bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Black Towns
Authors: Crockett Norman L. 
Published: April 2022

From Appomattox to World War I, Black Americans continued their quest for a secure position in the American system. The problem was how to be both black and American—how to find acceptance, or even toleration, in a society in which the boundaries of normative behavior, the values, and the very definition of what it meant to be an American were determined and enforced by whites. A few black leaders proposed self-segregation inside the United States within the protective confines of an all-Black community as one possible solution. The Black-town idea reached its peak in the fifty years after the Civil War; at least sixty Black communities were settled between 1865 and 1915.Norman L. Crockett has focused on the formation, growth and failure of five such communities. The towns and the date of their settlement are: Nicodemus, Kansas (1879), established at the time of the Black exodus from the South; Mound Bayou, Mississippi (1897), perhaps the most prominent Black town because of its close ties to Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee Institute: Langston, Oklahoma (1891), visualized by one of its promoters as the nucleus for the creation of an all-Black state in the West; and Clearview (1903) and Boley (1904), in Oklahoma, twin communities in the Creek Nation which offer the opportunity observe certain aspects of Indian-Black relations in this area.The role of Blacks in town promotion and settlement has long been a neglected area in western and urban history, Crockett looks at patterns of settlement and leadership, government, politics, economics, and the problems of isolation versus interaction with the white communities. He also describes family life, social life, and class structure within the black towns.Crockett looks closely at the rhetoric and behavior of blacks inside the limits of their own community—isolated from the domination of whites and freed from the daily reinforcement of their subordinate rank in the larger society. He finds that, long before “Black is beautiful” entered the American vernacular, Black-town residents exhibited a strong sense of race price. The reader observes in microcosm Black attitudes about many aspects of American life as Crockett ties the Black-town experience to the larger question of race relations at the turn of the century.This volume also explains the failure of the Black-town dream. Crockett cites discrimination, lack of capital, and the many forces at work in the local, regional, and national economies. He shows how the racial and town-building experiment met its demise as the residents of all-Black communities became both economically and psychologically trapped.This study adds valuable new material to the literature on black history, and makes a significant contribution to American social and urban history, community studies, and the regional history of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Mississippi.
The Urban West at the End of the Frontier
Authors: Larsen Lawrence H. 
Published: April 2022

Historians have largely ignored the western city; although a number of specialized studies have appeared in recent years, this volume is the first to assess the importance of the urban frontier in broad fashion. Lawrence H. Larsen studies the process of urbanization as it occurred in twenty-four major frontier towns. Cities examined are Kansas City, St. Joseph, Lincoln, Omaha, Atchison, Lawrence, Leavenworth, Topeka, Austin, Dallas, Galveston, Houston, San Antonio, Denver, Leadville, Salt Lake city, Virginia City, Portland, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Jose, and Stockton.Larsen bases his analysis of western cities and their problems on social statistics obtained from the 1880 United States Census. This census is particularly important because it represents the first time that the federal government regarded the United States as an urban nation. The author is the first scholar to do a comprehensive investigation of this important source.This volume gives an accurate portrayal of western urban life. Here are promoters and urban planners crowding as many lots as possible into tracts in the middle of vast, uninhabited valleys. Here are streets clogged with filth because of inadequate sanitation systems; people crowded together in packed quarters with only fledgling police and fire services. Here, too, is the advance of nineteenth-century technology: gaslights, telephones, interurbans.Most important, this study dispels the misconceptions concerning the process of exploration, settlement, and growth of the urban west. City building in the American West, despite popular mythology, was not a response to geographic or climatic conditions. It was the extension of a process perfected earlier, the promotion and building of sites—no matter how undesirable—into successful localities. Uncontrolled capitalism led to disorderly development that reflected the abilities of individual entrepreneurs rather than most other factors. The result was the establishment of a society that mirrored and made the same mistakes as those made earlier in the rest of the country.
Поверхностно-слойные блочно-порозные сорбционные системы на основе полиметилсилоксана
Authors: Платонов Игорь Артемьевич , Новикова Екатерина Анатольевна , Карсункина Алеся Сергеевна 
Published: April 2022

Необходимость создавать блочно-порозные сорбционные системы, где в качестве поверхностного слоя выступает полимерный материал, обусловлена повышением требований к проведению качественных и количественных анализов атмосферного воздуха на наличие летучих органических соединений (ЛОС) вблизи промышленных предприятий. Объемно-пористые сорбенты обладают низкой скоростью процесса массообмена, что ограничивает их применение в аналитической практике. Целью работы являлось создание поверхностно-слойных блочно-порозных сорбционных систем на основе полимерного материала полиметилсилоксана и исследование их свойств.
Основой для описанных в работе сорбционных систем является блочно-порозный материал, на поверхность которого нанесена тонкая пленка полимерного материала – полиметилсилоксана. На начальном этапе работы проводилось создание образцов сорбционных систем, включающее формирование блока основы заданной геометрии, предподготовка поверхности путем травления и оксидирования, нанесение пленки полимерного материала. Отмечено, что наибольшая толщина пленки наблюдается у необработанного образца, что связано с большей адгезией к более гладкой поверхности, по сравнению с другими образцами. Для проведения сорбции через полученные образцы пропускали газовую смесь «гексан в воздухе». Показано, что при выбранных условиях сорбции (концентрация компонента в исходной газовой смеси 0.3 мг/дм3, объем газовой смеси – 20 см3) на блочно-порозных сорбционная системах сорбируется в среднем 94% компонента, при использовании порошкообразного сорбционного материала – практически 100%.
Извлечение компонента из сорбционных систем проводили путем статической термодесорбции при температуре 120оС в течение 30 минут. Наибольшая степень извлечения при десорбции наблюдается у образцов сорбционных систем, доя которых толщина пленки ПМС была наименьшей и порозность после нанесения пленки наибольшей. Стоит отметить, что наименьшее значение степени извлечения при десорбции получено при использовании хроматона N-AW, модифицированного ПМС. Как видно из представленных данных, наличие порозности, т.е. свободного пространства внутри сорбционной системы, приводит к увеличению эффективности массообменных процессов и, как следствие, увеличению эффективности десорбции. Показана возможность многократного использования полученных образцов, что подтверждается стабильными значениями степеней извлечения при сорбции (ОСКО не превышает 4%).
Селективный анализ озона полупроводниковыми сенсорами PdO в режиме термомодуляции
Authors: Рябцев Станислав Викторович , Обвинцева Людмила Алексеевна , Гхариб Дина Али Ахмед , Аль-Хабиб Азл А.К. , Шапошник Алексей Владимирович , Домашевская Эвелина Павловна 
Published: April 2022

Статья посвящена проблеме детектирования озона полупроводниковыми газовыми сенсорами. Озон широко применяется в различных технологических процессах, однако является чрезвычайно ядовитым газом. Это определяет актуальность представленного исследования. В настоящей статье рассмотрен новый газосенсорный материал – PdO. Цель настоящей работы-повышение селективности анализа озона с помощью полупроводниковых сенсоров PdO, работающих в режиме термомодуляции. В работе использованы тонкие пленки PdO толщиной 30 нм. Изучен их резистивный отклик в озоне в режиме переменного изменения температуры по синусоидальному закону в диапазоне 50-30-50оС. Использование термомодуляции позволило выявить экстремумы на зависимости электрического сопротивления от времени в присутствии озона, что предоставляет возможность его селективного детектирования. Рассмотрен возможный механизм хемосорбции озона, определяющий специфическую форму термомодулированного отклика PdO. Проведены аналогичные сравнительные газосенсорные эксперименты с оксидом азота – близким по свойствам окислительным газом. Установлены существенные отличия формы резистивного отклика сенсора в этих двух газах, что свидетельствует о том, что сенсор PdO обладает селективностью при детектировании озона и оксида азота (IV) в режиме термомодуляции.
A systematic review of real-world clinical practice data in COVID-19: non-interventional studies
Authors: Mishinova S. A. , Gomon Yu. M. , Kolbin A. S. , Strizheletsky V. V. , Ivanov I. G. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction. As defined by the Food and Drug Administration, real-world data (RWD) is data related to a patient's health and/or health care delivery, usually collected from various sources as part of real-world clinical practice research.Objective: to describe the feasible and the most sought-after designs of non-interventional real-world clinical practice trials that provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of drug administration in the therapy of novel coronavirus infection.Material and methods. A search strategy for the terms “COVID-19 AND real-life”, “COVID-19 AND real-data”, “COVID-19 AND real-world” was developed to extract articles published between December 1, 2020 and March 12, 2021 from the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the ClinicalTrials.gov database.Results. The search yielded 137 non-repetitive articles, 32 of them were included in the review. All randomized clinical trials (pragmatic and simplified large ones), studies of the effectiveness of laboratory diagnostic methods, medical triage, social distancing and other sanitary and epidemiological measures to cope with the epidemic were excluded.Conclusion. High-quality, non-randomized RWD studies can enhance the external validity of registration randomized clinical trials by complementing them with a broader range of indicators, which is essential in supporting medical and public health decision-making in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Study of methods for state regulation of prices and costs of the health care system for medicines in the United Kingdom
Authors: Leshkevich A. A. , Yurochkin D. S. , Golant Z. M. , Narkevich I. A. 
Published: April 2022

Objective: analysis of state regulation of prices and costs for the purchase of medicines (drugs) in the United Kingdom (UK), and proposal development to improve the processes of state regulation of manufacturers’ marginal registered prices of medicines included in the list of vital and essential drugs approved in the Russian Federation.Material and methods. Analysis of the structure of state regulation of prices and costs for the procurement of drugs was carried out based on information contained in the regulatory legal documents of the UK Government, health services and technical regulation, and data provided in systematic reviews and articles.Results. A key feature of regulation in the UK is maximizing the efficiency of health care costs based on the principles of digitization, long-term planning and health technology assessment in pricing. Government regulation of costs is focused on the patent-protected drug segment. Providers of such medicines fall under the Voluntary or Statutory Scheme and are required to make payments in the form of a fixed percentage of sales to the Department of Health and Social Care. Certain drug segments are exempt from payments to stimulate innovative development of the pharmaceutical industry and accelerate market access for new therapies. As practice shows, the Voluntary Scheme is more profitable for most companies. Regulation in the segment of reproduced drugs is carried out by free-market mechanisms and the antimonopoly service.Conclusion. The analysis revealed the mechanisms and key features of the methods of state regulation of prices and costs of the health care system for the procurement of drugs, identified best practices that are promising for adaptation to improve the state regulation of prices in the Russian Federation.
Epidemiology, risk factors, species distribution, and antifungal susceptibility of candidemia among hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Authors: Kamali Sarvestani Hasti , Mahmoudi Shahram , Afarinesh Khaki Pegah , Ansari Saham , Ghaderkhani Sara , Roostaei Davoud , Daei Ghazvini Roshanak , Hashemi Seyed Jamal , Rafat Zahra , Abollahi Alireza 
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose: The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused a worldwide health crisis. Candidemia is a potentially lethal condition that has not yet been enough discussed in patients with COVID‐ 19. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of candidemia among Iranian COVID‐ 19 patients and characterize its causative agents and the antifungal susceptibility pattern.
Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional survey was carried out from March 2020 to March 2021 at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Blood specimens were obtained from patients with confirmed coronavirus infection who also had criteria for candidemia and were examined for any Candida species by conventional and molecular techniques. Susceptibility of isolates to amphotericin B, voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, caspofungin, and 5-flucytosine was tested using the CLSI broth dilution technique.
Results: In total, 153 patients with COVID-19 were included and candidemia was confirmed in 12 (7.8 %) of them. The majority of patients were ≥ 50 years of age (n=9) and female (n=8). Moreover, 6 out of the 12 patients were diabetic. The presence of central venous catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, ICU admission, andmechanical ventilation was observed in all patients. The C. albicans (n=7, 58.3 %) and C. dubliniensis (n=2, 16.7%) were the most common isolated species. Amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine were the most active drugs. Despite antifungal treatment, 4 out of 12 patients (33.3 %) died.
Conclusion: Due to the high mortality, the early diagnosis and proper treatment of candidemia are essential requirements for optimal clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
Effect of Allium cepa loaded polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibers on Candida albicans growth and the expression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes
Authors: Nademi Azam , Shams-Ghahfarokhi Masoomeh , Razzaghi-Abyaneh Mehdi 
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of Allium cepa ethanolic extract (ACE) loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers on Candida albicans (C. albicans) CDR1 and CDR2 genes expression.
Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ACE against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and clinical fluconazole (FLC)-resistant C. albicans PFCC 93-902 were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol (M27-Ed4) at a concentration range of 45.3-5800 µg/ml. The nanofibers containing ACE (60 wt%) were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. The expression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes was studied in the fungus exposed to ACE loaded nanofibers and 0.5×MIC concentration of FLC using the real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results: MIC50 and MIC90 of ACE against FLC-resistant C. albicans were 725 and 1450/mL, respectively. The expression of CDR1 (4.5-fold) and CDR2 (6.3-fold) were down-regulated after the exposure of FLC-resistant C. albicans to ACE-loaded nanofibers (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of CDR1 (2.8-fold) and CDR2 (3.2- fold) were up-regulated in FLC-treated C. albicans (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results revealed that nanofibers containing ACE interact with drug resistant genes expressed in C. albicans. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mode of action and other biological activities of ACE-loaded nanofibers against C. albicans and other pathogenic fungi.
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis related to occupational roofing: A case report of two brothers
Authors: Gnoni Martin , McCann Timothy , Riva-Moscoso Adrian , S. Príncipe-Meneses Fortunato , Chambergo-Michilot Diego 
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose: Histoplasma capsulatum is the cause of a prevalent fungal disease in certain regions in the United States of America, like Ohio and the Mississippi River. Its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to life-threatening diseases,according to the immune system. A definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy.
Case report: Two middle-aged brothers presented with a nine-day history of severe progressive dyspnea. Both were living in Cincinnati, Ohio, and encountered bird droppings 7 days prior to symptoms while working on a roofing project. It should be mentioned that they were not wearing masks. After extensive testing, they were diagnosed with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. Both were successfully treated with azole-derivative fungal therapy.
Conclusion: This is the first case of histoplasmosis acquired through occupational exposure related to roofing and is unique given the two patients were siblings.
GastroClinicopathologic Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Prognostic Importance of Ki-67 Labeling Index: May be a New Prognostic Marker
Authors: FINDIK Sıddıka , KANYILMAZ Gül 
Published: April 2022

Objective: The biological behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) varies widely and it is diffucult to predict their malignant potential with the current risk classification criterias. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the prognostic importance of Ki-67 LI for estimating survival outcomes in patients with GISTs.
Methods: For the last 11 years, between 2006 and 2017, who had been treated after surgery were included. A single pathologist re-defined the histologic examples of all cases retrospectively.
Results: Totally, 104 patients were included in the study. The median follow-up time was 73 months (range; 6 to 148 months). Seven of the 104 patients (7%) had local recurrence, 26 of the 104 patients (25%) had distant metastases and 11 of the 104 patients (11%) died during the follow-up period. The mean OS was 133 (range; 124 to 141) and the mean DFS was 117 (range; 107 to 127) months for patients. The disease progression or recurrence during follow up and increasing age were the significant prognostic factors for OS. Mitotic count, growth pattern, tumor location and Ki-67 LI were the significant prognostic factors for DFS. According to multivariate analyses, the Ki-67 LI was the only prognostic factor for estimating disease progression or recurrence (p=0.04).
Conclusion: The most important prognostic factors that affect OS were the age and disease progression or recurrence of disease. Ki-67 LI was the only prognostic factor for estimating disease progression or recurrence. As the follow-up period increases, we think that Ki-67 LI also will affect overall survival.
Features of the reactive oxygen species production by platelets and neutrophils in the formation of an insufficient response to acetylsalicylic acid in patients with coronary heart disease after coronary bypass surgery
Authors: Goncharov M. D. , Grinshtein Yu. I. , Savchenko A. A. 
Published: April 2022

Background. Aspirin resistance can lead to thrombosis. Platelets interact with neutrophils in the focus of atherosclerotic damage. The levels of synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) characterize their functional potential. Platelet resistance to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) can affect the synthesis of ROS.Objective. To reveal the features of ROS synthesis by platelets and neutrophils in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) depending on sensitivity to ASA and antiplatelet therapy.Design and methods. There were 104 patients with CHD and 36 healthy donors. Patients stopped receiving antiplatelet agents 5 days before CABG, ASA was prescribed after surgery, patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) clopidogrel were added to ASA for 2–3 days. Resistance to ASA was determined at a level of platelet aggregation with arachidonic acid ≥ 20 %. The ROS synthesis levels were examined by the chemiluminescent method (CL).Results. 31.7 % of patients were resistant to ASA (rASA). In ASA-sensitive patients (sASA), CL values were increased. In rASA on DAT, CL parameters were increased, but did not differ from sASA. In the sASA and rASA groups on ASA therapy, correlations between neutrophil and platelet CL parameters were revealed.Conclusion. The presence or absence of interaction between platelets and neutrophils at the level of receptors and/or microvesicles can lead to platelet resistance to ASA in patients with coronary artery disease. Sometimes, this effect could be compensated by DAT.
How to make a mineral wine? Relationship between production type in the Chablis vineyard and the search for a mineral wine style
Authors: Rodrigues Heber , Valentin Dominique , Oteguy Méven , Ballester Jordi 
Published: April 2022

Minerality in wine has consistently gained attention from the wine industry in the last three decades. It has been considered for a long time as an ill-defined and controversial sensory attribute. In the last decade, several academic articles have addressed the conceptual, sensory and chemical delimitation of this fuzzy concept. However, the link to viticulture and winemaking processes has not been studied yet. The goal of this work was twofold: first to produce a typology of practices in Chablis Premier Cru, a PDO (known for its mineral wines) and, second, to explore how Chablis producers conceptualise wine minerality and its link to production practices. We hypothesized that Chablis producers aim to maximise the minerality of their wines and adapt their production strategy accordingly. Two interviews were carried out. Thirty-four wine producers from Chablis participated in the typology interview, of which twenty-seven also participated in the minerality interview. A typology analysis of the producers’ viticultural and winemaking practices revealed four types of production strategies (Conventional, Natural, Agroecology and Low Input Winemaking). A short semi-structured interview of the producers’ opinions of and attitudes towards minerality and practices leading to wine minerality highlighted the key aspects of the production of mineral wines, namely soil characteristics, harvest date, type of yeasts, fermentation temperature, type of ageing containers and intensity of lees contact, among others. A link between the respondents’ production practices and their minerality conceptualisation was found: in some cases, the representation of minerality seemed to be a result of the applied production strategy and not only the other way around; i.e., these winemakers conclude that because their wines are mineral their respective production practice is the best one for making mineral wines, without having deliberately chosen it to make mineral wines.