bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Eup Evaluation of a New Formulation of Plictran, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted in a 12 acre commercial apple orchard in the Buchanan Valley near Arendtsville, PA. The block was further divided into two 6 acre blocks. One block was treated with XRM-4868 5F (Plictran 5F), the other with Plictran 50WP. Seven ‘York Imperial’ apple trees were randomly selected in each block for monitoring. Treatments were applied using the alternate-row middle technique with a Myers airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2 mph. Spray dates for Plictran treatments were 11 and 18 Jul, 1 Aug. Amounts are listed as complete sprays. If only one half was applied, reduce amounts by one half. All blocks received the same insecticide and fungicide schedule. The effect of sprays on ERM was evaluated by counting mites on samples of 25 leaves/tree (7 trees/treatment). The mite predator S. punctum was monitored by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of trees.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 8-year old apple trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary to the entire test block. In early Apr test trees were inoculated by placing apple branches with overwintering eggs in the canopies to encourage ERM to build up. The 1st spray of PH70-30 and Brigade was applied at ‘tight cluster’ stage when ERM eggs began to hatch; RO 08-4947 was sprayed at ‘petal fall'. Treatments were evaluated at 2-week intervals through the season by brushing 25 leaves/tree. On each tree 3 scaffold limbs were selected and leaves were sampled from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, All-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16 year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 4 Apr, half inch green tip (Vz G); 25 Apr, pink (P); 7 & 8 May, petal fell (PF); 22 May, first cover (IC); and other dates (on table). For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2. Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Carbaryl Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Baird R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an orchard c 16-year-old trees with under-tree irrigation. Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.6 acre plots containing approximately 35 trees. Materials were applie’ on 22 Aug with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. By the date of application approximately 20% of the WALI populations were adults. Adults were sampled with 12.5 x 17.8 cm sticky boards made from bright yellow poster board coated on both sides with Sticker Special Pest Glue, suspended from limbs with a wire hanger. Six traps were evenly spaced in each plot and left in place for a 24 h period to obtain adul counts. Nymphs were counted on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on terminal growth from 6 trees in each plot (120 leaves per treatment) Mites were sampled by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from 6 trees in each plot (150 leaves per treatment), brushing them with a mite brushin machine, and counting the mites of each species recovered.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, NY, 1986
Authors: Weires R. W. , Valley Hudson 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Baythroid, TD 2207, and Lorsban treatments were applied on 28 Apr (pink), 10 May (petal fall), and in cover sprays on 26 May, 10 Jun, 23 Jun, 7 Jul, 21 Jul, 5 Aug, and 19 Aug. Orthene was applied 27 Apr and 10 May followed by Danitol in all remaining cover sprays, while Brigade was applied 28 Apr and 10 May followed by Thiodan in remaining cover sprays. Dimilin treatments were applied 28 Apr, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug with Guthion applied on remaining forementioned spray dates. Larvin was applied along with Guthion at the 4 oz rate on 10 May, and alone at the 8 oz rate on 23 Jun and 5 Aug, while Guthion was applied alone at the 8 oz rate on 28 Apr, 26 May, 10 Jun, 7 Jul, 22 Jul, and 19 Aug. Danitol was applied once at the 10 oz rate on 10 May, and in 4 applications at the 4 and 2.6 oz rates on 27 Apr, 10 May, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug. Kelthane treatments were applied 13 Aug. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 4.2 gal spray per tree or 403 gal/acre. Trees were 22 years-old, 12 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the EMII rootstock. Additional applications over the entire block included: Difolatan 80S 16 lb/acre 9 Apr; Bayleton 50W 3.5 oz/acre, 5 May; and Dithane M-45 78WP 4V2 lb per acre, 5 May and 20 May. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 15 May using from 5 to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar. White apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ tree per plot on 23 Jul and 6 Sep. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 15 Aug by counting mines on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree per plot. Apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 termianls on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 13 Jun and 27 Jun. Woolly apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals from one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 6 Sep. European apple sawfly and plum curculio were evaluated prior to Jun drop by examining all fruits in 50 fruiting clusters on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 29 May. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruits per cultivar per plot from ‘Mcintosh’ 6 Sep, and ‘Golden Delicious’ 1 Oct. Insect pressure during the season was very great for all species evaluated except apple maggot and external lepidopterous fruit feeders, e. g. leafrollers, for which we were unable to determine the predominant species causing injury. An early spring resulted in an early bloom lasting longer than normal. During bloom, warm periods were often followed by sudden temperature drops, and frost damage occurred on at least 2 occasions in low lying areas of the valley. Rainfall was above average throughout Jun and Jul but below average in other months, while temperatures were generally below normal.
Fear, Registered and Experimental Acaricides, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 23-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A delayed dormant spray of Pydrin 2.4 lb/gal EC at 1 pt/acre was applied on 19 Mar. An application of Guthion 50WP (2 lb/acre) and Mitac 50WP (3 lb/acre) was made on 6 Jun to suppress pear psylla (Psylla pyricola (Foerster)), pear rust mite (Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa)), and codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)). A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Acaricides were tested at 3 timings: prepink stage (11 Apr); low mite population threshold (0.9 mites per leaf, 19-20 Jun); and high mite population threshold (4.0 mites per leaf, 4 Jul). Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree (100 leaves per treatment), brushing them with a mite brushing machine, and counting mites of each species recovered.
Pear, Pest Control, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were applied 4 times during the season, on 11 Apr, 1 May, 4 Jun and 22 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-week intervals, but PP populations declined in late Jul so counts made afterwards are not included in tables. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Psylla nymphs and mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/rep. Leaf samples through 27 May were collected from fruiting spurs. Later samples consisted of the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between on each of 10 growing shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. PP and PRM russet were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray for phytotoxicity.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate Avid for seasonal control of PP. Populations were monitored at 2-week intervals by adult and nymph counts. PP adults were counted by the limb tap method (25 taps/plot), PP nymphs and PRM from brushed leaf samples (56 leaves/plot). Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of 16 trees. Plots were sprayed 19 Mar, 7 Apr, 28 May and 17 Jul.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Timing Experiment, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 6-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment was used. Four applications of Lorsban 50WP at a rate of 1.5 lb (AI)/acre were made at weekly intervals with the first application date (1 Aug) determined by the first appearance of fourth instar WALH nymphs. Sprays were applied dilute to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. WALH populations were determined by counting nymphs and cast skins on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment).
Apple, Rose Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 4-year-old orchard interplanted with Delicious apple, d'Anjou pear, and Bartlett pear. Only Delicious apple trees were used in this test. A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied on 17 Jul as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. At the time of application only RLH nymphs were present on the apple trees. All instars were present, with the majority in the fourth and fifth instar. Nymphs of WALH were first detected on 22 Jul when first and second instar WALH accounted for 14.9% of the total nymphal population. The pretreatment counts were made in situ by randomly selected 20 leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment), and counting nymphs and cast skins present. Posttreatment counts were made by collecting 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment), and counting nymphs and skins of each leafhopper species with the aid of a binocular microscope.
Thrips and Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Rajotte Edwin G. , Travis James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each of 3 rows 150 feet long and 12 feet apart was divided into 4 experimental units. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied on 27 Jun using a handgun at 100 psi and 150 gal per acre. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 30 Jun and 10 Jul. Thrips populations were evaluated by arbitrarily selecting the most ripe berry from 3 fruit clusters from each of 10 different plants per replicate. Clusters were rated as having thrips or not. Aphid populations were evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested canes in 20 arbitrarily selected canes per replicate.
Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1986
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Draeger E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This efficacy trial evaluated the performance of several insecticides against citrus thrips on lemons in an orchard near Yuma, AR. The soil type was sandy loam with a pH of 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. Experimental compounds were compared with dimethoate 4E, one current product of choice, and untreated control plots. A completely random design was utilized. Test materials were applied on 13 May with a handgun from a John Bean Sprayer. The sprayer was operated at 300 psi with a dilution rate of 200 gpa. Applications were made when new fruit was approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. At the time of application the temperature was 23°C, with 10% RH, and a 5 kph wind. Thrips counts were made on a basis of 16 terminals per treatment, 4 from 4 different trees.
Mango Shoot Caterpillar Control on Mango Flowers, 1985
Authors: Schreiner I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in Agat, Guam in a mango orchard of seed-planted trees of varying ages. Individual trees were induced to flower by spraying a mixture of KN03 and NaN03 at the rate of lOOg of each chemical per 100 gallons of water. Trees were treated on 16 and 23 Jan. The pesticide treatments were started as soon as flower buds were observed, and repeated weekly until harvest. Pesticides were applied with a 50 gallon truck mounted power sprayer, and sprayed to the drip point. Each treatment was applied to half a tree, and replicated 6 times in a randomized block design. On 15 Feb, 10 flowers per treatment were chosen randomly, and rated. If the flower was undamaged, it was rated 0, if it was partly consumed it was rated 1, and if it was completely consumed it was rated 2. Fruit was harvested as it was beginning to ripen, sorted into damaged and undamaged groups, and counted. Fruit was harvested on 23 and 30 May.
Control of Cabbage Loopers and Flea Beetles on Fall Broccoli, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Elkassabany N. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten insecticides were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN on Lily sandy loam soil. ‘Packman’ seedlings were transplanted on 14 Aug. Plots were 15 ft X 3 rows replicated 4 times F in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Row spacing was 36 inches with 15 plants/row. Insecticide treatments were applied on 16 Sep and 8 Oct using 2.5 gal compressed C02 hand sprayers at 30 gal/acre. For density estimates, the number of loopers and flea beetles/15 plants was recorded. Yield was measured from the center row on 15, 20, 28 Oct and total combined weight was used to calculate lb/acre.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 3, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10 inch rows, 40 inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 28 Oct through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 Hollow cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following the treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 7 days postspray by counting live larvae in the cage. In addition, all lepidopterous larvae on 3 randomly selected plants per plot were counted. Following evaluations for beet armyworm control, 5 randomly selected plants per plot from all plots were surveyed for lepidopterous larvae on a biweekly schedule, and an additional application was made on 21 Nov when larval counts averaged 0.3 larvae/plant in the methomyl-treated plots. Percent marketability was assessed prior to harvest by rating 10 randomly selected cabbage heads/plot for feeding damage.
Chemical Control of Cabbage Root Aphids 1987
Authors: Royer T. C. , Edelson J. V. , Teague T. G. , Scott A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 11 Nov 1986 on the Agricultural Research Farm of Rio Farms in Monte Alto, Tex. Row culture was double-row with 40-inch spacing between beds. Plants were thinned to a 12- inch spacing on 12 Dec. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent beds 70 ft long; 10-ft alleys separated replications, insecticides were applied in a liquid fertilizer (N-32) solution and were injected as a side-dressing on 8 Jan 1987. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator equipped with 3 shanks per bed and calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the treatment solutions ca. 4 inches below the soil surface. Soil temp was 20°C. Root aphid population density was estimated using a simple flotation technique. Roots from 3 randomly selected plants were washed in a CaCl solution (1 tablespoon CaCl/gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. Surveys were made pretreatment on 8 Jan and at 2 and 5 weeks, posttreatment on 23 Jan and 13 Feb. Two 3-plant samples were taken randomly per plot. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting both beds in a 15-ft section near the center of each plot. Only cabbage heads of commercially acceptable size were harvested during each of 3 harvests; thus, weight per head was consistant among treatments. Following the final harvest of marketable heads, all cabbage from the harvest area was cut; these yield data were combined with total marketable yield to produce total yield values. All data were analyzed by ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD.
Insecticidal Impact on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Celery, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Trumble J. T. , Nakakihara H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 16 Aug at the University of California's South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (2 rows/bed on 40-inch centers) by 50 ft and separated with a 5-ft buffer with 4 replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 12, 19, and 26 Aug; 4, 10, 16, 23, and 30 Sep; and 7 and 14 Oct. All chemicals except Trigard 5 SC (through drip lines), Trigard 3G (banded on bed on 22 July only) and AC 290230 and AC 290678 (3 applications; 12 Aug, 23 Sept, and 14 Oct) were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1 to 3 per row and carrier (H2O) increased from 30 gal/acre (12 Aug to 19 Aug) to 50 gal/acre (26 Aug) to 100 gal/acre (4 Sept on). Disk-type cone nozzles incorporated D-3 orifice discs, #23 or #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments except Abamectin received spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Antifoam (No-Foam) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 51/2- × 11-inch trays per replicate, when the plants reached a suitable height. Only the first 4 consecutive weeks' data were included in the analyses, as leafminer populations were quite low for the remainder of the season. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza spp. were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on no. of damaged plants found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest (23 Oct). Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) damage were recorded separately.
Control of European Corn Borer on Early Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was performed on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H., and used 'Honeymoon' sweet corn that was planted 7 May. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn, and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The spray treatments were applied using an R&D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. The granular treatment was applied by hand. All applications were directed into the whorls when the corn plants were in the late whorl-pretassel stage and showed signs of European corn borer leaf feeding injury. Two spray spplications were made 5 days apart; the granular treatment received a single application. Evaluation for the percentage of injured tassels was made on 24 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (6 Aug) by examining all the plants in each treatment.
Late Season Sweet Corn Worm Control, 1986
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Platinum Lady' sweet corn was planted 3 Jun near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x), which delivered 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied beginning at early whorl stage, and applications were made 1, 8, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, and 30 Jul and 1, 4, and 7 Aug. Corn was harvested 11 Aug and the percentage of infested and damaged ears was recorded.
Furadan for Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A preliminary trial in support of a special local need was established in a growers field near Belle Plaine, Minn. About 15 cucumber seeds per hill with each hill spaced at 3-ft intervals were planted on 2 Jun. A plot was 1 row 50 ft long with a row spacing of 6 ft. A randomized complete block design was used. The amount of insecticide to be placed in each hill was based on the standard in-furrow application rate. Insecticide per 3-row ft was measured or weighed and placed in the hill with the seed. We reasoned that this would be the most severe test for phytotoxicity based on a normal use pattern. The seed was then covered with 0.5 inches of soil and sprinkle irrigated. The soil texture was sandy loam. Foliar insecticide was applied on 10 and 24 Jun and on 6 and 25 Jul. It was broadcast using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. The number of plants per plot showing any sort of either chemical or insect damage and the total plants per plot were counted. Growth also was measured.