bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Simultaneous Measurement of Apparent Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Citrus Seedlings at Different Soil Moisture Levels1
Authors: Bielorai H. , Mendel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diurnal rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of sour orange and sweet lime seedlings were measured continuously and simultaneously under 4 different soil moisture regimes, using an infra-red gas analyzer and hygrosensors. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates were found to decrease gradually as the soil moisture dropped from 17% to 9% (equivalent to tensions of 0.2 to 3 atm). A sharp reduction in both processes was observed for both rootstocks when the soil moisture was in the wilting range. At the high moisture content, photosynthesis and transpiration rates of sweet lime were higher than those for sour orange plants. Conversely, at the low moisture content (in the wilting range), the rates were greater for the sour orange seedlings. The high soil moisture tensions had a relatively greater effect on photosynthesis than on transpiration.
Identification of Cucumis species by Paper Chromatography of Flavonoids1
Authors: Brown G. B. , Deakin J. R. , Wood M. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Paper chromatography of flavonoids from leaf extracts of 21 Cucumis species produced patterns which were species specific. Some morphologically similar species produced chromatographic patterns which were similar to each other, while others failed to do so. Certain morphologically different species also produced chromatograms which were similar to each other. Although the individual species can be identified by their chromatographic patterns, a chromatographic grouping of related species often fails to conform with groupings made on a morphological basis.
Distinguishing Characteristics of the Jonathan Spot and Lenticel Spot Disorders in the ‘Jonathan’ Apple Fruit1
Authors: Richmond A. E. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The disorder known as Jonathan spot commonly observed on ‘Jonathan’ apples actually consists of 2 spot types which must be distinguished in order to define the affecting factors and to resolve the confusing and contradictory evidence in the literature. The spots which occur in the epidermal tissues without definite relation to lenticels are considered as Jonathan spot. Those which occur directly around the lenticels are defined as lenticel spots.
Histologically, the epidermal tissues afflicted with Jonathan spot showed a significant radial compression of the collenchyma cells in the 4 to 7 subepidermal tiers; whereas, such modification was not always apparent in tissues affected with lenticel spot. For the latter, some degree of rupture of the epidermis and the 3 to 5 subepidermal collenchyma tiers was usually noted. Jonathan spot development was inhibited by high temperature (70°F). It was favored by delayed harvest, yet none was observed until the fruit was stored at low temperature for several months. Conversely, lenticel spot often was present at harvest time and its development was accelerated at high temperature and inhibited at low temperature. High relative humidity (90%) enhanced lenticel spot development, whereas, humidity level had no effect on Jonathan spot.
Pollen Analysis of Two Highbush Blueberry Varieties Vactinium corymbosum1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A significantly higher percentage of blueberry pollen germinated from the variety ‘Rubel’ than from ‘Jersey’. Germination of pollen from both varieties decreased with blossom age. The ‘Rubel’ variety had a longer optimum period of germination than did the ‘Jersey’. The number of pollen grains released by the ‘Rubel’ blossoms also appeared to be greater than that of the ‘Jersey’. Differences in pollen germination and production may explain differences in fruit production under conditions of low pollinator levels. Multiple germination tubes were produced by both varieties of blueberry pollen.
Vernalization of Globe Artichoke, Cynara scolymus L.1
Authors: Gerakis P. A. , Markarian D. , Honma S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of seed environment and stage of germination during vernalization on flower induction in globe artichoke was investigated. Soaking the seed in water for 48 hr at 70° F prior to vernalization at 35° to 45° for 15 days with adequate moisture and oxygen, resulted in a higher percentage of bolters. Air temperatures above 65° immediately after sowing the vernalized seed caused devernalization, while a week of 50° to 65° had no effect. Seed treatment with chloro-choline chloride inhibited vernalization. Gibberellic acid sprays substituted successfully for vernalization with a large percentage of plants. A minimum of 10 leaves were required for bud initiation with all effective vernalizing treatments. Through vernalization and by subsequently growing the plants at an optimum temperature and light environment, the normal biennial reproductive cycle of artichoke was reduced to 6.5 months.
Evaluating Resistance to Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey of Varieties and Hybrids of Apricots and Almonds using Mean Growth Rate of Cankers on Young Branches as a Criterion of Susceptibility1
Authors: Crossa-Raynaud P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparative susceptibility of apricot and almond varieties to brown rot due to Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey was determined by inoculating longitudinal slits 2 cm long on selected branch cuttings with M. laxa conidia. After 3 weeks the resulting cankers were measured. The resistance ratings obtained were closely correlated with ratings obtained from observations made during the past several years in Tunisian orchards.
This method, applied to apricot hybrids, suggests that the resistance is polygenic and that the ‘Hamidi’ variety of apricots is a good source of resistance.
Timing of Olive Oil Application and Its Probable Role in Hastening Maturation of Fig Fruits1
Authors: Saad Faisal A. , Crane Julian C. , Maxie E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Olive oil application during an approximate 10-day period following the time at which all drupelets within ‘Mission’ fig fruits had turned red was effective in stimulating fruit growth and maturity. Olive oil was found to yield ethylene, particularly when exposed to solar irradiation, and it is this degradation product that undoubtedly is the stimulative agent.
Seasonal Development of External Color and Carotenoid Content in the Peel of Ripening ‘Shamouti’ Oranges12
Authors: Eilati S. K. , Monselise S. P. , Budowski P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
External peel color and the content of chlorophyll, total carotenoids, carotenes and xanthophylls in the flavedo of ‘Shamouti’ orange fruits were studied during their development from the young to the overripe fruit stages.
In the early stage, the main change consisted of a decrease in chlorophyll content, resulting in the initial yellowing of the peel. Later, concomitant with the appearance of the typical orange color (color break), total carotenoid content of flavedo, as well as its carotene/xanthophyll ratio increased rapidly. Such increase, however, continued after full color had been attained and until the fruit was decidedly overripe. The advantage of relating the pigment content to the flavedo layer rather than to the whole peel and the suitability of expressing the pigment concentration on a per cm2 basis are discussed briefly.
A New Male Sterility Gene in Capsicum annuum, L.1
Authors: Shifriss Chen , Frankel Rafael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic male sterility was found in the Bell type pepper variety ‘All Big’. Breeding experiments suggest that the character is controlled by a single recessive gene in Bell type pepper varieties. This new source of male sterility appears to be superior to sources formerly reported by being highly stable and already present with a Bell type genetic background, and by the absence of undesirable pleiotropic effects. The usefulness of the character for hybrid seed production is discussed.
Effect of Short Photoperiods, Cycocel, and Gibberellic Acid upon Flower Bud Initiation and Development in Azalea ‘Hexe’1
Authors: Criley Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A technique using 2-branched rooted cuttings of azalea ‘Hexe’ was devised to provide uniform plant material for studying the effect of photoperiod and growth regulators on early stages of flower bud initiation and development. Flower initiation was most rapid under 8-hr daylengths, as a definite change of shape of apex was observed the 4th to 5th weeks. No change was observed on plants subjected to interrupted nights with 50 ft-c incandescent light supplied between 10 pm and 2 am.
Short days plus a drench of 0.4 g Cycocel, (2-chloro-ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride, accelerated initiation over short days alone. Gibberellic acid applied to Cycocel-treated plants at 3 and 4 weeks of short days delayed flower initiation. Gibberellic acid applied to short day plants during the 4th to 6th weeks was effective in preventing flower initiation in this cultivar.
Methods of Selecting Tomatoes for Drosophila Resistance1
Authors: Stoner Allan K. , Mason Horatio C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes can be screened for resistance to Drosophila by using a slit-fruit technique, or by trapping adult flies in jars containing sections of fruit of different varieties. These techniques can be used on a turntable to eliminate light effects, or by randomization in a greenhouse or an enclosed room with uniform light. Significant differences were found, both when Drosophila could choose between varieties and when they were restricted to cages containing fruit of only one variety. Due to the large amount of variation encountered when screening tomatoes for Drosophila resistance, large numbers of replications are necessary. The variation can be partially accounted for by differences in fruit maturity and differences between plants of a variety or line.
The Effect of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid (Ethrel) on the Sex Expression and Yields of Cucumis sativus1
Authors: McMurray A. L. , Miller C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of 2-chloroethanepliosphonic acid (ethrel) on the sex expression of pickling cucumbers was studied. Tests to determine concentrations, effect on sex expression, and yield potential were conducted in greenhouse and field situations.
As many as 19 successive pistillate nodes were observed for the treated monoecious cultivar ‘SC 23’. The most effective concentrations of ethrel were 120, 180 and 240 ppm for these studies. These rates in single or multiple application resulted in the greatest number of continuous female nodes with the least shortening of internodes. A much lower concentration of 24 ppm had little effect as to stunting and only limited effect on sex conversion. Significant yield increases, as measured by value per acre, were obtained for 3 monoecious cultivars, ‘Model’, ‘SC 23’ and ‘Chipper’, treated with ethrel.
The Interaction of Resistant Rootstock to the Nitrogen, Weed Control, Pruning and Thinning Effects on the Productivity of Concord Grapevines1
Authors: Shaulis Nelson , Steel Robert G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This reports a 1960-1964 study of the responses of ‘Concord’ grapevines, own-rooted as well as grafted on the phylloxera resistant rootstock ‘Couderc 3309’, to pruning severity, thinning of fruit, N fertilization and weed control in a factorial experiment at Fredonia, New York.
Although phylloxera were present, moderate size of vine and large yield were attained with own-rooted vines. Here, ‘3309’ rootstock did not have a unique effect on ‘Concord’.
As an initial response, in 1960, when the range in vine size was 1.8 to 3.0 lb. of cane prunings per vine, increases in vine size were associated with increased yield because fruitfulness was not then seriously depressed by the vine size increasing treatments of ‘3009’ rootstock, cultivation, and N fertilization.
As an equilibrium response in 1963-1964, in the range in vine size of 1.9-4.9 lb. of cane prunings per vine, when vine size was above 3.5 lb. of cane prunings, the decline in fruitfulness prevented a gain in yield, and there was either no increase or a decrease in fruit maturity.
A 1966 sequel, affording 8’ and 16’ of canopy length for each 8’ spaced vine, showed fruitfulness to be closely associated with node number per unit length of canopy. Where the canopy length is fixed, crowding was likely the basis for the declines in fruitfulness which accompanied increases in vine size and node number.
The effect of the resistant rootstock ‘3309’ was similar to that of the other vine-size increasing treatments in that it decreased fruitfulness and fruit maturity and had a small effect on yield and on soluble solids/vine.
Effects of 2-Chloroethane Phosphonic Acid and Its Interaction with Gibberellic Acid on Quality of ‘Early Italian’ Prunes1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills Harlan H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth regulator, 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) advanced color and soluble solids development by about 2 weeks, softening by 1 week when applied at 80 ppm 31/2 weeks before commercial maturity of untreated fruit. Lesser effects of a similar nature were produced by rates down to 10 ppm on the same date. Gibberellic acid (GA) delayed softening by 1 week, color and soluble solids development by 1 or 2 days when applied at 50 ppm 31/2 weeks before commercial maturity of untreated fruit. Internal browning was reduced. Ethrel combined with GA to produce better colored fruit with higher soluble solids and less internal browning than untreated checks.
Effect of Ethrel, Abscisic Acid, and a Morphactin on Flower and Berry Abscission and Shoot Growth in Vitis vinifera1
Authors: Weaver Robert J. , Pool Robert M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of 3 abscission-promoting compounds on flower and berry abscission in 4 varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes was studied. A cluster-dipping experiment with Ethrel, abscisic acid, and a morphactin at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 ppm, was done using ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Carignane’, and ‘Muscat of Alexandria’, at 4 developmental stages. Stimulation of abscission by the growth regulators decreased as flowers and berries became older. The morphactin was the most effective and abscisic acid the least effective in promoting abscission. Spray treatments with the same compounds induced abscission on ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘Perlette’ at appropriate concentrations. Pretreatment of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ clusters with 4-CPA eliminated the effectiveness of morphactin and, to some extent, that of Ethrel.
Morphactin at 1 ppm stimulated shoot growth of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ but marked inhibition occurred at 100 and 1,000 ppm. Ethrel at 10 ppm stimulated shoot growth, but marked inhibition occurred at 100 and 1,000 ppm. With ‘Carignane’ only morphactin produced inhibition of shoot growth. Appropriate concentrations of these compounds applied as sprays thinned ‘Perlette’ grapes, but thinning was quite irregular both within and among clusters.
Effect of Soil Water Stress on Bush Beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. at Three Stages of Growth1
Authors: Dubetz S. , Mahalle P. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bush beans grown on plots provided with an automatic rain shelter were subjected to a soil water stress of 8 bars at the preflowering, flowering, and postflowering stages of growth. Total weights of green pods from 4 harvests were reduced 53, 71, and 35%, respectively, from those of plants that were on low stress. Fifty pounds of N and 22 lb. of P/A increased yields significantly. Plants that were under stress subsequently did not attain a normal height. The effects of stress on floral set and pod development are discussed.
Breeding Behavior and Effect of Temperature on Expression of a Variegated Rogue in Green Beans1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mosaic-like crinkled-leaved variegated rogues were found in the ‘Stringless Green Refugee’ snap bean variety. Grafting experiments suggested that this condition was not due to an infectious virus. The degree of expression of the symptoms was influenced by temperature and the symptoms appeared almost completely masked at 80°F. This suggests that effective selection against the rogue should be done in cool climates. Differences in the expression of the character was observed between field and greenhouse grown plants.
Segregation in the F2 ‘G.N. 1140’ X variegated rogue indicated that this character was controlled by a major gene with variegation being recessive. In reciprocal crosses between 2 ‘Bush Blue Lake’ lines X variegated rogue, almost complete elimination of the variegated plants was noted in segregating generations. The similarity of some of these results to serotype mechanisms and/or virus tolerance is discussed.
Environmental and Genetic Factors Influencing the Expression of Resistance to Scab (Venturia inaequalis Cke. Wint.) in Apple Progenies1
Authors: Lamb Robert C. , Hamilton J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The presence of sporulating lesions on seedlings inoculated with the apple scab fungus in the greenhouse was the best criterion for discarding susceptible individuals, and provided a means of selecting other factors for resistance in addition to the Vf gene.
Short photoperiods (8 hr) and low light intensities (1000 ft-c) significantly reduced the percentage of resistant seedlings. This emphasized the importance of growing the seedlings under uniform conditions.
Progenies from crosses of resistant by susceptible parents (Vfvf × vfvf) were grown under various controlled regimes of light, temperature, and humidity. Inoculation with the scab fungus resulted in significantly different percentages of resistant seedlings, indicating genetic differences in resistance between these progenies. When inoculation results of progenies of susceptible varieties were summarized, the percentages of resistant seedlings varied with the observed susceptibilities of the parents. These genetic differences should be taken into consideration in a breeding program.
Early Season Harvest Size Prediction of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Williams Max W. , Billingsley H. D. , Batjer L. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit growth measurements in several orchards, from 1959 to 1968 have been used to prepare a table for predicting final harvest size of ‘Bartlett’ pears. At 60 days from full bloom, final fruit diameter to within ⅛ inch can be accurately predicted 83% of the time. The nearer to harvest the sample is taken, the more accurate the harvest size prediction. Temperatures above 80° and below 55°F appear to reduce pear fruit growth.
Time of Naringin Production in Grapefruit1
Authors: Albach Roger F. , Juarez Amelia T. , Lime Bruce J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From experiments conducted over several seasons it was found that naringin production in grapefruit takes place mainly during the early stages of fruit development. In the most definitive study, developing grapefruit and adjacent leaves were exposed to 14C labeled carbon dioxide at weekly intervals following fruit set. The relative amount of CO2 fixed and available for conversion at different treatment times was determined by measuring the 14C activity in the soluble carbohydrate and organic acid fraction of the fruit. Activity was also followed in the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction. Carbon dioxide incorporation into the sugar-acids did not vary by greater than a factor of 10 for those exposures conducted from early April to mid-November. The ratio of activity in the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction to that in the sugar-acid fraction reached a pronounced maximum in mid-April and then declined rapidly by mid-June to 1/3000 of the peak value. A uniformly low ratio of incorporation into the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction is maintained to early maturity (October). Preliminary evidence suggests that minor subsequent rises in naringin production may coincide with periods of rapid vegetative growth.
Cold Hardening in Citrus Seedlings as Related to Artificial Hardening Conditions1
Authors: Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 18 citrus types were exposed to artificial hardening conditions. ‘Nagami’ kumquat, false hybrid satsuma and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarins were the most cold hardy and ‘Lisbon’ lemon, ‘Mexican’ lime, Rangpur’ lime, and ‘Calamondin’ hybrid kumquat the least cold hardy. Three mandarins, 1 tangelo, 3 oranges, and 4 grapefruit types were intermediate in hardiness. Generally, the most hardy types hardened some at 70° day and 50°F night temperatures, and 60°/40° as well as at lower temperatures while the least hardy types hardened primarily at 50°/30° and 45°/26°. Sugar accumulation was associated with hardening.
The Effect of Different Date Pollen on the Maturation and Quality of ‘Zehdi’ Date Fruit
Authors: Al-Delaimy Khalaf S. , Ali Sajida H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of pollen of 4 different male palms belonging to Phoenix dactylifera, L. upon the time of maturity and the quality of ‘Zehdi’ date fruit was studied. It was found that pollen from both ‘Ghannami’ and ‘Werdi’ shortened the yellowing time of the Khalal stage and increased the percentage of matured fruit of the ‘Zehdi’ palms. Pollen from both ‘Rissasi’ and ‘Werdi’ resulted in increased fruit setting compared with the other two males. Fruit pollinated with ‘Werdi’ had the lowest percentage of seed weight (the highest edible portion). Fruit pollinated with ‘Ghannami’ pollen had the highest percentage of soluble solids. According to the results obtained in this experiment, it is possible to consider both ‘Ghannami’ and ‘Werdi’ as better male varieties than ‘Rissasi’ and ‘Simsimi’.
Internal Can Corrosion by Processed Sweet Potatoes as Affected by Phenolase Activity and Nitrate Concentration1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Scott L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inhibition on phenolase activity by blanching or restriction of exposure to oxygen greatly reduced the rate of internal corrosion of tinplated cans by sweet potatoes independent of variety effect or nitrate concentration of the raw product.
When phenolase activity was not inhibited, the severity of can corrosion varied widely among varieties of sweet potatoes. Varieties which caused more can corrosion had a high phenolase activity and a high nitrate concentration. ‘Nemagold’ and ‘California 20-51D’ sweet potatoes, which have a relatively low phenolase activity, did not accumulate high nitrate concentrations or severely corrode cans when ammonium nitrate fertilization of 1,000 lb./acre was applied. Ammonium nitrate fertilization greatly increased nitrate accumulation and can corrosion by ‘Goldrush’ sweet potatoes.
Development of Cold Hardiness in Apple Seedlings Treated with Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Holubowicz T. , Boe A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple seedlings, Malus sylvestris var. Rome Beauty, were treated with abscisic acid 20 ppm, gibberellic acid 100 ppm, and compared with controls during pre-dormancy and dormancy for killing point, total nitrogen, soluble protein, per cent dry matter, total ash, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate and growth. The seedlings were treated under a specific regime of decreasing temperature and day length. Analyses were made after 7 days at 21° and 16 hr light, 7 days at 7.2° and 10 hr light, and 7 days at 0° and 8 hr light.
Abscisic acid increased the hardiness of apple seedlings. Low temperature and short day treatments increased the hardiness in both the pre-dormant and dormant tests. Both N and soluble protein increased as the seedlings passed from the pre-dormant to the dormant period. The same trend was true for total ash, whereas per cent dry matter decreased during this period. Abscisic acid treatment decreased the photosynthesis rate of the seedlings.