bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Matter Partitioning and Assimilation in Fruiting and Deblossomed Strawberry
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Day-neutral strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Brighton’) were grown in a greenhouse and either continuously deblossomed or allowed to fruit over a 50 day period. Total plant dry weight was essentially the same in both treatments throughout this period. During a 25-day-period, the fruit truss was the predominant sink and, for about 9 days, fruit growth rate exceeded that of the whole plant, and the growth rates of other plant parts were reduced to zero. At the end of the study, fruiting plants had accumulated 16 g dry weight in fruit and had 62%, 53%, and 44% less dry matter in roots, crown, and leaf blades than deblossomed plants. The starch content of roots, crown, and leaf blades of deblossomed plants was about 18-, 7- and 4-times higher than plants with fruit. Fruiting reduced stolon, inflorescence, and branched crown emergence by 80% or more. Leaf area was not affected significantly by treatments, but specific leaf weight of deblossomed plants was as much as 44% higher than that of fruiting plants. Fruiting did not have a significant effect on unit leaf rate. Net photosynthetic rates of leaves which emerged with the 1st inflorescence were similar in both treatments before rapid fruit growth; thereafter, photosynthesis of comparable leaves was 60% to 80% higher in fruiting than deblossomed plants. The presence of fruit also increased stomatal and mesophyll conductance by 40%. The increase in root system in a finite soil volume may have affected assimilation by deblossomed plants adversely. These results show that strawberry fruit strongly inhibit starch accumulation and growth of vegetative parts, while maintaining or enhancing photosynthesis.
Yield and Quality of ‘Niagara’ Grapes as Affected by Pruning Severity, Nodes per Bearing Unit, Training System, and Shoot Positioning
Authors: Morris J. R. , Sims C. A. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 4-year study was conducted on ‘Niagara’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) to examine the effects of 3 pruning severities (based on nodes retained), 3 levels of nodes/bearing unit (3, 6, and 9), 2 training systems [Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) and Bilateral Cordon (BC)], and 2 canopy management treatments (shoots positioned and shoots not positioned) on yield and fruit quality. Leaving heavy fruit loads suppressed yields in the 4th and final year of this study as a result of reduced node fruitfulness. The 3 node spurs were not as productive as the 6 and 9 node canes. GDC training produced higher yields than BC training in the 3 high yielding years of the study while maintaining vine vigor. Shoot positioning was more beneficial in increasing yields on the BC training system than on the GDC training system, because of the crowded conditions of the canes on the BC system. The effects of these variables on fruit quality were small, but the heavy fruit loads did result in fruit with a reduced percentage of soluble solids and pH, increased acidity and light color (increased CDM ‘L’ values). Shoot positioning reduced fruit pH, slightly in-creased acidity, and produced darker color (decreased CDM ‘L’ values). Under Arkansas growing conditions, if harvest is delayed beyond 14% soluble solids, it is possible that unacceptable fruit pH and acidity levels will exist.
Cuticular Permeability to Calcium Compounds in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit
Authors: Glenn G. M. , Poovaiah B. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Isolated cuticles from ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were mounted in a flow-through diffusion cell. Donor solutions containing 0.5m Ca chloride, Ca acetate, Ca nitrate, and two commercial formulations of Ca were allowed to flow over the outer surface of the cuticle. Calcium that permeated the cuticle was collected and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effect of temperature and pH on Ca penetration also was investigated. Calcium chloride permeated the cuticle significantly faster than other organic or inorganic forms of Ca tested. The Ca penetration rate decreased with decreasing temperature as predicted by the temperature coefficient for diffusion of strong electrolytes. The decrease in the rate of diffusion at low temperatures seemed to be due to the increase in viscosity of the solution. Uptake of CaCl2 tended to be higher at pH 3 than at pH 11. The pCa was also higher at pH 3 than at pH 11. Solutions of CaCl2 dried significantly slower than other forms of Ca tested. Cuticular Ca movement and the potential advantages of the system for screening cuticular permeability of various forms of Ca were investigated.
Metabolism of Sulfur Dioxide in ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grape Berries
Authors: Peiser Galen D. , Yang Shang Fa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were fumigated with 0.5% SO2 at 0°C, and the amount of residual sulfite in the berries was followed over time. To prevent autooxidation during analysis, sulfite was stabilized using a solution of tetrachloromercurate-glycine, pH 10. After 72 hr, over 90% of the sulfite was oxidized to sulfate. Kinetics of sulfite loss indicate 2 different rates of loss, giving half-lives for sulfite of about 4 hr (70% of the total sulfite) and 20 hr (30% of the total sulfite). Presumably this reflects 2 forms, free and bound sulfite.
Effects of CO2 on Total Phenolics, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, and Polyphenol Oxidase in Lettuce Tissue
Authors: Siriphanich Jingtair , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An atmosphere of air + 15% CO2 caused CO2 injury in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in about 10 days at 0°C. However, subsequent removal of CO2 was necessary for the brown stain symptoms to develop. Under CO2 treatment, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was induced and its activity correlated well with the development of the injury. Nevertheless, PAL activity did not seem responsible for the differences in susceptibility to CO2 injury among the 3 lettuce cultivars included in this study. Prevention of the development of brown stain symptoms by CO2 probably was due to its inhibition of phenolics production and the inhibition of polyphenol oxidase activity.
Genetic Components of Variance for Winter Injury, Fall Growth Cessation, and Off-season Flowering in Blueberry Progenies
Authors: Fear Carlos D. , Lauer F. I. , Luby J. J. , Stucker R. L. , Stushnoff Cecil 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variance components, narrow sense heritability, and combining ability effects of parents were determined for several traits from analysis of a partial diallel cross involving 17 parents. Parents included several Vaccinium species and interspecific hybrids. For fall growth cessation, general combining ability (GCA) effects were variable from year to year, and heritability was low. Variance due to GCA was more important than specific combining ability (SCA) variance for winter injury in each of the years. The heritability estimate over years was low for winter injury, although individual year estimates were higher. Lowbush parents had high GCA effects for winter injury in years with snow cover but low estimates for years without snow cover. Off-season flowering was observed in some progenies in both years studied. Certain V. angustifolium Ait. parents had high GCA effects for the occurrence of off-season flowering. The heritability estimate for off-season flowering in combined years was 0.47. Variation due to years and to GCA × year interaction was significant for all characters studied.
Prezygotic Endogenous Barriers to Interspecific Hybridization in Prunus
Authors: Perez Salvador , Moore James N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eighteen species of Prunus and 4 interspecific hybrids from the 3 main subgenera were used to ascertain the prezygotic mechanisms that maintain reproductive isolation. The percentage of pollen germination of pure species was very high (82% to 97%), and ranged from 1% to 97% for interspecific hybrids. Pollen tube growth rates differed greatly among species and ranged from 3.8 to 8.7 mm/day in vitro, and from 3 to 12 mm/day in vivo. These values were highly correlated with pistil length (r = 0.90) and pollen volume (r = 0.91). Evidence was obtained suggesting the existence of additional incompatibility mechanisms, the 1st preventing interspecific fertilization in the subgenus Cerasus. In P. avium L., the pollen tubes of some species are inhibited and finally arrested before they reach the first half length of the style. In crosses involving P. cerasus L. and P. serotina Ehrh., the use of the latter as the seed parent showed a 10-fold increase in fruit set when compared to the reciprocal. Secondly, differences in pistil length and in pollen tube growth rate among species provide a sound basis for explaining the phenomenon of unilateral incompatibility in Prunus. The use of male-sterile genotypes of P. persica L., which had a prolonged period of receptivity, gave increased fruit set and showed increased potential for overcoming the prezygotic incompatibility barriers.
Production of Synthetic Seeds by Encapsulating Asexual Embryos of Carrot
Authors: Kitto S. L. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Synthetic seed coats were applied to asexual embryos of carrot (Daucus carota L.) by mixing equal volumes of embryo suspension and a 5% (w/v) solution of polyethylene oxide (Polyox WSR-N 750) and dispensing 0.2 ml drops of this mixture onto teflon sheets. Drops dried to form detachable wafers consisting of embryo suspension embedded in Polyox. Embryo survival after drying was determined by redissolving wafers in embryogenic medium and culturing the rehydrated embryo suspension on filter paper supports in petri dishes for 2-3 weeks. When dried to constant weight (6.5 hr) 3% of asexual embryos coated with 2.5% Polyox survived encapsulation, whereas survival of uncoated embryos was nil. Pretreating the embryogenic suspension with 10−6 m abscisic acid (ABA) during the 14 day embryo induction phase increased coated embryo survival to 40% of the initial number of embryos.
Effect of Ethephon on IAA Transport, IAA Conjugation, and Antidotal Action of NAA in Relation to Leaf Abscission of Pecan
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon at 3, 6, and 12 mm induced abscission of mature foliage on pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] seedlings. This effect was offset to varying degrees using NAA at 3, 6, or 12 mm in which NAA acted as an effective antidote to ethephon and presumably ethylene. Abscission varied with leaf age and with the relative timing of leaf treatment with ethephon and NAA. Leaves treated with NAA 6 days prior to ethephon treatment were much more sensitive to ethephon induced abscission than those treated one day prior to, at time of, or one day after ethephon sprays. There were no abscission response differences among the 3 latter NAA treatment times. Ethephon greatly reduced 14C-IAA transport in leaf midrib tissue and increased the amount of IAA conjugated in leaf tissue without changing free IAA levels. It is suggested that ethephon treatment reduces the amount of IAA transported from the leaf blade to the abscission zone by inhibiting auxin transport in vascular tissue. IAA inactivation by conjugation appears to have no influence on the IAA level reaching the cells of the abscission zone. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Improvement of Germinated Seed Quality by Density Separation
Authors: Taylor A.G , Kenny T.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germinated seeds of ‘King Cole’ cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ‘Capitata’) were separated on a float-sink basis from nongerminated seeds by density differences. Aqueous solutions of varying densities were prepared from Maltrin 250. Brief exposures (<2 min) of the germinated seeds to 1.10 g cc−1 solution did not affect the percentage of seedling growth. The percentage of recovery of germinated seeds increased, and the percentage of germinated seeds decreased as the solution density increased from 1.06 to 1.09 g cc−1. Sowing density-separated germinated seeds improved both the percentage of emergence and time to 50% emergence for nonaged and artificially aged seeds. The greatest improvement in emergence was observed from the aged seeds. Dry seeds were separated into density lots of 0.95 to 1.05 g cc−1 in 0.05 increments with solutions of hexane and chloroform. Each dry seed density lot then was germinated and separated. The dry seed density separation did not improve the percentage of germinated seeds or recovery. No correlation was found between the densities of dry and imbibed seeds.
Mineral Nutrient Status of Crabapple and Pear Shoots Cultured in Vitro on Varying Concentrations of Three Commercial Agars
Authors: Singha Suman , Townsend Edwin C. , Oberly Gene H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of ‘Almey’ crabapple [Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. × M. pumila var. Niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Schneid.] and ‘Seckel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8.8 µm BA. Media were solidified with either Bacto-agar, Phytagar, or TC agar at concentrations varying from 0.3% to 1.2%. Explant nutrient levels were influenced both by agar brand and concentration. The trends in nutrient composition, although not identical, tended to be similar for both genera. Increasing agar concentrations resulted in increased P, Fe, Zn, and Al in the explant and reduced Ca, Mg, and Mn levels. Although striking variations in many elements occur both in agar brands and in explants cultured on media containing similar concentrations of different agar brands, variations in shoot proliferation and growth of explants cannot be explained on the basis of variations in individual elements. From the nutritional standpoint, the alterations in the elemental composition of the basal medium by the addition of specific agars best explain variations induced by different agar brands. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Chill Unit and Growing Degree Hour Requirements for Vegetative Bud Break in Six Apple Rootstocks
Authors: Young Eric , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Estimates were determined for chill unit (CU) and growing degree hour (GDH) requirements for vegetative bud break in 6 apple (Malus × domestica Brokh.) rootstocks: Antonovka 313, MM 111, MM 106, M.7a, M.26, and M.9. Rooted layers were lifted in the fall, potted, and kept in a cold room at 4°C for various lengths of time. plants then were moved to a greenhouse, and the percentage of bud break was determined for various GDH intervals. Prediction equations were determined for the percentage of bud break vs. chill unit accumulation and growing degree hour accumulation. M7a had the lowest chill unit and growing degree hour requirements for 50% bud break (590 CU and 4278 GDH). MM 106 required the most chilling (1220 CU), and M.26 the highest number of growing degree hours (6138 GDH) for 50% bud break.
Artificial Control of Polyembryogenesis in Fortunella by Continuous Gamma Irradiation
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Continuous gamma irradiation during polyembryogenesis was tested to determine if the number of embryos could be reduced in ‘Marukinkan’ (Fortunella japonica Swingle), a polyembryonic Citrus relative, and effectively increase the number of F1 hybrids in crosses. The number of embryos in untreated plants was 10.9, and this number was reduced with increasing exposure rate to 2.4 at 500R/day. The percentage of monoembryonic seeds in untreated plants was 1.1, and this was raised with increasing exposure rate to 34.0% at 500R/day. Cytological and histological observations of polyembryogenesis showed that early adventive embryonic cell divisions were retarded severely by gamma-rays (500R/day), and most of them could not develop beyond the stage of small globular proembryos consisting of 1 to 4 cells. These proembryos finally disappeared, but the fertilized embryo generally survived, probably because of a division earlier than those of adventive embryos and a vigor afforded to fertilized cells.
Electrophoretic Variation and Enzyme Storage Stability in Cucumber
Authors: Staub Jack E. , Kupper Ricarda S. , Schuman Deborah , Wehner Todd C. , May Bernard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Forty-seven enzymes and general protein of fruit, seed, and cotyledons of Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus and var. hardwickii (Royle) Kitamura were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to provide information on enzyme activity, stability, resolution, and variability. Of the 5 extraction buffers tested, a Tris base/Tris HC1 buffer at pH 7.1 provided consistent, clear resolution of the enzymes tested. Further studies of several enzymes revealed: 1) 30% DMSO buffer extended the storage life of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD); 2) the appearance of additional bands to glucosephosphateisomerase (GPI) and disappearance of bands from PGD zymograms occurred when extracts were stored for 7–8 days at 10°C; 3) the zymogram patterns of glutathione reductase (GR), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were not affected under this storage regime; and 4) zymograms of cotyledonary tissue of seedlings grown under flourescent light in either a 9 or 12 hr light photoperiod at 30°/26° and 22°/18° day/night temperatures for 14 days then stored for 120 days at –18° were similar to fresh extracts. Polymorphisms were observed in GPI, GR, IDH, peptidase, PGD, and PGM. No variety specific electromorphs were observed between hardwickii and sativus, thus supporting the conspecific hypothesis regarding these 2 varieties. Twenty-four of 46 plant introductions and 5 of 11 inbred lines were variable for 1 or more of the 6 polymorphic isozymes.
Branch Sampling for Estimating the Number of Fruit on a Tree
Authors: Kumar E. Vasantha , Srivenkataramana T. , Sundararaj N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Probability sampling schemes for selecting limbs of a tree form a basic tool for estimating characteristics of a tree or an orchard. Experimental investigations in fruit crops which have estimation of tree and/or orchard parameters as the objective often employ judgement sampling in selecting trees or their parts. Two varying probability sampling schemes for selecting branches from terminal fruit-bearing trees are proposed. The first has a new size measure—the number of feeder branches, and the other is a variation of Jessen's scheme. The schemes are compared for estimating fruit number by taking single-branch samples from an orange tree. They also are compared for applicability and adaptability to varied investigations with fruit trees.
Modeling High Temperature and Exposure Time Interactions on Pittosporum tobira Root Cell Membrane Thermostability
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excised roots of Pittosporum tobira Thunb. were exposed to temperatures of 25° to 60°C for 30 to 300 min before cell membrane thermostability was determined by electrolyte leakage procedures. Response to treatment temperature for each exposure duration was sigmoidal. The critical temperature causing injury to root cell membranes decreased linearily as exposure duration increased exponentially. A mathematical model to describe the interaction of treatment temperature and exposure duration on membrane thermostability is presented.
Leaf Cell Membrane Thermostabilities of Cucumis melo
Authors: Lester G.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedling leaf segments of 4 Cucumis melo L. cultivars were heated for 15 min at 50°C to observe the interaction of leaf age, temperature, and acclimation on membrane thermostability. Membrane injury was measured by the increase in solution conductivity due to electrolyte leakage from leaf segments. The threshold temperature for C. melo leaf membrane leakage was about 40°, and 50° was the approximate inflection temperature for 50% injury. Leaf age, growing temperature, and acclimation influenced membrane thermostabilities. Within 5-day-old leaves, heat tolerance was influenced significantly by the growing temperature during 24 hr prior to heat injury.
Influence of Presowing Seed Treatments of Table Beets on the Susceptibility to Damping-off Caused by Pythium
Authors: Taylor A.G. , Hadar Y. , Norton J.M. , Khan A.A. , Harman G.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) ‘Ruby Queen’ seeds were either germinated in aerated water till radicle emergence or osmoconditioned (OC) in –1.2 MPa solutions of polyethylene glycol 6000 or MgSO4 for 7 days at 15°C. Seeds were sown in soil in growth chambers, infested with Pythium spp., and damping-off incidence was evaluated after 14 days. Disease incidence was reduced, compared to dry sown seeds, as a result of presowing treatments. High populations of bacteria (106–108 CFU/ml of solution) developed during the aerated soak, which protected seeds from Pythium damping-off. Seed leaching or osmoconditioning did not decrease susceptibility to damping-off in the absence of high seed bacterial populations. The fluid drilling gel was studied as a delivery system for chemical fungicides. Damping-off in dry-sown seed was reduced by incorporating thiram into a hydroxyethyl cellulose (Natrosol 250 HHW) gel. Gel alone had no effect on damping-off. In field studies, only slight improvements in stand were attributed to the incorporation of thiram in presowing treatments. Fungicide dressing of dry seed resulted in a large improvement in emergence. All presowing treatments had greater field emergence than dry-sown seeds in the absence of thiram, which was attributed to bacterial protection from damping-off.
Development of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Ethylene-induced Ripening in ‘d'Anjou’ Pears during the Cold Requirement for Ripening
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Richardson Daryl G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Forty-six days at –1°C were required to stimulate ethylene synthesis in harvested ‘d'Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.). The effect of exogenous ethylene on changes in quality parameters and organoleptic properties, and the effect of cold temperature on the development of ethylene production, were studied during the 46 days at –1°. Pears were held in 10 or 50 ppm exogenous ethylene at 20° after 30 or less days at –1°. Respiration increased from 8 to about 19 mg CO2·kg-1·hr-1 in fruit held in ethylene over a 12-day period, whereas fruit held in air showed only a slight increase. Firmness of fruit held in ethylene decreased from 66 to 12 N over 12 days at 20°. No significant change in firmness occurred in fruit held in air at 20°. The volume of extractable juice was unchanged in fruit held in air, but declined in fruit held in ethylene. The soluble solids content was not affected by ethylene treatment. Taste panel evaluation determined that fruit held 30 days at –1° then held 10 days in ethylene at 20° were ripe, sweet, and juicy, but fruit held in air were comparable to fruit never held at 20°. Pear flesh disks cut from fruit held 21 days at –1° did not convert exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene, but did so when cut from fruit held 41 or 50 days at –1°. Only with the onset of ethylene production was endogenous ACC detectable in pear flesh. During the 46 days at –1° required for initiation of ethylene production, the capacity to convert ACC to ethylene developed first, followed by production of ACC and ethylene.