bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the Health Action Process Approach to predict blood donation intentions and return behavior following a vasovagal reaction for whole blood and plasma donors
Authors: Thijsen Amanda , Gemelli Carley N. , Davison Tanya E. , Masser Barbara 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo inform the development of interventions to retain donors following a vasovagal reaction (VVR), the aim of this study is to use the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) to identify predictors of intentions to re‐donate and actual return behavior among whole blood (WB) and plasma donors who experienced a VVR.Study Design and MethodsA total of 1136 WB donors (Mage = 32.4 ± 12.5 years; 73.4% female) and 1141 plasma donors (Mage = 36.5 ± 14.4 years; 73.3% female) completed an online survey after experiencing a VVR. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each donation type. In the first analysis, donation intentions were regressed onto the motivational HAPA constructs and social support. In the second analysis, donor return within 6 months was regressed onto social support, intentions, and the volitional HAPA constructs.ResultsThe motivational and social support variables accounted for 47.2% of the variance in intentions to return in WB donors and 15.7% in plasma donors. For both groups, task self‐efficacy, positive and negative outcome expectancies, and social support were significant predictors of intentions to return. Intentions and action planning were significant predictors of donor return in both groups, and recovery self‐efficacy was significant for plasma only.ConclusionThe HAPA model can provide guidance to blood collection agencies to design phase‐specific and individually‐focused interventions to retain WB and plasma donors following a VVR.
A typology of strategies that recognize, reward, and incentivize blood donation
Authors: Chell Kathleen , Masser Barbara , Davison Tanya E. , Ferguson Eamonn 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundBlood collection agencies (BCAs) worldwide are continuously looking to improve recognition, reward, and incentive (RRI) policies to optimize the recruitment and retention of blood donors. However, given the inconsistent categorization and variety of strategies available, there is a need for a theoretically informed and empirically supported framework to guide RRI research and policy development.Study Design and MethodsSurvey data from 1028 voluntary nonremunerated whole blood and plasma donors in Australia was used to validate a theorized RRI typology based on distinctions between the level of congruency with the act of donating blood (congruent vs. incongruent), visibility of acknowledgment (public vs. private), benefits provided (self vs. other), and likely reinforcement schedule (fixed vs. variable).ResultsA six‐factor solution met all statistical criteria and was most consistent with a priori theoretical underpinnings. The factors were labeled (i) deal promotion, (ii) loyalty program, (iii) BCA token, (iv) health check, (v) charity donation, and (vi) travel compensation.DiscussionThis typology provides researchers with a standardized theoretical and conceptual framework to organize and synthesize findings from the existing literature and help BCAs develop RRI policies that are likely to be successful. We present a future research agenda across and within the RRI strategies.
Training‐induced improvements in knee extensor force accuracy are associated with reduced vastus lateralis motor unit firing variability
Authors: Ely Isabel A. , Jones Eleanor J. , Inns Thomas B. , Dooley Síobhra , Miller Sarah B. J. , Stashuk Daniel W. , Atherton Philip J. , Phillips Bethan E. , Piasecki Mathew 
Published: August 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can bilateral knee extensor force accuracy be improved following 4 weeks of unilateral force accuracy training and are there any subsequent alterations to central and/or peripheral motor unit features?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In the trained limb only, knee extensor force tracking accuracy improved with reduced motor unit firing rate variability in the vastus lateralis, and there was no change to neuromuscular junction transmission instability. Interventional strategies to improve force accuracy may be directed to older/clinical populations where such improvements may aid performance of daily living activities.

AbstractMuscle force output during sustained submaximal isometric contractions fluctuates around an average value and is partly influenced by variation in motor unit (MU) firing rates. MU firing rate (FR) variability seemingly reduces following exercise training interventions; however, much less is known with respect to peripheral MU properties. We therefore investigated whether targeted force accuracy training could lead to improved muscle functional capacity and control, in addition to determining any alterations of individual MU features. Ten healthy participants (seven females, three males, 27 ± 6 years, 170 ± 8 cm, 69 ± 16 kg) underwent a 4‐week supervised, unilateral knee extensor force accuracy training intervention. The coefficient of variation for force (FORCECoV) and sinusoidal wave force tracking accuracy (FORCESinu) were determined at 25% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) pre‐ and post‐training. Intramuscular electromyography was utilised to record individual MU potentials from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscles at 25% MVC during sustained contractions, pre‐ and post‐training. Knee extensor muscle strength remained unchanged following training, with no improvements in unilateral leg‐balance. FORCECoV and FORCESinu significantly improved in only the trained knee extensors by ∼13% (P = 0.01) and ∼30% (P < 0.0001), respectively. MU FR variability significantly reduced in the trained VL by ∼16% (n = 8; P = 0.001), with no further alterations to MU FR or neuromuscular junction transmission instability. Our results suggest muscle force control and tracking accuracy is a trainable characteristic in the knee extensors, which is likely explained by the reduction in MU FR variability which was apparent in the trained limb only.
Performance Evaluation of Plate Heat Exchanger Using CuO-DI Water Nanofluid
Authors: Panday Nitesh K. , Singh Shailendra N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractExperimental and numerical investigations have been carried out for performance evaluation of plate heat exchanger (PHE) using CuO-DI water nanofluid at different volume concentrations of (ϕ = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) for the Reynolds number, Re = 71–1350, Prandtl number, Pr = 3.18–13.7, and at fixed inlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids Thi = 60 °C and Tci = 20 °C, respectively. The two main influential thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid, namely, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity obtained for various volume fractions at different temperatures, are further utilized for performance analysis of the PHEs. The thermo-hydraulic performance of PHE is evaluated based on the J.F. factor. According to experimental and simulated results, volume concentration, ϕ = 0.03 is found to be the optimum concentration of nanofluids. The individual correlations for Nusselt number, friction factor, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity in terms of nanofluid volume fraction are proposed based on the experimental results.
An Energy-Saving Snake Locomotion Pattern Learned in a Physically Constrained Environment With Online Model-Based Policy Gradient Method
Authors: Liu Yilang , Barati Farimani Amir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Snake robots, composed of sequentially connected joint actuators, have recently gained increasing attention in the industrial field, like life detection in narrow space. Such robots can navigate the complex environment via the cooperation of multiple motors located on the backbone. However, controlling the robots in a physically constrained environment is challenging, and conventional control strategies can be energy-inefficient or even fail to navigate to the destination. This work develops a snake locomotion gait policy for energy-efficient control via deep reinforcement learning (DRL). After establishing the environment model, we apply a physics constrained online policy gradient method based on the proximal policy optimization (PPO) objective function of each joint motor parameterized by angular velocity. The DRL agent learns the standard serpenoid curve at each timestep. The policy is updated based on the robot’s observations and estimation of the current states. The robot simulator and task environment are built upon PyBullet. Compared to conventional control strategies, the snake robots controlled by the trained PPO agent can achieve faster movement and a more energy-efficient locomotion gait. This work demonstrates that DRL provides an energy-efficient solution for robot control.
Maldistribution on a Vertical Manifold With Guide Vanes
Authors: Roman Federico 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wall-Modeled Large Eddy Simulation (WMLES) has been used to study a subsonic vertical manifolds (VMs) in terms of maldistribution, i.e., how much the flow splitting deviates from an equal flow distribution between the outlets. The analyzed configuration is characterized by a wide-angle plane diffuser and by four outlets and it has been studied at high Reynolds number (Re*=10000, with Re*=u*Dh/ν, where u* is the friction velocity at the inlet, Dh=4A/P is the hydraulic diameter with A the cross-sectional area at the inlet and P the perimeter, ν is the kinematic viscosity). In the basic configuration, a jet flow develops in the diffuser with two stable flow separation regions at the inclined walls, which prevent an equal flow distribution at the outlets, and determine a maldistribution around ε=37%, where ε is a parameter that quantifies the flow rate deviation from an equal distribution. To increase the equal flow distribution between the outlets, guide vanes have been used. A conceptual model to reduce the maldistribution has been developed using the momentum and the mechanical energy conservation laws. The model uses as main parameter the relative distance between the guide vanes, and it allows to minimize ε. Taking advantage of this method, the maldistribution has been reduced from ε=11.20%, for the case of equally distributed guide vanes, to ε=0.32% in the optimized configuration. The methodology is of general use also for hydraulic systems.
Adding Vibration During Varied-Intensity Work Intervals Increases Time Spent Near Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Well-Trained Cyclists
Authors: Duc Sébastien , Urianstad Tomas , Rønnestad Bent R. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose: Previous research suggests that the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake attained and the time it is sustained close to maximal oxygen uptake (eg, >90%) can serve as a good criterion to judge the effectiveness of a training stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of adding vibration during varied high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions on physiological and neuromuscular responses. Methods: Twelve well-trained cyclists completed a counterbalanced crossover protocol, wherein 2 identical varied HIIT cycling sessions were performed with and without intermittent vibration to the lower-intensity workloads of the work intervals (6 × 5-min work intervals and 2.5-min active recovery). Each 5-minute work interval consisted of 3 blocks of 40 seconds performed at 100% of maximal aerobic power interspersed with 60-second workload performed at a lower power output, equal to the lactate threshold plus 20% of the difference between lactate threshold and maximal aerobic power. Oxygen uptake and electromyographic activity of lower and upper limbs were recorded during all 5-minute work intervals. Results: Adding vibration induced a longer time ≥90% maximal oxygen uptake (11.14 [7.63] vs 8.82 [6.90] min, d = 0.64, P = .048) and an increase in electromyographic activity of lower and upper limbs during the lower-intensity workloads by 20% (16%) and 34% (43%) (d = 1.09 and 0.83; P = .03 and .015), respectively. Conclusion: Adding vibration during a varied HIIT session increases the physiological demand of the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems, indicating that this approach can be used to optimize the training stimulus of well-trained cyclists.
Impact of COVID-19 on Well-Being and Physical Activity in Ugandan Children With and Without HIV
Authors: Milad Mina , Karungi Christine , Sattar Abdus , Musiime Victor , Nazzinda Rashidah , McComsey Grace A. , Dirajlal-Fargo Sahera 
Published: August 2022

Background: The present study aims to understand the socioeconomic and physical activity impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and without HIV (HIV−) in Kampala (Uganda). Methods: The authors included children aged 10–18 years who filled out questionnaires at baseline (2017–2018, prepandemic) and 2 years later (March 2020–January 2021, pandemic) in an observational cohort study at Joint Clinical Research Centre (Kampala). Physical activity energy expenditure was calculated using a youth compendium from the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research. Descriptive and standard test statistics including Kruskal–Wallis were used. Results: One hundred and ninety-eight children from Kampala Uganda were included prepandemic (101 PHIV and 97 HIV−); 131 (71 PHIV and 60 HIV−) had information collected during the pandemic. At baseline, median and interquartile range age was 13 years (11; 15), and 52% were females. During the pandemic, overall weekly physical activity increased by a median of 854 minutes (interquartile range: 270–1890), and energy expenditures increased by 16% in both PHIV and in HIV− (P < .001 for groups overall prepandemic vs pandemic). Conclusions: The authors found in this Ugandan cohort of children that children engaged in more physical activity. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term effects of the pandemic on children’s well-being.
Quadriceps Function and Athletic Performance in Highly Trained Female Athletes
Authors: Henderson Frederick J. , Sasakabe Wakana , Satoshi Kuwano , Shima Norihiro , Shimokochi Yohei 
Published: August 2022

Context: Quadriceps strength is considered a key contributor to performance in various athletic tasks. Yet, past research has reported conflicting results based on population, with little data available in highly trained female athletes. Design: Cross-sectional. Method: To examine how athletic performance relates to quadriceps strength and neural function, we measured the quadriceps maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) and rate of force development over 0 to 50 ms (rate of force development [RFD]0−50ms), and various performance measures in 34 highly trained female athletes. Results: Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the quadriceps variables explained 16 of 21 performance variables (R2 = .08–.36, P ≤ .10). Squat performance related to RFD0−50ms alone (R2 = .17–.20, P < .05; βRFD = 0.41 to 0.45, P < .05) but only MVIC explained the variance in sprinting and vertical jump performance (R2 = .08–.34, P ≤ .10; βMVIC = −0.51 to 0.58, P ≤ .10). The broad jump model included both parameters and their interaction (R2 = .20, P = .08; βRFD = 0.06, P = .76; βMVIC = −0.39, P = .03; βRFD×MVIC = −0.24, P = .10). Conclusion: The contribution of the quadriceps MVIC or RFD0–50ms varies in size and nature depending on the task or leg dominance. While quadriceps are significant contributors to performance, because our models leave most of the variance in performance unexplained, rehabilitation and performance professionals should refrain from interpreting peak athletic performance as a reflection of knee-extensors function in highly trained female athletes.
Risk factors for severe PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children
Authors: Schober Tilmann , Caya Chelsea , Barton Michelle , Bayliss Ann , Bitnun Ari , Bowes Jennifer , Brenes-Chacon Helena , Bullard Jared , Cooke Suzette , Dewan Tammie , Dwilow Rachel , El Tal Tala , Foo Cheryl , Gill Peter , Haghighi Aski Behzad , Kakkar Fatima , Lautermilch Janell , Lefebvre Marie-Astrid , Leifso Kirk , Le Saux Nicole , Lopez Alison , Manafi Ali , Merckx Joanna , Morris Shaun K , Nateghian Alireza , Panetta Luc , Petel Dara , Piché Dominique , Purewal Rupeena , Restivo Lea , Roberts Ashley , Sadarangani Manish , Scuccimarri Rosie , Soriano-Fallas Alejandra , Tehseen Sarah , Top Karina A , Ulloa-Gutierrez Rolando , Viel-Theriault Isabelle , Wong Jacqueline , Yea Carmen , Yeh Ann , Yock-Corrales Adriana , Robinson Joan L , Papenburg Jesse 
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors for severe disease in children hospitalised for SARS-CoV-2 infection.DesignMulticentre retrospective cohort study.Setting18 hospitals in Canada, Iran and Costa Rica from 1 February 2020 to 31 May 2021.PatientsChildren<18 years of age hospitalised for symptomatic PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, including PCR-positive multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).Main outcome measureSeverity on the WHO COVID-19 Clinical Progression Scale was used for ordinal logistic regression analyses.ResultsWe identified 403 hospitalisations. Median age was 3.78 years (IQR 0.53–10.77). At least one comorbidity was present in 46.4% (187/403) and multiple comorbidities in 18.6% (75/403). Eighty-one children (20.1%) met WHO criteria for PCR-positive MIS-C. Progression to WHO clinical scale score ≥6 occurred in 25.3% (102/403). In multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, chest imaging findings, laboratory-confirmed bacterial and/or viral coinfection, and MIS-C diagnosis, presence of a single (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.90, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.20) or multiple chronic comorbidities (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.79), obesity (aOR 3.42, 95% CI 1.76 to 6.66) and chromosomal disorders (aOR 4.47, 95% CI 1.25 to 16.01) were independent risk factors for severity. Age was not an independent risk factor, but different age-specific comorbidities were associated with more severe disease in age-stratified adjusted analyses: cardiac (aOR 2.90, 95% CI 1.11 to 7.56) and non-asthma pulmonary disorders (aOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.26 to 7.49) in children<12 years old and obesity (aOR 3.69, 1.45–9.40) in adolescents≥12 years old. Among infants<1 year old, neurological (aOR 10.72, 95% CI 1.01 to 113.35) and cardiac disorders (aOR 10.13, 95% CI 1.69 to 60.54) were independent predictors of severe disease.ConclusionWe identified risk factors for disease severity among children hospitalised for PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comorbidities predisposing children to more severe disease may vary by age. These findings can potentially guide vaccination programmes and treatment approaches in children.
Are children with obesity at school entry more likely to have a diagnosis of a musculoskeletal condition? Findings from a systematic review
Authors: Firman Nicola , Wilk Marta , Harper Gill , Dezateux Carol 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundChildren with obesity at school entry are at increased risk of persistent obesity throughout childhood and adulthood. Little is known about associations with adverse health outcomes with onset during childhood including those affecting the musculoskeletal system. We examined the association between obesity present at school entry and adverse musculoskeletal diagnoses with onset during childhood.MethodsWe searched three electronic databases to identify longitudinal studies published in English between January 2000 and June 2022 assessing associations between obesity measured at school entry (around age 5 years) and musculoskeletal diagnoses made before age 20 years. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full-text using EPPI-Reviewer software. Bias and quality of eligible studies were appraised using The Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional studies and findings synthesised.ResultsWe identified four eligible studies from 291 unique records, three conducted in Spain and one in Scotland. These studies reported on 1 232 895 children (available data: 51.4% boys; none reported ethnic distribution) with study sample sizes ranging from <2000 to 600 000 and length of follow-up from 2 to 13 years. Quantitative synthesis of findings across these four studies was not possible due to differences in outcomes and effect sizes reported. Children with obesity at school entry were more likely to receive diagnoses of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, back pain, fractures and musculoskeletal complaints made in primary care settings. Included studies were assessed as of ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality.ConclusionThere is good to fair evidence to suggest children with obesity at school entry are more likely to receive a diagnosis of a musculoskeletal condition during childhood. Further research is needed to replicate these findings in ethnically diverse populations and to investigate whether these are causal associations. The implications of this for children’s mobility and quality of life and future musculoskeletal health warrants further assessment.
What can the Defence Medical Services learn from the COVID-19 pandemic in order to be ready for the future?
Authors: Newman Charles 
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant global pressure on public health, with the demand for specialist clinical input, equipment and therapeutics often outweighing supply in many well-established healthcare systems. The UK was no exception to this burden, resulting in unprecedented demands being placed on its NHS. Throughout the pandemic, the UK Defence Medical Services (DMS) aided the civilian healthcare sector, while concurrently adapting as an organisation to meet its enduring commitment in promoting the operational output of the wider UK Armed Forces. This paper serves to provide an overview of some of these key activities while offering proposed lessons which can be learnt, in order to promote the DMS’ output in times of future crises. Of note, the DMS aided to mitigate surge demands placed on the NHS’ supply chain, assisting in promoting its resilience to provide key materials to civilian clinical personnel. Adaptation of military policy generation mechanisms, together with adoption of novel technological approaches to promote remote working, empowered efficient DMS operational output throughout the pandemic. Direct provision of personnel to assist in the NHS’ clinical output served to foster mutually beneficial interorganisational relationships, while providing objective benefit for the UK public.This paper was selected as theBMJ Military HealthRoyal Society of Medicine Colt Foundation National Essay Prize Winner 2021.