bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of Mobile Auto Refractor Measurements in a Colombian Children Population
Authors: Flórez Diana Cristina Palencia , Vera María Alejandra Calderón , Caicedo Diana Carolina Navarro , Chávez Yury Paola Muñoz , Hernández Yerli Katherine García 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: To Evaluate the inter-observer reproducibility of a mobile pediatric auto refractor in an infant Colombian population. Methodology: Quantitative longitudinal prospective study. Variables of age, sex, ocular history and refractive defect were measured. The sample size was estimated assuming as values of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The descriptive statistical analysis of the variables was performed and the ICC was calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of the data taken independently by two examiners. Results: 138 participants were included, median age was 42 months. 51% of the sample were females and hypermetropic astigmatism was the prevalent refractive defect with a 67.39% occurrence. The ICC for sphere, cylinder and axis, showed an almost perfect degree of agreement. Conclusions: A mobile pediatric auto refractor brings reliable data when evaluating the refractive status without cycloplegia in children aged 24-67 months. Although it is suggested to classify the refractive error as the average of three consecutive measurements and correlate the result with the clinical history of optometry to define the final formula. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/reproducibility-of-mobile-auto-refractor-measurements-in-a-columbian-children-population) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.
Cotton Wool Spots in a Patient with COVID-19
Authors: Melik-Kasumyan Kristineh , Ilsen Pauline F. 
Published: October 2022

Background COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has affected over 519 million people worldwide. COVID-19 has not only been associated with significant respiratory illness, but also substantial systemic inflammatory, hypercoagulable, and thrombotic states. The ocular effects of COVID-19 have not been well identified at this time; however, there have been established associations of COVID-19 related retinopathy with systemic comorbidities, including yet not limited to hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. Case Presentation A 75-year-old male presented for a routine eye examination 20 days after developing symptoms of COVID-19. He was found to have numerous parapapillary cotton wool spots. After extensive testing to rule out other potential etiologies, it was concluded that the cotton wool spots were caused by his recent COVID-19 infection. The systemic differential diagnoses and possible mechanisms by which the cotton wool spots developed in this case are discussed. Conclusions Understanding the impacts of COVID-19 on ocular health and inclusion of COVID-19 as a differential in a patient with retinopathy and a positive case history for COVID-10 is essential for eyecare professionals. CE Notification This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.
Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lens Management of Infantile Aphakia Status-Post Cataract Extraction
Authors: Levine Melissa 
Published: October 2022

Infants born with congenital cataracts require cataract extraction to prevent lifelong visual impairment resulting from deprivational amblyopia. After lensectomy, two optimal corrective treatment options exist: intraocular lens implantation or contact lens correction. This case presentation describes the etiology, treatment, and successful management of a patient with unilateral infantile aphakia with a rigid contact lens. The seven-week-old patient with a congenital cataract of the right eye was referred to our clinic for a contact lens fitting prior to cataract extraction. Surgeons often do not elect to manage aphakia with artificial lens implantation because the correct intraocular lens parameter is difficult to infer in a rapidly growing child, and surgical complications may occur. While glasses are important for when contact lens wear is not indicated, the high prescription required by these aphakic individuals results in significant visual distortion and aniseikonia. Contact lens correction has shown to be a safe and visually effective alternative to treating infantile aphakes. Various material options exist, including rigid gas permeable and soft lenses. While soft hydrogel lenses may appear more comfortable and less intimidating to a parent, limitations exist including restricted parameter availability for commercially produced lenses and reduced oxygen permeability for custom soft lenses. Rigid contact lenses provide optimal visual correction due to their extensive customizability while also offering high oxygen permeability. This lens modality, in conjunction with proper follow-up monitoring and ophthalmological co-management, provided for successful aphakia treatment in our patient. <br>CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll. (https://www.crojournal.com) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.
Lignins and their potential for use as biopolymers in pharmaceutical engineering - a review
Authors: Zongo Luc , Lange Heiko 
Published: October 2022

Nature offers a diverse set of renewable biopolymers, among them the variety of natural polyphenols, whose structural diversity provides opportunities for further manipulation like the generation of chemicals and novel functional materials. These land‑based renewable biomaterials exhibit also a wide range of heterogeneous intrinsic reactivities and activities that render them ideal starting oligomeric and polymeric materials for the generation of multifunctional supramolecular structures as well as the development of high value-added materials.
Lignins in particular display a variety of common physico‑chemical features that can be of enormous interest with respect to their eventual use in the pharmaceutical area. These natural polyphenols possess some interesting pharmaceutical properties such as antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, antibacterial and eventually antiviral activities. In addition, based on their chemical features, i.e., oligomers and/or polymers of monolignol C9-building blocks. lignins can be exploited in the pharmaceutical sector mainly as material for generation of matrices and carriers for drug delivery. The present work attempts a review of the state of the art in lignin use in pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords
biopolymers, lignins, microcapsules, nanoparticles, renewable resources
Penerapan Edukasi Hukum kepada Masyarakat terhadap Bahaya Minuman Keras Beralkohol di Kota Kendari
Authors: LESTARI DEWI AYU , Tahir Muhammad 
Published: October 2022

Fenomena maraknya perdagangan minuman beralkohol merupakan hal yang sering ditemukan khususnya di Indonesia. Umumnya hal ini terjadi beberapa karena kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah yang menekan produksi minuman beralkohol legal. Penerapan kebijakan pelarangan beredarnya minuman beralkohol sangat jelas bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan nilai dan pola hidup sehat serta meminimalisir tingkat kriminalitas sebagai dampak dari konsumsi alkohol yang menjadi pengaruh besarnya tingkat kriminalitas yang terjadi. Efektifitas hukuman sebagai pemberian efek jera baik kepada pengonsumsi maupun kepada penjual dan produsen. Karena itu dibutuhkan cara represif, preventif dan pre-emtif dalam pengedukasian mengenai bahaya minuman keras, tidak dengan serta merta memberi hukuman dengan tujuan efek jera tetapi lebih mengedepankan edukasi hukum mengenai nilai-nilai yang seharusnya ditaati dan hal yang perlu dihindari khususnya ketika berbicara tentang bahaya minuman keras beralkohol mengenai dampak dan efek sampingnya baik bagi kesehatan maupun bagi lingkungan sekitar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis empiris yaitu suatu pendekatan melalui penelahan dilapangan yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui hukum dalam kenyataan.
'I don't feel like I'm learning how to be a doctor': early insights regarding the impact of Covid-19 on UK medical student professional identity
Authors: Harvey Anna , Brown Megan , Byrne Matthew , Alexander Laith , Wan Jonathan , Ashcroft James , Schindler Nicholas , Brassett Cecilia 
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Professional identity formation is a priority of medical training. Covid-19 caused disruption to medical education. We ask how this disruption impacted professional identity formation through the lens of the activities performed – or not performed – by medical students during the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic, and perceptions of conflicts between these activities.

Methods

A pragmatic mixed-methods survey was distributed to medical students in the UK. The survey was active from 2nd May to 15th June 2020, during the height of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. Operating within the paradigm of constructivism, we conducted a reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative responses to three open questions. Analysis was focused around the disruption to medical education, actions taken by medical students during this disruption, and the tension between student actions (where they existed in conflict).

Results

We analysed 928 responses and constructed three themes:

Status and role as a future doctor
Status and role as a student
Status and role as a member of the wider community

Conflict arose at the intersections between these three themes. Students noted that lack of clinical exposure was detrimental to their education, implicitly recognising that some aspects of professional identity formation require the clinical environment. Participants were keen to volunteer clinically, but struggled to balance this and academic work. Participants worried about risk to their families and the wider community and wanted to ensure their skills added value to the clinical environment. Volunteers felt frustrated when they were unable to perform tasks aligning with their identity as a future doctor. An exception was participants who worked as interim FY1s, aligned with the role of an FY1.

Conclusions

Medical students feel a duty to help during crises. There is conflict when different aspects of their identity demand different actions. Covid-19 heightened issues with developing professional identity for medical students, including lack of a defined role, and perceived undervaluing of their skills by other members of the healthcare team. Care must be taken to nurture professional identity formation even during periods of disruption.
China in the Rise and Fall of the “New World Order”
Authors: Hung Ho-fung 
Published: October 2022

In the aftermath of the End of Cold War in the early 1990s, a “New World Order” grounded on economic globalism and US unipolar global power emerged. The US fomented open markets around the world, and it also adopted a democracy-human rights promotion project, either in the form of Clinton’s humanitarian intervention or G. W. Bush’s regime change. One ironic cornerstone of this Order was US’s quasi-alliance with state-capitalist and authoritarian China. Given China’s “unlimited supply” of disciplined low cost labor which manufactured consumer goods for the world in exchange for US dollar to be cycled back to support expanding US fiscal deficit, this quasi-alliance helped cement the US-centered global circuit of finance and trade and warrant the global supremacy of the US military. However, the contradictions between US capital and China’s state capitalism, China’s newfound capability of sustaining authoritarian regime abroad, and the explosive inequalities under manufacturing offshoring in the Global North have been eroding the legitimacy and popular support of this New World Order in both Global North and South. When this Order is coming to crash today, the world economy is fragmenting into competing spheres of influence dominated by rival powers.
Southeast Asia among the Powers
Authors: Dittmer Lowell 
Published: October 2022

Southeast Asia, a balkanized and much fought-over periphery during the Cold War, seemed to come to its own in its aftermath. The powers withdrew, economic growth took off, and ASEAN not only brought peace to Southeast Asia but spread its ideals to all of Asia via a medley of expanded multilateral conferences. But the return of great power politics since 2010 has placed Southeast Asia in an uncomfortable position. On the one hand it benefits from the competitive solicitude of the powers but it must also struggle to maintain its independence. This chapter views ASEAN’s position in the context of two composite triangles: a regional triangle with China and Japan, and an international triangle with China and America. China’s size, ambition and proximity make it an inevitable partner, while triangular diplomacy provides two hedges.
Conclusion
Authors: Dittmer Lowell 
Published: October 2022

East Asia currently finds itself in disorder. It is thriving economically but is politically and ideologically disorganized, and nascent order is ineffectively defended. As a high-growth region Asia is not unacquainted with disorder, but this is a new kind of disorder. Previous disorders occurred within the clear and stable ideological framework of the Cold War. But the Cold War is no more, and though some yearn to return via “decoupling,” that would be a difficult and costly undertaking, and there is no consensus on what should replace it. It is too soon to outline the future order toward which the region may be moving, as all the options have problems. China’s “win-win” proposal of a “community with shared future for mankind” is vague and has a credibility gap. The ASEAN Charter offers an appealing vision, but ASEAN lacks teeth to enforce either internal consensus or external security. The “Free and Open Asia-Pacific” framework, anchored in the Quad, is likewise a promising idea, divided however between its military and diplomatic emphases.
Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species
Authors: Sagorny Christina , Döhren Jörn von , Rouse Greg W. , Tilic Ekin 
Published: October 2022

The taxonomy of ribbon worms (Nemertea) is particularly challenging due to the sparsity of distinct morphological characters, causing a significant underestimation of the group’s true diversity. The number of named deep-sea species is very limited and there is a vast number of undescribed deep-sea nemerteans still to be discovered. In this paper we figuratively ‘cut the ribbon’ and name seven new species of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans from seeps and seamounts along the Costa Rican margin, one from seeps along the Oregon margin, and one from vents of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, USA. The species Chernyshevia escarpiaphila gen. et sp. nov. and five species of the genus Alvinonemertes gen. nov. (Alvinonemertes dariae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes dagmarae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes christianeae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes claudiae gen. et sp. nov., Alvinonemertes tatjanae gen. et sp. nov.) represent Oerstediina, whereas the three species Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov., and Tetrastemma strandae sp. nov. represent Amphiporina. One species of tubulanid palaeonemerteans is described but not provided with a species name due to lacking sequence data for comparison. Additionally, we provide sequence data for one lineid heteronemertean, one reptant hoplonemertean, and two further eumonostiliferan hoplonemertean species. We use an integrative, turbotaxonomic approach combining DNA sequence data with concise morphological descriptions and fully digitized serial histological sections made available as cybertypes.
Horse welfare: A joint assessment of four categories of behavioural indicators using the AWIN protocol, scan sampling and surveys
Authors: Ruet A , Arnould C , Lemarchand J , Parias C , Mach N , Moisan M-P , Foury A , Briant C , Lansade L 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDomesticated horses(Equus caballus)can be exposed to a compromised welfare state and detecting a deterioration in welfare is essential to modify the animals’ living conditions appropriately. This study focused on four categories of behavioural indicators, as markers of poor welfare: stereotypies, aggressiveness towards humans, unresponsiveness to the environment and hypervigilance. In the scientific literature, at least three assessment methods can be used to evaluate them: the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocol, behavioural observations using scans and surveys. The question remains as to whether all these three methods allow an effective assessment of the four categories of behavioural indicators. To address this issue, the repeatability at a three-month interval and convergent validity of each measure (correlations between methods) were investigated on 202 horses housed in loose boxes. Overall, the repeatability and convergent validity were limited, highlighting the difficulty in assessing these indicators in horses. However, stereotypies and aggressiveness measures showed higher repeatability and convergent validity than those of unresponsiveness to the environment and hypervigilance. Behavioural observations using scans enabled the four categories of behavioural indicators to be detected more effectively. Suggestions of improvements are proposed for one-off measures such as those performed with the AWIN protocol. Regardless of the assessment method, very limited correlations were observed between the four categories of behavioural indicators, suggesting that they should all be included in a set of indicators used to assess the welfare state of horses, in conjunction with physiological and health measures.
Managing long-term wellness in captive sea turtles
Authors: Wood LD 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCircumstances surrounding advances in stranding response and veterinary care have created a growing need for the long-term housing of captive sea turtles. However, the difficulty in recreating natural conditions in captive settings places a responsibility on caregivers to offset wild-type behavioural deficits with enrichment programming that is, preferably, commensurate with the limitations of each enclosure. Though standardised, multi-institutional behavioural monitoring programmes are currently lacking for marine turtles, facilities housing (or planning to house) sea turtles for the long-term are strongly advised to include ‘wellness’ as a fundamental part of their animal care protocol. Here, concepts of wellness and enrichment in sea turtles are reviewed, and a framework for developing longterm behavioural monitoring programming is provided.
A simple, cost-effective colorimetric assay for aluminum ions via complexation with the flavonoid rutin
Authors: Arnold Anne M. , Kennedy Zachary C. , Hutchison Janine R. 
Published: October 2022

Aluminum has been linked to deleterious health effects with high concentration, chronic exposure, creating a need for innovative detection techniques. Colorimetric assays are an ideal approach since they are simple, cost-effective, and field adaptable. Yet, commercially available colorimetric assays for aluminum are limited since it forms few colored chelation complexes. Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds, are one of the few examples that create colored aluminum complexes. Aluminum ions (Al3+) are the main constituent in colorimetric assays for flavonoid detection in food or plant samples. Our assay design was based on colorimetric flavonoid assays, where the assay reported herein was optimized. Specifically, the flavonoid rutin concentration and sample-to-rutin volume ratio (295:5 µL) were optimized to detect Al3+ at low µM concentrations in samples. The assay performed comparably, and in some instances better, than those requiring advanced instrumentation and previously reported colorimetric assays, with a linear range (1–8 µM), sensitivity (7.6 nM), limit of detection (79.8 nM), and limit of quantification (266 nM) for Al3+. The colorimetric assay was accurate (99 ≤ 108 ± 4 ≤ 6% Al3+ recovery), precise (low intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.1 ≤ 5.9% and 4.4%, respectively), and selective for Al3+ ions compared to solutions containing a variety of other mono-, di-, and tri-cations at much higher concentrations (10- to 100-fold higher). Lastly, the colorimetric assay was applicable to complex analysis. It was used to generate a chelation curve depicting the Al3+ chelation capacity of sodium alginate, a biologically derived polymer used as a bioink for 3D bioprinting.