bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralizing Immunity Induced Against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Variants in Vaccine Breakthrough Infections
Authors: Brazer Noah , Morris Mary Kate , Servellita Venice , Anglin Khamal , Saldhi Prachi , Garcia-Knight Miguel , Bethancourt Sutana , Sotomayor-Gonzalez Alicia , Wang Baolin , Foresythe Abiodun , Nguyen Jenny , Gliwa Amelia S , Pineda-Ramirez Jesus , Sanchez Ruth Diaz , Zhang Yueyuan , Ott Melanie , Wadford Debra A , Andino Raul , Kelly J Daniel , Hanson Carl , Chiu Charles Y 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
As of early 2022, the Omicron variants are the predominant circulating lineages globally. Understanding neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 after vaccine breakthrough infections will provide insights into BA.2 infectivity and susceptibility to subsequent reinfection.

Methods
Live virus neutralization assays were used to study immunity against Delta and Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in samples from 86 individuals, 24 unvaccinated (27.9%) and 62 vaccinated (72.1%), who were infected with Delta (n = 42, 48.8%) or BA.1 (n = 44, 51.2%). Among the 62 vaccinated individuals, 39 were unboosted (62.9%), whereas 23 were boosted (37.1%).

Results
In unvaccinated infections, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the three variants were weak or undetectable, except against Delta for Delta-infected individuals. Both Delta and BA.1 breakthrough infections resulted in strong nAb responses against ancestral wild-type and Delta lineages, but moderate nAb responses against BA.1 and BA.2, with similar titers between unboosted and boosted individuals. Antibody titers against BA.2 were generally higher than those against BA.1 in breakthrough infections.

Conclusions
These results underscore the decreased immunogenicity of BA.1 compared to BA.2, insufficient neutralizing immunity against BA.2 in unvaccinated individuals, and moderate to strong neutralizing immunity induced against BA.2 in Delta and BA.1 breakthrough infections.
Comparison of the Risk of Hospitalization and Severe Disease Among Co-circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants
Authors: Trobajo-Sanmartín Camino , Miqueleiz Ana , Guevara Marcela , Fernández-Huerta Miguel , Burgui Cristina , Casado Itziar , Baigorria Fernando , Navascués Ana , Ezpeleta Carmen , Castilla Jesús 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
We compare the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes among co-circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants between January 2021 and May 2022 in Navarra, Spain.

Methods
We compared the frequency of hospitalization and severe disease (intensive care unit admission or death) due to COVID-19 among the co-circulating variants. Variants analyzed were non–variants of concern (non-VOCs), Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (aOR).

Results
The Alpha variant had a higher risk of hospitalization (aOR, 1.86 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.28–2.71]) and severe disease (aOR, 2.40 [95% CI, 1.31–4.40]) than non-VOCs. The Delta variant did not show a significantly different risk of hospitalization (aOR, 0.73 [95% CI, .40–1.30]) and severe disease (aOR, 3.04 [95% CI, .57–16.22]) compared to the Alpha variant. The Omicron BA.1 significantly reduced both risks relative to the Delta variant (aORs, 0.28 [95% CI, .16–.47] and 0.23 [95% CI, .12–.46], respectively). The Omicron BA.2 reduced the risk of hospitalization compared to BA.1 (aOR, 0.52 [95% CI, .29–.95]).

Conclusions
The Alpha and Delta variants showed an increased risk of hospitalization and severe disease, which decreased considerably with the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Surveillance of variants can lead to important differences in severity.
Intelligent construction for the transportation infrastructure: a review
Authors: He Qing , Ghofrani Faeze , Gao Tianci , Wang Ping , He Chuan , Li Yongle , Ai Changfa 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTransportation infrastructure (TI) is a vital link for and critical component of societal and economic development. A new area, called intelligent construction for transportation infrastructure (IC/TI), is emerging with the integration of traditional TI construction and new technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), big data, virtual reality (VR), remote sensing, building information modeling (BIM), digital twins (DTs), and the internet of things (IoT). This paper reviews the research in the area of IC/TI published since 2017. A total of 191 journal articles in the area of IC/TI were obtained from the Web of Science database and reviewed, including 23 review articles and 168 research articles. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date literature review of IC/TI to further facilitate research and applications in this domain. Based on the results of this review, current research trends, applications, technologies, research gaps, and future needs are discussed.
38 Effect of Breed Composition and Genome-Wide Association Study on Epidermis Thickness in a Multibreed Angus-Brahman Population
Authors: Andrade Andrea N Nunez , Hernandez Aakilah , Rodriguez Eduardo E , Davila Kaitlyn M Sarlo , Mateescu Raluca , Rodríguez Eduardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heat stress in cattle has recently received growing attention because of anticipated increases in environmental temperature by global warming. Heat stress limits the production efficiency of cattle, and it is one of the principal causes of economic loss for beef cattle producers in these environments. Thermotolerance can be defined as the ability to maintain optimal growth, feed intake, and reproduction under the presence of heat stress, and it varies among individual animals and breeds. The objectives of the analysis were to investigate the amount of variation on epidermis thickness, test the effect of breed composition and age group on skin histology traits and to conduct a genome-wide association study on skin properties of beef cattle, focusing on the epidermis thickness. Skin biopsy samples were collected from 318 heifers from a UF multibreed population (animals ranging from 100% Brahman to 100% Angus), genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250K chip. Quality control was conducted with BLUPF90 software, including a call rate of 0.90 and a MAF &lt; 0.01. BLUPF90 software was used to fit a single locus mixed model to test the effect of each marker. Breed group and age group were included as fixed effects. There is a significant effect in breed group ((P &lt; 0.0001) and in age group (P &lt; 0.0001). This study shows there is a large amount of variation in epidermis thickness across and within breed groups. Significant SNPs for the thickness of the epidermis were found in the HBEGF gene, which is a protein coding involved in several processes, including epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway and there is a variation across breed Skin histology traits are fundamental for the ability to lose heat more efficiently and allow the maintenance of normal body temperatures under extreme conditions. This study could contribute toward improving cattle’s adaptation to thermal stress.
82 Genetic Correlations Underlying the Thermotolerance: Production Complex in Beef Cattle
Authors: Mateescu Raluca , Rezende Fernanda M , Davila Kaitlyn M Sarlo , Andrade Andrea N Nunez , Hernandez Aakilah , Oltenacu Pascal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heat stress is a principal factor limiting production of animal protein in subtropical and tropical regions, and its impact is expected to increase dramatically. Development of effective strategies to improve the ability to cope with heat stress is imperative to enhance productivity of the livestock industry and secure global food supplies. However, selection focused on production and ignoring adaptability results in beef animals with greater metabolic heat production and increased sensitivity to heat stress. The goal of this research is to describe novel traits which can be used to characterize genetic pathways for thermotolerance which are independent or positively associated with production performance. Variance components, heritabilities, additive genetic correlations, and phenotypic correlations were estimated for skin histology characteristics, hair characteristics, body temperature under high temperature-humidity index (THI) conditions, and ultrasound carcass traits on 330 heifers from the University of Florida multibreed herd. A high heritability of 0.69 was estimated for the sweat gland area. The heritability for body temperature under high THI conditions was estimated to be 0.13 which is similar the heritability estimated reported for rectal temperature in a Brahman x Angus crossbred population (0.19; Riley et al., 2012) and dairy cattle (0.17; Dikmen at al., 2012). Sweat gland area had a negative genetic correlation with sweat gland depth (-0.49), short and long hair length (-0.45 and -0.28, respectively), and body temperature under high THI conditions (-0.65). These negative correlations suggest a similarity in the genetic control underlying these traits which would allow for selection of animals with large sweat glands, short hair (both topcoat and under coat), and able to maintain a lower body temperature under high THI conditions. More importantly, although weak, the genetic correlations between sweat gland area and the two production traits (backfat and intramuscular fat) were favorable (0.22 and 0.20, respectively).
93 Predicting Metabolizable Energy from Digestible Energy for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle and Relationships to Prediction of Methane
Authors: Hales Kristin E , Galyean Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reliable predictions of metabolizable energy (ME) from digestible energy (DE) are necessary to prescribe nutrient requirements of beef cattle accurately. Our objectives were to add new data to a previously published database and re-evaluate the relationship between DE and ME and to describe and evaluate new methane prediction equations derived from the DE:ME relationship. The previous database, which included 87 treatment means from 23 respiration calorimetry studies was updated to evaluate the efficiency of converting DE to ME by adding 47 treatment means from 11 additional studies. Diets were fed to growing-finishing cattle under individual feeding conditions. A citation-adjusted linear regression equation was developed where dietary ME concentration (Mcal/kg of dry matter [DM]) was the dependent variable and dietary DE concentration (Mcal/kg) was the independent variable: ME = 1.0001 × DE – 0.3926. The slope did not differ from unity; therefore, the intercept defines the value of ME predicted from DE. For practical use, we recommend ME = DE - 0.39. Based on the relationship between DE and ME, the citation-adjusted loss of methane was calculated and yielded a citation-adjusted value of 0.2433 Mcal/kg of DMI. Recognizing that methane production decreases per unit of intake energy as DMI increases above maintenance, we also examined the relationship between multiples of maintenance intake and daily energy lost as methane. This citation-adjusted relationship was: CH4, Mcal/kg = 0.3344 – 0.05639 × multiple of maintenance. Both the 0.2433 value and the result of the intake-adjusted equation can be multiplied by DMI to yield an estimate of methane production. Further research is needed to determine whether coefficients to predict methane from DMI could be developed for specific diet types, levels of DMI relative to body weight, or other variables that affect the emission of methane.
136 Intestinal Barrier Function: Physiological Regulation, Injury, and Repair in Horses and Swine
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is critical to prevent translocation of microorganisms and their toxins from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. This is particularly noteworthy in horses, in which colic may be associated with ischemia and breakdown of the intestinal barrier, and in pigs, in which infectious diseases such as PEDv cause epithelial soughing and loss of intestinal barrier function. The term ‘function’ refers to the ability of a single layer of columnar epithelium that lines the intestinal tract to form a physical and dynamic barrier. This layer of epithelium is linked by a series of interepithelial junctions, most importantly tight junctions, that has to prevent passage of noxious luminal contents, while simultaneously serving to transport electrolytes, water, and nutrients necessary for physiological function of the host. The tight junctions are dynamically regulated by the cytoskeleton via nutrient signaling, and perturbed by reduced oxygen tension and pathogenic organisms. Barrier function also includes the ability to rapidly repair. In the small intestine, villus contraction is the initial phase of repair, followed by crawling of epithelium adjacent to the wound using a mechanism called restitution. In the colon, where there are no villi, restitution is particularly rapid. Following restitution, tight junctions have to be re-sealed to re-establish barrier function, which occurs rapidly by recycling intact tight junction proteins. The intestinal barrier is further disrupted during injury by inflammation, including transmigration of neutrophils that disrupt tight junctions. An additional critical element of barrier function is the continuous renewal of epithelium via proliferation of stem cells contained within the intestinal crypts. Proliferation increases following injury to replace lost epithelium. Collectively, barrier function includes mechanisms to maintain a healthy epithelial barrier, repair in the acute phases of injury and inflammation, and replace epithelium via stem cell activity.
261 Effects of soy Protein Concentrate Replacing Animal Protein Supplements on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Duarte Marcos Elias E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) replacing animal protein supplements on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health of nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 56; 6.4 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 10/12/13 d, respectively). Dietary treatments were NC (n = 12): a diet with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, and blood plasma 4/2/1% for P1/2/3, respectively; RFM (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing fish meal; RPM (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing poultry meal; RBP (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing blood plasma, and PC (n = 8): NC with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements. All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements by NRC (2012). On d 35, pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota. PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (1.04 to 8.15%), and tended to increase (P = 0.073) Prevotellaceae (7.48 to 18.94%), whereas it decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 index (81.3 to 15.8), Helicobacteraceae (27.95 to 3.02), and tended to reduce (P = 0.099) Campylobacteraceae (2.95 to 0.13). RPM tended to increase (P = 0.090) Prevotellaceae (7.48 to 17.16%) and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (27.95 to 11.02%) without affecting Chao 1. Decreased Chao 1 was correlated to reduced feed intake and therefore, weight gain of pigs. In conclusion, the use of SPC replacing all animal proteins in nursery diets benefited the composition of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, whereas feed intake and weight gain were reduced. The use of SPC replacing only poultry meal, however, benefitted the composition of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota without affecting feed intake and weight gain of nursery pigs.
299 Differences in Microbial Community Composition between Uterine Horns Ipsilateral and Contralateral to the Corpus Luteum in Beef Cows on day 15 of the Estrous Cycle
Authors: Walker Madison B , Holton Matthew P , Lourenco Jeferson M , Fontes Pedro 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the uterine microbiota composition of cows on day 15 of the estrous cycle. Non-pregnant Bos taurus beef cows (n = 23) were exposed to a pre-synchronization step followed by the 7-d CO-Synch estrus synchronization protocol. On days -10, -3, 0 (exogenously induced ovulation), 7 and 14, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate ovarian structures, ensure synchrony, and determine the side of ovulation. Cows were harvested on day 15 and individual swabs were collected from each uterine horn using aseptic techniques. DNA was extracted and the entire (V1-V9 hypervariable regions) 16s rRNA gene was sequenced. Sequences were analyzed using the QIIME2 Pipeline. Across all samples, 22 phyla, 130 families, 215 genera, and 90 different species were identified. Butyrivibrio, Bacteroidales RF16 group, Clostridia_UCG-014, and Moraxellaceae, had different (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundances in the ipsilateral compared with contralateral horns, whereas Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group, Nanoarchaeota, Woesearchaeales, and Prevotellaceae YAB2003 group tended (P &lt; 0.10) to differ between ipsilateral and contralateral horns. In conclusion, there were significant differences in the composition of the microbial community of the ipsilateral and contralateral horn of cows on day 15 of the estrous cycle.
342 Effects of Direct fed Microbial Mixtures on Beef Cattle Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Intake, and Nutrient Digestibility
Authors: Silva Kaliu G Scaranto , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Johnson Bradley J , Lopez Alejandra M , Rodrigues Barbara , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Rush Camron J , Peters Sarah , Camarillo Angela , Wilson Ashleigh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Direct fed microbials (DFM) dietary mixture effects on beef cattle ruminal variables, intake, and apparent total tract digestibility were evaluated. Six ruminally cannulated beef steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design and offered a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum for three 28-d periods (21-d adaptation and 7-d collection). Treatments assigned were: 1) Control (no DFM mixture; lactose only); 2 and 3) DFM mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2 g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Ruminal pH and temperature were measured every 6 min (wireless probes). Ruminal samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 23 h post-feeding on d28. Feed and fecal samples (collected once and twice daily, respectively) were composited by period and analyzed. Fecal output was estimated with a dietary internal marker (288-h indigestible-NDF). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. No treatment × time interactions (P ≥ 0.20) were observed. Steers offered mixture-A experienced 300 min/d less (P = 0.04) time under the ruminal pH 5.6, tended (P = 0.13) for a lesser area under the curve of ruminal pH 5.6, while showing a greater (P = 0.04) ruminal pH average (5.67 vs. 5.50), and tended (P = 0.06) for a lesser ruminal temperature (39.2 vs. 39.4°C) compared to control. The ruminal concentration of NH3-N was greater (P = 0.02) for mixture-A compared with control (10.78 vs. 4.35 mg/dL), while animals offered mixture-B tended (P = 0.07) to be greater (9.11 mg/dL) than control. Steers offered DFM mixture-A increased (P = 0.04) ADF digestibility compared with control (39.8 vs. 54.0%), while not affecting DM intake (P = 0.61). The DFM mixture-A induced a safer ruminal pH environment and encouraging fiber degradation and NH3-N release, while not affecting animal intake
353 Neonatal Holstein Calves fed a Pelleted Calf Starter Containing a Botanical Extract and Direct-fed Microbial (DFM) Alone or in Combination without or with Milk Replacer DFM
Authors: Casper David P , Olagunju Lydia , Anele Uchenna , Officer Michael , Klanderman Keith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Botanical extracts (BE; Adisseo North America, Altanta, GA) are known to enhance dry matter intake (DMI) and gut health, while direct-fed microbials (DFM), such as a actobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (RC: RumaCell DF 5G; Pacer Technology, Inc., Murtaugh, ID), had shown improved gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was this combination may be synergistic to neonatal calf growth performance. Eighty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of 8 treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial using a randomized complete block design. Main factors were 2 milk replacers (MR) without (Control) and with RC added at 5 g/d fed with calf starter (CS) main effect of 4 experimental CS being: 1) Control: no additives; or 2) BE added at 496 mg/kg to the calf starter (CS); 3) RC added to the CS at 2.50 g/kg; and 4) BE&RC: same BE and RC rates to CS. The CS was a 25% crude protein dry matter basis with the MR being a 22:20 (CP:fat) fed 2x/day at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water. Weaning occurred after d 42 for the 56-d experiment. No significant (P &gt; 0.10) MR by CS interactions were detected for BW, BW gain, CS intake, total DMI, or feed conversion parameters. The BW gain (38.0 and 39.3 kg for Control and RC, respectively) for MR main effect was similar (P &gt; 0.10) for calves fed both MR, while CS main effect (38.7, 39.7, 39.2, and 37.2 kg for Control, BE, RC, and BE&RC, respectively) were similar (P &gt; 0.10) among all CS. This study demonstrated little calf growth performance and health benefits when feeding an BE and/or RC alone or in combination compared with calves fed Control.
PSII-A-10 Impact of Altered Photoperiod on Colostral IgA and Lactoferrin in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Connor Andrea , Alward Kayla , Duncan Jane , Cockrum Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intake of poor-quality colostrum reduces thriftiness and survival of dairy calves and cost dairy producers in 2017 $70 per head for each calf receiving poor quality colostrum. Studies suggest levels of lactoferrin and IgA within good colostrum are 1.5 - 5 mg/ml and 5.36 mg/ml respectively. Today, producers are recommended to expose cows to short-day photoperiod (SDPP) during the dry period as this has been shown to increase milk production during the next lactation. However, the impact of SDPP on colostrum quality is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of day length during the entire dry period on the colostrum quality. We measured the levels of lactoferrin and IgA from both Jersey and Holstein dry cows (n=33) exposed to 8 hours of light for SDPP (n=9 Holstein, n=8 Jersey) or 16 hours of light for long-day photoperiod (LDPP) (n=8 Holstein, n=8 Jersey) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Bethyl Laboratories). Colostrum samples were collected from the cows, skimmed and frozen at -20oC until assayed. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.4. We found that the levels of lactoferrin and IgA did not differ between breed and photoperiod treatment (P = 0.57, P = 0.46, respectively). The average for lactoferrin in SDPP animals was 1.41 mg/mL and 1.55 mg/mL for LDPP. The average for IgA in SDPP animals was 5.08 mg/mL and 3.88 mg/mL for LDPP. Based on these data we suggest that dry period photoperiod exposure does not impact colostral IgA or lactoferrin levels.