bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defeated No More: Meaning-Making After Military Sexual Trauma
Authors: Preston A’mie M , Saigal Seema , Barrie Rabiatu , McKinney Hannah , Mooney Scott , Padala Prasad R 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military sexual trauma (MST) has been a concern within our U.S. military for many years. Many interventions have been found to benefit this population, although meaning-based interventions are still lacking in this area. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand the meaning-making process and themes that arise for female military veterans as they narrate their experience(s) of MST.

Materials and Methods
The qualitative study consisted of six female participants, from different areas across the nation, who all reported experiencing MST during their time in service. Their experiences of MST included both sexual harassment and sexual assault. Participants completed a semi-structured interview that was analyzed using an axial coding method to discover the major themes of each participant’s interview. The participants discussed the positive and negative aspects of their journey following their MST experience(s). This study’s procedures were approved by Adler University’s Institutional Review Board.

Results
Many found the interview to be a healing experience on their path of post-traumatic growth (PTG). There were eight major themes that arose from the data analysis under the three main domains of (1) creating a work or doing a deed, (2) experiencing something or encountering someone in a way to produce PTG, and (3) altering one’s attitude toward unavoidable suffering. The eight themes were as follows: advocacy, adaptive coping, sense of family unit, psychological clarity, meaningful mantra, survivor mentality code, view of self in the world, and resiliency.

Conclusions
All participants endorsed engagement in some type of activity that fell into one of the three major domains identified above. This finding helped highlight the PTG that participants were able to experience through their meaning-making journey. There were several recommendations and study implications that were derived from this research study. With the themes introduced from this study, future treatment planning for individual survivors of MST can be better informed by the utilization of meaning-making techniques. Family and group meaning-based interventions would also be an area of continued exploration for this population. Future implications for practice are also included within this article. Significant limitations of the study include amount of participants, lack of diversity in sample population, qualitative study results, and lack of a more-personal interviewing process.
Management Consideration for Anterior Mediastinal Mass in a Patient With Grave’s Disease
Authors: Babawale Abiola A , Galitz Michael S , Lin Andrew H 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
A 36-year-old active duty female presented to an outside hospital emergency department for the evaluation of chest pain and weakness. Per report, comprehensive evaluation ruled out acute cardiopulmonary conditions. A computerized tomography scan revealed a large homogeneous anterior mediastinal mass. The patient was referred to a cardiothoracic surgeon who discussed treatment options, including surgery. She was subsequently referred to an interventional radiologist, who performed a biopsy. Findings were consistent with thymic hyperplasia without evidence of malignant cells. Follow-up with her primary care physician revealed an undetectable thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, and she was subsequently diagnosed with Graves’ disease (GD). The primary care physician referred her to an endocrinologist who initiated treatment with methimazole. The patient’s GD responded well to medication therapy; the thymic mass size decreased and her exercise tolerance increased. Notably, testing for TSH levels upon initial presentation could have avoided the need for biopsy.
The Emergence of New Polities in the Breakup of the Abbasid Caliphate
Authors: Kennedy Hugh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, a general overview is given of the role of ethnic groups and tribes in the early Islamic world. Looking at the available source material, it appears that tribal identities and genealogies, as well as the ethnic differences that follow from these identifications, were of paramount importance to contemporary observers. The significance of tribes in internal politics and the way they are framed in literary texts, however, never allowed them to carve out a lasting dominion. The second part of the chapter addresses the more straightforwardly ethnic groups within the caliphate, principally Armenians, Kurds, and Iranians. Of these, only the Armenians developed modes of identification that were connected to their geographic situation, their brand of Christianity, and their language and script. At the other end of the spectrum, no strong common identity of the Kurds appears to have emerged in the premodern period, although there were some successful dynasties and rulers, such as Saladin, who (were) identified as Kurdish even if their empires did not. From among the multitude of possible identifications available to the populations in the early Islamic world (religious, tribal, linguistic, cultural, or urban), ethnicity thus did not have a specific impact on the constitution of states.
Fragmentation and Integration
Authors: Webb Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a response to the previous three chapters, in which it is argued that the relative weight of the Roman Empire was different between the West and the Abbasid caliphate, meaning that the categories of Sameness and Otherness that developed in the wake of the rise of Christendom in the West are not readily applicable to the post-imperial situation in the Middle East. “Ethnic” uniformity was never a category employed by Islamic commentators, because they operated in a framework that, due to the fact that it did not rely on (post-)Roman models, was decidedly different from the ethnic structures familiar to Western Christian authors.
Franks, Romans, and Countrymen
Authors: Kramer Rutger 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter is essentially a case study that brings together the themes of law and identity, resilience and adaptation, empire, and ethnicity, highlighted in chapter 9. It zooms in on the various mechanisms employed to integrate the semi-independent polity of Aquitaine into the emerging Carolingian realm—and to deal with their significance in the sources composed in retrospect. Based around the “official” absorption of the duchy in 767/8, the chapter looks at the various modes of identification not only employed by the Aquitanians themselves but also visible within Carolingian chronicles, capitularies, and hagiographical narratives as they tried to make sense of this region, which was rich in Roman history but with a population that remained aware of its Visigothic and Basque roots as well.
Loyal and Knowledgeable Supporters
Authors: Sijpesteijn Petra M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows different ways in which the imposition of an imperial political structure—especially one for which “religion” is a major constituent of the court’s self-understanding—affected the makeup of local communities with histories predating the arrival of these new authorities. In so doing, it highlights the importance of the way central authorities conceived of the reality of a multitude of communities under their sway—and conversely, how the way these communities themselves chose to work with or against the newcomers affected ideas about the empires as they were being built. The chapter argues that the new Islamic regime in Egypt initially relied on the services of local elites without seriously affecting the social roles and identities already in place. Therefore, these elites were slow to be fully integrated into the Muslim and Arab community, while Arabs became more “Egyptian” in their outlook. Interests and identities were linked in a process that left many options open to those who could afford to take them.
To Know the Soul of a People
Authors: Drake Jamil W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The folk category has often been used to highlight the vibrant religious cultures of marginal communities in the United States. To Know the Soul of a People, though sympathetic to this perspective, shows how the category in the study of religion contributed to shaping the perceptions of Black and lower-class communities in American social and political thought. After World War I, a cadre of social scientists used the category in their field studies of Black rural populations in the poor South. Charles Johnson, Guy Johnson, Lewis Jones, Allison Davis, Gunnar Myrdal, and other second-generation male social scientists deployed the category to jettison biological views of racial inferiority in order to amplify prejudice and the “stagnant” economy that they felt contributed to the social status of Black (and white) rural communities in the Jim Crow South. But the reformist agenda of the social scientists took a detour away from prejudice and socioeconomic conditions to concentrate on the cultural and behavioral deficits of America’s folk population. Perusing field notes, correspondence, proposals, and monographs, this book argues that these liberal-minded social scientists had a hand in the making of a folk population on the basis of their perceived antiquated and underdeveloped religious behaviors. Jamil W. Drake demonstrates how the religion of rural Black communities in the social sciences laid the seeds to the ideas of the culture of poverty after World War II.
Learning to Look
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book presents a collection of short, stimulating essays that explore how we experience art and what it means to be an “observer.” Ranging far and wide, from Pina Bausch to RoboCop, from Bob Dylan to Vermeer, it uses encounters with specific artworks to gain entry into a world of fascinating issues—like how philosophy and science are represented in film; what evolutionary biology says about art; or the role of ethics, fakes, and copies in our experience of a work. Each essay arises out of an art encounter—in a museum, listening to records, or going to a concert. Carefully articulating the experience of each of these encounters, the book proposes that, like philosophy, art is a sort of technology for understanding ourselves. Put simply, art is an opportunity for us to enact ourselves anew.
Speak, Draw, Dance
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the relationship between drawing, talking, and dancing. To draw is to make marks, and marks are—certainly before the age of printing and the computer—always the traces of movement or action. Writing, people forget, is a species of drawing, not a species of talking. People tend to think of talking on the model of writing: people take themselves to be stringing together sounds to form linear progressions of words. They forget that talking is a strange ballet they undertake with tongue, lips, throat, eyes, and hands. Talking is like dancing, and writing is a way of making traces—it is a kind of drawing. Anne Teresa de Keersmaeker's performance of an excerpt from her work Fase at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 2011 as part of the exhibition “On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century” combined all these ideas and much more.
Faces and Masks
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by addressing Mozart's Don Giovanni. The word “person comes from the Latin persona, meaning “mask,” as in the mask worn by actors on the classical stage. A person, then, in the original meaning of the term, is not the player, not the living human being, but rather the role played. By changing hat and cloak, the Don and his manservant Leporello exchanged the trappings of their different social roles and so, at least for limited purposes, they really did exchange identities. The modern conception of the person is poised awkwardly between these two poles: at one extreme, the roles we play, and at the other, the living human being who appears in these roles. One can see the tension between these different conceptions working itself out in the history and development of portrait painting. The chapter then looks at two paintings from the permanent collection of the Städel museum in Frankfurt, Germany: Cranach the Younger's 1550 portrait of Martin Luther and Rembrandt's 1633 portrait of Maertgen van Bilderbeecq.
Storytelling and the “Uncanny Valley”
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights animations. Animators do an excellent job bringing the non-human to life on the screen, but they falter with the more realistically human. This precipitous drop-off in psychological reality, or in normalcy, as one gets close to verisimilitude, but not close enough, was first dubbed “the uncanny valley” in 1970 by the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori. We meet the uncanny valley when we disrupt the rhetorical rules that govern storytelling. Brian Selznick violates the rules of drawing, making drawings that are more like optical stills. And animators get lost in the uncanny valley, not because they fall short in regards to verisimilitude but because they lose track of the narrative rules governing their particular way of telling stories with cartoons.
Coughing and the Meaning of Art
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter details Keith Jarrett's solo piano recital at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, as well as Karen Finley's performance at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, assessing why there is so much coughing at live performances. One of the sources of art's value is that it provides an opportunity to pay attention and perceive what, after all, may require quite an effort to make sense of or appreciate. Art is an opportunity to cultivate in ourselves the ability to comprehend and perceive what is going on. Even the performers have trouble staying focused. This brings out what is all too obvious—namely, that the audience too is performing, and that the audience too is on display. People cough at live performances because they are uncomfortable, uncertain, very often bored out of their minds, and under pressure not to cough. Audiences cough to remind the artist that they are there and to let the artist know that they are uncomfortable. Artists and audiences both need to acknowledge that this discomfort is not a bad thing. In fact, it is what the audience is paying for.
Art Placebo
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the idea that if art is whatever “we,” or the art cognoscenti, say it is, then there is no such thing as art. The worry that art is a sham is an old idea, and it is one that art itself has cherished. The confounding of folk ideas about what art is and what it is not is one of twentieth-century art's most flamboyant gestures and familiar clichés. But skepticism about art takes more subtle and more interesting forms. From the point of view of psychology and neuroscience, works of art trigger experience, and experience is a neurological effect. This means that the art itself does not matter, not really. Since what we like is not confined to art, the implication is clear, even if it is not usually noticed: we cannot draw a meaningful line between what is art and what is not. However, for John Dewey, experiences are made; they are transactions with the world around us; they are, in fact, exercises of a kind of criticism or critical seeing. If we follow Dewey in rejecting a psychologized conception of experience, this opens up the possibility of taking seriously a new, more positive, non-mythological conception of the connoisseur or the critic.
What’s New Is Old
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the 2011 charges of plagiarism against Bob Dylan and Beyoncé. In both cases, the accusations are misguided. Anxieties about plagiarism can seem to have a new urgency in our era, in which ideas, images, thoughts, and inventions are so easily reduced to data strings that can be transmitted, reproduced, and manipulated with little cost and effort. Sampling is the word we now use to refer to the practices of assembling and recombining words, song, and movement of others in new ways to make something new out of something old. Sampling is nothing new, not in art, and not in life. Every time we use a word or phrase we are, wittingly or not, making a pastiche out of the linguistic gestures of those who came before us. In the absence of direct intention to deceive, plagiarism has nothing to do with this.
The Performance Art of David Bowie: A Remembrance
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that pop music is performance art. It is since the 1960s that pop music, as an art form, has really acquired its characteristic shape. It is the death of David Bowie, one of its greatest proponents—indeed, one of its inventors—that occasions this remembrance. Bowie is a great artist the way Andy Warhol is a great artist. And they are performance artists both. Warhol has about as much to do with painting (or visual art), really, as Bowie has to do with music. Warhol used visual art as a vehicle to make art in the medium of himself, and the same is true of Bowie and music. And this explains why it is that in the vast outpouring of admiration and mourning for Bowie, both by critics and fans, both in the press and also on social media, there has been barely a word devoted to Bowie's music.
Irving Berlin
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The outstanding feature of this chapter is the inclusion of musical examples by Irving Berlin, which had been excluded from the 1972 edition of American Popular Song because of copyright restrictions. Before delving into some of the songs from his prodigious output, Berlin’s unusual method of composition is discussed. Having very limited faculty on the piano, Berlin generally hired a professional piano player to assist him. Presented with Berlin’s melody, the assistant would explore several possible harmonizations to each part of the song under Berlin’s close supervision. Berlin wrote many different types of songs, and it is impossible to define general traits that define a specific style. Contrasting such numbers as “White Christmas,” “God Bless America,” and “There’s No Business Like Show Business” bears this out. This chapter includes more than sixty-five musical examples that were not in the first edition.
Cole Porter
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is ironic that although Cole Porter had a thorough musical education—far more than most composers—he is best remembered for his saucy lyrics. It is also ironic that, in spite of this training, he failed to produce really good songs until he was well past thirty years of age. The final irony is that just after his career finally took off, he smashed his leg in a riding accident in 1937, spending the rest of his life in pain or debilitated by pain killers. Nevertheless, he continued to produce great material, turning out possibly his greatest score with Kiss Me, Kate in 1948 at the age of fifty-seven. This chapter examines more than thirty of his finest songs.
Fundamentals of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is the pillar of all fracture mechanics. In this chapter, it is presented in full, with complete derivations and many examples. Griffith's concept of the energy release rates is described, the elastic singular near-tip stress field is derived, and the stress intensity factors are defined. Their relation to the energy release rate, discovered by Irwin, is derived, and three different fracture modes in isotropic solids are defined. A rigorous derivation of Rice's J-integral is given and illustrated by examples. Various ways of numerical calculation of the stress intensity factors are reviewed. It is shown how the elastic compliance and deflections due to a crack or a system of cracks under external loads or crack pressure can be calculated from the known stress intensity factors. Various LEFM methods of calculating and measuring the energy release rate and fracture energy are presented and test control by a crack-mouth or crack-tip gage is explained. The complex singularities at interfacial cracks are described. The remote decay of the stress field disturbance by a crack is also derived. The chapter ends with comments on anisotropic materials and on three-dimensional singularities at the intersection of crack edge with the surface.
Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics—Diffuse Crack Model
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The real fracture process zone (FPZ) in all materials has not only a finite length, but also a finite width, which is particularly important for quasibrittle materials. The width matters, especially in presence of crack parallel stresses. It means that, instead of a scalar stress-displacement relation, fracture needs to be described by a realistic tensorial softening damage constitutive model, for which the microplane model is a particularly effective choice. The easiest way to do that is to use the crack band model, which by now dominates in concrete and aircraft composites in industry. First the need for such a model is established by analyzing bifurcation and stability of equilibrium load-displacement response of a structure, and by demonstrating the necessity of a localization limiter, which represents the effective width of the FPZ dictated by material heterogeneity. For the cases where fracture is known to localize, as is typical for reinforced concrete, simple rules for scaling the postpeak response to preserve the correct energy dissipation are derived, and implementation in FE analysis is outlined. The nonlocal integral and gradient approaches are discussed as alternative models having some advantages and disadvantages. Finally, discrete computational lattice and particle models, with LDPM as a particularly effective choice, are described.
Quasibrittle Size Effect Analysis in Practical Problems
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates applications to size effect analysis in a cornucopia of important practical problems of concrete, rock, sea ice, bone, fiber composites, nanocomposite, sandwich structures, and metal composite joints. Keen attention is devoted to the formidable problem of shear failure of RC beams and slabs. This failure, which is actually triggered by crack-parallel compression, underlies the size effect factor recently incorporated into the design code of American Concrete Institute. The analysis of compression failure and size effect is extended to the breakout of deep boreholes and the propagation of kink bands in fiber-polymer composites. Stable measurement of postpeak softening in textile composites and size effects in delamination fracture composites are also analyzed. Further discussion deals with sideways cracks in highly orthotropic fiber composites, and with size effects observed in bone fracture, nanocomposites and hybrid metal-composite joints. Reliability of polycrystalline silicon MEMS is shown to require quasibrittle size effect analysis.