bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of breed, sex, and oral meloxicam administration on pain biomarkers following hot-iron branding in Hereford and Angus calves
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Kleinhenz Michael D , Edwards-Callaway Lily N , Engle Terry E , Guimaraes Octavio , Schafer David W , Montgomery Shawnee R , Curtis Andrew K , Weeder Mikaela M , Jacobs Devin R , Coetzee Johann F 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hot-iron branding uses thermal injury to permanently identify cattle causing painful tissue damage. The primary objective was to examine the physiological and behavioral effects of oral meloxicam (MEL), compared to a control, administered at the time of hot-iron branding in Angus and Hereford steers and heifers. The secondary objectives were to investigate breed and sex effects on pain biomarkers. A total of 70 yearlings, consisting of 35 heifers and 35 steers (Angus, Hereford, or Angus × Hereford), were enrolled in the study. Animals were blocked by sex, randomized across weight, and assigned to receive MEL (1 mg/kg) or a placebo (CON). Biomarkers were assessed for 48 h after branding and included infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), accelerometry and a visual analog scale (VAS), and serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites (PGEM). Wound healing was assessed for 12 wk. Hair samples to quantify cortisol levels were taken prior to and 30 d post-branding. Responses were analyzed using repeated measures with calf nested in treatment as a random effect, and treatment, time, treatment by time interaction, breed, and sex as fixed effects. There was a treatment by time interaction for PGEM (P &lt; 0.01) with MEL having lower values than CON at 6, 24, and 48 h (MEL: 18.34 ± 3.52, 19.61 ± 3.48, and 22.24 ± 3.48 pg/mL, respectively; CON: 32.57 ± 3.58, 37.00 ± 3.52, and 33.07 ± 3.48 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.01). MEL showed less of a difference in maximum IRT values between the branded (2.27 ± 0.29 °C) and control site (3.15 ± 0.29 °C; P &lt; 0.01). MEL took fewer lying bouts at 0–12 h (4.91 bouts ± 0.56) compared with CON (6.87 bouts ± 0.55; P &lt; 0.01). Compared with Hereford calves, Angus calves exhibited greater serum but lower hair cortisol, greater PGEM, more lying bouts, and less healed wound scores at 3, 4, and 5 wk. Compared with heifers, steers exhibited lower PGEM, lower branding site and ocular IRT, higher MNT, and lower plasma meloxicam levels. Steers spent more time lying, took more lying bouts and had greater VAS pain, and more healed wound scores at 5 wk than heifers. Meloxicam administration at branding reduced branding and control site temperature differences and reduced lying bouts for the first 12 h. Breed and sex effects were observed across many biomarkers. Changes from baseline values for IRT, MNT, lying time, step count, VAS pain, and wound scoring all support that branding cattle is painful.
American Burn Association Burn Prevention Framework
Authors: Campbell Stephanie A , Klas Karla , Hoarle Kimberly , Dillard B Daniel , Grant Ernest , Newman Annette , Peterson Pamela , Radics-Johnson Jennifer , Ming Liu Yuk , Wibbenmeyer Lucy , Wolf Steven , Coffey Rebecca 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In February 2020, burn prevention experts from a variety of professional backgrounds gathered for a national Burn Prevention Summit. Through lively discussion and debate, this group came to a consensus on several core burn prevention concepts in order to create a framework for burn prevention program planning. The resulting document includes components of a successful program, a five-step process for program planning, best practices in messaging, and general advice from the summit attendees. This framework is designed for both novice professionals who are new to burn prevention programming development and experienced professionals who would like to strengthen existing programming.
Characterized Gene Repertoires and Functional Gene Reference for Forensic Entomology: Genomic and Developmental Transcriptomic Analysis of Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Meng Fanming , Han Han , Wang Mo , Jiang Yangshuai , Pi Zhiyun , Qu Yihong , Liu Zhuoying , Cai Jifeng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many flies of Diptera are common entomological evidence employed in forensic investigation. Exploring the existence of inter- and intra-species genomic differences of forensically relevant insects is of great importance. Aldrichina grahami is a common blow fly species of forensic importance. The present study characterized the gene repertoires of A. grahami, and provides insights into issues related to forensic entomology, such as necrophagous behavior, gene family features, and developmental patterns. Gene families were clustered and classified according to their function in different aspects of the necrophagous lifestyle, generating several gene repertoires. The genes under positive selection pressure and evolutionary changes were screen and identified. Moreover, genes that exhibited potential prediction value in the post mortem interval (PMI) estimation and development of immature stages were subjected to analysis based on the developmental transcriptome. Related insect species were compared at the genomic level to reveal the genes associated with necrophagous behaviors. The expression of selected genes in separated repositories was verified using qPCR. This work was conducted using a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of A. grahami and its developmental transcriptome. The findings will facilitate future research on A. grahami and the other forensically important species.
Analysis of spatial point patterns in electron-counting images
Authors: Kodama Tetsuji , Nakashima Yusuke , Akashi Tetsuya , Takahashi Yoshio , Mori Shigeo , Harada Ken 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this study, the spatial counting statistics of free electron beams, which were released via field emission from cold metal and propagated through a vacuum region, were investigated to examine the normal functioning of the counting equipment for electron correlation spectroscopy. The beam electrons were recorded separately according to the locations of individual events as they reached the direct detection transmission Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. We examined the spatial point patterns arising from the locations of the individual events of each primary electron being detected in the case of electrons in a state in which the wave function is constant on the sensor. The quadrat method, which compares the observed frequencies of the number of electron counts in the subsets of the study region with the predicted frequencies from a Poisson distribution, indicates a clustering-type departure from complete spatial randomness. To explore some of the basic principles governing the location of coherent electrons being counted, Ripley’s K-function and the corresponding L-function of a stationary spatial point process were used to test the complete spatial randomness from the data. The maximum peak in the average of the L-functions was sensitive only to the mean counts per frame. Thus, clustering of spatial point patterns may result from abnormalities in the direct detection camera. When the interaction of the beam electrons with the sensor is included in the simulation, there is a reasonable match between the average of the L-functions and the experimental curves with the theoretically simulated curves.
Realist Review of Care Models That Include Primary Care for Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Snyder Claire , Choi Youngjee , Smith Katherine C , Wilson Renee F , Yuan Christina T , Nathan Paul C , Zhang Allen , Robinson Karen A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Appropriate models of survivorship care for the growing number of adult survivors of childhood cancer are unclear. We conducted a realist review to describe how models of care that include primary care and relevant resources (eg, tools, training) could be effective for adult survivors of childhood cancer. We first developed an initial program theory based on qualitative literature (studies, commentaries, opinion pieces) and stakeholder consultations. We then reviewed quantitative evidence and consulted stakeholders to refine the program theory and develop and refine context-mechanism-outcome hypotheses regarding how models of care that include primary care could be effective for adult survivors of childhood cancer. Effectiveness for both resources and models is defined by survivors living longer and feeling better through high-value care. Intermediate measures of effectiveness evaluate the extent to which survivors and providers understand the survivor’s history, risks, symptoms and problems, health-care needs, and available resources. Thus, the models of care and resources are intended to provide information to survivors and/or primary care providers to enable them to obtain/deliver appropriate care. The variables from our program theory found most consistently in the literature include oncology vs primary care specialty, survivor and provider knowledge, provider comfort treating childhood cancer survivors, communication and coordination between and among providers and survivors, and delivery/receipt of prevention and surveillance of late effects. In turn, these variables were prominent in our context-mechanism-outcome hypotheses. The findings from this realist review can inform future research to improve childhood cancer survivorship care and outcomes.
Line-strengths in early-type galaxies
Authors: Gorgas J , Efstathiou G , Aragón Salamanca A 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We have analysed Mg, H/β and Fe line-strengths in a sample of elliptical, SO and brightest cluster galaxies. For 15 galaxies, our spectra extend to approximately the half-light radius (re), and we are able to measure radial line-strength gradients. The metallic line-strength gradients vary markedly from object to object, and do not correlate strongly with parameters such as total luminosity and rotation, though we find some evidence that gradients in the Mg2 index correlate with central velocity dispersion and central line-strength. The highly variable line-strength gradients in early-type galaxies shows that they have experienced different star formation histories. We suggest that this may be explained if they formed by the mergers of subunits in which star formation had proceeded to varying degrees of completion. We find that the line-strengths at r ˜ re in elliptical galaxies are slightly larger than those of metal-rich galactic globulars, suggesting that typical elliptical galaxies have roughly solar abundance at r~re and therefore that most ellipticals have relatively weak abundance gradients. The relative line-strengths in the outer parts of ellipticals differ from those in the nuclei of low-luminosity ellipticals, indicating that these stellar populations do not represent a simple one-parameter family governed by mean metal abundance. We find no significant differences in the central Mg and Fe line-strengths of the brightest cluster galaxies and normal ellipticals with the same central velocity dispersion. However, we find that two cD galaxies show H/β in emission and are also at the centres of the prodigious cooling flows with mass-deposition rates of ≳ 100 M⊙ yr−1. Galaxies with cooling flows have identical Mg and Fe line-strengths to galaxies without cooling flows. We show that this implies that only a small fraction of the total luminosity of cooling flow galaxies could come from ongoing star formation with a normal stellar initial mass function.
High-resolution interstellar and stellar line profiles of stars in the globular cluster M22
Authors: Bates B , Catney M G , Keenan F P 
Published: February 2022

Summary
High-resolution (˜5 km s−1 FWHM) spectra have been obtained for stars in the globular cluster M22 using the University College London echelle spectrograph (UCLES) at the coudé focus of the AAT. The prime objective was a study of the fine-scale spatial structure of the line-of-sight gas through observations of the Na D lines. Essentially the gas towards the cluster at distance ˜ 6 kpc is concentrated in two components at the approximate velocities (LSR) of + 6 and + 37 km s−1. The lower velocity material is likely to be part of a nearby H I cloud, first mapped in the radio region, in which case the spatial sampling in the present study has a scale &lt; 0.3 pc. The higher velocity gas varies from a single component to a multiple component structure over the angular extent of the cluster. The distance to this material is less certain but it may be associated with the Sagittarius arm. New observations are presented also for the stellar Hα and Na D lines. Time variability of Hα emission and Na D line asymmetry are detected for two stars. The present data are in qualitative agreement with models for mass loss occurring in expanding, circumstellar envelopes.
Oscillatory convection in sunspot umbrae
Authors: Weiss N O , Brownjohn D P , Hurlburt N E , Proctor M R E 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Subphotospheric convection is partially inhibited by the strong vertical magnetic field at the centre of a sunspot. We investigate the effects of stratification on non-linear magnetoconvection in a fully compressible perfect gas by means of two-dimensional numerical experiments. Behaviour depends critically on the ratio ξ of the magnetic to the thermal diffusivity, which increases with depth. If ξ &gt; 1 throughout the layer we find steady overturning convection with an asymmetry between rising and falling plumes. For ξ &gt; 1 we obtain oscillatory convection with reversals of the flow. When ξ &gt; 1 at the top of the layer but ξ &gt; 1 at its base, convection sets in as steady motion but there is a transition (involving several bifurcations) to mixed-mode periodic solutions as the Rayleigh number is increased. The flow at the bottom of the layer does not reverse but adjacent rising plumes alternate between active and quiescent states. In the umbral photosphere t, &gt; 1 but ξ &gt; 1 at depths below 1500 km owing to the increase in opacity. Our results imply that time-dependent convection immediately below the photosphere is coupled to motion at levels where ξ &gt; 1. They also explain the existence of umbral dots with a lifetime corresponding to the Alfven time for the converting layer.
Can elliptical galaxies be formed by merging of spirals?
Authors: Vedel Henrik , Sommer-Larsen Jesper 
Published: February 2022

Summary
It is shown, on the basis of the mixing theorem, that normal elliptical galaxies cannot form through dissipationless merging of pure stellar discs, but that the inclusion of a modest bulge component in the disc galaxy models overcomes the problem with respect to phase space density constraints. The bulge-to-disc ratios required are found to be in the range 0.1—0.5; the smaller the systems, the higher the bulge-to-disc ratio needed. We stress that not only phase space density, but also space density constraints, are of relevance in the dissipationless merging scenario.
The distribution of cometary magnitudes
Authors: Donnison J R 
Published: February 2022

Summary
The distribution of magnitudes for long-period comets with P &gt; 200 yr, intermediate period comets with 15 &lt; P &lt; 200 yr and short-period comets with P &lt; 15 yr were analysed using a maximum likelihood method. It was found that the intermediate comets and short-period comets appear to be distinct cometary populations. On breaking the short-period comets down into smaller period ranges it was found that there was no difference in the brightness distribution indices, confirming that they are all likely to be members of the same population. The long-period comets with P &gt; 200 yr were divided by perihelion distance and also by discovery date. It was found that the brightness distribution does not vary significantly with perihelion distance. The comets discovered during the period 568–1830, however, have a statistically different distribution index from those discovered in the period 1830–1978, giving clear evidence for the presence of observational selection in the earlier observations. Only the more recent observations should be employed in statistical studies. Comparison of the indices for the short-period comets and the long-period comets show that they are not significantly different. A common ancestry for these two groups cannot therefore be ruled out.
HKG: an open genetic variant database of 205 Hong Kong cantonese exomes
Authors: Ou Min , Leung Henry Chi-Ming , Leung Amy Wing-Sze , Luk Ho-Ming , Yan Bin , Liu Chi-Man , Tong Tony Ming-For , Mok Myth Tsz-Shun , Ko Wallace Ming-Yuen , Law Wai-Chun , Lam Tak-Wah , Lo Ivan Fai-Man , Luo Ruibang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
HKG is the first fully accessible variant database for Hong Kong Cantonese, constructed from 205 novel whole-exome sequencing data. There has long been a research gap in the understanding of the genetic architecture of southern Chinese subgroups, including Hong Kong Cantonese. HKG detected 196 325 high-quality variants with 5.93% being novel, and 25 472 variants were found to be unique in HKG compared to three Chinese populations sampled from 1000 Genomes (CHN). PCA illustrates the uniqueness of HKG in CHN, and the admixture study estimated the ancestral composition of HKG and CHN, with a gradient change from north to south, consistent with their geological distribution. ClinVar, CIViC and PharmGKB annotated 599 clinically significant variants and 360 putative loss-of-function variants, substantiating our understanding of population characteristics for future medical development. Among the novel variants, 96.57% were singleton and 6.85% were of high impact. With a good representation of Hong Kong Cantonese, we demonstrated better variant imputation using reference with the addition of HKG data, thus successfully filling the data gap in southern Chinese to facilitate the regional and global development of population genetics.
XAF1 directs glioma response to temozolomide through apoptotic transition of autophagy by activation of ATM–AMPK signaling
Authors: Lee Min-Goo , Choi Zisun , Lim Na-Jung , Lim Ji-Sun , Lee Kyung-Woo , Ko Kyung-Phil , Ryu Byung-Kyu , Kang Shin-Hyuk , Chi Sung-Gil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundX-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a tumor suppressor that is commonly inactivated in multiple human cancers. However, its role in the pathogenesis and therapeutic response of glioma is poorly characterized.MethodsXAF1 activation by temozolomide (TMZ) and its effect on TMZ cytotoxicity were defined using luciferase reporter, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence assays. Signaling mechanism was analyzed using genetic and pharmacologic experiments. In vivo studies were performed in mice to validate the role of XAF1 in TMZ therapy.ResultsEpigenetic alteration of XAF1 is frequent in cell lines and primary tumors and contributes to cancer cell growth. XAF1 transcription is activated by TMZ via JNK–IRF-1 signaling to promote apoptosis while it is impaired by promoter hypermethylation. In tumor cells expressing high O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), XAF1 response to TMZ is debilitated. XAF1 facilitates TMZ-mediated autophagic flux to direct an apoptotic transition of protective autophagy. Mechanistically, XAF1 is translocated into the mitochondria to stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)–AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. A mutant XAF1 lacking the zinc finger 6 domain fails to localize in the mitochondria and activate ROS–ATM–AMPK signaling and autophagy-mediated apoptosis. XAF1-restored xenograft tumors display a reduced growth rate and enhanced therapeutic response to TMZ, which is accompanied with activation of ATM–AMPK signaling. XAF1 expression is associated with overall survival of TMZ treatment patients, particularly with low MGMT cancer.ConclusionsThis study uncovers an important role for the XAF1–ATM–AMPK axis as a linchpin to govern glioma response to TMZ therapy.
Prognostic factors related to overall survival in adolescent and young adults with medulloblastoma: A systematic review
Authors: Yan Han , Zabih Veda , Bartels Ute , Das Sunit , Nathan Paul , Gupta Sumit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Medulloblastoma is a rare diagnosis among adolescents and young adults (AYA). Though prognostic factors and treatment are well characterized among children with medulloblastoma, equivalent data for AYA are sparse. We conducted a systematic review to identify predictors of survival among AYA with medulloblastoma.

Methods
We searched for primary studies of AYA (age 15–39 at diagnosis) with medulloblastoma in high-income countries within OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EBM Reviews-Cochrane library databases from inception to August 2020. Patient demographics, primary outcomes, and univariate and multivariable data on all prognostic factors were collected from included studies. Prognosticators were characterized as patient, disease, or treatment-related.

Results
We identified 18 articles. 5-year overall survival ranged between 40% and 89%, while disease-free survival ranged from 49% to 89%. Study quality was low as assessed by the Quality in Prognostic factor Studies tool. Though meta-analyses were not possible due heterogeneity, narrative summaries suggested that lower disease burden, superior postoperative functional status, and higher doses and larger fields of radiation were associated with improved survival. Reported chemotherapy regimens were heterogeneous in timing, agents, and relationship with radiation, precluding meaningful comparisons. Only one study included molecular subgroups for analysis, with the majority (76.5%) of tumors classified as Sonic Hedgehog (SHH).

Conclusions
Prognostication and treatment of AYA medulloblastoma is limited by a dearth of primary evidence and lack of specificity for patients aged 15–39. Dedicated prospective trials to delineate the benefit of various chemotherapy and radiation regimens are required in this population to identify prognosticators and ideal treatment regimens.
FDA Approval Summary: Ruxolitinib for Treatment of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Failure of One or Two Lines of Systemic Therapy
Authors: Le Robert Q , Wang Xin , Zhang Hongfei , Li Hongshan , Przepiorka Donna , Vallejo Jonathon , Leong Ruby , Ma Lian , Goldberg Kirsten B , Pazdur Richard , Theoret Marc R , De Claro Angelo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOn September 22, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved ruxolitinib for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after the failure of one or two lines of systemic therapy in adult and pediatric patients 12 years and older. Approval was based on Study INCB 18424-365 (REACH-3; CINC424D2301; NCT03112603), a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial of ruxolitinib in comparison to best available therapy (BAT) for the treatment of corticosteroid-refractory cGVHD occurring after the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A total of 329 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either ruxolitinib 10 mg twice daily (n = 165) or BAT (n = 164). BAT was selected by the investigator prior to randomization. The overall response rate through Cycle 7 Day 1 was 70% (95% CI, 63-77) in the ruxolitinib arm, and 57% (95% CI, 49-65) in the BAT arm. The median duration of response, calculated from first response to progression, death, or initiation of new systemic therapies for cGVHD, was 4.2 months (95% CI, 3.2-6.7) for the ruxolitinib arm and 2.1 months (95% CI, 1.6-3.2) for the BAT arm; and the median time from first response to death or initiation of new systemic therapies for cGVHD was 25 months (95% CI, 16.8-not estimable) for the ruxolitinib arm and 5.6 months (95% CI, 4.1-7.8) for the BAT arm. Common adverse reactions included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and infections. Given the observed response rate with durability, the clinical benefit of ruxolitinib appears to outweigh the risks of treatment for cGVHD after the failure of one or two lines of systemic therapy.