bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and validation of scintillating structural components from low-background Poly(ethylene naphthalate)
Authors: Efremenko Y. , Febbraro M. , Fischer F. , Guitart Corominas M. , Gusev K. , Hackett B. , Hayward C. , Hodák R. , Krause P. , Majorovits B. , Manzanillas L. , Muenstermann D. , Pohl M. , Rouhana R. , Radford D. , Rukhadze E. , Rumyantseva N. , Schilling I. , Schoenert S. , Schulz O. , Schwarz M. , Štekl I. , Stommel M. , Weingarten J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Poly Ethylene Naphthalate (PEN) is an industrial polymer
plastic which is investigated as a low background, transparent,
scintillating and wavelength shifting structural material. PEN
scintillates in the blue region and has excellent mechanical
properties both at room and cryogenic temperatures. Thus, it is an
ideal candidate for active structural components in experiments for
the search of rare events like neutrinoless double-beta decay or
dark matter recoils. Such optically active structures improve the
identification and rejection efficiency of backgrounds events, like
this improving the sensitivity of experiments. This paper reports
on the production of radiopure and transparent PEN plates

These structures can be used to mount germanium detectors operating
in cryogenic liquids (LAr, LN). Thus, as first application PEN
holders will be used to mount the Ge detectors in the
Legend-200 experiment. The whole process from cleaning the
raw material to testing the PEN active components under final
operational conditions is reported.
Effect of passage number of genetically modified TGF-β3 expressing primary chondrocytes on the chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells in a 3D coculture system
Authors: Chen Ke , Chen Hanzheng , Gao Hui , Zhou Wei , Zheng Shicong , Chen Yi , Zhang Shujiang , Yao Yongchang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Due to the lack of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, articular cartilage is difficult to repair once damaged. Tissue engineering is considered to be a potential strategy for cartilage regeneration. Successful tissue engineering strategies depend on the effective combination of biomaterials, seed cells and biological factors. In our previous study, a genetically modified coculture system with chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells in an alginate hydrogel has exhibited a superior ability to enhance chondrogenesis. In this study, we further evaluated the influence of chondrocytes at various passages on chondrogenesis in the coculture system. The results demonstrated that transfection efficiency was hardly influenced by the passage number of chondrocytes. The coculture system with passage 5 (P5) chondrocytes had a better effect on chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells, while chondrocytes in this coculture system presented higher levels of dedifferentiation than other groups with P1 or P3 chondrocytes. Therefore, P5 chondrocytes were shown to be more suitable for the coculture system, as they accumulated in sufficient cell numbers with more passages and had a higher level of dedifferentiation, which was prone to form a favorable niche for chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells. This study may provide fresh insights for future cartilage tissue engineering strategies with a combination of a coculture system and advanced biomaterials.
Policies to combat nitrogen pollution in South Asia: gaps and opportunities
Authors: Yang Anastasia L , Raghuram Nandula , Adhya Tapan Kumar , Porter Stephen D , Panda Ananta Narayan , Kaushik Himadri , Jayaweera Anuradha , Nissanka Sarath Premalal , Anik Asif Reza , Shifa Sharmin , Sharna Shaima Chowdhury , Joshi Rajendra , Arif Watto Muhammad , Pokharel Anju , Shazly Aminath , Hassan Rifaath , Bansal Sangeeta , Kanter David , Das Smriti , Jeffery Roger 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Assessing and managing nitrogen sustainably is imperative for achieving the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targeted for 2030. South Asian countries, aware of the environmental and health impacts of nitrogen pollution, regionally as well as globally, piloted the 2019 UN resolution on sustainable nitrogen management, calling for urgent policy action. This paper assists South Asia policy development by providing new insights into nitrogen-related policies in the region; it makes a step-change advance on an existing global analysis and database. We built on available methods to better identify, classify and analyse 966 nitrogen-related policies for the region. We compared the global and regional nitrogen policy landscapes to explain the benefits of a deeper policy assessment. The policies we classified as having ‘higher’ relevance—those with direct reference to nitrogen and/or its potential impacts—represent the current nitrogen policy landscape for South Asia. We show that a small proportion of policies (9%) consider multiple pollution sources, sectors, nitrogen threats and impacts, with integrative policy instruments. A 5% of policies also consider both non-point and point sources of pollution, representing standout policies. More such policies with an integrated approach are vital in addressing the complexities of nitrogen pollution. Adapting existing and drafting new policies are both required to deal with other current and emerging nitrogen issues. Our analysis provides evidence for a roadmap for sustainable nitrogen policy in South Asia and beyond and supports efforts to reduce the threats posed by nitrogen pollution to achieve the SDGs.
KrigR—a tool for downloading and statistically downscaling climate reanalysis data
Authors: Kusch Erik , Davy Richard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Advances in climate science have rendered obsolete the gridded observation data widely used in downstream applications. Novel climate reanalysis products outperform legacy data products in accuracy, temporal resolution, and provision of uncertainty metrics. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a workflow through which to integrate these improved data into biological analyses. The ERA5 product family (ERA5 and ERA5-Land) are the latest and most advanced global reanalysis products created by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting. These data products offer up to 83 essential climate variables at hourly intervals for the time-period of 1981 to today with preliminary back-extensions being available for 1950–1981. Spatial resolutions range from 30 × 30 km (ERA5) to 11 × 11 km (ERA5-Land) and can be statistically downscaled to study-requirements at finer spatial resolutions. Kriging is one such method to interpolate data to finer resolutions and has the advantages that one can leverage additional covariate information and obtain the uncertainty associated with the downscaling. The KrigR R-package enables users to (a) download ERA5(-Land) climate reanalysis data for a user-specified region, and time-period, (b) aggregate these climate products to desired temporal resolutions and metrics, (c) acquire topographical co-variates, and (d) statistically downscale spatial data to a user-specified resolution using co-variate data via kriging. KrigR can execute all these tasks in a single function call, thus enabling the user to obtain any of 83 (ERA5)/50 (ERA5-Land) climate variables at high spatial and temporal resolution with a single R-command. Additionally, KrigR contains functionality for computation of bioclimatic variables and aggregate metrics from the variables offered by ERA5(-Land). This R-package provides an easy-to-implement workflow for implementation of state-of-the-art climate data while avoiding issues of storage limitations at high temporal and spatial resolutions by providing data according to user-needs rather than in global data sets. Consequently, KrigR provides a toolbox to obtain a wide range of tailored climate data at unprecedented combinations of high temporal and spatial resolutions thus enabling the use of world-leading climate data through the R-interface and beyond.
An improved understanding of NOx emissions in South Asian megacities using TROPOMI NO2 retrievals
Authors: de Foy Benjamin , Schauer James J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Identifying air pollutant emissions has played a key role in improving air quality and hence the health of billions of people around the world. Central to this effort are the development of emission inventories and the mapping of air pollution using satellite remote sensing. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) has been providing high resolution vertical column densities of nitrogen dioxide since late October 2018. Using the flux divergence method and a Gaussian Mixture Model, we identify peak emission hotspots over four cities in South Asia: Dhaka, Kolkata, Delhi and Lahore. We analyze data from November 2018 to March 2021 and focus on the three dry seasons (November to March) for which retrievals are available. The retrievals are shown to have sufficient spatial resolution to identify individual point and area sources. We further analyze the length scale and eccentricities of the hotspots to better characterize the emission sources. The TROPOMI emission estimates are compared with the EDGAR global emission inventory and the REAS regional inventory. This reveals areas of agreement but also significant discrepancies that should enable improvements and refinements of the inventories in the future. For example, urban emissions are underestimated while power generation emissions are overestimated. Some areas of light manufacturing cause significant signatures in TROPOMI retrievals but are mostly missing from the inventories. The spatial resolution of the TROPOMI instrument is now sufficient to provide detailed feedback to developers of emission inventories as well as to inform policy decisions at the urban to regional scale.
A striking growth of CO2 emissions from the global cement industry driven by new facilities in emerging countries
Authors: Chen Cuihong , Xu Ruochong , Tong Dan , Qin Xinying , Cheng Jing , Liu Jun , Zheng Bo , Yan Liu , Zhang Qiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Global industrialization and urbanization processes enabled a diverse cement production boom over the past three decades, as cement is the most important building construction material. Consequently, the cement industry is the second-largest industrial CO2 emitter (∼25% of global industrial CO2 emissions) globally. In this study, the Global Cement Emission Database, which encompasses anthropogenic CO2 emissions of individual production units worldwide for 1990–2019, was developed. A recently developed unit-level China Cement Emission Database was then applied to override China’s data and the combination of two databases is used to reveal the unit characteristics of CO2 emissions and ages for global cement plants, assess large disparities in national and regional CO2 emissions, growth rates and developmental stages from 1990–2019, and identify key emerging countries of carbon emissions and commitment. This study finds that globally, CO2 emissions from the cement industry have increased from 0.86 Gt in 1990 to 2.46 Gt in 2019 (increasing by 186%). More importantly, the large CO2 emissions and the striking growth rates from those emerging countries, including most of the developing countries in the Asia region and the Middle East and Africa region, are clearly identified. For example, the Middle East and Africa, including mostly developing or underdeveloped countries, only represented 0.07 Gt CO2 in 1990 (8.4% of the total), in contrast to 0.26 Gt (10.4% of the total) CO2 in 2019, which is a 4.5% average growth rate during 1990–2019. Further, the intensive expansion of large and new facilities since 2005 in Asia and the Middle East and Africa has resulted in heavy commitment (90.1% of global commitment in 2019), and mitigation threats in the future considering their increasing emissions (the national annual growth rate can be up to >80%) and growing infrastructure construction (∼50% of clinker capacity operating ⩽10 years). Our results highlight the cement industry’s development and young infrastructure in emerging economies; thus, future increasing cement demand and corresponding carbon commitment would pose great challenges to future decarbonization and climate change mitigation.
Will population exposure to heat extremes intensify over Southeast Asia in a warmer world?
Authors: Sun Xuerong , Ge Fei , Fan Yi , Zhu Shoupeng , Chen Quanliang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Temperature extremes have increased during the past several decades and are expected to intensify under current rapid global warming over Southeast Asia (SEA). Exposure to rising temperatures in highly vulnerable regions affects populations, ecosystems, and other elements that may suffer potential losses. Here, we evaluate changes in temperature extremes and future population exposure over SEA at global warming levels (GWLs) of 2.0 °C and 3.0 °C using outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Results indicate that temperature extreme indices are projected to increase over SEA at both GWLs, with more significant magnitudes at 3.0 °C. However, daily temperature ranges show a decrease. The substantial increase in total SEA population exposure to heat extremes from 730 million person–days at 2.0 °C GWL to 1200 million person–days at 3.0 °C GWL is mostly contributed by the climate change component, accounting for 48%. In addition, if global warming is restricted well below 2.0 °C, the avoided impacts in population exposure are prominent for most regions over SEA with the largest mitigation in the Philippines. Aggregate population exposure to impacts is decreased by approximately 39% at 2.0 °C GWL, while the interaction component effect, which is associated with increased population and climate change, would decrease by 53%. This indicates serious consequences for growing populations concurrent with global warming impacts if the current fossil-fueled development pathway is adhered to. The present study estimates the risks of increased temperature extremes and population exposure in a warmer future, and further emphasizes the necessity and urgency of implementing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies in SEA.
Four-dimensional Chern–Simons theory and integrable field theories
Authors: Lacroix Sylvain 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
These lecture notes concern the semi-holomorphic 4D Chern–Simons theory and its applications to classical integrable field theories in 2D and in particular integrable sigma-models. After introducing the main properties of the Chern–Simons theory in 3D, we will define its 4D analogue and explain how it is naturally related to the Lax formalism of integrable 2D theories. Moreover, we will explain how varying the boundary conditions imposed on this 4D theory allows to recover various occurences of integrable sigma-models through this construction, in particular illustrating this on two simple examples: the principal Chiral model and its Yang–Baxter deformation. These notes were written for the lectures delivered at the school ‘integrability, dualities and deformations’, that ran from 23 to 27 August 2021 in Santiago de Compostela and virtually.
Casimir free energy for massive fermions: a comparative study of various approaches
Authors: Sasanpour Mehrdokht , Ajilyan Chonoor , Gousheh Siamak S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We compute the Casimir thermodynamic quantities for a massive fermion field between two parallel plates with the MIT boundary conditions, using three different general approaches and present explicit solutions for each. The Casimir thermodynamic quantities include the Casimir Helmholtz free energy, pressure, energy and entropy. The three general approaches that we use are based on the fundamental definition of Casimir thermodynamic quantities, the analytic continuation method represented by the zeta function method, and the zero temperature subtraction method. We include the renormalized versions of the latter two approaches as well, whereas the first approach does not require one. Within each general approach, we obtain the same results in a few different ways to ascertain the selected cancellations of infinities have been done correctly. We then do a comparative study of the three different general approaches and their results, and show that they are in principle not equivalent to each other and they yield, in general, different results. In particular, we show that the Casimir thermodynamic quantities calculated only by the first approach have all three properties of going to zero as the temperature, the mass of the field, or the distance between the plates increases.
Comparison among variation models of the hydraulic conductivity with the effective porosity in confined aquifer
Authors: Brunetti G F A , Lauria A , Fallico C 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation results from the modalities of variation of the hydraulic conductivity scaling law for a confined aquifer, varying the porous medium that constitutes it. In four subsequent stages, different confined aquifers were built up, each with a different typological configuration of a porous medium. For each of the aquifers considered, various hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements were performed by slug tests. The effective porosity (ne
) was set as a scale parameter, therefore the scaling laws K = K(ne), already determined and reported in previous studies, were taken into consideration for each of the four artificial aquifers considered. The same variation law of K vs ne
was also determined by means of some of the well-known empirical and semi-empirical relationships. The latter are based on the particle size distribution and are suitable for application to the porous media considered here, which can be classified as coarse sand. The comparison between the different scaling laws mentioned above allowed us to discuss, through graphical analysis, the reliability of the models considered here. This will facilitate researchers and practitioners working in the field, in the methodological choice of the most appropriate model that should be used for this type of porous media.
A new GA-IDW approach for interpolating the precipitation
Authors: Șerban C , Bărbulescu A , Dumitriu C Ș 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article presents a new algorithm for detecting the Inverse Distance Weighting Algorithm parameter (IDW) using an evolutionary technique. The algorithm was applied to interpolate 51 series of maximum annual precipitation series. Comparisons of its results with those of IDW and the optimized OIDW (a version of IDW optimized with PSO) are provided. The best performances are those of the actual approach.
Analysis of the daily consumption of potable water in the urban area of the Ambato city in the Province of Tungurahua-Ecuador
Authors: Mayacela M , Moya D , Morales F , Maldonado L 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The consumption of drinking water has increased over the years worldwide, therefore, the analysis of daily consumption in a certain sector is important, to know the existing demand of the population of the sector under analysis. The study of water consumption not only allows the knowledge of the amount of water consumed in a population, it also enables future projects for the design and redesign of potable water distribution networks. The main methodology for this analysis was the daily record for a period of 60 days, in each of the sectors corresponding to the urban area of Ambato city; this methodology allowed the analysis of the typical week of the sector and therefore the amount of water consumed per day in the urban sector,it was concluded that the San Francisco parish presents the highest demand for water consumption per capita with a requirement of 256.48 L/inhab/day, the predominant type of residence in the urban area of the city of Ambato is type B, which is characterized by having a typical structural system in which reinforced concrete predominates.
Water retention measures in the urban landscape and their impact on microclimate change
Authors: Pokrývková J , Pagáč J , Hanzlík R , Mokrá A P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Water management in cities and villages is fraught with difficulties. Infrastructure systems that have been in use for a long time are deteriorating. In an urbanised landscape, appropriate rainwater management or blue green infrastructure (RWM or BGI) is the solution. The quality of water management is influenced significantly by urbanization. The higher the influence on the area’s hydrological cycle as an urbanised landscape develops without proper RWM, the greater the impact on the area’s hydrological cycle. The hydrology of the site reflects the changing environment of the area, as trees, meadows, and agricultural land, which captured and absorbed precipitation and created depressions in the area that temporarily held water, are being replaced by urbanised areas on a uniform slope with impermeable areas. Because the goal until recently was to drain rainwater from the urbanised area as rapidly as possible, the altered sites present the prospect of rapid conversion of rainwater into surface runoff of rainwater. The capabilities of currently utilised technical solutions in metropolitan areas, as well as the possibilities of their application, are discussed in this article. The paper focuses on the available literature on rainwater management by Slovak and foreign authors to get insight into the execution of measures in urban settings. The article’s major purpose is to provide appropriate rainwater management measures in the urbanised landscape based on characteristics deriving from the conditions in the study area and current understanding about rainwater management options.
Hydrogeological functions of obskoye and baksinskoye swamps in the southeast of West Siberian Plain
Authors: Yang H , Savichev O G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Based on hydrological data from 1966 to 2019, quantitative estimates of the water balance of the Baksinskoye and Obskoye fens. The decrease in surface evaporation of the swamp and the increase in water runoff occurred in the main distribution of the swamp. This will exacerbate the degree of swamping in the area. The impact of marsh water on groundwater is most likely to occur during the dry season in summer and autumn. During this period: 1) possible overflow of bog waters into underground horizons in areas of 800–900 m; 2) increased permeability. When the water mass is discharged from the fens plain into the river, the impact of the fens water reaches its maximum during the subside of the flood.
The impact of taxation policies on the research and development of alternative fuel vehicle companies -- A case study of NIO Inc.
Authors: Ma J , Mayburov I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the context of industrial transformation and green development, the strategic position of the alternative fuel vehicle industry has been continuously improved, and it has become a long-term key support object for China’s industrial policy. With the acceleration of the industrial development process, the market competition has intensified, and the phenomenon of insufficient enterprise research and development has gradually become serious. This paper uses the literature analysis method, the method of combining theory and practice, and the case analysis method. Take the alternative fuel vehicle emerging company NIO Inc. as a case to analyze the role of taxation policies in research and development (R&D) input and output, identify existing problems and make suggestions for improvement. This study can promote the development of China’s alternative fuel vehicle industry, adjust the relevant upstream and downstream industrial chains and the business structure of industry enterprises, and build an environmentally friendly society as soon as possible. It also has theoretical guiding significance for the overall construction and adjustment of China’s fiscal and taxation policies.