bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Over Diagnosis or a Hidden Epidemic? The Rising Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Sri Lanka
Authors: Nawaratne Sashiprabha , Vidanapathirana Janaki 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE Thyroid cancer (TC) is the second commonest cancer among females and the third commonest cancer in both sexes in Sri Lanka. In 2019 the age-standardized rates (ASR) of TC among females and males were greater than the South East Asian estimates and the global estimates of TC for females and males. The aim of the study was to assess the reason for the thyroid cancer burden in Sri Lanka. METHODS Secondary data was analyzed from the National Cancer Registry of Sri Lanka. ASR of thyroid cancer was extracted, and age-specific incidence rates were calculated for the respective years. JoinPoint software version 4.9.0.0 was used to analyze trends. Best fit models reported, by Annual Percentage Change and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC), 95% CI. A P value < .05 were taken as the level of significance. RESULTS A total of Total 23,363 TC cases were reported from 2005 to 2019. Among women, ASR has increased threefold from 2005 to 2019 (5.6-17.3) with an AAPC of 7.5% (95% CI, 4.1 to 11.1, P < .05) and among males a two-fold rise was seen in ASR (1.7-3.9) with AAPC being 8.0% (95% CI, 5.5 to 10.6, P < .05). The highest age-specific incidence rates were seen among women in the reproductive age group (25-34 years). Differentiated thyroid carcinoma comprised 94% (n = 17,861) of all reported TC cases. Papillary TC was the main type of differentiated TC seen in both sexes (n = 14,036). CONCLUSION The incidence of TC in Sri Lanka reveals an increasing trend in both sexes. Increase incidence in women in the reproductive age group with a high incidence of papillary TC was highly suggestive of overdiagnosis. However, it cannot be confirmed due to the unavailability of staging and mortality data. Therefore, further studies are recommended to explore the reasons for this observed increase, and the National Cancer Registry should be further strengthened to ensure the completeness of cancer data.
Demonstration of Impact Through the Evaluation of the 2020-2021 Africa Cancer Research and Control ECHO
Authors: Lasebikan Nwamaka , Nakaganda Annet , Fadelu Temidayo , Ibeka Paulette , Haskins Laura , Cira Mishka 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE The Africa Cancer Research and Control ECHO is a virtual community of practice and knowledge dissemination platform for cancer professionals. Each year, the steering committee completes an evaluation to elicit feedback and inform continuous program improvement. The 2020-2021 evaluation included for the first time a qualitative component, allowing documentation of concrete utilization of knowledge gained from the Africa Cancer ECHO to advance cancer control efforts. METHODS Participants were invited to complete a survey about satisfaction, knowledge acquisition, knowledge application, and outcomes of the Africa Cancer ECHO. In addition, six steering committee members completed semi-structured interviews with a focus on program outcomes. RESULTS A total of 226 unique people from over 40 organizations participated in the Africa Cancer ECHO during 2020-2021, with 19 sessions hosted on topics across the cancer control continuum. Twenty-two participants representing nine countries and multiple sectors of cancer research and control responded to the survey. They reported participating to gain knowledge (57%), network (21%) and strongly agreed that sessions were relevant and engaging (100%). Reported limitations included obstacles of time (74%), technology (13%) and limited opportunities to engage with partners and participants (50%). Participants applied the knowledge gained in various ways including: adding survivorship to their National Cancer Control Plans (for the first time); adapting training materials to initiate a patient navigation program, partnering to strengthen brachytherapy capacity at the national level and collaboratively conducting a situational analysis of cancer survivorship in the Africa region. CONCLUSION The Africa Cancer ECHO provides a relevant and engaging platform which encourages community and the exchange of socio-culturally adapted best practices in cancer research and control in the African region. The mixed methods evaluation approach has deepened understanding of how knowledge exchanged in the ECHO sessions is utilized and applied. More targeted recruitment and retention, as well as facilitation of collaborations beyond the sessions will further strengthen this community.
Age at Diagnosis for Lung, Colon, Breast, and Prostate Cancers: An International Comparative Study
Authors: Zahed Hana , Feng Xiaoshuang , Sheikh Mahdi , Arnold Melina , Bray Freddie , Ferlay Jacques , Shiels Meredith , Robbins Hilary 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE Differences in the age at diagnosis for lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers have been reported between low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). However, this may be influenced by differences in the population age distributions across countries. We aimed to compare the median age at diagnosis for these cancers after adjusting for population age differences. METHODS We analyzed data from the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5) Volume XI database. It includes information on cancer diagnoses during 2008 to 2012 from cancer registries in 66 countries. We calculated crude median ages at diagnosis for each cancer in each country, and then performed indirect standardization using the age-specific UN world population estimate to remove the influence of population age structure. RESULTS Overall, the adjustment for population age structure tended to increase the median ages at diagnosis in LMICs which have younger populations, and decrease them in HICs which have older populations. After standardization, differences between the youngest and oldest median ages of diagnosis across cancer sites were: 11 years for lung cancer (youngest median age observed was 61 in Bulgaria v 71 in Bahrain), 10 years for colon cancer (59 in Iran v 69 New Zealand), 10 years for breast (49 in Algeria v 59 Iceland), and 8 years for prostate cancer (65 in USA v 73 in the Philippines). LMICs had younger ages at diagnosis for colon cancer but older ages at diagnosis for prostate cancer as compared with HICs. Countries with higher smoking prevalence had younger ages at lung cancer diagnosis ( P value Pearson correlation = 0.0025). CONCLUSION For lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers, the differences across countries in the median age at diagnosis range from 8 to 11 years after adjusting for population age distribution. These differences likely reflect population-level variation in risk factors and screening.
Serious Illness Communication in Cancer Care in Africa: A Scoping Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Wabl Chiara A. , Athanas Raymond , Cubaka Vincent , Mushi Beatrice , Ngoma Mamsau , Nsabimana Nicaise , Sama Godfrey , Tuyishime Hubert , Uwamahoro Pacifique , Sanders Justin J. , Sudore Rebecca L. , Van Loon Katherine , Whitaker Evans , DeBoer Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE Serious illness communication (SIC) in cancer care describes conversations between clinicians, patients, and families about prognosis and treatment decisions. Cultural context influences SIC. Researchers have studied SIC across diverse settings in Africa. We aimed to describe and synthesize the heterogeneous body of research on SIC practices, preferences, and needs in Africa to identify research and training priorities. METHODS Our search strategy identified studies that focused on SIC within cancer or palliative care in Africa. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, and PsycINFO, yielding 1811 unique titles. After sequential review of abstracts, full text, and cited references, 42 articles met inclusion criteria. Quantitative and qualitative data describing study characteristics, aims, methods, and findings were abstracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Critical appraisal was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS The 42 included articles were published from 1997-2021, half since 2017, representing 16 countries and all African Union regions: West (33%), East (29%), South (21%), North (12%), and Central (5%). Most study designs were qualitative (45%) or quantitative surveys (50%). Study participants included patients (35%), family caregivers (18%), doctors (18%), nurses (12%), and/or other (11%). Study aims focused on disclosure of diagnosis (27%) or prognosis (20%), breaking bad news (15%), general patient-clinician communication (12%), truth-telling (8%), shared decision-making (7%), information needs/preferences (5%), and/or advance care planning (5%). Despite diverse contexts, common themes emerged. Study authors frequently recommended communication skills training. Critical appraisal demonstrated high quality of studies overall. CONCLUSION Research on SIC in Africa has increased in recent years. Most studies have focused on information delivery by clinicians; fewer on eliciting information from patients (eg, shared decision-making, advanced care planning). Significant opportunities exist for further study and for communication skills training.
Community Awareness About Pediatric Cancer in Tanzania
Authors: Sanga Erica , Mbata Doris , Msoka Elizabeth , Rajabu Shabani , Karia Francis , Sued Hillary , Pollak Kathryn , Schroeder Kristin 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE Early hospital presentation and completion of treatment is crucial for better treatment outcomes in children with cancer. There are thousands of children who die of cancer each year without ever being diagnosed in Tanzania. To address this gap and inform childhood cancer awareness campaigns, it is important to understand the inherent cultural values and beliefs that influence health care seeking behavior among the Tanzanian community. METHODS This was a descriptive qualitative study conducted in Mwanza, Kilimanjaro and Dar- es Salaam regions. Community members aged ≥ 18 years from three rural and three urban communities were purposively selected to participate in seven focus group discussions (each with 8-12 respondents) between March and June 2021. Data were transcribed, coded and analyzed by thematic content-analysis with the support of NVIVO software. RESULTS A total of 72 participants were interviewed. Many had heard of breast or cervical cancer however, awareness of pediatric cancer was low. The belief that cancer in children is caused by witch craft led to initial evaluation by traditional healers leading to delayed presentation to the hospital. Additional community concerns included the cost of transportation and investigations, duration of treatment and community influence on families to abandon hospital treatment for spiritual or traditional treatment. CONCLUSION Low community awareness about pediatric cancer, late hospital presentation and treatment abandonment remains a challenge in most parts of Tanzania. The common belief that childhood cancer is a result of witchcraft and superstition contributes to limited health seeking behavior, especially in the rural areas. Cultural and contextually relevant awareness interventions are needed to increase cancer knowledge and cancer health-seeking behavior in Tanzanian communities.
Prioritizing Cancer Care in Low and Middle-Income Countries Using Delta Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios
Authors: Diehl Thomas , Pourdashti Sheida , Schroeder Daniel , Zafar Syed Nabeel 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE Cancer outcomes are disparate around the world. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face higher cancer mortality rates than high-income countries (HICs), and the burden will only intensify as cancer incidence is projected to rise 81% by 2040. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR), calculated by dividing mortality rates by incidence rates, have been used to study disparities in cancer control. By calculating delta mortality-to-incidence ratios (dMIR), the difference between MIRs in HICs and LMICs, we can develop country-specific cancer priority lists for cancer control planning and resource allocation. METHODS We extracted country-specific incidence and mortality rates for 35 cancer types from 183 countries using GLOBACAN 2020. Countries were grouped into income categories as defined by the World Bank. Development indicators and country metadata were extracted from the United Nations Development Program. MIRs were calculated for each cancer in every country. Linear regression was used to test relationships between MIRs and development indicators. Delta MIR was calculated for each cancer type by subtracting the average MIR for HICs from the average MIR for LMICs. RESULTS For all cancers combined, MIRs varied widely across the globe, ranging from 0.33 in Australia to 0.80 in Gambia. Variation in MIR was low for certain diseases such as pancreas cancer (range = 0.80-1.0), but high for screenable cancers such as breast (0.11-0.63) and colon (0.28-1.0) cancers. Upon multivariate linear regression, MIRs were associated with life expectancy and income index. Cancers of the nasopharynx (0.90), Kaposi sarcoma (0.51), anus (0.46), salivary grands (0.38) and prostate (0.34) had the highest dMIRs. CONCLUSION Delta MIRs can be employed to systematically address disparities in global cancer survival. Cancers with the highest dMIRs represent those with the greatest proportion of potentially avoidable deaths and should be targeted first for maximum impact on global cancer mortality. These data can inform country-specific cancer priority lists.
Black Mass; or, a Billion Plagues and More
Authors: Alexander Travis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This essay asks how we are to think the ethics of Black Lives Matter protest amid conditions of contagion in the summer of 2020. It argues that the multitude instantiated in these events didn't simply tolerate the biomedical damage that could result from such proximity, but that it stakes a claim for the ethical virtue of exposure and vulnerability. That these viral commonwealths apprehend not exactly Covid itself, but the risk of infection, as a figure for the historicity of Blackness under the necropolitics of medical apartheid and social death. In order to stage this counterintuitive valorization of risk, the essay examines the barebacking and bug chasing subcultures that emerged during the late 1990s. These communities, too, sourced means of filiation, intimacy, and minoritized historicity from their identification with—and desire for—HIV. Thinking these movements together also allows an overdue retelling of AIDS activism through the intersectional lens of a contemporary queer diaspora.
The Politics of Cool
Authors: Viljoen Stella 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWriting in 2004, bell hooks suggests that Black men respond to histories of patriarchal domination and emotional isolation through a “politics of cool.” She ties the notion of cool to the ability to be “real.” For her this is epitomized by the vulnerability of blues and jazz musicians whose art was historically a form of lament. She contrasts this with the versions of rap and hip-hop that, she says, use “cool” to distance men from their feelings. Whether empowering or a form of further disenfranchisement, the strategies of cool are the subject of this article. It asks how the politics of cool intersects with race and gender. The article considers the epistemology of “cool” across different consumer media. The music video, This Is America, it is argued, resists easy classification but expands the concept of and jouissance of ‘cool’ so that violence too becomes a kind of vulnerability, an expression of pain. The art of Mohau Modisakeng likewise pulls the politics of cool into the gallery and creates new possibilities for the sublimation of righteous anger. Through iterations of cool, Black masculine subjectivities are discussed as in tension with the dream of decolonization and the transnational reality of capitalization.
Glitter, Shine, Glow
Authors: Iqani Mehita 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which patina is deployed in gendered celebrity culture, specifically through forms of visual communication in relation to luxury. The article is framed by literature on race and gender from apartheid to postapartheid, and texture in visual communication in relation to luxury in Africa. The author uses three magazine covers featuring beloved Black South African women celebrities to illustrate three aesthetics of Black feminine success: glitter, shine, and glow. Visually, the three patinas are linked and on the surface might seem indistinguishable, but a difference in positioning and ethic comes through in the discourse animated by each. Glitter is linked to the classic narratives of sexy fame, in which the woman featured is portrayed as the heteronormatively desirable archetype of fun and glamour. Shine is linked to a politicized ethic of visibility, the work of spotlighting presence, legitimacy, and excellence as a role model for a broader feminine community. Glow is linked to a narrative of feminine enlightenment and inner peace, in which beauty comes from within and radiates outward from the skin, and feminine aesthetic labor is harnessed to the project of transcending gross materialism while simultaneously using material cues to communicate that joyful transcendence.
Survival Outcomes After Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Patients with Synchronous Versus Metachronous Onset of Peritoneal Metastases of Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Dietz Michelle V. , van Kooten Job P. , Said Ibrahim , Brandt-Kerkhof Alexandra R. M. , Verhoef Cornelis , Bremers Andreas J. A. , de Wilt Johannes H. W. , de Reuver Philip R. , Madsen Eva V. E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment option for peritoneal metastases (PM) from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Because of considerable morbidity, optimal patient selection is essential. This study was designed to determine the impact of the onset of PM (synchronous vs. metachronous) on survival outcomes after CRS-HIPEC.

Methods
Patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC for colorectal PM in two academic centers in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2020 were eligible for inclusion. Patients were classified as synchronous (s-PM, i.e., diagnosis at time of presentation, staging, or primary surgery) or metachronous onset (m-PM, i.e., diagnosis during follow-up) of colorectal PM. Survival outcomes were compared between groups by Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses.

Results
Of 390 included patients, 179 (45.9%) had synchronous onset of colorectal PM. These patients more often presented with higher TN-stage and poor differentiation/signet cell histology. Treatment with perioperative chemotherapy was more common in s-PM patients. m-PM patients experienced more serious postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ III). There was no significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) between s-PM (median 9 months, interquartile range [IQR] 5–15) and m-PM patients (median 8 months, IQR 5–17). Overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter for s-PM (median 28 months, IQR 11–48) versus m-PM patients (median 33 months, IQR 18–66, p = 0.049). Synchronous onset of PM was not independently associated with OS in a multivariable analysis.

Conclusions
Synchronous onset of colorectal PM was associated with poor tumor characteristics and more advanced disease, but was not an independent predictor of survival outcomes after CRS-HIPEC.
A JUDICIALIZAÇÃO DE LITÍGIOS ESTRUTURAIS COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE MOBILIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA: MUDANÇAS SOCIAIS “DE BAIXO PARA CIMA” OU “DE CIMA PARA BAIXO”?
Authors: França Eduarda Peixoto da Cunha , Nóbrega Flavianne Fernanda Bitencourt 
Published: May 2022

Objetivo: O presente artigo estuda como a proteção dos Direitos Socioeconômicos e Culturais (DESC) pelas cortes nacionais, no Sul Global, pode funcionar a partir de uma lógica contra-intuitiva e fomentar desigualdades sociais. No Brasil, foi observado o problema de os indivíduos com situação econômico-financeira mais privilegiada e cientes de sua cidadania serem mais beneficiados com a justiciabilidade dos DESC, em detrimento dos grupos socialmente vulneráveis. Metodologia: O artigo analisa o problema da inefetividade desses direitos a partir do método dedutivo e de pesquisa bibliográfico-documental, investigando como o processo estrutural pode ser uma estratégia de mobilização política para desencadear transformações sociais. Objetiva-se, assim, avançar no debate sobre os papéis que a sociedade civil organizada, bem como os Poderes Constituídos, podem desempenhar na tentativa de superação de falhas sistêmicas que envolvem violações massivas e reiteradas a direitos fundamentais. Nesse contexto, é discutido como mudanças sociais podem ocorrer, “de baixo para cima” ou “de cima para baixo”. Para essa finalidade, foram avaliados os modelos de proteção dos DESC de David Landau, bem como os efeitos provenientes das sentenças estruturais e os impactos das medidas afirmativas e transformativas.Resultados: Ao final, concluiu-se que a judicialização de demandas estruturais a envolver a necessidade de ajuste, desenho ou implementação de uma política pública pode funcionar enquanto meio alternativo à proteção que vem sendo oferecida aos DESC pelos tribunais, desde que juízes utilizem ferramentas processuais dialógicas, ao invés da prolatar decisões atomizadas autorreferenciadas. Assim, a luta por transformações sociais deve ocorrer, necessariamente, da coordenação de esforços entre juízes, instâncias majoritárias e sociedade civil organizada.Contribuições: Introduz os processos estruturais enquanto forma alternativa à proteção atomizada dos direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais, bem como aponta a importância do diálogo e da cooperação para que mudanças sociais efetivas possam acontecer.
The accuracy of reporting of periprosthetic joint infection to the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry
Authors: Sinagra Zachary P. , Davis Joshua S. , Lorimer Michelle , de Steiger Richard N. , Graves Stephen E. , Yates Piers , Manning Laurens 
Published: May 2022

Aims National joint registries under-report revisions for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). We aimed to validate PJI reporting to the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Arthroplasty Registry (AOANJRR) and the factors associated with its accuracy. We then applied these data to refine estimates of the total national burden of PJI. Methods A total of 561 Australian cases of confirmed PJI were captured by a large, prospective observational study, and matched to data available for the same patients through the AOANJRR. Results In all, 501 (89.3%) cases of PJI recruited to the prospective observational study were successfully matched with the AOANJRR database. Of these, 376 (75.0%) were captured by the registry, while 125 (25.0%) did not have a revision or reoperation for PJI recorded. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, early (within 30 days of implantation) PJIs were less likely to be reported (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.93; p = 0.020), while two-stage revision procedures were more likely to be reported as a PJI to the registry (OR 5.3 (95% CI 2.37 to 14.0); p ≤ 0.001) than debridement and implant retention or other surgical procedures. Based on this data, the true estimate of the incidence of PJI in Australia is up to 3,900 cases per year. Conclusion In Australia, infection was not recorded as the indication for revision or reoperation in one-quarter of those with confirmed PJI. This is better than in other registries, but suggests that registry-captured estimates of the total national burden of PJI are underestimated by at least one-third. Inconsistent PJI reporting is multifactorial but could be improved by developing a nested PJI registry embedded within the national arthroplasty registry. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(5):367–373.