bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Polyethylene Mulch and Summer Irrigation Regimes on Subsequent Flowering and Fruiting of ‘Olympus’ Strawberry1
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Breen Patrick J. , Martin Lloyd W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberries [Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Olympus] were planted in 2 successive years and grown at 3 levels of drip irrigation, with and without polyethylene mulch. Differential irrigation was applied only during 1 (1977) or 2 (1978) months during the summer and all treatments were irrigated equally during the following spring. In both summers, the soil water potential at 20-cm depth was maintained above −0.5 bars for the highest level of irrigation and fell below −11 bars at the low level. Mulch conserved soil moisture at the 2 lower irrigation levels in 1977, but this effect was nearly absent in 1978 conditions. The highest irrigation regime had about 22% more flowers and 18% more fruit than the lowest regime in the spring of the first harvest season in both plantings. Mulch only increased flowering in the 1977 planting (12%), whereas the number of fruit was increased about 11% by mulch in both plantings. The high yield capacity of ‘Olympus’ was confirmed (37.8 MT/ha). Mulch increased the yield of the 1978 planting 18%, despite its lack of effect on the number of flowers in that year. This suggests a spring influence on yield. The highest irrigation regime out-yielded the lowest regime by 13% in the first crop of both plantings, although this increase was significant only in the 1977 planting. The second year crop of the 1977 planting yielded 21% less than the first year, and failed to show significant treatment differences in flower number or fruit yield despite much larger plant size with mulch and higher irrigation levels. The yield component which showed the greatest decline between years was the percentage fruit set. In general, mulch and greater summer irrigation increased fruit yield less dramatically than they enhanced vegetative growth. However, the 13% to 18% increases may represent a significant economic gain because the typical yield of ‘Olympus’ is much higher than other Pacific Northwest cultivars. Mulch also produced a greater water use efficiency.
Foraging Behavior of Honey Bees on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Kuhn Eric D. , Ambrose John T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Sideworking,” a foraging behavior of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) which does not result in pollination, previously has been reported to occur on blossoms of ‘Delicious’ cultivar (Malus domestica Borkh.). “Sideworking” is also apparent on the blossoms of ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivar. The structure of a ‘Golden Delicious’ blossom, a commonly used pollinizer of ‘Delicious’ cultivar, permits honey bees to forage for nectar by standing on the petals of the blossom while forcing their proboscises through the stamens. As a result, the honey bees usually do not contact the blossom’s anthers and pollen transfer is unlikely. In an orchard of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ cultivars where ‘Delicious’ bloomed slightly ahead of ‘Golden Delicious’, the percentage of honey bees working from the side on the blossoms of ‘Golden Delicious’ was initially high but dropped as the bloom of ‘Golden Delicious’ advanced. A preponderance of sideworking honey bees on the pollinizer ‘Golden Delicious’ during the period in which the blossoms of ‘Delicious’ optimally set fruit might have a negative effect on fruit shape and/or fruit set of ‘Delicious’ apples.
Influence of Foliarly Applied Growth Regulators on Sex Expression in Watermelon1
Authors: Christopher David A. , Loy J. Brent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth regulators abscisic acid (ABA), 6-benzylamino purine (BA), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and silver nitrate were applied in weekly or biweekly foliar sprays to watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] plants grown in a greenhouse. Both 10−3 mBA and 10−4 m ABA inhibited stem elongation, but had no effect on flowering patterns. Ethephon at 60 ppm and above prevented flower development, and at 15 and 30 ppm inhibited pistillate flowering and increased staminate/pistillate (S/P) flower ratios fivefold to sevenfold. Grafting watermelon scions to rootstocks of gynomonoecious and andromonoecious muskmelon did not affect sex expression or the response of watermelon to ethephon. AVG at 100 and 200 ppm and 500 ppm AgNO3 reduced the number of staminate flowers and promoted hermaphroditic flowering. In watermelon, contrary to other cucurbits, applied ethylene appears to suppress rather than promote ovary development during flower bud differentiation.
Light Intensity and Temperature Effects on Epicuticular Wax Morphology and Internal Cuticle Ultrastructure of Carnation and Brussels Sprouts Leaf Cuticles1
Authors: Reed David W. , Tukey Harold B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At either 440 or 145 μEm−2s−1, greater amounts of cuticle, cutin matrix, and wax were formed at 15° than 25°C on leaves of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae. L., Gemmifera group), but the reverse occurred on leaves of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). At either 15 or 25°, greater amounts of cuticle, cutin matrix, and wax were formed at 440 than 145 μEm−2s−1 on both species. For Brussels sprouts, at 25°/440 μEm−2s−1 and 25°/145 μEm−2s−1, large parallel wax dentrites covered the leaf surface. At 15°/440 μEm−2s−1, dentrites were smaller and morphologically less elaborate. At 15°/145 μEm−2s−1, epicuticular wax occurred as scattered rods perpendicular to the leaf surface. Carnation epicuticular waxes consistently occurred as rods, but as temperature and/or light intensity decreased, rod length decreased and density increased. There were no changes in internal cuticle ultrastructure of either species in different environments, but cuticle thickness increased as temperature and light intensity decreased. Epicuticular waxes visualized in surface view by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were extracted by procedures for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation.
Electrolyte Leakage from Daminozide-treated Apples Held in Air, Low-pressure, and Controlled-atmosphere Storage1
Authors: Bérard L. S. , Lougheed E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The permeability of the flesh of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), as measured by electrolyte leakage, appeared to follow a phasic pattern with aging. A phase of initial reduction of permeability preceded a large increase, then there was a slight transient decrease in permeability, and finally a slight increase. Field treatment with butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), early harvest, controlled atmosphere and low-pressure storage as well as a low storage temperature (0.5 vs. 3.5°C) favored a reduction of permeability. The effect of low-pressure storage on the reduction of permeability appeared to be due to a delay of ripening as evident in delayed C2H4 production; that of controlled-atmosphere storage seemed to be due to some effect of the atmosphere other than one upon ripening, because the fruit produced C2H4 upon removal from storage.
Response of Squash to Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Tillage Systems1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Threadgill E. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Dixie’ squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. condensa) were subjected to factorial combinations of 2 irrigation levels, 4 N treatments, and 3 tillage methods on a Lakeland sand soil during 1978, 1979, and 1980. The greatest marketable fruit yield resulted from a combination of applying irrigation at 0.3 bar soil water tension, applying 22.5 kg N/ha through the irrigation system at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after planting, and preparing the seedbed by moldboard plow tillage. Yields were reduced 3 to 16% by either reducing the N rate, allowing a greater soil water tension before irrigating, or by the use of subsoil-bed or disk-harrow tillage system. A combination of subsoil-bed tillage and application of irrigation at 0.6 bar soil water tension resulted in the greatest yield when squash received a single N application after planting.
Juice Characteristics and Internal Atmosphere of Waxed ‘Smooth Cayenne’ Pineapple Fruit1
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Rohrbach Kenneth G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Waxing fruit of fresh pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] with a polyethylene-paraffin mixture influenced a number of juice characteristics as well as internal fruit atmosphere composition. Juice pH declined less and total acidity increased less with increased storage at 8°C when fruit were waxed. Total soluble solids decreased from 16° to 15° Brix with 4 weeks storage at 8° with waxing having no effect. During the 3rd week at 8°, total ascorbic acid levels decreased from an initial value of 65 mg/liter juice to less than 5mg/liter in unwaxed fruit, and to 35 mg/liter in fruit waxed with 20% v/v wax-water. Increasing wax concentration increased the retention of juice ascorbic acid. Absorbance at 267 nm in unchilled fruit was related to shell color. Juice absorbance at 267 nm decreased with storage time, with a greater decline in more mature fruit, without effect from varying wax pH or percent polyethylene. The internal fruit gas atmosphere varied with coating concentration. Increasing the length of storage time to 4 weeks at 8° increased the size of respiration peak obtained when the fruit was removed to non-chilling temperatures (22°). Unwaxed fruit at 8° had less than 1% CO2 in the fruitlet locule, while waxed fruit contained 2 to 3% CO2. Upon transfer of fruit from 8° to 22°, internal CO2 increased to near 10% in unwaxed fruit and to 15 to 20% in waxed fruit.
Investigation of Anthocyanic Pigments and Substances Inhibitory to Seed Germination in the Fruit Pulp of Liriope muscari1
Authors: Hruska Ann Fagan , Dirr Michael A. , Pokorny F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit pulp extracts of Liriope muscari (Decne.) Bailey were analyzed chromatographically and spectrophotometrically to determine which compounds were responsible for their blue-black color. A trihydroxy series of mon-oglycosylated anthocyanidins (delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin) were isolated. The malvidin glycoside appeared to be involved in a co-pigment complex with at least a flavone, explaining the neutral pH-stable blue color. Previous work indicated that a water-soluble seed germination inhibitor was present in the pulp. Nine bands were collected as fractions from Sephadex column chromatography. Each fraction was monitored by paper chromatography before use in a bioassay that tested for germination inhibitors. Several fractions significantly inhibited seed germination of Cucumis sativus L. ‘Poinsett’. Four classes of phenolic compounds were identified from the chromatograms: anthocyanins, anthoxanthins, phenolic acids, and a tannin-like polyphenol. Phenolic acids and the tannin-like substance were most prevalent in the 3 most toxic fractions. A mixture of these 3 fractions caused seed germination inhibition exceeding that attained by the individual fractions. Caffeic acid was tentatively identified as one of the phenolic acids present. Results indicated that germination inhibition is due to the combined action of several phenolic compounds.
Yield, Fruit Size, and Quality of Three Apple Cultivars as Influenced by Summer or Dormant Pruning1
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Stayman’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were summer pruned in late June or mid-August. Fruit were smaller on June- or August-pruned ‘Stayman’ trees than on comparable dormant-pruned control trees. Summer pruning had little effect on the size of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit. Soluble solids were suppressed within 2 weeks after summer pruning on all cultivars, but fruit firmness was unaffected. Summer pruning slowed the rate of starch disappearance from fruit flesh. Preharvest drop, severity of watercore, and bitter bit were suppressed by summer pruning. Calcium concentration of fruit flesh was not significantly increased by summer pruning. Yield, expressed as total fruit weight or number of fruit per tree, was not consistently influenced by summer pruning over a 2-year period.
Nitrogen Status Evaluation of Tomato Plants1
Authors: Mason S. C. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recently matured whole leaves of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cvs. Centennial and Knox) gave the most reliable indication of total N, while NO3-N in older mature leaf petioles better reflected N availability and absorption. The NO3-N content of petioles was more indicative of N status of the plant than total N analysis of whole leaves. The NO3-N and total N contents of leaf parts generally decreased with increasing maturity. Soil solution NO3-N concentration increased exponentially with increasing N application rates. The first 45 kg N/ha increments increased soil solution NO3-N concentration only 10 ppm whereas the fourth 45 kg N/ha increment increased NO3-N concentration 40 ppm. Ninety kg N/ha application produced a concentration of 48 ppm NO3-N that resulted in a nearly maximum petiole concentration of 14,500 ppm NO3-N, indicating that this NO3-N concentration provided sufficient available N for the immediate reserve requirements for plant growth.
Responses of Malus Clones to Programmed Low-temperature Stresses in Late Winter1
Authors: Holubowicz Tadeusz , Cummins J. N. , Forsline P. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cold resistances of 14 Malus clones were determined in early March annually from 1974 to 1978. Dormant twigs were cooled at −1.8°C/hr, samples removed at 5° steps from −15 to −45°, and thawed gradually. After thawing, impedance measurements were made and the twigs were held for 16 days under intermittent mist to determine recovery. Rankings of data on growth of twigs held under intermittent mist for 16 days after thawing were similar but not identical to direct impedance values obtained immediately after thawing. Tissue damage had no evident relation to shoot diameters. Surfically discernible root germs, which were present on Mailing 7 (M 7), M 26, M 27, Malling-Merton 106 (MM 106), and Cornell-Geneva 10 (CG.10), were killed at or above −15°. ‘Empire’ and Ottawa 4 were least sensitive and ‘Katherine’ and ‘Jonagold’ most sensitive to low temperatures. The responses of M 26 to low temperatures varied widely from year to year. We could discern no relationship between hardiness in late winter and timing of spring budbreak. The growth response method reported here appears to be closely related to whole plant response under field conditions.
Effects of Cultivar, Irrigation, and Ethephon on the Yield, Harvest Distribution, and Quality of Machine-harvested Blackberries1
Authors: Sims C. A. , Morris J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was sprayed on irrigated and non-irrigated erect (‘Cherokee’ and ‘Comanche’) blackberries (Rubus, subgenus Eubatus) before the first harvest and after the second harvest at 1000 and 1500 ppm. ‘Cherokee’ had higher and more concentrated yields and better color than ‘Comanche’. Dripirrigation increased yield and berry weight, but reduced both raw and processed fruit color. Ethephon applied before the first harvest or after the second harvest increased the amount of early fruit harvested. Ethephon reduced berry weight, percent soluble solids, titratable acidity, and increased the pH, and raw and processed product color.
Leaf Elemental Content Comparisons of Own-rooted Peach Cultivars to the Same Cultivars on Several Peach Seedling Rootstocks1
Authors: Couvillon Gary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves from several own-rooted peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were found to contain higher Ca and Mg concentrations than leaves of the same cultivars budded to several peach seedling rootstocks. Own-rooted ‘Loring’ cuttings had a higher leaf N content than ‘Loring’ on ‘Nemaguard’; and in 1 year out of 2, own-rooted ‘Redhaven’ trees had higher leaf N concentrations than ‘Redhaven’ on ‘Bailey’ rootstocks.
Effect of Mineral Nutrient Sprays on Photosynthesis and Stomatal Opening of Water-stressed and Unstressed Apple Seedlings II. Potassium Sulfate Sprays1
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Korcak R. F. , Faust Miklos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘York Imperial’ apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in nutrient solution cultures with decreased water potential to− 1.0 bar by polyethylene glycol (PEG) increased water consumption, photosynthesis rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (Cs). High light preconditioning of the plants used in this experiment was probably the reason why− 1.0 bar water potential in the nutrient solution was not low enough to induce apple seedling responses typical of water-stressed plants. However, application of PEG stress (−1.0 bar), to K-sprayed (K2SO4, −0.5%) trees lowered seedling water consumption Pn, and Cs. Potassium sprays alone did not significantly affect water consumption, Pn or Cs. When the water potential of the nutrient solution of PEG stressed plants was further decreased to −2.5 bars, unsprayed trees started to wilt within 2 days while sprayed trees did not. It is proposed that earlier stomatal closure of K-sprayed trees when stressed, already at low level of water stress (−1.0 bar), prevented plant water depletion when stress level was increased. This in turn delayed commencement of plant wilting. Potassium sprays also increased root:shoot ratio and root K concentration in PEG-stressed plants. These responses of K-sprayed trees could also contribute to greater tolerance to higher levels of water stress.
Freezing Resistance of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Sakai A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freezing resistance of winter twigs from about 300 tree species and cultivars native to different climates in the world was assessed. Dormant 1-year-old twigs collected from mature trees were artificially hardened. Almost all of the trees, which ranged from tropical to subtropical in both Asia and America, sustained freezing injury to some of their tissues at temperatures below −5°C. Evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees native to warm-temperate climates survived freezing at −7° to −20°. In general, flower buds were far less resistant than vegetative buds. Winter minimum temperature is among the important factors governing the northern limits of cultivated plants.
Influence of Growth Regulators on Ionic Thiocyanate Content of Cruciferous Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Chong Calvin , Kanakis A. G. , Bible Bernard B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under greenhouse conditions, butanedioic acid mono-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) at concentrations of 100, 500, or 1000 mg/liter applied to ‘Burpee white’ radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and 500 or 100 mg/liter applied to ‘Snow Ball’ turnip (Brassica rapa L.), significantly increased root thiocyanate content. Concentrations of 1000 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA), 500 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and 10 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) also increased root thiocyanate content of both species. Under field conditions, applications of 1000 mg/liter daminozide, 1000 mg/liter GA, and 500 mg/liter BA increased root thiocyanate in ‘Burpee White’ radish, ‘Tokyo Cross’ turnip, and ‘Snow Ball’ turnip grown on both loam and organic soil. While there was no effect of these growth regulators on thiocyanate content in roots of ‘White Icicle’ radish, heads of ‘Early Green Ball’ cabbage (B. oleracea L., Capitata group), or ‘Green Mountain’ broccoli (B. oleracea L., Italica group), results for head thiocyanate content of ‘Waltham 29’ broccoli were inconsistent. Five of the seven crops grown on organic soil had thiocyanate contents that were higher than those grown on loam soil.
Control of Orchard Voles with Broadcast Baits1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Merson M. H. , Palmateer S. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excellent control of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus) was achieved using several commercially formulated, pelletized anticoagulant baits as a single broadcast treatment. A new pelletized formulation of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) was shown to kill about 30% more voles in both hand-placed and broadcast field trials when compared to one of the commercially available, surface-coated 2% Zn3P2corn and oat formulations. Hand-placed cellophane- or plastic-packaged rodenticides were shown to be effective. Packs hand-placed under 2 types of covers (cinder blocks or split tires) gave equivalent control. Since about 5% of the hand-placed packs were not opened where voles were known to be present, a low but residual population was sufficient for repopulation of the orchard.
A Compressed Air Test for Carpel Adhesion in Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Compressed air was injected into fruit of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to simulate the build-up of gas during brining. Four size grades were tested from 4 cultivars over 2 harvests and 2 seasons. Carpel adhesion, as measured by the air pressure required to separate the carpels, was negatively correlated with fruit size. Higher air pressure was required to separate the carpels of cultivars resistant to balloon bloating. The formation of balloon bloaters in cucumbers brined in commercial tanks was correlated with results from the compressed air test of carpel adhesion, especially with fruit 45 to 51 mm in diameter.
Factors Affecting Survival of Kentucky Bluegrass Sod under Simulated Shipping Conditions1
Authors: King J. W. , Beard J. B. , Rieke P. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High temperatures during simulated shipping were more consistently injurious to ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod than other factors tested. Sod produced with increasing amounts of nitrogen had increased rates of temperature rise. Higher nitrogen levels also increased respiration, percent leaf kill, and ethylene production. There was no consistent effect of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) on sod storage life. Mowing to 2 cm prior to harvest reduced the amount of living tissue, causing lower temperatures, lower respiration rates, and less sod injury. Root production after sod transplanting was greatest from sod grown with 0 and 100 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization and decreased with higher nitrogen rates.
Inheritance of Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Silva George H. , Hartmann Richard W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
F3 progeny tests were used to confirm individual F2 plant Rhizoctonia resistance classifications determined from greenhouse inoculations of bean seedlings. F2 segregations within individual disease classes mostly agreed with the hypothesis that genetic control of resistance to Rhizoctonia is controlled by 3 pairs of genes acting equally and additively. Partially resistant families postulated to be homozygous for 2 pairs of genes for resistance were recovered in the segregating generations in the frequencies expected.
Influence of Agar Concentration on in Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Malus sp. ‘Almey’ and Pyrus communis ‘Seckel’1
Authors: Singha Suman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of ‘Almey’ crabapple [Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. × M. pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Schneid.] and ‘Secke!’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine and agar levels ranging from 0 to 1.2%. The greatest shoot proliferation and shoot growth in ‘Almey’ occurred on medium containing 0.3% agar. Higher agar concentrations decreased both shoot proliferation and shoot growth. Increasing agar concentrations resulted in decreased shoot growth in ‘Seckel’, but shoot proliferation was significantly greater at concentrations of 0.6% and higher as compared to 0.3% or lower. Autoclaving caused an acidification of the medium. The addition of agar reduced media acidification. This pH variation does not explain the effect of agar on shoot proliferation and growth.