bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Magnesium and Manganese Nutrition on Muskmelon Growth and Manganese Toxicity
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Harvest Queen’ were grown in sand culture to evaluate the response to Mn toxicity as affected by solution concentration of Mn and Mg. Manganese toxicity symptoms were developed as water-soaked spots, necrotic spots, and necrotic lesions, which were most severe on the lower mature leaves. Leaves developed toxicity symptoms when they contained ≥900 μ-g·g-1 Mn. Increased levels of Mg in the nutrient solution alleviated symptoms of Mn toxicity, decreased Mn concentration in shoot and root tissues, and increased growth of muskmelon plants. The reduction in Mn toxicity was brought about by reduced root absorption of Mn at high Mg supply.
Yield Component Interactions in Cultivars of the Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Siefker J.H. , Hancock J.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield component analysis of 9 Vaccinium corymbosum L. blueberry cultivars indicated that yield was more strongly determined by canes per bush and berries per cane than by berry weight. High numbers of berries per cane were associated with low berry weights in all cultivars. Component interactions ranged from slightly additive in ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Spartan’ to highly compensatory in ‘Rubel’ and ‘Berkeley’. The consideration of component interactions in cultivar trials may enhance the accuracy in identification of desirable genotypes.
Breeding Strategies for Increasing the Anthocyanin Content of Cranberries
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Jones Susan B. , Kelley Michael J. , Phillips John G. , Stone Eric G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of cultivar on cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) fruit size and composition was investigated. ‘Ben Lear’, ‘Crowley’, ‘Early Black’, and ‘Franklin’ berries contained about twice the anthocyanin of the other clones. Based on projections of analytical data, potential gain could be enhanced by increasing the proportion of berries that attain high anthocyanin content, seen in individual fruits within samples, as compared to the alternative strategies of breeding for improved anthocyanin content, for small berries, or for synchronous ripening.
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment for Stimulation of Growth of in Vitro-propagated Grapevines After Transfer from Culture
Authors: Lakso A.N. , Reisch B.I. , Mortensen J. , Roberts M.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that the growth of in vitro-propagated, nonrooted grape shoots (Vitis L. hybrid) directly after transfer from culture (ex vitro) is limited by photosynthetic C supply and that growth would be stimulated by CO2 enrichment (CDE). Plantlets were grown for 30 days in air with 350 or 1200 ppm (v/v) CO2 in humidified, flow-through chambers at 26°C. Destructive growth analyses were made at 0, 10, 20, and 30 days after transfer from culture to soil. CDE had no significant effect on total plant dry weight increase in the first 10 days. By 20 and 30 days, CDE-treated plants were 2 and 4 times greater in dry weight, respectively, than controls. Root growth was most improved by CDE, being almost 6 times greater than controls by 30 days. Leaf area per plant and root : shoot ratio were both doubled by CDE at 20 and 30 days. Since these results were under nonstress conditions, the use of CDE for growth stimulation needs to be evaluated under stress-hardening regimes.
Development and Prevention of Chilling Injury in Papaya Fruit
Authors: Chen Nein-Ming , Paull Robert E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.), a climacteric fruit, became progressively less susceptible to chilling injury as it ripened. Symptoms of chilling injury included skin scald, hard areas in the pulp around the vascular bundles, and water soaking of tissue. Mature green fruit were most sensitive to chilling and began showing injury after 10 days of storage at 2°C. Chilling injury symptoms began to occur after 20 days at 7.5°. Fruit that showed 60% yellowing could be kept at 2° for 17 days without developing injury. Preconditioning papaya fruit for 4 days at 12.5° before storage for 12 or 14 days at 20° reduced chilling sensitivity. The decrease in chilling sensitivity with preconditioning was associated with partial fruit ripening. Waxing and wrapping papaya with polyethylene reduced chilling injury, but the fruit had an off-flavor. Controlled atmospheres of low oxygen (1.5% to 5%) with or without high C 02 (2% or 10%) delayed ripening, but did not reduce chilling injury symptom development. Calcium treatment led to increased chilling injury of papaya fruit. Delaying storage until the fruit ripened decreased chilling susceptibility and increased storage life at chilling temperatures. Shipping 60% yellow fruit at 2° could provide a procedure for achieving fruit fly disinfestation. Differences in cultivar response to chilling injury were noted.
Cytokinins and Flower Development in Leucospermum
Authors: Napier D.R. , Jacobs G. , Van Staden J. , Forsyth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower quality in Leucospermum can be improved by increasing the diameter and length of the reproductive shoot and by increasing floret initiation and capitulum size. During flower induction, endogenous cytokinin levels were low, with mainly “storage” forms of cytokinins being present. However, during flower differentiation, endogenous cytokinin levels increased and most of the activity was in the form of “free” cytokinins. One application of benzyladenine, if applied during the flower induction phase, increased both reproductive shoot diameter and the number of florets per capitulum.
Carotenoid and Starch Content of Near-isogenic B+B+ and BB Genotypes of Cucurbita
Authors: Schaffer Arthur A. , Paris Harry S. , Ascarelli Immanuel M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The starch and carotenoid contents of the flesh of mature fruits were compared in 10 B+B+ Cucurbita accessions and their near-isogenic BB counterparts. There were significant differences among the accessions with respect to starch, total carotenoid, carotene, and xanthophyll contents. The accessions also responded differently to the substitution of B for B+. The B allele reduced the starch content only in those accessions possessing a high starch content with B+B+. B increased total carotenoids in most of the accessions. Those having the lowest carotenoid content in the presence of B+B+ were least affected by substitution of B. C. pepo cv. Fordhook Zucchini, and a breeding line derived from it, showed the greatest increase in carotenoid content after allelic substitution. The possible role of the B allele in plastid development and its use in breeding for increased carotene content in Cucurbita are discussed.
Comparison of Six Methods of Multiple-trait Selection for Fruit Yield and Quality Traits in Three Fresh-market Cucumber Populations
Authors: Strefeler Mark S. , Wehner Todd C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six selection indices (Smith-Hazel, desired gain, simple-weighted, rank summation, Elston's weight-free, and Baker's standard deviation) were compared to determine the effectiveness of each in identifying superior families for improving 8 fruit yield and quality traits in 3 fresh-market cucumber populations differing in genetic diversity (elite, medium-base, and wide-base). The rank summation, Elston's weight-free, and Baker's standard deviation indices were constructed with 5 traits as well as with the full 8 traits to determine whether measurement of fewer traits would suffice. The Smith-Hazel and desired gain indices were constructed using 5 traits only, since the 8-trait indices had problems with trait colinearity. The effectiveness of the indices was measured by calculating selection differentials for each index. In the elite population, the Smith-Hazel index produced negative selection differentials for all 8 traits studied. In the medium-base and wide-base populations, the Smith-Hazel index had positive differentials, but the desired gain index had negative differentials for the 8 traits studied. The simple-weighted, rank-summation, Elston's weight-free, and Baker's standard deviation indices all had positive selection differentials for the traits of interest in all 3 populations. The best index was the rank summation for 5 traits, since it had the highest overall selection differential of those measured and was easiest to calculate.
Influence of Adjuvants on Foliar Absorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Soybeans
Authors: Stein Larry A. , Storey J. Benton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adjuvants at various concentrations were evaluated for phytotoxicity and capacity to enhance foliar absorption of N and P. Some adjuvants among the following classes were phytotoxic to soybean (Glycine max Merr.) leaves at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5% active ingredient on a volume or weight/volume basis: sulfonates, alcohols, ethyoxylated hydrocarbons, esters, sulfates, and amines. Many adjuvants in the following classes: alcohols, sulfonates, ethoxylated hydrocarbons, polyethylene glycols, carbohydrates, proteins, and phosphates were not phytotoxic at concentrations as high as 1.0%. Sometimes increasing phytotoxicity occurred at increasing concentrations, but the humectants, such as glycerol and propylene glycol, were not phytotoxic at concentrations of 10.0%. Selected adjuvants were mixed with a foliar fertilizer (12.0N–1.7P–3.3K–0.5S) and evaluated for enhancement of foliar absorption of N and P. The average increases in percentage of N and P for the glycerol, lecithin, and Pluronic L-121 (an ethyoxylated hydrocarbon), and foliar fertilizer combinations, respectively, were 8.9%, 2.2%, and 2.5% for N and 34.2%, 27.6%, and 20.8% for P over the foliar fertilizer control, respectively, for the 3 adjuvants.
Field Evaluation of Establishment Methods and Intensive Management Practices for Strawberries
Authors: Handley David T. , Pollard James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to determine differences in vegetative development and fruit production of Fragaria × ananassa Duch. in response to high-density planting vs. spaced-runner bed establishment, fruiting of high-density plantings in the establishment year, spring vs. summer planting of dormant crowns, and removal of stolons in excess of those required for a specific plant density. Yields did not differ significantly between spring-planted plots established exclusively with densely planted dormant crowns (11 plants per m2) and those established under a spaced-runner system using 4 stolons per mother plant to achieve the same final plant density. In spring-set, high-planting-density plots, fruit production in the planting year was low and had no effect on vegetative development or 2nd-year yields. Summer planting resulted in high mortality rates for 2 of 3 cultivars. By October, surviving summer-planted crowns had numbers of leaves and branch crowns per plant equivalent to those planted in spring. Reduced stolon production in summer plantings resulted in poor establishment of spaced-runner beds, but had no effect on dense-planted beds. Summer planting reduced yields in both high-density and spaced-runner beds compared to spring planting. Successful bed establishment in the summer is dependent on cultivar and planting density. Removal of stolons increased yields and promoted further stolon initiation in spring plantings, but had no effect on summer plantings.
Urea Hydrolysis in Potting Media
Authors: Elliott George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Urea hydrolysis and the fate of ammonium produced were evaluated in bark : peat : sand, peat : vermiculite, and 14 commercial potting media, in cropped and uncropped samples. Urea hydrolysis was much more rapid in pine bark : peat : sand than in peat : vermiculite. Significant variation in urea hydrolysis was observed among the commercial media. Urea hydrolysis was more rapid in cropped than in uncropped media. Substantial net N immobilization was observed in most media. Although nitrification was evident, there was generally very little net nitrate accumulation. Differences in urea hydrolysis and ammonium accumulation were of sufficient magnitude to warrant consideration in fertilizer management.
Competition Among Berries on the Cranberry Upright
Authors: Baumann T.E. , Eaton G.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One hundred fruiting uprights were sampled for each of 3 cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivars, ‘Ben Lear’, ‘Bergman’, and ‘McFarlin’. Length of the upright, flowers per upright, berries per upright, seeds per berry, and weight of the berries were recorded. Two-dimensional partitioning using analysis of variance and multiple regression were combined for yield component analysis on a per-upright basis. In decreasing order, fruit set, berry enlargement, and number of flowers per centimeter of the upright were the most important components. Linear trends accounted for most of the differences due to position with lower positions having more flowers, fruit set, seeds per berry, and larger fruit than upper positions on the upright. More berries were set in ‘Ben Lear’ than in ‘McFarlin’ and ‘Bergman’.
Root Distribution of ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry as Influenced by Irrigation, Incorporated Peatmoss, and Mulch
Authors: Spiers James M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field study was conducted to evaluate individual and collective influences of 3 soil moisture-supplementing practices (irrigation, incorporated peatmoss, and mulching) on root system development in ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Plants that received no water-supplementing treatments died within 3 years. Root growth was least in plants receiving only one of the 3 treatments and greatest in plants receiving all 3. Ranking of individual treatments on root dry weight production was mulch > incorporated peatmoss > irrigation. Mulching resulted in uniform root distribution from the plant crown outward, while peatmoss tended to concentrate the root system near the crown area. Incorporating peatmoss concentrated roots at the 30- to 45-cm depth, while mulching tended to concentrate the roots in the upper 15 cm of soil. In a sandy, well-aerated soil, the major factor influencing root distribution appears to be soil moisture.
Fruit Anthocyanin Content of Some Euvitis × Vitis rotundifolia Hybrids
Authors: Goldy R.G. , Ballinger W.E. , Maness E.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The anthocyanin (Acy) content of 12 Euvitis × Vitis rotundifolia hybrids, 3 V. vinifera L., one V. × labruscana, and one V. rotundifolia Michx. clone were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. All intersubgeneric hybrids contained mono- and diglucoside Acy, and all but one produced acylated Acy. A total of 40 pigments was separated, with ‘Concord’ having the most at 31. An additional unidentified pigment was detected in ‘Noble’. Sufficient variation was present in the hybrids for selection of genotypes that would improve color of wines. Relative Acy content (percentage of total) in the hybrids ranged from 2.3% to 44.3% for malvidins, 0.7% to 30.3% for petunidins, 0.8% to 69.2% for peonidins, 0.0% to 17.2% for cyanidins, and 0.5% to 52.3% for delphinidins. Relative content of acylated Acy forms in the hybrids ranged from 0.0% to 51.1%. Total Euvitis-type pigmentation (monoglucoside plus acylated Acy) in the hybrids ranged from 19.5% to 55.0%.
Anatomy of Fertile and Male-sterile Carrot Flowers from Different Genetic Sources
Authors: Struckmeyer B. Esther , Simon Philipp 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An anatomical comparison of florets from fertile, brown anther partially fertile, petaloid male-sterile, and 3 brown anther male-sterile carrot (Daucus carota L.) lines indicated that most pollen was well-developed and deeply stained in fertile lines. Partially fertile plants contained fertile and sterile anthers in which meiosis had occurred. The 3 lines of brown anther steriles examined failed to enter meiosis. In early development of the fine foliage brown anther sterile, all cells of the anther, including sporogenous cells, hypertrophied. Later, sporogenous tissue collapsed. The anatomical structure of the stamens in petaloid florets was leaf-like and similar to petals.
A Comparison of Carbon and Water Vapor Gas Exchange Characteristics Between a Diploid and Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Moon J.W. , Flore J.A. , Hancock J.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
CO2 assimilation (A), leaf conductance to water vapor (gl), mesophyll conductance (gm), and water use efficiency (WUE) were compared for two cultivars of highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and a wild diploid lowbush blueberry species (Vaccinium darrowii Camp.) in response to PPF, CO2, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to determine if apparent tolerance of V. darrowii to high temperature and drought conditions resulted from differences in gas exchange characteristics. Cultivar differences between ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Jersey’ in A were not significant when expressed on a leaf area, leaf dry weight, or total chlorophyll basis. Maximum CO2 assimilation rates for V. darrowii were about 35%, 50%, or 40% lower than highbush cultivars when expressed on a leaf area, leaf dry weight, or total chlorophyll basis, respectively. Differences between ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Jersey’ were also non-significant for mesophyll conductance, transpiration, CO2 compensation points, and water use efficiency. CO2 assimilation maximized between 600-800 µmol·s–1·m–2 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) for all three genotypes and the temperature optima ranged between 18° and 26°C for ‘Jersey’, 14° and 22° for ‘Bluecrop’, and 25° and 30° for V. darrowii. As temperature was increased from 20° to 30°, leaf conductance (gl) to water vapor was lower and water use efficiency was higher for V. darrowii, compared to ‘Bluecrop’ but not ‘Jersey’. There was a 50-65% reduction in gl as VPD was increased, but only 10–20% reduction was observed in A. Leaf conductance to water vapor was reduced for V. darrowii, which restricted intercellular CO2. Since crosses are possible between highbush and V. darrowii, it is possible that heat tolerance and/or drought resistance could be improved in Highbush blueberry through the incorporation of genes from V. darrowii.
Photosynthesis of Olive Leaves: Effect of Light Flux Density, Leaf Age, Temperature, Peltates, and H2O Vapor Pressure Deficit on Gas Exchange
Authors: Bongi G. , Mencuccini M. , Fontanazza G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Clonal plants of four olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars that originated in cool, moderately hot, and hot climates were examined for their photosynthetic potentials. Within 3 to 4 weeks, plants had fully expanded leaves; by 3 months the apparent photosynthesis, A, increased to a maximum of 5.4 µmol CO2/m2 per sec, while the water use efficiency (WUE) was 2.6 mmol CO2/mol H2O. The mean chloropohyll content was 0.564 mmol/chlorophyll (a + b)/m2. Mean assimilation rate was negatively correlated to leaf area. The values of A were three to four times less than those reported for apple and almond, whereas WUE was 22% greater. A values were proportional to stomatal conductance. Mesophyll resistance was higher than several C3 plants and the optimum temperature for photosynthesis varied among cultivars, seemingly according to the climate where they originated. Stomata opened and closed within 10 min in response to changes in humidity. Gas exchange properties were not affected by peltate removal.
Flowering, Fruit Set, and Fruit Development in Birdsnest-type Muskmelons
Authors: McCollum T.G. , Cantliffe D.J. , Paris H.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The birdsnest plant type in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) is characterized by short internodes, weak apical dominance, and concentrated yield. Flowering, fruit set, and fruit development in a birdsnest-type were examined and compared with those characters in a vine-type muskmelon to understand how the concentration of yield is achieved. A muskmelon breeding line with the birdsnest habit, D26, was compared with ‘Noy Yizre'el (NY), a vine-type cultivar. Results of a greenhouse and field study indicated that the two genotypes had similar patterns of perfect flowering; however, D26 set a greater number of fruit than NY. The pattern of fruit set and fruit maturity (yield) was more concentrated in D26 than in NY. First-set fruit had an inhibitory effect on the development of later-set fruit in NY, but this effect was not apparent with D26. NY fruit were larger in size and had higher soluble solids than D26 fruit. The concentrated fruit set and yield of birdsnest-type plants suggests a more equal partitioning of assimilates to young, developing fruit than in vine-type plants.
Glucosinolates in Turnip Tops and Roots: Cultivars Grown for Greens and/or Roots
Authors: Carlson Diana G. , Daxenbichler M.E. , Tookey H.L. , Kwolek W.F. , Hill C.B. , Williams P.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen cultivars of turnip [Brassica rapa, rapifera group, also B. campestris L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.] recommended for human consumption of either tops or tops and roots and five cultivars recommended for consumption of roots were selected to compare glucosinolate (GS) levels in tops and roots. Also, two cultivars used for animal feed were included. The study revealed significantly lower levels of 1-methylpropyl-GS and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl-GS in tops and roots of cultivars grown for greens, compared to those used for animal feed. Contents of 1-methylpropyl-, 3-butenyl-, and 4-pentenyl-GSs were higher in turnip tops than in roots, while 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl-, 4-(methylthio)butyl-, 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl-, 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl-, 5-(methylthio)pentyl-, 2-phenylethyl-, 3-indolylmethyl-GSs and total GS were all higher in the roots. GS patterns for seeds tended to correlate with those of the tops.
Salt Stress, Mechanical Stress, or Chlormequat Chloride Effects on Morphology and Growth Recovery of Hydroponic Tomato Transplants
Authors: Adler Paul R. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth retardants have been used to control stem elongation of hydroponic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants. However, the residual effect of chlormequat chloride on vegetative growth reduces yield. Therefore, the recovery rate of transplant growth was compared between treatments that reduce stem elongation (salt stress, thigmic stress, and chlormequat chloride) to determine which treatments had the best combination of a fast growth recovery rate and control of stem elongation. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically during treatment and recovery periods in a recirculating nutrient solution. Although all treatments except thigmic stress initially decreased shoot dry weight, 24 days after treatment (DAT) termination night-salt stress and thigmic stress produced plants with shoot dry weight comparable to controls. Day and 24-hr salt stress and chlormequat chloride-treated plants had shoot dry weights of 40% to 60% of control 24 DAT termination. Plants treated with chlormequat chloride were still growing slower than controls 24 DAT termination. Both night-salt stress and thigmic stress are suitable prospects for use in control of hydroponic tomato transplant vegetative growth. Oscillatory wind stress applied by the sweeping motion of a leaf blower or by brushing plants with a foam rubber mat are potential commercially feasible ways to apply mechanical stress. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyIethanaminum chloride (chlormequat chloride).