bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-8 Impacts of Phosphorus Intake on Beef Heifer Growth Performance and Conception Rates
Authors: Cheek Robin A , Kegley Beth B , Powell J G , Midkiff Kirsten A , Reyonolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Hilfiker Haley 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to further investigate the effects of phosphorus intake on beef heifer growth performance and conception rates. An increase in phosphorus soil concentrations from use of livestock manure as fertilizer in Northwest Arkansas has led to greater phosphorus concentrations available in forages. This study was designed to determine if phosphorus supplementation is warranted when adequate phosphorus soil concentrations exist. This experiment was conducted over 2 years using two separate groups of weaned crossbred Angus heifers (n=72/year). Approximately 30 d after weaning, heifers were stratified by body weight (average initial weight 262kg) and allocated randomly to 14 groups (8 in Year 1, 6 in Year 2). Groups were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a free-choice-mineral mix that contained no supplemental phosphorus (CON), or 2) a free-choice-mineral mix with 4% supplemental phosphorus and identical concentrations of other supplemental minerals (4PMIN). Heifers grazed 2.24 ha mixed grass pastures with a history of livestock manure application and were supplemented with soy hulls (0.5% of body weight) daily. On d 112, heifers &gt; 273 kg body weight had an ultrasound evaluation of reproductive tracts (1= infantile, 5= cyclic). Heifers were determined pregnant or open via rectal ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using the MIXED or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with group within year as the experimental unit. There were no differences in gain for either treatments for the 224-day period (P ≥ 0.14). Reproductive tract scores did not differ (P = 0.95). There were no differences for conception rates (AI or natural bred) (P ≥ 0.55). Overall pregnancy was 79% for CON and 83% for 4PMIN. Heifers grazing pastures with a history of livestock manure application did not benefit from adding supplemental phosphorus in the free choice mineral offered.
PSVIII-6 Impact of Naturally Occurring Water with High Sulfate Concentration on Feed and Water Intake, Growth, and Trace Mineral Status of Beef Cattle
Authors: Pereira Murillo C , Lang Catherine M , Summach Dwayne , Johnson Jordan A , Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of naturally occurring water with a high-sulfate concentration on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, growth, and trace mineral status of yearling beef heifers. Angus-based heifers (n = 48; 398.4 ± 22.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens (4 heifers/pen) and fed for 100 d arranged into 25 d periods. Heifers were provided water containing 350 (CON); 2,300 (MEDS); or 4,300 mg/L (HIGHS) sulfate. Concentrated water (71,482 mg/L sulfate) from natural source was collected and blended to achieve the treatments. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects of treatment, period (d 1-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100), and the treatment × period interaction, with period as a repeated measure. Average daily gain, and gain-to-feed were not affected (P&gt;0.29). Provision of HIGHS decreased (interaction, P&lt; 0.01) DMI from d 1-25, 26-50 and 51-75, with no effect from d 76-100 compared with CON. Heifers drinking CON and MEDS during d 26-50 had greater (interaction, P&lt; 0.01) water intake than HIGHS with no differences among treatments otherwise. Total sulfate intake (g/d) was greater for HIGHS, followed by MEDS and CON with a greater difference between treatments during d 26-50 (interaction, P&lt; 0.01). Heifers provided MEDS and HIGHS had a greater (interaction, P&lt; 0.01) reduction in serum copper compared with CON. Liver copper concentration did not differ at the start of the study but was 74% and 62% of CON for MEDS and HIGHS, respectively at the end of the study (interaction, P&lt; 0.01). Serum selenium was greater for MEDS and HIGHS than CON; while liver selenium was least for HIGHS heifers at the end of the study (interaction, P&lt; 0.01). These data highlight that beef heifers were able to tolerate 213 g/d of sulfate intake with no negative impact on growth performance; however, MEDS and HIGHS decreased liver copper and liver selenium concentrations.
PSVI-11
Effects of Levels of Minerals of a Natural Source of Brackish Water and Nacl on Digestion and Ruminal Methane Emission by Different Breeds of Goats and Hair Sheep
Authors: Ribeiro Luana , Puchala Ryszard , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Angora, Boer, and Spanish doelings and Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix ewe lambs (six per type; initial age=9.7±0.07 mo) consumed water varying in mineral levels of a natural brackish source (BR) and NaCl (SL) to determine effects on digestion and ruminal methane emission. There were six simultaneous 6×6 Latin squares with 3-wk periods, analyzed by a mixed effects model and repeated measure of period. Water treatments (WT) were fresh (FR), BR alone (100-BR), similar total dissolved salt (TDS) level as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR (100-SL), BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by approximately 50% (150-BR), similar TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR (150-SL), and similar 150 TDS level by adding a 1:1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR (150-BR/SL). Concentrations (mg/kg) in BR were 4,928 TDS, 85.9 bicarbonate, 225 calcium, 1,175 chloride, 60.5 magnesium, 4.59 potassium, 1,387 sodium, and 1,962 sulfate, and TDS was 453, 5,684, 7,508, 8,222, and 7,319 for FR, 100-SL, 150-BR, 150-SL, and 150-BR/SL, respectively. Wheat hay (10.0% crude protein and 66.8% neutral detergent fiber) was consumed ad libitum. There were no effects of WT or AT×WT interactions for these variables. Dry matter intake in wk 3 was least among AT (P&lt; 0.05) for Angora (2.16, 2.71, 2.82, 2.78, 3.20, and 3.13% body weight; SEM=0.161) and there were AT differences (P&lt; 0.05) in digestion of organic matter (62.0, 65.4, 65.2, 67.1, 69.1, and 65.3%; SEM=1.29) and neutral detergent fiber (62.6, 67.4, 66.7, 68.3, 70.3, and 66.9%; SEM=1.35) but not nitrogen (61.6, 63.2, 63.7, 63.3, 65.7, and 60.3%; SEM=1.51) or ruminal methane emission (10.9, 12.8, 11.3, 11.1, 10.7, and 12.2% digestible energy for Angora, Boer, Spanish, Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.97). In conclusion, all AT seemed resilient to WT regardless of mineral source and levels with TDS less than 10,000 mg/kg, although there were numerous differences among AT.
PSVI-14 Effect of Morphometric Traits Upon Social Hierarchy of Dorper Rams from Northern Mexico
Authors: de Santiago Ma Angeles , Véliz-Deras Francisco Gerardo , González-Tavizón Andrea , Sifuentes Lamont Pablo I , Meza-Herrera Cesar Alberto , Martinez Rafael Rodriguez , Rodríguez Gerardo Arellano 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Usually, social order is defined by the animal size, live weight, or age. This study aimed to evaluate the association among horn presence (HP), and horn size (HS) on social rank hierarchy. Adult Dorper rams (n=24) with similar live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), and age (AG) were subjected to a behavioral test to define the success index (SI, ranked form 0 to 1) based on male-to-male interactions, determining three social ranks: low hierarchy rams (LHR; SI = 0-0.33; n=9), medium hierarchy rams (MHR; SI=0.34-0.66; n=10) and high hierarchy rams (HHR; SI= 0.67-1; n=5). Afterward, skull, horn (HP and HS), and body morphometrics were measured. The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to analyze LW, AG, BCS, HS and HP with three social ranks and five to ten replicates per group. Rams within social rank were the experimental units. Differences were considered as significant at P &lt; 0.05. Regarding HP, 80% of the HHR rams had horns, while 77.7% of the LHR rams were hornless, with intermediate values for MHR (50%), but no differences were found regarding HS between low, medium and high hierarchy rams (85.1±2.6, 84.3±3.3, and 90.7±4.7, respectively). In conclusion, while presence of horns have an important role for establishing social hierarchy, it is a complex trait influenced by factors other than horn presence or size so, we recommend more research in relation to other factors that could influence the position of rams in the hierarchy rank levels of the herds.
PSVI-15 Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Lipids for Lactating Ewes
Authors: Silva Adrielly S a , Junior Paulo cesar G Dias , Carlis Matheus , Ackermann Nathalia R , Sturion Thamires U , Souza Terezinha T , Biava Janaina S S , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Polizel Daniel M M , Cappelloza Bruno Ieda , Pires Alexandre Vaz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with fatty acid profiles on lactation performance and milk composition of ewes. Dorper vs. Santa Inês ewes (n=40; 54.9 ± 8.3 kg BW and 14 days in milk) were penned individually and used in a randomized complete block design. Ewes were fed a basal diet (19.87 ± 0.62% CP) containing 70% concentrate and 30% coastcross hay, and no added oil (CON). The remaining diets were added with 4.0% of soybean oil (SO), calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF), or calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSF) (DM basis). Ewes were fed the diets from the week 2 to 10 of lactation. Milk production was determined every 7 days during the experiment. Ewes were separated from their lambs and mechanically milked for emptying of the mammary gland. After 3 hours, using the same procedure, milk production was recorded and samples collected for milk composition analysis. The addition of SO decreased (P&lt; 0.001) DM intake, with no difference between the other treatments. Milk production, as well as the production of fat, protein, lactose and total solids (g/3 hours) were not affected by the treatments. Regarding milk composition, the percentage of milk fat and total solids increased (P&lt; 0.0001) with CSSF. The percentage of protein was less (P&lt; 0.001) in the milk from ewes that received the diet containing CSPF, with no difference between the other diets. Finally, the percentage of lactose was less (P&lt; 0.001) for ewes fed the diet containing calcium salts of palm fatty acids. In conclusion, soybean oil had the greatest negative effect on dry matter intake. All the oil sources modulated the milk composition, with better results in this regard for the calcium salts of palm fatty acids, considering that it increased the fat and total solids content of the milk.
PSVI-7 Postmortem in Vitro Culture of Cells from Visceral Organs Stored at 4°C in Small Ruminants
Authors: Singh Mahipal , Kutagulla Arunachala Shiv Kumar Reddy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exploration of cell viability and their regenerative capacity in postmortem tissues has a huge potential for tissue/organ transplantation and cell therapies in both human and animals. Proliferative stem cells have been recovered from refrigerated postmortem skin tissue in bovine, goat and sheep, and from ligaments in horses. However, it is not clearly known whether live and proliferative cells can be recovered from visceral organs that stay comparatively warmer than other tissues after death, and whether the recovery time can be extended after refrigeration of individual organs. To achieve this goal, six different organ tissues i.e. lung, heart, oviduct, liver, kidney and skin from goats were procured from slaughter house and stored in the laboratory at 4°C. Ten small sized (2-3mm2) explants from each of the five organs were then cultured in two 35mm dishes for each time point in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The tissues were cultured on day 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. The dishes were observed under inverted microscope and any explant exhibiting outgrowth of cells on day 10-12 of culture was considered positive. Our results exhibited outgrowth of cells around 3 (lung, oviduct, skin) of the 6 organs tested. Kidney, liver and heart tissues did not show any outgrowth. Interestingly, oviduct and skin, tissues exhibited outgrowth even after 9 days of postmortem storage in refrigerator, whereas lung tissues show growth only up to 6 days of storage. Experiments to test the cell survival limits on more animals of different age groups and characterization of recovered cells are underway.
PSVI-16 The Essential oil of Arnica Montana Positively Modulates the Fatty Acid Profile of Lamb Meat
Authors: Dias Paulo Cesar G , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Santos Isabela Jorge , Carlis Matheus , Vicente Ana Carolina S , Silva Adrielly S a , Assis Rhaissa G , Comelli Jamily H , Biava Janaina S S , Soares Leticia Carolina Bortolanza , Pires Alexandre Vaz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Essential oils can modulate ruminal biohydrogenation. Dorper x Santa Inês lambs (n=40; initial BW of 30.3 ± 5.76 kg and 92 ± 9 d old) were assigned to a randomized complete block to evaluate the effect of different levels of arnica montana essential oil (AM) as a feed additive on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. The treatments were: 25 mg of monensin/kg DM (M25); and four monensin-free diets containing 0 (AM0), 450 (AM450), 900 (AM900) and 1350 (AM1350) mg of AM/kg DM. All diets contained 90% concentrate and 10% forage (Coastcross hay). The experiment lasted 90 d, then the lambs were slaughtered and the meat samples were taken to evaluate the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The increase in AM promoted a linear reduction (P&lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 t11, C22:6 n-3 and the sum of saturated FA (ΣSFA). A linear increase (P&lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, C18:3 n-3, in the sum of polyunsaturated (ΣPUFA) and the sum of the FA of the omega-6 series (Σn-6) when AM was included in the diet. The M25 diet increased (P&lt; 0.05) the proportion of C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and decreased (P&lt; 0.05) the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, ΣSFA, Σn-6 and the relationship n-6/n-3 compared with AM diets. There was a reduction (P&lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C16:0; C18:3 n-3 and an increase to C18:1 t11 and C22:6 n-3 when AM0 was compared with the M25. The proportions of C12:0; C14:0; C14:1 c9; C16:1 c9; C18:1 c9; C18:1 t9; C18:2 c9, t11; C18:2 t10, c12; C18:3 n-6 e C20:5 n-3 were similar between treatments (P &gt;0.05). The AM positively modulates the FA profile of lamb meat, and the content of 1350 mg/kg DM of AM was the most efficient.
Learning from Automation in Targeting to Better Regulate Autonomous Weapon Systems: Target Lists, the Electronic Battlefield and Automation in Mines
Authors: Hughes Joshua G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) are an emerging technology not currently subject to any specific regulation. This article examines the nature of automation in pre-cursor technologies for three different aspects of AWS to determine regulatory best practices that can be applied to these systems. Automation in target selection is explored in the context of pre-determined target lists, which function in similar ways to entering targets into the memory of an AWS. Automation in target engagement is considered using an example of ‘The Electronic Battlefield’ from the Vietnam War that, despite the less capable technologies of the time, demonstrates key elements of how AWS operate. The absence of human involvement is considered in relation to two types of mines that have been regulated on the international level and evaluates dimensions of control that could be useful to apply to AWS. Conclusions about automation for each aspect are used to determine best practices for regulating use of AWS. From these best practices, an outline of a legally required minimum level of human control is also developed.
The Genomic Landscapes of Desert Birds Form over Multiple Time Scales
Authors: Provost Kaiya , Shue Stephanie Yun , Forcellati Meghan , Smith Brian Tilston 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSpatial models show that genetic differentiation between populations can be explained by factors ranging from geographic distance to environmental resistance across the landscape. However, genomes exhibit a landscape of differentiation, indicating that multiple processes may mediate divergence in different portions of the genome. We tested this idea by comparing alternative geographic predctors of differentiation in ten bird species that co-occur in Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America. Using population-level genomic data, we described the genomic landscapes across species and modeled conditions that represented historical and contemporary mechanisms. The characteristics of genomic landscapes differed across species, influenced by varying levels of population structuring and admixture between deserts, and the best-fit models contrasted between the whole genome and partitions along the genome. Both historical and contemporary mechanisms were important in explaining genetic distance, but particularly past and current environments, suggesting that genomic evolution was modulated by climate and habitat There were also different best-ftit models across genomic partitions of the data, indicating that these regions capture different evolutionary histories. These results show that the genomic landscape of differentiation can be associated with alternative geographic factors operating on different portions of the genome, which reflect how heterogeneous patterns of genetic differentiation can evolve across species and genomes.
A fish herpesvirus highlights functional diversities among Zα domains related to phase separation induction and A-to-Z conversion
Authors: Diallo Mamadou Amadou , Pirotte Sébastien , Hu Yunlong , Morvan Léa , Rakus Krzysztof , Suárez Nicolás M , PoTsang Lee , Saneyoshi Hisao , Xu Yan , Davison Andrew J , Tompa Peter , Sussman Joel L , Vanderplasschen Alain 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zalpha (Zα) domains bind to left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA. The Zα domain protein family includes cellular (ADAR1, ZBP1 and PKZ) and viral (vaccinia virus E3 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) ORF112) proteins. We studied CyHV-3 ORF112, which contains an intrinsically disordered region and a Zα domain. Genome editing of CyHV-3 indicated that the expression of only the Zα domain of ORF112 was sufficient for normal viral replication in cell culture and virulence in carp. In contrast, its deletion was lethal for the virus. These observations revealed the potential of the CyHV-3 model as a unique platform to compare the exchangeability of Zα domains expressed alone in living cells. Attempts to rescue the ORF112 deletion by a broad spectrum of cellular, viral, and artificial Zα domains showed that only those expressing Z-binding activity, the capacity to induce liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and A-to-Z conversion, could rescue viral replication. For the first time, this study reports the ability of some Zα domains to induce LLPS and supports the biological relevance of dsRNA A-to-Z conversion mediated by Zα domains. This study expands the functional diversity of Zα domains and stimulates new hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of action of proteins containing Zα domains.
Genetic context effects can override canonical cis regulatory elements in Escherichia coli
Authors: Scholz Scott A , Lindeboom Chase D , Freddolino Lydia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that in addition to control by cis regulatory elements, the local chromosomal context of a gene also has a profound impact on its transcription. Although this chromosome-position dependent expression variation has been empirically mapped at high-resolution, the underlying causes of the variation have not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that 1 kb of flanking, non-coding synthetic sequences with a low frequency of guanosine and cytosine (GC) can dramatically reduce reporter expression compared to neutral and high GC-content flanks in Escherichia coli. Natural and artificial genetic context can have a similarly strong effect on reporter expression, regardless of cell growth phase or medium. Despite the strong reduction in the maximal expression level from the fully-induced reporter, low GC synthetic flanks do not affect the time required to reach the maximal expression level after induction. Overall, we demonstrate key determinants of transcriptional propensity that appear to act as tunable modulators of transcription, independent of regulatory sequences such as the promoter. These findings provide insight into the regulation of naturally occurring genes and an independent control for optimizing expression of synthetic biology constructs.
Systematic review of the portion size norm of discretionary foods
Authors: Liu Qingzhou , Wang Leanne , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Rangan Anna 
Published: September 2022

AbstractContextPortion size norm is described as the perception of how much of a given food people choose to eat. Reducing the portion size norm of foods that are high in saturated fat, added sugar, and added salt toward smaller sizes might be a potential strategy to promote appropriate portion size selections. However, an overview of existing portion size norms for discretionary foods has yet to be established.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to examine the portion size norm of discretionary foods and assess the methodologies used to investigate the norm.Data SourcesThe literature search was conducted in 6 databases following the PRISMA guidelines (from inception to January 2022).Data ExtractionForty studies were eligible and grouped into 3 categories by portion size norm measures: normal (n = 26), appropriate (n = 8), and preferred portion sizes (n = 3). Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools.Data AnalysisA wide range of portion sizes were considered normal for each food type, with means/medians varying from 2- to 4-fold among studies. Studies differed considerably in design, with variables including the setting, food type, food presentation, the manner in which portion-size-related questions were formulated, and the range and number of displayed serving size options. The quality of reviewed studies was mixed (25 studies had low or moderate risk of bias, 15 had high risk of bias), and the method of assessing portion size was not validated in 15 of 33 quantitative studies.ConclusionThe assessment of portion size in future studies should be conducted using tools that are validated for the population of interest so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding portion size norms for discretionary foods.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42021249911.
Prisons and Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mass incarceration is consequential for health, and the filaments that form the connection between prisons and health branch outward. Incarceration undermines the health and well-being of people released from prison. It undermines the health of families, communities, and health care systems. But at the heart of the relationship between prisons and health is a paradox. Prisons are charged, at once, with being punitive and therapeutic, with denying freedom and administering treatment, with confining and rehabilitating. The relationship between incarceration and health is sustained by a variety of social, cultural, and legal forces, and by a failure to recognize that prisons are now squarely in the business of providing care. Understanding how prisons undermine health requires understanding these connections and the history that got us to this point. Addressing the health of people currently and formerly in prison will improve the lives of many. It can also promote a fairer and more effective justice system.