bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nomina Sacra in Libro Iob: Theological Exegesis in Verses of Job LXX Containing ὁ θεός and ὁ κύριος without Any Counterpart in MT?
Authors: Beeckman Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recently, more attention has been paid to the theology of the different LXX books. In order to examine whether the LXX books attest a different theology than their Hebrew counterparts, I have recently analysed the theology of Proverbs LXX by means of a new approach: the analysis of the additional attestations of ὁ θεός and ὁ κύριος without any counterpart in MT. Since this approach focuses on the explicit differences between MT and the LXX, the analysis of these additional attestations might elicit a specific theology. In this paper I will analyse the additional attestations of ὁ θεός and ὁ κύριος in Job LXX in order to examine whether or not the Greek version attests a different theology than the Hebrew version. Moreover, the results of this analysis will also be compared with the results on Proverbs LXX in order to provide an indicative answer to the question whether both books were translated by the same translator.
On the Origins of Evil in the Priestly Primeval History
Authors: Bührer Walter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The priestly Primeval History unmistakably depicts the fundamentally conflictual existence of humans on earth through the growth of the human population before the flood in Gen 5 and through the reordering of the world after the flood in Gen 9. The text encapsulates this conflictual existence with the word חמס “violence” (6:11, 13). Gen 5 in its original form, attested by the Samaritan Pentateuch, shows the decline of humanity. Thus, the priestly Primeval History states clearly how it conceptualizes evil and how evil came into the world.
Hate Speech as a Politico-Religious Tool in Contemporary Zimbabwe
Authors: Sande Nomatter , Maforo Byron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The dawn of the new second Republic of Zimbabwe raised the hopes of the people of Zimbabwe for a moment. Zimbabwe has experienced diverse challenges, including socioeconomic meltdowns, a decline in the rule of law, and human rights abuse. To address these challenges politicians and religious leaders use ‘hate speech’ to express their ideologies and criticise their opponents’ struggle to win people. The availability of social media has made it easy for these attacking statements to reach a wider audience. Through documentary analysis, this article explores how politicians and religious leaders use hate speech as electioneering and a response to the problems bedeviling Zimbabwe. This study concludes that hate speech from politicians and religious leaders is socialising some Zimbabweans into violent, angry individuals, murderers, and vandals. The problem of hate speech is that it creates violence, causes psychological effects, dehumanises people, and conditions a negative national trait.
Rufinus and the Reimagination of Pliny’s Correspondence with Trajan (HE 3.33)
Authors: Hanaghan Michael Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rufinus’ account of Pliny the Younger’s correspondence with Trajan regarding the treatment of Christians (Ep. 10.96–7) differs from Eusebius’ in three important ways: linking persecution to internal divisions within the Church; accentuating Pliny’s compassion for the Christian dead; and removing his skepticism regarding the Christian worship of a divine Christ. This article analyses these changes in light of Rufinus’ early fifth century context, especially the development of the cult of martyrs in northern Italy, and the Theodosian use of Trajan in imperial representations.
Eusebian Canon Ten in Codex Fuldensis
Authors: Barker James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eusebius of Caesarea innovated a system for locating Gospel parallels by sorting hundreds of sections into ten canons. Two centuries later, Victor of Capua produced Codex Fuldensis, a Vulgate New Testament replacing the separate Gospels with a harmony and the Eusebian apparatus. Whereas Eusebius’s Canon X demarcated unparalleled material, Victor’s scribe repeatedly wrote Canon X within episodes occurring in other Gospels. I argue that these paratextual solecisms illuminate the production of the codex. Victor occasionally wrote a single section number in the margin of his Vorlage to direct his scribe. The scribe then mislabeled the passage as Canon X. In later centuries, copies of the Fuldensis harmony reflect various attempts to correct these mistaken references. Paratextual criticism offers a new way to sort the Latin descendants of the Fuldensis text.
Legal vs. Extra-Legal Responses to Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Günther Christian M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There is a long-established claim that emergency action through the law is impossible, or bound to be ineffective. This article seeks to challenge this position by reference to the response of many European states to the Coronavirus pandemic and by drawing on Lon Fuller’s theory of law. It argues that there are a number of reasons why a fragmentation of governance between ordinary, legal action and emergency, extra-legal action is neither necessary nor desirable in this specific context. In societies that are generally rule of law compliant governance according to formal legal principles is not only constraining, it also possesses the quality of a ‘liberating limitation’, creating the room for effective, sustainable action. Too little has been made of this positive dimension of the legal form as an instrument for emergency action.
Another Look at the Curse in Sefire I A 24
Authors: Cook Edward M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The curse found in the Sefire Treaty inscription I A 24 (KAI 222) has resisted a consensus interpretation. A recent study by J. Dušek points the way to a more accurate understanding. Further refinement yields a coherent curse, focused on the reversal of the masculinity of the treaty-breakers’ army and the consequent neutralisation of its martial effectiveness.
The Limiting Effects of Inconclusive Gubernatorial Elections towards the Democratic Consolidation of the Nigerian State
Authors: Obiagu Uchenna C. , Abada Ifeanyichukwu M. , Mbah Peter O. , Ezirim Gerald E. , Omeh Paul H. , Udeh Celestine O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Inconclusive (delayed) elections are fairly a common phenomenon in the practice of representative democracy. In Nigeria, however, they are occasionally allowed to happen and sometimes stage-managed to serve the calculated interests of power centres. Thus, this study inserted in the debate on inconclusive elections and democratic consolidation by investigating the limiting effects of inconclusive gubernatorial elections (IGEs) in Nigeria. The study argued that the Nigerian leaders learned during colonisation and inherited during decolonisation the warped conception of politics as a means of personal enrichment against its service-driven notion. Since the state activities revolve around its power and power is popularly acquired through elections, the election period in Nigeria becomes contentious and controversial or destructive and divisive with its undermining effects on democratic consolidation. The research follows a documentary approach and leverages the information explosion and availability that characterise contemporary times. The systematic examination of the literature shows that the duo of electoral malpractice and violence accounts for the contentious electoral credibility and voter participation (indicating democratic consolidation), leading to the rising IGEs in Nigeria. The findings suggest the imperative for immediate comprehensive electoral rectification to enthrone a renewed electoral system premised on digital election technology that will produce leaders with innocreative ideas and merits for purposeful leadership and good governance in Nigeria as self-serving leaders are disasters to any nation.
« Humanisme », ou animalisme ? Controverses sur l’animal à la Renaissance
Authors: Correard Nicolas 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
Les lettrés de la Renaissance ayant pris le parti de la miseria hominis ont parfois célébré, dans les pas de Plutarque, une paradoxale dignitas animalis. Vanter l’excellence morale et intellectuelle des animaux ne relève pas seulement de l’exercice rhétorique, mais peut stimuler une observation nouvelle de la réalité animale, dont témoigne le cas de Girolamo Rorario. Poussant d’un degré plus loin le décentrement philosophique, une série de dialogues, comme la Circe de Giambattista Gelli, met en scène la parole critique des bêtes, questionnant les présupposés de l’anthropocentrisme. Qu’il y ait eu matière à des premières polémiques sur l’animal, avant celles qu’engendreront le cartésianisme, le cas de l’Espagne le montre enfin, autour des thèses controversées d’Antonio Gómez Pereira. La notion confuse d’« humanisme » a peut-être occulté, aux yeux de l’historiographie moderne, les profondes remises en cause de l’échelle des êtres qui se jouent à la Renaissance.
L’ijmāʿ dans la recherche occidentale, depuis la Seconde Guerre
Authors: Abou Ramadan Moussa 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
Les écrits sur l’ijmāʿ peuvent être divisés selon leur objet en trois parties : 1° l’origine de ce concept ; 2° la discussion de la validité de cette source ; 3° les travaux qui prétendent à l’exhaustivité et 4° les traductions. Il n’y a pas de ligne directrice ou une thèse principale qui conduirait ces études du fait de la fragmentation du champ étudié, de la diversification des approches et des époques.
Joseph Schacht et l’histoire du Fiqh : de la « pratique umayyade » à la « jurisprudence muḥammadienne »
Authors: Benkheira Hocine 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
J. Schacht a été le premier islamisant occidental à mettre en place une démarche d’ensemble pour approcher la littérature juridique islamique. On propose ici de lire son livre majeur The Origins of Muḥammadan Juirsprudence (1950, 1953) afin de mettre en valeur ses principales thèses.
A la recherche d’une définition du qiyās selon Ibn Ḥanbal
Authors: Daaïf Lahcen 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
Personne ne conteste désormais que les vives condamnations, par Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal (m. 241/855), de toutes espèces d’opinions personnelles en matière de religion ciblent également le raisonnement par analogie (qiyās). Faudrait-il pour autant se contenter de cette affirmation pour prétendre avoir cerné la position d’Ibn Ḥanbal sur le raisonnement analogique ? Suffirait-elle à nous éviter la conclusion erronée selon laquelle le qiyās est entièrement exclu du système juridique de l’éponyme du ḥanbalisme, comme le prétendaient certains islamologues ? Plus précisément, où en est la recherche au juste sur le qiyās du point de vue d’Ibn Ḥanbal ?
La formation du madhhab imāmite : étude historiographique
Authors: Halawi Wissam H. 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
L’histoire de la formation du madhhab (école juridique) imāmite a été moins investie par les historiens que celle des écoles juridiques sunnites. Des évolutions notables ont toutefois eu lieu ces dernières décennies. Cet article examine les différentes thèses avancées par les spécialistes pour décrire l’élaboration d’une herméneutique juridique et d’un droit substantiel (fiqh) propres à la communauté duodécimaine. Trois périodes clefs sont analysées : celle des imāms historiques, les maîtres de l’ésotérisme islamique pour les uns, les premiers fondateurs d’une doctrine juridique shīʿite pour les autres. Nous nous attardons ensuite sur la période bouyide où un madhhab imāmite à proprement parler voit le jour sous l’impulsion des savants shīʿites rationalistes, en particulier al-Shaykh al-Mufīd (m. 413/1022). La question de l’orthodoxisation du shīʿisme est également posée, en intégrant le principe sunnite de l’ijmāʿ (consensus) mais aussi en adoptant, au fil des siècles, l’opinion personnelle (raʾy) et l’analogie (qiyās). Une attention particulière est enfin portée sur les aḥkām al-arbaʿa (Quatre Préceptes) dans le droit imāmite, qui distinguent le droit substantiel duodécimain du fiqh sunnite.
Les actes notariés en droit musulman (VIIIe-XVIe siècles)
Authors: Müller Christian 
Published: March 2022

Résumé
Cet article de synthèse propose un bilan des principales éditions scientifiques de documents notariés en langue arabe, publiés pendant ces vingt dernières années. Il décrit par ailleurs les nouvelles méthodes en lien avec les humanités numériques qui permettent d’analyser ces spécimens, dans une perspective comparative, en tant que vestiges de la pratique juridique du VIIIe au XVe siècle. Enfin, il conclut par une approche chronologique, mettant en relation la pratique notariale et la pensée juridique dans le cadre du droit musulman.
Amnesty and Surrender in the White Lotus War
Authors: McCaffrey Cecily 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on amnesty and surrender in the White Lotus war (1796–1804) from the rebel perspective. Offers of amnesty corresponded to Confucian norms regarding the relationship between rulers and subjects and were regularly utilized throughout the war by the court and its officials as a tool to pacify and succor the people. Paternalistic language about the proper behavior of good subjects notwithstanding, the rebels acted of their own accord. The rebels made strategic decisions about amnesty and surrender and sought the advantage when opportunities arose; their responses to amnesty proclamations accordingly alternated between engagement and opposition. Over the course of the revolt, there was significant resistance to pacification initiatives from the rebel side. Rebel intransigence detracted from the efficacy of amnesty policies and compelled the court to adapt its tactics. In sum, viewing state policies of appeasement from the rebel side reveals the contingencies governing decisions to surrender and further demonstrates that the contest over amnesty and surrender was an important component of the overall conflict.
The Resilience of Syrian Agriculture
Authors: Matar Linda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article assesses Syria’s agriculture under conflict by employing newly published official data up until 2019. It explains how the land reforms of the 1960s and state support for the farming sector have represented a buffer against hunger and famine as Syria was plunged into war. It reviews Syria’s agricultural history from the period after independence until the year of the uprising. The fact that Syria, despite a decade of war has survived without famine vindicates the point that state support for agriculture in developing formations is central to food, development and national securities. Insofar as reconstruction effort is concerned, a re-emphasis on rejuvenating the farming sector can become the building block to enhancing capacity across all other sectors. The paper concludes that resilience in agriculture and nationally nurtured food security in Syria have supplemented its capabilities to fend off the imperialist assault and safeguard territorial integrity.
The Deepening of Legal Preemption in China: Using Government Legal Aid to Demobilize Workers and their Advocates
Authors: Halegua Aaron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For over two decades, China has implemented a “legal preemption” strategy of encouraging workers to enforce their legal rights through litigation in order to preempt their tendency toward collective action. During most of this period, there was some space for unlicensed “barefoot lawyers” and labor nongovernmental organizations (ngo s) to provide meaningful assistance to workers by representing them in this litigation process. This article argues that even those limited openings for civil society participation in this area have narrowed as China’s legal preemption strategy has deepened: the government has sought not only to steer workers into the litigation process but also to control who represents them in that process and which tactics they may use. Specifically, the government ramped up its own legal aid programs, in which licensed lawyers beholden to the state represent workers, in order to squeeze out unregulated barefoot lawyers and labor ngo s. The article describes how and why this was done. The article then considers the implications of this transition for workers seeking legal representation and the future of China’s labor ngo s.
The Emergence of Religious Populism? Insights from Israel, India, and Turkey
Authors: Tepe Sultan , Simonds Keith , Dirksen Michael C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although the concept of “populism” remains contested, many studies classify populist parties as left-right, ignoring important variations. Focusing on three populist parties that are often classified as right-wing: Israel’s Likud, India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP), we question how these parties and their leaders deploy religious symbols and discourse to draw the boundaries between “us” and “others,” define their stances on refugee, poverty, and water-related issues. The multilayered comparison shows that religion not only facilitates communication of these parties’ positions, but it informs their policies; more important, it allows parties to maintain what appear to be contradictory approaches. Remarkable similarities in the Likud, BJP, and AKP parties’ policies show that these parties can be seen as neither left nor right-wing; instead, they form a new subset of populism, religious-populism that needs to be included in the populism debate to better analyze its impact on democracy.
Hypotension Prediction Score for Endotracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Patients: A Post Hoc Analysis of the HEMAIR Study
Authors: Smischney Nathan J. , Surani Salim R. , Montgomery Ashley , Franco Pablo Moreno , Callahan Cynthia , Demiralp Gozde , Tedja Rudy , Lee Sarah , Kumar Santhi I. , Khanna Ashish K. 
Published: March 2022

Background Hypotension with endotracheal intubation (ETI) is common and associated with adverse outcomes. We sought to evaluate whether a previously described hypotension prediction score (HYPS) for ETI is associated with worse patient outcomes and/or clinical conditions. Methods This study is a post hoc analysis of a prospective observational multicenter study involving adult (age ≥18 years) intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing ETI in which the HYPS was derived and validated on the entire cohort and a stable subset (ie, patients in stable condition). We evaluated the association between increasing HYPSs in both subsets and several patient-centered outcomes and clinical conditions. Results Complete data for HYPS calculations were available for 783 of 934 patients (84%). Logistic regression analysis showed increasing odds ratios (ORs) for the highest risk category for new-onset acute kidney injury (OR, 7.37; 95% CI, 2.58-21.08); new dialysis need (OR, 8.13; 95% CI, 1.74-37.91); ICU mortality (OR, 16.39; 95% CI, 5.99-44.87); and hospital mortality (OR, 18.65; 95% CI, 6.81-51.11). Although not increasing progressively, the OR for the highest risk group was significantly associated with new-onset hypovolemic shock (OR, 6.06; 95% CI, 1.47-25.00). With increasing HYPSs, median values (interquartile ranges) decreased progressively (lowest risk vs. highest risk) for ventilator-free days (23 [18-26] vs. 1 [0-21], P < .001) and ICU-free days (20 [11-24] vs. 0 [0-13], P < .001). Of the 729 patients in the stable subset, 598 (82%) had complete data for HYPS calculations. Logistic regression analysis showed significantly increasing ORs for the highest risk category for new-onset hypovolemic shock (OR, 7.41; 95% CI, 2.06-26.62); ICU mortality (OR, 5.08; 95% CI, 1.87-13.85); and hospital mortality (OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 2.63-19.07). Conclusions As the risk for peri-intubation hypotension increases, according to a validated hypotension prediction tool, so does the risk for adverse clinical events and certain clinical conditions. Trial Registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02508948).
Telephone-Supported Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for People With Depression: Users’ Perspective
Authors: YOUNG Daniel KW , CARLBRING Per , NG Petrus YN , Chen Qi-rong Joseph 
Published: March 2022

Background Little is known from the perspective of service users on the quality and benefits of receiving telephone counseling in a guided Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT). Purpose This study aimed to investigate, from the user’s perspective, the feasibility, quality, and benefits of a telephone-supported iCBT which provided eight self-learned online modules and weekly telephone counseling from a social worker for people with depression. Research design This study adopted interpretive qualitative research, involving semi-structural in-depth individual interviews with participants. Study sample Purposive sampling method was adopted, involving ten adults receiving a diagnosis of depression and completing the telephone-supported iCBT. Data collection and/or analysis Qualitative content analysis was adopted, involving coding data and identifying themes. Results The telephone-supported iCBT was appreciated by service users by offering convenience, efficiency, anonymity, privacy, synchronous and asynchronous support. Additionally, the counselor demonstrated competence in counseling via telephone, and provided various support, including: delivering CBT, handling personal issues outside the scope of iCBT, encouragement, guiding & monitoring learning progress, and solving technical difficulties. Perceived outcomes included improved abilities in cognitive restructuring, emotion regulation, and self-awareness. Conclusions The guided iCBT with telephone-supported is a feasible, effective, and preferable intervention for people with depression in Chinese societies.
Genotoxicity of Glyphosate on Cultured Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Tarboush Nafez Abu , Almomani Duaa H. , Khabour Omar F. , Azzam Muayad I. 
Published: March 2022

Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most used herbicides in the world. Despite being widely used, a dispute exists whether glyphosate-based herbicides have a negative effect on human health, particularly genotoxic effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate glyphosate genotoxicity on cultured human lymphocytes. Cultured human lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations of glyphosate (20, 40, and 200 µmol/L). Four toxicity measures were examined: frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), production of 8-OHdG, and cell kinetics analysis. The results show that glyphosate induced significant ( P < 0.05) increases in the levels of SCE at the highest used concentration (200 μmol/L). However, no significant elevation in SCE levels was observed at the lower examined concentrations (20 and 40 μmol/L). No significant changes in CA were detected at all examined concentrations ( P = 0.86). Also, glyphosate did not induce changes to the normal level of 8-OHdG at all examined concentrations ( P = 0.98). Last, no significant changes in either mitotic index or proliferative index were observed at any examined concentrations ( P > 0.05). The results collectively indicate a lack of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of glyphosate in cultured human lymphocytes when dealing with environmentally relevant concentrations (20 and 40 μmol/L). However, being exposed to higher concentrations (200 μmol/L) led to slightly higher level of SCE. Therefore, we recommend cautionary measures when dealing with glyphosate-based herbicides for individuals, such as farmers, who may be extensively exposed to high concentrations of these herbicides.