bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of alopecia areata: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Rashad Amira Fathy , Elgamal Emadeldin , Fouda Ibrahim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a common non‐scarring, inflammatory type of hair loss that affects people of all ages and genders.AimsTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 injection in the treatment of alopecia areata.Patients and MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial included a total of 60 adult patients with localized alopecia areata were randomly assigned into two groups. Group I consisted of thirty patients who received 1ml of intralesional injection of vitamin D3 every 4 weeks for a maximum of 3 sessions. Group II consisted of thirty patients who received intralesional injection of normal saline 0.9% every 4 weeks for 3 sessions as a control group. All patients had their serum levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D, TSH, antithyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies estimated before starting treatment. The 5‐point semiquantitative regrowth score (RGS) and dermoscopy were used to evaluate the therapeutic response.ResultsThere was statistically significant difference with p‐value <0.001 between two study groups regarding degree of improvement. Dermoscopic findings that explain signs of activity were decreased, and signs of improvement were appeared after the third months of treatment being better in intralesional vitamin D group. The adverse effects were negligible and transient, and there was no recurrence of lesions.ConclusionIntralesional vitamin D3 is an effective treatment option for localized patchy (not more than 40% of scalp distribution) alopecia areata. There is no relation between serum vitamin D3 and efficacy of treatment, so measuring vitamin D3 before starting treatment is not advised.
The formation mechanism of the bilayer capsular contracture after an augmentation mammoplasty with a rough‐surface prosthesis and its prevention and treatment
Authors: Chen Bao‐Feng , Chi Gang‐Yi , Li Ning , Mo Si‐Hui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to explore the formation mechanism of the bilayer capsular contracture after augmentation mammoplasty with a rough‐surface prosthesis and its prevention and treatment.MethodsThe nursing process, clinical signs, intraoperative findings, and pathological data after an augmentation mammoplasty with rough‐surface prosthesis were observed and collected, the formation mechanism of the bilayer capsular contracture was analyzed, and the prevention and treatment were also discussed.ResultsA total of 18 patients were included into the present study, among which 15 patients underwent capsule relaxation plus secondary augmentation mammoplasty and three patients encountered a single‐layer capsular contracture after the operation; the recurrence rate was 16%. All patients were followed up for 1–13 years without a presentation of recurrence.ConclusionsThe formation of the bilayer capsular contracture after augmentation mammoplasty is correlated with the formation of the inner capsule, inadequate separation of cavities, foreign body reaction, and an improper massage of the breasts, and the effective preventive measures include removing new cavities, resecting the capsular contracture capsule, stopping bleeding, replanting a rough‐surface or smooth prosthesis, and correcting breast massaging.
Immunohistochemical expression of regulatory T cells (CD4+ CD25+ bright FOXP3+) in pemphigus patients
Authors: Abd El‐Magid Wafaa Mohamed , Ahmed Sheren FM , Assaf Hanan , Abd Elkhalek Reham Ebraheem , Mohamed Marwa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundPemphigus is a series of autoimmune skin disorders caused by IgG. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that mostly block pathogenic immune responses mediated by self‐reactive cells; therefore, a lack of Tregs or a malfunction in their activity could lead to a loss of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity.AimsTo evaluate the expression of lesional and perilesional Treg markers (CD4+ CD25+ bright FOXP3+) in pemphigus patients.Patients and methodsTwenty‐three pemphigus patients and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. The expression of CD4, CD25, and Foxp3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThere was statistically significant increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes in lesional skin of pemphigus compared to perilesional skin and control group (p‐value: 0.001). There was statistically significant decrease in CD25+ and Foxp3+ cells in lesional skin compared to perilesional and control group (p‐value: <0.001, 0.025, respectively).ConclusionThe reduction of lesional skin Tregs may play an important role in the pemphigus pathogenesis.
Efficacy of botulinum toxin in masseter muscle hypertrophy for lower face contouring
Authors: Kundu Nisha , Kothari Rohit , Shah Nimish , Sandhu Sunmeet , Tripathy Durga Madhab , Galadari Hassan , Gold Michael H. , Goldman Mitchel P. , Kassir Martin , Schepler Hadrian , Grabbe Stephan , Goldust Mohamad 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMasseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH) usually presents with cosmetic concerns as it may lead to widening of the lower face. Apart from the traditional surgical approaches, botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injection is a non‐invasive treatment option available. There are no standard guidelines for this procedure.ObjectivesTo study the efficacy of botulinumtoxin A in MMH for lower face contouring.MethodologyThe Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, Google‐scholar, Science‐Direct database, and ResearchGate from inception until September 2021 were searched using the keywords “botulinumtoxin type A,” “masseter muscle hypertrophy,” “lower face contouring,” and “masseter botox.” All available retrospective and prospective studies, case‐series, case‐reports, and expert reviews were included with an emphasis on efficacy of BTA in MMH and units injected into the muscle, points of placement, adverse events, and the duration of its effect. Reference lists of the resultant articles, as well as relevant reviews, were also searched.Result40 articles were shortlisted for the review, of which 14 studies with sample‐size ≥10 in accordance with the study requirements were summarized in a tabular form for analysis and easy comparison and reference.ConclusionBTA injection is a non‐invasive, safe, and effective treatment for MMH. The optimum number of BTA units could not be ascertained due to wide variability in the studies as well as ethnicity of patients and extent or some measurement of MMH. The points of placement of injection should be well within the boundaries of the masseter muscle. The maximum effect of BTA after a single injection session is usually seen in ~3 months, and the duration may last for 6–12 months. Multiple injection sessions may be required to maintain a long‐term effect. Injection technique and total number of injection units of neuromodulator must be individualized for each patient.
Pregnancy‐induced hemorrhagic degeneration of adenomyosis
Authors: Nakanishi Megumi , Iriyama Takayuki , Sayama Seisuke , Hanaoka Shouhei , Toshimitsu Masatake , Seyama Takahiro , Sone Kenbun , Kumasawa Keiichi , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Osuga Yutaka 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUterine fibroids are known to degenerate during pregnancy, but it is unknown if similar pathologic condition occurs in adenomyosis. A 38‐year‐old para 1 woman exhibited uterine tenderness and a markedly elevated inflammatory response at 22 weeks of gestation. Based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings indicative of hemorrhagic components in an adenomyosis lesion, we judged these features resulted from degeneration of adenomyosis after excluding the possibility of underlying infection by amniocentesis. Although these symptoms improved with conservative management, nonreassuring fetal status prompted an emergency cesarean section at 27 weeks of gestation. MRI performed 4 months postpartum revealed the degeneration had completely disappeared. The present case confirms the presence of a pathologic condition—transient degeneration in adenomyosis—which is triggered by pregnancy.
Long‐term renal safety between patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving tenofovir vs. entecavir therapy: A multicenter study
Authors: Chon Young Eun , Park Soo Young , Kim Seung Up , Hong Han Pyo , Lee Jae Seung , Lee Hye Won , Kim Mi Na , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Beom Kyung 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRenal safety is a critical issue in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving long‐term entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir disofuroxil fumarate (TDF) therapy. We investigated their effects on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Treatment‐naive CHB patients receiving ETV or TDF for ≥1 year were recruited. The eGFR was assessed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. We calculated average annual percent change (AAPC) in eGFR using Joinpoint regression. At the beginning of the observation, the ETV group had more unfavorable conditions than the TDF group: lower eGFR and higher FIB‐4 and APRI than the TDF group (all p < .001). After 6 years of antiviral therapy, the mean eGFR in the ETV group (n = 1793) was maintained (96.0 at first year to 95.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 at sixth year; AAPC −0.09%; p = .322), whereas that in the TDF group (n = 1240) significantly decreased annually (101.9 at first year to 96.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 at sixth year; AAPC −0.88%; p < .001). Notably, in the TDF group, even patients without diabetes (AAPC −0.80%; p = 0.001) or hypertension (AAPC −0.87%; p = .001) experienced significant decrease in eGFR. Expectably, accompanying diabetes (AAPC −1.59%; p = .011) or hypertension (AAPC −1.00%; p = .002) tended to accelerate eGFR decrease. TDF treatment (odds ratio 1.66, p < .001), along with eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2, serum albumin<3.5 mg/dl, and hypertension, were independently associated with ongoing renal dysfunction, defined as a negative slope of the mean eGFR change. In conclusion, compared with ETV, long‐term TDF treatment induced slow, but progressive renal dysfunction. Although the annual eGFR change by TDF was small, careful monitoring is necessary, especially in patients requiring life‐long therapy.
Risk of hepatic and extrahepatic cancer in NAFLD: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Björkström Karl , Widman Linnea , Hagström Hannes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsIndividuals with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be at greater risk of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the risk of hepatic and extrahepatic cancer compared to the general population in a population‐based cohort of patients with NAFLD.MethodsWe used the Swedish National Patient Registry from 1987 to 2016 to identify patients with a NAFLD diagnosis and no prior cancer. All patients with NAFLD were compared to up to 10 controls matched for age, sex and living location. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of any cancer as ascertained from national registries. As secondary outcomes, we analysed the risk of pre‐specified cancer subtypes. Cox regression models, adjusted for baseline diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were applied.ResultsWe identified 8415 patients with NAFLD. Over a median follow‐up of 6.0 years (IQR 2.5–11.2 years), an increased risk for any cancer was found in patients with NAFLD compared to controls (9.7 vs. 8.6 cases per 1000 person‐years): hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22 (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.12–1.33). The risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was particularly high (adjusted HR, aHR = 12.18, 95% CI = 7.15–20.79). The risk for some other cancer subtypes increased (colorectal [aHR 1.38], kidney [aHR 2.12], bladder [aHR 2.51] and uterine [aHR 1.78]), but was low in absolute terms.ConclusionIn this population‐based cohort, NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of developing cancer (especially HCC). The absolute risk for other forms of cancer was generally comparable to the control population.
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging‐based prognostic model for mass‐forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Rhee Hyungjin , Choi Sang Hyun , Park Ji Hoon , Cho Eun‐Suk , Yeom Suk‐Keu , Park Sumi , Han Kyunghwa , Lee Seung Soo , Park Mi‐Suk 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground & AimsAs most staging systems for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) are based on pathological results, preoperative prognostic prediction is limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a prognostic model for the overall survival of patients with mass‐forming iCCA (MF‐iCCA) using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings.MethodsWe enrolled a total of 316 patients who underwent preoperative MRI and surgical resection for treatment‐naive MF‐iCCA from six institutions, between January 2009 and December 2015. The subjects were randomly assigned to a training set (n = 208) or validation set (n = 108). The MRIs were independently reviewed by three abdominal radiologists. Using MRI and clinical findings, an MRI prognostic score was established. We compared the discrimination performance of MRI prognostic scores with those of conventional pathological staging systems.ResultsWe developed an MRI prognostic score consisting of serum CA19‐9 and three MRI findings (tumour multiplicity, lymph node metastasis and bile duct invasion). The MRI prognostic score demonstrated good discrimination performance in both the training set (C‐index, 0.738; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.698–0.780) and validation set (C‐index, 0.605; 95% CI, 0.526–0.680). In the validation set, MRI prognostic score showed no significant difference with AJCC 8th TNM stage, MEGNA score and Nathan’s stage.ConclusionsOur MRI prognostic score for overall survival of MF‐iCCA showed comparable discriminatory performance with pathological staging systems and might be used to determine an optimal treatment strategy.
Deep connections: Divergence histories with gene flow in mesophotic Agaricia corals
Authors: Prata Katharine E. , Riginos Cynthia , Gutenkunst Ryan N. , Latijnhouwers Kelly R. W. , Sánchez Juan A. , Englebert Norbert , Hay Kyra B. , Bongaerts Pim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLargely understudied, mesophotic coral ecosystems lie below shallow reefs (at >30 m depth) and comprise ecologically distinct communities. Brooding reproductive modes appear to predominate among mesophotic‐specialist corals and may limit genetic connectivity among populations. Using reduced representation genomic sequencing, we assessed spatial population genetic structure at 50 m depth in an ecologically important mesophotic‐specialist species Agaricia grahamae, among locations in the Southern Caribbean. We also tested for hybridisation with the closely related (but depth‐generalist) species Agaricia lamarcki, within their sympatric depth zone (50 m). In contrast to our expectations, no spatial genetic structure was detected between the reefs of Curaçao and Bonaire (~40 km apart) within A. grahamae. However, cryptic taxa were discovered within both taxonomic species, with those in A. lamarcki (incompletely) partitioned by depth and those in A. grahamae occurring sympatrically (at the same depth). Hybrid analyses and demographic modelling identified contemporary and historical gene flow among cryptic taxa, both within and between A. grahamae and A. lamarcki. These results (1) indicate that spatial connectivity and subsequent replenishment may be possible between islands of moderate geographic distances for A. grahamae, an ecologically important mesophotic species, (2) that cryptic taxa occur in the mesophotic zone and environmental selection along shallow to mesophotic depth gradients may drive divergence in depth‐generalists such as A. lamarcki, and (3) highlight that gene flow links taxa within this relativity diverse Caribbean genus.
Selection in space and time: Individual tree growth is adapted to tropical forest gap dynamics
Authors: Schmitt Sylvain , Tysklind Niklas , Heuertz Myriam , Hérault Bruno 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTropical forest dynamics are driven by growth and survival strategies of tree species in relation to treefall gaps; however, the ecological and evolutionary roles of intraspecific variation in the response to forest gaps remain unexplored. Here, we associated genomic data of three related tree species of the genus Symphonia in a French Guiana forest with (1) each individual tree's growth potential, and (2) with its light and competition environment estimated based on 33 years of forest monitoring in plots covering 120 ha. We show that individual trees within species have genetically determined growth strategies that are adapted to the local light and competition environments, which are shaped by the time since the last treefall. Within species, fast‐growing genotypes are more frequent in light‐enriched environments and slow‐growing genotypes in more shaded environments. Forest gap dynamics is thus a strong selection driver that shapes adaptive strategies and maintains genetic variation within tropical tree species.
Polygenic routes lead to parallel altitudinal adaptation in Heliosperma pusillum (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Szukala Aglaia , Lovegrove‐Walsh Jessica , Luqman Hirzi , Fior Simone , Wolfe Thomas M. , Frajman Božo , Schönswetter Peter , Paun Ovidiu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how organisms adapt to the environment is a major goal of modern biology. Parallel evolution—the independent evolution of similar phenotypes in different populations—provides a powerful framework to investigate the evolutionary potential of populations, the constraints of evolution, its repeatability and therefore its predictability. Here, we quantified the degree of gene expression and functional parallelism across replicated ecotype formation in Heliosperma pusillum (Caryophyllaceae), and gained insights into the architecture of adaptive traits. Population structure analyses and demographic modelling support a previously formulated hypothesis of parallel polytopic divergence of montane and alpine ecotypes. We detect a large proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) underlying divergence within each replicate ecotype pair, with a strikingly low number of shared DEGs across pairs. Functional enrichment of DEGs reveals that the traits affected by significant expression divergence are largely consistent across ecotype pairs, in strong contrast to the nonshared genetic basis. The remarkable redundancy of differential gene expression indicates a polygenic architecture for the diverged adaptive traits. We conclude that polygenic traits appear key to opening multiple routes for adaptation, widening the adaptive potential of organisms.
Distinct microbiota composition and fermentation products indicate functional compartmentalization in the hindgut of a marine herbivorous fish
Authors: Pardesi Bikiran , Roberton Anthony M. , Lee Kevin C. , Angert Esther R. , Rosendale Douglas I. , Boycheva Svetlana , White William L. , Clements Kendall D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany marine herbivorous fishes harbour diverse microbial communities in the hindgut that can play important roles in host health and nutrition. Kyphosus sydneyanus is a temperate marine herbivorous fish that feeds predominantly on brown seaweeds. We employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography to characterize microbial communities and their metabolites in different hindgut regions of six K. sydneyanus. Measurements were confined to three distal sections of the intestine, labelled III, IV and V from anterior to posterior. A total of 625 operational taxonomic units from 20 phyla and 123 genera were obtained. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the major phyla in mean relative abundance, which varied along the gut. Firmicutes (76%) was the most dominant group in section III, whereas Bacteroidota (69.3%) dominated section V. Total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration was highest in sections IV and V, confirming active fermentation in these two most distal sections. The abundance of Bacteroidota correlated with propionate concentration in section V, while Firmicutes positively correlated with formate in sections III and IV. Acetate levels were highest in sections IV and V, which correlated with abundance of Bacteroidota. Despite differences in gut microbial community composition, SCFA profiles were consistent between individual fish in the different hindgut regions of K. sydneyanus, although proportions of SCFAs differed among gut sections. These findings demonstrate functional compartmentalization of the hindgut microbial community, highlighting the need for regional sampling when interpreting overall microbiome function. These results support previous work suggesting that hindgut microbiota in marine herbivorous fish are important to nutrition in some host species by converting dietary carbohydrates into metabolically useful SCFAs.
Genomic analysis of a parasite invasion: Colonization of the Americas by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Platt Roy N. , Le Clec'h Winka , Chevalier Frédéric D. , McDew‐White Marina , LoVerde Philip T. , Ramiro de Assis Rafael , Oliveira Guilherme , Kinung'hi Safari , Djirmay Amadou Garba , Steinauer Michelle L. , Gouvras Anouk , Rabone Muriel , Allan Fiona , Webster Bonnie L. , Webster Joanne P. , Emery Aidan M. , Rollinson David , Anderson Timothy J. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, a snail‐borne, blood fluke that infects humans, was introduced into the Americas from Africa during the Trans‐Atlantic slave trade. As this parasite shows strong specificity to the snail intermediate host, we expected that adaptation to South American Biomphalaria spp. snails would result in population bottlenecks and strong signatures of selection. We scored 475,081 single nucleotide variants in 143 S. mansoni from the Americas (Brazil, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico) and Africa (Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda), and used these data to ask: (i) Was there a population bottleneck during colonization? (ii) Can we identify signatures of selection associated with colonization? (iii) What were the source populations for colonizing parasites? We found a 2.4‐ to 2.9‐fold reduction in diversity and much slower decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in parasites from East to West Africa. However, we observed similar nuclear diversity and LD in West Africa and Brazil, suggesting no strong bottlenecks and limited barriers to colonization. We identified five genome regions showing selection in the Americas, compared with three in West Africa and none in East Africa, which we speculate may reflect adaptation during colonization. Finally, we infer that unsampled populations from central African regions between Benin and Angola, with contributions from Niger, are probably the major source(s) for Brazilian S. mansoni. The absence of a bottleneck suggests that this is a rare case of a serendipitous invasion, where S. mansoni parasites were pre‐adapted to the Americas and able to establish with relative ease.