bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart polymer grafted silica based drug delivery systems
Authors: Shah Ishika U. , Jadhav Sushilkumar A. , Belekar Vedika M. , Patil Pramod S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSmart polymers are a special class of polymers, which respond to the various external stimuli by changing their properties. Recent developments in synthetic polymer chemistry have provided the possibility of designing and synthesis of various new stimuli‐responsive polymers. These stimuli‐responsive polymers can be used to prepare smart drug delivery systems (DDS) by grafting them on various nanomaterials. The main aim of this review is to present collective information on various stimuli‐responsive polymers grafted on silica nanoparticles for the preparation of smart DDS. The stimuli covered are pH, temperature, redox, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glucose concentration, enzymes, magnetic field, and so forth. The structures of various stimuli‐responsive polymers are shown with their relevance to the preparation of smart DDS. The crucial roles of macromolecular design and synthesis of smart polymers in the development of stimuli‐responsive DDS are discussed with examples from literature and the challenges that still exist in this area of research are presented.
On the road to stable, isolable [4]cumulenes: Reactivity and cyclization reactions
Authors: Johnson Matthew A. , Meckes Jakob A. , Bühringer Martina U. , Zhou Zheng , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Ferguson Michael J. , Wei Zheng , Iyoda Masahiko , Petrukhina Marina A. , Tykwinski Rik R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe design and synthesis of persistent tetraaryl[4]cumulenes are reported. Derivatives with phenyl endgroups ([4]Ph and [4]Ph/Ar*) are susceptible to reactions during synthesis and/or purification that complicate isolation of the desired product, particularly intermolecular dimerization reactions. Incorporation of (3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl)phenyl endgroups (Ar*) provides increased stability, culminating in the stable and isolable [4]cumulene [4]Ar*. Cumulene [4]Ar* remains, however, susceptible to dimerization under pressing conditions, and [4]Ar* also readily reacts with electrophiles under mild conditions that lead to intramolecular cyclization. Given the structural complexity of the side products in these studies (compounds 3, 10, 14, 17, 18), X‐ray crystallography plays a vital role in their identification.
Cardiac function in bronchiolitis: Not only a right ventricle matter
Authors: Rossi Maria L. , Hadley Stephanie M. , Randanne Paula C. , Escobar‐Diaz Maria C. , Camprubi Marta C. , Jordan Iolanda , Sanchez‐de‐Toledo Joan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesExtrapulmonary manifestations of bronchiolitis have been previously studied, with some identifying right ventricle (RV) diastolic/systolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that severe cases of bronchiolitis would have cardiac dysfunction resulting an increase in N‐terminal pro‐hormone B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) values and worse outcomes. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the existence of cardiac dysfunction and to determine its association with severe bronchiolitis.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included children hospitalized for bronchiolitis under 1‐year old between January 2019 and March 2020. At admission, an echocardiography was performed and plasma levels of NT‐proBNP were measured. To analyze outcomes, the cohort was divided into two groups based on the need for positive pressure respiratory support (PPRS), and both were compared to healthy infants. Statistics: bivariant analysis, significant differences p < 0.05.ResultsOne hundred eighty‐one patients were included; median age was 2 months. Seventy‐three patients required PPRS. Compared to controls, patients requiring PPRS showed worse RV systolic function, with lower tricuspid annular‐plane systolic excursion (p = 0.002) and parameters of worse right and left diastolic function (trans‐tricuspid E and A wave [p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively] and tricuspid tissue doppler imaging [TDI] e′ [p = 0.003], trans‐mitral E and mitral TDI a′ [p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively]). An NT‐ProBNP greater than 3582 pg/dl predicts the need for longer necessity of PPRS in patients younger than 2 months.ConclusionsIn addition to the expected RV systolic dysfunction, patients with severe bronchiolitis have parameters of global diastolic worse function possibly secondary to intrinsic myocardial involvement. NT‐ProBNP values at admission had strong discriminatory power to predict worse outcomes.
Targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids: A promising therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer
Authors: Han Shuai , Cao Yunyun , Guo Tianyi , Lin Qinlu , Luo Feijun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDespite the dramatic advances in our understanding of the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in recent decades, effective therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed. Oncogenic mutations in the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway are hallmarks of CRC. Moreover, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as molecular managers are involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC. Therefore, it is important to further explore the interaction between lncRNAs and Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling pathway for targeted therapy of CRC. Natural phytochemicals have not toxicity and can target carcinogenesis‐related pathways. Growing evidences suggest that flavonoids are inversely associated with CRC risk. These bioactive compounds could target carcinogenesis pathways of CRC and reduced the side effects of anti‐cancer drugs. The review systematically summarized the progress of flavonoids targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis in the investigations of CRC, which will provide a promising therapeutic approach for CRC and develop nutrition‐oriented preventive strategies for CRC based on epigenetic mechanisms. In the field, more epidemiological and clinical trials are required in the future to verify feasibility of targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids in the therapy and prevention of CRC.
Characterization of potential degradation products of brexpiprazole by liquid chromatography/quadrupole–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and prediction of their physicochemical properties by ADMET Predictor™
Authors: Kushwah Bhoopendra Singh , Singh Saranjit , Thummar Mohit M. , Balhara Ankit , Samanthula Gananadhamu 
Published: October 2022

RationaleBrexpiprazole (BRZ) was subjected to hydrolytic (acid, base and neutral), oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress degradation in solutions prepared in a mixture of acetonitrile–water (70:30 v/v). The oxidative study was additionally done in methanol–buffer mixture at pH 3, 7 and 11. Also, compatibility of the drug with selected excipients was investigated in the solid state. Additionally, physicochemical and ADMET properties of BRZ and its degradation products (DPs) were predicted using ADMET Predictor™ software. It provides the conditions for quality control of BRZ and its derivatives during manufacturing, processing and storage conditions.MethodsThe formed DPs were separated from the drug and among themselves on a C‐18 column utilizing mobile phase composed of methanol and ammonium formate buffer (10mM, pH 4.0), which was run in a gradient mode. Characterization of DPs was carried out by first establishing the mass fragmentation pathway of the drug based on its liquid chromatography/quadrupole–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q‐TOF‐MS) data, followed by LC/Q‐TOF‐MS studies of DPs. Three DPs were isolated and, along with the drug, they were subjected to 1D (1H, 13C and DEPT‐135) and 2D (COSY and HSQC) NMR studies for confirmation of their structures.ResultsBRZ was observed to be susceptible to hydrolytic (neutral, acid and alkali), photolytic and oxidative degradation conditions; it was stable on thermal exposure. A total of 12 DPs (BRZ‐1 to BRZ‐12) were formed in solution state. Mechanisms of BRZ degradation were postulated.ConclusionsThe extent of degradation of BRZ in different stress conditions highlights that stability of BRZ in drug formulations can be improved (i) by using excipients that can impart a low‐pH microenvironment, (ii) by addition of antioxidants and (iii) through protection from light.
Measurement of tigecycline in dried blood spots by LC–MS/MS and comparison tigecycline concentrations between whole blood and plasma
Authors: Yan Yan , Qu Jie , Di Ying , Zhang Chun , Cheng Xiaoliang 
Published: October 2022

RationaleAn LC–MS/MS method was established to measure tigecycline in dried blood spots (DBSs).MethodsThe DBS specimens obtained by applying 30 μl of blood to filter paper were extracted with hydrogen oxide and subsequently precipitated protein with perchloric acid, then the extract was directly analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A Hypersil GOLD aQ column was utilized for separating the analytes, and detection was carried out in positive and selective reaction monitoring modes. The precursors to product ion transitions m/z 586.3 → 513.1 and m/z 586.3 → 569.2 were monitored for tigecycline, and m/z 473.2 → 456.0 and m/z 473.2 → 367.0 for 9‐amino minocycline as internal standard.ResultsThe validation parameters of specificity and selectivity, linearity (0.02–5 μg ml−1), sensitivity (limit of quantification 0.02 μg ml−1), intra‐ and interday precision (within 15%) and relative error (within ±15%) were acceptable. The recoveries were from 84.65% to 90.49% and from 85.41% to 95.72% for tigecycline and internal standard, respectively, and the matrix effect was not evident to influence accuracy. The impact of hematocrit on measurement of the analyte was negligible, and after preserving at ambient temperature for 24 h and at 4°C for 1 month it remained steady.ConclusionsThe advantages of nonintrusive blood collection and micro‐volume sample requirements make DBS a potent surrogate to conventional venepuncture for sampling.
Al3+ Introduction Hydrated Vanadium Oxide Induced High Performance for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Jing , Zhang Yu , Liu Chenfan , Cheng Huanhuan , Cai Xuanxuan , Jia Dianzeng , Lin He 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAqueous zinc ion batteries are a promising alternative secondary battery technology due to their excellent safety and environmental friendliness. Vanadium‐based compounds as a highly promising class of cathode materials still suffer from structural collapse and slow kinetics. Studies have shown that metal ion pre‐introduction is an effective method to solve these problems and enhance battery performance. Here, the introduction of Al3+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ is found to effectively reduce the migration energy barrier of Zn2+ with the density functional theory calculations, while Al3+ exhibits the best induction effects. Subsequently, Al0.34V5O12·2.4H2O (AlVOH) nanoribbons are synthesized by hydrothermal introduction of Al3+, demonstratin excellent electrochemical properties (407.8 mAh g‐1 at 0.2 A g‐1 and 176.3 mAh g‐1 after 2000 cycles at 20 A g‐1). By further compounding with redox graphene (rGO), AlVOH/rGO exhibits high capacitance and specific capacity (460.4 mAh g‐1 at 0.2 A g‐1 and 180.6 mAh g‐1 after 2000 cycles at 20 A g‐1). In addition, it is found that the introduction of metal ions adjusts the structural water content of the material. Especially, the introduction of Al3+ can increase the interlayer structural water content and make the electrochemical properties of the material more stable.
Tailoring Exchange‐Dominated Synthetic Layered Antiferromagnets: From Collective Magnetic Reversal to Exchange Bias
Authors: Böhm Benny , Hellwig Olav 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNot only since the progressive reduction of structure sizes in modern micro‐ and nanotechnology, surface and interface effects have played an ever‐increasing role and nowadays often dominate the behavior of entire systems. Therefore, understanding the nature of surface and interface effects and being able to fully control them is of fundamental importance, in particular in modern thin‐film technology. In this study, it is revealed how Co/Pt multilayer‐based synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the regime of dominating antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange can be employed to control the collective magnetic reversal via systematically altering surface and interface effects. The specifically designed samples and experiments highlight the superior tunability of synthetic systems as compared to their intrinsic stoichiometric counterparts, where the antiferromagnetism is directly tied to the indivisible discrete atomic nature and crystal structure of the materials. Thus, it is demonstrated that in SAFs, it becomes possible to energetically heal the broken magnetic symmetry at the surface, thereby enabling either on demand suppression or controlled enhancement of respective surface and interface effects, as demonstrated here in this study for the surface spin‐flop and the exchange bias effect.
Effects of the bond properties of ETS‐GFRP bar to concrete on the shear behavior of ETS‐GFRP‐strengthened RC beams
Authors: Bui Linh Van Hong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study numerically investigates the effects of bond properties between embedded through‐section‐glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (ETS‐GFRP) bars and concrete on the performance of the reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in shear with ETS‐GFRP bars. The key bond parameters, including the interfacial fracture energy (Gf), bond stiffness (K), and bond strength (τm) are examined. Results demonstrate that the bond properties of ETS‐GFRP bar–concrete interfaces mainly affect the postpeak behavior and ductility of the ETS‐strengthened beams. The FE model considering triangle bond model for the ETS‐GFRP bar–concrete interfaces can reasonably predict the load versus deflection and failure mechanism of the ETS‐strengthened beam as well as the debonding process of the ETS‐GFRP bars from concrete against the experimental results. The use of the flexible and ductile adhesive, which has small bond stiffness and high interfacial fracture energy, for ETS‐GFRP bonding technology would lead to the large ductility of the ETS‐GFRP‐strengthened beams. The ETS‐GFRP bar–concrete interfaces with high cohesive strength can distribute the shear cracks and limit the local debonding, encouraging the deformability of ETS‐GFRP‐strengthened beams.
Latent burnout profiles of veterinarians in Canada: Findings from a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jones‐Bitton Andria , Gillis Daniel , Peterson Makenzie , McKee Hayley 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlthough burnout is often discussed as ‘present’ or ‘not‐present’, the conceptual framework of an engagement–burnout continuum is more accurate and useful. Recognition of individuals’ transitional states of burnout also allows for earlier detection of issues and tailored interventions to address the full burnout spectrum.MethodsPreviously reported Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Scale (MBI‐HSS) data from a 2017 national survey of 1272 veterinarians across Canada were re‐analysed using a latent profile analysis to classify individuals along the engagement–burnout continuum.ResultsFour clusters were identified: engaged (10.8%), ineffective (18.9%), overextended (29.6%) and burnout (40.7%). These results indicate that most participants (89.2%) had one, or a combination, of high exhaustion, high depersonalisation and low professional efficacy.LimitationsThis cross‐sectional study represents data from one point in time and may be subject to response bias.ConclusionWe discuss strategies—particularly long‐term, organisational‐level interventions—to promote engagement and help address workplace issues contributing to inefficacy, overextension and burnout in the veterinary profession. We also recommend MBI data be analysed via latent profiles to provide a more nuanced view of burnout, allow for earlier recognition of workplace issues and facilitate more meaningful interventions and comparisons across populations.
Synergistic flame retardancy of ZnO and piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate in polypropylene
Authors: Liu Wenhao , Wang Zhengwen , Su Shuqian , Wu Hongzhi , Sun Mingmei , Tang Linsheng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn order to improve the flame retardant efficiency and smoke‐suppression of piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate (PPAP/MCA) in PP, the synergism of ZnO and PPAP/MCA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) determination, UL‐94 test, and cone calorimetry test (CCT). It is found that ZnO performs an exceptional synergism in flame retardant effect and inhibition on the flame propagation. Besides, ZnO can significantly inhibit the production of the smoke and CO. The TGA of the PP composites, the component and structure analysis of the heated composites and CCT residues reveal that ZnO performs the synergism primarily by the following modes: ZnO promotes obviously the charring of the composite, and improves the thermal stability as well as the strength of the intumescent layer, which brings about an improved flame retardant property and inhibiting ability on the flame propagation.
Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. Theaspiration principlestell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. Theerror tolerance principlesare based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally,evidence evaluation principlesprovide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
Sonic Interactions in Virtual Environments: The Egocentric Audio Perspective of the Digital Twin
Authors: Geronazzo Michele , Serafin Stefania 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe relationships between the listener, physical world, and virtual environment (VE) should not only inspire the design of natural multimodal interfaces but should be discovered to make sense of the mediating action of VR technologies. This chapter aims to transform an archipelago of studies related to sonic interactions in virtual environments (SIVE) into a research field equipped with a first theoretical framework with an inclusive vision of the challenges to come: the egocentric perspective of the auditory digital twin. In a VE with immersive audio technologies implemented, the role of VR simulations must be enacted by a participatory exploration of sense-making in a network of human and non-human agents, called actors. The guardian of such locus of agency is the auditory digital twin that fosters intra-actions between humans and technology, dynamically and fluidly redefining all those configurations that are crucial for an immersive and coherent experience. The idea of entanglement theory is here mainly declined in an egocentric spatial perspective related to emerging knowledge of the listener’s perceptual capabilities. This is an actively transformative relation with the digital twin potentials to create movement, transparency, and provocative activities in VEs. The chapter contains an original theoretical perspective complemented by several bibliographical references and links to the other book chapters that have contributed significantly to the proposal presented here.
Audio in Multisensory Interactions: From Experiments to Experiences
Authors: Serafin Stefania 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the real and virtual world, we usually experience sounds in combination with at least an additional modality, such as vision, touch or proprioception. Understanding how sound enhances, substitutes or modifies the way we perceive and interact with the world is an important element when designing interactive multimodal experiences. In this chapter, we present an overview of sound in a multimodal context, ranging from basic experiments in multimodal perception to more advanced interactive experiences in virtual reality.
Interactive and Immersive Auralization
Authors: Raghuvanshi Nikunj , Gamper Hannes 
Published: October 2022

AbstractReal-time auralization is essential in virtual reality (VR), gaming, and architecture to enable an immersive audio-visual experience. The audio rendering must be congruent with visual feedback and respond with minimal delay to interactive events and user motion. The wave nature of sound poses critical challenges for plausible and immersive rendering and leads to enormous computational costs. These costs have only increased as virtual scenes have progressed away from enclosures toward complex, city-scale scenes that mix indoor and outdoor areas. However, hard real-time constraints must be obeyed while supporting numerous dynamic sound sources, frequently within a tightly limited computational budget. In this chapter, we provide a general overview of VR auralization systems and approaches that allow them to meet such stringent requirements. We focus on the mathematical foundation, perceptual considerations, and application-specific design requirements of practical systems today, and the future challenges that remain.
Ethical Challenges of Assistive Robotics in the Elderly Care: Review and Reflection
Authors: Abdel-Keream Mona 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the last decade, the range of robotic applications in the healthcare sector has expanded rapidly. These applications can range from dispensing medication to providing more personalized services to caretakers. However, this kind of robotization is associated with severe ethical and societal implications. To advance the design and acceptability of socially interactive robots it is, therefore, necessary to consider and analyze those concerns. The RoPHa research project aims at supporting care-dependent people to lead more independent life. This chapter examines potential ethical challenges and impacts in elderly care that were discussed during the design of the robotic system in the project. For evaluating the effect of assistive robotics on elderly care in practice, the MEESTAR model was applied. The ethical implications of the proposed applications were mapped to seven moral dimensions, such as autonomy, justice, privacy, etc. Each dimension were examined from three different perspectives (individual, organizational, and societal). All identified ethical implications were graded based on the degree of ethical justifiability. The results include ethically relevant questions regarding the role of the robotic system, its technical implications, economic and distrust barriers, occupational safety, data security as well as the legal and safety responsibilities of all involved parties.