bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeromechanical Optimization of Scalloping in Mixed Flow Turbines
Authors: Elliott Matthew , Spence Stephen , Seiler Martin , Geron Marco 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Scalloping of radial and mixed-flow turbocharger turbine rotors has been commonplace for many years as a means of inertia reduction and stress relief. The interest in turbine rotor inertia reduction is driven by transient loading requirements of turbocharged internal combustion engines, as this is a key factor in the time taken to meet transient engine torque requirements. Due to the high-density materials used in turbine rotors, any material removal from the turbine wheel has a significant impact on turbocharger inertia, and thus the transient response of the engine. It is well known that scalloping reduces not only inertia, but also efficiency. This study aimed to identify if it was possible to produce a new scallop design which reduced the scalloping efficiency penalty without increasing inertia or compromising mechanical constraints. This was carried out with the aim of developing design recommendations for scalloping where a complete minimization of inertia is not the design goal. A multipoint, multi-physics numerical optimization, with constraints on inertia and back disc stress, was carried out to determine what efficiency benefit could be realized by aerodynamically designing mixed-flow turbine scalloping. An efficiency benefit was identified across the entire turbocharger operating line, with increased benefit at low engine load, whilst not exceeding the design constraints. Scalloping losses for the baseline design were found to be greatest at low engine load, where the turbine experienced a low expansion ratio, mass flow, and speed. This explains why an aerodynamic redesign yields the greatest benefit under those operating conditions. These performance predictions were experimentally validated on the cold flow test rig at Queen's University Belfast, with good agreement between simulated and measured data. To conclude the study, a detailed loss audit was carried out to identify key loss generating flow structures and to understand how changes in geometry affected the formation and development of these flow structures throughout the passage. A large vortex which entered the passage from the scalloped region and interacted with the tip leakage vortex along the suction surface of the blade was identified as the main source of loss due to scalloping. The optimized design was found to better control the location of entry of this vortex into the blade passage, thus reducing the associated loss and facilitating a performance improvement. Geometric design guidelines were then proposed based on these findings.
Numerical Investigations on the Rotating Stall in an Axial Compressor and Its Control by Flow Injection at Casing
Authors: Marty Julien , Castillon Lionel , Joseph Pierric 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The operating range of a compressor is limited by surge or rotating stall line, among others. Numerical simulations must accurately predict these phenomena. This study is based on the experimental compressor CME2, which is a low-subsonic axial compressor. This compressor is tip-critical as the rotor tip is responsible for the rotating stall. This paper shows that the rotating stall onset flow rate is well captured by computational fluid dynamics, compared to experiments. After ten revolutions, all cells are merged and only one cell remains, as in experiments. Active flow control improves compressor performance and extends the stable operating range. In the present configuration, flow injection is performed at the casing. In the simulation, the insertion of the actuators is carried out through hybrid meshes: structured mesh for blade passages and unstructured mesh for each actuator. For the some stalled operating points of baseline configuration, there is no rotating cells in the controlled configuration. Thus, the rotating stall is delayed at lower flow rate, as expected by the use of active flow control and is in agreement with the experiments.
LES-CHT for a Rotating Cavity With Axial Throughflow
Authors: Hickling Tom , He Li 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The flow and heat transfer within rotating cavities is often discussed as a conjugate problem; the temperature distribution within the cavity disks drives the large-scale flow structure within the cavity, and the cavity aerodynamics influence the heat transfer to the disks. However, most simulations of rotating cavities only consider the fluid domain in isolation. This is particularly true for turbulence resolving approaches such as large eddy simulation (LES). The large time-scale disparity between the fluid time-steps used in LES and the characteristic solid time-scale complicates the use of LES with conjugate heat transfer (CHT). A further issue is that an under-resolved solid mesh artificially amplifies higher frequency temperature fluctuations from the fluid. This paper addresses these challenges with a new method for LES-CHT where the low frequency temperature fluctuation caused by the large-scale flow structure is accounted for using a multi-scale frequency domain approach. We investigate two cases: axially heated disks made of a low conductivity material, and disks made from a higher conductivity material with a temperature set by radial conduction from the shroud. The formation of small-scale flow structures on both the disk and shroud is dependent on the heating configuration of the cavity—indicating that high-fidelity thermal boundary conditions should be used when simulating rotating cavities. The formation of heating induced vortical flow structures near the disk is particularly interesting, as this is unexpected from the laminar Ekman layer modeling argument usually used to consider this region.
First Experience of Keeping Pogonophorans (Annelida: Siboglinidae) in Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Prudkovsky A. A. , Karaseva N. P. , Rimskaya-Korsakova M. N. , Pimenov T. P. , Rimskaya-Korsakova N. N. , Malakhov V. V. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The article describes the parameters of maintaining the gutless symbiotrophic annelid Siboglinum fiordicum in laboratory conditions outside the marine environment for 64 days.
Association between regular physical activity and the protective effect of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in a South African case–control study
Authors: Collie Shirley , Saggers Robin Terence , Bandini Rossella , Steenkamp Lizelle , Champion Jared , Gray Glenda , Bekker Linda-Gail , Goga Ameena , Garrett Nigel , Patricios Jon 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundBoth vaccination and physical activity have been shown to independently decrease the likelihood of severe COVID-19 infection.ObjectiveTo assess the association between regular physical activity and vaccination against COVID-19 among healthcare workers.MethodsA test negative case–control study design was used to estimate the risk of having an associated COVID-19-related hospital admission, among individuals who were unvaccinated compared with those who were fully vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S (>28 days after a single dose). 196 444 participant tests were stratified into three measured physical activity subgroups with low, moderate and high activity, to test the hypothesis that physical activity is an effect modifier on the relationship between vaccination and hospitalisation.ResultsVaccine effectiveness against a COVID-19-related admission among vaccinated individuals within the low activity group was 60.0% (95% CI 39.0 to 73.8), 72.1% (95% CI 55.2 to 82.6) for the moderate activity group, and 85.8% (95% CI 74.1 to 92.2) for the high activity group. Compared with individuals with low activity levels, vaccinated individuals with moderate and high activity levels had a 1.4 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.51) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.35 to 3.35) times lower risk of COVID-19 admission, respectively (p value <0.001 for both groups).ConclusionsRegular physical activity was associated with improved vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation, with higher levels of physical activity associated with greater vaccine effectiveness. Physical activity enhances vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes and should be encouraged by greater public health messaging.
Pirfenidone for the prevention of radiation-induced lung injury in patients with locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chen Cheng , Zeng Bangwei , Xue Dan , Cao Rongxiang , Liao Siqin , Yang Yong , Li Zhihua , Kang Mingqiang , Chen Chun , Xu Benhua 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionRadiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the most clinically-challenging toxicities and dose-limiting factors during and/or after thoracic radiation therapy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). With limited effective protective drugs against RILI, the main strategy to reduce the injury is strict adherence to dose-volume restrictions of normal lungs. RILI can manifest as acute radiation pneumonitis with cellular injury, cytokine release and cytokine recruitment to inflammatory infiltrate, and subsequent chronic radiation pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, scavenges-free radicals and reduces hydroxyproline and collagen formation. Hence, pirfenidone might be a promising drug for RILI prevention. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in preventing RILI in patients with locally advanced ESCC receiving chemoradiotherapy.Methods and analysisThis study is designed as a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre phase 2 trial and will explore whether the addition of pirfenidone during concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) could prevent RILI in patients with locally advanced ESCC unsuitable for surgery. Eligible participants will be randomised at 1:1 to pirfenidone and placebo groups. The primary endpoint is the incidence of grade >2 RILI. Secondary endpoints include the incidence of any grade other than grade >2 RILI, time to RILI occurrence, changes in pulmonary function after CCRT, completion rate of CCRT, disease-free survival and overall survival. The follow-up period will be 1 year. In case the results meet the primary endpoint of this trial, a phase 3 multicentre trial with a larger sample size will be required to substantiate the evidence of the benefit of pirfenidone in RILI prevention.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fujian Union Hospital (No. 2021YF001-02). The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, and national and international conference presentations.Trial registration numberChiCTR2100043032.
Scoping review to identify strategies and interventions improving interprofessional collaboration and integration in primary care
Authors: Sirimsi Muhammed Mustafa , De Loof Hans , Van den Broeck Kris , De Vliegher Kristel , Pype Peter , Remmen Roy , Van Bogaert Peter 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveTo identify strategies and interventions used to improve interprofessional collaboration and integration (IPCI) in primary care.DesignScoping reviewData sourcesSpecific Medical Subject Headings terms were used, and a search strategy was developed for PubMed and afterwards adapted to Medline, Eric and Web of Science.Study selectionIn the first stage of the selection, two researchers screened the article abstracts to select eligible papers. When decisions conflicted, three other researchers joined the decision-making process. The same strategy was used with full-text screening. Articles were included if they: (1) were in English, (2) described an intervention to improve IPCI in primary care involving at least two different healthcare disciplines, (3) originated from a high-income country, (4) were peer-reviewed and (5) were published between 2001 and 2020.Data extraction and synthesisFrom each paper, eligible data were extracted, and the selected papers were analysed inductively. Studying the main focus of the papers, researchers searched for common patterns in answering the research question and exposing research gaps. The identified themes were discussed and adjusted until a consensus was reached among all authors.ResultsThe literature search yielded a total of 1816 papers. After removing duplicates, screening titles and abstracts, and performing full-text readings, 34 papers were incorporated in this scoping review. The identified strategies and interventions were inductively categorised under five main themes: (1) Acceptance and team readiness towards collaboration, (2) acting as a team and not as an individual; (3) communication strategies and shared decision making, (4) coordination in primary care and (5) integration of caregivers and their skills and competences.ConclusionsWe identified a mix of strategies and interventions that can function as ‘building blocks’, for the development of a generic intervention to improve collaboration in different types of primary care settings and organisations.
The COVID-19 pandemic and changes in children’s physical activity in a rural US community: a mixed methods study
Authors: Kellstedt Debra K , Essay Ann M , Schenkelberg Michaela A , Rosen Marisa S , Von Seggern Mary J , Idoate Regina , Welk Gregory J , Rosenkranz Richard R , Dzewaltowski David A 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo examine differences in rural community children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and participation in out-of-school activities from fall 2019 to fall 2020 and explore enacted PA opportunity modifications post initial COVID-19 disruption.DesignMixed methods study using the validated Youth Activity Profile (YAP), administrator reports and stakeholder surveys and semistructured interviews.SettingChildren and community stakeholders from one rural US Great Plains community in the state of Nebraska were recruited.ParticipantsThird through fifth graders in fall 2019 (n=144) and fall 2020 (n=174) reported MVPA and participation in out-of-school activities using the YAP. School administrators reported weekly physical education (PE) and recess minutes. Community stakeholders reported pandemic-related changes in community social structures in semistructured interviews (n=4) and surveys (n=19).ResultsAverage daily MVPA minutes increased from 2019 to 2020 (75.0 vs 81.3, SE=1.6, p<0.05). Minutes of MVPA increased during: school hours (MD=2.7, SE=0.5, p<0.5); out-of-school time on weekdays (MD=3.9, SE=1.3, p<0.5); and on weekends (MD=5.5, SE=2.4, p<0.5). On average, fewer children participated in youth sport (42.5% vs 47.2%), youth clubs (10.3% vs 16.0%) and other out-of-school activities (24.1% vs 38.2%) in 2020, compared with 2019. Weekly PE/recess minutes increased from 208.3 to 241.7 from 2019 to 2020. Stakeholder surveys revealed community-driven modifications to PA opportunities, and interviews suggested children played outside more frequently, especially when school was closed and out-of-school activities were shut down.ConclusionsIncreased minutes of PE and recess, and decreased out-of-school activity participation may have increased children’s overall free play and MVPA during the pandemic. Free play was an important contributor to children’s PA during the pandemic and should be prioritised by educators, coaches and other leaders of child PA opportunities.Trial registration numberNCT03380143.
How to co-design a health literacy-informed intervention based on a needs assessment study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Borge Christine Råheim , Larsen Marie Hamilton , Osborne Richard H , Engebretsen Eivind , Andersen Marit Helen , Holter Ingrid Asbjørnsen , Wahl Astrid K 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveTo develop a co-designed health literacy (HL)-informed intervention for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that enables them to find, understand, remember, use and communicate the health information needed to promote and maintain good health.DesignThis study used a co-design approach informed by the programme logic of the Ophelia (Optimising Health Literacy and Access) process. The co-design included workshops where possible solutions for an HL-informed intervention were discussed based on an HL needs assessment study.SettingsFive workshops were performed in a local community setting in the specialist and municipality healthcare services in Oslo, Norway.ParticipantsPeople with COPD, multidisciplinary healthcare professionals (HCPs) from the municipality and specialist healthcare services, and researchers (n=19) participated in the workshops. The co-designed HL-informed intervention was based on seven focus groups with people with COPD (n=14) and HCPs (n=21), and a cross-sectional study of people with COPD using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (n=69).ResultsThe workshop co-design process identified 45 action points and 51 description points for possible intervention solutions to meet the HL needs of people with COPD. The final recommendation for an HL-informed intervention focused on tailored follow-up after hospitalisation, which uses motivational interviewing techniques, is based on the individual’s HL, self-management and quality of life needs and is implemented in cooperation with HCPs in both the specialist and municipality healthcare services.ConclusionDuring the codesign process, the workshop group generated several ideas for how to help patients find, understand, remember, use and communicate health information in order to promote and maintain good health. People with COPD need tailored follow-up based on their individual HL needs by HCPs that have knowledge of COPD and are able to motivate them for self-management tasks and help them to improve their quality of life (QOL) and decrease hospitalisation.
Healthcare providers’ attitudes, beliefs and barriers to pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Aldhahir Abdulelah M , Alqahtani Jaber S , AlDraiwiesh Ibrahim A , Alghamdi Saeed M , Alsulayyim Abdullah S , Alqarni Abdullah A , Alhotye Munyra , Alwafi Hassan , Siraj Rayan , Alrajeh Ahmed , Aldabayan Yousef S , Alzahrani Eidan M , Hakamy Ali 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo assess the attitude of healthcare providers (HCPs) towards the delivering of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and identify factors and barriers that might influence referral.DesignA cross-sectional online survey consisting of nine multiple-choice questions.SettingsSaudi Arabia.Participants980 HCPs including nurses, respiratory therapists (RT) and physiotherapists.Primary outcome measuresHCPs attitudes towards and expectations of the delivery of PR to COPD patients and the identification of factors and barriers that might influence referral in Saudi Arabia.ResultsOverall, 980 HCPs, 53.1% of whom were men, completed the survey. Nurses accounted for 40.1% of the total sample size, and RTs and physiotherapists accounted for 32.1% and 16.5%, respectively. The majority of HCPs strongly agreed that PR would improve exercise capacity 589 (60.1%), health-related quality of life 571 (58.3%), and disease self-management in patients with COPD 589 (60.1%). Moreover, the in-hospital supervised PR programme was the preferred method of delivering PR, according to 374 (38.16%) HCPs. Around 85% of HCPs perceived information about COPD, followed by smoking cessation 787 (80.3%) as essential components of PR besides the exercise component. The most common patient-related factor that strongly influenced referral decisions was ‘mobility affected by breathlessness’ (64%), while the ‘availability of PR centres’ (61%), the ‘lack of trained HCPs’ (52%) and the ‘lack of authority to refer patients’ (44%) were the most common barriers to referral.ConclusionPR is perceived as an effective management strategy for patients with COPD. A supervised hospital-based programme is the preferred method of delivering PR, with information about COPD and smoking cessation considered essential components of PR besides the exercise component. A lack of PR centres, well-trained staff and the authority to refer patients were major barriers to referring patients with COPD. Further research is needed to confirm HCP perceptions of patient-related barriers.
Disruptions to the procurement of medical abortion medicines during COVID-19: a scoping review
Authors: Cassinath Natasha , Titulaer Patricia , Läser Laurence , Lavelanet Antonella , Ahsan Safia , Kwankam Toedtli Francelle , Mawa Stephen , Rehnstrom Loi Ulrika 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to systematically search, retrieve and map the extent and characteristics of available literature on the evidenced disruptions to medical abortion (MA) medicine procurement caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.DesignScoping review using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodology and Levacet al’s methodological enhancement with adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, PMC, Science Direct, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched from January 2020 to April 2022.Eligibility criteriaWe included articles in English that: (1) contained information on MA medicines; (2) included descriptions of procurement disruptions, including those with examples, characteristics and/or statistics; (3) documented events during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (4) presented primary data.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently screened search results, performed a full-text review of preliminarily included articles and completed data extraction in a standard Excel spreadsheet. Extracted data from was compared for validation and synthesised qualitatively.ResultsThe two articles included are unpublished grey literature demonstrating evidence of short-lived disruptions in sexual and reproductive health commodity procurement, including MA medicines, in sub-Saharan Africa during the early months of the pandemic. Findings from the two included grey literature articles show that in sub-Saharan contexts, emergency preparedness, stockpiling, adaptations and flexibility of key actors, including donors, alleviated COVID-19 disruptions allowing for resumption of services within weeks.ConclusionThere is a need for increased empirical evidence of MA procurement challenges to understand which barriers to MA procurement may persist and impact continuity of supply while others can fuel resilience and preparedness efforts at the country and subregional levels. The lack of evidence from social marketing organisations and their networks is a significant gap as these actors constitute a vital artery in the distribution of MA commodities in low-income and middle-income countries.