Bűnügyi együttműködés a közel-keleti országokkal
Authors: Karsai Krisztina 
Published: July 2022

Összefoglalás. A bűnügyi együttműködés joga jelentős fejlődésen ment
keresztül az uniós tagállamok egymás közötti viszonyaiban az integráció utóbbi
25 évében. Legfőbb jellemzője e fejlődésnek az együttműködési formák
„eljogiasodása” és formalizálása, valamint genuin, új uniós jogintézmények
megszületése, amely a tagállamok kölcsönös bizalmán alapul. A közel-keleti
országokkal való együttműködés szükségessége egyre nyilvánvalóbb, azonban az
ezekre a viszonyokra vonatkozó jogszabályi háttér nem létezik, vagy legfeljebb
minimális, ami az egyén – akit érinthet az államok közötti bűnügyi
együttműködési eljárás – számára e lehető legnagyobb biztonsági kockázatot
hordozza. A tanulmány feltérképezi azokat a hatásokat, amelyek az uniós
fejlődésből a harmadik államokkal való együttműködésre vonatkoznak
(extraterritoriális hatások), és kimutatja, hogy az uniós jog
többletkövetelményeket támaszt a tagállamok felé még ilyen, az uniós jog hatálya
alá (látszólag) nem tartozó kérdésekben. Kitér a munka arra is, hogy az Európa
Tanács jogfejlesztő tevékenységének hol van a helye ezen a spektrumon, valamint
arra is, hogy az ENSZ bűnözéskontroll egyezményei miként játszhatnak szerepet a
jelen témakörben.
Summary. For centuries, the issue of judicial cooperation has been
part of the foreign policy of the state as a means of promoting the political
interests of the rulers (governments) and its actual judicial or legal content
could not be identified. Cooperation between law enforcement and judicial
authorities of different countries is therefore the oldest form of action
against internationally ‘mobile’ offenders or crimes of transnational nature.
The original aim was to prevent the perpetrator from escaping prosecution, and
cooperation was therefore exercised against the interests of the person
concerned. It was only in the second half of the 20th century that academia
recognised that a person involved in extradition proceedings (and any other form
of international criminal cooperation) may have individual rights and interests
that are separate from those of the state. Thus, the individual (accused,
victim, witness) emerges as a third actor in the context of cooperation between
two states – based on international law and sovereignty – and, especially with
the firm establishment of human rights protection regimes, also takes a place in
these proceedings. Thus, international cooperation now involves three interests:
the State requesting assistance, the State providing assistance and the person
concerned. The law on cooperation in criminal matters has evolved considerably
in the EU Member States’ relations with each other over the last 25 years of
integration and pursues new paths that are completely divorced from traditional
thinking as described above. The main feature of this development is the
‘juridification’ and formalisation of forms of cooperation and the emergence of
genuine new EU legal institutions based on mutual trust between Member States.
The need for cooperation with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa
is becoming increasingly apparent, but the legal framework for these relations
is non-existent or minimal at best, which poses the greatest possible security
risk for the individual who may be affected by the inter-state cooperation
procedures in criminal matters. The study explores the implications of EU
developments for cooperation with third states (extraterritorial effects) and
shows that EU law imposes additional requirements on Member States even in such
matters as they can be covered by EU law. Accordingly, the inter-state
horizontal impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the extraterritorial
impact of EU crime control instruments and the explicit agreements on criminal
cooperation are briefly discussed. The work also discusses the place of the
Council of Europe’s law development activities in this spectrum: the European
human rights protection, in particular with regard to extradition, entails
additional requirements that Member States must comply with even when
cooperating with a state outside the Council of Europe. Furthermore the role of
the UN conventions on crime control is addressed by the study briefly.