bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Seismogenic Depth Model for Western U.S. Earthquakes
Authors: Zeng Yuehua , Petersen Mark , Boyd Oliver 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We present a model of the lower seismogenic depth of earthquakes in the western United States (WUS) estimated using the hypocentral depths of events M &gt; 1, a crustal temperature model, and historical earthquake rupture depth models. Locations of earthquakes are from the Advanced National Seismic System Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog from 1980 to 2021 supplemented with seismicity in southern California for event hypocenters that were relocated by Hauksson et al. (2012) to obtain higher precision and better resolution in the model. We calculated the average depth of the deepest 10% of the merged catalog using an adaptive radius of 50 km or more. Along the San Andreas fault, the deepest seismogenic depths are located at 23 km around the Cholame segment, whereas the shallowest depths are located at about 10 km along the Rodgers Creek and Maacama faults. For the WUS outside California, the depth generally varies between 10 and 25 km with an average around 14 km but could extend to 35 km along Cascadia subduction zone. We find good agreement between the small-magnitude depths and rupture depths derived from coseismic slip of large earthquakes across the region. Our estimates are generally deeper than the previous seismogenic depths determined for the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3 model based on work by Petersen et al. (1996) who used seismicity cross sections along major fault zones in California. Our new seismogenic depth distribution correlates closely with crustal temperature derived from WUS heat flow (Blackwell et al., 2011). This correlation allowed us to develop a map of the brittle–ductile transition that we use to replace seismogenic depths in the model east of the Intermountain West Seismic Belt where the seismicity rate is low. This updated depth model is useful for recalibrating the lower geologic fault rupture depths, and constraining deformation and seismicity source models in updates of the U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Model.
Two-Staged Rupture of the 19 October 2020 Mw 7.6 Strike-Slip Earthquake Illuminated the Boundary of Coupling Variation in the Shumagin Islands, Alaska
Authors: Wan Zhifan , Wang Dun , Zhang Junfeng , Li Qi , Zhao Lianfeng , Cheng Yifang , Mori Jim , Chen Fang , Peng Yuyang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
On 19 October 2020, an Mw 7.6 earthquake occurred within the Shumagin Islands, Alaska, which is the largest strike-slip earthquake occurred in the shallow subducted plates with abundant seismic observations. Here, we relocated the earthquake sequence, implemented back-projection analyses, and finite-fault inversion to investigate the source processes of the mainshock, and calculated mainshock focal mechanisms using the polarities of P waves and W-phase inversion, respectively. Our results show that the faulting of the mainshock can be divided into two segments with the initial rupture along a steep plane (strike = 15°, dip = 81°) and propagation southeastward along a more shallowly dipping plane (strike = 344°, dip = 48°). The inferred strikes of the mainshock faults are similar to the orientations of preexisting structures in the source region, likely indicating that the 2020 Mw 7.6 earthquake ruptured along the preexisting plate fabric in the downgoing plate. The fabrics are located at the boundary with significant variations of the plate coupling, indicating that these structures within the subducting plate may affect the interplate coupling or as a result of the varying interplate coupling in subduction zones.
A comparison of methodologies for representing path effects on regionalP/Sdiscriminants
Authors: Rodgers Arthur J. , Walter William R. , Schultz Craig A. , Myers Stephen C. , Lay Thorne 
Published: October 2022

AbstractShort-period regional P/S amplitude ratios hold much promise for discriminating low-magnitude explosions from earthquakes in a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring context. However, propagation path effects lead to variability in regional-phase amplitudes that, if not accounted for, can reduce or eliminate the ability of P/S ratios to identify the seismic source. Here we compare four different methodologies that account for the effect of heterogeneous structure on P/S amplitude variance: (1) distance corrections, (2) path-specific crustal waveguide parameter regressions, (3) cap averaging (running mean smoothing), and (4) kriging. The predictability of each method is established by cross-validation (leave-one-out) analysis. We apply these techniques to Pn/Lg, Pg/Lg, and Pn/Sn observations in three frequency bands from 0.75 to 6.0 Hz at station ABKT (Alibek, Turkmenistan), site of a primary station of the International Monitoring System (IMS). Paths to ABKT sample diverse crustal structures (e.g., various topographic, sedimentary, and geologic structures), leading to great variability in the observed P/S amplitude ratios. For these data to be useful for isolating source characteristics, the scatter needs to be reduced by accounting for the path effects, and the resulting distribution needs to be Gaussian for most existing spatial interpolation and discrimination strategies to have valid application. Each method reduces the scatter of the P/S amplitude measurements with varying degrees of success; however, kriging has the distinct advantages of providing the greatest variance reduction and a continuous correction surface with an estimate of the model uncertainty. The largest reductions in scatter are found for the lowest frequency P/S ratios (&lt;3.0 Hz).
Feasibility of truncated perturbation expansions to approximate Rayleigh-wave eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions in heterogeneous media
Authors: James Mark B. , Ritzwoller Michael H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We investigate the feasibility of using truncated perturbation expansions higher than first order to compute the effect of structural variations relative to a laterally homogeneous reference on broadband (e.g., 20 to 250 sec period) Rayleigh-wave velocities and eigenfunctions. Feasibility is a function of speed, accuracy, and ease-of-use. We discuss the physical meaning of relevant terms in the expansion and posit and test an expansion, referred to as quasi-third-order theory, that consists of all boundary and volume self-terms through third-order and at second-order boundary-volume cross-terms between all boundaries and adjoining volumes that the boundary intersects. We set accuracy criteria at 0.5% for group and phase velocities and several percent for vertical eigenfunctions. For the magnitude of crustal and upper mantle heterogeneities found across Eurasia, first-order perturbation theory meets these criteria for group and phase velocities only above about 80 sec period but meets the eigenfunction criterion down to about 30 sec period. The use of quasi-third-order theory for phase and group velocities and the first-order theory for eigenfunctions is fast (about two orders of magnitude faster than the flat-earth and spherical-earth eigenfunctions codes used for comparison), relatively easy to use, and should meet the accuracy criteria required in most inversions down to about 30 sec period. If accuracy standards are more stringent than those set here, if there are structural variations larger than those considered here, or if the application requires inversion below about 30 sec period, then it would be advisable to regionalize the area of study and to introduce more than one reference model.
Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region
Authors: Frankel Arthur , Carver David , Cranswick Edward , Meremonte Mark , Bice Thomas , Overturf Dee 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe analyzed seismograms from 21 earthquakes (ML 2.0-4.9) recorded by digital seismographs we deployed in urban Seattle to determine site response and earthquake stress drops. The seismometers were situated on a wide variety of geologic units, including artificial fill (e.g., Kingdome, Harbor Island), Pleistocene age soils (glacial till and outwash deposits of Seattle's hills), modified land (downtown Seattle, Space Needle), and Tertiary sedimentary rock. Two mainshock-aftershock sequences were recorded: the June 1997 Bremerton sequence (mainshock ML 4.9) and the February 1997 South Seattle sequence (mainshock ML 3.5), along with other events in the Puget Sound region. We developed a new inversion procedure to estimate site response, source corner frequencies, and seismic moments from the S-wave spectra. This inversion uses corner frequencies determined from spectral ratios of mainshock-aftershock pairs as constraints. The site responses found from the inversion are not relative to the rock site but are relative to an idealized site with a flat frequency response. The response of the rock site is also found from the inversion. The inversion results show high response for the sites on artificial fill, more moderate amplification for most sites on stiff Pleistocene soils or modified land, and low response for the rock site. Some sites display resonances, such as a strong 2-Hz resonance at our site near the Kingdome, which is caused by the surficial layers of fill and younger alluvium. The sites in West Seattle exhibit high amplification, even though they are on relatively stiff soils of glacial outwash. This may be partly caused by basin surface waves produced by conversion of incident S waves. This high response in West Seattle is consistent with damage reports from the 1949 (mb 7.1) and 1965 (mb 6.5) earthquakes. Stress-drop estimates for the events we recorded were generally low, between 0.4 and 25 bars, although some of the events may have had higher stress drops that could not be resolved because of the limited passband. We calculated a stress drop of 24 bars for the Bremerton mainshock and 10 bars for the South Seattle mainshock.
HASHTAG AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE INTERNET SPACE
Authors: Гершанова А.Ф. 
Published: October 2022

Рассматриваются средства интернет-коммуникации, обладающей специфическими чертами. Хештег как одно из коммуникативных средств наиболее ярко отражает все особенности интернет-среды. Являясь посредником между автором публикации и подписчиками, хештег демонстрирует полифункциональность. Представлен анализ семантико-структурных особенностей хештега.
The article is devoted to the study of Internet communication tools with specific features. Hashtag, as one of the means of communication, most clearly reflects all the features of the Internet environment. Being an intermediary between the author of the publication and subscribers, the hashtag demonstrates polyfunctionality. This is due to its semantic and structural features, the analysis of which is presented in this study.
TYPES OF MODIFICATION OF THE SEMANTICS OF THE ORIGINAL MEANING DURING METONYMIC TRA NSFER
Authors: Петрова O.O. 
Published: October 2022

Описываются виды модификации исходных значений при порождении лексической метонимии. Смежность внеязыковых явлений отражается в значительной общности (смежности) значений. Однако отмечается, что смежность значений не служит достаточным и надежным основанием для квалификации значения как метонимического; должны быть и другие основания метонимии: модификация значения в реальной модальности, выводимость и иерархия значения. Приводятся четыре вида модификации семантики исходного значения при метонимическом переносе.
The article describes the types of modification of the original values when generating lexical metonymy. The contiguity of non-linguistic phenomena is reflected in the signifi cant generality (contiguity) of meanings. However: the adjacency of values does not serve as a sufficient and reliable basis to qualify the value as metonymic; there must be other grounds for metonymy: modification of the value in a real modality, derivability and hierarchy of the value. The article describes 4 types of modification of the semantics of the original meaning with metonymic transfer.
SPORTS COMMENTARY IN PAIRS: FEATURES OF DIALOGIC DISCOURSE AND COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION
Authors: Калиниченко М.О. 
Published: October 2022

Рассматривается коммуникативная адаптация спортивных комментаторов к диалогическому дискурсу. Выявлены изменения, произошедшие в дискурсе спортивного комментирования при переходе с монологической речи на диалогическую. Проведен конверсационный и дискурсивный анализ трех трансляций разного времени с участием одного и того же комментатора, работавшего индивидуально и в паре с коллегой. Исследование показало, что со временем лингвистические показатели речи разных комментаторов выравниваются, а объем их реплик сокращается из-за эффективного совместного порождения дискурса. Чем больше журналисты работают в паре, тем чаще они дополняют реплики друг друга, а диалогическая речь приобретает черты монологической речи, что является важным свойством дискурса парного спортивного комментирования.
The article is devoted to communicative accommodation of sports commentators to dialogic discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the changes that occurred in sports commentary discourse due to the transition from monologic to dialogic speech. The conversation and discourse analysis involves three commentary transcripts which include one commentator who worked both individually and with a colleague. The study has shown that with time speech indicators of commentators are becoming even; the size of their turns is decreasing because of discourse co-production. The more journalists work together the more they continue and expand on turns of their interlocutor. on balance, dialogic speech is starting to display features of monologic speech, which unravels the intradialogic monologising of sports commentary discourse.
Anti herpes simplex virus-2 activity of the extracts of Sericostoma pauciflorum stocks ex wight and Lepidagathis trinervis Nees
Authors: Pancholi Boskey 
Published: October 2022

To determine the anti-HSV 2 properties and mechanism of action of two important medicinal plants Stocks ex Wight (Boraginaceae) and Nees (Acanthaceae) To identify natural products with anti-HSV-2 activity, the aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts were prepared from whole plants of and . Cytotoxicity assay using Vero cells as target revealed CC values of these extracts ranging from 301.8 to 436.8 µg ml Extracts from both the plants showed dose dependent inhibition of HSV-2 infection using Plaque Reduction Assay. Among the tested extracts, 50% ethanolic extract of showed lowest IC value of 6.86 µg ml. To study the possible mode of antiviral action, all the extracts showed 50 to 97% reduction in the formation of plaques in the attachment assay. Extracts prepared from also inhibited the HSV-2 penetration in a time and dose dependent manner. In post-attachment assay, both the extracts from as well as 50% ethanolic extract from showed significant inhibition in HSV-2 infection.These studies document anti-HSV-2 activity of the two commonly used medicinal plants that will have implications in the development of an alternate remedy for HSV-2 infection. Significant and impact of the study: This work provides information on the anti HSV-2 properties of Indian medicinal plants that showed their significant inhibition of HSV-2 virus in system.
Diagnostic utility of adenosine deaminase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in pulmonary tuberculosis from a tertiary care hospital in North India
Authors: Naqash Unairah , Taj Rukhsana , Nahvi Nahid 
Published: October 2022

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) has been acclaimed as a biochemical marker in numerous studies in the diagnosis of tuberculosis of pleura, peritoneum, meninges etc because of its high sensitivity and specificity. As a diagnostic test, ADA offers several advantages; it is rapid, simple, low cost, non-invasive and can be performed easily in most clinical laboratories. The current retrospective study was carried out on a total of 91 specimens of bronchoalveolar lavage collected on bronchoscopy. The samples were collected and sediments were confirmed for presence of tubercular bacilli through Lowenstein Jensen(LJ) media (Gold standard), GeneXpert(CBNAAT).Simultaneously the ADA estimation was done from supernatant fluid obtained after centrifugation of sample.The Mean ADA level for Culture Positive samples in BAL was 5.899± 1.723 and from Culture Negative Samples the Mean ADA was1.217 ± 1.439. The ADA cut off levels of &#62;4.0 IU/L in BAL when compared with LJ culture media (gold standard) showed a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 97.2%. Upon ROC analysis a high rate of accuracy was recorded in diagnosis of TB through ADA estimation with sensitivity and specificity reaching 100% and 97.2% at a ADA cut off 3.76 IU/L when compared with LJ culture media (gold standard). However, the sensitivity and specificity achieved was slightly lower when ADA results were compared with GeneXpert results.The determination of ADA levels may help in early diagnosis, improve the prognosis and reduce the spread of disease and thereby the test should be included in routine investigations in patients suspected of tuberculosis.
Susceptibility of Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) to Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae)
Authors: Gálvez-Partida Viridiana Lizeth , Otero-Colina Gabriel , Guzmán-Franco Ariel W. , Lomeli-Flores J. Refugio , Olmos-Zepeda José Rodolfo , Soto-Rojas Lauro , Carrillo-Benítez Guadalupe , Díaz-Martínez Victoria 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan spider mite species that infests more than 900 species of plants, including commercial species. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boudreaux) is characterized by a red coloration, in contrast to the green-colored T. urticae. Both are occasionally found coexisting in warm environments, and, for that reason, they are considered by some to be synonyms. In this study, we identified specimens of the two morphospecies using optical and electron microscopy and amplification of a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Bioassays determined the level of susceptibility and survival of both morphospecies when they were infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma). For the evaluation of the susceptibility of these morphospecies to N. floridana, bioassays were conducted under conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 12:12-h photoperiod regime. From these bioassays, we found that T. cinnabarinus was less susceptible to N. floridana and that there is a higher level of fertility, survival, and development in the T. cinnabarinus than in the T. urticae mites. Within a mass rearing system, T. cinnabarinus appears be a more efficaceous functional food for predatory mites, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), than T. urticae to support rearing and release of biological agents for integrated pest management.
Innate Immune Response of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae to Lemongrass Essential Oil and Citral
Authors: Chastain Kyndra , Peterson Westley , Haszcz Katherine , Fenske Michael , Rice Jennifer , Pszczolkowski Maciej A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The innate immune response in insects relies on cellular responses. In most lepidopteran species, challenging the immune system causes an increase in hemocyte numbers and promotes encapsulation and melanization of invading objects, such as parasitoid eggs or artificial objects (e.g., nylon implants). We studied the effects of carbon particles (Sumi ink) on the immune response of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) last-instar larvae. Ink injections increased total hemocyte counts in a dose-dependent manner, with the 40 and 80% concentrations being most effective in eliciting hemocyte response. Hemocyte numbers increased significantly at 4 and 6 h after ink injection. Lemongrass essential oil (0.18, 0.36, and 0.72 µg/larva) and citral (0.12, 0.24, and 0.48 µg/larva) reversed the mobilization of hemocytes by the ink. Melanization of nylon larvae implants started as early as 15 min after implant insertion and reached maximum observed levels within 1 h. The degree of melanization also was higher in larvae challenged with ink 1 h prior to implant removal, which suggests initialization of the immune response. Citral injections inhibited implant melanization both in unchallenged and ink-challenged larvae. In the former case, citral concentrations needed for effective inhibition were less (0.3 µg/larva) than in ink-challenged larvae (1.2 and 2.4 µg/larva).
Statistical Quality Control of Ultra High Temperature (UHT) Milk in PT XYZ
Authors: Sitorus Ester Mastiur , Mela Ervina 
Published: October 2022

Ultra high temperature (UHT) milk is a product that is widely consumed because of its practicality and hygiene. PT XYZ is one of the industries that produces UHT milk with chocolate and strawberry flavors. Based on company records, there are variations in the protein content of the two products. The purpose of this study was to determine the average protein content of chocolate and strawberry milk on the control chart and to develop a cause-and-effect diagram to determine the factors that triggered variation in protein levels in PT XYZ's chocolate milk and strawberry milk. The research data was obtained from company records, which were then analyzed using MR control charts and fishbone diagrams. The results showed that there were values that were outside the control limits, both in the chocolate and strawberry flavor variants. The cause of the variability in the value of protein content in UHT milk in both chocolate and strawberry flavors comes from 4 factors. The machine factor is in the form of machine checking, which is still curative. The human factor is a lack of human resources and the absence of regular employee training. The factor of the method of using materials that are still manual Material factors are in the form of non-uniformity of sources and quality of raw materials for fresh milk from suppliers, and differences in quality and type of raw materials (between fresh milk and recombined milk).
PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK PADA UMKM DONATE DONUT DENGAN METODE SEVEN TOOLS
Authors: Hidayat Hety Handayani 
Published: October 2022

UMKM Donate Donut is one of the micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM) engaged in the manufacture of donuts. UMKM Donate Donut faces problems in quality control, namely the occurrence of defects or defects in the product. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on quality control circle (QCC). Quality is a factor that can increase the competitiveness of a product. With the increase in quality, the production costs will be smaller so as to reduce waste. The failure of a product occurs due to several factors in the production process, raw materials, machines, equipment, humans, and the environment. To maintain the quality of the products produced and in accordance with market needs, it is necessary to carry out quality control over the process activities undertaken. quality control by using control charts (control charts) can be used to achieve a controlled state or are within control limits so as to show that the process is consistent. To obtain data that is in accordance with the research, it is necessary to observe a product that does not meet the specifications (damaged), then calculated using the check sheet, flow chart, histogram, Pareto chart, scatter diagram, and fishbone diagram methods to product results.