bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TRADING-CRAFT CLASS, THE CHURCH AND THE PECULIARITIES OF FEUDALISM IN EASTERN GEORGIA IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES
Authors: Margaryan Gor Ararat 
Published: June 2022

Since the Early Middle Ages, it had been characteristic for the countries with feudal social system that not only the great secular rulers, but also the cleric power acted as major feudalists. This refers to the Georgian reality as well, where the Georgian Church was especially developed, and acted as one of the major feudal lords in the Late Middle Ages. The Georgian Church, represented by the Catholicosate of Mtskheta, possessed a large number of various immovable property (villages, lands, gardens, oil mills, etc.), and at the same time acted as a major serf owner. The Georgian Church enjoyed the favor and support of the Georgian royal houses and sometimes foreign rulers, such as the Safavid shahs, which was often expressed by giving donations to the church, or more importantly, by granting the church a partial or full tax exemption. The latter circumstance was especially important for the church serfs: as a result, they gained tax reliefs and a privileged status. This was very important giving the fact that in the 16th-18th centuries, Georgia, like Armenia, was divided into eastern and western parts, between Iran and the Ottoman Empire respectively, and of course, the heavy tax burden of the foreign domination would hinder the development of trade and crafts. In light of this, the tax benefits and a relatively privileged status that could be obtained by becoming a church serf would have been a desirable condition for merchants and craftsmen. The purpose of this article is to examine the question of whether the Georgian Church could be observed as a powerful aegis and a desirable patron by the trading-craft class, whether the church, in that case, would have shown some interest in replenishing the ranks of serfs with merchants and craftsmen, what ethnicity could those serfs be and other related matters.
A FIND OF THE NORTH-CAUCASIAN CERAMICS IN THE ELITE BURIAL OF THE ISAKOVKA I BURIAL GROUND (WESTERN SIBERIA)
Authors: Sharapova Svetlana V. , Trufanov Alexandr Ya. , Kiseleva Daria V. , Shagalov Evgeny S. , Danilov Danil A. , Khorkova Arina N. , Okuneva Tatyana G. , Soloshenko Natalia G. , Ryanskaya Anastasia D. , Uporova Natalya Sergeevna 
Published: June 2022

We present the results of a multi-disciplinary analysis of a jug and its contents from the elite burial complex of the Sargat culture in Middle Irtysh Basin (burial Isakovka I, mound 3, burial 6). The burial, along with military equipment and various metallic import, contained a ceramic jug, the closest analogies to which are found in the production centers of the settled population of the foothill zone of the central and partially eastern regions of the North Caucasus, as well as the steppe territory (the basin of the Kuma River). The studied piece is distinguished by its massive form and traces of repair of the upper part. The jug was placed in the burial filled with a granular substance with fragments of light and gray-black color. Laboratory analysis found no traces of tartrates, i.e. the jug was not used for cooking or transporting beverages of grape juice. The detected fractions of biogenic apatite could possibly originate from fish bones and scales, used for the production of glue, which was added for clarification of wine, beer and mead. At the same time, the composition of the filling contains organic substances related to the production of a low-alcohol drink based on honey, fermented with the addition of cereal grains (local wild or coming from agricultural centers). There are two versions for defining this drink: either it was beer – one of the oldest ritual drinks, the use of which in pastoral cultures is confirmed by texts of the Nart sagas and is confirmed by similar forms of words of Iranian origin; or an infusion of herbs/cereals based on honey, also common in the ritual practices of ancient and traditional cultures. This find is considered exceptional, since the North Caucasian antiquities of the Early Iron Age have been previously unknown in the forest-steppe monuments of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. It is possible that the area of the Sargat culture is so far the easternmost territory of distribution of such ceramics.
TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION MILITARY ENGINEERING FACILITIES RUBAS FORTIFICATION VI C. (EAST CAUCASUS)
Authors: Gmyrya Lyudmila B. 
Published: June 2022

The article reviews building techniques, used for constructing a monumental fortification of the 6th century, erected in the river-valley of Rubas, near the village of Kommuna, Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan. The site includes six objects different in layout and construction, connected with building junctions into a single object – a construction of arched type, Wall 1, Long wall 2, Stepped structure 6, Wall 3, Platform 5. Analysis of the excavation material shows that the technology of their building was due to the functional purpose of these objects. Moreover, each of the architectural structures was built with the use of unique building techniques, variety of masonry, as well as the sizes of stone blocks and plates. The aim of the research is to conduct the analysis of the technological methods of constructing multi-type military-engineering fortifications; to determine the links of technological methods with the object’s functional purposes; to determine the level of development of construction engineering and architecture in the Peri-Caspian region in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and the significance of this site as a military-defensive construction. The research methodology includes a detailed analysis of technological methods for the construction of military engineering structures; carrying out the classification of methods for the construction of defensive objects and the system of laying stone structures; analysis of building materials used in the construction of structures. The analysis of the excavation materials of the Rubas fortification shows that, according to the technology of construction, this object is close to the Derbent defensive complex of the middle 6th century (large stone blocks; massiveness of structures; the use of “opus quadratum” masonry; the presence of a bonding lime mortar, etc.). According to the main indicators (monumentality and functional orientation), this structure belongs to a series of barriers in the Western Peri-Caspian, built by Persia with the financial assistance of Byzantium in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, typologically and chronologically similar to Derbent.
Anadolu Selçuklularının Birinci Haçlı Seferi'ni Durdurmadaki Rolleri
Authors: ALİ Hüseyin 
Published: June 2022

Anadolu Selçukluları, Haçlı Seferlerinin en önemlisi ve en büyüğü sayılan ve dalga dalga gelen Birinci Haçlı Seferi’ne karşı koyma noktasında önemli bir rol oynamış, Haçlı ordularına karşı koymak için büyük uğraşlar vermişlerdir. Sultan I.Kılıç Arslan Keşiş Pierre L'Ermite’nin ordusunu yenerek darmadağın etmiş olmakla birlikte Selçuklular, İznik’i kaybettikten sonra bu saldırıyı izleyen prenslerin saldırılarına karşı direnemeyerek geri çekilmek durumunda kalmıştır. Bunun nedeni ise Haçlı ordularının sayıca çok üstün olması ve Bizans’la kurmuş oldukları ittifak diye değerlendiriliyor. Ancak buna rağmen karamsarlığa düşüp teslim olmamışlardır. Eskişehir (Dorileon) Muharebesi’nde Haçlı ordularına göğüs germişlerdir. Dolayısıyla Selçuklular, Haçlı ordularının ilerleyişini durduramasalar da Haçlılara büyük kayıplar verdirmişlerdir.
Anadolu Selçukluları, Haçlı saldırılarına güç kaybettirerek Anadolu’daki ilerleyişlerini yavaşlatmışlardır. Buna karşılık Haçlılar, Suriye’de Anadolu’da karşılaştıkları direnişe benzer direnişle karşılaşmamış, burada Kudüs’ü işgal ederek Haçlı kontlukları ve prensliklerini kurmayı başarmışlardır.
Selefîyye ve Kelâmcılar Arasında Yöntemsel Tartışmalar
Authors: GÜLVERDİ Selim 
Published: June 2022

İslâm düşünce tarihinde ortaya çıkan iç ve dış kaynaklı düşünce problemlerini, İslâm’ı savunmak adına çözüme kavuşturmak için farklı ilmi disiplinler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu ilmi disiplinlerden her biri önemli fonksiyon icra etmekle beraber kullandıkları yöntem ve metotların farklı olmasından dolayı bazen birbirine yönelik eleştirilerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu bağlamda öncelikli olarak i‘tikādî konularda akla yer vermeyerek istidlal ve te’vîli reddeden Selefî ekol mensuplarının, aklı bilgi kaynağı kabul ederek te’vîl metoduna başvuran kelâmcıları, yöntemsel olarak şiddetle eleştirip, Kelâmı gereksiz, zararlı ve bid‘at olduğunu iddia etmelerinden bahsedilebilir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Selefî ekol ile kelâmcılar arasında önemli bir problem alanı olan akıl-nakil ilişkisi ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca buna bağlı olarak mantık, istidlâl ve te’vîl konularında her iki ekolün ileri sürdüğü argümanları inceleyerek Kelâm metodunun meşruiyet sorununun olup olmadığı üzerinde durulacaktır. Sonuç olarak Selefîyye’nin, Kelâmı sorgulamak adına geliştirdiği Kelâm karşıtı söylemlerin ne kadar tutarlı olduğu, mantığı Kelâmla buluşturan Gazzâlî ve Selefiliği sistematize eden İbn Teymiyye'nin görüşleri üzerinden ele alınacaktır.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GIVING NIGELLA SATIVA OIL TO SKIN INTERGITY DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS SUFFERS ACNE VULGARIS
Authors: Nunik Purwanti  , Fitriasari Andikawati 
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Changing cosmetics can cause acne vulgaris.
Objective: The research objective was to analyze the effectiveness of Nigella Sativa oil administration on skin integrity problems in adolescents with acne vulgaris in Kedensari Village RT 17 RW 05 Tanggulangin Sidoarjo.
Methods: This study used Quasi Experimental with a pre-posttest control group design approach. The study population was all adolescents with acne vulgaris who experienced skin integrity problems in Kedensari Village RT 17 RW 05 Tanggulangin Sidoarjo. The sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique of 28 adolescents who were then divided into two groups, namely the experimental group of 14 people and the control group of 14 people. The independent variable was the administration of Nigella Sativa oil, while the dependent variable was the degree of skin integrity disorders in adolescents with acne vulgaris. The research instrument was a skin condition observation sheet. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test and the Mann Whitney test with a significance value of α = 0.05.
Results: The results showed: 1) There were significant differences in skin integrity before and after intervention in the intervention group p =0,001,(0,001<0,05) There were significant differences in skin integrity in the intervention group and the control group (p =0,000 <0.005).
Conclusions: Giving nigella sativa oil is effective in improving skin integrity problems in adolescent with acne vulgaris. It is hoped that the nurses can use nigella sativa oil in providing care for adolescents with acne vulgaris.
A Comparative Study Between Reflexive Thematic Analysis in Social Sciences and Qur’anic Thematic Analysis in Qur’anic Sciences
Authors: Nur Afifah binti Abas  , Mohd Nizam bin Sahad  
Published: June 2022

Islamization of social sciences is a collective religious obligation (farḍ al-kifāyah) to serve the Muslim community. Thus, it is steadily progressing after being established last century. However, the Western secularly oriented social scientists as typically sceptical, especially the positivistic, or post-positivistic ones. Moreover, editors of established journals also are reluctant to acknowledge the application of traditional Islamic methodologies in the Islamization of Knowledge (IoK) researches due the methodological integrity issues such as the validity issues according to their practice. But then, Islam has a lengthy history of traditional methodologies dated back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. whose prophethood began in the seventh century C.E. Since then, he had founded initial Thematic Analysis methodology in interpreting the Holy Qur'an with another relevant part of it intertextually, and his prophetic guidance (al-Sunnah), which is more developed in the Fundamentals of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) for its significant role to the Islamic Jurisprudence (al-Fiqh al-Islamī). Thus, by rights it has to be equivalently recognized like other de/post-colonial/subaltern methodologies especially when it is being used in IoK movement that revers the revelation (al-Naqlī) above the human intellect (al-ᶜAqlī). This paper is a comparative study between the Reflexive Thematic Analysis method that is commonly used in the Social Sciences and the Qur’anic Thematic Analysis (QTA – Al-Tafsīr Al-Mauḍūᶜī) methodology under the Qur’anic Sciences (ᶜUlūm al-Qur’ān). Some compatible methodological fusions allowable in Islam are suggested for the QTA to stay relevant in merging the Islamic Studies into the contemporary Social Sciences.
Kulttuuristamista vai kulttuurienvälistä oppimista?
Authors: Kimanen Anuleena , Varjonen Sirkku , Sotkasiira Tiina , Nivala Elina , Ryynänen Sanna 
Published: June 2022

Artikkelissa analysoidaan turvapaikanhakijoiden parissa työskentelevien ammattilaisten kulttuuripuhetta ja tarkastellaan sitä kulttuurienvälisen oppimisen näkökulmasta. Aineisto koostuu turvapaikanhakijoiden vastaanottotoiminnan ammattilaisen haastatteluista (N = 15), joita analysoitiin diskursiivisesti. Aineistosta tunnistettiin seuraavat kulttuuria koskevat puhetavat: 1) eroja ja etäisyyttä tuottava kulttuuri, 2) opittava suomalainen kulttuuri ja 3) ylläpidettävä turvapaikanhakijan kulttuuri. Puhetavoissa turvapaikanhakijat ja ammattilaiset asemoituivat toisinaan kulttuurienvälisiksi oppijoiksi, harvoin kuitenkaan yhdessä oppijoina. Kulttuurienvälistä osaamista pidettiin ammattitaidon tärkeänä osana. Kulttuurieroista kuitenkin puhuttiin toistuvasti kulttuurienvälisen oppimisen kannalta ongelmallisen kulttuuristavasti, kulttuurieroja ja kulttuurin pysyvyyttä ja määräävyyttä korostaen. Suomalaisen kulttuurin oppiminen asetettiin usein itsestään selvästi turvapaikanhakijoiden velvollisuudeksi, ja ammattilaisen ja turvapaikanhakijan välille rakennettiin yksisuuntainen opettajan ja sopeutujan suhde. Silloin kun suhde rakentui vastavuoroiseksi ja yhteistä tulkintaa etsiväksi, kulttuuri oli tyypillisesti näkyvää, kuten ruokailua.
ANALISIS ISI USUS DAN LAMBUNG UNTUK MENENTUKAN FOOD AND FEEDING HABIT IKAN BETOK (Anabas testudineus)
Authors: Aryzegovina Reffi , Aisyah Siti , Desmiati Ira 
Published: June 2022

Betok (A. testudineus) yang dilihat berdasarkan makanan utama yang dimakan oleh ikan tersebut . Penelitian analisis isi usus dan lambung dapat memberikan informasi dasar untuk menjaga kelestarian populasi ikan Betok (A. testudineus). Penelitian analisis isi usus dan lambung ikan Betok (A. testudineus) di aliran sungai Batang Masang Kenagarian Bawan Kecamatan IV, Kabupaten Agam dilakukan pada bulan April-Mei tahun 2021. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan Betok (A. testudineus) adalah jenis ikan omnivora karena dalam pencernaannya didominasi oleh jenis Bacillaryophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Protozoa, Ciliata, Rotarita/Rotifera, dan Crustasea dengan 25 jenis sebanyak 5,858 ind/ml. Pakan alami fitoplankton yang mendominasi adalah pada klass Bacillaryophyceae dan zooplankton yang mendominasi adalah pada klas Crustasea.
Assistência Farmacêutica aos pacientes com HIV/AIDS no Brasil: Uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Silva Jeferson Cordeiro da , Vitorino Jhennyffer de Almeida , Marquez Carolinne de Oliveira 
Published: June 2022

O HIV é o agente causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), o controle da doença é possível devido o tratamento com a Terapia Antiretroviral - TARV, que impossibilita a replicação viral e auxilia na reconstituição do sistema imunológico, devendo ser efetivado precocemente e não interrompido em nenhum momento do tratamento. O Farmacêutico é de extrema necessidade, colaborando no planejamento, avaliação e distribuição de medicamentos gratuitos, aos pacientes. Esse artigo objetiva expor a importância da Assistência Farmacêutica na compreensão das informações sobre o tratamento antirretroviral em pacientes com HIV/AIDS no Brasil e a sua contribuição no momento da adesão. Trata – se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura onde foram consultadas bases de dados BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), Google Acadêmico, e SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Lirary Online), utilizando os descritores: Adesão; Assistência Farmacêutica; Terapia Antiretroviral; Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida. Estabeleceram-se os seguintes critérios de inclusão: artigos disponíveis na integra, em português e inglês, no período de 2012 a 2022 com acesso gratuito e que tivessem afinidade com a temática. Foram encontrados 150 trabalhos em pesquisa nos bancos de dados. Destes, 16 foram considerados para o estudo. Apesar da relevância do tema, poucos artigos atuais relatam a atuação do farmacêutico frente ao uso de antirretrovirais, onde somente 6 encontravam-se totalmente enquadrados. Em suma, a assistência farmacêutica voltada a portadores de HIV/AIDS é relevante, uma vez que este profissional auxilia na utilização correta da TARV, acompanhando o tratamento, atendendo esse paciente, estabelecendo uma relação de segurança e cuidado.
Biomechanical Effects of a Novel Anatomic Titanium Mesh Cage for Single-Level Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Zhang Ke-rui , Yang Yi , Ma Li-tai , Qiu Yue , Wang Bei-yu , Ding Chen , Meng Yang , Rong Xin , Hong Ying , Liu Hao 
Published: June 2022

Background: The traditional titanium mesh cage (TTMC) has become common as a classical instrument for Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion (ACCF), but a series of complications such as cage subsidence, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), and implant-related complications by using the TTMC have often been reported in the previous literature. The aim of this study was to assess whether a novel anatomic titanium mesh cage (NTMC) could improve the biomechanical condition after surgery.Methods: The NTMC model consists of two spacers located on both sides of the TTMC which match the anatomic structure between the endplates by measuring patient preoperative cervical computed tomography (CT) data. The ranges of motion (ROMs) of the surgical segments and the stress peaks in the C6 superior endplates, titanium mesh cage (TMC), screw–bone interface, anterior titanium plate, and adjacent intervertebral disc were compared.Results: Compared with the TTMC, the NTMC reduced the surgical segmental ROMs by 89.4% postoperatively. The C6 superior endplate stress peaks were higher in the TTMC (4.473–23.890 MPa), followed by the NTMC (1.923–5.035 MPa). The stress peaks on the TMC were higher in the TTMC (47.896–349.525 MPa), and the stress peaks on the TMC were lower in the NTMC (17.907–92.799 MPa). TTMC induced higher stress peaks in the screw–bone interface (40.0–153.2 MPa), followed by the NTMC (14.8–67.8 MPa). About the stress peaks on the anterior titanium plate, the stress of TTMC is from 16.499 to 58.432 MPa, and that of the NTMC is from 12.456 to 34.607 MPa. Moreover, the TTMC induced higher stress peaks in the C3/4 and C6/7 intervertebral disc (0.201–6.691 MPa and 0.248–4.735 MPa, respectively), followed by the NTMC (0.227–3.690 MPa and 0.174–3.521 MPa, respectively).Conclusion: First, the application of the NTMC can effectively decrease the risks of TMC subsidence after surgery. Second, in the NTMC, the stresses at the anterior screw-plate, bone–screw, and TMC interface are much less than in the TTMC, which decreased the risks of instrument-related complications after surgery. Finally, increases in IDP at adjacent levels are associated with the internal stresses of adjacent discs which may lead to ASD; therefore, the NTMC can effectively decrease the risks of ASD.
Electroconductive Photo-Curable PEGDA-Gelatin/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels for Prospective Cardiac Tissue Engineering Application
Authors: Testore Daniele , Zoso Alice , Kortaberria Galder , Sangermano Marco , Chiono Valeria 
Published: June 2022

Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) have attracted interest for tissue engineering applications due to their ability to promote the regeneration of electroactive tissues. Hence, ECHs with tunable electrical and mechanical properties, bioactivity, biocompatibility and biodegradability are demanded. In this work, ECHs based on photo-crosslinked blends of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and gelatin with different PEGDA:gelatin ratios (1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 wt./wt.), and containing poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (0.0, 0.1, 0,3 and 0.5% w/v%) were prepared. Main novelty was the use of gelatin as bioactive component and co-initiator in the photo-crosslinking process, leading to its successful incorporation in the hydrogel network. Physical properties could be modulated by the initial PEGDA:gelatin weight ratio. Pristine hydrogels with increasing PEGDA:gelatin ratio showed: (i) an increasing compressive elastic modulus from 5 to 28 kPa; (ii) a decreasing weight loss from 62% to 43% after 2 weeks incubation in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C; (iii) reduced crosslinking time; (iv) higher crosslinking density and (v) lower water absorption. The addition of PEDOT:PSS in the hydrogels reduced photo-crosslinking time (from 60 to 10 s) increasing their surface and bulk electrical properties. Finally, in vitro tests with human cardiac fibroblasts showed that hydrogels were cytocompatible and samples with 1.5:1 initial PEGDA:gelatin ratio promoted the highest cell adhesion at 24 h. Results from this work suggested the potential of electroconductive photo-curable PEGDA-gelatin/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels for prospective cardiac tissue engineering applications.
Novel Design of the Compound Sleeve and Stem Prosthesis for Treatment of Proximal Femur Bone Defects Based on Topology Optimization
Authors: Xue Haowen , Bai Haotian , Zhou Rongqi , Wang Jincheng , Zhou Bin , Wang Xiaonan , Luo Wenbin , Zhao Xin 
Published: June 2022

The loosening of traditional prosthetics is among the leading causes of surgical failure of proximal femoral bone defects. A novel compound sleeve and stem prosthesis was designed using an optimization methodology that combined an octet-truss porous structure with density-based topology optimization to improve stability, promote bone ingrowth, and enhance biomechanical properties. Biomechanical changes were assessed using finite element analysis. The distribution of stress, the strain energy density, and the relative micromotion in the optimized group were considered. The optimized sleeve prosthesis achieved a 31.5% weight reduction. The maximum stresses in the optimized group were observed to decrease by 30.33 and 4.74% at the back sleeve and neck part of stem prosthesis, with a 29.52% increase in the femur, respectively. The average stress in most selected regions in the optimized group was significantly greater than that in the original group (p &lt; 0.05). The maximum relative micromotion decreased by 15.18% (from 63.9 to 54.2 μm) in the optimized group. The novel designed compound sleeve and stem prosthesis could effectively improve the biomechanical performance of next-generation prosthetics and provide a microenvironment for bone ingrowth. The presented method could serve as a model for clinical practice and a platform for future orthopedic surgery applications.