bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stab access fascia suspension lift: A facelift technique without skin excision and visible scar
Authors: Fu Xi , Qiao Jia , Liu Jianfeng , Chen Ying , Jin Qi , Xu Shixing , Yu Bing , Gui Lai , Niu Feng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundTraditional middle and lower facelifts are not suitable for patients with mild skin laxity or who wish to avoid incision scars.ObjectiveWe present the stab access fascia suspension lift (SAFS‐lift) technique, which does not require regular skin incisions, as a reliable surgical facelift strategy for the lower and middle face.MethodsFrom September 2020 to September 2021, 38 patients underwent SAFS‐lift. SAFS‐lift involved (1) incomplete subcutaneous undermining with hydrodissection‐assisted tunneling; (2) complete subcutaneous undermining with a dissecting cannula in the zygomatic buccal groove area and hollow below zygomatic arch; and (3) maximal firm superficial musculoaponeurotic system suspension with polydioxanone barbed threads in loops. All patients evaluated the outcome according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Four plastic surgeons evaluated postsurgery result with a five‐point Likert scale (5 = excellent, 4 = good, 3 = fair, 2 = no change, and 1 = worse).ResultsThirty‐six patients were successfully enrolled. The mean follow‐up period was 14.72 ± 3.89 months. No patients showed visible scarring 6 months after surgery. The minor complication rate was 19.4%. They all subsided within 1–6 weeks without treatment. No infection, hematoma, seroma, or facial nerve injury was observed. Patients’ outcome ratings were 4.22 ± 0.58 (3 months), 4.69 ± 0.46 (6 months), and 4.69 ± 0.54 (1 year). Surgeons' outcome scoring was 3.98 ± 0.95.ConclusionsStab access fascia suspension‐lift is a predictable, effective, and safe facelift technique that can be performed without making noticeable incisions and resecting the skin.
Dynamic Analysis and Machine Learning Prediction of a Nonuniform Slot Air Bearing System
Authors: Wang Cheng-Chi , Lin Chih-Jer 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nonuniform slot air bearing (NSAB) systems have two major advantages, the external air supply and slot restrictor design, and their inherent multidirectional supporting forces and stiffness that provide excellent rotational stability. However, NSAB systems are prone to vibration from nonperiodic or chaotic motion caused by nonlinear pressure distribution within the gas film, gas supply imbalance, or simply inappropriate design. It is necessary to determine under which conditions these nonperiodic motions arise, and to design a NSAB system that will resist these vibrations. The dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by an NSAB system was studied using spectral response, bifurcation, Poincaré map, and the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The numerical results showed that chaos in an NSAB system occurred within specific ranges of rotor mass and bearing number. For example, the chaotic regions where the maximum Lyapunov exponents were greater than zero occurred in the intervals of rotor mass 20.84 ≦ mf &lt; 24.1 kg with a bearing number of Λ = 3.45. In addition, the coupling effect of rotor mass and bearing number was also investigated. To predict chaotic behavior, ensemble regression, and the back propagation neural network were used to forecast the occurrence of chaos. It was found that ensemble regression using dataset of 26 × 121 gave the best results and most accurate prediction for this NSAB system. The results may make a valuable contribution to the design of NSAB systems for use in a wide variety of industrial applications.
Isobaric Heat Capacity and Density of Supercritical H2O/CO2 Mixtures: Measurements in a Multifunction Apparatus
Authors: Zhang Hanlin , Wu Haomin , Li Sha , Liu Dong , Li Qiang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Studies on the thermophysical properties of H2O/CO2 mixtures for supercritical conditions, typical for a promising power generation system are far fewer than those for typical conditions of CO2 capture and storage (lower temperatures and pressures). In the previous heat transfer studies, we have setup a high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus. Here, we have extended it to a multifunction apparatus to enable the measurements of both the isobaric heat capacity and density that are important for the understanding and prediction of heat transfer behaviors, besides the design of the power generation system. For the experimental conditions, the pressure is 24 MPa, the temperatures range from 300 °C to 410 °C, and the CO2 mass fractions are 10%, 15%, and 18.5%. The isobaric heat capacities have been measured using the flow calorimeter method. The expanded relative uncertainty is 8.2% for temperatures beyond ±4 °C from the pseudocritical point and is 18.2% near the pseudocritical point. The densities were obtained from the measurements of the pressure drops with an expanded relative uncertainty of 4.8%. These two methods were validated by supercritical pure water experiments. The isobaric heat capacity and density data given in this work, as well as our previous heat transfer data, are self-consistent regarding the pseudocritical temperatures of supercritical H2O/CO2 mixtures.
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Heat Sinks With Various Fin Geometries on the Performance of a Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Ozbektas Seyda , Sungur Bilal , Topaloğlu Bahattin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this study, the effect of heat sink geometries on the performance of a thermoelectric generator was researched. In this context, fins with different geometries (flat fin, square pin fin, hexagonal pin fin, and circle pin fin) placed on an aluminum heat sink, and their effects on heat transfer and electricity generation were investigated numerically. Calculations were carried out according to three different hot surface temperatures and five different air velocities. As a result of this study, it was determined that the electrical output increased with the increase in air velocity and hot surface temperature in all geometries. The highest electrical outputs were obtained at 150 °C hot surface temperatures and 15,000 Reynolds numbers, while the lowest electrical outputs were obtained at 50 °C hot surface temperatures and 5000 Reynolds numbers in all geometries. The best thermal and electrical performance was obtained with a flat fin heat sink, and the worst performance was seen in the thermoelectric generator (TEG) system without a heat sink. The highest power outputs of the flat fin heat sink and without heat sink TEG systems were 6.42 W and 1.12 W, respectively. In addition, the highest conversion efficiencies of the flat fin heat sink and without heat sink TEG systems were 14.94% and 5.54%, respectively.
Effects of Jet-to-Target Surface Spacing and Pin-Fin Height on Jet Impingement Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Channel
Authors: Alzahrani Yasser S. , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An experimental study was completed to quantify heat transfer enhancement, pressure loss, and crossflow effect within a channel of inline impinging jets. The jet diameter is 5.08 mm; the jet-to-jet spacings in the streamwise and spanwise directions are fixed at x/d = 11.1 and y/d = 5.9, respectively. The effect of jet-to-target surface spacing was considered with z/d = 3 and 6. For both jet-to-target surface spacings, smooth, short pin-finned, and long pin-finned target surfaces were investigated. Both roughened surfaces have a staggered array of 120 copper pin-fins. The pin-to-jet diameter ratio is fixed at D/d = 0.94. The pin height-to-jet diameter ratio for the short and long pins are H1/d = 1.5 and H2/d = 2.75, respectively. Regionally averaged heat transfer coefficient distributions were measured on the target surface, and these distributions were coupled with pressure measurements through the array. The heat transfer augmentation and pressure penalty were investigated over a range of jet Reynolds numbers (10k–70k). The results show high discharge coefficients for all the cases. The channels with the small jet-to-target surface spacing experience double the crossflow effect of the large spacing channels. The addition of surface roughness showed a negligible effect on the crossflow. The best heat transfer performance was observed in the narrow impingement channel with the long pins.
A Special Electrode Can Be Bonded to Stainless Steel for High Temperature Application in MEMS Structure
Authors: Liu Yi-Yen , Lin Shun-Chiu , Wu Wen-Jong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the fabrication process of micro piezoelectric energy harvester (MPEH), the high annealing temperature, 520 degrees Celsius is crucial to ensure the quality of the piezoelectric thick film deposited with Aerosol deposition method. In this paper, different electrode stack composition with different thicknesses are investigated. The goal is to find an electrode stack that can sustain the high annealing temperature, be well bonded to the stainless steel, resist high pull-off forces with soldered bonding wire, and have the least expensive platinum (Pt) usage. A set of experiments are designed to investigated different composition of electrode stack, and the soldered binding wire pull-off force was tested to find out the optimized stack configuration.
Feedback Control for Traveling Wave Generation With Bending Actuators
Authors: Bhayadia Amit , Olivett Anthony , Karami M. Amin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Travelling wave generation in finite structures is an engaging topic that has given rise to various research opportunities. A number of feed-forward techniques including two mode excitation, impedance matching and active sink have been developed to generate travelling waves in solids. Although these techniques have shown to be adequate in laboratory settings, especially for long, slender beams, they require laborious tuning procedures which do not guarantee desired trajectories and are followed in light of interference from noise and unwanted perturbations. By all account, a robust travelling wave device is one that can handle unwanted perturbations and noise in real time using feedback control. A closed loop back-stepping control method attenuated with two mode excitation is utilised to generate desired travelling waves on a finite structure. The method utilises piezoelectric patches for actuation and sensing. The orthogonality of the longitudinal modes is exploited to decompose the modal vibrations of two consecutive modes. The modal vibrations are then regulated using an feedback control scheme such that the two consecutive modes have the same amplitude and a phase difference of 90°, which is a required condition to obtain a travelling wave in finite structures. A parameter estimation method using orthogonal decomposition is utilised to calculate the modal amplitude from the beam displacement and also to calculate the excitation forces required to regulate the modal amplitude of two consecutive modes. The closed loop method is implemented on a fixed-fixed Euler Bernoulli beam model to verify the feedback control strategy and test the modal estimation method.
Design Optimization of a Piezocomposite Ornithopter Wing Planform Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Katibeh Mohammad , Bilgen Onur 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A mechanism-free ornithopter, also referred to as a “solid-state” ornithopter, works based on utilizing piezocomposite actuators to achieve heaving and pitching motions for producing lift and thrust. A set of piezocomposite actuators are attached to a composite substrate, and as the piezocomposite devices are excited, a flapping motion is generated due to the induced strain. Previously, parametric studies were conducted on a rectangular wing model as well as a wing-like planform using the finite element method. In this article, a new parameterized model for the wing planform is introduced. This model makes it possible to analyze the response of a parametric wing to variations of critical shape parameters. A preliminary analysis is conducted based on the model to explore the effects of each parameter on flight performance metrics. Furthermore, an optimization framework is developed to search for the optimal set of parameters that achieve best performance. The framework utilizes a single objective genetic algorithm optimizer, and the response is predicted using a parameterized finite element model. The convergence of the genetic algorithm is checked using well-known test functions with similar input space and specifications as the wing models considered. Parameters of the genetic algorithm are tuned to achieve convergence to global optima. The framework is used to optimize the geometry of the wing planform for a variety of performance metrics.
Design and Testing of a Variable Stiffness Honeycomb Composite
Authors: Squibb Carson , Philen Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Shape Memory Polymer (SMPs) have been of interest for use in morphing structures. Owing to their low cost and density, large stiffness change in excess of 1000X, and easy tailorability, they are an attractive option as a variable stiffness material and in variable stiffness structures. One limitation of these polymers, however, is that they are generally too compliant for high force applications, with maximum moduli less than 3 GPa. It is of interest then to develop methods to increase the modulus of these materials while preserving their stiffness change. In this research a novel multimaterial smart carbon fiber honeycomb is designed as a reinforcement for a styrene SMP infill, creating a variable modulus honeycomb composite. A unit cell finite element model is created, and parametric studies are completed to explore the design space of the composite. Selected cell geometries are fabricated and tested to validate the fabrication method and determine their the in-plane effective modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and stiffness change through SMP activation. The results find increases in modulus over the SMP alone of up to 400%, and modulus close to those of the SMP are found to be possible. Modulus changes of nearly 450X are demonstrated, which is found to be an underprediction owing to experimental uncertainty. The predicted and measured performance of this type of composite, along with the ease of tailoring the cell geometry, represent a potentially attractive option for variable stiffness SMP composites and morphing structures.
Investigation of Transformation Temperatures, Microstructure, and Deformation Behavior of a Pseudoelastic Cu-Based Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Krancher Christian , Schelnberger Benjamin , Hoffmann Fabian , Krieg Romina , Theiß Ralf , Dültgen Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cu-based shape memory alloys are a promising alternative to the widely used nitinol. The challenge for their use is related to the application temperature, shape memory properties as well as fabrication, and further processing. Knowledge of the transformation temperatures, microstructure, and deformation behavior is of fundamental importance. Research suggested that Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys could fulfill this combination of properties excellent.
For this purpose, a Cu-Al-Mn-Ni shape memory alloy was melted, cast, and the produced cast rods were subsequently heat treated. For a first idea of whether the chosen composition is a promising alloy depending on the homogenization time, the transformation temperatures and the resulting microstructure were investigated. The transformation behavior was determined by dynamic differential calorimetry. Microstructure investigations were performed by optical microscopy. In addition, to get a first knowledge concerning the deformation behavior the material was characterized by quasi-static compression tests. To this end, cylindrical specimens were turned from the cast bars.
The investigation demonstrates a pseudoelastic behavior of the chosen Cu-Al-Mn-Ni shape memory alloy. The study proves the influence of the homogenization time on the microstructure. Furthermore, excellent deformation behavior and good shape memory properties under compressive loading are shown.
A Novel Compact Concept Design of an SMA Based Endoscope
Authors: Goergen Yannik , Britz Rouven , Mandolino Michele , Rizzello Gianluca , Motzki Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Since continuum robots are applicable in many areas, including industry and medicine, research interest in this field is continuously increasing. A crucial aspect to effectively control their complex motion is the type of actuators. Common solutions are characterized by bulky driving units placed at the base of the robot. Although these solutions allow preserving the lightweight nature of the active part, they affect the weight, size, and mobility of the total system. This paper presents a novel concept of a fully integrated continuum robotic endoscope driven by shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators. These unconventional actuators are integrated within the flexible structure, resulting in a compact and lightweight overall robotic structure. The mechanical design and assembly are first described in detail showing the unique features. Furthermore, the design of an SMA driven autofocus system is described. In the future, the autofocus should be integrated within the tip of the robot and allows adjusting the focus of a camera.
Design and Control Strategy of Tip Manipulation for Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Steerable Needle
Authors: Acharya Sharad Raj , Hutapea Parsaoran 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In a minimally invasive percutaneous procedure like biopsy, brachytherapy, and tissue ablation, the inner soft tissue is accessed through surgical needle-puncture of the skin. This process reduces tissue damage and risk of infection and improves patient recovery time. However, its effectiveness depends on the needle’s ability to travel on a curved path, avoid obstacles, and maintain high targeting accuracy. Conventional needles are passive and have limited steerability and trajectory correction capability. This has motivated researchers to develop actuation mechanisms to create active needles. In this study, an innovative active steerable needle with a single shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator is designed, fabricated, and tested for maneuver. A closed-loop Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with position feedback is developed to control needle tip deflection in air and tissue-mimicking gels. The needle tip is deflected up to 5.75 mm in the air medium. In tissue-mimicking gel, it is deflected up to 15 mm in a predefined trajectory during a 100 mm insertion depth. Our results show that needle tip deflection control has an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.72 mm in the air and 1.26 mm in the tissue-mimicking gel. The trajectory tracking performance of the designed SMA actuated needle and its control system show the effectiveness of the active needle in the percutaneous procedures. Future work includes testing the needle’s performance in the biological tissues.
Aerodynamic Modeling and Analysis of a Variable Camber Piezocomposite Rotor
Authors: Shah Bharg , Bilgen Onur 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The so-called solid-state (mechanism-free) rotor concept can be applied to various rotary systems such as rotorcraft and wind turbines, to name a few. In this paper, the theoretical aerodynamic performance of a variable camber piezocomposite rotor is analyzed and presented. Two aerodynamic parameters, namely, the blade pitch angle, and the blade camber are analyzed. Coefficients of thrust and torque are taken into consideration as performance metrics. Two types of modeling are used to quantify the theoretical performance of the variable camber rotor: an analytical model, and an XROTOR model. The analytical model for prediction of coefficients of thrust and torque is based on the blade element momentum theory. For the XROTOR model, the rotor performance parameters are identified by for the use of simulations for a range of rotational speeds. Benchtop experiments are used to identify the parameters for the theoretical models.
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis
Authors: Horne Andrew W , Missmer Stacey A 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Endometriosis affects approximately 190 million women and people assigned female at birth worldwide. It is a chronic, inflammatory, gynecologic disease marked by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, which in many patients is associated with debilitating painful symptoms. Patients with endometriosis are also at greater risk of infertility, emergence of fatigue, multisite pain, and other comorbidities. Thus, endometriosis is best understood as a condition with variable presentation and effects at multiple life stages. A long diagnostic delay after symptom onset is common, and persistence and recurrence of symptoms despite treatment is common. This review discusses the potential genetic, hormonal, and immunologic factors that lead to endometriosis, with a focus on current diagnostic and management strategies for gynecologists, general practitioners, and clinicians specializing in conditions for which patients with endometriosis are at higher risk. It examines evidence supporting the different surgical, pharmacologic, and non-pharmacologic approaches to treating patients with endometriosis and presents an easy to adopt step-by-step management strategy. As endometriosis is a multisystem disease, patients with the condition should ideally be offered a personalized, multimodal, interdisciplinary treatment approach. A priority for future discovery is determining clinically informative sub-classifications of endometriosis that predict prognosis and enhance treatment prioritization.
Impact of patient and public (PPI) involvement in the Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Brett Jo , Davey Zoe , Matley Fiona , Butcher Hugh , Keenan John , Catton Darryl , Watson Eila , Wright Penny , Gavin Anna , Glaser Adam W 
Published: November 2022

ObjectivesStandardised reporting of patient and public involvement (PPI) in research studies is needed to facilitate learning about how to achieve effective PPI. The aim of this evaluation was to explore the impact of PPI in a large UK study, the Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study, and to explore the facilitators and challenges experienced.DesignMixed-methods study using an online survey and semistructured interviews. Survey and topic guide were informed by systematic review evidence of the impact of PPI and by realist evaluation. Descriptive analysis of survey data and thematic analysis of interview data were conducted. Results are reported using the GRIPP2 (Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public, Version 2) reporting guidelines.SettingLAPCD study, a UK-wide patient-reported outcome study.ParticipantsUser Advisory Group (UAG) members (n=9) and researchers (n=29) from the LAPCD study.ResultsImpact was greatest on improving survey design and topic guides for interviews, enhancing clarity of patient-facing materials, informing best practices around data collection and ensuring steering group meetings were grounded in what is important to the patient. Further impacts included ensuring patient-focused dissemination of study findings at conference presentations and in lay summaries.Facilitating context factors included clear aims, time to contribute, confidence to contribute, and feeling valued and supported by researchers and other UAG members. Facilitating mechanisms included embedding the UAG within the study as a separate workstream, allocating time and resources to the UAG reflecting the value of input, and putting in place clear communication channels. Hindering factors included time commitment, geographical distance, and lack of standardised feedback mechanisms.ConclusionIncluding PPI as an integral component of the LAPCD study and providing the right context and mechanisms for involving the UAG helped maximise the programme’s effectiveness and impact.