bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Way Forward
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To minimize the conflict between privacy and competition, this chapter examines what policymakers can do, besides avoiding the four traps, when privacy policies hamper competition or when competition policies degrade privacy. First, policymakers must ensure that their policies promote healthy competition, rather than the toxic variety fueling the surveillance economy. The chapter emphasizes the placement of legal guardrails and alignment of incentives that make privacy a critical non-price component of competition. Second, the chapter assesses a spectrum of privacy policies to enhance privacy and deter toxic competition. It highlights the outcome of correctly adjusting consumer protection, privacy, and data protection laws, providing more informed choices about how data is processed. It points out the occurrence of greater incentives and opportunities to offer technologies and alternative business models that protect privacy while unleashing the potential value from non-rivalrous data when companies compete in promoting privacy.
“This Is Our Nation, Not Theirs”
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses quantitative data to show how many white Christian nationalists there are, which religious traditions they belong to, and what they believe. WCN is most strongly represented among evangelical Protestants but attracts significant numbers of mainline Protestants, Roman Catholics, and even some non-Christians. It also shows that white Americans who embrace Christian nationalism have very different views than non-whites who do so, and on a wide range of issues including America’s religious history, racial discrimination, and economic issues. This is why it is important to focus on white Christian nationalism, rather than just “Christian nationalism,” or “white Christianity.” Last, the chapter shows how WCN influences Americans’ interpretations and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their embrace of libertarian, free-market economics.
Dissent in New York’s Transport Workers Union
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A caucus of activist transit workers seeking to fight management chose to focus their efforts primarily on ousting a perceived “do-nothing” union leadership. This chapter demonstrates some of the gains and losses intrinsic to the electoral package. As a commonly used arena, running candidates for office was easy for workers to understand, and it held the allure of a decisive victory leading to substantive changes in union policy. Yet means can turn into ends: winning an election and functioning in office after winning may be in tension with each other. The need to, “first, win” led to the creation of dubious alliances and, ultimately, turmoil within the compound player. Small gains and losses, strategic tradeoffs, dilemmas, and decisions—often intended to resolve short-term problems—shaped and altered what it meant to win. Even apparent gains come freighted with diverse consequences.
From Neoliberalism to Democratic Liberalism
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new approach to liberalism, which is distinctly democratic as opposed to neoliberal in approach. It outlines the four key defining principles of this approach, namely: (i) guaranteeing access to a public baseline of core goods, or access to a generous social minimum to all citizens, regardless of market outcomes; (ii) ensuring equality of access to certain “relative goods”; (iii) regulating market power or sources of monopoly power; and (iv) responding to or “internalizing” negative externalities or social costs associated with private market behavior. It argues for an approach based on these principles as preferable to either a more radically democratic socialist or economic nationalist response to the weaknesses inherent in neoliberalism. It also explores how these principles call for democratic input and judgments, and thus connect to ideas about both democratic equality, dignity, and self-government. It shows how governments’ responses to Covid-19 could be seen as providing support for at least a proto-democratic liberal approach of this kind.
A Public Baseline: Toward a Green Jobs Guarantee
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how liberalism can effectively respond to the long-run decline in work and wages in certain sectors, and the challenge of providing decent, well-paid work to all, which can guarantee access to a generous social minimum. It suggests that the most promising path is not a “universal basic income” (UBI), but rather an approach that continues to value work—and the sense of purpose and economic prosperity it generates—through the creation of a universal jobs guarantee (UJG). The authors also explore in some detail what the design of a democratic liberal UJG should look like—and it should be flexible, focused on projects with social meaning (such as environmental projects), offer decent wages and opportunities for promotion, but with terms and conditions that still encourage private sector employment. A UJG of this kind, we argue, dominates a UBI both on the grounds of realism and effectiveness. And, the authors suggest that policies such as a UJG can usefully be supplemented by front-door as opposed to backdoor attempts to boost wages and benefits, including through a (more) generous earned income tax credit and incentives for wage-earner equity.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This introduction includes an explanation of the term “driverless finance,” which is used not only to describe the financial industry’s use of technological innovations, but also as a metaphor that conveys the dangers that use of that technology can create for innocent bystanders. The introduction also provides working definitions of the terms “fintech” and “financial stability,” and explains that critiques of fintech thus far have focused on consumer protection issues to the exclusion of financial stability concerns. The introduction then provides an overview of the rest of the book, outlining at a high level the different financial stability concerns that may arise from the increasing prominence of fintech business models, firms, and technologies.
The Case for Precaution
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains why policymakers should take a precautionary approach to fintech innovations. It devotes considerable time to exploring the catastrophic consequences of the financial crisis of 2008, and the financial innovations that helped cause it. It also engages in a thought experiment, imagining how distributed ledgers and smart contracts could have made the last crisis even worse had they existed in the mid-2000s. The purpose of this historical review and thought experiment is to vividly demonstrate the potential harms associated with new financial technologies: as a society, we tend to support precautionary regulation of pharmaceuticals and self-driving cars because we recognize their potential to threaten human lives, but we’re less comfortable with precautionary regulation intended to protect our financial system. To help overcome this reluctance toward precautionary regulation of new financial technologies, this chapter demonstrates that the costs of financial crises are not just economic, but also tear at the fabric of our society.
Fintech and Payments
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses mobile payments and distributed ledger business models and technologies as case studies to demonstrate how operational problems in the payments system can trigger and transmit financial distress. It also examines proposals for central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and proposals to use distributed ledger technology for post-trade processing, concluding that while there are strong use cases for these types of fintech innovations, they are not without financial stability risks. This chapter therefore stresses the need for a new type of “macro-operational” regulation that responds to the potential systemic interactions of operational problems. Finally, this chapter considers the risks associated with increased reliance on a small group of third-party technology vendors (particularly cloud computing vendors).
The Bigger Picture
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The rise of fintech is an inflection point that invites engagement with many big picture questions about the fusion of finance and technology. This chapter therefore considers several big picture questions about the roles that we expect finance and technology to play in our society, and what our expectations of government should be (whether as a regulator or market participant). These questions invite further discussion about the role of expertise and the government’s capacity to innovate. This chapter also engages with some challenging jurisdictional issues, and the slice of the broader debates about competition, privacy, and cybersecurity that relates to financial stability. This chapter doesn’t provide concrete policy recommendations—instead, it furthers debate about these issues as the rise of fintech makes them ever more urgent.
Falling Bodies and the Rise of Variational Mechanics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Leibniz’s efforts with respect to the famous problem of the brachistochrone—that is, the problem of determining the shape of the path of quickest descent between two points in a vertical plane. After setting the historical stage, the chapter argues that the rational mechanics of the eighteenth century and beyond—developed by the likes of Leonhard Euler, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and William Rowan Hamilton—served to vindicate Leibniz’s optimality approach to problems in optics, mechanics, and statics. The chapter thus aims to show that Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality has proven itself to be a miracle creed not only in virtue of its odd epistemological standing—in its being fully grounded neither in reason nor experience—but also in having “been borne out to an amazing extent by the development of science.”
The Puzzle of Morality
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a set of complex questions that need to be answered in order to unravel the mystery of morality. What is morality? Where does it come from? How is it affected by nature and nurture? Are we born bad, or have moral traits evolved in our species? In what ways are moral decisions influenced by environmental factors such as social interactions and culture? What purposes do moral traits serve—why do people behave in moral ways? What kinds of psychological mechanisms endow us with a capacity for morality? Why are we able to make moral decisions in both emotional and rational ways, and are some forms of moral decision-making more primitive than others?
What Is a Moral Animal?
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies the qualities that an animal would need to possess in order to be considered moral. Those who would argue that we are a moral animal could present evidence that all humans possess a set of mental mechanisms that generate moral knowledge and moral emotions, that induce them to behave in ways that they classify as moral, and that enable them to control their immoral urges most of the time. Although these mechanisms fall short of making us purely moral or preventing us from behaving in immoral ways, they endow us with a stronger sense of morality than that displayed by any other animal.
The Evolution of Complex Moral Strategies and Maladaptive Mistakes
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews research by evolutionary game theorists demonstrating that certain conditionally cooperative strategies can defeat selfish strategies in simulations of social evolution; however, it argues that the models created by these theorists fail to capture the complexity of strategic interactions in our everyday lives. Blessed with higher order cognitive abilities, we are able to avail ourselves of an array of complex strategies that we can tailor to strategies invoked by others during the give and take of social exchanges. Although we may inherit genes that incline us to invoke different strategies from those who inherit different genes, the strategies that we end up invoking are affected by a wide array of developmental, environmental, and cultural factors. The laws of evolution do not imply that all evolved strategies are adaptive in modern environments.
The Emergence of Morality Through Strategic Interaction
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies six ways that strategic social interactions can induce individuals to behave in moral ways. First, others may make it in our vested interest to make moral choices by rewarding us when we behave in moral ways and punishing us when we behave in immoral ways. Second, morality may emerge during the process of moral argumentation when we negotiate fair resolutions to conflicts of interest. Third, others may manipulate us into behaving morally by outplaying us in social games. Fourth, we may behave morally in order to induce others to select us as exchange partners and to treat us right. Fifth, we may persuade ourselves that it is right to behave in moral ways in the process of attempting to persuade others. Finally, morality may emerge when we take the perspective of others in order to predict their moves in social games.
Primate Morality and the Evolution of Moral Norms
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines evidence that our early primate ancestors possessed proto-moral traits such as the capacity to care for offspring, to experience moral emotions, to exert self-control, to respect authority, to conform to implicit social norms, to cooperate in hunting and defense against predators, and to pass judgment on others, and it tracks the evolution of such traits in early human hunter-gatherer groups. In contrast to the hierarchical social order of relatively small ape groups, the social orders of the larger hunter-gatherer groups formed by early humans were egalitarian. To identify the causes of this transformation, we must perform a cost-benefit analysis of cooperative and selfish social strategies. Intelligence, language, and the capacity to develop and transmit culture have been nominated as primary determinants of the evolution of moral norms.
The Cultural Evolution of Morality
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role that culture played in the transformation of human societies during the past 100,000 years from cooperative hunter-gatherer groups to larger tribes and nation-states regulated by broadly based moral norms. It reviews evidence that such changes were mediated by a runaway process such as cumulative cultural evolution in which individuals transmit information to others who improve on it and transmit it to others who improve on it, and so on. It describes gene-culture coevolution theories that posit that early humans who inherited genes that enabled them to create, transmit, and refine cultural norms upholding complex systems of cooperation fared better than those who did not. It argues that culturally acquired moral traits and moral norms spread rapidly throughout populations when groups that adopt them fare better than groups that adopt more selfish traits and norms. It reviews evidence that culturally evolved traits did not replace more primitive, biologically evolved instincts, but rather evolved in concert with them.
Psychological Accounts of Morality
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews and evaluates the three main theories of morality advanced by psychologists: social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and dual-process theory. Social learning theory focuses on learning morals from others. Cognitive-developmental theory focuses on the growth of moral reasoning. Dual-process theory asserts that people make moral judgments in emotional-intuitive and rational ways. This chapter argues that each approach helps explain some aspects of morality but fails to explain others. It argues that what is missing in psychology is a framework, or overriding umbrella, equipped to integrate psychological accounts in coherent ways, explain how we acquired more than one way of making moral decisions, and offer an explanation for why.
Reframing Psychological Theories of Morality
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how evolutionary theory supplies a basis for expanding and refining psychological approaches to morality such as those espoused by social learning theorists, cognitive-developmental theorists, and dual-process theorists. Evolutionary theory offers an explanation for how the mental mechanisms featured in these theories, such as those that mediate social learning and rational and emotional forms of moral decision-making, originated and why they are designed in particular ways. Viewing the psychological mechanisms that give rise to moral judgments and moral behaviors as adaptations that helped early humans propagate their genes casts them in a light that helps explain why humans acquired them and why they change as children develop.
Self-Control
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies biological sources of our susceptibility to temptations such as those in the Seven Deadly Sins and examines psychological sources of virtues that enable us to resist such temptations, to delay gratification, and to manage our antisocial urges. It suggests that although the primitive strategies that we consider immoral may have been adaptive for our ancient ancestors, they are often, but not always, maladaptive in modern environments. It argues that although primitive brain mechanisms that evolved in ancient environments may dispose us to behave in immoral ways, they can be overridden by later-evolved and later-developing mental mechanisms that enable us to exert enough self-control to promote our long-term interests in modern environments. It reviews evidence that the ability to exert self-control tends to increase in children as they acquire increasingly advanced cognitive abilities.
Purity
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the moral implications of purity and sanctity. It offers an explanation for why people throughout the world consider purity virtuous, suggesting that the moral value of purity stemmed from the adaptive value of cleanliness and the avoidance of pathogens in early human environments. It argues that our ancient ancestors reacted positively to members of their groups who kept themselves clean and heathy, and negatively to those who failed to maintain personal hygiene and displayed symptoms of disease. It reviews evidence showing that we tend to find disgusting things immoral and that feelings of disgust increase the harshness of some moral judgments. It suggests that as early humans acquired higher-order cognitive abilities, their conceptions of physical purity generalized to moral purity, or pureness of heart, and that norms upholding purity strengthen the cooperative moral order of groups.
Fairness and Honesty
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how fair and honest strategies can evolve, and how we and other animals deal with unfairness. It describes research by evolutionary game theorists showing that fair strategies such as Tit for Tat can evolve under certain conditions, and it reviews evidence from biologists that such strategies have evolved in species such as vampire bats and apes. It offers explanations of why fair strategies are rare in the animal kingdom and outlines the conditions that favor its emergence. It suggests that honesty evolved to extend the benefits of cooperation and that in order to evolve, fair and honest strategies must contain ways of counteracting the benefits of unfair and dishonest strategies, such as reaping revenge and sullying the reputations of cheaters.
Biological Sources of Altruism
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter asserts that biologists have accounted for the evolution of altruism in two overriding ways—by explaining how it can help individuals propagate their genes and by attributing it to evolved mental mechanisms that induce individuals to behave in maladaptive ways. It describes three evolutionary processes equipped to select altruistic traits: sexual selection (diminishing one’s chances of survival in order to increase one’s chances of reproducing), kin selection (helping those who possess copies of one’s genes), and group selection (helping members of one’s group. It suggests that maladaptive forms of altruism may stem from deficiencies in the design of evolved mental mechanisms that regulate social behaviors and from changes in environments that diminish the biological benefits of previously evolved strategies. It argues that we are evolved to prey on the imperfections in others’ evolved mechanisms in order to induce them to behave in altruistic ways.
Human Nature and the Nature of Morality
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main conclusion of this book: that we are evolved to invoke the kinds of moral and immoral social strategies that helped our early human ancestors survive, reproduce, and propagate their genes. It argues that we are not selfish by nature because we can optimize our biological and genetic success by behaving morally and reaping the benefits of cooperative social relations. It suggests that the biological analysis of morality advanced in this book is most consistent with utilitarian and functional approaches to ethics. To evaluate the morality of acts and people, we need to determine how well they uphold the systems of cooperation that contribute to the welfare of those who participate in them. It closes by suggesting that the best way to construct a moral society is to create conditions that ensure that those who adopt moral strategies fare better than those who do not.
Defining the Corporation and Corporate Law
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens with a brief exploration of general challenges of legal taxonomy, focusing on the tension between internal and external views of law and the dynamic relationship between legal doctrine and social context, and then assesses three prevailing approaches to defining the domain of corporate law. These include frameworks emphasizing core constituencies, which describe corporate law as the body of law governing relations among constituencies thought to represent the central corporate actors; core features, which describe corporate law as the body of law providing features thought to be central to the corporate form’s utility; and core theories, which describe corporate law as the body of law reflecting the central purposes and goals of corporate activity. In light of the inconsistencies and limitations revealed, the chapter closes with a brief discussion of the conceptual shift toward corporate governance as a predominant framing device, which Bruner characterizes as a trans-doctrinal lens through which to think about corporate power relations.