bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragility exposure index: Concepts, measurement, and application
Authors: Baliki Ghassan , Brück Tilman , Ferguson Neil T. N. , Kebede Sindu Workneh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDefinitions of fragility are focused at the level of the state, but this should not be considered to suggest that individuals with heterogeneous endowments experience a state of fragility in the same way. Nor does it suggest that all subregions of a fragile country exist in this state. In turn, experience of fragility varies not just at national level but also between districts and between individuals. To test this idea, we develop a fragility exposure module, which was inserted into the standard household survey. We consider three components of fragility: human security, economic inclusion, and social cohesion. We index data collected from a survey in Kenya. We show that experience of fragility in Kenya is in the midrange for most individuals, with notable heterogeneities. Those living in Nairobi experience higher levels of fragility than those in other areas. Young people experience higher levels of fragility than older individuals. We find no evidence of overall differences between men and women. These findings demonstrate the importance of capturing the experience of fragility at the individual level. More specifically, they also provide an important base to understanding which groups would benefit most from pro‐stability interventions and for testing the performance of such interventions.
Quantifying Interdisciplinarity in Cognitive Science and Beyond
Authors: Contreras Kallens Pablo , Dale Rick , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRecent publications have lamented the dominance of psychology in cognitive science. However, this relies on a limited definition of collaboration between fields. We call for a renewed conception of interdisciplinarity as a “mixture of expertise.” We describe an information‐theoretic measure of interdisciplinarity and apply it to multiauthored published articles. Results suggest that cognitive science journals mix expertise more than topically related journals. We suggest that perceptions of diminishing interdisciplinarity may in part be due to the emergence of different theoretical perspectives and use a semantic model to illustrate this argument. We conclude by describing some benefits of this broader conception.
Equine ulcerative keratitis in Belgium: Associated bacterial isolates and in vitro antimicrobial resistance in 200 eyes
Authors: Vercruysse Eline M. , Narinx Florine P. , Rives Albane C. M. , Sauvage Aurélie C. , Grauwels Magda F. , Monclin Sébastien J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeTo describe bacterial isolates and associated antibiotic resistance from horses with ulcerative keratitis in Belgium.MethodsMedical records from horses with ulcerative keratitis presented to the ophthalmology service of the Veterinary teaching hospital of Liege, Belgium, between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated. Bacterial isolates were identified and VITEK®2 (Biomérieux) provided antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance detection.ResultsTwo hundred eyes of 196 horses were sampled. Ninety‐seven eyes had a positive bacterial culture (48.5%) and 139 bacterial isolates were identified.Staphylococcus(63/139: 45.3%) andStreptococcus(33/139: 23.7%) were the most frequent genus isolated.Staphylococcus aureus(21/139: 15.1%) was the most frequent species isolated of which half were methicillin‐resistant (MRS).Streptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus(19/139: 13.7%) was the second most identified bacterial isolate. Only twoPseudomonasspecies were isolated (2/139: 1.4%). The overall resistance of all bacterial isolates against chloramphenicol (12.4%) and fluoroquinolones (14.3%) was low. Resistance against tobramycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, and neomycin ranged from 40.8% to 58.6%. When separating the MRS from the other staphylococci, a significant difference was noted in percentage of resistance to gentamicin (p = .00026) and tetracycline (p = .00015). MRS were highly resistant to gentamicin (75%) and tetracycline (100%), whereas the remaining staphylococci were significantly less resistant to gentamicin (17%) and tetracycline (40.4%).ConclusionAlthoughPseudomonasspecies has been rarely cultured, our results are roughly consistent with previous studies. Multiple drug resistance was high and resistance to first‐choice antibiotics in ulcerative keratitis was noted. These results warrant continued monitoring of susceptibility profile.
Spray Entrainment Coefficient Modeling for High Injection Pressure Based on Entrainment Velocity and Force Analysis
Authors: Wu Han , Zhang Zeyu , Zhu Decan , Ai Yaquan , Li Xiangrong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The entrainment coefficient reflects the air–fuel mixing quality, which is one of the foremost concerns for the development of cleaner and higher power-density internal combustion engines. Previous prediction models constructed by the change of axial mass flow rate have lower accuracy under high injection pressure conditions. During modeling in the work, a new construction method based on local entrainment velocity and local entrainment area is developed, and the influences of dilution effect and forces such as flow resistance, lateral pressure, etc. on the local entrainment velocity are considered. With the modified model, its prediction accuracy can be effectively extended to high injection pressure and detailed information about entrainment can be provided for analysis. It is found that, with the increase of injection pressure, the entrainment coefficient rises in the whole flow field. When increasing to high injection pressure, the entrainment coefficient constantly decreases with distance in the far-field, which is consistent with the experiments, but not a constant value predicted by previous models. Besides, the decreased rate of entrainment coefficient rises with the increase of injection pressure. Meanwhile, the increase of ambient pressure also makes the entrainment coefficient rise, but barely influences the decreased rate in the far-field. The large decrease of local entrainment velocity in the far-field caused by strong shear stress and flow resistance can explain the decrease of entrainment coefficient with distance. Overall, the modified model is able to rapidly predict the spray mixing quality over a wider range of operational conditions and provide more detailed entrainment information for analysis.
Implementation and Evaluation of Mock Trial Within Undergraduate Sport Law Curriculum
Authors: Lynch Makena R. , Lower-Hoppe Leeann M. , Brgoch Shea M. , Evans James O. , Bailey Richard L. , Beattie Mark , Samad Moetiz , Ryder Ashley 
Published: March 2022

Mock trials serve as useful experiential learning tools for undergraduate kinesiology students. In the current study, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle was employed over the course of a semester through a comprehensive mock trial project that aimed to provide undergraduate students with an interactive learning experience as a means to achieve desired learning outcomes. The primary purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the mock trial as a learning tool. The researchers conducted a total of 32 semistructured focus groups with 175 students. Overall, students expressed positive experiences and outcomes as a result of engaging in the mock trial project. Four distinct themes emerged from the data: learning mechanisms, learning outcomes, the student learning experience, and suggested improvements for future courses. Each of these themes is substantiated by excerpts from the comments of the students who participated in the focus groups and discussed in detail, as well as implications for instructors who wish to similarly implement mock trials into their classrooms.
Impact of a school-based and primary care-based multicomponent intervention on HPV vaccination coverage among French adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled trial protocol (the PrevHPV study)
Authors: Bocquier Aurélie , Michel Morgane , Giraudeau Bruno , Bonnay Stéphanie , Gagneux-Brunon Amandine , Gauchet Aurélie , Gilberg Serge , Le Duc-Banaszuk Anne-Sophie , Mueller Judith E , Chevreul Karine , Thilly Nathalie 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionVaccination is an effective and safe strategy to prevent Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related harms. Despite various efforts by French authorities to improve HPV vaccine coverage (VC) these past few years, VC has remained far lower than in most other high-income countries. To improve it, we have coconstructed with stakeholders a school-based and primary care-based multicomponent intervention, and plan to evaluate its effectiveness, efficiency and implementation through a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT).Methods and analysisThis pragmatic cRCT uses an incomplete factorial design to evaluate three components applied alone or in combination: (1) adolescents and parents’ education and motivation at school, using eHealth tools and participatory learning; (2) general practitioners’ training on HPV using motivational interviewing techniques and provision of a decision aid tool; (3) free-of-charge access to vaccination at school. Eligible municipalities (clusters) are located in one of 14 preselected French school districts and must have only one secondary school which enrols at least 2/3 of inhabitants aged 11–14 years. A randomisation stratified by school district and deprivation index allocated 90 municipalities into 6 groups of 15. The expected overall sample size estimate is 41 940 adolescents aged 11–14 years. The primary endpoint is the HPV VC (≥1 dose) among adolescents aged 11–14 years, at 2 months, at the municipality level (data from routine databases). Secondary endpoints include: HPV VC (≥1 dose at 6 and 12 months; and 2 doses at 2, 6 and 12 months); differences in knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and intention among adolescents, parents and general practitioners between baseline and 2 months after intervention (self-administered questionnaires); incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Implementation measures include dose, fidelity, adaptations, reached population and satisfaction (activity reports and self-administered questionnaires).Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the French Ethics Committee ‘CPP Sud-Est VI’ on 22 December 2020 (ID-RCB: 2020-A02031-38). No individual consent was required for this type of research; all participants were informed of their rights, in particular not to participate or to oppose the collection of data concerning them. Findings will be widely disseminated (conference presentations, reports, factsheets and academic publications).Trial registration numberNCT04945655.
Direct Discriminative Decoder Models for Analysis of High-Dimensional Dynamical Neural Data
Authors: Rezaei Mohammad R. , Hadjinicolaou Alex E. , Cash Sydney S. , Eden Uri T. , Yousefi Ali 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith the accelerated development of neural recording technology over the past few decades, research in integrative neuroscience has become increasingly reliant on data analysis methods that are scalable to high-dimensional recordings and computationally tractable. Latent process models have shown promising results in estimating the dynamics of cognitive processes using individual models for each neuron's receptive field. However, scaling these models to work on high-dimensional neural recordings remains challenging. Not only is it impractical to build receptive field models for individual neurons of a large neural population, but most neural data analyses based on individual receptive field models discard the local history of neural activity, which has been shown to be critical in the accurate inference of the underlying cognitive processes. Here, we propose a novel, scalable latent process model that can directly estimate cognitive process dynamics without requiring precise receptive field models of individual neurons or brain nodes. We call this the direct discriminative decoder (DDD) model. The DDD model consists of (1) a discriminative process that characterizes the conditional distribution of the signal to be estimated, or state, as a function of both the current neural activity and its local history, and (2) a state transition model that characterizes the evolution of the state over a longer time period.While this modeling framework inherits advantages of existing latent process modeling methods, its computational cost is tractable. More important, the solution can incorporate any information from the history of neural activity at any timescale in computing the estimate of the state process. There are many choices in building the discriminative process, including deep neural networks or gaussian processes, which adds to the flexibility of the framework. We argue that these attributes of the proposed methodology, along with its applicability to different modalities of neural data, make it a powerful tool for high-dimensional neural data analysis. We also introduce an extension of these methods, called the discriminative-generative decoder (DGD). The DGD includes both discriminative and generative processes in characterizing observed data. As a result, we can combine physiological correlates like behavior with neural data to better estimate underlying cognitive processes. We illustrate the methods, including steps for inference and model identification, and demonstrate applications to multiple data analysis problems with high-dimensional neural recordings. The modeling results demonstrate the computational and modeling advantages of the DDD and DGD methods.
Characteristics, Evolution, and Formation of Cold Air Outbreaks in the Great Plains of the United States
Authors: Millin Oliver T. , Furtado Jason C. , Basara Jeffrey B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wintertime cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in the Great Plains of the United States have significant socioeconomic, environmental, and infrastructural impacts; the events of December 1983 and February 2021 are key examples of this. Previous studies have investigated CAOs in other parts of North America, particularly the eastern United States, but the development of CAOs in the Great Plains and their potential subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictability have yet to be assessed. This study first identifies 37 large-scale CAOs in the Great Plains between 1950 and 2021, before examining their characteristics, evolution, and driving mechanisms. These events occur under two dominant weather regimes at event onset: one set associated with anomalous ridging over Alaska and the other set associated with anomalous pan-Arctic ridging. Alaskan ridge CAOs evolve quickly (i.e., on synoptic time scales) and involve stratospheric wave reflection. Conversely, Arctic high CAOs are preceded by weak stratospheric polar vortex conditions several weeks prior to the event. Both categories of CAOs feature anomalous upward wave activity flux from Siberia, with downward wave activity flux over Canada seen only in the Alaskan ridge CAOs. The rapid development of the Alaskan ridge CAOs, also linked with a North Pacific wave train and anomalous wave activity flux from the central Pacific, suggests that these events could be forced by tropical modes of variability. These findings present evidence that different forcing mechanisms, with contrasting time scales, may produce distinct sources of predictability for these CAOs on the S2S time scale.
Associations of Self-Esteem With Attachment to Parents: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pinquart Martin 
Published: March 2022

The main objective of the present meta-analysis was to analyze associations between security of attachment to parents and self-esteem. Studies were included if they assessed bivariate associations between self-esteem and attachment security with mothers and/or fathers, or with both parents in general. A systematic search in the electronic databases PSYCINFO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PSYNDEX identified 202 studies with 81,485 participants that were included in this multilevel meta-analysis. Criteria from the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool were used for assessing the quality of the individual studies. Most studies assessed security with verbal measures (190 studies), and the mean age of participants was 16.5 years. We found a moderate positive concurrent correlation of attachment security to parents with self-esteem ( r = .34; 95% confidence interval [CI], .33-.36), with associations being stronger when assessing attachment to parents in general ( r = .37; CI, .35 to .40) rather than to mothers ( r = .33; CI, .31 to .35) or fathers ( r = .32; CI, .30 to .34) in particular. Cross-lagged effects indicate that higher initial attachment security predicts an increase in self-esteem over time ( r = .19; CI, .09 to .28), while initial self-esteem predicts change in security ( r = .08; CI, .02 to .14). Correlations of attachment security with self-esteem were weaker in older participants and stronger in studies with validated attachment measures. As most of the included studies have been conducted with adolescents and young adults, knowledge about associations of secure attachment to parents and self-esteem in the first years of life is still limited. Nonetheless, it is concluded that the available results support suggestions of attachment theory on the role of secure attachment for self-esteem, although causal effects could only be tested in experimental studies.
The Impact of Service-Learning at an HSI on Attitudes Toward Individuals Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Crone Travis S. 
Published: March 2022

Background Service-learning is a powerful tool to promote attitudinal change; however, most findings center the experience of white, middle-class, continuing-generation students and do not reflect the shifting demographics of higher education. Little is known about the impact of service-learning at Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) on attitudes toward others, and even less is known based on studies experimentally manipulating the presence of service-learning. Objective This study investigated how a service-learning project conducted at an HSI impacted changes in attitudes toward those experiencing homelessness. Method Sixty-three students taking Social Psychology either participated in a course with a service-learning project or one that did not. Attitudes related to those experiencing homelessness and the self were assessed over time. Results Students that participated in service-learning saw increased positive attitudes toward those experiencing homelessness over time compared to those that did not participate in service-learning. Conclusion Service-learning seems to have helped foster positive attitudes toward those experiencing homelessness for students at an HSI. Teaching Implications The current study hopes to encourage wider use and study of service-learning by highlighting positive impacts service-learning may have on students. Service-learning may have profound effects on students, and these effects need to be studied at a variety of institutions.
Role of visceral pleural invasion and tumor sizing at CT of resected NSCLC in clinical-radiological and pathological T agreement
Authors: Colombi Davide , Petrini Marcello , Rapacioli Fausto , Bodini Flavio C. , Chiesa Sara , Franco Cosimo , Citterio Chiara , Cavanna Luigi , Zangrandi Adriano , Sverzellati Nicola , Michieletti Emanuele 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To describe in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the impact of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) and of tumor sizing assessed at computed tomography (CT) on the agreement between clinical-radiological and pathological T staging and its prognostic value. Methods: Patients affected by NSCLC treated by surgery in the period from January 2017 to September 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: (1) baseline CT not performed in our hospital; (2) failure of software segmentation at CT of the primary lesion. Clinical-radiological T (cT) was assessed at baseline CT, evaluating in particular T size by semi-automatic tool and VPI (cVPI) visually. Pathological T (pT) and VPI (pVPI) were recorded by pathological report and obtained after formalin-fixation and eventual elastic stain on surgical specimen. The agreement between cT and pT was evaluated by calculating the weighted kappa by Cohen (κw); the association between progression free survival (PFS) with both cT and pT was assessed by the Cox regression analysis. Results: The study included 84 NSCLC in 82 patients (median age 71 years, IQR 63-76 years; females 22/82, 27%). The agreement between cT and pT was poor (κw 0.302, 95%CI 0.158-0.447). The main causes of disagreement were CT oversizing (21%) and false positive cVPI (29%). A significant association was found between PFS and pT2-T3 (HR 2.75, 95%CI 1.21-6.25, p=0.015) but not with cT2-T3 (not retained in the model). Conclusions: False positive cVPI and oversizing at CT are causes of disagreement between cT and pT in around one-third of resected NSCLC. PFS was significantly associated with pT but not with cT.
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients
Authors: Adamian Caio Manuel Caetano , de Lima Mota Matheus Alves , Martins Augusto Adler Freire , Aragão Matheus Cardoso , Carvalho Marina Santos , Meneses Gdayllon Cavalcante , Silva Júnior Geraldo Bezerra da , Leitão Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva , De Francesco Daher Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

Background: Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis among people living with advanced HIV infection. Purpose: Describe general aspects and challenges of this disease and its association with HIV. Research Design: Review of literature. Study Sample: Articles found using different combinations of terms including “disseminated histoplasmosis” and AIDS/HIV or immunosuppression in PubMed, Scopus, WHO Global health library, and Scielo database. Analysis: We look for information on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of histoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Results: Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus encountered throughout the world, mainly in soil enriched with bat and bird excreta. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is the main presentation of this mycosis in people living with advanced HIV and is fatal if left untreated. Symptoms include a systemic disease characterized by fever, weight loss, night sweats, skin manifestations, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and septic shock. Diagnostic tests include culture, visualization of H. capsulatum by direct and histopathological examination, serology, antigen, molecular, and skin testing. Patients with disseminated disease require aggressive and prolonged treatment to eradicate the pathogen and include amphotericin B and itraconazole. In many low income countries of endemic regions, histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients is often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as another opportunistic infection, due to the similarity in clinical manifestations and to the paucity of better diagnostic tests. Conclusion: Histoplasmosis remains a neglected disease. Few studies about the disease and expensive treatments make it difficult to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this condition. Public health services and physicians must be aware of histoplasmosis' burden among the HIV-positive population.