bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward an Orthodox Hermeneutic
Authors: Stylianopoulos Theodore G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An Orthodox biblical hermeneutic is anchored on axiomatic hermeneutical premises implied and expressed by Jesus and the apostolic gospel: the revealed authority of Holy Scripture, the centrality of Christ in the story of salvation, and the role of Christ/gospel as the decisive criterion of interpretation. The organic continuity between the biblical and patristic heritage is demonstrated by the organic bond of the gospel and the rule of faith in their closely related hermeneutical functions. The Church fathers built on these foundations and developed a far more nuanced and conscious hermeneutic in terms of both specific premises and spiritual attributes (phronema or “mind” of the fathers), centered on the life of the Church. The major hermeneutical proposals of Georges Florovsky, John Romanides, John Breck, and Savas Agourides are critically assessed, showing a movement from the rejection of modern biblical studies to a full acceptance, though with theological and hermeneutical discomfort. The conclusion offers to clear the tension through an Orthodox hermeneutical paradigm featuring historical, theological, and transformational aspects and applicable to the interpretation of biblical and patristic texts in full conversation with contemporary studies.
Toward an Integrative Reading of the Bible
Authors: Moberly R. W. L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the possibility of knowledge becoming wisdom in relation to an overall reading of the Bible. After an outline of characteristic historical-critical concerns, the question of a possible integrative reading of the Bible is considered in relation to fundamental questions about reading ancient documents as the Bible at all, rather than just as discrete documents that have been fortuitously preserved together. It is argued that the integrity of the Bible requires a canonical hermeneutics that, among other things, takes seriously the recontextualization of biblical texts into the literary-canonical context of Scripture and the need for a rule of faith to inform interpretive priorities and judgments. A brief consideration of differing ways of reading Genesis 1 offers a preliminary illustration of some of the larger hermeneutical issues.
B.E.S.T
Authors: Venard Olivier-Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A survey of Marie-Joseph Lagrange’s pioneering life and œuvre, as the founder of the École biblique de Jérusalem, opens this chapter. It then presents the salient points of his legacy to modern biblical studies in a traditional Church: methodological—adaptation of the infamous “historical-critical method” by a free and faithful conscience, which led the École to launch groundbreaking fields such as Qumran studies; theological—determinations eventually encapsulated in Dei Verbum; and pastoral—a new standard for study bibles. The chapter discusses studying Scriptures in “postmodern” times and summarizes the main changes that happened since the mid-twentieth century prompted by new discoveries and the renewal of hermeneutics. Finally, it introduces today’s research project of the École, the Bible in Its Traditions, as one way to meet several challenges of biblical studies in the early twenty-first century.
Theology–Science Dialogue
Authors: Chatzinikolaou Nikolaos 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the ethos and approach of the Orthodox Church on issues pertaining to the dialogue between theology and science. It presents the official statements of the Orthodox Church expressed in the Holy and Great Synod of Crete as well as the official position of the Russian Orthodox Church and of the Church of Greece. It focuses on the theological understanding of science by analyzing the inconceivability of the cosmos, nature’s hidden secrets, the mystery of man, and the “how” and “why” of human life and death. Moreover, it elaborates on the Orthodox theological approach according to which all questions on the seeming conflicts between science and theology become meaningless since modern science leads us straight to the truth of the apophatic Orthodox theology. Science elevates man to the higher step of knowledge, whereas theology takes man from this point and introduces him into the holy altar of divine revelation.
Who’s Afraid of the Old Testament?
Authors: Strawn Brent A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers “tough texts” in the Old Testament by first noting that problematic passages are found across the entirety of Christian Scripture, Old and New Testament alike. It goes on to offer some account of these biblical difficulties, focusing on the thorny problems posed by the conquest of Canaan narrative in Joshua and the so-called cursing psalms of the Psalter. Close inspection of these texts reveals them to be less straightforwardly problematic than frequently thought; in fact, these texts often emerge from difficult circumstances (“rough times”) and can offer helpful, even therapeutic approaches to similarly hard scenarios of more recent vintage.
Antiochene Theoria and the Theological Interpretation of Scripture
Authors: Nassif Bradley 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies theoria (“insight, illumination, deeper meaning”) to the theological interpretation of Scripture today based on its usage in the School of Antioch (fourth–fifth centuries). Antiochene theoria is the historical and theological lens through which Scripture has often been read and applied in Orthodoxy over the centuries. The term was used by the Antiochenes in several interpretive contexts such as prophecy, typology, figures of speech, preaching, and exegetical illumination. It is particularly relevant to contemporary biblical interpretation because it offers a balanced corrective to the extremes of allegorical excess and the spiritual barrenness in much of modern historical criticism. An Antiochene approach provides Orthodox interpreters with an overall orientation to Scripture which seeks to unite historical exegesis with the Church’s theology. Contemporary scholarship has had an incomplete understanding of how this hermeneutical principle operated in Antiochene exegesis. This chapter addresses those deficiencies though an analysis of select primary sources.
Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy
Authors: Roeber Anthony G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Geographic distance, mutual misunderstandings of biblical and philosophical words, and political pressures contributed to separation of eastern from Oriental Orthodox Christians by the fifth century AD. Familiarity with biblical genres arose in liturgical use and commentary on the Hebrew Bible and Christian writings. Translations of both “Old” and “New” Testaments into Latin, Armenian, Coptic, or Ge’ez coexisted with influential Syriac gospel harmonies eventually overshadowed by the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. Rejecting those who had dismissed the importance of the Hebrew Bible, Christian communities arrived at a broad consensus on the canon of Christian scripture. That agreement had become more urgent with Islam’s claim for a single scripture in Arabic, the only universal and authoritative language. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox agreed that the Bible could be heard and read in any language, adequate for proclaiming the Christian gospel in right worship and teaching.
Liturgical Use and Biblical Canonicity
Authors: Vassiliadis Petros 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Abstract. This chapter takes a critical approach from an ecclesial rather than confessional perspective of the text and the canon of the Bible in the Orthodox Church. In addition to the issue of the canon and the text of the Bible, its authority in the Church is also examined. Regarding the liturgical use of the Bible in the entire Orthodox tradition, the decline of the Antiochian tradition played a significant role. An examination of the overdose of eschatology in the liturgy is also critically examined, together with the prevailing “modern” understanding of the Bible as the neglect of the authentic eschatology. The chapter discusses a recent rediscovery of the importance of the Bible in Orthodox Liturgy as a result of a Liturgical Renewal, as well as of its prophetic character in the life of the Church. It offers a case study of the Church of Greece with a short history of its official and unofficial campaign for a biblical and liturgical renewal.
The Old Greek, Hebrew, and Other Text Witnesses in Eastern Orthodoxy
Authors: Mihăilă Alexandru 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Starting from the textual diversity of the Bible in the early church, which proves that no Old Testament variant was canonized and that the Septuagint was used alongside the Hebrew text and Greek revisions dependent on the Hebrew text, this chapter analyzes the controversies over the textual witnesses of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox churches. During the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity, the Slavonic Bible was subject to more consistent Hebrew influences than the Greek Bible. Then the national Bibles of the Orthodox peoples provided the opportunity to again raise the question of the importance of the Hebrew text. While the Russians and Romanians succeeded in accepting the Hebrew text as a source for the Old Testament, the Greeks generally emphasized the intangibility of the Septuagint. Modern academic translations in the Orthodox world offered a more balanced view of the ancient textual witnesses.
Foreign Economic Policy
Authors: Lee Sohyun Zoe 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Since 1987, South Korea’s foreign economic policies (FEPs) have undergone remarkable transformation with deregulation and liberalization trends. As a middle-power country that is highly susceptible to changes in its external trade relations, South Korea has also developed multi-layered economic ties. This chapter identifies FEP decision-making structures and examines the interactions between the dynamics of domestic and international economies in the context of South Korea. It demonstrates how the Korean institutions have evolved, since its democratization, to accommodate an increased level of influence by interest groups and the civil society. Nevertheless, traditional actors—including the government and, to a lesser degree, the Chaebols—continue to play pivotal roles in the contemporary FEP decision-making process. FEP goals and decision-making structures have been highly dependent on the government and are susceptible to changes in political leadership.
Evolving Relations with China
Authors: Kim Heung-Kyu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Korea was, and is, a neighbouring country of China, sharing a border 1,416 kilometres in length that today is between North Korea and China. Throughout historical experiences of military clashes with and threats from China, Koreans have sought to learn how to survive without being annexed by such a big neighbour, which has been the gravitational centre of Korean policy throughout most of the country’s history. Even today, the awareness of China’s existence shapes both Koreas’ strategic thinking, particularly in the current period of power transition. Indeed, the US–China strategic competition has brought tremendous challenges to South Korea during the post-Cold War era. South Korea’s foreign policy has sought not to fall into the trap resulting from the strategic game between the two powers. However, South Korea’s scope for autonomy has become narrower. Meanwhile, the hope of North Korean denuclearization that is part of the Sino–American game has almost disappeared. In this context, South Korea has sought to find a new space and thinking in its foreign policy beyond this strategic competition.
Traveling Between Natural and Human Sciences
Authors: González-García A. César 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a professional voyage from pure astrophysical work to that of cultural astronomer. As a result, it is demonstrated how a number of mindsets and cognitive frames of the pure natural scientist had to be modified to formulate questions pertinent to the human sciences. Cultural astronomy attempts to comprehend the role of the sky in everyday life of the people. In other words, it is about the relationship between human societies and the sky under which they dwell. This field thus tries to understand how such societies produced, processed, and used their astronomical lore. Examined, relating to an astrophysicist, are which heavenly bodies such societies looked on. However, from the view of a cultural astronomer, understanding how such astronomical lore was generated in ancient or traditional societies is discussed. What was the value it had, what it was used for, how it related to other areas of social life, how it was transmitted, and what the social processes of production, transfer, and diffusion of such astronomical lore were. Explored are ways that such societies thought about the sky, how it was connected to the symbolic world and perhaps their rituals, and how that was reflected in their material culture. Particularly important for this is the research in archaeoastronomy, understood as the study of cultural astronomy from the remains of the built and designed environment.
The 1950s
Authors: Kukuj Ilja 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the early unofficial Soviet art and literary groups of the 1950s and early 1960s. After the Stalinist terror, a period in which attempts at collective alternative art-making had been fatally dangerous, and straying from socialist realism had been the bailiwick of lone individuals, a search for collective identity and consolidation of kindred spirits began, primarily among young people. Two groups of poets—the Attic poets and the Philological School—coalesced at tertiary institutions in Moscow and Leningrad, respectively. The aesthetic and political nonconformism of their leaders, Leonid Chertkov and Mikhail Krasilnikov, would end in prison terms for both men. Two art groups, Alexander Arefiev’s Order of Mendicant Painters (aka the Arefiev Circle) and Eli Beliutin’s amateur studio in Moscow, show the different ways in which the official and unofficial cultures diverged and coexisted. The variety of aesthetics and modes of life-creation which emerged in these years established unofficial culture’s trajectories in the following decade, finally leading, in the 1970s, to the emergence of the underground as an independent cultural institution.
Brodsky and His Circles
Authors: Akhapkin Denis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The chapter considers the Leningrad period of the life of Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996), Russian-American poet and Nobel Prize laureate. Although well-known in the city’s poetic circles, he was never a member of any. Brodsky mastered his unique voice through real or imagined dialogue with great poets, such as Akhmatova, Mandelstam, Tsvetaeva, Frost, and Auden, as well as discussions about poetry with friends. This chapter, covering the period of Brodsky’s work before his departure from the USSR, shows how a poet, who did not receive formal education except for basic schooling, became one of the leaders of Russian uncensored literature. He learned from conversations with Akhmatova and the circle of young poets around her (Bobyshev, Nayman, Rein), as well as independent study of the English language and the metaphysical and modernist poets who formed his “society of dead poets.” Thanks to his interest in English and American poetry and communication with underground poets—Chertkov, Krasovitsky, Uflyand, and others—he managed not to become an epigone of the Silver Age. Having come to the attention of the KGB early in connection with samizdat publications in Syntaxis magazine, Brodsky was monitored by the secret police throughout his life in the USSR. Although trial and exile brought worldwide fame, this did not help him become a literary figure in his homeland, and ultimately, he was forced to leave Leningrad and the USSR. It was his ability to create and maintain his own literary biography that helped him to become a globally recognized poet.
Governing Flood and Climate Risks in the Netherlands and
Hungary
Authors: Albright Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As the world continues to experience an array of climate-driven disasters including floods, heat waves, and wildfires, how nations recover, rebuild, and build resilience to future extreme climatic events becomes even more critical for human lives and livelihoods. Within the European Union, extreme flood events are among the most damaging and costly climate-related disasters. As the global climate shifts due to greenhouse gas accumulation altering precipitation patterns, it remains unclear whether governance systems will be effective at managing climate-related disasters. In the European Union, both the Netherlands and Hungary have confronted and managed extreme flooding over centuries and will continue to face these potentially disastrous events. This cross-national comparison leverages differences in the governance of extreme flooding over centuries in these two nations to provide insights into drivers of and barriers to effective flood governance. The Netherlands, an original member of the European Union, has greater relative financial wealth and a recent history of more robust democratic practices compared to Hungary, a form Warsaw Pact nation that acceded to the European Union in 2004. Along with these differences, both nations face the challenge of integrating and implementing EU flood and climate-risk strategies and policies into their own governance systems. To help elucidate the drivers of and barriers to strengthening societal resilience to extreme climatic events, this chapter compares the extent of integration of flood governance across and within policy domains in each nation, as well as the role of civil society in flood and climate risk management.
Globalization of Environmental Justice
Authors: Kashwan Prakash 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Histories of colonial expropriation and the nature of political and economic systems shape environmental justice struggles. However, inequality and capitalism are institutionalized very differently in different contexts and counties. This chapter advances scholarship on a comparative politics of environmental justice in diverse contexts. It draws on the tools and concepts from institutional analysis and comparative environmental politics to investigate the structuring effects of institutions while also accounting for the differences of political capabilities of main actors in society, market, and politics. The political economy of policies and institutions (PEPI) framework developed in this chapter facilitates a theoretically grounded investigation into how the key features social, economic, and political contexts, in conjunction with legal and institutional architectures, shape environmental justice advocacy, policies, programs, and outcomes. The PEPI framework makes visible the remarkably different trajectories of environmental justice movements and the political and policy interventions needed to realize the goals of environmental and climate justice in diverse contexts.
Twentieth-Century Women Writers and the Feminist Novel
Authors: Olivera-Williams María Rosa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The twentieth century was the century of women, feminism, and the feminist novel in Latin America. The history of Latin American feminism presents three milestones: first, the women’s movements that demanded political and civil equality at the beginning of the century and culminated in the 1950s with what Julieta Kirkwood called “the years of silence”; second, the violent decades of the 1970s and 1980s, when women challenged their historic exclusion from political life, showed how authoritarian regimes replicated patriarchal oppression, and developed feminist theories and practices; and third, the 1990s, when women focused on the damaging effects of neoliberalism, which impacted the activism of women and the development of feminist ideas. This chapter focuses on the feminist novel since the 1950s, when women ventured into a genre they had barely published in the past, and traces its course through the multiple positions that Latin American feminism took during the twentieth century.
Magical Realism and the Marvelous Real in the Novel
Authors: Chanady Amaryll 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Latin American novel has often been associated with these two literary modes, at least since the Boom of the 1960s. This chapter defines and discusses both terms, highlighting parallels and distinctions, and briefly analyzes a few key novels, including narratives from the so-called post-Boom period. It also assesses the importance of the modes for Latin American fiction, discusses some of the controversies surrounding them, and examines them in the context of Latin American history and culture. Literature associated with magical realism and the marvelous real is extremely diverse, and this chapter emphasizes the important differences between individual narratives and between the position of their authors. Special attention is given to the connections between these modes and ethnographic fiction, primitivism, hybridity, cultural heterogeneity, transculturation, postcolonial theory, postmodernism, and discourses of identity. Finally, instead of relegating the modes to the dustbin of exoticism in which Latin America presents itself as a fascinating non-Western other, aided by a successful editorial strategy in an increasingly global consumer market, the chapter rethinks their significance in the light of more recent concepts such as the pluriverse and the ecology of others.
Mapping Juan Rulfo
Authors: Bencomo Anadeli 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Rulfo’s Pedro Páramo has been characterized as a masterpiece of Latin American fiction. Published in the mid-1950s, it was praised for its reinvention of the regionalist novel. This chapter traces a succinct map of different approaches by literary critics to Rulfo’s novel. Although much attention has been given to the extreme economy of its prose, to the fragmented structure of the novel, and to the acoustic quality of its writing, nothing has been said about the fragments depicting natural elements in a performative way. This chapter argues that Pedro Páramo incorporates nature as an active agent through an alternate narrative imagination that not only listens to the voices of dead villagers in Comala, but also upsets the conventional representation of nature as a passive background. The discussion of Pedro Páramo’s mapping of the margins of modernization in Mexico is similarly relevant to this analysis of the novel.
The Star of the Hour
Authors: Williams Claire 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One hundred years since her birth, Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector is fêted around the world for her passionate, enigmatic, idiosyncratic prose, which challenges conventions of genre, form and content, word, and sentence. This chapter begins by making reference to the ways Lispector’s centenary was commemorated in 2020 and moves on to outline her life and career. It describes the narrative strategies that make her work simultaneously strange and compelling. The second half of the chapter presents some of her literary afterlives: homages to her literary originality, her beauty and aloofness, and the intimacy and bravery she inspires in her readers.