bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY AS HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT TO DRIVE THE NATION'S ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Rohimah Rohimah 
Published: December 2022

It is hoped that Indonesia will focus on building the quality of human resources that are adequate to increase national competitiveness. This is the the key to winning free trade and world globalization. Therefore, policies to increase knowledge and insvestment in human capital as the basis for economic improvement to improve the quality of human resources are considered to be the most effective investment that the state must make to promote long-term, inclusive economic growth. Educational growth affects economic growth and vice versa. The Role of higher education has the opportunity to improve the nation‟s economy. Learning from several developed countries, the Indonesian government must take strategic steps in an effort to build national education. Invesrments in education will significantly encourage economic progress and create social welfare. The aim of this research is to improve the quality of human capital as a capital for Indonesia‟s economic development and national assets. This theoretical study uses the literature review method. The results of the study are then presented to answer the formulation of research problems , namely 1)Knowledge_Based Economy,2)Human Capital Investment,3)Human Development Index, 4)How is The Relationshhip between Education and Economic Growth?
Pierre de Sampson et Bernard de Montmirat. Deux canonistes français du XIIIe siècle
Authors: Bertram Martin 
Published: December 2022

Bertram (Martin), Pierre de Sampson and Bernard de Montmirat. Two french Kanonists of the XlIIth century.
Peter of Samson and his pupil Bernard de Montmirat (Abbas Antiquus) have left each a Lectura on the Decretals of Gregory IX and on the Novellae of Innocent IV. These canon law texts are transmitted in at least 76 manuscripts, listed and attribued to the two authors respec¬ tively in this paper. Bernard’s Lectura presents an uniform text confor¬ ming to the printed editions of Strasbourg (1510/1 1) and Venice (1588), whereas Peter’s writings, probably not having had a final redaction, appear very inconsistent in the manuscripts. However, the recent conjecture, that both sets of writings were identical with Peter alone as author, has to be discarded.
Le recours à la juridiction de l’Église (ms. 659 de la Bibliothèque municipale d’Avignon)
Authors: Raynaud Christiane 
Published: December 2022

The thirty six miniatures of the Gratian Decree kept by the municipal library of Avignon (ms 659, Toulouse, XIVth century) give an exceptionnal role to the ecclesiastical judge, even compared with the standards set by the illustration of Toulousan manuscripts, which alrea¬ dy give him the lion’s share (I).
On the opposite, the supplicant, the petitioner and the opponent are representated in a modest position which does not square with their role in the text (II).
At last, even more oddly, the representative in justice dominates the audience with the judge. He develops vigorously a clever, even scholarly, address to the Court (III).
The prestige of this graduate in law and the place devoted to the written document (roll, book) are characteristic of the Southern French society.
Les bibliothèques médiévales des abbayes bénédictines du Languedoc et de la Provence. État de la question et perspectives de recherche
Authors: Nebbiai-Dalla Guarda Donatella 
Published: December 2022

The Medieval Libraries of Benedictine Abbeys of Languedoc and Provence. State of the Question and Prospects for Research.
Even though they had suffered from being scattered about even before the Wars of Religion, the libraries of the Benedictine abbeys of Languedoc and Provence were very important. After a general account based on the study of existing documents (old inventories and extant manuscripts), two representative cases are analyzed.
The content and the organization of the library of Saint-Pons de Thomières, of which only 4 manuscripts have survived to the present, is known for the end of the 13th century thanks to an impressive catalog listing 450 volumes, classified by subject. This catalog testifies to the borrowing by the abbey’s Friars as well as by outside patrons. As early as the 11th century, when it was used as a relay for the reform policies of Gregory VII, the Saint Victor Abbey of Marseille collected an important library which totalled at the end of the 14th century 500 volumes, thanks to an active scriptorium linked to Italian and Catalonian centers and also to donations and legacies.
Les papes d’Avignon et leurs manuscrits
Authors: Jullien de Pommerol Marie-Henriette 
Published: December 2022

Les papes d’Avignon et leurs manuscrits.
Pendant tout le XIVe siècle (1305-1405) et le séjour de la papauté à Avignon, les neuf papes qui se succédèrent dans cette ville travaillèrent chacun à sa façon à la formation de la bibliothèque pontificale. Fabrication des manuscrits dans les ateliers du palais comme dans ceux d’artisans avignonnais ou de couvents, achats divers, cadeaux aux pontifes, arrivages provenant des dépouilles de prélats permirent le développement spectaculaire d’une collection partie de rien. Jean XXII en fut le premier promoteur, Clément VI et Grégoire XI prirent à cœur son enrichissement et son organisation, Benoît XIII enfin la plaça au premier rang des grandes bibliothèques de l’Occident chrétien, sans pouvoir en empêcher la dispersion totale après sa fuite d’Avignon et sa mort.
Le décor du manuscrit des Flores sanctorum de la bibliothèque monastique de Sorèze
Authors: Pousthomis-Dalle Nelly 
Published: December 2022

The Decoration of the Flores Sanctorum Manuscript of the Monastic Library of Soreze.
The Flores Sanctorum manuscript was bequeathed to the Benedictine Abbey of Sorèze (Tarn) at the end of the XIVth century by Jean Coc, a parish priest of Saint-Vincent de Carcassonne. It shows two unidentified armorial shields. Its interest rests less in the text, a version of the Légende dorée, than in the high-grade original illustration. This one includes six historiated initials and three illuminated initials from which depart plant antennas, composed of long leaves in mantlings or acanthus leaves. Analysis of the manuscript reveals an execution in two stages, fairly close together and the interventions of two illuminators ; The first one is caracterized by quite condensed and monumental com¬ positions. The second one has partiality for close shot centering and for portraits. Both of them opted for abstract backgrounds without sear¬ ching for any perspective and both of them presented colourist faculties and a real plastic art sense which is showed by the delicacy of the shapes. No influence of Northern gothic style is visible and their art appears to have come from an Italian studio or quite influenced by Italian repertory and style, without excluding possible mediation from Avignon or Catalonia. This decoration, not very abundant but of high quality, helps make this manuscript a luxury copy, produced near the middle of the 14th century for a quite high ranked patron.
La prédication dissidente
Authors: Duvernoy Jean 
Published: December 2022

Dissenting Preaching.
During times of freedom, Cathar preaching took place regularly on Sundays and on some feast days according to the calendar of the catholic Church. When repression reigned, meetings took place, which could include up to a hundred people, in which a cleric read a passage from the gospel which could include up to a hundred peole, in whixh a cleric read a passage from the gospel which was then commented upon by a « parfait » of high standing.
People from Vaud also followed the calendar with specific insistence on Maundy Thursday. Sermons were then preceded by a commemoration of the Last Supper with bread, wine and fish. But they also preached widely on public squares, generally against Catharism, challenging « parfaits » to public debates. During times of repression, sermons were the crowning moments of an evening meeting in a friendly house : there would be a general prayer with people kneeling before a bench, a dinner, a sermon and, afterwards, brothers would hear some confessions.
If there was no sermon, the « Béguins » organized evening meetings during which pious opuscules translated into provençal were read, especially ones by Pierre Dejean-Olieu.
The Spanish apostolic arrested by Bernard Gui was to preach orally on the pilgrimage trail. He had a certain stock of knowledge concerning Holy Writ.
Lastly, until a late date, Catholic sermons, whether preached by beggins friars or by local priests, were not without fabulous assertions and sometimes even utter heresies.
La proximité comme élément de persuasion : les références géographiques, sociales et culturelles dans les exempla d’un Sachet provençal au XIIIe siècle
Authors: Rava-Cordier Isabelle 
Published: December 2022

Nearness as an Element of Persuasion : the Geographical, Social and Cultural References of a Provençal Friar.
From the thirteenth century on, preachers frequently resorted to exemplum in order to illustrate their speeches. The nature of these model stories made them into effective means of persuasion. What were the elements which brought authenticity and likelihood to a story and which made its memorisation easier ? Reading a series of exempla sometimes reveals the presence of geographical, social and cultural references which show a link between the preacher, where the collection was composed and the supposed audience. Wasn’t the indication of this nearness -understood as closeness in space, time and family relationships -there precisely to help the preacher persuade, convince by endowing the story with authenticity and likelihood ?
This link between nearness and persuasion has been examined thanks to an anonymous collection of exempla written in Latin, during the last third of the thirteenth century. It contains a few sentences in common language and was attributed to a friar of the Penitential Order of Jesus Christ in Provence, commonly called the Friars of the Sackcloth.
La liturgie de la mort en France méridionale (XIIe-XVe siècle)
Authors: Gy Pierre-Marie 
Published: December 2022

The Liturgy of Death in Southern France (Xllth-XVth century).
Archives are limited to diocesan rituals printed in the XVIth and to a few monastic rituals of the Xlth century, but they are similar in Catalunya, Albi and Mende. Liturgical actions related to the family were of a second degree in the ecclesiastical custom and did not imply the intervention of a priest. The Christian had to confess himself and to receive viaticum before dying but the funeral mass was not frequent. Cemeteries and churches were linked continuously by the meaning of and the sacrality of death. Tombs were inside the church with the desire of the people to be buried the closest possible to relics and altars. The euchology of funerals did not change very much over the period, but the strength of their melody overvalorized the Libera, Dies Irae and De Profundis.
Cimetières médiévaux et rites funéraires en Languedoc : l’apport de l'archéologie
Authors: Helas Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

Medieval cemeteries and funeral habits in Languedoc : the contribution of Archeology.
If during centuries, the world of the dead and the one of the living were rigorously kept apart, a continuous change occured throughout Middle Ages. Archaeological evidences confirmed and completed the texts once again. Cemeteries still far away from houses in the High Middle Ages, got integrated step by step to the housing. Firstly, the living used to meet the dead in suburban areas before the beginning of the second millenium when sepultures subdued towns, churches and their surroundings.
Still kept within tombs, furniture disappeared around the middle of the VIIIth century whereas at the same time, the number of diverse types of tombs got reduced. After many experiments, the anthropomorphic tomb was generalized after the tenth century. Very common by its cave form, the tomb was replaced by the grave, without or with a coffin, which later became characteristic of the XIV-XVIth centuries.
The Come necropolis in Montpellier, with its two superposed cemeteries (cave and grave) witnessed this evolution and allowed an archeological approach of the funeral rituals in the Languedoc between the Xth and the XVIth century.
Peine de mort et droit canonique
Authors: Gilles Henri 
Published: December 2022

Le droit canonique n’évoque que très rarement la peine de mort. Il consacre l’excommunication comme telle, mais la peine de mort corporelle ne figure pas dans l’échelle des peines prévues par le droit canon. L’Église a horreur du sang et remet aux juridictions séculières tout individu passible d’une telle sanction. Si des clercs disposent d’un pouvoir temporel, ils doivent se constituer un vicaire laïque. En aucun cas, un évêque ou un clerc ne peut participer à une sentence de mort, ni même l’approuver ou bien assister à l’exécution d’un condamné à mort. Cela instituerait une irrégularité qui les rendrait inhabiles à exercer les saints ordres et à conserver leur bénéfice. L’abandon au bras séculier est légitime pour assurer la paix de l’Église. Il l’est tout particulièrement pour les clercs incorrigibles et les hérétiques, assimilés aux coupables de lèse-majesté.
L’Église médiévale admet que le monde séculier pratique la peine de mort. Qui tue les méchants est ministre de Dieu. Le juge qui punit justement est donc exempt de péché ; Les condamnés à mort sont admis à la confession, à la pénitence et même à l’Eucharistie. Le criminel repenti a droit à la sépulture en terre chrétienne, sauf quelques cas. Les testaments des condamnés à mort n’ont aucune valeur (car la mort civile est corollaire de la mort physique) ; les cardinaux peuvent obtenir la grâce des condamnés qui croisent leur chemin.
Louis d’Anjou : un évangélisme dynastique ?
Authors: Paul Jacques 
Published: December 2022

La vie de Louis d’Anjou, prince aux fleurs de lys, franciscain et évêque de Toulouse, est un bref et intense témoignage d’évangélisme. La similitude entre ses gestes et ceux de son grand-oncle, le roi de France saint Louis, pose une délicate question. Y a-t-il, de l’un à l’autre, simple similitude dans les attitudes compte tenu de leur condition, ou exemple accepté et imitation consciente ? La spiritualité qui anime l’un et l’autre, en particulier la dévotion à la croix, pose le même problème.
Il apparaît que le prince franciscain n’a pas de la vie de son grand-oncle une connaissance approfondie. Elle paraît suffisante pour fonder le choix des gestes envers les pauvres. Pour la spiritualité, il s’agit plus vraisemblablement d’une commune référence à l’Évangile, dans une interprétation marquée par François d’Assise.
Clercs et moines dans la sphère courtoise (XIIe-XIIIe siècle)
Authors: Amado Claudie 
Published: December 2022

Amado (Claudie), Clercs et moines dans la sphère courtoise.
Le Midi présente au XIIe siècle des réseaux emboîtés de cours : à celles des barons de l’aristocratie moyenne se superposent celles des princes : Barcelone, Toulouse, Trencavel, Narbonne. Les troubadours circulent entre ces réseaux, porteurs des valeurs communes qui définissent la « courtoisie » et confèrent à la noblesse une conscience d’elle-même. Il n’existe pas d’antagonisme fondamental entre la lyrique courtoise et la culture ecclésiastique. Entre elles il existe des parentés ; en outre, bien des clercs se font troubadours et bien des troubadours gagnent le cloître. Avant la croisade de 1209, on ne constate au demeurant aucune rupture dans le Midi entre l’Église et l’aristocratie.
La diffusion de la Chronique universelle de Géraud de Frachet
Authors: Rech Régis 
Published: December 2022

Rech (Régis), The diffusion of Gérard de Frachet’s Chronique Universelle.
Written between 1248 and 1268 by Gérard de Frachet (1205-1271), the Chronique Universelle, used by seven contemporary or subsequent chroniclers, is known today through twenty-five medieval manuscripts. Nineteen of these twenty-five manuscripts were copied during the second half of the thirteenth century and the first third of the fourteenth century, five of them were copied during the fifteenth century. The Chronique Universelle was the work of a Southerner, but was mainly read in the Northern part of the kingdom : in the pays d’oc regions, only Limousin and Auvergne appear to know it. The work of a Dominican, the official historian of his order, it was mainly circulated among and appreciated by the Cistercians. However, in providing the strong framework of Bernard Gui’s Chronique Universelle, Gérard’ s work - a compilation that was then compiled itself - became more successful, not only among the Dominicans, but also in the Southern regions.
Églises et chapelles des hospitaliers du grand prieuré de Saint-Gilles dans les enquêtes de 1338 et 1373
Authors: Coulet Noël 
Published: December 2022

Hospitaller Churches and Chapels of the Great Priory of Saint-Gilles during the 1338 and 1373 Inquiries.
The inquiries carried out in 1338 and 1373 on the land of the Great Priory of Saint-Gilles allow a bird’s eye view of the hundred or so places of worship that were owned by Hospitallers. The changing vocabulary makes it difficult to distinguish chapels from churches. One third of the buildings seem to be parish churches. Three of the churches were necropolises for princes and therefore had a special status. The inquiry focused mainly on profits (which were quite low), made from those sanctuaries and on the expenses they brought about. The cure was maintained mainly by chaplain brothers but also by a small number of secular priests who were paid and supported by the Order. Their number did not seem to rise in 1373. In the second inquiry, some rare cases of damages in places of worship and weakness in the cure can be noticed.
L’ordre teutonique dans le Midi. Malchance ou aucune chance ?
Authors: Krämer Thomas 
Published: December 2022

The Teutonic Order in Southern France. Bad Luck or no Chance ?
Despite of its nearly 150 years lasting presence in the Midi the Teutonic Order did not leave many traces in this area. This aggravates the research concerning the commanderies at Arles and Montpellier. Founded before the middle of the thirteenth century, this order was active in the Holy Land and already at the same time took first steps in Prussia. Facing the small documentary basis one can only explain the development of these two houses with regards to the general history of the order. However, the Templars and the Hospitallers have to be considered as being two powerful and long lasting establishments of a military order in the South of France. This contribution tries to show that the isolated houses of the Teutonic knights could have survived if they had been supported, above all financially, by the order. But with the shift of the order’s center to the Baltic region in 1309 the situation changed dramatically as the order’s interests altered. Without its support the houses were not able to attract patronage in order to accumulate land and/or rents sufficiently. This led to the sale of the commandery at Montpellier in 1343 and the loss of the possessions at Arles in the middle of the fourteenth century. In the retrospect one can argue that these commanderies never had a chance. But this implies the view of later times. At their foundation the two commanderies of the Teutonic Order in Southern France were a sign of its possibilities and internationality.
Les sentences de l ’official à Saragosse et à Barcelone à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Charageat Martine 
Published: December 2022

The Sentences of the Officiality in Saragossa and Barcelona (end of the Middle-Ages).
The way matrimonial cases were tried varies from one officiality to the other between Saragossa and Barcelona. Nevertheless, the minutes of the sentences are built in a similar way, regardless of the nature of the conclusion that was reached. However, differences can be noticed as to their drafting and length, indicating structural and legal alterations in the trials. In the case of the ecclesiastical judge of Saragossa, the noted evolution is characterized by the disappearance of the Gospels from the table of the judge and that of the term « equity ». Therefore, the guarantee of a valid and undeniable sentence is no longer present. At the time of the withdrawal, one notices the presence of law experts (periti) who were consulted by the judge before he took his decision. The meaning and the legal impact of this change within the ecclesiastical jurisdictions metioned above need to be studied and understood - it is the aim of the present paper to do so.
Reconquête de l'espace, mariage et parenté spirituelle dans le cycle des Narbonnais
Authors: Collomp Denis 
Published: December 2022

Collomp (Denis), Reconquête de l’espace, mariage et parenté spirituelle dans le cycle des Narbonnais.
Le noyau ancien du petit cycle de Guillaume d'Orange révèle, notamment pour les neveux du héros, une parenté plus instable que les études globalisantes sur le cycle des Narbonnais ne laissent paraître, et ne fait pour ainsi dire pas de place aux femmes du clan. Ces premières aventures ne sont pas sans rappeler l'ascension des Normands dans le sud italien, voire leurs traits de caractère ou leurs modes de vie. La récriture met davantage en lumière le baptême, cependant que le tournant des XIIe et XIIIe siècles voit émerger le nom d'Hermengarde de Narbonne et offre des figures féminines plus fortes, qui illustrent politique d'alliance, et nécessité du douaire : l'établissement structurant de la fratrie permet d'en fixer la généalogie. Dans la diaspora de la fratrie se dégage une reconquête de l'Espagne où conversions et mariages jouent un rôle important. Mais le puîné se voit ravir la transmission du fief par le filleul, fort d'une parenté spirituelle qui lui a déjà apporté un prénom en héritage.
Famille du Christ et pastorale familiale dans la Vita Christi de Francesc Eiximenis
Authors: Payan Paul 
Published: December 2022

Payan (Paul), Christ’s Family and Familial Pastoral in Francesc Eiximenis’ Vita Christi.
During the 14th century, the life of Christ was becoming a real literary genre, aimed at pious laymen. We purpose here to observe the place of Christ’s terrestrial family and the one of familial pastoral in the Catalan Franciscan Francesc Eiximenis’ Vita Christi, written near 1400. We can find in this text a presentation of the Nativity and Christ’s childhood, often very original, giving a very important place to Joseph and to familial framework of Incarnation. The meditation on Christ’s childhood also gives to Eiximenis the opportunity to purpose some advice on upbringing, showing a very Franciscan conception of family links, characterized by a kind of suspicion for carnal links. Nevertheless, the work of Eiximenis shows a new effort to build a familial model based on the meditation on Christ’s childhood story.