bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in reducing premature mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease in the former Soviet Union, 2000–19
Authors: Znaor Ariana , Corbex Marilys , Cao Bochen , Laversanne Mathieu , Ryzhov Anton , Smelov Vitaly , Bray Freddie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
A reduction in non-communicable diseases premature mortality by one-third by 2030 is one of the targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG3.4). We examined the mortality profiles in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS) and the European Union (EU) and assessed progress in reductions of premature mortality from cancer, as compared to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods
We used WHO’s Global Health Estimates and GLOBOCAN 2020 to examine current mortality profiles and computed the unconditional probabilities of dying at ages 30–70 from CVD and cancer for the years 2000–19 in both sexes, using a linear extrapolation of this trend to predict whether the target of a one-third reduction, as set in 2015, would be met in 2030.

Results
CVD was the main cause of premature death in the NIS (43%), followed by cancer (23%), inversely from the EU with 42% cancer and 24% CVD deaths. The NIS achieved major reductions in premature CVD mortality, although the probabilities of death in 2019 remained about five times higher in the NIS compared to the EU. For cancer, mortality reductions in most NIS were quite modest, other than large declines seen in Kazakhstan (44%) and Kyrgyzstan (30%), with both on course to meet the 2030 target.

Conclusions
Limited progress in cancer control in the NIS calls for policy action both in terms of structural changes towards universal health coverage, and scaling up of national cancer control plans, including a shift from opportunistic to evidence-based early detection practices.
A machine-learning-based method of detecting and picking the first P-wave arrivals of acoustic emission events in laboratory experiments
Authors: Li Ziyu , Zhu Lupei , Officer Timothy , Shi Feng , Yu Tony , Wang Yanbin 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY
Detecting and picking the first P-wave arrivals of seismic events in seismograms is fundamental in observational seismology. Recently, several machine-learning-based algorithms have been developed to incorporate human expertise for picking P-wave arrival times automatically. One shortcoming of these models is that they pick arrival times at individual seismic stations separately, which need to be sorted and associated to identify the seismic event. Also, most of them rely on existence of P-wave arrivals in the seismograms to be picked. Here, we developed a machine-learning-based seismic event detection and P-wave arrival time picking method called MultiNet and applied it to acoustic emission (AE) waveform data recorded in laboratory experiments. The MultiNet uses 2-D waveform images from multichannel AE recordings as the input to a convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect whether there is an AE event in an image and, if so, uses a fully convolutional neural network (FCN) to pick the P-wave arrival time at each channel in the image. We tested the MultiNet using 550 known AE events recorded during syn-deformational phase transformation from olivine to spinel in Mg2GeO4 (an analogue to Mg2SiO4) in a high-pressure experiment. Waveform data of 50 events were used to train the neural networks and the rest of data were used to validate the method. At the optimal image length and detection threshold, the CNN was able to detect all 500 known events plus 48 more events missed previously. Overall, 98.7 per cent of P-wave arrival times picked by the FCN were within 0.5 $\mu$s from the manually picked times. The average picking errors at different channels range from 0.01 ± 0.05 to −0.06 ± 0.22 $\mu$s. Our method greatly reduces the amount of human labour in picking P-wave arrival times for event location and source moment tensor inversion. It can be easily adapted to process continuous waveform data of a seismic network for earthquake detection and location in real time.
Multicomponent approaches to promoting healthy behaviours in people with Type 2 diabetes: an integrative review
Authors: Darcy Morgan , Parkinson Joy , Ball Lauren , Norton Lyza , Hobby Julie 
Published: April 2022

Summary
The progression of diabetes-related complications can be delayed with multifactorial interventions that support healthy behaviours. However, many initiatives have focused on educational or individual-level activities and observed limited or modest sustained improvements in healthy behaviours. A multicomponent approach to behaviour change, which simultaneously considers numerous social determinants of health across multiple socio-ecological model levels, may be required to achieve meaningful health outcomes for people with Type 2 diabetes. Applying a multicomponent method of inquiry, this integrative review aimed to synthesize the evidence on interventions using multifactorial interventions to promote healthy behaviours in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Interventions promoting healthy behaviours in adults with Type 2 diabetes were considered for the review. A total of 7205 abstracts retrieved from eight databases were screened for inclusion. Thirteen articles were included, of these 11 achieved statistically significant clinical and/or behavioural changes in outcomes such as glycated haemoglobin, blood pressure, cholesterol, diet and physical activity. The multifactorial components utilized included the coordination of multi-disciplinary health care teams, in-person self-care classes, group activities, incorporation of peer-leaders, the development of community partnerships, economic relief and built-environment support. The proportion of included studies published within recent years indicates a trend towards multicomponent interventions and the growing recognition of this approach in promoting public health. Our findings provide early support for the potential of extending intervention components beyond educational, individual-level and health care system-level focus to incorporate multiple socio-ecological model components that contribute to the system of influence affecting the health of people with diabetes.
Factors promoting and inhibiting exercise for older women in Kyoto, Japan
Authors: Yoshigai Megumi , Musumari Patou M , Hudson Joanne , Kihara Masako O , Kihara Masahiro 
Published: April 2022

Summary
The main objective of this research was to explore promoting and inhibiting factors of exercise among older women in Kyoto, Japan to seek effective strategies for exercise promotion. More specifically, this research aimed to explore the role of possible selves, which can influence the current view of self and act as an incentive for future behavior, as a facilitator and/or barrier to exercise. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews among women aged 65 and above in Kyoto city through snowball sampling from August to September 2018. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis, then were summarized into a conceptual model. This research revealed a wide range of factors that promote or inhibit exercise. Beside well-known factors such as social factors, physical factors and beliefs about exercise, unexpected factors that seem strongly related to culture and aging in Japan were identified. The unique factors encapsulated in the category of {altruism} emerged as the significant barrier to exercise. In contrast, {egoism} emerged as an important facilitator of exercise. In conclusion, it may be possible to suggest that integrating the role of mother, wife, daughter or grandmother into exercise and its promotion may be beneficial for women aged 65 and above in Kyoto city. To generalize recommendations made, further research is required with a larger sample size and geographical area. Furthermore, findings may differ depending on the cultural background, generations and gender studied.
Frequency of pathogenic germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes in 1336 renal cell carcinoma cases
Authors: Yngvadottir Bryndis , Andreou Avgi , Bassaganyas Laia , Larionov Alexey , Cornish Alex J , Chubb Daniel , Saunders Charlie N , Smith Philip S , Zhang Huairen , Cole Yasemin , Research Consortium Genomics England , Larkin James , Browning Lisa , Turajlic Samra , Litchfield Kevin , Houlston Richard S , Maher Eamonn R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurs in a number of cancer predisposition syndromes, but the genetic architecture of susceptibility to RCC is not well defined. We investigated the frequency of pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes (CSGs) within a large series of unselected RCC participants. Whole-genome sequencing data on 1336 RCC participants and 5834 controls recruited to the UK 100 000 Genomes Project, a nationwide multicentre study, was analyzed to identify rare P/LP short variants (single nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions ranging from 1 to 50 base pairs) and structural variants in 121 CSGs. Among 1336 RCC participants [mean: 61.3 years (±12 SD), range: 13–88 years; 64% male], 85 participants [6.4%; 95% CI (5.1, 7.8)] had one or more P/LP germline variant in a wider range of CSGs than previously recognized. A further 64 intragenic variants in CSGs previously associated with RCC were classified as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) (24 ‘hot VUSs’) and were considered to be of potential clinical relevance as further evaluation might results in their reclassification. Most patients with P variants in well-established CSGs known to predispose to renal cell carcinoma (RCC-CSGs) were aged &lt;50 years. Burden test analysis for filtered variants in CSGs demonstrated a significant excess of CHEK2 variants in European RCC participants compared with the healthy European controls (P = 0.0019). Approximately, 6% of the patients with RCC unselected for family history have a germline variant requiring additional follow-up analysis. To improve diagnostic yield, we suggest expanding the panel of RCC-CSGs tested to include CHEK2 and all SDHx subunits and raising the eligibility criteria for age-based testing.
Enforcing Rights Beyond Litigation: Mapping NGO Strategies in Monitoring ECtHR Judgement Implementation
Authors: Küçüksu Aysel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Whilst the mobilisation practices of human rights organisations before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) have amassed a significant volume of scholarship, the interest in their role in the post-judgement process pales in comparison. This article seeks to contribute to the reversal of this trend by shining a light on Rule 9 of the Rules of the Committee of Ministers, which establishes an official avenue for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and national human rights institutions (NHRIs) to participate in the execution, as opposed to the litigation, of ECtHR decisions. Since its adoption in 2006, the procedure has led to 882 HRO communications and 346 government responses in 356 different cases. This article offers a qualitative empirical study of them. It argues that these organisations resort to activation, contextualisation and pragmatic strategies in pursuit of one overarching goal: preventing the premature closure of international supervision of a case.
The Protection of the Environment through International Human Rights Litigation: Taking Stock of Challenges and Opportunities in the Inter-American System
Authors: Mejía-Lemos Diego 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article seeks to critically analyse salient aspects of environmental protection through international litigation under the American Convention on Human Rights. It examines and places relevant recent developments in the practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights within broader trends in the practice of states and treaty organs of both universal and regional human rights systems equally dealing with issues at the intersection of international human rights law and environmental protection. In particular, it aims to take stock of Inter-American human rights-based environmental litigation by identifying opportunities and challenges presented by the aforementioned developments, both in conceptual and strategic terms. In this vein, it argues that, insofar as directness of environmental rights’ justiciability may prove ultimately inconsequential to state responsibility findings for omission to prevent private interference with environment-related human rights, the weaknesses of the Court’s current majority’s position should not pose an unsurmountable obstacle to Inter-American environmental litigation.
Robotics as a Comparative Method in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Lauder George V 
Published: April 2022

AbstractComparative biologists have typically used one or more of the following methods to assist in evaluating the proposed functional and performance significance of individual traits: comparative phylogenetic analysis, direct interspecific comparison among species, genetic modification, experimental alteration of morphology (for example by surgically modifying traits), and ecological manipulation where individual organisms are transplanted to a different environment. But comparing organisms as the endpoints of an evolutionary process involves the ceteris paribus assumption: that all traits other than the one(s) of interest are held constant. In a properly controlled experimental study, only the variable of interest changes among the groups being compared. The theme of this paper is that the use of robotic or mechanical models offers an additional tool in comparative biology that helps to minimize the effect of uncontrolled variables by allowing direct manipulation of the trait of interest against a constant background. The structure and movement pattern of mechanical devices can be altered in ways not possible in studies of living animals, facilitating testing hypotheses of the functional and performance significance of individual traits. Robotic models of organismal design are particularly useful in three arenas: (1) controlling variation to allow modification only of the trait of interest, (2) the direct measurement of energetic costs of individual traits, and (3) quantification of the performance landscape. Obtaining data in these three areas is extremely difficult through the study of living organisms alone, and the use of robotic models can reveal unexpected effects. Controlling for all variables except for the length of a swimming flexible object reveals substantial non-linear effects that vary with stiffness. Quantification of the swimming performance surface reveals that there are two peaks with comparable efficiency, greatly complicating the inference of performance from morphology alone. Organisms and their ecological interactions are complex, and dissecting this complexity to understand the effects of individual traits is a grand challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology. Robotics has great promise as a “comparative method,” allowing better-controlled comparative studies to analyze the many interacting elements that make up complex behaviors, ecological interactions, and evolutionary histories.
Modelling the effect of habitat and fishing heterogeneity on the performance of a Total Allowable Catch-regulated fishery
Authors: Pourtois Julie D , Provost Mikaela M , Micheli Fiorenza , De Leo Giulio A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Fisheries are often characterized by high heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of habitat quality, as well as fishing effort. However, in several fisheries, the objective of achieving a sustainable yield is addressed by limiting Total Allowable Catch (TAC), set as a fraction of the overall population, regardless of the population's spatial distribution and of fishing effort. Here, we use an integral projection model to investigate how stock abundance and catch in the green abalone fishery in Isla Natividad, Mexico, are affected by the interaction of heterogeneity in habitat quality and fishing effort, and whether these interactions change with Allee effects—reproductive failure in a low-density population. We found that high-quality areas are under-exploited when fishing pressure is homogeneous but habitat is heterogeneous. However, this leads to different fishery outcomes depending on the stock's exploitation status, namely: sub-optimal exploitation when the TAC is set to maximum sustainable yield, and stability against collapses when the fishery is overexploited. Concentration of fishing effort in productive areas can compensate for this effect, which, similarly, has opposite consequences in both scenarios: fishery performance increases if the TAC is sustainable but decreases in overexploited fisheries. These results only hold when Allee effects are included.
On the decline of eastern Baltic cod: we need to take more holistic views into account. Reply to Brander (2022) comment on Svedäng et al. (2022)
Authors: Svedäng Henrik , Savchuk Oleg , Villnäs Anna , Norkko Alf , Gustafsson Bo G , Wikström Sofia A , Humborg Christoph 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Explaining the recent decline of eastern Baltic cod (EBC) remains scientifically challenging. Brander proposes in a comment to Svedäng et al. that the observed trend in oxygen in SD 25 supports the idea that juvenile cod are balancing the physiological cost of living under mild hypoxia by offsetting the risk of being eaten by diving seals and cormorants in shallower water with more oxygen. There are a number of objections to this conjecture, besides the fact that supporting observations are missing. Hence, it is difficult to reconcile the long-term development of EBC under varying oxygen conditions with the hypothesis that a small reduction in oxygen content can explain the current strong and uniform decline in growth observed in the entire southern Baltic Sea.
A multiannual five-fleet generalized depletion model for the stock assessment of the Mediterranean dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) fishery
Authors: Moltó Vicenç , Catalán Ignacio A , Ospina-Álvarez Andrés , Hernández Pilar , Roa-Ureta Rubén H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Generalized depletion models have proven useful to provide management information for data-limited fisheries. These models are suitable for stocks with fast depletion and recruitment inputs that reset the depletion. The Mediterranean common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) fishery shows these dynamics, being seasonally exploited mainly by fish aggregation devices in small-scale fisheries from four countries and as bycatch by longline fisheries. These fleets operate on separate fishing grounds, and with distinct effort–catch dynamics. This led to the development of a multiannual five-fleet generalized depletion model applicable to a monthly database of effort, catch, and mean weight from 2008 to 2019. Results showed a high natural mortality rate (0.25 month−1) and wide intra-season fluctuations in biomass. Annual recruitment fluctuates around 10 million individuals, and it has been stable along the analysed period. Exploitation rate only exceeded 40% during the peak month of catches, being much lower the rest of the season, indicating that this stock is fished within sustainable limits. We provide here the first estimation of reference points for the management of the shared dolphinfish Mediterranean stock and show that generalized depletion models can be extended to complex fisheries with multiple fleets with different effort–catch dynamics.
Exponential growth of hadal science: perspectives and future directions identified using topic modelling
Authors: Weston Johanna N J , Jamieson Alan J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The hadal zone is a cluster of deep-ocean habitats that plunge to depths of 6000–11000 m below sea level. Research of the deepest marine zone has occurred on a disjunct timeline and slower than shallower zones. Over the past 20 years, research efforts have surged with greater sampling capabilities and an expansion of expeditions. We aimed to assess the state of hadal science by quantitively assessing the publishing landscape. We applied a topic modelling approach and fit a Latent Dirichlet Allocation model for 12 topics to 520 abstracts from peer-reviewed papers, reviews, and conference proceedings available on the Web of Science's Core Collection between 1991 and 2021. The model outputs were analysed with ecological modelling approaches to identify the main lines of research, track trends over time, and identify strengths and gaps. We found that hadal science is occurring across all five broad disciplines of oceanography and engineering. Hadal research has exponentially grown in the past 30 years, a trend that shows no signs of slowing. The expansion is most rapidly occurring to understand the biogeochemistry of trenches, the functions of microbial communities, and the unique biodiversity inhabiting these ecosystems, and then the application of ‘omics techniques to understand hadal life. The topic trends over time are largely driven by available technology to access and sample the deepest depths and not necessarily the pursuit of specific scientific questions, i.e. the hadal research topics are bounded by the capabilities of available exploratory vehicles. We propose three recommendations for future hadal research: (1) conduct multifeature studies that include all hadal geomorphologies across their depth range, (2) establish a programme for seasonal or long-term sampling, and (3) strengthen cross-disciplinary research. This continued acceleration in hadal research is pertinent for this last marine frontier given its vulnerability to multiple anthropogenic pressures and cascading threats from global change.
An assessment of sampling approaches for estimating growth from fishery-dependent biological samples
Authors: Schemmel Eva , Bohaboy Erin C , Kinney Michael J , O'Malley Joseph M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Accuracy of fish growth estimates depends greatly on how samples are collected. A total of three common sampling strategies are random, fixed otolith sampling (FOS), and proportional otolith sampling (POS). Random sampling is inefficient and rarely random. While POS has been shown to produce more accurate estimates of growth compared to FOS under ideal conditions, it is unclear how variables such as sample size, fishery selectivity, and fishing mortality influence sampling bias. Simulated age-at-length observations from two tropical deepwater species were used to evaluate the accuracy of von Bertalanffy growth parameter estimates comparing FOS and POS for a fast-growing, short-lived fish (Prisitipomoides auricilla) and a slow-growing, long-lived fish (Etelis coruscans). A total of 24 scenarios were tested to examine the influence of sample size, minimum size selected in the fishery, fishery exploitation rates, and supplemental sampling on growth parameter estimates. Furthermore, tests were applied to real fishery age–length observations for P. auricilla. POS consistently performed better than FOS, especially when the catch was representative of the population. However, FOS performed better when catch was not representative. This research demonstrates the importance of considering effects of fishery selectivity, fishing mortality, and sample size on sampling strategy and provides a tool to select an appropriate approach.