bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Application of the Framework to Cocaine Trafficking in Belgium (with Comparisons to other Applications to Drug and Human Trafficking in Europe)
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents an empirical application of the harm assessment framework to cocaine trafficking in Belgium and, for insight to the framework’s reliability and robustness, compares the results to those of two other applications in Europe. The principal application, the first of its kind, employed data from criminal justice sources and interviews from 2003 to 2011. Trafficking involved air, sea, and land import, export, and wholesale distribution, accompanied by violence, corruption, and money laundering and enabling cocaine dealing and cocaine use, the latter of which was outside the scope of the assessment. The results across all interests and bearers suggest cocaine trafficking generated a small set of notable harms in Belgium in our period of analysis, mostly deriving from policy and involving perpetrators. This and the comparative applications shed new light on the consequences of trafficking activities, but, while suggesting the reliability and robustness of the framework, they also highlight some remaining analytical challenges.
The Case for Harm and Harm Assessment
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the authors’ concluding thoughts and closing arguments in the case for taking on harm—and its reduction—and conducting systematic, empirical harm assessments to support deliberations on criminal and related policy. After recalling the book’s central aim, main findings, and accomplishments, the chapter considers methodological lessons from applying the harm assessment framework. Then, it turns to broader themes of criminology and policy. It argues, first, that criminology would benefit from expanding its mission to include harm and target harm reduction and from positioning harm assessment as a core task and, second, that systematic, empirical harm-based policy analysis can contribute to decisions about criminal policy and the governance of security, ranging widely from criminalization, to sentencing, to prevention. The chapter also explores possible contributions of a harm-based approach to other policy fields, as through tort law, and to advancing justice.
Ideology and Mass Killing
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn research on ‘mass killings’ such as genocides and campaigns of state terror, the role of ideology is hotly debated. For some scholars, ideologies are crucial in providing the extremist goals and hatreds that motivate ideologically committed killers. But other scholars are sceptical, contending that perpetrators of mass killing rarely seem ideologically committed, and that rational self-interest or powerful social pressures are more important drivers of violence than ideology. In Ideology and Mass Killing, Jonathan Leader Maynard challenges both these prevailing views, advancing an alternative ‘neo-ideological’ perspective which fundamentally retheorizes the ideological foundations of violence against civilians and synthesizes an emphasis of ideologies, strategic interests, and social pressures. Integrating research from political science, political psychology, history, and sociology, the book demonstrates that ideological justifications are central to the explanation of mass killings, but in ways that go beyond committed belief. Such ideological justifications revolve, moreover, not around extraordinary political goals or hatreds, but radicalized versions of conventional, widely accepted ideas that underpin the politics of security in ordinary societies across the world. Ideology and Mass Killing then substantiates this account through four contrasting case studies of mass killing—Stalinist repression in the USSR 1930-38, the Allied area bombing of Germany and Japan 1940-45, mass atrocities in the Guatemalan civil war 1978-83, and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. This represents the first volume to offer a dedicated, comparative theory of ideology’s role in mass killing, while also developing a powerful new account of how ideology affects violence and politics more generally.
Semiconductor Nanophotonics
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nanometre sized structures made of semiconductors, insulators and metals and grown by modern growth technologies or by chemical synthesis exhibit novel electronic and optical phenomena due to confinement of electrons and photons. Strong interactions between electrons and photons in narrow regions lead to inhibited spontaneous emission, thresholdless laser operation, and Bose Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Generation of sub-wavelength radiation by surface Plasmon-polaritons at metal-semiconductor interfaces, creation of photonic band gap in dielectrics, and realization of nanometer sized semiconductor or insulator structures with negative permittivity and permeability, known as metamaterials, are further examples in the area of nanophotonics. The studies help develop Spasers and plasmonic nanolasers of subwavelength dimensions, paving the way to use plasmonics in future data centres and high speed computers working at THz bandwidth with less than a few fJ/bit dissipation. The present book intends to serveas a textbook for graduate students and researchers intending to have introductory ideas of semiconductor nanophotonics. It gives an introduction to electron-photon interactions in quantum wells, wires and dots and then discusses the processes in microcavities, photonic band gaps and metamaterials and related applications. The phenomena and device applications under strong light-matter interactions are discussed by mostly using classical and semi-classical theories. Numerous examples and problems accompany each chapter.
Extraction from coordinate structures
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Coordinate Structure Constraint, or CSC, Ross’ generalization stating that conjuncts may not be extracted from coordinate structures (the ‘Conjunct Constraint’), and that elements contained within conjuncts may not be extracted from coordinate structures (the ‘Element Constraint’). We demonstrate the applicability of the CSC across several movement types, languages, and conjunctions. However, we also identify several counterexamples to the CSC. The first is the possibility of Across-The-Board extraction, also discovered by Ross. Others include the possibility of extracting whole conjuncts, in violation of the Conjunct Constraint, in languages like Serbo-Croatian, the SLF-construction found in many Germanic languages, and several asymmetric extraction patterns apparently licensed by discourse-semantic ‘scenarios’, which is the focus of Chapters 4-6.
Discourse calls the shots
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces Kehler’s Humean taxonomy of discourse relations, and explains Kehler’s use of that taxonomy to formalize Lakoff’s generalizations about discourse-semantic ‘scenarios’ which license asymmetric extraction from coordinate structures. This approach to extraction from coordinate structures stands in opposition to the approaches surveyed in Chapter 4, as it relies on discourse semantics rather than syntax. However, Lakoff’s project, properly formalized, is shown to be untenable, because Lakoff’s Type C scenario (involving the discourse relation result) is a special case of the Type A scenario (involving the discourse relation occasion), but the Type C extraction pattern is distinct from the Type A extraction pattern. Moreover, there are regularities among examples of Lakoff’s Type B scenario which do not follow from Kehler’s formalization in terms of the discourse relation violated expectation. Overall, in this chapter we conclude that discourse relations cannot directly account for the asymmetric extraction patterns that Lakoff observed.
Conclusion
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe final chapter summarizes the choice points identified in the previous five chapters, and the interrelationships among them. We return to our dichotomy between ‘syntax calls the shots’ and ‘discourse calls the shots’, and emphasize that a complete analysis of the complex empirical patterns laid out in Chapters 2–6 will need a pluralistic approach, with full consideration given to the roles of syntax, discourse semantics, and the interface between the two, in addition to performance factors such as processing. The chapter concludes by listing several pieces of unfinished business, ranging from concrete empirical concerns (for instance, we have very little data on asymmetric extraction from coordinate structures in understudied languages) to theoretical implications, such syntactic and semantic similarities between conjuncts and adjuncts, and implications for syntactic theories of locality.
Traditions and Innovations
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Irenaeus of Lyons draws on previous heresiographical tradition but advances it in novel ways. He performs a polemical alignment of heresy and paganism, suggesting that heresy derives essentially from paganism in its rhetoric, doctrine, and behaviour. Heretics are akin to sophists and as such are subject to the same criticisms the sophists faced. Irenaeus appeals to the virtue of simplicity to counter what he casts as the complicated schemes of the heretics. He emphasizes the divisiveness of heretics and the divisions among their sects. Irenaeus goes beyond Justin in emphasizing not simply the otherness of the sects, but depicting them as faith-negating divergences following an inferior line of succession. By doing so, Irenaeus paradoxically incorporates heresy into the identity of orthodoxy.
Clement of Alexandria’s Heresiological Account in Stromateis VII
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Clement’s fullest treatment of heresy is found in the seventh book of the Stromateis. While openness to inquiry is an important disposition of the ‘true gnostic’ or elite Christian, heretics are like Sceptics in pressing their inquiry too far. Intellectual error thus borders on moral error, although to be culpable there must be conscious error or intent to deceive; this creates a distinction between the heresiarch and the ordinary heretic, the latter of whom through grace may be led back to the truth. The criterion of truth is the Scriptures, which although shared between heretics and the church have yielded their fruit—or given birth—only for the latter group. While heretics are similar to Jews and pagans in this regard, they are nevertheless in more serious error than either of them, as they not only fail to grasp but actively adulterate the truth.
Conclusion
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Christianity’s diversity in its origins is illustrated by the ways in which disagreements are described and dissidents denoted. The lack of any common pattern of exclusion demonstrates that the churches do not all have the same sense of their identity, and that norms of belonging change from one context to another. Forced to acknowledge that the disagreement was internal, ancient heresiology—in order to restore otherness and to legitimate separation—was led to a precise definition of rules of practice and reflection in the areas where it encountered adversaries, and made these into ecclesiastical norms: tradition, succession, Scripture. Successive manoeuvres of differentiation, aiming to exclude, produce what could be called the heresiological paradox: the progressive refining of the theme of otherness ends up interiorizing heresy, drawing it into the heart of Christianity.
Introduction
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction starts with Samuel Harsnett’s account of licensing John Hayward’s history of Henry IV. The book came under suspicion because of its dedication to the disgraced Earl of Essex. Harsnett claimed he had licensed it without reading it, as was apparently normal. This is remarkable both because it contrasts markedly with the heavy annotation of censors to be found on some surviving play scripts and also because it typifies how seemingly innocuous texts—both books and plays—could be suspected of ‘dangerous matter’ when authorities took an interest in them. Jonson’s Sejanus is an example of the latter and the play is examined in detail as an instance of the problems facing anyone interested in censorship of the drama (and how these change in the light of new scholarship). The Introduction concludes with a discussion of the limited materials to have survived from the Masters of the Revels.
1586–1592
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1586, Decrees for Orders in Printing changed the licensing of printed books, placing a church High Commission in charge, using clerical licensers. Why did this not expand to licensing plays for performance? Scandalous attacks on the church hierarchy by ‘Martin Marprelate’ involved the players, despite Tilney’s attempts to restrain them. His powers are still limited: a commission to regulate playing is suggested, involving both the City and the church, as well as Tilney, but nothing comes of it. The City tries to buy Tilney out, but fails. The chapter concludes with reflections on Christopher Marlowe: despite his notoriety there is no evidence that Tilney censored his plays. Only posthumously was Dr Faustus subject to Parliament’s 1606 Act of Abuses, forbidding blasphemous reference to God, Christ, and the Holy Spirit on stage.
The ‘Little Eyases’ and the Early Years of James’s Reign
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the King’s Men’s lost play about the Gowrie plot against James and concludes the Introduction’s discussion of Jonson’s Sejanus. But it mainly examines the scandalous plays of the Queen’s Revels company mentioned in Chapter 5a, notably Daniel’s own Philotas, Chapman, Marston, and Jonson’s Eastward Ho!, Day’s The Isle of Gulls, Chapman’s Byron plays, together with an unnamed play about James’s ‘Scottish mines’. These latter items so exasperated the king that he withdrew the company’s warrant in 1608. The punishment was more aimed at its management than at the ‘boys’, who by now were fully grown. Their playhouse, the Blackfriars, passed to the King’s Men. A new grouping of ‘boys’ assembled at the Whitefriars playhouse and regained the Queen’s Revels title in 1610, but their days were limited. That year Tilney died and Buc became undisputed Master of the Revels, with authority over all companies under royal patronage.
Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic had a brutal impact on the life of human beings around the globe. As of March 2020, SARS-CoV-2, a virus provoking severe acute respiratory syndrome, had spread from China to the rest of the world. Billions of people experienced severe limitations to their fundamental rights to move, work, and engage in physical contact with other human beings. Technology supported the global effort to respond to the health emergency and provided a lifeline for economies. Digital services allowed families to be in contact through videoconference applications or social networks. E-commerce fuelled home-delivery services to locked-down households. Technology made telework possible when offices were not accessible. But technology played a double role. It exacerbated the opportunity gap between those who could use it for studying or working and those who could not, facilitating the spread of misleading information on the virus, and shifting economic value to dominant digital companies, aggravating those concentration tendencies that have been increasingly observed in online markets. While the pandemic has undoubtedly pushed the economy to become more digitized, the outstanding question is how much of that level of digitization will be retained by business and users alike after the pandemic is over.
The Data Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractData is an essential input to the digital economy. As we have seen in the case of connectivity, a digital economy and society cannot prosper without a flourishing data economy behind it. However, the data value chain poses difficult challenges to policymakers, giving rise to complex and novel issues. Several important economic structural features associated with data and lack of transparency or competition often lead data markets to malfunction. Public policy can intervene, fostering competition and realigning the incentives of market players with those of society to achieve higher welfare levels. The European Union’s institutions have been very active in the area, setting global standards for privacy protection with the 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and designing actions to support the development and uptake of data analytics in Europe.
The Horizons of Humanity
Authors: Sussman David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper examines Christine Korsgaard’s attempts to derive Kantian morality from a supposedly unmoralized understanding of rational agency, simply as such. It argues that although Korsgaard does not succeed in this effort, she still establishes an important conclusion. The proper moral of Korsgaard’s story is not that Kantian ethical norms are presupposed by rational agency per se. Instead, what she really shows is that such norms are implicit in the distinctively modern, liberal form of practical self-consciousness that we happen to inhabit as the result of wholly contingent historical processes. Although this more modest conclusion does, in a sense, relativize Kantian morality to a particular kind of cultural formation, the paper argues that this relativization is mostly harmless for practical intents and purposes.
Finite Valuers and the Problem of Vulnerability to Unmitigated Loss
Authors: Street Sharon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Holy Grail of secular analytic metaethics—or, better, the “Non-Holy Grail”—would be a clear, informative, intuitively satisfying account of the subject matter of ethics that both (1) vindicates a strong form of ethical objectivity, while (2) avoiding any hint of metaphysical or epistemological mystery. For anyone who hasn’t given up on the search for the Non-Holy Grail, this paper suggests that there is no better stepping-off point than the path that Korsgaard’s work in metaethics has laid out for us. The paper briefly characterizes this path, called the generic constructivist strategy for vindicating the objectivity of ethics. It then works to implement one part of the strategy, the part that involves identifying a problem that faces all valuers simply in virtue of their being valuers at all. The paper argues that all finite valuers face what can be called the problem of vulnerability to unmitigated loss.
A Question of One’s Own
Authors: Ebels-Duggan Kyla 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A modest constructivism that endorses the constructivist account of moral concepts, but gives up on the idea of deriving normative conceptions from them, retains most of the advantages of the more ambitious view that embraces both theses. It can address Prichard’s Dilemma and parry metaphysical and epistemological challenges. It cannot answer all intelligible skeptical questions. But this paper argues that it can answer all those that are ours in Christine Korsgaard’s important sense.
The Two Normativities
Authors: Velleman J. David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The normativity of language and the normativity of reasons are mutually independent: the disjunction between “is” and “ought” bears no philosophically significant relation to the disjunction between reason and passion—except, of course, that both were asserted by Hume. Beginning with this observation, this paper outlines a constitutivist conception of normativity, leading to the conclusion that metaethics is not a normative discipline.
Shadows of the Self
Authors: Pallikkathayil Japa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that one’s authority to issue advance directives governing one’s medical care is limited in ways that have not been appreciated. It focuses on advance directives issued by people who go on to suffer from dementia. An adequate account of decision-making for those with dementia should be able to do justice to two related aspects of that condition. First, for practical purposes, sufferers of dementia both are and are not the same people they were before. Second, the “otherness” of the demented self reflects an unraveling rather than a becoming. The demented self is not a new self but rather the same old self in the process of disintegrating. The paper suggests that Christine Korsgaard’s treatment of personal identity provides a helpful framework for understanding these aspects of dementia. It also gives an account of decision-making for those with dementia that is sensitive to these aspects of dementia.
Animal Value and Right
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In Fellow Creatures, Christine Korsgaard seeks to show how a Kantian moral theory can provide a more satisfying account of our obligations toward other animals than Kant’s own theory affords. She argues that what grounds the injunction to treat rational agents as ends in themselves in Kant’s moral theory can warrant an extension to fellow animals—if you like, that the reasoning leading to the Formula of Humanity can be extended to a Formula of Animality. This paper argues that her reasoning lacks the conceptual resources to reach this conclusion, since it works entirely within the conceptual framework of the good and fails to appreciate the right’s distinctive conceptual connection to moral accountability. However, it also argues that placing central aspects of Korsgaard’s argument within an accountability-centered (second-personal) framework of the right does hold promise for reaching her conclusion.
Juridical Personality and the Role of Juridical Obligation
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces the idea of juridical personality as an essential piece of Kant’s account of human moral agency. The problem is that natural human activities of production and reproduction make persons morally vulnerable to one another regardless of the quality of their willing. The solution lies in the acquisition of the moral powers to obligate others that can only be conferred by juridical institutions. Drawing on under-appreciated text in the Introduction of the Metaphysics of Morals and the first part of the Doctrine of Right it is argued that the juridical personality and its duties are the possibility condition of moral action across the board. Collateral benefits are an explication of the source of many human duties, juridical and ethical; an account of responsibility for the actual effects of duty-related actions; and a deeper understanding of the moral point of moral motivation.