bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posttranscriptional regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase 2 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Komagataella phaffii
Authors: Dey Trishna , Rangarajan Pundi N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe yeast Komagataella phaffii (a.k.a. Pichia pastoris) harbours a unique glutamate utilization pathway in which the cytosolic enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GDH2), aspartate aminotransferase 2 (AAT2) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyze the sequential conversion of glutamate to α‐ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate respectively. GDH2 and PEPCK are essential for glutamate catabolism. Their synthesis is induced by autophagy during carbon starvation and are essential for cell survival. Here, we demonstrate that GDH2 and PEPCK reciprocally regulate each other's protein levels during glutamate catabolism such that GDH2 is downregulated in Δpepck and PEPCK is downregulated in Δgdh2. We further demonstrate that sequential conversion of glutamate to α‐ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate by GDH2 and AAT2, respectively, is essential for PEPCK synthesis in cells metabolizing glutamate. Our studies indicate that translation of GDH2 mRNA is induced by glutamate while oxaloacetate derived from glutamate is likely to be the inducer of PEPCK mRNA translation during glutamate catabolism. Thus, GDH2‐ and PEPCK‐catalyzed reactions are essential for ATP generation and gluconeogenesis respectively during carbon starvation and glutamate catabolism in K. phaffii. We conclude that K. phaffii harbours a unique translational regulatory circuit in which substrates of GDH2 and PEPCK act as inducers of their synthesis, a phenomenon not reported in any yeast species.
Non‐Linear Optical Properties of the (RE)3CuGeS7 Family of Compounds
Authors: Akopov Georgiy , Hewage Nethmi W. , Viswanathan Gayatri , Yox Philip , Wu Kui , Kovnir Kirill 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNon‐linear optical materials must possess a balanced combination of laser‐induced damage threshold (LDT) and second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and be phase matchable. In our previous work, chiral and polar La3CuGeS7 was identified as a promising non‐linear optical material. Herein, we report the optimization of non‐linear optical properties through replacement of La with smaller lanthanides. It is determined that Gd3CuGeS7 exhibits the best combination of SHG (1.6× AgGaS2 at 88–105 μm particle size) and LDT (3× AgGaS2, 89 MW/cm2) and is phase matchable. Based on changes in metal‐sulfur bond lengths and angles, we further propose structural optimization through solid‐solution formation and doping.
Visible energy and angular distributions of the charged particle from the τ −decay in $$ b\to c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$ reactions
Authors: Penalva Neus , Hernández Eliecer , Nieves Juan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We study the d2Γd/(dωd cos θd), dΓd/d cos θd and dΓd/dEd distributions, which are defined in terms of the visible energy and polar angle of the charged particle from the τ −decay in $$ b\to c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$
b
→
cτ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

reactions. These differential decay widths could be measured in the near future with certain precision. The first two contain information on the transverse tau-spin, tau-angular and tau-angular-spin asymmetries of the $$ {H}_b\to {H}_c\tau {\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

H
b

→

H
c

τ

ν
¯

τ

parent decay and, from a dynamical point of view, they are richer than the commonly used one, d2Γd/(dωdEd), since the latter only depends on the tau longitudinal polarization. We pay attention to the deviations with respect to the predictions of the standard model (SM) for these new observables, considering new physics (NP) operators constructed using both right- and left-handed neutrino fields, within an effective field-theory approach. We present results for $$ {\Lambda}_b\to {\Lambda}_c\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b

→

Λ
c

τ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

and $$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}\tau \left(\mu {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu }{\nu}_{\tau },{\pi \nu}_{\tau },{\rho \nu}_{\tau}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$

B
¯

→

D

∗

τ

μ

ν
¯

μ

ν
τ

πν
τ

ρν
τ

ν
¯

τ

sequential decays and discuss their use to disentangle between different NP models. In this respect, we show that dΓd/d cos θd, which should be measured with sufficiently good statistics, becomes quite useful, especially in the τ → πντ mode. The study carried out in this work could be of special relevance due to the recent LHCb measurement of the lepton flavor universality ratio $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{R}}}_{\Lambda_c} $$

ℛ

Λ
c

in agreement with the SM. The experiment identified the τ using its hadron decay into π−π+π−ντ, and this result for $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{R}}}_{\Lambda_c} $$

ℛ

Λ
c

, which is in conflict with the phenomenology from the b-meson sector, needs confirmation from other tau reconstruction channels.
Impairment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein maturation and fusion activity by nitazoxanide: an effect independent of spike variants emergence
Authors: Riccio Anna , Santopolo Silvia , Rossi Antonio , Piacentini Sara , Rossignol Jean-Francois , Santoro M. Gabriella 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused an unprecedented global health crisis. The SARS-CoV-2 spike, a surface-anchored trimeric class-I fusion glycoprotein essential for viral entry, represents a key target for developing vaccines and therapeutics capable of blocking virus invasion. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike variants that facilitate virus spread and may affect vaccine efficacy highlights the need to identify novel antiviral strategies for COVID-19 therapy. Here, we demonstrate that nitazoxanide, an antiprotozoal agent with recognized broad-spectrum antiviral activity, interferes with SARS-CoV-2 spike maturation, hampering its terminal glycosylation at an endoglycosidase H-sensitive stage. Engineering multiple SARS-CoV-2 variant-pseudoviruses and utilizing quantitative cell–cell fusion assays, we show that nitazoxanide-induced spike modifications hinder progeny virion infectivity as well as spike-driven pulmonary cell–cell fusion, a critical feature of COVID-19 pathology. Nitazoxanide, being equally effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-spike and different emerging variants, including the Delta variant of concern, may represent a useful tool in the fight against COVID-19 infections.
A cool climate perspective on grapevine breeding: climate change and sustainability are driving forces for changing varieties in a traditional market
Authors: Töpfer Reinhard , Trapp Oliver 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA multitude of diverse breeding goals need to be combined in a new cultivar, which always forces to compromise. The biggest challenge grapevine breeders face is the extraordinarily complex trait of wine quality, which is the all-pervasive and most debated characteristic. Since the 1920s, Germany runs continuous grapevine breeding programmes. This continuity was the key to success and lead to various new cultivars on the market, so called PIWIs. Initially, introduced pests and diseases such as phylloxera, powdery and downy mildew were the driving forces for breeding. However, preconceptions about the wine quality of new resistant selections impeded the market introduction. These preconceptions are still echoing today and may be the reason in large parts of the viticultural community for: (1) ignoring substantial breeding progress, and (2) sticking to successful markets of well-known varietal wines or blends (e.g. Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling). New is the need to improve viticulture´s sustainability and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Climate change with its extreme weather will impose the need for a change in cultivars in many wine growing regions. Therefore, a paradigm shift is knocking on the door: new varieties (PIWIs) versus traditional varieties for climate adapted and sustainable viticulture. However, it will be slow process and viticulture is politically well advised to pave the way to variety innovation. In contrast to the widely available PIWIs, competitive cultivars created by means of new breeding technologies (NBT, e.g. through CRISPR/Cas) are still decades from introduction to the market.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels and diabetes mellitus are associated with activation of the neurotoxic polyol pathway
Authors: Tigchelaar Celien , van Zuylen Mark L. , Hulst Abraham H. , Preckel Benedikt , van Beek André P. , Kema Ido P. , Hermanides Jeroen , Absalom Anthony R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
During hyperglycaemia, some glucose bypasses glycolysis and is metabolised via the potentially neurotoxic polyol pathway, in which glucose is metabolised to sorbitol and fructose. Increased polyol concentrations have been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurological patients with and without diabetes mellitus. However, polyol levels in patients without evident neurological abnormalities have not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to determine CSF polyol concentrations in patients without major neurological disease with normal or elevated CSF glucose concentrations.

Methods
This observational cohort study used CSF and plasma analyses, as well as clinical data, from 30 participants of the Anaesthetic Biobank of Cerebrospinal Fluid study. Biomaterial was collected from adult patients scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. CSF polyol concentrations were measured by GC/flame ionisation detector in ten patients with normal CSF glucose levels (group 1), ten patients with elevated CSF glucose levels (group 2) and ten patients with elevated CSF glucose levels and type 2 diabetes (group 3). We compared the concentrations of plasma glucose, CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose, and CSF polyol/glucose ratios between the three groups, and determined the correlation between plasma glucose levels and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose levels.

Results
Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher CSF fructose levels compared with group 1 (p=0.036 and p<0.001, respectively). Group 3 showed significant differences compared with groups 1 and 2 for CSF sorbitol (p<0.001 and 0.036, respectively). Moreover, patients with diabetes had a significantly higher CSF sorbitol/glucose ratio compared with patients without diabetes. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma glucose and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose. Finally, age, sex, CSF/plasma albumin ratio and preoperative cognitive function scores were significantly correlated with plasma glucose and CSF glucose, sorbitol and fructose levels.

Conclusions/interpretation
Hyperglycaemia causes a proportional increase in polyol concentrations in CSF of patients without major neurological disease. Furthermore, this study provides the first indication of upregulation of the cerebral polyol pathway in patients with diabetes without evident neurological abnormalities.

Graphical abstract
An Investigation into the Growth of Lolium perenne L. and Soil Properties Following Soil Amendment with Phosphorus-Saturated Bauxite Residue
Authors: Cusack Patricia B. , Healy Mark G. , Callery Oisín , Di Carlo Elisa , Ujaczki Éva , Courtney Ronan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractReuse options for bauxite residue include treatment of phosphorus (P)-enriched wastewaters where the P-saturated media offers fertiliser potential. However, few studies have assessed the impact on soil properties. Two types of spent P-saturated bauxite residue were applied to soil and compared to conventional superphosphate fertiliser as well as a control soil. Soil physico-chemical properties, worm Eisenia fetida L. choice tests, and Lolium perenne L. growth and elemental uptake were examined. Comparable biomass and plant content for L. perenne in the P-saturated bauxite residue treatments and those receiving superphosphate, indicated no phytotoxic effects. E. fetida L. showed a significant preference for the control soil (58 %± 2.1%) over the amended soils, indicating some form of salt stress. Overall, P-saturated bauxite residue was comparable to the superphosphate fertiliser in terms of the plant performance and soil properties, indicating the potential recycling of P from wastewaters using bauxite residue as a low-cost adsorbent.
Process limits in high-performance peel grinding of hardened steel components with coarse CBN grinding wheels
Authors: Denkena Berend , Kroedel Alexander , Wilckens Michael 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecent developments in the production processes for cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive grains have led to commercially available grain sizes larger than lg > 300 µm. These superabrasive grains allow higher material removal rates during grinding of hardened steel components. Currently, these components are pre-machined by turning processes before being hardened and eventually finished by grinding. However, the turning process can be substituted by grinding with coarse CBN-grains since higher depths of cut are achievable when machining hardened components. This paper investigates the process behaviour of vitrified and electroplated grinding wheels with large grain sizes during the machining of hardened steel components. Process forces, wear behaviour and workpiece surface roughness are investigated for three different grain sizes, and the process limits of both bond types are examined. The investigations show that vitrified tools do not fully suit the demands for peel grinding process with high material removal rates since wear by bond breakage occurs. The electroplated tools on the other hand are capable of very high material removal rates. Their wear behaviour is characterized by clogging of the chip space if the process limit is reached. Even so, both tools outperform a standard hard-turning process in terms of process time by 74% and 94% respectively. This process time reduction in combination with the possibility to use the same (machine) tool to machine both soft and hard sections of a workpiece adds flexibility to current process chains.
Two-dimensional CT measurements enable assessment of body composition on head and neck CT
Authors: Zopfs David , Pinto dos Santos Daniel , Kottlors Jonathan , Reimer Robert P. , Lennartz Simon , Kloeckner Roman , Schlaak Max , Theurich Sebastian , Kabbasch Christoph , Schlamann Marc , Große Hokamp Nils 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether simple 2D measurements in axial slices of head and neck CT examinations correlate with generally established measurements of body composition in abdominal CT at the height of the third lumbar vertebra and thus allow for an estimation of muscle and fat masses.

Methods
One hundred twenty-two patients who underwent concurrent CT of the head and neck and the abdomen between July 2016 and July 2020 were retrospectively included. For a subset of 30 patients, additional bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was available. Areas of paraspinal muscles at the height of the third (C3) and fifth cervical vertebrae (C5) as well as the total cross-sectional area at the height of C3 and at the submandibular level were correlated with the results of abdominal measurements and BIA. Furthermore, intra- and interreader variabilities of all measurements were assessed.

Results
Regarding adipose tissue, good correlations were found between the total cross-sectional area of the patient’s body at the submandibular level and at the height of C3 between both abdominal measurements and BIA results (r = 0.8–0.92; all p < 0.001). Regarding muscle, the total paraspinal muscle area at the height of C3 and C5 showed strong correlations with abdominal measurements and moderate to strong correlations with BIA results (r = 0.44–0.80; all p < 0.001), with the muscle area on C5 yielding slightly higher correlations.

Conclusions
Body composition information can be obtained with comparable reliability from head and neck CT using simple biplanar measurements as from abdominal CT.

Key Points
• The total paraspinal muscle area at the height of C3 and C5 correlates strongly with abdominal muscle mass.
• The total cross-sectional area at the submandibular level and at the height of C3 shows good correlations with abdominal fat mass.
• The described measurements facilitate a rapid, opportunistic assessment of relevant body composition parameters.
Morphology of the acromioclavicular-joint score (MAC)
Authors: Farkhondeh Fal Milad , Junker Marius , Mader Konrad , Frosch Karl Heinz , Kircher Jörn 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Introduction
To date there is no generally accepted specific definition or classification of acromioclavicular (AC) joint osteoarthritis. The aim of this study is to analyze morphological parameters using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to develop a scoring system as a basis for decision making to perform an AC-joint resection.

Materials and methods
In a retrospective-monocentric matched pair study, healthy and affected subjects were investigated using T2 MRI scans in the transverse plane. There were two groups, group 1 (n = 151) included healthy asymptomatic adults with no history of trauma. In group 2, we included n = 99 patients with symptomatic AC joints, who underwent arthroscopic AC-joint resection. The central and posterior joint space width and the AC angle were measured. Morphological changes such as cartilage degeneration, cysts and bone edema were noted. Malalignment of the joint was defined as: posterior joint space width < 2 mm in conjunction with an AC angle > 12°. A scoring system consisting of the measured morphologic factors was developed.

Results
Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients showed significant differences in all measured items. We observed a significant difference in the MAC score for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (mean 10.4 vs. 20.6, p = 0.0001). The ROC (receiver operator characteristic) analysis showed an excellent AUC of 0.899 (p = 0.001). The sensitivity of the MAC score was 0.81 and the specificity 0.86. The MAC score shows a significant moderate correlation with age (r = 0.358; p = 0.001). The correlation of age and the development of symptoms was only weak (r = 0.22, p = 0.001). Symptomatic patients showed significantly more frequent malalignment compared to asymptomatic patients (p = 0.001), but the positive predictive value that a patient with malalignment is also symptomatic is only 55%.

Conclusion
Patients with symptomatic AC joints showed a typical pattern of morphological changes on axial MRI scans with early posterior contact of the joint surfaces, reduction of joint space and malalignment as the basis for the development of a scoring system. The MAC score shows excellent test characteristics, and therefore, proved to be both an appropriate guidance for clinical practice as well as an excellent tool for comparative studies and is superior to the assessment of malalignment alone.

Level of evidence
Level IV, retrospective diagnostic study.
Fertilization and neonatal outcomes after early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a retrospective analysis of 16,769 patients
Authors: Zeng Jun , Yao Zhongyuan , Zhang Yeqing , Tian Fen , Liao Tingting , Wu Lingqian , Li Yanping 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of short-term insemination and early-rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), an approach that rescued oocytes with unclear second polar body 6 h after initial insemination by ICSI (early R-ICSI) to avoid total or near-total fertilization failure in conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods
We performed a retrospective study in 16,769 patients (short-term IVF, n = 12,094; ICSI, n = 3452; early R-ICSI, n = 1223) who received IVF/ICSI treatment in our hospital from January 2009 to October 2018. Fertilization and clinical outcomes were compared among those three groups.

Results
When considering the R-ICSI embryos in the early R-ICSI group independently, the rates of fertilization and day-3 cleaved embryos in 2PN oocytes were comparable, the rates of fertilization (2PN) and high-quality embryos were lower, whereas the multi-PN fertilization rate (3.27%) was significantly higher than the ICSI group (1.26%). The difference of clinical pregnancy rate between the part of transferred R-ICSI embryos (40.81%) and the ICSI group (44.73%) remained nonsignificant. Furthermore, the rate of congenital birth defects in the early R-ICSI group (0.99%) was not significantly different from those in the short-term IVF (0.76%) and ICSI groups (1.07%).

Conclusion
Despite the multi-PN fertilization rate, our study highlights early R-ICSI as a safe and effective alternative in assisted reproduction to decrease complete IVF fertilization failure and reduce ICSI utilization. Additional large amount and long-term follow-up studies are needed to further validate the use of early R-ICSI.
Astroglial and oligodendroglial markers in the cuprizone animal model for de- and remyelination
Authors: Castillo-Rodriguez Maria de los Angeles , Gingele Stefan , Schröder Lara-Jasmin , Möllenkamp Thiemo , Stangel Martin , Skripuletz Thomas , Gudi Viktoria 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMyelin loss with consecutive axon degeneration and impaired remyelination are the underlying causes of progressive disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Astrocytes are suggested to play a major role in these processes. The unmasking of distinct astrocyte identities in health and disease would help to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms in which astrocytes are involved. However, the number of specific astrocyte markers is limited. Therefore, we performed immunohistochemical studies and analyzed various markers including GFAP, vimentin, S100B, ALDH1L1, and LCN2 during de- and remyelination using the toxic murine cuprizone animal model. Applying this animal model, we were able to confirm overlapping expression of vimentin and GFAP and highlighted the potential of ALDH1L1 as a pan-astrocytic marker, in agreement with previous data. Only a small population of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the corpus callosum highly up-regulated LCN2 at the peak of demyelination and S100B expression was found in a subset of oligodendroglia as well, thus S100B turned out to have a limited use as a particular astroglial marker. Additionally, numerous GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lateral corpus callosum did not express S100B, further strengthening findings of heterogeneity in the astrocytic population. In conclusion, our results acknowledged that GFAP, vimentin, LCN2, and ALDH1L1 serve as reliable marker to identify activated astrocytes during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination. Moreover, there were clear regional and temporal differences in protein and mRNA expression levels and patterns of the studied markers, generally between gray and white matter structures.