bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change and Australian general practice vocational education: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wild Kathleen , Tapley Amanda , Fielding Alison , Holliday Elizabeth , Ball Jean , Horton Graeme , Blashki Grant , Davey Andrew , van Driel Mieke , Turner Alexandria , FitzGerald Kristen , Spike Neil , Magin Parker 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Climate change is a rapidly progressing threat to global health and well-being. For general practitioners (GPs) currently in training, the effects of climate change on public health will shape their future professional practice We aimed to establish the prevalence and associations of Australian GP registrars’ (trainees’) perceptions of climate change as it relates to public health, education, and workplaces.

Methods
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of GP registrars of three Australian training organizations. The questionnaire assessed attitudes regarding adverse health effects of climate change (over the next 10–20 years), and agreement with statements on (i) integrating health impacts of climate change into GP vocational training, and (ii) GPs’ role in making general practices environmentally sustainable.

Results
Of 879 registrars who participated (response rate 91%), 50.4% (95% CI 46.8%, 54.0%) perceived a large or very large future health effect of climate change on their patients, and 61.8% (95% CI 58.6%, 65.0%) agreed that climate health impacts should be integrated within their education programme. 77.8% (95% CI 74.9%, 80.4%) agreed that GPs should have a leadership role in their practices’ environmental sustainability. Multivariable associations of these attitudes included female gender, training region, and (for the latter two outcomes) perceptions of future impact of climate change on patient health.

Conclusions
GP registrars are motivated to receive climate health education and engage in environmentally sustainable practice. This may primarily reflect concern for future practice and patient care.
Genetic analysis suggests a surface of PAT-4 (ILK) that interacts with UNC-112 (kindlin)
Authors: Qadota Hiroshi , McPherson Annie , Corbitt Rachel , Dackowski Evan Kelton , Matsunaga Yohei , Oberhauser Andres F , Benian Guy M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Integrin plays a crucial role in the attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix. Integrin recruits many proteins intracellularly, including a 4-protein complex (kindlin, ILK, PINCH, and parvin). Caenorhabditis elegans muscle provides an excellent model to study integrin adhesion complexes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, UNC-112 (kindlin) binds to the cytoplasmic tail of PAT-3 (β-integrin) and to PAT-4 (ILK). We previously reported that PAT-4 binding to UNC-112 is essential for the binding of UNC-112 to PAT-3. Although there are crystal structures for ILK and a kindlin, there is no co-crystal structure available. To understand the molecular interaction between PAT-4 and UNC-112, we took a genetic approach. First, using a yeast 2-hybrid method, we isolated mutant PAT-4 proteins that cannot bind to UNC-112 and then isolated suppressor mutant UNC-112 proteins that restore interaction with mutant PAT-4 proteins. Second, we demonstrated that these mutant PAT-4 proteins cannot localize to attachment structures in nematode muscle, but upon co-expression of an UNC-112 suppressor mutant protein, mutant PAT-4 proteins could localize to attachment structures. Third, overexpression of a PAT-4 mutant results in the disorganization of adhesion plaques at muscle cell boundaries and co-expression of the UNC-112 suppressor mutant protein alleviates this defect. Thus, we demonstrate that UNC-112 binding to PAT-4 is required for the localization and function of PAT-4 in integrin adhesion complexes in vivo. The missense mutations were mapped onto homology models of PAT-4 and UNC-112, and taking into account previously isolated mutations, we suggest a surface of PAT-4 that binds to UNC-112.
Effect of high glucose on glycosaminoglycans in cultured retinal endothelial cells and rat retina
Authors: Kaur Gaganpreet , Song Yuefan , Xia Ke , McCarthy Kevin , Zhang Fuming , Linhardt Robert J , Harris Norman R 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The endothelial glycocalyx regulates vascular permeability, inflammation, and coagulation, and acts as a mechanosensor. The loss of glycocalyx can cause endothelial injury and contribute to several microvascular complications and, therefore, may promote diabetic retinopathy. Studies have shown a partial loss of retinal glycocalyx in diabetes, but with few molecular details of the changes in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on GAGs of the retinal endothelial glycocalyx.

Methods
GAGs were isolated from rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RRMECs), media, and retinas, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study mRNA transcripts of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis.

Results and Conclusions
Hyperglycemia significantly increased the shedding of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA). There were no changes to the levels of HS in RRMEC monolayers grown in high-glucose media, but the levels of CS and HA decreased dramatically. Similarly, while HA decreased in the retinas of diabetic rats, the total GAG and CS levels increased. Hyperglycemia in RRMECs caused a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis (including EXTL-1,2,3, EXT-1,2, ChSY-1,3, and HAS-2,3), with these increases potentially being compensatory responses to overall glycocalyx loss. Both RRMECs and retinas of diabetic rats exhibited glucose-induced alterations in the disaccharide compositions and sulfation of HS and CS, with the changes in sulfation including N,6-O-sulfation on HS and 4-O-sulfation on CS.
Love and politics: The influence of politically (dis)similar romantic relationships on political participation and relationship satisfaction
Authors: Peacock Cynthia , Pederson Joshua R 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
People are more likely to seek out romantic partners who are politically similar to themselves. Nonetheless, romantic partners who disagree politically do exist. This study examines the influence of political (dis)similarity in romantic relationships on both political participation and relationship satisfaction. We found that (1) people in politically similar romantic relationships are more satisfied in their relationships and more politically participative than those who are in dissimilar relationships, (2) discussion expressiveness mediates the relationships between political similarity and satisfaction, (3) discussion frequency and expressiveness mediate the relationship between political similarity and participation, and (4) whereas political conflict intensity mediates the relationship between political similarity and satisfaction, it does not affect participation. Findings indicate that the quality of discussion and conflict, not merely their occurrence, help explain the political and relational results of political (dis)similarity within romantic relationships.
Timing of Breeding Reveals a Trade-Off between Immune Investment and Life History in Tree Swallows
Authors: Chang van Oordt David A , Taff Conor C , Ryan Thomas A , Vitousek Maren N 
Published: May 2022

Synopsis
The allocation of limited resources among life history traits creates trade-offs that constrain the range of possible phenotypes of organisms. In animals, the cost of maintaining an effective immune response may reduce the ability to invest in reproduction, resulting in altered susceptibility to disease. However, not all members of a population face identical constraints because differences in an individual's environmental context or physiological state can influence the degree to which traits are negatively associated. Here, we evaluated how variation in timing of breeding, a correlate of fitness, may result in different patterns of trait associations between immunity and reproduction. We measured constitutive immunity in breeding female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) using a bacteria killing assay with blood plasma to assess the relationships between bacteria killing ability (BKA), reproductive effort, and reproductive success. We found that timing of breeding can influence the association between BKA and reproductive effort, but its effects are not homogeneous among all traits. Late-breeding tree swallows with stronger BKA laid smaller clutches, a pattern that was not apparent in early breeders. Regardless of the timing of breeding, birds with stronger BKA fed their nestlings less. Despite a negative association with reproductive effort, we found no association between immunity and reproductive success. We provide evidence that individual tree swallows do not experience some trade-offs equally, and that timing of breeding likely plays a role in how costs of immunity are weighed. To understand how investment in immunity can limit life history traits, we must consider how a variation among individuals influences the relative costs of immunity.
False lumen/true lumen wall pressure ratio is increased in acute non-A non-B aortic dissection
Authors: Kimura Naoyuki , Nakamura Masanori , Takagi Reiya , Mieno Makiko Naka , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Czerny Martin , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Kari Fabian Alexander , Rylski Bartosz 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to determine whether non-A non-B aortic dissection (AD) differs in morphologic and haemodynamic properties from type B AD.

METHODS
We simulated and compared haemodynamics of patients with acute type B or acute non-A non-B AD by means of computational fluid dynamics. Wall pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) in both the true lumen (TL) and false lumen (FL) at early, mid- and late systole were evaluated. Morphology, WSS and the FL/TL wall pressure ratio were compared between groups.

RESULTS
Nineteen patients (type B, n = 7; non-A non-B, n = 12) were included. The median age (51 [46, 67] vs 53 [50, 63] years; P = 0.71) and a complicated course (14% vs 33%; P = 0.6) did not differ between the type B group and the non-A non-B group. However, the median entry tear width was increased in the non-A non-B group (9.7 [7.3, 12.7] vs 16.3 [11.9, 24.9] mm; P = 0.010). Streamlines showed, in patients with non-A non-B AD, blood from the TL flowed into the FL via the entry tear. Prevalence of a FL/TL wall pressure ratio &gt;1.0 (type B versus non-A non-B) at early, mid- and late systole was 57% vs 83% (P = 0.31), 43% vs 83% (P = 0.13) and 57% vs 75% (P = 0.62), respectively. WSS did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The increased FL/TL wall pressure ratio observed during systole in non-A non-B AD may beget a complicated presentation.
Assessing seasonality and the role of its potential drivers in environmental epidemiology: a tutorial
Authors: Madaniyazi Lina , Tobias Aurelio , Kim Yoonhee , Chung Yeonseung , Armstrong Ben , Hashizume Masahiro 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Several methods have been used to assess the seasonality of health outcomes in epidemiological studies. However, little information is available on the methods to study the changes in seasonality before and after adjusting for environmental or other known seasonally varying factors. Such investigations will help us understand the role of these factors in seasonal variation in health outcomes and further identify currently unknown or unmeasured risk factors. This tutorial illustrates a statistical procedure for examining the seasonality of health outcomes and their changes, after adjusting for potential environmental drivers by assessing and comparing shape, timings and size. We recommend a three-step procedure, each carried out and compared before and after adjustment: (i) inspecting the fitted seasonal curve to determine the broad shape of seasonality; (ii) identifying the peak and trough of seasonality to determine the timings of seasonality; and (iii) estimating the peak-to-trough ratio and attributable fraction to measure the size of seasonality. Reporting changes in these features on adjusting for potential drivers allows readers to understand their role in seasonality and the nature of any residual seasonal pattern. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be extended to other health outcomes and environmental drivers.
Straight assembly line balancing by workload smoothing: new results
Authors: Niroomand Sadegh , Vizvari Bela 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAssembly line balancing by workload smoothing is very common; it aims to appropriately assign tasks to the stations of an assembly line, to ensure as similar as possible workloads for the stations. A shortcoming of the mathematical models developed in the literature is the optimization of workload smoothing when only all potential stations are considered. Therefore, the obtained solution may not be the global optimal solution and also may not be effective for real world cases. To overcome this shortcoming, some new workload smoothing criteria and their related mixed integer linear mathematical models are developed for three different settings: (1) workload smoothing optimization, when all potential stations are considered, (2) workload smoothing and minimization of the number of stations are optimized simultaneously, (3) global workload smoothing optimization regardless of the number of considered stations. The proposed formulations are associated with fewer variables and constraints compared with models previously presented in the literature and lead to better results according to an extensive numerical study. The proposed models can be applied in practice for designing the assembly lines of, inter alia, automobile and electronic equipment production systems.
Virological and Serological Assessment of US Army Trainees Isolated for Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Hakre Shilpa , Lakhal-Naouar Ines , King David B , Burns Jennifer L , Jackson Kenya N , Krauss Stephen W , Chandrasekaran Prabha , McCauley Melanie D , Ober Shepherd Brittany L , McHenry Samantha , Bianchi Elizabeth J , Ouellette Jason , Darden Janice M , Sanborn Aaron D , Daye Sharon P , Kwon Paul O , Stubbs Jeremiah , Brigantti Crystal L , Hall Tara L , Beagle Milford H , Pieri Jason A , Frambes Timothy R , O’Connell Robert J , Modjarrad Kayvon , Murray Clinton K , Jagodzinski Linda L , Scott Paul T , Peel Sheila A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Laboratory screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a key mitigation measure to avoid the spread of infection among recruits starting basic combat training in a congregate setting. Because viral nucleic acid can be detected persistently after recovery, we evaluated other laboratory markers to distinguish recruits who could proceed with training from those who were infected.

Methods
Recruits isolated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were serially tested for SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic ribonucleic acid (sgRNA), and viral load (VL) by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and for anti- SARS-CoV-2. Cluster and quadratic discriminant analyses of results were performed.

Results
Among 229 recruits isolated for COVID-19, those with a RT-PCR cycle threshold &gt;30.49 (sensitivity 95%, specificity 96%) or having sgRNA log10 RNA copies/mL &lt;3.09 (sensitivity and specificity 96%) at entry into isolation were likely SARS-CoV-2 uninfected. Viral load &gt;4.58 log10 RNA copies/mL or anti-SARS-CoV-2 signal-to-cutoff ratio &lt;1.38 (VL: sensitivity and specificity 93%; anti-SARS-CoV-2: sensitivity 83%, specificity 79%) had comparatively lower sensitivity and specificity when used alone for discrimination of infected from uninfected.

Conclusions
Orthogonal laboratory assays used in combination with RT-PCR may have utility in determining SARS-CoV-2 infection status for decisions regarding isolation.
Older Adults Mount Less Durable Humoral Responses to Two Doses of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine but Strong Initial Responses to a Third Dose
Authors: Mwimanzi Francis , Lapointe Hope R , Cheung Peter K , Sang Yurou , Yaseen Fatima , Umviligihozo Gisele , Kalikawe Rebecca , Datwani Sneha , Omondi F Harrison , Burns Laura , Young Landon , Leung Victor , Agafitei Olga , Ennis Siobhan , Dong Winnie , Basra Simran , Lim Li Yi , Ng Kurtis , Pantophlet Ralph , Brumme Chanson J , Montaner Julio S G , Prystajecky Natalie , Lowe Christopher F , DeMarco Mari L , Holmes Daniel T , Simons Janet , Niikura Masahiro , Romney Marc G , Brumme Zabrina L , Brockman Mark A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses are broadly recommended, but immunogenicity data remain limited, particularly in older adults.

Methods
We measured circulating antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor-binding domain, ACE2 displacement, and virus neutralization against ancestral and omicron (BA.1) strains from prevaccine up to 1 month following the third dose, in 151 adults aged 24–98 years who received COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.

Results
Following 2 vaccine doses, humoral immunity was weaker, less functional, and less durable in older adults, where a higher number of chronic health conditions was a key correlate of weaker responses and poorer durability. One month after the third dose, antibody concentrations and function exceeded post–second-dose levels, and responses in older adults were comparable in magnitude to those in younger adults at this time. Humoral responses against omicron were universally weaker than against the ancestral strain after both the second and third doses. Nevertheless, after 3 doses, anti-omicron responses in older adults reached equivalence to those in younger adults. One month after 3 vaccine doses, the number of chronic health conditions, but not age, was the strongest consistent correlate of weaker humoral responses.

Conclusions
Results underscore the immune benefits of third COVID-19 vaccine doses, particularly in older adults.
Pharmacogenetic Gene–Drug Associations in Pediatric Burn and Surgery Patients
Authors: Grimsrud Kristin N , Davis Ryan R , Tepper Clifford G , Palmieri Tina L 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Management of critically ill patients requires simultaneous administration of many medications. Treatment for patient comorbidities may lead to drug–drug interactions which decrease drug efficacy or increase adverse reactions. Current practices rely on a one-size-fits-all dosing approach. Pharmacogenetic testing is generally reserved for addressing problems rather than used proactively to optimize care. We hypothesized that burn and surgery patients will have one or more genetic variants in drug metabolizing pathways used by one or more medications administered during the patient’s hospitalization. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of variants with abnormal function in the primary drug pathways and identify which medications may be impacted. Genetic (19 whole exome and 11 whole genome) and medication data from 30 pediatric burn and surgery patients were analyzed to identify pharmacogene–drug associations. Nineteen patients were identified with predicted altered function in one or more of the following genes: CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. The majority had decreased function, except for several patients with CYP2C19 rapid or ultrarapid variants. Some drugs administered during hospitalization that rely on these pathways include hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone, ibuprofen, ketorolac, celecoxib, diazepam, famotidine, diphenhydramine, and glycopyrrolate. Approximately one-third of the patients tested had functionally impactful genotypes in each of the primary drug metabolizing pathways. This study suggests that genetic variants may in part explain the vast variability in drug efficacy and suggests that future pharmacogenetics research may optimize dosing regimens.
The detection of political deepfakes
Authors: Appel Markus , Prietzel Fabian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDeepfake technology, allowing manipulations of audiovisual content by means of artificial intelligence, is on the rise. This has sparked concerns about a weaponization of manipulated videos for malicious ends. A theory on deepfake detection is presented and three preregistered studies examined the detection of deepfakes in the political realm (featuring UK’s Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Studies 1–3, or former U.S. President Barack Obama, Study 2). Based on two system models of information processing as well as recent theory and research on fake news, individual differences in analytic thinking and political interest were examined as predictors of correctly detecting deepfakes. Analytic thinking (Studies 1 and 2) and political interest (Study 1) were positively associated with identifying deepfakes and negatively associated with the perceived accuracy of a fake news piece about a leaked video (whether or not the deepfake video itself was presented, Study 3). Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Globalization and Political Structure
Authors: Gancia Gino , Ponzetto Giacomo A M , Ventura Jaume 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical framework to study the interaction between globalization and political structure. We show that political structure adapts in a non-monotonic way to declining transport costs. Borders hamper trade. At an earlier stage, the political response to expanding trade opportunities consists of removing borders by increasing country size. At a later stage, instead, it consists of removing the cost of borders by creating international unions. This leads to a reduction in country size. Moreover, diplomacy replaces conquest as a tool to ensure market access. These predictions are consistent with historical evidence on trade, territorial changes, and membership of international unions.