bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability and Open Source
Authors: Parrino Cristian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at how the open source principles of collaboration, decentralisation, and collective equity, as well as open source technology’s (hardware, software, and data) fundamentals of transparency, circularity, and accessibility, play a central, enabling role in sustainability. It first considers the case of the City of Amsterdam. The city uses open source and community-centred design to rebuild its economic model and post-pandemic recovery around the principles of economic prosperity. Next, the role of open source hardware, software, and data in the carbon negative data centre of the future blueprint being proposed by an OpenUK-led international consortium at COP26 is discussed. Finally, this chapter considers how, for the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) facilitated by the UN, Open Data is a facilitator of standards, a tool for accountability, and a base of evidence for assessing impact.
Open Hardware
Authors: Katz Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores open source hardware. Open source hardware is a relative newcomer in comparison with open source software. As a field it has adopted many assumptions and models from the world of open source software, but its latecomer status gives it the advantage of being able to learn from what has gone before. At this juncture, there are far fewer businesses operating in the world of open hardware, and those businesses are less prominent and successful (although there are signs that this is rapidly changing). There are also far fewer specific open hardware licences than open source software licences, and there are still fundamental questions about the applicability of various different forms of intellectual property right to different aspects of hardware.
Race and Property Law
Authors: Park K-Sue 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the key role of race in producing property values in the history of the American property law system. It identifies major developments in the mutually formative relationship between race and property in America that made and remade property interests through the processes of dispossessing nonwhites; degrading their homelands, communities, and selves; and limiting their efforts to enter public space and occupy or acquire property within the regime thereby established. The chapter begins by looking at the use of law to create the two most important forms of property in the colonies and early Republic—enclosed land and enslaved human beings—both of which acquired value and status as property through white ownership and control. The way that race produced property values shifted significantly after the abolition of slavery, and the anti-blackness entrenched by the slave trade spurred and organized resistance to Black landownership and property rights more generally. After the government consolidated the national territory through conquest, it drew upon the continuing backlash to abolition and widespread desire for racial segregation to remake the infrastructure and the very commodities on offer on the real estate market through its notorious redlining program and establishment of a major secondary mortgage market.
Democratization and Its Legacies
Authors: Pinto António Costa , Paris André 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The fall of the Portuguese dictatorship, in 1974, heralded the ‘third wave’ of democratizations. Unshackled by international pro-democracy forces and occurring during the Cold War, the coup led to a severe state crisis that was further aggravated by the fact that the processes of democratization and decolonization happened simultaneously. In this chapter, we argue that a correlation must be established between the nature of Portugal’s democratization and not only the absence of a veto capacity by former authoritarian elites and institutions, due to their collapse, but especially the cleavages created by democratization and military intervention in politics. We also argue that the transition’s powerful momentum served to form another legacy for the consolidation of democracy, superseding and transmuting its impact on Portugal’s democracy.
The Right and Far-Right in the Portuguese Democracy (1974–2022)
Authors: Marchi Riccardo , Azevedo Alves André 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of the Portuguese right and far-right during the democratic regime, from 1974 to 2021, in terms of political movements and parties, ideology and electoral outcomes. The first section contextualizes the Portuguese mainstream right-of-centre parties in the context of the democratic transition and later in their evolution until 1995. The following two sections deal with the Portuguese far-right in the context of the democratic transition from 1972 to 1982, and in the period of consolidated democracy, from the 1980s until the present day, with particular attention paid to the recent populist radical right party Chega, which has achieved parliamentary representation for this political segment in Portugal for the first time. The final section returns to the Portuguese mainstream right-of-centre political space to analyse the period from the mid-1990s until the present day, when the left has become dominant and the right has mostly acted as an opposition force, with some limited exceptions.
Robots, Trade, and Luddism: A Sufficient Statistic Approach to Optimal Technology Regulation
Authors: Costinot Arnaud , Werning Iván 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Technological change, from the advent of robots to expanded trade opportunities, creates winners and losers. How should government policy respond? We provide a general theory of optimal technology regulation in a second-best world, with rich heterogeneity across households, linear taxes on the subset of firms affected by technological change, and a non-linear tax on labour income. Our first set of results consists of optimal tax formulas, with minimal structural assumptions, involving sufficient statistics that can be implemented using evidence on the distributional impact of new technologies, such as robots and trade. Our final results are comparative static exercises illustrating, among other things, that while distributional concerns create a rationale for non-zero taxes on robots and trade, the magnitude of these taxes may decrease as the process of automation and globalization deepens and inequality increases.
Use of belatacept in kidney transplantation: what's new?
Authors: Yakubu Idris , Moinuddin Irfan , Gupta Gaurav 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
The advent of calcineurin inhibitors have led to a significant improvement in short term outcomes after kidney transplantation. However, long term outcomes are hindered by the cardiovascular, metabolic and chronic renal toxicity associated with these agents. Belatacept is a selective T cell costimulation blocker that is approved for prevention of rejection in kidney transplantation, and has been associated with favorable cardiovascular, metabolic and renal outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. This review provides an overview of recent updates in the use of belatacept in kidney transplant recipients.

Recent findings
Belatacept may be a safe alternative to calcineurin inhibitors for select kidney transplant populations. Patients converted to belatacept from a calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression generally experience improvement in renal function, and may be less likely to develop de novo donor specific antibodies or new onset diabetes after transplantation. Although, belatacept based immunosuppression may increase the risk of early acute cellular rejection, it may however be beneficial in stabilization of long-term renal function and improvement in inflammation in patients with chronic active antibody mediated rejection. These benefits need to be counterweighed with risks of lack of response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination and other adverse infectious outcomes.

Summary
Belatacept may be an alternative to calcineurin inhibitors and may contribute to improved long term metabolic and allograft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Careful selection of patients for belatacept-based immunosuppression is needed, to obviate the risk of acute rejection shown in clinical studies.
Reversing “Flip-Flop” Phenomenon of 131I and Glucose Avidity in RET-Fusion Positive Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Cancer Lesions After Treatment of Pralsetinib
Authors: Chan Hung-Pin , Chen I-Feng , Tsai Fu-Ren , Kao Chun-Hao , Shen Daniel Hueng-Yuan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A 61-year-old man presented with papillary thyroid cancer in radioiodine-refractory status after high-activity 131I treatments following thyroidectomy. FDG-avid neck and pulmonary metastases but without 131I-uptake were detected. CCDC6-RET fusion was identified from the tumor lesion. He was treated with pralsetinib, a RET inhibitor, followed by another high-activity 131I therapy. Posttherapeutic scan displayed restoration of 131I avidity at those lesions only shown on previous FDG PET/CT. Reduced FDG avidity of those lesions and decreased serum antithyroglobulin antibody titer were also noticed. This case illustrated successfully reinduced 131I avidity in papillary thyroid cancer through redifferentiation with target therapy to suppress tumor RET overexpression.
Dual Antiplatelet Alternatives are Associated With Increased Stroke and Death After Transcarotid Revascularization
Authors: Dakour-Aridi Hanaa , Motaganahalli Raghu L. , Fajardo Andres , Tanaka Akiko , Saqib Naveed U. , Martin Gordon H. , Mirza Aleem , Keyhani Arash , Keyhani Kourosh , Wang Shihuan Keisin 
Published: November 2022

Objective:
To define the risks associated with the replacement of dual antiplatelets for alternate medication regimens.

Background:
Patients undergoing transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) for atherosclerotic disease in the Vascular Quality Initiative database from September 2016 to June 2022 were included. In all, 29,802 TCAR procedures were captured between 2016 and 2022, consisting of 24,651 (82.7%) maintained on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and 5151 (17.3%) on alternative regimens.

Methods:
Patients maintained on DAPT were compared with those on alternative regimens consisting of any combination of single antiplatelet monotherapy and/or anticoagulation.

Results:
On univariable analysis, patients on alternative medications were more likely to experience in-hospital death, ipsilateral stroke, any stroke, and transient ischemic attacks compared with patients in the DAPT group. The mortality rate was higher at 1 year in the alternative cohort (4.7% vs 7.0%, P<0.01). The use of alternate medication regimens was associated with increased odds of stroke and the composite outcome of in-hospital stroke/death compared with DAPT. There was also a significant association between alternative medication use and increased odds of in-hospital transient ischemic attack, immediate stent occlusion, and return to the operating room. At 1 year, there was no significant difference in the incidence of stroke between the 2 groups. However, the use of alternate regimens was associated with higher 1-year of mortality after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions:
Patients not maintained on DAPT after TCAR experienced an increased risk of stroke and death in the perioperative and follow-up periods. Increased surgeon vigilance is required to ensure compliance with dual antiplatelets as recommended.
Time intervals between COVID-19 cases, and more severe outcomes
Authors: Wood A.J. , Kao R.R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA critical factor in infectious disease control is the risk of an outbreak overwhelming local healthcare capacity. The overall demand on healthcare services will depend on disease severity, but the precise timing and size of peak demand also depends on the timeinterval(or clinical time delay) between initial infection, and development of severe disease. A broaderdistributionof intervals may draw that demand out over a longer period, but have a lower peak demand. These interval distributions are therefore important in modelling trajectories of e.g. hospital admissions, given a trajectory of incidence. Conversely, as testing rates decline, an incidence trajectory may need to be inferred through the delayed, but relatively unbiased signal of hospital admissions.Healthcare demand has been extensively modelled during the COVID-19 pandemic, where localised waves of infection have imposed severe stresses on healthcare services. While the initial acute threat posed by this disease has since subsided from immunity buildup from vaccination and prior infection, prevalence remains high and waning immunity may lead to substantial pressures for years to come. In this work, then, we present a set of interval distributions, for COVID-19 cases and subsequent severe outcomes; hospital admission, ICU admission, and death. These may be used to model more realistic scenarios of hospital admissions and occupancy, given a trajectory of infections or cases.We present a method for obtaining empirical distributions using COVID-19 outcomes data from Scotland between September 2020 and January 2022 (N= 31724 hospital admissions,N= 3514 ICU admissions,N= 8306 mortalities). We present separate distributions for individual age, sex, and deprivation of residing community. We show that, while the risk of severe disease following COVID-19 infection is substantially higher for the elderly or those residing in areas of high deprivation, the length of stay shows no strong dependence, suggesting that severe outcomes are equally severe across risk groups. As Scotland and other countries move into a phase where testing is no longer abundant, these intervals may be of use for retrospective modelling of patterns of infection, given data on severe outcomes.
The contribution of social and family networks in supporting care of children with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Authors: Bukini Daima , Msirikale Irene , Kanza Collins , Odengo Jesca , Maingu Deogratius , Masamu Upendo , Manji Karim , Makani Julie , Mbekenga Columba 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe care of children with Sickle cell disease (SCD) in Africa has been the work of mothers or women within communities. Previous studies have indicated that mothers in these families are supported by other women within the family or even from outside family structures. Such support has allowed significant sharing of responsibilities in both domestic and care giving roles for children with sickle cell disease. However, there is limited recognition of this informal support and its importance as a key element in health care provision.ObjectiveIn this paper, we aim to demonstrate how these support networks have been used by mothers in shouldering their caregiving roles. We also propose how the networks can be integrated into the health care system to improve quality of care of the children with SCD.MethodsWe conducted interviews with families of children who are diagnosed with sickle cell disease through newborn screening program in Tanzania between 2015 and 2019. In total, 15 families were included through focus group discussions (FGDs), dyadic interviews, and individual interviews. Also, a survey was conducted involving 100 families of children with SCD aged between 0 and 17 years to assess the different networks of care that exists within families and communities. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data while data from the survey was presented in proportions as pie charts.ResultsThe results from the FGDs and IDIs demonstrated three ways in which the networks of care were supportive to mothers (1) Facilitating sickle cell disease diagnosis to children who were undiagnosed (2) Caring for the sick child (children) after diagnosis and (3) Support at home in caring for other children who are not sick and helping with domestic work responsibilities. Survey results indicated that the highest proportion of the respondents listed mothers of the children as the primary care giver (88%), followed by grandmothers (10%) and close family members (2%). Extended family members (20%) were recognized as the largest network of care in the absence of the primary caregiver outside the parents, followed by siblings, defined as elder brothers and sisters (18%) and grandparents (16%).ConclusionThe findings from this study confirm that there is an important network supporting care of children with SCD in communities supporting parents. Enabling these support networks to be more formally integrated into the health care system will ensure those members of the community providing care are equipped with knowledge on sickle cell disease and having positive impact on the quality of care of the children born with SCD in sub-Saharan Africa.
The clinical phenotype of autism spectrum disorder in individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome
Authors: Pollak Rebecca M , Pincus Jordan E , Burrell T Lindsey , Cubells Joseph F , Klaiman Cheryl , Murphy Melissa M , Saulnier Celine A , Walker Elaine F , White Stormi Pulver , Mulle Jennifer G 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe 1.6 Mb 3q29 deletion is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric phenotypes, including a 19-fold increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous work by our team identified elevated social disability in this population via parent-report questionnaires. However, clinical features of ASD in this population have not been explored in detail.Methods31 individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome (3q29del, 61.3% male) were evaluated using two gold-standard clinical ASD evaluations: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R). Four matched comparators for each subject were ascertained from the National Database for Autism Research. Item-level scores on the ADOS-2 and ADI-R were compared between subjects with 3q29del and matched comparators.ResultsSubjects with 3q29del and no ASD (3q29del-ASD) had greater evidence of social disability compared to typically developing (TD) comparison subjects across the ADOS-2. Subjects with 3q29del and ASD (3q29del+ASD) were largely indistinguishable from non-syndromic ASD (nsASD) subjects on the ADOS-2. 3q29del+ASD performed significantly better on social communication on the ADI-R than nsASD (3q29+ASD mean = 11.36; nsASD mean = 15.70; p = 0.01), and this was driven by reduced deficits in nonverbal communication (3q29+ASD mean = 1.73; nsASD mean = 3.63; p = 0.03). 3q29del+ASD reported significantly later age at first two-word phrase compared to nsASD (3q29del+ASD mean = 43.89 months; nsASD mean = 37.86 months; p = 0.01). However, speech delay was not related to the improved nonverbal communication in 3q29del+ASD.LimitationsThere were not enough TD comparators with ADI-R data in NDAR to include in the present analysis. Additionally, our relatively small sample size made it difficult to assess race and ethnicity effects.Conclusions3q29del is associated with significant social disability, irrespective of ASD diagnosis. 3q29del+ASD have similar levels of social disability to nsASD, while 3q29del-ASD have significantly increased social disability compared to TD individuals. However, social communication is reasonably well-preserved in 3q29del+ASD relative to nsASD. It is critical that verbal ability and social disability be examined separately in this population to ensure equal access to ASD and social skills evaluations and services.
Investigation of bias due to selective inclusion of study effect estimates in meta-analyses of nutrition research
Authors: Kanukula Raju , McKenzie Joanne E , Bero Lisa , Dai Zhaoli , McDonald Sally , Kroeger Cynthia M , Korevaar Elizabeth , Forbes Andrew , Page Matthew J 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe aimed to explore, in a sample of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of the association between food/diet and health-related outcomes, whether systematic reviewers selectively included study effect estimates in meta-analyses when multiple effect estimates were available. We randomly selected systematic reviews of food/diet and health-related outcomes published between January 2018 and June 2019. We selected the first presented meta-analysis in each review (index meta-analysis), and extracted from study reports all study effect estimates that were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. We calculated the Potential Bias Index (PBI) to quantify and test for evidence of selective inclusion. The PBI ranges from 0 to 1; values above or below 0.5 suggest selective inclusion of effect estimates more or less favourable to the intervention, respectively. We also compared the index meta-analytic estimate to the median of a randomly constructed distribution of meta-analytic estimates (i.e. the estimate expected when there is no selective inclusion). Thirty-nine systematic reviews with 312 studies were included. The estimated PBI was 0.49 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.55), suggesting that the selection of study effect estimates from those reported was consistent with a process of random selection. In addition, the index meta-analytic effect estimates were similar, on average, to what we would expect to see in meta-analyses generated when there was no selective inclusion. Despite this, we recommend that systematic reviewers report the methods used to select effect estimates to include in meta-analyses, which can help readers understand the risk of selective inclusion bias in the systematic reviews.
Drug prediction for reversing AD/PD transcriptional profiles using an aging of systems-centric approach
Authors: Bunu Gabriela , Toren Dmitri , Ursu Eugen , Ghenea Simona , Fraifeld Vadim E. , Tacutu Robi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAge-related pathologies are so widely presented in old age that in most cases they are hardly distinguishable at the molecular level from the so-called ‘‘normal’’ aging. Both aging and age-related diseases are characterized by a wide range of transcriptional and epigenetic changes that underlie the physiological or pathological phenotype, with plenty of overlap in their signatures, but also with differences. In most pathological conditions it is rather the dysregulation of a complex network of genes than a problem with a single gene dysregulation that causes its emergence or progression, and aging differently gives a “predisposition” towards an age-related pathology or another, or in a favorable situation towards none. The important question is how similar are the transcriptional changes during “healthy” aging with those that occur in age-related diseases. In this study, we explore gene expression data to answer this question and aim to predict which drugs and compounds could have a reversing effect on their common drift.