bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trafficability Prediction Using Depth-to-Water Maps: the Status of Application in Northern and Central European Forestry
Authors: Hoffmann Stephan , Schönauer Marian , Heppelmann Joachim , Asikainen Antti , Cacot Emmanuel , Eberhard Benno , Hasenauer Hubert , Ivanovs Janis , Jaeger Dirk , Lazdins Andis , Mohtashami Sima , Moskalik Tadeusz , Nordfjell Tomas , Stereńczak Krzysztof , Talbot Bruce , Uusitalo Jori , Vuillermoz Morgan , Astrup Rasmus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Purpose of Review
Mechanized logging operations with ground-based equipment commonly represent European production forestry but are well-known to potentially cause soil impacts through various forms of soil disturbances, especially on wet soils with low bearing capacity. In times of changing climate, with shorter periods of frozen soils, heavy rain fall events in spring and autumn and frequent needs for salvage logging, forestry stakeholders face increasingly unfavourable conditions to conduct low-impact operations. Thus, more than ever, planning tools such as trafficability maps are required to ensure efficient forest operations at reduced environmental impact. This paper aims to describe the status quo of existence and implementation of such tools applied in forest operations across Europe. In addition, focus is given to the availability and accessibility of data relevant for such predictions.

Recent Findings
A commonly identified method to support the planning and execution of machine-based operations is given by the prediction of areas with low bearing capacity due to wet soil conditions. Both the topographic wetness index (TWI) and the depth-to-water algorithm (DTW) are used to identify wet areas and to produce trafficability maps, based on spatial information.

Summary
The required input data is commonly available among governmental institutions and in some countries already further processed to have topography-derived trafficability maps and respective enabling technologies at hand. Particularly the Nordic countries are ahead within this process and currently pave the way to further transfer static trafficability maps into dynamic ones, including additional site-specific information received from detailed forest inventories. Yet, it is hoped that a broader adoption of these information by forest managers throughout Europe will take place to enhance sustainable forest operations.
Rethinking the Methodological Foundation of Historical Political Science
Authors: Shi Qipeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe basis of a methodology determines whether a research method can fit the core characteristics of a particular academic tradition, and thus, it is crucial to explore this foundation. Keeping in mind the controversy and progress of the philosophy of social sciences, this paper aims to elaborate on four aspects including the cognitive model, the view of causality, research methods, and analysis techniques, and to establish a more solid methodological basis for historical political science. With respect to the “upstream knowledge” of methodology, both positivism and critical realism underestimate the tremendous difference between the natural world and the social world. This leads to inherent flaws in controlled comparison and causal mechanism analysis. Given the constructiveness of social categories and the complexity of historical circumstances, the cognitive model of constructivism makes it more suitable for researchers to engage in macro-political and social analysis. From the perspective of constructivism, the causality in “storytelling,” i.e., the traditional narrative analysis, is placed as the basis of the regularity theory of causality in this paper, thus forming the historical–causal narrative. The historical–causal narrative focuses on how a research object is shaped and self-shaped in the ontological historical process, and thus ideally suits the disciplinary characteristics of historical political science. Researchers can complete theoretical dialogues, test hypotheses, and further explore the law of causality in logic and evidence, thereby achieving the purpose of “learning from history” in historical political science.
Perspectives on paediatric sleep-disordered breathing in the UK: a qualitative study
Authors: Haighton C , Watson R M , Wilson J A , Powell S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThere is limited understanding of treatment pathways for paediatric sleep-disordered breathing. This study explored current UK pathways and what is important to well-being for parents and children.MethodThe study comprised in-depth qualitative interviews (n = 22) with parents of children (2–9 years) with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing referred to a regional ENT clinic (n = 11), general practitioners who might refer these children to ENT (n = 5) and hospital doctors involved in treating these children (n = 6). Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymised and analysed thematically.ResultsGeneral practitioners rarely identify seeing children with sleep-disordered breathing; conversely hospital doctors identify unsuspected issues. Parents are worried their child will stop breathing, but routes to referral and diagnosis are not straightforward. Modern technology can aid investigation and diagnosis. Patient weight is an issue for general practitioners and hospital doctors. Adenotonsillectomy is the treatment of choice, and information on paediatric sleep-disordered breathing is needed.ConclusionGuidelines for the management of paediatric sleep-disordered breathing are needed.
Post-tonsillectomy advice: the UK patient experience
Authors: Gabrawi M , Haymes A , Davis J 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure in the UK. This study critically examined the current advice provided by UK hospitals to patients about post-operative care.MethodPost-tonsillectomy patient advice sheets were obtained from 110 UK National Health Service trusts and equivalent organisations. Their contents were analysed and compared with published literature to determine whether the advice being given to patients was evidence-based.ResultsPost-tonsillectomy dietary and fluid intake advice varied between hospitals; although many recommended eating and drinking a normal diet (88 per cent), some recommended eating ‘hard’ (26 per cent) or ‘soft’ (8 per cent) foods. Non-evidence based advice given included avoiding fizzy drinks (21 per cent), fruit juices (9 per cent) and using chewing gum (51 per cent). Reported post-operative risks and safety-netting also varied.ConclusionMuch of the advice in the available printed information appeared to be anecdotal and not based on, or was contrary to, published evidence. After review of the literature, an evidence-based post-tonsillectomy patient advice sheet was generated for dissemination.
Predictors of pharmacotherapy outcomes for body dysmorphic disorder: a machine learning approach
Authors: Curtiss Joshua E. , Bernstein Emily E. , Wilhelm Sabine , Phillips Katharine A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundSerotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a common and severe disorder. However, prior research has not focused on or identified definitive predictors of SRI treatment outcomes. Leveraging precision medicine techniques such as machine learning can facilitate the prediction of treatment outcomes.MethodsThe study used 10-fold cross-validation support vector machine (SVM) learning models to predict three treatment outcomes (i.e. response, partial remission, and full remission) for 97 patients with BDD receiving up to 14-weeks of open-label treatment with the SRI escitalopram. SVM models used baseline clinical and demographic variables as predictors. Feature importance analyses complemented traditional SVM modeling to identify which variables most successfully predicted treatment response.ResultsSVM models indicated acceptable classification performance for predicting treatment response with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 (sensitivity = 0.77 and specificity = 0.63), partial remission with an AUC of 0.75 (sensitivity = 0.67 and specificity = 0.73), and full remission with an AUC of 0.79 (sensitivity = 0.70 and specificity = 0.79). Feature importance analyses supported constructs such as better quality of life and less severe depression, general psychopathology symptoms, and hopelessness as more predictive of better treatment outcome; demographic variables were least predictive.ConclusionsThe current study is the first to demonstrate that machine learning algorithms can successfully predict treatment outcomes for pharmacotherapy for BDD. Consistent with precision medicine initiatives in psychiatry, the current study provides a foundation for personalized pharmacotherapy strategies for patients with BDD.
Serum antioxidant status and mortality from influenza and pneumonia in US adults
Authors: Kang Habyeong , Hu Howard , Park Sung Kyun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:We examined the association between serum antioxidant status and mortality from influenza and pneumonia in US adults.Design:Serum concentrations of antioxidants included vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, sum of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin and lycopene. We computed total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as a measure of composite antioxidant status in serum. Survey-weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI comparing quartiles of each antioxidant and TAC.Setting:Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-III.Participants:A total of 7428 NHANES-III participants ≥45 years of age.Results:With a weighted-median follow-up of 16·8 years, 154 participants died from influenza/pneumonia. After adjustment for covariates, serum vitamin C, the sum of α- and β-carotene and TAC were nonlinearly associated with influenza/pneumonia mortality, with the statistically significant smallest HR at the third quartile v. the first quartile (HR = 0·38 (95 % CI: 0·19, 0·77), 0·29 (0·16, 0·51) and 0·30 (0·15, 0·59), respectively). HR comparing the fourth v. the first quartiles were weaker and nonsignificant: 0·57 (95 % CI: 0·27, 1·17), 0·70 (0·41, 1·19) and 0·65 (0·31, 1·35), respectively. Serum lycopene had a monotonic association with influenza/pneumonia mortality (HR = 0·43 (95 % CI: 0·23, 0·83) comparing the fourth v. the first quartile, Pfor trend = 0·01).Conclusions:The current study suggests that antioxidant intake as reflected by serum concentrations may reduce mortality risk from influenza or pneumonia in the US general population. These findings warrant further confirmation in other populations with different settings (e.g. a shorter-term association with influenza infection).
Maternal perception of child weight and concern about child overweight mediates the relationship between child weight and feeding practices
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhu Daqiao , Cheng Xuwen , Liuzhou Yicong , Zhu Bingqian , Montgomery Scott , Cao Yang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:To examine the mediating effects of maternal perception of child weight (weight perception) and concern about overweight (weight concern) on the paths between child weight and maternal feeding practices.Setting:Pudong District, Shanghai, China.Participants:A convenience sample of 1164 mothers who were primary caregivers of preschool children.Results:Sixty per cent of the mothers perceived their overweight/obese children as normal weight or even underweight. The disagreement between actual child weight and maternal weight perception was statistically significant (Kappa = 0·212,P< 0·001). Structural equation modelling indicated that weight perception fully mediated the relationship between child BMI Z-scores and pressure to eat. Weight concern fully mediated the relationships between child BMI Z-scores and the other three feeding practices. The serial mediating effects of weight perception and concern were statistically significant for the paths between child BMI Z-score and monitoring (β= 0·035,P< 0·001), restriction (β= 0·022,P< 0·001), and food as a reward (β= –0·017,P< 0·05).Conclusion:Child weight may influence maternal feeding practices through weight perception and concern. Thus, interventions are needed to increase the accuracy of weight perception, which may influence several maternal feeding practices and thereby contribute to child health.
Blockchain networks as constitutional and competitive polycentric orders
Authors: Alston Eric , Law Wilson , Murtazashvili Ilia , Weiss Martin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInstitutional economists have analyzed permissionless blockchains as a novel institutional building block for voluntary economic exchange and distributed governance, with their unique protocol features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. But such institutional analysis needs to be complemented by polycentric analysis of how blockchains change. We characterize such change as resulting from internal sources and external sources. Internal sources include constitutional (protocol) design and collective-choice processes for updating protocols, which help coordinate network participants and users. External sources include competitive pressure from other cryptocurrency networks. By studying two leading networks, Bitcoin and Ethereum, we illustrate how conceptualizing blockchains as competing and constitutional polycentric enterprises clarifies their processes of change.
Intersected Groups and Discriminatory Everyday Behavior
Authors: Agerström Jens , Carlsson Magnus , Strinić Andrea 
Published: January 2022

Abstract. De-racialization research suggests that depicting members of ethnic minority groups as gay leads to less stereotypic perceptions of their ethnic group. However, whether the consequences of de-racialization translate into real-world behavior is unclear. In a large “lost letter” field experiment ( N = 6,654) where an email was ostensibly sent to the wrong recipient by mistake, we investigate whether the relative impact of signaling gayness (vs. heterosexuality) differs for Arab (minority) versus Swedish (majority) senders. The results show clear evidence of ethnic discrimination where Arab (minority) senders receive fewer replies (prosocial response) than Swedish (majority) senders. However, there is no evidence indicating that Arab senders would receive a lower penalty for revealing gayness. Implications for multiple categorization research are discussed.
Enabling Volumetric Flow Measurement in the Indus Basin Irrigation Scheme: Perceptions and Conflict Reduction
Authors: Ali Shah Muhammad Azeem , Bell Andrew Reid , Anwar Arif 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlobally water use in agriculture is inefficient, with problems more pronounced in the global south. Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is a noteworthy case, withdrawing over 95% of the surface water resource. The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is a vast gravity irrigation system with next to no volumetric measurement and low, area‐based water charges; the lack of flow information makes accountability difficult and reduces the marginal cost of water use to zero for farmers. The path toward a functional agricultural water system with volumetric fees and the potential for intra and inter‐sectoral trading begins with measurement, but this is a challenge for the IBIS, where tampering with equipment as well as fouling by sediment‐laden water are major impediments. We present results from a pilot study that overcomes this challenge, develops a reliable measurement program for the IBIS, and illustrates how information alone (let alone its application to governance and trade) can make a difference in system behavior. Importantly, the method of ultrasonic depth measurement used in our system performs well under flow conditions present at or above the canal outlet level, emphasizing the importance of water user associations at the watercourse scale as actors in IBIS‐level water governance.
ENSO Explains the Link Between Indian Ocean Dipole and Meridional Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: McMonigal K. , Larson Sarah M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIndian Ocean meridional heat transport (MHTIO) drives climate and ecosystem impacts, through changes to ocean temperature. Improved understanding of natural variability in tropical and subtropical MHTIO is needed to contextualize observations and future projections. Previous studies suggest that El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can drive variability in MHTIO. However, it is unclear whether internally generated IOD can drive variability in MHTIO, or if the apparent relationship between IOD and MHTIO arises because both are modulated by ENSO. Here, we use a model experiment which dynamically removes ENSO to determine the role of internally forced IOD on MHTIO. We find that IOD is not linked to anomalies in MHTIO. Nevertheless, internal atmospheric variability drives significant MHTIO variability. There is little evidence for decadal or multidecadal variability in MHTIO, suggesting this may be a region where an anthropogenic trend rises above the level of internal variability sooner.
Distinct Surface Warming Response Over the Western and Eastern Equatorial Pacific to Radiative Forcing
Authors: Park Chanyoung , Kang Sarah M. , Stuecker Malte F. , Jin Fei‐Fei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study examines regional characteristics of atmospheric and oceanic feedback processes in the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, by applying a localized surface heating in the respective region in a hierarchy of climate models. A western Pacific forcing is largely offset by a negative shortwave cloud radiative effect and damping via wind‐evaporation‐SST feedback. In contrast, an eastern Pacific forcing, while being partially compensated for by ocean dynamical adjustments, induces an amplified warming extending to the central Pacific due to weak local damping mechanisms. As for the inter‐model spread of the future tropical Pacific surface warming pattern, the ocean heat uptake response in the east can explain much of the spread both on fast (<5 years) and slow (>100 years) timescales. Our results suggest that an “El Niño‐like” warming pattern is probable in response to increasing greenhouse gases owing to the strong negative feedback intrinsic to the western Pacific.
Quantifying Carbon Monoxide Emissions on the Scale of Large Wildfires
Authors: Bela M. M. , Kille N. , McKeen S. A. , Romero‐Alvarez J. , Ahmadov R. , James E. , Pereira G. , Schmidt C. , Pierce R. B. , O’Neill S. M. , Zhang X. , Kondragunta S. , Wiedinmyer C. , Volkamer R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe University of Colorado Airborne Solar Occultation Flux (CU AirSOF) instrument conducted the first suborbital carbon monoxide (CO) mass flux measurements on the scale of large wildfires, showing that the destructive fires in northern California in October 2017 emitted 2,040 ± 316 tonnes CO hr−1. Pyrogenic estimates from seven satellite‐based emission inventories bracket the observed flux, but their range spans a factor of 83. The simulated air quality impacts in the form of ozone and fine particulate matter scale primarily with these uncertain emission amounts, and range from insignificant to very severe. This uncertainty in predicting emissions is reduced to a factor of ∼2 by the CU AirSOF flux measurements, with potential for future improvements. The uncertainty is primarily the result of uncertain vegetation types and sources of radiative power measurements, and to a lesser extent uncertain emission factors and fire diurnal cycles.
The Influence of Riparian Vegetation on the Sinuosity and Lateral Stability of Meandering Channels
Authors: Zhu Lekui , Chen Dong , Hassan Marwan A. , Venditti Jeremy G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFloodplains of meandering rivers are colonized with various plant species that differ in how they stabilize streambanks, modulating sinuosity evolution. Here, we compile observations of meander migration from North and South America, categorizing channels based on the riparian vegetation as cropland, forest, grassland, and rainforest. Our analysis reveals that the most stable meanders are those developed in rainforests and the reason is likely related to their established root systems and clay‐rich soils. The most unstable meanders were found in cropland areas, which is explained by the lack of vegetation cover and the frequent land disturbances associated with cultivation. Rivers in grassland and North American forest environments have intermediate migration rates. We found that meanders in grasslands have lower migration rates than those in North American forests. The reason for this may lie in the fact that grassland meanders in general have higher sinuosity, lower gradients, and layered banks.
A Turbulent Heating Model Combining Diffusion and Advection Effects for Giant Planet Magnetospheres
Authors: Ng C. S. , Neupane B. R. , Delamere P. A. , Damiano P. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe temperatures of ions in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn were observed to increase substantially from about 10 to 30 planet radii. Different heating mechanisms have been proposed to explain such observations, including a heating model for Jupiter based on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence with flux‐tube diffusion. More recently, an MHD turbulent heating model based on advection was shown to also explain the temperature increase at Jupiter and Saturn. We further develop this turbulent heating model by combining effects from both diffusion and advection. The combined model resolves the physical consistency requirement that diffusion should dominate over advection when the radial flow velocity is small and vice versa when it is large. Comparisons with observations show that previous agreements, using the advection only model, are still valid for larger radial distance. Moreover, the additional heating by diffusion results in a better agreement with the temperature observations for smaller radial distance.
Predicting Off‐Fault Deformation From Experimental Strike‐Slip Fault Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Chaipornkaew L. , Elston H. , Cooke M. , Mukerji T. , Graham S. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCrustal deformation occurs both as localized slip along faults and distributed deformation off of faults. While there are few robust estimates of off‐fault deformation in nature, scaled physical experiments simulating crustal strike‐slip faulting allow direct measurement of the ratio of fault slip to regional deformation, quantified as kinematic efficiency (KE). We offer an approach to predict KE using a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) trained directly on fault maps produced by physical experiments. Experiments with different loading rates and basal boundary conditions generate the fault maps throughout the evolution of strike‐slip faults. Strain maps allow us to directly calculate KE and its uncertainty, utilized in the loss function and performance metric. The trained CNN achieves 91% custom accuracy in the KE prediction of an unseen data set. Although the CNN model is trained on scaled experiments, it can predict off‐fault deformation of crustal faults that matches available geologic estimates.