bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak and associated public health measures increase the progression of myopia among children and adolescents: Evidence synthesis
Authors: Watcharapalakorn Akarapon , Poyomtip Teera , Tawonkasiwattanakun Patarakorn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeAlthough studies have suggested that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak increased myopia progression, they had different settings and analysis methods. This study compared myopia progression before and during the COVID‐19 outbreak using meta‐analysis.MethodsRelevant literature was searched on EMBASE, PubMed, ClinEpiDB and Web of Science and reviewed until 8 October 2021. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the original studies. The mean difference of change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was used for evaluation before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.ResultsThe meta‐analysis included eight studies with 773, 797 individuals aged 5–18 years. Pooled analysis indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during the pandemic was 0.41 D higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35–0.48, p < 0.01) than before the pandemic. Subgroup analysis using cycloplegic (mean difference, 0.30 D; 95% CI, 0.22–0.38; p < 0.01) or noncycloplegic refraction (mean difference, 0.60 D; 95% CI, 0.27–0.93; p < 0.01) indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during COVID‐19 significantly increased in both refractive measurements.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that the COVID‐19 pandemic accelerated myopic progression compared to the past. Government policies are urgently required to prevent and control myopia progression.
Extraordinarily early Venus' flower basket sponges (Hexactinellida, Euplectellidae) from the uppermost Ordovician Anji Biota, China
Authors: Botting Joseph P. , Janussen Dorte , Muir Lucy A. , Dohrmann Martin , Ma Junye , Zhang Yuandong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe deep‐sea hexactinellid sponge Euplectella is an iconic living genus with no known fossil record. The family Euplectellidae (which includes a subset of genera that share the common name ‘Venus' flower basket’) has a very sparse record from the Middle Cretaceous onwards, and an estimated crown‐group origin at around 300 Ma based on molecular clocks. New material of Venus' flower baskets from the latest Ordovician Anji Biota of China (444 Ma) dramatically extends the known and predicted range of the group, with implications for the diversification of the class Hexactinellida and the timing of development of deep‐sea ecosystems. The new material is described as Anjiplectella davidipharus gen. et sp. nov., with an additional taxon remaining in open nomenclature but demonstrating diversification within the group by this time.
Autonomy support in disclosure and privacy maintenance regulation within romantic relationships
Authors: Kil Hali , Allen Marie‐Pier , Taing Jennifer , Mageau Geneviève A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRomantic partners vary in their desire to share private information, and each partner must use appropriate strategies to elicit disclosure or maintain privacy from one's partner. In the present work, we propose that strategies that support the partner's autonomy, rather than being controlling, may be more acceptable and effective in eliciting disclosure and maintaining privacy in romantic relationships. In Study 1 (N = 268 individuals), participants rated the acceptability and effectiveness of autonomy supportive and controlling strategies presented in hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2 (N = 78 couples), we coded romantic partners' use of autonomy supportive and controlling strategies in recorded conversations, then assessed the acceptability and effectiveness of strategies. In both studies, autonomy supportive strategies were perceived as more acceptable and more effective than controlling strategies for eliciting disclosure and maintaining privacy from one's partner. Additionally, results of Study 2 demonstrated that eliciting disclosure using autonomy supportive strategies rather than controlling strategies resulted in greater and more personal content in partner disclosure. The results are discussed with reference to couples' interventions and the potential of autonomy supportive strategies to improve the quality of couples' communication and relationship quality.
Examining effects of rhizobacteria in relieving abiotic crop stresses using carbon‐11 radiotracing
Authors: Powell Avery , Wilder Stacy L. , Housh Alexandra B. , Scott Stephanie , Benoit Mary , Powell Garren , Waller Spenser , Guthrie James M. , Schueller Michael J. , Ferrieri Richard A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn agriculture, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are increasingly used for reducing environmental stress‐related crop losses through mutualistic actions of these microorganisms, activating physiological and biochemical responses, building tolerances within their hosts. Here we report the use of radioactive carbon‐11 (t½ 20.4 min) to examine the metabolic and physiological responses of Zea mays to Azospirillum brasilense (HM053) inoculation while plants were subjected to salinity and low nitrogen stresses. Host metabolism of “new” carbon resources (as 11C) and physiology including [11C]‐photosynthate translocation were measured in response to imposed growth conditions. Salinity stress caused shortened, dense root growth with a 6‐fold increase in foliar [11C]‐raffinose, a potent osmolyte. ICP‐MS analyses revealed increased foliar Na+ levels at the expense of K+. HM053 inoculation relieved these effects, reinstating normal root growth, lowering [11C]‐raffinose levels while increasing [11C]‐sucrose and its translocation to the roots. Na+ levels remained elevated with inoculation, but K+ levels were boosted slightly. Low nitrogen stress yielded longer roots possessing high levels of anthocyanins. Metabolic analysis revealed significant shifts in “new” carbon partitioning into the amino acid pool under low nitrogen stress, with significant increases in foliar [11C]‐glutamate, [11C]‐aspartate, and [11C]‐asparagine, a noted osmoprotectant. 11CO2 fixation and [11C]‐photosynthate translocation also decreased, limiting carbon supply to roots. However, starch levels in roots were reduced under nitrogen limitation, suggesting that carbon repartitioning could be a compensatory action to support root growth. Finally, inoculation with HM053 re‐instated normal root growth, reduced anthocyanin, boosted root starch, and returned 11C‐allocation levels back to those of unstressed plants.
Industrial subsidies and impact on exports of trading partners: Case of China
Authors: Ambaw Dessie Tarko , Mugan Thangavelu Shandre 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of Chinese subsidy interventions in the upstream sector on the competitiveness of the downstream sector. In particular, the paper investigates the causal effect of Chinese subsidies on base metal products on the export competitiveness of downstream sectors in other major trading countries. To explore the impact of base metal subsidy interventions on the downstream sector of a trading partner, we exploit both temporal variation in subsidy interventions and base‐metal consumption by the downstream sector. Using a panel data for 137 sectors in 40 major trading partners of the Chinese economy, the results of the paper reveal that a one‐unit increase in Chinese subsidies decreases competitors’ exports by an average of 16.6%. This indicates that an increase in one standard deviation of Chinese subsidies in the base metals sector decreases exports in the other major economies by 0.17 percentage points. The findings of the paper reveal that the impacts of Chinese subsidy interventions are larger and statistically significant for the exports of developed countries and metal‐intensive users in the downstream sectors. Production relocation to China, absorption of larger inexpensive base metals input by domestic Chinese firms, and subsidy complementarity in the Chinese upstream and downstream sectors could be some of the potential drivers for the negative impact of Chinese subsidy interventions on the export performance of foreign downstream firms.
Adolescents' future in the balance of family, school, and the neighborhood: A multidimensional application of two theoretical perspectives
Authors: Mijs Jonathan J. B. , Nieuwenhuis Jaap 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveFamily, school, and neighborhood contexts provide cultural resources that may foster children's ambitions and bolster their academic performance. Reference group theory instead highlights how seemingly positive settings can depress educational aspirations, expectations, and performance. We test these competing claims.MethodsWe test these claims using the British Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N= 4968).ResultsResults are broadly in line with the cultural resource perspective. However, important exceptions to this pattern point to reference group processes for children from low‐educated parents, whose academic aspirations are especially low when they either attended an affluent school or lived in an affluent neighborhood—but not both, and for children from highly educated parents attending poor schools, whose realistic expectations of the future are higher than their peers in affluent schools.ConclusionThe resource perspective strongly predicts adolescents’ (ideas about) education, but reference group processes also play an important role in neighborhoods and schools.
Life and Death Decisions and COVID‐19: Investigating and Modeling the Effect of Framing, Experience, and Context on Preference Reversals in the Asian Disease Problem
Authors: Uttrani Shashank , Sharma Neha , Dutt Varun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrior research in judgment and decision making (JDM) has investigated the effect of problem framing on human preferences. Furthermore, research in JDM documented the absence of such reversal of preferences when making decisions from experience. However, little is known about the effect of context on preferences under the combined influence of problem framing and problem format. Also, little is known about how cognitive models would account for human choices in different problem frames and types (general/specific) in the experience format. One of the primary objectives of this research is to investigate the presence of preference reversals under the influence of problem framing (gain/loss), problem format (experience/description), and problem type (general/specific). Another objective of this research is to develop cognitive models to account for human choices across different problem frames and types in the experience format. A total of 320 participants from India were randomly assigned to one of eight between‐subjects conditions that differed in problem frame, format, and type. Results revealed preference reversals in the description condition; however, they were absent in the experience condition. Moreover, preference reversals were less pronounced in the general problem framing compared to the specific problem framing. Furthermore, specific problems influenced risk‐seeking behavior among participants. We developed cognitive and heuristics models using instance‐based learning theory and natural mean heuristic. Results reveal models’ dependency on recent and frequent observations during information sampling. These experience‐based cognitive models could help build artificial intelligence models with fewer preference reversals.
The role of intracellular calcium‐store‐mediated calcium signals in in vivo sensor and effector functions of microglia
Authors: Pan Kuang , Garaschuk Olga 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnder physiological conditions microglia, the immune sentinels of the brain, constantly monitor their microenvironment. In the case of danger, damage or cell/tissue dyshomeostasis, they react with changes in process motility, polarization, directed process movement, morphology and gene expression profile; release pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators; proliferate; and clean brain parenchyma by means of phagocytosis. Based on recent transcriptomic and in vivo Ca2+ imaging data, we argue that the local cell/tissue dyshomeostasis is sensed by microglia via intracellular Ca2+ signals, many of which are mediated by Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ stores. These signals encode the strength, duration and spatiotemporal pattern of the stimulus and, at the same time, relay this information further to trigger the respective Ca2+‐dependent effector pathways. We also point to the fact that microglial Ca2+ signalling is sexually dimorphic and undergoes profound changes across the organism's lifespan. Interestingly, the first changes in microglial Ca2+ signalling are visible already in 9‐ to 11‐month‐old mice, roughly corresponding to 40‐year‐old humans.
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Characterizing the Fatigue Behavior of Wrought Fe–Co–2V Using Experimental Techniques
Authors: Mills Matthew J. , Biddlecom Jacob L. , Piñeyro Benedict , Khraishi Tariq A. , Grutzik Scott J. , Brink Adam R. , Brake Matthew R. W. , Johnson Kyle L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fe–Co–2V (Hiperco®2 equivalent) is a soft ferromagnetic material that is commonly used for electrical components that require robust magnetic performance. Despite the excellent magnetic properties of Fe–Co–2V, it often exhibits low strength, ductility, and workability due to an ordered B2 microstructure. The mechanical properties exhibit considerable dependency on grain size and degree of order, which are influenced by processing methods. A thorough understanding of Fe–Co–2V’s fatigue performance is required to predict mechanical reliability under operating loads; however, limited fatigue data currently exist for Fe–Co alloys. This work characterizes the fatigue properties of wrought Fe–Co–2V through strain-controlled fatigue testing and fractography. Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and yield stress were determined through monotonic tension tests. The fatigue behavior was quantified using fully reversed, strain-controlled fatigue testing for applied strain amplitudes ranging from 0.10% to 1.00%. Subsequently, the Coffin–Manson strain-life curve was fit to the experimental data. Failure mechanisms were investigated through fractography with a scanning electron microscope. Inspection of the failure surfaces revealed that crack initiation occurred at defects located on or near the specimen surface with a localized region of crack propagation prior to the transgranular cleavage fracture. Additionally, two material models were calibrated from the experimental static and cyclic experimental testing. The characterization of the fatigue behavior of wrought Fe–Co–2V presented herein will aid in the fatigue analysis of Fe–Co–2V components and the development of analytical fatigue modeling methodologies.
Wear of Bulk Metallic Glass Alloys for Space Mechanism Applications
Authors: Murphy A. G. , Norman A. , Meagher P. , Browne D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Space-based mechanisms must operate under harsh environments, usually without access for maintenance; failure may result in a loss of a spacecraft. Therefore, space agencies support research on high-performance mechanism designs and materials, one key area being space tribology. Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are a class of alloy characterized by their amorphous structure, which results in a material with extremely high strength, corrosion resistance, high hardness, and high elastic limit. BMGs have demonstrated improved wear resistance when compared against traditional engineering materials in similar applications. Four BMG compositions, Zr53Al16Co23.25Ag7.75, Zr49Ti1.96Cu37.24Al9.8Y2, Zr60Ti2Nb2Al7.5Ni10Cu18.5, and Cu47Zr46Al5Y2 (at%), were selected from the literature as potential candidates for space-based mechanisms applications. Wear testing, hardness, profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis were performed on the selected alloys, and their results were compared. High-resolution 3D profilometry and detailed image analysis of wear tracks and volume loss resulted in a critical re-assessment of the Archard wear coefficient. For the compositions tested, the hardness was not a useful predictor of the wear performance as suggested by the Archard wear equation. Processing history and test configuration significantly influenced the wear behavior. The alloy Zr49Ti1.96Cu37.24Al9.8Y2 was found to be the best BMG candidate for space wear applications when taking manufacturability into consideration. BMG hardness and wear test results were compared with similar testing performed on conventional crystalline alloys commonly used in space applications: titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V ELI, and cold-worked stainless steels AISI 303 and AISI 304.
Low Reynolds Number Effects on the Separation and Wake of a Compressor Blade
Authors: Liu Qiang , Ager Will , Hall Cesare , Wheeler Andrew P.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the surface boundary layer and wake development of a compressor blade at a range of low Reynolds number from 45,000 to 120,000. Experiments in a miniature linear compressor cascade facility have been performed with detailed surface pressure measurements and flow visualization to track variations in the separation bubble size. These have been combined with high-resolution pneumatic pressure and hot-wire probe traverses in the downstream wake. High-fidelity direct numerical simulations have been completed on the same compressor blade section across the same range of operating conditions. The results show that large laminar separation bubbles exist on both blade surfaces. As Reynolds number increases, these separation bubbles shorten in length and reduce in thickness. Correspondingly, the downstream wake narrows, although the peak wake loss coefficient remains approximately constant. As the Reynolds number is increased from 45,000 to 120,000, the bubble length on the suction side reduced from 48% to 28% chord and on the pressure side reduced from 35% to 20% chord, while the loss coefficient reduced from 9% to 5%. The flow features are examined further within the high-fidelity computations, which reveal the dependence of the wake turbulence on the laminar separation bubbles. The separation bubbles are found to generate turbulent kinetic energy, which convects downstream to form the outer part of wake. As Re increases, a shorter bubble produces less turbulence in the outer part of the boundary layer leading to a narrower wake. However, the trailing edge separation is largely independent of Reynolds number, leading to the constant peak loss coefficient observed. The overall loss is shown to vary linearly with the total turbulence production, and this depends on the size of the separation bubbles. Overall, this research provides new insight into the connection between the blade surface flow field and the wake characteristics at low Reynolds number. The findings suggest that changes that minimize the extent of the blade separation bubbles could provide significant improvements to both the steady and unsteady properties of the wake.
Digitizing Product Dissection: A Case Study on Augmented Reality and Animation in Engineering Education
Authors: Kearney Kevin G. , Starkey Elizabeth M. , Miller Scarlett R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The global pandemic of 2020 caused a paradigm shift in engineering education. In a matter of weeks, and sometimes days, faculty members across the world had to move their hands-on engineering courses to an online environment. During this shift, educators relied on technology more so than ever to improve student design learning without an empirically understanding of the impact of this shift on students' cognition and understanding. The current study was developed to determine the cognitive underpinnings of such shifts by exploring the impact of Augmented Reality (AR) and animation impact engineering student learning, cognitive load, and recall during a virtual product dissection educational activity. This was achieved through a full factorial experiment with 117 first-year engineering students where students were divided into one of four conditions: baseline of virtual dissection; virtual dissection + animation, AR dissection, and AR dissection + animation. The results of the study show that students in the virtual dissection + animation showed an increased understanding of the product over the three other conditions. In addition, participant cognitive load and recall in the AR condition were not significantly different than in a non-AR virtual environment. The results are used to provide recommendations on how technology can be utilized in a virtual classroom environment, providing crucial insight into the steps needed to virtualize engineering education during the pandemic as well as future steps toward possible education reform.
Reliability-Informed Economic and Energy Evaluation for Bi-Level Design for Remanufacturing: A Case Study of Transmission and Hydraulic Manifold
Authors: Nemani Venkat P. , Liu Jinqiang , Ahmed Navaid , Cartwright Adam , Kremer Gül E. , Hu Chao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDesign for remanufacturing (DfRem) is one attractive strategy that encourages the reuse of a product and extends the product's life cycle. Traditional design processes often only consider product reliability at an early design stage. However, from the perspective of environmental sustainability, it is becoming increasingly important to evaluate the long-term economic and environmental impacts of design decisions during early-stage design. We propose a bi-level DfRem framework consisting of system-level reusability allocation and component-level design tradeoff analysis, considering reliability and product warranty policy. First, a system-level reusability allocation problem aims at a theoretical exploration of the design space where all the components comprising the system are allocated certain reuse rates to achieve target energy savings with minimum cost. Following the theoretical exploration at the system level, a component-level analysis looks at practical design options for each component and trades-off between the overall cost and energy consumption for multiple remanufacturing cycles. Both levels of the framework require modeling component reuse for multiple remanufacturing cycles, which we achieve by using a branched power-law model that provides probabilistic scenarios of reusing the component or replacing it with a new part. We demonstrate the utility of this framework with the case study of an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) used by some agricultural machines manufactured by John Deere and show snapshots of a prototype software tool that we developed for easy use by designers.