bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great ape health watch: Enhancing surveillance for emerging infectious diseases in great apes
Authors: Zimmerman Dawn M. , Mitchell Stephanie L. , Wolf Tiffany M. , Deere Jessica R. , Noheri Jean Bosco , Takahashi Emi , Cranfield Michael R. , Travis Dominic A. , Hassell James M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInfectious diseases have the potential to extirpate populations of great apes. As the interface between humans and great apes expands, zoonoses pose an increasingly severe threat to already endangered great ape populations. Despite recognition of the threat posed by human pathogens to great apes, health monitoring is only conducted for a small fraction of the world's wild great apes (and mostly those that are habituated) meaning that outbreaks of disease often go unrecognized and therefore unmitigated. This lack of surveillance (even in sites where capacity to conduct surveillance is present) is the most significant limiting factor in our ability to quickly detect and respond to emerging infectious diseases in great apes when they first appear. Accordingly, we must create a surveillance system that links disease outbreaks in humans and great apes in time and space, and enables veterinarians, clinicians, conservation managers, national decision makers, and the global health community to respond quickly to these events. Here, we review existing great ape health surveillance programs in African range habitats to identify successes, gaps, and challenges. We use these findings to argue that standardization of surveillance across sites and geographic scales, that monitors primate health in real‐time and generates early warnings of disease outbreaks, is an efficient, low‐cost step to conserve great ape populations. Such a surveillance program, which we call “Great Ape Health Watch” would lead to long‐term improvements in outbreak preparedness, prevention, detection, and response, while generating valuable data for epidemiological research and sustainable conservation planning. Standardized monitoring of great apes would also make it easier to integrate with human surveillance activities. This approach would empower local stakeholders to link wildlife and human health, allowing for near real‐time, bidirectional surveillance at the great ape‐human interface.
Dehydroxylative Alkylation of α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via a Spin‐Center Shift
Authors: Peng Tian‐Yu , Xu Zhe‐Yuan , Zhang Feng‐Lian , Li Bin , Xu Wen‐Ping , Fu Yao , Wang Yi‐Feng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA strategically distinct dehydroxylative alkylation reaction of α‐hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives with alkenes is developed. The reaction starts with the attack of a 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)‐boryl radical to the carbonyl oxygen atom, followed by a spin‐center shift (SCS) to trigger the C−O bond scission. The resulting α‐carbonyl radicals couple with a wide range of alkenes to furnish various alkylated products. This strategy allows for the efficient conversion of a wide array of α‐hydroxy amides and esters derived from several biomass molecules and natural products to value‐added compounds. Experimental and computational studies verified the reaction mechanism.
Tuning Surface‐Electron Spins on Fe3O4 (111) through Chemisorption of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Cao Dong‐Bo , Liu Xingchen , Lewis James P. , Guo Wenping , Wen Xiaodong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe adsorption‐induced flip of electron spin at interfaces is an important but poorly understood phenomenon for magnetic devices, sensors, and heterogeneous catalysis, due to the difficulties in determining the surface spins at atomic resolution. We present an evolutionary magnetic order searching method that allows efficient identification of the ground state spin configuration of magnetic bulk and surfaces. Using this approach, we have discovered for the first time a set of adsorption‐induced near‐degenerate surface magnetic states on the Fe3O4 (111) surface. Molecular adsorption of CO causes a destabilization of the magnetic states of the clean surface leading to a set of near‐degenerate surface magnetic states at medium coverage, which causes an abrupt increase of the magnetic entropy on the surface. The empty 2π* orbital of CO, which could accommodate the back donation of the spin density in the Fe d orbitals, plays a key role for the CO adsorption‐induced spin transition.
In Situ Hydrolysis of Block Copolymers at the Water‐Oil Interface
Authors: Chen Zhan , Hu Mingqiu , Li Xindi , Smith Darren M. , Seong Hong‐Gyu , Emrick Todd , Rzayev Javid , Russell Thomas P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn situ manipulation of the chemical composition of block copolymers at the fluid interfaces affords a route by which the interfacial tension, the packing of the copolymers, and the penetration of the blocks into the two liquids can be controlled. Here, a series of linear block copolymers of poly(solketal methacrylate‐b‐styrene) (PSM‐b‐PS) are used, converting hydrophobic PSM block into a hydrophilic glycerol monomethacrylate (GM) block, that results in a marked decrease in the liquid‐liquid interfacial tension. The kinetics of the first‐order hydrolysis reaction was analyzed by monitoring the time‐dependent interfacial tension as a function of pH, polymer concentration, molecular weight, and composition. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to measure the in‐plane dynamics of the copolymers before and after hydrolysis. This work provides insights into a quantitative pathway by which in situ interfacial reactions may be performed and monitored in real time, completely changing the interfacial activity of the molecule.
Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Bitai Jacqueline , Nimmo Alastair J. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Smith Andrew D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted vinylcyclopentanes has been realised using cooperative palladium and isothiourea catalysis. Treatment of vinylcyclopropanes with Pd(PPh3)4 generates a zwitterionic π‐allyl palladium intermediate that intercepts a catalytically generated α,β‐unsaturated acyl ammonium species prepared from the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated para‐nitrophenyl ester and the isothiourea (R)‐BTM. Intermolecular formal (3+2) cycloaddition between these reactive intermediates generates functionalised cyclopentanes in generally good yields and excellent diastereo‐ and enantiocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr, 97 : 3 er), with the use of LiCl as an additive proving essential for optimal stereocontrol. To the best of our knowledge a dual transition metal/organocatalytic process involving α,β‐unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates has not been demonstrated previously.
Tunable Solid‐State Thermochromism: Alkyl Chain Length‐Dependent Conformational Isomerization of Bianthrones
Authors: Hirao Yasukazu , Hamamoto Yosuke , Kubo Takashi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe introduction of linear alkoxy chains into bianthrone promoted the aggregation of the minor twisted conformer and made it compete with the major folded conformer in the solid‐state. Rapid evaporation approach to the methoxy‐ and n‐butoxy‐substituted derivatives provided powder mixtures of folded and twisted conformers as metastable solids. Upon heating the powders, different lengths of alkyl chains converged to different conformers via solid‐state isomerization reaction with an apparent color change. Monitoring by FT‐IR spectroscopy and powder XRD ensured that these isomerization reactions involve only conformational isomerization without pyrolysis. In addition, single crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed that twisted conformers with longer alkyl chains are stabilized in the solid‐state by the synergistic effect of their inter‐chain hydrophobic interactions and π‐π stacking interactions.
‘The participation group means that I'm low ability’: Students’ perspectives on the enactment of ‘mixed‐ability’ grouping in secondary school physical education
Authors: Wilkinson Shaun D. , Penney Dawn 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMixed‐ability grouping is widespread in primary schools and in several subject areas in secondary schools in England. Notwithstanding, there is scant research on mixed‐ability grouping in the education literature, particularly in terms of its impact on students’ experiences. The research reported in this paper employs enactment theory to provide original insights into the diverse practices and complex contextual factors that shape students’ perceptions and experiences of mixed‐ability grouping in physical education (PE). Enactment theory acknowledges that school decisions about grouping policy are impacted by wider education policy and other contextual influences, and that the expression of grouping policies in specific subjects and classrooms is navigated and negotiated by students as well as teachers. The paper draws on data from in‐depth, semi‐structured focus groups with 41 Year 10 (aged 14–15) students in a mixed‐gender secondary school in England to explore the different ways in which students are positioned and position themselves in the enactment of mixed‐ability grouping in PE. Findings reveal many contextual factors, including ability and gender discourses, school and subject cultures, and the broader policy context, influencing students’ positioning and learning experiences in mixed‐ability PE. The discussion explores distinct differences in the enactment of mixed‐ability grouping in PE in Key Stage 3 (aged 11–14) and Key Stage 4 (aged 14–16) and identifies students as enthusiasts, critics, entrepreneurs and copers in grouping policy enactment. The study affirms the need for educators and professionals to critically engage with the construct of ability, and in turn mixed‐ability grouping policies and pedagogic practices in PE.
Lipid bilayer composition as a determinant of cancer cell sensitivity to tumoricidal protein‐lipid complexes
Authors: Ho James C. S. , Mir Sartaj Ahmad , Cavalera Michele , Esmaeili Parisa , Tran Tuan Hiep , Yann Zandra Chew , Tran Thi Hien , Chaudhuri Arunima , Bendt Anne K. , Wenk Markus R. , Svanborg Catharina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractComplexes formed by the alpha1 N‐terminal peptide of alpha‐lactalbumin and oleic acid (alpha1‐oleate) interact with lipid bilayers. Plasma membrane perturbations trigger tumor cell death but normal differentiated cells are more resistant, and their plasma membranes are less strongly affected. This study examined membrane lipid composition as a determinant of tumor cell reactivity. Bladder cancer tissue showed a higher abundance of unsaturated lipids enriched in phosphatidylcholine, PC (36:4) and PC (38:4), and sphingomyelin, SM (36:1) than healthy bladder tissue, where saturated lipids predominated and the lipid extracts from bladder cancer tissue inhibited the tumoricidal effect of the complex more effectively than healthy tissue extracts. Furthermore, unsaturated PC in solution inhibited tumor cell death, and the complex interacted with giant unilamellar vesicles formed by PC, confirming the affinity of alpha1‐oleate for fluid membranes enriched in PC. Quartz Crystal Microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM‐D) detected a preference of the complex for the liquid‐disordered phase, suggesting that the insertion into PC‐based membranes and the resulting membrane perturbations are influenced by membrane lipid saturation. The results suggest that the membrane lipid composition is functionally important and that specific unsaturated membrane lipids may serve as “recognition motifs” for broad‐spectrum tumoricidal molecules such as alpha1‐oleate.
Female ejaculation and squirting as similar but completely different phenomena: A narrative review of current research
Authors: Pastor Zlatko , Chmel Roman 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWomen expel fluids of various quantities and compositions from the urethra during sexual arousal and orgasm. These are classified as either female ejaculation (FE) or squirting (SQ). The aim of our analysis was to present evidence that FE and SQ are similar but etiologically different phenomena. A review of studies was performed on fluids expelled from the urogenital tract during female sexual activities using the Web of Knowledge™ (Web of Science Core Collection) and MEDLINE (Ovid) databases from 1946 to 2021. Until 2011, all female orgasmic expulsions of fluids were referred to as FE. The fluid was known to be either from the paraurethral glands or as a result of coital incontinence. At present, SQ is considered as a transurethral expulsion of approximately 10 milliliters or more of transparent fluid, while FE is considered as a secretion of a few milliliters of thick fluid. The fluid in SQ is similar to urine and is expelled by the urinary bladder. The secretion in FE originates from the paraurethral glands and contains a high concentration of prostate‐specific antigen. Both phenomena can occur simultaneously. The mechanisms underlying SQ and FE are entirely different. SQ is a massive transurethral orgasmic expulsion from the urinary bladder, while FE is the secretion of a very small amount of fluid from the paraurethral glands.
Making Enzymes Suitable for Organic Chemistry by Rational Protein Design
Authors: Reetz Manfred 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis review outlines recent developments in protein engineering of stereo‐ and regioselective enzymes, which are of prime interest in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry as well as biotechnology. The widespread application of enzymes was hampered for decades due to limited enantio‐, diastereo‐ and regioselectivity, which was the reason why most organic chemists were not interested in biocatalysis. This attitude began to change with the advent of semi‐rational directed evolution methods based on focused saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pocket. Screening constitutes the labor‐intensive step (bottleneck), which is the reason why various research groups are continuing to develop techniques for the generation of small and smart mutant libraries. Rational enzyme design, traditionally an alternative to directed evolution, provides small collections of mutants which require minimal screening. This approach first focused on thermostabilization, and did not enter the field of stereoselectivity until later. Computational guides such as the Rosetta algorithms, HotSpot Wizard metric, and machine learning (ML) contribute significantly to decision making. The newest advancements show that semi‐rational directed evolution such as CAST/ISM and rational enzyme design no longer develop on separate tracks, instead, they have started to merge. Indeed, researchers utilizing the two approaches have learned from each other. Today, the toolbox of organic chemists includes enzymes, primarily because the possibility of controlling stereoselectivity by protein engineering has ensured reliability when facing synthetic challenges. This review was also written with the hope that undergraduate and graduate education will include enzymes more so than in the past.
Ligand‐Promoted RhI‐Catalyzed C2‐Selective C−H Alkenylation and Polyenylation of Imidazoles with Alkenyl Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Zhao Haoqiang , Luo Zhenli , Yang Ji , Li Bohan , Han Jiahong , Xu Lijin , Lai Wenzhen , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe first RhI‐catalyzed, directed decarbonylative C2−H alkenylation of imidazoles with readily available alkenyl carboxylic acids is reported. The reaction proceeds in a highly regio‐ and stereoselective manner, providing efficient access to C2‐alkenylated imidazoles that are generally inaccessible by known C−H alkenylation methods. This transformation accommodates a wide range of alkenyl carboxylic acids, including challenging conjugated polyene carboxylic acids, and diversely decorated imidazoles with high functional group compatibility. The presence of a removable pyrimidine directing group and the use of a bidentate phosphine ligand are pivotal to the success of the catalytic reaction. This process is also suitable for benzimidazoles. Importantly, the scalability and diversification of the products highlight the potential of this protocol in practical applications. Detailed experimental and computational studies provide important insights into the underlying reaction mechanism.
Effects of anti‐IL5 biological treatments on blood IgE levels in severe asthmatic patients: A real‐life multicentre study (BIONIGE)
Authors: Contoli Marco , Santus Pierachille , Menzella Francesco , Rocchi Cindy , Radovanovic Dejan , Baraldi Federico , Martelli Chiara , Casanova Serena , Barbetta Carlo , Micheletto Claudio , Scichilone Nicola , Beghè Bianca , Carpagnano Elisiana , Papi Alberto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundMepolizumab and benralizumab are clinically effective biological treatments for severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients by hampering eosinophilic inflammation. The effects of these compound on the immunoglobulin (Ig)E T2 component are virtually unknown.ObjectivesTo evaluate the change in total IgE levels at 4 ± 2 months after initiation of the mepolizumab (primary outcome) or benralizumab. When available, the changes of blood inflammatory cell counts, lung function and asthma control test (ACT) were also assessed and correlated with changes in total IgE levels.MethodsObservational, retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Severe eosinophilic atopic asthmatic patients treated with mepolizumab or benralizumab were included in the analysis.ResultsThree‐month treatment (on average) with mepolizumab (n = 104) or benralizumab (n = 82) resulted in significantly higher reduction of blood eosinophil and basophil levels in patients treated with benralizumab compared to mepolizumab. Mepolizumab did not significantly modified the levels of blood total IgE during the study period, whereas benralizumab significantly reduced (−35%, p < 0.001) total blood IgE levels. In patients treated with benralizumab the reduction of blood total Ig‐E levels correlated with the reduction of blood basophils (but not eosinophils) and weakly with the improvement of asthma control.ConclusionBenralizumab but not mepolizumab, treatment led to a significant reduction of circulating IgE level. The study provides different and specific mechanisms of action for anti‐IL5‐pathway treatments.
Evaluation of a Radiolabeled Macrocyclic Peptide as Potential PET Imaging Probe for PD−L1
Authors: Jouini Nedra , Cardinale Jens , Mindt Thomas L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe interaction between the immune checkpoint PD‐1 and PD−L1 promotes T‐cell deactivation and cancer proliferation. Therefore, immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, which relies on prior assessment of the target, has been widely used for many cancers. As a non‐invasive molecular imaging tool, radiotracers bring novel information on the in vivo expression of biomarkers (e. g., PD−L1), enabling a personalized treatment of patients. Our work aimed at the development of a PD−L1‐specific, peptide‐based PET radiotracer. We synthesized and evaluated a radiolabeled macrocyclic peptide adapted from a patent by Bristol Myers Squibb. Synthesis of [68Ga]Ga‐NJMP1 yielded a product with a radiochemical purity>95 % that was evaluated in vitro. However, experiments on CHO−K1 hPD−L1 cells showed very low cell binding and internalization rates of [68Ga]Ga‐NJMP1 in comparison to a control radiopeptide (WL12). Non‐radioactive cellular assays using time‐resolved fluorescence energy transfer confirmed the low affinity of the reported parent peptide and the DOTA‐derivatives towards PD−L1. The results of our studies indicate that the macrocyclic peptide scaffold reported in the patent literature is not suitable for radiotracer development due to insufficient affinity towards PD−L1 and that C‐terminal modifications of the macrocyclic peptide interfere with important ligand/receptor interactions.
Rapidly Signal‐enhanced Metabolites for Atomic Scale Monitoring of Living Cells with Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Ding Yonghong , Korchak Sergey , Mamone Salvatore , Jagtap Anil P. , Stevanato Gabriele , Sternkopf Sonja , Moll Denis , Schroeder Henning , Becker Stefan , Fischer André , Gerhardt Ellen , Outeiro Tiago F. , Opazo Felipe , Griesinger Christian , Glöggler Stefan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely applied from analytics to biomedicine although it is an inherently insensitive phenomenon. Overcoming sensitivity challenges is key to further broaden the applicability of NMR and, for example, improve medical diagnostics. Here, we present a rapid strategy to enhance the signals of 13C‐labelled metabolites with para‐hydrogen and, in particular, 13C‐pyruvate, an important molecule for the energy metabolism. We succeeded to obtain an average of 27 % 13C polarization of 1‐13C‐pyruvate in water which allowed us to introduce two applications for studying cellular metabolism. Firstly, we demonstrate that the metabolism of 1‐13C‐pyruvate can serve as a biomarker in cellular models of Parkinson's disease and, secondly, we introduce the opportunity to combine real‐time metabolic analysis with protein structure determination in the same cells. Based on the here presented results, we envision the use of our approach for future biomedical studies to detect diseases.
Security‐based teleradiology in DICOM used two‐level DWT based optimization watermarking
Authors: Shanmugam Karthiyayini , Nagarajan Karthikeyan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe electronic transmission of radiographic images from one geographical location to another location is known as teleradiology. Radiological image processing issues occurred during the transmission across various medical image workstations have been handled by this approach, in order to provide various health care activities. (i.e., diagnosis, medical practicing, consulting second opinion, or treatment and monitor a patient). The major difficulties of remote transmission process are privacy, safety, image retention, etc. A noise‐tolerant signal is being implanted with a digital watermark furtively (e.g., an image, symbol, audio, video, etc.), concerning the typical identification of the signal's patent. The intention of utilizing digital watermarks is either to validate the carrier signal's authenticity and ethics or to reveal its patent holder's identity, to provide protected transmission. In this work, watermarking approach is implemented to integrate biometrics with cryptography. The entropy‐based fingerprint feature has been extracted for generating the key to process the cryptography, and digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images. To obtain secure transmission, two‐level discrete wavelet transform method is employed for watermarking the cover image with encrypted image. Subsequently, the receiver can extract the watermarked image by using watermarking keys. This method is proposed to access the diagnostic image with privacy, accessibility, and reliability. The anticipated outputs of the proposed approach have been assessed based on factors such as structural similarity index measures (SSIM), normalized correlations (NC), and peak‐signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR).