bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doggerland
Authors: Walker James , Gaffney Vincent , Fitch Simon , Fraser Andy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The disappearance of Doggerland beneath the waves of the southern North Sea was the most notable landscape change to affect northwest Europe in the early Holocene. This submerged palaeolandscape has captured the imaginations of archaeologists and the public for over a century, but it is only in recent decades that our knowledge of it has begun to come into focus. Although often presumed as significant culturally, the area of Doggerland remains something of a geographical gap within our knowledge of Mesolithic northwest Europe. In part this reflects the fact that the archaeology of this area is largely restricted to finds made by chance discovery and sites located just off the current shore. Nevertheless, we are rapidly approaching a point where the targeted prospection of deeper waters may be possible. This chapter reviews our current knowledge regarding Mesolithic Doggerland, how it changed over time, and how these changes may have affected both the people who lived there and on the lands it once connected.
Orwell, Leo Tolstoy, and H. G. Wells
Authors: Parrinder Patrick 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Orwell’s essays on Wells and Tolstoy are devastating and largely unforgiving analyses of authors who had greatly influenced him but whom he came to regard as failed prophets. Tolstoy, he argued, pursued a false ideal of sainthood, while Wells was a liberal pacifist blind to the appeal of militarism and war. Yet Orwell had much else to say about these two predecessors, and his impulse to debunk their utopianism reveals his own contradictions. Did he perhaps see in Tolstoy and Wells two possible ageing versions of himself? Finally, this chapter contrasts their impacts on Orwell the novelist. If Wells, he thought, was Dickens’s nearest modern analogue, Tolstoy had a more universal appeal than Dickens. Wells’s presence is strongest behind Coming Up for Air and Nineteen Eighty-Four, while Orwell’s abandoned project for a family saga reflects his lifelong admiration for War and Peace.
Orwell and Modernism
Authors: Morrell Sascha 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
To consider how Orwell himself perceived, evaluated, and was influenced by those ‘highbrow’ writers who epitomized formal experimentalism in his lifetime, and to account for how and why critics continue to differ over Orwell’s modernist credentials, this chapter situates Orwell’s writing in relation to changing definitions of literary modernism, and puts Orwell’s explicit commentaries on what he called ‘the Joyce-Eliot school’ into dialogue with tendencies apparent in Orwell’s fiction. With a focus on Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), it aims to show how, both expressly and through narrative technique, the fiction challenges some of the dichotomies on which Orwell’s critical commentary relies, including the presumed separation of modernism from mass culture, and the supposed opposition between formal experiment and political engagement. In this, Orwell anticipates recent trends in the broader field of modernism studies.
Orwell the Reader
Authors: Tyson Helen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Beginning with an exploration of Orwell’s accounts of childhood reading, this chapter explores how Orwell channelled his life as a reader into both his novels and essays. Contrary to the enduring image of Orwell as a stern critic, this chapter traces Orwell’s writing about the pleasures of reading, from his recollections of childhood reading, to the pleasures of ‘good bad books’, reading and solitude, and what he described in 1946 as the ‘joy of mere words’. And yet, as this chapter shows, Orwell also worried in the 1930s and 1940s about the fascistic leanings of popular culture, fearful of the ways that the ‘ordinary reader’ might be co-opted by totalitarian politics. Concluding with a close reading of Nineteen Eighty-Four, this chapter considers how we might read Orwell today, not as a lesson in moral sympathy, but as a reminder to think seriously about our own roles as Orwell’s readers.
Orwell, Progress, and the Intellectuals
Authors: Tripathi Ameya 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In The Road to Wigan Pier Orwell sceptically regards mechanization, technologyv, and industry as part of ‘the swindle of progress’, a phrase he often repeats. Yet Orwell knew his socialist economic convictions would require a degree of centralization, planning, and technological advancement. For Hayekian economists, Orwell’s advocating for a planned economy showed a deficit in understanding anti-totalitarian economic liberalism, much as they admired his civic and political liberalism. Yet, as this chapter discusses, Orwell’s experiences in colonial Burma and Spain were what enabled him to have a deep and linked understanding of socialist economics and liberal politics. His contacts with Arturo Barea, among others, led him to see markets in dictatorships and colonies as just as, if not more, totalitarian than forms of rationing and central planning imposed by governments. Placing Orwell in relation to political thought from Hayek to Arendt and Fanon, this chapter explores Orwell’s deep ambivalence and conflict towards both ‘progress’ and ‘intellectuals’.
Orwell and the Absurd
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses absurdity in George Orwell’s writing. The first section argues that Orwell’s political project depends on flagging up what he calls ‘the all-prevailing schizophrenia of democratic societies’, to bring the absurdity of the country’s social organization to public attention. The implicit hope is that exposure will lead to social change. But the absurd redoubles when—against all logic—life simply goes on as before in the face of these revelations. The second section traces Orwell’s ambivalence about absurdity—an uncertainty about where to indulge it and where to rein it in—and argues that one reason why his protagonists (who register and complain about life’s absurdity) ultimately fail to force change is that they themselves succumb to absurdity, and therefore unhearability. The last section explores how the absurd might offer, if not hope, at least a skeleton of mental support to hold one up through an unacceptable life.
Orwell the Stylist
Authors: Mullen Lisa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Orwell made a number of pronouncements about the importance of ‘plain’ style, yet in his own writing he never adhered strictly to these rules himself. This chapter argues that his ruminations on style were shaped and coloured by twin anxieties about the relationship between literature and politics, and the relationship between words and truth. Key moments in three early novels—Burmese Days (1934), A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), and Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936)—are examined, alongside detailed analysis of the style of a late essay, ‘A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray’ (1946), and Orwell’s engagement with style and politics in his final masterpiece, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). The chapter argues that style, for Orwell, was never a fixed formula, but an active encounter: the transit between interior and exterior world did not entail a delivery of plain and direct thought-manifestation, but was a fluid process of dynamic intermediation.
Orwell and the ‘Auden Generation’
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter pursues a dual aim: it reconstructs Orwell’s canonical attacks on the leading lights of the Auden Generation, but it also offers a more nuanced picture by tracing the complex lines of repulsion and attraction that connected Orwell to the literary and cultural milieu associated with the label of the ‘Auden Generation’. Orwell’s vitriol, the chapter suggests, was directed not so much against individual writers but rather against a particular kind of middle-class artistic milieu that he despised for its detachment from the political realities of the decade. The chapter argues that Orwell’s conflicted views of the Auden Generation helped to mould his own writerly style. It also shows that Orwell contributed to the cementing and perpetuating of the myth of the Auden Generation at the same time that he was trying to consign it to the dustbin of literary history.
Orwell and Margaret Atwood
Authors: Davies Madeleine 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Following the novelist’s own statements, the argument of this essay suggests that Atwood constructs in her dystopian writing both an homage to and a critique of Orwell’s interpretation of power in Nineteen Eighty-Four in particular. Focusing mainly on The Handmaid’s Tale, though referring also to The Testaments and to Oryx and Crake, the argument initially traces the connections between Orwell’s bleak ‘masterpiece’ and Atwood’s apparent ‘debt’ to it, but then moves on to assess the impact of gendered ways of seeing. Where Nineteen Eighty-Four traces male relationships, The Handmaid’s Tale offers the ‘world according to Julia’, a female-centred perspective which amplifies the banal yet brutal workings of gendered power. The essay proceeds to assess Orwell’s and Atwood’s writing of sex, authorship, and the human principle, each reinterpreted by Atwood in her female-centred narrative, and argues that Atwood’s ‘homage’ to Orwell is thus tempered by an attitude of ‘Yes, but’.
Orwell the Journalist
Authors: Murphy Jaron 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a fresh assessment of Orwell’s stature and achievements as a journalist, from the vantage point of the twenty-first-century digital age. In this up-to-date context, and for the first time in international scholarship, a number of Orwell’s impressive strengths and influential contributions alongside a range of his shortcomings and oddities as a journalist are foregrounded and explored. Pioneeringly, Orwell’s journalistic oeuvre is refracted into literary journalism broadly to show specific forms of feature writing in which he excelled, such as reviews, reportage, and columns; the enduring influence of his obsession with politics and the English language, as well as his vigorous criticism of the popular press, are connected to contemporary mainstream journalism; his book-length journalistic works are problematized as transgressing genres, while classification of his news and feature writing—and even applicability of the term ‘journalist’ to him—are also demonstrated to be quite tricky; and his journalistic knowledge is shown to be integral to his two iconic works, Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). This chapter argues, paradoxically, that, despite his political partisanship, expressed largely in the ‘alternative’ media sphere, Orwell is part of the DNA, as it were, of contemporary mainstream journalism and that, ultimately, he could be seen as a better journalist than novelist.
Normativities, Normative Orders, and Pluralism
Authors: Kettemann Matthias C. , Tiedeke Anna Sophia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses Digital Constitutionalism from the perspective of normativities. A brief genealogy of the idea of constitutionalism traces the evolution of different variations of constitutionalism thinking. Continuing from this vantage point the chapter highlights and examines three persistent and perpetuating problems connected to constitutionalism thinking which are of pivotal relevance for Digital Constitutionalism thinking. First, the problem of petrifying effects of decontextualized conceptual transplants. Second, the problem of conflation of descriptive, conceptual, and analytical dimensions. And third, the problem of excluding effects with a view to norms generally and normative interrelations more specifically. Against this backdrop the chapter traces the roots of these problems back to a striking silence of scholars working in that field about their underlying assumptions about law and normativity. In light of the radical plurality of normativities which are making and governing the digital sphere, the chapter argues, this situation is not tenable anymore, if it ever was. Moving beyond narrow solutionism it shows that Digital Constitutionalism, understood as a field of studying meta-norms emerging within, in between and across different normativities and normative orders can offer more productive trajectories for future and more in-depth studies of power and (legitimate) authority in digital spaces.
Ultrafast entropy production in non-equilibrium magnets
Authors: Tietjen Finja , Geilhufe R Matthias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present an ultrafast thermodynamics framework to model heat generation and entropy production in laser-driven ferromagnetic systems. By establishing a connection between the magnetic field strength of the laser pulse and magnetization dynamics we model time-dependent entropy production rates and deduce the associated heat dissipation in epitaxial and polycrystalline FeNi and CoFeB thin films. Our theoretical predictions are validated by comparison to experimental magnetization dynamics data, shedding light on thermodynamic processes on picosecond timescales. Crucially, we incorporate recently observed inertial spin dynamics, to describe their impact on heat generation in pump-probe experiments. As such, this formalism provides novel insights into controlling heat production in magnetic systems, and contributes to advancing the understanding of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in magnetic systems, with implications for future experimental protocols in spintronics and nanotechnology.
Amino acid metabolism in breast cancer: Pathogenic drivers and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Liu Yawen , Zong Xiangyun , Altea-Manzano Patricia , Fu Jie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Amino acid metabolism plays a critical role in the progression and development of breast cancer. Cancer cells, including those in breast cancer, reprogram amino acid metabolism to meet the demands of rapid proliferation, survival, and immune evasion. This includes alterations in the uptake and utilization of amino acids such as glutamine, serine, glycine, and arginine, which provide essential building blocks for biosynthesis, energy production, and redox homeostasis. Notably, the metabolic phenotypes of breast cancer cells vary across molecular subtypes and disease stages, emphasizing the need for patient stratification and personalized therapeutic strategies. Advances in multi-level diagnostics, including phenotyping and predictive tools such as AI-based analysis and body fluid profiling, have highlighted the potential for tailoring treatments to individual metabolic profiles. Enzymes such as glutaminase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase, often upregulated in breast cancer, represent promising therapeutic targets. Understanding the interplay between amino acid metabolism and breast cancer biology, alongside the integration of personalized medicine approaches, can uncover novel insights into tumor progression and guide the development of precision therapies. This review explores the metabolic pathways of amino acids in breast cancer, with a focus on their implications for personalized treatment strategies.
Non-invasive prenatal testing for dominant single-gene disorders using targeted next-generation sequencing
Authors: Zhang Hongyun , He Jun , Teng Yanling , Shi Qingxin , Liu Fang , Peng Can , Linpeng Siyuan , Liu Yingdi , Zhu Huimin , Wen Juan , Liang Desheng , Li Zhuo , Wu Lingqian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Current non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) based on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) mainly targets the detection of chromosome aberrations but not dominant single-gene disorders (dSGDs).

Aim
This prospective pilot study aims to evaluate the clinical utility of a plasma cfDNA and targeted next-generation sequencing-based NIPT approach for dSGDs (NIPT-dSGD), with a particular focus on neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).

Design
Prospective pilot study.

Methods
The NIPT-dSGD method targeted 34 genes, including 25 correlated to NDDs and nine correlated to Noonan spectrum, skeletal, craniosynostosis and other syndromic disorders. Retrospective samples first validated NIPT-dSGD and then performed for a prospective cohort of 567 pregnant women seeking NIPT-dSGD. The testing results were compared to invasive prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis by whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing.

Results
Of the 535 samples with qualified NIPT-dSGD analysis, 11 (2.1%) had one pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in one of the 34 genes. Three of the 11 variants were paternally inherited, and eight were de novo. Five positive cases had normal ultrasound parameters and three of them had disease-causing variants in NDD genes. Particularly, one family had two pregnancies with de novo variants of two different genes (GRIN2B: c.1606G&gt;A and ARID1B: c.6100A&gt;G). NIPT-dSGD did not generate any false-positive or negative results, achieving 100% of sensitivity (95% CI, 71.7–100%) and 100% of specificity (95% CI, 99.0–100%).

Conclusion
NIPT-dSGD provides accurate genetic testing for de novo and paternally inherited variants of dominant genes, including those that do not cause any ultrasound abnormalities, which could assist clinicians and families in better pregnancy management.
Results of the joint IAEA/EEAE Intercomparison exercise on radioanalytical characterization of NORM samples in the European region
Authors: Karfopoulos Konstantinos , Domingos Filipa , de With Govert , Michalik Bogusław , Okyar H Burçin , Maramathas Christos , Salpadimos Nikos , Potiriadis Constantinos , Neculae Valentina , Ďurecová Alžbeta , Drábová Veronika , Pinak Miroslav 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) may pose radiological risks across various industrial processes. Characterizing NORM is challenging due to radionuclide diversity, complex material matrices, and the multiple analytical techniques required. This study documents an Intercomparison Exercise (ICE) on the radioanalytical characterization of NORM, organized by International Atomic Energy Agency and EEAE to evaluate participants’ abilities to implement appropriate radioanalytical techniques and promote harmonization, thus contributing to ongoing optimization efforts into radiation protection of workers and the public. Thirty-one laboratories from 21 countries participated and determined the activity concentrations of long-lived radionuclides such as 40K, 238U, 226Ra, and 232Th in two ICE items, most through gamma spectrometry. Improper handling and insufficient testing of equilibria status within uranium and thorium series were key sources of unsatisfactory results. Notably, laboratories’ accreditation status did not correlate with analytical accuracy. Overall, study findings highlight improvements are needed in sample preparation, assumptions’ validation and measurement uncertainty budget estimation procedures.
Feed efficiency and fecal microbiome of nursery pigs from parents with divergent breeding value for feed conversion ratio
Authors: Wu Yujia , Azevedo Paula , Jin Shunshun , Xu Haoxiang , Lei Huaigang , Verschuren Lisanne , Rodas-Gonzalez Argenis , Nyachoti Martin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Improving feed efficiency (FE) is essential for the swine industry’s economic and environmental sustainability. Genetic selection, particularly through estimating breeding values for feed conversion ratio (EBV_FCR), is a common strategy to enhance FE. However, the biological mechanisms underlying phenotypic variations in FE between pigs with different EBV_FCR values are not fully understood. This study investigates these mechanisms by examining growth performance, nutrient and energy digestibility, and fecal microbiota composition and functionality of pigs at the nursery stage. The study involved 128 pigs, weaned at 21 days (±2 days) and with an initial body weight of 6.87 kg (±0.34 kg). These pigs, selected from dam and sire lines with divergent EBV_FCR values, were randomly assigned to 32 pens with four pigs each. Pigs were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet, divided into two feeding phases of 2 weeks each, under similar rearing conditions. Results indicated no significant differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily body weight gain (ADG), or feed efficiency (FE, gain:feed) between pigs from different EBV_FCR lines (P &gt; 0.05). Similarly, nutrient digestibility showed no significant variation (P &gt; 0.05). While the overall fecal microbiota taxonomic composition was similar between the groups, there was a trend toward higher beta diversity in the microbiota of pigs from parents with lower EBV_FCR (high efficiency pigs, H pigs) (P &lt; 0.083). Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were predominant in all pigs, regardless of genetic background, with similar predicted microbiota functionality across groups. The study concluded that genetic differences based on parents divergent EBV_FCR did not affect growth performance, nutrient utilization, or microbiota characteristics at the nursery stage. This suggests that while EBV_FCR based genetic selection does not impact early-stage performance or microbiome responses, its effects may differ in older pigs, warranting further research.
Leaving Against Medical Advice: What's a Nurse to Do?
Authors: Walker Joan Marie , de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
Each year approximately 1% to 2% of patient acute care discharges in United States hospitals are described as against medical advice (AMA). AMA discharges are associated with higher patient morbidity, increased risk of readmission, and higher mortality. Most discussions dealing with AMA discharge tend to focus on physicians. However, nurses have a pivotal role in the care process and in ensuring the safety of patients. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness regarding nurses' ethical responsibilities when confronting AMA discharges. We highlight nurses' leadership role in discharge planning and argue that they have moral obligations to promote as safe a discharge as possible. Such obligations are consistent with nursing codes of ethics, according to which nurses have a primary moral duty to promote patients' well-being. Moreover, nurses' training, expertise, and scope of practice place them in an ideal situation to address problems related to AMA discharges. We also offer suggestions that can contribute to helping nurses to fulfill their ethical responsibilities in this context.