bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of Differences in Calcium Utilization by Tomatoes under Low-calcium Stress1
Authors: Giordano Leonardo de B. , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differential plant response to Ca-deficiency stress was investigated by screening 138 tomato lines (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in nutrient solution at 10 mg of Ca per plant. Dry weight produced during vegetative growth and severity of Ca-deficiency symptoms were used to classify plants as efficient and inefficient. Efficiency in Ca utilization within the plant was defined and expressed as the mg of dry weight produced for each mg of Ca absorbed by a plant (CaER). Three of the most efficient and 3 of the most inefficient lines were selected for additional studies. The efficient lines produced an average of 81% more dry weight than the inefficient lines at 10 mg of Ca. Comparable amounts of dry weight were produced by all lines at 400 mg of Ca per plant. Two factors were responsible for greater dry weight production under Ca-deficiency stress: more efficient utilization of tissue Ca and greater ability to absorb Ca from low-Ca solutions. Inheritance studies indicated that additive gene effects made major contributions to variations in response to low Ca. A simple additive-dominance model was adequate to explain differences in CaER, with additive effects highly significant. Some interallelic interactions appear to be important for total plant dry weight inheritance.
Physiological and Nutritive Effects of K-Pretreatment and KCl Sprays on Water-stressed and Unstressed Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Korcak R. F. , Faust Miklos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low- and high-K pretreated ‘York Imperial’ apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown in nutrient solution cultures. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the nutrient solution to reduce water potential to −1.0 bar reduced water consumption, fresh weight, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf water potential and increased the amount of water consumed per unit of fresh weight gain. High-K pretreatment increased water consumption of unstressed seedlings but decreased water consumption of PEG-stressed plants. Daily sprays with 0.5% KCl applied in early afternoon had no effect on water consumption rate in apple seedlings. However, sprays probably induced wider stomatal opening, since K-sprayed trees had lower leaf water potential when measured at noon than unsprayed trees. This effect was not observed when water potential was measured in the morning (0800 hr). High-K plants had higher leaf water potential than low-K plants in the morning. Potassium pretreatment and PEG stress as well as K-sprays had numerous effects on plant mineral composition. The K-pretreatment or K-sprays did not alleviate the detrimental effects of PEG-induced water stress despite the effects of K-pretreatment and K-sprays on mineral composition and leaf water potential.
Metabolism of an Ethylene-releasing Growth Regulator (CGA-15281) in Young Peach Fruit1
Authors: Seeley Schuyler D. , Couvillon Gary A. , Kays Stanley J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
CGA-15281, (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane (CGA), labeled with [14C] in the chloroethyl or methyl or methoxy position, was applied, as an aqueous spray or by syringe subepidermally into an aqueous film, to peach[Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Bicentennial] fruitlets to label and trace metabolites. Hexane and methanol extractions followed by thin-layer chromatography revealed a minimum of 3 metabolites in the hexane fraction and 2 metabolites in the methanol fraction. Ion exchange, silica gel, and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) were used to purify metabolites. Benzyl alcohol, benzylglucoside, benzylmethylglucoside, and a CGA impurity were isolated and identified by GLC-mass spectroscopy. CGA metabolism was rapid. After 35 days, 98.9% of the original [14C], from the chloroethyl position, could be accounted for: 89% as ethylene, 0.22% as CO2, 0.32% as structural carbohydrates, and 9.04% in extractable residue. Substantially lower recoveries were obtained when the molecule was labeled in the methoxy or methyl position, due to volatilzation and/or breakdown and volatilization of these molecular segments. Headspace analysis showed similar volatile hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, butane, and benzyl alcohol) as found in the headspace over benzyl alcohol. Less than 1% of the methyl or methoxy label was given off as [14C] ethylene. Evolved 14CO2 accounted for less than 0.5% of the label applied with each of the labeling positions.
Structure of Cytoplasmic Male-sterile and Fertile Carrot Flowers1
Authors: Erickson E. H. , Garment M. B. , Peterson C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Examination of flowers of carrot (Daucus carota L.) using the scanning electron microscope revealed that some cytoplasmically male-sterile genotypes exhibit flower abnormalities that may be associated with reduced pollination and seed set. Such abnormalities, evident in many inbred lines, may carry over to the male-sterile F1 parents used to produce 3-way hybrids and probably affect insect pollinator activity.
Endomycorrhizae of Vaccinium corymbosum L. in North Carolina1
Authors: Boyer E. P. , Ballington J. R. , Mainland C. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhizae were measured on roots of wild and cultivated highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) from 7 locations in southeastern North Carolina over 4 sampling dates. An adequate clearing and staining procedure was developed specifically for observing endomycorrhizae in blueberry roots. Abundant mycorrhizae were found in wild blueberry plants, but few mycorrhizae were noted in cultivated plants. Phosphorus levels were lower in the wild than in the cultivated blueberry soils at most locations.
Light Acclimatization Potential of Ficus benjamina1
Authors: Fails Barbara S. , Lewis A. J. , Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Weeping Hg (Ficus benjamina L.) plants grown under 3 light regimes (full sun, full sun followed by 8 weeks acclimatization under 75% shade, and 75% shade) were placed in a low-light simulated interior environment (SIE) for 12 weeks. Acclimatized and shade-grown leaves had higher net photosynthesis (Pn) rates, lower dark respiration (Rd) rates, and lower light compensation points (LCP) than sun-grown leaves after 12 weeks in the SIE. No treatments increased total plant dry weight during the 12 weeks of SIE. However, percent dry matter of sun plants was redistributed with additional leaves produced at the expense of root carbohydrate reserves. Leaf production exceeded abscission in all treatments. Anatomical observations prior to and following the SIE indicated chloroplast reorientation in all treatments. The development of large, heavily stained chloroplasts suggest ultrastructural changes may also occur as a result of low light.
Unilateral Incompatibility between Red and Black Raspberries1
Authors: Hellman E. W. , Skirvin R. M. , Otterbacher A. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The discrepancy in seed set observed in reciprocal crosses of red (Rubus idaeus L.) and black (R. occidentals L.) raspberries verifies unilateral incompatibility. The strength of the incompatibility varies between cultivars; some red × black crosses yield a small percentage of seed set by simple cross-pollination, while others produce almost no seed. Although black cultivars have shorter pistils than red cultivars, the role of this factor in incompatibility is unknown. Bud pollination and heat treatments increased seed set in some normally incompatible red × black crosses.
The Effect of Soil Moisture Stress to Various Fractions of the Root System on Transpiration, Photosynthesis, and Internal Water Relations of Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Tan C. S. , Buttery B. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedlings were grown in large sectional boxes with root systems divided into 4 separate quadrants. Groups of peach seedlings with 3, 2, 1, and 0 quadrants of the root system deprived of water for 3 weeks, were further subjected to moisture stress in all quadrants by withholding water for 5 days, and they were then rewatered. In another treatment, seedlings were subjected to 2 cycles of water stress, applied 3 weeks apart, by completely depriving all quadrants of water until the plants wilted. Transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and xylem pressure potential were measured. Subjecting a large portion of the root (50%) to stress by withholding water only caused a small reduction (17%) in transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. Subjection of various fractions of the root system to severe moisture stress did not affect the shoot:root ratio. The reduction in root growth in dry quadrants was accompanied by the production of more roots in wet quadrants and less transpiring leaf surface and branch growth. The rate of recovery of transpiration and photosynthesis from water stress was greatly influenced by the duration and intensity of wilting as well as by the rate of regeneration of new root systems.
The Role of Nitidulid Beetles in Natural Pollination of Annona in Israel1
Authors: Gazit Shmuel , Galon Israel , Podoler Haggai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four species of beetles of the family Nitidulidae were the most common arthropod visitors to flowers of annona (Annona sp.) in Israel throughout the flowering season and a significant relationship was demonstrated between these beetles and fruit-set. The beetles carry annona pollen on their dense cover of hairs. No difference in the efficiency of the 4 species was detected. The number of beetles per flower affected the fruit quality and shape.
The Effect of Reduced Water Supply on Peach Tree Growth and Yields1
Authors: Mitchell P. D. , Chalmers D. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A range of irrigation levels was compared in specific periods of fruit development to determine their suitability for control of tree vigor and yields in ultra-dense orchards of peach [Prunus persica L. Batsch] trees. Where trees in the 3rd leaf were trickle-irrigated with 4 levels (100, 50, 25, and 12.5%) of replacement of Eps (evaporation over the planting square) during the period of rapid vegetative growth, both frame and fruit growth declined as irrigation quantity decreased. In the following period of maximum fruit growth, 130% of Eps replacement increased vegetative growth but not fruit growth compared to 100% Eps. The fruit, however, grew faster in this period on those trees which had received low levels of Eps replacement in the earlier period of maximum vegetative growth. The net result was similar final fruit size and yield between treatments, combined with control of vegetative growth at the lower levels of Eps. A large saving in irrigation water was obtained at the lower levels of replacement of Eps.
Effects of Metalaxyl on Phycornyceteous Fungi and Yield of Pepper, Tomato, and Cabbage Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Phatak S. C. , Csinos Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Metalaxyl [N-(2,6-dimethyphenyl-N-(methoxyacetyl)-alanine methylester] was applied at 0 and 1.12 kg (active ingredient)/ha immediately after seeding pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) in nonfumigated, plastic-covered nonfumigated, and fumigated Fuquay loamy sand. Metalaxyl increased marketable pepper transplant yields by 93%, increased plant stands by 13%, increased fresh weight by 22%, and significantly reduced Pythium loci. Size of pepper transplants was increased more by metalaxyl application to fumigated than nonfumigated soils. Metalaxyl increased marketable tomato transplant yield by 19%, while the plant size was not affected. Metalaxyl did not affect cabbage transplant yields, but size of marketable transplants was increased by 25% and downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica Yerkes & Shaw) infection was significantly reduced. Soil populations of Pythium spp. were reduced significantly with metalaxyl in the nonfumigated and plastic-covered nonfumigated treatments for the three crops.
Soil Compaction Effects on Nitrogen Use in Tall Fescue1
Authors: Sills M. J. , Carrow R. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) was subjected to 3 compaction treatments with 2 nitrogen levels. Increasing compaction increased bulk density, water retention, and soil strength while aeration porosity decreased. Visual quality, clipping yield, N use per unit soil area, and root growth declined as compaction increased. Compaction reduced percent N recovery by 10 to 31% compared to uncompacted plots. Visual quality, clipping yield, percent N in leaf tissue, and N uptake increased with increasing N-rates but percent N recovery declined. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were unaffected. The high N-rate with compaction had a detrimental effect on root growth.
Ozone Sensitivity of Woody Plants: Modification by Ethylenediurea1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Heggestad H. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 13 species of woody plants were sprayed or their growing media was drenched with N-2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl) ethyl-N'-phenylurea (EDU). The chemical provided protection against fumigations with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 or 0.35, 0.55, 0.75, and 0.95 ppm ozone (O3) for 3 hr. EDU reduced or prevented O3-induced necrotic flecking, bronzing, and premature aging of sensitive leaves of Acer rubrum L., Be tula papyrifera Marsh, Fraxinus americana L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Plantanus × acerifolia (Aid.) Willd., Syringa vulgaris L., and Tilia cordata Mill. Drench of the growing media was a more effective method of applying EDU than a foliar spray application. An elapsed time of 7 days between applications of EDU and 03 exposure increased significantly the effectiveness of the chemical. We observed no other physiological effects from application of EDU on the growth of the plants. Seedlings of Cedrus deodora (D. Don) G. Don, Cornus florida L. and Pinus strobus L., were quite insensitive to O3 so the effectiveness of EDU on them was difficult to evaluate. Seedlings of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. and Quercus alba L. exhibited little or no visible injury from the fumigations with O3.
Role of Light Quality, Photoperiod, and High-intensity Supplemental Lighting on Flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’1
Authors: Healy W. E. , Wilkins H. F. , Celusta M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alstroemeria L. ‘Regina’ plants grown at 22°C did not flower, regardless of photoperiod treatments. If grown at 13°, plants flowered sooner under long photoperiod treatments than under natural days (ND). Incandescent (Inc) or red light treatments applied as a night interruption (NI) promoted earlier flowering than NI-far-red, ND, or short days (SD). Number of flowering shoots was unaffected by light quality. Plants grown under SD treatments produced the fewest flowering shoots. Flower production was related to early commencement and subsequent duration of the flowering span, as all plants ceased flowering on similar dates. When plants were rotated every 20, 30, or 40 days between SD and NI-Inc light treatments, the days to flower were delayed compared to plants grown continuously (nonrotated) under NI-Inc. Nevertheless, plants which were rotated between the various SD and NI-Inc light treatments flowered sooner than plants under continuous SD. Days to flower were reduced when plants were transferred monthly (December to June) from SD to either ND, 20 hr Inc, or 10 or 20 hr of high-intensity discharge (HID) lights. Flowering was hastened by 20 hr of HID lighting when compared to Inc during the months when the natural photoperiod was less than 12 hr, but had no influence when the 20-HID light treatment commenced after the natural photoperiod was greater than 12 hr. Maintaining plants under SD past January delayed the start of flowering, regardless of subsequent light treatments.
Fertilization, Incorporated Organic Matter, and Early Growth of Rabbiteye Blueberries1
Authors: Spiers James M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of incorporated sphagnum peatmoss and minimal fertilization on the establishment and subsequent growth of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) was determined in 4 field studies conducted on typical fine sandy loam, upland mineral soils in south Mississippi. Incorporated peatmoss increased plant vigor, plant height, shoot weight, leaf chlorophyll level, and fruit yield and reduced chlorosis symptoms. First- and second-year plant growth and second-year fruit yields were reduced by either slow-release or fast-release granulated fertilizer. Soluble fertilizers produced less plant damage than granulated fertilizers but no more plant growth than no fertilization. There was a close association between over-fertilization and cholorosis symptoms.
Influence of Peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase on the Color of Puree from Machine-harvested Strawberries1
Authors: Spayd S. E. , Morris J. R. , Robert C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (PO) and mushroom polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were added to strawberry purees from ‘Cardinal’ and Arkansas breeding-line 5344 to determine their influence on color during 48 hours at 30°C. Neither enzyme affected strawberry puree color or phenolic content. PO activity was reduced to near zero 24 hours after addition and PPO activity was undetectable 1 hour after addition to puree. Aeration did not affect anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations, but increased discoloration and nonflavonoid concentration. Strawberry purees containing 50% immature plus 50% ripe fruits were poorer in color and had higher levels of flavonoids. As holding time at 30°C increased, puree color decreased.
Effects of AVG on Maturation, Ripening, and Storage of Apples1
Authors: Autio Wesley R. , Bramlage William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applied to apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) 1 week before harvest suppressed C2H4 production and delayed C2H4 peaks of fruit kept at room temperature. Early season cultivars (‘Early McIntosh’, ‘McIntosh’) were less affected by AVG than were late-season cultivars (‘Cortland’, ‘Royal Red Delicious’). While ripening was significantly delayed, maturation of ‘Puritan’ apples, as judged by changes in firmness, peel chlorophyll concentration, percent soluble solids, flesh starch concentration, and titratable acidity, was unaffected by AVG tree-sprays applied up to 6 weeks before harvest. Addition of C2H4 to the storage atmosphere accelerated ripening of AVG-treated fruit, whereas their ripening was slowed by storage at 0°C rather than at 3.3°.
Effects of Fruiting, Pruning, and Nitrogen Fertilization on Shoot Growth of ‘Empire’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Forshey C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three fruit thinning, 2 pruning, and 2 nitrogen fertilization treatments, in factorial combination, were established in a 7-year-old orchard of ‘Empire’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)/Malling Merton 106. The pruning and N fertilization treatments were continued over a 4-year period; the initial fruit-thinning treatments induced significantly different bearing patterns that persisted through the 4 years and no additional thinning was done. The thinning treatments resulted in significant differences in yield, but pruning and N had little effect. Total shoot growth/tree was unaffected the first year, but large differences developed in the succeeding years. Crop load and N had major effects on shoot growth while the effect of pruning was minor. Total shoot growth was more closely related to shoot numbers than to mean shoot length and was negatively correlated with the previous year’s crop.
Relationship of Seed Number and Maturity to Berry Development, Fruit Maturation, Hormonal Changes, and Uneven Ripening of ‘Concord’ (Vitis labrusca L.) Grapes1
Authors: Cawthon D. L. , Morris J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits were collected on weekly intervals in 1980, beginning at fruit set (ovary shatter) and continuing through harvest. Additional samples collected at harvest in 1980 and veraison in 1981 were sorted into preveraison green, postveraison green, and ripening categories. Seed number per berry was directly related to accumulation of 14C-photosynthate, fresh weight, and dry weight. Seed number had little relationship with berry content of indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) or percentage of acidity. Percentage of soluble solids was not affected by seed number prior to veraison, but after veraison, percentage of soluble solids and intensity of juice color were inversely related to seed number. Nonripe fruit at the time of harvest had fewer seeds per berry, and fruit containing an immature seed did not accumulate ABA or enter veraison. IAA levels were similar in ripening and nonripening fruit. IAA declined to basal levels by about 55 days after peak bloom. ABA began to increase after 65 days from peak bloom and berry changes associated with veraison occurred after 72 days.
Soil Cation and Water Distribution as Affected by NH4NO3 Applied through a Drip Irrigation System1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Bruce R. R. , Horton B. D. , Chesness J. L. , Wehunt E. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Redglobe’ peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were grown under drip irrigation. Applications of NH4NO3 through the irrigation system were compared with broadcast applications. Soil pH, where NH4NO3 was applied through the irrigation system, decreased in the top 30 cm from 6.2 to 3.7 pH in the zone wetted by emitters that had been in place for 2 years, and from 6.2 to 4.5 pH in the zone where emitters had been in place for 6 months. Aluminum concentration in wetted zones increased from 0.01 to 1.45 meq/100 g of soil after 2 years and from 0.02 to 0.73 meq/100 g of soil after 6 months of NH4NO3 application through drip irrigation. Soil Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced in both wetted zones, but the greatest decrease occurred in the 2-year emitter site. The addition of NH4NO3 in the irrigation water substantially reduced root growth in the vicinity of the emitters, irrigation water application, and fruit yield, because of the high A1 concentration in the wetted zone.
Phosphorus Solution Concentrations for Production of Tomato, Pepper, and Eggplant in Minesoils1
Authors: Swiader John M. , Morse Ronald D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phosphate-sorption isotherms were used to predict the rates of P fertilizer required to establish 6 concentrations of solution P in reclaimed minesoils. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were grown during 2 successive years on the same minesoil plots, fertilized each year with sufficient P to establish the desired solution P levels. At every solution P level, the rate of fertilizer P required the second year was less than the initial year, with the relative amount needed to re-establish the solution P levels considerably reduced at the higher solution P concentrations. Optimum solution P was reached at 0.2 ppm for tomato and pepper, while eggplant required 1.6 ppm P in solution for optimum yield. Regression analysis estimated optimum levels of solution P at 1.56 ppm for eggplant and 0.28 ppm for tomato and pepper. The optimum minesoil solution P levels for each species was similar to that reported for these same crops on other soils, indicating the broad applicability of these data and the sorption isotherm method for assessing P-fertilizer requirements. Marginal leaf necrosis and yield reductions of 73–75 % occurred with tomato and pepper when solution P concentrations were increased to 2.4 ppm. Yield response at suboptimal solution P levels was greater for tomato and pepper than eggplant, suggesting that the P nutrition of the latter crop is less efficient than the former species.