bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whistler‐Mode Waves in the Magnetospheric Ducts: Statistical Study
Authors: Williams Daniel D. , Streltsov Anatoly V. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe paper presents results from the statistical study of very low frequency (VLF) whistler‐mode waves observed inside field‐aligned density inhomogeneities by the NASA Van Allen Probe satellites. These observations were conducted in the night‐side equatorial magnetosphere during April 2013 and in the dusk‐side magnetosphere during August 2015. The total number of analyzed events is 225. The events include wave ducting in the so‐called “narrow” high‐density (HDD) ducts, where the variation of the background magnetic field over the duct width is insignificant compared to the change in the density, and “wide” ducts; where the variation of the magnetic field needs to be taken into account. Of the 225 total events, 176 of them were “narrow” events. The analysis revealed that the most common size of narrow, HDD ducts are 100–200 km. These ducts are characterized by the increase in the amplitude of the density of 161%. The background magnetic field in these ducts is in the range of 100–300 nT. The wide ducts are formed by the broader regions, consisting of large‐scale gradients in the density and the magnetic field. We analyzed 49 wide ducts observed in the dusk magnetosphere during August 2015. Frequency of the waves trapped in these ducts is commonly in the range of 400–500 Hz. Our results demonstrate that ducting of the VLF waves by the HDD narrow and wide ducts is a common phenomenon and it may significantly contribute to the VLF energy propagation and distribution in the magnetosphere.
Hydrological Droughts of 2017–2018 Explained by the Bayesian Reconstruction of GRACE(‐FO) Fields
Authors: Mo Shaoxing , Zhong Yulong , Forootan Ehsan , Shi Xiaoqing , Feng Wei , Yin Xin , Wu Jichun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHydrological droughts are events of prolonged water scarcity and cause many devastating impacts. It is, therefore, extremely crucial to understand their spatiotemporal evolution to guide prevention and mitigation policies. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE, April 2002–June 2017) and GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO, June 2018 until the present) missions have been used to study large‐scale droughts of almost two decades. But characterizing droughts during the between missions gap period of 2017 and 2018 has not been well addressed and will be covered here. To bridge the gap, an innovative Bayesian convolutional neural network is developed to reconstruct the missing signals from hydroclimatic inputs. The reconstruction fields and existing signals are then used to explore regions that have experienced consecutive water storage deficits during the 2017–2018 gap. We found many regions of the northern midlatitudes exhibiting moderate to exceptional droughts in terms of water storage deficits, among which parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and Iberian Peninsula experienced exceptional droughts lasting for more than 1 year with the maximum deficits (−4.4 ± 0.8 and −7.2 ± 1.1 cm, respectively) being over 50% of the seasonal storage variations. Comparisons with climate indicators show that the identified droughts are predominantly caused by continuous below‐normal precipitation. The recovery process correlates generally well with the accumulation rate of precipitation surpluses (the correlation coefficient (R) can be up to 0.92). Besides, the reconstructed signals, which have R > 0.7 with the testing GRACE(‐FO) data in over 90% of the globe, reliably maintain the data continuity and therefore they are recommended for hydro‐climatological studies.
Genomic diversity and biosynthetic capabilities of sponge-associated chlamydiae
Authors: Dharamshi Jennah E , Gaarslev Natalia , Steffen Karin , Martin Tom , Sipkema Detmer , Ettema Thijs J G 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sponge microbiomes contribute to host health, nutrition, and defense through the production of secondary metabolites. Chlamydiae, a phylum of obligate intracellular bacteria ranging from animal pathogens to endosymbionts of microbial eukaryotes, are frequently found associated with sponges. However, sponge-associated chlamydial diversity has not yet been investigated at the genomic level and host interactions thus far remain unexplored. Here, we sequenced the microbiomes of three sponge species and found high, though variable, Chlamydiae relative abundances of up to 18.7% of bacteria. Using genome-resolved metagenomics 18 high-quality sponge-associated chlamydial genomes were reconstructed, covering four chlamydial families. Among these, Candidatus Sororchlamydiaceae shares a common ancestor with Chlamydiaceae animal pathogens, suggesting long-term co-evolution with animals. Based on gene content, sponge-associated chlamydiae resemble members from the same family more than sponge-associated chlamydiae of other families, and have greater metabolic versatility than known chlamydial animal pathogens. Sponge-associated chlamydiae are also enriched in genes for degrading diverse compounds found in sponges. Unexpectedly, we identified widespread genetic potential for secondary metabolite biosynthesis across Chlamydiae, which may represent an unexplored source of novel natural products. This finding suggests that Chlamydiae members may partake in defensive symbioses and that secondary metabolites play a wider role in mediating intracellular interactions. Furthermore, sponge-associated chlamydiae relatives were found in other marine invertebrates, pointing towards wider impacts of the Chlamydiae phylum on marine ecosystems.
Elevated KIR expression and diminished intensity of CD7 on NK cell subsets among treatment naïve HIV infected Ethiopians
Authors: Andualem Henok , Lemma Mulualem , Keflie Amare , Workeneh Meseret , Ayelign Birhanu , Tassachew Yayehyirad , Hailu Lidya , Geteneh Alene , Mihret Adane , Zewdie Martha , Howe Rawleigh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are crucial effector cells of the innate immune response to viral infections, including HIV, through cytolytic activity and the production of cytokines with anti-HIV activities. We recruited 15 treatment naïve HIV patients and 16 healthy controls (HC) to assess NK cell subsets or expression of multiple markers by flow cytometry. The frequency of circulating CD56brightCD16−veand CD56dimCD16brightNK cell subsets was significantly lower among the HIV group than in HC. The CD56−veCD16brightsubset was higher in HIV patients, but this was only apparent when gated among total NK cells, not total lymphocytes. NK cells among HIV participants also showed a lower and higher frequency of CD8 and HLA-DR expressing cells, respectively. In addition, CD7 median fluorescent intensity and CD2+CD7−frequencies were significantly lower in HIV patients. A distinct population of KIR3DL1/S1 cells was unexpectedly higher among CD56brightCD16−veNK cells in HIV patients. In conclusion, this study in the Ethiopian setting confirms many previous findings, but the down-regulation of CD7 and enhanced KIR3DL1/S1 within the CD56brightsubsets have not been widely reported among HIV patients and merit further research.
Clinical parameter-based prediction of DNA methylation classification generates a prediction model of prognosis in patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Imaizumi Takahiro , Meyer Julia , Wakamatsu Manabu , Kitazawa Hironobu , Murakami Norihiro , Okuno Yusuke , Yoshida Taro , Sajiki Daichi , Hama Asahito , Kojima Seiji , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Loh Mignon , Stieglitz Elliot , Muramatsu Hideki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractJuvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare heterogeneous hematological malignancy of early childhood characterized by causative RAS pathway mutations. Classifying patients with JMML using global DNA methylation profiles is useful for risk stratification. We implemented machine learning algorithms (decision tree, support vector machine, and naïve Bayes) to produce a DNA methylation-based classification according to recent international consensus definitions using a well-characterized pooled cohort of patients with JMML (n = 128). DNA methylation was originally categorized into three subgroups: high methylation (HM), intermediate methylation (IM), and low methylation (LM), which is a trichotomized classification. We also dichotomized the subgroups as HM/IM and LM. The decision tree model showed high concordances with 450k-based methylation [82.3% (106/128) for the dichotomized and 83.6% (107/128) for the trichotomized subgroups, respectively]. With an independent cohort (n = 72), we confirmed that these models using both the dichotomized and trichotomized classifications were highly predictive of survival. Our study demonstrates that machine learning algorithms can generate clinical parameter-based models that predict the survival outcomes of patients with JMML and high accuracy. These models enabled us to rapidly and effectively identify candidates for augmented treatment following diagnosis.
A new method for estimating under-recruitment of a patient registry: a case study with the Ohio Registry of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Li Meifang , Shi Xun , Gui Jiang , Song Chao , Andrew Angeline S. , Pioro Erik P. , Stommel Elijah W. , Tischbein Maeve , Bradley Walter G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe developed a disease registry to collect all incident amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases diagnosed during 2016–2018 in Ohio. Due to incomplete case ascertainment and limitations of the traditional capture-recapture method, we proposed a new method to estimate the number of cases not recruited by the Registry and their spatial distribution. Specifically, we employed three statistical methods to identify reference counties with normal case-population relationships to build a Poisson regression model for estimating case counts in target counties that potentially have unrecruited cases. Then, we conducted spatial smoothing to adjust outliers locally. We validated the estimates with ALS mortality data. We estimated that 119 total cases (95% CI [109, 130]) were not recruited, including 36 females (95% CI [31, 41]) and 83 males (95% CI [74, 99]), and were distributed unevenly across the state. For target counties, including estimated unrecruited cases increased the correlation between the case count and mortality count from r = 0.8494 to 0.9585 for the total, from 0.7573 to 0.8270 for females, and from 0.6862 to 0.9292 for males. The advantage of this method in the spatial perspective makes it an alternative to capture-recapture for estimating cases missed by disease registries.
Computing semantic similarity of texts based on deep graph learning with ability to use semantic role label information
Authors: Mohebbi Majid , Razavi Seyed Naser , Balafar Mohammad Ali 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe propose a deep graph learning approach for computing semantic textual similarity (STS) by using semantic role labels generated by a Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) system. SRL system output has significant challenges in dealing with graph-neural networks because it doesn't have a graph structure. To address these challenges, we propose a novel SRL graph by using semantic role labels and dependency grammar. For processing the SRL graph, we proposed a Deep Graph Neural Network (DGNN) based graph-U-Net model that is placed on top of the transformers to use a variety of transformers to process representations obtained from them. We investigate the effect of using the proposed DGNN and SRL graph on the performance of some transformers in computing STS. For the evaluation of our approach, we use STS2017 and SICK datasets. Experimental evaluations show that using the SRL graph accompanied by applying the proposed DGNN increases the performance of the transformers used in the DGNN.
Facilitating DER participation in wholesale electricity market through TSO‐DSO coordination
Authors: Gupta Megha , Vaishya Shri Ram , Abhyankar Abhijit R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this study, a novel coordinated market scheme is proposed, enabling the participation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the wholesale as well as local energy market (LEM). First, a day‐ahead energy market framework is proposed that is operated by a distribution system operator (DSO) in coordination with the transmission system operator (TSO). The DERs present in a distribution system have the freedom to select among the local or wholesale electricity markets (WEM) to offer their energy. The DSO aggregates all DERs' services and power demand to represent them in a WEM operated at the transmission level. The proposed model allows the DSO to select more economical ways of allocating the resources utilising the TSO‐DSO coordination strategy. The objective is to maximise social welfare in light of network constraints. Furthermore, a practical method is developed for DSOs to redistribute any monetary surplus among different DERs participating in the WEM. Numerical simulations indicate the proposed model's economic effectiveness compared to the scenario where DERs are allocated only at the local market level.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution‐based comprehensive health assessment of composite insulators for overhead transmission lines
Authors: Yuan Zhikang , Yang Zhouhang , Jin Lijun , Zhou Gangjie , Zhang Yingyao , Wang Hanqing , Wang Cong , Tu Youping 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere are a lot of quantitative performance characterisation methods for composite insulators. However, how to apply the characterisation methods with different dimensions to comprehensively assess the health state of composite insulators remains a big problem for operators and researchers. A comprehensive health assessment model for composite insulators based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is proposed in this study. Fourteen composite insulators from four regions in Yunnan Province, China, and five quantitative characterisation indicators of the insulators, namely hardness, hydrophobicity, loss of hydrophobicity, recovery of hydrophobicity, and trap charge, are selected to verify the model. The results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient of the TOPSIS‐based comprehensive health score with operating time is 0.72, which is better than the other single indicator. By introducing the operating time into the TOPSIS‐based model, we can also obtain the ageing resistance performance of the composite insulator. This work provides a new idea to assess the health state and ageing performance of composite insulators.
Visible part prediction and temporal calibration for pedestrian detection
Authors: Yang Peiyu , Li Weixi , Wang Lu , Xu Lisheng , Deng Qingxu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite their great advancement, current pedestrian detection methods focus on single static images, which fail to employ richer information available from the video sequences. Compared with still images, videos can offer temporal information of objects in the time dimension, thus providing the potential to obtain more robust detection performance. Here, a novel pedestrian detection method based on visible part detection and temporal calibration is proposed. Specifically, a part‐aware module to predict the visible body part of each pedestrian instance, which enables us to obtain precise motion information of partially occluded pedestrians in a video sequence, is first developed. Then, the temporal coherence for each pedestrian instance based on the predicted motion information is constructed. After that, an adaptive temporal calibration method is introduced to effectively calibrate the final detection result. This method on two video pedestrian detection benchmarks, that is, Caltech‐New and MOT17Det, is evaluated. Experimental results show that this method performs favourably against existing pedestrian detection approaches.
Nano-grain depletion in photon-dominated regions
Authors: Schirmer T. , Ysard N. , Habart E. , Jones A. P. , Abergel A. , Verstraete L. 
Published: August 2022

Context. Carbonaceous nano-grains play a fundamental role in the physico-chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM) and especially of photon-dominated regions (PDRs). Their properties vary with the local physical conditions and affect the local chemistry and dynamics.
Aims. We aim to highlight the evolution of carbonaceous nano-grains in three different PDRs and propose a scenario of dust evolution as a response to the physical conditions.
Methods. We used Spitzer/IRAC (3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 µm) and Spitzer/MIPS (24 µm) together with Herschel/PACS (70 µm) to map dust emission in IC63 and the Orion Bar. To assess the dust properties, we modelled the dust emission in these regions using the radiative transfer code SOC together with the THEMIS dust model.
Results. Regardless of the PDR, we find that nano-grains are depleted and that their minimum size is larger than in the diffuse ISM (DISM), which suggests that the mechanisms that lead nano-grains to be photo-destroyed are very efficient below a given critical size limit. The evolution of the nano-grain dust-to-gas mass ratio with both G0 and the effective temperature of the illuminating star indicates a competition between the nano-grain formation through the fragmentation of larger grains and nano-grain photo-destruction. We modelled dust collisions driven by radiative pressure with a classical 1D approach to show that this is a viable scenario for explaining nano-grain formation through fragmentation and, thus, the variations observed in nano-grain dust-to-gas mass ratios from one PDR to another.
Conclusions. We find a broad variation in the nano-grain dust properties from one PDR to another, along with a general trend of nano-grain depletion in these regions. We propose a viable scenario of nano-grain formation through fragmentation of large grains due to radiative pressure-induced collisions.
Flipping the Teachers: Impact of a Standardized Physiology Curriculum on Neonatology Medical Educators
Authors: Johnston Lindsay C. , Falck Alison J. , Vasquez Margarita M. , Dadiz Rita , French Heather , Izatt Susan , Bonachea Elizabeth , Karpen Heidi E. , Carbajal Melissa M. , Payne Allison , Gillam-Krakauer Maria , Gray Megan M. 
Published: August 2022

Objective Academic physicians must teach elements in an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-mandated curriculum while balancing career development and clinical workload. Exploring educator perceptions on the learning environment and comparing two instructional methods (traditional didactics [TD] vs. flipped classroom [FC]) in one pediatric subspecialty may elucidate current challenges, barriers, and strategies to optimize learning and educator satisfaction.
Study Design A randomized trial comparing effectiveness and learner preference for FC versus TD physiology teaching was conducted in ACGME-accredited neonatal-perinatal medicine (NPM) fellowship programs in 2018 to 2019. Educator preferences were elicited through online surveys pre- and postintervention. Free-text comments were provided for questions exploring strengths, challenges, and opportunities in fellowship education. Statistical analysis included comparisons of demographics and pre–post-intervention educator responses between groups. Thematic analysis of text responses was conducted to identify common subthemes.
Results From 61 participating programs, 114 FC educators and 130 TD educators completed surveys. At baseline, all educators experienced professional satisfaction from teaching fellows, but noted challenges with time available to create and/or deliver educational content, limited content expertise amongst faculty, colleagues' limited enthusiasm toward educating fellows, and lack of perceived value of education by institutions given limited protected time or credit toward promotion. Postintervention, educators in both groups noted a preference to teach physiology using FC due to interactivity, learner enthusiasm, and learner-centeredness. FC educators had a 17% increase in preference to teach using FC (p = 0.001). Challenges with FC included ensuring adequate trainee preparation, protecting educational time, and providing educators with opportunities to develop facilitation skills.
Conclusion Overall, NPM educators in a trial evaluating a standardized, peer-reviewed curriculum report professional satisfaction from teaching, but described logistical challenges with developing/delivering content. Educators preferred instruction using FC, but identified challenges with learner preparedness and ensuring adequate educator time and skill. Future efforts should be dedicated to addressing these barriers.
Key Points
The transformation of the lilong form: a morphological study on changing boundaries
Authors: Zhai Yuqi , Tong Ming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe boundary, both as social norm and physical form, is an essential element in the development of the structure of urban form. This article explores the role of boundaries: (1) through the transformation of the lilong form in Shanghai by means of a case study of the Guizhou lilong block and (2) through the extension of the methodology of morphological study. In the urbanization of China, the lilong form tracks successive organizational shifts in society. Over one hundred years, the micro-scale changes of boundaries transformed the morphology of the Guizhou lilong block from a single-family residence to a mass housing block. Accordingly, the morphological study of the boundaries in Guizhou lilong block shows how its form was changed by changing regulations applied to it as well as its changing communities. This article uses two-dimensional drawings to investigate the change of boundaries over time extending the Conzen tradition and the understanding of how the social system defines the urban form. Consequently, this article makes an argument for understanding the effect on boundaries of both the conflict and the cooperation between the authorities and the inhabitants in a morphological study following the Conzen School.
Frequency dependencies of the characteristics of an inductively coupled radiofrequency discharge at reduced pressure
Authors: Terentev T N , Shemakhin A Yu , Samsonova E S , Zheltukhin V S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dependence of parameters of an inductively coupled radiofrequency plasma on the electromagnetic field frequency in range 0.25–40 MHz at reduced pressure (113 Pa) was studied. The study was carried out in a 2D axisymmetric time-dependent setting, implemented in the Comsol multiphysics software package using the Navier–Stokes equations, continuity equation for electron density, electron energy density equation, ion density equation, metastable atom density equation, heat transfer equation, Maxwell and Poisson equations for electromagnetic fields. The distributions of the plasma parameters at the output of the discharge tube in dependence on electromagnetic field frequency were obtained. It was found that the dependences of the electron density, electron temperature, and gas temperature on the field frequency are non-linear. The maximum value of these quantities were achieved at different frequencies depending on the discharge power. A mechanism relating the frequency and power to the shift in the positions of the maxima of these plasma parameters is proposed.
Anisotropies in cosmological 21 cm background by oscillons/I-balls of ultra-light axion-like particle
Authors: Kawasaki Masahiro , Miyazaki Kazuyoshi , Murai Kai , Nakatsuka Hiromasa , Sonomoto Eisuke 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ultra-light axion-like particle (ULAP) with mass m ∼ 10-22 eV has
recently been attracting attention as a possible solution to the small-scale crisis. ULAP forms
quasi-stable objects called oscillons/I-balls, which can survive up to a redshift z ∼ 10 and
affect the structure formation on a scale ∼ 𝒪(0.1) Mpc by amplifying the
density fluctuations. We study the effect of oscillons on 21 cm anisotropies caused by neutral
hydrogen in minihalos. It is found that this effect can be observed in a wide mass range by
future observations such as Square Kilometer Array (SKA) if the fraction of ULAP to the total dark
matter density is 𝒪(0.01 – 0.1).