bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving hydrological climate impact assessments using multirealizations from a global climate model
Authors: Sperna Weiland Frederiek , Stuparu Dana , de Winter Renske , Haasnoot Marjolijn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMany flood risk assessments account for uncertainties in future anthropogenic emissions by considering multiple representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The imperfect knowledge and representation of the climate system is considered with multiple global climate models (GCMs). Yet, uncertainty introduced by incomplete representation of natural variability is also relevant but not always accounted for. A set of realizations provides improved insights in natural variability presented by the GCM. This study explores the potential of using a set of realizations from a single GCM‐RCP combination instead of single realizations. We use (subsets of) 16 realizations from EC‐Earth for RCP8.5 and focus on three locations along the Rhine. We use a single GCM‐RCP combination to avoid the interference of additional sources of uncertainty. We find that projected changes in future river flows highly depend on the realization chosen. Individual ensemble members provide different changes for annual mean flow, extreme flows, and regime shift. By increasing the number of realizations and combining their annual maxima in extreme value analysis, future projections of flow extremes converge. We conclude that a single ensemble realization gives overconfident and possibly erroneous projections. In climate science, this is well studied; however, in flood risk assessments, it is still often neglected.
Association of the serum transaminase with mortality among the US elderly population
Authors: Ke Pan , Zhong Lirong , Peng Wei , Xu Minzhi , Feng Jie , Tian Qingfeng , He Yan , Dowling Rowan , Fu Wenning , Jiang Heng , Zhao Zhiguang , Lu Kai , Lu Zuxun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimConsidering the inconsistent findings of research into the associations between serum levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and gamma‐glutamyltransferase [GGT]) and mortality among elderly people, we aimed to investigate the associations of ALT, AST, GGT, and De‐Ritis ratio (DRR, defined as AST/ALT) and all‐cause or cause‐specific mortality among the US elderly people using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys data.MethodsWe included 6415 elderly participants (≥ 65 years). Exclusion criteria included positive test for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection at baseline. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models calculating hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were developed for each of the liver enzyme measures.ResultsAll‐cause cumulative mortality was 33.8%, of which 23.8% were cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths, 15.6% were cancer deaths, and 60.6% were other cause deaths. Adjusted Cox models found increased all‐cause mortality risk for low ALT (HR: 1.70), low AST (HR: 1.13), high GGT (HR: 1.25), and high DRR (HR: 1.68). Low ALT and high DRR predicted CVD mortality. Low ALT (HR: 1.91), low AST (HR: 1.16), high GGT (HR: 1.40), and high DRR (HR: 1.76) predicted other cause mortality.ConclusionsLow ALT and high DRR were associated with increased CVD and cancer mortality. All serum liver enzyme measures were associated with all‐cause mortality and other cause mortality in the US elderly population. Further studies may validate these findings in other elderly populations.
Perturbation of monoamine metabolism and enhanced fear responses in mice defective in the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin
Authors: Miyajima Katsuya , Sudo Yusuke , Sanechika Sho , Hara Yoshitaka , Horiguchi Mieko , Xu Feng , Suzuki Minori , Hara Satoshi , Tanda Koichi , Inoue Ken‐ichi , Takada Masahiko , Yoshioka Nozomu , Takebayashi Hirohide , Mori‐Kojima Masayo , Sugimoto Masahiro , Sumi‐Ichinose Chiho , Kondo Kazunao , Takao Keizo , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Ichinose Hiroshi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests the involvement of peripheral amino acid metabolism in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, whereas the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor for enzymes that catalyze phenylalanine metabolism, monoamine synthesis, nitric oxide production, and lipid metabolism. BH4 is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate and regenerated by quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR), which catalyzes the reduction of quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. We analyzed Qdpr−/− mice to elucidate the physiological significance of the regeneration of BH4. We found that the Qdpr−/− mice exhibited mild hyperphenylalaninemia and monoamine deficiency in the brain, despite the presence of substantial amounts of BH4 in the liver and brain. Hyperphenylalaninemia was ameliorated by exogenously administered BH4, and dietary phenylalanine restriction was effective for restoring the decreased monoamine contents in the brain of the Qdpr−/− mice, suggesting that monoamine deficiency was caused by the secondary effect of hyperphenylalaninemia. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that QDPR was primarily distributed in oligodendrocytes but hardly detectable in monoaminergic neurons in the brain. Finally, we performed a behavioral assessment using a test battery. The Qdpr−/− mice exhibited enhanced fear responses after electrical foot shock. Taken together, our data suggest that the perturbation of BH4 metabolism should affect brain monoamine levels through alterations in peripheral amino acid metabolism, and might contribute to the development of anxiety‐related psychiatric disorders.
image
Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15398
Effect of uterine fundal pressure applied in the second stage of labor on birth outcomes and neonatal oxygen saturation
Authors: Akpınar Gamze , Kanbur Ayla 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo examine the effect of fundal pressure applied in the second stage of labor on birth outcomes and neonatal O2 saturation.MethodsThe study is of a descriptive and comparative type. Research data were collected in the obstetrics clinic of a Maternity Hospital between August 15, 2019 and February 15, 2020. The study sample consisted of 160 pregnant women who met the research criteria (80 pregnant women who received fundal pressure, 80 pregnant women who did not receive fundal pressure).ResultsThe duration of the second and third stages of labor was found to be shorter in the nonfundal pressure group (t = −3.422, p = 0.001; t = 2.195, p = 0.030). When the groups were compared, the formation of perineal trauma and second‐degree laceration, episiotomy requirement, elongation of the episiotomy incision and cervical laceration rate were found to be significantly higher in the fundal pressure group χ2 = 10.794 p = 0.001; χ2 = 8.403 p = 0.004; χ2 = 10.014, p = 0.002; χ2 = 16.579 p = 0.000; χ2 = 16.276 p = 0.000). The 1st and 5th min Apgar scores of the newborns were lower in the fundal pressure group (t = −6.377, p = 0.000; t = −3.581, p = 0.001). The 1st, 5th, 10th, and 15th min oxygen saturation of the newborns were determined to be significantly lower in the fundal pressure group (t = −4.753, p = 0.000; t = −2.427, p = 0.016; t = −2.604, p = 0.010; t = −2.492, p = 0.014).ConclusionAccording to the study results, it was determined that the uterine fundal pressure has a negative effect on birth outcomes and neonatal oxygen saturation. Adverse effects of fundal pressure application should be revealed in different aspects.
The Indigenization Debate in China: A Field Perspective
Authors: Li Junpeng , Xu Songying , Zhang Zhiqiang , Yang Taiwen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe indigenization of sociology has been an issue of considerable controversy in China. Rather than taking a side in the debate itself, this article intends to make sense of different perspectives in the debate. Utilizing Bourdieu's field theory, it links a sociologist's view on indigenization with the sociologist's position within China's sociological field. This article traces the history of the indigenization debate in China and proposes a theoretical model based on Bourdieu's insight. It then analyzes how the different combinations of academic and political capital shape the different positions on indigenization and how such a debate can be viewed as a symbolic struggle in the intellectual field.
Home advantage in professional soccer and betting market efficiency: The role of spectator crowds
Authors: Fischer Kai , Haucap Justus 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFan support has often been considered to be a main driver of the home advantage in sports. Using the “natural exper‐ iment” of ghost games during the COVID‐19 pandemic in German professional soccer and a dataset of 6,120 matches ranging over the seasons 2011/2012 to 2020/2021, we test this claim. Indeed, applying a difference‐in‐differences setup, we identify a reduction in the home performance ‐ though with much heterogeneity across leagues and teams. We, moreover, observe the home advantage to recover over time. In analysing whether betting markets anticipated this drop in the home advantage and its recovery, we test the efficient market hypothesis. In the short‐run, betting odds do not properly reflect the effect of ghost games regarding changes in the home advantage but they suitably account for it in the long‐run. Also, league heterogeneity is efficiently captured in the odds. Based on these findings, we show how simple, short‐run betting strategies could have exploited the discussed phenomenon. Our findings also have implications for agents' behavior on financial markets in the presence of unforeseen and unfamiliar shocks.
Hezbollah in Syria: An Insurgent's Ideology, Interest, and Survival
Authors: Al‐Aloosy Massaab 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIdeology and interest often contradict each other in the lives of individuals, organizations, and states, but the contradiction ceases when survival is at stake. This study demonstrates that even longstanding insurgencies undergo major shifts when they find it difficult to maintain ideological purity. While ideology plays a significant role for these insurgencies, context makes it imperative to be flexible and put interest first in fluid circumstances. This is certainly the case with Hezbollah. The group pronounced Israel its sole enemy from the start and mobilized its resources for the state's destruction. The Syrian civil war altered this perception. The fall of the regime constituted an existential threat for Hezbollah; therefore, it turned its guns toward the Syrian opposition to keep Bashar al‐Assad in power.
HopAZ1, a type III effector of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci, induces a hypersensitive response in tobacco wildfire‐resistant Nicotiana tabacum ‘N509’
Authors: Kashihara Sachi , Nishimura Takafumi , Noutoshi Yoshiteru , Yamamoto Mikihiro , Toyoda Kazuhiro , Ichinose Yuki , Matsui Hidenori 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci (formerly Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci; Pta) is a gram‐negative bacterium that causes bacterial wildfire disease in Nicotiana tabacum. The pathogen establishes infections by using a type III secretion system to inject type III effector proteins (T3Es) into cells, thereby interfering with the host__s immune system. To counteract the effectors, plants have evolved disease‐resistance genes and mechanisms to induce strong resistance on effector recognition. By screening a series of Pta T3E‐deficient mutants, we have identified HopAZ1 as the T3E that induces disease resistance in N. tabacum ‘N509’. Inoculation with the Pta ∆hopAZ1 mutant did not induce resistance to Pta in N509. We also found that the Pta ∆hopAZ1 mutant did not induce a hypersensitive response and promoted severe disease symptoms in N509. Furthermore, a C‐terminal truncated HopAZ1 abolished HopAZ1‐dependent cell death in N509. These results indicate that HopAZ1 is the avirulence factor that induces resistance to Pta by N509.
The potential of genetically engineered pig heart transplantation in infants with complex congenital heart disease
Authors: Raza Syed Sikandar , Hara Hidetaka , Cleveland David C. , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite advances in surgical and medical techniques, complex congenital heart disease in neonates and infants continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. More than 500 infants in the USA are placed on the cardiac transplantation wait‐list annually. However, there remains a critical shortage of deceased human donor organs for transplantation with a median wait‐time of 4 months. Hence, infant mortality on the heart transplant wait‐list in the USA is higher than for any other solid organ transplant group. Orthotopic transplantation of a pig heart as a bridge to allotransplantation might offer the best prospect of long‐term survival of these patients. In recent years, there have been several advances in genetic engineering of pigs to mitigate the vigorous antibody‐mediated rejection of a pig heart transplanted into a nonhuman primate. In this review, we briefly highlight (i) the history of clinical heart xenotransplantation, (ii) current advances and techniques of genetically engineering pigs, (iii) the current status of pig orthotopic cardiac graft survival in nonhuman primates, and (iv) progress toward pursuing clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation. Ultimately, we argue that pig heart xenotransplantation should initially be used as a bridge to cardiac allotransplantation in neonates and infants.
Population genetic diversity and structure of the pecan scab pathogen, Venturia effusa, on cv. Desirable and native seedlings, and the impact of marker number
Authors: Bock Clive H. , Charlton Nikki D. , Shiller Jason , Randall Jennifer J. , Young Carolyn A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractScab (Venturia effusa) is the major cause of economic loss in pecan in the south‐eastern USA. We explored population genetic diversity and structure among orchards of cv. Desirable and native seedlings, and within‐orchard variability among trees of all cultivars sampled. We compared the ability of 30, 15 and 7 previously developed microsatellites to characterize the population genetic diversity and structure of V. effusa. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) provided little evidence of structure dependent on cultivar, but there was some evidence of structure between orchards of a cultivar based on distance. Individual orchard AMOVA showed that three of 11 orchards had between‐tree population structure. Among six populations from cv. Desirable, a Mantel test showed that geographic distance was related to the pairwise genetic divergence (R2 = 0.84). Among 11 orchards of various cultivars there was little difference in diversity using 30, 15 or 7 markers, or population structure based on AMOVA. Some minor differences in population structure were seen based on discriminant analysis of principal components, or dendrograms. Thus, depending on the objectives, future studies may use as few as 15 or 7 markers without losing ability to discern population genetic diversity or structure. More populations exhibited linkage disequilibrium when using 15 or 30 markers compared to when using seven markers. Knowledge of population genetics of V. effusa in relation to host genotype is needed to understand pathogen population interactions and gene flow, knowledge that will help underpin future breeding efforts to develop durable resistance in this long‐lived orchard tree.
COVID‐19 in pregnancy—what study designs can we use to assess the risk of congenital anomalies in relation to COVID‐19 disease, treatment and vaccination?
Authors: Dolk Helen , Damase‐Michel Christine , Morris Joan K , Loane Maria 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated pregnancy outcome research, but little attention has been given specifically to the risk of congenital anomalies (CA) and first trimester exposures.ObjectivesWe reviewed the main data sources and study designs used internationally, particularly in Europe, for CA research, and their strengths and limitations for investigating COVID‐19 disease, medications and vaccines.PopulationWe classify research designs based on four data sources: a) spontaneous adverse event reporting, where study subjects are positive for both exposure and outcome, b) pregnancy exposure registries, where study subjects are positive for exposure, c) congenital anomaly registries, where study subjects are positive for outcome and d) population healthcare data where the entire population of births is included, irrespective of exposure and outcome.Study DesignEach data source allows different study designs, including case series, exposed pregnancy cohorts (with external comparator), ecological studies, case‐control studies and population cohort studies (with internal comparator).MethodsThe quality of data sources for CA studies is reviewed in relation to criteria including diagnostic accuracy of CA data, size of study population, inclusion of terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomaly, inclusion of first trimester COVID‐19‐related exposures and use of an internal comparator group. Multinational collaboration models are reviewed.ResultsPregnancy exposure registries have been the main design for COVID‐19 pregnancy studies, but lack detail regarding first trimester exposures relevant to CA, or a suitable comparator group. CA registries present opportunities for improving diagnostic accuracy in COVID‐19 research, especially when linked to other data sources. Availability of inpatient hospital medication use in population healthcare data is limited. More use of ongoing mother‐baby linkage systems would improve research efficiency. Multinational collaboration delivers statistical power.ConclusionsChallenges and opportunities exist to improve research on CA in relation to the COVID‐19 pandemic and future pandemics.
Warming impacts on photosynthetic processes in dominant plant species in a subtropical forest
Authors: Aspinwall Michael J. , Chieppa Jeff , Gray Eve , Golden‐Ebanks Morgan , Davidson Lynsae 
Published: March 2022

AbstractClimate warming could shift some subtropical regions to a tropical climate in the next 30 years. Yet, climate warming impacts on subtropical species and ecosystems remain unclear. We conducted a passive warming experiment in a subtropical forest in Florida, USA, to determine warming impacts on four species differing in their climatic distribution, growth form, and functional type:Serenoa repens(palm),Andropogon glomeratus(C4grass),Pinus palustris(needled evergreen tree), andQuercus laevis(broadleaved deciduous tree). We hypothesized that warming would have neutral‐positive effects on photosynthetic processes in monocot species with warmer climatic distributions or adaptations to warmer temperatures, but negative effects on photosynthesis in tree species. We also hypothesized that periods of low soil moisture would alter photosynthetic responses to warming. In both monocot species, warming had no significant effect on net photosynthesis (A) or stomatal conductance (gs) measured at prevailing temperatures, or photosynthetic capacity measured at a common temperature. InP.palustris, warming reducedA(−15%) andgs(−28%), and caused small reductions in Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Warming had little effect on photosynthetic processes inQ.laevis. Interestingly,A.glomeratusshowed little sensitivity to reduced soil moisture, and all C3species reducedAandgsas soil moisture declined and did so consistently across temperature treatments. In subtropical forests of the southeastern US, we conclude that climate warming may have neutral or slightly positive effects on the performance of grasses and broadleaved species but negative effects onP.palustrisseedlings, foreshadowing possible changes in community and ecosystem properties.
Regional headquarters and foreign direct investment
Authors: Gil‐Pareja Salvador , Llorca‐Vivero Rafael , Paniagua Jordi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHeadquarters (HQs) provide a wide range of services, playing a fundamental role in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). We use the structural gravity equation to investigate the effect of regional HQs on three dimensions of FDI (number of foreign projects, capital investment, and jobs) at the country‐pair‐sector level. Furthermore, we explore two underlying mechanisms that help explain this relationship: financial constraints and informational costs and uncertainty. We find a positive effect of regional HQs on FDI, as well as intercountry and intersector spillovers. Our results are robust, accounting for HQ intensity, domestic investment, and endogeneity tests.
Articulating Aboriginality in multicultural Redfern
Authors: Montalvo Chaves Ángeles 
Published: March 2022

AbstractKoori Radio was founded in Redfern in 1993 as an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander radio station. Its aim was to give a voice to these communities, acting as a counterpoint to their stereotyped representation in mainstream media and promoting their creative practices (especially music). Rather than ‘thinking only Aboriginal’, it has increasingly embraced the ongoing multicultural diversity of modern Sydney, as well as re‐articulating Aboriginality with transnational Indigeneity and Blackness. A Koori Radio worker explained this change as ‘a Black thing of people of colour who have the same struggles and understand each other’. This approach has not been without controversy, with many activists calling for greater emphasis on Aboriginal identity and specific struggles. Ethnographic research at Koori Radio shows, however, that the connections made between different communities have enhanced, rather than diminished, the capacity of Koori Radio to fulfill its objectives.
Functional non‐equivalence of pollenADFisovariants in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jiang Yuxiang , Lu Qiaonan , Huang Shanjin 
Published: March 2022

SUMMARYADF/cofilin is a central regulator of actin dynamics. We previously demonstrated that two closely related Arabidopsis class IIa ADF isovariants, ADF7 and ADF10, are involved in the enhancement of actin turnover in pollen, but whether they have distinct functions remains unknown. Here, we further demonstrate that they exhibit distinct functions in regulating actin turnover bothin vitroandin vivo. We found that ADF7 binds to ADP‐G‐actin with lower affinity, and severs and depolymerizes actin filaments less efficientlyin vitrothan ADF10. Accordingly, in pollen grains, ADF7 more extensively decorates actin filaments and is less freely distributed in the cytoplasm compared to ADF10. We further demonstrate that ADF7 and ADF10 show distinct intracellular localizations during pollen germination, and they have non‐equivalent functions in promoting actin turnover in pollen. We thus propose that cooperation and labor division of ADF7 and ADF10 enable pollen cells to achieve exquisite control of the turnover of different actin structures to meet different cellular needs.