bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stigma, Social Cohesion, and HIV Risk Among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Two Cities in Zimbabwe
Authors: Miller Sophia S. , Mantell Joanne E. , Parmley Lauren E. , Musuka Godfrey , Chingombe Innocent , Mapingure Munyaradzi , Rogers John H. , Wu Yingfeng , Hakim Avi J. , Mugurungi Owen , Samba Chesterfield , Harris Tiffany G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThough stigma is a recognized contributor to the disproportionate HIV burden among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in sub-Saharan Africa, data describing this association among Zimbabwean SGM are limited. We examined relationships between SGM stigma and HIV and the potential for social cohesion to moderate the association among Zimbabwean men who have sex with men, transgender women, and genderqueer individuals. Consenting participants (n = 1511) recruited through respondent-driven sampling for a biobehavioral survey in Harare and Bulawayo completed structured interviews and received HIV testing. Reported SGM stigma was common (68.9% in Harare and 65.3% in Bulawayo) and associated with HIV infection in Harare (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27–2.62) and Bulawayo (aPR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.15–2.00) in relative risk regression. Social cohesion did not moderate these relationships. Findings demonstrate stigma’s association with HIV vulnerability among Zimbabwean SGM, highlighting the need for stigma-mitigation to reduce HIV transmission in this population.
On the antiderivatives of xp/(1 − x) with an application to optimize loss functions for classification with neural networks
Authors: Knoblauch Andreas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSupervised learning in neural nets means optimizing synaptic weights W such that outputs y(x;W) for inputs x match as closely as possible the corresponding targets t from the training data set. This optimization means minimizing a loss function ${\mathscr{L}}(\mathbf {W})$
L
(
W
)
that usually motivates from maximum-likelihood principles, silently making some prior assumptions on the distribution of output errors y −t. While classical crossentropy loss assumes triangular error distributions, it has recently been shown that generalized power error loss functions can be adapted to more realistic error distributions by fitting the exponent q of a power function used for initializing the backpropagation learning algorithm. This approach can significantly improve performance, but computing the loss function requires the antiderivative of the function f(y) := yq− 1/(1 − y) that has previously been determined only for natural $q\in \mathbb {N}$
q
∈
ℕ
. In this work I extend this approach for rational q = n/2m where the denominator is a power of 2. I give closed-form expressions for the antiderivative ${\int \limits } f(y) dy$
∫
f
(
y
)
d
y
and the corresponding loss function. The benefits of such an approach are demonstrated by experiments showing that optimal exponents q are often non-natural, and that error exponents q best fitting output error distributions vary continuously during learning, typically decreasing from large q > 1 to small q < 1 during convergence of learning. These results suggest new adaptive learning methods where loss functions could be continuously adapted to output error distributions during learning.
Evaluating the discrimination ability of proper multi-variate scoring rules
Authors: Alexander C. , Coulon M. , Han Y. , Meng X. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProper scoring rules are commonly applied to quantify the accuracy of distribution forecasts. Given an observation they assign a scalar score to each distribution forecast, with the lowest expected score attributed to the true distribution. The energy and variogram scores are two rules that have recently gained some popularity in multivariate settings because their computation does not require a forecast to have parametric density function and so they are broadly applicable. Here we conduct a simulation study to compare the discrimination ability between the energy score and three variogram scores. Compared with other studies, our simulation design is more realistic because it is supported by a historical data set containing commodity prices, currencies and interest rates, and our data generating processes include a diverse selection of models with different marginal distributions, dependence structure, and calibration windows. This facilitates a comprehensive comparison of the performance of proper scoring rules in different settings. To compare the scores we use three metrics: the mean relative score, error rate and a generalized discrimination heuristic. Overall, we find that the variogram score with parameter $$p=0.5$$

p
=
0.5

outperforms the energy score and the other two variogram scores.
Managing biological invasions: the cost of inaction
Authors: Ahmed Danish A. , Hudgins Emma J. , Cuthbert Ross N. , Kourantidou Melina , Diagne Christophe , Haubrock Phillip J. , Leung Brian , Liu Chunlong , Leroy Boris , Petrovskii Sergei , Beidas Ayah , Courchamp Franck 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEcological and socioeconomic impacts from biological invasions are rapidly escalating worldwide. While effective management underpins impact mitigation, such actions are often delayed, insufficient or entirely absent. Presently, management delays emanate from a lack of monetary rationale to invest at early invasion stages, which precludes effective prevention and eradication. Here, we provide such rationale by developing a conceptual model to quantify the cost of inaction, i.e., the additional expenditure due to delayed management, under varying time delays and management efficiencies. Further, we apply the model to management and damage cost data from a relatively data-rich genus (Aedesmosquitoes). Our model demonstrates that rapid management interventions following invasion drastically minimise costs. We also identify key points in time that differentiate among scenarios of timely, delayed and severely delayed management intervention. Any management action during the severely delayed phase results in substantial losses$$( > 50\%$$(>50%of the potential maximum loss). ForAedesspp., we estimate that the existing management delay of 55 years led to an additional total cost of approximately $ 4.57 billion (14% of the maximum cost), compared to a scenario with management action only seven years prior (< 1% of the maximum cost). Moreover, we estimate that in the absence of management action, long-term losses would have accumulated to US$ 32.31 billion, or more than seven times the observed inaction cost. These results highlight the need for more timely management of invasive alien species—either pre-invasion, or as soon as possible after detection—by demonstrating how early investments rapidly reduce long-term economic impacts.
Unethical Leadership: Review, Synthesis and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Hassan Sharfa , Kaur Puneet , Muchiri Michael , Ogbonnaya Chidiebere , Dhir Amandeep 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe academic literature on unethical leadership is witnessing an upward trend, perhaps given the magnitude of unethical conduct in organisations, which is manifested in increasing corporate fraud and scandals in the contemporary business landscape. Despite a recent increase, scholarly interest in this area has, by and large, remained scant due to the proliferation of concepts that are often and mistakenly considered interchangeable. Nevertheless, scholarly investigation in this field of inquiry has picked up the pace, which warrants a critical appraisal of the extant research on unethical leadership. To this end, the current study systematically reviews the existing body of work on unethical leadership and offers a robust and multi-level understanding of the academic developments in this field. We organised the studies according to various themes focused on antecedents, outcomes and boundary conditions. In addition, we advance a multi-level conceptualisation of unethical leadership, which incorporates macro, meso and micro perspectives and, thus, provide a nuanced understanding of this phenomenon. The study also explicates critical knowledge gaps in the literature that could broaden the horizon of unethical leadership research. On the basis of these knowledge gaps, we develop potential research models that are well grounded in theory and capture the genesis of unethical leadership under our multi-level framework. Scholars and practitioners will find this study useful in understanding the occurrence, consequences and potential strategies to circumvent the negative effects of unethical leadership.
A Typology of Heritage Crime Victims
Authors: Poyser Bethan , Poyser Sam , Doak Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHeritage crime has to date received little criminological interest relative to other topics within the discipline. Therefore, the current literature on the area is limited. Victims of heritage crime are significantly under-represented in the current body of literature, and empirical research on heritage crime and victimisation is lacking; as is any theoretical development of the phenomenon. This article makes small steps towards addressing some of the substantial gaps relating to heritage crime victimisation in presenting the first typology of heritage crime victims. This typology is the result of research conducted across England and Wales with a sample of heritage practitioners, police officers, and heritage crime victims. Based on the research conducted, we hope to contribute towards the body of police and heritage practitioner knowledge concerning victims of heritage crime. The typology may, with further research, be applied or adapted to include heritage crime victims across the globe.
Tradeable Nitrogen Abatement Practices for Diffuse Agricultural Emissions: A ‘Smart Market’ Approach
Authors: Hasan Syezlin , Hansen Line Block , Smart James C. R. , Hasler Berit , Termansen Mette 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMarkets in pollution permits for managing environmental quality have been advocated by economists since early 1970s as a mechanism that can deliver pollution reduction targets at lower cost to regulated entities than traditional uniform command-and control approaches. This study explores whether a ‘smart market’ cap-and-trade scheme between non-point sources can offer meaningful, robust and policy amenable, advantages over alternative approaches for nitrogen management in a realistic setting: 6504 individual farms in Limfjorden catchment, Denmark. The scheme involves multilateral trading of nitrogen emission rights among farms via changes in agricultural land management practices under a catchment-level cap on total nitrogen load. In this, the first exploration of non-point to non-point smart market nitrogen trading in a real setting, we estimate efficiency gains compared to uniform command-and-control regulation, explore the robustness of these gains in the face of non-participation, and reflect on farmers’ potential acceptance of the trading market in comparison with its command-and-control analog: spatially-targeted regulation, implemented via location-specific limits on nitrogen leaching. Results indicate that the smart market has the potential to substantially reduce the cost of meeting the catchment’s nitrogen reduction target. For a 21.5% reduction from baseline nitrogen load, the market delivers cost savings of 56% (DKK273 million, €36.6 million) compared to uniform regulation, with participating farms realising a mean net benefit of DKK 723/ha (€ 97/ha). Market performance is relatively robust against transaction cost; when delivering a 21.5% reduction in nitrogen load to Limfjorden, approximately 70% of the overall efficiency gain could be retained if only 24% of farms engaged with the market.
Bioerosion features of boring polydorid polychaetes in the North Adriatic Sea
Authors: Pulido Mantas Torcuato , Pola Lisa , Cerrano Carlo , Gambi Maria Cristina , Calcinai Barbara 
Published: March 2022

AbstractConsidering the pivotal role played by erosive organisms in the marine habitat and the scanty knowledge of this phenomenon in the Mediterranean Sea, the present study aimed to identify the pioneer excavating organisms occurring in the first stages of bioerosion, providing the first estimation of their rate of erosion along the North Adriatic Sea. Bioerosion activity was investigated by deploying sets of limestone panels for a period of 2 years. Moreover, micro-computed tomography was used for the first time to study polychaete erosion, confirming it is a very useful tool for the description of erosion processes. Blocks were placed in the touristic harbor Marina Dorica (Ancona) in July 2017 and periodically collected, the first time after a 6-month period, then bimonthly. Two species of the polychaete genusPolydorawere the only boring organisms that settled on the experimental substrates. Erosion rate was estimated by measuring the holes produced by both worm species, and the eroded volumes obtained by resin casts of the holes.Polydoraappeared after 6 months of exposure significantly changing its density rates (holes·100 cm−2·month−1) during the exposure, being comparable with densities reported from tropical areas. The erosion rate on the contrary is lower, reaching values of 0.053 g·cm−2·year−1.
Combined inorganic nitrogen sources influence the release of extracellular compounds that drive mutualistic interactions in microalgal‒bacterial co-cultures
Authors: Perera Isiri Adhiwarie , Abinandan Sudharsanam , Subashchandrabose Suresh R. , Venkateswarlu Kadiyala , Naidu Ravi , Megharaj Mallavarapu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe investigated the role of extracellular metabolites released during mutualistic interactions in co-cultures of a microalga,Tetradesmus obliquusIS2 orCoelastrellasp. IS3, and a bacterium,Variovorax paradoxusIS1, grown with varying levels of NO3–N and NH4–N. Both NO3–N and NH4–N were added to modified Bold’s basal medium at 16:0, 12:4, 8:8; 4:12 and 0:16 molar ratios by keeping a final N:P ratio of 16:1. Monocultures of microalgae grown with nitrate alone showed enhanced growth (> twofold) than ammonium, while the bacterial strain cultured with ammonium alone exhibited a > 1.3-fold increase in growth than nitrate. Co-culturing performed higher growth at combined nitrate and ammonium supply as compared to the single cultures. The same ratio of nitrate and ammonium resulted in superior growth of microalgae (> 1.7-fold) and the bacterium (> 4.1-fold) as compared to the monocultures. Uptake of NO3–N, NH4–N and PO4–P by monocultures or co-cultures depended on the ratio of two inorganic nitrogen sources used. The composition of organic acids, amino acids and simple sugars in exudates from monocultures varied with the ratios of nitrate and ammonium in the medium. Thus, the present novel study demonstrates that the release of exudates is affected both qualitatively and quantitatively during mutualistic interactions in microalgal‒bacterial co-cultures under the impact of inorganic nitrogen sources. Our results suggest that the variables such as inorganic nitrogen sources and extracellular metabolites released need to be considered while using co-cultures for effective bioremediation of wastewaters.
Devolution in the U.S. Welfare Reform: Divergence and Degradation in State Benefits
Authors: Ayala Luis , Bárcena-Martín Elena , Martínez-Vázquez Jorge 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996 devolved responsibility for the design of welfare programs from the federal to state governments in the U.S. The strategies implemented to achieve some of the main goals of the reform might have had the effects of reducing the protection received by the most vulnerable households and increasing differences in benefit levels across states. We estimate these effects using Temporary Assistance for Needy Families data covering the two decades after the PRWORA’s enactment. We find that inequality levels across states increased and that a general process of degradation in the adequacy of these cash benefits took place ensuing devolution of welfare reform in the U.S.
Better filterability and reduced radioactivity of phosphogypsum during phosphoric acid production in Morocco using a fly ash waste and pure silica additive
Authors: Arhouni Fatima Ezzahra , Hakkar Mohammed , Mahrou Ahmed , Belahbib Laila , Mazouz Hamid , Haneklaus Nils , Pavón Sandra , Bertau Martin , Boukhair Aziz , Ouakkas Saad , Abdo Maged A. S. , Benjelloun Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

AbstractReactive silica additives, such as clays, can increase the filterability of phosphogypsum (PG) during wet phosphoric acid production from phosphate rock (PR). In this study, the effect of adding inexpensive fly ash waste (34 kg per t PR) together with lower quantities of pure silica (8.5 kg per t PR) on the radioactivity of PG was investigated. The addition of fly ash waste/pure silica reduced the radiological activity of the PG by roughly 30%. The reduction was attributed to decreased activities from 238U (60% reduction) and 226Ra (30% reduction) in PG. Besides, P2O5 losses were slightly decreased.
Motivation style of K–12 students attending outreach activities in the STEM field: a person-based approach
Authors: Vennix Johanna , den Brok Perry , Taconis Ruurd 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study focused on K–12 students attending outreach activities (i.e. activities from STEM-based industry emphasizing applications of STEM content in the STEM field), with the main objective being to motivate students for a future career in STEM. Outreach activities can be regarded as environments that extend the regular in-class learning environment and that differ from regular environments in terms of several dimensions, such as autonomy, relevance and learning resources. To date, little research has been conducted on these types of learning environments. We followed a person-centred approach in identifying students’ motivational profiles and corresponding student groups in outreach activities, and in evaluating whether students with different profiles differ in their STEM-related attitudes and experience of outreach activities. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Latent-profile analyses revealed four different motivational profiles: good-quality motivation, moderate-motivation, high-quantity motivation and low-quantity motivation. Students with a good-quality motivation reported significantly more favorable-attitudes towards a future career in STEM compared with the other groups, with content and personal relevance being key factors for students with this profile. This study provided support for adding outreach activities to the school learning environment.
Centering Equity and Developing the Maternal Health Workforce: Building the National Maternal Health Learning and Innovation Center
Authors: Reddy Julia , Mullenix Amy , Cannon Abby C. , Epps Deitre , Tucker Christine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to describe the development of the Maternal Health Learning and Innovation Center (MHLIC), a national initiative designed to enhance workforce capacity of maternal health professionals in the United States.

Description
The mission of the MHLIC is to foster collaboration and learning among diverse stakeholders to accelerate evidence-informed approaches advancing equitable maternal health outcomes through engagement, innovation, and policy. Working to center equity in all efforts, the MHLIC builds workforce capacity through partnership, training, technical assistance, coaching, facilitation of peer learning, and a national resource repository.

Assessment
The MHLIC employed several assessment strategies in its first year, including a baseline learning survey of awardees, a stakeholder survey of potential collaborators in maternal health, and advisory convenings. Internally the MHLIC team assessed its own intercultural development. Assessment results informed internal and external approaches to workforce development.

Conclusions
Telehealth implementation, access to services for rural populations, racial inequities, and data use and dissemination were the primary gaps that awardees and other stakeholders identified. The MHLIC is unique in its collaborative design approach and the centering of equity as foundational to the structure, subject, and culture of its work. The MHLIC utilizes a collaborative approach that capitalizes on academic and practice partners’ extensive expertise in maternal health systems. Key to the success of future maternal health efforts is workforce development that builds the awareness and capacity to advance racial and geographic equity for public health, community, and clinical professionals.
‘White Child Gone Bankrupt’—The Intersection of Race and Poverty in Youth Fathered by UN Peacekeepers
Authors: Wagner Kirstin , Bartels Susan A. , Weber Sanne , Lee Sabine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChildren fathered and abandoned by United Nations peacekeepers are an unintended consequence of peacekeeping operations. Research suggests that the social identity of peacekeeper-fathered children (PKFC) is complex and contradictory. While economically disadvantaged, PKFC’s biracial background confers elements of racial privilege. Using the Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study, the present research evaluates the impact of racial differences on PKFC’s social standing. Drawing on in-depth interviews with a racially heterogeneous sample of 35 PKFC and 60 mothers, we analyse how race and poverty interact and cause PKFC’s conflicting social role. The data demonstrates that being of mixed race leads to the expectation of a higher living standard. Since most PKFC live in extreme economic deprivation, their anticipated privilege contrasts with reality. We found that the stigmatizing effects of poverty were amplified by biracial identification, leading to additional disadvantage, epitomised in the term “Muzungu aliye homba” [white child gone bankrupt]. The findings add to research on ‘children born of war’ and show the role of culture in shaping youth’s social identities. Based on PKFC’s intersecting burdens, we make policy recommendations that address the nexus of race and poverty.
Seeing is relieving: effects of serious storytelling with images on interview performance anxiety
Authors: Lin-Stephens Serene , Manuguerra Maurizio , Bulbert Matthew W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSerious storytelling as a media genre has the potential to accentuate the benefits of narrative interventions in health and education. To inform its application, it is necessary to identify effects of sensory inputs. Here, we focus on visual stimuli and observe their effects on an anxiety condition. We examine whether serious storytelling incorporating images, a type of basic visual stimuli, may reduce interview performance anxiety. In a double-blind randomised control trial, 69 participants with matched levels of anxiety received serious storytelling interview training and were allocated to exposure (image-based preparation) and control (standard preparation) groups. A week later, participants attended individual interviews with two independent interviewers and reported their interview anxiety. Analyses revealed a positive relationship between generalised anxiety and some dimensions of interview anxiety, but serious storytelling with images predicted a reduction in interview performance anxiety (effect size at the median value of covariates on a visual analogue scale with the range 0–100: -36.7, 95% CI [−54.7, −2.5]). Low participation burden in the brief intervention was confirmed through a deductive thematic analysis. The images were analysed based on format type and origin to inform further inquiries. This study yielded empirical findings with implications of media and technology development for serious storytelling. Seeing images of experiences during interview preparation was associated with a relief of interviewees’ anxiety towards interview performance, but further studies are necessary to consolidate the evidence for visual narrative applications in health and education.