bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bell Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Marengo’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orhtene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied the first time. Fruit was harvested 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, 21, and 23 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.
Potato Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Miliczky E. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established in a field of ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes plnated 17 Apr at Prosser, WA. First bloom was 6 Jun and 50% bloom 13 Jun. Standard planting, fertility and weed control practices were followed. Plant spacing was 6 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 feet and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 24 May at first CPB egg hatch. On 3 Jun insecticide treatments were reapplied to all plots except the Pydrin. Applications were with a R&D CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a hand-held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7.5. NuFilm (16 oz/acre) was used with the applications of Trident, ABG-6263 and M-One. Bond (5 ml/gal) was used with the applications of Foil. Evaluations were made on 26, 31 May and 7, 13 Jun by counting egg masses, live larvae and adult beetles on 10 plants in the center 2 rows in each plot. Defoliation estimates from CPB feeding were done on 13 Jun.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Moellenbeck D. J. , Muegge M. A. , Quisenberry S. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand of 'Fla. 77' alfalfa at the Red River Research Station near Bossier City, La. Plots, 20 by 15 ft, were arranged in a randomized complete design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 18 Aug with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 15.9 gal/acre at 42 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7 ft boom. Plant height was ca. 18 inches tall at treatment. Conditions at treatment were &lt;5 mph wind with air temperature ca. 90°F. Samples were obtained at pretreatment and 3, 7, and 14 d posttreatment with a standard 15-inch sweep net. Samples, 10 pendulum sweeps/plot, were bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows × 35 ft in length. Treatments were paired and the pair arranged in a randomized complete block design. The field was marked with the planter, and baited with a 1:1:1 mixture of blood and bone meal and meat scraps in the planter tracks. It was then irrigated. The seed was treated using methocel as a sticker, allowed to dry for 24 hr and planted using a John Deere 4-row Maximerge planter. Granular insecticides (usually paired with the same chemical as a seed treatment) were applied in a 6 inch band following planting and lightly covered. The field was again irrigated to provide uniform emergence. Stand and damage counts were taken on 20 ft of row. Ten ft of each row were harvested for yield. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried and a moisture taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Rootworm Control with Nonconventional Treatments, 1989
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trials comparing the performance of a soil insecticide and several nonconventional treatments were established at 2 locations in southern MN, the Rosemount Experiment Station°Rosemount and the Southwest Experiment Station—Lamberton. Treatments were applied infurrow at corn planting on 10 May and 17 May, respectively, to plots measuring 1 row (30-inch centers) × 50 ft. Two nonconventional products, disintegrating sulfur granules and sugar, were chosen to evaluate existing, possibly successful farm practices. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications at Lamberton and 3 replications at Rosemount. Treatments were applied with modified Noble granular insecticide applicators mounted on a John Deere 7100 MaxiMerge Planter. Applicator units were calibrated to deliver the desired rates at 4 mph. To ensure sufficient corn rootworm pressure at Lamberton, plots were infested with 400 WCR eggs per row-ft. The infestation at Rosemount was a mixed natural population of WCR and NCR. Treatment performance was evaluated by rating root injury using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale on 5 roots/plot at Lamberton and 8 roots/plot at Rosemount.
Chemigation to Control Fall Armyworm in Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Chandler L. D. , Sumner H. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field corn was planted 23 Aug on USDA facilities, Tifton, GA. Plots were 6 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 40 ft long with 3 ft alleys separating plots on the same row. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plants were in the whorl stage at the time of applications. Chemigation treatments were applied with a chemigation simulator calibrated to deliver 2172 gal of water/acre through 4 E53 whirljet nozzles at 10 psi. Desired insecticide concentrations were mixed in either vegetable oil or water at a rate of 2.1 qt of material/acre. Thirty plants/plot were randomly selected from the 2 center rows, and the number of freshly damaged plants and larval species composition noted. Counts were performed prior to initiation of the test and 48 h after each treatment.
Comparative Efficacy of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates in South Dakota, 1988
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide trials were conducted in dryland corn using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. Brookings, Nunda, Chamberlain, Pierre, and Fort Thompson sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 meters in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. A seeding rate of 22,100/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The 1988 growing season began with spring seedbeds being moderately moist at best. As the season progressed, soil moisture levels became abnormally low at most dryland locations.
Wireworm Larval Control, 1989
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gilford J. M. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wireworm baits (2-oz mixtures of wheat and corn buried 4 inches deep) placed out in early spring, indicated the presences of wireworms in a field that had received wireworm damage in 1988 (Gilbert location). Another test plot was established in a field requiring replanting because of wireworm damage (Hardy location). At Hardy, the seedbed was prepared by field cultivating out the reduced stand in a severely damaged area of the field. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 40-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted with each seed treatment assigned to its own seed hopper. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of each row, inspected, and rated for damage on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. The percentage of damaged seeds/seedlings was calculated from the rating scale. Insecticide efficacy was using analysis of variance procedures. Significant feeding damage occurred at both locations.
Fall Armyworm Control in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Onks D. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 25 Jun at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Eighteen treatments replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 30 ft × 6 rows with 10 ft alleys between plots and blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 37 plants/30 row ft. The 4 inner rows were treated and the 2 middle rows were evaluated for whorl damage and harvested for yield determinations. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Insecticides were applied on 18 Jul when 90% of the plants were infested with an average of 1.33 larvae/plant. Whorls newly damaged by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted on 25 Jul, 1 and 8 Aug. Ensilage yields were determined on 30 Oct at 60% moisture. Soil type was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.0.
Plant Bug Mortality in Cages, 1989
Authors: Dacus Jeff , Tugwell N. P. , Stringer Steve 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this test was to determine the mortality associated with insecticides that, if used in cotton, primarily would be directed at insects other than the tarnished plant bug. Chemical treatments, applied 11 Aug at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 row × 27 ft. Spray treatments were applied at a rate of 16.2 gal/acre of spray with 3 nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer and set at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist-ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was pulled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Cages were left on the plants for 72 hr, after which the plants were cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.
Ovicidal and Aphicidal Actrvtty of Insecticide Combinations, 1989
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of insecticides on cotton for ovicidal and aphicidal activity was conducted at the Auburn University Wiregrass Substation, Headland, AL. Conventionally-tilled cotton was planted in 36-inch rows on 31 May. Thirteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 8 rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 10.0 gal spray/acre (4.5 mph, 72 psi, 2 Teejet TX10 nozzles/row). Foliar applications of insecticides were made on 14 and 28 Jul to assess aphicidal activity. Additional treatments were applied 9 and 15 Aug during a heavy Heliothis spp. moth flight. In addition to the treatments, malathion was applied to the plots as needed for the boll weevil eradication program. On 25 Jul, aphid abundance was determined by taking counts on terminals in the field. On 31 Jul, counts were made by removing aphids from the terminal with a 95% ethanol wash and then filtering the ethanol to remove the aphids. Heliothis spp. eggs were collected 1 d after application and monitored daily for ca. 1 wk for viability. White eggs, those deposited after the insecticide was applied were separated from older, brown eggs that were present during insecticide application. Eggs collected from the control plots were reared to adults to determine their species. Eggs were collected on 10 and 16 Aug. Samples for all tests were taken randomly from the middle 4 rows of each plot.
Ovicides and Heliothis on Cotton, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objectives of this test was to compare ovicide mortality of candidate ovicides for control of Heliothis on cotton, and to evaluate neonate larval mortality. Plots were sprayed on 18 Jul. The cotton was grown using standard cultural practices. The experimental area was divided so that chlordimeform plots were located down wind from the other plots with 50 ft separation; thus, reducing volatile effects of Chlordimeform. With that exception, the plots were in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. Application of ovicides was with cone tips at the rate of 10 gal/acre. Two hours after application the eggs were collected and white and brown eggs separated. Approximately 10 eggs of each color stage were collected per plot. The leaf tissue was trimmed away from the egg without disturbing egg attachment. Two eggs were then placed in diet cups containing Heliothis diet. Cups were held at 25°C. After 72 hr the percent egg hatch was determined. The number of larvae which survived to 168 hr was determined. Eclosion was identified if an exit hole was found. The percent control was determined based on the original number of eggs for both sets of data.
Thrips Control; Effect on Plant Growth, 1989
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted to evaluate insecticides applied in-furrow for thrips control and determine the effect on plant height and earliness. The plots were 4 rows wide, 40 ft long, with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with a John Deere Flex 71 planter on 20 Apr. The .soil type was a Dalco Clay. Plants from the outside rows were pulled and beaten on hardware screen over a white pan and thrips and aphids counted on 25 plants/plots. Thrips and aphid counts were made on 8 and 19 May. Plant height was measured on 5 consecutive plants on each of the center rows on 25 May. Plant height was determined by measuring from the cotyledon node to the first unfolded leaf. Earliness was determined by counting white and red blooms every other day on the center 2 rows from the first week of bloom, 23 to 30 Jun. Yield was determined by brush stripping the two center rows of each plot on 27 Sep.
Activity of Selected Insecticides Against Arthropods in Cotton, 1989
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of 9 insecticides was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of the selected materials against Heliothis spp. on cotton. Experimental plots were 8 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Cotton was planted on 25 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Insecticides were applied on 21 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of finished spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Only the center 4 rows of each 8-row plot were sprayed. Eggs were collected 4 and 48 h posttreatment. Egg samples (10/plot or 40/treatment) consisted of newly oviposited white eggs less than one d old and the foliage to which they were attached. Eggs were transported to the laboratory where the eggs were removed with a small section of foliage and placed individually into 1-oz plastic cups half filled with an artificial diet for Heliothis spp. Mortality to eggs and neonate larvae was determined 120 h after each field collection. Plant bug and beneficial arthropod data were collected from each plot (50 sweeps/plot) at 2, 24, and 48 h posttreatment with a standard insect sweep net (38.1 cm diam). A trace amount of rainfall occurred within 24 h of treatment.
Control of Cotton Aphid, 1989
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Huffman Raymond L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five chemical treatments and an untreated control were compared in 6 row by 1,254-ft plots of cotton grown on 38-inch rows on a commercial farm located near Robstown, TX. All treatments were applied on 4 May and were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Tractor mounted spray equipment was calibrated to deliver a total spray volume of 10 gal/acre through 2, size 8002 nozzle tips/row at 38 psi. Flat fan spray tips were used due to the wind speed (15-28 mph) and the small size of plants (pinhead square stage). However, wind was blowing exactly parallel with the treatd rows, thus drift between plots was minimal. Insecticide efficacy was measured by (1) counting the no. of aphids on 20 randomly chosen individual plant “key leaves” from the center 2 rows of each plot (the “key leaf was the third leaf down the main stem from the terminal; usually it is the highest fully expanded leaf on the plant), (2) hand harvest of 13.75 row-ft subplots on 10 and 18 Jul at 3 sites from the center 2 rows of each plot, and (3) evaluation of cotton fiber properties. Harvested seed cotton was ginned on a 10-saw Eagle laboratory machine. Lint samples were sent to the International Center for Textile Research and Development, Lubbock, TX for fiber analysis on a High Volume Instrument Tester manufactured by Motion Control.
Seasonal Dilute Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees (ca 400 GPA). Approximately 6.0 gal of spray were applied/replicate tree. Dates of application were: 26 Apr (RH compounds only); 23 May; 8 and 21 Jun, 5 and 19 Jul; 2, 15, and 30 Aug. The treatments XRD-473 (with and without Lorsban 50 WP), at 563 ml/100 gals, received 1.69 liters/100 gal (0.1875 lb AI/100 gal) of XRD-473 on the spray dates of 23 May and 8 Jun instead of the rates listed in the tables. Guthion 35 WP was added to the RH-5849 treatment on 23 May, 8 Jun, 19 Jul, 2 and 15 Aug. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite and Z. mali was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 15 Aug and 19 Sep. Apple samples averaged 198 fruits/replicate and 792/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings were based on 50 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 100/treatment. Fruits were rated as follows: 0 = no russeting or enlarged lenticels; 1 = no russeting lent lenticels enlarged, rough and raised to touch; 2 = 1-10% surface russeted; 3 = 11-15% surface russeted; 4 = 26-50% surfce russeted; and 5 = &gt;50% surface russeted.
Delta Aphid Test-II, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine treatments were tested for relative efficacy against aphids in irrigated cotton planted 14 Jun at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Insecticide application was made on 29 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by picking 10 leaves in each plot, the 4th leaf down from the terminal, and returning them to the laboratory to count aphids.
Evaluation of Early Season Thrips Control—MSU Location, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven treatments were evaluated for early season thrips control in cotton planted 14 May in dry conditions in sandy loam soil at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Furrow irrigation was applied 3 d post-plant because soil moisture was thought to be inadequate for seedling survival. Plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots. Granular materials were applied with “Gandy” boxes, and liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle adjusted in line with the furrow so as to spray directly into the furrow during planting at a rate of 10 gal/acre. The foliar application of Capture 2 &lt;bold&gt;EC &lt;/bold&gt;and Orthene 75 S was applied 26 May and 1 Jun by high clearance spray tractors equipped with compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 1 TX-6 nozzle/row on 19 inch band. Sampling was accomplished by collecting 10 plants at random from the 2 center rows of each plot, placing them in a qt canning jar and returning them to the lab. In the laboratory the plants were washed with detergent and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting via a binocular dissection microscope.