bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status of socio-demographic and behavioral profile of younger and older HIV high risk groups in Chhattisgarh
Authors: Sinha Ashish K. , Samantaray Aurobindo , Panda Prem S. , Shinkar Swapnil V. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The prevention of new infections in high-risk groups is a major thrust in National AIDS Control Program. There is enough evidence that many epidemiological and behavioral determinants which make High Risk Group vulnerable to HIV transmission. The most effective means of controlling the spread of HIV is through the implementation of Targeted Interventions (TIs) efforts by which services are catered to them. Furthermore, stigma and marginalization are often linked to this population, which may lead to difficulties while accessing social and health services (SHS) due to behavioral, cultural and language barriers or lack of knowledge of the system. So, finding the sociodemographic & behavioral profile can give a breakthrough in improving the quality of life of HIV high risk groups.

Material and Methods:
A cross sectional study was conducted during September to December 2019 in two districts (i.e., Raipur & Durg) among HRGs of Chhattisgarh. Training cum sensitization of survey team e.g., peer educators, outreach workers, counselors, project managers prior to the survey was done for data collection.

Results:
A Total of 3963 HRGs were registered with TI NGOs, 3418 (86.2%) were screened. The mean age of study participants was 27.69 ± 6.1. Compliance of participation was 86.2%. HRGs were observed to have malnutrition (BMI <18.5 &> 25.0). 7 cases of Pulmonary TB were found among IDUs. Prevalence of diabetes and Hypertension was 1.2% and 1.1% respectively. Substance abuse (i.e., for Alcohol and Tobacco) was significantly higher among IDUs and FSWs.

Conclusion:
This study reinforces the fact that for accessing High Risk Groups and retrieval of relevant information can best be obtained by their care givers i.e., TI NGOs personnel. Also understanding the sociodemographic and behavioral profiles are central to designing targeted HIV prevention interventions for them.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy in relation to gravida
Authors: Dash Prakruti , Tiwari Rajlaxmi , Nayak Saurav , Jena Saubhagya K. , Mangaraj Manaswini 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypothyroidism are the most common endocrinological abnormalities associated with pregnancy. The association of gravida with incidence of autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and GDM in pregnancy has not been studied extensively with availability of very limited data in this context. So, this study was done to find out the association between GDM and autoimmune SCH in pregnancy as per gravida status of the study population.

Materials and Methods:
382 antenatal cases, both primi and multigravida, were screened for thyroid dysfunction and GDM in their first ANC coming to a tertiary level health care institution. 75 gm GCT was used for diagnosis of GDM and serum TSH, fT4, and anti-TPO antibody were measured for assessment of thyroid dysfunction. Prevalence of SCH was evaluated taking the ATA 2011 guidelines. Data obtained was also compared with ATA 2017 recommendations. Anti-TPO antibody level more than 60 U/L was considered to be raised value.

Observation:
The percentage of GDM was higher in autoimmune SCH participants compared to euthyroid cases with raised anti-TPO Ab Titer. GDM, SCH, and raised anti-TPO Ab titer were overall more prevalent in multigravida cases compared to primigravida participants.

Conclusion:
GDM and SCH with high anti-TPO Ab titer were more prevalent in multigravida participants compared to primigravida cases though not statistically significant. As occurrence of SCH varies with nutritional and geographical factors, hence internal trimester specific range should be calculated and used in practice as recommended by ATA 2017 guidelines.
Correlates of depression among school going adolescents in the urban area of Patna in eastern India
Authors: Bharati Dharmvir R. , Kumari Seema , Prasad Nidhi , Choudhary Sanjay K. , Kumar Sanjay , Pal Ranabir 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Depression is a hidden pandemic among adolescents with multi-factorial causal risk and risk correlates.

Objectives:
To find the prevalence of depression and risk factors among school-going adolescents.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 838 adolescents enrolled in 6th–11th standards (age: 11–19 years) in 15 urban schools in Patna city by using the modified Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); binary logistic regression was applied to find significant risk correlates.

Results:
Depression was noted among 51.2% adolescents of our study participants: mild 32.3%, moderate 14.3%, moderately severe 3.9%, severe depression 0.6%; among early adolescents (46.2%; boys-21.2%, girls-78.8%) and among late adolescents (55.3%, boys-34.7%, girls-65.3%). Adolescent depression was significantly associated in our study with female gender, late adolescence, higher classes (9th–11th), vegetarian diet, soft drink consumption, fast foods, screen time, domestic harassment, academic dissatisfaction, parental discord as well as mental illness. Girls had higher risk who were in higher classes, on a vegetarian diet, habitually on soft drink, more screen time (>3 h), face more family nuisance, parents brawling frequently, and suffering from known mental diseases.

Conclusion:
Depression was noted in more than half of the adolescents, with a higher prevalence in girls, scholastic failure, higher grades, vegetarian diet, more screen time, familial disease, and conflict.
Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and immunity among hemodialysis patients in the Mazandaran province, Northern Iran
Authors: Darrudi Amin , Nava Melody Omrani , Ebrahimi Ata , Ghaffari Kosar , Moghaddam Kasra Ahmadi , Roozbeh Fatemeh 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Hemodialysis (HD) is one of the most common causes of blood-borne infections. In order to prevent viral hepatitis and confront with the virus on the next step, health providers specify infected patients by screening and vaccination. This study is designed to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in HD patients in Mazandaran, Iran.

Methods:
The medical records of 216 patients referred to the hemodialysis centers were evaluated in this cross-sectional study between 2019 and 2020. The collected data was analyzed using t-test and Chi-square.

Results:
Among 216 patients, 106 cases were female (49.07%) and 110 subjects were male (50.9%). The mean age was 40.1 y/o in females and 50.9 y/o in the male patients. The study recorded nine HBs-Ag positive (prevalence: 0.06%) and 15 HCV-Ab positive (prevalence: 6.94%) patients. Also, the most common co-morbidities were diabetes and hypertension. It was observed that 13 patients from 34 patients with negative HBs-Ag (who had 10–100 U HBs-Ab in the first stage) experienced sudden drop in the antibody titration to less than 10 U (P < 0.05). From 50 HBs-Ag negative patients with HBs-Ab more than 100 U in the first stage, antibody titration of five patients was decreased to less than 10 U in the second stage (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of HCV and HBV was low in HD patients in Mazandaran province. However, due to the large number of patients with non-protective HBs-Ab levels, there is a risk of an increased prevalence of the disease.
Platelet parameters as a diagnostic marker in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis- Seeking newer answers for older problems
Authors: Panda Santosh Kumar , Nayak Manas Kumar , Thangaraj Jenith , Das Palash , Pugalia Rishabh 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Early identification and intervention of neonatal sepsis can improve the clinical outcome. Blood cultures remain the gold standard for diagnosis but are not easily available and require time. There is a need to identify and validate newer easily available cost-effective investigations, which would help in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Aim:
To test the hypothesis that whether platelet parameters, i.e., total platelet count (TPC), mean platelet volume (MPV), and the ratio of MPV/TPC can serve as diagnostic markers in neonatal sepsis.

Methods:
It is was a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The platelet parameters, i.e., TPC, MPV, and MPV/TPC of blood culture-positive septic neonates were compared with those of non-septic neonates admitted to the NICU. The diagnostic accuracy of the platelet indices was assessed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).

Result:
During the study period, 43 blood culture-positive sepsis neonates were compared with 54 cases of non-septic neonates. There was a significant difference in the mean of TPC, MPV, and MPV/TPC ratio between septic groups and non-septic groups. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV values of MPV (cut-off >9 fL) were 63.40%, 53.8%, 52.0%, and 65.11% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of MPV/TPC ratio (>7.2) were 48.8%, 96.22%, 90.9%, and 70.42% respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values for TPC, MPV, and MPV/TPC in the ROC analysis were 0.797, 0.641, and 0.809, respectively.

Conclusion:
Platelet indices MPV and MPV/TPC ratio can be useful in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
Effectiveness of introduction of JEV vaccination into routine immunization program in a tribal district of Odisha
Authors: Kshatri Jaya S. , Pattnaik Matrujyoti , Badaik Goldi , Choudhary Hari R. , Mansingh Asit , Pati Sanghamitra , Bhattacharya Debdutta 
Published: May 2022

Background:
A severe outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case fatality among tribal children was reported from Malkangiri district of Odisha, during September to November 2016 affecting 336 children with 103 deaths. Following the outbreak, a mass vaccination campaign was introduced in Malkangiri district in2017. In 2018, the JE vaccine was introduced into the routine immunization program as per National Immunization Schedule. Our study surveys the JE vaccination coverage among children of Malkangiri and the incidence of JE cases for a period of three years.

Methodology:
The current study was conducted by establishing prospective and retrospective AES surveillance system and household vaccine coverage surveys in Malkangiri district. In the target population, the vaccination coverage survey was undertaken and also additional immunization coverage data from sub-centers was collected.

Results:
After 2016 JE outbreak, a mass vaccination campaign was carried out in children up to 15 years of age, where 96% of children were covered in the district in 2017 and only four AES cases were detected. Under routine immunization program, the vaccine coverage for the year 2018 was 68% for JE-1 dose and 37% for JE-2 dose. There were 8 AES cases detected in 2018 out of which four children died. Vaccination coverage for 2019 was 97% for JE-1 dose and 84% for JE-2 dose. The AES cases detected in 2019 was nil.

Conclusion:
Vaccination against JEV and AES surveillance systems has an important role in prevention and control of AES outbreaks.
Monomelic amyotrophy with clinico-radiological and electrophysiological evaluation
Authors: Samanta Maheswar , Mishra Manasi , Mallick Ashok Kumar , Swain Kali Prasanna , Mishra Subhankar 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA) is a benign, rare, sporadic disorder of adolescent and young adults with male predominance, where neurogenic amyotrophy is restricted to an upper or lower limb. It is a variant of lower motor neuron disorder with insidious onset and slow progression for 2-4 years. Paucity of cohort studies as well as relative unawareness among physicians in eastern India stimulated us to do this work.

Material and Methods:
Prospective observational study involving 140 cases of MMA from 2012 to 2016, conducted at S.C.B.Medical College, cuttack, Odisha to evaluate clinical profile, electrophysiology and radiological features. All the data were analysed & subjected to statistical analysis through SPSS software version 24.

Results:
Mean age at onset and presentation were 19.6yrs and 21.7yrs respectively and the average duration 3.2yrs. Upper limb involvement was more common (91.4%) with distal affection (83%) more than proximal (7%). Isolated Leg amyotrophy found in 12 cases (~9%) and 10 cases were having thigh weakness & atrophy. B/L Upper Limb distal involvement was present in 18.5% cases asymmetrically. Family history found in~2.8%. Autonomic symptoms were present in affected and bilateral homologous Limb in 21%, 5.8%(~6%) patients. Changes in electromyography (EMG) were present in affected limb (100%) and clinically unaffected limb (15%).

Conclusion:
MMA is a benign disease of young males with weakness and atrophy confined to unilateral limb or asymmetrical homologous limb and areflexia without sensory loss. It progresses variably for 2-3 years followed by stabilization without progression to Motor neuron disease.
Comparison of the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy after primary PCI in patients receiving high-dose rosuvastatin and atorvastatin
Authors: Golshani Samad , Tavasoli Parastoo , Farsavian Ali Asghar , Farsavian Hossein , Charati Jamshid Yazdani 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased disability and death. Randomized clinical trial studies have shown that short-term treatment with statins prior to cardiac intervention was capable of reducing the incidence of CIN. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the incidence of CIN after primary PCI in patients receiving high-dose rosuvastatin and atorvastatin.

Methods:
This clinical trial was performed in Mazandaran Heart Center Hospital on patients referred to the emergency department who underwent primary PCI with a diagnosis of STEMI. Patients received 1 cc/kg/h normal saline from PCI for up to 12 hours. Patients with EF less than or equal to 35% received intravenous normal saline at half the usual dose. SPSS software version 24 was used for data analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results:
206 patients were included in the study that the most underlying diseases of patients (79, 38.3%) were hypertension, followed by anemia (76, 36.9%) and diabetes mellitus (52, 25.2%). Among these, in the first criterion, 10 (8.1%) and 4 patients (4.8%) were in the atorvastatin and rosuvastatin groups, respectively, which did not have a statistically significant difference (P = 0.264). Examination of GFR subgroups also showed that GFR above 30 had significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion:
The use of different statins has had similar results in the prevention of CIN in patients undergoing primary PCI. Rosuvastatin has no special advantage over atorvastatin, showing that the use of any of these drugs can be useful in patients requiring angiography.
Clinical characteristics of 200 COVID-19 patients in Mashhad, Iran, February and March 2020
Authors: AkbariRad Mina , Allahyari Abolghasem , Ravanshad Sahar , Mahali Shima Nabavi , Ebrahimzadeh Farnoosh , Mozdourian Mahnaz , Javidarabshahi Zahra , Seddigh-Shamsi Mohsen , Emadzade Maryam , Ghalibaf AmirAli Moodi 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pulmonary involvement which was reported for the first time in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The aim of the study was to describe the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of 204 definitive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran.

Patients and Methods:
This study was performed on 204 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. A set of laboratory tests combined with various patient information and results from lung high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were gathered in a checklist and analyzed to give us a better view of patients who are hospitalized due to the complications caused by this disease.

Results:
The average age of our patients was 58.83 ± 15.93 years. There were 122 (59.8%) male and 82 (40.2%) female patients, and almost all of our patients had at least one underlying disease. Nine (4.4%) of our patients reported having gone for a trip to COVID-19-epidemic areas in the last 2 weeks. The most common signs shared among all our patients were cough, fever, and decreased O2 saturation; the average respiratory rate was 25.50 ± 6.74/min, average axillary body temperature was 37.69°C ± 0.69°C, and average O2 saturation was 88.34% ± 7.34%.

Conclusion:
Based on our results, the most common signs of this disease are fever, cough, and shortness of breath, similar to seasonal influenza. Our data on disease severity showed that 33 (16.2%) patients had moderate disease, 139 (68.1%) had severe disease, and 28 (13.7%) were critical; 22 (10.8%) of our hospitalized patients died due to the complications of this disease.
Post-traumatic stress disorder among COVID-19 survivors in Manipur
Authors: Rajkumari Bishwalata , Akham Ngamba , Konjengbam Ojit Khaba , Pangambam Amrita Devi , Ningthoujam Suchitra Devi 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition which can develop among those experiencing psychological trauma and can cause substantial distress and disruption in one’s life during a pandemic. This study aims to assess the prevalence of PTSD among the COVID-19 survivors in Manipur and its predictors.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among the COVID-19 survivors aged 18 years and above from July to September 2020 in Manipur using a validated instrument—the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) for screening PTSD which was administered through phone-based Google Form questionnaire. Descriptive statistics like mean and percentages were used and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for predicting PTSD, taking P < 0.2 and P < 0.05, respectively

Results:
Out of the 228 participants screened, 67.5% were identified for PTSD symptoms. Increasing age of the participants (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.1; 95% CI: 1.19–1.13), being employed in the private sector (AOR: 14.55; 95% CI: 1.50–13.73), urban residence (AOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.01–4.25), and those referred by a doctor for testing Coronavirus Disease (COVID 19) (AOR: 7.90; 95% CI: 2.82–22.1) were found significantly more likely to have the PTSD symptoms

Conclusion:
Nearly three-fourths of the COVID-19 survivors were found to have PTSD symptoms. The active involvement of mental health professionals for psychosocial support and timely counseling along with support from the family and community is needed to avert the deleterious effect of the pandemic on mental health.
A cost analysis and availability scenario of drugs and oral care products prescribed for common oral conditions with reference to the current Indian market prices, Jan Aushadhi, and the state medical commissions
Authors: Gauthaman Jeevitha 
Published: May 2022

Context:
The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions across various countries varies from 4.9% to 64.7%. The cost barrier is an important factor that prevents people in low-middle income countries from seeking professional help for dental problems

Aims:
The present study aims to analyze the costs of medicines and oral care products prescribed for common oral lesions and to find the most expensive and the most economic brands.

Methods and Material:
The list of medicines and oral care products prescribed for the management of four oral conditions namely, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral candidiasis, oral herpes, and gingivitis were taken and their median retail prices, cost variation percentages were calculated from the current Indian market brands. The median retail prices were compared with their corresponding Jan Aushadhi prices. Also, the availability of the drugs and oral care products were evaluated across the state drug procurement lists of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and Bihar

Results:
Wide cost variations were seen in most of the drugs and oral care products. The Jan Aushadhi prices of included drugs were very economical compared to the median market prices. However, the availability of the drugs was less in the Jan Aushadhi list and also in the state medical commission lists

Conclusions:
The availability of such commonly used drugs in oral conditions has to be ensured in state and central departments by the policy makers. Price regulations of drugs routinely prescribed by dentists will help reduce the overall treatment costs for dental care.
Evaluation of requirement of taking panoramic radiographs in children less than 6 years of age - A retrospective study
Authors: Gandhi Janvi M. , Govindaraju Lavanya 
Published: May 2022

Aim:
To evaluate the prevalence of prescribing panoramic radiographs in children less than 6 years of age.

Materials and Methods:
The retrospective study was conducted in a dental institution in Chennai between December 2019 and January 2021. Details of all the children less than 6 years subjected to panoramic radiographs were collected. The reason for taking panoramic radiographs was also recorded. Chi-square tests were done to statistically analyze the data, and the significance level was set at 0.05

Results:
Out of 2,847 children less than 6 years of age visiting the dental institution, 1.08% (31 children) were advised to take an orthopantomagram (OPG) during the study period. Early childhood caries (75% in males and 66.7% in females) was found to be the most common reason for taking panoramic radiographs followed by developmental disturbances (12.5% in males and 13.3% in females). Chi-square test showed statistical significance between males and females (P- value = 0.003 and 0.002) for the reasons for taking panoramic radiographs in children

Conclusion:
Usage of radiographic techniques, especially panoramic radiographs should be limited for children under 6 years of age unless absolutely necessary.
Ensconcing a biostatistics clinic in tertiary care research institute of India
Authors: Kamal Kishore , Sharma Meenakshi , Rahul Mahajan , Rakesh Kapoor , Koushal Vipin 
Published: May 2022

Context:
Data collection and statistical analysis are integral components of research. The beauty of statistics lies in its ability to evaluate evidence in the face of uncertainty. However, lack of dedicated biostatistical consultation units, rote academic teaching and training lead to poor statistical analysis. Thus, we aim to explore and understand the challenges of establishing a Biostatistics Clinic (BC) in a tertiary care research institute. A secondary aim is to identify the stage of research at which participants approach biostatisticians.

Material and Methods:
The data for the current study came from a consultancy unit named as “Biostatistics Clinic” in the department of biostatistics from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. The residents and students who approached the department of biostatistics for consultancy regarding study design, sample size, statistical analysis and other analytical work were the sampling units

Results:
A total of 208 residents and students made 404 visits to biostatistics clinic. The male and female visits were 118 (56.7%) and 90 (43.5%), respectively. Majority of visitors approached for data analysis (171; 75%) followed by study design and sample size calculation for protocol preparation (43; 18.9%). Leading reference to approach the biostatistics clinic was through a faculty (91; 43.8%) followed by self (54; 26%)

Conclusion:
Despite the thrust and apparent advantages of contacting statistician at the beginning of the study, majority approached only at the data analysis stage. Therefore, repeated and improved efforts are required to spread the message of approaching statistician early.