bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enduring Controversies in Corporate Law
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the emergence of the modern public corporation in the United Kingdom and the United States. Anglo-American scholars, in particular, often approach this topic with a singular archetype in mind—widely dispersed ownership of freely transferable stock by passive investors; highly centralized management through a powerful board of directors; fiduciary obligations strongly emphasizing shareholders’ interests; and substantial insulation from liability exposure for boards and shareholders alike. Bruner’s analysis, however, emphasizes the flux and dynamism that in fact characterized the historical emergence of the modern public corporation, suggesting that the attributes of the corporate form are less static and rigid than contemporary accounts suggest. Bruner then turns to long-standing controversies in corporate governance that remain hotly contested today—notably, who ought to have the last word in corporate decision-making, whose interests ought to guide corporate decision-making, and how much risk-taking is desirable. The fact that such fundamental issues remain unsettled underscores the need for a re-conceptualization of the corporate form and corporate law.
Corporate Pathologies and Corporate Sustainability
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The prior chapter argues that the corporate form is better conceptualized as a flexible legal technology, and subsequent chapters explore several alternative calibrations of the corporate form. This chapter establishes some baselines for evaluating those alternative calibrations. First, it explores the concept of sustainability—increasingly regarded as an imperative for our long-term survival—and assesses the merits of sustainability as a normative metric relative to alternative concepts that emphasize corporate responsibility. Second, it explores some of the principal corporate pathologies that have impeded the achievement of corporate sustainability, further informing assessment of how and when alternative calibrations of the corporate technology might prove advantageous. Finally, it explores the potential for disclosure strategies and novel accounting systems to reflect the impacts of corporate production more fully, whether through narrative supplements or by bringing them directly to bear upon a corporation’s financial statements.
The Life and Works of Niścaldās
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life and works of Niścaldās, examining how a member of a devotional (bhakti) order steeped in vernacular traditions came to write an authoritative exposition of Advaita Vedānta, which is usually viewed as a Sanskrit tradition. The chapter focuses on three institutions—the Dādū Panth, the system of traditional education in Banaras, and a Rajput court—and their role in shaping Niścaldās’s works. Using details from Niścaldās’s life, the chapter argues that Advaita Vedānta already enjoyed considerable popularity in North India prior to the British colonial period, contrary to a widespread scholarly view that the “privileging” of Vedānta can be traced to the work of orientalist scholars and Hindu reformers.
Niścaldās and Hindi Vedānta
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Niścaldās’s choice to write in the vernacular is more significant than it might seem, entailing issues of scriptural authority, the path to liberation, claims to the uniqueness of Sanskrit, śāstric prohibitions of vernacular works, and the connections between language and community. The chapter also argues that the widely accepted “Sanskrit vs. vernacular” binary is too limiting. In fact, Niścaldās was heir to two classical traditions: a classical Sanskrit tradition and a classical Hindi tradition, both of which can be contrasted with the ordinary vernacular of Niścaldās’s day. Finally, the chapter traces sources and models for The Ocean of Inquiry, drawing attention to a much wider, largely unexplored tradition of Hindi Vedānta to which Niścaldās was responding.
Introduction
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Introduction explains the aims and scope of the book as the first substantial survey of historical writing about Wales and the Welsh, including how it both builds on and challenges previous studies. Welsh history writing owed much of its coherence to the significant continuity in approaches from the early Middle Ages to the modern period, including the focus on the origins of the Welsh and their history down to the Edwardian conquest in the late thirteenth century and an enduring preoccupation with the place of Wales and the Welsh in Britain. However, it was also characterized by considerable variety and the book adopts a broad definition of what Welsh history writing consisted of. A fundamental premise is that accounts of Welsh history written in the centuries before the professionalization of historical study from the late nineteenth century onwards throw significant light on the cultural and intellectual history of Wales, and on ideas of Welsh identity, at the time they were produced. They therefore should not be viewed merely as an amateur prelude to modern academic history writing, although they helped to inform the content and preoccupations of the latter.
Prologue
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses key themes in medieval Welsh understandings of the past and summarizes the political history of medieval Wales and the contexts in which historical texts were written. The themes are introduced with reference to the historical works that open the Red Book of Hergest, a major compilation of Welsh-language texts commissioned towards the end of the fourteenth century by Hopcyn ap Tomas, a cultured member of the Welsh gentry also known for his expertise in political prophecy. The chapter emphasizes the importance of the idea that the Welsh were descendants of the Britons who had once held sovereignty over the island of Britain, and were thus believed to be ultimately descended from the Trojans. One central question addressed is how far this British dimension, together with the political divisions of Wales and the impact of English domination and conquest, complicate the claims of medieval Welsh history writing to be regarded as an example of national history comparable with medieval histories of the Irish, English, and French.
Curating the Past in a Conquered Land, 1282–1540
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the significance of the unprecedented growth in Welsh historical writing, mostly in the Welsh language, in the period from the Edwardian conquest of Wales to the Reformation and Acts of Union. This consisted mainly of curating and consolidating works produced earlier in the Middle Ages rather than the composition of new texts. For scribes and patrons, the history that mattered most concerned the Britons and their Welsh successors under the princes whose rule had ended in 1282. By contrast, accounts of the period after the Edwardian conquest were few, brief, and focused on events in England more than those in Wales. The first part of the discussion surveys the main Welsh historical texts composed from the late thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries, with particular attention to the efforts, deeply influenced by Geoffrey of Monmouth, to give the history of the Welsh canonical form in a sequence of texts which between them narrated events from the Trojan War to 1282. The second part focuses on the poet, genealogist, and scribe Gutun Owain (fl. c.1451–1499), the most prolific writer of history in medieval Wales, including his borrowings from the first printed edition of the Middle English prose Brut chronicle published by William Caxton in 1480. These borrowings reflect how, for Gutun Owain, the history of the Welsh in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was inextricably linked to the kingdom of England and predicated on loyalty to its monarch, while nevertheless retaining a distinctively Welsh inflection.
Refurbishing the Past
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses and contextualizes writing about the Welsh past, which was predominantly antiquarian in nature, from the 1620s to the early eighteenth century. It begins by outlining some important general characteristics of that writing, including the continuing preoccupation with the antiquity of the Welsh and their Christianity, as evidenced, for example, by Charles Edwards’s Y Ffydd Ddi-Ffuant (‘The Unfeigned Faith’; third edition 1677). The second part focuses on the antiquarian writing of Robert Vaughan (1592–1667) of Hengwrt, a member of the Welsh gentry famed for his extensive knowledge of genealogy, heraldry, history, and literature, the third on Percy Enderbie’s Cambria Triumphans (1661), the first work since the Middle Ages to relate Welsh history straight through from the arrival of Brutus in Britain to the author’s own day. The fourth part analyses William Wynne’s History of Wales (1697), a revised version of David Powel’s Historie reissued down to the nineteenth century. Lastly, the fifth part assesses how far Edward Lhuyd (1659/60?–1709), keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and an antiquary also famous for his pioneering work in natural history, palaeontology, and the Celtic languages, adopted new approaches to Welsh history. In addition, it considers what he reveals of the Welsh historical culture of his day, including popular understandings of the past also reflected in Welsh almanacs.
Civilization, Liberty, and Dissent, 1770–1820
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses writing on Welsh history in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It assesses the significance of four main strands in particular. The first is the Romantic reinvention of the Welsh past by Edward Williams (1747–1826), better known by his bardic name Iolo Morganwg, that marked a further development of antiquarian approaches that portrayed the Welsh as heirs to an ancient civilization, transmitted through a native learned tradition termed bardism that Iolo ultimately derived from the Druids, uniquely accessible through texts in Welsh. The second strand is the new genre of historically informed topographical writing, including Thomas Pennant’s Tour in Wales (1778–83) and the first Welsh county histories. The third is The History of Wales (1786) by the Revd William Warrington, an English author who, though conventionally ending his narrative at the Edwardian conquest, broke new ground in the writing of Welsh history in his conception and approach, notably by portraying the history of medieval Wales as a struggle for liberty. Lastly, the chapter appraises another new genre, namely Nonconformist histories, written in both Welsh and English, that emphasized the making of a modern Welsh people defined by its adherence to Puritanism and Dissent.
‘Living in the Past’ and the Challenges of Modernity, 1848–80
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the responses of writers in the mid-Victorian period to the challenge of interpreting the Welsh past in a manner fit for a modern Welsh people. It begins by contextualizing these responses with reference especially to continuing demographic growth and industrialization in Wales and to efforts, notably by Henry Richard, to make Nonconformity a political force by claiming that it represented the Welsh people against an alien Anglican elite. There follows, second, a discussion of differing views on where to draw a line between legend and history in interpreting the ancient and medieval Welsh past. After considering the defence of legendary interpretations by the Revd John Williams (Ab Ithel) and others, the discussion focuses on works that sought, in varying degrees, to adopt a critical approach, including the histories of Wales published in English by B. B. Woodward (1853) and Jane Williams (1869) as well as, above all, The Literature of the Kymry (1848) and other writings of the Merthyr pharmacist Thomas Stephens and the substantial Welsh-language history of Wales edited, and mostly written, by R. J. Pryse (Gweirydd ap Rhys) (1872–4). Third, attention turns to another kind of historiographical response to modernity, namely the greater emphasis on post-medieval history in histories of Nonconformity, Welsh-language histories of Great Britain, and histories of the Welsh in the United States.
Scientific History and National Awakening, 1880–1920
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates writing about the Welsh past produced between 1880 and 1920 in the contexts both of the increasing professionalization of historical study and of what contemporaries called a ‘national revival’ in Wales. The first part analyses two works aimed at a wide readership that combined a conventional focus on the origins of the Welsh and their history down to 1282 with a celebration of an enlightened modern Wales created since the eighteenth century: The Welsh People (1900) by John Rhys and David Brynmor-Jones, and O. M. Edwards’s Wales (1901). The second part examines specialized studies of aspects of medieval and early modern Welsh history that exemplified new scholarly approaches. This is followed, third, by an assessment of the work of J. E. Lloyd (1861–1947), widely regarded as having played a crucial part in establishing the history of Wales as a modern academic subject thanks especially to his seminal A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (1911). It is argued that, while the work broke new ground through its combination of unprecedented critical rigour and analytical coherence, its ‘scientific’ approach served to legitimize long-held assumptions that the history of Wales was above all a story about the making of the Welsh and the medieval centuries in which they had come closest to enjoying political independence.
Conclusion
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes some long-term developments in Welsh history writing. It considers why master narratives focused on the centuries down to the Edwardian conquest of the late thirteenth century proved so enduring, with reference to the changing historical contexts of the medieval and early modern periods. Comparison with Breton and Scottish historiography serves to underline how the conceptualization of Welsh history as national history was complicated by a failure to achieve a substantial degree of dynastic and regnal unity in medieval Wales, combined with a strong and enduring identification with Britain. By contrast, historical writing in Ireland provides closer parallels with Wales, as there, too, a strong sense of shared ethnic identity, anchored in the remote past, flourished in a context of political fragmentation. The Conclusion also emphasizes the variety of Welsh history writing, which extended well beyond the master narrative constructed in the Middle Ages, influential though that was, and how all that writing was informed by external historiographical, cultural, and intellectual influences.
Dynamics of Coalition Preferences and Vote Choices
Authors: Huber Sascha , Welz Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With more parties in parliament, coalition politics became much more complex in Germany. Against this background, the chapter analyzes the dynamics of coalition preferences and vote choices in Germany between 2009 and 2017. It registers a considerable amount of stability of coalition preferences. Apparently, coalitions were an important political object for voters, to which they related consistently even in times of a rapidly changing political environment. In addition, the chapter also finds that coalition preferences had an independent effect on vote choices in each of the three elections. Using long-term tracking surveys as well as panel data, the analysis reveals a surprising long-term stability of coalition effects. While most studies attribute coalition effects on electoral choices to instrumental motivations of voters, the chapter argues that the stability of coalition voting cannot be accounted for without also acknowledging the non-instrumental or expressive motivations of voters.
Plus ça Change?
Authors: Partheymüller Julia , Johnston Richard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Over the past decades, the political landscape in Germany has undergone a fundamental transformation: Loyal partisans have become fewer whereas the number of parties and electoral volatility have grown. Paradoxically, election outcomes have remained highly predictable, which raises the question of how the dynamics of voting have changed. To address this puzzle, the chapter proposes a four-way decomposition of the voting function and analyzes the dynamics of different components at four elections using rolling cross-section survey data. The results show that despite partisan dealignment, the fundamental logic of election campaigns as re-equilibrating forces has remained in place. Yet, the analyses also identify several sources of electoral flux. These include, in particular, the fluctuating strength of small parties and coalition expectations. This suggests that with weakened links between citizens and parties, campaigns increasingly manifest themselves as a game of strategy in which seemingly small changes can make a big difference.
EU Constitutional Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book is a comprehensive textbook on EU constitutional law, setting out the structure, values, procedures, and policies of the European Union. It encompasses five major parts. The first part addresses the formation history of the European Union, the treaties, the accessions, and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the second part provides an extensive analysis of the key constitutional principles governing the exercise of competences by the Union and the balance of power between the Union and its Member States, followed by an in-depth analysis of EU citizenship and the four freedoms. The third part addresses the role and workings of the various institutions, while part four looks at the various decision-making processes. The fifth part considers the legal instruments and the position of Union law in the EU and national legal orders, with an attention to the key principles of primacy and direct effect, and the role of fundamental rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Finally, the book sets out the complete and coherent system of judicial protection in the European Union, offering an overview of the various courses of action before the EU courts and in the national legal orders to enforce Union law or to obtain judicial protection.
The Treaty of Lisbon and the Current Treaties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how successive Treaty amendments, most recently the Lisbon Treaty, have led to the current Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Brussels European Council of 21 and 22 June 2007, agreed to convene an Intergovernmental Conference, which was to draft a Reform Treaty amending the EU and EC Treaties and merging the Community and the EU into one European Union with legal personality, but without conferring on the Treaties a constitutional nature. The resulting treaty text—the Treaty of Lisbon—forms the basis for the current framework of the European Union. Unlike what the EU Constitution set out to do, the Treaty of Lisbon did not replace the existing Treaties by one single Treaty. Union action continues to be based on the amended Treaty on European Union (TEU), on the one hand, and the amended Treaty establishing the European Community—renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)—on the other hand.
Accession to and Withdrawal from the European Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the procedures for the accession to and withdrawal from the European Union. The accession procedure begins with an application to become a member of the Union. Article 49 TEU provides that '[a]ny European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them' may apply to become a member of the Union. The requirement that a candidate Member State should respect 'the values referred to in Article 2' was introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and refers to the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Treaties also make it possible for any Member State to withdraw from the European Union (Article 50 TEU). The leaving Member State has to negotiate and conclude an agreement with the Union, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal and taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. The chapter then looks at the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the Union, so-called Brexit.
Citizenship of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the European Union's competence and substantive rules relating to the citizenship of the Union. Title II of the TFEU ('Provisions on democratic principles') sets out by stressing the principle of the equality of the Union's citizens, mentioning at the same time EU citizenship as additional to national citizenship (Article 9 TEU). In 1992, the Treaty on European Union introduced the idea of citizenship of the Union to make clear that the European Union confers rights not only on persons who are engaged in an economic activity, but to all persons who have the nationality of a Member State. The Lisbon Treaty merged the provisions of the EC Treaty on non-discrimination with the ones on citizenship in Part Two of the TFEU ('Non discrimination and Citizenship of the Union'), i.e. Articles 18 to 25 TFEU. Under Article 20(2) TFEU, a Union citizen 'shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Treaties'.
The Union as an International Organization
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how, in common with other international organizations, the European Union possesses rules relating to its financing, seat, language use, staff regulations, transparency, and access to documents. The Treaties confer legal personality on the Union (Article 47 TEU). The fact that the Union has legal personality means in the first place that the Union is a subject of international law. Second, it enjoys the most extensive legal capacity accorded to legal persons governed by public law under the laws of the Member States, in particular to acquire or dispose of property and to be a party to legal proceedings (Article 335 TFEU). The Union also enjoys privileges and immunities with a view to its being able to carry out its tasks undisturbed.