bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-14 Effect of Hydrolyzed Spray-Dried Bovine Plasma and Spray-Dried Bovine Plasma Sources on Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Campbell Joy , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that hydrolyzed spray-dried plasma (H-SDBP) perform similar to spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP) in diets for weanling pigs with respect to growth performance of pigs housed in unsanitary pens. A control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and 9% soy protein concentrate (SPC) was formulated. Four diets containing either SDBP (i.e., 2.5 or 5.0%) or H-SDBP (i.e., 2.8 or 5.6%) that partially or fully replaced SPC were also formulated. A randomized complete block design with 240 weanling pigs (6.52 ± 0.98 kg), 5 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 12 replicate pens per diet was used. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for the first 14 d, whereas a common phase 2 diet was fed to pigs from d 15 to 42. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS with diet as the fixed effect and weaning group as the random effect. Linear effects of SDBP and H-SDBP on growth performance were also determined using contrast statements. From d 1 to 14, fully replacing SPC with SDBP or H-SDBP increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain:feed, and body weight of pigs (Table 1). During this period, linear (P &lt; 0.01) increases in ADG, gain:feed, and body weight of pigs were also observed as dietary concentrations of SDBP increased. When pigs were fed the common diet from d 15 to 42, final body weight of pigs was increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) as concentration of SDBP or H-SDBP increased in the diet. Overall, ADG of pigs linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary concentration of both plasma sources increased. In conclusion, both plasma sources are effective in increasing pig growth performance.
PSIII-20 The Effects of Basic Copper Chloride Sources on Pig Grow-Finish Performance
Authors: Knauer Mark , van de Ligt Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate differences in grow-finish performance between 2 sources of basic copper chloride (BCC), IntelliBond C and another hydroxy chloride mineral (OHTM) BCC in the presence of a control diet. Pigs (n = 1,053) at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station were used. Sows were Landrace × Large White composites mated to Smithfield Premium Genetics’ Duroc boars. At 30.9 kg, gilts and barrows were randomly allocated within sex to one of 117 finishing pens (9 pigs per pen, .69 m2 per pig). Treatments included a control (15 ppm CuSO4), IntelliBond C (150 ppm Cu) and an OHTM Cu (150 ppm Cu). Treatments were fed from weaning to market and finisher entry to market in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Pigs were individually weighed at d 0, 28, 56 and at market. Housing consisted of fully slatted floors and natural ventilation. Traits included pig weight, ADG, ADFI, Feed:Gain, body weight CV, carcass weight and yield. Experiment, barn location, sex and diet were included in statistical models. Pen was the experimental unit. Both sources of BCC outperformed the control diet, having increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG from d 0 to market driven by increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI. Yet pigs fed IntelliBond C had greater (P = 0.01) ADG from d 0 to market when compared with those fed OHTM. The enhanced growth of IntelliBond C was driven by numerically greater average daily feed intake and improved feed efficiency. The improved gain resulted in a greater (P &lt; 0.05) body weight at marketing and persisted in a greater (P &lt; 0.05) hot carcass weight for basic copper chloride sources compared with CuSO4 and for IntelliBond C compared with OHTM Cu. Results suggest BCC enhances finishing throughput and that performance differences exist between BCC sources.
PSIII-14 Early Introduction of Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance and Gut Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , Paredes Sandra , Newcomb Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Structural fiber inclusion in post-weaning piglet feeds has been previously demonstrated to improve growth performance and gut health. The objective of this study was to determine whether a pre-weaning inclusion of structural fiber (STR) would bring added value to piglet performance and gut health and if the potential benefits could be maintained at a later stage. A total of 26 litters, were creep fed either a control or high STR diet (HSTR; 4% oat hulls) for 10 d before weaning. Upon weaning, a total of 240 pigs (body weight: 6.7 ± 0.5 kg, 5 pigs/pen, 12 pens/treatment) of mixed sex, blocked by body weight, were randomly allocated to either a control or HSTR diet for 2 weeks. The experimental treatments were as follows, depending on pre- and post-weaning dietary intervention: control/control; control/HSTR; HSTR/control; and HSTR/HSTR. Oat hulls were added to expense of corn starch to produce the HSTR treatment diet. Diets were adjusted with wheat and soy oil to achieve equal amount crude protein and SID Lysine but had up to 40 kcal net energy difference. Pigs were fed a common diet for the rest of nursery phase. Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Results indicated pig performance was not different at weaning. Addition of STR in the pre-weaning phase increased average daily gain in the last post-weaning phase (P &lt; 0.05), regardless of the post-weaning diets (Table 1). When HSTR was fed both in the pre and early post-weaning phase, greater fermentation (indicated by numerically greater butyrate and caproate concentration in colon digesta) was observed at 21 d post-weaning. In conclusion, providing HSTR during pre-weaning phase improves performance during later nursery phase and if STR is used both pre- and post-weaning, gut fermentation is affected.
PSIII-18 Effect of Increasing L-Lysine-HCl and Amino Acid Ratios on Performance of Finishing Pigs from 109 to 129 Kg
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 1,789 pigs (PIC; 337×1050; initial BW 108.9 ± 1.14 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing L-Lys-HCl and AA ratios on performance of late finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets without DDGS. The study used 2 groups of pigs and each study lasted 18 and 27 d, respectively. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 20 to 25 pigs/pen and 19 replications/treatment (10 and 9 replications/group, respectively). Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatment diets were formulated to 0.70% digestible Lys and consisted of low, medium, or high levels of feed-grade AA and moderate or high AA ratios relative to Lys. Low, medium and high feed-grade AA treatments had increased L-Lys-HCl (0.15, 0.30 and 0.39%) replacing soybean meal to achieve CP levels of 13.6, 12.0, and 11.0. Minimum AA:Lys ratios were 53% Ile, 128% Leu, 58% Met&Cys, 66% Thr, 18.5% Trp, 68% Val, and 34% His in Moderate AA ratio diets and 60% Ile, 128% Leu, 60% Met&Cys, 70% Thr, 21.2% Trp, 72% Val, and 33% His for the high AA ratio treatment. Overall, there was a marginally significant increase in ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.097) observed in pigs fed medium feed-grade AA and moderate AA ratios. Treatment diets had no effect on ADG or G:F. At the end of group 2, carcass data was collected with no differences (P &gt; 0.10) observed for HCW, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth or percentage lean. In summary, differing levels of feed-grade AA and AA ratios used in this study did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics of late finishing pigs with the exception of a marginally significant increase in ADFI.
PSIII-19 Effect of Sensory Attractants Before and After Weaning on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , McKilligan Denny , Upah Nathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted using 48 litters and 711 nursery pigs to determine the effect of a powder sensory attractant (Exp. 1; Baby Pig Restart APF; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) or enrichment cube (Exp. 2; supersized pellets resembling cattle cubes) pre- and post-weaning on feed intake and growth. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and BW category (light/heavy). Pre-weaning treatments were assigned in a RCBD and post-weaning treatments were assigned in a CRD. Litters receiving attractant pre-weaning were provided 90 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings, in the pan of rotary creep feeders (Exp. 1) or 100 g of cubes once daily on the floor of farrowing stalls (Exp. 2) for 4-d prior to weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received attractant were offered 45 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings/d for 2-d (Exp. 1), or 100 g of cubes once daily (Exp. 2) top-dressed on feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. In both experiments, pre- and post-weaning attractant had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs after weaning. In Exp. 1, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 3-d post-weaning decreased by approximately 20 percentage points when pigs were provided powder both pre- and post-weaning compared with the other 3 treatment combinations (P = 0.015). No differences were observed for BW category. In Exp. 2, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 7-d post-weaning decreased by 11.7 percentage points when pigs were offered cubes compared with no cubes (P = 0.002). On d 3, more heavyweight pigs lost weight (P = 0.007) than lightweight pigs; however, this effect was diminished by d 7. In summary, sensory attractants reduced the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning which may be due to encouraged activity around the feeder.
PSIV-13 Effects of Increasing Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Response to Immune Challenge
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 350 weanling pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 ± 0.1 lb BW) were used in a 41-d study to evaluate growth performance and immune response of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed, a source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid). At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments included increasing percentages of O3 Trial Feed (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%). Omega-6:3 ratios for the 5 treatments within each phase were: Phase 1 (27.3:1, 11.6:1, 7.4:1, 5.4:1, 4.3:1); Phase 2 (23.0:1, 9.6:1, 6.1:1, 4.5:1, 3.6:1); and Phase 3 (24.4:1, 10.2:1, 6.5:1, 4.8:1, 3.8:1), respectively. On d 25, two pigs per pen were injected with 20 µg of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg BW and 1 pig per pen was injected with saline to serve as a control. Body temperature was recorded from the 3 pigs per pen prior to the injection (hour 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after injection. On d 25 a blood sample was collected 4 h post injection from pigs injected with the LPS challenge to determine IL-1β levels in serum. For overall growth performance, there were no differences observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P &gt; 0.05). Temperature increased at 2 h post LPS injection, then decreased as time from the LPS injection increased (main effect of time, P &lt; 0.0001). Dietary treatment did not influence change in body temperature or IL-1β (P &gt; 0.05). In this study, dietary alpha-linolenic acid levels did not influence growth performance or immune response to a LPS challenge.
PSIV-17 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Sow Fecal Escherichia Coli
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Ishengoma Victor , Nagaraja Tiruvoor , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Kang Qing , Loughmiller Joseph , Hotze Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eighty sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding live yeast and yeast extracts to lactating sows on sow and litter performance and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of sow fecal Escherichia coli. Sows were blocked by farrowing group, BW, and parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of a standard lactation diet or a diet that contained yeast-based pre- and probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Diets were fed from d 110 of gestation until weaning. A tendency (P = 0.073) was observed for increased feed intake through lactation when sows were fed yeast additives compared with the control (5.65 vs 5.90 kg/d). There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) that treatment influenced any other sow or litter performance criteria. Fecal samples were collected from the first farrowing group (27 sows) to determine AMR patterns of E. coli upon entry into the farrowing house and at weaning. Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. An interaction (P = 0.026) of diet × sampling day was observed for cefoxitin where fecal E. coli showed no evidence of treatment differences (P = 0.237) in MIC values at entry, but sows fed the control diet had lower (P = 0.035) MIC values at weaning compared with sows fed yeast additives. There were no diet main effects (P &gt; 0.10) on the AMR of fecal E. coli. There was an increased (P &lt; 0.02) trend towards resistance for 11 of the 14 antimicrobials over time (Table 1). In conclusion, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts tended to increase feed intake during lactation but did not influence sow or litter performance and had minimal impact on AMR of fecal E. coli during lactation.
PSIV-12 Effects of Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal standardize ileal digestible (SID) Lys level for growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 980 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough; initial BW = 5.4 kg), placed in pens with 28 pigs each, were used in a 42-d trial. There were 5 treatments consisting of 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, or 1.55% SID Lys. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 followed by a common corn-soybean meal-based diet (1.30% SID Lys) from d 21 to 42. Pigs were weighed weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 21, increasing the SID Lys level resulted in a linear (P &lt; 0.01) ADG, G:F, and BW improvement. Because of the linear nature of the response, the breakpoint could not be determined. From d 21 to 42, when pigs were fed a common diet, linear (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F responses were observed; pigs previously fed the lower SID Lys levels had improved performance. This compensatory response resulted in no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in overall (d 0 to 42) ADG and final BW, although there was a linear (P = 0.004) G:F improvement. In conclusion, increasing SID Lys level linearly improved performance; however, pigs fed low SID Lys levels presented compensatory growth and obtained similar performance in the overall nursery period.
PSIV-19 Supplementing Gentamicin Sulfate Through the Water Impacts the Performance Response of Nursery Pigs to Structural Fiber
Authors: Ebarb Sara , May Sabrina B , Frederick Brent 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Dietary fiber has varying effects on nursery pig performance, which is a period when medications are supplemented to support disease challenges. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of gentamicin sulfate (GS) water medication, dietary structural fiber, and their interaction on growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 900 weanling pigs (initial body weight = 5.71 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (10 pens/treatment, 22 pigs/pen). Dietary treatments consisted of nursery diets with no additional fiber (CON) or nursery diets with 8% wheat middlings (STR) as a source of structural fiber. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed from day 0-12 and day 12-21, respectively. Water medication treatments consisted of no GS or GS delivered through the drinking water from day 0-7 post-weaning (5 g GS per gallon stock solution at a 1:126 dilution of stock solution to drinking water). Data were analyzed using a general linear model in R. Contrasts tested the main effects of structural fiber, GS supplementation, and their interaction. Phase 1 average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) did not differ, but gain:feed (G:F) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) with GS (Table 1). Interactions (P &lt; 0.05) were observed for day 21 body weight, ADG, and ADFI in phase 2, where additional structural fiber increased performance variables in absence of, but not in conjunction with, GS supplementation. A tendency for an interaction (P &lt; 0.10) was observed for phase 2 G:F, where additional structural fiber increased G:F when no GS was administered but reduced G:F when GS was supplemented. In conclusion, the use of water medication impacted the performance response to dietary structural fiber, as pigs responded beneficially to additional fiber when GS was not administered, potentially due to modifications to the microbiome.
PSIV-16 Phytase Expressed from Schizosaccharomyces Pombe Ameliorates Footpad Lesions in Cage-Reared Broiler Chicks
Authors: Chun Seong Guk , De Dang Xin , Munezero Oliver , Kim Inho 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Footpad lesion is a problem that plagued the poultry industry, because it occurs in birds that are either reared in the cage or on the floor. Reports from previous studies about amelioration of footpad lesions by feeding phytase to floor-reared broiler chicks via reduction in litter moisture content is inconclusive. Therefore, phytase supplementation may have other potential mechanisms to improve the footpad lesions. The cage-reared broiler chicks were used in this study because they are divided with litter. A total of 234 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 groups based on the initial body weight (42.22 ± 0.18 g) with 6 replicate cages and 13 birds (mixed sex) per cage. The experimental period was 45 d. Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and supplemented with 500 and 750 FTU/kg S. pombe-expressed phytase. The unit of phytase (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of one micromole phosphate from phytate per minute at 37°C and pH 5.5. Orthogonal contrasts were used to examine the linear and quadratic effects in response to increasing the dietary supplementation of phytase. We found that dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase increased (P &lt; 0.05) the apparent ileal calcium and phosphorus digestibility and toe ash in a dose-dependent manner, whereas decreased (P &gt; 0.05) the footpad lesions score. From this, we considered that footpad lesions ameliorated by phytase supplementation were related to the improvement of calcium and phosphorus digestibility and toe ash.
PSV-19 Trace Amounts of Antibiotic Altered Gut Microbial Profiles of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia N , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that trace amounts of antibiotic supplements exacerbated growth performance and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of in-feed trace amounts of antibiotic on distal colon microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with E. coli F18. Thirty-four weaned pigs (6.88 ± 1.03 kg body weight) were individually and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (9 to 13 pigs/treatment). The 3 dietary treatments were basal nursery diet (control), and 2 additional diets supplemented with trace amounts (TRA; 0.5 mg/kg) or label-recommended dose (REC; 50 mg/kg) of antibiotic (carbadox), respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (day 0)]. The E. coli F18 inoculum (1010 cfu/3 mL) was orally provided to all pigs for 3 consecutive days. Distal colon digesta samples were collected on d 5 and 11 post-inoculation (PI), and microbial profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. All compositional data were statistically analyzed using R software with QIIME2 plugin. Bray-Curtis PCoA analysis displayed those pigs in both control and TRA groups were separately clustered from REC on d 5 and 11 PI. Pigs in TRA group had a lowest (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae whereas REC group tended to have increased (P &lt; 0.10) relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae than other treatments on day 5 PI. On day 11 PI, pigs in REC had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae than pigs in CON group. In conclusion, in-feed trace amounts of antibiotic could modify gut microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with E. coli F18.
PSV-7 Effects of Feed Additives Ambitine and Taktik X-Hit on Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs
Authors: Hoiten Robert , Levesque Crystal L , Samuel Ryan S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Improvements in digestion of amino acids (AA) in the small intestine of pigs improve feed efficiency and feed conversion. Non-nutritive feed additives that improve growth performance may affect AA digestibility. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate 2 different feed additives in the diets of grower pigs on ileal digestibility of AA. A total of 10 pigs, 5 barrows and 5 gilts, were surgical implanted with ileal cannulas. Each pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, in 3 different collection periods, according to a Latin Square design. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control – standard corn soybean-meal diet; 2) Control plus the addition of Ambitine at 1 kg/tonne; 3) Control plus the addition of TakTik X-Hit at 100 grams/tonne. An indigestible marker of 0.3% titanium was included in each dietary treatment. Each pig was fed the assigned dietary treatment ration at 4% of body weight. Following an adaption of 5 d, ileal digesta was then collected over a 2-d period for 12 hours each collection day. Diets and digesta were analyzed for AA concentrations to determine AA digestibility and basal endogenous losses were measured by feeding a nitrogen free diet. There were no differences (P &gt;0.05) in AID or SID of AA Lys (92%), Thr (89%), Trp (91%), Met (94%) or crude protein (89%) according to feed additive inclusions. These results indicate that the inclusion of the non-nutritive feed additives Ambitine and TakTik X-Hit did not impact AA digestibility.