bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cross-National Comparison of Residential Care for Children and Youth
Authors: James Sigrid 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the conceptual and methodological approach that serves as the foundation for the subsequent individual contributions by country. Each succeeding within-country chapter will be organized around a completed matrix that aims to facilitate cross-country comparisons around conceptually meaningful dimensions for residential care. The matrix was developed by the author of this chapter as part of a five-country Erasmus+ project (2018–2021) and further modified for purposes of this book. In this chapter the genesis, development, and use of the matrix will be detailed and its significance for a deeper and focused understanding of residential care discussed. Key variables including residential care system/program features, staff training and personnel, and characteristics of children and youth in residential care will be explored along with data collection issues and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in England
Authors: Holmes Lisa , Berridge David , Thoburn June 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents a declining use of residential care in England in favor of foster family care when out-of-home care is needed. It also discusses recent policy reviews and reform efforts that incentivize innovative residential practice. Research on placement outcomes and child and youth characteristics is also provided. The chapter concludes with a standardized matrix that provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges. Growth in private (for profit) residential care is noted, as is an increase in unregulated placement.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Scotland
Authors: Johnson Dan , Steckley Laura 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter authors describe Scotland as at a tipping point for change with its residential care provision. They detail recent legislative initiatives and an independent care review. Renewed emphasis on the critical importance of relationships and youth rights is also noted. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout this volume, which includes the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges. Scotland has a relatively low rate of utilization of residential child and youth care among all forms of out-of-home care.
A Review of the Teaching Family Model/Boys Town Family Home Program
Authors: Daly Daniel L. , Thompson Ronald W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the United States, the Boys Town Teaching Family Model, in its earliest iteration as Achievement Place, pioneered the use of applied behavior analysis in a group home setting and designated specially trained married couples (Teaching Parents) as the primary agents of intervention. From its origins in Achievement Place, the Boys Town Teaching Family Model has systematically included ongoing evaluation of all program components in its many replications both on the home campus in Omaha, Nebraska, and in many sites around the United States. Largely as the result of the corpus of this evaluation and related research, the Teaching Family Model at Boys Town, as an accredited and founding member of the Teaching Family Association, has been awarded the scientific rating of 3 (Promising Research Evidence) with “high” relevance for child welfare by the California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in the Netherlands
Authors: Knorth Erik J. , Harder Annemiek T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes residential care in the Netherlands, a country ranking highest on children’s mental well-being, physical health, and academic and social skills. Residential care represents approximately 50% of all children in out-of-home care. Recent developments include the development of small-scale residential settings, including family-oriented residential care and shared family care. A strong emphasis on residential care research in several leading universities and a longstanding commitment to social pedagogy are assets to the residential care sector. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, including the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Italy
Authors: Palareti Laura , Canali Cinzia , Rigamonti Alessandra , Formenti Laura 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the transition from an institution-based to a community-based approach to child welfare in Italy. Like many countries, Italy has seen a significant decline in residential placements from the early 1960s to the present. The legal and administrative developments that stimulated this shift are explored, as are some of the consequences, such as a far greater range of agencies involved, requiring strong interprofessional work. National guidelines for residential care are seen as a positive step, but implementation has been slow. Additional needs are for clearer definitions of the varieties of residential care offered and more research focused on needs and outcomes. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
The “New Era” in Victorian Therapeutic Residential Care
Authors: McNamara Patricia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of developments in policy, practice and research since the advent of what was described as Victoria’s “new era” of therapeutic residential care a decade ago. Not all developments have been positive. However, advances have clearly been made in policy development. Raising the leaving care age in Victoria is one of the most important because it has the capacity to much improve post-care education and training outcomes. Reducing the size of residential homes to better meet individual need and facilitate best possible matching of young people is another welcome development. Practice improvements such as higher staff training benchmarks and more intensive therapeutic responses to young people and families are also noteworthy. Perhaps most important is the gradual reframing of Victorian therapeutic residential care as an opportunity for hope, healing, and moving forward; too often it has been deemed a “last resort,” signaling the young person’s arrival at the “end of the line” after a dispiriting out-of-home-care journey.
Defensive Realism
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 is about defensive realism. Exponents of this theory see the international system as one that, in general, does not facilitate expansionism. The specific form that the quest for power takes under such circumstances is pursuit of security. Three theories about the causes of war, each with an overlapping set of contributing factors, fit within defensive realism. The first theory emphasizes first-mover advantage as a property of the international system that can set in motion processes that threaten its stability. A second theory focuses on windows of opportunity, which aggressor states, figuratively speaking, may jump through in pursuit of gains at the expense of others. Third, and finally, the offense-defense balance possesses potential to destabilize a system. The dangerous situation is one in which the offense is at an advantage, whereas dominance for defense is less likely to encourage efforts toward conquest.
Introduction
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human history is read from the remains of places and things left behind by people living in a changing world. During the medieval era, that world was defined by a warming climate that had significant impacts on the people of the northern hemisphere. The results were the Vikings, the desiccation of North Africa, and the expansion of southeast Asian states. Hindu, Islam, and Christian religions all spread during this time, as climate change enabled travel, and religion demanded it. In the Americas, the warm period made life difficult along the west coasts, while conditions in portions of the interior became ideal for the spread of cults to a Wind-That-Brings-Rain god.
Lost in Ancient America
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The four surviving men of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition traversed North America and the Gulf of Mexico from Florida and Texas through Arizona and Mexico between 1528 and 1536. Along the way they encountered descendants of cultures that had coalesced during the earlier Medieval Warm Period. More attuned to cultural details than other Spanish conquistadors, the four men—most notably Cabeza de Vaca—record tantalizing details of the descendants of those earlier medieval-era people. The Apalachee yet used a great circular council house. The Avavares spoke of a dagger-wielding god. Southwestern and North Mexican peoples all along the way understood the travelers as god-men of lore.
Ballcourts at Snaketown
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How religious practices and ceremonies moved across North America may be understood by looking at cultures where they did not move. The Hohokam of Arizona were agriculturalists who lived in the Sonoran Desert to the southwest of their culturally unrelated neighbors, the Ancestral Puebloans. Historically speaking, the Hohokam were derived from the people of North and West Mexico who had been, in turn, affiliated in some ways with the Toltecs of the Postclassic period in Mesoamerica. Chalchihuites-culture sites such as La Quemada and Alta Vista reveal the linkages. But the Hohokam did not participate in the storm-god religion common to the Toltecs, Huastecs, and Ancestral Puebloans. The reasons for this remain a mystery, especially since Hohokam farmers did play the Mesoamerican ballgame, a ritualized sport that, oddly, was unknown among contemporaries to the north and east.
Paddling North
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While Mesoamerica was drying out during the medieval era, the Mississippi valley was experiencing optimal warmer and wetter agricultural conditions. The urban complex that resulted at Cahokia was a result of the potential to grow maize as well as the special watery and cavernous landscape of the region. Cahokians emplaced hundreds of upright ceremonial poles and built borrow-pit reservoirs, elevated causeways, thousands of pole-and-thatch buildings, and great, flat-topped, rectangular and circular pyramids of earth. Many of the buildings and ceremonies, including human sacrifice, were aligned with or timed to the long cycle of the Moon. Caddo influences are obvious, and Cahokia in many ways appears to have recapitulated Mesoamerican urban life, even down to the importation of the Mesoamerican god Wind-That-Brings-Rain, or Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl.
Smoking Daggers
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Key elements of Cahokia, such as its well-known chipped-stone daggers and the human-face earrings of its elites, are copies of Mesoamerican ritual objects associated with the Wind-that-brings-rain and other related gods. Other items, sacrificial practices, causeways, and architectural constructions indicate the presence of Caddos at Cahokia or, perhaps, the travels of both Caddos and Cahokians to and from Mesoamerica. Given the quantities of Gulf Coast marine shell at Cahokia, it is likely that Cahokians mounted pilgrimages south into Caddo country and beyond into Huasteca. Besides the shell artifacts themselves, support for such claims exists in the form of Cahokian occupations hundreds of miles from their city. The evidence of libation ceremonies at one, Cherry Valley, sit on Crowley’s Ridge at the interface of Indigenous territories and histories. Tribal nations today have a good basis to claim descent from the medieval-era city.
First Medicine
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With its substantial powers over life and death, water itself emerges as a key historical actor in Medieval America. The circular shrines that people built to the Wind-that-brings-rain or Thunder gods were the places wherein people appealed to those powers for life-giving precipitation and the healing powers of water generally. Such shrines and their rituals were, thus, places of healing, and people would have been drawn to them. Given their importance, the history of such buildings can be traced, similar to the history of saunas in Europe and Asia. The big history of North America cannot be told without understanding the power of circles generally, which extends the story back thousands of years to the Hopewell and Poverty Point cultures in North America, and to the Teuchitlan and Cuicuilco cultures in Mesoamerica.
Propositions
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book is a defense of an ontology of propositions and of some logical resources for representing them. It begins with an austere formulation of a theory of propositions in a first-order extensional logic, but then uses the commitments of this theory to justify an enrichment to modal logic—the logic of necessity and possibility—as an appropriate framework for regimented languages that are constructed to represent any of our scientific and philosophical commitments. Both the proof theory and the model theory of a first-order quantified modal logic are developed in detail, and it is argued that these formal resources help to sharpen questions about ontology and predication. The clarification of predication helps to provide a motivation for extending our ontological commitment to properties and relations that are expressed by predicates, and for extending the logic to a higher-order modal logic that provides a conception of metaphysical modality that allows for the contingent existence, not only of persons and physical objects but also of properties, relations, and propositions. Even though both the specific ontological commitments defended (to propositions, properties, and relations) and the logical resources that are used to defend them (modal and higher-order logic) were famously rejected by W. V. Quine, the book adopts a self-consciously neo-Quinean methodology and argues that the theory that is developed helps to motivate and clarify Quine’s naturalistic metaphysical picture.
Propositions
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A theory of propositions with just two primitive predicates, truth and consistency, is formulated in first-order extensional logic, and it is argued that a theory of this kind should be acceptable to one with Quine’s ontological scruples. But if we accept that there are propositions, we should assume that regimented languages of the kind that Quine aimed to construct should express propositions, and this assumption motivates and helps to justify the use of a language with modal operators in which to formulate our theories. Quine rejected modal logic, and while it is acknowledged that there are good reasons to criticize the foundations for modal logic given by its early developers, it is argued that the theory of propositions provides a different foundation that is not subject to those criticisms. The move to modal logic does raise some new questions that are to be discussed in later chapters.
First-Order Modal Logic and a First-Order Theory of Propositions
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a technical digression with two aims: The first is to make explicit the proof theory and model theory for the first-order modal logic that has been proposed as a framework for regimented languages. The model theory is a version of possible-worlds semantics that allows the domains of individuals to vary from world to world. The second task is to make explicit a representation of the formal theory of propositions proposed in Chapter 2 in this modal framework. The first task includes giving a completeness theorem for the modal logic. The second task includes an argument that there is no paradox in a theory of propositions with a truth predicate that applies to the propositions expressed in the language of that theory.
Religious Reading and Everyday Lives in Devotional Hinduism
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book considers religious reading through a study of the Pushtimarg, a Hindu community whose devotional practices and community identity have developed in relationship to a genre of Hindi prose hagiography written during the 17th century. Through hagiographies that narrate the relationships between the deity Krishna and the Pushtimarg’s early leaders and their disciples, these hagiographies provide community history, theology, vicarious epiphany, and models of devotion. While steeped in the social world of early modern North India, these texts continue to be popular among generations of modern devotees, whose techniques of reading and exegesis allow them to maintain the narratives as primary guides for devotional living in Gujarat—the western state of India where the Pushtimarg thrives today. Combining ethnographic fieldwork with close readings of Hindi and Gujarati texts, the book examines how members of the community engage with the hagiographies through recitation and dialogue in temples and homes, through commentary and translation in print publications and on the Internet, and even through debates in courts of law. The book argues that these acts of “reading” inform and are informed by intimate negotiations of the family and the self, and also by politically potent disputes over matters such as temple governance. By studying the texts themselves, as well as the social contexts of their reading, the book provides a distinct example of how changing class, regional, and gender identities continue to shape interpretations of a scriptural canon, and how, in turn, these interpretations influence ongoing projects of self and community fashioning.
Introduction: An Ethnography of Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents Vārtā Sāhitya (“Chronicle Literature”) as a performative canon—a repertoire of written texts and the different modes through which people engage with these texts. Laying out the book’s methodology, arguments, and chapter outline, the Introduction also argues that though particularly significant for understanding the dynamics of Pushtimargi Hinduism, studying how modern devotees read and interpret Vārtā Sāhitya also offers important insight into how religious reading functions more broadly. Religious reading functions as a set of practices that enable devotees to make centuries of tradition mesh with, and transform, their contemporary worlds. In this study, “reading” includes various analytic and affective modes of individual and collective engagement with religious texts, but also various forms of oral and written discourse. Through these practices, devotees put their personal lifeworlds into dynamic conversation with the landscapes of their beloved texts. In the iterative process, both readers and texts are transformed.
Commentarial Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces several pivotal moments in the modern formation of the Pushtimarg, including the well-known Maharaja Libel Supreme Court case of 1862, during which the scriptural authority of Vārtā Sāhitya and its representation of the Pushtimarg as an “authentically Hindu sect” was called into question. The chapter demonstrates how in the aftermath of such historical moments Pushtimargis restored a sense of community through a deliberate cultural reauthorization of their vernacular literature. This reauthorization was achieved in part by embedding within the hagiographies new styles of written commentary aimed at making the texts palatable to modern readers. The rise of late 19th-century print capitalism, which initiated the circulation of the vārtās as published books, was also an important factor in facilitating this cultural reauthorization. Examples of late 19th- and 20th-century written commentaries reveal a distinct concern for how Pushtimargis might continue to find devotional inspiration from their premodern literary tradition.
Public Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how in-person and virtual public readings (e.g., pravacans, or “religious lectures”) have been used by various interlocutors to negotiate changing physical and social-institutional structures. The chapter’s primary example is a debate over temple (re)construction and corresponding changes in the ritual worship of Krishna. Those who oppose (re)construction argue that such projects are antithetical to the teachings embedded in sectarian literature and strip the Pushtimarg of its distinct identity by rendering sectarian temples, known as havelīs (lit. “palatial homes”), as ordinary mandirs (temples). The chapter unpacks the nuances of these debates, analyzing how interlocutors with various commitments defend their positions via specific interpretations of devotional literature and their own direct communication with Krishna. The debates analyzed reveal the multiple ways in which individuals rely on practices of public reading to articulate a vision of the Pushtimarg’s future as an increasingly affluent and transnational Hindu community.
Women’s Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter follows the lives and reading practices of Pushtimargi hereditary leader Goswami Indirabetiji and three ardent female devotees. Goswami Indirabetiji’s role as a public exegete is directly connected to how these devotees and other women describe their own reading practices as helpful in mitigating tensions between their familial roles and their roles as Krishna’s caretakers. The chapter argues that female devotees and their hereditary leader counterparts strategically innovate traditional techniques of reading to their advantage. In doing so, they renegotiate the structure of their personal social-devotional relationships as women and the public identity of the Pushtimarg. The chapter also argues that women’s practices of reading are as affectively significant as they are analytically meaningful. In this way, religious reading contributes to the ways that women cultivate their own personal well-being, as well as the well-being of their household Krishna deities, families, and broader community.
Introduction
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While Edwards’s theology has been studied extensively since the 1950s, no published monograph on his millennialism is available. The standing controversial issues include Edwards’s awareness of the millennial chronology and geography, his contributions to Puritan millennial thoughts, and the political or apolitical nature of his millennialism. Living in eighteenth-century New England Colony, Edwards was confronted with several theological and intellectual challenges, which include Arminianism, Arianism, and Socinianism, as well as Deism, humanistic rationalism, and religious skepticism. In this context, Edwards went on developing his millennialism in light of his Christological, Judeo-centric, and cosmic theological visions.