bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterisation of gallic acid loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as drug delivery system for cancer treatment
Authors: El-Houssiny A S , Kamel N A , Soliman A A F , El-Messieh S L Abd , Abd-EL-Nour K N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anticancer effects. However, the potential of GA as an anticancer agent is restricted by its poor absorption, rapid elimination, and low bioavailability. Nanostructure-drug carriers have opened up a new field in cancer therapy by improving the efficacy of drugs. In this work, we developed a nanoformulation of GA in carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The particle size, surface charge and molecular structure of the CMC NPs loaded and unloaded with GA were measured using TEM, DLS and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. The dielectric parameters (permittivity ε′ and dielectric loss ε″) were measured in the frequency range (0.1 Hz–5 MHz) at room temperature. Additionally, the in-vitro anti-cancer effects of the GA, CMC NPs, and GA-CMC NPs were tested against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116), human breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and normal skin fibroblast cells (BJ1) using MTT assay. TEM confirmed that the NPs have a spherical morphology within the size range of 15 nm. DLS studies revealed NPs with a mean diameter of 31.06 nm. The zeta potential results indicated the high suspension stability of the prepared nanoformulation. The FTIR results indicated the interaction between GA and CMC NPs. The dielectric study showed a decrease within the ε″ and conductivity values of GA-CMC NPs which confirmed the successful encapsulation of GA within the CMC NPs. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that the GA-CMC NPs showed specific toxicity towards cancer cells and non-toxicity to normal cells. Overall, these results indicate that the GA-CMC NPs will be an efficient nanocarrier for delivering gallic acid to cancer cells.
Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate
Authors: Habuchi Osami 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, 3 groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1), and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns, have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
DDB1 prepares brown adipocytes for cold-induced thermogenesis
Authors: Wang Xu , Liu Shen-Ying , Hu Guo-Sheng , Wang Hao-Yan , Zhang Guo-Liang , Cen Xiang , Xiang Si-Ting , Liu Wen , Li Peng , Ye Haobin , Zhao Tong-Jin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in thermogenesis during acute cold exposure. However, it remains unclear how BAT is prepared to rapidly turn on thermogenic genes. Here, we show that damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) mediates the rapid transcription of thermogenic genes upon acute cold exposure. Adipose- or BAT-specific Ddb1 knockout mice show severely whitened BAT and significantly decreased expression of thermogenic genes. These mice develop hypothermia when subjected to acute cold exposure at 4 °C and partial lipodystrophy on a high-fat diet due to deficiency in fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, DDB1 binds the promoters of Ucp1 and Ppargc1a and recruits positive transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to release promoter-proximally paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II), thereby enabling rapid and synchronized transcription of thermogenic genes upon acute cold exposure. Our findings have thus provided a regulatory mechanism of how BAT is prepared to respond to acute cold challenge.
Genericism in the uniformity endeavour: a plea against the one-size-fits-all approach
Authors: Praštalo Boris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on the practice of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) to include the text of Article 7 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) into an array of other instruments, including model laws. Article 7 of the CISG lays out the interpretative methodology of this Convention. The discussion in this article is conducted through the lens of UNCITRAL’s best-known model law—the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration—whose Article 2A is the counterpart to CISG’s Article 7. To this end, this article first explains the difference between model laws and conventions. Second, it focuses on Article 7 of the CISG, explaining its meaning, purpose, and the widely accepted mode of operation. Third, the article shifts its focus specifically to Article 2A of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, and against the backdrop of the discussion on Article 7 of the CISG, seeks to unpack the meaning and scope of Article 2A. Last, but not least, the article will make a determination as to whether adding Article 2A to the Model Law was a good idea to begin with. Given the fact that other model laws contain similar or practically verbatim provisions, conclusions reached in this article also ought to be relevant outside of the realm of the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration itself.
A Review of Radiology Reports From Hip Surveillance Radiographs for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Miller Stacey D. , Coates Jaimy , Bone Jeffrey N. , Farr Jennifer , Mulpuri Kishore 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Measurement of migration percentage (MP) is fundamental to successful hip surveillance for children with cerebral palsy (CP). In British Columbia, Canada, children enrolled in the province’s hip surveillance program get radiographs at the province’s tertiary care pediatric hospital or their local community hospital. This study aimed to review the radiology reporting of images completed as part of hip surveillance.

Methods:
Pelvis radiographs completed between September 2015 and December 2019 of 960 children enrolled in the province’s hip surveillance program were included. MP values measured by the program coordinator and corresponding value measured by the facility’s radiologist, when present, were retrieved. Agreement in MP between the program coordinator and the radiologist was measured using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients. Radiology reports for images completed at community facilities that prompted a referral to a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon, when reviewed by the hip surveillance team, were further reviewed for qualitative comments.

Results:
In total, 1849 radiographs were reviewed with 69.3% (1282) completed at the pediatric hospital and 30.7% (567) at 64 different hospitals or clinics. MP was reported for 20.6% (264/1282) of radiographs completed at the pediatric hospital and 3.0% (17/567) of the radiographs completed at community hospitals. Bland-Altman plot analyses found a MP mean difference of 1.2% (95% confidence interval=0.6%-1.8%) between the program coordinator and all radiologist reports with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88 (95% confidence interval=0.86-0.90). There were 47 radiographs completed at community hospitals that resulted in a referral to a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon after review by the hip surveillance team. Eleven of these reports stated normal or unremarkable findings.

Conclusions:
Radiologic reporting of images completed for hip surveillance for children with CP was inadequate to allow for the detection of hip displacement. Reporting of MP was rare, particularly in community hospitals. If radiology reporting will be utilized for hip surveillance in children with CP, education of radiologists is required.
Indicators for Substantial Neurological Recovery Following Elective Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Pinter Zachariah W. , Sebastian Arjun S. , Wagner Scott C. , Morrissey Patrick B. , Kaye Ian David , Hilibrand Alan S. , Vaccaro Alexander , Kepler Christopher 
Published: May 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The purposes of this study were to determine the rate of improvement of significant preoperative weakness, identify risk factors for failure to improve, and characterize the motor recovery of individual motor groups.

Summary of Background Data:
While neck and arm pain reliably improve following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), the frequency and magnitude of motor recovery following ACDF remain unclear.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing 1–4-level ACDF at a single institution between September 2015 and June 2016. Patients were subdivided into 2 groups based upon the presence or absence of significant preoperative weakness, which was defined as a motor grade <4 in any single upper extremity muscle group. Clinical notes were reviewed to determine affected muscle groups, rates of motor recovery, and risk factors for failure to improve.

Results:
We identified 618 patients for inclusion. Significant preoperative upper extremity weakness was present in 27 patients (4.4%). Postoperatively, 19 of the affected patients (70.3%) experienced complete strength recovery, and 5 patients (18.5%) experienced an improvement in muscle strength to a motor grade ≥4. The rate of motor recovery postoperatively was 85.7% in the triceps, 83.3% in the finger flexors, 83.3% in the hand intrinsics, 50.0% in the biceps, and 25.0% in the deltoids. Risk factors for failure to experience significant motor improvement were the presence of myelomalacia (odds ratio: 28.9, P<0.01) and the performance of >2 levels of ACDF (odds ratio: 10.1, P<0.01).

Conclusions:
Patients with substantial preoperative upper extremity weakness can expect high rates of motor recovery following ACDF, though patients with deltoid weakness, myelomalacia, and >2 levels of ACDF are less likely to experience significant motor improvement.
Integrating Public Health Surveillance and Environmental Data to Model Presence of Histoplasma in the United States
Authors: Hepler Staci A. , Kaufeld Kimberly A. , Benedict Kaitlin , Toda Mitsuru , Jackson Brendan R. , Liu Xiaonan , Kline David 
Published: May 2022

Background:
In the United States, the true geographic distribution of the environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum remains poorly understood but appears to have changed since it was first characterized. Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of the fungus and can range in severity from asymptomatic to life threatening. Due to limited public health surveillance and under detection of infections, it is challenging to directly use reported case data to characterize spatial risk.

Methods:
Using monthly and yearly county-level public health surveillance data and various environmental and socioeconomic characteristics, we use a spatio-temporal occupancy model to estimate latent, or unobserved, presence of H. capsulatum, accounting for imperfect detection of histoplasmosis cases.

Results:
We estimate areas with higher probabilities of the presence of H. capsulatum in the East North Central states around the Great Lakes, reflecting a shift of the endemic region to the north from previous estimates. The presence of H. capsulatum was strongly associated with higher soil nitrogen levels.

Conclusions:
In this investigation, we were able to mitigate challenges related to reporting and illustrate a shift in the endemic region from historical estimates. This work aims to help inform future surveillance needs, clinical awareness, and testing decisions for histoplasmosis.
Clozapine Rechallenge or Continuation Despite Neutropenia, an Extended Follow-up of a Consecutive Quebec Case Series
Authors: Béchard Laurent , Morasse-Bégis Mahité , Corbeil Olivier , Hakim Joseph-Raymond , Malenfant Esthel , Brodeur Sébastien , Huot-Lavoie Maxime , Essiambre Anne-Marie , Demers Marie-France , Roy Marc-André 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Clozapine is the most efficacious antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, clozapine-induced neutropenia may warrant treatment discontinuation, hindering recovery. Several case reports describe clozapine rechallenge or continuation despite neutropenia, although many are subject to selective reporting, with incomplete information and short follow-up periods. Thus, consecutive case series, devoid of such bias, with long-term comprehensive follow-up are needed to better assess this practice. This study aimed to describe consecutively the evolution of every patient in the Québec City catchment area for whom clozapine was either reintroduced after neutropenia during a previous clozapine trial or was maintained despite a first neutropenia.

Methods
Patients were identified through clozapine’s national hematological monitoring database and their medical records between January 1, 2000, and October 22, 2017.

Results
Twenty-three patients were identified, 8 continued clozapine despite neutropenia, while 15 discontinued clozapine and attempted rechallenge; among the latter, 4 patients were successfully rechallenged after agranulocytosis without the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, which is the largest published consecutively. A total of 6 patients experienced further neutropenia episodes. Every patient who had a neutropenia recurrence also had a possible explanation for neutropenia other than exposure to clozapine. After a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 16 patients were still on clozapine and 3 cases discontinued because of a hematological event.

Conclusions
This study adds further data on the subject of clozapine rechallenge or continuation despite neutropenia. Clozapine rechallenge after agranulocytosis may be less perilous than first thought, but a systematic review on this specific subject is needed.
Imaging Findings of Calcaneal Cyst and Lipoma: Can Intraosseous Cyst Changes Into Lipoma With Advancing Age?
Authors: Kawaguchi Masaya , Kato Hiroki , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Nagano Akihito , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: May 2022

Objective
Recent studies have indicated that intraosseous lipomas originate from simple bone cysts of the calcaneus. This study evaluates computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of calcaneal cysts and lipomas in pediatric and adult populations.

Methods
Forty-six patients with bone lesions located in the anterior portion of the calcaneus beneath the talocalcaneal joint, who underwent CT and/or MRI, were enrolled in this study. The imaging characteristics were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the pediatric (aged 18 years or younger; n = 29) and adult (aged 19 years or older; n = 17) groups.

Results
On CT images, water/soft tissue attenuation alone was more frequent in the pediatric group than in the adult group (84% vs 13%, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas the combined water/soft tissue and fat attenuation (11% vs 47%, respectively; P < 0.05) and fat attenuation alone (5% vs 40%, respectively; P < 0.05) were less frequent in the pediatric group than in the adult group. On MRI, cystic components alone were more frequent in the pediatric group than in the adult group (88% vs 13%, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas the combined cystic and fat components (8% vs 38%, respectively; P < 0.05) and fat components alone (4% vs 50%, respectively; P < 0.01) were less frequent in the pediatric group than in the adult group.

Conclusions
Calcaneal cysts were more frequent in the pediatric group, whereas calcaneal lipomas were more frequent in the adult group. These results could be additional evidence that intraosseous lipomas originate from simple bone cysts of the calcaneus.
Radiogenomics: A Valuable Tool for the Clinical Assessment and Research of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Li Beibei , Sun Mingli , Yao Peng , Chang Zhihui , Liu Zhaoyu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A new interdisciplinary approach based on medical imaging phenotypes, gene expression patterns, and clinical parameters, referred to as radiogenomics, has recently been developed for biomarker identification and clinical risk stratification in oncology, including for the assessment of ovarian cancer. Some radiological phenotypes (implant distribution, lymphadenopathy, and texture-derived features) are related to specific genetic landscapes (BRCA, BRAF, SULF1, the Classification of Ovarian Cancer), and integrated models can improve the efficiency for predicting clinical outcomes. The establishment of databases in medical images and gene expression profile with large sample size and the improvement of artificial intelligence algorithm will further promote the application of radiogenomics in ovarian cancer.
Imaging Features Derived From Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Differentiate Malignant From Benign Breast Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Lin , Liu Hai-Feng 
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study is to explore the accuracy of individual imaging features derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions.

Materials and Methods
The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched up to January 2021 to identify original studies that investigated the accuracy of individual DCE-MRI features in differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were calculated by STATA software based on the data extracted from included studies. Moreover, quality assessment, subgroup analysis, and publication bias evaluation were performed.

Results
Twenty-nine studies comprising 2976 patients and 3365 suspicious breast lesions were included. Malignant breast lesions tended to present irregular shapes (83.59%), noncircumscribed margins (85.50%), mass enhancement (52.31%), heterogeneous internal enhancement (71.72%), and type II or III time intensity curve (TIC) patterns (91.17%), showing significant differences compared with benign breast lesions (P < 0.05). For differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions, the area under the curve values of irregular shape, noncircumscribed margin, mass enhancement, heterogeneous internal enhancement, and type II or III TIC patterns were 0.79 (0.76–0.83), 0.87 (0.84–0.90), 0.63 (0.58–0.67), 0.82 (0.78–0.85), and 0.89 (0.86–0.92), respectively.

Conclusions
Imaging features derived from DCE-MRI, especially TIC patterns, are important for diagnosing and differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions.
Prolonged casualty care: Extrapolating civilian data to the military context
Authors: Mould-Millman Nee-Kofi , Baidwan Navneet Kaur , Beaty Brenda , Suresh Krithika , Dixon Julia M. , Patel Chandni , de Vries Shaheem , Lategan Hendrick J. , Steyn Elmin , Verster Janette , Schauer Steven G. , Becker Tyson E. , Cunningham Cord , Keenan Sean , Moore Ernest E. , Wallis Lee A. , Ginde Adit A. , Bebarta Vikhyat S. 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND
Civilian and military populations alike are increasingly faced with undesirable situations in which prehospital and definitive care times will be delayed. The Western Cape of South Africa has some similarities in capabilities, injury profiles, resource limitations, and system configuration to US military prolonged casualty care (PCC) settings. This study provides an initial description of civilians in the Western Cape who experience PCC and compares the PCC and non-PCC populations.

METHODS
We conducted a 6-month analysis of an ongoing, prospective, large-scale epidemiologic study of prolonged trauma care in the Western Cape (Epidemiology and Outcomes of Prolonged Trauma Care [EpiC]). We define PCC as ≥10 hours from injury to arrival at definitive care. We describe patient characteristics, critical interventions, key times, and outcomes as they may relate to military PCC and compare these using χ2 and Wilcoxon tests. We estimated the associations between PCC status and the primary and secondary outcomes using logistic regression models.

RESULTS
Of 995 patients, 146 experienced PCC. The PCC group, compared with non-PCC, were more critically injured (66% vs. 51%), received more critical interventions (36% vs. 29%), and had a greater proportionate mortality (5% vs. 3%), longer hospital stays (3 vs. 1 day), and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (5 vs. 3). The odds of 7-day mortality and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of ≥5 were 1.6 (odds ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.68–3.74) and 3.6 (odds ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 2.11–6.42) times higher, respectively, in PCC versus non-PCC patients.

CONCLUSION
The EpiC study enrolled critically injured patients with PCC who received resuscitative interventions. Prolonged casualty care patients had worse outcomes than non-PCC. The EpiC study will be a useful platform to provide ongoing data for PCC relevant analyses, for future PCC-focused interventional studies, and to develop PCC protocols and algorithms. Findings will be relevant to the Western Cape, South Africa, other LMICs, and military populations experiencing prolonged care.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/care management; Level IV.
Reputation, trust, and norms as mechanisms forming academic reciprocity in data sharing: an empirical test of theory of collective action
Authors: Kim Youngseek 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThis research investigated how biological scientists' perceived academic reputation, community trust, and norms all influence their perceived academic reciprocity, which eventually leads to their data sharing intentions.Design/methodology/approachA research model was developed based on the theory of collective action, and the research model was empirically evaluated by using the Structural Equation Modeling method based on a total of 649 survey responses.FindingsThe results suggest that perceived academic reputation significantly increases perceived community trust, norm of data sharing, and academic reciprocity. Also, both perceived community trust and norm of data sharing significantly increases biological scientists' perceived academic reciprocity, which significantly affect their data sharing intentions. In addition, both perceived community trust and norm of data sharing significantly affect the relationship between perceived academic reciprocity and data sharing intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis research shows that the theory of collective action provides a new theoretical lens for understanding scientists' data sharing behaviors based on the mechanisms of reputation, trust, norm, and reciprocity within a research community.Practical implicationsThis research offers several practical implications for facilitating scientists' data sharing behaviors within a research community by increasing scientists' perceived academic reciprocity through the mechanisms of reputation, trust, and norm of data sharing.Originality/valueThe collective action perspective in data sharing has been newly proposed in this research; the research sheds light on how scientists' perceived academic reciprocity and data sharing intention can be encouraged by building trust, reputation, and norm in a research community.