bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working With Fire Departments to Adapt and Implement Evidence-Based Programs That Increase Uptake of Smoke Alarms: A Case-Series Report
Authors: Omaki Elise , Shields Wendy , Buhs Sarah , Curtis Michael , Kulak Dawn , Luna Joe , Frattaroli Shannon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe describe a partnership between an academic injury center and three U.S. fire departments to adapt and implement strategies for promoting smoke alarm programs. Each fire department identified the aims and parameters for a new promotion campaign for their smoke alarm programs. Promotion was directed toward residents in each department’s catchment area who were eligible for the smoke alarm program. All three departments independently elected to use an automated telephone message to promote their smoke alarm programs. Uptake of smoke alarm installation services ranged between 0.02% and 2% of the calls placed. In Rochester, automated calls were sent to all residential landlines via the city’s nonemergency call center; requests for smoke alarms increased by a factor of 7.5 in the month following the campaign. In Grand Rapids, automated calls were sent to 6% of the households served due to the telecommunications infrastructure; because of the limited reach, the overall number of requests remained unchanged, and the number of callers citing the automated calls was less than the number of requests callers reported were motivated by Grand Rapids’ existing promotion strategies. In Cloquet, the automated calls were broadcast on a rolling basis to geographic clusters of households; although the number of requests remained unchanged, fire district officials were pleased to reduce driving time between appointments which allowed volunteers to offer more home visit appointments. Automated telephone calls can be a valuable tool for promoting smoke alarm programs, but fire departments should carefully identify how dissemination strategies can best complement existing program efforts.
Term Structure, Forecast Revision, and the Signaling Channel of Monetary Policy
Authors: Zhang Donghai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Monetary policy shocks affect interest rates at long horizons (10 years or more). Furthermore, the private sectorâs real GDP forecasts are revised upward in response to a monetary tightening. These facts challenge the prevailing theories in academic and policy circles. In this paper, I propose a micro-founded model to rationalize those facts, based on the signaling channel of monetary policy. I consider a framework where the central bank has private information about future economic conditions. Agents update their beliefs according to Bayes’ theorem. Policy actions play a signaling role, and may therefore rationalize the above empirical findings.
Iran’s Arbitrary Detention of Foreign and Dual Nationals as Hostage-taking and Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Ferstman Carla , Sharpe Marina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article examines, within the frame of international criminal law, Iran’s arbitrary detention of foreign and dual nationals for leverage over the detainee’s (other) country of nationality. It provides an overview of Iran’s pattern of conduct since 2010, involving at least 66 victims, and analyses this in terms of hostage-taking and crimes against humanity. First, we argue that Iran’s pattern of conduct constitutes hostage-taking within the meaning of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages. This gives rise to Iran’s international responsibility for the breaches concerned and has important implications for victims’ and their loved ones’ perceptions of their experiences. Second, we assess the context elements of the definition of crimes against humanity as well as the gravity threshold and the compatibility of the pattern of conduct with the requisite elements of the relevant underlying offences: imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty, torture, and persecution. We conclude that the actions of certain Iranian officials reasonably satisfy the requirements for crimes against humanity. This is legally important for the application of crimes against humanity jurisprudence to this new context. It also opens avenues of accountability, given the aut dedere aut judicare provisions for crimes against humanity enacted by many states and the growth of sanctions legislation in several states. It should be difficult for responsible officials to travel outside Iran for fear of arrest and sanction.
Filtering non-balanced data using an evolutionary approach
Authors: Carballido Jessica A , Ponzoni Ignacio , Cecchini Rocío L 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMatrices that cannot be handled using conventional clustering, regression or classification methods are often found in every big data research area. In particular, datasets with thousands or millions of rows and less than a hundred columns regularly appear in biological so-called omic problems. The effectiveness of conventional data analysis approaches is hampered by this matrix structure, which necessitates some means of reduction. An evolutionary method called PreCLAS is presented in this article. Its main objective is to find a submatrix with fewer rows that exhibits some group structure. Three stages of experiments were performed. First, a benchmark dataset was used to assess the correct functionality of the method for clustering purposes. Then, a microarray gene expression data matrix was used to analyze the method’s performance in a simple classification scenario, where differential expression was carried out. Finally, several classification methods were compared in terms of classification accuracy using an RNA-seq gene expression dataset. Experiments showed that the new evolutionary technique significantly reduces the number of rows in the matrix and intelligently performs unsupervised row selection, improving classification and clustering methods.
Design and implementation of parallel self-adaptive differential evolution for global optimization
Authors: Fister Iztok , Iglesias Andres , Galvez Akemi , Fister DuŠan , Fister Iztok 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The results of evolutionary algorithms depend on population diversity that normally decreases by increasing the selection pressure from generation to generation. Usually, this can lead the evolution process to get stuck in local optima. This study is focused on mechanisms to avoid this undesired phenomenon by introducing parallel self-adapted differential evolution that decomposes a monolithic population into more variable-sized sub-populations and combining this with the characteristics of evolutionary multi-agent systems into a hybrid algorithm. The proposed hybrid algorithm operates with individuals having some characteristics of agents, e.g. they act autonomously by selecting actions, with which they affect the state of the environment. Additionally, this algorithm incorporates two additional mechanisms: ageing and adaptive population growth, which help the individuals by decision-making. The proposed parallel differential evolution was applied to the CEC’18 benchmark function suite, while the produced results were compared with some traditional stochastic nature-inspired population-based and state-of-the-art algorithms.
Reforming the countermeasures injury compensation program for COVID-19 and beyond: An economic perspective
Authors: Zhao Junying , Demir Firat , Ghosh Pallab K , Earley Austin , Kim Myongjin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As of Aug. 2, 2021, 1693 injury claims associated with COVID-19 medical countermeasures have been filed in the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP), of which 686 claims were related to COVID-19 vaccines and urgently needed compensation decisions. However, from an economic and public policy perspective, we find that the CICP design has unintended consequences: locating CICP in the executive agency DHHS potentially creates a conflict of interest, and not permitting judicial review generates a lack of checks and balances, both of which could jeopardize justice. These fundamental problems would subsequently weaken four key performance indicators of CICP compared with its judicial counterpart in the Court of Federal Claims. CICP lacks accountability, transparency, and cost-effectiveness efficiency, with 94% of its total costs spent on administration rather than compensation. CICP’s ability to compensate is also questionable. If COVID-19 claims were compensated at its historical rate, CICP would face around $21.16 million in compensation outlays and $317.94 million in total outlays, 72.1 times its current balance. To ensure just compensation for injured petitioners during COVID-19 and future public health emergencies, we recommend Congress (1) initiate a major reform by relocating CICP from DHHS to the Claims Court or (2) keep CICP within DHHS and make incremental changes by permitting judicial review of DHHS administrative adjudication of CICP claims. We further recommend Congress audit and adjust budgets for CICP and DHHS promptly propose an injury table for COVID-19 claims. This is the first study that contributes an economic perspective to the limited literature on CICP and also provides unique and rich economic data.
Cancer-Related Care Costs and Employment Disruption: Recommendations to Reduce Patient Economic Burden as Part of Cancer Care Delivery
Authors: de Moor Janet S , Williams Courtney P , Blinder Victoria S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cancer survivors are frequently unprepared to manage the out-of-pocket (OOP) costs associated with undergoing cancer treatment and the potential for employment disruption. This commentary outlines a set of research recommendations stemming from the National Cancer Institute’s Future of Health Economics Research Conference to better understand and reduce patient economic burden as part of cancer care delivery. Currently, there are a lack of detailed metrics and measures of survivors’ OOP costs and employment disruption, and data on these costs are rarely available at the point of care to guide patient-centered treatment and survivorship care planning. Future research should improve the collection of data about survivors’ OOP costs for medical care, other cancer-related expenses, and experiences of employment disruption. Methods such as microcosting and the prospective collection of patient-reported outcomes in cancer care are needed to understand the true sum of cancer-related costs taken on by survivors and caregivers. Better metrics and measures of survivors’ costs must be coupled with interventions to incorporate that information into cancer care delivery and inform meaningful communication about OOP costs and employment disruption that is tailored to different clinical situations. Informing survivors about the anticipated costs of their cancer care supports informed decision making and proactive planning to mitigate financial hardship. Additionally, system-level infrastructure should be developed and tested to facilitate screening to identify survivors at risk for financial hardship, improve communication about OOP costs and employment disruption between survivors and their health-care providers, and support the delivery of appropriate financial navigation services.
Data from public and governmental databases show that a large proportion of the regional animal species pool occur in cities in Germany
Authors: Sweet Fabio S T , Apfelbeck Beate , Hanusch Maximilian , Garland Monteagudo Cynthia , Weisser Wolfgang W 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cities have been shown to be biodiverse, but it is unclear what fraction of a regional species pool can live within city borders and how this differs between taxa. Among animals, most research has focused on a few well-studied taxa, such as birds or butterflies. For other species, progress is limited by the paucity of data. We used species occurrence data for 11 taxa and 23 German cities from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the different German states, in a 50-km buffer around the city centre, to investigate what proportion of species of the regional species pools also occur in cities. While data could be obtained for all cities from GBIF, state databases only provided data for a subset of cities. Sample coverage of data from GBIF was higher across all taxa than of the state databases. For each database and taxon, we analysed (i) all cities where the number of occurrences of a taxon was &gt;50 and (ii) only those cities where additionally sample coverage was &gt;0.85. Across all taxa studied on average, 44.9 ± 7.2% (GBIF) and 40.8 ± 9.6% (German states) of the species of the regional species pool were also found in cities. When all cities were considered together, more than 76% of all species occurred within city borders. Our results show that German cities harbour a large part of the regional diversity of different taxa when city borders rather than the city centre is considered. This opens up ample opportunities for conservation and for fostering human–nature relationships.
The role of migration in enhancing resilience to climate change
Authors: Entzinger Han , Scholten Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMigration out of areas affected by climate change has long been considered a common adaptation strategy. More recent studies, however, claim that migration should not exclusively be seen as an escape from areas under threat, but that it can also be understood as a powerful strategy towards change and innovation in those areas. This article examines the relationship between environmental stress and migration in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta, one of the global hotspots of climate change. Based on an extensive survey among households and interviews with key actors, our study shows that indeed environmental stress is an important factor—though not the only one—behind the development of migration corridors, particularly to Ho Chi Minh City. Low-income households are more likely to have experienced migration than high-income ones. Low-income households also account for the largest group of recipients of financial remittances, which are mainly spent on basic household needs and health care, and not on longer-term investments. Our research also shows the important role of non-financial remittances in supporting climate resilience among vulnerable (low-income) households. Actually, in the Mekong Delta case, the transfer of knowledge and skills proves to be more prominent than the sending of cash. Such skills are brought along by returning migrants, and then passed on to others, leading to a diversification of local economies so that these become more resilient to environmental degradation.
Verification of atomic data for solar oxygen abundance models
Authors: Nahar Sultana N 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Recently, Bergemann et al. reported a re-analysis of O i lines, 777 and 630 nm, using their new atomic models of O and Ni, and presented solar photospheric oxygen abundance differing from others. We discuss the accuracy of atomic data employed in their models, and demonstrate that the photoionization cross-sections (σPI) of the two levels ${\rm1s^22s^22p^33s (^5S^o_2)}$ and 1s22s22p33p(5P1), which they present as illustrations of their data in the non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (NLTE) model, are incorrect by large factors. For example, their σPI at the threshold of level ${\rm ^5S^o_2}$ is larger by a factor of 1000 than that of Nahar and the Opacity Project data base, TOPbase, and has an incorrect energy behaviour. They included a blending of the 630 nm line with N i for which they computed σPI in the hydrogenic approximation. The approximation does not include electron–electron interaction and hence is not valid for Ni i. They noted that the use of oscillator strengths of O i by Hibbert et al., which agree very well with TOPbase and Nahar, gave an abundance close to the existing values, but reported using averaged values of two sources. Therefore, their oxygen abundance from the new atomic models is likely to be in question.
Selective and stable base pairing by alkynylated nucleosides featuring a spatially-separated recognition interface
Authors: Okamura Hidenori , Trinh Giang Hoang , Dong Zhuoxin , Masaki Yoshiaki , Seio Kohji , Nagatsugi Fumi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Unnatural base pairs (UBPs) which exhibit a selectivity against pairing with canonical nucleobases provide a powerful tool for the development of nucleic acid-based technologies. As an alternative strategy to the conventional UBP designs, which involve utility of different recognition modes at the Watson–Crick interface, we now report that the exclusive base pairing can be achieved through the spatial separation of recognition units. The design concept was demonstrated with the alkynylated purine (NPu, OPu) and pyridazine (NPz, OPz) nucleosides endowed with nucleobase-like 2-aminopyrimidine or 2-pyridone (‘pseudo-nucleobases’) on their major groove side. These alkynylated purines and pyridazines exhibited exclusive and stable pairing properties by the formation of complementary hydrogen bonds between the pseudo-nucleobases in the DNA major groove as revealed by comprehensive Tm measurements, 2D-NMR analyses, and MD simulations. Moreover, the alkynylated purine-pyridazine pairs enabled dramatic stabilization of the DNA duplex upon consecutive incorporation while maintaining a high sequence-specificity. The present study showcases the separation of the recognition interface as a promising strategy for developing new types of UBPs.
An Examination of Perceptions of Similarity to Cigarettes, Health Risk Perceptions, and Willingness to Try Across Nicotine Vaping Products
Authors: Berry Christopher , Burton Scot 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
This brief report examines how e-cigarette form affects perceptions of cigarette similarity, health risk evaluations, and willingness to try the product. The mediating roles of product form similarity to combustible cigarettes and perceived health risk across vapers and non-vapers are also assessed.

Aims and Methods
A between-subjects experiment examines the effects of four product forms (a cigalike, a vape pen, a tank, and a pod/Juul) for 443 nonsmokers who are either current vapers or non-vapers. Multi-item measures are used to assess the mediating and outcome-dependent measures.

Results
Results show that the product form affects similarity, and there are differences between vapers and non-vapers for all outcomes. Moderated mediation results show that (1) form similarity mediates the effects on health perceptions and differs between vapers and non-vapers and (2) there are serial mediation effects of form on willingness to try the different products.

Conclusions
Electronic nicotine delivery systems product form matters. Similarity to combustible cigarettes influences health risk perceptions, and, in turn, there are effects on willingness to try the product. There are differences in mediation effects across current vapers and non-vapers. These results contribute to understanding reasons why the public health community should monitor and consider how manipulations in product form can affect and reduce health risk perceptions.

Implications
Electronic nicotine delivery systems have evolved since their introduction to the market and are now comprised of product types that vary substantially in design and appearance. By changing form and reducing resemblance to cigarettes, these differences in product form are shown to have downstream consequences on health risk perceptions and willingness to try the product. The public health community needs to consider unconventional ways in which companies may reduce risk perceptions of youthful users and nonusers, even when there are no objective differences in risk across product types.
Dramaturgical Traditions
Authors: Scott Susie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which social actors construct, display, and perform the scenes in which they appear. Together, they cooperate to define situations with an interpretative frame, drawing upon shared repertoires of tacit knowledge. Focusing on Goffman’s dramaturgy as a branch of symbolic interactionism, the chapter begins with the metaphor of the theatre as a representation of social life. Individuals perform situation-based roles as if they were characters, scripted and rehearsed to meet the normative demands of each context and audience. This self-presentation involves techniques of impression management, such as facework, concealment, dramaturgical circumspection, and movement between the frontstage and backstage regions. Identity performances can therefore seem relatively sincere (authentic) or cynical (contrived). Collectively, dramaturgical loyalty is practiced through social processes of teamwork, supportive interchange, and remedial ritual. These mechanisms contribute to the display of normal appearances that serves to uphold the interaction order.
Intellectual Disability and the Dimensions of
Belonging
Authors: Carey Allison C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A complex web of social structures enforces the exclusion of people with intellectual disabilities, and, if radically transformed, could instead foster belonging. In this chapter, we examine four structural dimensions of belonging, including legal rights, culture, and the accordance of moral value, power, and access. For each dimension, we examine how exclusion is enacted via informal social patterns and formal policy, and we offer examples of potential avenues to creating and embracing a broad sense of belonging that includes people with intellectual disabilities. Only a multifaceted approach to belonging can dissemble the complex structural factors that continue to enforce exclusion.
Metaskepticism
Authors: Sommers Tamler 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Theories of moral responsibility have two features in common. First, they posit conditions or criteria for moral responsibility that are meant to apply universally, for all agents, for all societies. Second, they appeal to intuitions to justify these conditions. The theories therefore rely at least implicitly on empirical assumptions concerning the universality of certain attitudes and intuitions. This chapter outlines an empirical and philosophical challenge (drawn from Sommers 2012) to these assumptions. It offers evidence of radical differences in attitudes and intuitions about moral responsibility across cultures and throughout history. And it argues that the variation cannot be explained away as the product of irrationality or disagreement over non-moral facts. The chapter concludes that we have no principled way of establishing universally true conditions of moral responsibility, and that the compatibility question has no objectively correct answer. This position is labeled “metaskepticism” about moral responsibility, because it undermines both positive theories of responsibility and skeptical or hard incompatibilist theories which argue that human beings everywhere cannot deserve praise or blame for their actions.
Blame and Holding Responsible
Authors: Smith Angela M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article discusses recent accounts of the nature of blame and of holding persons (morally) responsible for their activities. It focuses on four general approaches to the nature of blame: the appraisal view, Strawson’s reactive attitude view, the hybrid view, and the functional view, arguing that each account has certain strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses recent debates over “the ethics of blame,” including questions about who has “standing” to blame and what considerations might be relevant to determining whether one “ought” to blame in particular circumstances. The article highlights and discusses several of the key outstanding controversies over these issues in the field today.