bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gag‐like proteins: Novel mediators of prenatal alcohol exposure in neural development
Authors: Pinson Marisa R. , Chung Dae D. , Mahnke Amanda H. , Salem Nihal A. , Osorio Daniel , Nair Vijay , Payne Elizabeth A. , del Real Jonathan J. , Cai James J. , Miranda Rajesh C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe previously showed that ethanol did not kill fetal neural stem cells (NSCs), but that their numbers nevertheless are decreased due to aberrant maturation and loss of self‐renewal. To identify mechanisms that mediate this loss of NSCs, we focused on a family of Gag‐like proteins (GLPs), derived from retroviral gene remnants within mammalian genomes. GLPs are important for fetal development, though their role in brain development is virtually unexplored. Moreover, GLPs may be transferred between cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and thereby transfer environmental adaptations between cells. We hypothesized that GLPs may mediate some effects of ethanol in NSCs.MethodsSex‐segregated male and female fetal murine cortical NSCs, cultured ex vivo as nonadherent neurospheres, were exposed to a dose range of ethanol and to mitogen‐withdrawal‐induced differentiation. We used siRNAs to assess the effects of NSC‐expressed GLP knockdown on growth, survival, and maturation and in silico GLP knockout, in an in vivo single‐cell RNA‐sequencing dataset, to identify GLP‐mediated developmental pathways that were also ethanol‐sensitive.ResultsPEG10 isoform‐1, isoform‐2, and PNMA2 were identified as dominant GLP species in both NSCs and their EVs. Ethanol‐exposed NSCs exhibited significantly elevated PEG10 isoform‐2 and PNMA2 protein during differentiation. Both PEG10 and PNMA2 were mediated apoptosis resistance and additionally, PEG10 promoted neuronal and astrocyte lineage maturation. Neither GLP influenced metabolism nor cell cycle in NSCs. Virtual PEG10 and PNMA2 knockout identified gene transcription regulation and ubiquitin‐ligation processes as candidate mediators of GLP‐linked prenatal alcohol effects.ConclusionsCollectively, GLPs present in NSCs and their EVs may confer apoptosis resistance within the NSC niche and contribute to the abnormal maturation induced by ethanol.
Fixing diluted earnings per share: Recognising the dilutive effects of employee stock options
Authors: van Zyl Warrick , Uliana Enrico 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes changes to the calculation of diluted earnings per share (DEPS). The existing IAS 33 approach is flawed as it ignores the time value of options and treats equity‐settled options differently to cash‐settled options. We derive an alternative method and then compare this with the IAS 33 calculation using examples based on a simple firm as well as a small sample of ASX companies. Our method best describes the change in economic value of the current shareholders and provides a similar result at a DEPS level for both cash‐ and equity‐settled options. It is superior to the existing IAS 33 method and can easily be extended to deal with other dilutive instruments.
Integrating immersion withGPSdata improves behavioural classification for wandering albatrosses and shows scavenging behind fishing vessels mirrors natural foraging
Authors: Carneiro A P B , Dias M P , Oppel S , Pearmain E J , Clark B L , Wood A G , Clavelle T , Phillips R A 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAdvances in biologging techniques and the availability of high‐resolution fisheries data have improved our ability to understand the interactions between seabirds and fisheries and to evaluate mortality risk due to bycatch. However, it remains unclear whether movement patterns and behaviour differ between birds foraging naturally or scavenging behind vessels and whether this could be diagnostic of fisheries interactions. We deployed novel loggers that record the GPS position of birds at sea and scan the surroundings to detect radar transmissions from vessels and immersion (activity) loggers on wandering albatrossesDiomedea exulansfrom South Georgia. We matched these data to remotely sensed fishing vessel positions and used a combination of hidden Markov and random forest models to investigate whether it was possible to detect a characteristic signature from the seabird tracking and activity data that would indicate fine‐scale vessel overlap and interactions. Including immersion data in our hidden Markov models allowed two distinct foraging behaviours to be identified, both indicative of Area Restricted Search (ARS) but with or without landing behaviour (likely prey capture attempts) that would not be detectable with location data alone. Birds approached vessels during all behavioural states, and there was no clear pattern associated with this type of scavenging behaviour. The random forest models had very low sensitivity, partly because foraging events at vessels occurred very rarely, and did not contain any diagnostic movement or activity pattern that was distinct from natural behaviours away from vessels. Thus, we were unable to predict accurately whether foraging bouts occurred in the vicinity of a fishing vessel, or naturally, based on behaviour alone. Our method provides a coherent and generalizable framework to segment trips using auxiliary biologging (immersion) data and to refine the classification of foraging strategies of seabirds. These results nevertheless underline the value of using radar detectors that detect vessel proximity or remotely sensed vessel locations for a better understanding of seabird–fishery interactions.
Infrastructure, Development, and Displacement in Pakistan’s “Southern Punjab”
Authors: Ahmad Ali Nobil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between infrastructure, uneven development, and displacement in Pakistan’s “Southern Punjab”. It focuses on three historical episodes spanning the colonial era to the present: (1) agricultural colonisation during the colonial/early post‐colonial period; (2) the Great Indus Flood of 2010; and (3) contemporary initiatives to develop energy infrastructure in Southern Punjab within the framework of CPEC, the China‐Pakistan Economic Corridor. These three episodes correspond with colonial, post‐colonial, and contemporary phases of infrastructure‐led development respectively in a history of dispossession and displacement that problematises common sense understandings of infrastructure as enabling and connective. Popular mobilisation and resistance are examined through the phenomenon of Siraiki ethno‐nationalism, which infuses struggles for environmental justice in Southern Punjab. The article also considers the parallel and entwined role of state‐sponsored infrastructures of Islamist militancy in creating an increasingly hostile environment for Siraiki nationalists and other progressive social movements.
Host‐country language proficiency and migrant‐native disparities in prenatal care utilization: A nationwide study in Portugal
Authors: Hamwi Sousan , Lorthe Elsa , Barros Henrique 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMigrant‐native disparities in perinatal health and care utilization are well‐established, yet most evidence comes from countries without universal health coverage. Migrant‐specific factors potentially contributing to such disparities are seldom examined. We investigated the association between migration and host‐country language proficiency and inadequate utilization of prenatal care (PNC) in Portugal.MethodsWe used robust Poisson regression to analyze data from 1419 migrant and 2477 native women enrolled in the Portuguese Bambino cohort study who had given birth at a Portuguese public hospital between 2017 and 2019. Migrant women's language proficiency was self‐rated for understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills. PNC utilization inadequacy was assessed using three dimensions: initiation, number of visits, and the modified Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (mAPNCU) Index score.ResultsMigrant women were overall more likely to initiate PNC late and have inadequate/intermediate mAPNCU scores than natives. Migrant‐native disparities in the number of PNC visits were only observed among recent migrants (≤5 years in Portugal). Full, intermediate, and limited Portuguese skills were associated with increasingly higher risks of late PNC initiation (aRR 1.34 [95%CI 1.20‐1.50]); (aRR 1.52 [95%CI 1.28‐1.80]); (aRR 1.91 [95%CI 1.52‐2.40]), inadequate number of PNC visits (aRR 1.06 [95%CI 0.93‐1.22]); (aRR 1.14 [95%CI 0.97‐1.34]); (aRR 1.57 [95%CI 1.19‐2.07]), and inadequate/intermediate mAPNCU scores (aRR 1.18 [95%CI 1.07‐1.32]); (aRR 1.30 [95%CI 1.11‐1.53]); (aRR 1.69 [95%CI 1.38‐2.07]) compared with native Portuguese skills, respectively.ConclusionsMigrant‐native disparities in PNC utilization are present in Portugal, despite universal health coverage. Recent migrants and women with limited language competence are the most vulnerable to inadequate PNC use.
Use of pain management in childbirth among migrant women in Iceland: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Guðmundsdóttir Embla Ýr , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne , Einarsdóttir Kristjana , Hálfdánsdóttir Berglind , Gottfreðsdóttir Helga 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundImmigration is rapidly increasing in Iceland with 13.6% of the population holding foreign citizenship in 2020. Earlier findings identified inequities in childbirth care for some women in Iceland. To gain insight into the quality of intrapartum midwifery care, migrant women's use of pain management methods during birth in Iceland was explored.MethodsA population‐based cohort study including all women with a singleton birth in Iceland between 2007 and 2018, in total 48 173 births. Logistic regression analyses with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to investigate the relationship between migrant backgrounds defined as holding foreign citizenship and the use of pain management during birth. The main outcome measures were use of nonpharmacological and pharmacological pain management methods.ResultsData from 6097 migrant women were included. Migrant women had higher adjusted OR (aORs) for no use of pain management (aOR = 1.23 95% CI [1.12, 1.34]), when compared to Icelandic women. Migrant women also had lower aORs for the use of acupuncture (0.73 [0.64, 0.83]), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (0.92 [0.01, 0.67]), shower/bath (0.73 [0.66, 0.82]), aromatherapy (0.59 [0.44, 0.78]), and nitrous oxide inhalation (0.89 [0.83, 0.96]). Human Development Index (HDI) scores of countries of citizenship <0.900 were associated with lower aORs for the use of various pain management methods.ConclusionsOur results suggest that being a migrant in Iceland is an important factor that limits the use of nonpharmacological pain management, especially for migrant women with citizenship from countries with HDI score <0.900.
Unconscious associations between stressor type and ability to cope: An experimental approach using ancient and modern sources of stress
Authors: Katsampouris Evangelos , Turner‐Cobb Julie M. , Arnold Rachel , Barnett Julie C. 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesWork has emerged that suggests it is salient and feasible to include a chronological approach to the taxonomy of stress. The ability to make an explicit distinction between ancient stressors (AS) and modern stressors (MS) has been reported in young and older adults; AS have been associated with greater ability to cope and MS with poorer health outcomes. Whether these explicit distinctions exist at an implicit, unconscious level, has yet to be determined.DesignA quantitative design employed a computer‐based Implicit Association Test (IAT) to examine implicit associations between AS/MS and coping appraisal.MethodsOne hundred adults (75 females) aged 18–58 years (M = 28.27 years, SD = 10.02) completed the AS/MS IAT, to compare reaction time (RT) and accuracy between consistent pairs (AS/ability to cope; MS/inability to cope) and inconsistent pair responses (AS/inability to cope; MS/ability to cope); followed by an explicit self‐report questionnaire.ResultsRepeated measures ANCOVAs, controlling for sex and age, revealed significant main effects of faster RT and higher accuracy in responses for consistent than inconsistent pairs. Adult participants made implicit associations indicating an unconscious AS and MS distinction. Using the D algorithm, a univariate ANCOVA and independent t‐tests found that males, compared to females, showed a stronger implicit preference for consistent than inconsistent pairs.ConclusionsFindings suggest an implicit association between ancient and modern stressors and perceived coping ability. Utilizing a chronological taxonomy for understanding evolutionary origins that drive individual’s responses to stress has implications for developing effective coping strategies to improve health outcomes.
Writing a history of learning disabilities as Joey's dad
Authors: Unwin Stephen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is perhaps inevitable that the academic study of learning disabilities is often undertaken by established scholars with little lived experience of the condition. So, what has it been like for someone from outside the academy, with a long career in the arts, who is also the father of a severely learning‐disabled young man, to write a book‐length history of learning disabilities in culture and society? How is it possible to reconcile such a biological reality with the many caveats about the social construction of the condition? How can we retain a belief in scientific analysis when the categorisation of learning‐disabled people seems to have caused as many problems as it solves? Furthermore, how can such an account be attempted when so much of the written record is by people who are placed in positions of power over learning‐disabled people and when the true voice of experience is so often silenced, or, like the author's son, silent? The attempt to answer these questions reveals a field rich with contradiction. Despite some advances, much of the social and cultural history of learning disabilities tells a tale of neglect, abandonment and abuse, with confused cultural attitudes too often shaping practice. When the telescope is reversed, however, severe learning disabilities provide us with a kind of Brechtian “alienation effect” which reveals the fault lines running through so many progressive movements and helps us to frame them historically, while also challenging assumptions about how those with severe learning disabilities are regarded and can best be given the support and freedom that they need.
Surgical considerations in skin of colour: minimizing pathological scars
Authors: Obi Ebube E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn most surgeries, the primary aim, for both surgeons and patients, is the success of the operation being undertaken. A secondary aim is for optimal wound healing with minimal scar formation. The normal wound-healing process involves four distinct but overlapping stages: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. In some patients, the cellular process involved in the proliferation and remodelling stages can be deranged, resulting in the formation of hypertrophic or keloid scars, a phenomenon more frequently seen in skin of colour. The first report of excessive scarring is thought to be the Smith papyrus about 1700 BC. In the 20th century, both Mancini and Quaife (in 1962) and Peacock et al. (in 1970) classified excessive scarring into hypertrophic and keloid scar formation. Clinicians can minimize the risk of these pathological scars developing by using good preoperative, perioperative/intraoperative and postoperative surgical practices. This paper reviews the wound-healing processes in association with good surgical principles and practice, discusses how implementing these principles in practice helps in this prevention and management of pathological surgical scars such as hypertrophic scars and keloid scars. and offers a practical step-by-step clinical guide that can be used by any clinician.
Embodied Space‐pitch Associations are Shaped by Language
Authors: Holler Judith , Drijvers Linda , Rafiee Afrooz , Majid Asifa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHeight‐pitch associations are claimed to be universal and independent of language, but this claim remains controversial. The present study sheds new light on this debate with a multimodal analysis of individual sound and melody descriptions obtained in an interactive communication paradigm with speakers of Dutch and Farsi. The findings reveal that, in contrast to Dutch speakers, Farsi speakers do not use a height‐pitch metaphor consistently in speech. Both Dutch and Farsi speakers’ co‐speech gestures did reveal a mapping of higher pitches to higher space and lower pitches to lower space, and this gesture space‐pitch mapping tended to co‐occur with corresponding spatial words (high‐low). However, this mapping was much weaker in Farsi speakers than Dutch speakers. This suggests that cross‐linguistic differences shape the conceptualization of pitch and further calls into question the universality of height‐pitch associations.
Undescribed species have higher extinction risk than known species
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Slik Ferry , Zheng Shilu , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNewly discovered species are often threatened with extinction but in many cases have received limited conservation effort. To guide future conservation, it is important to determine the extinction risk of newly described species. Here, we test how time since formal description of a species is linked to its threat status to obtain a better insight into the possible threat status of newly described species and as yet undescribed species. We compiled IUCN Red List data for 53,808 species from five vertebrate groups described since 1758. Extinction risk for more recently described species has increased significantly over time; the proportion of threatened species among newly described species has increased from 11.9% for species described between 1758 and 1767 to 30.0% for those described between 2011 and 2020. Based on projections from our analysis, this could further increase to 47.1% by 2050. The pattern is consistent across vertebrate taxonomic groups and biomes. Current species extinction rates estimated from data of all known species are therefore highly likely to be underestimated. Intensive fieldwork to boost discovery of new species and immediate conservation action for newly described species, especially in tropical areas, is urgently required.
Treatment effect of DNA framework nucleic acids on diffuse microvascular endothelial cell injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Ruiqi , Wen Dingke , Fu Wei , Xing Lu , Ma Lu , Liu Yi , Li Hao , You Chao , Lin Yunfeng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effect and molecular mechanism of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), novel self‐assembled nucleic acid nanomaterials, in diffuse BMEC injury after SAH.Materials and MethodstFNAs were synthesized from four ssDNAs. The effects of tFNAs on SAH‐induced diffuse BMEC injury were explored by a cytotoxicity model induced by hemin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, in vitro and a mouse model of SAH via internal carotid artery puncture in vivo. Cell viability assays, wound healing assays, transwell assays, and tube formation assays were performed to explore cellular function like angiogenesis.ResultsIn vitro cellular function assays demonstrated that tFNAs could alleviate hemin‐induced injury, promote angiogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis in hemin cytotoxicity model. In vivo study using H&E and TEM results jointly indicated that the tFNAs attenuate the damage caused by SAH in situ, showing restored number of BMECs in the endothelium layer and more tight intercellular connectivity. Histological examination of SAH model animals confirmed the results of the in vitro study, as tFNAs exhibited treatment effects against diffuse BMEC injury in the cerebral microvascular bed.ConclusionsOur study suggests the potential of tFNAs in ameliorating diffuse injury to BMECs after SAH, which laid theoretical foundation for the further study and use of these nucleic acid nanomaterials for tissue engineering vascularization.
Prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in pregnant women with diabetes—time to individualize photo screening frequency
Authors: Pappot Nina , Do Nicoline Callesen , Vestgaard Marianne , Ásbjörnsdóttir Björg , Hajari Javad Nouri , Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Holmager Pernille , Damm Peter , Ringholm Lene , Mathiesen Elisabeth Reinhardt 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy including macular oedema in pregnant women with diabetes and to identify women in whom the frequency of retinal screening can be reduced to minimize the burden of health care visits.MethodsA cohort study of 348 women with pre‐existing diabetes were routinely screened with retinal photo in early (12 weeks) and late pregnancy (27 weeks). Diabetic retinopathy was classified in five stages in accordance with National Danish Guidelines based on the eye with the highest retinopathy level. Sight‐threatening retinopathy was defined as the presence of proliferative retinopathy and/or clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO).ResultsRetinopathy was present in 52% (116/223) vs. 14% (17/125), with sight‐threatening retinopathy in 16% (35/223) vs. 6% (7/125) of women with type 1 and type 2, respectively. Women without retinopathy in early and late pregnancy were characterized by shorter diabetes duration (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.008) and predominance of type 2 diabetes. Amongst the 50% (175/348) of the cohort having no retinopathy in early pregnancy and HbA1c<53 mmol/mol (7.0%), none developed sight‐threatening retinopathy and 94% (165/175) remained without any retinopathy during pregnancy. Development of sight‐threatening retinopathy was mainly observed in women with retinopathy in early pregnancy. Treatment for sight‐threatening retinopathy was given to a minority (2.7 and 2.4%, respectively).ConclusionGood glycaemic control and no retinopathy was seen in a large proportion of women in early pregnancy and none of these women developed sight‐threatening retinopathy. The frequency of retinal screening can probably be safely reduced during pregnancy in these women.