bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Random Vibration Based Robust Damage Detection on an Operating Wind Turbine Blade Under Variable Natural Excitation Conditions
Authors: Konis Panagiotis , Tcherniak Dmitri , Fassois Spilios D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The problem of random vibration based robust damage detection on operating wind turbine blade under variable natural excitation conditions is considered via multiple accelerometer sensors and three crack type damage scenarios. For this purpose four Hyper-Sphere Healthy Subspace type damage detection methods are postulated: Two based on Multiple-Input Single-Output Transmittance Function representations and referred to as Class I methods and two based on Multiple-Output representations and referred to as Class II ones. A Principal Component Analysis enhanced method and a non-enhanced counterpart are included in each class. The results, based on a systematic assessment via 3 000 Test Cases and training with only 100 healthy signal sets, indicate that four sensors are adequate for achieving excellent detection performance reaching almost 100% True Positive Rate (TPR) for just 1% False Positive Rate (FPR) for the 15 cm crack damage scenario and for 0% FPR for the 30 cm and 45 cm damage scenarios. The PCA-enhanced methods offer significantly improved performance over their non-enhanced counterparts, and the Class I methods surpass their Class II counterparts, with the PCA-enhanced Class I method being overall best. The drastic performance improvements achieved by over earlier studies are also illustrated.
Workspace Evolution of Hard Magnetic Soft Elastica
Authors: Swetha Juturu , Tamadapu Ganesh , Ali Shaikh Faruque 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Workspace, the set of all possible positions reached by the end effector, must be large for a continuum robot for safe steer-ability. Magnetically actuated soft robots have high workspace due to their millimetre-scale size and large flexibility, enabling them to navigate constrained environments. When subjected to an external magnetic field, they undergo large deflections by interacting with magnetic particles. This work develops closed-form (assuming 2D planar) and numerical solutions to rotation and deflection for uniformly magnetised elastica at an angle using Cosserat rod theory. They are derived in terms of the elliptic function and shooting method, respectively, and are in good agreement with the experimental results provided in the literature. Deflection and rotation plots are presented for various input conditions. The analytical solutions show pitchfork bifurcation when the external field is antiparallel to the magnetic direction with a peak normalised half workspace of 0.103. In contrast, perturbed pitchfork bifurcation is observed for the other angles; increasing the workspace to 0.416 is not yet studied in the existing literature.
A Method to Generate 3D Patient-Specific Total Knee Arthroplasty Tibia Models
Authors: Gothard Andrew T. , Anton Steven R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Geometric information about a patient’s anatomy is vital in pre-operative planning for orthopedic surgeries. At present, many physicians rely on the analysis of 2D scans, such as radiographs, magnetic resonance images (MRIs), or computed tomography (CT) scans, in order to visualize a patient’s geometry. Research is being done to develop patient-specific 3D bone geometry to aid in pre-operative planning and assist in creating personalized finite element models that can help predict complications or failure after surgery. While 3D models are incredibly useful and have been developed for several parts of the human anatomy, there is still a great need for cost-effective ways to create personalized total knee arthroplasty (TKA) models. Currently, methods for creating patient-specific knee geometries typically only consider patients without TKA implants, rely on expensive medical imaging, such as layered CT scans, or require a large database of 3D models. This work presents a novel semi-automated process to create patient-specific 3D tibia geometry for TKA patients using pairs of standard, low-cost bi-planar radiographs. The method presented involves two main stages. In the first stage, the geometric bone contours from each view of the tibia are extracted from two bi-planar radiographs using gradient thresholding and Canny edge detection on user-defined regions of interest. The second stage aligns the two extracted tibia contours with a generic 3D tibia model from the 6th SimTK Grand Challenge Dataset and then modifies the generic 3D model to match the radiographic contours using a full-ellipse scaling and shifting (FESS) method. The effectiveness of the FESS method is evaluated by comparing the contours of the generated patient-specific model in the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views to the radiograph contours in the AP and lateral views using difference calculations for three TKA patients. The maximum difference between the patient-specific models and the radiographs in both AP and lateral views is found to be on the order of 1 mm.
An Information Theory Approach for Internet of Things Enabled Damage Monitoring
Authors: Malik Sarah , Kontsos Antonios 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques such as acoustic emission, digital image correlation, infrared thermography, ultrasonic testing among others, have been used to monitor evolutionary failure processes, related to Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Although such NDE sensing assists in understanding evolving material and structural states, machine learning methods capable of using real-time NDE data enable additional insights related to diagnostics and prognostics. In this context, this investigation presents a novel approach to enable the real time use of NDE data for damage detection. To achieve this goal, an Internet of Things (IoT) framework developed by the authors is used in conjunction with NDE datasets for near real-time diagnostics of crack initiation at the laboratory scale. Compact-tension specimens of an aerospace-grade aluminum alloy were used in accordance with ASTM standards. Acoustic emission NDE datasets were acquired and were subsequently used in an in-house built, scalable IoT system capable of edge and cloud computing with the purpose to reliably identify crack initiation. Once the signals are transmitted from the edge to the fog node, the trained information-entropy based model determines if the raw data is indicative of crack. The model used during live testing is trained offline on the Cloud. The model characterizes the disorder in signals using Shannon’s Entropy to ultimately determine the amount of information per signal. Then a statistical model is used to characterize such information. During the testing process, the signals are segmented based on file chunks to allow for real-time transmission. The main innovation of this approach is the fact that a combination of hardware, computing and machine learning analysis proves to be advantageous in implementing a data structure that can be used at the edge and which can successfully flag the incubation and subsequent initiation of fracture. The IoT system described can be applied to a variety of test setups and at various length scales. Extensions of this work to include forecasting are also discussed.
Temperature Compensation for Electromechanical Impedance Signatures With Data-Driven Modeling
Authors: Femi-Oyetoro James , Sangle Sourabh , Tarazaga Pablo , Albakri Mohammad I. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is recognized as a non-intrusive, highly sensitive, and model-independent SHM solution that is readily applicable to complex structures. This SHM method relies on analyzing the electromechanical impedance (EMI) signature of the structure under test over the time span of its operation. Changes in the EMI signature, compared to a baseline measured at the healthy state of the structure, often indicate damage. This method has successfully been applied to assess the integrity of numerous civil, aerospace, and mechanical components and structures. However, EMI sensitivity to environmental conditions, the temperature, in particular, has been an ongoing challenge facing the wide adoption of this method. Temperature-induced variation in EMI signatures can be misinterpreted as damage, leading to false positives, or may overshadow the effects of incipient damage in the structure.
In this paper, a new method for temperature compensation of EMI signature is presented. Data-driven dynamic models are first developed by fitting EMI signatures measured at various temperatures using the Vector Fitting algorithm. Once these models are developed, the dependence of model parameters on temperature is established. A parametric data-driven model is then derived with temperature as a parameter. This allows for EMI signatures to be calculated at any desired temperature. The capabilities of this new temperature compensation method are demonstrated on aluminum samples, where EMI signatures are measured at various temperatures. The developed method is found to be capable of temperature compensation of EMI signatures at a broad frequency range.
Approaching the Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Human Achilles Tendon
Authors: Fuentes Garcia Miguel Angel , Wohlfert Abigail J. , Chesson David , Vranish Jennifer R. , Anton Steven R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The literature shows there is no validated procedure to measure the tensile properties in different regions along the length of human tendons. The slippery surfaces and non-homogeneous properties of tendons reduce the probability of success when using traditional methods. So, there is a need to implement an experimental technique that ensures accurate measurement of the mechanical properties of human tissue. The development of new technologies allows us to face problems with new approaches. Computer vision is a trending topic in the development of new technology, one of its branches is digital image correlation (DIC). DIC is a non-contact technique used for tracking pixels along a group of sequential images and, when combined with tensile testing, can be used to track sample deformation and strain at discrete points in space. This work develops a technique that analyzes bovine tendons using digital image correlation and custom-designed 3D printed clamps. The advantage of DIC is that it analyzes the deformation of the tendon throughout the complete sample, allowing us to quantify the mechanical properties in different regions within the tendon. First, a 3D printed clamp is designed considering the challenges of gripping soft tissue. The clamp prevents damage to the tissue during testing. A random speckle pattern is created on the surface of a roller using open CAD software named OpenSCAD. The bovine tendons are painted with the roller and tested in a uniaxial load frame. These results can be used in the future to repeat this technique with human Achilles tendons to quantify the tensile properties of the tendon and aid in the design and material selection of prosthetic tendons for people suffering from injury or disease.
Implications of Resistive Force on Variable Recruitment Fluidic Artificial Muscle Bundle State Transition
Authors: Kim Jeong Yong , Bryant Matthew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of resistive forces within a variable recruitment (VR) bundle actuators during recruitment state transition. Due to their versatility in design, ease of manufacturing, high force-to-weight ratio, and inherent compliance, FAMs have become a favorable actuation method for the robotics research community. Recently, researchers have adapted mammalian muscle topology to construct a multi-chamber FAM bundle actuator, consisting of separate units of actuation called motor units (MUs). These bundle actuators have VR functionality in which one or more MUs are sequentially activated according to the load demand. This activation scheme has been shown to have higher actuator efficiencies as compared to a single equivalent cross-sectional area FAM actuator. A characteristic behavior of VR bundles is the interaction between FAM elements in the bundle. Distinctively during recruitment state transition, inactive/low-pressure FAMs buckle outward and are compressed past its free strain due to the higher strain of fully active FAMs. There exists an onset pressure above which such FAMs need to contribute positively to the overall force output of the bundle. This paper presents a realistic scenario in which MU pressure is controlled by a hydraulic servo valve. As a result, the overall bundle force exhibits a sharp decrease during recruitment state transition while the MU being recruited is below the onset pressure.
Effects of Pennate Angle on FAM Bundle Hydraulic Efficiency for Robot Arm Motion
Authors: Duan Emily , Bryant Matthew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper will investigate the effects of pennate angle on fluidic artificial muscle (FAM) bundles for a robot arm motion. Rising interest in soft fluidic actuators exists due to their prospective inherent compliance and safe human-robot interaction. The high force-to-weight ratio, innate flexibility, inexpensive construction, and muscle-like force-contraction behavior of McKibben FAMs make them an attractive type of soft fluidic actuator. Multi-unit architectures found in biological muscles tissues and geometric fiber arrangements have inspired the development of hierarchical actuators to enhance the total actuator performance and increase actuator functionality. Parallel, asymmetric unipennate, and symmetric bipennate are three muscle fiber arrangement types found in human skeletal muscle tissues. Unique characteristics of the pennate muscle tissue, with muscle fibers arranged obliquely from the line of muscle motion, enable passive regulation of effective transmission between the fibers and muscle. Prior studies developed an analytical model based on idealized assumptions to leverage this pennate topology in optimal fiber parameter design for FAM bundles under spatial bounds. The findings showed FAMs in the bipennate topology can be designed to amplify the muscle output force, contraction, and stiffness as compared to that of a parallel topology under equivalent spatial and operating constraints. This work seeks to extend upon previous studies by investigating the effects of pennate angle on actuation and system hydraulic efficiency for a robot arm with a more realistic FAM model. The results will progress toward tailoring actuator topology designs for custom compliant actuation applications.
Properties of Cardiac Myosin with Cardiomyopathic Mutations in Essential Light Chains
Authors: Yampolskaya Daria S. , Kopylova Galina V. , Shchepkin Daniil V. , Bershitsky Sergey Y. , Matyushenko Alexander M. , Levitsky Dmitrii I. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The effects of cardiomyopathic mutations E56G, M149V, and E177G in the MYL3 gene encoding essential light chain of human ventricular myosin (ELCv), on the functional properties of cardiac myosin and its isolated head (myosin subfragment 1, S1) were investigated. Only the M149V mutation upregulated the actin-activated ATPase activity of S1. All mutations significantly increased the Ca2+-sensitivity of the sliding velocity of thin filaments on the surface with immobilized myosin in the in vitro motility assay, while mutations E56G and M149V (but not E177G) reduced the sliding velocity of regulated thin filaments and F-actin filaments almost twice. Therefore, despite the fact that all studied mutations in ELCv are involved in the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the mechanisms of their influence on the actin–myosin interaction are different.
Mechanisms affecting the gut of preterm infants in enteral feeding trials: a nested cohort within a randomised controlled trial of lactoferrin
Authors: Young Greg , Berrington Janet E , Cummings Stephen , Dorling Jon , Ewer Andrew K , Frau Alessandra , Lett Lauren , Probert Chris , Juszczak Ed , Kirby John , Beck Lauren C , Renwick Victoria L , Lamb Christopher , Lanyon Clare V , McGuire William , Stewart Christopher , Embleton Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of supplemental bovine lactoferrin on the gut microbiome and metabolome of preterm infants.DesignCohort study nested within a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Infants across different trial arms were matched on several clinical variables. Bacteria and metabolite compositions of longitudinal stool and urine samples were analysed to investigate the impact of lactoferrin supplementation.SettingThirteen UK hospitals participating in a RCT of lactoferrin.Patients479 infants born <32 weeks’ gestation between June 2016 and September 2017.Results10 990 stool and 22 341 urine samples were collected. Analyses of gut microbiome (1304 stools, 201 infants), metabolites (171 stools, 83 infants; 225 urines, 90 infants) and volatile organic compounds (314 stools, 117 infants) were performed. Gut microbiome Shannon diversity at 34 weeks corrected age was not significantly different between infants in the lactoferrin (mean=1.24) or placebo (mean=1.06) groups (p=0.11). Lactoferrin receipt explained less than 1% variance in microbiome compositions between groups. Metabolomic analysis identified six discriminative features between trial groups. Hospital site (16%) and postnatal age (6%) explained the greatest variation in microbiome composition.ConclusionsThis multiomic study identified minimal impacts of lactoferrin but much larger impacts of hospital site and postnatal age. This may be due to the specific lactoferrin product used, but more likely supports the findings of the RCT in which this study was nested, which showed no impact of lactoferrin on reducing rates of sepsis. Multisite mechanistic studies nested within RCTs are feasible and help inform trial interpretation and future trial design.
Subretinal drusenoid deposits are strongly associated with coexistent high-risk vascular diseases
Authors: Ledesma-Gil Gerardo , Otero-Marquez Oscar , Alauddin Sharmina , Tong Yuehong , Tai Katy , Lloyd Harriet , Koci Micaela , Scolaro Maria , Pillai Cinthi , Ye Catherine , Govindaiah Arun , Bhuiyan Alauddin , Dhamoon Mandip S , Deobhakta Avnish , Lema Gareth , Narula Jagat , Rosen Richard B , Yannuzzi Lawrence A , Freund K Bailey , Smith Roland Theodore 
Published: November 2022

Background/aimsDemonstrate that subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are linked to coexistent high-risk vascular diseases (HRVDs).MethodsCross-sectional study. Two hundred AMD subjects (aged 51–100 years; 121 women, 79 men) were recruited. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence and near-infrared reflectance imaging, and lipid profiles were obtained. Subjects were assigned by health history questionnaires into those with or without HRVDs, defined as: cardiac valve defect (eg, aortic stenosis), myocardial defect (eg, myocardial infarction) and stroke/transient ischaemic attack. Masked readers assigned subjects into two groups: SDD (with or without drusen) and drusen (only). Univariate testing was performed by χ2test. We built multivariate regression models to test relationships of coexistent HRVD to SDD status, lipid levels and other covariates.ResultsThe prevalence of HRVD was 41.2% (40/97) and 6.8% (7/103) in the SDD and non-SDD groups, respectively (correlation of SDD with HRVD, p=9×10−9, OR 9.62, 95% CI 4.04 to 22.91). Multivariate regressions: only SDDs and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the first two HDL quartiles remained significant for HRVD (p=9.8×10−5, 0.021, respectively). Multivariate regression model: SDDs and an HDL in Q1 or Q2 identified the presence of HRVD with the accuracy of 78.5%, 95% CI 72.2% to 84.0%.ConclusionsHigh-risk cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases were accurately identified in an AMD cohort from SDDs and HDL levels. The SDDs may be related to inadequate ocular perfusion resulting from the systemic vasculopathies. Further research with this paradigm is warranted and might reduce mortality and morbidity from vascular disease.
Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation as First-Line Treatment for Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: Gupta Dhiraj , Ding Wern Yew , Calvert Peter , Williams Emmanuel , Das Moloy , Tovmassian Lilith , Tayebjee Muzahir H , Haywood Guy , Martin Claire A , Rajappan Kim , Bates Matthew G D , Temple Ian Peter , Reichlin Tobias , Chen Zhong , Balasubramaniam Richard N , Ronayne Christina , Clarkson Nichola , Morgan Maureen , Barton Janet , Kemp Ian , Mahida Saagar , Sticherling Christian 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveWe aimed to compare cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with standard radiofrequency cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation as first-line treatment for typical atrial flutter (AFL).MethodsCryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation as First-Line Treatment for Typical Atrial Flutter was an international, multicentre, open with blinded assessment trial. Patients with CTI-dependent AFL and no documented atrial fibrillation (AF) were randomised to either cryoballoon PVI alone or radiofrequency CTI ablation. Primary efficacy outcome was time to first recurrence of sustained (>30 s) symptomatic atrial arrhythmia (AF/AFL/atrial tachycardia) at 12 months as assessed by continuous monitoring with an implantable loop recorder. Primary safety outcome was a composite of death, stroke, tamponade requiring drainage, atrio-oesophageal fistula, pacemaker implantation, serious vascular complications or persistent phrenic nerve palsy.ResultsTrial recruitment was halted at 113 of the target 130 patients because of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (PVI, n=59; CTI ablation, n=54). Median age was 66 (IQR 61–71) years, with 98 (86.7%) men. At 12 months, the primary outcome occurred in 11 (18.6%) patients in the PVI group and 9 (16.7%) patients in the CTI group. There was no significant difference in the primary efficacy outcome between the groups (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.46 to 2.67). AFL recurred in six (10.2%) patients in the PVI arm and one (1.9%) patient in the CTI arm (p=0.116). Time to occurrence of AF of ≥2 min was significantly reduced with cryoballoon PVI (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.85). The composite safety outcome occurred in four patients in the PVI arm and three patients in the CTI arm (p=1.000).ConclusionCryoballoon PVI as first-line treatment for AFL is equally effective compared with standard CTI ablation for preventing recurrence of atrial arrhythmia and better at preventing new-onset AF.Trial registration numberNCT03401099.