bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Armyworm and Cutworms, 1987
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated at 2 sites in southwestern Virginia (Montgomery and Giles Counties) for control of larvae of armyworm and of various cutworms in no-till field corn after a pre-emergence tank mix of recommended herbicides and liquid nitrogen had been applied. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. For each of 4 of the treatments, the insecticides were impregnated on 25 lb of fertilizer (Green Grass general purpose lawn and garden fertilizer, 0-17-35, with boron) and spread by hand evenly throughout the plot. For each of these 4 treatments, the requisite amount of insecticide was first dissolved in 500 ml water, then sprayed onto the fertilizer with a hand-held mister as the fertilizer turned in a cement mixer. The damp fertilizer was then spread out on plastic sheets to dry for 1 d in the sun. The control for this group of impregnated treatments consisted of 25 lb of the fertilizer, also spread by hand. A compressed-air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) delivering 16 gal/acre at 30 psi was used to make the foliar insecticide treatments. To ensure uniform coverage by the spray, 4 adjacent swaths of the insecticide, each approximately 3 ft wide, were applied over each plot. The control of this latter group of sprayed treatments was left untouched. The corn plants in the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot were counted about a month after planting, and the plants damaged by larvae caterpillars in the same area were counted in mid-summer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting all the stalks from the same 60 row-ft for which plants were counted and damage was surveyed, then weighing these stalks using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA. In Montgomery ‘3233 Pioneer’ field corn was planted in 38-inch-wide rows 11 May to corn stubble without cover, and the tank mix (paraquat, citrazine, simazine, and metachlor) was applied the same day. Insecticides were applied 13 May. Plants were counted 15 Jun, damaged plants were counted 18 Jun, and yields were determined 9-12 Sep. In Giles, ‘789 DeKalb’ field corn was planted in 36-inch-wide rows 15 May over a winter cover crop of rye, and the tank mix (paraquat, atrazine, and bicep) was applied the same day. Insecticides were applied 20 May. Total plants and damaged plants were counted 11 Jun, and yields were determined 16-17 Sep.
Slug Control, 1988
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Losey John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven molluscicide treatments were evaluated for slug efficacy on a Hagerstown silt loam soil in Centre County, Pa. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of 8 treatments was used. On 10 Jun a pretreatment damage assessment was taken and molluscicides were applied. Application of the Larvin 3.2 dribble treatment was implemented using a backpack spray system delivering 3 gal/acre. Bait formulations were applied by measuring the amount needed and shaking the contents over the treatment rows. Corn plants averaged 2 leaves (3 inches high) at the time of application. The corn was planted into a thick orchard grass mulch that had been killed with using Roundup. Two pits, 4 inches in diam by 6 inches deep, were dug in each plot using a golf course core. Each hole was then enclosed with a 6- by 6-inch roof shingle, which was covered with aluminum foil to reflect the sun’s heat and maintain a moist shelter for the slugs. The pits were checked for slugs at 1, 3, 10, and 14 DAT.
Residual Control of Mites on Apple and Pear Foliage, 1987
Authors: Beers E H. , Mollet J. , Browne R. W. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 28 Jul to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Treated trees were sprayed with a mixture of Abamectin 0.15 EC (0.025 lb [AI]/acre) and Volck Superior spray oil (1 gal/acre). The control trees were left unsprayed. Rates are based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Leaves were collected from the trees at 0 (after spray had dried), 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Leaves were collected from above a height of 1.3 m to avoid foliage made wet by under-tree irrigation. No precipitation occurred during this period. Ten 2.2-cm diam leaf disks were punched from leaves and floated on distilled water in 15-cm plastic Petri dishes. Both mite species were collected from infested apple trees with a mixed population. Five mature female mites were transferred to each disk and held at room temperature for 72 h. Mites were categorized at this time by counting the number dead, alive, or missing.
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1988
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied to 40-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa. Approximately 1 wk prior to planting, manure was spread on the alfalfa and then plowed under to provide decaying organic matter that attracted ovipositing adult females. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 10 d after planting revealed no damage, although pupae were found in the soil. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, has the following dimensions: length, 1,0 m; width, 0.2 m; height, 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two traps were placed over each treatment row. On Jun 3, the number of adults in the collection jars was counted and stand counts were taken. Data were subjected to ANOVA. No phytotoxicity was noted with any treatment. Dyfonate and Fortress were the only insecticides to significantly reduce adult emergence.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. , Hutchins S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot experiment was initiated in late whorl corn near Crookston, Minn., to evaluate granular insecticide performance. Plots of 1 row (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft were established in a commercial field planted 5 May. Insecticides were applied with a single-row electric Gandy grandular applicator 10 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Light winds (3-5 mph) and warm temperatures (85°F) prevailed during application, but 11/2 inches of rain began to fall within 8 h after application. Insecticide performance was evaluated 19 Aug by counting damage sites (tunnels in stalk, ear shank and ear) in 10 plants/plot.
Evaluation of Application Methods, 1988
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time, cultivation-layby, and slot injection treatments were conducted at Wooster and Bluffton, Ohio. The specific soil types for the respective sites were Wooster silt loam and a Pewamo silty clay. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was employed, plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted at Bluffton 13 May and at Wooster 20 May in 30-inch rows. At Wooster, insecticide performance was evaluated in conventional and no-till plots. Each insecticide was applied at planting and cultivation at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Planting-time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an adapted Allis Chalmers no-till planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Cultivation treatments were applied with 12 V electrically operated Gandy metering units mounted on an International 150 tractor with spreaders spaced 24 inches ahead of cultivator shoes (both sides of row) at Wooster on 25 Jun and Bluffton on 15 Jun. Slot injection treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch-deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection treatments were applied 30 Jun at Wooster and 28 Jun at Bluffton. Root rating by the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was done 13 Jul at Bluffton and 25 Jul at Wooster. Five root masses were dug and rated per replicate.
Rate Evaluations for Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Liquid in-furrow applications of Orthene 75 S and Monitor 4 EC were applied at 0.05, 0.75 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, and their efficacy against thrips and aphids was compared with Temik 15 G at the same rates. Terraclor Super X (TSX) 10 lb (form.)/acre was applied with all treatments at planting and served as the control. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,500 plants/acre 3 May at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., on a Commerce silt loam soil fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Granular test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Liquids were applied with a CO2-powered system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 16 May and 3 Jun. Data on insect populations are reported as the mean of those dates. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot on 23 May and 17 Jun. Plant population data are reported as the mean for those dates. Leaf area data were recorded on 3 Jun by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data were recorded 31 May. Ten plants/plot were randomly selected for these measurements. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each treatment with a mechanical harvester on 9 Sep.
Control of Heliothis Species, 1986
Authors: Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. , Ratchford Kevin , Burris Gene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The relative efficacy of 6 Bacillus thuringiensis strains against Heliothis spp. was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, La., in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Plots were 6 rows (40-inch spacing) by 100 ft. Cotton was planted 30 Apr on a loessial silt loam soil (Jigger-Gilbert complex) and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Temik (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) and Terraclor Super X (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in furrow behind the planter. B. thuringiensis strains supplied by Ecogen, were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots and delivering 10 gal/acre. Applications were made 10, 15, 22, and 29 Jul and 5, 12, 19, and 28 Aug. Methyl parathion (0.25 lb [AI]/acre) was applied on 17 Jun, 26 Jun, 1 Jul, and 6, 12, 15, and 19 Aug for boll weevils. The cotton was irrigated during droughty periods. The effects of the B. thuringiensis strains on Heliothis spp. were measured by observations of cotton terminals, squares, blooms, and bolls on the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were determined by picking the 2 center rows of each plot (converted to lb seed cotton/acre) with a mechanical harvester 25 Sep and 16 Oct.
Miticide Trials, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted to determine whether a knock-down miticide combined with Di-Beta would improve mite control. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sprays (6 gal/acre) were applied with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips every 20 inches on the boom. Thrips and cotton fleahoppers were controlled with 0.1 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin 22 May, 19 Jun, and 26 Jun. Predators that suppress TSSM populations were controlled with Ammo 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on 7, 14, 22, and 28 Jun and 11 Aug. Plots were infested with TSSM on 10 Jul by placing one infested bean plant in every 5 ft of row. The single application for TSSM control was applied 20 Jul. TSSM infestation was measured by determining presence of absence of TSSM on 25 fifth or sixth leaves/plot. The percentage of infested leaves was determined 24 July, 29 Jul, 6 Aug, and 13 Aug. Yields were determined by stripping the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper.
Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees (400 gal/acre). Approximately 6.2 gal of spray were applied to each replicate tree. Dates of application were 25 Apr (first RH-5849 treatment only); 23 May; 7 and 21 Jun; 6 and 20 Jul; and 3, 17, and 31 Aug. Effectiveness against the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals and the aphids on the most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals against ERM, TSSM, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctutn was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the test trees. The effectiveness of chemicals against fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 samples picked on 22 Aug and 19 Sep. Apple samples average 194 fruits/replicate and 776/treatment. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Binary Combinations of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Pavloff A. M. , Graves J. B. , Burris Gene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A late-season small-plot larvicide evaluation was conducted in a field of cotton planted 24 May on the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft assigned treatments in a factorial arrangement within a randomized block experimental design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied using a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air delivery system for spraying small plots calibrated to dispense 2.5 gal total spray/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Insecticides were applied on 19 and 23 Aug under a relatively heavy infestation of Heliothis spp. Damage to fruiting forms exceeded 10%, with live larvae present and 40-50 eggs observed/ 100 plants. Pheromone trap catches of adults indicated the majority of the population in this field during the test was tobacco budworm. Treatment effects were estimated by randomly sampling 25 squares, 25 blooms, and 25 bolls on the 2 inside rows of each plot. There was no rainfall recorded during the study. The cotton plants had not yet began to senesce, but squares were generally limited to the upper branches and terminal areas.
Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
At-planting, in-furrow insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control near Edenton in Chowan County, N.C. Soil was sandy with 0.6% humic matter and pH 5.8. Peanuts were planted 13 May (36-inch rows) with approximately 80 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 67°F and the soil was moist. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5-ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter and in-furrow treatments were placed with the seed. Foliar treatments were applied 30 May and repeated 9 Jun with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The pegging treatment was applied 30 Jun using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle-wheeled granular applicator. Peanuts were otherwise managed using standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets/plot. Sampling was conducted on four dates: 31 May and 9, 14, and 23 Jun. Fifty newly-opened leaflets/plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded.
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Smith J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in Isle of Wight County, Va., to evaluate the efficacy of 4 insecticides against a mixed population of small (first and second instars), medium (third and fourth instars), and large (fifth and sixth instars) CEW. Peanuts planted 2 May were treated by the cooperating producer on 15 Aug with Pydrin 2.4 EC for control of an early-season CEW infestation. Test insecticides were applied 13 Sep using a conventional 4-row sprayer, with 3 D2-23 disk-core hollow-cone nozzles/row, at 4.2 kg/cm2 and delivering a volume of 140.3 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design with 2 replicates was used. Individual plots were 4 rows (0.9-m spacing) by 66.2 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to application (0 DAT) and 1, 5, and 9 DAT by comparing the number of larvae/0.9 m of row using the standard ground cloth technique.
Flea Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weiss Michael J. , Schatz Blaine G. , Hanson Bryan K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were seeded with a small plot seeder May 9 at Carrington, N. Dak., and May 12 at Langdon, N. Dak. Row spacing was 12 inches at Carrington and 6 inches at Langdon. Plot size at Carrington was 4 by 22 ft (4 rows wide) and 3.5 by 16 ft (7 rows wide) at Langdon. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates of each treatment at each location. Granular materials were applied with the seed at planting and foliar applications were applied when flea beetles were present. Ten gallons of solution/acre of foliar materials was applied at 40 psi with a small-plot sprayer mounted on an all-terrain vehicle. At Langdon stand counts were taken by counting the number of plants in 3 ft of row in 2 locations within each plot. At Carrington, a videotape was made of one of the middle rows within each plot and the number of plants counted on a video screen. Yield information was based on harvesting the entire plot at Langdon and 14 ft of row of the 2 middle rows at Carrington. Both locations had a loam type soil. Conditions were extremely dry throughout the growing season.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, 1988
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 8 by 16 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination between plots. Plots were fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre and drill seeded at 100 lb seed/acre 14 Apr. Distance between rows was 7 inches. The plots were flooded 15 Apr and drained 24 h later. Thiobencarb at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied 20 Apr. Rice emerged 24 Apr. Plots were flush irrigated 25 Apr and 10 May. Propanil at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre and Bentazon at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre were applied on 13 May. Urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre was applied 17 May. The permanent flood (4 inches deep) was applied 17 May. On 20 May (3 d after the onset of the permanent flood) treatments were applied with a hand-held 4-nozzle spray rig. Nozzles were Tee-Jet 800067. The propellant used was CO2 at a pressure of 22 psi. Finished spray volume was 14.2 gal/acre. At the time of application, wind speed was less than 5 mph. Immediately prior to application and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT, 15 randomly selected plants in each plot were inspected for adult RWW feeding scars.
Mid-Season ERM Control, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Control trials were conducted at the Horticultural Research Farm, University of Missouri, near New Franklin, Mo. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul and 2 Aug to 3 single-tree replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ trees approximately 15 yr old. Sprays were applied to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Mite counts were taken by collecting 50 leaves randomly from the periphery of each tree and brushing the leaves with a Leedom mite brush. All adult ERM, their eggs, and PM were counted. Pretreatment counts were made 21 Jul, and posttreatment counts were done 10 d after each application, on 2 Aug and 16 Aug. Pretreatment mite densities averaged 2-3/leaf. At 10 DAT, none of the treatments resulted in significantly lower densities of ERM, but Danitol at 3 oz, and UBI-1335 resulted in fewer adult ERM. At 10 DAT for the second treatment, all compounds except Brigade, Kelthane, and Asana resulted in significantly fewer adult ERM. Similar patterns follow for ERM eggs. All treatments resulted in significantly fewer PM than did the untreated control, but there were no differences among them.
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to evaluate 4 insecticides against CEW in late planted, double-cropped soybean after wheat. Soybeans, planted 15 Jun, were treated with test insecticides 31 Aug when plants were in the early pod fill stage. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized air sprayer, with 8002 EVS flat spray nozzles at 1.97 kg/cm2 that delivered a volume of 128.1 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications. Individual plots were 6 rows (50.8-cm spacing) by 7.6 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to appalication and at 1, 5, 7, and 14 DAT by comparing the number of CEW larvae/0.9 m row. Pod damage was compared by counting the pods and damaged pods on 5 plants/plot.