bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Social Protection in Nepal
Authors: Pradhan Uma , Thapa Deepak , Baniya Jeevan , Gurung Yangchen , Mahato Sanjay , Roy Indrajit 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the political dynamics shaping implementation of Nepal’s School Scholarship Programme, which provides cash stipends to primary and secondary students of marginalized communities. The chapter makes two distinct arguments. First, it highlights the importance of infrastructural power to implementation—especially the limited capacity of higher levels of the state to monitor effectively the actions of lower levels. Second, it concludes that programme design can compensate for some of these limitations—especially through the use of categorical targeting to distribute scholarships that has emerged from social justice framing of the scholarship programme. The limitations of state infrastructural power are especially keenly felt with respect to the disbursement of scholarships. As such, limited state infrastructural power leads to delayed and reduced payments that are likely to undermine the potential of the programme to effect social justice.
Visions, Proclamations, and Courts of Love
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractJoseph Warton claimed that The Floure and the Leafe, thought in the eighteenth century to be by Chaucer, was an ‘exquisite vision’ in itself, which ‘has received a thousand new graces from the spirited and harmonious’ version by Dryden. Dryden’s success with his Flower and the Leaf encouraged others to turn to the non-Chaucerian poems of Speght’s edition—some of them offered as genuine, others by writers other than Chaucer. They are mainly ‘visionary’ or ‘allegorical’ in nature and deal with the experience of love, seen from different viewpoints, mingling pathos with satire, and implying attitudes towards women which vary from religious veneration to contempt. The chapter begins by considering the anonymous Lamentation of Mary Magdalene and then compares two versions of The Court of Love: Arthur Maynwaring’s rakish rendering and the more restrained version by Alexander Catcott. John Dart renders The Complaint of the Black Knight in ways that highlight its pathos and affinities with Dryden’s Palamon and Arcite. George Sewell makes his Proclamation of Cupid something of a defence of all women. William Cooke’s The Cuckow and the Nightingale (1774), and Wordsworth’s version of this (1801) keep closer to the letter of their original. Wordsworth’s is a restoration rather than a translation, giving his impression of an old poem rather than an impression of an imaginary dream-walk in a real wood. Dryden had made his version of The Floure and the Leaf reflect on his own times, suggesting a visionary reconciliation of the troubles of his century.
Pathos, Chivalry, and Romance
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the interest shown by Joseph and Thomas Warton, Richard Hurd, and others in the ‘wild’, ‘pathetic’, ‘romantic’, and distinctly ‘medieval’ aspects of Chaucer’s work. It explores the contradiction between two accounts of ‘Chaucer’: one that saw him as emerging into the light of ‘nature’ from a dark age of ill-metred romance (as mocked in the tale of Sir Topas), and another in which he was seen as ‘wild and fantastical’ and as a model for modern poems that might fall into the ‘romantic’ category. The chapter explores the relative neglect in the eighteenth century of Troilus and Criseyde and offers a full account of George Ogle’s version of The Clerk’s Tale, examining both its status as a moral fable and Ogle’s framing of that fable in such a way as to complicate its moral perspective. The chapter also documents the way in which, for some readers, it was the Chaucer ‘who left untold / The story of Cambuscan Bold’ who appealed most strongly: The Squire’s Tale, unfinished as it was, was considered by many as Chaucer’s ‘capital poem’. The chapter examines attempts to complete the tale by Edmund Spenser, Samuel Boyce, George Ogle, and others.
Clement and Scriptural Exegesis
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How might one describe early Christian exegesis? This question has given rise to a significant reassessment of patristic exegetical practice in recent decades, and the present book makes a new contribution to this reappraisal of patristic exegesis against the background of ancient Greco-Roman education. In tracing the practices of literary analysis and rhetorical memory in the ancient sources, this book argues that there were two modes of archival thinking at the heart of the ancient exegetical enterprise: the grammatical archive, a repository of the textual practices learned from the grammarian, and the memorial archive, the constellations of textual memories from which meaning is constructed. In a new treatment of the theological exegesis of Clement of Alexandria—the first study of its kind in English scholarship—this book suggests that an assessment of the reading practices that Clement employs from these two ancient archives reveals his deep commitment to scriptural interpretation as the foundation of a theological imagination. Clement employs various textual practices from the grammatical archive to navigate the spectrum between the clarity and obscurity of Scripture, which results in the striking conclusion that the figurative referent of Scripture is one twofold mystery, bound up in the Incarnation of Christ and the higher knowledge of the divine life. This twofold scriptural mystery is discovered in an act of rhetorical invention as Clement reads Scripture to uncover the constellations of texts—about God, Christ, and humanity—that frame its entire narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction reviews the recent reappraisal of early Christian exegesis and earlier studies of Clement of Alexandria and his biblical exegesis. After examining three particularly influential contributions to the study of Clement’s scriptural exegesis, it offers an apologetic for distinguishing the theoretical statements about exegesis by early Christian readers—the “idea” of exegesis—from the actual methods and strategies of literary analysis that are employed in the act of reading by these same interpreters—the “practice” of exegesis. The Introduction ends with a suggestion for multiple ways that readers can navigate the book, depending on whether their interests lie in early Christian exegesis more generally or the theological interpretation of Clement of Alexandria more specifically.
“Hidden Treasures of Wisdom and Knowledge”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns attention for the first time specifically to the practices of textual analysis that Clement employs from the repository of his “grammatical archive.” It examines four significant passages from book 5 of the Stromateis, where Clement comments on specific biblical texts to furnish an account of Scripture’s role in Christian theological reflection: Romans 1, Isaiah 45:3, and Colossians 1–2. This chapter argues that not only does Clement understand Christian exegesis and inquiry as a fundamentally literary project, but the inclinations he develops from the use of the tools of the grammatical archive actually restrict the figurative potential he sees in the Scriptures. Though one must speak figuratively—or symbolically—when interpreting the letter of Scripture, one cannot permit Scripture to figure absolutely anything. On the contrary, Clement believes that Scripture itself—and particularly the Apostle Paul—identifies a twofold mystery contained in the text of Scripture. The chapter ends by suggesting that Clement’s most trenchant claims about exegesis can be missed because he never states these claims explicitly. Instead, he develops his most penetrating claims about scriptural exegesis in the course of his own readings of Scripture. In other words, one must move beyond the idea of Clement’s exegesis and actually parse his exegetical practice to recover these subtle but significant points about reading the biblical text.
Words and Numbers
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We study the frequency of words in literary texts and show that it follows a regular pattern. Similar patterns were observed in the distribution of cities by size, or in the distribution of prime factors of integers. In all cases, the logarithm of the frequency is proportional to that of the rank, originally introduced as Zipf’s law for word frequencies. The origin of such a regularity is presently not known.
‘Things Unattempted Yet in Rhyme’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that Milton’s exquisite ear for rhyme was not sacrificed when he abandoned rhymed verse, or at least abandoned structural rhyme. Incidental and subliminal rhyme and forms of near-rhyme, which some have seen as intrusions into the poems, are both frequent and subtle in the epics; major passages, such as the closing paragraph of Paradise Lost, are shaped and enriched by echoing endings to the line, approaches to rhyme without the insistence of full rhyme. Rhyme and near-rhyme are exploited to expressive effect in many diverse ways.
The Intrepid Milton
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is less a conclusion and summary than a celebration of Milton’s audacity, and welcomes his readiness to take extreme risks in life and in art. It contrasts the verse as read now after Milton’s centuries of cultural eminence with his vulnerability as a notorious rebel when publishing his major works in Restoration England, and examines the discrepancy between the ideological and the aesthetic in early responses to Paradise Lost. Many readers were wary or hostile or even outraged by the poet’s attitudes, but most of them were also overwhelmed by the poem’s sublimity. Milton at his best is a man open and searching, and in the major verse he has developed a profoundly apt medium, drawing on the resources of the blank-verse line to make reading an act of continuous discovery and discrimination.
Clifford’s Shipowner, Conspiracy Theories, and Choosing with and for Others
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I consider two objections to permissivism that turn on the consequences of using our credences to make decisions that affect others. The first comes from W. K. Clifford’s essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ (1877). On our account, a very risk-inclined individual is permitted to assign so high a prior credence to a conspiracy theory that, even after incorporating the countervailing evidence, they will end up with a high rational posterior in that theory. Yet it seems immoral for them to act on that high credence. Does this cast doubt on the rationality of this credence? I argue that it does not. The second objection is due to Simon Blessenohl (2020). In it, he suggests that permissivism gives rise to an unacceptable tension between the individual preferences of agents and the collective preferences of the groups to which those agents belong. I argue that Blessenohl’s argument turns on an equivocation.
Introduction
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction is subdivided into four sections. The first section outlines the elusive search in about twenty German archives for evidence of antisemitic violence and crimes in the winter and spring of 1933. Given that police forces in German states were instructed not to report antisemitic attacks, no evidence was available in police files, where researchers would normally look for it. The archival search was thus anything but straightforward. In the conditions of the Nazi takeover in March, April, and May 1933, when SA violence reigned supreme, individuals were no longer able to effectively protest, even against excessive acts of violence. The second section assesses which institutions within the German State and society were still in a position to help, protest, or intervene on behalf of Jewish victims. The democratic political parties of the Weimar Republic had themselves become targets of Nazi attacks, while the Reichswehr, Germany’s small but highly professional army, was itself antisemitic and showed no interest in helping German Jews. Among political parties, it was thus only the conservative DNVP, Hitler’s coalition partner, that retained some freedom of movement. Apart from the DNVP, it was mainly the Christian Churches, in particular the Protestant Church, and the administrative and judicial branches of the bureaucracy that were still in a position to lend succor. The third section offers a detailed overview of the fourteen chapters in the three parts of this book, while the final section examines the secondary literature on anti-Jewish violence and abuses, from economic discrimination, such as boycotts, to physical attacks, pillory marches, and murder.
Murder
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with antisemitic murder cases in the winter and spring of 1933. Though records are fragmentary and incomplete, and contemporary authorities disputed their very existence, the surviving documentary evidence permits us to classify them into three categories: 1) the more-or-less spontaneous murder without prior planning; 2) the “shot while trying to escape” murder of people already in the custody of the SA and SS; and 3) the planned “revenge murder.” Many of these murder cases were well documented and, in several instances, the police apprehended the SA killers with sufficient evidence to convict them. Because of two amnesties for “Offenses Committed in Connection with the National Socialist Revolution” of March and July 1933, culprits evaded justice in 1933. After the war, however, several of these murder cases were reopened by friends and relatives of the victims, though severe sentences remained the exception. An American journalist estimated the number of anti-Jewish murder cases to be “at least 300” for the period between early March and mid-June 1933. The enormity of this figure becomes apparent in view of the fact that there were a mere 1,336 cases of murder and manslaughter in all of Germany in the crisis-ridden year 1931. This chapter analyzes a number of individual murder cases in all three categories and also examines different types of Nazi murderers, as well as the (often stillborn) effort to bring some of them to justice after the war. It becomes apparent that the often conjured up Rechtsstaat was already completely extinct by the spring of 1933.
The Protestant Church and the “Jewish Question”
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the identity, organization, and politics of the Protestant Church in Germany, its assumed role as the conscience of the nation, and its position toward Jews. Unlike the German Catholic Church, the Protestant Church was decentralized and divided into twenty-eight Land churches, curtailing its ability to speak with one voice. There had been an underlying conviction within German Protestant circles since the early twentieth century that a united Protestant Church should be created as a counterweight to its Catholic counterpart, but any movement in this direction foundered. Despite its fragmentation and the fact that it represented only two-thirds of the population, leading Protestant figures were convinced that German Protestantism embodied the national conscience, making them responsible for society’s political climate and wider political culture. Within Weimar’s political party spectrum, Protestant leaders, who opposed the Versailles Treaty, were closest to the conservative DNVP, and numerous Protestant officials sat in state legislatures as DNVP deputies. During the final years of the Republic, Church leaders actively participated in politics and periodically spoke out against Nazi violence and doctrine. On the eve of Hitler’s chancellorship, the Church was divided into political factions, from the religious socialists, close to the SPD, on the left to the German Christians, close to the NSDAP, on the extreme right. The seemingly Church-friendly policy of the Nazi regime contributed to the Church’s initially government-friendly course early in the regime’s rule, despite concerns that the Church might lose its freedom to an over-powerful State.
‘In Fancy and Love with Ann Stanley’
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ralph Rishton was able to turn the law to his own unscrupulous ends in several ways during his middle and later years. The underage heir of another branch of the Rishton extended family fell into his custody owing to the rules of wardship at English common law, and Ralph coerced him to sign away his rights and thereby defrauded him of his inheritance. At about the same time, Ralph discarded his second wife for the woman who would become his third. In order to regularise her situation (and keep her available as his mistress), he and his patron forcibly married Ralph’s hapless kinsman to her, before another annulment suit years later freed her to marry Ralph. The complex web of interests and motivations surrounding these contrivances highlights the importance of law’s stories, in particular how to interrogate the depositions of witnesses. Close analysis of a few cases reveals how limited one’s understanding of points at issue in a lawsuit may be without the larger context of a case study such as this. The chapter investigates the process of deposing, from the massive volume of testimony left behind by the Rishton cases and the writing of contemporary lawyers, and argues favourably for the historicity of remembered events and perceptions that the depositions in these cases provide.
Attitude Ascriptions and Frege’s Curse
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that Frege’s puzzle about identity is, despite claims to the contrary, really about identity. It also argues that the theory developed in this book, called edenic intentionalism, dissolves Fregean puzzles, both about identity and attitude ascription. To this end the author introduces the distinction between representational states and representational acts and shows how speakers’ sensitivity to it explains puzzling features of attitude ascriptions. It is shown, in a schematic way, how a robust theory of the mental state of confusion will suffice to dissolve, rather than solve, Frege’s puzzle about identity. A theory of this kind, embedded in the framework of mechanistic explanations of cognitive phenomena, is developed in later chapters.
The Life of Martha
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the Life of Martha, in which a new saint, the stylite’s mother, is created for Symeon’s cult site on the ‘Wonderful Mountain’, revealing its continued need for development in the seventh century. The Life contains signs that the promotion of Martha’s cult was controversial, perhaps because of her exceptional position as the mother of an ascetic holy man. The chapter argues that the promotion of Martha’s cult was intimately bound up with the desire to encourage liturgical participation at the shrine. Thus her Life contains an original and inclusive vision of holiness, which eschews most traditional emphases of the Lives of female saints, such as celibacy and asceticism, focusing instead on the redemptive powers of liturgy and the sacraments. Martha’s hagiographer also steers clear of most of the polemical and apologetic themes so prominent in the Life of Symeon. He adopts a different approach to the challenges facing saints in this period of crisis, avoiding more ambitious claims about his subject’s miracle-working powers, and moving the responsibility for successful miracles away from the exceptional powers of holy figures towards the proper ritual and cultic behaviour of supplicants.
Hierarchies in the South
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the history of international development cooperation in relation to efforts to promote Southern leadership, and establishes the importance of destabilizing the import of “Southern” labels for distinguishing among types of cooperation and their role in development. In this spirit, the chapter introduces the book’s core aim: to dissect how development cooperation projects in the “South” actually land—and what makes them work. In doing so, the chapter bridges debates on international development with scholarship on Southern urbanisms and urban planning to examine the everyday relational dynamics of cooperation projects and their material consequences at the scale of the city, particularly in the water and sanitation sector. This exploration unfolds in Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, where the blurred lines of colonial legacies and modernizing ambitions configure the opportunities and challenges of development cooperation.
Ennobling Ideas
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the 36th and 37th World Health Assemblies of 1983 and 1984, when the question of whether and to what extent WHO programmes should include a ‘spiritual dimension’ was explicitly discussed in the context of the ‘Health for All’ initiative. The hitherto rarely discussed WHA resolution 37.13 represented a breakthrough insofar as it made explicit, for the first time, the relevance of a ‘spiritual dimension’ for the organization’s understanding of health. After a brief look at some preliminary developments, three phases of this process are explored in detail. The chapter concludes with a brief analysis of the usage of the term ‘spiritual dimension’, which in these discussions served the purpose of bridging the divide between opposing worldviews, both political and religious. Inspired by the humanitarian ethos of the ‘Health for All’ initiative, the debate constituted a creative process in which the notion of a universal right to healthcare was affirmed and elaborated.
Synthesis and Outlook
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Winiger Fabian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the discussions of the preceding chapters might contribute to a better understanding of the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health as a useful concept for global health research and practice. The frequency with which the WHO refers to this term may be an indication that it has a significant function in the health context. It is clear from the previous chapters that it has often served as an umbrella term. Such terms are comprehensive at the cost of specificity. ‘Medicine’, ‘care’, and ‘science’ are examples of this trade-off. Umbrella terms are starting points, not operational concepts. They fulfil an integrative function. Thus, the term ‘spiritual dimension’ bridges the divide between the religious and the secular spheres. This chapter examines the most comprehensive attempt to date by WHO internal actors to conceptually distinguish a ‘spiritual dimension’ of health from ‘mental’, ‘social’, and ‘physical’ dimensions, and discusses its potential as an evaluative concept relevant to healthcare professionals and researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The introduction offers a general overview of the book and, more importantly, explains the methodology. After a brief summary, the second section outlines how “reformation” was defined across sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English dictionaries, enabling the reader to see that the proper noun “English Reformation” was hardly an obvious development. Drawing upon recent work in intellectual history, the third section discusses the book’s linguistic methodology. It makes a methodological contribution by proposing that historians should distinguish between different kinds of historical descriptors—the organic or synchronous, which arose in the time period that they purport to describe, and the synthetic or asynchronous, which arose later. The English Reformation is the latter sort of descriptor. The introduction concludes with chapter synopses.