bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs): Viability of Digital Media Literacy in Pakistan
Authors: Shah Mudassar Hussain , Saima Kausar  , Maryam Waqas  
Published: May 2022

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the dynamics of higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide. The dependency of students on ICTs increased significantly and it considered requisite for modern higher education. Adverse impacts of ICTs studied by scholars on students of higher education that reflect ICTs are influencing social interaction pattern, cognition, academics and bring addiction. However, little work is done in HEIs to create curricula of digital media literacy which may reflect the demography of students and direct training and utility of ICTs that may mitigate adverse effect. This article argues that how students of HEIs use ICTs and what are the plausible actors that can contribute in the digital media literacy in Pakistan. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire is designed to collect the data from 640 respondents of two major public sector universities of Pakistan i.e. University of Sargodha and Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan through online survey on google form by distributing it to various online WhatsApp groups by convenience sampling technique. Actor Network Theory (ANT) is the conceptual framework of this study. The findings of the study reveal that significant respondents spent their large amount of time on ICTs for pleasure instead of necessity drive. However, findings reflect that ICTs are using by youth for various purposes that are education, political and religious information, and entertainment. Moreover, the significant respondents use ICTs for connect themselves with Internet, gaming consoles, movies, audio/video players and sharing of documents. The gender is also significant factor that contributes in the utility of ICTs. This article argues on digital media curriculum development in the universities of Pakistan..
A wave-breaking model for the Depth-Semi-Averaged equations: some preliminary results
Authors: Antuono Matteo 
Published: May 2022

A novel model for the description of the wave breaking process and the subsequent generation and
evolution of the vorticity is defined for a particular non-hydrostatic scheme, namely the Depth-SemiAveraged model of Antuono et al. [1]. Such a model is based on the use of mollified differential operators
inside the vorticity equation, following an approach which is similar in spirit to that used in the context of
the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The breaking conditions and the expression for the vorticity
injection at the free surface are adapted from the work of Veeramony [2] and Veeramony and Svendsen [3]
while a proper closure for the turbulent cinematic viscosity is proposed.
Some preliminary test cases are shown by using the experimental data from Lucarelli et al. [4] for a spilling
breaking event. These suggest that the proposed model is accurate and reliable and that it is suited for the
description of the main features of the wave breaking at spatial and time scales typical of the coastal
models.
The proposed work is developed in collaboration with the Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM) in
the context of the project entitled “FUNdamentals of BREAKing wave-induced boundary dynamics”
(FUNBREAK), funded by the Italian Ministry MIUR with grant number 20172B7MY9_003.
Shear-instability in Internal Kelvin waves
Authors: Stastna Marek 
Published: May 2022

Internal waves in the ocean and their laboratory analogues are known to break down via a variety of mechanisms.
In this talk I will focus on Direct Numerical Simulations of mode-2 internal waves generated from a lock-release
on a laboratory scale. This well-understood process of generation allows us to control the size and shape of
the wave formed, for example through a judicious choice of density stratification. In the absence of rotation
the internal waves generated, primarily induces stream wise and vertical currents, with span wise currents being
the product of small scale three-dimensionalization. When rotation is present, the process of geostrophic adjustment
leads to a complex pattern of wave-induced currents oriented in all three coordinate directions. I will demonstrate
that this leads to shear instabilities that are trapped near one of the tank walls, it also leads to smaller scale
shear instabilities with a stream wise oriented vorticity axis (to our knowledge the first documented case of
such instabilities). I will discuss the breakdown into turbulence of these instabilities and the possibilities and
challenges of scale up of these simulations to the field scale.
Maps of phenomena for breaking waves in deep, intermediate, and shallow waters
Authors: Desmons Florian 
Published: May 2022

Numerous numerical simulations were performed to investigate the phenomena occurring when waves
break [1]. The Notus CFD code was used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in the finite volume
framework. The breaking event was inspected on a 2D periodic first order stokes waves over a flat
bottom at different depths : shallow, intermediate and deep. The wavelength of the initial wave is varying
from 5 cm to 35 cm. The observation of the breaking type (Parasitic Capillary Waves, Spilling Breaker
and Plunging Breaker) of each simulation has permitted to generate three mapping of the phenomena
occurring during the breaking process following the wavelength and the wave steepness.
Firstly, we aim at presenting and discussing the mapping generated for the three different water depths.
Then, an investigation of the vorticities created during the first steps of the breaking event will be presented. This investigation has permitted to observe three sub-categories, which has not been described
in the literature, to the best of our knowledge : the spilling breaker with single vortex, with dipoles and
the plunging breaker without roller. The characteristics of these sub-categories will be presented and
explained thanks to the surface motion and the vorticities generated. The figure 1 is a representation of
the vorticity field obtained during the spilling breaker with dipoles.
Acknowledgements: This study has been carried out with financial support from the French State, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the frame of the ”Investments for the future”
Programme IdEx Bordeaux - SysNum (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02).
Internal breaking wave: from the dead water effect to complex structures
Authors: Fourdrinoy Johan 
Published: May 2022

A movement of a ship in a density stratified environment generates different internal waves
systems. These waves cause boat’s slowdowns, known as dead-water. In wide channel experiments, the
boat’ speed oscillates when passing a dispersive undulating depression. With strong lateral confinement
(narrow channel), the amplitude of the waves increases, and the boat can even come to a stop. When the
waves’ cambers become too high, breaking-waves appear at the stern.
The study of this phenomenon has led us to revisit an old experiment of Scott Russell. The
Scottish engineer studied the formation and propagation of dispersive waves when an object is removed
from a laterally confined open channel with a shallow layer of water. The “vacuum” created by the mass
removal generates a linear dispersive free surface deformation with a front of negative polarity followed
by a wave train. If we extend this configuration to a two-layers stratification, we can observe a linear
dispersive wave with negative polarity à la Scott Russell, propagating along the interface.
During an initial disturbance of high amplitude many other structures appear. The wave front
will first break, generating a mixing zone. Within this area, baroclinic modes can appear as a wave
response to vertical displacements. Finally, if the amplitude of the initial impulse is even stronger, a
hydraulic response appears. Indeed, a BOLUS, or breaking wave 2-mode, (an ovoid coherent mass of
recirculating mixed fluids immerged in a surrounding medium/a of different density/ies) propagating
along a pycnocline. These different hydraulic or wave structures have been observed experimentally by
a subpixel detection method allowing spatiotemporal monitoring of structures of very low amplitudes.
High-fidelity observations and modeling of wave breaking dissipation and bubble plumes
Authors: Derakhti Morteza 
Published: May 2022

Combining high-fidelity numerical modeling and field observations,
we examine wave-breaking-induced energy dissipation and bubble plumes
over a wide range of sea state conditions, including storms with sustained
winds up to 22 m/s and significant wave heights up to 10 m. We use
a polydisperse two-fluid LES/VOF model (Derakhti Kirby, 2014) to
simulate bubble entrainment and turbulent bubbly flow in short-crested
deep water wave breaking events. Bubble contributions to dissipation and
momentum transfer between the water and air phases are considered. Using the numerical model results, we examine the statistical characteristics
of wave breaking and associated turbulent dissipation rates in a field of
intermittent events. We show that convergence of statistics occurs for
signals that have minimum length of approximately 1000–3000 wave periods with randomly spaced observations in time and space relative to 3D
breaking events. We further show important effects of obscuration of velocity measurements due to entrained bubbles on the estimated turbulent
dissipation rates. Observations are recently collected in the North Pacific
Ocean and include arrays of surface following SWIFT buoys as well as
shipboard winds and optical video systems. Two types of SWIFT buoys
are concurrently used with uplooking and downlooking Acoustic Doppler
Current Profilers to measure turbulence and image bubble plumes with
echograms in a wave-following reference frame. This vertical reference is
used throughout the analysis, with important distinctions from the more
common mean-sea-level reference frame. Combining the data from both
types of SWIFT buoys, we obtain turbulence dissipation rate profiles that
extend from sea surface to 3 m depth. The echograms extend to 30 m
depth range and indicate bubble plumes reach more than 10 m beneath
the surface, with residence time of several wave periods. The volume of
bubble plumes is estimated by combining active whitecap coverage and
plume depth measurements. Dependencies of the observations on wave
age, bulk and spectral steepness, and wind accelerations are explored.
Finally, we show that bubble plume statistics are closely linked to wave
breaking dissipation, such that one may scale the other.
On the breaking inception of unsteady water wave packets evolving in the presence of constant vorticity
Authors: Banner Michael Leslie 
Published: May 2022

The recent numerical study of Barthelemy et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 841, 2018, pp. 463–488) investigated
the local properties of two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear unsteady gravity
wave packets in deep and uniform intermediate depth water. Their study focused on the breaking inception
transition zone separating maximum recurrence and marginal breaking, and reported that a suitably
normalized energy flux localized at the steepest crest in the packet provides a robust breaking threshold parameter.
Our present study uses the fully nonlinear boundary integral element method solver developed by
Touboul Kharif (Nat. Haz., vol. 84, issue 2, 2016, pp. 585–598) to investigate breaking inception of
2-D deep water nonlinear water wave packets propagating in the presence of a background current that
varies linearly with depth. We seek to validate whether the proposed generic breaking inception threshold
holds for the case of constant background vorticity. Results are presented for different
packet bandwidths and background vorticity levels.
Depth-limited wave breaking dissipation in a potential flow code
Authors: Mohanlal Sunil 
Published: May 2022

Simulation of waves beyond the breaking point in a fully non-linear potential flow model (e.g.
Raoult et al. [1]) is considered with a semi-empirical dissipation term that requires correctly
determining the breaking onset and estimating the energy dissipation rate. A kinematic breaking
criterion, similar to those found recently to be practical for arbitrary water depth (e.g. Derakthi
et al. [2]), is applied here. The criterion is based on 푈/퐶, the ratio of the free surface water
velocity to the wave phase speed. To estimate the wave breaking strength in shallow water,
previous work by Svendsen et al. [3] that continues to be used and developed (e.g. Grilli et
al. [4]), has shown that a hydraulic jump model can provide a reliable approach for spilling
shallow water breakers. Alternatively, Derakthi et al. [5] proposed a parameterization for the
breaking strength in deep and intermediate water depending on the rate of change of 푈/퐶. Here,
a range of depth-limited wave breaking cases for regular and irregular waves are considered and
validated with experimental measurements, and values for the rate of change of 푈/퐶 and the
breaking strength are calculated for shallow water cases. Current work includes exploring if
and how these different parameterizations may be combined to develop a unified approach to be
applied in fully nonlinear potential flow models.
Burgers-like wave turbulence in the surf zone
Authors: Bonneton Philippe 
Published: May 2022

Ocean wave fields are made of a large number of waves that are mutually interacting in a random way. It is
an important example of wave turbulence (Nazarenko, 2011). Significant achievements for modelling wave
turbulence in deep water have been made since the pioneer work of Hasselman (1962). Under the hypotheses
of weak nonlinearities and strong dispersion Hasselman derived a kinetic equation for the wave action, which is
the basis of current operational wave forecasting models. A remarkable property of Hasselmann kinetic equation
is that it possesses a stationary analytical solution that corresponds to a constant flux of energy from high to
small wave numbers(Zakharov and Filonenko, 1966). The solution corresponds, in the frequency wave spectrum,
to a power law of the form of ω-4 (ω the pulsation), that is in agreement with field observations.
In shallow waters, the weak wave turbulence approach is no longer valid because, as the waves propagate
shoreward, the nonlinearities increase and the dispersive effects decrease. In the inner surf zone, waves are
strongly nonlinear and almost non-dispersive. The interacting random waves become phase-locked and generate
sawtooth waves. These coherent structures result from the competition between nonlinear and dissipative
processes.
During this talk, I will analysed wave dynamics in the inner surf zone. First, I will show that this dynamics has
strong similarities with Burgers-like turbulence (Saffman 1968). Then I will present the derivation of a theoretical
power spectral density law which describes wave energy from the inertial range to the dissipative range (see
figure below). Finally, we will discuss about the implications of this work for predicting energy dissipation and
turbulent eddy viscosity in the inner surf zone.
On the stability of the laminar boundary layer beneath a Stokes wave
Authors: Fedele Francesco 
Published: May 2022

The linear stability of the laminar boundary layer flow of a Stokes wave in deep waters is
investigated by means of a 'momentary' criterion of instability for unsteady flows. In the
parameter range investigated, it is found that the flow is stable to 2-D perturbations. The least
stable eigenmode of the resulting Orr-Sommerfield spectrum attains its maximum beneath
the boundary layer of the Stokes wave. Moreover, an analysis of the associated
pseudospectrum indicates that the laminar flow when modified by imperfections is unstable
due to the non-normality of the Orr-Sommerfeld operator, and the unstable pseudoeigenmodes tend to peak within the boundary layer. The laminar flow of the Stokes wave is
also stable to 3-D streamwise-independent perturbations. Instability is observed for the
laminar flow with imperfections. The associated unstable pseudo-eigenmodes are streamwise
vortical rolls similar to Langmuir cells. The laminar boundary layer flow of a Stokes wave
appears to be stable to infinitesimal perturbations, but it may likely be unstable to finite
perturbations, as in Poiseuille pipe flows. The present results are supportive of the recent
experimental evidence of spontaneous occurrence of turbulence beneath unforced nonbreaking surface waves.
Chester Himes and the Popular Novel: A Voice for Existential Blackness
Authors: Duran Jane 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The work of Chester Himes, as exemplified by Real Cool Killers, is examined for its attention to social issues. It is concluded, as Polito has contended, that Himes is gifted at portraying an inner-city world and its problems. In a sense, Himes’s work also speaks to the post-World War II existential issues that drive some of the writing of Richard Wright.
Colonial Legacies and African Reparations: What Ubuntu Implies in Terms of the Duties of Europeans
Authors: Cordeiro-Rodrigues Luis 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The current COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have a strong negative impact on African countries. This is due to the fact that poverty has reduced the ability of these countries to implement health measures that are necessary to address the pandemic. In this article, I contend that colonialism has a role to play in this reduced ability to respond to the current crisis. Hence I argue that Ubuntu ethics imposes responsibility on European governments to aid Africans during this period.
Hypothyroidism and Levothyroxine, Review Article
Authors: Akhtar Waseem , Moghal Fayaz Ahmad , Ishaq Muhammad , Naseem Alliya , Rana Azhar Hussain , Nadeem Hamid , Naseem ul Huda Muhammad , Barki Khalid Mahmoud El , Naseem Shehla , Shaikh Muhammad Zaman 
Published: May 2022

Hypothyroidism is a communal thyroid hormone deficit disorder. It affects ten percent of the general population and it is estimated that 5% go undiagnosed. If not treated properly, it can cause serious health problems and even death1-2. There is no great variability in the clinical picture or specificity of symptoms, therefore it is most often diagnosed mainly biochemically3.	Levothyroxine (L-thyroxine, LT4) is the gold standard in the treatment of hypothyroidism. It was introduced in 1949 and has since improved the lives of millions of hypothyroid patients. As it is usually given for the patient's life, the dose can be affected by physiological changes. In addition, the dosage should be adjusted in the event of concomitant medical conditions, pregnancy and the elderly. Clinically significant interactions between levothyroxine and other drugs, food and dietary supplements may occur. This can change the safety and effectiveness of the treatment4-5. The physician should be aware of the use of thyroxine and its interactions with other medications and diet6.	Hypothyroidism, levothyroxine uses and dose adjustments and their interactions will be discussed in this review. Keywords: hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, dose adjustment, interaction
The Imminent of General Surgery: Progressing to Encounter a Fluctuating Practice
Authors: Aftab Mansoor , Inzamam Muhammad , Latif Shahid 
Published: May 2022

Purpose: As compared to other countries, the practice of General Surgery in Pakistan has gone through a series of important development over the last 30 years, despite major variable training models. There increasing concern is that the current teaching of General Surgery residency does not hold out enough skills that are essential to practice the scope of General Surgery in Pakistan. Procedure: Executed by a National Force on the General Surgery Future, this project directed to advance guidance on the favorable configuration of Training on General Surgery in Multan. A consecutive series of studies based on evidence and a survey was introduced to inform these guidelines. Results: The general results of a procedure in any study show the complexity of the practice in General Surgery. 1	Location matters a lot for a surgeon to practice surgery 2	General surgery accompanies a strong grip for the overall clinical competence as well 3	Today general surgeons experience a subspecialized training too 4	Writing a proper report and guidelines for proper future surgical goals is also a part of training for General surgeons today	To be a general surgeon in the 21st century, these are the four recommendations that are necessary to maintain. Conclusion: This project mainly refers to the importance of location for fresh general surgery graduates, emphasizing the impact of variable location in contrast with the implementation of the same objectives of the surgery. The results of this study were sent to the Nishtar College to review the requirements of training and the work on a more precise and comfortable working scheme. Hence, we ensured that the GSRTP General Surgery Residency and Training Programs could work for the wider range of practice all around Pakistan for better training practices.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) Present in Aqueous Solution Using g-C3N4 Nanosheets Under Solar Light Irradiation
Authors: Selvaraj Rengaraj 
Published: May 2022

A graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheet sample was synthesized from a melamine precursor by a method of simple direct heating in a semi-closed system followed by thermal oxidation etching at 550 °C for 12 h. The sample was labelled as (g-C3N412h) and was systematically characterized. Moreover, the results were then compared with a pristine g-C3N4 sample for the degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) present in water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor. It is known that the BPA is one of the most harmful organic materials and that it does not degrade easily in the environment. It was therefore selected as a target to test the photocatalytic activity of prepared carbon nitride nanosheets under direct solar irradiation. The results showed the structure of the g-C3N4 nanosheets when the sample had been treated for a longer time compared to the regular treatment time. The optical band gap results remained the same, indicating the existence of a g-C3N4 backbone structure. However, the XPS and FTIR spectra showed some modification on g-C3N4 after longer etching treatment time such as the C-H, CO and N pyridinic structure. The photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by the g-C3N4 nanosheets under solar irradiation was much better (around 60%) than that with the g-C3N43h bulk sample (around 30%). This enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to multiple factors such as the smaller particle size, rich carbon surface and high surface area exhibited by the g-C3N4 nanosheets. This further indicates that g-C3N4 can be used with solar irradiation to treat wastewater containing endocrine disruptor chemicals.