bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gas Turbine as a Stationary Prime Mover
Authors: Rowley L. N. , Skrotzki B. G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To date more than a score of stationary gas turbines, aggregating well over 100,000 kw, have been built or are under construction. About three quarters of these might properly be classed as commercial units. All the plants in this category operate at modest inlet temperatures and utilize alloy materials on which extensive experience has been obtained. This indicates definite places in the stationary power field for gas turbines such as can be built today under essentially commercial conditions. It seems evident that if the gas turbine is to move ahead as fast as its proponents desire, engineering effort and ingenuity comparable to that now going into technical development must be expanded on defining and evaluating the gas turbine’s economic possibilities so they may be fully exploited. This paper presents some preliminary thinking along these lines. For the case where power generation is the sole requirement, the authors analyze several specific situations. It must be clearly understood that such analyses are instructive only if their limitations are recognized; nothing is more dangerous than economic generalization. For cases where process heat as well as power must be supplied, the economic problem is even more complex. The authors have, of necessity, approached this question from a qualitative viewpoint, and merely indicate the general position of the gas turbine in this field and some of the modifications that might enhance its usefulness.
Experimental Determination of Velocity of Sound in Superheated Steam by Ultrasonics
Authors: Woodburn James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes apparatus which has been constructed for determining the velocity of sound in superheated steam. A quartz crystal, vibrated electrically at its natural frequency, is used as a sound source to set up a series of standing waves in a vertical cylinder filled with steam. The frequency of the sound source and the length of the standing waves are measured with high accuracy by simple and convenient methods. Experimental results are presented which show close agreement with data calculated from the steam tables of Keenan and Keyes.
Response Characteristics of Thermometer Elements
Authors: Hornfeck A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Speed of response of the thermometer element is an important factor in the accurate measurement and control of temperature for industrial processes. This paper discusses the significance of the time constant as a basis of comparison of elements and shows quantitatively by means of data and curves the effects of varying the design factors such as socket size, materials, and internal element structure. The relation between the heat-transfer rate from the surrounding medium to the socket wall and the element response is shown by response data for a number of designs tested in air and water. Methods are given for determining the temperature versus time response curves of elements in a medium whose temperature is changing suddenly, uniformly, and sinusoidally as a function of time.
Field Control of Oil-Field Pumping Equipment
Authors: Gregory J. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The conditions faced by an oil producer in accomplishing continuous operation of surface pumping equipment without frequent attendance are outlined. The construction and application of devices to perform routine services on oil-well pumping equipment are described, and particular attention is directed toward eliminating the services which ordinarily must be performed at frequent intervals. The need for a preventive maintenance program is outlined and the instruments and tools which may be used in such a program are explained. Certain devices for use at problem wells are discussed, and the value of operating procedures which consider routine service, preventive maintenance, and corrective measures is indicated.
Tests on V-Belt Drives and Flat-Belt Crowning
Authors: Norman C. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The investigations here reported were undertaken with the liberal support of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, at the instigation of the company’s well-known belt engineer, the late Mr. Ray S. Carter. The immediate reason for the investigation was the desire to clear up under just what tension the front-end belt drives on certain important automotive vehicles ought to be applied to insure dependable power transmission even under sustained heavy load, and yet insure a reasonable belt life. These drives involve high speeds, small contact angles, and also small pulley diameters. Hence it was necessary to clear up the influence of contact angle on transmissive power with the small pulley diameters used. Also belt-life determinations were in order. The project then involved, in fact, all the fundamentals of power transmission with modern V-belts. While the work was in progress Mr. Paul D. Suloff, who throughout maintained current liaison between the company and the experimenters, suggested that the effectiveness of pulley crown on modern flat belts should be investigated, since with these belts customary crown practice might not be salutary for the belt. Such investigations were then added to the program. In September, 1945, the project suffered a very serious loss in the death of Mr. Carter at the height of his powers and usefulness. The work, however, continued under the detail supervision of Mr. Suloff as before, and by the spring of 1946, it was felt that the fundamentals had been determined; but for one belt size only. Experiments on other belts continued into 1947, at which time it was necessary for the author to curtail his activities. This made it impossible to give a complete experimental answer to the practical question originally posed by Mr. Carter. However, so much fundamentally important material had been accumulated that a delay in making it available to belt users would not seem justifiable. Supplementary tests (see p. 347) extend the findings to higher loads and speeds.
Investigation of Variation of Point Unit Heat-Transfer Coefficient Around a Cylinder Normal to an Air Stream
Authors: Giedt W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most previous analytical and experimental work concerned with the variation of the rate of heat transfer around a cylinder normal to an air stream has been confined to one with an isothermal surface. It was therefore the purpose of the investigation described in this paper to obtain information on the variation of the rate of heat transfer around a cylinder with a nonisothermal surface. The method was suggested by a technique used in flight tests for determining point unit heat-transfer coefficients around airfoils. A thin nichrome ribbon wound helically around a cylinder was electrically heated. Point unit heat-transfer coefficients were determined from the temperature variation along, and electrical input to the ribbon. Results indicated the method would also be suitable for similar measurements around other streamlined shapes. The experimental data include point unit heat-transfer coefficient and static-pressure distributions around a cylinder circumference throughout a range of Reynolds modulus from 70,800 to 219,000. Comparison of these results with the skin-friction distributions around the cylinder indicated by the pressure distributions showed a definite correlation between the two. Results are also compared with those obtained by other investigators using an isothermal cylinder surface.
Correlation of Performance Characteristics of Domestic-Stoker Coals With Their Chemical and Petrographic Composition
Authors: Helfinstine R. J. , Cady G. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is a definite need for information about the value of chemical and petrographic analyses in predicting the behavior of stoker coals in domestic stokers. In order to obtain this information in our Illinois studies, performance characteristics of a large number of coals were determined and correlated with the various items of the proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, varieties of sulphur, ash analysis, ash-fusion temperatures, free-swelling index, petrographic analysis, and Gieseler plasticity. A brief report on the results, including some graphs of the more useful correlations, are given.
Marine Propulsion-Gear Testing at the Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory
Authors: Monk Ivan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the testing phases of the propulsion-gear development program of the United States Navy. Full-sized reduction-gear units are tested to destruction under controlled conditions. The facilities and procedures employed in these tests are described, together with some of the problems encountered. Results are presented from tests in which four destroyer-escort reduction-gear units were able to transmit more than three times their designed full power before failure occurred.
Involute-Gear Geometry: Nondimensional Analysis and Design of Tooth Forms, Tooth Thickness, and Mesh Relationships
Authors: Grosser C. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Definition and discussion of recently discovered fundamental gear characteristic called “belt-length ratio,” to simplify gear design and generation computations, are given with necessary measurement procedures, formulas, and a graphical calculating chart. The concepts and methods are proposed as alternatives to use of conventional involute-function tables and formulas. Relationships are given in nondimensional (ratio) form so that a minimum of data are applicable to all gear sizes. A new standard for pin measurements of gears and involute splines is suggested.
Power-Plant Cycle Evaluation
Authors: Salisbury J. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thermodynamic losses in the heater system of a steam-power-plant cycle are analyzed. All heater systems are rated with respect to an “ideal” heater system. Simple algebraic formulations permit determination of arrangement loss, distribution loss, and loss due to terminal difference and pressure drop in any heater cycle. Miscellaneous corrections to cycle heat rate are described and two typical corrections are analyzed. The paper constitutes a new fundamental approach to analysis of feedwater heating cycles, based largely upon a simplifying assumption, valid for the purpose. It may be regarded as a sequel to a previous paper covering major parameters of steam-plant regenerative cycles.
Hot-Spin Tests of Bladed Jet-Engine Rotors
Authors: Saldin H. B. , DeHuff P. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The creep-rupture and ductility characteristics of materials are of utmost importance to the designer of high-temperature rotating parts. The authors have pointed out the significance of ductility of materials used for gas-turbine disks. Four-bladed disks were tested in a facility that was designed to spin the rotors in as near engine operating conditions as possible. These parts were tested in accordance with a predetermined schedule of temperature gradient, temperature, and speed. Test results are analyzed, and a discussion of the advantages and the design of such a facility is also included.
Developments in Resuperheating in Steam Power Plants
Authors: Harris E. E. , White A. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both steam and gas reheaters have been used for a number of years, and this paper is devoted to a discussion and evaluation of the gains in thermal efficiency as reflected in turbine heat rate realizable in modern steam turbines for central stations. The gains due to reheat are justified economically with present equipment and fuel costs. They represent an additional gain in fuel economy over and above the normal annual gain.
Steam Turbines for Resuperheat Cycle
Authors: Parker E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resuperheat cycles are again being applied to central-station steam-turbine installations; this time at initial and reheat temperatures in the range of 950 to 1050 F. This paper reviews the steam turbines installed by the author’s company for the resuperheat cycle and describes the modern turbines under construction for this cycle.
Steam-Generating Equipment for Resuperheating Cycles
Authors: Frisch Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper examines some of the technical and operating problems which must be faced in the selection of equipment to supply steam to high-pressure turbine-generating equipment employing steam resuperheated to high temperatures in the low-pressure section. The costs of steam-generating equipment per kilowatt of turbine-generator capability for resuperheating cycles are compared with costs of equipment for cycles which do not employ resuperheating. The effects on equipment costs, of furnace-exit temperature limitations imposed by fuel quality and load range over which primary and resuperheated steam temperatures must remain constant, are examined in detail. Data are presented comparing present-day prices of steam-generating equipment per kilowatt of turbine-generator capability for several high-temperature and high-pressure resuperheating and nonresuperheating cycles usually employed in power stations.
Critical Flow Through Sharp-Edged Orifices
Authors: Perry J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An investigation was made to discover the flow rates of air through sharp-edged orifices in which the pressure drop was below the critical; the relationship of pressure, temperature, and orifice area; and a comparison between the nozzle and the orifice. Equations are derived for expressing orifice flow in both the critical and subcritical regions.
The Instron Tensile Tester
Authors: Hindman Harold , Burr G. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new type of tensile-testing instrument is described, utilizing electronic principles for both the weighing of the forces on the sample and for controlling its extension. This instrument was designed with the idea of controlling these time functions accurately, and in so far as possible, of preventing the characteristics of the machine from obscuring the accuracy of the results.
Heat Transfer to Water at High Flux Densities With and Without Surface Boiling
Authors: Kreith Frank , Summerfield Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface coefficients of heat transfer have been obtained at rates of heat flux up to 3 Btu/ (sq in.)(sec) for water flowing in stainless-steel tubes at mass-flow rates up to 5.4 lb per sec-sq in. The nonboiling forced-convection data were correlated by the Colburn equation Nuf = 0.023 Ref0.8Prf1/3 within ±5 per cent, but, with surface boiling, considerably larger Nu moduli were observed. When surface boiling occurred, the wall temperature was determined primarily by the pressure, being relatively insensitive to variations in velocity, heat flux, and bulk temperature. The maximum heat flux that could be removed under given conditions was limited by an unsteady-flow phenomenon. Data for pressure drop with and without nonboiling heat transfer are presented and correlated by an empirical viscosity correction factor.
The Mechanical Cleaning of Fouled Heat-Exchanger Tubes
Authors: John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For many years in the past, mechanical cleaning of badly fouled heat-exchanger tubes was more or less done on an improvised basis. As heat exchangers began to be extensively used, fouling became a problem of major and varied proportions. This created an impetus for the tube-cleaning industry to concentrate on the development of a special tool for this purpose. Today, there is available to the trade a single-purpose mechanical cleaner suitable for almost every possible tube-cleaning requirement, as the author explains in this paper.
Viscosity and Other Physical Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures
Authors: Hirschfelder J. O. , Bird R. B. , Spotz Ellen L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is of special importance to the engineer because it is perhaps the first attempt to present directly a comprehensive review of the theoretical tools available for the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of gases and gas mixtures at finite, if only moderate pressures. The paper reviews a mass of information collected during the past two decades and shows the extent to which it can be correlated and systematized by means of molecular theory. The paper goes further to outline a new and apparently very successful method of formulating and predicting the viscosity and other transport properties of gases and gas mixtures at sufficiently low pressures. The method is the first significant practical improvement over the relatively crude one developed by Sutherland, and it is almost certain that engineers will find it extremely useful once they come to understand it. The extensive tables which are vital to the paper not only illustrate the method but implement it as well so that the user is enabled to calculate the viscosity and other transport properties of a large class of technically important gases and gas mixtures with very little labor.
Chrysler Multibank Power Plant for Medium Tanks
Authors: Woolson H. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In July, 1941, an emergency message came to the Chrysler management from high authority in Washington which was in essence, “What can you do to give us medium tank engines in a hurry?” Engineering consideration was immediately given to the problem. The first thought, was naturally in the direction of a new suitable design. The time factor, however, eliminated such a project. A possible solution suggested was to use in multiple, an automobile or truck engine which had had a background of years of successful operation and which could be made with the company’s existing tools.
Cadillac Twin V-8 Power Plant for Light Tanks
Authors: Gordon J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The substitution of twin Cadillac engines for a single radial-type tank engine resulted in the new model M-5 light tank. This adaptation was followed by a succession of tanks, howitzers, mobile artillery carriages, personnel carriers, and landing vehicles which used the same basic power-train idea. The co-operative engineering program with other contractors, test procedures necessary to validate new designs, and the value of “emergency” engines to the Service Forces have been outlined in the paper.
The Application of Wood and Fiber to Industrial Packing
Authors: DeLuca J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To satisfy the varying conditions of service a number of well-defined types of containers, such as nailed wooden boxes, crates, fiber boxes, barrels, baskets, drums, plywood boxes, and wire-bound boxes, have been developed. Each of these, because of the varying nature of its design and the materials of its construction, fulfills some particular purpose better than the others. In selecting a type of container for a specific purpose, it should be remembered that what constitutes a weakness in a container for one commodity may be an advantage for another commodity. The characteristic strength and weakness of several types of boxes and crates and the construction details influencing their serviceability are discussed in the paper.
Measurement of the Viscosity and Shear Elasticity of Liquids by Means of a Torsionally Vibrating Crystal
Authors: Mason W. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a method of measuring viscosities of liquids at high-frequencies by means of oscillating cylinders, in which a torsionally vibrating crystal generates a viscous wave in the medium to be measured. Both a reactance and a resistance loading occur in the crystal which lowers its frequency and raises the measured resistance at resonance. The viscosity may then be determined by measuring the changes in the properties of the crystal. By varying the voltage on the crystal, the shearing displacement can be varied and hence the viscosity can be measured as a function of shearing stress. Measurements on light oils over a viscosity range from 0.01 poise to 10 poises check within a few per cent when made with rough temperature-control conditions.
Performance of Vertical Water Wheel Thrust Bearings During the Starting Period
Authors: Laffoon C. M. , Baudry R. A. , Heller P. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The modern thrust bearing which has made the huge vertical hydroelectric unit possible is primarily recognized as an application of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication. At normal speeds the bearing surfaces are separated by a film of oil so that wear is effectively eliminated. During the starting period, however, there is metal-to-metal contact under high thrust loads. The performance of the bearing is then extremely complex, being dependent on adequate surfaces and lubricants. The advent of methods of measuring the roughness of machined parts has facilitated the development of better bearing surfaces while many tests, both in the laboratory and in the field, have contributed to a better knowledge of the required surface finish, oil properties, and starting temperatures.
Corrosion-Erosion of Boiler Feed Pumps and Regulating Valves
Authors: Wagner H. A. , Decker J. M. , Marsh J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Seven 500-hr corrosion-erosion tests, involving a total of eighteen different materials, were conducted at the Marysville power plant of The Detroit Edison Company to determine the resistance of these materials to the corrosion-erosion type of attack experienced in boiler feed pumps and regulating valves. Two of these tests were for the purpose of verifying the pressure differential used. The other five tests indicated that resistance to corrosion-erosion is materially increased by using chromium-bearing alloy steels. Bronzes and monel are resistant to attack and, to a lesser extent, so is cast iron. Results obtained with a bakelite-lacquer-coated carbon-steel specimen indicated that this coating has considerable promise for use with present boiler feed pumps having cast-carbon-steel casings. The test used is of an accelerated type intended to simulate conditions in actual pumps and valves.
Determination of Moisture Content of Coal by Means of Pulverizer Heat Balance
Authors: Finnegan T. J. , Smith H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The customary coal-sampling methods, by hand or by mechanical means, are notably tedious and lacking in accuracy. Since all plant-performance calculations, which are made from the “as-fired” heating value, depend for their accuracy upon that of the reported moisture content of the coal, it is desirable to determine the true average value of that moisture for the operating period under consideration. In a direct-fired pulverized-coal installation, the coal may be sampled for the dry-basis analysis, and the raw-coal moisture, which is to be used for converting this to the as-fired basis, may be determined by the primary-air temperature. This paper describes how this method was developed for use at one station.