bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural-urban transformation in Uganda
Authors: Mukwaya Paul , Bamutaze Yazidhi , Mugarura Samuel , Benson Todd 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Over the last twenty years, Uganda has experienced sustained economic growth, increasing urbanization and a sizeable transformation of economic output from agriculture to services. However, this shift in the sources of wealth in the economy has not been accompanied by a shift in employment out of agriculture to the other sectors. This reflects an inability of the more modern sectors of the economy to provide adequate employment for the many Ugandans entering the workforce every year. The relative underperformance of agriculture largely explains why very high income inequalities still persist between rural and urban areas. The government of Uganda recognizes these disparities and has consistently prioritized agricultural and rural development in all of its master development plans. It has also provided significant resources for road construction to better link rural Ugandans to urban market centers. However, the ability of government to effectively implement programs to attain its priorities for agriculture and rural development remains quite limited. Without close attention to putting in place effective public service delivery, the additional revenue from the newly discovered oil is unlikely to lead to the progress desired in rural areas by government.
Institutions and Public Healthcare Facility Cleanliness in Nigeria: A Principal-Agent Approach
Authors: Oni Omobowale A. , Nguezet P. M. Dontsop , Amao I.O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There are several reasons to believe that the level of cleanliness of a health facility adequately reflect the performance of service delivery actually received by the populace. This study extends Das Gupta et al (2004) analysis of health facility cleanliness by using the principal-agent theory and the accountability framework to assess the elements of accountability, such as voice and client power/compact; and how these impacts cleanliness of health care facilities in Nigeria. The study makes use of the available QSDS data of the World Bank in Nigeria in 2004 complemented by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The results show that accountability elements affect positively the health service delivery in Nigeria. Specifically, client power explains the level of cleanliness of health facility in Kogi and Lagos states. In addition, we find that staff-skill motivates cleanliness in health facilities in the two states. Put together, the results imply that community participation in health facilities must be promoted in order to enhance cleanliness in health facilities in Nigeria.
From Producers to Export Markets: The Case of the Cocoa Value Chain in Ghana
Authors: Roldan Maria Belen , Fromm Ingrid , Aidoo Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For many smallholders, agriculture is the main source of income, understanding how value chains work can derive many benefits to increase productivity and therefore farmers' income. Many different stakeholders around the world are involved in the cocoa value chain, which is part of a billion-dollar chocolate industry. Cocoa farming in many developing countries is the main source of income for households. West Africa is the most important cocoa-producing area worldwide, accounting for 70 percent of the total production. In Ghana, small-scale farmers, with plantations of no more than 4 hectares, are responsible for most of the national production. This investigation sought to determine if the interactions of these farmers with different local and international stakeholders were improving their situation. The study took place in two main cocoa producer regions in Ghana, Brong Ahafo and Western. Three hundred small scale farmers in 20 different villages were interviewed. Interviews of different key stakeholders in Ghana, such as COCOBOD and in Switzerland, Felchlin AG, Chocolats Halba and Chocosuisse were conducted. This study focused on identifying the relationships, support, benefits and/or problems between stakeholders (national and international) and small scale farmers. On the other hand, the issue of contract farming and its impact on cocoa farmers in Ghana was analyzed. The results indicate that small scale farmers have little or no contact with stakeholders especially with chocolate manufacturers, the lack of farming contracts is high in both regions and if farmers work under contract there is little or no information about contracting terms and conditions. Awareness of sustainable production or certifications to motivate better producer price among farmers is also missing. Finally, a participatory value chain analysis is proposed in order to improve relationships between farmers and stakeholders.
Saving Sudan, Starving Uganda: Aid, Growth, and Externalities in Africa
Authors: Doces John A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of aid and growth in Africa, testing an idea emerging from a case involving Sudan and Uganda. Based on this case, the primary claims made here are first that there are negative external effects associated with aid flows across sub-Saharan Africa, and second that these externalities reduce growth rates. The statistical results from an analysis of all contiguous sub-Saharan African countries, covering the period from 1960 to 2009, indicate that a typical increase in aid to a country's neighbors reduces growth in the bordering country by anywhere from .50 to 1.25 percentage points. The policy implications associated with these findings are discussed in the concluding section.
Governance and Intelligence: Empirical Analysis from African Data
Authors: Kodila-Tedika Oasis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study aims at testing the relationship between intelligence and governance. It is based on African data. This study finds that countries with high-IQ populations generally enjoy good governance. Governance and Intelligence are found to mutually reinforce each other in a robust relationship however the study does not suggest the direction of causality between them.
Religious Diversity and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: So Far So Good
Authors: Kodila-Tedika Oasis , Agbor Julius Agbor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of religion on a broad set of development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. We regroup these outcomes into three broad categories, namely, development process outcomes (growth, investment, conflict, and government quality), institutional outcomes (property rights and the rule of law) and social development outcomes (social and gender protection). Using two new measures of religion – religious fractionalization (RELFRAC) and religious polarization (RELPOL), alongside the traditional measure of religious diversity, our results suggest that broadly speaking, religion or religious diversity has no statistically significant impact on the institutional and social aspects of development in sub-Saharan Africa. However, our findings do suggest that religion has important effects on the development process through its effects on investment. The analysis suggests that African policy-makers need to pay attention to the changing religious dynamics and increasing religious polarization of African societies.
Diversification and Sophistication as drivers of structural transformation for Africa: The Economic Complexity Index of African Countries
Authors: Yameogo Nadege Desiree , Nabassaga Tiguene , Shimeles Abebe , Ncube Mthuli 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
African countries have achieved impressive growth performance during the recent years despite the multiple crises the western world is experiencing. However, this growth has not been inclusive for several reasons. It has been driven mainly by the extractive industry at the detriment of the industrial and manufacturing sectors. These sectors contribution has even stagnated during the last fifteen years to least than 10% of the continent's GDP. Because much of the efforts were put in the extractive industry, and the industrial sector including the manufacturing were neglected for long time, it has resulted that most African countries productive structure have remained weakly sophisticated and diversified. The productive structures have not benefited from the recent growth observed across the continent. Since Adam smith (1776), it is recognized that the level of wealth of a nation depends mainly on the lever of knowledge that the society holds. This is translated in the nation's productive structure and the products it make. By exporting mainly commodities and raw materials that do not require any advanced technology, African countries have not yet been able to structurally transform their economies. Yet, it is acknowledges in the literature that development and growth are a process of structural transformation whereby resources were transform from lower productivity activities to higher productivity activities. And this transformation has not yet been observed in African societies. This paper attempted to measure the level of complexity of African economies by adopting the same approach recently introduced by Hidalgo et al. (2007) and Hidalgo and Hausmann (2009). We generated a large database that includes detailed information related to technology intensiveness of African countries exports, their revealed comparative advantages, indicators related to diversity, ubiquity, and economic and product complexity. We found that not only African economies are not complex. Their exports are weakly diversified and weakly sophisticated. This could contribute to explain why the recent growth has not been inclusive. This study is a starting point and could be extended to deeper macro-econometric analysis which will provide policy recommendations to African countries on which areas they should focus their efforts in order to really transform their economies and create sustainable prosperity for the majority of their population.
The Spy Story Behind The Third Man
Authors: Riegler Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Third Man symbolically stands for espionage. Indeed, though its storyline concerns friendship and the hunt for an unscrupulous black-market dealer, the film has been connected to the Cold War struggle between intelligence services since its release in 1949. This perception is partly related to the film's setting—the bombed-out ruins of Vienna— which was then (and still remains) a major hub for spies. What has been less noted, however, is that the film's origins itself represent an espionage story. All major figures involved had a background in intelligence, from the author Graham Greene, to the producer Alexander Korda and the figure of Harry Lime, whose real-life model was the KGB mole Kim Philby. By drawing upon archival material as well as secondary literature, this article explores this other history of The Third Man and puts the film in the context of postwar Austria, and highlights how real-life events and personalities inspired its story.
Jumbled Mosaics: Exploring Intracategorical Complexity in the Memoirs of Jewish Austrian (Youth) Emigrants to the United States
Authors: Corbett Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article offers a comparative analysis of a selection of memoirs of Jewish Austrians who fled to the United States under National Socialism, drawing primarily on unpublished memoirs from the Austrian Heritage Collection held at the Leo Baeck Institute in New York. The article applies an intersectional approach to demonstrate how these memoirs can contribute to a more nuanced historiographical reconstruction of the complex processes of memory and identity formation that accompanied persecution, flight, exile, and survival abroad than have often been undertaken hitherto. Intergenerational discourse is of particular interest here, as is the intersection of age and generation with other analytical categories such as religious and/or cultural identity within the family, gender, schooling, friendships and social networks, class and political orientation, as well as practical issues surrounding integration in the United States during and after the 1940s such as language and the consequent transculturality of the Jewish Austrian exile community. The article demonstrates that each life story constitutes its own idiosyncratically “jumbled mosaic” – a compelling epithet used by one of the memoirists that captures perfectly both the unique subjectivity but also intracategorical complexity of the individual life stories.
Rand, Paterson, and the Problem of Anarchism
Authors: Cox Stephen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay is concerned with individualist arguments for and against anarchism. It analyzes the views of Ayn Rand, Isabel Paterson, and libertarian anarchists, with special emphasis on the concepts of consent, non-initiation of force, and non-self-sacrifice. The essay concludes with a critical assessment of individualist anarchist and limited-government theories, suggesting that while some are more useful than others, none can be considered complete, conclusive, or fully consistent.
A Fabricated Resistivity Apparatus to Explore Buried Structures on the Bench and in the Field
Authors: Booterbaugh Aaron P. , Lachhab Ahmed , Stepanik Nicholas E. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
In the following study, an electrical resistivity apparatus was created and implemented in the laboratory as well as tested in the field, to accurately identify the location of a buried building foundation. The primary goal of the study was to test the accuracy of the apparatus which costs a fraction of the price of available electrical resistivity instrument. The apparatus consists of four electrodes set in a linear spread. An electrical current, produced by a standard 12-volt battery, is injected into earth material through the outer electrodes and the potential voltage is measured across the inner electrodes using a multimeter. The recorded potential and current values can then be used to calculate apparent resistivity of any given material. The study implemented Wenner array which consists of four electrodes placed equally distant from each other and also allows for higher accuracy and greater resolution when investigating lateral variations of resistivity in near-surface formations.
The device successfully produced consistent results on the bench level revealing the location of small bricks buried under soil material. In the field, multiple transects were conducted in the summer of 2010 on Susquehanna University Campus where the foundation of Gustavus Adolphus Hall is located. The apparatus consistently provided accurate results when compared to a commercially produced electrical resistivity device, Iris SYSCAL R1+, and successfully revealed the location of the foundation.
Relationship between Exotic Invasive Shrubs and American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) Nest Success and Habitat Selection
Authors: Miller H. Eric , Jordan Mark J. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTHabitat loss is thought to be a cause of woodcock population declines, however little is known about the impact of exotic invasive vegetation on woodcock nest site selection and nesting success. In March and April of 2009 and 2010, we examined nest success and nesting habitat selection in relation to the abundance of exotic invasive vegetation at 13 nests in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to determine the best models for nest success and habitat use. Woodcock avoided exotic invasive vegetation when selecting nest sites. Nest success and habitat use decreased significantly with an increase in percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation. Models containing percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation were highly supported for nest success and habitat selection. We recommend that managers attempt to control and remove exotic invasive vegetation to promote increased woodcock nesting success and habitat use.
Additional Evidence for Barotrauma as a Cause of Bat Mortality at Wind Farms
Authors: Brownlee Sarah A. , Whidden Howard P. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The discovery of extensive bat mortality at wind farms has puzzled biologists, especially since many carcasses found under turbines exhibit no obvious injuries. A recent study proposed barotrauma – damage to body tissues caused by changes in pressure – as a possible explanation. We tested this hypothesis by examining 146 carcasses of hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) collected during mortality surveys at a wind farm in eastern Pennsylvania. All carcasses were examined for both external and internal injuries. To assess barotrauma, we looked for blood in the nose and mouth, hemorrhaging in the lungs, and pooled blood in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Of 146 carcasses examined internally, 54 (37%) had signs of barotrauma but no external injuries, 48 (33%) had external injuries but no signs of barotrauma, and 44 (30%) had both signs of barotrauma and considerable external injuries. A chi-square test found no association between the age or sex of bats and the incidence of barotrauma. These results support barotrauma as a contributing cause of bat mortality at wind farms.
Sportsmen's Perceptions of Coyotes and Coyote Origins in Pennsylvania
Authors: Bovard Brittany N. , Hartstone-Rose Adam , Rowland Nicholas J. , Lynn Mulvey Kelly 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We surveyed central Pennsylvania sportsmen about the origins of the eastern coyote/coywolf (Canis latrans x lycaon) in Pennsylvania, the perceived effect coyotes have on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population size, and the prevalence of coyote attacks on humans and domestic animals. Though studies suggest that coyote populations expanded into Pennsylvania naturally, a significant proportion of our participants believed that automobile insurers or the Pennsylvania Game Commission introduced coyotes to the state to control deer populations. Participants overestimated the threat posed by coyotes to humans and animals. Policy makers, especially those responsible for animal control and land management, should consider the level of misinformation concerning coyotes when making policy decisions that impact these canids and the people who must live with them.
2012 Darbaker Prize: Morphometric Analysis of Nuclei, Lumens, and Shape of Lactiferous Ducts in Cancerous Breast Tissue
Authors: Barrieres Kelly , White Jennifer L. , Cerra Carmine J. , Tinsley John P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As the most common form of breast cancer in women, ductal carcinoma accounts for 70–80% of breast cancer cases. Pathologists often use the Nottingham grading system to assess the abnormality and aggressiveness of invading cancerous cells in ductal carcinoma. A grade of one to three is assigned using a point system based upon variation in nuclear appearance, tubule formation, and mitotic count, but these features are generally not quantified. We collected morphometric data on nuclei and ducts to attempt to quantify nuclear variation and tubule formation. Measurements of over 2000 nuclei and nearly 100 ducts were made using slides of normal breast tissue and the three grades of ductal carcinoma from anonymous patients at Pocono Medical Center. A ratio of luminal area to ductal area in cancerous tissue within each grade was also calculated, and shapes of duct outlines were examined. ANOVA revealed significant differences in nuclear diameter among grades: both diameter and variation in diameter increased with grade. Variability and irregularity of nuclear and duct shape also increased with grade. Lumen/duct area ratios decreased with severity of invasion and approached zero in grade three. Although preliminary, these morphometric data suggest that it may be possible to develop more objective and quantifiable criteria for grade designations.
LIPID HYDROPEROXIDE LEVELS, OXIDATIVE STATUS AND GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN RODENTS FOLLOWING BDE-85 EXPOSURE
Authors: VAGULA MARY C , KUBELDIS NATHAN R , Nelatury Charles 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic flame retardant compounds which are available in three commercial forms, penta BDEs, octa BDEs, and deca BDEs. Because of their extensive commercial use they have become widespread environmental contaminants. BDE-85 is a congener of the penta variety; to the best of the authors' knowledge there are no studies reported on the toxicity potential of this compound. This study reports the effects of BDE-85 on the oxidative stress and glucose absorption in rodents. Oxidative stress was measured using oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides in conjunction with activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase in mice kidney and intestine tissues after exposure to 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 via intraperitoneal route for four days. Mice tissues showed significant alterations (p&lt;0.05) in the oxidative stress markers. Lipid hydroperoxide levels were elevated, indicating increased lipid peroxidation, while the activities of GPx, SOD, catalase and GST were reduced despite increased lipid peroxidation pointing to disruption in oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. In addition to this, glucose absorption and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were studied in rats using isolated small intestinal segments exposed to 5 μg/mL of BDE-85 in vitro. The results showed a significant reduction (-63.97%) in the absorption of glucose through the small intestine along with decreased Na+/K+ ATPase activity, indicating significant disruption in the sodium-dependant glucose absorption process in the small intestine.
QUANTIFYING WING DAMAGE OF SUMMER BATS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: FRANCL KAREN E. , CANNIFF TESSA K. , R. CRAIG BLAND , SPARKS DALE W. , BRACK, VIRGIL 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
While conducting mist net surveys for the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in West Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania, we quantified wing damage on 422 bats of four species: big brown (Eptesicus fuscus, N = 190), eastern red (Lasiurus borealis, N = 82), little brown (M. lucifugus, N = 55), and northern myotis (M. septentrionalis, N = 95) bats. From 15 May – 15 August 2010, we photographed back-lit wings to reveal damage such as scars, holes, and blotching (non-uniform pigmentation). After quantifying the percent cover of these damage types using image-analysis software, we used generalized non-linear mixed models to determine if percent area of damage differed among scores associated with the categorical wing damage index (WDI) developed by Reichard and Kunz (2009). Although quantified damage did generally increase with WDI score across all species, statistical separation by WDI was only documented for the big brown bat (blotching, scars, blotching + scars combined) and northern myotis (blotching, blotching + scars). We suggest that studies like ours can provide quantitative species-specific datasets that can be examined in a more precise manner than a categorical index.