bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Tribunes and Senate
Authors: Gallo Annarosa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the interactions between plebeian tribunes and the Senate in law-making. During the Republican period the interactions between tribunes and the Senate underwent substantial modifications. From the third century bce, after the lex Hortensia, the tribunician college became a governing body, now formally accepted and recognized: the tribunes were indeed invited to join the Senate and to become part of it. The tribunes became then privileged interlocutors of the Senate and sometimes “instruments of the senatorial will” (as Francesco De Martino effectively put it). However, this vision of the two-way relationship between the tribunician college and the Senate, based on concordia, was not always shared by all the tribunes. In the dialectic between the Senate and the tribunes, commonality or divergence of intents were determined by political considerations.
The Gentes Maiores and Aristocratic Competition in Rome (200–134 bce)
Authors: Landrea Cyrielle 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Roman nobility between 200 and 134 bce. Its focus is on the patricians and the gentes maiores, the six “greater clans”: Aemilii, Claudii, Cornelii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii. The distinction based on gentes minores and gentes maiores is hard to define, but the powerful gentes maiores constantly maintained their prestige and retained a dominant position in the political life of the second century. For example, the princeps senatus was always a patrician, who had to belong to the gentes maiores. In addition, between 200 and 134 bce, forty-one consuls are from the “greater clans.” The chapter focuses on the power of the patricians and on the relationships between patricians and aristocratic competition.
The Arrival of Eloquence?
Authors: Steel Catherine 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Did the practice and function of oratory change at Rome during the second century bce, and if so, what was the relationship between that change and the range of demonstrable change visible in other elements of Roman politics, society, and culture? At least two distinct stories can be told in response to this question. One sees the second century as a time of significant change in public speech, as the strains of imperial power create new arenas for debate and a consequent enthusiasm among the elite for new technique of speaking imported from the Greek-speaking world. The embassy of Athenian philosophers in 155 would be the emblematic moment for this story. But one can also develop a story of continuities, in which both circumstances and methods remain broadly similar, and the most significant innovation is the increasing use of written texts to preserve a record of oratory. The Elder Cato is the mascot for this story. Confusingly, Cicero proposes both narratives in different works. The underlying difficulty is the inaccessibility of public speech to those who were not present; texts are only a partial remedy. Cicero filled the gaps in the evidence available to him in different ways driven by differing priorities during his career. Oratory’s contribution to analyzing the second-century transformation is thus fundamentally historiographical, revealing points of stress and uncertainty that subsequent generations of Romans had in grasping the nature of the changes that took place between the defeat of Hannibal and the death of Tiberius Gracchus.
Beyond Conservatism
Authors: Santangelo Federico 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a close reconsideration of the main historical themes of religious history of the period between the Hannibalic War and the Gracchi: prodigy reporting and expiation, temple dedications, changes in the calendar, tensions within the priestly colleges, debates on priestly recruitment, and controversies over the management of religious knowledge. In doing so, it also aims to serve the wider agenda of the volume by pursuing the potential of a thematic approach on several levels and furthering the debate on problems of periodization and definition that have been central to much of the debate on the second century bce over the last decade.
Pathology Report
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a pathology report. It diagnoses maladies that occur when six healthy philosophical impulses go into overdrive. Commitment to clarity begets the fetish of complete clarity; recognition of the disambiguating abilities of formalization gives rise to obsessive uses of formalisms; the power of a (poorly understood) faculty of “intuition” is grossly overestimated; the label “a priori” is sprinkled over claims as if it were fairy dust; other fields are raided for ideas that are paraded in cartoon versions; questions that have lost their pertinence are treated as if they were “timeless.” All are illustrated with examples.
Grounding Social Rules
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to show what is it for a social rule to exist. The argument is that the existence of social rules can be fully explained by a two-step grounding account: social rules are fully grounded in patterns of conduct that take certain collective attitudes, appropriately shared by the relevant population, to be the content of the rule in question. It is shown that the building blocks of both grounding steps are in line with methodological individualism; rules exist in virtue of individuals’ attitudes, dispositions and regularities of behavior, motivated or guided by the appropriately shared attitudes. The fact that the content of social rules is constituted by collectively shared attitudes also shows why certain types of group-wide errors about the content of social rules is metaphysically not possible.
Intolerant Justice
Authors: Efrat Asif 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Intolerant Justice examines how national legal systems handle dilemmas of international cooperation: Should our citizens stand trial in foreign courts that do not meet our standards? Should we extradite offenders to countries with a poor human rights record? Should we enforce rulings issued by foreign judges whose values are different from our own? This book argues that ethnocentrism—the human tendency to divide the world into superior in-groups and inferior out-groups—fuels fear and mistrust of foreign justice and sparks domestic political controversies: while skeptics portray foreign legal systems as a danger and threat, others dismiss these concerns. The book traces this dynamic in a range of cases, including the American hesitation to allow criminal trials of troops in the courts of NATO countries; the debate over the proper venue for trying Europeans who joined ISIS as foreign fighters; the dilemma of extradition to China; the British debate over extradition to the U.S. and the EU; the European wariness toward U.S. civil judgments; the American-British divide over free speech and libel suits; the establishment of mutual legal assistance treaties; and cooperation against child abduction. Despite the growing role of law and courts in international politics, Intolerant Justice suggests that cooperation among legal systems often meets resistance—and it shows how this resistance can be overcome.
Should American Troops Face Foreign Courts?
Authors: Efrat Asif 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the Congressional controversy over the 1951 NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), which allows the European members of the alliance to hold criminal trials of U.S. troops. Opponents of the agreement in the Senate argued that the legal systems of Europe failed to meet American standards of due process. Supporting the agreement, the U.S. military, Department of Defense, Department of State, and Department of Justice saw little reason to fear the legal differences between the United States and its allies. The chapter concludes by demonstrating that, to this day, the United States shows reluctance to submit troops to foreign jurisdiction.
The Dilemma of Extradition to China
Authors: Efrat Asif 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how two countries considered human rights leaders—Australia and Canada—grappled with the dilemma of signing an extradition treaty with China: a country with a poor record on human rights and the rule of law. In Australia, the strongest opposition to an extradition treaty with China came from the legal community, which raised a host of concerns regarding China’s respect for human rights, rule of law, and procedural fairness in criminal proceedings. Australia’s NGO community shared these doubts and questioned the effectiveness of the safeguards included in the proposed treaty. By contrast, the Attorney-General’s Department insisted that these safeguards do guarantee adequate human rights protection. Labor—the opposition party—joined the critics, demonstrating how political opponents may attack a government willing to cooperate on litigation. In Canada, the political debate unfolded along similar lines.
Balancing Free Speech and Reputation
Authors: Efrat Asif 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines American concerns about libel judgments issued by British courts against American authors and publishers. British courts became attractive sites for suing Americans whose publications had little connection with Britain—a phenomenon labeled “libel tourism”—because of the plaintiff-friendly attitude of British defamation law. In 2010, Congress enacted the SPEECH Act, which instructs a U.S. court to enforce a foreign libel judgment only if it determines that the foreign defamation law provided adequate protection for freedom of speech consistent with the First Amendment. This legislation followed from the advocacy campaign of an American author who was sued in a London court by a Saudi billionaire she had described in her book as a financier of terrorism. This case demonstrates how a personal story of hardship can elicit ethnocentric concerns about foreign law.
Introduction
Authors: Doellgast Virginia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents the book’s argument, describes research methods, and summarizes key findings. The argument has two parts. First, restructuring decisions involve contested choices concerning the social versus the market value of work. A central mechanism in market-oriented restructuring is intensifying competition based on replacing worker voice with employer exit as a means of securing worker cooperation. Second, labor’s power to reassert social values in negotiations or conflicts over restructuring rests on three factors, summarized as constraints on employer exit, support for collective worker voice, and strategies of inclusive labor solidarity. Three case studies from France, Germany, and Sweden illustrate this argument and serve as a jumping-off point for explaining the book’s framework.
Downsizing
Authors: Doellgast Virginia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 compares the politics and outcomes of restructuring policies focused on managing collective redundancies. There were often strong social partnerships at the incumbent employers around the time of market liberalization and/or privatization, with generous voluntary redundancy and early retirement plans. However, after the mid-2000s, management came under increased pressure to reduce the cost of these plans. While broad industry trends were similar, the cases differed significantly in the scale and pace of cuts, the overall generosity of redundancy payments, as well as the form and outcome of associated labor conflict. Overall, where constraints on exit were stronger, employers adopted more social approaches to downsizing. However, each case shows change over time, as management sought to exploit loopholes and cut costs. Unions had success in countering these trends through collective voice where they were able to build solidarity across their membership, and to draw on broader forms of labor solidarity among unions and with other actors in civil society.
Externalization
Authors: Doellgast Virginia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 compares externalization strategies, as the ten case study companies moved work to subcontractors, temporary agencies, and service subsidiaries. Institutions structuring exit options and giving workers collective voice in negotiating alternatives to externalization played a central role in both strategies and outcomes. However, the dynamics of labor solidarity were particularly important in campaigns to extend or maintain protections across networked workplaces, taking different forms across cases characterized by structural inclusive solidarity (Austria and Sweden), representation domain divides (Denmark and Germany), ideological divides (France, Italy, and Poland), and structural exclusive solidarity (United Kingdom, United States, Czech Republic, and Poland). Unions had the most success in reducing or reversing precarity in the “structural inclusive solidarity” cases. However, they adopted new, creative approaches across the four groups to raise the costs of exit through legal or negotiated extension of minimum terms and conditions, and to extend the benefits of voice through organizing and representing externalized workers.
Avoiding Old-Fogeyism
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the recognition that humans are creatures of habit, this chapter identifies resources in William James’s Principles of Psychology for the development of flexible, plastic habits, imaginative genius, and human flourishing. Section 1 sets forth James’s account of habit. Section 2 examines the dangers of habits in a dynamic world—particularly the ways habits fix and limit attention, perception, conception, and emotion, turning people into old fogeys. Section 3 develops the implications of this view for human well-being—for habits of flourishing—proceeding in part by means of the contrast between healthy-minded persons and sick souls, as James uses those idea in The Varieties of Religious Experience. Section 4 draws on James’s account of genius as the capacity to perceive in unhabitual ways so as to set forth an account of genius in action, one consistent with contemporary neuroscience and Buddhist practice. This account has social and not just individual consequences.
More Inclusive Ideals
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Drawing primarily on James’s “The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life,” this chapter sets forth a new account of ethical theory and practice. Section 1 explicates James’s moral theory and his rejection of “old-fashioned ethics” and treats his pragmatism as a subset or application of his moral theory. Section 2 explains how James’s view of ethics rejects and ignores commonplace assumptions in professional philosophy—assumptions that are roadblocks to grasping James’s insights. Sections 3 and 4 argue in turn that for James ethics is irreducibly personal and practical; these sections develop the implications of these two facts. Section 5 provides an account of moral life without appeal to old-fashioned, absolutist ethics. Section 6 explains the practical meaning and timeliness of Jamesian ethics in terms of the strenuous mood and active striving toward a conscious ideal—and without any appeal to a Jamesian God or unseen infinite.
The multicellular organisms and colonial superorganisms
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractComparative data indicate that clades of differentiated multicellular organisms and colonial superorganisms always originated by somatic adherence to a diploid (zygotic) cell and by comparable loyalty of a worker caste to monogamous parents. However, the functional analogy remains ambiguous because multicellular animals ultimately die from somatic failure while single-queen colonies die from germline failure. This difference relates to the forms of corruption that plague the two levels of organizational complexity, metazoan cancers due to somatic mosaicicm and inquiline social parasites due to germline chimerism. Parental monogamy also shaped condition-dependent reproductive altruism in societies of cooperative breeders, which never became monogamous enough to evolve permanently altruistic castes. In addition to evidence for ultimate conjectures, I explore three proximate parallels between multicellular animals and colonial superorganisms. First, the ways in which germlines and soma segregate and differentiate in bodies and colonies; second, the principles by which superorganismal (but not society) immune defenses reached impressive efficiencies, particularly in ants and termites that defend non-overlapping territories; third, the extent of developmental similarity between cell differentiation in metazoan bodies and caste differentiation in superorganismal colonies. Early organismal biologists often appreciated these natural history parallels more than modern scientists, and even pre-Darwinian naturalists were remarkably competent observers of life’s organization. The empirical data appear consistent with expressions of condition-dependent somatic altruism by cells or multicellular individuals not being ancestral to obligate and unconditional reproductive altruism in (super)organismal clades. This challenges the reproductive bauplan concept for the origin of castes and suggests that the clarification of unique gene regulatory networks for obligate somatic altruism need to replace the reductionist identification of toolkit genes.
The free-living prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe last universal common ancestor of cellular life (LUCA) and the last eukaryote common ancestor (LECA) were unique events that committed previously independent replicators to joint vertical transmission by default although horizontal transmission remained possible. Here I develop an explicitly organismal narrative emphasizing that the organizational complexity of simple prokaryote cells and complex eukaryote cells was based on cell closure and division of labor among cellular elements. My arguments reconcile Huxley’s (1912) principle that nothing alive can be functionally homogeneous with Williams’ dictum that genetic homogeneity is a necessary condition for maintaining organizational complexity. Echoing arguments brought forward intermittently since the late 1800s, I question the validity of the cell as machine metaphor because that reductionist approach addresses only proximate aspects of functional causation and cannot explain the self-organized, and self-referential aspects of unicellular maintenance and reproduction as they are shaped by natural selection. I review the substantial insights obtained from studies of societies of bacterial and protist cells. They vindicated inclusive fitness theory and are now being extended to address viral social behavior, but they have no direct relevance for understanding LUCA and LECA as major evolutionary transitions in organizational complexity. Finally, I evaluate the scattered evidence for germline–soma differentiation within unicellular organisms, which increasingly confirm that these domains also have forms of reproductive division of labor and differential rates of aging.
Introduction
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the reader to promises of a future inheritance and outlines the significance of the enquiry and, in particular, why it is important to adopt the promisee’s perspective. It outlines the focus, objectives, and claims of the book, as well as the value of taking a comparative approach. Finally, the introduction provides an overview of the scope of the enquiry and explains the structure of the book.
Concluding reflections
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the book. It argues that although no universal approach fits all factual scenarios, let alone all legal traditions, there are important factors that ought to be paid attention to when considering how to tackle testamentary promises cases and how best to protect the promisee’s interests. The book explores these factors in the context of a) establishing a claim, b) granting relief, and, c) balancing the interests of the promisee with other interests.
How Can Systems-Thinking Address the Barriers to Implementing the Right to Health and Rehabilitation in South Africa
Authors: Hussey Meghan , MacLachlan Malcolm , Mji Gubela 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHow can systems thinking address the barriers to implementing the right to health and rehabilitation in South Africa? This chapter will use systems thinking to understand barriers to implementing the UN Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in South Africa. It will first examine the rights of persons with disability as a global health issue and how disability is constructed within global health systems. It will then identify major barriers to implementing the health and rehabilitation articles of the CRPD in South Africa including negative attitudes, competing political priorities, lack of available finances, cumbersome organizational structures, inaccessible physical environments, and poor communication practices. It is necessary to look at structural inequality and how historical legacies perpetuate disparities in the health system that make it difficult to implement the CRPD. Furthermore, this chapter illustrates how underlying negative attitudes toward persons with disabilities influence barriers within the health system.
The Planetary Health Imperative to Eradicate Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Ruff Tilman 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNuclear weapons pose the most acute existential threat to planetary health. Health evidence, evidence-based advocacy, and wide intersectoral collaboration have played a seminal role in control efforts to date, most recently in the 2017 adoption of the historic UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Codifying their unacceptability in an international treaty has been an effective and essential step toward controlling and eliminating other types of inhumane and indiscriminate weapons. However, the danger of nuclear war is growing, and completing the eradication of nuclear weapons before they are again used is the most urgent planetary health imperative. A number of elements of a systems approach have thus far proven useful to the health contribution toward freeing our world from nuclear weapons. The treaty adds a powerful tool to the broad and multifaceted collaboration of health professionals, researchers, diverse civil society partners, and humanitarian organizations, working with governments, which is needed to complete this task.
Learning from Case Studies in Global Health
Authors: Rhatigan Joseph 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Case studies are useful tools for examining and teaching many issues in global health. As global health involves many actors across diverse contexts, case studies are well suited to examining specific phenomena that other forms of qualitative and quantitative research are not able to elucidate. They can analyze how complex, systems-level forces influence particular events, and they promote systems thinking by considering the interrelationships among multiple perspectives and sources of causality. This chapter illustrates this by discussing specific issues in global health that are best examined by case-studies that adopt a systems-thinking perspective. It also discusses how case studies can be used in to promote systems thinking in global health education, and it provides examples of teaching case studies that utilize this approach.