bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking plumage dimorphism and environmental stress
Authors: Shahrokhi G. , Patten M. A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBesides the importance of pigmentation in species recognition, pigments protect the body against different biotic and abiotic features. Melanin, the dark coloration pigments in skin, hairs, and feathers, is necessary for protecting the body from UV radiation. On the other hand, the lighter a surface is, the more solar radiation is reflected. Based on these arguments, it is possible that pigment distribution would not be the same among all body regions of a unicolored individual due to the amount of solar exposure. Therefore, three species of theEgrettagenus (E. dimorpha,E. gularis, andE. garzetta) in which all individuals are unicolored, and two of which are dichromatic (dark grey/black and white), were selected as model studies. We hypothesized that within dark and white unicolored Egrets, due to foraging and standing postures, body regions that are more exposed to the sun (like back and breast) would be darker or whiter compared to other body regions (vent and tail), respectively. Visual wavelength reflections of five body regions (breast, back, belly, vent, and tail) from 186 museum specimens were measured to indicate the concentration of pigments in each body region. Reflectance among body regions was compared using Kruschke’s ‘BEST’ (Bayesian Estimation Supersedes thettest) framework to create Bayesian analogues for the pairedt‐test. The results show, regardless of the species, that the more exposed body regions to the sun (back followed by breast) are darker among dark individuals and whiter among white individuals in comparison to other body regions. Therefore, our hypothesis that the concentration of pigments is not similar in all body regions of unicolored individuals was supported.
Modified fluid gelatin 4% for perioperative volume replacement in pediatric patients (GPS): Results of a European prospective noninterventional multicenter study
Authors: Sümpelmann Robert , Camporesi Anna , Gálvez Ignacio , Pechilkov Dimitar , Eich Christoph , Kretz Franz‐Josef , Perera Sarri Remei , Tancheva Dora , Serrano‐Casabon Silvia , Murphy Peter , Astuto Marinella , Zanaboni Clelia , Becke Karin , Dennhardt Nils 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionModified fluid gelatin 4% is approved for use in children, but there is still a surprising lack of clinical studies including large numbers of pediatric patients. Therefore, we performed a European prospective noninterventional multicenter study to evaluate the use of a modified fluid gelatin 4% in saline (sal‐GEL) or an acetate‐containing balanced electrolyte solution (bal‐GEL) in children undergoing major pediatric surgery.AimsThe primary aim was to assess the indications and dosing of modified fluid gelatin, and the secondary aim was to assess the safety and efficacy, focusing, in particular, on routinely collected clinical parameters.MethodsChildren aged up to 12 years with ASA risk scores of I‐III receiving sal‐GEL or bal‐GEL were followed perioperatively. Demographic data, surgical procedures performed, anesthesia, hemodynamic and laboratory data, adverse events, and adverse drug reactions were documented using a standardized case report form.Results601 children that were investigated at 13 European pediatric centers from May 2015 to March 2020 (sal‐GEL 20.1%, bal‐GEL 79.9%; mean age 29.1 ± 38.6 (range 0–144) months; body weight 12.1 ± 10.5 (1.4–70) kg) were included in the analysis. The most frequent indications for GEL infusion were hemodynamic instability without bleeding (76.0%), crystalloids alone not being sufficient for hemodynamic stabilization (55.7%), replacement of preoperative deficit (26.0%), and significant bleeding (13.0%). Mean infused GEL volume was 13.0 ± 5.3 (2.4–37.5) ml kg−1. The total dose was affected by age, with higher doses in younger patients. After gelatin infusion, mean arterial pressure increased (mean change 8.5 ± 7.3 [95% CI: 8 to 9.1] mmHg), and the hemoglobin concentrations decreased significantly (mean change −1.1 ± 1.8 [95% CI: −1.2 to −0.9] g·dL−1). Acid–base parameters were more stable with bal‐GEL. No serious adverse drug reactions directly related to gelatin (i.e., anaphylactoid reaction, clotting disorders, and renal failure) were observed.ConclusionModerate doses up to 20 ml kg−1 of modified fluid gelatin were infused most frequently to improve hemodynamic stability in children undergoing major pediatric surgery. The acid–base balance was more stable when gelatin in a balanced electrolyte solution was used instead of saline. No serious adverse drug reactions associated with gelatin were observed.
Mencius and Xunzi on the legitimate use of offensive force: A pacifistic critique of recent just war interpretations
Authors: Hagen Kurtis 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis essay offers a critical evaluation of competing interpretations of the early Confucian thinkers Xunzi and Mencius regarding their view of the legitimacy of war. First, I briefly describe and critique Daniel Bell's “just war” interpretation of Mencius, which is relatively permissive regarding the legitimation of war. I then consider and critique the position of Sumner Twiss and Jonathan Chan regarding Mencius' and Xunzi's ostensible support for what we call “humanitarian intervention,” which is also made from a just war perspective. Next, I describe Xinzhong Yao's pacifistic interpretation, offering a slightly qualified defense of it. I then consider reframing this view as “just war pacifism,” defending a phrase used in the Confucian context by Julia Ching. Finally, I address the question of whether the pacifistic account is too naïve to attribute to these great Confucian thinkers. I maintain that, on the contrary, it is not naïve. Indeed, it is a position we would do well to give due consideration.
Wittgenstein’s 1929–30 inquiries into probability
Authors: Figueiredo Florian Franken 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn Wittgenstein’s manuscripts dating from 1929 and 1930, there are a number of entries on the notion of probability. In this paper, I explore Wittgenstein’s manuscripts between October 1929 and March 1930 and demonstrate, first, that Wittgenstein completely rejects the assumption that probability statements are based on an a priori principle. Second, I argue that the standard interpretation, which claims that Wittgenstein adopts an ‘epistemological view’ of probability, significantly understates the importance of Wittgenstein’s development of the notion of hypotheses as a philosophical term of art.
Higher alterations in leaf fluorescence parameters of wheat cultivars predict more extensive necrosis in response to Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Spyroglou Ioannis , Rybka Krystyna , Czembor Paweł , Piaskowska Dominika , Pernisová Markéta , Matysik Przemysław 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSeptoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the main causes of wheat yield loss in the world. Apart from good agrotechnical practice, disease‐resistant cultivars are required to prevent yield losses. Breeding of such cultivars is time‐consuming and laborious, mainly due to the quantitative character of such resistance, but can be shortened using precise phenotyping. We show that fluorescence parameters, collected in a high‐throughput system, can be used for estimating wheat STB resistance. Using machine learning methods (deep learning network, random forest), we demonstrate that disease resistance based on the percentage of necrotic leaf area can be estimated by alterations in fluorescence parameters 8 days after inoculation, and before disease symptoms become visible. Moreover, we applied a random forest classifier to assess the significance of fluorescence parameters in an informative way (classification accuracy = 64.84%, p value [Accuracy >No information rate] <0.001). Based on this, we observed extensive alterations in parameters of sensitive cultivars, reflecting worse photosynthetic performance. The most highly altered parameters were fluorescence intensity measurements and descriptors of energy flux through photosystem II (PSII) reaction centres towards PSI such as F2, F3 and F4 fluorescence intensities at 0.1, 0.270 and 2 ms; initial to maximal fluorescence ratio (F0/Fm); the time derivative of relative variable fluorescence (dV/dT0); maximum quantum yield of PSII in the dark‐adapted state (Fv/Fm); maximum electron transport flux at PSII (ET0/RC); maximum trapped excitonic energy flux per excited PSII cross section (CS) at time T0 (TR0/CS0); and quantum efficiency of the reduction of end acceptors dR0 [dR0/(1 − dR0)].
Automation and inequality with taxes and transfers
Authors: Tyers Rod , Zhou Yixiao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDeclines in low‐skill labour shares are reviewed, and a stylised model is constructed to examine their determinants and future implications. A retrospective analysis of US shocks suggests that technological change has contributed more to raising income inequality and the wealth to GDP ratio than other changes. An anticipated future twist away from low‐skill labour toward the capital, combined with population growth, risks high unemployment rates. Productivity growth at twice the pace since 1990 limits this, though inequality persists. Analysis shows that a generalisation of the US ‘earned income tax credit’ system with consumption tax outperforms alternatives of the ‘universal basic income’.
Exhumation of the high‐pressure Richarddalen Complex in NW Svalbard: Insights from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
Authors: Mazur Stanislaw , Majka Jarosław , Barnes Christopher J. , McClelland William , Bukała Michał , Janák Marian , Kośmińska Karolina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract40Ar/39Ar dating of white mica from foliated metamorphic rocks of the Caledonian orogen of NW Svalbard was performed using the single‐grain fusion technique. Two samples, an augen orthogneiss and a mica schist, were collected from the high‐pressure Richarddalen Complex. Three additional mica schist samples were collected from the tectonically underlying Montblanc Unit. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of white mica separates yielded weighted average 40Ar/39Ar dates of 446.1 ± 1.1, 438.4 ± 1.1, 439.4 ± 1.2, 439.8 ± 1.5 and 439.3 ± 1.0 Ma, with the oldest date provided by the Richarddalen mica schist. The single‐grain fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating was accompanied by geochemical mapping of white mica using a microprobe. We interpret the oldest date as the age of cooling after a Late Ordovician high‐pressure event and the four younger dates to represent the timing of subsequent deformation associated with assembly of a Caledonian nappe stack.
Impact of pre‐transplant bloodstream infection on clinical outcomes after heart transplantation
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Wei , Chou Heng‐Wen , Chou Nai‐Kuan , Wang Chih‐Hsien , Chi Nai‐Hsin , Huang Shu‐Chien , Yu Hsi‐Yu , Chen Yih‐Sharng , Hsu Ron‐Bin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundActive bloodstream infection (BSI) is a contraindication for heart transplantation (HT). However, some critical patients with BSI may undergo HT as a life‐saving procedure. We aimed to investigate the impact of pre‐transplant BSI on the clinical outcomes after HT.MethodsWe enrolled 511 consecutive patients who underwent HT between 1999 and 2019. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of BSI within 30 days preoperatively. Forty‐three patients (8.4%) with BSI who were clinically stable and had no metastatic infection were considered for HT on an individual basis. In‐hospital mortality, incidence of early postoperative BSI, length of postoperative hospital stays, and long‐term survival were compared between the groups. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for in‐hospital and 1‐year mortality.ResultsPatients with pre‐transplant BSI had a high incidence of previous cardiopulmonary resuscitation, pre‐transplant ventilator use, mechanical circulatory support use, renal replacement therapy, United Network for Organ Sharing status 1A, and a prolonged preoperative hospital waiting period. The in‐hospital mortality rate was higher in patients with pre‐transplant BSI (21% vs. 12%, p = .081), and the mortality rate was very high (33.3%) for those with BSI 0–15 days before HT. In addition, patients with pre‐transplant BSI had a significantly longer postoperative hospital stay than patients in the control group. However, long‐term survival was similar in both groups.ConclusionsAlthough pre‐transplant BSI was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality and prolonged postoperative hospital stay, patients who survived the early period had a similar long‐term prognosis.
Diverse and mobile:eccDNA‐based identification of carrot low‐copy‐numberLTRretrotransposons active in callus cultures
Authors: Kwolek Kornelia , Kędzierska Patrycja , Hankiewicz Magdalena , Mirouze Marie , Panaud Olivier , Grzebelus Dariusz , Macko‐Podgórni Alicja 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYLong terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR‐RTs) are mobilized via an RNA intermediate using a ‘copy and paste’ mechanism, and account for the majority of repetitive DNA in plant genomes. As a side effect of mobilization, the formation of LTR‐RT‐derived extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) occurs. Thus, high‐throughput sequencing of eccDNA can be used to identify active LTR‐RTs in plant genomes. Despite the release of a reference genome assembly, carrot LTR‐RTs have not yet been thoroughly characterized. LTR‐RTs are abundant and diverse in the carrot genome. We identified 5976 carrot LTR‐RTs, 2053 and 1660 of which were attributed toCopiaandGypsysuperfamilies, respectively. They were further classified into lineages, families and subfamilies. More diverse LTR‐RT lineages, i.e. lineages comprising many low‐copy‐number subfamilies, were more frequently associated with genic regions. Certain LTR‐RT lineages have been recently active inDaucus carota. In particular, low‐copy‐number LTR‐RT subfamilies, e.g. those belonging to theDcAlelineage, have significantly contributed to carrot genome diversity as a result of continuing activity. We utilized eccDNA sequencing to identify and characterize twoDcAlesubfamilies,Alex1andAlex3, active in carrot callus. We documented 14 and 32de novoinsertions ofAlex1andAlex3, respectively, which were positioned in non‐repetitive regions.
Multi‐objective optimization of root phenotypes for nutrient capture using evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Rangarajan Harini , Hadka David , Reed Patrick , Lynch Jonathan P. 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYRoot phenotypes are avenues to the development of crop cultivars with improved nutrient capture, which is an important goal for global agriculture. The fitness landscape of root phenotypes is highly complex and multidimensional. It is difficult to predict which combinations of traits (phene states) will create the best performing integrated phenotypes in various environments. Brute force methods to map the fitness landscape by simulating millions of phenotypes in multiple environments are computationally challenging. Evolutionary optimization algorithms may provide more efficient avenues to explore high dimensional domains such as the root phenotypic space. We coupled the three‐dimensional functional–structural plant model, SimRoot, to the Borg Multi‐Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) and the evolutionary search over several generations facilitated the identification of optimal root phenotypes balancing trade‐offs across nutrient uptake, biomass accumulation, and root carbon costs in environments varying in nutrient availability. Our results show that several combinations of root phenes generate optimal integrated phenotypes where performance in one objective comes at the cost of reduced performance in one or more of the remaining objectives, and such combinations differed for mobile and non‐mobile nutrients and for maize (a monocot) and bean (a dicot). Functional–structural plant models can be used with multi‐objective optimization to identify optimal root phenotypes under various environments, including future climate scenarios, which will be useful in developing the more resilient, efficient crops urgently needed in global agriculture.
Novel Correlations Between Process Forces and Void Morphology for Effective Detection and Minimization of Voids During Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Ansari Mohammad Ali , Agiwal Hemant , Zinn Mike , Pfefferkorn Frank , Rudraraju Shiva 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Sub-surface voids and material heterogeneities resulting from the friction stir welding (FSW) process often necessitate post-weld inspection to ensure the quality of weld obtained from this solid-state welding process. In this context, in-process void detection techniques can potentially help in optimizing the process conditions and thereby reduce expensive and time-consuming post-process inspection of welds. Current in-process void detection techniques rely on approaches that try to directly correlate the part-scale welding quality to void formation, without a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanics and materials physics that modulate void evolution. In this work, we demonstrate an effective in-process numerical technique that uses process force signals to detect volumetric void formation and connect the variations in the force signals to interactions between the tool probe and the underlying material voids. Our approach relies on a high-fidelity finite element analysis simulation of the FSW process and on correlation of numerically obtained process force signals with the corresponding void structures. This correlation is obtained in the phase-space relating in-plane reaction forces on the tool to the tool rotation angle. We focus on the interactions of the tool geometry and tool motion with the surrounding material undergoing plastic deformation and deduce novel insights into various correlations of tool motion and void formation. Through this approach, we can identify tool-related process conditions that can be optimized to minimize void formation and demonstrate a potential in situ force-based void monitoring method that links to the underlying plastic flow and void structures during the FSW process.
Ketogenesis Attenuates KLF5-Dependent Production of CXCL12 to Overcome the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wei Ruozheng , Zhou Yuning , Li Chang , Rychahou Piotr , Zhang Shulin , Titlow William B. , Bauman Greg , Wu Yuanyuan , Liu Jinpeng , Wang Chi , Weiss Heidi L. , Evers B. Mark , Wang Qingding 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

The dynamic composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME) can markedly alter the response to targeted therapies for colorectal cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are major components of TMEs that can direct and induce infiltration of immunosuppressive cells through secreted cytokines such as CXCL12. Ketogenic diets (KD) can inhibit tumor growth and enhance the anticancer effects of immune checkpoint blockade. However, the role of ketogenesis on the immunosuppressive TME is not known. Here, we show that decreased ketogenesis is a signature of colorectal cancer and that an increase in ketogenesis using a KD decreases CXCL12 production in tumors, serum, liver, and lungs. Moreover, increasing ketogenesis by overexpression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) or treatment with the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate markedly decreased expression of KLF5, which binds the CXCL12 promoter and induces CXCL12 expression in CAFs. KD decreased intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive cells, increased infiltration of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, and enhanced the anticancer effects of PD-1 blockade in murine-derived colorectal cancer. Furthermore, increasing ketogenesis inhibited colorectal cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Overall, ketogenesis is downregulated in the colorectal cancer TME, and increased ketogenesis represses KLF5-dependent CXCL12 expression to improve the immunosuppressive TME, which leads to the enhanced efficacy of immunotherapy and reduced metastasis. Importantly, this work demonstrates that downregulation of de novo ketogenesis in the TME is a critical step in colorectal cancer progression.

Significance:
This study identifies ketogenesis as a critical regulator of the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer and suggests the potential for ketogenic diets as a metabolic strategy to overcome immunosuppression and prolong survival.
See related commentary by Montrose and Galluzzi, p. 1464
Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with the Presence of Cancer Driver Mutations in Normal Colon
Authors: Matas Julia , Kohrn Brendan , Fredrickson Jeanne , Carter Kelly , Yu Ming , Wang Ting , Gui Xianyong , Soussi Thierry , Moreno Victor , Grady William M. , Peinado Miguel A. , Risques Rosa Ana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Although somatic mutations in colorectal cancer are well characterized, little is known about the accumulation of cancer mutations in the normal colon before cancer. Here, we have developed and applied an ultrasensitive, single-molecule mutational test based on CRISPR-DS technology, which enables mutation detection at extremely low frequency (&lt;0.001) in normal colon from patients with and without colorectal cancer. This testing platform revealed that normal colon from patients with and without colorectal cancer carries mutations in common colorectal cancer genes, but these mutations are more abundant in patients with cancer. Oncogenic KRAS mutations were observed in the normal colon of about one third of patients with colorectal cancer but in none of the patients without colorectal cancer. Patients with colorectal cancer also carried more TP53 mutations than patients without cancer and these mutations were more pathogenic and formed larger clones, especially in patients with early-onset colorectal cancer. Most mutations in the normal colon were different from the driver mutations in tumors, suggesting that the occurrence of independent clones with pathogenic KRAS and TP53 mutations is a common event in the colon of individuals who develop colorectal cancer. These results indicate that somatic evolution contributes to clonal expansions in the normal colon and that this process is enhanced in individuals with cancer, particularly in those with early-onset colorectal cancer.

Significance:
This work suggests prevalent somatic evolution in the normal colon of patients with colorectal cancer, highlighting the potential of using ultrasensitive gene sequencing to predict disease risk.
The Continuing Search for Causality between Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and the Metastatic Fitness of Carcinoma Cells
Authors: LeBleu Valerie S. , Thiery Jean Paul 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an epithelial plasticity program that is associated with embryonic development and organogenesis, and which resurfaces to a certain extent following epithelial injury caused by inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinoma progression. Carcinoma cell EMT plasticity programs superimposed on inherent genetic defects have been implicated as important for metastatic dissemination and secondary tumor formation. A careful review of data-driven facts suggests that a causal relationship between any degree of EMT program and metastasis continues to be elusive, and the steps of metastasis likely involve other mechanisms influenced by the carcinoma cell genotype and the tumor microenvironment.