bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratio as a Prognostic Inflammatory Marker in COVID-19
Authors: Çelikkol Aliye , Güzel Eda Çelik , Doğan Mustafa , Erdal Berna , Yilmaz Ahsen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectives As a result of developed generalized inflammation, the main prognostic factor determining morbidity and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is acute respiratory distress syndrome. The purpose of our study was to define (1) the laboratory tests that will contribute to the diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19 patients, (2) the differences between the laboratory-confirmed (LC), unconfirmed (LUC), and control (C) groups, and (3) the variation between groups of acute-phase reactants and biomarkers that can be used as an indicator of disease severity and inflammation.Materials and Methods A total of 102 patients undergoing treatment with COVID-19 interim guidelines were evaluated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test was positive in 56 (LC), classified as mild or severe, and negative in 46 (LUC) patients. In addition, 30 healthy subjects (C) with negative RT-PCR tests were also evaluated.All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 22.0 program and the p-values for significant findings were less than 0.05. Parametric/nonparametric distribution was determined by performing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for all groups. Student's t-test was used for variables with parametric distribution and the Mann–Whitney U-test for variables with the nonparametric distribution. A cut-off level for biomarkers was determined using the ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve.Results In the LC group, platelet, platecrit, mean platelet volume, platelet diameter width, white blood cell, lymphocyte, eosinophil, neutrophil, immature granulocyte, immature lymphocyte, immature monocyte, large immune cell, and atypical lymphocyte counts among the complete blood count parameters of mature and immature cell counts showed a significant difference according to the C and LUC groups. C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) indices were significantly elevated in LC patients and were significantly higher in patients classified as severe compared to mild. When CAR optimal cutoff was determined as 0.475, area under the curve was 0.934, sensitivity was 90.91%, specificity was 86.21%, positive predictive value was 92.59%, and negative predictive value was 83.33%. The diagnostic accuracy for CAR was 89.29%.Conclusion The CAR index with the highest diagnostic value and the highest predictability could be the most useful biomarker in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
Spin–orbit torque driven perpendicular magnetization switching in Re/CoFeB/MgO with high thermal stability
Authors: Ranjan Abhijeet , Yang Chun-Liang , Lee Chia-Chang , Salinas Padilla Rudis Ismael , Lai Chih-Huang 
Published: January 2022

Writing using spin–orbit torque (SOT) has been widely investigated in the field of magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). Heavy metal (HM)/CoFeB/MgO is the core of this SOT-MRAM structure. The heterostructure consisting of Ta as the spin current source and CoFeB/MgO as the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) material is the most researched structure, owing to its high tunneling magnetoresistance ratio. However, Ta is difficult to integrate into the CMOS process due to its poor thermal stability against annealing at temperatures greater than 350 °C. Currently, β-tungsten (W) is the only HM with the CoFeB/MgO system, which can provide both thermal stability and SOT switching. Nevertheless, to achieve the high resistive β phase of W is a challenging task. Here, we report another material rhenium (Re) capable of providing thermally stable PMA up to temperature 425 °C with a perpendicular anisotropic field greater than 5000 Oe; Re possesses a spin hall angle (ϴSH) of 0.065 ± 0.003, and SOT switching can be achieved with a current density around 1.36 × 1011 A/m2. Our findings pave a new avenue for the material design of perpendicular SOT-based MRAM.
The language of food in Japanese through a linguistic lens
Authors: Tsujimura Natsuko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Communication by language and nourishment by food are among the few things that indispensably shape our daily life. These two critical elements of human life may not appear to hold reciprocal relationships, but language indeed plays a vital role in our food culture in ways that are not always obvious. In rich and creative descriptions of our food experiences, for instance, how, where, and by whom taste expressions are used can reflect upon issues of linguistic analysis. This chapter overviews the ways in which investigations of the language of food, when viewed through a linguistic lens, can make a significant contribution towards a better understanding of Japanese language, culture, and society.
Naturalization of the Japanese loanword sushi in English
Authors: Toratani Kiyoko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines where the Japanese loanword sushi stands in its naturalization process into English. Application of Doi’s (2014) scale to usage of sushi in the Oxford English Dictionary shows it is midway through naturalization. The chapter questions the finding, pointing out the problems of Doi’s scale, including its unmotivated ordering of criteria (e.g., precedence of “compounding” over “semantic change”). To assess the degree of naturalization, the chapter suggests considering the degree of entrenchment, which is reflected in (i) token frequency, (ii) use of the loanword in constructions, including snowclones (e.g., Sushi is the new pizza), and (iii) the word’s ability to expand the nomenclatural network. Examination of these points suggests sushi has already moved into the naturalized stage.
Ambiguity resolution and the evolution of homophones in English
Authors: Ogura Mieko , Wang William S-Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Based on a quantitative study of the evolution of homophones in English, we present an argument about why homophones occur. Zipf’s law, which states that word frequency decreases as a power law of its rank, can be seen as the outcome of form-meaning associations, adopted in order to comply with listener and speaker needs. This implies that one form can correspond to many meanings (i.e., polysemy and homophony). We argue that homophony is a desirable feature in communication systems, is stable, and increases through time. When a large number of homophones emerge, however, an impetus to avoid homophones comes into play. We suggest that the evolution of diatones is a case of the avoidance of homophony. Related to this, we examine the neural substrates of bisyllabic noun-verb homophones, using near-infrared spectroscopy. We show that noun and verb categories are represented in different neural substrates in the left hemisphere, and relate this to our historical data, explaining why the actuation of diatone-formation was connected with production in frequent homophones in the 16th century, but was connected with perception in infrequent words after the 17th century.
The role of (the avoidance of) centre embedding in the change from OV to VO in English
Authors: Pérez Lorido Rodrigo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Authors from Colman (1988) to Ogura (2001, 2004) have discussed the role of Relative Clause Extraposition as a means to avoid centre-embedded structures in Old English, and its relevance as a factor in the change from OV to VO word order, but to date no study has addressed the full extent to which clausal embedding is allowed in Old English, the contexts for its application or its quantitative limits. Based on an extensive corpus analysis, this paper provides evidence about the factors (both language internal and external) that interact in the generation of centre-embedded structures in Old English while providing a reassessment of the role the avoidance of this kind of structures played in the change from OV to VO.
The taking off and catching on of etymological spellings in Early Modern
English
Authors: Hotta Ryuichi , Iyeiri Yoko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the path that orthographic
etymologisation, as in doubt and
verdict, followed mainly in the course
of the sixteenth century. Few corpus-based studies have been undertaken on
etymological spellings, but the recent availability of the large-sized EEBO
Corpus must be of great help in making it clear when and how etymological
spellings took off and caught on in the Early Modern English period. Besides
giving a close description of the process of the orthographic shift, we
discuss some methodological problems in the use of the corpus, stressing at
the same time that it is an excellent tool, when carefully used, for studies
in the history of English.
Efficacy of school‐based interventions for improving muscular fitness outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Villa‐González Emilio , Barranco‐Ruiz Yaira , García‐Hermoso Antonio , Faigenbaum Avery D. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThe World Health Organization recommends that children should engage in an average of 60 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day and should perform activities that strengthen muscle and bone at least 3 days a week. Public health professionals as well as pediatric researchers have identified schools as a strategic place to promote muscular strength development. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the efficacy of school‐based exercise interventions for improving muscular fitness (MF) in children. Searches were conducted in three databases. Eligible criteria were randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of school‐based exercise interventions on MF (i.e. muscular strength, muscular power, and local muscular endurance) in children under 13 years of age. Risk of bias by the National Institutes of Health tool was appraised, and pooled effect sizes (Hedges'g) were calculated using random‐effects inverse‐variance analyses. Seventeen studies enrolling 1653 children (28% girls were analyzed). Exercise interventions, mostly combined interventions targeting selected domains of MF, were associated with significant moderate increases in local muscular endurance (g = 0.65 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.17, p = 0.020; I 2 = 85.0%) and muscular strength and muscular power (g = 0.33 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.51, p = 0.001; I 2 = 59.3%), with higher effects using interventions with ≥3 sessions per week. Our findings indicate that school‐based exercise that includes strength building exercises may improve MF in children and, consequently, prepare modern day youth for the demands of exercise and sport activities.

Highlights
School‐based muscle and bone strengthening exercises performed at least 3 days per week may serve to support the development of muscular fitness in girls and boys
Integrative interventions that include a variety of strength and conditioning activities seem to be a promising strategy to promote muscular fitness in school environment
Future research should standardize assessment methods for use with children in the school context and should include interventions with girls
It is of interest to a growing number of health care providers, fitness professionals and physical education teachers to encourage participation in well‐designed muscle and bone strengthening exercises.
Oblique impact of ice hockey and plastic pucks with a rigid surface
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The collision of a disk with a rigid surface is analysed in this paper assuming that the disk slides throughout the collision at glancing angles or grips the surface at other angles of incidence. Experimental results are presented for an ice hockey puck and a plastic disk, showing that there is no rolling involved, as assumed in previous studies. Measurements are presented of the outgoing speed, angle and spin as a function of the angle of incidence, and the results are described in terms of the normal and tangential coefficients of restitution plus the coefficient of sliding friction. The experiment would be suitable for use in a student laboratory.
Engineering long-range interactions between ultracold atoms with light
Authors: Xie T , Orbán A , Xing X , Luc-Koenig E , Vexiau R , Dulieu O , Bouloufa-Maafa N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ultracold temperatures in dilute quantum gases opened the way to an exquisite control of matter at the quantum level. Here we focus on the control of ultracold atomic collisions using a laser to engineer their interactions at large interatomic distances. We show that the entrance channel of two colliding ultracold atoms can be coupled to a repulsive collisional channel by the laser light so that the overall interaction between the two atoms becomes repulsive: this prevents them to come close together and to undergo inelastic processes, thus protecting the atomic gases from unwanted losses. We illustrate such an optical shielding (OS) mechanism with 39K and 133Cs atoms colliding at ultracold temperature (<1 μK). The process is described in the framework of the dressed-state picture and we then solve the resulting stationary coupled Schrödinger equations. The role of spontaneous emission and photoinduced inelastic scattering is also investigated as possible limitations of the shielding efficiency. We predict an almost complete suppression of inelastic collisions over a broad range of Rabi frequencies and detunings from the 39K D2 line of the OS laser, both within the [0, 200 MHz] interval. We found that the polarization of the shielding laser has a minor influence on this efficiency. This proposal could easily be formulated for other bialkali-metal pairs as their long-range interaction are all very similar to each other.
The phase diagrams of beryllium and magnesium oxide at megabar pressures
Authors: Wu Jizhou , González-Cataldo Felipe , Soubiran François , Militzer Burkhard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We perform ab initio simulations of beryllium (Be) and magnesium oxide (MgO) at megabar pressures and compare their structural and thermodynamic properties. We make a detailed comparison of our two recently derived phase diagrams of Be (Wu et al 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 014103) and MgO (Soubiran and Militzer 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 175701) using the thermodynamic integration technique, as they exhibit striking similarities regarding their shape. We explore whether the Lindemann criterion can explain the melting temperatures of these materials through the calculation of the Debye temperature at high pressure. From our free energy calculations, we find that the melting line of both materials is well represented by the Simon–Glazel fit T
m(P) = T
0(1 + P/a)1/c
, where T
0 = 1564 K, a = 15.8037 GPa and c = 2.4154 for Be, while T
0 = 3010 K, a = 10.5797 GPa and c = 2.8683 for the MgO in the B1. For the B2 phase, we use the values a = 26.1163 GPa and c = 2.2426. Both materials exhibit negative Clapeyron slopes on the boundaries between the two solid phases that are strongly affected by anharmonic effects, which also influence the location of the solid–solid–liquid triple point. We find that the quasi-harmonic approximation underestimates the stability range of the low-pressure phases, namely hcp for Be and B1 for MgO. We also compute the phonon dispersion relations at low and high pressure for each of the phases of these materials, and also explore how the phonon density of states is modified by temperature. Finally, we derive secondary shock Hugoniot curves in addition to the principal Hugoniot curve for both materials, and study their offsets in pressure between solid and liquid branches.
Non-quantum chirality in a driven Brusselator
Authors: Gallas Jason A C 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We report the discovery of non-quantum chirality in the a periodically driven Brusselator. In contrast to standard chirality from quantum contexts, this novel type of chirality is governed by rate equations, namely by purely classical equations of motion. The Brusselator chirality was found by computing high-resolution phase diagrams depicting the number of spikes, local maxima, observed in stable periodic oscillations of the Brusselator as a function of the frequency and amplitude of the external drive. We also discuss how to experimentally observe non-quantum chirality in generic oscillators governed by nonlinear sets of rate equations.
Study of turbulence in the high β
P discharge using only RF heating on EAST
Authors: Zheng S Y , Zhang D B , Xue E B , Yu L M , Zhang X M , Huang J , Xiao Y , Wu M Q , Gong X Z 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
High poloidal beta scenarios with a favorable energy confinement (

β

p

∼
1.9

,

H

98

y

2

∼
1.4
)

have been achieved on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak using only radio frequency wave heating. Gyrokinetic simulations are carried out with experimental plasma parameters and tokamak equilibrium data of a typical high

β

p

discharge using the gyrokinetic toroidal code. Linear simulations show that electron-temperature scale length and electron-density scale length destabilize the turbulence, collision effects stabilize the turbulence, and the instability propagates in the electron diamagnetic direction. These properties indicate that the dominant instability in the core of high

β

p

plasma is a collisionless trapped electron mode. Ion thermal diffusivity, calculated by nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, is consistent with the experimental value, in which the electron collision effects play an important role. Further analyses show that instabilities with

k
θ

ρ

s

>
0.38

are suppressed by collision effects and collision effects reduce the radial correlation length of turbulence, resulting in the suppression of the turbulence.
Stochastic emulation of quantum algorithms
Authors: Braun Daniel , Müller Ronny 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Quantum algorithms profit from the interference of quantum states in an exponentially large Hilbert space and the fact that unitary transformations on that Hilbert space can be broken down to universal gates that act only on one or two qubits at the same time. The former aspect renders the direct classical simulation of quantum algorithms difficult. Here we introduce higher-order partial derivatives of a probability distribution of particle positions as a new object that shares these basic properties of quantum mechanical states needed for a quantum algorithm. Discretization of the positions allows one to represent the quantum mechanical state of n
bit qubits by 2(n
bit + 1) classical stochastic bits. Based on this, we demonstrate many-particle interference and representation of pure entangled quantum states via derivatives of probability distributions and find the universal set of stochastic maps that correspond to the quantum gates in a universal gate set. We prove that the propagation via the stochastic map built from those universal stochastic maps reproduces up to a prefactor exactly the evolution of the quantum mechanical state with the corresponding quantum algorithm, leading to an automated translation of a quantum algorithm to a stochastic classical algorithm. We implement several well-known quantum algorithms, analyse the scaling of the needed number of realizations with the number of qubits, and highlight the role of destructive interference for the cost of the emulation.
Comment on Inverse problem from discrete spectrum in the D = 2 dimensional space (2014 Phys. Scr.

89 085201)
Authors: Fernández Francisco M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We analyse a method for the construction of the potential-energy function from the moments of the ground-state density. The sum rule on which some expressions are based appear to be wrong, as well as the moments and potential-energy functions derived for some illustrative examples.
Experimental resources needed to implement photon number splitting attack in quantum cryptography
Authors: Kulik S P , Kravtsov K S , Molotkov S N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The analysis of the security of quantum key distribution systems with respect to an attack with nondemolishing measurement of the number of photons (photon number splitting—PNS attack) is carried out under the assumption that in the communication channel in each parcel there is a pure Fock state with a different number of photons, and the distribution of states by number of photons has Poisson statistics. In reality, in the communication channel in each parcel there are not individual Fock states, but a pure coherent state with a random phase—a superposition of Fock states with different numbers of photons. The paper analyzes the necessary experimental resources necessary to prepare individual Fock states with a certain number of photons from the superposition of Fock states for a PNS attack. Optical schemes for implementing such an attack are given, and estimates of experimental parameters at which a PNS attack is possible are made.
High-power InAlAs/InGaAs Schottky barrier photodiodes for analog microwave signal transmission
Authors: Zhuravlev K. S. , Chizh A. L. , Mikitchuk K. B. , Gilinsky A. M. , Chistokhin I. B. , Valisheva N. A. , Dmitriev D. V. , Toropov A. I. , Aksenov M. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The design, manufacturing and DC and microwave characterization of high-power Schottky barrier InAlAs/InGaAs back-illuminated mesa structure photodiodes are presented. The photodiodes with 10 and 15 μm mesa diameters operate at ≥40 and 28 GHz, respectively, have the output RF power as high as 58 mW at a frequency of 20 GHz, the DC responsivity of up to 1.08 A/W depending on the absorbing layer thickness, and a photodiode dark current as low as 0.04 nA. We show that these photodiodes provide an advantage in the amplitude-to-phase conversion factor which makes them suitable for use in high-speed analog transmission lines with stringent requirements for phase noise.
Band gap tuning and p to n-type transition in Mn-doped CuO nanostructured thin films
Authors: Rahaman R. , Sharmin M. , Podder J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Here we discuss the synthesis of copper (II) oxide (CuO) and manganese (Mn)-doped CuO thin films varying with 0 to 8 at% Mn using the spray pyrolysis technique. As-deposited film surfaces comprised of agglomerated spherical nanoparticles and a semi-spongy porous structure for 4 at% Mn doping. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays confirmed the chemical composition of the films. X-ray diffraction spectra showed a polycrystalline monoclinic structure with the predominance of the (

11) peak. Optical band gap energy for direct and indirect transitions was estimated in the ranges from 2.67–2.90 eV and 0.11–1.73 eV, respectively. Refractive index and static dielectric constants were computed from the optical spectra. Electrical resistivity of CuO and Mn-doped CuO (Mn:CuO) thin films was found in the range from 10.5 to 28.6 Ω·cm. The tiniest electron effective mass was calculated for 4 at% Mn:CuO thin films. P to n-type transition was observed for 4 at% Mn doping in CuO films. Carrier concentration and mobility were found in the orders of 1017 cm–3 and 10–1 cm2/(V·s), respectively. The Hall coefficient was found to be between 9.9 and 29.8 cm3/C. The above results suggest the suitability of Mn:CuO thin films in optoelectronic applications.