bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Profile of Smooth Cellular Materials
Authors: Rastegarzadeh Sina , Muthusamy Samuel , Huang Jida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cellular materials are critical elements for mechanical metamaterials design and fabrication. Tailoring the internal cellular material structural pattern can achieve a much broader range of bulk properties than the constituent materials, thus enabling the metamaterial design with extraordinary properties. Studying cellular materials’ mechanical properties is critical for understanding metamaterials’ structural design, and macroscale performances. This paper investigates and validates the mechanical properties of two classes of smooth cellular structures defined by deterministic and stochastic functions, respectively. A mechanical profile is proposed to depict the effective mechanical properties of these smooth cellular structures. We developed such profiles numerically based on computational homogenization and validated them by simulations and physical tests. In physical tests, we printed the generated structures on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer and conducted compression tests to verify the numerical homogenization and simulation results. Through the comparison studies, we summarize these cellular materials’ mechanical profiles defined by distinct principles. Based on the experimental results, several cellular structural design guidelines are derived for mechanical metamaterials development, which provides foundations for cellular materials database establishment and sheds light on future exotic metamaterials fabrication.
Mechanism of Axial Compressor Tip Clearance Noise Based on Taylor–Couette Flow Rotating Instability
Authors: Joe Beom-Jin , Kim Min-Hyeok , Hong Suk-Yoon , Song Jee-Hun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prediction of the tip clearance noise (TCN) of axial compressors is essential to accurately determine the noise level of the compressor, because it is left unattenuated during propagation. The existing studies on numerical methods are inadequate for accurate determination of the TCN owing to the limited understanding of the physical phenomenon. The most convincing explanation is that the TCN is generated because of the instability in shear waves in the tip clearance region. In this study, the rotating instability theory was developed further by modeling the physical phenomenon of the instability as a Taylor–Couette (T–C) flow. The TCN sources were obtained using T–C flow modeling, and duct noise analysis was performed to obtain the TCN at various locations and frequencies. The TCN predictions were compared with the existing experimental results and noise results obtained using FW–H. Results showed that the T–C flow modeling is sufficiently accurate for predicting the frequencies, wavenumber distributions, and SPL of the tip clearance noise of axial compressors.
Frequency Lock-In Phenomenon of Vortex Induced Vibration of a Rotating Blade Considering Bending-Torsion Coupling Effect
Authors: Ren Yuankai , Lu Jianwei , Deng Gaoming , Wu Bofu , Zhou Dinghua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A rotating thin blade with bend-torsional coupling subjected to vortex induced vibration (VIV) is considered in this paper. It is necessary to study the motion coupled bending torsion due to the discordant centroid and shear center and the effect of centrifugal force at high-speed. The blade with a single axisymmetric section is regarded as a beam instead of an oscillator. The motion equation coupled bending-torsion of the blade is established by using the Euler–Lagrange equations, and the effect of centrifugal force is also employed. Vortex shedding is described by a nonlinear oscillator satisfying Van Der Pol (VDP) equation. Ritz–Galerkin method is employed to simplify the equations of the blade, and the interaction between the bending and torsion modes of blade and wake modes is discussed. The motion equation is simplified based on the contribution of the blade flutter mode. Furthermore, the single-mode approximation is used to investigate the effects of mass ratio, damping, and coupling coefficient on the locking phenomenon. It is also analyzed that the variation of flutter amplitude and locking region of the rotating blade considering bending-torsion coupling.
Direct constraints on in situ stress state from deep drilling into the Nankai subduction zone, Japan
Authors: Tobin Harold J. , Saffer Demian M. , Castillo David A. , Hirose Takehiro 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stress state is a long-sought but poorly known parameter on subduction megathrusts and in overlying accretionary wedges in general. We used direct observations made during drilling of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) borehole C0002 to a depth of 3058 m below the seafloor (mbsf) in the Nankai subduction zone of southwestern Japan to constrain in situ pore pressure and stress state in the deep interior of an accretionary wedge for the first time. These data included downhole pressure, active pumping tests, and logging and sample measurements. We found a nearly linear gradient in minimum horizontal principal stress (Shmin) and show that it remained consistently smaller than the vertical stress (Sv), definitively ruling out a thrust-faulting stress regime to at least 3 km depth, and to within ~2 km above the subduction megathrust. At 3000 mbsf, the estimated effective stresses were: Sv = 33 MPa, SHmax = 25–36 MPa, and Shmin = 18.5–21 MPa. We therefore interpret that the stress state throughout the drilled interval, which lies entirely in the hanging wall of the active megathrust, lies in a normal or strike-slip faulting regime (Sv ≥ SHmax &gt; Shmin). Total differential stresses are below ~18 MPa. We conclude that (1) basal traction along the megathrust must be small in order to permit both locking (and frictional sliding at failure) of the décollement and such low differential stresses deep within the upper plate; and (2) although differential stresses may remain low all the way to the plate boundary at ~5000 mbsf, SHmax must transition to become greater than the vertical stress—either spatially below the base of the borehole or temporally leading up to megathrust fault rupture—in order to drive thrust motion along the plate boundary as observed in great earthquakes and in recurring very low-frequency earthquakes and slow-slip events.
Early accretion and prolonged carbonation of the Pacific Ocean's oldest crust
Authors: Kendrick Mark A. , Zhao Jianxin , Feng Yuexing 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Newly formed oceanic crust is altered by seawater and carbonated at low temperatures over poorly defined periods of time. We applied in situ U-Pb dating to investigate 28 carbonate veins from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C, which is situated in the oldest Jurassic-age oceanic crust preserved in the western Pacific Ocean. Our results indicate that Pacific Ocean crust began accreting at 192 ± 6 Ma, which is ~25 m.y. earlier than previously recognized. Carbonation peaked at 171 ± 5 Ma and continued at a low rate for more than ~65 m.y. after accretion. Jurassic carbonation rates varied over ~10 m.y. timescales but encompassed a range similar to that observed today. These data suggest that carbonation rates are relatively insensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2, but confirm the longevity of seafloor alteration as a critical control in global volatile cycling.
Osmium isotopes fingerprint mantle controls on the genesis of an epithermal gold province
Authors: Tassara Santiago , Rooney Alan D. , Ague Jay. J. , Guido Diego , Reich Martin , Barra Fernando , Navarrete César 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The formation of crustal blocks enriched with gold (Au) deposits above subduction zones is intimately bound to the genesis and evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. A long-standing question, however, is whether the metal fertility of these systems stems from distinct sources that are anomalously enriched in Au or from subsequent processes occurring during crustal magma emplacement and hydrothermal activity. The Deseado Massif auriferous province in southern Patagonia (Argentina) is a unique place to test these contrasting hypotheses because Au-bearing mantle xenoliths indicate the presence of an underlying Au-rich lithospheric mantle reservoir. However, direct geochemical links between the Au-rich mantle source and the formation of the Deseado Massif auriferous province in the overlying crust remain to be established. To address this prominent gap in knowledge, we used sulfide Re-Os geochronology to identify the source of Au at Cerro Vanguardia, the largest low-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit in the Deseado Massif. Pyrite from high-grade Au quartz veins yielded an isochron age of 147.4 ± 2.9 Ma (mean square of weighted deviates = 1.04, n = 8) and an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.26 ± 0.01, fingerprinting a dominant mantle control for the source of Os and, by inference, the source of Au. Our data provide a unique geochemical linkage between an Au-rich subcontinental lithospheric mantle source and the genesis of epithermal Au deposits, supporting the hypothesis that pre-enriched mantle domains may be a critical factor underpinning the global-scale localization of Au provinces.
Large-scale lava dome fracturing as a result of concealed weakened zones
Authors: Harnett Claire E. , Heap Michael J. , Troll Valentin R. , Deegan Frances M. , Walter Thomas R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mechanically weakened alteration zones in lava domes are thought to jeopardize their stability. Such zones can be hazardous when concealed within the dome, either because they formed by subsurface hydrothermal circulation or because they formed on the surface but were subsequently buried by renewed lava extrusion. We present a new suite of computational models showing how the size and position of a weakened brittle zone within a dome can affect large-scale fracture formation, displacement, and the collapse mechanism. By combining recent laboratory data for the mechanical behavior of dome rocks with discrete element method models, we show (1) the presence of a weak zone increases instability, which is exacerbated when the size of the zone increases or the zone is positioned off-center; (2) the position of the weak zone changes the deformation mechanism from slumping-type slope deformation when the zone is positioned centrally, compared with deep-seated rotational slope failure when the zone is positioned toward the dome flank; and finally, (3) dome-cutting tensile fractures form in the presence of a small weak zone (60 m diameter, ∼14% of dome width), whereas large weak zones (120 m diameter, ∼27% of dome width) promote the formation of longer and deeper fractures that jeopardize larger dome volumes. Our results corroborate previous field observations at lava domes and indicate that large fracture formation, which greatly influences dome stability and outgassing, can be explained by the presence of concealed alteration zones. This improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for dome instability enables better hazard assessment at volcanoes worldwide.
Laryngeal mask airway versus face mask ventilation or intubation for neonatal resuscitation in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Diggikar Shivashankar , Krishnegowda Roshani , Nagesh Karthik N , Lakshminrusimha Satyan , Trevisanuto Daniele 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo assess whether laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as compared with face mask (FM) or endotracheal intubation (ETT) is more effective in delivering positive pressure ventilation (PPV) during neonatal resuscitation in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs).Study designWe followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and searched Medline (PubMed interphase), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase and Cochrane Registry between January 1990 and April 2022 for the studies that examined the effect of LMA in delivering PPV compared with the FM or ETT in infants during neonatal resuscitation. We included the studies conducted in LMIC only. We assessed the quality of all the included studies using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) recommendations.ResultsOur search resulted in eight randomised studies Six studies compared LMA with FM and three studies compared LMA with ETT. When used as the primary device for providing PPV, the LMA as compared with FM resulted in a significant lower failure rate (relative risk (RR) 0.23, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.43) with moderate certainty of evidence (CoE) and lesser need for intubation (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.58) with low CoE. There was no difference in the incidence of encephalopathy, neonatal admission, need for advanced resuscitations or death. No differences were observed between LMA and ETT. Studies comparing LMA to ETT were limited for any conceivable conclusion.ConclusionLMA is more effective than FM in delivering PPV with less failure rates and reduced need for intubation during neonatal resuscitation in term infants and in LMIC without any difference in the incidence of encephalopathy or death. Studies comparing LMA to ETT are scarce with important methodological limitations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021283478.
Dementia clinical trials over the past decade: are women fairly represented?
Authors: Pinho-Gomes Ana-Catarina , Gong Jessica , Harris Katie , Woodward Mark , Carcel Cheryl 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundLack of progress in finding disease-modifying treatments for dementia may be due to heterogeneity in treatment effects among subgroups, such as by sex. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of dementia trials completed in the last decade, with a focus on women’s representation and sex-disaggregated outcomes.MethodsClinical trials on dementia completed since 2010 were identified from ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised, phase III/IV trials with ≥100 participants were selected to quantify women’s representation among participants, by computing the participation to prevalence ratio (PPR) and investigate whether sex-disaggregated analyses had been performed.ResultsA total of 1351 trials were identified between January 2010 and August 2021 (429 520 participants), of which 118 were eligible for analysis of women’s representation and sex-stratified analysis. Only 113 reported the sex of participants and were included in the analysis of women’s representation. Of the 110 469 participants in these 113 trials, 58% were women, lower than their estimated representation in the global dementia population of 64%. The mean PPR was 0.90 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.94). Women’s participation tended to be higher when the first or last authors of the trial report were women. Eight out of the 118 trials reported sex-disaggregated outcomes, and three of those found significant sex differences in efficacy outcomes. None of the trials reported screening failures or adverse events stratified by sex.ConclusionsOverall, women and men were equally represented in dementia trials carried out over the past decade, but women’s representation was lower than in the underlying dementia population. Sex-disaggregated efficacy and safety outcomes were rarely reported.
Nationwide survey of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in Japan
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroaki , Adachi Yumi , Nakamura Yosikazu , Kuriyama Nagato , Murai Hiroyuki , Nomura Yoshiko , Sakai Yasunari , Iwasa Kazuo , Furukawa Yutaka , Kuwabara Satoshi , Matsui Makoto 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundThere was no nationwide epidemiological study of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) in Japan; therefore, we conducted a nationwide survey.MethodsFor the first survey, we sent survey sheets to randomly selected medical departments (n=7545) to obtain the number of LEMS who visited medical departments between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2017. For the second survey, we sent survey sheets to the corresponding medical departments to obtain clinical information on LEMS.ResultsWe received 2708 responses (recovery rate: 35.9%) to the first survey. We estimated the number of LEMS as 348 (95% CI 247 to 449). The prevalence was 2.7 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.5) in 1 000 000 population. As a result of the second survey, we obtained 30 case records of 16 men and 14 women. Fourteen patients (46.7%) had a tumour, and 10 out of 14 tumours were small-cell lung carcinoma (71.4%). There was a predominance of men in the LEMS with tumour (paraneoplastic LEMS, P-LEMS) (n=11, 78.6%) and women in the LEMS without tumour (a primary autoimmune form of LEMS, AI-LEMS) (n=11, 68.8%) (p=0.0136). The onset age (mean (SD)) for the P-LEMS was 67.1 (9.0), and that for AI-LEMS was 57.8 (11.2) years old (p=0.0103). The disease duration (median) for P-LEMS was 2 years, and for AI-LEMS was 7.5 years (p=0.0134).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LEMS in Japan is similar to that in other countries. There are predominances of men in P-LEMS and women in AI-LEMS.
Coping in the role as next of kin of a person with a brain tumour: a qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Lien Anette Windsland , Rohde Gudrun 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveBeing the next of kin of a person with a brain tumour is a stressful experience. For many, being a next of kin involves fear, insecurity and overwhelming responsibility. The purpose of this study was to identify and synthesise qualitative original studies that explore coping in the role as next of kin of a person with a brain tumour.MethodsA qualitative metasynthesis guided by Sandelowski and Barroso’s guidelines was used. The databases Medline, CHINAL and PsycINFO were searched for studies from January 2000 to 18 January 2022. Inclusion criteria were qualitative original studies that aimed to explore coping experience by the next of kin of a person with brain tumour. The next of kin had to be 18 years of age or older.ResultsOf a total of 1476 screened records data from 20 studies, including 342 participants (207 females, 81 males and 54 unclassified) were analysed into metasummaries and a metasynthesis. The metasynthesis revealed that the next of kin coping experiences were characterised by two main themes: (1) coping factors within the next of kin and as a support system, such as their personal characteristics, perceiving the role as meaningful, having a support system, and hope and religion; (2) coping strategies—control and proactivity, including regaining control, being proactive and acceptance.ConclusionNext of kin of patients with brain tumours used coping factors and coping strategies gathered within themselves and in their surroundings to handle the situation and their role. It is important that healthcare professionals suggest and facilitate these coping factors and strategies because this may reduce stress and make the role of next of kin more manageable.
Efficiency of ER:YAG laser therapy in combination with behaviour management technique in reducing anxiety among paediatric dental patients – a study protocol for a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Belcheva Ani , Shindova Maria 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionWhen providing dental care to children with a high level of dental anxiety, the range of approaches is divided into two sections: use of behaviour management techniques (BMTs) and application of alternative methods for caries removal. In an attempt to reduce dental anxiety, they can be mixed and matched in accordance with the dentists’ choice. Owing to its promoted advantages, erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser turns into an ideal alternative technique for hard dental tissue therapy in anxious paediatric patients. The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of a modified version of the BMT ‘Latent inhibition’ in combination with Er:YAG laser for achieving a reduction of dental anxiety in paediatric dental patients.Methods and analysisThis is a protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial. The participants will be children aged 6–9 years, requiring conservative treatment of occlusal carious lesion on a second primary molar. Patients will be randomly assigned to the experimental or control group via a computer-generated sequence. In both groups, ‘Latent inhibition’ will be used as an anxiety-management technique. In the experimental group, caries treatment will be performed with Er:YAG laser, whereas that in the control group it will be performed with conventional rotary instruments. Outcome measures will be dental anxiety felt before and after the treatment, reported by the patient on a modified version of the Faces Scale by LeBaron et al., and the dynamics of heart rate, registered during the treatment session, which will be measured with a mobile pulse oximeter. Data will be analysed by independent sample t-test and paired t-test (p˂0.05).Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by the Committee for Scientific Research Ethics, Medical University–Plovdiv, Bulgaria (reference number P-2839, protocol of approval number 3/30.04.2015) and registered on a publicly accessible database. This research received institutional funding from the Medical University–Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The results will be presented through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT04924452.
Sleep quality and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at Gondar, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Takelle Girmaw Medfu , Muluneh Niguse Yigzaw , Biresaw Mengesha Srahbzu 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among pregnant women in Ethiopia.MethodInstitutional based cross-sectional study.SettingUniversity of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 415 pregnant women were recruited by using a systematic random sampling technique from 28 April 2020 to 12 June 2020.MeasurementThe desired data were collected through face-to-face interview technique by using validated questionnaires such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Oslo-3 and Abuse Assessment Screen. The data were analysed by using SPSS V.20. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with poor sleep quality. Variables having a p value of less than 0.2 in the bivariate analysis were entered to the multivariable logistic regression. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, at 95% CI.ResultIn this study, 175 (42.2%) pregnant women had poor sleep quality. According to multivariable logistic regression, being first and third trimesters of gestational age (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.16 to 4.61 and aOR 3.45, 95% CI 2.05 to 5.79, respectively), consumption of caffeinated substances (aOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.52), having depression (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.76), having high perceived stress (aOR 5.39, 95% CI 1.96 to 14.79) and experience of intimate partner violence (aOR 5.57, 95% CI 2.19 to 14.68) were positive significant associated factors with poor sleep quality.Conclusion and recommendationThe prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women was relatively high. First and third trimesters, consumption of caffeinated substances, antenatal depression, high perceived stress and intimate partner violence were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality. This result suggests that all pregnant women should be screened and treated for poor sleep quality during the first and third trimesters.