bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Linear City: illustrating the logic of spatial equilibrium
Authors: Batty Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLinear cities where activity is spread out along a transportation line, aim to offer the highest levels of accessibility to their adjacent populations as well as to the countryside. These city forms are popular amongst architects and planners in envisioning ideal cities but they are difficult to implement as they involve strict controls on development which often ignore human behaviour associated with where we locate and how we move. We briefly explore the history of these ideas, noting the latest proposal to build a 170 km city calledNeomin north west Saudi Arabia, a plan that has attracted considerable criticism for its apparent ignorance of how actual cities grow and evolve. We use a standard model of human mobility based on gravitational principles to define a set of equilibrium conditions that illustrate how a theoretical city on a line would, without any controls, successively adapt to such a new equilibrium. First, we represent the city on a line, showing how its population moves to an equilibrium along the line, and then we generalise this to a bigger two-dimensional space where the original line cutting across the grid evolves as populations maximise their accessibility over the entire space. In this two-dimensional world, we simulate different forms that reflect a balance of centralising versus decentralising forces, showing the power of such equilibria in destroying any idealised form. This approach informs our thinking about how far idealised future cities can depart from formal plans of the kind that the linear city imposes.
Linking Synoptic Patterns to Cloud Properties and Local Circulations Over Southeastern Texas
Authors: Wang Dié , Jensen Michael P. , Taylor Domenic , Kowalski Grace , Hogan Marcie , Wittemann Brian M. , Rakotoarivony Amanda , Giangrande Scott E. , Park J. Minnie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study classifies meteorological regimes in the southeastern Texas region to identify environmental conditions that favor sea‐breeze induced convection. The classification is accomplished using a Self‐Organizing Map (SOM) approach. We applied SOM to 10 years of 700‐hPa geopotential height anomalies during the summer months from reanalysis data to distinguish three dominant synoptic regimes, with a continuum of transitional states between those. The primary regimes include: (a) a pre‐trough regime associated with a synoptic trough, (b) a post‐trough regime with upper‐level northerly flow, and (c) an anticyclonic regime within the westward extent of the Bermuda High. We project the data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite and the Next Generation Weather Radar system onto each SOM node to investigate the characteristics of cloud and precipitation properties in different regimes. When southeastern Texas is positioned to the southwest quadrant of a maritime high pressure system, an increased cloud frequency is observed over the region during the afternoon hours due to significant moisture advection. A confluence of synoptic southerly flow and sea‐breeze circulation commonly occurs in this regime. When a high pressure system is over southeastern Texas, the area is dominated by large‐scale subsidence with weak pressure gradients and moderate precipitable water vapor. This weak synoptic forcing is favorable for the formation of a sea‐breeze circulation. This is confirmed by an enhanced onshore flow and a decreased temperature at the surface in the early afternoon, as well as a sharp increase in radar echo top height.
Early Eocene Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation: The Roles of Atmospheric Forcing and Strait Geometry
Authors: Zhang Yurui , de Boer Agatha M. , Lunt Daniel J. , Hutchinson David K. , Ross Phoebe , van de Flierdt Tina , Sexton Philip , Coxall Helen K. , Steinig Sebastian , Ladant Jean‐Baptiste , Zhu Jiang , Donnadieu Yannick , Zhang Zhongshi , Chan Wing‐Le , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Niezgodzki Igor , Lohmann Gerrit , Knorr Gregor , Poulsen Christopher J. , Huber Matt 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHere, we compare the ocean overturning circulation of the early Eocene (47–56 Ma) in eight coupled climate model simulations from the Deep‐Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) and investigate the causes of the observed inter‐model spread. The most common global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) feature of these simulations is the anticlockwise bottom cell, fed by sinking in the Southern Ocean. In the North Pacific, one model (GFDL) displays strong deepwater formation and one model (CESM) shows weak deepwater formation, while in the Atlantic two models show signs of weak intermediate water formation (MIROC and NorESM). The location of the Southern Ocean deepwater formation sites varies among models and relates to small differences in model geometry of the Southern Ocean gateways. Globally, convection occurs in the basins with smallest local freshwater gain from the atmosphere. The global MOC is insensitive to atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 1× (i.e., 280 ppm) to 3× (840 ppm) pre‐industrial levels. Only two models have simulations with higher CO2 (i.e., CESM and GFDL) and these show divergent responses, with a collapsed and active MOC, respectively, possibly due to differences in spin‐up conditions. Combining the multiple model results with available proxy data on abyssal ocean circulation highlights that strong Southern Hemisphere‐driven overturning is the most likely feature of the early Eocene. In the North Atlantic, unlike the present day, neither model results nor proxy data suggest deepwater formation in the open ocean during the early Eocene, while the evidence for deepwater formation in the North Pacific remains inconclusive.
ICEBEAR‐3D: A Low Elevation Imaging Radar Using a Non‐Uniform Coplanar Receiver Array for E Region Observations
Authors: Lozinsky Adam , Hussey Glenn , McWilliams Kathryn , Huyghebaert Devin , Galeschuk Draven 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Ionospheric Continuous‐wave E region Bistatic Experimental Auroral Radar (ICEBEAR) has been reconfigured using a phase error minimization and stochastic antenna location perturbation technique. The resulting 45‐baseline sparse non‐uniform coplanar T‐shaped array, ICEBEAR‐3D, is used for aperture synthesis radar imaging of low elevation targets. The reconfigured receiver antenna array now has a field of view ±45° azimuth and 0°–45° elevation at 0.1° angular resolution. Within this field of view no aliasing occurs. Radar targets are imaged using the Suppressed Spherical Wave Harmonic Transform (Suppressed‐SWHT) technique. This imaging method uses precalculated constant coefficient matrices to solve the integral transform from visibility to brightness through direct matrix multiplication. The method then suppresses image artefacts (dirty beam) due to undersampling by combining brightness maps of differing harmonic order. Measuring elevation angles of targets at low elevations with radar interferometers has been a long standing problem. ICEBEAR‐3D elucidates the underlying misinterpretations of the conventional geometry for vertical interferometry especially for low elevation angles. The proper phase reference vertical interferometry geometry is given which allows radar interferometers to unambiguously measure elevation angles from zenith to horizon without special calibration. The receiver antenna array reconfiguration, Suppressed‐SWHT imaging technique, and proper geometry for vertical interferometry are validated by showing agreement of the meteor trail altitude distribution with numerous data sets from other radars.
An improved synthetic aperture radar‐scale invariant feature transform algorithm for interferometric imaging radar altimeter image registration
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Li Hao , Wang Zihao , Ye Kaile 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInterferometric imaging radar altimeter (InIRA) integrating synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is a new type of radar altimeter. InIRA will be widely adopted in marine scientific research and surface water topography measurements. Owing to the geometric distortion of InIRA images, there are difficulties in feature point extraction and matching, making InIRA registration challenging. Here, an improved SAR‐scale invariant feature transform (SIFT, SAR‐SIFT) algorithm is proposed to address these difficulties. First, a modified Harris non‐linear scale space is constructed using the Harris function and non‐linear scale space, and extracted the feature points according to the SAR‐SIFT algorithm. Second, the orbital parameters of InIRA are used to calculate the geographic coordinates of each feature point by Hermit interpolation. Subsequently, a geographic‐coordinate‐based method is proposed to match the feature points. The results show that the proposed algorithm gained more correct matches and improved the registration accuracy by 13% and 16.7% compared with the SIFT and SAR‐SIFT algorithms, respectively, and was 18% more time efficient than the SAR‐SIFT algorithm. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the SAR‐SIFT algorithm for InIRA image registration in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
Circuit modelling of aged‐polluted polymer insulators based on measured leakage current characteristics
Authors: Goudarzi Mohammad , Shahrtash Seyed Mohammad , Gholami Ahmad 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA new equivalent circuit model for aged‐polluted polymer outdoor insulators is proposed here. The structure of the model is constructed as such that it can be applied in investigating the effect of insulator aging and dry band discharge intensity on leakage current (LC) characteristics. To implement the capability of modelling aged insulators, the measured leakage currents from laboratory tests on field aged MV insulators with different level of aging and hydrophobicity were examined. Furthermore, the samples were artificially polluted and the corresponding measured leakage currents from laboratory tests were employed as references. The proposed circuit model can consider the effect of pollution by its topology and represents the aging phenomenon of insulator by the changes in the values of its elements. High similarity between test results and model outputs has confirmed model ability to represent aging effect on LC characteristics. Finally, mathematical equations for model parameters in terms of aging level are extracted using curve fitting, in order to predict the age and life‐time of polymer insulator.
Metabolite Identification of Huangqi Jianzhong Tang in Rat Urine and Feces after Oral Administration Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS
Authors: Jia Lu , Qin Xuemei , Liu Yuetao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHuangqi Jianzhong Tang (HQJZ), a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, is widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in China. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Exactive mass spectrometry was used to identify the metabolites in rat urine and feces after oral administration of HQJZ coupled with Compound Discover 3.0 software. The possible metabolic pathways were calculated and deduced based on 71 previous detected prototype compounds. As results, 88 compounds were identified in urine and feces, respectively. In urine sample, we identified 20 prototype compounds and 68 related metabolites. Meanwhile, a total of 21 prototype compounds and 67 related metabolites were identified in feces. Among them, flavonoids and saponins were the main ingredients in vivo. Further, we also speculated that HQJZ experienced oxidation, reduction, acetylation, methylation and glucuronic acid reaction in urine and feces. This study established a reliable method for the detection of prototype components and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines, which would provide helpful information for further research into the active substances of HQJZ.
Tricuspid and mitral remodelling in atrial fibrillation: a three-dimensional echocardiographic study
Authors: Ortiz-Leon Xochitl A , Posada-Martinez Edith L , Trejo-Paredes Maria C , Ivey-Miranda Juan B , Pereira Jason , Crandall Ian , DaSilva Paul , Bouman Eileen , Brooks Alyssa , Gerardi Christine , Houle Helene , Hur David J , Lin Ben A , McNamara Robert L , Lombo-Lievano Bernardo , Akar Joseph G , Arias-Godinez Jose A , Sugeng Lissa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with atrial enlargement, mitral annulus (MA) and tricuspid annulus (TA) dilation, and atrial functional regurgitation (AFR). However, less is known about the impact of AF on both atrioventricular valves in those with normal and abnormal ventricular function. We aimed to compare the remodelling of the TA and MA in patients with non-valvular AF without significant AFR.

Methods and results
Ninety-two patients referred for transoesophageal echocardiography were included and categorized into three groups: (i) AF with normal left ventricular (LV) function (Normal LV-AF), n = 36; (ii) AF with LV systolic dysfunction (LVSD-AF), n = 29; and (iii) Controls in sinus rhythm, n = 27. Three-dimensional MA and TA geometry were analysed using automated software. In patients with AF regardless of LV function, the MA and TA areas were larger compared with controls (LVSD-AF vs. Normal LV-AF vs. Controls, end-systolic MA: 5.2 ± 1.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.7 vs. 3.9 ± 0.7 cm2/m2; end-systolic TA: 5.6 ± 1.3 vs. 5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 4.1 ± 0.7 cm2/m2; P &lt; 0.05 for each comparison with Controls). TA and MA areas were not statistically different between the two AF groups. The TA increase over controls was greater than that of the MA in the Normal LV-AF group (27.7% vs. 15.6%, P = 0.041). Conversely, in the LVSD-AF group, MA and TA increased similarly (35.9% vs. 32.4%, P = 0.660).

Conclusion
Patients with AF showed dilation of both TA and MA compared with patients in sinus rhythm. In patients with normal LV function, AF was associated with greater TA dilation than MA dilation whereas in patients with LVSD the TA and MA were equally dilated.
Cordycepin exhibits anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects against gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice
Authors: Kong Wenjie , Liu Weidong , Wang Man , Hui Wenjia , Feng Yan , Lu Jiajie , Miranbieke Buya , Liu Huan , Gao Feng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the dominant members of gastric microbiota associated with gastritis. Chronic H. pylori colonization may yield detrimental consequences, including mucosal layer atrophy, gastritis, and gastric cancer. The traditional antibiotic treatment might result in antibiotic resistance. To overcome this obstacle, this study aims to investigate the potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin on mice infected with H. pylori. A mouse model of H. pylori infection was established. The expression levels of target genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, or ELISA. The infiltrated Th17 cell population was determined by flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrated that the administration of cordycepin exhibited up to 3-fold antibacterial effect against H. pyloriin vivo. Cordycepin treatment resulted in around 50% inflammatory cytokine production (e.g. IL-6 and IL-1β) and about 60% immune cell infiltration (e.g. Th17 cells) when compared to vehicle control group. Thus, we confirmed that cordycepin conferred antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on H. pylori-infected mice. Cordycepin may serve as a potential candidate for developing a therapeutic regimen for H. pylori-induced gastritis.
A systematic review of scope and quality of health economic evaluations conducted in Ethiopia
Authors: Erku Daniel , Mersha Amanual G , Ali Eskinder Eshetu , Gebretekle Gebremedhin B , Wubishet Befikadu L , Kassie Gizat Molla , Mulugeta Anwar , Mekonnen Alemayehu B , Eshetie Tesfahun C , Scuffham Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There has been an increased interest in health technology assessment and economic evaluations for health policy in Ethiopia over the last few years. In this systematic review, we examined the scope and quality of healthcare economic evaluation studies in Ethiopia. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINHAL, Econlit, York CRD databases and CEA Tufts) from inception to May 2021 to identify published full health economic evaluations of a health-related intervention or programme in Ethiopia. This was supplemented with forward and backward citation searches of included articles, manual search of key government websites, the Disease Control Priorities-Ethiopia project and WHO-CHOICE programme. The quality of reporting of economic evaluations was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. The extracted data were grouped into subcategories based on the subject of the economic evaluation, organized into tables and reported narratively. This review identified 34 full economic evaluations conducted between 2009 and 2021. Around 14 (41%) of studies focussed on health service delivery, 8 (24%) on pharmaceuticals, vaccines and devices, and 4 (12%) on public-health programmes. The interventions were mostly preventive in nature and focussed on communicable diseases (n = 19; 56%) and maternal and child health (n = 6; 18%). Cost-effectiveness ratios varied widely from cost-saving to more than US $37 313 per life saved depending on the setting, perspectives, types of interventions and disease conditions. While the overall quality of included studies was judged as moderate (meeting 69% of CHEERS checklist), only four out of 27 cost-effectiveness studies characterized heterogeneity. There is a need for building local technical capacity to enhance the design, conduct and reporting of health economic evaluations in Ethiopia.
MdMYB10 affects nitrogen uptake and reallocation by regulating the nitrate transporter MdNRT2.4-1 in red-fleshed apple
Authors: Liu Xin , Liu Hao-Feng , Li Hong-Liang , An Xiu-Hong , Song Lai-Qing , You Chun-Xiang , Zhao Ling-Ling , Tian Yi , Wang Xiao-Fei 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Nitrate is the major nitrogen source for higher plants. In addition to serving as a nutrient, it is also a signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and development. Although membrane-bound nitrate transporter/peptide transporters (NRT/PTRs) have been extensively studied and shown to regulate nitrate uptake and movement, little is known about how these factors are regulated by the external nitrogen environment. Red-fleshed apple, whose coloration is determined by the transcription factor MdMYB10, had higher nitrate uptake efficiency than non-red-fleshed apple. Nitrate assimilation and utilization were higher in red-fleshed apple cultivars, and comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes encoding the NRT2s was increased in red-fleshed apple. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that MdMYB10 directly bound to the MdNRT2.4-1 promoter to transcriptionally activate its expression, resulting in enhanced nitrate uptake. MdMYB10 also controlled nitrate reallocation from old leaves to new leaves through MdNRT2.4-1. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which MdMYB10 controls nitrate uptake and reallocation in apple, which facilitates adaptation to a low-nitrogen environment.
The transcription factor complex CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 modulates carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating the carotenogenic gene CmCCD4a-2 in chrysanthemum
Authors: Lu Chenfei , Qu Jiaping , Deng Chengyan , Liu Fangye , Zhang Fan , Huang He , Dai Silan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most important pigments for the coloring of many plants, fruits, and flowers. Recently, significant progress has been made in carotenoid metabolism. However, our specific understanding of the transcriptional regulation that controls the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes remains extremely limited. Anemone-type chrysanthemums, a special group of chrysanthemum cultivars, contain elongated disc florets in the capitulum that usually differ in color from the ray florets because of their different carotenoid contents. In this study, the carotenoid composition and content of ray and disc florets from the anemone-type chrysanthemum cultivar “Dong Li Fen Gui” were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS), and the key structural gene CmCCD4a-2, whose differential expression resulted in different carotenoid contents in these two types of florets, was identified. The promoter sequence of CmCCD4a-2 was then used as bait to screen a chrysanthemum flower cDNA library, and the transcription factors (TFs) CmAP3 and CmUIF1 were identified. Y2H, BiFC, and Y3H experiments demonstrated that these two TFs were connected by CmPI to form a CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex. This TF complex regulated carotenoid metabolism by directly activating the expression of CmCCD4a-2. A large number of target genes regulated directly by the CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex, including carotenoid biosynthetic genes, flavonoid biosynthetic genes, and flower development-related genes, were identified by DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq). This result indicated that the CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex may participate in multiple processes. These findings expand our knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolism in plants and will be helpful for manipulating carotenoid accumulation in chrysanthemum.
Genomic insights into longan evolution from a chromosome-level genome assembly and population genomics of longan accessions
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Jianguang , Li Zaiyuan , Liu Bo , Zhang Lili , Guo Dongliang , Huang Shilian , Qian Wanqiang , Guo Li 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Longan (Dimocarpus longan) is a subtropical fruit tree best known for its nutritious fruit and regarded as a valuable tonic and traditional medicine since ancient times. A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly is valuable for functional genomic study and genetic improvement of longan. Here, we report a chromosome-level reference genome sequence for the longan cultivar JDB. The assembled genome is 455.5 Mb in size and anchored to fifteen chromosomes, representing a significant improvement in contiguity (contig N50 = 12.1 Mb, scaffold N50 = 29.5 Mb) over a previous draft assembly. A total of 40 420 protein-coding genes were predicted in the D. longan genome. Synteny analysis suggests that longan shares the widespread gamma event with core eudicots but has no other whole genome duplications. Comparative genomics showed that the D. longan genome experienced significant expansions of UDP-glucosyltransferase and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related gene families. Deep genome sequencing analysis of longan cultivars identified longan biogeography as a major contributing factor to its genetic diversity and revealed clear population admixture and introgression among cultivars of different geographic origins, suggesting a likely migration trajectory of longan that is confirmed by existing historical records. Finally, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of longan cultivars identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for six different fruit quality traits and revealed a shared QTL that contained three genes for total soluble solids and seed weight. The chromosome-level reference genome assembly, annotation, and population genetic resources for D. longan will facilitate the molecular studies and breeding of desirable longan cultivars in the future.