bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Feelings
Authors: Cottingham Marci D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Practical Feelings develops and applies a theory of emotion practice to the domains of work, leisure, social media, and politics. Chapter 1 theorizes an emotion practice approach by synthesizing symbolic interactionist and poststructural approaches to emotion using their shared lineage of pragmatism. Within this approach, the concepts of emotional capital, habitus, and social location together help us examine emotion as effort, energy, and embodied resource. Chapters 2 through 5 apply an emotion practice approach to the social arenas of work, leisure, social media, and politics. The empirical chapters move from the intimate sphere of nursing to the sphere of public health threats while illustrating the strengths of an emotion practice approach. Audio diaries from nurses capture how they use and conserve emotional resources within hierarchies of social class and race. In examining sports fans, we see how they use and invest in the emotional power of sports symbols, but a hierarchy of racial inequality underlies this economy of emotion that connects communities and corporations. Social media users connect with others during health threats by relying on engrained digital habits of frivolity and humor. Turning to the political sphere, rhetoric from leaders reinforces a view of emotions as irrational, converting their emotional capital of stoicism into political capital during public health threats (Ebola and COVID-19). The final chapter develops the relevance of homophily for connecting emotions with social inequality and theorizes mechanisms for social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Cottingham Marci D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the core claims and concepts in a sociology of emotion practice, combining concepts from emotion management, interaction ritual, and practice theories. Homophily, as emotional alignment with similar others, is a key aspect of emotion practices and helps to explain how emotions serve to maintain social hierarchies. Emotions are practical, embodied calculations haunted by past practices and predictive of future demands. They clue nurses into the ambiguous and complex demands of the job, help sports fans connect with family and their city, and they can serve to unite disparate groups through digital spaces. By tracing emotion practices in hospitals, sports bars, social media sites, and the political framing of epidemics, we see social actors in more holistic ways. As a result, this book brings the sociology of emotion into closer alignment with the complex practices that make up our social world.
The Inner Life of Catholic Reform
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile studies abound about Catholic Reform and its institutional or social history, its spiritual motives and practices, what one could call its “inner life,” have been widely neglected. This book examines how these spiritual ideas and practices shaped the Catholic Reform and Catholic view of the world and led to a diverse but peculiarly theological imagination, a new outlook on the self and the world, and influenced human behaviors and sentiments. It tells the story of how the idea of the “inner reform of the soul” shaped a world religion. The historicization of these religious practices and beliefs makes this book also highly accessible to historians and anthropologists. It relies on a plethora of published and unpublished sources, and a wide field of secondary literature. Although the emphasis is on Europe, this book takes a global perspective by integrating material from Africa, America, and Asia as it was in this era that Catholicism became a “world religion.”
The Varying Theologies of the Priesthood
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs important as the Tridentine reform decrees were for the behavior of the clergy to reestablish discipline, it was a new understanding of the priesthood and its duties that shaped the Catholic Reform from Trent well into the eighteenth century. Trent’s indecisive theology of the priesthood, which oscillated between a Pseudo-Dionyisian view of the priest as mediator for the divine and that of a Gersonian shepherd, created the need for a more coherent theological profile. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, therefore, several theologies of the priesthood came into being, which despite their differences all extrapolated status, dignity, and duties of the priest. Among the most important writers on the theological profile of the priesthood are Carlo Borromeo, Pierre de Berulle, and Ignatius of Loyola.
Locked and Loaded
Authors: Bivins Jason C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the obsession over President Barack Obama’s birth certificate and his suspected plan to seize America’s guns, we see that furor over proving and disproving things related to Obama’s identity (especially his religion) strengthened Americans’ inattention to the expectations democratic citizens ought rightly to have about governance, belonging, and social desert. This chapter focuses not only on this particular controversy and its connections with Trump but on the related rise of vigilante groups like the Oath Keepers and the Proud Boys. The reluctance to discuss what Americans are entitled to by birthright reveals that Embattled America is more comfortable with the literal and metaphoric weaponization of identity than with discussions of social goods and inclusive community.
The Reception of Edwards’ Works
Authors: Griesel Jake 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
With previous chapters having touched on the reception of Edwards’ works within his own lifetime, this chapter investigates the reception of his works after his death. It first traces Edwards’ positive reception within the Church of England, noting especially his popularity among eighteenth- and nineteenth-century evangelicals, who generally regarded him as a champion of the Church’s Articles on grace, election, and justification. It also notes how some of these Church of England evangelicals perceived Edwards not as an anomalous Calvinist, but rather as part of a trajectory of later Stuart Reformed conformists. The rest of the chapter highlights Edwards’ reception beyond the confines of the Church of England, firstly in Britain, then in America, and finally in Germany, which altogether earned him broad recognition as one of the major Church of England divines of his time.
Seabed Warfare
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Advances in undersea technology have made the seabed more accessible to human activity, both civilian and military. All states may emplace military installations and structures on the seabed beyond the territorial sea of other nations for purposes other than exploitation of economic resources. The placement of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction on the seabed is prohibited by the Seabed Nuclear Arms, although it does not prohibit the use of nuclear weapons in the water column provided they are not affixed to the seabed. Also, the emplacement of sensors and conventional weapons on the ocean floor, like the U.S. Hydra Distributed Undersea Network and Upward Falling Payloads, is not prohibited. The importance of the undersea cable network for both civilian and military communications cannot be overemphasized, but this network remains vulnerable. In peacetime, submarine cables are protected by several international treaties. But in times of armed conflict, belligerents can degrade, damage, or sever submarine cables, or use them to launch cyberattacks. However, attacks on the network could have third-order effects beyond belligerents, affecting neutral states.
Naval Operations in Outer Space
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Outer space as a warfighting domain is intimately linked to contemporary armed conflict at sea. Satellites and space objects are increasingly used in support of operational and tactical naval missions. Thus, states have turned toward counterspace operations to gain space superiority and deny military use of this domain to the enemy. These activities include offensive counterspace capabilities, such as direct-ascent anti-satellite weapons (DA-ASAT), electronic warfare, directed energy, and cyber, to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy rival space systems. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits states from placing weapons of mass destruction into orbit around the Earth, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space. But it does not prohibit using space as a medium for delivering nuclear weapons or the use of DA-ASAT weapons against space objects. During naval conflict, enemy military satellites and other space objects are always lawful targets. Civilian and dual-use space satellites may be attacked if they are used by the enemy to conduct or sustain military operations but targeting them requires a proportionality analysis. Consideration must also be given to the potential harmful effects of space debris when attacking satellites.
Hijikata Tatsumi
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces the career of the founder of butô, Hijikata Tatsumi. It starts with his short narrative dance vignettes, most memorably manifest in the 1959 debut of the homoerotically themed Forbidden Colors. It then moves to his happenings-style performances of the mid 1960s, and then describes his late dances choreographed using his generative dance method or Hijikata method. This method started with Hijikata’s attempt to understand himself and all the social processes that had formed him. It then blossomed into a way to modify dance steps using surrealist imagery work. The chapter argues that this method should be understood as an attempt to contest Japanese ethnocentrism while exploring Hijikata’s own identity, and as an attempt to find different means of political participation other than demonstrations and socialist-realist performances. It contains in-depth descriptions and analysis of dances such as Hijikata Tatsumi and Japanese People: Rebellion of the Body (1968), Seaweed (1970), Twenty-seven Nights for Four Seasons (1972), Summer Storm (1972), Lady on a Whale-String (1976), and Tohoku Kabuki Plan 4 (1985).
Maro Akaji and Dairakudakan
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter details the marvelously successful career of Maro Akaji, the founder of Dairakudakan. Maro’s idea of “One person, one troupe” was the force behind the proliferation of dance companies around the world who all practiced a kind of butô nearer to Maro’s dance theater than to other butô choreographers. The chapter elucidates several interrelated principles of Maro’s movement creation such as gestures (miburi), accident/incident (jikken), the ‘casting phase’ (chûtai or igata), the quality of one’s stance (okippuri), body-spirit/energy (taidama), space body (chutai), and flavored interval (ma). In order to nurture even more choreographic talent, Maro instituted the Kochuten performances in which young choreographers have a chance to choreograph a dance for smaller studio performances. The chapter contains in-depth descriptions and analysis of dances such as The Golden Spunk Bird, the Aleutians, and the Eight Span [Crow] (AKA Record of a Horsehead) (1973); The Story of the Phallic God (1973), Sea Dappled Horse(s) (1980), The Book of the Five Rings (1985), and Mamiana Zengoro’s Kochuten performance Gospel (Fuku-in, 2002).
Yoshioka Yumiko
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces the career arc of Yoshioka Yumiko, an important proponent of mixed media butô through her dance company TEN PEN CHIi, and one of the dancers who has most embodied what it means to practice butô as an itinerant woman. Yoshioka keeps up a gruelling schedule of international travel teaching butô workshops around the world and also organized the Ex … it butô festival, bringing butô and dancers of other styles of dance in contact with each other. The chapter describes and analyses the following dances: All Moonshine (choreographed with Seki Minako 1989), I-Ki: An Interactive Body-Dance Machine (direction, JoaXhim Manger, 1999), Test Labor (2001), WA-KU: Déjà vu (2007), BiKa: Beautification (2009), and 100 Light Years of Solitude (2016).
Tanaka Min
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the dances and choreography of Tanaka, a dancer who did not originally belong to the world of butô, but come to be associated with it. He eventually studied with Hijikata and adopted the butô label for part of his career. This chapter includes his solo works of the 70’s (as part of the series Subject, Dance State, Hyperdance, Drive, and Emotion), his collaborations with improvisational musicians such as Derek Bailey and Milford Graves, his experiments with farming as dance training at Body Weather Farm, his involvement with Hijikata, the changes he made to Hijikata’s methods as he adjusted to choreographing for his two groups, Maijuku and Tokason, and finally his later solo dances in the Hijikata mode. Dances considered include Subject (1974), Dance State: Tokyo Arts University Performance (Sept. 28, 1975), Hyperdance (1977), Emotion (1982), Extremely Quick Respiratory Bromide (1983), Form of the Sky (1984), Performance to Commemorate the 1501st Solo Dance of Tanaka Min: The Foundation of the Pure Love-Dance School (1984), Moon at Noon (1985), Dislocated Child’s Body (2002), and Passing through the Body and Sloughing It Off (2005).
More Jobs
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving a plentiful supply of decent jobs? The empirical record suggests little reason to think so. Capitalism, especially social democratic capitalism, has proved capable of producing high employment rates. It doesn’t look as though this requires a lot of government employment. And workers’ control (worker cooperatives), a key feature of democratic socialism in some proposals, might well reduce employment.
Affordable Healthcare for All
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving effective, affordable healthcare for all? There is little reason to think so. Among the rich democratic capitalist nations, those with an “insurance funds” healthcare system have achieved similar results in life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and cost growth as countries with a “single payer” system. Moreover, a country can have socialist healthcare—single payer, with government also employing most medical providers—in an otherwise capitalist economy. The Nordic countries and some others already do.
I’m Right, You’re Biased
Authors: Cheek Nathan N. , Pronin Emily 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter concerns the divergent processes by which people come to know themselves and other people and the resulting consequences. People come to know themselves (or come to gain intrapersonal knowledge) primarily by looking inward to internal thoughts, feelings, and motives (i.e., by introspecting). They come to know others (or come to gain interpersonal knowledge) primarily by looking outward to observable behaviors (i.e., by extrospecting). These different processes for gaining knowledge lead to important differences in what people believe about themselves versus others. Importantly, the divergent routes of introspection and extrospection lead people to see others as biased and themselves as “right”—especially when the self and other disagree in their perceptions and beliefs. This bias blind spot gives rise to intellectual arrogance and escalates interpersonal conflict. The differing epistemological routes of introspection and extrospection do not always lead people to feel better about themselves than others, however. For example, people may view themselves as uniquely prone to worry, uniquely motivated by fear of embarrassment, and uniquely subject to deviant thoughts—all as a result of their reliance on introspection for assessing themselves but extrospection for assessing others.
The Trouble of Not Knowing What You Do Not Know
Authors: Dunning David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this chapter the author discusses the difficulty people have in grasping the shape and scope of their ignorance. More pointedly, he describes how empirical evidence in psychology illustrates how hard it is for people to identify the boundary where knowledge ends and ignorance begins. People profess familiarity with concepts that do not exist, claim understanding of complex systems (e.g., how a helicopter works) they cannot articulate when asked, and fail to recognize gaps in their expertise (i.e., the Dunning-Kruger effect). This ignorance of ignorance arises because people have no awareness of “unknown unknowns,” they fail to actively consider the limits of their knowledge, and their ignorance is veiled by false beliefs they assume to be true. This ignorance carries implications for both the self and society. For the self, people often fail to know when they need to seek advice and fail to recognize true expertise in others. For society, it can lead to unwarranted dismissals of experts as well as gullibility to false prophets and their misinformation.
Why Do People Argue Past One Another Rather than with One Another?
Authors: Kuhn Deanna , Iordanou Kalypso 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The prevailing US culture is one explanation for a widespread devaluing of serious discourse. Among the numerous potential contributors, factors at the level of the individual have received less attention. Several kinds of evidence are described suggesting that most individuals think simplistically about complex issues. In particular, they do not conceptualize multiple contributing causes as necessary to account for most phenomena, nor are they likely to take multiple considerations into account in making judgments of a non-causal nature. These cognitive weaknesses, it is argued, constrain the productivity of discourse on a complex topic. Potential educational avenues for addressing them are considered.
The Structure of Strategic Environments
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Security in and through cyberspace rests on a distinct definition of security that differs from the dominant security paradigms associated with nuclear and conventional weapon environments—deterrence and warfighting. Cyber persistence theory posits that a core structural feature of interconnectedness, a core condition of constant contact, and the reinforcing structural features of macro-resilience and micro-vulnerability in combination form the basis of a distinct strategic environment, one supporting the logic of exploitation rather than coercion. To achieve security in this strategic environment, States must engage in initiative persistence, continuously setting and maintaining the conditions of security in their favor, measured as the relative balance between being cyber vulnerable to exploitation and being able to exploit the cyber vulnerabilities of others. Whereas conventional security rests in the presence of war and nuclear security rests in the absence of war, cyber security rests in an alternative to war.
Materializing Englishness in Early Medieval Texts
Authors: Fay Jacqueline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The goal of this book is to restore to the story of Englishness the lively material interactions between words, bodies, plants, stones, metals, and soil, among other things, that would have characterized it for the early medieval English themselves. In particular, each chapter aims to demonstrate how a productive collapse, or fusion, between place and history happens not only in the intellectual realm, in ideas, but is also a material concern, becoming enfleshed in encounters between early medieval bodies and a host of material entities. Through readings of texts in a wide variety of genres including hagiography, heroic poetry, medical and historical works, the book argues that Englishness during this period is an embodied identity emergent at the frontier of material and textual interactions that serve productively to occlude history, religion, and geography. The early medieval English body thus results from the rich encounter between the lived environment—climate, soil, landscape features, plants—and the textual-discursive realm that both determines what that environment means and is also itself determined by the material constraints of everyday life.
Thetaṣrīfin the medieval Arabic grammatical tradition
Authors: Bohas Georges , Lowenstamm Jean 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBetween the 8th and the 14th centuries, a paradigm of grammatical research of remarkable sophistication, scope, and depth arose in the Arab world. This chapter is devoted to a presentation of some of the results of the Arab grammarians in the areas of morphology and phonology. Emphasis is laid on the architecture of their model of grammatical description and on their mode of argumentation. A body of evidence from the verbal system of Classical Arabic is presented along with some of the questions a contemporary reader would raise. The approach and answers provided at various times by Arab grammarians are laid out and critically discussed. Numerous parallels with contemporary linguistic theory are drawn.
The Greco-Roman tradition
Authors: Sen Ranjan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Greco-Roman grammatical tradition crystallized much of the linguistic metalanguage used today, either as the Greek forms or as Latin calques. Grammar came to account for any instance of language, spoken or written, and evolved from being a practical to a scientific discipline (Gk. τέχνη tékhnē, Lat. ars), with its own set of rules. Crucial observations and analytical tools in the organization of sounds—allophony, natural classes, accentuation, syllable structure and weight, phonological processes, morphophonological alternation, and abstract underlying bases—can be counted among the contributions of the ancient Western grammarians, and phonological change was noted through citing older forms or censuring newer ones. The tradition subsequently formed the basis of medieval and later linguistics in Europe and further east, and many of its themes have persisted throughout linguistic history.
Saussure and structural phonology
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFerdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) had a shaping impact on modern phonology with two books. The Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européenes (Memoir on the Primitive System of Vowels in the Indo-European Languages; 1879) was hastily composed in a compressed and jejune style that has always limited its readership. The Cours de linguistique générale (Course in General Linguistics; 1916) was produced posthumously, and has found a vast audience. While faithful to his teaching, it retains certain paradoxes he would have wanted to resolve, and is silent on matters he would likely have filled in. In addition, he published some twenty articles, several of which had an impact with regard to specific issues. This chapter traces the itinerary of Saussure’s phonological thinking from his earliest work to his final lectures. It then discusses certain widespread misunderstandings of his work, and surveys its heritage in modern linguistics.