bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The direct immersion solid phase microextraction coupled with the LC–MS method for ex vivo determination of selected date-rape drugs in the human blood samples
Authors: Stelmaszczyk Paweł , Iwan Mateusz , Wietecha-Posłuszny Renata 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNowadays, solid phase microextraction is developing rapidly. The use of this extraction technique allowed for the reduction of toxic solvents usage, easy automatization, and integration with other techniques. In this study, the use of DI-SPME/LC–MS to determine selected date-rape drugs (benzodiazepines, ketamine, and cocaine) is presented. The determined values of validation parameters: limits of detection (LOD = 0.6–4.9 ng cm−3), and quantification (LOQ = 25 or 50 ng cm−3), intra-day and inter-day precision (CV = 0.87–10.7% and 4.96–16.1%, respectively), recovery (RE = 94.6–106.7%) and matrix effect (81.7–116.5%) indicated that the tested method could be used to determine the concentration of date-rape drugs in blood samples. The evaluation of the method according to the principles of White Analytical Chemistry showed that the DI-SPME/LC–MS method was characterized by satisfactory analytical quality, greenness, and economical use. The use of this method met the requirements of Green Chemistry. The significant advantages of this method were the quick analytical procedure, partial automation of the extraction stages, high sensitivity, lower sample, and reagent consumption.
Graphical abstract
Using cultural historical activity theory to reflect on the sociocultural complexities in OSCE examiners’ judgements
Authors: Wong Wai Yee Amy , Thistlethwaite Jill , Moni Karen , Roberts Chris 
Published: August 2022

AbstractExaminers’ judgements play a critical role in competency-based assessments such as objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs). The standardised nature of OSCEs and their alignment with regulatory accountability assure their wide use as high-stakes assessment in medical education. Research into examiner behaviours has predominantly explored the desirable psychometric characteristics of OSCEs, or investigated examiners’ judgements from a cognitive rather than a sociocultural perspective. This study applies cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) to address this gap in exploring examiners’ judgements in a high-stakes OSCE. Based on the idea that OSCE examiners’ judgements are socially constructed and mediated by their clinical roles, the objective was to explore the sociocultural factors that influenced examiners’ judgements of student competence and use the findings to inform examiner training to enhance assessment practice. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with examiners who assessed medical student competence in progressing to the next stage of training in a large-scale OSCE at one Australian university. The initial thematic analysis provided a basis for applying CHAT iteratively to explore the sociocultural factors and, specifically, the contradictions created by interactions between different elements such as examiners and rules, thus highlighting the factors influencing examiners’ judgements. The findings indicated four key factors that influenced examiners’ judgements: examiners’ contrasting beliefs about the purpose of the OSCE; their varying perceptions of the marking criteria; divergent expectations of student competence; and idiosyncratic judgement practices. These factors were interrelated with the activity systems of the medical school’s assessment practices and the examiners’ clinical work contexts. Contradictions were identified through the guiding principles of multi-voicedness and historicity. The exploration of the sociocultural factors that may influence the consistency of examiners’ judgements was facilitated by applying CHAT as an analytical framework. Reflecting upon these factors at organisational and system levels generated insights for creating fit-for-purpose examiner training to enhance assessment practice.
Making space to learn about teaching: expanding teaching horizons through postgraduate education
Authors: Aitken Gillian , Fawns Tim , Warran Katey , Jones Derek 
Published: August 2022

AbstractClinicians develop as teachers via many activities, from on-the-job training to formal academic programmes. Yet, understanding how clinicians develop the sensibilities of an educator and an appreciation of the complexity of educational environments is challenging. Studies of teacher development have maintained a relatively narrow definition of educational practice. A more expansive view encompasses clinical teachers’ roles in relation to elements beyond learners or content, such as the cultures and other structures of healthcare institutions. In our online Postgraduate Certificate in Clinical Education, space and structure are intentionally created for teachers to think and talk about education with colleagues in other disciplinary contexts. We interviewed 17 students about how their approaches to teaching had changed over a year of part-time study, using their teaching philosophies, written at the start of the programme, as points of contrast. We took an abductive approach to data analysis, drawing on the literature and, unavoidably, our own reflexive interpretations of our practice outside of the research context, such as conversations with students and colleagues; our experiences of teaching and our concurrent research and scholarship. Our themes of repertoire building, perspective shifting, embodied practice, and appreciation of context, describe the increasing complexity of individuals’ considerations of teaching. We use our analysis as the basis for a discussion of the blurring of boundaries between staff and students on such programmes as both groups are engaged in an ongoing continuum of development as all teachers, continue to be learners of educational practice. These insights can inform the ways in which postgraduate programmes can make space for clinical teachers to share and reflect on practices, perspectives and contexts.
Classifying Regions of High Model Error Within a Data-Driven RANS Closure: Application to Wind Turbine Wakes
Authors: Steiner Julia , Viré Axelle , Dwight Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractData-driven Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence closures are increasing seen as a viable alternative to general-purpose RANS closures, when LES reference data is available—also in wind-energy. Parsimonious closures with few, simple terms have advantages in terms of stability, interpret-ability, and execution speed. However experience suggests that closure model corrections need be made only in limited regions—e.g. in the near-wake of wind turbines and not in the majority of the flow. A parsimonious model therefore must find a middle ground between precise corrections in the wake, and zero corrections elsewhere. We attempt to resolve this impasse by introducing a classifier to identify regions needing correction, and only fit and apply our model correction there. We observe that such classifier-based models are significantly simpler (with fewer terms) than models without a classifier, and have similar accuracy, but are more prone to instability. We apply our framework to three flows consisting of multiple wind-turbines in neutral conditions with interacting wakes.
High Expression of circ_0001821 Promoted Colorectal Cancer Progression Through miR-600/ISOC1 Axis
Authors: Li Cheng , Gao Xudong , Zhao Yi , Chen Xin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt has been reported that circRNAs play an important regulatory role in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the molecular role of circ_0001821 in CRC development is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of circ_0001821 in CRC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot assays were used to detect the expression of circ_0001821, miR-600 and isochorismatase domain containing 1 (ISOC1) in CRC tissues as well as its cell lines. Colony formation assay and EDU assay were used to detect the proliferative capacity of cells. Transwell assay was used to assess cell migration and invasion ability. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell apoptosis. ELISA was used to measure the glycolytic capacity of cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were used to analyze the relationships between circ_0001821, miR-600 and ISOC1. Animal experimentation was used to validate the functional study of circ_0001821 in vivo. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of Ki67 staining analysis was conducted to assess tumor growth. Circ_0001821 and ISOC1 were significantly increased in CRC tissues and its cell lines, and miR-600 was significantly decreased in CRC tissues and its cell lines. Silencing circ_0001821 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolytic capacity, while inducing apoptosis. And it could inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Circ_0001821 could act as a sponge for miR-600 to regulate CRC processes. ISOC1 was identified as a downstream regulator of miR-600, also miR-600 could regulate the expression of ISOC1. In addition, circ_0001821 could regulate ISOC1 expression changes through miR-600. Mechanistically, either miR-600 inhibitor or overexpression of ISOC1 could reverse the effects of knockdown of circ_0001821 on cell biological properties. Circ_0001821 regulated the developmental process of CRC through miR-600/ISOC1 axis.
On the use of generic types for smart contracts
Authors: Spoto Fausto , Migliorini Sara , Gambini Mauro , Benini Andrea 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper shows that generic types (generics) are useful for writing more abstract and more general smart contracts, but this comes with some security risks, reporting a concrete security issue found while using generics for writing smart contracts that implement shared entities for the Hotmoka blockchain. That issue can be used to steal the remuneration of validator nodes. This paper proposes a patch based on appropriate code rewriting. Namely, smart contracts are pieces of code that are deployed and executed in the context of a blockchain infrastructure in order to automatically enforce some effects when particular events occur. The writing of smart contracts is a complex and critical activity that can benefit from the use of high-level features of programming languages, and generics is one of them. In many programming languages, such as Java, generics are implemented by erasure, i.e. replaced by their upper bound type during compilation into bytecode. This is safe at source level, since the compiler takes care of checking that types are correct, before erasure. However, the erased types of the generated bytecode are consequently weaker. In a permissionless blockchain, where every user can call the bytecode of smart contracts installed by other users, these weaker types pose a risk of attack.
Conditions for Children’s Language and Literacy Learning in Swedish Preschools: Exploring Quality Variations with ECERS-3
Authors: Nasiopoulou Panagiota , Mellgren Elisabeth , Sheridan Sonja , Williams Pia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article aims to explore the conditions for children’s language and literacy learning in 153 Swedish preschools with children one to five years. The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS-3) is used to evaluate preschool quality, focusing on the subscale of Language and literacy activities. The study draws on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to highlight the conditions for children’s language and literacy learning in preschool. Significant differences were found in the quality of the 153 preschools as a whole and the five subscales in ECERS-3, giving children unequal conditions for learning and development in the studied areas. Within the Language and literacy subscale, items related to children’s oral language development scored a higher average quality compared with written language-relateditems. Individualized teaching, Staff–child interaction, and Whole-group activities were moderately correlated with activities supporting language development. The results are discussed in terms of an ecological perspective on preschool quality in which intentional teaching needs to be directed at language and literacy learning in both individual, small, and whole-group interactions.
Connecting characterizations of equivalence of expressions: design research in Grade 5 by bridging graphical and symbolic representations
Authors: Tondorf Alexandra , Prediger Susanne 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOne typical challenge in algebra education is that many students justify the equivalence of expressions only by referring to transformation rules that they perceive as arbitrary without being able to justify these rules. A good algebraic understanding involves connecting the transformation rules to other characterizations of equivalence of expressions (e.g., description equivalence that both expressions describe the same situation or figure). In order to overcome this disconnection even before variables are introduced, a design research study was conducted in Grade 5 to design and investigate an early algebra learning environment to establish stronger connections between different mental models and representations of equivalence of expressions. The qualitative analysis of design experiments with 14 fifth graders revealed deep insights into complexities of connecting representations. It confirmed that many students first relate the representations in ways that are too superficial without establishing deep connections. Analyzing successful students’ processes helped to identify an additional characterization that can support students in bridging the connection between other characterizations, which we call restructuring equivalence. By including learning opportunities for restructuring equivalence, students can be supported to compare expressions in graphical and symbolic representation simultaneously and dynamically. The design research study disentangles the complex requirements for realizing the design principle of connecting multiple representations, which should be of relevance beyond the specific concept of equivalence and applicable to other mathematical topics.
Visual system plasticity is differently mediated by cone opsin expression and chromophore composition in closely related cichlid species
Authors: Wilwert Elodie , Etienne Rampal S. , van de Zande Louis , Maan Martine E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity allows organisms to rapidly adjust to environmental changes. Cichlid fish inhabit a wide range of light environments and show a large diversity in visual system properties, which makes them a good model system to address the role of phenotypic plasticity in visual adaptation. Cichlid retinal cone pigments consist of opsin proteins bound to Vitamin A1or A2-derived chromophores. Plasticity in expression has been shown for cichlidopsingenes, but less is known about the contribution ofcyp27c1,the enzyme that converts Vitamin A1into A2,. Here, we studied bothopsinandcyp27c1expression patterns for three closely related cichlid species from different visual habitats in Lake Victoria, across different light treatments. We found differences incyp27c1as well as inopsinexpression patterns between the three species. Experimental light treatments affected the developmental trajectory ofcyp27c1expression in one species andopsinexpression in all three species. Within each species, we found large individual variation incyp27c1expression levels and no consistent association withopsinexpression levels. These results indicate that visual system plasticity of even closely related species can be differentially mediated byopsinandcyp27c1expression, possibly associated with species differences in visual niche.
Influence of pressure and composition on electronic properties, phonon frequencies, and sound velocity for the zinc-blende GaAs1-xNx alloy
Authors: Al Maaitah Ibtisam F. , Elkenany Elkenany B. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe investigated the electronic, phonon frequencies, and sound velocity of GaAs1-xNx ternary semiconductor alloys with the zinc-blende crystal structure over the entire nitrogen concentration range (with x from 0 to 1) using the empirical pseudo-potential model within the virtual crystal approximation including the compositional disorder effect. The pressure-dependent electronic, phonon frequencies and sound velocity of GaAs1-xNx ternary alloy have been studied. Our findings and the existing experimental data are found to be in good agreement. According to the dependence on pressure, a rising bandgap is predicted for GaAs1-xNx alloys at high-pressure values. According to the findings of this study, the GaAs1-xNx characteristics could have substantial optoelectronic applications in the infrared and mid-infrared spectral ranges.
Fourth Order Schrödinger Equation with Mixed Dispersion on Certain Cartan-Hadamard Manifolds
Authors: Casteras Jean-Baptiste , Holopainen Ilkka 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the study of the following fourth order Schrödinger equation with mixed dispersion on $$M^N$$

M
N

, an N-dimensional Cartan-Hadamard manifold. Namely we consider $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} i\partial _t\psi = -\Delta _M^2\psi +\beta \Delta _M \psi +\lambda |\psi |^{2\sigma }\psi \quad \text {in }\mathbb {R}\times M,\\ \psi (0,\cdot )=\psi _0\in X, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

i

∂
t

ψ
=
-

Δ
M
2

ψ
+
β

Δ
M

ψ
+
λ

|
ψ
|

2
σ

ψ

in

R
×
M
,

ψ

(
0
,
·
)

=

ψ
0

∈
X
,

where $$\beta \ge 0$$

β
≥
0

, $$\lambda =\{-1,1\}$$

λ
=
{
-
1
,
1
}

, $$0<\sigma < 4/(N-4)_+$$

0
<
σ
<
4
/

(
N
-
4
)

+

, $$\Delta _M$$

Δ
M

is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on M and $$X=L^2 (M)$$

X
=

L
2

(
M
)

or $$X=H^2 (M)$$

X
=

H
2

(
M
)

. At first, we focus on the case where M is the hyperbolic space $$\mathbb {H}^N$$

H

N

. Using the fact that there exists a Fourier transform on this space, we prove the existence of a global solution to (4NLS) as well as scattering for small initial data provided that $$N\ge 4$$

N
≥
4

and $$0<\sigma < 4/N$$

0
<
σ
<
4
/
N

if $$X=L^2 (\mathbb {H}^N)$$

X
=

L
2

(

H

N

)

or $$0<\sigma < 4/(N-4)_+$$

0
<
σ
<
4
/

(
N
-
4
)

+

if $$X=H^2 (\mathbb {H}^N)$$

X
=

H
2

(

H

N

)

. Next, we obtained weighted Strichartz estimates for radial solutions to (4NLS) on a large class of rotationally symmetric manifolds by adapting the method of Banica and Duyckaerts (Dyn. Partial Differ. Equ., 07). Finally, we give a blow-up result for a rotationally symmetric manifold relying on a localized virial argument.
The Use of MM/QM Calculations of 13C Chemical Shifts in the Analysis of Edaravone Tautomers
Authors: Abraham Raymond J. , Cooper M. Ashley , Aghamohammadi Amin , Afarinkia Kamyar , Liu Xiangli 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe13C NMR chemical shifts of the three Edaravone tautomers (keto, enol, and amine) were calculated using a combined molecular mechanics (Pcmod 9.1/MMFF94) and ab initio (GIAO (B3LYP/DFT, 6–31 + G(d)) model. This method gave such good agreement with experiment that the assignment of the complex spectrum of Edaravone in solution, which is a mixture of the three tautomers could be made. This has been attempted previously by various methods with diverse results. In CDCl3solution, the observed spectra show only one form, the keto tautomer, and this is also the case with acetonitrile solvent. Acetone solvent reacts with Edavarone in the NMR tube. In the other solvents studied, methanol, pyridine, DMSO, trifluoroethanol (TFE), there is a mixture of the tautomers with populations which vary with the solvent. The application of the shift predictions allows the assignment of the13C spectra to the three tautomers and from this the proportions of the tautomers in the solution. The results at times differ significantly from previous studies, and this is discussed.
New Discrete Formulation for Reduced Population Balance Equation: An Illustration to Crystallization
Authors: Singh Mehakpreet , Walker Gavin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on providing a discrete formulation for a reduced aggregation population balance equation. The new formulation is simpler, easier to code, and adaptable to any type of grid. The presented method is extended to address a mixed-suspension mixed-product removal (MSMPR) system where aggregation and nucleation are the primary mechanisms that affect particle characteristics (or distributions). The performance of the proposed formulation is checked and verified against the cell average technique using both gelling and non gelling kernels. The testing is carried out on two benchmarking applications, namely batch and MSMPR systems. The new technique is shown to be computationally less expensive (approximately 40%) and predict numerical results with higher precision even on a coarser grid. Even with a revised grid, the new approach tends to outperform the cell average technique while requiring less computational effort. Thus the new approach can be easily adapted to model the crystallization process arising in pharmaceutical sciences and chemical engineering.
No Grounds for Fictionalism
Authors: Knowles Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractI argue that fictionalism about grounding is unmotivated, focusing on Naomi Thompson’s (2022) recent proposal on which the utility of the grounding fiction lies in its facilitating communication about what metaphysically explains what. I show that, despite its apparent dialectical kinship with other metaphysical debates in which fictionalism has a healthy tradition, the grounding debate is different in two key respects. Firstly, grounding talk is not indispensable, nor even particularly convenient as a means of communicating about metaphysical explanation. This undermines the revolutionary proposal. Secondly, talk of grounding primarily occurs within metaphysics, which means the usual options for motivating a non-literal interpretation are ineffective. This undermines the hermeneutic proposal.
Exploring food security as a multidimensional topic: twenty years of scientific publications and recent developments
Authors: Righettini Maria Stella , Bordin Elisa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe scientific literature dealing with food security is vast and fragmented, making it difficult to understand the state of the art and potential development of scientific research on a central theme within sustainable development.The current article, starting from some milestone publications during the 1980s and 1990s about food poverty and good nutrition programmes, sets out the quantitative and qualitative aspects of a vast scientific production that could generate future food security research. It offers an overview of the topics that characterize the theoretical and empirical dimensions of food security, maps the state of the art, and highlights trends in publications’ ascending and descending themes. To this end the paper applies quantitative/qualitative methods to analyse more than 20,000 scientific articles published in Scopus between 2000 and 2020.Evidence suggests the need to find more robust links between micro studies on food safety and nutrition poverty and macro changes in food security, such as the impact of climate change on agricultural production and global food crises. However, the potential inherent in the extensive and multidisciplinary research on food safety encounters limitations, particularly the difficulty of theoretically and empirically connecting the global and regional dimensions of change (crisis) with meso (policy) and micro (individual behaviour) dimensions.