bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quality of vermicompost from various sources composted with earthworm Perionyx excavates
Authors: Riwandi  , Muktamar Zainal , Hasanudin  , Anandyawati  , Allsari Vira 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The quality of vermicompost depends on the source of earthworms feed such as animal waste (cows, buffaloes, chickens, and goats). The aim of the study was to obtain high quality vermicompost and to determine the parameters of vermicompost in accordance with the compost quality standard from SNI 19-7030-2004. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment of types animal manures: consisted of cow, buffalo, chicken, and goat manures with 6 replications, so there were 24 experimental units. The results showed that the 9 parameters of vermicompost tested complied to the quality criteria of compost from SNI 19-7030-2004. The significant finding of this study was the weight of the remaining earthworms decreased from 12 g at initial weight to 2.42 g for cow dung, 2.38 g for buffalo dung, 1.62 g for chicken manure and 0,63 g for goat dung after harvesting the vermicompost. The highest quality of vermicompost according to the criteria of SNI 19-7030-2004 was cow dung, followed by buffalo dung, goat dung, and chicken manure. According statistical analysis showed that pH (H2O,1:5 w/v) is 8.90 (highest) for chicken manure, 8.60 (medium) for cow dung as well as 8.46 (medium) for goat dung, and 7.90 (low) for buffalo dung. Water content are not significant for all sources of vermicompost which is 50% more. Temperatures of vermicompost from goat dung (28.70°C) and chicken manure (28.29°C) are significant significantly higher than cow dung (27.68°C), and buffalo dung (27.89°C). Organic C content, total N content, and C/N ratio of vermicompost used descriptive analysis. Organic C content was highest in vermicompost derived from buffalo dung, followed by cow dung, chicken manure, and goat dung as well as total N content from goat dung, chicken manure, buffalo dung, and cow dung. Also C/N ratio from low to high are goat dung, chicken manure, cow dung, and buffalo dung.
Germination of dormant onion bulbs in different growing media
Authors: Sopiana R , Suwignyo R A , Harun M U , Susilawati  
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the planting media as a stimulant for onion germination. This study used onion bulbs of the Batu ijo variety with one week after harvest sizes ranging from 20 to 25 g/tuber, bulbs lengths were from 4 cm to 5 cm. The research used a completely randomized design with three factors that repeated 10 replications. Onion bulbs were planted in pots with a volume of 2 L which were only filled with 80% of the pot volume. In each pot was planted one onion bulb that had been cut off the top 1/3 with a planting depth. The number of sample plant pots for each media were 15 pots so that the total were 45 pots. Watering was done as much as 1 L/pot/day so that the growing media was always wet. Every two days They were observed for variables number of sprouts, shoots, roots, and leaves. All variables were analysed by analysis of variance. The results showed that the onion bulbs sown for one month in growing media have not been able to stimulate germination, and cocopeat media produced 20% germination compared with more sawdust and husk media. On cocopeat media, dormant onion bulbs germinated in 14 days after planting (DAP), followed by sawdust and husk media in 16 DAP. Roots of dormant onion bulbs appeared between 7 to 14 DAP, and then shoots appeared in 14 to 16 DAP.
The Underlying Causes of Poverty Among Rice Farmers in Indonesia
Authors: Novira Nina , Pulungan Nur Ainun J , Maxriz Jian , Lubis Darwin P. , Pinem Mbina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Despite huge amount of support in the form of subsidy, infrastructure development such as irrigation system, and agricultural advisor, Indonesian rice farmers are still in general not doing so well. This raises the question of why could that be. Conservative views put education to the blame without further explanations. However, we argue that the problem is not just as simple as that. This paper therefore explores the underlying causes of rice farmers’ poverty in Indonesia with case studies from North Sumatera. Applying qualitative research using in-depth interview as the data collection tool, we seek to interview officials from the agricultural office as well as rice farmers and the head of farmer union in the case study areas. Results show that rice farmers, as of generally all farmers in Indonesia, do not possess adequate facility to process their commodity and to add value to it. They also do not have access to market with no control over the price. Thus they are merely rice growers, similar to labors in industry.
Field Crop Residue burning Induced Particulate Pollution in NW India – Policy Challenges & Way Forward
Authors: Kaushal Leena Ajit 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of numerous policy interventions to curb FCRB-induced air pollution in NW India. The problem is addressed by examining the trend and co-existence of VIIRS retrieved thermal anomalies in NW states and PM2.5 concentrations in New Delhi during the two harvesting seasons (April-May & Oct-Nov) over the period 2014-2020. The findings reveal that various governmental measures that primarily revolve around sustainable residue management practices cannot holistically curb the stubble burning practice in NW India and the related air pollution in neighboring states. The study suggests that besides the short-term residue management measures, crop diversification or discontinuing dual rice-wheat cultivation is the only long term measure to regulate widespread stubble burning and the deteriorating air quality.
Image-based plasma morphology determination and LIBS spectra correction in combustion environments
Authors: CHAI Shu , PENG Haimeng , ZHAO Ziqing , WU Wendong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Spectra correction is essential for the quantification of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) due to the uncertainties in plasma morphology. In this work, we determined the plasma morphology using a charge-coupled device camera and introduced the spectral correction method based on plasma images to a combustion environment. The plasma length, width, volume, and location were extracted from the plasma images. Using a back-scattering setup, the contribution of plasma location fluctuation to the total spectral fluctuation was mitigated. The integral intensity of the plasma image was used as a proxy of the total number density to correct the spectra. Linear relationships were established between the integral intensities of the plasma images and the spectral intensities, under different laser energy levels and gas temperatures. The image-based correction method could significantly reduce the fluctuation of raw spectral intensities when the laser energy was below 240 mJ. Compared with the correction method based on total spectral areas, the proposed method offered significant improvements in the low energy region, which promises to reduce the signal fluctuations in combustion environments while preserving the spatial resolution and mitigating the flow disturbance.
Targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathway in advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Chung Clement , Abboud Karen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Purpose
This article summarizes current androgen receptor (AR)–directed therapies that have received regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced prostate adenocarcinoma (herein referred to as prostate cancer, PC).

Summary
PC is an androgen-dependent malignancy in which ligands including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind to AR, initiating androgen-AR complex translocation to the nucleus followed by AR-mediated transcription of target genes. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), including gonadotropin hormone–releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists with or without AR antagonists (antiandrogens), GnRH antagonists, or bilateral orchiectomy, forms the backbone of treatment for patients with metastatic castration-naive PC and/or castration-resistant PC (CRPC). ADT is also an option for high-risk, early-stage PC after prostatectomy and/or radiation. While ADT is often very effective as initial therapy, resistance ultimately develops despite suppression of gonadal and/or adrenal androgens, leading to CRPC, which is characterized by mechanisms such as reactivation of the AR signaling pathway, AR gene overexpression, and mutations in the ligand-binding domain of AR that lead to disease progression, resulting in increased symptom burden and ultimately death. However, disease in patients with CRPC is still dependent on androgen signaling, and these patients continue on ADT to maintain a castrate level of serum testosterone. Novel hormonal therapies including agents that target AR directly (eg, AR antagonists) are often added to ADT in this setting. Targeting the AR signaling pathway led to the development of second-generation AR antagonists, examples of which include enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide. These agents do not exhibit partial agonism, possess a higher affinity for AR, and are postulated to improve survival outcomes relative to their first-generation counterparts for patients with CRPC. Lastly, the emergence of ADT, including second-generation AR antagonists, has led to the development of supportive care for treatment-related adverse effects.

Conclusion
Major advances have been made in targeting the AR signaling pathway in patients with advanced PC. Further studies are warranted to identify the optimal sequencing of therapies to maximize treatment benefit. Mitigation of treatment-related adverse effects presents new opportunities to advance clinical pharmacy practice.
Maize dispersal patterns associated with different types of endosperm and migration of indigenous groups in lowland South America
Authors: Costa Flaviane Malaquias , Silva Natalia Carolina de Almeida , Vidal Rafael , Clement Charles Roland , Freitas Fabio de Oliveira , Alves-Pereira Alessandro , Petroli César Daniel , Zucchi Maria Imaculada , Veasey Elizabeth Ann 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
The lowlands of South America appear to be remarkably important in the evolutionary history of maize, due to new evidence that suggests that maize dispersed from Mexico and arrived in this region in a state of partial domestication. This study aimed to identify dispersal patterns of maize genetic diversity in this part of the continent.

Methods
A total of 170 maize accessions were characterized with 4398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analysed to determine if maize dispersal was associated with types of endosperm and indigenous language families.

Key Results
Four genetic groups were identified in the discriminant analysis of principal components and five groups in the cluster analysis (neighbour-joining method). The groups were structured according to the predominance of endosperm types (popcorn, floury, flint/semi-flint). Spatial principal component analysis of genetic variation suggests different dispersal patterns for each endosperm type and can be associated with hypotheses of expansions of different indigenous groups.

Conclusions
From a possible origin in Southwestern Amazonia, different maize dispersal routes emerged: (1) towards Northern Amazonia, which continued towards the Caatinga and south-eastern Atlantic Forest (Floury); (2) towards Southern Brazil, passing through the Cerrado and Southern Atlantic Forest reaching the Pampa region (Floury); and (3) along the Atlantic Coast, following Tupi movements originating from two separate expansions: one (Tupinamba) from north to south, and the other (Guarani) in the opposite direction, from south to north (flint, floury and popcorn).
Longitudinal assessment of network reorganizations and language recovery in postoperative patients with glioma
Authors: Yuan Binke , Zhang Nan , Gong Fangyuan , Wang Xindi , Yan Jing , Lu Junfeng , Wu Jinsong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For patients with glioma located in or adjacent to the linguistic eloquent cortex, awake surgery with an emphasis on the preservation of language function is preferred. However, the brain network basis of postoperative linguistic functional outcomes remains largely unknown. In this work, 34 patients with left cerebral gliomas who underwent awake surgery were assessed for language function and resting-state network properties before and after surgery. We found that there were 28 patients whose language function returned to at least 80% of the baseline scores within 3 months after surgery or to 85% within 6 months after surgery. For these patients, the spontaneous recovery of language function synchronized with changes within the language and cognitive control networks, but not with other networks. Specifically, compared with baseline values, language functions and global network properties were the worst within 1 month after surgery and gradually recovered within 6 months after surgery. The recovery of connections was tumour location dependent and was attributed to both ipsihemispheric and interhemispheric connections. In contrast, for six patients whose language function did not recover well, severe network disruptions were observed before surgery and persisted into the chronic phase. This study suggests the synchronization of functional network normalization and spontaneous language recovery in postoperative patients with glioma.
Psychological Characteristics of Leaders (PsyCL): A New Data Set
Authors: Schafer Mark , Lambert Joshua E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article introduces the Psychological Characteristics of Leaders (PsyCL) data set. Foreign policy decisions are made by humans, and human psychology affects those decisions. While structural factors likely shape policy challenges and opportunities, excluding humans from our models is certain to miss important factors. Psychology has been excluded in the past in part because of the lack of data; PsyCL begins to address this problem. We discuss the importance of psychology in decision-making, describe the structure and scope of the data and its flexible units of analysis, present some simple empirical examples, and conclude with thoughts on future research.
Cas9-mediated maternal effect and derived resistance alleles in a gene-drive strain of the African malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Carballar-Lejarazú Rebeca , Tushar Taylor , Pham Thai Binh , James Anthony A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technologies are important tools for the development of gene-drive systems to modify mosquito vector populations to control the transmission of pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria. However, one of the challenges for current Cas9-based drive systems is their ability to produce drive-resistant alleles resulting from insertions and deletions (indels) caused principally by nonhomologous end-joining following chromosome cleavage. Rapid increases in the frequency of such alleles may impair gene-drive dynamics. We explored the generation of indels in the germline and somatic cells in female gene-drive lineages using a series of selective crosses between a gene-drive line, AgNosCd-1, and wild-type mosquitoes. We find that potential drive-resistant mutant alleles are generated largely during embryonic development, most likely caused by deposition of the Cas9 endonuclease and guide RNAs in oocytes and resulting embryos by homozygous and hemizygous gene-drive mothers.
A risk-oriented evaluation of biofilm and other influencing factors on biological quality of drinking water for dairy cows
Authors: Hayer Jason J , Heinemann Céline , Schulze-Dieckhoff Benedikt G , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Despite the importance of livestock drinking water quality on animal physiology, welfare, and performance, influences such as biofilm formation on trough surfaces on microbial water quality are rarely researched. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial quality of water offered to lactating dairy cows and identify risk factors for poor water quality. We further aimed to determine the impact of biofilm formation on water quality and evaluate rapid test systems to score the hygiene status of dairy troughs on the farm. A total of 105 troughs located on 24 typical Western German dairy farms were sampled. Samples of livestock drinking water and biofilm were analyzed for aerobic total viable count (TVC), coliform count (CC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and other bacteria resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins (CRB). Surface protein- and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rapid tests were evaluated to detect biofilm formation. The influence of 22 selected fixed and variable trough characteristics on impaired livestock drinking water quality was evaluated by calculating odds ratios. The average TVC, CC, and E. coli counts were 4.4 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD), 1.7 ± 0.1, and 0.6 ± 0.1 log10 cfu per mL, respectively. CC was detectable in 94.3% of all water samples and E. coli in 48.6%. MRSA was found in pooled livestock drinking water samples of a single farm and CRB on three farms, suggesting that troughs might function as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thereby contributing to an exchange of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between animals. Risk factors for the impairment of at least one microbial quality criteria (TVC, CC, or E. coli) increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) when using high-volume troughs, other trough materials than stainless steel, a lower distance to the milking parlor, heavy visible soiling, biofilm formation, and high ambient and high water temperatures. CC (r = 0.46; P &lt; 0.001) and E. coli (r = 0.31; P &lt; 0.01) of water samples correlated with their equivalent in biofilm and with the results of rapid tests on trough surfaces (0.31 &gt; r &gt; 0.19; P &lt; 0.05). Addressing the identified risk factors could be an approach to ensure sufficient biological quality of livestock drinking water.
HPLC–ESI–HRMS2 Determination ofN-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-l-valyl-l-leucine in Human Urine: Method Validation
Authors: Hanzlíková Iveta , Mráz Jaroslav , Tvrdíková Monika , Chrástecká Hana , Moulisová Alena , Linhart Igor 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBiomonitoring of human exposure to reactive electrophilic chemicals such as ethylene oxide (EO) has been commonly based on the determination of adducts with N-terminal valine in blood protein globin, but a systematic search has also been undertaken to find surrogate markers enabling non-invasive sampling. Recently, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-valyl-L-leucine (HEVL) has been identified as an ultimate cleavage product of EO-adducted globin in the urine of occupationally exposed workers. Herein, full validation of the analytical procedure consisting of solid-phase extraction of HEVL from urine samples (2 mL) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry determination using deuterium-labeled HEVL as an internal standard (IS) is described. Method limit of quantitation is 0.25 ng/mL, and its selectivity is excellent as demonstrated by the invariable ratio of the qualifier and quantifier ion intensities across diverse urine samples and synthetic standard. The linear calibration model was applicable over the whole concentration range tested (0.25–10 ng/mL). The method accuracy assessed as a recovery of HEVL using a spiking experiment was 98–100%. Within-day precision of the method ranged from 1.8% to 3.0%, while the results from consecutive analytical runs conducted within 1 week or within 10–150 weeks differed in the range of 2.2–9.7%. The stability study on urine samples (−20°C up to 3 years, freeze-and-thaw up to 10 cycles) as well as on aqueous solutions (5°C up to 4 months) indicated no relevant changes in HEVL concentration (≤4%) over the time tested. Analytical responses of both HEVL and IS correlated with urinary creatinine as an index of matrix composition, but this matrix effect was mostly eliminated using the HEVL/IS peak area ratio, attaining the IS-normalized relative matrix effect &lt;3%. In conclusion, the method complied successfully with the bioanalytical method validation criteria, making it a reliable tool for HEVL determination in human biomonitoring.
Wage Flexibility under Sectoral Bargaining
Authors: Card David , Cardoso Ana Rute 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Sectoral contracts in many European countries set wage floors for different occupation groups. In addition, employers often pay a wage premium (or wage cushion) to individual workers. We use administrative data from Portugal, linked to collective bargaining agreements, to study the interactions between wage floors and wage cushions and quantify the impact of sectoral wage floors. Although wages exhibit a “spike” at the wage floor, a typical worker receives a 20% premium over the floor, with larger cushions for older- and better-educated workers and at higher-productivity firms. Cushions also allow wages to covary with firm-specific productivity, even within sectoral agreements. Contract negotiations tend to raise all wage floors proportionally, with increases that reflect average productivity growth among covered firms. As floors rise, however, cushions are compressed, leading to an average passthrough rate of about 50%. Finally, we use a series of counterfactual simulations to show that real wage reductions during the recent financial crisis arose through reductions in real wage floors, reductions in real cushions, and a re-allocation of workers to lower wage floors. Offsetting these effects was a rapid rise in education of new cohorts, which in the absence of other factors would have led to rising real wages.
First Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Benin, West Africa, 2021
Authors: Yadouleton Anges , Hounkanrin Gildas , Tchibozo Carine , Bialonski Alexandra , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Jöst Hanna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is native to Southeast Asia and has colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide in the last three to four decades. In Africa, data on its distribution is incomplete. Most studies having focused on the abundance, competition to other species, and phylogenetics of this vector are from the central African region. Here, we report the first detection of Ae. albopictus in Benin, West Africa. A total of 13 specimens were collected during the study period in 2021. The phylogenetic analysis of a cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene fragment revealed a close relationship to populations from tropical India. Because of its close geographical proximity to areas where it has been found, it is assumed that the species was introduced several years before and is currently widely distributed in Benin. Additional studies are needed to explore its distribution, expansion range, and competitive effects on native species.