bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of micropollutant mitigation measures using vertical flow constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater catchments in the greater region: a reference case for rural areas
Authors: Venditti Silvia , Kiesch Anne , Brunhoferova Hana , Schlienz Markus , Knerr Henning , Dittmer Ulrich , Hansen Joachim 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The present research aims at giving an approach to the issue of surface water contamination due to micropollutants in rural areas. The catchment of the Sûre river was selected as a reference case for the Greater Region, characterized mainly by settlements with low population density, small water bodies and small- to medium-sized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). For these WWTPs, conventional technical solutions for micropollutant elimination are not suitable; therefore, an adapted mitigation strategy is needed to prevent the impact of micropollutants, especially during the dry season. As a suitable alternative to more intensive technologies, Constructed Wetlands (CW) in Vertical Flow (VF) configuration have been successfully tested over a 1-year period and the elimination rate of 27 micropollutants was quantified. Emission reduction by VF was then considered in a static mass balance model that calculates the longitudinal concentration profile for the entire river catchment. The EmiSûre approach, which focuses on river quality (concentrations of pollutants) instead of emitted loads, effectively allowed simulation of adopted measures a priori and resulted in efficient support for decision-makers with WWTP upgrade scenarios.
Approaches to Address PK-PD Challenges of Conventional Liposome Formulation
with Special Reference to Cancer, Alzheimer's, Diabetes, and Glaucoma: An Update
on Modified Liposomal Drug Delivery System
Authors: Kesharwani Payal , Kumari Kajal , Gururani Ritika , Jain Smita , Sharma Swapnil 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Liposomes nowadays have become a preferential drug delivery system since they provide facilitating
properties to drugs, such as improved therapeutic index of encapsulated drug, target and controlled drug delivery, and
less toxicity. However, conventional liposomes have shown some disadvantages, such as less drug loading capacity,
poor retention, clearance by kidney or reticuloendothelial system, and less release of hydrophilic drugs. Thus, to
overcome these disadvantages recently, scientists have explored new approaches and methods, viz., ligand conjugation,
polymer coating, and liposome hybrids, including surface-modified liposomes, biopolymer-incorporated liposomes,
guest-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposome, liposome-in-hydrogel, liposome-in-film, liposome-in-nanofiber, etc. These
approaches have been shown to improve the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of encapsulated drugs.
Lately, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) computational modeling has emerged as a beneficial tool for
analyzing the impact of formulation and system-specific factors on the target disposition and therapeutic efficacy of
liposomal drugs. There has been an increasing number of liposome-based therapeutic drugs, both FDA approved and
those undergoing clinical trials, having application in cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and glaucoma. To meet the continuous
demand of health sectors and to produce the desired product, it is important to perform pharmacokinetic
studies. This review focuses on the physical, physicochemical, and chemical factors of drugs that influence the target
delivery of drugs. It also explains various physiological barriers, such as systemic clearance and extravasation. A novel
approach, liposomal-hybrid complex, an innovative approach as a vesicular drug delivery system to overcome limited
membrane permeability and bioavailability, has been discussed in the review. Moreover, this review highlights the
pharmacokinetic considerations and challenges of poorly absorbed drugs along with the applications of a liposomal
delivery system in improving PKPD in various diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and glaucoma.
Can In-house HIV-2 Viral Load Assay be a Reliable Alternative to Commercial
Assays for Clinical and Therapeutic Monitoring?
Authors: Kannangai Rajesh , Ramalingam Veena Vadhini , Fletcher Gnanadurai John , Kasirajan Anand , Demosthenes John Paul , Rupali Priscilla , Varghese George Mannil , Pulimood Susanne Alexander , Rebekah Grace 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Currently, there is a global contemplation to end the AIDS epidemic by
2030. HIV-2 poses unique challenges to this end. The burden of HIV-2 is higher in resource-limited
countries, and it is intrinsically resistant to NNRTI drugs. In addition, there is no FDA-approved
plasma viral load assay to monitor disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these
challenges, we have developed and evaluated an in-house quantitative HIV-2 viral load assay.

Methods:
Blood samples were collected from 28 HIV-2 treatment-naïve monoinfected individuals
and tested using an in-house qPCR HIV-2 viral load assay. The extracted RNA was amplified using
Quantifast pathogen + IC kit.

Results:
The in-house qPCR has a limit of detection of 695 copies/ml. The intra- and inter-assay
variation (% CV) of the assay was 0.61 and 0.95, respectively. The in-house assay quantified HIV-2
NIBSC accurately (1000 IU) with a mean of 1952 copies/mL. Among the 28 samples tested by
in-house qPCR assay, 11 (39.2%) samples were quantified, whereas 17 (60.7%) samples were not
detected. In comparison with Altona RealStar HIV-2 RT PCR and Exavir Load RT assay, the results
were 96.4% and 69.6% concordant, respectively. No significant (p = 0.99 and p = 0.13) difference
in quantifying viral load between the three assays. Based on clinical and immunological (CD4)
staging, the performance characteristics were comparable.

Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-house qPCR developed in India. The
performance characteristics of the in-house assay are comparable to the commercial assays, and
they can be used assertively to monitor HIV-2 patients.
Regulation of Exosomes-Mediated circNR4A1 on Chemoresistance and
Biological Effects of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Dong Yang , Zhang Lei , Chang Huaiguang 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
The current study aimed to construct a circNR4A1 loaded exosome (EXO) nano
system for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and elucidate the related regulation
mechanism in chemoresistance and tumor biology.

Methods:
Exosomes were isolated from the HEK293 cells by the ultracentrifugation method. Then, the
purified nanoproduction was characterized and identified by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic
light scattering, and Western blot. The hydrophobic circNR4A1 was then loaded into exosomes by the coincubation method. The effects of circNR4A1 on chemotherapy and apoptosis were evaluated in three multiresistant OSCC cell lines.

Results:
The range of size distribution of the exosomes was found to be 40-170 nm. Positive TSG101 and
CD63 expressions were observed, and the expression of calnexin was negative. In the cisplatin group,
circNR4A1 could sensitize 67% of cell lines, while circNR4A1-EXO could sensitize 100% of cell lines.
In the 5FU group, circNR4A1 could only sensitize 33% of cell lines, while circNR4A1-EXO could sensitize
67% of cell lines. circNR4A1-EXO is involved in multiple signaling pathways, which can not only
activate K-RAS/ERK and MDR-1 signaling pathways but activate DNMT-1 gene expression simultaneously.

Conclusion:
circNR4A1-EXO can increase the sensitivity of OSCC to anticancer drugs, which may be
due to the regulation of the K-RAS/ERK and p53 signaling pathway.
Nerves of the Thorax: Anatomy, Clinical Signs, and Imaging Findings of
Pathological Conditions
Authors: Durhan Gamze , Düzgün Selin Ardalı , Öcal Osman , Arıyürek Orhan Macit 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Radiological diagnosis of thoracic nerve diseases is difficult because they are rare and nerves cannot be seen directly on radiological images. The major nerves of the thorax can be listed as the phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal, long thoracic nerve pairs, sympathetic chains, costal nerves, and brachial plexus. Diseases of thoracic nerves have various causes including traumatic injury, neuromuscular diseases, infection, compression, radiation, drugs, and tumors.

Objective:
The aim of this pictorial review is to describe the anatomic locations of the major thoracic nerves on radiological images, comprehensively describe the causes of thoracic nerve diseases and to define the clinical signs, and primary and secondary imaging findings of dysfunction of the thoracic nerves.

Methods:
This paper was designed to illustrate primary and secondary imaging findings of nerve diseases. Firstly, normal anatomy of nerves is shown with diagrams. Secondly, we explained primary and secondary imaging features with variable radiological methods including chest X-Ray, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography.

Conclusion:
Primary findings of nerve diseases can be detected if radiologists are familiar with the courses of the nerves on radiological images. Knowledge of the normal functions of the nerves can aid in the diagnosis of thoracic nerve diseases identified from secondary imaging findings such as diaphragmatic elevation, muscular atrophy, and winged scapula. It is essential to know the normal anatomy, function, and possible causes of thoracic nerve diseases to be able to make a correct diagnosis and apply prompt treatment.
The Role of Growth Factor Delivery Systems on Cellular Activities of Dental
Stem Cells: A Systematic Review (Part II)
Authors: Shamszadeh Sayna , Shirvani Armin , Asgary Saeed 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
The current systematic review aims to provide the available ex vivo evidence evaluating
the biological interactions of dental stem cells (DSCs) and growth factor delivery systems.

Methods:
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
guidelines, systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus,
Web of Science, and Google Scholar) up to January 2022. Studies evaluating the biological interactions
of DSCs and growth factor delivery systems were included. The outcome measures were cell cytocompatibility,
mineralization, and differentiation.

Results:
Sixteen studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis. The following growth factor delivery
systems exhibit adequate cytocompatibility, enhanced mineralization, and osteo/odontoblast differentiation
potential of DSCs: 1) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-loaded-microsphere and silk fibroin, 2) Bone morphogenic
protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded-microsphere and mesoporous calcium silicate scaffold, 3) Transforming
growth factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1)-loaded-microsphere, glass ionomer cement (GIC), Bio-GIC and liposome, 4)
TGF-ß1-loaded-nanoparticles/scaffold, 5) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded-fiber and hydrogel,
6) TGF-ß1/VEGF-loaded-nanocrystalline calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate, 7) Epidermal
growth factor-loaded- nanosphere, 8) Stem cell factor/DSCs-loaded-hydrogel and Silk fibroin, 9)
VEGF/BMP-2/DSCs-loaded-Three-dimensional matrix, 10) VEGF/DSCs-loaded-microsphere/hydrogel,
and 11) BMP-2/DSCs and VEGF/DSCs-loaded-Collagen matrices. The included delivery systems
showed viability, except for Bio-GIC on day 3. The choice of specific growth factors and delivery systems
(i.e., BMP-2-loaded-microsphere and VEGF-loaded-hydrogel) resulted in a greater gene expression.

Conclusions:
This study, with low-level evidence obtained from ex vivo studies, suggests that growth
factor delivery systems induce cell proliferation, mineralization, and differentiation toward a therapeutic
potential in regenerative endodontics.
Insights into the Association of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Cardiovascular Risk Among Diabetic vs Non-Diabetic Patients
Authors: Singh Akashkumar N , Swathi Tatineni 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of developing cardiovascular
disease-related mortality and morbidity compared to non-diabetic chronic kidney disease
patients. The Majority of chronic kidney disease patients with diabetes remain undiagnosed and
have a higher incidence of cardiovascular comorbidities even when they do not progress to endstage
renal failure. Both traditional cardiovascular risk factors and non-traditional cardiovascular
risk factors are known to be present in a higher magnitude in diabetic patients with chronic kidney
disease and are known to partially account for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease
compared to non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Moreover, there is no definitive evidence
for potential therapeutic treatment options for cardiovascular disease among diabetic patients
with chronic kidney disease, as these patients have often not been included in major cardiovascular
trials. Therefore, there is a need to recognize diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease
patients having a high cardiovascular disease risk for definite and immediate medical attention at
an individual patient level. Increased awareness, timely diagnosis, and intervention with respect to
control these plays a pivotal role in avoiding undesirable cardiovascular disease events and lead to
improved treatment outcomes among these patients. Further research is warranted to understand
the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and to develop and implement preventive and treatment
strategies to decrease the high morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients with chronic kidney
disease. This review summarizes the available epidemiological data, and risk factors, discusses
clinical presentations, and suggests prevention and management strategies for cardiovascular disease
risk among diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.
Selective Inhibition of Soluble TNF using XPro1595 Improves Hippocampal
Pathology to Promote Improved Neurological Recovery Following
Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Larson Katelyn , Damon Melissa , Randhi Rajasa , Nixon-Lee Nancy , Dixon Kirsty J. 
Published: June 2022

Aims:
To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional
outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Background:
Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side
effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the
soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI.

Objectives:
Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation
and dendritic plasticity and associated functional impairments.

Methods:
Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J
WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically
relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological
function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as
neuronal degeneration and plasticity.

Results:
We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning
and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and
Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology’s
within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity,
enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity
(spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were
prevented in mice treated with XPro1595.

Conclusion:
Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the
pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use
in patients with TBI.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective
Properties of Hexane Extracts from the Roots of Centaurea
acaulis and Centaurea pullata
Authors: Benhamidat Lyna , Dib Mohammed El Amine , Bensaid Okkacha , Keniche Assia , ouar Ibtisem El , Muselli Alain 
Published: June 2022

Background:
In herbal medicine, Centaurea is used in the treatment of many diseases such
as dizziness, headaches, etc. It also reduces inflammatory pain and is used to treat liver diseases. The
roots of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata have not yet been studied for biological properties

Objective:
The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antiinflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of hexane extracts of Centaurea acaulis and
Centaurea pullata roots, and their major component, aplotaxene.

Methods:
The hexane extract was prepared by the maceration process and identified by GC and GCMS. Aplotaxene was isolated by flash chromatography. The antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-
diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyle DPPH, the β-carotene bleaching, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
(FRAP) methods. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by egg albumin denaturation assay and the
neuroprotective activity was assessed against acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase
(BChE).

Results:
The chemical composition of hexane extract of Centaurea pullata was mainly represented by
non-terpenic compounds such as Aplotaxene (80.3%), while, hexane extract of Centaurea acaulis was
characterized by high levels of Aplotaxene (56.9%), 9-oxabicyclo(6,1,0)nonane (9.2%), Caryophyllene
oxide (8.3%) and Isocaryophyllene (6.0%). The hexane extracts of the two Centaurea showed very
good antioxidant activities with all three methods. Aplotaxene has shown excellent antioxidant activity
compared to Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid. Centaurea acaulis hexane extract
showed very high anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.76 mg/L in the egg albumin denaturation
test compared to diclofenac (IC50 of 1.01 mg/L). The extract of Centaurea pullata and Aplotaxene
showed an interesting anti-inflammatory activity with IC50s of 1.72 and 1.36 mg/L, but which remains
lower than that of diclofenac sodium. The neuroprotective activity of Centurea pullata and Centaurea
acaulis extracts, and Aplotaxene did not show inhibition against AChE, whereas they inhibited BChE
with IC50 values of 92.3, 583, and 81.5 mg/L, respectively.

Conclusion:
Further analysis is still needed to further demonstrate the biological efficacy of Centaurea
acaulis and Centaurea pullata extracts and Aplotaxene.
Estimating COVID-19 Cases Using Machine Learning Regression Algorithms
Authors: Yadav Vikash , Deshwal Vaishali , Kumar Vimal , Shukla Rati 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Coronavirus refers to a large group of RNA viruses that infects the respiratory
tract in humans and also causes diseases in birds and mammals. SARS-CoV-2 gives rise to the
infectious disease “COVID-19”. In March 2020, coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the WHO.
The transmission rate of COVID-19 has been increasing rapidly; thus, it becomes indispensable to
estimate the number of confirmed infected cases in the future.

Objective:
The study aims to forecast coronavirus cases using three ML algorithms, viz., support
vector regression (SVR), polynomial regression (PR), and Bayesian ridge regression (BRR).

Methods:
There are several ML algorithms like decision tree, K-nearest neighbor algorithm, Random
forest, neural networks, and Naïve Bayes, but we have chosen PR, SVR, and BRR as they have
many advantages in comparison to other algorithms. SVM is a widely used supervised ML algorithm
developed by Vapnik and Cortes in 1990. It is used for both classification and regression. PR
is known as a particular case of Multiple Linear Regression in Machine Learning. It models the relationship
between an independent and dependent variable as nth degree polynomial.

Results:
In this study, we have predicted the number of infected confirmed cases using three ML
algorithms, viz. SVR, PR, and BRR. We have assumed that there are no precautionary measures in
place.

Conclusion:
In this paper, predictions are made for the upcoming number of infected confirmed
cases by analyzing datasets containing information about the day-wise past confirmed cases using
ML models (SVR, PR and BRR). According to this paper, as compared to SVR and PR, BRR performed
far better in the future forecasting of the infected confirmed cases owing to coronavirus.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Coping Styles Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Alghamdi Waleed Ahmed , Alzahrani Sami Hamdan 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the different demographic variables and other social, and health-related factors, and the coping styles used by the general population in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study involving 5,514 participants was conducted online over two weeks. An online questionnaire was distributed among attendees of a public awareness campaign. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: (1) sociodemographic variables and questions exploring the physical and mental health of the participants, along with COVID-19 related questions, and (2) the Brief COPE questionnaire to identify the coping styles used by participants.

Results:
The most frequently used adaptive styles involved religion, acceptance, and positive reframing. As for the maladaptive styles, self-distraction, venting, and self-blame were the most frequently used. Comparing the means of coping styles, participants older than 60 and female participants more frequently used religion, acceptance, positive reframing, and active coping, while participants younger than 35 and male participants reported more frequent use of instrumental support and humor. Younger participants used all maladaptive coping styles more frequently than older participants; male and female participants appeared to use different maladaptive coping styles. People with mental health conditions showed less frequent use of adaptive coping styles and more frequent use of maladaptive coping styles.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study show that multiple sociodemographic and health variables such as age, gender, and the presence of mental health conditions may influence the type of coping styles people use during a crisis. These findings could offer a better understanding of how the general public is coping with this unique situation. This may help mental health care workers and public health officials provide appropriate support at both individual and general population levels during this pandemic.