bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imunne system and schyzophrenia
Authors: Almeida A. , Teixeira T. , Quarenta J. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionSchizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the world population, having a devastating impact not only in patients but in all society. As a result, it has been subject of extensive investigation and the presence of certain genes was associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. However, the presence of these genes is not sufficient, therefore, other factors are necessarily involved.Observation of the association between schizophrenia and inflammatory states of the Central Nervous System led to the hypothesis that a dysfunction of the immune system may play a central role in this process.ObjectivesIn this work we intend to make a brief review of the existing literature related to the immunological theory of schizophrenia.MethodsA bibliographic research was conducted in Medline library using the following terms: “schizophrenia and immune system”; “schizophrenia and inflammation” and “schizophrenia and neuroinflammation”.ResultsThe survey results reveal increasing evidence of the key role of the immune system in schizophrenia. Several studies show benefits of treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs in patients at an early stage of the disease. In the same way, it was verified that pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines influence glutamatergic transmission and tryptophan metabolism. Furthermore, the decrease in microglial activity appears to have a beneficial effect on schizophrenia.ConclusionsFuture will say if neuroimmunology mechanisms are primary or a secondary consequence in Schizophrenia. Recent discoveries in this area are encouraging and open the possibility of new therapeutic targets and new therapeutic approaches to this disease.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Conversion or inflammation?
Authors: Rodriguez Rodriguez L. , Gordillo Montaño M.J. , Boned Torres S.V. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionAutoimmune encephalitis are inflammatory diseases of the CNS mediated by antibodies that attack neurotransmitter receptors or proteins on the surface of neurons, usually in the limbic system. The clinic is different according to the antineuronal Ac involved.ObjectivesTo make a correct differential diagnosis between autoimmune encephalitis and primary psychiatric pathologies that may be similar in symptoms through a complete study of the patient including anamnesis, physical examination, imaging tests, cerebrospinal fluid and serum studies.MethodsDescription of a clinical case. A 31-year-old female patient, with no previous history of interest, was brought to the emergency department for a suspected seizure. The previous days she had presented emotional lability, difficulty in concentration and reading, blurred vision, confusion and hemicranial headache. Two days later she returned to the emergency room for insomnia, dysarthria, difficulty in reading, comprehension, naming, and excessive rumination of her problems. Incoherent and repetitive language. The Emergency service requested to rule out a conversive disorder.ResultsNeuropsychiatric manifestations (anxiety, depression, behavioral disturbances, insomnia, memory deficits, psychomotor agitation, mania, auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions) are the first symptom in 70% of autoimmune encephalitis due to anti-NMDA antibodies and usually respond poorly to psychiatric treatment, making the treatment of the primary cause necessary for the remission of these symptoms.ConclusionsGiven their increasing recognition and prevalence, autoimmune causes should always be taken into account in behavioral changes, cognitive or consciousness impairment of subacute installation, especially in young patients and once infectious, metabolic and vascular causes have been ruled out with an appropriate complementary study.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
NIRS Hemodynamic Response to Methylphenidate in Children with Attention Aeficit Hyperactivity Disorder: First Administration, Titration Phase and Associations with Clinical Severity
Authors: Crippa A. , Grazioli S. , Rosi E. , Mauri M. , Villa F. , Maggioni E. , Diwadkar V. , Brambilla P. , Pozzi M. , Molteni M. , Nobile M. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by lack of self-regulation and deficits in organizing behaviors in response to emotional stimuli. Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most effective psychostimulant drugs for ADHD, however, a possible predictive utility of brain hemodynamic data related to MPH administration and its relation to clinical symptomatology is still not clear. To address these questions, we used Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, a non-invasive optical technique that allows to investigate the effect of psychopharmacological treatment on cortical hemodynamics.MethodsTwenty children with ADHD underwent a three-waves study and 25 healthy controls were recruited at W1. At W2 children with ADHD received first MPH administration and at W3 they reached the titration phase. At each phase children performed - during NIRS recording - an emotional continuous performance task with visual stimuli of different emotional content. Clinical data were also collected at W1 and W3. We investigated the relationship among the difference between NIRS activation at W2 and W1 (Delta1) and W3 and W2 (Delta2), for each subject, task condition and brain region. Lastly, we investigated correlations between the Delta1 and clinical symptomatology indexes at W1 and between Delta2 and clinical data at W3.ConclusionsOur study results suggest that hemodynamic changes in right prefrontal region probably induced by first MPH administration could predict hemodynamic changes related to MPH titration phase. These biological indexes could be associated to clinical evidences related not only to core ADHD symptoms but also to affective correlates.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Religious End-World delusion: psychopathological types
Authors: Gedevani E. , Kopeiko G. , Borisova O. , Orekhova P. , Kaleda V. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionDiagnostics of End-World delusion with religious content (EWDRC) is relevant due to its insufficient exploration, difficulty in differential diagnostics and social danger of the delusional behavior.ObjectivesTo develop a typology based on psychopathological and phenomenological features.MethodsSixty patients with EWDRC were examined. Psychopathological and statistical methods were applied.ResultsStudy of EWDRC found heterogeneity of clinical appearances. Two different types were identified: apocalyptic and eschatological. The apocalyptic type (51 patients, 85%) was characterized by prevalence of End-World ideas in an acute sensual delusion. Due to heterogeneity of delusion’s dynamics two subtypes were identified: - Subtype 1 (31 patients, 61%) was characterized with long period of development (changes in the stages) of different delusion’s types: delusion of perception, importance, staging, and the antagonistic one. Psychotic symptoms were quickly reduced with antipsychotic therapy. - Subtype 2 (20 patients, 39%) was characterized with rapid development of delusion’s stages up to oneiro-catatonic states which were hardly jugulated. Eschatological type (9 patients, 15%) was characterized by the systematized interpretive delusion with individual interpretation of apocalyptic signs. These states evolved within mixed forms of schizophrenia.ConclusionsThe analysis of EWDRC revealed the apocalyptic type’s acute course. Patients with the apocalyptic type have a premonition of upcoming End-World, and feel themselves engaged in it. The eschatological type is based on the systematized interpretive End-World delusion with “confirmations” found in everyday life. The results showed the high risk of the delusional behavior in patients with EWDRC which requires careful approach to the diagnostics and treatment of these conditions.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Individual differences in the experience of meta-mood and internalizing psychopathology
Authors: Yildirim D. , Vives J. , Ballespí S. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionEmotional competencies such as attention to emotion and emotional clarity have been extensively studied in the literature. Depending on the context, their role shows different patterns of association with emotion regulation and psychopathological states.ObjectivesIn the current study, we aim to understand when and how attention to emotion and emotional clarity are related to the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression.MethodsData were collected on attention to emotion, emotional clarity, anxiety, and depression. A sample of 258 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 14.6, SD = 1.7, 54.5% girls) was examined to investigate the moderating role of attention to emotion and emotional clarity on the relationship between anxiety and depression after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status.Resultsshowed that high levels of attention to emotion and low levels of emotional clarity were associated with increased risk for anxiety and depression. Balanced levels of attention to emotion and emotional clarity were also associated with increased risk for anxiety and depression. However, low levels of attention to emotion and high levels of emotional clarity showed no statistically significant association with the occurrence of anxiety and depression.ConclusionsOverall, this positive imbalance of low attention to emotion and high emotional clarity appears to be the most favorable emotional states for coping with internalizing problems, suggesting less harmful effects of attention to emotion.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Delusion of pregnancy : The role of prolactin
Authors: Jomli R. , Jemli H. , Ghabi H. , Zgueb Y. , Ouali U. , Aissa A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionA delusion of pregnancy is defined as a fixed false belief that one is pregnant in the absence of any evidence to support the pregnant state. Different mechanisms have been advanced to explain this phenomenon.ObjectivesHerein, we present a case of hyperprolactinemia with delusion of pregnancy during the use of Amisulpride.MethodsHerein, we present a case of hyperprolactinemia with delusion of pregnancy during the use of Amisulpride.ResultsThis case concerns a 39-year-old, divorced Tunisian woman with the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder,She has never been pregnant. She was taking Amisulpride at the dose of 400 mg per day with 100mg of Haldol Decanoate. In June 2021, she was admitted to our department as she expressed the thought that she was pregnant. No other psychotic symptoms were reported. There was no history of alcohol or illicit drug use. The physical examination was normal. The blood pregnancy test was negative. A measure of serum prolactin was performed and revealed a high prolactin level at 700 ng/ml. Amisulpride was discontinued. We then recorded the serum prolactin level at one month and then at three months after we stopped Amisulpride. We found that as her prolactin levels decreased her complaint of pregnancy also diminished. Actually, the patient has a normal level of prolactin and has no pregnancy delusion.ConclusionsClinicians should be aware that delusion of pregnancy in psychotic patients may be caused by side effects of the treatment. Monitoring of serum prolactin levels in patients under Amisulpride may help to improve the management of these patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Dealing with Psychotic Symptoms at Digital Distance
Authors: Gaebel W. 
Published: September 2022

The EPA Guidance on the Quality of eMental health interventions in the treatment of psychotic disorders (1), based on systematic literature review, found strong evidence that web- and mobile based interventions for people with schizophrenia and/or other psychotic disorders are feasible and acceptable both for patients and caregivers. There was moderate evidence that eMental health interventions may improve specific elements of mental healthcare processes, such as shared-decision-making, symptom monitoring, disease management, information provision, empowerment, and there was preliminary evidence that they may also improve outcomes by fostering symptom reduction and treatment adherence. E-mental health interventions hold promise to shape the future of mental healthcare delivery through increasing service accessibility, reducing stigma and self-stigma, and providing timely and flexible support to individuals with psychotic disorders and their caregivers. Nevertheless, it is important to also consider other aspects such as the lack of ethical guidelines and quality assurance mechanisms, and the need to analyse the legal frameworks about eMental health in different nations when developing and implementing eMental health interventions. We did not identify ethical guidelines or quality assurance systems specifically developed for eMental health interventions targeting people with psychotic disorders. E-mental health interventions are efficacious to increase mental health literacy. We also found preliminary evidence that eMental health interventions are efficacious to treat psychotic disorders. Recent overviews (2) are coming to similar conclusions. Future research needs to provide better controlled, sufficiently powered studies to provide definite answers to open questions. Gaebel et al., 2016, DOI 10.1007/s00406-016-0677-6 Donahue, Rodriguez, Shore, 2021, doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01242-yDisclosureNo significant relationships.
Clinical case of religious delusion in a combination of schizoaffective disorder and epilepsy
Authors: Gedevani E. , Kopeiko G. , Borisova O. , Iznak A. , Orekhova P. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionDespite existing observations of religious delusions in epilepsy in classical psychiatric literature, such clinical cases are rare in current practice.ObjectivesTo reveal features of disease progression, interference of combined mental pathology, treatment specifics, markers of possible harmful behavior.MethodsPsychopathological, Multichannel eyes closed resting EEG in interictal period.ResultsPatient N, 39 years old, manifested her illness at age 13 with affective bipolar disorder; phases lasted several months each. From age 19, rare recurrent generalized convulsive paroxysms preceded by an aura; non-convulsive paroxysms were observed. The patient was uncritical of paroxysms and discontinued anticonvulsive therapy. At age 29 and 30 she suffered two psychotic attacks (lasting several weeks) with sensory delusions of meaning, staging, persecution, megalomaniacal ideas of apocalyptic content (ideas that she was responsible for possible outbreak of nuclear war, coming of the Apocalypse, her son was the antichrist). Delusional behavior (tried to take the naked infant out into the cold, throwing him out of the window). Anticonvulsive therapy accompanied by antipsychotic medications. Schizoaffective disorder and epilepsy diagnosed. From age 35, acute psychotic attacks with apocalyptic delirium preceded by the same aura lasted maximum one day, followed by partial amnesia. Epileptiform polyspikes (up to 150 μV) registered in the right temporal-central EEG leads.ConclusionsPresence of religious delusion in combined schizoaffective disorder and epilepsy, requires special approach: combination of anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Religiosity of patient should be taken into account as well.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Parental Alienation Syndrome as a Consequence of Paranoid Contagion or Shared Psychosis
Authors: Ruiz-Tristan A. , Urricelqui J. , Gomez-De-Las-Heras V. , Crossley V. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionParental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) was proposed by Richard A. Gardner in 1985. It is assumed to occur in some distressing marriage break-ups, when a parent “brainwashes” his children so they reject the other parent in an unjustified way. But, is it the result of a conscious act as Gardner suggests? Or could it also appear as part of a shared psychosis?ObjectivesTo assess the possibility of the appearance of PAS as a consequence of paranoid contagion or shared psychosis.MethodsWe present the case of a 45-year-old patient and her 9-year-old daughter, who is allegedly assaulted by her father during visits, according to both. Mother and daughter continually request attention in the emergency department for this reason, with no obvious injuries. A bibliographic review is carried out on the PAS and shared psychosis. We compare the existing data with our case.ResultsA paranoid cognitive style is observed in the 45-year-old patient, and it is observed that her daughter stops rejecting the father when she spends time separated from her. The contagion of delirium is the nuclear mechanism of shared psychosis. It is known that children with PAS may have distorted memories and incorporate beliefs of others through suggestion. There is also an inverse relationship between the number of visits by the alienated parent and the undervaluation of the child. We have not found any studies linking shared psychosis with PAS.ConclusionsThe existing bibliography on PAS is scarce. The possibility of an existing paranoid contagion mechanism has not been addressed yet.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
That song in my head: a review on Musical Hallucinations
Authors: Ramalheira F. , Conde Moreno M. , Romão J. , Vieira S. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionHearing music inside our heads is frequent, however some hear it more vividly, constantly and involuntarily. Musical Hallucinations (MH), first described by Baillarger in 1846, are a complex type of auditory hallucination characterized by perception of melodies, music, or songs.ObjectivesThis work aims to review the literature considering MH.MethodsPubmed and Google Scholar search using MeSH term “musical hallucinations”ResultsMH occurs in 0.16% of the population. They´re usually perceived as frightening or annoying. Proposed mechanisms include spontaneous activity triggered by sensory deprivation from hearing impairment, like in visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome, and some authors even include MH as a subtype of this syndrome. Indeed, 60% of all patients with MH have hearing impairment or deafness. Other less frequent causes include focal brain lesions involving the auditory pathway and cortex, temporal epilepsy, metabolic or drug intoxication. Psychiatric conditions are uncommon but not impossible, especially in affective disorders. MH most frequently consist in familiar tunes, sometimes of personal significance, religious songs (especially in older patients), childhood songs, folk and popular songs from the radio - suggesting that musical perception is never unlearned but represents a “parasitic memory”, an unchangeable memory feature which can be experienced by relevant neuronal circuit stimulation. Most patients with MH were reported to have no extraordinary musical skills.ConclusionsMH are rare and strongly associated with hearing loss, though investigation of other causes should be sought. Treating the underlying cause is important but remission is not guaranteed.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
A Nightmare’s Lullaby: Exploring the concept and relevance of oneiroid cyclic psychosis through a clinical case and review
Authors: Compaired Sánchez A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionAcute psychotic states characterized by clinical lability and dream-like qualities are a staple of classic psychopatology. An excessive focus on diagnostic criteria for bipolar or schizophrenia-spectrum disorders risks missing this particular set of patients; defined through their dynamic presentation as much as by any cluster of symptoms or types of course.ObjectivesTo explore the concept and relevance of oneroid-like cyclic psychosis through a clinical case and review.MethodsWe report the case of a 37 year old woman with bipolar disorder (three previous instances of manic episodes with psychotic symptoms) and various gynecological issues that required hormone therapy. After a couple of days having difficulty sleeping, the patient developed a clinical picture consisting of wide and sudden oscillations between hyperactive and inhibited psychomotor activity, moods of dread and ecstasy, and states of disorganized thought and childlike activities with perplexity and mutism. Frequent behaviors as if experiencing visual alucinations and repeated allusions to feeling as if in a dream. These symptoms lasted for 2-3 weeks, after treatment with risperidone and lithium. A narrative review concerning the case was also performed.ResultsKleist’s ‘innate instability’ permeates much of the previous literature. Similar entities highlight different issues closely related to various biological rhythms: atypical psychosis and epilepsy, puerperal psychosis and estrogen dysregulation, cyclic psychosis and sleep disorders, delirious mania and effectiveness of electro-convulsive-therapy, etc.ConclusionsOur findings point to the clinical relevance of oneiroid cyclic psychosis as innate instability. Further studies on the role of biological rhythms and its repercussions on daily practice are required.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
MURDEROUS MYTHOMANIA: Psychopathology of lying – Apropos a Clinical Case
Authors: Jesus S. , Costa A. , Simões G. , Almeida M. , Garrido P. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThe capacity for lying is a common human phenomenon with evolutionary explanations, in which one seeks to deceive usually to avoid harmful or undesired consequences. The spectrum of lies is vast and varies from the content to the motivation. Pathological lying has the potential to affect mental evaluations thus motivating an important discussion regarding this behaviour.ObjectivesThe authors aim to explore the psychopathological concept and spectrum of pathological lies, from their underlying motives to their implications and challenges in psychiatric diagnosis with recourse to a clinical case example.MethodsA review of pertinent literature on the topic with focus on that which is most relevant to the theme was included. The authors present the clinical case of a middle-aged female who presented with mythomania which included the fabrication of having attempted murder.ResultsThe literature demonstrates a relationship between compulsive lying and personality disorders. Head trauma and other central nervous system issues may also play a role. Some traits may facilitate the detection of deception, such as dramatic and unmotivated constructs with a positive self-portrayal. The clinical case description correlates the personality factors associated with mythomania, namely antisocial personality disorder, differing from the typical presentation as her fabrications portrayed her negatively.ConclusionsThe implication of pathological lying is that it may interfere with mental assessment thus altering, by way of deception, the psychiatric evaluation as lies may be difficult to detect upon a first evaluation. The psychiatrist should be alerted to the possibility of fabrication when dealing with a patient with predisposing factors.DisclosureNo significant relationships.