bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carzol and Alfalfa Seed Production, 1980
Authors: Karner Miles A. , Kehr W. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska field labortory, Mead, NE on a 5-yr-old alfalfa. A single treatment, Carzol W.P. (1.12 kg/ha), was applied 3 times: Jul 18 at early bud; at 75% bloom; and Aug 29 at dough stage. Plots were 14.6 x 23.6 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design and Replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a CO2 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 140.31 liter/ha at 1.41 kg/cm pressure and equipped with a 1.7 m boom with 4 N.F. number 12 nozzles. The insect population was monitored weekly (biweekly observations shown in table) with 10 sweeps in each plot with a 38.1 cm dia insect net. The entire plots were mowed on Sep 19; the alfalfa was subsequently windrowed and the seed threshed with a small stationary thresher and cleaned in a clipper mill.
In-Whorl Treatments For Fall Armyworm Control in Field Corn, 1981
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field corn was planted on Jun 24 at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 33 plants/20 row ft. The first insecticide application was made on Jul 23, when 100% of the plants were infested. Additional applications were made on Jul 30 and Aug 6. Liquid formulations were sprayed with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 40 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 30 psi. Yields were determined on Nov 9.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1981
Authors: Witkowski J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first brood corn borer control were applied to irrigated corn plots in Stanton County, NE on Jun 22. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 16 gal of water/acre at 2 mph at 22 psi with a specially modified back-pack sprayer. Each single row plot was 50 ft. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Prior to insecticide application 10 consecutive plants in each plot were infested with approximately 60 first instar borer larvae using a hand held inoculator. In mid-Aug, artificially infested corn plants were split in half from tassel to the ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Pre-Flowering Cowpea Insect Pests, 1981
Authors: Venugopal M. S. , Litsinger J. A. , Apostol R. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-nine insecticides applied as seed treatments at 10 g ai/100 kg seed were tested at IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) for control of pre-flowering cowpea insect pets. Cowpea seeds (100 kg/ha) were shaken in a plastic bag with each insecticide and 25% gum arabic before sowing to 5 m plots on Feb 27 in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plant stand was thinned to 200,000 plants/ha after emergence. The Santa rita Series soil (clayey amorphos isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludolls) -- pH = 6.5, 52% pore space, 2.7% organic matter, 34% clay, 36% silt, 30% sand -- averaged 39°C and 28°C for daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 5 cm depth, respectively, the first 14 days after sowing. There was no rainfall during this dry season trial, but the plots were irrigated with overhead sprinklers. In each plot at 21 days after crop emergence (DE), 25 random plants were dissected for evidence of beanfly stem tunneling and 25 leaf bud terminals were removed randomly and placed in 70% alcohol for counting thrips under a microscope. Leafhopper adults and nymphs were counted from 25 randomly selected plants per plot. All plots including the untreated control received post-flowering insect pest protection with decamethrin 0.03 kgai/ha sprays 25, 35, 45 DE. Yield cuts were 5 m row per plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Greenbug in Grain Sorghum, 1980
Authors: DePew Lester J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Garden City, Kansas* Each plot was 4 rows 50 ft long. Plots were separated by 2 untreated buffer rows to minimize spray drift between treatments. Insecticides were applied with a compressed-air, backpack sprayer equipped with a boom fitted with 3 hollow-cone nozzles (6x) that directed the spray to the top and sides of the plants. The sprayer was operated at 25 psi and delivered 15.5 gal/acre. Treatments were applied Aug 2 at which time plants were in the early boot stage. The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 4 plants selected at random from each plot at pre-treatment and 3, 7 and 16 days post-treatment. Grain yields were obtained by combine harvesting the middle rows in each plot. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable on Aug 15 (1.98 inches).
Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Soybean, 1981
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Allen William A. , Babineau David E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were examined to determine their efficacy in bean leaf beetle control and to determine their effects on the most common non-target predatory arthropods. Insecticides were applied Jul 22 in soybean located at the Lee Sisson Farm in Westmoreland County near Montross, VA. A randomized block experimental design was employed with 4 replications. Individual plots were 4 rows, 30 ft in length, spaced 3 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the soybean foliage with a CO2 compressed air sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 26 gal of finished formulation per acre. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined on Jul 23, 25, 29 and Aug 5 by taking 10 sweeps, with a 15 inch dia sweep net, down a single row and counting all bean leaf beetle adults, nabids, geocorids and spiders.
Corn Earworm and Green Cloverworm Control in Soybean, 1981
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Ferguson Holly J. , Deighan John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on corn earworms, green cloverworms and arthropod predators. Insecticides were applied on Sep 3 on ‘Bay’ soybean grown on the Earl Vaughn Farm in Richmond County near Warsaw, VA. Individual plots were rows 30 ft long ahd spaced 2.5 ft apart. A randomized block experimental design with 3 replications was utilized. Each spray concentrate was applied to the soybean foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 29 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 2, 5, 8 and 14 days after application by comparing the number of corn earworms, green cloverworms, and predators per 6 row ft in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco, 1981
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight foliar insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco ‘Va 509’ was transplanted on May 25. Plots were 20 ft x 3 rows spaced 40 inches apart; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated from each other by 5 ft alleys. Five insecticide applications were made on a 14 day schedule, beginning Jun 15. Sprays were applied with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank presure of 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases).
Scots Pine, Pine Needls Scale Control, Carroll Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pinus sylvestris 2-3 m high growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate effectiveness of selected insecticides against crawlers. Infested trees were selected and sprayed May 23, using a KWH backpack mistblower delivering ca 500 ml of finished spray per each of 4, single tree replicates/ treatment. Ambient temperature during application was 24-26°C with cloudy skies and a slight (5-7 kph) breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days post-treatment by removing several crawler-infested needle fascicles from each tree and placing them in coin envelopes. Samples were transported in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory where mortality counts were made using a binocular microscope and counting the number of dead and alive settled nymphs of the first 100 encountered. On May 30, different trees were selected and treated with the most promising insecticides used on May 23. Application and evaluation were conducted in the aforementioned manner, except 3, single tree replicates were used. Sprayed and unsprayed check trees were sampled Jun 5.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1979
Authors: Potter Daniel A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a golf course rough that had sustained moderately heavy grub infestations in the previous 3 years. Thatch accumulation was ca 1 cm, and all grubs were first or early second instars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, with individual 2 x 3 m plots assigned to blocks based on pretreatment counts. Pretreatment populations ranged from 6 to 47 grubs/m2. Granular materials were mixed with sand and hand shaken onto the plots. Other formulations were mixed with water to provide the proper rates in 20 gal total volume, and applied with a low volume CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 730308 Tee Jet nozzles operated at 30 psi. Treatments were applied Aug 15, under sunny skies at 21°C, with winds 6-8 km/h. After all treatments were applied, the entire test was irrigated with 1.9-cm of water. Surviving grubs were sampled at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment by cutting a 2.7 m x 20 cm x 2.5 cm deep strip (0.82 m2) with a mechanical sod cutter, and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs.
Chinch Bug Control on a Ridge Avenue Home Lawn in State College, Pennsylvania, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were applied Aug 7 to a chinch bug infested lawn, consisting primarily of Chewings fescue. Due to the limited size of the home lawn, treatment plots were 5x5 ft. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follow: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature, 75°F; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil condition, dry; percent organic matter, 2.3; soil pH, 6.9; and amount of thatch, 0.5 inch. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 inch dia circular cans. Post-treatment counts were made 7 days later (Aug 14). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10 min count (per location) was recorded and converted to ft2 count.
Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Robb K. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied weekly for 7 weeks to commercially grown chrysanthemums located in Orange County beginning Sep 1. The insecticides Dursban 25W, Monitor 4E, silicon dioxide, and SD-52618 85W were selected based on their potential ability to control the various stages of the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), and due to a lack of information necessary for their registration on chrysanthemums, materials were applied to 10 row feet of each variety. Insecticides were applied at 1X, 2X and 4X concentrations where 1X = 8 oz ai/100 gal (Monitor, Dursban), and IX = 4 oz ai/100 gal (SD-52618). Silicon dioxide was applied only as a 2% solution. Applications were made with an Arimitsu sprayer with a capacity of 2.25 gpm at 150 psi and water pH was 7.0.
Cattle-Hypooerma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Builis, Bexar Co., TX, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypodermalineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were detected to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test. Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at greater than 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton x-100 (10 parts), and ai (25 parts). In other tests, insecticides labeled for use as systemic treatments for cattle grub control may be administered dermally to calves by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection of a specific weight of insecticide (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate) per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. Occasionally cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of dosages less than label-tested dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-5 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with systemics for control of cattle grubs in cattle was presented by Drummond, R. 0., 1981, Insect, and Acaric. Tests 6:188.
Management of Manure Breeding Flies Under Caged-Layers with Cga-72662, 1980
Authors: Combs Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two caged-layer houses, located in Grenada Co., MS., were used to evaluate the insect growth inhibitor CGA-72662 for management of house fly and soldier fly breeding in manure. Each house contained 3 manure pits ca 2.14 m wide x 86.9 m long x 0.10 m deep and housed 20,000 layers. Prior to treatment with CGA-72662, the manure was removed each 10 days and Improved Golden Malrin house fly bait was applied for fly control. One house served as an untreated (control) and the other house received CGA-72662 5% SC metered through the water supply. The growth inhibitor was added to the water supply at the rate of 3 ml per 378.4 liteis of water. The test commenced on Aug 15 end continued to Sep 23. Due to the moist condition of the droppings, the houses were cleaned as the pits filled (ca each 10 to 12 days). Management of fly populations was observed for adult house flies in the houses and adults (of both species) emerging from the feces. Adult house fly counts were taken from the flies resting on the overhead electrical wires. At 3 randomly chosen sites in each house, the number of adult house flies were counted while resting on a 3.05 tn section of wire and averaged. No attempt was made to determine adult soldier fly populations. From each treatment, 300 mature larvae or newly formed pupae (of both species) were removed and placed in emergence containers. Pretreatment observations on Aug 15 indicated that larvae of both fly species were numerous in the pits and adult house fly populations were high. The pits were cleaned on Aug 15. From Aug 18 through Sep 23, the growth inhibitor was metered through the water to the treatment house.
Evaluation of Miticides on Mites, 1981
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three formulations of NC-21314, were compared to Plictran for control of European red mites (ERM) and twospotted spider mites (TSSM) in Clarksville, AR. Three blocks (replicates) of Red Delicious were selected on M106, and M104, and Ml 11 or M106 rootstocks, respectively. Treatments were randomized within each 5 tree block. The tree spacing was 12 ft by 15 ft. On Apr 27 a pump sprayer was used at 60 psi to apple 1.5 gal/tree to runoff with a No. 4 disc nozzle. On May 20 and Jul 7 a pump sprayer was used at 300 psi to apply about 1.5 gal/tree to runoff. The first major rainfalls after the 3 applications above were 8 (.58 in), 6 (.14 in), and 1 (.23 in) days, respectively. Biweekly or weekly samples consisted of randomly selected 20 leaves/tree, 10 from each side perpendicular to the row. Mites were removed from leaves by a mite-brushing machine. Eggs and actives/leaf were counted.
Residual Barn Treatments Using Ectiban, Permethrin for the Control of House Flies, 1980
Authors: Treece Robert E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three Wayne County, OH dairy barns were sprayed with Ectiban EC using 1 liter/750 m2 (4 oz/1000 ft2) surface, applied in a Fogmaster Tri-Jet, AFA Corp., Miami, FL. The fogger was held 1/2-1 m from surfaces and directed to all vertical surfaces and most horizontal surfaces except the floor. Three additional barns were sprayed with Ectiban WP (25%) diluted 170 g/41.8 liter (6 oz/11 gal) water and applied at rate of 1 liter/1.8 m 2(1 gal/750 ft2) surface using a hydraulic sprayer at 50 psi.
Bacillus

thuringiensls

var.

Israelensis

for Control of Fl00Dwater Mosquitoes, 1981
Authors: Mullen G. R. , Hinkle N. C. , Estes P. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two commercial formulations of BaciIlusthuringiensis var. Israelensis were evaluated at different water temperatues in small-plot field trials for control of Aedescanadensis, A. stimulans, and Psorophoraferox at Tuskegee National Forest, Macon Co., AL. Both materials were compared with Abate 4-E and untreated controls. The area surrounding the standing water in which the tests were carried out was dominated by loblolly pine and mixed hardwood species including tulip poplar, sycamore and water oak. All tests were conducted in circular, plastic-sided, open-bottom pools (ht = 50 cm) delimiting a surface area of 1 m2. Each pool was pressed into the substrate and secured in place with iron rods, preserving the natural bottom conditions. A polyvinyIchloride cylinder (dia = 10 cm,length = 30 cm) was attached to a wooden stake within each test plot and positioned with the lower end (covered with muslin screen) in contact with the substrate, providing a column of water virtually identical to that of the natural pool. Prior to treatment, 20 III- and IV-stage mosquito larvae of a given species were placed in each test cylinder, eliminating predation and providing a convenient means by which mortality could be acurately assessed following treatment. Water temperature was recorded immediately prior to each test. Treatments and rates were randomly assigned to test plots and were replicated 3 times/test. Materials were applied to the entire surface within each test plot with 1 gal compressed-air hand sprayers at 40 psi.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Drenches and Granules, 1981
Authors: Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 3 separate tests. Tests 1 and 3 were conducted near Stillwater, OK on 16 acres of open pasture land. Test 2 was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, OK. Treatments in Tests 1 and 3 were randomized and replicated 10 times. Treatments in Test 2 were randomized and replicated 4 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the tests. Treatments for Tests 1 and 2 were applied on May 27. Treatments for Test 3 were applied on Jun 17. Mounds were checked for activity at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 wk after treatment. In Test 3, if more than 2 ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. In Test 1 and 2 each mound was checked by digging to a depth of 6 inches underneath the mound before it was recorded as active or inactive. Treatments were applied over 1 m as centered on each nest opening as follows: drenches consisted of 3.8 liter applied from a garden sprinkler can; granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area of all tests consisted of 3.8 liter applied from a garden sprinkler can; granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area of all tests consisted of: May, 1.64 inches; Jun, 4.8 inches; Jul 5.5 inches; and August 3.26 inches for a total of 15.25 inches.
Effectiveness of AC-217,300 for Control of Imported Fire Ants, 1979
Authors: Williams D. F. , Lofgren C. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were initiated in Florida with the bait toxicant AC-217,300 to evaluate the effect of toxicant concentration, percent soybean oil on the carrier (pre-gel defatted corn grits), and the rate of application of baits on control of natural infestations of the red imported fire ant (RIFA). Twenty-four plots were established on improved pasture land. Each plot was 1 acre in size and contained a 0.25 acre evaluation area. Three of the plots were used as untreated checks. The baits were applied at various rates with a tractor-mounted auger system. The test was evaluated at 6 and 12 wk post-treatment. The population index method of determining control was used in which we evaluated the colonies according to the number of worker ants and the presence or absence of worker brood (larvae and pupae) and assigned each colony to a class from 1-10. Colonies in classes 1-5 did not contain worker brood while those in classes 6-10 contained worker brood. The differences within classes 1-5 and 6-10 were related to the size of the colony. The Interaction of population density and colony classes was then used to establish a population index.
Swine, Sarcoptic Mange Control, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Stockdale H. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sixteen sarcoptes mange mite positive hogs, approximately 3.5 mo old, were split into 4 groups of 4 animals per treatment. The treatment groups were isolated from each other by housing each group in separate pens. The treated groups were sprayed to run-off with the following materials on 18 Mar and again on 2 Apr using a power sprayer delivering 120 psi at a rate of 1 pt finished spray per animal: 0.03% Lindane, 0.025% Ectiban and 0.05% Ectiban. Treatments wee applied particularly on the ears, flanks and dorsal mid-line. The wails, doors and gates of the inside and outside pen areas where hogs rub were also sprayed to kill any free-living mites. The control group and their pen were not treated. Three, approximately 1 inch scrapings, were taken from inside the ears and examined for mange mites microscopically. Treatment assessment was made on day 7 following the first treatment, immediately prior to the second treatment and day 28 and day 56 following the second treatment.