bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friction Element Riveting: Effects of Lower Element Geometry
Authors: Grimm Tyler J. , Deshpande Amit B. , Parvathy Gowtham V. , Mears Laine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Within manufacturing, resistance spot welding (RSW) has been the traditional method of choice when joining steel-steel sheets. However, within the transportation industry, the use of lighter weight materials such as aluminum has become necessary in order to improve fuel economy. This has required the creation of new technologies and adaptations of traditional ones in order to successfully join these materials.
One such adaptation, useful in joining aluminum-aluminum sheets, is friction element riveting (FER). This process is similar to the friction element welding process; however, two or more aluminum sheets are secured together between the element head and a relatively small steel sheet, which is termed lower element. Since this is a novel technology, the influence of different sized lower elements is unknown. A study is conducted which varies the diameter and thickness of the lower elements. A simulation was also created to estimate the thermal effects of these various geometries. Strength testing was used to determine the success of each parameter. It was discovered that the maximum joint strength occurs when using a lower element diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm.
Nonlinear Dynamics Simulation of Contact Force in Cam-Follower System Using Lyapunov Exponent Parameter
Authors: Yousuf Louay S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nonlinear dynamics simulation of contact force is investigated for different cam angular speeds (N) and different internal dimensions of the follower guide (F.G.I.D.) using Lyapunov exponent conception. The follower is moved with three degrees of freedom. Power spectrum analysis is added to detect the non-periodic motion of the contact force using the amplitude of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). SolidWorks software is used in the numerical simulation of the contact force. Four different values of internal dimensions of the follower guide such as (16, 17, 18, and 19 mm) are used in the simulation. The contact force is measured experimentally using OPTOTRACK/3020 by tracking the position of the follower through an infrared camera device. The cam is installed on the shaft of the motor which rotates at uniform angular velocity. The value of contact force has declined with the increasing of cam angular speeds (N) and internal dimension of the follower guide (F.G.I.D.).
Formation and Control of Defects on the Surface of Hollow Axles by Three-Roller Skew Rolling
Authors: Zhang Song , Shu Xuedao , Wang Jitai , Ye Caoqi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The surface of the three-roller skew rolled hollow axles is prone to spiral mark defects, which will cause the forming quality of the parts to deteriorate, or the size does not meet the requirements. In this work, the formation and deterioration mechanism of the spiral marks on the surface of the hollow axles by three-roller skew rolling are studied. Firstly, through the kinematics analysis of the three-roller skew rolling hollow axles, the forming mechanism of the spiral marks on the surface of the hollow axles is explained. Secondly, through simulation, the influence of process parameters on spiral marks is analyzed. And the conditions for preventing spiral marks are obtained. Finally, according to the theoretical analysis and simulation results, the optimal process parameters that minimize the depth of the spiral mark are obtained. The results show that the spiral pitch of the rolled piece is larger than the width of the finishing section of the roller, which is the main reason for the spiral marks on the surface of the hollow axles. The axial speed of the chuck and the rotation speed of the roller are the main process parameters that affect the depth of the spiral marks, and the forming quality is the best when they are 60rpm and 25mm/s, respectively.
An Atomic-Scale Investigation of the Temperature Influence on the Reactivity of Alkaline Water Electrolysis on an Optimized Nickel-Iron Catalyst Surface for the Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Oyinbo Sunday Temitope , Jen Tien-Chien , Imoisili Patrick Ehi , Oviroh Peter Ozaveshe 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The temperature influence on the reactivity of alkaline potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution on a heterometallic NiFe surface was investigated with the aid of ReaxFF potential is performed using reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations, with a particular focus on H2 generation. In this study, the hydrogen generation in the presence of Ni-doped with transition metals such as Fe in the temperature range 500–1500 K through steam water electrolysis was investigated. The composition of the surface was systematically altered by the integration of the second metal (Fe) into the monometallic (Ni) surfaces. A series of well-dispersed and uniform NiFe heterometallic nanocrystals with a 50 % surface ratio were successfully prepared by size control as model catalysts. Systematic electrochemical assessments found that the reactivity of the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction was strongly dependent on the temperature increase to achieve optimum efficiency. Hydrogen molecules are also the most formed species at all temperature. The alloy catalyst efficiency in H2 generation rate increases with temperature. Hence, this study highlights the significance of temperature in the process of steam-water electrolysis, an important step towards successful H2 formation as a clean energy source.
Application of Data Processing and Machine Learning Techniques for In Situ Monitoring of Metal Additive Manufacturing Using Acoustic Emission Data
Authors: Hossain Md Shahjahan , Taheri Hossein 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the most expanding sectors in the current industrial world because of its adoption in different industries. Prototyping was one of AM’s main applications before, but now AM is also equally valuable for commercial components production in various industries such as aerospace, medical, consumer product, and others. Following its increased demand in the industry, the quality of the product is becoming a substantial concern for making sure of its safety and long-term usability. Several studies have been conducted on testing and quality inspection of the product by destructive and nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. NDT can be used for testing without affecting the sample, which saves the material and production cost. Besides, in situ monitoring through different NDT techniques is also popular because it saves cost and time of production. Currently, in situ monitoring through acoustic emission (AE) is becoming one of the most popular techniques due to its provision of testing in the surface and subsurface of the material. In this study, the data acquired by AE is analyzes using data processing techniques, including wavelet transformation (WT). Because of the significant difference among process conditions in the graphical representation of the WT, the graphs of wavelet images are finally classified by a convolutional neural network (CNN). Proposed data and image processing techniques show that the acoustic data obtained from the AM processes can be efficiently classified for the purpose of process monitoring and quality control.
Turbocharged Decoupling and Turbine Electrification Design for Mild-Hybrid Vehicle
Authors: Capata Roberto 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The research aims to verify the feasibility of an on-the-road prototype of a power train for a hybrid-powered vehicle. The current propulsion systems are built to increase the power of internal combustion engines as much as possible. The aim is to achieve this by keeping the size of the engine contained, but the complexity is such that to increase the power of a powertrain, maintaining its original dimensions and geometries unchanged, therefore its displacement, it is necessary to increase its maximum speed of rotation (rpm) or to increase the thermal and volumetric efficiency of the engine itself. It has been seen that the increase in power can be achieved through supercharging, i.e. through the introduction of a greater amount of air inside the cylinder, improving, through this device, the filling coefficient and therefore the volumetric efficiency. In addition, the research status is focused on ensuring lower fuel consumption, with cleaner and more efficient engines, in line with stringent anti-pollution regulations. This need has generated technical solutions such as downsizing and down speeding, for which it has been possible to reduce the number of cylinders, displacements, and rotational regimes in favor of efficiency. It should not be forgotten in this context the efforts made to ensure the reduction of the phenomenon of turbo-lag, together with the need to improve the operation of the engine in transients, especially at low speeds where greater torque is required. In detail, the study focuses on decoupling the overfeeding group. The preliminary proposal is to mechanically disconnect the compressor/turbine complex, supporting the rotation of compressor C with a dedicated electric motor and creating a turbine T connected to a generator. Mechanical decoupling C/T allows both machines to be designed so that they operate near the maximum efficiency point for most of the expected real operating range. Thus, the turbine will presumably have a slightly lower rotational speed than the original group and will therefore be slightly larger. Since the turbine is now disconnected from the compressor, the surplus is recovered at the high speeds that are usually discharged through the waste-gate valve, providing further turbine expansion. The subsequent generation of additional electrical power, can, after being cut from that required by the electric motor + compressor complex, be used where required (for example to power auxiliaries or recharge batteries in hybrid configuration). The study concludes, at the moment, with the evaluation of mechanical and thermal stresses (through a FEM analysis) to evaluate the coupling with the high-speed electric generator.
3D-Printed Hierarchical Re-Entrant Honeycomb With Improved Structural Stability Under Quasi-Static Compressive Loading
Authors: Zhan Chi , Li Mingzhe , McCoy Robert , Zhao Linda , Lu Weiyi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Re-entrant honeycombs with negative Poisson’s ratio have shown great potential as lightweight energy absorbers for various applications. However, due to its bending-dominated behavior, the structural stability and energy absorption capacity of reentrant honeycombs are yet to be further improved. It has been demonstrated that hierarchical structures exhibit a combination of lightweight and superior mechanical properties. We hypothesize that by introducing the triangular hierarchical substructures into the conventional cell walls, the bending-dominated behavior of re-entrant honeycombs can be converted into the stretching-dominated one. Consequently, the overall structural stability of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs can be promoted through local deformation of hierarchy, which can potentially benefit the energy absorption capacity of the resulted structure.
To test our hypothesis, we first fabricate the hierarchical reentrant honeycombs with length scale ranging from micrometer to centimeter using Polyjet 3D-printing technique. Regular reentrant honeycombs with solid struts have been fabricated as baseline structures. The mechanical performance of the honeycombs has been characterized through uniaxial quasi-static compression tests. Besides, the local deformation mechanisms of the hierarchical structure have been revealed by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In comparison to the regular re-entrant honeycomb, the global failure strain of hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb is enhanced by 36%. This is due to the improved structural stability from local fracture and densification of the triangular hierarchy. Both the regular and hierarchical honeycombs exhibit the same specific energy absorption capacity. As predicted by the existing scaling laws, the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has great potential to outperform regular one by optimizing the relative density of the structure.
A finite element model of the hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb has been developed by using commercial software Abaqus/CAE 2020. The model has been calibrated by the experimental data. Within the elastic region, the simulated deformation modes show good agreement with experimental observations. When the relative density of the regular re-entrant honeycombs equals to the hierarchical ones, the model predicts that the hierarchical re-entrant honeycombs have superior energy absorption performance with enhanced stiffness and yield strength in comparison to the regular ones.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that by introducing hierarchical structure into re-entrant honeycomb, the structural stability has been improved. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure endows re-entrant honeycomb with lightweight yet competitive energy absorption capacity.
Investigation of a Coanda-Effect Enhanced HVAC Diffuser Using CFD Analysis
Authors: Kokash Hussein , Burzo Mihai G. , Khanafer Khalil , Gokeda Bharat 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this investigation we show how better air diffuser designs can help optimize the air mixing process in a typical office room, thus achieving better thermal comfort with less energy consumption. The ANSYS Fluent software was used to investigate the flow behavior of the air supplied to the office room through a newly proposed Coanda effect enhanced diffuser. This was done for both the heating and cooling modes of the HVAC system. The proposed diffuser promotes the Coanda effect by delivering airflow jets which “hang” longer to the ceiling without the need for additional energy. The advantages of the new design are showcased by comparing its performance with that of an existing diffuser, namely the widely used “Multicone” design, where the flow is ejected at a predetermined angle. Various performance and ASHRAE Standard 55 thermal comfort parameters of building occupants are computed. The results show that the proposed diffuser presents a distinct advantage over existing designs, especially in cooling mode where it outperforms the standard Multi-cone diffuser by achieving better energy consumption and thermal comfort for the same input parameters. An added advantage of the proposed design is that it is expected to be cost effective to produce and install.
Numerical Modeling of a T-Junction Static Micromixer With a Periodic Porous Architecture
Authors: Alzoubi Mahmoud A. , Al-Ketan Oraib , Muthusamy Jayaveera , Sasmito Agus , Poncet Sébastien 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The interest in static micromixers has increased in recent years due in part to their compact design, high area-to-volume ratio, and the absence of moving parts. The passive mixers rely mainly on the flow energy provided by the pumping system. These advantages give passive mixers an apparent edge over conventional active mixers. On the other contrary, the microflow in the static mixers typically occurs in a laminar regime at a low Reynolds number, which leads to a low mixing performance. The mixing is mainly dependent on the diffusion and the impinging of two opposite streams. To obtain a better mixing efficiency, a porous structure could be installed in the mixer’s microchannel. However, a higher pressure across the mixer is to be expected. This paper introduces an innovative mixing enhancement method based on a triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) porous structure using additive manufacturing (AM) processing. The AM technology presents great potential to develop and optimize various porous matrices that could be used in advanced micro and nano-devices. Gyroid matrix has the capability to provide a better mixing performance at a moderate pressure drop compared to other TPMSs structures. Therefore, in this study, a Gyroid structure is placed in the downstream channel, aiming to boost the mixing performance. A three-dimensional mathematical model that considers conservation of mass, momentum, and species has been derived and implemented to simulate the effect of the proposed structure on the mixing index, pressure drop, and performance index. The latter is introduced as an optimization term to ensure that the optimal configuration will provide high mixing at a relatively low-pressure drop. A parametric study highlighting the impact of Reynolds and Schmidt numbers on the mixing efficiency has been conducted. The results compare the mixing index, pressure drop, and performance index of a micromixer filled with a 20% porosity Gyroid matrix with an identical plain mixer. The results indicate that the Gyroid porous structure significantly improves the mixing efficiency by almost 172%, especially at higher Reynolds numbers (Re = 100 and 500). The penalty, however, is a higher pressure drop. Therefore, installing these structures requires careful consideration during the design and fabrication stage to ensure optimal performance. In addition, the results suggest that the impact of the Schmidt number on the mixing index decreases with increasing Reynolds number. The effect is negligible at Re = 500. The proposed structure could be used to enhance the mixing performance of micromixers in chemical or pharmaceutical applications.
On the Dynamics and Optimal Control of the Rotational Inverted Pendulum
Authors: Borrás Pinilla Carlos , González Diaz Alan Javier 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The rotational inverted pendulum (Furuta pendulum) was designed and built in the laboratory of the school of mechanical engineering of the Universidad Industrial de Santander as a learning challenge of implementing control strategies for graduate students. In this research work, it’s developed a full dynamics model using Lagrangian formulation. The math dynamic model includes real physic parameters, the mass of each component, inertia terms, dimensions, viscous frictions, and DC high torque motor dynamics.
With a linearized state-space model of the system dynamics, the PID approach and the optimal control gain for the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulator were computed and the dynamic and disturbance response were evaluated and compared for each control strategies to determine the best performance: a lower percentage of Peak Overshoot (PO). Steady-State Error (Ess), lower settling time (Settling Time (Ts)) and control (u) cost.
PID controller presented the lowest performance in the control response to disturbances, unlike LQR, this does not take into account the cost-performance ratio, the controllers LQG and LQR modeled in the state space produce a feedback gain matrix which allows the Furuta pendulum to have regulated behavior making the pendulum quickly find the equilibrium point.
Digital Twin Additive Reconstruction Tool for Micromechanical Modeling of 3D-Printed Parts
Authors: Gidwani Akshay , Vasilyan Hayk , Susantyoko Rahmat Agung , Alyammahi Mozah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper aimed to implement a Digital Twin Additive Reconstruction tool to create an explicit characterization of layer-by-layer 3D printed parts in CAD software. While there have been previous approaches to 3D printed CAD reconstruction, they have either faced shortcomings in depicting the internal structure accurately or have had accurate depictions of internal structure at the cost of computational time, multiple software interfaces, and complicated workflows.
The novelty of our approach lies in outlining a principle of digital twin reconstruction that can be applied to multiple CAD software while keeping a separate universal G-Code Parser module written in Python script. The later module can be adapted to any CAD interface in principle. Our method tried to maintain a simple workflow without compromising the accuracy of internal structure yet preserves the integrity of the reconstructed module per CAD interface without loss of information. Moreover, the user can reduce the computational time by excluding the Boolean Union operation if necessary and selectively reconstruct and union just specific layers upon specifying the layer numbers in our algorithm.
Methods of Dealing With Co-Products in a Life-Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Fuel Produced From Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Torres Hannah , Macken Nelson 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Biodiesel fuel has received considerable attention as a more sustainable alternative to traditional fuel. This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) for producing biodiesel fuel from waste vegetable oil (WVO). Comparisons are made for different methods of dealing with additional products. The LCA is a cradle to fuel model that includes the following unit processes: soybean farming, soy meal and soy oil extraction, processing of soy oil, cleaning/drying waste oil, transesterification to produce useful biodiesel and transportation to various sites. Metrics evaluated to determine sustainability include global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED). Values are obtained using GREET1. Credits for additional products must be applied in the LCA. WVO is a byproduct of oil produced for cooking fried products. We account for oil consumed in the cooking process using two approaches. In the first approach, the amount of oil consumed in the cooking process is credited to the WVO. All the cooking oil is considered WVO. In the second approach, the WVO is considered a “free” product. This means only the CED and GWP associated with WVO transportation, processing and transesterification are included in the LCA. Other co-products are considered applying two traditional methods used in LCA: mass-based allocation and displacement. In mass-based allocation, CED and GWP are adjusted considering the mass fraction of soy oil produced from soybeans and the mass fraction of biodiesel produced from WVO in the transesterification process. In the displacement method, soymeal is considered to displace soybeans as animal feed and glycerin displaces synthetic glycerin. The CED and GWP of the displaced products are subtracted as credits. LCA results for the various approaches to additional products are compared. We demonstrate a wide range of results are possible. These results should provide useful information for dealing with additional products in determining the sustainability of producing biodiesel fuel from waste vegetable oil.