bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School-going adolescent girls’ preferences and views of family planning services in Phalombe district, Malawi: A descriptive, cross-sectional study
Authors: Chimatiro Chancy Skenard , Mpachika-Mfipa Felistas , Tshotetsi Lumbani , Hajison Precious L. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Low uptake of family planning services by adolescent girls remains a public health concern. An estimated 120 out of every 1,000 girls aged 15 to 19 years are having unplanned pregnancies in the sub-Saharan region. Between January and June 2020, the Phalombe District of Malawi reported 3,030 adolescent pregnancies. At this stage, most Malawian schools were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The high rate of adolescent pregnancies prompted the Ministry of Health to provide emergency contraceptives to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents. The provision of emergency contraceptives would be effective if girls were willing and able to access these family planning services. We thus explored the views of school-going adolescent girls regarding their preferences for modern family planning methods including emergency contraceptives in Phalombe, Malawi.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, where quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Participants included randomly sampled school-going adolescent girls from eight purposively selected secondary schools and eight randomly selected primary schools. All the schools were sampled from three purposively selected Traditional Authorities namely Nkhulambe, Jenala and Nkhumba which had reported high numbers of adolescent pregnancies. We analyzed the GeoPoints for schools and health facilities using ArcGIS, while adolescent girls’ views were analyzed using STATA.

Results
Participants included 388 adolescent girls, ranging in age from 10 to 19 years (median age = 15.5 years, SD = 1.9 years). Participants were hesitant to use contraceptives because they were afraid of being stigmatized and embarrassed, had to travel long distances to reach the service center, knew little about modern family planning and were afraid of medical complications.

Conclusion
The uptake of family planning services by adolescent girls can be improved by bringing healthcare services closer to schools and homes. Family planning services should employ health workers who are non-judgmental and who are able to remove the stigma associated with family planning. Health workers should at any given opportunity, address the misconceptions and beliefs that adolescents have towards contraceptives. Community sensitization and health talks should be done to improve adolescent girls’ understanding of family planning services.
Association of lipoprotein (a) with coronary artery disease in a South Asian population: A case-control study
Authors: Joseph Jacob , Menon Jaideep Chanayil , Sebastien Placid K. , Sudhakar Abish , John Denny , Menon Geetha R. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide, is characterised by an earlier onset and more severe disease in South Asians as compared to Western populations.

Methods
This is an observational study on 928 individuals who attended three tertiary care centres in Kerala, India from 2014-to 2017. The demographic, anthropometric, behavioural factors and the lipoprotein (Lp(a)) and cholesterol values were compared between the two groups and across disease severity. The Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables and independent sample t-test for the continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate the association of demographic, clinical and behavioural factors with the disease. Odds ratios are presented with a 95% confidence interval. In individuals below 50 years, two logistic regression models were compared to investigate the improvement in modelling the association of the independent factors and Lp(a) with the occurrence of the disease.

Results
We included 682 patients in the diseased group and 246 patients treated for non-coronary conditions in the control group. Those in the control group were significantly younger than in the diseased group(p<0.002). Significantly more patients were diabetic, hypertensive, tobacco users and consumers of alcohol in the diseased group. Multivariable logistic regression on data from all age groups showed that age (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.51–4.33, p = 0.01), diabetes (OR = 3.71, 95% CI 2.42–5.70, p = 0.01), hypertension (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 2.12–4.34, p = 0.01) and tobacco use (OR = 5.44, 95% CI 3.39–8.75, p = 0.01) are significantly associated with the disease. Lp(a) (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.87–1.72) increased the odds of the disease by 22% but was not statistically significant. In individuals below 50 years, Lp(a) significantly increased the likelihood of CAD (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.63–7.57, p = 0.01). Those with diabetes were seven times more likely to be diseased (OR = 7.06, 95% CI 2.59–19.21, p = 0.01) and the tobacco users had six times the likelihood of disease occurrence (OR = 6.38, 95% CI 2.62–15.54, p = 0.01). The median Lp(a) values showed a statistically significant increasing trend with the extent/severity of the disease in those below 50 years.

Conclusion
Age, diabetes, hypertension and tobacco use appear to be associated more with the occurrence of coronary artery disease in adults of all ages. Lipoprotein(a), cholesterol and BMI categories do not seem to be related to disease status in all ages. However, in individuals below 50 years, diabetes, tobacco use and lipoprotein (a) are significantly associated with the occurrence of the disease.
Evaluación de la intervención en paciente diabético en la farmacia comunitaria (zona urbana en Valladolid durante el periodo de abril a junio del 2021)
Authors: Valles Martín Elena , Mateos Rodríguez Elena , Treceño Lobato Carlos , Melgar Vicente María José 
Published: May 2022

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que presenta una prevalencia en la población española del 6,8?%, siendo el 96,6?% diabetes mellitus tipo II.
Tomando como un gran problema de salud esta enfermedad, el objetivo de este estudio es la búsqueda proactiva desde la oficina de farmacia de los problemas relacionados con la medicación o resultados negativos de los medicamentos con la finalidad de poder resolverlos y mejorar su calidad de vida.
En una primera fase, se hizo el cribado de inclusión de pacientes al estudio y, posteriormente, se realizaron encuestas a los mismos para la recogida de información necesaria para el trabajo.
Gracias a los resultados que obtuvimos, pudimos ver que muchos pacientes tenían PRM y RNM que podían ser subsanables si eran detectados, como, por ejemplo, problemas de salud insuficientemente tratados, interacción potencial o probabilidad de efectos adversos. Además, el paciente tratado con monoterapia de metformina tenía mayor probabilidad de sufrir reacciones adversas o PRM derivados del medicamento.
Con todo ello, la intervención del farmacéutico en la detención y resolución de estos problemas conlleva la mejora de la calidad de vida del paciente diabético.
港式中文转述动词 “谓、指、话” 的共时状况与历时发展
Authors: 涵韬 徐 
Published: May 2022

摘要
“谓、指、话” 是港式中文里典型的转述动词。文章既讨论了它们语义、结构与功能的共时表现，又考察其来源与历时发展变化情况。其中，“谓”是从古代汉语传承至早期现代汉语并沿用至港式中文的；“指” 来自早期现代汉语，是在英语 “point out” 影响下由 “指出” 简缩而来的，可以认为是英源形式；“话” 从古代汉语保留至粤方言继而进入港式中文。“谓、指、话”的产生发展过程表明，文言、粤语、英语是港式中文的主要来源及构成成分，而早期现代汉语则是港式中文的 “底本”。
Numerical solutions of the Bagley–Torvik equation by using generalized functions with fractional powers of Laguerre polynomials
Authors: Yüzbaşı Şuayip , Yıldırım Gamze 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this study, a collocation approach is presented to solve Bagley–Torvik equation, which is a class of fractional differential equations. As most fractional differential equations do not have exact analytical solutions, it is needed numerical methods. This study is important because it presents a numerical method for fractional differential equations. The main purpose of this method is to obtain the approximate solution based on Laguerre polynomials of the Bagley–Torvik equation. To date, a collocation method based on the Laguerre polynomials has not been studied for the solutions of the Bagley–Torvik equation. This reveals the novelty of the study. The approximate solution is sought in form of the fractional powers of the Laguerre polynomials. By using the Caputo derivative, the matrix relation is created for term with fractional derivative in the equation. Similarly, the matrix relation of second derivative is computed in equation. Then, by using these matrix relations and the collocation points, the Bagley–Torvik problem is converted into a system of the linear algebraic equations. The solution of this system gives the coefficients of the assumed solution. Secondly, an error estimation method is given with the help of the residual function and also the Laguerre polynomial solution is improved by using the estimated error function. Then, the method is applied to four examples and the obtained numerical results are shown in tables and graphs. Also, the comparisons are made with other methods in the literature and so the presented method gives better results than other methods.
Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
Authors: Ramburrun Poornima , Khan Riaz A. , Choonara Yahya E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Biocompatible, attuned, and congruent stimuli-responsive polymers of synthetic and plants and animals-based origins are essential raw materials for constructing bio-matching scaffolds, devices, and vehicles for payload deliveries, tissue engineering, therapeutics, and diagnostic purposes, and also as fill-in materials at biosites for various biomimetic applications. The nanobiomaterials for nanobiotechnology, nanopharmaceuticals, and nanobioengineering requires to have fit-in intrinsic chemical, physical, physico-chemical, mechanical, biological, and chemo-biological characteristics. The developed nanomaterials are also required to be receptive and biomimicking in quality, and they must not be toxic at any stage of use or implantation, minimally or of zero order degradation together with aging and use-related degradation, and last a life-time. The biomaterial at the upgraded scale needs to possess intricate characteristics equivalent to the biological materials, and compatible to the biological-sites during transportation, delivery, and site-unloading, and use. Recent developments in nanobiomaterial substrate designs and structure, characteristics, design requirements, chemo-biological interface related bio-systems response-compatibility, biomaterial synchronized, contemporaneous, and evolving applications in health care, therapeutics, nanomedicine, bio-hazard prevention, toxicity and ways of toxicity-control are outlined. The structure-function relationship, scope and limitations, structural and functional classes, and diversified biological outreach are discussed.
Pairing-Dependent Plasticity in a Dissected Fly Brain Is Input-Specific and Requires Synaptic CaMKII Enrichment and Nighttime Sleep
Authors: Adel Mohamed , Chen Nannan , Zhang Yunpeng , Reed Martha L. , Quasney Christina , Griffith Leslie C. 
Published: May 2022

InDrosophila,in vivofunctional imaging studies revealed that associative memory formation is coupled to a cascade of neural plasticity events in distinct compartments of the mushroom body (MB). In-depth investigation of the circuit dynamics, however, will require anex vivomodel that faithfully mirrors these events to allow direct manipulations of circuit elements that are inaccessible in the intact fly. The currentex vivomodels have been able to reproduce the fundamental plasticity of aversive short-term memory, a potentiation of the MB intrinsic neuron (Kenyon cells [KCs]) responses after artificial learningex vivo. However, this potentiation showed different localization and encoding properties from those reportedin vivoand failed to generate the previously reported suppression plasticity in the MB output neurons (MBONs). Here, we develop anex vivomodel using the femaleDrosophilabrain that recapitulates behaviorally evoked plasticity in the KCs and MBONs. We demonstrate that this plasticity accurately localizes to the MB α′3 compartment and is encoded by a coincidence between KC activation and dopaminergic input. The formed plasticity is input-specific, requiring pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pathways; hence, we name it pairing-dependent plasticity. Pairing-dependent plasticity formation requires an intactCaMKIIgene and is blocked by previous-night sleep deprivation but is rescued by rebound sleep. In conclusion, we show that ourex vivopreparation recapitulates behavioral and imaging results from intact animals and can provide new insights into mechanisms of memory formation at the level of molecules, circuits, and brain state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mammalianex vivoLTP model enabled in-depth investigation of the hippocampal memory circuit. We develop a parallel model to study theDrosophilamushroom body (MB) memory circuit. Pairing activation of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pathways in dissected brains induces a potentiation pairing-dependent plasticity (PDP) in the axons of α′β′ Kenyon cells and a suppression PDP in the dendrites of their postsynaptic MB output neurons, localized in the MB α′3 compartment. This PDP is input-specific and requires the 3′ untranslated region ofCaMKII. Interestingly,ex vivoPDP carries information about the animal's experience before dissection; brains from sleep-deprived animals fail to form PDP, whereas those from animals who recovered 2 h of their lost sleep form PDP.
Sex Differences in the Activity of Basolateral Amygdalar Neurons That Project to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Their Role in Anticipatory Anxiety
Authors: Vantrease Jaime E. , Avonts Brittany , Padival Mallika , DeJoseph M. Regina , Urban Janice H. , Rosenkranz J. Amiel 
Published: May 2022

Abnormal fear and anxiety can manifest as psychiatric disorders. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in sustained responding to, or anticipation of, an aversive event which can be expressed as anticipatory anxiety. The BLA is also active during anticipatory anxiety and sends projections to the BNST. However, little is known about the role for BLA neurons that project to BNST (BLA-BNST) in anticipatory anxiety in rodents. To address this, we tested whether chemogenetic inactivation of the BLA-BNST pathway attenuates sustained conditioned responses produced by anticipation of an aversive stimulus. For comparison, we also assessed BLA-BNST inactivation during social interaction, which is sensitive to unlearned anxiety. We found that BLA-BNST inactivation reduced conditioned sustained freezing and increased social behaviors, but surprisingly, only in males. To determine whether sex differences in BLA-BNST neuronal activity contribute to the differences in behavior, we usedin vivoandex vivoelectrophysiological approaches. In males, BLA-BNST projection neurons were more active and excitable, which coincided with a smaller after-hyperpolarization current (IAHP) compared with other BLA neurons; whereas in females, BLA-BNST neurons were less excitable and had largerIAHPcompared with other BLA neurons. These findings demonstrate that activity of BLA-BNST neurons mediates conditioned anticipatory anxiety-like behavior in males. The lack of a role of BLA-BNST in females in this behavior, possibly because of low excitability of these neurons, also highlights the need for caution when generalizing the role of specific neurocircuits in fear and anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnxiety disorders disproportionately affect women. This hints toward sex differences within anxiety neurocircuitry, yet most of our understanding is derived from male rodents. Furthermore, debilitating anticipation of adverse events is among the most severe anxiety symptoms, but little is known about anticipatory anxiety neurocircuitry. Here we demonstrated that BLA-BNST activity is required for anticipatory anxiety to a prolonged aversive cue, but only in males. Moreover, BLA-BNST neurons are hypoactive and less excitable in females. These results uncover BLA-BNST as a key component of anticipatory anxiety circuitry, and cellular differences may explain the sex-dependent role of this circuit. Uncovering this disparity provides evidence that the assumed basic circuitry of an anxiety behavior might not readily transpose from males to females.
ASD/OCD-Linked Protocadherin-10 Regulates Synapse, But Not Axon, Development in the Amygdala and Contributes to Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors
Authors: Hoshina Naosuke , Johnson-Venkatesh Erin M. , Rally Veronica R. , Sant Jaanvi , Hoshina Miyuki , Seiglie Mariel P. , Umemori Hisashi 
Published: May 2022

TheProtocadherin-10(PCDH10) gene is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). The PCDH10 protein is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the δ2-protocadherin family. PCDH10 is highly expressed in the developing brain, especially in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the role of PCDH10in vivohas been debatable: one paper reported that aPcdh10mutant mouse line showed changes in axonal projections; however, anotherPcdh10mutant mouse line was reported to have failed to detect axonal phenotypes. Therefore, the actual roles of PCDH10 in the brain remain to be elucidated. We established a newPcdh10KO mouse line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, without inserting gene cassettes to avoid nonspecific effects, examined the roles of PCDH10 in the brain, and studied the behavioral consequences ofPcdh10inactivation. Here, we show thatPcdh10KO mice do not show defects in axonal development. Instead, we find thatPcdh10KO mice exhibit impaired development of excitatory synapses in the dorsal BLA. We further demonstrate that malePcdh10KO mice exhibit reduced anxiety-related behaviors, impaired fear conditioning, decreased stress-coping responses, and mildly impaired social recognition and communication. These results indicate that PCDH10 plays a critical role in excitatory synapse development, but not axon development, in the dorsal BLA and that PCDH10 regulates anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors. Our results reveal the roles of PCDH10 in the brain and its relationship to relevant psychiatric disorders such as ASD, OCD, and MD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProtocadherin-10(PCDH10) encodes a cell adhesion molecule and is implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). PCDH10 is highly expressed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the phenotypes of previously publishedPcdh10mutant mice are debatable, and some are possibly because of the nonspecific effects of theLacZ/Neocassette inserted in the mice. We have generated a newPcdh10mutant mouse line without theLacZ/Neocassette. Using our new mouse line, we reveal the roles of PCDH10 for excitatory synapse development in the BLA. The mutant mice exhibit anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors, which are relevant to ASD, OCD, and MD, suggesting a possible treatment strategy for such psychiatric disorders.
Biophysical and Architectural Mechanisms of Subthalamic Theta under Response Conflict
Authors: Moolchand Prannath , Jones Stephanie R. , Frank Michael J. 
Published: May 2022

The cortico-basal ganglia circuit is needed to suppress prepotent actions and to facilitate controlled behavior. Under conditions of response conflict, the frontal cortex and subthalamic nucleus (STN) exhibit increased spiking and theta band power, which are linked to adaptive regulation of behavioral output. The electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these neural signatures of impulse control remain poorly understood. To address this lacuna, we constructed a novel large-scale, biophysically principled model of the subthalamopallidal (STN-globus pallidus externus) network and examined the mechanisms that modulate theta power and spiking in response to cortical input. Simulations confirmed that theta power does not emerge from intrinsic network dynamics but is robustly elicited in response to cortical input as burst events representing action selection dynamics. Rhythmic burst events of multiple cortical populations, representing a state of conflict where cortical motor plans vacillate in the theta range, led to prolonged STN theta and increased spiking, consistent with empirical literature. Notably, theta band signaling required NMDA, but not AMPA, currents, which were in turn related to a triphasic STN response characterized by spiking, silence, and bursting periods. Finally, theta band resonance was also strongly modulated by architectural connectivity, with maximal theta arising when multiple cortical populations project to individual STN “conflict detector” units because of an NMDA-dependent supralinear response. Our results provide insights into the biophysical principles and architectural constraints that give rise to STN dynamics during response conflict, and how their disruption can lead to impulsivity and compulsivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe subthalamic nucleus exhibits theta band power modulation related to cognitive control over motor actions during conditions of response conflict. However, the mechanisms of such dynamics are not understood. Here we developed a novel biophysically detailed and data-constrained large-scale model of the subthalamopallidal network, and examined the impacts of cellular and network architectural properties that give rise to theta dynamics. Our investigations implicate an important role for NMDA receptors and cortico-subthalamic nucleus topographical connectivities in theta power modulation.
Improving Timely Discharges Through Nurse-Initiated Conditional Discharge Orders
Authors: Vaughan Lynsey , Neary Tara , Manicone Paul 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND
Hospitalized patients are often medically ready for discharge before actual time of discharge. Delays are multifactorial, including medical staff workflow, knowledge, culture, and system issues. Identifying discharge criteria in a nurse-initiated conditional discharge (NICD) order facilitates a nurse-initiated discharge, creates a shared mental model for early discharge readiness, and improves workflow delays. The objective was to increase the percentage of morning discharges from 6% to 11% on the hospitalist intervention team, sustaining 11% for 6 months.

METHODS
All patients admitted to a hospitalist service (intervention team) were targeted from July 2018 through March 2020. The primary outcome measure was percentage of morning discharges (6:00 am–12:00 pm). Quality improvement methodology was used to initiate bundled interventions, including NICD order use and education, written tool dissemination, and weekly e-mail reminders (PDSA1). Continued education with dissemination of an instructional module and a resident champion were established to improve resident hesitancy (PDSA2).

RESULTS
Special cause variation was observed for the primary outcome after PDSA2 with a positive shift in the number of early discharges. Special cause variation was observed in the process measure after PDSA1 with 6 points above the mean.

CONCLUSIONS
Through NICD orders, written tool dissemination, and a resident champion to encourage system-wide culture change, patients were discharged earlier, improving patient flow.