bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Law, Private Law, and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Private law—the background legal rules of contract, property, and tort—determines legal entitlements to the material goods dealt with by constitutionally guaranteed economic and social rights. Courts have struggled to determine whether and how the constitution applies to private law. The jurisdiction of constitutional courts sometimes leads them to “develop” private law in light of the constitution. Once we recognize that many of the questions that have puzzled courts and commentators about the application of the constitution to private law actually involve puzzles about the constitution’s substance, most of the analytic difficulties are transformed. The questions that remain arise from specific institutional arrangements, and in particular from the distribution of law-declaring authority between constitutional and ordinary courts.
Interactive Scores for Listeners as Public Music Analysis
Authors: Thorau Christian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines public music analysis as an analytical approach addressed to non-expert listeners that functions as a practical listening knowledge for appreciating a specific work in a musical performance or recording. Its beginnings can be traced to the program notes of the late nineteenth century, its main protagonist George Grove anticipating the professionalized academic pursuit that came to be called analysis in the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, digital technologies have stepped in to bridge the gap between established analytical methods and non-expert audiences. Interactive scores have provided tools that make complex musical notation accessible to non-musicians and foster a guided listening with certain levels of analytical perception. Three websites or apps are examined: Keeping Score (San Francisco Symphony), the iPad music app The Liszt Sonata (Classical Apps), and Explore the Score (Klavier-Festival Ruhr), rendering piano music by György Ligeti.
Peru
Authors: Gianella Malca Camila , Baertl Espinoza Ursula 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peru has enacted eleven constitutions between the time independence was declared by José de San Martin on 28 July 1821 and the 1993 Constitution. The Peruvian Republic was established with two structural problems: a lack of (i) interest in forming political parties with clear ideologies; and (ii) a nation project that included a clear and democratic concept of citizenship involving participation by all social groups. Both issues have evolved over the time but have not disappeared, and they are part of Peru’s political tradition. The 1979 Constitution was amended in 1993 as a consequence of Alberto Fujimori’s coup in April 1992. This is the most recent Constitution, and the one that will be analysed in this chapter.
Constitutions and Public Policies
Authors: Couto Cláudio , Arantes Rogério 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers two big models of constitutions with a number of possible empirical variations. The first model, termed as classic, is that of the constitution that limits itself to structuring fundamental aspects of the polity, that is, the four orders of norms and principles in liberal democratic regimes, which include not only conventional liberal democratic provisions, but also socially-oriented material rights. The second model, called policy-oriented, concerns those constitutions that go beyond such structural parameters and into the policy realm, determining specific tasks for governments, establishing programmatic goals and budgetary percentages, detailing ordinary actions, and anticipating the design of public policies.
Chile
Authors: Lovera Parmo Domingo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by sketching a historical development of constitutions in Chile. It shows that Chile’s historical profile is a model of authoritarian constitutional impositions. The defining contours of Chile’s constitutional relations of power will be addressed in the three sections that provide a general idea of rights regulations in Chile; a description of current institutional frameworks of political power; and look at what has become a third tenet of constitutionalism—constitutional review of legislation. It argues that the exploration of these contours shows that Chile’s current constitutional regulations emphasize just one of the faces of constitutionalism, which conceives rights and institutional frameworks as tools aimed exclusively to limit, instead of enabling, governmental power. This limiting character of Chile’s constitutional scheme has been achieved at the cost of limiting the people’s involvement with political power. The chapter concludes with a brief look at Chile’s constitutional scholarship.
A View From Northern Europe
Authors: Gloppen Siri 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a northern European view of constitutionalism in Latin America. From the vantage point of the Nordic welfare states, a striking feature of Latin American constitutional law and constitutionalism is the visibility and potency of constitutional rights and courts in the field of welfare and social policy. Throughout the region, the there is a widespread social rights constitutionalism, understood as the ‘increasing inclusion of social and economic rights language in constitutions, the increasing use of that language by social actors to pursue their goals, and the increasing judicialization of political disputes under the social rights rubric’. While this is not a uniquely Latin American phenomenon, this is the region where social rights were first constitutionalized and where social rights constitutionalism is most pronounced. The trajectory and outcome is radically different from that of the Nordic welfare states, where high material social rights realization has developed in the context of low social rights constitutionalism.
Content of the Dionysian Corpus
Authors: Riggs Tim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This essay examines the content of the Dionysian Corpus in order to demonstrate the unity of its two fundamental characters: Christian and Neoplatonic. The essay takes as its cornerstone the Neoplatonic, metaphysical cycle of causality, in its Proclean form, using it to show how Dionysius the Areopagite uses it to interpret the hierarchical vision of reality which he finds in Holy Scripture and in the organization of the Church. It shows that Dionysius is consistent in his description of Jesus Christ as the source and driver of this cycle and in his presentation of it throughout the treatises which comprise the corpus. In this way, it shows that Dionysius regards Neoplatonic philosophy, at least as much of it as he appropriates, can be put to use as the handmaiden of Christian revelation.
Luther on Dionysius
Authors: Zachhuber Johannes 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn his early writings Martin Luther shows some appreciation for the Mystical Theology of Dionysius, setting his desire for the personal knowledge of God against the arid quibbling of the scholastics; at the same time, he is always suspicious of any reliance on mystical knowledge at the expense of faith. His critique of Dionysius grows sharper in The Babylonish Captivity of the Church because the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy was being invoked by authors such as Johannes Eck to justify papal authority. The doubts of authenticity which were being raised by Valla and other Humanists reinfored Luther’s conviction that Dionysius was often an anomaly among the Church Fathers and more a Platonist than a Christian. Fanciful appeals to the Song of Songs by Eck and others, together with antinomian misuse of the Mystical Theology strengthened his opposition, but there was never a time when he read Dionysius without reservations.
Dionysius’ Reception in the English-Speaking World
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The first appearance of Dionysius in English dress was the translation of his Mystical Theology by the author of The Cloud of Unknowing. Through this Dionysius became a significant influence on the flourishing of mystical prayer in late medieval England. At the Reformation, this tradition of prayer was preserved as a special treasure of the now-outlawed English Catholicism, especially among the exiled nuns of Cambrai, and their chaplain, Augustine Baker. In England, after the Reformation, Dionysius was known to such as Hooker, but appreciated somewhat more in the esoteric tradition, echoes of which can be found in poets such as Lord Herbert of Cherbury, John Donne, and Henry Vaughan, whose brother, Thomas, demonstrates a deep interest in Dionysius, in whom he finds parallels with the Kabbalah. Further interest is found in the nineteenth century, when the Corpus Dionysiacum was first translated into English. Reception in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was partly a matter of disdainful scholarly interest in such as Westcott and Dean Inge, partly a revived enthusiasm for mystical prayer inspired by the late medieval English mystics, notably in the case of Evelyn Underhill, with whom the wheel turns full circle.
The Reception of Dionysius in Modern Greek Theology and Scholarship
Authors: Pallis Dimitrios 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis essay outlines the key stages in the study of Dionysius in twentieth-century Greek Orthodox theology and scholarship. After an introductory overview of this topic, the complexities of the Greek scene are presented since there is considerable diversity in the handling of this ancient author by Greek theologians. The section that follows focuses on specific political and social factors that have or could have affected the development of the engagement with patristic literature in the universities of Athens and Thessaloniki but also in the public sphere. It provides some specific examples of how that is reflected in the Greek scholarly and religious bibliography relating to this ancient Christian author. The fourth and longest section examines three readers of his writings from the interwar and postwar periods: Emmanouel Karpathios (1888–1972), Christos Yannaras (b. 1935), and John Zizioulas (b. 1931). It compares the approach of these three readers: the first followed a different method from the other two, who adopted a similar theological methodology but developed very different views on this subject of research or more accurately on this aspect of the Orthodox tradition.
Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Marion
Authors: Knepper Timothy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis essay maps the issues of interpretation of the Dionysian corpus that divide the twentieth-century French philosophers Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Marion. It charts the development of these issues through four publications: Derrida’s 1968 essay ‘Differance’, Marion’s 1977 monograph Idol and Distance, Derrida’s 1987 essay ‘Denials: How to Avoid Speaking’, and Marion’s 1997 essay ‘In the Name: How to Avoid Speaking of “Negative Theology” ’’ (which is followed by a brief exchange between Derrida and Marion). Although the major point of contention between Derrida and Marion concerns the relationship between (Derridean) deconstruction and (Dionysian) negative theology, two key issues of interpretation of the Dionysian corpus arise in the process: whether Dionysian (de-)negation and Dionysian prayer yield a determinate, superessential God, or whether they lead beyond all determinations and predications of being. The essay examine these interpretive contentions, as well as some less central issues regarding the divine names, causation, and hierarchy. It concludes by demonstrating where both philosophers’ interpretations get the Dionysian corpus wrong, due in large part to the ways in which they strongly read their own philosophical frameworks—Derrida’s philosophy of language and Marion’s theology of religion—onto the Dionysian corpus.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Mark , Pallis Dimitrios , Steiris Georgios 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis Handbook contains forty essays by over thirty contributors from various universities on the antecedents, the content, and the reception of the Dionysian corpus, a body of writings falsely ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite, a convert of St Paul, but actually written about ad 500. The first section contains discussions of the genesis of the corpus, its Christian antecedents, and its Neoplatonic influences. In the second section, studies on the Syriac reception, the relation of the Syriac to the original Greek, and the editing of the Greek by John of Scythopolis are followed by contributions on the use of the corpus in such Byzantine authors as Maximus the Confessor, John of Damascus, Theodore the Studite, Niketas Stethatos, Gregory Palamas, and Gemistus Pletho. In the third section attention turns to the Western tradition, represented first by the translators John Scotus Eriugena, John Sarracenus, and Robert Grosseteste and then by such readers as the Victorines, the early Franciscans, Albert the Great, Aquinas, Bonaventure, Dante, the English mystics, Nicholas of Cusa, and Marsilio Ficino. The contributors to the final section survey the effect on Western readers of Lorenzo Valla’s proof of the inauthenticity of the corpus and the subsequent exposure of its dependence on Proclus by Koch and Stiglmayr. The authors studied in this section include Erasmus, Luther and his followers, Vladimir Lossky, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and Jacques Derrida, as well as modern thinkers of the Greek Church. Essays on Dionysius as a mystic and a political theologian conclude the volume.
Rethinking the Alexandrian–Antiochene Hermeneutical Antithesis
Authors: Young Frances 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twentieth-century scholarship tended to project onto the Antiochenes its own emphasis on history and resistance to allegory. Reassessment in terms of the intellectual context of Late Antiquity is undertaken. The Antiochenes did reject allegory as practised by Origen and his successors, but they did not reject the search for deeper meanings; they were concerned with historia, but that did not mean concern with historicity. Exegetical techniques were borrowed from the rhetorical schools, and focused on the intended meaning, the correct identification of figures of speech, and the sequence of argument or narrative. Commitment to the overarching biblical narrative from Creation to the eschaton meant resistance both to spiritualizing any of it away and to any docetic view of the Word’s Incarnation. Mimesis, it is suggested, constitutes the clue to both their typological hermeneutics and their ikonic approach to Christology.
Origen’s Theological Anthropology
Authors: Alviar J. José 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The author of this chapter uses the category of narrative theology (protology to eschatology) to capture the sweep of Origen’s theological vision and contrasts it with thematic treatments to which Origen returns again and again. In the body of works of Origen the themes of freedom and its meaning may be termed constant, underlying suppositions. Together with the idea of the human being as a creature made in God’s image, they provide the grounds for Origen’s dynamic anthropology. The divine image in earthly humans endows the individual with creativeness in its conduct, one not wholly unlike the divine creativity, the capacity that resides in the will, that allows one to choose between moral good and evil, and to intensify one's participation in Christ's epinoiai.
Reception of Origen in the Fourth Century
Authors: Layton Richard A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The stormy fourth-century controversies over Origen were decisive for the later positions taken in relation to his theology by the Church. All information available today for understanding Origen’s life comes from this century. There was no consistent view of Origen on either the pro- or anti-Origenist side of the controversies. His theology as well as his approach to understanding Scripture came under attack. He was vigorously defended (by such as Pamphilus, Eusebius, Didymus the Blind, and Rufinus), as well as attacked (by such as Methodius, Eustathius, Epiphanius, and Jerome). These controversies also affected the form in which Origen’s writings were preserved. The influence of Origen on the Church’s doctrinal development and its understanding of the Scriptures persisted nonetheless.
Cosmic Theodicy: Origen’s Treatment of the Problem of Evil
Authors: Scott Mark S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
What went wrong with the world? On the surface, the cosmos fails to live up to its meaning, given its ubiquitous injustice, inequity, and suffering. Appearances, however, often conceal deeper truths in Origen’s theology. Rather than undermine divine goodness, power, and justice, the unruly universe reveals God’s hidden soteriological designs. God creates the cosmos to arrest the descent of souls and to enable their ascent, culminating with the apokatastasis, when God will be “all in all.” Far from satisfying divine vengeance, suffering serves to purge and perfect souls, enabling their eventual return to God. Origen applies a cosmic hermeneutics to the problem of evil in order to vindicate divine justice. His cosmic theodicy, then, restores the coherence of the cosmos by embedding it within a larger soteriological narrative of the fall and return of souls, which includes a subtle universalism. For Origen, we went wrong and God creates the world to help us set things right
Evolution of circadian clocks along the green lineage
Authors: Petersen Jan , Rredhi Anxhela , Szyttenholm Julie , Mittag Maria 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCircadian clocks govern temporal programs in the green lineage (Chloroplastida) as they do in other photosynthetic pro- and eukaryotes, bacteria, fungi, animals, and humans. Their physiological properties, including entrainment, phase responses, and temperature compensation, are well conserved. The involvement of transcriptional/translational feedback loops in the oscillatory machinery and reversible phosphorylation events are also maintained. Circadian clocks control a large variety of output rhythms in green algae and terrestrial plants, adjusting their metabolism and behavior to the day-night cycle. The angiosperm Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) represents a well-studied circadian clock model. Several molecular components of its oscillatory machinery are conserved in other Chloroplastida, but their functions may differ. Conserved clock components include at least one member of the CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1/REVEILLE and one of the PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR family. The Arabidopsis evening complex members EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), ELF4, and LUX ARRHYTHMO are found in the moss Physcomitrium patens and in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In the flagellate chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, only homologs of ELF4 and LUX (named RHYTHM OF CHLOROPLAST ROC75) are present. Temporal ROC75 expression in C. reinhardtii is opposite to that of the angiosperm LUX, suggesting different clock mechanisms. In the picoalga Ostreococcus tauri, both ELF genes are missing, suggesting that it has a progenitor circadian “green” clock. Clock-relevant photoreceptors and thermosensors vary within the green lineage, except for the CRYPTOCHROMEs, whose variety and functions may differ. More genetically tractable models of Chloroplastida are needed to draw final conclusions about the gradual evolution of circadian clocks within the green lineage.
Tobacco and alcohol as factors for male infertility—a public health approach
Authors: Basic Marin , Mitic Dejan , Krstic Mirjana , Cvetkovic Jovana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The study of reproductive characteristics of 430 male subjects of different age, fertility status and educational level who were involved in the program of extracorporeal fertilization at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre Niš, examined their knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding tobacco and alcohol consumption as lifestyle risk predictors of their partial or full infertility.

Methodology
Consisted of the analyses of spermiograms to establish their fertility status and a survey of their attitudes towards smoking and alcohol use (behavior, knowledge of the general health and reproductive health consequences of such a lifestyle, and their determination to change it).

Results
The proportion with higher tobacco consumption and more severe forms of infertility increased significantly with ageing (P &lt; 0.001); the highest daily consumption of alcohol and the incidence of intoxication was seen among azoospermic patients; the level of awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco was highest among normozoospermic subjects and the highest level of determination to quit smoking was statistically significantly present among azoospermic subjects.

Conclusion
Appropriate use of health promotion activities in relation to alcohol and tobacco use is through specially designed programs.
Protection rent as explanation for racialized market outcomes
Authors: Kracman Kimberly 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProtection rent is a helpful concept for understanding the role of violence in the racialized stratification of wealth accumulation. In the USA, persons institutionally classified as white have faced lower prices for protection from violence than have persons classified as non-white. Thus, whites have received protection rents that have systematically increased their accumulated wealth. Historian of medieval Venice, Frederic Lane created the concept of protection rent to describe the economic advantage that some economic actors enjoyed over others as a result of paying a lower price for protection from the purveyor of force with which they were aligned. This article applies Lane’s concept of protection rent to the variable cost of protection faced by economic actors in the USA, where racialization is associated with significant differences in wealth accumulation.
Perceived stigma and healthcare services in healthcare settings among people living with HIV in Egypt: a qualitative study
Authors: Elsharkawy Aisha , Salem Marwa Rashad , Asem Noha , Ibrahim Walid Kamal , Ramadan El Gharib , Abdelaziz Mohamed Abdelgawad , Hashish Alaa , Elsayed Heba , Hassany Mohamed 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe researchers conducted the current study to explore the perspectives of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on HIV-related discrimination and the delivery of healthcare services in healthcare settings.MethodsAn exploratory study using a qualitative approach was conducted among 46 PLHIV who were seeking HIV counselling and treatment from two HIV centres in the Cairo governorate using a purposive sampling technique.ResultsA thematic content analysis was used to examine the responses. Participants had a combination of positive and negative experiences. Some participants reported staff acceptance and friendliness towards HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral treatment. Most interviewees observed that staff took extra precautions when treating or caring for them. The majority stated that counselling about the effects of the treatment was inadequate and that testing was either too far from their homes or at overcrowded centres with long waiting times. All the interviewees recommended ongoing communication and HIV counselling skills for healthcare providers who are in contact with HIV patients.ConclusionMost of the study participants were not satisfied with HIV services in the participating centres, as well as experiencing stigma. More investment in enhancing the quality of HIV service delivery and reinforcement of health worker competencies, mainly in HIV counselling, may improve satisfaction, bearing in mind HIV-related stigma in the centres involved.