bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B-Spot: Blockchain and Steganography based Robust and Secure Photo Transmission Mechanism
Authors: Li Dongchi , Kar Pushpendu 
Published: July 2022

In this paper, a Steganography and Blockchain based robust and secure photo transmission mechanism, named B-Spot, is proposed. At the sender side, firstly, a 3-3-2 LSB image steganography algorithm is used to hide a secret photo into a cover photo. Therefore, the existence of the secret photo is concealed. Then the stego-image is broken down into pixels and embedded into blocks. Blocks are connected by the hash values forming a blockchain. Any modifications on the blocks are reflected by the breakage of the chain, which makes the mechanism tamper-evident. Another copy of the blockchain is stored in a hash table for the latter recovery process. The blockchain and the hash table can be transmitted via any network. When the receiver receives the data, it firstly executes the verification process to check integrity of the blockchain. Then the lost and tampered blocks are recovered by referring to the hash table, which makes the mechanism more robust to noises. Finally, the stego-image is reconstructed from the recovered blockchain. Then the receiver can obtain the secret photo following the extraction algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism has high data capacity, better imperceptibility, reasonable computing time, and strong robustness to noise. This mechanism adds an extra layer of security and robustness to the existing schemes.
Nonlinear optical frequency conversion by cascaded difference frequency generation
Authors: Li Zhongyang , Zhang Gege , Liu Pengxiang , Chen Xinghai , Xu Juan , Sun Xiangqian , Bing Pibin , Yuan Sheng , Zhong Kai , Yao Jianquan 
Published: July 2022

We propose a nonlinear optical frequency conversion method based on cascaded difference frequency generation. Feasible designs are presented that enable the cascaded optical waves. They are initially generated by cascaded difference frequency generation with two pump waves, then transferred to high-order Stokes waves by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation, and finally congregated at a few spectral lines. We demonstrate wide frequency tuning characteristics and high conversion efficiency characteristics of the nonlinear frequency convertor by providing a theoretical framework. The frequency tuning from 291 THz to 175 THz and energy conversion efficiency exceeding 30% are achieved by numerical calculations. The nonlinear frequency convertor exhibits physics distinctly different from conventional three-wave mixing parametric amplification or difference frequency generation. We argue that the nonlinear frequency convertor based on cascaded difference frequency generation is promising for achieving efficient and robust frequency conversion.
High-power wavelength-tunable and power-ratio-controllable dual-wavelength operation at 1319  nm and 1338  nm in a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Bian Qi , Bo Yong , Zuo Jun-Wei , Yuan Lei , Gao Hong-Wei , Peng Qin-Jun 
Published: July 2022

We report the first demonstration on three types of 1.3 μm spectral region in a

Q

-switched Nd:YAG laser. In order to dissipate the heat deposition effectively to obtain good beam quality, the Nd:YAG rod crystal with 1° cut-angle on end faces is side-pumped by the quasi-continuous-wave pulsed laser diode. A Suprasil etalon is well designed as the intracavity mode-selector to obtain wavelength-tunable single line or power-ratio-controllable dual line operation at 1319 nm and 1338 nm. With the pump pulse width of 200 μs and pump power of 410 W, the acousto-optic

Q

-switched laser delivered a pulse width of 117 ns at 400 Hz repetition rate, and the

M
2

factor was measured to be about 1.87. 1319 nm together with 1338 nm single-wavelength laser achieved an average output power of 47.6 W and 39.9 W with a linewidth of 0.48 nm and 0.32 nm, and a tunable range of 111.2 pm and 108.6 pm, respectively. Among dual-wavelength oscillation, both lines can be tuned at almost equal intensity level with 45.7 W total output power, which is input into an LBO crystal to generate red light of 11.4 W for 659 nm, 6.7 W for 664 nm, and 7.5 W for 669 nm. The 1.3 μm wavelength-selectable operation realized by using the same laser configuration may enhance the application in the fields of tunable lasers and THz frequency generation.
Opioid agonist treatment and risk of death or rehospitalization following injection drug use–associated bacterial and fungal infections: A cohort study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Brothers Thomas D. , Lewer Dan , Jones Nicola , Colledge-Frisby Samantha , Farrell Michael , Hickman Matthew , Webster Duncan , Hayward Andrew , Degenhardt Louisa 
Published: July 2022

Background
Injecting-related bacterial and fungal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs (PWID), and they are increasing in incidence. Following hospitalization with an injecting-related infection, use of opioid agonist treatment (OAT; methadone or buprenorphine) may be associated with reduced risk of death or rehospitalization with an injecting-related infection.

Methods and findings
Data came from the Opioid Agonist Treatment Safety (OATS) study, an administrative linkage cohort including all people in New South Wales, Australia, who accessed OAT between July 1, 2001 and June 28, 2018. Included participants survived a hospitalization with injecting-related infections (i.e., skin and soft-tissue infection, sepsis/bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or epidural/brain abscess). Outcomes were all-cause death and rehospitalization for injecting-related infections. OAT exposure was classified as time varying by days on or off treatment, following hospital discharge. We used separate Cox proportional hazards models to assess associations between each outcome and OAT exposure. The study included 8,943 participants (mean age 39 years, standard deviation [SD] 11 years; 34% women). The most common infections during participants’ index hospitalizations were skin and soft tissue (7,021; 79%), sepsis/bacteremia (1,207; 14%), and endocarditis (431; 5%). During median 6.56 years follow-up, 1,481 (17%) participants died; use of OAT was associated with lower hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 0.70). During median 3.41 years follow-up, 3,653 (41%) were rehospitalized for injecting-related infections; use of OAT was associated with lower hazard of these rehospitalizations (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.96). Study limitations include the use of routinely collected administrative data, which lacks information on other risk factors for injecting-related infections including injecting practices, injection stimulant use, housing status, and access to harm reduction services (e.g., needle exchange and supervised injecting sites); we also lacked information on OAT medication dosages.

Conclusions
Following hospitalizations with injection drug use–associated bacterial and fungal infections, use of OAT is associated with lower risks of death and recurrent injecting-related infections among people with opioid use disorder.
Menstrual hygiene management knowledge, practice and associated factors Among School Girls, Northeast Ethiopia
Authors: Shumie Zeru Shikur , Mengie Zinie Abita 
Published: July 2022

Background
Women in rural settings particularly in schools suffer more from stigma and lack of services and facilities during menstruation. However, the issue has not received proper attention from school water sanitation and hygiene programs. And this study was aimed to identify knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene, and associated factors.

Method
Institution based cross-sectional study was employed among 441 school girls in Mekidela city. EpiData Version 4.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 25.0 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. Variables with a p-value<0.25 in the bivariable analysis were a candidate for multivariable logistic regression and p-value<0.05 in the multivariable analysis was used to declare significant association.

Results
Of the respondents, 64.9% reported good knowledge of menstrual hygiene management. In multivariable analysis; grade level (grade 11 & 12) [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.23, 95% C.I (1.19–4.16)], age ≥ 19 years [AOR = 3.45, 95% C.I (1.78–6.69)], residence [AOR = 1.90, 95% C.I: (1.12–3.23)], know sanitary pads [AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: (1.19–6.00)] and learned about menstrual hygiene [AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: (1.02–2.87)] found to be associated with knowledge. About 62.4% have good menstrual hygiene practices. Knowledge on menstrual hygiene [AOR = 1.73, 95% C.I (1.07–2.80)], know about reproductive tract/sexually transmitted infections [AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: (1.37–4.43)], having private shower [AOR = 2.04, 95% C.I 2.04(1.24–3.37)] and residence [AOR = 3.76, 95% C.I:(2.18–6.51)] were factors associated with practice.

Conclusion
Overall nearly two-third of respondents had good knowledge and good practice of menstrual hygiene management. Factors significantly associated with their knowledge included age, grade level, residence, learning on menstrual hygiene, and knowledge of sanitary pads. Residence, knowledge on menstrual hygiene, know about sexually transmitted infections and having a private shower were found to be associated with practice of menstrual hygiene management. In general, our finding indicates that menstrual hygiene was unsatisfactory among adolescent school girls and more should be done on the factors identified.
An empiric tool to identify Kenyans living with HIV who will have unsuppressed viremia 18 months following treatment initiation to guide differentiated care models
Authors: Njuguna Njambi , Mugo Nelly , Anzala Omu , Mureithi Marianne , Irungu Elizabeth , Wamicwe Joyce , Baeten Jared M. , Heffron Renee 
Published: July 2022

Background
With the global push towards universal access to Antiretroviral Treatment (ART), patient numbers are increasing, further straining already under-resourced healthcare systems in sub-Saharan Africa. A simple scoring tool could be useful in optimizing differentiated service delivery by identifying individuals likely to have unsuppressed viral load.

Methods
Using existing data of patients accessing ART at public health facilities that were extracted from the Kenya Electronic Medical Record (KenyaEMR) and standard methods of developing a clinical prediction tool; we created and validated a risk scoring tool to identify persons likely to be virally unsuppressed at 18 months post-ART initiation. Data from the KenyaEMR were cleaned, merged and reviewed for completeness. We utilized multivariate modelling to determine key predictors of viral load suppression that could be measured in clinical settings.

Results
We assessed clinical reports of 3,968 patients on ART who had been on ART for at least 18 months and had at least one viral load result and were ≥ 18 years old. Of these, the majority (81%) were virally suppressed 18 months post-ART initiation. The final risk score included age, sex, body mass index at HIV diagnosis, number of years of formal education, disclosure status, and duration of time between HIV diagnosis and initiating ART. The maximum risk score was 78; a risk score of ≥22 was associated with unsuppressed viral load (>1000copies/mL). The area under the curve (AUC) for the probability of the risk score to correctly predict unsuppressed viral load was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.52 to 0.56). Internal and external validation showed similar predictive ability.

Conclusions
Routinely collected variables in a public HIV clinic medical record predicts, with modest accuracy, individuals likely to have unsuppressed HIV viremia 18 months after they initiate ART. The use and application of this tool could improve and complement efficiency in differentiated care models for patients on ART.
Determinants of community health workers effectiveness for delivery of maternal and child health in Sub Saharan Africa: A Systematic review protocol
Authors: Gebremeskel Akalewold T. , Omonaiye Olumuyiwa , Yaya Sanni 
Published: July 2022

Background
Countries in sub-Sahara African continue to have the highest maternal and under- five child death occurrences in the world and this has become a key health challenge in the region and persists as global public health agenda. Although Community Health Workers (CHWs) are increasingly being acknowledged as crucial members of the healthcare workforce in reducing health disparity, evidence is limited on perspective of community health workers. The objective of this protocol is to outline the methodological process of a systematic review that will gather qualitative data to examine determinants of community health workers effectiveness for delivery of maternal and child health in Sub Saharan Africa. Synthesizing the perspectives of community health workers’ perceived experience is crucial to inform decision makers, policy makers, and practitioners to address barriers to and scaleup facilitators of CHWs program to ensure maternal and child health equity and a resilience community health system.

Methods
The protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42020206874). We will systematically conduct a literature search from inception in MEDLINE complete, EMBASE, CINAHL complete and Global Health for relevant studies. Eligible studies will be reports of original research, peer reviewed articles having a qualitative component (i.e., qualitative, mixed, or multi-method studies) on empowerment of CHWs associated with maternal and child health in the sub-Saharan Africa. Eligibility will be restricted to studies published in English. Two reviewers will independently screen all included abstracts and full-text articles. The primary outcome will be CHWs’ perceived barriers to and facilitators of effectiveness of community health workers in maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. Study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using appropriate tools. Narrative analysis will be conducted, and narrative summary of findings will be presented. We will use the ‘best fit’ framework method as a systematic approach to analyzing the qualitative data.

Discussion
This study will systematically and comprehensively search literature and integrate evidence on perceived barriers to and facilitators of effectiveness of community health workers led maternal and child health program in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings will inform policy and practice on maternal and child health equity and a resilient communities health system. The resulting manuscript will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and at international and national conferences.
Media Massa Eropa Utara dan Konter terhadap Disinformasi Pemberitaan Pandemi Covid-19. Perspektif Pengkajian Eropa dan Best Practice Denmark-Finlandia bagi Media Massa Indonesia
Authors: Yonas Adya Rosyada , Nugrahani Henny Saptatia Drajati 
Published: July 2022

Media massa sebagai penyedia informasi fakta memegang peran penting dalam melawan persebaran disinformasi. Terjadinya pandemi Covid-19 membuat persebaran disinformasi semakin masif. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian media massa mengenai penyebaran disinformasi terkait pandemi Covid-19 tahun 2020 di Denmark dan Finlandia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan oleh media-media massa di Denmark dan Finlandia dalam melawan disinformasi sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab sosial media massa kepada masyarakat. Rumusan masalah yang muncul yaitu bagaimana mekanisme yang dilakukan oleh outlet media massa di kedua negara tersebut dalam melawan disinformasi terkait Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif dengan teknik analisis isi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu studi kasus dengan mengumpulkan data dari media massa di Denmark dan Finlandia. Teori Tanggung Jawab Sosial Pers digunakan untuk menjawab masalah penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan menentukan 2 media paling populer di Denmark dan Finlandia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa disinformasi dapat mengancam demokrasi dan media memiliki peran penting untuk menyajikan informasi berbasis fakta. Media massa di masing-masing negara memiliki mekanisme yang hampir sama, yaitu dengan memberikan konfirmasi yang jelas dengan melampirkan penelitian terkait dan pendapat para ahli terkait. Perbedaan pada keduanya yaitu, media massa Denmark memiliki platform pemeriksa fakta. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penyebaran disinformasi sangat erat kaitannya dengan tingkat literasi media. Semakin tinggi literasi media di suatu negara, maka semakin tanah juga masyarakatnya terhadap disinformasi.
Early Liver Transplantation for Severe Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis and a History of Prior Liver Decompensation
Authors: Weinberg Ethan M. , Dukewich Matthew , Jakhete Neha , Stonesifer Elizabeth , Im Gene Y. , Lucey Michael R. , Shetty Kirti , Rice John P. , Victor David W. , Ghobrial Mark R. , Shetty Akshay , Rutledge Stephanie M. , Florman Sander S. , Hsu Christine , Shoreibah Mohamed , Aryan Mahmoud , Orandi Babak J. , Han Hyosun , Terrault Norah , Lee Brian P. 
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCTION:
In the published studies of early liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), patients with a prior liver decompensation are excluded. The appropriateness of this criteria is unknown.

Methods:
Among 6 American Consortium of Early Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis sites, we included consecutive early LT for clinically diagnosed AH between 2007 and 2020. Patients were stratified as first vs prior history of liver decompensation, with the latter defined as a diagnosis of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, or jaundice, and evidence of alcohol use after this event. Adjusted Cox regression assessed the association of first (vs prior) decompensation with post-LT mortality and harmful (i.e., any binge and/or frequent) alcohol use.

Results:
A total of 241 LT recipients (210 first vs 31 prior decompensation) were included: median age 43 vs 38 years (P = 0.23), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Sodium score of 39 vs 39 (P = 0.98), and follow-up after LT 2.3 vs 1.7 years (P = 0.08). Unadjusted 1- and 3-year survival among first vs prior decompensation was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89%–96%) vs 86% (95% CI 66%–94%) and 85% (95% CI 79%–90%) vs 78% (95% CI 57%–89%). Prior (vs first) decompensation was associated with higher adjusted post-LT mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.72, 95% CI 1.61–4.59) and harmful alcohol use (adjusted hazard ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.07–2.94).

DISCUSSION:
Prior liver decompensation was associated with higher risk of post-LT mortality and harmful alcohol use. These results are a preliminary safety signal and validate first decompensation as a criterion for consideration in early LT for AH patients. However, the high 3-year survival suggests a survival benefit for early LT and the need for larger studies to refine this criterion. These results suggest that prior liver decompensation is a risk factor, but not an absolute contraindication to early LT.
Regulation of Shareholder Exits in Closely Held Companies – Reflections from Sweden
Authors: Almlöf Hanna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The success of closely held companies largely depends on a well-functioning collaboration between the shareholders. Split ambitions, differenced targets and conflicts among owners can create a need to end the collaboration. The owners need a plan for a structural business partner divorce, i. e., regulation of shareholder exits. This study analyze full and partial shareholder exits with the aid of an interview study with eighteen legal advisors. Through a grounded approach to analysis, and with aid of the Nvivo software, different exit situations are identified and categorized. Exit strategies can be regulated in shareholders’ agreements, in the articles of association, or by legislation. The later alternative, correctly constructed, could reduce transactions costs for the shareholders, as the legislation can serve as a standard contract. This study assesses to what extent the Swedish Companies Act functions as a standard contract for closely held firms on the topic of exit regulation. The study reveals that the Swedish Companies Act is of little help. Instead, the cost of contracting to regulate exits in shareholders’ agreements is placed on the parties. This calls for legislative change.
Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
Authors: Guo Jinglan , Wu Yanchen , Pan Chuang , Wen Li , Song Shuangzhu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is widely used in aerospace, shipbuilding, petrochemical, and other industrial fields. Low-speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining (LS-WEDM) has the advantage of high machining accuracy. However, there are few research studies on the comprehensive effects of the electrical parameters of TC4 (Ti6Al4V) made by LS-WEDM on the machining surface. This paper focuses on LS-WEDM machining of titanium alloy TC4 and investigates the effects of electrical parameters on the surface roughness, kerf width, and cutting speed of TC4 specimens based on orthogonal tests. Five electrical parameters are optimized using the grey correlation method and the response surface method. The surface roughness of 1.744 μm, the kerf width of 215.432 μm, and the cutting speed of 24.759 mm2·min−1 are found to be the best process indicators, with errors of 3.3, 3.2, and 12.5% compared with the predicted values. The optimized results show that the surface roughness value is reduced by 50.9%, the kerf width is reduced by 29.4%, and the cutting speed is increased by 23%, which proves the accuracy of the optimized method.
Collaborative Speculations on Future Themes for Participatory Design in Germany
Authors: Mucha Henrik , Correia de Barros Ana , Benjamin Jesse Josua , Benzmüller Christoph , Bischof Andreas , Buchmüller Sandra , de Carvalho Alexandra , Dhungel Anna-Katharina , Draude Claude , Fleck Marc-Julian , Jarke Juliane , Klein Stefanie , Kortekaas Caroline , Kurze Albrecht , Linke Diane , Maas Franzisca , Marsden Nicola , Melo Ricardo , Michel Susanne , Müller-Birn Claudia , Pröbster Monika , Rießenberger Katja Antonia , Schäfer Mirko Tobias , Sörries Peter , Stilke Julia , Volkmann Torben , Weibert Anne , Weinhold Wilhelm , Wolf Sara , Zorn Isabel , Heidt Michael , Berger Arne 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Participatory Design means recognizing that those who will be affected by a future technology should have an active say in its creation. Yet, despite continuous interest in involving people as future users and consumers into designing novel and innovative future technology, participatory approaches in technology design remain relatively underdeveloped in the German HCI community. This article brings together the diversity of voices, domains, perspectives, approaches, and methods that collectively shape Participatory Design in Germany. In the following, we (1) outline our understanding of participatory practice and how it is different from mere user involvement; (2) reflect current issues of participatory and fair technology design within the German Participatory Design community; and (3) discuss tensions relevant to the field, that we expect to arise in the future, and which we derived from our 2021 workshop through a speculative method. We contribute an introduction and an overview of current themes and a speculative outlook on future issues of Participatory Design in Germany. It is meant to inform, provoke, inspire and, ultimately, invite participation within the wider Computer Science community.