bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An infantile case of hereditary folate malabsorption with sudden development of pulmonary hemorrhage: a case report
Authors: Sakurai Yukari , Toriumi Naohisa , Sarashina Takeo , Ishioka Toru , Nagata Marino , Kobayashi Hiroya , Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Hereditary folate malabsorption—a rare disorder caused by impairment of the folate transporter—can develop into severe folate deficiency manifesting as megaloblastic anemia and occasionally thrombocytopenia. Reportedly, megaloblastic anemia can manifest with hemorrhagic episodes, possibly due to ineffective platelet production and platelet dysfunction. However, life-threatening hemorrhage events in hereditary folate malabsorption have not been well investigated.

Case presentation
A 3-month-old Japanese boy was transferred to our hospital due to thrombocytopenia and severe megaloblastic anemia. During a thorough examination of hematopoietic abnormalities, the patient suddenly went into cardiac arrest due to pulmonary hemorrhage. Although intravenous folate supplementation was started soon after the identification of folate deficiency, the patient died of circulatory defect and multiple organ failure. The cause of pulmonary hemorrhage, such as respiratory infection, could not be confirmed. Genetic investigation revealed a mutation in the SLC46A1 gene to be the cause of the hereditary folate malabsorption.

Conclusion
We report an infantile case of hereditary folate malabsorption that progressed to lethal pulmonary hemorrhage before folate deficiency was identified. Clinicians should consider that megaloblastic anemia could lead to severe bleeding without warning, and that nutrient supplementation should be initiated as soon as possible.
The effect of performance-based financing interventions on out-of-pocket expenses intended to improve access to and utilization of maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nkangu Miriam , Little Julian , Omonaiye Olumuyiwa , Yaya Sanni 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Out-of-pocket expenses have been reported as a major barrier to accessing antenatal care and skilled birth delivery in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Performance-based financing (PBF) is one of several strategies introduced in lower- and middle-income countries to strengthen a weak health system. This review aims to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of PBF interventions implemented with the objective of reducing out-of-pocket expenses and improving access to and utilization of ANC and skilled birth delivery and family planning in sub-Saharan Africa. It will consider evidence across health sectors and identify gaps in the evidence.

Methods and analysis
This protocol is reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guideline. The systematic review will apply a three-step strategy to search five databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane.) and grey literature with the help of a librarian. Two independent reviewers will conduct screening to determine eligibility and critical appraisal of selected studies using the risk of bias criteria developed by the Cochrane EPOC Group and the New Castle Ottawa Scale for observational studies. The certainty of evidence for the outcomes will be assessed using “Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation” (GRADE) approach. This review will consider experimental and quasi-experimental study designs and observational studies. Studies published in English and French language(s) will be included. Studies published since the introduction of PBF in sub-Saharan Africa will be included. Data will be collected on each item that contributes to out-of-pocket expenses. This review will adopt the Multiple Dimensions of Access Framework to organize the findings.

Discussion
This systematic review will support evidence-informed data for the performance-based financing community and government by identifying, describing, and assessing the impact of performance-based financing interventions on out-of-pocket expenses in promoting access and utilization of ANC, skilled birth delivery, and family planning across health sectors.

Systematic review registration
This review has been registered with PROSPERO, Registration number CRD42020222893.
Uses of mathematical modeling to estimate the impact of mass drug administration of antibiotics on antimicrobial resistance within and between communities
Authors: Olesen Scott W. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Antibiotics are a key part of modern healthcare, but their use has downsides, including selecting for antibiotic resistance, both in the individuals treated with antibiotics and in the community at large. When evaluating the benefits and costs of mass administration of azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality, effects of antibiotic use on antibiotic resistance are important but difficult to measure, especially when evaluating resistance that “spills over” from antibiotic-treated individuals to other members of their community. The aim of this scoping review was to identify how the existing literature on antibiotic resistance modeling could be better leveraged to understand the effect of mass drug administration (MDA) on antibiotic resistance.

Main text
Mathematical models of antibiotic use and resistance may be useful for estimating the expected effects of different MDA implementations on different populations, as well as aiding interpretation of existing data and guiding future experimental design. Here, strengths and limitations of models of antibiotic resistance are reviewed, and possible applications of those models in the context of mass drug administration with azithromycin are discussed.

Conclusions
Statistical models of antibiotic use and resistance may provide robust and relevant estimates of the possible effects of MDA on resistance. Mechanistic models of resistance, while able to more precisely estimate the effects of different implementations of MDA on resistance, may require more data from MDA trials to be accurately parameterized.

Graphical Abstract
Mass drug administration of antibacterials: weighing the evidence regarding benefits and risks
Authors: Rolfe Robert J. , Shaikh Hassaan , Tillekeratne L. Gayani 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Mass drug administration (MDA) is a strategy to improve health at the population level through widespread delivery of medicine in a community. We surveyed the literature to summarize the benefits and potential risks associated with MDA of antibacterials, focusing predominantly on azithromycin as it has the greatest evidence base.

Main body
High-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that MDA-azithromycin is effective in reducing the prevalence of infection due to yaws and trachoma. In addition, RCTs suggest that MDA-azithromycin reduces under-five mortality in certain low-resource settings that have high childhood mortality rates at baseline. This reduction in mortality appears to be sustained over time with twice-yearly MDA-azithromycin, with the greatest effect observed in children < 1 year of age. In addition, observational data suggest that infections such as skin and soft tissue infections, rheumatic heart disease, acute respiratory illness, diarrheal illness, and malaria may all be treated by azithromycin and thus incidentally impacted by MDA-azithromycin. However, the mechanism by which MDA-azithromycin reduces childhood mortality remains unclear. Verbal autopsies performed in MDA-azithromycin childhood mortality studies have produced conflicting data and are underpowered to answer this question. In addition to benefits, there are several important risks associated with MDA-azithromycin. Direct adverse effects potentially resulting from MDA-azithromycin include gastrointestinal side effects, idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, cardiovascular side effects, and increase in chronic diseases such as asthma and obesity. Antibacterial resistance is also a risk associated with MDA-azithromycin and has been reported for both gram-positive and enteric organisms. Further, there is the risk for cross-resistance with other antibacterial agents, especially clindamycin.

Conclusions
Evidence shows that MDA-azithromycin programs may be beneficial for reducing trachoma, yaws, and mortality in children < 5 years of age in certain under-resourced settings. However, there are significant potential risks that need to be considered when deciding how, when, and where to implement these programs. Robust systems to monitor benefits as well as adverse effects and antibacterial resistance are warranted in communities where MDA-azithromycin programs are implemented.

Graphical Abstract
Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses?
Authors: Hennig Christin , Graaf Annika , Petric Philipp P. , Graf Laura , Schwemmle Martin , Beer Martin , Harder Timm 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Swine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs causing production losses. In Europe, and elsewhere, production systems have intensified featuring fewer holdings but, in turn, increased breeding herd and litter sizes. This seems to foster swine IAV (swIAV) infections with respect to the entrenchment within and spread between holdings. Disease management of swine influenza is difficult and relies on biosecurity and vaccination measures. Recently discovered and widely proliferating forms of self-sustaining modes of swIAV infections in large swine holdings challenge these preventive concepts by generating vaccine-escape mutants in rolling circles of infection.

Main body
The most recent human IAV pandemic of 2009 rooted at least partly in IAV of porcine origin highlighting the zoonotic potential of swIAV. Pigs constitute a mixing vessel of IAV from different species including avian and human hosts. However, other host species such as turkey and quail but also humans themselves may also act in this way; thus, pigs are not essentially required for the generation of IAV reassortants with a multispecies origin. Since 1918, all human pandemic influenza viruses except the H2N2 virus of 1958 have been transmitted in a reverse zoonotic mode from human into swine populations. Swine populations act as long-term reservoirs of these viruses. Human-derived IAV constitute a major driver of swIAV epidemiology in pigs. Swine-to-human IAV transmissions occurred rarely and mainly sporadically as compared to avian-to-human spill-over events of avian IAV. Yet, new swIAV variants that harbor zoonotic components continue to be detected. This increases the risk that such components might eventually reassort into viruses with pandemic potential.

Conclusions
Domestic pig populations should not be globally stigmatized as the only or most important reservoir of potentially zoonotic IAV. The likely emergence from swine of the most recent human IAV pandemic in 2009, however, emphasized the principal risks of swine populations in which IAV circulate unimpededly. Implementation of regular and close-meshed IAV surveillance of domestic swine populations to follow the dynamics of swIAV evolution is clearly demanded. Improved algorithms for directly inferring zoonotic potential from whole IAV genome sequences as well as improved vaccines are still being sought.
Characterization, distribution, and virulence of protistan entomopathogen, Mattesia dispora (Sporozoa, Gregarina) in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in Turkey
Authors: Yaman Mustafa , Sağlam Tuğba , Ertürk Ömer 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the dominant pest on the stored products throughout the world. As an alternative to chemical insecticides, entomopathogens can be natural suppressors for pest populations. For this reason, the study of entomopathogens existing in the natural population of a pest contributes to the decision-making process of controlling that pest. In the present study, characterization, distribution, and virulence of protistan entomopathogen, the Turkish strain of Mattesia dispora in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella populations were presented.

Results
During the microscopic observations, a protistan entomopathogen was found in the populations of P. interpunctella in Turkey. It was identified as the Turkish strain of Mattesia dispora, a neogregarine pathogen. Typical fresh navicular oocysts of the pathogen were 13.28 ± 0.41 (13.1–14.41) μm in length and 7.72 ± 0.51 (6.6–8.54) μm in width (n = 50). Oocysts stained with Giemsa measured 12.32 ± 0.78 (10.88–13.24) μm in length and 7.01 ± 0.26 (6.5–7.43) μm in width. Polar plugs were recognizable clearly by light and electron microscopy, measuring 900 to 1100 nm. The oocyst wall was quite thick, measuring 600 to 800 nm. Each oocyst contained 8 sporozoites. 2.047 dead and 413 living larvae, 932 adults, and 40 pupae, collected from 14 different locations from 2019 to 2021 were examined for the presence of the protistan entomopathogen. In total, 225 of 3.432 P. interpunctella adult and larvae were found to be infected with this pathogen. Total infection occurred as 5.2 for M. dispora. Infection rates by M. dispora were 4.8% for dead larvae, 14.8% for living larvae, and 2.1% for adults. On the other hand, M. dispora infections reached 33% in some populations. M. dispora infections were observed in the seven (50%) of the examined populations. Furthermore, the Turkish strain of M. dispora had a high pathogenic effect against the second/third instar larvae of P. interpunctella. The average mortality rate was 98.33%.

Conclusions
Little is known about neogregarine infections as a natural suppressing factor in pest populations. The Turkish strain of M. dispora is very common and widespread in the populations of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, it has very high virulence on the P. interpunctella larvae. Such a widespread infection and very high virulence are desirable properties for a biological control agent. The results indicate that M. dispora can be an important natural suppressing protistan entomopathogen in P. interpunctella populations.
Effect of acute depression associated with COVID-19 infection on health-seeking behaviour: a psychiatrist's personal account and case report
Authors: Müller Monika , Broadhead Jeremy , Simpson Thomas , Abas Melanie A. 
Published: June 2022

Background
Despite the abundant research on COVID-19-related mental health problems, little attention has been paid to acute depression occurring concurrently with the infection as a neuropsychiatric manifestation. This is important because depression is known to adversely affect help-seeking. Decreased help-seeking is likely to be aggravated by the isolation measures demanded as part of fighting the pandemic, given the disruption of social support networks.

Aims
To study the effects of acute depression associated with COVID-19 infection on help-seeking behaviour.

Method
We present a case report and personal account of a patient psychiatrist who developed a first onset of acute depression as part of COVID-19 infection.

Results
Despite being a mental health expert the patient lacked insight into his mood change and its negative effect on help-seeking behaviour, resulting in reliance on a family caregiver to raise the alarm.

Conclusions
For those experiencing this complex interaction between COVID-19 infection and the brain, social support will be needed to ensure timely presentation to the healthcare system. Greater attention to behavioural change as part of COVID-19 infection is needed to optimise treatment outcome.
Relationship Between Baseline Rectal Tumor Length and Magnetic Resonance Tumor Regression Grade Response to Chemoradiotherapy: A Subanalysis of the TRIGGER Feasibility Study
Authors: Hodges Nicola , Battersby Nicholas , Rao Sheela , Brown Gina ,   the TRIGGER Study Group, Anandappa Gayathri , Cunningham David , Tait Diana , Tekkis Paris , Chong Irene , Aitken Katharine , Chau Ian , Rasheed Shahnawaz , Balyasnikova Svetlana , Moran Brendan , Falk Stephen , Sizer Bruce , Branagan Graham , O’Toole Lorcan , Adusumalli Madhavi , Nagtegaal Iris , Von Loga Katharina , Thrower Andrew , Jackson Andrew , Roach Huw , Hassan Hussein , Carss Michael , Bateman Andrew , Wills Mark , Martin Caroline , Evans Ceri , Robinson Emily , Zenasni Zohra , Frost Michelle , Thomas Karen , Di Fabio Francesco , Rawlani Rayesh , Cousins Hayley , Thomas Rachel , Jenkins Jessica , Strawson-Smith Thomas , Walther Axel , Spencer Timothy , Robinson Tim , Gower Elysia , Wong Newton , Short Sharon , Collins Jennifer , Driscoll Celine , Mabelin Louies , Bozas Georgios , Heeney Elaine , Hegab Mohammad , Mattocks Lehentha , West Nick , Quirke Phil , Lee Kil Yeon , Rodrigues Tania , Hiranyakai Art , Lynch Rodney , Gamage Bawantha 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
It is widely believed that small rectal tumors are more likely to have a good response to neoadjuvant treatment, which may influence the selection of patients for a ‘watch and wait’ strategy.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between baseline tumor length on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and response to chemoradiotherapy.

Method
The 96 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer randomised (2:1–intervention:control) in the TRIGGER feasibility study where eligible. Baseline tumor length was defined as the maximal cranio-caudal length on baseline MRI (mm) and was recorded prospectively at study registration. Magnetic resonance tumor regression grade (mrTRG) assessment was performed on the post-chemoradiotherapy (CRT) MRI 4–6 weeks (no later than 10 weeks) post completion of CRT. This was routinely reported for patients in the intervention (mrTRG-directed management) arm and reported for the purposes of this study by the central radiologist in the control arm patients. Those with an mrTRG I/II response were defined as ‘good responders’ and those with an mrTRG III–V response were defined as ‘poor responders’.

Results
Overall, 94 patients had a post-CRT MRI performed and were included. Forty-three (46%) patients had a good response (mrTRG I/II) and 51 (54%) patients had a poor response (mrTRG III/IV). The median tumor length of good responders was 43 mm versus 50 mm (p < 0.001), with considerable overlap in tumor lengths between groups.

Conclusion
Baseline tumor length on MRI is not a clinically useful biomarker to predict mrTRG tumor response to CRT and therefore patient suitability for a deferral of surgery trial.
Total or Near-total Thyroidectomy in treatment of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Li Gang , Wu Lihong 
Published: June 2022

Objectives: To observe the clinical efficacy on total or near-total thyroidectomy in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Methods: Ninety-four patients with thyroid cancer treated in Meiris Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected as subjects. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into observation group and control group, with 47 patients in each group. The control group was treated with total thyroidectomy, while the observation group received near-total thyroidectomy. The two groups were both followed up for one year. The therapeutic effect, surgery-related indexes (surgical duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative analgesia time and postoperative 24-h VAS score), the incidence of complications three months after surgery, and the serum levels of relevant indexes [parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium ion (Ca2+) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)] before and 14 d after surgery were compared between the two groups. The difference in quality of life [the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30)] between the two groups one year after surgery was observed.
Results: During the one year follow-up, there was no death in both groups. The total efficacy of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (0.05). The surgical duration, postoperative analgesia time and postoperative 24-h VAS score of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in intraoperative bleeding volume between the two groups (p> 0.05). Three months after surgery, the total incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (p< 0.05). Fourteen days after surgery, the levels of PTH, Ca2+ and STAT3 in the two groups were lower than those before surgery, and the levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (p< 0.05). One year after surgery, cognitive, emotional, role, social and physical scores in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group, without statistically significant differences (p> 0.05).
Conclusion: Total thyroidectomy is effective in the treatment of thyroid cancer, but has many postoperative complications. Clinicians need to choose the appropriate surgical method according to the actual condition of patients.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5765
How to cite this:Li G, Wu L. Total or Near-total Thyroidectomy in treatment of Thyroid Cancer. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5765
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The empirical analysis of human capital competences on the example of company executives
Authors: Drozdowski Grzegorz 
Published: June 2022

Motivation: Diagnosing the competences of human capital is a complex process, involving many approaches and steps leading to the recognition of the entire problem situations of the organization and its employees. Due to the increasingly higher and ever-growing position of the human capital formation system in the overall process of managing an organization, the analysis and diagnosis of management competencies is a process of particular importance. In the era of the knowledge-based economy, employee competencies are the key to competitive advantage. An important issue, therefore, is the constant monitoring of managers attitudes to improve their competences and conducting a systematic analysis of their component structure.
Aim: This article aims objective of developing a factor structure of the rational dimension of management competencies based on knowledge, skills, and comprehension. Due to this objective, the factor structure of the knowledge and skills that managers have was determined. The practical level of self-assessment of the rational components of competence from the point of view of the influence of situational factors was also determined.
Results: A questionnaire, an interview and literature studies were used for the research carried out in 2019–2020. The questionnaire was addressed to 282 employees of enterprises in the Lubusz Voivodeship of Poland. This allowed determining the degree of managers determination expressed in the need to adjust the competence potential they have to changeable situational factors.