bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cut Flower Longevity of Peony
Authors: Heuser Charles W. , Evensen Kathleen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower longevity (as influenced by stage of maturity at harvest), dry weight, and flower preservative were studied using cut flowers of herbaceous peony (Paeonia spp.) cultivars Felix Crousse, Festiva Maxima, John C. Lee, Mons. Jules Elie, and Richard Carvel. Flowers harvested in the tight calyx stage frequently failed to open or opening was delayed. No substantial difference in longevity between flowers harvested at the loose calyx stage or first loose petal stage was found. Those cut at the loose calyx stage maintained quality well during dry storage at 0°C for up to 4 weeks. Vase-life and days to opening differed significantly with cultivar, length of storage, and their interaction. Fresh weight increased before or during flower opening, and the increase was greater after storage than for unstored flowers. Inclusion of a floral preservative in the vase solution increased gain in fresh weight upon hydration after storage and weight throughout vase-life.
Nitrate Concentration and Reduction in Different Genotypes of Lettuce
Authors: Blom-Zandstra Margaretha , Eenink Albert H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several genotypes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), significantly differing in NO3 accumulation, were used to study the relationship between NO3-N concentration and NO3 reduction. Reduction of NO3 was investigated by measuring the in vivo nitrate reductase activity and the production of organic N. When NO3 was supplied to the in vivo assay, no relationship was found between the enzyme activity and the NO3-N concentration of the tissue, whereas this activity was positively correlated to the NO3-N concentration when NO3 was omitted during the incubation. As an indicator for the in situ NO3 reduction, organic N was determined. No relationship between NO3-N concentration and production of organic N occurred when different genotypes were compared. Nitrate-N, nitrate reductase activity, and organic N decreased with increasing age of the plants. The results suggest that accumulation of NO3 is not solely a result of a variation in reduction capacity between cultivars. Breeding for low NO3 accumulation should not be focused only on the increase of either nitrate reductase activity or production of organic N.
Levels of ACC in Various Floral Portions During Aging of Cut Carnations
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Chi , Sacalis John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the involvement of ACC movement from extrapetal portions with initiation of petal senescence. During early senescence, ACC in all portions except the calyx displayed transient increases in levels of ACC. The largest increase in ACC specific concentration occurred in the receptacle. Removal of petals at harvest resulted in accumulation of ACC in the ovary and receptacle. [14C]ACC applied to the styles moved to the petals within 24 hr, but during this time, very little 14C was found in the receptacle. Although the major rise in ACC occurred in styles, ovary, receptacle, and petals between days 6 and 10 of aging, a secondary transient peak of ACC was always observed between days 2 and 4 only in the receptacle. It is suggested that the receptacle may contribute significantly to the initiation of petal senescence by acting as a source of ACC. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
The Influence of Explant Origin on Tissue Browning and Shoot Production in Shoot Tip Cultures of Grapevine
Authors: Yu Dan-hua , Meredith Carole P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We investigated the effect of explant origin on survival and adventitious shoot production from field-grown shoot tips of 8 Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. Survival and shoot production were greater in explants from axillary shoot tips than those from terminal positions. Similarly, explants from shaded shoot tips exceeded those that had grown in full sun. Explants from weak shoot tips had a higher survival rate than those from vigorous shoot tips. The effects of position, light, and vigor were independent. There was a strong negative correlation between survival in vitro and the preexisting phenolic content of the explants. Similar effects were observed with greenhouse-grown explants. Our findings may be applicable to other woody species with high phenolic contents.
Gelling Agent and Growth Regulator Effects on Shoot Vitrification of ‘Gala’ Apple in Vitro
Authors: Pasqualetto P.-L. , Zimmerman R.H. , Fordham I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of ‘Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown on proliferation medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, supplemented with 0.56 mm myo-inositol; 1.2 μm thiamine-HCl; 2.2 or 4.4 μm BA; 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 μm IBA; and 1.3 μm GA3. The media were solidified with Gelrite at concentrations from 0.5 to 1.5 g·liter−1 plus agar (Sigma) from 0.5 to 4.0 g·liter−1. Vitrification was influenced both by gelling agent and BA concentration, whereas the IBA concentration had little effect. Increasing either agar or Gelrite concentration resulted in a decreasing percentage of vitrified explants. The higher BA level generally increased vitrification, but increasing the agar concentration tended to reduce the difference in effect of the 2 BA levels. Certain combinations of gelling agents produced no vitrification with no reduction in shoot proliferation, and with a clarity of the medium approaching that of Gelrite alone. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; lH-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); and gibberellic acid (GA3).
Sample Size Estimates for Avocado Yield Experiments
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Baranowski R.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit number and weight per tree were recorded for 3 years for 2 avocado (Persea americana M.) cultivars—‘Booth 8’ and ‘Peterson’. Sample variances were used to determine the number of years per experiment and trees per treatment required to detect differences in yield among treatments at the 5% and 10% significance levels for each cultivar. Yearly variability was greater than variability among trees for both cultivars. Yearly variability for total fruit weight was greater for ‘Booth 8’ than for ‘Peterson’. Fifteen trees per treatment were required to detect a 10–20% difference in total fruit weight per treatment at the 5% level of significance. Each additional tree per treatment decreased the percentage of detectable difference only slightly. Increasing the number of years per experiment decreased the percentage of detectable difference. However, after 3 years, additional years decreased the percentage of detectable difference only slightly for both an alternate- and a nonalternate-bearing cultivar. Efficient designs for avocado yield experiments for the cultivars tested should consist of 10 to 15 trees per treatment and should be conducted for at least 3 years.
Identification of Anthurium andraeanum Cultivars by Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Kobayashi R.S. , Brewbaker J.L. , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The use of gel electrophoresis of different isozyme systems was investigated as a possible tool to identify Anthurium andraeanum cultivars. Procedures were developed to extract active enzymes from anthurium leaves. Clear zymograms were obtained from only one of three extraction methods examined. This method consisted of grinding the leaf tissue in liquid nitrogen and then adding to the ground tissue a buffer containing a phenoloxidase inhibitor, reducing agents, and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). The identification of seven anthurium cultivars was undertaken using seven enzyme systems. Bands were observed in four of these systems; glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peroxidase (Px), and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). All seven cultivars were characterized by the combined data of Px, MDH, and PGI.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Quality of Sweet Corn
Authors: Braunworth William S. , Mack Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The yield and quality response of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) to variable water supply was evaluated in 1984 and 1985. Irrigation depths were established with sprinklers at five intervals from 0% to 100%, with the 100% treatment intended to refill the root zone to field capacity. The other treatments were considered as deficit irrigation. Irrigations were scheduled when 47–57% of the available water was depleted in the root zone of the 100% treatment level plots. Yields were similar when irrigation depths were 50% or greater in 1984 and 1985, although water application depths varied between years. Water balance measurements indicated very little deep percolation. Deficit irrigations of about 50% and 70% saved water and maintained yield. Yield, ear weight, and kernel weight decreased in the nonirrigated treatments or when water application depths were about 25%. Nonirrigated sweet corn tended to be more mature at harvest then irrigated corn.
Effects of Nitrogen Applications on Direct-seeded Broccoli from a Single Harvest Adjusted for Maturity
Authors: Kowalenko C.G. , Hall J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A single harvest method using horticultural maturity rating data was tested in 2 years of Ν application field trials with broccoli. Using analysis of variance with the maturity data as covariates, it was possible to evaluate how broccoli yield response to Ν was influenced through the effect of Ν on maturity. This single harvest method simplified field operations and facilitated interpretation of Ν uptake data. Nitrogen treatments did not significantly alter maturity of broccoli in either year. Broccoli yield increased with up to 250 kg·ha–1 of Ν in both years. Sweet corn, which was grown adjacent to the broccoli in the first year, did not respond to similar applications. Nitrogen did not preferentially increase vegetative growth of broccoli, but in one year increased head yield. Nitrogen accumulated in the head of broccoli. The corn crop accumulated extra Ν in the vegetation and this was assumed to be luxury uptake. The difference in response to Ν of corn and broccoli was assumed to be the result of a difference in Ν use or uptake efficiency rather than overall demand, since the total above-ground uptake by corn and broccoli was quite similar.
Table Beet Plant and Canned Root Responses to Na, K, and Cl From Soils and From Applications of NaCl and KCl
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , VanBuren Jerome P. , MacDonald George E. , Hemmat Minou , Becker Robert F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concentrations of elements in the portions of vegetable plants used for human consumption as well as the yield should be evaluated. Applications of NaCl and KCl to loam soils (Glossoboric Hapludalf, loamy, mixed mesic) have consistently increased the growth of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants and the yield of the enlarged portion of the roots. The concentrations of Na, K, and Cl in the roots were also increased. The objective of this study was to develop a method of predicting the concentration of Na in canned table beet roots. Sodium, K, and Cl from the soils and from preplant soil applications of Na at 0, 250, and 500 kg·ha−1 and KCI at 300 kg·ha−1 were monitored systematically as continua through the soil tests and the chemical analyses of leaf blade and petioles at midseason, in the raw roots at harvest, and in the solid and liquid portions of the canned roots. Sodium from the soils and from increasing the rate of NaCl linearly increased the concentration of Na in all components. The concentrations of Na in the leaf blades and the leaf petioles at midseason were excellent predictors of the content of Na in the canned beet roots. Application of equivalent ionic rates of NaCl and KCI produced the same yields of roots.
Yield Components in ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Meteor’ Sour Cherry
Authors: Chang L.S. , Iezzoni A.F. , Flore J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Meteor’ were evaluated over two seasons to determine the relative importance of different components of yield. A path coefficient analysis was performed to determine the direct and indirect effects of primary, secondary, and tertiary components on limb yield. Fruit number, fruit weight, the number of lateral buds and spurs, and fruit set were found to be the most important components affecting limb yield in both cultivars. However, the fruiting habits of the two cultivars were significantly different. ‘Montmorency’ produced 68% of its fruit on lateral buds on 1-year-old wood, while ‘Meteor’ had 70% of its fruit on 2-year-old spurs. When the data were standardized by dividing by limb cross-sectional area, ‘Meteor’ had a higher flower bud density (number of flowers/cm2) and yield efficiency (grams of fruits/cm2) than ‘Montmorency’. Although ‘Meteor’ had higher limb yields than ‘Montmorency’, the ‘Montmorency’ trees sampled had about four times more limbs than ‘Meteor’, and, therefore, higher tree yields.
Enhanced Degradation of Pesticides in Aqueous Formulations Due to Addition of Calcium Chloride
Authors: Marshall Clark J. , Brooks M.W. , Woods S.A. , Coli W.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Addition of technical flake CaCl2 to spray mixtures resulted in substantial alkalinization of all solutions. The pH values of CaCl2 solutions returned to neutral levels over time (e.g., usually in 24 hr) or could be returned rapidly to neutrality by the addition of CO2. These data indicate that the causative agent for alkalinization is Ca(OH)2, a byproduct in the Solvay process used to produce technical flake CaCl2. Under the alkaline conditions produced by the addition of technical flake CaCl2, enhanced degradation of formetanate (Carzol SP), benomyl (Benlate-50WP) and methomyl/(Lannate) was observed to be related directly to CaCl2 concentration. Azinphos-methyl (Guthion- 50WP) was found to be the most persistent pesticide under these experimental conditions. Chemical names used: (0,0-dimethyl-S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin- 3(4H)-yl)methyl]phosphorodithioate (azinphos-methyl); methyl[1-[(bu-tylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (benomyl); N,N dimethyl-N’-[3-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy] phenyljmethanimidamide (formetanate); methyl N-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy] ethanimidothioate(methomyl).
Rooting and Subsequent Growth of Woody Ornamental Softwood Cuttings Treated with Endomycorrhizal Inoculum
Authors: Nelson Sherman D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selected woody ornamentals were inoculated with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith to form endomycorrhizae during vegetative propagation. Inoculation of rooting media with chopped marigold root inoculum, before cuttings were stuck, was an effective method for colonizing developing roots. In some plants, the presence of endomycorrhizal inoculum delayed early root development but subsequent root and shoot growth approached or surpassed that of nonmycorrhizal plants.
Effect of Fertilizer, Temperature, and Light Level on Growth of Syngonium podophyllum ‘White Butterfly’
Authors: Chase A.R. , Poole R.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of fertilizer level (1.2-41.3 g Osmocote 19N-2.6P-10K per 15-cm pot) was tested in factorial experiments with air temperature [13.5° to 21°C (winter) or 32° to 41° (summer)] and light level (47-80% shade) on Syngonium podophyllum Schott ‘White Butterfly’. Optimal shoot growth was obtained for plants fertilized with 4.9 to 19.5 g Osmocote per 15-cm pot for 3 months under greenhouse conditions during the summer and winter (recommended rate is about 5.0 g). Slight reductions in plant growth occurred at higher rates. Interactions between fertilizer level and air temperature were rarely significant. Optimal shoot growth was obtained for plants with a maximum air temperature between 32° and 41° during the summer and a minimum air temperature of 18.5° and 21° during the winter. High-quality plants were produced with fertilizer rates from 4.9 to 34.0 g per 15-cm pot for 3 months under shadehouse conditions. Plants grown with 200 μmol·s-1·m-2 (80% shade) had fewer leaves, were taller, whiter (color), had lower-quality grades, lower fresh weight of shoots, higher percentage of pots with healthy-appearing roots, and produced larger leaves than those grown with 700 μmol·s-1·m-2 light (47% shade). Interactions between fertilizer and light levels were not significant.
Linear Programming Models for Wholesale Nursery Product Mix Planning
Authors: Sabota C.M. , Williams David J. , Westgren Randall E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Operation management techniques, such as linear programming (LP), can provide producers and managers with greater quantities of information and, from this, more informed, up-to-date decisions can be made. Linear programming techniques were applied to data from ten container plant nurseries to determine possible production systems, their inputs, and to maximize profit. Models were developed for large (average, 27 ha) and small (average, 5 ha) container nurseries. Plant type and container size were used interactively as decision variables (activities) in the models. The small nursery model had 44 plant type alternatives and the large nursery model had 87. Resources included in the constraints were equipment, materials, and labor used to produce each plant type. The actual constraint values determined from survey information are provided, as well as a multiperiod model and a theoretical model.
Distribution, Storage, and Remobilization of 14C-labeled Assimilate in Easter Lily
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whole shoots of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Nellie White) were exposed to 14CO2 at 25, 37, and 51 days after full bloom of the commercial crop. Seven days after each exposure, 20% of the total recovered 14C remained in the shoot, which included stem roots, 10-25% in stem bulblets, 11-20% in mother scales, and 34-44% in daughter scales. Sink activity increased sharply from the outer mother scales to the inner daughter scales. The fraction of total 14C in the main bulb decreased, while that in the stem bulblets increased at successive exposures. Another group of plants was labeled repeatedly by dosing with 14CO2 on the three previous occasions and, also, at 65 days after full bloom. Bulbs were harvested 7 days after the final exposure, stored at 18°C for 14 weeks, and then replanted, At bulb digging, 50%, 30%, and 20% of the total 14C recovered were in the main bulb, stem bulblets, and shoot, respectively. Mother scales lost dry weight and 14C during storage and were nearly depleted when flower buds were visible the next season. Specific 14C activity in the emerging flowering shoot was high but decreased dramatically as the leaf number rapidly increased. The shoot and new daughter scales were the principal recipients of mobilized scale reserves, although only 28% of the 14C lost from mother scales were recovered in other plant parts. A majority of the carbon originally in mother scales was likely lost in respiration between fall harvest and 3 weeks after anthesis the following year. The daughter bulb contained 64% of the 14C in the bulb at fall harvest, and lost very little 14C during regrowth the following year.
Effects of Soil-applied Elemental Sulfur, Aluminum Sulfate, and Sawdust on Growth of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Peterson D.V. , Mullins C.A. , Lietzke D.A. , Deyton D.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S) and aluminum sulfate (AS), each at four rates, were used to acidify a Lily sandy loam soil of pH 6.2 and to assess effects on early growth of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) transplants. In addition, sawdust was incorporated into the soil at rates of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% by volume. Soils treated with AS had higher levels of extractable A1 and plants had less growth compared to plants grown in soils treated with elemental S. Plants grown in soils not amended with sawdust exhibited poor growth, regardless of the rate of either S or AS. Percent weight gain generally increased with increasing rate of sawdust addition.
Postharvest Curing at High Temperatures Reduces Decay of Individually Sealed Lemons, Pomelos, and Other Citrus Fruit
Authors: Ben-Yehoshua S. , Barak E. , Shapiro B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Curing of sealed lemons of normal and decay-prone types [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f] and of sealed Goliath pomelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] inhibited postharvest decay without deleterious effects on fruit quality and prevented the development of Penicillium digitatum on inoculated fruit. Curing of nonsealed fruit was less effective in reducing decay than curing sealed fruit and caused prohibitive weight loss, shrinkage, and softening. Curing of sealed and waxed ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges (C. sinensis), in comparison to only sealed fruit, resulted in some CO2 injury of the peel and off-flavor.
Genotype × Environment Interaction Bias in Heritability Estimates for Cut-flower Yield of Greenhouse Gerberas
Authors: Byrne Thomas , Drennan Dana , Harding James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Statistics were developed to measure the relative importance of genotype × environmental (GE) interactions. Estimates indicate that as much as half of the genetic variance for cut-flower yield in the Davis Population of Gerbera may be attributable to GE interactions. The bias this causes in broad-sense heritability estimates averaged 10.3% ± 2.97% for single-factor interactions; 15.6% ± 3.52% for 2-factor interactions, and 26.8% ± 3.45% for 3-factor interactions. The mean unadjusted broad-sense heritability for cut-flower yield in the same experiments was 37.1% ± 6.54%. Therefore, response equations that do not take interaction bias into account will overestimate selection potential.
Effect of Fertilizer, Paclobutrazol, and Chlormequat on Strawberry
Authors: McArthur D.A.J. , Eaton G.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Effect of Fertilizer, Paclobutrazol, and Chlormequat on Strawberry”, by D.A.J. McArthur and G.W. Eaton (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112:241–246, March 1987), the authors note that the fertilizer ratio that reads “20N–4.3P–8.3K” throughout the text and tables should read “20N–8.7P–16.6K”.
Influence of Rootstock and Pruning on Productivity, Growth, and Fruit Size of European Plum Cultivars
Authors: Tehrani G. , Leuty S.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of annual mechanical summer shearing on growth and productivity of six European plum cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) were studied. The cultivars were grown for 15 years on three clonal plum rootstocks and trained to modified leader system. The annual summer shearing reduced growth, yield, and yield efficiency index but did not affect mean fruit weight compared to the trees dormant-pruned annually and trained to modified leader system. Trees that were annually dormant-pruned from 1974 to 1984 yielded similarly when grown on ‘Brompton’ (P. domestica L.) and ‘St. Julien A’ (P. insititia Bailey) and ‘Myrobalan B’ (P. cerasifera Ehrh.). Yields of ‘Verity’ and ‘Valor’ were higher than ‘Iroquois’ and ‘Italian’, which had the lowest cumulative yield. ‘Bluebell’, ‘Stanley’, and ‘Valor’ had intermediate yields. Mean fruit weight was the same for all rootstocks trained to modified leader systems, but, after 7 consecutive years of shearing, pooled mean fruit weight from trees on ‘Myrobalan B’ was smaller than that of other roots. Trees with ‘Myrobalan B’ root were larger than trees grown on ‘Brompton’ and ‘St. Julien A’.