bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variations of extreme events in surface mass balance over Greenland during 1958–2019
Authors: Wei Ting , Noël Brice , Ding Minghu , Yan Qing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGreenland surface mass balance (SMB) is undergoing dramatic change due to the amplified Arctic warming, with more frequent record‐breaking melt events. To comprehensively understand the behaviour of the Greenland ice sheet, we develop a suite of indices to examine the spatiotemporal variations of extreme events in SMB over Greenland during 1958–2019 based on the RACMO2.3p2 model outputs. We illustrate that the climatological distributions of extreme ablation‐dominated events (i.e., extremes with SMB < 0) share large similarity with the mean SMB in terms of intensity and frequency, showing a coastal‐to‐inland decreasing pattern. This pattern holds for the intensity of the extreme accumulation‐dominated events (i.e., extremes with SMB > 0), but not for the frequency which increases from the coastal to inland Greenland. Regarding the temporal evolution, the intensity and frequency of extreme ablation‐dominated events show a decreasing trend over Greenland during 1958–1978, whereas the trend increases afterwards, especially during the last two decades (2001–2019). However, these trends fluctuate regionally across the GrIS both in terms of magnitude and sign, with the most pronounced variations occurring in southwest Greenland. In contrast, extreme accumulation‐dominated events show, on average, a long‐term increasing trend from 1958 to 2019 in terms of intensity and frequency. However, obvious spatial fluctuations exist across the GrIS during 1958–2019, especially between the southwest and northeast Greenland where an opposite trend is observed. Additionally, the variations of SMB extremes in boreal summer are linked with the changes in regional temperature and precipitation and the associated atmospheric circulations, and the dominating factor varies with different extreme indices and time intervals. Our results may advance our understanding on SMB variability over Greenland and contribute to the design of future Greenland observational networks.
A Simple and Feasible Synthetic Strategy towards Poly(4‐thiostyrene)
Authors: Li Jincai , Richardson Joseph J. , Ejima Hirotaka 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPoly(4‐thiostyrene), a historically challenging to synthesize polymer, is synthesized herein via a feasible three‐step protocol. Based on the newly developed protection–deprotection strategy, the precursor polymer containing thiomethyl groups is deprotected using Li/naphthalene to yield poly(4‐thiostyrene) after acidification. This newly developed procedure is crucial for preventing crosslinking of the thiol groups and therefore the resulting polymer is soluble in common organic solvents (e.g., chloroform, tetrahydrofuran) and can be stored long‐term, which has been challenging to accomplish over the past 60 years. The successful synthesis is confirmed by various characterization techniques including NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman analysis, which collectively are new and useful data that have generally been unavailable in previous reports. This work provides a robust approach for synthesizing this promising polymer and offers a new route to investigate thiol‐containing polymers.
Molecular scale study on the interactions of biocompatible nanoparticles with macrophage membrane and blood proteins
Authors: Khedri Mohammad , Afsharchi Fatemeh , Souderjani Amirhosein Hasanpour , Rezvantalab Sima , Didandeh Mohsen , Maleki Reza , Musaie Kiyan , Santos Hélder A. , Shahbazi Mohammad‐Ali 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMacrophage targeting and researches centered on immunological responses have received interest thanks to studies unveiling the significant role of macrophages in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this regard, we have selected four types of nanoparticles (NPs), including acetalated dextran‐based nano‐carrier functionalized with atrial natriuretic peptide and linTT1(AcDEX‐PEG‐TT1‐ANP), PEGylated acetalated dextran (AcDEX‐PEG), acetalated dextran (AcDEX), and hyaluronic acid (HA) to investigate their interactions with macrophage membrane. Using microsecond coarse‐grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we studied the interactions between the NPs and the macrophage membrane and subsequent immunological reactions that occur after the penetration of the NPs within the macrophage cell. Different parameters that determine the strength and amount of macrophage membrane interaction were measured and compared for all four types of NPs. The results showed that AcDEX‐PEG‐TT1‐ANP has the most favorable interaction with the macrophage membrane while HA has the least favorable results by comparison. Moreover, drug encapsulation and release in different pH conditions showed the pH‐responsivity of the considered NPs for drug delivery in acidic environments. On the other hand, evaluations with human serum albumin (HSA), fibrinogen (Fib), and transferrin (Tf) declared that peptide modified AcDEX polymers are the most probable NPs to absorb a layer of the protein corona.
A new artificial intelligence system successfully detects and localises early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus by using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Hussein Mohamed , González‐Bueno Puyal Juana , Lines David , Sehgal Vinay , Toth Daniel , Ahmad Omer F. , Kader Rawen , Everson Martin , Lipman Gideon , Fernandez‐Sordo Jacobo Ortiz , Ragunath Krish , Esteban Jose Miguel , Bisschops Raf , Banks Matthew , Haefner Michael , Mountney Peter , Stoyanov Danail , Lovat Laurence B. , Haidry Rehan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsSeattle protocol biopsies for Barrett's Esophagus (BE) surveillance are labour intensive with low compliance. Dysplasia detection rates vary, leading to missed lesions. This can potentially be offset with computer aided detection. We have developed convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify areas of dysplasia and where to target biopsy.Methods119 Videos were collected in high‐definition white light and optical chromoendoscopy with i‐scan (Pentax Hoya, Japan) imaging in patients with dysplastic and non‐dysplastic BE (NDBE). We trained an indirectly supervised CNN to classify images as dysplastic/non‐dysplastic using whole video annotations to minimise selection bias and maximise accuracy. The CNN was trained using 148,936 video frames (31 dysplastic patients, 31 NDBE, two normal esophagus), validated on 25,161 images from 11 patient videos and tested on 264 iscan‐1 images from 28 dysplastic and 16 NDBE patients which included expert delineations. To localise targeted biopsies/delineations, a second directly supervised CNN was generated based on expert delineations of 94 dysplastic images from 30 patients. This was tested on 86 i‐scan one images from 28 dysplastic patients.FindingsThe indirectly supervised CNN achieved a per image sensitivity in the test set of 91%, specificity 79%, area under receiver operator curve of 93% to detect dysplasia. Per‐lesion sensitivity was 100%. Mean assessment speed was 48 frames per second (fps). 97% of targeted biopsy predictions matched expert and histological assessment at 56 fps. The artificial intelligence system performed better than six endoscopists.InterpretationOur CNNs classify and localise dysplastic Barrett's Esophagus potentially supporting endoscopists during surveillance.
Enabling Studies of Genome-Scale Regulatory Network Evolution in Large Phylogenies with MRTLE
Authors: Zhang Shilu , Knaack Sara , Roy Sushmita 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTranscriptional regulatory networks specify context-specific patterns of genes and play a central role in how species evolve and adapt. Inferring genome-scale regulatory networks in non-model species is the first step for examining patterns of conservation and divergence of regulatory networks. Transcriptomic data obtained under varying environmental stimuli in multiple species are becoming increasingly available, which can be used to infer regulatory networks. However, inference and analysis of multiple gene regulatory networks in a phylogenetic setting remains challenging. We developed an algorithm, Multi-species Regulatory neTwork LEarning (MRTLE), to facilitate such studies of regulatory network evolution. MRTLE is a probabilistic graphical model-based algorithm that uses phylogenetic structure, transcriptomic data for multiple species, and sequence-specific motifs in each species to simultaneously infer genome-scale regulatory networks across multiple species. We applied MRTLE to study regulatory network evolution across six ascomycete yeasts using transcriptomic measurements collected across different stress conditions. MRTLE networks recapitulated experimentally derived interactions in the model organism S. cerevisiae as well as non-model species, and it was more beneficial for network inference than methods that do not use phylogenetic information. We examined the regulatory networks across species and found that regulators associated with significant expression and network changes are involved in stress-related processes. MTRLE and its associated downstream analysis provide a scalable and principled framework to examine evolutionary dynamics of transcriptional regulatory networks across multiple species in a large phylogeny.
Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Type II Polyketide Synthase Acyl Carrier Proteins
Authors: Hamrick Grayson S. , Londergan Casey H. , Charkoudian Louise K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe enzymes that comprise type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) are powerful biocatalysts that, once well-understood and strategically applied, could enable cost-effective and sustainable access to a range of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Progress toward this goal hinges on gaining ample access to materials for in vitro characterizations and structural analysis of the components of these synthases. A central component of PKSs is the acyl carrier protein (ACP), which serves as a hub during the biosynthesis of type II polyketides. Herein, we share methods for accessing type II PKS ACPs via heterologous expression in E. coli. We also share how the installation of reactive and site-specific spectroscopic probes can be leveraged to study the conformational dynamics and interactions of type II PKS ACPs.
Classifying resilience approaches for protecting smart grids against cyber threats
Authors: Syrmakesis Andrew D. , Alcaraz Cristina , Hatziargyriou Nikos D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSmart grids (SG) draw the attention of cyber attackers due to their vulnerabilities, which are caused by the usage of heterogeneous communication technologies and their distributed nature. While preventing or detecting cyber attacks is a well-studied field of research, making SG more resilient against such threats is a challenging task. This paper provides a classification of the proposed cyber resilience methods against cyber attacks for SG. This classification includes a set of studies that propose cyber-resilient approaches to protect SG and related cyber-physical systems against unforeseen anomalies or deliberate attacks. Each study is briefly analyzed and is associated with the proper cyber resilience technique which is given by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the Special Publication 800-160. These techniques are also linked to the different states of the typical resilience curve. Consequently, this paper highlights the most critical challenges for achieving cyber resilience, reveals significant cyber resilience aspects that have not been sufficiently considered yet and, finally, proposes scientific areas that should be further researched in order to enhance the cyber resilience of SG.
Climate Change and the Cost-Effective Governance Mode for Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Schöttker Oliver , Wätzold Frank 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClimate change poses a key challenge for biodiversity conservation. Conservation agencies, in particular, have to decide where to carry out conservation measures in a landscape to enable species to move with climate change. Moreover, they can choose two main governance modes: (1) buy land to implement conservation measures themselves on that land, or (2) compensate landowners for voluntarily carrying out conservation measures on their land. We develop a dynamic, conceptual ecological-economic model to investigate the influence of changes in climatic parameters on the cost-effectiveness of these governance modes and specific patch selection strategies (price prioritisation, species abundance prioritisation, climate suitability prioritisation, climate change direction prioritisation). We identify five effects that explain the cost-effectiveness performance of the combinations of governance mode and patch selection strategy and find that their cost-effectiveness depends on climate parameters and is thus case-specific.
Wave-like motion and secondary currents in arrays of emergent cylinders induced by large scale eddying motion
Authors: Taborda Cátia , Fael Cristina , Ricardo Ana M. , Ferreira Rui M. L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFree-surface flows with riparian corridors are known to develop large eddies resulting from the instability associated to the inflectional profile of the longitudinal velocity in the spanwise direction. They periodically generate strong momentum exchanges inside the vegetation corridor, triggering a wave-like motion, detectable as free-surface oscillations and out-of-phase velocity components. We propose a characterization of the flow inside the vegetation corridor, focusing on the wave-like motion and its influence on secondary currents. We conditionally sample the fluid motion to highlight the structure of the phase-averaged coherent structure. Quadrant analysis shows that there is a strong variation of Reynolds stress anisotropy in the spanwise direction, which is one of the key generation mechanisms of secondary currents. Spectrograms of longitudinal and lateral velocity fluctuations reveal that the oscillatory motion is imposed on the whole of the vegetated layer, because of continuity. The analysis of the phase-averaged 2D vertical-longitudinal flow reveals that there is a complex 3D pattern of mass fluxes associated to each large eddy. In particular there is an anti-symmetric net mass imbalance which, by mass conservation, generates a mass flux directed outwards, to the main channel, near the bottom of the channel. The Eulerian expression of this motion is obtained as the spatial average of the flow over the length of the large eddy, resulting in the pattern of the secondary current in the vertical-spanwise plane. It is shown that the secondary motion is a necessary feature of free-surface turbulent flows that develop large-scale inflectional instabilities.
Transparent electrodes based on molybdenum–titanium–oxide with increased water stability for use as hole-transport/hole-injection components
Authors: Goetz Selina , Wibowo Rachmat Adhi , Bauch Martin , Bansal Neha , Ligorio Giovanni , List-Kratochvil Emil , Linke Christian , Franzke Enrico , Winkler Jörg , Valtiner Markus , Dimopoulos Theodoros 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecently, dielectric/metal/dielectric (DMD) transparent electrodes based on MoO3 have been applied in solar cells and organic light emitting diodes, by virtue of the favourable properties of MoO3 as hole-transport/hole-injection material. However, amorphous MoO3 layers are easily dissolved in water, thus inhibiting device processing with water-based solutions. To improve the stability in water, the present study introduces DMD electrodes based on mixed molybdenum–titanium–oxide (MTO), fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering from a conductive oxide target. It is demonstrated that the addition of Ti strongly increases the stability in water, while the desirable electronic properties of MoO3, specifically the high work function and wide bandgap, are maintained. The DMD electrodes, with Ag as metal layer, were fabricated on both rigid and flexible substrates, namely glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The obtained electrodes have low sheet resistance around 5 Ω/sq and high average visible transmittance well above 0.7 (including the substrate). As a result of the MTO stability, processing with water-based solutions takes place without electrode degradation. To demonstrate the process compatibility for large-scale, industrial production, the DMDs were sputter-deposited by a roll-to-roll process on a 300 mm-wide PET foil, achieving similar electrode properties with the laboratory-scale samples.
Graphical abstract
Review of the use of solid wood as an external cladding material in the built environment
Authors: Hill Callum , Kymäläinen Maija , Rautkari Lauri 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTimber cladding has been used since historical times as a locally available, affordable weather protection option. Nowadays, interest in timber cladding is again increasing because of ecological reasons as well as naturalistic viewpoints. This review presents a comprehensive report on timber cladding in a European context, beginning with a brief overview of the history before considering contemporary use of timber cladding for building envelopes. The basic principles of good design are considered, paying attention to timber orientation, fixings and environmental risk factors. The relationship of timber with moisture is discussed with respect to sorption behaviour, dimensional instability and design methods to minimise the negative consequences associated with wetting. The behaviour of timber cladding in fires, the effects of environmental stresses and weathering, as well as the cladding properties and the variation thereof with different types of wood and anatomical factors (including exposure of different timber faces), are examined. The review then moves on to considering different methods for protecting timber, such as the use of coatings, preservatives, fire retardants and wood modification. A brief discussion of various environmental considerations is also included, including life cycle assessment, embodied carbon and sequestered atmospheric carbon. The review finishes by making concluding remarks, providing a basis for the selection of appropriate cladding types for different environments.
Relevance assessments, bibliometrics, and altmetrics: a quantitative study on PubMed and arXiv
Authors: Breuer Timo , Schaer Philipp , Tunger Dirk 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRelevance is a key element for analyzing bibliometrics and information retrieval (IR). In both domains, relevance decisions are discussed theoretically and sometimes evaluated in empirical studies. IR research is often based on test collections for which explicit relevance judgments are made, while bibliometrics is based on implicit relevance signals like citations or other non-traditional quantifiers like altmetrics. While both types of relevance decisions share common concepts, it has not been empirically investigated how they relate to each other on a larger scale. In this work, we compile a new dataset that aligns IR relevance judgments with traditional bibliometric relevance signals (and altmetrics) for life sciences and physics publications. The dataset covers PubMed and arXiv articles, for which relevance judgments are taken from TREC Precision Medicine and iSearch, respectively. It is augmented with bibliometric data from the Web of Science and Altmetrics. Based on the reviewed literature, we outline a mental framework supporting the answers to our research questions. Our empirical analysis shows that bibliometric (implicit) and IR (explicit) relevance signals are correlated. Likewise, there is a high correlation between biblio- and altmetrics, especially for documents with explicit positive relevance judgments. Furthermore, our cross-domain analysis demonstrates the presence of these relations in both research fields.
Ectonucleotidases as bridge between the ATP and adenosine world: reflections on Geoffrey Burnstock
Authors: Schrader Jürgen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHistorically, mainly by the work of Robert Berne, extracellular adenosine was the first purine compound recognized as an important signaling molecule linking energy metabolism to function by acting on membrane bound receptors. Geoffrey Burnstock by his vision and endurance pioneered the idea that cells release ATP that also acts as an extracellular signaling molecule under many physiological and pathophysiological circumstances. Only later, it was appreciated that extracellular ATP and adenosine are metabolically linked by the activity of several ectoenzymes which critically determine the concentrations of these purines at their respective receptors. In this brief review, I will report some personal recollections on Geoffrey Burnstock and his impressive personality. In addition, I will give a brief overview on our present knowledge of extracellular purine metabolism and its control and will address some still open issues.
Präventive Hausbesuche im ländlichen Raum
Authors: Blotenberg Britta , Seeling Stefanie , Naber Maike , Paul Annika 
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Präventive Hausbesuche zeichnen sich durch eine aufsuchende Beratung von älteren Menschen im häuslichen Umfeld aus. International stellen sie bereits ein implementiertes Konzept dar und dienen der Früherkennung der Risikofaktoren von Pflegebedürftigkeit sowie chronischen Erkrankungen. So ist eine gezielte gesundheitliche Beeinflussung von Merkmalen des Lebensstils, der Lebenslage und der Umwelt möglich. Dieses niedrigschwellige Beratungs- und Begleitkonzept für ältere Menschen wurde innerhalb des Kooperationsprojektes „DaHeim – in Emlichheim“ weiterentwickelt, erprobt und evaluiert.

Methodik
Das Projekt basierte auf der Intervention von vier Beratungsgesprächen innerhalb von 10 Monaten, durchgeführt von einer akademisch qualifizierten Pflegefachkraft. Das Konzept schloss die Empfehlungen und Instrumente aus der Literatur ein. Die Begleitforschung analysierte mithilfe eines Mixed-method-Designs den Verlauf des Gesundheitszustands der Studienteilnehmer*innen und die Akzeptanz des Angebotes.

Ergebnisse
Das Angebot einen präventiven Hausbesuch zu erhalten, stieß auf breites Interesse in der Bevölkerung. Im Fokus der Beratungsgespräche standen primär die Themenschwerpunkte „Bewegung“, „Ernährung“ und „soziale Teilhabe“. Die Beratungen verbesserten insbesondere den psychischen Gesundheitszustand und lösten deutlich positive Effekte wie den Prozess von Empowerment, Wohlbefinden und Zufriedenheit bei den Teilnehmenden aus. Die Pflegefachkraft wurde als Ansprechpartnerin vor Ort akzeptiert und ihre hohe Fachlichkeit schaffte Vertrauen.

Schlussfolgerungen
Präventive Hausbesuche ermöglichen älteren Menschen ein selbstbestimmtes Leben im eigenen Zuhause, da die erweiterten Kenntnisse über präventives Verhalten und die erhöhte Motivation dieses umzusetzen ihre Autonomie verbessern. Dieses Angebot der Sensibilisierung im Hinblick auf Gesundheitsförderung und -erhaltung sollte über Leistungen des Sozialgesetzbuchs nicht nur für alle Bürger*innen zugänglich, sondern vor allem umgesetzt werden.