bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding healthcare workers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: Overcoming gaps to improve public health response
Authors: Mo James , Maples Catherine J. , Harris Amanda , Meyer Monica P. , Chopra Teena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Vaccines serve as a major tool against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but vaccine hesitancy remains a major concern in the United States. Healthcare workers (HCWs) strongly influence a patient’s decision to get vaccinated. We evaluated HCW knowledge and attitudes regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.
Optimizing the interpretation of Clostridioides difficile two-step diagnostic algorithm results through antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Lowe Christopher F. , Shakeraneh Shayan , Lee Colin , Sharma Azra , Leung Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Over a 4-year period, the antimicrobial stewardship team reviewed all positive (PCR+/Tox+) and indeterminate (PCR+/Tox−) cases with the most responsible physician for classification of patients as infection or colonization. Among 501 indeterminate samples, 213 (43%) were considered to be clinical infection, suggesting the need for ongoing clinical assessment of indeterminates.
Getting ready for primetime: Paths to acquiring substance-free phonology
Authors: Samuels Bridget D. , Andersson Samuel , Sayeed Ollie , Vaux Bert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSubstance-free phonology (SFP) is based on the hypothesis that phonological computation makes no reference to phonetic substance, and that phonological features are treated as arbitrary symbols for the purposes of computation. However, phonologists within the SFP tradition disagree about whether the content of phonological features is innate or learned (“emergent”), and if learned, whether the acquisition process is based on phonological patterning alone or refers to phonetic substance. In the present article we identify predictive differences between these accounts. We conclude that there is an innate basis to phonological features, but that featural content is not innate. We suggest that a hybrid phonetic-phonological approach to feature content acquisition may ultimately be the most successful.
Embedding alternative dispute resolution in the civil justice system: a taxonomy for ADR referrals and a digital pathway to increase the uptake of ADR
Authors: Cortés Pablo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper examines in three parts how ADR is being embedded into the English civil justice system. Section 1 discusses how courts encourage settlements, and it argues that while mounting costs in litigation lead to negotiated settlements, the participation in ADR primarily mainly occurs when parties are referred to it in a timely manner. Section 2 investigates the time when disputants are referred to ADR, and it proposes a taxonomy formed by three stages in the dispute life cycle: (1) before parties contemplate litigation; (2) at the pre-action phase as a pre-condition to issue a claim; and (3) after a defence is entered. Section 3 notes that the court digitalisation program is increasing ADR referrals across the above three stages, and it argues that these referrals will be more effective when they are timely and coupled with suitable incentives and sanctions, but the latter must take into consideration the parties’ power asymmetries.
Multimodal mechanisms of political discourse dynamics and the case of Germany’s nuclear energy phase-out
Authors: Haunss Sebastian , Hollway James 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe 2011 policy pivot of the German government, from extending nuclear power plants terms to securing their shutdown for 2022, cannot be explained without looking at how the German political discourse network shifted in the months following Fukushima. This paper seeks to model and identify mechanisms that help explain how the two-mode network of political actors’ support for claims developed. We identify possible mechanisms to explain discourse dynamics from literature on political discourse and discourse networks, and extend homophily mechanisms to two-mode networks as “tertius” effects. We then introduce and employ a multimodal extension of dynamic network actor models to answer two questions key to how the discourse has evolved: which actors support claims more frequently and which claims they support. Our results indicate that mechanisms vary according to the discursive phase, but that powerful actors participate in the discourse more often, and actors tend to support claims that have already found support by cross-party coalitions. These are the two most prominent mechanisms that help to explain the dramatic nuclear policy change in Germany after Fukushima.
The effects of peracetic acid solution on the treatment of otomycosis in an animal model: a new antifungal drug?
Authors: Nemati S , Akbarpour M , Lotfali E , Nosrati R , Rafiee E , Zebardast N 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of 1 per cent and 0.01 per cent peracetic acid as an antifungal agent in animal otomycosis.MethodAfter creating a superficial scratch in the external auditory canal of guinea pigs, a suspension of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and candida were inoculated into the ears of the animals. After otomycosis, the effect of 1 per cent or 0.01 per cent peracetic acid on otomycosis was evaluated by otomicroscopy and culture at 10 days post-treatment and compared with 2 per cent acetic acid as the control.ResultsA 10-day treatment with 1 per cent peracetic acid and 2 per cent acetic acid (control) showed normal otomicroscopy and negative cultures compared with 0.01 per cent peracetic acid. Drug sedimentation or other side effects in the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane were not observed during treatment with peracetic acid.ConclusionThe findings of this study confirm that the treatment of otomycosis with 1 per cent peracetic acid in an animal model is beneficial and may be a novel therapeutic treatment for otomycosis.
Zooplankton Fecal Pellet Characteristics and Contribution to the Deep‐Sea Carbon Export in the Southern South China Sea
Authors: Li Jiaying , Liu Zhifei , Lin Baozhi , Zhao Yulong , Cao Junyuan , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Jingwen , Ling Chen , Ma Pengfei , Wu Jiawang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractZooplankton fecal pellets play a significant role in particulate organic carbon (POC) export, which has been widely reported in different ocean regions. However, zooplankton fecal pellet in the tropical marginal sea and its contribution to the total POC flux has not been sufficiently investigated yet. Here, for the first time we report zooplankton fecal pellet characteristics and fluxes in the South China Sea from June 2020 to May 2021 via one mooring with two sediment traps deployed at 500 and 2,190 m depths. Average fecal pellet numerical flux was 2.30 × 104 and 4.22 × 104 pellets m−2 d−1 at 500 and 2,190 m, respectively, corresponding to average fecal pellet carbon (FPC) flux from 0.31 to 0.71 mg C m−2 d−1. Small ellipsoidal and spherical pellets accounted for more than 90% of the total numerical flux, while large cylindrical pellets, although relatively rare (6%), accounted for almost 15% of the FPC flux. Both fecal pellet numerical and carbon fluxes were higher in winter, when the strong East Asian winter monsoon winds and heavy rainfall promoted the marine primary production. Higher fecal pellet fluxes combining with the presence of extra‐large pellets at 2,190 m compared to those at 500 m suggested the in‐situ repackaging of deep‐dwelling zooplankton communities in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Contribution of fecal pellets to the total POC flux ranged from 0.4% to 30.0% (averaging 9.0%), with higher values occurring during winter monsoon, at which time fecal pellets became a critical conveyor of carbon export to the deep sea.
Quantifying the Contributions of Regional Human Activities and Global Climate Change to the Regional Climate in a Typical Mountain‐Oasis‐Desert System of Arid Central Asia From 1979 to 2018
Authors: Zhang Miao , Zhou Yanzhao , Li Xin , Sun Ziyong , Yang Guoqing , Xie Zhenghui 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMany studies have examined the influence of global climate change and regional human activities on the climate of arid Central Asia, but their separate contributions have rarely been reported due to lack of a comprehensive description of regional human activities, especially the irrigation process, in the model. In this study, we conducted two sets of 40‐year continuous simulations with and without human activities to distinguish the effects of regional human activities and global climate change on the surface air temperature (T2), humidity (Q2) and precipitation of a typical mountain‐oasis‐desert system in northern Tianshan by using a modified WRF‐Noah model with irrigation processes. The results indicated that the annual average T2, Q2 and convective precipitation during the past 40 years increased by 0.393°C, 0.063 g/kg and 0.014 mm/d, respectively, and the annual average large‐scale precipitation and total annual average precipitation decreased by approximately −0.017 and −0.003 mm/d, respectively. Regional human activities contributed 52.63% and 50.38% of the change in large‐scale precipitation and total precipitation, respectively, while global climate change accounted for more than 80% of the change in temperature and humidity. Among the human activities, irrigation had the largest impact on T2/Q2 over the local irrigation region and on precipitation in the upstream Tianshan mountainous area. However, for the whole region, the increase in the green vegetation fraction was the core factor that impacted the regional climate. Our results can deepen the understanding of the attribution and mechanism of climate change and provide water and heat change references for other mountain‐oasis‐desert systems in arid endorheic regions.
PACEMweb: a tool for aggregate consumer exposure assessment
Authors: Delmaar Christiaan J. E. , Schreurs Roel , Bakker Martine I. , Minnema Jordi , Bokkers Bas G. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
To ascertain the safe use of chemicals that are used in multiple consumer products, the aggregate human exposure, arising from combined use of multiple consumer products needs to be assessed.

Objective
In this work the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model (PACEM) is presented and discussed. PACEM is implemented in the publicly available web tool, PACEMweb, for aggregate consumer exposure assessment.

Methods
PACEM uses a person-oriented simulation method that is based on realistic product usage information obtained in surveys from several European countries. PACEM evaluates aggregate exposure in a population considering individual use and co-use patterns as well as variation in product composition. Product usage data is included on personal care products (PCPs) and household cleaning products (HCPs).

Results
PACEM has been implemented in a web tool that supports broad use in research as well as regulatory risk assessment. PACEM has been evaluated in a number of applications, testing and illustrating the advantage of the person-oriented modeling method. Also, PACEM assessments have been evaluated by comparing its results with biomonitoring information.

Significance
PACEM enables the assessment of realistic aggregate exposure to chemicals in consumer products. It provides detailed insight into the distribution of exposure in a population as well as products that contribute the most to exposure. This allows for better informed decision making in the risk management of chemicals.

Impact
Realistic assessment of the total, aggregate exposure of consumers to chemicals in consumer products is necessary to guarantee the safe use of chemicals in these products. PACEMweb provides, for the first time, a publicly available tool to assist in realistic aggregate exposure assessment of consumers to chemicals in consumer products.
A unifying Bayesian framework for merging X-ray diffraction data
Authors: Dalton Kevin M. , Greisman Jack B. , Hekstra Doeke R. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNovel X-ray methods are transforming the study of the functional dynamics of biomolecules. Key to this revolution is detection of often subtle conformational changes from diffraction data. Diffraction data contain patterns of bright spots known as reflections. To compute the electron density of a molecule, the intensity of each reflection must be estimated, and redundant observations reduced to consensus intensities. Systematic effects, however, lead to the measurement of equivalent reflections on different scales, corrupting observation of changes in electron density. Here, we present a modern Bayesian solution to this problem, which uses deep learning and variational inference to simultaneously rescale and merge reflection observations. We successfully apply this method to monochromatic and polychromatic single-crystal diffraction data, as well as serial femtosecond crystallography data. We find that this approach is applicable to the analysis of many types of diffraction experiments, while accurately and sensitively detecting subtle dynamics and anomalous scattering.
Selective CO2 electroreduction to methanol via enhanced oxygen bonding
Authors: Zhang Gong , Wang Tuo , Zhang Mengmeng , Li Lulu , Cheng Dongfang , Zhen Shiyu , Wang Yongtao , Qin Jian , Zhao Zhi-Jian , Gong Jinlong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe reduction of carbon dioxide using electrochemical cells is an appealing technology to store renewable electricity in a chemical form. The preferential adsorption of oxygen over carbon atoms of intermediates could improve the methanol selectivity due to the retention of C–O bond. However, the adsorbent-surface interaction is mainly related to the d states of transition metals in catalysts, thus it is difficult to promote the formation of oxygen-bound intermediates without affecting the carbon affinity. This paper describes the construction of a molybdenum-based metal carbide catalyst that promotes the formation and adsorption of oxygen-bound intermediates, where the sp states in catalyst are enabled to participate in the bonding of intermediates. A high Faradaic efficiency of 80.4% for methanol is achieved at −1.1 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode.
De novo design of obligate ABC-type heterotrimeric proteins
Authors: Bermeo Sherry , Favor Andrew , Chang Ya-Ting , Norris Andrew , Boyken Scott E. , Hsia Yang , Haddox Hugh K. , Xu Chunfu , Brunette T. J. , Wysocki Vicki H. , Bhabha Gira , Ekiert Damian C. , Baker David 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe de novo design of three protein chains that associate to form a heterotrimer (but not any of the possible two-chain heterodimers) and that can drive the assembly of higher-order branching structures is an important challenge for protein design. We designed helical heterotrimers with specificity conferred by buried hydrogen bond networks and large aromatic residues to enhance shape complementary packing. We obtained ten designs for which all three chains cooperatively assembled into heterotrimers with few or no other species present. Crystal structures of a helical bundle heterotrimer and extended versions, with helical repeat proteins fused to individual subunits, showed all three chains assembling in the designed orientation. We used these heterotrimers as building blocks to construct larger cyclic oligomers, which were structurally validated by electron microscopy. Our three-way junction designs provide new routes to complex protein nanostructures and enable the scaffolding of three distinct ligands for modulation of cell signaling.
Anthrax hotspot mapping in Kenya support establishing a sustainable two-phase elimination program targeting less than 6% of the country landmass
Authors: Gachohi John , Bett Bernard , Otieno Fredrick , Mogoa Eddy , Njoki Peris , Muturi Mathew , Mwatondo Athman , Osoro Eric , Ngere Isaac , Dawa Jeanette , Nasimiyu Carolyne , Oyas Harry , Njagi Obadiah , Canfield Samuel , Blackburn Jason , Njenga Kariuki 
Published: December 2022

AbstractUsing data collected from previous (n = 86) and prospective (n = 132) anthrax outbreaks, we enhanced prior ecological niche models (ENM) and added kernel density estimation (KDE) approaches to identify anthrax hotspots in Kenya. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) identified clusters of administrative wards with a relatively high or low anthrax reporting rate to determine areas of greatest outbreak intensity. Subsequently, we modeled the impact of vaccinating livestock in the identified hotspots as a national control measure. Anthrax suitable areas included high agriculture zones concentrated in the western, southwestern and central highland regions, consisting of 1043 of 1450 administrative wards, covering 18.5% country landmass, and hosting 30% of the approximately 13 million cattle population in the country. Of these, 79 wards covering 5.5% landmass and hosting 9% of the cattle population fell in identified anthrax hotspots. The rest of the 407 administrative wards covering 81.5% of the country landmass, were classified as low anthrax risk areas and consisted of the expansive low agricultural arid and semi-arid regions of the country that hosted 70% of the cattle population, reared under the nomadic pastoralism. Modelling targeted annual vaccination of 90% cattle population in hotspot administrative wards reduced > 23,000 human exposures. These findings support an economically viable first phase of anthrax control program in low-income countries where the disease is endemic, that is focused on enhanced animal and human surveillance in burden hotspots, followed by rapid response to outbreaks anchored on public education, detection and treatment of infected humans, and ring vaccination of livestock. Subsequently, the global anthrax elimination program focused on sustained vaccination and surveillance in livestock in the remaining few hotspots for a prolonged period (> 10 years) may be implemented.
Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground
Authors: Sheikh H. A. , Tung P. Y. , Ringe E. , Harrison R. J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractParticulate matter (PM) concentration levels in the London Underground (LU) are higher than London background levels and beyond World Health Organization (WHO) defined limits. Wheel, track, and brake abrasion are the primary sources of particulate matter, producing predominantly Fe-rich particles that make the LU microenvironment particularly well suited to study using environmental magnetism. Here we combine magnetic properties, high-resolution electron microscopy, and electron tomography to characterize the structure, chemistry, and morphometric properties of LU particles in three dimensions with nanoscale resolution. Our findings show that LU PM is dominated by 5–500 nm particles of maghemite, occurring as 0.1–2 μm aggregated clusters, skewing the size-fractioned concentration of PM artificially to larger sizes when measured with traditional monitors. Magnetic properties are largely independent of the PM filter size (PM10, PM4, and PM2.5), and demonstrate the presence of superparamagnetic (< 30 nm), single-domain (30–70 nm), and vortex/pseudo-single domain (70–700 nm) signals only (i.e., no multi-domain particles > 1 µm). The oxidized nature of the particles suggests that PM exposure in the LU is dominated by resuspension of aged dust particles relative to freshly abraded, metallic particles from the wheel/track/brake system, suggesting that periodic removal of accumulated dust from underground tunnels might provide a cost-effective strategy for reducing exposure. The abundance of ultrafine particles identified here could have particularly adverse health impacts as their smaller size makes it possible to pass from lungs to the blood stream. Magnetic methods are shown to provide an accurate assessment of ultrafine PM characteristics, providing a robust route to monitoring, and potentially mitigating this hazard.
Infection with an acanthocephalan helminth reduces anxiety-like behaviour in crustacean host
Authors: Cozzarolo Camille-Sophie , Perrot-Minnot Marie-Jeanne 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTrophically transmitted heteroxenous parasites of diverse clades can decrease or reverse antipredator behaviours in their intermediate hosts, thereby increasing their chances of reaching their final hosts. Such behavioural alterations could result from compromised cognitive abilities affecting fear- or more generally stress-related neurophysiological pathways. We tested this hypothesis in a key model system in the study of parasitic manipulation, the fish acanthocephalan parasitePomphorhynchus tereticollisand its intermediate crustacean hostGammarus fossarum,using the ‘threat of electric shock’ paradigm. We exposed uninfected and infectedG. fossarumto chronic and/or acute electric shock programs at two different intensities (voltage), and then quantified their sheltering behaviour as a proxy for anxiety-like state. Infected gammarids did not express anxiety-like response to electric shocks, while uninfected gammarids hid more when exposed to acute treatments, and when exposed to the high intensity chronic treatment. Interestingly, the lack of response in infected gammarids depended on parasite developmental stage. Our results support the hypothesis that this acanthocephalan parasite impacts the general anxiety-like circuitry of their intermediate host. Further studies are needed to investigate whether it involves inappropriate processing of information, impaired integration, or altered activation of downstream pathways initiating behavioural action.
An optimized method for high-quality RNA extraction from distinctive intrinsic laryngeal muscles in the rat model
Authors: Kemfack Angela M. , Hernandez-Morato Ignacio , Moayedi Yalda , Pitman Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChallenges related to high-quality RNA extraction from post-mortem tissue have limited RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) application in certain skeletal muscle groups, including the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs). The present study identified critical factors contributing to substandard RNA extraction from the ILMs and established a suitable method that permitted high-throughput analysis. Here, standard techniques for tissue processing were adapted, and an effective means to control confounding effects during specimen preparation was determined. The experimental procedure consistently provided sufficient intact total RNA (N = 68) and RIN ranging between 7.0 and 8.6, which was unprecedented using standard RNA purification protocols. This study confirmed the reproducibility of the workflow through repeated trials at different postnatal time points and across the distinctive ILMs. High-throughput diagnostics from 90 RNA samples indicated no sequencing alignment scores below 70%, validating the extraction strategy. Significant differences between the standard and experimental conditions suggest circumvented challenges and broad applicability to other skeletal muscles. This investigation remains ongoing given the prospect of therapeutic insights to voice, swallowing, and airway disorders. The present methodology supports pioneering global transcriptome investigations in the larynx previously unfounded in literature.