bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
23 Sustainable Livestock Breeding with a Focus on Heat Stress
Authors: Misztal Ignacy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genetic selection is a form of optimization. Traits in explicit or implicit selection index are improved, while other traits change according to genetic correlations among the traits. After long selection, usually production traits improve while fitness traits deteriorate. At the gene level, it seems that genes associated with positive effects on major traits tend to fixation, and remaining genes with large effect exhibit pleiotropy. While selection for fitness traits is moderately successful because of small heritability, constantly improving management counterbalances the deterioration of fitness traits. Treating the selection as an optimization raises a question about selection limits, particular with feed conversion. Latest experiences suggest that eventually strong selection for residual feed intake reduces fertility and increases late mortality. The environment changes, with climate change having a profound effect. The industry faces a choice of either breeding for new conditions or devising new managemental modifications. The choice depends on species as the environment can be more easily improved for animals in confinement or raised in intensive conditions (pigs, broilers, dairy cattle), but less for animals on pasture (beef cattle and sheep). The choice depends on financials and speed. An interesting example of such a trade-off is in dairy industry approach to mitigate heat stress, which results in plummeting fertility, decreased milk yield, and premature culling leading to insufficient replacements. To counter these challenges, a methodology for genetic evaluation for heat tolerance was developed and applied to US national data for Holsteins. Instead of genetics, the industry implemented managemental modifications: improved cooling devices, timed AI increased fertility, and the use of sexed semen. In pigs and chicken, that the response to stress is less in nucleus and stronger in commercial environment, and selection for commercial performance is paramount. In summary, mitigations of stress involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
68 Nutritional Importance of Animal-Sourced Foods in a Healthy Diet
Authors: Davis Teresa A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Animal-sourced foods are nutrient-dense foods that provide substantial amounts of high-quality protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that are challenging to obtain solely through the consumption of plant-based foods. Numerous studies have documented that animal-sourced foods provide crucial nutrients that support the growth and development of children, maintenance of muscle mass in adults, and mitigation of sarcopenia in the elderly. Animal-sourced foods also can play an important role in weight management, prevention of anemia, and promotion of muscle mass and strength in exercising individuals. Although some epidemiological or observational studies have raised concerns that animal-sourced foods may increase the risk for chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, other epidemiological and clinical studies do not support these assertions. The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published by the United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Health and Human Services, support the role of animal-sourced foods in the diet at every stage of life. Lean meat is a high-quality protein source that is nutrient dense and low in calories and thus, plays an important role in a healthy diet.
74 Automation, Machine Learning and Computer Vision as Decision Support: Taking What Animal Agricultural Does Well Into the Future
Authors: McClain Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Commercial protein production involves ever more reliance on monitoring operations due to needs around disease intervention, animal loss, and optimized nutrition. With poultry flock and cattle herd sizes in the thousands, as two examples, early alert systems that forewarn of the need to make adjustments for optimized health are critical. There are never enough eyes and ears to alert to all the impactful changes that affect animal health and production output. Discussed here are examples of analytic data science where the extensive history of agriculture data collection and experience can be married with statistics and analytic data modeling. The goals include making the data available; providing easy access to modern analytic tools; and visual access to trusted analytic decision points on modern devices.
400 Improving Heat Stress Resilience to Reduce the Negative Effects of pre- and Postnatal Heat Stress in Swine
Authors: Johnson Jay S , Brito Luiz Fernando F , Maltecca Christian , Tiezzi Francesco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heat stress will become a more substantial issue for swine production as global temperatures continue to rise. Efforts have been made to mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress through advances in genetic selection, nutrition, precision technology, and management practices. However, heat stress is still a limiting factor to swine production that must be addressed. A key aspect to mitigating heat stress-related production losses in swine may be developing better management approaches and genetic selection techniques to improve heat stress resilience. This is especially true for heat stress sensitive populations such as gestating and lactating sows. Gestating and lactating sows are considered heat stress sensitive due to greater metabolic heat production resulting from fetal growth and milk production, respectively. Additionally, swine offspring are adversely affected by in utero heat stress, which imprints long-term negative phenotypes that reduce health and productivity regardless of environmental conditions. To address these concerns, swine producers have implemented a variety of cooling and management strategies to mitigate heat stress. However, the recommended or perceived heat stress temperature thresholds for implementation may not accurately reflect the thermal requirements of modern swine with current genetics or at variable gestation stages leading to ineffective use. As such, a re-evaluation of heat stress thresholds for modern swine is warranted. Additionally, genetic selection for productivity traits (e.g., litter sizes and lean growth) has increased metabolic heat production resulting in increased heat stress sensitivity. Therefore, the ability to perform large-scale measures of and implement heat stress tolerance traits within breeding populations may be advantageous for producers to improve heat stress resilience within their herds. Taken together, as heat stress becomes a greater issue for the swine industry, it will become increasingly important to develop sustainable approaches that improve swine heat stress resilience while maintaining or improving producer profitability.
150 Effects of Annual and Perennial Forage Systems on Forage Biomass and Quality, Grazing Animal Performance, and Enteric Methane Emissions
Authors: Wasden Megan , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Damiran Daalkhaijav , Biligetu Bill , Larson Kathy A , Lardner Bart 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of perennial and annual forage systems on forage biomass and quality, grazing animal performance, and enteric methane emissions were evaluated over two summer grazing seasons in 2020 and 2021. Forage systems (treatments) included (1) AC Success hybrid bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm. × Bromus inermis Leyss.) + PS30006 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (HBG-ALF), (2) AC Armada meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.) + AAC Mountainview sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) (MBG-SF), (3) AC Hazlet fall rye (Secale cereale L.) + Frosty berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) (FR-CLOV) and (4) Winfred forage brassica (Brassica oleracea L.× Brassica rapa L.) + Gorilla forage brassica (Brassica napus L.) + 4010 pea (Pisum sativum L.) + CDC Austenson barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (BAR-PEA-BRASS). Yearling beef steers (n=156, body weight = 364 ± 14 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 replicated (n=3) forage systems for an average of 54 d grazing period each year. Dry matter yield (DMY) was greatest (P=0.006) for HBG-ALF (3036 kg/ha) and lowest for FR-CLOV (993 kg/ha) (P=0.005). Dry matter yield of BAR-PEA-BRASS (2123 kg/ha) and MBG-SF (1950 kg/ha) was similar (P=0.57). Total digestible nutrients (TDN) of BAR-PEA-BRASS (63.0%) and FR-CLOV (62.0%) was greater (P=0.001) than HBG-ALF (53.8%) and MBG-SF (54.7%). Crude protein (CP) was greatest (P=0.001) in FR-CLOV (13%). Crude protein of BAR-PEA-BRASS (9.6%) was greater (P=0.003) than HBG-ALF (6.6%) and MBG-SF (5.3%). Steer performance was greatest (P=0.03) on HBG-ALF (124 kg/ha). Steer performance on FR-CLOV (82 kg/ha), MBG-SF (76 kg/ha) and BAR-PEA-BRASS (74 kg/ha) was similar (P=0.92). Enteric methane emissions from beef steers did not differ between forage treatments (P=0.08). In summary, HBG-ALF forage system provided greater DMY, and grazing animal performance compared to the other forage systems, however TDN and CP content was lower than other forage systems and enteric methane emissions did not differ among treatments.
170 Improving Nutrient Value of Soybean Meal Using Characterized Novel Microbial Fermentation
Authors: Li Julang , Akhtar Nadeem , Qi Nanshan , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a common plant-based protein source in the swine industry. Its crude protein content is 44 to 50%. However, the presence of antinutritional factors such as high molecular weight, difficult to digest proteins, phytate and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) limit its use in pigs. We aimed to use fermentation approach to improve the nutrient value of SBM. We have screened, from different sources, and identified bacterial strains that secrete cellulase, xylanase and proteinase as candidates for feedstuff fermentation. Further studies revealed that a few of them are capable of breakdown glycinin and beta-conglycinin, the major proteins in SBM that are difficult to digest and often resulted in intestinal upset in monogastric animal. Molecular characterization revealed that isolate 9 is a Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis 9) secreted high level of cellulase, xylanase, and proteinase comparing to the ATCC control strain and other isolates. It grew significantly faster than the control strain. In addition, it also survived a wide range of concentrations salts and pH. When used for SBM fermentation, protein profiling of fermented SBM using SDS-PAGE revealed a significant reduction of high molecular weight proteins, especially those of glycinin and beta-conglycinin, to small peptides. On a dry matter basis, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the fermented SBM was decreased by 34%; crude protein content was increased from 49 to 57%. Pigs fed with a diet formulated with the fermented SBM as the sole source of crude protein had significantly higher apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (80 vs. 72 %), ash (56 vs. 36%), crude protein (84 vs. 78%), NDF (71 vs. 66%), and acid detergent fiber (62 vs. 53%) compared with the control pigs fed with unfermented soybean meal. In addition, we have recently explored the possibility of improving feed stuff fermentation efficiency combining microbial species, the effect of this approach will be discussed.
200 Forage Cell Wall Organization, Complexes, and Components
Authors: Fahey George C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It has been nearly 31 years since the International Symposium on Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility was held in Madison, WI. The text resulting from that symposium, first published in 1993, has been an invaluable resource for animal and plant scientists alike but, unfortunately, has yet to be updated. Symposium organizers recognized that there was "a critical lack of information on the chemistry of the cell walls of forage plants and especially how this chemistry relates to digestibility and absorption of the materials and how the digestibility can be improved through plant breeding". They proceeded to organize an excellent symposium that covered nearly every aspect of that broad topic. Whereas "fiber" (plant cell wall) always has been a mainstay in ruminant animal feeding, its importance in the areas of human and non-ruminant animal nutrition has now been realized as indicated by the extensive scientific literature published on the topic since the time of the symposium, and by the fact that dietary fiber is now considered an "essential nutrient" for the human. In this presentation, the components of the plant cell wall will be discussed and their organization within the plant defined. Their relationship to the gut microbiota will be highlighted as will those factors critical in determining accurate fiber concentrations in forages and fibrous ingredients using the latest fiber methodologies. Rather than being viewed simply as "roughage" or as "filler" or as an "anti-nutritional factor", cell walls now have a prominent role in all of animal and human nutrition, so understanding their characteristics at all levels becomes all the more important.
202 An Update on in Vitro and in Situ Experimental Techniques for Approximation of Ruminal Fiber Degradation
Authors: Foster Jamie L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Measures of the quantity of chemical components are used to make certain assumptions about forage or feed quality. However, additional ruminal degradation kinetic measures are necessary for modern nutrient requirement models and more accurate estimates of intake and digestibility. The extent and rate of ruminal degradation is most easily and inexpensively measured with in vitro and in situ experimental techniques. This presentation is a summary of updates to these techniques in the last thirty years. The Daisy Incubator by ANKOM Technology has been marketed for over twenty-five years. This product resulted in standardization of materials and methods used to measure in vitro true digestibility. The biological component of the technique, ruminal fluid, is still a variable component since it is influenced by fistulated animal diet and collection and transport procedures. Despite several calls through review papers over the last thirty years, the in situ experimental technique is not standardized and there remains variation among laboratories and experiments. Animal species, ingredients and quantity of animal diet, grind size of the test material, bag pore size, ratio of the sample: surface area of bag, replications, sample treatment prior to incubation and after removal, incubation method, microbial contamination, bag washing, and even laboratory balance weigh method contribute to the variation among in situ experiments. Once in situ data is obtained, it is typically fitted to a first order exponential model and parameters estimated without determining if the model is the best fit. Perhaps understanding the reasons that standardization of in situ methodology have failed would facilitate ways to make standardization possible. In the meantime, careful in situ experimental technique results in measures that are valuable inputs into models for nutrient requirements, intake, and digestibility and an increase in knowledge about ruminal degradation kinetics, despite the inability to compare results across laboratories or experiments.
319 Reflections at the Halfway Point of a Multi-Institutional Comprehensive Usda Sustainable Agriculture Systems Project: Empowering the US Broiler Industry for Transformation and Sustainability
Authors: Bottje Walter Gay , Lei Xingen , Dridi Sami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We received funding for a USDA SAS project that began in September (2019) that involves 7 institutions and approximately 30 faculty. Overarching goals of the project are to improve the system wide efficiency of nutrient and water use in broiler production through a) a better understanding and manipulation of the host physiology and microbial influence on water and nutrient efficiency, b) implementation of novel algal-based technology, and c) effecting educational-behavioral changes through enhanced education and extension programs. To date: a) We have had group progress report meetings 6-8 times per year, and b) we have supported or involved 19 undergraduate students, 22 grad students, and 6 post-docs on the project. The group collectively has published 15 book chapters, 74 refereed publications, 7 theses/dissertations, and filed 2 patents. We also had a symposium at a national meeting. Despite restrictions due to Covid, we have been able to have students take part in internships at U of A and Cornell. A minor in Sustainable Agriculture Systems has been established at Cornell. A class offered by Cornell (The global food, energy, and water nexus – engaging students from the US, China, and India to Chart a Sustainable Future) enables students to participate in the class and receive credit from their home institution. This class incorporates faculty involved in the SAS grant as well as many international guest speakers who are experts in their field. An area we hope to improve upon is getting our message out to our clientele and general public via several different methods.
PSXII-3 Estimation of Heritability and Correlation of Functional Traits in the Peruvian Paso Horse (Preliminary Studies)
Authors: Vilela Jorge Luis Luis , Yupanqui Bertha Isabel Tupac , Velarde Maria Lourdes , Quintana Paola , Vargas Teresa , Gonzales Rosario , Sokolich Aranzazu , Dextre Jose 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peruvian Paso Horse is recognized for the smoothness and elegance of its gait. Over the years, breeders have been selecting their breeders based on phenotypic characteristics; however, to date, there are no data or estimated values of the heritability of these characters, whether biometric or functional. The objective of this research is to provide the first heritability values for six biometric and three functional traits, as part of the establishment of a genetic selection and improvement program for the breed. For the study, data from 25 females and 8 males (n=33) at ages 6 to 10 years were used for measurements such as: croup height, substernal height, chest width, neck length, tibia femur angle and impulsion. The sharpness (high lift), atranque (unique footfall pattern, wich foot placement and timing between hindfoot and forefoot of the same side, only known in this special ambling gait) and vertical acceleration were measured by filming each horse in "Paso Llano" (a special four-beat gate, only known in Peruvian Paso Horse). Preliminary results were evaluated with Kinovea software (v.0 .9.5) for heritability and phenotypic correlation values (Table 1 and Figure 1), with Jamovi software (v 2.3.0) for statistical parameters, and the mixed model Yijk = u + Si + Ck + eijk for movement analysis and heritability estimation by half-sib correlation, where Yijk is the biometric and functional observation, Si the effect of the father, Cj the effect of sex and eijk random error. The results show that the heritability estimates for the nine biometric and functional traits vary between 0.08 and 0.84 and are the first ones obtained after a study in the Peruvian Paso Horse breed.
PSI-2 Analysis of Boar Semen Microbiome and Sperm Quality Parameters
Authors: McAnally Brooke E , Smith Molly S , Wiegert Jeffrey G , Poole Rebecca K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bacterial contamination of non-frozen extended boar semen has been associated with a decrease in sperm viability and longevity. The objective of this study was to analyze the microbiome of extended boar semen and sperm quality parameters 1) between studs 2) over time and 3) between pooled and single-sire doses. Sixteen pooled (n=4 per stud) and single-sire (n=4 per stud) boar semen doses (80mL) were obtained from two studs (A vs. B). Pooled doses were the composite of boars in single-sire doses. Doses were stored at 16°C and subsampled 16mL daily for five days post-collection. Each day, 5mL were flash frozen and stored at -80°C for bacterial analysis targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The remaining 11mL were used to assess sperm progressive motility and agglutination (0: no adhesion to 3: &gt;50% adhesion) by two evaluators with 10 visual estimates per sample. Negative controls of each pooled (n=2 per stud) and single-sire (n=4 per stud) dose remained unopened until day 5. Statistical analyses were conducted using GLM procedure in SAS. Sperm agglutination was greater in stud A than B (1.6 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1, respectively; P&lt; 0.01). Sperm motility tended (P=0.09) to be greater in stud B than A doses (67.4% vs. 61.5% ± 0.02%, respectively), and decreased over time (P&lt; 0.01). Stud B had a greater relative abundance of Proteobacteria (60.0% vs. 47.2% ± 1.5%, respectively; P&lt; 0.01) and lower abundance of Firmicutes (22.5% vs. 31.9% ± 1.4%, respectively; P&lt; 0.01) compared to stud A. Bacterial load did not differ by stud or dose type but increased from day 1 to 3 (P&lt; 0.01). Bacterial load between days 3, 4, and 5 post-collection was not different from the negative control. Results indicate differences in the microbiome between boar studs and its influence on semen over time.
PSI-4 Beef fat Enriched with Vaccenic Acid and cis-9, Trans11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Promotes Hepatic Steatosis and Glucose Intolerance in High-fat-fed C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Xu Yanqing , Haj Fawaz , Koike Shinichiro , Vahmani Payam 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vaccenic acid (VA, trans11-18:1) and cis-9, trans11-conjugated linoleic acid (also known as rumenic acid; RA) have received widespread attention as “beneficial” trans fatty acids (TFA) due to their putative health benefits including anti-diabetic properties. Feeding oilseeds (e.g. sunflower seeds or flaxseeds) to cattle given forage-based diets have been shown to enrich their meat and milk fat with VA and RA. However, there is shortage of studies evaluating the health effects of the resulting enriched fat. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effects of beef fat enriched with VA and RA on parameters related to glucose and insulin tolerance in in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 Mice. Thirty-six 8-week-old male c57/6J mice (25±1.4 g body weight) were randomly assigned for 18 weeks to either a control low fat diet (CLF; 10% total calories from fat), a control high fat diet based on lard (CHF; 45% total calories from fat), or a VA&RA-enriched high fat diet based on flaxseed-fed beef fat (EHF, 45% total calories from fat). Compared with CLF, feeding either CHF or EHF resulted in negative metabolic outcomes associated with high fat diets including adiposity, impaired insulin and glucose tolerances, and hepatic steatosis. However, the EHF diet induced a higher (P &lt; 0.05) liver weight and liver triglyceride content compared with the CHF diet. In addition, the area under the curve for glucose tolerance test (GTT) in EHF mice was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in CHF group. Collectively, the findings from this study, suggest that feeding beef fat enriched with VA and RA (i.e. EHF) worsens glucose tolerance and liver steatosis in high-fat-fed mice. Additional studies are needed to determine if the adverse effects of EHF on glucose tolerance and liver fat accumulation are related to VA and RA or due to other TFA present in EHF.