bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do you prefer Obamacare or the affordable care act? Simulating an informed public to improve survey measurement
Authors: Li Gabriel Miao , Pasek Josh 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearchers have long known that the terms used in questions posed to respondents shape the answers they give. Processes underlying these differences have generally been attributed to respondents’ interpretations of the questions (i.e., what do the terms lead them to focus on) and examined as a framing effect. Yet evidence that people often answer questions they do not fully understand means it is also possible that some of this difference may stem from respondents’ ability to parse what the questions are asking about (i.e., do they comprehend the question). In three online survey experiments, we manipulate wordings for policy attitude questions about the DREAM Act, Trump’s trade disputes, and the Affordable Care Act to assess how both question comprehension and interpretation depend on the wordings selected. We find that reported attitudes vary as a joint function of both processes. By comparing response patterns and simulating individuals’ “informed responses” across wordings, we can disentangle differences due to incomplete understandings (and misunderstandings) from those attributable to partisan interpretations. Evidence that individuals with greater topical knowledge better recognize the similarity of different wordings confirms that some of the wording effect is associated not just with framing, but also with comprehension.
Knowledge, context, and public trust in scientists and scientific research in the United States, 2006–2018
Authors: Yen Steven T , Zampelli Ernest M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Past studies establish that general education and scientific knowledge foster more favorable public attitudes toward scientists and scientific research. They also highlight important attitudinal impacts of group identities, in particular, political ideology, party affiliation, religion, and race. The primary purpose of this paper is to determine whether and how these identities might moderate the effects of general education and scientific knowledge on public attitudes toward scientists and scientific research. Main findings include effects of education and scientific knowledge remain significant to varying degrees but are not uniformly generalizable across different group identities; attitudes toward scientists and scientific research have remained fairly stable since 2006; and to love science and hate scientists is not confined to political conservatives.
Hiding in plain sight
Authors: Connell David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper identifies documented collections of red-sulphur gem casts by Christian Dehn (1696–1770) that have survived unrecognized in three British country houses: Burton Constable in Yorkshire, Burghley House in Lincolnshire, and Mountstuart on the Isle of Bute in Scotland. All three collections resulted from Grand Tours to Italy, where, in Rome, Dehn’s workshop supplied bespoke collections of casts representing engraved gemstones.
O001 Providing feedback and guidance on sleep perceptions using sleep wearables improves insomnia: Findings from the randomised Novel Insomnia Treatment Experiment (“NITE”)
Authors: Spina M , Andrillon T , Quin N , Wiley J , Rajaratnam S , Bei B 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
Insomnia is diagnosed based on self-reported sleep complaints. There are often differences between objectively recorded and self-reported sleep (sleep-wake state discrepancy), which is well-documented but not well understood. This two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind, superiority randomised controlled trial examined whether monitoring sleep using wearable sleep-measurement devices and providing feedback with support for helpful interpretation of objective sleep data improved insomnia symptoms.

Methods
113 (age M=47.53, SD=14.37, 64.9% female) individuals with insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index &gt;= 10; ISI) from the community were randomised (permuted block randomization) to receive 5 weeks of (a) Feedback (n=57): feedback about objectively recorded sleep (actigraphy and optional EEG headband) with guidance for data interpretation and ongoing monitoring; (b) No-Feedback (n=56): sleep hygiene. Both conditions received one individual session and two check-in calls. The ISI (primary outcome), PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (SD), Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI), Depression, and Anxiety were assessed at baseline and post-intervention.

Results
103 (91.2%) participants completed the study. Preliminary intention-to-treat multiple regression showed that after controlling for baseline symptoms, the Feedback condition (n=52) had lower ISI (p=.0069, d=0.53) and SD (p=.033, d=0.38), but differences in SRI, Depression and Anxiety were not meaningful (p-values&gt;.37) compared to No-Feedback condition (n=51).

Conclusion
Providing feedback and guidance about objectively recorded sleep reduced insomnia severity and sleep disturbance in individuals with insomnia symptomology. With increasing access to wearable sleep-measurement devices, these findings explore how objective sleep measures, in combination with data interpretation guidance, could supplement and enhance current insomnia treatment.
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619001636145.
O002 A novel, optogenetics based therapy for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Knapman F , Cohen M , Kulaga T , Lisowski L , Lovell N , McMullan S , Burke P , Bilston L 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

INTRODUCTION
Many obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are sub-optimally treated due to poor tolerance or incomplete response to established therapies. We propose a novel stimulation therapy that sensitises the dilator muscles to light activation (‘optogenetics') and activates the muscles with light during sleep. This study aims to determine feasibility in a rodent model of OSA and identify effective optogenetic constructs.

METHODS
Rats received intramuscular injections of a viral vector encapsulating the opsin ChR2, driven by either a muscle-specific or non-specific promotor. Three weeks post-injection, opsin expression was quantified via confocal imaging. Light-induced tongue muscle activity afforded by the superior promotor was then measured in an acute model of OSA. The superior promotor was then combined with a novel muscle-targeted viral vector and, light-induced airway dilation was measured with ultrasound imaging.

RESULTS
With the muscle-specific promotor, opsin expression in the tongue was 470%(p=0.013, RM-ANOVA) greater, and brainstem expression was abolished. In the animals who received this superior promotor, light stimulation facilitated a 56% increase in muscle activity from that recorded during unstimulated breaths in an acute model of OSA(p&lt;0.001, linear mixed model). Ultrasound imaging confirmed that light stimulation of the optogenetic construct with a muscle-specific promotor encapsulated in a muscle-targeted viral vector produced airway dilation in the same OSA model.

DISCUSSION
The combined muscle-specific promotor and muscle-specific viral vector resulted in a novel and highly effective method of inducing light-sensitivity in upper airway muscles and facilitating light-induced airway dilation. This study provides proof-of-concept for a non-invasive optogenetics-based OSA therapy.
O003 Longitudinal associations of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture with future cognitive function in middle-aged and older men from a community-based cohort study
Authors: Parker J , Vakulin A , Melaku Y , Wittert G , Martin S , D'Rozario A , Catcheside P , Lechat B , Teare A , Toson B , Appleton S , Adams R 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Study objectives
Prospective studies examining associations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep macroarchitecture with future cognitive function remain limited to older participants, many with baseline cognitive impairment, which may be a confounder. This study examined OSA and sleep macroarchitecture predictors of cognitive function (visual attention, processing speed, and executive function) after 8–10 years in community-dwelling middle-aged and older men.

Methods
Of 433 Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants who underwent home-based polysomnography (2010–2011), 157 completed baseline and follow-up cognitive testing. Trail-making tests A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B) were administered at baseline (2007–2010) and follow-up (2018–2019) examinations. Linear regression analyses examined associations of OSA and sleep macroarchitecture with cognitive task performance adjusted for baseline demographic, biomedical, and behavioural factors and cognitive performance, with sleep macroarchitecture models additionally adjusted for the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).

Results
At baseline, participants were mean (SD) aged 58.9 (8.9) years with normal cognition. OSA prevalence (AHI ≥10/h) was 52.9%, with severe OSA (AHI ≥30/h) in 9.6%. Following covariate adjustment, higher N1 sleep (%) was associated with better TMT-A performance at follow-up (B= -0.04, 95% CI [-0.06, -0.01], p=0.003), whereas higher mean oxygen saturation was associated with worse TMT-A performance at follow-up (B=0.11, 95% CI [0.02, 0.19], p=0.012).

Conclusions
In this sample of community-dwelling middle-aged and older men, N1 sleep % and mean oxygen saturation showed independent associations with visual attention and processing speed after 8–10 years. Further longitudinal studies remain warranted to determine whether finer-grained sleep microarchitecture parameters identify individuals at risk of future cognitive dysfunction.
O005 Overnight consolidation of spatial navigation memories is impaired in Mild Cognitive Impairment and is associated with loss of sleep spindles and hippocampal subfield volumes
Authors: Haroutonian C , Johnston I , Kao T , McKinnon A , Lam A , Ricciardiello A , D'Rozario A , Naismith S 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Allocentric spatial navigation (SN) is considered a measure for conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease. NREM sleep slow waves and spindles, and hippocampal volume (HV) are impaired in MCI, however their relationship with SN overnight memory consolidation (OMC) is unknown. This study aimed to examine: 1) SN OMC in MCI, and, 2) associations between SN OMC and NREM oscillations and HV.

Methods
Cognitively-intact (n=25), non-amnestic MCI (naMCI, n=22) and amnestic-MCI (aMCI, n=10) older adults completed neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging, overnight routine and high-density EEG polysomnography (hdEEG subset; controls=17, MCI=8). Slow oscillations, slow wave activity, slow and fast spindle density and power were computed. OMC% was calculated by: ([post-sleep error score/pre-sleep error score]*100) from a familiar and novel (allocentric) location. Right CA1, dentate gyrus (DG) and entorhinal cortex were computed using ASHS software.

Results
MCI performed worse on familiar location-OMC% compared to controls (Cohens d= -.67, p= .016). aMCI performed worse on allocentric-OMC% compared to controls (omega2= .09, p= .032). Reduced spindles were associated with worse allocentric-OMC% in aMCI (frontal-slow spindles [rho= -.782 p= .008], parietal-fast spindles [rho= -.576, p= .082]). Using hdEEG, widespread fast spindle and allocentric-OMC% associations were indicated in MCI. Reduced right HV (DG [r= -.453, p= .023], CA1 [r= -.426, p= .068]) was related to worse allocentric-OMC% in MCI.

Discussion
In MCI, SN OMC is impaired, with worse consolidation associated with spindle and right HV loss. Future studies should examine whether SN OMC and spindles capture conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in ‘at-risk’ older adults.
O013 Anxiety and depression in adults referred for diagnostic sleep studies at an Australian tertiary sleep referral centre
Authors: Gordon A , Pradeepan S , Paech G 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Depression, anxiety and sleep disorders are frequently comorbid. Our study sought to understand local prevalence of depression and anxiety; and their interaction with sleep disordered breathing, sleep quality and sleepiness.

Methods
Apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI), arousal index (AI) and sleep efficiency (SE) were extracted from sequential in-laboratory diagnostic sleep studies (n=996) over three years and linked to demographic data and routine patient questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS), and comorbidities). Anxiety or depression was either self-reported, or determined by HADS A ≥11 or D ≥8. Regression modelling was used to determine the effect of anxiety and depression on ESS, AHI, SE and AI. Significance was p&lt;0.05 and mean±SD or median(IQR) are reported.

Progress/Results
Participants were: 49.3% male, BMI 34±8.9Kg/m2, and age 50±17.0 years. Sleep indices were: AHI 18.2(5.3-43.6)/h, AI 17.7(9.8-30.9)/h, and SE 77.2±13.4%. Anxiety alone, depression alone or both were present in 75 (7.5%), 177 (17.8%) and 359 (36%) patients respectively. Raised HADS anxiety/depression scores in the absence of self-reported diagnoses were present in 91 (9.1%) and 136 (13.7%) subjects. The presence of anxiety or depression did not affect AHI, but increased ESS by 2.2 (p&lt;0.001), AI by 3.3/h (p&lt;0.01) and reduced SE by 1.7% (p=0.05) compared to their absence.

Intended outcome/Discussion
Diagnoses of depression or anxiety are associated with poorer sleep quality and increased sleepiness despite similar AHI. Screening patients for depression/anxiety is suggested given frequent raised HADS scores without a formal diagnosis, and the higher prevalence compared to the general population.
O016 Actigraphy: A review of practice down under
Authors: Pham H , Saunders T , Vandeleur M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
In 2018, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) published practice guidelines for use of actigraphy in evaluating adult and paediatric patients with suspected sleep disorders. Whilst there is significant evidence of actigraphy use in research, this study aims to evaluate current and future intended use of actigraphy in paediatric clinical cohorts across Australia and New Zealand (NZ).

Methods
A 16-item survey was electronically distributed to medical leads from Australian and NZ paediatric sleep centres. Questions enquired on sleep centre logistics, current actigraphy practice behaviours and qualitative assessments on future use.

Progress to date
The survey was distributed on July 22nd. Thus far, 8 responses have been returned, representing a range of locales, centre types and actigraphy practices. Findings will be collated and presented.

Intended outcome and impact
This study will provide an understanding for the contemporary trends in actigraphy use through Australia and NZ. This is particularly relevant given changes across recent years with both an increase in commercial prevalence for consumer sleep health devices as well as a surge in ambulatory medical services following the COVID-19 pandemic. It will identify barriers limiting its universal utility and explore clinician preferences for future practice. Such findings can guide actions around improving clinical services, product design and government funding advocacy.
O017 Utility of Inpatient Overnight Oximetry
Authors: Witt A , Goldin J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Overnight pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of monitoring oxygen saturations. It has a myriad of clinical applications; including screening for moderate to severe sleep disordered breathing, identification and qualification of nocturnal hypoxia in patients who may benefit from domiciliary nocturnal oxygen and detection of nocturnal hypoventilation in patients with severe respiratory or neuromuscular disease. In our tertiary hospital, overnight oximetry is ordered at the discretion of sleep and respiratory physicians, without formal guidelines.

Methods
A retrospective review of patients who underwent inpatient overnight oximetry for any clinical indication in the period between January 2019 and December 2019 was performed. Electronic and paper-based medical records were reviewed and analysed. Subsequent in-laboratory polysomnography data and outpatient clinic review documentation was reviewed to determine the medium term impact of the oximetry.

Progress to date
58 inpatient pulse oximetry studies were performed in the period examined. The indications for overnight oximetry fell into 4 groups - screening for sleep disordered breathing in patients with a high pre-test probability, assessment for domiciliary nocturnal home oxygen, assessment of adequacy of nocturnal oxygen therapy and assessment of adequacy of established positive airway pressure therapy.

Intended Outcome and Impact
There is no existing guidance on the use of overnight oximetry in adult inpatients. Our data shows that in patients with a high clinical suspicion of sleep disordered breathing, inpatient overnight oximetry frequently diagnosed sleep disordered breathing. In other patient groups, inpatient oximetry infrequently altered management. This data will help guide appropriate guidelines for inpatient overnight oximetry.
O022 Response of Sleep and the Circadian System to a Long Summer Photoperiod at High Latitude
Authors: Guzzetti J , Sundelin T , Holding B , Wright K , Axelsson J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The light-dark cycle is the primary time cue for the synchronization of the internal human circadian system with the external world. Our previous research has shown the capacity of the circadian system to adapt to seasonal variations in the light-dark cycle at latitude ~40oN in the Rocky Mountains following curtailment of artificial light exposure. In the current study, we examined the circadian response to a longer photoperiod in summer by measuring melatonin timing before and after a week of camping outdoors in Sweden. Actigraphy-derived (Actiwatch Spectrum) assessments of sleep, activity and light exposure were carried out for 2 weeks. Week 1 was under modern urban living conditions with exposure to natural and artificial light in Stockholm, Sweden (~59oN; 18 hr 37 min: 5 hr 23 min light-dark cycle). Week 2 was spent rough camping in nature with exposure to only natural light at the Swedish High Coast (~63oN; 20 hr 40 min: 3 hr 20 min). Dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) assessments were conducted in laboratory over two 24 hr periods immediately before and after camping to assess melatonin levels in hourly saliva samples. On average, participants’ (n = 10) melatonin midpoint and offset advanced ~0.7 and ~1.3 hr (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, with no change in onset (p = 0.45). As sleep duration, and timing were similar between environments (p &gt; 10), melatonin offset occurred closer to sleep offset after camping. Consistent with prior findings, the end of biological night is timed closer to waketime in the natural environment.
O025 Boarding school students sleep better than day-student peers! The positive effects of bedtime routine and restricting technology use at night
Authors: Lushington K , Reardon A , Agostini A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Boarding students face unique challenges when entering school including separation from family and adapting to a novel environment. A particular challenge is sleep. The aim of this study was to examine the sleep and psychological wellbeing of boarding student versus day-student peers.

Methods
59 boarding students and 250 day-students (one Adelaide school Years 10-12) completed the School Sleep Habits Survey, Depression-Anxiety-Stress-Scale-21, and Flourishing Scale. Boarding students additionally completed the Utrecht Homesickness Scale and a further 13 participated in a focus group examining the experiences of sleeping in a boarding house.

Results
Boarding compared to day-students reported 40 minutes more sleep per school night (p &lt; .001), with earlier sleep onset (p = .026) and later wake up (p = .008) times. No significant differences in psychological variables were observed between groups. For both groups, hierarchical regression revealed longer sleep predicted better psychological wellbeing. In boarding students, homesickness-loneliness and homesickness-ruminations predicted psychological wellbeing. Thematic analysis of boarding students’ focus group responses revealed that night-time routine, and restricting technology use at night facilitated sleep.

Conclusion
Surprisingly boarding students reported better sleep than day-students—a finding attributable to boarding students having structured night-time routines and the boarding house restrictions on technology use at night. Nonetheless, in boarding students poor sleep and homesickness were predictive of worse psychological wellbeing. This study highlights the importance of strategies which promote sleep and minimise homesickness in boarding school students, but also the importance of routine and restricting technology at bedtime for adolescent sleep in general.
O028 Combination Pharmacological Therapy Targeting Multiple Mechanisms of Sleep Apnea
Authors: Sands S , Hess L , Bertisch S , Collet J , Gell L , Calianese N , Vena D , Azarbarzin A , Taranto-Montemurro L , Wellman A , Landry S , Thomson L , Joosten S , Hamilton G , Edwards B 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Currently two leading experimental pharmacological interventions are under investigation for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Acetazolamide, which acts to stabilise ventilatory control, lowers the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) by ∼38%. More recently, atomoxetine-plus-oxybutynin (“AtoOxy”), acting via improvements to dilator muscle responsiveness and baseline tone, was found to lower AHI by &gt;50%. Given that each potential therapy targets a different pathophysiology, we tested whether combined AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide would be more efficacious than AtoOxy alone.

Methods
In a multicenter randomised crossover trial, 19 patients with moderate-to-severe OSA received AtoOxy (80/5mg respectively), acetazolamide (500mg), AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide, or placebo at bedtime for 3 nights (half-dose on first night); outcomes were assessed at baseline and night 3 of each treatment period. Primary outcome: mixed model analysis compared the reduction in AHI(3% desaturation or arousal criterion) from baseline between AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide and AtoOxy. Secondary outcomes included hypoxic burden, arousal index, and visual analog scale for sleep quality.

Results
Compared with placebo, AHI was lowered with AtoOxy by +49 [33, 62] %baseline (estimate [95%CI]), AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide by +47 [31, 61]%baseline, and acetazolamide by +34 [14, 50]%baseline. However, there was no effect of AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide vs. AtoOxy alone (−3 [−33, 20]%baseline, P=0.8). Secondary outcomes: AtoOxy, acetazolamide and combined AtoOxy-plus-acetazolamide each lowered hypoxic burden and arousal index, but no differential effect of combination therapy was observed. There was no impact on the visual analog scale for sleep quality.

Conclusions
While AtoOxy halved AHI, and acetazolamide lowered AHI by a third, the combination of these leading experimental interventions provided no greater efficacy than AtoOxy alone.