bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomaly detection in chest 18F-FDG PET/CT by Bayesian deep learning
Authors: Nakao Takahiro , Hanaoka Shouhei , Nomura Yukihiro , Hayashi Naoto , Abe Osamu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To develop an anomaly detection system in PET/CT with the tracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) that requires only normal PET/CT images for training and can detect abnormal FDG uptake at any location in the chest region.

Materials and methods
We trained our model based on a Bayesian deep learning framework using 1878 PET/CT scans with no abnormal findings. Our model learns the distribution of standard uptake values in these normal training images and detects out-of-normal uptake regions. We evaluated this model using 34 scans showing focal abnormal FDG uptake in the chest region. This evaluation dataset includes 28 pulmonary and 17 extrapulmonary abnormal FDG uptake foci. We performed per-voxel and per-slice receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and per-lesion free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results
Our model showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.992 on discriminating abnormal voxels and 0.852 on abnormal slices. Our model detected 41 of 45 (91.1%) of the abnormal FDG uptake foci with 12.8 false positives per scan (FPs/scan), which include 26 of 28 pulmonary and 15 of 17 extrapulmonary abnormalities. The sensitivity at 3.0 FPs/scan was 82.2% (37/45).

Conclusion
Our model trained only with normal PET/CT images successfully detected both pulmonary and extrapulmonary abnormal FDG uptake in the chest region.
Prevalence of symptoms in 1512 COVID-19 patients: have dizziness and vertigo been underestimated thus far?
Authors: Aldè Mirko , Barozzi Stefania , Di Berardino Federica , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Consonni Dario , Ambrosetti Umberto , Socci Marina , Bertoli Simona , Battezzati Alberto , Foppiani Andrea , Zanetti Diego , Pignataro Lorenzo , Cantarella Giovanna 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and dizziness is still unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and characteristics of dizziness and vertigo among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Patients discharged from the emergency rooms with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were assisted by daily telephone calls until nasopharyngeal swab negativization, and specific symptoms concerning balance disorders were investigated through targeted questions posed by experienced physicians. The study included 1512 subjects (765 females, 747 males), with a median age of 51 ± 18.4 years. New-onset dizziness was reported by 251 (16.6%) patients, among whom 110 (43.8%) complained of lightheadedness, 70 (27.9%) of disequilibrium, 41 (16.3%) of presyncope, and 30 (12%) of vertigo. This study analyzed in detail the prevalence and pathophysiological mechanisms of the different types of balance disorders in a large sample, and the results suggest that dizziness should be included among the main symptoms of COVID-19 because one-sixth of patients reported this symptom, with females being significantly more affected than males (20.3 vs 12.9%, P < 0.001). Most cases of dizziness were attributable to lightheadedness, which was probably exacerbated by psychophysical stress following acute infection and mandatory quarantine. Vertigo should not be underestimated because it might underlie serious vestibular disorders, and disequilibrium in elderly individuals should be monitored due to the possible risk of falls.
Hatching start-ups for sustainable growth: a bibliometric review on business incubators
Authors: Deyanova Kameliya , Brehmer Nataliia , Lapidus Artur , Tiberius Victor , Walsh Steve 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBusiness incubators hatch start-ups, helping them to survive their early stage and to create a solid foundation for sustainable growth by providing services and access to knowledge. The great practical relevance led to a strong interest of researchers and a high output of scholarly publications, which made the field complex and scattered. To organize the research on incubators and provide a systematic overview of the field, we conducted bibliometric performance analyses and science mappings. The performance analyses depict the temporal development of the number of incubator publications and their citations, the most cited and most productive journals, countries, and authors, and the 20 most cited articles. The author keyword co-occurrence analysis distinguishes six, and the bibliographic coupling seven research themes. Based on a content analysis of the science mappings, we propose a research framework for future research on business incubators.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Association Between Human Non-obstructive Azoospermia and Plasticisers via Single-Cell and Traditional RNA Sequencing Methods
Authors: Zhang Xu , Ren Xiaohan , Zhang Tongtong , Zhou Xiang , Chen Xinglin , Lu Hongcheng , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Xiaolei , Wang Shangqian , Qin Chao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA father’s lifetime experience is a major risk factor for a range of diseases in an individual. The influences of exposure can also be transmitted to offspring. Previous studies demonstrated that plasticisers can damage the male offspring reproductive system, but the link between mammalian research and human non-obstructive azoospermia remains underexplored. Here, we analysed reproduction-related genes from four publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq datasets and RNA-Seq datasets on GEO databases to investigate the correlation between human non-obstructive azoospermia and exposure to plasticisers during pregnancy. The R software was used in statistical analyses. A total of 9 co-upregulated genes and 1 co-downregulated gene were found. The Gene Ontology enrichment analyses were performed using the “clusterProfiler” package. Single-cell analyses were conducted to visualise the gene expression pattern in testis cell subgroups. Immunohistochemical images were used to evaluate the level of protein in testicular organs from The Human Protein Atlas. GSVA results provided further functional annotations. Three signature genes, i.e. COL1A1, CYP17A1 and KIF11, might serve as promising diagnostic biomarkers in non-obstructive azoospermia caused by plasticisers. Our results provided a potential new protocol to evaluate the feasibility of life or clinical intervention in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. We believe that these observations will improve our understanding of the potential mechanisms of plasticiser contributions to human non-obstructive azoospermia and help identify potential targets for immunotherapy in the future.
Latest outcomes of transcatheter left atrial appendage closure devices and direct oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation over the past 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Takeda Keiichi , Tsuboko Yusuke , Iwasaki Kiyotaka 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLeft atrial appendage closure (LAAC) are emerging treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, data on the safety, efficacy, and medications for LAAC devices in patients with AF are lacking. We aimed to investigate the incidence of all-cause mortality, stroke, and major bleeding in AF patients with LAAC devices and DOACs. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the incidence rate of device-related thrombus (DRT) and the medications used in the management of AF patients with LAAC devices to gain insights into achieving better outcome. Based on a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases between January 2015 and December 2020, eight LAAC device studies that used WATCHMAN and Amulet, and three DOAC studies that used rivaroxaban, with a total of 24,055 AF patients (LAAC devices, n = 2855; DOAC, n = 21,200), were included. A random-effects model was used to incorporate heterogeneity among studies. The pooled incidence of events per person-years were as follows: all-cause mortality, 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02–0.10) for WATCHMAN, 0.04 (95% CI 0.00–0.14) for Amulet, and 0.03 (95% CI 0.01–0.04) for rivaroxaban; stroke; 0.02 (95% CI 0.00–0.04) for WATCHMAN, 0 for Amulet, and 0.01 (95% CI 0.01–0.02) for rivaroxaban; major bleeding, 0.04 (95% CI 0.02–0.06) for WATCHMAN, 0.02 (95% CI 0.00–0.06) for Amulet, and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01–0.03) for rivaroxaban. The incidence rate of DRT was 2.3%, and complications were reported in 9%. The incidence of all-cause mortality, stroke, and major bleeding were similar between LAAC devices and DOACs. The rate of complications was acceptable, and those of DRT were lower than the average incidence reported in previous studies. However, further follow-up is needed. Concomitant anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies should be further evaluated to find the optimal regimen for AF patients with LAAC devices.
Few2Decide: towards a robust model via using few neuron connections to decide
Authors: Li Jian , Guo Yanming , Lao Songyang , Zhao Xiang , Bai Liang , Wang Haoran 
Published: January 2022

AbstractResearches have shown that image classification networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which seriously limits their application in safely critical scenarios. Existing defense methods usually employ adversarial training or adjust the network structure to resist adversarial attack. Although these defense methods can improve the model robustness to some extent, they often significantly decrease the accuracy on the clean data and bring additional computational cost. In this work, we analyze the impact of adversarial example on neuron connections and propose a Few2Decide method to train a robust model by dropping part of non-robust connections in the fully connected layer. Our model can get high perturbed data accuracy without increasing trainable parameters, meanwhile, get high clean data accuracy. Experimental results prove that our method can provide a robust model and achieve state-of-the-art performance on the CIFAR-10 dataset. Specifically, our Few2Decide method achieves 73.01% adversarial accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset under the challenging untargeted attack in white-box settings with an attack strength 8/255, using ResNet-20[4$$\times $$×] architecture.
A Relational Approach to Learning Environments: Learning from Pacific Wisdom
Authors: Reynolds Martyn 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA relational approach focusses on connections between things, assuming that all things exist in relatedness. In this article, attention is given to the relationship between innovative learning environments (ILE) as described in literature, and elements of the field of Pacific education. In order to investigate this relationship, I take a layered approach, attending to five relational matters. First, I ask how relationships are configured between key elements within ILE thinking. Second, I examine what the literature of Pacific education says about how relationships can be understood. Third, I investigate the relational space between ILE thinking and Pacific Education. Next, I describe some aspects of three innovative Pacific educational spaces. And finally, I seek to learn from these deliberately configured educational spaces. The inquiry trajectory grounds discussions of literature and theory in innovative practice, a significant move where the intent is to offer support for innovative educational spaces that might be beneficial to Pacific (and other non-majority) students.
A Research Protocol for Implementation and Evaluation of a Patient-Focused eHealth Intervention for Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Donald Maoliosa , Beanlands Heather , Straus Sharon , Harwood Lori , Herrington Gwen , Waldvogel Blair , Delgado Maria , Sparkes Dwight , Watson Paul , Elliott Meghan , McBrien Kerry , Bello Aminu , Hemmelgarn Brenda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSelf-management in chronic kidney disease (CKD) can slow disease progression; however, there are few tools available to support patients with early CKD. My Kidneys My Health is a patient-focused electronic health (eHealth) self-management tool developed by patients and caregivers. This study will investigate the implementation of My Kidneys My Health across primary care and general nephrology clinics. The study aims to: (1) identify and address barriers and facilitators that may impact implementation and sustainability of the website into routine clinical care; (2) evaluate implementation quality to inform spread and scale-up. We will conduct a multi-stage approach using qualitative methods, guided by the Quality Implementation Framework and using a qualitative content analysis approach. First, we will identify perceived barriers and facilitators to implementation and considerations for sustainability through interviews with clinicians, based on the Readiness Thinking Tool and the Long Term Success Tool. Analysis will be guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Theoretical Domains Framework. Appropriate implementation strategies will be identified using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change compilation, and implementation plans will be developed based on Proctor’s recommendations and the Action, Actor, Context, Target, Time framework. Finally, we will explore implementation quality guided by the RE-AIM framework. There is limited literature describing systematic approaches to implementing and sustaining patient-focused self-management tools into clinical care, in addition to employing tailored implementation strategies to promote adoption and sustainability. We aim to generate insights on how My Kidneys My Health can be integrated into clinical care and how to sustain use of patient-centric eHealth tools in clinical settings on a larger scale.
Counterterrorism, sanctions and financial access challenges: Course corrections to safeguard humanitarian action
Authors: Eckert Sue E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the impact of United Nations (UN) sanctions and counterterrorism (CT) measures on humanitarian action. The mandatory requirements of UN Security Council Resolutions 1267 and 1373 on member States to prohibit the provision of “funds, financial assets or economic resources” to terrorists complicates the work of humanitarian actors delivering assistance in areas where groups designated under the 1267 regime control territory. After explaining the impact of sanctions and CT measures on humanitarian actors, the article explores three primary sets of challenges encountered by such actors: (1) lack of clarity and adequate legal protection for carrying out humanitarian activities in countries subject to sanctions or areas in which designated entities operate; (2) financial access difficulties or de-risking by financial institutions limiting the ability of non-profit organizations (NPOs) to transfer funds to higher-risk jurisdictions due to banks’ risk aversion or fear of regulatory scrutiny of such transactions; and (3) conditions placed in funding contracts by donors effectively offloading CT and sanctions risks onto beneficiaries. The article analyzes experience with UN humanitarian carve-outs (exceptions as employed in the Somalia sanctions regime and case-by-case exemptions utilized in the North Korea regime), explaining why exceptions are the optimal solution for humanitarian actors. New data are presented indicating that the scope and scale of financial access difficulties experienced by NPOs have grown. Financial institutions, concerned about regulatory requirements to counter terrorism financing, are increasingly reluctant to provide banking services to NPOs working in highly sanctioned jurisdictions, and the resulting de-risking by banks results in significant problems for humanitarian organizations needing to move funds abroad. Additionally, contractual conditions related to CT and sanctions compliance are routinely employed by donors, resulting in an offloading of risk onto recipients without appropriate clarity and guidance from donors. Numerous initiatives in recent years have called attention to the challenges that humanitarians face: stakeholder dialogues, high-level meetings and other discussion fora promote broader understanding among participants and acknowledgement of the impacts that these polices have on humanitarian action. UN action to renew the 1267 regime's mandate and the consideration of a humanitarian carve-out in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the Taliban's takeover represent opportunities to reform sanctions in order to better protect humanitarian action. Recommendations are presented for each of the three sets of challenges, with an urgent call for the Security Council to embrace the opportunity for reform and more effectively balance the equally critical objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian action.
Development and Assessment of an ALLSSA‐Based Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature Model With High Time Resolution for GNSS Precipitable Water Retrieval
Authors: Ma Yongchao , Chen Peng , Liu Tong , Xu Guochang , Lu Zhiping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe atmosphere weighted mean temperature, Tm, is an essential parameter for retrieving precipitable water from the ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The accuracy of high temporal resolution GNSS precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimation requires wideband Tm information and its magnitude. However, existing Tm empirical models use trigonometric functions with only fixed amplitude and low‐frequency for time fitting, which limits real‐time or near real‐time PWV retrieval from GNSS observation. Thus, an improved Tm model for China, LTCm, containing more frequency information of Tm, based on the antileakage least‐squares spectrum analysis by utilizing the ERA5 pressure‐level products during the years 2015–2019, is developed. Both Tm data from ERA5 pressure‐level products and radiosonde stations distributed in China over 2020 are selected as reference values to verify the performance of the LCTm model. The results show that the LCTm model yields significant performance against other models in Tm estimation over China, especially in marine regions and high‐altitude areas. Furthermore, the LCTm model can generally achieve a mean Bias/root mean square (RMS) of −0.33 K/2.06 K in contrast to ERA5 pressure‐level products and 0.03 K/3.47 K in comparison with radiosonde, which corresponds to a 7.2%–13.8% improvement against GPT2w, GTm‐III, and Bevis. Moreover, LCTm has σ

pwv
and σ

pwv
/PWV values of 0.27 mm and 1.25% when used to retrieve GNSS‐PWV, respectively. Consequently, the LCTm model that considers high‐frequency information of Tm can obtain more reliable Tm values. Therefore, the LCTm model can be applied to real‐time or near real‐time GNSS PWV retrieval, which is of great significance for GNSS meteorological research.
Polarization Properties of 3‐D Field Line Resonances
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecent work has shown that field line resonances (FLRs) can form with intermediate magnetic field polarizations, that is, between toroidal (azimuthal) and poloidal (radial). In this case, they are referred to as “3‐D”, given that the equilibrium and therefore associated wave solutions vary in all three dimensions. Such 3‐D variations in the medium can be expected in the magnetosphere in particular during the presence of a plasmaspheric drainage plume in the dusk flank. In this case, strong field‐aligned currents driven by FLRs can form along contours of Alfvén frequency which are very asymmetric azimuthally. In this study, we use magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations performed in a background dipole magnetic field, to consider what the satellite signatures would be for a spacecraft observing such non‐toroidal FLRs under different magnetopause driving conditions. We consider how the 3‐D nature impacts the amplitude and phase relations traditionally expected for FLRs. We find that in the 3‐D FLR regions of intermediate polarization, the FLR has strong contributions from both the radial and azimuthal field components (velocity, magnetic or electric) and these are in or out of phase. We show how hodograms can be used to infer the FLR polarization in these cases as well as provide predictions for the variation of the FLR polarization with MLT across a plasmaspheric plume. We further show how the presence of a significant global fast mode can skew the resulting polarization estimates.
Long‐Runout‐Landslide‐Induced Debris Flow: The Role of Fine Sediment Deposition Processes in Debris Flow Propagation
Authors: Nishiguchi Yuki , Uchida Taro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLandslide‐induced debris flows can travel long distances. Many field studies, laboratory experiments, and theoretical studies have been conducted to clarify the mechanisms of long‐runout landslides. However, information concerning landslide‐induced debris flows is still inadequate despite several explanations proposed. Thus, we collected various forms of data, including video images and light detection and ranging data, for a landslide‐induced debris flow that occurred on 28 July 2015, in Fukaminato River, Japan, and clarified the debris flow behavior from initiation to deposition. We showed that the water content of the debris flow should only be approximately 30% immediately after landslides occurred at the site. However, a fluid phase‐dominated flow flowed over 1.2 km, expanding the damaged area. We inferred that the fine sediments behaved as part of the interstitial fluid in the debris flow and that, during debris flow deposition, some fine sediments were stored in the interstitial space of the riverbed and did not contribute to forming the skeleton of deposits. We conducted a numerical simulation to test the processes of fluid phase‐dominated flow propagation, focusing on the flow and deposition of fine sediments. Our simulation results suggest that fine sediments' flow and depositional processes significantly influence both the initiation of fluid phase‐dominated debris flow and the travel distance of landslide‐induced debris flow.
Quantifying the Uncertainty Created by Non‐Transferable Model Calibrations Across Climate and Land Cover Scenarios: A Case Study With SWMM
Authors: Sytsma Anneliese , Crompton Octavia , Panos Chelsea , Thompson Sally , Mathias Kondolf G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPredictions of urban runoff are heavily reliant on semi‐distributed models, which simulate runoff at subcatchment scales. These models often use “effective” model parameters that average across the small‐scale heterogeneity. Here we quantify the error in model prediction that arises when the optimal calibrated value of effective parameters changes with model forcing. The uncertainty this produces, which we refer to as “calibration parameter transfer uncertainty,” can undermine the usefulness of important applications of urban hydrologic models, for example, to predict the hydrologic response to novel climate or development scenarios. Using the urban hydrologic model SWMM (“Stormwater Management Model”) as a case study, we quantify the transferability of two calibrated effective parameters: subcatchment “width” and “connected impervious area.” Through numerical experiments, we simulate overland flow across a highly simplified synthetic urban landscape subject to a range of scenarios (combinations of storm events, soil types, and impervious areas). For each scenario, we calibrate SWMM “width” and “connected impervious area” parameters to the outcomes of a distributed model. We find that the calibrated values of these parameters vary with soil, storm, and land cover forcing. This variation across forcing parameters can result in prediction errors up to a magnitude of 60% when a calibrated SWMM is used to predict runoff following changes in climate and land cover. Such calibration transfer uncertainty is largely unaccounted for in urban hydrologic modeling. These results point to a need for additional research to determine how to use urban hydrologic models to make robust predictions across future conditions.