bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
Authors: Zhang Yuefen , Lu Pengfei , Qi Hongzhi , Wu Ge , Mao Rui , Bao Yongxing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hydatidosis is an endemic disease causing a severe threat to public health. Drugs and surgery have been utilized for treatment, but their efficiency is not adequate. Therefore, new methods are required for treating such diseases. In this study, we attempt to evaluate the efficiency of radiotherapy for hydatidosis in sheep. The sheep naturally infected with pulmonary hydatid were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group subjected to no irradiation and the other three groups subjected to 30, 45, and 60 Gy irradiation, respectively. Gene expression of caspase-3 and gadd45a and protein expression of BCL-2 and BAX in the lung tissues were evaluated after treatment. Our data showed that the irradiation with a dose of 30, 45, and 60 Gy significantly induced the expression of caspase-3 and gadd45a. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the BCL-2 protein was downregulated after exposure to 45 Gy of irradiation, whereas the BAX expression was downregulated after irradiation at a dose of 45 and 60 Gy, respectively. On this basis, we speculated that 45 Gy might be a safe and effective dose for treating pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep, which induced lower expression of caspase-3 and gadd45a in the cyst and a downregulation of BCL-2 and BAX in the adjacent lung tissues.
Investigation of the effects of pneumatic tube transport system on routine biochemistry, hematology, and coagulation tests in Ankara City Hospital
Authors: Yurt Emine F. , Akbiyik Filiz , Bicer Cemile 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Academics are far from a consensus regarding the effects of pneumatic tube system (PTS) delivery on sample integrity and laboratory test results. As for the reasons for conflicting opinions, each PTS is uniquely designed, sample tubes and patient characteristics differ among studies. This study aims to validate the PTS utilized in Ankara City Hospital for routine chemistry, coagulation, and hematology tests by comparing samples delivered via PTS and porter.

Methods
The study comprises 50 healthy volunteers. Blood samples were drawn into three biochemistry, two coagulation, and two hemogram tubes from each participant. Each of the duplicate samples was transferred to the emergency laboratory via Swiss log PTS (aka PTS-immediately) or by a porter. The last of the biochemistry tubes were delivered via the PTS, upon completion of coagulation of the blood (aka PTS-after). The results of the analysis in these groups were compared with multiple statistical analyses.

Results
The study did not reveal any correlation between the PTS and serum hemolysis index. There were statistically significant differences in several biochemistry tests. However, none of them reached the clinical significance threshold. Basophil and large unidentified cell (LUC) tests had poor correlations (r=0.47 and r=0.60; respectively) and reached clinical significance threshold (the average percentages of bias, 10.2%, and 15.4%, respectively). The remainder of the hematology and coagulation parameters did not reach clinical significance level either.

Conclusions
The modern PTS validated in this study is safe for sample transportation for routine chemistry, coagulation, and hematology tests frequently requested in healthy individuals except for basophil and LUC.
Simplexifying: harnessing the power of enlanguaged cognition
Authors: Cowley Stephen J. , Gahrn-Andersen Rasmus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Looking beyond the internalism–externalism debate, we offer a distributed view of how experience can garner linguistic and mental content. To make the case, first, we challenge the idea that cognition is organism-centered and synchronistic. Instead, we use Berthoz’s principle of “simplexity” to open up the multiscalarity of cognitive ecosystems. In exemplifying wide cognition, we track how the eyeball’s neurophysiology is transformed by simplex tricks. As learning was integrated with seeing, looking evolved. Later, we argue, lineages gained social use of gaze. In primates, gaze was integrated with cultural techniques like nut-cracking and termite dipping. Individual perceptual experience thus came to build on enculturated behavior. We then turn to the case of modern humans who make use of things with “meaning attached.” Their cognition, we argue, is not only enculturated but also enlanguaged. In this connection, we show how simplex mechanisms disclose aspects-in-things, thus allowing individuals to attribute practical significance to selected parts of their surroundings. In harnessing articulatory skills, human judgements draw on cultural and practical expectations: as a child perceives, she also learns to observe and say things. In this connection, we argue, people come to act ostensively and give rise to descriptions. In terms proposed here, humans learn to simplexify.
Isolation, characterization, immunoregulatory, and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Morinda officinalis fermented by Bacillus sp. DU-106
Authors: Peng Dong , Luo Zhi-feng , Dai Wen-hao , Du Bing , Li Pan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Morinda officinalis (M. officinalis) polysaccharides are valuable ingredients with various bioactive functions. This work aimed to investigate whether fermentation could enhance the bioactivities of M. officinalis polysaccharides. A strain of Bacillus sp. DU-106 was introduced to ferment M. officinalis. Two polysaccharides (namely NMP-1 and FMP-1) were isolated from raw M. officinalis and fermented M. officinalis, respectively. The structure, immunoregulatory, and antioxidant activities of NMP-1 and FMP-1 were investigated. Bacillus sp. DU-106 fermentation changed the monosaccharide composition and conformation of M. officinalis polysaccharides. After fermentation, FMP-1 dramatically stimulated IL-1β secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vitro, Bacillus sp. DU-106 fermentation of M. officinalis enhanced the DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activities. In vivo, FMP-1 extended the lifespan and ameliorated oxidative injury of Caenorhabditis elegans. Collectively, Bacillus sp. DU-106 fermentation significantly enhanced the immunoregulatory and antioxidant activities of M. officinalis polysaccharides.
Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Wear Resistant Coatings by Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Vetters Hermann , Matthaei-Schulz Ellen , Mayr Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For the quality assessment of coatings there is an increasing need of test methods which are able to fulfil the requirements to a high reliability of the test results. The exact knowledge of the coating properties and their objective assessment helps the coating industry for an optimum coating development as well as the user which will use the coated parts under a specific purpose. As part of an European project four laboratories deal with the determination of elastic moduli of hard coatings by means of quantitative acoustic microscopy. On titanium nitride coatings and C doped chromium coatings on M2 tool steel basic and continuing research studies were accomplished, guidelines have been developed and proofed in round-robin tests.
Comparison of fatigue lives between grain boundaries and component single crystals of copper bicrystals
Authors: Zhang Z. F. , Wang Z. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Fatigue lives of grain boundaries (GBs) and component crystals were measured by using [123]/[335] and [5 9 13]/ [579] Cu bicrystals with a perpendicular GB at room temperature in air. The results show that the GBs were always the preferential sites for fatigue crack initiation and propagation in the two groups of bicrystals under cyclic tensiontension loading as well as push-pull straining control. When an [123]/[335] bicrystal with reduced section area was tested by cyclic tension-tension loading, the [335] component crystal always had a relatively higher fatigue life than the [123] component crystal. As a result, the fatigue life increased in the order of GB, [123] and [335] component crystals. When the two groups of bicrystals were subjected to cyclic push-pull straining, the GB of the [5 9 13]/[579] bicrystal showed a higher fatigue life than that of the [123]/[335] bicrystal, which was suggested to be partially attributed to the difference in the component crystal orientations in the two bicrystals. By using scanning electron microscopy and electron channeling contrast techniques, the fatigue damage features on the surfaces and fatigue fractography were examined. Based on the present results, the fatigue cracking mechanisms along GBs and persistent slip bands in Cu bicrystals are discussed.
From single to collective dislocation glide instabilities: A hierarchy of scales, embracing the Neumann strain bursts
Authors: Mughrabi Haël 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Instabilities of dislocation glide in monotonic and in cyclic deformation, ranging in scale from ca. 10 nm to millimetres and from single dislocation to collective dislocation events, are reviewed briefly. Interest is focussed on collective dislocation instabilities, correlated in time and space, which manifest themselves in specific features of the macroscopic stress– strain behaviour. An outstanding example of such collective correlated dislocation behaviour, namely the Neumann strain bursts which occur in cyclically deformed single crystals, when the stress amplitude is increased slowly, is then considered in more detail. All glide instabilities discussed can be ranked in a hierarchy of scales, reflecting the transition from microscopic small-scale single dislocation events to mesoscopic and to macroscopic large-scale collective dislocation events. While most collective large-scale glide instabilities in cyclic deformation are confined to sites of cyclic strain localization, the Neumann strain bursts are singular in the sense that, once triggered, they propagate throughout the whole volume in a strictly correlated synchronized fashion.
Geometry and surface state effects on the mechanical response of Au nanostructures
Authors: Mook William M. , Jungk John M. , Cordill Megan J. , Moody Neville R. , Sun Yugang , Xia Younan , Gerberich William W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A study of ultra-thin gold films and thin-walled nanoboxes has confirmed that length scales in terms of dislocation spacing can predict flow stress. Initial stages of deformation conform to linear hardening with average dislocation spacing controlled by the number of geometrically necessary dislocations in a pile-up. Later stages of deformation exhibit parabolic behavior with Taylor hardening interpreted in terms of a dislocation density described by the total line length of prismatic loops per unit volume. Comparisons of 20 and 40 nm thick planar films could be made to 205 nm high hollow gold nanoboxes with a wall thickness of 24 nm. These highly constrained, ultra-thin planar films demonstrated increased hardness from about 2 to 10 GPa with strains of 20 percent while less constrained nanoboxes increased from 0.8 to 4 GPa for the same strain magnitude.
Microstructural evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of Cu–Ag microcomposites
Authors: Gaganov Alexandre , Freudenberger Jens , Grünberger Wolfgang , Schultz Ludwig 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The microstructure and the mechanical properties of Cu– Ag alloys with 7 and 24 wt.% Ag are investigated. The microstructure of the alloys is mostly determined by the silver content. That of Cu-24 wt.% Ag alloys consists of a Cu-rich solid solution and the eutectic. Otherwise, the microstructure of Cu-7 wt.% Ag alloys consists of primarily solidified dendrites of a Cu-rich solid solution and small Ag-rich particles. The composition strongly influences the work-hardening rate. In order to achieve an ultimate tensile strength of 1 GPa, a logarithmic cold-deformation strain, η, of about 3.7 is required (η = ln A
0/A) for the 7 wt.% Ag alloy, whereas for Cu-24 wt.% Ag alloys η = 3.1 is sufficient. In as-cast alloys with 7 wt.% Ag a strong segregation is observed, which, consequently, leads to a strong decrease of the age-hardening effect. Therefore, the Cu-7 wt.% Ag alloy has to be homogenised before aging. The application of Cu–Ag alloys with a Ag-content below 8 wt.%, i. e. an the maximum solubility at the eutectic temperature, bears mainly two advantages: (i) less addiction to shear-band formation, and (ii) a higher electrical conductivity in comparison to equivalently treated Ag-rich alloys due to the small Ag content.
A new diffusion mechanism for self-compensating impurities in α-alumina
Authors: Gontier-Moya Eliette-Geneviève , Moya Fernand , Bernardini Jean 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cation diffusion in α-alumina has been the subject of recent investigations, self-diffusion by the radiotracer technique and impurity diffusion by the SIMS technique. A review of the data is carried out to clarify the bulk diffusion mechanisms. Aluminium, cobalt, chromium, and yttrium exhibit a “normal” behaviour, which can be accounted for by an extrinsic vacancy diffusion mechanism. Silver, copper, and platinum behave as “fast diffusers”, although their activation energies are close to those of the other elements. From new experiments on magnesium diffusion reported in this paper, it is suggested that fast diffusion can be traced to self-compensating impurities. A diffusion mechanism which reconciles all the observations is proposed for these elements.
Finite-element analysis of the hot-pressing consolidation of continuous Al2O3 fibers-reinforced NiAl composites
Authors: Chen H. , Hu W. , Gottstein G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The finite-element method was used to model the consolidation process of continuous Al2O3 fiber-reinforced NiAl composites. Actual creep behavior of NiAl was accounted for including the instantaneous strain and primary creep behavior. Primary creep played a very important role in the consolidation process at high temperatures and high pressures. Various processing parameters were investigated to evaluate the effects of temperature and hot-pressing stress on the consolidation behavior. It was found that the effect of pressure on consolidation was more significant at high temperatures due to its strong influence on the creep rate during power-law creep. The effects of fiber volume fraction and the arrangement of the matrix-coated fibers were also analysed. The simulations recommend an optimal fiber volume fraction in the range of 30 %–50 %. Fully dense composites were fabricated according to the predicted processing conditions, and good agreement between simulation and experiment was achieved.
Modelling the stress state of a thermal barrier coating system at high temperatures
Authors: Schwarzer Jochen , Rostek Katharina E. , Beck Tilmann , Löhe Detlef , Vöhringer Otmar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A model is proposed to assess the time- and temperaturedependent creep and oxidation behavior of typical thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems consisting of EB-PVD manufactured partially stabilized ZrO2 and a plasma-sprayed MCrAlY bond coat (BC) on a typical Ni-base sheet alloy. The creep behavior of the BC was investigated by compression tests at the NiCoCrAlY alloy PWA 1370. With the objective of describing the formation of the so-called thermally grown oxide, an oxidation kinetic for the BC alloy is presented, which predicts the oxide thickness as a function of time and temperature. Using a finite element model of the complete TBC system, the influence of time- and temperature- dependent oxide growth and deformation behavior of the components on the stress development was studied. The obtained results show a development of compressive stresses above the peaks and of tensile stresses in the valleys of the rough TBC/BC interface. With this, the delamination stress between top coat and BC, which finally leads to failure by spallations, can be assessed.
On the preferred orientation in Ti1–x
Al
x
N and Ti1–x–y
Al
x
Si
y
N thin films
Authors: Rafaja David , Poklad Anna , Schreiber Gerhard , Klemm Volker , Heger Dietrich , Šíma Michal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The influence of the deposition geometry and the chemical composition on the form and degree of the preferred orientation of crystallites was investigated in TiN, Ti1–x
Al
x
N, and Ti1–x–y
Al
x
Si
y
N thin films deposited by cathodic arc evaporation. The deposition geometry was varied by changing the angle between the cathodes and the substrates. The chemical composition of the thin films was modified by the choice of the cathodic materials. In TiN thin films, the crystallites were preferentially oriented with the {111} direction perpendicular to the sample surface, independent of the deposition geometry. Besides, a well-pronounced in-plane texture was observed. Co-deposition of Ti, Al, and Si in nitrogen atmosphere stimulated inclination of the texture direction towards the sample surface, which can be described as a change of the texture direction related to the sample surface perpendicular direction, and reduced the amount of the in-plane texture in the coatings (the preferred orientation of crystallites in the plane of the coating).
Corrosion behaviour of hard coatings on Mg substrates
Authors: Ohser-Wiedemann Renate , Hollstein Frank , Bayer Ullrich 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
TiN and CrN coatings were deposited with magnetron sputtering on magnesium alloy AZ 31 hp. Magnesium oxide and metallic interlayers were used to improve the corrosion resistance of the compound. The magnesium oxide was produced by plasma chemical oxidation process. Polarization curves were recorded and the free corrosion potential was measured to test the corrosion resistance of all samples. The results were compared with uncoated Mg AZ31 alloy. The investigations showed that the corrosion resistance can be improved by the PVD coatings. Thick CrN coatings with Cr interlayer exhibited the best results. The protection with the magnesium oxide layer was insufficient up to now. Here, the etching before plasma chemical oxidation process should be improved.
Towards a description of complex pearlite structures
Authors: Aernoudt Etienne , Walentek Artur , Seefeldt Marc , Verlinden Bert , Van Houtte Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Pearlite structures in eutectoid carbon steel seldom are perfectly lamellar. Structures in thermomechanically processed material in particular often consist of complex mixtures of lamellar, degenerated, and globular domains. In order to open the possibility of modelling structure –property relationships for such material, techniques have to be developed to quantitatively describe the morphology of its pearlite structure. The present article shows how EBSD and the Hough transform can give complementary information that can be further developed into a quantitative description of pearlitic structures.
Diaspora Japanese: transnational mobility and language contact
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Britain David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In introducing this special issue on Japanese outside of Japan, this article sets the scene by providing an overview of the genesis and trajectories of the Japanese diaspora which examines the history of international population movements, demographic transitions, educational orientations and language situations in the resulting communities. It touches upon: (a) the disappearance of the oldest nihon machi (Japan towns) formed by fleeing samurai and traders as refugee and trade diasporas; (b) the emergence of Nikkei (Japanese ancestry) identities in Japanese labour diaspora communities; (c) the obsolescence of varieties of Japanese learnt/acquired during childhood in imperial diaspora contexts, along with the employment and integration of Japanese borrowings in the local languages; (d) the contrast in the social lives and language situations in global Japanese diaspora communities between affluent long-term residents living within Japanese norms, on the one hand, and, on the other, permanent residents seeking personal freedom from these norms; and (e) the contrasting social realities in contemporary Japan of returnee children of Japanese diplomats and expatriate Japanese business executives as a new privileged class, on the one hand, and returnee Nikkei Latin Americans working as foreign labourers in Japan, on the other. Given the wide range of historical and socio-economic contexts in which the Japanese diaspora found itself, we conclude that it continues to provide a rich seam of potential sociolinguistic enquiry, which may provide an illustrative framework serving as a possible model for the historicised analysis of diasporic sociolinguistic complexities in other world contexts.
The vernacularity of Palauan Japanese
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Britain David 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThrough a qualitative and quantitative analysis of linguistic, perceptual, historical and sociodemographic data as well as two decades of sociolinguistic ethnography collected among the postcolonial Japanese speech communities of Palau in the Pacific, this article argues that Palauan Japanese was not simply ‘standard Japanese transported’, but a koineised vernacular variety of Japanese; i.e., a variety resulting from the mixture of different migrant dialects, which was adopted by Palauans through daily interaction with local Japanese settlers during the colonial period. The article concludes by emphasising: (a) the usefulness of teasing apart varieties largely acquired and consolidated through everyday communication with target language speakers from varieties mastered largely through formal schooling; (b) the importance of understanding the social contexts in which ‘new’ colonial varieties are formed as well as the linguistic outcomes of the dialect mixing that occurs when a numerically dominant but dialectally diverse settler population colonises a new territory; and (c) the helpfulness of speech perception and social identification experiments as tools to identify vernacularity.
Japanese Americans and generational tension: a case of the ethnic press the Utah Nippoo during World War II
Authors: Azuma Shoji 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The present study examines the relationship between language and generation among Japanese Americans during World War II by focusing on an example of the rarely studied ethnic press called the Utah Nippoo (“Utah Daily News”). In the difficult period of the war between the United States and Japan, Japanese Americans in Utah were generally successful in dealing with the gap between the first generation’s Japanese nationalism and the second generation’s American citizenship. The Utah Nippoo honored both a pro-Japan stance and a pro-American stance by allowing editorial freedom for each language section, yet maintaining cohesion and keeping the generations together. Data explicated in this study, which focuses on institutional talk, suggests that the linguistic gap between the Japanese-dominant first generation and the English-dominant second generation does not necessarily lead to generational tension if appropriate measures such as the use of linguistic politeness strategies are considered. This study will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between a relatively understudied language such as Japanese and acculturation among immigrants in the United States, with our focus on linguistic politeness.