bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Arctic wave-affected marginal ice zone: a comparison with ICESat-2 observations
Authors: Boutin G. , Williams T. , Horvat C. , Brodeau L. 
Published: September 2022

We evaluate marginal ice zone (MIZ) extent in a wave–ice 25 km-resolution coupled model, compared with pan-Arctic wave-affected sea-ice regions derived from ICESat-2 altimetry over the period December 2018–May 2020. By using a definition of the MIZ based on the monthly maximum of the wave height, we suggest metrics to evaluate the model taking into account the sparse coverage of ICESat-2. The model produces MIZ extents comparable to observations, especially in winter. A sensitivity study highlights the need for strong wave attenuation in thick, compact ice but weaker attenuation as sea ice forms, as the model underestimates the MIZ extent in autumn. This underestimation may be due to limited wave growth in partially covered ice, overestimated sea-ice concentration or the absence of other processes affecting floe size. We discuss our results in the context of other definitions of the MIZ based on floe size and sea-ice concentration, as well as the potential impact of wave-induced fragmentation on ice dynamics, found to be minor at the climate scales investigated here.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Modelling wave–ice interactions in three dimensions in the marginal ice zone
Authors: Perrie Will , Meylan Michael H. , Toulany Bechara , Casey Michael P. 
Published: September 2022

This study concerns wave–ice interactions in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). We compare idealized simulations using two recent three-dimensional formulations for wave–ice interactions for flexible ice floes, with selected parametrizations for the scattering of ocean surface waves due to individual ice floes. These parametrizations are implemented in a modern version of the wave model WAVEWATCH III® (hereafter, WW3) as source terms in the action balance equation. The comparisons consist of simple hypothetical experiments to identify characteristics of the wave–ice parametrizations. Comparisons show that the two new wave–ice formulations give attenuation of wave heights that can be less intense in the direction of propagation than those of other considered formulations. Within the wave energy spectrum, the one-dimensional attenuation extends over the entire frequency domain to the high-frequency limit. Within the MIZ beyond the ice edge, there is evidence for a ‘roll-over’ effect in the simulations of attenuation. These new formulations can potentially improve previous parametrizations in simulations of wave scattering and attenuation within the MIZ.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks
Authors: Bennetts Luke G. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Feltham Daniel L. , Kohout Alison L. , Meylan Michael H. 
Published: September 2022

The marginal ice zone (MIZ) is the dynamic interface between the open ocean and sea ice-covered ocean. It is characterized by interactions between surface gravity waves and granular ice covers consisting of relatively small, thin chunks of sea ice known as floes. This structure gives the MIZ markedly different properties to the thicker, quasi-continuous ice cover of the inner pack that waves do not reach, strongly influencing various atmosphere–ocean fluxes, especially the heat flux. The MIZ is a significant component of contemporary sea ice covers in both the Antarctic, where the ice cover is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and its fierce storms, and the Arctic, where the MIZ now occupies vast expanses in areas that were perennial only a decade or two ago. The trend towards the MIZ is set to accelerate, as it reinforces positive feedbacks weakening the ice cover. Therefore, understanding the complex, multiple-scale dynamics of the MIZ is essential to understanding how sea ice is evolving and to predicting its future.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Marginal ice zone dynamics
Authors: Squire Vernon A. 
Published: September 2022

For the best part of my entire career, I have focused on the marginal ice zone, abbreviated to MIZ by most sea ice scientists. Defined perfunctorily by the National Snow & Ice Data Center as the part of the seasonal ice zone where waves, swells and other open ocean processes affect the sea ice, the MIZ habitually extends from the ice edge some 100–200 km into the ice pack with morphology that varies dramatically spatially and with time. In general, the Antarctic MIZ is wider than MIZs in the Arctic, recognizing that increases in the ferocity and incidence of storms and the durability of ice due to global climate change are already affecting the physical attributes of each MIZ. I provide here a somewhat historically tailored preamble to a unique compilation of up-to-the-minute MIZ research in this theme issue that includes the nexus between contemporary theoretical, modelling and experimental projects. A prognosticative synopsis of these projects is also included later in the volume, framed in the context of the ongoing ontogenesis of the research field.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
A prognosticative synopsis of contemporary marginal ice zone research
Authors: Squire Vernon A. 
Published: September 2022

Commentary narrated in this theme issue is recast to contextualize the diverse themes presented into a forward-looking conversation that synthesizes, debates opportunities for multidisciplinary advances and highlights topics that deserve enduring sharpened attention. Research oriented towards foundational elements of the marginal ice zone that relates to three unifying topic subclasses—namely (i) wave propagation through sea ice, (ii) floe size distributions and (iii) ice dynamics and break-up—and is encapsulated in mini-reviews provided by Thomson, Horvat and Dumont is revisited to distill it into a blueprint for the future guided by the cutting-edge, present-day knowledge documented herein by leading practitioners in the field. Six threads are signalled as imperative for prospective research, each with a bearing on Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice canopies in which the propensity for marginal ice zones to coexist with pack ice is greater as a result of global climate change reducing sea-ice resilience while increasing the prevalence and forcefulness of injurious storm winds and waves.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Analysis and Exploration of the Implementation System of Mixed Ownership of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Colleges and Universities
Authors: Gao Panjun , Qi Yong , Guo Qing 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDue to the backwardness of the management model and the rigidity of the system, the current service invention system restricts the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of colleges and universities to a certain extent. The mixed ownership system of university post achievements, which gives universities and inventors the freedom to dispose of the rights of scientific and technological achievements, and fundamentally stimulates the enthusiasm of all the achievement owners to transform their achievements, is an important exploration to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. However, there are still many problems in the implementation of the mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities. Through the questionnaire survey and analysis, it is found that the four problems such as defects in the management system for the distribution of rights and interests of scientific and technological achievements, imperfect evaluation indicators of scientific and technological achievements, imbalance in the service system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and lack of authoritative standards for the evaluation of the value of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are the main problems hindering the development of mixed ownership of the current college post achievements. Based on the existing problems, it is proposed to continue to improve the management system, assessment system and service system of mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities. The research results can provide new evidence and policy enlightenment for the development of mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities in China.
Mortality Doubled After Stressful Football Match
Authors: Rau Roland , Ebeling Marcus , Köppen Bernhard 
Published: September 2022

Structured AbstractBackgroundStrong emotional stress can lead to death. Even less serious events such as watching stressful football matches are proposed as triggers for mortality. The results are inconclusive, though, probably due to a focus on national teams. Instead, this study analyzes daily mortality after a stressful match of a club team. It also accounts for the role of temperature, a major confounder for daily mortality.MethodsDaily deaths from 01 January 1999 until 10 July 2020 were used to predict mortality separately for women and men on the day of the match (11 July) and the subsequent days. The time series regression model assumed a negative binomial distribution for the death counts, accounted for potential autocorrelation and included temperature as a regressor. 95% prediction intervals were estimated via bootstrapping.ResultsTwo days after the match, mortality was twice as high as expected for men. In contrast to the analysis for women, temperature can be ruled out as a contributing factor.ConclusionWatching stressful football matches can be a matter of life and death for susceptible persons. Making people aware of it could be a cost-efficient way to lower the burden of dying from circulatory diseases.
Investigating microglia-neuron crosstalk by characterizing microglial contamination in human and mouse Patch-seq datasets
Authors: Arbabi Keon , Jiang Yiyue , Howard Derek , Nigam Anukrati , Inoue Wataru , Gonzalez-Burgos Guillermo , Felsky Daniel , Tripathy Shreejoy J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMicroglia are dynamic immune cells with diverse functional roles, including the regulation of neuronal excitability. Here, we leveraged an inconvenient truth of neuronal Patch-seq datasets — that they routinely display evidence of contamination by surrounding microglia — to better understand aspects of microglia-neuronal crosstalk. We first quantified the presence of microglial transcripts in three Patch-seq datasets of human and mouse neocortical neurons and observed extensive off-target contamination by microglia in each. Variation in microglial contamination was explained foremost by donor identity, especially in human samples, and neuronal cell type identity. Differential expression testing and enrichment analyses suggest that microglial contamination in Patch-seq is reflective of activated microglia and that these transcriptional signatures are distinct from those captured via single-nucleus RNAseq. Finally, neurons with greater microglial contamination differed markedly in their electrophysiological characteristics, including lowered input resistances and more depolarized action potential thresholds. Our results suggest microglial contamination contributes to cell- and donor-related electrophysiological variability and sheds light on how microglia might impact neurons in vivo.
High evidence targets of conserved plant microRNAs and the complexities of their ancient microRNA binding-sites
Authors: Wong Gigi Y. , Millar Anthony A. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTIn plants, high complementarity between microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes is a prerequisite for a miRNA-target interaction (MTI). However, evidence suggests there are complexities beyond complementarity that impacts the strength of the MTI. To explore this, the bioinformatic pipeline TRUEE (Targets Ranked Using Experimental Evidence) was applied to strongly conserved miRNAs to identity their high evidence (HE) targets across species. For each miRNA family, HE targets predominantly consisted of homologues from one conserved target gene family (primary family). If an additional HE target family(s) was identified (secondary family), it was likely functionally related to the primary family. Many primary target families contained highly conserved nucleotide sequences flanking their miRNA binding-sites that were enriched in HE homologues across species, suggesting these sequences facilitate miRNA-mediated regulation. A subset of these flanking sequences are predicted to form conserved RNA secondary structures that preferentially base-pair with the miRNA binding-site, implying that these sites are highly structured. Functional testing of the conserved flanking sequences of the miR160 target, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 10 (ARF10), found that mutations within these flanking sequences resulted in attenuated ARF10 silencing. Our findings support the notion that features beyond complementarity at highly conserved miRNA binding-sites underpin these ancient MTIs.
Characterizing Cone Spectral Classification by Optoretinography
Authors: Pandiyan Vimal Prabhu , Schleufer Sierra , Slezak Emily , Fong James , Upadhyay Rishi , Roorda Austin , Ng Ren , Sabesan Ramkumar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLight propagation in photoreceptor outer segments is affected by photopigment absorption and the phototransduction amplification cascade. Photopigment absorption has been studied using retinal densitometry, while recently, optoretinography (ORG) has provided an avenue to probe changes in outer segment optical path length due to phototransduction. With adaptive optics (AO), both densitometry and ORG have been used for cone spectral classification, based on the differential bleaching signatures of the three cone types. Here, we characterize cone classification by ORG, implemented in an AO line-scan OCT and compare it against densitometry. The cone mosaics of five color normal subjects were classified using ORG showing high probability (∼0.99), low error (<0.22%), high test-retest reliability (∼97%) and short imaging durations (< 1 hour). Of these, the cone spectral assignments in two subjects were compared against AOSLO densitometry. High agreement (mean: 91%) was observed between the two modalities in these 2 subjects, with measurements conducted 6-7 years apart. Overall, ORG benefits from higher sensitivity and dynamic range to probe cone photopigments compared to densitometry, and thus provides greater fidelity for cone spectral classification.
Pose estimation-based visual perception system for analyzing fish swimming
Authors: Wu Xin , Huang Jipeng , Wang Lianming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAdvances in modern deep learning-based computer vision perception techniques have revolutionized animal movement research methods. These techniques have also opened up new avenues for studying fish swimming. To that end, we have developed a visual perception system based on pose estimation to analyze fish swimming. Our system can quantify fish motion by 3D fish pose estimation and dynamically visualize the motion data of marked keypoints. Our experimental results show that our system can accurately extract the motion characteristics of fish swimming, which analyze how fish bodies and fins work together during different swimming states. This research provides an innovative idea for studying fish swimming, which can be valuable in designing, developing, and optimizing modern underwater robots, especially multi-fin co-driven bionic robotic fish. The code and dataset are available athttps://github.com/wux024/AdamPosePlug.Abstract Figure
A multiplexed plant-animal SNP array for selective breeding and species conservation applications
Authors: Montanari Sara , Deng Cecilia , Koot Emily , Bassil Nahla V. , Zurn Jason D. , Morrison-Whittle Peter , Worthington Margaret L. , Aryal Rishi , Ashrafi Hamid , Pradelles Julien , Wellenreuther Maren , Chagné David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReliable and high-throughput genotyping platforms are of immense importance for identifying and dissecting genomic regions controlling important phenotypes, supporting selection processes in breeding programmes, and managing wild populations and germplasm collections. Amongst available genotyping tools, SNP arrays have been shown to be comparatively easy to use and generate highly accurate genotypic data. Single species arrays are the most commonly used type so far; however, some multi-species arrays have been developed for closely related species that share SNP markers, exploiting inter-species cross-amplification. In this study, the suitability of a multiplexed plant-animal SNP array, including both closely and distantly related species, was explored. The performance of the SNP array across species for diverse applications, ranging from intra-species diversity assessments to parentage analysis, was assessed. Moreover, the value of genotyping pooled DNA of distantly related species on the SNP array as a technique to further reduce costs was evaluated. SNP performance was generally high, and species-specific SNPs proved suitable for diverse applications. The multi-species SNP-array approach reported here could be transferred to other species to achieve cost savings resulting from the increased throughput when several projects use the same array, and the pooling technique adds another highly promising advancement to additionally decrease genotyping costs by half.
Heritable CRISPR-Cas9 editing of plant genomes using RNA virus vectors
Authors: Uranga Mireia , Aragonés Verónica , Daròs José-Antonio , Pasin Fabio 
Published: September 2022

SummaryViral vectors hold enormous potential for genome editing in plants as transient delivery vehicles of CRISPR-Cas components. Here, we describe a protocol to assemble plant viral vectors for single guide RNA (sgRNA) delivery. The obtained viral constructs are based on compact T-DNA binary vectors of the pLX series and are delivered into Cas9-expressing plants through agroinoculation. This approach allows rapidly assessing sgRNA design for plant genome targeting, as well as the recovery of progeny with heritable mutations at targeted loci.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer toUranga et al.1andAragonés et al.2.Graphical abstract
A modeling framework for translating discrete choice experiment results into cost-effectiveness estimates: an application to designing tailored and scalable HIV and contraceptive services for adolescents in South Africa
Authors: Govathson Caroline , Long Lawrence C , Russell Colin A , Moolla Aneesa , Pascoe Sophie , Nichols Brooke E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundYouth in South Africa are disproportionately affected by STIs, HIV, and unintended pregnancies. Despite this, their uptake of HIV and contraceptive services remains a challenge. South Africa urgently needs tailored, scalable interventions to address both HIV infection and early pregnancy prevention for young people. These interventions generally take years to design, implement, and evaluate, leaving a gap. To that end, we have developed a framework to translate the expected impact of facility-level attributes in increasing HIV/contraceptive service uptake for youth from a discrete choice experiment (DCE) into a cost effectiveness analysis (CEA).MethodsWe used a DCE (n=805) conducted in Gauteng, South Africa, which found that staff attitude, confidentiality, Wi-Fi, subsidized food, afternoon hours and youth-only services were preferred attributes of health services. Based on this we simulated uptake of services adapted for these preferences. We divided preferences into modifiable attributes that could readily be adapted (e.g. Wi-Fi), and non-modifiable (more nuanced attributes that are more challenging to cost and evaluate): staff attitude and estimated the incremental change in uptake of services using adapted services. Costs for modifiable preferences were estimated using data from two clinics in South Africa (2019 US$). We determined the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 15 intervention combinations, and report the results of interventions on the cost-effectiveness frontier.ResultsGreatest projected impact on uptake was from friendly and confidential services, both of which were considered non-modifiable (18.5% 95%CI:13.0-24.0%; 8.4% 95%CI:3.0-14.0% respectively). Modifiable factors on their own resulted in only small increases in expected uptake. (Food: 2.3% 95%CI:4.0%-9.00%; Wi-Fi: 3.0% 95%CI: -4.0%-10.0%; Youth only services: 0.3% 95%CI: -6.0%-7.0%; Afternoon services: 0.8% 95%CI: -6.0%-7.0%). The order of interventions on the cost-effectiveness frontier are Wi-Fi and youth-only services (ICER US$7.01-US$9.78), Wi-Fi, youth-only services and food (ICER US$9.32 - US$10.45), followed by Wi-Fi, youth-only services and extended afternoon hours (ICER US$14.46 – US$43.63)ConclusionCombining DCE results and costing analyses within a modelling framework provides an innovative way to inform decisions on effective resource utilisation. Modifiable preferences, such as Wi-Fi provision, youth only services and subsidized food, have potential to cost-effectively increase the proportion of youth accessing HIV and contraceptive services.