bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Azadirachtin Insecticide Npi-720F for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Greenhouse Roses, 1990
Authors: Newman Julie P. , Nancy Elizabeth , Immaraju John , Wood Tim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A RCB design was used in a commercial greenhouse (Santa Barbara, CA) with 3 blocks of ‘Royalty’ rose beds for each treatment. Treatments were applied in one house to 12-45 x . 9 m beds; controls were unsprayed. Four weekly applications of the material were made beginning 6 Aug using a mobile 757 liter Bean sprayer at 250 psi, with delivery through a 3-pronged, high pressure multiple spray nozzle. Weekly samples were taken at random from each bed on 6, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. The samples consisted of 10 blooms per treatment bed placed in 50% ethanol. All stages of thrips were extracted I from the ethanol under suction and larvae and adults were counted using a dissecting microscope. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and treatment means I were separated using Student-Newman-Keuls’ procedure (P ≤ 0.05).
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Mi, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A grid of 4 ft by 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established in a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, MI. All life stages of chinch bugs were counted in each plot on 24 Jul before insecticides were applied. Chinch bugs were in the 1st to 4th instar at the time of the pre-spray sample. Counts were made by observing each 4 ft by 4 ft plot for a two min period. The treatments were grouped into blocks based on these counts. Six replications of each treatment were applied between 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm on 24 Jul. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle for 12 sec (175 gal/acre) except Margosan and Pyrethrum/Soap treatments which were applied with an 8008 nozzle for 16 sec (575 gal/acre). The postcounts were made on 3 Aug in all plots. Each plot was divided in half. Each half was then counted for 3 min. Plots receiving Agridyne or Ringer neem-product treatment were counted again on 10 Aug.
Microbial Control of Bagworm on Virginia Pine, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Virginia pine, 6-8 ft. tall, growing in an ornamental planting located in Payne Co. were used to evaluate efficacy in controlling bagworm larvae. Three rates of Agree 50WP (a Bacillus thuringensis var. Kurstaki/aizawai product) and Dipel were applied on 5 Jun using a Macro R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi. Efficacy was determined at 5 and 10 DAT by randomly collecting 10 bagworm cases from each tree, opening the bag and determining mortality by examining each larva.
Japanese Beetle Control on Containerized Taxus Plants, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field potted (3 gal) and balled and burlapped (28 inch diameter) Taxus plants were used for this experiment. Plants were watered daily with a drip irrigation system. Both types of plants were seeded with Japanese beetle larvae. The larvae were collected from infested turf from a golf course in Kalamazoo, MI on 13 and 22 May. Twenty larvae were released into each containerized Taxus plant by placing 10 larvae in the pots on 14 May and 10 more on 26 May. The larvae were allowed time to establish before chemical applications were made on 3 Jun. Each treatment was replicated six times. Treatments were applied by injection, drench, or granular application. The injections were made through a modified Ross root feeder connected to a CO2 tank and a tank containing the chemical solution. Each pot or rootball was injected with 1 liter of solution at 50 psi. The drench treatments consisted of 1 liter of solution applied to the top of the field soil in the pots. Granular applications were made by spreading the granules evenly around the base of each plant. All pots and rootballs were irrigated immediately after insecticide treatment until water was running out of the bottom of the containers. Treatments were evaluated on 22 and 24 Jun. The soil and roots were removed from containers and sectioned with a large butcher knife in a tray. Plants and loose soil were placed over double screens and washed with a pressurized hose. The number of live larvae found after washing away the soil was counted.
Rate Response of Bacillus Thumngiensis Against Leafrollers, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bt products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using a leaf-disk bioassay. A series of Bt concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 times the recommended field rates were tested. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Red Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Bt products were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 u,l of X-77, a wetting agent added to aid leaf wetting. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Leaves were dipped and allowed to dry. Two disks (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four leaf disks were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50x9 mm). Five one- to two-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf-disks and the petri dish lid was put in place. Ten dishes were used for each Bt product and rate (50 larvae per treatment). Dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a wet paper towel to maintain a high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Dishes were examined after 48 and 96 h to determine larval survival. Data were corrected for untreated mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Apple, Pesticide Dip Test #1, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. J. , Warren J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four pesticides, carbaryl (Sevin XLR 3.75 ml per liter [3 pt/100 gal]); methyl parathion (Penncap M 7.5 ml/liter [1 pt/100 gal]); chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W 4.78 g/liter [3.99 lb/100 gal]); azinphosmethyl [Guthion 35W 4.78 g/liter] + methomyl (Lannate 7.5 ml/ liter [3.89 lb + 3 pt/100 gal respectively]), and a water control were evaluated (6X concentration) where X = 50 gal/acre in this experiment. RBLR larvae of various sizes and ages were collected in their leaf spin-ups from a commercial orchard where populations were sampled in our 1991 studies. Foliage used in the experiment was collected from unsprayed apple trees at the experiment station in Winchester. Solutions of each treatment pesticide were prepared in 1 gal jars. Twigs bearing more than 40 leaves (for each treatment) were dipped in the appropriate solution for 15 s and air dried in a fume hood. Twenty cages (1 larva per cage) per replicate were prepared as follows: two 9 dram plastic bottles made up the basic cage unit, one filled with water served as the basal unit. Two plastic vial covers with a small (.64 cm) hole centered in each were stapled together and put in place on top of the base vial. Two apple leaves (previously dipped and dried) were placed so as one leaf lay in close proximity to the other with the petioles extending through the container caps into water in the basal container. The point where the petioles passed through the cap was tightly closed with absorbent cotton to prevent larval escape. One field collected larva was gently removed from its spin-up with a camel’s hair brush and placed between the two leaves in each cage. Finally, the second ventilated plastic vial (which had a 3/4-in hole cut in the bottom that was covered with glued-in-place 100 mesh nylon screening) was inverted over the basal vial and snapped into place in the uppermost of the two previously prepared plastic covers. All cages were held in a room under normal light at 80°F (144°C). Larvae were examined after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 h for mortality. Death was determined if the larva exhibited no movement after being probed gently.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1992
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to tarnished plant bugs in the laboratory. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘STV 213’) held in water pics using a laboratory spray table. Tarnished plant bugs (2-3 d old adults) were collected from wild host plants on 11 Jun; treatments were applied on 12 Jun. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. One tarnished plant bug (unsexed) was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held in ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 72 h and 96 h after spraying. Data were transformed to arcin J for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
Leaf-Dip Bioassays of Chitin Inhibitors and Abg-6178 for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1991
Authors: Barry Donald W. , Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All bioassays used larvae aged 36 ± 12 h from a laboratory strain of Colorado potato beetles reared on greenhouse-grown ‘Norland’ potatoes. The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was assayed as both a technical powder (ABG-6178) and as aerial conidia grown in the laboratory. The fungus was cultured for 10 to 20 d on Sabouraud‘s dextrose agar after isolation from adult Colorado potato beetle cadavers previously infected with ABG-6178. Treatments were applied by submersing terminal potato leaflets (of about 10 cm2) for 4 s in a test concentration. A wetting agent, Tween 80 (0.05% concentration), was used to prepare all dilutions. Controls were treated with 0.05% Tween 80 alone. Treated leaves were allowed to drain on absorbent paper for about 60 s and placed into individual assay chambers to air dry. Four to five larvae were then placed on each treated leaf with a camel hair brush. Assays were repeated 2 to 4 times. Assay chambers were made of two stacked 60 x 20 mm plastic petri dishes. The top petri dish was lined with moist filter paper. A hole drilled through the dish base allowed the leaf petiole to extend into the lower petri dish which held a distilled water reservoir to maintain leaf turgor. Assays were kept in a growth chamber at 23°C, 70-80% RH and 18:6 L:D. Leaves were replaced after 48 h and, thereafter, as necessary. Mortality was counted at 24 h intervals after 3 to 7 d of exposure. Individuals not responding to tactile stimulation were considered dead. Data were corrected with Abbott‘s formula and analyzed using probit analysis (POLO-PC). Not all treatments were assayed on each day.
Potato Wireworm Control, Pasco, Washington, 1976
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The soil type was Ritzville Series, silt loam, with less than 0.5% organic matter. On March 16 and 17 soil samples were taken with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches to estimate the wire-worm population. Five wireworms were found in 40 samples in an area of ca. 10 acres, a calculated density of 1.1 wireworms/sq ft (the upper 95% confidence limits). Individual plots were 6 rows wide (34 inches apart) and 50 ft long. Treatments applied as separate experiments were preplant broadcast, at-plant furrow, and at-plant band. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. For the preplant broadcast treatments applied May 11 and 12, granules were broadcasted with a hand-operated grass seeder, or EC formulations were applied with a hand-held, 2-row sprayer with a boom consisting of 4 Teejet (No. 8001) nozzles. EC formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied at a rate of ca. 12.8 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 2 hr after application. The two other treatments were applied after the potatoes were planted May 13. On May 13 and 14 the furrow treatments were applied in the seed-piece furrows left uncovered (by raising the discs of the planter) when the grower planted the seed pieces.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Potatoes, 1977
Authors: Waddil Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seed pieces were planted 4 inches apart in marl soil November 15, 1976. The plots were single rows, 30 ft long, planted on 3-f t centers. Treatments were applied January 6 and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Applications were made by hand with a CO2-charged, 2½-gallon sprayer with a single nozzle. Apterous aphid counts were made 1 and 6 days posttreatment by randomly selecting 10 lower leaves per plot. The aphid population was smaller than usual when the treatments were made. Means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Third Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This is the second year of clear seeded Saranac alfalfa planted April 23, 1975 at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Most sprays superimposed over the same plots as used in second cutting with exception of Imidan treatment. A complete randomized block design of 3 replications was used. Each plot was 12 x 25 ft (300 square ft). Treatments applied August 11, 1976 and harvested August 30, 1976. Protein samples made on September 16, 1976.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control, Missouri, 1977
Authors: Huggans J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test area is part of a 10 acre 3 year old stand of WL-307 alfalfa. The soil is a Shelby loam with a 5-10% slope and 4-8 in. surface soil. Weather conditions, including temperature and rainfall, were monitored at the site by the Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Sprays of the compounds under test were applied to 20 x 90 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in four replications. Finished spray treatments at the rate of 20 gallons per acre (in the case of Sumithion at 2.7 gallons per acre) were applied at 40 psi pressure with an IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom and powered by a PTO roller pump. Treatments were applied May 3. Evaluation samples were taken May 10-11, 17-18, and 24-25. Sampling for efficacy was by plucking 25 individual stems of alfalfa from each plot per date and extracting the living larvae by heating in “Berlese” funnels.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: All J. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seed planted August 24, 1977, University of Georgia Experimental Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots, 20- ft long x 38-inch row width x 2-ft alleys, 5 replicates. Plants treated with a full cone spray in a final volume of 20 gal/acre directed into the plant whorl. Sprayed 4 times on September 5, 12 and 21 and October 5. Plants were indexed for fall armyworm damage in the 8-leaf stage on a scale of 1-4: 1 - no bud feeding damage; none to slight leaf feeding damage; 2 - slight to moderate bud feeding damage; slight to moderate leaf feeding damage; 3 - moderate to heavy bud feeding damage; moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage; 4 - severe bud and leaf feeding damage; plants reproductive capacity destroyed. Yield (dry matter) taken by hand on November 17, 1977. First treatment was applied when 30% of the plants had feeding damage by first instar larvae. Other applications were made when fresh egg masses were present on 10% or more of the plants.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: All J. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seed planted August 24, 1977, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots, 20-ft long x 38-inch row width x 2-ft alleys, 5 replicates. Plants treated with a full cone spray in a final volume of 20 gal/acre directed into the plant whorl. Sprayed 4 times on August 31, September 8 and 19, and October 11. Plants were indexed for fall armyworm damage in the 8-leaf stage on a scale of 1-4: 1 - no bud feeding damage; none to slight leaf feeding damage; 2 - slight to moderate bud feeding damage; slight to moderate leaf feeding damage; 3 - moderate to heavy bud feeding damage; moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage; 4 - severe bud and leaf feeding damage; plants reproductive capacity destroyed. Yield (dry matter) taken by hand on November 18, 1977. First treatment was applied when 30% of the plants had feeding damage by first instar larvae. Other applications were made when fresh egg masses were present on 10% or more of the plants.
Control of European Corn Borers in Field Corn, 1977
Authors: Witkowski J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first-brood corn borer control were applied to non-irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, Nebraska in June 1977. Insecticides (Table 1) were applied on June 15 with a specially modified Hagie Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with 18 gal/acre of water at 2 mph at 25 psi. Plots were 2 rows wide and TOO feet long. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 2 replications. In late July, 20 corn plants from each replication were split in half from the tassel to the ground, examined, and number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Soybean, Aerial Application for Green Cloverworm and Western Corn Rootworm, 1977
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen soybean plots were located 3 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 300 ft by 150 ft (60 rows) with 30 in centers. Experimental design consisted of each plot being randomly assigned a treatment. Treatments are given in the tables. Treatments were applied on August 17 by airplane as follows: Sevin 4-Oil, airplane with Teejet nozzles (8002,8003 or 8004) spray pressure 30 psi; other insecticides, airplane with 16 Tee Jet D1445 nozzles, spray pressure at 20 psi, and application rate at 2 gal/A. Weather conditions on the day of application were: temperature ca 70° F, wind speed ca 3 mph. Plants were randomly sampled with a 15-in diam. sweep-net (50 sweeps/row, 4 rows/plot) on August 3 (pretreatment), August 6 (2-day post-treatment), August 8 (4-day post-treatment), August 12 (8-day post-treatment) and August 19 (16-day post-emergence).
Aphid Control on Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Reagan T.E. , Horton R. H. , Collins W. K. , Todd F. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On-farm tests were conducted in Craven, Wayne, Hertford, Martin, and Sampson counties to determine the potential for aphid control from insecticides applied prior to transplanting flue-cured tobacco. Plots consisted of 4 rows x 78 ft separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ft alleys between each of 4 replications at Craven and Wayne counties and 2 replications at other sites. Some insecticides were disced into the soil prior to ridging of rows while others were added with the transplanter water. Live aphids were counted on the 2 heaviest infested leaves of 10 randomly selected plants of each plot 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-transplant. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Laboratory Tests of Insecticides on Western Spruce Budworm, 1976-77
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Topical application tests of the contact toxicity of 11 insecticides were conducted on last stage western spruce budworm. Toxicities were compared to that of a standard, mexacarbate. Insects tested were from the 63rd to 68th generations of a non-diapausing laboratory colony. Five concentrations serially diluted from a freshly prepared concentrate were used in each of 3-4 replications of each test. All chemicals were applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 1/4 cc tuberculin syringe. A dose rate of 1 μl/100 mg body weight was used to apply the insecticide to the thoracic dorsa of CO2-anesthetized larvae weighing 70-110 mg. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Insecticidal Drenches Evaluated for Control of

Otiorhynchus

Spp. Larvae in Transplant Beds, Pennsylvania, 1977
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Heller P. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alberta spruce transplants (2-2) growing in beds 4 ft wide by ca 40 ft long on a well-drained (loam and grovel) hilltop near Indiana, Pennsylvania were divided into 5 x 5 ft sections with pot stakes and string. A 2 ft buffer zone was left between the 25 sq ft sections. Treatments were randomly assigned to sections within each of 3 blocks. The appropriate amount of insecticide was applied with a sprinkling can in 1.5 gal water/25 sq ft section on May 6. This was followed immediately with another 1.5 gal water in the same manner. The soil was moist but not saturated when treatments were applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated May 26-27 by inspecting each of 2 cubic ft soil samples from each section for living larvae and pupae.
Neanthe Bella, Twospotted Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Poe S. L. , Childs G. H. , Matthews S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three acaricides were tested for their effect on the twospotted spider mite population infesting neanthe bella palms in 3 in.pots in a greenhouse. Sprays were applied by handspraying until foliage was thoroughly wet. Five replicates were treated with each material and compared to an untreated check. Counts of eggs and mites were made on a 1 cm square of an infested leaflet. These counts were made before treatment and 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment.
Pfitzer Juniper, Eastern Red Cedar, Bagworm Control, 1977
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Bogel David , Ree Bill 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted; test 2 in Stillwater, Oklahoma and test 1 eight miles east of Stillwater. Plants were treated on June 13 in test 1 and June 20 in test 2 using a John Bean 55 Sprayer, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 3 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Shrubs and trees were treated to runoff. Temperature at time of application in both tests was 95°F. Mortality was determined by examing 10 larvae from each treatment at 1, 3 and 7 days after application. Test 1 consisted of spraying red cedar trees, approximately 6-7 ft tall with 3 different insecticides. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times along with a check. A pretreatment count showed an average of 5 larvae approximately 1/2 inch in size per 18 inch of terminal branch. Test 2 consisted of dividing up a continuous planting of pfitzer juniper 662 ft long into 11 treatments. Each treatment was 15 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Plants were 4 to 5 ft tall and approximately 5 ft wide. A pretreatment count at 10 different locations showed an average of 17 larvae approximately 1/2 to 3/4 inch in size per 18 inch of terminal branch.
Apple, Early Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 12-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of 500-600 gal per acre. Spray dates were May 26 (petal fall), June 6 (first cover), 16 (second cover), and 30 (third cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of captan 80W (1.0-T .25 lb/100 gal) on 10 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on May 27, June 6, and 16, Solubor (1 lb) on June 6, and Sevin 80W (.62 -1.25 lb) on June 13, 29, and July 13. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree repli-cations per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Cortland and 2 Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1 and 4 Red Delicious per treatment in Test 2. Twenty-five leaves were collected mostly at chest height around the periphery of each tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was severe. Following hot and dry weather in May, there were frequent and heavy rains in June and a lack of rain in July.