bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition and Migration of Ziegler–Natta Catalyst System in Propylene Polymerization. I. Quantitative 1H NMR Analysis of the Extracts From Polypropylene Granules
Authors: Zhao Lining , Li Jie , Liu Qiang , Zhang Hongxing , Li Guoxin , Liu Zhiqin , Gao Yan , Wang Fushan , Liu Peng 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPolypropylene (PP) membranes show promising applications in electric and biomedical fields. However, the residue of the Z–N catalyst system would decline their electrical properties, limiting their practical applications. To explore the transition and migration of the Z–N catalyst system in propylene polymerization, the as‐synthesized PP granules are extracted with polar solvent (ethanol) and nonpolar solvent (n‐hexane) respectively. The extracts are quantitatively analyzed with 1H NMR technique. The results demonstrate that the donors in the Z–N catalyst system and the low‐molecular‐weight oligomers of propylene could be removed with both solvents, while the metal‐containing species could only be extracted with ethanol after deactivation. A secondary extraction is proposed to open a new idea for the manufacturing of ultra‐clean PP for specific high‐technology applications.
Operation of Single‐Spin Qubits: Recent Advances and Prospects
Authors: Zhang Zhizhuo , Ran Jushang , Gao Fei , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAs a foundational technology in quantum information science (QIS), the manipulation and detection of quantum spins enable precise control, opening new avenues for significant advancements. Early research focused on macroscopic ensemble quantum systems, where electron spin resonance is used to coherently address electron spins within different ensembles. However, the low initialization efficiency and readout sensitivity of such systems hinder their further development. Unlocking the full potential of quantum technology, it is essential to achieve single‐spin precision. Various quantum systems, including color centers, quantum dots, atoms, and molecules, have been demonstrated the capability for single‐spin manipulation. The successful control of spin quantum states in these systems through diverse techniques has paved the way for new ideas and boundless possibilities in QIS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent significant advances in the field and explores future development directions, aiming to shed light on the ongoing evolution of QIS.
A Pedigree With LHX4 and SOX3 Gene Variants Resulting in Gonadal Dysplasia
Authors: Ji Zhaoyang , Duan Wenyuan , Wu Jianbo , Dai Mengting , Chen Ping , Luo Jialu , Xu Mingzhi 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a disease with multiple hormone deficiencies caused by pituitary stalk interruption. Identification of the pathogenic gene variant is helpful for early diagnosis. Early hormone replacement therapy is helpful to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. LHX4 (NM_033343.4):c.612G>C (p.Trp204Cys) variant may lead to PSIS.
Single‐Phase Ground Fault Current Mitigation in Distribution Network Considering the Influence of Grounding Grid Resistance
Authors: Guo Moufa , Weng Ming , Zheng Zeyin , Lin Shuyue 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTExisting single‐phase ground fault mitigation device (SPGFMD) is usually equipped with a grounding terminal, but the resistance of the grounding grid may change during the long‐term operation of the power system. To analyze the influence of the grounding grid resistance on the effectiveness of ground fault current mitigation, the relationship between the grounding grid resistance and the residual ground fault current is derived. This article conducts simulation and experiment to investigate the impact of various grounding grid resistances on the suppression effect of ground fault current under different ground transition resistance circumstances. The critical grounding grid resistance that affects the single‐phase ground fault current mitigation effect has been identified, offering a theoretical foundation for the on‐site evaluation of the grounding grid status of SPGFMD. The influence mechanism of grounding grid resistance is verified by the simulation and experiment results. The results indicate that the SPGFMD with current‐based method can withstand a certain range of grounding grid resistance variation under the condition of a single‐phase ground fault in the distribution networks. However, the effectiveness of ground fault current mitigation deteriorates when the grounding grid resistance exceeds the critical threshold.
SHP2 inhibition and adjuvant therapy synergistically target KIT‐mutant GISTs via ERK1/2‐regulated GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathway
Authors: He Chunxiao , Yu Jiaying , Mao Shuang , Yang Shaohua , Jiang Xianming , Huang Lei , Li Mingzhe , He Yulong , Zhang Xinhua , Xiang Xi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundMost gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are driven by KIT proto‐oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT). Targeted treatment with imatinib has been successful in primary GIST patients. However, resistance and relapse gradually develop due to secondary KIT mutations. Identifying novel therapeutic targets for advanced GIST with KIT mutants is critical.MethodsClustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and cell‐based assays were used to characterise the role of Src homology region 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in GIST. Immunoblotting, cell cycle analysis, transcriptome analysis and rescue experiments were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying SHP2 inhibition. Synergistic effects of SHP2 inhibition with approved KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were demonstrated using cell proliferation assay, spheroid formation assay, cell cycle analysis and immunoblotting. The combination of SHP2 inhibition and imatinib was further evaluated in GIST mouse models.ResultsIn KIT‐mutant GIST, SHP2 was hyperactive and coprecipitated with KIT. Activated SHP2 transduced signals from KIT to the downstream MAPK/ERK pathway. SHP2 inhibition significantly reduced cell viability and arrested cell at G0/G1 phase in GIST cells. Mechanistically, SHP2 regulated the MAPK/ERK, GSK3β/cyclin D1 and mTORC1 pathways in GIST. Specifically, SHP2 inhibition relieved GSK3β self‐inhibition, leading to a reduction in cyclin D1 via phosphorylation at Thr286 and subsequent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Rescue experiments confirmed that cyclin D1 is functional and critical for cell proliferation. Additionally, SHP2 inhibition synergised with approved KIT TKIs in inhibiting GIST cells. In GIST mouse models, SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) combined with imatinib significantly inhibited proliferation of imatinib‐sensitive and ‐insensitive GIST cells.ConclusionsSHP2 functioned as a key signal transducer for the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway and regulated the cell cycle through GSK3β/cyclin D1/Rb pathway. SHP2 inhibition demonstrates significant efficacy towards GIST cells and synergises with approved TKIs. Therefore, SHP2 represents a promising therapeutic target for advanced GIST.Key points
SHP2 plays a pivotal role as a signal transducer in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.
SHP2 controls the cell cycle via the GSK3β/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in oncogenic KIT‐driven GIST.
Inhibition of SHP2 synergizes with adjuvant therapy drugs in inhibiting KIT‐driven GIST with primary and secondary mutations both in vitro and in vivo.
Quantifying Nuclear Structures of Digital Pathology Images Across Cancers Using Transport‐Based Morphometry
Authors: Shifat‐E‐Rabbi Mohammad , Ironside Natasha , Pathan Naqib Sad , Ozolek John A. , Singh Rajendra , Pantanowitz Liron , Rohde Gustavo K. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTAlterations in nuclear morphology are useful adjuncts and even diagnostic tools used by pathologists in the diagnosis and grading of many tumors, particularly malignant tumors. Large datasets such as TCGA and the Human Protein Atlas, in combination with emerging machine learning and statistical modeling methods, such as feature extraction and deep learning techniques, can be used to extract meaningful knowledge from images of nuclei, particularly from cancerous tumors. Here, we describe a new technique based on the mathematics of optimal transport for modeling the information content related to nuclear chromatin structure directly from imaging data. In contrast to other techniques, our method represents the entire information content of each nucleus relative to a template nucleus using a transport‐based morphometry (TBM) framework. We demonstrate that the model is robust to different staining patterns and imaging protocols, and can be used to discover meaningful and interpretable information within and across datasets and cancer types. In particular, we demonstrate morphological differences capable of distinguishing nuclear features along the spectrum from benign to malignant categories of tumors across different cancer tissue types, including tumors derived from liver parenchyma, thyroid gland, lung mesothelium, and skin epithelium. We believe these proof‐of‐concept calculations demonstrate that the TBM framework can provide the quantitative measurements necessary for performing meaningful comparisons across a wide range of datasets and cancer types that can potentially enable numerous cancer studies, technologies, and clinical applications and help elevate the role of nuclear morphometry into a more quantitative science.
Post‐metamorphic growth partially compensates for the effects of climate‐driven stressors on juvenile frog performance
Authors: Brannelly Laura A. , Ohmer Michel E. B. , Zimmerman Lydia , Wantman Trina M. , Reuben Phoebe L. , Zegar Jakub , Fontaine Samantha S. , Bletz Molly C. , LaBumbard Brandon C. , Venesky Matthew D. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Woodhams Douglas C. , Richards‐Zawacki Corinne L. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractHuman‐induced climate change, land use changes, and urbanization are predicted to dramatically impact landscape hydrology, which can have devastating impacts on aquatic organisms. For amphibians that rely on aquatic environments to breed and develop, it is essential to understand how the larval environment impacts development, condition, and performance later in life. Two important predicted impacts of climate change, urbanization, and land use changes are reduced hydroperiod and variable larval density. Here, we explored how larval density and hydroperiod affect development, morphology, physiology, and immune defenses at metamorphosis and 35 days post‐metamorphosis in the frog Rana pipiens. We found that high‐density larval conditions had a large negative impact on development and morphology, which resulted in longer larval periods, reduced likelihood of metamorphosis, smaller size at metamorphosis, shorter femur to body length ratio, and reduced microbiome species evenness compared with animals that developed in low‐density conditions. However, animals from the high‐density treatment experienced compensatory growth post‐metamorphosis, demonstrating accelerated growth in body size and relative femur length compared with animals from the low‐density treatments, despite not “catching‐up” in size. We also observed an increase in relative gut length and relative liver size in animals that had developed in the high‐density treatment than those in the low‐density treatment, as well as higher bacterial killing ability, and greater jump distances relative to their leg length across different temperatures. Finally, metabolic rate was higher overall but especially at higher test temperatures for animals that developed under high‐density conditions, indicating that these animals may expend more energy in response to acute temperature changes. While the effects of climate change have direct negative effects on larval development and metamorphosis, animals can increase growth rate post‐metamorphosis; however, that compensatory growth might come at a cost and reduce their ability to cope with further environmental change such as increased temperatures.
Analysis of Cost and Treatment Effects in the Care Given for Graves' Disease: A Swedish Cost–Utility Analysis
Authors: Lindholm Lars , Sjölin Gabriel , Jonsson Annika , Abraham‐Nordling Mirna , Wallin Göran ,   TT‐12 Study Group, Nyström Helena Filipsson 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundGuidelines in healthcare should be evidence‐based, satisfy patient needs and improve patient outcome.MethodsWe performed a cost–utility analysis in Graves' disease (GD) and estimated incremental costs after the introduction of a national guideline adding the Graves' Recurrent Events After Therapy (GREAT) score with genetic determinants (GREAT+) to predict recurrence, a thyroid nurse, preoperative calcium/vitamin D treatment and thyroid‐stimulating immunoglobulins.FindingsAntithyroid drugs (ATDs) were less costly, achieved 0.88 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) over 8 years and dominated over radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. The relevant incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was ATD versus thyroid surgery (Tx). Tx was more costly than ATD but was also more effective. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was equal to 40,488 Euro per QALY gained. In recurrent GD, the QALY weight for surgery after ATD was 0.76 compared with 0.79 when surgery was the initial treatment. If individuals requiring surgery could be identified at start of first treatment, QALYs would be higher (6.32) and the cost lower (13,945 Euro). The net cost increase after the new guideline was 17.6%, which was partially an effect from more time being spent with the thyroid nurse. If the GREAT+ score was also applied, the total increased net cost was 14.8% if 24% of the tested patients changed treatment to Tx.InterpretationTx was more cost‐effective than RAI when ablative treatment is advocated. Prediction score for recurrence directing patients to earlier Tx is cost‐effective and enables the introduction of a specialist thyroid nurse. Health economic evaluations should accompany future guidelines.
VEGF as a Relapse Marker and an Intensity of Disease Marker in Patients Affected by POEMS Syndrome Treated With Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Autore Francesco , Mannina Daniele , Lessi Federica , Galli Eugenio , Oliva Stefania , Derudas Daniele , Giannotta Claudia , Crippa Claudia , Mancuso Katia , Marcatti Magda , Innocenti Idanna , Mazza Rita , Bramanti Stefania , Laurenti Luca 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTOverproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to contribute to the pathogenesis, still unclear, of POEMS Syndrome. Our study retrospectively reviewed the clinical and VEGF data from a multicenter Italian cohort of patients affected by POEMS syndrome who underwent to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (aPBSCT) in order to find an impact on clinical improvement or outcome. Patients with VEGF levels higher than 758 pg/mL were at higher risk of relapse, with sensible difference in PFS (p = 0.007). VEGF could be used as a marker of relapse and as a marker of disease intensity in patients with POEMS.
First Principles Global Optimization Method From Parallel Tempering Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Geudtner Gerald , Köster Andreas M. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTGlobal optimization techniques are often based on a stochastic method to explore the potential energy surface of the investigated system. The here‐described global optimization is based on a temperature‐driven potential energy surface exploration via Parallel Tempering Born‐Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics (PT‐BOMD) simulations. Additionally, structure selection from the lowest temperature PT‐BOMD trajectory for further optimization is performed with a scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT). This step can be done automatically and therefore removes a human bias. The influence of parameters for the DCT and the length of the PT‐BOMD simulations is investigated with regard to their impact on the result of the global optimization.
The Impact of Radiation Dose on CT‐Based Body Composition Analysis: A Large‐Animal Study
Authors: Salhöfer Luca , Jost Gregor , Meetschen Mathias , van Landeghem Daniel , Forsting Michael , Bos Denise , Bojahr Christian , Hosch Rene , Nensa Felix , Pietsch Hubertus , Haubold Johannes 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundCT‐based body composition analysis (BCA) enables the extraction of biomarkers from routine CT data. The influence of body composition on the prognosis of different patient groups has been highlighted in recent years. Typically, the segmentation of muscle and fat compartments is performed with a thresholding‐based subsegmentation, which might be influenced by the image noise as a function of radiation dose. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the radiation dose on a fully automated, volumetric CT‐based BCA.MethodsIn this animal study, 20 Göttingen minipigs were subjected to CT scans on six occasions under five different dose settings with gradations compared to the control given in % from volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) of the control (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, control [10.01 mGy]). A database with full dose (FD) and quarter dose (QD) CT scans from The Cancer Imaging Archive served as a human validation cohort. A previously open‐source published and validated BCA network was applied to each scan. The following features were extracted as volumes (mL): bone, muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and total adipose tissue (TAT). Statistical significance was assessed by a one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post‐hoc tests. The correlation between feature volumes in the dose gradations and the control group was analysed using the Spearman or Pearson method.ResultsAll BCA features remained consistent up to the 10% group and showed no significant differences compared with the control. In the lowest dose group (5%), there were significant differences concerning the muscle (5% = 1295 mL [211 mL], control = 1338 mL [248 mL]; p = 0.032) and VAT volumetry (5% = 353 mL [208 mL], control = 312 mL [204 mL]; p = 0.026) with median differences of −3.13% (muscle) and 12.3% (VAT), respectively. Significant and strong positive correlations were observed between all low‐dose groups and the control (r > 0.977, p < 0.001). The human validation analysis yielded constant volumes for every BCA feature with a strong positive correlation (r > 0.933, p < 0.001).ConclusionsFully automated BCA maintains consistent results in various low‐dose settings. Significant deviations are only observed after more than 90% dose reduction in the lowest dose settings (5%), which are currently not used in the clinical routine. This large‐animal study demonstrates the consistency of fully automated BCA in different dose settings and may therefore facilitate its integration into the clinical routine.
Cationic Lipid‐Assisted PEG‐b‐PLA Nanoparticles Achieve Long‐Lasting Targeted Delivery of Natural Hydrophobic Antioxidants
Authors: Dong Lu , Jiang Shuiqing , Lou Wenyong , Xu Congfei , Wang Juan 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTNatural hydrophobic antioxidants (e.g., β‐carotene and naringenin) are severely limited in their application due to their low solubility and high sensitivity properties. In this study, cationic lipid‐assisted nanoparticles loaded with β‐carotene (NP‐BC) and naringenin (NP‐NAR), respectively, were fabricated and characterized, and their digestive and metabolic behaviors were evaluated using static digestion models and in vivo imaging. The particle size and potential of cationic polymer nanoparticles changed during digestion but retained their structural integrity, which was conducive to targeted drug delivery to the liver and prolonged the in vivo circulation of the drug. It is noteworthy that whereas NP‐BC was more advantageous in lowering hepatic fat deposition, NP‐NAR successfully limited weight gain. This study proved that cationic polymer nanoparticles are promising carriers for transporting natural hydrophobic antioxidants and may be beneficial for improving nutrition absorption and targeted delivery to alleviate metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) symptoms.
28 GHz Circular Polarized MIMO Antenna System With Polarization Diversity for Millimeter‐Wave Applications
Authors: Farahat Asmaa E. , Hussein Khalid. F. A. , Elsharkawy Rania R. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTA four‐port dual circularly polarized (CP) MIMO antenna system is proposed for millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) applications, especially 5G mobile communications. The MIMO antenna system is constructed from a compact‐size CP antenna designed at 28 GHz. The CP antenna has some defects in the ground plane that have the effect of increasing the operating bandwidth and improving the axial ratio. The antenna patch and the defected ground are symmetric about the 45° line to ensure good circular polarization. A microstrip line divided into three sections is used to feed the antenna. The feed line sections are used to match the input impedance to 50 Ω at 28 GHz. The design evolution is described starting with a square patch, which is modified through the design phases to reach the final radiating patch. Numerical simulations of the single‐element CP antenna are performed using the CST microwave studio simulator to ensure the antenna performance at 28 GHz regarding the circular polarization, impedance matching, and radiation pattern. MIMO system is constructed using four elements of the designed CP antenna. Two of the antennas produce right‐hand circular polarized waves, and the other two produce left‐hand circular polarized waves. The proposed MIMO configuration is appropriate to satisfy the polarization diversity scheme. A practical model for the single and MIMO antenna is fabricated and subjected to experimental verification through measurements. A good consent is found between the numerical results and the experimental measurements for both the single antenna and the MIMO system. The CP antenna in the proposed MIMO system has a return loss of less than and an axial ratio of less than . Finally, a comparison between the proposed CP antenna and MIMO system with similar designs found in the literature is performed.
The Importance of Strain on the Relative Energies of Bridgehead Radicals
Authors: Breton Gary W. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBridgehead radicals are increasingly commonly‐encountered intermediates in organic chemistry. These carbon‐centered radicals, however, may experience unique strain energies due to pyramidalization at the bridgehead carbon as enforced by the bicyclic frameworks. In this study, a series of related bicyclic bridgehead radicals were analyzed using the G3MP2B3 computational protocol. The adamantyl and cubyl radicals were also included in the study. The energies of the radicals were analyzed with reference to the similarly‐substituted tert‐butyl radical via a hyperhomodesmotic equation. While the relative energies were found to weakly correlate with the change in pyramidalization at the bridgehead carbons upon radical formation, a much stronger correlation was observed with the difference in strain energies between the saturated bicyclic compounds and the corresponding bridgehead radicals.