bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Cross-Species Introgression Rates Using Genomic Data Despite Model Unidentifiability
Authors: Yang Ziheng , Flouri Tomáš 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Full-likelihood implementations of the multispecies coalescent with introgression (MSci) model treat genealogical fluctuations across the genome as a major source of information to infer the history of species divergence and gene flow using multilocus sequence data. However, MSci models are known to have unidentifiability issues, whereby different models or parameters make the same predictions about the data and cannot be distinguished by the data. Previous studies of unidentifiability have focused on heuristic methods based on gene trees and do not make an efficient use of the information in the data. Here we study the unidentifiability of MSci models under the full-likelihood methods. We characterize the unidentifiability of the bidirectional introgression (BDI) model, which assumes that gene flow occurs in both directions. We derive simple rules for arbitrary BDI models, which create unidentifiability of the label-switching type. In general, an MSci model with k BDI events has 2k unidentifiable modes or towers in the posterior, with each BDI event between sister species creating within-model parameter unidentifiability and each BDI event between nonsister species creating between-model unidentifiability. We develop novel algorithms for processing Markov chain Monte Carlo samples to remove label-switching problems and implement them in the bpp program. We analyze real and synthetic data to illustrate the utility of the BDI models and the new algorithms. We discuss the unidentifiability of heuristic methods and provide guidelines for the use of MSci models to infer gene flow using genomic data.
Impact of childhood cerebellar tumor surgery on cognition revealed by precuneus hyperconnectivity
Authors: Dorfer Christian , Pletschko Thomas , Seiger Rene , Chocholous Monika , Kasprian Gregor , Krajnik Jacqueline , Roessler Karl , Kollndorfer Kathrin , Schöpf Veronika , Leiss Ulrike , Slavc Irene , Prayer Daniela , Lanzenberger Rupert , Czech Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Childhood cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas harbor excellent overall survival rates after surgical resection, but the patients may exhibit specific cognitive and behavioral problems. Functional MRI has catalyzed insights into brain functional systems and has already been linked with the neuropsychological performance. We aimed to exploit the question of whether resting-state functional MRI can be used as a biomarker for the cognitive outcome assessment of these patients.

Methods
We investigated 13 patients (median age 22.0 years; range 14.9-31.3) after a median interval between surgery and examination of 15.0 years (range 4.2-20.5) and 16 matched controls. All subjects underwent functional 3-Tesla MRI scans in a resting-state condition and battery neuropsychological tests.

Results
Patients showed a significantly increased functional connectivity in the precuneus compared with controls (P &lt; .05) and at the same time impairments in various domains of neuropsychological functioning such as a lower mean Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene (WIE) IQ percentile (mean [M] = 48.62, SD = 29.14), lower scores in the Trail Making Test (TMT) letter sequencing (M = 49.54, SD = 30.66), worse performance on the WIE subtest Digit Symbol Coding (M = 38.92, SD = 35.29), subtest Symbol Search (M = 40.75, SD = 35.28), and test battery for attentional performance (TAP) divided attention task (M = 783.92, SD = 73.20).

Conclusion
Childhood cerebellar tumor treated by resection only strongly impacts the development of precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity. Functional MRI has the potential to help deciphering the pathophysiology of cerebellar-related cognitive impairments in these patients and could be an additional tool in their individual assessment and follow-up.
Optimizing management of the elderly patient with glioblastoma: Survival prediction online tool based on BC Cancer Registry real-world data
Authors: Zhao Rachel , Zeng Jonathan , DeVries Kimberly , Proulx Ryan , Krauze Andra Valentina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with fatal outcomes and devastating neurological presentations especially impacting the elderly. Management remains controversial and representation in clinical trials poor. We generated 2 nomograms and a clinical decision making web tool using real-world data.

Methods
Patients ≥60 years of age with histologically confirmed GBM (ICD-O-3 histology codes 9440/3, 9441/3, and 9442/3) diagnosed 2005–2015 were identified from the BC Cancer Registry (n = 822). Seven hundred and twenty-nine patients for which performance status was captured were included in the analysis. Age, performance and resection status, administration of radiation therapy (RT), and chemotherapy were reviewed. Nomograms predicting 6- and 12-month overall survival (OS) probability were developed using Cox proportional hazards regression internally validated by c-index. A web tool powered by JavaScript was developed to calculate the survival probability.

Results
Median OS was 6.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 6–7.2 months). Management involved concurrent chemoradiation (34%), RT alone (42%), and chemo alone (2.3%). Twenty-one percent of patients did not receive treatment beyond surgical intervention. Age, performance status, extent of resection, chemotherapy, and RT administration were all significant independent predictors of OS. Patients &lt;80 years old who received RT had a significant survival advantage, regardless of extent of resection (hazard ratio range from 0.22 to 0.60, CI 0.15–0.95). A nomogram was constructed from all 729 patients (Harrell’s Concordance Index = 0.78 [CI 0.71–0.84]) with a second nomogram based on subgroup analysis of the 452 patients who underwent RT (Harrell’s Concordance Index = 0.81 [CI 0.70–0.90]). An online calculator based on both nomograms was generated for clinical use.

Conclusions
Two nomograms and accompanying web tool incorporating commonly captured clinical features were generated based on real-world data to optimize decision making in the clinic.
Tobacco-free Nicotine Pouch Use in Great Britain: A Representative Population Survey 2020–2021
Authors: Tattan-Birch Harry , Jackson Sarah E , Dockrell Martin , Brown Jamie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco-free nicotine pouches are products that are placed between the lip and gum, where they deliver nicotine to users. Little is known about nicotine pouch use in Great Britain since they entered the market in 2019.

Methods
Data came from a monthly representative survey of the adult (≥18 years) population in Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) between November 2020 and October 2021 (n = 25 698). We estimated the weighted prevalence of pouch use, overall and stratified by demographics, smoking status, and other nicotine use.

Results
Nicotine pouch use was rare among adults, with a weighted prevalence of just 0.26% (95% compatibility interval [CI] = 0.19–0.35). Prevalence doubled from November 2020 to October 2021 (0.14%–0.32%; prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.33–3.70). Pouch use was over four times more common among men than women (0.42% vs. 0.09%; PR = 4.55, 95% CI = 2.27–9.09) but less common in older age groups (p &lt; .001). Pouch use was more prevalent among current smokers (0.87%; PR = 13.60, 95% CI = 5.46–33.89), recent former smokers (0.97%; PR = 15.21, 95% CI = 4.03–57.42), and long-term (&gt;1 year) former smokers (0.24%; PR = 3.71, 95% CI = 1.36–10.15), compared with never smokers (0.06%). Prevalence was also elevated among e-cigarette (1.64% vs. 0.15%; PR = 10.59, 95% CI = 5.74–19.52) and nicotine replacement therapy users (2.02% vs. 0.21%; PR = 9.75, 95% CI = 4.64–20.49).

Conclusions
One in 400 adults in Great Britain use nicotine pouches, but the prevalence increased from 2020 to 2021.

Implications
Tobacco-free nicotine pouches were introduced to the market in Great Britain in 2019. We found that while pouch use is currently rare in Great Britain, these products have become more popular over time. Pouch use is largely concentrated among younger and middle-aged men who use other nicotine products and have a history of smoking. Continued monitoring of nicotine pouch use is needed.
Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reveals Limited Infectious Virus Shedding and Restricted Tissue Distribution
Authors: Ke Ruian , Martinez Pamela P , Smith Rebecca L , Gibson Laura L , Achenbach Chad J , McFall Sally , Qi Chao , Jacob Joshua , Dembele Etienne , Bundy Camille , Simons Lacy M , Ozer Egon A , Hultquist Judd F , Lorenzo-Redondo Ramon , Opdycke Anita K , Hawkins Claudia , Murphy Robert L , Mirza Agha , Conte Madison , Gallagher Nicholas , Luo Chun Huai , Jarrett Junko , Conte Abigail , Zhou Ruifeng , Farjo Mireille , Rendon Gloria , Fields Christopher J , Wang Leyi , Fredrickson Richard , Baughman Melinda E , Chiu Karen K , Choi Hannah , Scardina Kevin R , Owens Alyssa N , Broach John , Barton Bruce , Lazar Peter , Robinson Matthew L , Mostafa Heba H , Manabe Yukari C , Pekosz Andrew , McManus David D , Brooke Christopher B 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
The global effort to vaccinate people against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during an ongoing pandemic has raised questions about how vaccine breakthrough infections compare with infections in immunologically naive individuals and the potential for vaccinated individuals to transmit the virus.

Methods
We examined viral dynamics and infectious virus shedding through daily longitudinal sampling in 23 adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 at varying stages of vaccination, including 6 fully vaccinated individuals.

Results
The durations of both infectious virus shedding and symptoms were significantly reduced in vaccinated individuals compared with unvaccinated individuals. We also observed that breakthrough infections are associated with strong tissue compartmentalization and are only detectable in saliva in some cases.

Conclusions
Vaccination shortens the duration of time of high transmission potential, minimizes symptom duration, and may restrict tissue dissemination.
The Nigerian Oil Economy and the Rentier State
Authors: Akinola Adeoye O. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Nigeria is both an oil-dependent and rentier state. Oil extraction led to the abandonment of the agricultural and industrial sectors, as oil constitutes about 90 percent of foreign exchange revenue and is the economy’s mainstay. The “resource curse” thesis explains the poor performance of resource-rich countries, while the absence of economic diversification in oil economies is captured by the “Dutch Disease” analysis. Nigeria’s oil wealth has not translated into development; instead, most Nigerians remain extremely poor, and the oil communities continue to experience environmental abuse. This chapter engages with debates about oil economies and rentier states, explores Nigeria’s position in these debates, and assesses the factors responsible for Nigeria’s inability to convert its oil wealth to development. Nigeria exhibits the traits of the resource curse and Dutch Disease, but the relationship between resource abundance and economic development is elusive, or at best, conditional.
Political, Economic, and Social Change in Nigeria, 1945–1960
Authors: Schler Lynn 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The transition from colonialism to independence in Nigeria was marked by increasing competition between different visions for the postcolonial state and society. The economic, political, and social changes that shaped the era all contributed to growing calls for independence, but they also intensified competition between regions, political leaders, political parties, classes, and political ideologies. Throughout the process of decolonization, these centrifugal forces posed an increasing threat to national unity. This chapter traces the growing calls for independence in the postwar years, as well as the various forces of disunity that plagued the era. It is vital to understand these tensions between national unity and discord in the final years of colonial rule, as they continued to pose challenges for Nigeria in the years following independence.
Culture and Numerical Cognition
Authors: Tang Rongxiang , Tang Yi-Yuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The basic ability to encode numerical information and discriminate numerical quantity can be found in humans as well as certain nonhuman primates. However, humans are unique in that they can perform advanced numerical computation using abstract numerical symbols and number words after receiving formal mathematical instruction. Although similarities exist in numerical cognition and its associated mental processes across people, culture plays a dominant role in shaping how numbers are differentially represented and processed across various cultural groups that speak different languages. Additionally, the development of advanced numeracy skills through formal education is heavily influenced by cultural-specific factors such as parental expectation and societal norms. Understanding such cultural differences would not only profoundly advance the scientific knowledge regarding numerical cognition but also have critical implications for mathematics education and the development of intervention programs for ameliorating potential deficits related to arithmetic ability such as dyscalculia. The focus of this chapter is to provide an overview of how numerical cognition is shaped by culture, discuss pragmatic implications of cultural differences in numerical processing for education and mental health, and conclude with suggestive future directions of research pertaining to cultural differences in numerical cognition.
Culture Shapes Face Processing
Authors: Blais Caroline , Caldara Roberto 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cross-cultural studies have revealed striking differences in visual perception. Recent research has shown that even processes that have long been assumed to be universal, such as face processing, are in part shaped by the cultural environment in which one has grown up. This chapter gives an overview of the main findings with regard to the impact of culture on the visual processes involved in face identification and facial expression recognition. The chapter also discusses neurological conditions affecting face perception and how culture may interact with these conditions to modulate visual perception.
The Neuroscience of Cultural Imitative Learning and Connections to Global Mental Health
Authors: Gianola Morgan , Reynolds Losin Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cultural learning via imitation is one of the primary means through which cultural behaviors are acquired, transmitted, and built upon over time. This chapters utilizes an interdisciplinary perspective to (a) outline the core cognitive processes of cultural learning as described in the psychological anthropology and social psychology literature, (b) propose an update of the model of the neural systems underlying cultural learning relating to these core cognitive processes, (c) review the nonhuman primate and human literatures supporting each neural system in the model, and (d) discuss mental health disorders that can affect the core cognitive and neural processes involved in cultural learning and their implications for understanding the interactions between cultural learning and mental health.
Culture and Environment
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cultural and environmental systems mutually influence the production and regulation of human behavior. Culture maintains and regulates the mental capacities important for the navigation of the social and physical environment. Geographic variation in environmental features are associated with cultural dimensions that serve as a protective factor. Identification of risk and protective factors in the environment across cultural settings is necessary for the development and implementation of prevention and intervention in global mental health. Implications of research on culture and the environment for population health disparities and global mental health are discussed.
Culture and Psychology
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyisung C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to a basic model and framework with which to understand how human cultures influence, and are influenced by, psychological processes and behaviors. It provides a working definition of culture; describes the factors that influence the creation, maintenance, evolution, and function of human cultures; distinguishes them from nonhuman cultures; and introduces the subjective elements of human culture on the level of attitudes, values, beliefs, opinions, worldviews, and norms, all of which regulate behavior. The chapter discusses the relation of these elements of culture to psychological processes and social behaviors and introduces the mediating role of context. It also describes universality and culture specifics in psychological processes and behaviors leveraging the concepts of etics and emics. The chapter understands cultures as solutions to the problems of groups’ needs to adapt to their contexts and environments in order to survive. Hopefully this very basic framework of the relation between culture and psychological processes provides a basis for understanding the relation between culture and mental health, locally and globally.
Musical Activities in People with Disabilities
Authors: Schuppert Maria , Altenmüller Eckart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
People with disabilities can benefit from engagement in musical activities. Singing and musical instrument playing may not only help to improve or restore sensory-motor control, coordination, and memory, but also contribute to social integration, emotional stability, and thus overall wellbeing. Even though many people with disabilities are highly motivated to pick up musical activities, their potential still tends to be underestimated. However, there has been an impressive development concerning adaptive equipment, ergonomics, pedagogical approaches, and music repertoire for musicians with disabilities. A number of professional musicians with physical and perceptual system disorders demonstrate that high-level musical abilities can be achieved despite severe limitations. Children and adults with disabilities should be encouraged to engage in music. They should be accompanied by an alliance of parents and family, music pedagogues, therapists, physicians, as well as musical instrument manufacturers and medical technologists. By means of individual approaches, curiosity, and willingness, musical potential can be detected and fostered. This chapter reviews the impact of various types of disabilities on musical activities in amateur and professional musicians and describes initiatives, technologies, equipment, literature, and teaching approaches that support musical instrument playing and singing in people with physical, perceptual, or mental disorders.
Frameworks, Models, Theories, and Experiences for
Understanding Disability
Authors: Shakespeare Tom , Watson Nicholas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically engages with the underlying theories and approaches to disability that have formed the basis of disability studies since its inception. It starts with a brief historical overview of the social model of disability and its relationship to medical sociology. The authors frame their arguments by drawing on empirical research from three separate studies to answer the key question that has dogged disability research and disability studies since its first inception, namely: what are the roles of impairment and disablement in the lives of disabled people and the construction of the disability experience? The chapter ends by proposing a framework for social researchers to come together, incorporating ideas from Critical Realism and the work of Roy Bhaskar, as well as the ideas of Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum and the Capabilities approach.
Colonialism, Consumption, ControlDrugs in Modern Asia
Authors: Mills James H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the recent wave of revisionist research on the consumption and control of drugs in Asia from the nineteenth century onward. Examples from China, India, and across Southeast Asia suggest that familiar Asian drug narratives were often based on colonial-era racial or nationalist stereotypes. Monolithic actors such as the “Chinese government,” “British imperialists,” “Japanese invaders,” or “Indian princes” dissolve in the complexities of period and place. Fresh research stresses the agency of Asian customers and their tastes, habits, and practices, given sophisticated local cultures of consumption. Other histories portray a tangled competitive scramble to supply Asian markets for intoxicants and psychoactive drugs, where the lines between commerce and government control constantly shifted. Research has moved beyond opium into the twentieth century, when drugs like cannabis, morphine, heroin, and cocaine map onto Asia’s changing connections with global commodity flows. Ideas about Asian drug use informed the emerging international drugs regulatory system.
Interwar Drug Scenes and Restrictive Regulation in Britain
Authors: Hallam Christopher 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the advent of the British structure that regulated drugs in the interwar period. Known then as the “British System,” the regime is widely misunderstood in scholarship. Seen as starting with the 1926 Rolleston Committee, it allowed doctors to prescribe heroin, morphine, and cocaine to addicts, but combined medical, juridical, and administrative elements. However, while American reformers (such as Alfred Lindesmith) believed that the British System enabled the United Kingdom to avoid the drug subcultures that emerged after the 1914 Harrison Act in the United States, in fact the regime fostered the country’s incipient drug scenes. Largely composed of upper-class bohemias, these modern scenes, alongside the broader night-time illicit economy of London’s West End, reveal a variety of drug cultures during the 1920s and 1930s using different drugs (cocaine, morphine etc.) in a variety of sites. The chapter explores early drug consumers and their relationships with the drug regulators.
The French Connection as an Illicit Trade Network
Authors: Marchant Alexandre 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The French Connection, immortalized in film, was the chief post-World War II global heroin trafficking network. It ran from Marseille in the Corsican underworld mostly to US illicit markets, but was but one phase in the longer reconfiguration of global drug markets. The Marseille epicenter, along with the transatlantic and Mediterranean routes, was part of a complex multinational market composed of small, often rival teams with links to Italian and Italo-American mafias, Middle East traffickers, and French criminals exiled in Canada or South America. By the early 1970s, French and US police collaboration allegedly wiped out the organization, but while few clans remained visible or active in Marseille, many elements spread to Italy or Southeast Asia in new heroin or cocaine alliances, and inspired other traffickers. The French Connection contests pervasive myths about trafficking hubs: by its intersections with legal and political worlds, decentralized not top-down structures, and ability to spread under repression.