bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gut Microbially Produced Indole-3-Propionic Acid Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Promoting Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Its Deficiency Is Causally Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Xue Hongliang , Chen Xu , Yu Chao , Deng Yuqing , Zhang Yuan , Chen Shen , Chen Xuechen , Chen Ke , Yang Yan , Ling Wenhua 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Accumulating evidence has shown that disorders in the gut microbiota and derived metabolites affect the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, which and how specific gut microbial metabolites contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and the clinical relevance of their alterations remain unclear.

Methods:
We performed integrated microbiome–metabolome analysis of 30 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls to identify CAD-associated microbial metabolites, which were then assessed in an independent population of patients with ASCVD and controls (n=256). We further investigate the effect of CAD-associated microbial metabolites on atherosclerosis and the mechanisms of the action.

Results:

Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a solely microbially derived tryptophan metabolite, was the most downregulated metabolite in patients with CAD. Circulating IPA was then shown in an independent population to be associated with risk of prevalent ASCVD and correlated with the ASCVD severity. Dietary IPA supplementation alleviates atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE
−/−
mice. In murine- and human-derived macrophages, administration of IPA promoted cholesterol efflux from macrophages to ApoA-I through an undescribed miR-142-5p/ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) signaling pathway. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that IPA facilitates macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, correlating with the regulation of miR-142-5p/ABCA1 pathway, whereas reduced IPA production contributed to the aberrant overexpression of miR-142-5p in macrophages and accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis. Moreover, the miR-142-5p/ABCA1/reverse cholesterol transport axis in macrophages were dysregulated in patients with CAD, and correlated with the changes in circulating IPA levels.

Conclusions:
Our study identify a previously unknown link between specific gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite and ASCVD. The microbial metabolite IPA/miR-142-5p/ABCA1 pathway may represent a promising therapeutic target for ASCVD.
Feelings Are the Source of Consciousness
Authors: Damasio Antonio , Damasio Hanna 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this view, we address the problem of consciousness, and although we focus on its human presentation, we note that the phenomenon is present in numerous nonhuman species and use findings from a variety of animal studies to explain our hypothesis for how consciousness is made.Consciousness occurs when mind contents, such as perceptions and thoughts, are spontaneously identified as belonging to a specific organism/owner. Conscious minds are said to have a self that experiences mental events. We hypothesize that the automatic identification that associates minds and organisms is provided by a continuous flow of homeostatic feelings. Those feelings arise from the uninterrupted process of life regulation and correspond to both salient physiological fluctuations such as hunger, pain, well-being, or malaise, as well as to states closer to metabolic equilibrium and best described as feelings of life/existence, such as breathing or body temperature. We also hypothesize that homeostatic feelings were the inaugural phenomena of consciousness in biological evolution and venture that they were selected because the information they provided regarding the current state of life regulation conferred extraordinary advantages to the organisms so endowed. The “knowledge” carried by conscious homeostatic feelings provided “overt” guidance for life regulation, an advance over the covert regulation present in nonconscious organisms. Finally, we outline a mechanism for the generation of feelings based on a two-way interaction between interoceptive components of the nervous system and a particular set of nonneural components of the organism's interior, namely, viscera and circulating chemical molecules involved in their operations. Feelings emerge from this interaction as continuous and hybrid phenomena, related simultaneously to two series of events. The first is best described by the terms neural/representational/and mental and the second by the terms nonneural/visceral/and chemical. We note that this account offers a solution for the mind-body problem: homeostatic feelings constitute the “mental” version of bodily processes.
Probing the Relationship Between Latent Linear Dynamical Systems and Low-Rank Recurrent Neural Network Models
Authors: Valente Adrian , Ostojic Srdjan , Pillow Jonathan W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A large body of work has suggested that neural populations exhibit low-dimensional dynamics during behavior. However, there are a variety of different approaches for modeling low-dimensional neural population activity. One approach involves latent linear dynamical system (LDS) models, in which population activity is described by a projection of low-dimensional latent variables with linear dynamics. A second approach involves low-rank recurrent neural networks (RNNs), in which population activity arises directly from a low-dimensional projection of past activity. Although these two modeling approaches have strong similarities, they arise in different contexts and tend to have different domains of application. Here we examine the precise relationship between latent LDS models and linear low-rank RNNs. When can one model class be converted to the other, and vice versa? We show that latent LDS models can only be converted to RNNs in specific limit cases, due to the non-Markovian property of latent LDS models. Conversely, we show that linear RNNs can be mapped onto LDS models, with latent dimensionality at most twice the rank of the RNN. A surprising consequence of our results is that a partially observed RNN is better represented by an LDS model than by an RNN consisting of only observed units.
Information Geometrically Generalized Covariate Shift Adaptation
Authors: Kimura Masanari , Hino Hideitsu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany machine learning methods assume that the training and test data follow the same distribution. However, in the real world, this assumption is often violated. In particular, the marginal distribution of the data changes, called covariate shift, is one of the most important research topics in machine learning. We show that the well-known family of covariate shift adaptation methods is unified in the framework of information geometry. Furthermore, we show that parameter search for a geometrically generalized covariate shift adaptation method can be achieved efficiently. Numerical experiments show that our generalization can achieve better performance than the existing methods it encompasses.
Grains of Description in Biological and Cultural Transmission
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick , Charbonneau Mathieu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The question of whether cultural transmission is faithful has attracted significant debate over the last 30 years. The degree of fidelity with which an object is transmitted depends on 1) the features chosen to be relevant, and 2) the quantity of details given about those features. Once these choices have been made, an object is described at a particular grain. In the absence of conventions between different researchers and across different fields about which grain to use, transmission fidelity cannot be evaluated because it is relative to the choice of grain. In biology, because a genotype-to-phenotype mapping exists and transmission occurs from genotype to genotype, a privileged grain of description exists that circumvents this ‘grain problem.’ In contrast, in cultural evolution, the genotype–phenotype distinction cannot be drawn, rendering claims about fidelity dependent upon researchers’ choices. Thus, due to a lack of unified conventions, claims about fidelity transmission are difficult to evaluate.
Human-Animal Similarity and the Imageability of Mental State Concepts for Mentalizing Animals
Authors: Urquiza-Haas Esmeralda G. , Kotrschal Kurt 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe attribution of mental states (MS) to other species typically follows ascala naturaepattern. However, “simple” mental states, including emotions, sensing, and feelings are attributed to a wider range of animals as compared to the so-called “higher” cognitive abilities. We propose that such attributions are based on the perceptual quality (i.e.imageability) of mental representations related toMSconcepts. We hypothesized that the attribution of highly imaginableMSis more dependent on the familiarity of participants with animals when compared to the attribution ofMSlow in imageability. In addition, we also assessed how animal agreeableness, familiarity with animals, and the type of human-animal interaction related to the judged similarity of animals to humans. Sixty-one participants (19 females, 42 males) with a rural (n = 20) and urban (n = 41) background rated twenty-six wild and domestic animals for their perceived similarity with humans and ability to experience a set ofMS: (1) Highly imageableMS: joy, anger, and fear, and (2)MSlow in imageability: capacity to plan and deceive. Results show that more agreeable and familiar animals were considered more human-like. Primates, followed by carnivores, suines, ungulates, and rodents were rated more human-like than xenarthrans, birds, arthropods, and reptiles. HigherMSratings were given to more similar animals and more so if theMSattributed were high in imageability. Familiarity with animals was only relevant for the attribution of theMShigh in imageability.
Moral Foreign Language Effect on Responses to the Trolley Dilemma amongst Native Speakers of Arabic
Authors: Andrade Gabriel 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Trolley dilemmas have been tested cross-culturally, but only recently have researchers begun to assess the effect of responding to such dilemmas in a foreign language. Previous studies have found a Moral Foreign Language Effect (MFLE) in trolley dilemmas, whereby subjects who respond to these dilemmas in a foreign language, tend to offer more utilitarian responses. The present study seeks to test whether the MFLE holds amongst native speakers of Arabic. Additionally, the present study seeks to test whether the use of visual images has any effect on responses. For such purposes, four groups were compared: 1) participants responding to trolley dilemmas in English without visual images; 2) participants responding to trolley dilemmas in Arabic without visual images; 3) participants responding to trolley dilemmas in English with visual images; 4) participants responding to trolley dilemmas in Arabic with visual images.
The Problem of Anthropomorphism in Abū l-Yusr al-Bazdawī
Authors: Polinsky Sheridan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The problem of anthropomorphism has been an important source of the conflict between traditionalism and rationalism in Islamic theology. Theologians have had to reconcile the anthropomorphic expressions about God in the Koran and hadiths with their conceptions of His unity (tawḥīd) and transcendence (tanzīh). The Māturīdite theologian Abū l-Yusr al-Bazdawī devoted several chapters of his Uṣūl al-dīn to dealing with the problem. He lays the mainly rational grounds for God’s incomparability and incorporeality before turning to the anthropomorphic expressions, some of which he interprets symbolically, and others simply accepts. He also refutes the later Karrāmite idea that God is “elevated,” which creates ambivalence in his position towards the Prophet’s Ascension. His negotiation between the traditionalist and rationalist approaches to the topic highlights the impact of his intellectual environment on his thought as well as the rise of Māturīdite theology in Transoxania.
Practical Theology in a Pentecostal Key
Authors: Bone Jeremy 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article proposes that the empirical perspective in the discipline of practical theology, as championed by Mark J. Cartledge, offers dialogical potential between localized pentecostal praxis and academically situated theology. This essay first situates Cartledge’s scholarship in the broader field of practical theology, with attention given to the contributions of the empirical perspective. It then turns to Cartledge’s scholarship proper, charting the development of his methodological proposals via insights across three phases of his work. The first phase is distinguished by Cartledge’s methodological framing, with the author borrowing the empirical approach of Johannes van der Ven in studies on charismatic phenomena. In the second phrase of his research, methodological insights are further enhanced by a turn towards the dialogical potential of experience—referred to as contextual theology. While the contextual phase of Cartledge’s research sought to generate revised ecclesial praxis, the third phase of his research witnesses a turn toward public theology.
On the Administrative Powers of the WHO: A Lesson from the Pandemic
Authors: Vese Donato 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The WHO’s management of the pandemic has drawn sharp criticism. It has been suggested that there is an urgent need for a reform providing more intrusive administrative powers. By contrast, this paper argues that the WHO needs sharing powers rather than intrusive powers. Given that the main international norms have arguably designated the WHO as a “non-authoritarian” authority aiming at the highest possible level of health for individuals, the paper suggests that sharing of administrative powers should be incentivised by involving all the relevant actors in the decision-making process, namely through the participation in proceedings of all actors involved in the decision-making, namely governments, national health authorities, and other non-state actors.
Understanding the Peasant Economy Through the Lens of Mobility: a Swedish Parish in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Lindström Jonas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Based on a study of a Swedish parish from the seventeenth century to the early 1800s, this article discusses the role of migration in the peasant economy. It argues that migration was a fundamental feature of the reproduction process among peasants, and that the mobility of some enabled the unchanging positions of others. Migration was a solution to the dilemma created by the dual features of peasant economies: the equivalence of the household and the production unit and the obligation to pay rent. Mobility created adaptability and resilience in peasant communities, but its selective character speaks to its link to wealth distribution, class relations and the struggle for resources.
Local Migration of Peasants in the Late Middle Ages: a Quantitative Analysis of the Cheb City-State 1442–1456
Authors: Klír Tomáš 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Many scholars have proved statistically that the migration of the Early Modern European peasantry was predominantly local and socially conditioned. This article tries to expand our quantified knowledge of the Late Medieval period using the unique documentary evidence from the Cheb city-state (Czech Republic). Based on a detailed analysis, we show that the migration pattern of the Late Medieval Cheb peasantry was similar to the Early Modern one despite very different demographic, economic and social conditions. The strength of the ties to the land increased with wealth; the better the property often among rural landholdings, gaining a better position. The wealthier the peasants status of the household, the lower the rate of replacement on the landholding. Poorer peasants migrated relatively more to the city, where they were among the wealthier burghers. Even though peasant migration took place over short distances, it brought about fundamental changes for many peasants.
The Fate of Rural Migrants in Early Modern Urban Centres: Soldiers, Servants, and Sailors
Authors: Linaa Jette 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The seventeenth century saw a mass migration from the countryside to urban centres in Europe. Did migrants of rural origin integrate into their new communities, or did they form a subgroup in the town? This article is based on marriage, baptismal and burial records from the German and Danish Churches in Elsinore (Helsingør) between 1637 and 1660, and on municipal sources, mainly probate inventories and tax records. In the Early Modern period, Elsinore was the second-largest town in Denmark and the seat of the Sound Toll. This article presents a comparative analysis of the fate of rural and urban migrants in the town. The study found that rural migrants, and especially the women among them, faced lives of high mobility, poverty and limited social support, whereas urban migrants established more robust social networks and entered into more advantageous marriages.
Agriculture and the Integration of British Colonial Migrants in Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Costello Eugene 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article offers a critical re-examination of Early Modern migrations to Ireland and their effect on farming practices, c.1580–1660. During and after the English conquest of Ireland, tens and eventually hundreds of thousands of settlers arrived from Britain. Focusing on Munster and to a lesser extent Ulster, I argue they were not greeted with an agricultural tabula rasa ripe for ‘improvement’. In contrast to what Tudor writers claimed, and what some scholars today have assumed, cereal cultivation and field enclosure already formed important elements in the agricultural landscape. Changes clearly took place, but English, Welsh and Scots settlers also made some remarkable adaptations by accepting local breeds of livestock and relying economically on forms of semi-mobile pastoralism that earlier writers had decried. Looking outside Ireland helps to evaluate their actions, since livestock mobility was widespread in contemporary European pastoralism, and if anything contributed to, rather than conflicted with, the commercialisation of farming.
Elasmobranchs under Human Care
Authors: Janse Max , Klerks Nienke 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As ocean’s apex predators, elasmobranchs are a very popular group in zoos and public aquariums. Since 30% of these species are threatened, there is a need within the zoo and public aquarium community to create a Regional Collection Plan (RCP) to coordinate the elasmobranch populations under human care. In 2011, Royal Burgers’ Zoo decided to change the Institutional Collection Plan (ICP) and stopped getting any sharks or rays directly from the wild. This study presents the potential and challenges of this approach. Although this study shows it to be a feasible approach for one public aquarium, implementing this ICP criterion in multiple public aquariums will require an increase in breeding efforts. There may also remain a need to collect animals from the wild as part of a conservation programme on threatened species or to increase the number of founders in a breeding programme.
Climatologies of Mesoscale Convective Systems over China Observed by Spaceborne Radars
Authors: Chen Hao , Xu Weixin , Liu Nana , Sun Jianhua , Fu Jiaolan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) as a function of MCS organizational mode over China, using long-term precipitation radar observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM). The spaceborne radar-based MCS climatology shows maximum population over low-elevation regions, marked decrease over the foothills, and minimum frequency over the Tibetan Plateau. Linear and nonlinear MCSs account for 17% and 83% of the MCSs over China, respectively. Linear MCSs have much stronger convective intensity and heavier precipitation than nonlinear MCSs, as indicated by TRMM convective proxies. Interestingly, though broad-stratiform MCSs have the weakest convection, they produce the heaviest (maximum) rain rate and the largest amount of heavy rainfall among nonlinear MCSs. Among various types of linear MCSs, bow echoes (BEs) and no-stratiform (NS) systems exhibit the strongest convective intensity, embedded lines exhibit the weakest, and convective lines with trailing/leading stratiform in between. BEs and NSs share the most vertically extended structure, strongest microwave ice scattering, and highest lightning flash rates, but NS systems have a much lower surface rain rate likely due to a drier environment. Vertical radar reflectivity profiles suggest that both ice-based and warm-rain processes play an important role in the precipitation processes of linear MCSs over China, including the most intense BE storms. In short, this study helps to better understand the convective organization, precipitation structure, and ensemble microphysical properties of MCSs over China, and potentially provides guidelines for evaluating high-resolution model simulations and satellite rainfall retrievals for monsoonal MCSs.
Medical students’ evaluation of a suicide prevention multimedia resource: A focus group study
Authors: Ng Lillian , Datt Ashwini , Moir Fiona , Hakiaha Hineroa , O’Callaghan Anne , Lampshire Debra , Tennant Geraldine , Henry Jessica , Wearn Andy 
Published: July 2022

Aims: A series of podcasts and videos was created to assist medical students with learning about suicide prevention. The aim of this research was to explore medical students experiences of using a suicide prevention learning resource. Methods: A multimedia repository of learning resources for suicide prevention was designed and created for use across all years of the medical programme at The University of Auckland. Emphasis was placed on ensuring that the resource was culturally safe. The impact of the learning resource was evaluated with a qualitative approach using focus group methodology. Two focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis was conducted employing three cycles of coding. Results: Three themes were identified: perceiving that suicide is complex and sensitive; tailoring knowledge to match students’ developmental stage and context; and elements that facilitated interaction with the resource. Conclusions: Suicide is unsurprisingly a challenging topic for medical students. The students in this study actively engaged with this resource on suicide prevention, which supplemented their core learning of the topic. Early access to resources developed in a culturally safe way within a spiral curriculum empowers students to understand that they have an important contribution to make in preventing suicide. This may prepare them for encountering suicide with peers, family members and in clinical practice.