bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Growth Regulators on the Development of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Griffey W. A. , Burgess H. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The color and shape of ‘Delicious’ apples were improved with a combination treatment of (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid + α-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (ethephon/fenoprop) and gibberellin A4A7 plus N-(phenylmethyl) 1H-purin-6-amine (GA4,7/BA). All ethephon/fenoprop treatments improved red color development. The length/diameter (L/D) ratio of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA, GA4,7/BA plus ethephon/2,4,5-TP, and GA4,7/BA plus ethephon/2,4,5-TP plus daminozide was greater than untreated fruit. The L/D ratio of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA plus daminozide did not differ from those not treated. The length, diameter, and weight of fruit treated with daminozide alone was less than for untreated fruit. Diameter of fruit treated with GA4,7/BA + daminozide or daminozide + GA4,7/BA + ethephon/fenoprop was less than for untreated fruit.
Naphthaleneacetic Acid as a Sprout Inhibitor on Pruning Cuts and Scaffold Limbs in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Miller Stephen S. , Ware Glenn O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) ethyl ester was applied in the spring at 5 rates from 0.125% to 1.0% on vigorous 6-, 9-, and 13-year-old standard ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees as either an individual pruning cut or scaffold limb treatment. NAA in a 40% white latex paint solution or as a 1% asphalt based aerosol significantly reduced the number of sprouts/100 cuts using both methods of application. There was no significant difference between the 1.0% latex paint solution and the asphalt based formulation. Scaffold limb treatment with NAA significantly reduced the number of sprouts per 122 cm of scaffold limb; however, some bark blistering and minor splitting was observed on trees treated with 1.0% NAA. Treating individual cuts was generally less effective in reducing the total number of sprouts at concentrations lower than 1%.
Reducing Energy Loss under an Orchard Heater1
Authors: Fritton D. D. , Martsolf J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Energy used in orchard heating which moves into the soil under an orchard heater is wasted. To eliminate this loss of energy, gravel and aluminum foil were placed on the soil surface under an orchard heater. When an air gap existed between the heater base and the aluminum foil, heat flux and temperature measurements showed that the aluminum foil treatment reduced heat flux into the soil by 80-100%. The energy saved is reflected into the orchard and absorbed by the foliage in a manner similar to the radiant energy of the heater. The gravel treatment was ineffective.
Seed Germination and Early Seedling Vigor in Progenies of Inbred Strawberry Selections1
Authors: Melville A. H. , Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Ng T. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most progenies from intercrossed or outcrossed inbred selections of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), germinated as well or better than a control outcross between 2 vigorous noninbred clones. Germination of an S3 progeny was lower than the control. In general, inbreeding reduced seedling vigor while intercrossing or outcrossing of inbreds restored vigor. Germination total and rate as expressed by an index were unrelated to subsequent seedling growth.
Separation and Processing Effects on Aromatic Components of Saskatoon Berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.)1
Authors: Mazza G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aroma essences of reproducible composition were separated from saskatoon berries by concentration of the headspace. Gas chromatography revealed 12 components in the aroma essences. The quantitative composition of the essences differed significantly among fresh berries, juice and jelly, and among fruit from 2 locations.
Airborne Pollen above a Cranberry Bog1
Authors: Papke A. M. , Eaton G. W. , Bowen P. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pollen traps placed at durèrent levels above a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bog in full bloom yielded a mean of 27.5 grains cm−2da−1 at the bog surface to 3.5 grains cm−2da-1 at 80 cm above the bog. The amount of airborne pollen settling on receptive stigmas could significantly affect fruit set.
An Inexpensive Chemical Scrubber for Oxidizing Volatile Organic Contaminants in Gases and Storage Room Atmospheres1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A simple, inexpensive method is presented to prepare an effective chemical scrubber which oxidizes volatile organic contaminants in gases. The scrubber is made by mixing 100 ml of 1 M KMnC4 per liter of dust-free Perlite in a large clear plastic bag.
Influence of Ground Bed Heating and Cultivar on Tomato Fruit Cracking1
Authors: Koske T. J. , Pallas J. E. , Jones J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased temperature of the growing bed had no effect on fruit yield, fruit cracking, skin strength, or plant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.). Yield losses from cracking were 2, 16 and 35% in the fall, spring and summer crops, respectively. The pink-fruited ‘Ohio-Indiana Hybrid O’ and ‘Missouri Hybrid 756’ had greater fruit losses due to cracking than the red-fruited ‘Floradel’ and ‘Rapids’. Large fruit were more susceptible to cracking. Fruit cracking in the fall crop was predominantly concentric in nature whereas cracked fruit in the summer was predominantly radial. Skin puncture resistance was inversely related to fruit cracking.
Wirestrippers: a New Tool for Emasculation of Pome and Stone Fruits1
Authors: Suzanne Barker M. , Coston D. C. , Denny E. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various techniques have been used for emasculation of rosaceous fruits; fingernails, scalpels, and tweezers are typical tools (1, 3, 5, 7). Emasculation tools for stone fruits have been made from a hacksaw and from square-jawed forceps with cut out corners (6). Barrett and Arisumi (2) devised an instrument that consisted of a pair of scissors with a triangular notch in the blade whose width could be adjusted by an adjustable arm or set screw.
Simulated Drift Studies with Herbicides on Field-grown Tomato1
Authors: Romanowski R. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drift studies with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) showed that 2-chloro-2’, 6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) in combination with either 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-[ [4-chloro-6-(ethylamino-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile (cyanazine) or 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-lmethylurea (linuron) generally produced a synergistic response as regards leaf symptoms and yield reduction. Sub-lethal doses of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate) reduced tomato yields significantly when applied in June or July as contrasted to no yield reductions when applied in August.
Gas Atmosphere in Submerged Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Ahn J. K. , Collins W. W. , Pharr D. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Harvested roots of 2 cultivars of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were submerged in water to simulate flooding damage and changes in the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen were followed in the internal gas atmospheres. The internal gas was almost exclusively CO2, 72 hours after submergence.
Selection for Low Fiber Content in Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Hamilton M. G. , Baumgardner R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) lines with a wide range of objectionable fiber content were grown in one location in 1976 and in 2 locations in 1977 to study factors influencing the expression of that trait. We failed to identify environmental factors that would enhance expression of objectionable fiber but did find that large roots tended to have more objectionable fiber than did smaller roots. All roots of high fiber lines did not express objectionable amounts. About 10 US #1 but only 4 jumbo roots of each line would have to be evaluated to have a 95% probability of observing objectionable fiber in high fiber lines. However, Jumbo, US #1 and canning sizes all led to the same relative rankings of lines. Subjective evaluations of baked roots were as effective as objective laboratory tests and could be obtained concurrent with other necessary baking evaluations.
Effect of Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation on Watercress Yield, Quality, and Leaf Temperature1
Authors: McHugh J. J. , Nishimoto R. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Water was applied to watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) by overhead sprinkling for various day periods during the warm-season (summer) and cool-season (winter) to determine its effect on leaf temperature and yield. Intermittent overhead sprinkling throughout the day increased watercress yield and quality during the warm-season, but not the cool-season. Sprinkling reduced leaf temperature by as much as 4.8°C during the warm-season and by only 1.1°C during the cool-season. The increased yield and quality was attributed to substantially reduced leaf temperature during the warm season.
Extending Vase Life of Carnations with Aminooxyacetic Acid, Polyamines, EDU, and CCCP1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Baker J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) at a concentration of 0.5 mM extended the vase life of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) to a degree comparable to that shown by 0.1 mM aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) (71 to 94%). Increases in vase life ranging from 22 to 53% were also obtained with N-[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N’-phenylurea (EDU), carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP), spermidine, putrescine, or spermine. Combinations of AVG and EDU or AOAA and EDU further extended the vase life 134 to 140% over that of the control flowers. These increases were additive to the beneficial effects obtained from the control preservative solution, which contained 2% sucrose and 200 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate.
Magnesium Nutrition of Poinsettia1
Authors: Cox D. A. , Seeley J. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) in nutrient culture developed Mg deficiency symptoms at 0, 1 and 2 ppm Mg in the solution. A high K level caused a depression of leaf Mg concentration and the appearance of deficiency symptoms with 5 ppm Mg in the solution. The Mg concentration of leaves from 3 stem positions reflected changes in Mg supply. The results emphasize the importance of recognizing the K –Mg relationship when interpreting results of soil and foliar nutrient analyses.
Preemergent Herbicides for Seeded Nursery Crops1
Authors: Warmund Michele R. , Long Charles E. , Geyer Wayne A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ten preemergent herbicides were applied to the medium surface of nursery containers 1 day after seeds of Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch, Gleditsia triacanthos L., and Robinia pseudoacacia L. were planted to test herbicide effects on seedling survival and growth. Species varied in response to herbicides, with Robinia most affected by treatments. Most herbicides did not reduce seedling survival, plant height, or dry weight.
Factors Affecting Rooting of Rhododendron maximum and Kalmia latifolia Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Williams Ross F. , Bilderback Theodore E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L. were successfully rooted when treated with a talc formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). K. latifolia cuttings taken in September rooted better than cuttings propagated in October or November. Rooting response was the same among native populations or field-grown stock. Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K) incorporated in the rooting medium reduced rooting.
‘Beersheva’ Suaeda1
Authors: Hogan LeMoyne , Jones Warren , Lee Chi Won 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Beersheva’ suaeda (Suaeda vera Forssk.), Chenopodiaceae, was released by the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant, bright green, perennial groundcover adapted to the arid southwestern United States and similar regions of the world.
Horticulture for the Disabled1
Authors: Shoemaker J. E. , Mattson R. H. , Miles N. W. , Fretz T. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
By resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, 1981 has been declared the International Year for Disabled Persons, as humanity strives toward “full participation and equality” for 450 million disabled persons in the world. Horticulturists can respond to this international call for technical assistance by developing creative and accessible gardening opportunities for the emotionally and developmentally disabled, the elderly, and victims of accident, war, disease, and poverty.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Bass Louis N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMost cultivated crop plants are native to some country other than the United States. Therefore, plant breeders in the United States have to depend heavily upon introduced germplasm. To assure an adequate germplasm base for our plant breeding programs, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through its Plant Introduction Office, has for many years had a national program for acquisition, preservation, and utilization of germplasm.
Utilization of Fruit and Nut Germplasm1
Authors: Thomoson Maxine M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFuture prospects for fruit and nut germplasm conservation appear more promising in 1980 than at any time in history. This fall the first of a projected 12 National Repositories for Fruit and Nut Germplasm will commence operation in Corvallis, Oregon. This accomplishment culminates 30 years of dedicated efforts on the part of many scientists and administrators in both the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment Stations. The 12 locations were selected according to the climatic requirments of specific crops, e.g., in Corvallis, pears, filberts, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, gooseberries, currants, hops, and mint will be maintained. Construction of the second repository will be underway soon in Davis, California, where stone fruits, grapes, walnuts, almonds, and pistachios are to be held. The erosion, and need for collection and preservation, of germplasm resources was well documented at a joint ASHS-APS Workshop on Fruit and Nut Germplasm Reserves in 1974 (19).
Utilization of Flower Germplasm1
Authors: Ewart Lowell C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe available literature on the history and development of the major floriculture crops indicates that most have developed from a narrow germplasm base. It is, remarkable that so much variability has arisen within each crop from so few, and usually, rather similar wild species. We are, however, at a point where the utilization of flower germplasm must be expanded to bring into existance new disease and insect resistance, plant types, habits, and usages.
Utilization of Woody Ornamental Germplasm1
Authors: Uhlinger Roger D. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWoody ornamental plants provide the framework and the major elements for effective landscapes by shading, screening, or delineating space. Deciduous trees and shrubs provide shade and background mass while in leaf yet permit solar access when defoliated. The fall foliage, unique bark, flowers and/or fruiting characteristics of many deciduous plants provide seasonal accents for our landscapes. Essentially all small fruit, tree fruit, and nut tree species can and should be considered as woody ornamentals that will provide these seasonal accents. Conifers and broadleaf evergreens contribute a stabilizing effect throughout the year and can serve as external insulation against noise, heat, and cold when properly placed in the landscape. Woody ornamentals thus provide multiple benefits by enhancing esthetic and economic values of property and by reducing energy requirements for heating and cooling (35, 39, 42, 51).
Production Horticulture: the Primary Mission of Horticultural Science
Authors: Hertogh A. A. De 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis column has had articles on many subjects that need to be addressed, e.g., funding research (4), horticultural education (2), professions in horticulture (5), and interdisciplinary research (3). After reading these articles, and I encourage all members to do so, I came to the conclusion that they tend to concentrate on only one point. The question remains: what is the primary mission of horticultural science? I believe that the answer is simple and straightforward: to service production horticulture. This was the original purpose of establishing the land-grant university system and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service. It remains our primary mission and horticultural scientists must not lose sight of it.
Guidelines for the Preparation and Presentation of Posters at Scientific Meetings
Authors: McCown Brent H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
ASHS has markedly increased emphasis on poster presentations of scientific papers at its Annual Meetings. An attempt will be made by the meeting organizers to have 50% of the contributed papers presented as posters at the 1981 Annual Meeting. Since many of our members have not previously presented papers in this form, a discussion of poster preparation and presentation techniques is appropriate.
Phloem Zinc Accumulation in Citrus Trees Affected with Blight1
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Young R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zn content was higher in trunk bark (cambium to outer scrapings) than in the adjacent wood in healthy and blight-affected sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi MacF.) trees. Zn levels were elevated in trunk bark and wood of blight-affected trees on rough lemon (C. limon (L.) Burnt, f.) rootstock, whereas affected seedling trees or trees on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) rootstock that were tested had high Zn levels only in the bark. Bark Zn content was much higher above the bud union than below in blight affected trees on rough lemon or trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) rootstocks, but Zn content was high above the bud union in healthy trees only on rough lemon rootstock. The inner half of the bark, an area representative of the active secondary phloem, had much more Zn than the outer half of the bark or the most recently developed xylem. The outer half of the bark served as a barrier against outside contamination. Accumulation of Zn in wood occurred only when the phloem Zn was high.
Application of a Simplified Evapotranspiration Model for Predicting Irrigation Requirements of Peach1
Authors: Tan C. S. , Layne R. E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 2-year study was made of 2 methods of scheduling irrigation of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C). In each year, irrigation schedules necessary to prevent the available soil moisture (ASM) from falling below 50% level in the top 30 cm were essentially the same, whether determined from direct measurement of soil moisture or predicted from a simplified Priestley and Taylor évapotranspiration model.
Leaf Anatomy and Water Stress of Aseptically Cultured ‘Pixy’ Plum Grown under Different Environments1
Authors: Brainerd K. E. , Fuchigami L. H. , Kwiatkowski S. , Clark C. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study examined the leaf anatomy and water stress of Prunus insititia L. cv. Pixy grown in aseptic culture before and after transfer to the greenhouse and grown in a layerage bed in the field. The depth of palisade cells was significantly less in aseptically cultured plantlets than in greenhouse transfererred plants, and less in greenhouse transferred than in field-grown plants. Percent mesophyll air space was greater in plantlet than in plant leaves. Upper or lower leaf epidermal cell length of plantlets of field grown plants was not significantly different. Stomatal frequency for plantlet leaves was significantly less about 150 stornata per mm2) than that of plant leaves (300 stornata per mm2). Excised plantlet leaves lost greater than 50% of total leaf water content within 30 min; excised greenhouse leaves lost 50% after 90 minutes.
Application of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Allozymes in Testing the Genetic Purity of F1 Hybrids of Tomato1
Authors: Tanksley S. D. , Jones R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed extracts of a number of fresh market cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculen-tum Mill.) were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and stained for alcohol dehydrogenase activity to investigate the possibility of utilizing allozymic variation to determine genetic purity of F1 hybrids. Of the varieties tested 46% proved amenable to the test. This method offers a practical and rapid means of estimating seed contamination frequencies in commercial seed lots as well as distinguishing hybrids from parental lines in the field.
Flowering and Adventitious Root Growth of Tomato Cultivars as Influenced by Ethephon1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Jaworski C. A. , Liptay A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethephon at 300 μg/liter when applied at the transplant stage (5 to 7 leaves) abscised and/or aborted flowers of 20 tomato cultivars studied. However, differential cultivar response was observed when adventitious root proliferation and regeneration were studied. ‘Ohio 7663’, ‘Campbell 28’, ‘Libby 7241’, and ‘Heinz 1706’ showed extensive stem root growth, whereas ‘Heinz 727’, ‘Peto 80’ and ‘Libby 8990-A’ had small amounts of stem roots. Ethephon treatment increased stem-root regeneration from 17.9 to 40.2 roots/plant, root length from 5.2 cm to 9.4 cm and length of the stem with roots from 7.7 to 11.0 cm; whereas, ethephon reduced flowers/plant from 1.3 to 0.6 and fruit/plant from 0.5 to 0.0.
Compensation for Missing Plants in Field Experiments with the Common Bean1
Authors: Sullivan Joseph G. , Bliss Fredrick A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaving an extra plant in the space adjacent to a missing plant at the time of thinning provided better compensation for missing plants within plots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with respect to seed yield and percentage protein than transplanting seedlings grown from remnant seed.
Influence of Cultivar and Maturity on Pod Wall Strength in the Southernpea1
Authors: Rymal K. S. , Chambliss O. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The force necessary to puncture pods of southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp) was measured with a Model 1122 Instron fitted with a 1 mm diameter stainless steel probe. ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ and the breeding lines CR 22-2-21 and Ala 963.8 represented types with low, intermediate and high pod factor resistance, respectively, to the cowpea curculio, Chal-codermus aeneus (Boh.). Pods were selected at 7 stages of maturity for each type. There were no consistent differences in pod puncture force at the 3 immature stages, but at the 4 mature stages pod puncture forces for the resistant lines were significantly higher than for the susceptible cultivar.
Measuring Dormancy: the Rise and Fall of Square Waves1,2
Authors: Timmis K. A. , Fuchigami L. H. , Timmis R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Attempts to measure and interpret the attenuation of electrical square waves in red-osier dogwood (Cornus series L.) and apple (Malus sp.) indicate that the difficulties of interpreting and obtaining reproducible quantitative data makes them of little value as criteria of dormancy in woody plants.
Response of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri to Superphosphate-incorporated Pine Bark1
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Wright R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Incorporation of superphosphate into a pine bark growing medium did not increase growth of ‘Hellen’ holly if the plants were subsequently fertilized with slow-release granular or a water soluble fertilizer. Tissue P levels, except for the water soluble fertilizer treatment, and medium P levels were higher as a result of superphosphate incorporation.