bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coloniality and Condescension Continued
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines some other underlying factors that influenced the 1945 mindset and which help develop our understanding of the reasons why British leaders viewed the future as they did, gearing up for continued empire and great power status, not decolonization and national decline. The first factor is the extent to which empire and coloniality were considered normal in a highly stratified world order in which a small number of nation-states controlled a very large number of colonies. The second factor is the continued prevalence of colonial language and discourse even after the war, energized by a powerful sense of imperialism renewed in the service of progress and development. Underpinning these two factors was a third—a persistent sense of superiority in viewing the world. The chapter ends by looking at the shades of pessimism that clouded but did not dispel the superpower vision.
Atlantic Entanglements
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter analyses the nature of the American challenge to the British Empire as it developed during the war. Overpaid, oversexed, and over here they may have been, according to the famous description of American servicemen in Britain, but they were also over there—in Australia and India, in British colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, and in parts of the Middle East long under British suzerainty. This chapter describes how Americans came in their thousands to territories of the British world, to develop military bases and work air, land, and sea routes delivering weapons and supplies to their allies. Forming salients of influence and power, a constant flow of American service personnel pulsed around the world, accompanied by travelling senators, presidential representatives, economic advisers, and commercial movers and shakers. They reconnoitred the British Empire and, while pursuing the shared goal of victory, looked to secure American interests, which often meant criticizing or challenging those of the British. At the political and ideological level, the American tone of language used in landmark wartime statements such as the UN declaration and the Atlantic Charter presented the British with a range of imperial dilemmas, and American attempts to create a borderless international economy threatened the Sterling Area and the protectionist ‘imperial preference’ policy.
‘Hands Off!’
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter shows how British leaders and civil servants, not least Winston Churchill, strove to satisfy the Americans while parrying criticisms and inserting words into declarations to fit their own requirements and resist ties that would fetter them. But manoeuvre as they might, the British were unable to shake off American criticisms. Senior British political and military figures experienced the galling implications of America’s growing power, for example in its grip on military resources essential to the prosecution of operations, and its strident attempts to forge a new world economic order. The British tinkered round the edges of definition and meaning, making encouraging noises about how (for example) they agreed with American principles regarding the future of colonies and were, in fact, already operating a modern and enlightened policy towards them. When it came down to it, British leaders were adamant that continued colonial control was essential; that any form of joint ‘trusteeship’ had to be resisted; and that a timetable for colonial independence was absurd. The British also rejected America’s right to determine British financial and economic policy. Believing that they had wiggle room, the British sought to ‘educate’ Americans into understanding that the British Empire was not an enemy or a threat but an ideal partner in forging a post-war Anglo-American led world order.
United, but Not a Unit
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Having considered the view of the British political elite in London and the implications of wartime declarations and Anglo-American differences in the preceding chapters, this chapter opens a section of the book that develops our enquiry into what the war did to the Empire and Britain’s prospects of holding on to it by looking at the conflict’s effects ‘on the ground’. It examines the war’s effects on the relationship between Britain and the dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. The British knew that imperial unity depended upon the support of the dominions for British policies at the international level, and that Britian’s great power status depended upon it being seen to lead the Empire’s Commonwealth ‘hub’. But they also knew that the war had enhanced the autonomy and regional awareness of the dominions and accelerated the slow devolution of power that had been dissolving London’s control and influence over them for some time. This had a lot to do with Britain’s inability to defend the dominions in the face of the Japanese threat, and the concomitant reliance on the might of the coming American superpower. Nevertheless, a significant range of shared interests meant that the Anglo-dominion imperial core was far from moribund, economic, cultural, and security ties remaining very strong, and the British elite had little difficulty in foreseeing a future in which they continued to lead and the dominions follow.
The Perils of War Imperialism I
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews the significance of South Asia to the British Empire before focusing on the war’s calamitous—but in some ways unrepresentative in terms of the wider Empire—impact on India. It shows how the circumstances of war accelerated existing trends in the subcontinent’s political progress, and created entirely new dynamics that led to a formal offer of post-war independence. The chapter moves on to discuss the situation in Burma, its position within the Empire heavily influenced by goings on in India. It shows how the British fully intended to return to and retain the territory, but how developments in India and powerful nationalist forces militated against this. With a very different war history, the chapter ends by considering the case of Ceylon, where advances towards self-government within the British Commonwealth occurred in a generally amicable environment leading to what the British initially considered to be an ideal transfer of power because it safeguarded imperial interests. Key themes throughout the chapter include the perspective that at the end of the war the British had no intention of withdrawing from South Asia; that Indian independence and its future relationship with Britain lay in an unknown and undecided future; that Whitehall was confident of a return to Burma and believed that constitutional advances in Ceylon would not be detrimental to British interests; and that dominion status and the Commonwealth could act as vehicles for continuing and substantial British influence.
The Perils of War Imperialism II
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
After reviewing the importance of the Middle East to the British world system, this chapter investigates the war’s impact on Britain’s position in the region. It outlines the impact of Axis activity and propaganda and its effectiveness among people keen to expel British and French colonial rule, the consequences of the ongoing Arab–Jewish dispute in Palestine, and the significance of the growing American voice in the region’s political and economic affairs. The need for aggressive ‘war imperialism’ in the region, particularly in 1941–42 when the enemy was advancing and the British were in some disarray, is described and its consequences measured. The war’s impact on Britain’s position and the ‘health’ of its imperial presence in the Middle East is investigated by taking a closer look at Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, and the Sudan to show that, come 1945, Britain believed that it was secure in a region that it considered an imperial sine qua non, despite a range of challenges.
The Colonial Empire at the Local Level
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter takes a closer look at the war’s impact at the level of individual colonies, featuring territories in West Africa, the West Indies, the Mediterranean, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. It does so in order to get the best possible measure on the war’s effects on the territories of the Empire beyond India, the Middle East, and the dominions, and on the overall integrity of the British Empire. Though most colonies were spared the trauma of combat, sustained air raids, or enemy occupation, war came to them in many ways. It represented six years of inconvenience, hardship, and, in the case of colonies taken by the Japanese, intense suffering and death. While the war impacted all British territories, the depth and significance varied according to each colony’s proximity to the fighting and the nature of the exactions placed upon its people and resources by British and Allied military and civilian authorities (and those of the Japanese where they conquered). Nowhere was exempt from the knock-on effects of war, and this augured ill for a return to settled rule once the war was over. The manifold political, social, and economic impacts presented the British with urgent issues to be addressed as soon as peace returned. Nevertheless, in the minds of the British political elite the conflict had not inflicted fatal damage. Indeed, on some readings it appeared to have opened opportunities to deepen colonial rule and extend metropolitan knowledge and control.
Vitality, Affect, and Agency in the Intersubjectivity of Colwyn Trevarthen
Authors: Delafield-Butt Jonathan , Reddy Vasudevi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces Colwyn Trevarthen through personal connection—a way of knowing which is not only appropriate to his work on intersubjectivity but also to his manner of working. The chapter explores notions of vitality, affect, and agency which have been crucial to his thinking in most of his work. Colwyn was an old-fashioned scientist and explorer—from the beginning of his career searching for the lawful animating principles of his subjects whether plants, brains, or babies. He is known for three different scientific discoveries: of two mechanisms of vision in primates, of infant intersubjectivity, and of rhythms of musicality in communication. His highlighting of the value of companionship is a game-changer not only for infants and for early years education but also for relations through the lifespan. The chapter offers a road map to the chapters in this book ranging through the different areas of scientific work which he has influenced.
The powerful effect of the Neonatal Moment of Meeting
Authors: Bruschweiler-Stern Nadia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter exposes the catalytic effect of perinatal intervention with the Brazelton Scale in the formation of parental bonds and identities against the background of a precise understanding of perinatal identity metamorphoses. It looks at two clinical consultations. The Covid-19 pandemic made evident the need for connection between humans; this particular skill of meeting and connecting is exercised from birth in an uncertain process. Parents’ understanding the meaning of their baby’s behaviour allows them to observe and feel the baby’s attachment movements and the recognition of his mother. In their eyes, the newborn becomes a person, capable of communicating. Feeling recognized, the mother is transported by a surge of love and attachment, which allows her to say ‘I know that you know that I am your mother’, offering the baby a context of bonding and intersubjectivity in which it can develop its own intersubjectivity. The evolution of representations during the psychological pregnancy, the main themes of the motherhood constellation that defines a mother and the very first stages of attachment at birth are detailed.
Intersubjectivity
Authors: Hobson R Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Any attempt to provide an account of early human mental development will fail unless the concept of intersubjectivity holds centre stage—from both theoretical and empirical (methodological) perspectives. ‘Intersubjectivity’ characterizes events within an interpersonal system that have cognitive, conative, and affective aspects. Such events provide foundations for symbolic thinking and self/other-conscious forms of willing and feeling, including ‘sharing’. As Vygotsky described, what is interpersonal becomes intrapsychic. To understand how this occurs, we need the concept of an individual’s potential to ‘identify with’ the attitudes of other. The study of developmental psychopathology enriches this perspective: through autism, we can trace the implications of a relative lack in the capacity to experience intersubjectively configured person-to-person and person-person-world relations.
From Intersubjectivity to Atmosphere
Authors: Gratier Maya 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Atmosphere and intersubjectivity examine the idea that intersubjective encounters between infants and others are entwined with the indirect perception of the atmospheres that surround them. It proposes that the moods and inner states of people interacting with each other continuously radiate into the outer world. They not only become entangled with each other through immediate, moment-to-moment, convergences but also they form the basis of a broader space or field whose qualities are available to people not directly engaged in interaction. Findings and concepts from infant studies and clinical psychology, sociolinguistics, anthropology, and aesthetics provide grounding for an exploratory definition of atmosphere. The chapter also describes possible methodological shifts for studying both the constitution of atmospheres within which infant cognition may flourish and the interactions that atmospheres themselves afford. Photography and film are presented as powerful tools for analysing the complex relations that make up an atmosphere.
How Does Vocal Portamento Differ from Vocal Glissando?
Authors: Gilchrist Diana , Whitney Kathryn , Overy Katie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Inspired by Malloch and Trevarthen’s spectrographic analysis of mother–infant vocal communication, this chapter presents a comparative study of vocal portamento and glissando, two distinct gestures used by professional Western classical singers. Using case study data gathered through reflective creative practice and sound recordings of vocal gestures by the first author, a professional soprano, the study uses spectrograms to provide new insights into the acoustic features and technical execution of vocal portamento and glissando. Vibrato is identified as a key difference between the two gestures; it is present during portamento but not glissando for this singer. Intensity and timbre also vary in different ways for the two gestures, interpreted by this singer as the result of a drop in subglottal pressure during portamento. The chapter concludes that spectrographic analysis may be a powerful tool to support singing research, with potential implications for creative performance practice, pedagogy, and digital voice modelling.
Mirroring Emotions and Vitality Forms
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the mirror property in the emotion and vitality form domains. Several studies prove that the anterior insula (AI), the amygdala, and the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) are key nodes in the cortical and subcortical networks involved in expressing and recognizing emotions such as disgust, fear, and mirth. Recent research indicates that the dorso-central insula is also endowed with mirror property, playing a critical role in encoding our own and others’ vitality forms. We propose that the same processes underlying the expression of emotions or vitality forms are recruited when observing them in others, thus allowing us to understand their emotions and moods. We refer to this kind of understanding as an ‘understanding from the inside’, which involves sharing core phenomenal aspects between first- and second-person experiences of emotions and vitality forms.
Imitation as a Synchronizer of Minds and Brains
Authors: Nadel Jacqueline 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Immediate imitation is seen as a synchronizer of minds and brains in line with dynamical systems theory focusing on synchronization as a key feature of social cognition. It offers the most achieved model of dynamical co-regulation in a two-person perspective. It makes ‘imitate and be imitated’ a genuine communicative format, including dyadic variables that describe the continuous dynamics leading to a co-ownership of actions. Young preverbal children and non-verbal children with autism can capture the other’s intention at the first person while perceiving the effects of the other’s action in their own body. Hosting real-life interactions via imitation in neuroimaging hyperscanned experiments reveals alpha–mu synchronization in the centroparietal regions of pairs of brains. As constructs, interpersonal synchrony, shared motives, and togetherness all directly refer to Trevarthen’s theory of intersubjectivity and are support for further explorations of a two-person perspective interweaving behavioural and brain explorations in a neuroscience of synchrony.
Philosophical Consideration of the Metaphysics of Intersubjectivity
Authors: Phemister Pauline 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter identifies significant similarities between the metaphysics of intersubjectivity advanced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the psychological account of intersubjectivity advanced by Colwyn Trevarthen, opening up the possibility that Leibniz’s metaphysics might provide rationalist support for Trevarthen’s empirically grounded research on mother and infant interactions. Leibniz and Trevarthen conceive intersubjectivity as a relationship between autonomous and spontaneously acting living subjects, in which each subject mirrors or expresses the physical and mental states of the other. There is furthermore a remarkable convergence in their respective views of the purposiveness of persons engaging in intersubjective communications and the motivational and guiding role of pleasure located in the experiencing of beauty and communicative harmony, exemplified by musicality. However, Leibniz’s doctrine of pre-established harmony upon which his claims regarding the autonomy, spontaneity, and intersubjectivity of his monadic subjects depend, rejects causal interaction between subjects. There is instead only the appearance of causal interaction resulting from the exact correspondences between subjects’ perceptions and the physical motions of their bodies. Nevertheless, since causal interaction is itself derived from perceived correspondences between subjects, this difference may not be an insuperable problem.
Neoteny, Social Practice, and Meaning-Making
Authors: Gallese Vittorio 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience can shed new light on human symbol-making. In this chapter I address the origin of symbol-making from an evo-devo perspective and emphasize the role of human ‘neoteny’: the slowed and delayed physiological and somatic development of individuals. This development largely depends upon the quantity and quality of interpersonal relationships individuals establish with their adult peers. Neoteny, on the one hand, favours and facilitates the development of cognitive exapted qualities, like sophisticated forms of communication and symbolic expression, by reusing neural resources originally selected for other purposes. On the other, neoteny amplifies and prolongs learning and potentiates family relationships. Stronger family relationships potentiate the transfer of knowledge across generations, helping to build oral traditions, which, in turn, promote cultural practices. Capitalizing upon pragmatism, and social practice theory, I discuss the relationship between body, practice, and rituals and their bearing on the creation of symbolic objects and cultural artefacts.
The Dance of Emotions in Infant Semiolinguistic Development
Authors: Lüdtke Ulrike M. , Bansner-Ahrberg Marie C. , Beta Kirsten , Lück Senta , Polzin Chantal , Schütte Ulrike , Wu Julia , Frank Bodo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Inspired by Colwyn Trevarthen’s concepts of intersubjectivity, musicality, and sympathy, as well as by his early writings on children’s semiogenesis, this chapter discusses the dance of relational emotions as the driving force for early communicative and semiolinguistic development of infants, focusing not only on the intersubjective dyads where miraculous narratives are constantly created but especially on those context factors as well, which may have a negative impact on the emotion regulation in vulnerable mother/caretaker–child dyads, such as disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds or institutional care. This chapter provides a short overview of our manifold methodological attempts to investigate these intricate and subtle intersubjective relations. It draws on research examples from our Leibniz Laboratory for Relational Communication Research. We propose a conceptual framework that shows the paradigmatic trajectory from an individualistic and rationalistic research paradigm to an intersubjective and emotion integrating research paradigm or from ‘logos’ to dialogue.
Amae and the Theory of Intersubjectivity
Authors: Watanabe Hisako 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Trevarthen’s wisdom and his scientific observations have given language to what the Japanese have historically known about Amae, that is, the human interactions derived from infancy. Amae is a Japanese term that refers to the affective mental wellness activated within intimate infant–caregiver relationships. The experience of Amae involves each individual to attune to the visceral experiences shared within the relationship. The author, a child psychiatrist, has created ‘Amae Therapy’ out of the decades of her observation that Japanese families in postwar Japanese society needed culturally appropriate interventions that aligned with the intuitive parenting and other traditional interpersonal practices that fostered connection of non-verbal dimensions. Amae Therapy mobilizes the child’s regression as a vehicle to revive intimacy lost in early life and to foster or retrieve reciprocity, empathy, and companionship with the primary parent, yielding true self, sense of agency, and shared narratives within the context of the relationship. Trevarthen’s work on intersubjectivity bridges this culturally embedded understanding in Japan to the scientific world of the West.
Free fall and geodesics
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapters 8 and 9, we investigate geodesics: the paths that particles fall along in spacetime. They can be found by extremizing the path between two events using the calculus of variations, which is much simplified if length parametrization is used. Free massive particles follow timelike geodesics. Light travels along null geodesics.
Making measurements in relativity
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Although we study curved space, we make physical observations locally, in the flat space of our experience. Thus, measurements in general relativity are carried out by observers in locally flat spacetime who carry around with them an orthonormal coordinate system. The method to translate between different frames of reference is described in Chapter 10. In particular, we introduce a vielbein, which is a matrix that allows the transformation between orthonormal frames and coordinate frames.