bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Footprint Differentiation in the Japanese Residential Sector Due To Income‐Driven Divergences in Consumption and Time Allocation
Authors: Long Yin , Yoshida Yoshikuni , Huang Liqiao , Gasparatos Alexandros 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHouseholds are responsible for a large fraction of the direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) at the national level. However, emission patterns are not homogeneous within the residential sector, with several factors affecting them. This study explores how income‐related divergences in consumption and time allocation affect the carbon footprint of the Japanese residential sector. To achieve this, we combine data on emission intensities from national input‐output tables with household‐level consumption and time allocation data from two large‐scale nationally representative surveys. Overall, we find that indirect emissions account for approximately 78% of the overall carbon footprint of the residential sector across the studied income groups. The overall carbon footprint and the emissions of several individual consumption categories follow an N‐shaped curve, with some of the lower‐income groups having disproportionately higher emissions compared to middle‐ and higher‐income groups. Conversely, emissions for other individual consumption categories increase almost linearly with income. This points to the fact that different factors can affect emissions across income groups. Specifically, the N‐shaped curves are driven by the propensity of lower‐income households to spend more time at home and rely on inefficient technologies, while the linear trend is driven by the propensity of higher‐income households to consume more. A detailed understanding of how these factors affect emissions patterns can provide useful insights for designing and implementing effective policies to achieve decarbonization the residential sector.
Evolution of Pulverized Fault Zone Rocks by Dynamic Tensile Loading During Successive Earthquakes
Authors: Smith Zachary D. , Griffith W. Ashley 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLarge strike‐slip faults experience numerous earthquakes during which transient tensile and compressive mean normal stress perturbations travel along opposing sides of the fault. Research exploring dynamic rock fracture through multiple earthquake cycles has focused predominantly on transient compressive loading, but little is known about off‐fault damage development due to successive tensile loading. We investigate damage accumulation by transient tensile loading over multiple earthquake cycles using a modified sample configuration for uniaxial compressive loading apparatuses consisting of a Westerly granite rock disk bonded to two lead disks. We show that fracture density increases during each successive loading cycle, and pulverized rock can be produced under tension at strain rates as low as 10−3 s−1. Therefore, pulverized rock can form at low strain rates, and its texture and extent may be controlled by the size of the coseismic tensile stress perturbation and the number of slip events on the fault.
Evaluation of IMERG Over CONUS Complex Terrain Using Environmental Variables
Authors: Derin Y. , Kirstetter P.‐E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSatellite‐based precipitation products (SPPs) provide extensive spatial and temporal coverage globally but are challenged in complex terrain. This study aims at understanding uncertainties of SPP estimation due to topographically induced rainfall. Environmental and physical parameters, that is, orographically forced upward motion and horizontal moisture flux convergence, are considered to condition precipitation mechanisms for a detailed uncertainty analysis. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation product Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is compared at its native resolution against a high quality and accurate radar and rain gauge precipitation reference Ground Validation Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor (GV‐MRMS). Conditional analysis of IMERG using environmental parameters is conducted over mountainous terrain. The highest GV‐MRMS mean rainfall rate is found to be associated with positive high Q and moderate w values, confirming that vigorous moisture flux convergence is a strong condition for heavy rainfall. IMERG shows over‐ and underestimation for positive w and Q when GV‐MRMS rainfall magnitudes between 0.8 and 13 mm h−1.
An Energetic Perspective on the Holocene North American Monsoon
Authors: Bhattacharya Tripti 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe North American Monsoon (NAM) is a critical component of the hydrologic cycle in southwestern North America. However, our understanding of the long‐term evolution of this monsoon system is incomplete due to a paucity of long‐term paleoclimatic records from the core and periphery of the NAM domain. C. Routson et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099772) leverage a new compilation of Holocene proxy records to generate a new composite index of NAM evolution over the Holocene. They identify a relationship between NAM strength and the latitudinal temperature gradient over the Holocene. The authors suggest that shifts in the strength of the westerlies altered NAM convection via ventilation, a process whereby the large‐scale circulation imports low moist entropy air into the monsoon domain. These results highlight the importance of paleoclimatic records, especially from past “warm” intervals, for generating new insights about the evolution of regional monsoons.
A New Perspective on Magnetotail Electron and Ion Divergent Flows: MMS Observations
Authors: Motoba T. , Sitnov M. I. , Stephens G. K. , Gershman D. J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFast divergent flows of electrons and ions in the magnetotail plasma sheet are conventionally interpreted as a key reconnection signature caused by the magnetic topology change at the X‐line. Therefore, reversals of the x‐component (Vx⊥) of the plasma flow perpendicular to the magnetic field must correlate with the sign changes in the north‐south component of the magnetic field (Bz). Here we present observations of the flow reversals that take place with no correlated Bz reversals. We report six such events, which were measured with the high‐resolution plasma and fields instruments of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. We found that electron flow reversals in the absence of Bz reversals (a) have amplitudes of ∼1,000–2,000 km s−1 and durations of a few seconds; (b) are embedded into larger‐scale ion flow reversals with enhanced ion agyrotropy; and (c) compared with conventional reconnection outflows around the electron diffusion regions (EDRs), have less (if ever) pronounced electron agyrotropy, dawnward electron flow amplitude, and electric field strength toward the neutral sheet, although their energy conversion parameters, including the Joule heating rate, are quite substantial. These results suggest that such flow reversals develop in the ion‐demagnetization regions away from electron‐scale current sheets, in particular the EDRs, and yet they play an important role in the energy conversion. These divergent flows are interpreted as precursors of the flow‐driven reconnection onsets provided by the ion tearing or the ballooning/interchange instability.
Comment on “The Use of Invalid Polar Cap South (PCS) Indices in Publications” by Stauning
Authors: Troshichev O. A. , Dolgacheva S. A. , Sormakov D. A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDeclaration (Stauning, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355) on “invalid polar cap south (PCS) index” is based on the following arguments: PCS index is calculated with use of incorrect “unified” PC derivation method; PCS index used in analyses is a preliminary index, which was not approved by IAGA and, therefore, it cannot be regarded as a correct index; PCN and PCS indices demonstrate, intermittently, large difference in value, which should be treated as evidence of the PCS index invalidity. The paper presents comments to these arguments. Conclusion is made that criticism of the PCS index, presented in Stauning (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355), is based on groundless arguments.
Sprite Distribution of Different Polarities From ISUAL Observations With Machine Learning Method
Authors: Zhang Mao , Lu Gaopeng , Wang Ziyi , Peng Kang‐Ming , Huang Hailiang , Ren Huan , Liu Feifan , Lei Jiuhou 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe morphological features of sprites are closely related to the polarity of their causative lightning strokes. Using the machine learning method, we develop a model with an accuracy of 93.8% to identify the polarity of sprite‐producing cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning strokes for events recorded during the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) mission. Approximately 17% of the sprites are identified to be produced by negative CG lightning strokes. The global distribution of the polarity of sprite‐producing CG lightning strokes suggests that the ratio of sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes relative to sprites produced by positive ones varies with latitude and sea‐land distribution. Sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes appear to be generated in the tropical regions below 20° latitude and the oceanic area. Moreover, the proportion of sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes over Africa and North America are much smaller than that over the rest of the continents and the sea.
Potential Volcano‐Tectonic Origins and Faulting Mechanisms of Three Low‐Frequency Marsquakes Detected by a Single InSight Seismometer
Authors: Sita Madelyn , van der Lee Suzan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUtilizing low‐frequency events reported by the Marsquake Service (MQS), we selected waveform data collected from the InSight mission to characterize the origins of three potential marsquakes. S0173a and S0235b were determined to originate near the Cerberus Fossae region. Our calculated backazimuths and epicentral distances were in agreement with those provided by the InSight team. The third event, S0325ab, likely originated southeast of the lander with an epicentral distance of 38.4°, uniquely placing it near the boundary between the Martian highlands and lowlands. We then estimated potential double‐couple faulting mechanisms associated with each of the marsquakes using the relative amplitudes and polarities of the P, SH, and SV waves, in a novel method. S0173a and S0173ab can be explained with a composite mechanism that begins as a thrust faulting, followed by an oblique normal‐faulting mechanism. Given the low level of seismicity on Mars, it is likely that these events did not occur independently but instead form a doublet resulting from a single origin. Though its weaker, S0325a and S0325ab could also represent a doublet that begins with E‐W extension and ends with N‐S extension. Our preferred explanation for S0235b is a single faulting mechanism representing vertical dip‐slip with a small normal‐faulting component. The strike of one fault plane aligns roughly with the exposed faults that represent the Cerberus Fossae. We propose that these diverse faulting mechanisms from different locations represent intra‐crustal deformation in the form of volcano‐tectonic quakes related to magmatic activity, including possible dike propagation in the lower crust.
Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Promote Stand Biomass Along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China
Authors: Wu Anchi , Tang Xuli , Li Andi , Xiong Xin , Liu Juxiu , He Xinhua , Zhang Qianmei , Dong Anqiang , Chen Hongfeng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSubtropical forests play an important role in regulating global carbon storage, a substantial portion of these forest carbon pools are stored in biomass stocks. Yet, we do not fully understand how tree diversity, stand structure and functional trait identity influence biomass stocks along elevational gradients. Here we used forest inventory data from nine 1‐ha plots across different elevational gradients in subtropical forests of southern China. We analyzed the effects of tree diversity, structure and functional trait identity on biomass along elevational gradients, and tested the complementarity effect, selection effect, mass‐ratio hypothesis and specie‐energy hypothesis. We found that multiple metrics of diversity and structural attributes significantly promoted biomass. Forest biomass was improved by traits with greater maximum height, larger seed mass (SM) and lower wood density (WD). Specifically, large‐diameter trees were the strongest independent predictor of biomass relative to other single variables. A significant increase in tree diversity, density and biomass was observed with increasing elevational gradients; additionally, trees dominated by traits related to greater maximum tree height, larger SM and lower WD also increased. Elevation indirectly increased biomass by increasing diversity and community‐weighted mean traits, but indirectly decreased it by reducing structural attributes. Our results support the complementarity effect, selection effect and mass‐ratio hypothesis simultaneously, but not the species‐energy hypothesis. The selection effect had greater effects on stand biomass than the complementarity effect and mass‐ratio hypothesis. Our findings suggest that developing natural tree diversity and structural complexity as well as dominant resource‐acquisitive species is beneficial to maintain and enhance carbon storage capacity in species‐rich subtropical forests along elevational gradients.
Development and Validation of a Three‐Dimensional Variably Saturated Flow Model for Future Water Resource Assessment at a Global Scale—Targeting Saturated Groundwater Flow in Plains
Authors: Miura Yosuke , Yoshimura Kei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA three‐dimensional variably saturated flow model was developed for assessing future global water resources and parameterized for groundwater pumping. We applied this model to an actual watershed to verify its validity as an Earth System Model. For global applicability, the parameterization method for multi‐layered groundwater pumping was developed and verified through comparison with observations and MODFLOW results. The parameterization proposed in this study is applicable even when multiple groundwater pumping wells are present within one horizontal computational grid and when the well spans multiple vertical grids. This method can be applied at the global scale without parameters such as the well radius, for which data may be difficult to obtain. The parameterization recreated seasonal and annual variations in the observed values. Furthermore, the results were comparable to those of MODFLOW. However, the calculation results were overestimated relative to the observed values. This overestimation was likely to be due to active groundwater pumping in the Central Valley before the start of the unsteady‐state calculation. Therefore, the groundwater level at the beginning of the unsteady‐state calculation was calculated using observed values, improving reproducibility. Furthermore, as observed groundwater levels are unlikely to be available at the global scale, steady‐state calculations were conducted over 15 and 60 years considering groundwater pumping. However, the results were not as reproducible as those obtained using observed groundwater levels. These results suggest that the groundwater level set at the beginning of the calculation is important for global‐scale groundwater flow calculation.
The Impact of an Open Water Balance Assumption on Understanding the Factors Controlling the Long‐Term Streamflow Components
Authors: Ballarin André S. , Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Marchezepe Bruno K. , Godoi Raquel F. , Campos Aline M. , Campos Fabrizio S. , Almagro André , Meira Neto Antônio A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how streamflow and its components, baseflow and quickflow, vary spatially according to climate and landscape characteristics is fundamental for dealing with different water‐related issues. Analytical formulations have been proposed to investigate their long‐term behavior and additional influencing factors, suggesting that they are mainly controlled by the aridity index (). Nevertheless, these studies assume the catchment as a closed water balance system, neglecting inter‐catchment groundwater flow (IGF). This simplification makes the analysis of the long‐term streamflow components and their main control mechanisms challenging, given that many catchments cannot be considered as closed hydrologic entities. Here, we assessed the controls of the mean‐annual streamflow components and their behavior under an open water balance assumption, using observed data of 734 Brazilian catchments with diverse hydroclimatic conditions. Our results indicate that indeed streamflow components are primarily controlled by at the mean annual timescale. The consideration of an open water‐balance significantly improved the performance of aridity‐based functional forms to describe streamflow components while also elucidating how catchments' attributes may influence streamflow behavior. Land cover, groundwater, climate seasonality, and topographic attributes appeared as the main control mechanisms besides aridity. Overall, our study provides new insights into the main control mechanism of the streamflow behavior at the long‐term scale, while shedding light on the importance of the open water‐balance assumption for model development and water resources management.
“Metrology is a key component of the industrial value-added chain”: an interview with Prof. Wolfgang Osten
Authors: Ding Shuai 
Published: September 2022

EditorialMendeleev said: “Science begins where one begins to measure,” and “exact science is unthinkable without measure.” During his more than 4-decades-long career, Prof. Wolfgang Osten has been devoted to optical metrology and inspection technologies. Osten and his research team developed the first automated system for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of interferograms in the ‘80s, as well as the principle of tilted-wave interferometry for high-precision aspherical and free-form surface measurement. Both techniques have since been commercialized. His achievements have “lit the way” for research in optical metrology. The bond between Osten and Light Publishing Group can be traced back to 2012, when he first submitted a paper to Light: Science & Applications (LSA) as an author and published a paper1. Right after that, he was invited to join the Editorial Board for his enthusiasm. In 2019, he started the challenge of founding the new journal Light: Advanced Manufacturing (LAM) as the co-Editor-in-Chief. In this interview, Osten shared his insights on Optical Metrology, Holography, and the Founding of LAM with us. Follow the Q&As below and let us get closer to the “Holoknight”.
A microexplosive shockwave-based drug delivery microsystem for treating hard-to-reach areas in the human body
Authors: Sun Yi , Lou Wenzhong , Feng Hengzhen , Su Wenting , Lv Sining 
Published: September 2022

AbstractImplantable drug-delivery microsystems have the capacity to locally meet therapeutic requirements by maximizing local drug efficacy and minimizing potential side effects. The internal organs of the human body including the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract, with anfractuos contours, all manifest with endoluminal lesions often located in a curved or zigzag area. The ability of localized drug delivery for these organs using existing therapeutic modalities is limited. Spraying a drug onto these areas and using the adhesion and water absorption properties of the drug powder to attach to lesion areas can provide effective treatment. This study aimed to report the development and application of microsystems based on microshockwave delivery of drugs. The devices comprised a warhead-like shell with a powder placed at the head of the device and a flexible rod that could be inserted at the tail. These devices had the capacity to deposit drugs on mucous membranes in curved or zigzag areas of organs in the body. The explosive impact characteristics of the device during drug delivery were analyzed by numerical simulation. In the experiment of drug delivery in pig intestines, we described the biosafety and drug delivery capacity of the system. We anticipate that such microsystems could be applied to a range of endoluminal diseases in curved or zigzag regions of the human body while maximizing the on-target effects of drugs.
Acute stress induces severe neural inflammation and overactivation of glucocorticoid signaling in interleukin-18-deficient mice
Authors: Yamanishi Kyosuke , Doe Nobutaka , Mukai Keiichiro , Hashimoto Takuya , Gamachi Naomi , Hata Masaki , Watanabe Yuko , Yamanishi Chiaki , Yagi Hideshi , Okamura Haruki , Matsunaga Hisato 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInterleukin-18 (IL18) is an inflammatory cytokine that is related to psychiatric disorders such as depression and cognitive impairment. We previously found that IL18 deficiency may cause hippocampal impairment, resulting in depression-like behavioral changes. However, the potential role of IL18 in stressful conditions remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL18 on neural inflammation and stress tolerance during acute stress. Littermate Il18+/+ and Il18−/− mice were exposed to a single restraint stress for 6 h, and all assessments were performed 18 h after the mice were released from the restraint. In Il18−/− mice exposed to acute stress, the immobility times in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test were decreased, although no difference was observed in Il18+/+ mice. Il1β, Il6, and Tnfα expression levels in the hippocampus of stressed Il18−/− mice were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Moreover, the numbers of astrocytes and microglia, including those in the active form, were also increased compared with those in other groups. Regarding the molecular mechanism, the HSF5 and TTR genes were specifically expressed in stressed Il18−/− mice. As a potential treatment, intracerebral administration of IL18 to Il18−/− mice resulted in partial recovery of changes in behavioral assessments. Our results revealed that IL18-deficient mice were more sensitive and had a longer response to acute stress than that in normal mice. In addition, neural inflammation and augmentation of glucocorticoid signals caused by stress were more intense and remained longer in Il18−/− mice, resulting in behavioral changes. In conclusion, IL18 might be an indispensable factor that modulates the stress response and maintains balance between neural inflammation and glucocorticoid signaling.