bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustaining the potential for cooperation as female competitive strategy
Authors: Cassar Alessandra , Rigdon Mary 
Published: November 2022

The lower female competitiveness often found in economic experiments presents a puzzle. If accumulating wealth and reaching high status affords women essential benefits for themselves and their children, why do women appear less competitive? By looking at behavioural strategies from a cooperative breeding perspective, we propose that women may have evolved an adaptation to strategically suppress competitiveness to elicit cooperation for the benefit of raising offspring. To support this idea, we review the literature that shows that women's behaviour is, in general, more reactive than men's to the social conditions of the different games. In particular, we focus on our experimental work where we show that women are not less competitive than men once the games evoke a parenting frame (by substituting cash with rewards that could benefit the participants' offspring), a gender-typical one (by using vouchers for prizes acceptable as domain of female interests), or include a prosocial option (by allowing winners to share some of the gains with losers). We conclude that, for women, nurturing the potential for cooperation intertwines with competitiveness to produce a complex, adaptive female social strategy.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Repercussions of patrilocal residence on mothers' social support networks among Tsimane forager–farmers
Authors: Seabright Edmond , Alami Sarah , Kraft Thomas S. , Davis Helen , Caldwell Ann E. , Hooper Paul , McAllister Lisa , Mulville Sarah , Veile Amanda , von Rueden Christopher , Trumble Benjamin , Stieglitz Jonathan , Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard 
Published: November 2022

While it is commonly thought that patrilocality is associated with worse outcomes for women and their children due to lower social support, few studies have examined whether the structure of female social networks covaries with post-marital residence. Here, we analyse scan sample data collected among Tsimane forager–farmers. We compare the social groups and activity partners of 181 women residing in the same community as their parents, their husband's parents, both or neither. Relative to women living closer to their in-laws, women living closer to their parents are less likely to be alone or solely in the company of their nuclear family (odds ratio (OR): 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3–0.9), and more likely to be observed with others when engaging in food processing and manufacturing of market or household goods, but not other activities. Women are slightly more likely to receive childcare support from outside the nuclear family when they live closer to their parents (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–3.9). Their social group size and their children's probability of receiving allocare decrease significantly with distance from their parents, but not their in-laws. Our findings highlight the importance of women's proximity to kin, but also indicate that patrilocalityper seis not costly to Tsimane women.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
INTERMEDIATE VAGINAL FLORA IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN KISUMU, KENYA.
Authors: Auma Awiti Caleb , Guya Benard , Mjiwa Maxwel 
Published: November 2022

Introduction

A number of studies have linked Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) to adverse pregnancy outcome but the mechanism is not well understood.

Hypothesis

This study postulated abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) as the link between HAART and adverse pregnancy outcome.

Objective

The study was designed to determine correlates of AVF with special emphasis on the association between AVF and HAART in HIV-1 positive pregnant women on HAART in Kisumu, Kenya.

Method

This cross sectional study was carried out at Lumumba sub county hospital. The facility receive patients from Kisumu county and its surrounding; a region with high HIV and BV prevalence plus high maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Willing 76 pregnant women who started HAART on or before first trimester were enrolled after signing informed consent forms. Using formatted questionnaire participants were interviewed on demographic, clinical and behavioral information. The samples were collected in second trimester and BV determined by Nugent’s criteria. Fisher Exact Chi square test and multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the association of HAART and participants characteristics with AVF.

Results

Vaginal douching any time earlier than two weeks to specimen collection [9.67(1.03-90.41)] and non efavirenz based HAART [24.57(2.39-253.14)] were positively associated with BV and intermediate vaginal flora respectively while self-employment [0.06(0.01-0.88)] and one sexual partner in the last two months [0.13(0.02-0.70)] being negatively associated with intermediate vaginal flora. Meanwhile non efavirenz based HAART [17.10(1.18-247.34)] and vaginal douching anytime earlier than two weeks to specimen collection [12.70(1.10-146.)] had independent positive association with intermediate vaginal flora and BV respectively.

Conclusion

This study found a positive independent association between HAART and intermediate vaginal flora. Similar to BV, it has been discovered that intermediate vaginal flora is linked to poor pregnancy outcome. This study has therefore proved that HAART alters vaginal flora leading to adverse pregnancy outcome.
Machine Learning-Enabled Prediction of Speech Perception Improvement Based on Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Young Cochlear Implant Candidates
Authors: Geng Xiujuan , Wong Patrick CM , Tournis Elizabeth , Ryan Maura , Young Nancy M 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrediction of improvement in speech perception after cochlear implantation (CI) is clinically important to optimize pediatric habilitation. Conventional methods using non-neural measures do not permit accurate prediction on the individual child level. In this study, we investigate whether white matter patterns detected by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predict speech perception improvement. Pre-surgical DTI of CI candidates was compared to matched normal-hearing (NH) children to determine cortical regions affected by hearing impairment. Speech Recognition Index in Quiet was measured at baseline and 6 months post implantation to compute improvement in speech perception. Machine learning prediction of speech perception improvement (high or low) was performed using non-imaging and DTI white matter characteristics of whole, affected and unaffected brain. Affected and unaffected white matter regions were determined by comparing DTI multi-voxel pattern similarity maps of white matter integrity indices between CI and NH. Abnormal white matter patterns were found throughout brain of CI candidates. Prediction of 6-month post-CI improvement accuracy, sensitivity and specificity using unaffected regions (0.86, 0.91, 0.80, respectively) and whole brain white matter (0.85, 0.91, 0.80, respectively) yielded similar results, and were more predictive than regions affected by hearing impairment (0.72, 0.74, 0.70, respectively) or non-imaging features (0.67, 0.55, 0.78, respectively). Findings support that presurgical neural white matter pathways, especially in the association auditory and cognitive regions not affected by auditory deprivation, play a critical role in speech development after CI and are more predictive of outcome than traditional non-neural variables such as age at implant.
Global Expansion of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: Dispersal Patterns and Influence of Air Travel
Authors: Tegally Houriiyah , Wilkinson Eduan , Martin Darren , Moir Monika , Brito Anderson , Giovanetti Marta , Khan Kamran , Huber Carmen , Bogoch Isaac I. , San James Emmanuel , Tsui Joseph L.-H. , Poongavanan Jenicca , Xavier Joicymara S. , Candido Darlan da S. , Romero Filipe , Baxter Cheryl , Pybus Oliver G. , Lessells Richard , Faria Nuno R. , Kraemer Moritz U.G. , de Oliveira Tulio 
Published: November 2022

SummaryIn many regions of the world, the Alpha, Beta and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) co-circulated during 2020-21 and fueled waves of infections. During 2021, these variants were almost completely displaced by the Delta variant, causing a third wave of infections worldwide. This phenomenon of global viral lineage displacement was observed again in late 2021, when the Omicron variant disseminated globally. In this study, we use phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods to reconstruct the dispersal patterns of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs worldwide. We find that the source-sink dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 varied substantially by VOC, and identify countries that acted as global hubs of variant dissemination, while other countries became regional contributors to the export of specific variants. We demonstrate a declining role of presumed origin countries of VOCs to their global dispersal: we estimate that India contributed <15% of all global exports of Delta to other countries and South Africa <1-2% of all global Omicron exports globally. We further estimate that >80 countries had received introductions of Omicron BA.1 100 days after its inferred date of emergence, compared to just over 25 countries for the Alpha variant. This increased speed of global dissemination was associated with a rebound in air travel volume prior to Omicron emergence in addition to the higher transmissibility of Omicron relative to Alpha. Our study highlights the importance of global and regional hubs in VOC dispersal, and the speed at which highly transmissible variants disseminate through these hubs, even before their detection and characterization through genomic surveillance.HighlightsGlobal phylogenetic analysis reveals relationship between air travel and speed of dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs)Omicron VOC spread to 5x more countries within 100 days of its emergence compared to all other VOCsOnward transmission and dissemination of VOCs Delta and Omicron was primarily from secondary hubs rather than initial country of detection during a time of increased global air travelAnalysis highlights highly connected countries identified as major global and regional exporters of VOCs
School-based caries prevention and the impact on acute and chronic student absenteeism
Authors: Ruff Ryan Richard , Habib Rami , Barry-Godin Tamarinda , Niederman Richard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundPoor oral health is negatively associated with absenteeism, being attributed to millions of lost school days per year. The role of school-based dental programs that address oral health inequities on student attendance has not yet been explored.MethodsCariedAwaywas a longitudinal, cluster-randomized, non-inferiority trial of preventive medicines for dental caries used in a school-based program. To explore the potential impact of caries prevention on attendance, we extracted data on average school absenteeism and the proportion of chronically absent students from publicly-available datasets maintained by the New York City Department of Education for years before, during, and after program onset. Data were obtained for all CariedAwayschools as well as a group of untreated comparator schools. Total absences and the proportion of chronically absent students were modeled using multilevel mixed effects linear and two-limit tobit regression, respectively. Multiple model specifications were considered, including exposures to time-varying treatments across multiple years. Models also included a group of untreated comparator schools.ResultsIn years in which treatment was provided through a school-based comprehensive caries prevention program, schools recorded approximately 944 fewer absences than in non-treatment years (95% CI = −1739, −149). Averaged across all study years, schools receiving either treatment had 1500 fewer absences than comparator schools, but this was not statistically significant. In contrast, chronic absenteeism was found to significantly decrease in later years of the program (B = -.037, 95% CI = -.062, -.011). Removing data for years affected by COVID-19 eliminated the significant reduction in total absences during treatment years, yet still showed a marginally significant interaction for chronic absenteeism.DiscussionThough originally designed to mitigate access barriers to critical oral healthcare, early integration of school-based dental programs may positively impact school attendance. However, concerns over the reliability of attendance records due to the closing of school facilities resulting from COVID-19 may mask the true effect.
A Mixed-Method Approach to Determining Contact Matrices in the Cox’s Bazar Refugee Settlement
Authors: Walker Joseph , Aylett-Bullock Joseph , Shi Difu , Gidraf Kahindo Maina Allen , Evers Egmond Samir , Harlass Sandra , Krauss Frank 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTContact matrices are an important ingredient in age-structured epidemic models to inform the simulated spread of the disease between sub-groups of the population. These matrices are generally derived using resource-intensive diary-based surveys and few exist in the Global South or tailored to vulnerable populations. In particular, no contact matrices exist for refugee settlements - locations under-served by epidemic models in general. In this paper we present a novel, mixed-method approach, for deriving contact matrices in populations which combines a lightweight, rapidly deployable, survey with an agent-based model of the population informed by census and behavioural data. We use this method to derive the first set of contact matrices for the Cox’s Bazar refugee settlement in Bangladesh. The matrices from the refugee settlement show strong banding effects due to different age cut-offs in attendance at certain venues, such as distribution centres and religious sites, as well as the important contribution of the demographic profile of the settlement which was encoded in the model. These can have significant implications to the modelled disease dynamics. To validate our approach, we also apply our method to the population of the UK and compare our derived matrices against well-known contact matrices previously collected using traditional approaches. Overall, our findings demonstrate that our mixed-method approach can address some of the challenges of both the traditional and previously proposed agent-based approaches to deriving contact matrices, and has the potential to be rolled-out in other resource-constrained environments. This work therefore contributes to a broader aim of developing new methods and mechanisms of data collection for modelling disease spread in refugee and IDP settlements and better serving these vulnerable communities.
Predicting cognitive decline in a low-dimensional representation of brain morphology
Authors: Lamontagne-Caron Rémi , Desrosiers Patrick , Potvin Olivier , Duchesne Simon , Doyon Nicolas 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTIdentifying early signs of neurodegeneration due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a necessary first step towards preventing cognitive decline. Individual cortical thickness measures, available after processing anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are sensitive markers of neurodegeneration. However, normal aging cortical decline and high inter-individual variability complicate the comparison and statistical determination of the impact of AD-related neurodegeneration on trajectories. In this paper, we computed trajectories in a 2D representation of a 62-dimensional manifold of individual cortical thickness measures. To compute this representation, we used a novel, nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm called Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP). We trained two embeddings, one on cortical thickness measurements of 6,237 cognitively healthy participants aged 18 to 100 years old and the other on 233 mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and AD participants from the longitudinal database, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (ADNI). Each participant had multiple visits (n≥ 2), one year apart. The first embedding’s principal axis was shown to be positively associated (r= 0.65) with participants’ age. Data from ADNI is projected into these 2D spaces. After clustering the data, average trajectories between clusters were shown to be significantly different between MCI and AD subjects. Moreover, some clusters and trajectories between clusters were more prone to host AD subjects. This study was able to differentiate AD and MCI subjects based on their trajectory in a 2D space with an AUC of 0.80 with 10-fold cross-validation.
The spatial and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 from the built environment of COVID-19 patient rooms: A multicentre prospective study
Authors: Fralick Michael , Burella Madison , Hinz Aaron , Mejbel Hebah S. , Guttman David S. , Xing Lydia , Moggridge Jason , Lapp John , Wong Alex , Nott Caroline , Harris-Linton Nicole , Kassen Rees , MacFadden Derek 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundSARS-CoV-2 can be detected from the built environment (e.g., floors), but it is unknown how the viral burden changes over space and time surrounding an infected patient. Characterising these data can help advance our understanding and interpretation of surface swabs from the built environment.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study at two hospitals in Ontario, Canada between January 19, 2022 and February 11, 2022. We performed serial floor sampling for SARS-CoV-2 in rooms of patients newly hospitalized with COVID-19 in the past 48 hours. We sampled the floor twice daily until the occupant moved to another room, was discharged, or 96 hours had elapsed. Floor sampling locations included: 1m from the hospital bed, 2m from the hospital bed, and at the room’s threshold to the hallway (typically 3 - 5m from the hospital bed). The samples were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 using qPCR. We calculated the sensitivity of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in a patient with COVID-19, and we evaluated how the percentage of positive swabs and the cycle threshold of the swabs changed over time. We also compared the cycle threshold between the two hospitals.ResultsOver the 6-week study period we collected 164 floor swabs from the rooms of 13 patients. The overall percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 93% and the median cycle threshold (for positive swabs) was 33.7 (IQR: 30.9, 37.5). On day 0 of swabbing the percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 81.1% and the median cycle threshold was 33.7 (IQR: 32.1, 38.3) compared to swabs performed on day 2 or later where the percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 98.1% and the cycle threshold was 33.4 (IQR: 30.7, 35.7). We found that viral detection did not change with increasing time (since the first sample collection) over the sampling period, OR 1.65 per day (95% CI 0.68, 4.02; p = 0.27). Similarly, viral detection did not change with increasing distance from the patient’s bed (1m, 2m, or 3m), OR 0.85 per metre (95% CI 0.38, 1.88; p = 0.69). The cycle threshold was lower (e.g. more virus) in The Ottawa Hospital (median Cq 30.8) where the floors are cleaned once daily rather than the Toronto hospital (median Cq 37.3) where floors were cleaned twice daily.ConclusionsWe were able to detect SARS-CoV-2 on the floors of rooms of patients with COVID-19 and the viral burden did not vary over time or by distance from the bed. These results suggest floor swabbing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a built environment such as a hospital room is both accurate and robust to variation in sampling location and duration of occupancy.
The impacts of social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity levels of over 50-year olds: the CHARIOT COVID-19 Rapid Response (CCRR) cohort study
Authors: Green Conall , Beaney Thomas , Salman David , Robb Catherine , de Jager Loots Celeste A. , Giannakopoulou Parthenia , Udeh-Momoh Chi , Ahmadi-Abhari Sara , Majeed Azeem , Middleton Lefkos T. , McGregor Alison. H. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo quantify the associations between shielding status and loneliness at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and physical activity (PA) levels throughout the pandemic.MethodsDemographic, health and lifestyle characteristics of 7748 cognitively healthy adults aged >50, and living in London, were surveyed from April 2020 to March 2021. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short-form assessed PA before COVID-19 restrictions, and up to 6 times over 11 months. Linear mixed models investigated associations between baseline shielding status, loneliness, and time-varying PA.ResultsParticipants who felt ‘often lonely’ at the outset of the pandemic completed an average of 522 and 547 fewer Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes/week (95% CI: -809, -236, p<0.001) (95% CI: -818, -275, p<0.001) than those who felt ‘never lonely’ in univariable and multivariable models adjusted for demographic factors respectively. Those who felt ‘sometimes lonely’ completed 112 fewer MET minutes/week (95% CI: -219, -5, p=0.041) than those who felt ‘never lonely’ following adjustment for demographic factors.Participants who were shielding at the outset of the pandemic completed an average of 352 fewer MET minutes/week than those who were not (95% CI: -432, -273; p<0.001) in univariable models and 228 fewer MET minutes/week (95% CI: -307, -150, p<0.001) following adjustment for demographic factors. No significant associations were found after further adjustment for health and lifestyle factors.ConclusionsThose shielding or lonely at pandemic onset were likely to have completed low levels of PA during the pandemic. These associations are influenced by co-morbidities and health status.
Clinical and Therapeutic Applications of Individual-level Tissue-Specific Imputed Transcriptomes
Authors: Wang Xin , Selvaggi Caitlin , Weng Lu-Chen , Jurgens Sean J. , Choi Seung Hoan , Jha Anjali , Cao Tingyi , Koyama Satoshi , Rämö Joel T. , Kany Shinwan , Ellinor Patrick T. , Foulkes Andrea S. , Lubitz Steven A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGene expression causally contributes to phenotypic variability. However, since tissue-specific gene expression is difficult to measure at scale, inferring phenotypic risk for individuals using expression profiles can be difficult. We statistically imputed tissue-specific gene expression for 486,452 UK Biobank participants and demonstrated its applications using rich phenotypic data in the biorepository. We performed joint analysis of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and colocalization for six traits to prioritize tissue-gene pairs for therapeutics development. Using genes identified in TWAS, we constructed imputed transcriptome risk scores and showed their predictive utility even when conditioning on genome-wide polygenic risk scores. A phenome-wide association analysis for established therapeutic targets in whole blood recapitulated known biology and prioritized repurposing potentials supported by previous literature. Our study provides evidence supporting the utility of individual-level imputed transcriptomes for discovering novel gene-tissue-phenotype trios, expression-based phenotypic risk prediction, and identifying individuals with therapeutically targetable predisposition to disease.