bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic and T cell‐associated responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 immunisation in gut inflammation (STAR SIGN study): effects of biologics on vaccination efficacy of the third dose of mRNA vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Woelfel Simon , Dütschler Joel , König Marius , Graf Nicole , Oikonomou Vasileios , Krieger Claudia , Truniger Samuel , Franke Annett , Eckhold Annika , Forsch Kristina , Wyss Jacqueline , Krupka Niklas , Albrich Werner , Frei Nicola , Geissler Nora , Schaub Peter ,   STAR SIGN Study Investigators, Friedrich Matthias , Misselwitz Benjamin , Korte Wolfgang , Bürgi Justus J. , Brand Stephan 
Published: October 2022

SummaryBackgroundImmunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience increased risk of vaccine‐preventable diseases such as COVID‐19.AimsTo assess humoral and cellular immune responses following SARS‐CoV‐2 booster vaccination in immunosuppressed IBD patients and healthy controls.MethodsIn this prospective, multicentre, case–control study, 139 IBD patients treated with biologics and 110 healthy controls were recruited. Serum anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 spike IgG concentrations were measured 2–16 weeks after receiving a third mRNA vaccine dose. The primary outcome was to determine if humoral immune responses towards booster vaccines differ in IBD patients under anti‐TNF versus non‐anti‐TNF therapy and healthy controls. Secondary outcomes were antibody decline, impact of previous infection and SARS‐CoV‐2‐targeted T cell responses.ResultsAnti‐TNF‐treated IBD patients showed reduced anti‐spike IgG concentrations (geometric mean 2357.4 BAU/ml [geometric SD 3.3]) when compared to non‐anti‐TNF‐treated patients (5935.7 BAU/ml [3.9]; p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (5481.7 BAU/ml [2.4]; p < 0.0001), respectively. In multivariable modelling, prior infection (geometric mean ratio 2.00 [95% CI 1.34–2.90]) and vaccination with mRNA‐1273 (1.53 [1.01–2.27]) increased antibody concentrations, while anti‐TNF treatment (0.39 [0.28–0.54]) and prolonged time between vaccination and antibody measurement (0.72 [0.58–0.90]) decreased anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 spike antibodies. Antibody decline was comparable in IBD patients independent of anti‐TNF treatment and antibody concentrations could not predict breakthrough infections. Cellular and humoral immune responses were uncoupled, and more anti‐TNF‐treated patients than healthy controls developed inadequate T cell responses (15/73 [20.5%] vs 2/100 [2.0%]; p = 0.00031).ConclusionsAnti‐TNF‐treated IBD patients have impaired humoral and cellular immunogenicity following SARS‐CoV‐2 booster vaccination. Fourth dose administration may be beneficial for these patients.
The birth of the “digital turn” in bioethics?
Authors: Salloch Sabine , Ursin Frank 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe so‐called “empirical turn” in bioethics gave rise to extensive theoretical and methodological debates and has significantly shaped the research landscape from two decades ago until the present day. Attentive observers of the evolution of the bioethical research field now notice a new trend towards the inclusion of data science methods for the treatment of ethical research questions. This new research domain of “digital bioethics” encompasses both studies replacing (or complementing) socio‐empirical research on bioethical topics (“empirical digital bioethics”) and argumentative approaches towards normative questions in the healthcare domain (“argumentative digital bioethics”). This article draws on insights taken from the debate on the “empirical turn” for sounding out perspectives for the newly developing field of “digital bioethics.” We particularly discuss the disciplinary boundaries, chances and challenges, and potentially undesirable developments of the research field. The article closes with concrete suggestions on which debates need to be initiated and which measures need to be taken so that the path forward of “digital bioethics” will be a scientific success.
Perceived academic performance explained by school climate, positive psychological variables and life satisfaction
Authors: Izaguirre Lorea Azpiazu , Rodríguez‐Fernández Arantzazu , Fernández‐Zabala Arantza 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAdolescents spend a large percentage of their time at school, where learning and achievement are important activities that are vital to their future educational success and subsequent career opportunities. However, studies reveal a significant drop in satisfaction and performance during the teenage years.AimBased on the ecological model, this study aims to explore the relationship dynamics between contextual (school climate) and psychological (emotional intelligence and resilience) variables, life satisfaction and perceived academic performance, analysing, to this end, four theoretical models grounded in previous research.SampleThe sample comprised a total of 1397 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years from the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (northern Spain).AnalysisThe Equations 6.2 program was used to estimate the measurement model and the structural models, using the robust maximum likelihood procedure.ResultsSchool climate and life satisfaction were found to directly influence perceived academic performance, whereas emotional intelligence and resilience did so indirectly, with the full mediation of life satisfaction.ConclusionsThese results have important educational implications, since they reveal existing relationship dynamics, which should serve as a basis for the effective implementation of school programs. They also indicate how important it is for adolescents to be psychologically well‐adjusted and satisfied with their lives, in order for them to perform optimally at school.
Depictions of penises in historical paintings reflect changing perceptions of the ideal penis size
Authors: Gül Murat , Altintas Emre , Özkent Mehmet Serkan , Fenner Annette , Serefoglu Ege Can 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo investigate alterations in depicted penis size by evaluating nude male paintings from the 15th to 21st centuries.Materials and MethodsNude‐male paintings were identified from various art history websites and analysed to determine changes in penis size over time. Two observers organised the paintings according to the century in which they were created and made the calculations. Penile length to ear length (PtEL) or penile length to nose length (PtNL) were calculated to standardise the measurements using professional image analysis software. PtEL was first attempted for all paintings; if PtEL could not be ascertained, then nose length was used instead of the ear, as the nose length is defined as equal to ear length according to the golden ratio. Thus, PtNL was ensured and both ratios were then referred to using a common term: penis depiction ratio (PDR). Further analysis was performed by dividing the paintings into three groups according to the historical development of art: Renaissance Period (1400–1599; 15th–16th centuries), Baroque–Rococo and Impressionism Period (1600–1899; 17th–19th centuries) and Contemporary Art Period (1900–2020; 20th and 21st centuries).ResultsOf 232 identified paintings, 72 (31.1%) were excluded because they depicted images of adolescents or an erect penis. The PDR was found to differ significantly between paintings created in different centuries (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that paintings from the 21st century demonstrated significantly higher PDRs than paintings from previous centuries (P = 0.001).ConclusionsIn paintings depicting nude males, the size of the penis has gradually increased throughout the past seven centuries, and especially after the 20th century. This observation illustrates the changing sociocultural inputs into male body image and emphasises the need for improved understanding of the sociocultural factors associated with the perception of penis size in men.
Extreme weather events threaten biodiversity and functions of river ecosystems: evidence from a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sabater Sergi , Freixa Anna , Jiménez Laura , López‐Doval Julio , Pace Giorgio , Pascoal Cláudia , Perujo Núria , Craven Dylan , González‐Trujillo Juan David 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTBoth gradual and extreme weather changes trigger complex ecological responses in river ecosystems. It is still unclear to what extent trend or event effects alter biodiversity and functioning in river ecosystems, adding considerable uncertainty to predictions of their future dynamics. Using a comprehensive database of 71 published studies, we show that event – but not trend – effects associated with extreme changes in water flow and temperature substantially reduce species richness. Furthermore, event effects – particularly those affecting hydrological dynamics – on biodiversity and primary productivity were twice as high as impacts due to gradual changes. The synthesis of the available evidence reveals that event effects induce regime shifts in river ecosystems, particularly affecting organisms such as invertebrates. Among extreme weather events, dryness associated with flow interruption caused the largest effects on biota and ecosystem functions in rivers. Effects on ecosystem functions (primary production, organic matter decomposition and respiration) were asymmetric, with only primary production exhibiting a negative response to extreme weather events. Our meta‐analysis highlights the disproportionate impact of event effects on river biodiversity and ecosystem functions, with implications for the long‐term conservation and management of river ecosystems. However, few studies were available from tropical areas, and our conclusions therefore remain largely limited to temperate river systems. Further efforts need to be directed to assemble evidence of extreme events on river biodiversity and functioning.
Sex roles and sex ratios in animals
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. , Benhaiem Sarah , Fichtel Claudia , Fromhage Lutz , Höner Oliver P. , Jennions Michael D. , Kaiser Sylvia , Krüger Oliver , Schneider Jutta M. , Tuni Cristina , van Schaik Jaap , Goymann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTIn species with separate sexes, females and males often differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. Such sex‐specific traits are functionally linked to variation in reproductive competition, mate choice and parental care, which have all been linked to sex roles. At the 150th anniversary of Darwin's theory on sexual selection, the question of why patterns of sex roles vary within and across species remains a key topic in behavioural and evolutionary ecology. New theoretical, experimental and comparative evidence suggests that variation in the adult sex ratio (ASR) is a key driver of variation in sex roles. Here, we first define and discuss the historical emergence of the sex role concept, including recent criticisms and rebuttals. Second, we review the various sex ratios with a focus on ASR, and explore its theoretical links to sex roles. Third, we explore the causes, and especially the consequences, of biased ASRs, focusing on the results of correlational and experimental studies of the effect of ASR variation on mate choice, sexual conflict, parental care and mating systems, social behaviour, hormone physiology and fitness. We present evidence that animals in diverse societies are sensitive to variation in local ASR, even on short timescales, and propose explanations for conflicting results. We conclude with an overview of open questions in this field integrating demography, life history and behaviour.
Feedforward loop between IMP1 and YAP/TAZ promotes tumorigenesis and malignant progression in glioblastoma
Authors: Yang Jia , Wu Xujia , Wang Jia , Guo Xing , Chen Junju , Yang Xuesong , Zhong Jian , Li Xixi , Deng Zhong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractYAP/TAZ have been identified as master regulators in malignant phenotypes of glioblastoma (GBM); however, YAP/TAZ transcriptional disruptor in GBM treatment remains ineffective. Whether post‐transcriptional dysregulation of YAP/TAZ improves GBM outcome is currently unknown. Here, we report that insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA‐binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1 or IMP1) is upregulated in mesenchymal GBM compared with proneural GBM and correlates with worse patient outcome. Overexpression of IMP1 in proneural glioma stem‐like cells (GSCs) promotes while IMP1 knockdown in mesenchymal GSCs attenuates tumorigenesis and mesenchymal signatures. IMP1 binds to and stabilizes m6A‐YAP mRNA, leading to activation of YAP/TAZ signaling, depending on its m6A recognition and binding domain. On the other hand, TAZ functions as enhancer for IMP1 expression. Collectively, our data reveal a feedforward loop between IMP1 and YAP/TAZ maintaining GBM/GSC tumorigenesis and malignant progression and a promising molecular target in GBM.
Social goals as predictors of children's in vivo emotional responses to social challenges
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Li Yuetian , Li Xiaomei , Cai Tianying 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study examined the role of social goals in shaping children's in vivo emotional responses during a challenging dyadic peer interaction. In all, 132 children (Mage = 9.46 years, SD = 0.33; 50% girls; 72% White) participated in a dyadic social challenge (conflict‐of‐interest situation) and reported their social goals and emotions during the task, and observers coded child emotions and dyad negativity. Mastery goals predicted more positive emotions unless interactions were highly negative. Performance‐avoidance goals predicted more negative emotions, particularly in the context of negative interactions and disappointing outcomes. Performance‐approach goals predicted less negative displayed emotions but more negative self‐reported emotions. Findings provide novel insights into how context‐specific social goals contribute to affective social competence during peer interactions.
Demographics and perceptions of diversity in dermatopathology workforce and training environments in the United States
Authors: Ahmed Aadil , Gittens Brian E. , Stewart Scott A. , Shalin Sara C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the demographics and perceptions of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the field of dermatopathology to provide a measurable baseline for future efforts to enhance equity measures within our subspecialty.MethodsA questionnaire based on a previously validated instrument by Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) was sent to American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) members to collect the demographic information (gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, experience and practice setting, etc.) and evaluate eight diversity, engagement, and inclusivity statements on a 1–5 Likert scale.ResultsThe demographics of 207 of 1331 (15%) respondents showed slight male predominance. Eleven percent of respondents identified as LGBTQI. The major racial distribution was comprised of 62% White, 18% Asian (including Middle Eastern/Indian), 10% Hispanic, and 4% Black respondents. New‐in‐practice respondents (those in practice—5 years or less) were more likely to have a pathology background (71% vs. 56%, p = 0.047) than their more‐established peers with more than 5 years of service. This trend also contributed to increased diversity in terms of gender (66% females) and race (48% non‐White) among the newer generation. Dermatology‐trained dermatopathologists were mostly White (70%) and male (53%). Analysis of respondent demographics with perception statements showed that White and US graduate respondents (compared to other groups) were more likely to have a positive perception about DEI within the field of dermatopathology.ConclusionsThe results provide a snapshot of the current state of diversity within the field of dermatopathology. Moreover, these results highlight opportunities for further increasing diversity in general and leadership in particular within dermatopathology.
Differential contribution of nuclear size scaling mechanisms between Xenopus species
Authors: Heijo Hiroko , Merten Christoph A. , Hara Yuki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSize of the nucleus, a membrane‐bound organelle for DNA replication and transcription in eukaryotic cells, varies to adapt nuclear functions to the surrounding environment. Nuclear size strongly correlates with cytoplasmic size and genomic content. Previous studies using Xenopus laevis have unraveled two modes, cytoplasmic and chromatin‐based mechanisms, for controlling nuclear size. However, owing to limited comparative analyses of the mechanisms among eukaryotic species, the contribution of each mechanism in controlling nuclear size has not been comprehensively elucidated. Here, we compared the relative contribution utilizing a cell‐free reconstruction system from the cytoplasmic extract of unfertilized eggs of Xenopus tropicalis to that of the sister species X. laevis. In this system, interphase nuclei were reconstructed in vitro from sperm chromatin and increased in size throughout the incubation period. Using extracts from X. tropicalis, growth rate of the reconstructed nuclei was decreased by obstructing the effective cytoplasmic space, decreasing DNA quantity, or inhibiting molecules involved in various cytoplasmic mechanisms. Although these features are qualitatively identical to that shown by the extract of X. laevis, the sensitivities of experimental manipulation for each cellular parameter were different between the extracts from two Xenopus species. These quantitative differences implied that the contribution of each mode to expansion of the nuclear envelope is coordinated in a species‐specific manner, which sets the species‐specific nuclear size for in vivo physiological function.
Risk of progression from pre‐diabetes to type 2 diabetes in a large UK adult cohort
Authors: Gardner Michael P. , Wang Jingya , Hazlehurst Jonathan M. , Sainsbury Chris , Blissett Jacqueline , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Thomas Neil , Bellary Srikanth 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsPeople with pre‐diabetes are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. This progression is not well characterised by ethnicity, deprivation and age, which we describe in a large cohort of individuals with pre‐diabetes.MethodsA retrospective cohort study with The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database was conducted. Patients aged 18 years and over and diagnosed with pre‐diabetes [HbA1c 42 mmol/mol (6.0%) to 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) were included]. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard rate ratios (aHR) for the risk of progression from pre‐diabetes to type 2 diabetes for each of the exposure categories [ethnicity, deprivation (Townsend), age and body mass index (BMI)] separately.ResultsOf the baseline population with pre‐diabetes (n = 397,853), South Asian (aHR 1.31; 95% CI 1.26–1.37) or Mixed‐Race individuals (aHR 1.22; 95% CI 1.11–1.33) had an increased risk of progression to type 2 diabetes compared with those of white European ethnicity. Likewise, deprivation (aHR 1.17; 95% CI 1.14–1.20; most vs. least deprived) was associated with an increased risk of progression. Both younger (aHR 0.63; 95% CI 0.58–0.69; 18 to <30 years) and older individuals (aHR 0.85; 95% CI 0.84–0.87; ≥65 years) had a slower risk of progression from pre‐diabetes to type 2 diabetes, than middle‐aged (40 to <65 years) individuals.ConclusionsSouth Asian or Mixed‐Race individuals and people with social deprivation had an increased risk of progression from pre‐diabetes to type 2 diabetes. Clinicians need to recognise the differing risk across their patient populations to implement appropriate prevention strategies.
Vertebrate cranial evolution: Contributions and conflict from the fossil record
Authors: Johanson Zerina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn modern vertebrates, the craniofacial skeleton is complex, comprising cartilage and bone of the neurocranium, dermatocranium and splanchnocranium (and their derivatives), housing a range of sensory structures such as eyes, nasal and vestibulo‐acoustic capsules, with the splanchnocranium including branchial arches, used in respiration and feeding. It is well understood that the skeleton derives from neural crest and mesoderm, while the sensory elements derive from ectodermal thickenings known as placodes. Recent research demonstrates that neural crest and placodes have an evolutionary history outside of vertebrates, while the vertebrate fossil record allows the sequence of the evolution of these various features to be understood. Stem‐group vertebrates such asMetaspriggina walcotti(Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian) possess eyes, paired nasal capsules and well‐developed branchial arches, the latter derived from cranial neural crest in extant vertebrates, indicating that placodes and neural crest evolved over 500 million years ago. Since that time the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton has evolved, including different types of bone, of potential neural crest or mesodermal origin. One problematic part of the craniofacial skeleton concerns the evolution of the nasal organs, with evidence for both paired and unpaired nasal sacs being the primitive state for vertebrates.
Nitrogen enrichment alters multiple dimensions of grassland functional stability via changing compositional stability
Authors: Xu Qianna , Yang Xian , Song Jian , Ru Jingyi , Xia Jianyang , Wang Shaopeng , Wan Shiqiang , Jiang Lin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic nutrient enrichment is known to alter the composition and functioning of plant communities. However, how nutrient enrichment influences multiple dimensions of community‐ and ecosystem‐level stability remains poorly understood. Using data from a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition experiment in a temperate semi‐arid grassland that experienced a natural drought, we show that N enrichment, not P enrichment, decreased grassland functional and compositional temporal stability, resistance and recovery but increased functional and compositional resilience. Compositional stability and species asynchrony, rather than species diversity, were identified as key determinants of all dimensions of grassland functional stability, except for recovery. Whereas grassland functional recovery was decoupled from compositional recovery, N enrichment altered other dimensions of functional stability primarily through changing their corresponding compositional stability dimensions. Our findings highlight the need to examine ecological stability at the community level for a more mechanistic understanding of ecosystem dynamics in the face of environmental change.