bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Fight or to Give Up? Dynamic Contests with a Deadline
Authors: Ryvkin Dmitry 
Published: January 2022

We study dynamic contests between two players whose performance is determined jointly by effort and luck. The players observe each other’s positions in real time. There is a fixed deadline, and the player with a higher performance at the deadline wins the contest. We fully characterize the Markov perfect equilibrium for heterogeneous players. Effort is high when the players are tied but collapses quickly when one of them assumes a lead, due to a dynamic momentum effect. Therefore, total expected effort does not necessarily increase in the prize or in the players’ abilities. We discuss implications for contest design and propose splitting the contest to cool off competition and introducing optimal head-starts for heterogeneous players as possible solutions. This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
Cost Analysis of a PTO Driveline Shielding Program: Are Effective Programs Cost-Effective?
Authors: Tinc Pamela J. , Sorensen Julie A. , Jenkins Paul L. , Kelsey Timothy 
Published: January 2022

HighlightsThis article describes a cost assessment of a PTO driveline shielding intervention.Considerations for effective occupational safety interventions beyond reductions in injuries or fatalities are described.The financial viability of combining various on-farm services to reduce intervention costs is discussed.Abstract. PTO entanglements are a primary injury concern on U.S. farms, affecting adults and children. These events often lead to severe injury and permanent disability but can be prevented with proper use of PTO shielding. A promising strategy for increasing PTO shielding on farms has been the introduction of user-friendly shielding options by qualified safety specialists. This study looks at the cost-effectiveness of this approach. The cost-effectiveness of this PTO shielding strategy was calculated based on program-related costs, the PTO shield cost, the lifespan of PTO shields, and the number of PTO shields needed to prevent an entanglement. The cost per entanglement prevented was then calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of entanglements prevented in several cost-estimate scenarios. Costs were adjusted for inflation to 2019 dollars. Costs per entanglement prevented ranged from a low of $921,544 (assuming a 10-year PTO lifespan and using 12,487 as the number needed to treat, i.e., to prevent a PTO entanglement, referred to as the NNT) to a high of $18,583,492 (assuming a three-year PTO lifespan and 67,119 as the NNT). The cost per entanglement prevented at the median PTO lifespan of five years and median NNT of 39,802 was $6,612,244. Based on our estimates, the cost-efficacy of increasing PTO shielding using qualified safety specialists differs widely based on the shield lifespan and the number of shields needed to avoid one entanglement. However, if the cost of introducing PTO shields in on-farm visits is coupled with other on-farm services that defray these costs, then the cost-efficacy increases considerably. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness analysis, PTO entanglements, PTO injuries, PTO interventions, PTO shields.
Transformation and Design Thinking: perspectives on sustainable change, company resilience and democratic leadership in SMEs
Authors: Habicher Daria , Erschbamer Greta , Pechlaner Harald , Ghirardello Linda , Walder Maximilian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper focuses on Design Thinking as a tool for initiating transformation processes both for the enhancement of company resilience, involving challenges connected to current trends such as digitalization and democratic leadership, as well as for the restructuring of a sustainable socio-ecological company organization. Primary findings of this explorative study show that Design Thinking is a suitable method to promote digital, democratic, and innovative business and leadership transformation, but that it is not primarily operationalized in the context of a further-reaching socio-ecological transformation towards more sustainability.
Household survey on owned dog population and rabies knowledge in selected municipalities in Bulacan, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Dizon Timothy John R. , Saito Nobuo , Inobaya Marianette , Tan Alvin , Reñosa Mark Donald C. , Bravo Thea Andrea , Endoma Vivienne , Silvestre Catherine , Salunga Micah Angela O. , Lacanilao Patricia Mae T. , Guevarra Jerric Rhazel , Kamiya Yasuhiko , Lagayan Maria Glofezita O. , Kimitsuki Kazunori , Nishizono Akira , Quiambao Beatriz P. 
Published: January 2022

Background
Despite the effort to eradicate rabies in the Philippines, human rabies cases have not decreased in the past decade. Rabid dogs pose the most significant hazard in the countries with the highest burden of rabies, and 70% rabies vaccine coverage is recommended for dogs in high-risk areas. Ascertaining the owned dog population and community knowledge on rabies can help improve vaccine coverage and information campaigns.

Methodology/Principal findings
We conducted a cross-sectional survey in six randomly selected communities (five urban, one rural) in Central Luzon, Philippines. We first conducted the complete mapping of 9,173 households and then randomly selected 727 households. More than half (54.1%) of the households owned dogs (1.21 dogs/household). In the 727 households, we identified 878 owned dogs and 3256 humans. According to these results, the dog-to-human ratio was approximately 1:3.7. Only 8.8% of households reported a history of dog bite in 2019. Among dog-owning households, 31% reported that they allow their dogs to roam freely. Of the recorded dogs, 35.9% have never been vaccinated, and only 3.5% were spayed or castrated. Factors associated with lower rabies knowledge include (1) no education aOR: 0.30 (0.16–0.59), and (2) only primary school education aOR: 0.33 (0.22–0.49). In contrast, factors associated with higher knowledge include (1) owning a dog and not allowing them to roam freely aOR: 2.01 (1.41–2.87) and (2) owning a dog and allowing them to roam freely aOR: 1.84 (1.17–2.92), when compared to those with no dogs.

Conclusions/Significance
We identified a larger dog population in the community than the usual estimates (1:10), suggesting that annual vaccine needs in the Philippines must be reassessed. Our survey shows a relatively good understanding of rabies; however, awareness of the concept of rabies as a disease, and how animals and humans can acquire it, is lacking.
Changes in speech, language and swallowing services during the Covid-19 pandemic: The perspective of speech-language pathologists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Awaji Nisreen N. , AlMudaiheem Alanoud A. , Mortada Eman M. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose
The study aimed to investigate changes in the role of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. It also assessed the SLPs’ perceptions of delivering services using telehealth as a part of their everyday clinical practice before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method
SLPs in Saudi Arabia were invited to complete a web-based survey covering questions related to changes to the role of SLPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the ways speech services are delivered; and the benefits and barriers of using telehealth in clinical practice as identified by SLPs.

Results
Ninety-one SLPs completed the survey. About 94% of the respondents experienced changes in their role as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The nature of changes they had experienced including decreased work time, providing support and counseling to patients or caregivers using the telephone, providing assessment and therapy using telehealth, and working with a limited number of cases. Ninety-three percent of the respondents who have used telehealth started to use it only during the pandemic. Mostly seen caseloads were pediatric speech and language disorders. Further, 96% of respondents used telehealth for counseling, 69% for rehabilitation or treatment, 63% for screening, 56% for evaluation or assessment, 48% for a referral to other professional services, and 46% for differential diagnosis. About 70% of the SLPs showed interest to continue using telehealth in the future. Several benefits were identified to using telehealth, including accessibility, cost efficiency, and the ability to engage patients with their families in therapy sessions. On the other hand, barriers to using telehealth included internet and technical issues, lack of direct communication, and difficulty controlling the therapy setting.

Conclusions
The study has shown that SLPs in Saudi Arabia have experienced changes during the COVID-19 outbreak. The survey responses also indicate that the SLPs are adopting telehealth applications at an accelerated pace as a result of the pandemic.
Isoflavones and Bioactivities in Over-fermented Tempeh Extracts
Authors: Devi Anastasia Fitria , Muzdalifah Dian , Athaillah Zatil Afrah , Lioe Hanifah Nuryani , Artanti Nina 
Published: January 2022

Tempeh is nutritious food prepared through solid-state fermentation of cooked and dehulled soybeans with Rhizopus sp. for about 48 h. Fermentation beyond 48 h resulted in over-fermented tempeh. There may or may not have been similar research done before, especially related to its antioxidant and cytotoxicity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of fermented tempeh for up to 156 h. Samples were fermented at 0, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, and 156 h. Samples were dried, grounded, and extracted with acetone, followed by defatting with n‑hexane. Extracts were dissolved in organic solvents for free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and cytotoxicity assays. The 120-h tempeh extract, at the concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, demonstrated the highest FRSA (81.31% inhibition) against 100 µM 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Meanwhile, the 108-h tempeh extract at 1,000 μg/mL possessed the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 of 2.54 μg/mL) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein in all extracts. Extracts prepared from 108 h and 120 h tempeh stood out from other extracts in the Partial Least Square (PLS) bi-plot due to their high percentage of inhibition, low response of daidzin, and high responses of the other three isoflavones. The cytotoxicity assays of the standard isoflavones showed that genistein had the lowest IC50 value at 4.82 ± 0.11 μg/mL. Standard genistein showed a low percentage of inhibition at 29.79 ± 9.10.
On the Hermitian structures of the sequence of tangent bundles of an affine manifold endowed with a Riemannian metric
Authors: Boucetta Mohamed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Let (M, ∇, 〈, 〉) be a manifold endowed with a flat torsionless connection r and a Riemannian metric 〈, 〉 and (TkM)
k

≥1 the sequence of tangent bundles given by TkM = T(Tk

−1
M) and T
1
M = TM. We show that, for any k ≥ 1, TkM carries a Hermitian structure (Jk
, gk
) and a flat torsionless connection ∇k
and when M is a Lie group and (∇, 〈, 〉) are left invariant there is a Lie group structure on each TkM such that (Jk
, gk
, ∇k
) are left invariant. It is well-known that (TM, J
1, g
1) is Kähler if and only if 〈, 〉 is Hessian, i.e, in each system of affine coordinates (x
1, . . ., xn
),

〈

∂

x

i

,

∂

x

j

〉

=

∂

2

φ

∂

x

i

∂

x

j

\left\langle {{\partial _x}_{_i},{\partial _{{x_j}}}} \right\rangle = {{{\partial ^2}\phi } \over {{\partial _x}_{_i}{\partial _x}_j}}

. Having in mind many generalizations of the Kähler condition introduced recently, we give the conditions on (∇, 〈, 〉) so that (TM, J
1, g
1) is balanced, locally conformally balanced, locally conformally Kähler, pluriclosed, Gauduchon, Vaisman or Calabi-Yau with torsion. Moreover, we can control at the level of (∇, 〈, 〉) the conditions insuring that some (TkM, Jk
, gk
) or all of them satisfy a generalized Kähler condition. For instance, we show that there are some classes of (M, ∇, 〈, 〉) such that, for any k ≥ 1, (TkM, Jk
, gk
) is balanced non-Kähler and Calabi-Yau with torsion. By carefully studying the geometry of (M, ∇, 〈, 〉), we develop a powerful machinery to build a large classes of generalized Kähler manifolds.
Marching (Senate Style) Towards Majority Rule
Authors: Binder Sarah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The United States Senate is marching, Senate style, toward majority rule. Chamber rules have long required super, rather than simple, majorities to end debate on major and minor matters alike. But occasionally over its history – and several times over the past decade – the Senate has pared back procedural protections afforded to senators, making it easier for cohesive majorities to secure their policy goals. Both parties have pursued such changes – sometimes imposed by simple majority, other times by a bipartisan coalition. Why has the pace of change accelerated, and with what consequences for the Senate? In this article, I connect rising partisanship and electoral competition to the weakening of partisan commitments to Senate supermajority rule. No one can predict with any certainty whether the Senate will yet abolish the so-called “legislative filibuster.” But pressures continue to mount towards that end.
Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
Authors: Tran Thi Hong , Huynh Quyen , Phan Minh Tan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, the chemical conversion of catfish fat (CFF) into bio-based oils using the cavitation technique has been carried out. The influence of parameters on the reaction yield, including inlet pressure, amount of reactant, temperature, and time were investigated. The results obtained have demonstrated the outstanding efficiency of applying the cavitation technique to the chemical synthesis process. The optimum conditions of ring-opening reaction of epoxy catfish oil (ECFO) were as follows: 60 psi, the molar ratio of iso-propanol/epoxy ring of 1.75/1, 75°C, time of 7 min, and the yield reached 91.3%. The results of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis showed that the chemical conversion of double bonds (C═C) of CFF were converted to functional groups of hydroxyl and ether in polyol catfish oil (CFO) products through the intermediate stage of the formation of the epoxy ring. The results showed that the polyol CFO has better operating conditions at low temperature, higher viscosity, viscosity index, and oxidation stability than other oils, and the biodegradability of bio-polyol CFO was much higher than that of SN500 mineral base oil. Polyol CFO has not only been used as a substitute for mineral base oils but also as an eco-friendly green product.
Solving calculus of variation problems via multiquadric radial basis function method with optimal shape parameter
Authors: Alipanah Amjad , Kasnazani Azad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper we present callocation method for solving the problems in the calculus of variation (CV) using multiquadratic radial basis functions (MQRBFs). In this method we use the Gauss quadrature rule for approximating the integral in CV problems. The effects of the shape parameter of MQRBFs on the convergence of the method have been discussed. Illustrative examples are included to evaluate the capability of the proposed method.
The Highest Good and Its Crisis in Kant’s Thought
Authors: Fonnesu Luca 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article has the aim to show that Kant’s “standard” conception of the highest good does not represent his last word about the problem. Kant moves from a conception of the highest good close connected with the metaphysical tradition and with the aim of a new, moral justification of traditional metahysical concepts such as God and immortality of the soul. This view does find many difficulties and oscillations in the Critiques, looking for different formulations of a moral “proof” for the metaphysical concepts, grounded upon the need of justice and of a rational solution to the question of theodicy. The failure of this project is apparent with the essay on theodicy (1791). In the last decade of Kant’s intellectual activity, the expression “highest good” occurs few times and the concept looses its systematic relevance, as shown by the last works up to the Opus postumum.
Influence of different parameters on the characteristics of hazelnut (var. Grada de Viseu) grown in Portugal
Authors: Ferrão Ana Cristina , Guiné Raquel , Ramalhosa Elsa , Lopes Arminda , Rodrigues Cláudia , Martins Hugo , Correia Paula 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
“Grada de Viseu” is an indigenous hazelnut variety from Portugal, and it is considered by the producers as the most important variety in terms of production and productivity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of harvest year (2017/2018/2019) and location of production (Viseu/Faia) on some physical and chemical properties of the variety “Grada de Viseu,” namely biometric parameters, colour, true and bulk densities, texture parameters (hardness and friability), and chemical composition. The results showed that the fruits of the samples harvested in 2019 had higher values of height, width, and thickness. Hazelnuts from 2018 had a clearer shell, independently of the location of production, but only the samples from Faia harvested in 2018 had a clearer kernel. As for the texture, the fruits grown in Viseu harvested in 2018 had a harder shell and was more resistant to fracture, whereas the sample from 2019 had a harder kernel. In all cases, fat was the major chemical component. The sample from 2019 had a water activity greater than 0.62, meaning that its stability was not guaranteed. “Grada de Viseu” from Faia in 2018 presented a higher induction period and, therefore, was the one with the highest oxidation stability. The year of production showed to be the best predictor for almost every chemical and biometric characteristics. In general, it was possible to verify that harvesting year and geographical location influence hazelnut characteristics.
The Labyrinth of COVID-19
Authors: Visvanathan Susan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis essay looks at the way in which the end of the world syndrome manifests itself regularly as a form of human consciousness. It makes us alert to the possibility of our own instant expiry, causing us both to introspect, as well as to imagine the future of the species. Digitalization and digitization of trauma permits us to see the normality of death as an every present occurrence. Within this context, words have tremendous power, showing us that at each moment we are being ushered into a space not necessarily of our own making. While it frightens us, yet the choices we have are limited to the class and ethnic locations of our everyday survival. While we live, we dream. Negation does not end ambition, it only proves the ephemerality of individual existence and makes us seek to use time as best as our imagination and survival capabilities allow. Our sadness about corporeality is mitigated by the dream we have of species continuity.
Die Epidemie schreiben
Authors: Montandon Alain 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The pandemic reminds us that, with the catastrophes to which biodiversity is subjected, with the disruption of ecosystems, much more dangerous and fatal viruses can appear. Also, disturbed in its quietude and reminded of its own mortality, the human being knows the same anguishes which were those of all the victims of the epidemics which formerly devastated the populations and of which the literature was able to account in multiple occasions.
Daniel Defoe’s Diary of the Plague, which is very rich in lessons, bears witness to the similarities in attitude between the centuries: disruption of the economy, unemployment, famine, rumors, the search for false remedies, confinement, transgressions. Conjuring up confinement through writing is a remedy that tempts some. With the sound diary of the writer Wajdi Mouawad it is from the inside that the experience of confinement is given to understand.
Erzählen gegen den Tod: Pandemie und Literatur
Authors: Blamberger Günter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Literatur, die von Pandemien handelt, ist kenntlich oft durch ihren parabolischen Charakter. Sie schildert Pandemien als eine Katastrophe, die die Fragilität gesellschaftlicher Institutionen entlarvt, soziale Normen außer Kraft zu setzen und Menschen auf das Animalische zu reduzieren vermag. Der gewohnte Rhythmus des Lebens, Denkens, Handelns ist während der Pandemie unterbrochen: Die Literatur spiegelt diesen Kontrollverlust und widersteht ihm zugleich in der poetologischen Ordnung ihrer Werke, durch deren freie und autonome Wahl. Sie vermag in Sinnbildern vom begrifflich kaum Fassbaren, von Sterben und Tod und zugleich tröstlich gegen den Tod zu erzählen. Von dieser Macht poetischen Denkens handeln die folgenden Analysen von Giovanni Boccaccios Decamerone, Heinrich von Kleists Der Findling und Die Verlobung in St. Domingo, Albert Camus’ La Peste und Mircea Cārtārescus aktuellem Corona-Tagebuch Nach-Leben.
Antisemitismus als Seuche
Authors: Braun Christina von 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Die großen Seuchen Europas begleiteten oft antisemitische Bilder. Der Aufsatz stellt die Parallelen zwischen dem Wandel der christlichen Heilsbotschaft (von der Glaubensgemeinschaft zur Transsubstantiationslehre) und der Verlagerung vom Antijudaismus zum rassistischen Antisemitismus dar: Aus dem Juden mit der „falschen Religion“ wird der Jude mit dem „falschen Körper“. Die Fantasien vom Juden als „Infektionsträger“ bauen auf alten christlichen Vorurteilen auf, doch im Prozess der Moderne mit ihrer Hinwendung zur Weltlichkeit verwandeln sie sich in körperliche „Realität“. Im frühen 21. Jahrhundert kommt es zur Intensivierung dieses Effekts durch die sozialen Medien: Diese treten die Nachfolge des alten Gerüchts an, das schon immer Brandbeschleuniger antisemitischer Vorurteile war. Fake news und Covid 19 sind die beiden Seiten ein und derselben Epidemie.
Heat transfer analysis describing freezing of a eutectic system by a line heat sink with convection effect in cylindrical geometry
Authors: Chaurasiya Vikas , Kumar Dinesh , Rai Kabindra Nath , Singh Jitendra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current article devoted to study a moving boundary problem describing freezing of a eutectic system in a semi-infinite medium in cylindrical symmetry. The solidification of the material is considered by a line heat sink of strength Q place at r = 0. The heat transfer is considered due to both mechanism, conduction and convection driven by fluid motion in the liquid region, mushy region and possibly in porous solid phase. The analysis is concerned with extended freezing temperature range between solidus and liquidus temperatures respectively. The solid fraction is considered to have a linear relationship with temperature within the mushy zone. A direct integration method is used to solve the mathematical model, resulting an exact solution of the problem is obtained. To illustrate the application of current study and validity of mathematical model, a numerical example of freezing of an Al–Cu alloy with 5% Cu is presented. In addition, the temperature distribution in each region and position of moving interfaces is shown for different Peclet number. In this work, we obtained that the process of freezing becomes fast in the presence of convection. Moreover, it is shown that for a large value of Q, strength of line heat sink, the freezing of a eutectic alloy increases rapidly. Both eutectic and solid solution alloys come under the application of current study.