bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of biogas systems into a carbon zero and hydrogen economy: a review
Authors: Farghali Mohamed , Osman Ahmed I. , Umetsu Kazutaka , Rooney David W. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Ukraine conflict has put critical pressure on gas supplies and increased the price of fertilisers. As a consequence, biogas has gained remarkable attention as a local source of both gas for energy and biofertiliser for agriculture. Moreover, climate change-related damage incentivises all sectors to decarbonise and integrate sustainable practices. For instance, anaerobic digestion allows decarbonisation and optimal waste management. Incorporating a biogas system in each country would limit global warming to 2 °C. If suitable policies mechanisms are implemented, the biogas industry could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 3.29–4.36 gigatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent, which represent about 10–13% of global emissions. Here, we review the role of the biogas sector in capturing methane and mitigating carbon emissions associated with biogas outputs. Since biogas impurities can cause severe practical difficulties in biogas storing and gas grid delivering systems, we present upgrading technologies that remove or consume the carbon dioxide in raw biogas, to achieve a minimum of 95% methane content. We discuss the role of hydrogen-assisted biological biogas upgrading in carbon sequestration by converting carbon dioxide to biomethane via utilising hydrogen generated primarily through other renewable energy sources such as water electrolysis and photovoltaic solar facilities or wind turbines. This conceptual shift of 'power to gas' allows storing and utilising the excess of energy generated in grids. By converting carbon dioxide produced during anaerobic digestion into additional biomethane, biogas has the potential to meet 53% of the demand for fossil natural gas. We also evaluate the role of digestate from biogas systems in producing biochar, which can be used directly as a biofertiliser or indirectly as a biomethanation enhancement, upgrading, and cleaning material.
New COVID-related results for estimating the shadow economy in the global economy in 2021 and 2022
Authors: Schneider Friedrich 
Published: July 2022

AbstractConsidering the development of the shadow economy of 36 European and OECD countries over the period from 2003 to 2022 and the effect of the Coronavirus pandemic from 2020 onwards, the average size of the shadow economy of 36 European and OECD countries decreased from 16.48% of GDP in 2020 to 16.07% in 2021 (a decline of 0.41 percentage points). Due to a continued (forecasted) economic recovery in 2022, the average shadow economy of these 36 countries will slightly increase to 15.96% of GDP (average of all 36 countries): a very modest reduction of 0.11 percentage points.
HIV and STI Prevention Among Spanish Women Who have Sex with Women: Factors Associated with Dental Dam and Condom Use
Authors: Gil-Llario María Dolores , Morell-Mengual Vicente , García-Barba Marta , Nebot-García Juan E. , Ballester-Arnal Rafael 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe scientific community has systematically ignored the needs of women who have sex with women (WSW). The invisibilization of romantic and sexual relationships between women has caused a profound lack of knowledge about the impact of HIV and other STIs on this population subgroup. This study aims to analyze the frequency of dental dam and condom use in WSW and identify the variables that explain the use of these two preventive methods. The sample is composed of 327 women aged between 18 and 60 years (M = 27.82; SD = 8.10). The results indicate that only 4.7% of those who practice cunnilingus and 5.2% of those who practice anilingus report “always” using dental dam (systematic use). Condoms are used systematically by 37.1% of those who practice vaginal penetration and 37.8% of those who practice anal penetration. Age, high perceived self-efficacy, and adequate assertive communication skills are variables significantly related to preventive behavior. The severity attributed to HIV and the perceived risk of infection are protective factors regarding dental dam use. For condom use, high levels of internalized homophobia and drug use are risk factors. Future preventive strategies should provide information on preventive strategies to WSW who, for different reasons, are not involved in LGBT contexts or associations and, therefore, do not have access to training activities and mistakenly believe that they are invulnerable as they do not have sexual relations with men.
Advantageous optical characteristics of tantalum vanadium oxide as counter electrode in electrochromic devices
Authors: Gies Mario , Rempel Thomas , Becker Martin , Polity Angelika 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSmart windows are an important technology in terms of energy saving potential in the building sector due to their ability to control visible light and thermal radiation. The essential component of this type of window glazing is an electrochromic thin film. In addition to the widely established tungsten oxide as the optically active material, in particular the counter electrode offers significant potential for improving the overall device performance. In this study, tantalum vanadium oxide films are prepared by reactive radio-frequency sputtering on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates and optimized in terms of their spectro-electrochemical properties as ion storage layer. We show that an oxide-based tantalum-vanadium alloy is a promising approach to address the open challenges of pure vanadium pentoxide. The coatings exhibit color neutrality in combination with a high transmittance of up to 80% in the as-prepared state and suitable optical transmittance switching. Additionally, we find both a sufficient stability upon cycling and a suitable charge density of about 35 mC cm−2. Thus, the presented oxide-based alloy offers a beneficial performance as an ion storage layer in electrochromic devices.
Raised Serum Markers of T Cell Activation and Exhaustion in Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Authors: Fraz Mai Sasaki Aanensen , Michelsen Annika Elisabet , Moe Natasha , Aaløkken Trond Mogens , Macpherson Magnhild Eide , Nordøy Ingvild , Aukrust Pål , Taraldsrud Eli , Holm Are Martin , Ueland Thor , Jørgensen Silje Fjellgård , Fevang Børre 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose

About 20–30% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) develop granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) as one of several non-infectious complications to their immunodeficiency. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that could distinguish GLILD from other non-infectious complications in CVID.

Methods
We analyzed serum biomarkers related to inflammation, pulmonary epithelium injury, fibrogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and compared three subgroups of CVID: GLILD patients (n = 16), patients with other non-infectious complications (n = 37), and patients with infections only (n = 20).

Results
We found that GLILD patients had higher levels of sCD25, sTIM-3, IFN-γ, and TNF, reflecting T cell activation and exhaustion, compared to both CVID patients with other inflammatory complications and CVID with infections only. GLILD patients also had higher levels of SP-D and CC16, proteins related to pulmonary epithelium injury, as well as the ECM remodeling marker MMP-7, than patients with other non-infectious complications.

Conclusion
GLILD patients have elevated serum markers of T cell activation and exhaustion, pulmonary epithelium injury, and ECM remodeling, pointing to potentially important pathways in GLILD pathogenesis, novel targets for therapy, and promising biomarkers for clinical evaluation of these patients.
A vegetation carbon isoscape for Australia built by combining continental-scale field surveys with remote sensing
Authors: Munroe Samantha E. M. , Guerin Greg R. , McInerney Francesca A. , Martín-Forés Irene , Welti Nina , Farrell Mark , Atkins Rachel , Sparrow Ben 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Context
Maps of C3 and C4 plant abundance and stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) across terrestrial landscapes are valuable tools in ecology to investigate species distribution and carbon exchange. Australia has a predominance of C4-plants, thus monitoring change in C3:C4 cover and δ13C is essential to national management priorities.

Objectives
We applied a novel combination of field surveys and remote sensing data to create maps of C3 and C4 abundance in Australia, and a vegetation δ13C isoscape for the continent.

Methods
We used vegetation and land-use rasters to categorize grid-cells (1 ha) into woody (C3), native herbaceous, and herbaceous cropland (C3 and C4) cover. Field surveys and environmental factors were regressed to predict native C4 herbaceous cover. These layers were combined and a δ13C mixing model was used to calculate site-averaged δ13C values.

Results
Seasonal rainfall, maximum summer temperature, and soil pH were the best predictors of C4 herbaceous cover. Comparisons between predicted and observed values at field sites indicated our approach reliably predicted generalised C3:C4 abundance. Southern Australia, which has cooler temperatures and winter rainfall, was dominated by C3 vegetation and low δ13C values. C4-dominated areas included northern savannahs and grasslands.

Conclusions
Our isoscape approach is distinct because it incorporates remote sensing products that calculate cover beneath the canopy, the influence of local factors, and extensive validation, all of which are critical to accurate predictions. Our models can be used to predict C3:C4 abundance under climate change, which is expected to substantially alter current C3:C4 abundance patterns.
Conspiracy mentality among informal caregivers as a risk factor for caregiver burden, mental health, perceived loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings of a representative online study from Germany
Authors: Zwar Larissa , König Hans-Helmut , Hajek André 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to analyze if and how conspiracy mentality is associated with mental health, burden and perceived social isolation and loneliness of informal caregivers of older individuals with care needs.

Methods
A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants had to be at least 40 years of age and were drawn randomly from the German online panel forsa.omninet and questioned between the 4th and 19th of March 2021. A sample of 489 informal caregivers (relatives and non-relatives supporting individuals aged ≥ 60 years) was questioned. Conspiracy mentality, depressive symptoms, loneliness and social exclusion were measured with validated instruments (e.g., The Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire). Questions referred to the last three months prior to assessment. Multiple linear regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographic, economic and health factors and indicators of the pandemic, were conducted.

Results
Findings indicate a significant positive association between conspiracy mentality and caregiver burden, loneliness, social exclusion, and depressive symptoms. No gender differences were found for any outcome.

Conclusions
The results indicate that conspiracy mentality could be a risk factor for mental health, perceived social isolation and loneliness, and contribute to increased caregiver burden among informal caregivers of older care recipients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, informal caregivers could benefit from actions focused on reducing conspiracy mentality during a health crisis, which could improve psychosocial health and wellbeing in this vulnerable group.
A preliminary analysis of the variation in circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in peri-partum spring-calving dairy cows
Authors: Ryan Nicholas J. , Brewer Amy , Chapwanya Aspinas , O’Farrelly Cliona , Williams Erin J. , Evans Alexander C.O. , Beltman Marijke E. , Meade Kieran G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractVitamin D has a well-established role in regulating the intestinal absorption of minerals but its association with immunity has not been extensively explored in livestock. Although an optimal circulating concentration of 30 ng/ml 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) is proposed for immune function, it is unknown if this vitamin D concentration is sufficient, particularly for cows under a pasture-based, spring-calving dairy production system. The objectives of this retrospective analysis were to assess circulating vitamin D concentrations in a total of 843 bio-banked serum samples from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows enrolled from 12 spring-calving, pasture-based dairy farms in Ireland. Mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 36.3 ng/ml at calving, 30.7 ng/ml at 7 days post-partum (DPP), and 38.3 ng/ml at 21 DPP. However, mean concentrations masked significant inter-farm and inter-individual variation (P < 0.05). In fact, the proportion of cows with vitamin D insufficiency of < 30 ng/ml was found to be 33.8%, 55.5% and 19.5% at each time point, respectively. In addition, 25(OH)D concentrations correlated positively with immune cell populations (monocytes and lymphocytes) and negatively with blood urea and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) at 7 DPP. This is the first report of 25(OH)D concentrations in pasture-based peripartum dairy cows and we show a high degree of variation across farms and between individual animals. Sub-optimal concentrations of vitamin D in some post-partum cows may predispose cattle to multiple metabolic or infectious diseases, and therefore further work is now warranted.
Enhanced lithological mapping of Durba-Araba basement blocks, along the eastern margin of the Central Gulf of Suez Rift, Egypt, using Landsat-8 Data
Authors: Seleim Adel M. , Bekiet Mahmoud H. , Hammed Mohamed S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe eastern margin of the central Gulf of Suez rift exposes unique rotated basement blocks of Gabal Durba-Araba. According to geological maps, these blocks are composed of Dokhan volcanic, older, and younger granites cut by basaltic dikes and overlayed by a tilted sedimentary succession of Paleozoic to quaternary. Herein, we propose a workflow of stepwise preprocessing and classification procedures for Landsat-8 (OLI) data verified by control points from previous maps to update and improve lithological discrimination in converging areas that require further field mapping. The workflow applies digital image-processing techniques, including spectral signature analysis, band-ratio transformation, maximum likelihood, and Mahalanobis supervised classifications. The accuracy assessment of the lithological mapping reaches 86.6% and 75.7% for maximum likelihood and Mahalanobis classifications, respectively. By running the Tactical Hyperspectral Operations Resource (THOR) algorithm on the classified images, we could accurately map and modify the lithological boundaries for the following rock units: (1) gneiss-amphibolite-schist, tonalite, and granodiorite at Gabal Araba; (2) granitic gneiss, granodiorite, biotite-muscovite-leucogranite, and riebeckite-syenite-albitite at Gabal Abu Haswa; (3) Dokhan volcanic, granite biotite-muscovite-leucogranite, granites riebeckite-syenite-albitite, Pyroclastic breccia and lava flow, and NW tertiary dike at Gabal Abu Durba.
Carrying Gas Influence and Fabrication Parameters Impact in 3D Manufacturing of In Situ TiN-Ti Composites by Direct Laser Deposition
Authors: de Rojas Candela C. Sánchez , Riquelme A. , Rodrigo P. , Rams J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The difficulty of getting a correct distribution of the reinforcement in the metal matrix and the complexity for achieving a good-metallurgy matrix-reinforcement bonding has limited the development of additive manufacturing of metal matrix composites. This research proposes the use of a reactive atmosphere during the fabrication process to obtain titanium matrix composites reinforced with TiN. The relation between the carrying gas and the process parameters used with the presence of porous and defects, the microstructure, and microhardness has been obtained. Nitrogen was used as the carrying gas of the titanium powder. Under laser irradiation, the particles melt and react with nitrogen, resulting in the formation of a titanium matrix composite highly reinforced with TiN. The composite obtained had a microhardness increase between 50 and 100% in comparison with titanium samples fabricated in the same conditions in an argon atmosphere. Three reaction mechanisms have been proposed to take place in the microstructure, depending on the amount of nitrogen in the titanium particles, and its diffusion in them during the manufacture.

Graphic abstract
Explosion Points and Topology of Julia Sets of Zorich Maps
Authors: Tsantaris Athanasios 
Published: July 2022

AbstractZorich maps are higher dimensional analogues of the complex exponential map. For the exponential family$$\lambda e^z$$λez,$$\lambda >0$$λ>0, it is known that for small values of$$\lambda $$λthe Julia set is an uncountable collection of disjoint curves. The same was shown to hold for Zorich maps by Bergweiler and Nicks. In this paper we introduce a topological model for the Julia sets of certain Zorich maps, similar to the so calledstraight brushof Aarts and Oversteegen. As a corollary we show that$$\infty $$∞is anexplosion pointfor the set of endpoints of the Julia sets. Moreover we introduce an object called ahairy surfacewhich is a compactified version of the Julia set of Zorich maps and we show that those objects are not uniquely embedded in$$\mathbb {R}^3$$R3, unlike the corresponding two dimensional objects which are all ambiently homeomorphic.
Excellent cryogenic magnetocaloric properties in heavy rare-earth based HRENiGa2 (HRE = Dy, Ho, or Er) compounds
Authors: Guo Dan , Moreno-Ramírez Luis M. , Law Jia-Yan , Zhang Yikun , Franco Victorino 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRENiX2 compounds, where RE = rare-earth element and X = p-block element, have been highly regarded for cryogenic magnetocaloric applications. Depending on the elements, they can crystallize in CeNiSi2-type, NdNiGa2-type, or MgCuAl2-type crystal structures, showing different types of magnetic ordering and thus affect their magnetic properties. Regarding the magnetocaloric effect, MgCuAl2-type aluminides show larger values than those of the CeNiSi2-type silicides and the NdNiGa2-type gallides due to the favored ferromagnetic ground state. However, RENiGa2 gallides can crystallize in either NdNiGa2- or MgCuAl2-type structures depending on the RE element. In this work, we select heavy RE (HRE) elements for exploring the microstructure, magnetic ordering and magnetocaloric performance of HRENiGa2 (HRE = Dy, Ho or Er) gallides. They all crystallize in the desired MgCuAl2-type crystal structure which undergoes a second-order transition from ferro- to para-magnetic state with increasing temperature. The maximum isothermal entropy change (∣∆Sisomax∣) values are 6.2, 10.4, and 11.4 J kg−1 K−1 (0–5 T) for DyNiGa2, HoNiGa2, and ErNiGa2, respectively, which are comparable to many recently reported cryogenic magnetocaloric materials. Particularly, the excellent magnetocaloric properties of HoNiGa2 and ErNiGa2 compounds, including their composite, fall in the temperature range that enables them for the in-demand hydrogen liquefaction systems.
Characterisation of sequence–structure–function space in sensor–effector integrators of phytochrome-regulated diguanylate cyclases
Authors: Böhm Cornelia , Gourinchas Geoffrey , Zweytick Sophie , Hujdur Elvira , Reiter Martina , Trstenjak Sara , Sensen Christoph Wilhelm , Winkler Andreas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between protein sequence, structure and function is one of the fundamental challenges in biochemistry. A direct correlation, however, is often not trivial since protein dynamics also play an important functional role—especially in signal transduction processes. In a subfamily of bacterial light sensors, phytochrome-activated diguanylate cyclases (PadCs), a characteristic coiled-coil linker element connects photoreceptor and output module, playing an essential role in signal integration. Combining phylogenetic analyses with biochemical characterisations, we were able to show that length and composition of this linker determine sensor–effector function and as such are under considerable evolutionary pressure. The linker length, together with the upstream PHY-specific domain, influences the dynamic range of effector activation and can even cause light-induced enzyme inhibition. We demonstrate phylogenetic clustering according to linker length, and the development of new linker lengths as well as new protein function within linker families. The biochemical characterisation of PadC homologs revealed that the functional coupling of PHY dimer interface and linker element defines signal integration and regulation of output functionality. A small subfamily of PadCs, characterised by a linker length breaking the coiled-coil pattern, shows a markedly different behaviour from other homologs. The effect of the central helical spine on PadC function highlights its essential role in signal integration as well as direct regulation of diguanylate cyclase activity. Appreciation of sensor–effector linkers as integrator elements and their coevolution with sensory modules is a further step towards the use of functionally diverse homologs as building blocks for rationally designed optogenetic tools.
Graphical abstract
Short birth interval and associated factors in rural India: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Chowdhury Sourav , Singh Aditya , Kasemi Nuruzzaman , Chakrabarty Mahashweta , Singh Shivani 
Published: July 2022

AbstractShort Birth Interval (SBI) is one of the main causes of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. A 33-month birth-to-birth interval between two successive live births should be followed to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of SBI and the associated factors in rural India. Information on 98,522 rural mothers from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey data was analyzed. Bivariate statistics, logistic regression, Moran’s I, and Cluster and Outlier Analysis have been used to assess the prevalence and spatial pattern of SBI in rural India. Results revealed that about half of the mothers in rural India had experienced SBI. Rural Indian mothers whose child was not alive (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.63–1.90), were not using any contraceptive methods (OR = 1.42, 95 % CI = 1.37–1.48) and not breastfeeding (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 2.50–2.97) were more likely to experience SBI. On the other hand, rural mothers from the middle, richer and richest wealth quintiles (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86–0.97; OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.80–0.92; OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.55–0.66) and of age over 30 years (OR = 0.38., 95% CI = 0.36–0.39) were less likely to experience SBI. Analysis of spatial patterns revealed clear east-west differences in the prevalence of SBI. There was strong clustering of high values of SBI in most districts across the central, northern, western, and southern regions. The study suggests the need to introduce appropriate interventions and programs focused on reducing the prevalence of SBI in rural India.