bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urethane anaesthesia exhibits neurophysiological correlates of unconsciousness and is distinct from sleep
Authors: Mondino Alejandra , González Joaquín , Li Duan , Mateos Diego , Osorio Lucía , Cavelli Matías , Castro‐Nin Juan Pedro , Serantes Diego , Costa Alicia , Vanini Giancarlo , Mashour George A. , Torterolo Pablo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUrethane is a general anaesthetic widely used in animal research. The state of urethane anaesthesia is unique because it alternates between macroscopically distinct electrographic states: a slow‐wave state that resembles non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and an activated state with features of both REM sleep and wakefulness. Although it is assumed that urethane produces unconsciousness, this has been questioned because of states of cortical activation during drug exposure. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between urethane anaesthesia and physiological sleep are still unclear. In this study, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram in chronically prepared rats during natural sleep–wake states and during urethane anaesthesia. We subsequently analysed the power, coherence, directed connectivity and complexity of brain oscillations and found that EEG under urethane anaesthesia has clear signatures of unconsciousness, with similarities to other general anaesthetics. In addition, the EEG profile under urethane is different in comparison with natural sleep states. These results suggest that consciousness is disrupted during urethane. Furthermore, despite similarities that have led others to conclude that urethane is a model of sleep, the electrocortical traits of depressed and activated states during urethane anaesthesia differ from physiological sleep states.
Emergence patterns of locally novel plant communities driven by past climate change and modern anthropogenic impacts
Authors: Staples Timothy L. , Kiessling Wolfgang , Pandolfi John M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbance and climate change can result in dramatic increases in the emergence of new, ecologically novel, communities of organisms. We used a standardised framework to detect local novel communities in 2135 pollen time series over the last 25,000 years. Eight thousand years of post‐glacial warming coincided with a threefold increase in local novel community emergence relative to glacial estimates. Novel communities emerged predominantly at high latitudes and were linked to global and local temperature change across multi‐millennial time intervals. In contrast, emergence of locally novel communities in the last 200 years, although already on par with glacial retreat estimates, occurred at midlatitudes and near high human population densities. Anthropogenic warming does not appear to be strongly associated with modern local novel communities, but may drive widespread emergence in the future, with legacy effects for millennia after warming abates.
Future climate risks from stress, insects and fire across US forests
Authors: Anderegg William R. L. , Chegwidden Oriana S. , Badgley Grayson , Trugman Anna T. , Cullenward Danny , Abatzoglou John T. , Hicke Jeffrey A. , Freeman Jeremy , Hamman Joseph J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractForests are currently a substantial carbon sink globally. Many climate change mitigation strategies leverage forest preservation and expansion, but rely on forests storing carbon for decades to centuries. Yet climate‐driven disturbances pose critical risks to the long‐term stability of forest carbon. We quantify the climate drivers that influence wildfire and climate stress‐driven tree mortality, including a separate insect‐driven tree mortality, for the contiguous United States for current (1984–2018) and project these future disturbance risks over the 21st century. We find that current risks are widespread and projected to increase across different emissions scenarios by a factor of >4 for fire and >1.3 for climate‐stress mortality. These forest disturbance risks highlight pervasive climate‐sensitive disturbance impacts on US forests and raise questions about the risk management approach taken by forest carbon offset policies. Our results provide US‐wide risk maps of key climate‐sensitive disturbances for improving carbon cycle modeling, conservation and climate policy.
Terrestrial ecosystem restoration increases biodiversity and reduces its variability, but not to reference levels: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Atkinson Joe , Brudvig Lars A. , Mallen‐Cooper Max , Nakagawa Shinichi , Moles Angela T. , Bonser Stephen P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEcological restoration projects often have variable and unpredictable outcomes, and these can limit the overall impact on biodiversity. Previous syntheses have investigated restoration effectiveness by comparing average restored conditions to average conditions in unrestored or reference systems. Here, we provide the first quantification of the extent to which restoration affects both the mean and variability of biodiversity outcomes, through a global meta‐analysis of 83 terrestrial restoration studies. We found that, relative to unrestored (degraded) sites, restoration actions increased biodiversity by an average of 20%, while decreasing the variability of biodiversity (quantified by the coefficient of variation) by an average of 14%. As restorations aged, mean biodiversity increased and variability decreased relative to unrestored sites. However, restoration sites remained, on average, 13% below the biodiversity of reference (target) ecosystems, and were characterised by higher (20%) variability. The lower mean and higher variability in biodiversity at restored sites relative to reference sites remained consistent over time, suggesting that sources of variation (e.g. prior land use, restoration practices) have an enduring influence on restoration outcomes. Our results point to the need for new research confronting the causes of variability in restoration outcomes, and close variability and biodiversity gaps between restored and reference conditions.
Suggesting method names based on graph neural network with salient information modelling
Authors: Kuang Li , Ge Fan , Zhang Lingyan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDescriptive method names have a great impact on improving program readability and facilitating software maintenance. Recently, due to high similarity between the task of method naming and text summarization, large amount of research based on natural language processing has been conducted to generate method names. However, method names are much shorter compared to long source code sequences. The salient information of the whole code snippet account for an relatively small part. Additionally, unlike natural language, source code has complicated structure information. Thus, modelling the salient information from highly structured input presents a great challenge. To tackle this problem, we propose a graph neural network (GNN)‐based model with a novel salient information selection layer. Specifically, to comprehensively encode the tokens of the source code, we employ a GNN‐based encoder, which can be directly applied to the code graph to ensure that the syntactic information of code structure and semantic information of code sequence can be modelled sufficiently. To effectively discriminate the salient information, we introduce an information selection layer which contains two parts: a global filter gate used to filter irrelevant information, and a semantic‐aware convolutional layer used to focus on the semantic information contained in code sequence. To improve the precision of the copy mechanism when decoding, we introduce a salient feature enhanced attention mechanism to facilitate the accuracy of copying tokens from input. Experimental results on an open source dataset indicate that our proposed model, equipped with the salient information selection layer, can effectively improve method naming performance compared to other state‐of‐the‐art models.
A randomized trial of relationship education using Within Our Reach for economically vulnerable couples
Authors: Barden Sejal M. , Carlson Ryan G. , Dillman Taylor Dalena , Dickenson Tammiee , Gao Ruiqin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCouples relationship education is grounded in teaching couples’ skills and strategies to form and sustain healthy relationships. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of a relationship education intervention on emotion regulation, individual distress, dyadic coping, and relationship adjustment utilizing a randomized control trial for economically vulnerable couples. The analysis sample included 1418 couples (2836 individuals) who were randomly assigned to receive the 12‐h Within Our Reach curriculum immediately, or to a wait‐list control group. We estimated multilevel growth curve models over time among outcomes between treatment and wait‐list control conditions. Treatment group couples demonstrated statistically significant improvements over the 6‐month study period on emotional regulation and dyadic coping when compared to their wait‐list group counterparts. Although models showed improvements in individual distress and relationship adjustments, these improvements did not amount to statistically significant group differences. Implications and limitations are also noted.
Influence of wheel out‐of‐roundness on the remaining life of railway wheels under mixed‐mode fatigue loading
Authors: Yan Rui‐Guo , Wang Wen‐Jing , Guo Yu‐Tong , Liu Xiao‐Long , Wu Sheng‐Chuan , Zhang Zhen‐Xian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs a common condition in train operation, the out‐of‐roundness (OOR) of wheels may have a great influence on the life of cracked wheels. In this study, the I–II mixed‐mode crack growth rate of different angles was tested, finite element analysis was carried out by using the test results, and the influence of different wheel roundness conditions on the life of cracked wheels was revealed. The results show that the mode II stress intensity factor of mixed‐mode cracks is the main driving force for crack propagation in the process of wheel rim crack growth. With an increase in the wheel scar length and the order of the wheel polygon, the crack propagation life decreases significantly.
No xylem phenotypic plasticity in mature Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica trees after 5 years of throughfall precipitation exclusion
Authors: Petit Giai , Zambonini Dario , Hesse Benjamin D. , Häberle Karl‐Heinz 
Published: May 2022

AbstractForest trees are experiencing increasing frequency and intensity of drought events with climate change. We investigated xylem and phloem traits from mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies trees after 5 years of complete exclusion of throughfall precipitation during the growing season. Xylem and phloem anatomy, leaf and branch biomass were analysed along top branches of ~1.5 m lenght in 5 throughfall precipitation excluded (TE) and 5 control (CO) trees of both beech and spruce. Xylem traits were analysed on wood cores extracted from the stem at breast height. In the top branches of both species, the lumen diameter (or area) of xylem and phloem conduits did not differ between TE and CO trees. At breast height, TE trees of both species produced narrower xylem rings and conduits. While allocation to branch (BM) and needle biomass (LM) did not change between TE and CO in P. abies, TE F. sylvatica trees allocated proportionally more biomass to leaves (LM) than BM compared with CO. Despite artificial drought increased the mortality in the TE plots, our results revealed no changes in both xylem and phloem anatomies, undermining the hypothesis that successful acclimation to drought would primarily involve increased resistance against air embolism.
Predictive models for determining treatment response to nonprescription acute medications in migraine: Results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study
Authors: Ezzati Ali , Fanning Kristina M. , Buse Dawn C. , Pavlovic Jelena M. , Armand Cynthia E. , Reed Michael L. , Martin Vincent T. , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo identify predictors of acute treatment response for nonprescription (over‐the‐counter [OTC]) medications among people with migraine and develop improved models for predicting treatment response.BackgroundPain freedom and sustained pain relief are important priorities in the acute treatment of migraine. OTC medications are widely used for migraine; however, it is not clear which treatment works best for each patient without going through the trial and error process.MethodsA prediction model development study was completed using the 2006 American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study survey, from participants who were aged ≥18, met criteria and headache day frequency for episodic migraine, did not take prescription medication for migraine, and used ≥1 of the following acute migraine medication classes: acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, or caffeine containing combination products (CCP). Two items from the Migraine Treatment Optimization Questionnaire were used to evaluate treatment response, adequate 2‐h pain freedom (2hPF) and 24‐h pain relief (24hPR), which were defined by a response to treatment ≥half the time at 2 h and 24 h post treatment, respectively. We identified predictors of adequate treatment response and developed models to predict probability of treatment response to each medication class.ResultsThe sample included 3852 participants (3038 [79.0%] females) with an average age of 45.0 years (SD = 12.8). Only 1602/3852 (41.6%) and 1718/3852 (44.6%) of the participants reported adequate 2hPF and 24hPR, respectively. Adequate treatment‐response was significantly predicted by lower average headache pain intensity, less cutaneous allodynia, and lower depressive symptom scores. Lower migraine symptom severity was predictive of adequate 2hPF and fewer monthly headache days was predictive of adequate 24hPR. Among participants reporting OTC monotherapy (n = 2168, 56.3%) individuals taking CCP were more likely to have adequate 2hPF (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.23–1.95) and 24hPR (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.18–1.88) in comparison with those taking acetaminophen. Predictive models were modestly predictive of responders to OTC medications (c‐statistics = 0.65; 95% CI 0.62–0.68).ConclusionThese results show that response to acute migraine treatments is not optimized in the majority of people with migraine treating with OTC medications. Predictive models can improve our ability to choose the best therapeutic option for individuals with episodic migraine and increase the proportion of patients with optimized response to treatments.
Normal glymphatic system function in patients with migraine: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Dong Ah , Lee Ho‐Joon , Park Kang Min 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveNo studies have evaluated the glymphatic system function in patients with migraine. In this pilot study, we evaluated and compared the alterations in the glymphatic system function in patients with migraine with healthy controls using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS) method. We also investigated the differences in the glymphatic system function table between patients with migraine with and without aura using the ALPS method.MethodsThis field study used a cross‐sectional study design. We prospectively enrolled patients with migraine and healthy controls. All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including DTI, in participants, patients with migraine, and healthy controls were obtained using the same MRI scanner. We calculated and compared the ALPS index between patients with migraine and healthy controls, and between patients with migraine with and without aura. In addition, we investigated the association between the glymphatic system function and the clinical characteristics of migraine.ResultsWe enrolled 92 patients with migraine and 80 healthy controls. There were no significant differences in the ALPS index between patients with migraine and healthy controls (1.655 ± 0.335 [patients with migraine] vs. 1.713 ± 0.297 [controls], difference = 0.058, 95% confidence interval [CI] of difference = −0.037 to 0.154, p = 0.233), and between patients with migraine with and without aura (1.690 ± 0.380 [with aura] vs. 1.645 ± 0.323 [without aura], difference = −0.044, 95% CI of difference = −0.213 to 0.124, p = 0.601). There was no significant correlation between the ALPS index and clinical characteristics of migraine, including age (r = −0.07, p = 0.507), age at onset (r = 0.07, p = 0.552), disease duration (r = −0.12, p = 0.306), attack frequency (r = −0.05, p = 0.668), and headache intensity (r = 0.00, p = 0.976).ConclusionsThere was no glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with migraine. Moreover, there were no differences in the glymphatic system function between patients with migraine with and without aura. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the ALPS method, which can be used for research on various neurological diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Short‐term outcomes of patients with chronic liver disease hospitalised with COVID‐19
Authors: Grgurevic Ivica , Lucijanić Marko , Pastrovic Frane , Barisic Jaman Mislav , Tjesic Drinkovic Ida , Zelenika Marko , Milosevic Marko , Medic Barbara , Kardum Dusko , Bokun Tomislav , Luksic Ivica , Piskac Zivkovic Nevenka , Keres Tatjana , Grabovac Vlatko , Persec Jasminka , Barsic Bruno 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with chronic liver disease (CLD) might have an aggravated course after acquisition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).AimsTo analyse the outcomes of patients with CLD who were hospitalised due to COVID‐19.MethodsThe medical records of 4014 patients hospitalised because of COVID‐19 in a regional referral hospital over a 12‐month period were analysed. Patients with CLD were identified based on discharge diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases‐10th Revision. Patients were followed for 30 days from admission and their outcomes (intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV) or death) were analysed.ResultsOf the 4014 patients, 110 (2.7%) had CLD and 49 (1.2%) had cirrhosis. The median age of CLD patients was 67.5 years, 79 (71.8%) were males, 224 (23.5%) were obese, 56 (50.9%) reported alcohol abuse, 24 (21.8%) had non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, 11 (10%) had viral hepatitis and 98 (89.1%) had pneumonia. The median length of hospitalisation was 12 days; 32 (29.1%) patients required ICU admission and 23 (20.9%) patients required MV, while 43 (39.1%) died. In univariate analysis, patients with cirrhosis (45% vs 73%, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.95; P < 0.001), but not those with non‐cirrhotic CLD (74% vs 73%; P > 0.05), experienced worse 30‐day survival when compared with age, sex and COVID‐19 duration‐matched cohorts. In a logistic regression analysis conducted on the overall and matched cohorts, liver cirrhosis, but not CLD, predicted inferior survival independently of age, comorbidities and severity of COVID‐19, with a fourfold higher adjusted risk of 30‐day mortality.ConclusionCirrhosis is independently associated with higher 30‐day mortality of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19.
Microbial stowaways: Waterbirds as dispersal vectors of aquatic pro‐ and microeukaryotic communities
Authors: Szabó Beáta , Szabó Attila , Vad Csaba F. , Boros Emil , Lukić Dunja , Ptacnik Robert , Márton Zsuzsanna , Horváth Zsófia 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimWaterbirds are important dispersal vectors of multicellular organisms; however, no study to date has focused on their potential role in dispersing aquatic microbial communities. We explicitly studied endozoochory of prokaryotes and unicellular microeukaryotes by waterbirds using DNA metabarcoding. By directly comparing the dispersed set of organisms to the source pool of a natural metacommunity, we aimed at a realistic estimate of the importance of waterbird zoochory for natural microbial communities.LocationTemporary saline soda pans in Austria and Hungary.TaxonProkaryotes and unicellular microeukaryotes.MethodsIn 2017 and 2018, water samples were collected from a network of 25 temporary ponds along with fresh droppings of five waterbird species including the dominant greylag goose (Anser anser). Prokaryotic and microeukaryotic communities were identified via 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. After quality filtering of sequence reads, pro‐ and microeukaryotic amplicon sequence variant (ASV) compositions were compared between the aquatic and dropping samples, across years and waterbird species.Results28% of the dominant aquatic prokaryotic and 19% of the microeukaryotic ASVs were transported by A. anser. ASV richness was lower, but compositional variation was higher in A. anser droppings than in aquatic communities, probably resulting from stochastic pick‐up from multiple aquatic habitats. The composition of prokaryotic ASVs in bird droppings differed among the 2 years and reflected the actual aquatic communities. The dispersed set of microbes were largely similar among the waterbird species except for the planktivore filter‐feeder northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata), which dispersed more microeukaryotes than the other waterbirds.Main conclusionsUsing an amplicon sequencing approach to characterize aquatic microorganisms in waterbird droppings and in the associated environment, our study provides strong evidence for endozoochory of natural communities. These results imply that waterbirds may be crucial in maintaining ecological connectivity between aquatic habitats at the level of microbial communities.
Evaluating performance on a bespoke maths game with children with Down syndrome
Authors: Porter Jill 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite the interest and potential of multi touch devices, there are limited published studies researching their effectiveness and usability specifically with children with Down syndrome, one of the most common groups of children with an intellectual disability. This is particularly true for mathematical learning, an area in which many experience particular difficulty.ObjectivesThe study set out to evaluate a bespoke digital game in which children learned to select which was “more,” a foundational skill for understanding magnitude.MethodsA mixed methods approach was adopted with eight single case studies of children aged 9–14 years. Probes (untaught examples) were introduced to examine progress and the impact on performance in non‐digital contexts.ResultsFive pupils improved their performance on the digital games and this was sustained at the time of the delayed post‐test. Four pupils showed improved performance in non‐taught, non‐digital contexts for both taught and untaught ratios. Disaggregated data reveals the variability in performance, with peak performances occurring at different points of the intervention. The introduction of a two‐player version improved performance for five pupils through promoting sustained attention and strategic responses to winning. One child performed at chance level on the digital game throughout but made gains in non‐digital settings.ConclusionsBespoke learning tools have good potential to promote attention to numerosity. However, progress in digital contexts does not automatically transfer to non‐digital contexts. The study reveals the individual nature of the learning affordances of different pedagogic tools and the place of bespoke games within teachers' repertoires.