bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions
Authors: Riney Kate , Bogacz Alicia , Somerville Ernest , Hirsch Edouard , Nabbout Rima , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Zuberi Sameer M. , Alsaadi Taoufik , Jain Satish , French Jacqueline , Specchio Nicola , Trinka Eugen , Wiebe Samuel , Auvin Stéphane , Cabral‐Lim Leonor , Naidoo Ansuya , Perucca Emilio , Moshé Solomon L. , Wirrell Elaine C. , Tinuper Paolo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to provide updated diagnostic criteria for the epilepsy syndromes that have a variable age of onset, based on expert consensus of the International League Against Epilepsy Nosology and Definitions Taskforce (2017–2021). We use language consistent with current accepted epilepsy and seizure classifications and incorporate knowledge from advances in genetics, electroencephalography, and imaging. Our aim in delineating the epilepsy syndromes that present at a variable age is to aid diagnosis and to guide investigations for etiology and treatments for these patients.
Fatigue properties and fracture behavior of Al/steel butt joints fabricated by laser‐MIG welding‐brazing
Authors: Liu Yunqi , Zhu Zongtao , Che Xiaoli , Li Yuanxing , Chen Hui 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRobust 2‐mm 6061‐T6/SUS304 butt plates were obtained using laser‐MIG hybrid welding‐brazing technology. The fatigue properties and fracture behavior of Al/steel welding‐brazing joints were first discussed. Due to the change in the fracture mechanism, the weld reinforcement improved the fatigue strength, which was higher than that of the Al/steel joints using the solid‐state welding method. This strengthening effect was very different from traditional fusion welding joints with reinforcement. The fatigue test results showed that the fatigue strength of the Al/steel joints with reinforcement reached about 105 MPa at 106 cycles. After removing the weld reinforcement, the fatigue strength of the Al/steel joints reduced significantly to 55 MPa. The existence of reinforcement also led to different fatigue fracture behaviors. In the Al/steel joints with reinforcement, the fatigue fracture mode changed with increasing cyclic stress load, and the fatigue crack initiation zone was inclined to begin at the weld toe and then propagated along the weld at a lower stress load. Fatigue crack initiation sites moved to the aluminum weld near the interface and spread along with the IMC layer and the aluminum weld at higher stress loads. After removing the weld reinforcement, only the interface fracture mode was found.
Standardization of an ultrasonic fatigue testing method in Japan
Authors: Furuya Yoshiyuki , Shimamura Yoshinobu , Takanashi Masahiro , Ogawa Takeshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe ultrasonic fatigue testing method was standardized in the Japan Welding Engineering Society. Scope of this standard is limited for metallic materials tested at room temperature. This standard applies not only to axial loading by longitudinal oscillation but also to torsional loading by torsional oscillation. The stipulated specimens are an hourglass‐shaped type, while other types of specimens are also acceptable. Explanation attached to this standard discloses data and theories behind each requirement. In particular, massive data are disclosed for a frequency effect with comparisons of the data between ultrasonic and conventional fatigue testings. The data are disclosed on low‐ and high‐strength steels, austenitic stainless steels, cast irons, titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. These data suggest that the ultrasonic fatigue testing is well suited to high‐strength materials but not low‐strength materials. In addition to the introduction of the standard, studies using the ultrasonic fatigue testing are exampled in this paper.
What do you mean, ‘megafire’?
Authors: Linley Grant D. , Jolly Chris J. , Doherty Tim S. , Geary William L. , Armenteras Dolors , Belcher Claire M. , Bliege Bird Rebecca , Duane Andrea , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Giorgis Melisa A. , Haslem Angie , Jones Gavin M. , Kelly Luke T. , Lee Calvin K. F. , Nolan Rachael H. , Parr Catherine L. , Pausas Juli G. , Price Jodi N. , Regos Adrián , Ritchie Euan G. , Ruffault Julien , Williamson Grant J. , Wu Qianhan , Nimmo Dale G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground‘Megafire’ is an emerging concept commonly used to describe fires that are extreme in terms of size, behaviour, and/or impacts, but the term’s meaning remains ambiguous.ApproachWe sought to resolve ambiguity surrounding the meaning of ‘megafire’ by conducting a structured review of the use and definition of the term in several languages in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature. We collated definitions and descriptions of megafire and identified criteria frequently invoked to define megafire. We recorded the size and location of megafires and mapped them to reveal global variation in the size of fires described as megafires.ResultsWe identified 109 studies that define the term ‘megafire’ or identify a megafire, with the term first appearing in the peer‐reviewed literature in 2005. Seventy‐one (~65%) of these studies attempted to describe or define the term. There was considerable variability in the criteria used to define megafire, although definitions of megafire based on fire size were most common. Megafire size thresholds varied geographically from > 100–100,000 ha, with fires > 10,000 ha the most common size threshold (41%, 18/44 studies). Definitions of megafire were most common from studies led by authors from North America (52%, 37/71). We recorded 137 instances from 84 studies where fires were reported as megafires, the vast majority (94%, 129/137) of which exceed 10,000 ha in size. Megafires occurred in a range of biomes, but were most frequently described in forested biomes (112/137, 82%), and usually described single ignition fires (59% 81/137).ConclusionAs Earth’s climate and ecosystems change, it is important that scientists can communicate trends in the occurrence of larger and more extreme fires with clarity. To overcome ambiguity, we suggest a definition of megafire as fires > 10,000 ha arising from single or multiple related ignition events. We introduce two additional terms – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) and terafire (> 1,000,000 ha) – for fires of an even larger scale than megafires.
Expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis
Authors: Liu Bingqian , Zhang Jie , Liu Guojing , Zhu Lingxin , Peng Bin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimPTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase (Parkin) are critical for immune and inflammatory regulation in health and disease. PINK1 and Parkin have been confirmed to be involved in the progression of apical periodontitis by affecting mitophagy‐related osteoblast apoptosis; however, the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in macrophages, one of the most important cells in apical periodontitis, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis lesions, as well as their possible localization in macrophages.MethodologyThirty‐seven human periapical tissues, including periapical granulomas (PGs, n = 12), radicular cysts (RCs, n = 11) and healthy gingival tissues (n = 14) were examined. The inflammatory infiltrates of lesions were evaluated by haematoxylin staining, and the expression of PINK1 and Parkin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence was used to explore the colocalization of microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and TOMM20, as well as the localization of PINK1 and Parkin, in macrophages of human apical periodontitis lesions. The ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria in human apical periodontitis lesions was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analysed by one‐way anova with Student–Newman‐Keul's test and the Mann–Whitney test. p < .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsImmunohistochemistry demonstrated a significantly higher expression of PINK1 and Parkin proteins in human apical periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingival tissues (p < .0001), but no significant difference was demonstrated between PGs and RCs (p > .05). The higher expression of LC3 and the presence of more LC3‐TOMM20 double‐positive cells were also observed in human apical periodontitis. Double‐labelling analysis of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 with CD68 indicated that macrophage mitophagy might be present in the progression of human apical periodontitis. Finally, the results of TEM morphological analysis revealed the appearance of double‐membraned mitophagosomes and vacuolated mitochondria in macrophage‐like cells of apical periodontitis lesions.ConclusionsOur findings indicated that PINK1 and Parkin proteins were highly expressed in clinical apical periodontitis lesions.
Dignity and bargaining power: Insights from struggles in strawberries
Authors: Fischer‐Daly Matthew M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile solidarity is widely understood as key to worker capacity to improve terms and conditions of employment, the creation of solidarity has received less attention. This article advances the theory that dignity is the creative process, based on a psycho‐social understanding of dignity not as an outcome but an interpersonal exchange. Mutual recognition of each other's capacities to participate in social rules creates solidarity, thereby catalysing collective action and making workplace improvements more likely. The argument is developed through comparison of three cases of worker struggles in the strawberry sector that produced varied outcomes, from steady improvements through union collective bargaining to persistence of poverty wages and gender‐based violence. The proposed model of dignity‐based worker power suggests both functional and psychological effects of democratic practice within worker organizations, coalitions and workplaces.
Submarine trademarks
Authors: Fink Carsten , Fosfuri Andrea , Helmers Christian , Myers Amanda F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCompanies use trademarks to protect their brands from outright imitation or competition by confusingly similar brands. However, publication of trademark applications by the trademark office discloses strategic information about a firm's future products and planned market entry. This creates a trade‐off between legal protection for new brands and inadvertent information disclosure. We analyze the trade‐off through the lens of “submarine trademarks” in the United States—submarine trademarks are trademarks whose publication and hence disclosure to the public are strategically delayed. We provide the first systematic evidence of submarine trademarks and explore their effectiveness in reducing the disclosure of information, their determinants, and their blocking effect on third‐party trademark filings. We also provide evidence on the effect of trademark disclosure on third‐party trademark filings.
Minimal risk of lymphoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer despite long‐term use of thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A longitudinal cohort analysis from northern India
Authors: Ranjan Mukesh Kumar , Kante Bhaskar , Vuyyuru Sudheer Kumar , Kumar Peeyush , Mundhra Sandeep K , Golla Rithvik , Sharma Raju , Sahni Peush , Das Prasenjit , Makharia Govind , Kedia Saurabh , Ahuja Vineet 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and AimThiopurines are widely used to maintain remission in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Reported effectiveness and tolerability rates have been variable across studies. There are only sparse data in Asian population regarding the long‐term efficacy and safety of thiopurines.MethodsRecords of 5351 patients followed up at inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinic, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi from 2004 to 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Safety was evaluated in terms of long‐term adverse events and development of malignancy.ResultsOf 5351 patients with IBD, 1093 who received thiopurine for > 3 months (UC = 788 [proctitis—1.9%, left‐sided colitis—44.9%, & pancolitis—53.1%] & CD = 305 [inflammatory—42.6%, stricturing—46.9%, & fistulizing—10.5%]) were included (60.8%—male patients). Follow up and treatment duration on thiopurine were 7 (4–12) years and 39.4 ± 40.3 months, respectively, with 254 (23.2%) patients receiving thiopurines for more than 5 and 68 (6.2%) receiving for more than 10 years. Three hundred and fifty‐nine (UC: 249 [31.6%]; CD: 110 [36.1%]; P = 0.1) patients developed adverse events; commonest was myelosuppression (23.4%) followed by gastrointestinal intolerance (3%), flu‐like illness (1.7%), and arthralgia/myalgia (1.4%). Myelosuppression was the commonest cause of thiopurine withdrawal. No patient (including 254 patients on thiopurine for ≥ 5 years) developed lymphoma or non‐melanoma skin cancer. The cumulative probability of staying free from adverse events in overall IBD cohort at 1, 2, and 5 years was 78.6%, 71.9%, and 68.4%, respectively, and this was comparable between UC and CD (P = 0.09).ConclusionLong‐term follow up of patients with IBD from northern India on thiopurine monotherapy demonstrated minimal risk of development of lymphoma as well as non‐melanoma skin cancer.
Osteoderms as calcium reservoirs: Insights from the lizard Ouroborus cataphractus
Authors: Broeckhoven Chris , du Plessis Anton 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe functional significance of osteoderms—bony elements embedded in the dermis—remains a topic of much debate. Although many hypotheses have been put forward in the past, the idea that osteoderms can serve as calcium reservoirs has received little experimental attention thus far. In this study, we use micro‐computed tomography to investigate inter‐ and intrasexual variation in osteoderm density in the viviparous lizard Ouroborus cataphractus and conduct histochemical analyses to unravel the potential mechanism involved in mineral resorption from the osteoderms. Our results show that females have denser, more compact osteoderms than males of similar body sizes, regardless of the season during which they were collected and their reproductive state. Furthermore, a histochemical study demonstrates the presence of mononucleated TRAP‐positive cells in the vascular canals of the osteoderms. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the mineral storage hypothesis merits further attention as a candidate explanation for osteoderm evolution.
The two‐process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook†
Authors: Borbély Alexander 
Published: May 2022

SummaryThe two‐process model serves as a major conceptual framework in sleep science. Although dating back more than four decades, it has not lost its relevance for research today. Retracing its origins, I describe how animal experiments aimed at exploring the oscillators driving the circadian sleep–wake rhythm led to the recognition of gradients of sleep states within the daily sleep period. Advances in signal analysis revealed that the level of slow‐wave activity in non‐rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram is high at the beginning of the 12‐light period and then declines. After sleep deprivation, the level of slow‐wave activity is enhanced. By scheduling recovery sleep to the animal's activity period, the conflict between the sleep–wake‐dependent and the circadian influence resulted in a two‐stage recovery pattern. These experiments provided the basis for the first version of the two‐process model. Sleep deprivation experiments in humans showed that the decline of slow‐wave activity during sleep is exponential. The two‐process model posits that a sleep–wake‐dependent homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C). At present, homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation are being investigated at the synaptic level as well as in the transcriptome and proteome domains. The notion of sleep has been extended from a global phenomenon to local representations, while the master circadian pacemaker has been supplemented by multiple peripheral oscillators. The original interpretation that the emergence of sleep may be viewed as an escape from the rigid control imposed by the circadian pacemaker is still upheld.
Scale‐dependent influence of the sagebrush community on genetic connectivity of the sagebrush obligate Gunnison sage‐grouse
Authors: Zimmerman Shawna J. , Aldridge Cameron L. , Hooten Mevin B. , Oyler‐McCance Sara J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHabitat fragmentation and degradation impacts an organism's ability to navigate the landscape, ultimately resulting in decreased gene flow and increased extinction risk. Understanding how landscape composition impacts gene flow (i.e., connectivity) and interacts with scale is essential to conservation decision‐making. We used a landscape genetics approach implementing a recently developed statistical model based on the generalized Wishart probability distribution to identify the primary landscape features affecting gene flow and estimate the degree to which each component influences connectivity for Gunnison sage‐grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We were interested in two spatial scales: among distinct populations rangewide and among leks (i.e., breeding grounds) within the largest population, Gunnison Basin. Populations and leks are nested within a landscape fragmented by rough terrain and anthropogenic features, although requisite sagebrush habitat is more contiguous within populations. Our best fit models for each scale confirm the importance of sagebrush habitat in connectivity, although the important sagebrush characteristics differ. For Gunnison Basin, taller shrubs and higher quality nesting habitat were the primary drivers of connectivity, while more sagebrush cover and less conifer cover facilitated connectivity rangewide. Our findings support previous assumptions that Gunnison sage‐grouse range contraction is largely the result of habitat loss and degradation. Importantly, we report direct estimates of resistance for landscape components that can be used to create resistance surfaces for prioritization of specific locations for conservation or management (i.e., habitat preservation, restoration, or development) or as we demonstrated, can be combined with simulation techniques to predict impacts to connectivity from potential management actions.
Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among areca nut chewers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuwanati Monal , Ramadoss Ramya , Kudo Yasusei , Ramani Pratibha , Senthil Murugan Mullainathan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground: Worldwide millions peoples consume AN who are at risk of OSMF. Prevalence of OSMF is reported between 0.03% and 30% irrespective of AN habit. Further, these estimates are based on sample population comprised of OSMF patients or general population rather AN chewers (ANC). Therefore, available evidence does not reflect the true prevalence of OSMF among ANC. Method: The studies providing the prevalence of OSMF in ANC were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Pooled prevalence and quality assessment using New‐Ottawa Scale were performed. Results: Fifteen studies reported the prevalence of OSMF (929) in ANC (53,213). Most studies were from China (six studies) and India (four studies) correlating with regions having high ANC. The pooled prevalence of OSMF in ANC was 5% (0.05 [95% CI, 0.03, 0.08]). All studies' quality was satisfactory; however, the OSMF diagnosis method, age, gender, and habits need further scrutiny. Conclusion: Available evidence suggested a low prevalence of OSMF in ANC, although further large‐scale studies are recommended to validate this finding. Understanding the prevalence and distribution patterns of OSMF might aid intervention healthcare programs and contribute to the reduction of the oral cancer burden related to OSMF.
Capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation syndrome associated with basilar artery aneurysm
Authors: Guimaraes Maria Jose , Gomes Joana , Lopes Gabriela , Caldas Regina , Brito Celeste 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA 23‐day‐old boy with prenatal diagnosis of basilar artery aneurysm presented with multiple congenital red patches consistent with capillary malformations. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of a heterozygous pathogenic variant of the RASA1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome. This case illustrates an atypical presentation of the RASA1 associated CM‐AVM syndrome, with the intracranial vascular malformation diagnosis preceding the identification of the skin lesions. Arterial aneurysms have been associated with CM‐AVM syndrome in rare instances but to our knowledge this is the first reported case of an aneurysm of the basilar artery.
Immigration‐related stressors and health outcomes among low‐wage immigrant hotel workers: A pilot study
Authors: Rosemberg Marie‐Anne S. , Li Yang , Polick Carri 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundImmigrants comprise over 40% of the low‐wage workforce. They are more likely to be employed in service industries, paid less, and experience more illness and injuries than their native counterparts.Design/ObjectiveThe aim of this cross‐sectional pilot study was to explore the relationship between immigrant workers' stressors and health.SampleTwenty‐five female Mexican immigrant hotel workers.MeasurementsSurveys and blood samples were analyzed and compared to national data. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were used for analysis.ResultsLonger length of stay, older age at migration, and higher Demands of Immigration (DI) were significantly associated with more chronic conditions. Higher DI were significantly associated with more depressive symptoms. This is comparable to national data (n = 468) which shows a significant relationship between length of stay, Allostatic Load (AL), and chronic conditions (β = 0.14, p = .043; β = 0.13, p = .025).ConclusionsImmigrant‐specific factors affect individuals’ health. More studies are needed to further explore the relationship between DI and health among foreign‐born workers.
Economic Recovery but Stagnating Mental Health During a Global Pandemic? Evidence from Ghana and South Africa
Authors: Durizzo Kathrin , Asiedu Edward , van der Merwe Antoinette , Günther Isabel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGhana and South Africa proactively implemented lockdowns very early in the pandemic. We analyze a three‐wave panel of households in Accra and Greater Johannesburg to study the mental and economic well‐being of the urban poor between the COVID‐19 lockdown and the “new normal” one year later. We find that even if economic well‐being has mostly recovered, life satisfaction has only improved slightly and feelings of depression are again at lockdown levels one year into the pandemic. While economic factors are strongly correlated with mental health and explain the differences in mental health between South Africa and Ghana, increasing worries about the future and limited knowledge about the pandemic (both countries) as well as deteriorating physical health (South Africa) and trust in government (Ghana) explain why mental health has not recovered. Therefore, we need broad and country‐specific policies, beyond financial support, to accelerate the post‐pandemic recovery of the urban poor.