bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor Cortical Network Excitability in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Leodori Giorgio , De Bartolo Maria Ilenia , Guerra Andrea , Fabbrini Andrea , Rocchi Lorenzo , Latorre Anna , Paparella Giulia , Belvisi Daniele , Conte Antonella , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C. , Berardelli Alfredo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMotor impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) reflects changes in the basal ganglia‐thalamocortical circuit converging on the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). Previous studies assessed M1 excitability in PD using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)‐evoked electromyographic activity. TMS‐evoked electroencephalographic activity may unveil broader motor cortical network changes in PD.ObjectiveThe aim was to assess motor cortical network excitability in PD.MethodsWe compared TMS‐evoked cortical potentials (TEPs) from M1 and the pre‐SMA between 20 PD patients tested off and on medication and 19 healthy controls (HCs) and investigated possible correlations with bradykinesia.ResultsOff PD patients compared to HCs had smaller P30 responses from the M1s contralateral (M1+) and ipsilateral (M1–) to the most bradykinetic side and increased pre‐SMA N40. Dopaminergic therapy normalized the amplitude of M1+ and M1– P30 as well as pre‐SMA N40. We found a positive correlation between M1+ P30 amplitude and bradykinesia in off PD patients.ConclusionsChanges in M1 P30 and pre‐SMA N40 in PD suggest that M1 excitability is reduced on both sides, whereas pre‐SMA excitability is increased. The effect of dopaminergic therapy and the clinical correlation suggest that these cortical changes may reflect abnormal basal ganglia‐thalamocortical activity. TMS electroencephalography provides novel insight into motor cortical network changes related to the pathophysiology of PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Strategies for designing proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs)
Authors: He Shipeng , Dong Guoqiang , Cheng Junfei , Wu Ying , Sheng Chunquan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractProteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) is a cutting edge and rapidly growing technique for new drug discovery and development. Currently, the largest challenge in the molecular design and drug development of PROTACs is efficient identification of potent and drug‐like degraders. This review aims to comprehensively summarize and analyse state‐of‐the‐art methods and strategies in the design of PROTACs. We provide a detailed illustration of the general principles and tactics for designing potent PROTACs, highlight representative case studies, and discuss the advantages and limitations of these strategies. Particularly, structure‐based rational PROTAC design and emerging new types of PROTACs (e.g., homo‐PROTACs, multitargeting PROTACs, photo‐control PROTACs and PROTAC‐based conjugates) will be focused on.
Ferulic acid derivatives with piperazine moiety as potential antiviral agents
Authors: Yuan Ting , Wang Zhengxing , Liu Dan , Zeng Huanan , Liang Juncheng , Hu Deyu , Gan Xiuhai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPlant virus diseases are difficult to control and severely threaten the productivity of crops, which leads to huge financial losses. To discover the new antiviral drugs, 34 novel ferulic acid derivatives with piperazine moiety were synthesized, and the antiviral activities were systematically screened as well.ResultsBioassay results indicated that most of the target compounds had outstanding antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in vivo. In particular, compound E2 exhibited remarkable curative activities to TMV and CMV with EC50 values of 189.0 and 401.7 μg/mL compared to those for ningnanmycin (387.0, 519.3 μg/mL) and ribavirin (542.1, 721.5 μg/mL). And then the mechanisms of compound E2 were studied by chlorophyll content, differentially expressed proteins and genes tests.ConclusionThe excellent antiviral activity of compound E2 was closely associated with the increase in host photosynthesis, which was confirmed by chlorophyll content, differentially expressed proteins and genes assays. Compound E2 can be considered as a lead structure for the discovery of new antiviral agents. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Carbon Dots: An Excellent Fluorescent Probe for Contaminant Sensing and Remediation
Authors: M. P. Ajith , Pardhiya Sonali , Rajamani Paulraj 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPollution‐induced degradation of the environment is a serious problem for both developing and developed countries. Existing remediation methods are restricted, necessitating the development of novel remediation technologies. Nanomaterials with unique characteristics have recently been developed for remediation. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles (1–10 nm) with optical and electrical characteristics that differ from bigger particles owing to quantum mechanics, making them intriguing for sensing and remediation applications. Carbon dots (CDs) offer better characteristics than typical QDs, such as, CdSe QDs in terms of contaminant sensing and remediation. Non‐toxicity, chemical inertness, photo‐induced electron transfer, good biocompatibility, and adjustable photoluminescence behavior are all characteristics of CDs. CDs are frequently made from sustainable raw materials as they are cost‐effective, environmentally compactable, and excellent in reducing waste generation. The goal of this review article is to briefly describe CDs fabrication methods, to deeply investigate the criteria and properties of CDs that make them suitable for sensing and remediation of contaminants, and also to highlight recent advances in their use in sensing and remediation of contaminants.
Battery‐Driven N2 Electrolysis Enabled by High‐Entropy Catalysts: From Theoretical Prediction to Prototype Model
Authors: Sun Yuntong , Yu Lei , Xu Shuaishuai , Xie Sicong , Jiang Lili , Duan Jingjing , Zhu Junwu , Chen Sheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA small‐scale standalone device of nitrogen (N2) splitting holds great promise for producing ammonia (NH3) in a decentralized manner as the compensation or replacement of centralized Haber–Bosch process. However, the design of such a device has been impeded by sluggish kinetics of its half reactions, i.e., cathodic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, it is predicted from density function theory that high‐entropy oxides (HEOs) are potential catalysts for promoting NRR and OER, and subsequently develop a facile procedure to synthesize HEOs in the morphology of sea urchin‐shaped hollow nanospheres assembled from ultrathin nanosheets. The excellent electrocatalytic activities of HEOs for both NRR (NH3 yield rate: 47.58 µg h−1 mg−1 and Faradaic efficiency (FE): 10.74%) and OER (215 mV @10 mA cm−2) are demonstrated. Consequently, a prototype device of N2 electrolysis driven by commercial batteries is constructed, which can operate smoothly and deliver remarkable NH3 yield rate (41.11 µg h−1 mg−1) and FE (14.14%). Further mechanism study has attributed the excellent catalytic performances of HEOs to their unique electronic structures originated from multi‐metal synergistic effects and entropy increase effects. The work will provide new clues for designing versatile catalysts and devices for large‐scale industrialization.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of semi‐rigid saddle connections
Authors: Moghaddam Hassan , Sadrara Ali 
Published: January 2022

SummarySaddle connections are semi‐rigid connections that are widely used in Iran. Many existing buildings contain this type of connection. The present study conducted full‐scale experiments and used extensive numerical modeling to study the mechanical characteristics of saddle connections. The mechanical characteristics examined were the moment‐transfer mechanism, initial stiffness, yield moment, maximum moment, and fracture rotation. The configuration and dimensions of the experimental and numerical specimens were chosen to be similar to those of saddle connections in existing buildings. A parametric study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the mechanical characteristics of these connections. It was shown that the conventional method used to design saddle connections failed to predict the correct stress distribution. Empirical formulas were provided for predicting these mechanical characteristics and it was shown that the proposed expressions could predict the pertinent parameters accurately.
Introduction
Authors: Falk Erhag Hanna , Lagerlöf Nilsson Ulrika , Rydberg Sterner Therese , Skoog Ingmar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn 2020, for the first time in history, there were more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there were children below the age of 5 years. The population aged over 65 years is projected to increase from one billion in 2019 to more than two billion in 2050, and those aged over 80 years are projected to increase from 143 to 426 million, with the largest increase occurring in the developing world (UN World Population Prospects, 2019). This demographic trend constitutes the largest global health challenge, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The European Union has set it as one of the major challenges in Horizon 2020 and it has important societal implications (European Commission, 2020). The proportion of retired individuals will increase, leading to an increased ratio between those who have exited the workforce and those still active in the labour market. Thus, ageing represents a global societal and scientific challenge requiring integrated efforts, multidisciplinary translational research approaches and social innovations that build on ideas of potentials and capabilities, emphasising the value of old age.
Organisational Capability for Delayed Retirement
Authors: Wikström Ewa , Allard Karin , Arman Rebecka , Liff Roy , Seldén Daniel , Kadefors Roland 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThroughout the industrialised world, societies are ageing. These demographic changes have created a political and societal focus on an extended working life. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic knowledge about how such changes can be successfully implemented within organisations. In this chapter, we discuss this lacuna and specifically focus on organisational capability. We highlight workplace conditions and practices that may inhibit or promote the retention of workers beyond the previous norm for retirement.The novelty of an organisational capability approach is that it highlights workplace conditions that enable older people to use their abilities to perform acts of value and to achieve a better quality of life and greater participation in society. Workplace resources, capabilities and functions form a dynamic pattern. Factors that influence the work abilities of older workers are related in complex interactions and not merely in the format of simple cause and effect.When looking at retirement from the perspective of older workers, we have focused on aspects such as the individual’s ability to control the retirement process. Central to Sen’s idea is that individuals have different conversion factors, which means that, even though two individuals may have access to the same resources, they do not necessarily have the capability to enjoy the same functions. For example, the probability that an older person will remain employed will partially depend on his or her health, human capital and type of job. But two seemingly similar individuals can nevertheless have very different chances of remaining employed because their employer has implemented very different age management policies, or simply because they have different attitudes towards older workers. Since organisational capability makes it possible to focus on the interaction between the individual’s resources and preferences and the opportunity structure existing at the workplace (meso level) and embodied in the retirement system (macro level), much of the discussion and many of the policies and practices concerning older people can be related to the concept of capabilities.
The ICECAP-O Measure
Authors: Gustafsson Susanne , Hörder Helena 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the ICECAP-O, a measure of capability tailored for older people. It briefly presents the original version of the ICECAP-O. In addition, it describes the work that has been done concerning the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ICECAP-O to the Swedish context. Finally, the chapter contains arguments for the use of the Swedish version of the ICECAP-O in health and social care, and in the evaluation of interventions and longitudinal research studies where older people’s capabilities are a focus.
Good Self-Rated Health as an Indicator of Personal Capability in Old Age
Authors: Falk Erhag Hanna 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSelf-rated health, or self-assessed health, is based on asking individuals to evaluate their general health status on a four- or five-point scale, with response options ranging from ‘very good’ to ‘very poor’. This simple question has been one of the most frequently used health indicators for decades. In nursing research, the voices, interpretations and understanding of humans, as well as their ability to shape their experiences, are studied through the collection and analysis of primarily qualitative materials that are subjective and narrative in nature. However, knowledge about subjective experiences of health and illness, situated and filtered through the life-world of the individual, can also be sought using other approaches. The aim of this chapter is twofold. Firstly, it aims to outline perspectives on how epidemiology and population-based studies of self-rated health as an indicator of subjective experiences can generate new evidence to solve nursing problems and expand nursing knowledge. Secondly, based on the hypothesis that there is an association between good self-rated health and a person’s capability to master the gains and losses of late life, the chapter also aims to describe how personal capability can be operationalised as self-rated health, given that this seemingly simple question delegates to the individual the task of synthesising, in a single evaluation, the many dimensions that make up the complex concept of health and wellbeing in old age. Although a person’s capabilities are dependent on a large variety of factors, at the individual level, symptom experience, chronic illnesses and functional disability are paramount. Therefore, in this chapter, the focus will be on self-rated health as an indicator of personal capability in the fourth age – the period of late life characterised by illness, frailty, impairment and dependence on others. To study self-rated health during this period of life is especially interesting in that the discrepancy between subjective and objective health seems to increase with age, and older olds tend to rate their health as better than younger olds given the same level of disease and functioning.
Co-Creation Tools für die Projektdurchführung
Authors: Kurzhals Kerstin , Uude Katrin , Sormani Eva , Chak Choiwai Maggie , Banze Madleen 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungIn der ersten Projektphase habt ihr bereits eine klare Vision für euer Projekt festgelegt und unter anderem die Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten definiert. Nun ist es an der Zeit das Projekt durchzuführen. Euch wird schnell bewusst werden, dass Teilnehmende aus unterschiedlichen Strukturen und Institutionen im Projektverlauf auch unterschiedliche Blickwinkel auf eine Thematik haben.
Interdependence as the key for an ethical artificial autonomy
Authors: Pianca Filippo , Santucci Vieri Giuliano 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCurrently, the autonomy of artificial systems, robotic systems in particular, is certainly one of the most debated issues, both from the perspective of technological development and its social impact and ethical repercussions. While theoretical considerations often focus on scenarios far beyond what can be concretely hypothesized from the current state of the art, the term autonomy is still used in a vague or too general way. This reduces the possibilities of a punctual analysis of such an important issue, thus leading to often polarized positions (naive optimism or unfounded defeatism). The intent of this paper is to clarify what is meant by artificial autonomy, and what are the prerequisites that can allow the attribution of this characteristic to a robotic system. Starting from some concrete examples, we will try to indicate a way towards artificial autonomy that can hold together the advantages of developing adaptive and versatile systems with the management of the inevitable problems that this technology poses both from the viewpoint of safety and ethics. Our proposal is that a real artificial autonomy, especially if expressed in the social context, can only be achieved through interdependence with other social actors (human and otherwise), through continuous exchanges and interactions which, while allowing robots to explore the environment, guarantee the emergence of shared practices, behaviors, and ethical principles, which otherwise could not be imposed with a top-down approach, if not at the price of giving up the same artificial autonomy.
Caffeine and attentional control: improved and impaired performance in healthy older adults and Parkinson’s disease according to task demands
Authors: Sharma Kanch , Fallon Sean James , Davis Thomas , Ankrett Scott , Munro Greg , Christopher Gary , Coulthard Elizabeth 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Caffeine is frequently consumed to boost goal-directed attention. These procognitive effects may occur due to the adenosine-mediated enhancement of monoamines, such as dopamine, after caffeine administration. As such, caffeine’s beneficial effects may be altered in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, whether caffeine improves cognition, and at what cost, has not been experimentally established in patients with neurodegenerative disease.

Methods
Single-dose trials to probe cognitive effects of caffeine are often confounded by short-term caffeine abstinence which conflates caffeine’s effects with treatment of withdrawal. Using a placebo controlled, blinded, randomised trial design, we assessed the effect of 100 mg of caffeine across well-established tasks (Choice reaction time, Stroop Task and Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Task; RSVP) that probe different aspects of attention in PD patients (n = 24) and controls (n = 44). Critically, participants withdrew from caffeine for a week prior to testing to eliminate the possibility that withdrawal reversal explained any cognitive benefit.

Results
Caffeine administration was found to reduce the overall number of errors in patients and controls on the Stroop (p = .018, η2p = .086) and Choice reaction time (p < . 0001, η2p = .588) tasks, but there was no specific effect of caffeine on ignoring irrelevant information in the Stroop task. On the RSVP task, caffeine improved dual item accuracy (p = .037) but impaired single item accuracy (p = .044). Across all tasks, there was little evidence that caffeine has different effects in PD participants and controls.

Conclusion
When removing withdrawal effects as a factor, we demonstrate caffeine has beneficial effects on selective attention but is a double-edge sword for visual temporal attention and would need careful targeting to be clinically useful.
P‐POSSUM and the NELA Score Overpredict Mortality for Laparoscopic Emergency Bowel Surgery: An Analysis of the NELA Database
Authors: Darbyshire Alexander R. , Kostakis Ina , Pucher Philip H. , Prytherch David , Mercer Stuart J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundRisk stratification has become a key part of the care processes for patients having emergency bowel surgery. This study aimed to determine if operative approach influences risk‐model performance, and risk‐adjusted mortality rates in the United Kingdom.MethodsA prospectively planned analysis was conducted using National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) data from December 2013 to November 2018. The risk‐models investigated were P‐POSSUM and the NELA Score, with model performance assessed in terms of discrimination and calibration. Risk‐adjusted mortality was assessed using Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMR). Analysis was performed for the total cohort, and cases performed open, laparoscopically and converted to open. Sub‐analysis was performed for cases with ≤ 20% predicted mortality.ResultsData were available for 116 396 patients with P‐POSSUM predicted mortality, and 46 935 patients with the NELA score. Both models displayed excellent discrimination with little variation between operative approaches (c‐statistic: P‐POSSUM 0.801–0.836; NELA Score 0.811–0.862). The NELA score was well calibrated across all deciles of risk, but P‐POSSUM over‐predicted risk beyond 20% mortality. Calibration plots for operative approach demonstrated that both models increasingly over‐predicted mortality for laparoscopy, relative to open and converted to open surgery. SMRs calculated using both models consistently demonstrated that risk‐adjusted mortality with laparoscopy was a third lower than open surgery.ConclusionRisk‐adjusted mortality for emergency bowel surgery is lower for laparoscopy than open surgery, with P‐POSSUM and NELA score both over‐predicting mortality for laparoscopy. Operative approach should be considered in the development of future risk‐models that rely on operative data.
Effects of Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Salman Mohamed AbdAlla , Aradaib Mohammed , Salman Ahmed , Elewa Ahmed , Tourky Mohamed , Shaaban Hossam El‐Din 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing interest in the post‐operative bone‐related effects of bariatric surgery. However, little is known about the comparative effects of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures, namely Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG).ObjectivesTo systematically assess the differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and biochemical and hormonal markers of bone metabolism among patients undergoing RYGB and SG.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies aBMD at different sites, as well as bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), 25‐OH‐vitamin D, calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) after RYGB and SG.ResultsFourteen studies were included (717 patients, 50.63% in the RYGB arm). Based on data collected at 1 year, 2 years and > 2 years, there were no significant differences in aBMD measurements at the total hip, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and the whole body with no statistical heterogeneity among different comparisons. Patients in the RYGB group showed significantly higher concentrations of BALP at 1 year (SMD = 0.52, 95%CI, 0.23–0.81, p = 0.0004) and PTH at > 2 years of follow‐up (SMD = 0.68, 95%CI, 0.31–1.05, p = 0.0003) compared to the SG group.ConclusionThere were no significant differences in aBMD measurements at the hip, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and the total body following RYGB and SG procedures. However, BALP and PTH concentrations were significantly higher after RYGB surgeries compared to SG. Attention should be paid to patients undergoing RYGB to prevent the expected skeletal fragility over time.