bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ripretinib Versus Sunitinib in Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor After Treatment With Imatinib (INTRIGUE): A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III Trial
Authors: Bauer Sebastian , Jones Robin L. , Blay Jean-Yves , Gelderblom Hans , George Suzanne , Schöffski Patrick , von Mehren Margaret , Zalcberg John R. , Kang Yoon-Koo , Razak Albiruni Abdul , Trent Jonathan , Attia Steven , Le Cesne Axel , Su Ying , Meade Julie , Wang Tao , Sherman Matthew L. , Ruiz-Soto Rodrigo , Heinrich Michael C. 
Published: August 2022

PURPOSE Sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after imatinib failure. Ripretinib is a switch-control TKI approved for advanced GIST after prior treatment with three or more TKIs, including imatinib. We compared efficacy and safety of ripretinib versus sunitinib in patients with advanced GIST who were previously treated with imatinib (INTRIGUE, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03673501 ). PATIENTS AND METHODS Random assignment was 1:1 to once-daily ripretinib 150 mg or once-daily sunitinib 50 mg (4 weeks on/2 weeks off) and stratified by KIT/ platelet-derived growth factor α mutation and imatinib intolerance. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) by independent radiologic review using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Secondary end points included objective response rate by independent radiologic review, safety, and patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS Overall, 453 patients were randomly assigned to ripretinib (intention-to-treat [ITT], n = 226; KIT exon 11 ITT, n = 163) or sunitinib (ITT, n = 227; KIT exon 11 ITT, n = 164). Median PFS for ripretinib and sunitinib ( KIT exon 11 ITT) was 8.3 and 7.0 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.16; P = .36); median PFS (ITT) was 8.0 and 8.3 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.33; nominal P = .72). Neither was statistically significant. Objective response rate was higher for ripretinib versus sunitinib in the KIT exon 11 ITT population (23.9% v 14.6%, nominal P = .03). Ripretinib was associated with a more favorable safety profile, fewer grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events (41.3% v 65.6%, nominal P < .0001), and better scores on patient-reported outcome measures of tolerability. CONCLUSION Ripretinib was not superior to sunitinib in terms of PFS. However, meaningful clinical activity, fewer grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events, and improved tolerability were observed with ripretinib.
Elusive anomalies
Authors: Bonora L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Usually, in order to compute an anomaly (be it chiral or trace) with a perturbative method, the lowest significant order is sufficient. With the help of gauge or diffeomorphism invariance it uniquely identifies the anomaly. This note is a short review of the ambiguities that arise in the calculation of trace anomalies, and is meant, in particular, to signal cases in which the lowest perturbative order is not enough to unambiguously identify a trace anomaly. This may shed light on some recent contradictory results.
Prevalence of Subclinical Papillary Thyroid Cancer by Age: Meta-analysis of Autopsy Studies
Authors: Arroyo Natalia , Bell Katy J L , Hsiao Vivian , Fernandes-Taylor Sara , Alagoz Oguzhan , Zhang Yichi , Davies Louise , Francis David O 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Context
It is not known how underlying subclinical papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) differs by age. This meta-analysis of autopsy studies investigates how subclinical PTC prevalence changes over the lifetime.

Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to May 2021 for studies that reported the prevalence of PTC found at autopsy. Two investigators extracted the number of subclinical PTCs detected in selected age groups and extent of examination. A quality assessment tool was used to assess bias. Logistic regression models with random intercepts were used to pool the age-specific subclinical PTC prevalence estimates.

Results
Of 1773 studies screened, 16 studies with age-specific data met the inclusion criteria (n = 6286 autopsies). The pooled subclinical PTC prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI 7.8-16.8) in whole gland and 4.6% (2.5- 6.6) in partial gland examination. Age-specific prevalence estimates were ≤40 years, 11.5% (6.8-16.1); 41-60 years, 12.1% (7.6-16.5); 61-80 years, 12.7% (8-17.5); and 81+ years, 13.4% (7.9-18.9). Sex did not affect age-specific prevalence and there was no difference in prevalence between men and women in any age group. In the regression model, the OR of prevalence increasing by age group was 1.06 (0.92-1.2, P = .37).

Conclusion
This meta-analysis shows the prevalence of subclinical PTC is stable across the lifespan. There is not a higher subclinical PTC prevalence in middle age, in contrast to higher observed incidence rates in this age group. These findings offer unique insights into the prevalence of subclinical PTC and its relationship to age.
History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology
Authors: Miller Walter L , White Perrin C 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe adrenal is a small, anatomically unimposing structure that escaped scientific notice until 1564 and whose existence was doubted by many until the 18th century. Adrenal functions were inferred from the adrenal insufficiency syndrome described by Addison and from the obesity and virilization that accompanied many adrenal malignancies, but early physiologists sometimes confused the roles of the cortex and medulla. Medullary epinephrine was the first hormone to be isolated (in 1901), and numerous cortical steroids were isolated between 1930 and 1949. The treatment of arthritis, Addison’s disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with cortisone in the 1950s revolutionized clinical endocrinology and steroid research. Cases of CAH had been reported in the 19th century, but a defect in 21-hydroxylation in CAH was not identified until 1957. Other forms of CAH, including deficiencies of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, and 17α-hydroxylase were defined hormonally in the 1960s. Cytochrome P450 enzymes were described in 1962-1964, and steroid 21-hydroxylation was the first biosynthetic activity associated with a P450. Understanding of the genetic and biochemical bases of these disorders advanced rapidly from 1984 to 2004. The cloning of genes for steroidogenic enzymes and related factors revealed many mutations causing known diseases and facilitated the discovery of new disorders. Genetics and cell biology have replaced steroid chemistry as the key disciplines for understanding and teaching steroidogenesis and its disorders.
A phenotypic rescue approach identifies lineage regionalization defects in a mouse model of DiGeorge syndrome
Authors: Lania Gabriella , Franzese Monica , Adachi Noritaka , Bilio Marchesa , Flore Gemma , Russo Annalaura , D'Agostino Erika , Angelini Claudia , Kelly Robert G. , Baldini Antonio 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
TBX1 is a key regulator of pharyngeal apparatus (PhAp) development. Vitamin B12 (vB12) treatment partially rescues aortic arch patterning defects of Tbx1+/− embryos. Here, we show that it also improves cardiac outflow tract septation and branchiomeric muscle anomalies of Tbx1 hypomorphic mutants. At the molecular level, in vivo vB12 treatment enabled us to identify genes that were dysregulated by Tbx1 haploinsufficiency and rescued by treatment. We found that SNAI2, also known as SLUG, encoded by the rescued gene Snai2, identified a population of mesodermal cells that was partially overlapping with, but distinct from, ISL1+ and TBX1+ populations. In addition, SNAI2+ cells were mislocalized and had a greater tendency to aggregate in Tbx1+/− and Tbx1−/− embryos, and vB12 treatment restored cellular distribution. Adjacent neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells, which do not express TBX1, were also affected, showing enhanced segregation from cardiopharyngeal mesodermal cells. We propose that TBX1 regulates cell distribution in the core mesoderm and the arrangement of multiple lineages within the PhAp.
Communicative Strategy of Self-Presentation in Russian Business Discourse
Authors: Ageeva Yu. 
Published: August 2022

The paper analyzes verbal patterns of communicants in the discourse of recruitment. The need to examine patterns and rules of communicative behavior of job applicants highlights the relevance of the study. Its results will enable predicting the success of communication during a job interview and, as a result, in employment. The purpose of the author is to identify and analyze the main and unique verbal tactics of interviewees implemented within the self-presentation as a basic strategy of job candidates. This strategy is represented by a scheme that includes a list of direct and indirect self-presenting actions.
The basic method of the study is an integrative discourse analysis undertaken as part of linguistic pragmatics. The goal of the study, characteristics of its object and subject justify the selection of this approach. The outlined indirect self-presenting actions of the job candidate include the request for communicatively meaningful information and productive self-criticism by which the applicant can demonstrate professionalism and interest in obtaining a position.
The prevalence of indirect self-presenting tactics in the Russian-language recruitment discourse demonstrated for the first time by the study, is linked primarily to the specifics of the Russian mentality and business environment. The materials and findings of the study may be utilized in further linguistic studies and are important for recruiters and all potential applicants.
High Throughput Image Analytics Using Hough Transformation for Wheat Phenotyping
Authors: Kim James Y. , Shin Myung-Na , Lee Ji-Hyun , Jeon Weon-Tai , Cho Seungho 
Published: August 2022

HighlightsRGB-based vegetation and leaf area indexes using a smartphone camera.Geo-rectification of skewed images via row detection using Hough Transformation.Open-source software to automate the image stitching and plot-level phenotypic metrics extraction. Abstract. An agricultural field is not always accessible for plant phenotyping with existing mobile platforms due to the limited space and regulated aviation area. Smartphone-triggered ground images were collected on a wheat field that has a limited access to monitor growth conditions of four wheat varieties: Shinyoung (SY), Joseong (JS), Taewoo (TW), and Cheongwoo (CW). For field mapping during the growing season, six sets of the raw images were acquired by a smartphone in an oblique view angle and processed to transform into nadir view images. Algorithms were developed to process the raw tile images for geometric rectification via row detection using Hough Transformation. Stitching software was developed to automate the high throughput image analytics of the skewed tile images into a stitched field image through deskewing, row alignment, overlap trimming, and resizing. Plot-level metrics were extracted to analyze plant growth of the wheat varieties using a gridding method for vegetation and leaf area indexes. The processed images resulted in the successful transformation and consistency of algorithms on image alignment and stitching. Plot-level analysis indicated that SY variety performed superior to the other varieties in both vegetation and leaf area indexes and was significantly different in the canopy coverage from the least performed TW variety. The image analytic methods developed in the study offer a flexible solution to stitch and align tile images by a hand-held camera in both oblique and nadir view via user-friendly interface software for high through plant phenotyping and can be adapted to other stationary or mobile imaging platforms in greenhouse and fields. Keywords: Calibration, Image processing, Phenotyping, Python, Software, Stitching.
Choice of Pipe Material Influences Drain Spacing and System Cost in Subsurface Drainage Design
Authors: Ghane Ehsan 
Published: August 2022

HighlightsFor 3- or 4-row regular-perforated pipes, the effective radius ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 cm (average 0.6 cm).For 8-row regular-perforated pipes, the effective radius was 1.9 cm.The effective radius of sock-wrapped pipes ranged from 5.7 to 6.0 cm (average 5.9 cm).The 8-row sand-slot pipes had a lower initial system cost than the sock-wrapped pipes.The 8-row regular-perforated pipes had a lower initial system cost than the 4-row regular-perforated pipes.Abstract. Knitted-sock envelopes are applied in agricultural subsurface drainage to prevent sediment clogging of the drain pipes. In the United States and Canada, sand-slot pipes are sometimes used as a cheaper alternative to sock-wrapped pipes. However, their initial system cost has not been compared. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pipe material on drain spacing and initial system cost. First, the theoretical effective radius of each pipe material was estimated. Then, the drain spacing was calculated for each pipe material in a drainage design, such that each pipe would provide the same design drainage rate (i.e., same water removal rate). The results showed that the effective radius of sock-wrapped pipes (average 5.9 cm) was much greater than that of 4-row (average 0.4 cm) and 8-row perforated sand-slot pipes (average 1.6 cm). Rows refer to number of longitudinal rows of perforations. The sock-wrapped pipes considerably increased the effective radius of the pipe by reducing the entrance head loss. Furthermore, the sock-wrapped pipes allowed for a wider drain spacing (ranging from 0.8 to 5.4 m wider) in soil with risk of drain sedimentation, thereby reducing the total length of the lateral drain pipe needed for drainage design compared to both 4- and 8-row sand-slot pipes. The 8-row regular-perforated pipes allowed for a wider optimum drain spacing, thereby reducing the initial system cost in soil without a drain sedimentation issue compared to 4-row regular-perforated pipes. In conclusion, even though the sock-wrapped pipe reduced the total length of the lateral drain pipe, the 8-row sand-slot pipe had a lower initial system cost compared to the sock-wrapped pipe, when designed at the same design drainage rate and drain depth. Keywords: Drain spacing, Effective radius, Entrance resistance, Geotextile, Knitted sock, Perforation.
Reliability of citations of medRxiv preprints in articles published on COVID-19 in the world leading medical journals
Authors: Gehanno Jean-Francois , Grosjean Julien , Darmoni Stefan J. , Rollin Laetitia 
Published: August 2022

Introduction
Preprints have been widely cited during the COVID-19 pandemics, even in the major medical journals. However, since subsequent publication of preprint is not always mentioned in preprint repositories, some may be inappropriately cited or quoted. Our objectives were to assess the reliability of preprint citations in articles on COVID-19, to the rate of publication of preprints cited in these articles and to compare, if relevant, the content of the preprints to their published version.

Methods
Articles published on COVID in 2020 in the BMJ, The Lancet, the JAMA and the NEJM were manually screened to identify all articles citing at least one preprint from medRxiv. We searched PubMed, Google and Google Scholar to assess if the preprint had been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and when. Published articles were screened to assess if the title, data or conclusions were identical to the preprint version.

Results
Among the 205 research articles on COVID published by the four major medical journals in 2020, 60 (29.3%) cited at least one medRxiv preprint. Among the 182 preprints cited, 124 were published in a peer-reviewed journal, with 51 (41.1%) before the citing article was published online and 73 (58.9%) later. There were differences in the title, the data or the conclusion between the preprint cited and the published version for nearly half of them. MedRxiv did not mentioned the publication for 53 (42.7%) of preprints.

Conclusions
More than a quarter of preprints citations were inappropriate since preprints were in fact already published at the time of publication of the citing article, often with a different content. Authors and editors should check the accuracy of the citations and of the quotations of preprints before publishing manuscripts that cite them.
Childhood meningitis in rural Gambia: 10 years of population-based surveillance
Authors: Ikumapayi Usman N. , Hill Philip C. , Hossain Ilias , Olatunji Yekini , Ndiaye Malick , Badji Henry , Manjang Ahmed , Salaudeen Rasheed , Ceesay Lamin , Adegbola Richard A. , Greenwood Brian M. , Mackenzie Grant A. 
Published: August 2022

Background
The introduction in many countries of conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis has led to significant reductions in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in children. However, recent population-based data on ABM in sub-Saharan Africa are limited.

Methods
Population-based surveillance for meningitis was carried out in a rural area of The Gambia under demographic surveillance from 2008 to 2017, using standardised criteria for referral, diagnosis and investigation. We calculated incidence using population denominators.

Results
We diagnosed 1,666 patients with suspected meningitis and collected cerebrospinal fluid (n = 1,121) and/or blood (n = 1,070) from 1,427 (88%) of cases. We identified 169 cases of ABM, 209 cases of suspected non-bacterial meningitis (SNBM) and 1,049 cases of clinically suspected meningitis (CSM). The estimated average annual incidence of ABM was high at 145 per 100,000 population in the <2-month age group, 56 per 100,000 in the 2–23-month age group, but lower at 5 per 100,000 in the 5–14-year age group. The most common causes of ABM were Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 44), Neisseria meningitidis (n = 42), and Gram-negative coliform bacteria (n = 26). Eighteen of 22 cases caused by pneumococcal serotypes included in PCV13 occurred prior to vaccine introduction and four afterwards. The overall case fatality ratio for ABM was 29% (49/169) and was highest in the <2-month age group 37% (10/27). The case fatality ratio was 8.6% (18/209) for suspected non-bacterial meningitis and 12.8% (134/1049) for clinically suspected meningitis cases.

Conclusions
Gambian children continue to experience substantial morbidity and mortality associated with suspected meningitis, especially acute bacterial meningitis. Such severely ill children in sub-Saharan Africa require improved diagnostics and clinical care.
Schooling amidst a pandemic in the United States: Parents’ perceptions about reopening schools and anticipated challenges during COVID-19
Authors: Meghani Ankita , Agarwal Smisha , Zapf Alexander John , Edwards Jeffrey G. , Labrique Alain , Gibson Dustin 
Published: August 2022

Introduction
During the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous states in the United States instituted measures to close schools or shift them to virtual platforms. Understanding parents’ preferences for sending their children back to school, and their experiences with distance learning is critical for informing school reopening guidelines. This study characterizes parents’ plans to return their children to school, and examines the challenges associated with school closures during the 2020–2021 academic year.

Methods
A national-level cross-sectional online survey was conducted in September 2020. Focusing on a subset of 510 respondents, who were parents of school-aged children, we examined variations in parents’ plans for their children to return to school by their demographic and family characteristics, and challenges they anticipated during the school-year using multivariable logistic regressions.

Results
Fifty percent of respondents (n = 249) said that they would send their children back to school, 18% (n = 92) stated it would depend on what the district plans for school reopening, and 32% (n = 160) would not send their children back to school. No demographic characteristics were significantly associated with parents plans to not return their children to school. Overall, parents reported high-level of access to digital technology to support their child’s learning needs (84%). However, those who reported challenges with distance learning due to a lack of childcare were less likely to not return their children to school (aOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.64). Parents who reported requiring supervision after school had higher odds of having plans to not return their children to school (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.79). Parents viewed COVID-19 vaccines and face-masks important for resuming in-person classes.

Discussion
About one-third of parents objected to their children returning to school despite facing challenges with distance learning. Besides access to vaccines and face-masks, our findings highlight the need to better equip parents to support remote learning, and childcare.
The predictive performance of current termination-of-resuscitation rules in patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Asian countries: A cross-sectional multicentre study
Authors: Hsu Shu-Hsien , Sun Jen-Tang , Huang Edward Pei-Chuan , Nishiuchi Tatsuya , Song Kyoung Jun , Leong Benjamin , Rahman Nik Hisamuddin Nik AB , Khruekarnchana Pairoj , Naroo GY , Hsieh Ming-Ju , Chang Shu-Hui , Chiang Wen-Chu , Huei-Ming Ma Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Background
Termination-of-resuscitation rules (TORRs) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients have been applied in western countries; in Asia, two TORRs were developed and have not been externally validated widely. We aimed to externally validate the TORRs using the registry of Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS).

Methods
PAROS enrolled 66,780 OHCA patients in seven Asian countries from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2012. The American Heart Association-Basic Life Support and AHA-ALS (AHA-BLS), AHA-Advanced Life Support (AHA-ALS), Goto, and Shibahashi TORRs were selected. The diagnostic test characteristics and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. We further determined the most suitable TORR in Asia and analysed the variable differences between subgroups.

Results
We included 55,064 patients in the final analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and AUC, respectively, for AHA-BLS, AHA-ALS, Goto, Shibashi TORRs were 79.0%, 80.0%, 19.6%, 98.5%, and 0.80; 48.6%, 88.3%, 9.8%, 98.5%, and 0.60; 53.8%, 91.4%, 11.2%, 99.0%, and 0.73; and 35.0%, 94.2%, 8.4%, 99.0%, and 0.65. In countries using the Goto TORR with PPV<99%, OHCA patients were younger, had more males, a higher rate of shockable rhythm, witnessed collapse, pre-hospital defibrillation, and survival to discharge, compared with countries using the Goto TORR with PPV ≥99%.

Conclusions
There was no single TORR fit for all Asian countries. The Goto TORR can be considered the most suitable; however, a high predictive performance with PPV ≥99% was not achieved in three countries using it (Korea, Malaysia, and Taiwan).