bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of surface shot peening on the microstructure and mechanical properties of fuel cladding 1515-Ti austenitic steel
Authors: Liu Sirui , Xiao Changquan , Zhai Hailin , Wang Da , Ma Xianfeng 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lead-bismuth fast reactor is considered to be the most promising solution to meet the enormous energy demand in the future. The 15-15Ti austenitic stainless steel with outstanding corrosion and irradiation resistance has been proposed as main cladding candidate material for lead-bismuth fast reactor. However, the mechanical properties of 15-15Ti are weakly influenced by LBE. Shot peening as one of surface strengthening technique can efficiently improve metal mechanical properties. In this paper, shot peening (SP) treatment was applied on 15-15Ti. The microstructures and compositions were investigated using Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction. It concludes that the material hardness is improved, and the residual stress induced by SP did not cause martensitic phase transformation on the sample surface. The presence of slip bands and other obstacles in the reinforcement layer improved the yielding and tensibility of the material.
Mathematical theory for topological photonic materials in one dimension
Authors: Lin Junshan , Zhang Hai 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This work presents a rigorous theory for topological photonic materials in one dimension. The main focus is on the existence of interface modes that are induced by topological properties of the bulk structure. For a general 1D photonic structure with time-reversal symmetry, we investigate the existence of an interface mode that is induced by a Dirac point upon perturbation. Specifically, we establish conditions on the perturbation which guarantee the opening of a band gap around the Dirac point and the existence of an interface mode. For a periodic photonic structure with both time-reversal and inversion symmetry, the Zak phase is quantized, taking only two values

0
,
π

. We show that the Zak phase is determined by the parity (even or odd) of the Bloch modes at the band edges. For a photonic structure consisting of two semi-infinite systems on the two sides of an interface with distinct topological indices, we show the existence of an interface mode inside the common gap. The stability of the mode under perturbations is also investigated. Finally, we study resonances for finite topological structures. Our results are based on the transfer matrix method and the oscillation theory for Sturm–Liouville operators. The methods and results can be extended to general topological Sturm–Liouville systems in one dimension.
The miRNA-24, miRNA-21 expressions and matrix metalloproteinase-7 level in exhaled breath condensate of children with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Soyer Tutku , Birben Esra , Akıncı Servet Melike , Göllü Gülnur , Türer Özlem Boybeyi , Soyer Özge , Çakmak Murat , Şekerel Bülent Enis , Tanyel Feridun Cahit 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bullous lung diseases may cause primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in children. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that participate in regulation of inflammation and cancer. We hypothesized that children with bullous lung disease and PSP may have altered miRNA expressions in their exhaled breath condensates (EBCs). Therefore, a prospective study was performed to evaluate the miRNA-24 and 21 expression, and the matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) levels in EBC of children with PSP. Children with PSP were evaluated for age, gender, clinical features and results of surgical treatment. EBC samples (500–1000 ml) were collected to evaluate the miRNA-21, 24 expressions, and MMP-7, and tissue-inhibitor-MMP-1 (TIMP-1) levels. miRNA expressions and MMP levels of patients were compared with healthy controls (control group (CG), n = 12). Subjects (n = 16) with a mean age of 15 years (10–19 years), and a male-to-female ratio of 14:2 were enrolled in this study. The most common presenting symptom was sudden chest pain (n = 14). In 62.5% of the cases an underlying bullous lung disease were detected. During an average of 16.6 months (1–60 months) follow up period, four subjects relapsed. The mean MMP-7 (1.74–1.57 ng ml−1), and TIMP-1 (1.92–1.84 ng ml−1) levels were similar between both groups (p > 0.05). miRNA-24 expression was significantly decreased in the PSP group, when compared to the CG (0.16–1 2−ΔΔCT, p < 0.05). In addition, the miRNA-21 expression was not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the miRNA-24 levels were significantly decreased in children with PSP. Taken together, children with PSP, especially those with bullous disease, should be closely monitored in the long-term period.
Beyond early self-evacuation from bushfires: factors influencing non-evacuation of at-risk communities
Authors: Adedokun Olufisayo , Egbelakin Temitope , Sher Willy , Gajendran Thayaparan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bushfire is a devastating natural hazard. Contrary to bushfire policy on catastrophic fires, some householders prefer to stay and defend their properties. In addition, more frequent destructive events have been predicted because of climate change. To date, little attention has been paid to factors concerning why householders decide not to evacuate, especially for at-risk communities. Recent bushfire fatalities underscore the need to understand the factors influencing decision-making among residents in at-risk communities. This study addresses this imperative by identifying factors through a systematic literature review. Out of 142 articles extracted from the Web of Science and Scopus databases between 1999 – 2020, 32 were found relevant. Based on the rationalism classification of knowledge in psychology, these were categorized into information, social, protection, and operational factors. The factors may inform further studies involving predictors of residents’ non-evacuation from bushfire hazards. In addition, the significant factors can be leveraged towards early self-evacuation, which could reduce bushfire fatalities and mental health impacts among the residents.
Extracting Electricity Patterns from High-dimensional Data: A comparison of K-Means and DBSCAN algorithms
Authors: Wang Kaige , Yang Rebecca , Liu Chengyang , Samarasinghalage Tharushi , Zang Yukun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Environmental sustainability has become a priority for an increasing number of Australian cities in recent years. As a smart distribution platform, Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a promising approach to achieving urban sustainability. Understanding local conditions, such as user electricity demand profile, is one of the most important aspects to modelling a VPP platform. However, due to data privacy and confidentiality, in many cases, energy demand profile has limitations. This study demonstrates how clustering techniques can support the development of electricity patterns from high-dimensional data, thereby inform VPP modelling. This study analysed historical electricity consumption data from an Australian city by using two clustering algorithms, K-Means and DBSCAN. According to the experiment results, both algorithms have their advantages and disadvantages, and the optimal algorithm choice is highly dependent on the clustering purpose. Both algorithm are not human iterpratable dealing with such high-dimensional dataset. In VPP modelling, the electricity patterns generated by clustering analyses can be used as input data to train Reinforcement Learning agents to learn human behaviours and rationality.
Impact of climate change on the degradation of rendered façades: Expectations for a dry and hot summer temperate climate
Authors: Barrelas J , Silva A , De Brito J , Tadeu A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Climate change is accelerating and can seriously affect the built environment, if not properly acknowledged in the design and maintenance stages. Despite the globally expected warming, climate changes will differ depending on region and climate type. What implications will temperature, precipitation and wind changes have on the degradation of the building envelope, in Southern Europe? How will the performance of façade claddings be affected by the end of the century? The purpose of this research is to determine the expected impact of climate change on the degradation of rendered façades, in a dry and hot summer temperate climate. This study is based on the complex relationship between climate parameters projections for Portugal and the known effects of environmental agents on the degradation of renderings. Projections indicate the increase of mean temperature and heat waves, reduction of precipitation and wet days, intensification of rainfall in shorter periods and decrease of wind speed in most of the country. Notwithstanding the projections’ inherent uncertainty, more cracking and fewer stains are expected. Due to the cracking increase, more loss of adhesion is probable. Further research is necessary to assess the risks of intense rainfall events to rendered façades, considering the also projected precipitation decrease.
Accelerating the Green Energy Transition for Sustainable Buildings and Cities: Estimating the Benefits of Community Power Purchase Agreements
Authors: Saari A , Vimpari J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Energy plays a crucial role in smart and sustainable cities as buildings and construction account for 36 % of energy consumption. The electrification of heating and transportation could significantly increase buildings’ electricity consumption. Previous literature has focused on on-site energy, especially in the energy community context, to encourage the cities to participate in the energy transition. However, on-site electricity can only produce one-fifth of the total demand. When pooled together, households could contribute to off-site electricity production to bring negotiation power and subsequent economic and environmental benefits. This paper examines households’ opportunities to contribute to off-site electricity production and electricity prices by utilizing the energy community concept. It quantifies the economic benefits for the households participating in a community power purchase agreement in the context of Helsinki, Finland. It presents a blockchain-based platform to facilitate the establishment of community power purchase agreements.
The contribution of smart buildings to low-carbon built environment
Authors: Janhunen E , Junnila S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Decarbonizing the energy sector is one of the most significant challenges of our time. Accordingly, the electrification of the energy system, deployment of renewables, and implementation of smart electricity control in the built environment is at the core of the in-force European Union policy actions. Recently, the European Commission released the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for buildings framework. The SRI intends to raise awareness of the benefits of demand-based smart electricity control in energy- and carbon-intensive buildings. However, it is unclear whether implementing SRI-compatible smart electricity control technologies truly reduces carbon emissions in the built environment. This study modeled an SRI-compatible smart electricity control to every ground-source heat pump heated building in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. The study evaluated the climate mitigation implications before and after the smart electricity control using hourly-level energy consumption data. The study revealed how the climate mitigation potential of smart electricity control was only 0.02% annually. The reason for such a slight decrease in emissions appeared to be Finland’s relatively clean electricity network. Accordingly, the results questioned whether the SRI delivers its primary objective – i.e., decarbonizing the electricity grid – in northern European countries.
Building Facade Failures due to Rainwater Entry in Turkey
Authors: Baş C , Türkeri A N , Lacasse M A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Facade failures due to rainwater entry are common in Turkey although, few systematic studies have been completed to determine the types of defects and failures and their causes as would permit developing appropriate repair solutions. The intent of this study is to determine the types of defects and failures caused by rainwater ingress to building facades based on case studies of failure in Turkey. Thus, defects and failures can be characterized and classified, such that the most common types of failure can be revealed and adequate repair solutions proposed. A review of literature was conducted of studies undertaken in Turkey on rainwater entry and building defects. Additionally, field inspections were carried out for 16 public buildings in Istanbul and information regarding failures was gathered from local authorities. Based on data evaluated from previous research and field inspections, it was determined that majority of the buildings had cladding walls with stucco being the most common cladding material. Failures occurred in cladding facades with stucco included detachment of cladding, staining, and cracks; the most common failure was blistering and exfoliation. Air and rainwater leakage due to defects in sealants was the most common failure in buildings with panel and stick wall systems.
Smart retrofitting of buildings: a bibliometric study
Authors: Peiris Sanduni , Lai Joseph , Kumaraswamy Mohan M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Smart Building (SB)s have gained significant attention over the past decade. This is mainly because of the performance and efficiency enhancements that smart features can enable a building system to achieve, for example, net-zero energy consumption, operational savings, state-of-the-science user-friendliness, safety and security. Nowadays, many new buildings are being designed with smart features. The ‘grand challenge’, however, is converting the existing, ordinary buildings into SBs, through a process called “smart retrofitting (SR)”. This process, while affecting the existing building components and the end-users, is challenging to the relevant facilities managers. As strengthening the SR knowledge base will enable better-informed, hence more effective decisions, the focus of this research is to undertake a bibliometric analysis of SR research to assess its development in terms of prominent authors, countries and organisations. The bibliometric searches were conducted on the ‘Scopus’ and ‘Web of Science’ databases. A total of 107 journal articles were identified and analysed using the “VOSviewer” software. The findings revealed: the co-authorship patterns; the connections among the most influential authors, countries, and organisations; and the weak collaboration among the authors and organisations. This study is the first bibliometric analysis on SR, the results of which not only serve as a useful reference for both researchers and practitioners but also signpost further works to be undertaken for complementing the current results.
Evaluating the Spatial Variation of Heatwave Intensity to Enhance Urban Resilience
Authors: Singh Manan , Sharston Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With global rise in frequency and intensity of natural disaster events, the adverse effects of climate change are becoming increasingly evident. A recent example is the extreme heatwave experienced by western North America which has caused a substantial loss of life and damage to the infrastructure. Research suggests that the intensity of heatwaves is amplified in urban areas due to the contribution of Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) which is largely a function of surrounding urban landscape. In order to develop urban resilience to the extreme heat, it is important to understand the direct relationship between urban form and the temperature elevations caused by the heatwaves. This research examines the disproportionate effects of heatwaves in urban areas and their dependence on urban form by leveraging the microclimatic weather data collected during the 2021 heatwave event in western North America. Strong positive correlations were found between heatwave intensity and both impervious area (PRCC=0.79) and population density (PRCC = 0.83), whereas tree canopy cover was negatively correlated with heatwave intensity (PRCC = -0.89). This analysis can be used to inform urban planning, and to establish proper resilience measures against future heatwave events.
Zero carbon refurbishment for existing buildings: A literature review
Authors: Bui T T P , Domingo N , MacGregor C , Wilkinson S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The need to mitigate climate change calls for the construction industry to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for new and existing buildings by 2050. Zero carbon refurbishment (ZCR) for existing buildings is a significant area of interest, as many existing buildings will still be there in 2050. This paper investigates the global development, knowledge structure and gaps in the research field by conducting a systematic literature review. The final selection of 147 up-to-date journal articles was analysed using mixed-method data analysis, including quantitative (science mapping) and qualitative (thematic) analysis. Quantitative results reveal evolving research topics including energy performance and efficiency, life cycle environmental impacts, energy resources and policy, and decision-making with multi-objective optimisation. Research in ZCR is well-established in European countries and there is much interest and activity around the world. ZCR research on residential and office buildings provokes much consideration compared to other building types. The qualitative findings discuss the mainstream research areas (e.g. decision-making with multi-objective optimisation), determines research gaps (e.g. carbon impact), and recommends the future research agenda. The study offers academics a comprehensive understanding of ZCR research to link current research areas into future trends. It also provides construction professionals with current practices and an interdisciplinary guide to better deliver ZCR projects.
Trends in residential sustainability measures in the state of Victoria
Authors: Crawford R H , Paton-Cole V , Turnbull R , Fitzgerald E , Michalewicz A , Garber J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Buildings require a significant quantity of energy and water during their operation. Solar water heaters and rainwater tanks have become increasingly common to reduce the demand for fossil-fuel based energy and mains water within buildings. Since 2006, the Victorian Building Authority has required either a rainwater tank or solar water heater to be installed in any new house built in Victoria, Australia. This research analyses the trend in adoption of these two systems using data from building permits issued from 2006 to 2019. This shows that despite an initial preference for rainwater tanks, solar water heaters have been the preferred choice. This preference was found to be greatest for projects costing from $200k-$600k and for allotment areas smaller than 500 m2. Preference for rainwater tanks tended to increase in line with an increase in project cost and allotment area, and this preference was found to be most common in metropolitan areas. This study provides insight into the opportunities for further adoption of solar water heaters and rainwater tanks, including using information at the LGA level to develop specific business opportunities or to inform policy, such as alternative water efficiency solutions for households where allotment area may limit rainwater tank adoption.
Designing façade and envelope for a high-rise residential building using energy-efficient materials: A case in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Azima Mahshad , Seyis Senem 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The construction industry is responsible for 40% of global energy demand as buildings increase heating, cooling, and lighting demand. Therefore, building energy performance has become one of the most significant subjects for the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry in the last decade. The envelope of a building has an essential role in optimizing energy performance and consumption. The research objective of this study is to analyse and compare the impact of different envelope and façade materials on building energy performance for a high-rise residential building. The research methodology includes a literature review and a case study. The literature review analysed studies published between 2015 and 2021. In the literary review, 84 publications were extracted from Web of Science and Scopus databases, and the following sources were included: articles published in prominent journals, conference proceedings, thesis, scientific reports, and books. In the case study, passive strategies including building shape, orientation, insulation, window-wall ratio, and shelter were implemented in a 10-story residential building in Istanbul, Turkey. Design-Builder and EnergyPlus were used for analysing and comparing the energy performance of the different wall, insulation, and glass materials used in the building. Results demonstrate that each parameter and material has a considerable impact on the building energy performance. This study would contribute to the AEC literature and industry by comparing different envelope materials’ energy performance and the proper scenario according to Turkey(Istanbul)’s climate. Policy-makers and decision-makers can benefit from the results of this research and amend the existing codes and policies for new high-rise buildings.
Reducing embodied carbon emissions of concrete modules in high-rise buildings through structural design optimisation
Authors: Zhang Y , Pan W , Teng Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Modular buildings have been widely recognised as a solution for improving the sustainability of the construction industry. However, the implications of modular buildings for reducing embodied carbon (EC) have seldom been examined previously. This paper aims to quantify the EC reduction potentials of different structural designs of concrete modules in high-rise buildings. The study was conducted via a real case study with a high-rise modular building in Hong Kong. The EC of the concrete modules during the cradle-to-end-of-construction stage was assessed using process-based LCA method. Three critical structural and one material design variables were considered to optimise the structural design of modules in order to achieve the lowest possible EC, including concrete grades, rebar ratios in modules’ structural components, dimensions of modules’ structural components and low carbon concrete mix alternatives. Material quantities were extracted from the parametrically established BIM model of the modules using Dynamo software, followed by structural safety check according to Hong Kong’s codes. Results indicated that the feasible reduction potential of the modules with fixed external size could reach up to 27% compared to the design with highest EC emissions. Reducing components’ dimensions could reduce up to 20% EC of the modules with the same concrete grade. Adopting low carbon concrete could reduce 10%-13% EC of the modules on average for different concrete grades. The findings revealed a significant potential of EC reduction in concrete modules through structural design optimisation, providing a new direction for achieving low carbon modular buildings.