bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Flowering in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In growth chambers at 26°±2°C (day) and 21°±2° (night), a 15 hour photoperiod delayed flowering on ‘Great Northern (GN) Nebraska #1 sel. 27’ by 47 days and in Plant Introduction (PI) 207262 by 48 days over a 10 hour photoperiod. The cultivars ‘GN 1140’ and ‘GN Nebraska #1’ and a near-isogenic determinate ‘GN Nebraska #1’ flowered at the same time under both photoperiods. Both near-isogenic lines, determinate and the early flowering ‘GN Nebraska #1 sel. 27’ flowered earlier than ‘GN Nebraska #1 sel. 27’ in all field experiments. The near-isogenic determinate ‘GN Nebraska #1’ flowered earlier than the ‘GN Nebraska #1 cultivar in 2 out of 3 field experiments. The delay in flowering of ‘GN Nebraska #1 sel. 27’ was much greater at higher night temperatures at Lincoln than under lower temperatures at Scottsbluff when the photoperiod was the same. Delayed flowering of PI 207262 under long photoperiod was controlled by a single recessive gene.
Iron Chlorosis and Mineral Content of ‘Fay Alberta’, ‘Shippers Late Red’ and ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees as Affected by Iron Chelates1
Authors: Rogers Ewell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sodium ferric ethylene di (o-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) increased Fe and reduced Mn concentration in leaves of ‘Fay Elberta’, ‘Shippers Late Red’ and ‘Redhaven'peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and reduced Fe chlorosis and depressed the leaf Mn:Fe ratio. FeEDDHA increased Fe and reduced leaf Mn more than did equivalent amounts of sodium ferric ethylene bis (α-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylacetate) (NaFe) and hydrogen ferric ethylene bis (α-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylacetate) (HFe). FeEDDHA at 14 g of Fe per tree increased size and yield of ‘Redhaven'peaches. NaFe increased Fe and reduced Mn of the leaves and decreased Fe chlorosis of ‘Fay Elberta’ and ‘Shippers Late Red’ trees. HFe increased Fe and reduced Mn of the leaves and decreased Fe chlorosis of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Fay Elberta’ trees. The treatments had no discernible effects on Zn concentration of the leaves or on shoot growth.
Response of Apple Buds Cultured in Vitro to Abscisic Add
Authors: Singha Suman , Powell Loyd E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited bud break and shoot elongation in seedling stem explants of apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Northern Spy) cultured in vitro. Inhibition was complete in culture medium containing 100 μM ABA. Transfer of buds from ABA-containing medium to basal medium resulted in increases in both bud break and shoot elongation. ABA levels in such buds declined rapidly following transfer, and growth began when ABA concentration in the buds dropped below a threshold value.
Light-sorting Muscadine Grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) for Ripeness1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , McClure W. F. , Nesbitt W. B. , Maness E. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spectral curves of fresh berries of both bronze and black muscadine grapes representing a wide range of ripenesses were obtained with a multipurpose spectrophotometer at the Pioneering Instrumentation Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, Md. Using these curves, wavelength-pairs of 546-610 nm for bronze and 740-800 nm for black grapes were selected. A Berrymatic (high-speed fibre-optic sorter) developed for sorting blueberries was fitted with pairs of narrow band interference filters of the above wavelengths. Several tests over a 2-year period indicated that both black and bronze grapes can be light-sorted according to ripeness, as confirmed by destructive analyses of pH, soluble solids and acids in the fruits. Berry size and orientations of the berry on the light-sorter with respect to the light path influenced readings.
Calcium and Magnesium Levels in the Annual Rings of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Wood1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Oberly G. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Analyses were made of Ca and Mg in a consecution of annual rings of 3 mature ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard blocks in New York (acid rain region) and also 3 mature ‘McIntosh’ blocks in British Columbia (arid-irrigated region) in an attempt to assess the long range effects of acid rain on Ca levels in apple trees. Differences in patterns of Ca and Mg deposition in the wood did not appear to be caused by acid rain.
Boron Uptake by ‘Bartlett’ Pear Trees as Influenced by Soil Retention and Leaching1
Authors: Whiting D. E. , Crandall P. C. , Woodbridge C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Boron was applied to the surface of 3 southern Washington soils at rates of 0, 3.4, 6.7, and 13.4 kg/ha. Levels of hot-water-extractable B were measured annually to a depth of 90 cm for 3-5 years following application. Soils ranged from medium to high in B retention capacity. Once the B retention capacity of the soils was satisfied, additional B leached readily through the profile. The same amounts of B were applied to the same soil types in 3 commercial pear orchards to determine the effects on plant uptake. Blossom, leaf, and fruit levels of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) were little affected by the applications, even though the extractable soil B levels were high. This failure to obtain uptake may be explained by dry soil conditions and reduced root activity resulting from low rainfall and low soil temperatures.
Spring Bud Development of Malus and Prunus Species in Relation to Soil Temperature1
Authors: Hammond Max W. , Seeley Schuyler D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil temperatures around roots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), and cherry (Prunus avium L.), were modified during anthesis. Cool (1.5 – 9°C) and cold (1 – 4.5°) soil temperatures in the field were achieved with white plastic covers over insulation over snow, and with coolant coils in the soil covered with insulation and clear plastic. Warm (5 – 19°) and hot (18 – 26°) soil temperatures were achieved with clear and black plastic covers over bare soil and with buried heat tapes under insulation and clear plastic. Potted peach seedlings were subjected to freezing (−3°) and warm (18°) soil temperatures in a growth chamber. No advance or delay of anthesis resulted from any of the treatments except delay in frozen soil.
Effect of Shade Applied at Consecutive Periods on Sweet Corn Development1
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Bums M. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Artificial shade was applied at 7 successive 5-day periods in the field and greenhouse to 3 adapted inbreds of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). In the field, shade periods associated with high rainfall and temperature and low natural sunlight tended to limit development most; periods associated with high natural sunlight had least effect. Shade effects were more marked when applied to less vigorously growing plants. Shade suppressed dry weight and leaf area most for the early, small inbred. The late inbred was most stable. Shade suppressed ear length most for the inbred with an inherent tendency toward tip blanking. Dry weight and leaf area were significantly correlated in the field. All characters were positively and usually significantly correlated in the greenhouse.
Long-term Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes on Grapefruit Tree Development and Yield1
Authors: Levy Y. , Bielorai H. , Shalhevet J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees were irrigated for 14 years at interval of 18 to 40 days. Water stress due to irrigation at long intervals reduced vegetative development and yield. Cumulative water consumption, yields and canopy volume were closely correlated.
Germination Promotor and Inhibitor in Leachates from Tomato Seeds1
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A. , Stoner Allan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The leachate from seed of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., PI 341984), an accession whose seeds germinate well at low temperatures, promoted the germination of seeds of the same and other tomato cultivars. The leachate from ‘Red Rock’ seed, a cultivar whose seeds germinate poorly at low temperatures, inhibited the germination of seeds of the same and other tomato cultivars. The promotive and inhibitory effects of these leachates on seed germination is apparently highly specific and restricted to tomato seeds. The activity was highest in fresh seeds and the responses were best exhibited at low germination temperatures.
The Effects of Ethyl Hydrogen 1-Propylphosphonate on Xylem Development and Differentiation in American Elm1
Authors: Dickinson P. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) to 2- to 3-year old American elm (Ulmus americana L.) resulted in anatomical changes in xylem development which may be related to reduced susceptibility to the Dutch elm disease (DED) pathogen [Ceratocystis ulmi (Buis.) C. Moreau]. Xylem of treated elms had a reduced number of large diameter conducting elements; however, the number of contiguous conducting xylem elements per group of tracheary elements was increased. The treated plants had a unusually high concentration of stored cellular products, primarily starch grains, in parenchyma cells. Bands of concentric rings of parenchyma cells with dense contents were observed. Treatment induced an increased number of wood rays and inhibited elongation of pitted vessel members. The elimination of the wide conducting xylem elements caused by EHPP and the consequent effect it could have on the passive flow of fungal elements in the sapstream, may potentially be a deterrent to mobilization of the DED pathogen.
Effects of pH Level and Nitrogen Source on Elemental Leaf Content of ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Spiers J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe were highest in plants fertilized with (NH4)2SO4 in a sand culture study conducted with 2-year-old ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants. Nitrogen sources caused no differences in leaf uptake of Al, Zn, B, Cu, and K. Amounts of applied S and Na and leaf content of these elements were positively correlated. Leaf mineral content was not influenced by pH levels from 3.5 to 7.5. Shoot length and number of flower buds were not affected by pH, but both were highest for plants fertilized with (NH4)2SO4.
The Relationship between Vegetative Maturity and the First Stage of Cold Acclimation1
Authors: Nissila P. C. , Fuchigami L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) plants were grown outdoors in a lathhouse to study the relationship between vegetative maturity and the first stage of cold acclimation. Both microscopic observations and electrical impedance ratios used to measure damage of frozen stem sections verified the close association of the onset of the first stage of cold acclimation and vegetative maturity. The relationship of these processes to dormancy development is discussed.
Effect of Nitrogen Applications on Bloom Delay and Levels of Abscisic Acid, Carbohydrates, and Nitrogen in Peach Buds1
Authors: Reeder B. D. , Bowen H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil applications of nitrogen in February and August delayed bloom of trees of ‘Redglobe’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) the following spring. Applications of 67 to 134 kg N/ha delayed bloom progressively from 12 to 72 hours when compared to trees receiving no N. Buds from trees that received high levels of N contained higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and N and lower levels of carbohydrates (CHO) than did those from trees receiving no soil-applied N. ABA levels decreased sharply and CHO levels increased in buds from all treatments upon completion of the chilling requirement (850 hours). Delays in bloom of more than 24 hours prevented significant spring freeze damage in 1975.
Total and Reduced Ascorbic Acid Levels in Rin and Normal Tomatoes.1
Authors: Gonzalez Alfredo R. , Brecht P. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in reduced ascorbic acid in normal tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) during holding at 20°C seem to be related to ripening. No change in reduced ascorbic acid levels from mature green to yellow rin fruits was observed when detached from the plant. Apparently, a reduction mechanism from dehydro to reduced ascorbic acid is active in normal tomatoes but inactive in detached rin fruits. This mechanism was operative in normal and rin fruits left on the plant. Exogenous ethylene (10 ppm) neither affected reduced ascorbic acid levels in normal and rin fruits, nor the total ascorbic acid in normal fruits. Maintenance of initial levels of total ascorbic acid was noted in ethylene treated rin fruits. Similar total ascorbic acid levels were found in normal and rin fruits held on the vine to the red and yellow stages, respectively; and were higher than in comparable fruits held in storage.
Chemical Inactivation of the Heat-tolerant Pectolytic Enzymes in Raw Apricots which Cause Softening of the Canned Product1
Authors: Sommer Noel F. , Buchanan Jack R. , Fortlage Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pectolytic enzymes of fungal origin (mostly Rhizopus spp.) contaminating raw apricot fruits may not be completely inactivated during thermal processing (i.e., 100°C/18 minutes). The remaining enzymes may seriously macerate fruits over a 6-to-18 month period after canning. Inactivation of crude enzymes was near exponential over a 4-log-cycle reduction of activity after heating at 121°C for up to 20 minutes. Serious overcooking of fruit at elevated temperatures discouraged further studies of heat inactivation. Laboratory and cannery tests demonstrated that a dilute spray or dip of sodium hydroxide (i.e., 1n/1 minute) at ambient temperature offered an inexpensive, simple means of inactivating fungal enzymes contaminating apricot fruits. Crucial to success was accurate maintenance of solution concentration and contact times. For adequate penetration of solutions, the fruit skins over fungal lesions required breaking. Jet sprays broke the skin over the Rhizopus softrot lesions if they contacted all fruit surfaces.
Derivation of Matroclinal Diploids in Chinese Cabbage and Evaluation of their Significance in Breeding1
Authors: Opeña R. T. , Lo S. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early generation breeding lines of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L., Pekinensis group) produced easily discernible matroclinal diploids in crosses with radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Heterozygosity for a single gene marker among a number of these maternally derived plants precluded post-meiotic doubling or fusion of haploid nuclei within the same embryo sac followed by parthenogenesis as their modes of origin. Selfed progenies descended from matroclinous plants were also observed to be relatively more variable for metrical characters than related conventional inbreds. The matroclinal diploids examined in this experiment were therefore heterozygous. Consideration of this and other limitations led to the conclusion that these plants as well as the system to secure them do not have any direct useful application in Chinese cabbage breeding.
A Synoptic Analysis of Peach and Cherry Flower Bud Hardiness1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower buds from 10 ‘Bing’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) and 5 ‘Elberta’ peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) orchards were tested for cold resistance each week for 3 years during the dormant and pre-bloom periods. The cold resistance of dormant buds was most affected by temperature prior to sampling. Additionally, buds from certain sites were consistently more resistant than buds from others. Elevation, soil type, and cultural practices are the site characteristics likely to influence cold resistance of buds. During the pre-bloom period differences among sites were closely related to bud development which, in turn, was associated with elevation and temperature.
Pectin and Related Constituents in Avocado Fruit During Ontogeny1
Authors: Eaks Irving L. , Sinclair Walton B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pectic substances in 4 avocado cultivars were determined as anhydrouronic acid (AUA) during ontogeny and related to fruit maturity, alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS), alcohol-soluble solids (ASS), ASS minus oil, total oil, fresh weight and dry weight. The concentration of pectic substances in avocado pulp varied among different cultivars and increases during growth and maturation. AUA varied between 0.7 to 1.5% on a fresh weight basis. However, values on a dry weight basis are relatively constant at about 5.0% and independent of the state of maturity or cultivar. AIS, ASS, alcohol-soluble acid and oil increase as the fruit mature, ASS minus oil and water content decreased during the growth and maturation periods. Changes in oil content during ontogeny was the only constituent of those examined which was related to maturity.
Distinguishing Apple Clones and Cultivars by Surface Morphology and Pollen Physiology
Authors: Marcucci M. Clara , Sansavini S. , Ciampolini F. , Cresti M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen grains of 31 cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), including 13 “standard” and “spur” clones, were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and some physiological characters (germination, pollen tube length, and viability) for identification purposes. Sizes and shape of pollen were quite uniform within a given cultivar. The differences in the exine pattern may help for the identification of some cultivar, or of groups of genetically close cultivars. Size and number of the pits made the separation of some cultivars from others possible while slight differences in the ridge pattern and the physiological characters (viability and germination) were useful traits to discriminate standard from spur types within a given polyclonal cultivar.
Color and Composition of Highbush Blueberry Cultivars
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Burgher Anita M. , Phillips John G. , Jones Susan B. , Stone Eric G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The anthocyanin content of ripe berry samples of 11 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosurn L.) varied over a 3-fold range. HPLC separation of individual anthocyanins in blueberry samples revealed 3 distinct anthocyanin patterns. Visible absorption spectra of aqueous berry extracts reflected differences in anthocyanin concentration and pH, the latter especially being evident with the more acidic berries of ‘Coville’ and ‘Elliott’. Tristimulus reflectance measurements made on whole berries correlated with visual assessment of waxy bloom but not with anthocyanin content, anthocyanin pattern, or juice pH. SEM examination revealed 2 different surface structures in samples exhibiting bloom. Tristimulus parameters for blueberry juice were dependent on anthocyanin concentration, pH, and the occurrence of browning, but not on the pattern of individual anthocyanins.
Tomato Growth as Affected by Root-zone Temperature and the Addition of Gibberellic Acid and Kinetin to Nutrient Solutions
Authors: Bugbee Bruce , White John W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of root-zone temperature on young tomato plants (Ly copersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) was evaluated in controlled environments using a recirculating solution culture system. Growth rates were measured at root-zone temperatures of 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°C in a near optimum foliar environment. Optimum growth occurred at 25° to 30° during the first 4 weeks of growth and 20° to 25° during the 5th and 6th weeks. Growth was severely restricted at 15°. Four concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin were added to the nutrient solution in a separate trial; root-zone temperature was maintained at 15° and 25°. Addition of 15 μm GA3 to solutions increased specific leaf area, total leaf area, and dry weight production of plants in both temperature treatments. GA3-induced growth stimulation was greater at 15° than at 25°. GA3 may promote growth by increasing leaf area, enhancing photosynthesis per unit leaf area, or both. Kinetin was not useful in promoting growth at either temperature.
Effects of Vesicular−Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Phosphorus on Apple Seedlings
Authors: Geddeda Yosef I. , Trappe J. M. , Stebbins R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation of seedlings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) substituted for P application in soils deficient in P. Of 3 mycorrhizal species, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall was the least effective in promoting plant growth, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) Gerd. & Trappe was the most effective, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe was intermediate. Combining the 3 species was no more effective than G. fasciculatum alone. VA mycorrhizae increased leaf P concentration in apple leaves from 0.04% to 0.19% on Parkdale soil which had an exchangeable P content of 13 ppm.
Ammonium Injury to Poinsettia: Effects of NH4-N:N03-N Ratio and pH Control in Solution Culture on Growth, N Absorption, and N Utilization
Authors: Cox Douglas A. , Seeley John G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) was grown in unbuffered nutrient solutions varying in proportion of NH4-N:NO3-N at 50 ppm N. Reductions in shoot and root dry weight and subseqeunt NH4-N absorption, accompanied by the increase in solution acidity with initial NH4-N absorption, occurred with 75% and 100% NH4-N treatments, as compared to treatments of 50%, 25%, or 0% NH4-N. Depression of NH4-N absorption with 100% NH4-N treatment caused a reduction to the critical level of total reduced N in the upper leaves and the appearance of N-deficiency symptoms. Characteristic symptoms of NH4-N injury to plants—large increases in tissue NH4-N and soluble organic N, leaf interveinal chlorosis, and marginal necrosis—did not occur in any treatment. In a second experiment, CaCO3 added to the 100% NH4-N solution at 0, 88, 176, or 264 mg/liter resulted in varying degrees of pH control. Some increase in shoot and root dry weight occurred at 88 and 176 mg CaCO3/liter; CaCO3 at all rates greatly increased NH4-N absorption compared to 0 mg CaCO3/liter, and increased total reduced N in the leaves and roots. Lower leaves of plants with CaCO3 displayed symptoms of NH4-N injury and significant accumulations of NH4- N and soluble organic N. The detrimental effects of NH4-N on poinsettia appear to be dependent on the degree of pH control in the root medium and its effects on root growth and NH4-N absorption and utilization.
An Optical Method for Estimating Papaya Maturity
Authors: Birth G. S. , Dull G. G. , Magee J. B. , Chan H. T. , Cavaletto C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Body transmittance spectroscopy and analytical measurements of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble solids concentrations were used to develop a nondestructive technique for estimating the maturity of papayas (Carica papaya L.). Optical measurements were taken between 500−900 nm with a scanning monochromator and a tilting-filter, abridged monochromator. Immature and mature-green fruit which were indistinguishable by visual examination could be separated by body transmittance spectroscopy into nonripening and ripening groups.