for the skin, and the infections that result are the focus of this chapter. Viruses that cause chickenpox, molluscum, herpes, and warts are covered, as are bacteria involved in abscesses, boils, and conditions known as impetigo and cellulitis. Fungal and yeast infections are also detailed, alongside a short explanation of infestations such as head lice and scabies. Certain skin conditions—such as eczema and hidradenitis suppurativa—can make a person more prone to infections. On the other hand, however, other skin conditions, including psoriasis, might actually protect people from skin infections.
Brain and skin
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of the brain during adolescence, and the ways in which a person’s skin might affect this. Teenage years are an important time in the development of habits, skills, and decision-making abilities, and also represent the period that we become more conscious of the way others view us. Having a skin condition can therefore begin to seem more problematic, as people start to feel as if they are noticeably different to others. Reasons for this are explored, and the idea that inflammation in the skin may even have direct effects on the way the brain functions is addressed.
How to be comfortable in your skin
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The final section of the book deals with the stresses and worries that often come with skin conditions, and looks at various techniques that can be helpful in managing these. There are tips on diet, sleep, exercise, smoking and alcohol, and advice as to how strict—or not—to be with these things. The chapter then moves on to discuss how skin conditions might affect the way you view yourself, and the way in which you may feel you are viewed by others. Dealing with these kinds of issues, particularly in the age of social media, can feel like a huge burden sometimes, and so the book ends by exploring some strategies that might make this easier.