bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sacubitril/valsartan, sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and vericiguat for congestive heart failure therapy
Authors: Norre Tobias , Grimm Daniela , Simonsen Ulf 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHeart failure is associated with notable morbidity and mortality, and therefore, novel therapies are needed. This minireview focused on the effects and mechanisms of action of sacubitril/valsartan, sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and vericiguat in heart failure patients. A systematic review of the current literature was conducted. Seventeen randomised clinical trials regarding the effects of these drug classes were included. The mechanism of action of each treatment could improve pathophysiological imbalances present in heart failure. All three drug classes revealed a reduction in hospitalisations for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes in patients with reduced ejection fraction. Sacubitril/valsartan also reduced hospitalisations and death from cardiovascular causes in patients with mid‐range ejection fraction, but not in patients with preserved ejection fraction. The sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, sotagliflozin and empagliflozin, reduced hospitalisations and death from cardiovascular causes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. None of the three drug classes was associated with a higher prevalence of treatment discontinuation due to increases in adverse effects in large‐scale randomised clinical trials compared with placebo. Further studies are required to clarify the extent of effects of these medications in different subpopulations—especially in patients with mid‐range and preserved ejection fraction.
Shared decision making in inclusive research: Reflections from an inclusive research team
Authors: Vlot‐van Anrooij Kristel , Frankena Tessa K. , van der Cruijsen Anneke , Jansen Henk , Naaldenberg Jenneken , Bevelander Kirsten E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundHealth research is increasingly conducted with the active involvement of the people who are the focus of the research. People with intellectual disabilities also participate actively in research; this is called inclusive research. Collaboration in inclusive research teams requires shared decision‐making (SDM). Although inclusive studies frequently refer to decision‐making as something the research team does together, the decision‐making process is still a black box. This study aims to provide more insight into SDM in inclusive research by reflecting on a 3‐year collaboration in an inclusive research team. The research questions are: (1) What kinds of decisions were made by the inclusive research team? (2) How were decisions made by the inclusive research team? (3) What impact did the decisions have on the research project?MethodsTo answer the research questions, the inclusive research team members reflected on SDM in their project by looking at the documentation of the inclusive research process and by conducting semi‐structured interviews with the team members.FindingsIn all research steps, the inclusive research team decided together on the content and procedures of the studies and on role division. Reflecting on SDM resulted in an overview of the types of decisions made, the information needed and the processes involved in making shared decisions. Furthermore, the team provided an account of how SDM positively impacted the quality of the studies and empowered people with intellectual disabilities.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into types of decisions, SDM processes and their impact on research. The insights give an overview of opportunities and key components of SDM that can foster conceptual clarity of SDM in inclusive research. In practice, inclusive research teams can use these insights to advance successful ways of sharing power in decision making, having an impact on the quality of research and empowering people with intellectual disabilities.
Emerging quinoline‐ and quinolone‐based antibiotics in the light of epidemics
Authors: Kaur Paranjeet , Anuradha  , Chandra Avik , Tanwar Tamanna , Sahu Sanjeev Kumar , Mittal Amit 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPandemics are large‐scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase morbidity and mortality all the globe. Since past 1990 till twentieth century, these infectious diseases have been major threat all over the globe associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. In light of these epidemics, researches have gained enormous rise in the developing the potential therapeutic treatment. Thus, revolutionized antibiotics have led to the near eradication of such ailments. Around 50 million prescription of antibiotics written in US per year according to center for disease control and prevention (CDC) report. There is a wide range of antibiotics available which differ in their usage and their mechanism of action. Among these quinoline and quinolone class of antibiotics get attention as they show tremendous potential in fighting the epidemics. Quinoline and quinolone comprise of two rings along with substitutions at different positions which is synthetically obtained by structural modifications of quinine. Quinoline and quinolone antibiotics exhibit extensive activities approved by FDA in the treatment of the several ailments such as gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, prostate inflammation, malaria, gonorrhea, skin infection, colorectal cancer, respiratory tract infections. These are active against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. This basic core of quinoline and quinolone is vital due to its capability of targeting the pathogen causing disease and beneficial in treating the infectious disease. They inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid of bacteria which results in the rupture of bacterial chromosome due to the interruption of enzymes such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. There are various quinoline and quinolone compounds that are synthetically derived by applying different synthesis approaches which show a wide range of pharmacological activities in several diseases. The most commonly used are fluoro, chloro, and hydroxychloro derivatives of quinoline and quinolone. These compounds are helpful in the treatment of numerous epidemics as a chief and combination therapy. These quinoline and quinolone pharmacophore fascinate the interest of researchers as they inhibit the entry of virus in host cell and cease its replication by blocking the host receptor glycosylation and proteolytic processing. They act as immune modulator by inhibiting autophagy and reduction of both lysosomal activity and production of cytokine. Therefore, quinoline and quinolone derivatives attain significance in area of research and treatment of various life‐threatening epidemics such as SARS, Zika virus, Ebola virus, dengue, and COVID‐19 (currently). In this chapter, the research and advancements of quinoline‐ and quinolone‐based antibiotics in epidemic management are briefly discussed.
Stigma towards dependent drinking and its role on caregiving burden: A qualitative study from Goa, India
Authors: Kumar Sonali , Schess Jaclyn , Velleman Richard , Nadkarni Abhijit 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionStigma towards alcohol use disorders is prevalent in India and can lead to social exclusion and hamper treatment access and outcomes. Family members of individuals with dependent drinking are often their primary caregivers and play a key role in decisions around help‐seeking, treatment and recovery. The nature and role of stigma in caregiving, and the consequent burden on family caregivers of those with dependent drinking, has not been qualitatively studied in India.MethodsWe conducted in‐depth interviews with: (i) men with probable alcohol dependence (n = 11); (ii) family caregivers (n = 12); and (iii) doctors with experience of treating alcohol dependence (n = 13) in community settings in Goa. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsTwo primary themes were identified from the data: (i) stigma in the form of ignorance, prejudice and discrimination; and (ii) the impact of this stigma on caregiving decisions and the mental health of caregivers.Discussion and ConclusionsWe found that stigma functioned as a barrier to a proper course of treatment and care, as well as a detrimental factor for caregiver's mental health and caregiving decision‐making. Stigma towards dependent drinking in the forms of ignorance, prejudice and discrimination is prevalent within homes, workplaces and health systems and might exacerbate the caregiving burden among female family caregivers. Policies, educational programs and campaigns aimed at preventing stigma in these forms would likely enable access to more inclusive and appropriate health services, benefit the health of family caregivers and improve the treatment outcomes of drinkers.
Framing the Blue Economy: Placelessness, Development and Sustainability
Authors: Germond‐Duret Celine 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThis article examines the wide acceptance and endorsement of the notion of the blue economy. It places the blue economy at the intersection of three discourses: the placelessness of the sea, development and sustainability. These discourses, originating on land, have spread spatially, narratively and normatively to the marine realm — part of a larger process of the normalization of the sea via its inclusion in the dominant model of economic development. The author uses the concept of horizontal reciprocity to illuminate this process of normalization. The blue economy requires and justifies the governance of maritime space; it creates economic and political opportunities and generates knowledge and interventions, leading to the territorialization of the sea. The article therefore concludes with a call for further research to critically assess the connections between macro discourses and local realities, and to address the current challenges facing the oceans.
Differences in hospitalisation between peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis patients
Authors: van Eck van der Sluijs Anita , Bonenkamp Anna A. , van Wallene Vera A. , Hoekstra Tiny , Lissenberg‐Witte Birgit I. , Dekker Friedo W. , van Ittersum Frans J. , Verhaar Marianne C. , van Jaarsveld Brigit C. , Abrahams Alferso C. ,   the DOMESTICO study group
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundDialysis is associated with frequent hospitalisations. Studies comparing hospitalisations between peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD) report conflicting results and mostly analyse data of patients that remain on their initial dialysis modality. This cohort study compares hospitalisations between PD and HD patients taking into account transitions between modalities.MethodsThe Dutch nOcturnal and hoME dialysis Study To Improve Clinical Outcomes collected hospitalisation data of patients who started dialysis between 2012 and 2017. Primary outcome was hospitalisation rate, analysed with a multi‐state model that attributed each hospitalisation to the current dialysis modality.ResultsIn total, 695 patients (252 PD, 443 HD) treated in 31 Dutch hospitals were included. The crude hospitalisation rate for PD was 2.3 ( ± 5.0) and for HD 1.4 ( ± 3.2) hospitalisations per patient‐year. The adjusted hazard ratio for hospitalisation rate was 1.1 (95%CI 1.02–1.3) for PD compared with HD. The risk for first hospitalisation was 1.3 times (95%CI 1.1–1.6) higher for PD compared with HD during the first year after dialysis initiation. The number of hospitalisations and number of hospital days per patient‐year were significantly higher for PD. The most common causes of PD and HD hospitalisations were peritonitis (23%) and vascular access‐related problems (33%).ConclusionPD was associated with higher hospitalisation rate, higher risk for first hospitalisation and higher number of hospitalisations compared with HD. Since the PD hospitalisations were mainly caused by peritonitis, more attention to infection prevention is necessary for reducing the number of hospitalisations in the future.
Financing the rebuilding of the City of London after the Great Fire of 1666
Authors: Coffman D'Maris , Stephenson Judy Z. , Sussman Nathan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article presents archival data on rebuilding costs and interest rates from the Corporation of London, 1666–83, to analyse how, in the absence of banking or capital market finance, the London Corporation funded the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire. The City borrowed from its citizens and outside investors at rates much lower than previously thought to replace vital services and to support large improvement works. Lenders were reassured by the Corporation's reputation, and its borrowing was partly secured by future coal tax receipts. The records show that funding from these sources was forthcoming and would have covered the costs. Most of the rebuilding was completed in less than a decade; but having invested in public goods without generating the expected flows of income in the form of improved fees, fines, and rents, the City defaulted in 1683.
Challenges for higher education in the United States: The cost problem and a comparison of remedies
Authors: Brint Steven 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe costs of attending four‐year colleges and universities in the United States have steadily increased over four decades leading to high levels of student debt and many obstacles for low‐income students. The analysis presented appraises the extent of the cost and affordability problems, debunking the sensationalistic claims that are common in mass media. It considers the sources of cost increases such as the growth of administration and the decline of state subsidies and their consequences for low‐income students, including growing income gaps in completion rates and declining enrolment in more expensive institutions. By reviewing and synthesizing the existing literature, possible remedies for the cost problem are examined. These possible remedies include cost containment strategies, the possibility that universities can pursue alternative revenue sources, performance funding policies to improve productivity, increased state investment in institutional support, and financial aid reforms. Financial aid reforms provide the most feasible solution to the cost problem. These reforms should include doubling the size of grants to low‐income students and the expansion of income‐contingent loan repayment plans.
Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*
Authors: Getahun Andrew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAt least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self‐reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell‐intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell‐intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn‐SHIP‐1‐SHP‐1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
A branch‐and‐cut algorithm for the irregular strip packing problem with uncertain demands
Authors: Souza Queiroz Layane Rodrigues de , Andretta Marina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis work presents a tailored branch‐and‐cut algorithm for the two‐dimensional irregular strip packing problem with uncertain demand for the items to be cut. A two‐stage stochastic programming model is developed, considering a discrete and finite set of scenarios. The strip is discretized over a mesh of points in the model and includes constraints to ensure items are non‐overlapping based on the concepts of inner‐fit raster and no‐fit raster. The algorithm considers lower and upper bounds from a heuristic based on the variable neighborhood search. This heuristic is also used during optimization to obtain new solutions and help to prune unsatisfactory nodes. The numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm when observing other exact algorithms on the same problem without uncertainty. The algorithm can also provide optimal solutions for instances with uncertainty having more than 60 scenarios within some hours of execution. Besides, the conclusions show it is preferable to handle uncertainty to achieve minimum cost decisions.
A socially responsible decision‐making model for firms contracting with constrained farmers
Authors: Dutta Nilanjan , Kaur Arshinder 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn emerging economies, farming contracts with collateral‐free credits are essential in linking the poor producers to the mainstream agri‐supply chains (SCs). Thus, we frame a decision‐making model for a firm procuring through advance‐payment contracts (APCs) from numerous small farmers. These farmers are decision‐biased and have varying needs for credit. Hence, composed of a fraction of the per unit guaranteed price, the advance payment uniquely affects the farmers' realized yields. We model the contracting scenario assuming the farmers as reference‐dependent loss‐averse newsvendors facing random yields who are allowed to commit their supply quantities; and the firm as a risk‐neutral profit‐maximizer, encountering demand stochasticity. We then analyze the association of the farmer's optimal commitment and the firm's optimal number of contracted farmers with the contract's parameters. Subsequently, given the information asymmetry on farmers' cost and behavioral attributes, we design a menu of contracts based on the contract theory. The menu simultaneously aims to maximize the firm's expected profit while meeting the welfare needs of the smallholders having the highest requirement for an advance. Finally, we use existing data on the model's parameters value to numerically illustrate its applicability. The illustration could demonstrate the customarily observed practice of excluding smallholders from contractual arrangements featuring no‐APCs. It also exhibited a menu's dominance over a single contract in meeting the SC entities' mutual needs and its usability in promoting socially responsible operations. We believe that firms and policy makers would find these analyses helpful in designing socioeconomically viable agri‐SCs contracts.
Exposure, access and interaction: A global analysis of sponsorship of nursing professional associations
Authors: Grundy Quinn , Millington Anna , Robinson Andrea , Held Fabian , Fabbri Alice 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimTo analyse the nature and extent of sponsorship of nursing professional associations and their major scientific conferences.DesignCross‐sectional content analysis.MethodsData were extracted from the websites and conference documents of 156 national and international professional nursing associations in 2019 to identify sponsors. Sponsorship prospectuses were analysed to estimate the value and describe the nature of sponsorship arrangements. We analysed sponsorship patterns using social network analysis.ResultsMost associations (84/156, 54%) did not report any sponsors. Sponsorship was concentrated among specialty nursing associations in high‐income countries. Half of identified sponsors promoted products used in clinical care (50%; 981/1969); the majority represented the medical device industry (69%; 681/981). Top sponsors generally favoured opportunities that promoted interaction with conference attendees.ConclusionGlobally, commercial sponsorship of nursing associations is a common, but not the dominant source of support for these activities. Half of sponsors were commercial entities that manufactured or distributed products used during clinical care, which presents a risk of commercial influence over education and ultimately, clinical practice. Sponsors favoured opportunities to interact directly with nurses, determine educational content, or foster continued interaction.
Mixed diabetic retinopathy screening coverage results in Indigenous Australian primary care settings: A nurse‐led model of integrated diabetes care
Authors: Atkinson‐Briggs Sharon , Jenkins Alicia , Ryan Christopher , Brazionis Laima ,   the Centre of Research Excellence in Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsTo determine eye screening coverage and adherence to national eye screening recommendations of a nurse‐led retinal image‐based model of diabetes education and eye screening in Indigenous primary care clinics.DesignA pre‐post study.MethodsDuring January 2018–March 2020 Indigenous Australians with diabetes at three regional Australian clinics were offered eye screening by a nurse‐diabetes educator/retinal imager. At the main site the nurse recruited/scheduled participants, and at satellite sites local clinic staff did so. Visual acuity was tested and digital retinal images acquired and graded. Participants were offered rescreening at or before 12‐months based on baseline results.ResultsIn total 203 adults with diabetes attending Indigenous primary care clinics were screened, with divergent results based on the recruitment methods. At the main clinic 135 of 172 eligible adults (79%) were screened. At the satellite sites, 15 of 85 (18%) and 21 of 77 (27%) diabetes patients were screened. Combined coverage 51%.ConclusionA credentialed nurse‐educator implemented a model of retinal image‐based diabetes education, measured eye screening coverage and adherence to national eye screening guidelines, met the ‘acceptable 75% eye screening coverage’ benchmark and improved patient eye screening guideline adherence at the one site where the nurse‐educator had access to patient recruitment and scheduling.ImpactThis novel nurse‐led primary care iDEES model of retinal image‐based diabetes education can improve the currently low Indigenous diabetes eye screening coverage in Australia. Importantly, the nurse‐managed iDEES model of integrated diabetes care is readily adaptable to other settings and populations where access to and/or uptake of eye care is suboptimal.Clinical Trial Registration: ANZCTRN1261800120435.