bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Peri-Hematomal Area, a Strategic Interface for Blood Clearance: A Human Neuropathological and Transcriptomic Study
Authors: Puy Laurent , Perbet Romain , Figeac Martin , Duchêne Bélinda , Deramecourt Vincent , Cordonnier Charlotte , Bérézowski Vincent 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Enhancing the blood clearance process is a promising therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to investigate the kinetic of this process after ICH in human brain tissue through the monocyte-macrophage scavenger receptor (CD163)/HO-1 (hemoxygenase-1) pathway.

Methods:
We led a cross-sectional post-mortem study including 22 consecutive ICH cases (2005–2019) from the Lille Neurobank. Cases were grouped according to the time of death: ≤72 hours, 4 to 7 days, 8 to 15 days, 16 to 90 days, and >90 days after ICH onset. Paraffin-embedded tissue was extracted from 4 strategic areas, including hematoma core and peri-hematomal area to perform histological investigations. Additionally, we extracted RNA from the peri-hematomal area of 6 cases to perform transcriptomic analysis.

Results:

We included 19 ICH cases (median age: 79 [71–89] years; median delay ICH-death: 13 [5–41] days). The peri-hematomal area concentrated most of reactive microglia, CD163/HO-1 and iron deposits as compared with other brain areas. We found a surge in the blood clearance process from day 8 to day 15 after ICH onset. Transcriptomic analysis showed that HO-1 was the most upregulated gene (2.81±0.39, adjusted
P
=1.11×10
–10
) and CD163 the sixth (1.49±0.29, adjusted
P
=1.68×10
–
5
). We also identified several upregulated genes that exert a beneficial role in terminating inflammation and enhancing tissue repair.

Conclusions:
We provide histological and transcriptomic-based evidence in humans for the key role of peri-hematomal area in endogenous blood clearance process through the CD163/HO-1 pathway, especially from day 8 after ICH and favored by an anti-inflammatory environment. Our findings contribute to identify innovative therapeutic strategies for ICH.
If We Succeed
Authors: Russell Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Since its inception, AI has operated within a standard model whereby systems are designed to optimize a fixed, known objective. This model has been increasingly successful. I briefly summarize the state of the art and its likely evolution over the next decade. Substantial breakthroughs leading to general-purpose AI are much harder to predict, but they will have an enormous impact on society. At the same time, the standard model will become progressively untenable in real-world applications because of the difficulty of specifying objectives completely and correctly. I propose a new model for AI development in which the machine's uncertainty about the true objective leads to qualitatively new modes of behavior that are more robust, controllable, and deferential.
Non-Human Words: On GPT-3 as a Philosophical Laboratory
Authors: Rees Tobias 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this essay, I investigate the effect of OpenAI's GPT-3 on the modern concept of the human (as alone capable of reason and language) and of machines (as devoid of reason and language). I show how GPT-3 and other transformer-based language models give rise to a new, structuralist concept of language, implicit in which is a new understanding of human and machine that unfolds far beyond the reach of the categories we have inherited from the past. I try to make compelling the argument that AI companies like OpenAI, Google, Facebook, or Microsoft effectively are philosophical laboratories (insofar as they disrupt the old concepts/ontologies we live by) and I ask what it would mean to build AI products from the perspective of the philosophical disruptions they provoke: can we liberate AI from the concept of the human we inherited from the past?
Do Large Language Models Understand Us?
Authors: y Arcas Blaise Agüera 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence and, in particular, toward the goal of human-like artificial general intelligence. It is sometimes claimed, though, that machine learning is “just statistics,” hence that, in this grander ambition, progress in AI is illusory. Here I take the contrary view that LLMs have a great deal to teach us about the nature of language, understanding, intelligence, sociality, and personhood. Specifically: statistics do amount to understanding, in any falsifiable sense. Furthermore, much of what we consider intelligence is inherently dialogic, hence social; it requires a theory of mind. Complex sequence learning and social interaction may be a sufficient basis for general intelligence, including theory of mind and consciousness. Since the interior state of another being can only be understood through interaction, no objective answer is possible to the question of when an “it” becomes a “who,” but for many people, neural nets running on computers are likely to cross this threshold in the very near future.
Signs Taken for Wonders: AI, Art & the Matter of Race
Authors: Elam Michele 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
AI shares with earlier socially transformative technologies a reliance on limiting models of the “human” that embed racialized metrics for human achievement, expression, and progress. Many of these fundamental mindsets about what constitutes humanity have become institutionally codified, continuing to mushroom in design practices and research development of devices, applications, and platforms despite the best efforts of many well-intentioned technologists, scholars, policy-makers, and industries. This essay argues why and how AI needs to be much more deeply integrated with the humanities and arts in order to contribute to human flourishing, particularly with regard to social justice. Informed by decolonial, disability, and gender critical frameworks, some AI artist-technologists of color challenge commercial imperatives of “personalization” and “frictionlessness,” representing race, ethnicity, and gender not as normative self-evident categories nor monetized data points, but as dynamic social processes always indexing political tensions and interests.
Automation, AI & Work
Authors: Tyson Laura D. , Zysman John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We characterize artificial intelligence as “routine-biased technological change on steroids,” adding intelligence to automation tools that substitute for humans in physical tasks and substituting for humans in routine and increasingly nonroutine cognitive tasks. We predict how AI will displace humans from existing tasks while increasing demand for humans in new tasks in both manufacturing and services. We also examine the effects of AI-enabled digital platforms on labor. Our conjecture is that AI will continue, even intensify, automation's adverse effects on labor, including the polarization of employment, stagnant wage growth for middle- and low-skill workers, growing inequality, and a lack of good jobs. Though there likely will be enough jobs to keep pace with the slow growth of the labor supply in the advanced economies, we are skeptical that AI and ongoing automation will support the creation of enough good jobs. We doubt that the anticipated productivity and growth benefits of AI will be widely shared, predicting instead that they will fuel more inequality. Yet we are optimistic that interventions can mitigate or offset AI's adverse effects on labor. Ultimately, how the benefits of intelligent automation tools are realized and shared depends not simply on their technological design but on the design of intelligent policies.
The Turing Trap: The Promise & Peril of Human-Like Artificial
Intelligence
Authors: Brynjolfsson Erik 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test of whether a machine was intelligent: could a machine imitate a human so well that its answers to questions were indistinguishable from a human's? Ever since, creating intelligence that matches human intelligence has implicitly or explicitly been the goal of thousands of researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs. The benefits of human-like artificial intelligence (HLAI) include soaring productivity, increased leisure, and perhaps most profoundly a better understanding of our own minds. But not all types of AI are human-like-in fact, many of the most powerful systems are very different from humans-and an excessive focus on developing and deploying HLAI can lead us into a trap. As machines become better substitutes for human labor, workers lose economic and political bargaining power and become increasingly dependent on those who control the technology. In contrast, when AI is focused on augmenting humans rather than mimicking them, humans retain the power to insist on a share of the value created. What is more, augmentation creates new capabilities and new products and services, ultimately generating far more value than merely human-like AI. While both types of AI can be enormously beneficial, there are currently excess incentives for automation rather than augmentation among technologists, business executives, and policy-makers.
The Chosŏn Border Defense Council’s Drifting Records of Chinese Vessels in Early Modern East Asia
Authors: Wong Tak-sum 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aims at building a part-of-speech tagged corpus for all the drifting conversation records from Pibyŏnsa Tŭngnok, which is the official record of the daily affairs of the Border Defense Council of the Chosŏn dynasty, and conducting a quantitative analysis of the statistically salient place names and common nouns therein. The author also establishes a methodological framework and demonstrates how to conduct quantitative analysis when extrapolating patterned information in a vast corpus by using techniques like a word frequency table and co-occurrence analysis to uncover hidden patterns and correlations in a large dataset. Our results show that Fujian was the major source of the crew members and passengers of these sailboats, while some crew members were hired in Thailand. Beijing is the most frequently observed non-native place in the conversation records, since the officials were deeply interested in the distance between Beijing and other places in China. The Chosŏn officials appeared to grasp every opportunity to inquire about the physical geography, political institutions, military power, current maritime situation, newsworthy events, and the recent development of Qing China.
The Presence of Simple Renal Cysts Is Associated With Increased Arterial Stiffness in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Nishibe Toshiya , Dardik Alan , Maekawa Koki , Kano Masaki , Akiyama Shinobu , Nukaga Saori , Koizumi Jun , Ogino Hitoshi 
Published: April 2022

Simple renal cysts (SRC) are associated with the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). We hypothesized that patients with AAA and SRC have increased arterial stiffness (AS) compared with patients without SRC . Patients (n=223) with an infrarenal AAA undergoing pulse wave analysis were recruited. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured (automated oscillometric method) as an index of AS. Participants were categorized into those with increased AS and those with normal/borderline AS (threshold: 1800 cm/s); 134 patients (60.1%) had increased AS and 89 (39.9%) patients had normal/borderline AS. Multivariable analyses showed that age ≥75 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–5.72; P=.002), systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg (OR, 5.05; 95% CI, 2.35–10.83; P<.001), hypertension (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.08–4.79; P=.030), and presence of SRC (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.03–3.46; P=.040) were independent risk factors for increased AS. The presence of SRC is an independent risk factor for increased AS in patients with an AAA. This association suggests that patients with SRC may have severe aortic wall degeneration and thus the presence of SRC may be pathologically linked to the development of AAA.
Body mass index does not impact survival in COVID-19 patients requiring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Powell Elizabeth K , Haase Daniel J , Lankford Allison , Boswell Kimberly , Esposito Emily , Hamera Joseph , Dahi Siamak , Krause Eric , Bittle Gregory , Deatrick Kristopher B , Young Bree Ann C , Galvagno Samuel M , Tabatabai Ali 
Published: April 2022

Introduction With the increased demand for veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) during the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines for patient candidacy have often limited this modality for patients with a body mass index (BMI) less than 40 kg/m2. We hypothesize that COVID-19 VV ECMO patients with at least class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40) have decreased in-hospital mortality when compared to non-COVID-19 and non-class III obese COVID-19 VV ECMO populations. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study of COVID-19 VV ECMO patients from January 1, 2014, to November 30, 2021. Our institution used BMI ≥ 40 as part of a multi-disciplinary VV ECMO candidate screening process in COVID-19 patients. BMI criteria were not considered for exclusion criteria in non-COVID-19 patients. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess in-hospital mortality differences. Results A total of 380 patients were included in our analysis: The COVID-19 group had a lower survival rate that was not statistically significant (65.7% vs.74.9%, p = .07). The median BMI between BMI ≥ 40 COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients was not different (44.5 vs 45.5, p = .2). There was no difference in survival between the groups (73.3% vs. 78.5%, p = .58), nor was there a difference in survival between the COVID-19 BMI ≥ 40 and BMI < 40 patients (73.3, 62.7, p= .29). Multivariable logistic regression with the outcome of in-hospital mortality was performed and BMI was not found to be significant (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89, 1.01; p = .92). Conclusion BMI ≥ 40 was not an independent risk factor for decreased in-hospital survival in this cohort of VV ECMO patients at a high-volume center. BMI should not be the sole factor when deciding VV ECMO candidacy in patients with COVID-19.
Selective crossectomy combined with mechanochemical ablation in the treatment of great saphenous vein insufficiency: Early results of a single center experience
Authors: Petrone Anna , Peluso Antonio , Ammollo Raffaele P , Turchino Davide , del Guercio Luca , Andreucci Michele , Serra Raffaele , Bracale Umberto M 
Published: April 2022

Background Selective crossectomy and mechanochemical ablation (MOCA) of great saphenous vein (GSV) have been used, for years, individually in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. In this paper, we focus on the advantages of a combination of the two techniques, in order to prevent complications and recurrence. Methods A preoperative clinical and instrumental screening phase was conducted for the purpose of dividing patients into three groups: “Saph+Cross” group (51/139 patients) underwent saphenectomy and crossectomy; “MOCA” group (44/139 patients) underwent MOCA of GSV with Flebogrif® device; “MOCA + Cross” group (44/139 patients) subjected to both MOCA and crossectomy procedures. Recurrence rate, defined as total recanalization of GSV and/or onset of neosaphena and/or new varicose veins, was used as a primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were procedural time and intra- and post-procedural complications. Results We conducted a 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up with Duplex scan. The recurrence rates were 3.9%, 21.8%, and 4.5% for “Saph+Cross,” “MOCA,” and “MOCA+Cross,” respectively, with a significant difference for the comparison between “MOCA” and “Saph+Cross” (MOCA vs Saph+Cross: OR 5.35, CI95% [0.98; 54.6], p-value .040). The sub-analysis of primary outcome highlighted a lower recanalization rate of GSV when combining the crossectomy with MOCA procedure (2.2% MOCA+Cross vs 15.9% MOCA; 0.12 OR, [0.002; 1.02] CI95%, p-value .029). Among the secondary outcomes, “MOCA” showed a shorter procedural time than the other groups (Saph+Cross: 51.3 ± 11.4; MOCA: 45.1 ± 7.5; MOCA+Cross: 50.4 ± 10; p-value .027). No significant differences were noted in terms of intra- and post-procedural complications. Conclusions The results showed that patients treated with saphenectomy and crossectomy have a lower recurrence rate compared to MOCA alone and MOCA + crossectomy procedures. The association of crossectomy with MOCA significantly reduces the recanalization rate of GSV, and it is also characterized by a higher free survival from recurrence (SSF) than with MOCA alone.
The impact of additional allied health staffing on rehabilitation outcomes at discharge from a sub-acute geriatric evaluation and management unit: A quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention study
Authors: Farlie Melanie K. , French Freya , Haines Terry P. , Taylor Nicholas F. , Williams Cylie 
Published: April 2022

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of increasing allied health staffing levels on patient and health service outcomes across 1) all Geriatric Evaluation and Management patients, and 2) Geriatric Evaluation and Management patients discharged to home in the community. Design Quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention study. Setting Two sub-acute hospital units in an Australian, tertiary health service. Subjects Data related to patients admitted to the study units, who were classified as Geriatric Evaluation and Management patients. Interventions Comparison of therapy time across two units with a differential in staffing allocation over a six-month trial period. Main measures Primary outcomes: length of stay, readmission rate, and improvement on the Functional Independence Measure. Secondary outcomes: total cost of admission per patient and number of allied health sessions. Results Data were analysed for 214 patients (mean age = 79.9, standard deviation (SD) = 9.4 years, mean Functional Independence Measure (FIM = 64.9, SD = 21.2) admitted to the intervention unit, and 199 patients (mean age = 81.3, SD = 8.5, mean FIM = 64.2, SD = 24.0) admitted to the control unit. The overall difference in staffing allocation between the control and intervention units for the trial period was 21%. There was no statistically significant difference between units in subacute length of stay (Adj Coef = -0.10 days, 95%CI = -0.39 to 0.19), rate of readmission (OR = 1.0, 95%CI = 0.5 to 2.0) or change in function (Coef = 1.42 FIM change score, 95%CI = -2.4 to 5.3). Conclusions Increasing allied health staffing allocation to a unit over six-months did not impact change in function or length of stay for patients admitted for Geriatric Evaluation and Management.
G6PD Namoru in Heterozygous Twins—A Case Report
Authors: Kalpana Jamuna S. , Rajan Nishanth , Vishwanathan Vidhya , Krishnan Lalitha 
Published: April 2022

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency remains the most prevalent enzyme deficiency in the world. The global prevalence is 4.9%. There are around 92 mutations detected and both hemizygous and heterozygous can be symptomatic. Case Report: Twin babies were born at 32 weeks gestation. Initially they had mild respiratory distress and settled. On day 3 of life, they had neonatal jaundice and received phototherapy for 36 h. On day 8 of life, the boy became symptomatic and diagnosed as Escherichia coli sepsis. On 9th day, he developed jaundice and by day 10 of life he expired. G6PD was suspected but newborn screening showed normal G6PD reports. Girl was screened and had severe hemolysis requiring blood transfusion. Mutation analysis done revealed boy has homozygous mutation and girl had heterozygous mutation. Discussion: G6PD deficiency is a very common hemolytic genetic disorder, especially where malaria is endemic. It is more common in males and hence neonatal sepsis. They are several mutations detected. They can have severe hemolysis and severe sepsis with catalase positive organism. Boy had homozygous mutation and manifested as severe hemolysis and in turn sepsis. Girl had heterozygous mutation and manifested as hemolysis but not sepsis. During hemolysis period, G6PD levels can be falsely normal and so, to do Sanger sequencing analysis of G6PD levels. Conclusion: Newborn screening should be initiated by government in all areas The males who had sepsis or severe hemolysis during newborn period should undergo Sanger sequencing analysis of G6PD gene to avoid false negative normal levels.
Decision-making Process in Infrastructure Projects and Losses due to Delayed Decision-making in Public Sector Projects of Pakistan
Authors: Kamran Rashid , Qasim Muhammad , Latif Muhammad Usman , Shabeer Waqas 
Published: April 2022

In recent years, the subject of decision-making in public infrastructure projects has become an important topic not only in project management but also in programme and portfolio management literature. Today, interdisciplinary projects are becoming a key focus in the collection, design and execution of government-sponsored programmes. With the various underlying risks and uncertainties, developed countries greatly depend on strategic planning regarding decision-making in infrastructure projects, whereas, in developing countries, the public sector programmes and projects are greatly affected by the lack of standardised and robust decision-making. This is primarily due to the lack of expertise to deal with the increasing complexity of the projects. This article aims at analysing the decision-making process in infrastructure development programmes/projects and discusses the factors affecting the decision-making process and thereby statistically chalking out the key losses caused by the delay in decision-making process in the public sector infrastructure projects of Pakistan. The findings will contribute towards understanding the criticality of decision-making process and mitigating the delay factors by encouraging to introduce standardisation in decision-making processes in the public sector. JEL Classification: C51, D7, D91, L74, O18
Mental Health Among Chinese Immigrants in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Li Yang , Dong Fanghong , Kim Miyong 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Chinese immigrants have faced tremendous health challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of depression and anxiety and associated factors among Chinese immigrants in the United States. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted online. Sociodemographic, immigration-related, and pandemic-related factors, racism, social support, depression, and anxiety were measured. Results: A total of 507 Chinese immigrants completed the survey, with 36% of participants having depression and 29% having anxiety. Younger age ( p = .048), residing in the South ( p = .017), being affected by the pandemic ( p < .001), racism ( p < .001), and lower levels of social support ( p < .001) were associated with depression. Lower education levels ( p = .017), unemployment ( p = .036), being U.S.-born (China-born: p = .012; Other nativity: p = .034), being affected by the pandemic ( p = .006), racism ( p < .001), and lower levels of social support ( p = .006) were associated with anxiety. Discussion: There is a pressing need for health care professionals and policymakers to develop effective strategies to decrease anti-Chinese racism and address Chinese immigrants’ mental health needs during the pandemic and afterward.