bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heel reconstruction for a Marjolin’s ulcer in a patient with multiple limb amputations: a case report
Authors: Torresetti Matteo , Peltristo Benedetta , Taddei Francesco Mauro Junior , Scalise Alessandro , Di Benedetto Giovanni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Coverage of the heel defects usually represents a challenge for the proper reconstructive requirements of the weight-bearing area of the foot. The presence of multiple limb amputation may represent a further concern for conventional free flap donor sites and the patient’s functional limitation, thus making reconstruction even more challenging. Amputee patients may be subjected to a higher risk of foot ulcerations and choosing the more appropriate reconstructive option in such patients is crucial. Here we describe the application of the medial plantar flap as a first-line option in a 66-year-old amputee patient with a squamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic ulceration on the left heel, that was successfully treated with limited functional limitations and excellent anatomical contour of the foot. Despite its use has been widely described for heel reconstruction, we believe that medial plantar flap would deserve greater relevance in the reconstructive scenario in such challenging cases.
Abundant ammonium hydrosulphide embedded in cometary dust grains
Authors: Altwegg K , Combi M , Fuselier S A , Hänni N , De Keyser J , Mahjoub A , Müller D R , Pestoni B , Rubin M , Wampfler S F 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Ammonium hydrosulphide has long since been postulated to exist at least in certain layers of the giant planets. Its radiation products may be the reason for the red colour seen on Jupiter. Several ammonium salts, the products of NH3, and an acid have previously been detected at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The acid H2S is the fifth most abundant molecule in the coma of 67P followed by NH3. In order to look for the salt NH4+SH−, we analysed in situ measurements from the Rosetta/ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer during the Rosetta mission. NH3 and H2S appear to be independent of each other when sublimating directly from the nucleus. However, we observe a strong correlation between the two species during dust impacts, clearly pointing to the salt. We find that NH4+SH− is by far the most abundant salt, more abundant in the dust impacts than even water. We also find all previously detected ammonium salts and for the first time ammonium fluoride. The amount of ammonia and acids balance each other, confirming that ammonia is mostly in the form of salt embedded into dust grains. Allotropes S2 and S3 are strongly enhanced in the impacts, while H2S2 and its fragment HS2 are not detected, which is most probably the result of radiolysis of NH4+SH−. This makes a prestellar origin of the salt likely. Our findings may explain the apparent depletion of nitrogen in comets and maybe help to solve the riddle of the missing sulphur in star-forming regions.
The formation of clusters and OB associations in different density spiral arm environments
Authors: Dobbs C L , Bending T J R , Pettitt A R , Buckner A S M , Bate M R 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We present simulations of the formation and evolution of clusters in spiral arms. The simulations follow two different spiral arm regions, and the total gas mass is varied to produce a range of different mass clusters. We find that including photoionizing feedback produces the observed cluster mass–radius relation, increasing the radii of clusters compared to without feedback. Supernovae have little impact on cluster properties. We find that in our high-density, high gas mass simulations, star formation is less affected by feedback, as star formation occurs rapidly before feedback has much impact. In our lowest gas density simulation, the resulting clusters are completely different (e.g. the number of clusters and their masses) from the case with no feedback. The star formation rate is also significantly suppressed. The fraction of stars in clusters in this model decreases with time flattening at about 20 per cent. In our lowest gas simulation model, we see the formation of a star-forming group with properties similar to an OB association, in particular similar to Orion Ia. We suggest that low densities and stronger initial dynamics are conducive to forming associations rather than clusters. In all models, cluster formation is complex with clusters merging and splitting. The most massive clusters that form have tended to undergo more mergers.
Environmental cluster effects and galaxy evolution: The H i properties of the Abell clusters A85/A496/A2670
Authors: López-Gutiérrez M M , Bravo-Alfaro H , van Gorkom J H , Caretta C A , Durret F , Núñez-Beltrán L M , Jaffé Y L , Hirschmann M , Pérez-Millán D 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the impact of the local environment on the transformation of spiral galaxies in three nearby (z &lt; 0.08) Abell clusters: A85/A496/A2670. These systems were observed in H i with the Very Large Array, covering a volume extending beyond the virial radius and detecting 10, 58, and 38 galaxies, respectively. High fractions (0.40–0.86) of bright spirals [log(M*/M⊙) = 9−10] are not detected in H i. We provide further evidence of environmental effects consisting in significant fractions (0.10–0.33) of abnormal objects and a number of red (passive) spirals, suggesting an ongoing process of quenching. Ram-pressure profiles and the sample of the brightest spirals used as test particles for environmental effects indicate that ram-pressure plays an important role in stripping and transforming late-types. Phase-space diagrams and our search for substructures helped to trace the dynamical stage of the three systems. This was used to compare the global cluster effects versus pre-processing, finding that the former is the dominating mechanism in the studied clusters. By contrasting the global distribution of H i normal versus H i disturbed spirals in the combined three clusters, we confirm the expected correlation of disturbed objects located, on average, at shorter projected radii. However, individual clusters do not necessarily follow this trend, and we show that A496 and A2670 present atypical behaviour. In general, we provide conclusive evidence about the dependence of the transformation of infalling spirals on the ensemble of cluster properties like mass, ICM density, dynamical stage, and surrounding large-scale structure.
Social Dilemmas: From Competition to Cooperation
Authors: Arora Poonam , Kugler Tamar , Giardini Francesca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Social dilemmas are interdependent decisions where the outcomes depend upon choices made by every decision maker. Importantly, the incentive structure sets up a dominant strategy of non-cooperation such that everyone ends up worse off than if all had cooperated, but each individual is better off not cooperating regardless of what others do. Thus, social dilemmas are mixed-motive situations that require a choice between short-term individual gain and long-term collective gain. Social dilemma researchers have adopted a variety of approaches to studying cooperation ranging from considering it as a constructed context-dependent choice that is affected by incentives and economic nudges, group affiliation, norms, and social nudges, while others investigate individual differences and personal perceptions of value. This chapter organizes current topical knowledge through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), where cooperation is the expressed behavior when an intent to cooperate emerges (consciously or sub-consciously) from a positive attitude towards the act of cooperating, from a dominant cooperative norm, or the interaction of attitude and norms, and is supported by the perception that one has the freedom to cooperate (behave cooperatively). The chapter provides a broad review of the field to understand mechanisms that both increase likelihood of cooperative behavior and those that result in cooperative breakdowns, as well as possible solutions to further effective cooperation.
Competition and Risk-Taking
Authors: Mishra Sandeep , Fogg Cody , Deminchuk Jeff 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
How does competition motivate risk-taking? In this chapter, the authors consider and define competition through the lens of evolution by natural selection. The authors then review the relative state model, a recently developed, evolutionarily informed, mathematically modeled motivational framework that conceptualizes risk-taking as a product of competitive dis/advantage. The authors describe how an understanding of the two key inputs into competitive dis/advantage—embodied capital and situational/environmental factors—can shed light on risk-taking in the pursuit of proxies of fitness in three key domains: resources, mates, and status. Finally, the authors offer some informed speculation on the proximate psychology of competitive dis/advantage, focusing on how individual differences in the subjective experience of dis/advantage may influence patterns of risk-taking.
The Politics of the Sensible
Authors: Panagia Davide 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter analyzes Jacques Rancière’s engagement and critique of Aristotle’s poetics of emplotment. The focus of the chapter is on the role that narrative plays in the function and expectations of intelligibility, and specifically in our inherited accounts of causal continuity as a condition of intelligibility. By analyzing Rancière’s response to this condition of intelligibility in the stylistics of his prose and in his political theorizing, the chapter shows how his politics of the sensible is a politics of the unintelligible that insists that no order of causality or continuity can determine the how and why of equality. Simply put, for Rancière equality didn’t make sense; it was in every respect a dissensus.
Women, the Imperial Household, and the State
Authors: Balabanlilar Lisa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Building on recent scholarship, this chapter will re-examine the role of women in the imperial household, and the extent of their role in supporting and consolidating the power of the Mughal Emperors. Where an earlier scholarship had seen Mughal imperial marriages as consolidating political alliances and the women involved in such marriages as merely pawns being exchanged, this chapter will rethink how authority, influence, and patronage were structured within the harem and beyond it, as women interacted with and participated in the apparatus of state. As committed partners in the imperial project, Mughal women manifested their powers broadly: as political advisers and diplomats, sponsors of court ritual, in trade and mercantile power, through their pious patronage, and production of the arts in the service of the state. Mughal women remained tightly bound to dynastic politics and survival, not only as passive spectators or victims, nor only as wives and mothers, but as participants in the fraught and dangerous world of empire building.
Political Song in the Age of Revolution
Authors: Moylan Terry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The American and French revolutions of the late eighteenth century demonstrated that novel forms of social organisation were possible, ones that were radically different from the monarchies that ruled all of Europe. In Ireland, those who were seeking to modify Ireland’s connection with Britain were quick to embrace the alternative model of a democratic republic. The organisation that was most involved in promoting democracy, and separation from Britain, was the Society of United Irishmen. Founded in Belfast in 1791 as a reformist body, in its later, revolutionary phase, it adopted novel means of disseminating its political programme, including the use of popular song, many of which were copied from the radical press in Britain. There had been political songs in the English language in Ireland since the late seventeenth century, but the United Irishmen were the first to use the form in a consistent way, publishing four collections, each of several dozen items, in the years 1795, 1796, 1798, and 1803, on each occasion timed to coincide with some special effort, including armed action. The perceived success of this tactic led to it being imitated by Irish loyalists, who published similar collections, clearly a reaction to the United Irishmen’s songs, many of them parodies of the earlier material.
The Repugnant Conclusion
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Andersson Emil 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The repugnant conclusion can be formulated as follows: For any population consisting of people with very high positive welfare, there is a better population in which everyone has a very low positive welfare, other things being equal. As the name indicates, this conclusion appears unacceptable. Yet it has proven to be surprisingly difficult to find a theory that avoids it without implying other very counterintuitive conclusions. Moreover, the conclusion is a problem not just for total utilitarians or those committed to welfarism but for all moral theories according to which welfare matters at least when all other things are equal, which arguably is a minimal adequacy condition for any moral theory. And, not the least, how to deal with it has implications for the present generations’ duties to future generations and intergenerational justice. The question as to how the repugnant conclusion should be dealt with has thus become one of the cardinal challenges of modern ethics, and the inquiry into what it shows about the nature of ethics has opened up many new avenues for research. This chapter covers the different suggestions in the literature on how to do deal with the conclusion, both on the axiological and on the normative levels. Moreover, the conclusion and different ways of deriving it are explained in detail.
Symbolic Approaches and Methods for Analyzing Musical Similarity
Authors: Cambouropoulos Emilios , Kaliakatsos-Papakostas Maximos 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses musical similarity focusing on issues of representation and processing of patterns in symbolic music data. Various facets of musical similarity are explored that pertain to practical problems encountered when developing formal models for pattern identification and induction in musical corpora; the representation of musical data that strongly influences the search process is of particular interest. The chapter refers to research in the domain field of musical pattern processing, but pays special attention to corpus-based similarity analysis in the domain of harmony. Harmonic processing are presented in two case studies: the first illustrates strengths and weaknesses of different chord representation schemes, and the second shows the potential of statistical pattern extraction and learning from data in the development of a creative melodic harmonization assistant.
Race and Consumer Law
Authors: Freeman Andrea 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights how racism produces and reproduces inequality for consumers in retail, credit, car sales, loans, insurance, and mortgages. It contemplates how the introduction of technology into many consumer activities may deter, decrease, or augment racial discrimination. The gig economy, which connects consumers to services such as rides and home rentals, is largely unregulated. As a result, when racism against passengers or guests occurs, companies respond haphazardly or not at all. Racism against consumers is also structural and systemic. The collective result of discriminatory acts against consumers of color is to drain their resources and push them closer to financial distress. Racial profiling, exploitative credit card marketing, inflated auto insurance, home prices, interest rates, and aggressive debt collection can create a vicious debt cycle. Indeed, lack of access to credit that results from algorithmic credit scoring is difficult to explain or eradicate. To improve access to credit and eliminate racism from consumer transactions, the chapter advocates for radical reform and offers a transformative vision of consumer law.
Foreign Policy
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The foreign policy of South Korea since the Sixth Republic was established in 1987 has remained remarkably stable. In terms of structures, goals, and tools, there has been little change across administrations. The structures underpinning South Korea’s foreign policymaking process reflect the country’s strong presidentialism. Thus, the president and its office dominate foreign policy decision-making. Throughout this period, the key goals have been strengthening national security, autonomy, Korean reunification, promoting economic openness at the global level, and influencing international affairs. When it comes to foreign policy tools, South Korea prioritizes its alliance with the United States, strong military capabilities, multilateralism and cooperation, soft power and public diplomacy, and trade multilateralism and bilateralism. Ultimately, South Korea is a middle power. Its foreign policy objectives and, especially, tools reflect this.
The Latin American Novel in English and French
Authors: Díaz Roberto Ignacio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines novels written in English and French by authors biographically linked with Latin America. This is not just a matter of taxonomy or literary history, but of reading new meanings often hidden by narrow notions of linguistic determinism and monolingual national literatures. The main focus is on works by Eduarda Mansilla de García, W. H. Hudson, María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, and Jules Supervielle, but the chapter also considers various English-language novels by Latino and Latin American authors working in the United States, as well as French-language novels by Latin American authors living in France. While these readings complicate the well-guarded limits of Latin American literature, they also highlight the long reach of the region’s literary systems and the complexity of its cultural history.
The Latin American Novel as World Literature
Authors: Loy Benjamin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the changing locations of the Latin American novel in world literature from modernity to the present. It focuses on the material and aesthetic conditions of production and reception to explain the evolution of the Latin American novel on a global scale. It begins with a brief overview of theoretical approaches in current debates on world literature and the status of Latin America as a peripheral space from a Eurocentric perspective, then zeroes in on modernist writers’ cosmopolitanism and early forms of international circulation (1880–1960). After that, the material conditions of Boom and post-Boom novels as world literature between 1960 and 1990 are examined. Finally, the chapter looks at the changes in the Latin American and global book markets since 1990, and how new material conditions around the selection, translation, and circulation of literature have shaped the contemporary global Latin American novel.
An ACT Approach to Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment
Authors: Daigle Katrina M. , Grimaldi Mikala A. , Schneider Rebecca , Coyne Lisa W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In comparison to a more traditional diagnostic-based assessment, the contextual behavioral science (CBS) approach focuses more broadly on the function of behaviors within a given context. A CBS assessment explores patterns of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion, while the corresponding intervention encourages psychological flexibility and values-based action. Through recurrent assessment and case conceptualization, clinicians can assess and identify which ACT processes to target in treatment in order to shape psychological flexibility. Included in this article are a review of formal measurement and case formulation tools that support the assessment and treatment planning process, and a discussion of newer approaches to assessment, including application of clinical relational frame theory and evolutionary approaches.
Acceptance
Authors: Merwin Rhonda M. , Moskovich Ashley A. , Pisoni Angela , Freeman Sara , Onnink Carly 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Acceptance refers to the active and aware embrace of unwanted private events. It is the cornerstone of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions and is evoked whenever experiential avoidance interferes with valued living. This chapter provides a conceptual overview of acceptance, including the conditions that give rise to experiential avoidance and strategies to disrupt these ineffective behaviors and create a context for change. Included is a discussion of the use of functional assessment to identify targets for acceptance, and clinical interventions to evoke and reinforce acceptance or willingness in the presence of unwanted events and with progressively more challenging content. Also reviewed are current strategies to measure acceptance, which have relied heavily on self-report, but also include frequency counts, session coding, and longitudinal high-density measurement, such as in ecological momentary assessment. The article ends with a brief review of the empirical evidence for acceptance as a process of change in lab-based and outcome studies, as well as directions for future research.
An Introduction to Public Music Theory
Authors: Jenkins J. Daniel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter previews and summarizes the essays in this book and the ways they relate to the idea of public music theory. Examples of public music theory include various forms of applied music theory (including outreach and engagement), ways of communicating with concert audiences, and the application of technological advancements in order to bring music theory to wider audiences. The chapter considers why some might view academic music theory as incompatible with the concept of public music theory, but rather than formulate public music theory in opposition to academic music theory; the chapter proposes a model of a liminal space in which academic music theorists take on the role of public music theorists and in which music theory thrives without the inclusion of any academic music theorist whatsoever. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about how academic music theorists can be responsible in engaging with the public. Ultimately, the chapter asks readers to consider how the lens of public music theory can broaden and expand what they consider music theory to be, uncovering more and more examples of what Thomas Christensen calls “hidden theory.”
The Epistemology of African Sociological Knowledge Practices
Authors: Jimoh Anselm K. , Akpoughul-Abunya Moses M. , Jemibor Peace O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the epistemology of African sociological knowledge. It emphasizes the legitimacy of alternative sociological knowledge practices and discusses the possibility of their global character. African sociological knowledge deals with the epistemic import of the relationship between individuals and social practices in African cultures, the ideas that are generated, and how these ideas inform the beliefs and understanding of reality among Africans. As an aspect of African communitarian epistemology, African sociological knowledge is understood as the product of socially situated activities and practices, community social organization, and social institutions. In light of the universalization of Western epistemic practices as evaluative paradigms for knowledge and truth, the chapter discusses the epistemicide of African indigenous knowledge systems. It argues that the pluralistic nature of our world allows for fluid authenticity in knowledge inquiry and advocates a knowledge democracy that involves a polycentric epistemology.