bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collapse of the United Progressive Alliance
Authors: Hasan Zoya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government that came to power in 2004 functioned well under UPA-1 (2004–9) but faced numerous challenges under UPA-2 (2009–14). This chapter seeks to understand how and why a government, which had been sufficiently popular during its first term to be re-elected in 2009 with a larger number of seats, could so rapidly decline. It examines the controversies and conflicts swirling around the UPA, culminating in Congress’s defeat in the 2014 elections. It looks at a wide range of developments to argue that UPA’s political crisis was not caused by policy paralysis alone, it was triggered by the concerted effort of powerful right-wing groups that wanted to see the end of the UPA, which was seen as Left-leaning, at least in rhetoric, if not substance. The questions the chapter addresses are: what went gone wrong, why did the UPA collapse, and why could the party’s progressive politics not be sustained.
Nothing we Imagine is Absolutely Impossible
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Modality and the a priori are the second mode of conceptual thinking explained by the imagination. Hume advances a Conceivability account of modality: nothing we can imagine is absolutely impossible. The potential of the imagination for offline conception is the background for a family of inferences that give structure to our modal thoughts. Conditions on conception produce modal contents by their non-logical effects on the imagination. They can ease, hinder, or block the imagination in its conceiving ideas. The corresponding experiences come to be conceived as modal qualifications of ideas. Hume identifies two principles of modality-constituting transitions, Separability and Determination, and two corresponding kinds of modality, metaphysical (relating to possible existence as such) and physical (ways the empirical world can be). This distinction is one of Hume’s main tools of philosophical criticism. Hume applies his conception of metaphysical modality to provide and account of our a priori knowledge and its limits.
A Mind or Thinking Person
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The idea of self and personal identity defines an internal world, complementing the external one. This idea is not representational. The self is not an impression or object. Internal reflection represents our minds only as a flux of perceptions. The imagination produces the idea of self and personal identity by forming the idea of the identity of the successive internal perceptions, related by resemblance or by causation; and then that of a self that persists across their succession. The process is marked by the problematic idea of identity and the corresponding principles of the imagination, but Hume seems to endorse its conclusions. Surprisingly, Hume later in the text recants his theory, without clarifying in what respects it is defective. I suggest that the problem could be a dim recognition of his failure to provide a first-personal idea of self and thus to enable an intimate consciousness of ourselves.
Apathy, Moderation, Excitement
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we turn to questions of eudaemonism, the subjective telos of virtue. We first consider the hard work of virtue in regulating one’s felt attachments. Rejecting the idea that virtue necessarily involves suffering, we instead highlight the virtuous person’s moral apathetic ability to moderate her felt attachments in light of the absolute value of persons, as guided by the moral feeling of respect. We then argue that the tools for apathetic moderation of felt attachments are also tools for their governance generally: not only their constraint and moderation but also their invigoration in line with virtue. We appeal to Kant’s reference to Hercules at the crossroads to illustrate this work of virtue: this is difficult work that constitutes a genuine battle within oneself between the lure of a life of easy desire-satisfaction and a life in which one authentically chooses and integrates into her person the demands of virtue.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, natural philosophy was seen as an integrated enterprise, embracing what are now seen as separate disciplines, such as philosophy, the natural sciences, mathematics, and theology. Although often portrayed as a now redundant precursor of the natural sciences, natural philosophy was far more than this, enfolding the two quite different notions of learning about and learning from nature. This book argues for the retrieval of the ‘disciplinary imaginary’ of natural philosophy. The first part of the work explores how this idea emerged in the writings of Aristotle, and achieved its greatest influence in the seventeenth century. It offers a critical conversation with leading representatives of the movement—such as Johann Kepler, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton—to clarify its scope and significance, as well as identifying the factors causing the decline of the movement in the nineteenth century. The second part of the book sets out a comprehensive account of how natural philosophy can be retrieved and reimagined. Drawing on recent discussions of progress in philosophy, it argues that a retrieved natural philosophy can hold together both the objective and subjective aspects of the human engagement with the natural world. Using Mary Midgley’s approach to safeguarding the complexity of nature and Karl Popper’s model of the ‘three worlds’ of human knowledge—objective, subjective, and theoretical—the book offers a comprehensive vision of the scope of a revitalized natural philosophy, and the benefits this brings to the human understanding and appreciation of nature.
The Origins of Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the foundations of natural philosophy in the writings of Aristotle against its classical background. The analysis focuses particularly on those aspects of Aristotle’s works which proved significant for later natural philosophers. These include observational respectfulness, and the need to develop a theōria of nature. The problems of Aristotle’s account of theōria are noted, including concerns about his account of the inductive process. Finally, the chapter notes some aspects of Aristotle’s natural philosophy that would prove influential in Christian, Jewish, and Islamic forms of natural philosophy during the Middle Ages.
The Parting of the Ways
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents the fragmentation of natural philosophy and its displacement by the notion of ‘natural science’ during the nineteenth century, particularly through the influence of Thomas H. Huxley. It explores the Enlightenment reformulation of Newtonian natural philosophy and the Romantic reaction against what was seen as an excessively objective and disengaged account of nature, focusing on writers such as Blake, Keats, and Wordsworth. During this period, the term ‘natural philosophy’ was gradually abandoned, as the distinct notion of ‘natural science’ began to gain influence in the 1830s. Huxley’s clear demarcation of ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’ can be seen as marking the end of any coherent notion of natural philosophy, which became fragmented into a set of disconnected components. The chapter reflects on the gains and losses of this development, laying the groundwork for an attempted retrieval of natural philosophy in the second part of this work.
Trend in Economic Growth 2010–2020
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
India, one of the five biggest emerging economies of the world, is known to be growing at a rapid pace. Tracing back history, post the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008, the country has exhibited remarkable recovery with the services sector being be a major growth driver along with other sectors. Analysing the state of the Indian economy, from 2010-2021, it has been observed that each year had its own set of challenges, which could have been in terms of high inflation, high fiscal deficit, high current account deficit (CAD), demand constraints, poor monsoon, etc. The Government and Reserve Bank of India through fiscal and monetary policy measures have tried to address the same. The chapter does a detailed trend analysis of the Indian economy since 2010 and discusses how the country has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
Investors’ Confidence
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The market capitalization of countries was badly hit due to the pandemic and Indian stock exchanges were no exception. The pandemic, brought about a scenario of gloom and uncertainty in the stock markets, with market crashing to five-year lows and trough points not witnessed ever since the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008. With investors having resorted to relentless selling during the initial period of the pandemic, with the passage of time the stock markets had been seen to be going against the tide and witnessing a rise. BSE Sensex had touched 37,929.24 as of 7 August 2020 as against having crashed to 25,981.24 on 23 March 2020 and has been on an upswing ever since until the Federal Reserve began tightening or hinted towards stepping back from the quantitative easing programme. The chapter discusses factors which led to investor confidence even in a period of a health outbreak.
Time for Big-Ticket Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Despite faster than the expected economic recovery experts revised forecasts for 2020– 21 and 2021– 22, as there were few signals which did not gel well with the recovery mode. The chapter delves into and analyses the reasons for these alarming signs and discusses roadmap which can help build a robust policy environment. It looks into the constraints within which the Union Budget 2021-22 had to be developed and gives recommendations on policy reforms that can be adopted to help India move back into the trajectory of economic growth and become a self-reliant nation.
Historic Reforms in Agriculture
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Indian Government had brought about sweeping landmark policy changes in the Indian agricultural sector on 5 June 2020. Critics stated that for the Indian industry, the dawn of liberalization happened in 1991, while for the Indian farmer, liberalization had set in with the three farm reform bills which were passed by the Parliament in the third week of September 2020. The Farm Act had endeavoured to bring about transparency in the agricultural sector and make it more efficient by enabling farmers to be able to sell their produce outside the mandis giving them the benefit of ‘my crop, my right’. The chapter analyses thereasons for the Act having been widely proclaimed to be a ‘game- changer’ for the Indian agricultural sector. With deliberations for liberalizing the Indian agricultural sector having been on the cards for quite some years, whether it was the NDA Government or the UPA Government in power, the three reformative Farm Acts had sought to build a scenario of ‘One India, One Agricultural Market’ for the benefit of farmers and sought to break the monopoly of Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees (APMC) by enabling farmers to be able to access markets directly and gain benefits of higher prices for their produce. Unfortunately, the government got the three farm Acts repealed in November 2021 as a section of the farmers could not be convinced about the positive impact on agriculture and farmers— as admitted by none other than the Prime Minister. An expert committee would examine the future course of action.
Giving Back to Society
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The grim picture painted by GDP numbers during the Covid-19 outbreak had begun ringing alarm bells for policy-makers and the Government machinery alike. There was an outcry by economists for a stimulus package along the lines provided by Governments of advanced economies running into trillions of dollars. While the Government of India ably responded to the need of the hour and provided a stimulus package to the tune of Rs. 20 lakh crores (equivalent to 10% of GDP), many deliberations post this announcement were pointing towards the fact that the stimulus was inadequate for reviving the Indian economy, and the Government must pull out all stops to get the economy back on track. The point that was being missed out here and what the chapter delves into was that the hands of the Government were tied due to the availability of limited fiscal space. The question that all of us need to answer is: In times of an unprecedented situation such as a health pandemic, is it the whole sole responsibility of the Government alone to step forward and take action in such difficult times OR should Corporates and citizens join hands with the Government and work towards nation building especially during a crisis in hand? Should not the wealthy and citizens with deep pockets rise to the occasion and be a partner in the Government’s efforts in bringing back the situation to normalcy? Given the health emergency and crisis situation, cash- rich corporates and wealthy individuals with deep pockets should co- create their CSR and philanthropic strategies as an effective response to the virus outbreak.
Petroleum Products Pricing
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With petrol and diesel prices surging to a record high in India, the skyrocketing prices were a cause of worry for the Government and common man alike. Higher fuel prices lead to increased travel costs and keeping in mind that oil is an essential raw material for the industrial and agricultural sectors both, it would also lead to increased cost of production, thereby having a supply-side inflationary impact on the economy and negatively impacting household budgets. The reason for the spiralling price increase had been ascribed to output cuts by oil-producing nations. Looking at fuel prices from a different perspective, petrol and diesel prices in India consist of international prices of crude oil price, i.e. the base price; import duty; refinery cost; freight cost, central excise; state value-added tax; marketing companies’ margin and outlets’ margin. The current point of debate seeing the light of the day was that India had one of the highest tax rates on diesel and petrol of approximately 60% of the total price. In addition to rising crude oil prices in the international market, the heavy load of taxes had raised fuel prices to an all- time high and it was the pandemic affected revenue stream collection which was impeding both the Centre and States from considering a duty cut. Thus, the chapter analyses the likely impact of bringing petrol and diesel prices are brought under the ambit of GST.
Taxation Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the Prime Minister’s call to make India— a self-reliant nation, one of the key pillars for achieving the same is a stable policy and regulatory environment. Viewing taxes from the perspective of an avenue for mobilizing revenue to facilitate public expenditure would rather be a narrow outlook than building a transparent taxation policy that is able to encourage and woo businesses and corporations to set up shop in India, thereby promoting domestic manufacturing and production, employment opportunities and propelling the country into the path of economic growth. Tracing back history, it can be seen that the mindset of policymakers had witnessed a sea change since the beginning of the 1990s. The outcome of major changes in the tax regime has shown positive results in terms of cost of production, leading to horizontal expansion of standard of living; price stability and acceleration in growth rates. The chapter discusses how transparency in taxation is equally important and the current government with its approach of ‘Minimum Government and Maximum Governance’ and ‘Reform, Perform and Transform’ has been initiating measures in this context. It also delves into the simplification of GST in detail, recommends bringing petroleum products under GST and discusses the adverse impact that the retrospective tax has had on the business environment.
Labour Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
India is projected to have the highest working population between 2022 and 2034 with 4.75 million youth entering the workforce every year. Investor and employee-friendly labour laws will be key to harnessing the potential of this large workforce. Indian labour laws in sync with and conducive to promoting the evolving business regulatory environment can help reshape India’s growth trajectory and stimulate India’s growth aspirations. A simplified and modernized labour regulation and labour reforms have been the need of the hour to take care of the archaic Indian labour laws which have been acting as deterrents in attracting investment, especially foreign direct investment. The government should initiate steps to reform the outdated labour laws, which have acted as an impediment to attracting domestic and foreign direct investment. Agreeably, in September 2020, with the Parliament passing the three labour bills, the Government has been able to take a major step forward in the right direction. However, it would only be right to state that the work with regards to the extent antiquated and complicated labour laws is only half done and there are crucial issues such as the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, Contract Labour etc. that warrant attention from the viewpoint of building a positive business environment
Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With India having a federal system of governance in place, both the Centre and States have the freedom to operate and function in their allotted spheres of jurisdiction. Under the federal structure, responsibilities are distributed between the Centre and States, and division of powers is given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution in the three lists, i.e. Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Developmental responsibilities such as healthcare, land policies, law and order are with the States, while the Centre is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy, banking, and insurance. For the last three decades, States are being governed by different political parties while the Centre is governed by mostly coalition governments which otherwise means weak in command. To enable smooth administration, it is important that the Centre and States work in coordination with each other. The chapter discusses how keeping aside political differences once in the government, Central and State Governments should work hand in hand so that developmental, as well as welfare measures, are effectively implemented without any unnecessary hurdles.
The Superplot’s Beginning
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Although Zeus sets Achilleus’ plot in motion in Book 2, Homer suspends that plot from Books 3–7 in a narrative expansion that explores the larger myth of the Trojan War and provides context for Achilleus’ story. This chapter shows how the poet introduces new desiring subjects in Iliad 2 and 3 and situates their desires as the motivation for this Trojan War “superplot.” Key to this narrative causality is the erotic triangle of Menelaos, Paris, and Helen, which resembles the triangles of desire in Iliad 1. First, the poet presents Menelaos’ aggressive desire to take revenge on Paris for Helen’s abduction as the immediate cause of war, and then he explores the complex desires of Helen and the sexual lust (erōs) and yearning (himeros) of Paris as the original roots of the conflict, staging a re-enactment of their transgressive union facilitated by Aphrodite. These desiring subjects draw the audience away from Achilleus and his plot, and invest us in the superplot.
Desire for Lamentation
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This last chapter demonstrates how newly conceived Trojan desires together with Achilleus’ existing desires prolong the Iliad’s narrative and keep the audience engaged until they are remediated in Book 24. Hektor’s killing arouses the Trojan royal family’s longing for their lost champion, and in their desirous anguish, Priam, Hekabe, and Andromache attract the audience’s sympathy and empathy, complicating and extending our investment in the epic. Though Achilleus celebrates Patroklos’ funeral, his aggressive attachment to Hektor’s corpse keeps both himself and the Trojans from satisfying their yearning (himeros) or lust (erōs) for lamentation (goos) and relieving their underlying longings, and establishes a final triangle of desire with Priam as subject, Hektor as object, and himself as rival. This chapter explains how Priam’s supplication of Achilleus in the Iliad’s final book resolves the desires of both the Greek hero and the Trojans, and how the poem’s closing scenes gratify the audience, even as they also provoke our desire for more epic narrative.
Two Arguments for the Identity of Indiscernibles
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The goal of this book is to give two arguments for the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, the thesis that, necessarily, no two (concrete) objects differ solo numero—i.e., necessarily, no two objects differ only numerically. This is the weakest version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles. The book argues that there is no trivial version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, since what is usually known as the trivial version of the principle is consistent with objects differing only numerically. One argument for the Identity of Indiscernibles is based on Humean considerations excluding a certain kind of necessary connection between distinct objects, and the other is based on ideas about what grounds the having of certain properties by objects. There are more restricted versions of the Identity of Indiscernibles, which state that, necessarily, no two objects can be purely qualitatively indiscernible or intrinsically purely qualitatively indiscernible. Two new arguments are presented against these versions of the principle. Thus the book contains four new arguments about the Identity of Indiscernibles: two for the weakest version of the principle, and two against two stronger versions of the principle. It is also argued that one of the former two arguments can be extended to apply to abstract objects. The book concludes that, necessarily, there are no objects, whether abstract or concrete, that differ only numerically—equivalently: necessarily, there are no objects that share all their non-trivializing properties. The book also contains an extended discussion of trivializing and non-trivializing properties.
The Possibility of Black’s World
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Black’s world, a world in which two iron spheres share all their purely qualitative properties, intrinsic and extrinsic, is possible. Three arguments for the possibility of objects sharing all their intrinsic purely qualitative properties are rejected. Then an argument for the possibility of objects sharing all their intrinsic purely qualitative properties is presented and explained. Building from that argument, an argument for the possibility of Black’s world is presented. This argument employs a subtraction principle. The argument is defended from various objections.