bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
92 Management, Technology, and Growth Composition: Have They Affected Carcass end Goals?
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Rusche Warren C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For years, researchers have quantified and appraised feed additives, steroidal implants, and various management strategies, such as grain processing, limit feeding, or slick-bunk management, on the sole basis of responses in rate and efficiency of gain. Until recently, cattle were mainly sold on live basis; however, many cattle fed today are marketed on a carcass value basis. Cattle uniformity at slaughter is important economically for cattle producers, particularly for those trying to meet grid standards and minimize carcass discounts. Management factors to control rate of growth from 50 to 65% of final shrunk body weight, program feeding a high-concentrate diet to achieve targeted rates of gain, or by offering ad libitum access to forage-based diets can be used to delay fattening. Delaying fattening allows cattle to achieve heavier weights at similar final fat content. Management factors to control intake early in the feeding period to reduce weight gain variation, or using terminal sorting, allows for increased uniformity of cattle loads at harvest. Sensor-based sorting technologies can allow for cattle to be placed in similar contemporary groups to minimize discounts at the lot level when pens of cattle are marketed. Pharmaceutical technologies such as steroidal implants delay fattening and allow for increased harvest weight of cattle. Beta-adrenergic agonist application during the final weeks prior to harvest enhances muscle growth at the expense of fat deposition, allowing for improved feed efficiency during the late feeding period and increased days on feed. Complementary breeding systems that capitalize on terminal sires mated to maternal lines adapted to specific environments would generate cattle optimized for growth potential and carcass weight. This presentation will review factors impacting carcass end goals and future research needs to improve understanding of how management and technology influence growth composition, attainment of carcass end goals, and economic returns.
89 Meat Science Perspective, Carcass Composition, and Grid Marketing: Have we Made any Advances?
Authors: Lawrence Ty E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Throughout recorded history of beef cattle improvement, the pendulum of cattle type has swung from large, old and extremely fat to extremely short in stature and overfinished to extremely tall in stature and lean to moderate in size and overfinished. During all of these transitions, the underlying growth principles of muscle, fat, and bone have remained constant. As animals age, muscle growth, as well as independent accumulation of water and protein increases at a decreasing rate whereas fat growth increases at an increasing rate. Beef carcass grading records reported by USDA indicate that percentage of Prime and Choice grade carcasses increased consistently from 62.9% in 1956 to a peak of 97.7% in 1987. Beginning in 1988, a notable decline in percentage of Prime and Choice began that plateaued from 1997 to 2007; USDA records indicate that Prime and Choice percentage was the lowest in history in 2006 at 59.0%. Since 2007, percentage of carcasses grading Prime and Choice has again steadily increased to 80.7% in 2021. Concomitantly, percentage of carcasses with yield grades of 4 or 5 has increased from a recent low of 1.3% in 1997 to 16.2% in 2021 – the highest percentage of overfinished cattle since records began. The recent improvement in quality is primarily the result of an industry paradigm shift from marketing of live animals and selling beef as a commodity to the marketing of carcasses and selling beef as premium branded products. Cattle feeders have been incentivized to market cattle as carcasses rather than live animals primarily due to the economics associated with carcass transfer. Carcass transfer is the proportion of live animal gain that is retained as carcass gain – this value increases at a decreasing rate during the finishing period and typically ranges from 75 to 85% of live animal gain. Our current yield assessment metric was developed in the late 1950s and is representative of cattle of that period, not modern cattle. The yield grade estimates 40% of the variation in cutability of beef-type cattle carcasses and 0% of the variation in cutability of dairy-type cattle. Opportunity exists to improve beef carcass yield estimation. The goal of our beef production system is to provide domestic and foreign customers with premium quality products that meet their expectations for palatability. Objective shear force values indicate that steaks from the rib and loin have continued to become more tender during the last 3 decades.
99 Why Should the Beef Industry be Concerned About gut Health?
Authors: Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) uses a disproportionate amount of energy relative to its weight to facilitate digestion and movement of dig, nutrient absorption, and barrier function. Through these roles, the GIT acts as the first barrier for the immune system. As such, it is clear that understanding factors that affect these functions, particular absorptive and barrier function, can help improve nutrient utilization and limit immune activation. Cattle fed highly fermentable diets provide a unique opportunity to explore functions of the GIT and improve our understanding of the connection between digestive and metabolic disorders, and infectious disease. Consistent feed intake is a major challenge facing epithelia lining the GIT as feed-deprivation: induces behavioral stress that may alter epithelial cell function increasing risk for inflammation; induces rapid reductions in absorptive surface area; reduces rates of short-chain fatty acid absorption, and results in a transient increase in GIT permeability. Upon re-feeding, cattle previously experiencing off-feed events are at high risk for ruminal acidosis. Reasons for depressed feed intake are numerous and the off-feed event imposed by many diseases may provide a theorized linkage between respiratory disease, ruminal acidosis, and liver abscesses. Recent research has highlighted that increased GIT permeability may decrease gain and alter carcass composition supportive of inflammatory-mediated responses. In addition, there is growing evidence that highly fermentable diets may alter the regional permeability; however, future research is needed to confirm these findings.
98 Gut Microbiome: Implications on gut Health
Authors: Nagaraja T G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rumen and the hindgut, which includes cecum and colon, of cattle are inhabited by a diverse microbial community, which is composed mainly of bacteria, but also includes archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Most reside in the lumen, but also colonize the epithelial surface and their compositions are a critical component of the host health. Recent advances in sequencing techniques and biological computational tools have further underscored the complexity of the microbial community. The vast repertoire of the gut microbiome provides the host complementary genetic resources to harvest energy, provide proteins and vitamins, contribute to the development of gut epithelium and gut-associated lymphoid system, and to the overall gut health. The gut epithelium-vascular interface allows secretions, and absorption and metabolism of fermentation products and serves as a selective barrier to prevent translocation and systemic dissemination of microbes, microbial toxins, and immunogens. The barrier function includes protection form mechanical damage caused by feedstuffs, chemical damage from acidity, toxins and microbial invasion, especially pathogens. The mechanisms employed likely differ between the two fermentative regions of the gut, given the dramatic difference in epithelial structures. Rumen is lined by stratified squamous epithelium compared a single layer of columnar epithelium interspersed with mucus-producing goblet cells in the hindgut. The mucus layer is the first barrier the pathogen has to overcome for colonization and translocation. An imbalance in the composition of gut microbiota, called dysbiosis, leads to gut functional disorders. The dysbiosis can range from a change in one to a few species to the perturbation of entire microbial community. The assessment of gut microbial dysbiosis is a challenge because of the complexity and huge variations in the community composition, including animal-to-animal. The gut barrier function determines whether the dysbiotic changes are contained within the lumen or disseminated systemically to affect the health and productivity.
102 Insights Into the Molecular Underpinnings of Disrupted Mammary Development and Function Arising from Late-Gestation Heat Stress
Authors: Laporta Jimena 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exposure to heat stress during a dairy cow’s dry period disrupts mammary gland remodeling impairing milk production during the subsequent lactation. The dry period coincides with late gestation, and Intrauterine hyperthermia affects offspring growth, physiology, and performance into adulthood. This presentation will highlight histological and molecular adaptations of the mammary gland under heat stress, emphasizing the carry-over effects in the dam and her progeny. Pregnant dams were either cooled (CL, fans and water soakers) or heat-stressed (HS, lack of access to cooling devices) in a free-stall setting during the dry period (~46 d) in summer. Heifers gestated under maternal heat stress or cooling (in utero heat stressed, IUHS vs. in utero cooled, IUCL) were euthanized at birth or weaning, or were followed until the first lactation to collect mammary tissue for histological, proteomics, and methylation analyses. In the dam’s mammary gland, 251 proteins and 224 phosphorylated proteins were differentially abundant in HS compared to CL. Top functions were related to immune function, inflammation, amino acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, tissue remodeling, and stress response. Intrauterine hyperthermia derailed mammary gland development inducing alterations in the size and weight of the whole udder and parenchyma and fat pad mass. Epithelial structures within the parenchyma of IUHS heifers were significantly underdeveloped, with reduced proliferative capacity. These early-life alterations in tissue microstructure persist through the first lactation, evidenced by IUHS mammary glands with smaller alveoli and fewer mammary epithelial cells that exhibited reduced proliferation capacity. Further, in utero hyperthermia epigenetically programed the udder. Over 130 differentially methylated genes were identified in the IUHS mammary gland with roles in development, innate immune defense, cell signaling, and transcription and translation. These studies provide insights into the molecular underpinnings of disrupted mammary structure and function arising from prior exposure to dry period/late-gestation heat stress, which led to lower milk yields of the dam and her offspring.
103 Genetic Dissection of Host Response to Heat Stress in Poultry: An “Omic” Approach
Authors: Zhou Huaijun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Climate change has significant economic impact on livestock production including poultry. Heat stress can adversely affect the health and performance of poultry. Genetic improvement by selective breeding on more climate-resilient poultry could contribute to the mitigation of negative impact on food security by heat stress. Here we utilized an experimental animal model of two highly inbred chicken lines with distinct responses to heat stress and virus infection (more-resilient Fayoumi and more susceptible Leghorn lines), and a commercial layer line (Hy-Line Brown) to elucidate genetic control of host response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection under heat stress. The heat stress and immune-related tissues including liver, muscle, hypothalamus, spleen in Fayoumi and Leghorn lines were collected at multiple time points during the course of treatment (heat stress and NDV). An “omic” approach including transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome on these tissues were conducted. Bioinformatic analysis on these “omic” data identified potential candidate genes, signaling pathways, and gene network that are associated with host response to heat stress under NDV infection. In addition, a genome-wide association analysis was conducted in Hy-Line Brown to identify genomic regions affecting physiological parameters that are indicators of host response to heat stress. This integrative and comprehensive analysis have generated many valuable novel information that can be used in further understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of host response to heat stress, and aiding potential selective breeding for more resilient animals.
107 Restricted Feeding and Weight Loss Positively Change Fecal Microbiota Populations of Obese Dogs
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Kostiuk Darcia , Kelly Janelle , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Canine obesity negatively influences health and well-being and appears to negatively modify gastrointestinal microbiota populations. Restricted feeding of a specially formulated diet and consequent weight loss may be used to improve health and modify gastrointestinal microbiota. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding and weight loss on fecal microbiota populations of obese dogs. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois IACUC prior to experimentation. Twenty-four obese spayed female dogs (BW = 15.2±1.7 kg; BCS = 8.7±0.4; age = 7.2±1.6 y) were used in a 24-wk weight loss study. A control (OR) food was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline (wk 0), dogs were allotted to one of two diets: OR or a test (FT) diet and then fed to lose 1.5% BW/wk. Fecal samples were collected at wk 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 for microbiota and metabolite analyses. Fecal microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2 and Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P&lt; 0.05 considered significant. Alpha-diversity was affected by diet and weight loss, with dogs fed OR having a greater alpha-diversity than those fed FT. Weight loss increased alpha-diversity (wk 16, 20, and 24 &gt; wk 0 and 4). Beta-diversity, as assessed by weighted and unweighted PCoA plots, showed separation between dietary groups and between wk 0 and all the other time points after wk 8. Weight loss increased fecal Allobaculum and Ruminococcus torques. Weight loss also increased fecal Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, Parasutterella in dogs fed both diets, but greater in dogs fed OR. Weight loss decreased fecal Collinsella, Turicibacter, Blautia, Ruminococcus gnavus, Faecalibacterium, Peptoclostridium in dogs fed both diets, but greater in dogs fed OR. Our data demonstrate that restricted feeding and weight loss alter fecal microbiota of obese dogs.
106 Minimum Methionine Requirement in Adult Cats Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique
Authors: Pezzali Julia Guazzelli , Lambie Jocelyn G , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite the importance of Met for protein synthesis and a wide range of metabolic functions, little is known about its requirement in adult cats. Current recommendations for adult cats are based solely on studies using kittens and growth or nitrogen balance as the outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to determine the minimum Met requirement in mature cats using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Four adult neutered male cats (4.90 + 0.77 kg BW) were used in a Latin rectangle design. Cats were fed a semi-synthetic diet sufficient in Met for 2 weeks prior to being randomly allocated to one of the eight dietary Met treatments (0.12%, 0.17%, 0.21%, 0.28%, 0.35%, 0.42%, 0.50% and 0.57% dry-matter). Cys was provided in excess to spare the Met requirement and meet the Cys requirement. After 2d of adaptation, individual IAAO studies were performed. During each IAAO study day, cats were placed in indirect calorimetry chambers and fed 75% of their daily ration (12.38g/kg BW) split in 13 ½-hourly small meals. A priming dose of NaH13CO3 (0.44mg/kg) and L-[1-13C]-Phe (4.8mg/kg) were provided in the 4th and 5th meal, respectively, following by a constant dose (1.04mg/kg) of L-[1-13C]-Phe in the next meals. Breath samples were collected ½-hourly to measure 13CO2 enrichment to quantify 13CO2 and calculate F13CO2 during isotopic steady state (Phe oxidation). Competing models, broken-line linear (BLL) ascending model, and a broken-line quadratic (BLQ) ascending model, were fitted on F13CO2 to determine the minimum requirement of Met (breakpoint). The BLL yielded the best model with mean minimum Met requirement estimated at 0.305% (dry-matter), and the 95% confidence interval estimated at 0.521% (dry-matter) for adult cats. In conclusion, the estimated min Met requirement in this study is greater than those currently recommended by the NRC (2006; 0.17% dry-matter) and AAFCO (0.2% dry-matter).
114 Effects of Dietary Cameline oil Supplementation on Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers, Trans-Epidermal Water Loss, and Skin and Coat Health Parameters in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Richards Taylor , Burron Scarlett , Grant Caitlin E , Patterson Keely , Trevizan Luciano , Minikhiem Debbie , Pearson Wendy , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Camelina oil has a desirable ratio of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA), and omega-6 linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA). Alpha-linolenic acid supports canine skin and coat health, and inflammation. Therefore, an investigation of the effects of camelina oil on skin and coat health, and inflammation in comparison with other plant-derived EFA oil sources is needed. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of camelina oil to those of flaxseed and canola oil on skin and coat health, skin barrier function, and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. Thirty privately-owned, adult dogs of various breeds (17 females; 13 males), with an average age of 7.2±3.1 years and body weight (BW) of 27.4±14.0 were used. After a 4-week wash-in period using sunflower oil and a commercial kibble, dogs were blocked by age, breed, and size, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils: camelina, canola, or flaxseed. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured using a VapoMeter on the pinna, paw pad, and inner leg. Fasted blood samples were collected to determine serum pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Plakoglobin (JUP) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, while nitric oxide (NO) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations were determined using spectrophotometric assays. A 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess skin and coat characteristics. All data were collected on weeks 0, 2, 4, 10, and 16 and assessed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Follicle density, fur color, shine, and softness increased and skin moisture and dander decreased from baseline in all treatment groups (P &gt;0.05). Outcomes did not differ (P &gt;0.05) among treatment groups over 16 weeks, indicating that camelina oil can be considered comparable with existing plant-based canine oil supplements, flaxseed and canola, to support skin and coat health, and inflammation in dogs.
121 Comparison of Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) to Traditional Yeast and Distillers Grain fed to Healthy Adult Cats
Authors: Kilburn Logan , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Co-products from the ethanol industry may be able to provide high-quality sustainable protein sources for pet foods. Unlike traditional co-products, corn fermented protein (CFP) contains a yeast component which may provide additional benefits. The objective of this study was to determine, by exchange, the effects of the yeast in corn fermented protein on diet utilization. The four experimental diets included a control with no yeast (CON) and diets containing either 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast (BDY), 17.5% distiller’s dried grains with solubles plus 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast (BDY+DDGS), or 17.5% CFP (CFP). It was assumed that CFP contained 20% yeast and all treatments except CON were formulated to contain 3.5% yeast. Experimental diets were fed to adult cats (n = 11) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Cats were adapted to diet for 9 days followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as a marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and cat and period as random effects. Dry fecal output of cats was greatest for BDY+DDGS at 20.2 g/d compared with the other treatments at an average of 16.3 g/d (P &lt; 0.05). Defecations per day were also greatest for cats consuming BDY+DDGS (P &lt; 0.05). When comparing CFP with BDY+DDGS, the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and gross energy was about 3% greater (P &lt; 0.05) for CFP. Short or branched chain fatty acids in fecal samples were not altered by dietary treatment. The increase in fecal output and decrease in digestibility with BDY+DDGS indicates a greater fiber effect in the DDGS compared with the CFP. Therefore, the yeast component in CFP may be providing a greater nutrient utilization when fed to cats.
122 Human-Grade dog Diets Dramatically Shift the Fecal Microbiome of Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Geary Elizabeth L , Oba Patrícia M , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Human-grade pet foods have been shown to be highly palatable and digestible, resulting in reduced stool volume, but their impact on the gut microbiome has not been well studied. Therefore, our objective was to compare the fecal characteristics and microbiome of dogs consuming a human-grade or extruded kibble diet. Female beagles (n = 20; BW = 10.25±0.82 kg; age = 3.85±1.84 yr) were used in a completely randomized design. The diets tested were: 1) Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe [extruded; Blue Buffalo (BB)] and 2) Chicken and White Rice [human-grade; Just Food for Dogs (JFFD)]. The study consisted of a 4-week baseline when all dogs were fed BB, and a 12-week treatment phase when dogs were randomized to eat each diet (n=10/group). After the baseline and treatment phases, fresh fecal samples were collected for fecal pH, dry matter (DM), score, and microbiota analysis. Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted and shotgun sequencing was conducted using an Illumina NovaSeq, generating over 1.8 billion reads. Taxonomic and pathway abundances were calculated using MetaPhlan and HUMAnN, respectively. Fecal pH and DM were less (p&lt; 0.05) in dogs fed JFFD than those fed BB, but fecal scores were not affected by diet. PCoA plots based on Bray-Curtis distances of bacterial genera and species showed some shifts over time in dogs fed BB, but much greater shifts in those fed JFFD. JFFD increased (adj p&lt; 0.05) the relative abundances of 4 bacterial genera, 11 bacterial species, 129 KEGG pathways, and 167 Maaslin pathways and decreased (adj p&lt; 0.05) the relative abundances of 16 bacterial genera, 25 bacterial species, 37 KEGG pathways, and 87 Maaslin pathways. In conclusion, the human-grade food tested vastly shifted the fecal microbiome. More research is needed to link taxonomic and gene content shifts to ingredient inclusion, nutrient concentrations, and health outcomes.
399 Freeze Dried pet Food Process
Authors: Ducklow Jared , Meidl Gerrit 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abstract The presentation will correlate mostly to pet food and will cover the fundamentals to freeze drying, the importance of recipe development, different freeze-drying applications, product yield and factors for freeze drying, the advantages of freeze drying, the parameters for freeze drying, the key aspects of freeze dryers, and some examples of meat and pet food freeze drying profiles and trends.