bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bifunctional Ru‐Cluster‐Decorated Co3B−Co(OH)2 Hybrid Catalyst Synergistically Promotes NaBH4 Hydrolysis and Water Splitting
Authors: Li Huatong , Liu Zhengqi , Wang Lixia , Guo Man , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Yang Xiulin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDeveloping a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst for hydrolysis of metal hydrides and spontaneous hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for substituting conventional fuels for H2 production. Herein, Ru‐cluster‐modified Co3B−Co(OH)2 supported on nickel foam (Ru/Co3B−Co(OH)2@NF) is constructed by electroless deposition, calcination and chemical reduction. The catalyst exhibits an excellent hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 4989 mL min−1
and good reusability, superior to most previously reported catalysts. Besides, Ru/Co3B−Co(OH)2@NF displays a prominent hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic capability with a low overpotential of 153.0 mV at 100 mA cm−2 (50.5 mV at 10 mA cm−2), a small Tafel slope of 40.0 mV dec−1 and long‐term stability (100 h@10 mA cm−2) in 1.0 M KOH. The excellent catalytic H2 generation capacity benefits from the rapid charge transfer promoted by metallic Co3B, the synergistic catalytic effect of Co3B−Co(OH)2 and Ru clusters, and the unique composite structure favorable for solute transport and gas emission.
Tweezer‐Based C−H Oxidation Catalysts Overriding the Intrinsic Reactivity of Aliphatic Ammonium Substrates
Authors: Knezevic Melina , Tiefenbacher Konrad 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe site‐selective C−H oxygenation of alkyl chains as well as deactivated positions remains a great challenge for chemists. Here, we report the synthesis and application of four new supramolecular tweezer‐based oxidation catalysts. They consist of the well‐explored M(pdp/mcp) oxidation moiety and a molecular tweezer capable of binding ammonium salts. All catalysts display preferential oxidation of the strongly deactivated C3/C4 positions, however to different degrees. Furthermore, the best performing catalyst Fe(pdp)Twe was explored with an expanded substrate scope. It was demonstrated that the deactivated positions C3/C4 are also preferentially oxidized in these cases.
The Active Sites and Corresponding Stability Challenges of the M‐N‐C Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Peng Ruolin , Zhao Zhongkun , Sun Hongmin , Yang Yongping , Song Tinglu , Yang Yao , Shao Jiankun , Jin Haibo , Sun Hongtao , Zhao Zipeng 
Published: December 2022

Comprehensive SummaryProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as promising alternatives to traditional internal combustion engines have attracted massive concerns to promote their wide application in society. However, the biggest challenge to the commercialization of PEMFCs remains the high cost due to the adoption of the platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts in the cathode. Thus, the development of PGM‐free catalysts based on earth‐abundant elements with a much lower cost is considered as the most favorable solution. Although the reported activity of the state‐of‐the‐art PGM‐free catalyst is comparable with that of a typical commercial Pt/C catalyst, the precise structure of active sites on the PGM‐free catalysts is debatable. In addition, the stability of the highly active PGM‐free catalysts still needs improvement. Herein, we reviewed the recent research about the nature of the active sites, the progress in stability improvement, and the degradation mechanisms of active sites on PGM‐free catalysts.
Cardiovascular disease in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: Impact of sociodemographic and modifiable risk factors
Authors: Berkman Amy M. , Andersen Clark R. , Roth Michael E. , Gilchrist Susan C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing population of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors (ages 15–39 years), and they have an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the contribution of sociodemographic and modifiable factors to the risk of CVD in AYA survivors and whether these factors differentially modulate their risk compared with that in the general population. The current study sought to fill these gaps.MethodsSelf‐reported data from the US National Health Interview Survey (2009–2018) were used to identify AYA cancer survivors (≥2 years postdiagnosis) and age‐matched and sex‐matched controls. The risk of CVD based on sociodemographic factors (sex, race/ethnicity, income, education) and modifiable risk factors (diabetes, body mass index, smoking, physical activity) was determined within and between survivors and controls using logistic regression models.ResultsIn total, 4766 AYA cancer survivors and 47,660 controls were included. The odds of CVD were significantly higher in survivors than in controls by sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, smoking status, and physical activity. An annual household income <$50,000 disproportionately increased the odds of CVD in survivors. One third of survivors reported no moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity physical activity (MVPA). Performing any MVPA lowered the odds of CVD in survivors (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.450.81) and controls (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.61–0.77).ConclusionsSociodemographic and modifiable risk factors increased the odds of CVD in AYA survivors, in some cases disproportionately, compared with controls. Understanding health behavior trajectories among different sociodemographic populations is needed to identify opportunities to lower the risk of CVD. Performing any MVPA is particularly important for AYA survivors.
Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Tolerability Evaluations of Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in Healthy Japanese Participants
Authors: Barth Aline , Hossain Mohammad , Perry Caroline R. , Gross Annette S. , Ogura Hirofumi , Shabbir Shaila , Thomas Sebin , Dumont Etienne F. , Brimhall Darin B. , Srinivasan Meenakshi , Swift Brandon 
Published: December 2022

AbstractGepotidacin is a novel, bactericidal, first‐in‐class triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic in late‐phase development for uncomplicated urinary tract infection and uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. Two clinical studies were conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and interethnic comparisons of oral gepotidacin (free‐base and to‐be‐marketed mesylate formulations) administered as single doses ranging from 1500 to 3000 mg in fed and fasted states, and as 2 × 3000‐mg doses given 12 hours apart under fed conditions in healthy participants of Japanese ancestry. Dose proportionality was observed in plasma exposures, and comparable area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration were observed in fed and fasted states. Interethnic comparisons for Japanese versus non‐Japanese participant data showed slightly higher plasma maximum concentration (7%‐30%) yet similar plasma AUCs; slightly lower urine AUCs (11%‐18%) were observed. The slightly higher plasma exposures in healthy Japanese versus White participants in the same study were attributed to lower mean body weights (64 kg versus ≈80 kg). Adverse events were primarily gastrointestinal, and when administered with food, gastrointestinal tolerability was improved. Overall, the gepotidacin PK and safety‐risk profiles in healthy Japanese support potential evaluation of the global clinical doses in future studies.
A Simple and Low‐Tech Heat‐Shock Method to Increase Genome Editing Efficiency in Plants
Authors: Blomme Jonas , Ribera Júlia Arraiza , Develtere Ward , Jacobs Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCRISPR/Cas is now the standard technique to generate novel plant genotypes. However, optimizing the efficiency of the system continues to be an aspect of research and development. One of the improvements for increasing mutagenesis efficiency in different species is the application of heat stress. However, many experimental setups are limited by the requirement of using dedicated climate chambers to impose heat stress and by difficulties in the phenotyping of soil‐grown plants. Here, we describe a simplified heat stress assay for in vitro–grown plants that can be completed in 6 days using commonly available laboratory equipment. We show that three 24‐hr heat shocks (3×HS) at 37°C alternated with 24 hr of recovery at 21°C efficiently increases indel rates of LbCas12a and Cas9. We illustrate how visual mutant phenotypes (pds3 and gl1) can assist in quantifying genome editing efficiency, and describe how to quantify genome editing efficiency using genotyping by Sanger sequencing. We also provide a support protocol to efficiently clone a CRISPR expression vector in a single step. Together, our methods allow researchers to increase CRISPR‐induced mutations using a low‐tech setup in plants. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: 3×HS protocolBasic Protocol 2: Genotyping by Sanger sequencingSupport Protocol: One‐step cloning of a CRISPR expression vector
Targeted Protein Degradation: Design Considerations for PROTAC Development
Authors: Tran Nathan L. , Leconte Georges A. , Ferguson Fleur M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTargeted protein degradation has recently gained widespread interest as both a novel therapeutic strategy and a useful tool in biomedical research. Targeted protein degraders are often sub‐stoichiometric and do not require strong binding affinity for their targets, enabling access to previously inaccessible targets. Proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are one class of targeted protein degraders that promote degradation by recruiting a target protein to an E3‐ligase complex via a heterobifunctional molecule. The modular nature of PROTACs allows for their rational design and systematic optimization. Here we suggest resources and methodologies for developing PROTAC degraders for researchers that may be new to the field. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Deformation characteristics and novel strain criteria of strainbursts induced by low‐frequency cyclic disturbance
Authors: Hu Lihua , Ju Minghe , Zhao Peng , Li Xiaozhao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStrainbursts induced by cyclic disturbance with low frequency (termed as cyclic‐induced strainbursts) are major dynamic disasters during deep excavation and mining. There is currently no quantitative criterion available for the prediction of such disastrous events. In this study, based on true triaxial experiments, we analyzed the deformation characteristics, established two novel strain criteria for the cyclic‐induced strainbursts, and explained the physical meaning of these criteria. Characteristic strains for the cyclic‐induced strainbursts were defined, including the control strain εctr, the strain caused by the combined dynamic and static loading εsd, and the ultimate strain εu after strainbursts. As indicated by the results, the deformation evolution of the cyclic‐induced strainbursts shows remarkable fatigue characteristics, which resemble that of rock subjected to cyclic loading and unloading. In other words, there are three stages during deformation evolution, namely, initial rapid growth, uniform velocity growth after several periods of disturbance, and sudden sharp growth preceding the burst. The ultimate strain εu is insensitive to the tangential static stress and disturbance amplitude, but it changes nonlinearly with disturbance frequency. From the perspective of deformation, the occurrence of a cyclic‐induced strainburst is controlled by the control strain εctr. Thus, a control strain criterion is proposed; that is, when the stain εsd is larger than the control strain εctr, a strainburst will be induced by cyclic disturbance. Moreover, based on the statistical results, a strain ratio criterion is proposed; that is, when the strain ratio εsd/εu is greater than 30%, a cyclic‐induced strainburst will be induced.
High thermal tolerance in high‐elevation species and laboratory‐reared colonies of tropical bumble bees
Authors: Gonzalez Victor H. , Oyen Kennan , Aguilar Marlene L. , Herrera Andres , Martin Ruben D. , Ospina Rodulfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBumble bees are key pollinators with some species reared in captivity at a commercial scale, but with significant evidence of population declines and with alarming predictions of substantial impacts under climate change scenarios. While studies on the thermal biology of temperate bumble bees are still limited, they are entirely absent from the tropics where the effects of climate change are expected to be greater. Herein, we test whether bees' thermal tolerance decreases with elevation and whether the stable optimal conditions used in laboratory‐reared colonies reduces their thermal tolerance. We assessed changes in the lower (CTMin) and upper (CTMax) critical thermal limits of four species at two elevations (2600 and 3600 m) in the Colombian Andes, examined the effect of body size, and evaluated the thermal tolerance of wild‐caught and laboratory‐reared individuals of Bombus pauloensis. We also compiled information on bumble bees' thermal limits and assessed potential predictors for broadscale patterns of variation. We found that CTMin decreased with increasing elevation, while CTMax was similar between elevations. CTMax was slightly higher (0.84°C) in laboratory‐reared than in wild‐caught bees while CTMin was similar, and CTMin decreased with increasing body size while CTMax did not. Latitude is a good predictor for CTMin while annual mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures of the warmest and coldest months are good predictors for both CTMin and CTMax. The stronger response in CTMin with increasing elevation, and similar CTMax, supports Brett's heat‐invariant hypothesis, which has been documented in other taxa. Andean bumble bees appear to be about as heat tolerant as those from temperate areas, suggesting that other aspects besides temperature (e.g., water balance) might be more determinant environmental factors for these species. Laboratory‐reared colonies are adequate surrogates for addressing questions on thermal tolerance and global warming impacts.
Fertilization modes and the evolution of sperm characteristics in marine fishes: Paired comparisons of externally and internally fertilizing species
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Morita Masaya , Okuno Seiya , Inaba Kazuo , Shiba Kogiku , Munehara Hiroyuki , Koya Yasunori , Homma Mitsuo , Awata Satoshi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFertilization mode may affect sperm characteristics, such as morphology, velocity, and motility. However, there is little information on how fertilization mode affects sperm evolution because several factors (e.g., sperm competition) are intricately intertwined when phylogenetically distant species are compared. Here, we investigated sperm characteristics by comparing seven externally and four internally fertilizing marine fishes from three different groups containing close relatives, considering sperm competition levels. The sperm head was significantly slenderer in internal fertilizers than in external fertilizers, suggesting that a slender head is advantageous for swimming in viscous ovarian fluid or in narrow spaces of the ovary. In addition, sperm motility differed between external and internal fertilizers; sperm of external fertilizers were only motile in seawater, whereas sperm of internal fertilizers were only motile in an isotonic solution. These results suggest that sperm motility was adapted according to fertilization mode. By contrast, total sperm length and sperm velocity were not associated with fertilization mode, perhaps because of the different levels of sperm competition. Relative testis mass (an index of sperm competition level) was positively correlated with sperm velocity and negatively correlated with the ratio of sperm head length to total sperm length. These findings suggest that species with higher levels of sperm competition have faster sperm with longer flagella relative to the head length. These results contradict the previous assumption that the evolution of internal fertilization increases the total sperm length. In addition, copulatory behavior with internal insemination may involve a large genital morphology, but this is not essential in fish, suggesting the existence of various sperm transfer methods. Although the power of our analyses is not strong because of the limited number of species, we propose a new scenario of sperm evolution in which internal fertilization would increase sperm head length, but not total sperm length, and change sperm motility.
Maladaptive nest‐site selection and reduced nest survival in female sage‐grouse following wildfire
Authors: Dudley Ian F. , Coates Peter S. , Prochazka Brian G. , Davis Dawn M. , Gardner Scott C. , Delehanty David J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIncreased wildfire frequency and associated replacement of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) with invasive annual grasses contribute to declines of greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage‐grouse) populations across the Great Basin. However, little is known about wildfire effects on sage‐grouse nest‐site selection and nest survival, which can influence population persistence. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Rush Fire on sage‐grouse nest survival using before (2007–2009) and after (2015–2018) data collected from a population of sage‐grouse occupying the border of northeastern California and northwestern Nevada. We employed a before–after–control–impact (BACI) experimental design to account for spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the system and to derive estimates of relative change in survival parameters. Sage‐grouse nest survival decreased after the Rush Fire but decreased more in the burned area relative to the unburned area. Although female sage‐grouse continued to occupy burned areas, nest survival was reduced from 52% to 19%. Using a BACI ratio approach we found that nest survival decreased approximately 51% in the burned area, relative to the unburned area, following wildfire. Habitat analyses were restricted to the postfire period and found that female sage‐grouse that nested within unburned areas selected for wider nesting substrate, taller perennial grass height, and greater low sagebrush canopy cover. Conversely, female sage‐grouse that nested in burned areas used shorter sagebrush canopy cover than what was available across the entire study area but showed stronger selection for perennial grass height than their unburned counterparts. Strong nest‐site fidelity in sage‐grouse may explain the continued use of suboptimal habitat in wildfire‐altered landscapes, resulting in a reproductive cost, and overall reproduction well below replacement rate. Results suggest that fire suppression or rapid postfire habitat restoration, especially within nesting habitat, may be essential to conserving robust sage‐grouse populations into the future.
Fence types influence pronghorn movement responses
Authors: DeVoe Jesse D. , Proffitt Kelly M. , Millspaugh Joshua J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractImpediments that constrain animal movements across spatiotemporally heterogeneous landscapes can result in reduced or complete loss of access to critical resources. Across their range in North America, pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) are exposed to fences that can affect their ability to permeate the landscape, access critical resources, and respond to climatic variations. Understanding pronghorn movement responses to fences is essential for improving landscape permeability; however, prior studies provide only limited insight due to lack of information on fence characteristics and small sample sizes. Our study used hourly collar locations from adult female pronghorn in six herds in Montana, USA, and identified encounters with mapped fences to evaluate three movement responses (i.e., probability of an unaltered initial response, probability of crossing following an altered initial response, and passage time following an altered initial response) as a function of fence and landscape attributes. Based on 5581 encounters identified from movement pathways of 265 collared pronghorn and 979 km of mapped fences, we found that variability in pronghorn fence response was correlated with fence type. Woven wire fences substantially reduced unaltered initial and crossing responses and increased passage times as compared with low (i.e., average lowest wire height <41 cm) or high (i.e., average lowest wire height ≥41 cm) strand fences. Both low and high strand fences elicited similar responses of being relatively permeable at the initial encounter with reduced permeability thereafter. Fence crossing probabilities following altered initial responses increased through time modestly for strand fences but only negligibly for woven wire fences, with passage times averaging approximately 14 h. Pronghorn knowledge of and fidelity to specific permeable locations along fences, which may be due to inconsistent fence and landscape characteristics along the fence stretch, likely allow some woven wire fences and most strand fences, regardless of the average lowest wire height, to be permeable. Improving landscape permeability for pronghorn should focus on removing woven wire fences, replacing woven wire fences with strand fences, and incorporating variation in the lowest wire heights into new fence designs or modifications of existing fences.
Geo‐ecological functions provided by coral reef fishes vary among regions and impact reef carbonate cycling regimes
Authors: Perry Chris T. , Salter Michael A. , Lange Ines D. , Kochan David P. , Harborne Alastair R. , Graham Nicholas A. J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCoral reef fishes perform essential and well‐documented ecological functions on reefs, but also contribute important geo‐ecological functions, which influence reef carbonate cycling regimes. These functions include reef framework modification (through bioerosion and breakage), and the production, reworking, and transport of reefal sediments. To explore how these functions vary across reefs and regions, we compiled a dataset of available taxa‐specific function rates and applied these to fish census data from sites in the Pacific Ocean (PO), Indian Ocean (IO), and Greater Caribbean (GC), each region displaying a gradient in fish biomass. The highest overall function rates occur at the highest fish biomass sites in the PO (Kingman Reef) and IO (Chagos Archipelago), where bioerosion dominates framework modification and sediment generation (up to 7 kg m−2 year−1). At the lowest biomass PO and IO sites, framework modification and sediment generation are driven mainly by breakage and occur at lower rates (~2 kg m−2 year−1). Sediment reworking rates are high across all PO and IO sites (~1–5 kg m−2 year−1) and higher than other function rates at low biomass sites. Geo‐ecological function rates are generally low across the GC sites, despite total fish biomass being comparable to, or even exceeding, some PO and IO sites, with sediment reworking (up to ~1 kg m−2 year−1) being the dominant function. These site‐level differences partly reflect total fish biomass, but fish assemblage size structure and species identity are critical, with a few fish families (and species) underpinning the highest function rates and regulating the “health” of the fish‐driven carbonate cycling regime. Reefs with high fish‐driven framework modification, sediment production and reworking rates define one end of this spectrum, while at lower biomass sites little new sediment is produced and sediment reworking dominates. While additional species‐level rate data are urgently needed to better constrain function rates, these transitions align with ideas about the progressive shutdown of carbonate production regimes on ecologically perturbed reefs, with important implications for reef‐building, shoreline sediment supply, and sediment carbon and nutrient cycling.