bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protic Ionic Liquids Based on BIS‐TRIS Carboxylates: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Buffer Activity
Authors: Kondratenko Yulia A. , Antuganov Dmitrii O. , Zolotarev Andrey A. , Nadporojskii Michail A. , Ugolkov Valery L. , Kochina Tatyana A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIonic liquids, which have their own buffer capacity, have been classified as Good's buffer ionic liquids (GB‐ILs). GB‐ILs have demonstrated their potential in biotechnology due to their biocompatibility and profitable self‐buffering properties. A number of new GB‐ILs based on BIS‐TRIS (bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐amino‐tris(hydroxymethyl)methane) carboxylates have been synthesized. IR, NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy, and thermal analysis data confirming the formation of new BIS‐TRIS salts are presented. The crystal structure of three BIS‐TRIS salts with salicylate, hydrogen oxalate, and oxalate anions was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Screening of synthesized BIS‐TRIS carboxylates as buffers in 68Ga‐radiolabeling reactions of the model chelator p‐SCN−Bn‐DOTA, which is prototype of DOTA‐modified (1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid) peptides, was carried out.
Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Tamainato S. , Mori D. , Takeda Y. , Yamamoto O. , Imanishi N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe flexible and less flammable solid polymer electrolytes are attractive candidates for high specific energy density lithium batteries. However, the use of polymer electrolytes in rechargeable batteries for EVs is hindered because of their low lithium‐ion conductivity at room temperature and lithium dendrite formation during lithium deposition at high current density. To improve the room temperature conductivity of polymer electrolytes, composite lithium‐ion conductors consisting of polymer and ionic liquids or inorganic solid lithium ion conductors have been examined over the past two decades. The polymer electrolyte with ionic liquid showed ionic conductivity of more than 10−4 S cm−1at room temperature, but lithium dendrite‐free composite electrolytes have not yet been reported at room temperature and a high current density. The flexible composite electrolytes of polymers and lithium‐ion conductive solid electrolytes showed high ionic conductivity of more than 2×10−4 S cm−1and no dendrite short‐circuit was observed at room temperature and 1.0 mA cm−1for long cycling. The suppression of lithium dendrite formation in the composite electrolyte is due to the formation of a stable interface layer between the lithium electrode and composite electrolyte. At present, no room temperature all‐solid‐state batteries have been developed with performance comparable to conventional lithium‐ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. One of the disadvantage of the lithium batteries with the composite polymer electrolyte is higher mass of the electrolyte than that of a liquid electrolyte with a porous separator. The specific energy density of the batteries depends on the thickness of the electrolyte and the specific area capacity. At present, the thickness of the polymer composite electrolytes is in a range of 50–200 μm. The specific energy density of the lithium battery with a 100 μm thick composite electrolyte is 430 Wh kg−1at 10 mAh cm−2, which is 1.4 times higher than that of the conventional Li‐ion battery. A high specific area capacity battery with a thin polymer composite electrolyte should be developed to obtain a high energy density battery. We are anxiously expecting a mechanically stable composite polymer electrolyte thin film of less than 100 μm thick with high Li‐ion conductivity more than 10−3 S cm−1at room temperature and low interface resistance with Li electrode. The addition of small amount of a low molecular weight additive into the composite electrolytes is effective to improve the interface resistance between the lithium electrode and composite electrolyte, which results in no dendrite formation at high current density and room temperature.
Fine‐grained analysis of dependency cycles among classes
Authors: Feng Qiong , Mo Ran 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDependency cycles have been claimed to incur negative impacts on software quality and make a system difficult to test, maintain, and reuse. Previous studies have investigated dependency cycles' evolution and proposed various methods to detect and break dependency cycles. While these studies provide valuable inputs for understanding dependency cycles, we do not know how developers address dependency cycles in their daily activities and whether dependency cycles' resolution follows certain patterns. Therefore, in this paper, using the data from 18 open‐source projects, we extracted dependency cycles along with their changes from each commit and studied how dependency cycles evolved in a fine‐grained level. Our results demonstrate that, 28.4% of dependency cycles have been continuously changing through different status: aggregating, breaking, newly‐forming, and disappearing. Furthermore, we found that dependency cycles in different shapes present their specific evolution characteristics, for example, star and circle dependency cycles tend to preserve their original shape during aggregation or breaking. In addition, we discovered several recurring patterns that developers applied in fully breaking star and circle dependency cycles. We believe the recurring patterns we summarized have the potential to be automated in breaking dependency cycles in practice.
SCL(EQ): SCL for First-Order Logic with Equality
Authors: Leidinger Hendrik , Weidenbach Christoph 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe propose a new calculus SCL(EQ) for first-order logic with equality that only learns non-redundant clauses. Following the idea of CDCL (Conflict Driven Clause Learning) and SCL (Clause Learning from Simple Models) a ground literal model assumption is used to guide inferences that are then guaranteed to be non-redundant. Redundancy is defined with respect to a dynamically changing ordering derived from the ground literal model assumption. We prove SCL(EQ) sound and complete and provide examples where our calculus improves on superposition.
Goéland: A Concurrent Tableau-Based Theorem Prover (System Description)
Authors: Cailler Julie , Rosain Johann , Delahaye David , Robillard Simon , Bouziane Hinde Lilia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe describe , an automated theorem prover for first-order logic that relies on a concurrent search procedure to find tableau proofs, with concurrent processes corresponding to individual branches of the tableau. Since branch closure may require instantiating free variables shared across branches, processes communicate via channels to exchange information about substitutions used for closure. We present the proof search procedure and its implementation, as well as experimental results obtained on problems from the TPTP library.
Leśniewski’s Ontology – Proof-Theoretic Characterization
Authors: Indrzejczak Andrzej 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe ontology of Leśniewski is commonly regarded as the most comprehensive calculus of names and the theoretical basis of mereology. However, ontology was not examined by means of proof-theoretic methods so far. In the paper we provide a characterization of elementary ontology as a sequent calculus satisfying desiderata usually formulated for rules in well-behaved systems in modern structural proof theory. In particular, the cut elimination theorem is proved and the version of subformula property holds for the cut-free version.
Bayesian Ranking for Strategy Scheduling in Automated Theorem Provers
Authors: Mangla Chaitanya , Holden Sean B. , Paulson Lawrence C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAstrategy scheduleallocates time to proof strategies that are used in sequence in a theorem prover. We employ Bayesian statistics to propose alternative sequences for the strategy schedule in each proof attempt. Tested on the TPTP problem library, our method yields a time saving of more than 50%. By extending this method to optimize the fixed time allocations to each strategy, we obtain a notable increase in the number of theorems proved.
Guiding an Automated Theorem Prover with Neural Rewriting
Authors: Piepenbrock Jelle , Heskes Tom , Janota Mikoláš , Urban Josef 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAutomated theorem provers (ATPs) are today used to attack open problems in several areas of mathematics. An ongoing project by Kinyon and Veroff uses Prover9 to search for the proof of the Abelian Inner Mapping (AIM) Conjecture, one of the top open conjectures in quasigroup theory. In this work, we improve Prover9 on a benchmark of AIM problems by neural synthesis of useful alternative formulations of the goal. In particular, we design the 3SIL (stratified shortest solution imitation learning) method. 3SIL trains a neural predictor through a reinforcement learning (RL) loop to propose correct rewrites of the conjecture that guide the search.3SIL is first developed on a simpler, Robinson arithmetic rewriting task for which the reward structure is similar to theorem proving. There we show that 3SIL outperforms other RL methods. Next we train 3SIL on the AIM benchmark and show that the final trained network, deciding what actions to take within the equational rewriting environment, proves 70.2% of problems, outperforming Waldmeister (65.5%). When we combine the rewrites suggested by the network with Prover9, we prove 8.3% more theorems than Prover9 in the same time, bringing the performance of the combined system to 90%.
Finite Two-Dimensional Proof Systems for Non-finitely Axiomatizable Logics
Authors: Greati Vitor , Marcos João 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe characterizing properties of a proof-theoretical presentation of a given logic may hang on the choice of proof formalism, on the shape of the logical rules and of the sequents manipulated by a given proof system, on the underlying notion of consequence, and even on the expressiveness of its linguistic resources and on the logical framework into which it is embedded. Standard (one-dimensional) logics determined by (non-deterministic) logical matrices are known to be axiomatizable by analytic and possibly finite proof systems as soon as they turn out to satisfy a certain constraint of sufficient expressiveness. In this paper we introduce a recipe for cooking up a two-dimensional logical matrix (or -matrix) by the combination of two (possibly partial) non-deterministic logical matrices. We will show that such a combination may result in -matrices satisfying the property of sufficient expressiveness, even when the input matrices are not sufficiently expressive in isolation, and we will use this result to show that one-dimensional logics that are not finitely axiomatizable may inhabit finitely axiomatizable two-dimensional logics, becoming, thus, finitely axiomatizable by the addition of an extra dimension. We will illustrate the said construction using a well-known logic of formal inconsistency called mCi. We will first prove that this logic is not finitely axiomatizable by a one-dimensional (generalized) Hilbert-style system. Then, taking advantage of a known 5-valued non-deterministic logical matrix for this logic, we will combine it with another one, conveniently chosen so as to give rise to a -matrix that is axiomatized by a two-dimensional Hilbert-style system that is both finite and analytic.
Vampire Getting Noisy: Will Random Bits Help Conquer Chaos? (System Description)
Authors: Suda Martin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTreating a saturation-based automatic theorem prover (ATP) as a Las Vegas randomized algorithm is a way to illuminate the chaotic nature of proof search and make it amenable to study by probabilistic tools. On a series of experiments with the ATP Vampire, the paper showcases some implications of this perspective for prover evaluation.
Implicit Definitions with Differential Equations for KeYmaera X
Authors: Gallicchio James , Tan Yong Kiam , Mitsch Stefan , Platzer André 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDefinition packages in theorem provers provide users with means of defining and organizing concepts of interest. This system description presents a new definition package for the hybrid systems theorem prover KeYmaera X based on differential dynamic logic (). The package adds KeYmaera X support for user-defined smooth functions whose graphs can be implicitly characterized by formulas. Notably, this makes it possible to implicitly characterize functions, such as the exponential and trigonometric functions, as solutions of differential equations and then prove properties of those functions using ’s differential equation reasoning principles. Trustworthiness of the package is achieved by minimally extending KeYmaera X ’s soundness-critical kernel with a single axiom scheme that expands function occurrences with their implicit characterization. Users are provided with a high-level interface for defining functions and non-soundness-critical tactics that automate low-level reasoning over implicit characterizations in hybrid system proofs.
The future of condition based monitoring: risks of operator removal on complex platforms
Authors: Oldfield Marie , McMonies Murray , Haig Ella 
Published: August 2022

AbstractComplex systems are difficult to manage, operate and maintain. This is why we see teams of highly specialised engineers in industries such as aerospace, nuclear and subsurface. Condition based monitoring is also employed to maximise the efficiency of extensive maintenance programmes instead of using periodic maintenance. A level of automation is often required in such complex engineering platforms in order to effectively and safely manage them. Advances in Artificial Intelligence related technologies have offered greater levels of automation but this potentially pivots the weight of decision making away from the operator to the machine. Implementing AI or complex algorithms into a platform can mean that the Operators’ control over the system is diminished or removed altogether. For example, in the Boeing 737 Air Max Disaster, AI had been added to a platform and removed the operators’ control of the system. This meant that the operator could not then move outside the extremely reserved, algorithm defined, “envelope” of operation. This paper analyses the challenges of AI driven condition based monitoring where there is a potential to see similar consequences to those seen in control engineering. As the future of society becomes more about algorithm driven technology, it is prudent to ask, not only whether we should implement AI into complex systems, but how this can be achieved ethically and safely in order to reduce risk to life.
Parent perceptions of their child’s and their own physical activity after treatment for childhood cancer
Authors: Ha Lauren , Wakefield Claire E. , Fardell Joanna , Cohn Richard J. , Simar David , Signorelli Christina , Mizrahi David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Purpose
Parents are important facilitators of physical activity for children, yet little is known about the perceptions of parents of childhood cancer survivors. We investigated parent perceptions of their own and their child’s physical activity levels after cancer treatment and examined associations with clinical, demographic, and psychosocial factors.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 125 parents and 125 survivors. Parents reported on the perceived importance of their child being physically active and concerns regarding exercising after cancer treatment.

Results
Parents and survivors self-reported median (range) of 127.5 (0–1260) and 220 (0–1470) min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Most parents (n = 109, 98%) believed that physical activity was highly important for their child. Some parents (n = 19, 17%) reported concerns, most commonly regarding exercise safety (n = 7, 22%). Parents were more likely to perceive that their child should increase physical activity if their child was an adolescent and had high body fat percentage.

Conclusions
Physical activity levels varied widely among survivors, reflecting factors including parents’ lifestyles, limited understanding of exercise benefits and perceptions of risk. Given survivors’ insufficient physical activity levels and sedentary behaviour among families, embedding physical activity promotion into health systems and follow-up support could benefit the entire family unit.
Analysis of selective bonding processes using reactive multi-layers for system integration on LTCC based SiPs
Authors: Yuile A. , Schulz A. , Müller J. , Wiese S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper discusses the use of reactive multi-layers for selective assembly of ICs (Integrated Circuits) in an LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) based SiP (System-in-Package). To understand the requirements for the use of self-propagating reactive multilayers in die bonding, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations have been carried out to simulate the die bonding process of a silicon chip onto a ceramic LTCC substrate. Reactive foils of 40 and 80 µm thicknesses and a simulated reaction propagation speed of 1 m/s were studied and used to melt a solder preform underneath a silicon chip. The results of the CFD simulations were analysed, particularly with respect to temperature and liquid fraction contours, as well as time–temperature histories obtained from temperature probes which were included in the model, such as to approximate the real behaviour of Pt-100 temperature probes, when a real bonding process is being tracked. The CFD method, in this instance realised with ANSYS Fluent software, can track the melting and solidification of the solder as well as model the influence of latent heat, which is crucial to ascertaining the true evolution of the bonding process.
Functional evaluations comparing Billroth I with a large remnant stomach and Roux en Y with a small remnant stomach following laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: An investigation including laparoscopic total gastrectomy
Authors: Nomura Eiji , Seki Takatoshi , Ninomiya Yamato , Izumi Hideki , Yamamoto Soichiro , Nabeshima Kazuhito , Nakamura Kenji , Mukai Masaya , Makuuchi Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study compared the pros and cons of two post-distal gastrectomy (DG) reconstruction methods by comparing the patient quality of life and functional dynamics at one year postoperatively.

Methods
We compared functional outcomes between Billroth I following laparoscopic 1/2 DG (L-B1; n = 27) and Roux en Y following laparoscopic 4/5 DG (L-RY; n = 24), including laparoscopic total gastrectomy (L-TG; n = 25), at one year postoperatively. Clinical investigations were performed in each patient, and functional evaluations by the acetaminophen (AAP) absorption test and plasma gastrointestinal hormone measurements were performed in consenting patients in each group (L-B1: n = 10, L-RY: n = 10, L-TG: n = 5).

Results
Postoperative/preoperative body weight ratios were significantly higher in the L-B1 and L-RY groups, in descending order than the L-TG group, although the meal intake ratio was not significantly different between the L-B1 and L-RY groups. The incidence of remnant gastritis was significantly higher in the B1 than in the RY group. AAP levels, glucose and glucagon-like peptide 1 were significantly lower in the L-B1 than in the L-RY group. Active ghrelin levels (AGL) were similar between the L-B1 and L-RY groups.

Conclusions
L-B1 maintains gradual intestinal absorption and physiological meal passage and prevents postoperative weight loss. L-RY results in maintenance of the postoperative meal intake via high AGL, equivalent to that in the L-B1 group.
Hierarchical object combination and tool use in the great apes and human children
Authors: Hayashi Misato , Takeshita Hideko 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObject manipulation can be used as a comparative scale of cognitive development among primates, including humans. Combinatory object manipulation is a precursor of tool-using behavior that indicates material intelligence in primates. However, developmental data on it regarding the great apes other than chimpanzees is insufficient. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of humans and chimpanzees as well as a cross-sectional examination of other great-ape infants (two bonobos, three gorillas, and four orangutans) in captive settings by using two kinds of tasks that required either inserting or stacking combinatory action. The four species of great apes and humans demonstrated both types of combinatory object manipulation during infancy. However, the order of development in different types of combinatory object manipulations varied among the great apes. Furthermore, we applied a nesting-cup task to examine the hierarchical complexity in the combinatory strategies of human children and adult chimpanzees. Both of them exhibited highly hierarchical combinations in the nesting-cup task and employed the subassembly strategy, indicating that an action merge may exist not only in human children but also in adult chimpanzees. The results were discussed with reviews of the tool-use literature from the wild great apes. The early acquisition of an inserting action in the chimpanzees may explain the tool utilization commonality reported in wild chimpanzees. The combinatory object manipulation may have worked as an external enhancer to achieve an additional hierarchical complexity in cognition and behavior, eventually leading humans to develop a language system.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in a lowland Black Grouse population in Central Europe
Authors: Strauss Egbert , Maistrelli Claudia , Strube Christina , Ludwig Tobias , Siebert Ursula 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Northern German Black Grouse metapopulation has been affected since decades by a sharply decline that has ultimately led to a reduced genetic variability. Gastrointestinal parasitoses are common among Black Grouse, but it is not clear if they have a further negative impact on the development of this already threatened metapopulation. Therefore, between 2011 and 2014, the occurrence and seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites were assessed by coproscopical investigations of Black Grouse feces collected in the nature conservation area of the “Lüneburg Heath”. Feces were obtained also from individuals during capture and re-capture activities. In total, 1,187 fecal samples were analyzed, of which 365 were caecal and 822 were rectal feces samples. 86% of the caecal and 95% of the rectal feces samples were parasite negative. Of the positive samples, oocysts of Coccidia spp. showed the highest prevalences of 12.1% in caecal and 1.1% in rectal samples, respectively. Helminths of the species/genera Trichostrongylus tenuis, Ascaridia spp., Heterakis spp., Capillaria spp., and Syngamus trachea were also observed, but at remarkably lower prevalences. High and moderate excretion intensities were observed only for coccidian oocysts. Coccidian infections revealed a seasonal pattern, occurring mostly during autumn and winter. Nematode eggs occurred more frequently in spring and summer. Four of the seven Black Grouse that were caught and equipped with GPS transmitters, presented high excretion intensities of coccidian oocysts. Despite high/moderate oocyst excretion, no negative health impact was observed, suggesting low pathogenicity of the infecting coccidia species or subsided infections. In contrast to previous studies, this Black Grouse population showed low prevalences of a rather narrow spectrum of parasites. We did not observe any negative impact of parasite infections on this population, which could be responsible for its decline. Thus, causes of decline are to be ascribed to other proximate and ultimate factors.