bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis contact investigation in African Portuguese-speaking countries at End TB Strategy era: a scoping review
Authors: Loesch Regina Becker Reifschneider , Ribeiro Rafaela M. , Conceição Cláudia 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesThe contact investigation of tuberculosis (TB) index case is one of the critical elements pointed by the WHO to reach the end of the TB epidemic. The scoping review aimed to map out the recommended and the adopted processes applied to active contact investigation of TB index case in African Portuguese-speaking countries (PALOP).DesignScoping review.Data sourcesWe searched B-on, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, WHOLIS, IRIS, OKR, each country’s Ministry of Health websites, WHO, Global Fund, World Bank and bibliographic reference lists from February to May 2020.Eligibility criteriaAll available literature on TB contact investigation in each country part of PALOP (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe) published from 1 January 2010 to 31 January2020.Data extraction and synthesisA data-charting form was developed to extract data on documents' characteristics and variables pertinent to the TB contact investigation process. Before qualitative analysis, we thematically synthesised findings and converted them into appropriate text units.ResultsFifteen documents were included in the scoping review. The recommended processes for TB contact investigation were identified only for Cape Verde and Mozambique. It included clinical evaluation, counselling and testing for HIV, chest radiography, tuberculin skin test, sputum smear microscopy or Xpert MTB/RIF. The adopted processes were detected only in research studies from Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. Therefore, they cannot be assumed as adopted within the scope of the national programmes of the respective countries.ConclusionThis review highlights the scarcity of references on TB contact investigation in PALOP at the End TB Strategy era. Furthermore, it is well clear the importance of an information system that provides actual data for assessing the real impact of such interventions in controlling the disease in African Portuguese-speaking countries.
Modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Kumma Wondimagegn Paulos , Lindtjørn Bernt , Loha Eskindir 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence, magnitude and factors associated with the number of major modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional study.SettingGeneral population in urban and rural Wolaita, southern Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 2483 adults aged 25–64 years were selected using the three-stage random sampling.Outcome measuresPrevalence of major modifiable CVD risk factors, co-occurrences and the number of modifiable CVD risk factors.ResultsThe major modifiable CVD risk factors documented in the Wolaita area were smoking with a weighted prevalence of 0.8%, hypercholesterolaemia 5.0%, hypertriglyceridaemia 15.5%, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 31.3%, high systolic blood pressure 22.2%, high diastolic blood pressure 22.4%, physical inactivity 44.1%, obesity 2.8% and hyperglycaemia 3.7%. The numbers of participants having ≥1, ≥2 and ≥3 major modifiable CVD risk factors in the study area were 2013, 1201 and 576 with a weighted prevalence of 75.8%, 42.3% and 19.4%, respectively. In general, there were 28 different combinations of major modifiable CVD risk factor co-occurrences. The combination of physical inactivity with low HDL-C was found in 19.7% of the study participants, followed by physical inactivity with hypertension of 17.8%. Urban residence, male gender, sugar-sweetened food consumption and older age had a positive association with the number of major modifiable CVD risk factors, while being a farmer had a negative association.ConclusionsThe prevalence and magnitude of major modifiable CVD risk factors in the study area were high. The components of the most prevalent combinations of major modifiable CVD risk factors should be targeted. Therefore, public health measures against major modifiable CVD risk factors such as promotion of physical exercise and reduction of sugar-sweetened food consumption have to be taken, targeting the vulnerable groups such as urban residents and older age.
Safety and efficacy of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of sepsis induced by pneumonia: study protocol for a single-centre, randomised single-blind parallel group trial
Authors: Wang Chunxue , Zhao Dongyang , Zheng Liang , Bao Xiaowei , Yang Qian , Jiang Sen , Zhou Xiaohui , Tang Lunxian , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionSepsis is a life-threatening organ disorder caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection with no effective treatment options exist thus far. Therefore, novel therapeutic methods are urgently advocated for decreasing the high mortality rate. Recently, preclinical studies supported the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of sepsis. In this study, we aim to test the safety, tolerability and efficacy of human umbilical cord MSCs (HUC-MSCs) for the treatment of pneumonia induced sepsis.Methods and analysisThis study is a single-centre, randomised single-blind parallel group, placebo-controlled trial. Forty eligible participants with pneumonia-induced sepsis will be randomly assigned to the observational cohort and the interventional cohort in a 1:1 ratio. In addition to the standard treatments recommended by the Sepsis 3.0 guidelines, HUC-MSCs will be administered intravenously as adjunctive therapy on day 0 at a dose of 1×106 cells/kg with a total volume of 100 mL diluted with normal saline through 120 mL/hour intravenous central line infusion in the interventional cohort. Placebo (normal saline) will also be administered through 120 mL/hour intravenous central line infusion at the same quantity (total volume of 100 mL) in the observational cohort. The study is approved by Research Ethics Board of East Hospital/Tongji University, which has been registered on Chinese clinical trial registry (chictr.org.cn) and initiated from October 2021. All the participants will be followed at regular intervals for 1 year. Funding is from the ‘National Natural Science Foundation, China and top‐level clinical discipline project of Shanghai Pudong’. This study is the first trial to assess the safety and efficacy of HUC-MSCs for the treatment of sepsis induced by pneumonia. The results will advance our understanding of the mode of action of HUC-MSCs and will also be critical for the design of future investigation in larger randomised controlled trials in multicentre. These data will offer insight into defining endpoints, key biomarkers and sample size determination.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Research Ethics Board of East Hospital, Tongji University (Shanghai, China), which has accepted responsibility for supervising all aspects of the study (DFSC-2021(CR-04). The results of this study will be presented at both national and international conferences and be considered for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. All the results presented in this study will be of group data, therefore, individual participants will not be identifiable.Trial registration numberChiCTR2100050544, the trial is now at the stage of pre-results.
Development of bioelectrical impedance-based equations for the prediction of body composition of Malawian adolescents aged 10–18 years: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Divala Oscar Henry , Mwakhwawa Queen , Phiri Madalitso Makawa , Owino Victor , El Kari Khalid , Maleta Kenneth Mphatso 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesThe accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) depends on population-specific prediction equations and there is no population-specific equation for predicting fat-free mass (FFM) in Malawian adolescents. This study aimed at determining the agreement between FFM measured by deuterium oxide dilution technique (the reference) and FFM by BIA; and propose BIA-based prediction equations to estimate FFM for Malawian adolescents.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted in Blantyre, MalawiParticipants186 Malawian adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years were included in this study. Body composition was estimated by both the BodyStat BIA analyser and the deuterium oxide dilution method.ResultsBIA inbuilt equation underestimated FFM compared with deuterium oxide dilution (p=0.039). The new prediction equation for FFM (kg)=−4.316+ 0.425* height2(cm)/resistance (Ω)+1.287* sex (male=1, female=0)+0.307*age(years)+0.344* weight(kg)+0.019*reactance(Ω) yielded an R2 of 0.926. The equation for total body water (TBW) (kg)=−2.152 + 0.328*height2(cm)/resistance (Ω) 0.910*sex (male=1, female=0)+0.307 *age (years)+0.249*weight(kg)+0.015*reactance(Ω) yielded an R2 of 0.922. The Bland-Altman plot illustrated a good level of concordance between the FFM and TBW predicted by the new equations and the values derived using deuterium dilution method.ConclusionsThe new BIA prediction equations for estimating FFM and TBW could be used to assess with very good accuracy and precision the body composition of Malawian and adolescents with similar characteristics.
Predicting neurodevelopmental risk in children born to mothers living with HIV in Kenya: protocol for a prospective cohort study (Tabiri Study)
Authors: Oyungu Eren , El Kebbi Ola , Vreeman Rachel , Nyandiko Winstone , Monahan Patrick O , Tu Wanzhu , Khaitan Alka , Desta Zeruesenay , Slogrove Amy L , Humphrey John M , Were Edwin , Patel Rena C , Carlucci James G , Wools-Kaloustian Kara , McHenry Megan S 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionFor the growing number of children with in utero and postpartum exposure to HIV and/or antiretrovirals, it is unclear which exposures or risk factors play a significant role in predicting worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This protocol describes a prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants born to mothers living with HIV and those born to mothers without HIV. We will determine which risk factors are most predictive of child neurodevelopment at 24 months. We aim to create a risk assessment tool to help predict which children are at risk for worse neurodevelopment outcomes.Methods and analysisThis study leverages an existing Kenyan cohort to prospectively enrol 500 children born to mothers living with HIV and 500 to those without HIV (n=1000 total) and follow them from birth to age 24 months. The following factors will be measured every 6 months: infectious morbidity and biological/sociodemographic/psychosocial risk factors. We will compare these factors between the two groups. We will then measure and compare neurodevelopment within children in both groups at 24 months of age using the Child Behaviour Checklist and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. Finally, we will use generalised linear mixed modelling to quantify associations with neurodevelopment and create a risk assessment tool for children ≤24 months.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Moi University’s Institutional Research and Ethics Committee (IREC/2021/55; Approval #0003892), Kenya’s National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI, Reference #700244) and Indiana University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB Protocol #110990). This study carries minimal risk to the children and their mothers, and all mothers will provide written consent for participation in the study. Results will be disseminated to maternal child health clinics within Uasin Gishu County, Kenya and via papers submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presentation at international conferences.
Prognostic significance of first-degree atrioventricular block in a large Asian population: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Moujie , Du Zhi , Sun Yingxian 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate the prognostic significance of first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) in Asian populations.Design and settingParticipants (N=9634) from the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study were included. The first-degree AVB was defined as PR (from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram) interval >200 ms, and primary composite outcome (all events) included new onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Cox regression and restricted cubic spline were used to identify the associations of PR interval or first-degree AVB with end points. Furthermore, the relationship between new-onset CVD and mortality and first-degree AVB was separately evaluated. The value of first-degree AVB for predicting adverse events was evaluated by reclassification and discrimination analyses.ResultsDuring a median of 4.65 years follow-up, 524 participants developed CVD and 371 died. Compared with participants with PR ≤200 ms, those with first-degree AVB had an increased risk of all events (HR: 1.84; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.88). Furthermore, first-degree AVB was predictive of incident CVD (1.96, 1.18 to 3.23) and stroke (2.22, 1.27 to 3.90) after adjusting for conventional risk. These statistically significant associations remained unchanged after further stratification by potential confounding factors. Discrimination and reclassification analyses suggested that first-degree AVB addition could improve the conventional model for predicting adverse outcomes within 4 years.ConclusionsOur results indicated that first-degree AVB was an independent risk factor for adverse events, suggesting that it should not be considered as inconsequential factor in general population. These results have potential clinical value for identifying individuals at high risk for adverse outcomes.
Using poetry to elicit internal medicine residents’ perspectives on wellness
Authors: Wietlisbach Larissa E , Asch David A , Eriksen Whitney , Barg Frances K , Bellini Lisa M , Desai Sanjay V , Yakubu Abdul-Rakeem , Shea Judy A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To elicit internal medicine residents’ perspectives on wellness through poetry writing, examining (1) response rates, (2) the tone/sentiment of their submissions and (3) the primary thematic content.

Study design
In academic year 2019–2020, a random sample of 88 residents from four internal medicine residency programmes was invited to participate in a year-long study of wellness. In December 2019, an open-ended prompt asked residents to write a poem reflecting on their well-being. Responses were inductively coded using content analysis techniques.

Results
The response rate for the poetry prompt was 94%. The tone of the entries was most often neutral or contradictory (42%), followed by negative (33%) and positive (25%). There were three main themes: (1) Mindsets: most residents simply wanted to make it through their programme; (2) wellness influencers: the main wellness supporters were external to the programme such as vacationing and exercise; within hospitals, friendships with colleagues and boosted wellness and (3) scheduling/repetition: difficult schedules drained energy as did the monotony of administrative tasks.

Conclusions
Poetry appears to be an innovative and effective vehicle to elicit residents’ perspectives without compromising response rate. Poetry survey techniques allow medical trainees to provide powerful messaging to leadership. Most of what is known about trainee wellness is derived from quantitative surveys. This study showed medicine trainees’ willingness to engage in poetry and add richness and personal detail to highlight key drivers of wellness. Such information provides context and brings attention in a compelling manner to an important topic.
Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics surgery: transforming technological innovation in patient care and surgical training
Authors: St Mart Jean-Pierre , Goh En Lin , Liew Ignatius , Shah Zameer , Sinha Joydeep 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an exciting field combining computer science with robust data sets to facilitate problem-solving. It has the potential to transform education, practice and delivery of healthcare especially in orthopaedics. This review article outlines some of the already used AI pathways as well as recent technological advances in orthopaedics. Additionally, this article further explains how potentially these two entities could be combined in the future to improve surgical education, training and ultimately patient care and outcomes.
Are TEMs Canceled? Questioning the Functional Relevance of Tie2-Expressing Macrophages
Authors: Zhang Yuqing , Brekken Rolf A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInflammatory cells are a vital component of the tumor stroma and, of these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are the major cell type. TAMs are recruited early in tumorigenesis and generally promote metastasis, stimulate tumor angiogenesis, and drive immunosuppression. TAMs have been shown to express the endothelial cell markers that enable chemotaxis and proangiogenic capacity. In this issue of Cancer Research, Jakab and colleagues challenge the functional significance of Tie2-expressing monocytes/macrophages (TEM) in the context of tumor growth and progression. By employing myeloid-specific deletion of the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 and comprehensive analysis of myeloid cell single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, they provide compelling data that Tie2-positive macrophages do not contribute to tumor angiogenesis or relapse after chemotherapy, two major biologic processes previously attributed to tumor-associated TEMs. The study highlights that the concept of macrophage-expressed Tie2 as a therapeutic target or prognostic indicator needs reconsideration.See related article by Jakab et al., p. 1353
Real and Illusory Precision Gains in Meta-Analysis to Speed Action on Carcinogens
Authors: Keil Alexander P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One should avoid benzene exposure, all other things being equal. Risk assessment can help inform human health outcomes when all other things are not equal, as when competing legal or economic interests arise. In sparse literatures where exposures may be highly deleterious and yet understudied, there is a dire need for evidence synthesis, such as meta-analysis, to maximally inform risk assessment. Here, using the analysis and approach of Scholten and colleagues from the current issue as a touch point, I describe how meta-analysis could ideally meet this aim and how it often fails to do so. Some of the current literature on transportability of causal effects is illustrative, and I describe how some of the lessons from this literature could be applied within the innovative framework of Scholten and colleagues to leverage meta-analysis within the broader decision-making framework of risk-assessment.
See related article by Scholten et al., p. 751
Loss of Claudin-4 Reduces DNA Damage Repair and Increases Sensitivity to PARP Inhibitors
Authors: Yamamoto Tomomi M. , Webb Patricia G. , Davis Dana M. , Baumgartner Heidi K. , Woodruff Elizabeth R. , Guntupalli Saketh R. , Neville Margaret , Behbakht Kian , Bitler Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy due to progression to resistant disease. Claudin-4 is classically defined as a tight junction protein and is often associated with epithelial cancers. Claudin-4 is aberrantly expressed in nearly 70% of all ovarian cancer tumors and conveys a worse overall prognosis. Elevated claudin-4 expression correlates to increased DNA repair activity and resistance to DNA damaging agents. PARP inhibitors are emerging as an effective therapeutic option for patients with ovarian cancer and function by promoting DNA damage. The study examines the relationship between claudin-4 expression and the response to PARP inhibitors using both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of claudin-4 in in vitro and ex vivo models of ovarian cancer to examine DNA repair markers and functional activity. Genetic inhibition of claudin-4 results in the downregulation of several DNA damage repair effectors, including 53BP1 and XRCC1. Claudin-4 knockdown did not change homology-directed repair but inhibited nonhomologous end-joining and reduced 53BP1 foci formation. In 15 primary ovarian cancer tumors, higher claudin-4 expression significantly correlated to a dampened PARP inhibitor-mediated antiproliferation response. Further, claudin-4 inhibition in high claudin-4 tumors sensitized tumor sections to PARP inhibition. These data highlight that claudin-4 expression in ovarian cancer tumors could serve as both a marker of PARP inhibitor response and a therapeutic target to improve PARP inhibitor response.
Patchwork Cancer Predisposition
Authors: Liggett L. Alexander , Sankaran Vijay G. 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
Inherited genetic variation is increasingly identified as an important predisposing factor to a variety of cancers. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Pareja and colleagues developed a method of reliably detecting mosaic cancer susceptibility mutations in patients who have been sequenced as part of the MSK-IMPACT tumor profiling platform. This led to the identification of a number of mosaic mutations in cancer susceptibility alleles that are generally found in the germline, suggesting that many predisposition variants may be missed through conventional testing.
See related article by Pareja et al., p. 949 (6).
Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov. (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoid of the Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Stoll): taxonomic redescription and biology, with notes on the genus Paedarium Aldrich, 1926
Authors: Toma Ronaldo , Takahashi Tamara Akemi 
Published: April 2022

We provide a taxonomic note on Paedarium Aldrich, 1926, with new generic synonyms, Neopaedarium Blanchard, 1943 syn. nov. and Velardemyia Valencia, 1972 syn. nov., and new combinations resulting from these synonyms, Paedarium ica (Valencia, 1972) comb. nov. and Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov. Paedarium punctipennis Walker, 1857, is considered an unplaced species of Voriini. A redescription of P. subauratum and notes on its biology are given. A key for species of the genus Paedarium is provided.