bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
25 Temperament and Age Impact Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Capacities in Angus Steers
Authors: Simons Jessica L , Wesolowski Lauren T , Semanchik Pier L , Guy Chloey P , Earnhardt Audrey , Long Charles L , Perry George A , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Temperament impacts skeletal muscle mitochondria in Brahman heifers, but this relationship has not been investigated in Angus steers. We hypothesized mitochondrial measures would be greater in temperamental than calm steers, in the trapezius (TRAP) than the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, and would increase from 13 to 18 mo of age. Samples from calm (n = 13), intermediate (n = 12), and temperamental (n = 13) Angus steers were evaluated for integrative (per mg tissue) mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities by high-resolution respirometry. Data were analyzed using linear models with repeated measures (time) and fixed effects of time, muscle, temperament, and all interactions. Leak, P with complex I (PCI), maximal coupled P (PCI+II), maximal noncoupled E (ECI+II), and E with complex II (ECII) decreased from 13- to 18-mo-old (P &lt; 0.0001). Integrative PCI+II, ECI+II, and ECII were greater in the TRAP than LT (P0.005). Leak respiration was greatest in intermediate steers at 13 mo of age (P&lt; 0.0001) but was unaffected by temperament at 18-mo-old. Additionally, ECI+II was greatest in temperamental steers (P0.05) and tended to be greater in intermediate than calm steers (P = 0.1) at 13-mo-old. Overall, PCI, PCI+II, and ECII were greater in temperamental than calm steers (P0.05). ECII was also greater (P = 0.03) and PCI and PCI+II tended to be greater (P0.08) in intermediate than calm steers. The contribution of leak (FCRLeak) and PCI (FCRPCI) to total ECI+II decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) while the contribution of PCI+II (FCRPCI+II) and ECII (FCRECII) to E increased (P0.006) from 13- to 18-mo-old. FCRLeak and FCRPCI were greater (P0.01) and FCRPCI+II tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in the LT than the TRAP. FCRLeak was lowest in temperamental (P0.03) while FCRPCI+II was lowest in calm steers (P0.05). Temperament clearly impacts skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacities and efficiency of energy production in Angus steers, which may be related to product quality at harvest.
19 Evaluation of Fixed-time Artificial Insemination and Estrus Expression in Angus-cross Heifers with Female Sex-sorted Semen Using 6-day and 7-day CIDR Protocols at Multiple Time Intervals
Authors: Weber W E , Powell J G , Littlejohn B P , Kegley E B , Noga N N , Looney C R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the influence of progesterone exposure time and breeding time on fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols using sex-sorted semen in Angus-cross heifers (n = 85; mean BW = 324 kg.). Heifers were assigned randomly into four treatment groups. Treatments 1 and 2 used a 6-day CO-synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration and CIDR insertion on day 0 and prostaglandin F2α (PGF) administration on day 6, upon simultaneous CIDR removal. Treatment 1 heifers underwent FTAI 72 h post CIDR removal, and Treatment 2 heifers underwent FTAI 80 h post CIDR removal. Treatments 3 and 4 used a 7-d CO-synch + CIDR protocol with GnRH administration and CIDR insertion on d 0 and PGF administration on d 7, upon simultaneous CIDR removal. Treatment 3 heifers underwent FTAI 54 h post CIDR removal, and Treatment 4 heifers underwent FTAI 62 h post CIDR removal. Estrus expression was determined using an estrus detection patch (Estrotect™, Rockway Inc., Spring Valley, WI). Estrus expression was classified as a patch with 50% or more of the color rubbed off and the absence of estrus expression as a patch with less than 50% of the color rubbed off. All heifers were inseminated using female sex-sorted semen from a single Angus sire (SexedULTRA 4M™, STgenetics, Navasota, TX). Pregnancy was determined by ultrasound 57 d following FTAI. Pregnancy rates and patch scores were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment as a fixed effect. There was no effect of treatment on the first service AI rates (P = 0.91) or on estrus expression (P = 0.17) in heifers. In conclusion, the combinations of progesterone and breeding time in this study did not affect first service AI conception rates or estrus expression in beef cattle heifers.
11 Inclusion of Quebracho Tannin as a Silage Additive in Tall Fescue Silage: Effects on Fermentation
Authors: Grote Ally J , Nieman Christine , Coffey Ken , Thomas Ivan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tall fescue (Schedonurus arundinaceus) is commonly grazed in the mid-south, but also has potential use for spring silage. During ensiling, protein can be converted to ammonia, but condensed tannins such as those in Quebracho (Schinopsis quebracho-colorado) can reduce this conversion. However, acid production may also be reduced. Quebracho tannin was added to chopped tall fescue and ensiled at different moisture concentrations to determine those effects on ammonia and silage fermentation products. Tall fescue was harvested with a Carter harvester at 1000 h, spread on concrete, mixed thoroughly, and dried for 1 and 2 h to achieve 67 and 44% moisture (high moisture (HM) and low moisture (LM), respectively). Quebracho tannin was either not applied, or was mixed with distilled water 48 h prior to packaging and applied at 1 and 2% of the total silage dry matter (DM) to both moisture treatments. Laboratory silos were pressed to achieve a packing density of 192 kg/m3 and stored at room temperature (23.7 ℃) for 60 d, after which sub-samples were removed and analyzed for fermentation parameters. Post-ensiling crude protein (CP) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from LM vs. HM, but did not differ among tannin treatments (P = 0.11). Ammonia concentrations (%CP equivalent) were greatest in 0% tannin (P &lt; 0.05). A moisture by tannin interaction affected acetic acid, with greater concentrations in HM silages with 0 and 2% tannin compared to LM with 2% tannin. Lactic acid (%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in 0 compared to 2% tannin, but 1% did not differ from either 0 or 2% tannin. Butyrate was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in HM, and in silos with 2% tannin, but not 1% tannin. Overall, total acids (%) were greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in HM but did not differ (P = 0.54) among tannin treatments. Therefore, ensiling tall fescue with tannins reduced proteolysis regardless of moisture concentration, and did not reduce fermentation up to 2% tannin inclusion.
26 The Effect of Cannabidiol on Follicular Growth and Ovulation in Cattle
Authors: Purnell Emily , Runyan Cheyenne L , Roper David , Guay Kim A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The role of the endocannabinoids in regulating female reproductive processes such as follicular development has become an area of heightened interest with the prevalence of Cannabidiol (CBD) increasing as a natural mediator to physiological issues as well as the addition of hemp meal as a feedstuff for livestock. Initial studies indicate that cannabis use including Δ 9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has negative implications on folliculogenesis and multiple aspects of pregnancy. However, there is limited knowledge on the effect of CBD on follicular growth and ovulation. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in bovine ovarian theca and granulosa cells and its effect on follicular dynamics leading to ovulation. Theca and granulosa cells from medium (&lt; 4 mm) and large ( &gt;4 mm) follicles from abattoir bovine ovaries (n=61) were collected. Upon completion of pooling theca and granulosa cells, protein was isolated for detection of cannabinoid receptors, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) through western blot. Receptors CB1 and CB2 are G- protein coupled receptors with an effect on the adenylyl cyclase pathway, which is key to many reproductive functions in the ovary. A strong visual representation of CB1 receptor detection was found in large granulosa cells and theca cells. Using Stain-Free total protein measurement as the loading control, the densitometric ratio in medium granulosa cells and large granulosa cells had a greater abundance of CB2 (P &lt; 0.05) compared to theca cells. This data suggests a detectable effect by cannabinoids on granulosa and theca cells. Future studies are needed to investigate the role the ECS has in folliculogenesis and key steroidal production for successful ovulation. The subsequent knowledge is a key first step in understanding the effect CBD has on fertility and pregnancy in livestock.
8 Efficacy of Sequential Estrus Synchronization and Timed Artificial Insemination Protocols in Beef Cattle
Authors: Carter Courtnie L , Rhinehart Justin D , Fontes Pedro , Crites Ben , Anderson Les , Schneider Liesel G , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of sequential estrous synchronization and timed artificial insemination (TAI) in beef cattle using transrectal ultrasonography (US) for pregnancy diagnosis 26d after the initial TAI (TAI-1;d0) to determine pregnancy status and eligibility for the second TAI (TAI-2) on d 29. Angus and angus cross primiparous and multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment regimens; either single TAI (CON; n = 468) or two sequential TAI (RS; n = 473). Estrus was synchronized for both treatment groups using the 7-day CO-synch + CIDR protocol forTAI-1 at 60h - 66h post- Prostaglandin injection (PGf2α). A second 7-day CO-synch + CIDR protocol was initiated for RS groups on d 19 and pregnancy status determined by US coincident with CIDR removal on d 26 post TAI-1. Non-pregnant RS cows received an injection of PGf2α and Estrotect® estrous detection aid was applied. All non-pregnant cows received a second TAI (TAI-2) and GnRH injection 60-66h after PGf2α (day 29). The probability of pregnancy at 30d post TAI-2 was higher (P &lt; 0.01) for RS (82%) than CON cows (56%). Overall pregnancy rate on d 120 post TAI-1 did not differ between treatments (92%; P &lt; 0.823). The probability of pregnancy to AI on d 120 was higher (P &lt; 0.0001) for RS (78%) than CON cows (50%). Conversely, the probability of pregnancy sired by natural service was higher (P &lt; 0.03) for CON (41%) than RS (15%) by design. Mean fetal age at 120d pregnancy diagnosis did not differ (P &lt; 0.5547) between treatments (RS, 94 days; CON ,96 days). In conclusion, re-synchronization for a second TAI beginning 19 d after the initial TAI increased total AI-sired pregnancies and has the potential to reduce the required number of natural service sires without negatively influencing calving distribution.
22 Incorporating Crabgrass in Southern Pasture Systems to Improve Animal Performance
Authors: Whatley Kendall S , Burt Justin C , Baxter Lisa , Stewart Lawton , Tucker Jennifer J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum L.) is a perennial warm-season forage commonly grown in the Coastal Plains of the Southeastern US, but the nutritive value may not be sufficient for a cow-calf pair. The inclusion of a warm-season annual, such as crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) may improve the forage base when interseeded into bahiagrass monocultures. A three-year summer grazing evaluation was conducted at the University of Georgia Range Cattle Research Station in Alapaha, GA from 2019-2021 to compare concurring production of bahiagrass interseeded with an improved crabgrass (BCG) with bahiagrass monoculture (BG) pastures and animal performance. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. All paddocks were evaluated on a biweekly basis for herbage availability, botanical composition, and nutritive value. Paddocks (2.6 ha) were continuously grazed using the put-and-take method of stocking with cow-calf pairs, 4 tester pairs per treatment. Pairs were weighed at initiation and on a 28d interval for calculation of calf ADG, cow BCS, and gain/ha. Statistical analyses were conducted using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gains were analyzed within year and treatment differences were only significant in Y1 (P = 0.05). Forage yield was never limiting in this experiment but CP and TDN were greater (P &lt; 0.001) for BCG when compared to BG for Y1 and Y2. Rainfall was 27cm below average in Y1, therefore these data suggest that during a drought, crabgrass interseeded into bahiagrass can improve the forage nutritive value, and subsequent calf gain, as compared to bahiagrass alone.
32 Bacterial Communities in the Uterus and Rumen of Beef Heifers Throughout Development with Protein Supplementation
Authors: Ault-Seay Taylor B , Brandt Kiernan , Henniger Madison T , Mathew Daniel , Moorey Sarah , Schrick F Neal , Pohler Ky G , Rhinehart Justin D , Schneider Liesel G , McLean Kyle J , Myer Phillip R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Protein supplementation to replacement heifers is utilized to reach targeted body weights, which may affect the animal’s gut and reproductive microbiomes and potentially impact breeding outcomes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation on the ruminal and uterine bacterial communities of developing heifers. Thirty-nine pre-pubertal commercial Angus heifers were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of three supplementation groups: 10% crude protein (CP), 20% CP, or 40% CP. Supplements were provided four times weekly for 140d. Blood and BW were taken every 14d to monitor development. Every 56d, uterine flushes and rumen content were collected for bacterial identification. Uterine flushes were collected via 20 mL sterile saline flushed through a Foley catheter, and rumen content by esophageal tubing. Bacterial DNA was extracted and amplified targeting the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbiome analyses were performed in R 4.1 with dada2 and phyloseq packages. Statistical analyses were performed in R and SAS 9.4. The GLIMMIX procedure was used including fixed effects of protein, month, and pubertal status. Random effects included BW, interaction of BW and protein, and heifer within the interaction, with repeated measures of month. Alpha diversity differed by month in the rumen, and by month and pubertal status in the uterus (P &lt; 0.05). Bray Curtis analyses indicated clustering by month and pubertal status (P &lt; 0.001) in the uterus, and by month in the rumen (P &lt; 0.001). Multiple uterine and ruminal bacteria abundances differed over time and by protein supplementation and pubertal status (P &lt; 0.05). The impact of pubertal status and month of development may indicate maturation of the uterine bacterial communities through development. Protein supplementation affecting the uterine bacterial communities may provide opportunity to manipulate the uterine microbiome, potentially affecting future reproductive success.
38 Using Canine Olfaction to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Juge Aiden E , Hall Nathan , Richeson John , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle and is therefore a major welfare and economic concern. Identification of BRD-affected cattle using clinical illness score is problematic, and speed and cost constraints limit the feasibility of many diagnostic approaches. Dogs can rapidly identify humans and animals affected by a variety of diseases based on scent. Canines’ olfactory systems can distinguish between patterns of volatile organic compounds produced by diseased and healthy tissue. In this pilot study, two dogs were trained for seven months to discriminate between nasal swabs from cattle that developed signs of BRD within twenty days of feedlot arrival and swabs from cattle that did not develop BRD signs within three months at the feedlot. Nasal swabs were collected during cattle processing upon arrival to the feedlot and were stored at -80°C. Dogs were presented with sets of one positive and two negative samples and were trained using positive reinforcement to hold their noses on the positive sample. The dogs performed moderately well in the final stage of training, with accuracy for Dog A of 0.817 and Dog B of 0.647. During a double-blind detection test, dogs evaluated 123 unique and unfamiliar samples that were presented as 41 sets (3 samples per set), with both the dog handler and data recorder blinded to the positive sample location. Each dog was tested twice on each set of samples. Detection test accuracy was slightly better than the 0.333 expected by chance for Dog B at 0.451 (95% CI: 0.341-0.565) and was no better than chance for Dog A at 0.390 (95% CI: 0.284-0.504. Overall accuracy was 0.421 (95% CI: 0.344-0.500). While dogs showed some ability to discriminate between BRD-affected and healthy cattle using nasal swabs, the complexity of this task suggests that more testing is needed before identifying whether dogs could be effective as a screening method for BRD.
37 Performance, Health, and Physiological Responses of Feedlot Cattle Supplemented with Pre- and Probiotic Ingredients
Authors: Mackey Shea , Cooke Reinaldo F , Colombo Eduardo , Pickett Autumn , Batista Luis Fernando , Block Elliot , Brandão Alice 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment compared performance and health responses of feedlot cattle receiving a ymbiotic supplement, which replaced or was fed in conjunction with feed-grade antimicrobials. Angus-influenced steers (n = 192) from 4 different sources were weaned and immediately transported for 800 km. Steers arrived at the experimental feedlot on d 0, and a shrunk body weight (BW) was immediately recorded. Steers were ranked by source and shrunk BW, and allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (8 steers/pen). Pens received a free-choice diet containing: 1) monensin and tylosin (RT; 360 mg/steer daily from Rumensin and 90 mg/steer daily from Tylan; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) yeast-derived ingredient and B. subtilis probiotic (CC; 18 g/steer daily of Celmanax and 28 g/steer daily of Certillus; Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ), or 3) combination of RT and CC (RTCC). Cattle were slaughtered according to BW, and slaughter groups were balanced by treatments (33 steers on d 200, 33 steers on d 230, 63 steers on d 257, and 63 head on d 285). Feed intake during the experimental period (d 0 to slaughter) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CC compared to RT and RTCC, although feed efficiency was lower in CC (P = 0.02). No treatment effects were observed for BW gain (P = 0.61), final BW (P = 0.67), or morbidity (P = 0.15). Upon slaughter, CC had higher marbling scores compared to RT (P = 0.04). Both CC and RTCC had larger Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.07) and more carcasses grading choice or better (P &lt; 0.01) than RT. Liver abscesses tended (P ≤ 0.09) to be greater in CC compared to RTCC and RT. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and yield grade did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.20). Collectively, replacing RT with CC improved feed intake and certain carcass measures despite decreased feed efficiency, whereas combining CC with RT did not yield additional performance and health benefits.
54 Physical Effects of Carrot Fiber as a Binder in Cooked Chicken Sausage
Authors: Johnson Jessica A , Heller Jacob , Owsley Frank F , Cassens Andrew M , Kinman Lea Ann A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Binders are commonly used in sausage formulations to increase cook yield and improve texture. Soy protein (SP) and Non-Fat Dry Milk (NFDM) are common binders used in sausage, but an increase in allergen mislabeling incidents drives the need for allergen free alternatives. This study sought to test the effectiveness of carrot fiber (CF) in cooked chicken sausage. Chicken breast and thighs (90:10) were coarse ground (12.5 mm), mixed with 1.5 L of water and seasonings consisting of curing salts, sodium erythorbate and salt, then fine ground (9.5 mm). The blend was divided into 4.5 kg batches and randomly assigned a treatment: no-binder (control), CF 2% or 3.5%, NFDM 2% or 3.5%, SP 2% or 3.5%. Formulations were stuffed into cellulose casings, cooked to an internal temperature of 71°C, cold showered, and stored in a cooler (4°C). Texture profile analysis (TPA) was executed in triplicate. Sausages were reheated in an aluminum-lined baking pan covered in foil in an convection oven set at 121°C to an internal temperature of 71°C. TPA variables (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience) were established using model TA.XTPlus. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistix (Ver. 10.0 USA), as a completely randomized design. Least square means were separated for significant main effects, at α = 0.05 level. Hardness values for sausages made with CF 2% and 3.5% were higher and less resilient (P &lt; 0.05). Sausages made with CF 3.5% were less cohesive (P &lt; 0.05) than NFDM 2% and 3.5%, SP 3.5%, and control. CF 3.5% was chewier (P &lt; 0.05), however, CF 2% was similar (P &gt; 0.05) to NFDM 3.5% and SP 3.5%. Therefore, the use of CF 2% in cooked chicken sausage created a similar texture profile as NFDM and SP, which may make this inclusion rate a more practical replacement.
47 Effects of Sous Vide Cooking on the Tenderness of Beef Loins from Different USDA Quality Grades
Authors: Franke Grace , Dias Jennifer , Kinman Lea Ann A , Cassens Andrew M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sous vide cooking on the tenderness of beef loins from different USDA quality grades. Certified Angus Beef (CAB, n = 6), consisting of Motest0-Moderate100 marbling scores, USDA Low Choice (CH, n = 6), and USDA Select (SEL, n = 6) beef loins were purchased from a local meat purveyor and aged for 20 d with pack date set as d 0. Following aging, loins were cut into 2.54-cm-thick steaks, and every alternating steak was assigned to tenderness evaluation. Steaks were randomly assigned 1 of 3 treatments: sous vide 1 h (SV1), sous vide 2 h (SV2), and grilled (GR). Following sous vide cooking at 57°C, all treatments were grilled using the flat surface of a clamshell grill to an internal temperature of 71°C. Instrumental measurements for external cooked color (L*, a*, and b*) were recorded at 3 different locations on each steak following cooking using the HunterlLab Miniscan EX Plus spectrophotometer. Beef tenderness was evaluated using TA.XTPlus Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force machine after steaks chilled at 4°C for 12 – 18 h. There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) treatment by quality grade interactions for WBS force. GR steaks had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) WBS force compared with SV1 and SV2 indicating a less tender product. SEL also had a higher WBS force value (P &lt; 0.05) than CAB. Additionally, there was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in L* between GR, SV1, and SV2 indicating GR steaks were whiter, followed by SV1, then SV2 being the darkest. SV2 had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) cook loss than SV1. In conclusion, there was no difference between the interactions of WBS force and treatments. Therefore, sous vide has an impact on tenderness that overpowers the quality grade differences, providing a more tender product compared to grilling.