bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Modeling of Launch-to-LEO Accelerations for Mechanical Characterization of Organoids
Authors: Violante Peter , Blischak Nicholas , McLamb William , Clements Twyman , Viirre Erik , Ghazinejad Maziar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The commercialization of orbital launch services and the resulting drop in payload cost are allowing more research to be conducted in microgravity. Biological experiments in this field require sealed enclosures with controlled onboard environmental conditions and complex ancillary circuits, sensors, microfluidics, etc. In order to successfully conduct experiments in microgravity, the research platform and its test subjects must survive the violent accelerations encountered while being launched on a rocket into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Developing detailed mechanical models to predict the physical behavior of biological subjects under complex launch forces is exceedingly difficult. Moreover, biological materials are transient by nature, presenting further hurdles to establishing accurate models. For these reasons, numerical dynamic simulations typically used in engineering against failure in high- or variable-g environments will not suffice; a means of empirical simulation is necessary.
The following is a review of the existing efforts to meet this need. Further, the design and analysis of a dynamic simulation platform to empirically test the effects of high-acceleration launch regimes on LEO-bound research platforms will be discussed. The research and design work towards BLAST (BOARDS Launch Acceleration Simulation Tool) seeks to achieve the stated goal using a 7-foot beam centrifuge with a swing-bucket design. Rotation will be controlled such that the resultant acceleration experienced by its payload will closely mimic what the payload would experience during launch to LEO.
Modeling the Biomechanics Parameters on Achilles Tendon Using OpenSim Simulations and Validating the Sensor Accuracy
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Contois Zachary , Tanveer M. Hassan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
OpenSim is a free software platform that enables the user to preform interaction and movement simulations with human, animal, and robotic models. The software is accompanied by a vast user database of simulations and models which is available on the online community. By utilizing the resources available an accurate model can be created to represent any musculoskeletal configuration that happens in day-to-day activities. Forces and moments are calculated experimentally and verified by the OpenSim models for the Achilles Tendon. In this study, the muscle actuation of the Achilles Tendon is collected from multiple subjects and analyzed. Five subjects were tested for the data collection. Data was collected while the participant completed a concentric motion to ensure Achilles Tendon activation. The testing setup utilizes 3 miniature PCB accelerometers, a PCB 4-channel signal conditioner, a DAQ chassis, and a Modally Hand Impact Hammer in tandem with NI signal view express and MATLAB. Once the results from the study were analyzed, a virtual model was setup in the same configuration in OpenSim and the results from the simulation were compared to the results from the testing. The mechanical forces on the Achilles Tendon will be analyzed using the OpenSim software in order to better understand the muscle actuation at various loading levels. The proposed methods offer a non-invasive approach for studying in vivo muscle-tendon mechanics.
Characterization of the Compressive Properties of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface PCL Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Klemstine Cole , Abdelgaber Yousef , Lawrence Logan , Day James B. , Claudio Pier Paolo , Salary Roozbeh (Ross) 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pneumatic micro-extrusion (PME) is a high-resolution direct-write additive manufacturing method, which has been widely utilized for the fabrication of biological tissues, structures, and organs. The PME process allows for non-contact, multi-material deposition of a wide range of functional bio-inks for tissue engineering applications. However, the PME process is inherently complex, governed by complex multi-physics phenomena. Consequently, investigation of the effects of significant process parameters and their interactions on scaffold functional properties would be inevitable.
The overarching goal of this research work is to fabricate biocompatible, biodegradable, and porous bone scaffolds for the treatment of large osseous fractures. In pursuit of this goal, the objective of the work is to investigate the compressive properties of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) bone scaffolds, composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and fabricated using the PME additive manufacturing process. In this study, the experimental characterization of TPMS bone scaffolds was on the basis of a designed experiment. The compressive properties of the fabricated bone scaffolds were measured using a compression testing machine. Diamond as well as Icosahedron designs led to fabricated bone scaffolds having relatively high compression moduli. The results of this study pave the way for optimal fabrication of complex bone scaffolds for the treatment of bone fractures and defects.
Wear Behavior of Grinding Wheels With Superficial Cooling Channels
Authors: Capela P. , Carvalho S. F. , Costa S. , Souza S. , Pereira M. , Carvalho L. , Gomes J. R. , Soares D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Grinding wheels are used in manufacturing industry to shape and finish different types of materials. To achieve this purpose, the wear resistance of grinding materials and the capacity to promote wear on the opposing surface determine the performance of the grinding part. During the grinding operations high temperatures are developed in the wheel/piece contact which can cause several problems like working material microstructural changes, internal defects (fissures...). In the last years, superficial structured wheels have been developed in order to reduce contact temperature and improve the grinding efficiency and the quality of the produced surface.
In this work, two types of channels structures were produced on the surface of a vitrified alumina abrasive composite with: hexagonal and spiral geometries (active area of 95.3 and 91.6%, respectively). The obtained composites produced were characterized in terms of physical properties (density and porosity) and geometric channel features. In order to evaluate the changes on the wear rate and surface morphology pin-on-disc wear tests were performed under lubricated conditions at constant load (20 N) and sliding speed (0.5 m.s−1), at room temperature. An alumina rod (∅5 mm) was used as counterface material creating particularly hard contact conditions. The wear rate of both mating surfaces was measured by gravimetric method. The worn surfaces were characterized by SEM analysis and the tribological results were correlated with the physical properties of the composites and the introduced cooling channels. The dominant wear mechanisms, as identified by SEM analysis, were fine scale abrasive wear of the protruding load carrying particles, which is featured by the formation of wear flats, together with debonding of ceramic particles from the composite contact surface. Comparing with traditional wheels (without cooling channels), a decrease of the wear rate on disc side of 35 and 42% was obtained for, respectively, spiral and hexagonal channel geometries. On the alumina opposite counterface, the wear rate increases 10 and 47% for, respectively, hexagonal and spiral geometries. A significant improvement on the abrasive performance (a wear rate decreases on the abrasive wheel and an increase on the counterface) was achieved with the addition of the two types of channel geometries. The best combination of results (composite and counterface) was obtained for the spiral configuration of the cooling channels (grinding ratio of 0.86).
Water Fuel Development: Part 1 - Clean Energy Production From Water Splitting High Temperature Electrolysis Process in Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Abhulimen Kingsley E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel technology model is presented that simplifies the technical requirements to produce hydrogen and clean energy from water splitting high temperature electrolysis process. Thus the model developed was applied to progress research in water based /hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) with potentials of meeting the carbon footprints targets. Thus, the hydrogen (H2) from water splitting high temperature electrolysis process when reacted with CO2 produces methane (CH4) in their thermodynamic ratio to combust internal combustion engines and power plants. The thermodynamic simulation data derived from Aspen Plus software environment was used to simulate volume–temperature expansion at high pressure which has been applied to further water based/hydrogen internal combustion engine at different thermodynamic temperature requirements of 25°C, 100°C, 400°C, 800°C and 2000°C. A seamless and safe transition from fossil based economy to hydrogen economy is now feasible with new insights in thermodynamics theory where water as a raw material that could power the next hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen power plants for future energy industry offer a cheaper and more sustainable fuel.
Design, Modeling, and Fabrication of a Ventilator Prototype - A Successful Student Project Story
Authors: Yeong Haoyee , Iloeje Francis , Kindomba Eli , Folorunso Sunday , Li Yafeng , Zhang Jing 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this work, we use a group project approach for a group of undergraduate students to design and develop a mechanical ventilator, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A student group project composed of a team of undergraduate students has successfully designed and fabricated a mechanical bag valve mask (BVM) ventilator prototype. It is lightweight with a single controller is driven, capable of volume adjustment, inexpensive, open-source, and designed for ease of fabrication, installation, and operation by the average user. The ventilator prototype also consists of 3D printed components and stored bought hardware. A finite element model was developed to analyze the deformation of the bag valve mask. Finally, the ventilator system is fully tested functioning properly.
Solitary Waves in an Array of Nonlinear Oscillators With Time-Periodic Damping and Stiffness Coefficients
Authors: Talebi Bidhendi M. Reza , Mohammadpanah Ahmad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The localized nonlinear responses of a chain of nonlinear pendulums with time-periodic damping and stiffness coefficients are investigated. The existence conditions and stability of the solitary waves are revisited for the aforementioned system. In essence, the parametrically driven discrete Klein-Gordon equation with time-periodic damping coefficient is converted to a damped parametrically driven discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation using the method of multiple scales. The numerical simulations show how the stability and characteristics of the solitary waves are modified when the periodically modulated damping coefficient, which is either synchronized or asynchronized with the time-periodic stiffness coefficient, is added. In practice, time-periodic damping coefficient can be treated as a new way to tune the characteristic of the solitons (i.e., required threshold of the soliton activation and the period of oscillations) in the nonlinear periodic structures. This modification may provide some insights towards the control of the energy localization phenomena in nonlinear periodic structures with time-varying coefficients for efficient energy transport/management applications.
On the Fatigue Properties of 3D Steel Structures Welded Onto Ceramics
Authors: Allameh Seyed M. , Alexander Douglas , Miller Roger , Lenihan Avery , Allameh Hadi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fabrication of prototypes and custom-made parts, made of various metals, has become possible by additive manufacturing. Like any new technology, reliability of the products is of utmost importance, especially, when it comes to life-sustaining structures or for applications where human life is at stake. A less common method of making 3D metallic object is by 3D welding. This method is more appropriate for structures where dimensional and esthetic characteristics of the structures are of secondary importance. An example is steel rebar in concrete where it requires rough corrugated surfaces of the rebars. This walled metallic structures, used especially for loadbearing applications, where load is not fixed will require investigation of fatigue properties. Conventional testing methods may not be appropriate for small cross sections. To address this problem, microtensile testing allows characterization of mechanical properties of small structures as thin as a few millimeters. Past work on the monotonic and cyclic properties of microsamples extracted from weldments made on metallic substrates has shown superior tensile strength and enhanced fatigue resistance compared to the base metal. It is interesting to see how the results would be different if ceramic substrates were used. This study utilizes a gantry type 3D printer, equipped with the gun of a MIG welding machine to fabricate steel weldments on ceramics using 3D welding technique. The process involves starting of the arc from a grounded piece of metal, then continue the motion of the gun and guide the motion of the molten metal pool in desired direction, maintaining the continuity through the solidifying bead. Weldment samples fabricated by this technique are then machined by a CNC mill to extract microscale dog-bone-shaped samples with a width of 200 micron and a gage length of 1000 micron. The top and bottom surfaces of the samples are polished to a mirror finish and subsequently the microsamples are mounted in the grippers of an Electropulse 1000 Instron load frame. Monotonic and cyclic loading mechanical tests in tensile mode are conducted and data are collected and plotted in terms of stress-strain as well as stress-life curves. These results are then compared with those of samples made by 3D welding of steel-on-steel substrate. Since the cooling rate of molten metal on steel substrates differs from that of ceramic substrate, fatigue properties may be different too. The implications of the reliability of reinforcement steel bars printed by 3D welding will be discussed.
Thermal Performance Analysis of Multi-Layer Thermal Energy Storage Tank Using Different Phase Change Materials
Authors: Azam Md. Ali , Hasan Mamun Mohammad Arif 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A thermocline thermal energy storage (TES) tank is the key element of storing thermal energy for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the single-phase thermal energy storage (TES) and the two-phase latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) for single-layered and multi-layered phase change materials (MLPCMs) using molten salt, FLiNaK, a eutectic mixture of 46.5%LiF, 11.5%NaF, and 42% KF as the heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer module for the computational domain is analyzed using the Dispersion-Concentric model which is based on energy equations and is solved by the finite element method. The results of the TES were compared with that of an existing numerical study in the literature, and they were found to be reasonably in agreement. The high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity offered to the LHTES by the PCMs result in the best charging and discharging thermal cycle. The study helps us to understand the thermal behavior of temperature inside the tank for different PCMs and from the comparative thermal analysis of the study, it is possible to choose the best PCM among the alternatives.
Comparative Evaluation of Some Energy Policies in Abu Dhabi Using EnergyPlan Program
Authors: Al Naimi Moza Salim , Ali Mohamed I. Hassan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Energy planning is a key-factor in establishing framework for any kind of regulation in the energy sector. Considered to be a major instrument of energy policy planning is affected by allocation of energy resources, technological, environmental, and economical factors. Looking to the UAE Energy 2050-Plan, we find two main goals: delivering clean and inexpensive energy by raising the share of renewable energy in the energy mix from 25% to 50% by 2050, and reacting to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emission produced by conventional power generation by 70%. The aim of this research is to evaluate Abu Dhabi’s energy system by comparing various policy development scenarios in the context of the recent integration of renewable and nuclear resources into the grid using real data. In this paper, a quantitative analysis of the Abu Dhabi energy sector is modeled with several scenarios to drive regional objectives and policies plans. This research employs deterministic hourly simulation that generates hourly analyses of the energy system, with consideration of 2020 as a reference year. Evaluation of modeled scenarios from the standpoint of annual carbon dioxide emissions and annual cost are presented and analyzed. Future research should consider uncertainty in nuclear power delay and availability.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Biomimetic Porous Scaffold Using Machine Learning: Application of Biot’s Theory
Authors: Hodaei Mohammad , Maghoul Pooneh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A two-dimensional infinite length porous slab is employed to simulate biomimetic porous scaffold. The pores of slab are saturated with a relatively low and high viscous fluids such as air and bone marrow. Ultrasonic waves based on the Biot-JKD formulation travel through the porous slab and create viscous exchanges between the skeletal frame and the fluid. The Biot-JKD formulation focuses on the parameters, biomarkers of the biomimetic porous scaffold, which are sensitive to the transmission and reflection signals. These parameters include porosity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic length, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. An artificial neural network (ANN) based on a set of the biomarkers is rendered to model the transmitted and reflected waves from the porous slab. The validation of the proposed analytical approach and released artificial neural network is evaluated by the pertinent literature. The output of the artificial neural network, the transmitted-reflected waves, is inversely applied to the analytical expression to estimate the biomarkers associated with bone regeneration. The results show that for a medium filled with a relatively high viscous fluid the longitudinal waves are more prone to estimate mechanical properties of the medium such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio while the transverse waves, in addition to longitudinal waves, are essential to estimate the physical properties of the medium including porosity, tortuosity, and viscous characteristic length. Furthermore, it is also concluded that for the medium filled with a relatively low viscous fluid such as air the longitudinal waves alone is able to estimate the biomarkers, which reduce significantly the computational efforts.
Design and Structural Analysis of a Lifting Platform for Hydrotherapy Pool
Authors: David N. V. , Darjat M. Danial 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hydrotherapy is a supervised exercise session conducted in a specially designed swimming pool to induce healing health conditions against arthritis, inflammation and other ailments. Hydropool is a pool intended for such aquatic therapy whereby the users are seated in special-chairs on top of a platform that will be slowly submerged into the pool. However, existing platform structure and hoisting mechanism of hydropools are mostly physically strenuous for disabled people. Besides that, the cost of the lifting systems is often high owing to the sophisticated hydraulic or pneumatic apparatus and materials used. Thus, it is essential to design and analyze a hydropool platform and lifting mechanism to overcome these limitations. This study presents the numerical analysis of a 1200 mm (width) by 1015 mm (length) platform structure, and a scissor mechanism to lift the platform from a 1750-mm deep pool. The structure comprises nine individual components including base, scissor links, supporting and connecting links, leadscrew, platform, fence, bolts and nuts. The design objective is to minimize mass at optimum load carrying capacity with a reasonable safety factor. A few design options are considered to achieve this objective. A virtual model of the selected design is created using SolidWorks®. Finite element analysis (FEA) on the model is conducted using the ANSYS® workbench in static structural mode to evaluate the von Mises stresses and total deformations of the platform when a maximum load of 2943 N is applied vertically on the structure. The structure is made of SS316, which has a yield strength at 0.2% offset of 205 MPa as per the ASTM A276/A276M standard. The FEA results showed that the maximum von Mises stress of 67.9 MPa is obtained at the scissor link component of the structure. The corresponding maximum total deformation is 1.33 mm. The safety factor is found to be equivalent to 33.1% of the yield strength of SS316 at the maximum applied load. These observations indicate that the platform structure and scissor-lifting mechanism are safe under the loading conditions used in the simulation.
Effect of Manufacturing Process Tolerances on MEMS Vibratory Sensor Dynamics
Authors: Khan Nabeel , Agarwal Anurag , Harrison Tyler , Spicer Dean , Ahamed Mohammed Jalal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a solid disk resonator is designed for manufacturability inside a wafer-level sealed cavity with fusion-bonding process. The device is then simulated using finite element analysis with a variety of manufacturing process tolerances to determine the effect of these variations on the performance of the resonator. It is shown that radial offset of the resonator due to misalignment during bond strongly affects in altering the operating frequencies of the resonator. The design approach considering manufacturing tolerances presented in this paper can be beneficial for high precision MEMS inertial sensor development.