bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen fertilizer and clover inclusion effects on the establishment of fine fescue taxa
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Braithwaite Emily T. , Kowalewski Alexander R. , Watkins Eric , Hollman Andrew B. , Patton Aaron J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLittle information exists on establishment vigor differences among fine fescue taxa (Festuca L. spp.) and on the effects N fertilizer levels or clover (Trifolium L. spp.)‐inclusion during establishment. Five replicated field experiments in Indiana, Minnesota, and Oregon were conducted from 2019 to 2021. Data collection continued for 9 mo after planting to investigate differences among four fine fescue taxa and determine optimal N fertility or clover‐inclusion programs for the establishment of fine fescue taxa. Six N fertilizer levels ranged from 0 to 122.5 kg N ha−1 during the 8 wk after planting, and two treatments included clover‐inclusion + 0 kg N ha−1 at seeding. The three taxa of the Festuca rubra complex—strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin), slender creeping red fescue [F. rubra ssp. littoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier], and Chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. commutata Gaudin)—were similar to one another and required the shortest amount of time until 90% establishment (i.e., faster establishment) compared with hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey). Providing 24.5 kg N ha−1 at seeding hastened establishment of all fine fescues compared with no N fertilizer (0 kg N ha−1). Applying 49 kg N ha−1 at establishment provided faster establishment than the 24.5 kg N ha−1 treatment; however, treatments receiving 73.5–122.5 kg N ha−1 during the first 8 wk after planting provided a similar rate of establishment as 49 kg N ha−1. Inclusion of clover with fine fescue resulted in slower establishment than fertilizer levels of ≥24.5 kg N ha−1.
Angiosarcoma arising in the capsule of a mammary silicone implant
Authors: Rajan Sreekumar Sundara , Haider Asma , Burrell Helen , Whisker Lisa , Tamimy Muhammad , McCulloch Tom , Lee Andrew H. S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA 40‐year‐old woman with silicone implants inserted 21 years before presented with sudden onset of painful right breast swelling. Clinical examination revealed a firm swollen breast with appearance of old bruising. Ultrasound showed fluid around the implant. Cytology of the fluid showed cells with large pleomorphic nuclei with prominent nucleoli including elongated forms and very occasional vacuoles. The cell block also contained small fragments with atypical spindle cells around slit‐like spaces that were positive for CD31 and CD34. MRI showed a 25 mm serpiginous area of enhancement on the inner aspect of the fibrous capsule with haematoma between the capsule and the implant. The capsule and adjacent area were excised. Histology showed angiosarcoma extending from the inner aspect of the capsule into the cavity around the implant. The location of the tumour on the inner aspect of the capsule is the same site that breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphomas arise and suggests a possible causal link between the implant and the angiosarcoma. This case emphasises the value of cytological assessment of fluid around breast implants and the role of cell blocks and immunohistochemistry.
Removal of the influence of plasma volume fluctuations for the athlete biological passport and stability of haematological variables in active women taking oral contraception
Authors: Moreillon Basile , Equey Tristan , Astolfi Tiffany , Salamin Olivier , Faiss Raphael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe haematological module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) monitors longitudinal haematological variations that could be indicative of blood manipulation. This study applied a multi‐parametric model previously validated in elite cyclists to compare inferred and actual PV variations, whereas the potential influence of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) cycle on the ABP blood biomarkers and plasma volume (PV) in 14 physically active women taking OCPs was also investigated. Blood and serum samples were collected each week for 8 weeks, and the ABP haematological variables were determined according to the World Anti‐Doping Agency guidelines. Transferrin (sTFN), ferritin (FERR), albumin (ALB), calcium (Ca), creatinine (CRE), total protein (TP) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) were additionally computed as ‘volume‐sensitive’ variables in a multivariate analysis to determine individual estimations of PV variations. Actual PV variations were indirectly measured using a validated carbon monoxide rebreathing method. We hypothesised ABP markers to be stable during a standard OCP cycle and estimated PV variations similar to measured PV variations. Measured PV variations were in good agreement with the predictions and allowed to explain an atypical passport finding (ATPF). The ABP biomarkers, Hbmass and PV were stable over 8 weeks. Significant differences occurred only between Week 7 and Week 1, with lower levels of haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), haematocrit (HCT) and red blood cell count (RBC)(−4.4%, p < 0.01; −5.1%, p < 0.01; −5.2%, p < 0.01) and higher levels of PV at week 7 (+9%, p = 0.05). We thus concluded that estimating PV variations may help interpret individual ABP haematological profiles in women.
Simulation‐based guidance for improving CO2${\rm CO}_{2}$ reduction on silver gas diffusion electrodes
Authors: Heßelmann Matthias , Bräsel Berinike Clara , Keller Robert Gregor , Wessling Matthias 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe reduction of in an electrochemical reactor using electrical energy is a promising approach to implement a more sustainable carbon economy and to replace fossil fuels with renewable carbon sources. Conventionally used solid plate electrodes are limited by poor mass transport of the reactants. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) can overcome this limitation and have gained industrial relevance during the last decades. A comprehensive understanding of transport and conversion phenomena within such porous electrodes is not yet well developed. Here, we report a one‐dimensional steady state model of the GDE to investigate the influence of relevant operational parameters and GDE properties on reduction. The results indicate the importance of controlling the local reaction environment, that is, the reactant concentration and the pH value, by tuning the electrolyte and gas composition, and flow rate as well as the catalyst layer properties.
Root morphological‐physiological traits for japonica/indica hybrid rice with better yield performance under low N conditions
Authors: Chu Guang , Xu Ran , Chen Song , Xu Chunmei , Liu Yuanhui , Abliz Buhailiqem , Zhang Xiufu , Wang Danying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNewly bred japonica/indica hybrid rice (JIHR) cultivars might produce more grain yield and have better nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) under low N conditions. This study determined whether an improved root system in JIHR cultivars could benefit shoot growth, physiological processes, and thereby grain yield and NUE. Four rice cultivars, including two JIHR cultivars and two local high‐yielding japonica hybrid rice (JHR) cultivars were field‐grown under two N application levels: 120 kg ha−1 (low application of N, LN) and 180 kg ha−1 (normal application of N, NN). Grain yield and the amount of N taken up from the soil were higher in JIHR cultivars than in JHR cultivars by 12.1% and 18.1% under NN and 12.5% and 14.0% under LN, respectively. Compared with JHR cultivars, JIHR cultivars had higher N partial factor productivity (PFPN) under both N treatments and higher internal N‐use efficiency (IEN) and N harvest index only under LN treatment. Under LN treatment, JIHR cultivars had several improved root morphological and physiological traits, for instance, greater root dry weight (DW), root length density and root volume, longer root length, larger specific root length, deeper root distribution, larger root total and active absorption area, higher root oxidation activity (ROA), and concentration of zeatin (Z) plus zeatin riboside (ZR) in root‐bleeding sap, than JHR cultivars. Generally, the results suggest that improved root morphological and physiological traits might benefit shoot growth, physiological processes, and thereby grain yield and NUE for JIHR cultivars under low N conditions.
Disrupted BRCA1‐PALB2 interaction induces tumor immunosuppression and T‐lymphocyte infiltration in HCC through cGAS‐STING pathway
Authors: Ma Hui , Kang Zhihua , Foo Tzeh Keong , Shen Zhiyuan , Xia Bing 
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims:
BRCA1 (BRCA1 DNA repair associated) and PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) interact with each other to promote homologous recombination and DNA double‐strand breaks repair. The disruption of this interaction has been reported to play a role in tumorigenesis. However, its precise function in HCC remains poorly understood.

Approach and Results:
We demonstrated that mice with disrupted BRCA1‐PALB2 interaction were more susceptible to HCC than wild‐type mice. HCC tumors arising from these mice showed plenty of T‐lymphocyte infiltration and a better response to programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) antibody treatment. Mechanistically, disruption of the BRCA1‐PALB2 interaction causes persistent high level of DNA damage in HCC cells, leading to activation of the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in both malignant hepatocytes and M1 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. The activated cGAS‐STING pathway induces programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression via the STING–interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)–signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 pathway, causing immunosuppression to facilitate tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Meanwhile, M1 macrophages with an activated cGAS‐STING pathway could recruit T lymphocytes through the STING‐IRF3 pathway, leading to T‐lymphocyte infiltration in tumors. After normalizing immune responses by PD‐1 antibody treatment, the infiltrating T lymphocytes attack tumor cells rapidly and effectively.

Conclusions:
This study reveals that persistent DNA damage caused by a defective BRCA pathway induces tumor immunosuppression and T‐lymphocyte infiltration in HCC through the cGAS‐STING pathway, providing insight into tumor immune microenvironment remodeling that may help improve HCC response to PD‐1 antibody treatment.
Classifying annual daily hydrographs in Western North America using t‐distributed stochastic neighbour embedding
Authors: Tang Weigang , Carey Sean K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFlow regimes are critical for determining physical and biological processes in rivers and their classification and regionalization traditionally seeks to link patterns of flow to physiographic, climate and other information. There are many approaches to, and rationales for, catchment classification, with those focused on streamflow often seeking to relate a particular response characteristic to a physical property or climatic driver. Rationales include such topics as prediction in ungauged basins (PUB), and providing guidance for model selection in poorly understood hydrological systems. The annual daily hydrograph (ADH) is a first‐order easily visualized integrated expression of catchment function, and over many years the average ADH is a distinct hydrological signature that differentiate catchments from each other. In this study, we use t‐SNE, a state‐of‐the‐art technique of dimensionality reduction, to classify 17 110 ADHs for 304 reference catchments in mountainous Western North America. t‐SNE is chosen over other conventional methods of dimensionality reduction (e.g., PCA) as it presents greater separability of ADHs, which are projected on a 2D map where the similarities are evaluated according to their map distance. We then utilize a Deep Learning encoder to upgrade the non‐parametric t‐SNE to a parametric approach, enhancing its capability to address ‘unseen’ samples. Results showed that t‐SNE successfully clustered ADHs of similar flow regimes on the 2D map and allowed more accurate classification with KNN. In addition, many compact clusters on the 2D map in the coastal Pacific Northwest suggest information redundancy in the local streamflow network. The t‐SNE map provides an intuitive way to visualize the similarity of high‐dimensional data of ADHs, groups catchments with like characteristics, and avoids the reliance on subjective hydrometric indicators.
Numb is required for optimal contraction of skeletal muscle
Authors: De Gasperi Rita , Mo Chenglin , Azulai Daniella , Wang Zhiying , Harlow Lauren M. , Du Yating , Graham Zachary , Pan Jiangping , Liu Xin‐hua , Guo Lei , Zhang Bin , Ko Fred , Raczkowski Ashleigh M. , Bauman William A. , Goulbourne Chris N. , Zhao Wei , Brotto Marco , Cardozo Christopher P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe role of Numb, a protein that is important for cell fate and development and that, in human muscle, is expressed at reduced levels with advanced age, was investigated; adult mice skeletal muscle and its localization and function within myofibres were determined.MethodsNumb expression was evaluated by western blot. Numb localization was determined by confocal microscopy. The effects of conditional knock out (cKO) of Numb and the closely related gene Numb‐like in skeletal muscle fibres were evaluated by in situ physiology, transmission and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, three‐dimensional reconstruction of mitochondria, lipidomics, and bulk RNA sequencing. Additional studies using primary mouse myotubes investigated the effects of Numb knockdown on cell fusion, mitochondrial function, and calcium transients.ResultsNumb protein expression was reduced by ~70% (P < 0.01) at 24 as compared with 3 months of age in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle. Numb was localized within muscle fibres as bands traversing fibres at regularly spaced intervals in close proximity to dihydropyridine receptors. The cKO of Numb and Numb‐like reduced specific tetanic force by 36% (P < 0.01), altered mitochondrial spatial relationships to sarcomeric structures, increased Z‐line spacing by 30% (P < 0.0001), perturbed sarcoplasmic reticulum organization and reduced mitochondrial volume by over 80% (P < 0.01). Only six genes were differentially expressed in cKO mice: Itga4, Sema7a, Irgm2, Vezf1, Mib1, and Tmem132a. Several lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids through lipoxygenases were up‐regulated in Numb cKO skeletal muscle: 12‐HEPE was increased by ~250% (P < 0.05) and 17,18‐EpETE by ~240% (P < 0.05). In mouse primary myotubes, Numb knockdown reduced cell fusion (~20%, P < 0.01) and delayed the caffeine‐induced rise in cytosolic calcium concentrations by more than 100% (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThese findings implicate Numb as a critical factor in skeletal muscle structure and function and suggest that Numb is critical for calcium release. We therefore speculate that Numb plays critical roles in excitation–contraction coupling, one of the putative targets of aged skeletal muscles. These findings provide new insights into the molecular underpinnings of the loss of muscle function observed with sarcopenia.
Switching efavirenz to rilpivirine in virologically suppressed adolescents with HIV: a multi‐centre 48‐week efficacy and safety study in Thailand
Authors: Phongsamart Wanatpreeya , Jantarabenjakul Watsamon , Chantaratin Sasitorn , Anugulruengkitt Suvaporn , Suntarattiwong Piyarat , Sirikutt Pakpen , Kosalaraksa Pope , Maleesatharn Alan , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionEfavirenz (EFV) is commonly used for first‐line antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV, but is associated with neuropsychiatric and metabolic side effects. Rilpivirine (RPV) is better tolerated, and switching from EFV to RPV in virologically suppressed adults has been safe and efficacious, but data in adolescents are limited. Our primary objective was to describe the 48‐week immunologic and virologic outcomes in virologically suppressed adolescents switching from EFV‐ to RPV‐based antiretroviral therapy. Secondary objectives included assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events, quality of life (QOL) and metabolic profiles while on RPV.MethodsWe conducted an open‐label, single‐arm, multi‐centre study in Thailand in virologically suppressed adolescents aged 12–18 years receiving EFV plus two nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTI) for ≥3 months. Participants were switched to an RPV (25 mg) tablet once daily, with the same NRTIs. HIV RNA viral load, CD4 cell count, fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, glucose, neuropsychiatric adverse events, depression and QOL were assessed over 48 weeks. Data were collected between February 2016 and September 2018.ResultsOne hundred and two (52% male) adolescents were enrolled. Median age at entry was 15.5 years (IQR 14.4–17.0), median CD4 count was 664 cells/mm3 (29.9%); 58% were receiving tenofovir‐DF and emtricitabine. At weeks 24 and 48, 96 (94.1%) and 94 (92.2%) participants were virologically suppressed, respectively, with no significant change in CD4 cell counts from baseline. Six (5.9%) participants experienced virologic failure, two of whom had RPV‐associated mutations (K101E and Y181C) and a lamivudine‐associated mutation (M184V/I). There were significant decreases in TC, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) at weeks 24 and 48 and a significant increase in LDL/HDL ratio at week 48 compared to baseline. No substantial changes in EFV‐related symptoms, depression score or health‐related QOL were observed over time; however, there was significant improvement in performance‐based assessments of executive function at week 24.ConclusionsA high proportion of adolescents (>92%) remained virologically suppressed up to 48 weeks after switching from EFV to RPV along with no significant change in CD4 cell counts. RPV was well tolerated and associated with improvements in metabolic profiles and executive function.
Early lecithotrophic stages of Nymphon grossipes, and the role of larval appendages and glands in different larval types of pycnogonids
Authors: Alexeeva Nina , Tamberg Yuta 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNymphon grossipes is a common subtidal species belonging to a small and unique group of chelicerates, that is, the sea spiders. These animals have an anamorphic phase during post‐embryonic development and often hatch as small, oligomeric and exotrophic larvae (protonymphons) with four postocular segments, cheliphores, and two pairs of larval legs. A common alternative to protonymphons is a large lecithotrophic larval type, where animals hatch at more advanced stages and have a foreshortened anamorphic development. Based on external morphology, N. grossipes was believed to be an intriguing intermediate between these two conditions and its hatchlings were called “lecithotrophic protonymphons.” Here, we examine the anatomy and ultrastructure of instars I and II and review the variety of roles of larval appendages and associated glands in other sea spiders in order to correctly place the larva of this species among pycnogonid larval types. Compared to “typical protonymphons,” N. grossipes young hatch with an advanced segmental and appendage composition: six postocular segments instead of four, buds of walking legs 1 and hidden buds of walking legs 2. This state corresponds to the instars II/III (rather than larvae) of Nymphon brevirostre and Pycnogonum litorale. Modifications of the larval appendages, chelar, and spinning glands are aligned with ecological needs of different larval types along a few typical dimensions: locomotion and feeding, dispersal, and attachment to the parent. Although the main challenge for N. grossipes young is secure attachment to the egg package while they growth, there are some discrepancies in their anatomy: N. grossipes retains an oyster basket, but an otherwise nonfunctional digestive system, and a strong silken thread for attachment, but no corresponding reduction of the larval legs. Thus, it is likely that the switch to lecithotrophy happened in the recent evolutionary history of this species.
Modifying LI‐RADS on Gadoxetate Disodium‐Enhanced MRI: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jiang Hanyu , Song Bin , Qin Yun , Konanur Meghana , Wu Yuanan , McInnes Matthew D.F. , Lafata Kyle J. , Bashir Mustafa R. 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundThe Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) is widely used for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, with unsatisfactory sensitivity, complex ancillary features, and inadequate integration with gadoxetate disodium (EOB)‐enhanced MRI.PurposeTo modify LI‐RADS (mLI‐RADS) on EOB‐MRI.Study TypeSecondary analysis of a prospective observational study.PopulationBetween July 2015 and September 2018, 224 consecutive high‐risk patients (median age, 51 years; range, 26–83; 180 men; training/testing sets: 169/55 patients) with 742 (median size, 13 mm; interquartile range, 7–27; 498 HCCs) LR‐3/4/5 observations.Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo, diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo based echo‐planar, and 3D T1‐weighted gradient echo sequences.AssessmentThree radiologists (with 5, 5, and 10 years of experience in liver MR imaging, respectively) blinded to the reference standard (histopathology or imaging follow‐up) reviewed all MR images independently. In the training set, the optimal LI‐RADS version 2018 (v2018) features selected by Random Forest analysis were used to develop mLI‐RADS via decision tree analysis.Statistical TestsIn an independent testing set, diagnostic performances of mLI‐RADS, LI‐RADS v2018, and the Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) guidelines were computed using a generalized estimating equation model and compared with McNemar's test. A two‐tailed P < 0.05 was statistically significant.ResultsFive features (nonperipheral “washout,” restricted diffusion, nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement [APHE], mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity, and transitional phase hypointensity) constituted mLI‐RADS, and mLR‐5 was nonperipheral washout coupled with either nonrim APHE or restricted diffusion. In the testing set, mLI‐RADS was significantly more sensitive (72%) and accurate (80%) than LI‐RADS v2018 (sensitivity, 61%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001) and the KLCA guidelines (sensitivity, 64%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001), without sacrificing positive predictive value (mLI‐RADS, 94%; LI‐RADS v2018, 94%; KLCA guidelines, 92%).Data ConclusionIn high‐risk patients, the EOB‐MRI‐based mLI‐RADS was simpler and more sensitive for HCC than LI‐RADS v2018 while maintaining high positive predictive value.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 2