bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suboptimal foraging theory: How inaccurate predictions and approximations can make better models of adaptive behavior
Authors: Railsback Steven F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOptimal foraging theory (OFT) is based on the ecological concept that organisms select behaviors that convey future fitness, and on the mathematical concept of optimization: finding the alternative that provides the best value of a fitness measure. As implemented in, for example, state‐based dynamic modeling, OFT is powerful for one key problem of modern ecology: modeling behavior as a tradeoff among competing fitness elements such as growth, risk avoidance, and reproductive output. However, OFT is not useful for other modern problems such as representing feedbacks within systems of interacting, unique individuals: When we need to model foraging by each of many individuals that interact competitively or synergistically, optimization is impractical or impossible—there are no optimal behaviors. For such problems we can, however, still use the concept of future fitness to model behavior by replacing optimization with less precise (but perhaps more realistic) techniques for ranking alternatives. Instead of simplifying the systems we model until we can find optimal behavior, we can use theory based on inaccurate predictions, coarse approximations, and updating to produce good behavior in more complex and realistic contexts. This so‐called state‐ and prediction‐based theory (SPT) can, for example, produce realistic foraging decisions by each of many unique, interacting individuals when growth rates and predation risks vary over space and time. Because SPT lets us address more natural complexity and more realistic problems, it is more easily tested against more kinds of observation and more useful in management ecology. A simple foraging model illustrates how SPT readily accommodates complexities that make optimization intractable. Other models use SPT to represent contingent decisions (whether to feed or hide, in what patch) that are tradeoffs between growth and predation risk, when both growth and risk vary among hundreds of patches, vary unpredictably over time, depend on characteristics of the individuals, are subject to feedbacks from competition, and change over the daily light cycle. Modern ecology demands theory for tradeoff behaviors in complex contexts that produce feedbacks; when optimization is infeasible, we should not be afraid to use approximate fitness‐seeking methods instead.
Lanthanum nickelate as an efficient oxygen electrode for solid oxide electrolysis cell
Authors: Mauvy Fabrice , Grenier Jean‐Claude , Vulliet Julien , Bassat Jean‐Marc , Rougier Aline 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe present study focuses on an alternative structured oxygen electrode for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). La2NiO4+δ nickelate, LNO, was selected with respect to its mixed electronic and ionic conductivity and its good chemical stability. Complete single cells were built using screen printing of LNO and LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 (LNF) layers on a standard hydrogen electrode supported half cell consisting of a porous NiO‐YSZ layer, a dense 8YSZ electrolyte layer, and a thin interlayer of gadolinia doped ceria (GDC). The LNO cells' polarization curves under various anodic flows of H2O/H2 (90/10) show excellent performances compared to the commercial LSCF (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3‐x) based cells. The steam conversion ratio increases from around 40% to 80% when the gas flow decreases from 36 to 12 N ml min–1 cm–2. With a degradation rate of 1.5% 1000 h–1 after 500 h operating time (i = –0.5 A cm–2) at 800°C, using a medium H2O/H2 (90/10) gas flow of 24 N ml min–1 cm–2, LNO oxygen electrode shows higher durability than the state of the art LSCF oxygen electrode. Energy efficiency analysis confirms the dependency of the total efficiency with the current density and gas flow allowing us to suggest optimized conditions for reaching targets of commercial H2 production.
Decreased overall survival in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer receiving definitive radiotherapy and concurrent cetuximab: National Cancer Database analysis
Authors: Korpics Mark C. , Turchan William Tyler , Koshy Matthew , Spiotto Michael T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundRecently, randomized trials have questioned the efficacy of cetuximab‐based bioradiotherapy compared to chemoradiation for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx (HNSCC). We compared the OS of patients treated with radiotherapy alone (RTonly), chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT), and bioradiotherapy (cetuxRT).MethodsPatients with stage III–IVB HNSCC treated with RTonly, chemoRT, or cetuxRT were identified in the National Cancer Database. OS was estimated using Cox proportional hazards. Analyses were conducted on the overall cohort and propensity matched cohorts.Results31 014 patients were treated with RTonly (22%), chemoRT (72%), or cetuxRT (6%) from 2013 to 2016. The 2‐year OS was 69% for RTonly, 79% for chemoRT, and 66% for cetuxRT (p < 0.001). In the overall and propensity‐matched cohorts, chemoRT and RTonly were associated with improved OS as compared to cetuxRT (p ≤ 0.001).ConclusionCompared to chemoRT or RTonly, cetuxRT is associated with decreased OS for patients with HNSCC, suggesting minimal benefit of bioradiotherapy in this population.
Optical Resonances of Chiral Metastructures in the Mid‐infrared Spectral Range
Authors: Therien Denis A. B. , Read Stuart T. , Rosendahl Scott M. , Lagugné‐Labarthet François 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMetamaterials with localized surface plasmon resonances have been the subject of intense research for a wealth of applications ranging from active photonic devices to analytical sensing units that utilizes the local field enhancement to improve sensitivity and decrease acquisition time. Herein, we focus on the modelled properties of a series of spiral metastructures that present multiple chiral plasmon modes in the 1–10 μm mid‐IR spectral range and that could be utilized to enhance vibrational circular dichroism measurements to further identify molecular, supramolecular and structural chirality centres. Finite‐difference time‐domain electromagnetic modelling was conducted to calculate the infrared spectra of the metastructures in response to a circularly polarized excitation. Several geometric parameters were altered to further tune the position of the resonances. In addition, the near‐field distribution of the optical resonances was calculated providing a spatial snapshot of the chiral modes. Preliminary spiral structures were fabricated using electron beam lithography and their vibrational circular response was measured.
Free flap reconstruction of plantar weight‐bearing heel defects: Long‐term functional and patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Sayyed Adaah A. , Towfighi Parhom , Deldar Romina , Attinger Christopher E. , Evans Karen K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeNon‐healing plantar weight‐bearing heel ulcers are a challenging problem to treat. Free tissue transfer (FTT) reconstruction of the heel is an opportunity for limb salvage to preserve gait and ambulation. The aim of this study is to describe surgical and functional outcomes in patients who underwent FTT to treat chronic heel ulcers.MethodsA retrospective review of patients who underwent FTT for plantar heel ulcers from 2011 to 2021 was conducted. Patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative data, postoperative complications, and long‐term outcomes were recorded. Primary outcomes included flap success, complications, postoperative ambulation, patient‐reported outcome measures and limb salvage, with patients stratified into limb salvage or eventual amputation groups.RESULTSForty‐four patients underwent 45 heel reconstructions. Average age and BMI were 57.3 years and 30.1 kg/m2, respectively. Thirty‐eight patients (86.4%) had calcaneal osteomyelitis, 35 patients (79.5%) had diabetes, and 18 patients (40.9%) had peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Immediate microsurgical success rate was 95.6%. At mean follow‐up of 19.6 ± 20.9 months, overall limb salvage rate was 73.3% (n = 33). Preoperative albumin levels were higher in limb salvage group compared to the amputation group (3.0 vs. 2.4 g/dl, p = .018). Prior stroke history and hypoalbuminemia were significantly higher in the amputation group compared to limb salvage group (p = .012 and p = .018, respectively). Risk for eventual amputation was associated with PVD (OR 4.0, p = .053), hypoalbuminemia (OR 4.9, p = .020), and postoperative infection (OR 6.3, p = .013). Of the 12 amputations that occurred, the most common indication for amputation was infection (n = 8, 66.7%), which most often occurred at the original wound location (62.5%). At most recent follow‐up, 90.7% of patients (n = 39) were ambulatory.CONCLUSIONFTT is an effective alternative to amputation in patients with chronic heel ulcers. Proper patient selection, preoperative optimization, and postoperative care are imperative to the success of this limb salvage procedure.
SPRING‐RIO TSE: 2D T2‐Weighted Turbo Spin‐Echo brain imaging using SPiral RINGs with retraced in/out trajectories
Authors: Wang Zhixing , Allen Steven P. , Feng Xue , Mugler John P. , Meyer Craig H. 
Published: April 2022

PurposeTo develop a new approach to 2D turbo spin ‐echo (TSE) imaging using annular spiral rings with a retraced in/out trajectory, dubbed “SPRING‐RIO TSE”, for fast T2‐weighted brain imaging at 3T.MethodsA long spiral trajectory was split into annular segmentations that were then incorporated into a 2D TSE acquisition module to fully exploit the sampling efficiency of spiral rings. A retraced in/out trajectory strategy coupled with spiral‐ring TSE was introduced to increase SNR, mitigate T2‐decay induced artifacts, and self‐correct moderate off‐resonance while maintaining the target TE and causing no scan time penalty. Model‐based k‐space estimation and semiautomatic off‐resonance correction algorithms were implemented to minimize effects of k‐space trajectory infidelity and B0 inhomogeneity, respectively. The resulting SPRING‐RIO TSE method was compared to the original spiral‐ring (abbreviated “SPRING”) TSE and Cartesian TSE using simulations, and phantom and in vivo acquisitions.ResultsSimulation and phantom studies demonstrated the performance of the proposed SPRING‐RIO TSE pulses sequence, as well as that of trajectory correction and off‐resonance correction. Volunteer data showed that the proposed method achieves high‐quality 2D T2‐weighted brain imaging with a higher scan efficiency (0:45 min/14 slices versus 1:31 min/14 slices), improved image contrast, and reduced specific absorption rate compared to conventional 2D Cartesian TSE.Conclusion2D T2‐weighted brain imaging using spiral‐ring TSE was implemented and tested, providing several potential advantages over conventional 2D Cartesian TSE imaging.
‘Know thyself’ – host factors influencing cancer response to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Gunjur Ashray , Manrique‐Rincón Andrea J , Klein Oliver , Behren Andreas , Lawley Trevor D , Welsh Sarah J , Adams David J 
Published: April 2022

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised oncology and are now standard‐of‐care for the treatment of a wide variety of solid neoplasms. However, tumour responses remain unpredictable, experienced by only a minority of ICI recipients across malignancy types. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better predictive biomarkers to identify a priori the patients most likely to benefit from these therapies. Despite considerable efforts, only three such biomarkers are FDA‐approved for clinical use, and all rely on the availability of tumour tissue for immunohistochemical staining or genomic assays. There is emerging evidence that host factors – for example, genetic, metabolic, and immune factors, as well as the composition of one's gut microbiota – influence the response of a patient's cancer to ICIs. Tantalisingly, some of these factors are modifiable, paving the way for co‐therapies that may enhance the therapeutic index of these treatments. Herein, we review key host factors that are of potential biomarker value for response to ICI therapy, with a particular focus on the proposed mechanisms for these influences. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Glassy Carbon Electrodes Decorated with HgO/CNT Nanocomposite and Modified with a Conducting Polymer Matrix for Enzyme‐Free Ascorbic Acid Detection
Authors: Alfaifi Sulaiman Y. M. , Hussain Mohammad Musarraf , Asiri Abdullah M. , Rahman. Mohammed M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn an alkaline solution, mercuric oxide decorated carbon nanotube nanocomposites (HgO.CNT NCs) were manufactured utilizing an uncomplicated wet‐chemical approach. Ultra‐Violet spectroscopy (UV‐Visible), Fourier Transform Infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), X‐ray Photo‐electron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Field Emission Scanning Emission Microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (XEDS) techniques were applied to examine the HgO.CNT NCs that had been prepared. Ascorbic acid sensor was developed upon light coating of HgO.CNT NCs on polished Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with nafion (Nf). Analytical performance of the selected ascorbic acid sensor was achieved such as sensitivity, Limit of quantification (LOQ), Limit of detection (LOD), Linear dynamic range (LDR), extended reliability, interference effect experimentation, and actual sample inspection using a consistent current‐voltage approach. Calibration curve of the suggested sensor was observed to be linear (R2=0.9957) throughout a broad range of ascorbic acid concentrations (100.0 pM∼100.0 mM) at a voltage of 0.8 V. The calibration curve yielded analytical parameters such as sensitivity (632.91 pAμM−1cm−2), LOQ (255.0 pM), LOD (76.50 pM), and LDR (100.0 pM ∼1.0 mM) for the proposed ascorbic acid sensor (GCE/HgO.CNT NCs/Nf). The wet‐chemical synthesis of HgO.CNT NCs is a good development of nanocomposite‐oriented sensor advancement in medical sciences with non‐enzymatic detection of biological substances. This proposed sensor applied to selective ascorbic acid detection in biological samples and obtained logical outcomes.
Introduction to Battery Full-Lifespan Management
Authors: Liu Kailong , Wang Yujie , Lai Xin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs one of the most promising alternatives to effectively bypass fossil fuels and promote net-zero carbon emission target around the world, rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become a mainstream energy storage technology in numerous important applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and smart grid. However, Li-ion batteries present inevitable ageing and performance degradation with time. To ensure efficiency, safety, and avoid potential failures for Li-ion batteries, reliable battery management during its full-lifespan is of significant importance. This chapter first introduces the background and motivation of Li-ion battery, followed by the description of Li-ion battery fundamentals and the demands of battery management. After that, the basic information and benefits of using data science technologies to achieve effective battery full-lifespan management are presented.
Data Science-Based Battery Operation Management I
Authors: Liu Kailong , Wang Yujie , Lai Xin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the data science technologies for battery operation management, which is another key and intermediate process in the full-lifespan of battery. After manufacturing, battery would be operated in various applications such as transportation electrification, stationary energy storage, and smart grid to supply or absorb the power, where suitable management solutions are necessary to ensure its efficiency, safety, and sustainability. In this context, numerous state-of-the-art data science strategies have been developed to perform efficient management of battery operation.
The Ways Ahead
Authors: Liu Kailong , Wang Yujie , Lai Xin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough great efforts have been made in developing data science technology for benefitting full-lifespan management of Li-ion batteries, many knowledge gaps still exist. This chapter summarizes these challenges, future trends, and promising solutions to boost the development of data science solutions in the management of battery manufacturing, operation, and reutilization, respectively. This could further inform the selections of data science methodology and academic research agendas alike, thus boosting progress in data science-based battery full-lifespan management on different technology readiness levels.
Financing for a Resilient Health System in India: Lessons from the COVID Pandemic
Authors: Gupta Indrani 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 has again brought into focus the need for building a resilient health system which can cater efficiently and equitably to the population during normal times as well as during unforeseen events like an epidemic, pandemic, or other unanticipated occurrences that impact human health. To be prepared well in advance means to avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality on the one hand, and minimize socio-economic impact on individuals and households, on the other. The author argues that each component that goes into building a resilient health system requires financing, making health financing the key policy knob for the government. India has had to struggle in real time to fill the various gaps in the health system during the pandemic, by undertaking emergency investment on a variety of essential goods and services for the health sector. The analysis of trends in health financing indicates that government investment has remained very low which has prevented strengthening key areas of the health system like infrastructure, personnel, and medical supplies. It has also resulted in high out-of-pocket expenditures for health care by households, exacerbating inequalities in access. Finally, the latest budget outlays for health are examined to analyze whether India has been able to use the pandemic as a wake-up call for prioritizing the health sector and build a stronger health system.
From Vulnerability to Resilience: Sex Workers Fight COVID-19
Authors: Reza-Paul Sushena , Kumar Philip Neil , Lazarus Lisa , Pasha Akram , Ramaiah Manjula , Paul Manisha Reza , Lorway Robert , Sundararaman Sundar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe authors describe the plight of sex workers, a particularly disadvantaged community that is highly marginalized and vulnerable. Sex workers were hard hit by the pandemic. The authors examine the impact of COVID-19 on sex workers’ lives and livelihoods, their response to the crisis, and the strategies that they employed to battle the pandemic.During the lockdown, female sex workers lost their livelihoods which plunged them and their families into extreme poverty. Even when unlock measures were announced, the business of sex work did not return to normal. Sex work, by its very nature, demands physical proximity—not physical distancing. Consequently, sex workers had to innovate to find work to survive. Loss of livelihoods also brought forth hidden mental health problems. Gripped by anxiety and depression due to the uncertainty about when the pandemic would end, sex workers went into despair. Some even attempted suicide. Violence in the family increased significantly. For sex workers living with HIV, there was the added anxiety about the continuation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Community-based organizations (CBOs) took on the responsibility of providing drugs to sex workers by developing a unique supply chain. The CBO members collected the drugs from the health centers and deliver them to sex workers at a mutually convenient place, thereby ensuring confidentiality.The authors draw attention to sex workers who are invisible in most discourses. This vulnerable, marginalized community was seriously affected by the pandemic. Sex workers were victims but were also the first responders to the pandemic. Sex worker collectives formed to fight HIV, were by their very nature, well-equipped to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The government’s announcement to provide rations to the poor was a welcome move, but it was not of much help to sex workers as they did not possess ration cards. The sex worker collectives valiantly fought this battle and won. The Supreme Court of India directed the states to provide sex workers with dry rations without insisting on any proof.The stories of the lives and resilience of sex workers, narrated in this chapter, are inspiring. The authors discuss the plight of female sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The community of sex workers was missing from all government policies and welfare schemes. The sudden lockdown robbed them of their livelihoods. Basic necessities like food and shelter became elusive. The authors relate the stories of the struggles of sex workers from different parts of the country.They discuss how despite uncertainty, stigma, and loss of livelihoods, sex workers emerged strong. The resilient spirit of sex workers should be celebrated. The stories of sex workers have a common thread of resilience, resourcefulness, grit, and determination in the face of unsurmountable challenges.
Ensuring the Continuity of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Family Planning Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences and Lessons from the Women’s Integrated Sexual Health Program
Authors: Dave Priti , Omar Omar Ahmed , Etzo Sebastiana A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne of the main aims of the UK aid funded Women’s Integrated Sexual Health (WISH2ACTION W2A) program is to strengthen government stewardship of sexual and reproductive health/family planning (SRH/FP) services across seven countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Options consultancy provides technical assistance within four work streams: 1) creation of a favorable policy and planning environment; 2) improved public sector investment; 3) national stewardship over quality improvement; and 4) establishment of accountability systems to influence and track commitments and policies. This role became even more important since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak shifted government’s priorities to the COVID response and led to the disruption in the delivery of essential health services, threatening to undo and reverse the SRH/FP gains made to date. In this chapter, the author shares Options’ approach and experiences in engaging governments during the pandemic to ensure that access to SRH/FP remains a priority, alongside efforts to keep the routine enabling environment work on track. The author draws out wider lessons on the range of actions that can be taken at policy and systems level to protect SRH/FP during a health emergency in different country contexts, including the severity of the outbreak, socio-political environment, and health systems preparedness. The author also highlights how the pandemic can provide new policy opportunities, such as to accelerate self-care, and strengthen health systems resilience.