bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core Outcome Sets in Child Health
Authors: Lei Ruobing , Shen Quan , Yang Bo , Hou Tianchun , Liu Hui , Luo Xufei , Li Yuehuan , Zhang Junhua , Norris Susan L. , Chen Yaolong 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceDeveloping core outcome sets is essential to ensure that results of clinical trials are comparable and useful. A number of core outcome sets in pediatrics have been published, but a comprehensive in-depth understanding of core outcome sets in this field is lacking.ObjectiveTo systematically identify core outcome sets in child health, collate the diseases to which core outcome sets have been applied, describe the methods used for development and stakeholder participation, and evaluate the methodological quality of existing core outcome sets.Evidence ReviewMEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched using relevant search terms, such as clinical trials, core outcome, and children, along with relevant websites, such as Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET). Four researchers worked in teams of 2, performed literature screening and data extraction, and evaluated the methodological quality of core outcome sets using the Core Outcome Set–Standards for Development (COS-STAD).FindingsA total of 77 pediatric core outcome sets were identified, mainly developed by organizations or researchers in Europe, North America, and Australia and mostly from the UK (22 [29%]) and the US (22 [29%]). A total of 77 conditions were addressed; the most frequent International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision category was diseases of the digestive system (14 [18%]). Most of the outcomes in pediatric core outcome sets were unordered (34 [44%]) or presented in custom classifications (29 [38%]). Core outcome sets used 1 or more of 8 development methods; the most frequent combination of methods was systematic review/literature review/scoping review, together with the Delphi approach and consensus for decision-making (10 [14%]). Among the 6 main types of stakeholders, clinical experts were the most frequently involved (74 [100%]), while industry representatives were rarely involved (4 [5%]). Only 6 core outcome sets (8%) met the 12 criteria of COS-STAD.Conclusions and RelevanceFuture quality of pediatric core outcome sets should be improved based on the standards proposed by the COMET initiative, while core outcome sets methodology and reporting standards should be extended to pediatric populations to help improve the quality of core outcome sets in child health. In addition, the COMET outcome taxonomy should also add items applicable to children.
Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Among Refugee Children and Adolescents Living in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
Authors: Foverskov Else , White Justin S. , Frøslev Trine , Sørensen Henrik T. , Hamad Rita 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceRefugee children and adolescents are at increased risk of mental health difficulties, but little is known about how the characteristics of the neighborhood in which they resettle may affect vulnerability and resilience.ObjectiveTo test whether neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with risk of psychiatric disorders among refugee children and adolescents and examine whether the association differs by sex, age at arrival, and family structure.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis quasi-experimental register-based cohort study included refugees in Denmark aged 0 to 16 years at the time of resettlement from 1986 to 1998. A refugee dispersal policy implemented during those years assigned housing to refugee families in neighborhoods with varying degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage in a quasi-random (ie, arbitrary) manner conditional on refugee characteristics observed by placement officers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and risk of psychiatric disorders, adjusting for relevant baseline covariates.ExposuresA neighborhood disadvantage index combining information on levels of income, education, unemployment, and welfare assistance in the refugees’ initial quasi-randomly assigned neighborhood.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFirst-time inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder before age 30 years.ResultsMedian (IQR) baseline age in the sample of 18 709 refugee children and adolescents was 7.9 (4.7-11.7) years; 8781 participants (46.9%) were female and 9928 (53.1%) were male. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 16.1 (10.2-20.8) years, 1448 refugees (7.7%) were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (incidence rate, 51.2 per 10 000 person-years). An increase of 1 SD in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an 11% increase in the hazard of a psychiatric disorders (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21). This association did not differ between male and female individuals, refugees who arrived at different ages, or those from single- vs dual-parent households. In secondary analyses using prescribed psychiatric medication as the outcome, a similar association with neighborhood disadvantage was found (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an increase in risk of psychiatric disorders. The results suggest that placement of refugee families in advantaged neighborhoods and efforts to enhance the neighborhood context in disadvantaged areas may improve mental health among refugee children and adolescents.
Optimizing Conducting Polymer Top Electrodes for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Wanxia , Dong Xinyun , Zhou Xianmin , Lu Xin , Liu Yang , Chen Jianping , Xie Cong , Zhou Yinhua 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising solution‐processed electrode for printable organic solar cells (OSCs). PEDOT:PSS‐based top electrode has been used in fullerene OSCs, but hasn't been successfully used in nonfullerene OSCs. The PEDOT:PSS electrode suffers energy level mismatch with emerging nonfullerene active layers and poor wettability on the top of those active layers. In this work, two types of PEDOT (alcohol‐dispersed PEDOT:F and aqueous PEDOT:PSS PH1000) are combined to fabricate efficient top electrodes for nonfullerene OSCs. The alcohol‐dispersed PEDOT:F solves the issues of the energy level mismatch and poor wetting. PEDOT:PSS is transfer‐printed onto the PEDOT:F to obtain high electrical conductivity for hole collection. Nonfullerene OSCs with the PEDOT:F/PEDOT:PSS polymer top electrodes (vacuum‐free processing) show power conversion efficiency of 12.46% based on PM6:Y6:PC71BM active layer.
Heterogeneous Interfacial Layers Derived from the In Situ Reaction of CoF2 Nanoparticles with Sodium Metal for Dendrite‐Free Na Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Liu Fanfan , Wang Yujie , Yao Yu , Shao Yu , Rui Xianhong , Wu Feixiang , Yu Yan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSodium‐metal batteries, with high energy density and low cost, are emerging stars in the field of large‐scale energy storage and power batteries. The application of sodium metal is hindered by side reactions between the active sodium metal anode and the electrolyte, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and dendrite growth caused by the uneven distribution of sodium ions. Here, heterogeneous interface layer composed of the sodium fluoride and metallic cobalt (NaF/Co) is constructed in situ and spontaneously by introducing the CoF2 nanoparticles confined in carbon to the Na metal surface. The NaF/Co artificial interface layer with high Young's modulus, high Na+ conductivity, high surface energy, and strong sodiophilicity renders the Na+ evenly distributed, suppresses Na‐dendrite growth, and reduces side reaction with electrolyte. Due to these virtues, the Na||Na symmetric cells with NaF/Co interface layers demonstrate long cycle life (1000 h at 1.0 mA cm−2, 1.0 mAh cm−2). Moreover, when the NaF/Co/Na anode is matched with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the produced full battery (Na3V2(PO4)3||NaF/Co/Na) exhibits a long lifespan of 1000 cycles at 15 C and a high‐rate capacity of ≈52 mAh g−1 at 60 C. This work provides a new strategy to solve the dendrite growth of Na metal anodes.
Unusual lesions seen in the caudals of the hadrosaur, Edmontosaurus annectens
Authors: Anné Jennifer , Whitney Megan , Brocklehurst Robert , Donnelly Kevin , Rothschild Bruce 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe study of pathologies in the fossil record allows for unique insights into the physiology, immunology, biomechanics, and daily life history of extinct organisms. This is especially important in organisms that have body structures dissimilar to those of extant organisms as well as transitional groups whose extant relatives may have very dissimilar physiologies. Comparisons between modern groups and their fossil ancestors are further complicated by the fact that fossil groups may have experienced unique biomechanical stresses as well as possessing a mixture of anatomical features seen in their related extant groups. In this study, we present lesions in the caudal vertebrae of the hadrosaur, Edmontosaurus annectens from the Ruth Mason Dinosaur Quarry of South Dakota, which exhibit unique morphologies. X‐ray microtomography was performed on the most extreme example of this morphology to allow for both a detailed and more accurate diagnosis of the pathologic condition as well as virtual conservation of the specimen. Based on the location, the overall morphology of the lesion, and the relative “normal” appearance of the internal microstructure, the most probable cause is postulated as long‐term biomechanical stresses exerted on this section of the tail by both lateral and dorsoventral motions of the tail. This deduction was based on a process of elimination for a variety of known osteological conditions; however, future work is needed to determine the nature of the stresses and why this condition has not been recorded in more hadrosaurian specimens.
Investigation of the Transporting Behavior of Framework DNA Nano‐Devices Across the Artificial Blood‐Brain Barrier (BBB)
Authors: Chen Xiao , Liu Dunfang , Wu Yuanyuan , Yao Han , Xia Qian , Yang Yang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study focused on exploring the ability of self‐assembled DNA frameworks to cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). We designed and assembled a series of DNA origami structures with equal quantity of nucleic acid materials but different morphologies and rigidities, such as barrel, soccer ball, icosahedron, and compared their transport efficiency in an in vitro BBB model. It was observed that the relatively large and soft structures could better penetrate the BBB through a lysosome irrelative transcytosis process, while the smallest and most rigid structure was blocked severally accompanied with an obvious lysosome digestion once internalized by the endothelial cells.
Charge‐Transfer Transitions Govern the Reactivity and Photophysics of Vicinally Diphosphanyl‐Substituted Diborapentacenes
Authors: Jin Tao , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Mewes Jan‐Michael , Wagner Matthias 
Published: September 2022

Abstract2,3‐Difluoro‐5,14‐dihydro‐5,14‐diborapentacene (DBP) was endowed with two vicinal Ph2P groups by an SNAr reaction at both CF sites using Ph2PSiMe3. Computations reveal the ambipolar product P to undergo P‐to‐B charge transfer under ambient light irradiation. Consequently, P is prone to photooxidation by air, yielding the Ph2P(O) species PO. With S8 or [Me3O][BF4], P furnishes the Ph2P(S) or Ph2P(Me)+ derivatives PS or [PMe][BF4]2. Along the series P, PO, PS, and [PMe][BF4]2, the redox potentials shift anodically from E1/2=−1.89 V to −1.02 V (CH2Cl2). Thus, derivatization of the Ph2P group allows late‐stage modulation of the LUMO‐energy level of the DBP. Derivatization also influences the emission properties of the compounds, as PO shows green (521 nm) and [PMe][BF4]2 red (622 nm) fluorescence in C6H6, while P and PS are dark. With CuBr and AgBr, P forms dimeric [M(μ‐Br)]2 complexes [PCu]2 and [PAg]2, which show pronounced metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT), making P a promising ligand for photocatalysts.
Observing Nearby Nuclei on Paramagnetic Trityls and MOFs via DNP and Electron Decoupling
Authors: Tan Kong Ooi , Yang Luming , Mardini Michael , Boon Cheong Choon , Driesschaert Benoit , Dincă Mircea , Griffin Robert G. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an NMR sensitivity enhancement technique that mediates polarization transfer from unpaired electrons to NMR‐active nuclei. Despite its success in elucidating important structural information on biological and inorganic materials, the detailed polarization‐transfer pathway from the electrons to the nearby and then the bulk solvent nuclei, and finally to the molecules of interest‐remains unclear. In particular, the nuclei in the paramagnetic polarizing agent play significant roles in relaying the enhanced NMR polarizations to more remote nuclei. Despite their importance, the direct NMR observation of these nuclei is challenging because of poor sensitivity. Here, we show that a combined DNP and electron decoupling approach can facilitate direct NMR detection of these nuclei. We achieved an ∼80 % improvement in NMR intensity via electron decoupling at 0.35 T and 80 K on trityl radicals. Moreover, we recorded a DNP enhancement factor of
∼90 and ∼11 % higher NMR intensity using electron decoupling on paramagnetic metal‐organic framework, magnesium hexaoxytriphenylene (MgHOTP MOF).
Effects of the Pt Shell Thickness on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on a Well‐Defined Pd@Pt Core‐Shell Model Surface
Authors: Hashiguchi Yuta , Nakamura Isao , Honma Tetsuo , Matsushita Toshiyuki , Murayama Haruno , Tokunaga Makoto , Choe Yoong‐Kee , Fujitani Tadahiro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe effect of the Pt shell thickness on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of a Pd@Pt core‐shell catalyst was studied using surface science technics and computational approaches. We found Pt shells on Pd rods to be negatively charged because of charge transfer from the Pd substrate when the shell thicknesses were 0.5 or 1 monolayer (ML). The activities of the ORR of the model surface with a Pt shell of 0.5 or 1 ML were similar and more than twice the activities of a Pt/C or Pt rod. The relationship between the ORR activity and the thickness of the Pt shell was the exact opposite of the relationship between the Pt binding energy and the Pt shell thickness. The indication was that more negatively charged Pt had higher ORR activity. Density functional theory calculations confirmed that a single layer of Pt atoms located on Pd was negatively charged compared to pure Pt and resulted in a lower barrier to the rate‐limiting step of the ORR.
Surface microstructures and oxygen evolution properties of cobalt oxide deposited on Ir(111) and Pt(111) single crystal substrates
Authors: Todoroki Naoto , Tsurumaki Hiroto , Shinomiya Arata , Wadayama Toshimasa 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe investigated the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity changes of cobalt oxide (CoOx) thin films on Ir(111) and Pt(111) substrates by repeated OER measurements in 0.1 M KOH. Atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the as‐prepared CoOx/Ir(111) and CoOx/Pt(111) showed similar surface morphologies of the CoOx thin films and almost the same OER overpotentials, which were estimated to be around 430 mV. However, after three OER measurements, the overpotential of CoOx/Ir(111) decreased by 70 mV, whereas that of CoOx/Pt(111) increased slightly. Structural analysis showed that CoOx/Ir(111) revealed the island‐like nanostructures of CoOx dispersed on Ir(111) surface, accompanied by the generation of CoOOH. In contrast, for CoOx/Pt(111), the Pt(111) substrate remains covered by the CoOx thin film. The results suggest that the interaface at CoOx (CoOOH) nano‐islands and Ir(111) substrate are responsible for reducing the OER overpotential.
Emulation of greenhouse‐gas sensitivities using variational autoencoders
Authors: Cartwright Laura , Zammit‐Mangion Andrew , Deutscher Nicholas M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFlux inversion is the process by which sources and sinks of a gas are identified from observations of gas mole fraction. The inversion often involves running a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) to generate simulations of the gas movement over a domain of interest. The LPDM must be run backward in time for every gas measurement, and this can be computationally prohibitive. To address this problem, here we develop a novel spatio‐temporal emulator for LPDM sensitivities that is built using a convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE, a two‐piece neural network capable of condensing and reconstructing images). With the encoder segment of the CVAE, we obtain approximate (variational) posterior distributions over latent variables in a low‐dimensional space. We then use a spatio‐temporal Gaussian process emulator on the low‐dimensional space to emulate new variables at prediction locations and time points. Emulated variables are then passed through the decoder segment of the CVAE to yield emulated sensitivities. We show that our CVAE‐based emulator outperforms the more traditional emulator built using empirical orthogonal functions and that it can be used with different LPDMs. We conclude that our emulation‐based approach can be used to reliably reduce the computing time needed to generate LPDM outputs for use in high‐resolution flux inversions.
Pesticide concentration monitoring: Investigating spatio‐temporal patterns in left censored data
Authors: Laroche Clément , Olteanu Madalina , Rossi Fabrice 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMonitoring pesticide concentration is very important for public authorities given the major concerns for environmental safety and the likelihood for increased public health risks. An important aspect of this process consists in locating abnormal signals, from a large amount of collected data. This kind of data is usually complex since it suffers from limits of quantification leading to left censored observations, and from the sampling procedure which is irregular in time and space across measuring stations. The present manuscript tackles precisely the issue of detecting spatio‐temporal collective anomalies in pesticide concentration levels, and introduces a novel methodology for dealing with spatio‐temporal heterogeneity. The latter combines a change‐point detection procedure applied to the series of maximum daily values across all stations, and a clustering step aimed at a spatial segmentation of the stations. Limits of quantification are handled in the change‐point procedure, by supposing an underlying left‐censored parametric model, piece‐wise stationary. Spatial segmentation takes into account the geographical conditions, and may be based on river network, wind directions and so forth. Conditionally to the temporal segment and the spatial cluster, one may eventually analyze the data and identify contextual anomalies. The proposed procedure is illustrated in detail on a data set containing the prosulfocarb concentration levels in surface waters in Centre‐Val de Loire region.
Numerical study on the inhomogeneity of the contact layer between solid oxide electrolysis cell anode and the interconnect
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Yu Yutian , Cheng Fupeng , Lu Yue , Guan Chengzhi , Xie Leidong , Wang Jian‐Qiang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlthough the anode‐side contact layer plays a vital role in the performance improvement of solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) stacks, it is hard to prevent defect formation in the process of cell manufacture. Due to the difficulty of in situ observation, in this study, a 2D SOEC model was built to investigate the defects' impacts on the cell regarding laminar fluid flow, steady‐state heat transfer, and electrochemistry. The finite element method was employed to solve the governing equations. The parameters in the calculating field in terms of gas velocity, current density, and temperature were evaluated to identify the impacts of the defects on the contact layer. This evaluation showed that numerically computed temperatures around the defects substantially differ from the main cell, which can lead to stress maldistribution and ultimately result in the delamination between the contact layer and anode.
Maximum utility portfolio construction in the forward freight agreement markets: Evidence from a multivariate skewed t copula
Authors: Gong Yuting , Wang Xueqin , Zhu Mo , Ge Ying‐En , Shi Wenming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe form portfolios consisting of diverse quarterly forward freight agreement (FFA) contracts to maximize the market participant's expected utility. The empirical findings indicate that individual FFA returns display clear autocorrelation, seasonality, fat tail, and heteroscedasticity. The multivariate positively skewed t copula is suggested for constructing maximum utility FFA portfolios, implying that the constituent FFA returns exhibit higher correlations when they rise together. The out‐of‐sample trading strategy performance metrics and various robustness checks further indicate that the aforementioned copula performs best and robustly for all portfolios. These findings provide profound methodological and managerial implications for market participants to improve risk management.
Short‐term effects of a novel bronchial drainage device: A pilot cohort study in subjects with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Schmidt Hanna , Toth Monika , Kappler‐Schorn Christine , Siebeneich Ute , Bode Sebastian F. N. , Fabricius Dorit 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsIn cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, impaired airway mucociliary clearance and mucus accumulation due to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator defects contribute to inflammation, progressive structural lung damage, and decline of lung function. Physiotherapy is essential to promote mucus mobilization and removal in CF and is a key element of rehabilitation measures, but conventional techniques may be suboptimal to mobilize viscous mucus. This study aimed to test the specific effects of a novel bronchial drainage device (BDD) (Simeox®; PhysioAssist) in subjects with CF and evaluate lung function, diaphragm mobility, and sputum properties.MethodsThis prospective monocentric clinical cohort study in the setting of outpatient physiotherapy of CF patients (n = 21) with stable CF lung disease collected pulmonary lung function tests (PFT), diaphragm mobility, and sputum properties before and after two physiotherapy sessions using the novel BDD. PFT was assessed using spirometry and diaphragm mobility using m‐mode ultrasound analysis. Spontaneous sputum samples were collected before and after using the BDD and analyzed for microstructure and DNA concentrations.ResultsPFT parameters (FEV1, FVC, MEF25/50/75) were not affected by the use of the BDD. Ultrasound analysis of diaphragm mobility revealed an increase in maximum diaphragm excursion upon the intervention. Mucus analysis demonstrated altered microstructure and higher DNA concentrations collected after using the BDD compared to samples collected before. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between changes in mucus properties and DNA levels in respective mucus samples.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that the novel BDD improves diaphragm mobility and alters sputum properties in subjects with CF. The novel BDD with unique properties may be further studied as a device in CF‐specific physiotherapy to facilitate sputum mobilization of CF patients.