bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase separation of competing memories along the human hippocampal theta rhythm
Authors: Kerrén Casper , van Bree Sander , Griffiths Benjamin J. , Wimber Maria 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCompetition between overlapping memories is considered one of the major causes of forgetting and it is still unknown how the human brain resolves such mnemonic conflict. In the present MEG study, we empirically tested a computational model that leverages an oscillating inhibition algorithm to minimise overlap between memories. We used a proactive interference task, where a reminder word could be associated with either a single image (non-competitive condition) or two competing images, and participants were asked to always recall the most recently learned word-image association. Time-resolved pattern classifiers were trained to detect the reactivated content of target and competitor memories from MEG sensor patterns, and the timing of these neural reactivations was analysed relative to the phase of the dominant hippocampal 3Hz theta oscillation. In line with our preregistered hypotheses, target and competitor reactivations locked to different phases of the hippocampal theta rhythm after several repeated recalls. Participants who behaviourally experienced lower levels of interference also showed larger phase separation between the two overlapping memories. The findings provide evidence that the temporal segregation of memories, orchestrated by slow oscillations, plays a functional role in resolving mnemonic competition by separating and prioritising relevant memories under conditions of high interference.
Life history traits and a method for continuous mass rearing of the planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus, a vector of the causal agent of syndrome “basses richesses” in sugar beet
Authors: Pfitzer René , Varrelmann Mark , Schrameyer Klaus , Rostás Michael 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) is the main vector of the γ-3 proteobacterium ‘Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus’ which causes the syndrome “basses richesses” (SBR) in sugar beet. SBR is a new and fast spreading disease in Central Europe that leads to high yield losses. To date the development of management strategies is hampered by insufficient knowledge about general life history traits of the planthopper and, most importantly, the year round availability of insects reared under controlled conditions. Rearing of P. leporinus has been considered challenging and to date no protocol exists.RESULTSHere we describe a method for mass rearing P. leporinus on sugar beet from egg to adult, which has produced five generations and >20,000 individuals between June 2020 and March 2022. An alternative host such as wheat is not necessary for completing the life cycle. No-choice experiments showed that P. leporinus lays 139.1 ± 132.9 eggs on sugar beet, whereas no oviposition was observed on its nymphal host wheat. Head capsule width was identified as a trait that unequivocally distinguished the five nymphal instars. Developmental time from first instar to adult was 193.6 ± 35.8 days for males and 193.5 ± 59.2 days for females. Infection rates of adults were tested with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results demonstrated that 70-80% of reared planthoppers across all generations carried the SBR proteobacterium.CONCLUSIONThe mass rearing protocol and life history data will help overcome an important bottleneck in SBR research and enhance efforts in developing integrated pest management tools.
Preconfigured dynamics in the hippocampus are guided by embryonic birthdate and rate of neurogenesis
Authors: Huszár Roman , Zhang Yunchang , Blockus Heike , Buzsáki György 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTThe incorporation of novel information into the hippocampal network is likely be constrained by its innate architecture and internally generated activity patterns. However, the origin, organization, and consequences of such patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we show that hippocampal network dynamics are affected by sequential neurogenesis. We birthdated CA1 pyramidal neurons with in-utero electroporation over 4 embryonic days encompassing the peak of hippocampal neurogenesis, and compared their functional features in freely moving, adult mice. Neurons of the same birthdate displayed distinct connectivity, coactivity across brain states, and assembly dynamics. Same birthdate hippocampal neurons were topographically organized, in that anatomically clustered (<500µm) neurons exhibited overlapping spatial representations. Overall, the wiring and functional features of CA1 pyramidal neurons reflected a combination of birthdate and the rate of neurogenesis. These observations demonstrate that sequential neurogenesis in embryonic development shapes the preconfigured forms of adult network dynamics.
Opposing associations of Internet Use Disorder symptom domains with structural and functional organization of the striatum: a dimensional neuroimaging approach
Authors: Yu Fangwen , Li Jialin , Xu Lei , Zheng Xiaoxiao , Fu Meina , Li Keshuang , Yao Shuxia , Kendrick Keith M , Montag Christian , Becker Benjamin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests brain structural and functional alterations in Internet Use Disorder (IUD). However, conclusions are strongly limited due to the retrospective case-control design of the studies, small samples, and the focus on general rather than symptom-specific approaches.MethodsWe here employed a dimensional multi-methodical MRI-neuroimaging design in a final sample of n = 203 subjects to examine associations between levels of IUD and its symptom-dimensions (loss of control/time management, craving/social problems) with brain structure, resting state and task-based (pain empathy, affective go/no-go) brain function.ResultsAlthough the present sample covered the entire range of IUD, including normal, problematic as well as pathological levels, general IUD symptom load was not associated with brain structural or functional alterations. However, the symptom-dimensions exhibited opposing associations with the intrinsic and structural organization of the brain, such that loss of control/time management exhibited negative associations with intrinsic striatal networks and hippocampal volume, while craving/social problems exhibited a positive association with intrinsic striatal networks and caudate volume.ConclusionsOur findings provided the first evidence for IUD symptom-domain specific associations with progressive alterations in the intrinsic structural and functional organization of the brain, particularly of striatal systems involved in reward, habitual and cognitive control processes.
Capacitation promotes a shift in the energy metabolism in murine sperm
Authors: Tourmente Maximiliano , Sansegundo Ester , Rial Eduardo , Roldan Eduardo R. S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn mammals, sperm acquire fertilization ability after a series of physiological and biochemical changes, collectively known as capacitation, that occur inside the female reproductive tract. In addition to other requirements, sperm bioenergetic metabolism has been identified as fundamental component in the acquisition of the capacitated status. Mammalian sperm produce ATP by means of two main metabolic processes, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and aerobic glycolysis, that are localized in two different flagellar compartments, midpiece and principal piece, respectively. In mouse sperm, the occurrence of many events associated to capacitation depends on the activity of these two energy-producing pathways, leading to the hypothesis that some of these events may impose changes in sperm energetic demands. In the present study, we used extracellular flux analysis to evaluate the changes in the glycolytic and respiratory parameters of murine sperm that occur as a consequence of capacitation. Furthermore, we examined whether these variations affect sperm ATP sustainability. Our results show that capacitation promotes a shift in the usage ratio of the two main metabolic pathways, from oxidative to glycolytic. However, this metabolic rewiring does not seem to affect the rate at which the sperm consume ATP. We conclude that the probable function of the metabolic switch is to increase the ATP supply in the distal flagellar regions, thus sustaining the energetic demands that arise from capacitation.
Integrated Analysis of Tissue-specific Gene Expression in Diabetes by Tensor Decomposition Can Identify Possible Associated Diseases
Authors: Taguchi Y-H. , Turki Turki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the field of gene expression analysis, methods of integrating multiple gene expression profiles are still being developed and the existing methods have scope for improvement. The previously proposed tensor decomposition-based unsupervised feature extraction method was improved by introducing standard deviation optimization. The improved method was applied to perform an integrated analysis of three tissue-specific gene expression profiles (namely, adipose, muscle, and liver) for diabetes mellitus, and the results showed that it can detect diseases that are associated with diabetes (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases) but that cannot be predicted by individual tissue expression analyses using state-of-the-art methods. Although the selected genes differed from those identified by the individual tissue analyses, the selected genes are known to be expressed in all three tissues. Thus, compared with individual tissue analyses, an integrated analysis can provide more in-depth data and identify additional factors, namely, the association with other diseases.
Characteristics and Impact of the rNST GABA Network on Neural and Behavioral Taste Responses
Authors: Travers Susan P. , Kalyanasundar B. , Breza Joseph , Houser Grace , Klimovich Charlotte , Travers Joseph 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTThe rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST), the initial CNS site for processing gustatory information, is comprised of two major cell types, glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Many investigators have described taste responses of rNST neurons, but the phenotypes of these cells were unknown. The current investigation used mice expressing ChR2 under the control of GAD65, a synthetic enzyme for GABA. In vivo single-unit recording of rNST cells during optogenetic stimulation allowed us to address two important questions: (1) what are the gustatory response characteristics of “optotagged”, putative GABAergic (G+TASTE) neurons? and (2) how does optogenetic activation of the rNST GABA network impact taste responses in non-GABAergic (G-TASTE) neurons? We observed that chemosensitive profiles of G+TASTE neurons were similar to non-GABA taste neurons but had much lower response rates. We further observed that there was a population of GABA cells unresponsive to taste stimulation (G+UNR) and located more ventrally in the nucleus. Activating rNST inhibitory circuitry suppressed gustatory responses of G-TASTE neurons across all qualities and types of chemosensitive neurons. Tuning curves were modestly sharpened but the overall shape of response profiles and the ensemble pattern remained highly stable. These neurophysiological effects were consistent with the behavioral consequences of activating GAD65-expressing inhibitory neurons using DREADDs. In a brief-access licking task, concentration-response curves to both palatable (sucrose, maltrin) and unpalatable (quinine) stimuli were shifted to the right when GABA neurons were activated. Thus, the rNST GABAergic network is poised to modulate taste intensity across the qualitative and hedonic spectrum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe rNST, the CNS gateway for taste, is rich in GABAergic neurons and synapses. Our in vivo recordings from GAD65/ChR2 mice reveal that gustatory response profiles of optotagged GABAergic neurons resemble non-GABAergic neurons, but with much reduced amplitudes. A novel population of GABA neurons were unresponsive to oral stimulation suggesting they are targets for centrifugal influences. Activating rNST inhibitory circuitry modestly sharpened gustatory tuning but preserved the ensemble pattern for taste quality despite markedly suppressed responses. In behaving mice, activating rNST GAD65-expressing neurons with DREADDs shifted response-concentration curves for palatable and unpalatable stimuli, but preserved appropriate behaviors. These observations unveil previously unknown features of rNST GABA cells and demonstrate substantial inhibitory modulation at the first central taste relay.
Closed-loop and automatic tuning of pulse amplitude and width in EMG-guided controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS)⋆
Authors: Alavi S. M. Mahdi , Vila-Rodriguez Fidel , Mahdi Adam , Goetz Stefan M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a tool for automatic and optimal tuning of pulse amplitude and width for sequential parameter estimation (SPE) of the membrane time constant and input–output curve in closed-loop electromyography-guided (EMG-guided) controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS). A normalized depolarization factor is defined which separates the optimization of the pulse amplitude and width. Then, the pulse amplitude is chosen by the maximization of the Fisher information matrix (FIM), while the pulse width is chosen by the maximization of the normalized depolarization factor. The simulation results confirm satisfactory estimation. The results show that the normalized depolarization factor maximization can identify the critical pulse width, which is an important parameter in the identifiability analysis, without any prior neurophysiological or anatomical knowledge of the neural membrane.
Two complete genomes of male-killing Wolbachia infecting Ostrinia moth species illuminate their evolutionary dynamics and association with hosts
Authors: Muro Tomohiro , Hikida Hiroyuki , Fujii Takeshi , Kiuchi Takashi , Katsuma Susumu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWolbachia is an extremely widespread endocellular symbiont which causes reproductive manipulation on various arthropod hosts. Male progenies are killed in Wolbachia-infected lineages of the Japanese Ostrinia moth population. While the mechanism of male killing and the evolutionary interaction between host and symbiont are significant concerns for this system, the absence of Wolbachia genomic information has limited approaches to these issues. We determined the complete genome sequences of wFur and wSca, the male-killing Wolbachia of O. furnacalis and O. scapulalis. The two genomes shared an extremely high degree of homology, with over 95% of the predicted protein sequences being identical. A comparison of these two genomes revealed nearly minimal genome evolution, with a strong emphasis on the frequent genome rearrangements and the rapid evolution of ankyrin repeat-containing proteins. Additionally, we determined the mitochondrial genomes of both species’ infected lineages and performed phylogenetic analyses to deduce the evolutionary dynamics of Wolbachia infection in the Ostrinia clade. According to the inferred phylogenetic relationship, Wolbachia infection was established in the Ostrinia clade prior to the speciation of related species such as O. furnacalis and O. scapulalis. Simultaneously, the relatively high homology of mitochondrial genomes suggested recent Wolbachia introgression between infected Ostrinia species. The findings of this study collectively shed light on the host-symbiont interaction from an evolutionary standpoint.SignificanceDespite the growing number of publicly available Wolbachia genome sequences, only a few high-quality male-killer genomes exist, particularly those found in lepidopteran hosts. The complete genomes of two male-killing Wolbachia of Ostrinia moth hosts were determined in this study. The genomic data obtained here will be used to elucidate the mechanism of reproductive manipulation and the origins of this endosymbiont’s extraordinary diversity. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of mitochondria and Wolbachia revealed the evolutionary history of Ostrinia hosts and Wolbachia. The inferred dynamic pattern of infection adds to our understanding of evolution and ecology of Wolbachia endosymbiont, a promising agent for biological pest control.
Reproducibility ofin vivoelectrophysiological measurements in mice
Authors:   International Brain Laboratory, Banga Kush , Benson Julius , Bhagat Jai , Biderman Dan , Birman Daniel , Bonacchi Niccolò , Bruijns Sebastian A , Buchanan Kelly , Campbell Robert AA , Carandini Matteo , Chapuis Gaëlle A , Churchland Anne K , Davatolhagh M Felicia , Lee Hyun Dong , Faulkner Mayo , Gerçek Berk , Hu Fei , Huntenburg Julia , Hurwitz Cole , Khanal Anup , Krasniak Christopher , Langfield Christopher , Meijer Guido T , Miska Nathaniel J , Mohammadi Zeinab , Noel Jean-Paul , Paninski Liam , Pan-Vazquez Alejandro , Roth Noam , Schartner Michael , Socha Karolina , Steinmetz Nicholas A , Svoboda Karel , Taheri Marsa , Urai Anne E , Wells Miles , West Steven J , Whiteway Matthew R , Winter Olivier , Witten Ilana B 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUnderstanding brain function relies on the collective work of many labs generating reproducible results. However, reproducibility has not been systematically assessed within the context of electrophysiological recordings during cognitive behaviors. To address this, we formed a multi-lab collaboration using a shared, open-source behavioral task and experimental apparatus. Experimenters in ten laboratories repeatedly targeted Neuropixels probes to the same location (spanning secondary visual areas, hippocampus, and thalamus) in mice making decisions; this generated a total of 121 experimental replicates, a unique dataset for evaluating reproducibility of electrophysiology experiments. Despite standardizing both behavioral and electrophysiological procedures, some experimental outcomes were highly variable. A closer analysis uncovered that variability in electrode targeting hindered reproducibility, as did the limited statistical power of some routinely used electrophysiological analyses, such as single-neuron tests of modulation by task parameters. Reproducibility was enhanced by histological and electrophysiological quality-control criteria. Our observations suggest that data from systems neuroscience is vulnerable to a lack of reproducibility, but that across-lab standardization, including metrics we propose, can serve to mitigate this.
Sequence-based pH-dependent prediction of protein solubility using CamSol
Authors: Oeller Marc , Kang Ryan , Sormanni Pietro , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSolubility is a property of central importance for the use of proteins in research and in applications in biotechnology and medicine. Since experimental methods for measuring protein solubility are resource-intensive and time-consuming, computational methods have recently emerged to enable the rapid and inexpensive screening of large libraries of proteins, as it is routinely required in development pipelines. Here, we describe the extension of one of such methods, CamSol, to include in the predictions the effect of the pH of the solubility. We illustrate the accuracy of the pH-dependent predictions on a variety of antibodies and other proteins.
Distinct cortical networks subserve spatio-temporal sampling in vision through different oscillatory rhythms
Authors: Ronconi Luca , Balestrieri Elio , Baldauf Daniel , Melcher David 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough visual input arrives continuously, sensory information is segmented into discrete events. Here, the neural correlates of spatiotemporal binding in male/female human subjects were investigated with MEG using two tasks where separate flashes were presented on each trial but were perceived, in a bi-stable way, as either a single, or two separate, events. The first task (two-flash fusion: TFF) involved judging one versus two flashes while in the second task (apparent motion: AM) participants judged coherent motion versus two stationary flashes. Results indicate two different functional networks underlying two unique aspects of visual temporal binding. In the TFF task, involving an integration window of ≈50 ms, evoked responses differed as a function of perceptual interpretation by ≈25 ms after stimuli presentation. Multivariate decoding of subjective perception based on prestimulus oscillatory phase was significant for alpha-band activity in the right medial temporal (MT) area, with the strength of pre-stimulus connectivity between early visual areas and MT being predictive of performance. In contrast, the longer integration window (≈130 ms) for AM showed evoked field differences only ≈250 ms after stimuli onset. Phase decoding of the perceptual outcome in the AM task was strongest for theta-band activity, localized to a right intra-parietal sulcus (IPS) source. Pre-stimulus connectivity between MT and IPS seeds in the theta band best predicted perceptual outcome. Overall, these results show a strong relationship between specific spatiotemporal binding windows and specific oscillations, linked to the information flow between different areas of the “where” and “when” visual processing pathways.Significance StatementMultiple neural rhythms seem relevant for sampling visual information across space and time, but the cortical networks underlying these fundamental computational principles of the visual system remain unexplored. We filled this gap by employing source-level multivariate decoding and connectivity analyses of magnetoencephalographic data recorded during an integration/segregation task of temporal and spatio-temporal events. We identified a first and faster network involving early visual areas (V2 to MT/V5) that determines the basic temporal resolution of visual perception at the speed of the alpha rhythm, and a second slower network involving parietal regions (IPS) that had a key role in the integration of more complex spatiotemporal events at a theta speed. These findings elucidate the neural mechanisms that transfer sensory information into temporal sequences.
Rapid evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition
Authors: De Lisle Stephen P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSex differences in ecologically-important traits are common in animals and plants, and prompted Darwin to first propose an ecological cause of sexual dimorphism. Despite theoretical plausibility and Darwin’s original notion, a role for ecological resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism has never been directly demonstrated and remains controversial. I used experimental evolution in Drosophila melanogaster to test the hypothesis that resource competition can drive the evolution of sex differences in diet. Following just three generations of adaptation, offspring from flies evolved in low-resource, high-competition environments show elevated sexual dimorphism in diet preference compared to both the ancestor and populations evolved on high resource availability. These results provide the first real-time direct evidence for evolution of sexual dimorphism driven by an ecological cause.One sentence summarySex differences in fly diet evolved rapidly under elevated competition, demonstrating ecological cause of sex differences.
Persistence of Cajal-Retzius cells in the postnatal hippocampus is required for development of dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal cells
Authors: Glærum Ingvild Lynneberg , Dunville Keagan , Montaldo Nicola Pietro , Kirikae Hinako , Nigro Maximiliano Jose , Sætrom Pål , van Loon Barbara , Quattrocolo Giulia 
Published: May 2022

SummaryCajal-Retzius (CR) cells are a transient type of neuron that populate the postnatal hippocampus. The role of transient cell types and circuits have been vastly addressed in neocortical regions, but poorly studied in the hippocampus. To understand how CR cells’ persistence influences the maturation of hippocampal circuits, we specifically ablated CR cells from the postnatal hippocampus. Our results highlighted layer-specific effects on dendritic spines and synaptic-related genes and revealed a critical role of CR cells in the establishment of the hippocampal network.