bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticides Evaluation for Velvetbean Caterpillar Control
Authors: Gazzoni Décio L. , de Oliveira Edilson B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the 1976-77 and 77-78 seasons, in counties surrounding Londrina, State of Parana, Brazil, 57 insecticides were tested in 20 field trials. In November 76 and November/December 77, the insecticides, at several rates, were applied using a costal sprayer delivering ca 65 l/ha, on plots (6 rows, 8 m long, 0,55 spacing) bordered by two buffer rows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four replications. All experiments, except 1,2, and 3, had 11 treatments. The plots were sampled 2 and 7 days after spraying, except for Bacillusthuringiensis and Diflubenzuron treatments, which were sampled 3 days after application. The samplings, in number of 4 per plot, were made using the ground cloth method. The larvae in 1st and 2nd instars were considered small larvae (SL) and the 3rd - 6th instars were considered large larvae (LL). The percent of efficiency (PE) of the insecticides was determined by the Abbott’s formula. The statistical analysis was performed using the transformation x + 0.5.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1978
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘McNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted at 20-inch spacing and in 4 ft row spacing on May 25’78. Treatment plots 4 rows wide and 40 ft long were established in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Blocks were separated by 5 and 12 ft alleys. Treatments were applied as sprays to prepared fine sandy loam soil using a CO2-powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with a spraying systems 1/4 SS Whirl Jet nozzle and delivering 25 gal/A at 30 spi. Granules were applied broadcast with a Cyclone TM narrow spread seeder. Treatments were incorporated by disking less than 1 hour after application. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre. Soil temperature at 4 inches was 78°F. Insect control and yield data were taken from the 2-center rows from each plot. Insect counts were made every 2 weeks. Tobacco horn-worms were counted on all plants in the 2 center rows, while tobacco flea beetles and green peach aphids were counted on 10 plants/plot. Plots were irrigated when soil moisture was low.
English Grain Aphid Control in Wheat, 1977
Authors: Hellman John L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticides were evaluated for aphid control on maturing wheat. The aphid populations at time of treatment, May 23’77, averaged 102/head in Check I and 127/head in Check II. Wheat was harvested two weeks after treatment. Treatment plots were 10 x 10 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sprays were applied with a ‘back-pack’ hand held CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi. Aphids were sampled on May 26. Ten random wheat head samples were taken from each plot and the number of aphids/head recorded.
Aphid Control on Spring Wheat, Royal Slope, Washington, 1978
Authors: Pike K.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a late maturing (kernals milky ripe), irrigated spring wheat. Plots were treated on July 12. Foliar sprays were applied using a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 50 gpa at 40 psi. Dyfonate 10G treatments were hand applied by evenly shaking preweighed doses of granules over the plots. Temperature at the time of application was 77°F. Plots were 4 rows wide on 12-inch centers, 20 feet in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On July 14, 20 stems (18 inches in length, head included)/replicate were sampled at random from the center rows. Efficacy was based on total aphids/20 stems. Plots were harvested for yield, August 21.
Toxicities of Topically Applied Insecticides to Western Spruce Budworm, 1977
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L , Look Melvin , Crisp Carl E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Topical application tests to determine the toxicities of 16 insecticides were conducted on 6th instar western spruce budworm. Toxicities were compared to that of a standard, mexacarbate. Insects tested were from the 68th generation of a nondiapausing laboratory colony. Five concentrations serially diluted from a freshly prepared concentrate were used in each of 3 replications of each test. All chemicals were applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 1/4 cc tuberculin syringe. A dose rate of I 1/100 mg body weight was used to apply the insecticide to the thoracic dorsa of CO2 anesthetized larvae weighing 70-110 mg. After treatment, larvae fed upon artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Honeylocust, Honeylocust Plant Bug and Leafhopper Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for control of the honeylocust plant bug and leafhopper between May 10 and June 6’ 1978. Sunburst honeylocust trees 10-12 feet high were utilized in a randomized block design and replicated three times. Only alternate trees were used to avoid spray drift. All treatments except Medicaps and a soil drench of MetaSystox R, were foliar treatments made with a Spartan sprayer operating at 125 psi. Medicaps were implanted in the basal portion of the trunk at 4 inch intervals. MetaSystox R as a soil drench was applied in a ring cultivated in the dripline of the tree. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water added to seal the insecticide in the soil. The trees were in the 1/2 inch bud stage at the time of treatment. The amount of plant bug and leafhopper damage was visually rated on June 29. On June 6, 1978 a sweep net was used to obtain samples of the numbers of leafhoppers and plant bugs on the trees. Six sweeps were made per plant and the detachable bag was placed in a killing jar. Later in the laboratory the numbers of plant bugs and leafhoppers was tabulated.
Honeylocust, Spring Cankerworm Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spring cankerworm control was evaluated with five insecticides between May 10 and June 6, 1978. Sunburst honeylocust trees 10-12 feet high were utilized in a randomized block design and replicated three times. Only alternate trees were treated to avoid spray drift. All treatments, except Medicaps and MetaSyston-R were foliar treatments made with a Spartan sprayer operating at 125 psi. Medicaps were implanted in the basal portion of the tree trunk at 4 inch intervals. MetaSystox R as a soil drench was applied in a ring cultivated in the drip area of the tree. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water added to seal the insecticide in the soil. On June 6, 1978 a beating cloth was placed beneath the tree and the numbers of spring cankerworm dislodged were counted. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity.
Ornamentals, Phytotoxicity, Indiana, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen insecticides were applied to 12 species and varieties of greenhouse plants to check on possible phytotoxicity effects. Individual potted plots comprised a plot in a randomized block design that was replicated three times. Foliar applications, except for Temik, were made on all plants with a one gallon B&G stainless steel compressed air sprayer operating at 30 psi. Premeasured amounts of Temik granules were scattered on the surface of the soil and watered in. The plants used were all in the greenhouse complex of the Indiana State Veterans Home, West Lafayette, Indiana. Treated plants were examined one, two and five days after treatment.
Chinch Bug and Sod Webworm Control in Bentgrass, 1978
Authors: Hellman John L. , Newton P. , Azarion G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A seven year old nursery plot of Penncross bentgrass was selected for the test. The thatch layer varied from a thickness of 1/4 inch to 3/4 inch. At time of treatment the chinch bug injury was moderate to severe. Due to the limited size of the nursery plot, treatment plots were 5 x 5 ft. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatment precounts were made on Sept 14’78 when chinch bug counts averaged 21 nymphs and adults/4,5 inch plug and sod webworm averaged 1.2/4.5 inch plug sample. Granular treatment were applied by hand shaker can in two directions across the plot. The liquid treatments were applied in one gallon of water distributed in two directions with a hand sprinkling can. All treatments were watered into the thatch with a light hose watering. Post counts were made on Sept 21’78 by removing 4 randomly selected 4.5 inch dia. x 5 inch deep plugs within each plot. Each plug was shredded by hand and the number of webworms and chinch bugs recorded.
Leafhopper Control in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1977
Authors: Hellman John L. , Newton Perry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seventeen insecticide treatments were applied June 21’77 to a four year old bluegrass commercial sod field that was moderately infested with leafhoppers. Treatment plots were 20 x 20 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Granular treatment of Mocap 5G was applied by hand shaker can; the remaining materials were applied by a drop type lawn spreader. Sprayable treatments were applied with a ‘sulky’ type CO2 boom sprayer at a rate of 30 gpa. The Orthene treatment was dispensed by a home garden pump sprayer. Plots were evaluated on June 23’77 by making 10 short pendular sweeps (12 inch dia net) per plot. Both adult and nymph counts were combined for analysis.
Insect Colonies: White Rats or White Elephants
Authors: Leppla N. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared insects have become the entomologist’s “white rats” because they are uniform, relatively inexpensive, continuously available, and comparable to their counterparts in nature. Extraordinary technological advances in insect rearing have made it possible for many entomologists to depend on centralized insectaries for their experimental populations. This convenient separation of field and laboratory contexts is justified by the precision and efficiency of controlled experimentation; however, the value of this research is severely limited if the results are not directly applicable to field populations. Therefore, this brief report was prepared to proffer strategies and identify resources for developing suitable colonies, maintaining them efficiently, and employing them appropriately for testing insecticides and other chemicals used to control arthropods.
Cattle, Swine, Chicken, House Fly, Efficacy of Insect Growth Regulators Against Larval Diptera, Dimilin and CGA-19255, 1976
Authors: Barker R.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dimilin or CGA-19255 (0,17,34,67, or 670 mg ai/m2) was incorporated into 900 g of freshly collected bovine, swine, or poultry manure in a clay plate (25 cm i.d. x 5 cm) by adding the chemical in 50 ml of water. Each plate was seeded with 0.25 g of 1st instar house fly larvae from the laboratory colony, fitted with screen mesh conical emergence cages and held for 20 days at 25°C. There were 3 replications of each dose.
Cattle, Lice Control, 1978
Authors: Lloyd J.E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Y-TexR Tick Tags (Y-Tex Corp., Cody, WY), containing 10% chlorpyrifos were applied to Hereford steer calves on Mar 14’78. The cattle originated at several locations in eastern Wyoming. They were randomly assigned to pens of 10 animals each. Two pens of steers received an ear tag in the right ear, 2 pens received ear tags in both ears, and 1 pen received no treatment. All cattle were inspected prior to treatment on Mar 14 and then Apr 13’78. Lice inspection areas were 3, 6-inch hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rump-tailhead. Viable lice were determined posttreatment by microscopic examination.
Hog Louse Controlwith Fenvalerate, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt R. R. , Mullens B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three concentrations of fenvalerate (SD 43775) 10% WDL in water (0.05%, 0.025% and 0.01%) were applied on Feb 1’78 to sows in a confinement farrowing barn. Each treatment consisted of 6 sows. The 0.01% treatment was in the same row of stalls as the control; the 0.025% and 0.05% treatments were across a median isle from the control. The insecticide was applied to individual sows at the rate of 473 ml/animal with a 7.6 litre CO2 pressurized sprayer and a NC20 nozzle at 1.41 kg/cm2. Distilled water was used on the control animals. Evaluation was made by counting adult lice on the face, ears, neck, dorsal mid-line, and approximately the dorsal half of the sides. Louse eggs were observed on all sows both pre- and post-treatment.
Apple, Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Mouzin T. E. , Reed D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Penick SBP 1513 EC and SBP1513 TEC (Transparent Emulsifiable Concentrate) were evaluated using 3 replications of 18 trees (6 ‘Jonathon,’ 6 ‘Red Delicious,’ and 6 ‘Golden Delicious’). Treatments were applied at 2 rates and Phosmet at 0.5 lb a.i./lOO gal was used as a standard. Applications were made with a John Bean Sprayer at 400-450 psi at 5 gal/tree on May 15, 29, Jun 9, 21, Jul 5, 18, and Aug 1, 15, and 25. Fruit damage ratings were determined by picking 200 fruit at random from each treatment and examining for damage, once during the season and once at harvest time.
Control of Peach Tree Borer, 1978
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 7-yr-old peach orchard of mixed varieties was used in this test. General soil conditions were extremely rocky, and infestations occurred near the soil surface where new soil had been hauled in at the time of planting. The plots consisted of four 4-tree replicates, randomized throughout the test block, giving a total of 16 trees per plot. The trunks, crotches, and ground around the base of the trees were sprayed using a hand gun at 400 to 600 psi. One to 1 -1/2 gallons of spray material were applied per tree. Infestation levels were determined by counting new frass entries visible on the trunks after removing soil approximately 5 inches deep from around the base of the trees. Soil was replaced before treatment.
Effects of Miticides on Peach Silver Mite and a Predacious Mite, 1978
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 12-yr-old Early Redhaven peach block in Yakima, Washington, was used in this test. Low populations of McDaniel spider mite and European red mite were present in the orchard. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip with hand guns at 400 to 500 psi. Plots consisted of four single-tree replicates randomized throughout the block. Samples of mites were taken at weekly intervals by collecting 25 leaves/tree or 100 leaves/plot. Leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites counted under a binocular microscope.
Pecan, Yellow Pecan Aphid and Leaf Scorch Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Polles S. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Shaw, Mississippi. The experiment was a completely random design with single-tree plots replicated 10 times. Application of the test materials was made on Aug 15 with a John Bean 757 sprayer calibrated to deliver 12 gal spray per tree. Evaluation was made on Aug 23 and 29 by counting the aphids present on 30 randomly selected leaflets per tree.
Pecan, Yellow Pecan Aphid and Leaf Scorch Mite Control, 1978
Authors: Polles S. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Cleveland, MS. Four rates of Temik and an untreated check were tested in single-tree plots each replicated four times. Application was made on Jun 14 with an Easy-Flow applicator; then the insecticide was incorporated lightly with a drag harrow. The four rates were applied on the basis of tree-trunk-per-inch-diameter. On several dates after application, the mites and aphids present on 20 leaflets and 50 leaflets per plot, respectively, were counted.
Pecan, Walnut Caterpillar Control, 1978
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Ree Bill , Hart Dottie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested trees in a pecan orchard located 2 miles west of Stillwater, Oklahoma, were treated on Jun 29. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 sprayer, series L-155 and a 785 John Bean Spraymasterdeluxe gun which delivered 1.76 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Infested areas of trees were sprayed until runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated four times. Temperature at time of application was 85°F and the wind velocity was 0 to 5 mph. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were determined by examining the foliage of an area of the tree that had been found to be infested. Larval populations were estimated at these locations for pretreatment and posttreatment counts. Larval size at time of treatment ranged from one-half to three-fourths inch in length.
Cabbage, Cabbage Caterpillar Control, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbages were transplanted Mar 30’77. Plots were 2 rows, 50-ft in length with 3-ft between rows, and replicated 4 times in randomized complete blocks. Soil was a loamy sand and received 4.5 in rain + 7 in irrigation Plots were sprayed Apr 21, 29, May 5, 12, 19 and 26 using a tractor mounted boom, 3 nozzles/row, 50 psi, 50 gal/A. The no. of caterpillars were counted on 10 plants/plot on Apr 28 and May 17. On Jun 1, 20 plants/plot were scored for feeding damage using a 0-5 scale (0 = no damage, 1-2 = light to moderate damage to outer leaves, 3, 4, 5 = light, moderate, severe damage, resp. to head leaves).
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1972
Authors: Linduska James J. , Thomas E. David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Harris Resistant Danish’ cabbage trans-plants were set in 2-row plots, 30-feet in length, on Aug 21, 1972. Plants were spaced 18-inches in the row with 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied Sep 4, 11 and 22; Oct 2, 11, 21 and 29; and Nov 6 and 13. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted John Bean sprayer fitted with a Slosser boom calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of spray material per acre at 250 psi. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 5 nozzles. Insect counts and foliage injury ratings were taken from 10 plants/treatment/replication. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 0 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 0) no damage; 1) 1-3% of outer wrapper leaves with occasional feeding injury; 2) 4-10% of the leaves with visible signs of feeding; 3) 10-25% damage; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with injury; 5) 51-100% damage - crown damaged and/or all leaves with injury.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Linduska James J. , Olson Stephanie J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Market Prize’ cabbage was transplanted in 2 row plots 33.5-feet long on Jul 27’77. Plants were spaced 18 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete, block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. The granular insecticide treatments were applied with a double spout electric drive Gandy applicator (Model 901-2). Over the foliage treatment with granules was applied in a 12 inch band over the row. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. Sprays were applied at the rate of 25 gal/a at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 16, 23 and 29; Sep 7, 13 and 21. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or al] leaves with holes.
Control of Carmine Spider Mite, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental acaricide NC 13292 at 2 and 4 lb ai/acre and Morestan at 2 lb ai/acre were evaluated at Yuma, AZ. Treatments were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer at the rate of 50 gpa and 40 psi on Jul 12. Plots were 5 ft of bed row and replicated 4 times. Counts represent 40 leaves/treatment (10 x 4 replicates).
Foliar Treatments to Control the Cabbage Looper on Collards, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3-ft rows on Jen 13’78, and thinned to 10 inch spacing I month later. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 7, 14, 21 and 30. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 10 col lard plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1978
Authors: Flood Brian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted Jun 20’78 (app. 1000 HU 50) so that ear formation coincided with expected European corn borer and corn earworm flight activity. Twenty chemical treatments and 4 stratified untreated checks were replicated in four randomized complete blocks 80 ft x 164 rows. Each treatment consisted of four rows with two border rows between treatments. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All materials were applied with a modified Hagie Hiboy (25 gpa, 3 mph, and 40 psi) with six D2/23 Tee Jet tips per row. Because of the severe European corn borer pressure, treatments were initiated at row tassel and continued at scheduled intervals adjusted to light trap catches. At harvest, 13 days after the last treatment, 25 ears from the middle two rows of each replicate were examined for damage to each ear as “none” (clean), “tip” (kernels eaten), “side”, or “tip and side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of European corn borers and corn earworms in the early, mid, or late instar stage. Treatments were applied during the heaviest European corn borer flight in 18 years based on light trap records. Corn earworm pressure was also intense, with the main infestation occurring after the Aug 24 application. The untreated checks were 100% infested with 94% damaged ears. There was an average of 2.3 European corn borers and 0.8 corn earworms per ear.