bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HI-H2 transition: Exploring the role of the magnetic field
Authors: Skalidis R. , Tassis K. , Panopoulou G. V. , Pineda J. L. , Gong Y. , Mandarakas N. , Blinov D. , Kiehlmann S. , Kypriotakis J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Context. Atomic gas in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) is organized in filamentary structures. These structures usually host cold and dense molecular clumps. The Galactic magnetic field is considered to play an important role in the formation of these clumps.
Aims. Our goal is to explore the role of the magnetic field in the HI-H2 transition process.
Methods. We targeted a diffuse ISM filamentary cloud toward the Ursa Major cirrus where gas transitions from atomic to molecular. We probed the magnetic field properties of the cloud with optical polarization observations. We performed multiwavelength spectroscopic observations of different species in order to probe the gas phase properties of the cloud. We observed the CO (J = 1−0) and (J = 2−1) lines in order to probe the molecular content of the cloud. We also obtained observations of the [C ii] 157.6µm emission line in order to trace the CO-dark H2 gas and estimate the mean volume density of the cloud.
Results. We identified two distinct subregions within the cloud. One of the regions is mostly atomic, while the other is dominated by molecular gas, although most of it is CO-dark. The estimated plane-of-the-sky magnetic field strength between the two regions remains constant within uncertainties and lies in the range 13–30 µG. The total magnetic field strength does not scale with density. This implies that gas is compressed along the field lines. We also found that turbulence is trans-Alfvénic, with MA ≈ 1. In the molecular region, we detected an asymmetric CO clump whose minor axis is closer, with a 24° deviation, to the mean magnetic field orientation than the angle of its major axis. The H i velocity gradients are in general perpendicular to the mean magnetic field orientation except for the region close to the CO clump, where they tend to become parallel. This phenomenon is likely related to gas undergoing gravitational infall. The magnetic field morphology of the target cloud is parallel to the H i column density structure of the cloud in the atomic region, while it tends to become perpendicular to the H i structure in the molecular region. On the other hand, the magnetic field morphology seems to form a smaller offset angle with the total column density shape (including both atomic and molecular gas) of this transition cloud.
Conclusions. In the target cloud where the H i–H2 transition takes place, turbulence is trans-Alfvénic, and hence the magnetic field plays an important role in the cloud dynamics. Atomic gas probably accumulates preferentially along the magnetic field lines and creates overdensities where molecular gas can form. The magnetic field morphology is probed better by the total column density shape of the cloud, and not its H i column density shape.
Ca II triplet spectroscopy of Small Magellanic Cloud red giants
Authors: De Bortoli B. J. , Parisi M. C. , Bassino L. P. , Geisler D. , Dias B. , Gimeno G. , Angelo M. S. , Mauro F. 
Published: July 2022

Aims.In this paper we analyze the chemical evolution of the main body of the SMC, adding six additional clusters to previously published samples, based on homogeneously determined and accurate metallicities.Methods.We derived radial velocities and Ca II Triplet (CaT) metallicity of more than 150 red giants stars in six SMC star clusters and their surrounding fields, with the instrument GMOS on GEMINI-S. The mean cluster radial velocity and metallicity were obtained with mean errors of 2.2 km s−1and 0.03 dex, while the mean field metallicities have a mean error of 0.13 dex. We add this information to that available for another 51 clusters and 30 fields with CaT metallicities on the same scale. Using this expanded sample we analyze the chemical properties of the SMC main body, defined as the inner 3.4° in semimajor axis.Results.We found a high probability that the metallicity distribution of the main body clusters is bimodal with a metal-rich and a metal-poor cluster group, having mean metallicities with a dispersion ofμ = −0.80,σ = 0.06 andμ = −1.15,σ = 0.10 dex, respectively. On the other hand, main body field stars show a unimodal metallicity distribution peaking at [Fe/H] ∼ −1 and dispersion of 0.3. Neither metal-rich nor metal-poor clusters present a metallicity gradient. However, the full main body cluster sample and field stars have a negative metallicity gradient consistent with each other, but the one corresponding to clusters has a large error due to the large metallicity dispersion present in the clusters studied in that region. Metal-rich clusters present a clear age–metallicity relation, while metal-poor clusters present no chemical enrichment throughout the life of the galaxy.Conclusions.We present observational evidence that the chemical enrichment is complex in the SMC main body. Two cluster groups with potential different origins could be coexisting in the main body. More data with precise and homogeneous metallicities and distances are needed and dynamical simulations are required to understand the possible different origins for the two cluster groups.
Behandlung, Verlauf und Therapieerfolg der Neuropathie des Nervus tibialis bei Deutsch-Holstein Kühen
Authors: Kaiser Anne , Kaiser Matthias , Brehm Walter , Spilke Joachim , Dettmann Steve , Klose Kristin , Starke Alexander 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel Nach bereits publizierten Ergebnissen dieser prospektiven Studie zu Vorkommen, Vorbericht, klinischem Bild der Neuropathie des N. tibialis (Tibialis-Neuropathie, TN) war es Ziel auf Behandlung und Prognose dieser Erkrankung einzugehen.Material und Methoden Von 88 Deutsch-Holstein-Kühen mit ein- (ETN, n = 71) und beidseitiger (BTN, n = 17) TN konnten Daten von 68 Kühen (56 ETN, 12 BTN) ausgewertet werden. Sie wurden retrospektiv 4 Gruppen zugeteilt: ohne Behandlung – spontane Ausheilung innerhalb 48 h (Spontan, 5 ETN), kein Verband (0Cast, 8 ETN, 3 BTN) bzw. mit Behandlung mit Antiphlogistika und Stützverband (StV, 3 ETN) oder Kunstharzverband (Cast, 40 ETN, 9 BTN). Zu 5 Zeitpunkten (14, 21, 28, 42, 56 d nach Erstvorstellung) erfolgten Kontrollen der behandelten Kühe. Zur letzten Kontrolle erfolgte bei 29 Kühen, wie bereits zur Erstvorstellung, eine Bestimmung der Plasma-Kreatinkinase-Aktivität.Ergebnisse Bei behandelten Kühen mit ETN wurde eine deutlich höhere Ausheilungsrate beobachtet als bei unbehandelten Kühen (Cast 98 % und StV 100 % vs. 0Cast 62 %). Im Vergleich dazu war der beobachtete Unterschied zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Kühen mit BTN nicht so deutlich (78 % vs. 67 %). Die ermittelte Überlebensdauer der Kühe nach Ausheilung der TN war höher als ohne Ausheilung (545 d vs. 100 d). Die initial erhöhten Plasma-Kreatinkinase-Aktivitäten näherten sich nach Behandlung wieder dem Referenzbereich (434 U/l vs. 152 U/l).Schlussfolgerungen Insbesondere für die ETN ist nach Therapie mit Antiphlogistika und stabilisierendem Verband die Prognose als sehr gut anzusehen. Bei BTN war die Prognose abhängig von Art und Grad der Primärschädigung. Hinweise für eine schlechte Prognose waren insbesondere Ausfälle der Hautsensibilität. Bei guter Prognose ist die Therapie der TN aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht zu empfehlen, da in dieser Studie die Kühe nach Ausheilung im Mittel bis mindestens zur darauffolgenden Laktation gehalten werden konnten.Klinische Relevanz Die Studie verdeutlicht die Vorteile der Behandlung mit einem stabilisierenden Verband im Ausheilungsverlauf der TN. Bei der TN scheint im Vergleich zu Neuropathien anderer peripherer Nerven die Schädigung der Muskulatur von besonderer Bedeutung für das Krankheitsgeschehen zu sein.
Auswirkung einer Nabeldesinfektion auf die Nabelgesundheit beim Kalb
Authors: Lang Dorothee , Sickinger Marlene , Wehrend Axel 
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel Nabelentzündungen beim Kalb sind eine regelmäßig vorkommende Erkrankung. Zur Prophylaxe wird oftmals eine frühzeitige Desinfektion des Nabels nach der Geburt empfohlen. Inwiefern diese Empfehlung wissenschaftlich belegt ist, sollte im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche analysiert werden.
Material und Methoden Im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche wurden nur Studien beachtet, in denen die Effektivität dieser Maßnahme hinsichtlich der Prävention von Nabelinfektionen untersucht wurde. Eine klinische Datengrundlage musste vorliegen.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten nur 6 Studien gefunden werden, die den Effekt einer Nabeldesinfektion als prophylaktische Maßnahme untersucht haben. Nur in einer Studie konnte ein präventiver Effekt nachgewiesen werden.
Schlussfolgerung Einschränkend muss jedoch festgehalten werden, dass alle Studien methodische Mängel aufwiesen, sodass derzeit keine Daten dazu vorliegen, ob sich eine Nabeldesinfektion beim Kalb positiv auf die Nabelgesundheit auswirkt.
Histopathological Changes on Liver Architecture Due to Toxic Effect of Chromium with Protective Role of Vitamin E on Albino Rats: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kausar Hina , Tripathi Alok , Kaushik Ram Kumar , Khare Satyam , Jain Shilpi , Raizaday Shobhit 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Introduction This histopathological study was done with an aim to learn about the biohazardous effects of chromium toxicity with protective role of alpha-tocopherol on liver parenchyma of albino rat when fed orally.
Materials and Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Subharti Medical College, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), India, in collaboration with Department of Pathology and Pharmacology.The experiment was conducted as per the guidelines of the Committee for Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals, with registration number 1204/PO/Re/S/2008/CPSEA, and with permission of the Animal Ethical Committee, on 36 adult male rats of ∼60 days of age; 140 ± 20 g of body weight was used; all the experimental animals were kept in polypropylene cage, and fed with pellet diet and water.
Result When exposed to chromium for long, it resulted in toxicity and damaged the cellular components during reduction process of chromium by releasing of free radicals, leading to deoxyribonucleic acid damage, but the chain-breaking antioxidant effects of alpha-tocopherol played an important role by reversing the damage caused by chromium toxicity, hence proved hepatoprotective.
Conclusion Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is proved to be hepatoprotective against hepatotoxic effect of chromium metal.
Impact of Use of Social Media on Adolescent's Mental Health in a Tier 2 City—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sohane Arpit , Ghanghoriya Pawan , Tiwari Asha 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground Social media has been defined as a form of electronic communication that is used for communication and expression of thoughts. It is a boon for the young generation as it has a lot of positive impacts like global connectivity, easy/inexpensive communication, and sharing of information; however, it is associated with serious adverse effects/imprints on the mental health of adolescent's developing brain.Method This was an observational, cross-sectional study on 200 students from two government schools. After obtaining consent from parents and teacher, students were asked to fill a preprinted form containing a 12-point survey questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory for assessment of depression, and a 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (12-item GHQ) for the assessment of common mental health disorders. Obtained data was analyzed among social media users and nonusers.Results The study included 200 adolescents, 84 (42%) were of 11th standard and 116 (58%) were of 12th standard. Eighty-five adolescents (42.5%) were males and 115 (57.5%) were females; median age was 14 years. The mean Beck Depression Inventory score among users was 11.47 +7.54 as compared with 6.702 +6.67 among nonusers, p = 0.0005, significant. The mean 12-item GHQ score among users was 7.631 + 5.37 as compared with 7.05 + 5.79 among nonusers, p = 0.5589, insignificant. About 82.8% students used WhatsApp, 39.8% used Facebook, 40.4% used Instagram, 26.9% used Snapchat, and 17.17% used YouTube.Conclusion Majority of adolescents are using social media nowadays and are found to have various mental health problems in this study. This highlights the importance of awareness among parents, teachers, and adolescent health-care providers.
Prevention of Serious Complications during Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: A Case-Based Technical Review
Authors: Rana Surinder Singh , Shah Jimil , Bhujade Harish , Gorsi Ujjwal , Kang Mandeep , Gupta Rajesh 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has a potential risk of clinically significant adverse events including fatal complications. Learning from complications improves the results from interventional procedures especially the high-risk procedure like EUS-BD. The various complications that have been reported following EUS-BD include bile leak, bleeding, cholangitis, peritonitis, stent migration both internal and external as well as in the peritoneal cavity and fatal perforations. In this technical review, we discuss technical strategies to prevent serious adverse events during EUS-BD using a case based approach.
Endosonography-Guided Caudate Lobe Liver Abscess Drainage: A Case and Review of Methods
Authors: Zanwar Shankar , Agrawal Amit 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere are only 11 cases of caudate lobe liver abscess drainage described in the published literature. We present a case of liver abscess drainage done by endosonography (EUS) and review of various EUS-guided liver abscess drainage techniques and endoprostheses. Here we have aimed at reviewing the data for paving the way for the development of a consensus for liver abscess drainage.
New Kid on the Block: “Speedboat”
Authors: Nabi Zaheer , Reddy D. Nageshwar 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInnovations in devices and techniques have parallelly propelled the field of therapeutic endoscopy in gastrointestinal tract. With the development of endoscopic resection techniques and the availability of newly designed electrosurgical knives, the minimally invasive management of early gastrointestinal neoplasms has revolutionized. The currently available electrosurgical knives are monopolar devices, not equipped with injection needle and required to be exchanged with coagulation forceps for hemostasis. Monopolar electrosurgical devices require higher voltages with associated risks. A recent innovation in the field of endoscopic knives is a new device called “Speedboat” device, specially designed for use in endoscopic dissection procedures. This is a bipolar device that utilizes radio frequency energy for cutting and microwave energy for achieving hemostasis. Speedboat device possesses hemostasis capability and has an integrated injection needle that imparts an “all-in-one” quality to this device. Preliminary data suggest the safety and utility of this device in performing a variety of endoscopic dissection and resection procedures including endoscopic submucosal dissection, per-oral endoscopic myotomy, and resection of subepithelial tumors.
Power Spiral Enteroscopy: A Quick and Powerful Dive Deep Inside the Small Bowel!
Authors: Achanta Chalapathi Rao , Imandi Vasanthika , Kinhal Sudhanva V. , Sundharam Sridhar , Panigrahi Manas , Didchela Sneha Shanthi , Hanumanthu Swetha , Kunchala Raja Mahesh , Singh Amninder 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA comprehensive and detailed small bowel evaluation became possible since 2001 with the advent of a wireless capsule endoscope that was primarily used for diagnostic purposes. Simultaneously, the development of balloon-assisted enteroscope made detailed evaluation and therapy possible in the deeper small bowel. A novel motorized spiral enteroscope, introduced in 2015, is the most recent addition to the list of device-assisted enteroscopes. The rotational movements of the spiral overtube controlled by the integrated motor are transmitted into a linear force causing forward and backward propulsion of the scope in the bowel. There is emerging evidence about its safety and efficacy in the diagnosis and therapy of various small bowel diseases.
MRI Tracking of Iron Oxide Labelled Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Artificial Stifle Defects
Authors: von Pueckler Kerstin , John Karen , Kramer Martin , Bokemeyer Jan , Arnhold Stefan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelling of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) and the detection and semiquantitative evaluation of the labelled cells after implantation in artificial canine stifle defects using magnetic resonance imaging.
Methods Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 10 paired (n = 20) cadaveric stifle joints were evaluated after creation of chondral defects and embedding of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelled canine mesenchymal stem cells. To prove the feasibility of the labelling for in vivo usage, Prussian blue staining, cell vitality tests and intralesional administration of labelled cells were conducted. Magnetic resonance imaging of ex vivo defects filled with different cell concentrations was obtained to depict the cell content semiquantitatively via signal intensity measurements (region of interest).
Results Prussian blue staining showed that the labelling was effective. According to the vitality tests, it had no significant short-term influence on cell viability and proliferation rate. For the evaluation of the defect T2* sequences were feasible and stifle defects were visible allowing measurements of the signal intensity in all cases. Increasing the cell concentration within the chondral defects resulted in an inversely proportional, significant reduction of signal intensity according to the region of interest.
Clinical Significance Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelling was effective. The detection of the AdMSCs in a complex anatomical structure like the surface of the femoral condyle was possible and the T2* signal intensity of the implant region was significantly correlated with the concentration of the AdMSCs.
Discovery of ferromagnetism in new multicomponent alloy Ti–Nb–Cr–Ru
Authors: Kitagawa Jiro , Fukuda Masaki , Fukuda Satoshi , Fujiki Kenta , Nakamura Yuki , Nishizaki Terukazu 
Published: July 2022

We report the discovery of ferromagnetism in the cubic CsCl-type Ti21∼25Nb20∼24Cr5∼10Ru∼49 multicomponent alloy. In metals, the appearance of ferromagnetism due to the Cr magnetic moment is a rare phenomenon. The purest sample shows ferromagnetism with the Curie temperature of 38 K. The effective magnetic moment and the Weiss temperature are 3.67 μB/Cr and 58 K, respectively, derived from the temperature dependence of dc magnetization. These values mean the ferromagnetic exchange interaction between the localized Cr magnetic moments. The ferromagnetic nature is also confirmed by the isothermal magnetization curve with the highest magnetization of 1.1 μB/Cr at 2 K. The electronic structure calculation also supports a ferromagnetic ground state in the CsCl-type structure. We further investigated the effect of elemental substitution on the ferromagnetic behavior. The partial substitution of Pd for Ru heavily suppresses the Curie temperature, indicating that the Ru atom may play an essential role in sustaining ferromagnetism. Ti21∼25Nb20∼24Cr5∼10Ru∼49 would be the first example of the ferromagnetic Cr-containing multicomponent alloy, and this study shows the usefulness of the large compositional space in exploring novel phenomena.
Galileo’s speedometer: an approach to the concept of instantaneous velocity
Authors: Aguiar C E , Barroso M F , Dias P M C , Francisquini M F B 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Difficulties presented by students on the concept of instantaneous velocity are well known. This is in part due to instantaneous speed being often defined in terms of the notion of mathematical limit, which may not be clear to many students in introductory physics courses. In this work we present a complementary teaching proposal that can help students to get a better grasp of instantaneous velocity. The approach is based on Galileo’s ideas on instantaneous speed, which he borrowed from the Mertonian scholars much before infinitesimal calculus was developed.
Shrinking violet
Authors: Hughes Stephen , Wegener Margaret , Gurung Som 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a simple method is described for visually demonstrating that the wavelength of light reduces when entering a medium of higher refractive index. When a violet laser (405 nm) is reflected off the surface of a Blu-ray disc (track spacing 320 nm) diffraction cannot occur since the wavelength is greater than the track spacing. However, in water (refractive index 1.33) the wavelength of violet light reduces to 304.5 nm and therefore first-order diffraction can occur when a violet laser is reflected off a Blu-ray disc submerged in water. A violet laser was reflected off a DVD in air, and one diffraction order was seen, but two orders were observed when the disc was immersed in water. Red, green, and violet lasers were reflected off CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs and the number of observed diffraction orders compared with theory. When a violet laser was reflected off a CD in air, three diffraction orders were seen, however five orders were observed in water. The use of tonic water in the experiments enabled the diffraction orders to be seen more easily because violet light causes the quinine in tonic water to fluoresce.
FLUKA cross sections for cosmic-ray interactions with the DRAGON2 code
Authors: De La Torre Luque P. , Mazziotta M.N. , Ferrari A. , Loparco F. , Sala P.R. , Serini D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Secondary particles produced in spallation reactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar gas provide valuable information that allow us to investigate the injection and transport of charged particles in the Galaxy. A good understanding of the cross sections of production of these particles is crucial to correctly interpret our models, although the existing experimental data is very scarce and uncertain. We have developed a new set of cross sections, both inelastic and inclusive, computed with the FLUKA Monte Carlo nuclear code and tested its compatibility with CR data. Inelastic and inclusive cross sections have been compared to the most up-to-date data and parameterisations finding a general good agreement.

Then, these cross sections have been implemented in the DRAGON2 code to characterize the spectra of CR nuclei up to Z = 26 and the secondary-to-primary ratios of B, Be and Li. Interestingly, we find that the FLUKA cross sections allow us to predict an energy-dependence of the B, Be and Li flux ratios which is compatible with AMS-02 data and to reproduce simultaneously these flux ratios with a scaling lower than 20%. Finally, we implement the cross sections of production of gamma rays, calculated with FLUKA, in the Gammasky code and compute diffuse gamma-ray sky maps and the local HI emissivity spectrum, finding a very good agreement with Fermi Large Area Telescope data.