bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research related to the Appearance Design of Water Surface Cleaning Robot based on Bionics
Authors: Yang Huimin , Kim Chulsoo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This thesis analyzes five representative water cleaning robots selected from three countries and combines the top-down design process of bionics and the basic elements of product design to clarify the problematic points of existing water waste cleaning robots and propose a bionic design solution. The results of the analysis show that the shape design is not optimized according to the shape of the hull, and the environmental and aesthetic aspects are not satisfactory. By applying the three bionic principles of color, form and material to the appearance of the robot, a robot that meets the needs of cleaning small urban waters is designed and derived. This proposal is an optimized solution to solve the existing defects of the product and complete the solution that meets the modern market demand, aesthetic patterns, and production methods.
Research on Smart City Construction Management Evaluation System Based on Ternary Subject Theory
Authors: Huang Jiazhen , Yu Cong , Xiao guangpeng , Xiang jian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the existing problems and optimization principles of the current smart city construction management evaluation indicator system in China are analyzed. The evaluation indicator system is selected for two rounds based on the membership and utility and constructed systematically. The distribution of weight of smart city construction management evaluation indicators in China is obtained based on empirical investigation of the government officials, experts, scholars and the public participating in the evaluation from different typical regions in eastern, central, and western China by means of surveys and questionnaire investigations. Finally, the existing problems of the evaluation indicator system are analyzed and the optimization path is proposed.
Grey water footprint assessment of domestic wastewater in Guangdong section of the Dongjiang River Basin
Authors: Zhang Jiaman , Tan Zhenkun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Water pollution in river basins has become one of the main factors in restricting regional social-economic development. Water footprint assessment at river basin level is a hot issue in the research on water for sustainable development. In this study, the grey water footprint method was introduced for domestic wastewater assessment. The approach can effectively reflect the impact of water pollution on the amount of available water resources by evaluating the degree of water pollution from the perspective of water quantity. In order to verify the approach, the region of Guangdong section of the Dongjiang River Basin (GD-DRB) was selected as a case. Based on multiple pollutants (i.e., CODCr, NH3-N, BOD5 and TP), grey water footprint of the river basin was calculated. The results showed that the grey water footprint of domestic water in the urban area of the region was higher than that in the rural area. The total amount of grey water footprint in the region was 28.41 billion m3. The main pollutants in the region were phosphorus and organic compounds.
Evolution and origin of global glaciers and their impacts on the environment
Authors: Cui Bingyu , Li Junyi , Wu Junlong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGlacier is one of the most important freshwater resources. However, the situation of glaciers is changed nowadays because of global warming. This study aimed at two types of glaciers, and analyzed their evolution, origin and impacts on the environment. As for typical melting glaciers, the Vatnajokull glacier and Urumqi Glacier No.1, Tianshan Mountains gradually melt over time. Their causes are related to atmospheric River events, black carbon pollutants, ice recycling, global warming, and human activities. The impacts of glacier retreat mainly include sea-level rise and can alleviate global warming and cause surface deformation. However, there are some “weird” glaciers because they are expanded in the past few years rather than shrinking. Those glaciers are highly concentrated in the Karakoram, Pamir Mountains, Svalbard, the Canadian Arctic islands, Alaska, and Iceland, which are called surged-type glaciers. Hydrological control, thermal regime, deformable bed hypothesis, and critical mass are reasons for glacier expansion. There is no clear and unified opinion on the advantages or disadvantages of glacier expansion.
Floristic analysis of Vascular plants in Sanzhou Island, Zhuhai, China
Authors: Huang Weigang , Liu Hui 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The uninhabited island in Guangdong is rich in vascular plant flora. In order to enrich the understanding of the zonal vegetation, a comprehensive survey of the plant resources of Sanzhou Island was carried out by using the survey method of the combination of sample line method and quadrat method. The vegetation types, floristic composition of vascular plants and the distribution types of families, genera and species were analyzed. The natural vegetation of Sanzhou Island could be divided into three types: coastal semi-mangrove, evergreen shrub and evergreen seasonal rainforest. The results showed that there were 68 species of vascular plants in 39 families, 62 genera. There were 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species of pteridophytes, accounting for 10.26%, 6.45% and 7.35% of the vascular plants; 63 species of angiosperms, 58 genera and 35 families, accounting for 89.74%, 93.55% and 92.65% of the vascular plants in the island. The floristic composition of the island showed obvious tropical nature. The main flora of the island was composed of 4 distribution types: pantropic, old world tropical, tropical Asia to tropical Australasia and tropical Asia. It showed the floristic components were diverse with strong adaptability which was suitable for the poor soil and harsh environment of the island. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the protection, development and management of plant resources in Sanzhou Island.
A Summary of the Transporting Mechanism of Microplastics in Marine Food Chain and its Effects to Humans
Authors: Zhao Songdi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitously present in the oceanic environment and, though unrecognizable to the public, pose perilous effects to animals in all trophic levels as well as to human beings. For this study, we emphasized the wide-ranging effects of oceanic microplastics to animals and to humans. The transportation mechanism of microplastics in oceanic food chain was analysed and the negative effects to animals in all trophic levels including humans are specified. Then, two approaches to mitigate the perilous effects are illustrated. Further, by reviewing the previous research, some knowledge gaps appeared. Therefore, four suggestions for future research were proposed. Unlike previous research, this review paper serves as an overview of the perilous effects created by the microplastics from cosmetic products to animals across all trophic levels, including human, and the transporting mechanism of microplastics through the marine food chain was elaborated as well. Hence, this review paper can raise people’s awareness to the microplastic pollution caused by cosmetics and further promote the banning of the microplastics in cosmetic industries and the propagating of potential alternative materials that are more sustainable.
Ionization process and distinctive characteristic of atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet driven resonantly by microwave pulses
Authors: HONG Lingli , CHEN Zhaoquan , YANG Jie , CHENG Tao , CHEN Sile , ZHOU Yuming , WANG Bing , LU Xinpei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the present study, a coaxial transmission line resonator is constructed, which is always capable of generating cold microwave plasma jet plumes in ambient air in spite of using argon, nitrogen, or even air, respectively. Although the different kinds of working gas induce the different discharge performance, their ionization processes all indicate that the ionization enhancement has taken place twice in each pulsed periods, and the electron densities measured by the method of microwave Rayleigh scattering are higher than the amplitude order of 1018 m−3. The tail region of plasma jets all contain a large number of active particles, like NO, O, emitted photons, etc, but without O3. The formation mechanism and the distinctive characteristics are attributed to the resonance excitation of the locally enhanced electric fields, the ionization wave propulsion, and the temporal and spatial distribution of different particles in the pulsed microwave plasma jets. The parameters of plasma jet could be modulated by adjusting microwave power, modulation pulse parameters (modulation frequency and duty ratio), gas type and its flow rate, according to the requirements of application scenarios.
Single Incision Endoscope-Assisted Gastrocnemius Muscle Resection for Calf Hypertrophy: Analysis of 300 Cases
Authors: Hsu Honda , Lee Jiunn-Tat 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Muscular calf hypertrophy can cause severe psychological distress. Total or subtotal resection of the gastrocnemius muscle results in significant calf reduction. However, both techniques require a second incision of 5 and 2 cm, respectively, at the posterior mid-calf. The resultant mid-calf scar is more difficult to conceal when wearing short skirts or pants.

Objectives
The authors sought to describe the technique of endoscope-assisted gastrocnemius muscle resection to obviate the need for a mid-calf scar and to review the outcomes of patients who underwent this procedure.

Methods
A retrospective study of 300 patients in a single center in Taiwan who underwent endoscope-assisted subtotal resection of the gastrocnemius muscle for hypertrophic muscular calves, between March 2015 to June 2019, were included in this study.

Results
The combined weight of the resected gastrocnemius muscle ranged from 156 to 484 g per calf (mean = 276 g). The mean maximal calf circumference was 36.1 cm preoperatively and 30.9 cm postoperatively. The calf reduction achieved was 3.0 to 8.1 cm (mean = 5.2 cm), or 8.9% to 19.8% (mean = 14.4%). The complications were minor, and the rate was low (2%). As for the popliteal fossa scar, 6 patients underwent further treatment of their hyperpigmented or hypertrophic transverse scar. There were no complaints of impaired leg function regarding gait or sports activities 3 to 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusions
At present, gastrocnemius muscle resection remains unrivaled in its ability to achieve calf reduction. The surgery is now much more appealing to patients as a result of employing the endoscope-assisted technique to obviate the mid-calf scar.

Level of Evidence: 4
The spectrum of disease and tau pathology of nodding syndrome in Uganda
Authors: Pollanen Michael S , Onzivua Sylvester , McKeever Paul M , Robertson Janice , Mackenzie Ian R , Kovacs Gabor G , Olwa Francis , Kitara David L , Fong Amanda 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNodding syndrome is an enigmatic recurrent epidemic neurologic disease that affects children in East Africa. The illness begins with vertical nodding of the head and can progress to grand mal seizures and death after several years. The most recent outbreak of nodding syndrome occurred in northern Uganda. We now describe the clinicopathologic spectrum of nodding syndrome in northern Uganda. The neuropathologic findings of 16 children or young adults with fatal nodding syndrome were correlated with the onset, duration and progression of their neurological illness. The affected individuals ranged in age from 14 to 25 years at the time of death with a duration of illness ranging from 6–15 years. All 16 cases had chronic seizures. In 10 cases, detailed clinical histories were available and showed that three individuals had a clinical course that was predominantly characterized by epilepsy, whereas the other seven individuals had progressive cognitive, behavioural and motor decline, in addition to epilepsy. The main neuropathologic findings included: tau pathology (16/16 cases), cerebellar degeneration (11/16 cases) and white matter degeneration (7/16 cases). The tau pathology was characterized by filamentous tau-positive deposits in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, pre-tangles and dot-like grains and threads in the neuropil. All cases showed some degree of tau pathology in the neocortex and in the locus coeruleus with frequent involvement of the substantia nigra and tegmental nuclei and lesser involvement of other grey matter sites, but there was a lack of glial tau pathology. The tau pathology in the neocortex showed a multifocal superficial laminar pattern. We conclude that nodding syndrome is a clinicopathological entity associated consistently with tau pathology, but our observations did not establish the cause of the disease, or an explanation for the tau pathology.
Hippocampal-subfield microstructures and their relation to plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Shahid Syed Salman , Wen Qiuting , Risacher Shannon L , Farlow Martin R , Unverzagt Frederick W , Apostolova Liana G , Foroud Tatiana M , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Saykin Andrew J , Wu Yu Chien 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hippocampal subfields exhibit differential vulnerabilities to Alzheimer’s disease-associated pathology including abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological processes extensively impact on the structural and functional interconnectivities of the subfields and may explain the association between hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive deficits. In this study, we investigated the degree of alterations in the microstructure of hippocampal subfields across the clinical continuum of Alzheimer’s disease.
We applied a grey matter-specific multi-compartment diffusion model (Cortical-Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging) to understand the differential effects of Alzheimer’s disease pathology on the hippocampal subfield microstructure. A total of 119 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants were stratified into three categories, cognitively normal (n = 47), mild cognitive impairment (n = 52), and Alzheimer’s disease (n = 19). Diffusion MRI, plasma biomarkers and neuropsychological test scores were used to determine the association between the microstructural integrity and Alzheimer’s disease-associated molecular indicators and cognition. For Alzheimer’s disease-related plasma biomarkers, we studied amyloid-β, total tau and neurofilament light; for Alzheimer’s disease-related neuropsychological tests, we included the Trail Making Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span and Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
Comparisons between cognitively normal subjects and those with mild cognitive impairment showed significant microstructural alterations in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 4 and dentate gyrus region, whereas CA 1–3 was the most sensitive region for the later stages in the Alzheimer’s disease clinical continuum. Among imaging metrics for microstructures, the volume fraction of isotropic diffusion for interstitial free water demonstrated the largest effect size in between-group comparisons. Regarding the plasma biomarkers, neurofilament light appeared to be the most sensitive biomarker for associations with microstructural imaging findings in CA4-dentate gyrus. CA 1–3 was the subfield which had stronger correlations between cognitive performance and microstructural metrics. Particularly, poor performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment was associated with decreased intracellular volume fraction.
Overall, our findings support the value of tissue-specific microstructural imaging for providing pathologically relevant information manifesting in the plasma biomarkers and neuropsychological outcomes across various stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
MIG-seq is an effective method for high-throughput genotyping in wheat (Triticum spp.)
Authors: Nishimura Kazusa , Motoki Ko , Yamazaki Akira , Takisawa Rihito , Yasui Yasuo , Kawai Takashi , Ushijima Koichiro , Nakano Ryohei , Nakazaki Tetsuya 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
MIG-seq (Multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeats genotyping by sequencing) has been developed as a low cost genotyping technology, although the number of polymorphisms obtained is assumed to be minimal, resulting in the low application of this technique to analyses of agricultural plants. We applied MIG-seq to 12 plant species that include various crops and investigated the relationship between genome size and the number of bases that can be stably sequenced. The genome size and the number of loci, which can be sequenced by MIG-seq, are positively correlated. This is due to the linkage between genome size and the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) through the genome. The applicability of MIG-seq to population structure analysis, linkage mapping, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in wheat, which has a relatively large genome, was further evaluated. The results of population structure analysis for tetraploid wheat showed the differences among collection sites and subspecies, which agreed with previous findings. Additionally, in wheat biparental mapping populations, over 3,000 SNPs/indels with low deficiency were detected using MIG-seq, and the QTL analysis was able to detect recognized flowering-related genes. These results revealed the effectiveness of MIG-seq for genomic analysis of agricultural plants with large genomes, including wheat.
Treatment of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: insights of an international case vignette survey and expert discussions
Authors: Ubels Sander , Lubbers Merel , Verstegen Moniek H P , Bouwense Stefan A W , van Daele Elke , Ferri Lorenzo , Gisbertz Suzanne S , Griffiths Ewen A , Grimminger Peter , Hanna George , Hubka Michal , Law Simon , Low Donald , Luyer Misha , Merritt Robert E , Morse Christopher , Mueller Carmen L , Nieuwenhuijzen Grard A P , Nilsson Magnus , Reynolds John V , Ribeiro Ulysses , Rosati Riccardo , Shen Yaxing , Wijnhoven Bas P L , Klarenbeek Bastiaan R , van Workum Frans , Rosman Camiel 
Published: April 2022

Summary
Anastomotic leak (AL) is a severe complication after esophagectomy. Clinical presentation of AL is diverse and there is large practice variation regarding treatment of AL. This study aimed to explore different AL treatment strategies and their underlying rationale. This mixed-methods study consisted of an international survey among upper gastro-intestinal (GI) surgeons and focus groups with expert upper GI surgeons. The survey included 10 case vignettes and data sources were integrated after separate analysis. The survey was completed by 188 respondents (completion rate 69%) and 6 focus groups were conducted with 20 international experts. Prevention of mortality was the most important goal of primary treatment. Goals of secondary treatment were to promote tissue healing, return to oral feeding and safe hospital discharge. There was substantial variation in the preferred treatment principles (e.g. drainage or defect closure) and modalities (e.g. stent or endoVAC) within different presentations of AL. Patients with local symptoms were treated by supportive means only or by non-surgical drainage and/or defect closure. Drainage was routinely performed in patients with intrathoracic collections and often combined with defect closure. Patients with conduit necrosis were predominantly treated by resection and reconstruction of the anastomosis or by esophageal diversion. This mixed-methods study shows that overall treatment strategies for AL are determined by vitality of the conduit and presence of intrathoracic collections. There is large variation in preferred treatment principles and modalities. Future research may investigate optimal treatment for specific AL presentations and aim to develop consensus-based treatment guidelines for AL after esophagectomy.
Operational and structural factors influencing enrolment in community-based health insurance schemes: an observational study using 12 waves of nationwide panel data from Senegal
Authors: Rouyard Thomas , Mano Yukichi , Daff Bocar Mamadou , Diouf Serigne , Fall Dia Khadidiatou , Duval Laetitia , Thuilliez Josselin , Nakamura Ryota 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Community-based health insurance (CBHI) has been implemented in many low- and middle-income countries to increase financial risk protection in populations without access to formal health insurance. While the design of such social programmes is fundamental to ensuring equitable access to care, little is known about the operational and structural factors influencing enrolment in CBHI schemes. In this study, we took advantage of newly established data monitoring requirements in Senegal to explore the association between the operational capacity and structure of CBHI schemes—also termed ‘mutual health organizations’ (MHO) in francophone countries—and their enrolment levels. The dataset comprised 12 waves of quarterly data over 2017–2019 and covered all 676 MHOs registered in the country. Primary analyses were conducted using dynamic panel data regression analysis. We found that higher operational capacity significantly predicted higher performance: enrolment was positively associated with the presence of a salaried manager at the MHO level (12% more total enrolees, 23% more poor members) and with stronger cooperation between MHOs and local health posts (for each additional contract signed, total enrolees and poor members increased by 7% and 5%, respectively). However, higher operational capacity was only modestly associated with higher sustainability proxied by the proportion of enrolees up to date with premium payment. We also found that structural factors were influential, with MHOs located within a health facility enrolling fewer poor members (−16%). Sensitivity analyses showed that these associations were robust. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at professionalizing and reinforcing the operational capacity of MHOs could accelerate the expansion of CBHI coverage, including in the most impoverished populations. However, they also suggest that increasing operational capacity alone may be insufficient to make CBHI schemes sustainable over time.