bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's the coincidence in debunking?
Authors: Bhogal Harjit 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany moral debunking arguments are driven by the idea that the correlation between our moral beliefs and the moral truths is a big coincidence, given a robustly realist conception of morality.One influential response is that the correlation is not a coincidence because there is a common explainer of our moral beliefs and the moral truths. For example, the reason that I believe that I should feed my child is because feeding my child helps them to survive, and natural selection instills in me beliefs and dispositions that help my children survive since that is conductive to my genes continuing through the generations. Similarly, the reason that it's morally good to feed my child is because it helps them to survive, and survival is morally valuable.But if we look at some cases from scientific practice, and from everyday life, we can see, I argue, why this response fails. A correlation can be coincidental even if there is a common explainer. I give an account of the nature of coincidence that draws upon recent literature on scientific explanation and argue that the correlation between moral belief and moral truth is a coincidence, even given such common explainers. And I use this to defend a certain form of debunking argument.
The effect of temporary deferrals on donor return: A 26‐year assessment in a setting without retention activities
Authors: M. Ferreira Claudio , Vieites Yan , Goldszmidt Rafael , B. Andrade Eduardo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies that describe the negative association between temporary deferrals and donor return rates commonly come from settings where mechanisms are in place to win back lapsing donors. There is little evidence on the size and prevalence of this negative association in settings with no such retention activities.Study Design and MethodsWe use data from more than 2 million donation attempts made at a blood collection agency in Brazil over a 26‐year period. We describe the distribution of deferrals across donor demographic and behavioral characteristics, and estimate multivariate survival analysis models with matched samples to measure the impact of deferrals on return rates. We control for sex, race, age, education, donation type, number of previous attempts, previous donations, and previous deferrals. We test for heterogeneous effects in interaction models with selected donor demographic and behavioral characteristics.ResultsTemporary deferrals were associated with a 50% decrease in the likelihood of return. Although the effect was observed for all population subgroups and across the full length of the dataset, it varied in magnitude. The influence of deferrals was more negative among older donors and those reporting replacement motives, and less negative among more educated donors and those with a previous donation.DiscussionWe found that temporary deferrals meaningfully harm donor careers in a setting where specific retention activities are absent. Although the effects are widespread across the population and persistent in time, there are also heterogeneities, which must be considered when designing interventions targeted at wining‐back specific groups of deferred donors.
Inter‐pathologist agreement on diagnosis, classification and grading of canine glioma
Authors: Krane Gregory A. , Shockley Keith R. , Malarkey David E. , Miller Andrew D. , Miller C. Ryan , Tokarz Debra A. , Jensen Heather L. , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Breen Matthew , Mariani Christopher L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHistopathological evaluation of tumours is a subjective process, but studies of inter‐pathologist agreement are uncommon in veterinary medicine. The Comparative Brain Tumour Consortium (CBTC) recently published diagnostic criteria for canine gliomas. Our objective was to assess the degree of inter‐pathologist agreement on intracranial canine gliomas, utilising the CBTC diagnostic criteria in a cohort of eighty‐five samples from dogs with an archival diagnosis of intracranial glioma. Five pathologists independently reviewed H&E and immunohistochemistry sections and provided a diagnosis and grade. Percentage agreement and kappa statistics were calculated to measure inter‐pathologist agreement between pairs and amongst the entire group. A consensus diagnosis of glioma subtype and grade was achieved for 71/85 (84%) cases. For these cases, percentage agreement on combined diagnosis (subtype and grade), subtype only and grade only were 66%, 80% and 82%, respectively. Kappa statistics for the same were 0.466, 0.542 and 0.516, respectively. Kappa statistics for oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma and undefined glioma were 0.585, 0.566 and 0.280 and were 0.516 for both low‐grade and high‐grade tumours. Kappa statistics amongst pairs of pathologists for combined diagnosis varied from 0.352 to 0.839. 8 % of archival oligodendrogliomas and 61% of archival astrocytomas were reclassified as another entity after review. Inter‐pathologist agreement utilising CBTC guidelines for canine glioma was moderate overall but varied from fair to almost perfect between pairs of pathologists. Agreement was similar for oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas but lower for undefined gliomas. These results are similar to pathologist agreement in human glioma studies and with other tumour entities in veterinary medicine.
Simultaneous measurement of central amygdala neuronal activity and sympathetic nerve activity during daily activities in rats
Authors: Ikegame Shizuka , Yoshimoto Misa , Miki Kenju 
Published: July 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The functional relationships between central amygdala neuronal activity (CeANA) and sympathetic nerve activity in daily activities remain unclear. We aimed to measure CeANA, renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA and LSNA, respectively), heart rate (HR) and arterial pressure simultaneously in freely moving rats.
What is the main finding and its importance?
The CeANA was significantly related to RSNA and LSNA and HR in a behavioural state‐dependent and regionally different manner; meanwhile, CeANA was tightly associated with RSNA and HR across all behavioural states. Thus, it is likely that the amygdala is a component of neural networks generating regional differences in RSNA and LSNA.
AbstractThe central amygdala (CeA) is involved in generating diverse changes in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in response to changes in daily behavioural states. However, the functional relationships between CeA neuronal activity (CeANA) and SNA in daily activities are still unclear. In the present study, we developed a method for simultaneous and continuous measurement of CeANA and SNA in freely moving rats. Wistar rats were chronically instrumented with multiple electrodes (100‐μm‐thick stainless‐steel wire) for the measurement of CeANA, renal SNA (RSNA) and lumbar SNA (LSNA), and electroencephalogram, EMG and ECG electrodes, in addition to catheters for measurement of arterial pressure (AP). During the transition from non‐rapid eye movement sleep to quiet wakefulness, moving and grooming states, a significant linear relationship was observed between CeANA and RSNA (P < 0.0001), between CeANA and LSNA (P = 0.0309), between CeANA and heart rate (HR) (P = 0.0123) and between CeANA and EMG (P = 0.0089), but no significant correlation was observed between CeANA and AP (P = 0.5139). During rapid eye movement sleep, the relationships between CeANA and RSNA, LSNA, HR, AP and EMG deviated from the previously observed linear relationships, but the time course of RSNA and HR changes was the mirror image of that of CeANA, whereas the time course of changes in LSNA and AP was not related to that of CeANA. In conclusion, CeANA was related to RSNA, LSNA and HR in a behavioural state‐dependent and regionally different manner, and CeANA was tightly associated with RSNA and HR across all behavioural states.
The transition from continental to lithospheric breakup recorded in proto-oceanic crust: Insights from the NW South China Sea
Authors: Chao Peng , Manatschal Gianreto , Zhang Cuimei , Chenin Pauline , Ren Jianye , Pang Xiong , Zheng Jingyun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe formation of a new plate boundary and creation of the first oceanic crust, two of the most important processes of plate tectonics, still remains little understood. While older studies used to assumed a sharp ocean-continent boundary between continent and ocean, recent studies suggest a progressive oceancontinent transition (OCT) between unequivocal continental and oceanic crusts. In the latter view, breakup is not instantaneous but a lasting phase, which raises questions about the nature of the OCT basement and the processes operating between continental and lithospheric breakup. Based on detailed observations of high-quality and yet unpublished reflection seismic data, we describe and interpret the characteristic structures of the NW-South China Sea OCT and their relationship with overlying syn-breakup phase sediments. We show that the OCT displays a transition from fault-dominated rifting to magma-dominated seafloor spreading. On its continent-ward side, the OCT is made of hybrid crust where tectonic thinning of continental crust is compensated by syn-extensional magmatic thickening. Oceanward, the hybrid crust evolves into a fully magmatic but fault-dominated proto-oceanic crust, and finally turns into a mature Penrose-type oceanic crust. Relying on the growth structures observed in the syn-breakup sedimentary sequences and magmatic additions, we propose a kinematic restoration of the breakup phase. We suggest out-of-sequence flip-flop faulting to explain the switch from asymmetrical, fault-dominated-extension, to fully magmatic and largely symmetrical syn-extension accretion recorded in the syn-breakup sedimentary sequences overlying the OCT.
Medical students’ exposure to and attitudes towards product promotion and incentives from the pharmaceutical industry in 2019: a national cross-sectional study in France
Authors: Molina Martin , Boëffard Adeline , Esvan Maxime , Bastian Benjamin 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesTo measure medical students’ exposure to pharmaceutical product promotion and incentives nationwide, and to evaluate students’ attitudes towards the pharmaceutical industry, access to education on promotional strategies and knowledge of institutional policies about drug company-student relationships.DesignCross-sectional survey based on a 48-item anonymous questionnaire.SettingAll 37 French medical schools, from March to April 2019.ParticipantsFrench medical students in their 4th year of study and beyond, having studied exclusively in France.Main outcome measureCumulative frequency of students’ exposure to pharmaceutical product promotion and incentives.Secondary outcome measuresExposure within the last 6 months, attitudes regarding interactions with the industry, access to education on pharmaceutical product promotion and incentives and knowledge of institutional policies.Results6280 responses were analysed (10.4% out of a total of 60 550 eligible students). 5992 students (96.3% poststratification, 99% CI (96.1% to 96.5%)) had already been exposed to pharmaceutical product promotion and incentives and 4650 (78.1%, 99% CI (77.7% to 78.6%)) within the last 6 months. 5140 students (85.4%, 99% CI (84.8% to 85.8%)) had met a pharmaceutical representative. Regarding attitudes, 2195 students (36.8%, 99% CI (36.0% to 37.5%)) thought receiving a gift could influence their own prescriptions while 3252 (53.6%, 99% CI (53.1% to 54.2%)) thought it could influence their colleagues’ prescriptions. 4533 students (76.0%, 99% CI (75.6% to 76.5%)) reported never having attended any lecture on promotional strategies. Exposure seemed to depend on the year of study and specialty. 5122 (88.1%, 99% CI (87.7% to 88.4%)) did not know whether their faculty had a policy regarding drug company-student interactions.ConclusionIn France in 2019, medical students’ exposure to pharmaceutical product promotion and incentives remains considerable and starts early during medical training. Education on promotional strategies and institutional policies should be improved to ensure responsible and ethical behaviour in prescribing medications.
Setting the top 10 priorities for obesity and weight-related research (POWeR): a stakeholder priority setting process
Authors: Butler Ailsa R , Astbury Nerys M , Goddard Lucy , Hajizadeh Anisa , Seeber Philippa , Crawley Bruce , Aveyard Paul , Jebb Susan A 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesTo identify and prioritise the most impactful, unanswered questions for obesity and weight-related research.DesignPrioritisation exercise of research questions using online surveys and an independently facilitated workshop.SettingOnline/virtual.ParticipantsWe involved members of the public including people living with obesity, researchers, healthcare professionals and policy-makers in all stages of this study.Primary outcome measuresTop 10 research questions to be prioritised in future obesity and weight-related research.ResultsSurvey 1 produced 941 questions, from 278 respondents. Of these, 49 questions held satisfactory evidence in the scientific literature and 149 were out of scope. The remaining 743 questions were, where necessary, amalgamated and rephrased, into a list of 149 unique and unanswered questions. In the second survey, 405 respondents ranked the questions in order of importance. During the workshop, a subset of 38 survey respondents and stakeholders, agreed a final list of 10 priority research questions through small and large group consultation and consensus. The top 10 priority research questions covered: the role of the obesogenic environment; effective weight loss and maintenance strategies; prevention in children; effective prevention and treatment policies; the role of the food industry; access to and affordability of a healthy diet; sociocultural factors associated with weight; the biology of appetite and food intake; and long-term health modelling for obesity.ConclusionsThis systematic and transparent process identified 149 unique and unanswered questions in the field of obesity and weight-related research culminating in a consensus among relevant stakeholders on 10 research priorities. Targeted research funding in these areas of top priority would lead to needed and impactful knowledge generation for the field of obesity and weight regulation and thereby improve population health.
Effective breastfeeding technique and associated factors among lactating mothers in Gidan District, North-East, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Asmamaw Desale Bihonegn , Habitu Yohannes Ayanaw , Negash Wubshet Debebe , Desta Dawit Zenamarkos , Mekonnen Eskedar Getie 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo assess effective breastfeeding technique (EBT) and associated factors among lactating mothers in Gidan District, North-East Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study.SettingGidan District, North-East Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 786 lactating mothers were included between 30 March and 29 April 2021.OutcomeEBT.MethodsA multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit participants. Pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires and an observational checklist were used to collect the data. Individual scores of three variables about breast feeding, namely positioning, attachment and suckling, were computed to generate the outcome variable, that is, breastfeeding technique. Binary logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the association between independent variables and EBT. Statistical significance was declared at a value of p≤0.05 with a corresponding 95% CI.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of EBT was 42.9% (326/760). Having antenatal care follow-up (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.75; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.77), delivering at health institutions (hospital AOR=2.85; 95% CI 1.22 to 6.66 and health centre AOR=2.15; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.68), and receiving postpartum home visits by the health extension workers (HEWs) (AOR=2.12; 95% CI 1.55 to 2.92) were significantly associated with the practice of EBT.ConclusionThe study showed that the prevalence of EBT was low. The finding highlights the importance of promoting utilisation of antenatal care follow-up, institutional delivery and postpartum home visits by HEWs, which play a substantial role in promoting EBT.
What are the barriers and facilitators to self-management of chronic conditions reported by women? A systematic review
Authors: Dwyer Lucy , Dowding Dawn , Kearney Rohna 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionPelvic organ prolapse (POP) can be effectively managed using a pessary. A scoping review found that pessary self-management appears to benefit women with no increased risk. Despite this, many are unwilling to self-manage their pessary. At present, there is a lack of understanding about what affects willingness to self-manage a pessary. However, there may be relevant, transferable findings from other literature about barriers to the self-management of other chronic conditions. Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify, appraise and synthesise the findings of published qualitative research exploring the barriers and facilitators to self-management of chronic conditions reported by women.Methods and analysisThe systematic review will be conducted and reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and a guide for the systematic review of qualitative data. A search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase and PsycInfo will be undertaken to identify relevant articles that meet the eligibility criteria using the search terms ‘Women’, ‘Woman’ ‘Female,’ ‘Chronic’, ‘Long-term’, ‘Disease’, ‘Illness’, ‘Condition’ ‘Health,’ ‘Self-management,’ ‘Qualitative,’ ‘Barrier’ and ‘Facilitator’. A hand search of the reference list of non-original research identified during the search but excluded will be conducted for additional publications, which meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies published before 2005 and those not available in English will be excluded. Data relevant to the topic will be extracted and critical appraisal of all included publications undertaken.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical or Health Research Authority approval is required to undertake the systematic review. The systematic review findings will be disseminated by publication. The findings will also inform subsequent exploratory work regarding pessary self-management.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022327643.
Assessing research methodologies used to evaluate inequalities in end-of-life cancer care research: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Davis Laura E , Webber Colleen , Datta Geetanjali D , Wiens Allison , Harper Sam , Hallet Julie , Coburn Natalie G , Konikoff Lauren , Tanuseputro Peter , Mahar Alyson L 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionTo provide equitable cancer care at the end of life, it is essential to first understand the evidence underpinning the existence of unequal cancer outcomes. Study design, measurement and analytical decisions made by researchers are a function of their social systems, academic training, values and biases, which influence both the findings and interpretation of whether inequalities or inequities exist. Methodological choices can lead to results with different implications for research and policy priorities, including where supplementary programmes and services are offered and for whom. The objective of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the methods, including study design, measures and statistical approaches, used in quantitative and qualitative observational studies of health equity in end-of-life cancer care, and to consider how these methods align with recommended approaches for studying health equity questions.Methods and analysisThis scoping review follows Arksey and O’Malley’s expanded framework for scoping reviews. We will systematically search Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO electronic databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that examined equity stratifiers in relation to end-of-life cancer care and/or outcomes published in English or French between 2010 and 2021. Two authors will independently review all titles, abstracts and full texts to determine which studies meet the inclusion criteria. Data from included full-text articles will be extracted into a data form that will be developed and piloted by the research team. Extracted information will be summarised quantitatively and qualitatively.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is required for this scoping review. Results will be disseminated to researchers examining questions of health equity in cancer care through scientific publication and presentation at relevant conferences.
Accidental poisoning in children: a single centre case series study in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Ahsan , Hasanul Banna Siam Md , Shojon Mohammad , Mahdi Hasan Md , Raheem Enayetur , Hossain Mohammad Sorowar 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundAccidental poisoning is a leading cause of unintentional injuries among children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The overall aspect of this unintentional poisoning is poorly understood in Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the socio-demographic factors and circumstantial context of accidental poisoning and (2) the prevalence of the type of substances causing it.MethodsA descriptive case series study was conducted from April 2019 to February 2020 at a tertiary level hospital of the capital city Dhaka in Bangladesh. Children under 10 years of age admitted to the hospital with accidental poisoning were enrolled in this study. Parents of hospitalised children were interviewed face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.ResultsA total of 223 children were recruited in this study. Children between 2 and 5 years (60%), men (61%) and children with agility (65.5%) were among the prevalent victims. The majority of cases occurred (65%) in a nuclear family setting. Most mothers (85%) of these children were non-working and most incidents took place in parents’ homes (~82%). Nearly 70% of the poisoning incidents took place in the presence of parents and over half of these occurred in the bedroom. Kerosene was the prevalent cause (33%) of accidental poisoning while insecticide/pesticide ranked second (26.5%) followed by medicines (17%) and household chemicals (12). In one-third (31.4%) of the cases, poisoning chemicals were stored in soft drink bottles while two-thirds (67.3%) of the cases were kept in containers other than original ones. Although over 80 parents somewhat knew that chemicals could be harmful to the children if ingested, most of them did not take the safety measures.ConclusionIn this present study we found that preschool-aged children were more victims of accidental poisoning mostly by ingesting kerosene and a majority of the incidents took place in the bedroom while parents were present at home. Our study findings would serve as a baseline for designing future intervention studies and policies.