bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pointwise Conservative Method for Thermochemical Convection Under the Compressible Anelastic Liquid Approximation
Authors: Sime Nathan , Wilson Cian R. , van Keken Peter E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn prior work we found that precise approximation of the continuity constraint is crucial for accurate propagation of tracer data when advected through a background incompressible velocity field (Sime et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gc009349). Here we extend this investigation to compressible flows using the anelastic liquid approximation (ALA) and address four related issues: (a) Exact conservation of tracer discretized fields through a background compressible velocity; (b) Exact mass conservation; (c) Addition and removal of tracers without affecting (exact) conservation to preserve a consistent number of tracers per cell; and (d) the diffusion of tracer data, for example, as induced by thermal or chemical effects. In this process we also present an abstract formulation of the interior penalty hybrid discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) finite element formulation for diffusion problems and apply it to the advection‐diffusion and compressible Stokes systems. Finally we present numerical experiments exhibiting the HDG compressible Stokes momentum formulation's superconvergent compressibility approximation and reproduce examples of a community benchmark for the ALA.
Obliquity Influence on Low‐Latitude Coastal Precipitation in Eastern Brazil During the Past ∼850 kyr
Authors: Hou Alicia , Bahr André , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Jaeschke Andrea , Albuquerque Ana Luiza S. , Pross Jörg , Koutsodendris Andreas , Friedrich Oliver 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPaleoclimate records from tropical South America typically show precession‐paced variability in rainfall, caused by insolation‐driven changes in the South American Monsoon System, however this mechanism may not be responsible for hydroclimate change outside of the core monsoon domain, such as in the coastal zone of tropical eastern Brazil. Our findings are based on a ∼850 kyr‐long multiproxy record from a marine sediment core collected from the eastern Brazilian margin that represents the longest continuous record of South American hydroclimate to date. Utilizing the ln (K/Al) chemical weathering proxy from the core, we determine that past hydroclimate change in the coastal zone was primarily modulated by obliquity forcing. We demonstrate that high obliquity is associated with an increase in the boreal summer interhemispheric insolation contrast which decreases the zonality of the southern trade winds and reduces moisture advection to the coastal zone. Based on the long‐term coherence between the ln (K/Al) record and benthic δ13C records from the Atlantic during Marine Isotope Stages 16–13, we infer that an increase in the strength of the overturning circulation, caused by Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude forcing, may have produced surface cooling in the western tropical South Atlantic which led to reduced moisture advection to the coastal zone. We suggest that this mechanism may have also caused the amplification in millennial‐scale variability in the coastal hydroclimate system, which began after the decoupling of the coastal hydroclimate system from obliquity forcing.
Paleomagnetic Constraints From South Georgia on the Tectonic Reconstruction of the Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes Marginal Basin System of Southernmost South America
Authors: Beaver Douglas G. , Kent Dennis V. , Dalziel Ian W. D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSouth Georgia exists as a microcontinent along the North Scotia Ridge ∼1,700 km east of Cape Horn. The tectonostratigraphic units of South Georgia have long been correlated with those of the Fuegian Andes of southernmost South America. Accordingly, South Georgia has been regarded as a continuation of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes marginal basin system, formerly situated south of Burdwood Bank and east of Cape Horn. To test this, paleomagnetic analysis of samples from the Larsen Harbour Complex, Drygalski Fjord Complex, and Annenkov Island Formation of South Georgia showed that 21 sites yield a mean direction of D = 328.5°, I = −62.1° (a95 = 3.5°) and a paleomagnetic pole at 068.2°E, 67.2°N, A95 = 4.7°. The consistency of directions and strong polarity bias, plus indications of a negative differential tilt test, point to a secondary magnetization acquired in the Late Cretaceous. Comparison of predicted versus observed directions for South Georgia relative to stable South America indicate 27.2 ± 11.2° of counter‐clockwise rotation (and 10.5° ± 4.5° of northward tilting) since the acquisition of magnetization. These results are consistent with paleomagnetic studies from the Fuegian Andes and support a paleoposition of the South Georgia microcontinent south of Burdwood Bank as strongly indicated by the geologic evidence. Partitioning this rotation between oroclinal bending during the Rocas Verdes basin collapse in the Late Cretaceous and left‐lateral translation along the North Scotia Ridge is not possible on paleomagnetic grounds, but the co‐linearity of Andean structures between the restored microcontinent and Tierra del Fuego indicates the former.
The DNA methylome of cervical cells can predict the presence of ovarian cancer
Authors: Barrett James E. , Jones Allison , Evans Iona , Reisel Daniel , Herzog Chiara , Chindera Kantaraja , Kristiansen Mark , Leavy Olivia C. , Manchanda Ranjit , Bjørge Line , Zikan Michal , Cibula David , Widschwendter Martin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe vast majority of epithelial ovarian cancer arises from tissues that are embryologically derived from the Müllerian Duct. Here, we demonstrate that a DNA methylation signature in easy-to-access Müllerian Duct-derived cervical cells from women with and without ovarian cancer (i.e. referred to as the Women’s risk IDentification for Ovarian Cancer index or WID-OC-index) is capable of identifying women with an ovarian cancer in the absence of tumour DNA with an AUC of 0.76 and women with an endometrial cancer with an AUC of 0.81. This and the observation that the cervical cell WID-OC-index mimics the epigenetic program of those cells at risk of becoming cancerous in BRCA1/2 germline mutation carriers (i.e. mammary epithelium, fallopian tube fimbriae, prostate) further suggest that the epigenetic misprogramming of cervical cells is an indicator for cancer predisposition. This concept has the potential to advance the field of risk-stratified cancer screening and prevention.
PplD is a de-N-acetylase of the cell wall linkage unit of streptococcal rhamnopolysaccharides
Authors: Rush Jeffrey S. , Parajuli Prakash , Ruda Alessandro , Li Jian , Pohane Amol Arunrao , Zamakhaeva Svetlana , Rahman Mohammad M. , Chang Jennifer C. , Gogos Artemis , Kenner Cameron W. , Lambeau Gérard , Federle Michael J. , Korotkov Konstantin V. , Widmalm Göran , Korotkova Natalia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe cell wall of the human bacterial pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) consists of peptidoglycan decorated with the Lancefield group A carbohydrate (GAC). GAC is a promising target for the development of GAS vaccines. In this study, employing chemical, compositional, and NMR methods, we show that GAC is attached to peptidoglycan via glucosamine 1-phosphate. This structural feature makes the GAC-peptidoglycan linkage highly sensitive to cleavage by nitrous acid and resistant to mild acid conditions. Using this characteristic of the GAS cell wall, we identify PplD as a protein required for deacetylation of linkage N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). X-ray structural analysis indicates that PplD performs catalysis via a modified acid/base mechanism. Genetic surveys in silico together with functional analysis indicate that PplD homologs deacetylate the polysaccharide linkage in many streptococcal species. We further demonstrate that introduction of positive charges to the cell wall by GlcNAc deacetylation protects GAS against host cationic antimicrobial proteins.
Acoustic and Articulatory Characteristics of English Semivowels /ɹ, l, w/ Produced by Adult Second-Language Speakers
Authors: Kim Yunjung , Chung Hyunju , Thompson Austin 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
This study presents the results of acoustic and kinematic analyses of word-initial semivowels (/ɹ, l, w/) produced by second-language (L2) speakers of English whose native language is Korean. In addition, the relationship of acoustic and kinematic measures to the ratings of foreign accent was examined by correlation analyses.

Method:

Eleven L2 speakers and 10 native speakers (first language [L1]) of English read
The Caterpillar
passage. Acoustic and kinematic data were simultaneously recorded using an electromagnetic articulography system. In addition to speaking rate, two acoustic measures (ratio of third-formant [F3] frequency to second-formant [F2] frequency and duration of steady states of F2) and two kinematic measures (lip aperture and duration of lingual maximum hold) were obtained from individual target sounds. To examine the degree of contrast among the three sounds, acoustic and kinematic Euclidean distances were computed on the F2–F3 and
x
–
y
planes, respectively.

Results:
Compared with L1 speakers, L2 speakers exhibited a significantly slower speaking rate. For the three semivowels, L2 speakers showed a reduced F3/F2 ratio during constriction, increased lip aperture, and reduced acoustic Euclidean distances among semivowels. Additionally, perceptual ratings of foreign accent were significantly correlated with three measures: duration of steady F2, acoustic Euclidean distance, and kinematic Euclidean distance.

Conclusions:
The findings provide acoustic and kinematic evidence for challenges that L2 speakers experience in the production of English semivowels, especially /ɹ/ and /w/. The robust and consistent finding of reduced contrasts among semivowels and their correlations with perceptual accent ratings suggests using sound contrasts as a potentially effective approach to accent modification paradigms.
Analysis of visual risk perception model for braking control behaviour of human drivers: A literature review
Authors: Liu Chao , Wang Zheng , Nacpil Edric John Cruz , Hou Wenbin , Zheng Rencheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the interest of driving safety, it is essential to understand driver risk assessment to develop human‐centred automated driving systems. Visual perception plays a core role in observing, analysing, and predicting driving crash risks. Furthermore, comprehensive progress of visual perception has been achieved in the development of risk perception metrics. However, it is still of interest to understand driver control behaviours, which depend on visual perception. Therefore, the objective of this literature review is to assess the potential of coupling time‐remaining cues for risk perception and braking control behaviour. First, conventional risk perception metrics are classified based on trajectory, contact, and state principles, along with new analysis metrics that have been derived from conventional ones. Then, the analysis metrics are discussed based on visual perception information. Next, driver risk assessment is summarised according to the environment, driver, and object characteristics. Moreover, braking behaviour models are compared in relation to visual perception variables, action affordances, and behaviour dynamics. The current review further discusses the possibility of applying driver behaviour modelling to perception, navigation, and spatial awareness in autonomous vehicles. This human‐centred approach has the potential to improve interaction between drivers and automation.
A formation mechanism for the large plumes in the prominence
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Yan Xiaoli , Xue Zhike , Yang Liheng , Li Qiaoling , Chen Hechao , Xia Chun , Liu Zhong 
Published: February 2022

Aims.To understand the formation mechanism of large plumes in solar prominences, we investigate the formation process of two such phenomena.Methods.We studied the dynamic and thermal properties of two large plumes using observations from New Vacuum Solar Telescope, the Solar Dynamic Observatory, and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-Ahead. We employed the differential emission measures method to diagnose the thermodynamical nature of the bubble and plumes. We calculated the Doppler signals based on observations of Hαblue and red wings.Results.We find that two large plumes observed with high-resolution data are quite different from previously studied small-scale plumes. They are born at the top of a prominence bubble with a large projected area of 10−20 Mm2. Before the occurrence of each large plume, the bubble expands and takes on a quasi-semicircular appearance. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of extreme-ultra-violet bands increases in the bubble. A small-scale filament is found to erupt in the bubble during the second large plume. At the point at which the height of the bubble is comparable with half the width of the bubble, the bubble becomes unstable and generates the plumes. During the formation of plumes, two side edges of the top of the bubble, which are dominated by opposite Doppler signals, approach each other. The large plume then emerges and keeps rising up with a constant speed of about 13−15 km s−1. These two large plumes have temperatures of ∼1.3 × 106K and densities of ∼2.0 × 109cm−3, two orders hotter and one order less dense than the typical prominence. We also find that the bubble is a hot, low-density volume instead of a void region beneath the cold and dense prominence.Conclusions.These two large plumes are the result of the breakup of the prominence bubble triggered by an enhancement of thermal pressure; they separate from the bubble, most likely by magnetic reconnection.
Assessment of Peak Oxygen Uptake with a Smartwatch and its Usefulness for Training of Runners
Authors: Düking Peter , Van Hooren Bas , Sperlich Billy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPeak oxygen uptake (˙VO2peak) is an important factor contributing to running performance. Wearable technology may allow the assessment of ˙VO2peak more frequently and on a larger scale. We aim to i) validate the ˙VO2peak assessed by a smartwatch (Garmin Forerunner 245), and ii) discuss how this parameter may assist to evaluate and guide training procedures. A total of 23 runners (12 female, 11 male; ˙VO2peak: 48.6±6.8 ml∙min−1∙kg−1) visited the laboratory twice to determine their ˙VO2peak during a treadmill ramp test. Between laboratory visits, participants wore a smartwatch and performed three outdoor runs to obtain ˙VO2peak values provided by the smartwatch. The ˙VO2peak obtained by the criterion measure ranged from 38 to 61 ml∙min−1∙kg−1. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between the smartwatch and the criterion ˙VO2peak was 5.7%. The criterion measure revealed a coefficient of variation of 4.0% over the VO2peak range from 38–61 ml∙min−1∙kg−1. MAPE between the smartwatch and criterion measure was 7.1, 4.1 and −6.2% when analyzing ˙VO2peak ranging from 39–45 ml∙min−1∙kg−1, 45–55 ml∙min−1∙kg−1 or 55–61 ml∙min−1∙kg−1, respectively.
Electrophilic (Ethoxycarbonyl)difluoromethylthiolation Using Difluoroalkyl Sulfonium Salts
Authors: Liang Weijian , Li Kaixiao , Zhang Yage , Zhou Lijiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe report a simple protocol for (ethoxycarbonyl)difluoromethylthiolation of nucleophilic compounds using a difluoroalkyl sulfonium salt which can be prepared in situ via Tf2O-triggered electrophilic activation of a benzyl difluoroalkyl sulfoxide. With the protocol, difluoroalkylthiolated arenes, heteroarenes, α-difluoroalkylthiolated carbonyl compounds, etc. were obtained smoothly with good to excellent yields. Merits of the reaction include the readily available difluoroalkylthiolation reagent and substrates, mild conditions, and excellent regioselectivity.
Characteristics of First-Year Residents in Top-Ranked United States Ophthalmology Residency Programs
Authors: Lin John C. , Lokhande Anagha , Chen Allison J. , Scott Ingrid U. , Greenberg Paul B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the characteristics of first-year residents associated with attending a top-ranked United States (U.S.) ophthalmology residency program over the past decade.
Methods First-year ophthalmology residents in 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2019 were identified from institutional websites, Doximity, LinkedIn and the Wayback Machine. Publications were obtained from Scopus and Google Scholar; research productivity was measured using the h-index, and medical school region based on U.S. Census Bureau designations. Medical school and ophthalmology training program rankings were based on U.S. News & World Report (U.S. News) rankings and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. One-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank sum, χ
2, and t-tests were used to analyze trends, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression.
Results Data were obtained on 81% (1,496/1,850) of the residents; 43% were female; 5% were international medical graduates (IMGs); and 10% had other graduate degrees. Over the decade, the mean h-index increased (0.87–1.26; p <0.05) and the proportion of residents who attended a top 20 medical school decreased (28–18%; p <0.05). In a multivariate logistic regression model, characteristics associated with being a first-year resident in a top 20 program ranked by U.S. News were female gender [OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02–1.72], having a Master's degree [OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.29–4.01] or PhD [OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.32–3.79], attending a top 20 [OR: 5.26, 95% CI: 3.66–7.55] or a top 40 medical school by NIH funding [OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.70–3.54], attending a medical school with a mean USMLE Step 2 score above 243 [OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.01–2.67] or located in the Northeast [OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.38–2.89] and having an h-index of one or more [OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.47–2.51]. Except for gender, these characteristics were also significantly associated with matching to a top 20 ophthalmology program by NIH funding.
Conclusion Female gender, graduate degrees, research productivity, and attending a medical school with high research productivity, high mean USMLE Step 2 score or in the Northeast were key characteristics of first-year residents in top-ranked U.S. ophthalmology residency programs.
New Insights in the Pathophysiology of Hospital- and Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia: A Complex Interplay between Dysbiosis and Critical-Illness–Related Immunosuppression
Authors: Bourdiol A. , Roquilly A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBoth hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) have long been considered as diseases resulting from the invasion by pathogens of a previously sterile lung environment. Based on this historical understanding of their pathophysiology, our approaches for the prevention and treatment have significantly improved the outcomes of patients, but treatment failures remain frequent. Recent studies have suggested that the all-antimicrobial therapy-based treatment of pneumonia has reached a glass ceiling. The demonstration that the constant interactions between the respiratory microbiome and mucosal immunity are required to tune homeostasis in a state of symbiosis has changed our comprehension of pneumonia. We proposed that HAP and VAP should be considered as a state of dysbiosis, defined as the emergence of a dominant pathogen thriving at the same time from the catastrophic collapse of the fragile ecosystem of the lower respiratory tract and from the development of critical-illness–related immunosuppression. This multidimensional approach to the pathophysiology of HAP and VAP holds the potential to achieve future successes in research and critical care. Microbiome and mucosal immunity can indeed be manipulated and used as adjunctive therapies or targets to prevent or treat pneumonia.
A Novel Method for Teaching Laser Peripheral Iridotomy and Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty Using Video Instruction and Model Eyes
Authors: Palmer Jamie , Nguyen Geoffrey , Alexander Janet , Levin Moran R. , Swamy Ramya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to describe an inexpensive and easily-constructed model eye for the purpose of teaching laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) to ophthalmology residents.
Methods Easily constructed, inexpensive model eyes were utilized to teach residents SLT and LPI utilizing a remote self-study module. A teaching microscope attachment allowed for video-based instruction and feedback.
Results This model eye, used in conjunction with video modules is an effective low-cost teaching tool for laser surgery among ophthalmology residents. Attending ophthalmologists rated the use of these model eyes using surveys and found them to be appropriate teaching tools that could lead to improved knowledge and translate to better patient care.
Conclusion Our novel method for teaching glaucoma laser surgery allows residents to learn the principles and theory behind common laser procedures while having the opportunity to practice repetitive procedures on low-cost model eyes.
A DFT+U study of site dependent Fe-doped TiO2 diluted magnetic semiconductor material: Room-temperature ferromagnetism and improved semiconducting properties
Authors: Begna Wondimagegnehu Beshah , Gurmesa Gamachis Sakata , Zhang Qinfang , Geffe Chernet Amente 
Published: February 2022

This article reports the crystal structure, impurity formation energy, electronic property, magnetic property, and dopant configuration site dependence of ferromagnetic temperature Tc of anatase (Ti15FeO32, Ti14Fe2O32, and Ti13Fe3O32) by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) with Hubbard onsite correction (DFT+U). The estimated formation energy validated the structural stability of the Fe-doped TiO2 with 2.08% (Ti15FeO32), 4.17% (Ti14Fe2O32), and 6.25% (Ti13Fe3O32) concentrations at the Ti sites. The electronic structure analysis reveals that the bandgap in the doped system changed from a wide bandgap of 3.23 eV (pristine TiO2) to slightly lower bandgaps of 3.13, 3.08, and 3.04 eV with Fe concentrations of 2.08%, 4.17%, and 6.25%, respectively. The calculated partial density of states also show the hybridization of O with 2p- and Fe 3d-orbitals near the conduction band minimum and generate the impurity energy level reducing the bandgap. Furthermore, the estimated Curie temperature (Tc) varied depending on the Fe–Fe interactions, the concentration of the Fe dopants, and doping sites. For instance, Tc is calculated to be 343.57 K for 2.08% Fe at the symmetric point of the crystal while estimated to be 323.84 and 393.297 K for 4.17% at the nearest neighbor and the next-nearest neighbor configurations. Due to the increase of the Fe concentration to 6.25%, the calculated Tc monotonically improved to 342.5 and 513.174 K at the nearest neighbor and the next-nearest neighbor of the Fe-site, respectively. These indicate that all the calculated findings estimate the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc to above room temperature. Moreover, the system’s total magnetization reveals the augmentation of a number of unpaired electrons as a result of rise in oxygen vacancies and, hence, there could be more holes when the Fe content gets higher, perhaps generating more bound magnetic polarons that favor the critical temperature, Tc.