bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mushrooms Contribution to Farm Income and the Socio-economic Conditions Analysis of the Growers
Authors: Sharma Nitin , Vaidya Manoj Kumar , Dixit Bharti , Sood Yachna 
Published: January 2022

It is very important to adopt new technology for agricultural productivity and development. Farmers' socioeconomic status influenced their decision to adopt the technology. It is therefore important to study the social status of the farmer. The analysis was based on data based on a survey of 60 farm households. sample was drawn by using a simple random technique from the list of mushroom growers. A complete list of mushroom growers was prepared with the help of the Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh and from the supplier of spawn. the analysis of data all the mushroom growers were classified into three categories based on the number of bags, viz., Small Category (≤ 600), Medium Category (601-1200) and Large Category (>1200). Results of the study revealed all of the farmers and most of their families were literate. The literacy status of studied households revealed that 88.25 per cent of family members were literates at an overall level and the literacy index was found 2.69. Among all the three categories all the farmers were small farmers based on landholding. So mushroom farming was preferred by only small farmers. and most of the farmers had an orchard. It is concluded that the main source of income for the farmer is mushroom production. Mushroom contributed maximum in total farm income in case of medium and large category i.e., 43.44 per cent and 72.18 per cent respectively. Overall, its contribution was found 49.42 per cent to the total farm income. Mushroom producer earns more than 52 thousand every month from mushrooms with less than 1200 bags, which is much higher than the average of an Indian.
Frequency of Pituitary Adenoma among the Patients with Chronic Headache
Authors: Jatoi Asadullah , Jatoi Asma , Shaikh Noman Ahmed , Narsani Ashok Kumar , Mahesar Mona Liza 
Published: January 2022

Background: Antero-superior, Pituitary Gland lies in vicinity of optic chiasm and antero-inferiorly, it is related with posterior wall of sphenoid bone. Pituitary Gland is consisting of three lobes: Anterior, intermediate and posterior and their secretion are regulated by hypothalamus.
Aims and Objectives: To identify pituitary adenoma in the patients coming with complain of chronic headache.
Materials and Methods: Seven hundred sixty-four patients were included in our study. All the patients with chronic headache with/without decreased vision and visual field defects were included our study. Those patients already diagnosed with any other cause of headache such as uncontrolled blood pressure, tumor or diagnosed case of pituitary adenoma and patient with glaucoma were excluded. Detailed history was taken and ocular examination was done. MRI orbit and brain with contrast was done in all patients.
Results: Out of 764 patients, 32 patients were diagnosed as having pituitary adenoma. Macro-adenoma was present in 30 patients and micro-adenoma in 2 patients. On MRI majority of patients had optic chiasm compression with bi-temporal hemianopia.
Conclusion: All the patients with chronic headache with/without visual disturbances and visual field defect must be properly examined and investigated as that will help other researchers to diagnose the Pituitary Adenomas.
Correlation of Gleason Grading System and Nuclear Parameters by Nuclear Morphometry in Patients of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A Study Protocol
Authors: Aditi Goyal , Shweta Sonkusale , Samarth Shukla , Sourya Acharya , Sunita Vagha , Asif Adnan 
Published: January 2022

Background: Adenocarcinoma prostate is one of the significant causes of death in men. The Gleason Grading System is the most commonly used mortality to assess the degree, yet, identical results among blinded pathologists are challenging to obtain and hence come down to an unobjectionable result.
Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between histopathologically obtained Gleason’s Grading Score and various nuclear morphometric parameters using a computer-aided system in Prostatic Adenocarcinomas.
Methods: A series of 31 new and histopathologically diagnosed cases of adenocarcinoma prostate will be taken over one year, and the following nuclear morphometric parameters will be studied: mean nuclear area, mean nuclear length, mean nuclear perimeter, mean nuclear roundness factor, mean nuclear area factor and mean nuclear form ellipse. These individual parameters will be correlated with the Gleason Score of the individual cases.
Expected Outcome: The present study expects the nuclear atypia to be more in cases with a higher Gleason Score and avoid the inter-observer contradictions in diagnosis. It can be used as a tool to quantify the aggression of the malignancy and, thus, assess disease progression and prescribe a justifiable management protocol. Nuclear morphometrical analysis can be a more accurate, objective, and effective method in the diagnostic and prognostic significance of prostate adenocarcinoma.
Effects of Hypothyroidism on Women
Authors: Shinde Aditi , Paunikar Vaishali 
Published: January 2022

Background: To determine the impact of treating clinical hypothyroidism during gestation on maternal depressive symptoms.
Methods: Females with singleton pregnancies identified clinical hypothyroidism were randomised to prenatal thyroxine medication or sample in an auxiliary study to a multicenter trial. At the end of the pregnancy, the treatment was stopped. Females with overt thyroid disorder, diabetes, autoimmune disorder, or depression were excluded from the study. Before taking the survey medicine (between 3-4 months of pregnancy), between 32 and 38 weeks of pregnancy, and at one year post-delivery, contestants were examined for forbidding symptoms with the help of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Anxiety zone(CES-D). The primary result was a score on the CES-D for mother depressive symptoms.
Results: In individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, imbalanced thyroid hormonal state in general, as well as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, were found in 29.3, 25.17, and 4.08 percent, respectively. These figures were similar to those seen in patients with mental abnormalities (23.24, 21.62 and 1.62 percent, respectively). Anti TPO positivity was found in 11 of the 18 patients with schizophrenia scale illness. There were no distinctions based on gender.
Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disease and mood swings both had thyroid abnormalities. Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum abnormalities were more probably to have autoimmune thyroid disease than those with mood swings. The results highlight the importance of evaluating individuals with schizophrenia-scale abnormalities for thyroid hormone abnormalities and how it affects hypothyroidism.
Role of Diet, Exercise for Improvement of Immunity
Authors: Mawale Rushikesh , Dhok Archana 
Published: January 2022

Background: Survival needs a healthy immune system. The immune gadget ought to be continuously on the lookout for indicators of invasion or hazard. Immune cells have to be able to differentiate between self and non-self-molecules and between probably dangerous non-self-molecules (which include those produced by using infections) and non-destructive non-self-molecules (e.g., from meals). The hyperlink between nutrients and vitamins and immune function is explored in this Special Issue of Nutrients.
Summary: We summarise the immune system's essential sports and how they interact with nutrition during existence on this prologue, highlighting the topics on this Special Issue. Macronutrients, micronutrients, and the microbiota within the gut all have a position in immune response modulation. Nutritional immune system law can help wholesome folks keep away from or postpone the emergence of immunological-mediated persistent diseases.
Conclusion: Continued looking at this discipline will subsequently result in a greater understanding of the position of meals and vitamins in immune features, making individualized vitamins a more viable alternative for enhancing human health.
Brief Review on Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) and Its Medicinal Uses
Authors: Kurdukar Adish , Jogdand Sangita 
Published: January 2022

Asparagus racemosus is another name for shatavari. It belongs to the family asparagaceae. It is an adaptable plant as well. The adaptation of human body to mental and physical stress is said to be achieved by the help of adaptogenic herbs like these.
Shatavari is an ayurvedic medicine staple that is made available in the form of analeptic for the wellbeing and vitality of person.
It is popular among all therapeutic plants due to various active biochemicals present in it such as steroidal glycosides, saponins (Shatavarins I, II, III, and IV), flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins and alkaloids (racemosol). Shatavari extracts from its different parts like roots, flowers, leaves and stems are effective in treating female organs which are involved in reproduction.
For centuries, ayurvedic medicine has employed shatavari. However, there haven't been enough human trials to recommend it for any medical problem. It is, however, safe to consume it in modest doses, and doing so will allow you to benefit from its antioxidant and immune-boosting properties.
Except for being an indigenous medicinal plant which known to be important for its sapogenin content which is the precursor of many active pharmacological steroids, it also has many medicinal uses like antioxytoxic (shatavarin four),spasmodic to uterus, hypertensive as well as hypoglycemic activity, anticoagulant activity, antiviral activity, anticancer and antidysentric activity. In ayurvedic medicine asparagus racemosus is considered as tonic specific to females .Despite of being a herb which is rejuvenating it is used in infertility cases of females, increases libido , enhances ovulation as well as folliculogenesis, also increases lactation.
Role of Primary Care Physician in Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Algaows Faisal Suliman , Alnajdi Hajar Saleh , Alsuqayh Khalifah Sulaiman , Alqahtani Basel Ali S. , Yahya Arishi, M. Khaled , Nawaf Farag N. Alomrani, , Abdulghani Sarh Sami , ALShammari Farah Najeh , Alsaykhan Khalid Ali , Ali Hozan Mohammed , Al Kuwaiti Sakinah Jawad , Bager S. Alsanna, Haytham , Ibrahim E. Alhazmi, Essa , Najmi Abdulelah Abdulrhman , Darwish Yassir Mohammed 
Published: January 2022

Individual survival would be impossible without anxiety, which is a natural and important emotion. Anxiety is considered a disease that requires treatment when it occurs in the absence of a threat, or in a disproportionate proportion to a threat, as well as when it prevents the affected individual from leading a normal life. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a widespread mental disorder characterized by excessive and difficult-to-control anxiety and concerns. as well as a variety of psychological and physical symptoms. Patients with GAD frequently visit primary care, and it is widely acknowledged that the majority of patients should be treated in this environment. Clinical practice guidelines advocate pharmacological (e.g., SSRIs and venlafaxine) or cognitive behavior therapy as first-line therapies for GAD. There are several proposed etiological explanations for GAD, including Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Stack's interpersonal theory, and the Stress Diathesis Model. The exact pathophysiological process of the disease is not fully understood. Patients with GAD frequently visit primary care, and it is widely acknowledged that the majority of patients should be treated in this environment. Clinical practice guidelines advocate pharmacological (e.g., SSRIs and venlafaxine) or cognitive behavior therapy as first-line therapies for GAD. In this article, we’ll be discussing GAD epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, and treatment.
Seeking New Layered Oxyselenides with Promising Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Yang Yueyang , Han Jian , Zhou Zhifang , Zou Mingchu , Xu Yushuai , Zheng Yunpeng , Nan Ce‐Wen , Lin Yuan‐Hua 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLayered oxyselenides have been widely investigated as promising thermoelectric materials due to their unique merits such as super‐lattice structural features and intrinsic complexity, which contributes to low thermal conductivity and easily controllable electrical properties. Newly developed Bi2LnO4Cu2Se2 (Ln stands for lanthanide) oxyselenides are found to be potential thermoelectric systems since they have excellent electrical conductivity over 103 S cm−1. In this work, unique energy and time‐saving method combined self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) with spark plasma sintering (SPS) is adopted to successfully prepare a highly pure Bi2LnO4Cu2Se2 instead of a traditional solid‐state reaction. To explore the most suitable lanthanide for Bi2LnO4Cu2Se2, thermoelectric performance in a wide temperature range (300 to 923 K) of Bi2LnO4Cu2Se2 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) is deeply evaluated and studied. Ultimately, with a relatively high electrical conductivity, moderate Seebeck coefficient, and extremely low thermal conductivity, a maximum ZT value of ≈0.27 at 923K is achieved in Bi2DyO4Cu2Se2, which is 4 times larger than that of the ever‐reported Bi2YO4Cu2Se2 and proves a potential thermoelectric system for further investigation. This work may provide some enlightenment and broaden the horizon in finding new thermoelectric materials, especially for complex layered compounds.
Ultrafast Shaped Laser Induced Synthesis of MXene Quantum Dots/Graphene for Transparent Supercapacitors
Authors: Yuan Yongjiu , Jiang Lan , Li Xin , Zuo Pei , Zhang Xueqiang , Lian Yiling , Ma Yunlong , Liang Misheng , Zhao Yang , Qu Liangti 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltratransparent electrodes have attracted considerable attention in optoelectronics and energy technology. However, balancing energy storage capability and transparency remains challenging. Herein, an in situ strategy employing a temporally and spatially shaped femtosecond laser is reported for photochemically synthesizing of MXene quantum dots (MQDs) uniformly attached to laser reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) with exceptional electrochemical capacitance and ultrahigh transparency. The mechanism and plasma dynamics of the synthesis process are analyzed and observed at the same time. The unique MQDs loaded on LRGO greatly improve the specific surface area of the electrode due to the nanoscale size and additional edge states. The MQD/LRGO supercapacitor has high flexibility and durability, ultrahigh energy density (2.04 × 10−3 mWh cm−2), long cycle life (97.6% after 12 000 cycles), and excellent capacitance (10.42 mF cm−2) with both high transparency (transmittance over 90%) and high performance. Furthermore, this method provides a means of preparing nanostructured composite electrode materials and exploiting quantum capacitance effects for energy storage.
A Gradient Model for the Spatial Patterns of Cities
Authors: Chang Jie , Yang Guofu , Liu Shun , Jin Hanhui , Wu Zhaoping , Xu Ronghua , Min Yong , Zheng Kaiwen , Xu Bin , Luo Weidong , Mao Feng , Ge Ying , Cheong Kang Hao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe dynamics of a city's structures are determined by the coupling of functional components (such as restaurants) and human population. Yet, there lacks mechanism models to quantify the forces on the spatial distribution of the components. Here, a gradient model is explored to simulate the individual density curves of multiple types of city functional components based on the equilibria of gravitational and repulsive forces along with the urban–rural gradient. The model is concise by relying on four key variables, the attributes of components include net ecosystem service (m) and environmental index (γ); and the attributes of cities include land rent exponent (σ) and population attenuation coefficient (β). The model has been used to simulate the distribution curves of 22 types of components on the urban–rural gradients in 13 cities in two periods. The model reveals a bottom‐up mechanism that the patterns of the components in a city are determined by the economic, ecological, and social attributes of both cities and components. Strongly backed by empirical data, the model can predict the distribution curves of many types of components along with the development of cities. This model provides a general tool for analyzing the distribution of multiple objects on the gradients.
Lithium‐Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation Using a New Extended Nonlinear State Observer
Authors: Sakile Rajakumar , Sinha Umesh Kumar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, an extended nonlinear state observer (ENSO) is proposed to estimate lithium‐ion batteries’ accurate state of charge (SOC). The two RC equivalent circuit model is used to describe the dynamic behavior of the lithium‐ion battery. Based on the circuit state equations, the proposed ENSO is designed to estimate SOC. The ninth‐order polynomial fitting curve shows a nonlinear relationship between open‐circuit voltage and SOC. Furthermore, the proposed ENSO's stability and convergence rate are guaranteed by Lyapunov's stability analysis. The performance of the proposed observer is compared to that of conventional techniques such as the unscented Kalman filter and sliding mode observer. The proposed method has given better dynamic performance with accurate SOC, reducing computational cost and enhancing the convergence capability compared to conventional methods. The proposed model's effectiveness is validated through the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Rational‐Designed Principles for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Upgrading of CO2 to Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Jin Zhong , Chen Zupeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe chemical transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered as a promising strategy to utilize and further upgrade it to value‐added chemicals, aiming at alleviating global warming. In this regard, sustainable driving forces (i.e., electricity and sunlight) have been introduced to convert CO2 into various chemical feedstocks. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) can generate carbonaceous molecules (e.g., formate, CO, hydrocarbons, and alcohols) via multiple‐electron transfer. With the assistance of extra light energy, photoelectrocatalysis effectively improve the kinetics of CO2 conversion, which not only decreases the overpotentials for CO2RR but also enhances the lifespan of photo‐induced carriers for the consecutive catalytic process. Recently, rational‐designed catalysts and advanced characterization techniques have emerged in these fields, which make CO2‐to‐chemicals conversion in a clean and highly‐efficient manner. Herein, this review timely and thoroughly discusses the recent advancements in the practical conversion of CO2 through electro‐ and photoelectrocatalytic technologies in the past 5 years. Furthermore, the recent studies of operando analysis and theoretical calculations are highlighted to gain systematic insights into CO2RR. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the fields of CO2 (photo)electrocatalysis are outlined for their further development.
Bioinspired Fatty Acid Amide‐Based Slippery Oleogels for Shear‐Stable Lubrication
Authors: Lee Jaehyeon , Kim Boram , Lee Ji Woong , Hong Chan Young , Kim Gwang Hoon , Lee Sang Joon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiquid‐repellent technology is an efficient means of energy‐saving and biofouling avoidance. However, liquid‐repellent surfaces suffer from inefficient lubricant retention under shear flow and fouling problem in marine environment. Here, the authors demonstrate a fatty acid amide (FAA)‐based oleogel for stable and sustainable lubrication in marine environment. The lubrication management of marine creatures is emulated in synthetic oleogels by incorporating solid (FAA) and liquid lubricants into the molecular meshes of polymeric networks, with the nature‐derived solid lubricant providing multifunctional synergistic effects with liquid oil molecules for slippery property and remarkable anti‐biofouling. The lubricant‐confining gel achieves shear‐stable lubricity with efficient oil management. The oleogel provides continued lubrication without biofouling for approximately 4 months in marine field tests. The gel design provides a new paradigm for sustainable and shear‐stable lubrication in marine environment.
Cobalt‐Doping Stabilized Active and Durable Sub‐2 nm Pt Nanoclusters for Low‐Pt‐Loading PEMFC Cathode
Authors: Duan Xiao , Cao Feng , Ding Rui , Li Xiaoke , Li Qingbing , Aisha Ruziguli , Zhang Shiqiao , Hua Kang , Rui Zhiyan , Wu Yongkang , Li Jia , Li Aidong , Liu Jianguo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) suffer severe performance loss in the high current density (HCD) region as Pt‐loading decreases. A smaller electrocatalyst size inducing a higher electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) is critical for solving this issue. However, the poor electrocatalytic activity and stability of sub‐2 nm nanoclusters limit the potential to reduce their size. In this study, 1.69 nm Co‐doped Pt nanoclusters with a large ECSA (116.19 m2 gPt–1) are synthesized. The mass activity (MA) (0.579 A mgPt–1) and stability (9% MA loss after 30k potential cycling) refresh the record of sub‐2 nm nanoclusters. The structural characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that doping reduces the total energy required to stabilize the nanoclusters. Dopant tailoring of the d‐band center and vacancy formation energy account for the activity and stability enhancement, respectively. Due to the larger ECSA and MA induced by doping, HCD voltage loss due to lower Pt‐loading is significantly reduced compared with commercial Pt/C. The peak power density of low‐Pt‐loading PEMFCs (0.075 mgPt cmMEA–2) with a doped nanocluster cathode is 0.811 W cm–2 (H2–air condition), which far exceeds commercial Pt/C (0.5 W cm–2) and that of most reported electrocatalysts.
Environmental patterns of adaptation after range expansion in Leontodon longirostris: The effect of phenological events on fitness‐related traits
Authors: de Pedro Manuel , Mayol Maria , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Regalado Ingrid , Riba Miquel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPremiseBecause of expected range shifts associated with climate change, there is a renewed interest in the evolutionary factors constraining adaptation, among which are genetic bottlenecks, drift, and increased mutational load after range expansion.Here we study adaptation in the short‐lived species Leontodon longirostris showing reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic load along an expansion route.MethodsWe assessed the phenological patterns of variation, and their effect on fitness‐related traits, on 42 L. longirostris populations and six populations of the sister taxa L. saxatilis in a common garden located within the current range of both species. The comparison among L. longirostris populations allowed us to test for genetic clines consistent with local adaptation, whereas the comparison between taxa provided evidence for common adaptive features at the species level.ResultsWe found significant within‐species variability for most traits, as well as differences with its close relative L. saxatilis. In general, seeds from drier, warmer, and unpredictable habitats showed overall lower and more restricted conditions for germination, seedlings emerged later and plants flowered earlier. Consequently, genotypes from arid and unpredictable environments attained smaller reproductive sizes and allocated more biomass to reproduction. Flowering time had the strongest direct effect on total plant size, but seedling emergence also showed an important indirect effect.ConclusionsOur results show the crucial role of phenological patterns in shaping adaptive clines for major life‐history stage transitions. Furthermore, the genetic load observed in L. longirostris does not seem to preclude adaptation to the climatic variability encountered along the expansion route.