bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microglial TYROBP/DAP12 in Alzheimer’s disease: Transduction of physiological and pathological signals across TREM2
Authors: Haure-Mirande Jean-Vianney , Audrain Mickael , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Gandy Sam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTYROBP (also known as DAP12 or KARAP) is a transmembrane adaptor protein initially described as a receptor-activating subunit component of natural killer (NK) cells. TYROBP is expressed in numerous cell types, including peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, but a key point of recent interest is related to the critical role played by TYROBP in the function of many receptors expressed on the plasma membrane of microglia. TYROBP is the downstream adaptor and putative signaling partner for several receptors implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including SIRP1β, CD33, CR3, and TREM2. TYROBP has received much of its current notoriety because of its importance in brain homeostasis by signal transduction across those receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of evidence indicating that the biology of TYROBP extends beyond its interaction with these four ligand-binding ectodomain-intramembranous domain molecules. In addition to reviewing the structure and localization of TYROBP, we discuss our recent progress using mouse models of either cerebral amyloidosis or tauopathy that were engineered to be TYROBP-deficient or TYROBP-overexpressing. Remarkably, constitutively TYROBP-deficient mice provided a model of genetic resilience to either of the defining proteinopathies of AD. Learning behavior and synaptic electrophysiological function were preserved at normal physiological levels even in the face of robust cerebral amyloidosis (inAPP/PSEN1;Tyrobp−/−mice) or tauopathy (inMAPTP301S;Tyrobp−/−mice). A fundamental underpinning of the functional synaptic dysfunction associated with each proteotype was an accumulation of complement C1q. TYROBP deficiency prevented C1q accumulation associated with either proteinopathy. Based on these data, we speculate that TYROBP plays a key role in the microglial sensome and the emergence of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype. TYROBP may also play a key role in the loss of markers of synaptic integrity (e.g., synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity) that has long been held to be the feature of human AD molecular neuropathology that most closely correlates with concurrent clinical cognitive function.
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of complete insect nervous systems across multiple life stages
Authors: Corrales Marc , Cocanougher Benjamin T. , Kohn Andrea B. , Wittenbach Jason D. , Long Xi S. , Lemire Andrew , Cardona Albert , Singer Robert H. , Moroz Leonid L. , Zlatic Marta 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMolecular profiles of neurons influence neural development and function but bridging the gap between genes, circuits, and behavior has been very difficult. Here we used single cell RNAseq to generate a complete gene expression atlas of the Drosophila larval central nervous system composed of 131,077 single cells across three developmental stages (1 h, 24 h and 48 h after hatching). We identify 67 distinct cell clusters based on the patterns of gene expression. These include 31 functional mature larval neuron clusters, 1 ring gland cluster, 8 glial clusters, 6 neural precursor clusters, and 13 developing immature adult neuron clusters. Some clusters are present across all stages of larval development, while others are stage specific (such as developing adult neurons). We identify genes that are differentially expressed in each cluster, as well as genes that are differentially expressed at distinct stages of larval life. These differentially expressed genes provide promising candidates for regulating the function of specific neuronal and glial types in the larval nervous system, or the specification and differentiation of adult neurons. The cell transcriptome Atlas of the Drosophila larval nervous system is a valuable resource for developmental biology and systems neuroscience and provides a basis for elucidating how genes regulate neural development and function.
Acetoin production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates with a modular metabolic engineering system in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhang Xian , Ren Kexin , Han Rumeng , Lu Ruiqi , Bao Teng , Pan Xuewei , Yang Taowei , Xu Meijuan , Rao Zhiming 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Acetoin (AC) is a vital platform chemical widely used in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. With increasing concern over non-renewable resources and environmental issues, using low-cost biomass for acetoin production by microbial fermentation is undoubtedly a promising strategy.

Results
This work reduces the disadvantages of Bacillus subtilis during fermentation by regulating genes involved in spore formation and autolysis. Then, optimizing intracellular redox homeostasis through Rex protein mitigated the detrimental effects of NADH produced by the glycolytic metabolic pathway on the process of AC production. Subsequently, multiple pathways that compete with AC production are blocked to optimize carbon flux allocation. Finally, the population cell density-induced promoter was used to enhance the AC synthesis pathway. Fermentation was carried out in a 5-L bioreactor using bagasse lignocellulosic hydrolysate, resulting in a final titer of 64.3 g/L, which was 89.5% of the theoretical yield.

Conclusions
The recombinant strain BSMAY-4-PsrfA provides an economical and efficient strategy for large-scale industrial production of acetoin.
Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions
Authors: Muema Jackson M. , Bargul Joel L. , Obonyo Meshack A. , Njeru Sospeter N. , Matoke-Muhia Damaris , Mutunga James M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAn integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes of Babesia sp. Mymensingh and its naming as Babesia naoakii n. sp.
Authors: Sivakumar Thillaiampalam , Tuvshintulga Bumduuren , Otgonsuren Davaajav , Batmagnai Enkhbaatar , Ahedor Believe , Kothalawala Hemal , Vimalakumar Singarayar Caniciyas , Silva Seekkuge Susil Priyantha , Yamagishi Junya , Yokoyama Naoaki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe recently discoveredBabesiasp. Mymensingh, which causes clinical bovine babesiosis, has a wide geographical distribution. We investigated the phylogenetic position ofBabesiasp. Mymensingh using its mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes. Based on morphological and molecular data,Babesiasp. Mymensingh is a unique species and we named it asBabesia naoakiin. sp.MethodsA blood DNA sample from aBabesiasp. Mymensingh-infected cow was subjected to genome sequencing to obtain the sequences of mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes. Six phylogenetic trees were then constructed with (1) concatenated amino acid sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I, cytochrome oxidase subunit III, and cytochrome b genes of the mitochondrial genome; (2) 16S rRNA of the plastid genome; (3) nucleotide sequences of the elongation factor Tu gene of the plastid genome; (4) ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2; (5) concatenated nucleotide sequences of 89 nuclear genes; and (6) concatenated amino acid sequences translated from the 89 nuclear genes.ResultsIn all six phylogenetic trees,B. naoakiin. sp. formed a sister clade to the common ancestor ofBabesia bigeminaandB. ovata. The concatenated nuclear genes ofB. naoakiin. sp. and their translated amino acid sequences shared lower identity scores with the sequences fromB. bigemina(82.7% and 84.7%, respectively) andB. ovata(83.5% and 85.5%, respectively) compared with the identity scores shared between theB. bigeminaandB. ovatasequences (86.3% and 87.9%, respectively).ConclusionsOur study showed thatB. naoakiin. sp. occupies a unique phylogenetic position distinct from existingBabesiaspecies. Our findings, together with morphological differences, identifyB. naoakiin. sp. as a distinct parasite species.Graphical Abstract
Emergency medicine physician burnout before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shopen Noaa , Schneider Assaf , Aviv Mordechai Reut , Katz Shalhav Malka , Zandberg Efrat , Sharist Moshe , Halpern Pinchas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Burnout is a common issue among physicians, and the rate among emergency medicine physicians (EPs) appears to be higher than those of other medical specialties. The COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented challenges to the medical community worldwide, but its effects on EP burnout has not yet been determined.

Methods
We conducted a three-stage nationwide study between July 2019 and June 2021. First, we evaluated the responses to burnout questionnaires that had been filled in by EP before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then re-sent the same questionnaires, with an addition of pandemic-specific questions. The third step involved a small group of EPs who participated in a burnout reduction workshop and re-took the questionnaires after a 3-month interval. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured three burnout scales and a Work and Meaning Inventory predicts job satisfaction. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

Results
In the first stage, 240 questionnaires were sent by email to all Israeli EPs listed in emergency departments nationwide, and 84 out of 88 submitted questionnaires were completed in full before the pandemic. 393 questionnaires were sent in the second stage during the pandemic and 93 out of 101 submitted questionnaires were completed in full. Twenty EPs participated in the workshop and 13 out of 20 submitted questionnaires were completed in full. Burnout levels were high (Maslach) among EPs before the pandemic and increased during the pandemic. The feelings of personal accomplishment and work meaning—both protective factors from burnout—were significantly higher in the second (pandemic) stage. The pandemic-specific burnout factors were fear of infecting family members, lack of care centers for the physician’s children, increased workload, and insufficient logistic support. The physician-oriented intervention had no significant impact on burnout levels (p < 0.412, Friedman test).

Conclusions
Physician burnout is a major global problem, and it is now being aggravated by the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare administrators should be alerted to pandemic-specific stress factors in order to help teams cope better and to prevent further worsening of the burnout. Further research is warranted to determine the lasting effect of the pandemic on EM physician burnout and the best means for reducing it.
De novo transcriptome assembly reveals characteristics of flower sex determination of Excoecaria agallocha
Authors: Zhou Yan , Hao Lulu , Huang Lexiang , Tang Xiaoming , Zhuo Danting , Wang Li Yun , Zhang Ying 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Key message
MADS-box genes family may play important roles in the flower sex determination in Excoecaria agallocha. A total of 73 MADS-box genes were identified in E. agallocha. De novo transcriptome assembly analysis suggested that AP1/FUL, AP3/PI, AGL104, and SOC1 plays potential roles in E. agallocha flower sex determination.

Context
Excoecaria agallocha is a dioecious species containing both male and female individuals producing unisexual flowers. The underlying mechanisms regulating inflorescence differentiation in these species remains poorly understood.

Aims
Flower development influences reproduction and breeding in E.agallocha, which contributes to ecological restoration in the intertidal zone.

Methods
We performed de novo transcriptome assembly analysis on male and female flowers and leaves from E. agallocha.

Results
We identified a total of 73 MADS-box genes in the E. agallocha genome, which we grouped into five distinct classes (MIKCc, Mα, Mβ, Mγ, MIKC*) after phylogenetic comparisons with J. curcas homologs. We analyzed expression profiles and suggested AP1/FUL, AP3/PI, AGL104, and SOC1 as candidate regulators of sex determination. In addition, several EaMADS genes were significantly upregulated in flowers compared to leaves.

Conclusion
Our study represents the first detailed, comprehensive evaluation of the regulation of MADS-box genes associated with sex determination in E. agallocha. The assembled transcriptomic profiles increase the genetic information available for this species and constitute an important contribution to functional studies of inflorescence genes. In turn, this will help exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of E. agallocha.
Location-specific signatures of Crohn’s disease at a multi-omics scale
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos G. , Mills Robert H. , Zhu Qiyun , Sauceda Consuelo , Knight Rob , Dulai Parambir S. , Gonzalez David J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Crohn’s disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subtype, results from pathologic interactions between host cells and its resident gut microbes. CD manifests in both isolated disease locations (ileum or colon) or a combination of locations (ileocolonic). To date, a comprehensive understanding of how isolated CD subtypes influence molecular profiles remains outstanding. To address this, we sought to define CD location signatures by leveraging a large cross-sectional feature set captured from the stool of over 200 IBD patients and healthy controls using metaproteomics, shotgun metagenomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomic profiling, and host genetics paired with clinical endoscopic assessments.

Results
Neither metagenomic nor host genetics alone distinguished CD location subtypes. In contrast, ileal and colonic CD were distinguished using mass spectrometry-based methods (metabolomics or metaproteomics) or a combined multi-omic feature set. This multi-omic feature set revealed colonic CD was strongly associated with neutrophil-related proteins. Additionally, colonic CD displayed a disease-severity-related association with Bacteroides vulgatus. Colonic CD and ulcerative colitis profiles harbored strikingly similar feature enrichments compared to ileal CD, including neutrophil-related protein enrichments. Compared to colonic CD, ileal CD profiles displayed increased primary and secondary bile acid levels and concomitant shifts in taxa with noted sensitivities such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii or affinities for bile acid-rich environments, including Gammaproteobacteria and Blautia sp. Having shown robust molecular and microbial distinctions tied to CD locations, we leveraged these profiles to generate location-specific disease severity biomarkers that surpass the performance of Calprotectin.

Conclusions
When compared using multi-omics features, colonic- and ileal-isolated CD subtypes display striking differences that suggest separate location-specific pathologies. Colonic CD’s strong similarity to ulcerative colitis, including neutrophil and Bacteroides vulgatus involvement, is also evidence of a shared pathology for colonic-isolated IBD subtypes, while ileal CD maintains a unique, bile acid-driven profile. More broadly, this study demonstrates the power of multi-omics approaches for IBD biomarker discovery and elucidating the underlying biology.
Correlates of eating disorder pathology in Saudi Arabia: BMI and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Melisse Bernou , Blankers Matthijs , de Beurs Edwin , van Furth Eric F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Saudi Arabia is undergoing rapid sociocultural changes, which may have led to an increase of body mass index and eating disorder pathology. The aim of this study is to investigate whether body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, having lived abroad, cultural orientation, perceived stress, media use, and socioeconomic status are correlates of eating disorder pathology with body mass index as a covariate. Additional aims are to investigate if cultural orientation is associated with symptomatology and if stress is a covariate in the association between eating disorder pathology and Western orientation.

Method
Self-report measures were administered in a convenience Saudi community sample (N = 1225) between April 2017 and May 2018. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses with eating disorder pathology as dependent variable were performed to establish the associations among the variables.

Results
After adjusting for the effect of BMI, only body dissatisfaction and eating disorder pathology were moderately associated. Eating disorder pathology and body dissatisfaction were more severe among Saudi citizens with a higher BMI.

Discussion
Several explanations for the lack of associations of westernization, self-esteem, and stress with eating disorder pathology are reviewed and discussed. The majority of this convenience sample existed of young unmarried Saudi females of high socioeconomic status. Of the total sample, 35% displayed eating disorder pathology which may be a reflection of the high rates of excess weight.
Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum: investigation of monosaccharide composition, antioxidant activity and rheological behavior in presence of salts
Authors: Koocheki Arash , Hesarinejad Mohammad Ali , Mozafari M. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
In the present study, the effects of NaCl and CaCl2 (0–200 mM) on the rheological properties of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG) as a novel potential source of hydrocolloid were investigated. Sugar composition and FTIR analysis were measured to supply more structural information.

Results
The results illustrated that LPSG had small amounts of uronic acids (6.65%) and it is likely an arabinoxylan-type polysaccharide (it has 44.66% and 31.99% xylose and arabinose, respectively). The FTIR spectra also revealed that LPSG behaved like a typical polyelectrolyte due to the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. It was observed that the gum solutions exhibited viscoelastic properties in the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 salts. The tan δ values for all samples were less than 1 but greater than 0.1, exposing the weak gel-like behavior at different ion types and ionic strengths. With increasing salts concentrations, the limiting values of strain mostly increased due to the interchain interactions (from 1.46 to 4.61 and from 0.99 to 2.13 for NaCl and CaCl2, respectively). Therefore, the addition of salts increased the stiffness of mucilage solutions in the concentrated regime. The results of frequency sweep tests revealed that storage and loss moduli were increased with increasing ion concentration. This effect was more pronounced for LPSG solutions containing Ca2+. Among various models, the model of Higiro1 showed a higher efficiency to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity of LPSG for all co-solutes (R2 ≥ 0.98). With increasing the concentration of salts, the intrinsic viscosity of LPSG decreased. Calcium ions had a more diminution effect on intrinsic viscosity than sodium ions.

Conclusions
Trying to adjust the salt concentration could modify the rheological properties of food products. Because food contains a variety of additives, further research should look into the rheological properties of LPSG at different pHs, as well as the presence of other salts and sugars often employed in the food industry. LPSG has the potential to be used in biomedical, pharmaceutical, food industries, tissue engineering, and cosmetic applications due to its biocompatibility, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities.

Graphical Abstract
Community of Inquiry framework to evaluate an online obstetric and neonatal emergency simulation workshop for health professional students in India
Authors: Khot Nisha , Sarkar Mahbub , Bansal Utkarsh , Singh Jai Vir , Pharande Pramod , Malhotra Atul , Kumar Arunaz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
We transitioned our obstetric neonatal emergency simulation (ONE-Sim) workshops to an online format during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we evaluated key learning acquired by undergraduate medical and nursing students attending the online ONE-Sim workshops from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Methods
Student perception of online workshops was collected using electronic questionnaires. Data was analysed using thematic analysis by employing the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework.

Results
One hundred sixty medical and nursing students who attended the online ONE-Sim workshops completed the questionnaires. There was evidence in the data to support all three aspects of the CoI framework—social, cognitive and teacher presence.

Conclusions
The use of the CoI framework helped to describe key learning from online interprofessional simulation workshops conducted for a LMIC.
Unusual patterns of tuberculosis on cross-sectional imaging: a pictorial review
Authors: Rana Abhilasha , Krishnan Venkatram , Aggarwal Ankita 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundTuberculosis is routinely encountered on imaging throughout the world. Radiologists are usually familiar with the common patterns of tuberculosis on cross-sectional imaging. However, tuberculosis frequently presents with unfamiliar imaging patterns and/or uncommon anatomic sites which still pose a diagnostic challenge.DiscussionRapid improvements in the management of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients leading to increased survival as well as advances in chemotherapy and immunosuppressive medication have complicated the presentation of tuberculosis by increasing the probability of unconventional sites and patterns of involvement in tuberculosis leading to unfamiliar imaging appearances. In this review, we describe these unfamiliar imaging patterns of tuberculosis and provide a diagnostic protocol for arriving at the right diagnosis and differentiating these from other pathologies with similar imaging appearances. These are described through case-based illustrations of unusual patterns and anatomic locations of tuberculosis.ConclusionsIt is important for radiologists to be aware of such unusual imaging patterns of tuberculosis in order to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis for appropriate patient management in the face of changing patient demographics and pathological profile of tuberculosis in the current era of scientific advancements.