bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Knee Flexion Angle and Quadriceps Contraction on Hamstrings Co-Contraction
Authors: Hefzy Mohamed S. , Yang Hongzhi , Abdel-Rahman Eihab M. , Alkhazim Mohamad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Open and closed kinetic chain exercises are being used as knee rehabilitation regiments. These exercises are designed to strengthen the muscles around the knee in order to improve its stability. Following a knee injury and/or surgery, the patient is asked to perform an isometric contraction of the quadriceps as the very first task of the rehabilitation process. Co-contraction of the hamstrings may occur depending on the amount of quadriceps contraction and the angle of knee flexion at which this isometric contraction is performed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the knee flexion angle and the quadriceps tension on the amount of hamstrings co-contraction that occurs during an isometric contraction of the quadriceps muscles.
The Effect of Strain on Collagen Fiber Orientation in Ligament: A Morphometric Study
Authors: Kukreti U. , Belkoff S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Collagen is the primary structural component in soft connective tissues. Collagen molecules are organized into fibers which appear crimped or wavy when the tissue is in a stress-free state [1]. As the tissue is stretched, the crimping pattern diminishes as the fibers align in the direction of the applied load [2]. It is generally accepted that the sequential straightening of collagen fibers is responsible for the mechanical behavior exhibited by soft tissues. Several mathematical models incorporate this uncrimping phenomenon to describe the characteristic nonlinear behavior of biological tissues [3,4,5]. Although the models describe the mechanical behavior well, it remains unknown exactly how the collagen fiber orientation changes with strain.
Mechanics of Cell Rolling Adhesion in Shear Flow
Authors: Lei Xiaoxiao , Lawrence Michael B. , Dong Cheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte rolling along endothelial cells is a critical step of leukocyte-endothelium interaction, which plays important roles in tissue inflammation and wound healing [1]. The occurrence of rolling results from the dynamic balance of hemodynamic shearing force acting on the cell and adhesive bond force between cell and endothelium, while the balance strongly depends on the leukocyte deformability [2]. The objective of this study is to elucidate the effects of (1) hydrodynamic shear stress, (2) cell deformation, and (3) surface adhesion strength on the rolling adhesion event through in vitro experiment and theoretical simulation.
Substrate Effects on the Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Individual Cells
Authors: Shin Daehwan , Schmitz John , Lee Tim , Athanasiou Kyriacos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cells interact with specific molecular components of the extracellular matrix via cell surface receptors [1]. The principal cell surface receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix interactions are termed integrins [2, 3]. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that interact with several intracellular proteins, including elements of the cytoskeleton by cytoplasmic domains. Therefore, integrins serve as a molecular linkage between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Some investigators have suggested that many of these vital cellular activities are regulated, at least in part, by intercellular and intracellular forces that are generated by a continuous molecular connection that includes components of the extracellular matrix, integrins, and cytoskeletal elements (i.e., f-actin, microtubules). It is believed that individual cells “sense” and generate forces transmitted through the extracellular environment by these intricate linkages [4]. Furthermore, this linkage, referred to as the “extended cytoskeleton,” could provide a mechanical signaling mechanism that may underlie many vital cellular activities, including gene expression. It is apparent that the physical properties of a cell may also be affected by this mechanism. Thus, cells grown on different extracellular matrix substrates should be expected to vary their cytoskeletal architecture and have concomitant changes in their biomechanical properties. The objectives of this study were 1) to obtain the intrinsic material properties of the individual cell as a function of the type of substrate matrix and therefore, 2) to investigate fundamental aspects of the response mechanism of individual cells to alterations in their biophysical environment.
A Poroelastic Model of Streaming Potential and Interstitial Fluid Flow in Ligament and Tendon
Authors: Chen Chih-Tung , Vanderby Ray 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Collagen fibrils are the major component of ligament and tendon and affect the surrounding interstitial fluid flow. These parallel fibrils hold a considerable amount of water and have anisotropic mechanical properties (Frank et al., 1987). Fibril population and tissue porosity are non-uniformly distributed and contribute to the unique micro-hydrodynamics and electrokinetics of ligament and tendon (Frank et al., 1987; Chen et al., 1996). A poroelastic model is extended from a previous study (Chen and Vanderby, 1996) to describe the pore pressure, fluid velocity, and streaming potential under different loadings.
Dynamic and Transient Nonlinear Behavior of Articular Cartilage in Unconfined Compression
Authors: Fortin M. , Soulhat J. , Shirazi-Adl A. , Hunziker E. B. , Buschmann M. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Functional mechanical behavior of cartilage can be investigated by testing excised tissue in confined, unconfined or indentation geometries using creep, stress relaxation and dynamic sinusoidal tests. Potential nonlinear behavior of cartilage has been mostly characterized in confined compression [1,2]. The extent to which the nonlinearities are intrinsic to the tissue or depend on the specificities of the testing configuration of confined compression is not known. We have therefore performed experimental and analytical tests of articular cartilage in unconfined compression to reveal linear and nonlinear behavior. We found equilibrium stress responses to behave linearly, but transient or dynamic stress responses to be nonlinear. Transient compressive responses stiffened nonlinearly when increasing the static offset compression present at the beginning of the step. On the contrary, dynamic stiffness decreased (weakened) nonlinearly when the amplitude of sinusoidal displacement, imposed on a static offset, was increased. We also found that the articular cartilage nonlinearly maintained a compressive stress when a release displacement was applied from a 10% static offset compression, suggesting possible physiological roles of these nonlinear behaviors.
Development of an In Vitro Experimental Protocol to Study the Extensional Mechanics of the Cervical Spine
Authors: DiAngelo Denis J. , Faber Henry B. , Dull Scott T. , Jansen Thomas H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A sequence of in vitro experiments were performed on a fresh human cadaveric cervical spine to determine a particular set of end mounting configurations and appropriate ranges of load and motion that replicated in vivo sagittal motion and mechanics. The specimen was mounted in a programmable testing apparatus and tested in three different configurations. A combination of translational / rotational motion at the upper fixture and a fixed lower base was found to closely reproduce the in vivo coupled, sagittal motion and loading behavior of the cervical spine.
Dynamic Analysis of 3D Whole-Body Models in Asymmetric Lifting Tasks
Authors: Li Yi-Chun , Lavender Steven A. , Natarajan Raghu N. , Andersson Gunna B. J. , Amirouche Farid M. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lifting materials and objects manually or so-called Manual Materials Handling (MMH) is a frequently and physically demanding activity in many industrial and service settings (building construction, mechanical repair of equipment, baggage and package handling, patient handling, fire fighting, etc.). Manual lifting is also the primary cause of overexertion injuries.1
Effects of an Anterior Interbody Fusion Device on Bone Density Distributions in the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Grosland Nicole M. , Goel Vijay K. , Grobler Leon J. , Griffith Steven L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recently, threaded cylindrical metallic cages have been developed to facilitate anterior interbody fusions. Although, implanted clinically, the long term biomechanical effects of such a device, are not entirely clear. The BAK Interbody fusion system (Spine-Tech Inc., Minneapolis, MN) possesses the ability to impart increased stability, while simultaneously reducing complications associated with the use of autogenous bone grafts. In an effort to predict the potential long term effects of the device, we specifically sought to evaluate the adaptive response of the vertebral bone adjacent to the cage in axial compression and bending modes, via finite element analyses (FEA).
The Determination of the Effect of Lift Characteristics on Dynamic Performance Profiles During Manual Material Handling (MMH) Tasks
Authors: Khalaf Kinda A. , Parnianpour Mohamad , Sparto Patrick J. , Barin Kamran , Simon Sheldon R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When investigating manual material handling (MMH) tasks, such as lifting, the quantification of the various kinematic and kinetic parameters of the lift is an important step towards assessment of functional capacity and development of a biomechanical profile of task demands [1]. The kinematic and kinetic parameters of performance are vector quantities that are often expressed as a percentage of the duration of the lifting cycle. In order to study the effect of lift characteristics (load, mode, and speed) on the dynamic parameters of performance, appropriate statistical analysis should reflect their vectorial constitution as a percentage of the lift duration rather than the traditional method of using descriptive and inferential statistics based on collapsing the data over the cycle. The objective of this study is to develop the methodology for quantifying and evaluating the variability in performance of the motion patterns resulting from different lift characteristics during MMH tasks.
Interactive Image Guided Surgery: The Experience of Wayne State University
Authors: Li Qinghang , Zamorano Lucia , Jiang Zhaowei , Holdener Hans J. , King Paul , Diaz Fernando 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stereotactic localization using multimodality of medical images (such as CT or MRI) is increasingly employed to guide neurosurgical procedures 1,2,3,5. This technique provides highly accurate intraoperative localization and allows the surgeon to resect a lesion in its entirety while sparing critical areas of the brain. Image guided interactive frameless stereotaxy has been successfully applied to intracranial surgery and spine surgery. It has demonstrated a potential for reducing both operative time and morbidity. In this paper we described our interactive image guided surgery system and the experience of appling to different kind of surgery.
Heart Assist Devices Equipped With Ionic-Polymeric-Platinum Composite Artificial Muscles
Authors: Shahinpoor Mohsen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Reported are the characteristics of some newly developed ionic polymeric-noble metal composites such as Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid-Platinum composites exhibiting low-voltage, electrically-controlled distributed large motion and sensing capability mimicking biological muscles. Reported further are modeling, design, fabrication and testing of a number of heart assist devices, i.e., LVAD (left ventricular assist devices) equipped with these muscles and activated by a computer-controlled voltage signal generator such as micro-processor controlled heart pace maker. The proposed designs include a pleated jacket made with such artificial muscles and worn by a weak heart with sleeves around the Aorta, Pulmonary and other pertinent veins such as the coronary veins around the heart. The model also presents an electrodynamic analysis of the synchronous contraction of the artificial muscles wrapped around the heart with the heart muscle itself similar to dynamic cardiomyoplasty.
Real-Time Contact Pressure in a Solid Ankle-Foot Orthosis
Authors: Nowak Michael D. , Abu-Hasaballah Khamis S. , Cooper Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFOs) are used extensively for a variety of clinical issues, including the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. One of the major causes of these ulcerations is the abnormally high plantar pressures present as a result of compromised foot function (Ctercteko, 1981). The AFO alleviates these abnormal pressures by redistributing them to low-pressure plantar regions. While effective, these AFOs are often not used by the patient due to weight and comfort issues. The first step in improving the basic AFO design is to understand the interaction between patient and AFO. Although studies examining and quantifying foot contact pressures in different foot wear under various conditions are innumerable, a very small number of studies measured pressures in a small portion of AFO-Foot contact surface and no studies have examined the foot contact pressures in an entire AFO. This could perhaps be due to the technical difficulties encountered when attempting to instrument an entire AFO surface. The purpose of our study was to determine all AFO-subject contact pressures during different daily activities such as walking, rising from and sitting on a chair, stair climbing and pivoting on the AFO. Real-time contact pressures were obtained for the entire AFO-subject area using the FSCAN pressure measurement system. These results would aid in the design of better AFOs by using these pressures as inputs to the design model.
Articulated External Ankle Fixation: Effect of Hinge Axis Position on Joint Kinetics
Authors: Bottlang Michael , Marsh J. L. , Brown T. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Articulated external fixation of the ankle joint has been used for the treatment of tibial pylon fractures, with encouraging results [1]. However, problems exist with ankle stiffness, limited range of motion, and calcaneal pin loosening [2].
Enhanced Solid Ankle-Foot Orthosis Design: Real-Time Contact Pressures Evaluation and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Abu-Hasaballah Khamis S. , Nowak Michael D. , Cooper Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adult neuropathic diabetic patients with acquired foot deformities such as flat foot and Charcot feet often develop plantar foot ulceration, leading to extended hospital procedures. These ulcerations are attributed to elevated plantar contact pressures (Ctercteko, 1981). A recent preventative means is to fit the patient with a custom made ankle-foot-orthosis (AFO) designed to reduce these pressures. Although effective, AFOs have poor patient compliance due to their high weight.
An Elastic-Plastic Material Model for the True Stress-Strain Behavior of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Tension and Compression
Authors: Kurtz Steven M. , Jewett Charles W. , Moalli John E. , Edidin Avram A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Prediction of stresses and strains for orthopaedic total joint replacement components depends upon accurate knowledge of the true stress-strain behavior for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (hereafter polyethylene), which has been investigated in uniaxial tension but not yet in uniaxial compression. Previous research has suggested that the maximum strains in tibial components are less than 0.12 [1]. An exponential model has been shown to accurately describe the tensile true stress-strain behavior of polyethylene up to 0.12 true strain [2], but no distinction has yet made between the linear elastic and nonlinear plastic regions of the true stress-strain curve.
New Fabrication Techniques for Polymeric Intravascular Coronary Artery Stents
Authors: Nelson Kevin D. , Su Solomon , Phansalkar Anagha R. , Romero Andres A. , Ye Yun-Wei , Eberhart Robert C. , Landau Charles , Meidell Robert S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new procedure has been developed to fabricate polymeric intravascular stents for improved gene/drug delivery. These new stents have been mechanically tested for drug loading capacity, resistance to transluminal pressure collapse, and flexion. They were found to be superior to previous versions of these stents.
A Micro-Structural Constitutive Model for Chemically Treated Bovine Pericardium
Authors: Sacks Michael S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chemically treated bovine pericardium (BP) has been used extensively in the fabrication of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV), which have compared to mechanical valves, superior fluid dynamical properties. However, BHVs continue to suffer limited long-term durability and will fail in 8–10 years, as result of calcification and mechanical damage. Our long-term goal is to improve BHV functional performance through the development of improved constitutive models. These models lead to a better understanding of the role tissue microstructure in determining overall mechanical behavior and limited long-term durability.
Haptic Rendering of Surfaces Defined by Implicit Functions
Authors: Salisbury Kenneth , Tarr Christopher 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method for computing the contact forces which must be imposed on a human (via a haptic interface) to evoke the sensation of touching surfaces described by implicit equations of the form S(p) = 0. The algorithm computes in real-time the forces of interaction which would arise from a point interacting with a real surface of the given shape. It models the forces of interaction which would arise when contacting linearly elastic material with surface friction. At each instant, a tangent plane to the surface at the contact point is computed and used to track the contact point’s motion and prevent it from passing though the surface. A method using cutting planes to limit the extent of these surfaces is described. Though the rendering techniques are presented in the context of implicit surfaces, they can be applied to other classes of surfaces.
Influence of Haptic and Visual Displays on the Estimation of Virtual Environment Stiffness
Authors: Durfee W. K. , Hendrix C. M. , Cheng P. , Varughese G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Human subject experiments were performed to determine the influence of a visual display on the perception of haptic spring stiffness. Seven subjects participated in an experiment where they were presented with two virtual springs and asked to determine which was stiffer. The virtual springs were represented through a graphics display which they watched and a haptic display which they explored with their fingers. The relative visual to haptic stiffness was varied over a range. The results demonstrated that when subjects made errors in haptic stiffness estimation (which they did approximately 41% of the time), those errors tended to follow visual rather than haptic cues, particularly when the visual to haptic stiffness mismatch was large (30–40%). The results suggest that in some cases, visual cues can be used in virtual environments to compensate for deficiencies in haptic displays.
Estimation and Interpretation of Mechanical Impedance in Robotic Processing of Inhomogeneous Material
Authors: Gu J. H. , de Silva C. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mechanical impedance can be quite useful in robotic processing of objects. It represents properties of the material being processed. Robotic tasks that handle inhomogeneous material may be controled based on impedance information. This paper addresses impedance estimation in a mechanical processing task that employs a robot. The method uses existing motion sensors and actuator current sensing for robot “effort” in computing mechanical impedance, and fuzzy logic for interpretation of the impedance information. A Kalman filter is developed to estimate mechanical impedance based on a mathematical model of a joint drive-motor, in the time domain. A parameter identification method is utilized to estimate impedance parameters based on a process impedance model in the frequency domain. Impedance information, in both time domain and frequency domain, is interpreted for use in high level task control employing fuzzy logic and fuzzy associative memory. The technique is applied to a robotic fish processing system in the Industrial Automation Laboratory.
Computer Aided Modeling of Induced Strain Actuators and Other Piezoelectric Structures
Authors: Bouchilloux Philippe , Letty R. Le , Lhermet N. , Claeyssen F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The complexity found in the structure and operation of piezoelectric devices continues to increase, and, at the same time, designers are placing a greater emphasis on a more global approach to the design of such devices. In this paper we present and summarize the methodology for a more global approach to the design of piezoelectric devices that was developed at Magsoft Corporation and Cedrat Recherche.
Because it can accurately solve coupled-field problems, the finite element method (FEM) is the most suited numerical method available to produce efficient models of induced strain structures. Other parts of the piezoelectric devices, such as their drive electronics and control loops, must also be modeled. A computer aided electrical network analyzer is undoubtedly much more suited for this purpose. Therefore, we have combined these two computer aided techniques (FEM and electrical networks), and in this paper we show that it is possible to perform accurate simulations of complex mechatronic devices.
In this paper we also describe some applications and explain how they are currently being studied at Magsoft Corporation and Cedrat Recherche. This is illustrated with examples taken from the fields of: piezoelectric actuating and sensing, precise positioning, active damping of vibrations, and piezoelectric motors design. The results obtained from the design of these applications are encouraging and prove that our design methodology, more global and using the combination of different computer aided modeling tools, is valid.
Virtual Instrumentation for Intelligent Sensors: Development, Production and in the Field
Authors: Brignell John E. , Taner Ali H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recent contributions to the realisation of intelligent sensors are recapitulated. In particular the benefits of reconfigurability and virtual instrumentation techniques are highlighted. It is then shown that such techniques can be extended from the development phase into the production and field phases of sensor life. In this way the potentially dire effects of complexity can be greatly mitigated.
Fuzzy Logic Expert System for Automatic Tuning of Myoelectric Prostheses
Authors: Bonivento C. , Davalli A. , Fantuzzi C. , Terenzi S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The paper presents a software package for automatic tuning of control parameters of myoelectric prosthesis. The prosthesis system is the INAIL artificial arm controlled by a microprocessor using myoelectric signals acquired from skin-surface electrodes placed on the patient muscle stump.
Usually, qualified staff is necessary for control parameters set-up and subsequent recurrent adjustments, and therefore patients are forced to come back frequently at prosthesis factory laboratories.
The proposed software interacts with unskilled patients and automatically set up the control parameters of the prosthesis using qualified staff knowledge stored in a Fuzzy Logic Expert System (FLES).
In this paper the software package is presented and some preliminary results from its application are discussed.