bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomous artificial intelligence in pediatric radiology: the use and perception of BoneXpert for bone age assessment
Authors: Thodberg Hans Henrik , Thodberg Benjamin , Ahlkvist Joanna , Offiah Amaka C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
The autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) system for bone age rating (BoneXpert) was designed to be used in clinical radiology practice as an AI-replace tool, replacing the radiologist completely.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate how the tool is used in clinical practice. Are radiologists more inclined to use BoneXpert to assist rather than replace themselves, and how much time is saved?

Materials and methods
We sent a survey consisting of eight multiple-choice questions to 282 radiologists in departments in Europe already using the software.

Results
The 97 (34%) respondents came from 18 countries. Their answers revealed that before installing the automated method, 83 (86%) of the respondents took more than 2 min per bone age rating; this fell to 20 (21%) respondents after installation. Only 17/97 (18%) respondents used BoneXpert to completely replace the radiologist; the rest used it to assist radiologists to varying degrees. For instance, 39/97 (40%) never overruled the automated reading, while 9/97 (9%) overruled more than 5% of the automated ratings. The majority 58/97 (60%) of respondents checked the radiographs themselves to exclude features of underlying disease.

Conclusion
BoneXpert significantly reduces reporting times for bone age determination. However, radiographic analysis involves more than just determining bone age. It also involves identification of abnormalities, and for this reason, radiologists cannot be completely replaced. AI systems originally developed to replace the radiologist might be more suitable as AI assist tools, particularly if they have not been validated to work autonomously, including the ability to omit ratings when the image is outside the range of validity.
Image-level trajectory inference of tau pathology using variational autoencoder for Flortaucipir PET
Authors: Hong Jimin , Kang Seung Kwan , Alberts Ian , Lu Jiaying , Sznitman Raphael , Lee Jae Sung , Rominger Axel , Choi Hongyoon , Shi Kuangyu ,   the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) studies revealed that abnormal deposition of tau spreads in a specific spatial pattern, namely Braak stage. However, Braak staging is based on post mortem brains, each of which represents the cross section of the tau trajectory in disease progression, and numerous studies were reported that do not conform to that model. This study thus aimed to identify the tau trajectory and quantify the tau progression in a data-driven approach with the continuous latent space learned by variational autoencoder (VAE).

Methods
A total of 1080 [18F]Flortaucipir brain positron emission tomography (PET) images were collected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. VAE was built to compress the hidden features from tau images in latent space. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering and minimum spanning tree (MST) were applied to organize the features and calibrate them to the tau progression, thus deriving pseudo-time. The image-level tau trajectory was inferred by continuously sampling across the calibrated latent features. We assessed the pseudo-time with regard to tau standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) in AD-vulnerable regions, amyloid deposit, glucose metabolism, cognitive scores, and clinical diagnosis.

Results
We identified four clusters that plausibly capture certain stages of AD and organized the clusters in the latent space. The inferred tau trajectory agreed with the Braak staging. According to the derived pseudo-time, tau first deposits in the parahippocampal and amygdala, and then spreads to the fusiform, inferior temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate. Prior to the regional tau deposition, amyloid accumulates first.

Conclusion
The spatiotemporal trajectory of tau progression inferred in this study was consistent with Braak staging. The profile of other biomarkers in disease progression agreed well with previous findings. We addressed that this approach additionally has the potential to quantify tau progression as a continuous variable by taking a whole-brain tau image into account.
Farmers’ Intended Weed Management after a Potential Glyphosate Ban in Austria
Authors: Matousek Teresa , Mitter Hermine , Kropf Bernadette , Schmid Erwin , Vogel Stefan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlyphosate is controversially discussed because of its alleged harmful effects on human health and the environment. Although it is approved until December 2022 in the European Union, the Austrian government discusses a national ban. Research on farmers’ intentions to deal with upcoming pesticide policy changes is limited and planned responses to a national glyphosate ban may inform accompanying measures and the development of weed management alternatives. Therefore, we have conducted 41 qualitative semi-structured interviews with farmers to explore their intended weed management if glyphosate-based herbicides were no longer available in Austria. The interviews were systematically analyzed, whereby the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with its three social-psychological constructs served as guidance, i.e., attitude toward the planned behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control toward the planned behavior. We grouped farmers based on differences in their behavioral intentions toward glyphosate-free weed management, and identified four types of farmers by assigning group-specific attributes of the TPB constructs to the groups of farmers with similar behavioral intentions. Given a national glyphosate ban, the farmers intend to implement either mechanical or chemical alternatives, which would be solely applied or combined with changes in cultivation. Attitude toward the planned behavior, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control affect behavioral intentions, whereas injunctive norms do not differ much between the interviewed farmers. What unites the four types of farmers is that they would rather accept a glyphosate ban, if weed management alternatives with similar effectiveness and costs were available.
MRI as a screening tool for prostate cancer: current evidence and future challenges
Authors: Würnschimmel Christoph , Chandrasekar Thenappan , Hahn Luisa , Esen Tarik , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Tilki Derya 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Prostate cancer (PCa) screening, which relies on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, is a contentious topic that received negative attention due to the low sensitivity and specificity of PSA to detect clinically significant PCa. In this context, due to the higher sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), several trials investigate the feasibility of “MRI-only” screening approaches, and question if PSA testing may be replaced within prostate cancer screening programs.

Methods
This narrative review discusses the current literature and the outlook on the potential of MRI-based PCa screening.

Results
Several prospective randomized population-based trials are ongoing. Preliminary study results appear to favor the “MRI-only” approach. However, MRI-based PCa screening programs face a variety of obstacles that have yet to be fully addressed. These include the increased cost of MRI, lack of broad availability, differences in MRI acquisition and interpretation protocols, and lack of long-term impact on cancer-specific mortality. Partly, these issues are being addressed by shorter and simpler MRI approaches (5–20 min bi-parametric MRI), novel quality indicators (PI-QUAL) and the implementation of radiomics (deep learning, machine learning).

Conclusion
Although promising preliminary results were reported, MRI-based PCa screening still lack long-term data on crucial endpoints such as the impact of MRI screening on mortality. Furthermore, the issues of availability, cost-effectiveness, and differences in MRI acquisition and interpretation still need to be addressed.
The role of an interactive Greenland ice sheet in the coupled climate-ice sheet model EC-Earth-PISM
Authors: Madsen M. S. , Yang S. , Aðalgeirsdóttir G. , Svendsen S. H. , Rodehacke C. B. , Ringgaard I. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIce sheet processes are often simplified in global climate models as changes in ice sheets have been assumed to occur over long time scales compared to ocean and atmospheric changes. However, numerous observations show an increasing rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and call for comprehensive process-based models to explore its role in climate change. Here, we present a new model system, EC-Earth-PISM, that includes an interactive Greenland Ice Sheet. The model is based on the EC-Earth v2.3 global climate model in which ice sheet surface processes are introduced. This model interacts with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) without anomaly or flux corrections. Under pre-industrial climate conditions, the modeled climate and ice sheet are stable while keeping a realistic interannual variability. In model simulations forced into a warmer climate of four times the pre-industrial CO2 concentration, the total surface mass balance decreases and the ice sheet loses mass at a rate of about 500 Gt/year. In the climate warming experiments, the resulting freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet increases 55% more in the experiments with the interactive ice sheet and the climate response is significantly different: the Arctic near-surface air temperature is lower, substantially more winter sea ice covers the northern hemisphere, and the ocean circulation is weaker. Our results indicate that the melt-albedo feedback plays a key role for the response of the ice sheet and its influence on the changing climate in the Arctic. This emphasizes the importance of including interactive ice sheets in climate change projections.
Readmissions due to hyperemesis gravidarum: a nation-wide Finnish register study
Authors: Nurmi Miina , Rautava Päivi , Gissler Mika , Vahlberg Tero , Polo-Kantola Päivi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the burden of illness caused by hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and association of readmissions due to HG with maternal, environmental and pregnancy-related factors, and different pregnancy outcomes.MethodsData of women with HG diagnosis in Finland, 2005–2017, were retrieved from health-care registers. Associations between readmissions due to HG and age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking, marital status, socioeconomic status, municipality population, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and number and sex of fetuses were analyzed in pregnancies resulting in delivery. Admissions and readmissions due to HG in deliveries, gestational trophoblastic disease, ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages and pregnancy terminations were calculated.Results10,381 pregnancies with HG diagnosis were identified: 9518 live births, 31 stillbirths, 8 cases of gestational trophoblastic disease, 16 ectopic pregnancies, 299 miscarriages, and 509 pregnancy terminations. Both outpatients and inpatients were included. Readmission occurred in 60% of pregnancies, inpatient readmission in 17%. Parity of ≥ 5, multiple gestation and female sex of fetus were associated with higher odds of readmission, maternal age 36–40 years, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, smoking and ART with lower odds of readmission. Of the 9549 pregnancies resulting in delivery, 33% involved at least one outpatient visit or inpatient episode after the first trimester, and 8% in the third trimester.ConclusionThe majority of women suffering from HG needed repeated medical care, often persisting after the first trimester. Our results provide practical information allowing clinicians to prepare for symptom duration beyond the first trimester and emphasize the importance of planning for eventual long-term treatment.
Scalar position, dislocation analysis and outcome in CI reimplantation due to device failure
Authors: Beck R. , Shiraliyev K. , Arndt S. , Rauch A. K. , Aschendorff A. , Hassepass F. , Ketterer M. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
Due to increasing indication for cochlear implantation (CI), reimplantation and technical upgrades their consequences are a special focus in CI surgery research. The aim of this study is to examine the indication and influences on both morphological position of the electrode array and audiological outcome following reimplantation.

Design
This is a retrospective analysis of adult CI patients reimplanted between 2004 and 2019. We evaluated the scalar position in pre- and postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) after CI and reimplantation and examined the indication for and the audiological outcome following reimplantation.

Results
The reimplanted patients showed stable and comparable audiological results for monosyllables and numbers for best fitted situation before and following reimplantation. Technical upgrades did not result in a significant improvement of speech perception. CBCT scans of reimplanted ears did not show significant increased rates of scalar dislocation or partial insertion.

Conclusion
Even with a technical upgrade, reimplantation does not improve speech perception outcome in CI patients. Therefore, the indication to reimplant should be approved critically. Reimplantation does not lead to a significantly increased risk for partial insertion, scalar dislocation or diminished electrode array insertion angle.
Forensic biomarkers of lethal traumatic brain injury
Authors: Zwirner Johann , Kulakofsky Rachel , Fitzek Antonia , Schröder Ann Sophie , Bohnert Simone , Franke Heike , Renné Thomas , Tse Rexson , Ondruschka Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and its accurate diagnosis is an important concern of daily forensic practice. However, it can be challenging to diagnose TBI in cases where macroscopic signs of the traumatic head impact are lacking and little is known about the circumstances of death. In recent years, several post-mortem studies investigated the possible use of biomarkers for providing objective evidence for TBIs as the cause of death or to estimate the survival time and time since death of the deceased. This work systematically reviewed the available scientific literature on TBI-related biomarkers to be used for forensic purposes. Post-mortem TBI-related biomarkers are an emerging and promising resource to provide objective evidence for cause of death determinations as well as survival time and potentially even time since death estimations. This literature review of forensically used TBI-biomarkers revealed that current markers have low specificity for TBIs and only provide limited information with regards to survival time estimations and time since death estimations. Overall, TBI fatality-related biomarkers are largely unexplored in compartments that are easily accessible during autopsies such as urine and vitreous humor. Future research on forensic biomarkers requires a strict distinction of TBI fatalities from control groups, sufficient sample sizes, combinations of currently established biomarkers, and novel approaches such as metabolomics and mi-RNAs.
Pure laparoscopic major liver resection after yttrium90 radioembolization: a case-matched series analysis of feasibility and outcomes
Authors: Aliseda Daniel , Martí-Cruchaga Pablo , Zozaya Gabriel , Benito Alberto , Lopez-Olaondo Luis , Rodríguez-Fraile Macarena , Bilbao José I. , Hidalgo Francisco , Iñarrairaegui Mercedes , Ciria Rubén , Pardo Fernando , Sangro Bruno , Rotellar Fernando 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Liver surgery after radioembolization (RE) entails highly demanding and challenging procedures due to the frequent combination of large tumors, severe RE-related adhesions, and the necessity of conducting major hepatectomies. Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and its associated advantages could provide benefits, as yet unreported, to these patients. The current study evaluated feasibility, morbidity, mortality, and survival outcomes for major laparoscopic liver resection after radioembolization.

Material and methods
In this retrospective, single-center study patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or metastases from colorectal cancer undergoing major laparoscopic hepatectomy after RE were identified from institutional databases. They were matched (1:2) on several pre-operative characteristics to a group of patients that underwent major LLR for the same malignancies during the same period but without previous RE.

Results
From March 2011 to November 2020, 9 patients underwent a major LLR after RE. No differences were observed in intraoperative blood loss (50 vs. 150 ml; p = 0.621), operative time (478 vs. 407 min; p = 0.135) or pedicle clamping time (90.5 vs 74 min; p = 0.133) between the post-RE LLR and the matched group. Similarly, no differences were observed on hospital stay (median 3 vs. 4 days; p = 0.300), Clavien–Dindo ≥ III complications (2 vs. 1 cases; p = 0.250), specific liver morbidity (1 vs. 1 case p = 1.000), or 90 day mortality (0 vs. 0; p = 1.000).

Conclusion
The laparoscopic approach for post radioembolization patients may be a feasible and safe procedure with excellent surgical and oncological outcomes and meets the current standards for laparoscopic liver resections. Further studies with larger series are needed to confirm the results herein presented.
Dhurrin increases but does not mitigate oxidative stress in droughted Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Sohail M. N. , Quinn A. A. , Blomstedt C. K. , Gleadow R. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Main conclusion
Droughted sorghum had higher concentrations of ROS in both wildtype and dhurrin-lacking mutants. Dhurrin increased in wildtype genotypes with drought. Dhurrin does not appear to mitigate oxidative stress in sorghum.

Abstract
Sorghum bicolor is tolerant of high temperatures and prolonged droughts. During droughts, concentrations of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside, increase posing a risk to livestock of hydrogen cyanide poisoning. Dhurrin can also be recycled without the release of hydrogen cyanide presenting the possibility that it may have functions other than defence. It has been hypothesised that dhurrin may be able to mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during biosynthesis and recycling. To test this, we compared the growth and chemical composition of S. bicolor in total cyanide deficient sorghum mutants (tcd1) with wild-type plants that were either well-watered or left unwatered for 2 weeks. Plants from the adult cyanide deficient class of mutant (acdc1) were also included. Foliar dhurrin increased in response to drought in all lines except tcd1 and acdc1, but not in the roots or leaf sheaths. Foliar ROS concentration increased in drought-stressed plants in all genotypes. Phenolic concentrations were also measured but no differences were detected. The total amounts of dhurrin, ROS and phenolics on a whole plant basis were lower in droughted plants due to their smaller biomass, but there were no significant genotypic differences. Up until treatments began at the 3-leaf stage, tcd1 mutants grew more slowly than the other genotypes but after that they had higher relative growth rates, even when droughted. The findings presented here do not support the hypothesis that the increase in dhurrin commonly seen in drought-stressed sorghum plays a role in reducing oxidative stress by scavenging ROS.
Mismatch repair deficiency, chemotherapy and survival for resectable gastric cancer: an observational study from the German staR cohort and a meta-analysis
Authors: Stolze T. , Franke S. , Haybaeck J. , Moehler M. , Grimminger P. P. , Lang H. , Roth W. , Gockel I. , Kreuser N. , Bläker H. , Wittekind C. , Lordick F. , Vieth M. , Veits L. , Waidmann O. , Lingohr P. , Peitz U. , Schildberg C. , Kruschewski M. , Vassos N. , Goni E. , Bruns C. J. , Ridwelski K. , Wolff S. , Lippert H. , Schumacher J. , Malfertheiner P. , Venerito M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
In a post hoc analysis of the MAGIC trial, patients with curatively resected gastric cancer (GC) and mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (MMRd) had better median overall survival (OS) when treated with surgery alone but worse median OS when treated with additional chemotherapy. Further data are required to corroborate these findings.

Methods
Between April 2013 and December 2018, 458 patients with curatively resected GC, including cancers of the esophagogastric junction Siewert type II and III, were identified in the German centers of the staR consortium. Tumor sections were assessed for expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 by immunohistochemistry. The association between MMR status and survival was assessed. Similar studies published up to January 2021 were then identified in a MEDLINE search for a meta-analysis.

Results
MMR-status and survival data were available for 223 patients (median age 66 years, 62.8% male), 23 patients were MMRd (10.3%). After matching for baseline clinical characteristics, median OS was not reached in any subgroup. Compared to perioperative chemotherapy, patients receiving surgery alone with MMRd and MMRp had a HR of 0.67 (95% CI 0.13–3.37, P = 0.63) and 1.44 (95% CI 0.66–3.13, P = 0.36), respectively. The meta-analysis included pooled data from 385 patients. Compared to perioperative chemotherapy, patients receiving surgery alone with MMRd had an improved OS with a HR of 0.36 (95% CI 0.14–0.91, P = 0.03), whereas those with MMRp had a HR of 1.18 (95% CI 0.89–1.58, P = 0.26).

Conclusion
Our data support a positive prognostic effect for MMRd in GC patients treated with surgery only and a differentially negative prognostic effect in patients treated with perioperative chemotherapy. MMR status determined by preoperative biopsies may be used as a predictive biomarker to select patients for perioperative chemotherapy in curatively resectable GC.
Peaks-over-threshold model in flood frequency analysis: a scoping review
Authors: Pan Xiao , Rahman Ataur , Haddad Khaled , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn flood frequency analysis (FFA), annual maximum (AM) model is widely adopted in practice due to its straightforward sampling process. However, AM model has been criticized for its limited flexibility. FFA using peaks-over-threshold (POT) model is an alternative to AM model, which offers several theoretical advantages; however, this model is currently underemployed internationally. This study aims to bridge the current knowledge gap by conducting a scoping review covering several aspects of the POT approach including model assumptions, independence criteria, threshold selection, parameter estimation, probability distribution, regionalization and stationarity. We have reviewed the previously published articles on POT model to investigate: (a) possible reasons for underemployment of the POT model in FFA; and (b) challenges in applying the POT model. It is highlighted that the POT model offers a greater flexibility compared to the AM model due to the nature of sampling process associated with the POT model. The POT is more capable of providing less biased flood estimates for frequent floods. The underemployment of POT model in FFA is mainly due to the complexity in selecting a threshold (e.g., physical threshold to satisfy independence criteria and statistical threshold for Generalized Pareto distribution – the most commonly applied distribution in POT modelling). It is also found that the uncertainty due to individual variable and combined effects of the variables are not well assessed in previous research, and there is a lack of established guideline to apply POT model in FFA.