bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation on the role of check dams with bottom outlets in debris flow mobility by 2D SPH
Authors: Shi Hao , Huang Yu , Feng Dianlei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCheck dams with bottom outlets are widely used in debris flow gullies to minimize the damage caused by debris flows. However, the bottom size is often based on empirical criteria due to the lack of knowledge of the interaction between the debris flow and the check dam with the bottom outlet. In this study, the interaction between a viscous debris flow and check dams with bottom outlets is investigated via flume tests using 2D smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The normalized height of the bottom outlet is varied from 0 to 1, and slope angles from 15 to 35° are considered. Based on the numerical results, the jump height decays with the increasing normalized height of the bottom outlet and this trend can be approximated by a power law function. When the normalized height of the bottom outlet is less than 0.15, the performance is similar to that of a closed check dam. The flow regulation and sediment trapping functions of the check dam may fail when the normalized height of the bottom outlet is greater than 0.6. These results show that the energy breaking, flow regulation, and sediment trapping functions of check dams with bottom outlets operate well when the normalized height of the bottom outlet is in the range 0.15–0.6. Even if model limitations require further efforts to validate the findings of this study, they provide a basis for the rational design of check dams with bottom outlets.
Growth of broiler chickens, and physical features of the digestive system, and leg bones after aluminosilicates used
Authors: Biesek Jakub , Banaszak Mirosław , Kądziołka Kamil , Wlaźlak Sebastian , Adamski Marek 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe assessment of aluminosilicates’ impact on the production of chickens, the physical features of the intestines, and leg bones was done. 500 Ross 308 chickens were used and divided into 5 groups. The control group was I. Groups II, III, IV, and V were fed with halloysite and zeolite (1:3 ratio) at 0,5% (1–35 days; starter, grower 1 and 2) and 1% (36–42 days; finisher) levels. Aluminosilicates were also used for the peat litter: II—500 g of halloysite/m2; III—250 g of halloysite/m2 and 250 g of zeolite/m2; IV—500 g of zeolite/m2; V—130 g halloysite/m2, 370 g zeolite/m2. During 42 days, growth and feed indicators were recorded. 10 birds from each group were selected for slaughter. The digestive tract, femur, and tibia bones were sampled, and physical features were analyzed (weight, length, and strength). A lower feed conversion ratio on days 23–35 was found in the groups with the aluminosilicates addition. In group V a lower weight of the gizzard was found than in group I. A liver weight was higher in group V than in group III. A higher strength of the femurs was demonstrated in group IV. The tibia bones were characterized by higher strength than the femurs of broiler chickens. The aluminosilicates to feed and litter had no adverse effect.
Influence of the environment on the characteristics of asthma
Authors: Romero-Mesones Christian , Ojanguren Iñigo , Espejo David , Granados G. , González-Barcala Francisco-Javier , Cruz María-Jesús , Muñoz Xavier 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFew studies have compared the prevalence of asthma in urban and rural settings or explored the issue of whether these two manifestations of the disease may represent different phenotypes. The aim of this study was: (a) to establish whether the prevalence of asthma differs between rural and urban settings, and b) to identify differences in the clinical presentation of asthma in these two environments. Descriptive epidemiological study involving individuals aged 18 or over from a rural (n = 516) and an urban population (n = 522). In the first phase, individuals were contacted by letter in order to organize the administration of a first validated questionnaire (Q1) designed to establish the possible prevalence of bronchial asthma. In the second phase, patients who had presented association patterns in the set of variables related to asthma in Q1 completed a second validated questionnaire (Q2), designed to identify the characteristics of asthma. According to Q1, the prevalence of asthma was 15% (n = 78) and 11% (n = 59) in rural and urban populations respectively. Sixty-five individuals with asthma from the rural population and all 59 individuals from the urban population were contacted and administered the Q2. Thirty-seven per cent of the individuals surveyed had previously been diagnosed with bronchial asthma (35% in the rural population and 40% in the urban setting). In the urban asthmatic population there was a predominance of women, a greater personal history of allergic rhinitis and a family history of allergic rhinitis and/or eczema. Asthma was diagnosed in adulthood in 74.8% of the patients, with no significant differences between the two populations. Regarding symptoms, cough (morning, daytime and night) and expectoration were more frequent in the urban population. The prevalence of asthma does not differ between urban and rural settings. The differences in exposure that characterize each environment may lead to different manifestations of the disease and may also affect its severity.
Improved neurologically favorable survival after OHCA is associated with increased pre-hospital advanced airway management at the prefecture level in Japan
Authors: Onoe Atsunori , Kajino Kentaro , Daya Mohamud R. , Nakamura Fumiko , Nakajima Mari , Kishimoto Masanobu , Sakuramoto Kazuhito , Muroya Takashi , Ikegawa Hitoshi , Hock Ong Marcus Eng , Kuwagata Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has high incidence and mortality. The survival benefit of pre-hospital advanced airway management (AAM) for OHCA remains controversial. In Japan, pre-hospital AAM are performed for OHCA by emergency medical services (EMS), however the relationship between resuscitation outcomes and AAM at the prefecture level has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to describe the association between AAM and neurologically favorable survival (cerebral performance category (CPC) ≦2) at prefecture level. This was a retrospective, population-based study of adult OHCA patients (≧ 18) from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 in Japan. We excluded patients with EMS witnessed arrests. We also only included patients that had care provided by an ELST with the ability to provided AAM and excluded cases that involved prehospital care delivered by a physician. We categorized OHCA into four quartiles (four group: G1–G4) based on frequency of pre-hospital AAM approach rate by prefecture, which is the smallest geographical classification unit, and evaluated the relationship between frequency of pre-hospital AAM approach rates and CPC ≦ 2 for each quartile. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess effectiveness of AAM on neurologically favorable survival. Among 493,577 OHCA cases, 403,707 matched our inclusion criteria. The number of CPC ≦ 2 survivors increased from G1 to G4 (p for trend < 0.001). In the adjusted multivariable regression, higher frequency of pre-hospital AAM approach was associated with CPC ≦ 2 (p < 0.001). High prefecture frequency of pre-hospital AAM approach was associated with neurologically favorable survival (CPC ≦ 2) in OHCA.
Tropical cyclone-induced coastal acidification in Galveston Bay, Texas
Authors: Hicks Tacey L. , Shamberger Kathryn E. F. , Fitzsimmons Jessica N. , Jensen Christine C. , DiMarco Steven F. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntense rainfall from tropical cyclones has the potential to induce coastal acidification, which will become more common and severe as climate change continues. We collected carbonate chemistry samples from Galveston Bay, Texas before and after Hurricane Harvey in 2017 and 2018. Here, we show ecosystem level acidification and calcium carbonate undersaturation in Galveston Bay following the storm. This acidification event, driven by extreme rainfall from Harvey, persisted for over 3 weeks because of prolonged flood mitigation reservoir releases that continued for over a month after the storm. In addition, the large volume of stormwater led to high oyster mortality rates in Galveston Bay and acidification may have impeded recovery of these vital reefs. It is also likely that undersaturation has occurred outside of our study, unrecorded, following other high-rainfall storms. The projected increase in tropical cyclone rainfall under climate change may thus represent a significant threat to coastal calcifying ecosystems.
Sharp turning maneuvers with avian-inspired wing and tail morphing
Authors: Ajanic Enrico , Feroskhan Mir , Wüest Valentin , Floreano Dario 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFlight in dense environments, such as forests and cities requires drones to perform sharp turns. Although fixed-wing drones are aerodynamically and energetically more efficient than multicopters, they require a comparatively larger area to turn and thus are not suitable for fast flight in confined spaces. To improve the turning performance of winged drones, here we propose to adopt an avian-inspired strategy of wing folding and pitching combined with a folding and deflecting tail. We experiment in wind tunnel and flight tests how such morphing capabilities increase the roll rate and decrease the turn radius - two measures used for assessing turn performance. Our results indicate that asymmetric wing pitching outperforms asymmetric folding when rolling during cruise flight. Furthermore, the ability to symmetrically morph the wing and tail increases the lift force, which notably decreases the turn radius. These findings pave the way for a new generation of drones that use bird-like morphing strategies combined with a conventional propeller-driven thrust to enable aerodynamic efficient and agile flight in open and confined spaces.
Plasmonic 3-D wrinkled polymeric shrink film-based SERS substrates for pesticide detection on real-world surfaces
Authors: Bhardwaj Keshav , Jaiswal Amit 
Published: November 2022

Here, we present a SERS substrate for trace analysis that was fabricated using a 3-D wrinkled polymeric heat-shrink film coated with Au bead@Ag nanorods (silver nanorods).
Static random‐access memory with embedded arithmetic logic units for in‐memory computing and ternary content addressable memory operation
Authors: Lin Zhiting , Fan Xing , Yu Shuiyue , Peng Chunyu , Zhao Qiang , Wu Xiulong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn‐memory computing (IMC) is a novel computing architecture that presents considerable potential in solving the data transmission and energy consumption problems faced by the von Neumann architecture. The compound Boolean logic operation (CBLO) is a crucial component of most advanced computing platforms. This study presents a static random‐access memory array structure comprising configurable embedded arithmetic logic units (ALUs), which can realize four types of CBLOs within a single cycle. The proposed structure can also form the ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) for ternary searching by configuring signal lines and sense amplifiers. The authors performed 5000 trials of the Monte Carlo simulation for four types of CBLOs. The results of all four types were observed to be accurate, and the delay of the TCAM was observed to be as low as 141 ps, which improves the parallelism of IMC, reduces power consumption, and significantly reduces calculation delay.
Large scale low‐cost green hydrogen production using thermal energy storage and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis systems
Authors: Bachmann Oliver 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith increased dominance of renewable energy in developed countries, there is increased frequency of excess electricity and grid inflexibility. Without sufficient energy storage, renewable assets become stranded. With aims for net‐zero carbon emissions, countries are looking to green hydrogen to replace fossil fuels. A combined system of affordable large scale energy storage and electrolysis is proposed to address these issues. An original approach, using low‐cost wholesale grid electricity and thermal energy storage for proton exchange membrane electrolysis, has been modelled. An electricity price control mechanism is used for the operation of an electric thermal energy storage system. A 1600 MW grid connection provides power for resistance heating to charge 45 GWh capacity thermal energy storage, which powers a 20 MW rated steam turbine. This then powers a 17.5 MW electrolyser, and compression system during high‐cost electricity periods. Grid power charges the storage and powers electrolysis during low‐cost periods. Model simulation data allows the calculation of combined system lifecycle costs and levelized cost of hydrogen, which lead to profitability analyses. Results of system simulations give hydrogen costs lower than those of current and projected green hydrogen production methods. Simulation provides evidence that an initial investment of 64.4 million US dollars, could yield 1.14$/kg of hydrogen, 5.2 tonnes/day of hydrogen, and a 230% return on investment capital, through use of excess renewable energy.
Diode rectifier‐based hybrid high‐voltage direct current converter for offshore wind farms
Authors: Fang Zixi , Cai Xu , Shi Xianqiang , Lyu Jing , Yang Renxin , Rao Fangquan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a diode rectifier (DR)‐based hybrid converter topology for high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system with offshore wind farms (OWFs). The hybrid converter consists of a DR and an auxiliary converter. A high conversion ratio ac/dc converter is designed as the auxiliary converter, which can form the offshore grid voltage for OWFs to achieve black‐start. Under steady state, all the active power output from OWFs is delivered through the DR. Meanwhile, the auxiliary converter is able to compensate the reactive power and harmonic currents of the system. Comparing with the conventional modular multilevel converter (MMC), the number of submodules (SM) of the proposed hybrid converter is significantly reduced, which decreases the construction cost and size of the system. The topology and operation principle of the hybrid HVDC converter are introduced. Then the corresponding control strategy is designed to achieve energy balance and power transmission. Based on the mathematic model, a design method for the parameters of the auxiliary converter is proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed hybrid HVDC converter is verified by both the simulation and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experiment results.
High-Resolution Computed Tomography of Nonfibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Marrocchio Cristina , Lynch David A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNonfibrotic interstitial lung diseases include a heterogeneous group of conditions that can result in various patterns of lung involvement. When approaching the computed tomographic (CT) scan of a patient with a suspected or known interstitial lung disease, the use of the appropriate radiological terms and a systematic, structured approach to the interpretation of the imaging findings are essential to reach a confident diagnosis or to limit the list of differentials to few possibilities. The large number of conditions that cause nonfibrotic interstitial lung diseases prevents a thorough discussion of all these entities. Therefore, this article will focus on the most common chronic lung diseases that can cause these CT findings. A pattern-based approach is used, with a discussion of nodular pattern, consolidation, crazy paving, ground-glass opacities, septal thickening, and calcifications. The different clinical conditions will be described based on their predominant pattern, with particular attention to findings that can help in the differential diagnosis.
Glucose Testing in an Index Pregnancy and Outcomes in a Subsequent Pregnancy: Implications for Screening and a Novel Risk Calculator
Authors: de los Reyes Samantha , Singh Lavisha , Adams Marci , Wang Chi , Hirsch Emmet 
Published: November 2022

Objective Our objective was to assess whether variables from an index pregnancy (PG1) can be used to guide testing for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a subsequent pregnancy (PG2) and to create a risk calculator for GDM in PG2.
Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of patients delivering ≥2 singleton gestations at >24 weeks' gestation from June 2009 to December 2018, for whom results of a 1-hour glucose challenge test (GCT) were available from PG1. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with GDM in PG2.
Results In total, 4,278 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among patients with a normal 1-hour GCT (<140 mg/dL) in PG1 (n = 3,719), 3.9% were diagnosed with GDM in PG2. In multivariable analysis of this group, GDM in PG2 was associated with higher GCT in PG1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.06), large for gestational age neonate in PG1 (aOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.24–3.13), and higher BMI (aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05–1.11). A novel risk calculator for GDM in PG2 was developed based on these associations. Using a risk cut-off of 15%, the calculator had a positive predictive value of 26% and a negative predictive value of 97%, with 3.2% of patients identified as “at risk”. Among patients with abnormal 1-hour GCT in PG1, 38.3% (n = 214/559) had an abnormal 1-hour GCT in PG2 and 34.5% (n = 74/214) of these patients received a diagnosis of GDM.
Conclusion A normal 1-hour GCT in an PG1 is followed by GDM in a subsequent pregnancy in only 3.9% of cases. A novel calculator supports replacing universal screening with targeted testing in subsequent pregnancies in this population. Among patients with an abnormal 1-hour GCT in PG1, nearly 40% have an abnormal 1-hour GCT in a subsequent pregnancy. Direct diagnostic testing can be considered in such patients.
Key Points
2 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation: Concepts, Classification, and Computing Tools
Authors: Winkler C. K. , Faber K. , Kroutil W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis concept chapter provides an overview of strategies to produce chiral compounds in nonracemic form, using racemates or mixtures of diastereomers as starting materials, via desymmetrization, resolution, and deracemization. Special emphasis is given to dynamic systems, such as dynamic kinetic resolutions (DKR) and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations (DYKAT). Based on a discussion of the underlying kinetics, user-friendly online tools are introduced that allow analysis and optimization of these asymmetric catalytic transformations. Merits and limitations are highlighted by examples proven on the synthetic scale.
6 Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols
Authors: Kanomata K. , Akai S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution is one of the simplest and most reliable methods to obtain optically pure alcohol derivatives from racemates. For this purpose, hydrolases, especially lipases, have been widely used in the enantioselective esterification processes, and a variety of racemization catalysts with high catalytic efficiency and compatibility with lipases have been developed. This review introduces chemoenzymatic DKR of alcohols based on the category of racemization catalysts. DKR of axially chiral hydroxybiaryls and the use of engineered lipases to obtain opposite enantiomers, as well as the synthetic applications of the DKR products, are also discussed.
11 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution in Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Xie J.-H. , Zhou Q.-L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation via dynamic kinetic resolution are atom-economical and powerful tools for the conversion of racemic compounds into optically pure enantiomers. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made in this field and remarkable advances have been achieved. This chapter provides an overview of effective asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of racemic compounds, such as α-substituted ketones and β-keto esters, via dynamic kinetic resolution to form enantioenriched chiral products, such as chiral alcohols and amines.
12 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation of Atropisomers
Authors: Berreur J. , Collins B. S. L. , Clayden J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStereoenriched atropisomeric compounds find important applications in various areas of chemistry and their synthesis is therefore a critical research target. This chapter presents a selection of the best methods available to date for the asymmetric preparation of atropisomeric compounds using dynamic stereoselective techniques. For the more common (hetero)biaryls, the selected reactions are classified according to the conformational stability of the substrates, i.e. whether they are freely rotating or are configurationally stable and require a chemically induced, temporary lowering of their rotation barrier before an asymmetric transformation can lock the axial chirality again. Strategies towards the stereoselective synthesis of non-biaryl atropisomers using dynamic resolution techniques are also covered.
Topical and emotional expressions regarding extreme weather disasters on social media: a comparison of posts from official media and the public
Authors: Han Ziqiang , Shen Mengfan , Liu Hongbing , Peng Yifan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUnderstanding media frames and the public resonance during disasters is essential for making inclusive climate change and adaptation policies in the context of increasingly extreme weather events. In this study, we use the extreme weather and flood event that occurred in July 2021 in Zhengzhou, China, as a case study to investigate how official media in China reported this event and how the public responded. Moreover, since one accountability investigation report regarding this disaster was released in January 2022, we also compared these posts between the emergency response period and the post-crisis learning period after the report’s release. Topic modeling using the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) method and emotion analysis were conducted to analyze the posts from Weibo, China’s primary social media platform. The results demonstrated that the posts from official media and the public comments differed in both topics and emotions, with relatively little coherence. During the emergency response period, the media’s posts focused more on the facts, such as the extreme weather event, the places where it occurred, the impacts, and the search and rescue efforts, while the public comments were more about help appeals from the neglected ones in the rural areas, and emotional expressions such as moral support, condolence or encouragement to the victims and their families. After the accountability investigation in January, the media’s posts primarily covered the investigation process, the punishment, the attribution of disaster consequences, and the lessons learned, while the public’s comments were relatively emotional, praised the good, condoled the victims, and condemned the villains. The dominant emotion from the media’s posts was “like” in July 2021, but it became depression in January 2022. Anger was the prevalent emotion from the public during all the stages. This study provided valuable knowledge to the current understanding of the different patterns and dynamics of official media reports and the public’s resonance in disaster management.