bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bifurcations in Scientific Careers
Authors: Koskinen Hannu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLife is a chaotic nonlinear dynamical system, so is of course the scientific life as well. Due to external perturbations the trajectory of any scientific career goes through several unstable points and may bifurcate to unexpected directions. I discuss a few critical points based on my own experience as a space scientist throughout my professional career. While my examples are certainly quite typical, the trajectories after the bifurcations are always individual. The advice I wish to give to a young scientist: Watch your opportunities and be well‐prepared.
The Interface Between Magma and Earth's Atmosphere
Authors: Kuhn J. , Bobrowski N. , Platt U. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractVolatiles released from magma can form bubbles and leave the magma body to eventually mix with atmospheric air. The composition of those volatiles, as derived from measurements made after their emission, is used to draw conclusions on processes in the Earth's interior or their influences on Earth's atmosphere. So far, the discussion of the influence of high‐temperature mixing with atmospheric air (in particular oxygen) on the measured volcanic gas composition is almost exclusively based on thermodynamic equilibrium (TE) considerations. By modeling the combined effects of C‐H‐O‐S reaction kinetics, turbulent mixing, and associated cooling during the first seconds after magmatic gas release into the atmosphere we show that the resulting gas compositions generally do not represent TE states, with individual species (e.g., CO, H2, H2S, OCS, SO3, HO2, H2O2) deviating by orders of magnitude from equilibrium levels. Besides revealing the chemical details of high‐temperature emission processes, our results question common interpretations of volcanic gas studies, particularly affecting the present understanding of auto‐catalytic conversion of volcanic halogen species in the atmosphere and redox state determination from volcanic plume gas measurements.
The Influence of Sediments, Lithosphere and Upper Mantle (Anelastic) With Lateral Heterogeneity on Ocean Tide Loading and Ocean Tide Dynamics
Authors: Huang Pingping , Sulzbach Roman Lucas , Klemann Volker , Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Dobslaw Henryk , Martinec Zdeněk , Thomas Maik 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOcean tide loading (OTL) and ocean tide dynamics (OTD) are known to be affected by Earth's internal structures, with the latter being affected by the self‐attraction and loading (SAL) potential. Combining the 3D earth models Lyon and LITHO1.0, we construct a hybrid model to quantify the coupled effect of sediments, oceanic and continental lithosphere, and anelastic upper mantle on OTL and OTD. Compared to PREM, this more realistic 3D model produces significantly larger vertical OTL displacement by up to 3.9, 2.6, and 0.1 mm for the M2, K1, and Mf OTL, respectively. Moreover, it shows a smaller vector difference of 0.1 mm and a smaller amplitude difference of 0.2 mm than PREM with OTL observations at 663 Global Navigation Satellite System stations, a confirmation of the cumulative effect due to these earth features. On the other hand, we find a resonant impact of wider extent and larger magnitude on OTD, especially for the M2 and K1 tides. Specifically, this impact is concentrated in the ranges 0–6 mm and 0–1.5 mm for M2 and K1, respectively, which is considerably larger than the impact on SAL (mostly in the ranges 0–2 mm and 0–1.0 mm, respectively). Since the effect on vertical displacement is at a similar level compared to the accuracy of modern data‐constrained ocean tide models that require correction of the geocentric tide by loading induced vertical displacements, we regard its consideration to be potentially beneficial in OTD modeling.
Particulate matter promotes cancer metastasis through increased HBEGF expression in macrophages
Authors: Park Seung-Ho , Yoon Sung-Jin , Choi Song , Jung Jaeeun , Park Jun-Young , Park Young-Ho , Seo Jinho , Lee Jungwoon , Lee Moo-Seung , Lee Seon-Jin , Son Mi-Young , Cho Young-Lai , Kim Jang-Seong , Lee Hyo Jin , Jeong Jinyoung , Kim Dae-Soo , Park Young-Jun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlthough many cohort studies have reported that long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) can cause lung cancer, the molecular mechanisms underlying the PM-induced increase in cancer metastasis remain unclear. To determine whether PM contributes to cancer metastasis, cancer cells were cultured with conditioned medium from PM-treated THP1 cells, and the migration ability of the treated cancer cells was assessed. The key molecules involved were identified using RNA-seq analysis. In addition, metastatic ability was analyzed in vivo by injection of cancer cells into the tail vein and intratracheal injection of PM into the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. We found that PM enhances the expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) in macrophages, which induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, thereby increasing metastasis. Macrophage stimulation by PM results in activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and upregulation of HBEGF. Secreted HBEGF activates EGFR on the cancer cell surface to induce EMT, resulting in increased migration and invasion in vitro and increased metastasis in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a critical PM-macrophage-cancer cell signaling axis mediating EMT and metastasis and provides an effective therapeutic approach for PM-induced malignancy.
Inflammation in myocardial infarction: roles of mesenchymal stem cells and their secretome
Authors: Shao Lianbo , Shen Ying , Ren Chuanlu , Kobayashi Shuzo , Asahara Takayuki , Yang Junjie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInflammation plays crucial roles in the regulation of pathophysiological processes involved in injury, repair and remodeling of the infarcted heart; hence, it has become a promising target to improve the prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve as an effective and innovative treatment option for cardiac repair owing to their paracrine effects and immunomodulatory functions. In fact, transplanted MSCs have been shown to accumulate at injury sites of heart, exerting multiple effects including immunomodulation, regulating macrophages polarization, modulating the activation of T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells and alleviating pyroptosis of non-immune cells. Many studies also proved that preconditioning of MSCs can enhance their inflammation-regulatory effects. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of the mechanisms on MSCs and their secretome regulating inflammation and immune cells after myocardial infarction and shed light on the applications of MSCs in the treatment of cardiac infarction.
Microstructural but not macrostructural cortical degeneration occurs in Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Bai Xueqin , Guo Tao , Chen Jingwen , Guan Xiaojun , Zhou Cheng , Wu Jingjing , Liu Xiaocao , Wu Haoting , Wen Jiaqi , Gu Luyan , Gao Ting , Xuan Min , Huang Peiyu , Zhang Baorong , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Minming 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the cortical microstructural/macrostructural degenerative patterns in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Overall, 38 PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), 38 PD-MCI, and 32 healthy controls (HC) were included. PD-MCI was diagnosed according to the MDS Task Force level II criteria. Cortical microstructural alterations were evaluated with Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging. Cortical thickness analyses were derived from T1-weighted imaging using the FreeSurfer software. For cortical microstructural analyses, compared with HC, PD-NC showed lower orientation dispersion index (ODI) in bilateral cingulate and paracingulate gyri, supplementary motor area, right paracentral lobule, and precuneus (PFWE < 0.05); while PD-MCI showed lower ODI in widespread regions covering bilateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and right temporal areas and lower neurite density index in left frontal area, left cingulate, and paracingulate gyri (PFWE < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with PD-NC, PD-MCI showed reduced ODI in right frontal area and bilateral caudate nuclei (voxelP < 0.01 and cluster >100 voxels) and the ODI values were associated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (r = 0.440,P < 0.001) and the memory performance (r = 0.333,P = 0.004) in the PD patients. However, for cortical thickness analyses, there was no difference in the between-group comparisons. In conclusion, cortical microstructural alterations may precede macrostructural changes in PD-MCI. This study provides insightful evidence for the degenerative patterns in PD-MCI and contributes to our understanding of the latent biological basis of cortical neurite changes for early cognitive impairment in PD.
A quantum hamiltonian simulation benchmark
Authors: Dong Yulong , Whaley K. Birgitta , Lin Lin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHamiltonian simulation is one of the most important problems in quantum computation, and quantum singular value transformation (QSVT) is an efficient way to simulate a general class of Hamiltonians. However, the QSVT circuit typically involves multiple ancilla qubits and multi-qubit control gates. In order to simulate a certain class of n-qubit random Hamiltonians, we propose a drastically simplified quantum circuit that we refer to as the minimal QSVT circuit, which uses only one ancilla qubit and no multi-qubit controlled gates. We formulate a simple metric called the quantum unitary evolution score (QUES), which is a scalable quantum benchmark and can be verified without any need for classical computation. Under the globally depolarized noise model, we demonstrate that QUES is directly related to the circuit fidelity, and the potential classical hardness of an associated quantum circuit sampling problem. Under the same assumption, theoretical analysis suggests there exists an ‘optimal’ simulation time topt ≈ 4.81, at which even a noisy quantum device may be sufficient to demonstrate the potential classical hardness.
Extensive inland thinning and speed-up of Northeast Greenland Ice Stream
Authors: Khan Shfaqat A. , Choi Youngmin , Morlighem Mathieu , Rignot Eric , Helm Veit , Humbert Angelika , Mouginot Jérémie , Millan Romain , Kjær Kurt H. , Bjørk Anders A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased owing to enhanced surface melting and ice discharge to the ocean1–5. Whether continuing increased ice loss will accelerate further, and by how much, remains contentious6–9. A main contributor to future ice loss is the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS), Greenland’s largest basin and a prominent feature of fast-flowing ice that reaches the interior of the GrIS10–12. Owing to its topographic setting, this sector is vulnerable to rapid retreat, leading to unstable conditions similar to those in the marine-based setting of ice streams in Antarctica13–20. Here we show that extensive speed-up and thinning triggered by frontal changes in 2012 have already propagated more than 200 km inland. We use unique global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations, combined with surface elevation changes and surface speeds obtained from satellite data, to select the correct basal conditions to be used in ice flow numerical models, which we then use for future simulations. Our model results indicate that this marine-based sector alone will contribute 13.5–15.5 mm sea-level rise by 2100 (equivalent to the contribution of the entire ice sheet over the past 50 years) and will cause precipitous changes in the coming century. This study shows that measurements of subtle changes in the ice speed and elevation inland help to constrain numerical models of the future mass balance and higher-end projections show better agreement with observations.
The neurons that restore walking after paralysis
Authors: Kathe Claudia , Skinnider Michael A. , Hutson Thomas H. , Regazzi Nicola , Gautier Matthieu , Demesmaeker Robin , Komi Salif , Ceto Steven , James Nicholas D. , Cho Newton , Baud Laetitia , Galan Katia , Matson Kaya J. E. , Rowald Andreas , Kim Kyungjin , Wang Ruijia , Minassian Karen , Prior John O. , Asboth Leonie , Barraud Quentin , Lacour Stéphanie P. , Levine Ariel J. , Wagner Fabien , Bloch Jocelyne , Squair Jordan W. , Courtine Grégoire 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA spinal cord injury interrupts pathways from the brain and brainstem that project to the lumbar spinal cord, leading to paralysis. Here we show that spatiotemporal epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the lumbar spinal cord1–3 applied during neurorehabilitation4,5 (EESREHAB) restored walking in nine individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. This recovery involved a reduction in neuronal activity in the lumbar spinal cord of humans during walking. We hypothesized that this unexpected reduction reflects activity-dependent selection of specific neuronal subpopulations that become essential for a patient to walk after spinal cord injury. To identify these putative neurons, we modelled the technological and therapeutic features underlying EESREHAB in mice. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing6–9 and spatial transcriptomics10,11 to the spinal cords of these mice to chart a spatially resolved molecular atlas of recovery from paralysis. We then employed cell type12,13 and spatial prioritization to identify the neurons involved in the recovery of walking. A single population of excitatory interneurons nested within intermediate laminae emerged. Although these neurons are not required for walking before spinal cord injury, we demonstrate that they are essential for the recovery of walking with EES following spinal cord injury. Augmenting the activity of these neurons phenocopied the recovery of walking enabled by EESREHAB, whereas ablating them prevented the recovery of walking that occurs spontaneously after moderate spinal cord injury. We thus identified a recovery-organizing neuronal subpopulation that is necessary and sufficient to regain walking after paralysis. Moreover, our methodology establishes a framework for using molecular cartography to identify the neurons that produce complex behaviours.
Significant muscle loss after stereotactic body radiotherapy predicts worse survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Jen-Fu , Huang Wen-Yen , Lo Cheng-Hsiang , Lee Meei-Shyuan , Lin Chun-Shu , Shen Po-Chien , Dai Yang-Hong , Wang Ying-Fu , Chen Teng-Wei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe relationship between sarcopenia and treatment outcomes, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has not been well-explored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sarcopenia on the survival and toxicity after SBRT in patients with HCC. We included 137 patients with HCC treated with SBRT between 2008 and 2018. Sarcopenia was defined as a skeletal muscle index (SMI) of < 49 cm2/m2 for men and < 31 cm2/m2 for women using computed tomography images at the mid-level of the third lumbar vertebra. The SMI change was presented as the change per 90 days. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival estimation, and the Cox regression was used to determine prognosticators. Sarcopenia was present in 67 of 137 eligible patients. With the median follow-up of 14.1 months and 32.7 months in the entire cohort and in those alive, respectively, patients with pre-SBRT sarcopenia or SMI loss ≥ 7% after SBRT had worse overall survival than their counterparts. Significant survival predictors on multivariate analysis were SMI loss ≥ 7% after SBRT [hazard ratio (HR): 1.96, p = 0.013], presence of extrahepatic metastasis (HR: 3.47, p < 0.001), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR: 1.79, p = 0.027), and multiple tumors (HR: 2.19, p = 0.003). Separate Cox models according to the absence and presence of pre-SBRT sarcopenia showed that SMI loss ≥ 7% remained a significant survival predictor in patients with sarcopenia (HR: 3.06, p = 0.017) compared with those without sarcopenia. SMI loss ≥ 7% is also a predictor of the Child–Pugh score increase by ≥ 2 points after SBRT. SMI loss ≥ 7% after SBRT is a significant prognostic factor for worse survival and is associated with liver toxicity compared with pre-SBRT sarcopenia.
A comparative framework to analyze convergence on Twitter electoral conversations
Authors: Cárdenas-Sánchez Daniel , Sampayo Andrés Miguel , Rodríguez-Prieto Maykol , Feged-Rivadeneira Alejandro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLiterature on social networks and elections has focused on predicting electoral outcomes rather than on understanding how the discussions between users evolve over time. As a result, most studies focus on a single election and few comparative studies exist. In this article, a framework to analyze Twitter conversations about the election candidates is proposed. Using DeGroot’s consensus model (an assumption that all users are attempting to persuade others to talk about a candidate), this framework is useful to identify the structure and strength of connections of the mention networks on the months before an election day. It also helps to make comparisons between elections and identify patterns in different contexts. In concrete, it was found that elections in which the incumbent was running have slower convergence (more closed communities with fewer links between them) and that there is no difference between parliamentary and presidential elections. Therefore, there is evidence that the political system and the role of the incumbent in the election influences the way conversations on Twitter occur.
Diffuse CO2 degassing precursors of the January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano, Philippines
Authors: Pérez Nemesio M. , Melián Gladys V. , Hernández Pedro A. , Padrón Eleazar , Padilla Germán D. , Baldago Ma. Criselda , Barrancos José , Rodríguez Fátima , Asensio-Ramos María , Alonso Mar , Arcilla Carlo , Lagmay Alfredo Mahar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOn January 12, 2020, Taal volcano in Philippines erupted, 43 years after its previous eruption in 1977. This eruption was preceded by diffuse CO2degassing precursory signals. Significant temporal variations in diffuse CO2emission from Taal Main Crater Lake (TMLC) were observed across the ~ 12 years reaching high CO2degassing rates in 2011 and 2017, with values typical of plume degassing volcanoes. In addition to these CO2surveys at the TCML, soil CO2efflux continuous monitoring was implemented at Taal volcano since 2016 and a clear increasing trend of the soil CO2efflux in 2017 was observed. These geochemical observations are most simply explained by magma recharge to the system, and represent the earliest warning precursor signals to the January 2020 eruptive activity.
The low frequency pressure pulsation and control of the open-jet wind tunnel
Authors: Hu Xingjun , Luo Yufei , Leng Jiu , Guo Peng , Yu Tianming , Wang Jingyu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAn open jet wind tunnel has low-frequency pressure pulsation in common wind speed range due to its unique structural form, which seriously damages the quality of flow field in the test section. The low-frequency pressure fluctuation performance and control mechanism of Jilin University open jet and return flow wind tunnel are investigated by experiments and numerical simulation. The results show that the low-frequency pressure fluctuation is a narrow pulse phenomenon that only occurs in certain intervals, and several velocity intervals may be found in the same wind tunnel. The reliability of the numerical simulation is verified by comparing the peak frequency and amplitude of pressure fluctuation in numerical simulation and wind tunnel tests. A simplified model similar to and amplifying the phenomenon is established. The flow structure and vortex evolution are analyzed via detached eddy simulation. In the test section, large-scale shedding vortices are formed at the nozzle exit, introducing periodic pulsating instantaneous velocity and acting with the collector to form an edge-feedback. This acoustic feedback forms resonance with the pipeline circuit, resulting in poor flow field quality. In accordance with the mechanism of nozzle jet, two methods of controlling pulsation are proposed: spoiler and flow-follow device. The study shows that the effects of two methods are abrupt, and the frequency of pressure pulsation is changed. The spoiler destroys the complete structure of vortex ring in free jet and develops into a complementary double vortex ring structure, which is highly sensitive to size factors. The flow-follow device supplements the velocity loss of the free jet at the nozzle and develops into a double vortex ring with master–slave structure in the middle of the test section. Its vibration reduction effect is greatly affected by the flow velocity. It takes effect in an appropriate range where the flow velocity is higher than the nozzle velocity. If the follow velocity is extremely low, the flow-follow device cannot change the original jet structure. If the follow velocity is extremely high, the momentum of the fan will be greatly reduced, the flow field will be unstable, and another order of pulsation may be induced. This work lays a solid foundation for further understanding the aerodynamic characteristics and optimization mechanism of open jet wind tunnel.
Comparison of detection performance of soft tissue calcifications using artificial intelligence in panoramic radiography
Authors: Song Yool Bin , Jeong Ho-Gul , Kim Changgyun , Kim Donghyun , Kim Jaeyeon , Kim Hyung Jun , Park Wonse 
Published: November 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is limited to teeth and periodontal disease in the dental field, and is used for diagnosis assistance or data analysis, and there has been no research conducted in actual clinical situations. So, we created an environment similar to actual clinical practice and conducted research by selecting three of the soft tissue diseases (carotid artery calcification, lymph node calcification, and sialolith) that are difficult for general dentists to see. Therefore, in this study, the accuracy and reading time are evaluated using panoramic images and AI. A total of 20,000 panoramic images including three diseases were used to develop and train a fast R-CNN model. To compare the performance of the developed model, two oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) and two general dentists (GDs) read 352 images, excluding the panoramic images used in development for soft tissue calcification diagnosis. On the first visit, the observers read images without AI; on the second visit, the same observers used AI to read the same image. The diagnostic accuracy and specificity for soft tissue calcification of AI were high from 0.727 to 0.926 and from 0.171 to 1.000, whereas the sensitivity for lymph node calcification and sialolith were low at 0.250 and 0.188, respectively. The reading time of AI increased in the GD group (619 to 1049) and decreased in the OMR group (1347 to 1372). In addition, reading scores increased in both groups (GD from 11.4 to 39.8 and OMR from 3.4 to 10.8). Using AI, although the detection sensitivity of sialolith and lymph node calcification was lower than that of carotid artery calcification, the total reading time of the OMR specialists was reduced and the GDs reading accuracy was improved. The AI used in this study helped to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the GD group, who were not familiar with the soft tissue calcification diagnosis, but more data sets are needed to improve the detection performance of the two diseases with low sensitivity of AI.