bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Single Proximal Interlocking Bolt May Be Sufficient for Retrograde Nailing of Extra-articular Femur Fractures
Authors: Campbell Sean T. , Dhillon Ekamjeet , Sliepka Joseph , Higgins Alexander , DeBaun Malcolm R. , Goodnough Lawrence Henry , Agel Julie , Barei David P. 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
To evaluate whether a single proximal interlocking bolt was sufficient during the treatment of extra-articular femur fractures with retrograde medullary nailing.

Design:
Retrospective comparative study.

Setting:
Academic Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
The study included 136 patients with extra-articular femur fractures treated with retrograde medullary nailing who met inclusion and follow-up criteria.

Intervention:
The intervention included surgical treatment for a femur fracture with retrograde medullary nailing, with comparisons made between those treated with a single proximal interlocking (1 IL) bolt and those treated with 2 proximal interlocking bolts (2 IL).

Main Outcome Measurement:
The main outcome measurements were as follows: (1) rate of nonunion and (2) rate of catastrophic implant failure.

Results:
There was no difference in the rate of nonunion requiring surgical intervention between the 2 groups. There were no catastrophic failures in either group.

Conclusions:
A single proximal interlocking bolt may be sufficient when using retrograde nailing for the treatment of extra-articular femur fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Degree of Postoperative Curve Correction Decreases Risks of Postoperative Pneumonia in Patients Undergoing Both Fusion and Growth-friendly Surgical Treatment of Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Authors: Levine Sonya B. , Fields Michael W. , Boby Afrain Z. , Matsumoto Hiroko , Skaggs Kira F. , Roye Benjamin D. , Vitale Michael G. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Due to a combination of poor respiratory muscle control and mechanical lung compression secondary to spine and chest wall deformities, patients with neuromuscular (NM) early-onset scoliosis (EOS) are at a high risk for pulmonary complications including pneumonia. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of surgical intervention on the prevalence and risk of postoperative pneumonia in patients with NM EOS.

Methods:
In this retrospective cohort study, pediatric (18 y old and below) patients with NM EOS undergoing index fusion or growth-friendly instrumentation from 2000 to 2018 were identified. Patients were then categorized into 2 groups: those with ≥50% curve correction and those with <50% curve correction of the coronal deformity at the first postoperative visit. The primary outcome of interest was postoperative pneumonia occurring between 3 weeks and 2 years postoperatively. Manual chart review was supplemented with phone call surveys to ensure all occurrences of preoperative/postoperative pneumonia (ie, in-institution and out-of-institution visits) were accounted for.

Results:
A total of 35 patients (31% female, age at surgery: 10.3±4.3 y) with NM EOS met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three (66%) patients experienced at least 1 case of preoperative pneumonia. Twenty-six (74%) patients had ≥50% and 9 (26%) patients had <50% immediate postoperative curve correction. In total, 12 (34%) patients experienced at least 1 case of postoperative pneumonia (7 in-institution, 5 out-of-institution). Seven (27%) patients with ≥50% curve correction versus 5 (56%) with <50% curve correction experienced postoperative pneumonia. Relative risk regression demonstrated that patients with <50% curve correction had increased risk of postoperative pneumonia by 2.1 times compared with patients with ≥50% curve correction (95% confidence interval: 0.9; 4.9, P=0.099).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of preoperative and postoperative pneumonia is high in patients with NM EOS. This study presents preliminary evidence suggesting that percent curve correction is associated with the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia in patients with NM EOS undergoing surgical correction.
Content validity of patient-reported outcome measures for patients with chronic pain: considering the patient's perspective
Authors: Hickey Michael , Barry Daniel , Redito John , Anand Natasha , Bianchi Nancy , Reneman Michiel , Escorpizo Reuben 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Understanding chronic pain and disability requires a consideration of the lived experience of the patient. There is limited evaluation of the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in chronic pain using a comprehensive biopsychosocial view of the patient's experience. To address this gap, this study aimed to evaluate the content validity of PROMs for patients with chronic pain. A literature review was performed to identify PROMs for patients with chronic pain. Concepts from PROMs were linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); the ICF Core Set for Chronic Widespread Pain; and the International Classification of Diseases-11 Functioning Properties of Chronic Pain (FP). Concepts were compared with published “attributes'' of chronic pain. 62 PROMs (1336 items total) were identified and linked to 560 unique second-level ICF categories. The greatest number of items across PROMs were represented in the activities and participation category (44% of all total items), followed by body functions (41%), environmental factors (9%), personal factors (5%), and body structures (0.3%). There was a 41% to 78% match with the Core Set for Chronic Widespread Pain and the International Classification of Diseases-11 FP, respectively. 20% of items reflected the pain-experience attributes with the most items reflecting the concept of “control over pain.” Content validity analysis suggests chronic widespread pain patient-reported outcome measures poorly address attributes of living with chronic pain that matter most to patients. Future development or refinement should consider a more comprehensive view of the patients' lived experience.
Jean Riolan the Younger (1580 – 1657) and the Trepanation of the Mastoid Process: More Than a Suggestion?
Authors: Mudry Albert 
Published: June 2022

Introduction
The Parisian anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger (1580 – 1657) is usually associated with the first proposal to surgically open the mastoid for certain ear pathologies with varying degrees of accuracy. The purpose of this historical research is to go back to the original texts and try to understand what probably prompted Riolan the Younger to suggest the surgical opening of the mastoid, thus paying him the correct tribute and restoring him to his rightful place in the history of mastoid surgery.

Methodology
Review of the published secondary literature on the history of the surgical opening of the mastoid, completed by a detailed study of most of the original works written by Riolan the Younger.

Results
The study of Riolan the Younger’s original texts shows that he suggested the perforation of the mastoid process for three different clinical situations: whistling in the ear, deafness at birth, and deafness related to a blockage of the eustachian tube. These three suggestions were made between 1629 and 1649. No one before him had made such suggestions. This study also shows that Riolan the Younger did not propose to open the mastoid process in case of ear infection.

Conclusion
Riolan the Younger must be considered as the true initiator of this surgery and thus must take its proper place in any history of surgical opening of the mastoid.
Taking Leave During Residency
Authors: McDeavitt James T. , Appelbaum Nital P. , Raddatz Mikaela M. , Driscoll Sherilyn W. , Kinney Carolyn L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There is limited literature examining the reasons physical medicine and rehabilitation residents take an extended leave of absence during residency and the impact of leave on board examination performance. Such information could better inform leave policies, help guide residency program directors, and potentially destigmatize taking leave. Study objectives were to describe the characteristics of physical medicine and rehabilitation residents who take leave during residency, compare differences in part I (written) and part II (oral) certification examination performance, and determine the prevalence of delays in taking board examinations. Study methodology was a retrospective analysis of deidentified information from the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation database between 2008 and 2020. Results indicated four reasons for extended leave of absence: medical, parental, academic/remediation, and unspecified personal reasons. Residents who took an extended leave of absence for medical or parental reasons had similar or better odds of passing their part I and part II examinations compared with those without leave. Residents who took leave for academic/remediation concerns or unspecified personal reasons had lower odds of passing their board examinations. Examination delays for those taking parental or personal health leaves did not affect board pass rates. Further investigation is needed to identify how to support residents on academic/remediation and unspecified leaves during training.
Key Findings From Peer-Reviewed Published Research by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Review
Authors: Sabharwal Sunil , Kinney Carolyn L. , Raddatz Mikaela M. , Driscoll Sherilyn W. , Francisco Gerard E. , Robinson Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recognizing the dearth of published research on board certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation and its subspecialties, the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation has increased efforts to conduct and disseminate research in this area. This report summarizes key findings of peer-reviewed studies published by American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation staff and leadership in the past 6 yrs, including those conducted in partnership with other entities. The reported studies are organized in three main categories: initial certification, continuing certification, and subspecialty certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Related findings are further grouped into subsections that include psychometric evaluation of certification examinations, association of candidate characteristics with certification performance, relationship of certification performance to other measures, and candidate reaction and feedback. Collectively, the summarized results provide evidence that the board certification process is reliable, statistically valid, and predictive of the risk of disciplinary action in subsequent years. These studies also describe facets of our specialty including degree of subspecialization, burnout, and how people maintain certification over time. We hope that physical medicine and rehabilitation trainees, diplomates, institutions, programs, and other stakeholders find this information useful and look forward to continuing research in these and other areas in the spirit of constant evidence-based improvement and feedback to our specialty.
Brief Report: Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Is Associated With Cognition in Women With and Without HIV
Authors: Ross Ryan D. , Olali Arnold Z. , Shi Qiuhu , Hoover Donald R. , Sharma Anjali , Weber Kathleen M. , French Audrey L. , McKay Heather , Tien Phyllis C. , Yin Michael T. , Rubin Leah H. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Bone loss and cognitive impairment are common in women living with HIV (WLWH) and are exacerbated by menopause. Bone-derived undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) and sclerostin appear to influence cognition. The current study investigated whether the circulating levels of these 2 proteins are associated with cognition in midlife WLWH and demographically similar HIV seronegative women.

Methods:
Plasma samples from women enrolled in a musculoskeletal substudy within the Women's Interagency HIV Study were used to measure ucOCN and sclerostin. A neuropsychological (NP) test battery assessing executive function, processing speed, attention/working memory, learning, memory, verbal fluency, and motor function was administered within 6 months of musculoskeletal enrollment and every 2 years after (1–4 follow-up visits per participant). A series of generalized estimating equations were conducted to examine the association between biomarkers and NP performance at the initial assessment and over time in the total sample and in WLWH only. Primary predictors included biomarkers, time, and biomarker by time interactions. If the interaction terms were not significant, models were re-run without interactions.

Results:
Neither biomarker predicted changes in NP performance over time in the total sample or in WLWH. ucOCN was positively associated with executive function in the total sample and in WLWH and with motor skills in WLWH. ucOCN was negatively associated with attention/working memory in the total sample. There were no significant associations between sclerostin and NP performance.

Conclusion:
The current study suggests an association between bone-derived ucOCN and cognition in women with and without HIV infection.
Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ameliorates Acute Rejection of Rat Liver Transplantation by Regulating Treg Proliferation and PD-1 Expression
Authors: Cao Wanyue , Lu Jing , Li Lei , Qiu Chen , Qin Xuebin , Wang Tao , Li Shanbao , Zhang Jinyan , Xu Junming 
Published: June 2022

Background.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays important roles in modulating immune responses. However, the role of AhR in rat liver transplantation (LT) has not been explored.

Methods.
Safety and side effects of N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamonyl) anthranilic acid (3,4-DAA) and 2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid amide (CH223191) were evaluated. We used optimal doses of 2 drugs, 3,4-DAA, a drug used for mediating AhR activation, and CH223191, antagonist of AhR (3,4-DAA, CH223191, and 3,4-DAA + CH223191), intraperitoneally administered to recipients daily to investigate the role of AhR in the rat LT model. The recipient livers were used to observe the pathological changes, the cells infiltrating the graft, and changes of AhR and programmed death-1 (PD-1) by Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assays. The contents of Foxp3+ and PD-1+ T cells in the recipient spleen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. In vitro, after isolating CD4+ T cells, they were treated with different AhR ligands to observe the differentiation direction and PD-1 expression level.

Results.
The activation of AhR by 3,4-DAA prolonged survival time and ameliorated graft rejection, which were associated with increased expression of AhR and PD-1 in the livers and increased Foxp3+ T cells and PD-1+ T cells in recipient spleens, livers, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In vitro, primary T cells incubated with 3,4-DAA mediated increased proportion of Treg and PD-1+ T cells. However, the suppression of AhR with CH223191 reverses these effects, both in the LT model and in vitro.

Conclusions.
Our results indicated that AhR activation might reduce the occurrence of rat acute rejection by increasing the proportion of Treg and the expression of PD-1.
Business risk, financial risk and savings: does perceived higher business risk induce savings among small agricultural operations in the USA?
Authors: Adhikari Sudip , Khanal Aditya R. 
Published: June 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present theoretical synopsis of risk balancing hypothesis (RBH) and estimate empirical models examining debt, savings and debt-to-equity use decisions of small US farms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use primary survey data from Tennessee and generalized linear models (GLMs).FindingsThe study’s findings suggest that the perceived higher business risk (BR) significantly increases the extent of debt use, savings use and debt-to-equity of small farmers. Moreover, results indicate that factors such as age and education of the operator, family involvement, incomes, land acreage, adoption of alternative on-farm enterprises and farmers' continuation plan significantly influence the financing decisions of small farm operations.Originality/valueThe authors investigated an essential empirical question examining the risk balancing behavior of small US farm operations. While risk balancing has been a theme of several studies, none of the previous studies have specifically looked at the behavior in the context of small US farms. The theoretical synopsis and empirical findings contribute to the literature of risk balancing, debt use and savings use decisions and the policy discussions on farm financial and support strategies.
Canadian government discourses on the overdose death crisis: limitations of a bio-evidenced approach
Authors: Ning Ana M. , Csiernik Rick 
Published: June 2022

Purpose
Critical analyses of health policies and practices may appear to lack practicality during unprecedented times that demand immediate solutions. This paper aims to use critical social science theories to help improve essential service delivery during a public health crisis.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on qualitative content analysis of government and scholarly sources between 2008 and 2021 to identify strengths and gaps underlying the Canadian Federal Government’s evidence-based solutions to the opioid death crisis. Key questions examined are: What constitutes best-evidence practices underlying the Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy?, Is biomedical evidence the only legitimate framework to substantiate feasible interventions? and Because the opioid death crisis affects disproportionately vulnerable populations, what is the potential merit of considering diverse knowledges and practices as valid forms of intervention despite lacking biomedical evidence bases?

Findings
While overdose reversing drugs, drug replacement approaches, biologically focused harm reduction options and pharmacological regulatory and surveillance initiatives help reduce premature opioid-related morbidity and mortality across provinces, this study’s findings demonstrate that these individualizing, biomedical magic bullets are temporary solutions, not comprehensive plans to solve a societal problem. This study’s theoretically informed analysis shows that the Canadian Federal Government responses detract attention from issues of social justice, social inequities and the biomedical dominance of health care as broader forces of the opioid death crisis. To address these analytical omissions, broader evidence-based solutions must build upon meaningful intraventions, the insiders’ perspectives or voices of the afflicted communities alongside meaningful interventions – going beyond distal, clinical-based and proximal, home-based interventions.

Originality/value
By highlighting the biomedical and social embeddings of the opioid death crisis, this study underscores structural conditions rather than individuals’ physical bodies as the catalysts for change. A deeper theoretical understanding of why certain issues exists, as they do and how they occur, can provide the basis for prediction of their (re)occurrence and for informing meaningful intervention efforts.
Promoting uptake and integration of climate smart agriculture technologies, innovations and management practices into policy and practice in Nigeria
Authors: Ifeanyi-Obi Chinwoke Clara , Issa Fadlullah Olayiwola , Aderinoye-Abdulwahab Sidiqat , O. Ayinde Adefunke Fadilat , Umeh Ogechi Jubilant , Tologbonse Emmanuel Bamidele 
Published: June 2022

Purpose
This study aims to explore possible ways to promote uptake and integration of climate-smart agriculture (CSA)-Technologies, Innovations and Management Practices (TIMPS) into policy and practice in Nigeria through the development of actionable roadmaps to facilitate the process.

Design/methodology/approach
Two hundred and fifty-two stakeholders for the policy discourse and survey were purposively drawn from both government and private agencies, NGOs and community-based associations from the six geo-political zones of the country. Data collection was done using a mixed method comprising questionnaire administration, in-depth interviews and panel discussion. Data collected was summarised using descriptive statistics.

Findings
The major findings were lack of existing policies on CSA, lack of farmers’ awareness of CSA-TIMPs, neglect of extension programmes that can help to enlighten farmers on the importance of CSA and insufficient extension personnel to cater for farmers’ needs. Challenges to CSA-TIMPs uptake in Nigeria were: insufficient funding and support by government in programme planning and implementation, policy inconsistencies and poor farmers’ attitude and resistance to change.

Practical implications
This research will facilitate CSA uptake and integration through the provision of data for informed decision and action by the responsible agencies.

Originality/value
Suggested actionable roadmaps across the zones were robust awareness campaign and advocacy on uptake of CSA-TIMPs through e-extension, community TV/radio in local dialects; revitalisation of policy programmes such as monthly meetings should be reintroduced and creation of CSA Departments/Stations in each state; increased budget allocation to a minimum of 10% for agriculture, revitalisation of Researchers-Extension Agents-Farmers Linkage, employment of qualified extension agents and retraining of extension agents.
A prediction framework on the helpfulness of reviews for processing Chinese and English hotel reviews
Authors: Li Xiaokun , Zhang Yao 
Published: June 2022

Purpose
In the field of hospitality, most studies use English reviews and neglect non-English sources. The purpose of this paper is to exploit a predictive framework for review helpfulness that can process both Chinese and English textual comments.

Design/methodology/approach
This study develops some methods for feature extraction from Chinese online reviews, extracts more comprehensive predictors and proposes a novel prediction framework of classification before regression. Hofstede’s cultural theory is used to explain differences in the determinants of the helpfulness of reviews in Chinese and English.

Findings
The findings reveal that travelers from various countries do have discrepant perspectives on reviews helpfulness. Chinese tourists pay more attention to the reviewer profiles, whereas American tourists pay more attention to the review-related features.

Practical implications
This research offers hoteliers with actionable implications for meeting the needs of travelers from dissimilar cultural societies. The authors’ prediction framework can be used by website developers to create a review helpfulness rating system that allows visitors to acquire beneficial information.

Originality/value
On the one hand, the methods developed for extracting features of Chinese review, the hybrid set of features with several novel predictors and the prediction framework proposed in this study contribute to the methodology. On the other hand, this study is one of the few articles based on Hofstede’s cultural theory to guide a cross-cultural study on reviews helpfulness in hotel sector, which in turn contributes to the theory.