bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The liberal/conservative nationalism divide: A distinction without a difference?
Authors: Daniel Rhianwen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiberal nationalism has been the subject of increased attention in the wake of the 2010s rise in national populism. It has been seen to offer a concessionary form of national identity which is compatible with the liberal values of inclusivity and egalitarianism. This paper argues that recent attempts to delineate the contours of a specifically liberal national identity fail to highlight much that is distinctively liberal, as opposed to conservative, about its content. The criteria that such attempts propose typically apply almost equally to conservative accounts, thereby overshooting the target. However, further ideological excavation reveals that there is an alternative axis for distinguishing between liberal and conservative conceptions of national identity: democratic inclusivity. The paper further proposes that shifting the emphasis to this dimension, and to liberal and conservative accounts differing aims and formation processes, is conducive to both greater ideological transparency and bridging the gap between theory and practice.
A fungal microRNA‐like RNA subverts host immunity and facilitates pathogen infection by silencing two host receptor‐like kinase genes
Authors: Xu Ming , Li Guangyao , Guo Yan , Gao Yuqi , Zhu Lihua , Liu Zhaoyang , Tian Runze , Gao Chen , Han Pengliang , Wang Ning , Guo Feiran , Bao Jiyuan , Jia Conghui , Feng Hao , Huang Lili 
Published: January 2022

Summary

Small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes by silencing their corresponding target genes in most eukaryotes. However, cross‐kingdom regulation mediated by fungal microRNA‐like RNAs (milRNAs) in plant–pathogen interactions is still largely unknown.

Using molecular, genetic, histological, and biochemical approaches, we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm‐milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor‐like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2.

Vm‐milR1 was highly induced during V. mali infection. Deletion of Vm‐milR1 precursor abolished the generation of Vm‐milR1 and reduced the virulence of V. mali. Inoculation of Vm‐milR1 deletion mutants induced the host defence responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and high expression of defence‐related genes. Furthermore, Vm‐milR1 was confirmed to be able to suppress the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2 in a sequence‐specific manner. Moreover, overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by activating the host defence responses. Furthermore, knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 compromised the host resistance to V. mali.

Our study revealed that V. mali was equipped with Vm‐milR1 as an sRNA effector to silence host receptor‐like kinase genes, suppress the host defence responses, and facilitate pathogen infection.
Strategies to overcome the side effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy
Authors: Mirzaee Godarzee Mohadeseh , Mahmud Hussen Bashdar , Razmara Ehsan , Hakak‐Zargar Benyamin , Mohajerani Fatemeh , Dabiri Hamed , Fatih Rasul Mohammed , Ghazimoradi Mohammad Hossein , Babashah Sadegh , Sadeghizadeh Majid 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is a method directing T lymphocytes against antigens on the surface of tumors, increasing target cell elimination. Genetic engineering enhances the capability of immune cells to detect new antigens expressed on cell surfaces. CAR T cell therapy is a significant breakthrough for treating human malignancies; however, different side effects (e.g., cytokine release syndrome) restrict its application. Improving design and using various combined receptors enhance the performance of these cells. This review discusses limitations and risk factors associated with CAR T cell therapy. We also review some alternative approaches for developing the next generation of CAR T cells.
Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological study and malignant transformation
Authors: Tovaru Serban , Costache Mariana , Perlea Paula , Caramida Mariana , Totan Cosmin , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Parlatescu Ioanina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the clinicopathological characteristics of a cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) managed in a Romanian dental hospital and to evaluate the risk of malignant transformation (MT).Materials and methodsWe conducted a hospital‐based retrospective study using the clinical charts of patients diagnosed with OL that had complete clinical and histopathological evaluation followed up for 1–16 years.ResultsFrom 120 included patients, 68 (56.7%) were females, and 71 (59.2%) were current smokers. The homogeneous form was present in 60% of cases; the buccal mucosa was the most frequently involved site. MT was observed in 9 cases, which was more common in females and in those with dysplastic leukoplakia. A significant statistical association was found between MT and dysplasia grade (χ2 test: p = 0.007). MT occurred during a mean interval of time 75 months in both treated and non‐treated patients.ConclusionsIn this leukoplakia cohort, most of the lesions encountered were in smokers, clinically homogeneous and 62.5% proved histologically benign. But despite the clinically benign appearance of leukoplakia, tissue diagnosis of some cases was carcinoma. The results of the current study advocate the necessity for biopsy even in apparently homogeneous, clinically benign lesions. The malignization rate was 7.5%; two‐thirds were nonhomogeneous lesions.
Low‐intensity, long‐wavelength red light slows the progression of myopia in children: an Eastern China‐based cohort
Authors: Zhou Lei , Xing Chao , Qiang Wei , Hua Chaoqun , Tong Liyang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeTo determine the effect of low‐intensity, long‐wavelength red light therapy (LLRT) on the inhibition of myopia progression in children.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted. One hundred and five myopic children (spherical equivalent refractive error [SER] −3.09 ± 1.74 dioptres [D]; mean age, 9.19 ± 2.40 years) who underwent LLRT treatment (power 0.4 mW, wavelength 635 nm) twice per day for 3 min each session, with at least a 4‐h interval between sessions, and a control group of 56 myopic children (SER −3.04 ± 1.66 D; mean age, 8.62 ± 2.45 years) were evaluated. Both groups wore single‐vision distance spectacles. Each child returned for a follow‐up examination every 3 months after the initial measurements for a total of 9 months.ResultsAt 9 months, the mean SER in the LLRT group was −2.87 ± 1.89 D, significantly greater than that of the control group (−3.57 ± 1.49 D,p < 0.001). Axial length (AL) changes were −0.06 ± 0.19 mm and 0.26 ± 0.15 mm in the LLRT group and control group (p < 0.001), respectively. The subfoveal choroidal thickness changed by 45.32 ± 30.88 μm for children treated with LLRT at the 9‐month examination (p < 0.001). Specifically, a substantial hyperopic shift (0.31 ± 0.24 D and 0.20 ± 0.14 D, respectively,p = 0.02) was found in the 8–14 year olds compared with 4–7 year old children. The decrease in AL in subjects with baseline AL >24 mm was −0.08 ± 0.19 mm, significantly greater than those with a baseline AL ≤24 mm (−0.04 ± 0.18 mm,p = 0.03).ConclusionsRepetitive exposure to LLRT therapy was associated with slower myopia progression and reduced axial growth after short durations of treatment. These results require further validation in randomised controlled trials.
Improving the external validity of Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids trial findings
Authors: Hutcheon Jennifer A. , Liauw Jessica 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe external validity of randomised trials can be compromised when trial participants differ from real‐world populations. In the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids (ALPS) trial of antenatal corticosteroids at late preterm ages, participants had systematically younger gestational ages than those outside the trial setting. As risk of respiratory morbidity (the primary trial outcome) is higher at younger gestations, absolute benefits of corticosteroids calculated in the trial population may overestimate real‐world treatment benefits.ObjectivesTo estimate the real‐world absolute risk reduction and number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) for antenatal corticosteroids at late preterm ages, accounting for gestational age differences between the ALPS and real‐world populations.MethodsIndividual participant data from the ALPS trial (which recruited 2831 women with imminent preterm birth at 34+0 to 36+5 weeks') was appended to population‐based data for 15,741 women admitted for delivery between 34+0 and 36+5 weeks' from British Columbia, Canada, 2000–2013. We used logistic regression to calculate inverse odds of sampling weights for each trial participant and re‐estimated treatment effects of corticosteroids on neonatal respiratory morbidity in ALPS participants, weighted to reflect the gestational age distribution of the population‐based (real‐world) sample.ResultsThe real‐world absolute risk reduction was estimated to be −2.2 (95% CI −4.6, 0.0) cases of respiratory morbidity per 100, compared with −2.8 (95% CI −5.3, −0.3) in original trial data. Corresponding NNTs were 46 in the real‐world setting vs 35 in the trial. Our focus on absolute measures also highlighted that the benefits of antenatal corticosteroids may be meaningfully greater at 34 weeks vs. 36 weeks (e.g., risk reductions of −3.7 vs. −1.2 per 100 respectively).ConclusionsThe absolute risk reductions and NNTs associated with antenatal corticosteroid administration at late preterm ages estimated in our study may be more appropriate for patient counselling as they better reflect the anticipated benefits of treatment when used in a real‐world situation.
Survey of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dogs and cats in high‐risk areas during the second wave of COVID‐19 outbreak, Thailand
Authors: Jairak Waleemas , Charoenkul Kamonpan , Chamsai Ekkapat , Udom Kitikhun , Chaiyawong Supassama , Hangsawek Aphinya , Waenkaew Suchart , Mungaomklang Anek , Tangwangvivat Ratanaporn , Amonsin Alongkorn 
Published: January 2022

SummaryA cross‐sectional survey of SARS‐CoV‐2 in domestic dogs and cats was conducted in high‐risk areas, five subdistricts of Samut Sakhon Province, the epicenter of the second wave of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Thailand in February 2021. A total of 523 swab samples (nasal, oral, and rectal swabs) and 159 serum samples from dogs (n = 83) and cats (n = 93) were collected and tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and antibodies. All swab samples tested negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA by real‐time RT‐PCR with three panels of specific primers and probes. Although all dogs and cats were negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA, 3.14% (5/159) had anti‐N‐IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 by indirect multispecies ELISA. Our results demonstrated SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure in domestic animals living in high‐risk areas during the second wave of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Thailand. Thus, the use of one health approach for monitoring SARS‐CoV‐2 in domestic animals in high‐risk areas of COVID‐19 outbreaks should be routinely conducted and will provide benefits to risk communications in communities.
The Effects of Supervised Exercise Training on Weight Control and Other Metabolic Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhu Xingyun , Zhang Fang , Chen Jing , Zhao Yingxi , Ba Tianhao , Lin Chu , Lu Yingli , Yu Tao , Cai Xiaoling , Zhang Li , Ji Linong 
Published: January 2022

Few studies have investigated the dose–response relationship between exercise and weight control. This study aimed to assess the effects of different types of supervised exercise training on weight control and other metabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and explore the dose–response relationship between exercise volume/duration and these outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies between January 1980 and June 2019. Randomized control trials in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with supervised exercise training versus control treatment were included. The primary outcome was changes in body weight (kg). The secondary outcomes included changes in waist circumference (cm) and total body fat percentage (%). Forty-two randomized control trials, including 3,625 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Overall, exercise treatment was associated with significant reduction in body weight (weighted mean differences, −1.10 kg; 95% CI [−1.58, −0.62], p < .01), waist circumference (weighted mean differences, −2.51 cm; 95% CI [−3.25, −1.77], p < .01), and total body fat (weighted mean differences, −1.16%; 95% CI [−1.58%, −0.75%], p < .01). The percentage of total body fat was reduced by all types of exercise, with a significant difference between aerobic exercise and resistance exercise (p = .02) and a significant difference between combined exercise and resistance exercise (p < .01). A higher volume of aerobic exercise and a higher volume of resistance exercise were superior in reducing body weight. In conclusion, supervised exercise training improved metabolic outcomes in general, while different types and volume of exercises have their own merits.
Healthcare resource utilisation pattern and costs associated with herpes simplex virus diagnosis and management: a systematic review
Authors: Lee Shaun Wen Huey , Gottlieb Sami L , Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesLittle is known about the economic burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) across countries. This article aims to summarise existing evidence on estimates of costs and healthcare resource utilisation associated with genital and neonatal HSV infection.DesignSystematic literature review.Data sourcesSeven databases were searched from inception to 31 August 2020. A focused search was performed to supplement the results.Eligibility criteriaStudies which reported either healthcare resource utilisation or costs associated with HSV-related healthcare, including screening, diagnosis and treatment of genital HSV infection and neonatal herpes prevention and treatment.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Larg and Moss’s checklist. All data were summarised narratively.ResultsOut of 11 443 articles, 38 were included. Most studies (35/38, 94.6%) were conducted in high-income countries, primarily the United States, and were more often related to the prevention or management of neonatal herpes (n=21) than HSV genital ulcer disease (n=17). Most analyses were conducted before 2010. There was substantial heterogeneity in the reporting of HSV-related healthcare resource utilisation, with 74%–93% individuals who sought care for HSV, 11.6%–68.4% individuals who received care, while neonates with herpes required a median of 6–34 hospitalisation days. The costs reported were similarly heterogeneous, with wide variation in methodology, assumptions and outcome measures between studies. Cost for screening ranged from US$7–100, treatment ranged from US$0.53–35 for an episodic therapy, US$240–2580 yearly for suppressive therapy, while hospitalisation for neonatal care ranged from US$5321–32 683.ConclusionsA paucity of evidence exists on healthcare resource utilisation and costs associated with HSV infection, especially among low-income and middle-income countries. Future research is needed on costs and healthcare utilisation patterns to improve overall understanding of the global economic burden of HSV.
Recurrent acute pancreatitis prevention by the elimination of alcohol and cigarette smoking (REAPPEAR): protocol of a randomised controlled trial and a cohort study
Authors: Ocskay Klementina , Juhász Márk Félix , Farkas Nelli , Zádori Noémi , Szakó Lajos , Szakács Zsolt , Szentesi Andrea , Erőss Bálint , Miklós Emőke , Zemplényi Antal , Birkás Béla , Csathó Árpád , Hartung István , Nagy Tamás , Czopf László , Izbéki Ferenc , Gajdán László , Papp Mária , Czakó László , Illés Dóra , Marino Marco V , Mirabella Antonello , Małecka-Panas Ewa , Zatorski Hubert , Susak Yaroslav , Opalchuk Kristina , Capurso Gabriele , Apadula Laura , Gheorghe Cristian , Saizu Ionut Adrian , Petersen Ole H , de-Madaria Enrique , Rosendahl Jonas , Párniczky Andrea , Hegyi Péter 
Published: January 2022

Background/objectivesAcute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) due to alcohol and/or tobacco abuse is a preventable disease which lowers quality of life and can lead to chronic pancreatitis. The REAPPEAR study aims to investigate whether a combined patient education and cessation programme for smoking and alcohol prevents ARP.Methods and analysisThe REAPPEAR study consists of an international multicentre randomised controlled trial (REAPPEAR-T) testing the efficacy of a cessation programme on alcohol and smoking and a prospective cohort study (REAPPEAR-C) assessing the effects of change in alcohol consumption and smoking (irrespective of intervention). Daily smoker patients hospitalised with alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) will be enrolled. All patients will receive a standard intervention priorly to encourage alcohol and smoking cessation. Participants will be subjected to laboratory testing, measurement of blood pressure and body mass index and will provide blood, hair and urine samples for later biomarker analysis. Addiction, motivation to change, socioeconomic status and quality of life will be evaluated with questionnaires. In the trial, patients will be randomised either to the cessation programme with 3-monthly visits or to the control group with annual visits. Participants of the cessation programme will receive a brief intervention at every visit with direct feedback on their alcohol consumption based on laboratory results. The primary endpoint will be the composite of 2-year all-cause recurrence rate of AP and/or 2-year all-cause mortality. The cost-effectiveness of the cessation programme will be evaluated. An estimated 182 participants will be enrolled per group to the REAPPEAR-T with further enrolment to the cohort.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Hungarian Medical Research Council (40394-10/2020/EÜIG), all local ethical approvals are in place. Results will be disseminated at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT04647097
Using machine learning to predict blood culture outcomes in the emergency department: a single-centre, retrospective, observational study
Authors: Boerman Anneroos W , Schinkel Michiel , Meijerink Lotta , van den Ende Eva S , Pladet Lara CA , Scholtemeijer Martijn G , Zeeuw Joost , van der Zaag Anuschka Y , Minderhoud Tanca C , Elbers Paul W G , Wiersinga W Joost , de Jonge Robert , Kramer Mark HH , Nanayakkara Prabath W B 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo develop predictive models for blood culture (BC) outcomes in an emergency department (ED) setting.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingED of a large teaching hospital in the Netherlands between 1 September 2018 and 24 June 2020.ParticipantsAdult patients from whom BCs were collected in the ED. Data of demographic information, vital signs, administered medications in the ED and laboratory and radiology results were extracted from the electronic health record, if available at the end of the ED visits.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the performance of two models (logistic regression and gradient boosted trees) to predict bacteraemia in ED patients, defined as at least one true positive BC collected at the ED.ResultsIn 4885 out of 51 399 ED visits (9.5%), BCs were collected. In 598/4885 (12.2%) visits, at least one of the BCs was true positive. Both a gradient boosted tree model and a logistic regression model showed good performance in predicting BC results with area under curve of the receiver operating characteristics of 0.77 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.82) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.82) in the test sets, respectively. In the gradient boosted tree model, the optimal threshold would predict 69% of BCs in the test set to be negative, with a negative predictive value of over 94%.ConclusionsBoth models can accurately identify patients with low risk of bacteraemia at the ED in this single-centre setting and may be useful to reduce unnecessary BCs and associated healthcare costs. Further studies are necessary for validation and to investigate the potential clinical benefits and possible risks after implementation.
Biological and clinical correlates of the patient health questionnaire-9: exploratory cross-sectional analyses of the baseline health study
Authors: Califf Robert M , Wong Celeste , Doraiswamy P Murali , Hong David S , Miller David P , Mega Jessica L 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesWe assessed the relationship between the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at intake and other measurements intended to assess biological factors, markers of disease and health status.Design, setting and participantsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of 2365 participants from the Baseline Health Study, a prospective cohort of adults selected to represent major demographic groups in the USA. Participants underwent deep phenotyping on demographic, clinical, laboratory, functional and imaging findings.ImportanceDespite extensive research on the clinical implications of the PHQ-9, data are limited on the relationship between PHQ-9 scores and other measures of health and disease; we sought to better understand this relationship.InterventionsNone.Main outcomes and measuresCross-sectional measures of medical illnesses, gait, balance strength, activities of daily living, imaging and laboratory tests.ResultsCompared with lower PHQ-9 scores, higher scores were associated with female sex (46.9%–66.7%), younger participants (53.6–42.4 years) and compromised physical status (higher resting heart rates (65 vs 75 bpm), larger body mass index (26.5–30 kg/m2), greater waist circumference (91–96.5 cm)) and chronic conditions, including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (13.2%–24.7%) and asthma (9.5%–20.4%) (p<0.0001). Increasing PHQ-9 score was associated with a higher frequency of comorbidities (migraines (6%–20.4%)) and active symptoms (leg cramps (6.4%–24.7%), mood change (1.2%–47.3%), lack of energy (1.2%–57%)) (p<0.0001). After adjustment for relevant demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and medical characteristics, we found that memory change, tension, shortness of breath and indicators of musculoskeletal symptoms (backache and neck pain) are related to higher PHQ-9 scores (p<0.0001).ConclusionsOur study highlights how: (1) even subthreshold depressive symptoms (measured by PHQ-9) may be indicative of several individual- and population-level concerns that demand more attention; and (2) depression should be considered a comorbidity in common disease.Trial registration numberNCT03154346.