bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a computer‐assisted letter sound tutoring program: An application to preschool English language learners
Authors: Long Stephanie , Volpe Robert J. , Briesch Amy M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe importance of letter sound knowledge (LSK) as a precursor to later literacy skills has been well‐documented. Since English language learners (ELLs), or students who first acquired a language other than English, continue to underperform in reading compared to their English‐speaking peers, they are particularly at‐risk for reading and academic difficulties. The current study examines the utility and acceptability of teaching letter sounds to four ELL preschoolers through a software‐based incremental rehearsal tool (Tutoring Buddy). All students demonstrated increases in LSK, with large effect sizes derived through percentage of all nonoverlapping data analyses. Increases were also noted in the students' generalization of letter sounds to measures of letter sound fluency and nonsense word fluency, signified by small to large effect sizes. Large effect sizes generated for real word fluency measures indicated that all students were able to apply LSK to decoding real, consonant‐vowel‐consonant words. All students rated Tutoring Buddy as helpful for their letter sound learning, and varied in how enjoyable they found the intervention to be. Overall, the results support the use of Tutoring Buddy as an effective and acceptable method for teaching letter sounds to young ELLs. Implications for school‐based professionals working with ELL and future directions for research are discussed.
Relationships between roots, the stay‐green phenotype, and agronomic performance in barley and wheat grown in semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Williams Jessica L. , Sherman Jamie D. , Lamb Peggy , Cook Jason , Lachowiec Jennifer A. , Bourgault Maryse 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStay‐green is a phenotype that crop breeders could use to improve drought adaptation. It increases the duration of grain fill in several species including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maintaining yield in semi‐arid conditions. Evidence from controlled environment experiments suggests a connection between stay‐green and root systems. These belowground structures are understudied and thus represent opportunity for crop improvement if relationships to agronomics can be understood. Minirhizotrons facilitate study of these relationships by allowing repeated nondestructive root measurements in field conditions. However, this is time‐consuming, and proxies would be useful for increasing throughput capacity of root research. Here we present results from field trials with minirhizotrons in a semi‐arid environment, as well as greenhouse seedling assays conducted on stay‐green and non‐stay‐green barley and wheat lines. In barley, stay‐green and greater yield were primarily associated with greater deep root length and delayed root senescence, whereas in wheat, yield was most strongly correlated with total root length, and root system differences for stay‐green were not as apparent. We speculate that the physiology of stay‐green is different between these two species, and that barley may use a more efficient root system to withstand drought whereas wheat relies on a larger one. Several seedling traits related consistently to field root traits, but correlation directions were often opposite between barley and wheat. The connections between traits presented here could be useful for breeders seeking to improve crop adaptation to drought, but more genotypes and environments will need to be tested.
Exploring the Defects and Vacancies with Photoluminescence and XANES Studies of Gd3+‐Substituted ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Sahu Jyoti , Kumar Sudhish , Vats Vikram Shri , Alvi Parvez Ahmed , Dalela Bhawana , Kumar Shalendra , Phase Devdutt M. , Gupta Mukul , Dalela Saurabh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUndoped ZnO and Zn1−xGdxO nanoparticles are made using a sono‐chemical co‐precipitation approach. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy investigations verified the formation of a wurtzite structure with spherical geometry. All the samples are found to be nanocrystalline by transmission electron microscopy, with crystallite diameters ranging from 14 to 22 nm. The optical constants are calculated via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The Urbach energy and photoluminescence spectrum both showed that all doped nanoparticle samples contained defects and disorder due to vacancies. The band structure finding suggest that the forbidden gap of ZnO may change due to the conduction band shift, Burstein‐Moss shift, and shrinkage effect. The near band emission in the ultraviolet region and deep level emission of the photoluminescence spectrum are both strong and decreased with increasing Gd3+ concentration. Studies using X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy revealed that the host nano‐lattice Zn sites are substituted with Gd3+ cations to preserve the symmetry with minor distortion. Investigations into charge transfer through the oxygen bands (Gd‐O‐Zn) are made using O K‐edge spectra. The defect emission bands identified through Gd doping indicated that these emissions may be changed for ZnO samples, which could be advantageous for applications in phosphors and light‐emitting devices.
A Liquid Stratification Model to Predict Failure in Thermally Damaged EBW Detonators
Authors: Hobbs Michael L. , Coronel Stephanie A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn previous work, commercially available downward facing exploding bridgewire detonators (EBWs) were exposed to elevated temperatures. These detonators were then initiated using a firing set which discharged a high amplitude short duration electrical pulse into a thin gold bridgewire. Responses of the detonators were measured using photonic doppler velocimetry (PDV) and high‐speed photography. A time delay of 2 μs between EBW initiation and first movement of an output flyer separated operable detonators from inoperable detonators or duds. In the current work, we propose a simple method to determine detonator operability from the calculated state of the detonator at the time the firing set is initiated. The failure criterion is based on the gap distance between the exploding bridgewire (EBW) and the adjacent initiating explosive within the detonator which is low‐density pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) that melts between 413–415 K (140–142 °C). The gap forms as PETN melts and flows to the bottom of the input pellet. Melting of PETN is modeled thermodynamically as an energy sink using a normal distribution spread over a temperature range between the onset temperature of 413 K and the ending temperature of 415 K. The extent of the melt is determined from the average temperature of the PETN. The PETN liquid is assumed to occupy the interstitial gas volume in the lower part of the input pellet. The vacated volume from the relocated liquid forms the gap between the EBW and the PETN. The remaining sandwiched layer consists of solid PETN particles and gas filling interstitial volume. We predict that a threshold gap between 17–27 μm separates properly functioning detonators from duds.
A contemporary estimate for the abundance of juvenile American Eel Anguilla rostrata attempting to migrate past a barrier in the Ottawa River
Authors: Woods Steven M. , Bower Shannon D. , Lapointe Nicolas W. R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAmerican Eel (Anguilla rostrata) travels from the Sargasso Sea to fresh waters of eastern North America and back in a lifetime, and once provided one of the most abundant eel fisheries in the world. Many American Eel populations are now at risk worldwide. Dams act as barriers to the upstream migration of juvenile American Eels, which can be partially mitigated by installing eel ladders. To inform mitigation decisions and provide baseline data, the number of eels approaching barriers should be estimated; however, estimation is difficult for this now rare and cryptic species, especially in large rivers. In St. Lawrence and Ottawa River system, American Eels are among the largest and most fecund of the species, and local populations in the Ottawa River are almost entirely composed of large, female eels. American Eel in this area has declined to less than 1% of historic abundance, yet no local population estimates are available to inform recovery strategies and management actions. We, therefore, evaluated data from an unpublished study to estimate the abundance of American Eel attempting to migrate upstream past a barrier. American Eels (n = 339) were captured at the Carillon Generating Station over 36 days (July 12, 2010–August 17, 2010). Results were fit to the POPAN Jolly‐Seber model in program MARK. Future studies could be improved by sampling throughout the migration season and deploying multiple traps spanning downstream features. While confidence intervals in the best‐fitting model were wide, the estimate nonetheless provides a baseline to inform future work and management.
Widespread drought‐induced leaf shedding and legacy effects on productivity in European deciduous forests
Authors: Descals Adrià , Verger Aleixandre , Yin Gaofei , Filella Iolanda , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHeatwaves and droughts are becoming more common and severe in Europe, causing changes in tree phenology, disrupting the sequestration of carbon and causing tree mortality on a continental scale. The responses of leaf shedding to heatwaves and droughts remain uncertain, although temperate deciduous forests may shed their leaves if exposed to extreme heat and water stress. Little information, however, is available about the extent and recurrence of early leaf shedding induced by drought, likely because it occurs in small forest patches and can be discriminated only during a few weeks. We used highly spatiotemporal Sentinel‐2 data as evidence of widespread drought‐induced early leaf shedding in Europe during 2017–2021. We estimated the timing of leaf shedding from NDVI time series and a threshold‐based method that extracts the end of the growing season. Then, we evaluated the heatwave and drought impacts at the end of season by analysing the z‐score of Landsat‐7 and ‐8 land surface temperature and the ERA5‐Land air temperature and aridity index. The 10‐m resolution Sentinel‐2 data identified early leaf shedding not detected by the low‐resolution (250 m) MODIS sensor. Early leaf shedding was observed across Europe during the entire study period and its occurrence was linked to preceding anomalously high temperatures and arid conditions. Our results also indicated that mean summer NDVI decreased significantly in the years following early leaf shedding, suggesting a legacy decline in vegetation productivity. Our study demonstrates that decametric satellite data can be used to monitor the responses of forests to extreme climate events at the canopy level and indicates that early leaf shedding associated with heatwaves and droughts is more widespread and frequent across the continent than previously thought.
Emulsion‐templated synthesis of 3D evaporators for efficient solar steam generation
Authors: Chen Jinxing , Lee Michael , Qiu Yinghua , Wu Chaolumen , Li Bo , Yin Yadong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInterfacial solar steam generation holds great promise in water desalination thanks to its high energy efficiency by heating only the top layer of water for evaporation. While three‐dimensional (3D) evaporators have been proven to increase the evaporation rate by harnessing the energy from the surroundings, further development is still required in terms of convenient fabrication with potential scalability. Herein, we propose to overcome this challenge by using a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) to template the synthesis of 3D hierarchically porous evaporators. The HIPE‐templated synthesis combined with a molding process can efficiently fabricate the desired 3D shape without wasting any materials and generate a hierarchically porous internal structure for continuous water supply. Engineering the overall shape and internal pores produces a 3D evaporator that can suppress conduction heat loss and efficiently collect thermal energy from its surroundings, boosting the evaporation rate to 2.82 kg/(m2 h) under 1‐sun illumination, which is significantly higher than conventional 2D evaporators. HIPE‐templating synthesis is an easy but effective way to produce various porous polymers, promising for a wide range of applications where easy production, excellent shape control, and potential scalability are critical.
Enhancing structural design with a parametric FEM toolbox
Authors: Apellániz Diego , Vierlinger Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Parametric FEM Toolbox is a plug‐in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper which implements the RF‐COM API of the Dlubal RFEM finite element software to establish a connection between these two platforms. Both the transfer of data from Grasshopper into RFEM and back from RFEM into Grasshopper are supported. Thus, new possibilities are enabled beyond the options of the conventional graphical user interface (GUI) of RFEM: the use of the Rhino 3D modelling tools to create NURBS curves and surfaces; the possibility of the parametric modification of an existing FE model or part of it; the export and processing of FE model data, which sometimes is not even available through the program GUI, e.g. 3D shapes of beam elements; etc. With these functionalities, the object‐oriented structure and compact GUI, this tool can easily be adapted to numerous workflows and optimization processes. This paper explores which possibilities exist for implementing a commercial FEM software in a parametric design platform. Existing approaches are reviewed, the development of the Parametric FEM Toolbox is described and some of the possible workflows with this new tool are explored through a collection of real‐world case studies.
Systems integration implications of component reuse
Authors: Grumbach Joshua Logan , Thomas Lawrence Dale 
Published: August 2022

AbstractComponent and subsystem reuse has been an important tool in controlling the cost and schedule requirements of developing new aerospace systems. Although the mere utilization of component reuse cannot be shown to influence system integration success significantly, previous research has shown that interactions between reuse and other integration principles do significantly influence integration success. The research described in this paper leverages historical system data to characterize these interactions and assess the influence of these interactions on integration success. This research identifies four characterizations of interactions between reuse and the other principles that significantly influence system integration success when component reuse is included in the system design.
Rare metabolic disease mimicking COL4A1/COL4A2 fetal brain phenotype
Authors: Coste T. , Aloui C. , Petit F. , Moutton S. , Devisme L. , Wells C. F. , Leboucq N. , Verpillat P. , Yvert M. , Rivier F. , Tournier‐Lasserve E. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTPathogenic variants of collagen type IV alpha 1 and 2 (COL4A1/COL4A2) genes cause various phenotypic anomalies, including intracerebral hemorrhage and a wide spectrum of developmental anomalies. Only 20% of fetuses referred for COL4A1/COL4A2 molecular screening (fetuses with a suspected intracerebral hemorrhage) carry a pathogenic variant in these genes, raising questions regarding the causative anomaly in the remaining 80% of these fetuses. We examined, following termination of pregnancy or in‐utero fetal death, a series of 113 unrelated fetuses referred for COL4A1/COL4A2 molecular screening, in which targeted sequencing was negative. Using exome sequencing data and a gene‐based collapsing test, we searched for enrichment of rare qualifying variants in our fetal cohort in comparison to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) control cohort (n = 71 702). Qualifying variants in pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 (PDHA1) were overrepresented in our cohort, reaching genome‐wide significance (P = 2.11 × 10–7). Heterozygous PDHA1 loss‐of‐function variants were identified in three female fetuses. Among these three cases, we observed microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, germinolytic pseudocysts, agenesis/dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and white‐matter anomalies that initially suggested cerebral hypoxic‐ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. However, a careful a‐posteriori reanalysis of imaging and postmortem data showed that the observed lesions were also consistent with those observed in fetuses carrying PDHA1 pathogenic variants, strongly suggesting that these two phenotypes may overlap. Exome sequencing should therefore be performed in fetuses referred for COL4A1/COL4A2 molecular screening which are screen‐negative, with particular attention paid to the PDHA1 gene. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Overview of the Regional Practices and Challenges on Environmental Protection in Four Industries
Authors: Pavlova Margarita 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe greening of all industries in order to help reduce their ecological footprint is an important factor in transitioning to an environmentally sustainable world and meeting many SDG targets. Governments in the Asia and the Pacific region (APR) have recognised these challenges and have taken a range of measures (including the introduction of laws and regulations) to work towards green economic restructuring.
Case Study: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China. Realities of MSME: What Green Skills Are Included in the RVAs?
Authors: Pavlova Margarita 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents and analyses the results of a Hong Kong SAR, PRC, study. Sixteen micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) were interviewed in Hong Kong SAR, PRC: four in automotive, four in waste management and eight in the catering sectors. Data collection on PVC manufacturing was not feasible due to the inactivity of that industry in Hong Kong SAR, PRC. The automotive and waste management industries are regulated by the government, so all results were obtained from the formal sector. Regarding the catering industry, both formal and informal companies were interviewed and visited for observations. Results revealed that some green practices have been applied by MSME, and employers stated that the successful implementation of environmentally friendly operations greatly depends on the attitudes and behaviour of staff, in many cases even more than on particular skills. Across three sectors the majority of owner/managers had not heard about recognition, validation and accreditation (RVA) mechanism. They believed that adding RVA processes could be somewhat unhelpful, particularly for the automotive industry, as an apprenticeship scheme was in place and was used to certify obtained skills. MSME believe that the inclusion of green skills in RVA might negatively affect the hiring processes in the industry. The findings demonstrate that inclusion of green skills in RVA mechanism in Hong Kong SAR, PRC, requires a strong political push from the government. An awareness campaign for industries and the private sector is vital to clarify the benefits of RVA and greening. Key performance indicators, clearly defined targets and available support for MSME are essential. Education has a clear role to play in developing green mind-sets.
Global Propagator for the Massless Dirac Operator and Spectral Asymptotics
Authors: Capoferri Matteo , Vassiliev Dmitri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe construct the propagator of the massless Dirac operatorWon a closed Riemannian 3-manifold as the sum of two invariantly defined oscillatory integrals, global in space and in time, with distinguished complex-valued phase functions. The two oscillatory integrals—the positive and the negative propagators—correspond to positive and negative eigenvalues ofW, respectively. This enables us to provide a global invariant definition of the full symbols of the propagators (scalar matrix-functions on the cotangent bundle), a closed formula for the principal symbols and an algorithm for the explicit calculation of all their homogeneous components. Furthermore, we obtain small time expansions for principal and subprincipal symbols of the propagators in terms of geometric invariants. Lastly, we use our results to compute the third local Weyl coefficients in the asymptotic expansion of the eigenvalue counting functions ofW.
The Polyopticon: a diagram for urban artificial intelligences
Authors: Sherman Stephanie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSmart city discourses often invoke the Panopticon, a disciplinary architecture designed by Jeremy Bentham and popularly theorized by Michel Foucault, as a model for understanding the social impact of AI technologies. This framing focuses attention almost exclusively on the negative ramifications of Urban AI, correlating ubiquitous surveillance, centralization, and data consolidation with AI development, and positioning technologies themselves as the driving factor shaping privacy, sociality, equity, access, and autonomy in the city. This paper describes an alternative diagram for Urban AI—the Polyopticon: a distributed, polyvalent, multi-modal network of synthetic intelligences. It posits that fourth industrial revolution technologies change the political, social, and psychodynamic relationships of sentience and witness in the city, shifting the effects of watching and watched beyond the exclusive domain of top-down surveillance and discipline. The Polyopticon poses a more expansive and ambivalent spectrum of possibilities for Urban AI scenarios, one that undermines the totalizing, singular, and cerebral notion of intelligence that so often characterizes Urban AI and smart city critiques.
Adolescent self-administration of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-018 induces neurobiological and behavioral alterations in adult male mice
Authors: Margiani Giulia , Castelli Maria Paola , Pintori Nicholas , Frau Roberto , Ennas Maria Grazia , Pagano Zottola Antonio C. , Orrù Valeria , Serra Valentina , Fiorillo Edoardo , Fadda Paola , Marsicano Giovanni , De Luca Maria Antonietta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Rationale
The use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) is growing among adolescents, posing major medical and psychiatric risks. JWH-018 represents the reference compound of SCRA-containing products.

Objectives
This study was performed to evaluate the enduring consequences of adolescent voluntary consumption of JWH-018.

Methods
The reinforcing properties of JWH-018 were characterized in male CD1 adolescent mice by intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Afterwards, behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular evaluations were performed at adulthood.

Results
Adolescent mice acquired operant behavior (lever pressing, Fixed Ratio 1–3; 7.5 µg/kg/inf); this behavior was specifically directed at obtaining JWH-018 since it increased under Progressive Ratio schedule of reinforcement, and was absent in vehicle mice. JWH-018 IVSA was reduced by pretreatment of the CB1-antagonist/inverse agonist AM251. Adolescent exposure to JWH-018 by IVSA increased, at adulthood, both nestlet shredding and marble burying phenotypes, suggesting long-lasting repetitive/compulsive-like behavioral effects. JWH-018 did not affect risk proclivity in the wire-beam bridge task. In adult brains, there was an increase of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) positive cells in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), along with a decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in the CPu. These glial alterations in adult brains were coupled with an increase of the chemokine RANTES and a decrease of the cytokines IL2 and IL13 in the cortex, and an increase of the chemokine MPC1 in the striatum.

Conclusions
This study suggests for the first time that male mice self-administer the prototypical SCRA JWH-018 during adolescence. The adolescent voluntary consumption of JWH-018 leads to long-lasting behavioral and neurochemical aberrations along with glia-mediated inflammatory responses in adult brains.