bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Nichols Jordan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Palliative social workers and interprofessional colleagues join with patients and families to listen to their beliefs, values, and hopes. Linking beliefs and values to goals and a plan of care, and integrating the experience of significant illness, frequently involve working through ambivalence. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a person-centered, evidence-based, guiding intervention to support behavior change. It employs explicit conversational strategies and techniques to identify and resolve ambivalence. MI integrates well with core palliative social work skills. Through reflective listening, summarization, and elicitation, the clinician engages in a collaborative relationship to support patient autonomy. This chapter provides an overview of MI and its potential applications in the practice of palliative care. The theory and core skills are reviewed. Research most relevant to palliative care will be examined as will implications for practice.
Using Psychoeducation to Empower Patients, Their Families, and Care Partners
Authors: Santiago Bessy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Psychoeducation is a flexible intervention that allows interdisciplinary providers to be a supportive and helpful presence when individuals and families face serious illness. As more people live longer with chronic and serious illness, friends and family may be required to engage in caregiving over extended periods of time. Social workers can assist individuals and families to adapt to changing family roles and prepare for new roles by utilizing a variety of cognitive and educational tools such as psychoeducation. Psychoeducation can support and empower patients, families, and their care partners to integrate information related to disease management, individual and family adaptation, caregiving techniques, and coping strategies. The overarching goals are to maximize coping, mitigate preventable harms, and ensure that individuals receive care aligned with their wishes.
Structured Problem-Solving Interventions for Patients with Serious Illness and Their Care Partners
Authors: Cammy Rebecca , LaTourette Lauren 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Problem-solving interventions have been found effective in treatment for patients with depression, chronic illness, and support for care partners. This framework, grounded in principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, can be used both as a psychotherapeutic approach and in educational skill-building. Palliative social workers integrate biopsychosocial assessment and person-in-environment perspective into their conceptualization of the individual’s presenting issues as they incorporate social problem-solving theory framework and assess problem-solving style and orientation. Interventions such as ADAPT, SSTA, and COPE are tools aimed to increase positive problem orientation, develop internal and external coping resources, and to guide problem-solving. Palliative care patients and their care partners can benefit from the use of problem-solving interventions in an effort to improve quality of life.
Trauma Therapies for Palliative Care Practice
Authors: Brown Chelsea 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Research and practice around trauma-informed care and trauma therapy have evolved and become more nuanced over time. Though the origins of trauma therapy centered on the veteran population who had been exposed to military combat, researchers and clinicians now understand that trauma happens across patient populations and communities, resulting from a vast array of stressful experiences; these may include intimate partner violence, sexual assault, historical and racial trauma, gun violence, medical illness, and motor vehicle accidents. When treating trauma in the palliative care setting, clinicians consider not only the overall goal of the trauma therapy but also the patient’s energy level, cognitive function, symptom burden, and how this impacts their ability to participate. For patients with serious life-limiting illness, the goal of trauma therapy is often not long-term cure, but rather the immediate palliation of emotional and psychological distress that results from a trauma response in the healthcare setting, or at end of life.
Ethics in Medical Decision-Making
Authors: Borgmeyer Tracy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In recent decades, medical decision-making with persons with serious illness has focused on patient-directed treatment. Through informed consent, patients with decision-making capacity choose treatments according to their goals and values. When patients lack decision-making capacity, appointed surrogates or close family members make decision for them, sometimes consulting their written wishes, other times considering their wishes and values. More complex scenarios challenge normative ethical guidance. This chapter explores the stories of patients on a spectrum of decision-making capacity—including those who have a limited understanding of complex medical options but can express a preference or make a choice from among limited options. It presents the perspectives of surrogates and families who encounter barriers in respecting the wishes of patients. Through narrative, we examine situations which challenge clinicians to identify and communicate about limitations, working for resolutions which respect and mediate interests which are often held in tension.
Navigating in Swampy Lowlands
Authors: Browning David M. , Gerbino Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors describe an approach to learning and teaching in palliative care, based on their experience as social work educators, that is rooted in the pedagogy of relational learning. First, they emphasize that education should be immersed in the “swampy lowlands,” where everyday clinical practice occurs. Second, they stress that the learning context should be one in which practitioners can develop practical tools, insights, and ways of thinking in a user-friendly and collaborative manner. Third, they argue that education in palliative care with social workers must be grounded in a humility that recognizes the importance of being comfortable with uncertainty and with not having all the answers. The authors describe several “ingredients” of relational learning that they consider especially important: creating a safe and hospitable place for learning; validating experiential knowledge and already-existing competence; and inviting multiple perspectives while challenging fixed assumptions.
The Evolution of Advanced Certification for Palliative and Hospice Social Workers
Authors: Head Barbara Anderson , Middleton Alyssa A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2019, certification as an Advanced Palliative and Hospice Social Worker (APHSW-C) became available for social workers experienced in the specialty who verified their competency by passing a written exam. Content of the exam was based on the results of a nationwide survey of palliative and hospice social workers. The survey results provide a comprehensive, clinically informed outline of the tasks, skills, and knowledge necessary for practice in this field. This outline can also be used to develop curricula, write job descriptions, and describe the role and benefits of having a social worker on the interdisciplinary team. This chapter tracks early efforts to define the role and develop related credentials. The process of developing an evidence-based certification program is outlined as are the benefits to the individual, employers, and the patients and members of their circles of support served.
Professional Self-Care, Resilience, and Well-Being
Authors: Mulkerin Colleen M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Professional self-care, resilience, and well-being are analyzed with attention to the intersection between personal and organizational responsibilities in achieving workplace wellness. This chapter explores approaches aimed at individual well-being in the setting of organizational ethos. The models sampled range from health-oriented perspectives, cognitive approaches, and the review of a trauma framework. The crucial nature of symptom detection and their relationship to secondary trauma, moral distress, and compassion fatigue is discussed. Approaches to cultivate self-reflective practice and mindful self-compassion include micro, mezzo, and macro strategies. The chapter addresses the risk of trauma exposure inherent in practice and the impact when this exposure intersects with challenging work milieus. Burnout and compassion fatigue are distinguished to identify countermeasures to promote professional wellness, compassion satisfaction, meaningful work, resilience, and well-being.
Self-Care Practice Wisdom
Authors: Irish Kerry Cox 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While palliative social work is often deeply fulfilling, there are costs and risks to this work, including compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout syndrome. The contributors for the first two typically relate to the toll of witnessing the suffering of others, and they arise because of empathy and engagement, both of which are necessary to offer a true healing presence to those who are suffering, and both of which are also essential to sustaining one’s passion for the work. Given the challenges and risks of palliative social work, it is imperative to be intentional about cultivating resilience and well-being. Research suggests that for those who do, compassion satisfaction and vicarious posttraumatic growth are likely positive outcomes. This chapter explores practices that palliative social workers can use to build resilience and stay engaged, fulfilled, and well in work that can be—at times—demanding, stressful, and sorrowful.
Leadership in Palliative Social Work
Authors: Berkman Cathy , Christ Grace , Shukraft Allison 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Leadership in palliative social work is a responsibility, opportunity, and privilege. Strong leaders represent, advocate for, and advance social work values and principles. There are opportunities for leadership in palliative care throughout one’s career, at the bedside, in team, at different levels of the healthcare organization, social work profession, and other arenas. Social work leaders can promote equity and cultural humility and create a work environment that promotes social justice. Strong leadership has a synergistic effect, harnessing the strengths of individual team members to create something greater than the sum of the individual efforts, through harmony, creativity, dedication, fulfillment, shared learning, and openness. Leadership involves having a personal and shared vision and a mission, including excellence in patient care. This chapter reviews the different leadership styles, and their strengths and weaknesses, best practices of effective leaders, and the challenges and risks in serving as a leader.
Building a Lasting Legacy
Authors: Otis-Green Shirley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A commitment to “transformative professionalism” asks that palliative social workers have the courage to seek excellence in their delivery of care, which is enhanced when one regularly and intentfully reflects upon the impact one is having and the legacy one is creating. Applying the principles of palliative care lays a foundation for the transformation of healthcare. One’s unique integration of leadership, advocacy, research, policy, education, collaboration, resilience, and clinical skills synergistically increases one’s effectiveness as an agent of change. Examples of social work leadership are provided as well as a transformative professionalism toolkit to offer palliative social workers inspiration and guidance as they craft their careers and build their legacy with passion and purpose.
Atlas of EEG, Seizure Semiology, and Management
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl Edward , Sonmezturk Hasan , Ess Kevin C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Atlas of EEG, Seizure Semiology, and Management presents the essential knowledge and tools needed for understanding, performing, interpreting, and using electroencephalography (EEG) as a tool for patient care. The book begins with a discussion of the scientific basis of EEG activity and EEG recording, followed by details on the performance of various studies used in clinical practice. A large segment focuses on clinical features of seizures and epilepsies, including details of the new classification schemes. More than 500 images are used to discuss normal and abnormal EEG patterns and clinical features of seizures and epilepsies, including localization and physiology. While most of the book concerns patients of all ages, one section focuses on pediatric EEG and epilepsy. Management sections discuss specific treatments of seizures and epilepsies, including the physiology and pharmacology of rational therapy, recommended dosing and monitoring, and surgical and nonmedical therapy. Also included are discussions on the differential diagnosis of seizures, approach to nonepileptic events, and impact of comorbidities. After presentation of core material, many teaching cases presented and discussed by the authors.
Electronics
Authors: Misulis Karl E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The basic science of electronics and how electronics are used in electroencephalographic (EEG) equipment is presented in this chapter. It begins with a review of basic atomic physics as it pertains to electronics. Then the basic science of electronic devices is discussed. The general physical properties of current flow in biologic tissues are comparable to those in electrical devices, although the systems are far different. The chapter moves from basic theory to the granular mechanisms of function of EEG equipment.
Seizure Semiology by Seizure Type and Seizure Localization
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The new proposal of seizure classification by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has suggested dividing focal and generalized-onset seizures and seizures of unknown origin into a number of different categories or subclassifications. Correct classification of seizures is essential to diagnosis, and seizure semiology is leveraged to arrive at the correct diagnosis for our patients. We can first approach the diagnosis by evaluating seizure type and subsequently seizure localization. Extensive data have allowed us to draw accurate neuroanatomical and neurophysiological conclusions from an appropriate determination of seizure type. This chapter presents a detailed breakdown of the new classification ILAE scheme with helpful information for determining correct seizure classification.
Abnormal EEG in Epilepsy
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Abnormalities seen in the electroencephalogram (EEG) are identified as nonepileptiform or epileptiform. This chapter discusses the EEG in epilepsy, including epileptiform discharges and ictal discharges. The role of EEG in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy is first discussed, followed by a detailed discussion of individual patterns.
Advanced Techniques
Authors: Sonmezturk Hasan H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Advanced techniques in electroencephalography (EEG) include several intraoperative techniques, usually used in monitoring for the development of deficits while the patient cannot be easily examined. Critical care monitoring is commonly used to follow encephalopathy and investigate seizures whether convulsive or nonconvulsive. This chapter presents some common advanced techniques in EEG and discusses their role in patient management.
Overview
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Sonmezturk Hasan H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Not all events that are at first considered to be seizures turn out to be so. This chapter discusses multiple diagnoses of physiologic and psychologic origin which can be mistaken for seizures. Detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation is necessary to distinguish between these possibilities. Despite efforts, however, many patients who carry the diagnosis of epilepsy have alternative diagnoses.
Other Disorders Mistaken for Seizures
Authors: Misulis Karl E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The differential diagnosis of seizures includes principally psychogenic nonepileptic events and syncope, but also a host of other behaviors and events that can resemble seizures. Movement disorders are prominent among these. This chapter discusses some of these other disorders, including sleep disorders, behavior disorders, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), transient global amnesia, and drug-induced encephalopathy.
Management of Adult Seizures/Epilepsy
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The management of adult seizures and epilepsy includes a multimodal approach with antiseizure medications (ASMs) as a backbone. The specific agent(s) selected depend on the seizure and epilepsy type, patient comorbidities, and social specifics such as ability of the patient to afford the medication and comply with its use. This chapter discusses the continuum of decisions that must be made when treating seizures, from when to treat, to the selection of first-line and subsequent lines of therapy for specific types of epilepsies, dosing and titration of ASMs, and, ultimately, the discontinuation of ASM therapy.
Brain imaging techniques and their application to bipolar disorder
Authors: Adler Caleb M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAdvances in medical imaging over the last half-century have impacted clinical care of neurological disorders and revolutionized our understanding of neuroanatomy and physiology. More, these advances have given investigators access to technologies allowing them to probe the brain much deeper and more fully than possible with the naked eye. The result has been an evolution in psychiatric research from an almost exclusive focus on behavioral change to more recent efforts to understand the neuropathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Arguably the research application of progressively available imaging techniques has had a particularly profound effect on studies of bipolar disorder, a condition with a level of symptomatic variability that has often complicated understanding. This increasing availability to investigators over recent decades of both structural and functional neuroimaging data has been instrumental in the development of newer, more evidence-based models of bipolar pathophysiology. In combination with advances in previously disparate fields such as genetics and epigenetics, as well as data analysis techniques such as machine learning, neuroimaging studies may revolutionize our understanding and treatment of bipolar disorder.
Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bellani Marcella , Zovetti Niccolò , Sanches Marsal , Matsuo Koji , Soares Jair C. , Brambilla Paolo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric condition associated with shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels severely altering the quality of life of affected individuals. Although widely accepted, the neurobiological bases of the disorder are still incompletely described. This chapter offers an in-depth description of the brain alterations characteristic of bipolar disorder from several perspectives; in the first part the chapter describes alterations of grey matter regions and volumetric differences of several neuronal networks and presents the alterations of key white matter bundles and demyelinization processes associated with bipolar disorder. In the second part the chapter describes current scientific findings about genetic vulnerabilities and presents specific brain differences associated with various clinical features (e.g., bipolar disorder subtype, length of illness, medication). To summarize, bipolar disorder is characterized by widespread reductions of grey matter volumes in the frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and right insula and alterations of white matter in the cingulate cortex, corpus callosum, and frontal regions.
Genetic techniques and applications to bipolar disorder
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , McInnis Melvin G. , Zöllner Sebastian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe methods and technologies behind the analyses of genetic data and information have advanced considerably since the identification and expansion of DNA sequence-based markers, genotypes, that map the human genome. The capacity for generating large numbers of genotypes have provided a base for developing innovative methods of analysis. The approach has shifted from family-based linkage analyses to population-based association analyses and emerging results have opened new directions for inquiry. In disorders with non-Mendelian inheritance, tens to hundreds of susceptibility loci have been identified, and methods adapted to assess a polygenic risk score are being tested. Methods for estimating epigenetic influences on gene expression are actively being developed and tested. The mitochondria are an exciting frontier in the search for causality. As current methods and technologies are considered, there is momentum and innovation driving the process. Emerging data and results demand new approaches, which create new data and results.
General genetics of bipolar disorder
Authors: Nurnberger John I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It has been known for centuries that major mood disorders, including bipolar disorder, cluster in families. The heritability of bipolar disorder appears to be about 85%. Some of that heritability can now be assigned to specific common genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies and specific rare variants identified in sequencing studies. Some key areas for ongoing investigation include calcium channel–related genes, variants related to synaptic transmission, and markers of neuronal growth and development. Genetic counseling is now based on empirical risk figures from family studies but may in the future be aided by genetic measures such as polygenic risk scores and/or screening for rare variants.
MiRNAs as predictors of bipolar disorder diagnosis and treatment response
Authors: Dwivedi Yogesh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bipolar disorder is associated with substantial functional impairment, high health care costs, and premature mortality. The neurobiological mechanisms associated with bipolar disorder, however, are not well understood. In recent years, numerous studies about posttranscriptional regulation mechanisms have emerged in neuroscience. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs), which belong to the noncoding RNA family and regulate gene expression via posttranscriptional mechanisms, have gained prominence. Their role in regulating the entire gene circuitry has provided a unique opportunity to characterize them at the genome-wide level and has stimulated investigators to scrutinize their involvement in disease pathogenesis and treatment response. Compared to other psychiatric illnesses, the studies of miRNAs in bipolar disorder are in the early stages; nevertheless, the results are quite encouraging and compel investigators to pursue more in-depth analyses using various approaches. The present chapter reviews miRNAs in the predictive validity of bipolar disorder pathogenesis, in the mechanisms of action of antimanic agents, and in their role as biomarkers of treatment response.