bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital In-Line Holography of Condensed-Phase Particles in Solid Rocket Motor Plume
Authors: Jin Bingning , Xu Hongbo , Yang Siying , Lei Xiaoyu , Ding Yaxin , Liu Peijin 
Published: February 2022

Condensed phase particles (CCPs) of plume flows in solid rocket motors (SRMs) are one of the major causes of smog and other signal characteristics, which leads to attenuation of weapons guidance system signals. In order to study the dynamic combustion characteristics of the exhaust plume in a high pressure solid rocket motor with highly-aluminized propellanta digital in-line holographic (DIH) measurement system was used for identification and analysis of CCPs of exhaust plume flows in a SRM under 10 MPa pressure. During the SRM firing, the plume particles characteristic in the field of 9–11.5 cm away from the non-expanding nozzle outlet plane was measured and analyzed. Further, in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of particle identification, a target recognition method suitable for autonomous recognition of plume particles in a complex background from digital holographic images was established. About 12,400 individual particles from two thousand holographic images were recognized, and the 3D spatial information (number and volume probability density function) and mean diameters were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that digital in-line holography measurement technology with target recognition method established in this paper can be applied well to real-time measurement of the 3D dynamic characteristics of the plume particle field anywhere outside of the nozzle outlet of an SRM with highly aluminized propellants. By identifying each reconstructed particle, the 3D spatial distribution, CCPs size distribution and velocity in the measurement area can be obtained.
Uncontrolled Blood Pressure and Associated Factors Among Persons With Diabetes: A Community Based Study From Kerala, India
Authors: Sreedevi Aswathy , Krishnapillai Vijayakumar , Menon Vishnu B. , Mathew Minu Maria , Nair Rajeesh R. , Pillai Gopal S. , Numpelil Mathews , Menon Jaideep , Marwaha Vishal 
Published: February 2022

The coexistence of raised blood pressure (BP) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major contributor to the development and progression of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled BP and its associated factors in persons with T2DM in a district in Kerala.MethodsThe study was conducted in Ernakulam district in Kerala, and a total of 3,092 individuals with T2DM were enrolled after obtaining consent. Those with a BP “above or equal to 140 mmHg” and/or “above or equal to 90 mmHg” were thus considered to have uncontrolled BP. If the BP was equal or &gt;140 and/or 90 mmHg, a repeat reading was taken after 30 min and the average of the two was considered. Basic demographic details were enquired along with electronic measurement of BP, HbA1c estimation and screening for diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and peripheral neuropathy. Quantitative and qualitative variables were expressed as mean (SD) and proportions, respectively. The model for determinants of uncontrolled BP was developed adjusting for age, gender, education, duration of diabetes, occupation, body mass index (BMI) and clustering effect.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 59.51 ± 9.84 years. The mean duration of T2DM was found to be 11.3 ± 6.64 years. The proportion of uncontrolled HTN adjusted for clustering was 60% (95% CI 58 and 62%). Among them, only one in two persons (53.3%) had a history of hypertension. Age &gt;60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.24, 1.76; p &lt; 0.001], unemployment (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.75; p &lt; 0.01), duration of diabetes &gt; 11 years (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19, 1.68; p &lt; 0.001), and BMI ≥23 (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10, 1.59; p &lt; 0.002) were found to be independent determinants of high BP levels when adjusted for the aforementioned variables, gender, education, and cluster effect. The association between complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, PAD, and retinopathy showed a higher risk among those with uncontrolled BP. Retinopathy was 1.35 times more (95% CI 1.02, 1.7, p &lt; 0.03), PAD was 1.6 times more (95% CI 1.2, 2.07, p &lt; 0.001), and peripheral neuropathy was 1.5 (95% CI 1.14, 1.9, p &lt; 0.003) times more compared to their counterparts.ConclusionTarget BP levels were far from being achieved in a good majority of the persons with T2DM. To reduce further macrovascular and microvascular events among people with T2DM, effective awareness and more stringent screening measures need to be employed in this population.
Numerical Evaluation of Human Body Near Field Exposure to a Vehicular Antenna for Military Applications
Authors: Colella Micol , Biscarini Marianna , de Meis Marco , Patrizi Roberto , Ciallella Tino , Ferrante Daniele , De Gaetano Alessandro , Capuano Marco , Pellegrino Giovanni , Martini Emanuele , Cavagnaro Marta , Apollonio Francesca , Liberti Micaela 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThe use of electromagnetic (EM) technologies for military applications is gaining increasing interest to satisfy different operational needs, such as improving battlefield communications or jamming counterpart's signals. This is achieved by the use of high-power EM waves in several frequency bands (e.g., HF, VHF, and UHF). When considering military vehicles, several antennas are present in close proximity to the crew personnel, which are thus potentially exposed to high EM fields.MethodsA typical exposure scenario was reproduced numerically to evaluate the EM exposure of the human body in the presence of an HF vehicular antenna (2–30 MHz). The antenna was modeled as a monopole connected to a 3D polygonal structure representing the vehicle. Both the EM field levels in the absence and in the presence of the human body and also the specific absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated. The presence of the operator, partially standing outside the vehicle, was simulated with the virtual human body model Duke (Virtual Population, V.3). Several exposure scenarios were considered. The presence of a protective helmet was modeled as well.ResultsIn the area usually occupied by the personnel, E-field intensity radiated by the antenna can reach values above the limits settled by international safety guidelines. Nevertheless, local SAR values induced inside the human body reached a maximum value of 14 mW/kg, leading to whole-body averaged and 10-g averaged SAR values well below the corresponding limits.ConclusionA complex and realistic near-field exposure scenario of the crew of a military vehicle was simulated. The obtained E-field values radiated in the free space by a HF vehicular antenna may reach values above the safety guidelines reference levels. Such values are not necessarily meaningful for the exposed subject. Indeed, SAR and E-field values induced inside the body remain well below safety limits.
Associations of Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Community Population Cohort From Southwest China
Authors: Wang Yanhuan , Xu Lina , Wang Na , Zhu Ling , Zhao Fouxi , Xu Kelin , Liu Tao , Fu Chaowei 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising rapidly worldwide, but there are scant empirical data on the association between diet and diabetes in Southwest China.MethodsIn this prospective community-population cohort study from Guizhou Province, China since 2010, 7,023 eligible adults were included. Dietary information was obtained by face-to-face interviews with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated for the associations between various dietary patterns and incident T2D risk by cox proportional hazard model.ResultsUntil 2020, a total of 749 new T2D cases were identified during the average follow-up of 7.05 years and the incidence was 14.75/1,000 person-years. Two main dietary patterns from the food frequency questionnaire were identified by factor analysis, i.e., vegetable-grain pattern and junk food pattern. In the multivariate analysis, 28 and 20% lower risks of T2D were observed at the low intake of junk food pattern (HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.87) and the high intake of vegetable-grain pattern (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.95) after adjustment for potential confounding factors, compared with the medium intake of such patterns, respectively. Positive linear relationships were found between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at follow-up and its change with junk food pattern, while there were inverse linear associations with vegetable-grain pattern.ConclusionHigher adherence to vegetable-grain patterns and lower adherence to junk food patterns significantly lowered T2D incidence among the population in Southwest China. Moving toward a healthier dietary model deserves more attention to develop interventions for the prevention of T2D.
Characteristics and Global Occurrence of Human Pathogens Harboring Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Crops: A Scoping Review
Authors: Brunn Ariel , Kadri-Alabi Zaharat , Moodley Arshnee , Guardabassi Luca , Taylor Phil , Mateus Ana , Waage Jeff 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThe role of the crop environment as a conduit for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through soil, water, and plants has received less attention than other sectors. Food crops may provide a link between the agro-environmental reservoir of AMR and acquisition by humans, adding to existing food safety hazards associated with microbial contamination of food crops.ObjectivesThe objectives of this review were: (1) to use a systematic methodology to characterize AMR in food crop value chains globally, and (2) to identify knowledge gaps in understanding exposure risks to humans.MethodsFour bibliographic databases were searched using synonyms of AMR in food crop value chains. Following two-stage screening, phenotypic results were extracted and categorized into primary and secondary combinations of acquired resistance in microbes of concern based on established prioritization. Occurrence of these pathogen-AMR phenotype combinations were summarized by sample group, value chain stage, and world region. Sub-analyses on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) focused on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and tetracycline resistance genes.ResultsScreening of 4,455 citations yielded 196 studies originating from 49 countries, predominantly in Asia (89 studies) and Africa (38). Observations of pathogen-phenotype combinations of interest were reported in a subset of 133 studies (68%). Primary combinations, which include resistance to antimicrobials of critical importance to human medicine varied from 3% (carbapenem resistance) to 13% (fluoroquinolones), whereas secondary combinations, which include resistance to antimicrobials also used in agriculture ranged from 14% (aminoglycoside resistance) to 20% (aminopenicillins). Salad crops, vegetables, and culinary herbs were the most sampled crops with almost twice as many studies testing post-harvest samples. Sub-analysis of ARG found similar patterns corresponding to phenotypic results.DiscussionThese results suggest that acquired AMR in opportunistic and obligate human pathogens is disseminated throughout food crop value chains in multiple world regions. However, few longitudinal studies exist and substantial heterogeneity in sampling methods currently limit quantification of exposure risks to consumers. This review highlights the need to include agriculturally-derived AMR in monitoring food safety risks from plant-based foods, and the challenges facing its surveillance.
Effect of Cluster Nursing Based on Risk Management Strategy on Urinary Tract Infection in Patients With Severe Craniocerebral Injury
Authors: Qiao Hongbin , Yang Jing , Wang Cui 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of cluster nursing based on risk management strategy in the management of urinary tract infection in patients with severe craniocerebral injury.MethodsA total of 116 patients with severe craniocerebral injury who were admitted to our hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were included. They were divided into the control group (58 patients) and the observation group (58 patients). The control group received routine nursing care and the observation group received cluster nursing based on risk management strategy. The incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), the results of bacterial culture on the surface of the urinary catheter, the incidence of nursing risk events, the duration of placing the urinary catheter, the length of hospital stay, and hospital costs as well as the patient satisfaction score were compared between the two groups. The knowledge, attitude, and practice scale for prevention of catheter infection and the competence evaluation scale of nurses were used to evaluate the sense-control ability and core competence of the interveners.ResultsThe total incidence of CAUTI in the observation group was (6.90%) lower than that in the control group (20.69%) (p &lt; 0.05). The bacterial culture results on the catheter surface of patients in the observation group before and after 6 and 12 h of catheter cleaning were better than those of patients in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The duration of indwelling urinary catheter, hospitalization time, and hospitalization expenses of patients in the observation group were lower than those of patients in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The incidence rate of nursing risk events in the observation group was (1.72%) lower than that in the control group (11.86%) (p &lt; 0.05). The overall satisfaction score of patients and the control and core ability scores of nursing staff in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionCluster nursing based on risk management strategy can effectively reduce the incidence of nursing risk events and the probability of UTI in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, shorten the duration of indwelling urinary catheter and hospitalization.
Aripiprazole Offsets Mutant ATXN3-Induced Motor Dysfunction by Targeting Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 1A and 2A Receptors in C. elegans
Authors: Jalles Ana , Vieira Cármen , Pereira-Sousa Joana , Vilasboas-Campos Daniela , Mota Ana Francisca , Vasconcelos Sara , Ferreira-Lomba Bruna , Costa Marta Daniela , Da Silva Jorge Diogo , Maciel Patrícia , Teixeira-Castro Andreia 
Published: February 2022

The atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of psychotic, mood, and other psychiatric disorders. Previous drug discovery efforts pinpointed aripiprazole as an effective suppressor of Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) pathogenesis, as its administration resulted in a reduced abundance and aggregation of mutant Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) proteins. Dopamine partial agonism and functional selectivity have been proposed as the main pharmacological mechanism of action of aripiprazole in the treatment of psychosis; however, this mechanism remains to be determined in the context of MJD. Here, we focus on confirming the efficacy of aripiprazole to reduce motor dysfunction in vivo, using a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of MJD, and on unveiling the drug targets required for its positive action against mutant ATXN3 pathogenesis. We employed pharmacogenetics and pharmacological approaches to identify which dopamine and serotonin receptors are critical for aripiprazole-mediated improvements in motor function. We demonstrated that dopamine D2-like and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors play important roles in this process. Our findings strengthen the relevance of dopaminergic and serotoninergic signaling modulation against mutant ATXN3-mediated pathogenesis. The identification of aripiprazole’s cellular targets, relevant for MJD and perhaps other neurodegenerative diseases, may pave the way for prospective drug discovery and development campaigns aiming to improve the features of this prototypical compound and reduce side effects not negligible in the case of aripiprazole.
La réforme agraire dans la Russie post-soviétique. Point de vue d'un historien
Authors: Danilov Viktor 
Published: February 2022

Agrarian Reform in post-Soviet Russia : the Point of View of an Historian, Victor Danilov
Contrary to all expectations, Russian farmers did not receive favourably the agrarian reform which was supposed to free them at last. Far from taking advantage of the right given to them of leaving the Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz, they chose to adopt an attitude of open resistance to decollectivization. According to the author, the failure of the agrarian reform is explained in a large part by the «bureaucratic extremism» with which it was accomplished during the winter 1992-1993, and also by the extreme subdivision of the process of production and by the lack of support given to cooperative and individual formulas. The end of price controls and the deregulation of services increased the inequality between urban and rural areas. From Stolypin to Gorbachev, the transformation of the countryside has always been forced upon it from above. With no autonomy of management and no real freedom of choice, farmers remain victims of the Nomenklatura. The crisis in agriculture which is reflected in the general decrease of production opens a new era of uncertainty.
Une spécificité agraire de la Puisaye. Les manœuvreries, petites exploitations complémentaires des métairies (XVIIIe-XIXe siècle)
Authors: Rocher Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2022

An agrarian peculiarity in Puisaye : the manoeuvreries, smallholdings complementing
sharecropping.
In the Puisaye, which is a small bocage region between the Loire and the Yonne rivers, traditional farming takes the form of sharecropping, usually within the framework of large landholdings. But smaller farms, called manoeuvreries, coexist with sharecropping farms. These manoeuvreries can either be subordinated to share-cropping farms within domains and under the control of large landholders, who can eventually change the relative weight of these two types of farms ; or they are isolated and belong to small, independent landowners. Whatever the case, manoeuvreries are not autonomous units, since they don't include draft animals. The manoeuvres, therefore, must necessarily set up some kind of collaboration with surrounding sharecroppers.
Calendriers agricoles et systèmes de culture en Europe continentale au XVIe siècle
Authors: Beutler Corinne 
Published: February 2022

Farming schedules and cultivation systems in continental Europe during the XVIth century
This paper tries to define the constraints governing farm improvement. Erudite cultivators were calling upon other farmers to follow the methods and examples they proposed, but in so doing, they never really envisioned the kind of yield which would have been adequate when the needs of the entire population were taken into account. As it appears in the monthly schedules included in these treatises, the model farm of the time would have been managed under particularly rigid guidelines. Crop diversification, accelerated crop rotation within each plot of land, and the corresponding rythms which had to be adopted to complete the tasks at hand, put under heavy stress timelines of agricultural activity already subject to the hazards of the weather. These calendars developed an ideal timetable which took into account all the possible delays ; since they tried to master all the possible parameters, they actually functioned as summarized management guidebooks.
La Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). Ruptures et continuités dans l’histoire de l’Europe rurale
Authors: Noël Gilbert 
Published: February 2022

Un examen sur le long terme de l’agriculture européenne révèle que ses structures ont connu des modifications profondes. Depuis les débuts de la politique agricole commune (PAC), des exploitations modernisées et insérées dans un réseau dense de relations entre l’agriculture et le reste de l’économie ont pris une dimension nouvelle. Et l’agriculture est concernée par une nouvelle donne : aboutir à des pratiques agricoles compatibles avec la protection des zones rurales.
Les relations entre l’activité agricole et les sociétés rurales européennes doivent être prises en compte par les historiens pour comprendre l’évolution de «l’Europe verte ». Cet article vise à présenter une analyse de l’histoire de l’Europe rurale et agricole à travers des processus de désintégration/modernisation et de rupture/continuité. Il inclut les concepts de «révolution rurale » et de «développement durable » pour stimuler des études plus vastes sur l’intégration agricole européenne.
Hyperkalemia and Metabolic Acidosis Occur at a Higher eGFR in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Saraf Santosh L. , Derebail Vimal K. , Zhang Xu , Machado Roberto F. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Lash James P. , Little Jane 
Published: February 2022

Background
People with sickle cell disease (SCD) have an elevated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) compared with the general population, and this may alter the usual creatinine-based eGFR cutoffs for which physiologic evidence of kidney dysfunction is apparent. This study aimed to identify eGFR thresholds for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis in patients with SCD.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional analysis of 733 patients with severe (hemoglobin SS or Sβ
0-thalassemia) SCD genotype, 238 patients with moderate (hemoglobin SC or Sβ
+-thalassemia) SCD genotype, and 1333 age- and sex-matched African Americans from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The prevalence rates of hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were compared by eGFR category. Cutoffs for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were determined using generalized additive models.

Results
Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were more common in those with severe SCD genotype (13% and 21%, respectively) compared with the NHANES (0.3% and 5%, respectively); the prevalence rates in the moderate SCD genotype were intermediate for hyperkalemia (3%) and metabolic acidosis (11%). The proportion of patients with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis progressively increased with lower eGFR category in both SCD genotype groups. The eGFR thresholds for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were higher in the severe (85 and 91 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively) and moderate (52 and 102 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively) SCD genotypes compared with the NHANES (34 and 46 ml/min per 1.73 m2).

Conclusions
We demonstrate that hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis are more common and occur at higher eGFR values in patients with SCD compared with age- and sex-matched African Americans, including in eGFR ranges considered to be normal. Future studies using redefined creatinine-based eGFR thresholds for abnormal kidney function may identify high-risk patients for earlier intervention strategies and referral for specialized renal care in SCD.