bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeographic dynamics of the arthropod vector, the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Authors: O’Keeffe Kayleigh R. , Oppler Zachary J. , Prusinski Melissa , Falco Richard C. , Oliver JoAnne , Haight Jamie , Sporn Lee Ann , Backenson P. Bryon , Brisson Dustin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe emergence of vector-borne pathogens in novel geographic areas is regulated by the migration of their arthropod vectors. Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) and the pathogens they vector, including the causative agents of Lyme disease, babesiosis and anaplasmosis, continue to grow in their population sizes and to expand in geographic range. Migration of this vector over the previous decades has been implicated as the cause of the re-emergence of the most prevalent infectious diseases in North America.MethodsWe systematically collected ticks from across New York State (hereafter referred to as New York) from 2004 to 2017 as part of routine tick-borne pathogen surveillance in the state. This time frame corresponds with an increase in range and incidence of tick-borne diseases within New York. We randomly sampled ticks from this collection to explore the evolutionary history and population dynamics ofI. scapularis. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of each tick to characterize their current and historical spatial genetic structure and population growth using phylogeographic methods.ResultsWe sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes from 277 ticks collected across New York between 2004 and 2017. We found evidence of population genetic structure at a broad geographic scale due to differences in the relative abundance, but not the composition, of haplotypes among sampled ticks. Ticks were often most closely related to ticks from the same and nearby collection sites. The data indicate that both short- and long-range migration events shape the population dynamics of blacklegged ticks in New York.ConclusionsWe detailed the population dynamics of the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in New York during a time frame in which tick-borne diseases were increasing in range and incidence. Migration of ticks occurred at both coarse and fine scales in the recent past despite evidence of limits to gene flow. Past and current tick population dynamics have implications for further range expansion as habitat suitability for ticks changes due to global climate change. Analyses of mitochondrial genome sequencing data will expound upon previously identified drivers of tick presence and abundance as well as identify additional drivers. These data provide a foundation on which to generate testable hypotheses on the drivers of tick population dynamics occurring at finer scales.Graphical Abstract
Development and validation of a trans-ancestry polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes in diverse populations
Authors: Ge Tian , Irvin Marguerite R. , Patki Amit , Srinivasasainagendra Vinodh , Lin Yen-Feng , Tiwari Hemant K. , Armstrong Nicole D. , Benoit Barbara , Chen Chia-Yen , Choi Karmel W. , Cimino James J. , Davis Brittney H. , Dikilitas Ozan , Etheridge Bethany , Feng Yen-Chen Anne , Gainer Vivian , Huang Hailiang , Jarvik Gail P. , Kachulis Christopher , Kenny Eimear E. , Khan Atlas , Kiryluk Krzysztof , Kottyan Leah , Kullo Iftikhar J. , Lange Christoph , Lennon Niall , Leong Aaron , Malolepsza Edyta , Miles Ayme D. , Murphy Shawn , Namjou Bahram , Narayan Renuka , O’Connor Mark J. , Pacheco Jennifer A. , Perez Emma , Rasmussen-Torvik Laura J. , Rosenthal Elisabeth A. , Schaid Daniel , Stamou Maria , Udler Miriam S. , Wei Wei-Qi , Weiss Scott T. , Ng Maggie C. Y. , Smoller Jordan W. , Lebo Matthew S. , Meigs James B. , Limdi Nita A. , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide scourge caused by both genetic and environmental risk factors that disproportionately afflicts communities of color. Leveraging existing large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), polygenic risk scores (PRS) have shown promise to complement established clinical risk factors and intervention paradigms, and improve early diagnosis and prevention of T2D. However, to date, T2D PRS have been most widely developed and validated in individuals of European descent. Comprehensive assessment of T2D PRS in non-European populations is critical for equitable deployment of PRS to clinical practice that benefits global populations.

Methods
We integrated T2D GWAS in European, African, and East Asian populations to construct a trans-ancestry T2D PRS using a newly developed Bayesian polygenic modeling method, and assessed the prediction accuracy of the PRS in the multi-ethnic Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) study (11,945 cases; 57,694 controls), four Black cohorts (5137 cases; 9657 controls), and the Taiwan Biobank (4570 cases; 84,996 controls). We additionally evaluated a post hoc ancestry adjustment method that can express the polygenic risk on the same scale across ancestrally diverse individuals and facilitate the clinical implementation of the PRS in prospective cohorts.

Results
The trans-ancestry PRS was significantly associated with T2D status across the ancestral groups examined. The top 2% of the PRS distribution can identify individuals with an approximately 2.5–4.5-fold of increase in T2D risk, which corresponds to the increased risk of T2D for first-degree relatives. The post hoc ancestry adjustment method eliminated major distributional differences in the PRS across ancestries without compromising its predictive performance.

Conclusions
By integrating T2D GWAS from multiple populations, we developed and validated a trans-ancestry PRS, and demonstrated its potential as a meaningful index of risk among diverse patients in clinical settings. Our efforts represent the first step towards the implementation of the T2D PRS into routine healthcare.
How can community-based (re)engagement initiatives meet the needs of ‘NEET’ young people? Findings from the theory gleaning phase of a realist evaluation in Sweden
Authors: Jonsson Frida , Gotfredsen Anne C. , Goicolea Isabel 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
There has been a lack of systematic and theoretically underpinned evaluations, internationally and in Sweden, of local multi-component initiatives delivered outside public employment services and formal education systems to young people who are not in employment, education or training (‘NEETs’). To bridge this knowledge gap, the objective of this study was to present findings from the theory gleaning phase of a realist evaluation aimed at assessing how Swedish community-based initiatives may work to (re)engage vulnerable ‘NEET’ young people in education or employment, under what conditions and why.

Results
Based on insights gleaned and synthesised from various sources, three candidate programme theories were elicited drawing attention to the importance of community-based initiatives in Sweden adopting a ‘caring approach’, a ‘capability approach’ and a ‘collaborative approach’ to (re)engage ‘NEET’ young people in education or employment. While limited to the initial phase of theory gleaning, the study provides valuable insights into the potential functioning of (re)engagement initiatives directed towards vulnerable ‘NEETs’ in addition to increasing the transparency of a highly iterative research project.
Experience and results after the implementation of a radiology day unit in a reference hospital
Authors: Roson Nuria , Antolin Andreu , Mast Richard , Sanchéz-Tirado Cristina , Griñón Jesús , Andreu Jordi , Perez Lafuente Mercedes , Tomasello Alejandro , Escobar Manuel 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Interventional radiological procedures have significantly increased in recent years. Most of them are minimally invasive and require a short hospitalization, mainly done in other non-radiological units nowadays. Limited bed availability and high occupancy rates in these units create longer waiting lists and cancellations. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the creation and functioning of a Radiology Day Unit (RDU) and evaluating its outcomes. For this purpose, data about interventional procedures and its complications, incidents, patient safety, quality and satisfaction rates were collected from May 2018 to December 2020, and posteriorly analyzed to evaluate its implementation.

Results
During the assessed period, 3841 patients were admitted into the RDU, with a net increase of 13% and 26% in the second and third year, respectively. Procedures performed by the Abdominal Radiology section were the most frequent (76–85%) followed by Interventional Vascular Radiology and Thoracic Radiology. Complication rates were low (1.5%) and most of them were self-limited and managed in the own department. Waiting lists were significantly reduced, from 2 months to 1 week in case of procedures performed by the Abdominal Radiology section. Patient satisfaction was higher than 80% in all the items evaluated with a global satisfaction of 93%.

Conclusion
The RDU in our hospital has become a vital section for the management and post-procedure caring of patients undergoing interventional procedures in the Radiology Service with low complication rates and overall high levels of quality and patient safety, allowing the reduction of waiting lists and occupancy rates.
KCNQ1-deficient and KCNQ1-mutant human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for modeling QT prolongation
Authors: Song Yuanxiu , Guo Tianwei , Jiang Youxu , Zhu Min , Wang Hongyue , Lu Wenjing , Jiang Mengqi , Qi Man , Lan Feng , Cui Ming 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) mediated by the KCNQ1 gene is one of the main currents involved in repolarization. KCNQ1 mutation can result in long-QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1). IKs does not participate in repolarization in mice; thus, no good model is currently available for research on the mechanism of and drug screening for LQT1. In this study, we established a KCNQ1-deficient human cardiomyocyte (CM) model and performed a series of microelectrode array (MEA) detection experiments on KCNQ1-mutant CMs constructed in other studies to explore the pathogenic mechanism of KCNQ1 deletion and mutation and perform drug screening.

Method
KCNQ1 was knocked out in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) H9 line using the CRISPR/cas9 system. KCNQ1-deficient and KCNQ1-mutant hESCs were differentiated into CMs through a chemically defined differentiation protocol. Subsequently, high-throughput MEA analysis and drug intervention were performed to determine the electrophysiological characteristics of KCNQ1-deficient and KCNQ1-mutant CMs.

Results
During high-throughput MEA analysis, the electric field potential and action potential durations in KCNQ1-deficient CMs were significantly longer than those in wild-type CMs. KCNQ1-deficient CMs also showed an irregular rhythm. Furthermore, KCNQ1-deficient and KCNQ1-mutant CMs showed different responses to different drug treatments, which reflected the differences in their pathogenic mechanisms.

Conclusion
We established a human CM model with KCNQ1 deficiency showing a prolonged QT interval and an irregular heart rhythm. Further, we used various drugs to treat KCNQ1-deficient and KCNQ1-mutant CMs, and the three models showed different responses to these drugs. These models can be used as important tools for studying the different pathogenic mechanisms of KCNQ1 mutation and the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of KCNQ1, thereby facilitating drug development.
Application of stem cells and exosomes in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: an update
Authors: Zhou Jian-feng , Xiong Yu , Kang Xiaodong , Pan Zhigang , Zhu Qiangbin , Goldbrunner Roland , Stavrinou Lampis , Lin Shu , Hu Weipeng , Zheng Feng , Stavrinou Pantelis 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNon-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is a highly destructive intracranial disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. The main risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage include hypertension, amyloidosis, vasculitis, drug abuse, coagulation dysfunction, and genetic factors. Clinically, surviving patients with intracerebral hemorrhage exhibit different degrees of neurological deficits after discharge. In recent years, with the development of regenerative medicine, an increasing number of researchers have begun to pay attention to stem cell and exosome therapy as a new method for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage, owing to their intrinsic potential in neuroprotection and neurorestoration. Many animal studies have shown that stem cells can directly or indirectly participate in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage through regeneration, differentiation, or secretion. However, considering the uncertainty of its safety and efficacy, clinical studies are still lacking. This article reviews the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage using stem cells and exosomes from both preclinical and clinical studies and summarizes the possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy. This review aims to provide a reference for future research and new strategies for clinical treatment.
Raising attainment for low-scoring students through quectures: an analysis of achievement and engagement with personalised learning in lectures
Authors: McQueen Heather A. , Colegrave Nick 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Quectures are flipped lectures with embedded ‘quecture questions’, which employ metacognitive reflection as an active learning intervention. Quecture questions are students’ own questions, identified and constructed by students around learning objectives during lectures. The quecture question intervention aims to support each student to engage better with their learning and to work at an individually appropriate level, and is accessible to all students irrespective of learning background. This research explores engagement and performance of students using the intervention, with a focus on those who traditionally receive low scores, to measure the effectiveness of quecture questions.

Results
Accumulated data demonstrate that student engagement with quecture questions is associated with improved learning on wider topics than those on which the intervention was used, as evidenced by improved overall course scores. Students who participate minimally within other elements of the course but who do submit their own quecture questions gain disproportionate benefit. The improved performance benefits of engagement with quecture questions are most marked for students with low prior scores. Students originating from the same country as our university and those whose parents did not attend university represent typically low-scoring demographic groups with low participation levels who might potentially benefit from the quecture strategy. However, lack of engagement with the intervention is also prevalent in these student groups precluding unengaged students from benefitting.

Conclusions
Quecture questions represent a simple yet effective intervention for improving learning in lectures. Broad learning benefits suggest improved learning habits, and support the notion that the intervention leads to students assuming increased responsibility for their own learning. The use of quecture questions generated most benefit to low-scoring students, validating the intervention as a useful tool with which to address learning inequities. The quecture question intervention readily adapts to suit online learning and represents an ideal first step for busy instructors wishing to adapt their lectures towards a more student-centred approach to learning.
The impact of protected areas on poverty: evidence from Chile
Authors: Vilela Thais , Harb Alfonso Malky , Vergara Carla Mendizábal 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we estimate the causal relationship between protected areas and poverty in Chile from 1982 to 2002. Chile is part of the coalition of countries committed to protecting 30% of the planet by 2030; a decision that implies increasing the number of protected areas in the country. As a result of this decision, grows the national debate about the potential impacts of protected areas on the economy and society. By estimating the causal effect of protected areas on poverty, we aim to contribute to this debate in Chile. We use panel data and a quasi-experimental approach to estimate the causal effect. We find that establishing a protected area covering at least 17% of a unit’s terrestrial area causes a reduction of 0.216 standard deviations in the poverty index. This result is not sensitive to arbitrary implementation choices. Additionally, we show that the effect is driven by the Patagonia region, the part of Chile with the largest amount of new protected areas during the time frame of this study. Besides showing the benefits of protected areas to society, we hope the findings presented here might also be used to attract new investments and financial support to protected areas currently underfunded in Chile.
Cardiac dysfunction in patients with end-stage liver disease, prevalence, and impact on outcome: a comparative prospective cohort study
Authors: Al Atroush Hatem H. , Mohammed Khaled H. , Nasr Fatma M. , Al Desouky Mohammed I. , Rabie Mohammed A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Without firm diagnostic criteria, the exact prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy still remains unknown. Its estimation is rather a difficult task as the disease is generally latent and shows itself only when the patient is subjected to overt stress such as body position changes, exercise, drugs, hemorrhage, and surgery. In this study, we aim to assess cardiac dysfunction in patients with end-stage liver disease, study the correlation between cardiac dysfunction and Child-Pugh classification of patients with liver cell failure, and study the prevalence and impact of cardiac dysfunction on the clinical outcome of patients with child B and child C liver disease.

Results
Diastolic dysfunction was more prevalent among the patients’ group (p < 0.001). It was absent in 28 (70%) of control group, with grade 1 diastolic dysfunction in 12 (30%). Only one patient (2.5%) had no diastolic dysfunction, 21 patients (52.5%) had grade 1 diastolic dysfunction, 12 (30%) patients had grade 2 diastolic dysfunction, and 6 patients (15%) had grade 3 diastolic dysfunction. QTc interval was significantly prolonged in the patients’ group when compared to controls (p < 0.001). Echocardiographic parameters and QTc interval were comparable in child B and child C patients. All patients were followed up for a period of 3 months. Sixteen of 40 patients died in this period of time. Only child classification was found to significantly predict mortality, and patients with child C liver cirrhosis had worse survival when compared to patients with child B liver cirrhosis.

Conclusion
Most of the patients had cardiac dysfunction, mainly diastolic dysfunction (87.5%). The study detected the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction among end-stage liver disease when measuring E/É using TDI which proved to be more accurate than E/A ratio. Diastolic dysfunction is proved to be the most sensitive parameter in the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, being the most parameter affected early. No correlation was found between cardiac dysfunction and the severity of hepatic illness, but the severity of hepatic illness affects the outcome rather than cardiac dysfunction.
Nucleolin loss of function leads to aberrant Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling and craniofacial anomalies
Authors: Dash Soma , Trainor Paul A. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTRibosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome biogenesis are global processes required for growth and proliferation of all cells, yet perturbation of these processes in vertebrates leads to tissue-specific defects termed ribosomopathies. Mutations in rRNA transcription and processing proteins often lead to craniofacial anomalies; however, the cellular and molecular reasons for these defects are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the function of the most abundant nucleolar phosphoprotein, Nucleolin (Ncl), in vertebrate development. ncl mutant (ncl−/−) zebrafish present with craniofacial anomalies such as mandibulofacial hypoplasia. We observed that ncl−/− mutants exhibited decreased rRNA synthesis and p53-dependent apoptosis, consistent with a role in ribosome biogenesis. However, we found that Nucleolin also performs functions not associated with ribosome biogenesis. We discovered that the half-life of fgf8a mRNA was reduced in ncl−/− mutants, which perturbed Fgf signaling, resulting in misregulated Sox9a-mediated chondrogenesis and Runx2-mediated osteogenesis. Consistent with this model, exogenous FGF8 treatment significantly rescued the cranioskeletal phenotype in ncl−/− zebrafish, suggesting that Nucleolin regulates osteochondroprogenitor differentiation. Our work has therefore uncovered tissue-specific functions for Nucleolin in rRNA transcription and post-transcriptional regulation of growth factor signaling during embryonic craniofacial development.
Bats actively modulate membrane compliance to control camber and reduce drag
Authors: Cheney Jorn A. , Rehm Jeremy C. , Swartz Sharon M. , Breuer Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Bat wing skin is exceptionally compliant and cambers significantly during flight. Plagiopatagiales proprii, arrays of small muscles embedded in the armwing membrane, are activated during flight and are hypothesized to modulate membrane tension. We examined the function of these muscles using Jamaican fruit bats, Artibeus jamaicensis. When these muscles were paralyzed using botulinum toxin, the bats preferred flight speed decreased and they were unable to fly at very low speeds. Paralysis of the plagiopatagiales also resulted in increased armwing camber consistent with a hypothesized role of modulating aeroelastic interactions. Other compensatory kinematics included increased downstroke angle and increased wingbeat amplitude. These results are consistent with the bats experiencing increased drag and flight power costs associated with the loss of wing-membrane control. Our results indicate that A. jamaicensis likely always employ their wing membrane muscles during sustained flight to control camber and to enhance flight efficiency over a wide flight envelope.
Lignin Derived Carbon Electrodes for Hydrocarbon Formation by Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kato Takafumi , Yoda Takuya , Yoshihara Naoki 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted interest as metal-free electrode candidates for electrochemical reactions. Hydrocarbon formation (i.e., methane and ethane) using the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) on as-synthesized sulfur (S) containing lignin derived carbon electrodes was demonstrated. The current efficiencies of hydrocarbon products by CO2ER were found to be dependent on the carbonized temperature and a thermal treatment scheme, resulting in different surface structures and chemical composition of S species.