bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Conditions for Autonomy
Authors: Rivera-Castro Faviola 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the social conditions for autonomy in both Christine Korsgaard’s account of self-constitution and Kant’s ethics. It argues that despite Korsgaard’s Kantian commitments she appears to suggest that such conditions might be importantly different from those that Kant affirms. Most of the paper investigates why Kant maintains that membership in a church grounded on the moral religion of reason provides the right social setting for individual autonomy. Korsgaard, by contrast, appears to suggest that the best social scenario for constituting oneself successfully is a liberal society that welcomes the pluralism of conceptions of the good that results from the exercise of human reflective capacities. The difference between the two accounts turns on their respective approaches to pluralism. While Kant favors the unanimous acceptance of the true religion reason, Korsgaard appears to favor a broader pluralism of conceptions of the good life within the bounds set by morality.
Peasants Making History
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book appraises the role of peasants in the past. Historians and archaeologists, after disparaging and ignoring peasants, are treating them more positively, and this book is taking that view forwards. Using as its example the west midlands of England, this book examines peasant society, in relation to their social superiors (their lords), their neighbours, and their households and finds them making decisions and taking options to improve their lives. Peasants played an active role in the development of towns, both by migrating into urban settings, but also trading actively in urban markets. Industry in the countryside was not imposed on the rural population, but often the result of peasant enterprise and flexibility. If we examine peasant attitudes and mentalities we find them engaging in political life, making a major contribution to religion, recognizing the need to conserve the environment, and balancing the interests of individuals with those of the communities in which they lived. Many features of our world have medieval roots, and peasants played an important part in the development of the rural landscape, participation of ordinary people in government, parish church buildings, towns, and social welfare. The evidence to support this peasant-centred view has to be recovered by imaginative interpretation, and by using every type of source, including the testimony of archaeology and landscape. This work is intended to be accessible to a wide readership.
Introduction
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theme of the book. Medieval peasants were under pressure, both social and environmental, but were able to make some choices and take advantage of some opportunities. The meaning of the word peasant is discussed, and peasant-centred approach is advocated. The book is concerned with peasants’ ideas and outlook, the conflicts in which they participated, the decisions that they made, and the actions that they took. The current state of knowledge is reviewed, emphasizing the growth in studies which give peasants a central role. Different traditions are outlined, and various specialisms which throw light on peasant history are identified, such as those dealing with demography, the economy, gender, law, religion, literature, and linguistics. Archaeology and landscape history have much to contribute. The region on which the book is focussed is introduced, and the range of sources outlined.
Peasant society
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lords attempted to control their peasant tenants, maintaining holdings of fixed size, and supervising inheritance. Peasants found many ways of adjusting the amount of land that they held, especially by subletting. Against a backdrop of scarce land, up to 1349, and then a great drop in land values, tenants were manipulating the amount of land they held by inheritance strategies and the land market. Lords also claimed to control the unfree peasants (serfs), about a half of the total, by imposing restrictions and financial penalties on their serfs, but the serfs themselves undermined the system by breaking the rules and avoiding detection. Serfdom survived after 1500 but it had lost its teeth.
Peasants changing society
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how peasants changed their lives and created opportunities in a number of ways. They migrated across the region, often within short distances, but showing initiative and enterprise in their quest for land, employment, marriage—to better themselves. Their social mobility was limited, but a few were able to make significant improvements in their fortunes and became merchants and gentry. Some sank into poverty, though there were various mechanisms for relieving their condition. Everyone had to be involved in the village community, which strengthened in its functions around 1300, and adapted to threats to its cohesion after 1350.
Peasants and industry
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Non-agricultural activities, especially industry, were widespread in the countryside, with some important foci of industrial production. Lords played a part in this, as did urban entrepreneurs, but peasants also took up industrial occupations. This was not just as individual artisans, like village smiths, but also as investors and traders such as country clothiers and dealers in manufactures such as pottery and iron tools and weapons. Some peasants took on basic tasks such as wood-cutting, spinning, and brewing to make ends meet, but some prosperous peasants combined their farming with fishing, food trades, building work, and a variety of crafts in a ‘dual economy’. Taking account of part-time work in crafts and trades, and the participation of women and young people, suggests that we should revise our assessment of the balance between agriculture and other sources of profit and employment.
Peasant outlook, values, perceptions, and attitudes
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The author of the poem Piers Plowman came from a non-elite rural background, knew peasants and had some understanding of their outlook. The poem therefore provides some insights into peasant values. Using a wide range of sources we can see that peasants respected the monarchy and the state, and had an ambition to take on roles in government. They carried out important administrative tasks at a basic level. They also managed parish churches and were active in the religious life of the parish. They had their own interests and objectives, most forcibly defined in their dealings with their lords, with whom they were prepared to co-operate. At the same time they opposed and modified aspects of lordship. Within their own communities they steered a balanced path between individuals exploiting natural resources and the need to conserve woods and pastures for the common good. Similarly selfish profit-seeking was modified to protect the vulnerable and elderly from destitution, and honest traders and debtors from exploitation.
New Constitutional Horizons
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We live in a pluralist world of transnational law and governance. More than ever before, multiple legal systems and governing authorities at different levels—state, supranational, international—are recognized as applying to, and claiming authority over, the affairs of the same sets of individuals and institutions. Yet our constitutional theories in terms of our conceptual toolkit of law and legitimate authority fail to adequately capture this pluralist state of affairs. This book examines some of the key conceptual and theoretical puzzles which the contemporary state of transnational pluralism poses for our constitutional theories. It offers fresh perspectives on these questions by addressing the plurality of norms and authorities from the viewpoint of legality and legitimacy respectively, proposing novel solutions to how constitutional theory can be pluralized in the light of these perspectives. Our turbulent times are on a steady trajectory of ever-more pluralism of transnational law and governance to tackle the defining social and political problems of our age involving populism, pandemic, and climate change, and this book provides an essential intervention in debates on how to pluralize constitutional theory to understand and, perhaps more importantly, legitimize the tools to address these shared global problems.
Moving Beyond the Monist Manner in Theorizing Constitutional Plurality
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the identity of legal systems in the context of constitutional plurality. It examines the ways in which standard accounts of legal systems attempt to account for constitutional plurality through criteria of individuation of norms between legal systems. In particular, standard accounts such as Hart’s suffer from a problematic ‘monist manner’ in theorizing the identity of legal systems in that all the norms valid according to the system are included within the identity of the legal system. It examines alternative approaches, arguing that Raz’s purposes-based approach provides a more promosing basis for individuating legal systems. However it argues that Raz’s account is under-inclusive and it builds on this approach to defend criteria of individuation based on the political importance of legal systems. This approach is also relevant to Dworkin’s interpretivist account of law notwithstanding his claims to the contrary.
Constitutional Dualisms
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens the second part of the book on constitutional pluralism as a normative theory of legitimate authority. It provides an overview of the different ways in which the value of constitutionalism has been understood which are presented as a series of ‘constitutional dualisms’ which involve some of the key distinctions and interpretations of the value of constitutionalism as a normative theory of legitimate authority. Understanding these different distinctions and interpretations as good faith disagreement about what constitutionalism qua legitimate authority requires provides a further ‘circumstance of constitutional pluralism’; a disagreement which must be acknowledged and addressed in order to make progress on understanding on how the concept of constitutionalism can contribute to our understanding of legitimate authority.
What’s Wrong with Constitutionalism? Between Cacophony and Coercion
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers a variety of critiques of the idea of constitutionalism as a form of normative theory of legitimate authority. The first of these critiques—the cacophony critique—argues that the ‘definitional conundrums’ which beset the concept of constitutionalism question its utility as a form of normative theorizing and can lead to potentially illegitimate outcomes. The second critique—the illegitimacy critique—argues, relatedly, that constitutionalism can serve to delegitimize rather than legitimize authority due to its tendency towards constitutional entrenchment and judicial supremacy which can violate democratic values; a critique which is exacerbated at the transnational level in the form of ‘new constitutionalism’.
What’s Wrong with Transnational Constitutionalism? Dealing with the No Demos Thesis
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a specific form of critique which has been levelled at the idea of transnational constitutionalism or ‘constitutionalism beyond the state’ more generally in terms of the ‘no demos’ thesis. This common critique argues that it is problematic to apply the state-based concept of constitutionalism to non-state transnational contexts in the light of the lack of a demos at the transnational level. The chapter interrogates the ‘no demos’ thesis identifying concerns about idealization in normative theory as the primary worry associated with this critique. It examines the question of idealization in normative theory, concluding that it is not problematic provided that the purposes of the normative theory are clearly specified, the level of generalization in the theory conforms to those purposes and the theory stays within certain moral parameters. The no demos thesis, while alerting us to the problems with idealization in normative theorizing, is therefore not an insurmountable obstacle to theorizing transnational constitutionalism.
The grammar of body-part expressions in Iskonawa
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto , Montoya Jaime , Ticona Juana , Carhuachín Luz , Reyes Yessica , Quispe-Collantes Roxana , Paz José , Torres Aarón 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter offers a study of the grammar of body-part expressions in Iskonawa, an obsolescing Pano language in the Ucayali Region (Peru) with only five native speakers. Body-part terms in Iskonawa may be either morphologically simple or complex words (including nominalizations), or compounds. There are three different constructions which are directly linked to body-part expressions in Iskonawa: possessive constructions, body-part prefixation, and body-part noun incorporation. This chapter argues that body-part prefixation is not as productive on verbs as it is on nouns or adjectives, in contrast to what has been claimed for other Pano languages. Incorporation of body-part nouns into the verb, rather than verbal body-part prefixation, is the preferred construction for expressing events related to body parts. Despite its productivity, body-part noun incorporation in Iskonawa has not been previously discussed in the literature.
The Idea of the Shakespearian Actor
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyses The Idea of the Shakespearean Actor as it evolved over time. The term has usually meant a leading tragedian, or heroic actor (it rarely applied to women, though Sarah Siddons was an exception). Garrick’s versatility inspired questions about the identification between actors and their characters, and in the John Philip Kemble era the increasing size of the only two theatres permitted by the Licensing Act of 1747 to perform spoken drama resulted in larger-than-life acting, offstage and on. The end of the theatrical duopoly was in 1843. The actor-stereotype of the nineteenth century, constantly quoting Shakespeare and living in another world, became old-fashioned by 1900 with the rise of naturalistic theatre. It has been argued that Donald Wolfit and Laurence Olivier were the last actors to embody something like ‘cosmic grandeur’. Many directors now insist that Shakespeare can best be performed naturalistically, and that he is not necessarily different from other dramatists, but there remains a mixture of nostalgia and ridicule in attitudes to the grand tragic manner.
Text
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The words of a Shakespeare play, in the anglophone world, are usually sacrosanct, but Chapter 4 shows that the meaning of a text can be changed in other ways. Theatre practitioners often have strong feelings about scholarly editions, but they are themselves involved in the process, since all performances are to some extent editions of a play. The most obvious example of performance editing is cutting, whether for theatrical convenience or ideological reasons (expurgation, removal of offensive language). Actors and directors often make radical changes to a text without actually changing its words, redistributing, and repunctuating lines or changing the context in which they are spoken. Also without changing the words, they may experiment with early modern pronunciation. Only in this century has there been an attempt to perform the plays in modernized texts, where the words themselves are changed.
Against Dispositional Essentialism
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues against the ‘dispositionalist’ property-driven approaches to natural modality, according to which universals are identical with, or essentially dependent upon, dispositions. It is argued that these approaches clash with the explanatory aims of the property-driven account. The alternative and underexplored view proposed is that universals are qualities which ground laws, which in turn help to ground the dispositions of things. Grounding is an asymmetric (non-causal) relationship of ontological priority, such that grounding entities generate that which they ground as a matter of metaphysical necessity. According to this grounding theory, universals stand in ‘Leibnizian’ second-order relationships of dispositional directedness. The important distinction between occurrent and dispositional predication is also discussed.
Dissolving the Problem of Latent Dispositions
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Theories of dispositions face the difficult question of how dispositions can exist while being in a latent, unmanifested state. Realists typically maintain that latent dispositions are actual or occurrent features of concrete entities, but such dispositions are also characterized as potentialities for their possible manifestations. This creates a puzzle, because it seems that latent dispositions have a dual existence. Many dispositionalist property-driven theorists have attempted to solve the puzzle; this chapter argues that none of those responses is entirely successful. In contrast, the problem dissolves as soon as we accept Modal Platonism. On this view, latent dispositions are actual in the sense that they are grounded in occurrent quality instantiations of universals, but these instantiations also bestow potentiality due to the relationships of dispositional directedness in which Platonic universals stand.
Determinable Laws
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some theories of natural modality find it difficult to provide a satisfactory account of functional laws, such as Newton’s law of universal gravitation. It is argued that in order to provide a satisfactory theory of functional laws, the property-driven approach must find a place in its ontology for determinable universals (such as ‘being a mass’). With determinables in play, a property-driven theorist can account for functional laws in terms of (internal) relationships between determinable universals. D. M. Armstrong once provided an account of determinable laws which is structurally similar to this; but Armstrong’s commitment to the Aristotelian conception of universals again creates difficulties. It is argued that the Platonic framework can overcome these problems.
Extending Modal Platonism
Authors: Tugby Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter locates the Platonic theory of natural modality within the broader project of explaining all modal facts in terms of second-order relationships between properties. Drawing on the work of Michael Jubien, it is argued that a property-driven approach to possibility and necessity is preferable to the previously dominant ‘possible-worlds’ theories. The chapter then explores some of the second-order relations that are needed if Modal Platonism is to be regarded as a comprehensive theory of modality. It is argued that if properties are to do the work that possible worlds can do, then a commitment to Platonism is inevitable, since it provides resources for accounting for unrealized possibilities. The discussion focuses on possibilities involving ‘alien’ properties, which play an important role in scientific theory. The chapter concludes by raising further questions that will need to be addressed if Modal Platonism is to provide a complete account of modality.
Vocatives
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the internal and external syntax of vocatives, which, despite their status as nominal elements, have traditionally been classified as ‘extra-clausal’ items operative outside the grammar. It argues that the grammatically constrained behaviours exhibited by (Ibero-)Romance vocatives not only call into question the attribution of ‘deviance’ to utterance-oriented nominal constituents, but that by approaching these facts from another angle, viz. the TMT framework, their ‘deviance’ is predicted by a grammar of reference whose structure builds meaning from description to extension. Applying and extending Sheehan & Hinzen’s (2011) phasal template, the chapter demonstrates how TMT principles can account for the empirical facts of Ibero-Romance and the particular extensional semantics of utterance-oriented nominal constituents.
Models for Enforcing Age Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretical framing and critique of the individual enforcement model adopted by domestic models of age discrimination law. It introduces models of naming, blaming, and claiming and the pyramid of disputes to explore the stages of individual enforcement. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature and empirical legal research, the chapter illustrates how reliance on individual enforcement is fundamentally flawed for addressing age discrimination at work. Building on doctrinal analysis of the law in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the chapter argues that national models of age discrimination law primarily rely on individual enforcement for the prevention and redress of age discrimination at work. While there is provision—at least in theory—for alternative forms of enforcement, via statutory agencies, collective action, and positive duties, the weight of enforcement has fallen on individuals.
Hearing and Judgment
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses the hearing and judgment stage of the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. Focusing on empirical case studies of enforcement in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, it draws on qualitative and quantitative content analysis of Australian case law and UK tribunal decisions on age discrimination in employment; statistics from tribunals and courts; qualitative expert interviews; and a survey of advocates, to consider doctrinal and jurisdictional hurdles to individual enforcement. It interrogates who is able to pursue a claim to hearing and judgment, and the issues that arise in advancing a claim to court. The chapter shows that age discrimination complaints are significantly less likely than all claims to be successful at hearing, and more likely to be withdrawn. It argues that barriers to claiming in a court or tribunal are disproportionately affecting women, young people, and claims that do not relate to dismissal. The chapter maps how the costs of claiming, barriers to success, and fear of adverse costs orders have undermined the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. It offers targeted reforms to address these barriers, focusing on the burden of proof, intersectionality, and the objective justification of direct age discrimination.
Agency Enforcement
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses the role of statutory agencies in moving beyond the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. Drawing on a theoretical model grounded in reflexive law and regulatory theory, and doctrinal analysis of the law in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the chapter argues that strong agency enforcement depends on three requirements: adequate legal powers to escalate enforcement and support individual claimants; sufficient resourcing to exercise those powers effectively; and the strategic exercise of powers in practice, to maximize impact and effectiveness in the area of age equality. The chapter puts forward reforms to achieve these ends. It argues that age must become a renewed priority for statutory agencies, recognizing that age compounds and amplifies other forms of inequality, and that failing to address age discrimination has consequences for all other protected grounds.