bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal and Choroidal Microvascular Changes During Pregnancy Periods Detected with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: A prospective study
Authors: POTA Çisil ERKAN , APAYDIN Kadri Cemil 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurpose:To investigate choroidal and retinal blood flow and thickness changes using Optic Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography (OCTA) during pregnancy.Methods:This prospective study included 41 eyes of 41 pregnant and 45 eyes of 45 healthy nonpregnant women. Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), Retinal thickness (RT), choroidal thickness (CT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, superficial and deep capillary plexus (SCP, DCP) vessel density(VD), choriocapillaris VD measurements were evaluated with OCT and OCTA.Results:There was no significant difference in OPP, RT, and CT during pregnancy. FAZ area increased as the gestational weeks progressed (p:0.011). The FAZ area of the first trimester was significantly lower than the control group (p:0,029). A decrease in central SCP and DCP VD in the third trimester and an increase in the choriocapillaris VD during pregnancy were detected (p:0.01, p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). We observed an increase in mean VD for both SCP and DCP in the second trimester (p:0.02, p:0.027). In the second and third trimesters, SCP and DCP VD values werefound to be significantly higher than the control group. During the pregnancy period a significant increase was detected in choriocapillaris VD when compared to the first trimester.Conclusion:In conclusionthis is the first prospective study in the literaturethatevaluates the measurements in all trimesters of pregnancy with OCTA. We observedsignificant retinal and choroidal microvascular changes between trimesters of pregnancy and when compared with healthy women.Clinicaltrials.gov registration ID: NCT04950855 11/01/2021
A Comparative Study of Computational Fake News Detection on Social Media
Authors: Manish Manish Kumar Singh , Jawed Jawed Ahmed , Alam Mohammad Afshar Alam , Kamlesh Kamlesh Kumar Raghuvanshi , Sachin Sachin Kumar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Social media platforms has become widely popular among netizens to share views and news. This can be attributed to easy affordability of digital devices, low cost Internet and free subscription to social media platforms. Individuals find social media platforms quite appealing where they can find like-minded people to exchange views and news. Studies have shown that a less credible person is more likely to propagate fake news in order to fulfill their objectives of any form - seeking attention, gaining financial benefits or influencing political views. Hence, fake news detection on social media has become one of the most envisaged research topics in recent times. Fake news detection on social media can be done through various methods based on sources, transmission, styles, and knowledge. The major contribution of this survey paper is to provide a comparative study of major computational methods for fake news detection on social media. The objective of this study is to help researchers carry further research using the details and the research gaps presented in the paper.
Effect of Citrus Rootstocks on Root Distribution and Leaf Mineral Content of ‘Orlando’ Tangelo Trees1
Authors: Castle W. S. , Krezdorn A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of rootstock on tree size, root distribution and leaf mineral content of ‘Orlando’ tangelos on 11 rootstocks was studied. Pronounced differences in depth of rooting, weight of feeder roots and tree height were detected. Depth of rooting was correlated to tree height, (r = .58, 1970; r = .83, 1971) i.e., the tallest trees had the deepest root systems. Feeder root wt and tree height were not related. The level of leaf N, K, Ca and Mg but not P was related to rootstock, suggesting a differential absorption of mineral nutrients by rootstock. The level of N appeared to be influenced by root distribution. Trees with deep extensive root systems or with a large number of feeder roots near the surface had high leaf N. Leaf K was significantly correlated with depth of rooting, (r = .96, 1970; r = .84, 1971). The results suggested the maximum performance of all rootstocks was not attained under the uniform cultural conditions of this experiment and therefore the need to examine each rootstock under conditions optimum for it.
14C-sucrose Translocation in Apple1
Authors: Schneider G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) sprays reduced 14C-sucrose translocation to developing fruit of apple. Malus pumila Mill. Temperature, cultivar, time following application of 14C-sucrose, and time interval between applications of NAA and 14C-sucrose each affected sucrose translocation. I concluded that NAA spray caused apple fruit thinning by establishing sinks in vegetative tissue that reduced metabolites reaching the fruit.
Ethephon [1,2-14C(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] in Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruits. III. Stability and Persistence1
Authors: Lavee S. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a study of the purity and stability of 1,2-14C(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid when used as a radioactive tracer, 3 out of 4 radioactive impurities detected were found in all standards tested. In addition, 7 other non-radioactive compounds were found in 1 of the 14C-CEPA standards. One contaminant was found to be in equilibrium with the 14C-CEPA. No contaminants were detected on GLC of the non-radioactive CEPA standard. 14C-CEPA was non-enzymatically bound to some constituents in extracts of peach fruits, cv. Halford, particularly to sugars.
Growth and Development of the Shoot, Roots, and Central Bulblet of Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Paul Richter During Standard Forcing1
Authors: Shoub J. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using a standard forcing program for early February flowering, the histogenesis of the tulip apical meristem from the vegetative state to the differentiated, immature flower was observed with the scanning and light microscopes. Root and central bulblet development were observed only with the light microscope. Total scape and root growth were measured from initiation to anthesis. The apex was vegetative on July 21, prefloral on August 1, and reached the reproductive stage “G” on August 15. The first internode was formed by August 7 and the last internode was formed just prior to reaching stage “G”. Cell division was observed in the scape from formation until after planting at 9°C. A second phase occurred in the epidermal cells, nodal regions, and vascular bundles immediately after the plants were placed in the greenhouse. It preceded the rapid rate of cell elongation in the scape. Root initiation had commenced by late July. Root growth and differentiation continued in the basal plate until mid-September, resumed during the cold treatment, and continued after the plants were placed in the green-house. The central bulblet was initiated by early August and continued to develop throughout the forcing program.
Effect of Plant Spacing, Nitrogen, and Cultivar on Spinach (Spinicia oleracea L.) Yield and Quality1,2,3
Authors: Bradley G. A. , Sistrunk W. A. , Baker E. C. , Cash J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Significant yield increases resulted when row spacing on spinach was reduced from 25.4 cm to 12.7 cm in ‘spring’, ‘overwinter’, and ‘fall’ crops. There was usually no yield advantage in in-row plant spacing closer than 5.1 cm. Color was lighter green in the fast growing ‘spring’ crops and there was more stemminess in canned ‘spring’ spinach when grown in closer row and plant spacing. These effects were not apparent in the ‘overwinter’ and ‘fall’ crops. Yield and color differences resulted from N treatments, and were related to rainfall amount and length of season. A smooth-leaved cultivar produced higher yields in the spring than a savoyed one, but in the ‘overwinter’ and ‘fall’ crops, the savoyed cultivar yielded best. Savoyed cultivars generally rated higher than smooth leaved in canning quality, primarily because of better color.
Control of Endogenous Brown Spot of Fresh Pineapple in Postharvest Handling1,2
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore , Steepy Thomas , Greidanus Theodore , Iwaoka Noboru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In Hawaii, the physiological disease of pineapple [Ananas comusus (L.) Merr. cv. Smooth Cayenne] called endogenous brown spot (EBS), occurs throughout the year. During the development of EBS there is a significant positive correlation between the number of spots and degree of darkening of spots. Correlations between number and degree of darkening of spots with pulp translucence indicated that higher pulp translucency does not necessarily camouflage the spots and thereby reduce the number as well as the degree of darkening of the spots. A heat treatment at 32.3–37.8°C for 1 day controlled EBS in fresh fruits held under refrigeration (7.2°C). In simulated shipping experiments heat treatment was effective when applied in transit in shipping containers before, during, or after refrigeration, the last being most effective. The only detrimental effect of heat treatment was increased fruit-wt loss. This was more than offset by the beneficial effect of the reduction in EBS incidence, and improvement in appearance and flavor of the pulp.
Decay Control of Peaches and Nectarines During and After Controlled Atmosphere and Air Storage1
Authors: Smith W. L. , Anderson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Decay of peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] and nectarines [P. persica var nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] held 6 days at 18.3°C was considerably higher on fruits previously stored 6 weeks in air or in 1% O2 + 5% CO2 (CA) at 0° than on those freshly harvested and held 6 days at 18.3°. Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey) caused most of the decay of freshly harvested fruits, whereas Monillinia, Botrytis, Penicillium, and Alternaria species caused decay of stored fruits. Treatment in 46°C water containing 100 ppm benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) effectively controlled decay during storage at 0° and during ripening at 18.3° without injuring the fruits. Treatment in 46° water alone partially controlled decay. Treatment in 52° water controlled decay of peaches during storage but not during ripening. This treatment severely injured peaches but not nectarines.
Resistance to Second-Brood European Corn Borer Attack in Dent Inbred ‘B52’ and in Progeny from Crosses with Four Sweet Corn Inbreds1,2
Authors: Pounders C. T. , Davis D. W. , Windels Mark B. , Chiang H. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Artificial infestation with egg masses to simulate severe natural second brood European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), infestation caused less stalk and stalk-associated damage in the resistant field corn inbred ‘B52’ Zea mays L. than in susceptible sweet corn inbreds. Relatively severe damage, however, occurred on and around the region of the primary ear in both ‘B52’ and the sweet inbreds. Because direct kernel damage is of paramount economic importance in sweet corn as opposed to field corn, forms of second-brood resistance in addition to that found in ‘B52’ should be sought in sweet corn improvement. For stalk tunneling and number of sheath and collar lesions the resistance of F1 and F2 progenies was intermediate between the resistance of ‘B52’ and the sweet inbreds. Although there were no parental differences in damage to the ear, F1 and F2 means showed some indication of resistance.
The Role of Leaf Shape in the Inheritance of Heading in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Bassett M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf index (width/length) was measured in the parental lines, F1 and F2 of the cross ‘Gallega’ (rosette type) × ‘Minetto’ (crisphead). The minimum genetic requirement for head formation in the F2 was probably a combination of 3 genes, 1 dominant and 2 recessive. However, none of the heading segregates fully recovered the ‘Minetto’ phenotype. The heading genotype of ‘Minetto’ differed from that of ‘Gallega’ by a mimimum of 3, and probably 4 or more, predominantly recessive genes. The primary effect of “heading genes” was to increase the leaf index, i.e. produce leaves which were wide at the base.
The Influence of a Reflectant on Leaf Temperature and Development of the Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)1
Authors: Basnizki J. , Evenari M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A reflectant containing Zn and Ca among others, sprayed on the leaves of globe artichoke, increased the reflectance of the leaf. Treated leaves were always cooler than control leaves. The abaxial leaf surfaces of treated leaves were always warmer than the adaxial surfaces. The adaxial surface of treated small leaves had a higher diffusion resistance than the abaxial ones or either surface of control leaves. Higher diffusion resistance probably is the reason for better survival of treated plants in semi arid environments. Treated plants used water more efficiently than control plants.
Effects of pH, Temperature, Nutrition, Ethephon, and Chlormequat on Endogenous Cytokinin Levels of Coleus blumei Benth.1
Authors: Banko T. J. , Boe A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Paper chromatography of coleus exudate extracts showed 2 regions of cytokinin activity detected by the radish cotyledon bioassay, one at Rf 0.1-0.3 and the other at Rf 0.6-0.8. Cytokinin activity was reduced (especially in Rf 0.1-0.3 region) by stress from low pH, low nutrition, low temperature, and by ethephon and chlormequat.
Anatomical and Histochemical Modifications Associated with Abscission of Cucumis Fruits1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical changes which take place in conjunction with abscission of cantaloupe fruits (Cucumis melo L. cv. Powdery Mildew Resistant No. 45) include cell separation and cell collapse. Structural modifications in abscission zone cell walls are accompanied by histochemical changes which include losses of pectins and insoluble polysaccharides. Development of a separation cavity is consistently correlated with physiologically defined stages of fruit maturity, and the time of abscission coincides with the peak of the respiratory climacteric. Anatomical and histochemical changes similar to those in cantaloupe also take place in honeydew fruits (Cucumis melo L. cv. Honeydew). However, the abscission zone of honeydews is not structurally well defined, changes are limited to certain parenchyma cells, and the honeydew fruits do not normally abscise. It is suggested that the most desirable growth regulator for use on cantaloupes to accelerate and unify the time of fruit ripening would be one which did not coincidentally accelerate abscission.
Diurnal Pattern of Plant Water Status and CO2 Fixation of Roses as Affected by Irrigation Regimes1
Authors: Plaut Z. , Halevy A. H. , Diskin Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diurnal patterns of shoot water potential (ψ), leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal aperture, and CO2 fixation rates of rose (Rosa hyb.) were determined. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in tuff media and subjected to two irrigation regimes. Shoot water potential decreased gradually from the early morning until 1000-1100 hours, and remained at a minimal value throughout midday, followed by an increase in the afternoon. This daily pattern occurred regardless of season and moisture regime of the growing media, although the minimal value of ψ during midday hours was usually 2-6 bars lower in the dry regime.
Leaf RWC decreased from 96 to 81% and from 85 to 70% between 0700 and 1100 hours in the wet and dry treatments, respectively, in September. The decrease in RWC during midwinter was only 8% and 12%, respectively, in the 2 treatments. This decrease was followed by an increase in RWC during midday which was at least as high as half of the morning drop. The diurnal changes in RWC corresponded to fluctuations in stomatal movement.
The diurnal course of CO2 fixation was affected by radiation flux density and by shoot water potential. In the morning, when water potential was still fairly high, fixation was usually related to radiation flux density. Shoot water potential became a more effective factor in controlling CO2 fixation during midday hours. It is suggested that the rate of CO2 fixation under impaired plant water status was controlled by mesophyll resistance and not only by stomatal diffusive resistance.
N and K Fertilization Effects on Leaf Analysis, Tree Size, and Yield of Three Major Florida Orange Cultivars1
Authors: Reese R. L. , Koo R. C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 5-year field experiment planted on Astatula fine sand using ‘Hamlin,’ ‘Pineapple,’ and ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) on rough lemon rootstock (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) with 4 levels each of N and K indicated that higher N rates increased fruit production and yield of soluble solids. High K applications decreased soluble solids. Increase in tree canopy area between 1968 and 1974 was related to N but not to K applications. Maximum yield response with N in all 3 cultivars was attained at 202 kg/ha/yr. ‘Hamlin’ orange showed maximum yield response to K at 167 kg/ha/yr whereas ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Valencia’ orange had maximum yield at 112 kg/ha/yr. Leaf analyses showed that increased N application resulted in higher leaf N and Mg contents but lower P and K levels. Increased K application showed higher P and K levels but lower Ca and Mg levels.
The Influence of Cytokinins on in Vitro Shoot Development of ‘Concord’ Grape1
Authors: Pool Robert M. , Powell Loyd E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth of excised grape shoots in the absence of roots was investigated using asceptic culture. Sustained shoot development was observed only when cytokinins were present in the media. We used ‘Concord’ (Vitis labruscana Bailey) in most experiments, but the response was observed in other cultivars including those of Vitis vinifera L. Better response was obtained with cytokinin ribosides than with free bases. If roots developed, the requirement for an exogenous source of cytokinin was nullified.
Effect of Nitrogen Form and pH on Growth, NO3-N, NH4-N and Total N Content of Container-grown Doublefile Viburnum1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Doublefile viburnums (Viburnum plicatum Miq. tomentosum Thunb.) were cultured at 2 pH ranges, 3 to 4 and 7 to 8, with 3 N treatments (NO3-N, NH4-N, or NO3-N plus NH4-N) supplied daily at a concentration of 1.5 meq N per pot. Fresh weights of shoots and roots from plants grown with NH4-N at pH 3 to 4 were significantly lower than from plants grown with other N treatments. Plants developed leaf necrosis and ultimately died when grown with NH4-N at pH 3 to 4. Limited leaf necrosis developed on other NH4-N treated plants. Leaf necrosis did not develop on leaves of plants grown with NO3-N at pH 3 to 4 or 7 to 8. Roots of all plants, except those grown with NH4-N at pH 3 to 4 appeared vigorous and healthy. Nitrate N was greatest in shoots of NO3-N treated plants. Shoot NH4-N levels were greatest in NH4-N treated plants and correlated with the severity of leaf necrosis. Total N concentration in shoots and roots were greatest in plants grown with NO3-N at pH 3 to 4 and NO3-N plus NH4-N at pH 3 to 4. In the growing medium, NO3-N predominated at the high pH range; NH4-N at the lower pH range. The N form and pH of the growing medium exerted marked effects on growth, and on N availability and utilization by viburnum.
In Vitro Culture of Rudimentary Embryos of Eleven Ilex Species1
Authors: Hu C. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The heart-shaped embryos, dissected from mature fruits of 11 Ilex (holly) species in 4 taxonomic sections, grown in modified White’s and Linsmaier and Skoog’s media jelled with Bacto-agar, produced seedlings. The rudimentary embryos were sufficiently autotrophic that a carbon source was the only organic compound needed in the media. There is a great variation in speed of in vitro development among individual embryos of the same species. The average embryo length of I. aquifolium L. increased linearly and most embryos reached germination size at the 55th day of incubation. The average embryo length of I. cornuta Lindl. increased sigmoidally and most embryos reached germination size at the 23rd day of incubation. The in vitro germination percentages for most species were above 80%. The survival rates after transplanting were higher than 75%. Sub-sequent seedling growth in greenhouses was healthy and vigorous.
Effect of Trellis Height with and without Crossarms on Yield of Thompson Seedless Grapes1
Authors: Weaver Robert J. , Kasimatis A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were trained to heights of 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 m with and without an 0.6-m crossarm. Data were collected from 4 seasons beginning in 1969. Within treatments variability was usually too great to reveal significant differences among treatment means for most parameters measured within a single year. Analysis of the 3-year combined results revealed that the highest trellis resulted in most yield, most clusters, and most berry sugar per vine. Vines on the lowest trellis had the least pruning brush wt. Vines with crossarms had higher wt per berry, soluble solids, sugar, and wt brush per vine than did vines without crossarms.
Use of Ethephon and Chlorflurenol in a Once-Over Pickling Cucumber Production System1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Phatak Sharad C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon and chlorflurenol were applied to hybrid pickling cucumber Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Pioneer and Pickmore to study the use and effectiveness of the chemicals on promoting fruit yields and quality in a once-over harvest system. Ethephon was applied either at the first or the fourth true-leaf stage of growth. Chlorflurenol was applied at 0, 50 or 100 ppm when 6-8 female flowers reached anthesis. Dollar value per ha was increased by approximately 14% when ethephon or chlorflurenol was used alone. However, when these 2 growth regulators were used in combination, yields were increased by as much as 68% in ‘Pioneer’ and 40% in ‘Pickmore.’ Chlorflurenol significantly increased the number of fruit per plant and reduced the length to diameter ratio. Fruit shape and L:D ratio were significantly improved when ethephon was applied in the fourth true-leaf stage regardless of chlorflurenol usage. Chlorflurenol slightly reduced the fresh quality of ‘Pioneer’ but had no such effect on ‘Pickmore.’ Salt stock quality was improved slightly by chlorflurenol. To obtain best yield, fruit shape, fresh salt stock quality, ethephon should be applied twice, 1 week apart commencing at the fourth true-leaf stage, followed by a 50 to 100 ppm spray application of chlorflurenol when 6-8 female flowers have reached anthesis.
Effect of Soil Moisture and Irrigation Method on Tipburn and Edgeburn Severity in Greenhouse Lettuce1
Authors: Bert John S. , Honma S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cvs. Domineer and Grand Rapids were grown in the greenhouse at 4 soil moisture levels using 2 irrigation methods. Tipburn developed on immature ‘Domineer’ plants but not on ‘Grand Rapids’ in the high soil moisture beds 63 days after transplanting. Tipburn was observed on both cultivars when harvested at maturity 93 days after transplanting. Mature plants of ‘Domineer’ were more severely tipburned than those of ‘Grand Rapids.’
Edgeburn was first observed 53 days after transplanting on both cultivars at all soil moisture levels as pinpoint necrosis on outer leaves where the veins terminate at the leaf edge. The affected area enlarged with time and appeared to be associated with high levels of Mn.
Yields were higher at the 0.0–0.2 and 0.4 bar tension levels than at 2.0 bars. ‘Domineer’ gave higher yields than ‘Grand Rapids.’