bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Embryonic Dominance and Polarity on Adventitious Shoot Formation from Apple Cotyledons in vitro
Authors: Kouider Mohamed , Korban Safi S. , Skirvin Robert M. , Chu M. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In vitro studies indicated that an isolated embryonic axis, or an intact embryo with all or part of its cotyledons, of a ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus Xdomestica Borkh.) produced only a single shoot and root. Adventitious shoot formation was observed when the embryonic axis was excised and the cotyledons were grown in vitro. The number of shoots formed increased as the length of the transverse cut surface was increased. More than 30 shoots per explant were obtained when both the proximal and distal one-third sections of the cotyledon (relative to the embryonic axis) were removed. An increase in shoot number per explant resulted in decreased shoot length. A polar phenomenon was observed in all excision treatments; adventitious shoot formation occurred only at the proximal cut end of the cotyledon.
Photoperiod and Temperature Effects on Flower and Runner Development in Day-Neutral, Junebearing, and Everbearing Strawberries
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Barden J. A. , Himelrick D. G. , Poling E. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberries (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.) classified as day-neutrals (‘Hecker’ and ‘Tristar’), Junebearers (‘Redchief’ and ‘Guardian’), and everbearers (‘Ourown’ and ‘Ozark Beauty’) were grown at a constant 21°C under 16 hour long days (LD), 9 hour short days (SD), or 9 hours with the dark period interrupted by 3 hours of low-level incandescent radiation [night interruption (NI)]. Flowering of day-neutrals was unaffected by photoperiod; Junebearer flowering was inhibited under NI and LD compared to SD; flowering of everbearers was promoted by LD compared to SD. Runner production was greatest for all types under LD, followed by NI then SD. Everbearers produced more runners than the other types. Effects of photoperiod on total, nonstructural carbohydrates varied with photoperiodic type and tissue sampled. The 3 types of strawberries were grown also under SD and NI under day/night temperature regimes of 18°/14°, 22°/18°, 26°/22°, and 30°/26°C. With number of inflorescences and runners and total dry weight per plant, significant photoperiod × temperature × type interactions were found. Results indicate that current classification of strawberry cultivars into photoperiodic type is inadequate.
Salinity Affects Germination and Growth of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Authors: Horst G. L. , Beadle N. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine relative salt tolerances during germination and seedling growth of 16 tall fescue cultivars (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Seeds of tall fescue were germinated on mats floating on saline solutions made from tap water and equal portions of NaCl and CaCl2 up to 7500, 12,500, and 15,000 ppm. The hydroponic growth medium containing 15,000 ppm NaCl and CaCl2 salt was suitable to identify cultivars with potential salt tolerance and commercial value under saline growing conditions. Cultivars which had less than a 50% growth reduction relative to the control were considered salt-tolerant. Broad-sense heritability estimates indicated that germination percentage, blade length, seedling dry and fresh weights, and germination rate (in that order) are viable selection criteria for salt-tolerance screening. The cross-pollination characteristic of the species should enhance improvement through recurrent selection.
Interaction between Cytospora leucostoma and Host-phenolic Compounds in Dormant Peach Trees
Authors: Wisniewski M. , Bogle A. L. , Shortle W. C. , Wilson C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The interaction between Cytospora leucostoma (causal agent of peach canker) and host-phenolic compounds in dormant peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was examined. Initially, inoculated samples had significantly higher phenolic levels than uninoculated samples. The levels in inoculated samples decreased dramatically in tissues closest to the point of inoculation, however, while the phenolic levels in uninoculated samples remained relatively stable through time. The data suggested that C. leucostoma degraded host-phenolic compounds. Maximum phenolic enrichment was observed in the branch collar region of the main stem of inoculated samples. It was concluded that the presence of C. leucostoma in host tissue played a significant role, over and above the wounding response, in establishing levels of host-phenolic compounds. Levels of phenolics in host tissue seemed to increase in advance of the fungus and this increase may function as a mechanism that slows the pathogen's advance.
Inheritance of Immature White Seedcoat Color in Common Bean
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Immature white seedcoat (IW), consisting of reduced green color in immature seedcoats and early development of white color in white seeded cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris, is described. IW was found in 9 of 66 commercial cultivars. It occurs irrespective of mature seedcoat colors, pod pigmentation, or wax vs. green pod color. Genetic analyses of progenies from 6 crosses indicated IW is conditioned by a single recessive gene which is not linked with the P locus for mature seedcoat color or with Y for green vs. wax pod. The gene designation iw is proposed for immature white seedcoat.
Influence of N and Plant Spacing on Mechanically Harvested Tabasco Pepper
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Thomas C. H. , Edwards R. L. , Baskin G. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen rate and in-row plant spacing significantly influenced yields of mechanically harvested red Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.) pepper. Red pepper yields increased with an increase in N rate from 0 to 112 kg N/ha, and a decrease in in-row plant spacing from 81 to 10 cm. The percentage of machine harvested red pepper in relation to green and orange fruit removal was enhanced with 20 cm in-row spaced plants. Tabasco plant height increased with an increase in N rate from 0 to 112 kg N/ha, while plant diameter decreased with a decrease in in-row spacing from 81 to 10 cm. Conventionally spaced (81 cm in-row spacing) Tabasco plants were damaged substantially more during mechanical harvesting than 10 cm in-row spaced plants. Early season leaf-petiole tissue N concentrations had higher correlations with red pepper yields than did late season tissue N concentrations. Multiple harvests of red Tabasco pepper with a flail-type machine produced yields similar to those obtained with hand harvesting.
Spent Mushroom Compost in Soilless Media and its Effects on the Yield and Quality of Transplants
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , O’Brien Ralph G. , Coffey David L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and marigold (Tagetes patula L.) transplants were grown from seed in leached and unleached media containing 0%, 25%, or 50% (by volume) peat and/or fresh or aged spent mushroom compost with 50% vermiculite. Reduced growth and symptoms of ammonium toxicity were seen in transplants grown in fresh spent mushroom compost. Transplants grown in 0% or 25% compost were larger than those grown in 50%, probably due to high salinity in 50% compost. Leaching reduced media soluble salts and generally improved plant yields. K and Ca were higher and P and Mg were lower in the tissue of transplants grown in spent mushroom compost than of those in the peat-lite control mix. High quality transplants were produced in 25%, aged spent mushroom compost, while acceptable plants of slightly reduced quality were produced in 50%, aged compost.
Apple Root Distribution as Effected by Irrigation at Different Soil Water Levels on Two Soil Types
Authors: Beukes D. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown in a field trial at soil water depletion (SWD) levels of 15% (wet) and 75% (dry). Water extraction depths were divided into 3 or 4 depth increments, and ranged from 700 to 1100 mm, depending on the treatments and rooting depth. Treatments were applied from the end of shoot extension growth until harvest. In a loamy sand and a loam soil, root distribution was affected primarily by the soil water regime. The treatments affected distribution with depth rather than root diameter. Shallower (about 600 mm), but more concentrated, root systems developed under the wet than dry treatment. The effect of soil water regime on root distribution was more pronounced in a loamy sand than in a loam. Treatment effects were probably diminished in the latter by high soil bulk densities.
Two Genes for Cucumber Beetle Resistance in Muskmelon
Authors: Nugent P. E. , Cuthbert F. P. , Hoffman J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the early 1970s, a study was begun to find resistance to feeding in muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., by banded cucumber beetles, Diabrotica balteata LeConte. Bitter seedlings were observed to be more susceptible to feeding than nonbitter seedlings. We noticed reduced damage levels in both bitter and nonbitter seedlings in 1974. Genetic study of resistant materials showed that in addition to the recessive form of the bitter gene, bibi, a 2nd recessive gene, cbl cbl, conditioned reduced seedling susceptibility. Subsequent tests involving spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), striped [Acalymma vittata (Fabricius)], and banded beetles on leaf disks of several C. melo cultivare showed that homozygous double recessive, bibi cblcbl, plants were more resistant to all 3 species of cucumber beetles than nonbitter, bibi Cbl — and bitter Bi—Cbl— plants. This double-recessive resistance provides muskmelon breeders with germplasm which can be incorporated into breeding lines and hybrids.
Construction of a Milled Pine Bark and Sand Potting Medium from Component Particles II. Medium Synthesis
Authors: Pokorny F. A. , Henny B. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A standard 1:1 v/v pine bark and sand potting medium was characterized physically by particle size distribution, bulk density (BD), total pore space, porosity at 50 cm H2O tension and porosity at >50 cm H2O tension. A potting medium identical to the standard was constructed from component milled pine bark and sand particles. Phaseolus lunatus L. ‘Jackson Wonder’ plants grown in the 2 physically similar media, under a standard cultural program, were essentially identical. Construction of a potting medium from a prescribed screen analysis provides a means to quantify variation which exists within a medium assumed to be uniform.
Control of Floral Initiation in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Rose Supreme’, ‘Merritt's Supreme’, and ‘Sister Therese’ produced inflorescence primordia more effectively under 8-hr photoperiods than under continuous photoperiod (CP) at 24°C. Inflorescence primordia were present on all plants under 8-hr photoperiods after 16 weeks, whereas plants under CP remained vegetative. Plants under CP sustained internode elongation throughout the experiment, whereas plants under 8-hr photoperiods remained short with little increase in number of expanded leaf pairs. Continuous photoperiod inhibited floral initiation of ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘Merritt's Supreme’ plants at 24°C, yet had little effect at 18°C. ‘Sister Therese’ plants bloomed freely, regardless of photoperiod. Daminozide (3 biweekly foliar sprays of 5000 mg/liter) inhibited floral initiation of ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘Sister Therese’ plants. Plants of all 3 cultivars flowered more rapidly at 24° than at 18°, whereas photoperiod had no effect on flowering date. Inflorescences were larger and plants were taller at 24°C than at 18°C. Continuous photoperiod increased inflorescence diameter and plant height at 24°C but had little effect at 18°C. Plants treated with daminozide were shorter than untreated plants, regardless of temperature or photoperiod.
Stimulation of Inflorescence Expansion in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. ‘Merritt's Supreme’ containing inflorescence primordia within their apical buds developed more rapidly at 24°C than at 18° or 13° minimum temperature. Three weekly applications of one ml aqueous GA3 at 100, 500, or 1000 mg/liter progressively reduced forcing time of plants grown at 24°, and the highest level increased inflorescence diameter. Plant height was increased undesirably by gibberellin treatment, and marginal foliar necrosis occurred at the 2 highest concentrations used.
Light Acclimation in Citrus Leaves. II. CO2 Assimilation and Light, Water, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Authors: Syvertsen J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Net CO2 assimilation (A) rates of ‘Duncan’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Pineapple’ orange (C. sinensis L.) seedlings grown under 3 different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), were measured in an open gas exchange system under controlled environmental conditions. Apparent quantum yield (ø), mesophyll conductance to CO2 (Gm), leaf conductance to H2O vapor (G1), transpiration (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) also were examined. Leaves of both species grown under high PPFD (full sunlight) had the greatest maximum rates of A, but the low PPFD (90% shade) leaves had the highest ø. The WUE of low PPFD grapefruit leaves was less than that of the high PPFD leaves but increased within 2 weeks after being moved into full sunlight. Transferring seedlings from low to high PPFD decreased ø of grapefruit but not of orange leaves. Changes in A were more strongly correlated to Gm than to G1. Carbon dioxide assimilation rate was positively correlated to total leaf nitrogen content. Citrus leaf photosynthetic characteristics and resources use efficiency not only acclimate to the light regimes under which they expand and mature, but leaves are capable of acclimating to new light regimes, even after full maturation.
Leaf Trichomes and Resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum and L. esculentum to Spider Mites
Authors: Snyder John C. , Carter Catherine D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spider mite behavior was characterized on leaflets, varying in extent of expansion, from mite-resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum and mite-susceptible L. esculentum plants. Survival, mortality, avoidance, and fecundity of the mites were related to Type VI trichome density and/or other covariants of leaflet development. At equivalent Type VI densities L. hirsutum leaflets were more resistant than those of L. esculentum. Thus, differential density of the Type VI trichome did not account fully for the resistance of the L. hirsutum plants. Mite mortality was associated with the presence of the L. hirsutum Type VI trichome tips and mite avoidance was associated with other factors that covaried with L. hirsutum leaflet development and leaflet surface.
Pulse Treatments with Silver Thiosulfate and Sucrose Improve the Vase Life of Sweet Peas
Authors: Mor Yoram , Reid Michael S. , Kofranek Anton M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Senescence of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.) flowers was associated with a climacteric rise in ethylene (C2H4) production. Pretreatment for 8 min with 4 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) doubled the vase life of the flowers and enhanced opening of buds on the spike. An overnight pulse at 20°C with 4% sucrose also promoted bud opening. A combined STS and sucrose treatment improved flower quality by promoting bud opening of spikes cut with tight florets, and by delaying floret senescence and abscission in both fresh and stored flowers. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) was less effective than STS in extending the vase life of sweet peas.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on Anthocyanin and Flavonol Pigments in Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)1
Authors: Lees David H. , Francis F. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of gamma radiation as an enhancer of anthocyanin and flavonol pigment synthesis in cranberries was determined. Three different maturities of cranberries, based on their degree of coloration, and radiation levels of 150 and 300 krad were employed. The changes in the anthocyanin and flavonol pigments were measured quantitatively at regular intervals during storage. Radiation had a beneficial effect on the pigmentation of full-red cranberries and resulted in a significant increase in the anthocyanin and flavonol pigment contents. Effects on the less colored berries were not as great and in some cases flavonoid synthesis was reduced. The radiation induced changes were strictly quantitative in nature and there were no qualitative changes in the anthocyanins and flavonols. The visual effects of radiation on cranberries were minor softening and a stimulation of pigment production in the endocarp area of the fruit, resulting in internal coloration of the fruit. It was concluded that gamma radiation has an effect on the biosynthesis of the pigments involved and that the maturity stage of the cranberries was the controlling factor in determining the degree of response to radiation treatment. A possible mode of action of radiation on flavonoid synthesis was postulated.
The Influence of Nitrogen on the Growth and Maturity of Onions Grown on Organic Soil1
Authors: Riekels Jerald W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted on organic soil for 3 years using relatively high rates of N to evaluate the influence of N on the growth and maturity of onions. In 2 years with low rainfall, maturity was not influenced, but yields declined with increasing rates of N. The decline in yield was originally attributed to ammonium toxicity, but observations with 3 sources of N indicated that high concn of fertilizer salts also could have caused injury to the plants.
With high rainfall, yields increased with each increase in N, and as much as 240 lb. of N/acre was required for normal growth and maturation, while those onions receiving less than 120 lb. of N/acre were deficient in N and failed to mature properly. Utilizing different methods of incorporating N in the soil to evaluate the toxic response to N was unsuccessful in the wet season. Some indication of injury to the young seedlings occurred with the highest rates of N banded beneath the row, but these symptoms disappeared during subsequent periods of high rainfall.
The Inheritance of Pod Color and Bearing Habit in Capsicum frutescens L.1
Authors: Barrios Earl P. , Mosokar H. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
F1 plants from a cross non-cluster vs. cluster fruiting habit were all of the non-cluster fruiting habit. F2 segregation was in a ratio of 3 non-cluster to 1 cluster habit, indicating that the cluster habit was controlled by a single recessive gene. F3 plants from selected non-cluster F2 plants segregated in a ratio of 3 non-cluster to 1 cluster habit. F4 plants from selected non-cluster F3 plants were all of the non-cluster habit.
Pod color of immature pods from F1 plants was greenish-yellow, while F2 progeny segregated for pod color in a ratio of 3 greenish-yellow: 1 sulfur-yellow, suggesting simple Mendelian inheritance.
Pod color of immature pods and fruit bearing habit were not associated. F1 plants were all of the non-cluster, greenish-yellow type. F2 progeny segregated in a ratio of 9 non-cluster, greenish-yellow: 3 non-cluster, sulfur-yellow: 3 cluster, greenish-yellow: and 1 cluster, sulfur-yellow. Each of these characters was monogenically inherited, segregating independently in the F2 generation. Mature pods of both parents and all progenies were red.
Competition and Survival in Female Plants of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , McCully J. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It has long been known that female asparagus plants have a higher mortality rate than males. Several explanations have been postulated, among them, competition by males which are more vigorous. Row maps were made in fields ranging from 1 to 19 years old and the distribution and location of males and females in the rows were analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that the higher mortality rate of females could not be attributed to competition of adjacent males.
Interaction of Harvest Maturity, Cold Storage, and Two Growth Regulators on Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ pears at 20°C was assessed in samples harvested weekly beginning 4 weeks prior to commercial harvest maturity. Ripening was promoted by delaying harvest, by 1- and 2-week periods of storage at 4.4°C, or both. Early summer treatments with 750 and 7500 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) delayed ripening but this effect was counteracted by both delayed harvest and postharvest storage at 4.4°C. It is concluded that SADH delays ripening by influencing an endogenous mechanism for controlling ripening in pears.
Maturation of ‘Anjou’ Pears in Relation to Chemical Composition and Reaction to Ethylene1,2
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. , Hansen Elmer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To study the effect of maturity on ethylene induced ripening, ‘Anjou’ pears were picked at 4 stages of development representing 57%, 71%, 86% and 100% of total growth period. Beginning of a distinct maturation stage in ‘Anjou’ pears was not evident from changes in wt, firmness, soluble pectin, soluble solids, protein N or malic acid. Respiration, ethylene production and softening were differentially affected by ethylene treatment, according to concn applied (0.05-2.0 ppm) and time required for stimulation. Threshold concn affecting these reactions decreased progressively during maturation. Ripening as measured by softening was not dependent on development of the respiratory climacteric. Maturation of the ‘Anjou’ pear appears to involve a reorganization of metabolism preparatory for ripening.
Effect of Soil Incorporation on Selectivity, Movement, and Persistence of Herbicides in Watermelon Plantings1
Authors: Menges R. M. , Longbrake T. D. , Tamez S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A combination treatment of preemergence O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) at 5 kg/ha plus postemergence a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 0.6 kg/ha gave outstanding weed control when applications were incorporated 2.5 cm in soil. The treatment controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] without reducing the yield of ‘Charleston Grey’ watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.). High rates of application of bensulide alone reduced yields. Isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) and methyl-(4-amino-benzene)sulfonyl carbamate (MB-9057) were promising, but N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) were less effective. Several herbicides controlled weeds more efficiently when soil-incorporated 5.0 cm rather than 1.3 cm. Deep incorporation of preemergence applications of benefin and trifluralin reduced the yields. Oversprays of a petroleum mulch had no effect on preemergence applications of bensulide but increased soil temp, soil moisture, and crop yields.
Laboratory bioassays showed that under high temp, furrow irrigation, and low rainfall, trifluralin moved upwards in sandy clay loam and had a half-life of 1 and 3 weeks with 1.3- and 5.0-cm incorporation in soil, respectively. Persistence of trifluralin increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation. Traces of trifluralin activity were found 5 months after treatment only with the 1.1 kg/ha application soil-incorporated 5.0 cm. Field bioassays showed that whereas bensulide, benefin, and trifluralin reduced the growth of German millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.], only bensulide reduced the growth of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.). Crop injury increased with rate of application and depth of incorporation.