bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Social Diplomacy
Authors: Faizullaev Alisher 
Published: September 2022

Summary
Diplomatic studies are becoming more open to social ideas, and a growing number of scholars are looking at diplomacy as a social practice. At the same time, diplomacy itself is in greater demand in increasingly complex societies, both international and domestic. This article analyses diplomacy between socially defined actors and complements the ideas of social diplomacy outlined in my book Diplomacy for Professionals and Everyone (Leiden: Brill, 2022). Since the social is essentially interconnectional, interactional and relational, I explore social diplomacy that takes place between purposive social entities, such as individuals, groups, organisations and states, and their aggregations, by focusing on their means of engagement, interaction and relationship-building. Diplomacy has always been regarded as a mission, and social diplomacy can be considered a goodwill mission that involves constructive engagement and dialogical interaction between parties to create a social good, most notably positive relationships.
A Values-Based Approach for Development: An Islamic Perspective
Authors: Deif (أحمد ضيف) Ahmed M. , Cochrane (لوجان كوكران) Logan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recurrent and concurrent crises call for new development paradigms, as dominant theories of economic development are not fostering equity or sustainability. We argue that part of the reason is that the conceptualization of development, and the resulting metrics driving decision-making, are narrow. Building on work that proposes adding values/ethics as a fourth pillar to development, along with economic, environmental, and social pillars, this article presents an Islamic perspective of how values-based development would differ from the dominant, contemporary forms. While rooted in a specific perspective and worldview, it has great relevance as approximately a quarter of humanity adheres to the faith. We offer a holistic, values-based approach to development, drawing on classical foundations and contemporary lessons, rooted in a different epistemic and ideological orientation. On this basis, we highlight five values that could be the foundation for re-orienting development: vicegerency, justice, excellence, tranquility, and freedom. Integrating these values in a fourth, values-based pillar of development alters the conceptualization and the metrics of development, resulting in processes driven by different objectives for individuals and societies.
الآثار الإسلاميّة في القسطنطينيّة
Authors: Cheikh (ناديا ماريا الشيخ) Nadia Maria 
Published: September 2022

المستخلص
يركّز هذا البحث على آثار المعالم الإسلاميّة التاريخيّة في القسطنطينيّة. فالنصوص الإسلاميّة تحيل إلى منشآت ومعالم للمسلمين في العاصمة البيزنطيّة، وفي طليعتها المساجد والأضرحة. وتُعَدّ الآثار النصّيّة لهذه المعالم قيّمةً جدًّا، خاصّةً تلك المتعلّقة بالمساجد، لأن لا دليل مادّيّ يؤكّد وجودها. وترتبط أبرز المعالم الإسلاميّة في القسطنطينيّة بحملات المسلمين الأولى ضدّ العاصمة البيزنطيّة، أي قبر الصحابيّ أبي أيّوب الأنصاريّ (ت نحو 50‫/‬670)، ومسجد مسلمة بن عبد الملك (ت 121‫/‬738)، قائد إحدى الحملات بين عامي 97–99‫/‬715–717. يتتبّع البحث آثار هذين المعلمينِ البارزينِ وصولًا إلى تاريخ سقوط القسطنطينيّة في يد العثمانيّين عام 857‫/‬1453‫.‬
الاحتفاء بالأثر والآثار في التصوّف الإسلاميّ
Authors: Abdo (خالد محمدّ عبده) Khalid Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

المستخلَص
‫يقارب البحث موضوع الأثر في الأدبيّات الصوفيّة، ويحاول إلقاء الضوء على استخدام مفردة الأثر ومشتقّاتها في التراث الصوفيّ، ويؤصّل لذلك من كتب الصوفيّة الأوائل، وبصورة خاصّة الحارث المحاسبيّ (ت 857‫\‬243)، ومَن خلفه من أعلام التصوّف كأبي نصر السرّاج (ت 988‫\‬378)، والقشيريّ (ت 1072‫\‬465)، وغيرهما. ثمّ يشير إلى تطوّر المفردة وارتباطها بالسياحة الصوفيّة، ويستشهد على ذلك بأبي سالم العيّاشيّ (ت 1679‫\‬1090) من صوفيّة المغرب؛ إذ ارتبطت أعماله بسياحاته في البلدان ومعاينته للآثار على مستوى الأماكن والمقامات والتراث المخطوط.‬
Cost and Affordability of School Uniform and Child Poverty
Authors: Shanks Rachel , McKinney Stephen J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although there are no attendance or registration fees in the UK for publicly funded school education there are hidden costs in attending compulsory education. This article investigates one of the hidden costs: school uniform. We investigate the affordability of school uniform in Scotland, looking at what is required in school uniform policy (class uniform and Physical Education kit), the costs of uniform and to what extent the national minimum clothing grant makes uniform affordable for households on low incomes. For this research we use a unique national dataset of the school uniform policies of all 357 publicly funded secondary schools in Scotland and responses to Freedom of Information requests sent to all local authorities (n = 30). From analysis of the uniform policies and the requirements and application processes for the national minimum clothing grant we are able to draw together recommendations for the Scottish Government, local authorities and schools. We also found a compelling need for detailed data collection on how much it costs to clothe children for a whole school year.
Duration of Dementia and Social Service Use in the U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Mexican-American Population
Authors: Angel Jacqueline L. , Rote Sunshine , Vega William A. , Kim Jiwon , Chiu Chi-Tsun , Aranda Maria , Wang Juwen 
Published: September 2022

Objective The study estimates the number of years after age 65 that Mexican Americans live with likely dementia and the impact of dementia on community-based services (CBS) use by nativity. Methods Using the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly Sullivan methods are employed to predict duration of dementia and logistic regressions identify the predictors of service utilization. Results Foreign-born women spend more years than other groups with dementia. The foreign-born are more likely to use out-of-home services, whereas U.S.-born are more likely to use in-home services. The foreign-born with dementia of relatively recent onset had the highest probability of service use. Discussion Given the high cost of institutional care and availability of family caregivers, community-based services are a potentially useful alternative for the growing Mexican-American population living with dementia. Expanded Medicaid and CBS programs could be an equitable and cost-effective alternative that should be investigated.
The effect of air pollution on systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rezayat Arash Akhavan , Niloufar jafari  , Mir Nourbakhsh Sayyedeh Helya , Hasheminezhad Hoseini Faezeh Sadat , Hooshmand Niloofar , Ghasemi nour Mohammad , Handjani Farhad , Tabrizi Reza 
Published: September 2022

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease resulting from impaired inflammatory responses. Given the role of air pollution on increasing inflammatory mediators, thus, we aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze evidence regarding an association between short-term exposure to air pollution and SLE onset, activity, and hospitalization. Methods Electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched for all published articles until July 5, 2021. Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist was used to assess the quality of individual studies. Relevant demographic data and the intended results of the selected studies were extracted, and their adjusted risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using random and fixed effect analysis based on the heterogeneity index. Findings Twelve studies were entered in our systematic review, and finally, six publications were enrolled in meta-analysis. Overall, Meta-analysis showed no significant association between an increase of PM2.5 on the third day and SLEDAI score with pooled adjusted RR of 1.212 (95% CI, 0,853–1.721), p-value = 0.284. However, there was a positive relationship between 6 days increase of Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity Index (SLEDAI) score (pooled adjusted RR 1.112; 95% CI, 1.005–1.231), p-value = 0.040. There was no significant association between carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), PM2.5, and PM10 increase in the air and hospitalization of SLE patients with pooled RR of 1.021 (95% CI, 0,986–1.1.057), p-value = 0.249, 1.034 (95% CI, 0.996–1.068); p-value = 0.079, 1.042 (95% CI, 0.994–1.092); p-value = 0.084 and 1.004 (95% CI, 0.996–1.013); p-value = 0.323, respectively. Also, analysis showed a significant relation between ozone (O3) increase and hospitalization with a pooled RR of 1.076 (95% CI, 1.009–1.147); p-value = 0.025. Finally, analysis of SO2 increase and risk of hospitalization demonstrated no significant relationship with the pooled RR of 1.011; (95% CI, 0.962–1.062), p-value = 0.0.671. Conclusion Our findings prove that PM2.5 was associated with increased SLE risk. We also showed that only O3 was associated with increased hospital admissions of SLE patients.
Predictive Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression for Patients with Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Zheng Ziming , Zhang Qilin , Han Yong , Wu Tingting , Zhang Yu 
Published: September 2022

Background The influential factors of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression in esophageal cancer in central China are unclear. This study aimed to develop a model for prediction of incidence of myelosuppression during chemotherapy among patients with esophageal cancer. Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 1446 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent five different chemotherapy regimens between 2013 and 2020 at our institute were randomly assigned in a 7:3 ratio to training and validation data sets. Clinical and drug-related variables were used to develop the prediction model from the training data set by the machine learning method of random forest. Finally, this model were tested in the validation data set. Results The prediction model were established with 16 indispensable variables selected from 46 variables. The model obtained an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of .883 and accompanied by prediction accuracy of 80.0%, sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 81.8%. Conclusion This new prediction model showed excellent predictive ability of incidence of myelosuppression in turn providing preventative measures for patients with esophageal cancer during chemotherapy.
Economic burden in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with or without brain metastases, receiving first-line ALK inhibitors
Authors: Wu Yanyu , Ren Kaili , Wan Yin , Lin Huamao M 
Published: September 2022

Introduction This observational study describes the real-world economic burden in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK) positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving a first-line ALK inhibitor, and the economic impact of brain metastases (BM). Methods Administrative claims data (Truven Health MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefits database; January 1, 2015–March 31, 2020) for adult patients with ALK+ NSCLC who received a first-line ALK inhibitor were retrospectively reviewed. Healthcare costs and resource utilization were calculated on a per-patient-per-month (PPPM) basis and stratified by the presence or absence of BM prior to first-line ALK inhibitor. Factors associated with costs were identified. Results A total of 496 patients were eligible for analysis. Mean PPPM total healthcare costs were $21,961 for all patients receiving up to 1 year of a first-line ALK inhibitor. Patients were significantly more likely to have higher mean PPPM total costs if they had BM prior to first-line ALK inhibitor (vs. no BM; odds ratio: 1.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.21; p = 0.013). Mean PPPM days of hospital stay ( p = 0.0056), and inpatient hospital visits ( p = 0.0030) were significantly higher for patients with BM compared to no BM. The main cost drivers for non-inpatient procedures for all patients were medications, radiation therapy, and other diagnostic procedures. Conclusions The economic burden in patients with ALK+ NSCLC receiving a first-line ALK inhibitor was high. Patients with ALK+ NSCLC and BM had higher healthcare costs and resource utilization than patients without BM.
Subhyaloid hypopyon as a diagnostic cue in syphilitic necrotizing retinitis
Authors: Ramanjulu Rajesh , Kakunje Chaithra , Shanmugam P Mahesh , Sagar Pradeep , Biswal Suchitra 
Published: September 2022

Purpose To describes one case of syphilitic necrotizing retinitis and one case of presumed syphilitic necrotizing retinitis with presence of subhyaloid hypopyon. Case description We report two cases of necrotizing retinitis, which were noted to have yellow boat-shaped lesions at the inferior edge of retinitis resembling subhyaloid hypopyon. The subhyaloid location was confirmed on optical coherence tomography in one case. Both the cases were positive for venereal disease research laboratory test (VDRL) and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA). But in one case, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the aqueous humor was positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and responded well to piperacillin. As piperacillin is effective against Pseudomonas and the efficacy of piperacillin in the management of syphilis is not studied, we may have to consider it as a case of presumed syphilitic retinitis. Discussion Subhyaloid hypopyon is an uncommon presentation and is reported in two cases of syphilitic necrotizing retinitis in literature. Severe infection and necrosis confined to the inner retina leads to collection of white blood cells and necrotic material in the subhyaloid space and would settle down resulting in subhyaloid hypopyon. Two cases of subhyaloid hypopyon reported in literature and 2 cases reported in our article are syphilitic retinitis and is not reported in other entities. Conclusion It is possible that subhyaloid hypopyon may serve as a diagnostic cue in syphilitic necrotizing retinitis.
Characteristics of myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated portal hypertension and endoscopic management of variceal bleeding
Authors: Huang Xiaoquan , Zhang Ming , Ai Yingjie , Jiang Siyu , Xiao Mei , Wang Lifen , Jian Yourong , Zhuge Yuzheng , Zhang Chunqing , Chen Shiyao 
Published: September 2022

Background: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a rare yet important clinical cause of portal hypertension, which may cause recurrent gastroesophageal variceal bleeding (GVB). MPN-associated variceal bleeding lacks specific guidelines and clinical consensus and desiderates cohort studies. We performed a multicenter retrospective study to investigate the efficacy of endoscopic management of bleeding in MPNs. Methods: We included consecutive MPN patients with gastroesophageal varices in eight tertiary university hospitals between January 2007 and March 2020. The clinical characteristics of participants were summarized. MPN patients with a history of GVB were followed up for the rebleeding and death, compared with controls suffering from schistosomiasis-associated portal hypertension who received endoscopic treatment for variceal bleeding at the same period. Results: A total of 62 MPN patients with gastroesophageal varices were identified, and 37 had a history of GVB. Of these, 24 patients received endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate for the prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding. Endoscopic treatment significantly reduced the rebleeding rate in MPN patients with a history of GVB (28.2% versus 68.3%, p = 0.0269). Multivariable Cox regression indicated that endoscopic treatment (HR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02–0.54, p = 0.008) was the independent protective factor for decreasing the 3-year rebleeding rate, while the use of non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) (HR = 13.41, 95% CI: 2.15–83.42, p = 0.005) was the risk factor for increasing the 3-year rebleeding rate. As for the efficacy of endoscopic management, 3-year rebleeding rate was significantly lower in MPN patients in contrast to 46 controls with schistosomiasis-associated variceal bleeding (32.9% versus 59.0%, p = 0.0346). Conclusion: Endoscopic treatment might be a feasible and potent approach in the management of gastroesophageal variceal rebleeding in MPNs, while NSBB might be ineffective.
An Economic Analysis of Early and Late Complications After Adult Spinal Deformity Correction
Authors: Williamson Tyler K. , Owusu-Sarpong Stephane , Imbo Bailey , Krol Oscar , Tretiakov Peter , Joujon-Roche Rachel , Ahmad Salman , Bennett-Caso Claudia , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Lebovic Jordan , Vira Shaleen , Diebo Bassel , Lafage Renaud , Lafage Virginie , Passias Peter G. 
Published: September 2022

Study design/setting Retrospective cohort. Objective Adult spinal deformity (ASD) corrective surgery is often a highly invasive procedure portending patients to both immediate and long-term complications. Therefore, we sought to compare the economic impact of certain complications before and after 2 years. Methods ASD patients with minimum 3-year data included. Complication groups were defined as follows: any complication, major, medical, mechanical, radiographic, and reoperation. Complications stratified by occurrence before or after 2 years postoperatively. Published methods converted ODI to SF-6D to QALYs. Cost was calculated using CMS.gov definitions. Marginalized means for utility gained and cost-per-QALY were calculated via ANCOVA controlling for significant confounders. Results 244 patients included. Before 2Y, complication rates: 76% ≥1 complication, 18% major, 26% required reoperation. After 2Y, complication rates: 32% ≥1 complication, 4% major, 2.5% required reoperation. Major complications after 2 years had worse cost-utility (.320 vs .441, P = .1). Patients suffering mechanical complications accrued the highest overall cost ($130,482.22), followed by infection and PJF for complications before 2 years. Patients suffering a mechanical complication after 2 years had lower cost-utility ($109,197.71 vs $130,482.22, P = .041). Patients developing PJF after 2 years accrued a better cost-utility ($77,227.84 vs $96,873.57; P = .038), compared to PJF before 2 years. Conclusion Mechanical complications had the single greatest impact on cost-utility after adult spinal deformity surgery, but less so after 2 years. Understanding the cost-utility of specific interventions at certain timepoints may mitigate economic burden and prophylactic efforts should strategically be made against early mechanical complications.
Intrapulmonary shunt and alveolar dead space in a cohort of patients with acute COVID-19 pneumonitis and early recovery
Authors: Harbut Piotr , Prisk G. Kim , Lindwall Robert , Hamzei Sarah , Palmgren Jenny , Farrow Catherine E. , Hedenstierna Goran , Amis Terence C. , Malhotra Atul , Wagner Peter D. , Kairaitis Kristina 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundPathological evidence suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pulmonary infection involves both alveolar damage (causing shunt) and diffuse microvascular thrombus formation (causing alveolar dead space). We propose that measuring respiratory gas exchange enables detection and quantification of these abnormalities. We aimed to measure shunt and alveolar dead space in moderate COVID-19 during acute illness and recovery.MethodsWe studied 30 patients (22 males; mean±sdage 49.9±13.5 years) 3–15 days from symptom onset and again during recovery, 55±10 days later (n=17). Arterial blood (breathing ambient air) was collected while exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured, yielding alveolar–arterial differences for each gas (PA−aO2andPa−ACO2, respectively) from which shunt and alveolar dead space were computed.ResultsFor acute COVID-19 patients, group mean (range) forPA−aO2was 41.4 (−3.5–69.3) mmHg and forPa−ACO2was 6.0 (−2.3–13.4) mmHg. Both shunt (% cardiac output) at 10.4% (0–22.0%) and alveolar dead space (% tidal volume) at 14.9% (0–32.3%) were elevated (normal: <5% and <10%, respectively), but not correlated (p=0.27). At recovery, shunt was 2.4% (0–6.1%) and alveolar dead space was 8.5% (0–22.4%) (both p<0.05versusacute). Shunt was marginally elevated for two patients; however, five patients (30%) had elevated alveolar dead space.ConclusionsWe speculate impaired pulmonary gas exchange in early COVID-19 pneumonitis arises from two concurrent, independent and variable processes (alveolar filling and pulmonary vascular obstruction). For most patients these resolve within weeks; however, high alveolar dead space in ∼30% of recovered patients suggests persistent pulmonary vascular pathology.
Long-term follow-up after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction valve treatment for emphysema
Authors: Hartman Jorine E. , Klooster Karin , Koster T. David , ten Hacken Nick H.T. , van Dijk Marlies , Slebos Dirk-Jan 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundMultiple studies have shown that patients with severe emphysema can significantly benefit from bronchoscopic lung volume reduction endobronchial valve (EBV) treatment up to 1 year after treatment. However, hardly any data exist on longer term follow-up, especially on quality of life. Our aim was to investigate long-term follow-up after EBV treatment up to 3 years including quality of life in a real-life routine clinical setting.MethodsWe retrospectively included patients who underwent EBV treatment in our hospital in the Netherlands at least 3 years prior. Patients were invited for annual visits to our hospital, and spirometry, body plethysmography, 6-min walk distance (6MWD) test and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were performed during these visits.ResultsAt 1-, 2- and 3-year follow-up, data were available from 189, 146 and 112 patients, respectively. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, residual volume and SGRQ total score significantly improved up to 3 years after treatment compared with baseline, and 6MWD up to 2 years after treatment. In general, the magnitude of improvements gradually decreased over time.ConclusionsOur results show that patients can benefit at least up to 3 years after EBV treatment. For the first time we found that patients can also benefit in terms of quality of life in the long term, which is an important outcome for this group of patients with end-stage COPD.
Intracellular bacterial communities in patient with recurrent urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus agalactiae: a case report and literature review
Authors: Barrios-Villa Edwin , Mendez-Pfeiffer Pablo , Valencia Dora , Caporal-Hernandez Liliana , Ballesteros-Monrreal Manuel G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most frequent pathologies worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading etiological agent; however, depending on the patient's characteristics, the etiology may include some atypical pathogens. Some pathogenic bacteria can internalize in the urothelial and phagocytic cells complicating treatment and timely diagnosis.

Case presentation
We present a clinical case of a married female patient with urological alteration, constant catheterization, and urethral dilation with recurrent UTI for ten years, with five episodes per year and reports of negative urine culture. The microscopic analysis revealed intracellular bacterial communities (IBC) and pyocytes with active bacteria. A protocol was designed for the release of intracellular bacteria in urine samples; without the proposed treatment, the urine culture was negative. However, upon releasing the internalized bacteria, we obtained a polymicrobial urine culture. We isolated and identified Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Streptococcus agalactiae. All microorganisms were sensitive to nitrofurans and sulfas. The patient is under treatment with nitrofurantoin and continuous follow-up by our workgroup.

Conclusions
It is essential to look for IBC and pyocytes with active bacteria in patients with recurrent UTIs to avoid false-negative urine culture results and provide timely treatment. Polymicrobial culture must be considered depending on the patient and clinical history.