bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clash of Interpretations
Authors: El-Ojeili Chamsy , Hayden Patrick 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores, and critically defends, one of the most ambitious human scientific theories, world-systems analysis (WSA), by setting it against major paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) theory. The chapter begins with an examination of the very different worlds of thought crucial to the formulation of WSA and realist and liberal paradigms, exploring core differences around units of analysis, structures and actors, power, key social dynamics and forces, and normative commitments. Setting out Wallerstein’s three-fold conceptualization of the world-system as encompassing the international division of labour, the interstate system, and the geoculture, the chapter then considers substantive debates around hegemony and polarity, conflict and warfare, and states and markets, which separate WSA and IR theory. Finally, in a section focussed on the challenges posed by more recent transformations in world politics, it brings WSA into conversation with the globalization literature and competing Marxian approaches. It contends that WSA continues to provide cogent, compelling challenges to the field of IR theory.
Introduction
Authors: Cope Zak , Ness Immanuel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism examines unequal commercial, trade, and investment gains at the international level and explores how countries and nations can have exploitative relations. The book contains thirty-four chapters written by academics and experts in the field of international political economy. The chapters in the Handbook look at the history of economic imperialism from the early modern age to the present. They demonstrate the persistence of economic imperialism in today’s postcolonial world and the enduring control wielded by great powers even after the end of formal empire. The book reveals how emerging powers are expanding economic control in new geographic and geopolitical contexts. The Handbook highlights the significance of economic imperialism in the structures, relations, processes, and ideas that help sustain poverty and conflict worldwide.
Muslim Nonviolent Civil Resistance in Modern World History
Authors: Cole Juan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers peaceful Muslim movements of civil resistance in modern world history, using three case studies. The author looks at the Murid movement of Senegal, with its declaration that the time of jihad ended with the death of the Prophet Muhammad. The author explores the complex attitudes to French colonialism of Murid leader Amadou Bamba—a refusal to take up arms, but a cultural critique of amoral European secularism and imperialism. The author then considers thinking on peace among Congress Party Muslims allied with Gandhi and among the Pukhtuns organized by Abdul Ghaffar Khan. The author distinguishes between Abul Kalam Azad, for whom nonviolent cooperation was a pragmatic tactic, and Abdul Ghaffar, a utopian pacifist who opposed warfare in principle. The author concludes by examining nonviolent Muslim activism against Apartheid in South Africa by leaders such as Maulana Farid Esack, in concert with the multi-faith United Democratic Front. The conclusion analyzes commonalities among these movements and examines key differences.
Public Music Theory and the Land-Grant Tradition in Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Gawboy Anna 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, has a rich culture of outreach shaped by its land-grant history. Music theory participates in this culture through presentations aligned with the goals of the Science Café movement, by involving the public in the creation of new knowledge, and through audience-centered activities adjacent to musical performance. Despite the popularity of music theory as educational entertainment, broader questions remain. First, what is the value of music theory in a culture of university outreach that prioritizes scientific perspectives on practical issues? Second, given that the lands that funded the creation of public universities under the 1862 Morrill Act were expropriated from Native American tribes, what responsibilities do public scholars at land-grant institutions have to Indigenous communities, and how might the tools of public music scholarship be directed toward cultural reparations? This chapter highlights public music theory initiatives at Ohio State and beyond that begin to address these questions.
Music Theory and Social Media
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of music theory discourse on social media. The author focuses on the English phrase “music theory” as it appears on platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, Instagram, Reddit, and TikTok. Combining close readings of a wide range of music theory content, conversations with music theory influencers, and research on social media’s economic and political impacts, the author explicates some of the ways that social media discourse has been affecting the purview of music theory, both online and off. Examples include the formation of online learning communities around niche music theory subjects, the rise of music theory clickbait, and the propagation of various kinds of music theory memes.
AI and International Politics
Authors: Arsenault Amelia C. , Kreps Sarah E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In light of contemporary technological advancements in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, coupled with significant investment in AI research and development by a range of state actors, scholars have begun considering the impact that this technology will have on international and domestic politics. While scholars express divergent views regarding the consequences of AI proliferation, this technology is likely to have a broad range of applications for international politics, from military and defense to trade and diplomacy. Recognizing the increasingly prominent role of AI in global politics, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and risks that the proliferation of AI technology holds for international politics by examining the factors motivating the global pursuit of this technology and evaluating its effects on authoritarianism and liberal democracy, the global balance of power, and warfare. This chapter argues that AI is best understood as an accelerating and enabling force that is less likely to produce drastic, unforeseen transformations in domestic and international politics as it is to accelerate and exacerbate trends that were already underway. As an increasingly critical tool of contemporary governance, AI is going to play a central role in future relations between international actors; it is therefore incumbent upon scholars, states, and the global community more broadly to begin preparing for international politics in the era of AI.
Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Vartanian Oshin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a general overview of, and introduction to, empirical aesthetics. It begins with a definition of the field’s scope and main goals, a summary of its history from its beginning in the 19th century to the 1990s, and a brief presentation of contemporary accounts of aesthetic appreciation. The authors then highlight the key components of empirical aesthetics (object, person, and context), which provide the basic organization for the book, and summarize the field’s basic methods, from the historiometric to the psychophysiological. The chapter ends by presenting the subdomains of empirical aesthetics, and the neighboring fields with which it interacts.
Children’s Use of Syntax In Word Learning
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the role that syntax plays in guiding the acquisition of word meaning. It reviews data that reveal how children can use the syntactic distribution of a word as evidence for its meaning and discusses the principles of grammar that license such inferences. We delineate the role of thematic linking generalizations in the acquisition of action verbs, arguing that children use specific links between subject and agent and between object and patient to guide initial verb learning. In the domain of attitude verbs, we show that children’s knowledge of abstract links between subclasses of attitude verbs and their syntactic distribution enable learners to identify the meanings of their initial attitude verbs, such as think and want. Finally, we show that syntactic bootstrapping effects are not limited to verb learning but extend across the lexicon.
Phonological variation and lexical form
Authors: Purse Ruaridh , Tamminga Meredith , White Yosiane 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is well documented that words are produced differently by different individuals (interspeaker variation) and by a single individual on different occasions (intraspeaker variation). However, exactly how this variation is processed in the brain, and therefore how to situate it in psycholinguistic models of word production and recognition remains an area of active research and debate. This chapter ties the wealth of sociolinguistic knowledge on phonological variables to the study of the mental lexicon. First, the existing experimental evidence concerning the relationship between phonological variation and lexical access is laid out. Second, to better understand conflicting results and guide further research, this chapter includes an overview of relevant structural and representational properties that differentiate phonological variables. Finally, the advantages of incorporating phonological variation into models of the mental lexicon are discussed.
Pragmatics and the Lexicon
Authors: Schwarz Florian , Zehr Jérémy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe present chapter reviews how contextually driven inferences interact with the lexical encoding of meaning. A central question is whether (and to what extent) a given ingredient of meaning associated with the use of a particular expression in context should be seen as directly encoded in the lexicon, or whether (and to what extent) it is derived via general reasoning in context. The discussion focuses on three key phenomena that serve as case studies to illustrate the task of spelling out the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics: scalar implicatures, scalar adjectives, and presuppositions. While many details in the theoretical analysis of these phenomena are still up for debate, they all serve to illustrate that key choice points for proposals at the semantics-pragmatics interface concern the question of what type of information has to be included at the lexical level in order to ground pragmatic phenomena in semantics.
Efficient Communication and The Organization of The Lexicon
Authors: Mahowald Kyle , Dautriche Isabelle , Braginsky Mika , Gibson Ted 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies a language design perspective to the lexicon. It reviews and synthesizes a body of work in cognitive science and linguistics that uses ideas from computer science, specifically information theory, to explore how structural features of lexicons can be explained by principles of efficient communication. It pays particular attention to four major properties of lexicons. The first is the structure of word frequency distributions, particularly the Zipfian structure of these distributions and the way that individual semantic spaces are carved up so as to be maximally efficient. The second is the relationship between word frequency and properties like word length and phonotactic probability. The third concerns lexical arbitrariness: the extent to which word forms contain information about their meanings. Finally, the chapter considers how lexicons are structured for child language learning.
Differences in vocabulary growth across groups and individuals
Authors: Potter Christine E. , Lew-Williams Casey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes causes and consequences of individual differences in young children’s word learning. For decades, research has documented qualitative and quantitative differences in children’s language input, and it has been convincingly demonstrated that across different communities, children’s vocabulary growth can be linked to their language experiences. However, children also actively shape their own learning environment, and it is important to consider how their cognitive abilities, as well as their interests, shape their language experiences and their learning. Only by examining children with a wide range of experiences (e.g., children growing up in multilingual communities) and abilities (e.g., children with developmental delays or disorders) will it be possible to develop theories that adequately capture and explain differences in children’s word learning and vocabulary growth.
The Dynamics of Word Production
Authors: Kilbourn-Ceron Oriana , Goldrick Matthew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe common sense notion of lexicon as a dictionary implies a static, fixed repository of information about the properties of individual words. This chapter discusses evidence from speech production suggesting that the lexicon in production is best characterized as a process: lexical access. This process involves the dynamic interaction of information from multiple lexical representations, resulting in the production of variable word forms. The corresponding theoretical framework is outlined within the context of single word production. This chapter then discusses a relatively less-well explored area: how lexical access changes when speakers plan and produce multiple words in connected speech. The conclusion points to open theoretical issues raised by new findings in connected speech.
Easy words
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Trueswell John C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes early stages in the acquisition of a first vocabulary by infants and young children. It distinguishes two major stages, the first of which operates by a stand-alone word-to-world pairing procedure and the second of which, using the evidence so acquired, builds a domain-specific syntax-sensitive structure-to-world pairing procedure. As we show, the first stage of learning is slow, restricted in character, and to some extent errorful, whereas the second procedure is determinative, rapid, and essentially errorless. Our central claim here is that the early, referentially based learning procedure succeeds at all because it is reined in by attention focusing properties of word-to-world timing and related indicants of referential intent.
Language and thought
Authors: Landau Barbara 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between language and thought, focusing on whether changes in non-linguistic thought follow from learning a particular language (e.g., English vs. Greek) and/or from learning any natural language at all. The chapter considers several different hypotheses about the possible effects of language on our non-linguistic representation, including classical and neo-classical versions of Whorf’s hypothesis as well as more recent views. The latter include one proposal suggesting that learning a language causes massive reorganization of our non-linguistic thought, and one suggesting that language more likely causes pervasive momentary on-line effects of linguistic understanding while leaving non-linguistic representations intact. These views are considered across a number of different domains including color, space, number, and theory of mind.
How Learners Move From Sound To Morphology
Authors: Demuth Katherine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the phenomenon of how children acquire grammatical morphology, including both function words and inflectional morphemes. In particular, it shows that the phonology and prosodic structure of a language interact with how and when grammatical morphemes are perceived/comprehended and produced. With respect to function words such as articles, it shows that those that can be prosodified as part of a foot/prosodic word tend to be produced first, as do inflectional morphemes occurring at the ends of phrases/utterances. The fact that similar patterns of prosodic interactions between the perception/production of grammatical morphology and the lexicon appear crosslinguistically suggests that these are robust phenomena. This has both theoretical implications for understanding the interactions between children’s developing linguistic competencies at the phonology/syntax interface, as well as practical implications for clinicians working with children with language delay.
Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Variability in Vietnam
Authors: Oxenham Marc F. , Willis Anna , Nguyễn Lân Cường , Matsumura Hirofumi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence for deliberate human burial practices in Vietnam from the Late Pleistocene through to the Mid-Holocene (or the Hòabìnhian to Đa Bút cultural periods) and contextualizes the findings with developments in the rest of Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. It discusses burial practices, and associated evidence for dating, for 18 Hòabìnhian cave sites, three Đa Bút open air cemeteries, and a range of early burials from Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Key findings include: (1) burial practices from the Late Pleistocene through to the Mid-Holocene were clearly varied and diverse; (2) despite the earliest clear evidence of Anatomically Modern Human remains at circa 50,000 years ago, the first clear signs of deliberate mortuary behavior does not occur until circa 20,000 years ago; (3) three main burial positions can be observed: side flexed (body on side and legs/arms flexed), supine flexed (body on back with flexed legs/arms), and squatting (body seated/squatting in upright position), with no clear evidence for extended supine burial positioning until the Neolithic; (4) in general, during the Hòabìnhian individuals have either their feet or heads oriented toward cave openings, while in the Đa Bút cemeteries squatting burials (which are the norm) face in an easterly direction; (6) cremation and the use of ocher were not uncommon, while there is limited verifiable evidence for the use of grave goods in pre-Neolithic Southeast Asia.
Social Change in Southeast Asia during the Iron Age
Authors: Higham Charles F. W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The millennium of the Iron Age in mainland Southeast Asia witnessed marked regional changes in society. The impact of Chinese imperial expansion truncated an indigenous development of a state society in the Red River delta region of northern Vietnam. Beyond the Ma River, the Sa Huynh communities grew increasingly complex on the basis of intensive rice cultivation and a burgeoning maritime trade network. Seaborne trade also had a powerful impact on the growth of urban centers on the Mekong Delta and in peninsular Thailand, where manufacturing centers sprang up to satisfy the local demand for new and exotic ornaments. Location is also a key to understanding how social elites took charge of the new opportunities presented by the introduction of prestige valuables and knowledge of iron technology from Indian sources. In the interior, there was a proliferation of sites, and emerging evidence for an agricultural revolution based on irrigation and plowing in fixed rice fields. There was also increased friction and conflict. These changes in combination were powerful contributors to the rise of the early state societies of Southeast Asia.
A New Chrono-Cultural Approach to the Iron Age in Myanmar
Authors: Coupey Anne-Sophie , Pautreau Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In Myanmar, the Bronze and Iron ages are known mostly as a result of partial excavations of groups of graves, geographically limited to two regions in Upper Burma, the Chindwin and the Samon valleys. No settlement site has been fully studied, and a large part of the archaeological potential of the country remains unexplored. The chronological framework advanced in this chapter, therefore, is principally based on associations of grave goods within burials and of intersite comparisons, supported by rare absolute dates. Pottery, Jewelry made of stone beads and glass, various bronze articles and iron tools and weapons, inform us about origins of raw materials, technological knowledge and know-how and about influences and exchanges between different burmese communities and all over South-East Asia.
The Co Loa Polity in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Kim Nam C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the archaeological record for the settlement of Co Loa, located in present-day Vietnam’s Red River Delta, and the society responsible for its founding and construction. Linked to local traditions and folklore describing ancient kingdoms, the settlement’s growing archaeological database provides new insights into the area’s cultural development in late prehistoric and early historic eras. This chapter presents highlights Co Loa as it emerged as a political center for a complex polity in northern Vietnam over two thousand years ago. Co Loa represents a very early case of incipient state formation in Southeast Asia during the closing centuries BC.
Multimedia Learning
Authors: Mayer Richard E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article defines and exemplifies multimedia learning and multimedia instruction, describes theoretical frameworks for multimedia learning and multimedia instruction, summarizes evidence-based principles for how to design multimedia instruction, and suggests future trends in multimedia research. Multimedia design principles for reducing extraneous processing include the coherence principle, signaling principle, redundancy principle, spatial contiguity principle, and temporal contiguity principle. Multimedia design principles for managing essential processing include the pre-training principle, segmenting principle, and modality principle. Multimedia design principles for fostering generative processing include the personalization principle, voice principle, embodiment principle, and generative activity principle. Research on multimedia learning represents an example of applying the science of learning to education, and stands as one of educational psychology’s success stories.
An evolutionarily conserved C4HC3-type E3 ligase regulates plant broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens
Authors: Fu Shuai , Wang Kun , Ma Tingting , Liang Yan , Ma Zhonghua , Wu Jianxiang , Xu Yi , Zhou Xueping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Deployment of broad-spectrum disease resistance against multiple pathogen species is an efficient way to control plant diseases. Here, we identify a Microtubule-associated C4HC3-type E3 Ligase (MEL) in both Nicotiana benthamiana and Oryza sativa, and show that it is able to integrate and initiate a series of host immune signaling, conferring broad-spectrum resistance to viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. We demonstrate that MEL forms homodimer through intermolecular disulfide bonds between its cysteine residues in the SWIM domain, and interacts with its substrate serine hydroxymethyltrasferase 1 (SHMT1) through the YφNL motif. Ubiquitin ligase activity, homodimerization and YφNL motif are indispensable for MEL to regulate plant immunity by mediating SHMT1 degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our findings provide a fundamental basis for utilizing the MEL–SHMT1 module to generate broad-spectrum-resistant rice to global destructive pathogens including rice stripe virus, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.