bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International approaches to writing instruction: a comparison of curriculum in Australia and the USA
Authors: Zammit Katina , Rhodes Joan , Milby Tammy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBeing literate empowers individuals to be active citizens and enhances individuals self-esteem, self-confidence, and independence. In today’s society, literacy requires much more than alphabetic knowledge. Curriculum documents provide content knowledge for teachers to refer to as they assess and plan for the learning needs of their students. However, they also have embedded within them particular views on what is to be taught and how to teach writing. In this paper, we analyse how the teaching and learning of writing is represented in the official (intended) English curriculum standards of the USA, the state of Virginia, and Australia, in New South Wales. Using content analysis, we analysed the standards for the approach/es explicitly or implicitly embedded in the writing standards. We found that a skills-based approach was the dominant discourse in both US and Australian intended curricula. A process approach was present much more in the Virginia standards than NSW, while a genre approach was more prominent in NSW curricula than Virginia. The creative and critical approaches were less present in both countries. We acknowledge that the enacted curriculum may differ to that of the intended official curriculum as teachers bring their own interpretations to the official curriculum documents.
Progress and remaining challenges in comprehensive gastric cancer treatment
Authors: Miao Zhi-Feng , Chen Hanyu , Wang Zhen-Ning , Ji Jia-Fu , Liang Han , Xu Hui-Mian , Wang Jiping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer among all cancer fields and currently the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths both in men and women worldwide. Additionally, the incidence and mortality of GC significantly varies due to different eating habits and environmental and genetic factors in different areas. Remarkably, with the development of techniques and surgical equipment along with newly emerging drugs and therapeutics, the 5-year survival for GC patients has increased and the death rate has decreased. In this perspective, based on current therapies in GC field around the world, we present a systematic discussion about the state of advanced clinical treatments including surgical resection, systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and enhanced recovery after surgery. Although challenges remain which require further study and investigation, in this review, we mainly focus on the promising clinical treatment strategies in GC to date.
Dried chicory root improves bowel function, benefits intestinal microbial trophic chains and increases faecal and circulating short chain fatty acids in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Puhlmann Marie-Luise , Jokela Roosa , van Dongen Katja Catharina Wilhelmina , Bui Thi Phuong Nam , Hangelbroek Roland Willem Jan van , Smidt Hauke , de Vos Willem Meindert , Feskens Edith Johanna Maria 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We investigated the impact of dried chicory root in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial with 55 subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes on bowel function, gut microbiota and its products, and glucose homeostasis. The treatment increased stool softness (+1.1 ± 0.3 units; p = 0.034) and frequency (+0.6 ± 0.2 defecations/day; p < 0.001), strongly modulated gut microbiota composition (7 % variation; p = 0.001), and dramatically increased relative levels (3-4-fold) of Anaerostipes and Bifidobacterium spp., in a dose-dependent, reversible manner. A synthetic community, including selected members of these genera and a Bacteroides strain, generated a butyrogenic trophic chain from the product. Faecal acetate, propionate and butyrate increased by 25.8 % (+13.0 ± 6.3 mmol/kg; p = 0.023) as did their fasting circulating levels by 15.7 % (+7.7 ± 3.9 μM; p = 0.057). In the treatment group the glycaemic coefficient of variation decreased from 21.3 ± 0.94 to 18.3 ± 0.84 % (p = 0.004), whereas fasting glucose and HOMA-ir decreased in subjects with low baseline Blautia levels (−0.3 ± 0.1 mmol/L fasting glucose; p = 0.0187; −0.14 ± 0.1 HOMA-ir; p = 0.045). Dried chicory root intake rapidly and reversibly affects bowel function, benefits butyrogenic trophic chains, and promotes glycaemic control.
Policy Dialogue: The War over How History Is Taught
Authors: Jamnah Donnalie , Zimmerman Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConflict over the curriculum is nothing new in American public education, which has never been insulated from the culture wars. In the past few years, conflict over the teaching of race has torn through history and social studies classrooms, inciting the most serious fight over America's past since the last “history war” in the 1990s. At issue in the current conflict are debates over what schools should teach K-12 students about the history of race and racism in the United States. The chief flashpoint in this fight has been the New York Times’s 1619 Project, led by journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones, which seeks to retell the story of America's founding through the lens of racial inequality. Pushback on the 1619 Project has included the Trump administration's 1776 Commission, which produced a series of proposals seeking to ban 1619-aligned curricula and oppose critical race theory.For this policy dialogue, the HEQ editors asked Donnalie Jamnah and Jonathan Zimmerman to discuss the latest round of history wars in K-12 public education, exploring the extent to which the past helps us understand the troubled present, as well as what the future might hold. Donnalie Jamnah is the K-12 Partnerships Manager for the education team at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. In that role, she manages several programs including the 1619 Educator Network. Prior to joining the Pulitzer Center, she worked as a classroom teacher and instructional coach. Zimmerman is a past president of the History of Education Society and the Judy and Howard Berkowitz Professor in Education at the University of Pennsylvania. His work examines how education practices and policies have developed over time, and the myths that often cloud our understanding of teaching and learning. He is the author of nine books, including Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools (2002), which the University of Chicago Press will release in a revised twentieth-anniversary edition in 2022.HEQ policy dialogues are, by design, intended to promote an informal, free exchange of ideas between scholars. At the end of the exchange, we offer a list of references for readers who wish to follow up on sources relevant to the discussion.
STRUCTURAL HIGHNESS NOTIONS
Authors: CALVERT WESLEY , FRANKLIN JOHANNA N. Y. , TURETSKY DAN 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe introduce several highness notions on degrees related to the problem of computing isomorphisms between structures, provided that isomorphisms exist. We consider variants along axes of uniformity, inclusion of negative information, and several other problems related to computing isomorphisms. These other problems include Scott analysis (in the form of back-and-forth relations), jump hierarchies, and computing descending sequences in linear orders.
Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Rosebrock Laina , Waite Felicity , Loe Bao Sheng , Kabir Thomas , Petit Ariane , Dudley Robert , Chapman Kate , Morrison Anthony , O'Regan Eileen , Aynsworth Charlotte , Jones Julia , Murphy Elizabeth , Powling Rosie , Peel Heather , Walker Harry , Byrne Rory , Freeman Jason , Rovira Aitor , Galal Ushma , Yu Ly-Mee , Clark David M. , Lambe Sinéad 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAutomated virtual reality therapies are being developed to increase access to psychological interventions. We assessed the experience with one such therapy of patients diagnosed with psychosis, including satisfaction, side effects, and positive experiences of access to the technology. We tested whether side effects affected therapy.MethodsIn a clinical trial 122 patients diagnosed with psychosis completed baseline measures of psychiatric symptoms, received gameChange VR therapy, and then completed a satisfaction questionnaire, the Oxford-VR Side Effects Checklist, and outcome measures.Results79 (65.8%) patients were very satisfied with VR therapy, 37 (30.8%) were mostly satisfied, 3 (2.5%) were indifferent/mildly dissatisfied, and 1 (0.8%) person was quite dissatisfied. The most common side effects were: difficulties concentrating because of thinking about what might be happening in the room (n = 17, 14.2%); lasting headache (n = 10, 8.3%); and the headset causing feelings of panic (n = 9, 7.4%). Side effects formed three factors: difficulties concentrating when wearing a headset, feelings of panic using VR, and worries following VR. The occurrence of side effects was not associated with number of VR sessions, therapy outcomes, or psychiatric symptoms. Difficulties concentrating in VR were associated with slightly lower satisfaction. VR therapy provision and engagement made patients feel: proud (n = 99, 81.8%); valued (n = 97, 80.2%); and optimistic (n = 96, 79.3%).ConclusionsPatients with psychosis were generally very positive towards the VR therapy, valued having the opportunity to try the technology, and experienced few adverse effects. Side effects did not significantly impact VR therapy. Patient experience of VR is likely to facilitate widespread adoption.
Transferability of a EUnetHTA relative effectiveness assessment to low- and middle-income countries setting
Authors: Padmasawitri T. I. Armina , Fuady Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2020, European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) published a relative effectiveness analysis (REA) of Pretomanid in combination with Bedaquiline and Linezolid for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) or treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) (REA PTJA14). This REA may have a significant value for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) outside Europe, particularly those with a high burden of drug-resistant TB. This commentary focuses on whether the REA PTJA14 can be transferred and to what extent a REA can be translated to LMICs context outside Europe. We found that the assessments on the clinical effectiveness and risks of bias reported in REA PTJA14 are useful for LMICs outside Europe. The highly standardized management of TB will support the applicability of the REA to LMICs outside of Europe. Transferring this REA can reduce workload and efficiently use limited resources to conduct health technology assessment (HTA). However, the transfer should consider several critical issues, including variations in health system delivery and clinical practice and setting-specific constraints. In the TB context, the differences in the current standard treatment for XDR or nonresponsive MDR TB, resources availability for drug-resistant TB management, and how healthcare is delivered in the countries can complicate the applicability of the REA PTJA14. Given that LMICs have limitations in doing HTA, it is now critical to develop standard guidelines for transferring REA or other HTA results from high-income countries or other LMICs to maximize the benefits of the REA for LMICs outside Europe.
Humanitarian Medical Aid Mission in the Middle of a Pandemic – Israeli Experience in Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Shlaifer Amir , Berman Asaf , Benov Avi , Friedman Guy , Koller Tomer , Ankory Ran , Almog Ofer , Bar On Elhanan , Shapira Shachar , Harats Moti , Glassberg Elon , Fink Noam 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroduction:In March 2021, a series of explosions shook a military base in Bata, Equatorial Guinea. As a response to government officials’ request, the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps (IDF-MC) deployed an emergency aid team that faced two major challenges: (1) understanding the scenario, the injury patterns, and the needs of the local medical system; and (2) minimizing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak threats. This report describes the team design, the activities performed before and during the deployment, analyzes the pathology encountered, and shares lessons learned from the mission.Sources:Data were collected from the delegation protocols and IDF medical records. All activities of the Israeli delegation were coordinated with the local government.Observations:The local authorities reported that a total of 107 people were killed and more than 700 people were wounded. The team was the first international team to arrive at the scene and assisted the local medical teams to treat 231 patients in the three local hospitals and 213 patients in field clinics in the villages surrounding Bata. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the operation of this mission, and caution measures were activated.Analysis:Unplanned explosions at munitions sites (UEMS) are a growing problem causing the medical teams to face unique challenges. By understanding the expected challenges, the team was reinforced with a plastic surgeon, portable ultrasound devices, a large amount and a variety of antibiotics, whole blood units, and freeze-dried plasma. Rehabilitation experts were needed in some cases in the week following the injury. An important key for the success of this kind of medical aid delegation is the collaboration with the local medical teams, which enhances patient care.
Predictors of Risk Stratification and Value of Point-of-Care of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin-I in EMS Management of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Pavlovsky Thomas , Obadia Mathias , Ragot Stéphanie , Douay Benedicte , Casalino Enrique , Ghazali Daniel Aiham 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroduction:The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2020 guidelines propose an algorithm for in-hospital management of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on risk stratification according to clinical, electrocardiographic, and biological data. However, out-of-hospital management is not codified.Study Objective:The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I in out-of-hospital management of NSTEMI by Emergency Medical Services (EMS).Methods:This monocentric, retrospective, observational study analyzed the files of all patients having received a troponin assay in the EMS of Beaujon University Hospital, AP-HP (Paris region, France) from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020. Patients were classified as low risk, high risk, or very high risk according to the ESC 2020 algorithm at the time of their hospital treatment. The relationship between troponin in point-of-care and risk level according to time to onset of pain was analyzed using logistic regression. A search for predictors of risk level was performed using multivariate analysis. A P value <.05 was considered significant.Results:Out of 309 patients in the file, 233 were included. Men were 61% and the median age was 63 years. A positive troponin assay was associated with high-risk or very high-risk stratification regardless of the time to onset of pain (P <.0001). Predictive factors for being classified as high or very high risk in hospital were: a history of atrial fibrillation (P = .03), electrocardiogram (ECG) modifications such as negative T wave or ST-segment depression (P <.0001), and positive troponin (P <.0001).Conclusion:The use of point-of-care troponin in EMS, combined with clinical and electrical criteria, allows risk stratification of NSTEMI patients from the prehospital management stage and optimization of referral to an appropriate care pathway. Patients classified as low risk should be referred to the emergency department (ED) and patients classified as high risk or very high risk to the cardiac intensive care unit or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) center.
Healthcare Resource Use and Quality of Life Associated with Cognitive Impairment Among Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Kadakia Aditi , Fan Qi , Fan Angela , Shepherd Jason , Bailey Hollie , Dembek Carole , Williams Rhys 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the association between cognitive impairment and hospitalizations, quality of life and satisfaction with life among patients with schizophrenia.MethodsA point-in-time survey was conducted between July and October 2019 via the Adelphi Schizophrenia Disease Specific Programme across the United States of America. Patients were stratified as mild or severe based on the level of cognitive impairment reported by their psychiatrist (normal, mild = mild; moderate, severe, very severe = severe). Multiple regression analysis was used to model the association between cognitive impairment and outcomes, adjusting for baseline characteristics.ResultsData were provided by 124 psychiatrists for 651 mildly and 484 severely impaired patients with schizophrenia; PSCs were completed by 349 mildly and 206 severely impaired patients. Severe cognitive impairment was associated with increased odds of hospitalization due to schizophrenia relapse since diagnosis (2.10 odds ratio [OR], P = .004) and within 12 months (1.95 OR, P < .001) compared to mild impairment. Moreover, patients with severe cognitive impairment had poorer quality of life according to the EuroQoL 5-dimension (EQ-5D) Health Index (−0.085 coefficient, P < .001) and EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale (−6.24 coefficient, P = .041) compared to patients with mild cognitive impairment. Severe cognitive impairment was also associated with lower overall life satisfaction according to the Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (−8.13 coefficient, P = .006) compared to mild cognitive impairment.ConclusionSchizophrenia patients with severe cognitive impairment had more hospitalizations due to relapse than patients with mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, patients with severe cognitive impairment had significantly lower quality of life and overall satisfaction with life compared to patients with mild cognitive impairment.FundingSunovion Pharmaceuticals
The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2019
Authors: Kadakia Aditi , Fan Angela , Marden Jessica , Dembek Carole , Catillon Maryaline , Anderson Annika , Williams Rhys 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia is associated with health, social, and financial burdens for patients, caregivers, and society. Major systemic changes, reforms, and technological advances have happened in the USA since the prior estimate of the societal cost of schizophrenia, $155.7B in 2013. This study analyzes the most recent data and literature to update this estimate.MethodsDirect and indirect costs associated with schizophrenia in the US in 2019 were estimated using a prevalence-based approach (ICD-10 codes: F20, F25). Direct healthcare costs were assessed retrospectively using a matched cohort design in the IBM Watson Health MarketScan Commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid databases from October 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019. Patients were matched to controls on demographics, insurance type, and index year. Direct nonhealthcare costs were estimated using published literature and government data. Indirect costs were estimated using a human capital approach and the value of quality-adjusted life years lost. Cost offsets were applied to account for basic living costs avoided. Excess costs, comparing costs for individuals with and without schizophrenia, were reported in 2019 USD.ResultsThe estimated excess economic burden of schizophrenia in the US in 2019 was $330.6B, including $62.3B in direct healthcare costs (19%), $19.7B in direct nonhealthcare costs (5%), and $251.9B in excess indirect costs (76%). The largest drivers of indirect costs were caregiving ($112.3B), premature mortality ($77.9B), and unemployment ($54.2B).ConclusionsThe estimated societal burden of schizophrenia in the USA in 2019 was $330.6B, which represented a 93.5% increase from 2013 to 2019, after accounting for inflation. This study underscores the increasing and apparent burden of schizophrenia not only on the patient, but also on caregivers and society.FundingSunovion Pharmaceuticals
These Are Not the Droids You Are Looking For: Mechanical Variant of Cotard’s Syndrome
Authors: Chaudhry Ahmed A. , Shah Syeda A. , Hirsch Alan R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionCotard’s syndrome is a nihilistic delusion where the individual believes they are dead, partly dead, or replaced by an animal. The delusion that their body has been replaced by a purely inanimate azooic (but physical entity), such as a robot or a droid, has not hitherto been described.MethodsCase study: This 60-year-old, right-handed, female, with a past history of schizophrenia presented with complaints of depression, irritability, and anger. When confronted with commitment papers signed by her father, she denied their truthfulness, insisting that he had been replaced by an imposter. This belief persisted unabated, despite treatment with 20 mg of haloperidol per day. Over time, she expressed the belief that she had been replaced by another person, whom she refused to identify. The following day she refused all food and water proclaiming that she had died and been replaced by a machine revealing, “I am not her. I am a robot.” Soon thereafter she developed tremulousness, stiffness, and rigidity. After haloperidol was decreased and benztropine started, these parkinsonism symptoms subsided, but her delusions persisted.ResultsAbnormalities in physical examination: General: decreased blink frequency. Neurologic examination: Mental status examination: bradyphrenia, hypoverbal, blunted affect. Oriented ×2. Motor examination: bradykinetic, cogwheel rigidity in both upper extremities. Gait examination: slow shuffling gait, reduced bilateral arm swing. Cerebellar examination: resting tremor in both upper extremities at 3 cycles per second. Other: EEG: focal sharp transients in the left temporal region. MRI with and without contrast: normal. Toxicological, metabolic, endocrine screening: normal.ConclusionThis illustrated sequential presentations of three delusions of misidentification. Upon presentation, she exhibited Capgras syndrome, the delusional belief that a familiar person has been replaced by a double. The nidus for this may have been the discovery that her father had signed her commitment papers. This was followed by the belief she was a double of herself, which is the syndrome of Reverse Subjective Doubles. Finally, she manifested Cotard’s syndrome in a previously undescribed manner, believing she had died and become a robot. Cotard’s and Capgras syndromes are known to present sequentially rather than concurrently, whereas the patient presented concurrently with all three syndromes. Drug-induced parkinsonism may have made the patient subjectively feel stiff, which she interpreted as being rigid like a robot. She was bradykinetic, did not eat or drink, and had rigidity, suggesting that these were somatic manifestations of her underlying delusion of being a robot or alternatively, may have been the somatic nidus for the delusion. Those who present with Cotard’s syndrome warrant evaluation for underlying medical conditions, serving as a substrate for this delusion.FundingNo funding