bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of dose‐estimations for acute acetaminophen overdose in predicting hepatotoxicity risk using the Rumack‐Matthew Nomogram
Authors: Chomchai Summon , Mekavuthikul Pattaraporn , Phuditshinnapatra Jariya , Chomchai Chulathida 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTimely assessment of acetaminophen concentration in overdose situations is not always available in resource‐poor settings. The 150 mg/kg dose‐estimate for acetaminophen is widely considered as criterion for acetaminophen overdose. Its sensitivity and specificity when compared to the 150 mg/L treatment line on the Rumack‐Matthew Nomogram (150‐treatment line) has rarely been evaluated. This is a retrospective chart review of acute acetaminophen overdose patients. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the 150, 200 mg/kg and 8‐ and 10‐g dose‐estimates by plotting the serum acetaminophen levels and using 150‐treatment line on the Nomogram as the treatment cut‐off. A comparison of medical care costs was performed. We enrolled 784 cases for analysis. Median (IQR) age was 23 (20–28) years (81.9% female). There were 545 cases (69.5%) where the estimated ingested acetaminophen dose were ≥150 mg/kg and 406 cases (51.8%) with concentrations ≥150‐treatment line. Hepatotoxicity and acute liver injury (ALI) occurred in 7.3% and 23.9%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of 150 mg/kg dose‐estimate for the 150‐treatment line were 92.6% (95% CI 89.6, 94.8) and 55.3% (95% CI 50.3, 60.2). Among patients with dose‐estimate below150 mg/kg, none developed hepatotoxicity and 17 (7.1%) develop ALI. The administration of activated charcoal significantly decreased the risk of being above the 150‐treatment line by half. In resource‐poor setings, the use of 150 mg/kg dose‐estimate as a stand‐alone criteria for initiation of N‐acetylcysteine therapy is satisfactory, especially when combined with decontamination with activated charcoal and follow up of aminotransferase at 24 h.
Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID‐19 and response to treatment
Authors: Head Richard J. , Lumbers Eugenie R. , Jarrott Bevyn , Tretter Felix , Smith Gary , Pringle Kirsty G. , Islam Saiful , Martin Jennifer H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWhy a systems analysis view of this pandemic? The current pandemic has inflicted almost unimaginable grief, sorrow, loss, and terror at a global scale. One of the great ironies with the COVID‐19 pandemic, particularly early on, is counter intuitive. The speed at which specialized basic and clinical sciences described the details of the damage to humans in COVID‐19 disease has been impressive. Equally, the development of vaccines in an amazingly short time interval has been extraordinary. However, what has been less well understood has been the fundamental elements that underpin the progression of COVID‐19 in an individual and in populations. We have used systems analysis approaches with human physiology and pharmacology to explore the fundamental underpinnings of COVID‐19 disease. Pharmacology powerfully captures the thermodynamic characteristics of molecular binding with an exogenous entity such as a virus and its consequences on the living processes well described by human physiology. Thus, we have documented the passage of SARS‐CoV‐2 from infection of a single cell to species jump, to tropism, variant emergence and widespread population infection. During the course of this review, the recurrent observation was the efficiency and simplicity of one critical function of this virus. The lethality of SARS‐CoV‐2 is due primarily to its ability to possess and use a variable surface for binding to a specific human target with high affinity. This binding liberates Gibbs free energy (GFE) such that it satisfies the criteria for thermodynamic spontaneity. Its binding is the prelude to human host cellular entry and replication by the appropriation of host cell constituent molecules that have been produced with a prior energy investment by the host cell. It is also a binding that permits viral tropism to lead to high levels of distribution across populations with newly formed virions. This thermodynamic spontaneity is repeated endlessly as infection of a single host cell spreads to bystander cells, to tissues, to humans in close proximity and then to global populations. The principal antagonism of this process comes from SARS‐CoV‐2 itself, with its relentless changing of its viral surface configuration, associated with the inevitable emergence of variants better configured to resist immune sequestration and importantly with a greater affinity for the host target and higher infectivity. The great value of this physiological and pharmacological perspective is that it reveals the fundamental thermodynamic underpinnings of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of preclinical and clinical studies on the efficacy of ginger for the treatment of fatty liver disease
Authors: Samadi Mehnoosh , Moradinazar Mehdi , Khosravy Tina , Soleimani Davood , Jahangiri Parvin , Kamari Negin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFatty liver disease (FLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of this disease is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance. Ginger has hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects and acts as an insulin sensitizer. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ginger supplementation on the fatty liver. A comprehensive search of Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science/ISI, and Cochrane databases was conducted without time or language restrictions. Eighteen eligible studies were identified, including 17 in‐vivo experiments in quantitative analysis and 3 clinical trials in qualitative analysis. The present study provides comprehensive evidence of the efficacy of ginger to improve the liver levels of cholesterol (−5.60 mg/g), triglycerides (TG, −4.28 mg/g), malondialdehyde (−3.16 nmol/mg), catalase (CAT) (3.35 nmol/mg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 3.01 U/mg), serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, −2.85 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, −0.98 U/L), TG (−4.98 mg/dL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, −3.94 mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC, −3.45 mg/dL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL, 1.27 mg/dL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS, −2.54 mg/dL). Ginger administration may reduce many clinical aspects of FLD by several mechanisms, including insulin‐sensitive effects, stimulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), having antidyslipidemic activities, and reducing hepatic fat content. However, future clinical trials are essential to investigate the clinical application of ginger in this area.
Semi‐global leader–following output consensus of heterogeneous systems with all agents subject to input saturation
Authors: Zhou Panpan , Chen Ben M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the semi‐global leader–following output consensus of heterogeneous multi‐agent linear systems over a directed communication graph with both the leader agent and the follower agents subject to input saturation. Via the low gain feedback design technique, both the state feedback and output feedback consensus protocols are constructed. In the state feedback case, a fully distributed observer is given to estimate the state of the leader agent. In the output feedback case, for both the informed follower agents and the uninformed follower agents, a state observer and a distributed leader state observer for each follower are designed to estimate the state of the follower itself and the state of the leader agent, respectively. In the distributed leader state observer, additional discontinuous functions are designed to suppress the influence of the bounded input of the leader agent. In both consensus protocols, a term under a condition similar to that used in the robust control is used to compensate for the control input of the leader agent.
One‐Pot Preparation of Binary Photocatalyst ZnO/g‐C3N4 Nanosheets with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity in Dye Degradation
Authors: Du Ying , Yang Cheng , Han Hui , Zhao Qian , Jiang Tingshun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA novel binary ZnO/g‐C3N4 nanosheets (ZCN)‐X (X=10, 20 and 30 wt% of ZnO) composites were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, UV‐vis, PL, XPS and electrochemistry, and the photodegradation effect of the samples on MO were evaluated. The FT‐IR spectra revealing that the conjugated system between g‐C3N4 and ZnO was generated. The UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectra showed that the introduction of CNNs reduces the band gap of binary composites and broadens the visible light absorption range of the samples. The fluorescence analysis results suggested that the conjugated system between g‐C3N4 and ZnO was generated. The phtotcatalysis results showed that ZCN‐20 has strong photodegradation activity and lower luminescence intensity. After irradiation for 120 min under visible light, it gives a degradation rate of 98.5 % with good stability. The construction of heterojunction between CNNs and ZnO nanoparticles accelerates electron transfer and inhibits the recombination of photogenerated electron hole pairs, and the synergistic effect of CNNs and ZnO greatly enhanced the photocatalytic performance of samples.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Dyes Using Flyash Supported Ag‐TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Patil Bhumika P. , Jayaram Radha V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the present study, photocatalytic degradation of five different reactive dyes has been carried out using Ag doped TiO2 supported on coal fly ash (CFA) as a photo catalyst system (Ag‐TiO2/CFA). The photocatalysts were synthesized with varying the percentage of Ag and characterized by XRD, SEM and UV‐visible spectrophotometry. The photocatalytic activity of Ag‐TiO2/CFA photocatalysts was studied for the degradation of reactive dyes in presence of both UV and visible light sources. The degradation was monitored by absorbance measurements. It was found that 3 wt % of Ag doping could bring about maximum degradation (85–95 %) at 3–4 h in presence of visible light. The effect of various parameters such as initial concentration of dye, catalyst amount and pH of solution towards the degradation were studied and it was observed that in acidic conditions the degradation was maximum (pH=3.0) for all the dyes studied. Ability to degrade an industrial waste, use of CFA, a thermal power plant waste as support, small quantities of silver required and degradation under visible light are the environmental as well as economic advantages of this developed catalytic system.
Synthesis of 3‐Sulfonyl Indenones via Copper‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral Coupling Reaction
Authors: Huang Yuan , Chen Dengfeng , Zheng Yu , Huang Shenlin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn contrast to C−C bond cleavage of cyclic oxime esters, the corresponding coupling reaction without ring‐opening are less explored. In this context, we report an unprecedented method for the synthesis of 3‐sulfonyl indenones via copper‐catalyzed redox‐neutral coupling reaction of indanone derivatives with sodium sulfinates. This approach provides an efficient approach to 3‐sulfonyl indenones from readily available indanone derivatives without any ligands and external oxidants.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Anthrone Functionalized Benzylic Amines via a Multicomponent Reaction in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Li Fengxi , Wang Ciduo , Xu Yaning , Gao Xiaojun , Xu Yuelin , Xie Hanqing , Chen Peng , Wang Lei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2), which is a sustainable and green solvent, was used as a reaction medium in the lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of anthrone‐functionalized benzylic amines for the first time. We synthesized the target compounds via a lipase‐catalyzed multicomponent cascade reaction of aldehydes, sulfonamides, and anthrones in ScCO2. The reaction can be accomplished in good‐to‐excellent yields (77 %–95 %) and can exhibit good functional group tolerance. In brief, the reaction was characterized by step economy, metal‐free conditions, environmentally friendly solvents, and biocatalysts.
Adhesive and Injectable Hydrogel Microspheres for Inner Ear Treatment
Authors: Chen Kaili , Wang Fei , Ding Rui , Cai Zhengwei , Zou Tianyuan , Zhang Andi , Guo Dongye , Ye Bin , Cui Wenguo , Xiang Mingliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe least damaging and most economical method to deliver drugs or carriers into the inner ear for treatment of disease is through the middle ear. However, the retention of drug in the middle ear is an obstacle. Here, inspired by the adhesion of mussels, a methacrylate gelatin microspheres (GM) coupling polydopamine (PDA) layer (GM@PDA) with excellent adhesive ability is constructed, and Ebselen liposomes are further loaded into the GM@PDA (GM@PDA@Lipo‐Ebselen). The loading capacity of GM@PDA for Ebselen liposomes is 25 ± 1 µg mg−1 microspheres. GM@PDA@Lipo‐Ebselen could be injected on round windows membrane (RWM) and tightly adheres to the surface of RWM by PDA, and the microspheres are even still attached to the RWM after 360° rotation and inverted shaking. The in vivo imaging system shows that the adhesive microspheres can prolong the retention of the middle ear cavity for more than 7 days. The hearing of mice in the GM@PDA@Lipo‐Ebselen group is significantly recovered, especially on day 14 after noise exposure, and the hearing of each frequency is restored to baseline level. At 32 kHz frequency, the survival of outer hair cells recovers from 48 0± 6% to 93 ± 2%. Therefore, the adhesive and injectable hydrogel microspheres provide a promising strategy for the treatment of hearing loss.
Research on the Temperature Rise Characteristics ofMedium‐VoltageSwitchgear under Different Operation Conditions
Authors: Zhao Lihua , Wu Yuezheng , Huang Xiaolong , Hong Guo , Ren Junwen , Ning Wenjun , Wang Lijun , Sun Tao , Yang Shangyu 
Published: February 2022

SF6is a greenhouse gas. Finding an alternative gas for SF6has become an urgent problem in the switch field. In order to explore the feasibility of replacing SF6gas with dry air directly, CO2and C4F7N/CO2mixed gas, based on the KYN28‐12 medium voltage switchgear, the finite element method was used to solve the three‐dimensional coupled multi‐physics of the switchgear in this paper. From the angle of the temperature field and flow field, the temperature rise characteristics under different operation conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the temperature field and flow field distribution under the four gases were similar. Among them, the temperature rise of SF6gas was the smallest, followed by the C4F7N/CO2mixed gas, CO2and dry air. The flow rate of SF6gas was the lowest, about 0.11 m/s. The flow velocities of other gases were relatively close. When the switchgear was filled with the same gas, as the inflation pressure increased, the temperature rise of the switchgear decreased and the gas flow rate also dropped to a certain extent. The temperature field and flow field of the switchgear under the C4F7N/CO2mixed gas at 0.2 Mpa were similar to those under the 0.1 Mpa SF6gas. Under the C4F7N/CO2mixed gas, the contact failure of the plum contact made the temperature rise of the switchgear increase overall. The maximum temperature rise point transferred to the contact failure. The temperature rise further rose with the increase of the contact failure degree. The gas flow rate also greatly increased with the failure degree elevated. From the perspective of temperature rise, the C4F7N/CO2mixed gas has the possibility of being applied in the electrical equipment under the premise of meeting the insulation conditions. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
New genomic regions associated with white mold resistance in dry bean using a MAGIC population
Authors: Escobar Edgar , Oladzad Atena , Simons Kristin , Miklas Phillip , Lee Rian K. , Schroder Stephan , Bandillo Nonoy , Wunsch Michael , McClean Phillip E. , Osorno Juan M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in many regions is threatened by white mold (WM) [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]. Seed yield losses can be up to 100% under conditions favorable for the pathogen. The low heritability, polygenic inheritance, and cumbersome screening protocols make it difficult to breed for improved genetic resistance. Some progress in understanding genetic resistance and germplasm improvement has been accomplished, but cultivars with high levels of resistance are yet to be released. A WM multiparent advanced generation inter‐cross (MAGIC) population (n = 1060) was developed to facilitate mapping and breeding efforts. A seedling straw test screening method provided a quick assay to phenotype the population for response to WM isolate 1980. Nineteen MAGIC lines were identified with improved resistance. For genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), the data was transformed into three phenotypic distributions—quantitative, polynomial, and binomial—and coupled with ∼52,000 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The three phenotypic distributions identified 30 significant genomic intervals [−log10 (P value) ≥ 3.0]. However, across distributions, four new genomic regions as well as two regions previously reported were found to be associated with resistance. Cumulative R2 values were 57% for binomial distribution using 13 genomic intervals, 41% for polynomial using eight intervals, and 40% for quantitative using 11 intervals. New resistant germplasm as well as new genomic regions associated with resistance are now available for further investigation.
Systematic measurements of M X‐ray components X‐ray fluorescence cross‐sections for the elements with 77 ≤ Z ≤ 92 by employing laboratory source based energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence setup
Authors: Alrakabi Muhanad , Kapil Ashutosh , Kailash  , Duggal Heena , Sihotra Samarjit , Mehta Devinder , Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe differential X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) cross‐sections for (Mξ2, Mξ1, Mδ1), (Mδ2, Mα1,2 M5‐O3), (Mβ, M4‐O2,3), (Mγ, Mm2, M3‐N4, M5‐O2,3), (Mm1, M3‐N6,7, M3‐O4,5) and (Mm2, M2‐N6) group of M X‐rays components have been measured for the elements with 77 ≤ Z ≤ 92 following photoionization by Mn K X‐rays (EKαβ = 5.96 keV) obtained from 55Fe radioisotope. The measurements were performed in annular source geometry at 126° emission angle using a low‐energy Ge (LEGe) detector. The measured cross‐section values are compared with theoretical values calculated using available sets of Mi (i = 1–5) photoionization cross‐sections, radiative emission rates (Fij), Coster‐Kronig (fij), and fluorescence (ωi) yields. The measured XRF cross‐sections for the (Mξ2, Mξ1, Mδ1), (Mm1, M3‐N6,7) and (Mm2, M2‐N6) groups of X‐rays agree with the theoretical values within the experimental errors. The (Mβ, M4‐O2,3) group of X‐rays exhibit agreement with theoretical values within experimental uncertainty for all the elements under investigation except 79Au and 80Hg. The XRF cross‐section for the (Mδ2, Mα1,2) group of X‐rays are in general higher by ~20% for the elements with Z = 77–83 and exhibit agreement for the 90Th and 92U elements. For the (Mγ, Mm2, M3‐N4) X‐ray group, the measured values are generally higher than the theoretical values, but the deviations are within experimental uncertainties. The large deviation in measured XRF cross‐section for different M X‐ray components from the theoretical ones are attributed to (i) poor separation of M X‐ray components (ii) contribution of self‐resonant Raman scattering (RRS) process and (iii) self‐fluorescence of M5 subshell by Mi subshell X‐rays (i = 1–3).
Introduction
Authors: Seifert Christian , Trostorff Sascha , Waurick Marcus 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter is intended to give a brief introduction as well as a summary of the present text. We shall highlight some of the main ideas and methods behind the theory and will also aim to provide some background on the main concept in the manuscript: the notion of so-called$$\displaystyle \mathbf {Evolutionary}\ \mathbf {Equations} $$EvolutionaryEquationsdating back to Picard in the seminal paper (Picard, Math. Methods Appl. Sci.32, 1768–1803 (2009)); see also (Picard and McGhee,Partial differential equations: A unified Hilbert space approach, Chapter 6, vol. 55. Expositions in Mathematics (DeGruyter, Berlin, 2011)).
Differential Algebraic Equations
Authors: Seifert Christian , Trostorff Sascha , Waurick Marcus 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLet H be a Hilbert space and
$$\nu \in \mathbb {R}$$

ν
∈
ℝ
. We saw in the previous chapter how initial value problems can be formulated within the framework of evolutionary equations. More precisely, we have studied problems of the form
$$\displaystyle \begin{aligned} \begin {cases} \left (\partial _{t,\nu }M_{0}+M_{1}+A\right )U=0 & \text{ on }\left (0,\infty \right ),\\ M_{0}U(0{\scriptstyle {+}})=M_{0}U_{0} \end {cases} \end{aligned} $$

∂

t
,
ν

M

0

+

M

1

+
A

U
=
0

on

0
,
∞

,

M

0

U
(
0
+

)

=

M

0

U

0

for U0 ∈ H, M0, M1 ∈ L(H) and
$$A\colon \operatorname {dom}(A)\subseteq H\to H$$

A
:
dom
(
A
)
⊆
H
→
H
skew-selfadjoint; that is, we have considered material laws of the form
$$\displaystyle M(z)\mathrel{\mathop:}= M_{0}+z^{-1}M_{1}\quad (z\in \mathbb {C}\setminus \{0\}). $$

M
(
z
)
: =

M

0

+

z

−
1

M

1

(
z
∈
ℂ
∖
{
0
}
)
.
Solution Theory for Evolutionary Equations
Authors: Seifert Christian , Trostorff Sascha , Waurick Marcus 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we shall discuss and present the first major result of the manuscript: Picard’s theorem on the solution theory for evolutionary equations which is the main result of Picard (A structural observation for linear material laws in classical mathematical physics. In Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, vol 32, 2009, pp 1768–1803). In order to stress the applicability of this theorem, we shall deal with applications first and provide a proof of the actual result afterwards. With an initial interest in applications in mind, we start off with the introduction of some operators related to vector calculus.