bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intersectional Solidarity from Protest to Politics
Authors: Crowder Chaya Y 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5 expands upon the political issues that will be examined in relation to intersectional solidarity. In particular, the chapter examines how intersectional solidarity influenced issues that were salient in 2020. The Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey allows the exploration of how intersectional solidarity influenced people’s motivation for supporting a range of issues including the Black Lives Matter Movement and the #MeToo Movement. Additionally, the chapter examines the relationship between intersectional solidarity and descriptive representation by exploring how likely people think it is that Congress represents the interest of people like them when more women, Black people, or Black women are elected to Congress.
Unequal Learning
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Unequal Learning takes reader inside four schools and communities across China’s socioeconomic spectrum: a rural school hidden among tall mountains, a public school in an emerging city in an impoverished region, a low-cost private school serving rural migrants, and a prestigious metropolitan public school attracting the children of elite professionals and government officials in a prosperous metropolis. In these diverse communities, the author identifies four distinct paradigms of learning that exist in most modern societies across the globe: Learning in Family and Communal Endeavors, Learning through Formal Instruction, Learning in Organized Activities, and Learning through Play. Weaving global histories into riveting narratives about children’s day-to-day activities, the author elegantly sets forth the economic, political, and social structures that enable and constrain each paradigm of learning. The paradigm of learning framework provides a powerful tool to make sense of educational inequality in modern societies, which is far more complex than a number of intersecting achievement and attainment gaps. The differentiation of Learning through Formal Instruction and the exclusivity of Learning in Organized Activities results from and contributes to the widening gulf between the rising metropolitan elites and the popular classes in China. At the same time, the systematic devaluation of Learning in Family and Communal Endeavors reflects and reinforces the devaluation of human labor in global capitalism. Therefore, if we are at all serious about educational equity and justice, we need to fundamentally rethink whose knowledge and contribution counts as well as what good schools and good education look like.
Introduction
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter introduces the main sites and themes of the book—the region of Donbas and its urban agglomerations, irredentism and secessionism, foreign intervention, and armed insurgency. It explains how a micro-level approach based on comparative process-tracing of developments in individual towns at the conflict outset allows to identify mechanisms through which armed militants, led by Russian agents, seized control over the region. It also positions the book within an existing literature on the causes of armed conflict in Donbas. It offers a new explanatory framework for the conflict by distinguishing between the two stages of the insurgency campaign, state founding and state building, and specifying the exact role that Russian and local actors played during each stage.
How Was Donbas Occupied?
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter develops the book’s conceptual framework, which views insurgency as a form of state formation that requires establishing a coercive monopoly over a particular territory and building the institutions of a nascent state. The chapter then compares the extent to which separatists in Donbas managed to achieve these two objectives at the outset of the conflict in six urban agglomerations of the region. It demonstrates that the establishment of full or partial coercive control over towns by militants also increased the likelihood that they could gain administrative hold over the locality. They achieved this by encouraging the collaboration of local elites or forming parallel governance structures. The chapter introduces the concept of urban agglomeration density and explains its relevance for understanding the swift spread of separatist presence across Donbas. It describes in greater detail the location and other attributes of the urban centers and agglomerations in Donbas discussed further in the book.
Rivalry, Revolution, and Russia’s Intervention
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that the armed conflict in Donbas can be conceptualized as a foreign-led insurgency campaign that started as a result of external intervention from Russia. It argues that the intervention resulted from Moscow’s longtime hostility to the idea of Ukrainian independence, evident already during the breakup of the Soviet Union. The chapter traces how this hostility increased over time and centered on three key areas: disagreement over borders, Russia’s rejection of Ukraine’s alliance choices, and contestation over symbols, such as national language policy and historical memory politics. The chapter demonstrates how the outbreak of the Euromaidan revolution in 2013–2014 created an opening for Russia’s intervention, first in Crimea and later in Donbas.
The “Russian Spring” and Its Discontents
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter shifts the analytical focus to internal dynamics in Donbas and traces the origins of separatist mobilization there in spring 2014. It examines the framing of anti-government protests in Kyiv by local elites and civic activists and explains how it led to the growing public demand for broader regional autonomy. It also demonstrates how anti-Maidan mobilization in the region produced counter-rallies in support of the unity of Ukraine in major towns of Donbas, which were subdued through physical assaults and coercive threats. As the chapter shows, although anti-Kyiv rallies also lost steam, the escalation of violence following the launch of the government’s “counter-terrorist operation” in mid-April created new grievances that favored the separatist state-building project.
From Sabotage to Resistance
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on several towns in Donbas where local activists and municipal authorities created self-defense groups to protect their towns from militant threats. These actions usually preceded any major local separatist mobilization and required joint efforts of town residents and mayors. They also rested on the ability to project grass-roots coercive capacity, receive backing from powerful business actors and engage in coordination with Ukrainian armed units. The chapter shows that Ukraine’s sovereign presence remained or was quickly restored in those towns in Donbas where pro-Ukrainian forces could credibly threaten to use force, while local separatists lacked direct assistance from Russian mercenaries. The proximity of the Ukrainian armed forces or volunteer battalions to these towns had a further deterrent effect on local militants and compelled them to withdraw.
Experiencing War from Afar
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Children enjoyed listening to martial music, celebrating victories, and watching military parades. They not only viewed soldiers from the sidelines; they also pretended to be them in play activities covering not only war’s glories but its horrors as well. Poor and rich youngsters alike found comfort in playing at soldiering, and servicemen of all ranks basked in children’s adoration. Adults also enjoyed watching youngsters drill and seeing them in uniform. The evidence suggests that the children—particularly those emulating officers—might take as much pleasure in this as their elders did in viewing them. Education efforts thus sought to harness juvenile war interests. Parents taught their offspring about battles and veterans shared their war stories to impart lessons in history, patriotism, reading, and even maths. The Army also pioneered efforts at mass education in its regimental schools and by training its personnel to teach using Bell’s monitorial system. Not every child fell prey to martial culture’s appeal, however; this chapter concludes with examples of young people who mocked, feared, or resisted servicemen.
Children in Uniform
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
After assuming command of the Army in the 1790s, the Duke of York simultaneously limited boys under 16 from becoming officers while increasing the number of boys permitted to serve in the other ranks. Though on the surface this suggests that the Army cared more about protecting elite boys from war’s dangers, boys of all ranks had much in common. The Army saw all boys as useless in comparison to their adult counterparts. Their advantage consisted in their higher willingness to enlist and their lower pay. For civilians, boys’ entry into the Army reduced the potential for youthful misrule. Military commanders promised to treat younger soldiers with compassion, but rarely delivered. Dressed in ill-fitting uniforms, boys received less rations than men, though the calorie needs of growing lads were actually higher. They were also vulnerable to the hazing and immoral influences of the men around them. Officers sometimes exercised more leniency on younger courts martial defendants, but this was not guaranteed. Boy soldiers experienced combat similar to their older counterparts, and were more likely to engage in dangerous acts of bravery to defy those who denounced them for their youth. The Enlightenment might have tasked adults with protecting child innocence, but it also advocated training youngsters to realize their full potential. The Army shared this focus on the future adult, ignoring the needs of the child in order to get the most out of the man he would become.
Thematic Dative Plurals in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focusses on thematic dative plurals. For this linguistic feature perhaps most of all, it is found that dialect is the probably the most relevant factor, and that chronology is hard to establish. Having set out the dialectal situation, it is argued that once again, formulae are very important, and also metre—so much so, that the analysis can only be carried out by splitting up the data into groups based on metrical shape, like for the genitives. Here also it is found that it is difficult to maintain a chronological interpretation of the data, and that a dialectal one appears much more likely.
Homeric Speech, Narrative, and Style
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter picks up on the chapter on tmesis, and goes into much more detail about how and why Homeric speech and narrative act differently in how they use this linguistic feature. After some preliminaries and definitions, it is argued that the degree of continuity between performances is crucial for how the poets created different linguistic registers for different kinds of poetry, given recomposition-in-performance. The arguments made here will go on to be used in a similar fashion in the subsequent chapter, which will expand the scope of the analysis to include different genres of early Greek hexameter poetry. The concept of recomposition-in-performance is therefore key, and discussed at length here.
Register in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter follows on from the previous, but expands the scope of the discussion, in that it thinks about how different sub-genres of early Greek hexameter poetry might have been composed with more or less consistency diachronically. After some discussion and definitions, the chapter discusses what we can know about our main non-heroic sub-genres and their prehistory—cosmogony, didactic, and hymnic hexameter. It then turns to a second argument, picking up a recurring theme of Part 1, which concerns formulae. It is argued that formulae exert a significant analogical pressure in terms of the linguistic archaisms often contained within, and therefore that poems with relatively fewer formulae are therefore less likely to exhibit linguistic archaisms.
Conclusion
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concluding chapter ties together all the threads of all the preceding chapters. It argues that there are a great many factors in understanding the distribution of the artificial language of the corpus. Chronology is almost certainly an operant factor, but there are so many complications (both ‘external’, i.e. dialect and stylistic and ‘internal’, i.e. formulae and meter) that it is extremely difficult to draw meaningful chronological conclusions about the texts, and therefore that glottochronology is extremely difficult for early Greek hexameter poetry. It is also argued that style is a much more important factor than previously realized, and that this is tied to the prehistory of the different performance traditions.
The Topography of Nonviolence
Authors: Devji Faisal 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As the father of his nation Gandhi is naturally associated with India’s territory. From his ideas about home rule and village republics to mobilizing peasants in the country’s heartland, the Mahatma’s mission was linked with the vast landmass of India. Yet Gandhi was born in a port city that served as a gateway for Gujarat’s commerce across the Indian Ocean, a trail which he followed first as a student to London and then as a lawyer in South Africa. Moving between land and sea, Gandhi was able to unsettle the territorial foundations of India’s colonial society with new ideas and practices from everywhere and nowhere. Even his manifesto of 1909, Hind Swaraj, was written on board a ship. Rather than vanishing into the great territorial expanses of the subcontinent, this shifting and even liquid world of ideas, images, and practices allowed Indians to free and transform themselves, even while their land was in the possession of others.
A Rasātmaka Journey
Authors: Shukla-Bhatt Neelima 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the vast scholarship on M. K. Gandhi, his aesthetic sensibility has received little attention compared to his political action and thought on nonviolence. Yet an examination of his writings and communications reveals that his aesthetic sensibility was integrally linked to them. Contrary to the general perception about his indifference or utilitarian approach to art, he, in fact, saw life itself as art. He searched for a unity of truth, goodness, and beauty in all aspects of life. Nonviolence, expressed through moral action, was a path to realize that unity. Taking a cue from Gandhi’s reference to his ‘Experiments with Truth’ as a source of rasa (aesthetic relishing) in his ‘autobiography’, this chapter examines how the aesthetic and the moral were woven in Gandhi’s quest. It proposes that of the various interpretations of rasa in Indian aesthetics, the one sought by Gandhi comes closest to śāntarasa (tranquil mood) as expounded by the eleventh-century mystic Abhinavagupta, who compared it to the bliss experienced in meditation.
The Number Sense of Nineteenth-Century British Literature
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Number Sense of Nineteenth-Century British Literature considers how the avalanche of printed numbers characterizing the period affected its literature. While it touches on the rise of statistics and developments in politics and mathematics, this book takes as its starting point the presence of actual numbers—ordinal and cardinal, Arabic, Roman, or spelled out in words—within the century’s literary texts. It is through the deployment of such figures that texts display their number sense; similarly, readers develop the faculty of number sense by paying attention to their presence. And while it often takes us back to a specific historical context, attention to a text’s use of numbers also enables more fundamental recognitions about how literature makes meaning. The book asks what kinds of work, intellectual and ethical, literature’s numerical figures perform. Why are some writers especially numbery? What affordances do numbers wield in various literary environments and against a specific historical backdrop? How do they relate to aspects like plot and character, narrative and lyric? How do they interact with seriality, so central to nineteenth-century publication? When do the numbers really count, and when do they ask us to keep count? Lingering over texts’ measures illuminates the way numbers help shape literary works into the recognizable forms we call genres; one marks both lyric and the Bildungsroman but looks very different in each setting. Number sense uncovers how numbers can serve both as valves, releasing cultural pressures, and as fulcrums, places where pressures coincide to create new forms of literary agency.
Byron’s Counts
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Romantic poets are very numbery. William Wordsworth is a renowned poet of number; his “egotistical sublime” manifests not only in a lyric devotion to the singularity that is one but also in a wider deployment of counts. Yet the measures and tallies in his verse generally reveal a distrust of number. In contrast, while Byron’s numbers in Don Juan may occasionally mislead, they also yield positive forms of meaning. Byron uses the generic affordances of narrative verse to encourage counting in order to manage the challenge, in the age of Malthus, that experiences of proliferation pose to a sympathy-based, Enlightenment ethics—especially in the case of collective disasters such as war. Don Juan teaches readers how to get a feel for counting, a process that can lead from the one toward the many. This lesson is delivered formally, through the poem’s use of ottava rima, as it addresses issues of number, genre, and naming.
Jane Austen, by Half
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The novels of the notoriously numbery Jane Austen exhibit a surprising preponderance of the fraction half. Chapter 2 considers this “rational number” as a kind of generic marker of the matching processes undergirding the courtship or marriage plot and as a measure of Austen’s ontology. Looking at Austen’s interest in halves reveals her ambivalence regarding the perfect fit of wholes, which, while the telos and ultimate source happiness in her writing, also represent structures of disciplinary containment (broadly social and, via the novel, generic) that arise in response to a scarcity economics that Austen knows well to fear. The chapter ends by tracking these same forces at play in George Gissing’s The Odd Women, another peculiarly half-rich text the from later in the century that engages both issues of money and the Woman Question.
Figuring Character in Dickens
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses broadly on how numbers have intersected with characterological description before homing in on how Charles Dickens’s treatment of name, number, and character offers a rejoinder to the novel numberiness of liberal democracy. Dickens’s novels have long been recognized as testing grounds for ideas of character (flat and round, major and the minor) as they present the struggle of The One vs. the Many, in Alex Woloch’s formulation. But A Tale of Two Cities has proved especially fertile in this regard in recent years. This fact relates to this novel’s unusual numerical saturation. A Tale reveals that the politics of character is always, on some level, a politics of number. A coda turns to Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, reflecting on its modes of characterization in relation to those of Dickens’s revolutionary novel—and to the preeminent genre of individualist singularity, the Bildungsroman.
Conclusion
Authors: Markovits Stefanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Conclusion reprises the Introduction via an exploration of two more sets of threes, in Wilkie Collins’s Armadale and Thomas Hardy’s first published novel, Desperate Remedies. In these novels, the third time is not so much a charm as the ultimate proof of a pattern or series. Both sensation novels thus use this figure to think through ancient ideas of fate, chance, and agency against the numbery backdrop of modernity. The novels’ numbers reflect the development of “statistical fatalism” or “statistical determinism,” as modern causalities of risk coexist with other, older modes. They thereby demonstrate the how the Law of Large Numbers was sometimes misapplied to smaller ones. Their prominent threes thus operate at the weird convergence of old and new, emotional and rational, and scientific and aesthetic methods of signification, offering a perfect opportunity to exercise readers’ number sense.
Does Amsterdam criteria applied to largely unsubmitted term placentas with favorable fetal outcomes show significant maternal clinicopathologic correlation?
Authors: Fortes Precious Ann , Janzen Carla , Lei Margarida Y Y , Vangala Sitaram , Sung Kyunghyun , Devaskar Sherin U , Sullivan Peggy S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Before the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement, standardization in placental pathology assessment did not exist. This study evaluated the Amsterdam criteria’s utility in correlating ischemic placental disease (IPD) with placental pathologic lesions in a cohort of largely unsubmitted term placentas with favorable outcomes.

Methods
In this prospective case-controlled study at a single institution, all placentas were examined using Amsterdam protocols for gross sampling and microscopic review by 2 reviewers who were blinded to clinical history. Pathologic findings including hypoxic and chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) scores were correlated with IPD status and whether the placenta was submitted to pathology using either a χ² test or Fisher exact test, as appropriate.

Results
A total of 172 placentas collected between 2017 and 2020 were included. Approximately 18.6% (n = 32) were in the IPD group, and 81.4% (n = 140) were in the non-IPD group. No statistically significant differences in microscopic findings were seen in ascending infection, maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, or VUE between groups or by submission status. When tabulated as a hypoxic score, placentas from the IPD group were associated with greater hypoxic scores compared to non-IPD placentas (P = .011). A positive association was observed between greater VUE scores and hypoxic scores (P = .007).

Conclusions
In largely unsubmitted term placentas, the microscopic findings per Amsterdam criteria may be nonspecific. When tabulated as hypoxic or VUE scores, however, some clinicopathologic correlation may be seen in the setting of IPD. Further work is needed to refine the thresholds of meaningful reporting of placental pathology using the Amsterdam criteria.