bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
If New York Is Not in the United States, It's in California
Authors: VAN INWAGEN PETER 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAn argument is presented for the truth of the conditional, ‘If New York is not in the United States, it's in California’. Several possible objections to this argument are then examined and evaluated. Further argument establishes that if the argument for the truth of ‘If New York is not in the United States, it's in California’ is sound, it follows that an indicative conditional is true if and only if it has either a false antecedent or a true consequent.
Desire's Own Reasons
Authors: TOOMING UKU 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this essay I ask if there are reasons that count in favor of having a desire in virtue of its attitudinal nature. I call those considerations desire's own reasons. I argue that desire's own reasons are considerations that explain why a desire meets its constitutive standard of correctness and that it meets this standard when its satisfaction would also be satisfactory to the subject who has it. Reasons that bear on subjective satisfaction are fit to regulate desires through experience and imagination because desires are naturally sensitive to them. I also analyze the limits of application that such reasons have and how desire's own reasons relate to other kinds of reasons.
Irish overseers in the antebellum U.S. South
Authors: Regan Joe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article aims to further understand the Irish immigrant experience with U.S. slavery by studying Irish overseers on southern plantations. The Irish relationship with U.S. slavery varied according to circumstances. However, as foreign-born outsiders, Irish immigrants in the South had to accommodate the region's slaveholding culture. This article takes the story of the Irish as urban pioneers of the antebellum South out into the southern countryside. Those who sought employment as overseers had no qualms about profiting from racial slavery, and the nationality of a successful overseer was immaterial to planters. Irish overseers were not categorically different from native-born southern overseers. Indeed, Irish overseers had to be as ruthless as their American counterparts if they hoped to be successful. The expansion of the southern economy in accordance with the rise of the ‘second slavery’ created more significant opportunities for Irish immigrants to become overseers and demonstrates the essential whiteness of the Irish in the South.
Factory and workshop legislation and convent laundries, 1895–1907: campaigning for a Catholic exception
Authors: Harrison Bridget 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConvents and convent-run institutions occupied an undefined legal space during the late nineteenth century. As homes for unmarried women, they combined religious ideas of holy seclusion with contemporary ideas of the feminine private sphere. However, women religious were also major providers of charity and welfare in Britain and Ireland, with many running charitable institutions. This brought them in closer contact with the state. As factory and workshop legislation towards the end of the nineteenth century expanded to include laundries, Catholic politicians used this ambiguous societal role to argue that Magdalene asylums deserved less inspection than for-profit laundries. In so doing, they both re-enforced nuns’ right to domestic privacy and promoted their operations as a social good. This created a legal exemption for convent-run laundries, which allowed them to operate with limited scrutiny or interference. An examination of the debates surrounding factory and workshop legislation from 1895 to 1907 exposes a precedent which continued well into the twentieth century.
Effects of dietary and exercise treatments on HDL subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Øhman Elisabeth Adolfsen , Kirchner Lisa , Winkvist Anna , Bertz Fredrik , Holven Kirsten Bjørklund , Ulven Stine Marie , Brekke Hilde Kristin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChildbearing decreases HDL-cholesterol, potentially contributing to the increased risk of CVD in parous women. Large HDL particles (HDL-P) are associated with lower risk of CVD. In this secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial, we investigated the effects of 12-week dietary and exercise treatments on HDL-P subclass concentration, size and apoA1 in lactating women with overweight/obesity. At 10–14 weeks postpartum, 68 women with pre-pregnant BMI 25–35 kg/m2 were randomised to four groups using 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) dietary treatment for weight loss; (2) exercise treatment; (3) both treatments and (4) no treatment. Lipoprotein subclass profiling by NMR spectroscopy was performed in serum at randomisation and after 3 and 12 months, and the results analysed with two-way ANCOVA. Lipid concentrations decline naturally postpartum. At 3 months (5–6 months postpartum), both diet (P = 0·003) and exercise (P = 0·008) reduced small HDL-P concentration. Concurrently, exercise limited the decline in very large HDL-P (P = 0·002) and the effect was still significant at 12 months (15 months postpartum) (P = 0·041). At 12 months, diet limited the decline in very large HDL-P (P = 0·005), large HDL-P (P = 0·001) and apoA1 (P = 0·002) as well as HDL size (P = 0·002). The dietary treatment for weight loss and the exercise treatment both showed effects on HDL-P subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity possibly associated with lower CVD risk. The dietary treatment had more effects than the exercise treatment at 12 months, likely associated with a 10 % weight loss.
The Chengda Teachers School and Modern China's Frontier Politics: Ethnicity and Religion in the Implementation of Republican Law, 1925–49
Authors: Chen Bin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe military victories of the Northern Expedition (1926–28) ended nearly two decades of political fragmentation and ushered in a new era of centralized government in China. A key concern of the Nationalist government, based in Nanjing, was bringing the haphazard array of private schools that had emerged since the republic's founding in 1911 in line with the Nationalists’ political agenda. The Nationalist leadership also hoped to use their educational reforms to bring the frontier regions, many of which were only tenuously allied with Nanjing, more formally under their control. Thus, the new regime set out to achieve the twin goals of regulating private schools and cultivating ties among the frontier region's population. These two goals became entangled in an unexpected manner at the private Muslim Chengda Teachers School. Although the Nationalists banned private teachers schools in 1933, they deliberately exempted Chengda from such regulations to further their frontier agenda. Later, when the central government's frontier political calculations changed, the Nationalists rescinded such protection and forced Chengda to abide by the original regulations.
Effect of heat treatments on foaming and physico-chemical properties of bovine and camel sodium caseinate
Authors: Lajnaf Roua , Attia Hamadi , Ayadi Mohamed Ali 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the foaming properties of sodium caseinates (Na-cas) extracted from bovine and camel fresh milks after heating at 70, 80, 90 and 100°C for 30 min at laboratory scale. Experimental results indicated that greater foam was obtained with camel Na-cas than with bovine Na-cas at all heating temperatures due to the higher β-casein content in camel caseins (~53.4% of total proteins, RP-HPLC results). Increasing heat-treatment temperature to 100°C significantly enhanced the foaming properties by raising surface hydrophobicity and decreasing electronegative charge as well as interfacial tension values upon heating. This study concluded that camel Na-cas has important foaming properties in agricultural and food industries.
Explaining the deadlock of the European social dialogue: negotiating in the shadow of hierarchy
Authors: Sørensen Julie Malene Eichstedt , Würtzenfeld Mathias , Hansen Magnus Paulsen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe European Social Dialogue (ESD) is a mixed story of ongoing negotiations between the social partners but with rather few binding agreements. Whereas some see the sparse actions as an inevitable consequence of deep structural and political asymmetries, others have pointed out the key role played by the Commission, as a “shadow of hierarchy”, in pushing the social partners towards binding agreements. By applying novel insights from theories of veto players and asymmetric interdependence to an in-depth case study of two agreements, the article is the first attempt to take a systematic game theoretical approach to the study of the ESD. We show that the likelihood of a binding agreement depends on the degree and changeability of the shadow of hierarchy as well as the complexity of issue and reputational risks of the social partners. The findings have implications for the likely effectiveness of the recent attempt to “re-launch” the ESD.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetics underlying the link between early-life nutrition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: La Colla Anabela , Cámara Carolina Anahí , Campisano Sabrina , Chisari Andrea Nancy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEarly-life malnutrition plays a critical role in foetal development and predisposes to metabolic diseases later in life, according to the concept of ‘developmental programming’. Different types of early nutritional imbalance, including undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiency, have been related to long-term metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that disturbances in nutrition during the period of preconception, pregnancy and primary infancy can affect mitochondrial function and epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, even though multiple mechanisms underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been described, in the past years, special attention has been given to mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic alterations. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular metabolic functions. Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to oxidative stress, insulin resistance and inflammation. Epigenetic mechanisms have been related to alterations in genes involved in lipid metabolism, fibrogenesis, inflammation and tumorigenesis. In accordance, studies have reported that mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetics linked to early-life nutrition can be important contributing factors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetics and nutrition during early life, which is relevant to developmental programming of NAFLD.
Age 18–30 trajectories of binge drinking frequency and prevalence across the past 30 years for men and women: Delineating when and why historical trends reversed across age
Authors: Jager Justin , Keyes Katherine M. , Son Daye , Patrick Megan E. , Platt Jonathan , Schulenberg John E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHistorical analyses based on US data indicate that recent cohorts engage in lower binge drinking at age 18 relative to past cohorts, but by the mid- to late-20s the reverse is true: recent cohorts engage in higher binge drinking relative to past cohorts. We pinpoint when – both developmentally and historically – this reversal manifested, examine possible reasons for this reversal, and examine sex convergence in these developmental and historical patterns. As part of the US national Monitoring the Future Study, over 75,000 youths from the high school classes of 1976–2006 were surveyed biennially between ages 18 and 30. We found that the reversal primarily manifested between ages 18 and 24 for men and 18 and 22 for women. We also found that the reversal emerged gradually across the last three decades, suggesting it is the result of a broad and durable historical shift. Our findings indicated that historical variation in social roles and minimum legal drinking age collectively accounted for only a modest amount of the reversal, although marriage was the most influential among the factors examined here. Finally, we found evidence that sex convergence in binge drinking was developmentally limited and far more pronounced at the beginning of the transition to adulthood.
More than a feeling? An expanded investigation of emotional responsiveness in young children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits
Authors: Northam Jaimie C. , Dar Hayim , Hawes David J. , Barnes Kirsten , McNair Nicolas A. , Fisher Carri A. , Dadds Mark R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChildren with conduct problems and high callous-unemotional (CP+CU) traits are characterized by dampened emotional responding, limiting their ability for affective empathy and impacting the development of prosocial behaviors. However, research documenting this dampening in young children is sparse and findings vary, with attachment-related stimuli hypothesized to ameliorate deficits in emotional responding. Here we test emotional responsiveness across various emotion-eliciting stimuli using multiple measures of emotional responsiveness (behavioral, physiological, self-reported) and attention, in young children aged 2–8 years (Mage = 5.37), with CP+CU traits (CP+CU;n= 36), CPs and low CU traits (CP−CU;n= 82) and a community control sample (CC;n= 27). We found no evidence that attachment-related stimulus ameliorated deficits in emotional responding. Rather, at a group level we found a consistent pattern of reduced responding across all independent measures of responsiveness for children with CP+CU compared to the CC group. Few differences were found between CP+CU and CP−CU groups. When independent measures were standardized and included in a regression model predicting to CU trait score, higher CU traits were associated with reduced emotional responding, demonstrating the importance of multimodal measurement of emotional responsiveness when investigating the impact of CU traits in young children.
Sintra Grows Healthy: development and implementation of a food literacy curriculum for primary schools
Authors: Nogueira Telma , Ferreira Raquel J , Sócrates Marta , Dias da Silva Vitória , Liñan Pinto Mariana , Borrego Rute , Sousa Joana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:Describe the process of development and implementation ofHealth at the Table– a food literacy curriculum for primary school aged children.Design:Through a community-based research process,Health at the Tabledevelopment and implementation took place in four stages: exploratory study, production, implementation and monitoring.Setting:Primary schools of Sintra’s municipality, Portugal.Participants:Children (6–10 years), teachers, school staff and children’s legal guardians of three primary schools during the pilot project and eight primary schools in the second year.Results:During the needs assessment phase, 99·1 % (n341) of the children’s legal guardians, 100 % (n34) of the teachers and 100 % (n19) of the school staff considered that the school plays an important or very important role in children’s food literacy (stage 1). During the pilot project, a manual with sixty session plans was developed (stage 2). In the second year,Health at the Tablewas implemented by seventy-two trained teachers during one school year (stage 3). Most of the teachers agreed that the curriculum was appropriate (69·2 %) and that children developed health, wellness/well-being and environmental skills (83·1 %). Most of the children said they had learned about healthy eating (86·3 %) and claimed to eat healthier since theHealth at the Tableimplementation (58·9 %) (stage 4).Conclusions:Health at the Tableis a food literacy curriculum that can be reproduced in similar contexts in a sustainable way. The need to combine educational strategies with a healthy school food environment is reinforced to increase effectiveness in tackling childhood obesity.
Food insecurity among active duty soldiers and their families during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Rabbitt Matthew P , Beymer Matthew R , Reagan Joanna J , Jarvis Brantley P , Watkins Eren Y 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:We examined the determinants of food insecurity among active duty Army households that transitioned into food insecurity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design:We compared Army households that recently transitioned into marginal food insecurity with those households that remained highly food secure (n 2832) to better understand how these households differ in their resilience to food insecurity during economic downturns using data from a military installation in the USA in 2020.Setting:A US military installation in the USA.Participants:Active duty US Army soldiers.Results:Prior to the pandemic, the prevalence of marginal food insecurity among Army households was similar to that reported for households in the general population. Marginal food insecurity among Army households increased over 1·5-fold – from 19 % to 33 % – with the onset of the pandemic. Relative to Army households with consistently high food security, the Army households that transitioned into marginal food insecurity after the onset of the pandemic were more likely to report concerns about financial insecurity and the job security of their family members.Conclusions:Army households, like their civilian counterparts, are vulnerable to food insecurity because of instability in their income during periods of economic uncertainty. Periods of economic uncertainty are more common for Army households because of the frequent relocations associated with military service which could lead to predictable periodic spikes in their food insecurity.
Vitamin D status and associations with diet, objectively measured physical activity patterns and background characteristics among adolescents in a representative national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Warensjö Lemming Eva , Petrelius Sipinen Jessica , Nyberg Gisela , Moraeus Lotta , Lindroos Anna Karin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:To report on vitamin D status, measured as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25(OH)D), the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, and to explore associations between vitamin D status and background characteristics.Design:Data were collected in a National Dietary Survey, Riksmaten adolescents 2016–2017. The participants completed dietary assessments and questionnaires on the web and wore accelerometers. (25(OH)D) was measured with a MS method.Setting:Representative survey conducted in schools throughout Sweden.Participants:Participants attended school years 5 (Y5, mean age 12. 5 years), 8 (Y8, mean age 14. 5 years) and 11 (Y11, mean age 18 years), and included 1100 participants.Results:Overall, there was no difference in plasma 25(OH)D between girls and boys. Vitamin D insufficiency differed between the three school years. The prevalence of insufficiency in Y5 was 32 (boys) and 48 (girls) percent, while in Y11 62 (boys) and 43 (girls) percent. The prevalence of deficiency in Y11 was 16 and 15 % in boys and girls, respectively. Being born outside of Sweden was associated with a 10-fold increased risk of being vitamin D deficient. Deficiency was also associated with longer time spent in sedentary intensity, a lower consumption of fortified dairy products and fats and oils.Conclusions:Vitamin D deficiency was most common in the oldest age group and being born outside of Sweden increased the risk of being deficient. The present study will form a baseline for future follow-up studies of the implementation of a new mandatory vitamin D fortification policy in 2018.
Individual and contextual factors associated with under- and over-nutrition among school-aged children and adolescents in two Nigerian states: a multi-level analysis
Authors: Adeomi Adeleye Abiodun , Fatusi Adesegun , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to identify individual and contextual factors that are associated with under- and over-nutrition among school-aged children and adolescents in two Nigerian states.Design:Community-based cross-sectional study.Setting:The study was carried out in rural and urban communities of Osun and Gombe States in Nigeria.Participants:A total of 1200 school-aged children and adolescents.Results:Multi-level analysis showed that the full models accounted for about 82 % and 39 % of the odds of thinness or overweight/obese across the communities, respectively. Household size (adjusted OR (aOR) 1·10; P = 0·001; 95 % CI (1·04, 1·16)) increased the odds, while the upper wealth index (aOR 0·43; P = 0·016; 95 % CI (0·22, 0·86)) decreased the odds of thinness. Age (aOR 0·86; P < 0·001; 95 % CI (1·26, 8·70)), exclusive breastfeeding (aOR 0·46; P = 0·010; 95 % CI (0·25, 0·83)), physical activity (aOR 0·55; P = 0·001; 95 % CI (0·39, 0·78)) and the upper wealth index (aOR 0·47; P = 0·018; 95 % CI (0·25, 0·88)) were inversely related with overweight/obesity, while residing in Osun State (aOR 3·32; P = 0·015; 95 % CI (1·26, 1·70)), female gender (aOR 1·73; P = 0·015; 95 % CI (1·11, 2·69)) and screen time > 2 h/d (aOR 2·33; P = 0·005; 95 % CI (1·29, 4·19)) were positively associated with overweight/obesity.Conclusions:The study shows that selected community and individual-level factors are strongly associated with thinness and overweight/obesity among school-aged children and adolescents.
Detection of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) with in situ hyperspectral remote sensing. I. Effects of weed density and soybean presence
Authors: Basinger Nicholas T. , Hestir Erin L. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Everman Wesley J. , Jordan David L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe utilization of remote sensing in agriculture has great potential to change the methods of field scouting for weeds. Previous remote sensing research has been focused on the ability to detect and differentiate between species. However, these studies have not addressed weed density variability throughout a field. Furthermore, the impact of changing phenology of crops and weeds within and between growing seasons has not been investigated. To address these research gaps, field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Horticultural Crops Research Station near Clinton, NC. Two problematic weed species, Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], were planted at four densities in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Additionally, these weed densities were grown in the presence and absence of the crop to determine the influence of crop presence on the detection and discrimination of weed species and density. Hyperspectral data were collected over various phenological time points in each year. Differentiation between plant species and weed density was not consistent across cropping systems, phenology, or season. Weed species were distinguishable across more spectra when no soybean was present. In 2016, weed species were not distinguishable, while in 2017, differentiation occurred at 4 wk after planting (WAP) and 15 WAP when weeds were present with soybean. When soybean was not present, differentiation occurred only at 5 WAP in 2016 and at 3 WAP through 15 WAP in 2017. Differentiation between weed densities did occur in both years with and without soybean present, but weed density could be differentiated across more spectra when soybean was not present. This study demonstrates that weed and crop reflectance is dynamic throughout the season and that spectral reflectance can be affected by weed species and density.