bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of blood centre readiness regarding removal of DEHP from blood bag sets: The BEST Collaborative Study
Authors: Razatos Anna , Acker Jason P. , de Korte Dirk , Bégué Stéphane , Noorman Femke , Doyle Barry , Zia Majid , Min Kyungyoon ,   The Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDi(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) must be removed from blood bag sets in Europe by 27 May 2025. DEHP is known to interact with the red blood cell (RBC) membrane, resulting in reduced haemolysis and thus prolonging shelf‐life. Current non‐DEHP alternatives result in increased haemolysis requiring reconsideration of the RBC shelf‐life. Although the immediate impact of eliminating DEHP is to the European community, the non‐DEHP movement could affect blood bag set availability globally. The purpose of this survey is to understand blood centre readiness regarding the transition to non‐DEHP blood collection and storage systems.Materials and MethodsA 24‐question on‐line survey was completed by members of the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative research network.ResultsResponses were obtained from 16 blood collection or processing institutions. A majority of respondents (12/16) indicated that both shelf‐life and haemolysis were equally important in selecting non‐DEHP blood bag sets. Six respondents would accept a lower RBC product shelf‐life compared to current practice. Respondents were not clear on the best non‐DEHP vinyl material or RBC storage solution. Three European blood centres indicated they have developed non‐DEHP transition plans. One challenge identified regarding the transition to non‐DEHP is the extensive validation testing that will be required.ConclusionBlood centres in Europe are concerned with meeting the sunset date for DEHP, considering that limited non‐DEHP blood bag and RBC storage solutions are currently available. Banning DEHP in Europe, which may have global ramifications, represents a major challenge not yet fully understood by the transfusion medicine community.
Transpelvic urethrostomy in a female dog with congenital vestibulovaginal and urethral stenosis: A case report
Authors: Chiaramonte Alessandra , Anglin Elizabeth , Takacs Joel D. , Spinelli Morgan , Clarke Dana L. , Aronson Lillian R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) as a surgical technique for the successful treatment of vestibulovaginal and urethral stenosis in a 7 month old female spayed mixed‐breed dog.Study designCase report.Sample populationFemale spayed mixed‐breed dog with obstructive vaginal tissue present on vaginal examination.MethodsThe dog presented with a history of persistent urine dribbling, stranguria, and dysuria since birth. Vaginoscopy and fluoroscopy revealed severe vestibulovaginal and urethral stenosis. An episiotomy and partial vaginectomy were performed to remove stenotic tissue. A perineal urethrostomy was attempted from a blind‐ended pouch associated with the stenotic urethral tissue but was unsuccessful. The dog was repositioned in dorsal recumbency and a postpubic urethrostomy was performed.ResultsSix days postoperatively, incisional dehiscence occurred at the cranial aspect of the urethrostomy. The site was revised at this location using a TPU to decrease tension at the urethrostomy site. The dog recovered uneventfully with no further complications identified after surgery. Forty‐two months after surgical intervention, the dog continued to show no clinical signs.ConclusionTranspelvic urethrostomy may be a viable surgical alternative for dogs diagnosed with urethral stenosis.
The Spring Back of Metals
Authors: Gardiner F. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A generalized and simplified mathematical analysis and derivation for a spring-back correction curve for pure bending is given. Extensive test data, especially for “springy” materials are shown. Qualitative reasons are given for their departure from the theoretical curve. An optimum empirical curve is plotted, showing a band of most probable values. The utilization of this general spring-back curve is described and a worked example is given. Whereas no data have been accumulated on brass and bronze materials, it is believed that these will fall into the bands set by data on aluminum, nickel-base, titanium, and ferrous alloys. It is recommended that all tooling for metals whose ratio of yield stress to elastic modulus S/E lies between 1.1 and 5.0 × 10−3 be treated in accordance with the spring-back correction factors found in Fig. 15. As soon as this ratio S/E and the material thickness have been determined a chart of tool radius R versus resultant part radius r may be prepared, e.g., Fig. 16. This chart is then used by the tool designer to specify the tool shape. Conservation of thickness and length are a necessary assumption. Whereas many sheet-metal-forming operations do not require spring-back correction, there is a large savings in “tool-development” time in those cases where the spring back is large and cumulative.
Reactor Shielding
Authors: Blizard E. P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The problems attendant upon shielding of reactors are described briefly. The sources of radiation and their relative importance are enumerated. The interaction processes for gamma rays and neutrons are described; some discussion is given of their relative importance. The need for thermal shields in a reactor is described. Common biological shield materials are enumerated with their relative advantages and disadvantages. Some current shield designs are illustrated.
Design of Corrugated Diaphragms
Authors: Haringx J. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Three previous papers by the author set forth methods of calculating the rigidity of corrugated diaphragms, the stresses in the sheet material, and the nonlinearity of the relation between load and deflection. As a further step, the introduction of a few simplifying restrictions having no fundamental effect on the problem leads to the concept of a chart giving at once the dimensions a diaphragm must have so as to conform to specific requirements. An example is included by way of illustration.
Seal Leakage in the Rotary Regenerator and Its Effect on Rotary-Regenerator Design for Gas Turbines
Authors: Harper D. B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An analysis of rotary-regenerator seal leakage is presented which predicts the leakage quantity and the variations of pressure gradient under the sealing shoe. The verifying results obtained from tests of a simulated sealing arrangement also are given. The optimum efficiency conditions of the gas-turbine cycle including leakage and pressure loss are studied; and a sample regenerator design for a specific gas-turbine plant is carried as far as the presentation of design-point curves for sizing the rotary regenerator. A method of reducing leakage is presented and the results of experimental verification are shown. Conclusions are drawn regarding the best general configuration of the rotary regenerator with respect to the leakage problem.
Mass-Transfer Cooling in a Laminar Boundary Layer With Constant Fluid Properties
Authors: Hartnett J. P. , Eckert E. R. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mass transfer or transpiration cooling offers great possibilities for maintaining tolerable surface temperatures on high-speed aircraft or on turbine blades. The present study is concerned with the prediction of heat transfer, skin friction, and required coolant flows for such transpiration-cooled surfaces. The solutions presented were collected in so far as possible from the literature, and were supplemented by new calculations where required for the case of the flat plate and plane stagnation flows.
Basic Methods for Nonlinear Control-System Analysis
Authors: Stout T. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The important phase-plane and describing function methods are explained with the help of several simple examples. It is shown that the phase-plane method is best adapted to transient analysis of second-order systems and that the describing-function method is intended primarily for stability analysis of higher-order systems. Details and extensions of both methods are discussed in two appendixes, and a number of less important methods are mentioned.
Design and Analog-Computer Analysis of an Optimum Third-Order Nonlinear Servomechanism
Authors: Doll H. G. , Stout T. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Great interest has been shown recently in deliberately nonlinear control systems, including a class of programmed control systems. The design objective which distinguishes these systems is minimization of the response time for step inputs by proper automatic timing of relay operations. For a second-order relay servomechanism, the required switching relation is expressed by a curve in a two-dimensional phase plane which can be realized by a one-variable function generator in combination with linear elements. For a third-order system, the switching relation is expressed by a surface in a three-dimensional phase space and requires a two-variable function generator for its realization. The switching surface is computed in this paper for an idealized third-order positioning servomechanism having an output member characterized completely by its moment of inertia and a torque which varies linearly with time between two limits; small-signal nonlinearities such as backlash or relay threshold are neglected. An electro-optical two-variable function generator is employed in an analog-computer study of this system. For purposes of comparison, two alternative modes of control also are examined. The system using programmed control shows the expected superiority for step inputs, the advantage being greatest for small step magnitudes. For sinusoidal or random inputs, programmed control is superior when the input amplitude and/or frequency are low but exhibits some anomalous behavior for large amplitudes and/or frequencies, which result in inferior performance. Parameter tolerances for programmed control systems are somewhat less severe than anticipated.
Optimum Nonlinear Control
Authors: Oldenburger Rufus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the response of a controlled system after an initiating disturbance has died out. Such a transient is obtained, for example, when the load on a prime mover is suddenly rejected or the speed setting of an engine governor is instantly switched to a new value. It is assumed that the rate of change of the controlling variable with respect to time is bounded, and that the maximum rate of change can be obtained arbitrarily. Thus the speed of a hydraulic governor servo is limited. The best return to equilibrium (minimum over or under-swing, minimum duration of the transient, and so on) can be obtained under rather general conditions by having the servo or its equivalent travel only at maximum or zero speed. Control functions exist which give the optimum transients. These functions are nonlinear. The results of theoretical studies to enable the control designer to obtain optimum or nearly optimum transients are given here along with practical compromises. All results have been verified in the laboratory with physical devices (governors) of various kinds and automatically controlled systems.
Effect of Ambient and Fuel Pressure on Nozzle Spray Angle
Authors: De Corso S. M. , Kemeny G. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Diametral samples across the fuel spray at a distance of 4½ in. from the nozzle tip were obtained for ten centrifugal-type nozzles of 9 to 100-gph capacity, having nominal spray angles of 45 and 80 deg. The data were taken over a fuel-pressure range of 25 to 400 psi and for ambient pressures from 0.1 to 8 atm. These diametral spray distributions were reduced to equivalent spray-angle values which when plotted against ambient and fuel pressure provided a summary of the pressure effects on the spray angle. It was found that the spray angle decreased markedly with increasing fuel and ambient pressure. An explanation of the phenomenon is given. The equivalent spray angle was found to be a function of the product of fuel pressure drop and ambient gas density to the 1.6 power, i.e., Pγ1.6.
Operating Experience and Design Features of Closed-Cycle Gas-Turbine Power Plants
Authors: Keller Curt 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is the author’s third progress report in the United States on the AK closed-cycle gas turbine. The first comprehensive presentation in 1945 (1) dealt with the basic ideas and, theory, the first 2000-kw experimental plant in Zurich, and future prospects, including the use of other gases than air, such as helium, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide. The second paper in 1945 (2) gave more details and design features of different components, with special reference to machines and air heater of the first industrial 12,000-kw oil-fired plant for St. Denis and Dundee which were in the final phase of erection at that time. Projects for coal-fired plants also were discussed. This third presentation summarizes the achievements during the past five years. They are based on operation and new design experience and show the marked improvements obtained by simplifying the closed-cycle system components while keeping its basic properties. This development led the way to economical solutions in the different fields of application. Work was concentrated mainly on power-station sets up to 15 mw and for different fuels as well as on ship-propulsion plants (3). The recent accelerated development of atomic power brings a new incentive to the closed-cycle gas turbine using gases other than air as the working medium and reactor coolant.
Generalized Optimal Heat-Exchanger Design
Authors: Fax D. H. , Mills R. R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There are many different ways of formulating the problem of the design of an optimum heat exchanger (or of any plant element or ensemble of elements) depending on what measure of performance is to be extremized and under what constraints the optimum is to be effected. A large number of such solutions exist in the literature but they often appear to have little in common, each variation in constraints apparently generating a brand new problem. Based on the use of Lagrangian multipliers, a generalized method is here developed which shows perhaps more clearly than before the interrelationship between different problems of this class. The method is particularly useful in those problems where several variables are to be optimized simultaneously. In the paper, the method is exemplified by the solution of three problems in gas-turbine regenerator design, at least two of which are believed to be new.
Practical Equipment-Replacement Economics
Authors: Scheuble P. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There is nothing new about the basic problems encountered when replacing manufacturing equipment since we have been doing it for thousands of years at an accelerating rate. Often, it does not take any fancy figuring to tell us that a replacement is required. The basic reasons for replacement have not changed, except that the pressure for change has increased under present-day competition and advancements in technology. We find ourselves confronted with larger capital expenditures to keep up with the drive on reducing unit cost and increasing quality. Furthermore, there is competition between various equipment proposals and other projects in their demands on capital funds. The author discusses various principles on which the economic replacement of equipment must be based.
A Combustion System for Spark-Fired Gas Engines Using Diesel Compression Ratios
Authors: Thompson L. D. , Beadle R. H. , Blake F. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
“Jet ignition” is a combustion system which eliminates the requirement of air modulation with varying loads in a spark-fired gas engine. Jet ignition coupled with diesel compression ratios results in a versatile engine having high thermal efficiency and simple controls. Engine governing with jet ignition only requires control of the fuel as in diesel engines. The paper describes this combustion system and the background leading to its development.
Comparative Machinability of B1113—C1213—C1120 HR—C1120 CD and C1119 Steels
Authors: Bryden H. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A report on extensive machinability tests from which C1119 steel indicated an average tool life six times greater than that of the best B1113 and C1213 steels and nine times the tool life of the average of seven varieties of B1113 and C1213 steels investigated.
Utilization of Solar Furnaces in High-Temperature Research
Authors: Duwez Pol 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the performances of a parabolic-type solar furnace. Maximum temperature and maximum heat flux attainable at the focus are presented for furnaces of different diameter-to-focal length ratios. It is shown that the optical quality of the parabolic reflector is the most important factor for obtaining high heat fluxes. With present-day technology, the heat flux is limited to 600 Btu/sq ft/sec, but this figure could be raised to 2300 Btu/sq ft/sec by improving the optics.
A New Way to Simplify the Steam Power Plant
Authors: Kuljian H. A. , Fadden W. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach to the ever-urgent problem of simplifying the installation and operation of steam power plants. Two alternative methods are involved, both of which combine regenerative feedwater heaters in a single shell. One integrates the closed-type heat exchangers; the other employs a new method of using open-type heat exchangers with intermediate locks. By either method, it is the conclusion of the authors that a saving in initial investment of from $10.00 to $15.00 per kilowatt will be obtained.
Universal Bearing Tester
Authors: Pigott R. J. S. , Walsh B. R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many bearing testers of one type or another have been devised by those who have investigated bearings. Nearly all of these, from Thurston’s old pendulum type through Kingsbury’s, have been for unidirectional load only, and therefore are limited to just one of the three classes of load we need to know about. Most of the early machines lacked the precision now required for a study of bearing conditions. It will be perceived that since the coefficient of friction may be less than 0.001, a bearing tester for say 25,000-lb bearing load must have response to less than 0.25-lb friction force if accuracy is to be better than ±1 per cent. Our initial work on bearing test machines was directed toward improving precision and sensitivity, but unidirectional loading was retained. Later it was recognized that the unidirectional load-test machine did not provide data representing dynamic loads of varying direction and magnitude. This led to the development of a rotating-load bearing test machine. The steps in this development are outlined in the paper.
Drag-Turbine Performance
Authors: Baljé O. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A previous treatise presented some basic considerations concerning the principal features of drag turbines. The conclusion was derived that this turbine type offers particular advantages for small accessory power units, where low bulk, simplicity, and high reliability are most desirable. This application was suggested since drag turbines exhibit peak efficiencies at low speeds; i.e., low u/cth), values where u denotes the wheel-tip speed and cth the spouting velocity of the gas. Presently available test data show peak efficiencies of about 35 per cent. Further studies reveal that higher efficiencies can be obtained so that this turbine type will not be restricted to applications where efficiencies are of secondary importance, but also will show merit in cases where an effective energy utilization is more critical. In this paper a simplified theory is presented which enables fair predictions of drag-turbine performance for compressible as well as incompressible media, accounting for the influence of design geometries on performance range and peak efficiency.
A New Automatic Dispatching System at Kansas City
Authors: Cameron D. H. , Mueller E. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Automatic dispatching of load carried on units of an electric system is highly desirable and contributes greatly toward successful interconnected systems operation. A new approach to the control problem was made at Kansas City in 1955. This paper outlines some of the load and equipment problems affecting control of an electric system, describes briefly the dispatching equipment designed to load units incrementally, and shows a typical operating period using the new control scheme.
Cooling Towers for Steam-Electric Stations—Selection and Performance Experiences
Authors: Larinoff M. W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cooling towers are an important component in many of today’s large steam-electric generating plants and the power industry is looking forward to an even greater use of this equipment in the future. Certain problems and difficulties presently confronting the tower purchaser and user are reviewed in the light of the purchaser’s requirements and the user’s operating experiences. Maintenance cost data for 50 cooling towers totaling 2,600,000 gpm capacity are presented. The effect of tower thermal-performance deficiency on station capability and heat rate is discussed. The paper is concluded with a prediction of what the cooling-tower industry has to look forward to from the power industry as regards future cooling-tower sizes for both nuclear and conventional, fuel-fired power plants.
Design Basis for Cascade-Type Positional Servomechanisms
Authors: Lees Sidney , Blaschke T. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A design basis, previously developed for multiloop positional servomechanisms, has been extended to cascade-type systems. The design basis attempts to co-ordinate specifications, dynamic characteristics, interferences, and uncertainties from a consideration of the generation of torques by the system. The limitations of the system performance are distinguished from component characteristics. The concept of frequency-dependent coefficients is applied to the lead modifier damping model, the lag modifier, viscous damping model, and to the lag modifier, lead modifier damping model. It is shown that the performance may be understood from knowledge of second-order systems. Estimates of useful values of the parameters for each model are confirmed by analog studies.
Future Developments of the High-Speed Diesel Engine
Authors: Chatterton Ernest 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper has the main objective of exploring the lines of development which appear to offer greatest possibilities for the reduction of size and weight of the diesel engine. The author examines the increases in power output from a given size of cylinder which result from the combination of a diesel engine and exhaust-driven gas turbine operating with high degrees of supercharge. He discusses the limitations and draws conclusions as to the type of engine best suited to such developments.