bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad Ion Beam–Scanning Electron Microscopy Characterization of Organic Porosity Evolution During Thermal Treatment of Bazhenov Shale Sample
Authors: Karamov T. , Leushina E. , Kozlova E. , Spasennykh M. 
Published: August 2022

Summary
Organic matter-hosted pores are considered as the main type of porosity in organic-rich shales. At the same time, literature indicates the formation of pore space during pyrolysis of oil shales. However, controls, evolution, and types of organic porosity remain controversial. This study aims to experimentally investigate the evolution of organic pores in an organic-rich shale sample during thermal treatment.
This paper reports the organic porosity evolution during an artificial maturation experiment of the Bazhenov Formation (BF) shale sample (West Siberian Petroleum Basin). The siliceous-argillaceous organic-rich shale immature nonporous rock sample was treated in an open system in the temperature range of 350–450°C with the step of 10°C. Organic porosity was characterized by the combination of broad ion beam (BIB) polishing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After each episode of treatment, the area of 1000×1000 μm was scanned with a resolution of 25 nm. The acquired mosaic SEM images were segmented by the neural network algorithm and quantitatively analyzed.
We demonstrate direct experimental evidence that thermal maturation/thermal treatment influence on organic porosity development. Organic porosity evolution is shown within the individual organic matter (OM) particles throughout the experiment. Thermal treatment leads to the formation of two types of organic pores, which are shrinkage and spongy pores. The first shrinkage pores start to form after the evacuation of existing hydrocarbons; they are relatively large and might reach 7 µm. This type of pore dominates at the initial stages of treatment (350–390°C). Porosity at this stage does not exceed 1.4%. The second type is spongy pores, which are up to 3–5 μm in size and are potentially formed due to hydrocarbon generation from the kerogen. This type of porosity becomes major after 400°C. This is confirmed by the pore size distribution analysis. The porosity spikes up to 2.3% after 400°C and rises up to 2.9% after 450°C.
Revealing of artificial organic porosity development during thermal treatment experiment shows the crucial importance of the thermal maturity level. The formation of pore space during the treatment is critical during the implementation of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies in shales for fluid flow, and a mandatory aspect that should be accounted during thermal EOR simulations.
A Pressure-Driven Hole Cleaning Model and Its Application in Real-Time Monitoring with Along-String Pressure Measurements
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Islam Aminul 
Published: August 2022

Summary
Hole cleaning is an important factor in horizontal drilling; however, there is no generally accepted approach to measure the cuttings distribution downhole in practical drilling applications. This study proposes an approach to evaluate the dynamic downhole cuttings distribution quantitatively by using along-string annular pressure (ASAP) data. The relationships between cuttings distribution and pressure drop are investigated, and a pressure-driven hole cleaning model is developed by inverting the effect of cuttings on wellbore pressure drop for given flow conditions. A hybrid drilling hydraulic model is developed by combining the traditional drilling hydraulic model and a self-tuning approach to accurately calculate wellbore pressure drop without cuttings. The effect of cuttings on pressure drop is obtained by comparing ASAP data and predicted pressure data from the hybrid drilling hydraulic model. Then, the downhole cuttings distribution is obtained by inverting the pressure changes using the pressure-driven hole cleaning model. This work provides an accurate approach to evaluate real-time hole cleaning conditions and detect insufficient hole cleaning problems for real-time drilling activities if wired drillpipe is deployed. It also expands existing analysis techniques for real-time drilling data and provides new methods to make use of the expanded sensor capability from wired drillpipe.
Cuttings Lifting Coefficient Model: A Criteria for Cuttings Lifting and Hole Cleaning Quality of Mud in Drilling Optimization
Authors: Jimmy Dorcas , Wami Emenike , Ogba Michael Ifeanyi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this study, the hole cleaning qualities of mud samples formulated with tigernut derivatives – starch and fibre – as additives were determined by adding drill cuttings as impurities and evaluating the Carrying Capacity Index (CCI) as well as Transport Index (TI) of the muds. Results of the analysis conducted for the mud properties showed that all the different mud properties but the pH of the mud evaluated of mud samples B, C1, C2, and C3 were slightly higher (albeit within the recommended values) than those of the control (standard) mud sample A. Using the results obtained from mud properties analysis and drilling operations data for the evaluation of the hole cleaning qualities, the following new expressions for optimum cuttings lifting ability (β) and cuttings lifting coefficient (β1), which gives criteria for cutting lifting in a wellbore were developed: β1 = 0.11519 [(1 − Cf)]−1(dp)−2.014. The higher the value of β1 greater than one, the better the hole cleaning ability of the mud and the lower the mud flowrate needed to achieve better hole cleaning for a given cutting particle size.
A Redesigned Approach for Production String Paraffin Deposit Removal Using Thermo-Mechanical Technology: The Paraffin Melting Tool
Authors: Okoronkwo Leonard Ogbonnia , Okene Stella , Kohut Cory 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Paraffin precipitation and deposition on the internal walls of oil well production string continues to remain an age-long concern for operators especially in mature oilfield regions of the world. Paraffin or wax deposits constitute a major challenge to meeting reservoir production daily target output due to flow restriction along production string. Several options or techniques have been deployed to manage continuous wax deposition including use of hot oil, hot water, scratching and scraping, using of chemicals and even combination techniques. These techniques have yielded different results with some associated concerns ranging from safety, cost to formation damage (permeability impairment). The latest being use of thermochemical fluids to generate in-situ heat and pressure to dissolve wax and flush same from production tubing (Amjed, et al. 2019). However, this combination method presents some challenges including potential completion string corrosion and pipe integrity. This paper will discuss the performance of a field proven thermo-mechanical technique for wax removal. This technique is being currently deployed in Niger-Delta and Gulf-of-Mexico (GoM) regions with excellent results. The thermo-mechanical system utilizes battery packs to generate heat in a heating element, transfers the heat through a patented heat-transfer-fluid to a mechanical cutting head that delivers speedy melting and cutting of deposited wax. The result is a wax-free completion tubing walls.
Hydra bioassay for the evaluation of chlordecone toxicity at environmental concentrations, alone or in complex mixtures with dechlorinated byproducts: experimental observations and modeling by experimental design
Authors: Moreau Xavier , Claeys-Bruno Magalie , Andraud Jean-Pascal , Macarie Hervé , Martínez Daniel E , Robin Maxime , Sergent Michelle , De Jong Laetitia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In chlordecone (CLD) contaminated soils of the French West Indies, if microbial remediation or a physicochemical remediation process, e.g., in situ chemical reduction, is implemented, concentrations of degradation byproducts, such as hydrochlordecones, are expected to increase in the ecosystems. To study their impact in mixtures with CLD, bioassays were carried out. They consisted in evaluating the regenerative capacity of hydra polyps, from a clone whose phylogenetic analysis confirmed that it belonged to the species Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766. Hydra gastric sections were exposed to CLD alone or CLD plus dechlorinated byproducts (CLD-BPs) for 96 h to assess regeneration. Based on chromatographic analysis, the CLD-BPs mix was composed of the 5-monohydrochlordecone isomer (CAS nomenclature), four dihydrochlordecone isomers and one trihydrochlordecone isomer representing 50%, 47% and 3% of the total chromatographic area, respectively. A total of 18 mixtures of CLD and CLD-BPs were tested. Six environmental concentrations of CLD (2.10− 4 µM to 4.10− 2 µM) and a similar range of CLD-BPs were used. Results from exposures to CLD alone showed: (i) a significant decrease in the regenerative capacity of hydra, except at the lowest concentration (2.10− 4 µM), (ii) a concentration-independent deleterious effect. The regeneration scores obtained after the exposure to the addition of CLD-BPs were not significantly different from those obtained after exposure to CLD alone. Using an experimental design, a modeling of the regeneration scores of hydra exposed to mixtures is proposed. Interpreted carefully, since they are limited to only one type of bioassay, the present results suggest that the situation in the aquatic environments should not become worse in terms of toxicity, if soil remediation programs resulting in the formation of hydrochlordecones are put in place.
Machine learning algorithm ensembles for early oral cancer risk assessment using Raman cyto-spectroscopy
Authors: Chaudhuri Dwiteeya , Ghosh Aritri , Raha Shreya , Chatterjee Kabita , Barui Ananya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Raman cyto-spectroscopy is an emerging technique for early oral cancer risk assessment. Applying machine learning algorithms (MLA) on Raman cyto-spectra of exfoliated oral epithelial cells, we present an automated and label-free method for early oral cancer risk assessment. Raman spectra were collected from healthy volunteers, patients with pre-cancerous lesions and oral sub-mucous fibrosis (OSCC). To perform nonlinear multi-class classification of Raman cyto-spectra and overcome the small sample size problem, two MLA ensembles namely linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with decision tree classifier (DTC) and LDA with support vector machine (SVM) were employed. Both LDA-DTC and LDA-SVM ensembles showed increased overall average accuracy of 88±8% compared to either DTC (48±19%) or SVM (58±15%) classifier without LDA. However, class-wise evaluation showed an improved performance of LDA-SVM compared to LDA-DTC as assessed by performance indices like sensitivity, MCC and F1 score. Further, blind test was performed with the Raman spectra of habitual cigarette smokers as susceptible group and healthy volunteers as control group for assessing the performance of the classifier ensembles in early cancer risk prediction. Misclassifications of the spectra from control group were also analysed and LDA-SVM showed highest (95%) classification accuracy. It is concluded that, LDA-SVM is a potential tool for precise detection of early oral cancer risk and can be applied to screen susceptible patients.
Binding Affinity Estimation from Restrained Umbrella Sampling Simulations
Authors: Kumar Vivek Govind , Agrawal Shilpi , Kumar Thallapuranam , Moradi Mahmoud 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The protein-ligand binding affinity quantifies the binding strength between a protein and its ligand. Computer modeling and simulations can be used to estimate the binding affinity or binding free energy using data- or physics-driven methods or a combination thereof. Here, we discuss a purely physics-based sampling approach based on biased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our proposed method generalizes and simplifies previously suggested stratification strategies that use umbrella sampling (US) or other enhanced sampling simulations with additional collective-variable based restraints. The novel approach presented here uses a flexible scheme that can be easily tailored for any system of interest. We estimate the binding affinity of human fibroblast growth factor 1 (hFGF1) to heparin hexasaccharide based on the available crystal structure of the complex as the initial model and four different variations of the proposed method to compare against the experimentally determined binding affinity obtained from isothermal calorimetry (ITC) experiments. Our results indicate that enhanced sampling methods that sample along the ligand-protein distance without restraining other degrees of freedom do not perform as well as those with additional restraint. In particular, restraining the orientation of the ligand plays the most crucial role in reaching a reasonable estimate for binding affinity. The general framework presented here provides a general scheme for designing practical binding free energy estimation methods for flexible ligands and proteins.
Spatial distribution of radon contamination in hot springs water and its cancer and non-cancer risks in the Hunza-Nagar valley, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Said , Haq Anwarul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radon (222Rn) is a ubiquitous radioactive gas and could threaten human life due to its potential for cancer and non-cancer risks. This study examined 222Rn concentration in the Hunza-Nagar valley along the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) fault. For this purpose, hot springs water of Hunza and Nagar districts and that background sites were analyzed using the RAD7 detector (Durridge Company, USA). Results showed that 222Rn concentration of hot spring water was found multifold higher than the background sites. 222Rn concentrations for hot springs water in Hunza-Nagar valley had surpassed the maximum contamination level (MCL) set by the USA environmental protection agency (USEPA). The concentration of 222Rn showed a strong positive correlation (> 0.68) with hot springs' water temperature and pH. The annual mean exposure dose rates of humans for various age groups were calculated for the estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and non-cancer risks. Among the age groups of humans, infants showed higher risk compared to others. Results showed that hot spring water consumption surpassed the world health organization (WHO) threshold limit of 100 µSv/y for chronic or non-cancer and USEPA 0.1x10− 3 for ELCR risks.
Cooled radiofrequency ablation versus cryoneurolysis for the symptomatic management of pain in knee osteoarthritis: A prospective, randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trial.
Authors: Panagopoulos Andreas , Tsiplakos Panagiotis , Katsanos Konstantinos , Antzoulas Panagiotis , Parchas Nikolaos , Lakoumentas John , Tatani Irini , Gliatis John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Knee osteoarthritis is a disease linked to severe pain and disability and several methods have been used to aid alleviate its symptoms, with varying degrees of success. Cooled radiofrequency ablation (CRFA) and cryoneurolysis (CRYON) are two novel methods under investigation for their capacity to control pain in knee osteoarthritis, while keeping a low complication rate. In this study the two methods will be compared with sham surgery, giving us an opportunity to compare their results.
Methods
In this prospective, randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trial 60 patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis will be recruited using a diagnostic block of the genicular nerves under ultrasound guidance. Three groups will be created: cooled radiofrequency ablation group (24 patients), cryoneurolysis group (24 patients) and sham group (12 patients), through software randomization. Target of the interventions will be the three main genicular nerves; superior medial, superior lateral and inferior medial as well as the suprapatellar branch. The primary objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of CRFA or CRYON in comparison to sham surgery at 2-, 4-, 12- and 24-weeks post intervention using the Numerical Rating Pain Scale. Secondary objectives will be the safety of the 2 main techniques, as well as the clinical outcomes at 12- and 24-weeks post intervention using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, the Oxford Knee Score and the 7-point scale of Patient Global Impression of Change.
Discussion
These two novel techniques are able to block the pain transmission through the genicular nerves via different ways. In contrast to cryoneurolysis treatment, where the literature is scarce, the method of CRFA has been well documented in the past. This will be the first clinical trial to compare them to sham surgery and draw conclusions about their safety and efficacy. The main genicular nerves as targets for cryoneurolysis will also be utilized for the first time. The institutional review board (IRB) of our University Hospital has approved the study (11846/05/10/2021) and written informed consent from participating patients would be obtained.
Trial registration
ISRCTN87455770 https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN87455770
Capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of hypoxia in elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy under propofol sedation: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lian Qiuyue , Chen Shaoyi , Cheng Xiangyang , Zhang Jie , Yu Weifeng , Zhou Renlong , Su Diansan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background: Hypoxia is an extremely common adverse event occurring during a sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure, especially in elderly patients, because of the limited reservation. Prolonged or severe hypoxia can cause ischemia of coronary artery, permanent nervous system damage, or even result in death. Hence, it is extremely important to reduce or prevent hypoxia during sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients. Although several oxygen methods would reduce hypoxia during this procedure, early detection of respiratory depression and early administration of intervention would be the best method to reduce or even confirm the hypoxia. Capnographic monitoring is found to be more sensitive to respiratory depression in patients before the onset of hypoxia than the current clinical routine monitoring of pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ); however, there exists a controversy regarding its effect. Therefore, this study was designed to improve the security of sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, single-blind, two-arm parallel-group, controlled with active comparator, interventional clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the impact of an intervention based on additional capnographic monitoring on the incidence of hypoxia in elderly patients. Patients (n = 1800) scheduled for gastrointestinal endoscopy with propofol sedation will be randomly assigned to either a control arm with standard monitoring or an interventional arm in which additional capnographic monitoring is available. Discussion: This research project is primarily intended to examine whether an intervention based on additional capnographic monitoring would reduce the incidence of hypoxia in elderly patients during propofol and sufentanil sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. The results of this study may have a extensive impact on sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy practice and the development of guidelines. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05030870. Registered on September 1, 2021.
A cross-sectional study of the endorsement proportion of reporting guidelines in 1039 Chinese medical journals
Authors: Duan Yuting , Zhao Lingyun , Ma Yanfang , Luo Jingyuan , Chen Juexuan , Miao Jiangxia , Zhang Xuan , Moher David , Bian Zhaoxiang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Reporting quality is a critical issue among health sciences. Adopting the reporting guidelines has been approved to be an effective way for enhancing the reporting quality and transparency of clinical research. In 2012, we found that only 7 (7/1221, 0.6%) journals adopted the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement in China. To know the implementation status of CONSORT and other reporting guidelines about clinical studies in China.
Methods
A cross-sectional bibliometric study was conducted. Eight medical databases were systematically searched, and 1039 medical journals published in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were included. The basic characteristics, including subject, language, publication place, journal-indexed databases, and journal impact factor were extracted. The endorsement of reporting guidelines was assessed by a modified 5-level evaluation tool, namely i) positive active, ii) positive weak, iii) passive moderate, iv) passive weak and v) none.
Results
Among included journals, 24.1% endorsed CONSORT, and 0.8% endorsed CONSORT extensions. For STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology), PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), STARD (An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies), CARE (CAse REport guidelines), the endorsement proportion were 17.2%, 16.6%, 16.4%, and 14.8% respectively. The endorsement proportion for SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials), TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis), AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation), and RIGHT (Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare) were below 0.7%.
Conclusions
Our results showed that the implementation of reporting guidelines has increased compared to ten years ago but remains sub-optimal. We suggest the following initiatives including i) enhancing the level of journal endorsement for reporting guidelines; ii) strengthening the collaboration among authors, reviewers, editors, and other stakeholders; iii) providing training courses for stakeholders; iv) establishing bases for reporting guidelines network in China; v) adopting the endorsement of reporting guidelines in the policies of China Periodicals Association (CPA); vi) promoting Chinese medical journals into international evaluation system and publish in English.
Fatty acid isotopic composition in Atlantic pollock is not influenced by environmentally relevant dietary fat concentrations
Authors: Budge Suzanne , Townsend Kathryn , Ziegler Susan E. , Lall Santosh P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The application of fatty acid (FA) isotopic analysis has great potential in elucidating food web structure, but it has not experienced the same wide-spread use as amino acid isotopic analyses. The failure to adopt FA isotopic methods is almost certainly linked to a lack of reliable information on trophic fractionation of FA, particularly in higher predators. In this work, we attempt to address this shortfall, through comparison of FA δ 13 C values in captive Atlantic pollock ( Pollachius virens ) liver and their known diets. Since catabolism is likely the main cause of fractionation and it may vary with dietary fat content, we investigated the impact of dietary fat concentration on isotopic discrimination in FA. We fed Atlantic pollock three formulated diets with similar FA isotopic compositions but different fat concentrations (5 – 9% of diet), representative of the range found in natural prey, for 20 weeks. At the conclusion of the study, δ 13 C values of liver FA were very similar to the FA within the corresponding diets, with most discrimination factors < 1. For all FA except 22:6n-3, dietary fat had no effect on discrimination factors. Only for 22:6n-3 did fish fed the highest fat diet have lower δ 13 C values than the diet consumed. Thus, these FA-specific discrimination factors can be applied to evaluate diets in marine fish consuming natural diets and will serve as additional and valuable biomarkers in fish feeding ecology.