bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Density Inferred From Toroidal Wave Frequencies and Energization of Low‐Energy Helium Ions During H‐Band EMIC Wave Interval
Authors: Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Takahashi Kazue , Lee Junhyun , Jin Ho , Kwon Jong‐Woo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVan Allen Probe A observed strongly enhanced hydrogen (H+) band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves lasting >6 hr without helium (He+) band EMIC wave activity outside the plasmasphere on 23 February 2014. During the H‐band EMIC wave interval, multiharmonic toroidal waves were detected by the spacecraft. We estimated the local mass density using the observed toroidal wave frequencies and background electron number density. It was found that the average ion mass is close to 1. This indicates that the protons are the dominant ion species for the H‐band wave interval. From these observations, we suggest that the cold ion composition plays a major role in determining the spectral properties of EMIC waves. We also observed low‐energy He+ ion flux enhancements associated with the H‐band EMIC waves in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. We discuss how the H‐band waves energize the low‐energy He+ ions in the perpendicular direction.
Large‐Scale Afforestation Enhances Precipitation by Intensifying the Atmospheric Water Cycle Over the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Tian Lei , Zhang Baoqing , Chen Shuoyu , Wang Xuejin , Ma Xiaogang , Pan Baotian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAfforestation is an appropriate approach to control soil erosion, but consumes extra water resources. It also exerts feedbacks on local precipitation, affecting the water availability for water‐limited areas. The Chinese Loess Plateau (LP) has implemented the world's largest afforestation program to mitigate severe soil erosion. However, it remains unclear how the atmospheric water cycle responds to large‐scale afforestation under climate change. Here we show that afforestation elevates precipitation in rainy season by intensifying the atmospheric water cycle over the LP. Results show the upward trend of vegetation coverage fraction increased by 3.15% decade−1 and climatological precipitation increased by 54.62 mm after launching the large‐scale afforestation in 1999. Such afforestation also enhanced evapotranspiration by 22.56 mm. We found the moisture inflow and outflow continuously decreased, but more atmospheric moisture was retained since the rate of decline of inflow was less than that of outflow. Using a dynamic precipitation recycling method, we explored changes in precipitation recycling and components of the atmospheric water budget. The precipitation recycling ratio increased from 9.16 ± 0.35 to 10.18 ± 0.28% after the afforestation. Both external and internal branches of the atmospheric water cycle have been strengthened, and their contributions to the increased precipitation are 84.93% and 15.07%, respectively. The afforestation caused a more humid atmosphere, heightened soil moisture‐vegetation‐precipitation feedback, stronger moisture convergence, and more clouds; these changes favored precipitation generation. This study advances the understanding of how afforestation affects regional climate from a precipitation recycling perspective, further assisting decision‐makers to establish sustainable afforestation strategies.
Metabolic adaptation to vitamin auxotrophy by leaf-associated bacteria
Authors: Ryback Birgitta , Bortfeld-Miller Miriam , Vorholt Julia A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Auxotrophs are unable to synthesize all the metabolites essential for their metabolism and rely on others to provide them. They have been intensively studied in laboratory-generated and -evolved mutants, but emergent adaptation mechanisms to auxotrophy have not been systematically addressed. Here, we investigated auxotrophies in bacteria isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and found that up to half of the strains have auxotrophic requirements for biotin, niacin, pantothenate and/or thiamine. We then explored the genetic basis of auxotrophy as well as traits that co-occurred with vitamin auxotrophy. We found that auxotrophic strains generally stored coenzymes with the capacity to grow exponentially for 1–3 doublings without vitamin supplementation; however, the highest observed storage was for biotin, which allowed for 9 doublings in one strain. In co-culture experiments, we demonstrated vitamin supply to auxotrophs, and found that auxotrophic strains maintained higher species richness than prototrophs upon external supplementation with vitamins. Extension of a consumer-resource model predicted that auxotrophs can utilize carbon compounds provided by other organisms, suggesting that auxotrophic strains benefit from metabolic by-products beyond vitamins.
Fluoxetine improves bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties in rodents undergoing chronic mild stress – an animal model of depression
Authors: Lam Raymond W. , Wong Hee-Kit , Kumarsing Ramruttun A. , Chua Anna N. , Ho Roger C. , McIntyre Roger S. , Ho Cyrus S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDepression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders associated with reductions in bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Fluoxetine is a highly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in the treatment of depression and is reported to be a risk factor for fractures. The present study examined the effect of fluoxetine on bone microarchitecture and the mechanical properties under chronic mild stress (CMS), a rodent model of depression. Thirty-one 6–9 week-old rats were allocated to 4 groups: 1) CMS + fluoxetine group (n = 10), 2) fluoxetine-only group (n = 5), 3) CMS + placebo group (n = 10) and 4) control group (no CMS and treatment) (n = 6). After 16 weeks, bone microarchitecture of the distal femur was analyzed by µCT. Mechanical properties were assessed by the three-point bending test, and antidepressant efficacy was determined by sucrose preference and forced swimming tests. Significant correlations were found between volume of sucrose intake and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) (p = 0.019) and elastic absorption energy (p = 0.001) in the fluoxetine only group. The fluoxetine-only group showed significantly higher in the second moment of area in y-direction (p = 0.0298), horizontal outer diameter (mm) (p = 0.0488) and average midshaft thickness (mm) (p = 0.00047) than control group. Comparing with the control group, there was a significant reduction in trabecular number (Tb.N) in the CMS + fluoxetine group (p = 0.026) but not the fluoxetine-only group (p > 0.05). Significant increases in trabecular separation were observed in the metaphysis of CMS + placebo (p = 0.003) and CMS + fluoxetine (p = 0.004) groups when compared to the control group but not in the fluoxetine-only group (p > 0.05). During the three-point bending test, the fluoxetine-only group demonstrated significantly higher structural strength than controls (p = 0.04). Micro computed tomography (µCT) slices showed loss of trabecular bone in the metaphysis region of the CMS + fluoxetine and CMS + placebo groups but not the fluoxetine-only and control groups. In an animal model of depression, the adverse effect on the bone microarchitecture was caused by CMS but not by fluoxetine. Without exposure to CMS, fluoxetine significantly increased the cross-sectional area, trabecular bone area, structural strength and osteoblasts / bone area as compared to control condition.
A nanopore interface for higher bandwidth DNA computing
Authors: Zhang Karen , Chen Yuan-Jyue , Wilde Delaney , Doroschak Kathryn , Strauss Karin , Ceze Luis , Seelig Georg , Nivala Jeff 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDNA has emerged as a powerful substrate for programming information processing machines at the nanoscale. Among the DNA computing primitives used today, DNA strand displacement (DSD) is arguably the most popular, with DSD-based circuit applications ranging from disease diagnostics to molecular artificial neural networks. The outputs of DSD circuits are generally read using fluorescence spectroscopy. However, due to the spectral overlap of typical small-molecule fluorescent reporters, the number of unique outputs that can be detected in parallel is limited, requiring complex optical setups or spatial isolation of reactions to make output bandwidths scalable. Here, we present a multiplexable sequencing-free readout method that enables real-time, kinetic measurement of DSD circuit activity through highly parallel, direct detection of barcoded output strands using nanopore sensor array technology (Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION device). These results increase DSD output bandwidth by an order of magnitude over what is currently feasible with fluorescence spectroscopy.
Oxidative decomposition mechanisms of lithium carbonate on carbon substrates in lithium battery chemistries
Authors: Cao Deqing , Tan Chuan , Chen Yuhui 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLithium carbonate plays a critical role in both lithium-carbon dioxide and lithium-air batteries as the main discharge product and a product of side reactions, respectively. Understanding the decomposition of lithium carbonate during electrochemical oxidation (during battery charging) is key for improving both chemistries, but the decomposition mechanisms and the role of the carbon substrate remain under debate. Here, we use an in-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry-gas chromatography coupling system to quantify the gas evolution during the electrochemical oxidation of lithium carbonate on carbon substrates. Our results show that lithium carbonate decomposes to carbon dioxide and singlet oxygen mainly via an electrochemical process instead of via a chemical process in an electrolyte of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in tetraglyme. Singlet oxygen attacks the carbon substrate and electrolyte to form both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide—approximately 20% of the net gas evolved originates from these side reactions. Additionally, we show that cobalt(II,III) oxide, a typical oxygen evolution catalyst, stabilizes the precursor of singlet oxygen, thus inhibiting the formation of singlet oxygen and consequent side reactions.
Earlier Alzheimer’s disease onset is associated with tau pathology in brain hub regions and facilitated tau spreading
Authors: Frontzkowski Lukas , Ewers Michael , Brendel Matthias , Biel Davina , Ossenkoppele Rik , Hager Paul , Steward Anna , Dewenter Anna , Römer Sebastian , Rubinski Anna , Buerger Katharina , Janowitz Daniel , Binette Alexa Pichet , Smith Ruben , Strandberg Olof , Carlgren Niklas Mattsson , Dichgans Martin , Hansson Oskar , Franzmeier Nicolai 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn Alzheimer’s disease (AD), younger symptom onset is associated with accelerated disease progression and tau spreading, yet the mechanisms underlying faster disease manifestation are unknown. To address this, we combined resting-state fMRI and longitudinal tau-PET in two independent samples of controls and biomarker-confirmed AD patients (ADNI/BioFINDER, n = 240/57). Consistent across both samples, we found that younger symptomatic AD patients showed stronger tau-PET in globally connected fronto-parietal hubs, i.e., regions that are critical for maintaining cognition in AD. Stronger tau-PET in hubs predicted faster subsequent tau accumulation, suggesting that tau in globally connected regions facilitates connectivity-mediated tau spreading. Further, stronger tau-PET in hubs mediated the association between younger age and faster tau accumulation in symptomatic AD patients, which predicted faster cognitive decline. These independently validated findings suggest that younger AD symptom onset is associated with stronger tau pathology in brain hubs, and accelerated tau spreading throughout connected brain regions and cognitive decline.
Mapping effective connectivity of human amygdala subdivisions with intracranial stimulation
Authors: Sawada Masahiro , Adolphs Ralph , Dlouhy Brian J. , Jenison Rick L. , Rhone Ariane E. , Kovach Christopher K. , Greenlee Jeremy, D. W. , Howard III Matthew A. , Oya Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe primate amygdala is a complex consisting of over a dozen nuclei that have been implicated in a host of cognitive functions, individual differences, and psychiatric illnesses. These functions are implemented through distinct connectivity profiles, which have been documented in animals but remain largely unknown in humans. Here we present results from 25 neurosurgical patients who had concurrent electrical stimulation of the amygdala with intracranial electroencephalography (electrical stimulation tract-tracing; es-TT), or fMRI (electrical stimulation fMRI; es-fMRI), methods providing strong inferences about effective connectivity of amygdala subdivisions with the rest of the brain. We quantified functional connectivity with medial and lateral amygdala, the temporal order of these connections on the timescale of milliseconds, and also detail second-order effective connectivity among the key nodes. These findings provide a uniquely detailed characterization of human amygdala functional connectivity that will inform functional neuroimaging studies in healthy and clinical populations.
Transposon-activated POU5F1B promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis
Authors: Simó-Riudalbas Laia , Offner Sandra , Planet Evarist , Duc Julien , Abrami Laurence , Dind Sagane , Coudray Alexandre , Coto-Llerena Mairene , Ercan Caner , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Andersen Claus Lindbjerg , Bramsen Jesper Bertram , Trono Didier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an unmet medical need in absence of early diagnosis. Here, upon characterizing cancer-specific transposable element-driven transpochimeric gene transcripts (TcGTs) produced by this tumor in the SYSCOL cohort, we find that expression of the hominid-restricted retrogenePOU5F1Bthrough aberrant activation of a primate-specific endogenous retroviral promoter is a strong negative prognostic biomarker. Correlating this observation, we demonstrate that POU5F1B fosters the proliferation and metastatic potential of CRC cells. We further determine that POU5F1B, in spite of its phylogenetic relationship with the POU5F1/OCT4 transcription factor, is a membrane-enriched protein that associates with protein kinases and known targets or interactors as well as with cytoskeleton-related molecules, and induces intracellular signaling events and the release oftrans-acting factors involved in cell growth and cell adhesion. AsPOU5F1Bis an apparently non-essential gene only lowly expressed in normal tissues, and asPOU5F1B-containing TcGTs are detected in other tumors besides CRC, our data provide interesting leads for the development of cancer therapies.
A global assessment of the mixed layer in coastal sediments and implications for carbon storage
Authors: Song Shasha , Santos Isaac R. , Yu Huaming , Wang Faming , Burnett William C. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Dong Junyu , Lian Ergang , Zhao Bin , Mayer Lawrence , Yao Qingzhen , Yu Zhigang , Xu Bochao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe sediment-water interface in the coastal ocean is a highly dynamic zone controlling biogeochemical fluxes of greenhouse gases, nutrients, and metals. Processes in the sediment mixed layer (SML) control the transfer and reactivity of both particulate and dissolved matter in coastal interfaces. Here we map the global distribution of the coastal SML based on excess210Pb (210Pbex) profiles and then use a neural network model to upscale these observations. We show that highly dynamic regions such as large estuaries have thicker SMLs than most oceanic sediments. Organic carbon preservation and SMLs are inversely related as mixing stimulates oxidation in sediments which enhances organic matter decomposition. Sites with SML thickness >60 cm usually have lower organic carbon accumulation rates (<50 g C m−2yr−1) and total organic carbon/specific surface area ratios (<0.4 mg m−2). Our global scale observations reveal that reworking can accelerate organic matter degradation and reduce carbon storage in coastal sediments.
Dynamically stable and amplified circularly polarized excimer emission regulated by solvation of chiral co-assembly process
Authors: Zhang Yuxia , Li Hang , Geng Zhongxing , Zheng Wenhua , Quan Yiwu , Cheng Yixiang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChiral supramolecular assembly has been assigned to be one of the most favorable strategies for the development of excellent circularly polarized luminescent (CPL)-active materials. Herein, we report our study of an achiral boron-containing pyrene (Py)-based chromophore (PyBO) as a circularly polarized excimer emission (CPEE) dye induced by chiral co-assemblies containing chiral binaphthyl-based enantiomers (R/S-M). Chiral co-assembly R/S-M-(PyBO)4 fresh film spin-coated from toluene solution can exhibit orderly nanofibers and strong green CPEE (λem = 512 nm, gem = ±0.45, ΦFL = 51.2 %) resulting from an achiral PyBO excimer. In contrast, only a very weak blue CPL was observed (λem = 461 nm, gem = ±  0.0125, ΦFL = 19.0 %) after 187 h due to PyBO monomer emission as spherulite growth. Interestingly, this kind of chiral co-assembly R-M-(PyBO)4-T film from tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution retains uniform morphology and affords the most stable and strongest CPEE performance (λem = 512 nm, gem = + 0.62, ΦFL = 53.3 %) after 10 days.
Machine-learning assisted design principle search for singlet fission: an example study of cibalackrot
Authors: Weber Fabian , Mori Hirotoshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis work uses quantum chemistry calculations and machine learning to explore design rules for singlet fission in a chemical space of four million indigoid derivatives. We identify ~400,000 derivatives of 2,2′-diethenyl cibalackrot, which theoretically fulfil the energy conditions for exoergic singlet fission above the silicon band gap energy. Probing this database with a random forest classifier, we observe that small substituents with positive mesomeric effects and weak negative inductive effects reinforce the desired energetic conditions when placed at specific positions. Finally, a subset of molecules that reflects the random forest classifier’s rules are investigated for their quantum chemical properties to translate the desirable structural motifs into wavefunction-based design rules. Here, direct correlations between the energetic condition for singlet fission, the biradical character and the charge and triplet spin density in prominent molecular regions are identified, providing insights that may serve as a guide for singlet fission core structure development.
Glucose-lowering effects of orally administered superoxide dismutase in type 2 diabetic model rats
Authors: Guo Jingke , Liu Hangqi , Zhao Dan , Pan Chaoyi , Jin Xuepu , Hu Yujia , Gao Xiaolu , Rao Pingfan , Liu Shutao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSuperoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme found in most food sources, might be a candidate to reduce oxidative damage to intestinal barrier, thereby ameliorating the vicious circle between hyperglycemia and the oxidative damage. Here we report the oral administration of SOD, liposome-embedded SOD (L-SOD), and SOD hydrolysate to type 2 diabetic model rats to confirm this hypothesis. Oxidative damage severity in model rat intestine was indicated by malondialdehyde level, GSSG/GSH ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The damage was significantly repaired by L-SOD. Furthermore, blood glucose and related indexes correlated well not only with oxidative damage results but also with indexes indicating physical intestinal damage such as colon density, H&E staining, immunohistochemical analysis of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 in the colon, as well as lipopolysaccharide and related inflammatory cytokine levels. The order of the magnitude of the effects of these SOD preparations was L-SOD > SOD > SOD hydrolysate. These data indicate that orally administered SOD can exhibit glucose-lowering effect via targeting the intestine of diabetic rats and systemic lipopolysaccharide influx.
Live-attenuated ME49Δcdpk3 strain of Toxoplasma gondii protects against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis
Authors: Wu Minmin , Liu Shutong , Chen Ying , Liu Deng , An Ran , Cai Haijian , Wang Jie , Zhou Nan , Obed Cudjoe , Han Meng , Shen Jilong , Chen Lijian , Du Jian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractToxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease, is caused byToxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately 30% of the world’s population. This obligate intracellular protozoan causes significant economic losses and poses serious public health challenges worldwide. However, the development of an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine in humans remains a challenge to date. In this study, we observed that the knockout of calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (CDPK3) in the type II ME49 strain greatly attenuated virulence in mice and significantly reduced cyst formation. Hence, we evaluated the protective immunity of ME49Δcdpk3as a live attenuated vaccine against toxoplasmosis. Our results showed that ME49Δcdpk3vaccination triggered a strong immune response marked by significantly elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α, and increased the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The high level ofToxoplasma-specific IgG was maintained, with mixed IgG1/IgG2a levels. Mice vaccinated with ME49Δcdpk3were efficiently protected against the tachyzoites of a variety of wild-type strains, including type I RH, type II ME49, Chinese 1 WH3 and Chinese 1 WH6, as well as the cysts of wild-type strains ME49 and WH6. These data demonstrated that ME49Δcdpk3inoculation induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against acute and chronicToxoplasmainfections with various strains and was a potential candidate to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
An annotated image dataset of medically and forensically important flies for deep learning model training
Authors: Ong Song-Quan , Ahmad Hamdan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractConventional methods to study insect taxonomy especially forensic and medical dipterous flies are often tedious, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. An automated recognition system with image processing and computer vision provides an excellent solution to assist the process of insect identification. However, to the best of our knowledge, an image dataset that describes these dipterous flies is not available. Therefore, this paper introduces a new image dataset that is suitable for training and evaluation of a recognition system involved in identifying the forensic and medical importance of dipterous flies. The dataset consists of a total of 2876 images, in the input dimension (224 × 224 pixels) or as an embedded image model (96 × 96 pixels) for microcontrollers. There are three families (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Rhiniidae) and five genera (Chrysomya, Lucilia, Sarcophaga, Rhiniinae, Stomorhina), and each class of genus contained five different variants (same species) of fly to cover the variation of a species.