bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historische Entwicklung der Konstruktionsregeln von Stahlbetonstützen – Hintergründe zu den derzeit geltenden Konstruktionsregeln
Authors: Matz Henrik , Empelmann Martin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDie Stahlbetonstütze ist seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ein unverzichtbares Bauteil zum Abtrag vertikaler Lasten. Im Laufe der bisher 117‐jährigen Normung im Stahlbetonbau haben sich unter Berücksichtigung immer neuer Erkenntnisse in Forschung und Praxis die heute bekannten Konstruktionsregeln entwickelt. Ein Rückblick auf die historische Entwicklung der konstruktiven Durchbildung von Stützen und die Hintergründe der jeweiligen Regeln ist heute aus zwei Gründen sinnvoll. Die Kenntnis über die konstruktive Durchbildung maßgebender Bauteile ist für das Bauen im Bestand aufgrund häufig fehlender Pläne und Angaben von großer Bedeutung. Außerdem vermitteln die Hintergründe zu den Konstruktionsregeln ein Verständnis für die Wirkungsweise der konstruktiven Stützenbewehrung und somit für das Tragverhalten von Stahlbetonstützen.
Understanding the interaction of proteins to ion exchange chromatographic supports: A surface energetics approach
Authors: Aasim Muhammad , Khan Muhammad H. , Bibi Noor Shad , Fernandez‐Lahore Marcelo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIon exchange chromatography is one of the most widely used chromatographic technique for the separation and purification of important biological molecules. Due to its wide applicability in separation processes, a targeted approach is required to suggest the effective binding conditions during ion exchange chromatography. A surface energetics approach was used to study the interaction of proteins to different types of ion exchange chromatographic beads. The basic parameters used in this approach are derived from the contact angle, streaming potential, and zeta potential values. The interaction of few model proteins to different anionic and cationic exchanger, with different backbone chemistry, that is, agarose and methacrylate, was performed. Generally, under binding conditions, it was observed that proteins having negative surface charges showed strong to lose interaction (20 kT for Hannilase to 0.5 kT for IgG) with different anionic exchangers (having different positive surface charges). On the contrary, anionic exchangers showed almost no interaction (0–0.1 kT) with the positively charged proteins. An inverse behavior was observed for the interaction of proteins to cationic exchangers. The outcome from these theoretical calculations can predict the binding behavior of different proteins under real ion exchange chromatographic conditions. This will ultimately propose a better bioprocess design for protein separation.
Analysis of fouling and breakthrough of process related impurities during depth filtration using confocal microscopy
Authors: Parau Maria , Johnson Thomas F. , Pullen James , Bracewell Daniel G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTiter improvement has driven process intensification in mAb manufacture. However, this has come with the drawback of high cell densities and associated process related impurities such as cell debris, host cell protein (HCP), and DNA. This affects the capacity of depth filters and can lead to carryover of impurities to protein A chromatography leading to early resin fouling. New depth filter materials provide the opportunity to remove more process related impurities at this early stage in the process. Hence, there is a need to understand the mechanism of impurity removal within these filters. In this work, the secondary depth filter Millistak+ X0HC (cellulose and diatomaceous earth) is compared with the X0SP (synthetic), by examining the breakthrough of DNA and HCP. Additionally, a novel method was developed to image the location of key impurities within the depth filter structure under a confocal microscope. Flux, tested at 75, 100, and 250 LMH was found to affect the maximal throughput based on the max pressure of 30 psi, but no significant changes were seen in the HCP and DNA breakthrough. However, a drop in cell culture viability, from 87% to 37%, lead to the DNA breakthrough at 10% decreasing from 81 to 55 L/m2 for X0HC and from 105 to 47 L/m2 for X0SP. The HCP breakthrough was not affected by cell culture viability or filter type. The X0SP filter has a 30%–50% higher max throughput depending on viability, which can be explained by the confocal imaging where the debris and DNA are distributed differently in the layers of the filter pods, with more of the second tighter layer being utilized in the X0SP.
Advances in 3D printing of composite scaffolds for the repairment of bone tissue associated defects
Authors: Anandhapadman Ashwin , Venkateswaran Ajay , Jayaraman Hariharan , Veerabadran Ghone Nalinkanth 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe conventional methods of using autografts and allografts for repairing defects in bone, the osteochondral bone, and the cartilage tissue have many disadvantages, like donor site morbidity and shortage of donors. Moreover, only 30% of the implanted grafts are shown to be successful in treating the defects. Hence, exploring alternative techniques such as tissue engineering to treat bone tissue associated defects is promising as it eliminates the above‐mentioned limitations. To enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the tissue engineered product, it is essential to fabricate the scaffold used in tissue engineering by the combination of various biomaterials. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing, with its ability to print composite materials and with complex geometry seems to have a huge potential in scaffold fabrication technique for engineering bone associated tissues. This review summarizes the recent applications and future perspectives of 3D printing technologies in the fabrication of composite scaffolds used in bone, osteochondral, and cartilage tissue engineering. Key developments in the field of 3D printing technologies involves the incorporation of various biomaterials and cells in printing composite scaffolds mimicking physiologically relevant complex geometry and gradient porosity. Much recently, the emerging trend of printing smart scaffolds which can respond to external stimulus such as temperature, pH and magnetic field, known as 4D printing is gaining immense popularity and can be considered as the future of 3D printing applications in the field of tissue engineering.
The association of obesity with thyroid carcinoma risk
Authors: Ma Xiao‐Ni , Ma Cheng‐Xu , Hou Li‐Jie , Fu Song‐Bo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity and an increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma (TC) threaten public health in parallel on a global scale. Sufficient evidence supports excess body fatness in thyroid carcinogenesis, and the role and anthropometric markers of obesity have been causally associated with the rising risk of TC.MethodsA literature search was conducted in PubMed. Studies focused on the effect of obesity in TC.ResultsThis review mainly discusses the global incidence and prevalence of obesity‐related TC. We also review the role of obesity in TC and potential clinical strategies for obesity‐related TC.ConclusionsExcess body fatness in early life and TC survival initiate adverse effects later in life.
Iron leaching from nonrefractory grade bauxite: Individual process optimization and prediction by using DOE
Authors: Stein Alena , Sax Almuth , Quirmbach Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBauxite is an important raw material for the production of refractories. The availability of refractory grade ore worldwide is limited, and high iron contents in particular reduce the quality of the material. For refractory applications, a maximum iron content of 2 % is acceptable. In this study, acid leaching with HCl is used to decrease the iron content in different nonrefractory grade raw bauxites. Computerized design of experiments and statistical methods are used to determine optimum process parameters and influencing factors for different bauxites individually. Compared to previously published studies, the applied approach makes it possible to process even very iron‐rich bauxites (e.g., 31 % Fe2O3 in calcined substance) and to lower their Fe2O3 contents below the permitted 2 %. In addition, larger grain sizes (around 5.5 mm) can be used. Statistical planning and mathematical modeling also allow the prediction of the minimum achievable iron content within the investigated parameter ranges. For selected parameter combinations, the achievable Fe2O3 content can be predicted relatively accurately without the requirement for practical testing of the corresponding experimental setup.
Towards enantioselective ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics of branched‐chain fatty acids and anteiso‐fatty acids under reversed‐phase conditions using sub‐2‐μm amylose‐ and cellulose‐derived chiral stationary phases
Authors: Geibel Christian , Zhang Li , Serafimov Kristian , Gross Harald , Lämmerhofer Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBranched‐chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are mostly saturated fatty acids with one or more methyl, seldom ethyl, branches in the alkyl chain. They are derived from branched‐chain amino acids, ruminant‐derived food, or biosynthetic side products of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase. They possess iso‐ (branching at penultimate carbon) and anteiso‐fatty acid structure (branching at antepenultimate carbon) or are branched at any other position of the carbon chain. Except for iso‐fatty acids, BCFAs are chiral. They are commonly analyzed by GC‐MS, while there is a lack of enantioselective LC‐MS methods. In this work, we present a methodology for targeted enantioselective UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS metabolomics of BCFAs. It makes use of precolumn derivatization with 1‐naphthylamine and reversed‐phase elution conditions. A homologous series of short BCFA analytes with distinct chain lengths (having up to eight carbon atoms), branching type (methyl or ethyl), and position of branching (2, 3, and 4, anteiso and iso) has been systematically studied on six commercially available polysaccharide UHPLC columns. Chiralpak IB‐U exhibited the highest and broadest enantioselectivity while IH‐U maintained enantioselectivity also for BCFAs with chirality distant from the carboxylic function (i.e., with other branching than in 2‐position). The method was used to assign the absolute configuration of a 4‐methylhexanoic acid side chain of a natural product from Streptomyces sp. SHP 22‐7. The potential of the corresponding UHPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS assay for analyzing stereoselectively BCFAs and other short organic acids by untargeted analysis in human urine was further elucidated in a preliminary proof‐of‐principle test.
Cadmium Accumulation in a Tropicalized Lettuce Variety Under Overfertilization Simulation
Authors: Nunes Ellen Aparecida , Kiyota Eduardo , Andrade Sara Adrián López 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCadmium (Cd) can accumulate in vegetables and enter the food chain. The production of vegetables usually uses excessive amounts of fertilizers which bring environmental and health damages. The authors investigate the relationship between fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and the accumulation of Cd and nitrate in lettuce of the tropicalized variety “Gloriosa.” The experiment is under greenhouse conditions in a 2×2 factorial design, with the addition or not of 10 mg kg−1 Cd to the soil, and the use of one and three times the recommended rate of N, P, and K for lettuce crop. The higher fertilization rate is related to the increase of Cd in the shoots. Gloriosa lettuce shows high Cd‐accumulation capacity, especially in the shoots, evidencing great Cd‐translocation. Fresh leaves reach up to 8 mg kg−1 Cd, higher than permissible limits, but high Cd‐tolerance and no visual symptoms of toxicity or reduction in biomass production. In plants grown with three times the recommended rates of N, nitrate concentrations are within the permissible limits for leafy vegetables. To avoid Cd‐accumulation, besides monitoring soil Cd, it would be necessary to establish safe rates of fertilization for the cultivation of tropicalized lettuce varieties.
Fluorapatite‐Supported Palladium Catalyst for the Synthesis of Alkenyl Nitriles
Authors: Vishwakarma Rakhi S. , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Rathod Virendra K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFluorapatite‐supported palladium catalyzed C=C bond cleavage of α, β‐unsaturated ketones to alkenyl nitriles is presented. The reaction was performed with different basic catalysts, such as hydroxyapatite (HAP), fluorapatite (FAP), tert‐butoxyapatite (TBAP), and Mg−Al−HT derived oxide. Later, fluorapatite‐supported palladium (PdFAP) catalyst was prepared by treatment of fluorapatite with bis(benzonitrile) palladium(II) chloride. PdFAP catalyst was characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, CHN analysis, ICP‐AES and FTIR. The average particle size of the palladium particles in the PdFAP catalyst was found in the range of 35–45 nm. The reaction to synthesize cinnamonitrile from cinnamoyl pyrrole and acetonitrile was optimized at 383 K for 6 h using a toluene‐cyclohexane solvent system with 95% conversion and 90% selectivity. A kinetic model was also developed. The catalyst was recovered and reused for three cycles.
One‐Step Synthesis of (CH3NH3)2CuCl4:ZnS Thin Film for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Ahmed Mohammad Tanvir , Islam Shariful , Bashar Muhammad Shahriar , Ahmed Farid 
Published: January 2022

AbstractImproving device performance and reducing Pb‐toxicity is one of the fundamental issues of perovskite‐based optoelectronic technology. This research demonstrates the synthesis and characterization of pure and ZnS incorporated Cu‐based organic–inorganic perovskite via the precursor blending method. The thin films of the perovskites are deposited via one‐step spin coating method. X‐ray diffraction of all the films reveals the cubic phase where a decrease of cell volume is observed after ZnS addition. The average grain size also reduces after ZnS incorporation that is found from scanning electron microscopy analysis. The absorption coefficient of the films is of the order of 103 cm−1 in low wavelength range while a blueshifting of the absorption peak is seen due to ZnS addition. The overall resistance of the film increased with increasing ZnS concentration. An increasing bandgap from 2.3 to 2.4 eV is observed for different ZnS concentrations.
Comparative metagenomics analysis reveals how the diet shapes the gut microbiota in several small mammals
Authors: Li Fengjun , Yang Shengzhi , Zhang Linwan , Qiao Lu , Wang Lei , He Song , Li Jian , Yang Nan , Yue Bisong , Zhou Chuang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe gut microbiomes of the host are large and complex communities, which helps to maintain homeostasis, improves digestive efficiency, and promotes the development of the immune system. The small mammals distributed in Sichuan Province are the most popular species for biodiversity research in Southwest China. However, the effects of different diets on the structure and function of the gut microbial community of these small mammals are poorly understood. In this study, whole‐metagenome shotgun sequencing has been used to analyze the composition and functional structures of the gut microbiota of seven small mammals in Laojunshan National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. Taxonomic classification revealed that the most abundant phyla in the gut of seven small mammals were Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Moreover, Hafnia, Lactobacillus, and Yersinia were the most abundant genus in the gut microbiomes of these seven species. At the functional level, we annotated a series of KEGG functional pathways, six Cazy categories, and 46,163 AROs in the gut microbiomes of the seven species. Comparative analysis found that the difference in the gut microbiomes between the Soricidea and Muridae concentrated on the increase in the F/B (Firmicutes/Bacteroides) ratio in the Soricidea group, probably driven by the high‐fat and ‐calorie digestive requirements due to their insectivorous diet. The comparative functional profiling revealed that functions related to metabolism and carbohydrates were significantly more abundant in Muridae group, which may be attributed to their high carbohydrate digestion requirements caused by their herbivorous diet. These data suggested that different diets in the host may play an important role in shaping the gut microbiota, and lay the foundation for teasing apart the influences of heritable and environmental factors on the evolution of gut microbial communities.
Visible Light‐mediated Tandem Addition/Elimination Reaction of Iododifluoromethyl Ketones and Alkenes
Authors: Wu Fanhong , Li Zhi , Huang Guozhi , Wu Jihong , Wu Jingjing , Yu Yanyan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA new and efficient synthesis of allyl difluorides has been developed via visible light‐mediated photoredox‐catalyzed tandem addition/elimination reaction of iododifluoromethyl ketones and alkenes. This method has demonstrated mild conditions and broad substrate scope tolerance, and has offered an alternative way for direct fluoroalkylation of alkenes.
Clinical meaning of body temperatures in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Duriez Philibert , Mastellari Tomas , Viltart Odile , Gorwood Philip 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveBradycardia is one of the common cardiac abnormalities in patients with eating disorders. It ensues from hypometabolism, which results from reduced caloric intake and consequential weight loss. Hypothermia is another consequence of hypometabolism. While at‐rest metabolism and body mass index (BMI) are typically used to assess hypometabolism and estimate potential bradycardia, we hypothesised that body temperature, which is easy to measure, could also capture the presence of this threatening cardiovascular condition.MethodWe monitored heart rate continuously for 72 h, measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and assessed body temperature in 12 body parts for 58 patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 29 patients with bulimia nervosa (BN).ResultsPalm temperature reflects bradycardia in both AN and BN, explaining 18% of its variance (p < 0.001), capturing this aspect even more efficiently than BMI. We also observe different correlations between palm temperature, abdominal temperature, BMI, REE and levels of physical activity.ConclusionPalm temperature could be used as a warning of bradycardia, a serious cardiovascular condition which can be difficult to detect in short visits with outpatients. Further studies are needed to determine how useful bradycardia and palm temperature could be to assess severity and prognosis of the disorder.
Influences of hydrogen addition from different dual‐fuel modes on engine behaviors
Authors: Khandal Sanjeevakumar Veerasangappa , Ağbulut Ümit , Afzal Asif , Sharifpur Mohsen , Abdul Razak Kaladgi , Khalilpoor Nima 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCompression ignition (CI) engines have good performance but more exhaust emissions. Dual fuel (DF) engines have better performance and lower emissions compared to CI mode. Also, the scarcity of fossil fuels made the researchers to find alternative fuels to power CI engines. Therefore, the present work aims to use hydrogen (H2) and honne oil biodiesel (BHO) to investigate the performance of CI engines in DF mode. Also, it aims to compare the performance of CI engines in various DF modes, namely induction, manifold injection, and port injection. First, the CI engine was fuelled completely by diesel fuel and BHO. The data were gathered when the engine ran at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and at 80% load. Second, the CI engine was operated in various DF modes and data were generated. CI engine operation in DF mode was smooth with biodiesel and H2. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32% and 31.1% was reported with diesel and biodiesel, respectively, for manifold injection due to low energy content and high viscosity of biodiesel. These values were higher than CI mode and other DF modes. Fuel substitution percentage for DF manifold injection was 60% and 57% with diesel and biodiesel, respectively. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than conventional mode, but a reverse trend was observed for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Heat release rate (HRR) and peak pressure (PP) were higher than conventional mode due to the fast combustion rate of hydrogen. The shortest ignition delay (ID) period was noticed for traditional diesel fuel, but it was longer for BHO biodiesel due to its higher viscosity and lower cetane number. On the contrary, the presence of hydrogen led to an increment in the combustion duration (CD) owing to the scarcity of oxygen in CD. Consequently, the paper clearly showed that the injection way of hydrogen plays a respectable role in the engine characteristics.
A critical evaluation of 42, large‐scale, science and technology foresight Delphi surveys
Authors: Belton Ian , Cuhls Kerstin , Wright George 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLarge‐scale Delphi surveys on technology foresight started in the 1960s and involve an average of about 2000 participants answering, potentially, up to about 450 items. This contrasts sharply with the participation and content of the more common, smaller‐scale Delphi surveys. Previously, Belton et al. developed “six steps” to underpin a well‐founded and defensible Delphi process and we apply these steps in a novel evaluation of the quality of 42 large‐scale technology foresight surveys. Using a detailed analysis of two exemplar studies and a content analysis of all 42 surveys, we explore whether such surveys differ systematically from “traditional” smaller‐scale Delphi surveys and, if so, why this may be and what it may mean for the quality of data produced. We conclude that there are some problematic issues within these surveys—to do with (i) data quality in both the numerical summarizing of participant's between‐round feedback and in the reporting of final round numerical responses, (ii) the infrequent elicitation of rationales to justify participants' proffered numerical responses, and, when such rationales are elicited, (iii) the between‐round summary and presentation of the rationales. We speculate on the reasons for these design differences in the extant large‐scale surveys and conclude that extra‐survey political influences, such as differing objectives and the need to demonstrate wide‐ranging expert participation, may be the underlying cause. We conclude with considerations and recommendations for the design of future large‐scale Delphi surveys to enable the underlying process to become better‐founded and more defensible to procedural evaluation.
Synthesis of (Di)thiahelicenes and Dithiophenohelicenes by [2+2+2] Cycloisomerization of Alkynes
Authors: Palata Ondřej , Andronova Angelina , Šámal Michal , Nejedlý Jindřich , Rybáček Jiří , Buděšínský Miloš , Bednárová Lucie , Pospíšil Lubomír , Císařová Ivana , Starý Ivo , Stará Irena G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA series of inherently chiral (di)thiahelicenes/dithiophenohelicenes containing 5, 6, 9 or 11 (hetero)cycles in their helical backbone with thiophene subunit(s) embedded in it or annulated to its periphery were uniformly synthesized by intramolecular alkyne [2+2+2] cycloisomerization. Their structural, chemical and physicochemical properties such as crystal packing, oxidation, barrier to racemization, spontaneous thin film transformation or electrochemical behavior were studied and compared with the respective properties of the parent all‐carbon helicenes and dibenzohelicenes.