bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Characterization of the Tear Trough and the Lid-Cheek Junction: An Iodine Staining Technique Based on High-Resolution Micro–Computed Tomography
Authors: Chen Shuxiu , Ma Hengyuan , Song Tao , Li Haidong , Wu Di , Wang Yongqian , Yin Ningbei 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The literature presents the tear trough and lid-cheek junction’s controversial anatomical explanations. In this study, the authors explored the anatomical characterization of the tear trough deformity and lid-cheek junction.

Methods:
Twelve human cadaver specimens were obtained from the authors’ anatomy department. Iodine staining and high-resolution micro–computed tomography was used to observe the suborbital area’s anatomy. Anatomical studies and histologic evaluation were performed.

Results:
The orbicularis retaining ligament is composed of a main septum right on the rim and multiple fibrous septa in the retro-orbicularis plain. The septum arises from the deep fascia of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi at approximately the level of the medial corneoscleral limbus, anchors the muscle to the orbital rim, and continues laterally as the lateral orbital thickening at the lateral canthus. Along the lid-cheek junction, multiple fibrous septa emanating from the deep fascia of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi converge to the above septum. Using three-dimensional simulation, the skin-insert junction between the pre–palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi and pre–orbicularis oculi fibers precisely corresponded with the tear trough and the lid-cheek groove. Anatomical studies and histologic evaluation confirmed these observations.

Conclusions:
The orbicularis retaining ligament’s subtle anatomical features are clearly seen using the approach described. The tear trough and the lid-cheek junction’s anatomical characterization is defined by a suborbital ligament-fascia system whose description has implications in designing lower eyelid cosmetic surgery.
Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays in Medical Education
Authors: Tursø-Finnich Thomas , Jensen Rune Overgaard , Jensen Lasse X. , Konge Lars , Thinggaard Ebbe 
Published: February 2022

Summary Statement
Simulation-based training using virtual reality head-mounted displays (VR-HMD) is increasingly being used within the field of medical education. This article systematically reviews and appraises the quality of the literature on the use of VR-HMDs in medical education. A search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsychINFO was carried out. Studies were screened according to predefined exclusion criteria, and quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. In total, 41 articles were included and thematically divided into 5 groups: anatomy, procedural skills, surgical procedures, communication skills, and clinical decision making. Participants highly appreciated using VR-HMD and rated it better than most other training methods. Virtual reality head-mounted display outperformed traditional methods of learning surgical procedures. Although VR-HMD showed promising results when learning anatomy, it was not considered better than other available study materials. No conclusive findings could be synthesized regarding the remaining 3 groups.
Student Perceptions of Effective Simulation Instructor Teaching
Authors: Pylman Stacey E. , Emery Matthew T. 
Published: February 2022

Summary Statement
Twenty-three focus groups were held with 183 first-year medical students to assess student perceptions of effective simulation instructors during preclinical training in a medical school. Qualitative descriptive analysis guided the interpretation of focus group data. Students identified 6 areas of knowledge (schedule, student learning goals, session scenario, tasks and checklists, technique, and session purpose); 5 effective instructor skill categories (setting up the learning environment, teaching at the appropriate level, teaching technique, providing deeper context, and giving effective feedback); and 8 positive instructor attributes (enthusiasm, engaged, prepared, knowledgeable, patient, relational, transparent, and calm) instructors should have. Each category of instructor attributes, skills, and knowledge was also described in detail providing illustrative examples of what effective instruction would look like in practice from the students' perspective. Recommendations for instructor faculty development methods and topics/goals are given.
Category-specific fMRI correlates of picture naming: A study with Arabs and Filipinos
Authors: Tayeb Haythum O. , Alghamdi Jamaan , Ahmed Naushad , Alsawwaf Yousef , Alsafi Khalid , Baduwailan Abrar , Yaghmoor Bassam , Elyas Tariq , Mudarris Mohammed , Weisholtz Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTCross cultural neuroimaging work has demonstrated differences in neural correlates of some cognitive processes between individuals from different cultures, often comparing American and Chinese subjects. In contrast, a limited number of studies examined Arab and/or Filipino participants. This fMRI study aimed to demonstrate neural activations during animal and tool picture naming by 18 healthy Arabs and 18 healthy Filipino participants. In animal naming contrasted with tool naming, Arabs preferentially activated regions in the right lateral occipital and fusiform cortices, whereas Filipinos recruited bilateral visual areas. Cross-group comparisons of animal naming revealed that Arabs recruited right visual areas more than Filipinos, who in turn recruited the cerebellum more than Arabs. In tool naming, Arabs preferentially activated a predominantly left frontoparietal network, whereas no regions were identified in Filipinos, and no differences in activation between groups were found. Using a low-demand picture-naming task, this study revealed category-specific neural activations during picture naming by Arabs and Filipinos, as well as between-group differences in animal naming. The results suggest that Arabs and Filipinos may have culture-specific differences in processing animate and inanimate pictures, and caution against generalizing findings from the more commonly studied populations, especially in verbal tasks such as picture naming.HIGHLIGHTS▪The neural correlates of animal and tool picture naming in Arabs and Filipinos are category specific.▪Animal naming by Arabs tended to preferentially activate the nondominant ventral visual stream.▪Animal naming by Filipinos activated bilateral visual areas, and the cerebellum.▪Tool naming by Arabs activated dominant frontoparietal areas related to praxis.▪Results suggest that Arabs and Filipinos have culture-specific differences in visual processing.
Neural decoding from surface high-density EMG signals: influence of anatomy and synchronization on the number of identified motor units
Authors: de Oliveira Daniela Souza , Casolo Andrea , Balshaw Thomas G. , Maeo Sumiaki , Lanza Marcel Bahia , Martin Neil R.W. , Maffulli Nicola , Kinfe Thomas Mehari , Eskofier Björn , Folland Jonathan P. , Farina Dario , Del Vecchio Alessandro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveHigh-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) allows the reliable identification of individual motor unit (MU) action potentials. Despite the accuracy in decomposition, there is a large variability in the number of identified MUs across individuals and exerted forces. Here we present a systematic investigation of the anatomical and neural factors that determine this variability.ApproachWe investigated factors of influence on HD-sEMG decomposition, such as synchronization of MU discharges, distribution of MU territories, muscle-electrode distance (MED - subcutaneous fat thickness), maximum anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax), and fiber CSA. For this purpose, we recorded HD-sEMG signals, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and muscle biopsy of the biceps brachii muscle from two groups of participants – untrained-controls (UT=14) and strength-trained (>3 years of training, ST=16) – while they performed isometric ramp contractions with elbow flexors (at 15, 35, 50 and 70% maximum voluntary torque - MVT). We assessed the correlation between the number of accurately detected MUs by HD-sEMG decomposition and each measured parameter, for each target force level. Multiple regression analysis was then applied.Main resultsST subjects showed lower MED (UT: 4.8 ± 1.4 vs. ST: 3.7 ± 0.8 mm) associated to a greater number of identified motor units (UT: 21.3 ± 10.2 vs. ST: 29.2 ± 11.8 MUs/subject). Both groups showed a negative correlation between MED and the number of identified MUs at low forces (r= −0.6, p=0.002 at 15% MVT). Moreover, the number of identified MUs was positively correlated to the distribution of MU territories (r=0.56, p=0.01) and ACSAmax (r=0.48, p=0.03) at 15% MVT. By accounting for all anatomical parameters, we were able to partly predict the number of decomposed MUs at low but not at high forces.SignificanceOur results confirmed the influence of subcutaneous tissue on the quality of HD-sEMG signals and demonstrated that MU spatial distribution and ACSAmax are also relevant parameters of influence for current decomposition algorithms.
NMNAT2 in cortical glutamatergic neurons exerts both cell and non-cell autonomous influences to shape cortical development and to maintain neuronal health
Authors: Niou ZhenXian , Yang Sen , Sri Anoosha , Rodriquez Hugo , Gilley Jonathan , Coleman Michael P. , Lu Hui-Chen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHere we show that deleting NMNAT2 from cortical glutamatergic neurons (NMNAT2 cKO) results in progressive axonal loss, neuroinflammation, small hippocampi and enlarged ventricles. Interestingly, dramatic neuroinflammation responses were observed around the long-range axonal tracts of NMNAT2 cKO cortical neurons. In addition to the neurodegenerative-like phenotype, we also found the absence of whisker-representation patterns “barrels” in the primary somatosensory cortex of NMNAT2 cKO mice. These observations suggest that NMNAT2 is required in developing cortical circuits and in maintaining the health of cortical neurons. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis suggests that NMNAT2 loss in cortical neurons after axonal outgrowth phase upregulates mitochondria function while greatly reducing synaptogenesis pathways. Complete loss of Sarm1 function in NMNAT2 cKO mice restores barrel map formation and axonal integrity and abolishes the inflammatory response. Interestingly, reducing Sarm1 function in NMNAT2 cKO mice by deleting only one copy of Sarm1 restores barrel map formation but did not diminish the neurodegenerative-like phenotype. Only complete loss of Sarm1 prevents neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses.
Accelerated cognitive decline in obese mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease is linked to sialic acid-driven immune deregulation
Authors: Suzzi Stefano , Croese Tommaso , Ravid Adi , Gold Or , Clark Abbe R. , Medina Sedi , Kitsberg Daniel , Adam Miriam , Vernon Katherine A. , Kohnert Eva , Shapira Inbar , Malitsky Sergey , Itkin Maxim , Colaiuta Sarah P. , Cahalon Liora , Slyper Michal , Greka Anna , Habib Naomi , Schwartz Michal 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSystemic immunity supports healthy brain homeostasis. Accordingly, conditions causing systemic immune deregulation may accelerate onset of neurodegeneration in predisposed individuals. Here we show that, in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), high-fat diet-induced obesity accelerated cognitive decline, which was associated with immune deviations comprising increased splenic frequencies of exhausted CD4+T effector memory cells and CD4+FOXP3+regulatory T cells (Tregs). Non-targeted plasma metabolomics identifiedN-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), the predominant sialic acid, as the major obesity-induced metabolite in 5xFAD mice, the levels of which directly correlated with Tregs abundance and inversely correlated with cognitive performance. Visceral adipose tissue macrophages were identified by sNuc-Seq as one potential source of NANA. Exposure to NANA led to immune deregulation in middle-aged wild-type mice, andex vivoin human T cells. Our study identified diet-induced immune deregulation, potentially via sialic acid, as a previously unrecognized link between obesity and AD.
Neural responses to broadband visual flicker in marmoset primary visual cortex
Authors: Schwenk Jakob C. B. , Hagan Maureen A. , Cloherty Shaun L. , Zavitz Elizabeth , Morris Adam P. , Price Nicholas S. C. , Rosa Marcello G. P. , Bremmer Frank 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTemporal information is ubiquitous in natural vision and must be represented accurately in the brain to allow us to interact with a constantly changing world. Recent studies have employed a random stimulation paradigm to map the temporal response function (TRF) to luminance changes in the human EEG. This approach has revealed that the visual system, when presented with broadband visual input, actively selects distinct temporal frequencies, and retains their phase-information for prolonged periods of time. This non-linear response likely originates in primary visual cortex (V1), yet, so far it has not been investigated on a neural level. Here, we characterize the steady-state response to random broadband visual flicker in marmoset V1. In two experiments, we recorded from i) marmosets passively stimulated under general anesthesia, and ii) awake marmosets, under free viewing conditions. Our results show that LFP coupling to the stimulus was broadband and unselective under anesthesia, whereas in awake animals, it was restricted to two distinct frequency components, in the alpha and beta range. Within these frequency bands, coupling adhered to the receptive field (RF) boundaries of the local populations. The responses outside the RF did not provide evidence for a propagation of stimulus information across the cortex, contrary to results in human EEG studies. This result may be explained by short fixation durations, warranting further investigation. In summary, our findings show that during awake behavior V1 neural responses to broadband information are selective for distinct frequency bands, and that this selectivity is likely controlled actively by top-down mechanisms.
Clinical and Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Plantation Workers: Preliminary Results from the Guatemala Agricultural Workers and Respiratory Illness Impact (AGRI) Study
Authors: Olson Daniel , Calvimontes Diva M. , Lamb Molly M. , Guzman Gerber , Barrios Edgar , Chacon Andrea , Rojop Neudy , Arias Kareen , Gomez Melissa , Bolanos Guillermo Antonio , Monzon Jose , Chard Anna N. , Iwamoto Chelsea , Duca Lindsey M. , Vuong Nga , Fineman Melissa , Lesteberg Kelsey , Beckham David , Santiago Mario L. , Quicke Kendra , Ebel Gregory , Gutierrez Emily Zielinski , Azziz-Baumgartner Eduardo , Hayden Frederick G. , Mansour Hani , Edwards Kathryn , Newman Lee S. , Asturias Edwin J. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the clinical and socioeconomic burdens of respiratory disease in a cohort of Guatemalan banana plantation workers. All eligible workers were offered enrollment from June 15–December 30, 2020, and annually, then followed for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) through: 1) self-reporting to study nurses, 2) sentinel surveillance at health posts, and 3) absenteeism. Workers with ILI submitted nasopharyngeal swabs for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 testing, then completed surveys at days 0, 7, and 28. Through October 10, 2021, 1,833 workers developed 169 ILIs (12.0/100 person-years) and 43 (25.4%) of these ILIs were laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (3.1/100 person-years). Workers with SARS-CoV-2-positive ILI reported more anosmia (p<0.01), dysgeusia (p<0.01), difficulty concentrating (p=0.01), and irritability (p=0.01), and greater clinical and well-being severity scores (Flu-iiQ) than test-negative ILIs; they also had greater absenteeism (p<0.01) and lost income (median US$127.1, p<0.01). These results support the prioritization of Guatemalan farm workers for COVID-19 vaccination.
Influence of human activity on gut microbiota and immune responses of Darwin’s finches in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Bygrave Jada N. , Zylberberg Maxine , Addesso Alyssa , Knutie Sarah A. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTUrbanization can influence animal traits, including immunity and gut microbiota. Over the past several decades, the Galápagos Islands have seen rapid resident human population growth and tourist activity, leading to varying levels of human activity across Islands. Consequently, diet, gut microbiota, and immunity of endemic animals, such as Darwin’s finches, may have changed. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of land use on the immune response, gut microbiota, and body measurements of Darwin’s finches in 2008, at a time of rapidly increasing human activity in the Islands. Specifically, we compared proxies of immunity (lysozyme activity, and haptoglobin, complement antibody, and natural antibody levels), gut microbiota (bacterial diversity, community structure and membership, and relative abundance of bacterial taxa), and body measurements (body mass, tarsus length, and scaled mass index) across undeveloped, agricultural, and urban areas for medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) and small ground finches (G. fuliginosa). We found that lysozyme activity was lower and observed bacterial species richness was higher in urban areas compared to non-urban areas across both finch species. For small ground finches, relative abundances of three bacterial genera (Pseudoxanthomonas, Cloacibacterium, andDietzia spp.) were higher in urban areas compared to non-urban areas, but this pattern was not observed in medium ground finches. Medium ground finches were smaller in undeveloped areas compared to the other two areas, but body measurements of small ground finches did not differ across areas. Our results suggest that human activity can impact immune measures and gut microbiota of Darwin’s finches.
IMPACT OF PHYLLOSPHERE METHYLOBACTERIUM ON HOST RICE LANDRACES
Authors: Sanjenbam Pratibha , Shivaprasad P V , Agashe Deepa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe genus Methylobacterium includes widespread plant-associated bacteria that dominate the plant phyllosphere (occupying leaf surfaces), consume plant-secreted methanol, and can produce plant growth promoting metabolites. However, despite the potential to increase agricultural productivity, their impact on host fitness in the natural environment is relatively poorly understood. Here, we conducted field experiments with three traditionally cultivated rice landraces from north eastern India. We inoculated seedlings with native vs. non-native phyllosphere Methylobacterium strains, finding significant impacts on plant growth and grain yield. However, these effects were variable: whereas some Methylobacterium isolates were beneficial for their host, others had no impact or were no more beneficial than the bacterial growth medium. Host plant benefits were not consistently associated with Methylobacterium colonization, altered phyllosphere microbiome composition, changes in early expression of plant stress response pathways, or bacterial auxin production. We provide the first clear demonstration of the benefits of phyllosphere Methylobacterium for rice yield under field conditions, and highlight the need for further analysis to understand the mechanisms underlying these benefits. Given that the host landrace-Methylobacterium relationship is not generalizable, future agricultural applications will require careful testing to identify coevolved host- bacterium pairs that may enhance the productivity of high-value rice varieties.
A comprehensive phenotypic screening strategy to identify modulators of cargo translocation by the bacterial Type IVB secretion system
Authors: Cheng Eric , Dorjsuren Dorjbal , Lehman Stephanie , Larson Charles L. , Titus Steven A. , Sun Hongmao , Zakharov Alexey , Rai Ganesha , Heinzen Robert A. , Simeonov Anton , Machner Matthias P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are macromolecular machines that translocate effector proteins across multiple membranes into infected host cells. Loss of function mutations in genes encoding protein components of the T4SS render bacteria avirulent, highlighting the attractiveness of T4SSs as drug targets. Here, we designed an automated high-throughput screening approach for the identification of compounds that interfere with the delivery of a reporter-effector fusion protein from Legionella pneumophila into RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based detection assay in a bacteria/macrophage co-culture format, we screened a library of over 18,000 compounds and, upon vetting compound candidates in a variety of in vitro and cell-based secondary screens, isolated several hits that efficiently interfered with biological processes that depend on a functional T4SS, such as intracellular bacterial proliferation or lysosomal avoidance, but had no detectable effect on L. pneumophila growth in culture medium, conditions under which the T4SS is dispensable. Notably, the same hit compounds also attenuated, to varying degrees, effector delivery by the closely related T4SS from Coxiella burnetii, notably without impacting growth of this organism within synthetic media. Together, these results support the idea that interference with T4SS function is a possible therapeutic intervention strategy, and the emerging compounds provide tools to interrogate at a molecular level the regulation and dynamics of these virulence-critical translocation machines.ImportanceMulti-drug-resistant pathogens are an emerging threat to human health. Since conventional antibiotics target not only the pathogen but also eradicate the beneficial microbiota, they often cause additional clinical complications. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of “smarter” therapeutics that selectively target pathogens without affecting beneficial commensals. The bacterial type IV secretion system (T4SS) is essential for the virulence of a variety of pathogens but dispensable for bacterial viability in general and can, thus, be considered a pathogen’s Achilles heel. By identifying small molecules that interfere with cargo delivery by the T4SS from two important human pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii, our study represents the first step in our pursuit towards precision medicine by developing pathogen-selective therapeutics capable of treating the infections without causing harm to commensal bacteria.
Live cell biosensors based on the fluorescence lifetime of environment-sensing dyes
Authors: Mehl Brian P. , Li Li , Hinde Elizabeth , Liu Bei , MacNevin Christopher J. , Hsu Chia-Wen , Gratton Enrico , Hahn Klaus M. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTMost biosensors used with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) have been based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here we examined the capabilities of FLIM biosensors based on environment-sensing dyes. We screened merocyanine dyes to find an optimal combination of environment-induced FLIM changes, photostability and brightness at wavelengths suitable for live cell imaging. A biosensor reporting conformational changes of endogenous Cdc42 protein was tested in vitro and in live cells. In addition to the known advantages of FLIM (quantitation independent of photobleaching, intracellular biosensor distribution, and excitation intensity), the spectral properties of the merocyanine-FLIM biosensor (mcFLIM) provided enhanced sensitivity at low activation levels (<10%) where FRET is typically least sensitive. We leveraged these properties and the phasor representation of FLIM to determine the specific concentration of activated Cdc42 across the cell.