bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Pickens Chiagozie I. , Wunderink Richard G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MRSA pneumonia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several virulence factors allow S. aureus to become an effective pathogen. The polysaccharide intracellular adhesin allows for the production of biofilms, some strains can produce capsular polysaccharides that protect against phagocytosis, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) allow for colonization of epithelial surfaces, and S. aureus secretes several exotoxins that aid in tissue destruction. The α-hemolysin exotoxin secreted by S. aureus is one of the most important virulence factors for the bacteria. The diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia can be challenging; the infection may present as a mild respiratory infection or severe respiratory failure and septic shock. Many individuals are colonized with MRSA and thus a positive nasopharyngeal swab does not confirm infection in the lower respiratory tract. The management of MRSA pneumonia has evolved. Historically, vancomycin has been the primary antibiotic used to treat MRSA pneumonia. Over the past decade, prospective studies have shown that linezolid leads to higher rates of clinical cure. Monoclonal antibodies are being studied as potential therapeutic options. MRSA is an important cause of HAP/VAP; novel diagnostics may facilitate rapid diagnosis of this infection and the available literature should be used to make informed decisions on management.
Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Review of Treatment Options for a Life-Threatening Infection
Authors: Carlson Travis J. , Gonzales-Luna Anne J. , Garey Kevin W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFulminant Clostridioides difficile infection (FCDI) encompasses 3 to 5% of all CDI cases with associated mortality rates between 30 and 40%. Major treatment modalities include surgery and medical management with antibiotic and nonantibiotic therapies. However, identification of patients with CDI that will progress to FCDI is difficult and makes it challenging to direct medical management and identify those who may benefit from surgery. Furthermore, since it is difficult to study such a critically ill population, data investigating treatment options are limited. Surgical management with diverting loop ileostomy (LI) instead of a total abdominal colectomy (TAC) with end ileostomy has several appealing advantages, and studies have not consistently demonstrated a clinical benefit with this less-invasive strategy, so both LI and TAC remain acceptable surgical options. Successful medical management of FCDI is complicated by pharmacokinetic changes that occur in critically ill patients, and there is an absence of high-quality studies that included patients with FCDI. Recommendations accordingly include a combination of antibiotics administered via multiple routes to ensure adequate drug concentrations in the colon: intravenous metronidazole, high-dose oral vancomycin, and rectal vancomycin. Although fidaxomicin is now recommended as first-line therapy for non-FCDI, there are limited clinical data to support its use in FCDI. Several nonantibiotic therapies, including fecal microbiota transplantation and intravenous immunoglobulin, have shown success as adjunctive therapies, but they are unlikely to be effective alone. In this review, we aim to summarize diagnosis and treatment options for FCDI.
Avaliação funcional do tratamento endoscópico do impacto isquiofemoral: Relatos de caso
Authors: Tavares Bruno Silva , de Paula Ricardo Mendonça , Delevedove Lucas Ricci , Favaro Pedro Ivo Ferreira , Nogueira Leonardo Santa Cruz , de Oliveira Leandro Alves 
Published: February 2022

ResumoO impacto isquiofemoral (IIF), apesar de infrequente, deve ser pensado como uma das causas da síndrome da dor glútea profunda. A dificuldade em se estabelecer o diagnóstico de IIF e os exames clínicos imprecisos podem ser associados à pequena quantidade de relatos de caso na literatura. O tratamento inicial de IIF utiliza medidas conservadoras, sendo o tratamento cirúrgico pouco frequente. A seguir, está o relato de caso de quatro pacientes adultas com diagnóstico de IIF sem sucesso com tratamento conservador, nas quais realizou-se a ressecção endoscópica do trocanter menor com bons resultados.
Building a Foundation for the Care of Children with Cancer in Rural North India
Authors: Nagabushan Sumanth , Rao Prashanth J. , Ganta Roopa , Chaturvedi Shailja 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOne of India's biggest challenges is to improve its global standing by increasing healthcare access and outcomes for children with cancer, with inferior overall survivorship compared with its Western counterparts. In conjunction with the government's efforts, private enterprise is crucial in delivering optimal cancer care consistently to its vast and diverse pediatric population, despite existing limitations. This article describes the successful implementation of a value-based, collaborative clinical and research framework by a philanthropic foundation in a rural Northern Indian city to establish and run a local childhood cancer service. It is proof of concept that substantial change could be brought about at grass roots level through resourceful partnerships and reduce prevailing imbalance in pediatric oncology service provision.
Integrated Infection Control in the Maxillofacial Operation Theatre Considering COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Chauhan Shruti , Smriti Smriti , Kumar Mamit , Arora Karandeep Singh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has influenced all services of life, including dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery. COVID-19 is primarily spread through contact with infected person, mucosal/respiratory droplets, fomites/contaminated surfaces/objects, and aerosol. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are particularly at a high risk of transmission of COVID-19 due to proximity with patient during treatment. All cases should be assumed COVID-19 positive till proven otherwise because now asymptomatic patients also report to be COVID-19 positive. Such patients act as a carrier, shedding virus to expose the oral and maxillofacial surgeons. All elective procedures can be postponed. Only emergency cases that require immediate treatment should be done with proper standard precautions and sound infection control practice. During surgery, we require a maxillofacial operation theater (OT), which is divergent from other OTs due to the use of high-powered aerosol-generating instruments during surgery that increase the chances of spreading infection in the OTs. The aim of this paper is to integrate infection control in the OT for the management of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients throughout emergency treatment in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
The hard x-ray nanotomography microscope at the advanced light source
Authors: Nichols Joseph B. , Voltolini Marco , Gilbert Benjamin , MacDowell Alastair A. , Czabaj Michael W. 
Published: February 2022

Beamline 11.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source is a tender/hard (6–17 keV) x-ray bend magnet beamline recently re-purposed with a new full-field, nanoscale transmission x-ray microscope. The microscope is designed to image composite and porous materials possessing a submicrometer structure and compositional heterogeneity that determine materials’ performance and geologic behavior. The theoretical and achieved resolutions are 55 and &lt;100 nm, respectively. The microscope is used in tandem with a &lt;25 nm eccentricity rotation stage for high-resolution volume imaging using nanoscale computed tomography. The system also features a novel bipolar illumination condenser for the illumination of an ∼100 μm spot of interest on the sample, followed by a phase-type zone plate magnifying objective of ∼52 µm field of view and a phase detection ring. The zone plate serves as the system objective and magnifies the sample with projection onto an indirect x-ray detection system, consisting of a polished single crystal CsI(Tl) scintillator and a range of high-quality Plan Fluorite visible light objectives. The objectives project the final visible light image onto a water-cooled CMOS 2048 × 2048-pixel2 detector. Here, we will discuss the salient features of this instrument and describe early results from imaging the internal three-dimensional microstructure and nanostructure of target materials, including fiber-reinforced composites and geomaterials.
Bidirectional motion characteristics of a single harmonic-driven self-clamping linear piezoelectric motor
Authors: He Liangguo , Shan Zengxiang , Li Xinyu , Li Kun , Dou Haotian , Ge Xinfang , Dong Yuge , Wang Hu 
Published: February 2022

We propose a multimodal model to realize the bidirectional motion of a self-clamping linear piezoelectric motor driven by a single harmonic signal based on previous motor research. Compared with the previous version, only the characteristics of the drive signal need to be changed in the motor without changing any other conditions to excite multimode and achieve reverse movement. The finite element software COMSOL5.2 was used to simulate the mode of the motor. The prototype has a maximum output speed of 71.5 mm/s, a maximum traction of 0.9 N at a voltage of 220 Vp-p, a frequency of 536 Hz, and a preload of 2 N. The minimum resolution of 26.4 µm was achieved at no-load, a voltage of 120 Vp-p, and a preload of 0 N.
Development of triaxial compressive apparatus for neutron experiments with rocks
Authors: Abe Jun , Kawasaki Takuro , Harjo Stefanus 
Published: February 2022

Underground engineering for processes such as geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste, CO2 capture and storage, and mining and drilling for resources requires an understanding of the mechanical behavior of rocks at subsurface stress states, i.e., triaxial compressive stress. Strain measurement using neutron diffraction can be applied to rocks to analyze strain accumulation mechanisms at the microscopic scale. This study reports the development of triaxial compressive apparatus for strain measurement using neutron diffraction. The apparatus can analyze rock specimens (diameter, 25 mm; length, 50 mm) and apply a maximum confining pressure of 50 MPa. Materials for the components of the apparatus were investigated theoretically based on neutron beam transmission and experimentally using neutron diffraction experiments. The feasibility of the apparatus was verified by measuring strain at hydrostatic pressure under the application of confining pressure and triaxial compression. The theoretical and experimental results show that the apparatus could obtain sufficient neutron statistics from a rock specimen. It was confirmed experimentally that the measured strain values are correlated with the applied confining pressure and stress. The lattice strains of quartz minerals measured by neutron diffraction showed linear deformation behavior, indicating that elastic strain accumulated in the minerals. This apparatus will enable the finding of new insights into the deformation mechanisms of rocks.
Seedball technology enhances pearl millet yield in a Sahelian subsistence production system
Authors: Nwankwo Charles I. , Oumarou Hannatou M. , Nouri Maman , Aminou Ali M. , Herrmann Ludger 
Published: February 2022

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is the major staple crop produced by subsistence farmers in the West African Sahel, but its panicle yield is low because of poor seedling establishment in low-nutrient soils. Seedball is a cheap seed-pelleting technique that combines sand, loam, seeds and optionally wood ash or mineral fertiliser as an additive to enhance early growth of pearl millet under infertile soil conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of seedball technology on pearl millet crop establishment and panicle yield on-farm under Sahelian subsistence conditions. Over 2000 on-farm (2015–18) trials were conducted in 65 villages of the Maradi region in Niger. Conventionally sown and seedball-derived pearl millet crops were grown by using ‘farmer-optimised’ simple split-plot designs with three treatments: (i) farmers’ practice as control; and seedballs (2.0 cm diameter, made from 80 g sand + 50 g loam + 25 mL water + 2.5 g seeds as standard recipe) that contained either (ii) 3 g wood ash or (iii) 1 g mineral fertiliser (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; NPK) as effective nutrient compounds. In 2016–18, participating farmers could opt for one of the seedball treatments. Panicle as well as stover yield data were collected and compared with respect to seedball type (wood ash vs NPK), sowing depth (shallow vs deep), sowing time (wet vs dry), weed management (complete vs partial), local soil type (texture range sand to loamy sand), cropping system (sole vs mixed), and farmer. Results showed that seedballs do not suppress seedling emergence. Seedball treatments produced fewer but longer and denser panicles. Wood ash-amended seedballs showed a higher panicle yield increase relative to their site controls than NPK-amended seedballs. However, the average panicle yield of NPK-amended seedballs was higher than that of the wood ash-amended seedballs. The treatment factors wet sowing, partial weeding, sole cropping and farmers showed higher panicle yield. The seedball technology increases pearl millet panicle yield by ∼30% in the Sahel; it is simple and based on local materials.
Kinesin-14 motors participate in a force balance at microtubule plus-ends to regulate dynamic instability
Authors: Ogren Allison , Parmar Sneha , Mukherjee Soumya , Gonzalez Samuel J. , Plooster Melissa , McClellan Mark , Mannava Anirudh G. , Davidson Elliott , Davis Trisha N. , Gardner Melissa K. 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Kinesin-14 motors represent an essential class of molecular motors that bind to microtubules and then walk toward the microtubule minus-end. However, whether these motors can interact with growing plus-ends of microtubules to impact the lengthening of microtubules remains unknown. We found that Kinesin-14 motors could bind to a protein that resides at growing microtubule plus-ends and then pull this protein away from the growing end. This interaction acted to disrupt microtubule growth and decrease microtubule lengths in cells, likely by exerting minus-end–directed forces at the microtubule tip to alter the configuration of the growing microtubule plus-end. This work demonstrates general principles for the diverse roles that force-generating molecular motors can play in regulating cellular processes.
Beneficial effects of citrulline enteral administration on sepsis-induced T cell mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Reizine Florian , Grégoire Murielle , Lesouhaitier Mathieu , Coirier Valentin , Gauthier Juliette , Delaloy Céline , Dessauge Elise , Creusat Florent , Uhel Fabrice , Gacouin Arnaud , Dessauge Frédéric , Le Naoures Cécile , Moreau Caroline , Bendavid Claude , Daniel Yoann , Petitjean Kilian , Bordeau Valérie , Lamaison Claire , Piau Caroline , Cattoir Vincent , Roussel Mikael , Fromenty Bernard , Michelet Christian , Le Tulzo Yves , Zmijewski Jaroslaw , Thibault Ronan , Cogné Michel , Tarte Karin , Tadié Jean-Marc 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Since sepsis induces a sustained immunosuppression responsible for secondary infections acquisition and late mortality, restoring immune function would result in a better outcome. Given the role of arginine deficiency in T cell dysfunction, the evaluation of restoring arginine availability in sepsis has to be explored. Using an animal model of sepsis, we demonstrated that increasing arginine availability enhanced mitochondrial T cell function and decreased sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
Lung-selective mRNA delivery of synthetic lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Authors: Qiu Min , Tang Yan , Chen Jinjin , Muriph Rachel , Ye Zhongfeng , Huang Changfeng , Evans Jason , Henske Elizabeth P. , Xu Qiaobing 
Published: February 2022

Significance

The current application of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based technology has largely been confined to liver diseases because of the lack of a specific and efficient extrahepatic in vivo systemic mRNA delivery system. Here, we have developed a library of N-series lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that could specifically regulate the protein composition of protein corona on the surface of LNPs, which allows specific delivery of mRNA to the lung. We further demonstrated that our lung-targeting LNP could effectively deliver mouse tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (
Tsc2
) mRNA into TSC2-null cells and restore its function, resulting in enhanced control of tumor burden in a preclinical model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a destructive lung disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the
Tsc2
gene.
Numerical modeling of CO2 arc based on the non-chemically equilibrium effect
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhang Yushi , Wu Yi , Nan Yanwei , Chen Jiefu , Liu Tianxiao , Niu Chunping , Rong Mingzhe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and its mixtures are potential alternatives as the arc quenching medium in switchgear. During the arc decaying phase after the arc current drops to zero, the arc plasma will deviate from the local thermally equilibrium (LTE) state and then the non-chemically equilibrium (non-CE) effect should be considered to predict the arc behavior. A non-CE numerical model was established to investigate the dynamic behavior of CO2 arc during the current zero (CZ) period. The time-dependent distributions of temperature, energy and electrical conductivity between the LTE and non-CE models were compared. The distributions of the species compositions and the non-equilibrium parameters were also investigated to further explain the mechanism of the non-CE effect. The non-CE particle transport is the main reason for the difference of temperature decay between non-CE and LTE calculations. The transport of all particles at the edge of the arc is dominantly influenced by the radial convection and diffusion, while the transport of atoms at the arc center is the combined results of convection, diffusion and chemical kinetics. As a contrast, the transports of electrons and ions are dominated by the chemical reactions. The decay of electron density at the nozzle throat calculated by the non-CE model are in good agreement with the laser Thomson scattering tests, while the LTE model failed to predict the electron density accurately, which proves that the non-CE effect of CO2 arc during CZ period cannot be ignored.
CO2 dissociation in a packed bed DBD reactor: effect of streamer discharge
Authors: Zhu Min , Hu Shengyu , Wu Fangfang , Ma Heng , Xie Shenyi , Zhang Chaohai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Non-thermal plasma catalysis, as a special heterogeneous catalytic reaction, needs to consider both gas discharge and catalytic reaction. Packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) is widely used in non-thermal plasma catalysis, but the exact control principle of gas discharge, especially streamer discharge, is not clear. In this study, therefore, the orderly arranged dielectric rods were packed in the discharge gap of PB-DBD, and the streamer discharge behaviors were controlled by adjusting their diameter(s), quantity(ies), location(s) and dielectric constant(s). Al2O3 and ZrO2 dielectric rods with dielectric constants of about 9 and 25 were used as packing material. Pure CO2 was used as reaction gas and discharge gas. Discharge images showed that stable and controllable streamer discharges can be formed between the dielectric rod and ground electrode. The intensity, width and length of the streamer discharge can be significantly changed by optimizing the dielectric constant, diameter, packing number and position of the dielectric rod, thereby affecting the CO2 conversion efficiency. Increasing dielectric constant and the distance between the dielectric rod and ground electrode can increase the intensity of streamer discharge, thus promoting the CO2 conversion efficiency. Compared with an empty reactor, after packing 24 ZrO2 dielectric rods with a diameter of 1 mm, the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency increased from 9.58% to 20.1% and from 1.67% to 2.89%, respectively. In short, this research has important implications for plasma catalysis. This study not only reveals the synergistic characteristics between streamer discharge and CO2 dissociation, but also provides an important idea for structural optimization of PB-DBD catalyst.
A deep unsupervised learning framework for the 4D CBCT artifact correction
Authors: Dong Guoya , Zhang Chenglong , Deng Lei , Zhu Yulin , Dai Jingjing , Song Liming , Meng Ruoyan , Niu Tianye , Liang Xiaokun , Xie Yaoqin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) has unique advantages in moving target localization, tracking and therapeutic dose accumulation in adaptive radiotherapy. However, the severe fringe artifacts and noise degradation caused by 4D CBCT reconstruction restrict its clinical application. We propose a novel deep unsupervised learning model to generate the high-quality 4D CBCT from the poor-quality 4D CBCT. Approach. The proposed model uses a contrastive loss function to preserve the anatomical structure in the corrected image. To preserve the relationship between the input and output image, we use a multilayer, patch-based method rather than operate on entire images. Furthermore, we draw negatives from within the input 4D CBCT rather than from the rest of the dataset. Main results. The results showed that the streak and motion artifacts were significantly suppressed. The spatial resolution of the pulmonary vessels and microstructure were also improved. To demonstrate the results in the different directions, we make the animation to show the different views of the predicted correction image in the supplementary animation. Significance. The proposed method can be integrated into any 4D CBCT reconstruction method and maybe a practical way to enhance the image quality of the 4D CBCT.