bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Performer's Guide to Transcribing, Editing, and Arranging Early Music
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe book offers an introduction and a guide to three of the principal tasks with which performers of early music engage throughout their professional lives: (1) how to transcribe music from manuscripts and early prints; (2) how to use such historical sources when editing one’s own performance material; and (3) how to arrange music for early instruments. Taking its cue from the founding generation of the early music revival, the book highlights ways in which the unprecedented accessibility of sources that musicians enjoy today, and the greater control that musicians now assume over various aspects of music production, may reinvigorate the early music revival and adapt it to a changing artistic world.
Political Meritocracy in China
Authors: Bell Daniel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between the ideal and the reality of political meritocracy in China and asks what’s necessary to reduce the gap between the two. The first section lays out the theoretical case for justifying political hierarchies between rulers and citizens in large-scale political communities (such as China) that do not use periodic elections to select rulers. The second section asks if it is possible to limit abuses of power in a political meritocracy, with a focus on the contemporary Chinese political context. I conclude that more democratic practices and values short of competitive elections at the top will be necessary to save the political system, though current trends point in the wrong direction.
Locating Meritocracy in Early Modern Asia
Authors: Sheth Sudev , Zhang Lawrence L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to define “merit” in the states of early modern China and India. Rather than projecting any one definition of merit, such as individual examination success, onto the past, the authors suggest that merit ought to be contextually understood within the parameters of the Qing and Mughal political systems. By examining many personnel records from the Chinese civil service and then tracking several individual career profiles from the Mughal court, the authors argue that the three factors of family, loyalty, and job competencies were the chief attributes of “merit” across both societies. Individuals were evaluated by their superiors for their familial ties and personal backgrounds, factors that cannot be separated from their achievements. This comparative analysis of the Qing and Mughal administrative worlds raises the critical question of whether families, not individuals, should be the proper unit of inquiry in attempts to locate “meritocracy” in early modern Asia.
Meritocracy and the Making of the Chinese Academe Redux, 1912–1952
Authors: Lee James Z. , Yunzhu Ren Bamboo , Liang Chen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes advantage of two newly expanded big historical data sets to update an earlier article on this same topic in China Quarterly. This chapter describes three salient features of the Chinese academe during the Republic of China: highly internationally trained, with a large proportion of females relative to other developing and even some developed countries, and with a heavy emphasis on STEM subjects. It then concludes with a more detailed description of how the social and spatial origins of China’s university students and university faculty members changed from a national population of civil servant families to business and professional families largely from Jiangnan and the Pearl River Delta. This chapter makes use of newly expanded data sets, including the China University Student Dataset—Republic of China, and the China University Student Dataset—Overseas.
The Merits and Limits of China’s Modern Universities
Authors: Kirby William C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China has a long history of advanced learning, but its modern universities are quite young. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the establishment of Chinese universities based on international models signaled the end of a millennium of promoting talent through competitive civil service examinations and the beginning of a century and more of experimentation and contestation on the purpose of higher education. Over the course of the past century, universities have propelled China to the first ranks in science and engineering, while—whenever political circumstances have permitted—also promoting the values of open inquiry that have marked the world’s leading institutions of higher learning. Today, Chinese universities have the potential for leadership, but can “world class” universities—however they are defined—exist in a politically illiberal system? To answer affirmatively, Chinese universities must adroitly manage the merits and demerits of their higher education system.
Reimagining Merit in India
Authors: Babu D. Shyam , Prasad Chandra Bhan , Kapur Devesh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
India’s pernicious caste system severely constrains the educational and career outcomes of its former untouchable castes and the tribal communities, which together account for nearly a quarter of the country’s population. It renders millions inferior and apparently “meritless.” Despite seven decades of development, caste inequalities have remained entrenched partly because India failed to address the cognitive dimensions of discrimination. Although affirmative action has improved economic and social well-being of these groups, it suffers from design and implementation defects. As the beneficiaries are selected on the basis of identity, affirmative action ends up perpetuating social identities instead of attenuating them. In its current form, affirmative action is more akin to distributing fish than to teaching how to fish. Several new approaches rooted in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience focus on merit as an individual effort rather than a group trait. Some markers of merit are more unambiguous, including nurturing and celebrating individual merit in sports, math, chess, music, and so on. Additionally, target groups are encouraged to focus on STEM as well as entrepreneurship.
Meritocracy Enabled by Technology, Grounded in Science
Authors: Aggarwal Varun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at how one can enable greater meritocracy in the job market by making use of technology and science. I describe the scientific tools Aspiring Minds uses to measure job skills and scale these assessments to millions of candidates using technology. This chapter describes the five pillars of Aspiring Mind’s work: Science of developing assessments, artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to develop measures commensurate with this science, other technologies to translate these into high-fidelity assessments available cost-effectively at scale, an orientation to publishing data to inform public policy, and a consideration toward fairness to develop assessments free from racial, gender, ethnic or other biases. The chapter calls for a team of social scientists, measurement scientists, and technology innovators to join hands in order to use these pillars to help design systems to realize the vision of meritocracy at scale.
Khedrupjé on Madhyamaka Epistemology
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores Khedrupjé Gelek Pelsang’s defence of Tsongkhapa and how he anticipated some of Taktsang’s critiques and attempted to defend Tsongkkapa’s system of interpretation of Candrakīrti. We examine the philosophical context in which both operated and their main rivals, particularly Rongtön Sheja Kunrig. The analysis begins with an examination of Khedrupjé’s defence of Tsongkhapa’s account of causality, a concept that lies at the heart of Buddhist philosophy. Is the Madhyamaka presentation of emptiness tantamount to nihilism? If not, how can it avoid nihilism while denying any foundations? What does it mean to “follow mundane convention” regarding relative truth? Does this mean that Mādhyamikas embrace all of the conceptual implications of ordinary beings’ knowledge of the world? If not, where do they diverge? And how do buddhas relate to the conventional? Does their omniscience present a barrier to comprehension of the perceptions of ordinary beings?
Taktsang’s Madhyamaka
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores Taktsang’s reading of Candrakīrti and how it forms the basis for his critique of Tsongkhapa, whom he accuses of attempting to merge foundationalist epistemology (Pramāṇavāda) and antifoundationalist Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka. The result, according to Taktsang, is tantamount to a poorly articulated version of the lower philosophical system of Svāntrika Madhyamaka. Tsongkhapa, Taktsang argues, fails to grasp the implications of the three levels of analysis (no analysis, slight analysis, and thorough analysis), and as a result he misinterprets Candrakīrti and falls into an incoherent foundationalism. We examine the implications of Taktsang’s distinction between a buddha’s own perspective (rang ngor) and the perspective of others (gzhan ngor). Nothing can be coherently posited of the former because the minds of buddhas are utterly transcendent. When we attempt to discuss the nature of buddhahood, we can only do so from a mundane perspective, one that employs words and concepts. These distort and misrepresent buddhas’ omniscience, and so the only viable approach is to declare that it is ineffable.
The Unlikely Environmentalist
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s rise transformed the global environment and made it the single most important player on nearly every global environmental issue. As the world’s largest emitter, consumer market, and investor in large infrastructure projects, China became indispensable to protecting the planet’s climate, its biodiversity, and its natural resources. Beijing’s environmental policies were among the most ambitious in the world, but its economy continued to rely heavily on coal and a resource-intensive industrial structure. China’s efforts to limit environmental harms, moreover, were focused heavily at home, even as its ecological footprint expanded dramatically abroad. Most concerning of all, Beijing’s approach to environmental protection combined elements of authoritarianism and protectionism. Under these circumstances, competition rather than cooperation with China might hold the key to saving the planet.
The Global Talent Show
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s rise is often measured in terms of physical goods and infrastructure. Its biggest impact, however, may be the growth of the Chinese diaspora, which has transformed communities ranging from America’s university campuses to Africa’s small business sector. For the most part, these flows of people, their skills, and ideas have been a boon for the host countries. But in some places, they also stoked social tensions. At the same time, economic and social shifts have intensified a global competition for talent, especially in scientific and technological fields. These trends have profound implications for China, other developing nations, and developed countries like the United States that have historically won the global talent show by default—but now must work harder to compete effectively.
Digital Dilemmas
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Data is the coin of the digital realm, and in the twenty-first century China gained important advantages in collecting and distributing it. At the same time, China’s growing role in the digital economy posed significant concerns over privacy, censorship, and surveillance far beyond its borders. The risk that Beijing might export digital censorship and surveillance practices to other societies has grown markedly. Within China, meanwhile, data privacy has become a significant political issue. These developments pushed information security, data privacy, and digital network integrity to the top of priority lists in Beijing and elsewhere. They also underscore the need for the United States to revamp its data policy, and reveal a narrow path toward dialogue between China and other nations on digital and data governance issues.
The Baltimore Uprising
Authors: Board Jr. Marcus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using the invisible weapons framework with a focus on grassroots non-events, the political neglect of structural accountability, and elite agenda-setting, this chapter deconstructs the events surrounding the 2015 police killing of Freddie Gray Jr. in Baltimore. The analysis focuses on autonomy—people’s sense of choice—and the ways resistance was embraced without radicalism. The chapter shows how, when the Uprising shifted toward more radical forms of engagement, neoliberal norms were used to put people back in place. This work was so effective that even local gang members vowed to support local police, elected officials, and clergy in instituting a curfew. The political ramifications of the invisible weapons framework are evident across the individual, community, and national levels—culminating in the mayor and president chastising radical protesters as thugs and criminals. Such actions reinforce silencing and co-optation, political disempowerment and dissonance.
Confronting the Caliphate
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Martínez Lorenzo Luís , Hawach Nanar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When jihadist groups establish their own governance and proto-states, they, to some extent, rely on the acquiescence of the civilians under their control. Therefore, civilians are not only victims of coercive control but are also agents of change, sometimes providing fundamental challenges to the jihadists’ governance attempts. Civilians in Mali, Iraq, Algeria, and Syria have engaged in various forms of civil resistance against jihadist groups: refusal to cooperate, participation in public protests, and various forms of more covert everyday resistance. Exploring civil resistance against jihadist groups, the book not only studies the conditions under which it occurs but also the forms it takes. It explores who chooses to resist and the conditions under which such resistance can be successful. Confronting the Caliphate is a comprehensive study of this topic, based on original research from surveys in Mosul; disaggregated data on protests across communities in Syria; a comparative analysis of Mali, Iraq, and Yemen; and accounts of resistance in Algeria. It clearly shows that civil resistance is not only possible but is much more prevalent than previously assumed. The rule of jihadist groups presents civilians with some of the most difficult and dangerous circumstances for engaging in civil resistance, but the book demonstrates how they can nonviolently and successfully resist.
Civil Resistance in Jihadist Proto-States
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Lorenzo Luís Martínez , Hawach Nanar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over the past decade, jihadist proto-states have been created at an unprecedented scale. With research about the phenomenon having been characterized by a strong focus on the involved armed actors, this chapter makes a case for why more attention should be paid to civilians living in these jihadist proto-states. The chapter draws linkages between three rarely connected research fields: jihadist terrorism, rebel governance, and nonviolent civil resistance. It outlines the empirical strategy adopted by the book, which leverages a three-leveled research strategy, approaching the subject from a country-, sub-national-, and individual-level of analysis. Moreover, the chapter presents the four guiding questions along which the book is structured: When does civil resistance in jihadist proto-states occur? How does it manifest itself? Who participates in it? And, why is it—sometimes—successful? Last, it summarizes the main findings with regard to each of these questions.
Civil Resistance Against Jihadists: How?
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Lorenzo Luís Martínez , Hawach Nanar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of how civil resistance in jihadist proto-states manifests itself. The first part of the chapter explores this question on a sub-national level, presenting new and unique data on a total of 624 protest events against jihadist groups during the Syrian Civil War. It presents descriptive statistics and shows that the responses by the jihadists to these protests varied between outright repression and relatively lenient behavior. The second part of the chapter explores the question from an individual level of analysis, presenting new and unique descriptive data from a survey with residents of Mosul who lived under the Islamic State. It distinguishes between three main types of resistance undertaken by individuals: public action, noncooperation, and everyday resistance. Whereas public forms of resistance were less frequently reported, the majority of respondents engaged in at least some form of noncooperative behavior or a form of everyday resistance.
Civil Resistance Against Jihadists: Who?
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Lorenzo Luís Martínez , Hawach Nanar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines who the protagonists of civil resistance are in jihadist proto-states. Through a series of regression analyses with survey data from Mosul, it shows that both motivations and capabilities matter for who participates in civil resistance at the individual level: First, the chapter identifies the alien character of IS as a main driver, as civilians with negative perceptions of foreign IS members were more likely to engage in civil resistance; second, social capital appears to be a significant predictor, which points to the importance of social networks and access to information in facilitating civilians’ coordination and mobilization. When the analysis is disaggregated into three types of civil resistance (public actions, noncooperation, and everyday resistance), the findings show that the profile of those engaging in public actions differs from the profiles of the other two categories. The chapter argues that the different dynamics with regard to public actions may reflect the particular risks associated with this type of behavior.
Setting a New Research Agenda
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Lorenzo Luís Martínez , Hawach Nanar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter makes a case for why civil resistance against jihadist proto-states should constitute a new research agenda. Although grievances (especially against the transnational elements of jihadist groups, which are often perceived as alien by local populations) appear to be a necessary factor for civil resistance, their presence does not constitute a sufficient explanation. Rather, dissenting voices also need to have resource mobilization capacities to be able to launch resistance nonviolently. The diverse forms of civil resistance against jihadist proto-states identified in the different chapters are highlighted, while the specificity of demands voiced during demonstrations, as well as their level of coordination, are found to increase the likelihood of the demands being met by the jihadist incumbents. Last, the chapter discusses the role played by women in civil resistance against jihadist proto-states and discusses what role the outside world can play in supporting civilians in these contexts.
Context Setting
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The impact of gun violence on the nation is understood, and more so in its urban communities. Nevertheless, research over the past 50 years has not made dramatic progress, particularly as it relates to treating injuries and the rehabilitation process. This chapter builds upon earlier coverage and addresses aspects not well known and significant in the life of communities confronting this violence, setting the stage for interventions to prevent and treat victims. Qualitative dimensions require a nuanced perspective on injuries, allowing a multidimensional picture to emerge to guide interventions. Injuries from a beating with a gun, for example, may not elevate to what we typically consider a gun injury. Nevertheless, this assault should be part of any comprehension of how gun violence takes many shapes. This chapter orients readers to how this book unfolds and the challenges we face in grasping the consequences of gun violence.
Professional Education
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book has a central goal of advancing the field of urban gun injuries. No single profession in this field shoulders the burden of this challenge, increasing the importance of education in creating a cadre of providers, researchers, and academics interested in addressing urban gun violence. Educating providers represents what is arguably the cornerstone of any strategy to move the field forward in the next decade to remain relevant to urban research, policy, and practice. Professional education represents an ideal venue to create a cadre of providers at all levels of service who are equipped to address this public health issue. Gun injuries and death need to ascend to greater national importance, with specialized attention in the training of physicians and other professions. Medical professionals, as highlighted throughout this book, are increasingly coming to the fore in this field.
Building an Award-Winning Guitar Program
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Building an Award-Winning Guitar Program: A Guide for All Music Educators is a practical guide to assist secondary and post-secondary music educators with the tasks of building an award-winning music program. With the rising interest in, for example, guitar, mariachi, rock band, handbells, bluegrass, and music technology, more and more music educators are being asked to teach innovative music classes. This text is designed to build award-winning music programs from the ground floor by teaching innovative music classes. This guide covers the nuts and bolts of building solid programs that will be long lasting and will capture the attention of others. The book is designed to assist music educators with classroom management, scheduling, structure, organization, fundraising, festivals, travel, and the myriad subjects related to teaching guitar in the classroom. All the principals included may be applied to any music education program. This guide, which assumes that the reader is equipped with the knowledge of how to teach content or where to find content, is designed instead to create a music program that will stand out within your school district as well as in your state; covers the business of teaching; and offers guidance in the day-to-day activities needed to build award-winning music programs.
Selecting Your Instrument and Approach
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At one time in the United States, no public schools anywhere offered music classes in guitar. Chapter 6 offers a brief history of how guitar education in public schools has evolved since the 1960s and what has developed since that time. There is also a brief summary of the history of the guitar in Europe from the Renaissance onward. Chapter 6 additionally addresses twelve reasons for using classical nylon-string guitars in the classroom. The chapter also identifies the two distinct camps of current music educators and reasons for teaching classical music along with popular music, teaching modern Western staff notation, and teaching to the national standards. Solo playing and ensemble playing are also addressed.