bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convective rain cell properties and the resulting precipitation scaling in a warm‐temperate climate
Authors: Purr Christopher , Brisson Erwan , Schlünzen K. Heinke , Ahrens Bodo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConvective precipitation events have been shown to intensify at rates exceeding the Clausius–Clapeyron rate (CC rate) of ca. 7% K−1 under current climate conditions. In this study, we relate atmospheric variables (low‐level dew point temperature, convective available potential energy, and vertical wind shear), which are regarded as ingredients for severe deep convection, to properties of convective rain cells (cell area, maximum precipitation intensity, lifetime, precipitation sum, and cell speed). The rain cell properties are obtained from a rain gauge‐adjusted radar dataset in a mid‐latitude region, which is characterized by a temperate climate with warm summers (Germany). Different Lagrangian cell properties scale with dew point temperature at varying rates. While the maximum precipitation intensity of cells scales consistently at the CC rate, the area and precipitation sum per cell scale at varying rates above the CC rate. We show that this super‐CC scaling is caused by a covarying increase of convective available potential energy with dew point temperature. Wind shear increases the precipitation sum per cell mainly by increasing the spatial cell extent. From a Eulerian point of view, this increase is partly compensated by a higher cell velocity, which leads to Eulerian precipitation scaling rates close to and slightly above the CC rate. Thus, Eulerian scaling rates of convective precipitation are modulated by convective available potential energy and vertical wind shear, making it unlikely that present scaling rates can be applied to future climate conditions. Furthermore, we show that cells that cause heavy precipitation at fixed locations occur at low vertical wind shear and, thus, move relatively slowly compared to typical cells.
A review on data fusion in multimodal learning analytics and educational data mining
Authors: Chango Wilson , Lara Juan A. , Cerezo Rebeca , Romero Cristóbal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe new educational models such as smart learning environments use of digital and context‐aware devices to facilitate the learning process. In this new educational scenario, a huge quantity of multimodal students' data from a variety of different sources can be captured, fused, and analyze. It offers to researchers and educators a unique opportunity of being able to discover new knowledge to better understand the learning process and to intervene if necessary. However, it is necessary to apply correctly data fusion approaches and techniques in order to combine various sources of multimodal learning analytics (MLA). These sources or modalities in MLA include audio, video, electrodermal activity data, eye‐tracking, user logs, and click‐stream data, but also learning artifacts and more natural human signals such as gestures, gaze, speech, or writing. This survey introduces data fusion in learning analytics (LA) and educational data mining (EDM) and how these data fusion techniques have been applied in smart learning. It shows the current state of the art by reviewing the main publications, the main type of fused educational data, and the data fusion approaches and techniques used in EDM/LA, as well as the main open problems, trends, and challenges in this specific research area.This article is categorized under:
Application Areas > Education and Learning
Radical Cation Salts of N‐Methylpyridone Azines with Halogenido Cuprate Anions
Authors: Isenberg Rebecca , Krieger‐Beck Petra , Beck Johannes 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBis(N‐methylpyridone)azine (MPA) and its derivative bis(N‐methyl‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐pyridone)azine (p‐CF3MPA) are investigated concerning their redox behavior. Reactions with copper(II) halides afford via one electron transfer reactions the radical cation salts MPA[CuCl2], MPA[CuBr2] and p‐CF3MPA[CuBr2], all crystallizing as air‐stable dark needles. Cu(II) is reduced to the corresponding cuprate(I) anions [CuX2]− (X=Cl, Br). In the crystal structures, the planar radical cations form stacks with equidistantly arranged molecules. Low temperature data show a significant lattice parameter contraction resulting in denser packing of the radical cations in the stacking direction. MPA[CuBr2] can be further oxidized by CuBr2 to MPA[Cu2Br4] with MPA2+ in the dicationic state. The oxidation states 0, +1, and +2 of the cations are clearly distinguishable by the bond lengths in the central CNNC azine moiety. All compounds are semiconductors with small band gaps between 0.95 and 1.34 eV. The magnetic properties of MPA[CuX2] are dominated by reduced momenta. At temperatures below 50 K, a small magnetic momentum of about 1/3 of one unpaired electron is observed, which probably arise from paramagnetic impurity in form of Cu2+. For T >50 K magnetic momenta turn into a nearly temperature independent paramagnetism. p‐CF3MPA[CuBr2] is mainly paramagnetic with weak antiferromagnetic exchange (TNéel=6 K, J=−2.1 cm−1).
Experimental Research Designs
Authors: Marcus Pamela M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) are experimental in nature because the intervention is assigned at random rather than chosen by the study participant or study researcher. Most RCTs comprise two groups, referred to as trial arms. The intervention arm receives the cancer screening regimen that is under intervention, while the control arm receives no intervention or the current standard of care. The control arm is treated as the counterfactual experience of the intervention arm, which is the hypothetical experience that the intervention arm would have had if the intervention had not been administered. It is the counterfactual principle that allows the outcome to be fully and solely attributable to the intervention, as randomization greatly minimizes the possibility of confounding. In the context of cancer screening, confounding occurs when a third factor is related to both screening activity and cause-specific mortality. Individual-level, cluster-level, and pragmatic RCTs are discussed in detail. Examples of each are provided.
Observational Research Designs
Authors: Marcus Pamela M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObservational studies do not dictate the cancer screening regimens that their study subjects utilize. Instead, these studies collect data on individuals’ cancer screening practices, cancer outcomes, and other factors if needed. Because no regimens are dictated, an observational study can capture information about and evaluate a variety of cancer screening practices, including use of different tests or cancer screening regimens. Observational studies can be retrospective or prospective in nature, with the distinction dependent on how and when individuals are chosen for study inclusion. Observational studies provide weaker evidence than experimental studies because observational studies are subject to confounding. Confounding occurs when a third factor is associated with both the cancer screening practice and cause-specific mortality, meaning that the third factor is not equally present among groups of individuals with different cancer screening practices and is not equally present among groups of individuals with different cancer outcomes.
Datenschutzrechtliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten jenseits der Ermächtigung des Individuums: Die Multi-Stakeholder-Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung
Authors: Karaboga Murat 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie fortschreitende Digitalisierung umfasst immer mehr Bereiche des Alltagslebens. Die damit verbundenen Gefahren waren ein wesentlicher Grund für die Entstehung der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DS-GVO), mit der die Ermächtigung des Individuums verfolgt wurde. Ähnlich wie schon in der Vergangenheit in anderen Bereichen (etwa im Verbraucher- oder Umweltschutz), ist angesichts der komplexen Digitalisierungsprozesse in den letzten Jahren jedoch in zunehmendem Maße die Frage in den Vordergrund gerückt, ob und inwiefern sich ein wirksamer Datenschutz auf Grundlage eines individualistischen Konzepts in Form der Ermächtigung des Individuums realisieren lässt. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Debatten diskutiert der vorliegende Beitrag die Herausforderungen, denen sich individualistische Datenschutz-Konzeptionen ausgesetzt sehen und anschließend anhand ausgewählter Teilbereiche des Datenschutzrechts Lösungsansätze, die über die Fokussierung auf das Individuum hinausgehen und die als eine Art Mittelweg zwischen individualistischen und kollektivistischen Ansätzen verstanden werden können. Im Zentrum der Gestaltungsvorschläge steht die sog. Multi-Stakeholder-Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung, die gemeinsam mit weiteren überindividuellen Maßnahmen geeignet wäre, die Gefahren moderner Datenverarbeitungen in angemessener Weise zu adressieren.
Let the Computer Say NO! The Neglected Potential of Policy Definition Languages for Data Sovereignty
Authors: Bartsch Jan , Dehling Tobias , Lauf Florian , Meister Sven , Sunyaev Ali 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring interaction with today’s internet services and platform ecosystems, consumer data is often harvested and shared without their consent; that is, consumers seized to be the sovereigns of their own data with the proliferation of the internet. Due to the rapid and abundant nature of interactions in today’s platform ecosystems, manual consent management is impractical. To support development of semi-automated solutions for reestablishing data sovereignty, we investigate the use of policy definition languages as machine-readable and enforceable mechanisms for fostering data sovereignty. We conducted a realist literature review of the capabilities of policy definition languages developed for pertinent application scenarios (e.g., for access control in cloud computing). We consolidate extant literature into a framework of the chances and challenges of leveraging policy definition languages as central building blocks for data sovereignty in platform ecosystems.
Anonymisierte Daten brauchen keinen Datenschutz – wirklich nicht?
Authors: Kneuper Ralf 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungGesetzliche Regelungen zum Datenschutz wie die DSGVO gehen davon aus, dass ein Schutzbedarf nur für personenbezogene Daten gilt, und anonymisierte Daten damit nicht dem Datenschutz unterliegen. Anonymität ist aber eine relative Eigenschaft, die u. a. vom Dateneigentümer abhängt. Daher kann sie auch in vielen Fällen wieder aufgehoben werden, wie einige in den letzten Jahren bekannt gewordene Beispiele zeigen. Die derzeitige Beschränkung des Datenschutzes auf personenbezogene Daten erscheint daher nicht angemessen, und es gibt verschiedene Ansätze, diese Herausforderung anzugehen. Zuerst einmal könnten auch anonymisierte Daten in der Gesetzgebung zum Datenschutz als schützenswert definiert werden, woraus sich die Forderung nach entsprechenden Maßnahmen wie einer Beschränkung der Weitergabe oder der Durchführung einer Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung ergibt. Ein anderer bisher allerdings wenig verbreiteter Ansatz ist das gesetzliche Verbot einer Re-Identifikation. Ein gravierender Nachteil der Anonymisierung ist, dass sie dazu führt, dass die Betroffenenrechte wie das Recht auf Auskunft oder auf Löschung nicht mehr umsetzbar sind. Das führt zum dritten möglichen Lösungsansatz, der die Anonymisierung als Maßnahme zum Datenschutz komplett ablehnt. Als Grundlage für eine Lösung dieser Herausforderungen wird ergänzend eine Definition von „im erweiterten Sinne personenbezogenen Daten“ eingeführt.
Online Infrastructures for Open Educational Resources
Authors: Marín Victoria I. , Villar-Onrubia Daniel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOpen educational resources (OER) have generated a considerable amount of attention in recent years in the field of open, distance, and digital education (ODDE). Digital knowledge infrastructures of different kinds have enabled the creation, storage, management, sharing, and adoption of these resources across educational sectors, levels, and geographies. This chapter presents a general overview of these infrastructures, the underpinning models of OER provision, main characteristics, and key insights from research. It draws on the literature and discusses examples purposively selected to illustrate the diversity of scope, educational stages, and types of online OER infrastructures established on a global, national, regional, or institutional scale. Key challenges are also discussed, including licensing issues, concerns about quality assurance, metadata problems, the sustainability of the initiatives, and sociocultural aspects, among others. In addition to revisiting the conception and adoption of OER in different cultures, important topics to be further addressed by future ODDE research are presented.
Accreditation and Recognition of Prior Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Conrad Dianne 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe recognition of prior learning (RPL) can, and does, play an important role in the accreditation of higher institutional learning, thereby benefitting students, employers, and society. Using rigorous tools that permit learners to bring forward for assessment their experiential learning from various life experiences, RPL can contribute to a fuller and equally valid expression of learners’ knowledge than does traditional assessment. Additionally, RPL contributes to mitigating issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion in education by acknowledging and valuing a variety of learning opportunities. RPL also raises difficult epistemological issues and the question of knowledge ownership, thus making it a contentious and challenging academic concern This chapter reviews the process and pedagogy of RPL practice within the evolving context of accreditation, both at present and in the future, a future which includes innovations such as open educational practice, MOOCs, and micro-credentialling, all of which create opportunities for traditional modes of accreditation and assessment to re-examine their purpose and process.
Risikokommunikation politikberatender Wissenschaftsorganisationen: Ein Themenaufriss am Beispiel des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung
Authors: Brand Fabian , Dendler Leonie , Fiack Suzan , Schulze Annett , Böl Gaby-Fleur 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungRegulierungswissenschaftliche Organisationen wie das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) sehen sich in ihrer wissenschaftsbasierten Risikokommunikation mit diversen Herausforderungen konfrontiert: Einerseits wird die Kommunikation gesundheitlicher Risiken immer komplexer und dementsprechend voraussetzungsreicher, weshalb unter anderem Fragen nach der Gesundheitskompetenz von Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern sowie zielgruppengerechter Risikokommunikation an Bedeutung gewinnen. Andererseits sehen sich die Wissensbestände regulierungswissenschaftlicher Organisationen zunehmend der Politisierung und öffentlichen Kritik ausgesetzt. In diesem Rahmen werden Fragen nach der Objektivität und Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Gutachten, Risikobewertungen und Stellungnahmen sowie der Legitimierung und Reputation regulierungswissenschaftlicher Organisationen relevant. Zusätzlich intensiviert wird dies durch das Aufkommen neuer Akteure in den sozialen Medien, die eigene Informations- und Kommunikationsmaterialien produzieren und veröffentlichen. In diesem Kontext verbreitete Fehl‑, Des- und Malinformationen stellen eine weitere Herausforderung dar, welche eng mit Fragen nach einer adäquaten Kommunikation über gesundheitliche Risiken sowie der Stabilisierung von Legitimität, Reputation und Vertrauenswürdigkeit zusammenhängt.Der Artikel diskutiert verschiedene Lösungsansätze, darunter die Optimierung und visuelle Aufbereitung von Gesundheitsinformationen, die Ermöglichung gesellschaftlicher Partizipation und die Einbettung dieser Maßnahmen in das strategische Stakeholder- und Reputationsmanagement. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Aufruf zu offenerer Diskussion inhärenter Dilemmata.
Epistatic interaction between Rhg1-a and Rhg2 in PI 90763 confers resistance to virulent soybean cyst nematode populations
Authors: Basnet Pawan , Meinhardt Clinton G. , Usovsky Mariola , Gillman Jason D. , Joshi Trupti , Song Qijian , Diers Brian , Mitchum Melissa G. , Scaboo Andrew M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractKey messageAn epistatic interaction between SCN resistance locirhg1-aandrhg2in PI 90763 imparts resistance against virulent SCN populations which can be employed to diversify SCN resistance in soybean cultivars.AbstractWith more than 95% of the $46.1B soybean market dominated by a single type of genetic resistance, breeding for soybean cyst nematode (SCN)-resistant soybean that can effectively combat the widespread increase in virulent SCN populations presents a significant challenge.Rhggenes (for Resistance toHeteroderaglycines) play a key role in resistance to SCN; however, their deployment beyond the use of therhg1-ballele has been limited. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped using PI 90763 through two biparental F3:4recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations segregating for rhg1-a and rhg1-b alleles against a SCN HG type 1.2.5.7 (Race 2) population. QTL located on chromosome 18 (rhg1-a) and chromosome 11 (rhg2) were determined to confer SCN resistance in PI 90763. Therhg2gene was fine-mapped to a 169-Kbp region pinpointing GmSNAP11as the strongest candidate gene. We demonstrated a unique epistatic interaction betweenrhg1-aandrhg2loci that not only confers resistance to multiple virulent SCN populations. Further, we showed that pyramidingrhg2with the conventional mode of resistance,rhg1-b, is ineffective against these virulent SCN populations. This highlights the importance of pyramidingrhg1-aandrhg2to maximize the impact of gene pyramiding strategies toward management of SCN populations virulent onrhg1-bsources of resistance. Our results lay the foundation for the next generation of soybean resistance breeding to combat the number one pathogen of soybean.
Determination of tobramycin in eye drops with an open-source hardware ion mobility spectrometer
Authors: Chantipmanee Nattapong , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe analysis of tobramycin was demonstrated successfully as an example for electrospray ionization on an open-source hardware ion mobility spectrometer. This instrument was assembled inexpensively in-house, and required only very few purpose-made components. The quantitative determination of tobramycin required 20 s for a reading. The calibration curve for the range from 50 to 200 μM was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9994. A good reproducibility was obtained (3% relative standard deviation) and the limit of detection was determined as 8 μM. As the concentration of the active ingredient in the eye drops (ophthalmic solutions) is too high for the sensitivity of the instrument, the samples had to be diluted appropriately.
Graphical abstract
Schrödinger Operators with Complex Sparse Potentials
Authors: Cuenin Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe establish quantitative upper and lower bounds for Schrödinger operators with complex potentials that satisfy some weak form of sparsity. Our first result is a quantitative version of an example, due to S. Bögli (Commun Math Phys 352:629–639, 2017), of a Schrödinger operator with eigenvalues accumulating to every point of the essential spectrum. The second result shows that the eigenvalue bounds of Frank (Bull Lond Math Soc 43:745–750, 2011 and Trans Am Math Soc 370:219–240, 2018) can be improved for sparse potentials. The third result generalizes a theorem of Klaus (Ann Inst H Poincaré Sect A (N.S.) 38:7–13, 1983) on the characterization of the essential spectrum to the multidimensional non-selfadjoint case. The fourth result shows that, in one dimension, the purely imaginary (non-sparse) step potential has unexpectedly many eigenvalues, comparable to the number of resonances. Our examples show that several known upper bounds are sharp.
Parasite resistance and immunity across female castes in a social insect
Authors: Ruiz-González Mario X. , Kelly Michael , Moret Yannick , Brown Mark J. F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLiving in a social group increases the risks of parasitism, especially in highly-related groups. In homogenous groups, with no reproductive division of labour, the impact of parasitism is unlikely to vary with host identity. Many social systems, however, do exhibit division of reproductive labour, most famously in social insects with their reproductive queens and generally infertile workers. In such systems, the impact of parasitism will differ for each group. Consequently, we predict that susceptibility to parasites will vary to reflect such differential impact. We tested this prediction using a trypanosome-bumble bee system, whereCrithidia bombiinfects both gynes and workers ofBombus terrestris. We studied both susceptibility to the parasite and relevant measures of the immune function. As predicted, gynes were significantly less susceptible to the parasite than workers, but while gynes and workers expressed different immune profiles, how these link to differential susceptibility remains unclear. In conclusion, our results suggest that differential selection pressures exerted by parasites may produce multiple phenotypes from a single genotype in order to maximise fitness in a social group context.Significance statementSocial insect colonies dominate terrestrial ecology, and as such are targets for parasites. How they defend themselves against such threats is a key question. Here, we show that bumble bee gynes — the reproductive individuals that overwinter and found colonies in this annual social system — are more resistant to a parasite that disproportionately affects reproductive fitness than their sister workers. Differential patterns of susceptibility may help to explain the success of these social insects.
Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Investigate Farmer Behavior and Policy Interventions for Improved Nitrogen Management
Authors: Jäger Felix , Rudnick Jessica , Lubell Mark , Kraus Martin , Müller Birgit 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIncreasing farmers’ adoption of sustainable nitrogen management practices is crucial for improving water quality. Yet, research to date provides ambiguous results about the most important farmer-level drivers of adoption, leaving high levels of uncertainty as to how to design policy interventions that are effective in motivating adoption. Among others, farmers’ engagement in outreach or educational events is considered a promising leverage point for policy measures. This paper applies a Bayesian belief network (BBN) approach to explore the importance of drivers thought to influence adoption, run policy experiments to test the efficacy of different engagement-related interventions on increasing adoption rates, and evaluate heterogeneity of the effect of the interventions across different practices and different types of farms. The underlying data comes from a survey carried out in 2018 among farmers in the Central Valley in California. The analyses identify farm characteristics and income consistently as the most important drivers of adoption across management practices. The effect of policy measures strongly differs according to the nitrogen management practice. Innovative farmers respond better to engagement-related policy measures than more traditional farmers. Farmers with small farms show more potential for increasing engagement through policy measures than farmers with larger farms. Bayesian belief networks, in contrast to linear analysis methods, always account for the complex structure of the farm system with interdependencies among the drivers and allow for explicit predictions in new situations and various kinds of heterogeneity analyses. A methodological development is made by introducing a new validation measure for BBNs used for prediction.