bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer on Plants, 1989
Authors: Miller M. K. , Mack T. P. , Buckelew L. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test consisted of 2 parts, a field application and a laboratory bioassay. The field application was applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Ten treatments and a control were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Granular treatments were applied, at pegging, on 30 Jun with a small-plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. Penncap M was applied over the row once a week on four consecutive weeks beginning 30 Jun. It was applied, in water, using a boom sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle/row at 40 psi, delivering 8 gal/acre. One soil sample was taken from each plot at 0, 6, 11, 19, 25, 39, 53, and 67 DAT. Each soil sample was taken by collecting 3 subsamples (12-inch wide by 4-inch long by 1-inch deep) from within each plot. Sampled areas were flagged to prevent resampling. Soil samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until use. Soil from each treatment was air dried to &lt;1.0% moisture and placed at a depth of 0.5 inch in 1-oz plastic cups. Larvae were placed in these cups and provided sorghum seedlings as a continuous food source. Pesticide efficacy was evaluated by exposing 27 first-instar lesser cornstalk borer larvae (3 replicates times 3 cups per replicate times 3 larvae per cup) to each soil sample or treatment. At the end of 72 h exposure, the number of live and dead insects was counted.
Rangeland Grasshopper Control with Baits, 1989
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A. , DeBrey Larry D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A short-term evaluation of insecticidal baits was conducted on rangeland 10 mi north of Fort Collins, CO. Insecticides were applied to 0.5-acre field plots and 0.1-acre roadside plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 to 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Bait applications were made with a truck-mounted gasoline-powered bait spreader calibrated to deliver 2 lb/acre. Grasshoppers consisted of 2% 1st instars, 8% 2nd instars, 32% 3rd instars, 27% 4th instars, 25% 5th instars and 6% adults. Grasshoppers were counted in 10, 1-ft2 sampling rings in each plot, on each sampling date. Within Sevin-treated field plots, 3 canopy heights were identified (2 to 7 inches dominated by Carex filafolia, 14 to 20 inches dominated by Bromus tectorum and 28 to 34 inches dominated by Stipa comata). Within each canopy height, grasshoppers were sampled with 5 counts at 3 locations, on each sampling date. Effects of the treatments were assessed on the grasshopper community, without specific regard to species differences. During treatment application on Jul 27, winds were from 5 to 10 mph and the temperature was 90°F. Grasshopper populations were sampled on the day of treatment and 48 h after treatment.
Soybean Looper Control, Test 1, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of soybean looper in Holmes County, MS in a commercial field of maturity group VI soybean planted on 1 Jun in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 34 inches and open canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 9-11 a.m. on 9 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gal of water/acre. Temperature at application was 85°F, with sunshine, and wind speed of 3-5 mph. Light rainfall occurred about 3 h after the last insecticide was applied. Treatments were evaluated 4 and 7 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replications, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.
Soybean Looper Control, 1988
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 3 May in 20-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 47 inches tall with closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 21 Sep (4-7 p.m.) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 15 gallons/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 88.5°F, with sunshine, and wind speed was 0-2 mph. Treatments were evaluated 2 (36 h) and 6 DAT by cutting and removing plants from one 6 ft section of row per plot, and immediately visually searching for larvae (2 DAT) or larvae and pupae (6 DAT). Pretreatment samples indicated that when the plants were cut and removed from the field, loopers clung to the foliage, and less than one looper per sample was dislodged.
Control of Southern Green Stink on Soybean, 1989
Authors: Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were tested for control of SGSB in 2 separate experiments. In Test I, plots measuring 45 ft × 8 rows (36 inch spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep to R6 beans with a CO2 pressurized backpacker sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8002 nozzles. Samples were taken 2, 7, and 14 DAT using two 25-sweep samples per plot. In Test II, plot size, experimental design, application equipment, and posttreatment sampling intervals were identical to Test I. Treatments were applied 15 Sep to ‘Centennial’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage.
Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Johnson1 James W. , Biddinger David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI at a rate of 150 gal/acre with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Application dates are given in the table. Difolitan, Bayleton, Captec, Cyprex, Baycor, and Stik were applied separately to all treatments. At each of the 3 evaluations, 100 terminals/replicate or 400 terminals/treatment were rated for the presence or absence of RAA.
Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticides in Winter Wheat, 1988
Authors: Hein Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with a hand-held boom with four nozzles (11003) at 20 inch spacings. The sprayer delivered 21 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 6 ft by 50 ft with a 3-4 ft buffer between treatment plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spring Trial (McGrew, NE): Treatments were applied on May 27 when the wheat was at plant stage 10 (Feekes). RWA infestations were variable across the 4 replicates, averaging 36% of the tillers infested and 41.7 aphids per infested tiller. Plots were evaluated before treatment and at 1 and 3 weeks post-treatment. To determine the infestation level, 5 sets of 10 tillers were examined for the presence of RWA in each plot. In addition, 10 symptomatic tillers in each plot were collected, bagged and returned to the lab for RWA counting. Fall Trial (Banner Co., NE): Treatments were applied 2 Dec when the wheat was in growth stage 3 (Feekes). Several consecutive days of warm weather (above 60°F) enabled treatments to be applied. Plots were evaluated at 11 days post-treatment. Evaluations consisted of digging up three, 1-ft lengths of row in each treatment. These samples were then examined in the lab for the presence of aphids.
Mite Control with EL-436, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 11-yr-old apple trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed to the drip point. To encourage ERM buildup, trees were sprayed on 8 May with a low rate of Pydrin 2.4 EC (1.3 fl oz/100 gal). By early Jul ERM populations had built up sufficiently and sprays were applied 7 Jul. Treatments consisted of 4 singletree replicates. Trees were blocked according to population levels of ERM (mobiles and eggs combined) to make sure initial ERM density in each treatment was similar. On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Mites were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and counted under a stereo microscope. Leaf samples were taken before and 1 wk after treatment and from then on every other week until early September.
Early Season Mite Control with Andalin, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 10-yr-old Newton and 30-yr-old Red Delicious trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Treatments consisted of 3 single-tree replicates. Each tree was sprayed to the drip point. A standard insect and disease control program was applied to the whole block (3 cover sprays of Guthion, Bayleton against mildew, Cyprex against apple scab). Hatch of overwintering ERM eggs had reached 67% when sprays were applied. On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 75/treatment). Mites were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and then counted under a stereo microscope. Leaf samples were taken 1 wk after treatment and every 2 wk from then on until the end of Jul.
Full-Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Timing and rates of several experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of major apple pests and for their effect on phytophagous and predatory mites. Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 22-yr-old Red Delicious' trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied as needed to the whole test plot. Each treatment consisted of 4 cover sprays which were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The degree-day (°D) figures in the tables are calculated from Biofix (1st CM catch in pheromone traps on 29 Apr). Insect growth regulator-type compounds were applied 100 to 150 °D (base 50°F) ahead of the standard Guthion program to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg-laying in each generation. Dipel (BT = Bacillus thuringiensis) and the Dipel-Guthion combination were applied at the same time as the Guthion sprays. At mid-season (11 Jul) and at harvest (28 Sep), 100 fruit/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for insect damage. In addition, leaves were sampled twice during the season to evaluate mite, WALH, and WTLM populations (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were first scanned under a stereo microscope for WALH nymphs and WTLM mines. Then they were processed with a mite brushing machine to evaluate mite populations.
Agri-Mek Baseline Data for Pear Psylla Nymphs, 1989
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pear seedlings were sprayed using a hand pump atomizer to apply 6 serial dilutions of Agri-Mek in water. After sprays dried 5 circular disks, 2.2 cm in diameter, were punched from leaves of each seedling and floated on wet paper towelling in 15 cm plastic Petri dishes for each dilution. Ten 2nd and 3rd instar PP, collected from Research Center pear orchards, were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting under magnification dead and live nymphs after 3 d exposure on disks. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott's formula and mean and 95% confidence limits calculated. The test was run 7 times; twice with the high concentration at 14 ppm, once at 7 ppm and 4 times at 3.5 ppm because the higher concentrations killed all or nearly all nymphs.
Effect of Insecticides on Leafhoppers and Beneficial Insects in Grapes, 1989
Authors: Stern Vernon M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in the Coachella Valley near Indio, Calif. Chemicals were applied to determine whether high temperatures (115°F to 125°F) would cause rapid breakdown of Danitol. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. All replicates were 3 rows wide and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine in each row.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘Washington Navel’ Orange in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Adams A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven miticides alone and with Triton CS-7 tank mix at the rate of 1 qt/100 gal were applied to 3-yr-old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees located at the Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, Louisiana with the use of a Solo backpack sprayer (Model 425) on 22 Sep 1987. Miticide treatments were applied to single tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The tree foliage was completely covered with miticide until runoff occurred or approximately 0.5 gal of spray solution was applied/ tree. CRM counts were determined 7 and 30 d after treatment by pulling 10 leaves at random/treatment. Leaves were examined under a stereo-microscope and the number of CRM recorded. CRM populations in 1987 were initially high and continued to rise during the season.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Hamlin’ Orange, 1989
Authors: Fojtik J. , McCoy C. W. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with single tree plots and 5 replications. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 30 May. Numbers of CRM on fruit were counted within 2-1 cm2 using 10X handlens on opposite sides of 20 fruit/replicate. Cumulative mite days after treatment and percent fruit russet was determined after 12 wk.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Micromite, 1989
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two formulations of Micromite, 4F and 25W, were compared to the standard acarieides, Vendex and Agri-Mek for efficacy against the CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 3 (= 9 tree) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 24 ft × 18 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 30 May using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzeling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 250 gal/acre. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10X on the shaded side of each of 50 fruit randomly selected in the middle tree row of each test plot. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 100 fruit/replicate were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Danitol Evaluated Against Mites on Texas Citrus, 1988
Authors: Victor French J. , Villarreal J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol alone and tank mixed with 1% Volck Spray oil was compared to Vendex for efficacy against the CRM and TCM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 2 (= 6 trees) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 24 ft × 18 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 29 Jun and reapplied on 13 Sep using a FMC 1229 PTO-operated air blast sprayer with speed, nozzeling, and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. For CRM, 25 fruit/replicate (4 fruit/tree) were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10X handlens. Live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. For TCM, 24 leaves/replicate (4 leaves/tree) were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. TCM were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 15X.
Citrus Rust Mite Pesticide Efficacy Test in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute using a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 15-16 Jun. Ca. 3.5 gal of finished spray were applied to each treatment tree (= ca. 244 gal/acre). Water pH was 8.1. Ten fruit before (pre-count only) then 20 fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Control of Broccoli Pests in South Texas, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli was direct seeded in raised beds at the Texas Agr. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Weslaco, on 27 Jan. Plots were 4 beds wide (1 m centers) and 16.5 m long. Two rows were planted to each bed and plants were thinned to 15 cm spacing within and between rows. A RCB design was used with 5 blocks and 3 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) untreated plots, 2) applications of biorational materials (i.e., Dipel 2 × (Bacillus thuringensis) for lepidopterous larvae and releases of chrysopa larvae for aphid control), and 3) applications of commonly used synthetic pesticides (endosulfan for lepidopterous larvae and methamidophos for aphids). Treatment decisions were based on average number of lepidopterous larvae of all species or aphids as recorded during weekly surveys of 5 plants/plot within the various treatments. Decisions to treat a series of plots within a treatment were based on thresholds of 0.3 larvae/plant of all species or 10 aphids of all species/plant. Applications of Dipel 2 X, methamidophos and endosulfan were made with a tractor-mounted sprayer at a rate of 10 gal/acre at 40 psi. Rates were: Dipel 2 X, 0.5 lb/acre; Monitor and endosulfan, 1.0 lb Al/acre. Chrysopa carnea releases were made dy distributing eggs at a rate of 50,000/acre by hand over the 2 center beds in the biocontrol plots. Surveys for pests were conducted at 7 d intervals by examining 5 plants/plot and counting all live lepidopterous larvae and aphids. Mature broccoli heads were harvested by cutting stems approximately 2.5 cm below the head. Four harvests were made at 7 d intervals. Heads were cut from all plants in 3 row m from each of the 2 center beds in the plots and taken to the lab. Heads were measured to determine diameter and weighed. Heads were then examined visually to determine whether insects or insect damage were noticeable. Heads less than 10 cm in diameter or with noticeable damage or insects present were noted as not marketable.
Chinese Broccoli Insect Control, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chinese broccoli seedlings were transplanted to one-row plots located at Fayetteville, AR, on 10 Aug. Plots were separated by 6 ft bare ground and each plot held 12 plants at 2-ft intervals. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (4 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 1, 15 and 22 Sep with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with one Spraying Systems TX6 nozzle and calibrated to deliver 12.8 gpa. ICW and CL were counted on each plant on 5, 18, and 25 Sep. Plants were rated for foliar damage 20 Sep and 6 Oct.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Hernandez J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were direct seeded at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 22 Dec ‘88. Plants were spaced 1 ft within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72 inch-center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Efficacy and residual activity of CME 13406 (0.03 lbs [AI]/acre) were evaluated using 3 treatment strategies; applications made weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter; applications made at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter; and applications made once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter. These were compared to applications of CME 13406 + Dipel 2 × (0.5 lbs/acre) made at 2 wk intervals before heading and weekly thereafter, Lannate (0.9 lbs [AI]/acre) + Dipel 2 × (0.5 lbs/acre) applied weekly, and nontreated plants. Weekly applications of Lannate + Dipel were made on 9 dates (2, 9, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter were made on six dates (2, 9, and 17 Feb, and 2, 16, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied at 2 wk intervals until heading and then applied judiciously thereafter with and without Dipel 2 × were made on 6 dates (2, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 16, and 23 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter were made on 3 dates (2 and 24 Feb, and 16 Mar). Applications were made using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, beet armyworm (BAW) larvae, and cabbage budworm (CBW) larvae were recorded on 8 plants/replicate on 10 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 8 plants/replicate on 27 Mar and 2 Apr, and on 24 plants/replicate at harvest (4 Apr), using a scale from 1°6 (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined for ratings ≤ 3.
Imported Cabbageworm Suppression on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage seedlings were transplanted to 1-row plots located at Fayetteville, AR, on 5 Apr. Plots were separated by 6 ft bare ground and each plot held 11 plants at 2-ft intervals. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (10 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 28 Apr, 15 May and 15 Jun with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with one Spraying Systems 8003 nozzle and calibrated to deliver 10.4 gpa. Imported cabbageworms were counted on each plant on 1, 5, 12 and 17 May and 19 Jun. Plants were rated for foliar damage 12 May and 6 Jul.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 30 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 2, 25-ft rows bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using three hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 12 Sep through 12 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of DB, CL, ICW, and BAW on 5 randomly chosen plants/treatment plot. On 7 Nov, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.