bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contactless monitoring of human respiration using infrared thermography and deep learning
Authors: Jagadev Preeti , Naik Shubham , Indu Giri Lalat 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. To monitor the human respiration rate (RR) using infrared thermography (IRT) and artificial intelligence, in a completely contactless, automated, and non-invasive manner. Approach. The human breathing signals (BS) were obtained using IRT, by plotting the change in temperature occurring across the nostrils during breathing, with respect to time. The RR was monitored under extreme conditions (random head motion, involuntary body movements, etc), by developing deep learning (DL) based ‘Residual network50+Facial landmark detection’ (ResNet 50+FLD) model. This model was built and evaluated on 10 000 thermograms and is the first work that documents the use of a DL classifier on a large thermal dataset for nostril tracking. Further, the acquired BS were filtered using the moving average filter (MAF), and the Butterworth filter (BF), and a comparative analysis of their performance was done. The novel ‘breathing signal characterization algorithm (BSCA)’ was proposed to obtain the RR in an automated manner. This algorithm is the first work that identifies the breaths in the thermal BS as regular, prolonged, or rapid, using machine learning (ML). The ‘exploratory data analysis’ was performed to choose an appropriate ML algorithm for the BSCA. The performance of the ‘BSCA’ was evaluated for both ‘decision tree (DT)’ and ‘support vector machine(SVM)’ models. Main results. The ‘ResNet 50+FLD model’ had Validation and Testing accuracy, of 99.5%, and 99.4% respectively. The Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity, F-measure, and G- mean values were computed as well. The comparative analysis of the filters revealed that the BF performed better than the MAF. The ‘BSCA’ performed better with the SVM classifier, than the DT classifier, with validation accuracy, and testing accuracy of 99.5%, and 98.83%, respectively. Significance. The ever-increasing number of critical cases and the limited availability of skilled medical attendants, advocates in favor of an automated and harmless health monitoring system. The proposed methodology is completely contactless, thus eliminating the risk of infections that spread through contact. There is a wide scope of using this methodology in complete darkness, and in remote areas as well, where there is a lack of medical attendants.
Beam model of Doppler backscattering
Authors: Hall-Chen Valerian H , Parra Felix I , Hillesheim Jon C 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We use beam tracing—implemented with a newly-written code, Scotty—and the reciprocity theorem to derive a model for the linear backscattered power of the Doppler backscattering (DBS) diagnostic. Our model works for both the O-mode and X-mode in tokamak geometry (and certain regimes of stellarators). We present the analytical derivation of our model and its implications for the DBS signal localisation and the wavenumber resolution. In determining these two quantities, we find that it is the curvature of the field lines and the magnetic shear that are important, rather than the curvature of the cut-off surface. We also provide an explicit formula for the hitherto poorly-understood quantitative effect of the mismatch angle. Consequently, one can use this model to correct for attenuation due to mismatch, avoiding the need for empirical optimisation. This is especially important in spherical tokamaks, since the magnetic pitch angle is large and varies both spatially and temporally.
Direct detection of dark matter—APPEC committee report*
Authors: Billard Julien , Boulay Mark , Cebrián Susana , Covi Laura , Fiorillo Giuliana , Green Anne , Kopp Joachim , Majorovits Béla , Palladino Kimberly , Petricca Federica , Roszkowski (chair) Leszek , Schumann Marc 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This report provides an extensive review of the experimental programme of direct detection searches of particle dark matter. It focuses mostly on European efforts, both current and planned, but does it within a broader context of a worldwide activity in the field. It aims at identifying the virtues, opportunities and challenges associated with the different experimental approaches and search techniques. It presents scientific and technological synergies, both existing and emerging, with some other areas of particle physics, notably collider and neutrino programmes, and beyond. It addresses the issue of infrastructure in light of the growing needs and challenges of the different experimental searches. Finally, the report makes a number of recommendations from the perspective of a long-term future of the field. They are introduced, along with some justification, in the opening overview and recommendations section and are next summarised at the end of the report. Overall, we recommend that the direct search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector target should be given top priority in astroparticle physics, and in all particle physics, and beyond, as a positive measurement will provide the most unambiguous confirmation of the particle nature of dark matter in the Universe.
The effect of passivation-layer process to amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors using back-channel etch method
Authors: Xie Yingtao , Cai Kunlin , Chen Penglong , Jian Huan , Weng Jiaming , Hu Junyan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this work, based on the channel damage caused by source/drain etching and passivation-layer deposition, the effects of the passivation-layer process on amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) devices were studied by combining experimental investigation with simulation verification. In terms of experimental exploration, it was found that the back-channel N2O plasma treatment had a significant impact on the performance of the device, which was difficult to control. Hence, to achieve a low cost, the entire back-channel process was directly carried out as two steps of SiO
x
passivation-layer deposition and final thermal annealing. In the aspect of simulation verification, the influence of the passivation-layer deposition radio-frequency (RF) power and the annealing effect on the internal mechanism of the device was studied based on a high-concentration doped defect density of states (DOS) model (doping level was N
D = 1020 cm−3). The experimental results demonstrated that the high-performance of an a-IGZO TFT device can be achieved by adjusting the RF power of SiO
x
passivation-layer deposition. It was more important that annealing after passivation-layer deposition was a critical step in the manufacture of high-performance TFTs. The device exhibited the ideal performance after annealing under 1000 W RF power, with a threshold voltage of 5.65 V, a saturation mobility of 12.87 cm2 V−1s−1, a subthreshold swing of 0.88 V dec−1, and a current on-off ratio of 2.62 × 10°8. In addition, using the DOS model, it was found that the SiO
x
passivation-layer process had a significant impact on the DOS distribution and the carrier distribution in the channel, which in turn caused the threshold voltage to drift. At last, the high uniformity and stability of an a-IGZO TFTs array on glass were characterized.
Tuning the grasping strength of soft actuators with magnetic elastomer fingertips
Authors: Bira Nicholas , Dhagat Pallavi , Davidson Joseph R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this work, we present an approach that uses multifunctional materials to increase the grip strength of soft grippers, while still maintaining the benefits of gripper compliance. Here, magnetic particles embedded in an elastomeric fingertip, or magnetic elastomers (MEs) are shown to increase grasping strength and influence actuation trajectories in soft robotic actuators when coupled with external magnets. Two PneuNet-style actuators with ME fingertips generated up to 45 N of holding force, compared to only 10 N without a magnet. The actuator demonstrated enhanced grip strength while the ME tip was within approximately 13 mm of the magnet. This paper characterizes numerous ME compositions and demonstrates specific applications where MEs expand upon soft robotic actuation methods. Both the opportunities as well as limitations presented by ME composition are discussed at length.
Propagation of picosecond pulses on superconducting transmission line interconnects
*
Authors: Talanov Vladimir V , Knee Derek , Harms David , Perkins Kieran , Urbanas Andrew , Egan Jonathan , Herr Quentin , Herr Anna 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Interconnects are a major discriminator for superconducting digital technology, enabling energy-efficient data transfer and high-bandwidth heterogeneous integration. We report a method to simulate propagation of picosecond pulses in superconducting passive transmission lines (PTLs). A frequency-domain propagator model obtained from the Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) field solver is incorporated in a Cadence Spectre circuit model, so that the particular PTL geometry can be simulated in the time-domain. The Mattis Bardeen complex conductivity of the superconductor is encoded in the HFSS field solver as a complex-conductivity insulator. Experimental and simulation results show that Nb 20 Ω microstrip PTLs with 200 nm interlayer dielectric thickness can support propagation of a single-flux-quantum pulse up to 7 mm and a double-flux-quantum pulse up to 28 mm.
Possibility of mechanical fracture of superconducting ring bulks due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation during pulsed-field magnetization
Authors: Shinden Motoki , Fujishiro Hiroyuki , Takahashi Keita , Ainslie Mark D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
During quasi-static magnetization of bulk superconductors using field-cooled magnetization (FCM) from high fields at low temperatures, such bulks are sometimes broken, which is believed to be mainly due to an electromagnetic force—and subsequent stress—larger than the fracture strength. However, a ring bulk can break, even during pulsed field magnetization (PFM), from relatively lower pulsed fields and at relatively higher temperatures. Previous simulation results suggest that the ring bulk should not break due to the electromagnetic force during PFM. In this paper, taking experimental and numerical results into consideration, we propose the possibility of mechanical fracture of a ring bulk during PFM due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation, which has not been considered and investigated to date. Two numerical models with different sizes of heat-generating region were constructed for the ring bulk with a relatively large inner diameter (60 mm outer diameter, 36 mm inner diameter, 17 mm height). For Model-1, with a large heat region, the bulk fracture due to the thermal stress results from the tensile stress along the radial direction in the neighboring heat region. The risk of bulk fracture is enhanced at the inner or outer edges of the bulk surface, compared with that inside the bulk. For Model-2, with a small heat region inside the bulk, the bulk fracture due to the thermal stress results from the compressive stress along the radial direction in the neighboring heat region. These results strongly suggest the possibility of mechanical fracture of an actual ring bulk due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation. This idea is also applicable more generally to the fracture mechanism during FCM of superconducting bulks.
Isochronous data link across a superconducting Nb flex cable with 5 femtojoules per bit*
Authors: Dai Haitao , Kegerreis Corey , Wehella Gamage Deepal , Egan Jonathan , Nielsen Max , Chen Yuan , Tuckerman David , Peek Sherman E , Yelamanchili Bhargav , Hamilton Michael , Das Rabindra N , Herr Anna , Herr Quentin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInterconnect properties position superconducting digital circuits to build large, high performance, power efficient digital systems. We report a board-to-board communication data link, which is a critical technological component that has not yet been addressed. Synchronous communication on chip and between chips mounted on a common board is enabled by the superconducting resonant clock/power network for Reciprocal Quantum Logic circuits. The data link is extended to board-to-board communication using isochronous communication, where there is a common frequency between boards but the relative phase is unknown. Our link uses over-sampling and configurable delay at the receiver to synchronize to the local clock phase. A single-bit isochronous data link has been demonstrated on-chip through a transmission line, and on a multi-chip module through a superconducting tape between driver and receiver with variable phase offset. Measured results demonstrated correct functionality with a clock margin of 3 dB at 3.6 GHz, and with 5 fJ bit−1at 4.2 K.
Nanomechanics driven by the superconducting proximity effect
Authors: Bahrova O M , Kulinich S I , Gorelik L Y , Shekhter R I , Park H C 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We consider a nanoelectromechanical weak link composed of a carbon nanotube suspended above a trench in a normal metal electrode and positioned in a gap between two superconducting leads. The nanotube is treated as a movable single-level quantum dot (QD) in which the position-dependent superconducting order parameter is induced as a result of Cooper pair tunneling. We show that in such a system, self-sustained bending vibrations can emerge if a bias voltage is applied between normal and superconducting electrodes. The occurrence of this effect crucially depends on the direction of the bias voltage and the relative position of the QD level. We also demonstrate that the nanotube vibrations strongly affect the dc current through the system, a characteristic that can be used for the direct experimental observation of the predicted phenomenon.
Calculating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Flights: A Comparative Study of Existing Protocols
Authors: Iken N , Aguessy F-X 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To better understand the climate issues associated with aviation, several protocols for assessing greenhouse gas emissions from flights have been developed by various organisations. This multiplicity leads to variable and inconsistent results from one method to another. Yet few comparative studies exist in the grey and academic literature to highlight and understand this variability. This paper focuses on 6 calculation protocols (myclimate, atmosfair, and ICAO among others) and compares the methodological choices of each of them to partly explain the variability of results. We found that for most of the parameters that influence the outcomes, the 6 protocols all have different methodological choices, some of which (such as those of ICAO and DGAC) lead to underestimation of CO2 emissions. We conclude that the most appropriate protocol depends on the purpose of the calculation (carbon offsetting, comparison of different modes of transport or influence on travel behaviour).
Co-Al and Mn-Fe Catalytic Steam Reforming of CH3OH to H2
Authors: Li Zehao , Zhang Huili , Dewil Raf , Deng Yimin , Li Shuo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Catalytic production of hydrogen by steam methanol reforming (SMR) is an attractive option for specific applications in fuel cells, decentralized generation of H2 or localized boosting of the energy content of digestion gas. Supported metal catalysts integrate the endothermic methanol steam reforming with the exothermic Boudouard reaction. The paper reviews the fundamentals of SMR, develops 2 self-made, cheap and efficient catalysts, and demonstrates that high H2 yields with low CO and CO2 by-product formation. Present methanol reformers are mostly of the packed bed type which suffer from problems of temperature gradients within the catalyst bed and a slow response during start up and transients. In using a vibrated fluidized bed of the micron-size catalysts, a uniform bed temperature is achieved. More than 600 L/hr of hydrogen can be generated at methanol conversions in excess of 95%. A too high space velocity in the catalytic bed significantly reduces the methanol conversion, however without affecting the H2 yields. The assessed systems clearly merit pilot plant research.
Analysis of the Use of RES for Heating and Cooling in Different Climatic Zones in Poland and Spain
Authors: Lubowicka B , Krawczyk D A , Rodero A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Energy consumption for heating and cooling in buildings depends on climatic conditions. This paper compares heat losses and gains for four locations - two in Poland and two in Spain. Results shown similar cool load in three variants: Burgos in Spain and Bialystok and Wroclaw in Poland, while the highest cool load was recorded in Cordoba (Spain). In case of winter season, also results obtained in Cordoba differed significantly and its heat load was more than twice lower than in other cases. Economic comparison was prepared for two variants: first – heating with a gas boiler and cooling with multi-split air conditioners and second – heating and cooling with a reversible air-water heat pump. Taking into account national prises the total cost of heating and cooling was estimated and found higher for both analysed in Spanish locations, especially high in Cordoba due to high annual demand for cooling. Using reversible air-water heat pump is definitely more favourable than gas boiler with multi-split. For Polish locations it gives 17.4% - 24.6% cost reduction, whereas for Cordoba annual operating costs are more than twice lower when using a reversible heat pump.
Analyzing the Luminous Environment in a University Campus in Biskra, Algeria: A Pilot Study
Authors: Boucherit S , Berkouk D , Bouzir Tak , Khelil S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper aims to assess and analyze the indoor, semi-outdoor, and outdoor luminous environments of a Biskra university campus, to determine the relationship between these three luminous environments in terms of contrast and brightness, and to evaluate the perception and the occupant’s luminous comfort. This preliminary study is essentially based on a subjective assessment using in situ survey. In order to make a quantitative and qualitative evaluation, this research is based on the analysis of digital images of selected spaces. Findings show that the risk of discomfort due to glare is higher in outdoor spaces, whereas the risk of contrast discomfort is higher in the semi-outdoor spaces, while the risks of discomfort from the low quantity of daylight are higher in indoor spaces. The findings of this research also invite to study the physical dimensions of the environment to make a multisensory evaluation of the university campus occupants in regions with hot and arid climates.
Climate Impacts on Quality of 6 kV Overhead Lines Operating at Mining Companies
Authors: Antonenkov D V , Biketova E A , Kiushkina V R , Solovev D B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Technological innovation in the mining industry involves the extensive use of new high-power, energy-intensive, and high-performance mining machinery that should be reliable in its operation. The key mining company equipment includes mining excavators, drilling rigs, crushing and screening units, and mine drainage facilities. Providing the fault-free power supply and the efficient operation of the electrical infrastructure of a mining company is a priority, and it depends on the quality of the power supply system and its elements.
Power supply system failures reduce the operational efficiency of mining machinery, processing sections, and the mining company as a whole, which results in reduced power consumption, uneven loading schedule, failures to meet the output plans, and increased prime costs for the products.
The analysis of the electrical infrastructure power supply system at a mining company shall help us assess the quality of operations and their efficiency and develop actions to reduce the idle times of electrical equipment, provide uninterrupted power supply and plan the activities of the mining company in the wholesale electrical power market more accurately.
Improvement of Emergency Oil Spill Management Technology
Authors: Kh Kurbangaleeva M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As a result of the study, the main causes of emergencies at oil fields were analyzed. Most often, emergency spills occur due to violations of the tightness of field pipelines. Basically, accidents occur from pipe wear due to internal corrosion under the influence of oil and oil products. In the paper, existing methods of oil spills elimination are considered. In order to reduce the negative impact of oil spills on the environment, it is necessary to pay special attention to the study of methods for containment of spilled oil and eliminating the consequences of emergencies and to developing a set of necessary measures. Today, there is a large selection of sorbents offered by various companies. For rapid oil gathering in case of emergency spills, it is proposed to use a biological sorbent “Peat-sorb” based on peat sphagnum moss which has the ability to self-biodegrade the absorbed hydrocarbons.
Assessment of the Ecological State of Soils Near the Platinum Deposit
Authors: Golovkin S S , Shevtsov M N , Makhinova A F , Makhinov A I 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The research is devoted to the ecological state of soil resources in the area of the Konder platinum placer deposit in the Khabarovsk Territory. The environmental impact of the Konder mine activities was established based on chemical analyses performed. In general, the study has demonstrated that the Konder field development and operation cause a complex multicomponent pollution of the landscapes. The pollution is more than local in nature, since the environmental problem related to violation of soil resources and to chemical contamination of soils and natural watercourses in areas of mineral development is becoming increasingly acute. As a result of the studies, geochemical features of the soil space and the main sources and factors of the soil contamination have been determined.
Influence of Broken Condition and Instability of the Excavation Site Parameters on the Reliability of the Breakage Face
Authors: Bulgakov A , Evsiukova A , Kolesnichenko E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article presents a method for determining the influence of disturbance and instability of the parameters of the excavation site on the reliability of the work of the treatment face. To determine the impact of disturbance and instability of the parameters of the excavation site on the reliability of the treatment face, a method was model for calculating the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of violations. The general assessment of the reliability of the operation of the technological scheme of treatment works in the dredging areas with changing mining and geological conditions is the sum of the partial estimates of its operation in the areas with stable and unstable operating conditions. The change in the readiness coefficient on the disturbed parts of the excavation site is determined, depending on the magnitude of the influence of geological disturbances on the rate of lava movement. The analysis of some results of the problem under study, obtained using the proposed methodology, is given. The dependence was established that the readiness coefficient decreases most intensively at large values of the ratio, and then the intensity of the decrease decreases towards smaller values