bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What hinders and helps in the end‐of‐life decision‐making process for children: Parents’ and physicians’ views
Authors: Zaal‐Schuller Ilse H. , Geurtzen Rosa , Willems Dick L. , de Vos Mirjam A. , Hogeveen Marije 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimTo investigate the main factors which facilitate or hinder end‐of‐life decision‐making (EoLDM) in neonates and children.MethodsA qualitative inductive, thematic analysis was performed of interviews with a total of 73 parents and 71 physicians. The end‐of‐life decisions mainly concern decisions to withhold or withdraw life‐sustaining treatment.ResultsThe importance of taking sufficient time and exchanging clear, neutral and relevant information was main facilitators expressed by both parents and physicians. Lack of time, uncertain information and changing doctors were seen as important barriers by both parties. Most facilitators and barriers could be seen as two sides of the same coin, but not always. For example, some parents and physicians considered the fact that parents hold strong opinions as a barrier while others considered this a facilitator. Furthermore, parents and physicians showed differences. Parents especially underlined the importance of physician‐related facilitators, such as a personalised approach, empathy and trust. On the contrary, physicians underlined the importance of the child's visible deterioration and parents’ awareness of the seriousness of their child's condition and prognosis as facilitators of EoLDM.ConclusionsThis study gained insight into what parents and physicians experience as the main barriers and facilitators in EoLDM for neonates and children.
Cognitive‐affective responses to online positive‐psychological interventions: The effects of optimistic, grateful, and self‐compassionate writing
Authors: Heekerens Johannes Bodo , Eid Michael , Heinitz Kathrin , Merkle Belinda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that online positive‐psychological interventions effectively increase well‐being, and a wealth of evidence describes cognitive‐affective responses to such interventions. Few studies, however, have directly compared responses across popular exercises such as the best‐possible‐self intervention, the gratitude letter, or self‐compassionate writing. In addition, current evidence is ambiguous regarding the effects of potential moderator variables such as trait gratitude and emotional self‐awareness. To address these issues, we randomized 432 German adults to perform either optimism, gratitude, self‐compassion, or control writing interventions in an online setting. Participants reported trait gratitude and trait emotional self‐awareness before the interventions, as well as momentary optimism, gratitude, self‐compassion, positive affect, and current thoughts immediately after the interventions. Results indicate higher momentary optimism after the best‐possible‐self intervention and higher momentary gratitude after the gratitude letter than after the control task. There were no differences when comparing the best‐possible‐self intervention with the gratitude letter. Both interventions increased the number of positive self‐relevant thoughts. The self‐compassion condition showed no effects. Moderation analysis results indicate that neither emotional self‐awareness nor trait gratitude moderated the intervention effects. Future studies should compare responses across different positive‐psychological interventions using more comprehensive exercises to ensure larger effects.
Longleaf pine restoration on hydric sites: Understorey plant community responses to site preparation through 15 years
Authors: Crouch Connor D. , Knapp Benjamin O. , Cohen Susan A. , Glitzenstein Jeff S. , Walker Joan L. , Wang G. Geoff 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuestionLongleaf pine (Pinus palustris) restoration is an important management objective throughout the southeastern United States. Site preparation prior to planting longleaf pine seedlings is often required to overcome challenges to seedling establishment on hydric sites. We know site preparation improves growth and survival of planted longleaf pine on hydric sites, but what are the impacts of site preparation on the understorey plant community?LocationMarine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in Onslow County, NC, USA.MethodsThis study tested eight site preparation treatments, including an untreated control, six combinations of two vegetation control treatments (chopping or herbicide) with three soil manipulation treatments (mounding, bedding, or flat‐planting [no treatment]), and a chopping–herbicide–bedding treatment. We collected data on understorey plant abundance, diversity, and composition through the first three and at 15 years after plantation establishment. We used ANOVA procedures and multivariate ordination to test for differences in understorey responses among the study treatments and through time.ResultsSite preparation had lasting impacts on the understorey plant community. The chop‐only treatment was the only treatment that resulted in dominance of herbaceous vegetation and was among the treatments with the highest diversity and greatest abundance of Aristida stricta (wiregrass). Herbicide produced lasting reductions in Aristida stricta abundance and apparent shifts in community composition. Reduced graminoid abundance was particularly pronounced when herbicide was combined with soil manipulation treatments.ConclusionsUnderstorey responses to site preparation through 3 years differed from responses observed in year 15, highlighting the importance of long‐term monitoring. For example, herbicides controlled shrubs early, but by year 15, herbicide treatments were dominated by shrubs. Restoration scenarios often must balance ecological objectives (e.g., maintenance of a diverse understorey community) with forestry objectives (e.g., timely establishment of overstorey trees), and our findings can be used as a guide to balance these trade‐offs.
Occupational licensing's effects on firm location and employment in the United States
Authors: Plemmons Alicia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOccupational licensing is the policy in which a government body imposes minimum requirements to work within a specific job classification. These requirements include some combination of education credits, hours of experience mandatory fees and examinations. The costs to firms of paying to license employees or hire licensed employees can be a substantial consideration when they are making location and hiring decisions because the licensure requirements are often determined at the state level. Using firm‐level data, I analyse how these occupational licensing expenses affect firms by determining how differences in those expenses across state borders in the United States affect the likelihood that a firm will locate in an expensive state if a substantially cheaper state is a short distance away. As the monetary cost of fees and the time investment of experience and education for each worker increases, firms are less likely to locate in high‐cost states. I also use a geographic regression discontinuity design and find that the more expensive side of a state border has 2.3 fewer employees on average.
Review: School‐based interventions to improve mental health literacy and reduce mental health stigma – a systematic review
Authors: Ma Karen Kei Yan , Anderson Joanna K. , Burn Anne‐Marie 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundThe steadily increasing prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents presents itself as a public health challenge, especially given the health, social and economic burden of mental disorders. School‐based interventions aimed at improving mental health literacy and reducing mental health stigma have the potential to prevent mental disorders and promote mental well‐being, thus reducing the burden of mental disorders. This review identified and synthesised evidence on the effectiveness of school‐based interventions designed to improve mental health literacy and reduce mental health stigma.MethodsElectronic bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Child Development and Adolescent Studies, British Education Index and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) were searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they assessed the effectiveness or cost‐effectiveness of school‐based intervention aimed at improving mental health literacy and reducing mental health stigma for children and young people aged 4–18 years. Quality of studies was appraised using the EPHPP tool. A numerical summary and a narrative description of the findings in relation to the research questions were synthesised. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020191265).ResultsWe identified 21 studies describing 20 unique school‐based mental health interventions. Overall, there is moderate evidence suggesting that school‐based mental health interventions can be effective in improving mental health literacy and reducing mental health stigma defined as attitudes and beliefs regarding mental disorders. However, there is less evidence for their long‐term effectiveness, as most studies did not include follow‐ups.ConclusionsDespite exclusively including studies with randomised designs, intervention and methodological heterogeneity poses uncertainties to any conclusions made. Future research should focus on resolving methodological issues concerning how outcomes are assessed and include process evaluations to better inform the design of an intervention in term of its delivery and implementation.
Non‐HIV‐infected patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A bicentric, retrospective study focused on predictive factors of in‐hospital mortality
Authors: Wang Yuqiong , Huang Xu , Sun Ting , Fan Guohui , Zhan Qingyuan , Weng Li 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) among patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to increase. Here, we identified potential risk factors for in‐hospital mortality among HIV‐negative patients with PCP admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed medical records of 154 non‐HIV‐infected PCP patients admitted to the ICU at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and China‐Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) from October 2012 to July 2020. Clinical characteristics were examined, and factors related to in‐hospital mortality were analyzed.ResultsA total of 154 patients were enrolled in our study. Overall, the in‐hospital mortality rate was 65.6%. The univariate analysis indicated that nonsurvivors were older (58 vs. 52 years, P = 0.021), were more likely to use high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent, 39.62% vs. 55.34%, P = 0.047), receive caspofungin during hospitalization (44.6% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.049), require invasive ventilation (83.2% vs. 47.2%, P < 0.001), develop shock during hospitalization (61.4% vs. 20.8%, P < 0.001), and develop pneumomediastinum (21.8% vs. 47.2%, P = 0.001) and had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores on ICU admission (20.32 vs. 17.39, P = 0.003), lower lymphocyte counts (430 vs. 570 cells/μl, P = 0.014), and lower PaO2/FiO2 values (mmHg) on admission (108 vs. 147, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.06; P = 0.024), use of high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent) during hospitalization (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.07–4.90; P = 0.034), and a low oxygenation index on admission (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99–1.00; P = 0.014) were associated with in‐hospital mortality.ConclusionsThe mortality rate of non‐HIV‐infected patients with PCP was high, and predictive factors of a poor prognosis were advanced age, use of high‐dose steroids (≥1 mg/kg/day prednisone equivalent) during hospitalization, and a low oxygenation index on admission. The use of caspofungin during hospitalization might have no contribution to the prognosis of non‐HIV‐infected patients with PCP in the ICU.
Blood biomarkers associated with acute type II respiratory failure in COPD: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shi Tieying , Feng Li 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to summarize the risk factors of type II respiratory failure in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to guide clinical treatment in time, and consequently reduce the serious impact of COPD on human health.MethodsFive databases were searched for relevant articles on risk factors of acute exacerbation of COPD combinate with type II respiratory failure. We calculated the standard mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) utilizing a fixed‐effect model or a random‐effect model according to the level of heterogeneity.ResultsAs of 14 May 2021, 13 articles were included in our meta‐analysis. The results showed that low albumin and uric acid levels were the risk factors for type II respiratory failure in acute exacerbation of COPD patients, and the differences were statistically significant (albumin: SMD = −2.03, 95% CI: −2.81, −1.26; uric acid: SMD = −1.28, 95% CI: −1.41, −1.15). Besides, 10 other systematic markers have been reported to be the risk factors for type II respiratory failure of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, but only in single study.ConclusionThe meta‐analysis results further confirm that low albumin and uric acid levels are risk factors for type II respiratory failure in acute exacerbation of COPD patients. Additionally, this analysis also summarizes many emerging inflammatory indicators, nutritional indicator, and cardiovascular system indicators to predict the progression of acute exacerbation of COPD to type II respiratory failure but only in single study.
Documenting at‐risk status of terrestrial ecosystems in temperate and tropical North America
Authors: Comer Patrick J. , Hak John C. , Seddon Emily 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) is an emerging global standard for ecosystem risk assessment that integrates data and knowledge to document the relative risk status of ecosystem types. Here, we summarize initial findings from applying four IUCN RLE criteria to 655 terrestrial ecosystems in temperate and tropical North America, or 8.5% of the global land surface. A series of indicators are measured for each criterion to address trends in ecosystem extent (A), the relative restricted nature of its distribution (B), and the extent and relative severity of environmental degradation (C), and the extent and relative severity of disruption of biotic processes (D); all to gauge the probability of range wide “collapse.” Ecosystems are listed as collapsed, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern, data deficient, or not evaluated. Taking uncertainty into account, 219 (33%) of terrestrial ecosystem types were listed as threatened (i.e., either critically endangered, [7%], endangered [14%], or vulnerable [13%]). Examples include tallgrass prairies, oak savannas, longleaf pine woodlands, floodplain forests, mesic hardwood forests, and dry tropical forests. Historically, these threatened ecosystems occurred across about 45% of the continental study area, and today account for about 30%. The RLE provides one important focus for prioritizing conservation effort.
Party corruption in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Context and implications
Authors: Mamshai Farhad Hassan Abdullah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractParty corruption is not only a problem in developing democracies but also in developed ones. Since its establishment in 1991, corruption among political parties has been a key feature of Kurdish governance in the Kurdistan Region. This corruption can be categorized into two periods, the first from 1991 to 2003, and the second from 2005 to the present, mainly among the ruling parties the KDP and the PUK. These two parties have ruled the region for nearly three decades, each with its geographic hegemonic zone; since 2005 they have ruled the region jointly, therefore sharing the responsibility for the mismanagement and corruption in KRG institutions. This article argues that the system of a dominant party (or parties) within a weak multi‐party system, which in Kurdistan the KDP and (to an extent until 2009) the PUK have controlled, is responsible for increasing the scope of corruption. It also argues that the dominant party has utilized the electoral system, particularly the closed party list and recently semi‐open party list, within a single electoral cycle to secure governmental positions for its own officials for a prolonged time and thus escape the electorate's control.
Spatiotemporal variation in the role of floral traits in shaping tropical plant‐pollinator interactions
Authors: Klomberg Yannick , Tropek Robert , Mertens Jan E. J. , Kobe Ishmeal N. , Hodeček Jiří , Raška Jan , Fominka Nestoral T. , Souto‐Vilarós Daniel , Janečková Petra , Janeček Štěpán 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe pollination syndrome hypothesis predicts that plants pollinated by the same pollinator group bear convergent combinations of specific floral functional traits. Nevertheless, some studies have shown that these combinations predict pollinators with relatively low accuracy. This discrepancy may be caused by changes in the importance of specific floral traits for different pollinator groups and under different environmental conditions. To explore this, we studied pollination systems and floral traits along an elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon during wet and dry seasons. Using Random Forest (Machine Learning) models, allowing the ranking of traits by their relative importance, we demonstrated that some floral traits are more important than others for pollinators. However, the distribution and importance of traits vary under different environmental conditions. Our results imply the need to improve our trait‐based understanding of plant‐pollinator interactions to better inform the debate surrounding the pollination syndrome hypothesis.
Gene expression profiling suggests severe, extensive central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia may be both clinically and biologically distinct from limited disease subtypes
Authors: Jamerson Taylor A. , Conover Talbot C. , Dina Yemisi , Kwatra Shawn G. , Garza Luis A. , Aguh Crystal 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe natural history of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is widely variable. Some patients experience rapid progression to extensive, end‐stage disease while others never approach extensive involvement over decades, suggesting heterogeneity in CCCA disease phenotype. To better characterize clinically severe disease in CCCA, tissue samples were obtained from the peripheral, hair‐bearing lesional scalp of women with clinically focal, limited and extensive CCCA disease involvement. A microarray analysis was conducted to identify differential expression of genes previously identified to be preferentially expressed in the lesional scalp vs. non‐lesional scalp of CCCA patients. Clinically extensive, severe CCCA was characterized by increased expression of MMP9, SFRP4 and MSR1 when directly compared with focal and limited disease. These biomarkers correspond to dysregulated pathways of fibrosis, Wnt signalling and macrophage‐mediated inflammatory processes respectively. These findings hold significance for both possible targets for future study of prognostic markers of disease severity and new potential therapeutic targets. In summary, this study suggests clinically extensive, severe CCCA may have a differential gene expression pattern in the lesional scalp of affected patients, in addition to its clinical distinction.
Keratinization and Cornification are not equivalent processes but keratinization in fish and amphibians evolved into cornification in terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe present account offers a generalized view of the evolution of process of terminal differentiation in keratinocytes of the epidermis in anamniotes, indicated as keratinization, into a further differentiating process of cornification in the skin and appendages of terrestrial vertebrates. Keratinization indicates the prevalent accumulation of intermediate filaments of keratins (IFKs) and is present in most fish and amphibian epidermis and inner epithelia of all vertebrates. During land adaptation, terrestrial vertebrates evolved a process of cornification and keratinocytes became dead corneocytes by the addition of numerous others proteins to the IFKs framework, represented by keratin‐associated proteins (KAPs) and corneous proteins (CPs). Most of genes coding for these types of proteins are localized in chromosomal loci different and un‐related from those of IFKs, and CPs originated from a gene cluster indicated as epidermal differentiation complex. During the evolution of reptiles and birds, the epidermis and corneous derivatives such as scales, claws, beaks and feathers mainly accumulate a type of CPs that overcome IFKs and containing a 34 amino acid beta‐sheet core indicated as corneous beta proteins, formerly known as beta‐keratins. Mammals did not evolve a beta‐sheet core in their CPs and KAPs but instead produced numerous cysteine‐rich IFKs in their epidermis and specialized KAPs in hairs, claws, nails, hooves and horns.
African American mothers' racial socialization practices with preschoolers: A mixed methods study
Authors: Lloyd Dalhia D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis pilot study examined the racial socialization frequency, practices, and goals African American mothers use to socialize their preschool‐age children around race.BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that African American mothers engage in racial socialization. However, little research has focused on how race and racism influence African American mothers' racial socialization frequency, practices, and goals.MethodsIn the quantitative phase, a racial socialization measure was used to assess African American mothers' (N = 30) racial socialization frequency. In the qualitative phase, follow‐up interviews conducted with eight African American mothers explored how race and racism influence the mothers' parenting.ResultsMothers with a high racial socialization score encouraged racial awareness, whereas mothers with low scores discouraged racial awareness. Most mothers used oppressive practices to keep their preschoolers safe. Most mothers braided their parental practices with their racial experiences from childhood.ConclusionsMothers of African American children are processing parental guidance approaches on two levels—general guidance related to their child's development and a track related to the role race may be playing.ImplicationsThe implications of this study will be influential in the development and effectiveness of culturally centered practices that support Black children as well as Black mothers' parenting.