bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Deep Learning Models for the Triage of Pediatric Elbow Radiographs: Strategies for Model Optimization With Small Datasets
Authors: Tan Mark Bangwei , Chua Russ Yuezhi , Qiao Fan , Fortier Marielle Valerie , Chang Pearlly Peiqi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background and Objective: To compare the performance of an AI model developed based on strategies designed to accommodate small sized development sets to pediatric ER physicians on a binomial classification task of pediatric elbow radiographs.Materials and Methods: 1,314 pediatric elbow lateral radiographs (mean age: 8.2 years) were retrospectively retrieved, binomially classified based on annotation as normal or abnormal (with pathology), and randomly partitioned into a development set (993 images), tuning set (109 images), second tuning set (100 images) and test set (112 images). An AI model was trained on the development set utilizing the EfficientNet B1 compound scaling network architecture and augmentations. Its performance on the test set was compared to a group of five physicians (inter-rater agreement: fair). Statistical analysis: AUC of AI model - DeLong method. Performance of AI model and physician groups - McNemar test.Results: Accuracy of the model on the test set - 0.804 (95% CI, 0.718 - 0.873), Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) - 0.872 (95% CI, 0.831 - 0.947). AI model performance compared to the physician group on the test set - sensitivity 0.790 (95% CI 0.684 to 0.895) vs 0.649 (95% CI 0.525 to 0.773), p value 0.088; specificity 0.818 (95% CI 0.716 to 0.920) vs 0.873 (95% CI 0.785 to 0.961), p value 0.439.Conclusions: An AI model for elbow radiograph triage designed with strategies to optimize performance for a small sized development set performed comparably to physicians.
Menstrual Cycle Irregularity and Examination Stress Among Female Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhammadi Maisam , Albogmi Afaf , Alzahrani Manar , Shalabi Bashayer , Fatta Fatma , AlBasri Samera 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Menstrual irregularity is defined as any differences in the frequency, irregularity of onset, duration of flow, or volume of blood from the regular menstrual cycle. It is an important medical issue that many medical students suffer from. The goal of this study was to determine how examination stress affected the regular menstrual cycle and investigated the most common types of irregularities among female medical students at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students between September and October 2021 at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 457 female students aged 18–30 years were selected through stratified random sampling. A validated online questionnaire collected data about demographics, menstrual irregularities during exams, type of irregularities, menstrual history, family history of menstrual irregularities, premenstrual symptoms, medication use, medical and family consultation, and absenteeism. The chi-squared test (χ2) was used to analyze the associations between variables.Results: A total of 48.2% of participants had menstrual irregularities during exams. The most common irregularity was dysmenorrhea (70.9%), followed by a lengthened cycle (45.6%), and heavy bleeding (41.9%). A total of 93% of medical students suffered from premenstrual symptoms and 60.4% used medication to relieve menstrual irregularities, with herbal medication and home remedies, and 44.4% of the students missed classes due to menstrual irregularities.Conclusion: A total of 48.2% of participants had menstrual irregularities during exams. The most common irregularity was dysmenorrhea (70.9%), followed by a lengthened cycle (45.6%), and heavy bleeding (41.9%). A total of 93% of medical students suffered from premenstrual symptoms and 60.4% used medication to relieve menstrual irregularities, with herbal medication and home remedies, and 44.4% of the students missed classes due to menstrual irregularities.
A novel TiO2-TiC-TiC0.3N0.7-C-SiCN multiphase ceramic nanocomposite from preceramic polymer pyrolysis
Authors: Anand Rahul , Nayak Bibhuti B , Behera Shantanu K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The current investigation describes the synthesis of SiTiCNO ceramics derived from a mixture of a preceramic polymer (polyvinylsilazane) and tetrabutyl orthotitanate precursors by crosslinking at 300 oC and pyrolysis in the temperature range of 900 oC - 1400 oC in flowing nitrogen atmosphere. Crosslinked precursor was studied through DSC-TG to estimate ceramization temperature as well as ceramic yield. Further, the evolution of phase and nanostructure with temperature in the composite SiTiCNO ceramics was analyzed by the help of different characterization techniques, such as XRD, Raman, and electron microscopy. Ti-doped SiCN ceramic systems appeared as single-phase SiTiCNO amorphous ceramics up to 1100 oC. The phase separation of SiTiCNO ceramics started at 1200 oC and exhibited TiO2 nanocrystals in the SiCN matrix. Ti-doping was found to accelerate the separation of the free carbon phase from the SICN matrix, and the said carbon had better graphitic order in the Ti-doped samples as compared to the undoped SiCN of equivalent thermal history. At 1400 oC, high temperature stable phases such as TiC and TiC0.3N0.7 were formed along with predominant rutile-TiO2 phase within the Si-Ti-O-C-N matrix. A uniform distribution of these nanocrystals in the SiCN matrix at 1400 oC were observed through TEM/HRTEM analysis. The current work exhibits the formation of a unique multiphase composite with the co-existence of nanocrystalline phases uniformly distributed within a polymer derived ceramic matrix.
Better efficacy of sequential combination with balloon pulmonary angioplasty after long-term riociguat for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Qiang , Yang Suqiao , Kuang Tuguang , Wang Jianfeng , Li Yidan , Gong Juanni , Yang Yuanhua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: There is little data showing further benefit for the chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients who take long-term riociguat undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of long-term riociguat sequentially combined with BPA for patients with inoperable CTEPH. Methods: Eight inoperable CTEPH patients were enrolled in this study, who have been administrated riociguat 2.5mg three times daily for about eight years, then underwent several sessions of BPA procedures. Data are prospectively collected to evaluate clinical outcomes, hemodynamics, exercise capacity, and right heart size and function by echocardiography at baseline, eight years after riociguat, and three months after the final BPA. Results: Eight patients (mean age 54.9±11.4 years) had accepted riociguat 2.5mg three times daily for 95.0±10.7 months. Cardiac index (CI) (1.5±0.5 L/min/m2 to 2.4±0.6 L/min/m2, P=0.005), 6 minutes walking distance (6MWD) (329.6±87.5 m to 418.1±75.8 m, P=0.016), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (1336.9±320.2 dyn·s·cm-5 to 815.4±195.6 dyn·s·cm-5, P=0.008) were significant improvement after riociguat treatment. A total of 33 additional combinational BPA sessions (mean 4.1±1.6) and 150 balloon dilations (mean 18.8±8.1) were performed. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) (54.1±11.1mmHg to 33.6±7.7 mmHg, P=0.002) and PVR (815.4±195.6 dyn·s·cm-5 to 428.3±151.2 dyn·s·cm-5,P＜0.001) were further decreased. CI (2.4±0.6 L/min/m2 to 2.7±0.7 L/min/m2) and 6MWD (418.1±75.8m to 455.7±100.0m) were increased significantly. Conclusions: After long-term riociguat treatment, sequential combination with BPA delivered considerably incremental benefits on exercise capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics, as well as right heart size and function of technically inoperable CTEPH patients. Trial registration: The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in the 27 March 2020 (NCT04326777).
Silibinin, Synergistically Enhances Vinblastine-Mediated Apoptosis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line: Involvement of Bcl2/Bax and Caspase-3 Pathway
Authors: Dariushnejad Hassan , Roshanravan Neda , Wasman Hunar Mustafa , Pirzeh Lale , Ghorbanzadeh vajihe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Triple-negative breast cancer with poor prognosis and survival is the most invasive breast cancer subtype. Usually, TNBC requires a chemotherapy regime at all stages, but chemotherapy drugs showed many side effects. We assumed that combination therapy of vinblastine and silibinin might reduce the vinblastine toxicity and dose.
Methods
The MDA-MB-231 cells subjected to MTT assay for IC50 determination and combination effects were measured based on Chou-Talalay's methods. The type of cell death determined by using Flow-cytometric assay. Cell death pathway markers as, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 were analyzed by western blot and QPCR.
Results
The treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited IC50 and synergism at combination of 30µM of silibinin and 4µm of vinblastine in cell viability assay (CI = 0.69). YO-PRO-1/PI double staining results showed a significant induction of apoptosis when MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with silibinin and vinblastine combination (p < 0.01). Protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 upregulated and Bcl-2 downregulate significantly. Significant upregulation of Bax (2.96-fold) and caspase-3 (3.46-fold) while Bcl-2 2-fold downregulated.
Conclusion
Findings established a preclinical rationale for silibinin and vinblastine combination. This combination produces synergistic effects in MDA-MB-231 cells via the alteration of pro and anti-apoptotic genes and may decrease toxicity and side effects of vinblastine.
The effect of sharing experiences on compassion fatigue of family caregivers of the disabled elderly:A Clinical Randomized Trial
Authors: Shaker Abolfazl Akbari , Pourghaznein Tayebe , Jamali Jamshid , Soltani Mohsen , Esmaelzadeh Fatemeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Caring for the disabled elderly can cause compassion fatigue in family caregivers. Improving social interactions in online social networks can reduce compassion fatigue by increasing social support. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of sharing experiences in an online support group on compassion fatigue of family caregivers of the disabled elderly.Methods: The study conducted as a randomized clinical trial with intervention and control groups. A total of 58 family caregivers of the disabled elderly in Mashhad were selected via convenience sampling and assigned to the intervention and control groups using the permuted block technique. The intervention group, in addition to taking part in the first online session individually with the researcher, shared their experiences of the problems caused in their family life due to caring for the elderly in an online support group with other caregivers. The control group participated in the first online session only. Both groups completed a demographic information form, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-II), and Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) questionnaire. Measurements were made before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24).Results: Compassion fatigue reported by the participants in the intervention group did not change significantly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (p˃0.05). About half of the participants reported a moderate level of compassion fatigue before the intervention.Conclusion: In online support groups, peers can share their care experiences to reduce the negative effects of elderly care by perceiving more social support.Trial Registration number: IRCT20200118046173N1
Prognostic Value of Interferon-γ-Related Signature Involved in Tumor Immune Infiltration in Bladder Cancer
Authors: 刘永昌 yongchang , Zhang Wenhao , Xu Xiaocheng , Tai Jiabin , wang meiyun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
The molecular biological characteristics and unique anatomical structure of bladder cancer (BC), become cancer immune reaction mechanism and a predictor of good model and help to improve the level of cancer immunotherapy. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activating cellular immunity and stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. However, the role of IFN-γ in BC is unclear. We aimed to clarify the biological occurrence and development of BC and identify reliable biomarkers.
Method
We downloaded data on patients with BC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and constructed a prognostic model. We analyzed the relationships between clinicopathological features and the IFN-γ signature by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and evaluated the prognostic and predictive values of the IFN-γ signature by survival analysis and nomogram construction. We also conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of and Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to explore the potential biological pathways related to the IFN-γ signature in BC. Immune infiltration was evaluated using CIBERSORT algorithms and the correlation between the signature and antineoplastic drug sensitivity was analyzed using the CellMiner platform.
Results
Five genes (RIPK2, RBCK1, PTPN6, ITGB7, LATS2) were selected to construct IFN-γ-related signatures. The pathological features were identified as an independent risk factor. Patients with BC were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups according to their signatures. Patients with higher risk scores had shorter overall survival and a worse prognosis. GO and KEGG enrichment and CIBERSORT analysis showed significant relationships between the signature and survival, independent risk factors, immune infiltration, and antineoplastic drug sensitivity.
Conclusion
We obtained a risk profile for a regression model consisting of IFN-γ signature genes to predict the prognosis of patients with BC. This model may be used to improve the prognostic accuracy of the immune microenvironment in BC.
Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development by Activating GP73 to Repress the Innate Immune Response
Authors: Liu Long , Huang Yanping , Fu Yanan , Rao Jingjing , Zeng Feng , Ji Manshan , Cui Jingwen , Huang Hui , Jin Zhixiong , Xu Xiang , Li Bei , Chen Jun , Zhu Jianyong , Du Weixing , Liu Zhixin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic infection in the clinic. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely linked to HBV infection. Serum Golgi protein 73 (GP73) increases during HBV infection. However, the role of GP73 during HBV infection and the occurrence of HBV-related HCC is still poorly understood.
Methods
The underlying role of HBV-induced GP73 in regulating HCC development was investigated in this study. GP73 expression in HBV-related clinical HCC tissues and in HBV infected hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western Blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis. GP73 mediated tumorigenesis were detected by flow cytometry, QRT-PCR, xenograft nude mice and sphere formation assay. The effects of GP73 and HBV infection on host's innate immune responses in hepatocytes were further investigated by Western Blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis.
Results
Initially, we discovered that HBV-positive HCC tissues had significantly higher expression of GP73. Ectopic expression of the HBV gene could induce GP73 expression in primary human hepatocytes and hepatoma cells in vitro. In addition, we discovered that GP73 promotes HCC in both normal liver cells and hepatoma cells. We also found that ectopic expression of HBV genes increases GP73 expression, suppressing the host's innate immune responses in hepatocytes.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that HBV facilitates HCC development by activating GP73 to repress the host's innate immune response. This study adds to our understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV infection-induced HCC. The findings also provide preclinical support for GP73 as a potential HCC prevention or treatment target.
Pseudotime analysis reveals novel regulatory factors for multigenic onset and monogenic transition of odorant receptor expression
Authors: Tresch Achim , Hussainy Mohammad , Korsching Sigrun I. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
During their maturation from horizontal basal stem cells, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are known to select exactly one out of hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs) and express it on their surface, a process called monogenic selection. Monogenic expression is preceded by a multigenic phase during which several OR genes are expressed in a single OSN. Here, we perform pseudotime analysis of a single cell RNA-Seq dataset of murine olfactory epithelium to precisely align the multigenic and monogenic expression phases with the cell types occurring during OSN differentiation. In combination with motif analysis of OR gene cluster-associated enhancer regions, we identify known and novel transcription (co-)factors (Ebf1, Lhx2, Ldb1, Fos and Sspp2) and chromatin remodelers (Kdm1a, Eed and Zmynd8) associated with OR expression. The inferred temporal order of their activity suggests novel mechanisms contributing to multigenic OR expression and monogenic selection.
Effects of 3d transition metal impurities and vacancy defects on electronic and magnetic properties of pentagonal Pd2S4 : Competition between exchange splitting and crystal fields
Authors: gholami Mojtaba , Golsanamlou Zahra , soleimani Hamid Rahimpour 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we first investigate the electronic properties of the two-dimensional structure of dichalcogenide Pd 2 S 4. These properties strongly depend on the crystal field splitting which can change by atomic vacancies (S and Pd vacancies). The main purpose of the present paper is to create remarkable magnetic properties in the system by adding 3d transition metal atoms where the presence of Mn, Cr, and Fe creates the exchange interaction in the system as well as change in the crystal field. The created magnetic properties strongly depend on the competition between exchange interaction and crystal field to separate the levels of d orbitals. In addition, the presence of the transition metals in the structures with S and Pd vacancy has been investigated carefully. The calculations demonstrate that we can achieve an extensive range of magnetic moment up to 3.131μ_B. The maximum one is obtained in the presence of Mn and absence of sulfur while some of the doped structures does not have magnetic moment. Our results show that Pd vacancy in the presence of Cr, Mn and Fe metals increases the magnetic property of the Pd 2 S 4 structure. The extensiveness and variety of the obtained properties can be used for different magnetic and non-magnetic applications.
Acidic Exo-polysaccharide produced from marine Bacillus sp. NRC5 to treat and protect chemical-induced mammary carcinomas in rats
Authors: El-Newary Samah A. , Mahmoud Manal G. , Asker Mohsen , Youness Eman R , Ibrahim Abeer 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, causing approximately ten million deaths in 2020. This investigation motivated us to study the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of acidic exopolysaccharide obtained from marine Bacillus sp. NRC5 (BEPS) in breast cancer.
Methods: The anti-breast cancer efficacy of BEPS was proceeded in female Sprague-Dawley rats in the chemical-induction route. Mammary carcinoma was developed after five months using 7,12-Dimethylebenz-(a)-anthracene (DMBA in a single dose, 65 mg/ kg in an intragastric route).
Results: BEPS (200 mg/ kg orally) exhibited remarked protective and therapeutic effect, where it significantly reduced i) cancer growth rate-limiting enzymes; aromatase (51.14 and 77.31%) and Na+/K+ ATPase (78.25 and 73.51%) activities, ii) cyclooxygenase-2 (31.67 and 50.10%) activity, iii) oxidative stress biomarker; malondialdehyde (88.26 and 88.18%) level, iv) estrogen level (51.91 and 60.67%), and carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA (36.7 and 35.14%) compared to DMBA-group that elevated all determined parameters significantly (P≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: BEPS showed a promising anti-breast cancer impact with a reasonable safety margin. The result of BEPS may be related to its antioxidant & anti-inflammatory characters and its inhibitory effect on aromatase and Na+/ K+ATPase activities, which is attributed to its unique composition containing sulfated groups and uronic acids.
A Modified Primary Culture Method Of Rat Pulmonary Vein Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Huang Wenhui , Liu Hongjin , Pan Yichao , Yang Hongwei , Wang Danjie , Wang Xueying , Lin Jing , Zhang Hui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Although the pressure of pulmonary vein increased before pulmonary artery in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD), studies on pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (PVSMCs) had not been widely reported because of the lack of a simple and feasible PVSMCs isolation method. Methods: In this study, we introduced a method to obtain PVSMCs. Primary pulmonary veins were isolated by puncture needle cannula guidance, and PVSMCs were cultured by the tissue explant method and purified by the differential adhesion method. PVSMCs were characterized by HE staining, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining to observe morphology and verify α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Results: The HE staining results showed that the pulmonary vein media was thinner than the pulmonary artery, the intima and adventitia of pulmonary vein were almost completely isolated by this method, and the obtained cells with good activity had smooth muscle cell morphological characteristics. In addition, the obtained cells showed increased α-SMA expression, and α-SMA expression was higher by our isolation method than the traditional method. Conclusion: In conclusion, we established a simple and feasible method to isolate and culture PVSMCs that might establish the cytological experimental foundation for PH-LHD.
Burden of phenylketonuria in Latin American patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Pessoa André Luiz Santos , Martins Ana Maria , Ribeiro Erlane , Specola Norma , Chiesa Ana , Vilela Daniel , Jurecki Elaina , Mesojedovas Debora , Schwartz Ida 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. If untreated, the complications of PKU lead to significant neucognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments, placing a burden on both the individual’s quality of life and on the healthcare system. We conducted a systematic literature review to characterize the impact of PKU on affected individuals and on healthcare resources in Latin American (LATAM) countries.Methods: Searches of the global medical literature as well as regional and local medical literature up to September 2021. Observational studies on patients with PKU from any LATAM country. Pairs of reviewers independently screened eligible articles, extracted data from included studies, and assessed their risk of bias. Results: 79 unique studies (47 cross-sectional studies, 18 case series, 12 case reports, and two cohort studies) with a total of 4,090 patients were eligible. Of these studies, 20 had data available evaluating early-diagnosed PKU patients for meta-analysis of burden outcomes. Intellectual disability in the pooled studies was 18% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.38; I2 = 83.7%, p = 0.0133; two studies; n = 114]. Motor delay was 15% [95% CI 0.04 to 0.30; I2 = 74.5%, p = 0.0083; four studies; n = 132]. Speech deficit was 35% [95% CI 0.08 to 0.68; I2 = 93.9%, p < 0.0001; five studies; n = 162].Conclusions: There is currently evidence of high clinical burden in PKU patients in LATAM countries. Recognition that there are many unmet neuropsychological needs and socioeconomic challenges faced in the LATAM countries is the first step in planning cost-effective interventions.