bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-1 Are There Attitudinal Age Differences for Mexican Swine Caretakers Toward Euthanasia?
Authors: Yarian Jacob , Stalder Kenneth J , Arruda Andréia , Ross Jason W , Skaar Brad , Pairis-Garcia Monique , Jass Cassandra , Millman Suzanne , Robles Ivelisse , Johnson Anna K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hispanic and Latino workers represent a growing sector of the swine industry, yet their attitudes euthanasia remain unclear. The objective was to investigate how Mexican TN visa caretaker age affects their euthanasia attitudes. Forty caretakers from a single swine company were enrolled and allocated to 1 of 2 treatments; ≤30 yr (n = 20) and &gt;30 yr (n = 20). All completed a 47-question online survey in Spanish. Demographic questions included age, sex, highest educational degree earned, and euthanasia experience. Non-demographic questions were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). Questions were categorized into 4 groups (a) confidence defined as knowing a pig is unlikely to recover, and can identify what is wrong (b) knowledge defined as having the skills to care for a ill or injured pig before euthanasia, and knowing how to complete euthanasia (c) decision defined as their thought process that results in a timely euthanasia treatment option and, (d) comfort defined as their feelings towards conducting euthanasia and how they cope afterwards. Furthermore, questions were delineated into adult pig and piglet. A total of 25 male (63%) and 15 female (38%) caretakers completed the survey, 99% had higher education, with 55% never euthanizing an animal prior to working with pigs. Median caretaker responses indicated that they were confident (≤30 yr 4.1 pig/4.0 piglet; &gt;30 yr 4.0 pig/piglet), had knowledge (≤30 yr 3.0 pig and piglet; &gt;30 yr 3.0 pig and piglet), could make timely euthanasia decisions (3.33 for both ages and pig types) and were comfortable performing and coping with euthanasia (≤30 3.08 and &gt;30 3.17 pig; ≤30 3.10 and &gt;30 3.20 piglet). In conclusion, for Mexican TN visa holders, age does not affect their attitude towards euthanasia, which was positive. This is encouraging because their actions will support swine welfare.
PSIII-2 Are There Attitudinal Differences Between Male and Female Mexican Swine Caretakers Toward Euthanasia?
Authors: Yarian Jacob , Stalder Kenneth J , Arruda Andréia , Ross Jason W , Skaar Brad , Pairis-Garcia Monique , Jass Cassandra , Millman Suzanne , Robles Ivelisse , Johnson Anna K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hispanic and Latino workers represent a growing sector of the swine industry, yet their attitudes on euthanasia remain unclear. The objective was to investigate how euthanasia attitudes differ between male and female Mexican TN visa caretakers. A total of 32 (16 male and 16 female) caretakers from a single swine company were enrolled. All completed a 31-question online survey in Spanish. Demographic questions included age, sex, highest educational degree earned, and euthanasia experience. Non-demographic questions were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). Questions were categorized into 4 groups (a) confidence defined as knowing a pig is unlikely to recover, and can identify what is wrong (b) knowledge defined as having the skills to care for a ill or injured pig before euthanasia, and knowing how to complete euthanasia (c) decision defined as their thought process that results in a timely euthanasia treatment option and, (d) comfort defined as their feelings towards conducting euthanasia and how they cope afterwards. Furthermore, questions were delineated into adult pig and piglet. Caretaker mean average age was 32 yr (range 24 to 53 yr), and 99% had received a higher education, with 63% never euthanizing an animal prior to working with pigs. Median caretaker responses indicated that they were confident for both pigs and piglets (Male 4.25; Female 4.13), had knowledge (Male 3.34; Female 3.17), could make timely euthanasia decisions (Male 3.33; Female 3.33) and were comfortable performing and coping with euthanasia (Male 3.08 pigs/3.14 piglets; Female 3.17 pigs/3.40 piglets). In conclusion, for Mexican TN visa holders, being male or female does not affect their attitude towards euthanasia, which was positive. This is encouraging because their actions will support swine welfare.
PSIII-5 Effect of Graded Eimeria Vaccine Challenges on Broiler Chicken Performance
Authors: Hernandez Robert A , Klasing Kirk , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Infection with apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria causes damage to gastrointestinal epithelial cells and increases the malabsorption of nutrients in broiler chickens, resulting in depressed performance and economic loss. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of graded Eimeria vaccine challenges on growth performance, oocyst shedding, and plasma carotenoid levels. A total of 140 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks (55.49 ± 2.55 g BW) were housed in environmentally controlled Petersime battery brooders with modified wire floors, containing 5 birds per pen with 7 replicate pens per treatment. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: a negative control and 3 positive treatments that received 15×, 20×, or 25× the recommended vaccination dose. At 10 d of age, positive treatment birds orally received the ADVENT coccidiosis vaccine containing unattenuated strains of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined after 10, 15, and 20 d of age. On d 15 and 20, one random bird per pen was bled for plasma carotenoid analysis and feces from each pen was collected for oocyst quantification. Body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly depressed (P &lt; 0.05) among all positive treatments when compared with the negative control on d 20, but no treatment effect on feed intake was observed. Similarly, birds in positive treatment groups had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma carotenoid levels and greater (P &lt; 0.05) oocysts per gram of feces than the negative control on d 20. No differences were observed in performance, plasma carotenoid levels, and fecal oocysts among treatments on d 15. These results indicate that 15, 20, or 25 doses of the ADVENT vaccine can be used to replicate subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
PSII-13 Effect of Body Weight, Body Temperature, and Blood Glucose on the Survivability of Pull Pigs After Removal
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Stephenson Ethan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 988 nursery pigs were used to determine the effect of body weight, body temperature, and blood glucose on the survivability of pull pigs after removal. At weaning, pigs were transported to a 24,000 head hotel-style nursery and placed in rooms based on sow source. Over a 4-week period post-placement, every other pig removed from the general population for welfare considerations (lameness, sick, or fallback) were tagged, weighed, and their body temperature and blood glucose measured. Mortality was tracked through the end of the nursery or approximately 38 d post-placement. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with room as a random effect. The predictor variables of body weight, body temperature, and blood glucose were categorized into biologically significant categories and LSMeans were determined using a binary model with mortality as the outcome. Pigs with a body weight under 4.5 kg at removal had increased mortality rate (32.4%; P&lt; 0.001) compared with pigs with a body weight between 4.5 and 5.4 kg (20.8%) or greater than 5.4 kg (14.6%) at removal. Pigs with a body temperature below 38.6°C or above 39.7°C at removal had increased mortality rate (33.4 or 26.8%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) compared with pigs with a body temperature between 38.6 and 39.7°C (17.7%) at removal. Pigs with a blood glucose greater than 120 mg/dL at removal had increased mortality rate (43.5%; P &lt; 0.001) compared with pigs with a blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL (23.0%) or between 70 and 120 (17.9%) at removal. In summary, pull pigs with low bodyweight, high or low body temperature, or high blood glucose had decreased survivability. The results of this study indicate that there are metabolic differences between nursery pigs at the time of removal and that these differences may influence survivability.
PSII-15 Effect of Secondary Iron Injection to Suckling Pigs on Growth Performance and Hematocrit Level in Suckling Period
Authors: Albers Sarah , Isensee Paige , Pintens Emily , Lemanski Clara , Jang Young Dal 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of secondary iron injection in suckling pigs on growth performance and hematocrit level in the suckling period. At d 1 of age, a total of 24 suckling pigs from 4 litters were allotted into 3 treatments within litter (8 pigs per treatment) based on body weight and gender as follows: 1) Control: no additional iron injection, 2) Iron100: secondary intramuscular injection of 100 mg iron-dextran, and 3) Iron200: secondary intramuscular injection of 200 mg iron-dextran. The initial 200 mg iron-dextran was injected intramuscularly on d 1 of age with a second injection given to the pigs on 11 d before weaning (d 16 of age). All piglets were weaned at d 27 of age. Body weight and hematocrit level were measured at d 0, 7, and 11 (weaning) post-injection. There was no significant difference in growth performance among the treatments. The Iron100 and Iron200 treatments had greater hematocrit levels than the Control treatment at d 7 and 11 post-injection (P &lt; 0.05) with a greater hematocrit level in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100 treatment at d 11 post-injection (P &lt; 0.05; 34.25, 38.75, and 41.19% for Control, Iron100 and Iron200, respectively). For changes in hematocrit level, the Iron100 and Iron200 treatments had greater increases than the Control treatment in d 0-7 and d 0-11 post-injection (P &lt; 0.05; -1.31, 4.31, and 5.75%) with no difference between the Iron100 and Iron200 treatments. In d 7-11 post-injection, the Iron200 treatment had a greater increase in hematocrit level than the Iron100 treatment with an intermediate value in the Control treatment (P &lt; 0.05; 0.44, -0.06 and 1.38%). In conclusion, the secondary iron injection to suckling piglets did not affect growth performance until weaning whereas the injections increased hematocrit levels resulting in a greater value at weaning in the higher level of second iron injection.
PSII-19 Supplementing Calcium Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (CAHMB) and Vitamin D3 to Sows Increases Piglet Weights
Authors: Mohr Mike , Rathmacher John A , Fuller John C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that supplementing sows with calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) or CaHMB plus Vitamin D3 in late gestation and/or lactation improved piglet weight through weaning. This study was conducted at a commercial farrowing operation to confirm previous results, and 52 sows were studied, 26 in each of 2 groups. Sows were randomized to receive either 3 g/d CaHMB plus 500 IU/d Vitamin D3 (HMB/D) or a calcium carbonate containing control top-dressed to the morning ration from day 104 of gestation through weaning. Group 1 consisted of older sows, 4th and 5th parity, while Group 2 sows were younger, 2nd and 3rd parity. Three sows failed to farrow, 1 died after farrowing and 1 farrowed late, therefore forty-seven sows were included in the analysis. Treatment with HMB/D had no effect on sow weights, lactational weight loss, pre- or post-farrowing body condition score, stillborn piglets, mummified piglets, or number of piglets born alive or weaned. In both farrowing groups, birth and 24-hour weights of the piglets from HMB/D-supplemented sows were increased (P &lt; 0.0001). Piglets from sows supplemented with HMB/D were 9.7% heavier at birth and at 24 hours were 9.2% heavier, 1,418.6±21.2 and 1,549.3±22.0 g in Control and HMB/D, respectively. Analysis of birth to weaning dates demonstrated that Control piglets were on average one-half day older than HMB/D piglets at weaning (P &lt; 0.0001). However, adjusting the weaning weights to a standardized 21-d weight (5,205.6±99.5 and 5,423.9±103.5 g for Control and HMB/D piglets, respectively) did not demonstrate statistical significance (P = 0.13). Further analysis by group showed HMB/D tended to increase weaning weights in younger sows (Group 2), 5,073.7±142.7 in Controls, 5,431.7±150.7 g in HMB/D piglets (P &lt; 0.09). In conclusion, our results agree with previous studies demonstrating CaHMB and HMB/D supplementation increased early piglet weights with a tendency to improve weaning weights.
PSII-12 Effect of a Supplemental Water Source on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Jasper Jessica , Kern Simon , Johnston Lee J , Knott Jeff S , Boerboom Mike J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Crossbred pigs (Fast Genetics 276 × PIC 800; n = 2,388; initial BW = 74.1 ± 2.0 kg) were used in two, 63-d growth trials to evaluate the addition of a water source (fixed double nipple waterer) to wet/dry feeders on finishing pig performance. Pigs were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments with 27 to 30 pigs per pen and 40 pens per treatment. Pens were equipped with a wet/dry feeder (SDI, drop shelf wet/dry feeder) with no supplemental water or a wet/dry feeder with a supplemental water source available from 74 kg BW until marketing. Growth data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures over time. The model included fixed effects of water treatment, trial, and time with all possible two-way interactions. Removals, mortalities, and total removals were analyzed using a binomial distribution. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) in body weight were observed initially or at the last marketing event between water source treatments; however, a supplemental water source tended (P = 0.061) to decrease average market weight compared to pigs not given a supplemental waterer (Table). Overall average daily gain (ADG) was lower (P = 0.011) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was decreased (P = 0.002) for pigs given a supplemental waterer compared to pigs only drinking from a wet/dry feeder. No differences were observed for the percentage of mortalities, pigs removed, or total removals (P &gt; 0.05) regardless of treatment. Finally, daily water disappearance was 2.5 liters greater for pigs with a supplemental waterer compared to pigs with no supplemental waterer. In conclusion, the addition of a supplemental water source to wet/dry feeders decreased growth performance.
(PSIV-18) Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids and Digestible Energy Contents in Two Modified Soy Protein Concentrates and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Huber Lee-Anne , Zhu Cuilan , Hansen Lauren , Kozole Cierra , Alfonso Cristhiam Jhoseph Munoz , Mark Jessica , Kakhki Reza Akbari Moghaddam , Rho Youngji , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0±1.3 kg initial BW) were used in an incomplete Latin square design over four periods (n=7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 days followed by 2 days of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 days of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 hours. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using the nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P &lt; 0.05), while an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3±1.2%). The SID of Ile, Leu, Lys (93.9%), Phe, and Val were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (SID Lys: 84.5±1.7%; P &lt; 0.05). The SID of His, Met, and Thr were greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P &lt; 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P &lt; 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P &lt; 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (3,896±239 kcal/kg; P &lt; 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID AA and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a high-quality protein ingredient in swine rations.
PSIV-9 Effect of Increasing the Level of a Modified Corn Protein on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Fecal Dry Matter
Authors: Warner Alan J , Mertz Keith , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 360 barrows (DNA Line 200×400; initially 6.1±0.05 kg) were used in a 38-d study to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of a modified corn protein product on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter. Upon arrival to the nursery research facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment). Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases. Phase 1 (d 0-10) diets were formulated to contain 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15% of a modified corn protein or 6% enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM). Additions of the modified protein product and ESBM were reduced by 50% for phase 2 (d 10 to 25) diets and were: 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 3.0%, respectively. Nutrient loading values were provided by the supplier and diets were formulated to maximize L-Lysine HCl while keeping SID Lys:CP and SID AA:Lys similar across treatments. A common phase 3 diet was fed from d 25-38. During the experimental period (d 0-25), ADG (quadratic, P = 0.030) and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.036) increased, and G:F worsened (linear, P = 0.006) as the amount of modified corn protein increased. For the overall experiment (d 0-38), ADG (quadratic, P = 0.028) and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.032) increased then decreased and G:F tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.066) with increasing modified corn protein. There was a marginally significant treatment×day interaction (quadratic, P = 0.064) where fecal DM tended to increase (P = 0.051) on d 25 as the level of the modified corn protein was increased, but no evidence for change on d 10 (P &gt; 0.10). These data suggest that the modified corn protein tested in this trial may be an alternative protein source to consider for nursery pig diets, when fed up to 12% in phase 1 and 6% in phase 2.
PSV-2 Beneficial Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae Oil on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Eickleberry Caitlyn , Koutsos Elizabeth , McComb Alejandra , van Heugten Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil is a sustainably sourced insect-derived lipid that is notably high in lauric acid. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of BSFL oil on nursery pig growth performance, and serological and hematological indices. This study was conducted using newly weaned nursery pigs (n = 143; BW = 6.70±0.09 kg) that were randomly assigned within BW blocks to 22 mixed sex pens (5 to 7 pigs/pen; 10 to 12 replicated per treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet with 4% poultry fat or a diet with 4% BSFL oil replacing poultry fat. Treatment diets were fed in 3 phases of 14 d each, for a total study period of 42 d. Pigs fed BSFL oil had greater ADG for Phase 1 (P &lt; 0.001), 2 (P &lt; 0.001), 3 (P = 0.036), and overall (P &lt; 0.001; 484 vs. 409 g/d), resulting in a greater BW at the end of the study (P = 0.005). Feed intake was greater for pigs fed BSFL oil during Phase 2 (P = 0.007) and overall (P = 0.022; 710 vs. 626 g/d), and gain:feed was improved only during Phase 1 (P=0.004). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P &gt; 0.06) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, cholesterol, or creatine phosphokinase, but decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023) and increased serum Cl concentrations (P = 0.046). White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelet count were not affected (P &gt;0.07) by BSFL oil. Blood analytical results were within normal expected ranges. Results indicate that BSFL oil effectively improved growth performance of nursery pigs without impacting serological and hematological parameters.
PSVI-1 Effect of Dietary Sodium and Pharmacological Zinc Levels on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 360 pigs (initially 5.7±0.2 kg) were used to determine the effect of pharmacological levels of Zn and dietary Na concentration on nursey pig growth performance. The experiment compared NRC (2012) and European CVB (2020) Na estimates for this weight range (0.35% and 0.24%, respectively), with or without added Zn from ZnO. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed a common diet for 7 d. On d-7 after weaning (d-0 of trial), pigs were assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with main effects of Zn (0 or 2,000 ppm from ZnO) and Na (0.13, 0.24, or 0.35% from salt). All diets contained 110 ppm of Zn from the trace mineral premix. Following a 14-d experimental period, pigs were fed a common phase 3 diet for 21-d. There were no Zn×Na interactions for ADG or ADFI (P &gt;0.05). From d 0-14, adding dietary ZnO or increasing Na increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI. An interaction for G:F (linear, P = 0.019) was observed where increasing Na up to 0.35% improved G:F when pharmacological levels of Zn were fed, but pigs fed diets without ZnO had a quadratic response (P =0.024) with maximum G:F at 0.24% dietary Na. From d 14-35 and overall, an interaction was observed (linear, P &lt; 0.05) for G:F. Within the interaction, pigs previously fed diets without ZnO observed a linear decrease in G:F as Na level increased (linear, P =0.001), but pigs previously fed diets with ZnO observed no difference in G:F with increasing Na. In summary, increasing dietary Na and the addition of 2,000 ppm Zn from ZnO independently improved daily gain and feed intake in nursery pigs, but an improvement in G:F from increasing Na up to 0.35% was only observed when pharmacological ZnO was present.