Preparation of Nanocrystalline Nb-Doped SnO2 on Mesoporous Carbon for PEFC Electrocatalysts
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Yasutake Masahiro , Noda Zhiyun , Lyth Stephen Matthew , Nishihara Masamichi , Hayashi Akari , Matsuda Junko , Sasaki Kazunari 
Published: November 2022

Pt-based catalysts on carbon support (Pt/C) is widely used as polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrocatalyst. However, under high potential at the cathode, Pt detachment and aggregation due to carbon corrosion can occur. Therefore, conventional Pt/C electrocatalysts have a difficulty in durability[1]. SnO2 is known to be stable at high potentials in a PEFC cathode environment. Our research group has developed an electrocatalyst that uses carbon as a support framework, with SnO2 supported on it and Pt catalyst particles on SnO2 (Pt/SnO2/Carbon), achieving high durability [2-4]. However, the electronic conductivity of tin oxide is relativity low and the ORR activity with SnO2-based support tends to be inferior to that of Pt/C, the standard catalyst.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop an alternative electrocatalyst that exhibits high ORR activity while maintaining high durability by using mesoporous carbon (MC) with nano-sized mesopores as a support framework and reducing the amount of SnO2 used by suppressing its grain growth.
Tin oxide nanoparticles were supported on mesoporous carbon (CNovel🄬, TOYO TANSO) using ethoxide reagents. Tin oxide was doped with a small amount of niobium to improve the conductivity of SnO2 [5]. Electrocatalysts were prepared by loading of Pt particles of a few nm in diameter on the prepared supports using the Pt acetylacetonate method [6].
Pt loading was examined by ICP Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. The crystallite size of SnO2 and Pt, and possible alloying of Pt and Sn were checked by XRD measurements. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of Pt was obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity was evaluated by determining the activation-dominant current value in the rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurement. The durability of the catalysts was evaluated by applying 60,000 of potential cycles between 1.0 and 1.5 VRHE simulating the start-up and shutdown of PEFC systems. The microstructure of electrocatalysts was observed using a field emission electron scanning microscope (SU9000, Hitachi High-Tech Corporation).
Figure 1 shows (a) scanning and (b) transmission electron microscope images of the electrocatalysts before Pt loading (Sn0.98Nb0.02O2/MC). It was confirmed that tin oxide was loaded within the mesopores besides the MC surface. Furthermore, as shown in the transmission image in Fig. 1(b), the particle size of SnO2 on the surface is about 10 nm, while the particle size of SnO2 within the mesopores is about 5 nm, indicating that the presence of mesopores suppresses particle growth. Latest results of electrochemical properties of Pt-based electrocatalysts using Nb-doped SnO2 and MC after Pt catalyst decoration will be reported in this presentation.

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Figure 1