bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Electro-Oxidation on Carbon-Supported PtRuCu/C Catalyst in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Alqdeimat Diala Akram , Pickup Peter 
Published: July 2022

The electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in cells with proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolytes is important to develop energy technologies based on bioethanol. Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) have been considered attractive power sources with high potential for use in vehicles and electronic devices, despite their low efficiencies, which need to be increased. On the other hand, ethanol electrolysis cells (EEC) can be used for hydrogen production.The importance of direct ethanol fuel cell technology for a sustainable energy future has resulted in comprehensive studies of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol and the development of many different anode catalysts.1

Preparing catalysts with high efficiency for the ethanol oxidation reaction has been a major challenge. Although Pt has high activity for ethanol oxidation in acidic media, it is easily poisoned by adsorbed intermediates like COad and CHx, thus high overpotentials are required. PtRu alloy has become important in studies of the oxidation of ethanol, because it has high activity at low potentials. However, product analysis has shown that the main product from the oxidation of ethanol at PtRu is acetic acid and only a small CO2 yield is produced.2 Since increasing the production of CO2 is the major point to enhance the efficiency of DEFCs, it is necessary and crucial to develop and modify PtRu/C. Many researchers have introduced a third transition metal (ternary catalyst) to improve the activity and performance of PtRu/C at high potentials and also to increase the production of CO2.3,4

The purpose of this work is to explore the effect of incorporating Cu into PtRu/C catalysts on the production of CO2. A proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell was used to compare the performance of both PtRu/C and PtRuCu/C catalysts and measure the CO2 yield from the oxidation of ethanol. Interestingly, adding Cu enhanced the production of CO2, and the performance.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Nature Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Memorial University

References

(1) Akhairi, M. A. F.; Kamarudin, S. K. Catalysts in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC): An Overview. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
2016, 41, 4214–4228.
(2) Altarawneh, R. M.; Pickup, P. G. Product Distributions and Efficiencies for Ethanol Oxidation in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell. J. Electrochem. Soc.
2017, 164, F861–F865.
(3) Xue, S.; Deng, W.; Yang, F.; Yang, J.; Amiinu, I. S.; He, D.; Tang, H.; Mu, S. Hexapod PtRuCu Nanocrystalline Alloy for Highly Efficient and Stable Methanol Oxidation. ACS Catal.
2018, 8, 7578–7584.
(4) Barroso, J.; Pierna, A. R.; Blanco, T. C.; Ruiz, N. Trimetallic Amorphous Catalyst with Low Amount of Platinum: Comparative Study for Ethanol, Bioethanol and CO Electrooxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
2014, 39, 3984–3990.
Ethanol and Methanol Electrolysis at Core-Shell Ru@Pt and PtRu@Pt Catalysts with Different Pt Shell-Thickness
Authors: Ali Ahmed Hashem , Pickup Peter 
Published: July 2022

One of the attractive methods used to prepare hydrogen gas is the electrolysis of alcohols such as methanol and ethanol in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell. Platinum is the most common catalyst used to provide high selectivity for C-C bond cleavage for ethanol, leading to an increase in the amount of hydrogen gas produced. However, the cost of the Pt and poisoning of the surface by the adsorbed CO intermediate limit its use. Combining Pt with other metals such as ruthenium in the form of core-shell nanoparticles enhances its ability for alcohol oxidation [1,2]. Therefore, more hydrogen gas is evolved in a PEM electrolysis cell, especially at lower applied potentials. In addition, these modified catalysts can be used in the anodes of direct alcohol fuel cells.
Here, we aimed to prepare Pt-based core-shell nanoparticles in which commercial catalysts PtRu and Ru were used as the core, and different amounts of Pt were deposited on their surface as a shell (PtRu@Pt and Ru@Pt). These catalysts were prepared using the polyol method without adding any stabilizer that would block their surface and affected their alcohol oxidation activity. The formation of these core-shell nanoparticle catalysts was confirmed by using thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of the Pt thickness on methanol and ethanol electrochemical oxidation was studied using cyclic voltammetry at room temperature and a PEM electrolysis cell at 80 °C.
Results show that methanol and ethanol oxidation activity increased greatly as the thickness of the Pt shell was increased, although the half potential was shifted to a higher potential. Moreover, the addition of the Pt to the shell increased the limiting current, indicating that the selectivity toward CO2 formation increased and that more hydrogen was being produced. Finally, Ru as a core showed a lower improvement for methanol oxidation than PtRu. However, Ru@Pt catalysts with more than one Pt monolayers gave higher ethanol oxidation performances than the PtRu@Pt catalysts.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Memorial University.

References:

T. M. Brueckner, E. Wheeler, B. Chen, E. N. El Sawy and P. G. Pickup, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, F942 (2019).

E. El Sawy, T. M. Brueckner and P. G. Pickup, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 106507 (2020).
Acidic Chloride Leaching of NMC Cathodes Combined with Solvent Extraction for the Production of Value Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Chagnes Alexandre , Xuan Wen 
Published: July 2022

Lithium-ion battery is the technology of choice in the development of electric vehicles. This technology is now mature although there are still many challenges to increase their energy density while ensuring an irreproachable safety of use. For this goal, it is necessary to develop new cathodic materials that can be cycled at higher voltages and electrolytes compatible with these materials. But the challenge does not only concern the production of efficient batteries for the electrochemical storage of energy since lithium-ion battery technology relies on the use of critical and/or strategic value resources. It is therefore crucial to include Lithium-ion batteries development in a circular economy approach very early. In particular, optimized recycling and reuse of battery components must both minimize their impact on the environment and limit geopolitical issues related to tensions on the mineral resources necessary for lithium-ion battery production. Although recycling will never replace mining, it reduces resource dependence by ensuring the presence of exploitable resources in the territory, which is particularly important for countries like France where exploited or exploitable resources are limited.
This conference addresses the development of a new hydrometallurgical process combining leaching of cathodic material from spent lithium-ion battery in acidic chloride media and solvent extraction process. Most of recycling processes reported in the literature rely on the sulphate route and a few studies investigate the potentialities of the chloride route despite many advantages and the possibility to develop new chemistry, which could get easier the metal separation. The leaching mechanisms and the solvent extraction equilibria will be presented in this conference. Based on the comprehension of the physicochemistry of leaching and solvent extraction, the present study will introduce a new hydrometallurgical process for the production of cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium from spent cathodic materials.
Circular Economy Insights: Sustainable Reuse of Aged Li-Ion LiFePO4 Cathodes within Na-Ion Cells
Authors: Gucciardi Emanuele , Galceran Montserrat , Bustinza Ainhoa , Bekaert Emilie , Casas-Cabanas Montserrat 
Published: July 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are today considered as one of the best solutions towards an energy model based on renewable sources and zero-emission electric vehicles. However, the increased production of LIBs raises concerns regarding cost and availability of key materials such as lithium, cobalt or graphite. Indeed, after almost 20 years of cost decrease, the price of lithium-ion batteries is slowing down [1]. This is related to the fact that a lot of raw materials and metals (mainly copper, aluminum and cobalt) that are used in LiBs have increased relentlessly their prices because of its continuous demand. In this sense, are needed better performing, more price competitive and sustainable battery storage solutions beyond lithium that take into consideration the overall value chain, from access to raw material, innovative advanced materials, production, recycling and second life.
In this context, disposal and recycling are essential for the sustainability of this market and new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. Today there are processes that can recover high-value raw materials from LIBs (mainly copper, aluminum, and cobalt) but direct recycling of materials such as LiFePO4 (LFP) that has less economic value and are environmentally much more sustainable represents an economic challenge for the battery market and future research.
NaFePO4 (NFP) has been indeed proposed as one of the cheapest and most sustainable sodium-ion (Na-ion) cathode materials, [2-3] but it is not a thermodynamically stable phase and it is necessary to obtain it from LFP through redox reactions usually using expensive, toxic and hazardous reagents, cutting down its commercialization.[3-5] LFP recovering from spent LIBs can contribute to reducing the manufacturing costs of the NFP and increase the interest to recycle Li-ion batteries based on LFP cathodes.
In the perspective of a circular economy market, we propose in this work to explore the recovery of aged LFP electrodes and their reuse in new Na-ion batteries.
Recycled Graphite for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Olutogun Mayokun , Vanderbruggen Anna , Rudolph Martin , Passerini Stefano , Bresser Dominic 
Published: July 2022

Graphite – natural or synthetic – is the most dominant active material used for LIB anodes[1]. Natural graphite, however, is considered a critical material within the EU[2], while synthetic graphite is obtained from coke[3] – a carbon precursor produced from coal or petroleum. Therefore, efficient recycling and reuse of graphite are essential towards sustainability and resource preservation[4].
Herein, we report a novel and highly efficient process to recover high-quality graphite from spent LIBs. Following a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the materials obtained, we conducted an extensive electrochemical characterization in half-cells and graphite‖NMC532 full-cells and compared the results with the data obtained for half-cells and full-cells using pristine commercial graphite. In half-cells, the recycled graphite shows remarkably high reversible specific capacities (e.g., 350 mAh g-
1 at C/20) and very stable cycling for several hundred cycles at 1C. The graphite‖NMC532 full-cells also show excellent cycling stability, with a capacity retention of 80% after about 1,000 cycles. Particularly, the comparison with the pristine graphite comprising full-cells reveals very comparable performance, highlighting the great promise of recycled and reused graphite as a pivotal step towards truly sustainable LIBs and the great goal of a circular economy.

References

[1] J. Asenbauer, T. Eisenmann, M. Kuenzel, A. Kazzazi, Z. Chen, and D. Bresser, “The success story of graphite as a lithium-ion anode material – fundamentals, remaining challenges, and recent developments including silicon (oxide) composites,” Sustain. Energy Fuels, 2020.
[2] Comisión Europea, European Commission, Report on Critical Raw Materials and the Circular Economy, 2018. 2018.
[3] S. Richard, W. Ralf, H. Gerhard, P. Tobias, and W. Martin, “Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries,” Nat. Energy, vol. 3, no. Li, pp. 267–278, 2018.
[4] A. Vanderbruggen, E. Gugala, R. Blannin, K. Bachmann, R. Serna-Guerrero, and M. Rudolph, “Automated mineralogy as a novel approach for the compositional and textural characterization of spent lithium-ion batteries,” Miner.
Eng., vol. 169, p. 106924, 2021.
Prospects of Electrifying Chemical Manufacturing through Co-Conversion
Authors: Kenis Paul , Bhargava Saket 
Published: July 2022

Over the next few decades the chemical industry will need to reduce drastically the greenhouse gas emissions footprint associated with the manufacturing of chemicals and fuels. Electrifying manufacturing of some intermediates or products holds promise to help meet this challenge. While techno-economic (TEA) and life-cycle (LCA) analyses of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to products such as CO, formic acid, ethylene, and ethanol indicate their promise, these also highlight the challenge to compete in terms of cost with present day chemical conversion processes operated at scale [1].
This contribution will elaborate on the prospects of electrochemical co-conversion: performing desired chemical conversions on both electrodes of an electrolyzer. Such an electrolysis process not only uses renewable energy to produce two or more value added products simultaneously, it also avoids the energy intense oxygen evolution reaction that oftentimes is paired with CO2 reduction or hydrogen evolution (water electrolysis). Indeed, when coupled with CO2 reduction to CO, the oxygen evolution reaction on the anode consumes about 90% of the energy required to drive the overall process. Performing oxidation reactions, in particular oxidation of organic substrates, reduces the cell potential by about 0.8V, representing a reduction in overall energy consumption of 30-50%, depending on the cathode process and operating conditions. . Co-conversion electrolysis process technology could be a starting point for a new generation of chemical manufacturing technology that is significantly more energy efficient than the traditional thermochemical processes, while also able to use renewable feedstocks, such as CO2, water, biomass adducts, or organic waste streams.
This presentation will dive into technoeconomic and lifecycle analyses of a wide range of co-conversion scenarios. Using gross margin and other models, the question will be answered which electrolysis process comprised of specific combinations of cathodic reactions (CO2 reduction, hydrogen evolution, ...) and anodic reactions (various specific oxidations of organic compounds) will have the best economic prospects. Similarly, the work will provide insights as to what combinations of anodic and cathode chemical conversions are most promising from a lifecycle point of view, in reducing CO2 emissions. This work also will provide insights with respect to what factors (catalyst cost, electrode durability, ...) have the most potential in helping to further improve economic viability and to further reduce CO2 emissions.
(Digital Presentation) 4D Printing of Inter-Crosslinking Network Structure Gel with Hinge Structure
Authors: Kameoka Masanari , Furukawa Hidemitsu , Shiblee Nahin Islam , Kawakami Masaru , Watanabe Yosuke , Khosla Ajit , Ogawa Jun 
Published: July 2022

4D printing [1] is a new interdisciplinary research area made possible by the merger of scientific developments in additive manufacturing and smart materials [2]. It is a technology that allows 3D printed objects to be deformed over time by applying specific external stimuli [3] and is currently attracting attention as a technology to program biological-like movements into the internal structure of 3D printed objects. In previous research, the movement and deformation of the model has been controlled by devising the shape of the structure, such as a bilayer structure consisting of two materials with different physical properties [4]. However, it is difficult to realize the deformation in different directions simultaneously. The purpose of this research is to develop a 4D printing technology that can simultaneously deform each part of the same object in any direction.
To develop a 4D printing technology that can simultaneously deform each part of the same object in any direction, we analyzed the principle of 4D printing by swelling. We measured the swelling rate, swelling speed, compression test, and deformation amount in order to investigate the effects of material and laser irradiation frequency. As a result, it was confirmed that the swelling rate and swelling velocity increased when the amount of the initiator, TPO, was increased from a specific laser irradiation frequency. It was also confirmed that the Young's modulus increased with the increase in the number of laser irradiation. Finally, based on these results, the deformation was measured by varying the amount of initiator and the number of laser irradiations, and it was confirmed that the deformation increased with increasing the amount of initiator and the specific number of irradiations.
References

Skylar Tibbits, " 4D printing: multi-material shape change", Archit. Des. 84, 116–121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1710

MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Kumkum Ahmed, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, Hidemitsu Furukawa, "3D printing of shape memory hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties." Soft Matter 2018, 14, 7809. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM01156G

Kumkum Ahmed, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Ajit Khosla, Larry Nagahara, Thomas Thundat, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Recent progresses in 4D printing of gel materials." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 3 (2020): 037563. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6e60

MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Kumkum Ahmed, Masaru Kawakami, Hidemitsu Furukawa, "4D Printing of Shape-Memory Hydrogels for Soft-Robotic Functions." Adv. Mater. Technol. 2019, 4, 1900071. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900071
(Digital Presentation) Developing Meat Alternatives with Screw-Based 3D Food Printing
Authors: Kuramochi Takaho , Kawakami Masaru , Khosla Ajit , Watanabe Yosuke , Ogawa Jun , Shiblee Nahin Islam , Furukawa Hidemitsu 
Published: July 2022

Food 3D printers are next generation devices that can fabricate food products with complex internal structures and external shapes, and are expected to be used as devices for producing food products with shapes and textures that meet people's preferences, but also provide requirement of seven essential factors for a balanced diet: carbs, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and water [1, 2]. The food 3D printer can handle two types of food at the same time, and since it can form food in two colors, it can make food that cannot be made with a syringe nozzle. On the other hand, there are concerns about the shortage of protein supply due to the increase in population, and alternative meats that are not derived from livestock are attracting attention [3]. Currently, there are few reports of research on alternative meats using food 3D printers, and in particular, 3D modeling of alternative meat that reproduces the texture of actual meat has not been done much. In this study, we have developed a food 3D printer technology that enables the modeling of alternative meat that reproduces the texture of actual meat. We have investigated the composition of alternative meat materials suitable for 3D printing based on soy protein, and the material properties of the dough using a rheometer. In future, we will report on the movement and layering during the 3D food printing process.
References:
[1] Shunsuke Suzuki, Masaru Kawakami, Hidemitsu Furukawa, ”Food proreties suitable for 3D printer and effect on printing precsion” Materials and processing conference, 2018
[2] Suzuki, Shunsuke, Jun Ogawa, Yosuke Watanabe, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, Jun Nango, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Texture Control of 3D Printing: Effect of Internal Structure of 3D Printed Foods on their Fracture Process in Compression." ECS Transactions 98, no. 13 (2020): 59.
[3] Kodama, Mai, Ryo Ishigaki, Samiul Basher, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Azusa Saito, Masato Makino, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "3D printing of foods." In Nano-, Bio-, Info-Tech Sensors, and 3D Systems II, vol. 10597, p. 1059718. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2018.
(Digital Presentation) 3D Chocolate Printing for Shape and Texture Control
Authors: Motegi Yuji , Kawakami Masaru , Watanabe Yosuke , Ogawa Jun , Khosla Ajit , Shiblee Nahin Islam , Furukawa Hidemitsu 
Published: July 2022

Food 3D printing is expected to be a technology to create foods with different tastes and hardness depending on individual preferences and to solve the problem of food loss problems. In this study, we focus on the 3D printing of chocolate, whose product value is greatly affected by its appearance, entertainment and texture. Although 3D printers of chocolate are gradually appearing in the market, most of them only focus on the modeling of shape, and there are quite few printers that can form chocolate with designed texture. We develop a chocolate 3D printer using two chocolate materials. In addition to the syringe type extruder, we introduce the gear pump type extruder, which has a fine and stable extrusion. We 3d print chocolates with various internal structures using two chocolate materials and evaluate the differences in their textures by equipment measurement and by sensory tests. In addition, the melt-in-mouth feeling and the snappiness, which are important for the texture of chocolate, are investigated. In this presentation, we report the results of texture tests of black chocolate formed by a single syringe type 3D printer.
References:

Kodama, Mai, Yumiko Takita, Hideaki Tamate, Azusa Saito, Jin Gong, Masato Makino, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Novel Soft Meals Developed by 3D Printing." Future Foods (2017): 161-181.

Suzuki, Shunsuke, Jun Ogawa, Yosuke Watanabe, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, Jun Nango, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Texture Control of 3D Printing: Effect of Internal Structure of 3D Printed Foods on their Fracture Process in Compression." ECS Transactions 98, no. 13 (2020): 59. https://doi.org/10.1149/09813.0059ecst

Rahman, Julkarnyne M. Habibur, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Kumkum Ahmed, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Rheological and mechanical properties of edible gel materials for 3D food printing technology." Heliyon 6, no. 12 (2020): e05859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05859