bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giving the crucial information: performance on a referential communication task in Swedish children with language impairment
Authors: Wagner Christina Reuterskiöld , Nettelbladt Ulrika , Sahlén Birgitta 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study focused on the performance of a group of Swedish children with language impairment (LI) on a referential communication task as a step in the investigation of their pragmatic skills. The task entailed choosing a single card from a selection of 16 depicting a face and describing it well enough for the opponent in order for him/her to pick the correct one from his/her identical array of cards laid out behind a barrier. To give an adequate description, the player had to understand that four dimensions had to be described in order for the other person to choose the correct card. The participating children had been part of a previous study on narrative skills in children with LI. A few of them with rather poor language comprehension had shown utterances during story generation judged to be irrelevant to both the listener and the task. In the present study, language comprehension did not significantly correlate to performance on the referential communication task. The participants performed at the level of their peers without LI and there was no significant difference between the amount of relevant or irrelevant information when the children with LI interacted with an adult or with a friend. The results are discussed in relation to recent research.
Endocytosis and Recycling of the HIV Coreceptor Ccr5
Authors: Signoret Nathalie , Pelchen-Matthews Annegret , Mack Matthias , Proudfoot Amanda E.I. , Marsh Mark 
Published: July 2002

The chemokine receptor CCR5 is a cofactor for the entry of R5 tropic strains of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)-1 and -2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. Cells susceptible to infection by these viruses can be protected by treatment with the CCR5 ligands regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. A major component of the mechanism through which chemokines protect cells from HIV infection is by inducing endocytosis of the chemokine receptor. Aminooxypentane (AOP)-RANTES, an NH2-terminal modified form of RANTES, is a potent inhibitor of infection by R5 HIV strains. AOP-RANTES efficiently downmodulates the cell surface expression of CCR5 and, in contrast with RANTES, appears to prevent recycling of CCR5 to the cell surface. Here, we investigate the cellular basis of this effect.
Using CHO cells expressing human CCR5, we show that both RANTES and AOP-RANTES induce rapid internalization of CCR5. In the absence of ligand, CCR5 shows constitutive turnover with a half-time of 6–9 h. Addition of RANTES or AOP-RANTES has little effect on the rate of CCR5 turnover. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy show that most of the CCR5 internalized after RANTES or AOP-RANTES treatment accumulates in small membrane-bound vesicles and tubules clustered in the perinuclear region of the cell. Colocalization with transferrin receptors in the same clusters of vesicles indicates that CCR5 accumulates in recycling endosomes. After the removal of RANTES, internalized CCR5 recycles to the cell surface and is sensitive to further rounds of RANTES-induced endocytosis. In contrast, after the removal of AOP-RANTES, most CCR5 remains intracellular. We show that these CCR5 molecules do recycle to the cell surface, with kinetics equivalent to those of receptors in RANTES-treated cells. However, these recycled CCR5 molecules are rapidly reinternalized. Our results indicate that AOP-RANTES–induced changes in CCR5 alter the steady-state distribution of the receptor and provide the first evidence for G protein–coupled receptor trafficking through the recycling endosome compartment.
The 𝐿_{𝑝} version of Newman’s Inequality for lacunary polynomials
Authors: Borwein Peter , Erdélyi Tamás 
Published: July 2002

The principal result of this paper is the establishment of the essentially sharp Markov-type inequality
\[

‖
x

P
′

(
x
)

‖

L
p

[
0
,
1
]

≤

(
1

/

p
+
12

(

∑

j
=
0

n

(

λ
j

+
1

/

p
)
)

)

‖
P

‖

L
p

[
0
,
1
]

\|xP’ (x)\|_{L_p[0,1]} \leq \left (1/p+12 \left ({\sum ^n_{j=0}}(\lambda _j + 1/p)\right )\right ) \|P\|_{L_p[0,1]}

\]
for every

P
∈
span
⁡
{

x

λ
0

,

x

λ
1

,
…
,

x

λ
n

}

P \in \operatorname {span}\{x^{\lambda _0}, x^{\lambda _1}, \ldots , x^{\lambda _n}\}

with distinct real exponents

λ
j

\lambda _j

greater than

−
1

/

p

-1/p

and for every

p
∈
[
1
,
∞
]

p \in [1, \infty ]

. A remarkable corollary of the above is the Nikolskii-type inequality
\[

‖

y

1

/

p

P
(
y
)

‖

L
∞

[
0
,
1
]

≤
13

(

∑

j
=
0

n

(

λ
j

+
1

/

p
)
)

1

/

p

‖
P

‖

L
p

[
0
,
1
]

\|y^{1/p}P(y)\|_{L_\infty [0,1]} \leq 13 \left ({\sum ^n_{j=0}}(\lambda _j + 1/p)\right )^{1/p} \|P\|_{L_p[0,1]}

\]
for every

P
∈
span
⁡
{

x

λ
0

,

x

λ
1

,
…
,

x

λ
n

}

P \in \operatorname {span}\{x^{\lambda _0}, x^{\lambda _1}, \ldots , x^{\lambda _n}\}

with distinct real exponents

λ
j

\lambda _j

greater than

−
1

/

p

-1/p

and for every

p
∈
[
1
,
∞
]

p \in [1, \infty ]

. Some related results are also discussed.
Explicit merit factor formulae for Fekete and Turyn polynomials
Authors: Borwein Peter , Choi Kwok-Kwong 
Published: July 2002

We give explicit formulas for the

L

4

L_{4}

norm (or equivalently for the merit factors) of various sequences of polynomials related to the Fekete polynomials
\[

f

q

(
z
)
:=

∑

k
=
1

q
−
1

(

k
q

)

z

k

f_{q}(z) := \sum ^{q-1}_{k=1} \left (\frac {k}{q}\right ) z^{k}

\]
where

(

⋅
q

)

\left (\frac {\cdot }{q}\right )

is the Legendre symbol. For example for

q
q

an odd prime,
\[

‖

f

q

‖

4

4

:=

5

q

2

3

−
3
q
+

4
3

−
12
(
h
(
−
q
)

)

2

\|f_{q}\|_{4}^{4} : = \frac {5q^{2}}{3}-3q+ \frac {4}{3} - 12 (h(-q))^{2}

\]
where

h
(
−
q
)

h(-q)

is the class number of

Q

(

−
q

)

\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt {-q})

. Similar explicit formulas are given for various polynomials including an example of Turyn’s that is constructed by cyclically permuting the first quarter of the coefficients of

f

q

f_{q}

. This is the sequence that has the largest known asymptotic merit factor. Explicitly,
\[

R

q

(
z
)
:=

∑

k
=
0

q
−
1

(

k
+
[
q

/

4
]

q

)

z

k

R_{q}(z) := \sum ^{q-1}_{k=0} \left (\frac {k+[q/4] }{q}\right ) z^{k}

\]
where

[
⋅
]

[\cdot ]

denotes the nearest integer, satisfies
\[

‖

R

q

‖

4

4

=

7

q

2

6

−

q

−

1
6

−

γ

q

\|R_{q}\|_{4}^{4} = \frac {7q^{2}}{6}- {q} - \frac {1}{6} - \gamma _{q}

\]
where
\[

γ

q

:=

{

h
(
−
q
)
(
h
(
−
q
)
−
4
)

a
m
p
;

if

q
≡
1
,
5

(
mod

8
)

,

12
(
h
(
−
q
)

)

2

a
m
p
;

if

q
≡
3

(
mod

8
)

,

0

a
m
p
;

if

q
≡
7

(
mod

8
)

.

\gamma _{q}: = \begin {cases} h(-q) (h(-q)-4) & \text {if $q \equiv 1,5 \pmod 8$},\\ 12 (h(-q))^{2} & \text {if $q \equiv 3 \pmod 8$}, \\ 0 & \text {if $q \equiv 7 \pmod 8$}. \end {cases}

\]
Indeed we derive a closed form for the

L

4

L_{4}

norm of all shifted Fekete polynomials
\[

f

q

t

(
z
)
:=

∑

k
=
0

q
−
1

(

k
+
t

q

)

z

k

.

f_{q}^{t}(z) := \sum ^{q-1}_{k=0} \left (\frac {k+t}{q}\right ) z^{k}.

\]
Namely

‖

f

q

t

‖

4

4

a
m
p
;
=

1
3

(
5

q

2

+
3
q
+
4
)
+
8

t

2

−
4
q
t
−
8
t

a
m
p
;

−

8

q

2

(
1
−

1
2

(

−
1

q

)

)

|

∑

n
=
1

q
−
1

n

(

n
+
t

q

)

|

2

,

\begin{align*} \| f_{q}^{t} \|_{4}^{4} &= \frac {1}{3}(5q^{2}+3q+4)+8t^{2}-4qt-8t &\quad -\frac {8}{q^{2}}\left ( 1-\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {-1}{q}\right ) \right ) \left |{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{q-1}n \left (\frac {n+t}{q}\right )} \right |^{2}, \end{align*}

and

‖

f

q

q
−
t
+
1

‖

4

4

=
‖

f

q

t

‖

4

4

\| f_{q}^{q-t+1} \|_{4}^{4}= \| f_{q}^{t} \|_{4}^{4}

if

1
≤
t
≤
(
q
+
1
)

/

2

1 \le t \le (q+1)/2

.
The possible orders of solutions of linear differential equations with polynomial coefficients
Authors: Gundersen Gary , Steinbart Enid , Wang Shupei 
Published: July 2002

We find specific information about the possible orders of transcendental solutions of equations of the form

f

(
n
)

+

p

n
−
1

(
z
)

f

(
n
−
1
)

+
⋯
+

p

0

(
z
)
f
=
0

f^{(n)}+p_{n-1}(z)f^{(n-1)}+\cdots +p_{0}(z)f=0

, where

p
0

(
z
)
,

p
1

(
z
)
,
…
,

p

n
−
1

(
z
)

p_0(z), p_1(z),\dots , p_{n-1}(z)

are polynomials with

p
0

(
z
)
≢
0

p_0(z) \not \equiv 0

. Several examples are given.
A comparison of regularizations for an ill-posed problem
Authors: Ames Karen , Clark Gordon , Epperson James , Oppenheimer Seth 
Published: July 2002

We consider numerical methods for a “quasi-boundary value” regularization of the backward parabolic problem given by
\[

{

u
t

+
A
u
=
0
,

a
m
p
;
0
>
t
>
T

u
(
T
)
=
f
,

a
m
p
;

\begin {cases} u_t+Au=0, & 0>t>T \\ u(T)=f, & \end {cases}

\]
where

A
A

is positive self-adjoint and unbounded. The regularization, due to Clark and Oppenheimer, perturbs the final value

u
(
T
)

u(T)

by adding

α
u
(
0
)

\alpha u(0)

, where

α
\alpha

is a small parameter. We show how this leads very naturally to a reformulation of the problem as a second-kind Fredholm integral equation, which can be very easily approximated using methods previously developed by Ames and Epperson. Error estimates and examples are provided. We also compare the regularization used here with that from Ames and Epperson.
EVA: continuous automatic evaluation of protein structure
prediction servers
Authors: Eyrich Volker A. , Martı́-Renom Marc
A. , Przybylski Dariusz , Madhusudhan Mallur S. , Fiser András , Pazos Florencio , Valencia Alfonso , Sali Andrej , Rost Burkhard 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: Evaluation of protein structure prediction methods is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we describe EVA, a web server for assessing protein structure prediction methods, in an automated, continuous and large-scale fashion. Currently, EVA evaluates the performance of a variety of prediction methods available through the internet. Every week, the sequences of the latest experimentally determined protein structures are sent to prediction servers, results are collected, performance is evaluated, and a summary is published on the web. EVA has so far collected data for more than 3000 protein chains. These results may provide valuable insight to both developers and users of prediction methods.
Availability: http://cubic.bioc.columbia.edu/eva.
Contact: eva@cubic.bioc.columbia.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
HIV-1 receptors and cell tropism
Authors: Clapham Paul R , McKnight Áine 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
HIV virus particles interact with several receptors on cell surfaces. Two receptors, CD4 and a co-receptor act sequentially to trigger fusion of viral and cellular membranes and confer virus entry into cells. For HIV-1, the chemokine receptor CCR5 is the predominant co-receptor exploited for transmission and replication in vivo. Variants that switch to use CXCR4 and perhaps other co-receptors evolve in some infected individuals and have altered tropism and pathogenic properties. Other cell surface receptors including mannose binding protein on macrophages and DC-SIGN on dendritic cells also interact with gp120 on virus particles but do not actively promote fusion and virus entry. These receptors may tether virus particles to cells enabling interactions with suboptimal concentrations of CD4 and/or co-receptors. Alternatively such receptors may transport cell surface trapped virions into lymph nodes before transmitting them to susceptible cells. Therapeutic strategies that prevent HIV from interacting with receptors are currently being developed. This review describes how the interaction and use of different cellular receptors influences HIV tropism and pathogenesis in vivo.
Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 transcription by interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in human astrocytoma cells: postinduction refractory state of the gene, governed by its upstream elements
Authors: ZHOU Z.‐H. LUCY , HAN YULONG , WEI TAO , ARAS SUMER , CHATURVEDI PRIYA , TYLER SARAH , RANI M. R SANDHYA , RANSOHOFF RICHARD M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMonocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 is expressed by astrocytes in diverse inflammatory states and is a key regulator of monocyte recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS). In the current study, we addressed mechanisms by which transcription of the human MCP‐1 gene (hMCP‐1) was terminated, after induction by interferon (IFN)‐γ. Our results demonstrated that IFN‐γ‐induced transcription of hMCP‐1 was followed by a refractory state, during which hMCP‐1 was resistant to restimulation by either IFN‐γ or heterologous activators such as TNF‐α. This refractory state affected the hMCP‐1 gene selectively, as other IFN‐γ‐inducible genes remained responsive to restimulation. The IFN‐γ‐induced hMCP‐1 refractory state was governed at the transcriptional level and was sensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting a requirement for newly expressed components. A minimal 213 base pair hMCP‐1 regulatory element directed both IFN‐γ‐mediated transcription and the subsequent refractory state. We previously demonstrated that IFN‐γ treatment resulted in coordinate protein occupancy in vivo of two hMCP‐1 promoter elements, a gamma‐activated site (GAS) and a GC‐rich element. During the refractory state, IFN‐γ treatment failed to induce protection of either the hMCP‐1 GAS element or the GC box. These results furnish insight into the expression of hMCP‐1 during CNS inflammation and provide the first delineation of an IFN‐γ‐induced transcriptional refractory state.—Zhou, Z.‐H. L., Han, Y., Wei, T., Aras, S., Chaturvedi, P., Tyler, S., Rani, M. R. S., Ransohoff, R. M. Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 transcription by interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in human astrocytoma cells: postinduction refractory state of the gene, governed by its upstream elements. FASEB J. 15, 383‐392 (2001)
Association of PD-L1 Expression and Other Variables With Benefit From Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer
Authors: Yoon Harry H. , Jin Zhaohui , Kour Oudom , Kankeu Fonkoua Lionel Aurelien , Shitara Kohei , Gibson Michael K. , Prokop Larry J. , Moehler Markus , Kang Yoon-Koo , Shi Qian , Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: August 2022

ImportanceApproval by the US Food and Drug Administration of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) for advanced gastroesophageal cancer (aGEC) irrespective of PD-L1 status has generated controversy. Exploratory analyses from individual trials indicate a lack of meaningful benefit from ICI in patients with absent or low PD-L1 expression; however, analysis of a single variable while ignoring others may not consider the instability inherent in exploratory analyses.ObjectiveTo systematically examine the predictive value of tissue-based PD-L1 status compared with that of other variables for ICI benefit in aGEC to assess its stability.Data SourcesMEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register (2000-2022).Study Selection, Data Extraction, and SynthesisRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included of adults with aGEC (adenocarcinoma [AC] or squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) randomized to anti−PD-1 or PD-L1−containing treatment vs standard of care (SOC). Study screening, data abstraction, and bias assessment were completed independently by 2 reviewers. Of 5752 records screened, 26 were assessed for eligibility; 17 trials were included in the analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe prespecified primary end point was overall survival. The mean hazard ratio (HR) for ICI vs SOC was calculated (random-effects model). Predictive values were quantified by calculating the ratio of mean HRs between 2 levels of each variable.ResultsIn all, 17 RCTs (9 first line, 8 after first line) at low risk of bias and 14 predictive variables were included, totaling 11 166 participants (5067 with SCC, 6099 with ACC; 77.6% were male and 22.4% were female; 59.5% of patients were younger than 65 years, 40.5% were 65 years or older). Among patients with SCCs, PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) was the strongest predictor of ICI benefit (HR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.53-0.68] for high TPS; and HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.75-0.95] for low TPS), yielding a predictive value of 41.0% favoring high TPS (vs ≤16.0% for other variables). Among patients with AC, PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) was the strongest predictor (after microsatellite instability high status) of ICI benefit (HR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.66-0.81] for high CPS; and HR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.84-1.07] for low CPS), yielding a predictive value of 29.4% favoring CPS-high (vs ≤12.9% for other variables). Head-to-head analyses of trials containing both levels of a variable and/or having similar design generally yielded consistent results.Conclusions and RelevanceTissue-based PD-L1 expression, more than any variable other than microsatellite instability-high, identified varying degrees of benefit from ICI-containing therapy vs SOC among patients with aGEC in 17 RCTs.
Association of Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Adverse Events After Surgery in Treatment-Naive Patients
Authors: Tang Alice L. , O’Neil Thomas , McDermott Sean , Tripathi Siddhant , Tikhtman Raisa , Mark Jonathan R. , Patil Yash , Tabangin Meredith , Altaye Mekibib , Wise-Draper Trisha M. , Zender Chad A. 
Published: August 2022

ImportancePembrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death 1, is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The potential neoadjuvant role of programmed cell death 1 inhibitors in primary surgical management of HNSCC and effects on surgical outcomes are poorly understood.ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of postoperative adverse events in treatment-naive patients with advanced oral cavity cancer receiving neoadjuvant pembrolizumab when compared with matched controls, as part of a window-of-opportunity multi-institutional clinical trial assessing neoadjuvant pembrolizumab for locally advanced HNSCC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary academic institution included treatment-naive patients with local regionally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) who were undergoing surgical resection.ExposuresPatients with local regionally advanced resectable OCSCC who received neoadjuvant pembrolizumab were retrospectively reviewed for postoperative adverse events. Controls were matched by age, race, smoking status, and overall cancer stage based on historical data at the same institution. Matched-cohort analysis was performed using a McNemar test to assess differences between the groups.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncidence of adverse events following surgical resection of advanced OCSCC within 30 days of surgery and on continued follow-up.ResultsA total of 64 patients (32 as part of the prospective clinical trial and 32 as controls; mean [SD] age, 59.6 [10.3] years; 28 [44%] women) were included in the analysis. Postoperative adverse events in the 32 patients receiving pembrolizumab included lymphedema (n = 20 [63%]), trismus (n = 7 [22%]), return to operating room (n = 7 [22%]), wound infection (n = 7 [22%]), fistula (n = 6 [19%]), wound dehiscence (n = 4 [13%]), flap failure (n = 3 [9%]), and hematoma (n = 2 [6%]). The matched control group demonstrated similar complication rates without considerable differences, except for trismus (n = 16 [50%]), which was greater by a difference of 28.1% (95% CI, 5.6%-50.6%) in the control group.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study examined surgical complications among patients with local regionally advanced OCSCC treated with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and found that serious adverse events were similar to those in patients who underwent standard-of-care treatment. This suggests that there is no increased perioperative morbidity in the use of preoperative treatment with immunotherapy. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings for oral cavity cancer and other subsites of the head and neck.
The effects of experience and uncertainty on hypothesis generation and testing in threat assessment
Authors: Leins Drew A. , Zimmerman Laura A. , Vowels Christopher L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study explored the decision‐making processes of soldiers as they evaluated scenarios containing information offering various levels of certainty. Soldiers with different levels of experience read scenarios that presented potential threats and then identified the priority threat, their confidence in this identification, and the cues they used to identify priority threats. Soldiers then searched for additional scenario‐relevant information and modified their reports if their assessments changed. Compared with inexperienced soldiers, experienced soldiers reported a greater number of priority threats and informative cues and were more likely to search additional topics that matched details in their initial assessments. High certainty scenarios yielded more identified threats, more cues, and higher confidence in initial reports. Soldiers' initial assessments rarely changed after additional information searches, but when they did, they were associated with low initial confidence.
Tuning the Mechanical and Electric Properties of Conjugated Polymer Semiconductors: Side‐Chain Design Based on Asymmetric Benzodithiophene Building Blocks
Authors: Liu Deyu , Lei Yusheng , Ji Xiaozhou , Wu Yilei , Lin Yangju , Wang Yunfei , Zhang Song , Zheng Yu , Chen Yuelang , Lai Jian‐Cheng , Zhong Donglai , Cheng Hao‐Wen , Chiong Jerika A. , Gu Xiaodan , Gam Sangah , Yun Youngjun , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUnderstanding molecular design rules for stretchable polymer semiconductors is important for enabling next generation stretchable electronic circuits. To simultaneously improve both electrical properties and mechanical stretchability, a design strategy is reported in introducing conjugated rigid fused‐rings with bulky side groups in semiconducting polymers. In this work, the understanding of this design concept is improved by systematically investigating the effect of different types of bulky side groups asymmetrically substituted on conjugated polymer semiconductor backbones. Specifically, four types of side groups are investigated, including naphthalene (NaPh), biphenyl (PhPh), thienylphenyl (ThPh), and alkylphenyl (C4Ph), asymmetrically substituted on benzodithiophene units, namely asy‐BDT. With the four types of side groups installed on BDT‐containing conjugated polymers in an asymmetrical fashion, it is observed that they reduced the polymer chain aggregation and film crystallinity, hence improving the film stretchability. Furthermore, the fully conjugated polymer backbone allows maintenance of good charge carrier mobilities. Specifically, polymer PDPP‐C4Ph (with C4Ph side groups) shows the highest mobility in the fully stretchable transistor and maintained its mobility even after being subjected to hundreds of stretching‐releasing cycles at 25% strain. Overall, the results provide anunderstanding of the use of asymmetrically substituted fused‐ring conjugated polymer structures to tune mechanical and charge transport properties.