bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of time to distant recurrence on breast cancer-specific mortality in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Authors: Calip Gregory S. , Nabulsi Nadia A. , Hubbard Colin , Asfaw Alemseged A. , Lee Inyoung , Zhou Jifang , Cueto Jenilee , Mitra Debanjali , Ko Naomi Y. , Hoskins Kent F. , Law Ernest H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWomen with hormone receptor (HR)-positive early-stage breast cancer (BC) have five-year survival rates of > 90% but remain at serious risk for developing distant metastases beyond five years from diagnosis. This retrospective cohort study used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries to examine associations between distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and risk of BC-specific mortality following distant relapse. The analysis includes 1,057 women with second primary stage IV BC who were initially diagnosed with AJCC stages I–III HR-positive BC between1990 and 2016. Overall, 65% of women had a preceding DRFI of ≥ 5 years. Five-year BC-specific survival following development of distant recurrence was 52% for women with DRFI ≥ 5 years compared to 31% in women with DRFI of < 5 years. In multivariable analyses, risks of cancer-specific mortality following distant recurrence were lower in women with DRFI of 5 years or more (subdistribution hazard ratio = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58–0.89, p = 0.002). The results of this study may inform patient-clinician discussions surrounding prognosis and treatment selection among HR-positive patients who develop a distant recurrence of disease.
Revamping Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle in Classroom Practice: Negotiating Stereotypes, Literary Language, and Outdated Values
Authors: Malilang Chrysogonus Siddha , Walldén Robert 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this contribution, we explore something rarely reported on in research on children’s literature: how an old children’s book is re-appropriated and altered in ongoing teaching practice. The material consists of the book used in instruction, a Swedish translation ofMrs. Piggle-Wiggle (Tant Mittiprick), and transcribed audio recordings collected throughout six weeks of teaching. Participants include a librarian, who conducted the lion’s share of the discussions based on the books, two teachers, and two groups of Grade 3 students. The analysis is conducted based on Langer’s theory of building literary envisionments and the concept of the “third space”. The findings show that the students’ initial reception of Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle, playfully articulated in the classroom discussions, is shaped by literary stereotypes of old women and connections to everyday experiences. This reception is partly acknowledged by the adults. Thus, this shows the potential of the meaning making process through join negotiation of the third space—connecting prior knowledge and experience to the book. However, the librarian’s evaluations of student responses reinforce a particular didactic reading of the character as someone firm and knowledgeable, playing down the whimsical and silly characteristics of the protagonist. In reading the book aloud, the librarian made significant alterations to the text. With respect to literary language, the librarian provided numerous paraphrases and elaborations which served to support the students in making meaning of the book. More drastic alterations of the text served to avoid reinforcing outdated values, for example antiquated gender roles and references to physical punishment. While the paraphrases of literary terms created opportunities for negotiating the third space and learning about literary language, the sanitised reading of the book with respect to values failed to capitalise on opportunities for contextualising the book and making intertextual connections.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on climatic extremes in the Congo River Basin
Authors: Karam Sara , Seidou Ousmane , Nagabhatla Nidhi , Perera Duminda , Tshimanga Raphael M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Congo River Basin, located in central Africa, is the second-largest river basin in the world, after the Amazon. It has a drainage area of approximately 3.7 M km2 and is home to 75 million people. A significant part of the population is exposed to recurrent floods and droughts, and climate change is likely to worsen these events. Climate change studies of the Congo River basin have so far focused on annual and seasonal precipitation, but little attention was paid to extreme climatic events. This study aims to assess future changes in rainfall-induced flash floods and drought regimes in the Congo basin from the present day to 2100, using four selected extreme climatic indices as proxies to these two natural disasters. The indices are the total annual precipitation (PCPTOT), the number of days where rainfall is above 20 mm (PCP20), the standardized precipitation index (SPI), and the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The indices were calculated with the statistically downscaled output of eleven Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-AFRICA) under two Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP 8.5 (high emissions scenario) and RCP 4.5 (moderate emissions scenario). Precipitation and temperature simulated by the RCMs were statistically downscaled using quantile mapping, while wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity were projected using K-nearest neighbor downscaling. The evolution of the indices was then assessed between the reference period (1976–2005) and three future periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100). Multimodel average results suggest that (i) independently of the scenario and period, PCPTOT and SPI will increase in the north, east, and western extremities of the basin and decrease in the basin’s center. (ii) The maximum increase (+ 24%) and decrease (− 6%) in PCPTOT were both projected under RCP 8.5 in the 2071–2100 period. (iii) PCP20 will increase independently of the period and scenario. Under RCP 8.5, in the 2071–2100 period, PCP20 will increase by 94% on average over the whole watershed. (iv) The SPEI results suggest that in all periods and scenarios, the rise in evapotranspiration due to higher temperatures will offset annual precipitation increases in the north, east, and western extremities of the basin. Increased evaporation will exacerbate the decrease in annual precipitation in the center, leading to increased drought frequency in the entire basin.
¡A Nosotros, nos Tienen que Respetar! (They Have to Respect us!): Gangs, Inter-Generational Conflict, and Graduated Governance in Urban Nicaragua
Authors: Rodgers Dennis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGangs are often associated with violence and chaos, but they can also be institutional vectors for the imposition of particular forms of social order, based on their members’ status as locally hegemonic “violence experts”. This “gang governance” is often exclusive and volatile, however, and its underlying logic can easily change. Instances of the latter are frequently connected to generational turnovers within gangs. An obvious question in this regard is how old and new gang members interact with each other, especially in circumstances where the rules and norms upheld by the latter become detrimental to the former. Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research in barrio Luis Fanor Hernández, a poor neighbourhood in Managua, Nicaragua, this article explores the conflicts that emerged between different generations of gang members following the gang’s transformation from a vigilante self-defence group to a predatory drug-dealing organisation, and what these might mean for the notion of gang governance.
Tie-breaks and Two Types of Relevance
Authors: Hart James 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSometimes we must choose between competing claims to aid or assistance, and sometimes those competing claims differ in strength and quantity. In such cases, we must decide whether the claims on each opposing side can be aggregated. Relevance views argue that a set of claims can be aggregated only if they are sufficiently strong (compared to the claims with which they compete) to be morally relevant to the decision. Relevance views come in two flavours: Local Relevance and Global Relevance. This paper presents a trilemma for both. Namely, that neither view can capture our intuition in tie-break cases, without forfeiting our intuitions in other important cases.The paper then presents a way to salvage relevance views and capture all our intuitions using a Hybrid view. By distinguishing between two types of relevance we can combine the strengths of Local and Global Relevance views such that we can hold all our intuitions, consistently and in a non-ad-hoc manner. Building on this, the paper demonstrates how we might amend the strongest formulation of a Relevance view, into a Hybrid account.The main focus of this paper is to develop a relevance view that can capture all the intuitions we have; however deeper justifications will still be needed for a full account of any relevance view. Thus, the end of the paper briefly considers what deeper justification might support the Hybrid view, indicating the direction such literature might go. Lastly, the paper considers the advantages of this view over a rival Hybrid view.
Viscosity Measurements on Gaseous Methane: Re-evaluation
Authors: Herrmann Sebastian , Vogel Eckhard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPrevious experimental viscosity data for gaseous methane, published by Schley et al. (Int J Thermophys 25:1623, 2004) and originally obtained using a vibrating-wire viscometer in the temperature range between 260 K and 360 K, were re-evaluated after an improved re-calibration. For this purpose, a new reference value for argon at 298.15 K and at zero density, proposed by Vogel et al. (Mol Phys 108:3335, 2010) and further updated by Hellmann (Private Communication, 2020), was applied.
Halfway proportionality
Authors: Vaassen Bram 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAccording to the so-called ‘proportionality principle’, causes should be proportional to their effects: they should be both enough and not too much for the occurrence of their effects. This principle is the subject of an ongoing debate. On the one hand, many maintain that it is required to address the problem of causal exclusion and take it to capture a crucial aspect of causation. On the other hand, many object that it renders accounts of causation implausibly restrictive and often reject the principle wholesale. I argue that there is exaggeration on both sides. While one half of the principle is overly demanding, the other half is unobjectionable. And while the unobjectionable half does not block exclusion arguments on its own, it provides a nuanced picture of higher-level causation, fits with recent developments in philosophy of causation, and motivates adjustments to standard difference-making accounts of causation. I conclude that at least half of the proportionality principle is worth taking seriously.
Assessing the influence of institutions on students’ entrepreneurial dynamics: evidence from European post-socialist and market-oriented economies
Authors: Guerrero Maribel , Marozau Radzivon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper theorizes how institutional conditions influence students’ entrepreneurship dynamics (e.g., nascent and active), especially these institutional conditions related to environments where students are mostly exposed (e.g., university and country), as well as the moderation effect of the type of economy (e.g., post-socialist and marked-oriented). We tested our proposed theoretical model in a sample of 91,105 students from 557 European universities located in nine post-socialist economies and nine market-oriented economies. The results show the important role of informal institutions in the country (societal perceptions) and university (students’ perception) on students’ entrepreneurial dynamics, especially the moderation of post-socialist and market-oriented economies on the informal institutions that influence nascent entrepreneurs. Several implications for policymakers and university managers emerge from this study.
When is an ensemble like a sample? “Model-based” inferences in climate modeling
Authors: Dethier Corey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractClimate scientists often apply statistical tools to a set of different estimates generated by an “ensemble” of models. In this paper, I argue that the resulting inferences are justified in the same way as any other statistical inference: what must be demonstrated is that the statistical model that licenses the inferences accurately represents the probabilistic relationship between data and target. This view of statistical practice is appropriately termed “model-based,” and I examine the use of statistics in climate fingerprinting to show how the difficulties that climate scientists encounter in applying statistics to ensemble-generated data are the practical difficulties of normal statistical practice. The upshot is that whether the application of statistics to ensemble-generated data yields trustworthy results should be expected to vary from case to case.
Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in Offshore Steel S420G2+M Multi-layer Submerged Arc Welded Joint
Authors: Rhode Michael , Nietzke Jonathan , Mente Tobias , Richter Tim , Kannengiesser Thomas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs onshore installation capacity is limited, the increase in the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These components are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW). In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of hydrogen-assisted cracking is anticipated by either a minimum waiting time (MWT, before non-destructive testing of the welded joint is allowed) at ambient or a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) at elevated temperatures. The effectiveness of both can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time, i.e., diffusion coefficients. In this study, these coefficients are obtained for the first time for a thick-walled S420G2+M offshore steel grade and its multi-layer SAW joint. The electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature is used for the determination of diffusion coefficients for both the base material and the weld metal. The coefficients are within a range of 10−5 to 10−4 mm2/s (whereas the weld metal had the lowest) and are used for an analytical and numerical calculation of the hydrogen diffusion and the related MWT. The results showed that long MWT can occur, which would be necessary to significantly decrease the hydrogen concentration. Weld metal diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures were calculated from hydrogen desorption experiments by carrier gas hot extraction. They are within a range of 10−3 mm2/s and used for the characterization of a HRHT dwell-time. The analytical calculation shows the same tendency of long necessary times also at elevated temperatures. That means the necessary time is strongly influenced by the considered plate thickness and the estimation of any MWT/HRHT via diffusion coefficients should be critically discussed.
Mapping perceptions of energy transition pathways: Ascribed motives and effectiveness
Authors: Doran Rouven , Böhm Gisela , Pfister Hans-Rüdiger , Hanss Daniel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines how people perceive possible pathways of a societal transition towards less carbon intensive means of energy production and use. Data were collected with questionnaires among samples of university students in Norway (N = 106) and Germany (N = 142). Participants selected from a set of 15 motives those which they considered to be strongly associated with each of 25 pathways, including examples such as public transportation and nuclear power. Participants also rated the effectiveness of each single pathway, that is, their perceived impact on climate change. Results indicate that the various pathways were associated with specific motives; for example, individual actions such as taking public transportation were closely associated with a self-restraint motive, pathways such as nuclear power and market strategies such as carbon offsets were closely associated with motives supporting free market and progress, and technological solutions such as solar panels and hydro power were associated with the motive for sufficient energy supply. The German and the Norwegian sample did not differ markedly in which pathways were associated with which motives; nor did effectiveness ratings for pathways differ between samples. Solar panels, wind farms, and hydropower were on average regarded as having a mitigating impact on climate change, whereas nuclear power was on average considered to have no mitigating impact. The findings are discussed in the context of public engagement with several of the suggested pathways, noting differences in perceptual patterns across samples.
Research Effort and Economic Growth
Authors: Razzak Weshah 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEndogenous growth models based on micro-foundations predict that total factor productivity (TFP) growth is positively associated with effective research effort. We use macroeconomic-pooled time-series–cross-sectional data for the G7 countries from 2000 to 2017 to provide a robust estimate of this positive effect of research effort on TFP growth.
Solidarity as a Practical Reason: Grounding the Authority of International Law
Authors: Gorobets Kostiantyn 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article discusses the concept and the principle of solidarity in international law. It is often argued that solidarity is a(n) (emerging) principle of international law, yet its normative function in international law is not clear or well defined. I trace the development of the idea of solidarity and show how its image gradually shifted from reflecting the factual societal bonds to being mainly normative and thus functioning as a reason for action. In international legal scholarship, solidarity is often portrayed as a principle of international law, but there is a great deal of variety in which normative ideas we label as ‘principles’. There are several groups of ‘principles of international law’ that are very different in the type of the normative function they perform in or for international law. I investigate to which of these groups solidarity belongs and what can it tell us about its role in international law. I suggest that solidarity is a kind of normative principle, which, though essential for the legitimation of international law, is not legally normative by the function it performs. I draw a line between having a normative function within and outside the law, and use the concept of pre-emptive reasons to show why solidarity is not and should not be considered as a principle of international law in order to perform the normative function that it has. I argue that the authority of international law requires that normative ideals such as solidarity are pre-empted, and therefore replaced in practical reasoning, by legal rules.
Co-designing MOOCs with CoDe-Graph
Authors: Kolling Allison L. G. , Weinberger Armin , Niegemann Helmut 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs MOOCs have become a standard format of online learning, it is increasingly important to design courses that fit the needs and contexts of the targeted learners. One way to do so is by actively designing with the subject experts, instructors, and other stakeholders. Within the context of designing MOOCs for disadvantaged groups in Southeast Asia, we explore the three-phase process of co-design. We present a graphical modeling language, CoDe-Graph, which can be used to facilitate the co-design process. We examine how diverse groups of experts provide feedback on design elements and create a common understanding using shared artifacts. Four case studies illustrate how the tool can be used by co-design teams to create and visualize custom MOOC designs.
Fifth-grade Students’ Quantitative Modeling in a STEM Investigation
Authors: English Lyn D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFifth-grade students applied quantitative reasoning in exploring the flow times of three simulated lavas of different viscosities down the slope of a hand-made volcano. After modeling the lava flow times for 6 km down the volcano slope, students used their quantitative models to predict the evacuation times for villagers living 10 km down. Reported are how students structured and represented their data in model creation, how they applied their knowledge of viscosity in identifying variation and covariation displayed in their models, and how they applied quantitative reasoning in making predictions from their models. Students’ quantitative models included graph forms not formally taught at their grade level, including ordered case value, stacked bar, and line graphs. Models comprising ordered case value and line graphs appeared to facilitate students’ detection and interpretation of covariation between lava viscosity and flow time. Although there was some difficulty in explicating a global view of covariation, students could identify the variation in the viscosity and time separately. Linking their knowledge of viscosity with lava flow times suggested at least an implicit understanding of covariation, and illustrated a reciprocal relationship between mathematics and science. In making predictions about evacuation times, students applied both quantitative interpretation and quantitative literacy (Mayes, 2019), together with their understanding of viscosity and their contextual knowledge of volcanoes. Students’ diverse applications of quantitative reasoning were not anticipated, especially since they were not given any particular directions. In expressing the certainty of their predictions, students referred to viscosity and lava flow rates, the dimensions of the volcano, and environmental factors.
Should hospital-onset Adult Sepsis Event surveillance be routine… or even mandatory?
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Klompas Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hospital-onset sepsis accounts for 10%–15% of all sepsis cases and is associated with very high mortality rates, yet to date most hospitals have paid little attention to tracking its incidence and outcomes. This contrasts sharply with the substantial effort that hospitals and regulatory agencies spend tracking and reporting a limited subset of healthcare-associated infections. The recent development of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s hospital-onset Adult Sepsis Event (ASE) definition, however, provides a validated and standardized mechanism for facilities to identify patients with nosocomial sepsis using routinely available electronic health record data. Recent data have demonstrated that hospital-onset ASE surveillance identifies many infections that are largely missed by current reportable healthcare-associated infections and that are associated with much higher mortality rates. Expanding the breadth of surveillance to include these highly consequential infections could help identify new targets for prevention and quality improvement and ultimately catalyze better outcomes for hospitalized patients. More work is needed, however, to characterize the preventability of hospital-onset ASE, develop and validate robust case-mix adjustment tools, and facilitate widespread uptake in hospitals with limited resources.