bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Light Intensity on the Soluble Carbohydrate Level and Macronutrient Composition of Ilex opaca Ait.1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. , Dunham Charles W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soluble leaf carbohydrates, macronutrient elements and growth responses to 3 levels of light were studied on field grown plants of Ilex opaca Ait. cv. Miss Helen. Soluble D-fructose, α-D-glucose, B-D-glucose and sucrose reached a maximum concentration expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of leaf tissue during the winter sampling periods, followed by a decline as bud-expansion approached. The maximum concentration of soluble D-galactose was found in newly matured leaf tissue. Soluble D-fructose, α-D-glucose, B-D-glucose and sucrose levels were not effected by the shade environments. The level of D-galactose increased under the shaded environment as compared to full sun plants.
P and K levels in the leaf tissue were at high concentrations in newly matured leaf tissues, while Ca and Mg were at low levels. Both K and Mg levels were observed to be higher in leaf tissue from plants grown under the 92% shade conditions compared to full sun plants.
Stem diameter was significantly reduced under the 92% shade conditions, while leaf size of plants grown under both 50% and 92% shade was significantly increased. Flower production was significantly reduced in plants grown under the 92% shade conditions.
Phosphorus Utilization From Internal and External Sources In the Growth of Woody Ornamental Plants1
Authors: Meyer Martin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of P applications on the growth of Berberis x mentorensis L. M. Ames, Juniperus chinensis ‘Keteleeri’ Cornman, and Taxus x media ‘Hicksii’ Rehd., was studied for 2 growing seasons. During one summer P was applied at varying rates to plants grown in containers and the growth and P content of various plant parts were determined. The following spring the roots of these dormant plants were washed free of the growing medium and the plants were grown in solution culture at varying levels of P labeled with P32. The spring growth, the P content of all plant parts, and the % P coming from the solution into all plant parts during the spring were determined. Phosphorus applied during the summer caused little growth response except with young Taxus plants receiving a high P level. There were several significant growth responses during the spring due to P applications the previous season. A high P concentration during the spring increased the growth of some plants, but Taxus plants with a high internal P status showed little response. The P coming into the new spring growth from solution varied from 0 to 86% depending on the plant species used and the concentration around the roots. In Berberis the majority of the rest of the P moving into new growth originated from reserve P in the roots. In Juniperus the majority of the internally redistributed P came from the foliage and in Taxus both the foliage and roots were important sources of reserve P.
Associations Between Physical Soil Properties and Soluble Solids in Cantaloupes1
Authors: Davis R. M. , Schweers V. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of soluble solids (SSC) in fruits of Cucumis melo L., cv. PMR 45, were positively correlated with 2 physical measures of soil samples from producing fields: a) the degree of cracking which occurred during dehydration, and b) the rapidity with which water or a CaSC>4 solution percolated the soils. Very low SSC was associated with sandy, non-cracking soils, which in addition permitted only low rates of percolation. Low SSC also was found to be associated with soils having subsurface hardpans or dense subsoil strata, and also with the distance to lower bounds of plant containers and experimentally placed barriers which obstructed downward root growth. SSC, under adverse conditions, varied further as a function of fruit numbers per plant.
Inheritance and Physiology of Response to Low Boron in Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Tehrani G. , Munger H. M. , Robinson R. W. , Shannon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variation in foliar symptoms of B deficiency in the seedling stage of red beet was observed among inbred lines and commercial cultivars grown in sand culture in growth chambers. F1, F2 and backcross populations between the most susceptible and tolerant lines, tested at .001 ppm B, indicated that susceptibility was conditioned primarily by a single dominant gene. No linkage was established between this gene and the gene controlling red leaf color.
The most susceptible line was inherently more vigorous than the most tolerant line but this relationship was not evident among the other inbreds and cultivars tested.
Boron deficiency sumptoms on leaves of both tolerant and susceptible lines were significantly accentuated by reducing the Ca(NO3)2 content of the nutrient solution from 8 to 7 mEq/litre without altering B content. At both Ca levels the B content was greater in the tolerant than in the susceptible line. When supplied with adequate Ca but low B the susceptible line contained higher Ca, Na and P and lower Mg than the tolerant line.
Hormone-Directed Transport of 32P in Malus sylvestris Seedlings1
Authors: Hatch A. H. , Powell L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the effect that plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins might have on the mobilization of 32P in apple seedlings grown in the greenhouse. Prior to the hormone treatments the seedlings were defoliated and the apex removed to avoid competition. Experiments with 32P indicated that auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins could direct the transport of 32P especially when used in various mixtures. It was found that 32P could be mobilized acropetally, basipetally, and into and out of leaves depending on the area treated with the hormones. Their effect in mobilizing 32P was less evident in seedlings that had ceased growth, with subsequent terminal bud formation, than in growing seedlings. It was also found that 32P was mobilized through the phloem and required the synthesis of protein.
Sequential Development of the ‘York Imperial’ Apple As Related to Tissue Variances Leading to Corking Disorders1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Hewetson Frank N. , Chu Mel Chih-Yu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical changes in ‘York Imperial’ apples were studied sequentially throughout the growing season to discover tissue variances occurring within the fruit at different stages of development. Several abnormalities have occurred during fruit enlargement, some of which may develop into corking disorders, including bitter pit and cork spot. Cellular abnormalities appeared contiguous to large lacunae, senescing vascular bundles or in tissues where cell proliferation was apparent.
Abnormalities adjacent to necrotic vascular bundles in the outer cortical region were apparent early in. the life of the fruit, by 14 days after full bloom. Changes in cellular structure continued 65 days after full bloom from the outer cortex to the epidermis, and extended to the bundles underlying this area. Cell division had ceased, and the cell walls were thick with a distinct demarkation line between the affected and unaffected tissues. Tissues of the basin region were susceptible to the development of corking disorders, while senescent vascular bundles and meristematic tissues were evident within the core line.
Necrosis of vascular bundles extended along the core line in the fruit apex 95 days after full bloom, and tissue proliferation occurred by 115 days. Fruit development 126 days after full bloom revealed large lacunae in the outer cortex and extreme cell proliferation resembling callus tissue in the cavity at the point of fruit-pedicel attachment.
Origin of corking disorders, visible on fruit nearing maturation (112 days after full bloom), could be traced from tissue anomalies in the outer cortex. The spots appeared irregular in outline, yellowish-green in color; while a glossy, scalded appearance surrounded this area. Meristematic activity of the parenchyma cells along the core line was apparent 126 days after full bloom.
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of the Shoot Apex in Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Scania1
Authors: Emino E. R. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intact shoot apex development of the carnation was studied with a scanning electron microscope using fresh tissue. Reproductive meristems were more resistant to desiccation from the hard vacuum and electron beam than vegetative meristems. Vegetative meristems, however, can be studied if the work is done quickly.
Structural changes which occurred in the developing carnation shoot showed that leaf primordia are initiated in a circular whorl. Floral initiation was easily determined by the appearance of a flattened apex and a pentagonal whorl of sepal primordia. Subsequent centripetal initiation of flower parts was easily recognized and identified.
The Effect of Relative Humidity on Growth, Yield, and Water Consumption of Bean Plants1
Authors: O’Leary James W. , Knecht George N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown continuously under 35-40%, 70-75%, or 95-100% relative humidity in growth chambers. There were no significant differences in fresh or dry weight of plants after 20 or 26 days’ growth in the chambers. Water consumption was significantly lowered by the highest humidity, and the dry weight produced per unit of water consumed was significantly greater in those plants grown at 95-100% relative humidity. After 47 days at the stated humidity levels, no significant differences were found in fresh or dry weight of the fruits. The only significant difference in seed dry weight was between the lowest and the medium humidity. The yield in the low humidity was 60% of that in the medium humidity. Thus, there are no significant reductions in either growth or yield of bean plants by continuous growth at near saturation relative humidity.
Biochemical Differences Between Embryonic Axes from Green and Sun-bleached Lima Bean Seeds: Synthesis of Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids1
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Green and sun-bleached seeds of cultivars ‘G 2’ and ‘Green Fordhook 861’ lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) were analyzed for total chlorophyll in whole seeds, and for soluble protein and rates of synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in excised embryonic axes. Bleached seeds were lower in total chlorophyll than green seeds. Embryonic axes from bleached seeds synthesized less carbohydrates and proteins, but more lipids than embryonic axes from green seeds. When held in water for 3 hours, embryonic axes from ‘G 2’ lima beans had about 65% more soluble protein, and respired 20% faster than embryonic axes from ‘Green Fordhook 861’. Whole ‘G 2’ lima bean seeds also emerged faster than ‘Green Fordhook 861’ seeds. In each cultivar, green seeds had a higher percent emergence than bleached seeds.
Expression of Determinate Habit in Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)1
Authors: Denna D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of determinate habit in cucumbers was reinvestigated using 3 different sources of the determinate character. The determinate genes in the 3 lines were allelic. The penetrance of a determinate gene when present in a single dose in the heterozygotes was dependent upon its relative dominance, the presence of modifiers, and the presence or absence of early fruit set.
Growth of Crabapple Seedlings in Controlled Environments: Effect of CO2 Level, and Time and Duration of CO2 Treatment1
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Zimmerman Richard H. , Klueter Herschel H. , Bailey William A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth of cutleaf crabapple [Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes] seedlings was greatly accelerated by direct seeding under CO2-enriched atmospheres (400 or 2000 ppm) in controlled-environment chambers. CO2 treatment of 2000 ppm for 4 weeks from the time of seeding in the growth chamber produced the most striking results in terms of increase in node number and stem length. By the end of 4 weeks of treatment, stem lengths of seedlings treated for 4 weeks in the growth chamber with 2000 ppm CO2 were 3 times greater than those of plants grown at ambient CO2 (ca 350 ppm) in the greenhouse for 4 weeks, and 1.5 times greater than those treated in the growth chamber with 400 ppm CO2 for 4 weeks. The effect of CO2 enrichment on stem length was greater than that on node number. The stimulatory effects of CO2 enrichment persisted for 2-3 months after the plants were moved to the greenhouse at ambient CO2.
Effect of Light, Temperature, and Their Interactions on Germination of Seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)1
Authors: Toole Vivian K. , Borthwick H. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The germination of Kentucky bluegrass, (Poa pratensis L.), seeds is profoundly influenced by two light reactions. One, the phytochrome reaction (P), is promotive, and the other, the so-called “high-energy reaction (HER)”, is inhibitory to germination. The level of germination displayed in 14 days as the resultant of these two opposing reactions is appreciably influenced by temperature.
In darkness, the seeds germinate well at certain temperature alternations but not at constant temperatures. At 15-25°C, the promotive effects of temperature alternation are accomplished in the first 5 to 6 cycles. The promotive effects of alternations are displayed in darkness when the daily period at 25° is between 4 and 14 hours.
Brief daily high-intensity fluorescent illuminances (approximately 4,000 ft-c) during otherwise continuous darkness at constant 20°C induce high germination in most lots. Continuous medium-to-high intensity illumination (approximately 1,200 ft-c) very weakly promotes germination and in potentially promoted seeds inhibits germination to about the level of the dark controls.
Inhibitory effects of continuous light on potentially promoted seeds are best displayed at 20°C constant although, in ‘Newport’ they are observable at 15-25°. The inhibition of ‘Newport’ at 15-25° is to a level below that of the dark controls but above that caused by prolonged illumination at 20°.
Thus conditions most promotive to germination are 15-25°C alternations and brief daily illuminances of high intensity. Simultaneous application of these 2 conditions causes higher germination than when either is applied alone and in one lot of ‘Newport’ the effects are strikingly additive.
Factors Influencing Chemical Characteristics of Peaches1
Authors: Cummings George A. , Reeves John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We determined the influence of fertilizer and cultural treatments upon peach flesh resistance to browning, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble ninhydrin-positive nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogen, P, K, and lime and severe pruning increased the resistance of macerated fresh fruit to browning. Soil profile modification and Mg application lowered browning resistance. Application of N or lime increased soluble solids in the fruit, but deep tillage decreased them. Soluble solids were higher when pruning was either less or more severe than that normally practiced. Titratable acidity was positively related to the application of P and K, but was decreased by N application. Application of K or lime increased pH whereas changing the N supply yielded inconclusive results. The soluble amino acids of the fruit were positively related to N supply and were reduced by K application. Interrelations of treatment effects upon the various components are discussed.
Effects of Water Quality on Canned Carrots, Sweet Cherries, and Apricots1
Authors: Chiang J. C. , Singh B. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chelating agents, monocalcium disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) and sodium hexametaphosphate (Na-HMP), at 800 ppm, were used for canning ‘Honey Sweet’ carrots, ‘Van’ sweet cherries, and ‘Large Early Montgament’ apricots with water containing 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm of Ca and 20 ppm of magnesium. The control cans did not contain EDTA or Na-HMP.
The canned carrots, cherries, and apricots were stored at 70° or 100°F. Evaluations were made at 60-day intervals for 6 months. All 3 commodities had better organoleptic4 acceptibility when they were canned with CaNa2 EDTA or Na-HMP than the controls.
Carrots canned with CaNa2EDTA were firmer and retained better color than those canned with Na-HMP or the controls. The rate of loss of firmness and color increased with time of storage. Retention of firmness, volatile reducing substances, pH, and taste quality was improved in sweet cherries and apricots canned with CaNa2EDTA or Na-HMP.
Effect of Low Concentrations of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Foliage, Growth and Yield of Radish1
Authors: Tingey David T. , Heck Walter W. , Reinert Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The radish cv. Cherry Belle was exposed to 5 pphm ozone and/or 5 pphm sulfur dioxide for 40 hr per week for 5 weeks and compared with controls grown in charcoal filtered air. Ozone and/or sulfur dioxide significantly reduced the plant fresh wt, leaf fresh wt, root fresh and dry wt and root length and width. The effects of the combinations of the 2 gases were additive except for plant fresh wt, root length and root fresh and dry weights where the effects were significantly less than additive. Low concns of ozone and sulfur dioxide can be significant factors in the growth and yield of radishes.
The Effect of Paraquat, Dinoseb and 2,4-D on Filbert (Corylus avellana L.) Suckers1,2
Authors: Reich J. E. , Lagerstedt H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of paraquat, dinoseb, and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) each provided satisfactory control of filbert suckers. Paraquat and 2,4-D controlled vegetative regrowth to a greater extent than dinoseb. Use of oil with dinoseb increased its phytotoxicity towards filbert suckers.
Suckers should be treated when less than 1 foot in height and thoroughly wetted with spray. The herbicide 2,4-D controlled large suckers better than either paraquat or dinoseb. There was no evidence of injury to the mature trees following the use of these materials.
The Relationship of Protein Content and Size of Bean Seed with Growth and Yield
Authors: Ries S. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phenotypic differences in seed size and protein content were expressed in one cultivar of snap beans by growing them at 2 Michigan locations under 3 N regimes (1969). Each trait was increased by supplemental N applications. Greenhouse studies with ungraded seed of these different phenotypes showed that both seedling size and protein per seedling were positively correlated with seed size and the quantity of protein per seed. When seedlings were grown from small (175 mg) seed and large (275 mg) seed of different protein content there was a correlation between protein content per seed and the size of plants for each size of seed.
Field studies in Central and Northern Michigan (1970) supported the greenhouse findings. Seedling size, yield and number of fruit were more highly correlated with protein per seed than with seed size. When the factor of seed size was eliminated by correlating the percent protein with growth or yield, there were significant correlations for all but one of the field parameters.
Most importantly there was also, with one exception, a significant increase in seedling size, yield and number of fruit from high protein seeds, obtained by supplemental N applications the previous year. These studies provide both correlative, and cause and effect evidence that within a genotype, seedling vigor and yield are related to the protein content or some factor related to protein in snap bean seed.
Effects of Time of Application of N and K and of N Rate on Performance of Nucellar ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees on Two Stocks1
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield of fruit, fruit quality, and mineral composition of the leaves of ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] were essentially unchanged by widely different schedules of applying N and K. Single annual applications of NH4NO3 were made in fall, spring, or summer. Applications of KCl were made twice yearly, annually in fall or spring, or biennially in alternate springs. Two rates of N maintained average leaf levels of about 2.6 and 2.7%. A yield increase accompanied the higher level of N. Similar responses occurred on ‘Rough’ lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) rootstocks.
Changes in Chlorophylls and Carotene Contents of Green and Bleached Lima Bean Seeds During Development and Maturation1
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Green seeds from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cvs. G 2 and Green Fordhook 861, contain chlorophylls a and b in a ratio of about 2:1. Chlorophyll content per seed increases during development, reaches a max about 5 weeks after pod formation, then declines sharply during maturation. Bleached seeds have less chlorophyll, especially chlorophyll a, and carotene than non-bleached seeds.
In developing and mature lima bean seeds max chlorophyllase activity appears during the stage which corresponds with max chlorophyll content rather than the stage of most rapid loss of chlorophyll. The enzyme is particulate, located in the chloroplast membranes, and has an optimum pH of 8.5 ± 0.2.
The low carotene content of seeds of green-seeded commercial cultivars might contribute to their sensitivity to light. Several cultivars that were obtained from other countries. (Plant Introductions) contain 10 to 20 times as much carotene as the commercial cultivars tested. These “Introductions” provide genetic material for increasing the carotene content of lima bean seeds. High carotenes would improve nutritional value of beans and might reduce or prevent bleaching.
Translocation of Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide in Apple and Peach Trees Following Foliar Application1
Authors: Schonherr J. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Translocation of SADH was studied in young apple (Malus domestica Bork.) and peach (Prunus persica L.) trees using inhibition of shoot extension and distribution of 14C from foliar-applied 14C-SADH as indices of translocation. Two shoots were allowed to develop on each tree approximately 15 cm apart and orientated; in opposite directions. SADH (5000 ppm) inhibited elongation of the treated shoot but had not significant effect on elongation of the nontreated shoot. This response was independent of whether the upper or lower shoot was treated. In peaches, growth (dry wt) of the non treated shoot was greater than comparable shoots on control trees. These data suggest that SADH was not translocated into neighboring shoots. The absence of translocation of 14C from labeled SADH from treated to nontreated shoots was confirmed by radioautography.