bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivar Testing, a Seed Industry Perspective
Authors: Thomas Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cultivar testing is an essential part of cultivar development programs. The main purpose is to determine the regional environmental adaptability and market fit of the new cultivars or hybrids. It is essential to know whether the items to be tested have the required disease resistance for the areas, whether they meet the needs of the industry as far as type or quality is concerned, and whether they will perform well under the environment of the region. Private research stations may not be in the immediate vicinity of the area of intended use, but adequate testing in these untested areas is still essential prior to release of new cultivars.
Vegetable Cultivar Testing in the Tropics
Authors: Harjadi Sri Setyati , Wien H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vegetable cultivar testing in the tropics is faced with fundamental problems that occur less frequently in the temperate areas. First, it must be decided what species of vegetables should be tested. Second, availability of planting materials, not only for the trial but also for the producer, can be a major limiting factor. Third, the methodology of testing is frequently different than in the temperate world, both in the cultural practices used and in the characteristics evaluated. Each of these points will be elaborated in the following paper, placing particular emphasis on the situation in Southeast Asia.
Chemical Control of Budbreak
Authors: Erez Amnon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interest in artificial control of budbreak of deciduous fruit trees species is closely connected with commercial attempts to grow these species in warm locations, where the chilling requirements are not fulfilled naturally. This interest developed following attempts to grow such species in warm countries that did not want to or could not import these fruits from cooler regions. In subtropical regions like the Cape zone in South Africa, eastern Australia, and Israel, the problem was more acute in the 1950s and 1960s. Adoption of low-chilling cultivars, or a shift of production to cooler, better-adapted areas, improved tree performance considerably. Nevertheless, sporadic problems after exceptionally warm winters still pose a commercial problem. In other areas, such as southeastern United States, the risk of spring frost is such that low-chilling cultivars with their early budbreak cannot be grown in northern locations, and, in such regions, chemical treatments are needed occasionally.
Is Growing Temperate-zone Fruits Profitable in the Tropics and Subtropics?
Authors: Stino George Ramzy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit trees normally thrive in zones with ecological conditions similar to their original habitats. The majority of temperate fruit trees require climates with sufficient winter chilling to break internal bud dormancy. This condition generally can not be fulfilled in tropical or subtropical climates. Temperate-zone cultivars have not been commercially productive in these areas; however, some poor-quality fruits have been obtained from seedy plants and some local selections.
Relationships Between Leaf Area per Fruit and Fruit Quality in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Loescher Wayne H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Relationships between leaf area per fruit and fruit weight, color, and soluble solids were modeled on spurs isolated following pit hardening on 2-year-old wood of ‘Bing’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Leaf area per fruit was found to be the largest measured source of variability in the three fruit quality parameters examined. Leaf area per fruit accounted for 66%, 36%, and 53% of the variability in fruit weight, fruit color, and soluble solids, respectively, at Pullman, Wash. Leaf area per spur accounted for 54%, 27%, and 28% of these same fruit quality parameters at Prosser, Wash. In all instances, there was a positive correlation between fruit quality and leaf area per fruit. Soluble solids content was most sensitive to increases in leaf area, followed by fruit weight and color. Leaf area per fruit is important because it represents photosynthetic potential. Ample productive leaf area is essential to producing high-quality sweet cherries.
Influence of Fall Planting Dates on the Survival and Growth of Taxus, Thuja, and Viburnum Species
Authors: Ball John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The influence of soil temperature on the survival and growth of fall transplanted Tauntonii yew (Taxus × media Rehd., ‘Tauintoni’) Techny arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Techny’) and American cranberrybush viburnum (Viburnum trilobum Marsh.) was investigated. Soil temperature appears to be a critical factor in the success of yew plantings, but less so for arborvitae and viburnum. Planting should be made ≈ 4 weeks before soil temperatures in the root zone reach 7°C.
Effect of Temperature, Duration, and Light During Simulated Shipping on Quality and Rooting of Croton Cuttings
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Croton (Codiaeum variegatum Blume cv. Craigii) cuttings, enclosed in polyethylene bags, were placed in light (20 μmol·s−1·m−2) or darkness at 15°, 20°, or 30°C for 5, 10 or 15 days (simulated shipping) and then placed in a mist bed to root for 4 weeks. Final leaf loss in most of the treatments was <7%. Cuttings in simulated shipping for 15 days at 30° in darkness and light had 31% and 56% final leaf drop, respectively. These cuttings also produced fewer roots than controls. Root length increased with increased shipping duration and shipping temperature from 15° to 20°, without further increase at 30°. Regardless of temperature and duration in simulated shipping, cuttings shipped in darkness had roots 2.5 to 5 cm longer than those shipped in the light.
Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from in Vitro Subcultured Callus of Rhododendron Exbury Hybrids
Authors: Harbage James F. , Stimart Dennis P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Callus culture establishment and adventitious shoot development from callus of Rhododendron × ‘Gibraltar’ (G) and R. × ‘Old Gold’ (OG) after serial subculture were determined. Callus grew on Anderson's Rhododendron medium containing 2,4- D at 0.0045, 0.009, or 0.018 mm, but was optimum at 0.018 mm, since shoot organogenesis was suppressed at that level. After two callus subcultures, adventitious shoot development from callus on media containing 0, 0.017, 0.034, 0.068, or 0.136 mm zeatin (mixed isomers) was optimum at 0.034 and 0.068 mm zeatin for G and OG, respectively. After 17 weeks (five subcultures), 70- to 75-mg pieces of G and OG callus regenerated ≈20 shoots each. Adventitious shoot regeneration from callus declined with prolonged callus subculture. Regenerated plants are currently being evaluated for somaclonal variation. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buren-1-ol (zeatin).
Comparison of Methodologies for in Ovulo Embryo Rescue of Seedless Grapes
Authors: Gray D. J. , Fisher L. C. , Mortensen J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In ovulo embryo rescue provides an attractive alternative to conventional methods of breeding for seedless grape (Vitis) by allowing recovery of progeny from abortive ovules of seedless × seedless crosses. This technique theoretically increases the proportion of seedless progeny that can be obtained in one breeding cycle (1). Proper inheritance studies can be accomplished by heretofore impossible direct combinations of seedless cultivars.
Fusarium Root Rot-resistant Snap Bean Breeding Line FR-266
Authors: Silbernagel M. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The ARS/USDA and the Agricultural Experiment Station of Washington State Univ. announce the release of germplasm line, FR (Fusarium Resistant)-266, a bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) line, which is resistant to Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wr. f. sp phaseoli Burkh. Snyd. & Hans. FR-266 also is resistant to bean common mosaic virus (dominant I gene)(l), curly top virus, and is tolerant to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorurn (Lib.) deBary. FR-266 is the only known green-podded, white-seeded, bush snap bean line that has this unique combination of multiple disease resistance factors.
‘Chilliwack’ and ‘Comox’ Red Raspberries
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Chilliwack’ and ‘Comox’ are new red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars released from the breeding program at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Vancouver, B.C. ‘Chilliwack’ has been noted for its large, firm fruit with exceptionally high quality (Fig. 1). The fruit appear equally well-suited to fresh and to processing markets and have considerable resistance to both pre- and postharvest fruit rots, the former caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. and the latter caused mostly by B. cinerea and Rhizopus spp. [probably R. stolonifer (Ehr. ex. Fr.) Vuill]. ‘Comox’ has been noted for its exceptionally high yields and, similar to ‘Chilliwack’, the fruit are large and firm and suited to fresh and processing markets (Fig. 2). Plants of both cultivars are highly resistant to Ampho-rophora agathonica Hottes, the aphid vector of the raspberry mosaic virus complex (RMV). In addition, ‘Chilliwack’ plants have some resistance to root rot, most likely caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethyb.
E11-24, E14-32, and E36-7 Apple Germplasm with Multiple Pest Resistance
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
E11-24, E14-32, and E36-7 apple (Malus domestica Borkh) were found to be resistant in greenhouse test to apple scab, [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.j and to have field immunity to this disease. Field and laboratory resistance to codling moth (Laspyresia pomonella L.) also was found in E11-24 and E14-32, whereas E36-7 was found to have field, laboratory, or greenhouse resistance to plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)] and European red mite [Panony-chus ulmi (Koch)], E11-24, E14-32, and E36-7 are being released as advanced lines of germplasm by the ARS/USDA to interested apple fruit breeders. The scientific disease and insect names mentioned in this release are as reported in refs. 3 and 4.
Rootstock Evaluation Through the NC-140 Project
Authors: Ferree David C. , Perry Ronald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The widely varying soil and climatic conditions of the apple and peach growing areas of the United States and Canada have resulted in serious problems with the adaptability of the rootstocks currently available to the fruit industry. Growers in each area are searching for the most efficient rootstocks adaptable to their region. In the past, it has taken 20 to 30 years to test rootstocks adequately and to develop the database on which to make sound recommendations to growers. In the interim, many costly mistakes were made; current economic conditions make these mistakes no longer tolerable.
Progress in Breeding Rootstocks in Romania
Authors: Parnia P. , Mladin Gh. , Duţu I. , Stanchi N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For the past 10 years, new attention has been given in Romania to the development of improved fruit tree rootstocks by hybridization and mutation breeding. Prior to 1976, rootstock improvement was focused primarily on selection in seedling populations derived from both wild and cultivated forms, with emphasis on adaptation to local soil and climatic conditions. The rootstocks now in commercial use in Romania come from these sources.
Breeding and Evaluating Apple Rootstocks for Northern Europe
Authors: Zagaja S. W. , Czynczyk A. , Jakubowski T. , Omiecinska B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Research Institute of Pomology, Skiemiewice, Poland started its apple rootstock improvement program in the 1950s (9). As a result of that work, the “ P” series rootstocks have been released, of which P2 and P22 appear the most promising (4). The rootstock breeding program is continuing (10), and heritabilities of some horticulturally valuable traits are being studied.
Peach Rootstock Characterization by Protein Analysis
Authors: Mazzola M. , Carter G. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Protein extracts from woody tissue of five peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstocks (‘Nemaguard’, ‘Lovell’, ‘Tennessee Natural’, ‘Siberian C’, and ‘Boone County’) were analyzed by isoelectric focusing on Polyacrylamide gels. All detected proteins focused within the pH range 3.2 to 4.3 and were analyzed by densitometry. Each rootstock could be identified in the early spring by the presence of characteristic protein bands found at either end of the protein banding region.
Effect of Training System on Performance of Hand-harvested Summer-bearing Raspberries
Authors: Nehrbas Stanley R. , Pritts Marvin P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Longitudinally mowing rows to half their width and the V-trellis system were used to separate fruiting canes from primocanes in a raspberry (Rubus idaeus and R. neglectus) planting. The effects of these two systems on yield and its components were determined in 1985 and 1986 for the red raspberry ‘Titan’ and the purple raspberry ‘Royalty’. Both systems were compared to a standard I-trellis configuration, in which primocanes and floricanes grow together. Yields for both cultivars were significantly higher with the V-trellis than with the I-trellis system. Longitudinal mowing reduced yields in the V-trellis, but plots that were mowed outperformed the standard I-trellis. ‘Titan’ was more responsive to cane manipulation than ‘Royalty.’
Seasonal Variation in Leaf Zinc Concentration of Apples Receiving Dormant Zinc
Authors: Neilsen G. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Spartan’, and ‘Mcintosh’ (Macspur) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards with low leaf Zn concentration, typical of many orchards in British Columbia, but with otherwise adequate nutrition were monitored for leaf Zn concentration throughout the 1983–85 growing season. Mid-terminal leaf Zn concentration consistently declined from a high of 40 µg·g–1 in early May to values approaching or below the 14 µg·g–1 deficiency concentration, despite annual sprays of dormant Zn.
Cover Crop Suppression of Weeds and Influence on Strawberry Yields
Authors: Smeda R. J. , Putnam A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various fall-planted cover crops were evaluated for their influence on weeds and yield of ‘Midway’ and ‘Guardian’ strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). Rye (Secale cereale L. ‘Wheeler’) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Yorkstar’) provided greater early season weed suppression than barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Barsoy’). A high cover crop seeding rate increased weed suppression. Fruit yields were not reduced significantly by any of the cover crops.
Response of Strawberries and Annual Weeds to Fluazifop-butyl and Chloroxuron
Authors: Smeda R. J. , Putnam A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tank mixes of chloroxuron, fluazifop-butyl, and a crop oil concentrate were compared to single applications for annual weed control and safety on strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). No noticeable synergistic or antagonistic effect on weed control was observed for mixtures of 4.48 kg·ha–1 chloroxuron and up to 0.14 kg·ha–1 fluazifop-butyl; injury to ‘Guardian’ strawberries was minimal. Early season daughter plant production and percentage of daughter plants rooted of ‘Honeoye’ strawberries was reduced by tank-mixing chloroxuron, fluazifop-butyl, and crop oil, and to a similar extent, from a mixture of chloroxuron and crop oil concentrate only. Chemical names used: N’-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea (chloroxuron); (±)-butyl 2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-butyl).
Effects of Maturity and Harvest Methods on Storage and Quality of Onions
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Maw Bryan W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Granex 33’ and ‘Sweet Georgia’ onions (Allium cepa L.) at various stages of maturity were harvested by hand and with a prototype mechanical harvester in 1985 and 1986. Bulbs were evaluated for storage losses and bulb quality. Storage losses of both hand-harvested and machine-harvested bulbs were generally similar and increased with increased maturity. Bulb pungency was not affected by harvesting methods and was least for bulbs harvested when 6% of the tops were down. Total sugar concentration of hand-harvested onions, cured with intact tops, was greater than that of machine-harvested onions, when harvested before any of the tops were down, but sugar concentrations at later maturities were similar. Onions that were harvested when < 13% of the tops were down showed greater dry weight in hand-harvested than machine-harvested bulbs.
Influence of Different Types of Mulches on Eggplant Production
Authors: Carter Johnny , Johnson Clarence 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field studies conducted during the summers of 1983 and 1984 evaluated the influence of different types of mulching materials on growth and development of ‘Black Beauty’ eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Treatments consisted of a) pine needles, b) newspaper, c) black plastic, and d) no mulch. The effects of mulching on earliness, growth index, soil moisture, temperature, pH, leaf nutrient content, weed control, and yield were measured. In 1983, a year of limited rainfall, all of the mulching treatments caused a significant increase in growth when compared to the unmulched treatment. Growth was unaffected by mulching in 1984, a year of abundant rainfall. Earliness, measured by the number of fruit per plant prior to the first harvest, was significantly increased by black plastic in 1983 but was not affected in 1984, which suggests the effectiveness of mulching under limited rainfall. In both years, mulching did not affect soil pH, leaf nutrient content, or soil temperature. Black plastic or pine needles were significantly more effective than newspaper in conserving moisture and controlling weeds. Black plastic increased yields significantly compared to the unmulched control in 1983, whereas black plastic or pine needles increased yields in 1984.
Woody Seedling Response to Growth Retardants in Hydroponics
Authors: Hurtt Woodland , Sterrett John P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two- to 3-month-old seedlings (10 to 12 cm tall) were grown in solution culture to which varying levels of ancymidol or dikegulac were added. Height growth of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) at 11 days after treatment was inhibited ≈50% by 12.5 mg·liter–1 dikegulac. Growth of green ash and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) at 7 days was inhibited 75% to 80% by 0.125 mg·liter–1 ancymidol. Growth responses of these seedlings were linearly related to the logarithm of dikegulac and ancymidol concentrations. Chemical names used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid) (dikegulac); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Potential for Juvenile Sod Production
Authors: Wu Lin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Juvenile sod” refers to an immature sod produced in pans in a greenhouse, with only 5 to 6 weeks from seeding to harvest. Seeds were planted in peatmoss after adjusting pH to 7 and were watered with nutrient solution. Tensile strength produced in plastic pans having molded ribbed bottoms and drainage holes vs. flat-bottomed pans was compared. Covering the pans with thin plastic sheets vs. leaving them uncovered during the first 4 days of germination was examined for effect on tensile strength. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), seeded at 60 vs. 30, 60 vs. 30, and 30 vs. 15 g·m–2, respectively, were evaluated. Ribbed-bottom, covered pans, and increased seeding rates resulted in greater tensile strength, which was sufficient for marketable handling.
Availability of Urea, Ammonium, and Nitrate Applied to Pine Bark
Authors: Ogden Richard , Mills Harry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Initial availability of NO3, NH4, and urea applied to limed or unlimed pine bark as well as the form of N available over a period of 21 days was determined. Nitrate was not present in significant amounts when N was supplied as either urea or NH4, and the extractable amounts of both urea and NH4 declined significantly over the course of the experiment. Urea was the least effective of the N forms in supplying N in an extractable form. With NO3 as the N source, addition of lime to pine bark resulted in significant reductions in extractable NO3. Applications of NH4 gave relatively equal amounts of extractable N as NH4 from limed and unlimed pine bark after 21 days. It was concluded that N interaction and N transformations with these N forms in pine bark would influence total available N as well as the form of N available for plant growth.
Response of 32 Bermudagrass Clones to Reduced Light Intensity
Authors: Gaussoin R. E. , Baltensperger A. A. , Coffey B. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The response of bermudagrass clones (Cynodon spp.) to reduced light intensity was determined in a greenhouse experiment. Thirty-two phenotypically diverse bermudagrass clones from broad geographic origins were subjected to two light treatments. The high-light treatment consisted of sunlight supplemented with fluorescent and incandescent light banks (160 µmol·s–1·m–2). The low-light treatment was a 90% reduction of the high-light treatment (16 µmol·s–1·m–2). Visual color, leaf length, stem internode length, stem elongation, chlorophyll concentration, and dry weight were measured. Bermudagrass clones responded to reduced light by exhibiting shorter leaves, shorter stem internodes, reduced green color, lower chlorophyll concentration and decreased dry weights. ‘Boise’, ‘No Mow’, ‘R9-P1’, ‘NM2-13’, and ‘NM3’ have been identified as being moderately insensitive to reduced light intensity, and data suggest enough variability exists to select for shade tolerance in bermudagrass.
Quality and Decay of Irradiated Mangos
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , von Windeguth Donald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mangos (Mangifera indica L. cvs. Tommy Atkins and Keitt) irradiated with γ-rays from 60Co at dosages of 150 to 1500 Gy, then held for 3 days at 13°C followed by ripening at 24°, developed less ripe peel color than unirradiated mangos. Ripening of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos was delayed for 2 to 3 days by 150 and 250 Gy, unaffected by 500 and 750 Gy, and accelerated by 1500 Gy. The pH of juice from ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos decreased and titratable acidity increased as irradiation dosage increased; soluble solids content was not affected by irradiation. Scald-like peel injury increased with dosage, especially at 500 Gy or higher. Internal breakdown was localized and slight, but its incidence in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos was increased at 250 Gy or higher. Hollow pockets in the flesh and flesh darkening were significantly increased by irradiation at 1500 Gy, but not 750 Gy. Severity of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., was reduced in ‘Keitt’ mangos at 500 Gy and higher. The severity of stem-end rot, caused by Diplodia natalensis P. Evans or Phomopsis citri Fawc., was reduced in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mongos at 1500 Gy, but not 750 Gy. The overall percentage of decayed fruit was reduced by irradiation at 750 Gy or higher. The results suggest that if irradiation is used for insect control on mangos, dosages of 250 Gy and above should be avoided to minimize injury.
Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ramos L. , Lara S.P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “ Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves”, by Bruce Schaffer, L. Ramos, and S.P. Lara (HortScience 22:925-927, October 1987), ref. 2 was incorrect. The correct citation is: Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33:317-345.