bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The functional basis for variable antipredatory behavioral strategies in the chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus
Authors: Drown Rachel M. , Liebl Andrea L. , Anderson Christopher V. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
To counterbalance demands of different selective pressures, many species possess morphological, physiological and behavioral specializations that increase survival in their environments. Predation is one such pressure that can elicit multiple adaptive responses, and the effectiveness of antipredator behaviors likely vary both by environment and individual across time. Chameleons use multiple antipredator strategies, many of which vary with body size and habitat type. Although their unique morphological and physiological traits produce relatively slow locomotion, which is poorly suited for fleeing, chameleons can also use crypsis or aggression to avoid predation. To examine the functional basis for variable antipredator behavioral responses, we subjected chameleons to a series of mock predation trials and determined how often individuals adopted each antipredator strategy, and then quantified the performance capacities underlying each strategy. In particular, we measured bite force as a determinant for aggression, sprint velocity for fleeing, and degree of color change for crypsis. We found that aggression was predicted by traits associated with higher absolute and relative bite force, as well as habitat type; fleeing was predicted by higher normalized sprint velocity and habitat type; and crypsis was predicted by habitat type, color change capacity in bird color space and the interaction between the two. These results illustrate the importance of considering both functional capacity and environmental context in antipredator behavior decision-making.
Controlling the Movability and Excimer Formation of Functional Organic Molecules
Authors: Akai Ryota , Oka Kouki , Nishida Ryunosuke , Tohnai Norimitsu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An excimer is an excited dimer complex made of two π-conjugated fluorophore molecules such that one is in the ground, and the other in the excited state. In the solid state, the intensity of the excimer emission, which is mainly caused by the formation of the excited dimer, heavily depends on the movability of the excited π-conjugated molecule. In this study, we report that organic salts composed of disulfonic acid with a common π-conjugated molecule, 2,2′-bithiophene (BT), can act as functional excimer moieties, while linear alkylamines may be used as arrangement-controlling moieties. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of the excimer emission can be drastically changed by fixing the BT moiety, which can be achieved via the interaction of the alkyl groups (i.e., the anchor effect). The experimental relationship between the movability of the π-conjugated molecule and the intensity of the excimer emission was revealed without changing the structure and arrangement of the functional organic molecules in the solid state.
Fabrication of Ru-dye-sensitized Photoanodes Composed of a Prussian White-Prussian Blue Heterojunction toward Water Oxidation
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Otsuka Hiroki , Yoshida Masaki , Kato Masako 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A novel water oxidation photoanode composed of a phosphonate-functionalized Ru(II) dye (RuP), Prussian white analogue hole mediator, K2Cd[Ru(CN)6] (PWA), and Prussian blue analogue water oxidation catalyst K2xCo3−x[Fe(CN)6]2·nH2O (PBA), was fabricated on a TiO2 electrode surface. The catalytic activity of PBA was successfully retained after the formation of the heterojunction with PWA. The photo-induced charge-separation efficiency at the TiO2|RuP interface was improved by PBA layering.
Review of Injury Patterns of the 2018 Bank of America Chicago Marathon to Optimize Medical Planning
Authors: Rygiel Valerie , Labrador Hallie , Jaworski Carrie A. , Chiampas George 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Medical planning for a marathon requires an understanding of the volumes and types of injuries experienced by runners during a race. This chart review of medical records from the 2018 Bank of America Chicago Marathon (N = 1016) measured volume and types of injuries at the race aid stations to determine the impact that race distance has on medical resource utilization. The type and volume of each injured runner diagnosis was compared between quartiles of the race using a chisquare analysis. The most common presenting complaints were musculoskeletal (MSK), followed by medical/other, and then wound care. The proportion of MSK complaints increased over the course of the race, whereas the percentage of medical and wound care complaints was highest at the finish line tents. Understanding the expected volume and type of injuries along the course of a race optimizes medical planning and leads to better utilization of resources and staff.
ACSM-AMSSM Call to Action: Adapting Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Baggish Aaron L. , Chang Cindy J. , Drezner Jonathan A. , Harmon Kimberly G. , Kraus William E. , Matuszak Jason , Wasfy Meagan M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Preparticipation cardiovascular screening, designed to identify cardiovascular pathology responsible for sudden unexpected death, is recommended by all major professional medical organizations overseeing the clinical care of competitive athletes. Data from several large, prospective, cohort studies indicate that cardiac imaging findings consistent with inflammatory heart disease following COVID-19 infection are more common than most forms of heart disease associated with sudden death during exercise. This call-to-action document is intended to provide recommendations about how routine preparticipation cardiovascular screening for young competitive athletes — which has the capacity to detect both COVID-19 cardiovascular complications and pathology unrelated to infection — should be altered to account for recent scientific advances.
A Physical Activity Intervention in Older African Americans: The PAACE Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: NEWTON ROBERT L. , BEYL ROBBIE , HEBERT CALLIE , HARRIS MELISSA , CARTER LEAH , GAHAN WILLIAM , CARMICHAEL OWEN 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Older African Americans have low levels of physical activity, which increases the risk of aging-related health conditions. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of, and satisfaction with, a community-engaged physical activity intervention targeting older African Americans.

Methods
Fifty-six older African Americans were randomized to a successful aging group (SAG) or a physical activity group (PAG) for 12 wk. The PAG consisted of two weekly group exercise sessions and two to three home-based exercise sessions per week. The SAG consisted of weekly group educational sessions related to various aspects of healthy aging. Physical activity was measured by ActiGraph accelerometers and the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Activities Questionnaire in both groups, and a Fitbit was continuously worn by PAG participants.

Results
Group session attendance was 93% and 86% in the PAG and SAG, respectively. The increase in ActiGraph-derived steps per day (1085.3 ± 265.6 vs 34.7 ± 274.3; P = 0.008) and daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; 6.2 ± 1.6 vs 0.3 ± 1.7; d = 0.68; P = 0.01), and self-reported Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Activities Questionnaire MVPA bouts (3.5 ± 0.77 vs 0.33 ± 0.79; P < 0.001) were significantly greater within the PAG than the SAG. ActiGraph-derived minutes of daily MVPA and steps as well as Fitbit-derived steps per day were significantly greater on days when PAG participants engaged in group sessions compared with days when they self-reported home-based exercise or no exercise (P < 0.016). Participants in both study arms reported high levels of satisfaction (>4- on 5-point Likert scale).

Conclusions
The intervention increased physical activity, was well attended, and resulted in high satisfaction. Future studies should assess long-term sustainability in this population.
Diagnostic performance of DCE-MRI, multiparametric MRI and multimodality imaging for discrimination of breast non-mass-like enhancement lesions
Authors: Zang Hui , Liu Hong-li , Zhu Li-yu , Wang Xiao , Wei Liang-min , Lou Jian-juan , Zou Qi-gui , Wang Si-qi , Wang Shou-ju , Jiang Yan-ni 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI, multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), and multimodality imaging (MMI) combining mpMRI and mammography (MG) for discriminating breast non-mass-like enhancement (NME) lesions.

Methods:
This retrospective study enrolled 193 patients with 199 lesions who underwent 3.0 T MRI and MG from January 2017 to December 2019. The features of DCE-MRI, turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) were assessed by two breast radiologists. Then, all lesions were divided into microcalcification and non-microcalcification groups to assess the features of MG. Comparisons were performed between groups using univariate analyses. Then, multivariate analyses were performed to construct diagnostic models for distinguishing NME lesions. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by using the area under the curve (AUC) and the differences between AUCs were evaluated by using the DeLong test.

Results:
Overall (n = 199), mpMRI outperformed DCE-MRI alone (AUCmpMRI = 0.924 vs. AUCDCE-MRI = 0.884; p = 0.007). Furthermore, MMI outperformed both mpMRI and MG (the microcalcification group [n = 140]: AUCMMI = 0.997 vs. AUCmpMRI = 0.978, p = 0.018 and AUCMMI = 0.997 vs. AUCMG = 0.912, p &lt; 0.001; the non-microcalcification group [n = 59]: AUCMMI = 0.857 vs. AUCmpMRI = 0.768, p = 0.044 and AUCMMI = 0.857 vs. AUCMG = 0.759, p = 0.039).

Conclusion & advances in knowledge:
DCE-MRI combined with DWI and TIRM information could improve the diagnostic performance for discriminating NME lesions compared with DCE-MRI alone. Furthermore, MMI combining mpMRI and MG showed better discrimination than both mpMRI and MG.
Salvaging low contrast abdominal CT studies using noise-optimised virtual monoenergetic image reconstruction
Authors: Mahmoudi Scherwin , Lange Marvin , Lenga Lukas , Yel Ibrahim , Koch Vitali , Booz Christian , Martin Simon , Bernatz Simon , Vogl Thomas , Albrecht Moritz , Scholtz Jan-Erik 
Published: May 2022

Objectives: To assess the impact of noise-optimised virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI+) on image quality and diagnostic evaluation in abdominal dual-energy CT scans with impaired portal-venous contrast. Methods: We screened 11,746 patients who underwent portal-venous abdominal dual-energy CT for cancer staging between 08/2014 and 11/2019 and identified those with poor portal-venous contrast. Standard linearly-blended image series and VMI+ image series at 40, 50, and 60 keV were reconstructed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of abdominal organs and vascular structures were calculated. Image noise, image contrast and overall image quality were rated by three radiologists using 5-point Likert scale. Results: 452 of 11,746 (4%) exams were poorly opacified. We excluded 190 cases due to incomplete datasets or multiple exams of the same patient with a final study group of 262. Highest CNR values in all abdominal organs (liver, 6.4 ± 3.0; kidney, 17.4 ± 7.5; spleen, 8.0 ± 3.5) and vascular structures (aorta, 16.0 ± 7.3; intrahepatic vein, 11.3 ± 4.7; portal vein, 15.5 ± 6.7) were measured at 40 keV VMI+ with significantly superior values compared to all other series. In subjective analysis, highest image contrast was seen at 40 keV VMI+ (4.8 ± 0.4), whereas overall image quality peaked at 50 keV VMI+ (4.2 ± 0.5) with significantly superior results compared to all other series (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Image reconstruction using VMI+ algorithm at 50 keV significantly improves image contrast and image quality of originally poorly opacified abdominal CT scans and reduces the number of non-diagnostic scans. Advances in knowledge: We validated the impact of VMI+ reconstructions in poorly attenuated DECT studies of the abdomen in a big data cohort.
Clinicoradiological spectrum of primary aneurysmal bone cysts of the maxillofacial region: A series of 31 cases
Authors: Smit Chané , Robinson Liam , Roman Tager Elena , Roza Ana Luiza Oliveira Corrêa , Rocha André Caroli , Santos-Silva Alan Roger , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Romañach Mário José , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Carlos Román , van Heerden Willie FP 
Published: May 2022

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to analyse the demographic, clinical and radiological features of primary aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) involving the maxillofacial region. Methods: Histologically confirmed cases affecting the maxillofacial region were retrospectively reviewed over a 21-year period (2000–2021). Cases were collected from the archives of five Oral Pathology laboratories from three countries: South Africa, Guatemala and Brazil. The information was analysed, with emphasis on the clinical and radiological spectrum. Results: Following the inclusion criteria, a total of 31 cases of primary ABCs were included in the study. A nearly equal male-to-female distribution was seen, with ABCs occurring in males at an earlier age compared to females. Localised swelling was the main clinical presentation. ABCs had a mandibular predominance, particularly in the posterior regions. All ABCs presented as blow-out expansile well-demarcated radiolucent lesions with the majority having a multilocular appearance. Cortical expansion was seen in 91% of cases with loss of cortical integrity being common (78%). Conclusion: Primary ABCs involving the maxillofacial region are extremely rare with the majority of current published literature consisting of isolated case reports. The current study is the first large series detailing the radiological features.
Thank Martin Luther that ciprofloxacin could cure your gonorrhoea? Ecological association between Protestantism and antimicrobial consumption in 30 European countries
Authors: Kenyon Chris , Fatti Geoffrey 
Published: May 2022

Background:Higher consumption of antimicrobials plays an important role in driving the higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Southern compared to Northern Europe. Poor controls on corruption (CoC), high uncertainty avoidance (UA) and performance vs. cooperation orientation (POCO) of societies have been found to explain much of this higher consumption in Southern European countries. We hypothesized that these predictors were in turn influenced by the Protestant Reformation in the 16thcentury onwards.Methods:We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the relationships between country-level proportions being Protestant, CoC, UA, POCO and four markers of antimicrobial consumption in the community (all antibacterials, cephalosporin, macrolides and fluoroquinolones).Results:The proportion of a country that was Protestant was negatively correlated with the consumption of all antibacterials. SEM revealed that UA predicted all antibacterial consumption (direct effect coef. 0.15, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.04-0.26). The proportion Protestant exerted an indirect effect on consumption (coef. -0.13, 95% CI -0.21- -0.05). This effect was mediated predominantly via its effect on UA (direct effect coef. 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.26). The model explained 37% of the variation in consumption. Similar results were obtained for each of the other three classes of antimicrobials investigated.Conclusions:Our results are compatible with the theory that contemporary differences in antimicrobial consumption in Europe stem in part from cultural differences that emerged in the Reformation. These findings may explain the differential efficacy of similar antibiotic stewardship campaigns in Northern and Southern European populations.
A longitudinal analysis comparing the proportion of children with excess weight before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Santorelli Gillian , Wright John , Cooper Duncan , Lennon Laura , Muckle Sarah , West Jane 
Published: May 2022

Background: The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) reported an increase in the prevalence of children in Reception (4-5 years) and Year 6 (10-11 years) with overweight/obesity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compared to the previous year. This prompted us to conduct a longitudinal analysis to compare weight status before and during the pandemic. Methods: We compared the change in overweight/obesity status of children in Year 1 (Y1) (during the pandemic) who had also been measured as part of the NCMP in Reception (the year before the pandemic), with the change in a sample of children during a two-year ‘pre-pandemic’ period. Results: Overweight/obesity increased by 1.2% to 24.8% (p=0.582) between Reception and Y1 in the pre-pandemic group and by 5.4% to 28.5% (p=0.002) in the pandemic group. This was mainly driven by an increase in the proportion of overweight boys in the pandemic group (22% to 30%) compared to the pre-pandemic group rates (~24% at both time-points). Rates in girls increased by 2.0% to 24.8% in the pre-pandemic group and by 3.3% to 27.6% in the pandemic group. A higher proportion of Reception-aged White children in the pre-pandemic group were overweight/obese compared to the pandemic group, but by Y1 the rates were higher in the pandemic group. In children of South Asian (SA) heritage, the proportion with excess weight in Reception was 18.3% in the pre-pandemic group, increasing to 21.6% by Y1. The increase was substantially higher in the pandemic group of SA children, with an increase from 22.9% in Reception to 30.3% by Y1. Conclusions: We observed a marked increase in the proportion of children with an unhealthy body mass index (BMI) during the first year of the pandemic, suggesting that the societal disruptions caused by lockdown may have adversely affected children’s diet and levels of physical activity.
A Casino Gambling Model Under Cumulative Prospect Theory: Analysis and Algorithm
Authors: Hu Sang , Obłój Jan , Zhou Xun Yu 
Published: May 2022

We develop an approach to solve the Barberis casino gambling model [Barberis N (2012) A model of casino gambling. Management Sci. 58(1):35–51] in which a gambler whose preferences are specified by the cumulative prospect theory (CPT) must decide when to stop gambling by a prescribed deadline. We assume that the gambler can assist their decision using independent randomization. The problem is inherently time inconsistent because of the probability weighting in CPT, and we study both precommitted and naïve stopping strategies. We turn the original problem into a computationally tractable mathematical program from which we devise an algorithm to compute optimal precommitted rules that are randomized and Markovian. The analytical treatment enables us to confirm the economic insights of Barberis for much longer time horizons and to make additional predictions regarding a gambler’s behavior, including that, with randomization, a gambler may enter the casino even when allowed to play only once and that it is prevalent that a naïf never stops loss. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance. Funding: The first author acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 11901494] and Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province [Grant 2019A1515011396]. The second author gratefully acknowledges support from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme/European Research Council [ERC Starting Grant RobustFinMath 335421]. The third author gratefully acknowledges financial support through start-up grants at both the University of Oxford and Columbia University, as well as through the Oxford–Nie Laboratory for Financial Big Data and the Nie Center for Intelligent Asset Management. Supplemental Material: Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4414 .
Optimistic Posterior Sampling for Reinforcement Learning: Worst-Case Regret Bounds
Authors: Agrawal Shipra , Jia Randy 
Published: May 2022

We present an algorithm based on posterior sampling (aka Thompson sampling) that achieves near-optimal worst-case regret bounds when the underlying Markov decision process (MDP) is communicating with a finite, although unknown, diameter. Our main result is a high probability regret upper bound of [Formula: see text] for any communicating MDP with S states, A actions, and diameter D. Here, regret compares the total reward achieved by the algorithm to the total expected reward of an optimal infinite-horizon undiscounted average reward policy in time horizon T. This result closely matches the known lower bound of [Formula: see text]. Our techniques involve proving some novel results about the anti-concentration of Dirichlet distribution, which may be of independent interest. Funding: This work was supported in part by an NSF CAREER award [CMMI 1846792] awarded to author S. Agrawal.
Knowledge, attitude and practice towards kangaroo mother care among postnatal women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gebeyehu Natnael Atnafu , Gelaw Kelemu Abebe , Azeze Gedion Asnake , Admass Biruk Adie , Lake Eyasu Alem , Adela Getachew Asmare 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundKangaroo mother care is a key procedure in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with preterm birth. In Ethiopia, neonatal death remains a serious problem, and this study aims to determine the prevalence of the knowledge, attitudes and practice of kangaroo mother care among Ethiopia women.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EMBASE and the Ethiopian University online library were searched. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analysed using STATA statistical software (v. 11). Publication bias was checked by forest plot, Begg’s rank test and Egger’s regression test. To look for heterogeneity, I2were computed and an overall estimated analysis carried out. Subgroup analysis was done by region, study setting, publication, gestational age, birth weight and component of kangaroo care. The Joanna Briggs Institute risk of bias assessment tool was used. We carried out a leave one out sensitivity analysis.ResultsOut of 273 articles retrieved, 16 studies met the eligibility criteria and are thus included in this study. Those 16 studies had a total of 12,345 respondents who reported kangaroo mother practice, with five (comprising 1,232 participants combined) reporting that both knowledge and attitude were used to determine the overall estimation. The pooled estimates of good knowledge, positive attitude and poor practice of kangaroo mother care were found to be 64.62% (95% CI: 47.15%–82.09%; I2= 97.8%), 61.55% (49.73%–73.38%; I2= 94.8%) and 45.7% (95% CI: 37.23%–54.09%; I2= 98.5%), respectively. This study is limited to postnatal women and does not take account their domestic partners or health providers.ConclusionThe findings revealed significant gaps in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of kangaroo mother care in Ethiopia when compared with other developing countries. Therefore, kangaroo mother care training to women, along with further studies on domestic partners and health providers.