bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and its ecological consequences
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of competition on the evolution of the competing species. Like most of the scientific work on this topic, it concentrates on systems having two competitors. The chapter begins by pointing out the focus of previous work on the evolution of traits affecting resource capture rates, which are not the only consumer characteristics that may evolve due to the addition of another consumer. Previous work has concentrated on divergence of traits, which is not the only outcome that competition may produce. The differences in predictions of models that include explicit representation of resources and those that do not are discussed. Convergence or parallel change are also expected to occur in response to the addition of a competing species, with these outcomes often associated with nutritional or other interactions between resources, and with interference components of competition in the consumers. Most previous work has ignored the role of resource evolution in response to the addition of a consumer; this can alter the direction of trait change in the consumer. Theory shows that evolutionary responses to competition should often reduce the population size of the evolving species, but this has yet to be studied in natural systems. Apparent competition is also expected to produce evolutionary responses, but it remains largely unstudied.
Overview
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis last chapter summarizes the criticisms of recent competition theory in the preceding chapters, and stresses the importance of resource-based models and increased attention to adaptive behavioural change in developing new models of interspecific competition. It includes a more speculative treatment of aspects of the scientific process leading to the continued use of models that treat competition as a purely direct interaction. The substantial body of work adopting the direct-interaction framework creates an ‘assumption drag’, permitting continued use of these early but often misleading simplifications. Lack of agreement on the definitions of interactions is another factor that favours continued use of direct-interaction models. Progress has been inhibited by oversimplifications in analysing models, such as equating coexistence with mutual invasibility, or assessing the stability of multi-species systems using isocline diagrams. The economics and sociology of scientific research act against the projects best able to inform future directions for theoretical ecology.
Excessiveness and Our Natural Development
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Stoic account of our soul as undividedly rational thinks of emotions as involving mistaken judgements about value, but famously has a problem as to how emotions become excessive and beyond rational control. Their account suggests a better explanation than they themselves provide: being carried away by anger and stubbornly refusing to listen to good reasons indicate a lapse into a childish, less rationally developed state. The Stoics’ own unrealistic view of childhood development stands in the way of their appreciating this. This account not only improves the Stoic position, but also suggests a promising line of thought about emotions independently of it.
Arational Actions
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A familiar type of action should remind us of the implausibility of the philosophical demand that an intentional action must require that the agent do it for a reason or that the action is irrational. The article defends the existence of actions which are intentional, although the agent neither did the action for a reason nor would not have done it had she not been under the influence of an emotion. Although some of these arational actions could be evaluated negatively insofar as they are contrary to reason, not all actions prompted by emotion and without rational basis are bad—some in fact elicit fondness in us and reveal an important aspect of human agency that is not grounded in the value of reason.
The Grammar of Goodness in Foot’s Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article tracks the development of Philippa Foot’s philosophy and how she came to the insights in Natural Goodness about the continuity of moral usages of ‘good’ with our evaluations of plants and animals. The article focuses on Foot’s understanding of ‘good’ as an attributive adjective, her work on life and function, and the relationship between the Aristotelian naturalism project and biological sciences. A key claim is that we should understand Foot’s naturalist project as part of a Wittgensteinian investigation into our use of language rather than as a relegation of ethics to the biological sciences. This culminated in a form of ethical naturalism importantly distinct from those that attempt to derive ethics from the conclusions of evolutionary science.
Schooling Successfully
Authors: Wallner Jennifer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Elementary and secondary education is one of the most significant areas of government-led activity in Canada. Activities in this area in fact predate Confederation itself, with roots tracing back to early legislation enacted by colonial governments of British North America. Managed and overseen almost exclusively by the provinces and territories without direct intervention from the federal government, there are instead 13 essentially independent systems operating in parallel without any hierarchically driven coordinative mechanisms. Despite their independence and autonomy, the 13 systems exhibit marked comparability, compatibility, and equity. A formidable, enduring yet evolving, consensus to fundamental paradigmatic and programmatic ideas about schooling forged early in Canada’s history combined with positive spillover effects from fiscal federalism have contributed to 13 successful systems of public elementary and secondary education. Elementary and secondary education in Canada thus constitutes a clear case of ‘positive deviance’ worthy of investigation.
The Federal Equalization Program as a Controversial and Contested Policy Success
Authors: Béland Daniel , Lecours André , Tombe Trevor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Created in 1957, the federal equalization program addresses the issue of horizontal fiscal imbalance and, more specifically, seeks to reduce interprovincial disparities in fiscal capacity. Although strongly criticized by non-recipient provinces such as Alberta, equalization has successfully mitigated the consequences of territorial disparities within the federation—allowing all regions to deliver public services of comparable quality—while preserving provincial autonomy. Having showed durability through flexibility and a capacity to adapt in time, the program enjoys robust protection against dismantlement through the enshrinement of its principles and of the federal government’s commitment to make equalization payments. Scholars interested in the relationship between public policy and constitutional law could benefit from examining equalization in Canada, a controversial yet successful policy.
Regulating Canada’s Banking System
Authors: Williams Russell Alan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In preparing the Canadian financial services industry for globalization, the Canadian government chose to combine industry deregulation with ongoing political and parliamentary oversight of subsequent policy choices, strengthening federal authority over the industry. Participants in financial services policy-making have come to accept a high level of parliamentary involvement in making key decisions about the sector. By collapsing the banking, insurance, and securities policy subsystems into a single national financial services policy sector, and by expanding the responsibility of Parliament, the government ensured that future regulatory decisions—like the potential abandonment of the ‘big shall not buy big’ rule against bank mergers—would be subject to wide political scrutiny. This illustrates what McConnell (2010) characterizes a policy success, a policy that has generated considerably legitimacy for federal government goals in the sector and arguably helped Canada avoid some of the worst consequences of deregulated global finance encountered in other states.
Supply Management in Canada’s Dairy and Poultry Sectors
Authors: Skogstad Grace 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supply management in Canada’s dairy and poultry sectors has been resilient. Its policy instruments of domestic production controls and administered pricing have endured, even while its third policy instrument, import controls, has weakened. Supply management is a political success, supported by federal and provincial governments, Canada’s major political parties, and the Canadian public. Judgements of its programmatic success differ according to the weight placed on its different objectives. Supply management has achieved the foremost goal of its founders: stabilizing domestic production and increasing producers’ bargaining power. Yet it is credited with higher consumer costs for Canadian consumers, high entry costs for future farmers, and impeding needed policy change. On process success criteria, the conflicted and even precarious success that jeopardized supply management in its early days has largely, but not entirely, given way to resilient success.
Developing the Canadian Wine Industry
Authors: Migone Andrea Riccardo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Canadian wine industry has a relatively short, yet successful, history. Beginning in the 1970s, two parallel policy tracks emerged: the first is a sector development one, and the second a retail and trade one. Together they fostered the development of the industry, especially at the domestic level, by modernizing the cultivation and wine-making processes and by supporting the increased demand for Canadian products both domestically and internationally. The sector, marked by a complex set of actors that are often in only partial policy alignment and have diverse goals, has developed through three temporal stages: Emergence (1970s–1995), Expansion (1996–2005), and Maturity (2006 onward) and, in the latter, the booming domestic wine consumption has drawn attention to a policy regime that—largely in the hands of provincial authorities—has been criticized for creating a series of impediments to trade and fair access to the provincial market. Policy shifts are being imposed by Canada’s international trade commitments and by the evolution of the industry itself—this will have important effects on the policy latitude of the actors and likely will rewrite some of the approaches that the provincial governments have been relying on for the past decades.
Canada’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Lindquist Evert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canada was a top-performing jurisdiction in response to the 2008–09 Global Financial Crisis for three reasons: it had a relatively prudently regulated banking and financial sector, a relatively strong balance sheet and well-managed budget process, and the government’s policy response and focus of this chapter—the Economic Action Plan (EAP)—quickly provided significant infrastructure funding to all levels of government The EAP was designed and announced in early 2009 by a new Conservative minority government led by Prime Minister Harper, which was later rewarded with a majority government in the May 2011 federal election. However, this retrospective success masks considerable controversy and a near-death experience early on for that newly elected government: after introducing its Economic Statement in November 2018, the government almost fell as three opposition parties joined forces for an imminent vote of non-confidence, leading to a controversial but shrewd request to prorogue Parliament and introduce a new budget in six weeks. This chapter describes how government regained its bearings, pivoted, and quickly developed a new strategy: it introduced a radically different budget and mobilized ministers and the public service to implement a national infrastructure program with a variety of partners, and launched a bold branding and advertising strategy, along with a reporting system. Relying on the ‘policy success’ literature (McConnell, 2010), this chapter argues that, despite pushing the boundaries of public advertising, the EAP as a time-limited intervention can be viewed as a process, programmatic, and political success.
Conclusion
Authors: Skogstad Grace , Tellier Geneviève , ‘t Hart Paul , Howlett Michael , Lindquist Evert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the volume’s 22 case studies of successful policies across Canada, which tracked policy histories and assessed policy outcomes over time. It seeks to generate broader lessons and themes for conceptualizing and explaining policy success. It begins by providing a summary of the success ratings arising from the case studies and considers the usefulness of the multidimensional PPPE (programmatic, process, political, endurance) framework for developing and analysing such case studies. Second, it draws on the cases to identify factors across policy domains—some common, some particular, some contingent—which contribute to the different dimensions of policy success. Third, we step back from the case studies to consider the complex influence of macro-institutions in Canada (e.g. federalism, executive-dominated parliamentary government, and the judiciary) in influencing policy success. Finally, based on lessons from the Canadian cases, future lines of research to strengthen our understanding of policy success are suggested.
Introduction
Authors: Willer-Gold Jana 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a brief overview of long-standing questions on objects and their agreement in order to set the scene for their new intersecting angles. In the first part, the topics selected for concise presentation highlight recurring themes in the work on object agreement, in general, and this volume, in particular—status of object markers, DOM and PCC, object agreement across modalities, and Agree with object(s). The second part introduces the grounding for arranging the contributions into four major topics: mechanics of object agreement, constraints on symmetry, features of object agreement, and role of the left periphery, with a short presentation of each chapter. To demonstrate the advanced nature of research into newly depicted angles of object agreement, we argue that the value brought by new data sets and languages to the ever-expanding topic of object agreement is the fundamental vantage point of this book.
Living Accountably
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book shows that accountability can be understood as a significant, forward-looking virtue, an excellence possessed by those who embrace being accountable to those who have proper standing, when that standing is being exercised appropriately. Today accountability is usually understood in terms of holding someone accountable for bad actions, but we should also look at people who welcome being accountable to others and carry out the role in an excellent manner. The book gives a fine-grained description of the virtue and how it is exercised, including an account of the motivational profile of those with the virtue. It examines the relation of accountability to other virtues, such as honesty and humility, as well as opposing vices, such as self-deception, arrogance, and servility. Though the virtue of accountability is compatible with autonomy, recognizing the importance of the virtue does justice to the social character of humans. The book explores the history of this virtue in other cultures and historical eras, showing that the virtue is widely recognized, even if it is somewhat eclipsed in modern western societies. Many people believe they are globally accountable, accountable for how they live their lives as a whole. This means that the virtue is not only central to ethics, but connects the ethical life to religious concerns, since global accountability points humans towards a transcendent ground of their accountability. The book discusses empirical evidence for the virtue and its significance, and concludes by looking at the implications of accountability for the transformation of the criminal justice system as an example of how a renewed emphasis on this virtue could enhance society.
Accountability and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter first looks at the relation between accountability, understood as a relation, and moral obligations. Philosopher Stephen Darwall has argued that all moral obligations are linked to accountability, but even if this view is too strong, it seems correct that many obligations have this character, and this provides a reason for thinking that the virtue of accountability has great importance for the moral life as a whole. The chapter then provides a deeper description of accountability as a virtue by describing its central features and the motivational profile of one who has the virtue. The motivation is pluralistic, but the person who welcomes being accountable is not primarily motivated by fear of punishment. Finally, it looks at some objections to believing that accountability is a virtue, particularly the claim that it is simply a new name for another virtue. Accountability is not identical to conscientiousness or agreeableness or their conjunction. Accountability is best understood as a sub-virtue of justice, understood as a personal virtue.
Accountability’s Relation to Other Virtues and Vices
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter suggests that accountability is part of a cluster of virtues that support each other, such that someone lacking one of these virtues completely would find it very difficult to have the other virtues in the cluster. The vices that are contrary to these supporting virtues would thus also be characteristics that block or impede the virtue of accountability. The main supporting virtues that are analyzed are humility, honesty, and practical wisdom. Humility, following the work of Robert Roberts, is seen as a lack or low degree of the desire for self-importance, the quality of a person who gets a false sense of worth by comparison with others. Self-importance is connected to such “vices of pride” as arrogance, domination, and snobbery. Honesty is understood, following Christian Miller’s work, as the quality of someone who does not distort reality (or “the facts”) as that person sees reality. Honesty, both to oneself and towards those to whom one is accountable, is essential to excellence as an accountable person. Finally, practical wisdom, again following Christian Miller, is seen as an indispensable help to exercising accountability, enabling a person to understand standing and its limits, and recognize when expectations are reasonable and what ways of fulfilling them are reasonable.
Transcendent Views of Global Accountability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores various forms of transcendent accountability, which see global accountability as requiring some higher, transcendent ground. Since some might see transcendence as a high cost, the chapter first argues that giving up global accountability also would come at a high cost, as can be seen by a brief look at popular culture and some exploration of human psychological tendencies. Transcendent accountability comes in three forms: theistic accountability sees it as accountability to a personal God. Metaphysical accountability rejects a personal God and thus rejects literal accountability, but claims that there is a metaphysical order or structure, which is often called karma, that provides an existential equivalent. Ideal accountability believes we are accountable for living in accord with transcendent principles, but denies we are accountable to a person. This chapter argues that all three forms of accountability have insights and strong points, but that theistic accountability can incorporate the strengths of the other two views. However, the other views, without a personal God, cannot account for the possibility of grace and mercy, which accountable humans certainly need. It also argues, contrary to some popular understandings of God, that accountability to God is not grounded in divine punishment. A loving God would not punish for retributive reasons but would only correct and discipline humans for their ultimate good.
Empirical Issues
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the empirical evidence for the reality and importance of accountability as a virtue. A virtue should manifest itself in the way its possessors act and think. The chapter begins by describing the work of an interdisciplinary team of scholars who developed two psychometric survey instruments to measure the virtue of accountability: the interpersonal accountability scale and the transcendent accountability scale. Statistical analysis of research done with the scales shows that there is good evidence for their reliability as picking out a genuine trait. Preliminary research also suggests that the trait is linked to important measures of human well-being. The chapter then looks at empirical evidence from the team’s new work as well as existing surveys that use items that plausibly measure accountability, and shows there is already considerable evidence that accountability, like other virtues, is connected to human flourishing in a number of ways. These include a sense of meaning, political and social engagement, as well as fostering relational repair after harm has been done to a relationship. The chapter then looks at the role accountability plays in current thinking in the business world, where it is increasingly recognized that the task of the leader is to cultivate a “culture of accountability.” Accountability also plays a vital and pervasive role in “12-step” organizations that seek to help people overcome addictions and achieve other important goals. Finally, many people are seeking “accountability partners” for various ends, sometimes even over the internet.
Failing to Tame Too-Big-To-Fail Banks
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 places bank structural reform into the wider context of bank regulatory reform since the crisis. We analyse how a range of regulatory responses have or might have impacted on too-big-to-fail banks principally by reducing their size and higher-risk activities. We group these responses into five categories: 1) conditions attached to government financial support, notably related to deleveraging; 2) revenue-raising regulation and fiscal policy, including bank levies, transactions taxes, and resolution funds; 3) the reinforcement of bank regulations concerning credit rating agencies, remuneration practices, capital and liquidity requirements, and bank resolution; 4) bank governance and transparency, including internal risk management, stress testing, and reporting requirements; and 5) strengthened bank supervision through new macroprudential policy instruments. Our main argument is that the large majority of these measures had only a limited effect in addressing the too-big-to-fail problem. We therefore devote the rest of the book to analysing the one set of measures designed explicitly to address the issue: bank structural reform.