bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Running Distance Education at Scale
Authors: Daniel John 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDistance learning accelerated and diversified during the Covid-19 pandemic, with the result that individual teachers working with their normal classroom groups now account for most of the courses offered online. However, this provision of “closed distance learning” will not suffice for the needs of the hundreds of millions of people who will seek secondary schooling, degree studies, and continuing education in the next 20 years. We describe howopen distance learningcan be conducted at scale through open universities, open schools, and MOOCs, which are all designed to cope with mass demand. Our focus is on how these organizations are run. This embraces institutional design and organization, governance, management and administration, and leadership. The three types of providers have various corporate and governance structures: public open universities, open schools under the aegis of government, and commercial MOOCs companies. However, the challenges of management and administration, which are to sustain operations at scale around the clock worldwide, are rather similar. Their leadership requires a genuine commitment to serving the disadvantaged, an ability to secure the trust of governments, understanding of the opportunities that emerging technology offers for distance education, and thorough familiarity with the institutional dynamics of open and distance teaching and learning systems.
Synergies Among the Pillars
Authors: Hmelo-Silver Cindy E. , Jeong Heisawn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractComputer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) research has become pervasive in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education over the last several decades. Guided by sociocultural and social constructivist theories of learning, CSCL focuses on shared meaning making and is influenced by the three pillars of CSCL: enabling technologies, pedagogical designs, and modes of collaboration. This chapter identifies different approaches to CSCL that involve different combinations of these pillars. Based on an extensive literature review, we identify four distinct clusters that represent these different combinations. Focusing on two of these clusters, this chapter (1) identifies robust themes in this field and (2) discusses the positive outcomes associated with these aspects of CSCL. Outcomes include learning gains, process improvements, and affective outcomes. Across clusters, results demonstrate that scaffolding and feedback in different combinations are important for positive outcomes. However, feedback that is poorly timed or excessive sometimes impedes learning and affective outcomes. Moreover, different combinations are used with learners at different ages and learning goals. Designing CSCL for different learning environments requires considering the complex system of learning environments that emerge from the interaction among the learning contexts, learner characteristics, and learning activities.
Adipose tissue: a neglected organ in the response to severe trauma?
Authors: Wrba Lisa , Halbgebauer Rebecca , Roos Julian , Huber-Lang Markus , Fischer-Posovszky Pamela 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite the manifold recent efforts to improve patient outcomes, trauma still is a clinical and socioeconomical issue of major relevance especially in younger people. The systemic immune reaction after severe injury is characterized by a strong pro- and anti-inflammatory response. Besides its functions as energy storage depot and organ-protective cushion, adipose tissue regulates vital processes via its secretion products. However, there is little awareness of the important role of adipose tissue in regulating the posttraumatic inflammatory response. In this review, we delineate the local and systemic role of adipose tissue in trauma and outline different aspects of adipose tissue as an immunologically active modifier of inflammation and as an immune target of injured remote organs after severe trauma.
The beneficial effect of csDMARDs co-medication on drug persistence of first-line TNF inhibitor in rheumatoid arthritis patients: data from Czech ATTRA registry
Authors: Skácelová Martina , Nekvindová Lucie , Mann Heřman , Závada Jakub , Křístková Zlatuše , Vencovský Jiří , Pavelka Karel , Horák Pavel ,   the ATTRA Registry
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe study aimed to compare treatment retention for first-line TNF inhibitor (TNFi) in the ATTRA registry patients receiving either combination with conventional synthetic DMARDs or TNFi as monotherapy. A retrospective multicenter study analyzed data of all adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 3032) starting TNF inhibitor as the first-line biological therapy in combination with csDMARDs or in monotherapy from January 1st 2012 to December 31st 2020. Kaplan–Meier method was employed to calculate drug retentions. Survival curves of treatment retentions were compared through Log-rank test between the studied subgroups. The hazard ratio for drug discontinuation was assessed through univariate cox regression models. In patients who started the first line TNFi therapy, the median treatment retention was 47.7 (42.2; 53.1) months for combination therapy and 22.7 (14.9; 30.6) months for TNFi monotherapy (p < 0.001). Estimated one-year survival was higher in patients on TNFi combined with csDMARDs as compared with TNFi monotherapy (75.3% vs 65.7%); two-year survival rate was 63.2% vs 49.2%, three-year survival rate was 55.4% vs 42.4% and five-year survival 44.9% vs 26.4% of patients. The estimated survival on the first TNFi was higher in patients taking combination therapy with methotrexate than with other csDMARDs (p = 0.003). Use of csDMARDs co-medication was associated with significantly better first TNFi drug survival compared to monotherapy. The combination of TNFi with MTX is more effective than the combination with leflunomide, which did not demonstrate a significant effect.
Cellular senescence and acute kidney injury
Authors: Lin Xiaoxi , Jin Heng , Chai Yanfen , Shou Songtao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical complication characterized by a sudden deterioration of the kidney’s excretory function, which normally occurs secondary to another serious illness. AKI is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurrence and progression to kidney failure. It is, therefore, crucial to block the development of AKI as early as possible. To date, existing animal studies have shown that senescence occurs in the early stage of AKI and is extremely critical to prognosis. Cellular senescence is an irreversible process of cell cycle arrest that is accompanied by alterations at the transcriptional, metabolic, and secretory levels along with modified cellular morphology and chromatin organization. Acute cellular senescence tends to play an active role, whereas chronic senescence plays a dominant role in the progression of AKI to CKD. The occurrence of chronic senescence is inseparable from senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and senescence-related pathways. SASP acts on normal cells to amplify the senescence signal through senescence-related pathways. Senescence can be improved by initiating reprogramming, which plays a crucial role in blocking the progression of AKI to CKD. This review integrates the existing studies on senescence in AKI from several aspects to find meaningful research directions to improve the prognosis of AKI and prevent the progression of CKD.
Mitigating jacket offshore platform vibration under earthquake and ocean waves utilizing tuned inerter damper
Authors: Xu Tiancheng , Li Yancheng , Leng Dingxin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe unwanted vibrations of offshore structures induced by wave or earthquake loads can lead to the reduction of the service life and fatigue failure of the offshore platforms. This paper introduces tuned inerter damper (TID) to a jacket offshore platform as passive control device for mitigating the excessive vibrations of platform structure induced by wave and earthquake loads. An analytical design method is proposed for jacket platforms and the influence of installation location on the modal response is investigated. The proposed design method can determine the optimal installation position and obtain the optimal design parameters by transform the original multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) system to a single DOF (SDOF) modal system. Two sets of closed-form solutions of which corresponding to wave and earthquake excitations are derived based on the $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$

H
2

optimization criterion. Further, a practical 90 (m) high and 80 (m) deep in-water jacket offshore platform is used in numerical simulation and the wave forces are modeled using Morison’s equation. The case study finds that the optimal installation location of TID is deck level for both wave and earthquake loads. The proposed design method is validated by the numerical example and the results demonstrate that TID system can effectively mitigate the maximum, minimum, and RMS responses of jacket platforms. Besides, the TID is more effective when the jacket platform is under the action of waves and the tuning of TID according to earthquake load is more reliable when the jacket platform subjected to both wave and seismic loads.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Anti-inflammatory Effects of Novel P2X4 Receptor Antagonists, NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX, in a Murine Model of Colitis
Authors: D’Antongiovanni Vanessa , Pellegrini Carolina , Benvenuti Laura , Fornai Matteo , Di Salvo Clelia , Natale Gianfranco , Ryskalin Larisa , Bertani Lorenzo , Lucarini Elena , Di Cesare Mannelli Lorenzo , Ghelardini Carla , Nemeth Zoltan H. , Haskó György , Antonioli Luca 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The pharmacological blockade of P2X4 receptors has shown potential benefits in the management of several immune/inflammatory diseases. However, data regarding the involvement of P2X4 receptors in the pathophysiological mechanisms of action in intestinal inflammation are not well defined. We aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of two novel and selective P2X4 receptor antagonists, NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX, and characterize the molecular mechanisms of their action in a murine model of 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. These two drugs and dexamethasone (DEX) were administered orally for 6 days, immediately after the manifestation of DNBS. The body weight decrease, resulting from colitis, was attenuated by NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX, but not DEX. However, all three drugs attenuated the increase in spleen weight and ameliorated macroscopic and microscopic colonic tissue damage. Furthermore, all three compounds decreased tissue IL-1β levels and caspase-1 expression and activity. Colonic tissue increase of tumor necrosis factor was downregulated by DEX, while both NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX were ineffective. The reduction of occludin associated with colitis was ameliorated by NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX, but not DEX. In THP-1 cells, lipopolysaccharide and ATP upregulated IL-1β release and NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-5, and caspase-8 activity, but not of caspase-4. These changes were prevented by NC-2600 and NP-1815-PX treatment. For the first time, the above findings show that the selective inhibition of P2X4 receptors represents a viable approach to manage bowel inflammation via the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
lncRNA BDNF-AS Attenuates Propofol-Induced Apoptosis in HT22 Cells by Modulating the BDNF/TrkB Pathway
Authors: Xu Yu-Hai , Luo Yuan , Cao Jiang-Bei , Liu Yan-Hong , Song Yu-Xiang , Zhang Xiao-Ying , Fu Qiang , Mi Wei-Dong , Li Hao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPropofol is widely used as an intravenous anesthetic in clinical practice. Previous studies have indicated that propofol induces apoptosis in neurons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophic factor, is associated with neuronal apoptosis. BDNF-AS, a relatively conserved long non-coding RNA, can reverse the transcription of BDNF. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of BDNF-AS in propofol-induced apoptosis in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were treated with various concentrations of propofol at different time points. BDNF-AS was silenced using BDNF-AS-targeting siRNA. TrkB was antagonized by the TrkB inhibitor, ANA-12. Flow cytometry, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and western blotting were performed to analyze apoptosis and the expression of genes and proteins, respectively. In propofol-treated HT22 cells, BDNF-AS was upregulated, and BDNF was downregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. BDNF-AS downregulation mediated by siRNA mitigated apoptosis, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and downregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, 7, and 9. ANA-12 downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, upregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, 7, and 9, and increased apoptosis. Our study implied that inhibition of BDNF-AS can decrease propofol-induced apoptosis by activating the BDNF/TrkB pathway. Thus, the BDNF-AS-BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway may be a valuable target for treating propofol-induced neurotoxicity.
How Does Land Cover and Its Heterogeneity Length Scales Affect the Formation of Summertime Shallow Cumulus Clouds in Observations From the US Southern Great Plains?
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Zhang Yunyan , Klein Stephen A. , Öktem Rusen , Wang Likun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of heterogeneous land covers on shallow cumulus (ShCu) clouds at the US Southern Great Plains using high‐resolution satellite and land cover data. During late summer, ShCu occurs over cities the most frequently and over open waters the least frequently, and more often over forest than over grassland. The preferential occurrence of ShCu over forest relative to grassland is consistent with surface measurements showing larger heat fluxes over forests. This preferential occurrence also varies with the length scales of land patches with the largest cloud occurrence difference shifting from smaller length scales (<9 km) during midday to larger scales (>9 km) in the early afternoon. Consistent with theory, these signals are more pronounced under low wind conditions. The preferential length scale shift with time suggests the existence of secondary circulations that strengthen and promote convergence over larger spatial scales as the differential land surface heating intensifies.
Uncertainty Quantification of Eruption Source Parameters Estimated From Tephra Fall Deposits
Authors: Constantinescu R. , White J. T. , Connor C. B. , Hopulele‐Gligor A. , Charbonnier S. , Thouret J.‐C. , Lindsay J. M. , Bertin D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUncertainty quantification (UQ) in eruption source parameters, like tephra volume, plume height, and umbrella cloud radius, is a challenge for volcano scientists because tephra deposits are often sparsely sampled due to burial, erosion, and related factors. We find that UQ is improved by coupling an advection‐diffusion model with two Bayesian inversion approaches: (a) a robust but computationally expensive Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation algorithm, and (b) a more approximate but inexpensive parameter estimation algorithm combined with first‐order, second‐moment uncertainty estimation. We apply the two inversion methods to one sparsely sampled tephra fall unit from the 2070 BP El Misti (Peru) eruption and obtain: Tephra mass 0.78–1.4 × 1011 kg; umbrella cloud radius 4.5–16.5 km, and plume height 8–35 km (95% confidence intervals). These broad ranges demonstrate the significance of UQ for eruption classification based on mapped deposits, which has implications for hazard management.
A Machine Learning‐Based Approach to Clinopyroxene Thermobarometry: Model Optimization and Distribution for Use in Earth Sciences
Authors: Jorgenson C. , Higgins O. , Petrelli M. , Bégué F. , Caricchi L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThermobarometry is a fundamental tool to quantitatively interrogate magma plumbing systems and broaden our appreciation of volcanic processes. Developments in random forest‐based machine learning lend themselves to a data‐driven approach to clinopyroxene thermobarometry, allowing users to access large experimental data sets that can be tailored to individual applications in Earth Sciences. We present a methodological assessment of random forest thermobarometry using the R freeware package extraTrees. We investigate the model performance, the effect of hyperparameter tuning, and assess different methods for calculating uncertainties. Deviating from the default hyperparameters used in the extraTrees package results in little difference in overall model performance (<0.2 kbar and <3°C difference in standard error estimate, SEE). However, accuracy is greatly affected by how the final value from the distribution of trees in the random forest is selected (mean, median, or mode). Using the mean value leads to higher residuals between experimental and predicted P and T, whereas using median values produces smaller residuals. Additionally, this work provides two scripts for users to apply the methodology to natural data sets. The first script permits modification and filtering of the model calibration data set. The second script contains premade models, where users can rapidly input their data to recover PT estimates (SEE clinopyroxene‐only model: 3.2 kbar, 72.5°C and liquid‐clinopyroxene model: 2.7 kbar, 44.9°C). Additionally, the scripts allow the user to estimate the uncertainty for each analysis, which in some cases is significantly smaller than the reported SEE. These scripts are open source and can be accessed at https://github.com/corinjorgenson/RandomForest-cpx-thermobarometer.
A Combined Cosmogenic Nuclides Approach for Determining the Temperature‐Dependence of Erosion
Authors: Dennis Donovan P. , Scherler Dirk 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPhysical weathering in cold, steep bedrock hillslopes occurs at rates that are thought to depend on temperature, but our ability to quantify the temperature‐dependence of erosion remains limited when integrating over geomorphic timescales. Here, we present results from a 1D numerical model of in‐situ cosmogenic 10Be, 14C, and 3He concentrations that evolve as a function of erosion rate, erosion style, and ground surface temperature. We used the model to explore the suitability of these nuclides for quantifying erosion rates in areas undergoing non‐steady state erosion, as well as the relationship between bedrock temperature, erosion rate, and erosional stochasticity. Our results suggest that even in stochastically eroding settings, 10Be‐derived erosion rates of amalgamated samples can be used to estimate long‐term erosion rates, but infrequent large events can lead to bias. The ratio of 14C to 10Be can be used to evaluate erosional stochasticity, and to determine the offset between an apparent 10Be‐derived erosion rate and the long‐term rate. Finally, the concentration of 3He relative to that of 10Be, and the paleothermometric interpretations derived from it, are unaffected by erosional stochasticity. These findings, discussed in the context of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions, indicate that the 10Be‐14C‐3He system in quartz offers a method to evaluate the temperature‐sensitivity of bedrock erosion rates in cold, high‐alpine environments.
Multi‐Stage Growth in the North Margin of the Qinling Orogen, Central China, Revealed by Both Low‐Temperature Thermochronology and River Profile Inversion
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Li Chaopeng , Hao Yuqi , Zheng Dewen , Zhang Huiping , Yu Jingxing , Pang Jianzhang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Qinling orogen formed as a result of the convergence between North and South China Blocks and was reactivated by India‐Asia collision and/or Pacific subduction in the Cenozoic. We presented new apatite U‐Th/He age‐elevation profiles in the northern margin of the Qinling Mountains and observed Oligocene pulse of rapid exhumation. Thermal modeling on our data (by the HeFTy program) revealed another two early cooling episodes, that is, in the early Cretaceous and the early Cenozoic. Besides, increases in the mountain uplift rates since the late Miocene were retrieved from a linear inversion on modern channel longitudinal profiles. Combining previous studies, we proposed possible geodynamic regimes underlying the multi‐stage cooling and exhumation pattern in the north Qinling. We interpreted the early Cretaceous cooling as a result of the southward intracontinental subduction of North China Block beneath South China Block. The early Cenozoic exhumation was under the Pacific back‐arc extension background and might be influenced by a far‐filed response to Eurasian and Indian plate's collision. The Oligocene phase could be mostly driven by West Pacific plate subduction beneath East Asia. And, the mountain uplift since the late Miocene could be triggered by the growth and expansion of the North East Tibetan Plateau.
Wetter California Projected by CMIP6 Models With Observational Constraints Under a High GHG Emission Scenario
Authors: Li Fa , Zhu Qing , Riley William J. , Yuan Kunxiaojia , Wu Huayi , Gui Zhipeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs the world's fifth‐largest economy entity, California (CA) is vulnerable to climate changes especially the magnitude of winter (wet season) precipitation that is closely linked to regional drought severity, vegetation growth, and wildfire activities. However, the fate of CA precipitation in the future remains highly uncertain, for example, the state‐of‐the‐art Earth system models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) projected −3% to +42% and −27% to +63% precipitation changes in northern and central‐southern CA, respectively, under the high greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario (SSP585). In this work, we applied the Pareto optimality concept and used observed teleconnection patterns (causal relationships between ocean regions and CA precipitation) to mechanistically constrain CMIP6 projected CA precipitations. We estimated that precipitation will robustly increase by 0.4–1.3 mm d−1 (10–34%) over northern CA and increase by 0.1–0.5 mm d−1 (7–32%) over central‐southern CA by the end of the 21st century compared with present‐day. Up to 71% of ESM projection uncertainties were reduced mainly due to the strong and consistent causal relationship between North American west coast sea level pressure and CA precipitation in both observations and CMIP6 models. Our results suggest that teleconnection patterns are powerful mechanistic constraints that can help explain and reduce uncertainties in ESM projections.
Extreme Precipitation Produced by Relatively Weak Convective Systems in the Tropics and Subtropics
Authors: Xu Weixin , Chen Hao , Wei Huihua , Luo Yali , Zhao Tongtiegang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study investigates warm‐season extreme precipitation events (EPEs) with the focus on the less‐attended weak convection (WeEPEs) using spaceborne radar observations. WeEPEs are compared to EPEs with intense convection (InEPEs), including their frequency/location, convective structures, and storm environments. WeEPEs and InEPEs both account for about 30% of the EPEs, highlighting the importance of WeEPEs. Overland WeEPEs mainly occur over key monsoon regions and maximize over windward sides of coastal mountains likely due to orographic enhancement. WeEPEs develop under conditions with deep moist profiles and strengthened low‐level onshore flows. Radar, microwave, and lightning proxies all suggest a weak updraft and limited ice contents in WeEPEs. However, vertical radar profiles of WeEPEs exceptionally increase (∼15 dBZ) downward below the melting level, indicating substantial raindrop growth and/or concentration increase through very active warm‐rain processes. This study provides useful guidelines for evaluating high‐resolution model simulations and satellite rainfall retrievals on extreme precipitation.