bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted near Blackstone, Va., in a field that had been transplanted on 9 May. Treatment units consisted of single 40-ft-long tobacco rows (4 ft between rows). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Insecticide treatments were applied 14 Jul and 8 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row. Weather conditions were clear and hot (92-95°F 14 Jul and 91-93°F 8 Aug) when treatments were applied. For the first 5 DAT daytime high temperatures ranged from 97 to 102°F. M. nicotianae between the fourth and sixth veins on the abaxial right halves of 4 upper leaves were counted on 10 plants/plot before treatment and at 3-d to 2-wk intervals after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened within each plot. Leaves were cured, weighed, and graded for yield and value determinations. Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) before application of ANOVA. Nontransformed means are presented.
Control of Tobacco Budworm, 1988
Authors: Southern P. Sterling , Browne Micou M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Commercially grown tobacco was transplanted 13 May in Pender County, N.C., and 27 Apr in Sampson County. Because natural infestations were very light, 20 undamaged plants/plot were tagged and artificially infested with budworms from a culture maintained at North Carolina State University. A single 1-d-old larva was transferred from artificial diet to the bud of tagged plants using a camel's hair brush and allowed 24 h (Pender) and 96 h (Sampson) to become established before treatment. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 0.02 acres, 4 rows, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by 10-16-ft alleys. Insecticides were applied with a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre through a single TG-3 nozzle (Pender, 24 Jun) or 16 gal/acre through a single TG-2 nozzle (Sampson, 13 Jun) at 60 psi. Tagged plants were examined for budworms at 3 and 13 DAT in Pender and at 4 and 10 DAT in Sampson. On the second date in each location, budworm damage was rated on all tagged plants. After final harvest and curing, tobacco was weighed and graded with the assistance of a government grader. Data were subjected to ANOVA. For analysis, budworm infestation was expressed as the proportion of plants infested and yield as lb/plot. In the table, infestation is presented as the percentage of plants infested.
Control of Black Twig Borers, 1988
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Anthurium petioles with active galleries (identified by a live female at the entrance hole) were collected from a heavily infested field in Mt. View, Hawaii. Leaf petioles were cut 6-8 inches and placed in a Styrofoam holder. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 10 petioles/replicate. Insecticides were applied once 4 Oct using a hand-held pump sprayer. The number of petioles with female borer remaining at the entrance hole were recorded at 2, 4, and 7 DAT with a dissecting microscope. Mortality was determined at 7 DAT by dissecting the petiole and probing the mother borer for movement.
White Grub Control, 1988
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a golf course fairway in Apple Valley, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot size was 5 by 20 ft2 and granular formulations were shaken manually from a glass jar over the plots. Liquids were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer with a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi and a spray rate of 6 gal/1,000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with one-half inch of water. Pretreatment grub density was determined on 25 Apr by cutting 5 1-ft by 1-ft by 3-in. randomly selected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the number of grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied the same date. Posttreatment grub density was determined in the same manner on 25 May. Average thatch thickness was one-half inch; water pH was 7.2. The course was irrigated daily with one-quarter in. as normal.
Clover mite Control, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Pskowski Daniel J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established on a uniformly growing turf area along an east facing wall on the campus of Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Plots were 12 by 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 11 Apr, in early afternoon approximately 4 h after mowing. Treatments were sprayed using hand-operated compressed-air sprayers delivering 2 qt fluid/plot (4.2 gal/ 1,000 ft2). Evaluations were made 48 h after application with a D-vac suction sampler (1-ft-diam opening). Six samples were taken from each plot.
Aphicide Screening, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vegetative plants were grown in an 85°F greenhouse, 3/6-inch pot containing Metro Mix 500 media. All pots were transferred to an insectary colony of green peach aphids and held there until well infested, then returned to the greenhouse. A pretreatment count of all aphids on a 3-shoot sample from each pot was made, and treatments were assigned in such a way as to make the initial infestation levels approximately equal. There were 8 replicate pots/treatment in Test 1, 6 replicates/treatment in Test 2. Spray applications were made to the point of leaf wetness using hand-held mist bottles. Efficacy evaluations were made in the same manner as the pretreatment count at 3 posttreatment intervals.
Green June Reetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , McCutcheon T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two species of entomogenous nematodes were applied 23 Sep to a sheep pasture for control of green June beetle. Plot size was 10 by 10 ft and replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied in 2 liters water with a sprinkling can and irrigated within 20 min of application with 11.3 liters water (pH 8.14). Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperature, 79°F; ground surface RH, 84%; overcast during application with 0.5 inches of rain about 30 min after application; soil temperature (2 inches), 73°F; soil moisture, 23.4%; soil pH, 5.5; organic matter, 2.8%; rainfall during trial period, 3.88 inches. Treatments were evaluated at 38 DAT by treating the entire test area with Sevin SL at 6.0 lb (AI)/acre and counting beetle grubs on the surface of each plot 24 h later.
Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Container-grown roses were trimmed before treatment to obtain uniform plant size. Blossoms were removed as they opened during the experiment. Five replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block on a golf course rough in Lexington, Ky. Roses were sprayed to run-off on 14 Jul and retreated 22 Jul. Temperature at the time of the treatments was 90° and 86°F, respectively. Plants were hand watered as needed. Four commercial Japanese beetle floral lures were placed on stakes around the plot to augment the unusually low beetle numbers. Injury was evaluated on 21, 25, and 28 Jul by visually estimating defoliation to the nearest 10%. Defoliation ratings were based on mean estimates of 3 independent observers. Data were subjected ANOVA following angular transformation, and means were separated by Tukey’s test.
Chokecherry, Efficacy of Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne County, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chokecherry trees (1-3 m) growing near roadsides and having at least one active nest of eastern tent caterpillars were used to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage in each of 3 single-tree replicates/treatment. Spray applications were made 11 May when conditions were sunny, 24°C, and 10-16 km/h breeze when larvae were 10-18 mm long. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 13, 15, 19, and 27 May (2, 4, 8, and 16 DAT) by visually examining the caterpillars associated with the dominant tent in the sprayed portion of the tree.
Chemical Control of Fall Webworm on Hardwood Trees, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trees infested with fall webworm growing on the campus of the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against larvae 18-25 mm long. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to the dominant web and surrounding foliage in each of the 3 replicate trees/treatment. Spray applications were made 19 Aug under sunny skies, 22°C, and no breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 5, 8, and 14 DAT by visually examining nests and assessing larval mortality.
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Insecticides Used for Gypsy Moth Control, Delaware County, 1987
Authors: Hall Richard W. , Fisher Susan W. , Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old potted white oak seedlings were sprayed with Sevin SL and Dimilin 25 W. Seedlings were permanently housed in a greenhouse where they were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments. Gypsy moth (GM) bioassays were used to determine insecticide residual loss from SAR treatments. The experimental factors were as follows: Sevin and Dimilin applied at 0, 1 x, 2x the recommended rate (RR), 3 SAR treatments (0; pH 3.0; pH 4.2), and 40 replicates each. Trees were sprayed to run-off on 15 Aug (29°C, 59% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a 5500 adjustable-cone-tip nozzle opened one-quarter turn from full-closed at 206.8 kilopascals (kPa) pressure. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water (modified to contain elements normally found in northeastern United States ambient rainfall) with 2 parts H2SO4 and 1 part HNO3 and were applied through β-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diam, revolving at 2.4 revolution/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 16 Aug and continued for 18 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inches) in 35 min (47 cm; 18.5 inches total). At 0, 2, 7, 14, 20, and 57 DAT, 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for use in GM (second instar) bioassays. Each leaf was placed in a plastic Petri dish (15 x 100 mm) at 31°C on a 15:9 (L:D) photoperiod with 3 GM larvae reared on an artificial diet. At each bioassay, GM larval mortality was determined after 24 h for Sevin. For Dimilin, after 24 h larvae were returned to Petri dishes that contained artifical diet; mortality was determined 7 d later.
Control of White Pine Cone Beetle on Eastern White Pine, 1986
Authors: Valenti Michael A. , Abrahamson Lawrence P. , Maynard Charles A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An eastern white pine seed orchard managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation in Cincinnatus, N.Y., was the site of this study. The orchard is located on a poorly drained silt loam soil, and pH ranges from 5.4 to 5.9. Of the 120 trees selected for the study, 60 received a carbofuran treatment and 60 received no treatment. Branches with immature second-year cones were flagged on each tree. An application of 5 oz of Furadan 15 G (15% AI carbofuran, by weight) per inch dbh was evenly distributed along the drip line of each treated tree on 12 Apr 1985. On 15 Oct 1985, 30 of the previously treated trees received a second application of carbofuran. The cones from marked branches were counted and periodically examined for damage and mortality by the cone beetle throughout the summers of 1985 and 1986.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Colorado Blue Spruce Nursery Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field-grown, dryland Colorado blue spruce (2-2.5 m tall) grown in Marion County, Oreg., were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering eggs of SSM on the previous season’s growth. Six trees were selected for each treatment in a completely randomized design. A CO2 sprayer with 3 hollow-cone nozzles was used to apply treatments at the rate of 200 gal of solution/acre at 80 psi. On 1 Apr, prior to budbreak, the ovicides clofentezine and hexythiazox were applied. On 3 Jun all materials were applied to the current year’s growth (shoot length, 10-18 cm). Air temperature was 73-84°F and skies were sunny during the applications; no rain occurred for at least 2 DAT. Treatments were evaluated on 9 and 19 Jun and on 6 Jul by selecting 4 10-cm branch tips from the lower two-thirds of each tree. A stereomicroscope was used to count the number of motile SSM and eggs on each sample.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Dwarf Alberta Spruce Nursery Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One meter, container-grown, dwarf Alberta spruce were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering SSM eggs on the previous season’s growth. Six trees were selected for each treatment in a completely randomized design. A backpack sprayer with an adjustable hollow-cone nozzle was used to apply treatments at the rate of 100 gal of solution/acre at 40 psi. Clofentezine treatments were applied on 7 Apr; avermectin Bl and propargite were applied on 7 May. Air temperature was 64°F and skies were cloudy when the clofentezine treatment was applied; air temperature was 94°F and skies were sunny when propargite and avermectin Bl were applied. At 1 DAT, 0.5 inches of water was applied by overhead sprinkler irrigation. Treatments were evaluated on 14 Jul by selecting 4 2.5-cm branch tips from the lower half and northeast sides of each tree. Motile SSM and eggs were estimated by means of a stereomicroscope.
Toxicity of Insecticides and Other Agents, 1988
Authors: Yates J. R. , Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of 13 nonrestricted and 5 restricted insecticides, 3 detergents, volck oil, and Pinesol disinfectant to field-collected adult female crab spiders. Spiders attached to orb webs in the field were sprayed with the chemical agent to allow for full coverage without run-off. Applications were made with commercially prepared insecticide aerosols or with a trigger sprayer for the wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate formulations, detergents, volck oil, and disinfectant. A different infested location in the field was used for each treatment to avoid contamination. Ten treated spiders were removed from their webs, placed in an 8-oz paper squat container, covered with organdy and secured with rubber bands. This constituted a replicate, and tests consisted of at least 3 replicates. Spiders sprayed with water served as the control treatment. Treated spiders were held in a laboratory at 22°C and 40% RH. Mortality was determined 24 h after treatment and corrected for natural mortality with Abbott’s formula. Moribund spiders were considered dead.
Residual and Contact Sprays, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of PP-321 (cyhalothrin), Demon, Dursban, and Ficam for brown recluse spider control. Test 1 consisted of a residual study, and Test 2 involved spraying the spiders directly with the above chemicals. The surfaces or spiders were treated with a modified B & G sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track. A spraying system MulTee-Jet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches over the target area. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft/s. The sprayer design, speed of delivery, and amount of liquid applied was set to duplicate field application. Each treatment was replicated 10 times in a complete randomized block design. In Test 1, after spraying, treated plywood panels (4 by 4 by one-quarter inch) were allowed to dry for 24 h before spiders were placed on the treated surface. One spider was placed under a 1 oz plastic cup (1.1 inch2) and confined to the treated surface for 48 h. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h. Tests were conducted at 1, 7, and 14 DAT. In Test 2 spiders were placed in 10 oz plastic cups and sprayed directly with one of the candidate materials. They were removed immediately and transferred to the same type of untreated container. This was done so that the residual surface would not be a factor in control. Spider mortality was recorded at 1 h, 90 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h after treatment. All mortality figures in both tests are cumulative from the first observation for that particular date to conclusion of the test on that date.
Response to Capture 2 EC, 1988
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Edelson & Magaro (1988; Response of spider mites to Capture, 1987, Insecticide & Acaricide Tests, Vol. 13, p. 265) indicated that the LC50 for Tetranychus spp. collected from cotton in south Texas during 1987 was 15.4 ppm. Two source populations of carmine spider mite were compared in the 1988 test. One population was collected from a commercial corn field near Mercedes, Tex., in July and the other was collected from a cotton field in Mercedes in August. The corn field had not been treated previously with pesticides. The cotton field had been treated 6 times with cypermethrin (Ammo, 0.5 lb [AI]/acre) prior to collection of the mites. Disposable 50- by 9-mm Petri dishes were treated with a 15.4-ppm solution of Capture 2 EC according to methods discussed by Edelson & Magaro (1988). Twenty to thirty adult female mites were placed in each of 6 replicates treated with the LC50 dose and 20-30 adult females were placed in 6 untreated control dishes. The dishes were held at 25°C for 24 h and then the mites were examined to determine mortality. The mites were considered dead if they could not move more than one body length when prodded. The same techniques were used to test populations from each field.
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Fouehe C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Vogel G. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 28-yr-old ‘Hardy’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Courtland, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied on 6 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Control was evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree and counting all active mite stages under magnification on 1 Jul and at weekly intervals after application.
Insect and Mite Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Lawson D. Scott 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained 4 ‘Bartlett’ and 4 ‘Bosc’ cultivars, spaced 12 by 18 ft., 12 ft. high, and 14 yr old. Treatments were applied by high-pressure handgun sprayer dilute to run-off at 350 psi using 1.9-3.1 gal/tree (380–623 gal/acre, depending on time of season and leaf canopy present). Treatments were applied at bud burst, 12 Apr; white bud, 1 May; petal fall, 16 May; and in cover sprays on 3 Jun, 19 and 20 Jun, 5 Jul, and 1 Aug. Applications for disease control over the entire block included Captan 50 W 2 lb/100 gal, on 27 May, 9 Jun, and 30 Jun. PP were evaluated by collecting 5 Bartlett spurs (25 leaves) from each plot on 19 May and 1 Jun, and thereafter 5 Bartlett shoots (25 leaves) from each plot on 14 Jun, 27 Jun, 11 Jul, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug. All live nymphs and eggs on each leaf were counted in the laboratory with a binocular scope. PRM populations were assessed by examining the same leaves used in most of the preceding PP samples. These leaves were viewed with the aid of a binocular scope and all live mites were counted. Insect injury and fruit finish were evaluated by examining 100 Bartlett fruits per plot (25 fruits/tree) which were harvested on 6 Sep. Fruit finish was rated using the following indexes: 0, 0-10% russet; 1, 10-40%; 2, 40-75%; 3, &gt;75%. Rainfall was below normal during April, June, and August but above normal during July. Temperatures were above normal during June, July, and August. Pest pressure, especially from PP and PRM, was greater than usual early, but for PP was below normal after the intense heat of late June, which may have contributed to the population’s decline.
Grape Berry Moth Control, 19S8
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to 8-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapevines at the research station. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single 40-ft row of 12 vines. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling at 2.5 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were made on the following dates: 27 Jun (petal fall), 8 Jul, 21 Jul, 2 Aug, 16 Aug, 30 Aug, and 12 Sep. For evaluation, 25 bunches/replicate were picked and evaluated in the field for the presence of GBM damage or webbing.
Insecticide Evaluation for Early Control, 1988
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted for the early control of the foliar form of grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. The test consisted of 7 treatments. Insecticides were applied on 12, 17, 22, and 27 May and 1, 6, and 11 Jun. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (1870 liter/ha).
Bioassay and Avoidance (REPELLENCY) Evaluation of Adulticides, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Keularts J. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle in an experimental vineyard of ‘Concord’ grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 vines, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 12 Jul using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 10 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the laboratory at 0, 2, and 6 DAT and placed inside ventilated 1-gal ice cream containers with 10 Japanese beetles. The containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheesecloth over the top. A mortality count was made after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with 75% RH. In addition to the bioassay a reading of the number of live Japanese beetles present in the field plots was taken at 1, 2, and 6 DAT. This was done by counting the number of live beetles present on the grape foliage of each plot.