bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faculty Evaluation: Principles and Fundamentals
Authors: Newsom Walter B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Faculty evaluation is an area that is of great interest to me. — I am interested because I am a faculty member, because I teach management and one of the jobs of any manager is to evaluate people, and primarily because I believe in excellence. Evaluations, done well, will enhance an individual’s desire to work toward excellence. Evaluations, done poorly, will likely be a strong deterrent to reaching excellence. The impact of the evaluation should not be underestimated.
Economic Value of a Home Vegetable Garden1
Authors: Utzinger James D. , Connolly Helen E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 13.9 m2(150 ft2) vegetable garden grown in Columbus, Ohio, in 1975 yielded 95.5 kg of produce or 6.85 kg per m2. The produce had a retail value of $90.45 or $6.50 per m2. The mean economic savings from all vegetables disregarding any labor and transportation expenses was $3.01 per m2 or $42 for the garden.
No Off-flavor Associated with Imidan-treated Blueberries1
Authors: True Ruth H. , Forsythe Howard Y. , Barden Elizabeth S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Imidan (phosmet), N-(Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(0-0-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate), has been registered by the EPA and tolerances have been established by the FDA for use on many crops. It has been found to be effective in the control of the blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran). This study was conducted in compliance with EPA regulations to determine if any off-flavors were associated with the application of the insecticide Imidan on lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait).
Response of Phony-infected Peach Trees to Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: French W. J. , Stassi D. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) dwarfed by phony disease responded to 2 summer applications of 264 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) by breaking the disease-induced rest period and resuming nearly normal twig growth. No twig growth was produced on untreated trees and no significant growth occurred on phony trees treated with combinations of cytokinins, sodium isoascorbate, calcium nitrate, urea, or citric acid.
Consumer Evaluations of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Firmness1
Authors: Liu F. W. , King Mary M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The firmness of 1,034 fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. ‘McIntosh’) evaluated subjectively by 1,034 retail customers and objectively by an Effe-gi penetrometer were correlated (r = 0.402). Customers rated 76% of the apples with a pressure test value of 5.9 kg (13 lb.) as “crisp, neither too hard nor too soft.” As the pressure test value decreased linearly from 5.9 to 3.6 kg (13 to 8 lb.) the percentage of fruits rated as crisp decreased, but the percentage rated as too soft increased linearly. The proportion of fruits rated as too soft was 66% for those with a pressure test value of 3.6 kg (8 lbs.) and 92% for those with 3.2 kg (7 lbs.). Young people (20 to 35 years) showed a stronger preference than middle-aged people (36 to 59 years) for firm apples. Female consumers showed a stronger preference than male consumers for firm apples.
Internal Ethylene Content in Buds and Woody Tissues of Apple Trees1
Authors: Klein Joshua D. , Faust Miklos 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A rapid sampling technique was developed to determine ethylene content of wood and buds of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The technique involves the use of a glass vial and 2 syringes per sample. One syringe was used to create a partial vacuum in a vial containing the sample tissue for a period of time, a second to remove a gas sample after the atmospheric pressure had returned to normal. On a n1/g basis, spur buds contained more ethylene than 1 or 2-year-old wood. Ethylene content of shoot bases remaining on the tree increased between 24 and 60 hours after pruning. Ethylene content of tissues sprayed with ethephon rose, then returned to normal after 9 days. The ethylene content of atmosphere in the Beltsville area fluctuated daily and should be considered in estimating absolute levels of ethylene generated by the tissue.
Root Hardiness of Container-grown Ornamentals1
Authors: Studer Elaine J. , Steponkus Peter L. , Good George L. , Wiest Steven C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root hardiness of numerous woody ornamentals was determined after artificial acclimation. In the species tested, the killing temperatures of young roots ranged from -3° to -11°C while that of mature roots ranged from -8° to -23°. The relative hardiness of young roots was not necessarily indicative of the relative hardiness of mature roots.
Induction of Fascicular Bud Development in Pinus sylvestris L.1
Authors: Kossuth S. V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Multiple treatments with benzylaminopurine, kinetin, isopentenyladenine and cyclo-heximide, each at 3 concentrations were applied to Pinus sylvestris L. All chemicals reduced shoot extension and needle length. Benzylaminopurine (BA) 225 ppm induced 100% fascicular bud development. Removing new growth of multiple shoots from pruned stems of the previous year’s growth induced fascicular buds on the last growth flush. Continued treatment resulted in fascicular bud-break and shoot growth in August.
Photosynthetic Contribution of Cotyledons to Early Development of Cucumber1
Authors: Lasley Steven E. , Garber Melvin P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of age on CO2 exchange rates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons was measured. A biphasic process was noted, with a period of relatively high exchange rates up to 17-18 days from planting, when the first true leaf was nearly fully expanded, followed by a decline in exchange rates thereafter. The relative contribution of cotyledons versus leaves to photosynthesis as a function of age was measured. At 16 days from planting, the cotyledons accounted for 80% of the total net CO2 exchange and slightly more than 50% of the total foliage area. Twenty-four days after planting, the cotyledons still accounted for about one-fourth of the total net CO2 exchange and 20% of the total foliage area. The use of cotyledons in chilling injury studies of cucumber is justified by both the large photosynthetic contribution of cotyledons to growth and development, and the presence of cotyledons during early growth when chilling is most likely to occur.
Inheritance of Seedling Bitterness in Cucumis melo L.1
Authors: Lee Chi Won , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a survey of 49 cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), 12 had bitter seedlings and 37 were non-bitter. Bitterness was shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene designated Bi/bi in crosses of bitter ‘Honey Dew’ and the non-bitter ‘Wheat City’ and ‘Queen of Colorado’.
‘Latah’ and ‘Shoshone’ Tomatoes1
Authors: Boe A. A. , Dunwell Winston C. , Bakken Thomas J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Latah’ and ‘Shoshone’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), are 2 new cultivars of the “Sub-Arctic Type” (1). Both are “ultra-early” cultivars which ripen with the “Sub Arctics” and will produce ripe fruit in areas where standard “early” cultivars do not mature. “Ultra-early” cultivars are a new class of tomatoes which extend the range where tomatoes may be grown into short and cool growing season areas. Under warm conditions they are useful as a very early crop ripening 14—21 days before the standard “early” cultivars. ‘Latah’ is named for Latah County, Idaho, where it was selected. ‘Shoshone’ is named for an Indian tribe of Idaho.
Cryopreservation of Winter Vegetative Buds of Hardy Fruit Trees in Liquid Nitrogen1
Authors: Sakai A. , Nishiyama Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was designed to develop a routine method for long-term preservation of hardy fruit buds in liquid nitrogen. In hardy shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) prefrozen at the temperatures ranging from −30 to −50°C, little or no injury was observed in the leaf buds and cortex after immersion in liquid nitrogen with subsequent slow rewarming at 0°C. When leaf buds from apple shoots immersed in liquid nitrogen for 2 hours after prefreezing to −40° were grafted on the two-year-old seedlings, most of the buds developed normally and continued their shoot growth. Recently, it was confirmed that apple leaf buds immersed in liquid nitrogen for 23 months still remained alive. This prefreezing method was successfully applied to leaf buds of other hardy fruit trees, such as gooseberry, currant, raspberry, and pear.
Effect of Ethephon on Ripening of ‘Delight’ Grapes1
Authors: Singh I. S. , Chundawat B. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A technique to induce early fruit maturation would permit staggering the harvest and provide an opportunity to avoid early fall rains which are common to grape growing regions with Mediterranean climates. Dipping trials with ethephon have resulted in advanced maturation in some cultivars of Vitis vinifera in Australia (2). The main effect observed was a decrease in total acidity. Weaver and Pool (4) observed that ethephon induced a significant increase in total soluble solids in ‘Carignane’ a wine cultivar but contrary results have also been reported (3). The present study was designed to determine the effect of ethephon on ‘Delight’, a table cultivar.
Influence of Maturity and Delay of Storage on Fruit Firmness and Disorders in ‘Spartan’ Apple1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A delay period of 2 to 6 days at 21°C prior to cold storage of ‘Spartan’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was effective in reducing incidence of breakdown in fruit harvested at 3 maturities. The incidence of decay was higher in immature and overmature fruit than in fruit harvested at optimum maturity. The incidence of core browning was highest in immature fruit and was reduced by a 2 to 6 day delay. Delay in storing fruit was associated with slightly softer fruit at harvest or after 4 months storage, but had no effect on fruit firmness after 7 months storage.
Nutrient Concentrations of Pecan Leaves Associated with Deficiency Symptoms and Normal Growth1
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] seed were germinated in perlite and treated with either a complete nutrient solution or a nutrient solution minus B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, P, S, or Zn. Omitting any single nutrient suppressed seedling growth and induced deficiency symptoms for all nutrients except Fe, Mn, and Cu. Corresponding leaf concentration data associated with deficiency symptoms and normal growth agreed closely with proposed standards.
Dead Spur Disorder of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Covey R. P. , Klaren C. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Dead spur” is a disorder which affects the spurs of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The spurs die on 2-year-old and older sections of the tree. A survey of ‘Delicious’ sports showed Royal Red, Earlistripe and Sharp have a higher incidence of dead spur than the other sports. There was no relationship of the disorder to rootstock, but the interstock Ottawa 292 increased the severity of dead spur.
A Rapid Tissue Test for Diagnosing Iron Deficiencies in Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Bar-Akiva A. , Maynard D. N. , English J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peroxidase activity measured on leaf disks of vegetable plants is suggested as a rapid tissue test for diagnosing iron deficiency. The reaction is rapid, may be executed under field conditions and apparently corresponds with the metabolically active part of the iron in the leaf tissue.
Winter Survival of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Lines and Cultivars Grown with Flat Culture and Raised Beds1
Authors: Becwar M. R. , Baggett J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The winter survival of 10 pea cultivars of differing cold hardiness was studied under ground-level culture and on raised beds in moist semi-maritime conditions (CorvaUis, Oregon) and in more severe continental conditions (Weston, Oregon). There was survival in 7 cultivars at CorvaUis and 6 at Weston. Planting on raised beds at Corvallis significantly increased survival. This effect was consistent for all cultivars having appreciable survival rates. At Weston, the mean survival was higher on ground level plantings, but cultivars, responded differently to cultural systems. Of the 6 surviving cultivars, only the 2 least hardy had significantly higher survival on ground level plantings.
Using the Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Turbine Exhaust Gases for the Production of Greenhouse Tomatoes1
Authors: Haukeness M. O. , Maginnes E. A. , Green G. H. , Brooks E. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exhaust gases from a turbine fired with natural gas were used for heating and CO2 enrichment in a double-layered, polyethylene-covered greenhouse. The exhaust gases were passed between the inner and outer layers of the greenhouse covering. The warm inner layer supplied the heating requirements and acted as a selectively permeable membrane (patent pending). This resulted in greenhouse CO2 levels from 1200 to 3000 ppm, but kept the NO2 found in the exhaust gas below toxic levels. This system resulted in significantly greater yields of marketable tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as well as substantially reduced heating costs.
Screening for Resistance to Fruit Rot in Strawberries and Red Raspberries: A Review1
Authors: Maas J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit rots are probably the most important diseases of small fruit crops. Current statistics are not available for all small fruit crops, however, losses of strawberry fruit to pre- and postharvest fruit rots may conservatively be in the millions of dollars annually to growers, processors, and retailers. Losses from fruit rots vary from year to year and from locality to locality according to weather conditions prevailing during harvest. During wet weather, 30-50% or more of a strawberry crop may be lost to Botrytis rot, even with liberal use of fungicides. This, coupled with an increasing concern with development of fungicide-resistant strains of rot-causing organisms, particularly Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., and the development of mechanical harvesting methods have intensified the need to identify small fruit germplasm sources for fruit rot resistance.
An Approach to Publishing Full Color Extension Bulletins1
Authors: Skroch Walter A. , Maynard Deekens A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A publication containing 32 pages with over 240 full colored plates was developed by the North Carolina State University Weed Science Faculty over a period of 3 years. The group was convinced that there was a strong need for this type publication in North Carolina but needed only 2,500 copies. To publish a bulletin of this caliber for our state alone would cost about $13,000 or over $5 per copy.
Boron Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Ficus elastica ‘Decora’ and Chrysalidocarpus lutescens1
Authors: Marlatt R. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Boron deficiency symptoms of hydroponically-grown Ficus elastica Roxb. ‘Decora’ included plant stunting, deformation of immature leaves and necrosis of terminal bud. Excessive boron caused the undersides of mature leaves to have brown, circular lesions with chlorotic halos, starting at leaf margins. Affected leaves abscised prematurely. Boron deficiency symptoms of hydroponically-grown Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl. included stunted growth, chlorotic mottling and streaking of leaflets and eventual death of immature leaves and terminal bud. Inflorescences bore necrotic fruits and died prematurely. Toxicity symptoms included leaflet mottle chlorosis and premature death and tip-bum of all leaves.
Carotenoid Flower Pigments in Rhododendron1
Authors: Santamour Frank S. , Dumuth Polly 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The major carotenoid pigments in the yellow flower petals (corollas) of Rhododendron species and cultivars were β-carotene, prolycopene, α-carotene-5,6-epoxide, lutein, andluetin-5, 6-epoxide. Lycopene was a major constituent in only one hybrid of dubious parentage. Several undetermined xanthophylls were present in trace amounts. Rhododendrons whose petals contained the flavonol gossypetin 6-galactoside also contained carotenoid pigments. Yellow-flowered deciduous azaleas contained a greater number of trace xanthophylls, but otherwise there were no significant differences in major carotenoids between various groups in the genus.
Apple Leaf Photosynthesis in Alternating Light1
Authors: Lakso Alan N. , Barnes Johnette E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Photosynthetic rates of mature leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from field shoots were measured under high, low, and alternating light conditions (0.5 seconds at each level) in the laboratory. Photosynthetic rates in alternating light were consistently 85% of those recorded under continuous high light. Photosynthetic efficiency was substantially increased under alternating light conditions.
Pyracantha ‘Navaho’ and ‘Teton’1
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pyracantha, commonly known as firethorn, is a major nursery container produced plant that is extensively grown in the landscape for the spectacular fruit display. The U.S. National Arboretum Pyracantha research objectives of hardiness, evergreen foliage, compact growth habit, persistent and brilliantly colored fruit, and, foremost, disease resistance, have been achieved in the production of superior cultivars. The previously introduced, ‘Shawnee’ (1) and ‘Mohave’ (2), have become established commercially. ‘Navaho’ and ‘Teton’ are 2 distinctly different cultivars that further extend the adaptability of Pyracantha for production and landscape use.
‘Spartan’ Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Nelson John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Spartan’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corybosum L.) is a new cultivar resulting from the cooperative efforts of Michigan grower Arthur Elliott, the Michigan Blueberry Grower’s Association, and the Science and Education Administration, of USDA.
Genetic Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening1
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C. , McGlasson W. B. , Buescher R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ripening is a dramatic event in the development of many fleshy fruits. Tomato ripening involves a number of chemical and physical changes which convert the fruit from a relatively inedible state to one of optimal quality (2, 19). These changes appear to be highly synchronized, as evidenced by the fact that respiratory patterns, rate of ethylene production, carotene development, and flavor and textural changes normally associated with the ripening process, occur in close succession during the relatively short period in which the fruit ripens (2, 22). The association of these changes with seed maturation supports the popular view that ripening is of adaptive significance in seed dispersal by rendering fruit attractive to animals responsible for dispersal.
Productivity and Mechanization of the Tatura Trellis Orchard1
Authors: Chalmers David , Ende Bas van den , Heek Leo van 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High yield and low cost of production are the important ingredients of profitable fruit growing. The Tatura Trellis aims to optimize yield by using orchard design and management principles that are based on understanding and overcoming the plant physiological shortcomings of existing orchards. It aims to reduce the cost of production by eliminating labor in the simplest and therefore the cheapest way.
Effect of Daminozide on Nutrient Accumulation in ‘Mcintosh’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Pollard James E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrozide (daminozide) treatment reduced both N concentration (dry wt basis) and content (mg/fruit) of ‘Mcintosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) early in the growing season. Ca concentration was higher in treated fruits at the beginning and end of the growing season but, due to fruit wt reduction by daminozide, Ca content per fruit was not significantly different. Daminozide did not influence either concentration or content of P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, or Zn. Concentrations of all elements examined decreased during the growing season while total content per fruit increased.
High Humidity Storage of Vegetables and Fruits1
Authors: van den Berg L. , Lentz C. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper reviews some of our work over the last 25 years in the area of vegetable and fruit storage at very high relative humidity (RH) levels. During this time, recommended levels of RH for the storage of most fruits and vegetables have increased (2). This has occurred, partly as a result of the work reviewed here and partly because recent developments in design and construction of storages (3-6,13,16) and in the use of plastic packaging have resulted in higher humidities being maintained for many stored commodities without adverse effects (2). The recommended levels are mostly, however, still below saturation (100% RH) (15). One of the reasons for this is the widely held conviction that such high levels of RH encourage and accelerate decay. The work reviewed here shows that this conviction is not valid for many vegetables and for apples.
Germination of Spathiphyllum and Vriesea Pollen after Storage at Different Temperatures and Relative Humidities1
Authors: Henny R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pollen of Spathiphyllum floribundum (Linden & Andre) N. E. Br. ‘Mauna Loa’ and Vriesea malzinei E. Morr. was stored at 7° and 23°C at relative humidities of 10, 35, 65 and 90%. Optimum pollen germination of both species occurred after storage at 7°C and 65% relative humidity. Germination decreased rapidly at 23°C regardless of relative humidity.
Oregon T5-4 Parthenocarpic Tomato Line1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oregon T5-4 is a tomato breeding line with a strong tendency for early parthenocarpic fruit set under cool conditions. Extreme earliness in T5-4 is associated with early flowering, the ability to set seedless fruit under low temperature, and possibly with fast ripening of seedless fruit. Although the line lacks uniformity and crack resistance, and has poor color, it has good flavor and could be used in home gardens in areas with a climate similar to that of western Oregon. The principal value of T5-4, however, should be in breeding small to medium-sized tomatoes for cool northern and coastal areas.
Deriyation of the Binomial Fragaria ⨯ ananassa for the Cultivated Strawberry1
Authors: Otterbacher A. G. , Skirvin R. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although strawberry species have existed for an estimated 50 million years (17), and their use by man has been dated to the bronze age (19), only after the 14th century A.D. were strawberry plants gathered from the wild and grown in gardens. These first cultivated strawberry plants were grown for both ornamental and medicinal purposes (11). The strawberries of the past were different from those of today. The fruit was small, plants were not productive, and in many respects were far inferior to the large fruited cultivars that are now grown in many parts of the world.
Environmentally Induced Responses of Apple Tree Photosynthesis1
Authors: Lakso Alan N. , Seeley Earl J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although upper limitations on photosynthesis by apple trees are imposed by the structure and biochemistry of the leaf, an apple tree has a considerable potential for the fixation of carbon. Within these limits it is important to determine factors that prevent attainment of the tree’s full biological productivity. This review describes our present knowledge of some of these factors, both environmental and internal, that determine the actual biological productivity of the apple tree.