bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First baseline data of the Klinefelter ItaliaN Group (KING) cohort: clinical features of adult with Klinefelter syndrome in Italy
Authors: Pasquali D. , Chiodini P. , Simeon V. , Ferlin A. , Vignozzi L. , Corona G. , Lanfranco F. , Rochira V. , Calogero A. E. , Bonomi M. , Pivonello R. , Balercia G. , Pizzocaro A. , Giagulli V. A. , Salacone P. , Aversa A. , Accardo G. , Maggi M. , Lenzi A. , Isidori A. , Foresta C. , Jannini E. A. , Garolla A. ,   the KING, Klinefelter ItaliaN Group, Pasquali D. , Ferlin A. , Vignozzi L. , Corona G. , Lanfranco F. , Rochira V. , Calogero A. E. , Bonomi M. , Pivonello R. , Balercia G. , Pizzocaro A. , Giagulli V. A. , Salacone P. , Aversa A. , Accardo G. , Maggi M. , Lenzi A. , Isidori A. , Foresta C. , Jannini E. A. , Garolla A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is frustratingly under-diagnosed. KS have a broad spectrum of clinical features, making it difficult to identify.

Objective
We describe KS clinical presentation in a large Italian cohort.

Design
This is the first observational cohort study within a national network, the Klinefelter ItaliaN Group (KING). Primary outcomes were to describe the basic clinical features and the actual phenotype of KS in Italy. Secondary outcomes were to determine age at diagnosis and geographical distribution.

Methods
We performed a basic phenotyping and evaluation of the hormonal values of 609 adult KS patients.

Results
Mean age at diagnosis was 37.4 ± 13.4 years. The overall mean testicular size was 3 ml, and 2.5 ml in both testes in untreated KS group. BMI was 26.6 ± 5.8 kg/m2, and 25.5% of KS had metabolic syndrome (MetS). LH and FSH were increased, and mean total testosterone were 350 ± 9.1 ng/dl. A descriptive analysis showed that 329 KS patients were evaluated in Northern Italy, 76 in Central and 204 in Southern Italy. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant statistical differences (p < 0001) between the age at diagnosis of the three geographical groups. Compared with the expected number among male patients matched for age in Italy, only 16% of KS patients received a diagnosis.

Conclusions
These data are the results of the only national database available that collects the clinical and hormonal data of the KS patients, currently referred at the KING centers. In Italy the typical KS patient is overweight, with small testes, and elevated LH and FSH. Only 25.5% of them are diagnosed with MetS. Early detection and timely treatment are mandatory.
A cross-sectoral review of the current and potential maintenance strategies for composite structures
Authors: Contreras Lopez Javier , Chiachío Juan , Saleh Ali , Chiachío Manuel , Kolios Athanasios 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe interest in the use of composite materials in thin-walled structures has grown over the last decades due to their well-known superior mechanical performance and reduced weight when compared with traditional materials. Notwithstanding, composite structures are susceptible to damage during manufacturing and to fatigue degradation during service, which grants inspection and maintenance strategies outstanding importance in the duty of mitigating premature failures and reducing whole life cycle costs. This paper aims to provide a cross-sectoral view of the current and potential maintenance strategies that are drawing the attention of the different industries and researchers by reviewing the current use and limitations of composites structures, the impact of maintenance in the whole-life cycle of the composite structures, the health and condition monitoring techniques applied, and the benefits and limitations of the currently used and potential maintenance strategies. Finally, the health and condition monitoring techniques and maintenance approaches used by the different industries are contrasted to identify trends and divergences and suggest research gaps and industrial opportunities.
A molecular route to fluoro-perovskite materials: synthesis of CsCaF3 films through a sol–gel/spin-coating process
Authors: Pellegrino Anna L. , Lo Presti Francesca , Malandrino Graziella 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFluoride perovskites have recently attracted great attention due to their unique optical properties. The present study reports for the first time the fabrication of fluoride-based perovskite, CsCaF3, in form of thin films through a combined sol–gel/spin-coating approach using β-diketonate fluorinated precursors. The entire sol–gel process has been carried out in ethanol solution under acid-catalyzed conditions starting from the β-diketonate complexes, Cs(hfa) and Ca(hfa)2•diglyme•H2O (Hhfa = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione; diglyme = 2–Methoxyethylether), which act as single sources for metal ions and fluorine. A careful optimization of the process parameters, such as molar ratio of the starting mixture, aging time and annealing temperature, has allowed to produce for the first time, selectively and reproducibly, transparent and pure CsCaF3 films. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analyses highlight the formation of films with compact morphologies having a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of Cs:Ca, uniform throughout the film and compatible with the CsCaF3 phase identified through X-ray diffraction analysis.
Beneficial Effects of Celastrol on Immune Balance by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Experimental Ulcerative Colitis Mice
Authors: Li Mingyue , Guo Weina , Dong Yalan , Wang Wenzhu , Tian Chunxia , Zhang Zili , Yu Ting , Zhou Haifeng , Gui Yang , Xue Kaming , Li Junyi , Jiang Feng , Sarapultsev Alexey , Wang Huafang , Zhang Ge , Luo Shanshan , Fan Heng , Hu Desheng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease caused by many factors including colonic inflammation and microbiota dysbiosis. Previous studies have indicated that celastrol (CSR) has strong anti-inflammatory and immune-inhibitory effects. Here, we investigated the effects of CSR on colonic inflammation and mucosal immunity in an experimental colitis model, and addressed the mechanism by which CSR exerts the protective effects. We characterized the therapeutic effects and the potential mechanism of CSR on treating UC using histological staining, intestinal permeability assay, cytokine assay, flow cytometry, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and cell differentiation. CSR administration significantly ameliorated the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, which was evidenced by the recovered body weight and colon length as well as the decreased disease activity index (DAI) score and intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, CSR down-regulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulated the amount of anti-inflammatory mediators at both mRNA and protein levels, and improved the balances of Treg/Th1 and Treg/Th17 to maintain the colonic immune homeostasis. Notably, all the therapeutic effects were exerted in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Furthermore, CSR treatment increased the gut microbiota diversity and changed the compositions of the gut microbiota and metabolites, which is probably associated with the gut microbiota-mediated protective effects. In conclusion, this study provides the strong evidence that CSR may be a promising therapeutic drug for UC.
On the derivative of a polynomial
Authors: Kumar Prasanna 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we prove the well-known Erdős–Lax inequality [4] in a sharpened form. As a consequence, another widely used inequality due to Ankeny and Rivlin [1] gets sharpened. These results may be useful in various applications that required the Erdős–Lax and the Ankeny–Rivlin inequalities.
Protective effect of a first SARS-CoV-2 infection from reinfection: a matched retrospective cohort study using PCR testing data in England
Authors: Lacy Joanne , Mensah Anna , Simmons Ruth , Andrews Nick , Siddiqui M. Ruby , Bukasa Antoaneta , O'Boyle Shennae , Campbell Helen , Brown Kevin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The duration of immunity after first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the extent to which prior immunity prevents reinfection is uncertain and remains an important question within the context of new variants. This is a retrospective population-based matched observational study where we identified the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection case tests between 1 March 2020 and 30 September 2020. Each case was matched by age, sex, upper tier local authority of residence and testing route to one individual testing negative in the same week (controls) by PCR. After a 90-day pre-follow-up period for cases and controls, any subsequent positive tests up to 31 December 2020 and deaths within 28 days of testing positive were identified, this encompassed an essentially vaccine-free period. We used a conditional logistic regression to analyse the results. There were 517 870 individuals in the matched cohort with 2815 reinfection cases and 12 098 first infections. The protective effect of a prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive episode was 78% (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 0.21–0.23). Protection rose to 82% (OR 0.18, 0.17–0.19) after a sensitivity analysis excluded 933 individuals with a first test between March and May and a subsequent positive test between June and September 2020. Amongst individuals testing positive by PCR during follow-up, reinfection cases had 77% lower odds of symptoms at the second episode (adjusted OR 0.23, 0.20–0.26) and 45% lower odds of dying in the 28 days after reinfection (adjusted OR 0.55, 0.42–0.71). Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection offered protection against reinfection in this population. There was some evidence that reinfections increased with the alpha variant compared to the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 variant highlighting the importance of continued monitoring as new variants emerge.
Relating Slip Behavior to Off‐Fault Deformation Using Physical Models
Authors: Ross Emily O. , Reber Jacqueline E. , Titus Sarah J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDeformation in transform systems is accommodated by discrete fault slip and distributed off‐fault deformation. Here, we consider how a change in slip behavior along a fault can influence the distribution between on‐ and off‐fault deformation. We use a physical experiment to simplify the geometry, material properties, boundary conditions, and slip history along a strike‐slip fault to directly observe patterns of off‐fault deformation. We document deformation of a silicone slab on a simple shear apparatus using particle image velocimetry (2D) and photogrammetry (3D). The experimental results show regions of topographic highs and lows on either side of the slip transition that grow, evolve, and are displaced with progressive strain. The experimental dilatation field shares similarities with strain fields in central California along the San Andreas fault, which suggests that a change in slip behavior may explain some of the real‐world patterns in short‐ and long‐term deformation.
Instantaneous Inversion of Airborne Electromagnetic Data Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Wu Sihong , Huang Qinghua , Zhao Li 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method is becoming an effective means for subsurface electrical property reconstruction with the merits of terrain adaptability and acquisition efficiency. However, instantaneous inversion of time‐domain AEM data is still a challenge, owing to the huge amount of data. Inspired by Google's neural machine translation system, we develop a fast inversion operator guided by deep learning to translate time‐domain AEM measurements directly into subsurface resistivity structures. Trained by synthetic data, our system shows impressive adaptability to field observations and strong robustness against noise disturbance. Applied to the AEM data set acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey in Leach Lake Basin, CA, USA, our system successfully delivers results in seconds for a common PC from more than 740,000 AEM soundings. The inverted structures clearly delineate the geometries of the lake, surrounding mountains and faults. The inversion operator can support instantaneous subsurface resistivity reconstruction for AEM observations.
Detailed Seafloor Imagery of Turbidity Current Bedforms Reveals New Insight Into Fine‐Scale Near‐Bed Processes
Authors: Normandeau Alexandre , Lajeunesse Patrick , Ghienne Jean‐François , Dietrich Pierre 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHigh‐resolution imagery of the morphological character of modern active turbidite systems are critical for understanding the complexity of turbidity current processes occurring on the seafloor. Here, we describe a 30 cm‐resolution autonomous underwater vehicle repeat bathymetric dataset that allows to significantly increase the geomorphological detail of crescentic bedforms in turbidite systems. This repeat imagery shows the erosion produced by dense basal layers at the base of turbidity currents, the inception of plunge pools, and the controls that hydraulic jump troughs have on subsequent flow path of weaker turbidity currents. Transverse small‐scale scours located in cyclic step troughs suggest that weak flows follow local relief, therefore explaining the wide variability of turbidity current flow indicators observed in outcrops. This imagery demonstrates that turbidite systems are formed by the superimposition of erosion surfaces and depositional patterns recording contrasted flow behavior and provides new views on turbidity current behavior in natural environments.
Quantification of Volcano Deformation Caused by Volatile Accumulation and Release
Authors: Spang A. , Burton M. , Kaus B. J. P. , Sigmundsson F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCrustal‐stored magma reservoirs contain exsolved volatiles which accumulate in the reservoir roof, exerting a buoyancy force on the crust. This produces surface uplift and sudden loss of volatiles through eruption results in syn‐eruptive subsidence. Here, we present three‐dimensional, visco‐elasto‐plastic, numerical modeling results which quantify the ground deformation arising from the growth and release of a volatile reservoir. Deformation is mostly independent of crustal thermal distribution and volatile reservoir shape, but is a function of volatile volume, density and depth and crustal rigidity. We present a scaling law for the volatiles' contribution to syn‐eruptive subsidence and show this contributes ∼20% of the observed subsidence associated with the 2015 Calbuco eruption. Our results highlight the key role that volatile‐driven buoyancy can have in volcano deformation, show a new link between syn‐eruptive degassing and deflation, and highlight that shallow volatile accumulation and release may have a significant impact on ground deformation of volcanoes.
Flow and Bed Conditions Jointly Control Debris‐Flow Erosion and Bulking
Authors: de Haas T. , McArdell B. W. , Nijland W. , Åberg A. S. , Hirschberg J. , Huguenin P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDebris flows can grow greatly in size and hazardous potential by eroding bed and bank materials. However, erosion mechanisms are poorly understood because debris flows are complex hybrids between a fluid flow and a moving mass of colliding particles, bed erodibility varies between events, and field measurements are hard to obtain. Here, we identify the key controls on debris‐flow erosion based on a field data set that combines information on flow properties, bed conditions, and bed and bank erosion. We show that flow conditions and bed wetness jointly control debris‐flow erosion. Flow conditions describing the cumulative forces exerted at the bed during an event best explain erosion. Shear forces and particle‐impact forces are strongly correlated and act in conjunction in the erosion process. A shear‐stress approach accounting for bed erodibility may therefore be applicable for modeling and predicting debris‐flow erosion. This work provides a foundation for developing effective debris‐flow erosion models.
Strain Accommodation by Intrusion and Faulting in a Rift Linkage Zone: Evidences From High‐Resolution Topography Data of the Afrera Plain (Afar, East Africa)
Authors: La Rosa Alessandro , Pagli Carolina , Hurman Gareth L. , Keir Derek 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAt mature magma‐rich continental rifts, extension focuses along discrete axial segments where magmatism and diking are important in accommodating plate divergence. However, the role of magma in influencing the deformation at rift–rift offsets is still unclear as direct observations are rare. Here, we exploited high‐resolution Pléiades‐1 tri‐stereo imagery to produce the first 1 m Digital Elevation Model of the Afrera Plain linkage zone between the Erta Ale and Tat Ali magmatic segments in Northern Afar. We carried out a detailed structural analysis of both tectonic and magmatic features in the area and observed different trends and kinematics of these features. Magmatic features at Afrera strike N160°E ± 5°E, similar to the Erta Ale segment and perpendicular to the extension direction. Conversely, tectonic features fall into two families of ∼NW‐SE‐ and ∼NS‐striking oblique faults with right‐lateral and left‐lateral components, respectively, as shown by Riedel shears. We interpret the extension direction of tectonic features using observed opening of fractures, previous seismic, and InSAR‐based fault models and from that expected for the mapped conjugate fault pattern. While the results show scatter in the range of N46°E–N68°E, it is similar within error to the regional extension direction. The simplest model that explains our data is that in the linkage zone there is both extensional and shear strain. The dikes accommodate only extension, while conjugate oblique faults accommodate extension and shear strain. Our study shows that both magmatism and faulting are important during rift segment interaction and linkage.
Unexpected Changes of Aerosol Burdens With Decreased Convection in the Context of Scale‐Aware Convection Schemes
Authors: Xia Wenwen , Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , Cui Zeyu , Wang Bin , He Yujun , Wang Xu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAtmospheric aerosols in global climate models (GCMs) can be removed by both large‐scale and convective precipitation. As the horizontal resolution of GCMs increases, it is expected that large‐scale precipitation increases and convective precipitation decreases if scale‐aware convection schemes are well developed. To explore its impact on aerosol burdens, this study develops a novel method and applies it to the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 to mimic the behavior of scale‐aware convective schemes. Surprisingly, it is found that aerosol burden increases globally as convective precipitation decreases and large‐scale precipitation increases, which can be attributed to the reduced light rain. In the light‐rain intensity category, the decreased frequency of convective precipitation is not offset by the increased frequency of large‐scale precipitation. Therefore, for aerosol simulations in high‐resolution GCMs using scale‐aware convection schemes, subgrid convection and large‐scale condensation should be coordinated to assure light rain stays the same.
mRNA-based therapeutics: powerful and versatile tools to combat diseases
Authors: Qin Shugang , Tang Xiaoshan , Chen Yuting , Chen Kepan , Fan Na , Xiao Wen , Zheng Qian , Li Guohong , Teng Yuqing , Wu Min , Song Xiangrong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe therapeutic use of messenger RNA (mRNA) has fueled great hope to combat a wide range of incurable diseases. Recent rapid advances in biotechnology and molecular medicine have enabled the production of almost any functional protein/peptide in the human body by introducing mRNA as a vaccine or therapeutic agent. This represents a rising precision medicine field with great promise for preventing and treating many intractable or genetic diseases. In addition, in vitro transcribed mRNA has achieved programmed production, which is more effective, faster in design and production, as well as more flexible and cost-effective than conventional approaches that may offer. Based on these extraordinary advantages, mRNA vaccines have the characteristics of the swiftest response to large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the currently devastating pandemic COVID-19. It has always been the scientists’ desire to improve the stability, immunogenicity, translation efficiency, and delivery system to achieve efficient and safe delivery of mRNA. Excitingly, these scientific dreams have gradually been realized with the rapid, amazing achievements of molecular biology, RNA technology, vaccinology, and nanotechnology. In this review, we comprehensively describe mRNA-based therapeutics, including their principles, manufacture, application, effects, and shortcomings. We also highlight the importance of mRNA optimization and delivery systems in successful mRNA therapeutics and discuss the key challenges and opportunities in developing these tools into powerful and versatile tools to combat many genetic, infectious, cancer, and other refractory diseases.
Complex and unexpected outcomes of antibiotic therapy against a polymicrobial infection
Authors: Ghuneim Lydia-Ann J , Raghuvanshi Ruma , Neugebauer Kerri A , Guzior Douglas V , Christian Martin H , Schena Bella , Feiner Jeremiah M , Castillo-Bahena Alicia , Mielke Jenna , McClelland Marc , Conrad Douglas , Klapper Isaac , Zhang Tianyu , Quinn Robert A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Antibiotics are our primary approach to treating complex infections, yet we have a poor understanding of how these drugs affect microbial communities. To better understand antimicrobial effects on host-associated microbial communities we treated cultured sputum microbiomes from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF, n = 24) with 11 different antibiotics, supported by theoretical and mathematical modeling-based predictions in a mucus-plugged bronchiole microcosm. Treatment outcomes we identified in vitro that were predicted in silico were: 1) community death, 2) community resistance, 3) pathogen killing, and 4) fermenter killing. However, two outcomes that were not predicted when antibiotics were applied were 5) community profile shifts with little change in total bacterial load (TBL), and 6) increases in TBL. The latter outcome was observed in 17.8% of samples with a TBL increase of greater than 20% and 6.8% of samples with an increase greater than 40%, demonstrating significant increases in community carrying capacity in the presence of an antibiotic. An iteration of the mathematical model showed that TBL increase was due to antibiotic-mediated release of pH-dependent inhibition of pathogens by anaerobe fermentation. These dynamics were verified in vitro when killing of fermenters resulted in a higher community carrying capacity compared to a no antibiotic control. Metagenomic sequencing of sputum samples during antibiotic therapy revealed similar dynamics in clinical samples. This study shows that the complex microbial ecology dictates the outcomes of antibiotic therapy against a polymicrobial infection.