bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Autoclaving Liquid Media Used in Plant Tissue Culture
Authors: Burger David W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The temperatures of liquid volumes (10–4000 ml) were monitored with solid-state temperature probes during autoclaving cycles of an automated steam sterilizer. Accurate measurements of the time required for the liquid volumes to reach the sterilizing temperature (121°C) were made. The effects of preheating solutions to be autoclaved and enclosing materials in autoclavable plastic bags were determined. Liquid volumes between 10 and 4000 ml differed in the time required to reach 121° by 40 min. Preheating solutions before autoclaving slightly reduced the time required to reach sterilizing temperatures. Enclosing materials in autoclavable bags substantially increased the time required to reach 121°.
Increased Rubber Content in Guayule after Honey Bee Pollination
Authors: Mamood Amed N. , Ray Dennis T. , Waller Gordon D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a small, woody perennial shrub native to the Chihuahuan desert region of north-central Mexico and southwest Texas. Its outstanding characteristic is the production of a high quality natural rubber. Guayule has long been recognized as a promising alternative domestic rubber source to that from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. Enhanced rubber production has been the primary objective of the research and development effort since the late 1970s (7).
Net Photosynthetic Rates and Growth of Strawberry after Partial Defoliation
Authors: Kerkhoff Karen L. , Williams Jerry M. , Barden John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaf loss increased net photosynthesis (Pn) or delayed senescence of the remaining leaves in several plant species (2, 3, 7, 8). Strawberries are commonly defoliated during planting and after fruiting. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of partial defoliation on Pn rates and growth of the strawberry.
Ammonia Volatilization from Urea and an Experimental Triazone Fertilizer
Authors: Kissel David E. , Cabrera Miguel L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Urea, a major source of N fertilizer for turfgrass, is susceptible to ammonia (NH3) volatilization when applied to the surface of turf (4) and soil (3). Urea hydrolyzes in the presence of urease and water to form ammonium ( and, in the process, raises soil pH (3). As a result, a portion of the formed can then be converted to gaseous NH3, part of which can volatilize into the atmosphere. Under certain environmental conditions, significant N loss may result (1).
Identification of a Peonidin-3-cinnamylsophoroside in the Flowers of Tabebuia impetiginosa
Authors: Bobbio Florinda O. , Bobbio Paulo A. , Degáspari Claudia H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tabebuia impetiginosa, a tall, fast-growing tree of the family Bignoniaceae, completely loses its leaves in May or June and becomes covered by large clusters of bluish pink flowers from May to July or August. Pomilio and Sproviero (8) found in the flowers of Argentine Tabebuia spp. three anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, and peonidin-3-rutinoside. This paper reports the identification of a major anthocyanin present in the flowers of T. impetiginosa.
Horticulture in Oklahoma and at Oklahoma State University
Authors: Payne Richard N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oklahoma is a land of diversity in topography and climate. Elevations range from as low as 88 m above sea level at one location in southeastern Oklahoma to near 1520 m in the western panhandle. Although Oklahoma is part of the Great Plains, the state has four mountain ranges : The Ouachitas in the southeast, the Arbuckles in the south, the Ozarks in the northeast, and the Wichitas in the southwest. Rainfall varies from 1270 mm annually in the southeast to around 380 mm in the panhandle. The state average is 787 mm. The growing season ranges from 240 days in the southeast to 180 days in the panhandle. The state is blessed with abundant sunshine, and temperatures can range from below - 17.8°C in winter to > 37.8° in summer.
Soil Compaction Reduces Modulation, Module Efficiency, and Growth of Soybean and White Bean
Authors: Tu J. C. , Buttery B. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “Soil Compaction Reduces Nodulation, Nodule Efficiency, and Growth of Soybean and White Bean”, by J.C. Tu and B.R. Buttery [HortScience 23(4):722–724, August 1988], the words “Modulation” and “Module” were used in the title instead of the correct “Nodulation” and “Nodule”. The title as noted here is correct.
Status of Horticulture in the Developing Countries of Southern Africa
Authors: Rice Robert P. , Rice Laura Williams 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticulture has not been a priority in the agricultural development plans of southern Africa. Large advances have been made in the production of staple crops while horticultural production stagnated or declined. Governments in the Southern Africa Development Coordination Council (SADCC) region are now beginning to consider horticulture as a tool in improving nutrition, the income of their people, and national foreign exchange earnings. A number of constraints exist, however, including attitude, transport, postharvest handling, lack of horticulturists, seed and plant shortages, and poor communication. The potential of horticulture in the region is great if the governments and people of the region can meet the challenges of developing the horticultural industry.
Hydroponic Culture, Grafting, and Growth Regulators to Increase Flowering in Sweet Potato
Authors: Lardizabal Ricardo D. , Thompson Paul G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hydroponic culture of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] inhibited storage root formation and reduced flower numbers compared to peat-lite medium in three of four cultivars. Elevated levels of B, Mg, and Fe in the nutrient solution increased flower numbers in ‘Southern Delite’. Flower numbers in ‘Southern Delite’ also were increased by grafting onto Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. Austin. Grafting ‘Shore Gold’ onto I. carnea increased flower numbers when grown in peat-lite, but not in hydroponic culture. GA3 and ethephon produced higher flower numbers than the control treatment in ‘Shore Gold’, but ABA and BA did not. ‘Southern Delite’ did not respond to growth regulator application. Chemical names used: [S-(Z,E)]-[5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid [abscisic acid (ABA)], N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), (2-chloroethyl) phosponic acid (ethephon), and (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4a-lactone (GA3).
Nondestructive Detection of Core Breakdown in ‘Bartlett’ Pears with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Yi Wang Chien , Wang Paul C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of core breakdown in ‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) held at 20°C after 3 months of storage in air or in 1% O2 at 0° was monitored with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Longitudinal NMR images of the fruit revealed the presence and severity of core breakdown. The progress of the disorder inside the fruit could be clearly seen without destroying the fruit. A distinct difference in the degree of core breakdown between air and low-O2 stored fruit could be discerned in the NMR images.
Identification of Vitis vinifera L. × Muscadinia rotundifolia Small Hybrids by Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Chaparro José X. , Goldy Ronald G. , Mowrey Bruce D. , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four isozyme systems, glucosephosphate isomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9), phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), were identified as useful in detecting intergeneric Vitis vinifera × Muscadinia rotundifolia hybrids. Polymorphism between and within the two genera was observed at the PGI-2, PGM-2, and IDH-1 loci. However, the two appeared fixed for different alleles at the MDH-3 locus. The combination of any two of the enzyme systems allowed for rapid identification of F1 hybrids at the young, pre-fruiting seedling stage.
Improved Equipment for Vacuum Extraction of Saturated Growing Media
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The saturated medium extract (SME) method of container media testing for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient levels is generally considered the best procedure for research and routine analysis (1, 5-8). However, various soil : water ratio methods (e.g., 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:5) are widely used (1, 2), partly because they do not require a vacuum extraction, as does the SME method. The use of so many different methods creates considerable confusion (5). Vacuum extraction of saturated media is traditionally performed with a porcelain Buchner funnel ($26 for 9-cm size) and a side-arm, glass vacuum flask ($13 for 500ml size) (2, 6). Less-expensive, unbreakable polypropylene Buchner funnels and vacuum flasks are available. However, they have several disadvantages: they easily tip over when the Buchner funnel contains saturated media, are difficult to dry quickly if several samples need to be run in succession with only one vacuum flask, and only are available through scientific instead of horticultural suppliers.
Rare Allozymes of Malate Dehydrogenase in Pecan
Authors: Marquard Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Isozyme banding patterns, elucidated by starch gel electrophoresis, frequently are simply inherited and also useful tools in horticultural research (4). An earlier paper (1) documented that malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) in pecan is a dimer controlled by at least one polymorphic gene with two alleles (Mdh-1). Two of 66 pecan cultivars were characterized for Mdh-1 and produced an additional Mdh-1 band that remained unexplained (1). Results from controlled crosses confirm that two additional alleles exist for the Mdh-1 locus, but are rare among cultivars and occur at a frequency of about =1%. Controlled pollinations produced seedlings with MDH phenotypes not previously observed in pecan.
Horticultural Faculty Views on the Changing Role of the Cooperative Extension Service
Authors: Gerber John M. , Masiunas John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Cooperative Extension Service (CES) is undergoing a period of self-evaluation (Gerber, 1985) and change (USDA Extension Service, 1988). As part of on-going discussions on the future of the CES at the Univ. of Illinois, a survey of the academic staff in the Dept. of Horticulture was conducted. The survey quantified the reaction of horticultural academic staff to recommendations taken from a federal study on the future of extension (USDA Economic Committee on Organization and Policy, 1987) and statements solicited from the Dept. of Horticulture Extension Committee. Recipients of the survey were asked to state their level of agreement or disagreement with the statements on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = no opinion, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree).
‘Thunder Cloud’ Cenizo
Authors: Simpson Benny J. , Hipp Billy W. , McWilliams Edward L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several species of Leucophyllum are widely used in Texas and the southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico) for amenity plantings. These taxa are among the most ornamental of all native Texas plants (8). Leucophyllum candidum I. M. Johnst. (2, 7) grows on arid sites in northern Mexico and in southern Brewster Co., Texas, and is usually found on caliche, gravelly hillsides (11). The low requirements for nutrients, water, pest control, and general maintenance make the use of ‘Thunder Cloud’ a pragmatic choice for water and energy conservation in the arid to semi-arid southwest (12).
Physiology and Control of Superficial Scald of Apples: A Review
Authors: Ingle Morris , D’Souza Mervyn C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Superficial scald (storage, common scald) is an extensively studied postharvest physiological disorder of apples. Research on superficial scald of apples before 1965 was reviewed by Hardenburg (26); that reported since is summarized in this paper.
Growth and Development of Young Peach Trees as Influenced by Foliar Sprays of Paclobutrazol or XE-1019
Authors: Liyembani Samutumwa , Taylor Bradley H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A single or four sequential foliar sprays of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and XE-1019 (Valent Corp., Walnut Creek, Calif.) to peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] supplied, respectively, 7.5 to 480 mg a.i. and 0.75 to 48 mg a.i. doses per tree. These treatments reduced the net change in total shoot length (current-season extension shoots plus lateral shoots) occurring over the 15-week period after the sprays were applied by up to 80% and 69%, compared to the control, for each compound, respectively. The average number of lateral shoots was decreased 85% and 81% by the highest dose of each material. The shoot and whole plant dry weight at the end of the growing season (15 weeks after treatment) were ≍22% and 27% lower than the control for PBZ and XE-1019, respectively. Trunk cross-sectional area, leaf area, and dry weight of leaves and roots were also smaller on the trees treated by either compound. Root : shoot ratios were not influenced by any treatment. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (Valent XE-1019).
Irrigation Water Management for Bush Snap Bean Production
Authors: Singh Bharat P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of various amounts of irrigation on vegetative growth and pod yield of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated. The field experiments were carried out during 1985 and 1986, years of abundant and limited rainfalls, respectively. Evaporation from a National Weather Service type open pan (Epan) was used to determine the timing and amount of irrigation. Vegetative growth was estimated from the number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf and stem dry weights. Irrigation significantly increased vegetative growth and pod yield. Pod yield/unit of irrigation water was maximum at 60% Epan. Vegetative growth increased linearly from irrigation amounts of 0% to 100% Epan, while pod yield enhancement ceased above 80% Epan. The study suggested an irrigation schedule based on 80% Epan for highest bush snap bean production.
Whole Leaves Versus Petioles for Assessing the Nitrogen Status of Tomatoes
Authors: Minotti Peter L. , Hankinson Thomas J. , Grubinger Vernon P. , Christian Wien H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were sampled for laboratory analysis of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in one greenhouse and four field experiments. A ratio of about 3:1 (petiole NO3-N to whole leaf NO3-N) was found over a wide range of conditions for the third leaf below the growing tip and leaves further below this point. The ratio was higher for the very youngest leaves. Nitrate-N increased with leaf age and then remained relatively constant. Whole leaves proved just as effective as petioles for reflecting changes in available N.
Reaction of Crop Species to Thiocyanate Ion Toxicity
Authors: Stiehl Barbara , Bible Bernard B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Little evidence is available concerning possible allelopathic effects of the thiocyanate ion (SCN-), a known toxin commonly found in plants of the Brassicaceae (crucifers). Seeds and seedlings of 39 species of crop plants were exposed to ionic thiocyanate (0.5 mM SCN- supplied as KSCN) to determine their relative sensitivity. Percent germination was unaffected by SCN- for all the species tested. Thiocyanate ion inhibited the total seedling (shoot and root) extension of 46% of the species tested, with 38% of the species showing inhibition of shoot and 49% showing inhibition of root extension. This demonstrates that SCN- has the capacity to harm a range of species. However, the toxicity was selective in that 44% of the test species were unaffected by exposure to SCN-. Wide differences in seed weight among species, in incubation time, and also systematics were major sources of variation for species sensitivity to SCN-.
Introduction to Workshop on the Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Horticulture
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Energy is like the air that we breathe, something that we have taken for granted for far too long. Almost every decade we have seen increased, almost insatiable, demands for more energy with little concern for supply or price. In the past decade, a grave threat to our national security as a result of our extensive dependence on unstable foreign oil supplies and escalating energy costs sobered up our energy thinking.
Iron Availability in Rockwool may Affect Rose Nutrition
Authors: Rupp Larry A. , Dudley Lynn M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rockwool is an inert medium for use in greenhouses. It is reported to contribute negligible nutrients to plants. However, Rosa multiflora ‘Burr’ rootstocks grown in Grodan rockwool exhibited no visible Fe chlorosis with an Fe-free nutrient solution. Leaf chlorophyll content was 2.65 mg·g-1 with Fe and 2.85 mg·g-1 without Fe. Available Fe concentrations of three commercial materials (Hortiwool, Grodan block, and Grodan loose), estimated by using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction (2 DPTA : 1 rockwool, v/w), were 43.0, 0.33, and 3.95 mg Fe/liter, respectively. With long-term DTPA extractions (20:1), Fe extracted from Hortiwool and loose Grodan increased for ≈3 days before leveling off, while Fe extracted from Grodan block increased for 6 days. Measurable levels of Mn, Cu (348 mg·liter-1), and Zn were found in DTPA extracts of Hortiwool; measurable levels of Mn and Cu were extracted from loose Grodan and measurable levels only of Mn from Grodan block.
The Palmette Leader: A Tree Design for Improved Light Distribution
Authors: Lakso Alan N. , Robinson Terence L. , Carpenter Steven G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A tree design, called the “palmette leader”, for improving the distribution of light within the tree canopy is described. The tree is a modification of the common central leader, and is formed by having a complete lower whorl of scaffold branches with a flat north-south-oriented palmette leader above. The large permanent gaps in the upper canopy ensure good light distribution, which was confirmed with canopy transects using fisheye photography. Preliminary evaluations of tree performance with ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) indicated that cumulative yields, fruit soluble solids content, and fruit dry matter were greater than well-trained central leaders, but fruit size and fruit color were similar. The improved light penetration into the center of the palmette leader compared to the central leader was found to induce higher photosynthesis of interior spur leaves exposed by summer pruning in August. Management of the palmette leader trees was found to be relatively simple.
Floral Induction in 2n and 4n Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’ After Treatment with Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Henny R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Autotetraploid (4n) plants of Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ flowered poorly, compared to diploids (2n), following treatment with 250 or 500 mg foliar spray of gibberellic acid (GA3)/liter. GA3-treated 4n plants produced bracts that normally precede flowering but remained vegetative and produced additional distal shoots instead of flowers.
Methods for Premixing Gases in Pressurized Cylinders for Use in Controlled Atmosphere Experiments
Authors: Peterson Sharon J. , Lipton Werner J. , Uota Masami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methods for mixing various concentrations of O2, CO2, N2, and C2H4 in high-pressure cylinders are described. The concentrations are mixed by partial pressure or partial volume and then are verified by gas chromatography. The procedures generally allow for a precision of ±5% when either 1.0% O2 or CO2 or higher concentrations are mixed with N2 or when C2H4 at 100 µl·liter-1, or more, is added. For lower concentrations, or when both O2 and CO2 are combined with N2, then the precision is ±10%.
Duration of Imbibition Affects Seed Leachate Conductivity in Sweet Corn
Authors: Schmidt D. H. , Tracy W. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed leachate conductivity (SLC) has been evaluated as a possible method of measuring seedling vigor in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and other crops. It is known that genotypes leak solutes at different rates. Thus, it is important to determine if the different rates of leakage result in different SLC determinations when SLC is measured after various lengths of imbibition. A study was conducted using near-isogenic lines of three inbreds (C68, P39M94, and Ia5125a) in combination with five endosperm types, sugary dull (su du), sugary sugary-2 (su su2), sugary dull waxy (su du wx), shrunken-2 (sh2), and sugary (su), to evaluate the effect of length of imbibition and the interaction of imbibition length and endosperm type and inbred background on conductivity. Readings were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 24 hr after the start of imbibition. Conductivity was affected by length of imbibition, inbred background, and endosperm-type main effects and interactions of these effects. Conductivity increased with increasing time after imbibition. Ranking of endosperm types within each inbred was stable by 2 hr after imbibition, although differences were not always significant. Thus, the interaction effects were due to an increasing separation over time and not to a change in ranking of the genotypes. However, means separation was greatest at 24 hr after imbibition.
Comparison of Procedures for Estimating Viability of Prunus Pollen
Authors: Parfitt Dan E. , Ganeshan S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seven assays (hanging-drop slide and agar-plate germination, acetocarmine, three tetrazolium-based stains, and Alexander’s staining procedures) were used to estimate pollen viability in Prunus armeniaca L., P. avium L., P. dulcis Webb, P. persica (L.) Batsch, and P. salicina Lindl. The two in vitro germination tests (hanging-drop and agar-plate) were the most reliable and were highly correlated (r = 0.96). The pollen staining procedures were not reliable or consistent and were not positively correlated with the in vitro assays. Acetocarmine and Alexander’s stains stained dead pollen.
Isolation and in Vitro Translation of RNAs from Developing Peach Fruit
Authors: Callahan Ann , Morgens Peter , Walton Eve 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] RNA was extracted from fruit at six times during development, from leaves and from isolated ovules. These RNAs were translated in a wheat germ extract and the resulting polypeptides were compared by one-dimensional NaDodSO4/PoIyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). RNAs encoding polypeptides of 100,85, 59,54,42, 41, and 25.5 kDa increased, while those encoding polypeptides of 46, 40, 25.5, and 25 kDa decreased during peach fruit development. These RNAs are present in fruit but not in ovules or leaves. This study suggests that fruit development in peach is at least partially regulated at the transcriptional level or at the level of mRNA stability.
Interspecific Hybrids Between Two Chrysanthemum Species
Authors: de Jong J. , Rademaker W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dendranthema pacificum Nakai (Chrysanthemum pacificum Nakai; 2n = l0x = 90 chromosomes), a species native to Japan, was crossed to Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev (C. morifolium Ramat.; 2n = 6x = 54), the florist chrysanthemum, to develop a type with numerous small flowerheads. The first-generation hybrid was fertile, but the flowerheads were too small. In the first backcross to D. grandiflora, the desired type was obtained. The backcross (2n = 7x = 63) was very fertile, despite the odd number of genomes. D. pacificum may also be used as a source of resistance to the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii).