bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Early Season Insecticide Evaluation Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 7 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, 1 each of the cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (cv. Golden Delicious): half-inch green -11 Apr; Pink -18 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Cyprex, Benlate, Bayleton, Captan, Zineb, Manzate) was maintained throughout the season. The effect of the treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves per tree (cv. York Imperial). ERM populations were evaluated by collecting a random sample of 20 leaves per tree (cv. York Imperial), 100 leaves per treatment, brushing them with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by examining entire trees (cvs. Rome Beauty and York Imperial) and determining the total number of infested leaves and the number of injured apples per tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed visible signs of curling. Pest pressure was moderate.
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 10-year-old apple var. ‘Miller Spur Red Delicious’ orchard at the Clarksville Fruit Sub-station, Clarksville, AR, was used in this test. Sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. At Fayetteville, AR, an 18-year-old orchard was selected at the University of Arkansas Main Horticulture Station. Sprays were applied to 1-tree plots of various early maturing apple varieties in a randomized complete block replicated 3 times. Trees at both sites were sprayed to runoff, ca. 2 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Spray dates at Clarksville were 16 Apr (0.2 lb F4999 only on replicate 1, and 0.1 lb F4999 on all replicates at later spring dates), 2, 15 May, 13, 27 Jun, 2, 11, 24 Jul, 7, and 16 Aug. Plictran (6 oz/100 gal) was applied to all trees on 27 Jun and 5 Jul due to a high ERM population. In Fayetteville, spray dates were 25 Apr, 3 May, 14 May, 31 May, and 14 Jun. F4999 was applied at 0.05 lb on 25 Apr and 0.1 lb at all later dates. Damage counts were made at harvest (27 and 28 Aug). Count and percent data values were transformed to log(x + 1) and arcsine X, respectively, prior to analysis of variance and mean comparison (P = 0.05; DMRT).
Apple, Pre-Bloom Control of Pandemis Leafroller, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten-year-old apple trees were sprayed with insecticides to evaluate their efficacy in controlling overwintering larvae of apple pandemis. Insecticides were applied as a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. All materials were combined with 1 gal of oil/A. The test experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Pre-treatment counts were made on Apr 10. Ten fruit buds from each tree were removed and returned to the laboratory for examination under a dissecting microscope. Numbers of larvae found were recorded. Treatments were applied on 10 Apr at half-inch green stage of flower bud development. Post-treatment counts were made on 18 Apr. Each tree was examined and the number of leafroller feeding sites and live larvae recorded.
Apple, Codling Moth Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to individual 7-year-old trees as single units replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed by handgun to run-off using a 7 gpm John Bean sprayer operating at 350 psi at about 400 gpa. The application of test materials was timed according to phenology data provided by Washington State Extension Service (see WSU Extension Bulletin 1072). The insect growth regulators F4999 and Dimilin were applied at the onset of laying at 43 degree-days (base 50°F) from first moth catch (Biofix). The first Guthion treatment was applied at the start of egg hatch at 226 degree-days from Biofix. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 fruit per replication at harvest on 25 Sept for worm stings and entries. Average monthly temperatures were: May 56.7°F, Jun 61.8°F, Jul 71.6°F, Aug 64.3°F, Sep 55.2°F. Monthly rainfall in inches was: May 0.48, Jun 2.13, Jul 0.1, Aug 0.56, Sept 2.91.
Tart Cherry, Cherry Fruit Fly Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments consisted of single, 0.5-acre unreplicated blocks. Materials were applied by handgun to drip on 16 May, 14 Jun, 25 Jun, 8 Jul and 19 Jul. Evaluations involved blending 8 pts of cherries in a blender and sieving the resulting slurry to remove the pulp. The remaining material was then examined for larvae.
Tart Cherry, American Plum Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Biddinger David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 7 times in a completely randomized block design. Materials were applied by handgun to drop dilute on 22 May. Evaluations involved examining each tree for borer damage and excising the larvae. A 50% mixture of a polyvinyl aqueous butyral dispersion (PVB) was used with insecticides. In addition, Vapor Gard (an anti-desiccant that also acts as a UV screen and sticker) was tested.
Tart Cherry, American Plum Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Biddinger David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments consisted of single unreplicated rows. Each row consisted of 32 trees. Materials were applied by handgun dilute on 6 Aug. Evaluations involved examining a selected subsample of those trees and was based on selecting the most infested trees in the row. Timing of the spray was based on pheromone trap catches using a specific pheromone for APB. A 50% mixture of a polyvinyl aqueous butyral dispersion (PVB) was used with insecticides. In addition, Vapor Gard (an anti-desiccant that also acts as a UV screen and sticker) was tested.
Peach, Evaluation of Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth , Swift Fred C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Rutgers Fruit Tree Research & Developmen Center, Cream Ridge, NJ, in a 10-year-old peach orchard, variety ‘Red Haven’. Single-tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete blocl design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree, 300 gal/A) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Treatment were applied on Apr 23 (PF), May 14 (IC), May 28 (2C), Jun 10 (3C), and Jun 24 (4C). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate, brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting the number of mobile mites. Sampling methods for various insects in the table are as follows: OFMa = no. of OFM damaged terminals/tree (Is generation); OFMb = no. of OFM damaged terminals/tree (2nd generation); OFMc = no. of OFM damaged fruit/tree (3rd generation, 100 frui evaluated); PC = no. of PC damaged fruit/tree (100 fruit evaluated); TPB = no. of TPB damaged fruit/tree (100 fruit evaluated). Mite-days wen calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(M1 + M2)/2 × Y], where MD1 = mite days already accumulated, M1 = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after M1 and Y = number of days between M1 and M2. Data were transformed to × + 1 o arcsin (x) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In tables numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different a alpha = 0.05, DMRT.
Apple, Summer Control of Pandemis Leafroller, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 10-year-old apple orchard was used to evaluate timing of 2 insecticides in controlling larvae of apple pandemis. Insecticides were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. Five single-tree replicates were used for each material and timing in randomized complete block design. Two unsprayed treatments were included. Lorsban and Penncap-M were initially applied at first egg hatch on 25 Jun (800 degree days after first codling moth flight). The second and third treatments were applied 200 and 460 degree days after the first spray on 8 Jul (1000 degree days after first codling moth flight) and 18 Jul (1460 degree days after first codling moth flight), respectively. The sine-wave method was used to calculate degree days using the same lower (50 F) and upper (88 F) temperature thresholds used for codling moth. All evaluations were made on 22 Jul. The number of live larvae on each tree was recorded.
Leafminer Control on Cranberry, 1985
Authors: Maier Chris T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling a cranberry leafminer at East Haddam, CT. Experimental 1 × 1-m plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates per treatment. On 22 May insecticides were applied to runoff with a 3-gal compression sprayer that was constantly shaken to insure even mixing. At application time larvae were mainly 3rd and 4th instars. Fifty mines per plot (5 from 10 different uprights) were microscopically examined on 29 May to determine % mortality.
Grape, Grape Berry Moth Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A completely randomized block design was used. Treatments consisted of vines per replicate, replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 99 gal/acre on 5 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 11 Jul, 23 Jul, 7 Aug, 1 Aug and 5 Sep. Evaluations involved examining 25 bunches of grapes on 13 Sep ’85 for GBM per replicate.
Apple Pandemis Control, Pre-Bloom Application, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three commercial apple orchards near Wenatchee, WA, were found to have moderate to high levels of apple pandemis larvae during the delayed dormant period. Orchards 1 and 2 contained older trees (20-30 years) 14-16 ft tall and planted on a 20 ft × 20 ft spacing. Trees in orchard 3 were 8-10 ft tall (15 yr old) planted on a 7 ft × 16 ft spacing. Twenty-five trees were selected in orchards 1 and 2. Ten fruit buds per tree from a high (&gt;6 ft) and low level were sampled just prior to and 7-10 days posttreatment. In orchard 3, 10 fruit buds per tree were sampled from 50 trees. All fruit buds were returned to the laboratory, examined under a binocular microscope and numbers of injured and infested buds recorded. All orchards were treated with Lorsban and oil by airblast sprayer at 400 gal per acre between 4-11 Apr.
Arthropod Control and Chemical Phytotoxicity on Strawberries, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Parker’ strawberries were transplanted 2 Nov ’84 into drip-irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 wk following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of 2 sub-beds (17 plants/sub-bed). Insecticides were applied on 29 Mar, 11 and 25 Apr, 9 and 23 May, and 6 and 20 Jun. As foliage height and density increased, nozzles varied from 2-4/row and carrier was 100 gal/acre. Disc-type nozzles incorporated D-2 or D-3 orifice discs, #23 cones, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Spider mite population evaluation was based on percentage of plants infested on the highest trifoliate on each plant for 10 plants/replicate every wk (40/treatment/wk). Data were collected every other wk from 25 Mar-17 Jun, and again on 25 Jun. Aphid counts were collected at the same time as the spider mite data, but percentage of plants infested was based on the presence or absence of aphids on the oldest trifoliate. Again, 10 randomly selected plants were sampled/replicate every other week. Phytotoxicity was assessed by photosynthesis (PH) and stomatal conductance (RS) measurements made with the LI-COR 6000 on 10, 15 and 26 Apr (13 days after 1st treatment, 4 days after the 2nd treatment, and 1 day after the 3rd treatment, respectively). Yield data were collected (all berries in each replicate) on the same dates as the mite counts.
Strawberry, Leafroller Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Unreplicated blocks were used. Materials were applied by a hand held CO2 sprayer at 51 gal/a on 17 May, 28 May, 6 Jun and 19 Jun. Evaluation consisted of examining 100 crowns per block and counting the number of leaves infested 24 Jun with leafroller larvae. The mean number of leaves is estimated at 5.
Evaluation of CME-13406 for Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Victor J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with each replicated 3 times on 3-tree plots in a 20-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 16-ft × 22-ft tree spacing. Initial application was made on 9 May and reapplied on 1 Jul using an FMC 1229 FTM Air Sprayer at 1 mph with nozzling and pressure adjusted for a spray volume of 200 gal/acre. CRM were counted in two 1-cm2 lens fields on the lower surface of each of 50 randomly selected leaves per replicate. Another 24 leaves per replicate were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. RdM motiles were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 25x.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests, 1985
Authors: Childers Carl C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in 2 tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 400 psi on 29 May (ca 3-5 gal/tree) and 8-9 Jul (ca 4-6 gal/tree) (test 1) and 11 Jul (ca 4-6 gal/tree) (test 2). Water pH was 7.9 and 7.8 respectively for test 1 and 7.9 for test 2. Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Thrips Control; Effect on Plant Growth, 1986
Authors: Langston W. C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted to compare insecticides applied in furrow for thrips control and to determine the effects on plant growth characteristics. The plots were 4 rows × 20 ft long with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. The soil type was Austin clay. Treatments were Temik 15G at 0.25 and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, Counter 15G at 1.0 and 2.0 lb (AI)/acre, and Furadan 10G on corn cob grit (CCG) at 0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. These treatments were applied in furrow at planting with a John Deere Flex 71 planter on 13 May. Plants from the outside rows were pulled and beaten on hardware screen over a white pan and thrips adults and nymphs counted. Twelve consecutive plants from each outside row were collected and thrips were counted on 27 May, 6 Jun, and 10 Jun. Ten consecutive 28-day-old plants from the center 2 rows were pulled on 19 and 20 May, and plant growth data were determined by dissecting the tap root at the cotyledon leaf node and leaves at the petiole. Leaves, stems, and roots were then weighed separately. The number of plants that were squaring was determined. Later in the season, earliness was measured by counting the number of bolls on 0.02-acre subplots in each center row. Total yield was obtained by stripping the center 2 rows with a brush stripper on 18 Sep.
Binary Mixtures of Selected Insecticides for Control of Heliothis Spp. in Cotton, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Anderson R. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi to evaluate several insecticides (applied singly and in binary mixtures) for control of Heliothis spp. in dryland cotton. Nine treatments and an untreated check were compared in 3-row × 30-ft plots of cotton planted 16 Apr on 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The first application of treatments occurred 3 wk past first-bloom-stage of cotton growth on 24 Jun; treatments were applied again on 30 Jun. One day prior to the first application of treatments, random inspection of plants showed that the test site was infested with 48 Heliothis eggs and 5 small Heliothis larvae/100 plant terminals; there were no Heliothis damaged squares (n = 100 squares). Also, identification of Heliothis larvae (n = 25) collected from the test site one day prior to the first application of treatments indicated that the infestation consisted of 65% H. virescens and 35% H. zea. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer, calibrated to deliver 4.5 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. After each application, efficacy of each treatment was evaluated by inspecting the terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for presence of Heliothis feeding damage and numbers of larvae and by inspecting 20 randomly chosen squares and bolls in each plot for presence of Heliothis feeding damage and numbers of larvae. Seed cotton was hand harvested from a 13.6-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Vegetable Oil Sprays of Larvin UCLF-5; Activity Against Tobacco Budworms Under Rainy Conditions, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Henedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted to evaluate different spray formulations of Larvin UCLF-5 for efficacy against tobacco budworm larvae in cotton. Four treatments and an untreated check were compared in 1-row × 6.7-ft plots of cotton planted 16 Apr on 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were artificially infested twice with neonatal tobacco budworm larvae (laboratory colony maintained at the USDA Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory at Stoneville, Miss.). The first release of larvae was made 2 days before application of treatments (6 Jul), and the second release was made 1 day before application of treatments (7 Jul). Using a camel's hair brush, larvae were placed in shootterminals of randomly chosen plants in each plot (60 larvae/plot/release). On 8 Jul, treatments were applied to plots by using a modified CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a controUed-droplet atomizer (Micro Max/DR4; Micron, Houston, Tex.) operating at 2,000 rpm. The atomizer was powered by a 12 V battery. The flow rate was regulated with a size 4916-16 regulator orifice plate (Spraying Systems, Wheaton, 111.) at 25 psi, which produced a finished spray volume of 1.3 gal/acre. The atomizer was held 10 inches above the row. At the time of treatment, the wind was 5-11 mph from SE (row direction was E to W), RH was 61%, and ambient temperature was 81°F. To prevent cross contamination of treatments from spray drift, 4 untreated buffer rows of cotton were planted between each plot, and a 4- × 3-ft plastic shield was carried next to the atomizer during treatment application (the shield was held 4 ft NW from the atomizer). Thirty-five min after application, a brief, hard rainfall of about 0.3 inches occurred at the test site. Treatment efficacy was evaluted 7 days after the application by inspecting 40 squares and 40 bolls/plot for budworm feeding. Numbers of larvae found in squares and bolls also were recorded.
Ovicidal Activity of Larvin and Ammo Against Pyrethroid-Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Tobacco Budworm, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Anderson R. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two small-plot studies were conducted in the field at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi to measure the effects of 4 treatments on survival of eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. In Test 1, treatments were evaluated on eggs obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain (S-strain) of tobacco budworm (laboratory colony maintained at the USDA Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory at Stoneville, Miss.) Treatments in Test 2 were evaluated on a pyrethroid-resistant strain (R-strain) of tobacco budworm (laboratory colony [PEG-87] maintained at ICI Americas at Pikeville, N.C.). Experimental methods were identical for both tests. Treatments were compared in 1-row × 30-ft plots of cotton planted 19 Mar on 38-inch rows. Using a camel's hair brush moistened with distilled water, fresh eggs (3- to 10-h-old) were attached manually to the upper surfaces of leaves (10 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 24 flowering cotton plants/treatment. Within 30 min following placement of eggs on plants, treatments were applied to plants by using a CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 4.5 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Based on visual estimation, coverage of leaves and eggs with treatment sprays was optimal. Four hours after application, all leaves containing eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes and held in a laboratory temperature cabinet for 72 h (constant 78°F and 80% RH) then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of 6 leaves and 47-57 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Soil Insect Control in Lupine, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Wiens Mel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil in the Irrigation Station, Staples, Minn. Plots were 2 rows × 25 ft, and treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged by pairs in a randomized complete block design. Clean, untreated seed was moistened with water and bacterial innoculant plus the appropriate insecticide applied 1 h prior to planting. The treated seed was then allowed to dry. Seed was planted with a John Deere Maximerge 4-row planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand following planting and lightly covered. The field was then irrigated to provide uniform germination. Stand, insect, and disease damage were recorded for 20 ft of row. Damage was converted to a percentage, transformed using ARCSINE transformation, and means were compared. Yields were taken from 20 ft of row and adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Earworm Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at 2 locations in Maryland. Site 1 was located near Beltsville in Prince George's County, where 'Williams 82' beans were planted on 8 July in 30-inch rows. At Site 2, located near Preston in Dorchester County, 'Douglas' beans were planted on 13 Aug in 14-inch rows. The 'Williams 82' soybeans were flowering at time of treatment on 4 Sep and 'Douglas' beans were also flowering at time of treatment on 9 Sep. Treatment plots were 30 × 30 ft, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were taken on 11 and 17 Sep at Site 1 by recording the number of worms found in 18 ft of row/plot. At Site 2 posttreatment counts were taken 17 and 24 Sep by recording the number of worms found in 20 random 180-degree sweeps/plot.