Abstract 1667: Synthetic essentiality between PTEN and core dependency factor PAX7 dictates rhabdomyosarcoma identity
Authors: Langdon Casey G. , Gadek Katherine E. , Garcia Matthew R. , Evans Myron K. , Reed Kristin B. , Bush Madeline , Hanna Jason A. , Drummond Catherine J. , Maguire Matthew C. , Leavey Patrick J. , Finkelstein David , Jin Hongjian , Schreiner Patrick A. , Rehg Jerold E. , Hatley Mark E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children with no improvements in treatment options for RMS patients over the past four decades. Therefore, it is critical to understand the fundamental processes underlying RMS tumorigenesis. RMS is divided into two major histologic subtypes - alveolar and embryonal RMS. Nearly all alveolar RMS express oncogenic fusions of PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1 whereas embryonal RMS are not driven by these fusion proteins. Instead, embryonal or fusion-negative (FN-RMS) are molecularly heterogeneous. Approximately one-third of fusion-negative RMS (FN-RMS) patients have copy number loss of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), and approximately 90% of tumors are hypermethylated at the PTEN promoter leading to decreased PTEN expression. This indicates a near universal role for PTEN loss in FN-RMS, but the functional role of PTEN is still unclear. To determine PTEN’s function in FN-RMS, we bred Ptenflox alleles into our aP2-Cre;SmoM2 (ASPWT) FN-RMS mouse model to obtain aP2-Cre;SmoM2;Ptenflox/flox mice (ASPcKO). Conditional Pten deletion accelerated tumorigenesis and produced a tumor with a less differentiated histological appearance, much like human FN-RMS. Interestingly, in PtenWT tumors, we found predominant PTEN immunoreactivity within the nucleus suggesting a role for nuclear PTEN in FN-RMS. Transcriptome analyses revealed robust gene expression changes between the ASPWT and ASPcKO tumors. The top overexpressed gene in ASPcKO tumors was Dbx1 (Developing brain homeobox 1), a homeobox transcription factor with no known cancer function but involved in innate behavioral processes such as breathing. We found FN-RMS patient-derived xenografts are dependent on DBX1 expression, and that DBX1 expression is controlled by PAX7 (Paired Box 7). PAX7 is a transcription factor expressed in satellite cells and maintains a de-differentiated state in FN-RMS. PAX7 expression is also increased in our ASPcKO tumors, and we show that human FN-RMS cells are dependent on PAX7 expression for proliferation. This suggests PTEN loss in FN-RMS engages a new transcriptional program necessary for FN-RMS survival. To determine if Pax7 loss can rescue the deleterious effects of Pten loss in our murine FN-RMS model, we deleted both Pten and Pax7 in our aP2-Cre;SmoM2 mice (ASPcKOP7cKO). ASPcKOP7cKO tumor onset kinetics resembled tumors with wild-type PTEN and were negative for skeletal muscle markers MYOD1 and MYOGENIN. However, these tumors were positive for leiomyosarcoma markers smooth muscle actin and CALDESMON. Together, our data suggests PTEN and PAX7 have a synthetic essential relationship in FN-RMS and that PAX7 is a proliferative driver and lineage dependency for FN-RMS tumors. This work also illustrates the power of murine models to unravel the genetic dependencies underlying both tumor maintenance and identity.
Citation Format: Casey G. Langdon, Katherine E. Gadek, Matthew R. Garcia, Myron K. Evans, Kristin B. Reed, Madeline Bush, Jason A. Hanna, Catherine J. Drummond, Matthew C. Maguire, Patrick J. Leavey, David Finkelstein, Hongjian Jin, Patrick A. Schreiner, Jerold E. Rehg, Mark E. Hatley. Synthetic essentiality between PTEN and core dependency factor PAX7 dictates rhabdomyosarcoma identity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1667.