bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformative Corrections
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 9 addresses the impact of story (culture) on correctional policies and the design of correctional settings. The medieval story of the loathly lady is used throughout the book to illustrate the curse and shadow of harm and the humanism needed to break the curse. This chapter returns to the story of the criminal and its impact on correctional policies and the (un)intelligent design behind the way we punish. An alternative story—that of the wounded person—connects us centrally to who we are and how we interact with each other. The reimagination of prisons as transformative healing centers begins with a new narrative that calls forth compassionate efficiency to break the curse of harm, yielding a value proposition worth paying for.
Foundations of Institutional Reality
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The book provides a novel account of the ontological foundations of institutional facts, and argues that there are some important epistemic and methodological implications that follow from this ontology. The first part of the book offers a detailed reductive account of institutional facts by way of metaphysical grounding. It shows that an ontology of institutional facts requires an ontology of social rules, and the latter depends on a reductive account of collective attitudes. The book offers a grounding-reductive account of collective attitudes that comports with methodological individualism. It argues for a functional explanation of the constitutive relations between rules and practices, challenging John Searle’s influential distinction between constitutive and regulative rules. The second part of the book aims to show that there are a number of important epistemic and methodological conclusions that follow from the ontology of institutional facts. First, that there are certain types of widespread errors about the socially constructed aspects of reality that are not metaphysically possible. The second methodological argument is that a metaphysical account of institutional reality does not have to provide an explanation of the relevant social practices in terms that would rationalize the practice for the participants themselves. Finally, the last chapter explains the idea of hierarchical practices, arguing that basic social power-structuring rules function to transform brute power into an elaborate normative framework, constituting authoritative institutions that are central to our institutional reality.
Hedging with Forward and Futures Contracts
Authors: Lie Erik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter shows how forward/futures contracts can be used to manage risk by locking in future prices. The relation between forward/futures prices and expected future spot prices can be described by expectations, backwardation, or contango. Unlike forward contracts, futures contracts are not tailor-made and expose the hedger to basis risk. Cross-hedging is used when the asset underlying the futures contract differs from the asset whose price is being hedged, and entails estimating a hedge ratio to optimize the hedge. Rolling short-term contracts are used when long-term contracts are unavailable.
Payout Policy
Authors: Lie Erik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter shows how corporate payouts to shareholders, including share repurchases and dividends, can be used as a supplementary tool to manage cash holdings. The various payout types differ with respect to their commitment for future payouts and tax treatment for shareholders. Simulations of cash distributions show which payout is most suitable in a set of hypothetical scenarios. Further, a simplified example shows that repurchases dominate dividends from a tax perspective. The chapter concludes with extensive examples of the payout decisions at Herbalife, General Electric (GE), and Apple.
Alive in Many a Dark Place
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the variety of ways in which Episcopalians interacted with Middle Easterners during the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the topics covered are the ecumenical activities of High Church Episcopalians on the church’s Russo-Greek Committee; and the missionary labors of Mary Baldwin and Ann Hay in Palestine, of Rudolph Wahl among Assyrians in eastern Anatolia and Kurdistan, and of Charles Hale in Jerusalem. The chapter concludes with an examination of the response of Episcopal leaders to Ottoman attacks on Armenian Christians between 1894 and 1896, including the mission of Henry Yates Satterlee, Episcopal bishop of Washington, DC, to Tsar Nicholas II to seek Russian aid in defending the Ottoman Empire’s increasingly persecuted Armenian population.
Afflicted Peoples
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how missionary work in the Middle East and the desire for establishing ecumenical partnerships with Eastern Christians influenced the Episcopal Church’s response to the immense influx of immigrants into American cities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—a concern that culminated in the formation of a national denominational program designed to provide both spiritual and practical support for foreign-born Americans. Similarly, the desire to assist immigrants from the Middle East drew the church’s attention to the Ottoman government’s genocidal assault on its Armenian and Assyrian citizens in 1915–16, and encouraged Episcopalians to join with numerous other leaders of the American Protestant establishment in organizing Near East Relief, an agency that marshaled humanitarian aid for thousands of Middle Eastern Christians struggling to survive in refugee camps in the aftermath of World War I.
Palestine Problem
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the period between the awarding of the Palestine mandate to Great Britain and the beginning of World War II, and it describes how a combination of theological anti-Judaism and cultural anti-Semitism inspired the resistance of Anglican missionaries to the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. Although the missionaries were enormously hopeful in the early 1920s, believing they possessed a heaven-sent opportunity to fully Christianize the biblical Holy Land, the rapid rise of Jewish immigration into Palestine, spurred by Balfour Declaration’s promise of a “national home” for the Jewish people, and the determined resistance of the region’s Arab population to the Zionist project ultimately crushed the missionaries’ ambitious designs. This chapter also introduces Charles Thorley Bridgeman, describing his critical role as a liaison between the leadership of the Episcopal Church and the Church of England’s mission in Jerusalem.
A punctuated history of understanding social adaptation
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTowards the mid 20th century, the so-called modern synthesis established evolutionary biology as a materialistic Darwinian and Mendelian science in terminology acceptable to systematists, geneticists, and paleontologists. This consensus is sometimes referred to as a neo-Darwinian synthesis, but that is misleading. A formal theory of adaptation and a phylogenetically controlled comparative method for analyzing adaptive states were lacking and developmental biology was left out. A neo-Darwinian synthesis combining all these approaches was not accomplished until the end of the 20th century and was ultimately based on the insight that natural selection for maximizing inclusive fitness explains adaptive design—the only fundamental process that sets biology apart from physics and chemistry. It is because of natural selection and historical contingency that biological phenomena always need both proximate and ultimate explanations and this is particularly true for social adaptations. The neo-Darwinian synthesis was initiated by Alfred Russell Wallace and August Weismann in the late 19th century and revitalized in the 1960s by three major developments: (1) Niko Tinbergen’s framing of the four complementary types of questions that define organismal biology as a hard science while identifying the study of adaptation as an indispensable component; (2) William D. Hamilton developing inclusive fitness theory, which allowed social adaptations to be captured in a single gene-copy currency no matter whether individuals reproduce themselves or help others to do so; and (3) George C. Williams conceptualizing the gene’s eye view of adaptation as a stringent hypothesis-driven and non-reductionist approach for understanding life’s organization at the cell, individual, and family level. This chapter summarizes these historical events and explains the logical principles that I will adhere to in the social evolution analyses of this book.
Establishing the promisor’s enrichment in Canadian law
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the extent to which the Canadian law of unjust enrichment can protect the interests of promisees of a testamentary promise. It explores what a promisee needs to prove in order to establish a successful claim and how courts quantify the relief, with a view to establishing the extent to which this doctrine is able to deal with the specificities that distinguish such promises. The analysis shows that, while in common law Canada enrichment law is regularly relied upon by promisees in instances where the promisor’s enrichment has come about through domestic performances rendered by a promisee who has acted on a promise of a future inheritance, it is not always straightforward to establish such a claim. Moreover, a proprietary award is not necessarily available to everyone, even if their performance has been substantial. Thus, while the Canadian doctrine of unjust enrichment has developed in a way that is sensitive to the testamentary context, obtaining an enrichment claim can be potentially difficult, not least because of the economic approach taken by courts as well as the relevance of both the promisee’s motives and of societal expectations.
Establishing a claim to deferred wages for up to ten years
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the French provisions regulating the créance de salaire différé with a view to establishing the extent to which it may come to the aid of testamentary promisees even though it was not designed for that purpose. The chapter explores what requirements promisees must meet and what difficulties they face when establishing a claim. The chapter shows that while in many ways the créance de salaire différé fits the testamentary context, and a claim is not that difficult to establish, it is narrow in scope. Also, promisees would only be able to claim wages for up to ten years’ worth of their work and their claim can only be brought on the death of the farming ascendant, though she is treated as a secured creditor, which will give her significant protection vis-à-vis others with an interest in the estate.
An Introduction to Systems Thinking
Authors: McGlacken-Byrne Domhnall , Larkan Fiona , Mannan Hasheem , Vallières Frédérique , Kodate Naonori 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSystems thinking is an approach to analysis premised on several core concepts and tools, particularly the idea that the nature of a complex human system is best understood through the interrelationships between its constituent parts. The intellectual roots of systems thinking trace back to the holistic thought of Aristotle, Lao Tsu, and others; in recent decades, systems thinking was informed by disciplines including systems theory and management science. Complex human systems demonstrate several defining traits, including purposefulness, self-organization, feedback loops between parts, and non-linear causality. Systems thinking has been described as a language, employing a range of tools, models, and theories to enable analysis of such systems. Increasingly, its applicability to complex problems within global and public health is recognized by bodies including the World Health Organization. By providing the historical and theoretical basis of systems thinking, this chapter contextualizes the practical, real-world global health topics examined in subsequent chapters.
Unpacking Complexity
Authors: Gilmore Brynne , Mollel Henry , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , McAuliffe Eilish 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe importance of working with communities in global health efforts cannot be understated. However, in practice, communities and their health-related actions and activities are often poorly understood and documented. This chapter discusses key considerations for community health by promoting a shared understanding of what are “communities” and “community health” within global health and providing a discussion on the complexities of both concepts and what this means for their investigation and implementation. This chapter concludes by putting forth recommendations for a more systems-thinking understanding of communities and their health with concreate examples of how employing systems-thinking approaches when working within community health can result in the application of more relevant and contextually aligned actions.
Using Systems Thinking as a Heuristic in the Design of Interventions for Social Inclusion
Authors: Huss Tessy , Mackway-Jones Euan , MacLachlan Malcolm 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo promote and protect social inclusion meaningfully, interventions must be holistic in their scope, seeking to encourage inclusion between different social groups just as much as addressing examples of exclusion. Understanding the growing demand for policy approaches to promote social inclusion, this chapter seeks to develop practicable insights of the relevance and contribution of systems thinking to policy-making and programming for social inclusion. This chapter beings by briefly outlining the history of social inclusion/exclusion, the evolution of the concept, and its predominance within the current international development agenda. It argues that social inclusion/exclusion is best described as a “wicked” social problem and bears many characteristics of a complex adaptive system (CAS). The chapter discusses some applications of systems thinking to social inclusion/exclusion and argues that systems thinking is a useful heuristic to understand social exclusion and to analyze and design effective interventions to promote social inclusion. Finally, the chapter illustrates how systems thinking can provide innovative entry points for policy interventions aimed at promoting social inclusion for vulnerable groups with complex needs.
Capability Approach to Aid Systems-Thinking in Addressing Right to Health of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Kroll Thilo , Mannan Hasheem 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 2006, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) affirmed equality of opportunities for persons with disabilities. The chapter argues that developing theories of change for context-specific policy responses and practices for the progressive realization of rights enshrined in the CRPD, by utilizing the capability approach and the International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF). Under the capability approach, disability has been conceptualized as a deprivation of functioning’s (achievements) and capabilities (practical opportunities). However, the ICF conceptualizes disability along a continuum of activity limitation and recognizes that everyone experiences some degree of activity limitation during their life span, therefore identifying disability as a universal experience, not just one that affects a minority of the population. These two major fields of enquiry are now beginning to be recognized as inter-dependent. However, they are seldom considered together in implementing policies and programs advancing disability rights. Such an approach will enable application of the capability approach and the ICF to encourage and support effective systems thinking. Research advancing the health rights of persons with disabilities by integrating historical and current perspectives, methodological paradigms, and applications in different contexts is in its infancy, and this proposed application will represent an important advancement of the field.
Fact-Finding and Proof
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the epistemology and inferential logic of fact-finding and proof in criminal adjudication. It is an exercise in ‘taking facts seriously’ (Twining). Traditionally, this has been a neglected dimension of common law evidence. Facts can usefully be differentiated conceptually as constitutive (‘material’ or facta probanda), evidential, inferential, and/or normative. Facts must also be distinguished from ‘opinions’ (which, according to conventional wisdom, are admissible only if proffered by experts). Juridical proof employs standard tools of logical reasoning, including deduction, induction, and abduction. Common sense generalizations frequently employed in criminal trials supply illustrations. Reasoning about empirical facts (e.g. whether or not the accused committed the offence charged) is inherently probabilistic. Statistical information is sometimes useful in proving or disproving allegations of crime, but can turn problematic in the courtroom—especially in the form of ‘naked statistics’ or when combined with probabilistic tools (such as Bayes’ Theorem) invoked to recalibrate jurors’ common sense. English courts have resisted such overtures. Common sense inferential reasoning is more naturally organized around stories and ‘narratives’. Although these models of inference and fact-finding are psychologically familiar and pervasive, when employed in criminal adjudication common sense ‘narratives’ pose questions of bias, stereotyping, and injustice. Finally, processes of proof are circumvented to the extent that trial judges are empowered to determine factual issues by ‘judicial notice’. Designed to promote trial efficiency, this procedural mechanism is uncontroversial so long as strictly delimited by the test of ‘indisputability’. Instances of mission-creep invite procedural challenge.
Fair Trial
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the core evidentiary principle that criminal trials must be ‘fair’. It weaves together jurisprudential strands from common law precedents, judicial interpretations, and applications of section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and contemporary human rights jurisprudence elucidating Article 6 of the ECHR. This topic poses the elementary question: why should relevant evidence ever be excluded from a criminal trial? A variety of exclusionary rationales is canvassed: reliability; rights vindication (‘the remedial theory’); deterring police misconduct (‘disciplining the police’); safeguarding procedural integrity and the legitimacy of criminal verdicts. The traditional common law approach strongly prioritized evidential reliability and probative value. Section 78 transpired to be an almost endlessly adaptable provision which has been molded by judicial interpretation into a ubiquitous standard of procedural fairness. It precipitated a doctrinal shift towards principled exclusion of unfairly obtained evidence, latterly reinforced by Article 6 decisions and arguments (and parallel development of the courts’ abuse of process jurisdiction). General principles of evidentiary regulation are further explored in relation to police deception and proactive investigative tactics and stratagems, including cases of (alleged) ‘entrapment’. The constitutional status of fair trial principles is asserted.
Corroboration and Forensic Reasoning Rules
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter charts an evolution in common law regulatory techniques from (scattered, residual) corroboration requirements and related quantitative proof standards to an expanding modern corpus of primarily qualitative forensic reasoning rules. As an epistemic operator, ‘corroboration’ is simply supporting or convergent evidence, but English law adopted a narrower technical definition. Over the course of the twentieth century, these legal technicalities were gradually abandoned—along with most of English law’s formal requirements for ‘two witnesses’ or other corroboration stipulations (some of which were rooted in discriminatory stereotypes). The judges improvised a series of ‘corroboration warnings’, in relation to eyewitness identification evidence (Turnbull) and witnesses who, as a class, pose enhanced risks of unreliability owing to compromised capacity (Spencer) or self-interest (Beck). Such warnings were subsequently generalized (Makanjuola), and are now extensively adumbrated by the Crown Court Compendium in relation to myriad categories of ‘suspect’ evidence. The discussion draws together judicial directions examined in pervious chapters (e.g. in relation to ‘suspicious silence’), well-established common law doctrines (e.g. Lucas directions on lies), statutory warnings (e.g. PACE 1984, s.77), and post-Makanjuola judicial improvisation, into the capacious conceptual framework of ‘forensic reasoning rules’. Institutionally, this development represents a shift from categorical inadmissibility rules to qualified admissibility standards. For evidence law analysts, forensic reasoning rules afford holistic institutional insights unavailable to studies of atomistic exclusionary rules. In articulating (fragments of) the logic of inferential reasoning authoritatively communicated to fact-finders, detailed judicial directions intimate how jurors are meant to reason from evidence to proof. The general topic of corroboration has lately acquired a human rights dimension, encapsulated in the ‘Al-Khawaja saga’ over ‘sole or decisive’ evidence.