bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stablecoins’ Quest for Money: Who is Afraid of Credit?
Authors: Chanson Mathieu , Senner Richard 
Published: November 2022

Classifying stablecoins into three different categories, we will see that fiat-backed stablecoins can complement today’s monetary architecture by building a novel technological layer on top of the old. Non-backed stablecoins, also known as algorithmic stablecoins, in contrast, use outdated monetarist ideas to achieve price stability and are unlikely to have meaningful impact from an economic perspective. Third, debt-backed stablecoins, typically collateralized with other crypto assets, come closest to the properties of actual money. Coins in this category will have to increase debt universality and linkages to (digital) economic activity to gain wider acceptance — a path that is necessarily accompanied with increasing need for regulatory compliance. This paper concludes by providing an outlook with respect to debt-backed stablecoins collateralized with tokenized real-world-assets.
Attenuation of P and S Waves in the Javakheti Plateau, Georgia (Sakartvelo)
Authors: Shengelia Ia , Jorjiashvili Nato , Godoladze Tea , Gunia Irakli , Akubardia Dimitri 
Published: November 2022

The frequency-dependent parameters of attenuation of P and S waves in one of the most seismically active regions, of the Javakheti plateau, have been estimated using digital data for the first time. We have analyzed and processed hundred and fifty local shallow earthquakes that occurred from 2006 to 2018 and were recorded by five seismic stations. The quality factors for P waves (

Q

p

) and for S waves (

Q

s

) were evaluated by means of the extended coda normalization method. The obtained

Q

p

and

Q

s

are strongly frequency dependent in the frequency range of 1.5 to 24 Hz, and increase with frequency according to the following power laws:

Q

P

=

17.4
±
2.3

f

1.100
±
0.033

and

Q

S

=

28.8
±
3.3

f

1.048
±
0.039

. The observed

Q

s

/

Q

p

ratio was found to be greater than unity over the entire frequency range, suggesting that scattering may play the main role in the attenuation of body waves on the Javakheti plateau. The frequency dependence of the S wave is very similar to the frequency dependence of the shear wave for another seismically active region of Georgia, the Racha area. A comparison of our results to those other regions of the world shows that among the seismically active areas, the Javakheti plateau is characterized by relatively low values of

Q

p

and

Q

s

, but they are more than volcanic regions such as Etna and Qeshm Island, Iran. The observed results characterize the entire earth’s crust in the study area and will be useful for source parameter estimation, ground motion prediction, and hazard assessment of the Javakheti plateau.
High‐Resolution Transthoracic Echocardiography Accurately Detects Pulmonary Arterial Pressure and Decreased Right Ventricular Contractility in a Mouse Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis and Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Hansen Thomas S. , Bubb Kristen J. , Schiattarella Gabriele G. , Ugander Martin , Tan Timothy C. , Figtree Gemma A. 
Published: November 2022

Background
To date, assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in mice has relied extensively on invasive measurements. Echocardiographic advances have allowed adaptation of measures used in humans for serial, noninvasive RV functional assessment in mice. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV peak systolic myocardial velocity (s'), RV myocardial performance index (MPI), and RV fractional area change (FAC) in a mouse model of pulmonary hypertension.

Methods and Results

Echocardiography was performed on mice at baseline and 3 weeks after induction of pulmonary hypertension using inhaled bleomycin or saline, including adapted measures of TAPSE, s', MPI, and FAC. RV systolic pressure was measured by invasive catheterization, and RV contractility was measured as the peak slope of the RV systolic pressure recording (maximum change pressure/change time). Postmortem morphological assessment of RV hypertrophy was performed. RV systolic pressure was elevated and maximum change pressure/change time was reduced in bleomycin versus control (n=8;
P
=0.002). Compared with controls, bleomycin mice had reduced TAPSE (0.79±0.05 versus 1.06±0.04 mm;
P
=0.003), s' (21.3±1.2 versus 29.2±1.3 mm/s;
P
<0.001), and FAC (20.3±0.7% versus 31.0±1.3%;
P
<0.001), whereas MPI was increased (0.51±0.03 versus 0.37±0.01;
P
=0.006). All measures correlated with RV systolic pressure and maximum change pressure/change time. Intraobserver and interobserver variability were minimal. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that TAPSE (<0.84 mm), s'(<23.3 mm/s), MPI (0.42), and FAC (<23.3%) identified maximum change pressure/change time ≤2100 mm Hg/s with high accuracy.

Conclusions
TAPSE, s', MPI, and FAC are measurable consistently using high‐resolution echocardiography in mice, and are sensitive and specific measures of pulmonary pressure and RV function. This validation opens the opportunity for serial noninvasive measures in mouse models of pulmonary hypertension, enhancing the statistical power of preclinical studies of novel therapeutics.
The Effects of Information on the Formation of Migration Routes and the Dynamics of Migration
Authors: Hinsch Martin , Bijak Jakub 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Most models of migration simply assume that migrants somehow make their way from their point of origin to their chosen destination. We know, however, that—especially in the case of asylum migration—the migrant journey often is a hazardous, difficult process where migrants make decisions based on limited information and under severe material constraints. Here we investigate the dynamics of the migration journey itself using a spatially explicit, agent-based model. In particular we are interested in the effects of limited information and information exchange. We find that under limited information, migration routes generally become suboptimal, their stochasticity increases, and migrants arrive much less frequently at their preferred destination. Under specific circumstances, self-organised consensus routes emerge that are largely unpredictable. Limited information also strongly reduces the migrants’ ability to react to changes in circumstances. We conclude, first, that information and information exchange is likely to have considerable effects on all aspects of migration and should thus be included in future modelling efforts and, second, that there are many questions in theoretical migration research that are likely to profit from the use of agent-based modelling techniques.
The Discontents of Truth & Trust in 21st Century America
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Credible fact-making for policy demands the same legitimating moves as are required for credible politics. Experts, like politicians, must represent the world in ways that respect diverse standpoints, aggregate disparate opinions to produce a semblance of objectivity, and find persuasive ways to bridge gaps between available and ideal states of knowledge. Every society, moreover, commands its own culturally recognized approaches to producing and testing public knowledge, and expert practices must conform to these to be broadly accepted. Insisting on the superior authority of science without attending to the politics of reason and persuasion will not restore trust in either knowledge or power. Instead, trust can be regained with more inclusive processes for framing policy questions, greater attentiveness to dissenting voices and minority views, and more humility in admitting where science falls short and policy decisions must rest on prudence and concern for the vulnerable.
American Trust in Science & Institutions in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Hatton C. Ross , Barry Colleen L. , Levine Adam S. , McGinty Emma E. , Han Hahrie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted many discussions about how people's trust in science shaped our ability to address the crisis. Early in the pandemic, our research team set out to understand how trust in science relates to support for public health guidelines, and to identify some trusted sources of science. In this essay, we share our findings and offer ideas about what might be done to strengthen the public's trust in science. Notably, our research shows a stark partisan divide: Republicans had lower support for public health guidelines, and their trust in science and institutions such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health eroded over time. Meanwhile, Democrats’ trust in science has remained high throughout the pandemic. In the context of this divide, we explore how trust in various information sources, from governmental institutions to the media, relates to trust in science, and suggest that the best avenue for rebuilding trust might be through empowering local institutions and leaders to help manage future crises.
Trust in Elections
Authors: Stewart Charles 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The sometimes violent movement to reject the outcome of the 2020 U.S. presidential election draws our attention to the topic of trust in the institution of American election administration. An examination of this topic must make an important distinction between trust in elections (a psychological construct) and the trustworthiness of election results (a legal construct). The history of election administration in the United States is full of examples of efforts to increase the trustworthiness of elections to ensure that results are based on fair and competent administration. The resilience of these efforts was on display following the 2020 election, as formal institutions rejected claims that the election was fraudulent. Still, the past two decades have seen a decline in trust in American elections that has primarily been driven by a slow but steady decline in trust among Republicans. Surprisingly, the increased polarization in trust most recently has been due more to Democrats suddenly becoming more trusting. Election officials must continue to try to overcome attacks on trust in the system, but it is unclear how long they can sustain the legal system guaranteeing free and fair elections without broad-based public trust in how we administer elections.
Unauthorized Exchanges: Restrictions on Foreign Trade and Intermarriage in the Tang and Northern Song Empires
Authors: Yang Shao-yun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay reexamines late Tang and Northern Song laws that appear to prohibit private trade, communication, and intermarriage with foreigners, and concludes that they were rooted in early Tang policies rather than an increase in anti-foreign or proto-nationalist sentiment. It also argues that in the Northern Song, restrictions on foreign trade and intermarriage gave way to more liberal or targeted approaches, the main exceptions being strategic restrictions on trade along the northern borders and maritime trade with Đại Việt and Koryŏ. When the Song state implemented or contemplated restrictions on intermarriage in certain frontier locations, this was typically for strategic reasons of counterintelligence, not xenophobia or ethnic segregation.
Parting Ways: Daoism, Politics, and the Ming Book in Zhu Quan’s Letter to Yongle
Authors: Schachter Bony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the “Epistle” (“Shang tianfu shenyin jiashu” 上天府神隱家書), the Prince of Ning Zhu Quan 寧王朱權 (1378–1448) presents the book Shenyin 神隱 (Divine Hermitage) to Yongle (Zhu Di 朱棣, 1360–1424). The “Epistle” is the first document to announce Zhu Quan’s transition to the status of divine author True Lord from the Southern Pole. This article argues that the letter must be interpreted as a political act. Its three sections examine the letter in terms of its materiality, context, and purpose. It demonstrates that the letter is the means by which Zhu Quan attempts to bring carefully crafted claims about his alleged competence as an imperial preceptor into reality. In so doing, it reexamines the relevance of Daoism for Ming political culture.
Well-known species, unexpected results: high genetic diversity in declining Vipera ursinii in central, eastern and southeastern Europe
Authors: Vörös Judit , Ursenbacher Sylvain , Jelić Dušan , Tomović Ljiljana , Crnobrnja-Isailović Jelka , Ajtić Rastko , Sterijovski Bogoljub , Zinenko Oleksandr , Ghira Ioan , Strugariu Alexandru , Zamfirescu Stefan , Nagy Zoltán Tamás , Péchy Tamás , Krízsik Virág , Márton Orsolya , Halpern Bálint 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Meadow and Steppe viper, Vipera ursinii-renardi complex is a well-studied group that is divided into several morphological subspecies. In this study, we combine the analyses of two mitochondrial genes with 9 microsatellite markers to compare both phylogenetic signals. Whereas the signal is similar between both genomes within most subspecies, the relative relationships between subspecies are more differentiated. Moreover, the nuclear phylogenetic reconstruction supports genetic homogeneity within V. u. macrops (in contrast to mtDNA). Both genetic portions show an unexpected differentiation between a population from Bistra Mountain and other V. u. macrops populations. Globally, the microsatellite markers suggest high genetic diversity in most subspecies, even in V. u. rakosiensis which is highly threatened; only V. u. macrops showed a limited genetic diversity. Within lowland subspecies, the differentiation between populations is globally limited compared to the distance between them (except in some populations of V. u. moldavica). The limited differentiation might be the consequence of a recent isolation (few decades) of previously large populations. Nevertheless, the only way to maintain this genetic diversity and to avoid an increase in genetic differentiation between populations in the future is to recreate suitable habitats and reconnect the populations.
Cultural Translation and Linguistic Equivalence: Persian–Marathi Bilingual Inscriptions
Authors: Sohoni Pushkar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bilingual inscriptions in Marathi and Persian are known through the period of the Deccan sultanates. This paper investigates whether the inscriptional programs, usually with Persian as the dominant language, can provide greater cultural context and meaning to processes such as translation and multilingualism in the period. Bi- and multi-lingual inscriptions are intended usually for public display and demonstrate the relative prestige and power of languages and cultures. The corpus of Persian and Marathi bilingual inscriptions will be analyzed to examine whether they are actually translations that achieve equivalence of content or whether localized texts were created to address the needs of the audiences in different languages, perhaps as “idiomatic bilinguals.”
Wind–Wave Interaction for Strong Winds
Authors: Janssen Peter A. E. M. , Bidlot Jean-Raymond 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we revisit the problem of wind–wave interaction with emphasis on strong winds. For these events, it is assumed that nonlinearity is so large that the slope of the wind waves has reached a limiting steepness. Recent observations suggest that the drag decreases with wind in the strong wind speed regime. In this paper, we try to explain this. In the first step, we introduce a model for surface gravity waves and calculate explicitly the background roughness length from the original approach of Janssen. It is found that for young, steep wind sea, the background roughness length almost vanishes, giving a reduced drag. In addition, it is shown that for steep waves, the slowing down of the wind by waves is a nonlinear process; hence, the growth rate of the waves by wind depends in a nonlinear fashion on the wave spectrum. For strong winds, it is found that, as waves are typically steep, this nonlinear effect gives a further reduction of the wind input. As a consequence, in these extreme circumstances, the drag coefficient decreases with wind.
A One-Step-Ahead Ensemble Kalman Smoothing Approach Toward Estimating the Tropical Cyclone Surface-Exchange Coefficients
Authors: Nystrom Robert G. , Snyder Chris , El Gharamti Mohamad 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this study, a one-step-ahead ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) is introduced for the purposes of parameter estimation. The potential for this system to provide new constraints on the surface-exchange coefficients of momentum (Cd) and enthalpy (Ck) is then explored using a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). The surface-exchange coefficients to be estimated within the data assimilation system are highly uncertain, especially at high wind speeds, and are well known to be important model parameters influencing the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones in numerical simulations. One major benefit of the developed one-step-ahead EnKS is that it allows for simultaneous updates of the rapidly evolving model state variables found in tropical cyclones using a short assimilation window and a long smoother window for the parameter updates, granting sufficient time for sensitivity to the parameters to develop. Overall, OSSEs demonstrate potential for this approach to accurately constrain parameters controlling the amplitudes of Cd and Ck, but the degree of success in recovering the truth model parameters varies throughout the tropical cyclone life cycle. During the rapid intensification phase, rapidly growing errors in the model state project onto the parameter updates and result in an overcorrection of the parameters. After the rapid intensification phase, however, the parameters are correctly adjusted back toward the truth values. Last, the relative success of parameter estimation in recovering the truth model parameter values also has sensitivity to the ensemble size and smoothing forecast length, each of which are explored.

Significance Statement
Large uncertainty in the surface-exchange coefficients of momentum and heat/moisture exists for hurricane conditions. This is a problem because the numerical weather model predictions of hurricane intensity and storm structure are sensitive to the surface-exchange coefficient values used. In this study we use data assimilation, or the relationships estimated between the surface-exchange coefficients and forecasted observations, to constrain uncertainty in the model’s surface-exchange coefficient values. More specifically, an approach to limit both the rapidly growing errors associated with the hurricane itself and the hurricane’s accumulated response to the surface-exchange coefficient values is presented. Overall, this approach has potential to accurately estimate the surface-exchange coefficients, but the success depends on the number of forecast realizations used and how rapidly the hurricane is changing.
A numerical investigation of inter-carriage gap configurations on the aerodynamic performance of a wind-tunnel train model
Authors: Zhang Jie , Adamu Abdulmalik , Han Shuai , Wang Fan , Gao Guangjun , Gidado Faisal 
Published: November 2022

The influence of different inter-carriage gap configurations, including end wall geometries (3 cases) and gap spacings (0, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mm), on the aerodynamic characteristics of a wind-tunnel train was investigated. The shear stress transport (SST) k- ω turbulence model was employed to determine the airflow features of the train at Re = 2.25 × 106. For validation, the numerical drag force and pressure distributions on the streamlined heads were compared with the experimental benchmark of wind tunnel experiment. The numerical data show that substantial variations in the flow fields, pressure distributions and aerodynamic forces are observed between the trains with and without gap spacings, no matter which configuration is employed. As the gap spacing increases, the airflow along train body rushes into the gap easily, causing the formation of vortices at the gap between the internal and external windshields. The decreasing restriction of flow in the gap also contributes to the pressure differences on the end walls. With the increase of gap spacings, the pressure on both of the first and second inter-carriage gaps is decreased, and it on the first one is a little higher than that on the second at each gap spacing. The end wall geometry affects the flow structures around the train, especially in the region below half-height of the train. This results in a difference in the boundary layer thicknesses and drag contribution in all cases. The discrepancy of end wall geometry causes a substantial variation in the aerodynamic drag between different cases. As gap spacing increases, the aerodynamic drag of the head car decreases, while those of the middle and rear cars increase significantly. When the three cases are compared, the discrepancy of the total aerodynamic drag of Case 1 is the smallest when compared to the base case with a minimum of 0.03% at 10 mm gap spacing and followed by 0.05% at 8 mm. Therefore, to determine the aerodynamic forces for high-speed trains with fully enclosed inter-carriage configuration in wind tunnel test, having a high comparative value as the actual trains, the end wall geometry in Case 1 is recommended with a gap spacing of 10 mm or 8 mm.
Factors Influencing Sports Medicine as a Career Choice Among Orthopaedic Trainees in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alomar Abdulaziz Z. , Almonaie Shahd , Alomar Manar , AlGhufaili Deema , Alkhuraiji Abdullah 
Published: November 2022

Background: Sports medicine is one of the most popular orthopaedic specialties, with more fellowship applicants than in any other subspecialty of orthopaedics. Purpose: To investigate the factors influencing orthopaedic trainees to complete their fellowships and subsequently subspecialize in sports medicine in Saudi Arabia, as well as to compare the motivational factors of trainees planning to pursue sports medicine versus other orthopaedic specialties. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: An online anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 400 orthopaedic surgical trainees from 44 training centers (residency and fellowship training programs) across Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire identified trainees planning to select sports medicine as their career and the most influential factors affecting their choice; items exploring the influential factors were answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. A comparison of responses was performed with candidates aiming to pursue other orthopaedic specialties. The chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare demographic parameters and the percentage of “agree” and “strongly agree” responses between trainees opting for sports medicine fellowships and those choosing other fellowships. Results: Of the 400 potential participants, 250 orthopaedic trainees (response rate, 63%) completed the survey (201 [80%] male and 49 [20%] female). Sports medicine was the most coveted specialty among trainees, with 70 (28%) participants opting for it as their career choice. The most prominent factors for the decision included disease prognosis and surgical outcomes (90%), personal interest (87%), experience during residency training (83%), type of surgical skills (81%), disease pathology and patient population (77%), expected workload and lifestyle (73%), role model or mentor (70%), and patient volume and variety of cases (67%). Significant differences compared with trainees who preferred other orthopaedic specialties included role model/mentor impact (70% vs 54%), expected rate of income (60% vs 47%), and private sector job opportunities (64% vs 45%) ( P = .025, .034, and .020, respectively). Conclusion: Study findings indicated that a significant percentage of orthopaedic trainees in Saudi Arabia choose to specialize in sports medicine. Role model/mentorship, private sector job opportunities, and expected rate of income were the most influential when compared with the motivations of trainees not choosing sports medicine.