bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A diffusion tensor-based method facilitating volumetric assessment of fiber orientations in skeletal muscle
Authors: Secondulfo Laura , Hooijmans Melissa T. , Suskens Joep J. , Mazzoli Valentina , Maas Mario , Tol Johannes L. , Nederveen Aart J. , Strijkers Gustav J. 
Published: January 2022

Background
The purpose of this study was to develop a DTI-based method to quantitatively assess fiber angles and changes therein in leg muscles in order to facilitate longitudinal studies on muscle fiber architectural adaptations in healthy subjects.

Methods
The upper legs of five volunteers were scanned twice on the same day. The right lower legs of five volunteers were scanned twice with the ankle in three positions, i.e. -15° dorsiflexion, 0° neutral position, and 30° plantarflexion. The MRI protocols consisted of a noise scan, a 3-point mDixon scan and a DTI scan. Fiber-angle color maps were generated for four muscles in the upper legs and two muscles in the lower leg. Voxel-wise fiber angles (θ) were calculated from the angle between the principal eigenvector of the diffusion tensor and a reference line defined between the origo and insertion points of each muscle. Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV%), minimal detectable change (MDC), standard error (SE) and Friedman test were used for assessing the feasibility of this method and in order to have an indication of the repeatability and the sensitivity.

Results
Bland-Altman analysis showed good repeatability (CV%<10 and 0.7≤ICC≤0.9) with exception of the Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle in dorsiflexion position(CV%: 12.2) and the Semitendinosus (ST) muscle (left leg) (CV%: 11.4). The best repeatability metrics were found for the SOL muscle in neutral position (CV%: 2.6). Changes in average θ in TA and SOL with ankle positions were observed in accordance with expected agonist and antagonist functions of both muscles. For example, for the anterior left compartment the change in fiber angle Δθ with respect to the neutral position Δθ = -1.6° ± 0.8° and 2.2° ± 2.8° (p = 0.008), for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, respectively.

Conclusion
Our method facilitates fast inspection and quantification of muscle fiber angles in the lower and upper leg muscles in rest and detection of changes in lower-leg muscle fiber angles with varying ankle angles.
Trust in COVID-19 information sources and perceived risk among smokers: A nationally representative survey
Authors: Reynolds Reed M. , Weaver Scott R. , Nyman Amy L. , Eriksen Michael P. 
Published: January 2022

Background
Public health officials have classified smoking as a risk factor for COVID-19 disease severity. Smokers generally have less trust in health experts than do nonsmokers, leading to reduced risk perceptions. This study addresses smokers’ trust in information sources about COVID-19 and how trust is associated with perceived COVID-19 susceptibility and severity among smokers.

Methods and findings
A nationally representative sample of 1,223 current smokers were surveyed between October and November 2020, indicating their level of trust in COVID-19 information sources, and their perceptions of risk from COVID-19. Multiple differences in trustworthiness emerged; smokers trusted their personal doctor for information about COVID-19 more than other information sources, while news media were generally distrusted. In addition, the FDA was trusted less than the NIH and CDC. Several “trust gaps” were observed, indicating disparities in levels of trust associated with gender, ethnicity, education, and political orientation, which had the strongest association with trust of all factors. Political orientation was also a significant predictor of COVID-19 risk perceptions, but there was no independent effect of political orientation when accounting for trust, which was predictive of all risk perception outcomes.

Conclusions
Trusted sources, such as personal doctors, may most effectively convey COVID-19 information across political orientations and sociodemographic groups. News media may be ineffective at informing smokers due to their low credibility. The results suggest that trust may explain the apparent effect of political orientation on COVID-19 risk perceptions. Implications for researchers, communication professionals, and policy makers are discussed.
Development and validation of a data quality index for forensic documentation of sexual and gender-based violence in Kenya
Authors: Olson Rose McKeon , Macias-Konstantopoulos Wendy , Muchai Roseline , Johnson Katy , Mishori Ranit , Nelson Brett 
Published: January 2022

Introduction
High-quality forensic documentation can improve justice outcomes for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, but there are limited tools to assess documentation data quality. This study aimed to develop and validate a data quality assessment index to objectively assess clinician documentation across the 26 key elements of the standardized forensic evidence forms used in Kenya.

Methods
Informed by prior quality assessment tools, an initial draft of the index was developed. Feedback from Kenya- and U.S.-based clinicians and human rights experts was solicited and incorporated into the draft index in an iterative fashion. Two raters independently employed the finalized Physicians for Human Rights Data Quality Index to assess and score the quality of documentation across 31 clinician-completed forms. Inter-rater reliability was determined using Cohen kappa (к) coefficients.

Results
The Index was found to have substantial overall reliability. Of the 26 documentation items, the Index had a perfect (к = 1.0) and almost perfect (к = 0.81–0.99) level of inter-rater agreement across 17 (65.4%) and 5 (19.2%) items, respectively. On a low-to-high documentation quality scale of 0 to 2, the majority of items (n = 19, 73.1%) had a mean documentation quality score >1.5–2.

Conclusion
Quality assurance of forensic documentation is an essential component of post-sexual assault care. To our knowledge, this is the first validated quality-assessment tool in the peer-reviewed literature for sexual assault documentation and may be a promising strategy to enhance the quality of sexual assault documentation in other settings, locally, regionally, and internationally.
COVID-19 disease severity and associated factors among Ethiopian patients: A study of the millennium COVID-19 care center
Authors: Leulseged Tigist W. , Abebe Kindalem G. , Hassen Ishmael S. , Maru Endalkachew H. , Zewde Wuletaw C. , Chamiso Negat W. , Yegele Kalkidan T. , Bayisa Abdi B. , Siyoum Dagne F. , Edo Mesay G. , Mesfin Edmialem G. , Derejie Meskerem N. , Shiferaw Helina K. 
Published: January 2022

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic started a little later in Ethiopia than the rest of the world and most of the initial cases were reported to have a milder disease course and a favorable outcome. This changed as the disease spread into the population and the more vulnerable began to develop severe disease. Understanding the risk factors for severe disease in Ethiopia was needed to provide optimal health care services in a resource limited setting.

Objective
The study assessed COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia for characteristics associated with COVID-19 disease severity.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2020 among 686 randomly selected patients. Chi-square test was used to detect the presence of a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the patients based on disease severity (Mild vs Moderate vs Severe). A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR and P-values were used for significance testing.

Results
Having moderate as compared with mild disease was significantly associated with having hypertension (AOR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.27,4.18), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 2.61, 95%CI = 1.31,5.19for diabetes mellitus), fever (AOR = 6.12, 95%CI = 2.94,12.72) and headache (AOR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.39,5.22). Similarly, having severe disease as compared with mild disease was associated with age group (AOR = 4.43, 95%CI = 2.49,7.85 for 40–59 years and AOR = 18.07, 95%CI = 9.29,35.14for ≥ 60 years), sex (AOR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.12,3.03), hypertension (AOR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.08,3.59), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 3.93, 95%CI = 1.96,7.85), fever (AOR = 13.22, 95%CI = 6.11, 28.60) and headache (AOR = 4.82, 95%CI = 2.32, 9.98). In addition, risk factors of severe disease as compared with moderate disease were found to be significantly associated with age group (AOR = 4.87, 95%CI = 2.85, 8.32 for 40–59 years and AOR = 18.91, 95%CI = 9.84,36.331 for ≥ 60 years), fever (AOR = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.29,3.63) and headache (AOR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.03, 3.11).

Conclusions
Significant factors associated with severe COVID-19 in Ethiopia are being older than 60 years old, male, a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the presence of fever and headache. This is consistent with severity indicators identified by WHO and suggests the initial finding of milder disease in Ethiopia may have been because the first people to get COVID-19 in the country were the relatively younger with fewer health problems.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by Xpert® MTB/RIF assay among presumptive tuberculosis cases at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Admassu Wasihun , Ayelign Birhanu , Abebe Gemeda , Tadesse Mulualem 
Published: January 2022

Background
Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and detection of drug resistance are very important for timely and appropriate management of patients. Xpert MTB/RIF assay is approved for use in TB and rifampicin-resistance diagnosis. However, data are limited on the impact of Xpert MTB/RIF assay under routine clinical settings with a heterogeneous group of patients and sample types in Ethiopia.

Methods
A retrospective study was carried out in 2220 presumptive TB cases at Jimma University Medical Center. Data were gathered from the registration logbook using formatted data extraction tools and double entered to epidata version 3.1 and further transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Associations were determined using the Chi-square test and P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Of 2220 cases enrolled, 1665 (75%) were adults and the remaining 555 (25%) were children aged less than 14 years. The majority, 1964 (88.46%), had pulmonary manifestation and 256 (11.54%) had extrapulmonary involvements. The overall, frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was 9.3% (206/2220), among this 10.27% (171/1665) and 6.3% (35/555) were adults and children, respectively. M. tuberculosis was detected from 171 (8.75%) of pulmonary patients and 35 (13.28%) of extrapulmonary manifested patients. Out of 206 M. tuberculosis positive cases, 7(3.4%) were rifampicin-resistant: four from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and three from EPTB patients. In the Chi-square test, the age group of 15–24 years, previous history of TB, pus/lymph node sample, and being HIV positive were significantly associated with TB positivity by Xpert MTB/RIF (P-value <0.001).

Conclusion
These data suggest that the overall frequency of M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance was found to be relatively low compared to the previous reports in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, better diagnostic tools and approaches are still vital to halt the burden of TB and drug-resistant TB in the country.
The COVID-19 Conundrum: Keeping safe while becoming inactive. A rapid review of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exercise in adults by gender and age
Authors: Christensen Alex , Bond Suzanne , McKenna James 
Published: January 2022

Background
Coronavirus (COVID-19) has severely impacted lifestyles worldwide. Responses to COVID-19 have intentionally restricted the factors that encourage regular and frequent PA; opportunity, capability and motivation. However, the effects of these restrictions are likely to have differed by gender and age and different intensities of PA. This rapid review builds on previous evidence by synthesising the global impact of COVID-19 on adult PA through specific intensities and types of PA and evaluating this by gender and age.

Methods
A rapid systematic search of seven electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, and APA PsycArticles) was performed from December 2019 to January 2021. Studies investigating adult change in PA, exercise or sedentary behaviour due to COVID-19 were included.

Results
From an initial database search identifying 3,863 articles, 66 remained for synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. Results demonstrate decreases among all intensities and types of PA—walking (6 out of 7 papers), moderate-only (5 out of 6 papers), vigorous-only (5 out of 6 papers) and MVPA (4 out of 5 papers); as well as overall PA (14–72% participants reported a decrease). Reflecting that COVID-19 responses were designed to have universal effects, they also achieved whole-society decreases in PA behaviour, accented in older age groups.

Conclusion
There is a universal need to address the low levels of PA post-COVID-19. The consequences of decreased PA across all intensities has powerful, potentially recoverable, impacts. Universal declines have implications for public health officials and PA advocates for post-COVID-19 initiatives to promote PA.
Acupuncture for emotional symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Ling , Xian Jin , Sun Mi , Wang Xue , Zang Xiaoming , Zhang Xin , Yu Huijuan , Tan Qi-Wen 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundPatients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) also often have emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. The main drugs used for the treatment of FGIDs mainly target single gastrointestinal symptoms and are not effective in regulating emotional symptoms. Evidence has shown that acupuncture can relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in FGIDs patients, but there is no high-quality evidence to show that acupuncture can relieve psychological symptoms in these patients.ObjectivesTo systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of acupuncture for emotional symptoms in patients with FGIDs.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from database inception through July 31, 2021, were retrieved from three English-language databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase) and five Chinese-language databases (the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, Chinese Biomedical, and TCM Literature Analysis and Retrieval databases). RCTs that compared acupuncture with sham acupuncture and pharmacotherapy were included in this study. The score on the depression or anxiety scale after treatment were considered as primary outcomes. The ‘meta’ package (version 4.19–0) in RStudio 1.1.463 was used to analyse the data.ResultsA total of 2151 patients from 24 RCTs were included in this study. Compared with sham acupuncture, acupuncture was not significantly better at relieving anxiety (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.35, 95% CI −1.05 to 0.33) and depression (SMD -0.32, 95% CI −0.71 to 0.07) symptoms. Compared with pharmacotherapy, acupuncture was significantly better at relieving anxiety (SMD -0.64, 95% CI -0.93 to -0.35) and depression (SMD -0.46, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.22) symptoms.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis found that acupuncture can alleviate emotional symptoms in FGID patients better than pharmacotherapy. However, it is not clear whether this effect is based on the placebo effect, specific effect or nonspecific effect of acupuncture. The evidence should be proven by rigorously designed RCTs in the future.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021271899.
Loot box engagement: A scoping review of primary studies on prevalence and association with problematic gaming and gambling
Authors: Montiel Irene , Basterra-González Aránzazu , Machimbarrena Juan M. , Ortega-Barón Jéssica , González-Cabrera Joaquín 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundLoot boxes are an increasingly common type of random microtransaction in videogames. There is some concern about their expansion and entailed risks, especially among adolescents. The actual prevalence of engagement with loot boxes among child and adult population is uncertain, and there is still controversy over the nature of their relationship with problematic gaming and gambling.ObjectivesThe aims of this scoping review are to summarize the characteristics and findings of published primary empirical studies about the prevalence of engagement with loot boxes and/or their relationship with problematic gaming and gambling, taking in account the type of sample, time frame and measured variables.MethodsThis study follows the Joanna Briggs Institute’s “Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews” and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Three academic databases provided 299 articles.ResultsSixteen primary empirical studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies used cross-sectional designs, and most used convenience samples. Twelve study samples were comprised exclusively of gamers, and two were comprised of gamers and/or gamblers. Only six studies included adolescents. The annual prevalence rate of loot box purchases was higher for adult gamers than for adolescents (22.7%–44.2% and 20%–33.9%, respectively), but in studies with general population samples, the opposite was true (24.9% for players aged 13–14 versus 7.8% for adults). In general, the studies suggested a significant positive relationship between engagement with loot boxes and problematic gaming and gambling, but this may be related to the type of engagement (open/purchase/sell), and the characteristics of the study participants (male/female, adolescents/adults, gamers/gamers-gamblers/general population).ConclusionsThis scoping review summarizes the results of recent empirical studies on engagement with loot boxes and discusses how methodological issues may affect their results and interpretation. Recommendations for future research are also provided.
Comparative effectiveness of adjunct non-pharmacological interventions on maternal and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Saha Sumanta 
Published: January 2022

Background
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy leads to a range of perinatal complications. Although several randomized controlled trials (RCT) have tested the effect of non-pharmacological standard GDM care adjuncts on these outcomes, there is no agglomerated statistical evidence on how their occurrence risk varies across interventions and with placebo. Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) protocol is proposed here to address this evidence gap.

Materials and methods
A search for above RCTs published in the English language will transpire in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases irrespective of date and geographic boundary. The RCTs must test nutritional supplementation, digital intervention, structured exercise program, educational program, counseling service, or a combination of these prenatally in GDM patients. These should report ≥1 of the following outcomes- cesarean section, pre-eclampsia, polyhydramnios, preterm birth, macrosomia, prolonged labor, gestational hypertension, premature rupture of membranes, congenital anomaly, Apgar scores, birth weight, birth length, gestational age at birth, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal Corpulence Index. The risk of bias assessment of the recruited trials will transpire using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Determination of the comparative effectiveness between interventions will occur by the frequentist method NMA for respective outcomes. The categorical and continuous outcomes effect size will get calculated in risk ratio and weighted or standardized mean difference, respectively. For each NMA model, network maps and league tables will show the connections between interventions and effect sizes with their 95% confidence intervals for each intervention pair compared, respectively. The publication bias assessment will occur using comparison-adjusted funnel plots. Best intervention prediction for NMA models with statistically significant intervention effect will happen by determining the surface under the cumulative ranking curve values. Statistical analysis will ensue using Stata software (v16). The statistical significance estimation will happen at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval.

Trial registration
PROSPERO registration no: CRD42021271199; https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
Monstrous Textualities: Writing the Other in Gothic Narratives of Resistance, Anya Heise-von der Lippe (2021)
Authors: Staite Sophia 
Published: January 2022

Review of: Monstrous Textualities: Writing the Other in Gothic Narratives of Resistance, Anya Heise-von der Lippe (2021)
Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 304 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78683-758-5, hardback, AUD 127
eISBN 978-1-78683-760-8, epub, AUD 127
Abordando gênero por meio de educação sexual para crianças e adolescentes: um relato de experiência
Authors: Faustino Shirlei Mendes , D'Affonseca Sabrina Mazo 
Published: January 2022

O presente relato de experiência tem como objetivo descrever os efeitos de uma intervenção com a temática de sexualidade para promoção e prevenção de saúde e violência. Participaram 20 crianças de ambos os sexos com idades entre 07 e 13 anos que frequentavam as atividades de um projeto social no contraturno escolar em um município do interior de São Paulo. As crianças foram divididas em grupos de acordo com a idade (07-09 anos; 10-13 anos). Ao longo dos encontros foram trabalhadas questões referentes às mudanças físicas, sexualidade e abuso sexual a partir da leitura de livros, exposição de filmes e desenhos. Foi possível verificar mudanças nos comportamentos das crianças relacionadas a essas questões. Discute-se sobre os desafios observados na prática das atividades, buscando problematizar as questões que permeiam a temática, assim como ressaltar os efeitos da experiência para as crianças e adolescentes envolvidos no processo.