bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-10 Effect of Micelle Silymarin Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fecal Microbiome, Gas Emissions, Blood Profile, Meat Quality, and Antioxidant Property in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Koo Deok Ho , Zhang Qianqian , Sampath Vetriselvi , Kim Inho 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Silymarin is an antioxidant component taken from milk thistle seeds. Such milk thistle seeds have been recognized as a safe and well-tolerated herb for pork production. Therefore, in this study we used micelle silymarin (MS) supplementation in finishing pigs’ diet to evaluate their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, blood profile, meat quality, and antioxidant property. A total of 140 [(Landrace ×Yorkshire) ×Duroc] finishing pigs with average initial body weight (BW) of 51 ± 2.8 kg were used in the 10-week trial and allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups (7 replicates/treatment with 5 pigs per pen). The nutritional diets were: Basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% of MS. Dietary supplemented with increasing level of MS linearly improved (P = 0.041) average daily gain (ADG) and trend to increase the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at week 10. While pigs fed dietary supplements with graded levels of MS linearly increased the digestibility of nitrogen (N) at weeks 5 and 10 (P = 0.017, 0.031), respectively. The inclusion of graded level of MS in the finishing diet of pigs linearly increased the fecal Lactobacillus counts (P = 0.048) at week 5, reduced the hydrogen sulfide (P = 0.022) and ammonia (P = 0.033) gas emission at weeks 5 and 10, respectively. Moreover, the inclusion of MS supplementation had linearly reduced (P = 0.004) the blood cholesterol level at week 10. At the end of the trial, pig fed diet containing MS supplementation linearly improved the meat color (P &lt; 0.05). Thus, among tested doses, inclusion 0.2% of micelle silymarin to the basal diet is found to be optimal level to enhance the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs.
PSV-12 Evaluation of Iron Source and Level on Nursery Pig Performance and Blood Hemoglobin Concentrations
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Schweer Wes P , Rapp Christof , Cornelison Alyssa S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of dietary iron (Fe) source and concentration on nursery pig performance and blood hemoglobin concentrations. A total of 960 newly weaned, mixed sex pigs (5.7 ± 0.40 kg BW) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments using a complete randomized design (24 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). All pigs were fed a 3-phase corn-soybean meal-based diet. The 4 diets were: 1) 100 ppm Fe from iron sulfate; 2) 100 ppm Fe from an iron-amino acid complex (Fe-AA; ProPath Fe 150), 3) 50 ppm Fe from Fe-AA and 4) 25 ppm Fe from Fe-AA. Pigs were weighed on day 0, 7, 21 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within phase and overall. Blood hemoglobin was assessed on d 0, 21 and 35. Pen was considered the experimental unit and all data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect. Iron treatment did not alter pig performance (ADG, ADFI and G:F) in phase 1, 2 or 3 (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, ADG was similar between treatments (0.46, 0.45, 0.45 and 0.44 kg/d, respectively, P &gt; 0.05). Similarly, overall ADFI was similar between treatments (0.61, 0.60, 0.58 and 0.62 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.31). Overall 42-day G:F did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Blood hemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) showed a quadratic response over day post-weaning (P &lt; 0.001); however, no treatment or treatment by day interaction were reported (P &gt; 0.05). Altogether, these data demonstrate that feeding 25-100 ppm of Fe-AA provided similar performance to 100 ppm Fe from an inorganic source. Additionally, pigs did not have altered hemoglobin levels or become Fe deficient when diets were supplemented with Fe-AA at levels below NRC requirement.
PSV-10 Evaluation of a Nutritional Feed Supplement (Furst Protect™) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , Hartsook Greg , Soltwedel Kevin , Bible Megan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Furst Protect is a combination of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and phytonutrients. Research has shown that Furst Protect improved growth and reduced mortality in nursery pigs during a multi-viral challenged infection. Thus, the response of Furst Protect was evaluated during the first 21 d of nursery phase. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.58 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 8 lb per ton of Furst Protect (FP) for 21 d. FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, no differences (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or ADFI. But, pigs were numerically 0.5 kg heavier on the FP. Pigs fed FP tended (P 0.06; 188 g vs 202 g) to have a higher ADG and improved (P 0.02; 0.54 vs 0.58) G:F. No differences were observed for mortality or morbidity; however, the FP treatment had a 62.5% reduction in mortality. Furst Protect is a nutritional feed supplement that improved the growth and helped improve livability during the first 21 d of nursery. More research is needed to evaluate the carryover effects in late nursery and to market.
PSVI-17 Supplemental Effects of Soy Protein Supplements Replacing Animal Protein Supplements on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Jang Kibeom , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of soy protein supplements replacing animal protein on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Soy protein supplements included processed soybean meal processed after ethanol extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation. Forty-eight newly weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.3 kg BW) were allotted to 4 treatments in a RCBD with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 7/13/19 d, respectively). Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, and blood plasma 4/2/1% for P1/2/3, respectively), SPC, ESBM, and FSBM (basal diets with soy protein concentrate (SPC), enzyme treated soybean meal (ESBM), and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), replacing 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 animal protein supplements in P1, P2, P3, respectively). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to diets as indigestible marker from d 32. Growth performance was recorded by phase. Pigs were euthanized on d 39 to collect samples to measure intestinal health and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. The SPC tended to increase (P = 0.060) Ki-67+ crypt cells (26.7 to 29.0%), and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) AID of EE (66.2 to 52.2%) without affecting growth performance and fecal scores. The ESBM tended to decrease (P = 0.098) protein carbonyls (1.93 to 1.38 nmol/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa without affecting growth performance. The FSBM increased (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α (0.39 to 0.72 pg/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa without affecting growth performance. Collectively, soy protein supplements obtained from soybean meal by ethanol extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation can partly replace animal protein supplements without affecting the growth performance with minor impacts on intestinal health of nursery pigs.
PSVI-20 Effects of Adding Potassium Bicarbonate to Diets with High or and Low Crystalline Lysine as a Way to Influence DCAD on Finishing Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of balancing dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), via added potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2±0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0 vs 0.4%), and L-Lys HCl level (low vs. high), with 27 pigs/pen and 18 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in 4 dietary phases (d 0-20, 30-58, 58-86, and 86-120). Diets were formulated in each phase such that the diet containing a low level of L-Lys HCl (0.14-0.21% depending on phase) without KHCO3, had similar calculated DCAD as the diet containing a high level of L-Lys HCl (0.36 to 0.43% depending on phase) with KHCO3. The DCAD for these 2 treatments were approximately 230, 200, 184, and 169 mEq/kg (phase 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively). The diets with low levels of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had the greatest DCAD in each phase (approximately 50 mEq/kg above the low L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 diet), while the diet with a high level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 had the least DCAD (approximately 50 mEq/kg below the high L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 diet). Overall, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for a KHCO3 × L-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for any observed growth responses or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of L-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.
PSVI-3 Effect of Live Yeast Supplementation on Redox Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Piglets
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Merriman Laura A , Villca Boris , Tous Nuria , Lizardo Rosil 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The post-weaning period is a stressful process for piglets with compromised gut health, increasing susceptibility to diarrhea and infection. Oxygen concentration in the gut affects microbiome and fermentation profile. Live yeasts have been used to promote gut health and performance of young animals. An experiment was carried out to determine the influence of live yeast on gut conditions including redox potential, microbial composition, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of piglets. Sixteen Pietrain *(Landrace*Large White) piglets were distributed into blocks by live weight and allocated at 4 per pen for a 28-d trial. Each block was composed by a combination of the 2 dietary treatments corresponding to a control diet and a diet supplemented with live yeast (1 kg/tonne Vistacell, AB Vista). At the end of trial, piglets were euthanized to measure kinetics of redox potential (Eh) and pH from caecum until 35 min post-mortem. Then, digesta samples from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum were collected for microbial composition and SCFA production. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 and means compared with a Student-Newman-Keuls test. Redox potential decreased with time (P &lt; 0.001) until stabilizing after 20 min, and a clear difference was observed between treatments (P &lt; 0.001). Supplemented live yeast survives throughout gastrointestinal tract and modifies microbial populations enhancing lactic acid bacteria (P &lt; 0.001) while reducing enterobacteria (P &lt; 0.001) or eliminating fungi (P &lt; 0.001). The production of SCFA from caecum digesta was 3-fold higher than in ileum with significantly different molar proportion of individual SCFA. Lactic, formic, and acetic acids predominate on ileum (&gt; 93%) whereas acetic, propionic, and butyric dominate on caecum digesta (&gt; 90%). Nevertheless, no differences were observed due to dietary treatments. In conclusion, live yeast supplementation of diets modifies redox conditions prevailing in the gut modifying microbial populations and helping piglets to overcome post-weaning growth check.
PSVII-4 Potential Value of Turkey Litter Ash and Dried Swine Lagoon Sludge as a Phosphorus Source for Growing Pigs
Authors: McAuley Cooper T , van Heugten Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate turkey litter ash (TLA) and dried swine lagoon sludge (SLS) as alternative recycled sources of phosphorus. Analyzed concentrations (as-is basis) of Ca, P, and Na were 8.31, 3.98, and 0.70, respectively for TLA and 5.81, 4.31, and 0.12 for SLS. Fifty-six individually housed pigs (BW of 34.92±0.29 kg) were blocked by initial BW and randomly allocated within block to 1 of 7 treatments. Treatments consisted of a negative control diet (NC; 0.50% Ca and 0.12% available P (40% of requirement), NC plus 0.075% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP), TLA, or SLS, and NC plus 0.150% P from either MSP, TLA, or SLS. Diets were balanced using MSP, calcium carbonate, salt and fine sand to maintain all other dietary ingredients at equal levels. A constant Ca:P ratio of 1.40 was maintained. Pigs were limit-fed individually at 3x197 kcal ME/kg BW0.60 based on the BW for each block. Final body weight tended (P = 0.085) to increase linearly with increasing P from MSP, but not from TLA (P = 0.271) or SLS (P = 0.367). Overall ADG linearly increased (P = 0.022) with increasing P from MSP (761, 814, and 839 g/d), tended to increase (P = 0.072) with P from TLA (761, 786, and 810 g/d), and was not impacted (P = 0.164) by P from SLS (761, 797, and 814 g/d). Kidney weight relative to BW linearly decreased (P = 0.041) with increasing MSP, but liver, heart, and spleen weights were not affected (P &gt; 0.07). Serum P linearly increased (P = 0.007) with increasing MSP (8.76, 9.08, and 10.00 mg/dL), but not with TLA (P = 0.250; 8.76, 8.52, and 9.28 mg/dL) or SLS (P = 0.143; 8.76, 9.18, and 9.41 mg/dL). Serum Ca concentrations linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.033) with increasing MSP, TLA, and SLS. Data suggest that the value of TLA and SLS as a P source is limited compared with MSP.
PSVII-1 Sample Handling and Vitamin Analysis
Authors: Elefson Sarah , Greiner Laura L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Vitamins are crucial for day-to-day function in the body. They are often collected in studies to ensure that the body is functioning normally, but the ways in which these samples are collected are inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate differences in sampling collection methods. A total of 4 blood tubes (2 serum and 2 plasma) were collected from 8 finishing pigs (n = 4 gilts and barrows). One blood tube of each type was either exposed to light or wrapped in foil before processing for analysis took place. Livers were taken from 6 gilts, sectioned, and those sections were either frozen immediately or placed at 1 of 3 temperatures (room temperature, 4oC, or -20oC) for 3, 6, or 12 hours before freezing to assess degradation of vitamins within the tissue. Blood was assessed for vitamins A, D, and E while liver was assessed for vitamins A and E with data analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX. There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin D in the blood and a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin A in the blood. Furthermore, there were sex effects (P &lt; 0.05) for vitamin D and (P &lt; 0.10) vitamin A with barrows having higher vitamin statuses than gilts. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin E in the blood, or the amount of degradation of vitamins A and E in the liver. In conclusion, factors such as sex, blood tube type, and light, can influence vitamin concentration in biological samples.
PSVII-9 The Impact of Increasing Dietary Manganese on the Reproductive Performance of Sows
Authors: Edmunds Clint E , Cornelison Alyssa S , Farmer Chantal , Rapp Christof , Ryman Valerie E , Schweer Wes P , Wilson Mark E , Dove C Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary manganese (ProPath Mn, Zinpro Corporation) on the reproductive performance of sows. Sows (N = 39; 231 ± 8 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of three dietary levels of Mn (CON: 0 ppm Mn; PRO20: 20 ppm Mn; PRO40: 40 ppm Mn). Experimental treatments were initiated at breeding and continued through 2 parities. Sows were blocked by parity within each farrowing group and dietary treatments were represented within each block. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS with diet as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. Dietary treatment did not affect sow body weights (P &gt; 0.10). Lactation feed intake was increased in PRO20 sows compared with CON and PRO40 sows (P &lt; 0.05). PRO20 and PRO40 sows farrowed heavier piglets (CON 1.23 kg; PRO20 1.57 kg; PRO40 1.40 kg; P = 0.001) with improved average daily gain to weaning (CON 213 g/day; PRO20 237 g/day; 220 g/day; P &lt; 0.05), compared with CON sows. Milk fat content (average from d 7 and 14 of lactation) was reduced in PRO20 (5.5%) and PRO40 sows (6.1%; P &lt; 0.05) compared with CON sows (7.8%), possibly due to increased milk demand from the piglets. There were no significant differences in milk mineral concentrations during lactation or piglet tissue Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity at weaning (P &gt; 0.10). On day 3 of lactation, prolactin concentrations were similar across treatments (P &gt; 0.10), whereas progesterone concentrations tended to differ in response to Mn level (CON 23.70 ng/mL; PRO20 26.15 ng/mL; PRO40 22.10 ng/ml; P = 0.09). Supplementary dietary Mn throughout 2 gestation and lactation cycles led to increased birth weights and pre-weaning growth of piglets.
PSVII-14 Effects of Feeding High Level of Crystalline L-Lysine on Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , de Rodas Brenda , Haydon Keith D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 408 weaned pigs (19 d of age; 6.59 kg initial BW) were used in a 3-phase feeding program to evaluate effects of increasing levels of crystalline L- Lysine on performance of nursery pigs. Pigs were blocked by weaning BW and allotted to 44 pens which were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments (9-10 pigs/pen; 11 pens/treatment), including the control diet supplemented with one of the four L-Lysine levels: 0.3% (L1), 0.5% (L2), 0.6% (L3), or 0.7% (L4). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained 1.40, 1.32, and 1.25% Sid Lys for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. L-Val, L-His and L-Arg were included in the L2, L3, and L4 treatments in addition to DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Ile which were offered in all diets. In Phase 1 (d 0-9), no effects of L-Lys levels on performance were observed (P &gt; 0.10). In Phase 2 (d 9-21), increasing L-Lys from L2 to L4 Lys reduced ADG (Linear, P &lt; 0.001), while L4 also reduced ADFI (Linear, P = 0.01) and feed efficiency (Linear, P &lt; 0.001). In Phase 3 (d 21-42), L3 and L4 significantly improved feed efficiency (Linear, P = 0.001). Overall (d 0-42), feeding L-Lys at L4 tended to reduce ADG (Linear, P &lt; 0.10) and ADFI (Linear, P &lt; 0.10), while feeding L-Lys at L3 improved feed efficiency (Cubic, P &lt; 0.05). Data of this study suggest that responses to high levels of L-Lys are more profound on feed efficiency during phase 2 and 3. Inclusion level of L-Lys at 0.3% is best for gain but 0.6% is the best for optimal feed efficiency. Increasing L-Lys level to 0.7% enhanced feed efficiency in phase 3, but reduced all performance measures in Ph1, 2, and overall.
PSVIII-12 Use of a Bacterial Consensus 6-Phytase Variant Expressed in Trichoderma Reesei in a no Inorganic Phosphorus, High Phytate Diet for Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: de Souza Ana Lucia P , Remus Janet C , Zarate Maurice , Samuel Ryan S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The trial examined if a novel phytase from a bacterial consensus 6-phytase (CP) variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei could maintain performance of grow-finish pigs fed diets without inorganic phosphorus. This trial was done in pigs of commercial genetics that were raised from 26 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter. Diets were formulated using corn, soybean meal, and wheat midds and were based on nutrient requirements from National Swine Nutrition Guide (2010). Three treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens (26 mixed sex pigs/rep): 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC) without inorganic P (nutrient difference equated to a1,000 FTU/kg matrix versus the PC), and 3) NC + CP 500 FTU/kg (CP). Mash diets were fed ad libitum in 5 phases: Grower 1 and 2, Finisher 1, 2, and 3 (for total of 84 d). Phytate P in the diets was between 0.29 and 0.26%. Data analysis used ANOVA with mean separation via Tukey honest significant difference with P &lt; 0.05%. No change to dietary P was done in the trial as lameness did not reach the adjustment threshold even in the NC. Lameness caused removal of about 0.7% of animals. At market weight, the results show similar final body weight (BW) for treatments PC and CP, and both were different than NC. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) showed similar results for PC and CP, but only the PC was different than NC. Gain to feed (G:F) showed no differences between treatments. These results showed that CP at 500 units/kg improved body weight of pigs fed a no added P diet.
PSVIII-2 Evaluation of the Effects of a Stimbiotic and Fiber Source on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Weber Tom , Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Cordero Gustavo , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding a stimbiotic, Signis (AB Vista), and fiber source, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran, on nursery performance. Pigs (n = 480; 5.87±1.10 kg) were assigned to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of Stimbiotic (0 or 100 mg/kg) and Fiber Source (control, sugar beet pulp, or wheat bran). For phase 1, wheat bran and sugar beet pulp were added at 6.0% and 3.5%, respectively. For phase 2, wheat bran and sugar beet pulp were added at 10% and 6.0%, respectively. There were 8 pens containing 10 pigs per treatment group. A 2-phase feeding program lasting 3 weeks each was used. Performance was monitored for 6 weeks. Fecal scores were recorded, and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient (ATTD) digestibility. Full value pigs (FVP) were determined by subtracting mortality and removals from total number placed. Pen gain was calculated as difference of sum of BW at d 42 minus sum of BW at d 0. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the fit model platform in JMP. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P &lt; 0.10. Phases 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, gain:feed or d42 BW did not differ between treatment groups. There were effects of Stimbiotic and Fiber Source on FVP as there were increased FVP (P &lt; 0.05) with Stimbiotic and decreased FVP (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed wheat bran. Pen gain tended to increase (P = 0.06) in pigs fed Stimbiotic and was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed wheat bran. Mean fecal scores were not affected by Fiber Source, but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced by Stimbiotic. Stimbiotic tended (P ≤ 0.09) to increase ATTD of dry matter and energy. In conclusion, feeding a stimbiotic increased FVP, while feeding wheat bran decreased FVP. Further research is needed to explore the effects of fiber source in nursery diets and how it interacts with Stimbiotic.