bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 summarizes the motives prompting the invasion of Iraq, examines the consequences of the decision, and assesses the reasons for the chaotic liberation and occupation. Assigning importance to three key factors—fear, power, and hubris—it analyzes the statecraft of President George W. Bush, his ideological predilections, and his practice of coercive diplomacy. It also looks at the behavior of Saddam Hussein, his affinity for weapons of mass destruction, and his impact on American public opinion. When WMD were not found and the occupation transitioned to an insurgency, public support for the war at home eroded and anti-Americanism abroad soared. The tragic consequences of the invasion adumbrated a new epoch in American history.
Introduction
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction provides a basic description of eugenics and the main themes that the book will explore. This includes describing why the relevance of historical eugenics is especially contentious within the context of recent genetic innovations, such as the completion of the Human Genome Project and new developments in genetic testing. This chapter also describes the importance of these questions for the social work and related professions. These issues are principally crucial for members of the profession in our purported role as disability advocates, as they have relevance for how we think about disability in general, and therefore how we as a profession respond to persons with disabilities.
Meta-messages and a Tale of Two Policy Statements
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How can the social work profession advocate for those with disabilities while at the same time supporting genetic testing policies that would target fetuses with those same conditions? This is the difficult question that is raised in this chapter. Policy statements related to persons with disabilities and genetics that have been published by the National Association of Social Workers are analyzed and discussed in light of this question. Many persons with disabilities have strong concerns about what a “new age of genetics” might mean for the conception of disability, and some of these concerns, which will be explored in greater depth in future chapters, are introduced here.
Delusions and Grandeur
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe combination of partisan tribalism, deepening media “echo-chambers,” and the utility of military credibility seem to suggest an environment where traditional norms of civil-military relations are weaker than previously believed. Using the results of original survey experimentation on political activism by retired military officers, this chapter finds that the public does not principally sanction such behavior, instead only doing so when these officers advocate for the “wrong side.” Indeed, retired officers seeking a tailored following may actually be rewarded with increased trust from like-minded partisans. Examining the social media follower networks of prominent retired military elites, the chapter finds that these individuals can draw even more partisan audiences than elected officials. Using examples from recent electoral cycles and retired military outcry over domestic military deployments, it illustrates how the environment suggested by these results can increase active politicization from retired officers, either purposefully or through a misappraisal of the partisan political environment.
Santa Olguita and Juan Soldado
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the 1930s, in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, Olga Camacho and Juan Soldado emerged as two folk border saints who manifested Mexico’s turbulent gendered and political relationship with the United States. The chapter begins with the story of Olga, an eight-year-old girl who was raped and murdered in Tijuana in 1938. It explores the strange circumstances surrounding her death and the popular riots that erupted after the arrest of Juan Castillo, a poor, low-ranking Mexican soldier, who was the main suspect in the crime. I then analyze how Castillo was popularly canonized, transformed from convicted rapist/murderer into Juan Soldado, a Baja California saint for undocumented immigrants. The chapter argues that Olga’s death and her invisibility in historical accounts are not anomalous but exemplary: they are consistent with the region’s prevalent sexual violence against women, stemming back to colonial times. The chapter ends by describing Olga’s recent feminist “resurrection” in the region as a saint protecting against injustice, police brutality, and women’s rape.
Saint Toribio Romo
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the 1990s, US and Mexican newspapers have occasionally reported on undocumented immigrants who say they have seen the ghost of a priest assisting those in distress as they cross the border into the United States. Known as El Santo Pollero, or the smuggler saint, Father Toribio Romo was a Mexican Catholic priest killed by forces supported by the government in 1928 during the Cristero War, an anticlerical conflict. The chapter begins by exploring the conditions that frame Romo’s death, then analyzes the profound transformation experienced by his hometown because of his skyrocketing spiritual popularity. I also show how his veneration has spread to the United States; since 2014, Romo’s relics—in the form of bone fragments—have circulated through the United States, where they are used both to campaign for comprehensive immigration reform and to promote the movement pressing for Catholic churches to offer sanctuary to undocumented immigrants. This chapter explores the evolution of El Santo Pollero within the political and economic intersections of migration and faith.
The Cartel Emerges
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 3 addresses the process by which the state system developed in Modern Europe. It explains the transition from a system without cooperation to one with cooperation, in which the key changing variables are the rising value of governance and the declining costs of governing distant territories. It looks carefully at the process by which states collaborated on drawing historical boundaries and how their control of border regions increased following border demarcation.
Challenges to the Cartel
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCartels are inherently unstable---plagued by the temptation of their members to cheat and the challenge of deterring entry to their industry by new competitors. And yet the territorial state system has so far proven to be remarkably stable. How do we reconcile this stability with our argument that the territorial state system represents a cartel? We provide some theoretical background to the three threats to cartel stability: conflict, opportunistic entry, and the potential demand for competition in the market for governance that comes with democracy. We argue that the incentives to cooperate are so strong that the system has been able to survive periodic border revisions. They have also been strong enough to incentivize unilateral or bilateral military action to crush new entrants. Furthermore, citizens in a democratic state that redistributes tax revenue back to them may have incentives to preserve the cartel just as strong as those of authoritarian rulers.
In the Spell of Babylonian Writing
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn the early second millennium bc, the Babylonian concept of writing was the norm throughout the Near East. People with a large variety of mother tongues adopted it yet also modified it. Literate people in Syrian Mari, Iranian Susa, and the Assyrian trade colony Kaneš in central Anatolia creatively engaged with the Babylonian cosmopolitan system and adapted elements of it to respond to local needs. A political decision could alter scribal practices overnight. Third-millennium documents from Ebla in western Syria show how similar processes happened at that time and that the spread of Babylonian customs was the outcome of cultural influences rather than military control.
Gradual
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On both the left and the right, calls for bold change have become a common feature of American politics. But is this correct? Is bold change the only way forward? Is the United States living in an era that demands the radical transformation of society? Gradual: The Case for Incremental Change in a Radical Age argues that an incremental approach to public policy is not only the best way to describe how government actually works, but a more effective way of making change happen. Unfortunately, gradualism has become unfashionable at the precise moment when it is needed the most. Gradual documents why it is so difficult to achieve systemic change in the United States and tells the stories of a range of government reformers who achieved success gradually. In the process, Gradual makes the case for a brand of incremental change rooted in the values of honesty, humility, nuance, and respect. Based on the authors’ experience advancing criminal justice reform, Gradual argues that, given enough time, seemingly modest improvements can add up to significant change.
Epilogue
Authors: Gutacker Paul J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The epilogue reflects on the meaning of this story. Even as American Protestants maintained they were biblicists, they consistently appealed to Christian precedent that illuminated and underscored the authority of scripture. On questions of church and state, denominational distinctives, education, women’s rights, and slavery, Americans read the Bible alongside and in relation to other texts, traditions, and interpreters. Even as they claimed to rely on the Bible alone, antebellum Protestants frequently turned to Christian saints, exegetical traditions, the practices of Christians past, and official church teachings, employing these sources to complement or clarify the authority of scripture. Perhaps this betrays a deeper sense that the Bible was not as self-interpreting as many Protestants hoped. At the very least, it shows the inescapability of tradition. American Protestants never read, nor argued over, the Bible alone.
Introducing Suture
Authors: Freudenburg Kirk 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to establish connections between the way that film directors and cinematographers stitch their stories together in narrative films, and the way that visual information is parceled out and managed by writers of ancient epic. The visual workings of three passages from Homer’s Iliad and Virgil’s Aeneid are reframed in terms of common practices of cinematic “suture,” that is, seen as versions of what film directors do in stitching one shot to the next in order to establish not only “who sees,” but to produce illusions of spatial wholeness and continuity in the story itself. The main argument throughout is that the poets’ visual evocations do far more than enliven the story-telling by lighting things up and adding splashes of color and sound. Rather, they do serious narrative work of their own by structuring lines of sight, both visual and emotional, and shifting them about. Through these important (but commonly overlooked) means, epic writers tell us not just who is watching, but who is most engaged with what is there to be seen at any given time. In so doing, they tell us things about characters, their interests, emotional states, and motivations, etc., that we would otherwise not know.
The Polish Thaw
Authors: Fidelis Malgorzata 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter recaptures the cosmopolitan dimension of the Polish Thaw by focusing on young people, who led the movement to create a genuine socialist system based on grassroots ideas and an open international community. A new youth magazine, Around the World, offered its audience a new kind of depoliticized leisure and imaginary transnational interaction through reports and images of the outside world. The Polish Thaw facilitated variety of youth activism, including student clubs, the experimental theater, and critical journalism. Two events helped define the nature of transnational interaction for years to come: the World Youth and Student Festival, held in Warsaw in the summer of 1955, and the Hungarian Revolution in November 1956. The festival accelerated cultural liberalization and youth’s desire for mobility across borders, whereas the Soviet invasion of Hungary, as witnessed by Polish students and young journalists reporting from Budapest, set limits on these newly acquired freedoms.
Bohemians and Discontents
Authors: Fidelis Malgorzata 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polish students attempted to insert their voices into the ongoing debates on the meaning of socialist modernity. Student clubs under the patronage of the official student association provided a space where young elites could play or listen to jazz, learn how to dance the twist, and exchange vinyl records. These clubs became symbols of the distinct relationship between students and “freedom” that was more extensive and more transnational than the opportunities granted to other groups. These new spaces, however, created hierarchies and exclusions. Young women and students from rural backgrounds often struggled to be included as equals in urban student milieux. This chapter also introduces students’ political circles, which continued the Thaw-era search for leftist ideas alternative to the ones professed by the socialist regime. Student groups such as the Commandos offered alternative interpretations of leftist politics, while blending political engagement with socializing according to a more relaxed lifestyle of the younger generation.
The World in the Village
Authors: Fidelis Malgorzata 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to rural youth and the ways the world entered the traditional Polish village. This occurred, to a large extent, through state-supported cultural modernization, which included the spread of schooling, television, and club-cafés. Young women were critical to introducing modern lifestyles to the countryside, including improvements to household technology, dating, and courses on women’s health and reproduction. By claiming the position of “civilizers” in the village, young women defied traditional ways of life and the village community’s control of their destinies. This chapter relies on handwritten memoirs and diaries of rural youth submitted to state-organized competitions. These testimonies offer unique glimpses into the emotional worlds of young villagers. While inspiring global connections, “the world in the village” also helped overcome regional identities and solidified the link between the rural population and the modern Polish nation.
Gods of Thunder
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The earth’s climate warmed from the ninth through the thirteenth centuries ce. Named the Medieval Warm Period, these centuries were a time of great historical change in precolonial North America, as evidenced through archaeology. While scholars have previously suggested the existence of long-distance ties between the civilizations of Mesoamerica, the American Southwest, and the Mississippi valley, no one until now has argued that climate change and religion—not trade—were the reasons for these far-flung connections. The book argues that a common supernatural being, the Wind-That-Brings-Rain or Thunderer god, emerged because of climatic factors to drive the development of a series of interrelated religious movements across the continent. These movements were based around a common circular shrine or pyramid in or on which people worshiped the powers of the wind and rain—the essential life-giving forces of global climate.
Wind in the Shell
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cabeza de Vaca and his comrades had seen remnants of the earlier medieval cults of the gods of wind and rain. They had seen how the power to heal the maladies of this world might lead to great centers of spiritual power, such as Tula, Tamtoc, Chaco, Crenshaw, Cahokia, and more. The lesson learned by Cabeza de Vaca can be learned by us today by pilgrimaging across the archaeological landscape of precolonial North America, beginning in the Classic Maya heartland and Teotihuacan, continuing up through the Mexican Altiplano into North Mexico and the American Southwest, and then cutting through Caddo country up the Mississippi River to Cahokia. The lesson is this: there is another way to understand the history of this continent and the world, and it involves an inclusive vision where climatic forces, supernatural beings, and humanity are inextricably intertwined.
Properties and Relations
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The theory of propositions and the move to a modal logic help to motivate a further ontological commitment to properties and relations, including properties of and relations among individuals, propositions, and properties and relations themselves. This chapter explores the consequences of this further commitment and discusses a framework—higher-order modal logic, or type theory—for representing the structure of relation among individuals, propositions, and properties and relations of the various types. Quine argued that higher-order logic blurred lines between different compositional roles in a way that facilitated equivocation between different kinds of expressions, but it is argued that with care equivocation can be avoided. Some principles governing this complex relational structure are discussed. The last part of the chapter considers whether one might formulate a theory of this structure in a first-order language, and it considers some problems, including a threat of paradox, that such a formulation would face.
Collapse and Resilience
Authors: Seligson Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the period of breakdown and reorganization referred to colloquially as the Classic Maya Collapse. Available data indicate that a series of particularly intense droughts lasting anywhere from three to twenty-plus years affected the Maya lowlands in the ninth and tenth centuries ce. Although scholars continue to refine understandings of the exact timing, intensity, location, and impacts of these droughts, it is now widely accepted that they contributed to the destabilization of the Classic Period order. It is clear, however, that drought was but one of a number of factors that disrupted Classic Maya communities across the lowlands. Other critical factors included environmental exploitation, increasing inter-site warfare, and destabilizing socio-political forces within individual polities. Different combinations of factors affected different sites and subregions at different times and in different ways, resulting in a very complicated picture. One way that communities adapted to the changing circumstances was to adopt new resource-conservation strategies during this tumultuous period. Not all communities succumbed, and numerous cultural practices survived. Viewing this period through the lens of resilience theory highlights how the Classic to Postclassic Period transformation was part of a much longer cyclical trajectory that can be used to characterize all civilizations in human history. We can learn a lot about cultural flexibility from examining the processes that disrupted Classic Maya society during the Terminal Classic Period and the strategies that many communities employed to address them.
Police Scotland and PSNI
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the international policing activities of Police Scotland and PSNI and the development of their own brands by increasing their international footprint strengthened by political devolution and policing reforms. The development of a Police Scotland brand was linked to Scotland’s political trajectory following devolution and then the Scottish independence referendum. The promotion of Scottish interests internationally has seen a slow but steady growth over the past eight years with a particular growth in bilateral projects within the priority countries. The international activities of Police Scotland are examined through case studies in Malawi and Sri Lanka. The PSNI provided a template for post-conflict change management and supporting processes of change and wider lessons learning within international police reform and development which are examined within case studies in Bolivia and the Philippines. As the RUC legacy has faded into memory so a PSNI brand has developed, fostered by public bodies and private companies that have actively promoted brand Northern Ireland which has included policing, justice, and security services. The UK policing brand (re)shaped from the start of the twenty-first century with Police Scotland and PSNI becoming added to the overall international offer. However, with the reforming of the UK policing brand came a fragmentation within the delivery of international policing across the four-nation state.
Ostracism before Ostracism?
Authors: Węcowski Marek 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter One discusses the ‘prehistory’ of Athenian ostracism by studying both the attested cases of ostracism outside Athens (in Megara, Argos, Tauric Chersonesos, Cyrene, Thourioi, the Sicilian Naxos and possibly in Miletus, as well as the petalismos, or vote using olive leaves, in Syracuse) and conceivable traces of ostracism-like institutions or procedures in Athens of the archaic period. Here, on the one hand, both the famous late Byzantine testimony of the so-called ‘bouleutic ostracism’ (the manuscript Vaticanus Graecus 1144) and that of the archaic ostraca, from the Athenian Agora and the Acropolis, are discounted as unreliable witnesses to the alleged ‘ostracism before ostracism’ in Athens. On the other hand, all extra-Athenian ostracisms seem to post-date the Athenian institution by at least two decades, which bespeaks against the widely held hypothesis that ostracism in Athens was just one local elaboration of a more general Greek practice. More probably, all those institutions in the wider Greek world followed the Athenian model. Additionally, the hypothesis of the ritual origins of ostracism is reassessed and rejected. All in all, it turns out that Athenian ostracism (properly speaking) was an unprecedented Athenian invention.