bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction model for short‐term traffic flow based on a K‐means‐gated recurrent unit combination
Authors: Sun Zhaoyun , Hu Yuanjiao , Li Wei , Feng Shaowei , Pei Lili 
Published: January 2022

AbstractShort‐term forecasting of traffic flow is an indispensable part of easing traffic pressure. Considering that different traffic flow patterns will affect the short‐term traffic flow prediction results, a combined method based on the K‐means clustering algorithm and gated recurrent unit (GRU) is proposed to build a short‐term traffic flow prediction model to overcome the above problems. The K‐means algorithm is used to cluster historical traffic flow data to establish different traffic flow pattern libraries. The K‐nearest neighbour (KNN) classification algorithm is used to determine the historical traffic flow pattern most similar to the traffic flow change trend of the date to be predicted. All historical traffic flow data in this category is used training samples to make targeted predictions. The traffic flow data of performance measurement system (PeMS) in California, USA is used to verify the performance of the proposed model. Compared with the GRU network, stacked auto encoders (SAEs), random forest (RF), and support vector machine regression (SVR), the results show that the proposed combination model K‐means‐GRU considers the diversity of traffic flow patterns and improves the prediction accuracy, it can better solve the short‐term traffic flow prediction problem.
Unconventional reconciliation path for quantum mechanics and general relativity
Authors: Yuguru Samuel Polopa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPhysics in general is successfully governed by quantum mechanics at the microscale and principles of relativity at the macroscale. Any attempts to unify them using conventional methods have somewhat remained elusive for nearly a century up to the present stage. Here, a classical gedanken experiment of electron‐wave diffraction of a single slit is intuitively examined for its quantized states. A unidirectional monopole pair (MP) field as quanta of the electric field is pictorially conceptualised into 4D space‐time. Its application towards quantum mechanics and general relativity appears consistent with existing knowledge in physics. This considers a multiverse of MP models at a hierarchy of scales. Einsteinian gravity is then defined to be of circular acceleration with angular momentum in time reversal mode to an overarching MP field precessing into forward time. Such descriptions provide a credible intuitive tool for physics applications in general. Its proposed design can be assessed using conventional methods, perhaps in incremental steps and this warrants further investigations.
Radar waveform recognition based on a two‐stream convolutional network and software defined radio
Authors: Xia Yan , Ma Zhiyuan , Huang Zhi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs one of the key technologies of electromagnetic spectrum operations, radar waveform recognition is an important basis for judging the threat degree of enemy’s weapons. At present, it is difficult to recognize the waveform at low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and the theoretical simulation is used in most research studies, which leads to the problem that the engineering practicality of the algorithm is poor. In this paper, a two‐stream convolutional network radar waveform recognition (TCNRWR) algorithm that fuses the original time–frequency image and the continuous frames autocorrelation time–frequency image is proposed, and an experimental platform is built by using software defined radio technology. Compared with traditional theoretical simulations, this paper focusses on the influence of spatial background interference and signal incompleteness on the recognition of intra‐pulse signals, and proposes an automatic removal method of invalid signal in the time–frequency domain. In order to further improve the recognition rate at low SNR, a deeper feature of short‐time autocorrelation flow is excavated, and a two‐stream time–frequency images fusion convolutional network (TTIFCNet) is constructed. The network effectively fuses the pre‐classification results of the two streams through Softmax layer and different weights. Finally, the hardware platform HackRF is used to realize the communication and processing of signals in real space, which proves the effectiveness of the TCNRWR algorithm.
Power flow in the air gap of linear electrical machines by utilization of the Poynting vector: Part 1 ‐ Analytical expressions
Authors: Frost Anna E. , Temiz Irina , Eriksson Sandra , Leijon Mats 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAnalytical solutions and estimations for the power flow in the air gap of linear electrical machines of different geometries are derived from Poynting's theorem. The different geometries considered are flat one‐sided, multi‐sided, and tubular linear electrical machines. The radial power flow for all considered geometries is dependent on the area of the air gap, the electric field, the magnetic field, and the load angle. The tangential power flow for both flat one‐sided and tubular linear electrical machines is dependent of the area of the air gap, number of poles, the electric field, the magnetic field, and the load angle. The number of poles could be increased to decrease the tangential power flow in flat linear electrical machines. The expression for the tangential flow in tubular linear electrical machines is so complicated that it is difficult to draw conclusions from it.
First extragalactic detection of a phosphorus-bearing molecule with ALCHEMI: Phosphorus nitride (PN)
Authors: Haasler D. , Rivilla V. M. , Martín S. , Holdship J. , Viti S. , Harada N. , Mangum J. , Sakamoto K. , Muller S. , Tanaka K. , Yoshimura Y. , Nakanishi K. , Colzi L. , Hunt L. , Emig K. L. , Aladro R. , Humire P. , Henkel C. , van der Werf P. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Phosphorus (P) is a crucial element for life given its central role in several biomolecules. P-bearing molecules have been discovered in different regions of the Milky Way, but not yet towards an extragalactic environment.
Aims. We searched for P-bearing molecules outside the Milky Way towards the nearby starburst Galaxy NGC 253.
Methods. Using observations from the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) project, we used the MAdrid Data CUBe Analysis package to model the emission of P-bearing molecules assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions. We also performed a non-LTE analysis using SpectralRadex.
Results. We report the detection of a P-bearing molecule, phosphorus nitride (PN), for the first time in an extragalactic environment, towards two giant molecular clouds (GMCs) of NGC 253. The LTE analysis yields total PN beam-averaged column densities N = (1.20 ± 0.09) × 1013 cm−2 and N = (6.5 ± 1.6) × 1012 cm−2, which translate into abundances with respect to H2 of χ = (8.0 ± 1.0) × 10−12 and χ = (4.4 ± 1.2) × 10−12. We derived a low excitation temperature of Tex = (4.4 ± 1.3) K towards the GMC with the brightest PN emission, which indicates that PN is sub-thermally excited. The non-LTE analysis results in column densities consistent with the LTE values. We also searched for other P-bearing molecules (PO, PH3, CP, and CCP), and upper limits were derived. The derived PO/PN ratios are < 1.3 and < 1.7. The abundance ratio between PN and the shock-tracer SiO derived towards NGC 253 follows the same trend previously found towards Galactic sources.
Conclusions. Comparison of the observations with chemical models indicates that the derived molecular abundances of PN in NGC 253 can be explained by shock-driven chemistry followed by cosmic-ray-driven photochemistry.
Reprocessing and Reuse of Endoscopic Accessories
Authors: Bhatia Vikram , Bhardwaj Vaishali , Tevethia Harsh Vardhan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEndoscopic accessories are critical devices that breach sterile body sites. They have unique reprocessing difficulties compared with other medical and surgical devices because of their complex structure, narrow lumens, thermolabile construction materials, and application through a semicritical endoscopic device. In addition, there is the possibility of functional derangement of endoscopic accessories with reprocessing, and most are now marketed as single-use devices. While reprocessing of endoscopes has been the subject of numerous societal guidelines, the issue of reprocessing endoscopic accessories and ancillary detachable devices used with the endoscope is seldom addressed. We summarize the existing data on the cleaning and reprocessing of endoscopic accessories.
Recent Endoscopic Ultrasound-Related Publications With Potential to Influence Clinical Practice
Authors: Gawande Atul , Mukewar Shrikant , Daswani Ravi , Bhaware Bhushan , Mukewar Saurabh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe field of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has evolved significantly over the last two decades from being a tool of only diagnostic purpose to tissue acquisition and now therapeutic potential. There have been several important publications in the field of EUS in the last few years, which had a major impact in the clinical management of various gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss four such articles that in our opinion will significantly impact the role of EUS in treating various conditions. The first article is a randomized controlled trial comparing EUS-guided gall bladder drainage with percutaneous gall bladder drainage for high-risk acute cholecystitis. The second article is a randomized controlled trial comparing EUS versus minimally invasive surgery for necrotizing pancreatitis. The third article is a novel human study of EUS-guided portal pressure measurement in patients with portal hypertension. The last article is also a randomized controlled trial evaluating the role of rapid on-site evaluation for EUS-guided fine needle biopsy in solid pancreatic lesions.
Trans-Colostomy Placement of a Button Gastrostomy Tube for Malignant Bowel Obstruction in Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Ozawa Mizuki , Sone Miyuki , Arai Yasuaki , Sugawara Shunsuke , Itou Chihiro , Kimura Shintaro , Okamoto Daisuke , Kusumoto Masahiko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the trans-colostomy placement of a button gastrostomy tube for patients with malignant bowel obstruction due to peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Material and Methods Data from seven consecutive patients who presented with malignant bowel obstruction due to peritoneal carcinomatosis involving the colostomy site and underwent trans-colostomy button gastrostomy tube placement between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. We assessed technical and clinical success rate, procedure time, duration of improvement, and complication rate.
Results The technical success rate of the trans-colostomy button gastrostomy tube placement was 100%, and average procedure time was 25 minutes. Clinical symptoms of malignant bowel obstruction resolved in four out of seven (57%) patients. Average duration of improvement in the four patients with clinical success was 170.8 days. There were no complications associated with the procedure.
Conclusion Trans-colostomy button gastrostomy tube placement might be a safe and feasible treatment option for patients with malignant bowel obstruction due to peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Safety and Efficacy of Early Endotherapy in Management of Pancreatic Ascites: Western Indian Experience.
Authors: Gattani Mayur G. , Chauhan Shamshersingh G. , Sethiya Pratik R. , Chandak Pooja C. , Lad Saiprasad G. , Singh Gaurav K. , Kolhe Kailash M. , Khairnar Harshad B. , Pandey Vikas R. , Ingle Meghraj A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Pancreatic ascites is rare but a known complication of pancreatitis. We aimed to study the timings, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic approaches in its management and the outcomes.
Methods We retrospectively studied patients with pancreatic ascites managed in the past 5 years at a single tertiary care center. Therapeutic approaches included conservative therapy, early endoscopic therapy, and surgery. We used descriptive statistics to summarize characteristics of the study population, and performed univariate and binary logistic regression analyses to compare treatment outcomes.
Results Of the 125 patients screened, 70 (male, 81.4%) were included. Disruption in the pancreatic duct (PD) was seen in 51.4% of patients on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and 73.3% of patients on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The PD in the body region (46.7%) was the most frequent site of disruption. Early endotherapy included a stent bridging the disruption site in 63.3% of patients and sphincterotomy in 76.7% of patients with a median time to ERCP from symptom onset being 8.5 days. The success rate in early endotherapy was 81.7%, while the recurrence rate was 8%. For conservative therapy only, the success rate was 60% with recurrence in two-thirds. The variables crucial in the success of endotherapy were a partial disruption (p < 0.001), ductal disruption site (p = 0.004), sphincterotomy (p = 0.013), and a bridging stent (p = 0.001). Significant pancreatic necrosis (p < 0.001) and intraductal calculi (p = 0.002) were the factors responsible for failure in endotherapy.
Conclusions Early endotherapy is safe and effective in the treatment of pancreatic ascites. The efficacy of endotherapy is augmented by PD stenting combined with pancreatic sphincterotomy and a bridging stent.
Climate smart agriculture for Africa: the potential role of conservation agriculture in climate smart agriculture.
Authors: González-Sánchez Emilio J. , Moreno-Garcia Manuel , Kassam Amir , Mkomwa Saidi , Roman-Vazquez Julio , Veroz-Gonzalez Oscar , Ordoñez-Fernandez Rafaela , Gil-Ribes Jesus A. , Moreno-Blanco Elizabeth , Marquez-Garcia Francisco , Carbonell-Bojollo Rosa M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

To achieve the challenges raised in Agenda 2063 and the Malabo Declaration, new agricultural techniques need to be promoted. Practical approaches to implement climate smart agriculture and sustainable agriculture, able to deliver at field level, are required. These include sustainable soil and land management that allows different user groups to manage their resources, including water, crops, livestock and associated biodiversity, in ways that are best suited to the prevailing biophysical, socio-economic and climatic conditions. The adoption of locally adapted sustainable soil management practices is needed to support climate change mitigation and adaptation from the agricultural perspective. In this sense, Conservation Agriculture (CA) can be adapted to local conditions, and help achieve the key objectives. The application of CA principles brings multiple benefits, especially in terms of soil conservation, but also for mitigating climate change. In fact, CA has the ability to transform agricultural soils from being carbon emitters into carbon sinks, because of no-tillage (NT) techniques and the return to the soil of diverse crop biomass from above-ground parts of plants and from diverse roots systems and root exudates. Similarly, fossil energy use decreases due to the reduction in agricultural operations, and so less CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in CA also result, because of reduced and more efficient use of inputs. Scientific studies confirm the sequestration potential of increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on croplands in Africa on each of the continent's major bioclimatic areas. Coefficients of SOC sequestration for Africa are presented in this chapter.
Challenges and approaches to accelerating the uptake of conservation agriculture in Africa and Europe.
Authors: Basch Gottlieb , González-Sánchez Emilio J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Over the past few decades the concept of Conservation Agriculture (CA) has spread globally, and almost exponentially, with an adoption rate of around 10 M ha per year in the past few years. This uptake has, however, been experienced rather unequally throughout the different regions. Whereas in the Americas and Australia the share of cropland under CA is considerable, in Africa and Europe both the area under CA and its share of total cropland lag far behind. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent figures available on CA adoption for Africa and Europe, and identifies the major challenges faced by the spread and adoption of CA. Different reasons are identified for the lagging behind of these two continents as a result of huge contrasts between Africa and Europe in terms of agroecological conditions, infrastructure, education and agriculture. Other challenges, however, such as farmers' mindsets, missing or inadequate policy frameworks and institutional support, are common. Yet encouraging opportunities do exist, namely with regard to the political agenda that, if followed up subsequently, could result in concerted efforts towards the expansion of truly sustainable agriculture, including the concept of CA. To be successful in the two continents, however, approaches to mainstream CA need to be tailored to the different regions, and even locally.
Increasing adaptation to climate stress by applying conservation agriculture in Southern Africa.
Authors: Thierfelder Christian , Steward Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Climate change and soil fertility decline are threatening food security in southern Africa and efforts have been made to adapt current cropping systems to the needs of smallholder farmers. Conservation Agriculture (CA) based on minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop diversification has been proposed as a strategy to address the challenges smallholder farmers face. Here we analyse the potential contributions of CA towards adaptation to the effects of climate change by summarizing data on infiltration, soil moisture dynamics and crop productivity under heat and drought stress. The data were taken in the main from CIMMYT's on-farm and on-station trial network. Data show that CA systems maintain 0.7-7.9 times higher water infiltration than the conventional tilled system depending on soil type, which increases soil moisture during the cropping season by 11%-31% between CA treatments and the conventional control treatment. This leads to greater adaptive capacity of CA systems during in-season dry spells and under heat stress. A supporting regional maize productivity assessment, analysing the results of numerous on-farm and on-station experiments, showed that CA systems will outperform conventional tillage practices (CP), especially on light-textured soils, under heat and drought stress. With higher rainfall and low heat stress, this relation was more positive towards CP and on clay soil there was no benefit of practising CA when rainfall was high. The long dry season and limited biomass production of CA systems in southern Africa require complementary good agricultural practices to increase other soil quality parameters (e.g. increased soil carbon) to maintain higher productivity and sustainability over time. This can be addressed by combinations of improved stress-tolerant seed, targeted fertilization, inclusion of tree-based components or green manure cover crops in the farming system, scale-appropriate mechanization and improved weed control strategies.
Formal education and training for conservation agriculture in Africa.
Authors: Mkomwa Saidi , Mloza-Banda Henry , Mutai Weldone 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

This chapter examines the role of formal education, training and skills development in Conservation Agriculture (CA) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the context of the region's agricultural transformation systems. It explores nascent literature on potential reforms that include development of CA educational programmes and linkages that are more strategically attuned to national agriculture development aspirations. The chapter highlights theoretical grounds and practical examples for the multi-level strategies with complementary relationships aimed at facilitating systemic CA-related education, training and skills development to accelerate and expand its uptake in Africa. The chapter has advocated educational institutions and the university in particular to orchestrate the CA innovation value chain through 'internal' alignment of actors at institutional level (i.e. intra-organizational mainstreaming). The success of an innovation also depends on its 'external' viability. This was illustrated by proposing inter-organizational mainstreaming and a triple helix model where government and industry, respectively, are the principal actors towards increase in sociotechnical viability of the CA innovation system. There are obvious hurdles related to the interactions and coordination between stakeholders, as well as the integration of value complementarities across the value chain. Probable corrective strategies have been exhaustively interrogated and they are, for instance, manifested through technical and organizational adaptations as they summarize and compare systematically their contributions, arguments, assumptions and limitations in the process of creating and harnessing economies of scope in innovation. There may not be any ideal model for demand-led, CA-related education, training and skills development. A number of strategic options present themselves and, in a dynamic world, all strategies are relatively short-lived but must yield outcomes that contribute to longer-term goals. The educational institutions should find appropriate themes and avenues worthy of support in their own right, and projects that invite collaboration on their own terms.
Conservation agriculture innovation systems build climate resilience for smallholder farmers in South Africa.
Authors: Kruger Erna , Smith Hendrik , Ngcobo Phumzile , Dlamini Mazwi , Mathebula Temakholo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction of Conservation Agriculture (CA) and associated climate-resilient agriculture practices within an innovation system approach, and using farmer-level experimentation and learning groups as the primary learning and social empowerment processes, has created a sustainable and expanding farming alternative for smallholders that is improving their resilience to climate change substantially. Through a knowledge co-creation process, smallholder farmers in the programme have adapted and incorporated a wide range of practices into their farming system, including minimum soil disturbance, close spacing, improved varieties, judicious use of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides, crop diversification, intercropping and crop rotation as well as fodder production and livestock integration. They have organized themselves into learning groups, local savings and loan associations, water committees, farmer centres and cooperatives and in so doing have created innovation platforms for local value chain development. They have built ongoing relationships with other smallholders, NGOs, academic institutions, government extension services and agribusiness suppliers, and have promoted CA tirelessly within their local communities and social networks. To date, this is the most successful model for implementation of CA in smallholder farming in South Africa and, through networking and upscaling activities, is being promoted nationally as a strategic approach to smallholder adaptation and mitigation programming, in line with the Africa climate smart agriculture (CSA) Vision 25×25 (NEPAD, Malabo, June 2014).