bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Locke and Trust in Government
Authors: Levack Brian P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins with a discussion of the political philosophy of Locke, who claimed that all government is, or at least should be, based on trust. Locke’s theory originated in response to the policies of the governments of Charles II and James II, which Locke claimed violated the trust that the people had placed in the executive and the legislature. Locke’s argument provided a foundation for the opposition of the Commonwealthmen to the establishment Whig ministries of the early eighteenth century and colonial American opposition to the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. The concluding section in this chapter deals with efforts to promote mutual trust between the federal government and the states in drafting the United States Constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.
Cambridge and London
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundation in June 1833 of Section F, the statistical section, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at its third meeting in Cambridge, and the creation in the following year of the Statistical Society of London, now the Royal Statistical Society. The informal origins of Section F, which provoked controversy in the British Association, are related to the so-called ‘Cambridge Network’ of leading savants and scientists, especially the mathematician Charles Babbage, the physicist William Whewell, the astronomer John Herschel, and the political economist Richard Jones. They took the intellectual lead in the institutionalization of statistics in Britain. The focus then moves to London where the Statistical Society of London was founded in Babbage’s house. It held its inaugural meeting in March 1834. It is argued that in the switch from Cambridge to London what was originally intended to be an intellectual movement and academic forum for the study and application of numbers was transformed into a bureaucratic organization to assist the collection of data by government. It was patronized by politicians, largely from the Whig party, professional men, and activist civil servants, so-called ‘statesmen in disguise’. The Statistical Society of London became a centre for policy formation rather than a learned society for social science by inductive means as the Cambridge Network had intended. The protean nature of statistics at this time, which seemed to offer advantages to all groups, allowed an intellectual project to be overwhelmed by public affairs.
Medicine and Statistics at Mid-Century
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of statistics on Victorian medicine, one of the most fertile academic combinations of the era, through three case studies. First, it examines the work of Dr William Farr, the creative force for four decades in the General Register Office, and the most prominent and famous Victorian statistician. Farr composed annual reports on the health of the nation that inspired successive waves of the public health movement, and was at the heart of every effort to institutionalize statistics from the late 1830s. He used various statistical approaches in the study of cholera, though they were all rendered redundant by the advent of microbiology and the isolation of bacterial pathogens in the 1880s. His friend, Dr William Augustus Guy, was the most prolific giver of papers to the Statistical Society of London, a leader in public health reform, and a proponent of the idea that statistics were, in themselves, the one and only social science. Finally, the chapter examines the work of Sir John Simon at the Privy Council Medial Office between 1858 and 1871, a golden era of research into environmental causes of disease undertaken by a cadre of distinguished young physicians who used statistical approaches reflexively. It is argued that medicine had an obvious affinity for statistical methods, and it was believed that by counting it would prove possible to understand and control disease. But in the event, it was biological science and not statistics that led in countering the epidemics of the nineteenth century
Social Statistics in the 1880s
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The penultimate chapter demonstrates a key theme in the history of Victorian statistics: the central and continuing role played by arguments over living standards and the extent of poverty. It concerns the Industrial Remuneration Conference, held in London in January 1885. This brought together leading representatives from politics, intellectual life, business, and working-class organizations, to discuss the maldistribution of wealth and the proceeds of industry in Britain. It also considered the reforms required to give working people higher incomes and better life-chances. The statistics of daily life and working-class consumption dominated discussion. The recent Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of London by the civil servant Robert Giffen on ‘The Progress of the Working Class’ was roundly condemned for its roseate and optimistic views of material progress over the past half-century in Britain. Many delegates contested Giffen’s statistics on wage rates and prices. The Conference reached no consensus and conclusions. It was a further example of the so-called ‘re-discovery of poverty’ in the 1880s, however, and an important context for the origins of Charles Booth’s great inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People of London, one of the most important of all British social investigations, which began in the following year.
Introduction
Authors: Cammack Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews work in critical political economy that discusses the character of the global economy, its development since the Second World War, and the way in which it is managed, and draws out the connections and contrasts with the analysis of the politics of global competitiveness. It then sets out the argument that the principal role of the OECD and the World Bank is to govern global capitalism, and to secure the development of the world market as a whole. Its central task, in doing so, is to promote the revolutionary transformation of social relations around the world, to increase the global hegemony of capital over labour.
Capitalising on COVID-19?
Authors: Cammack Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted two of the major initiatives of the OECD and the World Bank—the organisation of production on a genuinely global scale through global value chains, and the creation of a skilled and mobile proletariat through employment-related education and the promotion of mobility within and across borders. At the same time, it has brought significant advances in the development and exploitation of digital platforms, along with flexible working and working from home. The two organisations have produced hundreds of policy documents and extended analyses that encourage flexible working, but express increasing concern over the setback that the pandemic represents to reforms initiated over the last decade in particular. The overall conclusion is that on balance the pandemic represents less an opportunity to profit from crisis than a threat to the promotion of versatility, flexibility, and mobility on the part of workers around the world.
The Resolution of Inter-State Disputes in Civil Aviation
Authors: Zhang Luping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book investigates dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation, with a primary focus on the functions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) has laid the foundation for dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation, which led to the creation of ICAO. However, economic regulations have been left out from the Chicago Convention. Over the years there has been a proliferation of bilateral air services agreements (ASAs) and the multiplication of multilateral treaties. With the advancement of the aviation technology, this book considers whether dispute resolution mechanisms should be modernized, and if so, what form such modernization might take. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and defines the scope of the research. Chapter 2 is an empirical chapter, which traces the evolution of dispute resolution clauses under both multilateral air law treaties and bilateral ASAs with the most updated data collected to date. Chapter 3 analyses how disputes brought to the fora designated under the treaties in Chapter 2 are resolved in practice. The fourth chapter builds on the empirical evidence provided in Chapters 2 and 3 to critically assess the political and legal means that are involved in the settlement of international aviation disputes. The final chapter proposes reforms on the basis of the lessons learnt in the previous chapters and introduces proposals for amending rules of procedures in the ICAO as well as establishing a new arbitral institution.
The Practice of Dispute Resolution of International Civil Aviation
Authors: Zhang Luping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the State practice and maps out the composition of the number and nature of cases. The purpose of this chapter has two layers: the first layer is to assess the loopholes of dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation and test if the deficiencies embedded in the text of the treaties prove to be true. The second layer is to summarize and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each forum—the ICAO Council, ad hoc arbitral tribunals, and the ICJ. Section B presents an overview of the case law filed along the same timeline as the air services agreements (ASAs) collected in Chapter 2 (1941–2020). It argues that the number of cases is on the rise and will continue rising in the future. Section C then introduces three fora: the ICAO Council, ad hoc arbitral tribunals, and the ICJ. Of these three fora, the ICAO Council has a special status as a United Nations specialized agency in international civil aviation. This forum is also the optimal choice for reforms proposed in Chapter 5. Section D provides an overview of case law arising out of these disputes under both multilateral air law treaties and bilateral ASAs. Chapter 3 serves as the second cornerstone with practical evidence for proposals in Chapter 5.
Early Years
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Herbart’s early education in Oldenburg. It discusses his teachers, the subjects he learned, and the schools he attended. Already at an early age Herbart studied philosophy and he was encouraged to think for himself about philosophical issues. He wrote two early essays, one on freedom of the will and another on the existence of God. The final section examines the extant writings in some detail. Herbart admired Kant when he was very young and came under the influence of Kant’s moral philosophy. However, it would be wrong to regard him as a disciple of Kant because on important points he will depart from Kant’s teaching. It was Kant, however, who liberated Herbart from the common eudemonism of his age.
Rethinking the Great Transition
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This case study of two rural parishes in County Durham, England uses a wide range of medieval and early modern sources to offer an alternate view on the economic development involved in the transition from medieval to modern, partly explaining England’s rise to global economic dominance in the seventeenth century. These are an example of agrarian expansion, as coal mining did not come to these parishes until the nineteenth century. Low population, favourable seigneurial administration, and a commercialized society saw the emergence of large farms on the bishopric of Durham soon after the Black Death; these secure copyhold and leasehold tenures were among the earliest known in England. Individualism developed within a strong parish and village community that encouraged growth while enforcing conformity. Along with low rents, this allowed for a swift expansion of agricultural production in the sixteenth century as population rose and then as the coal trade expanded rapidly. The prosperity of these families is reflected in their lands, livestock, and consumer goods. Yet not all shared in this prosperity, as the poor and landless increased in number simply by population growth. Through reformation and rebellion, these and other parishes prospered without experiencing severe disruption or destruction. In north-eastern England, agrarian development was an evolution and not a revolution. England’s economic development was a single narrative, but a collection of regional experiences at different times and at different speeds.
Development and Capitalism
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Reviews the literature and major questions on the end of serfdom and rural economic development in pre-modern England. The period from the Black Death to the later seventeenth century was one of major transitions in Europe. The Netherlands, then England and Britain, overtook Spanish and Italian states for economic dominance in Europe, leading to the Great Divergence as Europe overtook Asia. In England, these centuries saw the end of serfdom and open field, and communal agriculture, with a new emphasis on individual and agrarian capitalism. The northeast was prospering, with capitalist farmers supplying the region and the expanding coal trade in Newcastle, although not at the scale of London with its exports of the new draperies and its growing population leading to agrarian development in southern England. This demonstrates an alternative to the traditional models of agrarian and economic development and indicates the importance of regional growth in supporting the national economy.
The High Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes and the Rise of Alimony
Authors: Kesselring K.J. , Stretton Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The issue of jurisdictional conflict that runs through each of the previous chapters emerges again and more forcefully in the fourth chapter, on the Court of High Commission. No regular church court, High Commission derived its power from statute and royal prerogative. Like Requests and Star Chamber, High Commission would fall in the revolutionary ferment that preceded the civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century. Historians are familiar with many aspects of the conflict between common lawyers and the High Commission, but our focus here is on the heightening of tensions generated by the court’s provision of aid and alimony to wives in troubled marriages.
Introduction
Authors: Kapoor Ria 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The introduction lays out this work’s central tension of self-determination and human rights, as embodied in the figure of the refugee, explaining how India offers a window into understanding belonging and rights in the postcolonial world. It explains the place of this work in furthering the twentieth-century understanding of the refugee in history, asking how experiences within the British Empire and the lack of equal rights as citizens in empire made Indian colonial subjects wary of bureaucratic categories born in an international order when empires still prevailed. The refugee in India was understood in ways that deviated from the international definition and associated practices, but very much in conversation with global developments and discussions, and this chapter lays the groundwork for arguing for India as a clear case where the refugee was both constitutive and destructive for citizenship and rights. At every turn, India protected self-determination as the right from which all other rights stemmed, in keeping with a Nehruvian idea of anti-colonial worldmaking.
The Refugees’ Imperial Past
Authors: Kapoor Ria 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Set in the early twentieth century, this chapter focuses on the position of Indians within the transnational British Empire in the age of the nation-state based order of the League of Nations. It discusses the inequalities of Indian subject-citizenship within that empire, even as the British influenced key decisions of the League of Nations. The questions of self-determination, of minority rights, and of refugees are revealed to be inextricably intertwined, particularly in discussing the situation of India both within the empire and in its anomalous position at the League of Nations under British aegis. It thus exposes the tensions over the lack of Indian people’s equal rights under British rule, even as rights, assistance, and bureaucratic recognition that exceeded that of these citizens of the British Empire were extended to those called ‘refugees’, paving the way for the postcolonial nation-state’s policies.
Creole Noise
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Creole Noise constructs a literary history of Creole literature—also known as dialect literature, or literary dialect—and performance in the English-speaking Caribbean from the heyday of colonialism in the late-eighteenth century to the post-Emancipation period of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. It does so from an understanding that Creole is an essential feature of Caribbean cultural production. In emphasizing travel, the gendering of literary dialect, pro-slavery authors, and multi-racial authors, the book revises the common view that Creole literature was an insular local practice of the twentieth century Caribbean, or solely the product of modern, anti-colonial, black-affirming nationalist projects. Authors of early literary dialect include white creoles, blacks and browns. The book reconstructs an earlier proliferation of dialect literature in the preceding centuries, usually dismissed as merely racist mimicry of “black talk”, not understood as part of a continuum of artistic production in the Caribbean. The book argues that the Caribbean’s history of dialect literature is a factor in the literary histories of the United States and the wider trans-Atlantic.
Domestic Study, Worship, and Instruction
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the transformation of homes into vital religious meeting places laid the groundwork for increasing numbers of women to become esteemed religious instructors and authors. Theologians and other devout men authored popular domestic advice books that instructed women to study the Bible with their families, to help run daily worship services at home, and to teach their children the Reformed faith. Reaching a highpoint in English and Dutch books between 1590 and 1679, authors offered the women who adopted their advice a new religious vocation based on women’s traditional roles in childcare and early education. Authors asked parents to create studious households, to make books available, and to set aside time for all of the household members to study. This ideal offered particularly devout and talented women the opportunity to expand their efforts into related activities such as organizing larger informal gatherings of neighbors, teaching others’ children, converting adult unbelievers, and authoring devotional works.
Anna Maria van Schurman
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–78), who circulated in academic and domestic venues by studying at the University of Utrecht under Gijsbertus Voetius and by hosting informal religious gatherings at her home near the cathedral. Better known today for her remarkable intellectual achievements and her international network of learned correspondents, chapter 3 is innovative for focusing on van Schurman’s religious poetry and songs, activities, and relationships to highlight her ministry to members of her religious communities. By studying van Schurman alongside other studious religious women and men, this chapter argues that while incredibly gifted and unique due to her noble status and her capacity to master a remarkable number of academic disciplines, her religious devotion motivated her to compose poetry and song in conversation with male and female friends within her religious networks to advance Further Reformation goals. She authored texts that fit in both waves of the Further Reformation literary reform initiative, espoused Voetian teachings for more than thirty years while supportive ministers dominated the university and the Church from the 1630s through the 1650s, and continued to do so after their loss of influence after 1660. Van Schurman created opportunities for other women to worship and study, and vehemently battled those who advocated a more liberal theological interpretation alongside her lifelong companion and brother Johan Godschalk van Schurman, and Utrecht minister Jodocus van Lodenstein.
Henrica van Hoolwerff and Cornelia Leydekker
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a unique sketch of the religious literary network fostered by authors, Cornelia Leydekker (1654–1725) and her friend Henrica van Hoolwerff (1658–1704), whose inability to leave her bed inspired her to host conventicles at her bedside. Actively writing during the 1690s and into the first decade of the seventeenth century, Leydekker and van Hoolwerff’s literary careers coincided with the end of Nevius’, although they were each more than twenty years Nevius’ junior. Examining their networks reveals alliances between Middelburg-native ministers Melchior and Jacob Leydekker, their unmarried sister Cornelia Leydekker, and the wealthy, well-connected van Hoolwerff, and sheds light on the literary friendship the latter two shared. While Leydekker and van Hoolwerff’s focus on the individual soul demonstrates the growing popularity of inward-focused mystical piety, they simultaneously reached outward, creating devout literary networks that spanned Zeeland, Utrecht, Amsterdam, as well as several smaller towns and produced appealing literature and song in an effort to convert more people to greater religious devotion.
Reader beware
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding information is complex as it depends on the source and reliability of the initial data and the way information is presented, as well as our own ability to make the correct interpretation. Each aspect of an information chain can lead to failure, including when the presenter does not correctly understand, or is deliberately trying to mislead, and from errors because the audience lacks the expertise of the source. Statistics and political examples of information errors are common, not least as many will have no ability or familiarity with graphical or mathematical steps involved in the process. Several types of presentation are included, where we are likely to draw totally opposite conclusions from the same information, or the aim was intentionally to mislead. The topic is relevant in daily life, from politics and health, as well as more complex issues such as wealth statistics, climate change or control of pandemics.
Examples of new glass technologies
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Whilst glass bottles and products have existed for millennia, the current understanding of glass production has advanced rapidly in the last century. Instead of small window panes, modern high quality architectural glass can coat entire buildings in large sheets of material with properties that define, and control, both heat transport to offer temperature stability for buildings and vehicles, as well as colour for decorative usage. Additionally, the glass may be photochromic in windows or sunglass usage. More exotic types include impact and bullet-proof resistance, as described by numerous routes to toughen and modify glass surfaces. In each of the industrial scale examples, as well as more demanding situations such as glass lasers, the key factor is a stringent usage of dopants and impurities (i.e. perfect examples of control by imperfections).