bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-B-15 Effects of Different Prenatal Nutrition Strategies on Liver Metabolome of Bulls and its Correlation with Body and Liver Weight
Authors: Polizel Guilherme H , Dias Evandro , Carmona Brenda T , Santos Gianluca C , Mortari Isabela , Garcia Nara P , Santana Miguel H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The impacts of maternal nutrition throughout the life of offspring have been studied in the last decades. However, some molecular mechanisms and responses involved in fetal programming in beef cattle remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of different prenatal nutrition strategies on liver metabolome and on body and liver weight of Nellore bulls at slaughter. For that purpose, three nutritional treatments were applied in 126 cows during pregnancy: NP – (control) only mineral supplementation; PP – protein-energy supplementation in the third trimester; and FP – protein-energy supplementation during the entire pregnancy. The pre-slaughter body weight and liver weight from male offspring were evaluated and a targeted metabolomics analysis (AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit; 180 metabolites) was performed in liver of bulls (n = 18, 22.5 ± 1 months of age). Data were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), enrichment analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The phenotypes did not show differences among treatments (p &gt; 0.05). Metabolites PCA showed an overlap of treatments clusters in the analysis. We found metabolites that were significant in ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05; Glycine, Hydroxytetradecadienylcarnitine, Aminoadipic acid and Carnosine). Enrichment analysis revealed some biological processes (p ≤ 0.05; Histidine metabolism, beta-Alanine metabolism and Lysine degradation). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed 29 significant correlated metabolites with body weight (p ≤ 0.05) and 1 metabolite correlated with liver weight (Symmetric dimethylarginine; r = 0.51; p ≤ 0.05). In summary, prenatal nutrition did not show effects on phenotypes evaluated, but affected some metabolites and biological pathways mainly related to oxidative metabolism. In addition, body weight seems to influence the hepatic metabolome more than liver weight, due to the amount and magnitude of correlations found.
PSIV-B-14 Fetal Programming Effects on Weight Gain and Backfat Thickness in Nellore Heifers
Authors: Santana Miguel H , Cracco Roberta , Fernandes Arícia C , de Carli Cynhtia , Baldin Geovana C , Polizel Guilherme H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effects of fetal programming on the performance of heifers in the rearing phase This study evaluated the effects of maternal nutrition on performance and backfat thickness (BFT) of beef cattle heifers. The study comprised pregnant 126 Nellore dams, which were fixed time artificially inseminated (FTAI) with semen of four bulls. The animals were separated into three treatments: Not Programmed (NP), without protein-energy supplementation; Partially Programmed (PP), supplementation offered in the final third of gestation; and Full Programmed (FP), supplementation during the whole gestation. Animals were allocated to pasture paddocks with access to the supplement (0.03% live weight for NP, and 0.3% live weight for PP and FP) and water ad libitum. After calving, protein-energy supplementation ceased (average 220 days old), regardless of the treatment. After weaning, the female progeny (55 heifers) remained on the pasture until the beginning of the reproductive season at 24 months old. The performance of heifers was evaluated in the periods of weaning, year, 18 months and 24 months, measuring weight and backfat thickness (BFT). The effects of treatments (NP, PP, and FP) on phenotypes were evaluated using the analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey-Kramer test, with contrasts considered significant when p&lt; 0.05. The weight of the animals showed a significant difference over time (p = 0.017). The weight of the heifers in the three treatments was similar in all periods evaluated (p &gt; 0.05); however, when an analysis was carried out over time, a significant difference occurred among the treatments (p = 0.017). Fetal programming did not affect the weight and fat thickness of the heifers throughout the rearing period.
PSXI-9 Chemical Composition and Calculation of Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility and Diaas-Like Scores Using the Precision fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay for Novel Proteins of Aquatic and Reptile Species
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There has been a quest for novel and alternative protein sources in pet nutrition due to product diversification, need for novel and single protein diets, and concerns with sustainability. However, limited information on chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of these ingredients are available. The novel protein sources tested are of aquatic and reptile species, and include fish slurry, white fish, spirulina, eel, salmon, and rattlesnake. We determined the chemical composition and applied the cecectomized rooster model to estimate standardized AA digestibility of these protein sources. The ingredients were further assessed by calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like). Dry matter values were similar across all proteins and ranged from 91.3% to 99.4%. Crude protein was least in salmon (43.5%) and greatest in fish slurry and spirulina (72.5% and 72.8%, respectively). Rattlesnake produced the least amount of total fat at 1.8% and eel produced the most at 32.3%. Standardized AA values were &gt;80% for both dispensable and indispensable AA in all protein sources. For DIAAS-like calculations, reference proteins were based on nutrient profiles of the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) nutrient profile and the National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. Using these references, rattlesnake was low quality for both dogs and cats. Fish slurry and spirulina were observed to be high quality for dogs and cats using AAFCO references and high quality in only cats using NRC references. Using the NRC reference for dogs, fish slurry and spirulina were determined to be moderate quality because the first-limiting AA in fish slurry (tryptophan) was 78% and first-limiting AA in spirulina (methionine) was 63%. Scores &lt; 100% but &gt;50% are considered moderate quality according to the DIAAS method.
PSXI-7 Effects of Hericium Erinaceus on Health of Aged Dogs
Authors: Chun Ju Lan , Seo Kangmin , Cho Hyun-Woo , Jeon Jung-Hwan , Kim Chan Ho , Lim Sejin , Kim Ki Hyun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is a medicinal mushroom that has beneficial effects in human anti-oxidation, immune enhancement, and nerve growth factor stimulation. Aging-related benefits have also been described. The present study investigated the effect of H. erinaceus on aged dogs, with adult (5 years old) and aged (11 years old) animals untreated as controls (C1 and C2, respectively). Aged dogs were additionally treated with 0.4 g (T1) and 0.8 g (T2) H. erinaceus per metabolic body weight. In a two-choice preference test, the experimental diet with H. erinaceus was completely consumed more rapidly. No significant change in body weight, body condition score, and feces score were evident for 16 weeks. Complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses were in normal ranges. These findings indicated that H. erinaceus was not detrimental to the general health of dogs. Metabolome profiles in sera were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to investigate the metabolic change in dogs fed H. erinaceus. After 8 weeks, formate, ascorbate (vitamin C), acetone and choline concentrations were significantly increased. These compounds were also significantly increased after 16 weeks in the T2 group. Formate is influential in cell proliferation, acetone and choline are involved in lipid membrane formation, and ascorbate is essential for tissue repair. Additionally, choline and ascorbate are involved in antioxidant system. Collectively, the findings indicate the benefit of H. erinaceus to increase cell proliferation and tissue repair activity that might be related to enhancing an antioxidant activity in aged dogs.
PSXI-11 Oxidation Analysis on Chicken Meat Meals Composition, Aromatics, and Palatability: A Novel Aromatic Palatability Trial Utilizing Labrador Retrievers, Hercules Enose Ufgc, Spme, and Broad Spectrum Gcms
Authors: Fiona Burmeister , Fowler Jason W , Varney Jessica L , Austin Melissa , Jayasundera Chamara , Bench B J , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Even the highest quality ingredients undergo oxidative stresses during manufacturing processes, increasing the nutrition delivery challenges facing large-scale feed manufacturing. In this study we investigate the impact of increasing peroxide values (PV) in the chemical composition in rendered chicken meal (CM) and chicken by-product meal (CB). To determine canine acceptance, working Labrador Retrievers (20 male; 20 female) were used in a preliminary novel aromatic palatability test as well as a traditional two-pan palatability test. PV sample levels ranged from &lt; 10-200 (CB or CM Sample identification: 1.~ &lt; 10, 2.~20-50, 3.~50-100, 4.~100-200). Results indicate that dogs preferred reduced peroxide values in both aromatic (p= &lt; 0.05) and traditional 2-pan palatability trials (p= &lt; 0.05). Preference testing results correlated with extensive physical and chemical data obtained using a Heracles Electronic Nose ultra-fast gas chromatography (UFGC), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The broad-spectrum analysis utilized solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify 177 nonpolar compounds, 340 polar compounds, and 457 volatile compounds. The overall composition did not vary; however, individual compounds had strong linear correlations with peroxide value. In chicken by-product meal samples, 38 compounds were linearly correlated; in chicken meals, 27 compounds were identified (r2&gt;0.90). These data: 1) introduces novel quality control markers for further research and showcases the potential for greater accuracy by developing product specific markers; 2) confirms that the chemical differentiation between peroxide values went beyond lipid oxidation and highlighted multiple compounds of interest for further study; and 3) emphasizes greater levels of peroxide in pet foods have unfavorable palatability. This research was funded by the Fats and Protein Research Foundation.
PSXI-21 Validation of a Method to Determine Dogs’ Preference for Flavors
Authors: Johnson Paris M , Kilburn Logan , Koppel Kadri , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is little information regarding dogs’ preference for a given flavor, especially in water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the method of using a consumption test to determine the dogs’ ability to discriminate water-based flavors. There were three phases of the study to validate the model using water as a flavor carrier. First was to measure position bias, second to evaluate for preference for specific elemental flavors, and third to evaluate the dogs’ ability to district by dose. To eliminate confounding variables; salt (salty), dextrose (sweet), citric acid (sour) and MSG (umami) were mixed with tap water to create colorless and odorless test solutions (salt 0.5%, dextrose 4%, citric acid 0.1%, MSG 0.035%), with tap water as the control. For evaluating dose sensitivity, salt waters at increasing levels of concentration (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were evaluated. In this study, twelve adult Beagle dogs (average age one year) were individually housed. Using a randomized block design, ceramic bowls, labeled A-E, were placed along the back wall of each pen and filled with 400g of the control or test solutions. Bowl position was randomized daily, to account for any position bias; and water disappearance was measured for five days. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and the dog and day as random effects. Of the elemental flavors, sweet was most preferred (average 250.05g/day) with sour and salty (average 96.45g/day and 85.77g /day) least preferred (p &lt;0.05). Regarding dose distinction, a linear decrease (p&lt;0.05) in water disappearance was observed as salt concentration increased. These results suggest that dogs do have the ability to distinct between flavors. It also suggests that dogs do have the ability to discriminate between different doses.
PSX-A-2 Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level and Corn Grain Processing on Whole-Body Urea Kinetics and in-Vitro Urea Secretion Into the Rumen of Sheep
Authors: Burns Kaitlin , Penner Gregory B , Mutsvangwa Timothy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In ruminants, urea-N salvaging allows secretion of endogenously-produced urea (UER) into the rumen, where it can provide N for microbial growth. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein content and corn grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics and in vitro serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea) across ruminal epithelia. Thirty-two Rideau-Arcott ram lambs were blocked by BW into groups of 4 and then randomly allocated within block to one of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dietary factors were crude protein content (10.9% [LP] vs. 15.8% [HP]) and corn grain processing (whole-shelled [WSC] vs. steam-flaked [SFC]). Feeding SFC was expected to provide more ruminally-fermentable energy than WSC. Four blocks of animals (n = 4) were used in 4-d continuous infusions of 15N-15N with concurrent collections of urine and feces to determine whole-body urea kinetics. After 23 d of dietary exposure, lambs were killed to collect ruminal epithelia which were mounted in Ussing chambers to determine Jsm-urea. Lambs fed HP had greater N intake (P = 0.01) and total N excretion (P = 0.002) than those fed LP; however, retained N (g/d or % of N intake) was similar between the 2 groups. When expressed as absolute amounts, urea-N secreted into the gut (GER) and urea-N used for anabolic purposes (UUA) were similar across diets; however, lambs fed the LP diet had a greater GER/UER ratio (P = 0.02) and tended to have a greater UUA/GER ratio (P = 0.05) than lambs fed the HP diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal Jsm-urea. Grain processing had no effects on GER, UUA and Jsm-urea. These results suggest ruminants fed protein-restricted diets have a greater dependence on urea secretion into the gut to provide N for anabolic use.
PSX-A-3 Characterization of Short-Season Hybrid Corn Stover and Barley Greenfeed Components Through in Vitro Digestibility and Methane Production
Authors: Carey Rachel E , Ribeiro Gabriel O , McAllister Timothy A , Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study compared the nutrient composition, in vitro methane production, and dry matter (DM) and fiber disappearance of barley greenfeed (seed heads, SEED; leaves, BLEAF; and stems, STEM) and short-season high-moisture corn stover (cobs, COB; leaves and husks, CLEAF; and stalks, STALK) to wheat straw (STRAW). Each plant component was analyzed for DM and neutral detergent fiber corrected for organic matter (aNDFom). Plant components were incubated in in vitro batch cultures for 30 h during which total gas production and methane were measured. Incubation residues were analyzed for DM and aNDFom. The aNDFom (% of DM) was different (P&lt; 0.01; SEM = 1.64) amongst treatments: COB (82.1) = STRAW (75.2) = STALK (72.8) = CLEAF (69.4) &gt; STEM (52.5) = BLEAF (50.4) &gt; SEED (39.1). The DM disappearance (% of DM) of barley components was the greatest (P&lt; 0.01; SEM = 1.734; BLEAF = 60.98, STEM = 57.15, and SEED = 56.52), followed by CLEAF (48.15) and STALK (40.47), but STALK did not differ from the least digestible components of COB (37.21) and STRAW (35.82). Disappearance of aNDFom (% of aNDFom) was greatest (P&lt; 0.01; SEM = 1.734) for BLEAF (63.27), then CLEAF (53.40) and SEED (45.65), but the other components (COB = 44.77, STALK = 44.17, STEM = 42.93, and STRAW = 42.57) were lowest and did not differ from SEED. A difference in methane production (mL/g of DM digested) was observed (P&lt; 0.01; SEM = 1.392) in the following manner: COB (52.07) = STEM (51.04) = STRAW (47.88) = SEED (47.43) &gt; BLEAF (40.83) = CLEAF (38.20) = STALK (36.89). These data provide fiber digestibility coefficients and methane production by plant components and confirms that fiber content is inversely related to DM digestibility for barley and corn components at grain harvest.
PSX-A-5 Effects of High- and low-Fiber Diets on Growth Performance and Intestinal Oxidative Stress in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Jin Shunshun , Wijerathne Charith U B , Au-Yeung Kathy K W , Lei Huaigang , Yang Chengbo , O Karmin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feed is the most expensive input in commercial pork production. In order to reduce feed costs, using high-fiber ingredients has become a common practice. Moderate levels of fiber can maintain intestinal physiological function and promote intestinal health. Oxidative stress is linked to impaired nutrient absorption and growth performance. This study investigated the effects of high-fiber (HF, 6% crude fiber) and low-fiber (LF, 3% crude fiber) diets on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress parameters in growing-finishing pigs. Forty growing pigs (27.07 ± 1.26 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 10 replicates of 2 pigs per pen. Pigs were weighed on days 35, 42 and 70. The feed intake was recorded daily to calculate growth performance parameters. On day 70, eight pigs in each treatment group were randomly selected and euthanized to obtain jejunum to measure oxidative stress status. Pigs fed an HF diet were heavier than those fed an LF diet on days 35, 42 and 70 (P &lt; 0.05). During the whole feeding period, pigs fed an HF diet had higher average daily gain than those fed an LF diet (P &lt; 0.05). The LF diet resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde (P &lt; 0.05) in the jejunum, suggesting that the LF diet contributed to oxidative stress in the jejunum. The LF diet also led to a significant increase in glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels (P &lt; 0.05) in the jejunum, indicating that pigs fed an LF diet needed to produce more antioxidant substances to cope with oxidative stress in the intestine. This was accompanied by a significant increase in glutamate-cysteine ligase in the jejunum of the LF group (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that the HF diet can improve growth performance and maintain intestinal health in growing-finishing pigs by reducing intestinal oxidative stress.
PSX-A-7 The Effect of Chronic Maternal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure During Late Gestation on Offspring Muscle Development
Authors: Bryan Erin , Bode Nick , Shirey Dani , Chen Xuenan , Dilger Ryan N , Dilger Anna 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chronic inflammation during late gestation on offspring muscle development. Starting at gestational day (GD) 70, first-parity gilts were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n=7) or saline (CON, n=8) via jugular venipuncture every other day until GD 84. LPS was initially given at 10 µg/kg BW and was increased by 12% each instance of administration. Volume of PBS was increased accordingly. Rectal temperatures of gilts were collected at 0, 2, 3, and 4-h post injection. Gilts farrowed naturally at GD 114 (±2). At postnatal day (PND) 3, the pig closest to the average litter weight was euthanized, and the longissimus dorsi, psoas major, semitendinosus, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys dissected and weighed. The semitendinosus was frozen in liquid N cooled-methylbutane and sectioned for muscle fiber typing analysis. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA with cohort as a random effect and significance considered at (P ≤ 0.05). Gilts exposed to LPS had a 1.3°C increase in rectal temperature at 3 and 4-h post injection (P &lt; 0.05), indicating successful induction of an inflammatory response. LPS exposure reduced (P = 0.04) the weight of piglets born alive and tended to reduce (P =0.09) the weight of piglets weaned, but did not alter the percent of pigs born alive or survival during the suckling period (P ≥ 0.29). Semitendinosus weight was also reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in LPS pigs, and tended to be reduced (P =0.09) as a percentage of whole-body weight. However, there were no differences between treatments in any other tissues. Further, maternal LPS exposure did not alter fiber type proportions, average fiber area, or estimated number of fibers (P ≥ 0.17). Overall, these data indicate that chronic maternal LPS exposure during late gestation did not reduce offspring muscle fiber formation.
PSX-B-20 Survey of Reproductive Management Practices for Beef cow-Calf Producers in Virginia
Authors: Dias Nicholas W Wege , Pancini Stefania , Goncherenko Guillermo , Mercadante Vitor Rodrigues G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Virginia Master Cattlemen program has the goal to provide beef producers with essential knowledge in areas of beef production. Every year, beef producers from VA and neighboring states participate in this comprehensive 14-hour long program. During the 2021 program, we performed an online survey with participants addressing their reproductive management practices. We have obtained data from 133 participants, of which 67.7% indicated their operations have a defined breeding season. Of those, 41.1% have reported the length of the breeding season to be less than 70 days. In addition, 64.6% of participants indicated that at least 40% of their cows will calve during the first 21 days of their calving season. As far as seasonality, 50.9% of participants reported to have both a fall and spring breeding seasons, whereas 24% and 25% of participants reported to only hold their breeding season in the fall, and spring, respectively. Furthermore, only 35% of participants indicated that they collect body condition scores of their herds on a regular basis. In regards to natural service, 84.8% of participants reported to have a bull:cow ratio of 1:25 cows or greater during the breeding season; however only 50% of participants reported performing a breeding soundness exam prior to the breeding season. Finally, pregnancy diagnostics was the most commonly adopted reproductive technology, with 80% of participants indicating to perform pregnancy diagnosis every year, followed by 55% participants adopting artificial insemination, and 45% adoption of estrus synchronization. The least adopted reproductive technologies were embryo transfer with 9%, and sexed semen with only 10% of participants indicating use of those technologies. Contrasting our data with the 2017 USDA NAHMS Cow-Calf Study, participants of the VA Master Cattlemen program have a greater adoption of reproductive technologies than the average cattlemen in the USA.