bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PCR based fingerprinting techniques to transpire the microbial populations diversity of biofilm based nitrifying packed bed bioreactor in the bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater
Authors: Rangaswamy Boobal , Singh I. S. Bright 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTo deal with the increasing risk of pollutants from the aquaculture practice, wastewater treatment systems are considered to be an ideal strategy, for reducing the impact on the natural ecosystem. Biological treatment systems per se bioreactors involving microorganisms are efficient in the bioremediation process is determined by the reactor design, operational module i.e., structure of the bacterial community, and their diversity which in turn reveals the essential relationship between its ecosystem and the environmental factors. Microbial diversity and the dynamics of the microbial populations illustrate the principal background of different bacterial communal development performing bioremediation. Progression in genome exploration led to multifaceted technical ease in recent with the emergence of different generation sequencing technologies e.g., Sanger sequencing, 454 sequencing, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Single-molecule real-time sequencing, and Oxford nanopore sequencing. Though the recent advancements provide a greater profile of information for research, using high throughput sequencing could not be a suitable option in all aspects, especially in consideration of the initial research requirement, the low number of targets, minimal samples, and also the diversity scaling methodologies. In this review, we have discussed the PCR-based molecular fingerprinting techniques which go accessible with sanger sequencing methodologies as well as by combining different statistical and bioinformatic algorithms. The systematic analysis with the elementary molecular techniques combining sequence technologies and bioinformatics tools would enable us to understand the overview and diversity structure of the biofilm and further in-depth research by selecting appropriate sequencing platforms results in the dynamics of the microbial community.
Investigation on typical occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings for South China’s Pearl River Delta
Authors: He Manning , Pen Huiwang , Li Meixiang , Huang Yu , Yan Da , Lou Siwei , Wen Liwei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe excessive simplification of occupant behavior is considered as the most important factor that affects the uncertainty of building performance simulation, thus affects the reliability and generalizability of simulation-based design and forecast. In this paper, occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region was investigated and defined. Copies of 873 questionnaires about the occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings in the PRD region were collected to study the relationship between indoor environment quality and adaptive behaviors. Eight typical office occupant schedules were defined via K-means clustering method. A probability prediction model of cooling temperature set-point was established by using the Ordinal Logistic Regression method. According to the different control modes of air conditioning, window, blind and lighting equipment, four types of typical behavior patterns were proposed using the K-prototype clustering method, which could be developed into 20 typical occupant behavior styles of office buildings in the PRD region.
COVID-19 Vaccines and Roles of the Health Regulatory Authority in Tunisia
Authors: Chtiba Nour , Cherif Dora , Mersni Imène , Kadri Meriem , Jemei Aroua , Lassoued Imed , Razgallah Khrouf Myriam 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGiven the unstoppable spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the development of a vaccine was needed to contain the pandemic. In such a situation of global emergency, regulatory authorities ensured timely, safe, and equitable access to the vaccine.This article aims to outline the roles of the Tunisian regulatory authority, the Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicines (DPM) at the Ministry of Health, in registration and procurement of the COVID-19 vaccine.Requirement to grant the Exceptional Provisional Authorizations of Marketing (EPAM) for COVID-19 vaccines was 27 days versus 869 days for conventional marketing authorizations (MAs). The DPM has optimized its activity through: early dialogue with manufacturers, online submission, the use of distance communication technologies. It has demonstrated unprecedented flexibility through the continuous and rolling review approach.Regulatory authorities in Tunisia and around the world have partnered with manufacturers to speed up administrative procedures while ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of vaccines.
Characterization of resistance to newer antimicrobials among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the post–acute-care setting
Authors: Zhang Helen L. , Gontjes Kyle J. , Han Jennifer H. , Alby Kevin , Lapp Zena , Snitkin Evan , Goldstein Ellie J.C. , Muldoon Sean , Tolomeo Pam , Lautenbach Ebbing 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe assessed susceptibility patterns to newer antimicrobial agents among clinical carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates from patients in long-term acute-care hospitals (LTACHs) from 2014 to 2015. Meropenem-vaborbactam and imipenem-relebactam nonsusceptibility were observed among 9.9% and 9.1% of isolates, respectively. Nonsusceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam (1.1%) and plazomicin (0.8%) were uncommon.
Victimes et bourreaux: questions de responsabilité liées à la problématique des enfants-soldats en Afrique
Authors: Arzoumanian Naïri , Pizzutelli Francesca 
Published: July 2022

RésuméThis article examines the issues of responsibility relating to the problem of child soldiers, more in particular with respect to practice and experience in Africa. After preliminary remarks on the approach of international humanitarian law to the definition of a child, the first part of the article discusses the prohibitions on recruiting children and on the participation of children in hostilities as rules of international law. The second part examines the United Nations Security Council's approach to the issue of the responsibility of States and armed groups for violations of these rules. The individual criminal responsibility of the recruiters is then considered, in particular with a view to establishing whether the crime of recruiting and using child soldiers is customary in nature. The fourth and last part of the article examines the dilemma of the criminal responsibility of children for crimes under international law and the practice of Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.
Remedies for victims of violations of international humanitarian law
Authors: Zegveld Liesbeth 
Published: July 2022

RésuméLe droit international humanitaire garantit la protection et l'assistance aux victimes de conflits armés, Cependant, hrsque des personnes deviennent victimes de violations du droit humanitaire, la protection conférée par cette branche du droit cesse de fait. En particulier, a priori elle offre aux victimes de violations graves peu de possibilités d'obtenir réparation, voire aucune.Le droit international humanitaire diffère nettement sur ce point des tendances en droit international en la matière. Les droits de l'homme, branche de droit analogue mais distincte, définissent clairement le droit des victimes d'obtenir réparation en cas de violation des droits fondamentaux, Depuis peu, le Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale autorise la Cour à déterminer dans sa decision l'ampleur du dommage, de la perte ou du préjudice causé aux victimes et à lew accorder une réparation. En revanche, le droit humanitaire ne garantit pas expressément le droit à un remède juridique aux victimes de violations.Cet article examine les moyens juridiques mis à la disposition des victimes de violations du droit international humanitaire par le droit interne et le droit international pour qu'elles fassent respecter lews droits fondamentaux. II étudie la question de savoir si les victimes ont droit à un remède et dans quelle mesure elles peuvent faire valoir ce droit. Une brève étude des pratiques nationale et internationale tendrait ainsi à prouver que, s'il n'y a guère de doute sur le fait que les victimes jouissent de droits au titre du droit international humanitaire, ces droits ne semblent toutefois pas justiciable et ne peuvent donc que difficilement donner lieu à un remède.
Dobutamine-induced Takotsubo syndrome in a paediatric heart transplant patient
Authors: Sagray Ezequiel , Johnson Jonathan N. , Anderson Jason H. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTakotsubo syndrome is a potentially reversible cause of acute systolic dysfunction. Takotsubo syndrome is rare in children, with no reported dobutamine-induced cases to date. We present a 14-year-old male with prior history of heart transplantation, who developed Takotsubo syndrome during dobutamine stress echocardiography. We highlight the importance of its early recognition to ensure supportive measures with avoidance of inotropic medications.
Navigating the Local Elites: Travelling Musicians and their Encounters with the Russian Court and Aristocracy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Helmers Rutger 
Published: July 2022

This article studies the interactions of travelling musicians with the Russian court and aristocracy from the 1830s to the 1870s. Drawing on a broad corpus of memoirs, travel reports and personal documents of musicians who visited St Petersburg and Moscow in the course of their careers, it discusses the courtly dimensions of the Italian Opera; the role of the aristocracy and court in the organization of concert life under Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855); the relevant changes and continuities under Alexander II (r. 1855–1881), when concert life would undergo rapid professionalization; and finally, the symbolic dimensions of the rewards offered by the Russian elites.The persistent significance of imperial and noble recognition in this period, it is argued, added considerably to Russia's appeal for foreign musicians. Many visitors developed a positive, reciprocal relation with the Russian regime and its elites, even if the values, hierarchies and traditions of the autocratic regime could be at odds with the social status and sense of independence of successful performers. In musical discourse, reports of musicians’ visits circulated an image of Russia – an urban image of luxury, refinement and high society – that contrasted with the stereotype of wild and barbarous expanses that have so far attracted most attention in music historiography; and their descriptions of the imperial court and family tended to match the image – of imposing authority and benevolence – the Romanov monarchy sought to project.
New members of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors:   International committee
                        of the Red Cross
Published: July 2022

At its meeting of 22 June 1999, the Assembly of the International
Committee of the Red Cross elected two new members:
Dr Jacqueline Avril, and
Professor Jean-Philippe Assal.
This brings the membership of the Committee to 23 members.
Dr Jacqueline Avril, Swiss citizen, was born in 1948. She is a doctor of
medicine from the University of Geneva and has a general practice in Geneva.
She is also a member of the Board and Secretary of the Council of the
Physicians' Association of the Canton of Geneva. Between 1981 and 1994 Dr
Avril carried out a number of missions for the ICRC.
Respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations
Unies/Nations Unies, Circulaire du Secrétaire général ST/SGB/1999/13,6 août
1999
Authors: Annan Kofi A. 
Published: July 2022

Le Secrétaire général édicte les dispositions ci-après aux fins
d'établir les principes et règles fondamentaux du droit international
humanitaire applicables aux forces des Nations Unies qui mènent des
opérations sous le commandement et le contrôle de l'Organisation des Nations
Unies:
Les principes et règies fondamentaux du droit international humanitaire
énoncés dans la présente circulaire sont applicables aux forces des Nations
Unies lorsque, dans les situations de conflit armé, elles participent
activement aux combats, dans les limites et pendant la durée de leur
participation.
Position du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge sur l'«intervention
humanitaire»
Authors: Ryniker Anne 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
• Le droit international humanitaire ne saurait fonder la légalité
d'interventions armées suite à des violations graves de ce droit; le recours
à la force est en effet réglé par la Charte des Nations Unies.
• Il n'appartient pas au CICR de se prononcer sur la légalité ni sur la
légitimité de telles interventions.
• Le droit international humanitaire s'applique au cas où les forces
d'intervention participent aux hostilités.
• Enfin, sur le plan de la terminologie, le CICR s'emploiera à
promouvoir l'expression «intervention armée suite à des violations graves
des droits de l'homme et du droit international humanitaire».
Flight in times of war
Authors: Kälin Walter 
Published: July 2022

RésuméDans quelle mesure le droit international en vigueur a-t-il créé un régime de protection cohérent et complet pour les personnes qui fuient les périls d'un conflit armé? Le droit humanitaire répond aux besoins des réfugiés qui, lors d'un conflit armé international, se trouvent sur le territoire de l'un des belligérants. Il protège en outre les personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur propre pays lors d'un conflit armé international ou non international. Ces personnes sont également protégées par les garanties des droits de l'homme applkables. Le droit international des réfugiés assure une protection aux personnes qui ont fui leur pays pane qu'elles craignent avec raison d'être victimes, notamment, d'actes de violence perpétrés dans le contexte d'un conflit armé et assimilables à la persécution fondée sur les raisons énoncées dans la Convention de 1951. Des solutions régionales, telles que l'élargissement de la définition du réfugié en Afrique et en Amérique latine, ou la protection temporaire en Europe, ont été trouvées pour les personnes qui fuient un conflit armé et qui ne sont pas l'objet de persécutions au sens strict du terme.
La Croix-Rouge albanaise face à la crise du Kosovo
Authors: Ketri Pandora 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Secretary-General of the Albanian Red Cross reports on action taken
by her National Society in response to the massive flow of refugees into
Albania from neighbouring Kosovo in the spring of 1999. Pandora Ketri shows
how a National Society, only a few years after it started to gain strength,
met an enormous challenge and coped with huge difficulties. Though the
Albanian Red Cross could count on support from other National Societies, the
International Federation and the ICRC, the members of this young Society had
to bear the brunt of the work. The experience gained through its activities
for refugees from Kosovo helped the Albanian Red Cross consolidate its
position as a member of the Movement and as a full-fledged relief
society.
Less-expensive long-term annuities linked to mortality, cash and equity
Authors: Fergusson Kevin , Platen Eckhard 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a shift in the valuation and production of long-term annuities, away from the classical risk-neutral methodology towards a methodology using the real-world probability measure. The proposed production method is applied to three examples of annuity products, one having annual payments linked to a mortality index and the savings account and the others having annual payments linked to a mortality index and an equity index with a guarantee that is linked to the same mortality index and the savings account. Out-of-sample hedge simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed less-expensive production method. In contrast to classical risk-neutral production, which revolves around the savings account as reference unit, the long-term best-performing portfolio, the numéraire portfolio of the equity market, is employed as the fundamental reference unit in the production of the annuity. The numéraire portfolio is the strictly positive, tradable portfolio that when used as denominator or benchmark makes all benchmarked non-negative portfolios supermartingales. Under real-world valuation, the initial benchmarked value of a benchmarked contingent claim equals its real-world conditional expectation. The proposed real-world valuation and production can lead to significantly lower values of long-term annuities and their less-expensive production than suggested by the risk-neutral approach.
Morphology simulation of drop-on-demand inkjet-printed droplets
Authors: Hu Shaowei , Zhu Wenbo , Yang Wanchun , Li Mingyu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInkjet-printed electronics have become a popular research topic in recent years. For common drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing technology, uneven edges are a universal problem. Many factors, such as the properties of the ink and printing parameters, influence this problem, and numerical methods are better than experimental methods for studying these influences. In this paper, a model based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and user-defined files (UDFs) in Ansys F is established to simulate the formation process of deposited ink droplets. The model and UDFs include the friction effect, and the morphology of a single droplet, two fused droplets, and multiple droplets is simulated to study the influence of different factors; some results can serve as guidelines for improving pattern quality. Finally, the effect of selective treatment is also studied to understand its advantages for inkjet printing.
Efficient in vivo base editing via single adeno-associated viruses with size-optimized genomes encoding compact adenine base editors
Authors: Davis Jessie R. , Wang Xiao , Witte Isaac P. , Huang Tony P. , Levy Jonathan M. , Raguram Aditya , Banskota Samagya , Seidah Nabil G. , Musunuru Kiran , Liu David R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe viral delivery of base editors has been complicated by their size and by the limited packaging capacity of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Typically, dual-AAV approaches based on trans-splicing inteins have been used. Here we show that, compared with dual-AAV systems, AAVs with size-optimized genomes incorporating compact adenine base editors (ABEs) enable efficient editing in mice at similar or lower doses. Single-AAV-encoded ABEs retro-orbitally injected in mice led to editing efficiencies in liver (66%), heart (33%) and muscle (22%) tissues that were up to 2.5-fold those of dual-AAV ABE8e, and to a 93% knockdown (on average) of human PCSK9 and of mouse Pcsk9 and Angptl3 in circulation, concomitant with substantial reductions of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Moreover, three size-minimized ABE8e variants, each compatible with single-AAV delivery, collectively offer compatibility with protospacer-adjacent motifs for editing approximately 82% of the adenines in the human genome. ABEs encoded within single AAVs will facilitate research and therapeutic applications of base editing by simplifying AAV production and characterization, and by reducing the dose required for the desired level of editing.
Development and initial validation of a dog quality of life instrument
Authors: Schmutz Amandine , Spofford Nathaniel , Burghardt Walter , De Meyer Geert 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe increasing attention for the dog-owner relationship combined with advances in nutrition and veterinary care have made wellbeing a focal point for dog owners, veterinarians, and dog product and service providers. While canine wellbeing can be quantified by survey-based quality of life instruments like those used in human healthcare, there are currently few instruments available that can do this reliably and at scale. Here we report the development and initial validation of a canine quality of life instrument specifically designed to quantify wellbeing in the general dog population. The instrument is based on a simple 32-question survey and includes 5 daytime domains (energetic, mobile, relaxed, happy, sociable) and 3 mealtime domains (relaxed, interested and satisfied). It captures specific health-related aspects as well as more general wellbeing aspects and, in an initial sample of 2813 dogs, already provides useful insights on canine wellbeing. We believe that data collection at scale with this instrument will help bring optimal wellbeing to the dogs we care for.
Association between changes in working status and hand-grip strength among Korean middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal panel study
Authors: Yun Il , Park Yu Shin , Park Eun-Cheol , Jang Sung-In 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe investigated the association between working status changes and hand-grip strength (HGS) among middle-aged and older Korean adults using data from the 2006–2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. After excluding those with less than normal HGS in the baseline year, newly added panels, and missing values, 3843 participants (2106 men; 1737 women) were finally included. After adjusting for potential confounders, we used a 2-year lagged multivariable generalized estimating equation model to examine this association longitudinally. Men who quit working or who continued to be non-working were more likely to have lower HGS than those who continued to work (working → non-working, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.70; non-working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.34–1.72). Compared to women who continued to work, the other three groups showed high ORs with low HGS (working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.40; non-working → working, adjusted OR: 1.18, 95% CI 0.98–1.42; non-working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.22–1.56). Middle-aged and older adults whose working status changed to non-working were at higher risk of reduced HGS than others and required muscular strength training interventions to improve HGS and prevent sarcopenia.
Using a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis to explore the relationship between physical activity and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Huang Xiaowen , Wang Xiliang , Chen Xiaorui , Zheng Caifang , Shao Weihao , Wang Gaili , Zhang Weidong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEvidence from previous epidemiological studies on the effect of physical activity on the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is conflicting. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to verify whether physical activity is causally associated with AD. This study used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the association between physical activity (including overall activity, sedentary behavior, walking, and moderate-intensity activity) and AD. Genetic instruments for physical activity were obtained from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 91,105 individuals from UK Biobank. Summary-level GWAS data were extracted from the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project IGAP (21,982 patients with AD and 41,944 controls). Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) was used to estimate the effect of physical activity on AD. Sensitivity analyses including weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis were used to estimate pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Mendelian randomization evidences suggested a protective relationship between walking and AD (odds ratio (OR) = 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.13–0.68, P = 0.0039). Genetically predicted overall activity, sedentary behavior, and moderate-intensity activity were not associated with AD. In summary, this study provided evidence that genetically predicted walking might associate with a reduced risk of AD. Further research into the causal association between physical activity and AD could help to explore the real relationship and provide more measures to reduce AD risk.