bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Death of God’ in New Testament Biofiction
Authors: Hobson Suzanne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the interwar revival and transformation of a genre that had a Rationalist agenda inbuilt: New Testament biofiction or, in Graham Holderness’s words, the Jesus-novel. Following in the wake of Higher Criticism, this enormously popular genre mixed biography and fiction in its retelling of the life and death of Jesus, a process that often reduced Christ to man rather than god, and the Gospels to literature rather than scripture. This chapter emphasizes the influence of George Moore’s The Brook Kerith (1916) on later versions of the Jesus-novel by D. H. Lawrence, H.D., Mary Borden, and Iwan Nashiwin. Moore’s version emphasizes the virtues of oral presentation as a means of getting the story straight; his vernacular approach sought to cut through the rhetorical tricks and literary seductions that disguised the truth of Jesus’s life and death on the cross. Lawrence and H.D. adopt a more heavily symbolic and stylized prose in their New Testament stories but do so with similar ends in mind. In engaging with the events of Jesus’s life, and especially those connected to the crucifixion and resurrection, these authors foreground questions of belief in a way that stories based on other historical and mythological lives do not. More pointedly, this chapter argues, they counter the popular view of unbelief as a recent or modern development by locating its origins at the very beginnings of Christianity itself.
Mary Butts and ‘Belief in Belief’ in Traps for Unbelievers and Supernatural Stories
Authors: Hobson Suzanne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mary Butts is an outlier among the writers discussed in this book because of her deep-felt religiosity and equally deep-felt scepticism towards modern expressions of unbelief. Yet, of all these figures, she was the most knowledgeable in the contemporary literature of unbelief and the only writer to mention ‘rationalist press stuff’ explicitly in a work of fiction.⁠ This chapter argues that Butts made her own contribution to this literature in the form of Traps for Unbelievers (1932), a study of the error made by modern unbelievers when they insist on ‘truth’ as the minimum requirement for belief. It then moves on to Butts’s own ‘strong’ understanding of belief in belief and examines the working out of this concept in novels and short supernatural stories from the late 1920s and 1930s. Butts suggests that a weakening in the human belief system left by the failure of Christianity needed to be compensated for by a strengthening elsewhere. This chapter argues she used her fiction as a testing ground for possible sources of new conviction and for the nature and degree of belief that could be borne by modern fiction and, by extension, the modern world at large.
Parish
Authors: Highley Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Blackfriars’ parochial identity as St. Anne’s Blackfriars. The parish became a stronghold of godly Protestantism in later sixteenth-century London, thanks to the efforts of the resident preachers Stephen Egerton and William Gouge, and their local lay supporters. Their powerful and sometimes provocative preaching attracted a wide audience, including many parish outsiders. The Blackfriars’ association with the religious avant-garde of puritan activism was reinforced by the many Huguenot residents from overseas who shared the desire of men like Egerton and Gouge for a more perfectly reformed church. The chapter makes special note of the many foreign-born stationers living in Blackfriars and their output of reformed religious works.
Remembering the Catholic Blackfriars
Authors: Highley Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that although St. Anne’s was closely identified the godly, the local residents were not all puritan. In fact, several Catholic families also lived here among the remains of pre-Reformation London’s most prestigious religious house. Many Catholics revered the Blackfriars as a sacred space, whose very name conjured memories of better days and inspired loyalty to the Old Faith. The area’s continuing significance for Catholics is nowhere more evident than at the so-called “Fatal Vesper” in 1623, when dozens of people were crushed to death at an illegal Jesuit sermon. Memories of the pre-dissolution Blackfriars also intrigued playwrights like Shakespeare, Fletcher, and Webster. Their plays Henry VIII and The Duchess of Malfi evoke the history of the playing space and its surroundings to open up questions about the origins and results of England’s Reformation.
Being a Poet
Authors: Knox Philip 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Rose transformed ideas about the power and prestige of vernacular writing, forcing those who came in its wake to reimagine not only what it meant to claim a certain status for one’s writings, but also what it meant to write as oneself, to inscribe one’s identity in a text. This chapter explores these ideas, repositioning the Rose as a central force in a host of interlocking discourses that emerged in late medieval literary culture. Part of this exploration will involve thinking about how the Rose comes into contact with that privileged sphere of cultural activity associated with learned auctores, the famous classical poetae, and the newly crowned laureate poets of trecento Italy. It examines a key scene in the Rose, before turning to the Middle English translation known as the Romaunt of the Rose, and Chaucer’s House of Fame.
Distrust of Ecclesiastical Institutions
Authors: Levack Brian P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with two separate developments that caused a loss of trust in established churches in England, Scotland, and America. The first was the long tradition of anticlericalism, which played a pivotal role in England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and again in the growth of Puritan distrust of the English Church during the archiepiscopate of Archbishop William Laud in the 1630s, leading to the abolition of episcopacy in 1646. After the reestablishment of the Church in 1661, the persecution of Protestant dissenters sowed deep mutual distrust between them and the Church, which a limited grant of toleration in 1689 only partially remedied. The same was true in Scotland, where a reluctant toleration of Episcopalian dissenters in 1712 did little to restore trust in the Presbyterian Church established in 1690. In America, distrust of established churches in some of the colonies led to the separation of church and state in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the disestablishment of all churches in the individual states by 1818.
The Crisis of Institutional Trust, 1970–2020
Authors: Levack Brian P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the crisis of trust in British and American political, legal, financial, and ecclesiastical institutions during the past fifty years. It compares the loss of institutional trust in the early modern period with that of the recent past, recognizing the much larger number and greater complexity of present-day political, legal, financial, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions. It deals with the growing distrust of state and municipal as well as national institutions, the movement for jury nullification, the Bernie Madoff scandal, the widespread loss of confidence in American corporations, and the defection of Christians from mainstream churches. It also discusses the unprecedented distrust of the news media, which had no parallel in the early modern period. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Trump administration’s distrust of fact-based knowledge, especially science, and its broader war on truth itself, which the eighteenth-century philosophers considered the main criterion for trusting other people.
Conclusion
Authors: Levack Brian P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion identifies four themes that link the loss of trust in early modern British and American institutions with the corresponding loss of trust in British and American institutions in the past fifty years. These themes are the abuse of power, corruption, ideology, and anti- elite sentiment. Resentment of elites is related to the growth of inequality and the loss of community in the United States in recent times. The Conclusion identifies periods in the history of both Britain and the United States when the government adopted policies that were fair, transparent, and efficient, and therefore fostered trust rather than distrust.
Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The polymathic Charles Babbage—mathematician, engineer, systems analyst, economist, computer pioneer—has rarely been associated closely with statistics. But he was so proud of his role in founding the Statistical Movement in 1833-4 that he left four published accounts of it, and he made contributions to the Statistical Society of London on several occasions over the next three decades. This chapter examines Babbage’s role in the movement and those contributions to statistics, and it links Babbage to his friend and confidant Ada Lovelace, who acted as the interpreter of his statistical ideas. As far back as 1822, when explaining his concept of a mechanical calculating engine, Babbage had seen the requirement for machines capable of processing very large sets of numbers, what we would now call ‘Big Data’. In her exposition of his work, published in 1843, Ada Lovelace returned to this theme, foreseeing an age when large-scale numerical analysis would require mechanization. The concept of the computer is not a direct outcome of the Statistical Movement, but must be related to Babbage’s interest in ‘number’ and his foresight in envisaging a future age when science would not be able to accomplish its aims without the means to analyse numbers on a grand scale. This chapter sets Babbage in a statistical context and shows how much he took from and contributed to the Victorian statistical movement.
Richard Jones and William Whewell
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Richard Jones, Professor of Political Economy at the East India College, Haileybury, and William Whewell, Fellow and later Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, had been undergraduate contemporaries. They collaborated in the foundation of the Statistical Movement and in the development of an inductive economics, dependent on statistical data, that would challenge the rigid deductivism and a priori generalizations of Ricardo’s political economy, which held sway in the 1830s. They envisaged economics as a discipline built on the close observation of actual economic behaviour and its contexts, and on numerical evidence, rather than dependent on generalized assumptions about human behaviour as in Ricardianism. Jones published his Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation. Part 1. Rent in 1831; Whewell, whose role was largely to encourage Jones, made some of the first contributions to econometrics in the early 1830s. They looked upon the Statistical Movement as an intellectual enterprise but became disenchanted when it veered towards policy and politics. Their work was influenced by the Saint-Simonian movement in France at this time, and it influenced Karl Marx in turn, who greatly admired Jones’s Essay. Their inductivism and empiricism makes them founders of the historical school of economics in Victorian Britain, a critical intellectual movement which became more evident and influential later in the century.
Buckle’s Fatal History
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the literary sensations of the mid-Victorian era, The History of Civilisation in England, written by Henry Thomas Buckle. Two volumes were published in 1857 and 1861, though the work was unfinished at the time of Buckle’s early death in 1862. Indeed, he had hardly begun to write about specifically English History. The work is famous for its opening chapters which argued, on the basis of social statistical regularities, that a scientific history was possible. Because birth, death, and marriage rates were steady year by year, and because rates of even criminal behaviour were also roughly invariable, Buckle jumped to the conclusion that human behaviour was predictable. History itself, rather than a collection of random events thrown together into a narrative, could be understood as the stately unfolding of clear and certain patterns in which superstition and religion were gradually surpassed by reason and science. Buckle’s ideas were strongly influenced by Adolphe Quetelet and the French sociologist Auguste Comte. But he had misunderstood the implications of the so-called Law of Large Numbers, and, over time, his deterministic approach was criticized and shown to be false by both historians and philosophers. By the 1880s Buckle was no longer fashionable, but had found many devotees among working-class autodidacts and socialists across Britain, Europe and the United States who were attracted to historical determinism, whether in a Marxist or some other guise.
Origins
Authors: Mark James , Marung Steffi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates Eastern Europe within a global history of empires and their demise, exploring the region’s status as both part of an imperial Europe and, at times, its defying anti-imperialist periphery. It examines how states that had emerged from the wreckage of the Ottoman, German, Habsburg, and Russian Empires navigated a world dominated by powerful, yet declining, Western European empires. The Soviet Union, influenced by a diverse range of anti-colonial activists, founded the Comintern, and became the first major state to provide support for anti-colonial struggles. By the 1930s, however, the Soviets had retreated, and in the wake of the Second World War reverted to great power politics. Smaller non-Communist Eastern European states fought to survive in an international environment in which their sovereignty was still in question. Some elites struggled to consolidate their fragile new polities in the white imperial world of the interwar period. Both identifying with the continent’s expansionism, and highlighting their experiences of living under empires within Europe, some of these same elites viewed themselves as ‘superior colonizers’ who could redeem an imperial project degraded by violence. Such a ‘civilizing mission’ would be brought not only to the ‘backward’ peripheries of their new states, but also to territories in Africa and Latin America, the acquisition of which would, they hoped, ensure their recognition as fully sovereign European polities. Yet with the growing threat of Nazi imperialism, others developed solidarities beyond Europe. Thus the empathetic affinities between Eastern Europe and the anti-imperial movements beyond Europe were established well before the institutionalization of socialist internationalism under postwar Communist regimes.
The Procedure of Dispute Resolution in International Civil Aviation
Authors: Zhang Luping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of dispute settlement clauses in both multilateral air law treaties and bilateral air services agreements (ASA)s. In order to achieve such a goal, this chapter sets out the frameworks of dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation under both multilateral and bilateral agreements. Section B will focus on multilateral air law treaties. It first examines the dispute settlement mechanisms for sanctions that are provided under the Chicago Convention before turning to other major multilateral air law treaties. It then focuses on the dispute settlement clauses found in other multilateral air law treaties, divided into two categories: conventions dealing with aviation security and conventions dealing with civil liability. Besides multilateral air law treaties, Section C will concentrate on bilateralism in air services. It first introduces bilateralism in air services and then offers an overview of the Bermuda I Agreement, the Bermuda II Agreement, and the Open Skies Agreement. An updated typological study of dispute resolution clauses in bilateral ASAs has manifested the preferences of State parties in the text of bilateral treaties and how these preferences evolve throughout time. On the basis of the data, Section D will identify three main models of dispute resolution clauses found in ASAs: the Arbitration Model, the Diplomatic Channel Model, and the ICAO Model. The empirical output from Chapter 2 will serve as the first cornerstone for proposals in Chapter 5.
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book is an intellectual biography of Johann Friedrich, who was one of the most famous philosophers in early 19th century Germany. Herbart was trained in the German idealist tradition under Fichte, but he eventually broke with Fichte and major idealist doctrines. His own philosophy was opposed to the idealist tradition in important respects: he defended a dualism between the factual and normative; he was an ontological pluralist rather than monist; and he accepted crucial Kantian dualisms that had been rejected by the idealists (viz. the dualism between essence and existence, reason and sensibility). While Herbart still retained elements of idealism, he was more realistic than his idealistic counterparts, maintaining that elements of the sensible manifold were given rather than posited by the mind. Herbart was also an important forerunner of analytic philosophy, first in breaking with the idealist tradition, and second in insisting that the proper method of philosophy is the analysis of concepts rather than speculation about the universe as a whole.
Introduction
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Durham’s wealth came from more than coal. Yeomen were emerging in Durham shortly after the Black Death. Rather than being poor and backward, parts of rural Durham developed precociously, to be overtaken only centuries later. Not all shared in the growing prosperity, however, due to local conditions and institutions that shaped access to land. Durham’s agriculture supported the rapid expansion of the coal trade out of Newcastle, and was reflected in increasing quantities of imported and locally produced goods. The vitality of the north-eastern economy helps to explain how England overtook the Low Countries to be the dominant economy in Europe in the seventeenth century.
Agrarian Development
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There were four main periods of agrarian transformation. The first came in the decades following the Black Death, as stable holdings of 45–60 acres emerged. In the first decades of the fifteenth century, the practice of leaseholding of customary lands stabilized. At the end of the fifteenth century, each of the three villages settled into its own balance of copyhold and leasehold; farms larger than 60 acres began to emerge. At the end of the sixteenth and into the early seventeenth century, a new yeoman elite emerged that was able to set up its younger sons as yeoman farmers. The townfields began to be enclosed, the end of a longer process of piecemeal enclosure. Through all this, cottagers and husbandmen continued to be found with 12-, 15-, and 30-acre farms. Enclosure and the creation of large farms occurred without the dispossession of smaller tenants.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The three villages experienced gradual but significant change over three centuries, growing in population and experiencing political, religious, and consumer evolutions. The early end of serfdom and adoption of copyhold tenure let men create larger holdings generations before southern England. Those men prospered; those with smaller holdings persisted but they and women did not share the same options. The steady low rents made it easy for those with land to profit either from agriculture or from letting out their holdings; surprisingly, the bishopric administration made few adjustments to rents unlike many other lords in Durham and throughout England, even though there were numerous opportunities. The region’s economy and agriculture supported growth in Newcastle, just as London’s surrounding counties did for the capital, although not to the same scale; and that helped bolster the national economy. In the end, however, these great economic changes were determined by the actions and choices of ordinary men and women in rural England.
Introduction
Authors: Kesselring K.J. , Stretton Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The introduction draws on secondary literature to trace the distinctive history of marriage in the medieval Christian West and the contours of the Reformation challenge to traditional teachings and practice. It examines the reception of the Reformation theology of marriage in England, exploring the failed attempts by reformers such as Archbishop Cranmer to introduce full divorce, along with other proposed changes to matrimony. It briefly narrates the depth and breadth of the confusion and disagreement that followed, as many people evidently thought themselves free to divorce and remarry, whatever the laws of the land might allow. The chapter then introduces the book’s second key subject—coverture—and explains some of its points of intersection with proposals for divorce. It ends with an overview of the chapters to come.
Cookery and technological spices
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The aim here is to make the transition from cookery, where we are familiar with the need for trace additions of salt, herbs and spices (i.e. imperfections), to all other types of manufactured goods. Mentally, we rarely consider the presence of impurities and, even in cookery, ignore that our food sources always include measurable quantities of many impurities, even rat hairs from grain silos etc. This deliberate rejection of the thought of such impurities always conditions our thinking and inhibits our attitudes and understanding of all modern technological materials. Impurities at parts per million can have enormous effects but we struggle to deal with very large numbers, even when faced with biological changes caused by cells and viruses that may be just a billionth of our weight, but define all our biology and health.
Science in the realm of opinion
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter considers highly emotive topics where the science, or ideas are contentious, and frequently it is difficult to separate facts from opinion, bias, deliberate mis-information or political and nationalistic ideas. We are humans so this is inevitable, and currently there are many subjects with a wealth of partial information, strong emotive opinion, models and computer simulations, or entrenched political and economic factors. In many cases there can be deliberate mis-information in circulation. With such minefields one must tread carefully. Currently this includes many topics in medical areas, models of astronomy, evolution, viruses and pandemics, and items linked to religion or nationalism. The only consolation is that science has a degree of pragmatism and erroneous concepts are invariably eventually displaced and replaced by better models.
The problem of gradient acceptability
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 1 first provides an overview of the relation between grammatical knowledge and acceptability judgments as it has been understood in the history of generative grammar. It then introduces the concept of gradient acceptability and discusses several of the factors that can cause it. These factors, which include formal syntactic constraints, semantic and pragmatic anomalies, prosodic constraints, and processing effects, are illustrated using several examples from the literature. The introductory chapter concludes by giving a preview of the remaining chapter contents, the organization of the chapters, and the major themes and contentions of the book.