bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orientation and Mechanical Properties of Extrusion Cast PA 12 Films in Biaxial Stretching Process
Authors: Rhee S. , White J. L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe levels in biaxial orientations and mechanical properties of stretched extrusion cast polyamide 12 films were investigated with birefringence, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pole figure and mechanical testing. Introduction of a pseudo-orthogonal crystalline symmetry enabled the calculation of White-Spruiell biaxial orientation factors using WAXD pole figure data. The orientation was uniaxial or biaxial depending on the stretch ratios along two principal stretching directions that are the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD). According to the WAXD pole figure patterns, planar alignments of hydrogen bonded layers were formed with respect to the film surface from most of the stretched films. Balanced stretching at higher stretch ratios enhanced the planarity. It was found that the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of the films had a close correlation with the out-of-plane birefringences.
Flow Marks in Injection Molding of PP
Authors: Mathieu L. , Stockmann L. , Haudin J.M. , Monasse B. , Vincent M. , Barthez J.-M. , Charmeau J.-Y. , Durand V. , Gazonnet J.-P. , Roux D. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flow marks in injection moulding is quite often encountered on different type of polymers. This defects is known as successive and periodic bright and dull bands oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. Their appearances meanly depend on processing and observation conditions. This study was lead on two industrial polypropylene polymers with a simplified polished rectangular mould geometry. We show that this defect appears during the filling stage and comes from a local change of morphological and molecular orientation along the filling direction on the surface. An instability of the flow front due to a limited sliding at the contact combined to the strong changed of molecular orientation before and after the stagnation point are invoked to explain this instability.
Analysis of Film Blowing with Flow-enhanced Crystallization
Authors: Henrichsen L. K. , McHugh A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the steady-state film blowing process based on a two-phase constitutive model that accounts for flow-enhanced crystallization is presented. The amorphous melt phase is represented by a multi-mode Giesekus constitutive equation with a transformation-dependent relaxation time and the semi-crystalline phase is represented by a rigid rod model. The relaxation times in the two constitutive equations are linked by an Avrami, temperature-dependent rate expression which contains a term in the Helmholtz free energy to account for flow-enhancement. Comparisons are made to experimental data for film blowing of linear low density (LLDPE) and low density (LDPE) polyethylenes. Excellent fits for the bubble radius, temperature, and crystallinity are shown. It is also shown that the ratio of amorphous stress to total stress at the “lock-in” point provides an excellent correlating variable for the elongation to break and yield strength properties of the as-blown film. Inclusion of multiple relaxation times in the Giesekus model offers insights on the controlling role of the maximum relaxation time in the stress profiles and locking-in behavior due to crystallization.
A Composite Model for Melting, Pressure and Fill Factor Profiles in a Metered Fed Closely Intermeshing Counter-rotating Twin Screw Extruder
Authors: Wilczynski K. , Jiang Q. , White J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A composite model of solids conveying, melting and melt flow in a closely intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw extruder of modular design has been developed. This is based on combining melt conveying models with new melting and solids conveying models. Computations are made for axial fill factor, pressure, temperature and melting profiles. The results are compared with experiment.
Disruptions due to COVID-19: using mixed methods to identify factors influencing language maintenance and shift
Authors: Abtahian Maya Ravindranath , Nagy Naomi , Pabst Katharina , Elango Vidhya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAround the world, COVID-19 lockdowns have caused abrupt shifts in the amount of time spent at home versus out of the home for work, school, and recreation. As a result, many individuals have experienced a disruption in the frequency and type of their interactions. Given the importance of intergenerational transmission and intergenerational interaction for promoting language maintenance, and the importance of peer-to-peer interaction for promoting language shift, we ask how these abrupt changes necessitated by social distancing will affect language use and attitudes, specifically short- and long-term language maintenance or shift involving heritage languages. We examine principles of language maintenance and shift in the context of the COVID-19 lockdown for university students, people still involved in critical acts of identity creation. Here we describe a survey designed to learn how the lockdown is affecting young people’s language ecologies and attitudes. Using both quantitative and qualitative interpretive methods, we document the experiences of over 400 students, focusing on changes in their perceptions of their language use and the causes of these changes.
Recent developments in MIL-101 metal organic framework for heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Taghizadeh Majid , Tahami Saba 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently gaining considerable attention as heterogeneous catalysts. Since the functionality of the framework and the pore size of the MOFs can be adjusted over a wide range for various catalytic reactions, the usage of these materials as solid catalysts is attractive. One of the preferred catalytic mesoMOFs is MIL-101 (MIL: Material of Institute Lavoisier) family which has been mainly investigated. The large surface area, high pore volumes, and acceptable solvent/thermal stability (MIL-101(Cr) up to 300 °C) have led the MIL-101 family to be considered an ideal and widespread MOF for use as a great heterogeneous catalyst or solid support for a variety of reactions. The objective of this review is to present recent research on the use of the MIL-101 family for heterogeneous catalysis in gas and liquid phase reactions.
Dendritic Domain-Specific Sampling of Long-Range Axons Shapes Feedforward and Feedback Connectivity of L5 Neurons
Authors: Galloni Alessandro R. , Ye Zhiwen , Rancz Ede 
Published: March 2022

Feedforward and feedback pathways interact in specific dendritic domains to enable cognitive functions such as predictive processing and learning. Based on axonal projections, hierarchically lower areas are thought to form synapses primarily on dendrites in middle cortical layers, whereas higher-order areas are thought to target dendrites in layer 1 and in deep layers. However, the extent to which functional synapses form in regions of axodendritic overlap has not been extensively studied. Here, we use viral tracing in the secondary visual cortex of male mice to map brain-wide inputs to thick-tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive map of input locations through subcellular optogenetic circuit mapping. We show that input pathways target distinct dendritic domains with far greater specificity than appears from their axonal branching, often deviating substantially from the canonical patterns. Common assumptions regarding the dendrite-level interaction of feedforward and feedback inputs may thus need revisiting.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPerception and learning depend on the ability of the brain to shape neuronal representations across all processing stages. Long-range connections across different hierarchical levels enable diverse sources of contextual information, such as predictions or motivational state, to modify feedforward signals. Assumptions regarding the organization of this hierarchical connectivity have not been extensively verified. Here, we assess the synaptic connectivity of brain-wide projections onto pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of mice. Using trans-synaptic viral tracing and subcellular optogenetic circuit mapping, we show that functional synapses do not follow the consistent connectivity rule predicted by their axonal branching patterns. These findings highlight the diversity of computational strategies operating throughout cortical networks and may aid in building better artificial networks.
Patient-Derived Anti-NMDAR Antibody Disinhibits Cortical Neuronal Networks through Dysfunction of Inhibitory Neuron Output
Authors: Andrzejak Ewa , Rabinovitch Eshed , Kreye Jakob , Prüss Harald , Rosenmund Christian , Ziv Noam E. , Garner Craig C. , Ackermann Frauke 
Published: March 2022

Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder associated with autoantibodies against NMDARs, which cause a variety of symptoms from prominent psychiatric and cognitive manifestations to seizures and autonomic instability. Previous studies mainly focused on hippocampal effects of these autoantibodies, helping to explain mechanistic causes for cognitive impairment. However, antibodies' effects on higher cortical network function, where they could contribute to psychosis and/or seizures, have not been explored in detail until now. Here, we employed a patient-derived monoclonal antibody targeting the NR1 subunit of NMDAR and tested its effects onin vitrocultures of rodent cortical neurons, using imaging and electrophysiological techniques. We report that this hNR1 antibody drives cortical networks to a hyperexcitable state and disrupts mechanisms stabilizing network activity such as Npas4 signaling. Network hyperactivity is in part a result of a reduced synaptic output of inhibitory neurons, as indicated by a decreased inhibitory drive and levels of presynaptic inhibitory proteins, specifically in inhibitory-to-excitatory neuron synapses. Importantly, on a single-cell level hNR1 antibody selectively impairs NMDAR-mediated currents and synaptic transmission of cortical inhibitory neurons, yet has no effect on excitatory neurons, which contrasts with its effects on hippocampal neurons. Together, these findings provide a novel, cortex-specific mechanism of antibody-induced neuronal hyperexcitability, highlighting regional specificity underlying the pathology of autoimmune encephalitis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is increasingly appreciated that the inadvertent activation of the immune system within CNS can underlie pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the exact mechanisms remain elusive, autoantibodies derived from patients with autoimmune encephalitis pose a unique tool to study pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric states. Our analysis reveals that autoantibody against the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) has a distinct mechanism of action in the cortex, where it impairs function of inhibitory neurons leading to increased cortical network excitability, in contrast to previously described hippocampal synaptic mechanisms of information encoding, highlighting brain regional specificity. Notably, similar mechanism of NMDAR-mediated inhibitory hypofunction leading to cortical disinhibition has been suggested to underlie pathology of schizophrenia, hence our data provide new evidence for common mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders.
CLC Anion/Proton Exchangers Regulate Secretory Vesicle Filling and Granule Exocytosis in Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Comini Maddalena , Sierra-Marquez Juan , Guzman Gustavo , Franzen Arne , Willuweit Antje , Katona Istvan , Hidalgo Patricia , Fahlke Christoph , Guzman Raul E. 
Published: March 2022

ClC-3, ClC-4, and ClC-5 are electrogenic chloride/proton exchangers that can be found in endosomal compartments of mammalian cells. Although the association with genetic diseases and the severe phenotype of knock-out animals illustrate their physiological importance, the cellular functions of these proteins have remained insufficiently understood. We here study the role of twoClcn3splice variants, ClC-3b and ClC-3c, in granular exocytosis and catecholamine accumulation of adrenal chromaffin cells using a combination of high-resolution capacitance measurements, amperometry, protein expression/gene knock out/down, rescue experiments, and confocal microscopy. We demonstrate that ClC-3c resides in immature as well as in mature secretory granules, where it regulates catecholamine accumulation and contributes to the establishment of the readily releasable pool of secretory vesicles. The lysosomal splice variant ClC-3b contributes to vesicle priming only with low efficiency and leaves the vesicular catecholamine content unaltered. The related Cl−/H+antiporter ClC-5 undergoes age-dependent downregulation in wild-type conditions. Its upregulation inClcn3−/−cells partially rescues the exocytotic mutant defect. Our study demonstrates how different CLC transporters with similar transport functions, but distinct localizations can contribute to vesicle functions in the regulated secretory pathway of granule secretion in chromaffin cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCl−/H+exchangers are expressed along the endosomal/lysosomal system of mammalian cells; however, their exact subcellular functions have remained insufficiently understood. We used chromaffin cells, a system extensively used to understand presynaptic mechanisms of synaptic transmission, to define the role of CLC exchangers in neurosecretion. Disruption of ClC-3 impairs catecholamine accumulation and secretory vesicle priming. There are multiple ClC-3 splice variants, and only expression of one, ClC-3c, in double Cl−/H+exchanger-deficient cells fully rescues the WT phenotype. Another splice variant, ClC-3b, is present in lysosomes and is not necessary for catecholamine secretion. The distinct functions of ClC-3c and ClC-3b illustrate the impact of expressing multiple CLC transporters with similar transport functions and separate localizations in different endosomal compartments.
Severe Pediatric COVID-19 Pneumonia Treated With Adjuvant Anakinra
Authors: Stubbs Leigh A. , Szafron Vibha , Forbes Lisa R. , Musick Matthew A. , Gillispie Amanda E. , Sauer Hannah E. , Smith Valeria R. , Fasipe Titilope A. , Munoz Flor M. , Tejtel Kristen Sexson , Silva-Carmona Manuel , Vogel Tiphanie P. , Muscal Eyal 
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
To compare previous hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis criteria with adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome (cHIS) criteria for the diagnosis of hyperinflammation in pediatric patients with COVID-19. The secondary objective was to assess treatment response to intravenous (IV) anakinra in these patients.

METHODS
This case series included children admitted to the PICU for COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammation and treated with IV anakinra between July 2020 to April 2021. Hyperinflammatory criteria were determined for each patient. Clinical course, chest imaging, and inflammatory marker trends were assessed pre- and post-anakinra treatment.

RESULTS
All patients had a cHIS criteria score of ≥5. Two patients met 2004-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis criteria. Only the patient that required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation met the H-Score cut-off value. All but one patient had a decrease in their inflammatory markers and improvement in clinical status with early initiation of adjunctive IV anakinra.

CONCLUSIONS
In this case series, adult cHIS criteria were successfully used to identify pediatric COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammation. Ferritin levels decreased after the early initiation of IV anakinra.
A Novel Soluble ACE2 Protein Provides Lung and Kidney Protection in Mice Susceptible to Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Hassler Luise , Wysocki Jan , Gelarden Ian , Sharma Isha , Tomatsidou Anastasia , Ye Minghao , Gula Haley , Nicoleascu Vlad , Randall Glenn , Pshenychnyi Sergii , Khurram Nigar , Kanwar Yashpal , Missiakas Dominique , Henkin Jack , Yeldandi Anjana , Batlle Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Significance Statement
A novel soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein with increased binding to the spike protein of the coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is protective in an animal model of severe COVID-19 , providing a proof of concept of efficacy. Administration of soluble ACE2 protein resulted in conversion of a lethal disease into a mild one that is reversible, with improved lung and kidney injury.

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses full-length angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a main receptor to enter target cells. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of a novel soluble ACE2 protein with increased duration of action and binding capacity in a lethal mouse model of COVID-19.

Methods
A human soluble ACE2 variant fused with an albumin binding domain (ABD) was linked via a dimerization motif hinge-like 4-cysteine dodecapeptide (DDC) to improve binding capacity to SARS-CoV-2. This novel soluble ACE2 protein (ACE2–1-618-DDC-ABD) was then administered intranasally and intraperitoneally to mice before intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 and then for two additional days post viral inoculation.

Results
Untreated animals became severely ill, and all had to be humanely euthanized by day 6 or 7 and had pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage with mononuclear infiltrates. In contrast, all but one mouse infected with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 that received ACE2–1-618-DDC-ABD survived. In the animals inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 that were untreated, viral titers were high in the lungs and brain, but viral titers were absent in the kidneys. Some untreated animals, however, had variable degrees of kidney proximal tubular injury as shown by attenuation of the proximal tubular brush border and increased NGAL and TUNEL staining. Viral titers in the lung and brain were reduced or nondetectable in mice that received ACE2–1-618-DDC-ABD, and the animals developed only moderate disease as assessed by a near-normal clinical score, minimal weight loss, and improved lung and kidney injury.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the preclinical efficacy of a novel soluble ACE2 protein, termed ACE2–1-618-DDC-ABD, in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that develops severe lung injury and variable degrees of moderate kidney proximal tubular injury.
Scientific Story Writing Technique in the Alternative Assessment of the Subject of Liquids: The Sample of Science and Biology Teaching Students
Authors: Dolu Gamze , Ürek Handan , Bostan Sarıoğlan Ayberk 
Published: March 2022

The present study aims to investigate university students’ conceptions of liquids with the help of the scientific story writing technique, which is one of the alternative assessment techniques. The study group comprised students studying science (n=50) and biology teaching departments (n=20) in Turkey. Thus, the study carries within two groups. In both groups, computer-supported teaching was carried out by the same researcher for two weeks regarding the subject of liquids. After this process, a scientific story writing technique applies to collect study data. In data analysis, utilized content analysis and descriptive statistics. Firstly, determined the statements involved in students’ stories. Afterward, ordered the statements under the categories ‘scientifically acceptable’, ‘partially acceptable,’ ‘scientifically unacceptable,’ and ‘not coded.’ The findings showed that the category with the highest percentage in the stories of both groups was the scientifically acceptable category. This result indicated that most of the students figured out the subject. However, I encountered several misconceptions also in students’ statements. Therefore, enrichment of learning methods is needed to eliminate student misunderstandings detected in learning.
Physical exercise test in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension in locomotive engineers
Authors: Panfilov Yu. A. , Slobodyanyuk A. L. , Kryukov N. N. 
Published: March 2022

Coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension occupy an important place in the structure of therapeutic pathology in locomotive engineers. It is known that physical activity increases myocardial oxygen demand. Normally, it is compensated by the increase of coronary vessels flow rate. In pathological conditions, coronary circulation reserves are reduced, which leads to myocardial hypoxia and decreased tolerance to physical load. The use of these stress tests in medical examination, in particular bicycle ergometry, allows not only to estimate the state of cardiovascular system, but also to increase the efficiency of detection of the mentioned diseases.
The aim of the present work was to study the level of tolerance to physical load, diagnose coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension in locomotive engineers by bicycle ergometry test data.
Vasorenal hypertension
Authors: Galeev R. Kh. , Zaripov R. A. , Nagornykh B. P. , Kazakov I. M. , Malinovsky M. N. 
Published: March 2022

The term "vasorenal hypertension" combines all cases of high persistent arterial hypertension based on some variant of renal artery lesion or its branches. According to statistics, vasorenal genesis of hypertension is confirmed in 1.5-5% of patients with hypertension.
Here is our five-year experience of examination and treatment of patients with vasorenal hypertension. From 1983 to 1987 we examined 342 patients admitted to the Republican Clinical Hospital for arterial hypertension of unclear cause.
Contamination of water bodies of Astrakhan region with helminth-protozoan infestations
Authors: Nikeshina Tatyana V. , Arakelyan Rudolf S. , Shendo Gennadii L. , Kovalenko Anna V. , Kiseleva Alexandra A. , Arakelyants Olga A. 
Published: March 2022

Objective. To study and carry out the retrospective analysis of water contamination with helminth-protozoan infestations in Astrakhan Region for 2010-2019.
Materials and methods. During the analyzed period, 80962 samples taken from environmental objects were examined.
Results. The percentage of samples that did not meet sanitary and parasitological indicators was 1.2 % (951 samples). The proportion of water samples collected and examined for parasitological parameters (eggs and larvae of helminths, cysts of pathogenic intestinal protozoa and oocysts of cryptosporidia) was 7.5 % (6033 samples). Water samples were taken from various water sources: water from centralized water supply, water from swimming pools, water from open reservoirs, waste water, water from wells, and bottled water.
Conclusions. To conclude, the results were obtained indicating that the absence of positive findings in water samples from central water supply facilities indicates a high-quality filtration and prevention of these objects; the presence of cysts of dysentery amoeba and dead strongylid larvae in water samples, swimming pools, as well as the presence of eggs and larvae of helminths and cysts of pathogenic intestinal protozoa in open reservoirs, indicates fecal contamination of these objects; the presence of positive findings in samples of wastewater and water from wells shows that reliable deworming and disinfection of wastewater is not provided at these facilities.