bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Salmonella typhi in among febrile patients in a tertiary care hospital of South West Rajasthan
Authors: Bhumbla Upasana , Chaturvedi Parul , Jain Sarita 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:

Salmonella enterica, serotype typhi, remains the predominant Salmonella species causing enteric fever in India. The mode of Salmonella typhi transmission is considered to be predominantly vehicle-borne through contaminated water or food. In India, the incidence of Salmonella typhi occurs between the months of April and June (dry season) followed by July and September (monsoon season). Typhoid fever may be difficult to distinguish clinically from other febrile illnesses and if left untreated, intestinal, neuropsychiatric, and other complications develop in some patients.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. typhi in bloodstream infections and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients with febrile illness.

Methodology:
Febrile patients admitted in the hospital who were prescribed blood culture tests and whose samples were sent to microbiology laboratory were included in the study. All blood samples (average 5 mL for adults and 2–3 mL for pediatric age group) were immediately inoculated into Bac-T ALERT aerobic blood culture bottles containing sodium polyethanol sulfonate as an anticoagulant (0.025%). If growth was isolated, isolated colony characteristics of growth and Gram stain were assessed. On Gram staining, typical nonlactose fermenting Gram negative bacilli were further subjected to species identification and detection of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern on the VITEK2.

Results:
In this study period, a total of 511 blood culture (paired) samples were processed, out of which 47 isolates of Salmonella were obtained. Among these isolates, 33 (70.23%) were from males, and 14 (29.77%) were from females. Amongst these, 35 (74.4%) patients were from rural, 8 (17%) were from subrural, and 4 (8.5%) were from urban areas. Out of the total 47 isolates of Salmonella, 42 (89.36%) were Salmonella typhi, 2 (4.25%) were Salmonella paratyphi A and B each, and 1 (2.12%) was Salmonella enterica. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates revealed that all the isolates of Salmonella species were highly susceptible (95%–100%) to third generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefoperazone-sulbactam) and other higher antibiotics such as betalactamase inhibitors – piperacillin tazobactam (95%–100%) and Ticarcillin–clavulanic acid (100%). They were also highly susceptible (100%) to carbapenams (imipenem, merpenem, doripenem, and ertapenem) but showed a fairly decreased susceptibility was towards nalidixic acid with 15% for Salmonella typhi and 50% for other Salmonella isolates.

Conclusion:
Surging drug-resistant Salmonella enterica cases, the level of resistance was not as high as predicted in our study population. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) trends may vary; therefore, drug susceptibility testing side-by-side to empirical therapy is mandatory, especially in developing countries where there is a practice of self-medication.
Burden of disease and survival rate amongst hospitalized newborns in Himalayan region in North India
Authors: Singh Rajender , Sood Mangla , Bhardwaj Parveen , Sood Ishaan 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To describe the patient population, priority diseases, and outcomes in neonates admitted to neonatal unit in the Himalayan region of North India.

Study Design:
The retrospective study was conducted at a University teaching hospital in Himachal Pradesh, and captured anonymized data on all admissions in newborn unit over 6-year period.

Results:
Total 12449 newborns were admitted, 4669 were outborn, M:F of 1.35:1 and 81% of them were discharged successfully. Overall admissions surged by 76 percent in six years, preterm admissions increased by 41%. During the same period delivery load grew by 24.7%. Majority 64.9% were full-term; 50.4% (6279/12449) of neonates were low birthweight (LBW; <2.5 kg) and 3.8% were Extreme LBW (ELBW; <1.0 kg). Among intramural, out of 20.2% preterm, 1.8% were <28 week; compared to 1.5% <28 week and 14.1% preterm in extramural. The intrauterine growth restriction rate was 17.6% for intramural and 19.3% for extramural, respectively. The most common morbidities were prematurity (40.2% & 27%), jaundice (32.6% & 27.5%), RDS and respiratory problems (19.2% & 9.8%), sepsis (11.3% & 23.5%), and perinatal asphyxia (6.2% and 7.5%) among inborn and outborn respectively. Total 798 (6.4%) newborns died, 10.5% of all deaths happened within 24 hours; mortality was very high amongst ELBW (110/205, 53.7%) and very preterm infants <28 weeks (81/135,60%). Only 993 inborn and 18 outborn received antenatal corticosteroids, with only 383 inborn and 4 outborn receiving four doses of Dexamethasone. Low gestational age, LBW, less of antenatal corticosteroids, outborns, male sex, and congenital deformity were all found to have a significant association with death (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Preterm accounts for a considerable majority of our total admissions. Greater efforts and investment in better prenatal care, infrastructure, therapeutic facilities, manpower, and periodic training and review of staff nurses are all urgently needed to address the extremely high burden of illnesses and mortality among hospitalized newborns; otherwise, lowering the NMR will remain an unattainable goal.
Evaluation of antibacterial effect of concentrated growth factor on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Chitsazha Ramtin , Faramarzi Masoumeh , Sadighi Mehrnoosh , Pourabbas Reza , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Firouzi Negin , Ghasemirad Mohammad 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are the two main bacteria that cause periodontitis which is an inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues. Numerous antibacterial agents have been introduced to fight against these periodontal pathogens, but the antibacterial efficacy of concentrated growth factor has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the antibacterial impact of concentrated growth factor on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Methods:
In this study, concentrated growth factor was obtained from blood samples of healthy people with no systemic disease and no antibiotics used for at least 3 months before the experiments. The concentrated growth factor from each blood sample was divided into two parts, i.e., three samples in P. gingivalis group and three samples in A. actinomycetemcomitans group, and a positive control group to verify the accuracy of the procedure and a negative group to rule out any contamination. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of CGF against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were determined by the broth microdilution method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software, and P value significance was set to 0.05. Results: The antibacterial property of CGF on the studied bacteria in concentrations of MIC and ¼ MIC is the same for both bacteria, but in ½ MIC, its impact on A. actinomycetemcomitans is significantly higher than P. gingivalis. Examining the MBC showed that no MBC dose was obtained. Results of the disk diffusion test indicated the lack of the zones of bacterial growth inhibition.

Conclusions:
Considering the limitations of our study, it can be concluded that CGF has antibacterial effectiveness against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis with no significant difference between two bacteria.
Knowledge of human papilloma virus (HPV), HPV-vaccine and pap smear among adult Saudi women
Authors: Al Ghamdi Nada H. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Saudi Arabia has no screening program for cervical cancer (CC). Few studies have explored the level of knowledge among Saudi women regarding CC screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination against CC. We investigate the awareness and knowledge of HPV and its Pap smear screening tool among Saudi women of reproductive age.

Methods:
This was a national online cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of adult Saudi women. A snowball sampling technique was adopted used. The first section includes questions regarding the socio-demographic data of the participants. The second section inquired about the knowledge of the women regarding CC, PAP smear test, and HPV (11 questions). The third section inquired about practice of the women regarding the PAP smear test (3 questions).

Results:
The study included 755 Saudi adult women; 64.5% heard of CC (69% from social media and the internet and 29.8% from healthcare workers. Only 21.2% showed adequate knowledge regarding CC, its vaccine, and Pap smear testing. Education and employment were associated with better knowledge. Most of the participants (81.1%) expressed a positive perception toward the importance of Pap smear, particularly higher educated women and women who got their information about CC from lectures or healthcare workers. Almost one-fifth of the participants (21.1%) reported performing of Pap smear and only 1.9% reported actual HPV vaccine uptake.

Conclusion:
Overall, women’s level of knowledge regarding CC, its prevention, and screening was adequate, and their attitude was positive. PAP smear and uptake of HPV vaccine was suboptimum.
Prevalence and predictors of thyroid dysfunction amongst patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan
Authors: Bukhari Syeda Iffat , Ali Gohar , Memom Muhammad Yahya , Sandeelo Nabiya , Alvi Haris , Talib Abu , Ahmed Imtiaz , Lal Hari , Asghar Muhammad Sohaib , Naseer Ushna 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Diabetes and thyroid disorders are the two most common disorders amongst endocrine diseases. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) may disturb thyroid metabolism by disturbing the levels of thyroid hormones in the plasma. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetic population presenting in a public sector tertiary care teaching hospital.

Materials and Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK) in the department of medicine from October 01, 2018, to March 31, 2019. The study population consisted of 317 patients diagnosed with DM type 2 based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Patients with fasting blood sugar ≥ 126 mg/dL, or HbA1c >6.5 (%), and 2 h postprandial blood glucose levels >200 mg/dL were included. After a minimum of 8 h of fasting, plasma samples of patients were collected and sent for fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, FT3, FT4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Post-stratification Chi-squared test was applied, and a P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Among all enrolled DM type 2 patients, 207 (65.3%) were male with a mean age of 46.54 ± 8.72 years. Mean fasting blood sugar (FBS), random blood sugar (RBS), and HbA1c were 212.76 ± 26.91 (mg/dL), 328.89 ± 52.89 (mg/dL), and 9.43 ± 2.47 (%), respectively. The mean duration of DM was 7.81 ± 3.15 years. Mean FT3, FT4, and TSH were 113.13 ± 44.40 (ng/dL), 7.63 ± 3.11 (mg/dL) and 2.64 ± 2.57 (mIU/mL), respectively. In the present study, 55 (17.4%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, 27 (8.5%) had hypothyroidism, 19 (6.0%) had hyperthyroidism, and 16 (5.0%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Significant association of thyroid dysfunction was established with age group, female gender, and family history of thyroid dysfunction (P =< 0.001).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is higher among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in which hypothyroidism was the most common dysfunction with more prevalence among female patients.
Awareness of diabetic retinopathy among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Abha, Saudi Arabia: A survey-based research study
Authors: Alsaleh Majed , Alasmari Aishah H. , Al-Amer Abdullah S. Y. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Context:
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an avoidable retinal disorder affecting the retina and is deemed the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM).

Aims:
This study aimed to estimate the awareness and attitude of type 2 diabetic patients toward DR.

Methods and Materials:
A study questionnaire was distributed among Saudi patients with type 2 DM who visited primary health care at Abha, Saudi Arabia, after obtaining an ethical approval. It was a modified questionnaire and included basic demographic characteristics of the patients, general knowledge and awareness of DM and DR, and their practices toward eye examination.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Chi-square and z-proportionality tests were applied where appropriate.

Results:
A total of 381 patients with DM responded to our survey; 36% of them had DM for five years or less. Notably, 93.5% of participants knew that diabetes can cause eye disease but only 63.3% agreed that regular eye examination for diabetic patients is necessary, with a significant difference of DM duration (p = 0.01). A total of 217 (57%) patients thought that there is no need to visit an ophthalmologist if diabetes is under control. However, 74.5% believed that patients with type 2 DM should go for an eye examination once diagnosed, with a significant difference between disease duration subgroups (p = 0.006).

Conclusion:
The current study demonstrated high levels of awareness regarding the effect of DM on the eye and importance of early eye assessment. However, we need to improve the patients’ awareness to the value of regular eye checking and standard practices.
Prevalence of short stature in transfusion dependent beta thalassemia patients in a tertiary care centre in North East India
Authors: Sharma Sreejana , Bezboruah Gayatri 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
beta thalassemia is one of the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy requiring regular blood transfusion to help reduce the complications of anemia and allow normal growth in children.

Materials and Methods:
It was a cross-sectional study done on 50 numbers of transfusion dependent beta thalassemia patients between 18 months and 18 years of age in North east India. Growth parameters like weight, height, BMI were recorded.

Results:
Overall prevalence of stunting was 68%, a significant association was found between stunting and religious connotation.
Low altitude return ameliorates semen parameters after high altitude exposure
Authors: Mohammed Heitham M. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
A widely studied model of hypoxia is represented by high altitude (HA). Hence, HA hypoxia (HAH) is a challenge for people residing in or visiting high altitudes (Young and Reeves, 2002). Adaptation to HAH affects the homeostasis of several organs and the endocrine and metabolic functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HAH on the rat’s semen and oxidative stress parameters.

Methods:
This experimental study was carried out at Abha city, Saudi Arabia, high altitude, 2,800 m above sea level; Jazan city, 43 m above sea level, low altitude. A total of 72 rats were used in this study—8 rats as control; groups 1, 2, and 3 each of 8 rats and group 4 of 40 rats were kept at high altitude for 8, 16, 24, and 32 days, respectively. From group 4, 32 rats were taken to low altitude to testify the reversibility of the semen parameters.

Results:
There were significant gradual decreases in the number and motility of the epididymal sperms in groups of rats exposed to HA during the first 3 weeks of HA exposure (HG1-HG3) with a maximum decreases to be seen in HG3 (− 57.3 and − 39.1%, respectively). However, the sperm count started to recover gradually on week 4 of HA exposure (HG4) and during all the periods of the reversal protocol achieved by returning the rats to the LA area (RG1-RG4). The maximum improvement in the sperm count and motility was seen in RG3 and RG4 which were not significantly different when compared with each other. The ANOVA test revealed that, in spite of the improvement in the sperm count which reach (109.3 ± 6.057 and 113.9 ± 8.967) in RG3 and RG4, their levels remained significantly low as those obtained in the control LA rats (129.2 ± 11.67).

Conclusion:
Exposure of rats to hypoxia resulted in a decrease in the sperm count and motility and an increase in the sperm morphological abnormalities. To conclude, the current study showed that the adverse effect of hypobaric hypoxia on semen parameters is transient and reversible.
Analysis of Government website for web-registration to assess pattern of the Covid pandemic
Authors: Gupta Harish , Verma Sudhir K. , Gautam Medhavi , Kumar Satish , Patwa Ajay K. , Nigam Nitu 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Covid-19 is an unprecedented challenge in our times leaving a trail of destruction and mayhem affecting almost all of us during the last 2 years. Various data sources are available around the globe to measure its impact using various yardsticks.

Material and Methods:
By carefully looking at data available at the website maintained by Government of India, we can draw some useful conclusions.

Results:
There is a dip in the number of online registrations at our hospital coinciding with second wave and resultant lockdown.

Conclusion:
Tracing digital footprints of an event as huge as the Covid pandemic may help us for future planning when we learn its lessons well.
Study of lipid profile in young patients (age 40 years or below) with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Fotedar Sanjay , Garg Anubha , Arora Aman , Chawla Sumit 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Aims and Objectives:
To study the incidence of lipid profile abnormalities in young patients (age 40 years or below) with ACS with clinical and cardiovascular risk profile.

Material and Methods:
The study was conducted on 223 young patients of acute coronary syndrome with age 40 years or below. 89 young patients with acute coronary syndrome having lipid abnormalities were further followed up after 1 month.

Results:
Majority of patients (55.15%) in the study population belonged to 35–40 years age group. Mean age of study population was 35.65 + 4.62 years with 90.13% males and 9.86% females. Main presenting symptom was precordial chest pain in 93.72% patients. Smoking was the commonest risk factor in young adults (81.7%). Other risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, family history were less common in young adults. Drug addiction was also higher in younger population (16%). Majority of young adults with acute coronary syndrome had more than 1 (47.53%) risk factor. Majority of patients were in Killip class I (86.9%) and only few patients (13.1%) had Killip class II or above. ST elevation myocardial infarction was far more common than NTEMI/USA and was found in 164 (73.5%) patients. Most common type of infarction was anterior wall myocardial infarction (62.80%). Majority of young patients had negative TMT, so it suggests that ACS in younger population has lesser complications during presentation, hospital stay and on follow-up.

Conclusion:
ACS in young continues to increase in Indian subcontinent. Younger patient with an ACS have different clinical characteristics and a different prognosis than older patients. The extent of CAD and degree of myocardial necrosis has influence on presentation and subsequent MACE in ACS and in this study, it appears dyslipidemia do not play any significant role in influencing extent of CAD and has little effect on outcome whether during acute stage or on immediate follow-up after ACS.
Association of long and short interpregnancy intervals with maternal outcomes
Authors: Agrawal Smriti , Chaudhary Mamta , Das Vinita , Agarwal Anjoo , Pandey Amita , Kumar Namrata , Mishra Shambhavi 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Interpregnancy interval (IPI) is spacing between live birth and beginning a new pregnancy. Both long and short IPIs have been associated with adverse maternal outcomes. There is paucity in the Indian literature regarding the impact of IPI on maternal outcomes.

Materials and Methodology:
The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, from July 2019 to June 2020. Women with previous abortions, previous stillbirth, nulliparity, or multiple pregnancies were excluded. A pre-structured pro forma was used for demographic details. IPI was categorized as <6 months, 6 to <24 months, 24 to <60 months, and 60 months. Maternal outcomes were studied, and odds ratios were calculated.

Results:
There were 6984 deliveries in the period. A total of 4812 women were enrolled after following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of 4812 women, 142 (2.9%) had IPI <6 months, 3336/4812 women (69.3%) had IPI 6 to <24 months, 1144/4812 women (23.7%) had IPI 24 to <60 months, and 3.9% women (190/4812) had IPI ≥60 months. High risk of fetal malposition (OR 3.84), fetal growth restriction (OR 2.06), and hypertension (OR 1.86) were seen in women with short IPI <6 months. Women with longer IPI (≥ 60 months) had higher chances of preterm labor (OR 3.82), oligoamnios (OR 2.54), gestational diabetes (OR 2.19), and anemia (OR 1.

5) Conclusion:
Three-fourths of women had IPI less than 24 months recommended as minimum interval by WHO. Efforts are needed to increase awareness and availability of contraceptive choices for postpartum women to ensure adequate spacing.
Newer onset of diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19: Study from rural India
Authors: Bawaskar Himmatrao Saluba , Bawaskar Pramodini Himmatrao 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Cytokine and bardykine storm plays important role in then pathogenesis of COVID-19 diseses, as result there are raised inflammatory markers and blood sugar.

Patients and Method:
Patient with RTPCR positive with signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were investigated for fasting and postprandial blood sugar and glycoted hemoglobin percentage, inflammatory markers TSH and Covid antibodies.

Result:
All the 17 cases detected newly onset of diabetes with normal HBA1c and raised thyroid stimulating hormones in five cases. Significant raised levels of inflammatory markers and D-diamer. All cases showed bilateral pneumonias in the lungs.

Conclusion:
Newer onset of diabetes mellitus due to COVID-19 disease should be mangled with insulin therapy.