bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two Volumetric Rates of Foray 48 B Against the Gypsy Moth, 1988
Authors: Kolodny-Hirsch Douglas M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spray trials were conducted in Salem County, NJ. Treatments consisted of an aqueous based HD-1 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis formulated by NOVO as Foray 48 B diluted with water and Foray 48 B applied undiluted. All treatments were applied at 20 billion international units (BIU)/acre (43 oz/acre). For the diluted applications, Foray 48 B was applied at a volumetric rate of 1 gal/acre including 2% (v/v) Bond (Loveland Industries, Inc.) as a sticker. No sticker was added to the undiluted sprays. Each Foray 48 B treatment was replicated two times while the control was replicated three times. Woodlots were 15-40 acre in size and supported gypsy moth egg mass (EM) population densities of 395 to 2532 EM/acre. The tree vegetation consisted primarily of white oak, red oak, and sweetgum. Fifteen 0.025-acre fixed radius plots were established within each woodlot where treatment effects were measured. Treatments were applied with a Grumman AGCat 600 aircraft equipped with eight AU-5000 Micronair rotary atomizers with inner and outer blades pitched at 35° and 35°, respectively. Pump pressure was set at 40 psi and the variable restrictor unit (VRU) on the nozzles was set at 5. Diluted applications were applied with the same aircraft equipped with 37-8004 flat-fan nozzles angled downward 35° forward. The aircraft was operated at an airspeed of 100 mph on a 100 ft swath width, about 50 ft above the forest canopy. Woodlots were treated on May 27 when leaves had expanded more than 50% and larvae were predominately in the third instar. Pre- (Spring) and postspray (Fall) EM counts were made within each of the 15 subplots. Relative larval and pupal density was made by counting the number of larvae and pupae under burlap bands placed on one dominant preferred tree 25 ft outside each 0.025-acre plot. Insects were counted at weekly intervals until peak pupation. Defoliation estimates were made at peak defoliation. Estimates of feeding damage were based on examination of each burlapped tree and were rated in one of seven classes: 1, 0%; 2, 1-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-25%; 5, 26-50%; 6, 51-75%; and 7, &gt;75%. The average index of all 15 trees was used to compute an average defoliation value for each woodlot.
Spring Control of Pales Weevil on Fresh Cut Scotch Pine Stumps with Conventional Formulations in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five treatments were applied to evaluate control of pales weevil on fresh cut stumps of Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 4 Apr and replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Stump treatments were completed by using a hand pump compression sprayer. Treatments were applied at the rate of 180 ml/stump. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 26%; and skies were sunny. At 183 DAT (4 Nov), the number of new chip cocoons was recorded to the first lateral root.
Early Summer Control of Striped Pine Scale Male and Female Nymphs on Scotch Pine with Riorational and Conventional Formulations in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine treatments were applied to evaluate control of striped pine scale male and female crawlers on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied twice with applications completed on 3 Jun and 10 Jun, and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 sprayer with one Spraying System no. 12 cone nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 156 gal/acre (473 ml/tree). The following conditions existed on 3 Jun: air temperature, 78°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 40%; and skies were partly cloudy. The following conditions existed on 10 Jun: air temperature, 84°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 40%; and skies were clear. At 19 DAT (29 Jun), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 male nymphs was observed under a stereo dissecting microscope. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles Female nymphs were sampled by randomly removing four 6 inch twigs of 1991 growth from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Twigs were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory. Next, the viability of the first 25 female nymphs located at the base of each twig from each cardinal location was recorded under a stereo dissecting microscope.
Field Trials of Insecticidal Sprays, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of six spray treatments: 0.1% Tempo EC (TEC); 0.1% Tempo EW (TEW); 0.2% permethrin, 0.2% pyrethrins, and 0.5% piperonyl butoxide (PPPB); 0.1% cyfluthrin, 0.05% pyrethrins, 1.0% Baygon, 1.0% piperonyl butoxide (CPBPB); 1.0% Baygon (B); and 0.1% pyrethrins, 0.4% tetramethrin, and 0.15% cypermethrin (PTC). The Dorie Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Ivanhoe Gardens, Duneland Village, and Concord Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. PPPB, CPBPB, B, and PTC treatments were made with self-pressurized aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. The other treatments were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborages throughout the apartment were treated. After 4 wk, all apartments received a second treatment. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-15 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Some counts were terminated after 10 wks. Prior to statistical analysis, percentage of reduction data were transformed to ranks. These were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected least significant difference (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Field Trials of Various Bait Products, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of seven cockroach baits: 1) Raid Max™, standard matrix (bait station), 1.0% sulfluramid; 2) no trade name, standard matrix (bait station), 1.5% sulfluramid; 3) no trade name, alternate matrix (bait station), 1.0% sulfluramid; 4) Maxforce Control™, standard matrix (bait station), 1.65% hydramethylnon; 5) no trade name, alternate matrix (bait station), 0.5% chlorpyrifos; 6) Roach Gel, formula A (gel), 1.38% sulfluramid; and 7) Roach Gel, formula B (gel), 1.38% sulfluramid. The Done Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Duneland Terrace, and Delaney West, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait stations (12) were positioned at sites following the label recommendations. Seven bait stations throughout the kitchen area; sites included: cabinets under the kitchen sink (3 stations), cabinets above the sink (2), and on the floor near the stove (1) and refrigerator (1). Three stations were positioned within the kitchen at “optional sites” near active infestations noted during the pretreatment visual counts: e.g., garbage collection, closets, miscellaneous kitchen furniture, etc. The remaining bait stations were placed in the bathroom behind the toilet (1 station) and beneath the sink (1). All bait stations were oriented horizontally (if this was possible) and attached to surfaces with sticky fasteners. The Roach Gel applications were made in an attempt to mimic the placements of the bait stations. Approximately 60, 0.5-g placements were distributed throughout the kitchen and bathroom area. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 11-21 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. Some counts were terminated after 10 weeks. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Pretreatment counts and percentage data were converted to ranks and analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments.
Evaluation of Pirate Against Late Season Populations of Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Beet Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 6 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) × 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.8 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 10, 14, 18, and 28 Sep against an established population of bollworms and tobacco budworms (primarily tobacco budworms). Efficacy against bollworms and tobacco budworms was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of feeding damage and the presence of larvae on each of 3 observation dates. Efficacy against beet armyworms was determined by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a standard (38 cm diameter) sweep net.
Control of Aphids in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 2 and 8 Aug to ‘DES 119’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 13 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Aphids in Cotton with Insecticide Combinations, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 8 Aug to ‘DPL 51’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6 inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Boll Weevils in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on 24, 30, Aug and 3, 7, 12 Sep on ‘DPL 90’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 9, 38-inch rows, 75 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications and a skip row between plots to discourage boll weevil movement between plots. Boll weevil ratings were made 4-5 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. Bollworms were controlled using Bolstar 6 EC at 1.0 (AI)/acre in all plots. Plots were harvested using a John Deere 2-two picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations in South-Central Arkansas, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on 9, 24, Jul and 10, 20 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Jefferson County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Early to Mid-Season Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using BT Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on 14 and 24 Jul on ‘DES 119’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR, using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50-ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 3 DAT by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting bollworms and bollworm damage. Plots were oversprayed with 2 applications of pyrethroids on 7 and 17 Aug to control bollworms in late season. Plots were harvested using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Eakly Season Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted in a Gigger silt loam on 1 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers x 15.2 m. The test field was not treated with an in-furrow insecticide at planting, but Terraclor Super X (11.2 kg form/ha) was applied to control seedling diseases. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. In Test 1, insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet TVS 8002 flat fan nozzles (2/ row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. In Test 1, plots were treated on 29. May and sampled on 1 Jun (3 DAT), 3 Tun (5 DAT), and 5 Jun (7 DAT). In Test 2, insecticides were applied with a hand boom equipped with CO2 delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. In Test 2, plots were treated on 10 Jun and sampled on 12 Jun (2 DAT), 15 Jun (5 DAT), and 17 Jun (7 DAT). Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants each plot and processing samples with whole plant washing procedures. The plots in Test 1 received 1.1 cm rainfall on 1 Jun, 0.5 cm rainfall on 2 Jun, and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Jun. The plots in Test 2 received 1.4 cm rainfall on 10 Jun, a trace amount of rainfall on 11 Jun, and 4.9 cm of rainfall on 14 Jun.
Efficacy of Pirate Plus Adjuvants for Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1992
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pirate in combination with 4 adjuvants was compared with Pirate alone, Karate, and an untreated check at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy against the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 6 May on 102 cm centers. Experimental plots were 4 rows x 30.5 m and were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 13, 20, and 27 Jul; and 3, 10, 17, and 24 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. Additionally, a 7-day posttreatment count was made following the 27 Jul and 3 Aug applications. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 27 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 21 Oct.
Control Of The Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex Using Insecticide Combinations, 1992:
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the boUworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 6 May and plots were 4 rows x 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 14, 21, and 27 Jul; and 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3-4 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 20 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 12 and 21 Oct.
Foliar Sprays for Bollworm Control in Cotton, 1992:
Authors: Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Plant spacing was 3-4 plants/ft with 36 inches between rows. Temik 15 G (0.75 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in the furrow at planting. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated border row, replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with a single (TXVS 4) hollow cone nozzle backpack sprayer delivering 10 gal H2O/acre at 60 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of numbers of damaged fruiting forms (bolls and squares) from 25 randomly chosen fruiting forms/plot. Due to an unusually cool, wet summer, BW pressure was very low and late. Egg threshold was exceeded on 2 Sep (28 eggs/100 terminals), and Dipel 2 X (2 lb product/acre) and Larvin 3.2 EC (0.25 lb (Ai/acre) were applied on 3 Sep. A cool, rainy spell occurred the following week, resulting in low survival of the eggs. Larval threshold occurred on 11 Sep (3-4 BW/100 fruiting forms) and all treatments were applied on 14 Sep.
Early Season Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each treatment consisted of 3, 25 ft rows with an untreated border row separating treatments. Row spacing was 36 inches. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Orthene 15 G and Temik 15 G were applied in the furrow before planting using a hand-held shaker. Orthene 75 S foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun using a single nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The second spray for the Orthene 75 S split application treatment was made on 22 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of height measurements and percent thrips injury ratings on the dates indicated in the table.
Evaluation of Selected Bt Compounds for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated for bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW-TBW) control at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The tests consisted of a RBD with 3 replications repeated on 3 rows (1.01 m centers) by 15.2 m of ‘DPL 51’ cotton planted 8 May. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.2 kg/cm2 through 2 TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied 21 Jul, 20 Aug and 25 Aug. Treatments were evaluated at 3, 5 and 7 DAT for each test. BW-TBW square damage, etching and feeding evaluations were made after the first test by visually examining 100 squares from each of the 2 center rows of each plot. BW-TBW square damage, etching and feeding evaluations were made after the 2nd and 3rd test by examining 50 squares from each of the 2 center rows of each plot. Etching is a rating based on visible signs of feeding without puncturing the square. Feeding is squares that were damaged plus squares that were etched. For date 1, the plots received 0.4 and 0.3 cm rainfall on 22 and 23 Jul respectively. For date 2, the plots received 0.3 cm rainfall on 23 Aug. For date 3, the plots received 11.4 and 1.27 cm rainfall on 26 and 27 Aug respectively.
Selected Seed, Hopper Box and In-Furrow Insecticide Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Harrison-Bryan W. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 11 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1, SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Hopper box treatments were applied at planting. The planter box was filled ½ full of seed with ½ the measured amount of product (dry) sprinkled evenly over the surface and gently mixed. The hopper box was then filled and the remainder of the product was sprinkled over the surface and gently mixed. Seed treatments were applied by gently rolling seeds in a plastic bag containing product until seeds were evenly coated. Some seed treatments (indicated by *) were commercially applied. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with a Seed Treatment, 1991:
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of NTN 33893 as a seed treatment were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3 G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows with 17.8 cm spacing X 4.88 m. Rice was drill-seeded at 123 kg seed/ha 13 May and emerged 19 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2.24 kg (AI)/ha each were applied 29 May for week control. Plots were temporarily flooded (flushed) 23 May and permanently flooded 4 Jun. Urea, 151.2 kg/ha, was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha on 4 Jun and 33.6 kg/ha on 10 and 22 Jul. Carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker 12 Jun. On 26 Jun and 3 Jul five 10.2 x 10.2 cm (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil and plant roots were washed into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water, and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows of plots were harvested on 13 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.