bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality from angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in people infected with COVID-19: a cohort study of 3.7 million people
Authors: Dambha-Miller Hajira , Hinton William , Wilcox Christopher R , Lemanska Agnieszka , Joy Mark , Feher Michael , Stuart Beth , de Lusignan Simon , Hippisley-Cox Julia , Griffin Simon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundConcerns have been raised that angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) might facilitate transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 leading to more severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disease and an increased risk of mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between ACE-I/ARB treatment and risk of death amongst people with COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the pandemic.MethodsWe identified a cohort of adults diagnosed with either confirmed or probable COVID-19 (from 1 January to 21 June 2020) using computerized medical records from the Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) primary care database. This comprised 465 general practices in England, United Kingdom with a nationally representative population of 3.7 million people. We constructed mixed-effects logistic regression models to quantify the association between ACE-I/ARBs and all-cause mortality among people with COVID-19, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, concurrent medication, smoking status, practice clustering, and household number.ResultsThere were 9,586 COVID-19 cases in the sample and 1,463 (15.3%) died during the study period between 1 January 2020 and 21 June 2020. In adjusted analysis ACE-I and ARBs were not associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–1.21 and OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67–1.07, respectively).ConclusionUse of ACE-I/ARB, which are commonly used drugs, did not alter the odds of all-cause mortality amongst people diagnosed with COVID-19. Our findings should inform patient and prescriber decisions concerning continued use of these medications during the pandemic.
Environmental Factors Influence the Seed Phenotypic Variation of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. in China
Authors: Wang Mianzhi , Liu Jiming , Zheng Yulin , Sun Caowen , Wang Xin , Xu Yuanyuan , Wang Lixian , Zhao Guochun , Weng Xuehuang , Jia Liming , Sheng Kezhai , Wei Changsheng , Yang Mingyan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The phenotypes of Sapindus are significantly influenced by environmental factors, but the responses of oil-related seed phenotypes to environmental factors are still unclear. We sampled 115 seed accessions of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and 33 of Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. from fifty-six distinct locations in China to explore the effects of environmental factors on the seed phenotypes. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that 100-seed kernel weight (SKW), 100-seed shell weight (SSW), and seed kernel content (SKC) were the phenotypes most sensitive to the environmental influence (significantly associated with at least ten environmental factors). Redundancy analysis explained 26.13% of the variance and revealed that longitude was negatively correlated with SKW and SKC but was positively correlated with SSW, whereas elevation had the opposite effect. Monthly sunshine hours was negatively correlated with 100-seed weight and SSW. Additionally, the Mantel test showed that the seed phenotypic variations in Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi were significantly affected by environmental factors differently. SKW and SKC of Sapindus delavayi were more sensitive to the influence of key environmental factors and therefore had more potential for oil development. It is recommended to cultivate Sapindus delavayi at lower longitudes to facilitate seed kernel development and promote oil yield.
QTL mapping and characterization of black spot disease resistance using two multi-parental diploid rose populations
Authors: Rawandoozi Zena J , Young Ellen L , Yan Muqing , Noyan Seza , Fu Qiuyi , Hochhaus Tessa , Rawandoozi Maad Y , Klein Patricia E , Byrne David H , Riera-Lizarazu Oscar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Black spot disease (BSD) (Diplocarpon rosae) is the most common and damaging fungal disease in garden roses (Rosa sp.). Although qualitative resistance to BSD has been extensively investigated, the research on quantitative resistance lags behind. The goal of this research was to study the genetic basis of BSD resistance in two multi-parental populations (TX2WOB and TX2WSE) through a pedigree-based analysis approach (PBA). Both populations were genotyped and evaluated for BSD incidence over five years in three locations in Texas. A total of 28 QTLs, distributed over all linkage groups (LGs), were detected across both populations. Consistent minor effect QTLs included two on LG1 and LG3 (TX2WOB and TX2WSE), two on LG4 and LG5 (TX2WSE), and one QTL on LG7 (TX2WOB). In addition, one major QTL detected in both populations was consistently mapped on LG3. This QTL was localized to an interval ranging from 18.9 to 27.8 Mbp on the Rosa chinensis genome and explained 20 and 33% of the phenotypic variation. Furthermore, haplotype analysis showed that this QTL had three distinct functional alleles. The parent PP-J14–3 was the common source of the LG3 BSD resistance in both populations. Taken together, this research presents the characterization of new SNP-tagged genetic determinants of BSD resistance, the discovery of marker-trait associations to enable parental choice based on their BSD resistance QTL haplotypes, and substrates for the development of trait-predictive DNA tests for routine use in marker-assisted breeding for BSD resistance.
Walking a Tightrope: Financial Regulation, Climate Change, and the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Demekas Dimitri , Grippa Pierpaolo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As with the global financial crisis, there are once again demands on central banks and financial regulators to take on new responsibilities, this time for supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. Regulators can indeed facilitate the reorientation of financial flows necessary for the transition. But they may find themselves walking a tightrope, having to balance exaggerated expectations against limited capabilities and political economy constraints. Their diagnostic and policy toolkits are still in their infancy. Expanding their legal mandates to take on these new, essentially political, responsibilities should be done through the political process and be accompanied by strengthened governance and accountability arrangements. Taking on these new responsibilities can also have potential pitfalls and unintended consequences on financial markets. Ultimately, central banks and financial regulators cannot deliver a low-carbon economy by themselves and should not risk being caught again in the role of ‘the only game in town’.
Functional diversity and metabolic engineering of plant-specialized metabolites
Authors: Zhou Shaoqun , Ma Yongshuo , Shang Yi , Qi Xiaoquan , Huang Sanwen , Li Jiayang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPlants are talented biochemists that produce a broad diversity of small molecules. These so-called specialized metabolites (SMs) play critical roles in the adaptive evolution of plants to defend against biotic and abiotic stresses, attract pollinators, and modulate soil microbiota for their own benefits. Many plant SMs have been used as nutrition and flavor compounds in our daily food, as well as drugs for treatment of human diseases. Current multi-omics tools have significantly accelerated the process of biosynthetic pathway elucidation in plants through correlation analyses, genetic mapping, and de novo biosynthetic gene cluster predictions. Understanding the biosynthesis of plant SMs has enabled reconstitution of naturally occurring specialized metabolic pathways in microbial hosts, providing a sustainable supply of these high-value molecules. In this review, we illustrate the general functions of several typical plant SMs in natural ecosystems and for human societies. We then provide an overview of current methods elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of plant SMs, and synthetic biology strategies that optimize the efficiency of heterologous biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts. Moving forward, dissection of the functions and application of plant SMs by using current multidiscipline approaches would be greatly benefit to the scientific community and human societies.
Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Dour Halina , Treanor Michael , Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Therapist Guide contains step-by-step detailed procedures for assessing and treating specific problems and diagnoses. According to the growing consensus, evidence-based practice offers the most responsible course of action for mental health professionals. The guide is intended for clinicians familiar with cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) and clinical presentations of depression, anxiety, and anhedonia. Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) was developed to specifically target areas of reward sensitivity that are believed to contribute to anhedonia. The treatment is expected to be an indispensable resource for all practitioners who wish to effectively and efficiently help individuals regain and improve their quality of life.
Behavioral Science and Neuroscience Identify Targets for Treatment of Anhedonia
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Dour Halina J. , Treanor Michael , Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on using behavioral science and neuroscience to identify targets for the treatment of anhedonia. The appetitive systems and withdrawal systems are considered to be the two core systems that regulate thoughts and behavior or actions. On the other hand, anxiety and depression have long been understood to involve excesses in the defensive system. The chapter discusses the main components of the reward system as well. It also explores how individuals with depression tend to have difficulty in labeling their emotions. The process of labeling positive emotions is likely to enhance attention to positive experiences and improve the attainment of reward.
Psychoeducation
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Dour Halina J. , Treanor Michael , Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the psychoeducation that should be provided to clients participating in the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) program. This educational material includes an explanation of mood cycles and how to identify them and how one’s emotions, thoughts, behavior, and physical sensations are interrelated. Clients are expected to learn thinking and behavioral skills that can indirectly change how they feel. Clients will learn how to label their positive emotions, which increases attention to and experience of positivity. The difference between downward spirals and upward spirals is explained in this chapter as well. A primary goal of PAT is to help clients reach upward spirals.
Continuing the Journey After Treatment
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Dour Halina J. , Treanor Michael , Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the long-term goals after the completion of the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) program. It highlights the importance of continued practice to maintain therapy gains. Long-term goals are known to promote continued practice. Having a plan for overcoming barriers help clients anticipate and cope with circumstances that might prevent them from continuing to use the skills they have learned. Awareness and a management plan could reduce the likelihood of high-risk triggers sparking a lapse or a relapse. The therapist can prepare clients for treatment termination by reviewing the client’s progress, long-term treatment goals, and coping strategies. Progress is assessed by examining the objective change in the weekly scores on the standardized questionnaires.
Is It Difficult for You to Feel Positive Emotions?
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Dour Halina J. , Guinyard Amanda G. Loerinc , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces anhedonia, which is defined as persistently low levels of positive emotions. It is commonly present in the majority of psychiatric conditions such as depressive disorder or anxiety. The latest advances in behavioral and biological science have shed light on the specific processes involved in anhedonia. People with anhedonia can experience a loss of purpose, a sense of hopelessness, and an increased desire to end their life. The positive mood system is sometimes referred to as the reward system or appetitive system. Wanting, liking, and learning of positive experiences are regarded as three components of the positive system. The new psychological treatment outlined in this workbook, called the Positive Affect Treatment, targets these problems with wanting, liking, and reward learning.
Attending to the Positive
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Dour Halina J. , Guinyard Amanda G. Loerinc , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the skill of Attending to the Positive as part of the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) program. Thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations of situations can influence how people feel. Some people have difficulty noticing and appreciating positive events when they occur, while others have difficulty taking ownership of positive events. People with anhedonia often feel those more than most. The chapter explains the significance of liking and learning efforts and positive outcomes while practicing to be optimistic. It also includes the process of finding silver linings. PAT also prioritizes planning for the future while training a positive mindset. Additionally, taking ownership of positive events occurring in life is just as important as noticing and appreciating them.
Building Positivity
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Dour Halina J. , Guinyard Amanda G. Loerinc , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance and function of Building Positivity as part of the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) program. It explains the process and provides case studies of practicing loving-kindness, appreciative joy, gratitude, and generosity. Evidence shows that engaging in gratitude and generosity leads to feeling more connected, having better relationships, and doing more prosocial behavior. Loving-kindness and appreciative joy are skills that use imagery and positive thinking to enhance relationships and change feelings. The chapter also discusses research showing that these practices increase positive emotions and well-being and decrease negative emotions. PAT’s Building Positivity exercises are strategies to improve mood, appreciate positive feelings, and form connections.
Tools to make low intensity interventions with children and youth more effective
Authors: Law Duncan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
First of all, thank you for pausing at this chapter! It may have been one that you thought you might skip—right? When we think about outcome measures, we tend to think about numbers . . . and who’s really interested in numbers anyway? What we are really interested in is doing good work with children and youth, and helping people get better. Well, let me tell you, we’re both on the same page (literally and metaphorically!). I’m not a great fan of numbers either, but I do like to do good, collaborative work with children, youth, and their families and that is what this chapter is all about: developing good relationships and doing good work to help people improve their mental well-being. This is important in any mental health intervention, but it is particularly important in low intensity interventions when time is often limited and you need be adaptive to gather information and generally work more efficiently.
Lens
Authors: Than Jonathan , Barsam Allon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the lens and its pathological opacification, cataract. Cataract is an important cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. Fortunately, acquired cataract is a reversible cause of visual impairment and, in developed countries, cataract surgery is the most commonly performed elective surgical procedure. This chapter outlines lens anatomy and embryology, along with clinical knowledge areas that include acquired cataract (clinical evaluation and treatment), intraoperative and postoperative (infectious and non-infectious) complications of cataract surgery, and lens dislocation. Practical skills, including biometry, local anaesthesia, implantation of intraocular lenses, and Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, are also discussed.
Professional skills and behaviour
Authors: Than Jonathan , Hingorani Melanie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses professional skills and behaviour in ophthalmology. It starts off by detailing good medical practice, as set forth by the General Medical Council. It then addresses information governance, with a discussion of the Data Protection Act 2018, the roles of the Information Commissioner’s Office and the Caldicott Guardian, and the use or disclosure of confidential information, as well as the Freedom of Information Act 2000, electronic health records, and the Royal College of Ophthalmologists’ national ophthalmic audit programme. It then goes on to discuss clinical governance and risk management, clinical leadership, and NHS management, education, and training. Communication and consent, research, statistics, the Ophthalmologists in Training group, and safeguarding are also addressed. The chapter concludes with a discussion concerning vision and its context in society.
Relation of Vitamin D Level, BMI, and Location of Lower Extremity Stress Fractures in Military Trainees
Authors: Zalneraitis B Holt , Huuki Elizabeth , Benavides Linda C , Benavides Jerome M 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military trainees are at an increased risk of stress fractures. Vitamin D availability is known to play an important role in both fracture prevention and healing. The purpose of this investigation was to assess 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in soldiers with confirmed lower extremity stress fractures and assess the predictors of fracture location.

Materials and Methods
Following Institutional Review Board approval, military trainees at a large training base presenting to the orthopedic clinic with a radiographically verified stress fracture were identified. Demographic data and 25(OH)D levels were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed in regard to patient age, body mass index (BMI), and 25(OH)D level. Interactions between variables were assessed using one-way analysis of variance for four fracture location groups (femoral neck, femoral shaft, tibial shaft, and foot and ankle). Bivariate correlations were examined between age, BMI, and vitamin D level.

Results
A total of 155 lower extremity stress fractures were identified in 144 males and 11 females over 30 months. The mean age was 22.7 ± 4.85 years. The majority (60.7%) of fractures were located in the femoral neck. The average 25(OH)D level was 26.8 ± 8.37 ng/mL. Overall, 26% (N = 41) of enrolled patients had normal 25(OH)D levels, 48% (N = 74) had insufficient 25(OH)D levels, and 26% (N = 40) had deficient 25(OH)D levels. Patients with femoral neck fractures and tibial shaft fractures had significantly lower BMI than patients with foot and ankle fractures (23.3 vs. 27.7, P &lt; .001 and 24.2 vs. 27.7, P = .003, respectively). Patients with foot and ankle fractures had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than patients with femoral shaft fractures (21.1 vs. 30.1, P = .02). There were no significant findings regarding age and fracture location. Age correlated positively (but weakly) with BMI (0.338, P &lt; .001). There was no correlation between age and vitamin D level or BMI and vitamin D level.

Conclusion
Overall, 74% of patients in military training with lower extremity stress fractures had insufficient or deficient levels of 25(OH)D, highlighting a persistent area of concern in this population. Patients with femoral neck and tibial shaft stress fractures had significantly lower BMI than patients with foot and ankle stress fractures. This suggests that in stress fracture–prone patients, BMI may play a role in predicting fracture location.
Detection of Viral Infection and Bacterial Coinfection and Superinfection in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department Using the 29-mRNA Host Response Classifier IMX-BVN-3: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Bauer Wolfgang , Gläser Sven , Thiemig Dorina , Wanner Katrin , Peric Alexander , Behrens Steffen , Bialas Johanna , Behrens Angelika , Galtung Noa , Liesenfeld Oliver , Sun Lisa , May Larissa , Mace Sharron , Ott Sebastian , Vesenbeckh Silvan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Identification of bacterial coinfection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) facilitates appropriate initiation or withholding of antibiotics. The Inflammatix Bacterial Viral Noninfected (IMX-BVN) classifier determines the likelihood of bacterial and viral infections. In a multicenter study, we investigated whether IMX-BVN version 3 (IMX-BVN-3) identifies patients with COVID-19 and bacterial coinfections or superinfections.

Methods
Patients with polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled in Berlin, Germany; Basel, Switzerland; and Cleveland, Ohio upon emergency department or hospital admission. PAXgene Blood RNA was extracted and 29 host mRNAs were quantified. IMX-BVN-3 categorized patients into very unlikely, unlikely, possible, and very likely bacterial and viral interpretation bands. IMX-BVN-3 results were compared with clinically adjudicated infection status.

Results
IMX-BVN-3 categorized 102 of 111 (91.9%) COVID-19 patients into very likely or possible, 7 (6.3%) into unlikely, and 2 (1.8%) into very unlikely viral bands. Approximately 94% of patients had IMX-BVN-3 unlikely or very unlikely bacterial results. Among 7 (6.3%) patients with possible (n = 4) or very likely (n = 3) bacterial results, 6 (85.7%) had clinically adjudicated bacterial coinfection or superinfection. Overall, 19 of 111 subjects for whom adjudication was performed had a bacterial infection; 7 of these showed a very likely or likely bacterial result in IMX-BVN-3.

Conclusions
IMX-BVN-3 identified COVID-19 patients as virally infected and identified bacterial coinfections and superinfections. Future studies will determine whether a point-of-care version of the classifier may improve the management of COVID-19 patients, including appropriate antibiotic use.