bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weapon shape variation of male morphotypes in two freshwater prawn species genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Authors: Nogueira Caio Santos , Pantaleão João Alberto Farinelli , Costa Rogerio Caetano 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Many animal groups can develop weapons that originate from specialized modifications in different body regions. Decapods are a classic example of organisms that develop these weapons. In this group, we can find specific appendages modified to claws that are used during agonistic conflicts, as is the case between dominant and submissive male morphotypes in freshwater prawns. Our study aimed to analyze the shape, size, and morphological integration of claw components (propodus and dactyl) in male morphotypes of two freshwater prawn congeners (Macrobrachium amazonicum and M. brasiliense). Claws of the prawns were photographed and marked with landmarks and semilandmarks for the acquisition of shape variables. The shape of the propodus and dactyl was statistically different between almost all morphotypes of the two species. The size of structures differed statistically between all morphotypes. The claws of almost all morphotypes showed a high degree of morphological integration; however, statistical differences were observed only between the morphotypes of M. brasiliense. The variation in the shape and degree of morphological integration of the claws between the morphotypes of M. amazonicum was less evident when compared to the morphotypes of M. brasiliense, which may be related to distinct patterns in the development of chelipeds of each species, that is, homochely and heterochely, respectively. Thus, the exaggerated development of a cheliped (heterochely) can cause greater variation in the shape of this structure, also influencing the degree of morphological integration between its components, as evidenced in this study.
Breeding ecology of Kessler’s thrush (Turdus kessleri) in the western Sichuan plateau
Authors: Gao Yulin , Xiao Hongqiang , Zhou Hong , Zhang Zejun 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The breeding of most high-altitude birds remains poorly known. We studied the breeding ecology of Kessler’s thrush (Turdus kessleri) and documented reproductive information throughout the nestling periods in the western Sichuan plateau. The data included natural nest sites, nest components, nest size, egg-laying dates, egg morphology, egg size, clutch size, egg incubation, nestling brooding and feeding, nestling morphology and growth, and reproductive outcome. The study found that T. kessleri used the old nest to breed. As the nestling grew, the female’s nestling brooding time decreased, and the feeding frequency of parent birds increased at first and then decreased. The frequency of clearing feces was positively correlated with the feeding frequency. The difference in the feeding frequency of both parents may be attributed to their division of labor, with a distinct difference between their investments. The parent birds’ cost of reproduction per nestling varies from one breeding period to the next. Predation by natural enemies is the main factor leading to reproductive failure in T. kessleri. This suite of life-history and behavioral strategies enables fledgling T. kessleri to cope with the harsh environments of mountains at higher altitudes.
Plasma lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activity changes with body mass and age across birds and mammals
Authors: Wynkoop Morgan R. , Cooper-Mullin Clara M. , Jimenez Ana Gabriela 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Birds and mammals produce most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but when oxygen is not present in sufficient levels, ATP can be produced through anaerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the final step of glycolysis by converting phosphoenolpyruvate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into pyruvate and ATP. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is important for anaerobic glycolysis by catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate into lactate. In this study, we measured LDH and PK activities in plasma from birds and mammals in order to determine the relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age. Our results show that birds had a higher LDH and PK activity compared with mammals. There is a positive relationship between body mass and plasma LDH activity in birds only. However, this relationship disappears when the data are phylogenetically corrected. We did not observe a significant relationship between plasma LDH and age in birds or mammals. Plasma PK activity was negatively correlated with body mass in birds but not in mammals and positively associated with age in both birds and mammals. The relationship between LDH and PK with respect to body mass and age may be complex due to differences in metabolism in birds and mammals. Increases in LDH and PK activity with body mass in birds may be linked to anaerobic demands of flight, especially in larger birds. A decrease in LDH activity with age/MLSP (maximum lifespan) in mammals may reflect a differing metabolic shift as compared with birds. Increases in PK with age in both mammals and birds may help them cope with greater energetic needs as cells age.
The Origins of Regional Ideas: International Law, External Legitimization and Latin America’s ‘legalismo’
Authors: Jenne Nicole 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Latin American politics are widely characterized by legalismo: a set of practices that can be traced to the notion of a continental or regional, American or Latin American International Law (AIL/LAIL) including the American international congresses and treaties, the practice of invoking AIL/LAIL’s various principles, and the use of judicial and quasi-judicial means of conflict resolution. However, it is far less clear where the origins of Latin America’s legalismo culture lay. Moreover, why did this formalistic-legalistic culture not take root in other regions? The article uses an original comparative historical approach to show that legalismo was a product of two conditions unique to Latin America: the distinctive security needs of its newly independent states and the time of independence. In comparison with Southeast Asia and Africa, I argue that legalismo was central to Latin America’s regional idea but that the practical impact of international law was not stronger than elsewhere.
The United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Prosecution of War Criminals in Yugoslavia
Authors: Ferhadbegović Sabina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To understand the different developments that shaped the Yugoslav war crimes policy it is important to analyse the impact of international discussions on the Yugoslav criminal law and the Yugoslav involvement in the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC). During the Second World War two different institutions claimed to be the legal representatives of the Yugoslav people: The Yugoslav government in exile in London and the communist led AVNOJ (The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia). With this in mind, this paper analyses Yugoslav war crimes policies from different perspectives and in different settings. It shows that the Yugoslav`s discussion about the punishment of war criminals was influenced by power struggles, geopolitical aims, and legitimacy. While Yugoslav government in exile got lost in internal nationalist struggles, it was the Yugoslav representative at the UNWCC, and the communist led State commission to investigate the crimes of the occupiers and their accomplices who took the active role and shaped the Yugoslav war crimes policy. In consequence the Yugoslav national law for prosecuting war crimes was developed from different sources: pre-WWII traditions, Soviet law, and the UNWCC.
Ribā and Paying Off Non-stipulated Interest: The Capability to Become a Prevalent Custom (ʿUrf) in Islamic Society
Authors: Toosi Javad Fakhkhar 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article seeks to study ribā from a novel point of view. Paying off interest without preconditions is recommended strongly by the Prophet (PBUH). If Islamic society follows his advice, this will become a prevalent custom (ʿurf) among Muslims, which the title of the stipulated interest does not include. This article refers to the views of Islamic schools on ʿurf and how they comply with the custom in question formed hypothetically. This article finds that, according to Islamic schools, such custom is considered valid, legitimate, and necessary to follow. The last part of the article provides an important discussion on how to put this theory into practice and implement the model designed for this purpose in the Islamic financial system. This article concludes that the challenge of prohibiting ribā will be solved if non-stipulated interest can be made obligatory in Islamic society based on the juristic views on ʿurf.
The Ideological Basis of the Old (1923) and the New (2023) Turkey: the First Grand National Assembly
Authors: Teazis Christos 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The First Grand National Assembly of 1920–23 provided the ideological basis not only for the creation of Turkey in 1923, but also for the establishment of the New Turkey of 2023. The main goal of the Turkish government in 1923 was for the state to disseminate the values of the Enlightenment to society through the army. This goal was expressed in the Assembly by the First Group and its political wing, which was the Republican People’s Party (chp). On the other hand, the Second Group and its political ideas were the ideological founding fathers of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This article argues that both the chp and the akp share a common ground which is the Protestant values of the Enlightenment. It also claims that during the akp era, the blending of Islam with the Protestant values of capitalism has transformed the former into Protestant Islam.
Filmic Imagination as Emotional Homeland: Confronting Callousness, Achieving Home in Post-war Turkey
Authors: Gönlügür Emre 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This essay explores the centrality of emotions in the Turkish experience of urban modernity during the post-war decades. It draws on cinematic representations of a range of social emotions stirred by the urban condition in 1970s Istanbul. Tracing first the relevance of popular melodramas to post-war Turkish social imaginary, the article then proceeds with an analysis of three narrative tropes that shed light on people’s emotional navigation of tensions and conflicts wrought by rapid urban change: the callous factory owner as a figure of collective resentment, the old wooden family home as a place of emotional refuge, and the rhetoric of righteous anger to cultivate feelings of solidarity. Methodologically, the study argues for a greater use of films as a valuable source for emotions history, particularly in connection with the historical study of the built environment.
Between Visible and Invisible Deaths of the Korean War: Re-envisioning Operation Glory (1954) at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea
Authors: Lee Chungsun 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The year 2021 marked the 70th anniversary of the United Nations Cemetery’s (currently the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea, unmck) establishment in 1951. The unmck is the only UN-designated cemetery for the fallen UN soldiers who underwent an arduous process of interment, exhumation, and re-interment during and after the Korean War (1950–1953). Despite abundant studies on the Korean War, little attention has been paid to the diverging historiography of the deceased military personnel and non-combatants concerning the UN graveyard and Operation Glory, a repatriation mission that changed the cemetery’s geopolitical landscape. Through multi-archival research, this study re-examines the unmck’s topology by shedding light on the incompatible sites of visible and invisible deaths in the context of Operation Glory. Thus, it contributes to the limited literature on military history and historiography by showing how bodily engagements were inextricably interwoven with the Korean War’s heterotopic heritage.
Charitable Schools as a Social Welfare Project in the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Lidén Johanna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article aims at discussing charitable schools in the Ming dynasty, which was one form of primary schooling beside the village schools. Focus is on their aims, founders, teachers, and students, as well as what is possible to infer from the material about the content of studies and the pedagogy. Furthermore, the relation between Neo-Confucianism and primary schooling will be discussed. Several well-known works have been written on the higher levels of education and the examination system, but lower levels such as village schools and charitable schools are still not sufficiently studied. In the present article, I argue that the charitable school as a school form is a part of larger charitable projects established by local officials to improve social welfare. The locations of those schools were not necessarily in rural areas as was the case with the village schools, but more often in urban areas. However, the aims were the same, that is, to transform poor boys into well-behaving and morally good adults and to make them literate, most likely in that order, that is, moral transformation first and practical skills next.
Wood Identification: A Tool for Preservation of Indigenous Architecture of Traditional Houses in Ifugao, Philippines
Authors: Mendoza Rosalie C. , Romano Arlene D. , Dulnuan Eulalie D. , Bulong Marissa P. , Malabrigo Pastor L. , Habito Consuelo D.L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Traditional wooden houses are an integral part of the identity of the majestic Ifugao rice terrace landscape as the architectural heritage of the indigenous Ifugao people. These traditional houses function as family residences and serve as rice granaries, refuge, and special housing for unmarried people in the community. In as much as the materials used for the construction of the traditional house are sourced from the surrounding wood lots and communal forests, the traditional house serves as an important record of the history and value of indigenous and endemic trees found in the central Cordillera mountain range. This study identified 206 traditional houses in Kiangan town, and from these houses, transverse sections of house parts from the dismantled and standing houses were examined. Thirty-two species of mostly indigenous and endemic trees were used to construct traditional houses across four periods: (1) before 1931, (2) 1931–1960, (3) 1961–1990 and (4) 1991–2020. The Ifugaos consistently utilized the preferred wood species such as Amugawon (Vitex parviflora), Udyo (Pterocarpus indicus), and Itangan (Weinmannia luzoniensis) for traditional house construction. Wood species such as Yakal (Shorea astylosa), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were also identified from recently constructed houses. The disappearance of certain premium hardwoods and a shift to commonly available but less quality wood is noticeable, as the former were over-utilized but never mass-propagated. Finally, a conservation planning workshop on traditional houses was organized among local homeowners, barangay, and municipal officials, agreeing on the following points: (a) creation of an ordinance to protect and conserve existing traditional houses; (b) development of information, education, and communication materials on the importance of traditional houses; and (c) enhanced collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders.
Studies on subfamily Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) with description of three new species from the genera Agrilinus Mulsant &amp; Rey, 1869, Gilletianus Balthasar, 1933 and Trichiorhyssemus Clouët, 1901
Authors: MINKINA ŁUKASZ 
Published: July 2022

Three new species of Aphodiinae are described: Agrilinus matusiaki Minkina, new species from China, Gilletianus miurai Minkina, new species from Indonesia and Trichiorhyssemus immaturus Minkina, new species from China. Generic assignment of Agrilinus inexspectatus (Balthasar, 1935) is briefly discussed.
Agrilinus matusiaki Minkina, new species is described, illustrated and compared with the most similar species not only from genus Agrilinus Mulsant & Rey, 1869, but also with the somewhat similar Carinaulus Tesař, 1945. Gilletianus miurai Minkina, new species is described, illustrated and compared with the most similar species G. sundainsulanus Ochi, Kon & Kawahara, 2014. Some new or revised distribution records of the genus Gilletianus Balthasar, 1933 are given. Trichiorhyssemus immaturus Minkina, new species is described and illustrated. The newly described species has characters intermediate between the genera Trichiorhyssemus Clouët, 1901 and Neotrichiorhyssemus Rakovič & Král, 1997 and because of this the limits of these genera are discussed.
The Impact of Land Surface Properties on Haboobs and Dust Lofting
Authors: Bukowski Jennie , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Haboobs are dust storms formed by strong surface winds in convective storm outflow boundaries, or cold pools, which can loft large quantities of mineral dust as they propagate. Both cold pools and the dust they loft are impacted by land surface properties resulting in complex surface interactions on haboobs. As a result of these additional complexities brought about by surface interactions, it is unclear which surface parameters and physical processes are important for predicting haboob intensity and dust concentrations. Here we applied the Morris one-at-a-time (MOAT) global sensitivity statistical method to an ensemble of 120 idealized simulations of daytime and nighttime haboobs to investigate the land surface properties that affect both dust mobilization and cold pool dynamics. MOAT identifies and ranks the importance of different input factors, which for the prediction of haboob strength and dust concentrations are 1) initial cold pool temperature, 2) surface type (vegetation), 3) soil type (clay content), and 4) soil moisture. The underlying physical mechanisms driving these feedbacks were then analyzed using a traditional one-at-a-time factor analysis. Time of day is significant for determining boundary layer height and dissipation via surface fluxes, leading to shallower, more intense cold pools/haboobs at night. Most of the land parameters modify the cold pool through impacts on surface fluxes, while surface type is dominated by roughness length effects. By ranking the importance of these surface factors, we have identified which variables are most sensitive and must be constrained via observations and data assimilation in numerical dust prediction models.
Detecting Nonequilibrium States in Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Wacławczyk Marta , Nowak Jakub L. , Siebert Holger , Malinowski Szymon P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this work we show how to retrieve information about temporal changes of turbulence in the atmosphere based on in situ wind velocity measurements performed by aircraft. We focus on the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer high-resolution data taken by a helicopter-borne platform Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS). We calculate two nondimensional indicators, the dissipation factor and the integral-to-Taylor-scale ratio, and study their dependence on the Taylor-scale-based Reynolds number. By analyzing these results, we can identify regions where turbulence is in its stationary state and regions where turbulence decays in time or, on the contrary, becomes stronger. We can also detect nonequilibrium turbulence states, which indicate the presence of rapidly changing external conditions.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this work is to retrieve new information on turbulence in the atmosphere. We consider data from a field study based on in situ observations from a measurement payload below a slow-flying helicopter. We show that it is possible to retrieve information on temporal tendencies in a given region from such measurements. We attempt to estimate whether turbulence is in its stationary state, or possibly, turbulence decays due to insufficient production, or, on the contrary, becomes stronger. Such information provide useful knowledge of small-scale processes in the atmospheric boundary layer and can be used to improve their parameterizations.
The Relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Silk Road Pattern in Summer
Authors: Hong Xiaowei , Lu Riyu , Chen Shangfeng , Li Shuanglin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Silk Road pattern (SRP), which is the leading mode of upper-tropospheric meridional wind anomalies over midlatitude Eurasia, has been widely used to explain the impacts of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) on East Asian climate. However, the relationship between the SNAO and SRP has not been fully elaborated yet. This study classifies the SNAO into two categories according to whether it is closely associated with the SRP or not: the strongly linked category and weakly linked category, on the interannual time scale. The SNAO of the strongly linked category features a concentrated and significant southern pole over the northwestern Europe, and corresponding significant negative (positive) precipitation and upper-tropospheric wind convergence (divergence) anomalies over the northwestern Europe. The wind convergence (divergence) anomalies directly induce the positive (negative) planetary vortex stretching anomalies, which contribute overwhelmingly to positive (negative) Rossby wave source anomalies of the northwestern Europe. These Rossby wave source anomalies, acting as disturbances, further inspire circulation anomalies of surrounding regions, including meridional wind anomalies over the Caspian Sea, which are crucial for the SRP formation. As a result, the downstream SRP is triggered. All these essential features responsible for a strong SNAO–SRP linkage are weak for the weakly linked category. The SNAO–SRP correspondence on the interdecadal time scale is also discussed, and generally similar results are found. Results suggest the importance of shapes for the SNAO southern pole (including the location, the space extent, and the intensity) in determining whether the SNAO can closely link the SRP. Therefore, the shape of the SNAO southern pole should be involved in the discussion of the SNAO’s remote impacts.
The Application of PiCCO-guided Fluid Resuscitation in Patients With Traumatic Shock
Authors: Ni Xun , Liu Xiao-Juan , Ding Ting-Ting 
Published: July 2022

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of pulse contour cardiac output (PiCCO) in patients with traumatic shock. Methods Seventy-eight patients with traumatic shock were included and grouped. The control group (CG, n = 39) underwent fluid resuscitation through transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) monitoring, and the research group (RG, n = 39) received PiCCO-guided fluid resuscitation. Results The mechanical ventilation time, duration of vasoactive drug use, and duration of stay in the intensive care unit were lower in the RG compared to the CG (P < .05). At 72 h after fluid resuscitation, the mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure in the RG were higher than those in the CG (P < .05). The stroke volume variation and distensibility index of the inferior vena cava were lower at 72 h after fluid resuscitation, but the levels of extravascular lung water, global end-diastolic volume index, and intrathoracic blood volume index were higher in the RG (P < .05). The levels of endothelial 1, nitrogen monoxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 72 h after fluid resuscitation in the RG were lower than those in the CG (P < .05). Conclusion PiCCO-guided liquid resuscitation may help to accurately evaluate the volumetric parameters, alleviate symptoms of ischemia and hypoxia, regulate hemodynamics and blood gas analysis, reduce inflammatory reactions, improve endothelial functions, and effectively guide the usage of vascular active drugs.