bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New facility for primary calibration of differential spectral responsivity of solar cells using LDLS-based monochromatic source
Authors: Mahmoud Khaled , Alfaleh I. , Yoo Jae-Keun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A newly established setup for primary calibration and characterization of solar cells at NMCC/SASO is presented. This differential spectral responsivity (DSR) measurement instrument uses laser-driven light source (LDLS)-based modulated (AC) source to measure the spectral responsivity of photovoltaic (PV) detectors and solar cells. The setup is intended for measuring the spectral responsivity in the wavelength range from 250 nm to 2000 nm, bias level up to 1.5 kW/m2, with which a measurement uncertainty of 1.06 % (k = 2, in the range of 300 nm to 900 nm) could be achieved. We present validation measurements as well as spectral responsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements of reference solar cells to demonstrate the objective of the setup. We present a preliminary evaluation of the associated uncertainty components as well as an uncertainty budget for validation, optimization and standardization of our setup.
Geometric system analysis of ILMD-based LID measurement systems using Monte-Carlo simulation
Authors: Katona M , Trampert K , Schwanengel C , Krüger U , Neumann C 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Imaging Luminance Measuring Device (ILMD) based luminous intensity distribution measurement systems are an established method for measuring the luminous intensity distribution (LID) of light sources in the far field. The advantage of this system is the high-resolution acquisition of a large angular range with one image. For the uncertainty budget, the mathematical description of the system can be divided into photometric and geometric contributions. In the following, we will present a Monte-Carlo approach to analyse the geometric contributions which are the uncertainty of measurement direction and measurement distance. Therefore, we set up a geometric system description based on kinematic transformations that describes the connection between detector and light source position. To consider all relevant input quantities we simulate the adjustment and measurement process. Finally, an analysis of the geometric input parameters is shown.
Reference UVC LED Source
Authors: Nikanenka Siarhey , Danilchyk Aliaksandr , Shulenkova Barbara , Tarasova Olga , Lutsenko Evgenii 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A compact reference UVC source based on commercially available LED has been developed. The article presents the design and results of the study of the optical characteristics of the radiation of the reference UVC LED source. The source provides a power density of radiation up to 400 μW/cm2 on area of 3×3 mm with inhomogeneity of 1.5 %.The emission band of a source with a maximum of 265 nm is predominantly 97 % in the UV-C spectrum region, and a small part of it is inUV-B and UV-A regions, 2.7 % and 0.3 %, respectively. The use of ComboSource for laser diodes allowed to precisionally stabilize the injection current and temperature of the LED. It is shown that overheating of the active region of the selected UV LED is only 10°C - 25°C at the recommended injection currents due to the peculiarities of its design. This results in a low degradation rate of the UV LED. Possible ways to improve the characteristics of the reference UVCsource are discussed.
A Method for the Reduction of Out-of-Band Measurement Errors in Multi-band Instruments using Synthetic Source Distributions
Authors: Brown S W , Shaw P-S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A method to reduce multi-band sensor measurement biases due to finite out-of-band response is described. The method takes advantage of the fact that out-of-band measurement errors cancel if the calibration source and the measured source have the same spectral distributions—independent of their spectral distributions or the magnitude of a sensor band’s out-of-band response. Using a known spectral responsivity, a synthetic, arbitrary source spectral distribution can replace a realized spectral distribution in the measurement equation and the signal can be calculated rather than measured. Given the freedom to select any arbitrary distribution for the synthetic source, the efficacy of the approach depends on the fidelity of the replication of the measured spectrum by the synthetic source spectrum. To illustrate the method, an example application is given of top-of-the-atmosphere measurements of water-leaving radiance by multi-band filter radiometers on celestial Earth-viewing sensors.
First International Seminar on Physical Infrastructure (1st ISPI)
Authors: Yung-Vargas Y W , Rodríguez-Lizcano A , Ortiz-Vasquez L F , Rojas-Suárez J P , Niño E D V 
Published: January 2022

The First International Seminar on Physical Infrastructure (1st ISPI) was an academic and scientific event organized by the Road Infrastructure Research Group and the Road Infrastructure Research Seedbed of the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia; the 1st ISPI was held from October 13 to 15, 2021
The purpose of the 1st ISPI was to allow the academic and scientific community, researchers, professors, professionals, and students, to share results and research proposals in the areas of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physics; during the 1st ISPI is presented 29 research work, of which 6 were plenary lectures from Spain, Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia, and 23 talks, on different topics that allowed to the participants the to learn about the current state of the Physical Infrastructure, the Mathematical Modeling, the Physical and Numerical Modeling, the Physicochemical Phenomena in Engineering, the Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, the Simulation of Physical- Mathematical Problems in Engineering, and the Teaching and Research Techniques in Science and Engineering. The website of the conference is available at https://foristom.org/1ispi.
On behalf of the organizing committee of the 1st ISPI, we are extremely thankful to all authors and participants for providing their valuable contributions to this Proceedings volume as well as the reviewers for their constructive recommendations and criticism aiding to improve the presented articles. Likewise, we like to thank the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, and the Foundation of Researchers in Materials Science and Technology, for all the support technical and logistical received.
Likewise, the organizing committee 1st ISPI thanks all who attended this edition of the event, and we are very proud to have carried out this event successfully that allowing the generation and effective transfer of new knowledge regarding the topics addressed during the event; we will be waiting for you at the 2nd ISPI in 2022.
Finally, the editor hopes that those interested in the area of physical infrastructure can enjoy this reading, of the volume of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS), which reflects a wide variety of current issues.
List of Organizing Committee, Photos are available in this pdf.
Structural and physical evaluation of a reinforced beam using strain gauges
Authors: Afanador-Garcia N , Guerrero-Gomez G , Gallardo-Amaya R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this research project,the deformations in the longitudinal and transverse reinforcing steel of a reinforced concrete beam with 2ϕ½” were estimated.Additionally,the displacements in thecenter of thespanweremeasuredtogether with theloads, which generatedthecrackingof the beam of dimensions180 mm×240 mm×3100 mm.Displacement were performed using a linear variable displacement transducer, and strain gauges were used to measure deformations. Finally, the applied load’s measurements were obtained with a load cell Pinzuar/Model-100/20T equipment.The physical-mechanical properties of the concreteused were determined through compressive strength tests at 28 days and modulus of elasticity.For this purpose, a load-bearing frame was used to support the beam at three points for load application.The data was collected directly on the Quantum/X2 equipment and analyzed with the help of the Catman/AP software.The maximum deformations found in the bending test at three point since there inforced concrete beam we are not greater than 8483µm/mm,presenting a failure in the center of the beam due to the creep of the tensile steel for a maximum load of 3115 Kg.Finally,the physical behavior of there inforced concrete beam with applying aload allows evaluating and optimizing this kind of systems.
An application of physics: simply supported bridges made of post-tensioned concrete and structural steel beams
Authors: Márquez-Peñaranda J F , Pineda-Rodríguez J R , Rojas-Suárez J P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bridges represent an important application of physics capable of solving real transportation problems. Knowledge of convenience of different mechanical solutions when analyzing and designing bridge is needed. For these reasons, this work is focused on the study of convenience of using two types of bridges. Simply supported short-medium span bridges (30 m to 45 m) are usually excessively long when choosing reinforced concrete solutions and usually short for other types of structures such as cable-stayed or cantilever bridges. The suitability of simply supported bridges leads to the need of studying their cost benefit ratios. This work studies the cost benefit ratio for post-tensioned concrete beams and structural steel girders in simply supported straight bridges. Eight models built of type I sections were used in both cases to analyze the bridges using a software based on the stiffness method. Span of each bridge was set to 30 m, 35 m, 40 m, and 45 m. The convenience of each type of bridge was done comparing the total and the cost per linear meter of each solution (post-tensioned and structural steel). Comparison was done using material consumption, labor, and construction processes costs only. Also, allowable vertical displacement given by current bridge design standards was verified.
Evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement in Colombia
Authors: Yung-Vargas Y W , Rondón-Quintana H A , Córdoba-Maquilón J E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Reclaimed asphalt pavements are obtained from existing pavements through recovery techniques and are used for new asphalt mixtures production with the inclusion of virgin aggregates and asphalt cement, constituting environmentally friendly mixtures at a lower total cost, by requiring fewer quantities of new materials. This research, unlike the studies found on the subject, focuses on the study of reclaimed asphalt pavement by analyzing its granulometric distribution and asphalt cement content. For this purpose, representative reclaimed asphalt pavement samples were taken from four Colombia cities, to verify their heterogeneity. The obtained reclaimed asphalt pavement was analyzed in the laboratory, to obtain the material granulometric distribution, through extraction and asphalt content tests, following Colombian regulations from the “Instituto Nacional de Vías”. The results show that the granulometry of all cities has a central tendency (average) that moves towards an upper limit in the 2 mm particles. When analyzing the granulometry separately of the four cities, it is observed that they present a different trend in their granulometry, which shows their heterogeneity. The asphalt cement content presented values between 4.0% and 5.0%.
Development of an integrated cooling system for motorcycle helmet by physical study of temperature variations and heat transfer
Authors: Zambrano-Becerra S F , Galvis-Sanchez P M , Perez-Rangel N Y , Florez-Solano E , Espinel-Blanco E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In Colombia, the most widely used means of transport today are motorcycles, which have become increasingly numerous, bearing in mind that they are subject to laws and regulations imposed by the country’s mobility, transit and transport agencies, the use of helmets is mandatory for drivers and passengers, safety measures are monitored, the hull must be certified and meet the required technical standards; whereas its role is to protect people in the event of accidents, regulations require that the helmet be completely closed to protect the entire head and chin; the design of the helmet allows air entry and there is no concentration of temperature inside, all this is done by implementing air inlet and outlet ducts, which circulate air when the motorcycle is in motion, unfortunately this does not happen due to the accumulation of temperature in the back of the helmet that makes the user feel tired and uncomfortable. This research proposes the development of a prototype portable cooling system for motorcycle helmets by the physical principle of heat transfer, by using Peltier cells, to have low production cost, optimal operation, and low energy consumption thanks to natural air flow.
Simulation of inference test performance for minimum inhibitory concentration censored data
Authors: Torres-Mantilla H A , Cuesta-Herrera L , Andrades-Grassi J E , Bianchi G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The estimation of the minimum inhibitory concentration is usually performed by a method of serial dilutions by a factor of 2, introducing the overestimation of antimicrobial efficacy, quantified by a simulation model that shows that the variability of the bias is higher for the standard deviation, being dependent on the metric distance to the values of the concentrations used. We use a methodological approach through modeling and simulation for the measurement error of physical variables with censored information, proposing a new inference method based on the calculation of the exact probability for the set of possible samples from nmeasurements that allows quantifying the p-value in one or two independent sample tests for the comparison of censored data means. Tests based on exact probability methods offer a reasonable solution for small sample sizes, with statistical power varying according to the hypothesis evaluated, providing insight into the limitations of censored data analysis and providing a tool for decision making in the diagnosis of antimicrobial efficacy.
Prediction of survival of Pinus radiata seedlings subjected to physical-water restriction extreme using learning neural networks
Authors: Vásquez-Coronel J , Altamirano-Fernández A , Espinoza-Meza S , Rodriguez-Gallardo M 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDrought is one of the main environmental factors that limit plant growth. For this reason, it is necessary to apply nursery cultural practices to produce quality seedlings for successful reforestation in drought- prone sites. In this study, the extreme learning machines and multilayer are applied to predict survival in 5-month-oldPinus radiataseedlings belonging to 98 families of a genetic improvement program and subjected to a period of water restriction in the nursery. After applying the water restriction, survival was registered in each seedling as a categorical variable (1 = alive seedling, 0 = dead seedling). Additionally, the following morphological attributes of each seedling were also measured: total height, root collar diameter, slenderness index, dry weight of needles, stems and roots, total dry weight, and the root to shoot ratio. The extreme learning machines predicted with a better rate the survival of the “alive” class compared to the “dead” class. On the other hand, the multilayer-extreme learning machines improved the precision of survival concerning the class of “dead” seedlings. According to the results of the model, an overall precision of 74% was obtained. This may be due to the great genetic variability presented by each of thePinus radiatafamily used in the database. However, this technique allowed predicting the survival of a group of seedlings grown in the nursery, which can be a tool to support the selection process of high quality planting stock.
Design of the high field side antenna of the new reflectometric system for plasma position estimate in RFXmod2
Authors: Marchiori G. , Cavazzana R. , De Masi G. , Moresco M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A reflectometric system will be installed in the RFX-mod2 experiment, consisting of 4 couples of transmitting/receiving antennas working in the range 16–26.5 GHz in X-mode wave propagation for tokamak discharges. They will be placed within dedicated plasma accesses in the same poloidal section at 4 equispaced poloidal positions, two on the equatorial plane, High Field Side (HFS)/Low Field Side (LFS), and two at the vertical top/bottom ports. This configuration was conceived to perform plasma position control experiments without using the magnetic measurement signals. While the accesses in LFS, top and bottom positions will accommodate pyramidal antennas, the strict room constraints in the HFS position required a special routing of the feeding waveguide and the design of a different type of antenna, described in the paper. The horn reflector (also named hoghorn) type was preferred which allows radiating (and receiving) a beam at a 90° direction with respect to the horn axis, which will be perpendicular to the equatorial plane. After fixing a reference working frequency f = 21 GHz (wavelength λ = 14.3 mm), an antenna fitting the available room was designed by means of the COMSOL Multiphysics Radio Frequency module. Four different versions were developed by introducing some modifications of the aperture shape to study their effect on the antenna performance. FEM analyses were run for frequencies in the 17–26 GHz interval to characterize the frequency response in terms of radiative patterns of the total and far electric field. The directivity of the antennae was also evaluated. The 4 versions exhibited comparable responses and the observed beam directional properties at the expected plasma distance were considered acceptable for the development of this application. A prototype of the antenna has been realized by additive manufacturing process.
Stray radiation produced in FLASH electron beams characterized by the MiniPIX Timepix3 Flex detector
Authors: Oancea C. , Bălan C. , Pivec J. , Granja C. , Jakubek J. , Chvatil D. , Olsansky V. , Chiș V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work aims to characterize ultra-high dose rate pulses (UHDpulse) electron beams using the hybrid semiconductor pixel detector. The Timepix3 (TPX3) ASIC chip was used to measure the composition, spatial, time, and spectral characteristics of the secondary radiation fields from pulsed 15–23 MeV electron beams. The challenge is to develop a single compact detector that could extract spectrometric and dosimetric information on such high flux short-pulsed fields. For secondary beam measurements, PMMA plates of 1 and 8 cm thickness were placed in front of the electron beam, with a pulse duration of 3.5 µs. Timepix3 detectors with silicon sensors of 100 and 500 µm thickness were placed on a shifting stage allowing for data acquisition at various lateral positions to the beam axis. The use of the detector in FLEXI configuration enables suitable measurements in-situ and minimal self-shielding. Preliminary results highlight both the technique and the detector’s ability to measure individual UHDpulses of electron beams delivered in short pulses. In addition, the use of the two signal chains per-pixel enables the estimation of particle flux and the scattered dose rates (DRs) at various distances from the beam core, in mixed radiation fields.
The CDAU — a common data acquisition unit for the radiation imaging detectors at HIRFL-CSR
Authors: Zhang H. , Yang H. , Li X. , Zhao C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A common data acquisition unit (CDAU) has been designed for data transmission in the radiation imaging detectors in the Heavy Ion Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). With a bandwidth of 64 Gbps, this CDAU can meet the need for most of the experiment. The CDAU can connect four front-end readout cards (FECs) through optical links for data collection, packaging, and transmission. This CDAU is based on the PCI Express (PCIe) Gen3 bus, using Xilinx Kintex Ultrascale series FPGA, combined with the periphery circuits design to complete the data acquisition system. This paper will discuss the design and performance of the CDAU.
Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC
Authors: Gil‐Botella I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a leading-edge experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE-Dual Phase (DP) is a 6 × 6 × 6 m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE far detector. In ProtoDUNE-DP, the scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, we present the performance of the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system, comparing different wavelength-shifting techniques and the use of xenon-doped LAr as a promising option for future large LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and compared to simulations, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.
System-on-chip integrated circuit technology applications on the DIII-D tokamak for multi-field measurements
Authors: Zheng Y. , Yu G.Y. , Chen J. , Chen Y. , Zhu Y.L. , Domier C.W. , Brower D.L. , Luhmann N.C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Several mm-wave diagnostics on the DIII-D tokamak provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional measurements of plasma profile evolution and turbulence fluctuations. Mm-wave fusion plasma diagnostics that adopt system-on-chip integrated circuit technology can provide better space utilization, flexible installation, and improved sensitivity. In order to further extend this technology for additional fusion facilities with a higher toroidal magnetic field, V-band (55–75 GHz) and F-band (90–140 GHz) chips for Microwave Imaging Reflectometer (MIR) and Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) instruments are developed and tested in the Davis Millimeter Wave Research Center (DMRC). Current measurement data show that correlation between these SoC-based diagnostic instruments with other state-of-the-art diagnostics enables co-located multi-field turbulence fluctuation measurement.
End-to-end simulations of the MUon RAdiography of VESuvius experiment
Authors: Samalan A. , Basnet S. , Bonechi L. , Cimmino L. , D’Alessandro R. , D’Errico M. , Giammanco A. , Karnam R. , Macedonio G. , Moussawi M. , Rendon C. , Saracino G. , Tytgat M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The MUon RAdiography of VESuvius (MURAVES) project aims at the study of the summital cone of Mt. Vesuvius, an active volcano near Naples (Italy), by measuring its density profile through muon flux attenuation. Its data, combined with those from gravimetric and seismic measurement campaigns, will be used for better defining the volcanic plug at the bottom of the crater. We report on the development of an end-to-end simulation framework, in order to perform accurate investigations of the effects of the experimental constraints and to compare simulations, under various model hypotheses, with the actual observations. The detector simulation setup is developed using GEANT4 and a study of cosmic particle generators has been conducted to identify the most suitable one for our simulation framework. To mimic the real data, GEANT4 raw hits are converted to clusters through a simulated digitization: energy deposits are first summed per scintillator bar, and then converted to number of photoelectrons with a data-driven procedure. This is followed by the same clustering algorithm and same tracking code as in real data. We also report on the study of muon transport through rock using PUMAS and GEANT4. In this paper we elaborate on the rationale for our technical choices, including trade-off between speed and accuracy. The developments reported here are of general interest in muon radiography and can be applied in similar cases.