bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Print fidelity evaluation of PVA hydrogel using computational fluid dynamics for extrusion dependent 3D printing
Authors: Raj Ratnesh , Vamsi Venkata Krishna Siriki , Desai Akshat , Sachin Chintapalli , Dixit Amit Rai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study presents a practical method of print fidelity evaluation for an extrusion-dependent technique of 3D printing. Simulation through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool has been used for evaluating the fidelity of printing. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based hydrogel was prepared with deionized (DI) water and PVA powder using a magnetic stirrer at 90 °C for 3D printing. Rheological tests were carried out for checking the viscosity at various shear rates. CFD simulation was done by employing the Bird-Carreau modelusing rheological values. Velocity, pressure, shearing rate, and viscosity distributions through nozzle were obtained. From the shear rate and viscosity results, the increase in shear rate and decrease in gel’s viscosity for both the nozzles prove that the material can be extruded. It was seen that the nozzle with a diameter of 0.51mm shows better results than the 0.41mm diameter, which was concluded from the values of maximum shear rate at the edges of the nozzles. The maximum shear rate value has reached a maximum of up to 326.5102s
–1 whereas for a 0.41 mm diameter nozzle, it is 623.8037s
–1 increasing the chances of developing wavy edges in a 0.41mm diameter nozzle than a 0.51mm diameter nozzle concluding that the nozzle with 0.51mm diameter gives far better results than the 0.41mm diameter nozzle.
Eight Wave Mixing Process is suitable to make Single Photon Source for Quantum Cryptography
Authors: Priyanka  , Gill Savita 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Single photon source for use in quantum cryptography should show higher order photon antibunching. We have analyzed non classical effect i.e. higher order photon antibunching in pump mode of eight-wave mixing non linear optical process using short time interaction technique and also the dependence of non classicality on the number of photons prior to interaction in non linear medium. Further we have reported that higher the order of photon antibunching, higher will be the probability to generate single photon source utilized in quantum cryptography.
Active Layer Thickness Optimization for Maximum Efficiency in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
Authors: Daniel Susan G , Devu B , Sreekala C O 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOrganic solar cell (OSC) is one of the best promising candidate for harvesting energy mainly due to their simple and economic fabrication process, the reduced manufacturing cost, and easy integration to other products. Bulk heterojunction solar cell in which the active layer is a blend of donor –acceptor materials are one of the best organic photovoltaic device with highest efficiency and a significant improvement in the device performance occur over last years. Bulk heterojunction architecture gives a high interfacial surface area for efficient charge dissociation. In this study, bulk heterojunction solar cell is simulated using General Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model Software. A donor-acceptor blend of Zinc pthalocyanine (ZnPc) fullerene C60 is used as the active layer. The power conversion efficiency for various thickness of the active layer is studied. Optimization of active layer thickness for maximum power conversion efficiency are done. The dependence of various electrical parameters such as short circuit current density(Jsc), Open circuit voltage(Voc), fill factor (FF), average carrier mobility on power conversion efficiency are also studied.
Investigation of Jump Resonance of a Horizontal Axis Washing Machine for Nonlinear Vibration using the Harmonic Balance Method
Authors: Dhanda Mohit , Gupta Arpan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this work, a drum-type horizontal axis washing machine with two springs and two dampers has been considered to study the jump resonance phenomenon. Here two springs and two dampers are used and effects of nonlinear spring stiffness on vibration level in both horizontal and vertical directions have been investigated. In this study, a mathematical model of a horizontal axis washing machine is formed. A separate analysis is carried out in both vertical and horizontal directions by considering the whole system as a two degree of freedom system. As vibration magnitude is large due to unbalance mass of wet clothes, hence nonlinear stiffness of spring is considered. The analytical solution for the mathematical model is found using the harmonic balance method. One term expansion is used in this method to study the response of the system. To study the vibration response of the system, one term expansion is used. From this study, it has been found that the spring with cubic nonlinear stiffness increases the amplitude of vibration. Also, with the increase in cubic non-linear stiffness, the system tends to have multiple equilibrium positions. These equilibrium positions may be stable or unstable. It has been detected that the vibration amplitude has three different values for a few excitation frequencies due to cubic stiffness. So, the response of the system suddenly increases and then decreases due to cubic non-linearity which indicates the jump resonance.
Probe into DNA interaction, cell toxicity and antifungal activities of phyto-synthesized yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles
Authors: Meenambal Rugmani , Hema S K , Tomar Vedika , Puyam Anita 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Green synthesis is considered to be eco-friendly approach in comparison to chemical mediated synthesis and hence the study demonstrates facile Nyctanthes arbortristis mediated phyto-synthesis of biocompatible yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to confirm the formation of cubic Y2O3 nanoparticles. Further, the interaction of Y2O3 with calf thymus-DNA were scrutinized by UV-visible, fluorescence spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques and the results suggested the stabilization of CT-DNA by the biosynthesized Y2O3. Also, the synthesized Y2O3 does not exhibit any toxicity in SK-MEL, human melanoma cell lines. Further, the studies on antifungal activities of Y2O3 nanoparticles revealed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of plant pathogen Exserohilum rostratum causing Exserohilum leaf blight in pearl millet. Hence, the findings deliver the foundation for furtherbiological research investigations of Y2O3 and its application in phytopathogen control.
Synthesis and Characterization of La0.70Ca0.30MnO3 System for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Paul Surinder , Manokamna  , Kumar Arun , Kumar Arvind 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
La0.70Ca0.30MnO3 system has been prepared by solid state reaction method for cathode of solid oxide fuel cell applications. The structural studies have been investigated by X-Ray diffraction method and the experimental results have confirmed that the prepared system has been well crystallized into single phase, crystal structure is orthorhombic and size of the particle has been calculated to be 0.35 μm. The surface morphology has been studied by scanning electron microscopy which confirmed that grain sizes are irregular, non uniform and randomly oriented. Archimedes principle has been used to investigate the density of the prepared material. Thermal properties of the system confirmed its stability at high temperature and thermal expansion coefficient well matched with other cell components. The dielectric as well as impedance properties have been investigated at different ranges of temperature and frequency. Electrical conductivity of the prepared system has been found to be more than 100 S/cm as well as obtained value of activation energy signifies that the synthesized system is suitable for cathode of solid oxide fuel cell applications.
Electrochemical sensing of malathion using doped MOFs
Authors: Nikhar S , Kumar P 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Coordination polymerization produces a variety of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), each with its own set of physical & chemical properties. Making MOFs suitably conductive in nature, is one of the hurdles faced to be utilized its potential practical applications. To explore the electrical conductivity’s features of MOFs, NH2-Al-MOF, ZnQ@ZIF-8 and Al-MIL-53 MOF have been treated with NaOH, H2SO4, and HCl. Acid/Alkaline doped MOFs have been utilized to prepare conducting thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO) slides using drop-casted method. Electrical feature analysis has indicated reduction in overall resistance of NH2-Al-MOF < ZnQ@ZIF-8 < Al-MIL-53. The prepared MOFs thin films have been used for malathion detection. We have found limit of detection (LOD) i.e., 1.668 mg/L 2.386 mg/L and 2.397 mg/L for malathion using doped MOFs, respectively.
Green synthesis of vanadium oxide nanoparticles for thin film based sensor application
Authors: Kishan Chand T.R. , Kalpana H.M. , Lalithamba H.S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A high yield of single phase orthorhombic vanadium oxide (V2O5) nanoparticles with solution combustion method is obtained in a very quick succession at 500 °C, by the utilization of Butea monosperma seed extract, to study its suitability towards pressure sensors. The Structural, Transmission spectral, Morphological, Compositional and the Absorption spectral analysis of the deposited vanadium oxide nanoparticle samples are examined using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV) respectively. The results from the structural analysis denote the nanoparticles with the crystallite size of 4.76 Å, dislocation density of 441.35*1016/m2 along with the micro strain of 76.0366*10-3. Infrared transmission spectral images clearly display three strong peaks at 1633.76 cm-1, 1070.80 cm-1 and 537.25 cm-1, stating the presence of a strong and stable vanadyl bonding structure. Images from its morphological analysis depict the nanoparticles are homogeneously porous without any cracks on its surface. The composition of the nanoparticles clearly displays the presence of vanadium and oxygen atoms in a strong bonding structure. Absorption spectral results showed that the obtained samples after synthesis are in nano size with narrow size distribution. The results obtained from the experimental analysis indicate a stable performance, good linearity and stability, indicating its suitability for pressure sensing application.
Room temperature Al-induced electroless tin film deposition enabled by ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Shinde Shivkanya , Ghosh Swatilekha 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAluminium induced electroless tin film deposition were carried on Cu and mild steel at 25 °C in presence of ultrasound irradiation. Ten times faster growth rate (5.04μm h−1) was observed when ultrasound was introduced with respect to processes without agitation (0.51μm h−1). These deposits are dense, homogeneous, pore free containing fine particles (25 nm in crystallite size) irrespective of the substrate, the sonication power applied and system with or without NaH2PO2. A better corrosion resistance (5 times higher compared to silent process) was materialized for the ultrasound application which might be due to thick deposits with fine particles.
Magnetic tunnel junction based implementation of spike time dependent plasticity learning for pattern recognition
Authors: Lone Aijaz H , Amara S , Fariborzi H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based implementation of the spike time-dependent (STDP) learning for pattern recognition applications. The proposed hybrid scheme utilizes the spin–orbit torque (SOT) driven neuromorphic device-circuit co-design to demonstrate the Hebbian learning algorithm. The circuit implementation involves the (MTJ) device structure, with the domain wall motion in the free layer, acting as an artificial synapse. The post-spiking neuron behaviour is implemented using a low barrier MTJ. In both synapse and neuron, the switching is driven by the SOTs generated by the spin Hall effect in the heavy metal. A coupled model for the spin transport and switching characteristics in both devices is developed by adopting a modular approach to spintronics. The thermal effects in the synapse and neuron result in a stochastic but tuneable domain wall motion in the synapse and a superparamagnetic behaviour of in neuron MTJ. Using the device model, we study the dimensional parameter dependence of the switching delay and current to optimize the device dimensions. The optimized parameters corresponding to synapse and neuron are considered for the implementation of the Hebbian learning algorithm. Furthermore, cross-point architecture and STDP-based weight modulation scheme is used to demonstrate the pattern recognition capabilities by the proposed neuromorphic circuit.
Trunk spines of trees: a physical defence against bark removal and climbing by mammals?
Authors: Lefebvre Théodore , Charles-Dominique Tristan , Tomlinson Kyle W 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
The defensive role of spines has previously been related to leaves, young shoots and reproductive organs. However, some woody species harbour spines on their trunks where none of those organs are present. Several explanations are plausible: they could be (1) climbing aids, (2) remnants from defence of leaves or reproductive organs during an earlier development phase, or (3) an as-yet undescribed defence. Here we investigate whether they could play a role against either bark feeding or preventing climbing animals accessing food resources in the tree canopy.

Methods
We described 31 woody species with spines on their trunk, growing in a botanical garden, to test whether morphological strategies could be identified and suggest what could be their most likely function. As testing their function is difficult experimentally for large pools of species, we performed virtual experiments to evaluate the potential roles of trunk spines against bark removal and climbing animals of different sizes. We then compared for each species and their confamilial non-spiny species the nutritional profiles of leaf, bark and reproductive organs to test whether trunk spines were associated with a nutritious organ (more likely targeted by herbivores).

Key Results
We identified four morphological syndromes of trunk spines. Two corresponded to already known functions (anchorage for lianas and crown defence against large ground mammals), and two strategies are newly described trait syndromes with traits suggesting a defence against bark feeding and climbing mammals. By simulation, we show how each strategy could translate into defence against debarking and prevent herbivores from climbing.

Conclusions
We identified trunk spine strategies and the criteria to classify them, their most likely function and the likely feeding mode and size of animal against which different trunk spine strategies may be effective. We discuss further perspectives for testing their function and their ecological significance.
Effects of polygalacturonase overexpression on pectin distribution in the elongation zones of roots under aluminium stress
Authors: Nagayama Teruki , Tatsumi Akane , Nakamura Atsuko , Yamaji Naoki , Satoh Shinobu , Furukawa Jun , Iwai Hiroaki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The roots of many plant species contain large amounts of pectin and it contributes to the formation of the rhizosphere. In the present study, the relationship between the root-tip pectin content and aluminium (Al) tolerance in wild-type (WT) and demethylesterified pectin degradation enzyme gene overexpressor (OsPG2-FOX) rice lines was compared. OsPG2-FOX rice showed reduced pectin content in roots, even under control conditions; Al treatment reduced root elongation and the pectin content in the root elongation zone. Wild-type rice showed more pectin accumulation in the root elongation zone after Al treatment. Relative to WT rice, OsPG2-FOX rice showed more Al accumulation in the root elongation zone. These results indicate that the amount of pectin influences Al tolerance and that the distribution of pectin in the root elongation zone inhibits Al accumulation in rice roots. Pectin accumulation in cell walls in the root elongation zone may play a role in protecting rice plants from the Al-induced inhibition of root elongation by regulating pectin distribution.
Meiotic chromosome organization and crossover patterns
Authors: Shang Yongliang , Tan Taicong , Fan Cunxian , Nie Hui , Wang Ying , Yang Xiao , Zhai Binyuan , Wang Shunxin , Zhang Liangran 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Meiosis is the foundation of sexual reproduction, and crossover recombination is one hallmark of meiosis. Crossovers establish the physical connections between homolog chromosomes (homologs) for their proper segregation and exchange DNA between homologs to promote genetic diversity in gametes and thus progenies. Aberrant crossover patterns, e.g., absence of the obligatory crossover, are the leading cause of infertility, miscarriage, and congenital disease. Therefore, crossover patterns have to be tightly controlled. During meiosis, loop/axis organized chromosomes provide the structural basis and regulatory machinery for crossover patterning. Accumulating evidence shows that chromosome axis length regulates the numbers and the positions of crossovers. In addition, recent studies suggest that alterations in axis length and the resultant alterations in crossover frequency may contribute to evolutionary adaptation. Here, current advances regarding these issues are reviewed, the possible mechanisms for axis length regulating crossover frequency are discussed, and important issues that need further investigations are suggested.
Ecocide, Climate Criminals and the Politics of Bushfires
Authors: Walters Reece 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThroughout the last thirty years bushfires or wildfires have increased globally with devastating impacts on ecosystems, human habitats and greenhouse gas emissions. The recording of unprecedented temperatures coupled with the warming of international oceans, and the melting of polar icecaps from anthropocentric climate change are major contributors to the increase of global wildfires that are forecasted to worsen unless urgent political intervention reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The state and corporate actors that enable widespread toxic emissions have been referred to as ‘climate criminals’ within discourses of ecocide and green criminology. This article adopts a green criminological lens to the emerging concept of ‘ecocide’ to examine political leaders and their mismanagement of devastating bushfires. Through a detailed interrogation of Australia’s Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements it traces the devastating Summer events of 2019/2020 and concludes that political inaction underpinned by fossil fuel economic priorities were instrumental in creating the contexts for a preventable environmental and human catastrophe.
Continuous manipulation of mental representations is compromised in cerebellar degeneration
Authors: McDougle Samuel D , Tsay Jonathan S , Pitt Benjamin , King Maedbh , Saban William , Taylor Jordan A , Ivry Richard B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We introduce a novel perspective on how the cerebellum might contribute to cognition, hypothesizing that this structure supports dynamic transformations of mental representations. In support of this hypothesis, we report a series of neuropsychological experiments comparing the performance of individuals with degenerative cerebellar disorders on tasks that either entail continuous, movement-like mental operations or more discrete mental operations. In the domain of visual cognition, the cerebellar disorders group exhibited an impaired rate of mental rotation, an operation hypothesized to require the continuous manipulation of a visual representation. In contrast, the cerebellar disorders group showed a normal processing rate when scanning items in visual working memory, an operation hypothesized to require the maintenance and retrieval of remembered items. In the domain of mathematical cognition, the cerebellar disorders group was impaired at single-digit addition, an operation hypothesized to primarily require iterative manipulations along a mental number-line; this group was not impaired on arithmetic tasks linked to memory retrieval (e.g. single-digit multiplication). These results, obtained in tasks from two disparate domains, point to a potential constraint on the contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive tasks. Paralleling its role in motor control, the cerebellum may be essential for coordinating dynamic, movement-like transformations in a mental workspace.
Effects of thinning on the longitudinal and radial variation in wood properties of Eucalyptus nitens
Authors: Gendvilas Vilius , Neyland Mark , Rocha-Sepúlveda Manuel F , Downes Geoffrey M , Hunt Mark , Jacobs Andrew , Williams Dean , Vega Mario , O’Reilly-Wapstra Julianne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Eucalypt plantations in Tasmania have been managed predominantly for fibre production, but there is also growing interest in the production of solid wood products. For solid wood production, stiffness and basic density are key wood properties as they define the suitability of the timber for particular products and ultimately value. To inform processing options available for targeting high value wood products there is a need to understand how wood properties vary within a tree and how thinning impacts wood quality to foster efficient processing. Three thinning trials of 20–22-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus nitens were used to assess stiffness and basic density longitudinally from the base to 20 m height in the tree and radially at a fixed height of 2.5 m. Longitudinally and radially, wood properties varied more within the tree than the variation which arose as a result of thinning. Stiffness was lowest at the bottom of the tree irrespective of thinning treatment and the highest stiffness was located from 7.5 to 15 m height depending on thinning and site. Commercial thinning to 300 trees ha−1 had no effect on stiffness in the bottom of the tree but resulted in lower stiffness in the upper logs. Trees in thinned stands had slightly lower basic density and that reduction was consistent within the tree and across sites. Thinning resulted in significant radial change in wood properties and the thinning effect was apparent soon after the thinning treatment. The results demonstrate that thinning has an adverse impact on wood properties, but not to a degree that hinders the benefits thinning brings to maximizing wood growth. However, the high variation in wood quality within the tree suggests that it would be valuable segregating logs within a tree to maximize solid wood product value.