bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hair Cells
Authors: Marcotti Walter , Masetto Sergio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

The auditory and the vestibular systems use hair cells (HCs) as their sensory receptors. HCs are neuroepithelial cells characterised by the presence of a bundle of microvilli‐like structures that protrude from their apical surface, called stereocilia. The displacement of stereocilia, which is caused by acoustic stimuli in the cochlea or head movement in the vestibule, is converted into a depolarising inward current by mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels located at their tip. The depolarisation of HCs opens voltage‐dependent Ca
2+
channels at their basolateral synaptic active zones, which are functionally coupled to glutamate‐containing vesicles at specialised ribbon synapses. There is also evidence for a nonquantal synaptic transmission at the vestibular HCs, likely involving direct postsynaptic depolarisation by K
+
exiting the cells. In mammals, HC loss causes irreversible balance and hearing impairment because these cells do not regenerate.

Key Concepts

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the inner ear.

Hair cells are morphologically defined by the presence of microvilli‐like structures at their apical membrane, called stereocilia.

Hair cells transduce mechanical stimuli into bioelectrical signals.

Cochlear hair cells are responsible for hearing.

Vestibular hair cells inform the CNS about head movement.

Sensory transduction in hair cells relies upon activation of mechanosensitive ion channels located at the stereocilia tips.

Hair cell receptor potential is shaped by different types of calcium and potassium channels.

Signal transmission from hair cells to primary sensory afferent neurons occurs by glutamate exocytosis.

Afferent signalling by vestibular hair cells may involve nonconventional (nonquantal) signal transmission.

The CNS use vestibular information to produce motor reflexes for equilibrium and gaze stabilisation.
Trichomonads
Authors: Yarlett Nigel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Trichomonads are a diverse collection of flagellate protozoa that are grouped in the phylum Parabasalia identified by the presence of an intracellular fibrous band composed of microtubules termed the axostyle. They encompass free‐living, symbiotic and parasitic representatives, with representatives of the latter group being the most studied, for example the human sexually transmitted parasite
Trichomonas vaginalis
, the cattle sexually transmitted parasite
Tritrichomonas foetus
, and the Colombian and galliform bird pathogen
Trichomonas gallinae
. With the exception of
Monocercomonoides
sp. they all contain a divergent mitochondrion‐like organelle, termed the hydrogenosome which is considered to have evolved due to the secondary adaptation to low oxygen environments.

Key Concepts

Trichomonads are in the clade Metamonada, a diverse group of anaerobic or microaerophilic protists that possess modified mitochondria lacking cytochromes, a functional TCA cycle and a genome.

The Parabasalia are a phylum within the Metamoada which include all cells with two or more striated parabasal fibres connecting the Golgi apparatus to the ciliary apparatus (parabasal apparatus).

The parabasalia are further divided into eight orders including the Trichomonadida, Tritrichomonadida and the Hypotrichomonadida; which are distinguished by the number of flagella, type of karyomastigont, axoneme, undulating membrane and costa.

Trichomonads have adapted to an anaerobic metabolism and therefore lack an oxidative metabolism and classic mitochondria, instead of possessing hydrogenosomes.

Hydrogenosomes have retained many features of classic mitochondria, including chaperonins; heat shock proteins; outer (TOM 40) and inner membrane (TIM17/22/23) components required for protein import and metabolite exchange; mitochondrial paralogs that are responsible for Fe–S protein assembly; trichomonad nuclear valyl tRNA synthetase gene has a high degree of sequence homology with the mitochondrial valyl tRNA synthetases.
Rhodothalassiales
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Rho.do.tha.las.si.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Rhodothalassium
, type genus of the order; suff.
‐ales,
ending denoting an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Rhodothalassiales
, the
Rhodothalassium
order.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodothalassiales

The order currently comprises a single family and genus, which is characterized by halophilic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria having spiral‐shaped cells and containing lamellar photosynthetic membranes. The properties of the order are determined by the characteristics of the
Rhodothalassiaceae
family.
Synergy between Platinum and Gold Nanoparticles in Oxygen Activation for Enhanced Room‐Temperature Formaldehyde Oxidation
Authors: Ye Jiawei , Zhu Bicheng , Cheng Bei , Jiang Chuanjia , Wageh S. , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Yu Jiaguo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRoom‐temperature oxidation over supported noble metals provides a feasible approach to eliminating formaldehyde (HCHO) from indoor air. Oxygen activation by noble metals such as gold and platinum plays a key role in achieving complete HCHO oxidation, but it is unclear how different noble metals function synergistically toward oxygen activation. Here, the synergistic mechanisms of Pt and Au nanoparticles (NPs) coloaded on TiO2 in catalytic HCHO oxidation are elucidated. Strikingly, ≈0.08% doping of Pt can dramatically improve the catalytic activity of 0.9% Au/TiO2. The surface oxygen species of TiO2 jointly activated by Au and Pt NPs can rapidly transform HCHO to dioxymethylene surface species, while negatively charged Pt NPs can efficiently adsorb and activate molecular oxygen to oxidize the dioxymethylene into formate, which is further completely oxidized. This synergy enables efficient HCHO oxidation at surface sites between adjacent Pt and Au NPs.
Flexible Optogenetic Transducer Device for Remote Neuron Modulation Using Highly Upconversion‐Efficient Dendrite‐Like Gold Inverse Opaline Structure
Authors: Chu Chao‐Yi , Wu Pu‐Wei , Chen Jung‐Chih , Tsou Nien‐Ti , Lin You‐Yi , Lo Yu‐Chun , Li Ssu‐Ju , Chang Ching‐Wen , Chen Bo‐Wei , Tsai Chia‐Lin , Chen You‐Yin , Liu Ta‐Chung , Chen San‐Yuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA remote optogenetic device for analyzing freely moving animals has attracted extensive attention in optogenetic engineering. In particular, for peripheral nerve regions, a flexible device is needed to endure the continuous bending movements of these areas. Here, a remote optogenetic optical transducer device made from a gold inverse opaline skeleton grown with a dendrite‐like gold nanostructure (D‐GIOF) and chemically grafted with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is developed. This implantable D‐GIOF‐based transducer device can achieve synergistic interaction of the photonic crystal effect and localized surface plasmon resonance, resulting in considerable UCNP conversion efficiency with a negligible thermal effect under low‐intensity 980 nm near‐infrared (NIR) light excitation. Furthermore, the D‐GIOF‐based transducer device exhibits remarkable emission power retention (≈100%) under different bending states, indicating its potential for realizing peripheral nerve stimulation. Finally, the D‐GIOF‐based transducer device successfully stimulates neuronal activities of the sciatic nerve in mice. This study demonstrates the potential of the implantable device to promote remote NIR stimulation for modulation of neural activity in peripheral nerve regions and provides proof of concept for its in vivo application in optogenetic engineering.
A Mechanically Interlocking Strategy Based on Conductive Microbridges for Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Zhu Ming , Ji Shaobo , Luo Yifei , Zhang Feilong , Liu Zhihua , Wang Changxian , Lv Zhisheng , Jiang Ying , Wang Ming , Cui Zequn , Li Guanglin , Jiang Longtao , Liu Zhiyuan , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStretchable electronics incorporating critical sensing, data transmission, display and powering functionalities, is crucial to emerging wearable healthcare applications. To date, methods to achieve stretchability of individual functional devices have been extensively investigated. However, integration strategies of these stretchable devices to achieve all‐stretchable systems are still under exploration, in which the reliable stretchable interconnection is a key element. Here, solderless stretchable interconnections based on mechanically interlocking microbridges are developed to realize the assembly of individual stretchable devices onto soft patternable circuits toward multifunctional all‐stretchable platforms. This stretchable interconnection can effectively bridge interlayer conductivity with tight adhesion through both conductive microbridges and selectively distributed adhesive polymer. Consequently, enhanced stretchability up to a strain of 35% (R/R0 ≤ 5) is shown, compared with conventional solder‐assisted connections which lose electrical conduction at a strain of less than 5% (R/R0 ≈ 30). As a proof of concept, a self‐powered all‐stretchable data‐acquisition platform is fabricated by surface mounting a stretchable strain sensor and a supercapacitor onto a soft circuit through solderless interconnections. This solderless interconnecting strategy for surface‐mountable devices can be utilized as a valuable technology for the integration of stretchable devices to achieve all‐soft multifunctional systems.
Self‐Cleaning Surfaces Realized by Biologically Sized Magnetic Artificial Cilia
Authors: Cui Zhiwei , Zhang Shuaizhong , Wang Ye , Tormey Laura , Kanies Olivia S. , Spero Richard Chasen , Fisher Jay K. , den Toonder Jaap M. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMagnetic artificial cilia (MAC) are small actuators inspired by biological cilia found in nature. In microfluidic chips, MAC can generate flow and remove microparticles, with applications in anti‐fouling. However, the MAC used for anti‐fouling in the current literature has dimensions of several hundred micrometers in length, which limits the application to relatively large length scales. Here, biologically‐sized magnetic artificial cilia (b‐MAC) which are only 45 micrometers long and that are randomly distributed on the surface, are used to remove microparticles. It is shown that microparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 40 µm can be removed efficiently and the final cleanness ranges from 69% to 100%, with the highest cleanness for the highest actuation frequency applied (40 Hz). The lowest cleanness is obtained for microparticles with a size equal to the average pitch between the b‐MAC. The randomness in cilia distribution appears to have a positive effect on cleanliness, compared with the authors’ earlier work using a regular cilia array. The demonstrated self‐cleaning by the b‐MAC constitutes an essential step toward efficient self‐cleaning surfaces for real‐life application in miniaturized microfluidic devices, such as lab‐on‐a‐chip or organ‐on‐a‐chip devices, as well as for preventing fouling of submerged surfaces such as marine sensors.
Photophysics and Spin‐Physics Studies on Persistent Upconversion Luminescence from Nonlinearly Polarizable Ferroelectric‐Like Lattice Prepared by Orderly Packing Donor–Acceptor Structures under Multiphoton Excitation
Authors: Dou Yixuan , Demangeat Catherine , Wang Miaosheng , Dryzhakov Bogdan , Lee Kwang‐Sup , Attias André‐Jean , Hu Bin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe ultralong‐lived upconversion luminescence with the lifetime of 0.48 s in a broad spectral range (530–650 nm) is observed in CD49 (9‐(3‐(5‐bromopyridin‐3‐yl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl)‐9H‐carbazole) crystal designed with donor–acceptor (carbazole–pyridine) structures under infrared excitation, simultaneously accompanied with second harmonic generation (SHG). This phenomenon indicates orderly packing donor–acceptor structures form a nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice with ultralong‐lived light‐emitting states, leading to much prolonged nonlinear optical behaviors. The persistent upconversion luminescence together with SHG is largely reduced when lowering crystallinity. This implies that nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice provides the necessary condition to generate persistent upconversion luminescence. Evidently, persistent upconversion luminescence becomes completely lacking when only using ultralong‐lived light‐emitting states without nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice, exampled by 4‐(dimethylamino)benzonitrile dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol matrix. Magneto‐photoluminescence shows that persistent upconversion luminescence is essentially a super‐delayed fluorescence from crystalline intermolecular charge‐transfer excitons formed in the nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice. Magnetodielectrics indicate crystalline intermolecular charge‐transfer excitons are coupled with nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice, leading to prolonged nonlinear optical behaviors shown as persistent upconversion luminescence through super delayed fluorescence. Therefore, crystalline intermolecular charge‐transfer excitons formed in nonlinearly polarizable ferroelectric‐like lattice provide an interesting platform to generate prolonged nonlinear optical behaviors toward developing persistent upconversion luminescence under multiphoton excitation.
Phase Matchability Transformation in the Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials with Diamond‐Like Frameworks
Authors: Chen Man‐Man , Zhou Sheng‐Hua , Wei Wen‐Bo , Wu Xin‐Tao , Lin Hua , Zhu Qi‐Long 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhase matchability is a prerequisite for infrared nonlinear optical (IR‐NLO) crystals. Hitherto, it is relatively infrequent to design and synthesize phase‐matching (PM) materials from known non‐phase‐matching (NPM) materials. This work reports a series of PM chalcogenides AMII3Ga5S11 (A = K, Rb, Cs; MII = Cd, Mn) with diamond‐like frameworks (DLFs), which are derived from the known NPM AMII4Ga5S12 in the A2S−MIIS−Ga2S3 pseudoternary diagram. Notably, ACd3Ga5S11 and AMn3Ga5S11 are isomeric and exhibit different DLFs and remarkable overall properties. Especially, KCd3Ga5S11 achieves the coexistence of wide band gap (Eg = 3.25 eV), strong second‐harmonic‐generation (SHG) response (1.7 × benchmark AgGaS2) and ultrahigh laser‐induced damage threshold (36.5 × benchmark AgGaS2), which is the best IR‐NLO chalcogenides with DLF known to date. Theoretical calculations reveal that their superior performance and PM behavior are benefited from the anisotropic structural characteristics, i.e., DLFs. This work demonstrates the feasibility of designing PM IR‐NLO materials via the partial removal of asymmetric building blocks in DLF structures of NPM materials that is accessible and controllable by chemistry means.
MoS2 Anchored on Agar‐Derived 3D Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Chunling , Liu Shengkai , Fan Jinxin , Li Guodong , Arenal Raul , Wang Cheng , Li Wenjiang , Xie Fei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMoS2 has been explored as a potential material for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the limited number of active sites and poor conductivity restrain its applications. Herein, a facile method is reported to construct MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) grown on agar‐derived 3D nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (MoS2‐NPC). The as‐prepared MoS2‐NPC composite exhibits good stability and HER electrocatalytic properties with a low overpotential of 209 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1. Furthermore, as an anode of LIBs, it delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1289 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and rate capability of 712 and 419 mAh g−1 at 0.5 and 2.0 A g−1, respectively. This is attributed to the synergistic effects and unique 3D network structure, which avoids the aggregation of MoS2 and results in more exposed active sites. The agar‐derived 3D nitrogen‐doped porous carbon can act as a support material for MoS2 NSs dispersed on the surface, providing a cheap and efficient strategy to prepare high quality catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications.
Breaking the Cut‐Off Wavelength Limit of GaTe through Self‐Driven Oxygen Intercalation in Air
Authors: Zhang Renyan , Wei Yuehua , Kang Yan , Pu Mingbo , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Xu Mingfeng , Luo Xiangang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLow symmetric two dimensional (2D) semiconductors are of great significance for their potential applications in polarization‐sensitive photodetection and quantum information devices. However, their real applications are limited by their photo‐detecting wavelength ranges, which are restricted by their fundamental optical bandgaps. Recently, intercalation has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy to modulate the optical bandgaps of 2D semiconductors. Here, the authors report the self‐driven oxygen (O2) intercalation induced bandgap reduction from 1.75 to 1.19 eV in gallium telluride (GaTe) in air. This bandgap shrinkage provides the long‐wavelength detection threshold above ≈1100 nm for O2 intercalated GaTe (referred to as GaTeO2), well beyond the cut‐off wavelength at ≈708 nm for pristine GaTe. The GaTeO2 photodetectors have a high photoresponsivity, and highly anisotropic photodetection behavior to even sub‐waveband radiation. The dichroic ratio (Imax/Imin) of photocurrent is about 1.39 and 2.9 for 600 nm and 1100 nm, respectively. This findings demonstrates a broadband photodetector utilizing GaTe after breaking through its bandgap limitation by self‐driven O2 intercalation in air and further reveal its photoconductivity anisotropic nature. This provides design strategies of 2D materials‐based high‐performance broadband photodetectors for the exploration of polarized state information.
Low‐Operating‐Voltage Resistive Switching Memory Based on the Interlayer‐Spacing Regulation of MoSe2
Authors: Jian Jiaying , Feng Hao , Dong Pengfan , Chang Honglong , Vena Arnaud , Brice Sorli 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe development of commercially available flexible and wearable devices requires low‐operating‐voltage circuit and resistive random access memory (RRAM). This paper reports the preparation and performances of low‐operating‐voltage RRAM based on the interlayer‐spacing regulation of MoSe2. Twine‐jumble‐like MoSe2 clusters were synthesized via hydrothermal method. The average interlayer spacing in the clusters is higher than the value for bulk MoSe2 by 9.969%. The layer count of the MoSe2 sample predicted according to the experimental value of in the Raman spectroscopy is 1.403 while it is 2 regarding the characteristic of A1g peak and the existence of B2g peak, which is inconsistent with the results of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Calculation of van der Waals force reveals that the twine‐jumble‐like MoSe2 should not be considered as a bi‐layer (or few‐layer) crystal, but as a cluster consisting of a numerous monolayer crystals. Compared with the conventional nanosized MoSe2, the SET/RESET voltages of the RRAM device based on the monolayer MoSe2 clusters are decreased by 4–10 times while the switching ratio and endurance are increased by 2–40 and 2–10 times respectively, which is due to that the interstitial radius in the monolayer MoSe2 clusters is higher than that of a silver ion.
Longitudinal changes in hearing and visual impairments associated with risk of dementia in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Hwang Phillip H , Longstreth W.T. , Thielke Stephen , Francis Courtney E , Carone Marco , Kuller Lewis H , Fitzpatrick Annette L 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo determine whether dual sensory impairment (DSI) is associated with incident dementia in older adults. We hypothesized that DSI is associated with increased risk of dementia as compared to no sensory impairment. We also assessed whether duration of DSI is associated with risk of dementia.MethodProspective cohort study from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hearing and vision impairments collected via self‐report at baseline and up to five follow‐up visits from 1992 to 1999. All‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) classified by a multi‐disciplinary committee using standardized criteria. Time‐dependent Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in order to estimate the risk of dementia associated with time‐varying number of sensory impairments (0, 1, or 2)ResultA total of 2,927 participants with information on hearing and vision at all available study visits were included in the analysis. At baseline, participants had a mean age of 74.6 years and consisted of 1,704 (58.2%) women. Compared to no sensory impairment, DSI was associated with increased risk of all‐cause dementia (HR = 2.60; 95% CI = 1.66 to 2.06; P <.001), AD (HR = 3.67; 95% CI = 2.04 to 6.60; P <.001), and VaD (HR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.00 to 4.09; P = .05). Each additional year with DSI was associated with a 31% increased risk for all‐cause dementia (HR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.62; P = .02) and 46% increased risk for AD (HR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.91; P = .01).ConclusionIn this cohort study, DSI was strongly associated with increased risk of dementia, particularly AD. Evaluation of hearing and vision in older adults may help to identify those at high risk of developing dementia.
Distance assessment of cognitive deficits in older immigrants
Authors: Sala Sergio Della , Belin Catherine , Boccardi Marina , Brazzelli Miriam , Garrard Peter , Pomati Simone , Cappa Stefano 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn European memory clinics, requests for assessing people with cognitive complaints in a foreign language are becoming frequent. Currently, over one million people living in EU are older migrants presenting with possible cognitive deterioration. The assessments of cognitive functions is the gateway to diagnosis, and the main tool for monitoring progression of neurocognitive disorders. However, the limitations of older migrants in the language of the host country add hurdles to the diagnostic process. This represents an emerging problem for the EU healthcare systems. In several EU countries, the current best approach is to involve a translator, who assists the healthcare personnel with the assessment. This practice is far from perfect.MethodsWe convened a multidisciplinary and international team, including experts in neurocognitive disorders and in digital tools, to develop a user‐friendly process aimed at connecting clinicians dealing with the diagnosis of people affected by cognitive deficits in different languages or countries. The initial network included countries with great prevalence of immigrants (DE, F, I, UK) and referents from partner specialists from the main immigrant nationalities. This network is planned to expand.ResultsThis preliminary network convened on a reference procedure to be supported with digital tools. The procedure includes referral of migrants with cognitive complaints to a colleague from the established network, for remote assessment in their mother‐tongue using tools appropriate for their cultural background. The outcome of the referral is sent to the clinicians in the adopted country who could take a better informed decision on the diagnosis and handling of the symptoms presented by the migrant.DiscussionThe proposed procedure overcomes several limitations of the current assessment of migrants via a translator, relative to time, languages availability, linguistic and cultural specificity of materials and norms used for the assessment. Assessment would improve thank to greater empathy allowed through the process, and the specific medical background will allow to detect issues that could emerge during the interview or the formal testing. The proposed process solves several problems identified within the current practice, with considerable benefit on detection of neurocognitive disorders in a heterogeneous population.