bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM PENDAMPINGAN BELAJAR AGAMA ISLAM ANAK PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 (Studi Kasus Di Kampung Nelayan Desa Mentoso Tahun 2021)
Authors: Siti Nurjanah  
Published: April 2022

Learning mentoring is an effort to accompany, accompany, motivate, facilitate, and supervise children in the learning process (Dwi, 2018). It is hoped that this mentoring program can help overcome the obstacles faced in the implementation of online training during the Covid19 pandemic by optimizing the role of mentoring in the world of education. Therefore, the objectives of this study are 1) to identify the obstacles faced by elementary school students in the fishing environment of Mentoso village during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2) to clarify the role of mentoring programs in learning in students' understanding.
Based on the research, it can be concluded that the learning assistance for Islamic Religious Education for children in Ds. Mentoso with the educational limits of parents is indeed influential, but it returns to the characteristics of children and the ability of parents to persuade and overcome situations. Time constraints can be overcome by registering children with the tutor. it does add to the burden but this learning mentoring also results in good relationships between individuals and parents, increases closeness, can monitor children's character and children's academic abilities improve well. It can also be seen the attention given by parents to their children. Parents are also trained to continue to motivate children so that children can trigger enthusiasm and produce optimal achievements.
comparative study of handwriting characteristics in three generation of a family in Haryanvi population
Authors: Naveen Naveen , Dangi Rajinder Singh , Purba Mandeep Kaur , Sharma Bhoopesh Kumar 
Published: April 2022

Background: Since evolution handwriting is one of the most efficient acquired characteristic by any individual. It is an amalgamation of nature and nurture. Learning begins prenatally, and children are not only “ready to learn” but already actively learning from the time they are born. Parents lay the foundation stone of their child’s pre-writing skills. Moreover, genes also play a crucial role in determining certain characteristics of handwriting. Result: The present study focuses on determination of similarities in handwriting among three generations in 100 families through analysis of pre-defined class characteristics. It was observed that the “Alignment” of handwriting show high level of similarity in two generations whereas the “Movement” was the only handwriting characteristics that show high level of similarity in all the three generations. Conclusion: Therefore, to conclude it can be inferred that the father-son relationship (grandfather & father or father & son) depicts majority of similarities in the handwriting characteristics which might be due to the dominance of male gene.
Disease detection on plant leaf using K-means segmentation with fuzzy logic SVM algorithm
Authors: Sowmya M. , Subramani Bojan 
Published: April 2022

Detection of plant diseases requisite at its early stage to manage the large crop field. In plants existence of diseases result reduced yields of crops and therefore it is imperative to identify at its early stage. Leaf is the main part where the diseases symptoms are shown in the initial stage itself. Image processing techniques are used at the computing part whereas in this research a hybrid KMFLs (K-Means Fuzzy logics) and SVMs (Support Vector Machines) are implemented to identify and categorize diseased plants based on leaf disease grades. This work’s proposed method is implemented by examining images of leaves for diseases including Alternaria alternates, Anthracnoses, Bacterial blights and Cercospora leaf spots. The input leaf image features are extracted which are subsequently used for categorizations into classes.
Emergency medical services awareness and practices among rural population of District Hapur, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Husain Absar , Constance Menira. S. , Lachyan Abhishek , Khan Salman , Rasheed Nilofar , Sharma Roshni 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The awareness and practices of the general population regarding handling of medical emergency situations is important as many lives can be saved from premature deaths if many people are equipped to handle emergency situation. The aim and objective of this study was to assess awareness about medical emergency and practices pertaining medical emergencies. Methodology; This cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 residents from 10 randomly selected villages in Hapur district, Uttar Pradesh, recruited using simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face-to-face interview from July 2020 to Feb 2021. Result: A total of 202 participants were included in the study. We estimated 174(86.1%) are males and 28(13.9%) females in this study. Education of participants 94(46.5%) completed primary school, 76(37.6%) high school, 22(10.9%) senior secondary school, 8(4%) are illiterates and 2(1%) are university graduates. Regarding family size, 194(96%) are married while 8(4%) are single.
Intravenous paracetamol infusion and tramadol as agents for post operative pain relief in urosurgical patient: A randomized control trial
Authors: Vilochan Nalin , Puri Anisha , Kour Arvin Preet , Singh Gurchand , Singh Ajaydeep 
Published: April 2022

Analgesia is one of the most important consideration in perioperative setting as it determines the recovery and discharge of a patient. Among the drugs used for analgesia, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are the most commonly used ones in the current scenario. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) paracetamol and IV tramadol in alienating pain postoperatively. 100 adult patients of ASA grade I & II in the age group of 25-55 years were randomized into two groups of 50 patients , scheduled for elective urosurgical procedures and were administered IV paracetamol and IV tramadol 30 minutes before the completion of surgery for postoperative analgesia and assessment was done with visual analog scale (VAS)score. In the present study, both the drugs showed effective pain relief. The onset of analgesia is faster in tramadol group. In paracetamol group, the onset of analgesia was slightly delayed but pain scores significantly decreased after 60 min, and this was observed up to 6 h with a statistically significant decrease in post operative nausea vomiting( PONV )with paracetamol group .
Prognostic implication of serum Alpha-fetoprotein response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Hepatoblastoma patients
Authors: Attia Asmaa , Mustafa Ahmed , Ebeid Emad , Abdelhamid Sayed 
Published: April 2022

Objective: This retrospective study aims to identify the early changes in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (AFP) and their correlation with the survival outcome of hepatoblastoma patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 68 patients presented to the children's cancer hospital Egypt and the national cancer institute from January 2013 till June 2016 were included in this study. Results: AFP level was measured post-cycle 2 in 60 patients; 44 (73.3%) patients showed a decline in AFP level by >1 log reduction. The 3-year EFS was 75.6% for patients with >1 log reduction in AFP level, compared with 36.5% for those with <1 log reduction (p=0.010). The 3-year OS’ for patients with >1 and <1 log reduction in AFP level were 80.4% and 39.4%, respectively (p=0.005). On multivariate analysis; Patients with AFP log reduction< 1 had worse OS/EFS with hazards ratio (HR): 3.9 and 95% confidence interval (CI):1.4-11.2, p value=0.011 and HR: 3.2 and 95% CI: 1.3-8.9, p value=0.013 respectively. Conclusion: The ease of AFP determination makes it a valuable tool that could be routinely used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and predict the survival outcome.
Characteristics of the European Thoracic Society/American Thoracic Society severe asthma definition as a determinant of future use of biologics/bronchial thermoplasty
Authors: Nishiyama Hirono , Kanemitsu Yoshihiro , Fukumitsu Kensuke , Takeda Norihisa , Kurokawa Ryota , Tajiri Tomoko , Ito Keima , Yap Jenifer Maries Go , Fukuda Satoshi , Uemura Takehiro , Ohkubo Hirotsugu , Maeno Ken , Ito Yutaka , Oguri Tetsuya , Takemura Masaya , Niimi Akio 
Published: April 2022

Background
International guidelines define severe uncontrolled asthma. Biologics or bronchial thermoplasty (Bio/BT) are recommended for such patients.

Objectives
To determine which definitions of severe uncontrolled asthma are associated with an additional Bio/BT treatment in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma.

Methods
Consecutive 107 asthmatics (including 15 patients for whom Bio/BT was introduced within 3 months after examination), classified as treatment step 4 according to the Global Initiative for Asthma 2015 guideline, were eligible for this analysis. Patients were assessed using the European Thoracic Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS) severe uncontrolled asthma guideline as defined by these 4 characteristics: poor control (ACT < 20), frequent exacerbations (≥2/yr), admissions (≥1/yr), and airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 second < 80% of predicted), along with comorbidities, and biomarkers, including blood granulocytes, fractional nitric oxide, and capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity (C-CS). These indices were compared between patients with and without Bio/BT introduction, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the 4 definitions with treatment needs for Bio/BT.

Results
Patients who were introduced to Bio/BT had heightened C-CS, heavier smoking history, and a greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus than those without (p < 0.05). Poor asthma control (ACT < 20), frequent exacerbations (≥2/yr), and admissions (≥1/yr) were relevant to the future use of Bio/BT in the multivariate regression analysis. Type 2-related biomarkers including absolute eosinophil counts were higher in patients in the Bio introduction group than in the BT introduction group. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference of the 4 characteristics of severe uncontrolled asthma definition between patients in the Bio and those in the BT groups.

Conclusion
Although multiple factors such as treatment cost and asthma phenotypes affect treatment decision-making, the definition of poor asthma control, frequent exacerbations and admission by the ERS/ATS guidelines were important factors for an additional intensive treatment for severe uncontrolled asthma.

Trial Registration
UMIN Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000024734
The Destructive Legacy of the Cold War: The Dumping of Radioactive Waste in the Arctic
Authors: Kirchner Andree 
Published: April 2022

An overview of the origin and extent of the practice of the former Soviet Union of dumping in the Arctic between 1959 and 1991; a summary of the major co-operation projects between the East and the West and their interrelations; the dumping at sea of radioactive waste in the context of international law; the security and political considerations; the future impact of the legacy of the Cold War on the environment; an attempt to characterise the outcome of international co-operation in this sphere.
An insight into the whole process on the basis of primary source research, rather than an evaluation on a legal basis, focusing on initiatives at the Meetings of the Contracting Parties to the London Convention 1972; the interrelationship between international law, environmental and security politics.
Protection of the Environment Through Criminal Law:A Question of Competence Unabated?
Authors: Ryland Diane 
Published: April 2022

The landmark judgment delivered by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice in Case C–176/03 Commission v Council (Environmental Crimes) was significant both constitutionally and for the protection of the environment through criminal law. There was a conflict of competence between the European Community Treaty and the Third Pillar of the Treaty on European Union, namely Police and Cooperation in Criminal Matters. The case resulted in Community competence to require criminal measures for serious environmental offences where necessary for the effective enforcement of environmental rules.
Eleven intervening Member States supported the Council’s choice of the Third Pillar as the legal basis for a Framework Decision, showing the strength of resilience against resort to the Community method with its institutional powers of enforcement; preliminary ruling and codecision.
This work examines the impact of the Court’s ruling in Environmental Crimes. Case C–440/05 Commission v Council (Ship Source Pollution) will also be evaluated to see whether legal certainty emerges as to the scope and extent of criminal law competence under the Treaties establishing the European Community and Union.
The current legal regime will be treated as will that, potentially under the Treaty of Lisbon.
Recycling and Utilisation of Carbon Dioxide in the European Union's Directives
Authors: Erkman Suren , Piguet Frédéric-Paul , Meylan Frédéric , Largey Thierry 
Published: April 2022

In September 2015, the European Parliament and the Council adopted a new directive (2015/1513) that amended two existing directives in order to bolster the production of advanced fuels, biofuels, and ``CO2-fuels'' in the transport sector. The combination of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (obtained by means of electrolysis with surpluses of renewable electricity) produces synthetic and renewable fuels that can easily be stored and transported in existing infrastructures. It is also possible to use CO2-enriched microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel. To the extent these advanced fuels can be substituted for fossil energy, they could be helpful in the context of climate mitigation and energy transition, provided the regulatory framework is geared towards such an ambitious purpose. Our comments address the relevance of legislative activity around such a strategy, mainly what kind of legal provisions are already taking shape at the European Union level. We discuss the ability of European directives to manage CO2-fuels and biofuels made from microalgae with CO2 enrichment. This subject is new, and the literature on related legal provisions is rare, thus the need to establish a reader's guide to the existing regulatory framework.
EU Cross-Border Energy Investments in an International Legal Context: In Between the Commodity Transportation, Transmission Infrastructure and Competitive Exemption Policy
Authors: Porins Kristians 
Published: April 2022

The article argues that rules related to infrastructure exemption policy and rules on competition prescribed in the primary legislation share similar characteristics, but both are, nevertheless, applied in different scenarios. It is arguable that the Commission acts ultra vires in both legal frameworks. Although, the CJEU also has an opportunity to decide upon the application of refusal to deal and the respective essential facilities doctrine, it has, nonetheless, not chosen to follow the path of the Commission. Overall, the article encourages penetration of Art. 102(b) TFEU into the sectorial legislation, which then would be a suitable mix of two legal disciplines. Such a mixed legal instrument then would qualify as a solution for boosting up innovation. On the other hand, perhaps the remedy then should be rather sought in the realm of competences and the respective international agreements. While the EU internal natural gas market is subject to the liberalization processes, investing entities might be ``locked-up'' concerning their decisional abilities as legislation overly tries to ensure an equal level playing field for every investor. Therefore, one of the possibilities is to challenge the troublesome EU law measure under the WTO. Entities transporting the commodity hold the highest share of incentives to expand, develop and operate on the market. It has to be understood that the Union itself cannot construct the necessary infrastructure in order to satisfy the ever- growing consumer demand for natural gas. Article emphasizes that the EU energy acquis should not extend outside the internal market otherwise acquis would fail.
Ability of EU Legislation to Deter: the Volkswagen Case
Authors: Geebelen Brecht 
Published: April 2022

After the discovery of the fraud committed by Volkswagen to circumvent emission control tests, it became clear that the current EU legal framework on type approval and emission standards for cars shows structural weaknesses. The Member States are primarily responsible for implementing and enforcing the legislation, but often fail to do this. Consequently, the Commission has started infringement procedures against several Member States. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the current legal framework has to be updated. In a first part, the current legislation is examined. However, not only the EU legislation on type approval and emission standards is considered, but as well other legislation that can have a deterrent effect for the carmaker. Besides, public law actions and private law claims can also incentivize the car manufacturer to honour the emission standards, and complement the type approval legislation. Still, strengthening the current environmental legislation is necessary to overcome the present problems, such as the quality and independence of testing, the effectiveness of the market surveillance system and the European oversight in the type-approval process. The Commission proposed to replace the current framework with a new Regulation. In a second part, this proposal is dealt with. The Parliament and the Council already expressed their position at first reading.
Arbitration in the EU Energy Sector: Recent Developments and Case Law
Authors: Callaerts Raf , Vandorpe Wouter , Haverbeke David 
Published: April 2022

This contribution focuses on arbitration in the European energy sector and sheds a light on some recent developments and cases. The contribution observes that under the current and evolving EU regulatory framework governing the energy sector different forms of dispute settlement are possible, with specific bodies for dispute settlement being developed in the Member States and certain competences for dispute settlement being allocated to the National Regulatory Authorities. With the focus being on arbitration, this contribution furthermore recognizes the importance of commercial arbitration or Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in the investments made in the energy sector and recognizes that classical discussions, such as on the balance between investor protection and the Member State's right to regulate are currently crucial: firstly because more and more dispute settlement cases are arising in relation to changes to regulatory frameworks such as support schemes that were designed to attract private investments in the first place, and secondly because many of these disputes in the energy sector occur in an intra-EU setting, in which the EU Commission is increasingly scrutinizing the dispute settlement possibilities. In light of various ongoing developments, the contribution provides some observations in two recent arbitral awards Charanne and Eiser Infrastructure and into a case in front of the European Court of Justice Gazprom OAO v. Lietuvos on the jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of arbitration clauses and awards in the EU.
Access of an Environmental Organisation to Court in Light of the EU Standard Set by the Principle of Effective Legal (Judicial) Protection
Authors: Iwanska Barbara , Baran Mariusz 
Published: April 2022

This article was prepared as part of a research project carried out under a contract concluded with the National Science Centre the aim of which was to determine the role of tribunals and courts in carrying out one of the primary tasks of the contemporary state ± the protection of the environment. This article develops the results of the project and research in this matter. The aim of the study is to present the role of the CJEU in the harmonisation of the position of an environmental organisation in environmental matters - in particular, as regards its access to court, in light of the EU standard set by the principle of effective legal (judicial) protection. The article focuses on the contemporary role of the CJEU in promoting access to justice in environmental matters at the national level. The study analyses the three last important judgments of the CJEU (Case C-240/09, Lesoochranárske zoskupenie VLK; Case C-243/15, Lesoochranárske zoskupenie VLK and Case C-664/15, Protect), in which the Court strengthened the rights of environmental organisations - importantly, as regards access to court, too - as sui generis representatives of the protection of the environment as a common good.
The Energiewende as a Public Value Challenge for German DSOs
Authors: Edens Marga G. , Lavrijssen Saskia A.C.M. 
Published: April 2022

As the implementation of the Energiewende in Germany is making itself increasingly felt in the distribution networks, this article explores how the growing amount of distributed renewable energy impacts the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and its responsibility for public values, such as the availability, affordability, and environmental sustainability of the electricity infrastructure. Although the German government’s aim is twofold, promote the energy transition and at the same time maintain a balance between the energy-related public values, it turns out that current legislation limits the realization of environmental sustainability as a public value, particularly where the Energiewende is taking place: at the distribution level.
This article studies the interaction between the law and its regulation of technology, the technological advances driving the energy transition, and the safeguarding of public values. More room for environmental sustainability as a public value would help German DSOs play their pivotal role in the Energiewende. Interviews and an online survey with energy sector representatives demonstrate that DSOs need more legal leeway, enabling them to give more consideration to environmental sustainability and make public value trade-offs that should be based on clear criteria laid down by law and decree-law and decided upon in a transparent process.
Climate Change Litigation: Civil Liability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Keller Moritz , Kapoor Sunny 
Published: April 2022

Climate change is a phenomenon whereby the influences of many actors, both natural and anthropomorphic, are producing damage to our environment. This article explores issues of causation that arise when considering claims against polluters, which may in theory result in the payment of damages that could mitigate environmental degradation. The authors examine the legal frameworks for causation in both German and US law, and identify various difficulties in the application of traditional notions of causation to climate damage scenarios. The authors also explore several alternative theories and the role they might play in determining causation vis-a-vis polluters, before concluding that in fact, the only way forward must lie with international/multilateral efforts towards solutions.
Climate change, civil liability, Greenhouse gas, Emissions, Causation, Market share liability, German law, US law