bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of robustness of optimization methods in breast intensity-modulated radiation therapy using TomoTherapy
Authors: Oki Yuya , Akasaka Hiroaki , Uehara Kazuyuki , Mizonobe Kazufusa , Sawada Masanobu , Nagata Junya , Harada Aya , Mayahara Hiroshi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has become a popular choice for breast cancer treatment. We aimed to evaluate and compare the robustness of each optimization method used for breast IMRT using TomoTherapy.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 10 patients with left breast cancer. For each optimization method (clipping, virtual bolus, and skin flash), a corresponding 50 Gy/25 fr plan was created in the helical and direct TomoTherapy modes. The dose-volume histogram parameters were compared after shifting the patients anteriorly and posteriorly. Results: In the helical mode, when the patient was not shifted, the median D1cc (minimum dose delivered to 1 cc of the organ volume) for breast skin for the clipping and virtual bolus plans were 52.2 (interquartile range: 51.9–52.6) and 50.4 (50.1–50.8) Gy, respectively. After an anterior shift, the D1cc of the breast skin for the clipping and virtual bolus plans was 56.0 (55.6–56.8) and 50.9 (50.5–51.3) Gy, respectively. When the direct mode was used without shifting the patient, the D1cc of the breast skin for the clipping, virtual bolus, and skin flash plans were 52.6 (51.9–53.1), 53.4 (52.6–53.9), and 52.3 (51.7–53.0) Gy, respectively. After shifting anteriorly, D1cc of the breast skin for the clipping, virtual bolus, and skin flash plans was 55.6 (54.1–56.4), 52.4 (52.0–53.0), and 53.6 (52.6–54.6) Gy, respectively. Conclusions: The clipping method is not sufficient for breast IMRT. The virtual bolus and skin flash methods were more effective optimization methods according to our analyses.
Ex situ reproduction and recruitment of scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis
Authors: Wei Fen , Cui Mengyao , Huang Wen , Wang Yonggang , Liu Xu , Zeng Xinru , Su Hongfei , Yu Kefu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Sexual reproduction plays an important role in the population and community structure maintenance in scleractinian corals, particularly in growth and development after larvae settlement. Despite this, only few studies have been conducted to monitor the post-settlement growth and development of scleractinian coral larvae. This study aimed to obtain this data by collecting adult Galaxea fascicularis colonies from Weizhou Island coast (21°00′–21°10′ N, 109°00′–109°15′ E) and recording their complete life cycle, from fertilization to recruitment, for one year ex situ. The results demonstrated that G. fascicularis could reproduce sexually when reared in a tank for 2 y. Their embryo produced a “prawn chip” that lacked a blastocoel, indicating that G. fascicularis is a complex coral. Larvae evidently showed association with zooxanthellae four days after settlement and completed metamorphosis after 1 month. The mean diameter of G. fascicularis recruits was 4.74 ± 1.12 mm, and the survival rate was only 5.60% in the first year, which may be attributed to their competition with algae. To increase their survival rate without the interference of algae, we suggest that the recruits of G. fascicularis be reared ex situ to complete metamorphosis (1 month) and then transferred to the field. This study improved our understanding of the early life cycle of scleractinian corals.
Chemical modification of nitrocellulose by grafting sodium carboxymethyl
Authors: Li Shiying , Li Yu , Ding Yajun , Yuan Ye , Xiao Zhongliang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introducing deterrents improves the thermal stability of nitrocellulose of propellant surface, but is accompanied with inevitable problems, such as migration, residue, smoke flame, and so on. In this paper, sodium carboxymethyl function groups were chemically grafted to nitrocellulose molecular chains by reaction of denitration and following etherification, which provide thermal stability, flame suppression ion without migration. Various structure characterizations were conducted and confirmed a sodium carboxymethyl-nitrocellulose (CMNC) was prepared successfully. The number of sodium carboxymethyl groups linked to nitrocellulose chains was affected by both denitration and etherification. The results showed that the thermal stability of CMNC improved with the increase of bearing sodium carboxymethyl groups and was better than that of original NC sample. Meanwhile, the thermal decomposition behaviors and decomposition products of CMNC are similar to that of NC at temperature of the first DTG peak T1 and that of CMC at temperatures of the second DTG peak T2. This work provided a way for designing gun propellant with progressive burning, anti-migration and flame suppression simultaneously.
Similarity Measurement of Fuzzy Entropies of Respiratory Sounds and Risk Measurement According to Credibility Distributions
Authors: Şanlıbaba İbrahim 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we have provided some definitions and theorems about fuzzy set, fuzzy set operations, the uncertainty theory used in fuzzy environments, and the credibility theory which exists on the base of the mathematical knowledge. Then, the definition and applications of fuzzy set operations, fuzzification, defuzzification, similarity, credibility distribution were included in diagnostic medicine. Sounds of respiratory patients were transferred to computer by recording and converted into numerical data. In particular, the entropies, similarities, credibility distributions, expected values of sounds were analyzed using fuzzification and defuzzification methods to analyze respiratory sound data via fuzzy operations and to make sense of uncertain sound data. As the uncertainty of respiratory sounds increased, changes in fuzzy entropy similarity measures and expected credibility values were observed. In addition, a model for uncertain respiratory sounds was created and numerical numbers supported the diagnosis of the physician. Sound data were analyzed and interpreted using fuzzy multipurpose decision methods. Respiratory sounds were shown to be an indicator in diagnosing with the created model.
Estimating Categorical Counterfactuals via Deep Twin Networks
Authors: Vlontzos Athanasios , Kainz Bernhard , Lee Ciarán 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Counterfactual inference is a powerful tool, capable of solving challenging problems in high-profile sectors. To perform counterfactual inference, one requires knowledge of the underlying causal mechanisms. However, causal mechanisms cannot be uniquely determined from observations and interventions alone. This raises the question of how to choose the causal mechanisms so that resulting counterfactual inference is trustworthy in a given domain. This question has been addressed in causal models with binary variables, but the case of categorical variables remains unanswered. We address this challenge by introducing for causal models with categorical variables the notion of counterfactual ordering, a principle that posits desirable properties causal mechanisms should posses, and prove that it is equivalent to specific functional constraints on the causal mechanisms. To learn causal mechanisms satisfying these constraints, and perform counterfactual inference with them, we introduce deep twin networks. These are deep neural networks that, when trained, are capable of twin network counterfactual inference---an alternative to the abduction, action, & prediction method. We empirically test our approach on diverse real-world and semi-synthetic data from medicine, epidemiology, and finance, reporting accurate estimation of counterfactual probabilities while demonstrating the issues that arise with counterfactual reasoning when counterfactual ordering is not enforced.
Effect of energy fluctuation on reaction speed constant under microwave irradiation
Authors: Hirai Takashi , Sato Motoyasu , Nakatani Shin , Nagata Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There is a research field called a fluctuating system. In systems such as Brownian motion, the particles of interest exchange kinetic energy from white noise and perform a random walk. The Langevin equation handles these events and takes up fine particle friction and microwave irradiation to confirm the operation of the system. In this paper, we incorporate microwave irradiation into the Maxwell-Boltzman distribution and confirm that its non-thermal energy exhibits the so-called "microwave effect". Non-thermal energy from microwaves has the effect of accelerating the reaction speed of system phase transitions and chemical changes. Also, when observing one particle, the correlated noise is described as a function of time, and the change in kinetic energy is described. The effect of correlated noise is not seen when observing many particles, but it is important that it appears when observing one particle, and it has a wide range of applications such as phase transitions and chemical changes. A two-dimensional Ising model is proposed as a specific example of Monte Carlo simulation using noise. Results will vary depending on the strength of the noise-to-noise correlation. In this way, the noise-to-noise correlation has a strong effect on physical quantities.
Soil moisture-evaporation coupling shifts into new gears under increasing CO2
Authors: Hsu Hsin , Dirmeyer Paul 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
When soil moisture content (SM) falls within a transitional regime between dry and wet, it controls evaporation rates, affecting atmospheric heat and humidity. Accordingly, different SM regimes correspond to different gears of land-atmosphere coupling, affecting climate. Determining patterns of SM regimes and their future changes is imperative. Global distributions of shifts between SM regimes from eight climate models are examined. Under increasing CO2, the range of SM extends into unprecedented coupling regimes in many locations. SM in many arid regions migrates from the transitional toward the dry regime, while an opposite migration appears in semiarid regions. Transitional regimes also emerge in currently humid areas of the tropics and high latitudes. These changes imply that a larger fraction of the world will evolve to experience more than one gear of land-atmosphere coupling, with the strongly coupled transitional regime growing the most. Furthermore, the locally predominant gear may change under global warming.
Structural basis for the identification of short novel peptides as potential GLP1R agonists using in silico approaches
Authors: Ghosh ketan , Sobhia M. Elizabeth. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are effective anti-diabetic drugs that improve energy balance by increasing glucose-dependent insulin production. Currently numerous GLP-1 peptides are marketed and few small molecular agonists are in clinical trial stage. GLP-1 is a 31 amino acid peptide and the marketed peptides are even larger or of similar length residue peptides. This prompted our research group to identify novel short peptides mimicking the N-terminus portion of native GLP-1 peptide as this portion residues have proven role in stabilizing the active conformation to trigger intracellular signalling of GLP-1 receptor. In this work, all the nine residues starting from His7 to Asp15 has been selected as the template and single point mutation of the nine amino acid peptide has been done and a total of 181 peptides are designed. Protein peptide docking analysis of these designed peptides gave us thirty-seven potential peptides with good binding affinity followed by hydration site analysis eventually leading us to seven promising peptides that can be further optimized to mimic the long 31 residue GLP-1 peptide. In fact, a hybrid peptide “WGYLQRNDD” was designed taking all the vital residues from each position from 7 to 15. Also, the hydration site map analysis suggested the role of hydration sites in designing the GLP-1receptor peptide agonists. This work highlights a strategy of peptide designing followed by screening coupled with chemical exploration of residues along with crystal water molecules that could be used to generate novel agonists for other receptors with peptide ligands.
Pervasive hydrous carbonatitic liquids mediate transfer of carbon
from the slab to the subarc mantle
Authors: Chen Wei , zhang guoliang , Keshav Shantanu , Li Yuan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Carbonatitic liquids, as a medium to transfer carbon from the slab to the mantle at subarc depths, are thought to be restricted to the hottest conditions, or hydrous melting of calcium-rich lithologies (i.e. carbonated gabbro and limestone rocks) in subduction zones. Here, high-pressure experiments on carbonated, hydrous pelites, however, demonstrate that whilst silicate melts are produced at 2.5-4 GPa, hydrous carbonatitic liquids clearly dominates at 5–6 GPa. The stability of Ca-rich carbonate is strongly depressed by water at pressures exceeding ~ 4 GPa, which promotes formation of hydrous carbonatitic liquids at temperatures as low as ~ 850–900℃, corresponding to intermediate thermal regimes at depths of 150–180 km. Hence, carbonatite production beneath arcs is more pervasive than previously thought, and the carbon cycle is most likely confined to depths of less than 200 km for many subduction zones.
Under the chest pain center mechanism, whether the nursing handover affects the nursing efficiency and the outcomes of patients with STEMI in the emergency department? A retrospective study
Authors: luo zhenyu , Liu Sihui , Li Yunying , Zhong Shuyan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background:
The period of nursing handover is still considered the high incidence period of adverse events because of distractibility of nurses’ attention, potential interruption, and unclear responsibilities, although the introduction of chest pain centers (CPC) in China has achieved great success in shortening the duration of nursing operations to significantly improve the treatment and outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, under the CPC mechanism, the nursing efficiency and patients’ outcome whether affected by the nursing handover is still a knowledge gap in research. This is also the aim of this study.
Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted with data of STEMI patients from a tertiary hospital in the north of Sichuan Province in the Chinese Mainland from January 2018 to December 2019 through the Chinese CPC database. This hospital is also the largest chest pain center in the region which has 1,200 beds, including 80 emergency beds, and treats over 10,000 emergency patients annually. Then dived data into two groups based on patients’ arrival times. According to the nursing handover schedule of the participating emergency department, patients with STEMI who visited Emergency Department (ED) during the nursing handover were selected in the handover period group (n = 40), and STEMI patients in other periods were included in the non-handover period group (n = 191). Then items were selected for comparison according to relative studies and guidelines.
Results:
A total of 231 cases were enrolled, of which 40 cases (17.3%) were divided into the handover period group and 191 cases (82.6%) belonged to the non-handover period group. The results showed that the handover period group took significantly longer on items including FMC2BS (P < 0.001), BS2CBR (P = 0.004), CBR2FAD (P < 0.001), and D2W (P = 0.001) compared to the non-handover group, but there were no significant differences in D2FMC and FMC2FE as well as the outcomes of patients.
Conclusion:
Compared with the non-handover group, the handover group showed a significant delay in important nursing operations in the emergency department. Hospitals should reform relevant regulations for the nursing handover of CPCs to improve the nursing efficiency of patients with STEMI, ensuring better functioning of CPCs.
The effects of salt preconditioning on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of Casuarina glauca seedlings grown under salt stress
Authors: Laamari Ines , Marques Isabel , Ribeiro-Barros Ana I. , Béjaoui Zoubeir , Abassi Mejda 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Salinity is one of the most harmful abiotic stresses with negative impacts on crop growth and development. Monitoring land salinization is, therefore, a major global issue. One of the suggested solutions to support rehabilitation programs is the use of fast-growing salt-tolerant woody species, like the tropical trees belonging to the Casuarinaceae family. Although salt preconditioning is a simple and practical method, its role in improving plant tolerance to salinity has still been scarcely applied. Thus, this study investigated the effect of salt preconditioning on different physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms in Casuarina glauca seedlings grown in saline conditions. Preconditioned (PrS) and non-preconditioned (NPrS) seedlings were subjected to salt stress for 12 months. Gas exchange, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations parameters derived from pressure–volume curves, primary and secondary metabolism, and gene expression were assessed at the end of the experiment. Preconditioned plants promoted stronger tolerance to salt stress and improved gas exchange parameters, intrinsic water-use efficiency, and chlorophyll content compared to non-preconditioned plants. Also, membrane integrity was maintained in preconditioned plants but increased significantly in the absence of preconditioning. Salinity had no significant effect on the photochemical efficiency of PSII and resulted in a slight decrease in the initial fluorescence (Fo) in either treatment when compared to control. The results indicate an increase in secondary metabolism as shown by the enhancement of phenolic content as well as an increase in the expression of salt tolerance-related genes (GPX1, SOD1, SHD, APX, and GAPHD). Our findings also showed a considerable accumulation of soluble sugar and proline under salt stress, with a higher accumulation in preconditioned plants, confirming their salt tolerance and performance under saline conditions. Overall, these results indicate that C. glauca is highly suitable to be used on salinity-affected soils and can develop a higher tolerance to salt stress after preconditioning treatments.
Prevalence of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI) in Chinese Psychiatric Patients diagnosed according to DSM-5: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study
Authors: Wang Chun , Zhang Pei , Ouyang Lichen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background: NSSI is a common behavior among psychiatric patients that is easily overlooked and often brings serious consequences. The current literature is limited to certain groups of people and uses different diagnostic criteria, so the prevalence of this behavior is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of NSSI in patients with mental disorders in China using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.

Methods: A two-week multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted in 15 specialized psychiatric hospitals or general hospitals (including outpatients and inpatients) from 14 cities in 8 provinces of China. DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were used to investigate the presence of NSSI behavior in all patients with mental disorders who came to their psychiatry departments.

Findings: A total of 3,298 patients with mental disorders were included in the study. The prevalence of NSSI was 6.8% in outpatients and 6.5% in inpatients. There were significant differences in the prevalence of NSSI among different age groups (χ2=187.461, p<0.000). The highest prevalence of NSSI behavior was found in adolescents aged 10-19 years (14.3%), followed by young adults aged 20-29 years (7.0%). The prevalence of NSSI behavior in females was significantly higher than in males (P=16.9 %, χ2=31.322, p<0.000) (P=19.6 %, χ2=11.723, p=0.001) (P=5.9 %, χ2=6.094, p=0.014) ((P=7.7 %, χ2=14.472, p<0.000). The prevalence of NSSI behavior in patients with Personality disorders was significantly higher than in any other diagnostic group (P=46.7%, χ2=195.239, p<0.000).

Interpretation: The prevalence of NSSI in patients with mental disorders is high, especially in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to inform patients and medical workers how to effectively treat and manage NSSI in order to reduce its occurrence.
Divergent roles of herbivory in eutrophying forests
Authors: Segar Josiane , Pereira Henrique , Baeten Lander , Bernhardt-Römermann Markus , De Frenne Pieter , Fernández Néstor , Gilliam Frank , Lenoir Jonathan , Ortmann-Ajkai Adrienne , Verheyen Kris , Waller Donald , Teleki Balázs , Berki Imre , Brunet Jörg , Chudomelová Markéta , Decocq Guillaume , Dirnböck Thomas , Hédl Radim , Heinken Thilo , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kopecký Martin , Macek Martin , Máliš František , Naaf Tobias , Orczewska Anna , Reczyńska Kamila , Schmidt Wolfgang , Šebesta Jan , Stachurska-Swakoń Alina , Standovár Tibor , Świerkosz Krzysztof , Vild Ondřej , Wulf Monika , Staude Ingmar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Ungulate herbivore populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophy forests, threatening many rare plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites in 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Changes in herbivory increased temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended strongly on N levels. Under low level N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species, while reducing non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exacerbating N effects by increasing light levels in the understorey. Eutrophication levels may therefore determine whether herbivory acts as a global change catalyst for the “N time bomb”, or as a conservation tool in forests.
Sandwich-like CoMoP2 /MoP heterostructures coupling N, P co-doped carbon nanosheets as advanced anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Liu Liyuan , Zhao Lanling , Hou Chuanxin , Huang Meina , Algadi Hassan , Li Deyuan , Xia Qing , Wang Jun , Zhou Zhaorui , Han Xue , Long Yuxin , Li Yebing , Zhang Zidong , Liu Yao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Transition-metal phosphides as ideal anodes have been attracted a large number of interests due to their excellent performance for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, CoMoP2 materials were rarely reported as lithium-ion battery anode materials. Thereupon, to excavate their ability in LIBs, a sandwich-like architecture was employed as anode material, in which heterostructured CoMoP2 and MoP nanoparticles were coated on N, P co-doped carbon matrix. Notably, doped carbon micro-lamellated sheets could not only allow boosted lithium-ion and electron transport, but also alleviate the volume changes of active material to sustain anode integrity during the discharge/charge processes. More importantly, the combination of CoMoP2 and MoP nanoparticles could synergically strengthen the electrochemical activities of the anodes, and their built-in heterojunction facilitated the reaction kinetics on their interfaces. This research may offer a rational design on both heterostructure and doping engineering of future anodes for lithium-ion batteries.