bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending Spells
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides one of the first empirical investigations of what (if anything) ends a repressive spell. Again, the analysis identifies the influence of the standard variables employed within the literature. Following this, the chapter moves to explore those variables that emerge from the domestic context (i.e., those used by actors within the territory in question) and those variables that emerge from the international context (i.e., those used by actors outside of the territory in question). The big findings here include pacifying influences of electoral democratization and judicial democracy, civil conflict termination, as well as International Government Organization membership but inflammatory influences of civil conflict, population, and youth bulges. This again reveals that there are different factors influencing distinct parts of the Death/Life repression cycle. Once again the chapter investigates what drives the variable/policy that wields the biggest impact on onset: political democratization. The chapter ends with what has been learned about spell termination.
Cases
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In an effort to facilitate clear understanding of the empirical results derived from the previous four chapters, Chapter 7 presents some case material which lays out relevant sequences in some detail. We begin with discussing the most common sequence that emerges from our study and the one that is most consistent with our juggernaut theoretical argument. Here, a spell starts, non-violence/civil resistance is enacted, democratization occurs, and the spell ends. Specifically, four cases are discussed. We then move on to a variant of our theoretically derived sequence but one where elements are missing. For example, where a spell begins, non-violence/civil resistance is enacted, and the spell comes to an end. Three cases are provided that illustrate this scenario. Finally, we identify cases where there is a somewhat more violent and more complex pathway to termination. Here, a spell starts, civil conflict occurs, there is some combination of democratization and/or civil resistance, and the spell is terminated. Two cases are provided that illustrate this scenario.
Counter-Revolution and Compromise
Authors: Berridge Willow , Lynch Justin , Makawi Raga , de Waal Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter documents the period between al-Bashir's ouster on 11 April and the signing of the Constitutional Declaration by representatives of the Forces of Freedom and Change and General Burhan's Transitional Military Council on 17 August 2019. It covers the tense negotiations between the FFC and TMC, assessing the development of Burhan and Hemedti's revolutionary strategy from April until the massacre of protestors gathered at the sit-in site in military headquarters on 3 June. The rupture in negotiations brought about by the massacre provoked an intervention by a variety of international actors, including the AU, UK, UN, IGAD and USA, eventually leading to the compromise of 17 August.
Asserting Chinese Dominance
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChinese efforts at rapidly modernizing the People's Liberation Army (PLA) are unparalleled. These efforts include both major changes in acquisition and development of military hardware, alongside a thorough, progressive reimagining of military doctrine. One principal aspect of PLA modernization is the creation of the Strategic Support Force (SSF), which represents a consolidation of cyber operations, signals intelligence, electronic warfare, space operations and other adjacent components. Through the SSF, the PLA has adopted a sober, pragmatic view of cyber operations that includes all the requisite components for strategic incorporation of Offensive Cyber Operations (OCOs) into warfighting efforts. Yet one essential component remains lacking: experience. Success in OCOs is intricate and requires accrued experience painstakingly gained through recurring efforts. While China has extensive experience in conducting cyber operations for intelligence gathering, it lacks discernible offensive experience. This gap, paired with an overall inexperience in joint warfare in actual combat contingencies, raises questions about the PLA's readiness to successfully employ OCOs. This is explored through the lens of a Taiwan contingency--the long-planned potential campaign to forcibly overtake Taiwan in attempt to forcibly reunify it with the Chinese mainland, and how it may counter Taiwanese forces - and their US allies.
The Public Health Crisis Survival Guide
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Firefighters fight fires. Police officers race to crime scenes, sirens blaring. And health officials? Health officials respond to crises. There are infectious disease crises, budget crises, environmental health crises, human resources crises—and many more. At such critical moments, what happens next really matters. A strong response can generate greater credibility and authority for a health agency and its leadership, while a bungled response can lead to humiliation and even resignation. Health officials must be able to manage and communicate effectively as emotions run high, communities become engaged, politicians lean in, and journalists circle. In popular imagination, leaders intuitively rise to the challenge of a crisis: Either they have what it takes or they do not. In fact, preparation is invaluable, and critical skills can be learned and practiced. Students and health officials alike can prepare not only to avoid catastrophe during crises, but to take advantage of new opportunities for health improvement. The Public Health Crisis Survival Guide provides historical perspective, managerial insight, and strategic guidance to help health officials at all levels not just survive but thrive in the most challenging of times.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStephen Ellis was widely recognized as one of the greatest Africanists of his generation. An expert on the history and politics of Madagascar, South Africa, Liberia and Nigeria, his bibliography included some 20 books and more than 130 published articles. This chapter introduces and provides an overview of the book, which encompasses his main geographical interests, historical and contemporary subjects, and includes well and lesser-known articles. It is grouped under the sections, "Method", "Rebellion and Repression", "Religion", "Crime", and "Public Engagement". It argues that Stephen Ellis was a scholar of considerable sophistication and subtlety whose work remains relevant today. It concludes by touching on some of the unanswered questions and perplexing features of his oeuvre.
Writing Histories of Contemporary Africa
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This essay argues that historians need to engage with the history of contemporary Africa both as a way of throwing new light on Africa's more remote past and as a way of understanding the present. The paper discusses two types of problems involved in such an enterprise. The first is the identification of the most fruitful themes for investigation. The second is the sources that may be used.
Africa’s Wars of Liberation
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers some preliminary reflections on the ways in which scholars have considered African wars of liberation. It discusses a tendency on the part of historians to interpret violent resistance struggles in Africa as episodes in some ultimately teleological process, liberating Africans progressively from colonial, neo-colonial or national oppression. Yet given the disappointing results of each of these successive "liberations", there are reasons to be sceptical. A more fruitful approach would be to attempt to reread the late colonial and postcolonial period of African history without any ideological prism, transcending the now-classic division of African history into three periods defined by their relationship to colonial rule.
Violence and History
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter responds to an article published by Thandika Mkandawire in the Journal of Modern African Studies in 2002. It rejects Mkandawire's explanation of violence against the peasantry in Africa, using an analysis of Liberia to propose instead that violence should be understood as a form of meaningful action that refers to a range of symbols concerning power that are widely understood and historically rooted. This leads on to a broader discussion of how to reinvigorate social science in an era whereconfidence in some of its most influential models and paradigms is on the wane. Social science should be premised on the assumption that all human beings have fundamental qualities, tendencies and abilities in common, and on the assumption that it is possible to reach a sophisticated and informed understanding of what these qualities are.
Witch-Hunting in Central Madagascar 1828–1861Madagascar 1828–1861
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of a poison ordeal administered en masse by the Imerina state in nineteenth century Madagascar. The chapter proceeds in two stages: first by describing "witchcraft" or mosavy as a category of local religious thought and then by analyzing its relation to and role in larger social processes, which included political centralisation, massive population movements, war, disease and state decay. It argues that the great witch-hunts in Madagascar were intrinsic to the articulation of a religious and political power that proved unable to endure, not least because of the vast inequities and ambiguities with which it was associated. The chapter raises the possibility of a cautious comparative analysis of witchcraft, best approached through a sociology of scapegoating.
Africa and International Corruption
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article traces the development of corruption in one part of Africa--Seychelles--in a global context. It demonstrates how the ease with which capital can be transferred and commodities bought and sold, and the speed of modern communication in general, have been given considerable impetus to the linking of corrupt practices across borders, and that this process of transnational corruption was considerably encouraged by the Cold War. After independence in 1976, Seychelles was subject to intense international diplomatic and military activity, often of a covert nature, due largely to the islands' strategic location, which made them an asset both in US-Soviet rivalry in the Indian Ocean and in the more localized patterns of conflict stemming from South Africa's drive to assert its hegemony in southern Africa. This led to attempts to subvert or influence the islands' government by bribery and by force, while more powerful governments and business interests associated with political parties as far afield as Italy manipulated Seychelles' status as a sovereign State in order to perform various transactions of dubious legality. There is some evidence also that the islands were used for financial transactions by arms dealers and as a staging post for drug trafficking.
How to Rebuild Africa
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the problem of Africa's "failed" or "fragile states" at the turn of the twenty-first century. Failed states are typically viewed by policymakers as being like machines, which, with some well-known technical inputs, can be fixed. A better metaphor is that they are sick patients, each with their own peculiarities, which require careful diagnosis before being nursed back to health. In addition, the conventional wisdom on rebuilding African states suffers from three major defects: it is short-termist; it overestimates, in some cases, the degree of capacity that these states ever had; and it is overly focused on individual nations as its unit of analysis. What are needed are longer-term, international or regional solutions. In a few cases, a new form of international trusteeship can be advocated.
Conclusion
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book, draws out implications for policy and academic research, and discusses avenues for future research. This chapter explains why it is difficult for a cyber command that lacks a peacetime mission to retain talent and assess possible solutions. This chapter also discuss the need for a "homegrown" industry as states will have to rely more on their own ability to build and innovate in the cyber realm, compared to other fields. In addition, this chapter notes that the policy writing on cyber disarmament is too preoccupied with the states' procedures to disclose zero-day exploits and pays insufficient attention to policies that curtail the unwanted diffusion of skills.
Epilogue
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis epilogue briefly explores efforts of ‘rebranding’ informing in the aftermath of conflicts, and the challenges former rebel leaders can face in undoing the long-term consequences of their own past campaigns against informing. Republican leader Martin McGuinness, admired amongst former IRA supporters as a ‘warrior’, crossed the Rubicon and as Deputy First Minister called on Republican communities to inform the police on dissident organisations. Yet many in the community he represented remain on the far side of the metaphorical river, even when they strongly object to the dissident violence, still unwilling to countenance informing and remaining attached to entrenched social norms recoiling from it. Mainstream Republicans attempt to reframe informing in the post-conflict context: from a cardinal sin worthy of death to the praiseworthy duty of the good citizen; from ‘informing’, with its host of negative connotations, to mundane informing. These efforts—termed here ‘transitional social control’—have not been fully successful, and for many informing remains ‘informing’: a despicable act of betraying the community. This struggle demonstrates the pivotal role of perceptions of informing in conflicted and divided societies, and can lead to devising a societal litmus test for communities emerging from conflict: the more a community accepts that ‘informing’ has become informing, the more it has stepped out of the conflict and into a new phase of normalised relations with the state; while as long as informing retains its status as ‘informing’ among sizeable parts of the population, the conflict mentality remains prominent.
The Federal Contract
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces federalism as a discrete and significant tradition of constitutional rule for the modern state. It argues that this distinctiveness has largely been neglected by constitutional theory and explains how and why this is the case. It does so by tracing the history of the federal idea from the time of the founding of the constitution of the United States, exploring how the American model has overshadowed the development of federal theory and practice since then. The chapter argues that federalism must be conceived as a constitutional rather than merely a political idea, and that the generic constitutional purpose that unites federal systems can only be uncovered by way of constitutional theory. It contends that federal constitutionalism represents nothing less than an alternative form of social contract, manifest in a discrete order of constitutional rule, distinct from the monist constitutionalism that has dominated modern constitutional thinking. The chapter introduces how the book will rearticulate federalism in this way,, outlining the root and branch reconception in federal context of those essential elements that comprise the anatomy of constitutionalism—foundations, authority, subjecthood, purpose, design, and dynamics.
The Subjects of Federalism
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter contends that subjecthood is a more capacious concept than—and within a federal constitution is not exhausted simply by an account of—individual citizenship. Since the territories which bring the federal constitution into being are its foundational constituents, and given that the constitutional purpose of the federal polity is manifest in the recognition of their centrality to the constitution’s identity and design, it follows that these territories must themselves be conceived of as constitutional subjects. This in turn has implications for the concept of federal citizenship, mediating the ways in which individuals relate to the constitution and to the state. The chapter also explores how the very idea of territorial subjecthood within federal systems has been so troubling for both constitutional theory and practice, taking the constitutional history of the United States and Canada as case studies.
The Purpose and Principles of Federalism
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe function of any constitution is to transform political power into lawful authority. Each constitution does this in its own way and for its own purpose. It is also the case that certain constitutions perform this function in a sufficiently similar manner to warrant categorisation as particular families of constitutionalism. Federalism is such a genus of government,and it is the aim of this chapter to explain the generic constitutional purpose of federalism. Federalism is an act of constitutional union that gives foundational recognition and accommodation to the state’s constituent territorial pluralism. The purpose of the federal constitution is both to foster this foundational pluralism and to maintain the constitutional relationship between pluralism and union in the creation and reconciliation of different orders of government. From this definition flows a set of constitutional principles that underpin the purpose of federalism: principles as the logical implication or ‘chain of reasoning’ that flows from the foundational character of federalism as a particular form of constitutional rule. It is constitutional theory that leads us to these principles: recognition, autonomous government, associational government, and both vertical and horizontal reciprocity.
Dynamics: Changing Federal Constitutions
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses how the constitutional purpose of federalism, and the principles which flow from it, shape the dynamics of federal constitutionalism in theory and in practice. In defining the purpose and principles of federalism in earlier chapters a key conclusion was that a federal constitution is a complex matrix of authority which must constantly manage the tension between pluralism and union. To this end the mechanics of constitutional change should offer an appropriate safety valve, relieving pressure in the system and adjusting the direction of the constitution, towards either greater territorial pluralism or stronger union, as the interplay between the polity’s underlying political conditions and the temper of its internal societies shifts. The chapter considers entrenchment and its suitability to a federal constitution. Is the balance between pluralism and union better maintained through constitutional provisions that embed foundational institutional arrangements, or by a more fluid constitutional arrangement that facilitates political openness, allowing stresses within the system to be eased through flexible pathways to change? To this end the chapter considers the different ways in which federal constitutions in practice manage formal constitutional change and addresses both the institutional architecture of constitutional amendment and the ways in which different entrenchment rules can apply to different constitutional provisions within federal systems. The chapter also addresses how change is managed or developed by the courts. Judicial interpretation within federal systems, as within unitary constitutions, has proven to be crucial to the evolution of constitutional meaning, in some cases serving to transform fundamentally the very character and identity of the federal contract.
Conceptualizing Emergency Professions
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 2 lays out the conceptual background for the book. It describes and explains five scholarly traditions that my analysis draws upon: (1) professionalism and expertise; (2) management and organizational control, especially the modes of measurement, standardization, and administration associated with New Public Management; (3) street-level bureaucracy; (4) occupational, technical, uniformed, and care work; and finally, (5) the notions of ‘edgework’ and ‘extreme work’. The chapter locates the behaviour, identity, and practices of the emerging paramedic profession as somewhere inside this shifting mass of concepts. Paramedics have made substantial progress in their professionalization project but, as members of a ‘new’ profession, they have yet to experience the more powerful forms of status and reward that are normally associated with traditional, well-established professions.
The Operator Culture
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on what has been described as the paramedics’ ‘operator culture’; one subset of the broader ‘uniformed’ occupational culture associated with other emergency response professionals. It provides an in-depth account of the working culture of paramedics, crafting a detailed picture of an occupation that shares some characteristics with other uniformed occupations such as policing and firefighting, but which has received comparatively much less attention in sociological research. It will show how the English ambulance service culture is a hybrid of a uniformed, emergency service culture and a more ‘NHS’ type clinical culture that is recognizably similar to those existing in other health organizations such as hospitals, GPs surgeries, or mental health trusts. Empirical data explore paramedic autonomy, the targets and response times, the informal value hierarchy of types of calls that ambulance staff are sent to, and issues around staff morale and the gender and ethnic makeup of the paramedic workforce.
Rise of the Machines
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While we normally think of it as relegated to computer-controlled enemies, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a much larger role in game interaction than many of us realize. This chapter outlines how AI companions and adversaries can be designed to feel more lively and engaging to interact with, both in their behaviours and through design trickery. Challenges with the design of AI characters, such as communicating their intentions to players and striking a balance between predictability and surprise, are also addressed. Beyond character control, the role of AI in procedural generation, and how computer-created content can be made more engaging, is also discussed. Lastly, the chapter examines how AI can help shape game design itself in the future, by supporting different stages and disciplines within the development process.