FC017: Adaptive Remodelling of Mesangial Extracellular Matrix Proteoglycan Composition during IGA Nephropathy
Authors: Johansson Alva , Khramova Alina , Noborn Fredrik , Larson Göran , Ebefors Kerstin , Nyström Jenny 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by the deposition of galactose deficient IgA (gd-IgA1) containing immune complexes in the mesangium leading to activation of the mesangial cells and local inflammation. Hallmarks of the disease are increased by mesangial proliferation and matrix expansion. The exact composition of the mesangial matrix is not known and nor is the full role of the expansion in disease progression. One important group of proteins found in extracellular matrixes is proteoglycans (PGs). PGs are composed of a core protein to which one or several negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains are attached. Both the core protein and GAGs determine the properties of PGs and changes in the amount and structure of PGs could influence disease progression. In this study, we aimed to elucidate changes in the PG expression in the glomerulus in IgAN as well as how gd-IgA1 affects the mesangial cells’ PG expression.

METHOD
Using previously published glomerular transcriptomic data from patients with IgAN compared to healthy controls we investigated PG expression as well as changes in expression on a glomerular level [1]. Secondly, we investigated how gd-IgA1 affects the PG production of the cells in vitro using data from a previously published proteomic data set [1] as well as new in vivo experiments using real-time PCR as well as immunohistochemistry. To further explore the effects on PGs in IgAN, we employed a novel glycoproteomic approach that provides the combined characterization of GAG linkage regions and core protein identities in complex sample matrices.

RESULTS
We found 31 PGs to be expressed in the human glomeruli and of those 6 PGs were found to be significantly regulated in patients with IgAN. SDC1 (syndecan-1), was downregulated, while MXRA5 (matrix-remodeling associated 5), CD44 (CD44), TNC (tenascin C), FMOD (fibromodulin) and PRELP (PRELP) were up-regulated. The proteomic data set on mesangial cells treated with gd-IgA1 revealed that mesangial cells in vitro expressed 19 PGs and of those 10 were significantly regulated. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, glypican-1, agrin, aggrecan, versican, lumican, protein AMBP, tenascin, collagen alpha-1(VII) chain and laminin subunit alpha-4. All of the significantly regulated PGs had an increased expression, except aggrecan, which was down-regulated. An interesting finding from the glycoproteomic experiments was the identification of collagen VII as a novel PG carrying chondroitin GAG in mesangial cells. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed that gd-IgA1 treatment of mesangial cells does not lead to a total increase in GAGs, but rather to a switch from heparan sulfate to chondroitin sulfate GAGs.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study gives a comprehensive view of the PGs expressed by mesangial cells and their alterations in response to gd-IgA1 as part of the expansion of the mesangium in IgAN. The switch of heparan sulfate GAGs to chondroitin sulfate GAGs is an interesting finding but the role of this switch needs further investigation.