bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of high–low KPFM on a pn-patterned Si surface
Authors: Izumi Ryo , Li Yan Jun , Naitoh Yoshitaka , Sugawara Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Comparative measurements between frequency modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) using low frequency bias voltage and heterodyne FM-KPFM using high frequency bias voltage were performed on the surface potential measurement. A silicon substrate patterned with p- and n-type impurities was used as a quantitative sample. The multi-pass scanning method in the measurements of FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM was used to eliminate the effect of the tip–sample distance dependence. The measured surface potentials become lower in the order of the p-type region, n-type region and n+-type region by both FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM, which are in good agreement with the order of the work functions of the pn-patterned Si sample. We observed the difference in the surface potentials due to the surface band bending measured by FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM. The difference is due to the fact that the charge transfer between the surface and bulk levels may or may not respond to AC bias voltage.
Refugee protection: ‘Here’ or ‘there’?
Authors: Aleinikoff T Alexander , Owen David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Policymakers in states of the Global North are in the privileged position of having a genuine ethical choice concerning whether to devote their resources to providing refugee protection in their territory (e.g. by enabling safe passage of refugees to their borders and offering generous resettlement opportunities) or to prioritise resourcing refugee protection in the Global South. For these policymakers the question ‘Should we protect refugees here or there?’ posed in this global context represents a real, and not merely a notional, ethical challenge. The primary focus on this article is the ethical dilemma confronted by the conscientious policymaker in the Global North concerning where (and how) to support refugee protection. A secondary focus is the ethical dilemma faced by conscientious policymakers in the Global South in relation to the global context and the issues confronted both Northern and Southern policymakers in their distinct regional contexts.
Evolution of Brain-Expressed Biogenic Amine Receptors into Olfactory Trace Amine-Associated Receptors
Authors: Guo Lingna , Dai Wenxuan , Xu Zhengrong , Liang Qiaoyi , Miller Eliot T , Li Shengju , Gao Xia , Baldwin Maude W , Chai Renjie , Li Qian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe family of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) is distantly related to G protein-coupled biogenic aminergic receptors. TAARs are found in the brain as well as in the olfactory epithelium where they detect biogenic amines. However, the functional relationship of receptors from distinct TAAR subfamilies and in different species is still uncertain. Here, we perform a thorough phylogenetic analysis of 702 TAAR-like (TARL) and TAAR sequences from 48 species. We show that a clade of Tarl genes has greatly expanded in lampreys, whereas the other Tarl clade consists of only one or two orthologs in jawed vertebrates and is lost in amniotes. We also identify two small clades of Taar genes in sharks related to the remaining Taar genes in bony vertebrates, which are divided into four major clades. We further identify ligands for 61 orphan TARLs and TAARs from sea lamprey, shark, ray-finned fishes, and mammals, as well as novel ligands for two 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 orthologs, a serotonin receptor subtype closely related to TAARs. Our results reveal a pattern of functional convergence and segregation: TARLs from sea lamprey and bony vertebrate olfactory TAARs underwent independent expansions to function as chemosensory receptors, whereas TARLs from jawed vertebrates retain ancestral response profiles and may have similar functions to TAAR1 in the brain. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and ligand recognition profiles of TAARs and TARLs.
Six Moments of Infection Prevention in Injection Drug Use: An Educational Toolkit for Clinicians
Authors: Harvey Leah , Boudreau Jacqueline , Sliwinski Samantha K , Strymish Judith , Gifford Allen L , Hyde Justeen , Linsenmeyer Katherine , Branch-Elliman Westyn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Injection drug use–associated bacterial and viral infections are increasing. Expanding access to harm reduction services, such as safe injection education, are effective prevention strategies. However, these strategies have had limited uptake. New tools are needed to improve provider capacity to facilitate dissemination of these evidence-based interventions.

Methods
The “Six Moments of Infection Prevention in Injection Drug Use” provider educational tool was developed using a global, rather than pathogen-specific, infection prevention framework, highlighting the prevention of invasive bacterial and fungal infections in additional to viral pathogens. The tool’s effectiveness was tested using a short, paired pre/post survey that assessed provider knowledge and attitudes about harm reduction.

Results
Seventy-five respondents completed the paired surveys. At baseline, 17 respondents (22.6%) indicated that they had received no prior training in harm reduction and 28 (37.3%) reported discomfort counseling people who inject drugs (PWID). Sixty respondents (80.0%) reported they had never referred a patient to a syringe service program (SSP); of those, 73.3% cited lack of knowledge regarding locations of SSPs and 40.0% reported not knowing where to access information regarding SSPs. After the training, 66 (88.0%) reported that they felt more comfortable educating PWID (P &lt; .0001), 65 respondents (86.6%) reported they planned to use the Six Moments model in their own practice, and 100% said they would consider referring patients to an SSP in the future.

Conclusions
The Six Moments model emphasizes the importance of a global approach to infection prevention and harm reduction. This educational intervention can be used as part of a bundle of implementation strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in PWID.
Patients With Serious Injection Drug Use–Related Infections who Experience Patient-Directed Discharges on Oral Antibiotics Have High Rates of Antibiotic Adherence but Require Multidisciplinary Outpatient Support for Retention in Care
Authors: Lewis Sophia , Liang Stephen Y , Schwarz Evan S , Liss David B , Winograd Rachel P , Nolan Nathanial S , Durkin Michael J , Marks Laura R 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPersons who inject drugs (PWID) are frequently admitted for serious injection-related infections (SIRIs). Outcomes and adherence to oral antibiotics for PWID with patient-directed discharge (PDD) remain understudied.MethodsWe conducted a prospective multicenter bundled quality improvement project of PWID with SIRI at 3 hospitals in Missouri. All PWID with SIRI were offered multidisciplinary care while inpatient, including the option of addiction medicine consultation and medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). All patients were offered oral antibiotics in the event of a PDD either at discharge or immediately after discharge through an infectious diseases telemedicine clinic. Additional support services included health coaches, a therapist, a case manager, free clinic follow-up, and medications in an outpatient bridge program. Patient demographics, comorbidities, 90-day readmissions, and substance use disorder clinic follow-up were compared between PWID with PDD on oral antibiotics and those who completed intravenous (IV) antibiotics using an as-treated approach.ResultsOf 166 PWID with SIRI, 61 completed IV antibiotics inpatient (37%), while 105 had a PDD on oral antibiotics (63%). There was no significant difference in 90-day readmission rates between groups (P = .819). For PWID with a PDD on oral antibiotics, 7.6% had documented nonadherence to antibiotics, 67% had documented adherence, and 23% were lost to follow-up. Factors protective against readmission included antibiotic and MOUD adherence, engagement with support team, and clinic follow-up.ConclusionsPWID with SIRI who experience a PDD should be provided with oral antibiotics. Multidisciplinary outpatient support services are needed for PWID with PDD on oral antibiotics.
Phase I Study of Lenvatinib and Capecitabine with External Radiation Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mehta Rutika , Frakes Jessica , Kim Jongphil , Nixon Andrew , Liu Yingmiao , Howard Lauren , Martinez Jimenez Maria E , Carballido Estrella , Imanirad Iman , Sanchez Julian , Dessureault Sophie , Xie Hao , Felder Seth , Sahin Ibrahim , Hoffe Sarah , Malafa Mokenge , Kim Richard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation with fluoropyrimidine followed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy has been the standard treatment of locally advanced stages II and III rectal cancer for many years. There is a high risk for disease recurrence; therefore, optimizing chemoradiation strategies remains an unmet need. Based on a few studies, there is evidence of the synergistic effect of VEGF/PDGFR blockade with radiation.

Methods
In this phase I, dose-escalation and dose-expansion study, we studied 3 different dose levels of lenvatinib in combination with capecitabine-based chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer.

Results
A total of 20 patients were enrolled, and 19 were eligible for assessment of efficacy. The combination was well tolerated, with an MTD of 24 mg lenvatinib. The downstaging rate for the cohort and the pCR was 84.2% and 37.8%, respectively. Blood-based protein biomarkers TSP-2, VEGF-R3, and VEGF correlated with NAR score and were also differentially expressed between response categories. The NAR, or neoadjuvant rectal score, encompasses cT clinical tumor stage, pT pathological tumor stage, and pN pathological nodal stage and provides a continuous variable for evaluating clinical trial outcomes.

Conclusion
The combination of lenvatinib with capecitabine and radiation in locally advanced rectal cancer was found to be safe and tolerable, and potential blood-based biomarkers were identified.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02935309
Orchestration of ethylene and gibberellin signals determines primary root elongation in rice
Authors: Qin Hua , Pandey Bipin K , Li Yuxiang , Huang Guoqiang , Wang Juan , Quan Ruidang , Zhou Jiahao , Zhou Yun , Miao Yuchen , Zhang Dabing , Bennett Malcolm J , Huang Rongfeng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Primary root growth in cereal crops is fundamental for early establishment of the seedling and grain yield. In young rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings, the primary root grows rapidly for 7–10 days after germination and then stops; however, the underlying mechanism determining primary root growth is unclear. Here, we report that the interplay of ethylene and gibberellin (GA) controls the orchestrated development of the primary root in young rice seedlings. Our analyses advance the knowledge that primary root growth is maintained by higher ethylene production, which lowers bioactive GA contents. Further investigations unraveled that ethylene signaling transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 1 (OsEIL1) activates the expression of the GA metabolism genes GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 1 (OsGA2ox1), OsGA2ox2, OsGA2ox3, and OsGA2ox5, thereby deactivating GA activity, inhibiting cell proliferation in the root meristem, and ultimately gradually inhibiting primary root growth. Mutation in OsGA2ox3 weakened ethylene-induced GA inactivation and reduced the ethylene sensitivity of the root. Genetic analysis revealed that OsGA2ox3 functions downstream of OsEIL1. Taken together, we identify a molecular pathway impacted by ethylene during primary root elongation in rice and provide insight into the coordination of ethylene and GA signals during root development and seedling establishment.
Functional Outcomes Associated With Independence in Walking Among People With Hereditary Ataxias: An Exploratory Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Giangiardi Vivian Farahte , Perracini Monica Rodrigues , da Silva Maria Liliane , Setti Giullia Bianca Rodrigues , Curzio Leticia Estrella , Vegas Milena , Alouche Sandra Regina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to identify functional outcomes related to independence in walking among people affected by hereditary ataxias.

Methods
Sixty participants were selected by convenience in a list provided by an organization of people with ataxia. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a semistructured questionnaire. The Assessment and Rating of Ataxia was used to assess and rate cerebellar ataxia. Changes in body structure and function, limitation in activities, and restriction in participation were evaluated with specific outcome measures. Participants were classified as independent in walking if they were able to walk without walking aids or human assistance and as dependent in walking if they have been using walking aids (sticks, crutches, or walkers) for more than 6 months, using a wheelchair for locomotion most of the day, or both. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted hierarchically and in blocks considering upper limbs function, balance systems, sensory functions, postural control, walking, independence, cognition, and perception as independent variables. The prevalence ratio for walking independence was determined.

Results
The final regression model pointed out that gait capacity assessed by the 6-Minute Walk Test and dexterity assessed by the Box and Blocks test were the main markers related to walking independence in individuals with hereditary ataxias.

Conclusion
The distance covered in 6 minutes of walking (walking endurance) and upper extremity dexterity can be used to better assess the progression of cerebellar disease related to walking independence in individuals with hereditary ataxias.

Impact
This study supports early detection of individuals who are at risk of loss of walking independence and an optimized rehabilitation plan.
Epidemiological and clinical characterization of dengue virus serotypes during 2017–2019 in southern Kerala, India
Authors: Rahul Arya , Saini Prasanta , Valamparampil Mathew J , Singh Gurpreet , Suresh Meenu Maheswari , Prajitha Kannankottapilly Chandrasekharan , Jose Merin Sara , Nair Anjana Nalina Kumari Kesavan , Ananth Mohan , Sreekanth Karthikeyan Balakrishnan , Sujatha Chintha , Kumar N Pradeep , Indu Pillaveettil Sathyadas , Anish Thekumkara Surendrannair 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of the largest dengue outbreak in the state of Kerala, India in 2017, along with global evidence of changing epidemiology of dengue virus and its distribution, this study was planned to understand the epidemiological pattern of dengue infection and contemplate the clinical presentations of different serotypes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in the Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts of Kerala, India, spanning 3 y from 2017 to 2019. We recruited adult patients based on the World Health Organization case definition of probable dengue fever to study their virological, spatial and clinical characteristics.ResultsDengue infection was identified in 113 (33.9%) of the 333 probable dengue patients recruited. Dengue virus 1 (DENV1), along with its combinations (59.09%), was the predominant serotype during 2017, followed by DENV2. There was a marked increase in the proportion of DENV4 cases (34.56%) and concurrent infections (26%) in 2019. DENV3 infections were more likely to present with warning signs (adjusted relative risk 6.14 [95% confidence interval 1.3 to 29.4]) and a significantly lower platelet count (p=0.02).ConclusionsThe results highlight the hyperendemicity of dengue infection in the state and the changing pattern of dengue virus predominance along with redominance. The rise in DENV4 and concurrent infections put forth the possibility of a more severe future outbreak.
Age and Hearing Ability Influence Selective Attention During Childhood
Authors: Ward Kristina M. , Grieco-Calub Tina M. 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether age and hearing ability influence selective attention during childhood. Specifically, we hypothesized that immaturity and disrupted auditory experience impede selective attention during childhood.

Design:
Seventy-seven school-age children (5 to 12 years of age) participated in this study: 61 children with normal hearing and 16 children with bilateral hearing loss who use hearing aids and/or cochlear implants. Children performed selective attention-based behavioral change detection tasks comprised of target and distractor streams in the auditory and visual modalities. In the auditory modality, children were presented with two streams of single-syllable words spoken by a male and female talker. In the visual modality, children were presented with two streams of grayscale images. In each task, children were instructed to selectively attend to the target stream, inhibit attention to the distractor stream, and press a key as quickly as possible when they detected a frequency (auditory modality) or color (visual modality) deviant stimulus in the target, but not distractor, stream. Performance on the auditory and visual change detection tasks was quantified by response sensitivity, which reflects children’s ability to selectively attend to deviants in the target stream and inhibit attention to those in the distractor stream. Children also completed a standardized measure of attention and inhibitory control.

Results:
Younger children and children with hearing loss demonstrated lower response sensitivity, and therefore poorer selective attention, than older children and children with normal hearing, respectively. The effect of hearing ability on selective attention was observed across the auditory and visual modalities, although the extent of this group difference was greater in the auditory modality than the visual modality due to differences in children’s response patterns. Additionally, children’s performance on a standardized measure of attention and inhibitory control related to their performance during the auditory and visual change detection tasks.

Conclusions:
Overall, the findings from the present study suggest that age and hearing ability influence children’s ability to selectively attend to a target stream in both the auditory and visual modalities. The observed differences in response patterns across modalities, however, reveal a complex interplay between hearing ability, task modality, and selective attention during childhood. While the effect of age on selective attention is expected to reflect the immaturity of cognitive and linguistic processes, the effect of hearing ability may reflect altered development of selective attention due to disrupted auditory experience early in life and/or a differential allocation of attentional resources to meet task demands.
Intranodal Neurofibroma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Adams Steven H. , Huston Tara L. , Lozeau Daniel 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:To report a case of neurofibroma involving the lymph nodes and to perform a literature review on this topic.Observations:A 72-year-old woman with a history of neurofibromatosis and biopsy-proven malignant melanoma of the left forearm underwent wide local excision of the malignant lesion along with sentinel axillary lymph node biopsy. Histological examination of axillary nodes revealed diffuse neurofibromatosis within 2 lymph node capsules. A thorough review of the English literature pertaining to intranodal neurofibroma was performed by querying Google Scholar and PubMed. Only 5 cases of intranodal neurofibroma have been described until now.Conclusions and Importance:Neurofibroma involving the lymph nodes is rare and this is the first reported case that is shown to diffusely involve the intracapsular space. Furthermore, intranodal neurofibroma can represent a diagnostic pitfall in the evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes for metastatic melanoma.
Current Therapies in Patients With Posterior Semicircular Canal BPPV, a Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Li Daibo , Cheng Danni , Yang Wenjie , Chen Ting , Zhang Di , Ren Jianjun , Zhao Yu 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
To compare the efficacy of different treatments for posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC-BPPV) by using direct and indirect evidence from existing randomized data.

Methods:
Randomized case-control studies that compared the efficacy of various nonsurgical treatments in PC-BPPV patients at 1 week and 1 month of follow-up were comprehensively screened. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to evaluate direct and indirect treatment comparisons. We further conducted subgroup pairwise meta-analysis to explore the inconsistency between comparisons of the Epley versus a sham maneuver and the Epley versus the Semont maneuver.

Results:
A total of 41 parallel, randomized controlled studies were included. The Epley with vestibular rehabilitation (EVR), Epley, Semont and Hybrid maneuvers were effective in eliminating nystagmus during a Dix–Hallpike test at 1 week of follow-up (odds ratios [ORs]: 11.41–23.8, 95% credible interval [CrI]: excluding null), among which EVR showed the best efficacy (the surface area under the cumulative ranking curves [SUCRA] = 77.5%). However, at 1 month of follow-up, only the Semont (rank first, SUCRA = 76.1%) and Epley maneuvers (rank second, SUCRA = 65.3%) were effective in eliminating nystagmus during a Dix–Hallpike test. In the pairwise subgroup meta-analysis, for patients younger than 55 years of age, the efficacy of the Epley maneuver was comparable to that of the Semont maneuver [rate ratio (RR): 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–1.05]; for patients with a longer duration before treatment, the effect of the Epley maneuver was equivalent to that of a sham maneuver (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90–1.29).

Conclusion:
Among the 12 types of PC-BPPV treatments, the Epley, Semont, EVR, and Hybrid maneuvers were effective in eliminating nystagmus during a Dix–Hallpike test for PC-BPPV at 1 week of follow-up, whereas only the Epley and Semont maneuvers were effective at 1 month of follow-up. The duration before treatments and the age of patients might contribute to the efficacy of treatments.