bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bad Hotdog and a Big Orange
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Sometimes an insight about the injustices in an historical era emerges quickly and spontaneously. This happened to the author when he realized the lack of any reasonable justification for Jim Crow. After a long walk pushing a bicycle in the hot summer sun, the author as a boy became nauseous and then violently sick after eating a chilidog and drinking an orange soft drink at a segregated Dairy Queen. He associated the sickness with the stupidity of separate windows for Blacks and whites. Associational learning seared a distaste for chilidogs and segregation in his mind. The incident led to further rethinking of the segregated small town bubble that he inhabited.
Introduction
Authors: Schatz Edward , Silvey Rachel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a trillion-dollar program of development assistance and infrastructure financing, has enormous potential to transform states, societies, and economies across the globe. In addition, it has potential to extend China’s geopolitical influence. This introductory chapter lays out the analytic and practical stakes at play in rival understandings of this global endeavor. Beyond the BRI’s evident materiality, the authors argue that much of its political, social, and economic impact is a function of how we see the BRI. By highlighting the politics of sight, this chapter sets the stage for the empirical chapters that follow, which together illustrate the great variety, indeterminacy, and contingency of the BRI’s enormous downstream consequences.
China and the Visual Politics of World Order
Authors: Kaneti Marina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how images, objects, and narratives displayed as part of an international collaborative museum exhibit about the Silk Road both reaffirm and contest Beijing’s BRI vision. The chapter shows how the exhibit openly displayed the international collaborators’ acceptance, resistance, and disregard for the notion of a shared past and common future. But beyond the divergent responses, the author argues that the exhibit sheds light on how Beijing uses the politics of sight to incorporate multifaceted perspectives into a new global imaginary. The exhibit case therefore enhances a broader understanding of how the realm of visual politics facilitates the Chinese government’s pursuit of international legitimacy and recognition of its vision for world order.
Behind the Spectacle of the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: DiCarlo Jessica 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines infrastructure development in northern Laos through a politics of sight. Drawing on the viewpoints of residents, workers, and officials, the author asks how people see (or do not see) the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); for whom is the BRI hypervisible or invisible; and what might certain measures of visibility obscure or omit? This chapter extends conceptual and theoretical engagements with infrastructure to theorize infrastructural visibility on a spectrum. It explores how projects are seen and the ramifications of different ways of seeing. Through a follow-the-corridor approach, it ethnographically illuminates the downstream experiences of infrastructure development for Chinese and Lao communities. By challenging prevailing narratives and emphasizing localized experiences, this chapter contributes valuable insights to understanding the BRI and China’s global role. It underscores the importance of considering diverse contexts in which the BRI unfolds, emphasizing its contingent nature and the influence of local dynamics on projects’ meanings and effects.
Conclusion
Authors: Schatz Edward , Silvey Rachel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This concluding chapter elaborates a way to think about transnational, transformative power. Building on the previous chapter contributions, it considers a framework that starts from looking downstream. This framework takes flows of power seriously, while appreciating how indeterminacy, contingency, agency, and a number of other factors generate a broad unpredictability. As much as such unpredictably exists in hydrological basins, this volume reveals the ways it is especially pronounced in social dynamics such as those set in motion by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This conclusion considers the implications of downstream transformations associated with the BRI for understanding large-scale changes in global power relations, such as those unfolding in the 21st century.
The Problem of Biblical Violence
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses how scholars might respond to the violent Bible-use identified in the preceding chapters. Examining trends in scholarly literature on Bible and violence, it characterises four approaches: historicising biblical texts; battling selectivity; challenging biblical authority; and resistant reading. These approaches are explained and evaluated in light of the previous analysis of biblical assemblages, including their functions in far-right milieus. The four approaches offer valuable possibilities for grappling with biblical violence, such as a better understanding of the otherness of biblical texts as part of another time and place, disrupting simple notions of biblical authority, and resistance to the patriarchy that permeates this collection of texts. However, the chapter goes beyond these approaches by arguing that the complex affective investments people have in biblical texts and Bibles and the way Bible-use functions beyond the confessional and the textual need to be taken into account.
Drop Dead (1970s)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
New York City in the 1970s was close to fiscal bankruptcy and in crisis. Thousands of police officers and others were laid off. A city blackout in 1977 resulted in widespread looting and destruction. The Knapp Commission unveiled and reduced systemic police corruption, and the department as a whole was lethargic, demoralized, and resistant to change. These layoffs and the chaos of the decade would scar the NYPD for a generation. But they were formative experiences for the young officers who would later become police leaders during New York City’s extraordinary 1990s crime drop.
Miracles on 42nd Street (1990s)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Once dubbed, “the sleaziest block in America,” Manhattan’s 42nd Street witnessed major changes in the 1980s, as “business improvement districts” were created to address conditions in local areas. Bryant Park was redesigned and reopened in 1992. Independently, Port Authority Bus Terminal began Operation Alternative, a program designed to improve safety and address the horrendous social condition of people living in the bus terminal. In Times Square, another BID was created that worked with police and property owners to make visitors feel welcome. The quantity of porn businesses was drastically reduced, and Mayor Dinkins signed an agreement with Disney Corporation to invest in Times Square, buy a theater, and open a family-friendly retail store.
Follow-Up and Assessment (1996–2000)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
New York City’s decline in crime in the 1990s went against established academic theory, which stressed crime’s supposed “root causes,” such of poverty, racism, and drug addiction. But between 1993 and 1996 murders declined 50 percent for no other obvious reason than the a newly focused and aggressive approach to policing, coupled with effective prosecution. The NYPD was perceived as the world’s leading crime fighting organization, with Compstat at its core. In January 1996 Time magazine gave credit for the crime drop to Police Commissioner Bill Bratton. Mayor Rudy Giuliani fired Bratton three months later. Murders would continue to decline until 1998, and then level off.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This introductory chapter argues that traditional religions are increasingly culturally obsolete due to macro-cultural, social, and generational shifts. It attributes this decline to a host of factors, including the rise of “spiritual but not religious” identities, the diminishing influence of religious institutions, and scandals that have eroded public trust. The chapter lays out basic ideas needed to make sense of the argument that follows, including the ideas of traditional religion, culture, and obsolescence. It also addresses issues of historical change and empirical evidence for demonstrating the causes of religious obsolescence.
The 1990s
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenges traditional American religion confronted in the 1990s, leading to its growing obsolescence over the next 20 years. The end of the Cold War diminished religion’s role in American identity as the ideological conflict with atheistic communism receded. Neoliberal capitalism reshaped the economy, increasing job pressures, mobility, and individualism, which eroded community ties and religious participation. The rise of digital media also provided alternative communities and exposed individuals to information that challenged religious authority. Postmodernist and social constructionist ideas fostered skepticism toward absolute truths, especially among younger generations, while multicultural education inadvertently promoted cultural relativism, making strong religious adherence less plausible. Geographic mobility and “intensive parenting” further eroded the appeal of traditional religion. By the early 2000s, these combined factors had significantly weakened traditional religious institutions in the United States.
Religious Self-Destructions
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how religious scandals, particularly those involving sexual and financial misconduct, helped cause a massive decline in trust in and respect for traditional religion. These scandals, coupled with the rise of digital media, reinforced perceptions of hypocrisy and systemic moral problems within religious institutions, especially among Millennials. Evangelicalism’s shift toward political activism and its emphasis on a “personal relationship with God” unintentionally contributed to a disengagement from organized religion by many, as younger generations especially rejected religious institutional authority. The “purity culture” movement, which promoted abstinence, faced massive backlash for its harmful effects, further alienating many from evangelicalism and religion. Additionally, religious institutions were increasingly seen as overly controlling and damaging, driving broader disengagement, particularly among post-Boomers.
Through the Exit Doors
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the obsolescence of traditional religion from the viewpoint of post-Boomers. What did they object to about religion and why did so many leave the religions they were raised in? Many view religion as a source of violence, social injustice, and manipulation, while others criticize its exclusivity and political involvement. Of the 209 Americans interviewed, 135 identified as religious Decliners, preferring personal spirituality over institutional affiliation and expressing discontent with religious hypocrisy and corruption. The chapter then looks at three important minority American religions: Judaism, Black Protestantism, and Mormonism. Jewish Millennials show increased engagement with their faith due it seems to targeted interventions, while Black Protestant Millennials exhibit stronger retention compared to other groups, although they begin to show signs of religious distancing. In contrast, Mormon Millennials are experiencing major disaffection from the LDS church, driven by disillusionment with church practices and exposure to critical perspectives online.
[Untitled]
Authors: Burton Philip J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The world’s natural forests have a long history of being destroyed, degraded, and simplified. Resilient forest management therefore must often start with forest restoration. Restorative actions can employ well-developed silvicultural methods, but with an emphasis on generating compositional diversity and structural complexity. Forest regeneration sets the stage for the next many decades of forest development, so requires the thoughtful selection of plant materials and attributes of the future desired forest, including its ability to thrive in both current and future climates. Many of the world’s homogenous, monotypic plantations and second-growth forests can be modified to include old-growth characteristics (such as standing and fallen deadwood, canopy gaps, and multilayered canopies), or can serve as nurse crops for the establishment of slow-growing native tree species. Other aspects of forest ecosystem restoration may need to focus on the reintroduction of keystone species (including animals), or the control of invasive species. Forest landscape restoration integrates these improvements to forest integrity with other land covers (such as agricultural and residential land uses) to assure socio-ecological resilience. Guidelines for forest restoration include recognition of the need first to protect existing forests and halt processes of degradation, and then to undertake broad stakeholder involvement in promoting biodiversity and adaptability in a framework of adaptive management. Forest restoration provides numerous opportunities to design or redesign forests for resilience.
The grammar of the verb in the languages of the Central Andes
Authors: Pache Matthias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The present chapter provides an overview of the grammar of the verb in the Central Andean languages covered in this book: Quechuan varieties, Jaqaru and Aymara (Aymaran) (Jaqaru, Aymara), Uru and Chipaya (Uru–Chipaya), Mochica, Puquina, Híbito and Cholon (Híbito–Cholón), some of the “minor” languages of northern Peru, Kallawaya, and Central Andean Spanish. Given that this chapter addresses data from several different languages, the chosen approach is onomasiological, and the characteristics of the grammar of the verb in Central Andean languages are discussed along semantic categories (for instance, the indication of participant-related categories, or of notions of time and space). Rather than providing a summary, this chapter has a comparative focus. Wherever appropriate, it discusses the grammar of the verb in terms of formal and structural similarities and of structural differences between Central Andean languages.
Contact between Indigenous languages of the Central Andes and Spanish
Authors: Escobar Anna María , Betty To 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Central Andes in the 20th and 21st centuries displays the social ecology of a language contact scenario that leads to grammatical influence between unrelated languages. Linguistic influence from Andean languages to Spanish, the focus of this chapter, represents a case of influence from minoritized languages to a hegemonic language. The Central Andes portrays a unique and vibrant case of contact-induced features in a variety of a global language, Spanish. Although contra-hierarchical diffusion (linguistic influence from a minoritized to a hegemonic language) is considered rare, contact-induced linguistic outcomes in Andean Spanish include phonetic–phonological, morphosyntactic, morphosemantic, and semantic–pragmatic features. The broader use of these linguistic features is dependent on the register they can appear in and speakers’ awareness of their perceived social meaning in the region. Andean linguistic studies are in an ideal position to make theoretical and methodological contributions to Hispamerindian (socio)linguistics and language contact studies.
Caliphs, the Economy, and Political Separatism in the Ḥijāz
Authors: Munt Harry 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter investigates the responses of local elites in the Ḥijāz (specifically in and around Mecca and Medina) to the increasing inability of the Abbasid caliphs in Iraq to provide security and the conditions necessary for economic prosperity over the ninth to eleventh centuries. The chapter starts by looking at some of the main means through which Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs had driven economic expansion in the region over the seventh and eighth centuries, before progressing to the symptoms of political and economic instability that followed alongside the caliphal administration’s gradual withdrawal from the region. It argues that, with the increasing lack of Abbasid caliphal interest in the Ḥijāz, the idea of political separatism became more viable to local elites in Mecca and Medina.
Introduction
Authors: Bessard Fanny 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter questions the role of the Ibāḍī communities of Islamic post-Conquest North Africa in the advent of a new economic system based on Trans-Saharan trade. My intention is to observe how sectarian and ethnic boundaries and rivalries could interplay with business relations and the building of new economic networks, but also how these communities were taking part in a broader social and economic order. The debate will be fuelled by a new approach of Ibāḍism during the Rustamid and Fatimid periods based on narrative and legal sources and by a collective investigation led on Sedrata, the archaeological site corresponding to Wārjlān, a major Saharan crossroads.
The Ibāḍī Trading Communities of the Maghreb (Eighth to Eleventh Centuries)
Authors: Aillet Cyrille 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper questions the role of the Ibāḍī communities of Islamic Post-conquest North Africa in the advent of a new economic system based on Trans-Saharan trade. My intention is to observe how sectarian and ethnic boundaries and rivalries could interplay with business relations and the building of new economic networks, but also how these communities were taking part into a broader social and economic order. The debate will be fueled by a new approach of Ibāḍism during the Rustamid and Fatimid periods based on narrative and legal sources and by a collective investigation lead on Sedrata, the archaeological site corresponding to Wārjlān, a major Saharan crossroad.
Ivory and Rock Crystal Trade in East Africa, Eighth to Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Pradines Stéphane 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Swahili in East Africa exported precious commodities like gold, ivory, and rock crystal. Nowadays, these ‘commercial items’ are mostly invisible to the archaeologists because they are ‘by nature’ gross materials for export. Fortunately, the use of historical and ethnographic sources, combined with recent archaeological researches, allow us to trace the history of this trade, from the ʿAbbāsid to the late Fatimid period. Far from the well-known gold trade, the study of ivory and rock crystal allows us to present local and regional commercial networks and the trade in the Indian Ocean during the early medieval period.
Introduction
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the basis for comparing science and religion, and understanding where the perceived disagreements lie. Many of the debates around science and religion remain mired in essentialist concepts of the two entities—the conviction that there is such a thing as science and such a thing as religion and that the two can be meaningfully compared. This is not justifiable. Both are sprawling, socially mediated categories, and for all that they may have settled down after centuries of fluctuation and dispute, they remain socially constructed and so disputable. This chapter builds on Peter Harrison’s metaphor of ‘territories’ to understand the historical dynamic between science and religion, and applies this to the contemporary debate. It then draws on Wittgenstein’s later work, specifically the ideas of meaning as usage and of family resemblances, to provide a foundation by means of which we can disaggregate the terms ‘science’ and ‘religion’ and start to map out the various meanings of the terms today. In effect, it moves from the bird’s eye view of the historical territories of science and religion offered by Harrison to an on-the-ground, sociological view of the contemporary landscapes of science and religion.
Freelancing ‘for the Sake of Reputation’
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter empirically illustrates the politics of unpaid labour in the online platform sector in Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Poland. Online platforms for freelancers vary, with different business models creating different conditions for freelancers. Dependent on a well-developed online reputation to secure a living income, many online freelancers sacrifice themselves and their family life for the sake of reputation. However, how an online reputation—and thus financial security—is built is greatly dependent on structures within and strategies of digital platforms, some of which foster precarity through their low rates, thus potentially exacerbating existing class differences characterized by the availability of resources to cope with the uncertainty of the work. This situation highlights how class-based circumstances intersect with platform structures, strategies, and dynamics, influencing the economic realities experienced by freelancers.
Unpaid Labour, Labour Markets, and Capabilities
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta , Gazier Bernard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter draws on the book’s notion of the politics of unpaid labour to examine the implications for the theory of capability in labour economics. Drawing from the novel theory presented in the book and supported by empirical findings in creative dance, residential care, and online freelancing, our argument asserts that the freedoms people enjoy—and which theories of ‘capability egalitarianism’ consider important for explaining equality in society—cannot be built ‘in silos’ as they are contingent upon a set of capability-providing collective arrangements of which labour market institutions and policies are key factors. In essence, labour market institutions and policies are just as important as civil, social, and political rights to guarantee equality in opportunities as they account for how far these rights are equally exercised.
(Not) Bombing Civilians
Authors: Gregory Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the specific measures the coalition introduced to reduce collateral damage from coalition airstrikes and mitigate its consequences, including new rules about who/what could be targeted, what weapons could be released, and what should be done when civilians were killed. Although these restrictions effectuated a sharp decline in civilian casualties from coalition airstrikes, it will argue that these restrictions are not a sign that the coalition now cared about the civilians they were killing. Instead, it will argue that coalition officials were concerned with recalibrating their attacks to ensure that commanders could achieve their objectives without causing unnecessary harm to civilians, which would be counterproductive from a military perspective.