bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Search for Freedom
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the work of the abolitionist movement in New York. Throughout this turbulent period, roughly between the Great Fire and the Civil War, African Americans in New York both embraced freedom and lived in constant fear that they would be captured and sent to plantations in the south. Yet by the mid-1850s, the nation lacked any clear consensus on what to do about slavery. Colonization—the sending of Blacks back to Africa—seemed to some like a desirable solution. However, African American leaders like Thomas Downing and Dr. James McCune Smith dubbed the colonization society “a gigantic fraud,” and roundly denounced as unconstitutional the appropriation of money to the organization. In the early 1830s abolitionist societies calling for an end to the institution of slavery flourished in New York and across parts of the country. Even so, despite increasing opposition to slavery, it continued to grow and abolitionists such as Arthur and Lewis Tappan endured regular attacks. For whatever their position on slavery, many Americans feared the mixing of the races, a belief which would have disastrous consequences. The July 1834 Anti-Abolitionists riots that rocked the city were the outward sign of the violent forces growing in society, forces that would only increase in intensity over the next quarter of a century.
Lovers in Essence
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Romantic love is a defining phenomenon in human existence, and an object of heightened interest for literature, art, popular culture, and psychology. But what is romantic love and why is it typically experienced as so significant to our existence? Using central ideas from the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and engaging with contemporary discussions in the philosophy of love, this book explores the nature of romantic love and philosophically substantiates its meaningfulness to an individual’s life. It does so by developing a connection between love and selfhood, here explained in terms of one’s distinct individuality. To be a self, it is claimed, is to possess a “name,” that is, an individual essence. Further, the book argues, it is when we love that we regard people by their names; we respond to who they (truly) are. Accordingly, the idea anchoring the book is that love is a correspondence between essences: if Jane loves Edward, she responds to him being “who he is,” by virtue of her being “who she is.” The conception of being thus correspondent has important implications for the moral and spiritual value of romantic love. Relying on Kierkegaard’s analysis of the self, of faith, and of love—even if sometimes in a way that departs from Kierkegaard’s explicit position—the book explores these implications. By doing this, it construes romantic love as a desirable phenomenon, emotionally, morally, and spiritually.
Individual Essence
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Developing the conception of individual essence, or selfhood, which is integral to the view of love that the project defends, the chapter builds on three ideas from Kierkegaard’s The Sickness unto Death and suggests that each person possesses the quality of selfhood. This quality amounts to a specific version, unique to each person, of personhood or God’s image; it is complex (in being the integration of many other qualities) and is primarily possessed in a state of a potential. This potential is termed “the kernel of individuality.” The potential is “eternal”: it is invariant and independent of contingent circumstances. Its actualization, however, takes place in “the world”—and hence is changeable and contingent—resulting in what is termed “individual persona.” The latter, then, is the actualized state of one’s individual essence, and it is this that we encounter when we experience a person as an individual, as a self.
Spiritual Romantic Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter substantiates romantic love as not only a moral phenomenon but also a spiritual one. Demonstrating how the healing from despair, which amounts to the highest relationship with God, is dependent upon loving correctly, and given (as was demonstrated in previous chapters) that romantic love can be correct and hence moral, it becomes clear that moral romantic love is a sufficient condition for spiritual existence. Further, the chapter explicates the correspondence between lovers in terms of helping each other to become the selves they are intended to be, and clarifies the specific nature of romantic love as involving erotic joy. Finally, it uses one of the most paradigmatic tales of romantic love—Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre—as a test case by which to tie all the threads presented throughout the book together. Reading this story, the thesis of romantic love as a meeting of essences is vividly portrayed.
The Industrial Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to illustrate the soft-power appeal of Ang Lee’s cinema by tracing the industrial turns his career has taken at various stages. It will focus on Life of Pi because it is not merely a trans-Pacific co-production but a simultaneous turn toward Taiwan. The production of Life of Pi provides a case study of soft power efforts by Taiwanese local governments (in this case, Taichung) to promote their cities as filming locations in the hope of generating tourism. Bringing Lee’s career full circle to its originating point of Taiwan, Life of Pi demonstrates how Lee has transformed himself into a cultural broker between Hollywood and Taiwan as well as how cinema collaborates with other industries (in this case, city branding and location tourism) to spread Taiwan’s soft power domestically and globally. Moreover, the industrial turn occasioned by the making of Life of Pi was also a technological turn for Ang Lee as it was the first time he had engaged with 3D technology. While no Taiwanese landscape makes any appearance in the film, Life of Pi is testament to the ability of cinema and technology to create a make-believe world that eschews restrictive conceptions of authorship and (national) historiography whilst demonstrating the soft power of transnational storytelling—both Life of Pi’s and Lee’s life story—that can only be described as dream-like and utopian.
A Plea for Natural Philosophy
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In ‘A plea for excuses’, Austin offers excuses as a suitable topic if one wishes to employ the method of ordinary language philosophy. Reversing the order, this essay proposes the natural-philosophical approach of the early moderns (e.g., Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Reid, also Boyle and Newton) as a suitable method if one wishes to investigate the topic of the world and our place in it. It argues that this method, which recognizes no distinction between ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’, lives on in contemporary interdisciplinary inquiries in the foundations of the various sciences, and that, in contrast, some mainstream topics that we now call ‘philosophy’—in epistemology (e.g., analysis of ‘knowledge’) and metaphysics (e.g., color ontology)—are different, arising in the wake of Kant’s later introduction of a priori critical philosophizing. Special attention is given to the history of epistemology and the primary/secondary distinction.
Moore’s Hands
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay suggests that the long, somewhat tedious run-up to the proof in Moore’s ‘A proof of an external world’ is designed to prepare the ground with common sense and experimentation (with after-images). Given that perspective, the proof, when it finally arrives, is necessarily trivial; the question is whether the skeptic can budge Moore from his home ground. Moore acknowledges that he can’t ‘prove’ his premises, because he can’t ‘prove’ he’s not dreaming, but nevertheless insists that he has conclusive evidence that he’s not dreaming and that asking for more is misguided. Precisely why it’s misguided is explicit in his lectures of 1933–1934, where Moore reasons ‘there are millions of stars’ is an established conclusion of astronomy: if the philosopher asserts it, he’s just repeating what the astronomers have already said; if he denies it, he’s contradicting the astronomers. Moore is more naturalistic than is often appreciated.
A Note on Truth and Reference
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A naturalistic philosopher typically confronts the question of truth in her effort to explain the effectiveness of human language use. This often inspires a search for a roughly causal account of reference to anchor a Tarskian theory of truth, a search that faces a series of problem cases from the history of science. This essay suggests that the search itself is misguided, that what’s actually needed to explain the effectiveness of human language use is an account of what Wilson calls ‘directivities’ (guidelines for usage) and ‘supports’ (worldly circumstances, correlation with which make those directivities effective). While encouraging such an investigation of word-world connections, the Second Philosopher proposes a broadly deflationary position on truth and reference that explores the use of ‘true’ and ‘refers’ in the mold of Austin’s ordinary language proposal.
What’s Next: Why Reparations Require Climate Justice
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter, “What’s Next,” argues that in the constructive view, a politically serious reparations project must focus on climate justice. As climate-change impacts accelerate, it can be expected that the costs and burdens of climate change will disproportionately impact those who have been rendered most vulnerable given the accumulated weight of history. Our political and economic system distributes risk and vulnerability according to the patterns developed by the history of global racial empire: the people who will be most protected tend to be whites in the Global North, and those least protected tend to be Black and Indigenous peoples in the Global South. This fact of history threatens not only to present a future racial injustice, but also to effectively roll back gains made toward racial justice in recent decades. The chapter also discusses some policies and forms of organizing we can adopt to advance this project.
The Arc of the Moral Universe
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
“The Moral Arc of the Universe,” concludes the book by discussing a moral perspective that can be developed to help advance the fight for justice. The theoretical perspective of worldmaking and the concrete task of climate justice force Black and Indigenous people to contend with the immense scale of injustice and thus the immense scale of the struggle for justice. It may well be outside of any generation’s ability to win outright, but from the perspective of being ancestors to a better future, activists can prevent this realization from resulting in political paralysis. Many of the actions that forward-looking people do every day to seek justice have links with countless people who have come before and—if successful in preventing the worst climate outcomes—countless people who will follow. This final chapter proposes that the essential spiritual work to act from this knowledge and faith can be achieved right now, and the world depends on it.
Menergy
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Menergy tells the story of the “postdisco” recording industry in San Francisco between the years 1978 and 1984. For most of America, disco died in 1979. Gay men, however, continued to dance, and in the gay enclave of the Castro neighborhood of San Francisco, enterprising gay DJs, record producers, and musicians started their own small dance music record labels to make up for the lack of new, danceable music. These independent labels’ music did more than copy what the larger industry had been doing, however. Instead, the upstart companies built on the musical experiments that their roster of local musicians and producers had been exploring for several years, developing a distinctive style of their own. Known as “high energy,” the music reveled in electronics, fast tempos, disco and DJ culture, and, above all, gay liberation as it had emerged over the previous decade in the Castro neighborhood by so-called Castro clones (a gay subculture of exaggerated masculinity with a strong presence in the city’s nightlife). The sound, like the new revolutionary ethos, derived its aesthetic from San Francisco’s unique configuration of elements, but immediately this music had a reach far beyond the Bay Area, with Megatone Records, Moby Dick Records, and other labels achieving worldwide success with San Francisco artists such as Sylvester, Patrick Cowley, Paul Parker, Lisa, Loverde, and Jolo, creating the world’s first gay-owned, gay-produced music for a dancing audience.
Everything Falls Apart
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While San Francisco’s clubs, parties, and records continued to be enormously successful in 1983, HIV’s long incubation period over the next few years meant illness spread gradually but overwhelmingly throughout the community. But as the year began, optimism was running high. Music by artists like Sylvester, Lisa, BearEssense, and Modern Rocketry was pouring out of clubs that to the residents of the Castro still represented the infinite possibilities of gay liberation in the 1980s. By 1984, however, it was clear that the party, if not ending, was changing in radical ways. The mass deaths of so many participants inevitably led to fundamental changes in the priorities and desires of those left to pick up the pieces. The chapter describes the winding-down of the sound that came to define a city’s, and the world’s, gay club culture in the early 1980s.
The Politics of Violence
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that the issue of violence poses political and cultural challenges that are a significant obstacle to criminal legal reform. These challenges are even more difficult to surmount than the opposition of vested interests that often work to block reform. Virtually all states have adopted at least some decarcerative reforms (often against the opposition of interest groups such as prison guard unions or prosecutor associations). However, most of the reforms that have been enacted pertain only to nonviolent crimes. The reluctance of lawmakers to end excessive sentences for more serious crimes reflects deeply rooted and widely shared images of people who have committed an act of violence at one point in their lives as monstrous and irredeemable others. The second section of this chapter critiques this myth of monstrosity, which is deeply rooted in racist tropes and stereotypes, and is in tension with a substantial body of social scientific evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
White supremacy today draws on a broad set of ideas, identifying numerous supposed threats to the white race from Jews, Muslims, immigrants, Black men and women, and people of color in general. The movement’s borders are fuzzy, and it increasingly mixes with antigovernment extremists and other violent actors. White supremacists pursue many strategies for victory, but most have little chance of success, and many fall back on using leaderless resistance, despite its many limits. White supremacists use the technologies of their time and have proven particularly adept at exploiting social media. Because white supremacists seek to change the political and social system, it is vital to understand their political impact—and the responsibilities of politicians to combat them. White supremacists are vulnerable to monitoring and arrest, but it requires sufficient political will for this to occur.
Becoming Revolutionaries
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Abstract: The success of the civil rights movement and other social changes of the 1960s and 1970s put white supremacists on the defensive. White supremacist groups became smaller and less connected to mainstream society and, in so doing, more radical. New groups such as The Order often embraced terrorism and opposed the U.S. government, which they saw as controlled by Jews and other supposed enemies of white people. Although the groups at times competed fiercely with one another, their members at times cooperated: the movement as a whole became resilient even as individual groups rose and fell. As the Cold War came to an end, the anti-government militia movement also became stronger and its members conducted mass-casualty attacks such as the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Over time, many of militia movement’s ideas permeated the white supremacist world and vice-versa. The U.S. government successfully cracked down on many groups and otherwise limited their power, although the ideas and movement as a whole remained robust.
Community Relationships
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Orchestras are uniquely poised to engage with their community, and this chapter focuses on defining and encouraging meaningful community engagement. Following a definition and framework for community engagement, the chapter explores the orchestra as a community unto itself, which suggests that the musicians of the orchestra can play a critical role as community builders. Educational programming of various types is then outlined and explained, as are types of community engagement initiatives. The chapter concludes with a discussion about terminology—that is, “education,” “engagement,” and “outreach”—and also outlines a variety of mini case studies of success in community engagement and education initiatives.
Computation as Step-Satisfaction
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe chapter deals with Robert Cummins’s account of computation. In this account, to compute is to execute a program, and program execution is reduced to step-satisfaction. The main claim of this chapter is that step-satisfaction is not a necessary feature of computation. The more general moral is that select architectural profiles, such as step-satisfaction, do not help to distinguish between computing and non-computing. Depending on how it is understood, step-satisfaction either excludes important cases of computing physical systems or is empty, applying to virtually every physical system. The argument rests on the analysis of two examples. One is a thermal device for averaging numbers. The other is an attractor neural network that solves the n-queens problem.
Speaking for Women as Republicans
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents an analysis of Republican women’s House floor speeches to determine changes in rhetoric over time. The chapter focuses on the issues that members discussed when engaging in woman-invoked rhetoric, as well as the positions they took on those issues. Case studies of three policy areas—abortion, health, a foreign policy—reveal a shift toward woman-invoked rhetoric that is increasingly in line with official Republican Party policy positions and messaging strategies. Women in the 113th/114th Congresses were not simply speaking differently than women in the 103rd/104th Congresses; they were also speaking collectively as women. Readers are introduced to the concept of a partisan woman-invoked rhetoric.
Introducing Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for the theoretical and practical approaches described in the remainder of the book. It includes a “topographical” model for understanding the depth of teachers’ integration of technology into their teaching and outlines the major concerns that teachers often bring to this type of instruction. The chapter introduces technology-based music instruction (TBMI)—an approach to teaching in which technology is the major medium by which music concepts and skills are introduced, reinforced, and assessed, and in which students are directly engaged with technology rather than simply with the products of technology work that the teacher has prepared. It differentiates between technology-based music instruction (TBMI) and other types of music teaching, establishes the goals of TBMI, and the purposes of the book.
Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A theory of technology-based music instruction begins with a theory of music education. The critical role of theory in this new method of teaching is to help technology-based music instructors develop dispositions that make this type of teaching less forced, more natural than it might otherwise be. This chapter addresses educational theories that form the roots of technology-based music instruction (TBMI). Included are discussions of constructivism, Deweyan active learning, Piagetian stage theory, Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, and Mayer’s Multimedia Learning. This chapter includes an introduction to Kohler and Mishra’s theory of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK), which is an important foundation of TBMI.
Lesson Design in Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides detailed discussions of models that are useful in designing technology-based music lessons. Included are models about the balance of musical and technological content, and the ways in which teachers and students interact with technology in music classrooms. The chapter uses the musical roles identified by Reimer: composing, performing, improvising, listening, music theory, musicology, music teaching. Each of these roles is explained, and based on the structure provided by Reimer, the chapter provides an extensive set of lesson plans that demonstrate principles of technology-based music instruction. Analyses of each lesson plan helps to contextualize them and to explain their strengths and weaknesses.
The Material World and Natural Religion in Hume’s Treatise
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the early-18th-century context there was an intimate connection between problems concerning the existence of the material world and problems of natural religion. Two issues are of particular importance for understanding Hume’s irreligious intentions in the Treatise. First, if we are unable to establish that we know that the material world exists, then all arguments for the existence of God that presuppose knowledge of the material world (i.e., its beauty, order, design, etc.) are placed in doubt. Second, if we are naturally disposed to believe in the existence of body, but this belief is false, then it seems to follow that God must be a deceiver—or does not exist. Hume’s arguments in 1.4.2, I maintain, are finely crafted to present both these (irreligious) challenges to the orthodox view.
Smith on Moral Sentiment and Moral Luck
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Smith’s views on moral luck have attracted little attention in the relevant contemporary literature on this subject. More surprising, perhaps, the material in the secondary literature directly concerned with Smith’s moral philosophy is rather thin on this aspect of his thought. This essay’s particular concern is to provide an interpretation and critical assessment of Smith on moral luck. It begins with a description of the basic features of Smith’s position; then it criticizes two particularly important claims that are fundamental to his position; and it concludes with an examination of the significance of Smith’s discussion in relation to the contemporary debate.