bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Study on the Influence of Filler Material to the Spiciness Level of Chili Block
Authors: Putri A R , Dewi K H , Marniza  
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study aims to obtain the effect of type and ratio of fillers to physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of chili blocks. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 2 factors: the type of filler material (papaya and conjoined chayote) and the ratio, namely 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3 (between chili: filler material). So that six treatment combinations are obtained, each of which is repeated with 3 repetitions. The parameters observed were physical properties (water content, colour using Munshell Colour for Plants Tissue, texture), chemical properties (pH, and capsaicin content) and organoleptic properties (colour, texture, odour, and spiciness). Data were analysed using ANOVA. If significantly different, continued with the DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The results showed there was no significant difference between filler type and ratio, to physical properties (water content, texture and colour of block chili) and chemical properties (pH and capsaicin content of block chili). Also, there is no significant difference between filler type and ratio on organoleptic properties of colour and odour but had a significant effect on texture and spicy chili blocks.
Determination of Maltodextrin Concentration in Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Instant Drink
Authors: Yanti H F , Violalita F , Evawati  , Syahrul S , Fahmy K 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Maltodextrin is a food additive produced from starch which is hydrolyzed by the addition of acids or enzymes. Maltodextrin is often added to the production of instant drinks. The use of maltodextrin in instant drinks serves as a filler material that can inhibit material damage due to the drying process, coat flavor components, accelerate the drying process, and increase solubility. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate concentration of maltodextrin in the manufacture of red ginger and cinnamon instant drinks. The research method used was a completely randomized design (RAL) mono factorial used a concentration of maltodextrin 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. An instant drink produced were analyzed for moisture content, ash content, sugar content, total phenol-antioxidant activity, and sensory properties. The results obtained were analyzed using the RStudio program and further tested using DMRT. The results of the analysis showed that the water content of herbal instant drinks ranged from 0.81 – 1.33%, ash content 0.16 – 0.54%, reducing sugar content 0.16 – 0.54%, and total phenol 21.83 – 31.17 g/mg GAE. Sensory analysis showed that the preferred color of herbal instant drink was the use of 10 and 15% maltodextrin, while the most preferred aroma and taste is the use of 15% maltodextrin.
Preliminary Identification of New Fungal Pathogen Isolated from Black Pepper Disease
Authors: Zakaria S N S , Noor N M , Ramli N W Binti , Anuar I S M , Wahab M Z Ab 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of important spice crop that has been grown and traded globally. In this few years, black pepper industry had recorded unsatisfactory yield production as its has been hampered with disease attacks. Almost all parts of the plant are susceptible to disease infections particularly disease that has been caused by fungal pathogens. This present study aims to isolate and identify fungal pathogen associated with black pepper disease in peninsular Malaysia. In one of sampling location in Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, two fungus were isolated from symptomatic leaves and berries of black peppers. The leaves produced yellowish to brownish lesions while the berries produce blackish lesions. Morphological identification based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics showed that the isolates produced similar characteristics with Fusarium and Diaporthe species. The pathogenicity was confirmed by an artificial inoculation test on healthy black pepper plants in which similar simptoms were observed on inoculated plant. Molecular identification based on DNA sequence analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) regions was conducted to confirm the identity of both isolates. The sequences were compared with other sequences from the NCBI GenBank database and the blast results indicate 99% percent similarity with Diaporthe phaseolorum and Fusarium polyphialidicum species. Constructed Phylogenetic tree also showed that the isolates were grouped together with the reference strain of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Fusarium polyphialidicum species. This is the first report of the occurrence of both species as pathogen of black pepper plant in peninsular Malaysia.
Microbial activities and minimum liquid smoke killing concentration made of cacao pod toward Lasiodiplodia theobromae growth
Authors: Budaraga I K , Putra D P , Yanti Y 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Cocoa has become the leading export commodity from the plantation sector. The Increasing of cocoa production results in the increase of the cocoa shell waste amount. Cocoa shell utilization is still very limited. The benefit of cocoa shell is that this waste contains secondary metabolites that can be used as antimicrobial agents. One of the products that can be produced from cocoa shell waste is liquid smoke. This study was focused in determining the antimicrobial activity and the minimum kill concentration from liquid smoke on the growth of the Lasiodiplodia theobremae fungi from different amounts of raw materials moisture content and pyrolysis temperatures. This research indicated that cocoa shells liquid smoke from different amounts of water content and temperature of pyrolysis had antimicrobial activity and the application of different concentrations in the minimum kill concentration test can inhibit Lasiodiplodia theobremae fungi growth. Liquid smoke antimicrobial activity at 10% water content and temperatures at 200, 300, and 400°C obtained inhibition zone values of 10.40; 16.75 and 17.80 mm. At the 15% moisture content and temperatures of 200, 300and 400°C, the inhibition zone value is 10.15; 15.70 and 16.15 mm. At 20% water content and temperatures of 200, 300and 400°C, it obtained inhibition zone values of 4.25; 11,45 and 12.30 mm. At 25% water content and temperatures of 200, 300, and 400°C, it obtained inhibition zone values of 3.70; 7.65 and 8.65 mm. The value of minimum kill concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration of liquid smoke at 10, 15, 20, and 25 % water content at temperatures of 200, 300, and 400°C obtained the values of 1% and 9%.
Exposure of Smart Farming Implementation Towards Farmers in Alor Setar: A Case Study
Authors: Zamri N N , Mustaffha S 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSmart farming is a trend in agriculture that involves incorporating information and communication technologies (ICT) into the production process. The study aims to get the factors that contribute to the current exposure to smart farming implementation on farmers from farmers’ perspectives in Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia. The study includes the determination of correlation between factors and exposure implementation of smart farming. About 116 farmers have been selected from the population to conduct the questionnaire. The results were obtained by analysing using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. It has been found that personal factors contribute the most to the exposure of smart farming implementation. A significant correlation between personal and environmental factors also has been discovered. Contrary, the security factors have no significant correlation with the exposure of smart farming implementation. Overall, the findings indicated that the implementation of smart farming exposure among farmers is emerging progressively.
Application of Fish Waste Fertilizer on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Jubin J J , Radzi N M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Corn is an important cereal in the world and widely used as human consumption, livestock feed and even as raw material for industrial purposes. A study was carried out on the effect of fish waste fertilizer (FWF) on the growth of maize at UiTM Jasin Campus, Malacca. The experiment was carried out by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) based on 5 treatments and 5 replications. The control treatment (T1) was 100% of NPK fertilizer, treatment 2 (T2) was 30% of NPK + 70% FWF, treatment 3 (T3) was 50% of NPK + FWF, treatment 4 (T4) was 70% of NPK + 30% FWF and treatment 5 (T5) was 100% FWF. The corn variety used was Leckat 592 and different doses of organic fertilizer were applied 5 times. The parameters used in this study were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth and chlorophyll content. In this experiment, treatment 3 (50% of NPK + FWF) and treatment 4 (70% of NPK + 30% FWF) showed significant difference in leaf area and stem girth parameters, respectively. However, there are no significant differences of the treatments on plant height, number of leaves, and chlorophyll content. NPK fertilizer showed the highest mean numbers for the three parameters. Thus, from this study, combination of NPK fertilizer with fish waste fertilizer showed some significant in the growth of corn.
Quality control of crab meat pasteurization using six sigma
Authors: Hidayat K , Tsana N U B , Maflahah I 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Quality control is a strategy to measure the ability of the production process. In addition, it can identify factors that cause non-standardized products. Currently, crab products packaged in cans are products that are in great demand by foreign countries. One of the companies that produce these products is PT Sumber Mina Bahari. In Indonesia, many companies process crab products for export to buyers. For this reason, quality control is needed so that the product can compete with other companies. The research method used is the six sigma method with the stages of define, measure, analyze, improve, and control. The results showed that the highest causes of defects were dented packaging and scuffed packaging. Still, the production process worked well and was above the average standard of the Indonesian industry. This can be seen from the sigma value of 4-Sigma and the process capability index value of 1.6. From the results of the causal diagram and FMEA, the cause of dented and scuffed cans is caused by human factors. Suggestions for improvement include tighter supervision, work evaluation, job briefings, and training on Standard Operational Procedures. This process needs to be done so that the company can reach the 6-Sigma target.
Effect of postharvest handling of shallots in supporting the sustainability of the availability of shallot seeds
Authors: Siswanto N , Bintoro N , Karyadi J N W , Rahayoe S 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The need for shallots in Indonesia is increasing every year. Consequently, the sustainability of the availability of shallot seeds is a very important for the fulfillment of the production. The availability of qualified seed is determined by how well the postharvest handling is done by the farmers. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the postharvest handling by practiced the farmers to ensure the availability of shallot seeds. The research was done at a shallot farmer group which was the most advanced in postharvest handling in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was found that the harvest age for seeds ranged from 56-70 days after planting (45-83%), of which 30-60% yielded for seeds. Drying by laying on the ground surface was 68-90%, for 7-8 days (60%). All farmers applied pesticides to the seeds before storage. Yield loss during storage was about 30-60% (78% of respondents). These findings concluded that the postharvest activities practiced by the farmers were not optimal yet, this condition threatened the sustainability of the availability of shallot seeds. Therefore, to maintain the availability of the shallot seeds, it was necessary to improve postharvest activities.
Determining Water Stress and Varying Irrigation Regimes on Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Growth Performance
Authors: Nasarullah N N , Ahmed W N W , Othman H 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Water is essential for the crops’ growth. Scarcity in water will lead to water stress. It is vital to manage irrigation in crops to avoid water stress. Leafy vegetables, such as spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.), require higher water demand than other vegetables. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth of spinach grown under various irrigation regimes and to determine at which irrigation set is the most suitable one to avoid water stress. Three irrigation treatments were applied, (T0) common practice (control), (T1) water matric potential = 30centibars, and (T2) water matric potential = 60centibars, measured for 60 days. The treatments were arranged in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. There were significant differences to the irrigation treatments for plant height, number of root length including the biomass of spinach. T0 was found to be the right rate of water irrigation levels for spinach growth that was watering spinach twice a day until soil was wet. Spinach also can tolerate to mild water stress which was at 30centibars but water set at 60centibars will cause water stress. The highest spinach yield was achieved with adequate water supply, while yield was lower at lower water irrigation levels.
Characterizing the quality of bath salt enriched with lemongrass essential oils as fragrant agent
Authors: Maflahah I , Febriana R N , Indarto C , Asfan D F 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe study aims to determine the best formulation of bath salt enriched with lemongrass essential oil as fragrant agent each treatment by looking at the water content, pH, dissolving time, foaming, and organoleptic tests. The ingredients for bath salts were Epsom or magnesium sulphate, sodium carbonate, SLES, citric acid, cornflour, olive oil, essential oil, and alcohol. Differences in treatment on the concentration of Epsom and sodium bicarbonate. The results showed that the difference in Epsom concentration (50%,60%,40%) and sodium bicarbonate concentration (5%,10%,15%) was significantly different to water content and pH value. The average pH was 3-4. Bath salts also have easily soluble properties in water and do not have too much foam or foam. The level of preference of bath salts, panellists prefer a soft texture, fragrant flavor, and white colour.
Econometric modelling for estimating of paddy yield and rice production in Melaka, Malaysia
Authors: Shahidan M S , Fatah F A , Lim H E 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Melaka’s rice industry exhibited a slightly poor performance between 1988 and 2019. The paddy parcel area has decreased from 10,418 ha to 1,837 ha in 32 years. Between 1988 and 2015, the crop intensity factor (CIF) was below 50%. Thus, this research will examine the trend of paddy yield and rice productivity in Melaka from 1988 to 2019 and estimated yield and rice output for 2020 to 2030. This study applies production theory. Data were analyzed using multiple regression with OLS estimation. The findings showed that Melaka paddy production reduced during 1998-1999, 2004-2005 and 2008-2009 due to Asian crisis and global financial crisis. The forecasting study used a 95% confidence range for the average growing rate. Even though paddy output increased by 24.6 percent, the amount forecasted for high paddy yield and rice production in 2030 is unachievable due to high agricultural land needed. Nevertheless, the nuclear paddy is expected to produce more paddy and rice in 2030 than present varieties. Thus, the government should support the development of nuclear paddy varieties, as well as expand paddy parcel area in Melaka. This will assist Malaysia achieve its food security goal of 75% rice self-sufficiency level in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan 2021-2025.
Assessing the Environmental Friendliness of Universitas Andalas for Stingless Bees Species (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Authors: Herwina H , Salmah S , Mairawita  , Nurainas  , Jasmi  , Janra M N , Sari D A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Stingless bees have become popular in the last six years because of their promising products such as honey, bee pollen, and propolis. A study on the stingless bees had been conducted in 2019 with the aim to see the ecological aspect dealing with the potency of stingless beekeeping (Meliponiculture) to be held within Universitas Andalas Campus Complex (UACC). A total of ten colonies from ten different stingless bee species were recorded from several sites in UACC and the condition of each colony was concisely observed. Plant species that presumably the potential food source for stingless bees were identified from selected sites at Herbarium, Arboretum, and Storage Spot. The uniqueness of every stingless bee colony and its potency in stingless beekeeping was discussed in this paper. A total of 66 plant species were recorded with note as possible sources for pollen, nectar or resin for stingless bee colonies.
Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Tobacco Plantation in Sago Malintang Natural Reserve, West Sumatra
Authors: Rahmaizi T , Mairawita  , Herwina H , Sakdiah H T , Janra M N 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The research on ant diversity at tobacco plantation in Sago Malintang Natural Reserve, West Sumatra, had been conducted on September 2019. This study aimed to determine the diversity of ants at the study site. Ant specimens were collected by using Quadra Protocol applied within two transects that arranged in the middle of plantation and at its edge. As result, 23 species belonged to 17 genera, eight tribes and five subfamilies were identified from 592 specimen collected. Both parts of plantation had moderate ant diversity (H’=2.25). Myrmicinae was subfamily with highest species number recorded (10 species), followed by Formicinae (five species), Ponerinae (four species), and Dolichoderinae (three species), while Pseudomyrmecinae only with one species. Carebara cf. affinis was recognized as common species on both transects. Hand collecting and soil core, two techniques used in Quadra Protocol, performed prominently in collecting specimen in this study. Further detail on research result, transect at the edge of tobacco plantation yielded 460 individuals identified into 21 species, 16 genera, eight tribes and five subfamilies while the transect inside plantation recorded 132 individuals that determined to be from 10 species, nine genera, five tribes and four subfamilies.
Diversity of Insects Associated with Stingless Bee Lepidotrigona terminata at Plantations in Batu Gadang Village, Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra
Authors: Afriana R , Dahelmi  , Herwina H , Janra M N , Jasmi  
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The study observed the diversity of insects that supposed to have direct association with stingless bee Lepidotrigona terminata within plantation habitats in Batu Gadang Village, Padang Pariaman Regency in West Sumatra Province. This study had been conducted from March to May 2021 and aimed to identify insect species that used similar resources with stingless bees Lepidotrigona terminata bred at meliponiculture activity in this area. It used purpossive sampling method by establishing three plant species that frequently visited by the stingless bee as focal of observation, namely jengkol of bitter bean (Archidendron pauciflorum), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and kepundung (Baccaurea racemosa). A total of eight insect species collected from these plants; they are classified into five families and four orders. The ant Oecophylla sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with 21 individuals became insect that mostly interacted with the stingless bees while Coreus marginatus (Hemiptera, Coreidae) and Chrysolina sp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) were the least. While specific interaction they made with stingless bee Lepidotrigona terminata needs further investigation, these insects have associated to the least with the stingless bee at the observed plant species.
Identification of Termites (Insecta: Isoptera) from Anthropogenic Area in Universitas Andalas Campus Complex, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Rahman T , Herwina  , Mairawita  , Janra M N 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTermites (Insecta: Isoptera) have been long recognized as pest insects as they can cause damage on wooden structures. It is highly required to know various aspects regarding this insect group in order to mitigate its destruction. This research initiated the identification of termites infested wooden structures in Universitas Andalas campus complex, Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatra. It had been conducted from March to July 2020 where the specimens were collected by direct sampling method. A total of seven species from seven genera, four subfamilies and two families of termites were identified in this research. Termitidae became the family with the highest species number (five species) over Rhinotermitidae that only with two species. At the subfamily level, it could be ranked and specified as Nasutitermitinae (three species), followed by Macrotermitinae (two species), Rhinotermitinae and Coptotermitinae (one species each). This finding confirmed the existence of termites within anthropogenic environment such as concrete buildings complex. This confirmation exposed potential damage possessed by termites to the wooden structures within the complex. The presence of termite species in Universitas Andalas environment should initiate proper mitigation and maintenance plans in order to structurally preserve the campus complex.
General quantum Chinos games
Authors: Centeno Daniel , Sierra Germán 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Chinos game is a non-cooperative game between players who try to guess the total sum of coins drawn collectively. Semiclassical and quantum versions of this game were proposed by F. Guinea and M. A. Martin-Delgado, in J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 L197 (2003), where the coins are replaced by a boson whose number occupancy is the aim of the player’s guesses. Here, we propose other versions of the Chinos game using a hard-core boson, one qubit, and two qubits. In the latter case, using entangled states the second player has a stable winning strategy that becomes symmetric for non-entangled states. Finally, we use the IBM Quantum Experience to compute the basic quantities involved in the two-qubit version of the game.
A physics-based modeling of a hydraulically amplified electrostatic actuator
Authors: Washington Alexandrea , Olsen Zakai , Su Ji , Kim Kwang J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The focus of this study is to understand the physical phenomenon of the liquid-based electroactive polymer (EAP) actuator known as the Hydraulically Amplified Self-Healing Electrostatic (HASEL) actuator. Specifically, this study provides data in several areas, including the deformation of the film material, the dynamics of the dielectric liquid, and the electrical conditions within the actuator body. A two-dimensional model was developed in the finite element software, COMSOL Multiphysics, to create a generalized physics-based framework that describes the actuation mechanism. Much of the predictive data agreed well with the experimental data, such as the electrode pull-in occurring at ∼4.5 kV and the displacement-voltage behavior. More importantly, the model also predicts basic fluid dynamic data, such as velocity (which reached a maximum of 0.7 m s−1), the pressure of the fluid within the enclosed film, and the motion of the fluid, which have not been found in previous models. The model also predicts phenomenon seen in experimentation, such as fluid pockets under the electrodes and the interesting displacement-voltage behavior. Everything considered, the model connects the electrical, mechanical, and fluid systems, thus providing more detail about the dynamics of the actuator system and facilitating a shift in the current approach to modeling and designing these actuators.