bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into chemical reactions of graphitic carbon nitride with alkali halides
Authors: Akaike Kouki , Hosokai Ayako , Tajima Kazuki , Akiyama Haruhisa , Nagashima Hiroki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The calcination of nitrogen-rich molecules, such as melamine and urea, with inorganic salts, results in chemical modifications of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), a polymeric photocatalyst driven by visible-light illumination. Alkali halides are abundant and low-cost additives for that purpose and enhance photocatalytic activity. The precursors or condensed carbon nitride polymer react with the salts, even below their melting point; however, the mechanistic understanding of the reaction of g-CN with alkali halides is still unknown. In this study, we investigated reactions of melon, a linear polymer of heptazine monomers, with NaCl, employing Fourier-transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy in solid and gas phases, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS), and thermogravimetry. The reaction of melon with NaCl at 500 °C substitutes a fraction of amino groups with cyanamide moiety and deprotonates NH groups bridging heptazine monomers. The formation of NH4Cl during the calcination implied that NaCl reacted with NH3 that had evolved as a result of the condensation of melon molecules. TPD-MS and gas-phase IR confirmed the presence of NH3 as well as H2O and CO2 above 400 °C. These gaseous molecules and NaCl lead to NaHCO3 via the Solvay process reactions. NaHCO3 is decomposed into Na2CO3 at the calcination temperature. The base and gaseous H2O finally cause OH−. The resultant hydroxyl anion introduces cyanamide groups into the melon, deprotonates the NH groups, and decomposes a fraction of the polymer into isocyanic acid via the formation of sodium cyamelurate as an intermediate. The reaction mechanisms proposed in this study will promote the molecular understanding of the roles of additives in the modification of the chemical structure of g-CN photocatalysts.
Campaigns and constituents
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Elected locally, candidates for Congress go to Washington to make national policy. “Campaigns and constituents” explores how voting on major legislation often means a choice between national needs and constituent approval. Once elected to office, members of the House of Representatives face new elections every two years. What are the roles of political parties in Congress and what is the reality of day-to-day life as a representative or senator? These and other factors in shaping life in Congress, especially the role of the news media and changes in communications technology, are examined.
On the floor
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“On the floor” examines the differences in the practices of the House and Senate, which are critical for understanding the legislative process. Each day’s session begins with “morning business,” when members make short speeches without rebuttal. The chambers then move on to legislation allowing debate. The floor proceedings are a mix of procedure, policy, politics, and personality. The significance of majority rule in the House is contrasted with the minority muscle exercised in the Senate. The complex process of steering legislation through the Congress is explained and the factors influencing that outcome—parties, constituents, and lobbyists—are analyzed, as is the role of the president in passing or vetoing legislation.
The quantum, confined
Authors: Moriarty Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights ‘A Boy and His Atom’, the world’s smallest stop motion video, which demonstrates the sophisticated control of the building blocks of matter. The ability to fabricate nanostructures an atom at a time, exploiting and directing interatomic or intermolecular forces, indicates building bespoke containers for electrons. It emphasizes how corralling and confining electrons can define the properties of materials in a way that was unimaginable before the advent of nanotechnology. Why is there substantial overlap of quantum mechanics and nanotechnology? The chapter talks about working in nanoscale, which takes into account the quantum nature of matter and allows the terms ‘nano’ and ‘quantum’ to be used interchangeably.
Tearing it down, building it up
Authors: Moriarty Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the excitement in 1946 for ENIAC, which was described as a super-brain computer that could achieve 5,000 instructions per second. In comparison, a smartphone now routinely computes at a rate of billions of instructions per second. It explores how the miniaturization and speed of processing go hand in hand, noting that the smaller technology gets, the faster it becomes. The chapter talks about processors at the core of smartphones, laptops, and tablets that pack several electronic components into a remarkably small space. Nanotechnology has played an essential role in ensuring that continued progress, but, ironically, it is also why Moore’s law is slowly dying.
It from bit, bit from it
Authors: Moriarty Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews how nanotechnology has progressed to the point where one can represent binary information on sub-nanometre scales. Where information storage can involve writing data with a resolution much better than that defined even by the atomic limit, it is possible to store information on a scale considerably smaller than the size of an atom. It also explores the realm of picotechnology, which is the manipulation of matter on sub-atomic length scales. The chapter discusses Ada Lovelace’s far-reaching insights into the connections between matter, mathematics, and the manipulation of information. It mentions how Lovelace became fascinated by the workings of Charles Babbage’s difference engine.
Social Work Education in Post-Soviet Countries: Progress of Azerbaijan
Authors: Huseynli Aytakin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The article presents the findings of a qualitative study that was conducted in Azerbaijan to identify achievements and issues of social work education in the country. As in many former Soviet Union (fSU) countries, social work education in Azerbaijan is in its infancy. Formal education was established in 2005. Currently, sixteen universities offer social work education at the bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral levels. Despite a relatively high number of graduates from these programmes, the country lacks professional social workers in the field. Thus, with financial support from the Ministry of Education, the Azerbaijan Social Work Public Union explored this paradox. Data were collected via focus groups and in-depth interviews. The sample size was thirty-nine key informants, which included representatives of the government and non-government agencies, universities, social work students and alumni. Data were analysed by NVivo software. Themes such as the high number of social work education programs, strong commitment to launch social work programmes, wrong image of social work, need for resources in the local language, need for social work teachers, need for the minimum national quality standards for social work education and an uninformed selection of social work education by students have emerged. The study aims to contribute to the literature on social work education in former fSU countries.
Fetal development of functional thalamocortical and cortico–cortical connectivity
Authors: Taymourtash Athena , Schwartz Ernst , Nenning Karl-Heinz , Sobotka Daniel , Licandro Roxane , Glatter Sarah , Diogo Mariana Cardoso , Golland Polina , Grant Ellen , Prayer Daniela , Kasprian Gregor , Langs Georg 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Measuring and understanding functional fetal brain development in utero is critical for the study of the developmental foundations of our cognitive abilities, possible early detection of disorders, and their prevention. Thalamocortical connections are an intricate component of shaping the cortical layout, but so far, only ex-vivo studies provide evidence of how axons enter the sub-plate and cortex during this highly dynamic phase. Evidence for normal in-utero development of the functional thalamocortical connectome in humans is missing. Here, we modeled fetal functional thalamocortical connectome development using in-utero functional magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses observed from 19th to 40th weeks of gestation (GW). We observed a peak increase of thalamocortical functional connectivity strength between 29th and 31st GW, right before axons establish synapses in the cortex. The cortico–cortical connectivity increases in a similar time window, and exhibits significant functional laterality in temporal-superior, -medial, and -inferior areas. Homologous regions exhibit overall similar mirrored connectivity profiles, but this similarity decreases during gestation giving way to a more diverse cortical interconnectedness. Our results complement the understanding of structural development of the human connectome and may serve as the basis for the investigation of disease and deviations from a normal developmental trajectory of connectivity development.
Do women evaluate their lower earnings still to be fair? Findings on the contented female worker paradox examining the role of occupational contexts in 27 European countries
Authors: Brüggemann Ole , Hinz Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is still a puzzling question which gender inequalities in the labour market are perceived as fair and which are not – in the eye of the beholder. This study focuses on gender differences in the perceptions of the fairness of one’s own wage and the role of the occupational context individuals are embedded in. Based on data collected from 27 European countries as part of the 2018 European Social Survey (Round 9), our study contributes to the growing field of wage fairness perceptions by analysing the role of the occupational context (measured as the share of women and the gender pay gap in the respondent’s occupation), and how it moderates gender differences in fairness perceptions. Results indicate that – overall – female workers across Europe perceive their wages more often as unfairly “too low” than their male counterparts within the same country context and occupation, and that this gender gap is more pronounced in occupations with a high proportion of women and higher levels of gender inequality. We interpret these results as an indicator of growing awareness among women regarding the persisting “unfair” gendered wage distributions.
579 ACUTE ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF A FRAIL PATIENT
Authors: Calvelli Pierangelo , Sorrentino Sabato , Polimeni Alberto , Aquila Iolanda , Ventura Ettore , Lucchino Alessandro , Purri Ilaria , Indolfi Ciro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An 87-year-old male patient with worsening dyspnea was admitted to our institution. The patient had a history of acute myocardial infarction treated with coronary stenting of the left descending artery (LAD), diagonal (Diag), right coronary artery (RCA), and chronic kidney disease. For acute pulmonary edema, the patient was admitted to our cardiac intensive care unit and rapidly treated with non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (C-PAP), IV high dosage diuretic therapy, inotropes, and vasoactive agents. Chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly (cardiothoracic ratio, 56%) and pulmonary congestion. Electrocardiogram revealed sinus tachycardia and diffuse ST-segment abnormalities. An echocardiogram demonstrated left ventricular apical akinesia, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 25% and severe mitral regurgitation. Blood tests revealed very high levels of NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (&gt;30000 pg/ml) and myocardial necrosis markers (hs-Trop 5055 ng/l; CK-MB 72 ng/ml).
After 24 hours, the patient was placed on intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support to further hemodynamic support through the right femoral artery, nonetheless, he showed no improvement in symptoms or urine output. Because of a state of hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was given to the patient with a gradual improvement in blood gas analysis. The optimization of diuretic therapy allowed to treat the state of acute oliguric kidney disease, avoiding dialytic treatment.
After 48 hours, because of a new worsening in hemodynamic state, we decided for a percutaneous left ventricular assist device (Impella CP, Denver, Massachusetts, USA). After placing the Impella device, coronary angiography was performed, showing critical stenosis of the left main (LM), involving the origin of the left anterior descending artery and a collateralized chronic occlusion of the circumflex artery and the LAD, after the origin of a large first diagonal branch. Because of the high procedural risk, we decided to perform only percutaneous coronary intervention and stent implantation of LM. After 3 days his symptoms improved, the required dose of inotropic agents and furosemide decreased and Impella was removed. After 12 days the patient was admitted to the cardiological ward and discharged after 21 days because of a urinary infection requiring antibiotic therapy.
The management of acute heart failure in very old patients is challenging, limiting in many cases the use of invasive procedures such as coronary angiography or left ventricular assist devices. In this case, although the patient presented a very high-risk profile considering age and comorbidities, the use of Impella resulted to be safe and guaranteed hemodynamic support during the procedure of revascularization and in the immediate post-operative phase.
602 CRITICAL AORTIC STENOSIS IN PROFOUND CARDIOGENIC SHOCH: BRIDGE TO TAVI WITH LEVOSIMENDAN.
Authors: Farina Andrea , Daus Francesca , Savonitto Stefano , Giannattasio Cristina , Pezzini Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) in severe aortic stenosis (AS) is associated with high mortality. Percutaneous aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a possible definite solution, but generally it cannot be performed on an emergency base. In patients with severe systolic dysfunction an augmentation of cardiac index (CI) during dobutamine and nitroprusside infusion can demonstrate contractile and afterload reserve. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring is necessary to keep optimal filling pressure and verify arterial pressure stability. If the hemodynamic response is positive we administer levosimendan to bridge the patient to decision and/or to TAVI. In our small experience this strategy is efficacy and well tolerated.
917 HYBRID TRANSVENOUS AND SURGICAL APPROACH FOR THE EXTRACTION OF CORONARY SINUS LEADS: A CASE SERIES
Authors: Arabia Gianmarco , Bontempi Luca , Cerini Manuel , Salghetti Francesca , Milidoni Antonino , Cersosimo Angelica , Mitacchione Gianfranco , Muneretto Claudio , Curnis Antonio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
The rates of cardiac device-related infection have increased substantially over the past years. Transvenous lead extraction is the standard therapy for such cases. In some patients, however, the procedure cannot be completed through the transvenous route alone. A hybrid surgical and transvenous approach may provide the solution in such cases.

Methods
We present three cases who underwent hybird transvenous and surgical extraction for coronary sinus leads due to infection of CRT-D systems. One patient had an Attain Starfix lead implanted in the coronary sinus. The procedures were performed under local anaesthesia with continuous hemodynamic and transthoracic echocardiographic monitoring. We highlight the characteristics of the patients, the features of the devices, the technical difficulties and the outcomes of the procedures.

Results
In all cases, the right atrial and right ventricular leads were extracted through the transvenous route. In one patient, they were extracted using regular stylets and manual traction, while in the other two patients, telescoping dilator sheaths (Cook), Tightrail hand-powered mechanical sheaths (Spectranetics) and/or Glidelight Excimer Laser sheaths (Spectranetics) were used. The coronary sinus lead could not be retrieved due to extensive fibrosis after utilizing locking stylets and mechanical dilator sheaths in all 3 cases, in addition to rotational mechanical sheaths and Laser. sheaths in one case, so the so the patients were referred to surgery. Two patients underwent left mini-thoracotomy and one patient underwent midline sternotomy to extract the remaining CS lead. The target vein was identified and ligated, then the fibrosis around the lead was dissected, this was followed by lead retrieval through the surgical incision. The patient who underwent sternotomy suffered from mediastinitis, which required reoperation and mediastinal lavage. There were no complications in the other two patients. All three patients were reimplanted with a new CRT-D device on the contralateral side after the resolution of infection.

Conclusion
A hybrid surgical and transvenous approach can be complementary in case the transvenous route alone fails to completely extract the coronary sinus lead. The transvenous approach can be used to free the proximal part of the lead, while the distal adhesions can be removed surgically, preferably though a limited thoracic incision.
328 IMPACT OF INTEGRATED CARE WITH ABC PATHWAY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HEART FAILURE: DATA FROM MORE THAN 11000 PATIENTS ENROLLED IN A EUROPEAN REGISTRY
Authors: Bonini Niccolo´ , Proeitti Marco , Vitolo Marco , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Imberti Jacopo Francesco , Mei Davide , Marta Mantovani , Righelli Ilaria , Marconi Irma , Gerra Luigi , Malavasi Vincenzo Livio , Lip Gregory Y h , Boriani Giuseppe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background and aim
Heart failure (HF) is closely associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). The Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway is recommended in guidelines as a holistic or integrated care approach to AF management. However, few data are specifically available on ABC pathway adherence in AF patients with HF, especially according to HF phenotypes. Therefore, we aimed to retrospectively investigate the effect of ABC management in a large contemporary cohort of AF patients with HF and the impact on the clinical outcomes.

Methods
We analyzed patients enrolled in the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry. According to the availability of HF status and ejection fraction (EF) values, patients were categorized as follows: i) non-HF; ii) HF EF&gt;40% iii) HF EF≤40%. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of all-cause death and major adverse cardiac events.

Results
Among the original 11 096 AF patients enrolled, 9175 (82.7%) were included in this analysis (median age 71 years, interquartile range [IQR 63-77], 40.1% were female, with median EF 55% [IQR 45-61%] and median CHA2DS2-VASc 3 [2-4]). In this cohort, 5935 (64.7%) were non-HF patients, and 3240 (35.3%) had HF patients. According to the EF values, 2005 (65%) were categorized as HF EF&gt;40%, and 1235 (35%) were HF EF≤40%. Overall, ABC pathway adherence in HF patients was 23.3% [95% CI: 21.6-25.2], being higher in HF EF≤40% patients (28.0%) and lower in HF EF&gt;40% ones (21.9%). After a median follow-up of 731[IQR 690-748] days, ABC adherence was associated with a lower risk for the composite outcome compared to non-ABC adherent patients in each HF group (HF EF&gt;40%: ABC 15.4% vs no ABC 20.9%; HF EF≤40%: ABC 20.3% vs no ABC 33.9%; both p&lt;0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that ABC adherence was associated with a lower risk of composite outcome in each HF category (HF EF&gt;40%: HR 0.66 [95% CI: 0.46-0.96], p=0.030; HF EF≤40%: HR 0.60 [95% CI: 0.40-0.90], p=0.013). ABC adherence was associated with a consistent risk reduction for the composite outcome across the entire EF spectrum [Figure].

Conclusions
In this large contemporary cohort of AF-HF patients, adherence to the ABC pathway was associated with a lower occurrence of the primary outcome, irrespective of baseline EF. ABC pathway is consistently associated with a lower risk for adverse outcomes across the entire spectrum of EF.
431 LONG-TERM ATRIO-VENTRICULAR BLOCK FOLLOWING VALVE SURGERY: ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC AND SURGICAL PREDICTORS
Authors: Farina Jacopo , Biffi Mauro , Savini Carlo , Martin Sofia , Marco Luca Di , Folesani Gianluca , Ziacchi Matteo , Diemberger Igor , Martignani Cristian , Pacini Davide 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Bradyarrhythmias requiring pacemaker implantation (PM) in patients undergoing valve surgery may occur even after several years. The incidence of PM implantation after valve surgery and its predictors are unclear.

Methods
A retrospective, monocentric, cohort study was conducted. Consecutive patients undergoing valve surgery at the Division of Cardiac Surgery at the Bologna University Hospital from 2005 to 2010 were enrolled. The primary endpoint of the study was to evaluate the incidence of PM implantation in patients undergoing valve surgery, at different follow-up times, and to evaluate the predictors of PM implantation.

Results
We included 1046 patients (61.8% male, median age 63 years). Of these 735 (70%) reached a 10 year of follow-up and 11.4% required PM implantation. In single valve surgery, mitral interventions had a higher incidence of PM implantation compared to aortic ones, albeit not significantly different (11% vs 8.1%, HR 1.2, IC 95% 0.6-2.1, p=0.590). Among combined surgery, interventions on both atrioventricular valves doubled the risk compared to those performed on aortic and mitral valves (23.1% vs 12%). Moreover, interventions involving both atrioventricular valves independently predicted PM implantation in the long term (HR 2.0, IC 95% 1.1-3.7, p=0.022). Preoperative atrioventricular conduction disease strongly predicted long-term atrio-ventricular block: right bundle branch block with or without left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) was the major predictor (HR 7.2, IC 95% 2.8-19, p&lt;0.001, HR 6.8, IC 95% 3.9-11.7, p&lt;0.001 respectively), followed by left bundle branch block (HR 5.1, IC 95% 2.6-10.3, p&lt;0.001), LAFB (HR 4.2, IC 95% 1.9-8.9, p&lt;0.001) and a non-specific ventricular conduction delay (HR=3.3, IC 95% 1.3-8.4, p=0.012). Age was also predictive, PM implantation probability increasing at each year-age increase (HR 1.02, IC 95% 1.01-1.04, p=0.022)

Conclusions
Patients undergoing valvular surgery have a continuing risk of atrioventricular block requiring PM therapy late after surgery; combined surgery on atrio-ventricular valves carries the highest risk, while preoperative atrioventricular conduction disease have different risks of AVB at long-term.