bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardized Identifiers and Electronic Data Interchange Rules for Music
Authors: Elton Serona 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The music industry uses several categories of information standards, which involve policies, governance rules, and technical specifications. This chapter explains the standardized ways of identifying music-related parties, intellectual property, publications, products, and releases; of formatting music metadata; and of exchanging data electronically. It describes how parties such as songwriters/composers, music publishers, recording artists, performers on sound recordings, and record companies are identified through use of the IPI, IPN, and ISNI; intellectual property such as musical compositions and sound recordings and music videos are identified through use of the ISWC, ISRC, acoustic fingerprints, and watermarks; and publications, products, and releases are identified through the use of the ISMN, GTIN, and GRiD. It explores the way that Music Data Style Guides are used to set rules regarding the presentation of information to consumers and the structure of data which accompanies digital music files. It explains the electronic data interchange standards, including the CIS and DDEX message suites, which are used to efficiently communicate information between parties in the supply and value chains. Finally, the chapter looks to the future, considering the information management segment of the music industry as a form of IT service management and explores ways that people, process, and technology may come together to maximize business value.
A World They Don’t Deserve
Authors: Thompson Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the early 21st century, multiple anthropogenic environmental crises present themselves as morally problematic. Views of intergenerational ethics typically attempt to give a clear account of to whom we owe obligations, what is owed, and how we should act to satisfy these obligations. The normative significance of these views is to identify what we morally should do to prevent bad consequences that will otherwise follow the status quo. In this chapter, on the contrary, the author addresses what it could mean and what we should do on the assumption that present generations are moral failures vis-à-vis the global environment and thus will deliver to future generations a significantly degraded world they don’t deserve. Because of our moral failure, the world of tomorrow may not resemble our own in any obvious ways but one: Short of extinction, human beings will aim to lead good lives. The author considers and rejects three initial answers concerning what morality requires, given humanity’s moral failure to prevent catastrophic climate change, before offering an alternative version of “deep adaptation” for the Anthropocene. The author’s view includes a commitment to fostering social capital of trust, care, and community self-reliance and learning to manage the natural capital of emerging novel ecosystems. The author argues that radical hope today involves broad cultural adaptation of philosophical views best suited for difficult times. A philosophy of life that gives priority to the internal conditions of flourishing will serve future generations well, as they confront difficult conditions of a wrecked world.
Child Soldiers
Authors: Denov Myriam , Cadieux Van Vliet Anaïs 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex phenomenon of child soldiers—in theory and in practice. The chapter begins by outlining the international legal instruments aimed at preventing the use of children in armed conflict, as well as summarizing global estimates of the issue. The rights violations faced by children involved in armed conflict are addressed, with a particular focus on girls, who are often overlooked. The chapter then provides an overview of the depictions of child soldiers in popular media, highlighting how iconography may contribute to the shaping of policy and programming. The chapter discusses the tensions and paradoxes associated with the translation of formal legal commitments into practice. It concludes with a discussion of areas for future policy and research.
The International Community and Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Arising from the horrors of Rwanda and Srebrenica, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) holds that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own populations from atrocity crimes, that the international community should encourage and assist individual states to fulfil their responsibility, and that when states are “manifestly failing” to protect their populations, the international community should respond in a “timely and decisive” fashion. This chapter examines the emergence and developments of R2P. It shows that R2P confers responsibilities upon specific actors, but that the principle is grounded in international politics. It is best thought of, therefore, as a “responsibility to try.” The principle’s mixed record in practice should not obscure the fact that the international community increasingly recognizes a collective responsibility to protect populations within other states. The chapter also shows that the allocation of responsibility is complicated by the emergence of non-state armed groups both as perpetrators and protectors.
On the Empirical Study of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Bijleveld Catrien 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses research methods for atrocity crimes. Mass atrocity crimes, the context in which they are committed, and their aftermath generate a constellation of factors in which methodologies may differ from standard criminological or even social-science methods and techniques. Differences emerge, first, because atrocity crimes are so deadly: we find many epidemiological and public health methods employed to estimate the prevalence of this type of crime. Second, we see differences because atrocity crimes occur generally against the backdrop of a conflict in which also government may be involved, so that vital statistical data are compromised or lacking. Third, data collection in situations of conflict may be dangerous and therefore compromised methodologically, in various ways. Last, atrocity crimes are rare occurrences in unique and idiosyncratic constellations of conflict and violence, in which it is hard to make causal inference according to regular social-science methodological standards.
How Can Mortality Due to Atrocity Crimes Be Estimated? Methods and Data Sources
Authors: Brunborg Helge 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of data collection methods and sources on atrocity deaths. The normal data sources on deaths—civil registration—are usually not available during war. The two main methods to collect data on violent deaths are: (i) passive recording of incidents of violent deaths through available sources, such as media, hospitals, and eyewitnesses, which often begin while the armed conflict is going on; and (ii) active recording of deaths in sample surveys or censuses. The number of victims in incidence databases are often greatly underreported, but retrospective surveys sometimes result in grossly exaggerated estimates. The population project at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is presented as an example of use of different data sources to estimate the number of victims. This project was a breakthrough in the use of demographic evidence to prove war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide in a court of law.
In the Aftermath of Atrocities
Authors: Berckmoes Lidewyde 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how, over time, scientific research has dealt with questions about effects of mass atrocity violence on people born after the violence. It shows that the interdisciplinary field of scholarship on the intergenerational transmission of violence and trauma has been growing and suggests important themes in emerging scholarship. The roots of the field are traced to clinical work with Holocaust descendants in the 1960s. Holocaust offspring appeared to suffer from psychopathological problems that until then could only be attributed to personal exposure to violence. Over the past two decades, attention has broadened to include various mass atrocity violence contexts and diverse disciplinary perspectives. The new orientations and perspectives are promising, yet further empirical and conceptual work is needed, also in order to understand when transmission does not occur and prevent legacies of mass atrocity violence impacting on new violence.
Crimes Against Humanity and Transitional Justice in Ethiopia (1935–2020)
Authors: Bouwknegt Thijs B. , Metekia Tadesse Simie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ethiopia has experienced a gamut of mass atrocity violence over the last century. Colonial, political, and ethnic violence have been cyclical phenomena and have often escalated into mass atrocity crimes against civilians. By exhibiting a historical synopsis of mass atrocity violence in Ethiopia since 1935, this chapter demonstrates how the expression crimes against humanity can be operationalized to perceive, understand, and explain mass atrocity violence in diverse temporal, political, and socioeconomic contexts. Additionally, the chapter narrates an Ethiopian genealogy of transitional justice. The chapter concludes that crimes against humanity—as a judicial, scholarly, and historical framework—captures best the dynamics and nature of mass atrocity violence in Ethiopia. Simultaneously, we observe that Ethiopia has been spearheading trends in international law and transitional justice, but has done so on its own terms.
Introduction
Authors: Holá Barbora , Nzitatira Hollie Nyseth , Weerdesteijn Maartje 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The introduction discusses the concept of atrocity crimes and its origins. It outlines its main definitional characteristics, distinguishes and briefly describes the three main constitutive categories of atrocity crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes), and discusses similarities and differences among the three categories. The introduction also addresses the scattered state of atrocity studies as a field of academic inquiry and introduces the Handbook on Atrocity Crimes as the pioneering volume combining major theoretical and empirical research on all three categories of atrocity crimes. It subsequently provides a roadmap of individual chapters included in the Handbook.
Human Rights and Atrocities
Authors: O’Brien Melanie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Atrocity crimes are often also referred to as mass human rights violations. Indeed, atrocity crimes are human rights violations, although analysis of the conduct involved under both labels is rare. Behavior that is categorized as atrocity crimes (war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity) overlaps with that which is categorized as human rights violations. This chapter examines the relationship between human rights and atrocity crimes, considering human rights as means of prevention of atrocities, the relationship of each category of atrocity crime with human rights, and the importance of the human rights law regime in times of atrocity. Overall, there is a need for more engagement with the human rights regime in the mass atrocity contexts, from prevention through to accountability.
Armed Conflict and Atrocities
Authors: Demmers Jolle 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To gain insight into the power dynamics of atrocities, one needs to examine (i) how and why atrocities become functional to potential entrepreneurs of violence, as well as (ii) the formal and informal alliances that help execute and sustain the violence, and (iii) the frames through which violence becomes socially meaningful and justified. These three components underlie the analytical frameworks addressed in this chapter on the making of atrocities. In settings of instability, atrocity crimes are instrumentally orchestrated by violent entrepreneurs to renew and/or harden boundaries between civilian populations as a means to gain or attain power. Although these (aspiring) leaderships are crucial drivers, they depend on alliances and relationships of exchange with local actors for the execution and organization of violence. However, an analysis of atrocities which only looks at the functionality of violence is unlikely to be convincing. Large-scale violence needs to be imagined and legitimized in order to be carried out. This occurs through the repeated rehearsal of violent imaginaries from the past which sanction violence against the ‘enemy-other’ as necessary and legitimate.
Natural Resources and Atrocities
Authors: Mitton Kieran 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The relationship of the natural environment to war has long been the subject of study, but its connection to atrocity crimes in particular has received far less attention. This chapter explores the rich literature on the role natural resources play in shaping violence, examining it through two broad areas of focus that define the scholarship: scarcity and abundance. In doing so, it provides an overview of the key thematic debates linking resources to violence, ranging from early Malthusian concerns over demographic pressures to more recent discussion of the potential (and perhaps already realized) cataclysmic impacts of climate change and urbanization.
Ideologies, Identities, and Speech in Atrocities
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One of the most enduring debates over the explanation of atrocity crimes concerns the role of ideologies, identities, and extreme speech or propaganda. While many scholars have strongly emphasized the way radical ideologies, antagonistic identities, and extreme speech can encourage atrocity crimes, others dispute the centrality of such factors, preferring to focus on the roots of atrocity in conflict dynamics, local intracommunal politics, and material self-interest. This chapter provides an overview of these debates, mapping out three broad perspectives:—(i) traditional; (ii) skeptical; and (iii) revisionist—on the role of ideologies, identities, and speech in atrocities. It then proceeds to consider two key theoretical puzzles that are in need of further research: first, what forms of ideology, identity, and speech carry the greatest danger of promoting atrocity crimes; and second, what underlying factors explain the radicalization of ideologies, identities, and speech toward atrocity crimes.
Chemical Industries
Authors: Stokes Ray 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dynamic change has characterized the history of the modern chemical industry from its inception in the early 19th century to the present. This article departs from previous studies of the industry’s evolution by dividing the history of the industry into five distinct periods. Each has entailed fundamental changes in the industry’s products, processes, main actors, and other aspects, and therefore alterations to its fundamental character. The main drivers and impacts of change over time have included technology, in particular application of theoretical science for product and process innovation; feedstocks; the companies populating the industry; government policy, especially with regard to intellectual property; and globalization.
Politics and Popular Music
Authors: Lie John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Popular music proffers a window into the world of politics and political economy. In tracing the transformations of South Korean popular music, the chapter shows not only its reflections and refractions, but also the interactions with politics, state policy, and political economy. From the immediate post-Liberation decade to military rule, we witness, for instance, the decline of Japanese influence, the ascent of the US impact, and the turmoil of domestic politics and culture. The entwinement of politics and popular music is especially clear in the emergence of K-pop. It illuminates the broader backdrop of export-orientated industrialization and the South Korean political economy and how they shaped, and in turn were shaped by, the explosive success of K-pop. Indeed, K-pop has emerged as a paradigmatic exemplar of South Korean globalization.
The Development of Welfare Programmes
Authors: Lee Jooha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to review the evolution of welfare programmes in South Korea, and it consists of two main parts. The first half investigates the characteristics of the South Korean welfare programmes (‘developmental welfarism’), such as the state’s role as a low social spender and a regulator, the prominent welfare role of the private sector, and the strong emphasis on self-reliance and human capital investment. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, often considered the most critical national crisis since the Korean War in the early 1950s, provided a window of opportunity for policy change. To what extent have a series of welfare reforms after the 1997 crisis departed from the policy legacies of developmental welfarism? The second half of the chapter highlights the political dynamics behind the welfare reforms in South Korea. Welfare politics might be divided into three arenas or approaches: bureaucratic politics, partisan politics, and social politics. The three approaches are not mutually exclusive, but are instead theoretically and practically complementary.
The Micro-Gestures of Survival
Authors: Guilbert Laure 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many forms of creativity were put into play by deportees for surviving the ghettos and the concentration camps of Nazi Europe. They played a crucial role at different levels, among others, for resisting humiliation, for preserving one’s own identity, for helping each other, and for recreating moments of community. The traces left in music, poetry, theater, and drawing are manifold. What about dance? Is it possible to conceive an archeology of “gestures under duress” by those opposing the black holes of humanity? How can we decipher their message today using archival materials and testimonials—what is revealed and what remains missing?
My Body is My Torah
Authors: Nehama Efrat 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Is it possible that the early Jewish concept Na’aseh V’Nishma expresses worlds of movement and word, interwoven together, allowing us a contemporary interpretation of the Torah and Halacha? Efrat Nehama is a choreographer who grew up in a religious Israeli home, was educated in the world of Jewish halakhic sources, and is unable to dance and express herself through the body. Over the years, she has been searching the Jewish sources through body and dance. In this chapter she describes her journey through the dance work Partition. In dealing with the question of partitioning in a synagogue and the small place dedicated to women, the work reveals processes of discovery and concealment in the body, in the Hebrew language, in ancient mystic Judaism, and in Midrash and in Jewish prayer. The chapter reveals sincere revelations of Israeli-religious-Jewish femininity that demands its place and presence.
HaMapah/The Map
Authors: McKinney Adam W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the use of dance-based, autoethnographic, genealogical research to create the choreographed work HaMapah/The Map. For the work, choreographer Adam W. McKinney used dance to look back to histories of racism, anti-Semitism, and homophobia to better understand the ways in which oppression manifested in his family. Various modes of research, including returning to sites of trauma in Poland and Africa to change relationships to historical spaces, signified the revolutionary practices of reclaiming non-conflicting, wholly co-existing mixed heritage identities. In this chapter, McKinney discusses how his Black, gay, Native, Jewish identity informed the choreographic concept for HaMapah/The Map.
Then in What Sense Are You a Jewish Artist?
Authors: Kant Marion 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The essay offers a discussion of the emergence of a secular “Jewish” self in the public discourse of the European enlightenment in the nineteenth century. It addresses the contradictions that these processes of modernity imposed with their debates on emancipation and equal rights for citizens, for Jews, and women, and that were condensed into the social constructs of the “Jewish Question” and the “Women’s Question.” The ballet Giselle, based on a text by German-Jewish writer Heinrich Heine and first performed in Paris in 1841, is offered as an example of how clashing and ambiguous Jewish identities were and still are articulated, negated, and subverted in dance. The essay traces the way in which the conflict between religion and secularism played out throughout the nineteenth century and has been present in identity debates ever since. Various philosophical ideas (those of Moses Mendelssohn, for instance) and aesthetic strands (specifically the national romanticism in Prussia and Germany) drove the understanding of being Jewish in Germany and several European countries. These concepts are examined, as well as their influence on the theater as an institution of the public sphere.
Raising Cain
Authors: Goldberg K. Meira 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Blood purity” legislated Spain’s vast American empire, condemning non-Christians—Jews and Muslims, Africans and Native Americans alike—to exile, bondage, and extirpation. Raza (“race”) signified the—invisible, because carried in the blood—Blackness of religious difference. Cast onto the surface of the skin, raza metastacized into the racist economic and social structures that plague the Atlantic world today. Yet in its homeland raza engendered a society wracked by anxieties about false identity, for the consequences of pretending to be another were indeed terrible. Flamenco performs these riddles of identity, the crux of Spain’s conceptualizations of race. Seeming to perform the Christian virtue which founds Spain’s Whiteness, flamencos cannily perform being who they are not—signifying racial instability instead. Like the Jews, flamencos claim agency and subjectivity—stubbornly claim to be Chosen. Yet, to put it in terms of the biblical story of brother murdering brother over a stolen birthright, if flamenco performs identity as feigned, who then is Cain and who is Abel? Who is Chosen and who is outcast? Flamenco seems to perform harmonious Christian universalism and belonging, yet it vibrates with the murderous rage and howling desolation of Abel’s heretically discordant, outcast twin. Skeptical of its own performative surface, flamenco vibrates with the “alienation and distance” that for performance theorist and poet Fred Moten “represent the critical possibility of freedom.” In this chapter the author reflects on her own Jewish identity as a portal through which to step into creative and ethical alignment with flamenco’s radical fugitivity.
Reclaiming my Jewish Yemenite Heritage
Authors: Cohen Ze’eva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter Ze’eva Cohen, a second-generation Israeli of Yemenite-Jewish descent raised in a European Ashkenazi neighborhood in Tel Aviv and steeped in Western culture with training in modern dance and classical ballet, elaborates on why and how it became relevant and possible to connect with her Yemenite heritage late in her career and outside of Israel. The chapter considers issues of cultural and artistic hierarchies, intercultural identity, and the integration of traditional and contemporary sensibilities. It discusses choreographic approaches and themes as well as key movements in several of the author’s works as they relate to her heritage and training in the context of her long career as a performer and choreographer.