bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer fatigue
Authors: Bhargava Ravi , Chasen Martin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the assessment and management of the multidimensional components, while discussing the role of exercise and its impact on the physical, emotional, and psychosocial state of patients with cancer-related fatigue (CRF). It also reviews the mechanism and pathophysiology of CRF and describes the various assessment tools used in clinical practice to measure fatigue. It describes the role of counselling, education and psychosocial and other integrative interventions like mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in the management of CRF. It reviews the treatment modalities that include selecting the appropriate pharmacological psycho-stimulants and nutraceutical interventions, based on the evidence behind their use. The chapter also reviews the types of physical exercise and safety profile, lists exercise prescription, and provides the results of meta-analyses, while enlisting the future directions for a better understanding of CRF.
Anxiety and depression
Authors: Li Madeline , Shapiro Gilla K. , Rodin Gary 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Case studies are presented in this chapter to illustrate the attitudes, skills, and knowledge required to diagnose and manage anxiety and depression in patients who have palliative care needs. The prevalence of, and risk factors for, anxiety and depression and the clinical significance of untreated mood symptoms in this patient population are discussed. Questions that are addressed in the case examples include: What psychiatric diagnoses could be considered for the patient? Is sadness of this severity a normal part of the process of dying? How should suicidality be assessed in patients with palliative care needs? How should a wish to hasten death be explored? Psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches to the treatment of anxiety and depression in this patient population are also considered.
The last days and hours
Authors: Henderson David , Herx Leonie M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Palliative care’s goal is to improve and maintain quality of life for people living with life-threatening conditions and this includes living fully at the very end of life for those who die of their illnesses. Palliative care optimizes the symptom management associated with the dying process and also provides support to help people navigate the fears they may have about dying. It is therefore imperative that clinicians providing palliative care have the knowledge and skills to be able to help the patient, their family, and other healthcare professionals know what to expect during the dying process and how to manage the changes that come. This chapter will review the normal changes that can occur during the dying process, and how to recognize them and work with the patient and family to plan a good death.
Continuous palliative sedation therapy
Authors: Herx Leonie M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Continuous palliative sedation therapy (CPST) is a specialized medical intervention used to address refractory, irreversible symptoms in the last hours or short days of life that have not responded to other treatments. The indications and specific criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to initiate CPST are discussed, including decision-making, informed consent, and ethical aspects of CPST. In CPST, medications are carefully titrated and monitored to control the symptom at the lightest sedation level and the lowest medication dose possible. CPST is continued until death occurs from the underlying condition. CPST does not hasten death and is distinct from the practice of euthanasia.
Palliative care in heart failure
Authors: Slawnych Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The landscape of heart failure has changed dramatically over the course of the last several decades, with patients now having access to medical and device treatment options not available in the past. As a result of these advances, heart failure patients are living longer. However, many patients will still face clinical decline. When this occurs, these patients generally do not have insight with respect to their overall poor prognosis. Importantly, patients with advanced heart failure are more likely to die in hospital than other groups such as cancer patients. Palliative care is infrequently involved in the care of heart failure patients. There are several contributing factors for this, including prognostication challenges. There is an opportunity for all physicians to embrace palliative care principles and to reach out for specialized palliative care services when needed.
Cirrhosis and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hiebert Tim 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cirrhosis is the end result of a wide variety of chronic progressive liver diseases. Unless treated by liver transplant, end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a life-limiting illness with greatly diminished life expectancy and is associated with a significant symptom burden, including pain, pruritus, and confusion, as well as social isolation, stigma, and diminished quality of life. Other gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, bowel ischaemia, and gastroparesis, while chronic in nature, are life-threatening illnesses leading to significant patient suffering and warrant a palliative approach. This chapter will review the prognosis, most common complications, and symptoms associated with cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and other debilitating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the impact of stigmatization in ESLD, as well as of incorporating a palliative approach into the care of patients awaiting liver transplant, will be discussed.
Maps and Place
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter pertains to place and maps. The ‘spatial turn’ in the humanities—exemplified in the work of scholars as far apart as Jo Guldi and Robert Tally Jr—draws our attention to how literary texts structure their senses of place. From J. R. R. Tolkien to W. G. Sebald via the Hundred Acre Wood, literary works have often included maps within their pages. Yet such topoi sit distinct and apart from the extra-textual world, even when such places are represented therein. This chapter introduces the reader to the variety of approaches that have been undertaken in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) space. It begins with a theoretical background to ideas of literary space before moving to a showcase of various projects and their accomplishments
Conclusion
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis conclusion remarks on the future of digital literary studies and their place in the discipline of English. Covering subjects such as the ‘explainability turn’, this chapter also considers the pedagogical implications of using statistical methods in our discipline and the future training implications for students. Finally, as throughout the book, this chapter suggests that digital methods are no more alienating than any other form of critical approach. They can, instead, offer us a route by which to reappraise literary works in the light of new knowledge.
The Organic Intellectual
Authors: Abi-Saab Georges 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The essay calls on the Gramscian concept of ‘organic intellectual’—who introduces new ideas or theories in society and transforms them into current social practice—to portray the lifelong struggle of Philip Alston for human rights and more particularly his efforts at buttressing and mainstreaming economic, social, and cultural (ESC) rights. These efforts follow what looks like a three-prong strategy aiming at: (a) heightening the efficiency of the institutional framework within which they are further elaborated, and their implementation monitored, through better communication, coordination, and harmonization of the work of diverse UN family organs that deal with them; (b) shedding light on their intrinsic legal characteristics and the legal means to effectuate and protect them, thus rendering these rights and corresponding obligations more palpable, hence operable and justiciable; and (c) exposing egregious violations and deprivation of ESC rights and their causes which can be traced back to certain current macroeconomic policies—together with a constant effort at dissemination and outreach, particularly through important press coverage, to public opinion at large.
A Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith as Part of the Duty to Cooperate to Establish ‘An International Legal Order in which Human Rights can be Fully Realized’
Authors: De Schutter Olivier 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Declaration on the Right to Development refers to the duty of states to ‘co-operate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development’, and the extraterritorial human rights duties of states have gained visibility in recent years. Such duties include the conclusion of conventions, which the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights explicitly refers to. This chapter explores whether such a duty is enforceable. It argues that, whereas states have a sovereign right to choose whether or not to conclude an international agreement, they may be obliged to negotiate in good faith with a view to reaching a satisfactory agreement, in circumstances where the realization of human rights requires international cooperation. Far from being purely rhetorical, such a duty requires that the state put forward proposals, with a view to strengthening international cooperation, that are both sufficiently concrete and ‘reasonable’. This means in particular that in the distribution of the burdens and benefits, such proposals should take into account the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
Dilemmas Facing Commissions of Inquiry
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This contribution focuses on Philip Alston’s contribution to the world of commissions of inquiry. It considers a number of dilemmas faced by such Commissions related to determining when an armed conflict starts and ends, the particular human rights law to apply, distinguishing violations from abuses, considering whether to warn interlocutors that they may be incriminating themselves, weighing whether to issue a letter of cooperation, and determining who should have access to the information gathered by a commission. It is argued that scholars should heed Alston’s call to pay more attention to the new generation of fact-finding mechanisms which, in his words, have ‘been largely neglected as an area for sustained exploration, critique, and refinement’.
Should Human Rights Practice be Rights Based?
Authors: Knuckey Sarah , Satterthwaite Margaret 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Human rights scholars and organizations often call on governments to adopt ‘human rights-based approaches’ (HRBAs) to many policy areas, from climate change to health policy. HRBAs identify rights and obligations, and advance the principles of participation, accountability, equality, and non-discrimination. This chapter argues that HRBAs have been exported to many fields without ever being sufficiently integrated within human rights advocacy. We find that NGOs often fail to adhere to foundational human rights principles in their own work, reproducing unjust power hierarchies, objectifying victims, and disempowering rights-holders. Were HRBAs adopted by more human rights organizations, the face of human rights advocacy would change—often dramatically. We conclude with questions that could guide human rights practitioners and scholars to advance reform.
Alston in Alabama
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Starting from Alston’s visit in the United States as Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, this chapter interrogates that moment as an illustration of what it means to engage in international human rights work in the world today. It thus foregrounds a notion of human rights praxis as distinct from human rights law or theory. That notion of a praxis is tested against well-known critiques of human rights, namely their tendency to engage in politics without saying so and, more specifically, of not having much to say of substance about fundamental economic inequality. The praxis of human rights, as illustrated by Alston’s own work, is both vulnerable to these critiques and an implicit response to them. The chapter shows how to engage in human rights is simultaneously to performatively construct one’s authority to do so whilst insisting on human rights’ relevance. This brings Alston dangerously close to taking on fundamental questions of political organization that under a liberal view of rights might be thought off-limits and render his own authority precarious. Yet the chapter suggests that in the best of cases a considered and strategically informed praxis of human rights can make the best of bad situations, elevate the debate, and recapture some of the original indignation about injustice that goes at the heart of human rights. It does so both thanks to and despite the contradictions of rights discourse.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations for Music Performance
Authors: Evans Paul , Ryan Richard M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Performing music is both a joy and a discipline. In this chapter we review the basic tenets of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as they apply to developing interest and expertise in music performance, and the growing evidence concerning how parents, educators, mentors, and professional pressures can facilitate or undermine musicians’ enjoyment, persistence, and performance. SDT provides a framework for understanding both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations that underlie music performance, and their dynamics in educational and professional contexts. Applying the theory, we discuss the near-universal, intrinsically motivated nature of performing music, and why some individuals develop that interest into an identity or vocation. In addition, SDT provides a framework for understanding extrinsic motivation in performance contexts, including how performers internalize the motivation to persist at the less intrinsically enjoyable but nonetheless essential aspects of learning and practice. The theory argues that both intrinsic motivation and internalization are strongly affected by the fulfillment of basic psychological needs, which can be supported by teachers and mentors. We review evidence on this idea and discuss the implications of such research in the context of music education and music performance. Finally, we highlight some areas in need of more refined research and evidence-based interventions in this important domain.
Art, Music, and Literature: Do the Humanities Make Our Lives Richer, Happier, and More Meaningful?
Authors: Westgate Erin C. , Oishi Shigehiro 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
For many, there is little more rewarding than the feeling of curling up with a good book, wandering a famous art gallery, or listening to a favorite musician perform live in front of an audience. But do the arts, music, and literature actually make our lives happier, richer, and more meaningful? The authors suggest they do. In this chapter, they review empirical evidence for the psychological benefits of the humanities, including art, music, and literature, and find that across a wide variety of samples, exposure and engagement are consistently linked to greater well-being. In particular, they suggest that the humanities may increase well-being directly by providing people with enjoyable, rich, and meaningful experiences, as well as indirectly by fostering skills and abilities that contribute to psychological well-being in the long term. These approaches map onto two mechanisms: (1) direct affective benefits that create enjoyable, rich, and interesting experiences, and (2) indirect cognitive benefits, including social abilities and motivations that promote subjective well-being via interpersonal connection and self- and emotion-regulation. Art, music, and literature may not only provide temporary nourishment for a good life, but also teach people lasting skills they can capitalize on to increase long-term well-being.
Introduction: The Role of the Arts and Humanities in Human Flourishing
Authors: Tay Louis , Pawelski James O. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Positive Humanities are an emerging new field of inquiry and practice concerned with the relationship between the arts and humanities and human flourishing. The first half of this chapter introduces the work of the Humanities and Human Flourishing Project (HHF), a growing international and multidisciplinary network of scholars, researchers, and creators that the editors of this volume have led since 2014 with the aim of establishing the Positive Humanities as a robust field. Among other endeavors, HHF has conducted literature reviews, developed and refined a conceptual model, created and validated a toolkit of measures, and identified five key psychological mechanisms connecting the arts and humanities to human flourishing: reflection, acquisition, immersion, socialization, and expression (RAISE). The second half of this chapter introduces the six parts of this Handbook: overview of the Positive Humanities, historical and current trends, flourishing outcomes, pathways from arts and humanities engagement to human flourishing, disciplinary considerations, and public engagement and policy. The aim of the various parts of this Handbook is to bring together theoretical, empirical, and applied work to advance the understanding of the range of effects that engagement in the arts and humanities can have on human flourishing. The editors hope this seminal volume will encourage continued cross-cultural and multidisciplinary work in the Positive Humanities.
Emotional Development Across Cultures
Authors: Broesch Tanya , Carpendale Jeremy 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The biological characteristics of human infants set up a developmental trajectory toward forming emotional attachments with caregivers. The caregiver–infant system sets the stage for later development and learning through these early interactions in a bidirectional manner. This system is common across cultures and social contexts, and therefore we see similar emotion recognition, production, and communication across diverse contexts in the first few years of life. Yet, differences emerge in how caregivers respond to infants and shape their expressions. This can be seen in cultural display rules—that is, the expression of emotion based on social norms. The authors argue that emotions ground communication, specifically through a process of mutually shared enjoyment (species-specific), and also develop in complexity as children learn words to describe and then reflect on emotional experience. This chapter provides an overview of emotion development drawing on cross-cultural research.
Play and Games
Authors: Zaharia Alexandra , Dell'Angela Linda , Sander David , Samson Andrea C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the mechanisms through which play may contribute to emotional development. First, the authors discuss different types of play that can be identified across developmental stages. Second, the chapter focuses on the emotional benefits of play and its potential role as a protective factor against the manifestation of psychopathologies. Next, it specifically refers to the experience of positive emotions and to emotion regulation, which are triggered in play, as key elements for adaptive emotional functioning. Furthermore, the authors characterize board games as a particular type of play that holds powerful learning value through their design and mechanics. Finally, the chapter briefly summarizes the first study to date to examine theory-driven board games that were explicitly designed to support emotional competences in school-age children.
Introduction
Authors: Maus Fred Everett 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Academic study of LGBTQ issues in relation to music became prominent in the early 1990s, developing in close connection to and with support from initiatives in feminist music studies. At that time much of the research centered on Western art music (WAM); the research topics mostly concerned white people and researchers were mostly white. The scope of the field has expanded greatly since then, with ongoing research on WAM, extensive work on white popular music, a valuable and rapidly-growing literature on Black music, and past and present initiatives in ethnomusicology. The term “queer” has a welcome intention of inclusiveness, along with some complexity in its meanings. Individual authors for this Handbook chose whether and how to emphasize the word. The Handbook departs decisively from the older academic habit of treating WAM as central, instead including many different musics, understood from many perspectives. Sections of the book reflect several rhetorics of queer music studies: chapters address kinds of music, queer versions, queer voices and queer sounds, queer lives, queer music histories, and cross-cultural queerness.
Metal–insulator transition in the (2+1)-dimensional Hubbard model with the tensor renormalization group
Authors: Akiyama Shinichiro , Kuramashi Yoshinobu , Yamashita Takumi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigate the doping-driven metal–insulator transition of the (2+1)-dimensional Hubbard model in the path-integral formalism with the tensor renormalization group method. We calculate the electron density 〈n〉 as a function of the chemical potential μ, choosing three values of the Coulomb potential with U = 80, 8, and 2 as representative cases of the strong, intermediate, and weak couplings. We determine the critical chemical potential at each U, where the Hubbard model undergoes the metal–insulator transition from the half-filling plateau with 〈n〉 = 1 to the metallic state with 〈n〉 &gt; 1. Our results indicate that the model exhibits the metal–insulator transition over a vast region of the finite coupling U.
Sleep in the time of COVID-19: findings from 17000 school-aged children and adolescents in the UK during the first national lockdown
Authors: Illingworth Gaby , Mansfield Karen L , Espie Colin A , Fazel Mina , Waite Felicity 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesSleep is essential to young people’s wellbeing, yet may be constricted by the adolescent delayed sleep phase coupled with school start times. COVID-19 restrictions caused major disruptions to everyday routines, including partial school closures. We set out to understand changes in students’ self-reported sleep quality, and associations with mental wellbeing and interpersonal functioning, during these restrictions.MethodsThe OxWell school survey—a cross-sectional online survey—collected data from 18 642 children and adolescents (aged 8–19 years, 60% female, school year 4–13) from 230 schools in southern England, in June–July 2020. Participants completed self-report measures of the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on sleep quality, happiness, and social relationships. Sleep timing was compared with data collected from 4222 young people in 2019.ResultsFemales and older adolescents were more likely to report deteriorations in sleep during the national lockdown. Regression analysis revealed that changes in happiness (β = .34) and how well students were getting on with others in their household (β = .07) predicted change in sleep quality. Students’ bedtimes and wake times were later, and sleep duration was longer in 2020 compared to the 2019 survey. Secondary school students reported the greatest differences, especially later wake times.ConclusionsDuring COVID-19 restrictions, sleep patterns consistent with adolescent delayed sleep phase were observed, with longer sleep times for secondary school students in particular. Perceived deteriorations in sleep quality were associated with reductions in happiness and interpersonal functioning, highlighting the importance of including sleep measures in adolescent wellbeing research.