bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of thermally and mechanically induced short-term strains on smooth HDPE geomembrane properties
Authors: Mulabdić M , Jukić A , Faraguna F , Minažek K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
HDPE geomembranes are usually used in bottom liners in landfills. Their integrity is required during installation and during the lifetime of the landfill. It is commonly accepted by researchers and suggested by different technical specifications that there should be no strain present during the installation of a geomembrane, although some of them propose that the strain during the installation should be no more than 3%. This is not easy to satisfy in some situations. Strains in the geomembranes can be induced by overnight temperature changes, before covering of the geomembrane (cold weather causes stretching of the geomembrane), which in turn may create trampoline effect in the veneer of sloped foundation soil. Covering of the geomembrane can wait higher temperatures to bring geomembrane into good close contact with the substructure profile or can be forced in order to bring the geomembrane into that position, which means accumulation of strains in the geomembranes. The question arises: What are the changes that occur in geomembrane properties for thermally and/or mechanically induced strains in the geomembranes, are they different, and how the level of induced strain and aging of strained geomembrane can change its properties? This paper presents a large project related to laboratory study of this phenomenon, and the first results regarding its short-time behaviour. Mechanical and structural changes of the geomembrane properties are tested and monitored in the first few days after inducing thermal and/or mechanical strains of 0%, 3% and 6%. Specially developed frames were used for the preparation and conditioning of the geomembrane samples. Test results suggest that strains induced by temperature drop and/or mechanical extension do not affect short-term geomembrane properties. Research continues on samples that will be monitored for four years.
Geodynamic Modelling of Geogrid-Stabilised Aggregate on Soft Ground in High Speed Rail Environments Using Field-Derived Shear Wave Data.
Authors: Ogunmakin B , Zamara K , Kawalec J , Todisco M C 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Geogrids have been used for many years to stabilise and enhance the performance of rail ballast and sub-ballast in terms of maintaining both vertical and lateral track alignment. However, the ability of geogrids to improve these properties within a high-speed rail environment at close-to-critical velocity remain uncertain. The potential for geogrid to improve the stiffness and the ability of a geogrid-stabilised aggregate layer to transmit ground waves such as Rayleigh waves has great potential for reducing dig out depth in soft ground in cuttings and reduce the need to use great thicknesses of engineered, high quality aggregate in embankments in order to mitigate the effects of such waves. New research has been conducted on a trial embankment comparing 4 geogrid-stabilised trial sections with a control section. This embankment has been subjected to low strain stiffness testing using geophysical methods to determine if the stabilised sections can offer an increase in ground wave velocity over the control and thereby offer the potential to reduce engineered construction thickness beneath the track on high-speed rail lines. Initial geodynamic modelling using the results of the on-site testing suggests that specific geogrids have a significant potential to reduce overall construction costs by reducing the need to dig-out-and-replace in soft ground in order to mitigate the effects of Rayleigh waves.
Simulating mechanical response of GRS walls with different construction methods
Authors: Krishna KM , Prashant A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
GRS walls are constructed using a variety of fascia such as modular blocks, full height panels, Gabions, etc., which involves different construction sequences. The simulation of construction sequence is important in numerical modeling for understanding the evolution of deformation profiles and reinforcement forces with different fascia and corresponding construction methods. In this study, detailed Finite Element modeling of the GRS wall using OpenSEES as a numerical tool is presented. It includes discussion on the steps involved in simulating construction methods of wall with block and full height panel fascia along with their impact on overall response. A simple staged construction technique is adopted in simulation. The issues and techniques involved in the simulation of staged construction sequence and compaction stresses are explained. The considerable effects of construction sequence and modeling simplifications on deformation profile and reinforcement force distribution are discussed in detail.
Evaluation of the performance of a drainage geocomposite in a simple cover system based on 10 year measurements
Authors: Birle E , Melsbach M , Heyer D 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the course of the geotechnical investigations for a new runway at Munich Airport the hydro-mechanical behaviour of organogenic clays was studied. With the aim of an efficient use of materials the organogenic clay shall be used for noise and view barriers. As the organogenic clays have increased arsenic contents the percolation of such structures should be minimized. For the detailed investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour and for the determination of seepage quantities, a large scale, 5 m high, 30 m long and 25 m wide test fill was constructed. Due to the low permeability of the organogenic clays in compacted condition a cover design with a drainage mat and a top layer without an additional sealing layer was chosen. Measurements of the water balance were collected since the installation in 2008. The results show very low leachate quantities, although humid climatic conditions with average annual precipitation of approx. 745 mm were present. The low leachate rates can be mainly attributed to the capillary-breaking effect of the drainage geocomposite and the high water retention capacity of the topsoil. Based on the results the presented simple cover system can be considered an efficient and effective solution for minimizing infiltration water into core materials of embankments and noise barriers in road-way design.
Alternative laboratory approach for determination of geogrids performance in mechanically stabilized layers
Authors: Rakowski Zikmund , Horníček Leos , Kawalec Jacek 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
New laboratory plate test method is proposed for the determination of geosynthetics performance and efficiency of the interlocking in mechanically stabilized layers. The laboratory equipment and experimental methodology are described in details. Proposed method was tested in a set of trials which are evaluated in the paper. Resulting methodology is based on matrix type of tests evaluation, the matrix is formed by several measured parameters. Experiments executed in the laboratory confirmed that the principle of the method is correct and the methodology can be applied for geogrid performance evaluation of various geogrids.
Plastic in the ocean and global warming: New challenges for geosynthetics
Authors: Hoyme H , Vollmert L , Ehrenberg H 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The application of geosynthetics is state of the art onshore, at the coast and offshore. Geosynthetics complement conventional construction methods, or even replace them and generate advantages for the client, the designer and even more for the environment, e.g. by reducing carbon footprint. Decades of research and experience have resulted in standards and products, which are optimised for long-term performance and reliable application. Geosynthetics, by definition, are products covered by soil and thus protected against impacts or abrasion. As they are often used in contact to water, they are tested to be groundwater neutral. On the other hand, however, concerns about the use of plastic are omnipresent and must be taken into account. In some very limited but not negligible applications, temporary or periodical environmental influences have to be discussed, e.g. permanently or temporarily uncovered geotextile applications such as scour protection measures, coastal protection or riverbed stabilisation. As the geosynthetics, beside their technical beneficial use, can be subject to abrasion in this limited range of applications, further options for optimisation shall be discussed. One possible alternative is to design geosynthetics from or with the use of biodegradable raw materials. The subject of this article is the presentation of geosynthetic products made from alternative raw materials which biodegrade after their planned period of use. Other applications may require a defined degradation process over time, for example erosion control products. Making use of biodegradable materials, the potential risk of causing damage to the flora and fauna in case of an undesirable entry into the environment can be limited.
Mechanically stabilised layer by geogrids in road construction as an environmental aspect of sustainable development
Authors: Gołos M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the advantages of environmental aspects of mechanically stabilised layer by using geogrids (MSL). MSL is utilised in road construction as a sub-base layer or capping layer for a week sub-soil improvement. The concept of a MSL says that unbound granular layer is stabilized by the non-reinforcing hexagonal geogrid by the way of interlock with the aggregate. The mechanism of interlock means that both geogrid and aggregate interact under applied external load. The beneficial consequence on the serviceability of that layer by the resisting of the movement of the particles is defined as stabilisation. Mechanically stabilised layer by geogrid allows to save both money and time of construction compared to traditional technologies. Moreover, it also substantially supports sustainable development being a successful alternative to traditional solutions in road construction, such as: soil replacement, cement and other hydraulically bound mixtures or granular unbound layers which are non-stabilised by geogrids. MSL gives massive benefits for the environment, allowing for significant reduction of energy usage and greenhouse gases emission (mainly CO2). The paper shows the methodology of carbon footprint approach, which is an equivalent amount of CO2 emission, resulting from all component processes related to a specific technology used in road construction.This paper describes also the basic rules of how to calculate the amount of this reduction by using a special tool, so called Carbon Calculator (CC) designed by one of the leading geogrid manufacturer. CC allows to determine the reduction of CO2 as a result of geogrid utilisation in MSL compared to other well-known and long-standing solutions, mainly traditional granular unbound and cement or other hydraulically bound mixtures. A number of calculations of carbon footprint with MSL and other traditional solutions used as a sub-base or capping layer in the road construction have been done and the results of them have been presented in the further part of this article.
Mechanical Improvement of a Reinforced Sand with Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) Fibers
Authors: Lopes M M , Casagrande M D T 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The growing research for environmental sustainability applied in technological engineering works allied to the growth generation of solid waste problematics guided this research. Searching for new locational alternatives for these residues is becoming more and more economically viable and giving new uses to these materials has proved to be an effective way of reusing them. With this in mind, the present work seeks to evaluate the use of natural açaí fibers to reinforce soils in geotechnical works. To carry out this evaluation and investigate the physical-mechanical behavior of a sand reinforced with açaí fibers, were proposed direct shear tests with soil-fiber composites in the proportions of 0.5% and 1.0% of fiber in relation to soil dry weight and two percentages of relative density, 50% and 75%. The results demonstrate that the soil-fiber composites have greater peak and post-peak resistance than pure soil which are satisfactory from the geotechnical point of view, fulfilling its role mainly in acting on the shear resistance of the soil, opening possibilities for the study of application in geotechnical works such as landfills under soft soils and with more studies, for paving.
Scour protection effects on the dynamic response of jacket structures under extreme load events
Authors: Khansari A , Hoyme H , Oumeraci H 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A well-validated Finite Element (FE) model of a jacket structure (OC4 jacket) with pile foundation together with a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model (OpenFOAM-based) set-up for extreme waves on the structure are applied to perform systematic comparative analyses of the dynamic response of the structure to extreme wave loads with and without scour effects. The pile foundation model is considered by implementing a non-linear soil model to the foundation using load-deflection (p-y) approach to capture the non-linear behaviour of the soil for large pile foundation displacements. The results show that, the scour protection improves the foundation bearing capacity and consequently, decreases the failure probability in terms of both serviceability and ultimate limit states. Moreover, it enhances the dynamic response of the structure under extreme load events caused by breaking waves. Accordingly, an innovative solution for scour protection of offshore-fixed bottom structures has been introduced by “Biodegradable Soft Rock” (sand filled containers produced from bio-degradable geotextile product) which is the newest development in this section.
Performance of drainage geocomposites applied as capillary break layers
Authors: Szatmári T , Fischer S 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The phenomenon of capillary rise can cause water rise up 2-3m above the high water table within the soil. Due to this effect the shear strength of fine-graded soil is decreased, or it can damage decorative floorings, paved areas, concrete and different manmade structures. Furthermore, in arid regions the ground water is often saline with a high concentration of chloride ions, which can be harmful to vegetation. The traditional methods to solve the above mentioned problems with breaking the capillary rise can be the use of free draining granular soil with very low fines contents, usually with 30 to 50 cm thickness. One of the effective capillary break methods is creating an air void between the soil layers with the help of drainage geocomposites therefore capillary rise of water is prevented. This paper presents the research work of the above described capillary break phenomenon with different types of geocomposite drainage layers in laboratory controlled conditions.
FEM model for analysing the interaction of a geomatrix with a subsoil
Authors: Łupiezowiec Marian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The article presents the numerical model which can be applied for the description of the behaviour of a geomatrix mechanically stabilized by a geogrid that reinforces the subsoil. Both stiff loading (geomatrix under building foundation slabs) and susceptible loading (under road embankments) were examined. The selection of parameters was proposed for the analysis based on subsoil tests and data provided by the manufacturers of geosynthetics. The carried out analyses can be used to estimate internal forces in geogrids and their expected deformations. The obtained results can be used as a reference for the development of guidelines for designers of soil reinforcement in terms of boundary problem analysis and design of structures containing geosynthetics.
Reclamation of fertilizer sludge pond: the Azomures case study in Romania
Authors: Carbone L , Syllwasschy O , Hasslacher T , Hein U 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Residues coming from the production of fertilizer of the Azomures company were released into 300.000 m2 pond close to Tirgu Mures in Romania. To limit the exposition of the pollutants with the close environment and population and to reduce the leakage of contaminated leachate into the river, the environmental remediation of the pond was conducted. An impermeable cover system consisting of the succession of soil and geosynthetic layers was constructed on top of the contaminated residues. Key point for the success of the project was the use of geosynthetic reinforcement to increase the bearing capacity of the system as well as the development of an innovative method for the construction of intermediate embankments. In this paper, the remediation work for Azomures pond in Romania from its initial concept to the design and execution is fully described and can be used as a reference for alternative solutions in similar projects.
CE marking for geosynthetics
Authors: Delmas Ph. , Ehrenberg H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
1st October 2002, CE Marking has been implemented for Geosynthetics and from 1st July 2013, it has been reinforced by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011) making mandatory in all EEA Countries for manufacturers to apply CE Marking to any products covered by a harmonised European Standard (hEN) or a European Technical Assessment (ETA). Main principles of the CPR and of the harmonised European Standards are presented, including a rapid overview of the general rules imposed by the CPR, like Standardisation Request, position versus references to national requirements and assessment method(s). Secondly, the paper shows how to deal with CE Marking in practical use of Geosynthetics for the placement on the market and for specific requirements in construction jobs, for control of incoming products and for fit for purpose.
Design guide for geosynthetic barrier systems as groundwater protection in road construction
Authors: von Maubeuge K P , Müller-Kirchenbauer A , Schlötzer C 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) are used for groundwater protection in road constructions in water protection areas, RiStWag [1]. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are listed as an approved barrier and a long-term permittivity of ≤ 1⋅10−7 [1/s] is required as an essential characteristic value. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the sealing system during the entire service life, however, further characteristic values should be described. In the following, the protection concept of RiStWag is explained and the effectiveness, reliability, cost-effectiveness and control as well as the maintenance of the road systems are described in more detail.
Investigation progress of geogrid-soil interaction using DEM
Authors: Wang Z , Ma B , Yang G , Ziegler M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The discrete element modeling, which has particular advantages of capturing detailed insights into the geogrid–soil interaction, provides a new perspective to study the geogrid reinforcement mechanism especially at a microscopic scale. To summarize the current investigation achievements, discrete element modeling of geogrid and soil as well as their interaction under different testing conditions were reviewed in this paper. The DEM investigations provide not only qualitative visualization of the geogrid–soil interaction but also quantitative response of the geogrid and its surrounding soil. Such investigation achievements provide researchers helpful hints for the design of geogrid reinforced soil structures.
Application of Eurocode 7 for the analysis and design of veneer cover soils in static and seismic load conditions
Authors: Rimoldi P , Pezzano P , Gebely A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Veneer is intended as a relatively thin cover soil layer placed on a slope. Veneer cover soil systems in containment facilities such as landfills, liquid disposal and reservoirs involve geosynthetic-soil interfaces. The main design criterion for protective veneer covers is to ensure that no sliding occurs above the geosynthetic or the existing soil slope. The design of the protective veneer covers should include the stability of the lining system under the effect of the gravity forces, equipment loadings, seismic actions and pore water pressures. The limit equilibrium method used in the present paper for the evaluation of veneer stability has been derived from the method of Koerner and Soong (1988) and adapted to the limit state design offered by Eurocode 7 with reference to the Resistance Factor Approach (RFA). Serviceability limit state considerations are included in the design method for completeness.
Embodied Intelligence & Morphological Computation in Soft Robotics Community: Collaborations, Coordination, and Perspective
Authors: Hadi Sadati S.M. , ElDiwiny Marwa , Nurzaman Surya , Iida Fumiya , Nanayakkara Thrishantha 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The agile nature of physical interactions in animal and plant species has inspired many recent advances in robotics and their control frameworks. However, they still face challenges in interaction with ever-changing unconstructured world that we live in. Intelligence is one of nature’s survival solutions for biological creatures to adapt to and reshape their surroundings. Our robots are no different in these remits. An important key to their survival and effectiveness in the natural world is the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this chapter we provide a brief overview of the rapidly emerging Soft Robotics research community around AI relevant concepts such as Embodied intelligence and Morphological Computation. More specifically, we focused on the importance of setting such “community goals” to create a diverse interdisciplinary research environment, an enormously important element to keep up with our rapidly progressing world. To this end, we focused on the collaborations withing and between the communities, impacts of the recently established IEEE Soft Robotics Technical Committee on coordinating these efforts, and most important of all, the key ideas and perspectives based on 200 interviews with researchers across different fields.
Bio-Inspired Robots Imitating Human Organs with Embodied Intelligence Behaviour
Authors: Hashem Ryman , Xu Weiliang , Iida Fumiya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Soft robotics is an emerging field that introduces promising engineering methods that replicate biological behaviours. Soft robotics aims to obtain a delicate interaction with their environment and be adaptable in different situations. Using the morphology and materials in robotics design is recognised as an embodied intelligence of the system. This method provides new ideas other than classic engineering strategies; it can translate biological behaviour into an engineering context. Embodied intelligence introduces potential ways to replicate human organs' motor activities with soft-bodied simulators. Researchers are looking for a test environment that imitates the complex human organs functionalities to advance the knowledge of the human body. Many recent diseases were discovered, such as stomach dysrhythmia. It is believed that a test environment that can replicate such illnesses can introduce a faster solution to patients suffering from those illnesses. This chapter will discuss soft robots that emulate human organs using embodied intelligence in their morphology for simpler control systems and continuous actuation behaviour.