bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value Creation, Valuation and Business Models in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Blankenagel Michael , Canci Jung Kyu , Mekler Philipp 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter describes value creation and valuation under structural uncertainty in the healthcare and pharma industries. These risks and uncertainties can significantly influence organizational performance, value creation and long-term sustainability. The discussion continues by comparing traditional valuation concepts used in finance with the requirements posed by the current situation of healthcare business. In particular, patent valuation is a critical business issue, and the value of pharma patents and licensing deals has risen markedly in recent years. Existing evaluation approaches do not consider a patent’s life cycle, an important and unique characteristic of pharma and biotech patents. For this reason, the inherent uncertainty in a patent’s value is modelled as a stochastic process.
Access, Pneumoperitoneum, and Complications
Authors: Sta Clara Eva Lourdes 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn every type of surgery, a good exposure will greatly affect the course of the surgery. An adequate working space and appropriate trocar placement in minimally invasive surgery will make the procedure easier for the surgeon. Knowing the different techniques in accessing and creating a pneumoperitoneum and deciding which one to use is a prerequisite in minimally invasive surgery. This chapter aims to discuss the different access methods on how to create a pneumoperitoneum and the possible complications.
Surgical Smoke: Risks and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Malik Sajid , Khairi Farah , Wijerathne Sujith 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs the usage of electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpels, and lasers have become commonplace, operative staff and patients alike are at increased risk of exposure to dangerous surgical smoke emanating from these devices. Terms like “smoke,” “plume,” and less commonly “aerosol” are used to refer to by-products of laser tissue ablation and electrocautery, whereas “plume,” “aerosol,” and “vapor” are associated with ultrasonic dissection. “Smoke,” although not formally accurate in all cases, is a widely accepted term used to describe surgically generated gaseous by-product [1].
Staging Laparoscopy for Intra-Abdominal Carcinoma
Authors: Lawenko Michael M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiagnostic laparoscopy is used for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies due to its capability to directly visualize intra-abdominal organs with the opportunity for gathering tissue biopsy, fluid aspiration, and tissue cultures Its application for the staging of intra-abdominal cancers is known as staging laparoscopy.
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Authors: Lawenko Michael M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiagnostic laparoscopy is used in endoscopic surgery for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies. This technique has the capability for directly visualizing intra-abdominal organs with the opportunity for gathering tissue biopsy, fluid aspiration, and tissue cultures. This procedure has the capability to aid other possible interventional alternatives.
Emergency Groin Hernia Repair
Authors: Yang George Pei Cheung 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLaparoscopic groin hernia repair (inguinal; femoral and obturator hernia), including transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, have become one of the gold standard treatment for elective groin hernia repair. After its introduction in the 1990, with deeper understanding of preperitoneal anatomy, more structural training for surgeons around the world, regular meeting with exchange of experience and results in clinical studies these have all improved our skills and understanding of both the surgery and disease itself. This has resulted in many expert hernia centers around the world starting to broaden the application of laparoscopic approach, not only to elective hernia repair, but also for emergency strangulated groin hernias as well. In this chapter, we will discuss few important issues when employing laparoscopic approach for the management of emergency strangulated groin hernias.
Adhesiolysis for Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Maia Raquel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAbdominal surgery is the major cause of peritoneal adhesion formation. Although being part of the body’s healing process, it is estimated that intra-abdominal adhesions are developed in 90–95% of patients. Other causes of intra-abdominal adhesions include pelvic inflammatory disease, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and complicated diverticulitis [1].
Care and Handling of Laparoscopic Instrumentations
Authors: Lee-Ong Alembert , Kwan Shirin Khor Pui 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLaparoscopic instrumentation ranging from operating telescopes and fiber optic light cables to surgical instruments represents a substantial investment for the operating theater department [1, 3]. The delicate nature of these devices and the high cost involved in the acquisition and subsequently to maintain or repair them when damaged, warrants surgeons, nurses, and reprocessing personnel to handle them carefully and appropriately at all times. Proper care and handling of laparoscopic instrumentation can help to prolong their lifespan and maintain them at an optimal performance level. With the goal of delivering the finest in-patient care, all surgical team members and reprocessing personnel must be familiar with the use of and recommendations for care and handling of all laparoscopic instrumentation.
Basic Principles and Advanced VATS Procedures
Authors: Agarwal Narendra , Kukreja Bharti 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn the era of growing enthusiasm for minimally invasive surgical approaches, many general and thoracic surgeons have fostered a resurgence of interest in thoracoscopy. Over the last two decades, surgeons have expanded the use of thoracoscopic or video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), procedures to address a variety of thoracic pathologies classically managed through open thoracotomy. The goal of this chapter is to guide minimal invasive surgeons who are trained in open thoracic procedures, and thoracic surgeons beginning their thoracoscopic experience with the basic operative setup for thoracoscopic (VATS) surgery.
Achalasia
Authors: Lopez-Gutierrez Javier , Cervantes B. Mario 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAchalasia is the result of a progressive degeneration process of the ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus, located in the esophageal wall. The disorder motility that characterizes achalasia appears to result primarily from the loss of inhibitory neurons within the wall of the esophagus itself. This loss of the inhibitory innervation in the LOS causes the basal sphincter pressure to rise and renders the sphincter muscle incapable of normal relaxation. The loss of inhibitory neurons from the smooth muscle portion of the esophageal body results in aperistalais [1]. The manifestations of the disease depend on the degree and location of ganglion cell loss [2]. Loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus and LOS failure to relax with swallowing, both impair esophageal emptying. Most of the signs and symptoms of achalasia are due to the defect in LES relaxation. Esophagogastric junction (OGJ) outflow obstruction. The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases up to 3.3% after a mean symptom duration of 13 years [3].
Hiatal Hernia: Update and Technical Aspects
Authors: Zanoni Andrea , Sartori Alberto , Lauro Enrico 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHiatal hernia is defined as the herniation of the stomach, possibly with other abdominal cavity elements, through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The most used classification describes four types of hernia: type I is the sliding hiatus hernia; type II the rolling hernia, where the gastric fundus herniate, while the gastroesophageal junction remains in the abdomen; type III the mixed hernia: with elements of both types I and II hernias; type IV is characterized by the presence of organs other than the stomach in the hernia sac. Types II–IV hernias as a group are referred to as paraesophageal hernias. Type I is the most common (95% of the cases), followed by type III, which comprises almost all paraesophageal hernias. Type II and IV are rare. Gastric volvulus is commonly associated with paraesophageal hiatal hernias. During sac reduction, the content is also retracted into the abdomen and the volvulus is automatically derotated. Natural history of hiatal hernias is not really known, but preliminary studies suggest that, like all other types of hernia, they tend to increase in size over time. The anatomic disruption of the gastroesophageal junction, due to hiatal hernia, leads to the disruption of natural anti-reflux mechanisms and hernia size is one of the main determinant of reflux severity [3]. Indeed, symptoms of hiatal hernia can be distinguished into GERD-related and Non-GERD-related. GERD symptoms are described in another chapter. Non-GERD symptoms include all those related to compression of mediastinal structures and to damage of herniated organs. A particular case is that of asymptomatic paraesophageal hernias. In those patients, prophylactic paraesophageal hernia repair is debated among experts. Although there is no consensus, most would agree that very old or debilitated patients should not undergo surgery, while younger and healthier patients, with a life expectancy of at least 10 years, should consider surgery to prevent both the risk of acute complications and potentially progressive symptoms.
McKeown Esophagectomy
Authors: Kono Koji 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEsophageal cancer is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide and affects more than 450,000 people all over the world [1]. Most patients with esophageal cancer in Asian countries such as Japan and China have squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while most of those in Western countries have adenocarcinoma [2, 3]. In particular, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the USA and the UK is rapidly increasing, in which the age-adjusted incidence has risen by 39·6% for men and 37·5% for women every 5 years in the UK [3]. Despite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative management [4, 5] and surgery combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy [6, 7], the prognosis of esophageal cancer at advanced stage remains poor with 30–40% in a 5-year survival globally [8] and the 5-year survival rate for the patients receiving esophagectomy in Japan was 55.5% [9].
Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Yeo Danson , Rao Jaideep 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor originating in the gastrointestinal tract, originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal. GISTs occur most commonly in the stomach (60%), followed by the small intestine (30%) [1].
Laparoscopic Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity
Authors: Lomanto Davide , Gundogdu Emre , Ozmen Mehmet Mahir 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObesity is a rapidly rising problem worldwide in both developed and developing countries. It is not only reducing the quality of life but also shortens the duration of life with the comorbidities it brings [1]. Studies show that a two-point rise in the Body Mass Index (BMI) reduces one’s life expectancy by almost 10 years, and it also significantly affects the quality of life in morbidly obese patients [2]. Obesity is a serious medical problem as it links directly to many common comorbidities such as:
Laparoscopic Roux EN y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB)
Authors: Goel Rajat , Huang Chih-Kun , Guldogan Cem Emir 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEdward Mason introduced a different approach to bariatric surgery (BS) in 1966, inspired by the observation that subtotal gastrectomies often cause weight loss (WL) [1]. The first gastric bypass procedure was performed by horizontal section of 10% volume of the upper stomach and anastomosis into the jejunal loop, excluding 90% of the gastric reservoir. Wittgrove and Clark established a standard technique for laparoscopic gastric bypass in 1991 [2]. Similar progressive improvement in the results of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB) is reported in most large series around the world [3, 4].
Elective Cholecystectomy
Authors: Abatayo Arnel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed abdominal surgery to date. In the last few decades, it is increasingly performed laparoscopically, even with third-world countries in Asia. In Mongolia for example, where there are limited resources, they have found a 62% increase in laparoscopic cholecystectomy being performed for 9 years since 2005 [1]. At present, the “gold standard” in gallbladder (GB) surgery is laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). This is because of its associated advantages over conventional open technique that includes less postoperative pain, better cosmesis, and shorter hospital stays [2–8]. However, despite the advances in technology, the complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy remain the same. It is therefore necessary for surgeons to be familiar with the basic principles and techniques in performing a safe and efficient procedure. Below is the anatomy of Gallbladder (Fig. 1).
Hepatic Cyst/Abscess
Authors: Gupta Rakesh Kumar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHepatic cysts are common, occurring in at least 2–7% of the population, and are typically discovered incidentally with the frequent use of ultrasonography and computed tomography. Only about 16% of such cysts are symptomatic [1]. They may be either congenital or acquired. The more common congenital variety may represent malformed bile ducts while the acquired type of hepatic cyst usually arises as sequelae of inflammation, trauma or parasitic disease, and sometimes neoplastic disease [2].
Laparoscopic Wedge Liver Resection
Authors: Yusoff Ahmad Ramzi , Lomanto Davide 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLaparoscopic liver resection was introduced as a surgical technique more than two decades ago. The initial successful laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy was reported in 1996 by Azagra et al., who performed a left-lateral segmentectomy in a patient with a benign adenoma of segments II and III. The technique has grown from a novel procedure to an essential component of the highly specialised hepatobiliary unit armamentarium. Amongst the advantages of laparoscopic liver surgery are: reduced hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, lowered risk of peritoneal adhesions, better cosmetic outcomes, and much shorter convalescence.
Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy
Authors: Goh Brian K. P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLaparoscopic liver resection was first performed over two decades ago and is widely adopted in many institutions worldwide today [1]. However, laparoscopic liver resection especially for major hepatectomies remains a highly complicated and technically demanding procedure and is routinely performed only by specialized surgeons in high-volume centers today [2, 3]. In this chapter, we share the operative techniques adopted at our institution based on our experience with over 800 laparoscopic liver resections performed to date [1, 2, 4, 5].
Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Approach (TAPP)
Authors: Malik Sajid , Wijerathne Sujith 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHistory of inguinal hernia is as old as history of surgery itself. Bassini in 1887 published his original description of inguinal hernia repair with a later modification to Shouldice repair in 1945. Two real revolutions which have changed the hernia repair completely are the Lichtenstein “tensionless” mesh repair in 1989 and the introduction of laparoscopic surgery to hernia repair in the early 1990s [1].
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Salgaonkar Hrishikesh , Marimuthu Kanagaraj , Sharples Alistair , Rao Vittal , Balaji Nagammapudur 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiaphragmatic hernia (DH) is a rare entity, more commonly seen in children as compared to adults. It is classified as congenital or acquired. Most common cause of acquired hernia is following trauma. Management of DH is primarily surgical repair which can be performed by laparotomy, laparoscopy, thoracotomy, or thoracoscopy. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is a paucity of data in the literature regarding the best approach for the repair. With the advent of laparoscopy or thoracoscopy, these are the preferred options as it offers us all the known benefits associated with minimally invasive surgery (MIS). For the scope of this chapter, our focus will be on the role of thoracoscopy and laparoscopy in the management of adult DH, the technical details, and its associated complications.
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy with Complete Mesocolic Excision and Central Vascular Ligation (CME/CVL) for Right Sided Colon Cancer
Authors: Ho Ming Li Leonard , Chen William Tzu-Liang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHohenberger et al. [1] advocated CME/CVL for resection of right-sided colon cancers. CME involves sharp dissection along Toldt’s fascia with the goal of removing the primary tumor, its mesentery, and an undisrupted envelope of mesocolic fascia. The specimen would contain adjacent blood vessels, draining lymphatics, and neural tissue, which are potential pathways through which the tumor may spread. The second component is CVL whereby the tumor-supplying vessels are ligated at their origin. This ensures the maximal harvest of all regional lymph nodes.
Hemostasis in Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Yusoff Ahmad Ramzi , Lomanto Davide 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHemostasis is the term that refers to the typical response of the vessel to injury by activation of the blood clotting mechanism to limit bleeding. It has been an essential goal in any surgery to maintain hemostasis by restricting the blood loss thus reducing the need for blood transfusion and its complications. Hemostasis is more prudent during laparoscopic surgery where the intervention is performed through small incisions using the camera and specialized instruments, as even minor bleeding may affect visualization, the safety and quality of the procedure, and patient outcome.
Laparoscopic Anterior Resection
Authors: Ng Elaine Hui Been , Leow Yeen Chin , Chen William Tzu-Liang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe first radical rectal surgery was first performed by Sir William Ernest Miles with a permanent stoma in 1907 while restorative rectal resection was introduced in 1948 by Claude F Dixon. The evolution of using surgical staplers in 1972 by Mark Mitchell Ravitch, doubling stapling technique by Knight and Griffen in 1980 as well as the development of coloanal anastomosis, intersphincteric dissection, and colonic-pouch anal anastomosis by Parks, Larzothes, and Parc respectively between 1980 and 1986 allows more opportunities for restorative resections for low rectal tumors. The concept of Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) with sharp dissection under direct vision and gentle continuous traction by RJ Heald [1] heralded the major milestone in modern rectal cancer surgery in significantly reducing local recurrence and improving patient outcomes. Although laparoscopic surgery began in the 1980s, the first laparoscopic colonic surgery was only performed in 1991. Laparoscopic rectal resection according to the principles of TME has been performed increasingly since with a few randomized controlled clinical trials (CLASICC, COLOR II, ACOSOG Z6051, ALaCaRT) [2–7] demonstrating significantly better postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and improved quality of life with controversial but mostly comparable short- and intermediate-term oncological outcomes.
Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal Resection
Authors: Seow-En Isaac , Chen William Tzu-Liang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA rectal cancer located within the narrow confines of the bony pelvis has for centuries been the bugbear of abdominal surgeons. Advances in operative technique, surgical technology, imaging methods, and multimodal therapies have dramatically improved the prospects of this once fatal disease. Despite the considerable progress, cancer of the rectum remains one of the most challenging conditions encountered by colorectal surgeons in present times.
Laparoscopic Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair
Authors: Salgaonkar Hrishikesh , Shah Rasik 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInguinal hernia repair is one of the commonest elective surgical procedure performed in the pediatric age group. The incidence of inguinal hernia in children varies between 1 and 5% and is more commonly seen in premature infants. Similarly, it is more common in boys as compared to girls. Almost always clinically diagnosed by a palpable reducible lump in the inguinal region, the mere presence of an inguinal hernia in children is an indication of surgical repair. Traditionally, pediatric inguinal hernias are repaired by an open technique which involves high ligation of the hernial sac at the level of the internal ring. Laparoscopy is a safe, easy, and reproducible technique in the hand of an experienced surgeon with similar results. In this chapter, author discusses the details of the technique of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
Cast versus removable orthosis for the management of stable type B ankle fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Spierings Jelle Friso , Nijdam Thomas Marcus Paulus , van der Heijden Lizz , Schuijt Henk Jan , Kokke Marike Cornelia , van der Velde Detlef , Smeeing Diederik Pieter Johan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose
There is currently no consensus on nonoperative management in adult patients after a stable type B ankle fracture. The aim of this review is to compare a removable orthosis versus a cast regarding safety and functional outcome in the NOM of stable type B ankle fractures.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using randomized clinical trials and observational studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the methodological index for non-randomized studies instrument. Nonoperative management was compared using the number of complications and functional outcome measured using the Olerud and Molander Score (OMAS) or the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Ankle Score.

Results
Five studies were included. Two were randomized clinical trials, and three were observational studies, including a total of 516 patients. A meta-analysis showed statistically significant higher odds of developing complications in the cast group [odds ratio (OR), 4.67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–14.35)].
Functional outcome in OMAS did not vary significantly at 6 weeks, mean difference (MD) − 6.64 (95% CI − 13.72 to + 0.45), and at 12 weeks, MD − 6.91 (95% CI − 18.73 to + 4.91). The mean difference of functional outcome in OMAS at 26 weeks or longer was significantly better in the removable orthosis group; MD − 2.63 (95% CI − 5.01 to − 0.25).

Conclusion
Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that a removable orthosis is a safe alternative type of NOM, as complication numbers are significantly lower in the orthosis group. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found in terms of functional outcome between a removable orthosis and a cast at 6 and 12 weeks. The 6-week and the 26-week OMAS results show that in patients with stable type B ankle fractures, a removable orthosis is non-inferior to a cast in terms of functional outcome.