bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased GH Secretion and Body Growth in Mice Carrying Ablation of IGF-1 Receptor in GH-releasing Hormone Cells
Authors: Gusmao Daniela O , de Sousa Maria E , Tavares Mariana R , Donato Jose 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by short and long negative feedback loops. In this regard, both GH (short-loop feedback) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; long-loop feedback) can target somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons to regulate the GH/IGF-1 axis. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)–expressing neurons play a fundamental role in stimulating pituitary GH secretion. However, it is currently unknown whether IGF-1 action on GHRH-expressing cells is required for the control of the GH/IGF-1/growth axis. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of male and female mice carrying ablation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) exclusively in GHRH cells. After weaning, both male and female GHRHΔIGF1R mice exhibited increases in body weight, lean body mass, linear growth, and length of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, and radius). In contrast, the percentage of body fat was similar between control and GHRHΔIGF1R mice. The higher body growth of GHRHΔIGF1R mice can be explained by increases in mean GH levels, GH pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency, calculated from 36 blood samples collected from each animal at 10-minute intervals. GHRHΔIGF1R mice also showed increased hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels, pituitary Gh mRNA expression, hepatic Igf1 expression, and serum IGF-1 levels compared with control animals. Furthermore, GHRHΔIGF1R mice displayed significant alterations in the sexually dimorphic hepatic gene expression profile, with a prevailing feminization in most genes analyzed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GHRH neurons represent a key and necessary site for the long-loop negative feedback that controls the GH/IGF-1 axis and body growth.
Metformin Decreases Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration in Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Caetano Celina , Pico Paola Tabaro , Singh Charan , Tendler Beatriz , Malchoff Diana M , Malchoff Carl D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Context
The conventional treatment of nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC) includes surgical resection, thyrotropin (TSH) suppression, and 131-iodine. Some patients develop persistent/recurrent metastatic disease requiring expensive alternative therapies, such as external radiation and multikinase inhibitors, which may have clinically significant side effects. Recent in vitro studies, in vivo studies in animals, and association studies in humans suggest that metformin, an inexpensive medication with a modest side effect profile, may help prevent or treat NMTC. No interventional trials analyzing the effect of metformin have been performed in humans.

Objective
We hypothesize that metformin administration will decrease serum thyroglobulin concentration (Tg), a surrogate marker for NMTC burden.

Methods
This retrospective institutional review board–approved study included 10 patients with persistent/recurrent NMTC who had exhausted conventional therapies including total thyroidectomy and 131-iodine. Five had detectable disease on computed tomography imaging. All had biochemical evidence of NMTC with Tg &gt; 2.0 ng/mL with nondetectable serum thyroglobulin antibody concentrations. Five elected to have metformin treatment at doses varying from 500 to 2000 mg/day for 2 to 5 months. The remaining 5 served as untreated controls. Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney test.

Results
Tg decreased (mean decrease = 21.7 ± 8.4%) in all 5 patients receiving metformin and increased (mean increase = 16.6 ± 12.1%) in all 5 controls (P &lt; .01). TSH did not change significantly in either group.

Conclusion
In summary, metformin caused a TSH-independent Tg decrease in patients with persistent/recurrent NMTC. More extensive studies are required to determine if metformin slows NMTC progression
Biochemical composition, nutritional value and socio-economic impacts of the invasive crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 in central Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Khamassi Faten , Rjiba Bahri Wafa , Mnari Bhouri Amira , Chaffai Amani , Soufi kechaou Emna , Ghanem Raouia , Ben Souissi Jamila 
Published: September 2022

The Atlantic crab Callinectes sapidus was recently recorded in Tunisia and presents an invasive behavior. This study aims to evaluate its socio-economic impacts on small-scale fisheries and to analyze variations in chemical composition, fatty acids profile, and nutritive value according to sex and edible tissues. Socio-economic surveys via face-to-face revealed a decline in fishermen’s income from 15% to even 70% (damages on fishing nets and catches). Muscles yield of Callinectes sapidus ranged between 36.07±2.84% and 42.83±6.53% respectively for females and males. All the analyzed tissues contained high protein contents (> 23%) and particularly cephalothorax muscles reaching 27.05±0.16%. This new exotic food can be recommended in low fat diets since it contained less than 5% of total fats. The fatty acid profile was dominated by the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for both sexes and all the analyzed tissues. Eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid were the most abundant PUFA in all tissues ranging respectively from 9.31% to 15.64%, from 8.74% to 13.78% and between 6.81% and 9.21%. All the nutritional indexes of lipids indicated that this crab could be beneficial for human health. In addition, it constitutes a new marine resource with high economic opportunity.
Study protocol: The clinical features, epidemiology, and causes of paediatric encephalitis in southern Vietnam
Authors: Huong Nguyen Hoang Thien , Toan Nguyen Duc , Quy Du Tuan , Khanh Truong Huu , Thinh Le Quoc , Nhan Le Nguyen Thanh , Minh Ngo Ngoc Quang , Turner Hugo , Thwaites Louise , Irani Sarosh , Hung Nguyen Thanh , Tan Le Van 
Published: September 2022

Encephalitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical syndrome of encephalitis consists of altered mental status, seizures, neurologic signs, and is often accompanied by fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The encephalitis in children has been known that more common than in adult, with the incidence rate of infants was 3.9 times higher than that of people 20-44 years of age. The reported incidence of hospitalization attributed to paediatric encephalitis ranged from 3 to 13 admissions per 100,000 children per year with the overall mortality ranging from 0 to 7%. There are however more than 100 pathogens that can cause encephalitis and accurate diagnosis is challenging. Over 50% of patients with encephalitis are left undiagnosed despite extensive laboratory investigations. Furthermore, recent studies in high-income settings have suggested autoimmune encephalitis has now surpassed infectious aetiologies, mainly due to increased awareness and diagnostic capacity, which further challenges routine diagnosis and clinical management, especially in developing countries. There are limited contemporary data on the causes of encephalitis in children in Vietnam. Improving our knowledge of the causative agents of encephalitis in this resource-constrained setting remains critical to informing case management, resource distribution and vaccination strategy. Therefore, we conduct a prospective observational study to characterise the clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features of encephalitis in a major children’s hospital in southern Vietnam. Admission clinical samples will be collected alongside meta clinical data and from each study participants. A combination of classical assays (serology and PCR) and metagenomic next-generation sequencing will used to identify the causative agents. Undiagnosed patients with clinical presentations compatible with autoimmune encephalitis will then be tested for common forms of the disease. Finally, using direct- and indirect costs, we will estimate the economic burden of hospitalization and seven days post hospital discharge of paediatric encephalitis in our setting.
The use of artificial intelligence in nephrology
Authors: Buczek Weronika , Wiśniewski Mikołaj , Oleszczuk Rafał , Kozińska Iga , Orczykowski Maciej 
Published: September 2022

Introduction and methods
Artificial Intelligence(AI) is a relatively new branch of science that studies the display of intelligent behavior by machines and its use in advanced analysis and computation. Due to the potential use of AI, it has also been introduced into medicine and nephrology.
The following article is an analysis of the current knowledge on the potential of AI in nephrology and its relevance to clinicians based on the latest publications contained in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.
Stage of knowledge
AI found its application in the prognosis of the development of IgA nephropathy thanks to the use of a neural network, which by analyzing the results of research and the drugs used in a large group of patients has learned to detect patients at high risk of developing severe complications at the beginning of the disease. What is more, AI makes it possible to detect DKD earlier and delay renal replacement therapy. In patients undergoing hemodialysis, artificial intelligence developed a model that calculated the appropriate duration of the procedure and adjusted drugs to control blood pressure. Another example of the use of AI is its use in relation to patients undergoing kidney transplantation. The AI calculates the beneficial concentration of an immunosuppressive drug specifically for a given patient, which allows clinicians to limit adverse effects.
Summary
AI is a breakthrough technology that is constantly being developed. Despite the high cost of implementing this technology, it is believed that it could represent the future of medicine and be a new way in treatment techniques and in the early detection of diseases in nephrology.
Augmenting Markov Cohort Analysis to Compute (Co)Variances: Implications for Strength of Cost-Effectiveness
Authors: Hazen Gordon B. 
Published: September 2022

Markov cohort analysis is a popular deterministic method in medical decision making for calculating mean outcomes in a Markov model by following a cohort of individuals through time. At present, obtaining outcome variances requires either forsaking cohort analysis in favor of a Markov decision process model or using Monte Carlo simulation (microsimulation), a more computationally demanding procedure that provides only statistical estimates. Here we derive an augmented version of cohort analysis that allows exact computation (not merely estimation) of (co)variances. In second-order models that incorporate parameter uncertainty, augmented cohort analysis can replace the “inner loop” required in Monte Carlo simulation, resulting in quicker and more accurate estimates.One reason for computing variances is to calculate a measure of the strength of an affirmative cost-effectiveness conclusion. In Markov cost-effectiveness analysis, an equivalent measure of cost-effectiveness is positivity of the expected incremental net monetary benefit. Augmented cohort analysis allows calculation of the number of standard deviations that this quantity falls above zero. As a measure of strength of cost-effectiveness, this quantity increases with cohort size. This means that the common practice of taking cohort size to be one can substantially underestimate the strength of a resulting cost-effectiveness conclusion under realistically large cohorts. Moreover, if realistic cohort size is large, then modelers can avoid microsimulation by using augmented cohort analysis and Chebyshev bounds to guarantee the probability of cost effectiveness is close to one.History: Accepted by J. Paul Brooks, Area Editor for Applications in Biology, Medicine, & Healthcare.Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.1234 .
Toxicology in the emergency department: what's new?
Authors: Motohashi Kenzo , Thanacoody Ruben HK 
Published: September 2022

Intentional and accidental drug overdose, recreational drug use and exposure to toxic substances are common reasons for people presenting to emergency departments. Although the mortality rate associated with these presentations is low in the UK, they can lead to significant morbidity and prolonged hospital admissions. This review discusses new developments in the management of paracetamol overdose. Several new protocols for the infusion of acetylcysteine, the antidote for paracetamol overdose, have been proposed in the past decade and evaluated in clinical studies. The 12-hour Scottish and Newcastle Acetylcysteine Protocol regimen and 20-hour Australian two-infusion bag protocol have been widely adopted into clinical practice and endorsed in national guidelines because of their shorter duration, reduction in adverse effects and efficacy in treating overdose. This article includes a care pathway that can facilitate the implementation of the Scottish and Newcastle Acetylcysteine Protocol. This article also discusses the emergency management of ingested button batteries, describes the emerging threat of novel psychoactive substances, and provides an update on new UK antidote guidelines. Further up-to-date guidance on management of clinical toxicology is available to healthcare professionals on the internet database TOXBASE.
VIS-NIR superachromatic triplet design with five-color correction for a
broadband interferometer
Authors: Lu Qi , Ding Yifan , Wang Wei , Liu Shijie , Xu Min 
Published: September 2022

In general,

k

lenses with different materials can achieve at most (

k

+

1

) color correction (

k
≥
2

). A superachromat containing three lenses is designed to achieve five-color correction in the 600–1600 nm waveband, where the maximum chromatic focal shift is controlled within 1/100,000 of the focal length, achieving an almost unprecedented result. Conditions for lens power combination of three thin lenses in contact are first derived based on the Buchdahl dispersion equation; then a metric is introduced to verify the five-color correction, and a correction method is proposed to improve the refractive index fitting accuracy of the Buchdahl model from

∼

10

−
3

to

∼

10

−
7

. By traversing 197 ecofriendly glass materials in the CDGM glass library iteratively, 113 initial structures are obtained in only 61.75 s, from which the structure with the minimum chromatic focal shift is selected to be optimized with Opticstudio. By setting up required operands, the final structure being within the diffraction limit in a field of view of

±

0.05

∘

is obtained within only 6 s, where the maximum longitudinal chromatic aberration is close to the maximum chromatic focal shift. We provide a complete theoretical basis and important guidance for designing broadband superachromats with (

k

+

2

) color correction using only

k

lenses and the smallest chromatic focal shift, and based on the theories, we have developed a broadband interferometer.
Wavelet denoising approach in long-distance optical communications
Authors: Wang Qiang , Cui Lei , Wang Xuewei , Ma Jing , Tan Liying , Wang Hui 
Published: September 2022

For free-space optical communication links, the light spot collected by the photodetector at the receiving terminal is not an ideal light spot that is affected by atmospheric turbulence. The light spot collected by the photodetector will also be accompanied by various noises. More importantly, the presence of all noise will bring errors to acquire the light spot’s center. As a result, the tracking error can affect the stability of the optoelectronic tracking system. Therefore, it is necessary to remove noise from the collected images. The method of removing noise needs to be effective, but it cannot bring a large amount of calculation to affect the real-time performance. The calculation amount of wavelet transform is small, and the effect of noise removal is better, which can focus on local details with arbitrary expansion coefficients. An improved wavelet denoising method is proposed. The long-distance verification experiment (11.16 km) verified the effectiveness of this approach, compared with the traditional method. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this new approach would be beneficial for the design of optical communication systems.
Utilizing broadband wavelength-division multiplexing capabilities of hollow-core fiber for quantum communications
Authors: Nasti Umberto , Sakr Hesham , Davidson Ian A. , Poletti Francesco , Donaldson Ross J. 
Published: September 2022

One of the major challenges in the deployment of quantum communications (QC) over solid-core silica optical fiber is the performance degradation due to the optical noise generated with co-propagating classical optical signals. To reduce the impact of the optical noise, research teams are turning to new and novel architectures of solid-core and hollow-core optical fiber. We studied the impact when co-propagating a single-photon level (850 nm) and two classical optical signals (940 nm and 1550 nm) while utilizing a nested antiresonant nodeless fiber (NANF) with two low-loss windows. The 940 nm signal was shown to impact the single-photon measurement due to the silicon detector technology implemented; however, multiplexing techniques and filtering could reduce the impact. The 1550 nm signal was shown to have no detrimental impact. The results highlight that both high bandwidth optical traffic at 1550 nm and a QC channel at 850 nm could co-propagate without degradation to the QC channel.
Fast physical random bit generation based on a chaotic optical injection system with multi-path optical feedback
Authors: Cui Bing , Xia Guangqiong , Tang Xi , Wang Yongbo , Wu Zhengmao 
Published: September 2022

Based on the chaotic signal provided by a simple chaotic system, a random bit sequence with a rate of 640 Gb/s is generated through adopting the circulating exclusive-or (CXOR) post-processing method. Such a simple chaotic system is built via a slave semiconductor laser subject to optical injection of a chaotic signal originated from a master semiconductor laser under multi-path optical feedback. First, through inspecting the dependences of the time-delay-signature (TDS) and bandwidth of the chaotic signal on some key operation parameters, optimized parameters are determined for generating a high-quality chaotic signal with a large bandwidth and low TDS. Second, the high-quality chaotic signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal by sampling with a digital oscilloscope at 80 GSa/s. Next, through adopting the CXOR post-processing method, a bit sequence with a rate of 640 Gb/s is obtained. Finally, the randomness is estimated by the National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-22 statistical tests, and the results demonstrate that the obtained random bit sequence can pass all the NIST tests.
Mid-infrared photoluminescence revealing internal quantum efficiency enhancement of type-I and type-II InAs core/shell nanowires
Authors: Chen Xiren , Alradhi H. , Jin Zh. M. , Zhu Liangqing , Sanchez A. M. , Ma Shufang , Zhuang Qiandong , Shao Jun 
Published: September 2022

Internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is an important figure of merit for photoelectric applications. While the InAs core/shell (c/s) nanowire (NW) is a promising solution for efficient quantum emission, the relationship between the IQE and shell coating remains unclear. This Letter reports mid-infrared PL measurements on InAs/InGaAs, InAs/AlSb, and InAs/GaSb c/s NWs, together with bare InAs NWs as a reference. Analyses show that the IQE is depressed by a shell coating at 9 K but gets improved by up to approximately 50% for the InGaAs shell coating at 40 –140 K and up to approximately 20% beyond 110 K for the AlSb shell. The effect is ascribed not only to the crystal quality but more importantly to the radial band alignment. The result indicates the high-temperature IQE improvement of the type-I and type-II c/s NWs and the appropriateness of the mid-infrared PL analyses for narrow-gap NW evaluation.
Improving the accuracy of fatty liver index to reflect liver fat content with predictive regression modelling
Authors: Asaturyan Hykoush A. , Basty Nicolas , Thanaj Marjola , Whitcher Brandon , Thomas E. Louise , Bell Jimmy D. 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundThe fatty liver index (FLI) is frequently used as a non-invasive clinical marker for research, prognostic and diagnostic purposes. It is also used to stratify individuals with hepatic steatosis such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to detect the presence of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The FLI is calculated using a combination of anthropometric and blood biochemical variables; however, it reportedly excludes 8.5-16.7% of individuals with NAFLD. Moreover, the FLI cannot quantitatively predict liver fat, which might otherwise render an improved diagnosis and assessment of fatty liver, particularly in longitudinal studies. We propose FLI+ using predictive regression modelling, an improved index reflecting liver fat content that integrates 12 routinely-measured variables, including the original FLI.Methods and findingsWe evaluated FLI+ on a dataset from the UK Biobank containing 28,796 individual estimates of proton density fat fraction derived from magnetic resonance imaging across normal to severe levels and interpolated to align with the original FLI range. The results obtained for FLI+ outperform the original FLI by delivering a lower mean absolute error by approximately 47%, a lower standard deviation by approximately 20%, and an increased adjusted R2statistic by approximately 49%, reflecting a more accurate representation of liver fat content.ConclusionsOur proposed model predicting FLI+ has the potential to improve diagnosis and provide a more accurate stratification than FLI between absent, mild, moderate and severe levels of hepatic steatosis.