bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Approval and Biotechnology Product Disclosures*†
Authors: Enache Luminita , Li Lynn , Riedl Edward J. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effect of regulatory approval on a firm's voluntary product‐level disclosures. We focus on the US biotechnology industry, a setting that allows direct observation of whether firms disclose more information as products proceed through well‐defined—though successively more complex and costly—regulatory hurdles. Consistent with predictions motivated by biotech firms' need to repeatedly raise capital, we find that firms disclose more as their products move to later stages in the development process, both when the products receive regulatory approvals as well as when they receive regulatory denials. In addition, these findings are consistent across phases of development as well as product disclosure categories and are accentuated for firms without internal sources of capital (i.e., lacking product revenue). Collectively, these findings reveal that biotechnology firms respond to the considerable incentives to provide enhanced product disclosure and thus facilitate their ongoing need for capital to proceed through subsequent stages of product development.
Differential effects of lung inflammation on insulin resistance in humans and mice
Authors: Karlina Ruth , Flexeder Claudia , Musiol Stephanie , Bhattacharyya Madhumita , Schneider Evelyn , Altun Irem , Gschwendtner Silvia , Neumann Avidan U. , Nano Jana , Schloter Michael , Peters Annette , Schulz Holger , Schmidt‐Weber Carsten B. , Standl Marie , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Alessandrini Francesca , Ussar Siegfried 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe rates of obesity, its associated diseases, and allergies are raising at alarming rates in most countries. House dust mites (HDM) are highly allergenic and exposure often associates with an urban sedentary indoor lifestyle, also resulting in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological association and physiological impact of lung inflammation on obesity and glucose homeostasis.MethodsEpidemiological data from 2207 adults of the population‐based KORA FF4 cohort were used to test associations between asthma and rhinitis with metrics of body weight and insulin sensitivity. To obtain functional insights, C57BL/6J mice were intranasally sensitized and challenged with HDM and simultaneously fed with either low‐fat or high‐fat diet for 12 weeks followed by a detailed metabolic and biochemical phenotyping of the lung, liver, and adipose tissues.ResultsWe found a direct association of asthma with insulin resistance but not body weight in humans. In mice, co‐development of obesity and HDM‐induced lung inflammation attenuated inflammation in lung and perigonadal fat, with little impact on body weight, but small shifts in the composition of gut microbiota. Exposure to HDM improved glucose tolerance, reduced hepatosteatosis, and increased energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate. These effects associate with increased activity of thermogenic adipose tissues independent of uncoupling protein 1.ConclusionsAsthma associates with insulin resistance in humans, but HDM challenge results in opposing effects on glucose homeostasis in mice due to increased energy expenditure, reduced adipose inflammation, and hepatosteatosis.
“What can I possibly do?”: White individual responsibility for addressing racism as a public health crisis
Authors: Liebow Nabina K. , Rieder Travis N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhat responsibilities do individuals have when it comes to combating large‐scale public health crises such as racism? A seductive argument borrowed from the climate ethics literature suggests that focusing on individual morality for a structural problem such as racism is at best unhelpful and at worst actively harmful. In response, we argue that individuals have good moral reasons to modify their own behaviors to help in the fight against large, structural public health emergencies in general, and that the public health crisis of racism, in particular, demands heightened moral responsiveness from individual white people to resist white supremacy. The moral reasons that support white engagement in antiracist work extend above and beyond those regarding individual involvement in the fight against other collectively created public health challenges. Our conclusions help to defend the claim that racial literacy and antiracist education aimed at individuals are vital.
Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil‐associated consumers from protists to vertebrates
Authors: Potapov Anton M. , Beaulieu Frédéric , Birkhofer Klaus , Bluhm Sarah L. , Degtyarev Maxim I. , Devetter Miloslav , Goncharov Anton A. , Gongalsky Konstantin B. , Klarner Bernhard , Korobushkin Daniil I. , Liebke Dana F. , Maraun Mark , Mc Donnell Rory J. , Pollierer Melanie M. , Schaefer Ina , Shrubovych Julia , Semenyuk Irina I. , Sendra Alberto , Tuma Jiri , Tůmová Michala , Vassilieva Anna B. , Chen Ting‐Wen , Geisen Stefan , Schmidt Olaf , Tiunov Alexei V. , Scheu Stefan 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTSoil organisms drive major ecosystem functions by mineralising carbon and releasing nutrients during decomposition processes, which supports plant growth, aboveground biodiversity and, ultimately, human nutrition. Soil ecologists often operate with functional groups to infer the effects of individual taxa on ecosystem functions and services. Simultaneous assessment of the functional roles of multiple taxa is possible using food‐web reconstructions, but our knowledge of the feeding habits of many taxa is insufficient and often based on limited evidence. Over the last two decades, molecular, biochemical and isotopic tools have improved our understanding of the feeding habits of various soil organisms, yet this knowledge is still to be synthesised into a common functional framework. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the feeding habits of consumers in soil, including protists, micro‐, meso‐ and macrofauna (invertebrates), and soil‐associated vertebrates. We have integrated existing functional group classifications with findings gained with novel methods and compiled an overarching classification across taxa focusing on key universal traits such as food resource preferences, body masses, microhabitat specialisation, protection and hunting mechanisms. Our summary highlights various strands of evidence that many functional groups commonly used in soil ecology and food‐web models are feeding on multiple types of food resources. In many cases, omnivory is observed down to the species level of taxonomic resolution, challenging realism of traditional soil food‐web models based on distinct resource‐based energy channels. Novel methods, such as stable isotope, fatty acid and DNA gut content analyses, have revealed previously hidden facets of trophic relationships of soil consumers, such as food assimilation, multichannel feeding across trophic levels, hidden trophic niche differentiation and the importance of alternative food/prey, as well as energy transfers across ecosystem compartments. Wider adoption of such tools and the development of open interoperable platforms that assemble morphological, ecological and trophic data as traits of soil taxa will enable the refinement and expansion of the multifunctional classification of consumers in soil. The compiled multifunctional classification of soil‐associated consumers will serve as a reference for ecologists working with biodiversity changes and biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, making soil food‐web research more accessible and reproducible.
Prognostic value of contralateral suppression for remission after surgery in patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Mørup Sara , Voss Nathalie , Clausen Caroline , Feltoft Claus Larsen , Andreassen Mikkel , Krogh Jesper 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivePrimary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of endocrine hypertension and adrenalectomy is the firstline treatment for unilateral PA. Suppression of aldosterone secretion of the nondominant adrenal gland at adrenal venous sampling (AVS), that is, contralateral suppression (CLS) has been suggested as a marker of disease severity. However, whether factors such as CLS, age, gender or comorbidities are associated with remission after surgery is controversial. The objective of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of CLS, age, gender, aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio, antihypertensives and comorbidities for clinical and biochemical remission following unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with PA.Design and patientsA retrospective study of patients with PA referred for AVS at Rigshospitalet from May 2011 to September 2020, who subsequently underwent adrenalectomy. Clinical remission was defined according to the PA surgical outcome criteria, whereas complete biochemical remission was defined as normalization of hypokalaemia without potassium substitution.ResultsEighty‐four patients were available for analysis of primary outcome. Among patients with CLS, 28/58 (48.3%) obtained complete clinical remission after surgery compared with 10/26 (38.5%) without CLS (p = .40). Complete biochemical remission was obtained in 55/58 (94.8%) of patients with CLS compared with 25/28 (89.3%) without CLS (p = .44). Female gender and lower number of antihypertensives at baseline were associated with higher odds for complete clinical remission, whereas none of the investigated variables were associated with biochemical remission.ConclusionCLS was not significantly associated with complete clinical or biochemical remission in this cohort. Our results confirmed that female gender and lower number of antihypertensives were predictors of clinical remission.
An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss
Authors: Caro Tim , Rowe Zeke , Berger Joel , Wholey Philippa , Dobson Andrew 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe current perception that climate change is the principal threat to biodiversity is at best premature. Although highly relevant, it detracts focus and effort from the primary threats: habitat destruction and overexploitation. We collated causes of vertebrate extinctions since 1900, threat information for amphibia, birds, and mammals from the IUCN Red List, and scrutinized others’ attempts to compare climate change with commensurate anthropogenic threats. In each analysis, none of the arguments founded on climate change's wide‐ranging effects are as urgent for biodiversity as those for habitat loss and overexploitation. Present conservation efforts must refocus on these issues. Conserving ecosystems by focusing on these major threats not only protects biodiversity but is the only available, economically viable, global strategy to reverse climate change.
1008. ECHINOPS WAKHANICUS: Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Strange Kit , Yamanaka Masumi 
Published: January 2022

SummaryEchinops wakhanicus Rech.f. (Compositae: Cardueae: Echinopsinae) is described and illustrated, and its taxonomic position discussed. Field observations and seed collection of the species are mentioned. The genus Echinops is discussed, and comments made on its infrageneric classification, and the placement of E. wakhanicus in sect. Oligolepis. The terminology used in describing the flowering structure in the genus is discussed; the term synflorescence is preferred. Tribal and subtribal relationships are mentioned. Cultivation requirements are also outlined and, whilst certainly unavailable commercially, it is also unlikely to be found in botanical gardens, except in Tajikistan. Spanning the borders of Afghanistan and Tajikistan, the Conservation Status (of Endangered) in Tajikistan is not reflected in the species' wider distribution on the other side of the Panj River in Afghanistan, where it is considered of Least Concern. The variable spination at the apex of some of the synflorescences is commented on.
3D printing and silicone models of primary skin lesions for dermatological education as remote learning tool
Authors: Clanner‐ Engelshofen Benjamin M. , Frommherz Leonie , Mitwalli Mohammed , Stadler Pia‐Charlotte , French Lars E. , Reinholz Markus 
Published: January 2022

SummaryBackground and objectives: The corona pandemic affects many aspects of life – with challenges in medical treatment undoubtedly of paramount importance. However, continuing medical education needs to be consistently provided. During a semester with lockdown‐phases and limited student‐to‐patient‐contact availability, we supplied silicone models of primary skin lesions to every student and asked them to evaluate this teaching tool.Methods: In two anonymous online surveys, we asked students enrolled in dermatology (n = 222) at the Medical Facility of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in the winter semester 2020/2021 – subsequent to online teaching – about their understanding and self‐assessment of primary skin lesions before and after receiving silicone models for practice. The models were produced by layering different types of silicone into negative 3D printed molds made from polylactide to attain different degrees of hardness and colors.Results: Data from 211 (95.0 %) and 213 (95.9 %) of the 222 students were analyzed before and after receiving the silicone models, respectively. In all questions the students stated a highly significant improvement in their skills (P < 0.001). The majority of students evaluated the silicone models positively and reported a better understanding and learning of primary skin lesions.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the benefit of haptic experience in dermatology teaching not only in the time of COVID‐19, but also thereafter.
Left ventricular end‐systolic volume response post‐stress echocardiography: Dilation as a marker of multi‐vessel coronary artery disease
Authors: Lu Dai‐Yin , Beyer Anna T. , Pursnani Seema K. , Shaw Richard E. , Fang Qizhi , Bibby Dwight , Rosenblatt Andrew , Schiller Nelson B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundTransient ischemic dilation of the left ventricle (LV) during stress echocardiography indicates extensive myocardial ischemia. It remains unclear whether the change of LV end‐systolic volume (ESV) or end‐diastolic volume (EDV) better correlated with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Meanwhile, the clinical significance of the extent of the volumetric change post‐stress has not been investigated.MethodsOne hundred and five individuals (62 ± 12 years and 75% men) who underwent coronary angiography following exercise treadmill echocardiography were enrolled retrospectively. An additional 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects were included for comparison. LV dilation was defined as any increase in LV volume from rest to peak exercise. Patients who had at least two coronary arteries with significant stenosis were considered as having multi‐vessel CAD.ResultsThirty‐four patients had ESV dilation during exercise echocardiography. On the contrary, ESV decreased at peak exercise in all healthy subjects. Forty‐one patients had multi‐vessel CAD, and its prevalence was higher in patients with ESV dilation (65% vs 27%, p = 0.001). The extent of ESV increase correlated with CAD severity. ESV dilation is associated with multi‐vessel CAD (Odds ratio [OR] 5.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.09 – 12.07, p < 0.001). After adjustment for EDV increase, clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic variables, the association remained significant (adjusted OR 5.57, 95% CI 1.37‐22.64; p = 0.02).ConclusionsESV dilation independently correlated with multi‐vessel CAD, whereas EDV dilation did not. The amount of ESV increase correlated with the severity of CAD. Our findings provide a rationale for incorporating volume measurements into stress echocardiography practice.
Delayed citalopram administration reduces brain inflammation and enhances skilled motor function after ischaemic stroke in ‘MacGreen’ mice
Authors: Chen Siyi , Bennet Laura , McGregor Ailsa L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that treatment with antidepressants may promote functional recovery. However, the timeframe in which these pharmacological agents can influence stroke recovery is not well understood. This research investigated whether delayed administration of citalopram, used clinically in the management of post‐stroke depression, could improve long‐term functional recovery following experimental stroke. MacGreen mice carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene in monocyte and macrophage populations were subjected to 45 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Animals were administered citalopram (10 mg/kg/day, n = 20) or saline (n = 20) starting 3 days after stroke for 28 days. Neurological deficits and skilled motor performance in the staircase task were recorded for 9 weeks post stroke. Grey and white matter structural lesions were quantified at Week 9, and enhanced green fluorescent protein immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the effect of citalopram on inflammation. Twenty‐five animals were included in the final analysis. Citalopram‐treated animals (n = 13) showed a significant increase in impaired forepaw use in the staircase task compared with saline‐treated animals (n = 12) 2, 3 and 7 weeks post stroke but no difference in neurological score at any time point examined. Citalopram treatment was associated with decreased monocyte/macrophage cell density and increased white matter tract integrity within the ipsilateral cortex. In conclusion, delayed administration of citalopram decreased brain inflammation and produced functional gains in our mouse model of stroke. Beneficial effects on skilled motor functions were long‐lasting.
Optimum growth temperature declines with body size within fish species
Authors: Lindmark Max , Ohlberger Jan , Gårdmark Anna 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAccording to the temperature‐size rule, warming of aquatic ecosystems is generally predicted to increase individual growth rates but reduce asymptotic body sizes of ectotherms. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how growth and key processes affecting it, such as consumption and metabolism, depend on both temperature and body mass within species. This limits our ability to inform growth models, link experimental data to observed growth patterns, and advance mechanistic food web models. To examine the combined effects of body size and temperature on individual growth, as well as the link between maximum consumption, metabolism, and body growth, we conducted a systematic review and compiled experimental data on fishes from 52 studies that combined body mass and temperature treatments. By fitting hierarchical models accounting for variation between species, we estimated how maximum consumption and metabolic rate scale jointly with temperature and body mass within species. We found that whole‐organism maximum consumption increases more slowly with body mass than metabolism, and is unimodal over the full temperature range, which leads to the prediction that optimum growth temperatures decline with body size. Using an independent dataset, we confirmed this negative relationship between optimum growth temperature and body size. Small individuals of a given population may, therefore, exhibit increased growth with initial warming, whereas larger conspecifics could be the first to experience negative impacts of warming on growth. These findings help advance mechanistic models of individual growth and food web dynamics and improve our understanding of how climate warming affects the growth and size structure of aquatic ectotherms.
Does renewable mean good for climate? Biogenic carbon in climate impact assessments of biomass utilization
Authors: Matuštík Jan , Kočí Vladimír 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUsing biomass to substitute fossil resources is seen as one of the sustainable ways to tackle climate change. Yet not all biomass projects can be a priori declared beneficial. A climate impact assessment, such as life cycle assessment or carbon footprint, is crucial for a science‐based policy recommendation. However, those assessments can often be incomplete, especially since many of those adopt an assumption that biogenic CO2 emissions cause no harm to the climate and do not need to be accounted. Such a simplistic “neutrality assumption” can lead to inaccurate results and thus to undesired consequences. This article synthesizes and further develops the diverse argumentation against the “neutrality assumption,” especially regarding the complexity of biomass production, differences in the timing of emission, allocation procedure, and climate change characterization methodology. Thus, the article draws a broader picture of the complex issue of biomass projects and argues for more comprehensive assessments.
The effect of carriers’ reproductive choices and pregnancy history on sporadic severe haemophilia: A 20‐year retrospective study through a regional registry
Authors: Riccardi Federica , Coppola Antonio , Rivolta Gianna Franca , Matichecchia Annalisa , Quintavalle Gabriele , Biasoli Chiara , Valdrè Lelia , Piscitelli Lydia , Percesepe Antonio , Tagliaferri Annarita 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionHaemophilias are X‐linked inherited bleeding disorders, due to de novo F8/F9 gene variants in 30–50% of cases. The identification of causative variant in index cases (IC) is crucial for genetic counselling in related women. Over the last 20 years the Emilia‐Romagna Regional Haemophilia Registry documented high proportions of sporadic severe haemophilia.AimTo clarify if carriers’ reproductive choices influence the sporadic/familial ratio of severe haemophilia.MethodsGenetic counselling and genotyping in 221 relatives of severe IC were retrospectively reviewed, retrieving reproductive choices and pregnancy history of childbearing‐age carriers from familial and sporadic pedigrees and according to the IC degree of relationship (mothers, daughters, II/other).ResultsCarriers’ identification rates were lower in sporadic women and in other‐degree relatives. Among childbearing age women (n = 140), carriers were 37/48 (77%) and 57/92 (62%) of familial and sporadic relatives, respectively. Forty‐five/57 sporadic carriers experienced 67 pregnancies, while 21/37 familial carriers had 39 pregnancies (four voluntary terminations), with a significantly higher number of affected sons in the former (40/67 vs. 12/35, P = .025). Prenatal diagnosis was chosen by 40% and 47% of sporadic and familial aware carriers, respectively. Sporadic mothers often avoided further pregnancies (17/38, 45%) after a firstborn affected child, while familial mothers tended to face pregnancies without prenatal approaches (6/10, 60%).ConclusionIn this cohort sporadic offspring account for more than 70% of severe haemophilia cases. This increasing proportion is likely to reflect the influence in reproductive choices of awareness of carriers’ status, particularly in sporadic mothers, and of prenatal diagnosis options.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND AGGLOMERATION OF MULTINATIONAL PRODUCTION WITH TRANSFER PRICING
Authors: Kato Hayato , Okoshi Hirofumi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDo low corporate taxes always favor multinational production over economic integration? We propose a two‐country model in which multinationals choose the locations of production plants and foreign distribution affiliates and shift profits between them through transfer prices. With high trade costs, plants are concentrated in the low‐tax country; surprisingly, this pattern reverses with low trade costs. Indeed, economic integration has a nonmonotonic impact: Falling trade costs first decrease and then increase the plant share in the high‐tax country, which we empirically confirm. Moreover, allowing for transfer pricing makes tax competition tougher and international coordination on transfer‐pricing regulation can be beneficial.