bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty and Inequality Mapping Based on a Unit-Level Log-Normal Mixture Model
Authors: Gardini Aldo , Fabrizi Enrico , Trivisano Carlo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEstimating poverty and inequality parameters for small sub-populations with adequate precision is often beyond the reach of ordinary survey-weighted methods because of small sample sizes. In small area estimation, survey data and auxiliary information are combined, in most cases using a model. In this paper, motivated by the analysis of EU-SILC data for Italy, we target the estimation of a selection of poverty and inequality indicators, that is mean, headcount ratio and quintile share ratio, adopting a Bayesian approach. We consider unit-level models specified on the log transformation of a skewed variable (equivalized income). We show how a finite mixture of log-normals provides a substantial improvement in the quality of fit with respect to a single log-normal model. Unfortunately, working with these distributions leads, for some estimands, to the non-existence of posterior moments whenever priors for the variance components are not carefully chosen, as our theoretical results show. To allow the use of moments in posterior summaries, we recommend generalized inverse Gaussian distributions as priors for variance components, guiding the choice of hyperparameters.
Child Marriage, Reproductive Outcomes, and Service Utilization among Young Afghan Women: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey in Afghanistan
Authors: Dadras Omid , Khampaya Tanaporn , Nakayama Takeo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study explored the prevalence of child marriage and its association with reproductive outcomes and service utilization among young women in Afghanistan. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), focusing on women aged 20–24 years old based on the United Nations’ recommendation on child marriage study. Multivariate logistic models examined the association between child marriage, reproductive outcomes, and service utilization. An estimated 52% of the Afghan women aged 20–24 married at ages less than 18 years. Poverty and illiteracy were associated with the higher likelihood of early marriage. There was a significant negative relationship between child marriage and history of rapid repeat childbirth, delivery by skilled personnel, and institutional delivery. In both adjusted and unadjusted models, women married at age ≤14 were more likely to experience terminated or unintended pregnancy, inadequate ANC, unmet need for family planning, and fistula; while, for those married at age 15–17 years, only terminated or unintended pregnancy remained significant. Strict international law enforcement and advocacy are needed in the current situation of Afghanistan to increase young women's education, promote their civil rights, and improve their autonomy and role in decision‐making concerning their fertility preferences and reproductive health.
Implementation of a dual platelet inventory in a tertiary hospital during the COVID‐19 pandemic enabling cold‐stored apheresis platelets for treatment of actively bleeding patients
Authors: Braathen Hanne , Hagen Kristin G. , Kristoffersen Einar K. , Strandenes Geir , Apelseth Torunn O. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo increase preparedness and mitigate the risk of platelet shortage without increasing the number of collections, we introduced a dual platelet inventory with cold‐stored platelets (CSP) with 14‐days shelf life for actively bleeding patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Study design and methodsWe collected apheresis platelet concentrates with blood type O or A. All patients receiving CSP units were included in a quality registry. Efficacy was evaluated by total blood usage and laboratory analysis of platelet count, hemoglobin, and TEG 6s global hemostasis assay. Feasibility was evaluated by monitoring inventory and a survey among laboratory staff.ResultsFrom 17 March, 2020, to 31 December, 2021, we produced 276 CSP units and transfused 186 units to 92 patients. Main indication for transfusion was surgical bleeding (88%). No transfusion reactions were reported. 24‐h post‐transfusion patient survival was 96%. Total outdate in the study period was 33%. The majority (75%) of survey respondents answered that they had received sufficient information and training before CSP was implemented. Lack of information about bleeding status while issuing platelets, high workload, and separate storage location was described as main reasons for outdates.DiscussionCSP with 14‐days shelf life is a feasible alternative for the treatment of patients with bleeding. Implementation of a dual platelet inventory requires thorough planning, including information and training of clinical and laboratory staff, continuous follow‐up of practice and patients, and an easy‐to‐follow algorithm for use of CSP units. A dual platelet inventory may mitigate the risk of platelet shortage during a pandemic situation.
Level of Education in Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Obafemi Faith Ayobamidele , Raji Abdulsalam Bolaji 
Published: June 2022

Education is one of the most important tools for increasing personal endowments, developing capacities, overcoming limitations, and expanding the set of available possibilities and options for long-term well-being. This study was carried out to compare the level of education of residents of the six area councils of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 1200 respondents were interviewed in this study. The questionnaire was distributed to 200 respondents in each of the six area councils in the Federal Capital Territory. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square test at 5% (95% Confidence Interval). Focus communities in the study area were selected at random. The result of the current study showed that the study population had attained varying levels of education with 95.7% either doing their undergraduate degree or had already graduated or had attained the postgraduate level, whereas, 4.3% had not attained any form of formal education. The study showed a significant ((p=0.001) association between gender and education specifically in Bwari and Abaji indicating that males had a higher number of respondents who had attained such levels of education as those reported in the current study. Areas, where this was the case, had more rural locations compared to the city center and most developed satellite towns. Religion also played a role in the level of education attained in the current study.
An Empirical Evaluation of the Seafood Exports in the Post-WTO Regime from India and Kerala
Authors: Thomas Pavanam , Shaijumon C. S 
Published: June 2022

Seafood export sector is a major trade item in the globalized trade of all commodities. However, the fishery trade sector witnessed profound changes in the post-WTO period. This is because of the use of several technical and non-tariff trade barriers, which in most cases are stipulated by the importing developed countries. India is a prominent fishery exporting country with a foreign exchange earnings of $ 6.1 billion as per January 2022. State of Kerala is having a good legacy in seafood trade and one of the major fishery’s exporting coastal states of India. The post-WTO period has witnessed many dynamics in the fishery trade both in India and Kerala. The stipulations in the areas of TBT and NTBs and other quality standards have worked as a penumbra in the seafood trade and hence have to search for the traditional to non-traditional and emerging markets with the idea of uninterrupted seafood trade flow. Hence, the article tries to unravel the issues of these in this post WTO period. The article uses the data obtained from the Marine Products Export Development Authority in the form of monthly, quarterly and annual data. Along with this it also uses data from CEPII and UN Comtrade. The result also shows that there is a change from traditional to new markets in some cases, whereas the US and EU still dominate as major importers of the seafood from India and Kerala. The Gravity model explanation is giving a clear espousal that the values under stipulations are significantly related. The instability model also authenticates that there are instabilities in varying proportions from market to market.
Modeling the Dynamics of an American Football and the Stability Due to Spin
Authors: Dzielski John , Blackburn Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper develops a mathematical model describing the motion through the air of an American football. The model is based on established equations used to describe spinning projectiles. While the equations are applicable to general motions, the emphasis of the paper is on the spiral pass and punt. Separate sections introduce formulas for the forces and moments understood to act on spun projectiles. The discussion of each force and moment includes an assessment of how well available experimental data characterizes the force or moment for an American football. For each force or moment, there is a description of how it affects the motion and trajectory. While the equations are valid for arbitrary motions, the available aerodynamic data is not. In parallel with the derivation of the nonlinear mathematical model, a linearized dynamics model is developed. The linearized model is used to help explain the behavior of the nonlinear model and to provide insight into the underlying physics. The linearized model is also used to derive a relationship between linear and angular velocity that ensures that the gyroscopic motion of a football is stable. The paper provides physical insights into what causes the apparent “wobble” of a spiral pass and what the character of the wobble says about the quality of the pass. Among the physical insights provided are the reason some passes have a rapid wobble and some slow, why a pass exhibits a lateral swerve, and why the Magnus effect may be neglected. The results are applicable to rugby footballs.
Diabetic ketoacidosis fluid management in children: systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Hamud Ali Abdalla , Mudawi Khalid , Shamekh Ahmed , Kadri Ayodeji , Powell Colin , Abdelgadir Ibtihal 
Published: June 2022

ImportanceDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus, which may lead to significant morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesTo compare the safety and efficacy of liberalised versus conservative intravenous fluid regimens in the management of DKA in children.Data source and study selectionDatabases from inception to January 2022: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were included. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included children aged under 18 years were assessed. Two reviewers performed data assessment and extraction.Data extraction and synthesisThree studies out of 1536 citations were included.Main outcomesThe time to the recovery from the DKA; the frequency of paeditric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions; development of brain oedema; reduction in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); development of acute kidney injury and all-cause mortality.ResultsWe included three RCTs (n=1457). No evidence of difference was noted in the GCS reduction (risk ratio (RR)=0.77, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.36) or development of brain oedema (RR=0.50, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.68). The time to recovery from DKA was longer in the conservative group (mean difference=1.42, 95% CI 0.28 to 2.56). Time to hospital discharge, adverse or serious adverse events were comparable in the two studied groups.ConclusionThere is no evidence from this meta-analysis that rate of fluid administration has any effect on adverse neurological and other outcomes or length of hospital stay.
Gender bias in sports medicine: an international assessment of sports medicine physicians’ perceptions of their interactions with athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and other physicians
Authors: Tsukahara Yuka , Novak Melissa , Takei Seira , Asif Irfan M , Yamasawa Fumihiro , Torii Suguru , Akama Takao , Matsumoto Hideo , Day Carly 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesTo evaluate the difference between female and male sports medicine physicians regarding disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment perceived from athletes, coaches, physicians, athletic trainers (ATs) and organisations/administrations.Methods and study designanonymous survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 countries. χ2analysis was used to detect differences between female and male sports medicine physicians and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent variables that affect disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment from sports participants.Results1193 sports medicine physicians (31.9% female) participated from 51 countries. The survey revealed that female physicians, compared with male physicians, perceive significantly more disrespect or have their judgement questioned more by the following categories: male and female athletes, male and female coaches, female physicians with more years of experience, male physicians (regardless of years of experience), male and female ATs and organisation/administrations (all p<0.05). The only category where the frequency of disrespect was perceived equally by male and female physicians was during their interactions with female physicians who have the same or lesser years of experience. Female sports medicine physicians noted more sexual harassment than male physicians during interactions with male athletes, coaches, ATs and physicians (all p<0.001). In the logistic regression, gender was a related factor for perceiving disrespect, especially from male coaches (OR=2.01) and physicians with more years of experience (OR=2.18).ConclusionsFemale sports medicine physicians around the world experience disrespectful attitudes, questioning of their judgement and are sexually harassed significantly more often than male counterparts.
Industry sponsorship bias in cost effectiveness analysis: registry based analysis
Authors: Xie Feng , Zhou Ting 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between industry sponsorship (drug, medical device, and biotechnology companies) and cost effectiveness results in cost effectiveness analysis (CEA).DesignRegistry based analysisData sourceThe Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry was used to identify all CEAs published in Medline between 1976 and 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesCEAs that reported incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) using quality adjusted life year and provided sufficient information about the magnitude or location of the ICER.MethodsDescriptive analyses were used to describe and compare the characteristics of CEAs with and without industry sponsorship. Logistic regression was used to identify the association between industry sponsorship and the cost effective conclusion using selected threshold values ($50 000 (£40 511; €47 405), $100 000, and $150 000). Robust linear regression was used to assess the association between industry sponsorship and the magnitude of ICER. All regression analyses were adjusted for disease and study design characteristics.Results8192 CEAs were eligible and included in the analysis, with 2437 (29.7%) sponsored by industry. Industry sponsored CEAs were more likely to publish ICERs below $50 000 (adjusted odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.82 to 2.33), $100 000 (2.95, 2.52 to 3.44), and $150 000 (3.34, 2.80 to 3.99) than non-industry sponsored studies. Among 5877 CEAs that reported positive incremental costs and quality adjusted life years, ICERs from industry sponsored studies were 33% lower (95% confidence interval −40 to −26) than those from non-industry sponsored studies.ConclusionsSponsorship bias in CEAs is significant, systemic, and present across a range of diseases and study designs. Use of CEAs conducted by independent bodies could provide payers with more ability to negotiate lower prices. This impartiality is especially important for countries that rely on published CEAs to inform policy making for insurance coverage because of limited capacity for independent economic analysis.
Infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and risk of stroke: pooled analysis of individual patient data of 618 851 women
Authors: Liang Chen , Chung Hsin-Fang , Dobson Annette J , Hayashi Kunihiko , van der Schouw Yvonne T , Kuh Diana , Hardy Rebecca , Derby Carol A , El Khoudary Samar R , Janssen Imke , Sandin Sven , Weiderpass Elisabete , Mishra Gita D 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations of infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and stillbirth with the risk of first non-fatal and fatal stroke, further stratified by stroke subtypes.DesignIndividual participant pooled analysis of eight prospective cohort studies.SettingCohort studies across seven countries (Australia, China, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) participating in the InterLACE (International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events) consortium, which was established in June 2012.Participants618 851 women aged 32.0-73.0 years at baseline with data on infertility, miscarriage, or stillbirth, at least one outcome event (non-fatal or fatal stroke), and information on covariates were included; 93 119 women were excluded. Of the participants, 275 863 had data on non-fatal and fatal stroke, 54 716 only had data on non-fatal stroke, and 288 272 only had data on fatal stroke.Main outcome and measuresNon-fatal strokes were identified through self-reported questionnaires, linked hospital data, or national patient registers. Fatal strokes were identified through death registry data.ResultsThe median follow-up for non-fatal stroke and fatal stroke was 13.0 years (interquartile range 12.0-14.0) and 9.4 years (7.6-13.0), respectively. A first non-fatal stroke was experienced by 9265 (2.8%) women and 4003 (0.7%) experienced a fatal stroke. Hazard ratios for non-fatal or fatal stroke were stratified by hypertension and adjusted for race or ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, education level, and study. Infertility was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.20). Recurrent miscarriage (at least three) was associated with higher risk of non-fatal and fatal stroke (1.35, 1.27 to 1.44, and 1.82, 1.58 to 2.10, respectively). Women with stillbirth were at 31% higher risk of non-fatal stroke (1.31, 1.10 to 1.57) and women with recurrent stillbirth were at 26% higher risk of fatal stroke (1.26, 1.15 to 1.39). The increased risk of stroke (non-fatal or fatal) associated with infertility or recurrent stillbirths was mainly driven by a single stroke subtype (non-fatal ischaemic stroke and fatal haemorrhagic stroke), while the increased risk of stroke (non-fatal or fatal) associated with recurrent miscarriages was driven by both subtypes.ConclusionA history of recurrent miscarriages and death or loss of a baby before or during birth could be considered a female specific risk factor for stroke, with differences in risk according to stroke subtypes. These findings could contribute to improved monitoring and stroke prevention for women with such a history.
Diagnostic accuracy of CCTA-derived versus angiography-derived quantitative flow ratio (CAREER) study: a prospective study protocol
Authors: Weng Tingwen , Gan Qian , Li Zehang , Guan Shaofeng , Han Wenzheng , Zhai Xinrong , Li Ming , Qi Lin , Li Cheng , Chen Yang , Zhang Liang , Chang Xifeng , Tu Shengxian , Qu Xinkai 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionCoronary CT angiography (CCTA)-derived quantitative flow ratio (CT-QFR) is a novel non-invasive technology to assess the physiological significance of coronary stenoses, which enables fast and on-site computation of fractional flow reserve (FFR) from CCTA images. The objective of this investigator-initiated, prospective, single-centre clinical trial is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CT-QFR with respect to angiography-derived QFR, using FFR as the reference standard.Methods and analysisA total of 216 patients who have at least one lesion with a diameter stenosis of 30%–90% in an artery with ≥2.0 mm reference diameter will be enrolled in the study. FFR will be measured during invasive coronary angiography. CT-QFR and QFR will be assessed in two independent core laboratories in a blinded fashion. The primary endpoint is the diagnostic accuracy of CT-QFR in identifying haemodynamically significant coronary stenosis with FFR as the reference standard. The major secondary endpoint is the non-inferiority of CT-QFR compared with QFR in the patients without extensively calcified lesions.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (2020K192). Outcomes will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04665817.
Encephalitis: diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides
Authors: Alam Ali M , Easton Ava , Nicholson Timothy R , Irani Sarosh R , Davies Nicholas W S , Solomon Tom , Michael Benedict D 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEncephalitis describes inflammation of the brain parenchyma, typically caused by either an infectious agent or through an autoimmune process which may be postinfectious, paraneoplastic or idiopathic. Patients can present with a combination of fever, alterations in behaviour, personality, cognition and consciousness. They may also exhibit focal neurological deficits, seizures, movement disorders and/or autonomic instability. However, it can sometimes present non-specifically, and this combined with its many causes make it a difficult to manage neurological syndrome. Despite improved treatments in some forms of encephalitides, encephalitis remains a global concern due to its high mortality and morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and administration of specific and supportive management options can lead to better outcomes. Over the last decade, research in encephalitis has led to marked developments in the understanding, diagnosis and management of encephalitis. In parallel, the number of autoimmune encephalitis syndromes has rapidly expanded and clinically characteristic syndromes in association with pathogenic autoantibodies have been defined. By focusing on findings presented at the Encephalitis Society’s conference in December 2021, this article reviews the causes, clinical manifestations and management of encephalitis and integrate recent advances and challenges of research into encephalitis.