bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the roots to the new blossoming buds of Applied Linguistics in Europe
Authors: Miras Grégory , Gnach Aleksandra 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This editorial reports on the special issue “New Generation of Applied Linguists in Europe” which highlights the work of early career researchers in the field of Applied Linguistics who participated in one of the last AILA Europe Junior researchers’ Meeting (JRM). It aims to offer a reflection from the roots to the new blossoming buds of Applied Linguistics in Europe. We will review the emergence of Applied Linguistics in Europe through the challenges of creating its different affiliates. Then, we will present the levers for the emergence of a European network. We will conclude with the logic behind the selected papers.
Properties of restricted randomization with implications for experimental design
Authors: Nordin Mattias , Schultzberg Mårten 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecently, there has been increasing interest in the use of heavily restricted randomization designs which enforce balance on observed covariates in randomized controlled trials. However, when restrictions are strict, there is a risk that the treatment effect estimator will have a very high mean squared error (MSE). In this article, we formalize this risk and propose a novel combinatoric-based approach to describe and address this issue. First, we validate our new approach by re-proving some known properties of complete randomization and restricted randomization. Second, we propose a novel diagnostic measure for restricted designs that only use the information embedded in the combinatorics of the design. Third, we show that the variance of the MSE of the difference-in-means estimator in a randomized experiment is a linear function of this diagnostic measure. Finally, we identify situations in which restricted designs can lead to an increased risk of getting a high MSE and discuss how our diagnostic measure can be used to detect such designs. Our results have implications for any restricted randomization design and can be used to evaluate the trade-off between enforcing balance on observed covariates and avoiding too restrictive designs.
Addressing educational inequity of Black students by demolishing the school-to-prison pipeline
Authors: Keyes Starr E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is a plethora of literature regarding disproportionality in special education, school discipline, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline (STPP). The literature also describes the far-reaching ramifications for African American and other historically marginalized students not receiving the quality education to which they are entitled. These ramifications include poor outcomes in school (e.g., problems with retention and lack of reading proficiency), and lower quality of life outside of school (e.g., lack of high-quality jobs and homelessness). This article discusses factors that contribute to disciplinary exclusion of Black students and other historically marginalized and oppressed populations (e.g., students with disabilities). In addition, it provides research-based practices that teachers, schools, districts, and universities can enact to reduce disciplinary disproportionality, foster more inclusive environments, and help put an end to the STPP.
Biotic farming using organic fertilizer for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Ganesan Subbulakshmi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In these modern times, population increase is one of the major problems we, humans face. This brings a huge demand for resources; especially for agricultural resources. This requires us to produce large amounts of agricultural products. This was and is still being achieved through technological farming which uses excessive or large amounts of different weedicides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers which could produce large amounts of agricultural products, but the repercussions of using these chemical substances is immense for both the agricultural land and the people who consume the agricultural products. Due to the long-term usage of these chemicals the soil loses its fertility and pollutes the soil to the extent where its ability to sustain life is lost. Organic farming is the only way to resolve these problems. It is one of the most eco-friendly ways of farming which has the least effect on the environment and the population. It is an agricultural system where fertilizers and pesticides produced organically is used. Most commonly used fertilizers here are green manure and compost manure. This type of farming neither consumes nor releases synthetic pesticides and other harmful chemicals, thus it maintains the organic matter and nutritive value of the soil. Intensive agriculture, which makes extensive use of agrochemicals, has undoubtedly increased farm commodity output, but the negative impact of these chemicals on soil structure, soil microbiology, water quality, food, fodder and food materials is abundantly obvious. Pesticides and fertilizer nitrates have been identified in ground water in numerous agricultural areas due to chemical leaching. This can lead to different environmental problems and is one of the reasons for different diseases seen in people living near agricultural land.
Inactivation of the Basolateral Amygdala to Insular Cortex Pathway Makes Sign-Tracking Sensitive to Outcome Devaluation
Authors: Keefer Sara E. , Kochli Daniel E. , Calu Donna J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGoal-tracking (GT) rats are sensitive to Pavlovian outcome devaluation while sign-tracking (ST) rats are devaluation insensitive. During outcome devaluation, GT rats flexibly modify responding to cues based on the current value of the associated outcome. However, ST rats rigidly respond to cues regardless of the current outcome value. Prior work demonstrated disconnection of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and anterior insular cortex (aIC) decreased both GT and ST behaviors. Given the role of these regions in appetitive motivation and behavioral flexibility, we predicted that disrupting BLA to aIC pathway during outcome devaluation would reduce flexibility in GT rats and reduce rigid appetitive motivation in ST rats. We inhibited the BLA to aIC pathway by infusing inhibitory DREADDs (hM4Di-mcherry) or control (mCherry) virus into the BLA and implanted cannulae into the aIC to inhibit BLA terminals using intracranial injections of clozapine N-oxide (CNO). After training, we used a within-subject satiety-induced outcome devaluation procedure in which we sated rats on training pellets (devalued condition) or homecage chow (valued condition). All rats received bilateral CNO infusions into the aIC before brief nonreinforced test sessions. Contrary to our hypothesis, BLA-IC inhibition did not interfere with devaluation sensitivity in GT rats but did make ST behaviors sensitive to devaluation. Intermediate rats showed the opposite effect, showing rigid responding to cues with BLA-aIC pathway inactivation. Together, these results demonstrate BLA-IC projections mediate tracking-specific Pavlovian devaluation sensitivity and highlights the importance of considering individual differences in Pavlovian approach when evaluating circuitry contributions to behavioral flexibility.
A field guide to Aurora kinase inhibitors: an oocyte perspective
Authors: Blengini Cecilia S , Ik Jung Gyu , Aboelenain Mansour , Schindler Karen 
Published: September 2022

In brief
The Aurora protein kinases have critical functions in controlling oocyte meiotic maturation. In this study, we describe an assay for examining their activation state in oocytes and establish the best working doses of three commonly used inhibitors.

Abstract
Several small molecule inhibitors exist for targeting Aurora kinase proteins in somatic cells. From this point of view, we evaluate the specificity of these inhibitors in mouse oocytes, and we demonstrate that MLN 8237 and AZD 1152 are specific for Aurora kinase A and Aurora kinase C, respectively, only when used at low concentrations.
AIR-FILLED POROSITY AND YIELD OF IRRIGATED COFFEE IN AN OXISOL
Authors: Souza Jorge Luiz Moretti de , Rosa Stefanie Lais Kreutz , Evangelista Adão Wagner Pêgo , Gurski Bruno César 
Published: September 2022

Soil air-filled porosity (β) is directly related to the plants development and yield. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate how hourly aeration porosity (β) affects the productivity of irrigated coffee cultivated in an Oxisol in the region of Lavras, southeastern Brazil, in order to determine its ideal range. The experiment was conducted with the Rubi MG-1192 cultivar, spaced at 3.5 x 0.8 meters, in randomized blocks with six treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of applying percentages of the gross irrigation depth required (Li), being: non-irrigated, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140% of Li. The soil matric potential (ym) in each treatment was measured with sensors, performing hourly readings at three depths (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m). The increase in gross irrigation depths provides a linear reduction of the average air-filled porosity in the soil cultivated with coffee. The T100 treatment showed a significant productivity increase, and from this value the gross irrigation depth showed a tendency to reduce coffee productivity and soil air-filled porosity. The ideal range of β between 0.152 and 0.163 m3 m-3 provided adequate aeration conditions and higher yield for coffee.
Keywords: irrigated agriculture, productivity, soil aeration.
Assessment of antibacterial genes of emerging queen Apis mellifera L. induced by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae
Authors: Gomaa SAS , Barakat EMS , Salama MS , El Gohary EE 
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the expression of antimicrobial abaecin and defensin genes in virgin honey-bee queens (Apis mellifera) following induction of 4th larval instar with the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae (1.07 × 102 CFU/queen); to investigate whether the presence of bacteria affects the immune response as well as gene transcript levels for the immune proteins. The total body proteins of bacteria-treated queens showed a highly significant increase, and the appearance of new proteins patterns and/or disappearance of others. The gene expression profile of treated queens showed up-regulation equalled four-fold of the defensin gene, whereas no progression occurred in the abacien gene. This finding likewise greatly affects the diseases challenging this pollinator.
REGULATION OF THE USE OF CCTV AS A CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Shannon Hoctor  
Published: September 2022

Having been used for a number of years as part of the security apparatus of banks and stores, closed circuit television (CCTV) is increasingly becoming more prevalent on the streets of South Africa. CCTV monitoring takes place in a number of cities, including Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Pietermaritzburg. (My own interest in this matter derives from my involvement in the Justice Monitoring Project (JUMP), the brainchild of Prof Michael Cowling, which tasked students in 2004 to inter alia monitor theuse of CCTV evidence obtained from the camera network which is run as a joint venture of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and Business Against Crime in Pietermaritzburg.) Whilst it has been argued that CCTV cameras can make a meaningful contribution to enhancing the safety of our city streets, the question arises: at what cost? This paper seeks to examine this question in the context of a discussion of the use of CCTV as a law enforcement technique. The focus of the note will be on data collection rather than data collation, and the issue of admissibility of video evidence will not be dealt with. CCTV may be briefly described as a television system wherein signals are not publicly distributed and images are not broadcast. Instead, such images are transmitted from cameras to particular monitors serving a limited area. In the context of cameras located within a city, the images transmitted are primarily of pedestrians walking or transacting on the streets. As Froomkin has noted, whilst moving about in public is not truly anonymous, one at least enjoys the idea, largely consonant with reality in a city environment, of being able to move about with anonymity. This freedom is naturally threatened by privacy-destroying technology such as CCTV. It is evident that the use of such technology involves trying to balance the competing values of safety and privacy. As more cities make use of video surveillance, it appears as if privacy is on the losing side. Whilst this trend is understandable given the standard contradistinction between the tangible harms inherent in security concerns as opposed to the intangible harms occasioned by infringement on privacy, whether it is justifiable is another matter altogether. Spencer has raised a number of concerns about the tangible/intangible division as a framework for decision-making, namely (i) that the framework is incomplete and locks into short-term benefits and consequences rather than taking account of the long-term effects on privacy; (ii) that by embedding the decision in a concrete factual context the decision will inevitably be weighted in favour of preventing tangible harms; and (iii) that the tangible/intangible dichotomy is not as clear-cut as it may seem, since security proposals often serve intangible goals such as allaying fear, whilst privacy intrusions can have tangible consequences such as disrupting or inhibiting behaviour.
The Effect of Sales Distribution Channels and Promotion Policies on Consumer Buying Behavior and Its Impact on Sales Volume
Authors: Ikbal Muh , Saragi Sahat , Sitanggang Maura Linda 
Published: September 2022

Distribution is an important part of the sales business which influences the customer's decision to buy a product which in turn increases sales volume. The purpose of study to determine and analyze the effect of sales distribution channels and promotional policies on consumer buying behavior and its impact on sales volume. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 programs. The results showed that distribution channel has a positive and significant effect on sales volume with p-value = 0.002 with a coefficient of 0.559. Sales force has a positive and significant effect on sales volume with p-value = 0.48 and a coefficient of 0.268. Promotion policy has no effect on sales volume p-value = 0.652 (0.05) and the coefficient is 0.112. Consumer behavior has a positive and significant effect on sales volume with p-value = 0.001 with a coefficient of 0.691. Promotion policy is the weakest part in an effort to increase sales so that serious efforts are needed to fix: it is necessary to increase above the line and below the line promotional activities so that the word of mouth effect is quickly achieved; making material design changes regarding citrex products to make it easier to understand and understand; and conduct diverting advertisements by an increase in the promotional budget.
Analysis of The Role Of E-Philantrophy Through Digital Platform and Social Media During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Human Resources Development Perspective
Authors: Rahmi Nur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The development of e-philanthropy, namely philanthropic activities through digital platforms both in the form of applications and social media, found its best momentum when the Covid-19 outbreak entered Indonesia and became a pandemic that had a huge impact on the Indonesian economy. The implementation of social distancing or physical distancing policies causes economic activities to be hampered and causes a decrease in people's income. In an effort to synergize with the government to continued to maximized human development activities according to the Indonesian human development paradigm as a whole, namely Indonesian people who are physically healthy and fulfilled the needs of clothing, food and housing and have a healthy and strong mentality, the wider community as one of the stakeholders development can implemented its role. Through philanthropic activities. E-philanthropy through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and WhatApp, as well as Digital Platforms or applications such as Kitabisa,Com, Amal Sholeh.Com, etc are quite important in this regard. Some of the identified forms of e-philanthropy included; (1) Family Philanthropy (18 institutions), (2) Corporate Philanthropy (17 institutions), (3) Religious Philanthropy (30 institutions), (4) Independent Philanthropy (37 institutions), and (5) Media Philanthropy (4 institutions) .As for the role of e-philanthropy in the development of human resources physically and as well as mentally/spiritually, it can be identified based on the e-philanthropy cluster formed based on the principle of the use of funds and their used. The philanthropic clusters are: (1) E-Philanthropy For The Zakat Cluster on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), (2) E-Philanthropy Cluster For Indonesian Education, (3) Cluster E-Philanthropy For Residential Urban Areas, (4) E-Philanthropy Cluster Philanthropy For Food Nutrition Security, (5) Cluster E-Philanthropy For Health, (6) Cluster E-Philanthropy For Environment Conservation and also (7) Cluster E-Philanthropy For Arts Culture.Keyword : E-Filantrofi, Development, Socia Media, Platform Digital
DNA damage and inflammation in COVID-19 cases
Authors: GÜLBAY Gonca , SAVRUN Atakan 
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study is to see oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG), its relationship with inflammatory mediators (IL6 and TNFA), and its reflections on laboratory findings in patients who had COVID-19 infection at different intensities.
Materials and Methods: Serum interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured using kits based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle.
Results: In COVID-19 positive patients treated in intensive care 8-OHdG marker level is at the highest level and statistically significant. In patients receiving inpatient treatment in the hospitalized, the 8-OHdG marker level is higher than the control and outpatient groups. IL6 values were at the highest level in the patient group treated in the intensive care unit and were higher than the outpatient and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the control and patient groups in terms of TNFA values. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was lower in the control group than in all patient groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) is higher in hospitalized patients than in the control group. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was found to be statistically significantly higher in hospitalized patients than outpatients.
Conclusion: As the severity of COVID-19 increases, serum 8-OHdG and IL6 levels also increase. These parameters can guide the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients in the early stages of the disease course.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the breast cancer diagnosis process
Authors: ALTINTAŞ Süleyman , BAYRAK Mehmet 
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The primary aim of thşis study was to evaluate difference in the number of patients with tru-cut biopsies to diagnose breast lesions between non-pandemic and pandemic periods.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the nonpandemic period and the pandemic period were compared, the periods for the pandemic times, between March 1, 2018, and 29 February 2020, and for the nonpandemic period, 1 March 2020 to 12 March 2022 to 12 March 2022. In each period, we have included all the tru-cut biopsies for suspected breast cancer. During the pandemic and non-pandemic period, the number of tru-cut biopsies BI-RADS and histopathological findings of the patients who experienced tru-cut biopsies were compared.
Results: The number of tru-cut biopsies performed during the nonpandemic and pandemic period was similar (1596, 1599). In the pandemic period, tru-cut biopsy histopathologic reports revealed that benign and high-risk cases decreased statistically, while invasive carcinoma cases increased by 1.9 (95% CI 1.6-2.2) times. During the pandemic period, US-guided BI-RADS 3 and BI-RADS 4a cases decreased statistically significantly, BBI-RADS 4b cases increased 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-2.2) times, BI-RADS 4c cases 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.2), BI-RADS 5 cases increased 2.1 (95% CI 1.4-3.1) times
Conclusion: There was no significant change in tru-cut biopsy numbers compared to the period of the pandemic and the non-pandemic period. However, the stage of the cancers captured during the period of the pandemic was higher.
Effectiveness of melatonin in preventing vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity: an experimental study
Authors: ÖZ GERGİN Özlem , CENGİZ MAT Özge , BOLAT Demet , KABADAYI Merve , PEHLİVAN Sibel Seçkin , COŞKUN Gülfidan 
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The aim of the study explores probable toxic effects of vancomycin on kidney and analysis of the probable protective effects of melatonin.
Materials and Methods: In this study, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group; the melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group; the vancomycin-treated (200 mg/kg) group; and the vancomycin (200 mg/kg) + melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group. Rats in the treatment group were given two doses of vancomycin a day with an interval of seven consecutive days and melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) once daily for seven consecutive days. The experiment was continued for 15 days. In each group, seven rats were grouped together. 15 days after the experiment, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and among all groups. Kidney tissues were collected and processed for further TNF- expression analysis, as well as histological analyses such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's tricrom, and Periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining to assess pathological severity. In addition, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to evaluate apoptosis.
Results: While vancomycin upregulated TNF-α expression, melatonin reduced levels of TNF-α immunoreactivity intensity and clearly improved pathological severity in rat kidneys. Further, melatonin significantly inhibited vancomycin-induced TUNEL-positive cell numbers.
Conclusion: Melatonin has protective activity against vancomycin-induced pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects in kidneys during organ preservation time and improves kidney function.