bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-265 Neuropsychological Profile Associated with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures, Autism, and Comorbid Neurodevelopmental Conditions
Authors: Kallus Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: There is a dearth of data related to psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A neuropsychological case study was completed involving ASD and PNES to improve our understanding of brain behavior relationships and expand our clinical reach within this population.
Method: A 9-year-old male with ASD, comorbid mild intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional-defiant disorder was evaluated. He exhibited seizure-like episodes, involving staring, tremor, shaking, confusion, and prolonged memory lapses. Prior EEG was consistent with epileptiform focus in the right parasagittal region. Repeat EEG, brain MRI, and 3-day continuous EEG (cEEG) were unremarkable. Clinical episodes during cEEG had no EEG correlate or seizure episodes and included features inconsistent with epileptic seizures, indicating PNES.
Results: Indices assessing aptitude and intellect were broadly dampened (&lt; 1st-5th percentile), aside from visual-spatial processing (77th percentile). His profile revealed difficulties with language (e.g., receptive and expressive vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension), rote and contextual verbal learning and memory, executive functioning (e.g., working memory, inhibition, and switching), processing speed, and fine motor skills (all &lt; 1st-9th percentile). Visual-perception and visual-motor integration were strengths. See Table 1 for selected neuropsychological results.
Conclusions: Given combined neurodevelopmental diagnoses, neuropsychological challenges were expected. The visuospatial strength was consistent with literature findings that some with ASD display enhanced visual-perception. Because seizure episodes were identified as non-epileptic, while behaviorally concerning, these events were not likely contributing to the neurocognitive presentation. There is need for future studies to examine the neuropsychological profiles and brain-behavior relationships of individuals with PNES and ASD.
A-281 The Relationship Between Mood, Cognition, and Functional Impairment in Recovered COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Keren Yocheved , Russell Katherine E , Basile Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Recent studies exploring the psychological and cognitive effects of COVID-19 indicate decline in memory, language, and executive functioning, as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between acute COVID-19 symptom load and self-report of psychological, cognitive, and functional outcomes after recovery.
Method: 65 adults treated by Staten Island University Hospital for COVID-19 participated in a brief battery of screening measures. The protocol included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-2, Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5, and World Health Organization Schedule Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS). Participants were asked about 11 symptoms they may have experienced when acutely ill to determine the total COVID-19 symptom load (CSL) and current cognitive and psychological symptoms. Pearson’s correlation was used to investigate associations between variables.
Results: CSL was not associated with total WHODAS score, although it was weakly associated with the Self-Care and Life Activities domains. Current cognitive symptom load was moderately associated with most WHODAS domains. It was most strongly associated with Understanding and Communication (r=0.36; p=0.003). All psychological domains were associated with greater WHODAS impairment, and depression had the strongest association (r=0.43; p&lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: CSL does not appear to predict the functional impacts of COVID-19. Psychological factors, particularly depression, appear to be slightly more associated with functional impairment than cognitive symptoms. Results highlight the importance of targeted intervention for current cognitive and psychological symptoms in recovered COVD-19 patients, regardless of CSL.
A-293 Impulsivity and Executive Function in Older Adults with Personality Disorders
Authors: Bushell Christine , Zweig Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: This review examines the impact of age on impulsivity-related executive functions (IREF) in personality disorders (PDs) characterized by impulsivity, i.e., antisocial (ASPD)/borderline (BPD) PDs. ASPD/BPD prevalence decreases with age, and general consensus purports a positive age effect on impulsivity -- despite longitudinal studies showing generally reduced executive function (EF) with age. This review explores the apparent contradiction between diminished EF in older adulthood and declines in impulsivity believed to occur with age.
Data Selection: Searches (e.g., “impulsivity”, “aging”, “ASPD”/”BPD”, “EF”) across Google Scholar and PsycINFO yielded studies incorporating self-reported impulsivity and neuropsychological IREF measures. 19 studies (1997-2021) spanning, a) self-reported/trait impulsivity in ASPD/BPD, b) IREF in ASPD/BPD,) c) impulsivity/EF in normal aging, and d) ASPD/BPD in older adulthood, were informally extracted. Included EF studies incorporated measures of inhibition, delay discounting, and/or planning; studies limited to other executive skills were excluded.
Data Synthesis: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and meta-analytic self-report and neuropsychological results reflect elevated impulsivity in ASPD/BPD groups. Despite prior research suggesting decreased impulsivity with age, this review demonstrates mixed/contradictory results for older ASPD/BPD groups and possible explanations.
Conclusions: Mixed findings perpetuate questions surrounding IREF in older ASPD/BPD groups. However, executive dysfunction and PDs are individually associated with functional impairment in aging. Greater understanding of IREF and ASPD/BPD in aging populations could identify those in need of intervention to mitigate functional consequences. Future research using wider age ranges, consistent operationalization of constructs, and increased control for confounds, would allow for better understanding of PDs’ unique impact on EF in older adulthood and the associated consequences.
A-305 Boston Naming Test Replacement Item 48 (Boomerang) in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Chokshi Avni , King Jason A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is a measure of language that assesses confrontation naming and is widely used in clinical neuropsychology. Item 48 contains problematic content (drawing of a noose) that is offensive and causes emotional distress for many examinees. How should clinicians administer and interpret the BNT, considering that existing norms were collected with item 48?
Method: We administered both original item 48 (noose) and new replacement item 48 (boomerang) to a sample of 171 individuals referred for clinical neuropsychological evaluation to our outpatient practice. Our sample was 45% female (77 of 171), with an average age of 62.6 years old (range 18–89; SD 15.3), and average education of 15.9 years (range 7–20; SD 2.5).
Results: Our results indicated an overall consistency of 76.6% between the two items (131 of 171 participants). A participant was categorized as consistent if they obtained both scores correct or both scores incorrect on the two items. This result indicates that the original item 48 and replacement item 48 are of similar difficulty in a diverse clinical sample.
Conclusions: In summary, our data indicates that performance on the new replacement item is consistent with performance on the original item roughly ¾ of the time. Considering the multiple potential methods for administering the BNT without original item 48, we believe substituting replacement item 48 represents the most efficient use of clinical time and resources, while giving the examinee the opportunity to demonstrate their performance on an item of comparable difficulty to original item 48.
A-310 Sensitivity and Specificity of the Portland Digit Recognition Test: Online vs In-Person
Authors: Huston Chloe , Poreh Amir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: With the proliferation of telehealth and online neuropsychological assessment, a question is raised to whether the results of such measures are comparable to those used in person. Thus, this study aimed to compare the performance of an online adaptation of the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT) at detecting simulators of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to that of the in-person PDRT when TBI patients are utilized.
Methods: 400 participants were randomly assigned to the simulated malingerers’ or the control group and completed an online adaptation of the PDRT. The malingerers’ group was instructed to perform as if they have a TBI. Sensitivity and specificity using the suggest cutoff score for the online PDRT were compared to in-person PDRT scores from published studies using the original suggested cutoffs.
Results: ROC analysis of online PDRT scores used during this study demonstrated a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 95%. When compared to in-person studies that used samples of TBI patients (e.g. Greve and Bianchini, 2006; Greve et al., 2008; Bianchini et al., 2001), the online version of the PDRT consistently had higher sensitivity but not higher specificity.
Conclusions: This study has helped demonstrate the validity of an online version of the PDRT for detection of malingering. When compared to the sensitivity and specificity of in-person PDRT scores, the online version consistently had higher sensitivity and lower specificity. Additional research and comparisons are needed to further validate the online version of the PDRT for malingering detection.
White matter abnormalities characterize the acute stage of sports-related mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mito Remika , Parker Donna M , Abbott David F , Makdissi Michael , Pedersen Mangor , Jackson Graeme D 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSports-related concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury, is characterized by transient disturbances of brain function. There is increasing evidence that functional brain changes may be driven by subtle abnormalities in white matter microstructure, and diffusion MRI has been instrumental in demonstrating these white matter abnormalities in vivo. However, the reported location and direction of the observed white matter changes in mild traumatic brain injury are variable, likely attributable to the inherent limitations of the white matter models used. This cross-sectional study applies an advanced and robust technique known as fixel-based analysis to investigate fibre tract-specific abnormalities in professional Australian Football League players with a recent mild traumatic brain injury. We used the fixel-based analysis framework to identify common abnormalities found in specific fibre tracts in participants with an acute injury (≤12 days after injury; n = 14). We then assessed whether similar changes exist in subacute injury (&gt;12 days and &lt;3 months after injury; n = 15). The control group was 29 neurologically healthy control participants. We assessed microstructural differences in fibre density and fibre bundle morphology and performed whole-brain fixel-based analysis to compare groups. Subsequent tract-of-interest analyses were performed within five selected white matter tracts to investigate the relationship between the observed tract-specific abnormalities and days since injury and the relationship between these tract-specific changes with cognitive abnormalities. Our whole-brain analyses revealed significant increases in fibre density and bundle cross-section in the acute mild traumatic brain injury group when compared with controls. The acute mild traumatic brain injury group showed even more extensive differences when compared with the subacute injury group than with controls. The fibre structures affected in acute concussion included the corpus callosum, left prefrontal and left parahippocampal white matter. The fibre density and cross-sectional increases were independent of time since injury in the acute injury group, and were not associated with cognitive deficits. Overall, this study demonstrates that acute mild traumatic brain injury is characterized by specific white matter abnormalities, which are compatible with tract-specific cytotoxic oedema. These potential oedematous changes were absent in our subacute mild traumatic brain injury participants, suggesting that they may normalize within 12 days after injury, although subtle abnormalities may persist in the subacute stage. Future longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate individualized recovery after brain injury.
Deep-learning retinal vessel calibre measurements and risk of cognitive decline and dementia
Authors: Cheung Carol Y , Wong Win Lee Edwin , Hilal Saima , Kan Cheuk Ni , Gyanwali Bibek , Tham Yih Chung , Schmetterer Leopold , Xu Dejiang , Lee Mong Li , Hsu Wynne , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Tan Boon Yeow , Wong Tien Yin , Chen Christopher P L H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have explored the associations of retinal vessel calibre, measured from retinal photographs or fundus images using semi-automated computer programs, with cognitive impairment and dementia, supporting the concept that retinal blood vessels reflect microvascular changes in the brain. Recently, artificial intelligence deep-learning algorithms have been developed for the fully automated assessment of retinal vessel calibres. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether deep-learning-based retinal vessel calibre measurements are predictive of risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We conducted a prospective study recruiting participants from memory clinics at the National University Hospital and St. Luke’s Hospital in Singapore; all participants had comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological examinations at baseline and annually for up to 5 years. Fully automated measurements of retinal arteriolar and venular calibres from retinal fundus images were estimated using a deep-learning system. Cox regression models were then used to assess the relationship between baseline retinal vessel calibre and the risk of cognitive decline and developing dementia, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education, cerebrovascular disease status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking. A total of 491 participants were included in this study, of whom 254 developed cognitive decline over 5 years. In multivariable models, narrower retinal arteriolar calibre (hazard ratio per standard deviation decrease = 1.258, P = 0.008) and wider retinal venular calibre (hazard ratio per standard deviation increase = 1.204, P = 0.037) were associated with increased risk of cognitive decline. Among participants with cognitive impairment but no dementia at baseline (n = 212), 44 progressed to have incident dementia; narrower retinal arteriolar calibre was also associated with incident dementia (hazard ratio per standard deviation decrease = 1.624, P = 0.021). In summary, deep-learning-based measurement of retinal vessel calibre was associated with risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
A diagnosis model of parental care: How parents optimize their provisioning strategy in brood reduction?
Authors: Zhu Zhen-Qin , Zi Shu-Mei , Gao Li-Fang , Zhang Xiao-Dan , Liu Fang-Yuan , Wang Qian , Du Bo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAltricial birds often display biased preferences in providing parental care for their dependent offspring, especially during food shortages. During this process, such inflexible rules may result in provisioning errors. To demonstrate how parents optimize their provisioning strategies, we proposed a “diagnosis model” of parental care to posit that parents will undergo a diagnosis procedure to test whether selecting against some particular offspring based on phenotype is an optimal strategy. We tested this model in an asynchronous hatching bird, the Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus, based on 10 years of data about demography and parental provisioning behaviors. Given their higher daily survival rates, core offspring (those hatched on the first day) merits an investment priority compared with their marginal brood mates (those hatched on later days). However, a marginal offspring also merited a priority if it displayed greater weight gain than the expected value at the early post-hatching days. Parents could detect such a marginal offspring via a diagnosis strategy, in which they provisioned the brood at the diagnosis stage by delivering food to every nestling that begged, then biased food toward high-value nestlings at the subsequent decision stage by making a negative response to the begging of low-value nestlings. In this provisioning strategy, the growth performance of a nestling became a more reliable indicator of its investment value than its hatching order or competitive ability. Our findings provide evidence for this “diagnosis model of parental care” wherein parents use a diagnosis method to optimize their provisioning strategy in brood reduction.
Stability, survival, and patient satisfaction with CAD/CAM versus conventional multistranded fixed retainers in orthodontic patients: a 6-month follow-up of a two-centre randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Gera Arwa , Pullisaar Helen , Cattaneo Paolo M , Gera Shadi , Vandevska-Radunovic Vaska , Cornelis Marie A 
Published: August 2022

SummaryObjectivesThe primary aim of this two-arm parallel two-centre randomized controlled trial was to compare computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) versus conventional multistranded fixed retainers (FRs) in terms of stability over 6 months. Secondary outcomes were failure rates and patient satisfaction.MethodsPatients were randomized to CAD/CAM or conventional FRs in both arches, in 1:1 ratio and blocks of four. Allocation concealment was secured by using sequentially numbered envelopes. Patients were blinded. Retainers were bonded at the end of orthodontic treatment (T0), and patients were recalled after 1 (T1), 3 (T3), and 6 (T6) months. First-time retainer failures were recorded and digital impressions were taken. Arch widths and lengths, as well as Little’s Irregularity Index (LII), were measured. Additionally, patients answered satisfaction questionnaires. Linear mixed models were applied for measurements and patient satisfaction. Survival analyses were estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves, along with Cox-regression modelling.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-one patients were randomized (98 in Centre 1, and 83 in Centre 2): Ninety in the CAD/CAM group and 91 in the conventional group. Three subjects dropped out at baseline, as they did not attend any of the follow-up appointments.168 patients attended the T6 visit. There were no significant differences in arch dimensions between T0 and T6, whilst the LII was different only in the CAD/CAM group (mean difference: 0.2 mm; 95% confidence interval: 0.1 to 0.4; P &lt; 0.001). Within 6 months, 39 upper retainers (19 out of 88 CAD/CAM and 20 out of 90 conventional retainers) and 52 lower retainers failed (26 out of 88 CAD/CAM and 26 out of 90 conventional retainers), with no significant difference between the survival of both types of retainers (hazard ratios conventional to CAD/CAM: upper arch: 0.99 [P =0.99], lower arch: 0.93 [P = 0.80]). There were no significant changes in patient satisfaction between the groups. No harms were observed.ConclusionsThere were no clinically significant differences in LII, arch widths and lengths between CAD/CAM and conventional retainers after 6 months. There was no difference in failures and in patient satisfaction between both types of FRs.RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04389879.
Sympathetic activation in heart failure
Authors: Gronda E , Dusi V , D’Elia E , Iacoviello M , Benvenuto E , Vanoli E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sympathetic activation has been long appreciated exclusively as a fundamental compensatory mechanism of the failing heart and, thus, welcome and to be supported. In the initial clinical phases of heart failure (HF), the sympathetic nervous system overdrive plays a compensatory function aimed at maintaining an adequate cardiac output despite the inotropic dysfunction affecting the myocardium. However, when the sympathetic reflex response is exaggerated it triggers a sequence of unfavourable remodelling processes causing a further contractile deterioration that unleashes major adverse cardiovascular consequences, favouring the HF progression and the occurrence of fatal events. Eventually, the sympathetic nervous system in HF was demonstrated to be a ‘lethality factor’ and thus became a prominent therapeutic target. The existence of an effective highly specialized intracardiac neuronal network immediately rules out the old concept that sympathetic activation in HF is merely the consequence of a drop in cardiac output. When a cardiac damage occurs, such as myocardial ischaemia or a primary myocardial disorder, the adaptive capability of the system may be overcame, leading to excessive sympatho-excitation coupled with attenuation till to abolishment of central parasympathetic drive. Myocardial infarction causes, within a very short time, both a functional and anatomical remodelling with a diffuse up-regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF). The subsequent nerve sprouting signal, facilitated by a rise in the levels of NGF in the left stellate ganglion and in the serum, triggers an increase in cardiac nerve density in both peri-infarct and non-infarcted areas. Finally, NFG production decreases over time, supposedly as an adaptative response to the prolonged exposure to sympathetic overactivity, leading in the end to a reduction in sympathetic nerve density. Accordingly, NGF levels were markedly reduced in patients with severe congestive heart failure. The kidney is the other key player of the sympathetic response to HF as it indeed reacts to under-perfusion and to loop diuretics to preserve filtration at the cost of many pathological consequences on its physiology. This vicious loop ultimately participates to the chronic and disruptive sympathetic overdrive.
In conclusion, sympathetic activation is the natural physiological consequence to life stressors but also to any condition that may harm our body. It is the first system of reaction to any potential life-threatening event. However, in any aspect of life over reaction is never effective but, in many instances, is, actually, life threatening. One for all is the case of ischaemia-related ventricular fibrillation which is, strongly facilitated by sympathetic hyperactivity. The take home message? When, in a condition of harm, everybody is yelling failure is just around the corner.