bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Covid-19 Pandemic Disease on Educational Scheme as Express by Undergraduates
Authors: Ologele Ibrahim 
Published: March 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic disease has modified the education system in Nigeria to distance learning using online platforms to stop and reduce the chain of distribution of coronavirus which highly contagious disease among students. This study objectives are to investigate whether Covid-19 pandemic result to; (1) change in university academic calendar, (2) difficulty in coping with online class, (3) inability to concentrate with online education tools. The population of the study comprised all undergraduates in the Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design of survey type which involved the use of three-stages sampling techniques to choose two hundred and fifty-seven undergraduates from the five selected departments out of nine departments in the study area. The researcher developed a questionnaire validated by three experts in the related field was used as an instrument for the study. The findings of the study indicated that the Covid-19 pandemic disease has influence on changes in University academic calendar, has influence on the difficulty in coping with online class and also, has influence on inability to concentrate with online educational tools among Undergraduates. The researcher recommends among others that the lecturers should use appropriate techniques and teaching aids that will make online lessons interesting for learners
Theobroma cacao L. (Cocoa) pod husk as a new therapy for transient receptor protein vanilloid-1 (TRPV1)-targeted diabetic neuropathy: An in silico study
Authors: Nisa Pungky Azarotul , Adzani Alviyani Mahdalina , Amalia Sinta Noor , Maulidiana Risa , Yuniar Eka , Mufidah Fania Mufti , Fajrin Fifteen Aprila 
Published: March 2022

Backgrounds: Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa) is one of the leading commodities found in Indonesia. Cocoa pod husk has many bioactive compounds with antinociceptive properties. One of the targets in treating pain, especially painful diabetic neuropathy, is the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). Aim: This study aimed to investigate the activity of active compounds from cocoa pod husk extracts against TRPV1 and their toxicity. Methods: Molecular docking was used to predict the activity of the test ligands, and the results were analysed with Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. The TRPV 1 structure was taken from the Protein Data Bank (ID: 5IS0), with capsazepine as a native ligand. The toxicity prediction was evaluated using pkCSM. Results: The results showed that the active chemical compounds from cocoa pod husks with the strongest affinity for TRPV1 were phlorofucofuroeckol-A (-95.7785 ± 1.868), catechins (-92.6868 ± 2.681), 7-phloroeckol (-91.9788 ± 0.356), and resveratrol (-91.1921 ± 0.579), and the safest compounds were catechins, resveratrol, and 7-phloroeckol. Conclusion: Catechins, resveratrol, and 7-phloroeckol from cacao pod husks are safe and potential therapy for diabetic neuropathy.
Formulation and effectivity testing of pining fruit extract gel (Hornstedtia alliacea) for healing burns
Authors: Gustaman Firman , Setiawan Fajar , Fadhilah Nida Nur , Idacahyati Keni , Wulandari Winda Trisna , Indra Indra 
Published: March 2022

Background: Pining fruit is a traditional medicinal plant employed to treat burns for its content of active natural ingredients such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins acting as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory.
Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate the best formula for gel preparations and test the effectiveness of pining fruit extract gel preparations for healing burns.
Methods: Evaluation tests of the gel preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity tests. The gel effectiveness test was conducted in five treatment groups for 14 days. The data were analysed statistically using the one-way ANOVA method followed by the LSD (Least Significant Different) test.
Results: The physical evaluation of pining fruit gel preparations, i.e. organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, dispersion, and viscosity tests on all three formulas (F1, F2, and F3), met the requirements. The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference in the experimental group with a score of 0.022 (p < 0.05). Hence, the most effective formula for curing burns was F3, with a 1.5% extract concentration and a healing percentage of 19.175%.
Comparison of antipyretic activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Bandotan herb (Ageratum conyzoides L.) in hyperpyrexia mice
Authors: Christianty Fransiska Maria , Holidah Diana , Haulani Junita , Fitriasaria Lady Refrina , Fajrin Fifteen Aprila 
Published: March 2022

Background: Fever is one of the body's physiological responses to metabolic stress, characterised by increasing body temperature. Based on its phytochemical content, Bandotan (tropical whiteweed) is an alternative antipyretic therapeutic agent. Flavonoids are potential chemical contents that can be extracted with various solvents, including ethanol and ethyl acetate. So far, research on its antipyretic potential is limited.
Aim: To compare the antipyretic activity of ethanol extract to ethyl acetate extract of Bandotan herb in hyperpyrexia mice.
Methods: Bandotan herb extracts were prepared by maceration, followed by phytochemical screening and determining total flavonoid content. Hyperpyrexia mice were made by induction of baker's yeast. Four hours after injection, mice were treated with Bandotan herb extracts, a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW), then the rectal temperature was observed for four hours.
Results: Both extracts contained flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and steroid, while terpenoid was only found in ethanol preparation. The total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract was higher than that of ethanol extract. The best antipyretic activity was a dose of 400 mg/kg BW, but there was no significant difference in the percentage of pyrexia inhibition.
Conclusion: Both extracts have the same ability to be developed as an alternative antipyretic agent.
Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L inhalation on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in female students of the Bali International University
Authors: Sutema Ida Ayu Manik Partha , Mahardika I Gede Argham 
Published: March 2022

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a symptom that occurs in the absence of genital organ abnormalities. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used but may cause adverse reactions if used repeatedly without doctor supervision. This study aims to analyse the effect of rosemary aromatherapy inhalation on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in female students of the Bali International University. Method: This experimental research with a pretest and posttest control group design was conducted in March 2021 among 56 female students of the Bali International University. Pain intensity was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scale. Result: The Mann Whitney test revealed a p-value = 0.0001, indicating that rosemary aromatherapy (-3.250) has a significant effect on reducing the intensity of menstrual pain compared to jojoba oil used as a placebo (0,928). Conclusion: This research could demonstrate that rosemary aromatherapy inhalation can reduce pain levels and be a non-pharmacological therapy option for primary dysmenorrhoea.
Medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia: A systematic review
Authors: Pertiwi Maria Vini , Alfian Riza , Nita Yunita , Athiyah Umi 
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term drug therapy. Adherence in taking medication increases the potential to obtain the optimum therapeutic target.
Aim: This systematic review aimed to identify and describe medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia.
Methods: A systematic review was carried out on published research articles from three electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and DOAJ). The eligibility criteria were that studies should be cross-sectional designs, and should display the result data of the measurement of medication adherence level of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia. A manual search was also carried out using Google Scholar and from the bibliography of the articles found. The risk of bias was assessed using the NIH quality assessment tool for cross-sectional studies. The synthesis of the results was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart.
Results: Thirty published research articles were selected. Medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia had varying levels. It was dominated by the category of low level and non-adherence. The limitations of the evidence used were: small sample size, the majority using only one method to measure adherence, and the validity and reliability tested was only used in a small number of studies.
Conclusion: This finding showed that non-adherence to medication was still a problem for patients undergoing diabetes mellitus treatment in Indonesia.
Effectiveness of telemedicine use to improve patient outcome in cancer patients: A narrative review
Authors: Arkandhi Angela Judhia , Harjaningsih Woro 
Published: March 2022

Background: Cancer as a chronic disease requires special attention and intensive care to all aspects of treatment. Besides, in a crisis like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine is beneficial for healthcare, including patient care in cancer.
Objective: This review aims to explore the different types of telemedicine interventions that effectively improve patient outcomes and describe their effectiveness in improving these outcomes.
Method: This study was a narrative review with articles retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Result: A total of 26 articles was analysed in this study. The most effective form of telemedicine was mHealth, followed by web or internet-based, with the majority of activities replaced by telemedicine being monitored and followed up.
Conclusion: Telemedicine is effective in improving cancer patient outcomes. This study can be considered for telemedicine implementation in Indonesia.
Cost of illness analysis of diabetes mellitus with complications in one hospital in Surabaya
Authors: Patty Yohana Febriani Putri Peu , Nita Yunita , Libriansyah  
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The high prevalence and incidence of complications due to diabetes mellitus impose an economic burden on patients and society.
Aim: To obtain an overview of the cost of diabetes mellitus with complications and identify the factors that affect it.
Methods: This study was conducted based on the perspective of health care providers.
Results: The cost of illness for diabetes mellitus with complications was IDR 2,654,047,597 and an average cost of IDR 15,688,528/patient. Diabetes mellitus type 2 with peripheral circulation complications (E11.5) had the highest average cost (IDR 34,135,284/patient). The factors that significantly influenced direct medical costs were the length of stay, class of hospitalisation, and type of complications (Charlson comorbidity index).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the presence of complications increases the cost of diabetes mellitus treatment.
Tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Yulistiani  , Izka A Humaira , Rindang A Mareta , A W Prastuti 
Published: March 2022

A severe pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) was identified in December 2019 as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has spread rapidly and has become a worldwide health challenge. Some patients experienced severe complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and have even progressed to an intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. Research has reported that pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes prompt an inflammatory storm with large amounts of interleukin 6. Consequently, IL-6 receptor inhibitors have been repurposed to treat COVID-19, but their exact role in treatment remains unclear. Tocilizumab (TCZ), a monoclonal antibody against IL-6, emerged as an alternative treatment in COVID-19 patients with ARDS syndrome. Therefore, the authors hypothesise that tocilizumab might be effective in decreasing the inflammatory storm and reducing mortality in COVID-19 severe cases. This observational retrospective study explored the use of a single dose of tocilizumab 400 mg intravenous infusion for an hour in COVID-19 patients. The results showed that tocilizumab could not improve the parameters related to mortality rates, such as IL-6 levels, leukocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ferritin. IL-6 levels increased after tocilizumab administration.
Pharmaceutical care model for antituberculosis drug therapy in tuberculosis patients at a primary healthcare centre in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Priyandani Yuni , Rahem Abdul , Athiyah Umi , Qomaruddin M. B. , Kuntoro  
Published: March 2022

Background: Indonesia ranks third in the world for tuberculosis (TB), which remains a public health problem, where the role of health workers, including pharmacists, is needed. The role of pharmacists in primary health care centres is still limited to providing fixed-dose combination antituberculosis drugs (FDC) as a product. The provision of drugs as a means of therapy through pharmaceutical care in TB patients is still not optimal.
Objective: This study aimed to create a pharmaceutical care model to improve adherence to FDC treatment regimens in TB patients at the primary health care centre.
Methods: The study consisted of three stages, with the unit of analysis being pharmacist. The first stage was mapping the profile of FDC services in TB patients. The second stage was the creation of pharmaceutical care training modules. The third stage was testing the pharmaceutical care model with module training for pharmacists. The first stage of the study was an observational analytic cross-sectional design, including 63 pharmacists and 249 TB patients from July to September 2018. The third stage of the study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group in October 2018, enrolling 36 pharmacists divided into 18 pharmacists in the intervention group and 18 pharmacists in the control group. The research was approved by the Health Research Ethics Commission, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga.
Results: The results consisted of a model of pharmaceutical care in TB patients. Pharmacists knowledge affects their abilities, including verification, explanation of indications, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. Pharmacists ability to influence patient response includes belief, understanding, expectation, concern, and adherence to the drug therapy regimen.
Conclusion: The pharmaceutical care model improved adherence to the FDC therapy regimen in TB patients at the primary healthcare centre.
Molecular docking study of vemurafenib derivatives on melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) as anti-melanoma
Authors: Muttaqin Fauzan Zein , Sari Anita Pramudya Ratna , Kurniawan Fransiska 
Published: March 2022

Background: Melanoma is one of the cancers with high mortality rates in Indonesia. The newest potential anti-melanoma target is the Melanoma Inhibitory Activity (MIA/5IXB) macromolecule, but the location of the binding pocket interaction is unknown. Vemurafenib is known to be active in vivo as against melanoma. Thus, it can be used as a lead compound. This study aimed to examine the location of the binding pocket and the interactions that occur between macromolecules and the test compounds.
Methods: It was carried out using the blind docking method between vemurafenib and an MIA macromolecule.
Results: The results showed that the best molecular docking was obtained in the distribution of the grid box area in the third area with a ∆G value of -7.80 kcal/mol. Docking validation results showed the value of ∆G 11.06 kcal/mol with an average value of RMSD 1.788 Å, and the amino acid residues that played a role in the interaction were MET31, TYR30, and PRO33. Targeted docking to the binding pocket results on 45 test compounds showed that the most potent compound was Compound-17 with a ∆G value of 11.31 kcal/mol with hydrophobic bond interactions on amino acid residues TYR30. This hydrophobic bond is responsible for the MIA mechanism as an inhibitor of melanoma cell metastasis in the body. It can be concluded that the binding pocket of the MIA(5IXB) macromolecule with the vemurafenib compound is at the amino acid residues MET31, TYR30, and PRO33 with the interaction of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds. Also, it was observed that T.C-17 is the most potential anti-melanoma test compound.
The potential role of pharmacists in counteracting health misinformation in social media
Authors: Sukorini Anila Impian , Rahayu Titik Puji , Suwito Kandi Aryani , Hermansyah Andi 
Published: March 2022

Background: Health misinformation is often circulated on social media (SM), leading to confusion and jeopardising patients’ health.
Aim: This study aimed to identify the pharmacist’s role in responding to health misinformation on SM.
Methods: Several focus group discussions were conducted involving pharmacist participants purposively recruited. The discussions were audiotaped and thematically analysed.
Results: A total of 41 pharmacists participated in this study. The most frequent misinformation on SM was related to the use of herbal medicines. The misinformation tended to decrease medication compliance, increase delayed treatment, and worsen the illness. Participants reported difficulty in seeking reliable references about traditional and alternative medicines. They were often asked for advice and opinion related to information on SM.
Conclusion: Pharmacists need to counteract the health misinformation on SM actively. Lack of reference to a particular topic is a significant obstacle.
Effect of gelling agent and penetration enhancer on the release rate of ibuprofen-PEG 6000 solid dispersion from gel preparations
Authors: Wisudyaningsih Budipratiwi , Ameliana Lidya 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Ibuprofen is a non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drug which shows low bioavailability. For gel preparations it is important to increase the release rate of ibuprofen by using solid dispersion systems.
Objective: To obtain the optimum release rate of ibuprofen-PEG 6000 solid dispersion from gel, by optimising the gelling agent and the penetrating enhancers.
Method: Determination of gelling agent was carried out by comparing the ibuprofen release flux. The gel formulation with the best release flux will be used in the determination of penetrating enhancer to obtain the optimum release flux, by using a two-factor factorial design.
Result: HPMC showed the highest release flux (339.5 g/cm2min). The results showed an increase in the release flux (489.4 g/cm2min) in the optimum formula with 39.9% propylene glycol and 3.3% isopropyl myristate.
Conclusion: The increase in the ibuprofen solid dispersion release flux has been carried out using HPMC, and propylene glycol-isopropyl myristate as a penetrating enhancer.
α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of Loranthus ferrugineus and Peperomia pellucida extracts
Authors: Teruna Hilwan Yuda , Hendra Rudi , Almurdani Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The usage of traditional medicines in Indonesia has recently increased following the rise in regional COVID-19 cases. They were used to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pre-existing condition such as heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, and inflammation. They were also used to boost peoples immune system. Loranthus ferrugineus (Loranthaceae) and Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae) were two medicinal plants used as anti-diabetes drugs.
Aim: This study aimed to measure the anti-diabetic activity of extracts of L. ferrugineus branches and the aerial parts of P. pellucida.
Method: Dried branches of L. ferrugineus were macerated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Fresh aerial parts of P. pellucida were macerated with methanol and reduced the volume in vacuo. The extract was fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. These extracts and its fractions were dried and tested in vitro with α-glucosidase.
Results: α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate and methanol of L. ferrugineus were 89.21% and 92.98% at 500 ppm. However, there was no significant activity detected for the n-hexane extract. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract, and its n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of P. pellucida were 8.26%, 0.83% and 28.19% at 500 ppm.
Conclusion: The methanol extract of L. ferrugineus and the ethyl acetate extract of L. ferrugineus are considered to have potential to be developed further as therapeutics.
Cost of illness for COVID-19 inpatients in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmawati Cyntiya , Nurbaety Baiq , Qiyaam Nurul , Dini Sulton , Maftuhah Laelatul 
Published: March 2022

Background: COVID-19 is still a pandemic worldwide, including in Indonesia. The high number of COVID-19 cases, especially in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), has a financial impact, considering that inpatient costs are borne by the government.
Objective: To calculate the cost of illness for COVID-19 inpatients at the NTB Provincial hospital.
Method: The method used was the cost of illness from a payer’s perspective. The population consisted of 822 patients.
Results: The total direct medical cost of COVID-19 patients at the NTB Provincial hospital in 2020 was IDR 45,589,962,670, with an average of IDR 55,462,242. The average cost of COVID-19 inpatients without comorbidities was IDR 45,545,441 and IDR 71,926,056 for those with comorbidities.
Conclusion: The total cost of illness of COVID-19 in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, was high. Therefore, preventive efforts are needed to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 in Indonesia, especially in West Nusa Tenggara.
Optimal scenario of antihypertension's cost-effectiveness in Prolanis hypertension patients: A case study of Pandeglang District, Indonesia
Authors: Yusransyah  , Halimah Eli , Suwantika Auliya A. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Since hypertension prevalence has increased, its economic burden has also increased in all regions, including Pandeglang District in Banten Province, Indonesia. In 2014, the government launched a chronic disease management programme (Prolanis) to optimise hypertension treatment in Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) through the Social Health Insurance Administration Body (BPJS Kesehatan). Pharmacists' counseling is important in this as it can increase the effectiveness of hypertension treatment.
Objective: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of pharmacists’ counselling for Prolanis hypertension patients at PHCs.
Methods: An experimental study was conducted at 16 PHCs using a purposive sampling method. The total sample included 96 Prolanis hypertension patients divided into two groups of 48 participants (an intervention and control group). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was applied by comparing the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained in both groups. A validated EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire and its Indonesian value set were employed to measure patient quality of life, and the local GDP per capita threshold for cost-effectiveness was used.
Results: Pharmacists' counseling intervention is cost-effective (ICER: IDR.2,000-28,307 per QALY-gained) within several scenarios with varying fees. Sensitivity analysis showed that the patient's utility score and the pharmacist`s counseling fee were the most influential parameters impacting the ICER.
Conclusion: Pharmacist`s counselling can be considered as a promising intervention to optimise Prolanis hypertension treatments at PHCs.