bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
102 Reduced Caloric Intake Increases the Incidence Rate of Gastric Ulcers in Growing Pigs
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K , Miller Kayla A , De Mille Carson M , Burrough Eric R , Schweer Wes P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate effects of a disease feed intake pattern on gastric ulcerations. Eighty mixed sex pigs (27.9 ± 1.45 kg BW) were allotted to individual pens and 2 treatments using a complete randomized design. All pigs were fed a 450 µm ground corn-soybean meal diet. Period 1 (d 0-28), all pigs were fed ad libitum. In period 2 (d 29-42), 40 pigs were fed daily based on their individual body weight (averaging 1.45x maintenance) to mimic a disease feed intake (RF) profile. The remaining pigs stayed on ad libitum feed (Ad). Pigs were weighed at d 0, 28 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within period. At d 42, all pigs were euthanized, stomach pH recorded, and stomach ulcerations scored (0-3 scale, with 0 being normal). Performance, pH and ulceration frequency data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit and the fixed effect of feeding level. Performance was not different in period 1 (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the Ad, RF pigs had lower ADG (1.10 vs 0.24 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001), ADFI (2.15 vs 0.85 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001) and G:F (0.51 vs 0.28, P &lt; 0.0001) in period 2. Stomach pH was greater in the RF compared with the Ad pigs (P &lt; 0.001). A greater percentage of Ad pig stomachs scored normal to mild on pars oesophagea ulcerations (85 vs 62%), while a greater percentage of RF pigs had a maximum score compared with the Ad (38 vs 15%, respectively). RF pigs had a higher frequency of severe stomach body ulcerations (score 3) compared with the Ad (20.5 vs 15.0%, respectively). These data suggest that a disease feed intake pattern exacerbates the incidence of gastric ulcerations in grower pigs fed a fine micron ground corn.
99 Effect of Trace Mineral Inclusion Level on Growing-Finishing Pig Performance, Trace Mineral Manure Concentration, and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: LaRosae Marissa N , Samuel Ryan S , Clizer David A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Growing pigs require trace minerals for various biochemical functions. Contrary to research observations, common industry practices include feeding trace minerals above the defined NRC (2012) requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rate of dietary trace minerals supplementation from a commercial trace mineral premix on growing-finishing pig performance. A total of 442 growing pigs in 2 groups were followed through phases 6 to 9 of a 9-phase feeding program at the SDSU On-site wean-to-finish research facility. Each group utilized 1 room with 20 pens and 4 pits: group 1 (n = 195; 34.8±0.9 kg initial BW) with a stocking density of 9 or 10 pigs/pen and group 2 (n=247; 391±2.6 initial BW) with a stocking density of 12 or 13 pigs/pen. Shallow manure pit location of each room dictated dietary treatment allocation as either: 1) corn-soybean meal diet with full trace mineral supplementation or 2) corn-soybean meal with 50% trace mineral supplementation. Full and reduced trace mineral supplementation from commercial trace mineral premix both exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations. Overall, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) observed in ADG, ADFI, or FCR between pigs fed full or 50% trace mineral supplementation (Table 1). This supports previous observations that reducing or eliminating dietary trace mineral supplementation did not impact pig performance. In contrast, the accumulated concentration of Fe (230 vs. 136 ppm) and Mn (63 vs. 32 ppm) in the pit manure samples were reduced (P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in carcass characteristics between pigs supplemented with the different rates of dietary trace mineral (Table 2). These results suggest increasing trace mineral supplementation contributes to excess trace mineral excretion in the manure; however, does not contribute to improved productivity.
114 Evaluation of Selenium Source on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Serum and Tissue Selenium Concentrations, and Serum Antioxidant Status
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 3,888 pigs (337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 6.0 kg at weaning) were used in a 42-d study to determine the influence of Se source on nursery pig selenium status and growth performance. At placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry, and average pen BW. A total of 144 pens were used with 72 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel, fence-line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and the other 27 barrows. There were 24 replicates per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases, and all contained 0.3 ppm added Se. A common phase 1 diet contained added Se from sodium selenite and was fed in pelleted form to all pigs for 7 d prior to initiation of treatment diets. Three Se sources [sodium selenite; Se yeast; and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet)] were used to formulate 3 experimental treatments in meal form for phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and phase 3 (d 21 to 42). During the common phase 1 period, ADFI tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be different (107, 103, and 102 g/d) for sodium selenite, Se yeast, and OH-SeMet, respectively. From d 7 to 42 (treatment period), pigs fed OH-SeMet tended to have decreased ADG (P &lt; 0.10) and had increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum, liver, and muscle selenium concentration compared with other treatments. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in antioxidant status as measured by serum GSH-Px or TBARS. In summary, compared with sodium selenite and selenium yeast, OH-SeMet had greater bioavailability as indicated by increased serum and tissue selenium concentration; however, antioxidant status was similar between treatments and OH-SeMet tended to reduce growth performance compared with pigs fed sodium selenite.
111 Evaluation of Dietary Mycotoxin Control Strategies on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Blood Measures
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Vidal Arnau , Gougoulia Christos 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 4,318 pigs (337×1050, PIC; initially 6.5±0.08kg) were used in a 35-d trial to evaluate dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig performance and blood measures. Pigs were weaned at 21-d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. A total of 160 pens were used with 80 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and 1 pen contained 27 barrows. There were 16 replications/treatment. A common phase 1 diet was fed in pelleted form for 7-d prior to treatment diets. Experimental treatments were fed from d 7 to 42 after weaning (d0 to 35 of study) and included a low deoxynivalenol (DON) diet (1.12±0.623 mg/kg), high DON diet (2.34±1.809 mg/kg), high DON+ sodium metabisulfite (SMB), high DON+ 1 of 2 mitigating products; Technology1, or Technology1+. Technology1 and 1+ are comprised of clays, yeast cell wall components and a blend of plant extracts. Technology1+ also contains SMB. Overall (d0 to 35), pigs fed high DON had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with low DON. Additionally, pigs fed high DON+SMB had increased (P&lt;0.05) ADG compared with all other treatments. An increase (P &lt; 0.05) in G:F was observed in pigs fed high DON+SMB or high DON+Technology1+ compared with low DON or high DON+Technology1 with high DON intermediate. Analysis of dried blood spots collected on d 35 revealed pigs fed high DON or high DON+Technology1 had increased (P &lt; 0.05) DON concentrations compared with low DON with high DON+SMB and high DON+Technology1+ intermediate. In summary, pigs fed high DON had reduced performance compared with low DON. Sodium metabisulfite supplementation to high DON led to ADG and G:F that exceeded low DON, whereas Technology1+ resulted in similar ADG and improved G:F compared with low DON.
122 Timing of Dietary Zinc Additions During Gestation for Improved Piglet Survival
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Urriola Pedro E , Schwartz Mark , Ryu Moon-Suhn , Gomez Andres , Johnston Lee J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gestating sows (n = 267) were used to determine if timing of feeding elevated dietary zinc in a commercial setting would reduce pre-weaning mortality of piglets. Sows from 3 consecutive weekly farrowing groups were assigned randomly within parity to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of: 1) Control: a corn-soybean meal diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn supplied by zinc hydroxychloride; 2) Breed-to-Farrow (B-to-F): as Control + 141 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (266 ppm total supplemental Zn) fed from 5 d after breeding to farrowing; and 3) Day 110-to-Farrow (D110-to-F): as Control diet fed from breeding to farrowing + 2,715 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (2,840 ppm total supplemental Zn) starting on d 110 of gestation until farrowing. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, farrowing group, and the random effect of their interaction. Dietary treatments did not influence number of total pigs born or pigs weaned per litter (Table). No differences were observed for any piglet growth criteria evaluated across treatments (P &gt; 0.05). For B-to-F sows, there was an increase in percent of pigs born alive compared with Control and D110-to-F sows (P = 0.002). Percentage of stillborn pigs tended to decrease for sows assigned to the B-to-F treatment (P = 0.052) compared with Control or D110-to-F sows. Feeding elevated zinc throughout gestation increased (P = 0.015) percentage of low-birth-weight pigs born alive compared with Control sows. Mortality of low-birth-weight piglets did not differ among treatments (P = 0.592). However, a trend for decreasing post-natal mortality (P = 0.065) of normal birth weight pigs was observed for pigs born to sows fed elevated zinc. The incidence of low-birth-weight pigs was higher (P &lt; 0.001) for sows fed the D110-to-F treatment compared with Control sows. Overall, feeding elevated zinc to sows throughout gestation increased the proportion of pigs born alive and marginally increased survival of normal birth weight pigs.
131 Dietary Valerate Glycerides: Effects on Growth, Diarrhea, and Fecal Culture of Weanling Piglets Infected with Escherichia coli F18
Authors: Kovanda Lauren L , Park Sangwoo , Tawde Snehal , Pos Jeroen , Kim Kwangwook , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary valerate glycerides on performance and diarrhea of weanling piglets infected with F18+ Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty weaned piglets (6.97 ± 0.75 kg body weight; 21 d old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: nursery basal diet (control), 0.075% or 0.1% monovalerin, or 0.1% trivalerin added to control. After 7-d adaptation, all piglets were orally inoculated with F18+ ETEC (1010 CFU/3 mL) on d 0, d 1, and d 2 post-inoculation (PI). Daily diarrhea scores (scale range of 1 to 5) were recorded and body weight data were collected throughout the experiment. Bacteria were cultured from fecal swabs throughout the experiment to monitor the frequency of β-hemolytic coliforms. All data were analyzed by the Proc Mixed of SAS with randomized complete block design and pig as an experimental unit. Seven replicate pigs per treatment present throughout the entire trial period were used to analyze growth performance. Piglets fed 0.075% or 0.1% monovalerin had greater (P &lt; 0.05) body weight on d 0 and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have greater body weight on d 21 PI, compared with control pigs. The average daily gain was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs supplemented with 0.075% monovalerin compared with control (662.69 and 559.41 g/d, respectively) between d 7 and d 21 PI. Supplementation of 0.1% trivalerin reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the frequency of diarrhea throughout the trial and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms in fecal cultures on d 7 PI, compared with control pigs. Current results indicate dietary supplementation of monovalerin improved growth performance regardless of doses, and inclusion of 0.1% trivalerin reduced the incidence of diarrhea and shedding of β-hemolytic coliforms in piglets challenged with F18+ ETEC infection.
134 Water- and Feed-Based Arginine Impacts on Gut Integrity in Weanling Pigs
Authors: Greiner Laura L , Humphrey Dalton C , Wilson Victoria , Becker Spenser , Hagen Chloe S , Haydon Keith D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two hundred and forty newly weaned pigs (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine if supplementing with additional arginine either in the water or in the feed, and the combinations thereof, improved intestinal integrity and growth performance in the nursery. Three pigs (21 ± 2 d) per pen for a total of 80 pens, within 4 water lines, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arginine-dietary treatments across the 20 pens for a 4×3 factorial. With 4 water treatments: 0, 4, 8 and 12% Arg and 3 dietary treatments: basal level, 1.55 and 1.75% SID Arg. Pigs and feeders were weighed at the d0, d7 (water and diet change), d21 (diet change), and d41. Eighty pigs were euthanized at d7, for ileum evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. Remaining pigs were then taken off the arginine-water treatment portion of the experiment, and fed the diets formulated to contain 3 different levels of dietary arginine. Data were analyzed by pen as repeated measures (SAS 9.4). Feeding additional arginine resulted in an improvement (basal: 20.35, 1.55: 22.22, 1.75: 20.93 kg; P = 0.04) in pig body weight compared with basal. No interaction was detected when using arginine in the water and feed simultaneously, on piglet performance. The use of 8% arginine in the water resulted in a reduction in crypt depth (0:132.54, 4:140.70, 8:117.28, 12:131.99; P &lt; 0.01) and 4% Arg reduced total villous height:crypt depth ratio (0:2.50, 4:2.09, 8:2.56, 12:2.43; P &lt; 0.02). The feeding of arginine resulted in an improvement in final body weight of the pigs; however, there were no differences in intestinal villi when Arg is added to the feed. However, the use of Arg in the water resulted in an improvement in intestinal villi, but no phenotypical change in piglet growth in the nursery.
129 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation and Nursery Diets on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Loughmiller Joseph , Hotze Brian , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of diets with yeast-based direct fed microbials (DFM) in nursery pigs weaned from sows fed lactation diets with or without yeast additives. Treatment descriptions for both experiments are reviewed in Table 1. There was no evidence of sow and nursery treatment interactions for either experiment (P &gt; 0.05). In Exp. 1, 340 weaned pigs, initially 5.1 kg ± 0.02, were used to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs yeast additives; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) and nursery diets with or without DFM. Treatments were a 2×2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet) with 5 pigs/pen and 17 replications/treatment. Progeny from sows fed yeast additives had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from d 0-24 and d 0-45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives for the first 24 d in the nursery tended to have decreased d 0-45 ADG (P = 0.079). In Exp. 2, 330 weaned pigs, initially 5.8 kg ± 0.03, were used to evaluate diets with combinations of DFM. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 with main effects of sow (same as Exp. 1) and nursery treatment with 6 pigs/pen and 8 to 10 replications/treatment. From d 0-10 post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F. From d 24-38 when pigs were fed common diets with no added yeast-based products, ADG for pigs previously fed DFM2 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than control. In conclusion, feeding sows yeast during lactation improved offspring nursery growth performance in both studies. Interestingly, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts reduced nursery pig performance in Exp. 1; however, feeding DFM 2 improved growth later in the nursery in Exp. 2.
141 Evaluation of a Fermented Corn Protein Source on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Chance Jenna A , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine if fermented corn protein (FCP) can serve as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) in 6.0 to 15.8 kg or as a replacement for soybean meal in 12.1 to 24.7 kg pig nursery diets. In Exp. 1, 350 barrows (initially 6.0 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 5 or 10% FCP or ESBM. Newly weaned pigs were fed phase 1 diets for 10-d followed by phase 2 diets for 21-d. There were no interactions throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-31), pigs fed increasing FCP had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.026) ADG and ADFI with no differences in G:F, whereas increasing ESBM had no effect on growth performance (Table). Pigs fed ESBM had increased (P ≤ 0.034) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed FCP with no effect on ADFI. In Exp 2, 350 pigs (initially 12.1 kg) were randomly assigned to pens with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. On d 24 after weaning (d 0 of trial), pens of pigs were weighed and assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 10 or 20% FCP with either high or low Val+Ile:Leu ratios. There were no interactions observed throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-21), ADG, ADFI, and G:F worsened (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as FCP increased. High Val+Ile:Leu ratios improved (P = 0.017) G:F compared with low Val+Ile:Leu ratios with no effect on ADG and ADFI. In summary, using FCP to replace ESBM for nursery pigs weighing 6.0 to 15.8 kg had decreased growth performance. Increasing concentrations of FCP in diets for pigs weighting 12.1 to 24.7 kg worsened growth and increasing Val+Ile:Leu ratios only improved G:F.
137 Inclusion of Spray Dried Plasma in Diets Based on Different Ingredient Combinations Increases the Digestibility of Energy, Fiber, Ca, and P by Young Pigs
Authors: Bailey Hannah M , Stein Hans H , Campbell Joy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that spray dried plasma (SDP) increases the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), total dietary fiber (TDF), Ca, and P and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P from other ingredients in diets for young pigs. Eighty barrows (body weight: 9.30 ± 0.97 kg) housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 diets and 2 blocks. Diets typically used in 4 regions using combinations of corn, soybean meal, wheat, barley, or rice were formulated: U.S.A., European Union, Canada, and Asia, and included 0 or 6% SDP. Differences between measured and predicted values for ATTD and STTD of energy and nutrients in diets with SDP were calculated. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 SDP levels and 4 regions. When 6% SDP was included in the diet, ATTD and STTD values, except TDF, were increased (P &lt; 0.05) compared with diets without SDP (Table 1). The ATTD of GE, TDF, and P and the STTD of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the Asia diet compared with the other diets. The measured ATTD of TDF was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the predicted for the U.S.A. and European Union diets (Table 2), and the measured ATTD of GE, N, Ca, and P and STTD of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the predicted for the Asia diet compared with the other diets. In conclusion, addition of 6% SDP to a diet increases the ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P regardless of diet composition, and therefore, the actual ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P in diets with SDP may be greater than predicted.
146 Evaluation of Phase Feeding and Lysine Source and Level on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Miller Kayla A , Sparks Chris , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Phase feeding is employed to optimize lysine levels to meet pigs' requirements. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of varying lysine levels and phase lengths in nursery pigs. Four-hundred freshly weaned pigs (5.53 ± 0.96 kg BW) were randomly selected and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). The treatments for phase (P) 1-3 were: 1) High synthetic amino acids (1.60, 1.45, 1.33% SID Lys, respectively; HighSyn), 2) High soybean meal (1.60, 1.45, 1.33 % SID Lys, respectively; HighSBM), 3) Low Lys (1.30, 1.50, 1.45% SID Lys, respectively; Low), and 4) Continuous 1.42 % SID Lys (Con). Phase 1, 2 and 3 consisted of 7, 14 and 21 d, respectively. Body weights and feed disappearance were recorded on d 0, 7, 21 and 42, and ADG, ADFI and G:F calculated within phase and overall (0-42 d). All data were analyzed using a complete randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. P1 ADG was 42% greater in the HighSBM compared with the other treatments (P = 0.030), while ADFI tended to be 23% higher (P = 0.089). In P2, ADG was 21% higher in the HighSBM compared with the HighSyn pigs, with the other treatments being intermediate (P = 0.012). ADFI tended to be higher in the HighSBM pigs compared with the other treatments in P2 (P = 0.087). No significant performance differences were reported in P3. Overall, HighSMB had higher ADG compared with Con, Low and HighSyn pigs (0.360, 0.338, 0.338 and 0.311 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.007), while overall ADFI and G:F tended to be lower in HighSyn compared with the other treatments (P &lt; 0.10). In conclusion, high synthetic Lys reduced performance, while continuous single-phase feeding offered equal performance to that of higher Lys curves achieved via soybean meal inclusion.