bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy characterises the functional chemistry of soil organic carbon in agricultural soils
Authors: Wetterlind Johanna , Viscarra Rossel Raphael A. , Steffens Markus 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) originates from a complex mixture of organic materials, and to better understand its role in soil functions, one must characterise its chemical composition. However, current methods, such as solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, are time‐consuming and expensive. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible, near infrared and mid‐infrared regions (vis–NIR: 350–2500 nm; mid‐IR: 4000–400 cm−1) can also be used to characterise SOC chemistry; however, it is difficult to know the frequencies where the information occurs. Thus, we correlated the C functional groups from the 13C NMR to the frequencies in the vis–NIR and mid‐IR spectra using two methods: (1) 2‐dimensional correlations of 13C NMR spectra and the diffuse reflectance spectra, and (2) modelling the NMR functional C groups with the reflectance spectra using support vector machines (SVM) (validated using 5 times repeated 10‐fold cross‐validation). For the study, we used 99 mineral soils from the agricultural regions of Sweden. The results show clear correlations between organic functional C groups measured with NMR and specific frequencies in the vis–NIR and mid‐IR spectra. While the 2D correlations showed general relationships (mainly related to the total SOC content), analysing the importance of the wavelengths in the SVM models revealed more detail. Generally, models using mid‐IR spectra produced slightly better estimates than the vis–NIR. The best estimates were for the alkyl C group (R2 = 0.83 and 0.85, vis–NIR and mid‐IR, respectively), and the O/N‐alkyl C group was the most difficult to estimate (R2 = 0.34 and 0.38, vis–NIR and mid‐IR, respectively). Combining 13C NMR with the cost‐effective diffuse reflectance methods could potentially increase the number of measured samples and improve the spatial and temporal characterisation of SOC. However, more studies with a wider range of soil types and land management systems are needed to further evaluate the conditions under which these methods could be used.Highlights
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterise and model SOC functional chemistry.
NMR derived C functional groups could be modelled with vis‐NIR and mid‐IR diffuse reflectance spectra.
The methods allow for characterisation of SOC chemical composition on whole mineral soil samples.
The approach can improve the spatial and temporal characterisation of SOC composition.
Ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice: strain, age, and sex differences
Authors: Caruso Angela , Marconi Maria Adelaide , Scattoni Maria Luisa , Ricceri Laura 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in different social contexts across lifespan. There is ethological evidence that pup USVs elicit maternal retrieval and adult USVs facilitate social interaction with a conspecific. Analysis of mouse vocal and social repertoire across strains, sex and contexts remains not well explored. To address these issues, in inbred (C57BL/6, FVB) and outbred (CD‐1) mouse strains, we recorded and evaluated USVs as neonates and during adult social encounters (male–female and female–female social interaction). We showed significant strain differences in the quantitative (call rate and duration of USVs) and qualitative vocal analysis (spectrographic characterization) from early stage to adulthood, in line with specific patterns of social behaviors. Inbred C57BL/6 mice produced a lower number of calls with less internal changes and shorter duration; inbred FVB mice displayed more social behaviors and produced more syllables with repeated internal changes; outbred CD‐1 mice had an intermediate profile. Our results suggest specific vocal signatures in each mouse strain, thus helping to better define socio‐communicative profiles of mouse strains and to guide the choice of an appropriate strain according to the experimental settings.
An obelisk‐shaped granitoid tower at Mt. Jizogadake in the Southern Alps of Japan: A 3‐D morphological study
Authors: Chigira Masahiro 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWell‐developed tors and associated boulder fields are present in exposed granitoid pluton, but their geomorphological origins have not been fully addressed. Although the tor‐like features are commonly attributed to the orthogonal joint system along which weathering proceeds and the weathering materials are removed, the majority of previous studies lack three‐dimensional (3‐D) morphological observations. One of the well‐known granitoid rock towers in Japan, namely, the obelisk at Mt. Jizogadake in the Japanese Southern Alps, was investigated using unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). A 3‐D observation of the granitoid obelisk found that it is shaped by columnar joints with an undulation along a long axis and irregularly shaped cross‐sections. Because of these features and intersection angles between the rock columns and exposure surfaces, the obelisk exhibits a peculiar morphology appearing as a heap of rock blocks when observed from the ground. The columnar jointing might have occurred in a marginal zone of the granitoid pluton due to faster cooling rates. The 3‐D observations also confirmed the columnar joints formation was predated by high‐angle, planar joints. The columnar joints divide the rock mass between those planar joints. This may imply that the high‐angle joints would have formed probably during cooling under the presence of tectonic and thermal stresses.
Site‐selective occupation and luminescence property investigation of Ca18Na3Y(PO4)14:Eu2+ phosphor for full‐spectrum LED
Authors: Li Zhuowei , Li Shanshan , Xin Shuangyu , Bian Qingfeng , Zhu Ge , Dong Bin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCyan‐emitting phosphors have attracted widespread attention as an integral part to realize full‐spectrum lighting. Understanding the site occupation of luminescence centers is of great importance to design and clarify the luminescent mechanism for new cyan‐emitting phosphors. Here, we report a cyan‐emitting phosphor Ca18Na3Y(PO4)14:Eu2+ synthesized by the high‐temperature solid‐state method. The crystal structure is characterized by X‐ray diffraction and refined by the Rietveld method. The diffuse reflectance spectra, excitation/emission spectra, fluorescence decay curves, thermal stability, and related mechanism are systematically studied. The results show that Ca18Na3Y(PO4)14:Eu2+ crystallizes in a trigonal crystal system with space group R3c. Under excitation at 350 nm, a broadband cyan emission can be obtained at 500 nm with a half‐width of about 120 nm, which is caused by Eu2+ occupying five different sites in host, namely, Na2O12 (450 nm), (Ca3/Na1)O8 (485 nm), Ca2O8 (515 nm), Ca1O7 (565 nm), and (Ca4/Y)O6 (640 nm), respectively. Moreover, crystal structure, room and low temperature spectroscopy, and luminescence decay time are used to skillfully verify the site‐selective occupation of Eu2+. Finally, a full‐spectrum light‐emitting diode (LED) lamp is fabricated with an improved color rendering index (∼90.3), CCT (∼5492 K), and CIE coordinates (0.332, 0.318). The results show that Ca18Na3Y(PO4)14:Eu2+ has the potential to act as a cyan emission phosphor for full‐spectrum white LEDs.
The Financial Cost of Carbon
Authors: Bolton Patrick , Halem Zachery , Kacperczyk Marcin 
Published: June 2022

Climate finance is first and foremost a risk‐management problem, which means three things for investors. First, prudent investors will seek to hedge climate change risk by reducing their exposure to this risk. Second, investors will demand compensation for holding this risk. Third, investors will engage with companies to urge them to reduce this risk if they are not adequately compensated for it.For companies, the main implication of climate‐risk management by investors is that the companies with greater carbon emissions will have to pay a higher financial cost of carbon (FCC). In their new study described in this article, the authors undertake a comprehensive analysis of the risk compensation implications of exposing investors to carbon transition risk. They explore how corporate GHG emissions have affected the price‐to‐earnings (P/E) ratios of listed companies in Europe and the U.S. over the period 2016 to 2020. Their main finding is that financial markets are beginning to broadly discount companies whose high carbon emissions are viewed as subjecting them to higher levels of political and regulatory risk, and providing them with what amounts to a higher cost of capital.Although price‐earnings ratios are generally lower for companies with higher emissions, the discount varies significantly by sector and across firm size, with larger companies experiencing the larger discounts. Although the carbon discount is similar in the U.S. and in Europe, the authors find significantly higher discounts in industries in Europe that are directly covered by carbon pricing through the EU ETS. They even find a small price discount on corporate debt for smaller issuers. Overall, what emerges is a clear pattern of investors' growing concern over climate risk, which translates into an increasingly material FCC for companies with high GHG emissions. This growing valuation discount for companies with high emissions should encourage them to progress further along their decarbonization path, which our results suggest have large financial as well as other social benefits.
Employee Value Added: A New Measure of Gain‐Sharing between Labor and Capital
Authors: O'Byrne Stephen F. , Rajgopal Shivaram 
Published: June 2022

Most investors are aware of economic profit concepts that compare company profits with the opportunity cost of the capital used to generate those profits, but few investors try to compute similar value added measures for employees, or to assess whether employee value added is aligned with investor value added or whether such alignment is beneficial for investors. The fact that 85% of public companies do not report total employee pay suggests an opportunity for companies to improve both their disclosure practices and their ability to measure stakeholder outcomes and their alignment with shareholder interests.In this article, the authors show how to estimate the following for U.S. public companies: employee pay (for those that don't already report it); average alternative or “market” pay; and employee value added, which is the aggregate after‐tax difference between actual and market pay. Reflecting the tendency of public companies to pay more than other private‐ and public‐sector “civilian” employers, the authors show that the aggregate employee value added at S&P 1500 companies in 2020 represented 30% of the total value added of investors and employees—a number that has been rising more or less steadily from zero since the early 1990s. The not so good news, however, is that the authors find little difference in employee value added between positive and negative EVA companies.To further explore the relationship between employee and investor value added, the authors present a methodology for measuring four key dimensions of employee value added: alignment with investor value added; employee pay leverage; relative pay risk; and the employee pay premium for baseline performance (at zero investor value added). After illustrating those measures in a comparison between Costco and Walmart, the authors' analysis shows that a small number of companies like Costco treat employees more like equity holders with high alignment, but also higher pay risk and a lower pay premium at zero investor value added. The vast majority of U.S. companies appear to be more like Walmart than Costco in treating employees more like bond holders with low alignment with investors, but also lower pay risk and a higher pay premium for baseline performance (or zero investor value added).
How to Settle the Corporate Purpose Debate
Authors: Rappaport Alfred , Mauboussin Michael J. 
Published: June 2022

The debate over the purpose of the public corporation has gone on for decades. The idea that companies should prioritize the interests of shareholders gained widespread acceptance in the 1980s. However, the tide turned in the last decade as a growing number of CEOs, boards, employees, customers, social activists, and investors support a move from corporate governance focused on shareholders to one that prioritizes the interests of stakeholders.Shareholder and stakeholder advocates are unlikely to find common ground any time soon. This article presents four roadblocks responsible for the impasse: stakeholders and shareholder proponents interpret the law differently; companies adopt lofty purpose statements that seek to engage and motivate stakeholders but have little to say about the company's priorities; the meaning of stakeholder governance is ambiguous; and stakeholder advocates routinely display a complete misunderstanding of the concept of shareholder value.The article concludes with three essential steps to promote transparency and a more efficient market for corporate governance that benefits both stakeholders and shareholders. Stakeholder and shareholder governance proponents, boards of directors, CEOs, and the investment community face two essential choices. They can allow the never‐ending corporate purpose debate to continue, or they can join forces to establish a transparent market for corporate governance.
The Survivor Moms’ Companion Trauma‐Specific Perinatal Psychoeducation Intervention in a Community Outreach Program: An Open Pilot
Authors: Sperlich Mickey , Kabilamany Priscilla 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers significant risk during the childbearing year, including for maternal substance use, inadequate prenatal care, preterm birth, and impaired maternal‐infant bonding. Although several treatments are available for PTSD, few are specific to the perinatal period. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate outcomes of a PTSD‐ and pregnancy‐specific psychoeducational intervention, the Survivor Moms’ Companion (SMC).MethodsThe SMC includes psychoeducation with tutor support to address maternal posttraumatic stress, affect regulation, and interpersonal sensitivity. This open pilot was conducted in a large city in a mid‐Atlantic state within an organization that provides perinatal services via community health workers (CHWs). The majority of participants were aged 20 to 25 years and African American and had low levels of income and educational attainment. The SMC learning modules were supplied to participants by specially trained CHWs who provided weekly face‐to‐face support during 30‐to‐60‐minute tutoring sessions. Pretest‐to‐posttest analyses using multiple imputation methodology and paired‐samples t tests examined PTSD symptom counts and scores related to theorized mechanisms of affect dysregulation and interpersonal sensitivity. Nonparametric statistical tests examined clinically meaningful changes.ResultsOf 56 women who completed pretests, 38 (67.9%) completed the core dose of a minimum of 4 of 10 learning modules. Examination of intention‐to‐treat (n = 56) pretest‐to‐posttest scores revealed statistically significant improvements in PTSD symptoms (P < .001), affect regulation (depression [P < .001] and anger expression [P < .05]), and interpersonal sensitivity (P < .001). Per‐protocol analyses (n = 38) revealed significant changes from clinical to nonclinical range scores for PTSD (P < .01) and depression (P < .05).DiscussionThese findings suggest that a psychoeducational intervention with tutor support can be influential in fostering positive mental health changes in a high‐risk perinatal population. CHWs with intervention‐specific training can be effective at implementing a trauma‐specific intervention.
Asplit‐face, blind, randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid filler for the correction of atrophic facial scars
Authors: Siperstein Robyn , Nestor Elizabeth , Meran Suzanne , Grunebaum Lisa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundHyaluronic acid fillers have been studied extensively for facial wrinkles; however, their efficacy for atrophic facial scars has yet to be analyzed in a prospective placebo‐controlled study.ObjectiveTo analyze the efficacy and safety of a hyaluronic acid filler for atrophic facial scars.Methods & MaterialsFifteen subjects were randomized to receive up to 1 ml of VYC‐17.5 L on one cheek and up to 1 ml of saline on the other side, with an optional touch‐up treatment. Subjects were graded by a live blind evaluator using the Quantitative Global Scarring Grading System (QGSGS) (J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006;5:48), the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), and Canfield photo‐analysis.ResultsAccording to the blind evaluator, there was a significant reduction 90 days after the last treatment on the QGSGS for VYC‐17.5L compared with saline (−6.6 VYC‐17.5L vs −1.7 saline [t(28) = −4.3196,p = 0.008]). There was a smaller, but still significant reduction on the QGSGS for saline alone (10.4 to 8.6 [t(14) = −3.453,p = 0.004]). In addition, 93% (13/14) of subjects chose VYC‐17.5L over saline treatment and reported an improvement on the GAIS. There were no serious side effects and all minor side effects resolved by Day 30.ConclusionVYC‐17.5L achieved significant improvements in rolling atrophic scars as compared to saline, though saline also had modest improvements.
10‐year anniversary of the European Somnologist examination – A historic overview and critical appraisal
Authors: Grote Ludger , Pevernagie Dirk , Bruni Oliviero , Deboer Tom , Garcia‐Borreguero Diego , Hill Elizabeth A. , Penzel Thomas , Puertas F. Javier , Wiechmann Axel , Verspaandonk Margret , Paunio Tiina 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe European Somnologist certification programme was developed by the European Sleep Research Society to improve patient care in sleep medicine by providing an independent evaluation of theoretical and practical knowledge. The examination of eligible experts plays a key role in this procedure. A process was started more than 15 years ago to create the European sleep medicine curriculum, eligibility criteria for certification, and sleep centre accreditation criteria. The process was characterised by interdisciplinary collaboration, consensus, and achieving new solutions. During the past 10 years, experience has been gained by the examination and certification of more than 1000 sleep medicine experts from more than 50 countries. The process has continuously been improved. However, as the programme was designed and administered mainly by medical experts in the field, systematic influence from teaching and pedagogic experts was partially underrepresented. The current critical appraisal pinpoints several missing links in the process – mainly as a missing constructive alignment between learning objectives, learning and teaching activities, and the final assessment. A series of suggestions has been made to further improve the ESRS certification programme.
Hepatitis delta virus infection prevalence, diagnosis and treatment in the Middle East: A scoping review
Authors: Lazarus Jeffrey V. , Al‐Rifai Ahmad , Sanai Faisal M. , Alghamdi Abdullah Saeed , Sharara Ala I. , Saad Motaz Fathy , van Selm Lena , Alqahtani Saleh A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is a global public health concern, especially because of its unique existence in the presence of hepatitis B virus infection. HDV infection is estimated to affect 12 million people globally. Having a clearer understanding of its prevalence in all regions of the world is essential for helping direct preventive and early interventional treatment. This mini‐review assessed the literature over the last 10 years to determine the prevalence, diagnostic means and treatment guidelines available for HDV in the Middle East. The search found limited data available in 21 articles, of which 18 were studies focused on Iran. Prevalence rates ranged dramatically among the countries, and none of the 12 countries included in the search had specific HDV guidelines. This review highlights the urgent need for more precise data for the Middle East region to help establish early diagnosis and treatment options for HDV.
Altered skin fungal and bacterial community compositions in tinea capitis
Authors: Tao Rong , Zhu Peiqiu , Zhou Yabin , Li Qian , Wan Zhe , Li Ruoyu , Wang Ruojun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundTinea capitis is an infection of the scalp and hair shaft caused by dermatophytes that predominantly occurs in children. Skin fungal infections have been found to be associated with alterations in the overall bacterial and fungal communities. However, the scalp microbiome in tinea capitis have not been fully investigated.ObjectivesTo investigate and compare the scalp bacterial and fungal microbiomes between children with tinea capitis and healthy children and between children and adults.MethodsSkin samples were collected from the scalp. Bacterial and fungal community compositions were analysed by amplification sequencing of the V3‐V4 of 16S rDNA and ITS1‐5F, respectively.ResultsThe predominant fungi detected using amplicon sequencing were consistent with the culture‐ or real‐time PCR‐positive pathogens in most samples. Children with tinea capitis had lower fungal and higher bacterial Shannon diversity than healthy children. A higher relative abundance of pathogenic fungi and significant alterations in the bacterial community in the lesional sites of tinea capitis than healthy scalps. Compared with adults, healthy children were characterised by higher Shannon diversities with significantly lower relative abundances of Malassezia and Cutibacterium and higher relative abundances of Candida and Streptococcus.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that tinea capitis was characterised by significant alterations in both fungal and bacterial communities and amplicon sequencing could be a complementary method for pathogen identification.
MSD2‐mediated ROS metabolism fine‐tunes the timing of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee Jinsu , Chen Huize , Lee Gisuk , Emonet Aurélia , Kim Sang‐Gyu , Shim Donghwan , Lee Yuree 
Published: June 2022

Summary

The timely removal of end‐of‐purpose flowering organs is as essential for reproduction and plant survival as timely flowering. Despite much progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of floral organ abscission, little is known about how various environmental factors are integrated into developmental programmes that determine the timing of abscission.

Here, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediators of various stress‐related signalling pathways, are involved in determining the timing of abscission and, if so, how they are integrated with the developmental pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

MSD2, encoding a secretory manganese superoxide dismutase, was preferentially expressed in the abscission zone of flowers, and floral organ abscission was accelerated by the accumulation of ROS in msd2 mutants. The expression of the genes encoding the receptor‐like kinase HAESA (HAE) and its cognate peptide ligand INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), the key signalling components of abscission, was accelerated in msd2 mutants, suggesting that MSD2 acts upstream of IDA‐HAE. Further transcriptome and pharmacological analyses revealed that abscisic acid and nitric oxide facilitate abscission by regulating the expression of IDA and HAE during MSD2‐mediated signalling.

These results suggest that MSD2‐dependent ROS metabolism is an important regulatory point integrating environmental stimuli into the developmental programme leading to abscission.