bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Genetic Study of Tolerance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) to Aphanomyces Root Rot1
Authors: Marx G. A. , Schroeder W. T. , Provvidenti R. , Mishanec W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The genetic basis for tolerance to Aphanomyces root rot found in a selection of P.I. 175227 was studied in a greenhouse tank test. Parental, F1, BC, F2, and F3 populations were screened by subjecting the seedlings to a pure culture of the pathogen.
The results showed that tolerance was associated with dominant, “wild-type”, alleles at 3 unlinked marker loci (Le, A, Pl) and that substitution of the recessive, horticulturally desirable, allele at each of these loci led to a decrease in tolerance. The demonstrated associations were ascribed to genetic linkage rather than to pleiotropy.
Effects of Rootstock on Leaf Element Content of ‘Italian’ Prune (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Westwood M. N. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plantings of the ‘Italian’ prune (P. domestica L.) were established on seedling peach (P. persica L. Batsch) and clonal Myrobalan 29-C, B, 2-7 (P. cerasifera, Ehrh.); Marianna 4001, 2623, 2624 (P. cerasifera × Munsoniana?, Wight and Hedr.); and St. Julien A (P. insititia L. Bullace) rootstocks in 7 orchard sites in Oregon. Leaf samples were collected in the years 1968 to 1970 and analyzed for element content. Trees with plum rootstocks had greater leaf N, K, Mn, and Zn and slightly less B and Mg than those on peach. Plum clones, Myrobalan 29-C, Myrobalan B, and St. Julien A, were more efficient in the uptake of Ca. There were positive correlations between N and Ca, N and Mg, N and B, N and Zn, Ca and Mg, Ca and B, and Mg and B for most of the stocks. There was a negative correlation between K and Mg for Myrobalan 2-7 and the 3 Marianna clones. Myrobalan B and Marianna 2623 and 2624 had a negative corrleation for K and Ca whereas St. Julien A had a positive correlation.
Effect of the Early Environment on Flowering in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Rylski Irena 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Air and soil temp have a great influence on the development and flowering of the pepper plant. The time interval between emergence and flowering increases as temp drop. Plants which grew under low temp in any particular growth stage developed an equal or greater number of leaves before the first flower than did plants growing under high temp, regardless of day length.
A soil temp of 10°C retarded plant development, whereas 17°C allowed normal development. The rate of growth increased as soil temp rose. The total plant wt after 100 days of growth under various soil temp increased with rising temp. The top continued to develop with rising temp, but root development was retarded at a soil temp of 30°C or above.
Peach Seed Dormancy in Relation to Endogenous Inhibitors and Applied Growth Substances1
Authors: Diaz Daniel H. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An inhibitor was present in both seed coat and embryo of a high and a low chilling cv. of unstratified peach seeds and its concn decreased as stratification proceeded, Embryonic tissue retained more of the inhibitor than the seed coat. As the concn of inhibitor decreased, seed germination increased. The inhibitor was tentatively identified as abscisic acid (ABA) by chromatography. A bound inhibitor was also present in the seed parts of both cvs., and its concn increased in the embryo as stratification proceeded. More ABA and bound inhibitor were present in the high-chilling cv. than in the low-chilling counterpart, indicating that they may be related as factors which cause a cv. to require long periods of chilling. Application of ABA reduced germination percentage on stratified seeds without seed coats. Application of gibberellic acid (GA) and N-benzyladenine (BA) combined had a synergistic effect in promoting germination of dormant seeds.
Nitrate Accumulation in Spinach Grown at Different Temperatures1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrate accumulated in spinach plants that did not receive additional fertilizer N when temp was increased above 15°C. When 50 mg N/kg soil was added the NO3 concn increased above 10°C and with 200 mg N/kg soil NO3 increased with temp increments above 5°C. When N fertilizer was added the NO3 concn decreased with a subsequent increment in temp from 25°C to 30°C. The effect of N fertilizer on NO3 accumulation became more apparent with each 5°C rise in temp to 25°C. Either N fertilizer or a temp rise from 5°C to 25°C led to a significant increase in the total N concn of the plants. Changes in total N were correlated with changes in NO3-N when N fertilizer was added to the soil or when the temp was changed. Nitrite did not accumulate appreciably at any of 6 temp or 3 N fertilizer levels used.
Effect of Postharvest Calcium Treatments on Internal Breakdown and Respiration of Apple Fruits1
Authors: Bangerth F. , Dilley D. R. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dipping ‘Jonathan’ apples in CaCl2 solution prior to storage greatly reduced the development of internal breakdown (IB) and retarded flesh softening during 19 weeks at 2.2°C plus 1 week at 23°C. Infiltration of fruit with sorbitol produced IB symptoms, whereas glucose caused a dissimilar browning coloration and sucrose yielded no visible damage. Infused Ca inhibited IB symptoms and browning, retarded respiration, reduced the metabolism of endogenous substrates, and increased the oxidation of exogenous substrates. The results suggest Ca inhibits IB by enhancing the uptake and compartmentation of substrates, particularly sorbitol.
Effect of Ethephon-Induced Ethylene on Abscission of Leaves and Fruits of Peaches1
Authors: Daniell Jeff W. , Wilkinson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Southland) were treated with 0, 1.73, 2.42, and 3.11 Mmoles/1 of (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and ethylene evolution was measured up to 9 days after treatment. Ethephon caused a marked increase in ethylene evolution, a sharp decrease in the breaking force of fruit abscission, and a pronounced increase in leaf abscission. Ethylene evolution was higher in leaves than fruits. In general, ethylene from tissue explants containing the abscission zone of fruits was higher than that of explants from the side of fruits from treated trees. However, it was postulated that ethylene has an overall affect on all tissue with subsequent abscission rather than a direct effect on the abscission zone of leaves and fruits of peaches.
Effect of Light on Growth of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Fruits1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Intrieri Cesare 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet cherry fruits covered with aluminum foil bags at the beginning of pit hardening were visibly larger than those exposed to light when examined 14 days later. With ‘Bing’ fruits this difference in size remained nearly constant until harvest while with ‘Royal Ann’ it continued to diverge during “final swell.” The size of covered fruits was larger at harvest, but soluble solids content was much less than in exposed fruits. The alcohol insoluble substances (AIS) of control mesocarp tissue of ‘Bing’ decreased from 15 to 7% during the 2 weeks prior to harvest; those of dark-grown fruits decreased from 13 to 10%. The trends for the ‘Royal Ann’ fruits were similar. About 45% of the AIS was hydrolyzable with pectinase. Comparisons of levels of gibberellins, auxin-like and ABA-like substances between covered and exposed fruits showed neither consistent trends nor differences correlative to size increase during 3 weeks before harvest wherein the possible roles of these hormones could be ascribed. Humidity and ambient temp were not effective factors compared to light in this growth phenomenon.
Reduction of Ozone Damage to Petunia hybrida Vilm. by Use of Growth Regulating Chemicals and Tolerant Cultivars1
Authors: Cathey Henry M. , Heggestad Howard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixty-five cvs. of petunia, Petunia hybrida Vilm., were evaluated for sensitivity to ozone and the reduction in damage afforded by applications of growth regulating and other chemicals. Plants were exposed to ozone concn at 15, 30, 45, and 60 parts per hundred million (pphm) in a growth chamber for 1.5, 3, and 6 hr at 25°C, 78-88% relative humidity, and an illumination of 2,000 ft-c. Chemicals which retarded internode elongation and promoted dark green color of the foliage reduced visible injury induced by ozone.4,5 The compounds 2,4-dichlorobenzyltributyl phosphonium chloride (CBBP) and succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) retarded growth and modified sensitivity of the foliage to ozone. Concentration of SADH needed to reduce injury significantly was at least twice that used to retard stem elongation. Adding L. ascorbic acid and a wax coating to the spray solution increased the protection afforded by SADH. Chemicals which did not retard growth of petunia such as the chemical growth retardants (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat), α-cyclopropyl-α (4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol), and the systemic fungicide methyl 1-butylcarbamoyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) afforded no protection for ozone treated plants. The 65 cvs. were placed in 6 classes based on an average rating of injury after exposures to 4 doses of ozone. Five cvs. were in the very tolerant class and have most potential for use in the development of new petunia cvs. resistant to ozone and possibly to other phytotoxicants.
The Relation of Endogenous Abscisic Acid to the Dwarfing Capability of East Malling Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Yadava U. L. , Dayton D. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots, shoots, and leaves of 1- and 2-year-old ungrafted plants of EM IX, VII, and I, and roots of EM XVIa, were extracted to detect an inhibitor that appears identical with abscisic acid (ABA). The extracts were coned, partially purified chromatographically, and bioassayed using the wheat coleoptile straight growth and Lepidium seed germination tests. A strongly inhibitory substance was found in both bioassays at or close to the Rf values reported for maximum ABA activity or determined with the synthetic form.
Extracts of EM IX tissue contained the highest levels of this inhibitor, presumed to be ABA. Progressively lower levels were found in extracts of EM VII, I, and XVIa, which is the same as the order of these clones in increasing vigor of grafted scions. This same order was indicated in nearly all bioassays of the 3 types of tissue extracts. Extracts of roots collected in early spring after overwintering either in storage or out-of-doors, in midsummer, and in the fall after cessation of growth all placed the clones in the same order. Levels in root and leaf extracts were generally higher than in those of shoots.
The Lepidium seed bioassay appears to offer a convenient method for identification of strongly or semi-dwarfing individuals or clones. Leaves offer an obvious advantage over shoots or roots.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. I. Levels of Extractable Gibberellin-Like Substances in the Seed1
Authors: Naito R. , Inoue H. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Levels of gibberellin (GA)-like substances were determined in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) seed in relation to fruit development using the cucumber and dwarf pea bioassays. Two GA-like substances were found; one was soluble in ethyl acetate and the other, a more polar substance, in butanol. Concentrations of both substances increased to a maximum 14 days after anthesis and then decreased and remained low during Stage III. Changes in seed GA-like substances coincided with development of the seed components, nucellus, endosperm, and embryo, and the early enlargement of the pericarp, but not with subsequent development of the pericarp. Both the ethyl acetate- and butanol-soluble GA-like seed substances chromatographed at a lower Rf than GA3. The butanol-soluble component is probably not a glycoside, since no ethyl acetate-soluble GA was released on hydrolysis. The butanol-soluble component resembles GA32 in polarity, partitioning characteristics and Rf.
Effect of Ethylene on Carnation Keeping Life1
Authors: Barden Laura E. , Hanan Joe J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. White Sim) buds and flowers were exposed to various ethylene concn for different periods and at different temp. A dosage term, ppb-hr, was used to evaluate C2H4 concn and exposure time. Keeping life was highly correlated with dosage, depending upon temp. Buds were less susceptible than flowers to C2H4 injury at all temp, with no significant loss of keeping life at the highest dosages and a temp of 1.7°C. Open flowers exhibited zero keeping life with 47,000 ppb-hr at the same temp. At 21.1°C, zero keeping life was obtained with mature flowers at 4,400 ppb-hr, whereas buds required 8,400 ppb-hr. Mathematical relationships showed the effect of increasing C2H4 dosages on rate of keeping loss to be linear. Over a dosage range of 103 to 105 ppb-hr, the effect of temp on open flowers was linear, and slightly curvilinear on buds. Increasing exposure temp from 1.7 to 21.1°C increased the effect of ethylene nearly 1,000 times on open flowers.
A Comparison of Hardiness Responses in Fruit Buds of ‘Bing’ Cherry and ‘Elberta’ Peach1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several aspects of hardiness behavior in ‘Bing’ cherry and ‘Elberta’ peach fruit buds were compared. Cherries averaged 2.1°C hardier than peaches. The difference was least in late fall and early spring, and greatest during winter. High temp caused the minimum hardiness level of peaches to rise by mid-winter; cherries not until late winter or early spring. Cherries hardened more rapidly than peaches during cold days. During dormancy cherry and peach buds hardened when temp was below -1.1 to -2.2°, dehardened when above that level. Hardening rates up to 1.9° per day for peaches and 2.8° for cherries were observed. Cherry buds hardened by cold days lost 6.1° of hardiness in 4 hr when exposed to 24°C.
Understanding of fruit bud hardiness in peach and cherry has progressed far enough that use of low temp control measures during winter, based on critical temp from laboratory evaluations, seems feasible.
Effects of Subatmospheric Pressure Storage on Ripening and Associated Chemical Changes of Certain Deciduous Fruits1
Authors: Salunkhe D. K. , Wu M. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Subatmospheric pressure (hypobaric) treatments increased the storage life of apricots by 15 to 37 days, peaches by 7 to 27 days, sweet cherries by 16 to 33 days, pears by 1.5 to 4.5 months, and apples by 2.5 to 3.5 months. In general, chlorophyll and starch degradation, losses of sugars and titratable acidity, and formation of carotenoids were delayed by the subatmospheric pressure treatments.
Effects of Induced Polyploidy in Cucumbers1
Authors: Smith O. S. , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Autotetraploid cucumbers were induced by soaking diploid seed in solutions of colchicine. Triploids were made by reciprocal crosses between diploids and tetraploids. The fruit yield of the polyploids was approx 1/2 that of diploids. The fertility of the tetraploid plants as measured by viable seed was approx 1/5 that of diploids. The reduced seed yields of tetraploids appeared to be due to reduced no. of functional male gametes and genic factors. Differences in seed yields were measured among tetraploid lines. Tetraploid by diploid crosses were extremely infertile in either direction.
Histochemical Localization of Enzymes in the Abscission Zones of Maturing Sour and Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Poovaiah B. W. , Rasmussen H. P. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase activities were localized histochemically in the lower (pedicel-fruit) abscission zones of sour (Prunus cerasus L.) and sweet (Prunus avium L.) cherry fruits. Highest enzyme activity generally occurred at the juncture of the receptacle and fruit tissues; the region where separation occurred. Both species had a similar peroxidase isozyme pattern; however, 2 bands in sweet cherry had lower intensities than sour cherry. The implications of localized activities of these enzymes in cherry fruit abscission are discussed.
Morphological Studies of Flower Bud Initiation and Development in Bulbous Iris Stored at Various Temperatures1,3
Authors: Uhring Joseph 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower buds are absent in dormant iris bulbs, but floral initiation occurs after subjecting them to a high temp, heat curing treatment, followed by a holding period at a moderate temp, and then a low temp pre-cooling period. The effects of cultivars, digging dates, ethylene gas treatment, and different storage temp on earliness and uniformity of flowering were studied in microscopic sections of bulb growing points of samples collected at intervals from the different treatment lots. The results indicated that variations in field growing conditions produced bulbs with varying degrees of maturity, of which some would respond properly to curing treatments and others would not. Properly matured bulbs grown in the Pacific Northwest can be heat cured by exposing them to a temp of 32.2°C for 10 days. Holding temp lower than 15.5°C delayed subsequent flower bud initiation. Ethylene gas treatment prior to heat curing appeared to stimulate floral initiation.
Levels of Hydrogen Sulfide Toxic to Citrus Roots1
Authors: Ford H. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The toxicity level for H2S, generated under waterlogged conditions, is a concn-time relationship associated with the dissolved molecular H2S concn in the root rhizosphere. A molecular concn of 2.8 ppm for 5 days is one toxicity threshold for significant root injury in controlled tests with rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) seedlings. Rapid bacterial generation of H2S in the root rhizosphere was indicated by a doubling of the concn every 24 hr. Sulfides were present in root tissues that died.
Effects of Growth-Regulators on Cellulase, Polygalacturonase, Respiration, Color, and Texture of Ripening Tomatoes1
Authors: Babbitt J. K. , Powers M. J. , Patterson M. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in firmness, protein, color, respiration, cellulase, and polygalacturonase were followed during maturation and ripening of tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum L., on the plant and in detached fruit allowed to ripen at 20°C. Cellulase activity in the young fruit increased steadily during the maturation period. Cellulase activity in detached fruit ripened at 20°C increased rapidly during the onset of ripening and reached a higher level than in fruit ripened on the plant. Polygalacturonase activity was not detectable in developing fruit until after the fruit had initiated ripening. Polygalacturonase activity in detached fruit ripened at 20°C did not appear until the onset of the climacteric and then increased rapidly. This corresponded to the polygalacturonase activity in fruit allowed to ripen on the plant.
The changes during ripening appeared to follow a pre-determined pattern. Grow-regulating substances only moderately affected the onset of the climacteric rise, but markedly influenced the time interval to reach the climacteric peak. They also markedly affected the rate of the normal sequence of changes during ripening. Such changes as softening, color formation, and enzyme activities of cellulase and polygalacturonase were accelerated by ethephon and SADH and delayed by gibberellic acid and indoleacetic acid. Gibberellic acid suppressed polygalacturonase activity. After 14 days polygalacturonase activity in the control fruit was 25 times greater than in fruit treated with gibberellic acid. Cellulase activity in gibberellic acid treated fruit increased steadily during this period. The loss of firmness in treated fruit suggests that softening is initiated by action of cellulolytic enzymes and that pectinolytic enzymes are involved in subsequent changes in texture.
Effects of N, P, and K Fertilizer on Leaf Composition, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Bearing ‘Ben Lear’ Cranberries1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Meehan C. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Data from a 3-yr experiment on ‘Ben Lear’ cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait), by multiple stepwise regression at the 1% level, showed that N, P, and K applications increased their respective tissue levels. Tissue Ca and Mn were decreased by N applications in 1969; 1970 tissue Ca was decreased by applications of both N and P. Nitrogen, P, and K applications all tended to decrease 1969 tissue Mg.
Yield was increased by N applications in 1971. A cubic effect of N applications was noted in 1970 anthocyanin and soluble solids contents. Pooled data for 1970 and 1971 were fitted to linear and quadratic equations relating tissue levels to fertilizer applications and yield and quality measurements to tissue levels. Desirable tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn are suggested.
Genetic Control of Reaction to Common Blight Bacterium in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as Influenced by Plant Age and Bacterial Multiplication1
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Schuster M. L. , Hill K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reaction to Xanthomonas phaseoli (E.F. Smith) Dowson, cause of common blight disease in beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., was inherited quantitatively in the cross early flowering susceptible cv. Great Northern (GN) 1140 × late flowering tolerant line ‘GN Nebr. #1, sel. 27’. F1 populations showed partial dominance for susceptibility at 25 days and nearly complete dominance at 43 days after inoculation. Genes controlling delayed flowering, under long photoperiod and high temp, and tolerant reaction were linked. Early, blight tolerant advanced lines were not obtained by pedigree selection. They were obtained, however, by the backcross method, using ‘GN Nebr. #1, sel. 27’ as the recurrent parent. Different photoperiod × temp regimes in growth chambers induced flowering at the same or different times in nearly-isogenic lines of the same age. Vegetative plants exhibited higher levels of tolerance and lower bacterial populations than did plants in the pod stage. The bacterial population in susceptible ‘GN 1140’ was higher than in early and late tolerant lines.
Activity of Foliar Applied Ancymidol on Girdled Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Weisser D. , Sachs R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In ‘Bright Golden Anne’ chrysanthemums girdling below the treated leaves does not reduce, rather it may enhance, growth retarding activity of foliar applied ancymidol. Experimental evidence with 14C sucrose shows that the compound does not pass the girdle to enter the root system, and it is assumed that ancymidol transport is similarly restricted. Our results indicate that the major site of action of ancymidol is in the shoot tissues. One suggestion accounting for greater activity of soil, as compared to foliar, applications is that the chrysanthemum root system may absorb ancymidol more rapidly than the leaves.
The Influence of Rootstocks and Interstocks on the Nutrient Concentrations in ‘Valencia’ Orange Leaves1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Bitters W. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It was clearly demonstrated that rootstocks have a strong influence on nutrient concentrations in scion leaves. The concentrations of Cl and B in leaves from ‘Valencia’ trees on several trifoliate orange rootstocks were 56% and 43%, respectively, higher than in leaves from trees grown on sweet orange rootstock.
The concentration of nutrients in leaves from trees grown on sweet orange rootstocks were not affected by Rubidoux trifoliate (C), Rubidoux trifoliate (A), English small trifoliate, Benecke trifoliate, and Jacobsen trifoliate interstocks.