bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discharge Coefficients of Small-Diameter Orifices and Flow Nozzles
Authors: Grace H. P. , Lapple C. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Discharge coefficients were determined in a standard 1-in. pipe for thick-plate and knife-edge orifices of 1/32-in. to 3/4-in. diam, and for critical (sonic) flow nozzles of 1/32-in. to 1/4-in. diam. With properly constructed knife-edge orifices the discharge coefficients were established within ±0.5 per cent for all sizes, but, with small orifices of 1/4 to 1-hole-diam thickness, the discharge coefficients were not reproducible. Thick-plate orifices (1-hole-diam thick) were found to be as good or better than nozzles in constancy of discharge coefficients when used under critical-flow conditions.
Creep Properties of Lucite and Plexiglas for Tension, Compression, Bending, and Torsion
Authors: Marin Joseph , Pao Yoh-Han , Cuff George 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this investigation, creep-time relations in tension, compression, bending, and torsion were obtained for lucite and plexiglas. For each type of stress the influence of the stress and time on the creep deformations and creep rates were determined. Various interpretations of the test data were made. It was found that there was a linear relation between the minimum constant creep rates and the stress when represented on a log-log plot. The creep deformations in tension and compression were expressed in terms of the stress and the time by an equation which considered the initial creep strain. A theory was developed for predicting the creep deflection and creep rate in bending, using the creep constants in tension and compression. Good agreement was found between the experimental and theoretical results.
Cutting Temperatures and Metal-Cutting Phenomena
Authors: Chao B. T. , Trigger K. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper considers some important findings which resulted from an investigation on the mechanism of heat generation during metal-cutting operations. It has been found that many changes during the cutting of metals are due to the change in tool-chip interface temperature through its influence on tool-chip friction. The paper is divided into two parts, the first of which pertains to the cutting forces and cutting temperatures observed during conventional turning and orthogonal cutting under otherwise identical conditions. The higher heat-dissipating capacity of the tool in orthogonal cutting operations was found to be fundamentally responsible for the observed differences. In the second part of the paper, the role of tool-chip contact area on interface temperatures is further investigated. This study has been of value in the interpretation of tool-chip interface temperature data and other phenomena heretofore inexplicable.
Heat Transfer to a Fluid Flowing Turbulently in a Smooth Pipe With Walls at Constant Temperature
Authors: Seban R. A. , Shimazaki T. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The case of heat transfer to an incompressible fluid of constant properties flowing turbulently within a pipe having constant wall temperature has been investigated analytically. Heat-transfer coefficients have been evaluated and compared to the coefficients obtained by Martinelli (1) for the same flow conditions in a pipe having a linear variation of wall temperature obtained from a constant heat-transfer rate along the pipe length. At low Prandtl numbers, such as obtained with molten metals, the ratio between the coefficients for these two cases may become as low as 0.73, with the coefficient for the constant-wall-temperature case being the smaller of the two. A simple equation of the Lyon type is indicated for the correlation of the present results.
A Standard Laboratory Corrosion Test for Metals in Phosphoric-Acid Service
Authors: Ebling H. F. , Scheil M. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to show the need of a standard test for materials to be used in phosphoric-acid service. We propose and use a standard laboratory phosphoric-acid test to evaluate materials for phosphoric-acid service. This test is explored presenting some possible difficulties and their corrections. The relation between the laboratory test and our field experience is presented and illustrated. A table of laboratory corrosion test results is presented as a guide in selecting metals for phosphoric-acid service.
Selection, Operation, and Maintenance of Industrial Cooling Equipment: Cooling Towers and Air-Cooled Exchangers
Authors: Degler H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To avoid water shortages, conservation and re-use of water have become a necessity in many areas. Water can be purified, cooled, and re-used. Large industrial water users are power plants, manufacturers of paper, petroleum products, rayon, linens, textiles, lactose, sugar, explosives, hydrogen, rubber, steel, and so forth. Requirements are frequently in excess of 300 lb of water per lb of finished product. Water usage has doubled in the past decade—hence selection of cooling equipment becomes more important as power demands increase, industries expand, and new processes are perfected. Mechanical-draft cooling towers can cool water evaporatively to a temperature approaching the wet-bulb temperature of the ambient air. This evaporative method requires less than 1 per cent evaporation of the water circulated to dispose of the heat load economically. Air-cooled finned-tube exchangers are having increased acceptance and usage for “high-level heat removal” (for example, above 130 F referred to 100 F dry-bulb air), where water is scarce, expensive, and/or badly polluted; small space requirements and easy control are other features. The performance and life of any piece of cooling equipment is directly dependent upon its inherent qualities, type of service, severity of operation, general care and maintenance, and climatic environment.
The Fatigue Strength of Threaded Connections
Authors: Thurston R. C. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Published information on the strength of threaded connections subjected to dynamic loading has been surveyed and summarized, with particular reference to high-duty applications. After a consideration of the load distribution and the concentration of stress at the thread roots, the subject is discussed from the following viewpoints: Effect of thread form; effect of method of manufacture; effect of degree of tightness; methods for improving performance; special modifications in design. In general, the basic principles to be followed in the design of high-strength bolt and stud assemblies are outlined, the reasons underlying them explained, and evidence in their support given when possible.
The Forces and Moments in the Leg During Level Walking
Authors: Bresler B. , Frankel J. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of normal level walking is presented in this paper in terms of the displacements of and the force systems at the leg joints. The data on four normal subjects were obtained from simultaneous recording of the positions of the leg in space and the floor reactions during level walking. The mass moments of inertia of the lower extremity were determined experimentally and the effects of gravity and inertia were included in the analysis. The forces and moments are presented in terms of the space components referred to a system of horizontal and vertical orthogonal axes.
Forming of a Plastic Sheet Between Fixed Cylindrical Guides With Coulomb Friction
Authors: Ansoff H. I. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to obtain a rigorous analysis of the drawing of a plastic sheet between two fixed cylindrical surfaces. A number of solutions have recently been given (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) in which the following fundamental assumptions are used: (a) The material between the cylinders is in a state of plane plastic flow and behaves according to the Saint Venant-Mises theory; (b) the normal stress in the direction of drawing σx and the normal stress at the boundary σn are the principal stresses, (c) the horizontal stress σx is constant over each cross section. In the present treatment only assumption (a) is retained. Shevchenko (4) has recently solved this problem assuming that the shearing stress at the walls is proportional to the relative velocity between the wall and the plastic material.
Bending of an Ideal Plastic Metal
Authors: Lubahn J. D. , Sachs G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The stresses and strains in plastically bent parts have been analyzed for the two limiting conditions of (a) a very wide plate (plane strain), and (b) a very narrow bar (plane stress). The complete solution is presented for a hypothetical metal with no strain-hardening, and the method is described for treating any actual metal. The solution was obtained by a method of successive approximations, each approximation employing various graphical processes. The gradual change in cross-sectional contour with progressive bending was obtained by considering small successive intervals of increasing curvature. The final solution shows the movement of the neutral axis toward the compression surface, the decrease in the radial dimension of the part, and the gradual divergence between the tangential strains at the inside and outside surfaces. The solutions for plane stress and plane strain were nearly identical as regards the tangential strains and the changes in the radial dimension. Experimental measurements of surface strains and cross-sectional contour of bends conformed well with the results of the calculations.
Hide-Out of Sodium Phosphate in High-Pressure Boilers
Authors: Straub F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A study has been made to explain a type of hide-out of sodium phosphate in steam boilers operating at about 1700 psi. This has shown that an insoluble form of a sodium phosphate is stable at temperatures above 620 F. This type of phosphate is scale-forming and is resistant to heat transfer. This sodium phosphate does not have the properties corresponding to those of the sodium phosphates normally encountered in steam-boiler water. Analyses by chemical means, x rays, and petrographic all indicate that this is a different form of sodium phosphate. Tests indicate that no insoluble potassium phosphate is formed and, if suitable potassium-to-sodium ratio is maintained, this insoluble salt will not form.
Some New Values of the Second Enthalpy Coefficient for Dry Air
Authors: Andersen J. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Measurements of the second enthalpy coefficient for dry CO2-free air are reported for three temperatures: 0 C, 10 C, and 30 C. These values, which are in excellent agreement with the best data on air in the literature, were formulated, together with the data of Eucken, Clusius, and Berger by the equation β=-0.05442G(0.01244T),ft3/lb The second virial coefficient was then calculated by means of the equation B=0.05442F(0.01244T)-2.33×10-5T,ft3/lb where the value of the constant of integration was adjusted to give the best fit with the Holborn and Schultze compressibility data. These equations represent adequately all reliable data on air in the temperature range −80 C to 200 C. The functions F and G are the well-known Lennard-Jones functions, abridged tables of which are given in the Appendix.
Heat Transfer to a Fluid Flowing Turbulently Between Parallel Walls With Asymmetric Wall Temperatures
Authors: Seban R. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The case of heat transfer to a fluid of constant properties flowing turbulently between parallel walls having arbitrary but uniform temperatures is considered on an analytical basis, which is an extension of the work of Martinelli and of Harrison and Menke. Therefore, only conditions for a flow fully developed from the hydrodynamic and thermal standpoint are considered. It is shown that the existence of solutions for the case of one adiabatic wall enables the specification of the temperature distribution and heat-transfer coefficients for cases in which the walls have any uniform temperature values. The effect of inequality in the wall temperatures is shown to be small for Prandtl numbers greater than unity but significant for fluids of low Prandtl number, such as molten metals. To facilitate its use in the present applications, the existing solution for one adiabatic wall is extended.
The Flow Through Centrifugal Compressors and Pumps
Authors: Sheets H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The flow through centrifugal compressors and pumps is a three-dimensional flow problem and is of such a complex nature that an exact solution is not obtainable. The literature (1, 2) shows the differential equations which the flow through an impeller must follow. An approximate solution to these equations is found by means of certain assumptions which are possible for impellers within a limited range of specific speeds. The solution gives the approximate velocity and pressure distribution in the impeller passages. The knowledge of the velocity distribution is used to analyze the phenomena of pulsation and blade stalling. The method has also been used in mixed-flow compressors and radial- and mixed-flow turbines. The application of this method for two impellers and test data are presented.
Film Thickness Between Gear Teeth: A Graphical Solution of Karlson’s Problem
Authors: Hersey M. D. , Lowdenslager D. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This investigation completes a solution, undertaken by K. G. Karlson in his little-known Swedish paper of 1926, for the oil-film thickness between gear teeth. Karlson’s problem is characterized by the use of a parabolic curve for the viscosity-pressure relation. The numerical results here obtained are comparable with those previously published by Gatcombe, who used a more conventional viscosity-pressure formula. It is hoped that the present analysis will help to clarify the assumptions and calculations required in the hydrodynamic theory of gear-tooth lubrication. As an aid to its practical application, the relative film thicknesses found for geometrically similar pairs of gears are here shown by a chart constructed in terms of the appropriate dimensionless variables, and extending from zero to 10 microinches per in. of pitch diameter of the pinion. The limiting case of a lubricant whose viscosity is unaffected by pressure, for which an analytical solution had been given by Karlson, is represented by a straight line on this chart.
Effect of Horizontal Vibrations and Particle Size on the Packing Density of Multi-Sized Sphere Mixtures: Discrete Element Method Simulation
Authors: Salamat Azamat , Golman Boris , Spitas Christos 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Particle packing densification due to vibrations is a common process that occurs in many industrial applications and is beneficial for achieving better mechanical properties in powder metallurgy. However, most of the research up to this point was focused on vibration compaction of uniform-sized or binary particle mixtures, while most actual commercial powders consist of particles of variable sizes. In this work, the packing of multi-sized sphere mixtures under horizontal vibrations is simulated with the help of the discrete element method (DEM). The variations of total and local packing density with vibrations and particle size were investigated. The simulation results suggest that there are optimal values for the two vibration parameters at which the closest packing is obtained. Further increase in the particle size decreases the density and slightly shifts these peaks to the lower values of vibrations. Local density values are quite uniform at the optimal vibration parameters, but the deviations become higher when frequency or amplitude is too low or high. With an increase in particle size, these trends become less profound and more deviated. The investigations of effects of size can help in predicting optimal parameters and density values for experimental studies. These developments are similar to those for uniform and binary particle assemblies and correlate with experimental and numerical studies from the literature. The results can be helpful in carefully choosing the particle mixture properties and vibration conditions for actual manufacturing.
Influence of Tool Thread Pitch During Friction Stir Welding of High-Density Polyethylene Plate
Authors: Wilkins Lucas T. , Strauss Alvin M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study utilizes a face-centered central composite response surface design of experiments to determine the effects of thread pitch when friction stir welding high-density polyethylene. The tool pin thread pitch, along with rotation and traversing speed, was varied so that models of the maximum tensile strength, tool temperature, and tool forces could be analyzed. Coarser thread pitches facilitated higher tensile strength than finer threads due to greater material velocity and overlap between the stir zone and base material. In the tested range, the thread pitch provided a 6% linear contribution to ultimate tensile strength, whereas welds with coarse threads had on average a 2.83 MPa increase in tensile strength over the fine thread tool. The greater circumferential pin surface area of fine threads caused a greater increase in tool temperature, though this did not correlate to stronger welds. Ultimately, the most interdiffusion across the polymer joint occurred with the coarser thread pitch and slow traverse speed due to prolonged joint exposure to the molten polymer weld pool.
An Adaptive Two-Stage Kriging-Based Infilling Strategy for Efficient Multi-Objective Global Optimization
Authors: Liu Yin , Wang Shuo , Li Kunpeng , Sun Wei , Song Xueguan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Most practical multi-objective optimization problems are often characterized by two or more expensive and conflicting objectives, which require time-consuming simulations. Commonly used algorithms construct a surrogate model of each objective function from a few high-fidelity solutions. In order to further decrease the computational burden, adaptive infilling strategies for multi-objective problems are developed to guide the next infilling design for expensive evaluation and update the surrogate model as well as the Pareto front in an iterative manner. In this paper, a multi-objective infilling strategy integrating the Kriging model with a two-stage infilling framework is proposed, termed as ATKIS. This method allows exploitation and exploration alternately to pinpoint the infilling solution for improving the Pareto set and avoiding local over-exploitation simultaneously. At the local exploitation stage, Kriging-based prediction and uncertainty estimation are combined with Non-dominant Ranking and Minimum Relative Distance theories for determining a new design solution, which has maximum improvement relative to the current Pareto set. At the global exploration stage, Voronoi tessellation theory is employed to search for the sparsest position in the design space for a new evaluation. The proposed method is compared with five recent infilling strategies to investigate the performance of infilling ability using several numerical benchmarks. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the other three strategies in improving both effectiveness and robustness using the improvement of hypervolume as the evaluating indicator. In addition, a lightweight optimization design of hoist sheaves shows that the proposed method can deal with real engineering problems, while significantly reducing the computational time and the number of expensive simulations of samples.
Biosiliceous, organic-rich, and phosphatic facies of Triassic strata of northwest Alaska: Transect across a high-latitude, low-angle continental margin
Authors: Dumoulin Julie A. , Whidden Katherine J. , Rouse William A. , Lease Richard O. , Boehlke Adam , O’Sullivan Paul 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The Shublik Formation (Middle and Upper Triassic) is a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate-phosphatic unit in northern Alaska. It generated oil found in Prudhoe Bay and other accumulations and is a prospective self-sourced resource play on Alaska’s North Slope. Its distal, deeper-water equivalent—the Otuk Formation—consists largely of radiolarian chert, mudstone, and limestone and contains potential gas accumulations in the Brooks Range foothills to the south. New petrographic, fossil, geochemical, spectral gamma-ray, and zircon U-Pb data yield insights into facies changes in these units, which were deposited across a shallowly dipping shelf margin in a high-latitude setting. Samples come from four localities along a transect that extends ~410 km from present-day northeast (proximal) to southwest (distal) in northwest Alaska. Proximal Shublik facies (Brontosaurus 1 well) contain abundant siliciclastic detritus and local phosphate. Shublik-Otuk transitional facies occur in the probable onshore extension of the Hanna Trough (Surprise Creek); new zircon U-Pb data indicate an early Norian age for a bentonite bed in this section. Distal Otuk facies (Red Dog district, Cape Lisburne) are fine grained, biosiliceous, and organic rich. New detrital zircon U-Pb data from a distinctive sandstone member in the Otuk Formation at Cape Lisburne reinforce previous interpretations of a provenance to the present-day northwest and indicate a protracted history of Triassic magmatism for this source area. Triassic facies patterns in northwestern Alaska were shaped by sea-level change, climate, and regional tectonism. Organic-rich facies developed best at times (Ladinian–middle Norian) and/or in settings (distal shelf, Hanna Trough) with minimal dilution of organic matter by other detritus.