bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental defects of enamel and dental anomalies in five-year-old cleft patients
Authors: Agel Mona , Vaidyanathan Mina , Bhujel Nabina 
Published: February 2022

INTRODUCTION Children born with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) have a higher prevalence of developmental defects of enamel and dental anomalies, and are at an increased risk of developing dental caries. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of dental anomalies and developmental defects of enamel in children born with CLP, and to assess compliance with dental prevention. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively for children who attended the five-year-old dental review clinic at the South Thames cleft service over a four-year period. Records of 162 children were analysed. RESULTS Unilateral CLP was the most common type of cleft. Two-thirds (65%) of the children in this service evaluation had developmental defects of enamel affecting the upper incisors. A third (32%) had enamel hypomineralisation. Between 90% and 100% of children over the four-year study period were registered with a dentist. Regular fluoride varnish application was received by 64% to 81% of children and toothpaste with an appropriate concentration of fluoride was used by 72% to 91% of children. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in shared care arrangements between primary dental care clinicians and specialist paediatric dentists are needed to ensure that caries risk is reduced in children born with CLP. This allows the specialist dental services to focus on the complex dental issues that are seen more frequently in CLP and often require a multidisciplinary approach.
Screening of olfactory genes related to blood-feeding behaviors in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens molestus by transcriptome analysis
Authors: Gu Zhen-yu , Gao He-ting , Yang Qiao-jiang , Ni Meng , Li Man-jin , Xing Dan , Zhao Tong-yan , Zhao Teng , Li Chun-xiao 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say(Cx.quinquefasciatus) andCulex pipiens form molestus Forskal(Cx.molestus) in theCulex pipiens complexgroup show considerable differences in host seeking, blood feeding, mating behavior and in vector competence. Blood-feeding mosquito behaviors are closely related to their olfactory gene expression and olfactory gene repertoire composition. Comparing olfactory genes between these two subspecies with significantly different blood-feeding behaviors can support further research on the molecular mechanism of theCulex pipiens complexolfactory sensory system, providing a new approach for determining candidate attractant or repellent compounds.MethodsNon-blood-feeding (NBF) and post-blood-feeding (PBF) olfactory system transcriptomes of the two subspecies were sequenced, and the biological functions of their differentially expressed genes were described by bioinformatics analysis. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was applied to validate the RNA-seq data. The roles of particular olfactory receptors inCx.quinquefasciatusblood-feeding behaviors were evaluated by RNAi.ResultsFive, 7, 24, and 3Cx.quinquefasciatus-specific OBPs,Cx.molestus-specific OBPs,Cx.quinquefasciatus-specific ORs andCx.molestus-specific ORs were identified, respectively. The majority of selected ORs were consistent with the predicted transcriptome sequencing results after qRT-PCR validation. OR5 was expressed only inCx.quinquefasciatus, and OR65 was the only gene upregulated after blood feeding inCx.molestus. The blood-feeding rates of the OR5 and OR78 dsRNA groups were significantly lower (4.3%±3.1% and 13.3%±11.5%) than those of the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) group (64.5%±8.7%).ConclusionMost OBPs and ORs were expressed in both subspecies but showed divergence in expression level. OR5 and OR65 might be species-specific expressed genes that regulate the olfactory behaviors ofCx.quinquefasciatusandCx.molestus, respectively. The RNA interference of OR5 and OR78 could inhibit the blood-feeding behavior ofCx.quinquefasciatus, providing new targets for screening effective repellent compounds to control mosquito-borne diseases effectively and efficiently.
The experience of European hospital-based health care workers on following infection prevention and control procedures and their wellbeing during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: van Hout Denise , Hutchinson Paul , Wanat Marta , Pilbeam Caitlin , Goossens Herman , Anthierens Sibyl , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Gobat Nina 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundWorking under pandemic conditions exposes health care workers (HCWs) to infection risk and psychological strain. A better understanding of HCWs’ experiences of following local infection prevention and control (IPC) procedures during COVID-19 is urgently needed to inform strategies for protecting the psychical and psychological health of HCWs. The objective of this study was therefore to capture the perceptions of hospital HCWs on local IPC procedures and the impact on their emotional wellbeing during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.MethodsParticipants were recruited in two sampling rounds of an international cross-sectional survey. Sampling took place between 31 March and 17 April 2020 via existing research networks and between 14 May and 31 August 2020 via online convenience sampling. Main outcome measures were behavioural determinants of HCWs’ adherence to IPC guidelines and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, a validated scale of 0–100 reflecting emotional wellbeing. The WHO-5 was interpreted as a score below or above 50 points, a cut-off score used in previous literature to screen for depression.Results2289 HCWs from 40 countries in Europe participated. Mean age was 42 (±11) years, 66% were female, 47% and 39% were medical doctors and nurses, respectively. 74% (n = 1699) of HCWs were directly treating patients with COVID-19, of which 32% (n = 527) reported they were fearful of caring for these patients. HCWs reported high levels of concern about COVID-19 infection risk to themselves (71%) and their family (82%) as a result of their job. 40% of HCWs considered that getting infected with COVID-19 was not within their control. This feeling was more common among junior than senior HCWs (46% versus 38%,Pvalue < .01). Sufficient COVID-19-specific IPC training, confidence in PPE use and institutional trust were positively associated with the feeling that becoming infected with COVID-19 was within their control. Female HCWs were more likely than males to report a WHO-5 score below 50 points (aOR 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.8).ConclusionsIn Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a differential impact on those providing direct COVID-19 patient care, junior staff and women. Health facilities must be aware of these differential impacts, build trust and provide tailored support for this vital workforce during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Pregnant women’s perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine: A French survey
Authors: Egloff Charles , Couffignal Camille , Cordier Anne Gael , Deruelle Philippe , Sibiude Jeanne , Anselem Olivia , Benachi Alexandra , Luton Dominique , Mandelbrot Laurent , Vauloup-Fellous Christelle , Vivanti Alexandre J. , Picone Olivier 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Pregnant women are at increased risk for COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising solution to overcome the current pandemic. This study was conducted to evaluate pregnant women’s perceptions and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination.

Materials & methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 18 to April 5 2021. An anonymous survey was distributed in 7 French obstetrics departments to all pregnant women before a prenatal visit. All pregnant women attending a follow-up consultation were asked to participate in the study. An anonymous web survey was available through a QR code and participants were asked whether or not they would agree to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and why. The questionnaire included questions on the patients’ demographics and their knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines.

Results
Of the 664 pregnant women who completed the questionnaire, 29.5% (95% CI 27.7; 31.3) indicated they would agree to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The main reason for not agreeing was being more afraid of potential side effects of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on the fetus than of COVID-19. Factors influencing acceptance of vaccination were: being slightly older, multiparity, having discussed it with a caregiver and acceptance of the influenza vaccine.

Discussion
Nearly one-third of pregnant women in this population would be willing to be vaccinated. In addition to studies establishing fetal safety, public health agencies and healthcare professionals should provide accurate information about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.
Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
Authors: Liu Yuan , Gao Tianpeng , Wang Xueying , Fu Jingwen , Zuo Mingbo , Yang Yingli , Yin Zhuoxin , Wang Zhenzhou , Tai Xisheng , Chang Guohua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution is a severe and common environmental problem in mining area soil. It is imperative to understand the micro ecological characteristics of mining area soil for HM contaminated soil remediation. This study described the effects of HM pollution level and soil physical and chemical parameters on microbial diversity. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the effects of HM pollution on the diversity and composition of the soil microbial community. The soil groups were barren, exhibiting alkaline pH, low total nitrogen (TN), and total potassium (TK) according to soil fertility standard. Compared with the control group, there was severe multiple HM pollution in the other five groups, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). The dominant phyla accounting for more than 1% of the overall community in all soil groups were Proteobacteria (34.432 ± 7.478%), Actinobacteria (22.947 ± 4.297%), Acidobacteria (10.47 ± 2.439%), Chloroflexi (7.89 ± 2.980%), Planctomycetota (5.993 ± 1.558%), Bacteroidota (4.275 ± 1.980%), Cyanobacteria (3.478 ± 2.196%), Myxococcus (2.888 ± 0.822%), Gemmatimonadota (2.448 ± 0.447%), Firmicutes (1.193 ± 0.634%), Patescibacteria (0.435 ± 0.813%), and Nitrospirota (0.612 ± 0.468%). Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were predominant at the phylum level, which showed a certain tolerance to HMs. In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd were strongly correlated with each other (P < 0.01). Other nutrient elements (except for TK) were significantly positively correlated with each other. Cu and nutrient element TK had an important impact on bacterial community structure. Therefore, bacteria with the function of HM tolerance and bioremediation in extreme environments should be researched, which provides a foundation for future ecological remediation of contaminated soil by using microbial remediation technology.
Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
Authors: Nzomo Timothy Kitungu , Adewole Stephen Ezizanami , Awuor Kennedy Otieno , Okang’a Oyoo Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To enhance the productivity of horizontal wells, it is of necessity to ensure that they perform optimally. This requires an understanding of how the reservoir’s geometry, anisotropy and well design affect the pressure response. Mathematical formulations can be used to simulate pressure response in the wellbore and the data obtained can be analysed to obtain well and reservoir parameters that can aid performance and evaluation. In this study, a mathematical model that can be used to approximate pressure response in a horizontal well is formulated, and a detailed mathematical analysis that can be used to obtain well and reservoir parameters are provided. A horizontal well inside a rectangular drainage volume with sealed boundaries is considered and the effect of each boundary on pressure throughout its productive life is studied. In the analysis, investigations on how the reservoir parameters can be approximated over a given period of production are conducted. This is achieved by identification of the appropriate source and Green’s functions. These source functions allow us to formulate a mathematical model for dimensionless pressure. Considering the diagnostic plots for both dimensionless pressure and dimensionless pressure derivative, mathematical analysis studies the possible behaviour of the plots. Analysis indicates that the reservoir anisotropy can be approximated during the infinite-acting flow at early times when other parameters are known. Further, when the first boundary is felt, in this case the vertical boundary, the horizontal permeability can be approximated during the transition flow periods at middle times. Finally, at late times when all the boundaries have been felt and a pseudosteady state flow is evident, reservoir dimensions can be approximated. These results can significantly improve well test analysis and enhance the performance evaluation of a horizontal well.
Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy: the potential for nano- and interface science
Authors: Pennycook S. J. , Lupini A. R. , Kadavanich A. , McBride J. R. , Rosenthal S. J. , Puetter R. C. , Yahil A. , Krivanek O. L. , Dellby N. , Nellist P.D.L. , Duscher G. , Wang L. G. , Pantelides S. T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The sub-Ångström probe of an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope will enable imaging and analysis of nanostructures and interfaces with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity. In conjunction with first-principles theory, new insights are anticipated into the atomistic processes of growth and the subtle link between structure and functionality. We present initial results from the aberration-corrected microscopes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory that indicate the kinds of studies that will become feasible in the near future. Examples include (1) the three-dimensional location and identification of individual dopant and impurity atoms in semiconductor interfaces, and their effect on local electronic structure; (2) the accurate reconstruction of surface atomic and electronic structure on nanocrystals, and the effect on optical properties; and (3) the ability to distinguish which configurations of catalyst atoms are active, and why.
Thermodynamic assessment of the miscibility gaps and the metastable liquidi in the Zn‐Bi, Zn‐Pb, and Zn‐Tl systems
Authors: Kim Sung S. , Sanders Thomas H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In monotectic systems, there are thermodynamic restrictions on compositions and temperatures below the monotectic where the equilibrium solid cannot form directly from the undercooled homogeneous liquid. In this region, the solid can form only after liquid – liquid phase separation has occurred. As suggested by earlier research, the thermodynamic restrictions on the solidification process may be useful to control the microstructure of rapidly solidified materials. Thus, it could be commercially important to understand the thermodynamic limitations on the formation of the solid in monotectic systems. The liquid miscibility gaps, metastable liquidi, and spinodal curves in the binary Zn– Bi, Zn–Pb, and Zn–Tl systems were assessed by using a subregular solution model to describe the Gibbs energies of the liquid phases. The present results were compared and discussed with other experimental and assessed data available in the literature.
Amplitude-dependent internal friction of dislocation interactions in dual-phase steel
Authors: De A. K. , Waterschoot T. , Cooman B. C. De 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Dislocation interactions in the ferrite matrix of a dual-phase steel have been studied as a function of martensite volume fraction (11 – 25%) and tensile straining (0 –5 %) by strain-induced amplitude-dependent (strain amplitude varying from 10– 7 to 10 –4) internal friction measurements at room temperature, using a high-frequency composite oscillator (40 kHz). Results showed that a higher volume fraction of martensite increases the internal stress in the softer ferrite matrix and restricted the dislocation motions, giving rise to a lower amplitude-dependent internal friction. Application of tensile straining further shortened the effective mobile dislocation length which was revealed by the internal friction measurements and this resulted in a high initial strain hardening rate of the high-martensite samples. Reduction in the martensite volume fraction and the mobile dislocations in the ferrite matrix through process control resulted in an increase in the amplitude-dependent internal friction, indicating a longer effective mobile length of dislocations which, in turn, delayed early necking of the dual-phase samples during tensile straining.
Resistometric and calorimetric analysis of phase transformations in AuCu alloys
Authors: Battezzati L. , Barbero S. , Belotti M. , Riontino G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The order – disorder transitions in AuCu alloys have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and resistometric methods. We have collected data with different sets of samples of equiatomic composition, the structure of which was determined by X-ray diffraction. Grain growth occurs mostly below 300 °C either in rolled and nanocrystalline samples. The occurrence of ordering does not depend on the grain size, but ordering is favoured by high defect contents in the alloy. The shape of heat flow traces provide evidence that ordering and disordering transitions are diffusive at low temperature (below 385 °C) being exothermic and endothermic, respectively, in wide temperature ranges. The transition from AuCuI to AuCuII changes the mechanism above 385 °C. The transition from AuCuII to face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution is of first order. The reverse transition from the fcc structure to AuCuI occurs by nucleation and growth on continuous cooling.
Wear behaviour of C/C–SiC composites sliding against high-Cr steel discs
Authors: Srivastava V.K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the wear behaviour of cross-ply carbon– carbon – silicon carbide composites (C/CαSiC) under dry sliding against a chromium steel disc at various speeds and loads. Results indicated that under identical conditions, C/C– SiC composites with weak fibre resin interfaces at all times had a larger weight loss than those with a strong bond. In the first few minutes of wear, weight losses were approximately the same for both types of composites. Also, the wear rates of both the composites decreased sharply with sliding distance up to 7 km, and then gradually tended to become constant. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the graphite film was transferred on the test pin side, which stabilizes the increase in test pin temperature after the formation of a thick film of graphite debris.
Ermittlung von Grenzformänderungskurven an laser- und elektronenstrahlgeschweißten Stahlblechplatinen
Authors: Bleck Wolfgang , Budak Irfan , Dahl Winfried , Kaluza Walter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Für den Karosserieleichtbau wurden in den letzten Jahren erfolgreich verschiedene Gruppen von höherfesten, kaltgewalzten Stählen entwickelt. Neben dieser Werkstoffentwicklung wurden auch neue Leichtbaukonzepte erarbeitet, wie zum Beispiel maßgeschneiderte, geschweißte Platinen (so genannte Tailored Blanks). Diese Platinen, die aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen und/oder aus Feinblechen mit unterschiedlichen Blechdicken zusammengesetzt sind, werden in dieser Arbeit bezüglich ihrer Umformbarkeit bewertet. Dazu werden Grenzformänderungskurven experimentell ermittelt und mit einem Finite-Elemente-Modell berechnet. Es zeigt sich, dass das Versagensverhalten durch die Ausbildung sowie durch die Position der Schweißnaht während des Umformversuchs beeinflusst wird. Dabei ist die Breite der Schweißnaht eine wichtigere Einflussgröße als die lokale Aufhärtung.
Isothermal high-temperature fatigue behaviour of a near-γ titanium aluminide alloy
Authors: Christ Hans-Jürgen , Fischer Frank O. R. , Schallow Patric 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe high-temperature fatigue behaviour of smooth cylindrical specimens of a near-γ-TiAl alloy with duplex microstructure was studied performing total-strain-controlled low-cycle-fatigue tests in the temperature range 500 – 750 °C. The tests were run in air and high vacuum. Mean stress, environmental degradation (oxygen- and hydrogen-induced embrittlement) and plastic strain range were identified to be the most significant parameters affecting damage evolution. The cyclic stress– strain response was found to depend strongly and characteristically on temperature. Below the brittle-to-ductile-transition temperature (TBD) of about 650 °C, cyclic deformation leads to a pronounced initial hardening manifesting itself in an increase of stress amplitude and a decrease of plastic strain range. Conversely, cyclic deformation curves from tests performed aboveTBDshow a marked state of saturation which is established already after few cycles. With increasing temperature, fatigue life decreases in vacuum. However, testing in air not only decreases fatigue life tremendously as compared to vacuum, but also leads to an inverse temperature effect, i. e., the number of cycles to failure increases with temperature.
Isothermal strain-controlled quasi-static and cyclic deformation behavior of magnesium wrought alloy AZ31
Authors: Noster Ulf , Scholtes Berthold 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue behavior of the Mg-base wrought alloy AZ31 is investigated in the temperature range 20– 300 °C using total-strain-controlled push – pull tests. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the material are substantially influenced by the direction dependent formation of deformation twins and resulting deformation asymmetry. As a consequence tensile mean stresses develop during total-strain-controlled fatigue tests without mean strain.
TEM study of the dislocation structure at the transition from discontinuous to viscous glide in Cu–Al and Cu–Mn alloys at elevated temperatures
Authors: Flor Stephan , Nortmann Ansgar , Dierke Hanno , Neuhäuser Hartmut 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The dislocation structures developed during plastic deformation in the regimes of discontinuous glide (Portevin – Le-Chatelier effect, PLC) as well as viscous glide at elevated temperatures (600 – 800 K) have been studied by transmission electron microscopy in polycrystals of Cu-5Al, Cu-10Al, Cu-15Al and Cu-4.1Mn alloys (at.%). Discontinuous glide is characterized by correlated dislocation movement in few active slip planes due to breakaway of aged and rapid multiplication of fresh dislocations, while beyond the transition, when solute diffusion is fast enough to continuously reconstitute the solute cloud during dislocation motion, a homogeneous distribution of smoothly moving dislocations is observed in all alloys. Owing to the decrease of stacking-fault energy and increase of short-range order in the Cu–Al alloys a change from cell structure (Cu-5Al) to planar slip (Cu-10Al and Cu-15Al) occurs in the discontinuous glide regime; in the Cu-4.1Mn alloy with a stacking-fault energy like Cu and negligible short-range order, development of cells prevails also during discontinuous glide. The observations are discussed in terms of current views on deformation in the PLC regime.