bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aesthetic Enkratic Principle
Authors: Martínez Marín Irene 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
There is a dimension of rationality, known as structural rationality, according to which a paradigmatic example of what it means to be rational is not to be akratic. Although some philosophers claim that aesthetics falls within the scope of rationality, a non-akrasia constraint prohibiting certain combinations of attitudes is yet to be developed in this domain. This essay is concerned with the question of whether such a requirement is plausible and, if so, whether it is an actual requirement of aesthetic rationality. Ultimately, this paper defends the view that aesthetics is no different from other domains in that it requires coherence between a subject’s mental states (in the aesthetic case, between what is judged and what is aesthetically liked).
Foliar water uptake in Pinus species depends on needle age and stomatal wax structures
Authors: Roth-Nebelsick Anita , Hacke Uwe G , Voigt Dagmar , Schreiber Stefan G , Krause Matthias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background and aims
Foliar water uptake (FWU) has been documented in many species and is increasingly recognized as a non-trivial factor in plant–water relationships. However, it remains unknown whether FWU is a widespread phenomenon in Pinus species, and how it may relate to needle traits such as the form and structure of stomatal wax plugs. In this contribution, these questions were addressed by studying FWU in current-year and 1-year-old needles of seven Pinus species.

Methods
We monitored FWU gravimetrically and analysed the needle surface via cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we considered the effect of artificial wax erosion by application of the surfactant Triton X-100, which is able to alter wax crystals.

Key results
The results show for all species that (1) FWU occurred, (2) FWU is higher in old needles compared to young needles and (3) there is substantial erosion of stomatal wax plugs in old needles. FWU was highest in Pinus canariensis, which has a thin stomatal wax plug. Surfactant treatment enhanced FWU.

Conclusions
The results of this study provide evidence for (1) widespread FWU in Pinus, (2) the influence of stomatal wax plugs on FWU and (3) age-related needle surface erosion.
A stable sensory map emerges from a dynamic equilibrium of neurons with unstable tuning properties
Authors: Chambers Anna R , Aschauer Dominik F , Eppler Jens-Bastian , Kaschube Matthias , Rumpel Simon 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRecent long-term measurements of neuronal activity have revealed that, despite stability in large-scale topographic maps, the tuning properties of individual cortical neurons can undergo substantial reformatting over days. To shed light on this apparent contradiction, we captured the sound response dynamics of auditory cortical neurons using repeated 2-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. We measured sound-evoked responses to a set of pure tone and complex sound stimuli in more than 20,000 auditory cortex neurons over several days. We found that a substantial fraction of neurons dropped in and out of the population response. We modeled these dynamics as a simple discrete-time Markov chain, capturing the continuous changes in responsiveness observed during stable behavioral and environmental conditions. Although only a minority of neurons were driven by the sound stimuli at a given time point, the model predicts that most cells would at least transiently become responsive within 100 days. We observe that, despite single-neuron volatility, the population-level representation of sound frequency was stably maintained, demonstrating the dynamic equilibrium underlying the tonotopic map. Our results show that sensory maps are maintained by shifting subpopulations of neurons “sharing” the job of creating a sensory representation.
Are classrooms equalizers or amplifiers of inequality? A genetically informative investigation of educational performance
Authors: Stienstra Kim , Knigge Antonie , Maas Ineke , de Zeeuw Eveline L , Boomsma Dorret I 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We investigate the influence of the classroom environment on educational performance and its dependency on parental socio-economic status (SES). The classroom environment can have a compensatory effect and decrease educational inequality, in which case the classroom context is more important for children originating from lower SES families. Alternatively, there can be an amplifying effect, in which case the classroom environment is more important for high-SES children. This would increase educational inequality. We investigate the two alternatives by applying a twin design to data from 4,216 twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Register (birth cohorts 1991–2002). Some twin pairs share a classroom and other twins from the same pair are in different classrooms. We use this fact to decompose the variance in educational performance at the end of primary school into four components: genetic variance, classroom variance, shared environmental variance, and non-shared environmental variance. We find that of the total variance in educational performance, only a small part (2 per cent) can be attributed to differences between classrooms within schools. The influence of the classroom was larger when the level of parental SES was lower (up to 7.7 per cent) indicating a compensatory effect.
Cuttlefish conservation: a global review of methods to ameliorate unwanted fishing mortality and other anthropogenic threats to sustainability
Authors: Barrett C J , Bensbai J , Broadhurst M K , Bustamante P , Clark R , Cooke G M , Di Cosmo A , Drerup C , Escolar O , Fernández-Álvarez F A , Ganias K , Hall K C , Hanlon R T , Hernández-Urcera J , Hua Q Q H , Lacoue-Labarthe T , Lewis J , Lishchenko F , Maselli V , Moustahfid H , Nakajima R , O’Brien C E , Parkhouse L , Pengelly S , Pierce G J , Ramírez J G , Robin J-P , Sajikumar K K , Sasikumar G , Smith C L , Villanueva R , Yến D T H 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cuttlefish are an important global fisheries resource, and their demand is placing increasing pressure on populations in many areas, necessitating conservation measures. We reviewed evidence from case studies spanning Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia encompassing diverse intervention methods (fisheries closures, protected areas, habitat restoration, fishing-gear modifications, promoting egg survival, and restocking), and we also discuss the effects of pollution on cuttlefish. We conclude: (1) spatio-temporal closures need to encompass substantial portions of a species’ range and protect at least one major part of their life cycle; (2) fishing-gear modifications have the potential to reduce unwanted cuttlefish capture, but more comprehensive trials are needed; (3) egg survival can be improved by diverting and salvaging from traps; (4) existing lab rearing and restocking may not produce financially viable results; and (5) fisheries management policies should be regularly reviewed in light of rapid changes in cuttlefish stock status. Further, citizen science can provide data to reduce uncertainty in empirical assessments. The information synthesized in this review will guide managers and stakeholders to implement regulations and conservation initiatives that increase the productivity and sustainability of fisheries interacting with cuttlefish, and highlights gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed.
Development of Novel Early Detection Technology for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Sanders Meg , Tardani Renee , Locher Alexandra , Geller Kathryn , Partridge Charlyn G 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, threatens hemlock forests throughout eastern North America. Management efforts focus on early detection of HWA to ensure rapid management responses to control and stop the spread of this pest. This study’s goal was to identify an affordable, efficient trap to aid with airborne environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling approaches as an early monitoring tool for HWA. We initially compared HWA detection success between a standard sticky trap, commonly used for HWA monitoring, and trap designs potentially compatible with eDNA protocols (i.e., passive trap, funnel trap, and motorized trap). Passive, funnel, and motorized traps’ estimated capture success probabilities compared to sticky traps were 0.87, 0.8, and 0.4, respectively. A secondary evaluation of a modified version of the motorized trap further assessed trap performance and determined the number of traps needed in a set area to efficiently detect HWA. By modifying the original motorized trap design, its estimated capture success probability increased to 0.67 compared to a sticky trap. Overall, the cumulative capture success over the 16-week sampling period for the motorized trap was 94% and 99% for the sticky trap. The number of traps did impact capture success, and trap elevation and distance to infested hemlocks influenced the number of adelgids captured per trap. As eDNA-based monitoring approaches continue to become incorporated into invasive species surveying, further refinement with these types of traps can be useful as an additional tool in the manager’s toolbox.
Miscible fluids mixing via alternating injection in a radial Hele-Shaw cell: experimental and numerical studies
Authors: Chou Chi-Chian , Kumar Avdhesh , Lu Po-Chun , Chen Ching-Yao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An alternating injection scheme is experimentally employed to study the mixing performance of miscible viscous fluids in a radial Hele-Shaw cell. The concept of the covered area is introduced to quantify the mixing efficiency and various numerical simulations are performed to support and verify the experimental results. It has been observed that the alternating injection can improve the mixing efficiency, depending on the prominence of the channeling interactions. The alternating injection can effectively improve the mixing efficiency under certain conditions, where weaker fingering interactions are dominated by diffusive mixing. However, the results under the high Péclet number conditions are inconsistent, i.e. the mixing efficiency is reduced due to the emergence of orderly viscous fingers prevailing random chaotic interactions. This phenomenon is similar to the channeling interaction in the heterogeneous permeability fields in which less viscous fluid flows through favorable paths due to the local pressure difference between two successively emerging fingers.
On the computational properties of basic mathematical notions
Authors: Normann Dag , Sanders Sam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe investigate the computational properties of basic mathematical notions pertaining to ${\mathbb R}\rightarrow {\mathbb R}$-functions and subsets of ${\mathbb R}$, like finiteness, countability, (absolute) continuity, bounded variation, suprema and regularity. We work in higher-order computability theory based on Kleene’s S1–S9 schemes. We show that the aforementioned italicised properties give rise to two huge and robust classes of computationally equivalent operations, the latter based on well-known theorems from the mainstream mathematics literature. As part of this endeavour, we develop an equivalent $\lambda $-calculus formulation of S1–S9 that accommodates partial objects. We show that the latter are essential to our enterprise via the study of countably based and partial functionals of type $3$.
Firearm-Related Issues in Therapeutic Contexts
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the application of gun-related considerations to therapeutic contexts in which medical and mental health professionals often find themselves. For instance, it addresses such in relation to conducting mental health intakes, screenings, and routine assessments in both inpatient and outpatient settings. In addition, readers are presented with Pirelli et al.’s Know, Ask, and Do (KAD) model, which is applied here to navigating scenarios in which patients have likely access to guns. Furthermore, this chapter sets forth considerations for responding to patients’ requests for gun-specific “clearance,” as well as for treating law enforcement, corrections, military, and related professionals. Lastly, considerations for conducting mental health evaluations and comprehensive assessments at the outpatient and inpatient levels are addressed.
Ethical Considerations for Medical and Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides medical and mental health professionals with an overview of ethical considerations across disciplines. Specifically, the purpose of ethics codes and professional guidelines is reviewed, followed by relevant notations to the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Counseling Association, and the American Mental Health Counselors Association. Two sets of guidelines are also addressed, those of the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. The chapter then consists of a review of ethical decision-making models, whereby forensic psychology is highlighted as exemplar, and the application of such models to firearm-related contexts is addressed. Then, biased decision-making is noted via a review of concepts such as hired guns, forensic identification, adversarial allegiance, and cognitive bias. The final section addresses ethical principles and professional guidelines particularly relevant to firearm-related matters; namely, identifying the client; dual roles and relationships, the “therefore” problem, and weapon focus; termination of services; cultural competence and personal beliefs and experiences; breaking confidentiality, including but not limited to duty to warn and protect provisions; and considerations for internet-based data.
Navigating Violent Spaces
Authors: Moeschberger Scott L. , White BreeAnna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Children who are in alternative care facilities experience unacceptable rates of violence prior to entering care, during care, and potentially after they leave care. Prior to a transition into care, children are often exposed to violence in the home through abuse or neglect, or in their community or broader socioecological context. This chapter uses a polyvictimization framework to explore how violence impacts children in various types of alternative care from larger scale institutions such as orphanages to family-based care models like foster care. Children face increased risks of violence across this continuum and continue to be vulnerable after they “age out” of the alternative care available for them. Institutional care heightens the risk of trafficking both into and out of orphanages. Policy implications are discussed, including strengthening protective policies, increased research attention to the context and scope of violence against children, and strengthening training and resourcing for caregivers.
Teacher Violence
Authors: Hecker Tobias , Masath Faustine Bwire , Ssenyonga Joseph , Nkuba Mabula , Hermenau Katharin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter first focuses on the global prevalence of teacher violence in schools, taking an in-depth look at countries on the African continent. Subsequently, it provides an overview of the possible drivers and consequences of teacher violence on the mental health and well-being as well as psychosocial and academic functioning of children. The third part of the chapter deals with the prevention of teacher violence. First, it gives an overview of evidence-based prevention approaches and then presents the intervention approach Interaction Competencies with Children—for Teacher (ICC-T) in more depth. The chapter concludes with a summary of the current state of the research field and provides an outlook on future priorities for research and prevention.
Addressing Violence Against Children in Low-Resource and Humanitarian Settings
Authors: Puffer Eve S. , Johnson Savannah L. , Sim Amanda L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Violence against children is an enormous global problem and one of the many adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that have long-term effects on children’s physical and psychological health. ACEs are more likely to occur in the context of poverty, multiplying family stressors and compounding consequences on child development. This chapter focuses on interpersonal violence within resource-constrained households and communities globally, including humanitarian settings. Family-based interventions have great potential in low-resource settings for prevention and reduction of violence, as well as promotion of protective factors to bolster resilience. Parenting and family-strengthening approaches have reduced harsh discipline and improved positive family interactions. This chapter reviews three specific examples: a parenting intervention in post-conflict Liberia, a family-strengthening approach for Burmese migrant families in Thailand, and a family therapy–based approach in Kenya. Future directions include development and evaluation of multilevel interventions that integrate family-strengthening approaches with multilevel poverty alleviation strategies.
Psychosocial Support for Syrian Refugee Youth
Authors: Townsend Dana , Raknes Solfrid , Hammoud Mahmoud 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
There is an urgent need for upscaling accessible mental health interventions to support refugees. The current study uses mixed methods to examine the impact of the Helping Hand, a digital cognitive behavioral game for Syrian adolescents in Beqaa and Arsal, Lebanon. The game was implemented as part of a larger blended learning program during two separate trials, which each varied regarding the facilitators’ background and the amount of training and support provided. In total, 15 group facilitators and 35 groups of displaced Syrian adolescents (N = 372) took part in a 10-session program from March to September 2021. Results showed that the program resulted in significantly higher well-being among adolescents when the group facilitators received more training and support. This study contributes to evidence on the potential for e-health and serious games to enhance well-being for all, including displaced youth growing up in poverty.
Measuring trust in institutions
Authors: Carlsson Fredrik , Demeke Eyoual , Martinsson Peter , Tesemma Tewodros 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Trust in institutions is important for economic prosperity. We present results from a field study where we compare stated trust in institutions in general, stated trust in employees at institutions, and amount sent to employees at institutions using a trust game. Including more than 250 entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, we examine levels of trust towards entrepreneurship development agency, district administration, tax authority, and electric utility. There is a positive and sizeable significant correlation between stated trust and trust game. Furthermore, we find that generalized trust is weakly correlated with trust in specific institutions both compared with stated trust, and trust game. Given the large heterogeneity in levels of trust to specific institutions, we argue it is important to elicit institution-specific levels of trust.
Making the cut: How panel reviewers use evaluation devices to select applications at the European Research Council
Authors: Brunet Lucas , Müller Ruth 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe European Research Council (ERC) receives many high-quality applications, but funds only a few. We analyze how members of ERC review panels assess applications in the first, highly competitive step of evaluations for ERC Starting and Consolidator Grants. Drawing on interviews with ERC panel members in different fields, we show that they adopt a set of evaluation devices that offer pragmatic and standardized ways of evaluating in a time-constrained and highly competitive setting. Through the use of evaluation devices, panel reviewers enact and generate a distinct reviewing expertise that encompasses subject-specific knowledge and knowledge about how to accomplish evaluation within a situated setting. We find that ERC panel reviewers employ four evaluation devices during the first step of ERC reviews: first, reviewers base judgments on applicants’ prior achievements (delegation devices); second, they adjust their evaluations of individual applications to the quality of a given set of applications (calibration devices); third, they combine multiple elements to assess the feasibility of proposals (articulation devices); and finally, they consider the impact of the proposed research on science and society (contribution devices). We show that the current use of these devices generates what we have termed evaluative pragmatism: a mode of reviewing that is shaped by and accommodated to the need to review many high-quality proposals in a short time period with possibly limited expert knowledge. In conclusion, we discuss how the prevalence of evaluative pragmatism in the first step of ERC panel reviews shapes candidate selection, particularly regarding human and epistemic diversity in European research.
DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN BLACK AND WHITE SANDS USED FOR BUILDINGS AND ESTIMATION OF RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION OF ETHIOPIA
Authors: Abate Tadesse , Eshete Sitotaw 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
One hundred and two black and white sand samples were compiled from disparate sand excavates from the affluent rivers of Lake Tana. The supreme values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were calculated in Bq Kg−1 units from black sand samples, while the undermost deals were found from pieces of white sand. The potential radiological health parameters were sized up by determining the radium equivalent progressively activity (Raeq), outdoor immersed gamma potion rate (Dout), annual effective potion rate, internal hazard (Hin) and external hazard (Hex) indices and gamma index from using those sands in the erection of dwellings and large buildings. The outcomes acquired show that the annual potion immersed by occupants due to sand construction use in the north-west region of Ethiopia is &lt;1.0 mSv y−1, while the outdoor absorbed dose rate, gamma index and internal hazard index are higher than the quoted values of 55 nG h−1, 1 and 1, respectively.
COMBINING HI-RESOLUTION SCAN MODE WITH DEEP LEARNING RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS IN CARDIAC CT
Authors: Mørup Svea Deppe , Stowe John , Precht Helle , Kusk Martin Weber , Lambrechtsen Jess , Foley Shane J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
To investigate the impact of combining the high-resolution (Hi-res) scan mode with deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithm in CT. Two phantoms (Catphan600® and Lungman, small, medium, large size) were CT scanned using combinations of Hi-res/standard mode and high-definition (HD)/standard kernels. Images were reconstructed with ASiR-V and three levels of DLIR. Spatial resolution, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were assessed. The radiation dose was recorded. The spatial resolution increased using Hi-res & HD. Image noise in the Catphan600® (69%) and the Lungman (10–70%) significantly increased when Hi-res & HD was applied. DLIR reduced the mean noise (54%). The CNR was reduced (64%) for Hi-res & HD. The radiation dose increased for both small (+70%) and medium (+43%) Lungman phantoms but decreased slightly for the large ones (−3%) when Hi-res was applied. In conclusion, the Hi-res scan mode improved the spatial resolution. The HD kernel significantly increased the image noise. DLIR improved the image noise and CNR and did not affect the spatial resolution.