bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and Genotypic Effects on Yield and Physico-chemical Seed Characteristics Related to Food Quality in Dry, Edible Beans
Authors: Hosfield G. L. , Uebersax M. A. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The yields and physico-chemical seed traits related to food quality of 25 strains of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) representative of the Black Turtle Soup commercial class were evaluated for 3 seasons. The strains differed significantly over seasons for washed drained weight, textural properties, and surface color characteristics of cooked seeds. All the other traits were nonsignificant in the combined analysis. Trait expression was strongly influenced by genotype × season interactions. Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation between pairs of years indicated that the interactions were due primarily to inconsistent strain rankings from year-to-year. The season and genotype × season variance component estimates for yield, soaking, and several cooked bean traits were larger than the genotypic component, indicating that seasonal effects predominated over genotypic effects. These results suggested that several years of testing are needed to assess strain performance accurately for food quality. The contribution made by each strain to the genotype × season variance component was ascertained by calculating a “stability variance” statistic. Based on this statistic, strains were found to differ in their genetic potential to respond to varying environments. Several genotypes were phenotypically stable for most traits. Strain no. 23 (CIAT pedigree FF 4-13-M-M-M-M), which had good yield (2.8 MT/ha) and protein percentage (27.7%) and favorable culinary quality, was of particular interest.
Irrigation Management, Fruit Quality, and Storage Life of Apple
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Drake S. R. , Evans R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) on seedling rootstock were grown with trickle and sprinkler irrigation, both operated at high frequency of irrigation (daily). Trees with trickle irrigation developed lower leaf water potentials and produced less vegetative growth than trees with sprinkler irrigation, but fruit and productivity were similar. Apples from the trickle-irrigated trees had less water content and higher soluble solids than those from sprinkler-irrigated trees. Titratable acidity tended to be lower and both red color in ‘Delicious’ and yellow color in ‘Golden Delicious’ tended to be higher in fruit from trickle-irrigated trees than from sprinkled trees; firmness at harvest was similar regardless of irrigation procedure. Storage life was not influenced consistently by irrigation. Where differences did occur, the fruit from trickle-irrigated trees was softer after storage. Changes in fruit quality similar to those observed in trickle-irrigated trees were produced by imposing, through high frequency deficit irrigation with sprinklers, similar moisture deficits on apple trees, as measured by leaf water potential.
The Morphology of Staminate Flower Differentiation in Pecan
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inflorescence and staminate flower development in pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch] were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Organogenesis was described from inception to pollen dehiscence. The order of organ initiation was: a single bract, rounded floral apex, 2 lateral bracteoles, and 3-7 stamens. The initiation and time when stages of floral differentiation occur were determined for 1 protandrous and 2 protogynous cultivars. The time of early inflorescence development and the initiation of floral primordia and bracts were similar in both cultivar types, occurring about 12 months prior to staminate maturity. However, the initiation time of later floral development stages was divergent. The floral stages in the protandrous cultivar up to anther lobing occurred during the previous growing season. In the protogynous cultivars, initiation of bracteoles, the floral apex, stamen primordia and anther lobing took place in the spring of their anthesis.
Development of Seedless Orange and Grapefruit Cultivars through Seed Irradiation
Authors: Hearn C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed of ‘Pineapple’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and ‘Duncan’ and ‘Foster’ grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) were exposed to gamma rays at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 krad. Seedling emergence was delayed. LD50 levels were 10-15 krad for ‘Pineapple’, 15 krad for ‘Duncan’, and ≤10 krad for ‘Foster’. The greater sensitivity of ‘Foster’ may have been due in part to higher seed moisture content at treatment. Seedless mutants were obtained following gamma irradiation and fruiting of small numbers of seed and seedlings. The frequency of seedless mutants of ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Duncan’ was highest following treatments of 20-25 krad.
Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Intumescences on Tissue-cultured, Sweet Potato Leaves
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Frett John J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The occurrence and structure of abnormal outgrowths developed on leaves of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] on sterile meristem plantlets maintained in culture tubes were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The outgrowths or intumescences generally were wart-like, hemispherical forms or irregular, perpendicularly elevated protuberances that formed on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Their development resulted from a hypertrophy and hyperplasia of epidermal and mesophyll cells, which resulted in greatly enlarged, roughly isodiametric cells. Swelling and enlargement of stomata were evident; rupture of the epidermal surface did not occur.
Isolation and Culture of Protoplasts from Apple Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures
Authors: Hurwitz Charles D. , Agrios George N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Protoplasts were isolated from actively growing callus and cell suspension cultures initiated from apple leaf discs. Callus and cell suspension cultures incubated in a solution of 0.7 m mannitol, 0.01 m CaCl2, 2% cellulysin, 0.5% macerase yielded protoplasts from about 75% of the callus cells and 90% of the suspension cells. Protoplast viability was 95–98% upon isolation, and 80–85% after a 2-week culture in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. About 60% of the protoplasts regenerated cell walls, and 5–10% of the original protoplasts exhibited cell division.
Sampling Procedures for Minimizing Variation in Peach Fruit Quality
Authors: Marini R. P. , Trout J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken] fruit were harvested at the firm-mature stage on 5 different dates. Fruit of uniform size were sampled randomly on each date from each of 4 quadrants per tree and evaluated for color, firmness, and soluble solids using the red and green sides of each fruit. A statistical model was used to identify and separate the sources of within- and among-tree variation in fruit quality indices. All quality indices were affected by harvest date. Fruit- and tree-related interactions accounted for a major part of the total random variation. Variance estimates were used to determine numbers of trees per treatment and fruit per tree needed to detect fruit quality differences of a desired magnitude. In general, 6 trees per treatment and 12 to 16 fruit per tree could be expected to detect meaningful differences in fruit quality in experiments involving 2 treatments.
Evaluation of Combining Ability, Heterosis, and Genetic Variance for Fruit Quality Characteristics in Bush Muskmelon
Authors: Kalb Thomas J. , Davis D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 6-parent diallel was established in 1981 at Excelsior, Minn, and at Santa Paula, Calif, to analyze combining ability and heterosis for fruit quality of traits in bush muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). GCA variance exceeded SCA variance for all traits. Minnesota breeding lines were superior in GCA for most interior quality traits, but inferior to Florida and California lines in exterior quality. Correlations between the performance of parents and the average of their hybrids were consistently positive, and often significant. Favorable heterosis over the midparent was shown for soluble solids, net density, and net rope, and, to a lesser extent, for flesh amount, rind thickness, cavity amount, and cavity dryness. A 3 × 10 design II at Excelsior showed estimates of additive variance exceeding those of dominance variance for all traits except fruit weight, shape index, and vein tract. The large estimates of additive variance provided for moderately high (40–70%) estimates of heritability for most traits.
Scarf Skin on ‘Rome Beauty’: Time of Origin and Influence of Fungicides and GA4+7
Authors: Ferree David C. , Ellis Michael A. , Bishop Bert L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Rome Beauty’ apples were enclosed in perforated polyethylene bags at various times or treated with selected fungicides, GA4+7 or nutrient sprays to determine the influence on development of scarf skin. Bagging at petal fall (PF) reduced scarf on both the green and colored sides of the fruit. The longer the bags were in place, the greater the reduction in scarf skin up to 60 days after PF. Fruit weight was reduced by as little as 10-day enclosure in bags applied at PF, and the longer the period of enclosure the greater the reduction in size. Bagging explains a decrease in the scarf skin rating which is not explained by the corresponding decrease in fruit weight. Bagging 10 days after PF reduced fruit set, but bagging at PF or 20 or 30 days after PF had no influence on fruit set. Full season fungicide programs of benomyl or dikar increased the amount of scarf skin. Nutrient dips of either solubor or CaCl2 or the insecticide dimethoate had no influence on scarf skin. GA4+7 dips during the critical period for development significantly decreased scarf skin but not to the level achievable with a polyethylene bag. Fruit samples from different orchard sites differed in the level of scarf skin present.
The Effect of Growing Location and Harvest Maturity on the Storage Performance and Quality of ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit
Authors: Crisosto Gayle Ullrich , Mitchell F. Gordon , Arpaia Mary Lu , Mayer Gene 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kiwifruit from 3 growing locations were harvested at 4 maturity levels. Weight, length, width, flesh color, flesh firmness, harvest soluble solids, titratable acidity, respiration, and ethylene production were measured at harvest, and subsequent storage behavior and sensory quality of the fruit were evaluated. The results indicate that a combination of initial soluble solids content at harvest, and flesh firmness, similar to the maturity index for pear, seems promising as a maturity index for kiwifruit.
Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Cytokinin Production in Sour Orange
Authors: Edriss M. H. , Davis R. M. , Burger D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nonmycorrhizal or mycorrhizal (Glomus fasciculatum, G. etunicatum, or Gigaspora heterogama) sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings were fertilized with 3 phosphorus levels applied in the irrigation water. At 0 mg P/L fertility, dry weight and cytokinin production of mycorrhizal plants were more than twice those of the nonmycorrhizal plants. Concentrations of P in leaves of mycorrhizal plants also were greater than the concentrations of P in the nonmycorrhizal plants. At 50 mg P/L fertility, concentrations of P in leaves were similar whether or not plants were mycorrhizal. Dry weight and cytokinin production of the mycorrhizal plants, however, were still twice those of the nonmycorrhizal plants. At 100 mg P/L fertility, dry weight and cytokinin production did not differ between nonmycorrhizal plants and plants infected with 2 of 3 mycorrhizal fungi. In G. heterogama-infected plants, cytokinin production was greater than that of nonmycorrhizal plants despite similar dry weights and P concentrations in the leaves. Enhancement of cytokinin production seemed to be associated with mycorrhizal infection rather than with increased P uptake.
The Effects of Corn Leaf Rust on Maturity and Quality of Fresh Market Ears of Sweet Corn
Authors: Randle W. M. , Davis D. W. , Groth J. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of common leaf rust (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) on 2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids was compared in rusted and nonrusted plots for several maturity and ear quality characters. Differences were found for time of silking, ear length, ear diameter, and percentage of moisture between rusted and nonrusted plots. The percentage of Brix ranged from 4% to 25%, with the rusted plots always having reduced mean values. Correlations (P = 0.01) were found between ear diameter and percentage of moisture, percentage of Brix and percentage of moisture, and between ear length and ear diameter.
Fruit Quality Characterization of 11 Vaccinium Species
Authors: Ballington J. R. , Ballinger W. E. , Swallow W. H. , Galletta G. J. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleven species in sections Cyanococcus and Polycodium of the genus Vaccinium were compared among themselves and with standard cultivars for soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble solids/acid ratio, weight/berry (g), stem scar diameter (pedicel diameter at the berry), scar depth, fruit removal force (picking ease), and firmness. Vaccinium ashei Reade populations collected in either Florida or Georgia showed consistent differences in acidity, fruit size, and firmness. No such pattern in geographical differences occurred with V. corymbosum L. Vaccinium stamineum L. (section Polycodium) was outstanding for high soluble solids, large fruit size, small scar diameter, and firmness. Vaccinium elliottii Chapm. seemed promising for mechanical harvesting and processing with high-acid fruit, a favorable soluble solids/acid balance, small scar diameter, and easily harvested fruit. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. was noted for high soluble solids, small shallow scar, and picking ease; V. pallidum Ait. for high soluble solids and small shallow scar; V. amoenum Ait. for small shallow scar and picking ease; and tetraploid V. corymbosum for high acidity and favorable soluble solids/acid balance. Sufficient variability occurred among and within species for selection for improvement of most traits; however, several generations of backcrossing or recurrent selection would be required for producing genotypes with commercial fruit size.
Construction of a Milled Pine Bark and Sand Potting Medium from Component Particles I. Bulk Density: A Tool for Predicting Component Volumes
Authors: Pokorny F. A. , Henny B. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Volume of loose media was determined accurately by a devised mechanical method and used for bulk density (BD) calculations. BD associated with increasing percentages of pine bark and/or sand potting media were plotted. Linear increase in BD associated with increasing percentage of sand in the medium was used to predict the percentage by volume of sand and/or bark in an unknown mixture of the two components. The technique should be useful in synthesis studies utilizing pine bark and sand as medium components.
Estimating Fruit Ripening Date of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Gupton C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen rabbiteye bluberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars were evaluated for contribution of component flower bud and fruit development stages to ripening date. Rate of bud, flower, and fruit development were estimated from the regression of flower bud stage and cumulative ripe fruit on time. Except for one instance, the best fitting curve for rate of bud development was described by a quadratic polynomial. Rate of fruit ripening was linear for ‘Bluebelle’ and ‘Centurion’; all other curves were described by quadratic equations. From the curves, Julian date of bud break, anthesis, 1st ripe fruit, and 50% ripe fruit were estimated. Intervening time periods comprised stages of development that could be evaluated for their contribution to ripening date of cultivars. Time required to complete the final development stage most influenced ripening date. Sample shoots could be utilized to select individual plants for ripening date, and repeatability of ripening date among clones is sufficient to select on the basis of evaluation in a single year.
Light Acclimation in Citrus Leaves. I. Changes in Physical Characteristics, Chlorophyll, and Nitrogen Content
Authors: Syvertsen J. P. , Smith M. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Duncan’ grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) and ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) seedlings were grown in full sunlight, 50% and 90% shade; maximum photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 2300, 1100 and 200 μmol s−1m−2, respectively. In fully expanded matured (hardened) leaves, leaf thickness, specific leaf weight (SLW), tissue density, and nitrogen content were highest in full sun leaves and lowest in 90% shade leaves. Leaf chlorophyll content was highest in 90% shade leaves. Half of the seedlings which were grown in full sunlight were transferred into 50% shade to simulate normal canopy development; half of the seedlings from 50% and 90% shade were moved into full sunlight to simulate changes that occur after hedging. Specific leaf weight and tissue density changed in the same direction as PPFD. Leaf nitrogen content decreased temporarily when leaves were exposed to new PPFD conditions regardless of the PPFD levels. Total leaf chlorophyll content initially decreased when seedlings were transferred into full sunlight but began to increase after 4–6 weeks. Chlorophyll content increased in seedlings transferred from full sun to 50% shade. Percentage of air space within leaf tissues did not change during acclimation to new PPFD levels. Changes in leaf anatomy, physical characteristics, and chemical components are mechanisms that enable citrus leaves to acclimate to a wide range of changing light environments, even after leaves are fully mature.
The Influence of Root Pruning on Water Relations, Net Photosynthesis, and Growth of Young ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Geister Dagmar , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young ‘Golden Delicious’/M7 trees were root pruned on 2 sides at 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 cm distances from the stem which removed 10%, 28%, or 59% of their roots. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was reduced 35% and 47% and transpiration (Tr) 29% and 45% one day after root pruning of 28% and 59%, respectively, and recovery began 10 days later. Root pruning reduced leaf water potential significantly for 6 hr; recovery was apparent after one day. Root pruning severity of 10% had no effect on Pn, Tr, or water potential. Shoot growth rates decreased with increasing root pruning severity. The greatest reduction of shoot extension occurred during the 2nd and 3rd week following root pruning, with increasing growth rates observed in the 4th week. Suppression of shoot diameter increase lasted for 2 weeks. Leaves that developed following 28% or 59% root pruning were smaller than leaves of unpruned trees and had increased specific leaf weights (SLW), while previously expanded leaves were not affected. As root pruning severity increased, fresh weight of leaves and current shoots were reduced 45%; older parts of the tree were not influenced. Four weeks after root pruning there was no difference in total fresh weight of roots. The distribution of small roots from root pruned trees was increased in close proximity to the stem and decreased at distances greater than 5 cm from the stem.
The Effect of European Red Mite Feeding on the Fruit Quality of ‘Miller Sturdeespur’ Apple
Authors: Ames G. K. , Johnson D. T. , Rom R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of Malus domestica (Borkh.) ‘Miller Sturdeespur’ were hand thinned to achieve light, medium, and heavy fruit loads. A heavy European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch), infestation was encouraged by mite seeding and predator elimination in half the trees for each fruit load. The effect of these treatments were determined on fruit number, number and percentage of drops, fruit size, color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, firmness, and percentage of foliar concentration for 5 macronutrients. Mite feeding increased the percentage of drop and reduced red pigmentation, soluble solids, and leaf phosphorus and calcium. Deleterious effects of mite feeding increased with increasing fruit load. With light fruit loads, heavy mite feeding had a negligible effect on fruit quality.
Pleiotropic Effects Associated with the Chlorophyll Intensifier Mutations high pigment and dark green in Tomato
Authors: Jarret R. L. , Sayama H. , Tigchelaar E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chlorophyll intensifíer mutations high pigment (hp) and dark green (dg) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were analyzed for their effects on fruit and vegetative characters. These mutations are nonallelic, and differences between them are primarily quantitative. Both mutations increased Vitamin C content at all stages of fruit development, and more than 90% was present in the reduced form in the mature-green and fully ripe mutant types and in normal fruit. Ascorbate levels in all fruit portions were increased by hp and dg, with the largest increase occurring in the outer pericarp. Chlorophyll in outer pericarp tissue of mutant fruit was increased 166% by hp and 320% by dg. Mutant fruit were smaller and more elongate than isogenic normal controls, but ripening was unaffected by either mutation. Vegetative and reproductive development were retarded by both chlorophyll intensifier mutations. The hp and dg mutations significantly reduced total leaf area, internode length, and whole plant fresh and dry weight, but did not reduce the number of nodes present at a particular stage of development. The effects of dg were always quantitatively greater than for hp. The similarity of effects associated with these 2 nonallelic mutants suggests that pleiotropy rather than close linkage accounts for the multiple effects of these genes.
Absorption and Metabolism of 14C(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid in Apples and Cherries1
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Hatch A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radioactive (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied to leaf and fruit surfaces 6 to 10 days before normal harvest date. Samples were collected periodically following application and analyzed with appropriate extraction and counting procedures. The level of radioactive ethephon increased in the fruit for about 48 to 72 hr, then decreased to a low level after 6 days. No intermediate metabolites were detected in the fruits. It was found that the majority of the ethephon in the fruits moved there from the application on adjacent leaves; relatively small amounts moved directly into the fruit from surface application. Radioactive ethylene was detected within 12 hr after application of the 14C-ethephon on the leaf surfaces.
Effects of Sub-Optimal Ripening Temperatures on Tomato Fruit Quality1
Authors: Koskitalo L. N. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Controlled environment experiments were conducted to study the influence of 4 diurnal thermal regimes 17.8/25.6, 7.2/18.3, 4.4/15.6 and 2.8/13.9 on the quality of tomato fruit at 3 harvest dates. Fruit harvested at 17.8/25.6 had substantially higher pH values and lower titratable acidities than fruit exposed to lower temp. Temperature effects on total solids, soluble solids, reducing sugars and total pectic substances were not significant. Total pectic substances did not reflect firmness differences between treatments. Subjective assessments indicated that fruits harvested from the lowest temp regime were most firm. Satisfactory color development occurred in 7 days at 17.8/25.6 and in 14 days at 7.2/18.3. The 4.4/15.6 and 2.8/13.9 temp were too low to permit complete coloration of the fruit regardless of the ripening duration.