bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting the Environment During and After Armed Conflict, the International Law Commission and an Overdue Due Diligence Duty for Corporations
Authors: Wormald Alexandra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recent years have seen a rising global consensus on the need to ensure appropriate protections for the environment during and after armed conflict. In this context, the International Law Commission provisionally adopted 28 draft principles on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts in July 2019. With stakeholder consultation having concluded in June 2021, this article investigates what practical impacts the corporate due diligence and liability provisions in the draft principles are likely to have on the protection of the environment during and after armed conflict, should the principles be implemented as currently drafted.
A chain shift in Indo-Aryan, with special reference to Gujarati dialects
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper explores a possible chain shift in Gujarati dialects, involving the consonants k, kh, c, ch, s, ś, h, ḥ, V̤, and ∅ (where ś denotes IPA [ʃ], ḥ voiceless [h], V̤ a murmured vowel, and ∅ “zero”). The chain shift can be discerned by comparing the colloquial forms in the regional dialects with the standard Gujarati forms and those of Central Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi. This comparison yields the following correspondences, giving the standard and Central Indo-Aryan sounds first: k, kh = c, ch; c, ch = s or ś; s = ḥ; h = V̤ or ∅. The paper demonstrates that this set of correspondences between standard Gujarati and the dialects is a large one, and that it indeed suggests a chain shift, taken up differentially in the various dialects analyzed (Kathiawadi, Surti, Charotari, and Pattani). For the chain shift, the standard is firmly in the Central Indo-Aryan camp, while the dialects analyzed align more closely with Western Indo-Aryan.
Introduction: Sufi Texts in Translation
Authors: Latif Amer , Papas Alexandre , Rustom Mohammed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Sufi Studies attempts to make the case that the act of translation is best seen as a recurrent activity necessitated by the various changes that inform the interpretation of Sufi texts on the one hand, and the languages and cultures that receive them on the other. The nine Sufi texts featured in this collection illustrate the diversity of genres and variety of languages in which they have been written, thereby pointing up the distinctive hermeneutic potentials of translation theory and practice when these texts are rendered by experts into modern European languages, particularly English and French.
Les États spirituels de Muḥammad le Champion (Ḥālāt-i Pahlawān Muḥammad) de Mīr ʿAlī Shīr Nawāʾī
Authors: Toutant Marc 
Published: January 2022

Résumé
Dans le Ḥālāt-i Pahlawān Muḥammad (« Les États spirituels de Muḥammad Le Champion », 899/1493), le grand polygraphe timouride Mīr ʿAlī Shīr Nawāʾī (844-906/ 1441-1501) retrace la carrière d’un champion de lutte qui fut aussi un célèbre mystique. Nawāʾī avait rencontré le Champion lorsqu’il avait lui-même dû trouver refuge à Machhad au début des années 860/fin des années 1450 et les deux hommes restèrent ainsi de proches compagnons jusqu’à la mort de Pahlawān Muḥammad en 899/1493 à Niʿmatābād (une bourgade située dans les environs de Hérat). Bien qu’issu d’une famille d’éminents lutteurs, Pahlawān Muḥammad brillait aussi par ses talents de musicien, de poète, de médecin et d’astrologue. Le récit de Nawāʾī plonge alors son lecteur dans un univers qui se situe au croisement de ces diverses pratiques, depuis les soirées littéraires (majlis) qui réunissaient la haute société de la capitale timouride jusqu’aux activités charitables de l’hostellerie soufie (takiya) du Champion. Inscrit dans le genre hagiographique par son titre, le texte se distingue cependant des ḥalāt et manāqib traditionnels de plusieurs façons. La vie de l’athlète soufi est d’abord envisagée du point de vue des relations que ce dernier entretenait avec l’auteur. Nawāʾī est ainsi un acteur de premier plan dans cette biographie héroïque et le rôle qu’il tient l’incite à jouer avec les codes de l’hagiographie. N’hésitant pas à se mettre en scène dans un dialogue savoureux, il tourne en dérision sa propre crédulité face à ce qu’il est tenté d’interpréter au départ comme l’expression d’un pouvoir surnaturel du Champion et qui n’est en définitive que l’ultime témoignage de son tempérament et de ses mérites exceptionnels, autant de qualités qui constituent pour le poète naqshbandī la vraie nature de l’ethos soufi.
Advancement of the Duty to Cooperate in Marine Environmental Protection in the Jurisprudence of ITLOS
Authors: Kulyk Markiyan Z. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets forth an unprecedented regime for marine environmental protection that compels parties to cooperate and includes mandatory dispute settlement procedures with binding decisions. Although the Convention does not contain a specific article stipulating a general duty to cooperate, cooperation permeates the logic of the document. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has recognised the importance of cooperation to marine protection and preservation in several cases. It could be suggested that the States Parties have a positive obligation to cooperate and a need to implement a range of actions to this end. ITLOS has consistently interpreted the duty to cooperate as comprising specific obligations: to consult, to exchange information, to monitor and assess relevant activities, to develop measures to prevent pollution or other environmental harm; which offers both the basis for the implementation of the duty to cooperate and the criteria for determining compliance.
Towards Integrated Management of Regional Marine Protected Area Networks
Authors: Harrison James 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPA s) are an important tool for protecting marine ecosystems both within and beyond national jurisdiction, but the integrated management of MPA s is challenging due to the institutional fragmentation that exists in international ocean governance at global and regional levels. In the absence of fundamental reform of international ocean governance, integrated management of MPA s can at present only be achieved through cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination between relevant international institutions. Understanding regime interaction in this context requires an analysis of both the relevant legal framework and the manner in which coordination mechanisms operate in practice. This article carries out a case study of regime interaction between the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, as well as other relevant institutions, in order to identify the key opportunities and challenges for promoting the integrated management of regional MPA networks in practice. It will also consider how the cooperative arrangements for the regional management of the Southern Ocean may provide lessons for the development of a new legally binding instrument for the conservation and management of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Cutting the Gordian Knot: Is an Effective Cooperation Regime for Marine Scientific Research in Northeast Asia Feasible?
Authors: Kim Minchul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article considers an approach for achieving an effective cooperation regime for marine scientific research (MSR) in Northeast Asia. Specifically, it addresses the causes of MSR-related disputes in undelimited maritime areas and explores its reality in Northeast Asia through case studies. It further examines the legality of unilateral research or survey activities in undelimited maritime areas, considering Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Based on such discussions, it offers suggestions for realizing a cooperative regime for MSR. This article’s primary argument is that it is worth considering a regime-building suggestion in alignment with the original spirit of MSR, despite the challenges it may entail. To that end, it emphasizes that efforts should be made to remove the causes of disputes and recommends a cooperative regime led by international institutions and a joint research regime as a modus vivendi.
Exploring Experience at the Intersection of Migration and Digital Democracy in South Korea
Authors: Lim Iris 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article examines how digital spaces for political participation by migrants are experienced and governed in South Korea. Drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted in Seoul, South Korea, between April and July 2018, this article argues that migrant participation in digital democratic processes in South Korea is hindered by a fragmented and centralized digital management, which can be linked back to the specific historical-political context in which this digital space was developed.
Review of Traumatic Duodenal Injuries: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Diggs Laurence P. , Gregory Stephanie , Choron Rachel L. 
Published: January 2022

Traumatic duodenal injuries are rare and often challenging to diagnose and treat. Management of these injuries remains controversial and continues to evolve. Here, we performed a review of the literature and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of traumatic duodenal injuries. A common recommendation in more recent literature is primary, tension-free repair of duodenal injuries when possible if surgical repair is necessary. Conversely, if duodenal injuries are unamenable to primary repair, more complex procedures such as Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy may be necessary. Regardless of injury grade or type of surgical repair, the literature continues to support wide extraluminal drainage. Over time, the management of complex duodenal injuries has evolved to favor simple primary repair whenever possible. According to recent studies, more complex procedures are associated with higher rates of post-operative complications and should be reserved for severe injuries when primary repair is not possible.
Changes in pre-service teacher self-efficacy for teaching in relation to professional experience placements
Authors: Ma Kang , McMaugh Anne , Cavanagh Michael 
Published: January 2022

This article aims to contribute new, longitudinal evidence on teacher self-efficacy (TSE) by investigating changes in TSE over the last 2 years of an Australian initial teacher education program. Two hundred and one pre-service teachers were surveyed at three timepoints: (1) after the first professional experience placement, (2) before and (3) after the final placement, using the Scale for Teacher Self-Efficacy. Data were analysed using multilevel modelling. TSE for the domains of classroom management and student engagement decreased significantly between the first and before the commencement of the last professional experience placements. All three dimensions of TSE – instructional strategies, student engagement and classroom management – increased significantly during the final placement.
Clinical features associated with neurosyphilis in people living with HIV and late latent syphilis
Authors: Martínez-Ayala Pedro , Quiñonez-Flores Alejandro , González-Hernández Luz Alicia , Ruíz-Herrera Vida Verónica , Zúñiga-Quiñones Sergio , Alanis-Sánchez Guillermo Adrián , Cabrera-Silva Rodolfo Ismael , Amador-Lara Fernando , Sánchez-Reyes Karina , Álvarez-Zavala Monserrat , Vázquez-Limón Juan Carlos , Sánchez-Navarro Juan Pablo , Andrade-Villanueva Jaime Federico 
Published: January 2022

Background The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is a challenge, and the criteria for deciding when to perform a lumbar puncture are still controversial, especially in people living with HIV with a late latent syphilis diagnosis. Methods Retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of people with HIV and documented late latent syphilis or syphilis of unknown duration with a cerebrospinal fluid VDRL test. Results 122 patients were evaluated, of whom 52 had the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Patients with and without neurosyphilis presented a similar viral load and lymphocyte CD4+ T-cell count. Neurological symptoms (OR 6.4, 95% CI 2.1–22.4; p < 0.01), serum VDRL titers of 1:32 ( p<0.01), 1:64 ( p = 0.055), and ≥1:128 ( p < 0.001) were associated with neurosyphilis. Furthermore, serum VDRL ≥1:32 were associated with (OR 24.9, 95% CI 5.45–154.9; p < 0.001) or without (OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.0–29.2; p = 0.004) neurological symptoms with neurosyphilis; however, VDRL ≤1:16 with neurological symptoms can be associated with neurosyphilis (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.03–64.3; p = 0.046). Conclusion Neurological symptoms, particularly headache, were predictors of neurosyphilis in people with HIV irrespective of their viral load and lymphocyte CD4+ T-cell count in late latent syphilis. A serum VDRL ≥1:32 increased the risk of neurosyphilis in patients with or without any symptoms.
Plant-based dietary changes may improve symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Knippenberg Aziyadé , Robinson George A , Wincup Chris , Ciurtin Coziana , Jury Elizabeth C , Kalea Anastasia Z 
Published: January 2022

Introduction Previous studies have reported that patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are interested in using diet to treat fatigue, cardiovascular disease and other symptoms. However, to date, there is insufficient information regarding the ways for patients to modify their diet to improve SLE symptoms. We investigated the relationship between the eating patterns of SLE patients and their self-reported disease symptoms and general aspects of health. Methods A UK-based, online survey was developed, in which patients with SLE were asked about their attitudes and experiences regarding their SLE symptoms and diet. Results The majority (>80%) of respondents that undertook new eating patterns with increased vegetable intake and/or decreased intake of processed food, sugar, gluten, dairy and carbohydrates reported benefiting from their dietary change. Symptom severity ratings after these dietary changes were significantly lower than before (21.3% decrease, p<0.0001). The greatest decreases in symptom severity were provided by low/no dairy (27.1% decrease), low/no processed foods (26.6% decrease) and vegan (26% decrease) eating patterns (p<0.0001). Weight loss, fatigue, joint/muscle pain and mood were the most cited symptoms that improved with dietary change. Conclusion SLE patients who changed their eating patterns to incorporate more plant-based foods while limiting processed foods and animal products reported improvements in their disease symptoms. Thus, our findings show promises in using nutrition interventions for the management of SLE symptoms, setting the scene for future clinical trials in this area. Randomised studies are needed to further test whether certain dietary changes are effective for improving specific symptoms of SLE.
The Outcome of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in COVID-19-Associated Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Raval Manish , Rajendran Sunil , Stephen Edwin 
Published: January 2022

Introduction Published evidence of venous thrombotic complications of COVID-19 is lacking from India. This case series consists of twenty-nine adult patients who were COVID -19 positive and treated for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, in India. The study was aimed at analyzing patient demographics of patients with DVT and the outcome of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis (CDT) in COVID positive patients. Material and Methods: Patients who developed DVT while or after being COVID positive were managed between February and April 2021 at the institution of the first two authors and were included in this retrospective study. Demographic, clinical data, laboratory data, and treatment given were analyzed. All patients were followed up for 3 months with a Villalta score. Results: There were a total of 29 patients (12 male and 17 female) included in the study with a mean age of 47 ± 17 years. The average time of presentation from being COVID positive was 17.8 ± 3.6 days and one patient developed DVT after becoming Covid negative. All but one patient had lower limb involvement, with 42.8% having proximal and 57.2% distal DVT. All patients with Iliofemoral and two with Femoropopliteal DVT were treated with catheter-di thrombolysis and the other 15 patients were managed with anticoagulation alone. No re-thrombosis was observed in the thrombolysis group. Overall average Villalta score at 3 months was 10.7 ± 2.1 with a score of 10.58 ± 2.1 in the anticoagulation-only group and 10.85 ± 2.3 in the CDT group. Conclusion: COVID-19 seems to be an additional risk factor in the development of DVT. The outcome of such patients, treated by thrombolysis appears to be similar to non-COVID patients. In this, observational experience of the authors suggests that CDT could be offered to COVID positive patients with symptomatic Iliofemoral DVT with good outcomes and an acceptable post-intervention Villalta score.
Sarcopenia is a risk factor for major adverse cardiac events after surgical revascularization for critical limb ischemia
Authors: Selçuk Nehir , Albeyoğlu Şebnem , Bastopcu Murat , Selçuk İsmail , Barutca Hakan , Şahan Hasan 
Published: January 2022

Objectives We examined the effect of sarcopenia on early surgical outcomes in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) in terms of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE), as well as the value of inflammatory markers of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) as indicators of sarcopenia in CLI patients. Methods This was an observational retrospective single-center study. Patients who required surgical revascularization for CLI between October 2015 and December 2020 were identified. Psoas muscle areas were calculated from computed tomography images for psoas muscle index (PMI) calculations. Sarcopenia was defined as PMI < 5.5 cm2/m2 for men and PMI < 4.0 cm2/m2 for women. Risk factors for 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) were analyzed. NLR and PLR were compared between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients. Results The mean age of 217 study patients was 61.5 ± 10.9, and 16 (7.4%) patients were female. 82 (37.8%) patients were sarcopenic. Patients with sarcopenia were older (65.1 ± 9.3 vs 59.4 ± 11.2, p < .001) and history of myocardial infarction was more frequent (23.2% vs 12.6%, p = 0.042) among sarcopenic patients. Sarcopenic patients more frequently encountered MACE (9.8% vs 0.7%, p = 0.002), but not MALE. Sarcopenia increased early postoperative MACE in our cohort with an odds ratio of 11.925. NLR was not different between the two groups, while PLR was higher (127.16 vs 104.06, p = 0.010) among sarcopenic patients. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio of 125.11 had a sensitivity of 53.7% and a specificity of 68.1% for differentiating sarcopenia. Conclusions Sarcopenia was associated with more frequent 30-day MACE and perioperative mortality after revascularization for CLI. 30-day MALE was not increased in patients with sarcopenia. The use of PLR as a simple marker of sarcopenia is limited by its low sensitivity and specificity.
Evaluation of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Ability of Medical Buildings in Harbin, China
Authors: Wang Tian , Zhang Shanshan , Wu Yue , Zhang Hongzhe 
Published: January 2022

Objective: Entrusted by the Harbin Municipal Government, evaluation medical building system for prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases in the city has been established. Background: China, as a country that found the COVID-19 earlier, has taken strict control measures. However, as the medical building system is not perfect enough to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases. Method: First, expert group methodology was used and evaluation index of ability of prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases in medical building system was selected; then fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was adopted to establish index set and to set weight and medical building system evaluation model for prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases was constructed; finally, it’s to modify the indicators and weights in the evaluation set and to make an evaluation of the ability of Harbin medical building system to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases in accordance with the current management mode of system. Results: The medical building system in Harbin is significantly unbalanced in its ability to prevent sudden infections where there are low indicators for response monitoring and forecasting terminals, there are high indicators for the construction of emergency center. Conclusions: The evaluation model of the ability of medical building system to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases was constructed. The model is adopted to make practical evaluation of infectious disease prevention and control ability in Harbin and to form the evaluation method of the direct connection between the theoretical research of medical architecture and medical building design.
The Global Impact of COVID-19 on Craniomaxillofacial Surgeons: A Follow-Up Survey After One Year
Authors: Cicek Tevfik , van der Tas Justin , Dodson Thomas , Buchbinder Daniel , Fusetti Stefano , Grant Michael , Leung Yiu Yan , Roethlisberger Erich , Aniceto Gregorio Sánchez , Schramm Alexander , Strong Edward Bradley , Mast Gerson , Wolvius Eppo 
Published: January 2022

Study Design Comparative cross-sectional. Objective To measure the impact that COrona VIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has had on craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgeons after 1 year and compare it with 2020 data by ( 1) measuring access to adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), ( 2) performance of elective surgery, and ( 3) the vaccination status. This should be investigated because most CMF surgeons felt that hospitals did not provide them with adequate PPE. Methods The investigators surveyed the international AO CMF membership using a 30-item online questionnaire and compared it to a previous study. The primary predictor variable was year of survey administration. Primary outcome variables were availability of adequate personal protective equipment (adequate/inadequate), performance of elective surgery (yes/no), and vaccination status (fully vaccinated/partly vaccinated/not vaccinated). Descriptive and analytic statistics were computed. Binary logistic regression models were created to measure the association between year and PPE availability. Statistical significance level was set at P < .05. Results The sample was composed of 523 surgeons (2% response rate). Most surgeons reported access to adequate PPE (74.6%). The most adequate PPE was offered in Europe (87.8%) with the least offered in Africa (45.5%). Surgeons in 2021 were more likely to report adequate PPE compared to 2020 (OR 3.74, 95% CI [2.59–4.39]). Most of the respondents resumed elective surgery (79.5% vs 13.3% in 2020) and were fully vaccinated (59.1%). Conclusions Most CMF surgeons now have access to adequate PPE, resumed elective surgery, and are either fully or partly vaccinated. Future studies should investigate the long-term impact of the fast-evolving COVID-19 pandemic on CMF surgeons.