bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Predation Mortality on Survival of Chinook Salmon Parr in a Lake Michigan Tributary
Authors: Krueger Damon M. , Rutherford Edward S. , Mason Doran M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPredation mortality among Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha parr can act at small spatiotemporal scales and cause variability in parr survival and potential recruitment. We analyzed predator diets and multiplied per capita consumption rates by predator population estimates to evaluate the relative effect of predation by stocked sport fishes on the variability in survival of Chinook salmon parr in the Muskegon River, Michigan, from 2004 to 2007. Brown trout Salmo trutta were a major predator of Chinook salmon parr, consuming from 15% to 34% of the total number available, while walleyes Sander vitreus consumed from 0.2% to 15%. Walleyes also consumed large quantities of brown trout and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Brown trout predation on Chinook salmon parr was largely dependent on parr size, while walleye predation was buffered by the availability of rainbow trout and brown trout. Predation mortality appeared to be responsible for a more than three‐fold difference in the survival of Chinook salmon parr in the Muskegon River. The vulnerability of Chinook salmon parr to predation appeared to be controlled by parr growth rates, brown trout stocking dates, and the number of brown trout stocked. Fishery regulations to manipulate piscivore abundance may lead to higher survival and lower variability in the survival of Chinook salmon parr.
The Effect of Fluctuating Temperatures and Ration Levels on the Growth of Juvenile Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon
Authors: Geist David R. , Deng Zhiqun , Mueller Robert P. , Cullinan Valerie , Brink Steven , Chandler James A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDetermining the fate of juvenile fish that are exposed to elevated temperatures is complicated by the fact that the optimum temperature for the growth and survival of salmonids decreases as the amount of food becomes restricted. In this study, naturally produced juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawere fed daily ration levels of 1, 4, or 8% of their body weight and exposed to either constant temperatures (10–14°C) or fluctuating temperatures that mimicked the heating rate (1.5°C/h) and maximum daily temperatures (19–23°C) of entrapment pools that form along the shoreline downstream of Hells Canyon Dam when river flows are altered to meet electric power demand. The survival rate for all groups was 99.9%, and there was no evidence that juvenile fall Chinook salmon fed reduced rations and exposed to constant temperatures grew to a greater extent than juvenile fall Chinook salmon exposed to fluctuating temperatures. The only exception was with the 1% ration level in which juvenile fall Chinook salmon that were exposed to a constant 10°C added more weight over the 14‐d exposure period (1% of body weight per day [WT/d]) than fish exposed to temperatures that fluctuated from 10°C to 19.0°C (0.3% WT/d) and from 10°C to 22°C daily (0% WT/d). We conclude that the lack of difference in growth rates between the fluctuating and constant temperature regimes at daily ration levels of at least 4% stems from the facts that the rate of temperature change in this study was within the acclimation range for growth, the daily average temperatures were less than thermal optimum values, and the temperature amplitudes were within lethal limits.
Historical Influences of Volcanism and Glaciation in Shaping Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Distribution in Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout across Its Native Range
Authors: Campbell Matthew R. , Kozfkay Christine C. , Meyer Kevin A. , Powell Madison S. , Williams Richard N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhile Yellowstone cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriare probably the best known and one of the most extensively researched of all the subspecies of cutthroat trout, relatively little is known about their genetic structure and evolutionary history. In this study, we assessed the genetic variability and population structure among 50 populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout over a large portion of their range in Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada using restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 and ND2 gene regions. Among the more than 1,000 samples analyzed, a total of 17 haplotypes were observed. These data indicate significant geographic structuring of the genetic variation between drainages and varying levels of reproductive isolation among populations within drainages. Much of this genetic structuring is clearly the product of long‐term historical processes (basaltic volcanism and glaciations) that have isolated populations for substantial periods of time and then, in many cases, allowed secondary contact and subsequent admixture of divergent populations. Comparisons of samples between major basins were consistent with the results of previous allozyme and mtDNA investigations indicating that cutthroat trout in the Bear River basin in Utah have a more recent common ancestor with Yellowstone cutthroat trout than with the populations of Bonneville cutthroat troutO. c. utahin the central and southern portions of their range in Utah. The results from this study should assist managers with future conservation and management planning efforts for both subspecies.
Electronic Tagging of Green Sturgeon Reveals Population Structure and Movement among Estuaries
Authors: Lindley Steven T. , Erickson Daniel L. , Moser Mary L. , Williams Greg , Langness Olaf P. , McCovey Barry W. , Belchik Michael , Vogel Dave , Pinnix William , Kelly John T. , Heublein Joseph C. , Klimley A. Peter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGreen sturgeon Acipenser medirostris spend much of their lives outside of their natal rivers, but the details of their migrations and habitat use are poorly known, which limits our understanding of how this species might be affected by human activities and habitat degradation. We tagged 355 green sturgeon with acoustic transmitters on their spawning grounds and in known nonspawning aggregation sites and examined their movement among these sites and other potentially important locations using automated data‐logging hydrophones. We found that green sturgeon inhabit a number of estuarine and coastal sites over the summer, including the Columbia River estuary, Willapa Bay, Grays Harbor, and the estuaries of certain smaller rivers in Oregon, especially the Umpqua River estuary. Green sturgeon from different natal rivers exhibited different patterns of habitat use; most notably, San Francisco Bay was used only by Sacramento River fish, while the Umpqua River estuary was used mostly by fish from the Klamath and Rogue rivers. Earlier work, based on analysis of microsatellite markers, suggested that the Columbia River mixed stock was mainly composed of fish from the Sacramento River, but our results indicate that fish from the Rogue and Klamath River populations frequently use the Columbia River as well. We also found evidence for the existence of migratory contingents within spawning populations. Our findings have significant implications for the management of the threatened Sacramento River population of green sturgeon, which migrates to inland waters outside of California where anthropogenic impacts, including fisheries bycatch and water pollution, may be a concern. Our results also illustrate the utility of acoustic tracking to elucidate the migratory behavior of animals that are otherwise difficult to observe.
Influence of Fire on Native and Nonnative Salmonid Populations and Habitat in a Western Montana Basin
Authors: Sestrich Clint M. , McMahon Thomas E. , Young Michael K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAnticipated increases in the frequency and severity of wildfire may threaten the persistence of native salmonid populations in headwater streams in western North America. This study used extensive pre‐ and postfire data to assess whether wildfire leads to hypothesized declines in native westslope cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii lewisiand bull troutSalvelinus confluentuspopulations along with increases in the prevalence and abundance of nonnative brook troutS. fontinalis. Postfire cutthroat trout density was negatively correlated with the proportion of basin area that burned at moderate to high severity, but the declines in density after fires were less pronounced for bull trout and brook trout. Recovery of cutthroat trout was generally rapid in severely affected reaches. Contrary to expectation, there was no evidence of a marked increase in abundance or invasion by brook trout after wildfire. Brook trout exhibited the most severe declines in debris flow–affected reaches among all species and exhibited less recovery in severely burned reaches than did cutthroat trout. Increased stream temperature was the most significant habitat change that followed wildfire, the mean maximum water temperature during summer months increasing by 2–6°C in severely burned reaches. In contrast, burned area percentage was unrelated to large woody debris density, the percentage of surface fines, substrate diversity, or the percentage of pool habitat. The characteristically high variability in fish and habitat responses to wildfire will continue to pose a challenge for the understanding and management of fire in aquatic ecosystems.
Effects of Partial Replacement of Fish Meal Protein by Microalgae on Growth, Feed Intake, and Body Composition of Atlantic Cod
Authors: Walker Abigail B , Berlinsky David L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight, 40.7 g) in which a combination of dried Nannochloropsis sp. and Isochrysis sp. replaced fish meal protein in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. Three experimental diets (55% protein, 16.5% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,328 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 15, or 30% of dietary fish meal protein. At the conclusion of the 84-d study, no differences in survival, feed conversion ratios, viscerosomatic indices, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in the muscle were found among the treatment groups. Feed intake and growth, which were proportional to the level of algal incorporation, were significantly reduced in the algae-fed fish and were probably due to palatability problems. Feed intake improved in the fish fed the diet with 15% fish meal protein replacement as the study progressed, but hepatosomatic indices indicate that those fed the diet with 30% replacement were approaching starvation.
Received July 13, 2010; accepted September 8, 2010
Genetic Gain for Growth and Delayed Sexual Maturation Using a Feral Strain of Anadromous Brook Trout
Authors: Bastien Andréane , Perry Guy M L , Savaria Jean-Yves , Bernatchez Louis , Audet Céline 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A selective breeding program was initiated with a wild population of anadromous brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from the Laval River, Quebec. The objective was to develop a new strain characterized by improved growth and reduced precocious sexual maturation. A control line was maintained by use of random within-family selection. Length and weight were measured and sexual maturity (mature or not mature) was determined at the end of the second year of growth (22 months of age). In the selected line, phenotypic variance, additive genetic variance, and heritability for weight within the selected families were reduced. A comparison between generations showed that fish weight at 22 months in the selected line increased by 23.1% from the F1 to the F2 generation and by 32.1% from the F2 to the F3 generation. The control line increased similarly in weight from the F1 to the F2 generation (34.7%) but not thereafter; this result was probably due to the domestication effect in the first generation after captivity. The proportion of fish that were immature at 22 months was 32.2% in the F1 generation and increased to 61.4% by the F3 generation in the selected line; the proportion immature did not change significantly after two generations in the control line (27.5%). Our results show that simultaneous selection for growth and late sexual maturation are compatible goals for brook trout breeding programs.
Received April 29, 2009; accepted August 9, 2010
Walleye Fingerling Culture in Earthen and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer-Lined Ponds
Authors: Ward Matthew J , Uphoff Christopher , Stane Justin , Borah Brennen , Henry Adam , Billings Jacob , Johnson Bryar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Production of walleyes Sander vitreus in extensive culture ponds may be variable depending on pond substrate. The goal of this research was to determine whether fish performance and physiochemical differences existed between ponds lined with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and ponds with earthen substrate during extensive walleye culture at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota. Walleye performance measures were compared between the two pond substrates across two culture seasons (2008 and 2009), and walleye food habits were compared between pond substrates for 2009 only. Physiochemical variables and zooplankton abundance were compared between pond types each year, and larval chironomid abundance was compared between pond types for 2009 only. Walleye survival was not affected by pond substrate; however, walleye yield was significantly greater in EPDM-lined ponds than in earthen ponds during 2008 (lined: 75.0 kg/ha; earthen: 32.5 kg/ha) and 2009 (lined: 52.5 kg/ha; earthen: 21.3 kg/ha). Walleye total length estimates were significantly greater in EPDM-lined ponds than in earthen ponds on eight of nine collection dates during the two study years. Over the approximately 40-d culture interval, thermal accumulation in EPDM-lined ponds was 22 daily temperature units (DTUs) greater (1 DTU = average daily temperature of 1.0°C above zero for 24 h) than that in earthen ponds during 2008 and was 19 DTUs greater than that in earthen ponds during 2009. Few differences were observed in weekly zooplankton or chironomid densities between pond types during either year. There was also no significant difference in the number of zooplankton and larval chironomids per walleye digestive tract between pond types in 2009. Future evaluations should include increased replication of the 2009 data and should also compare walleye fry stocking densities in EPDM-lined ponds to determine whether walleye size at harvest is affected by stocking density.
Received December 11, 2009; accepted July 3, 2010
Improvement of Water Chemistry with Bacillus Probiotics Inclusion during Simulated Transport of Yellowfin Tuna Yolk Sac Larvae
Authors: Zink Ian C , Benetti Daniel D , Douillet Philippe A , Margulies Daniel , Scholey Vernon P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of adding a probiotic Bacillus spp. blend on shipping bag water quality and survival of yolk sac larvae of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares during a 24-h mock shipment were investigated. To better detect effects on water quality, the trial was designed without the utilization of available chemical water quality or temperature modulators. Shipping water salinity (30.7–31.0‰) and temperature (24.0–26.7°C) reflected conditions utilized during larval rearing. Probiotic incorporation (15 mL/L, about 1.5 × 106 colony-forming units/mL) resulted in significantly lower final concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia in comparison with the control. Significantly higher final mean dissolved oxygen concentration observed in the probiotic treatment could have resulted from stress reduction. Although no statistical difference was detected in larval survival upon termination of the trial, improvements in water quality (reduced total ammonia nitrogen and increased dissolved oxygen) resulting from incorporation of Bacillus probiotics would yield added levels of safety during shipping and would reduce the chances of negative results while incurring minimal increases in shipping costs.
Received January 28, 2010; accepted May 1, 2010
Preparation of Ormetoprim–Sulfadimethoxine-Medicated Discs for Disc Diffusion Assay
Authors: Gaunt Patricia S , Gao Dana X , Wills Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Romet (a blend of ormetoprim and sulfadimethoxine) is a type A medicated article for the manufacture of medicated feed in the catfish industry. Recently, the commercial manufacture of ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine susceptibility discs was discontinued. Ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were prepared at the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The performance of the laboratory-prepared discs was compared with that of commercially prepared discs in disc diffusion assays with 23 field isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri. The a priori limits of agreement for the laboratory-prepared ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were ±5 mm of the zones for the commercial discs. The resulting zones of inhibition ranged from 33 to 50 mm and from 35 to 52 mm for the laboratory-prepared and commercially prepared discs, respectively. The data comparing the two sets of discs were analyzed to determine the level of agreement. The analysis demonstrated that the laboratory-prepared discs produced a slightly smaller zone of inhibition than the commercially prepared ones. The observed limits of agreement were within the a priori established limits of agreement, indicating that the laboratory-prepared ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were acceptable replacements for the commercially prepared discs.
Received April 21, 2010; accepted June 29, 2010
Modeling the Developmental Patterning of Finiteness Marking in English, Dutch, German, and Spanish Using MOSAIC
Authors: Freudenthal Daniel , Pine Julian M. , Aguado‐Orea Javier , Gobet Fernand 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this study, we apply MOSAIC (model of syntax acquisition in children) to the simulation of the developmental patterning of children's optional infinitive (OI) errors in 4 languages: English, Dutch, German, and Spanish. MOSAIC, which has already simulated this phenomenon in Dutch and English, now implements a learning mechanism that better reflects the theoretical assumptions underlying it, as well as a chunking mechanism that results in frequent phrases being treated as 1 unit. Using 1, identical model that learns from child‐directed speech, we obtain a close quantitative fit to the data from all 4 languages despite there being considerable cross‐linguistic and developmental variation in the OI phenomenon. MOSAIC successfully simulates the difference between Spanish (a pro‐drop language in which OI errors are virtually absent) and obligatory subject languages that do display the OI phenomenon. It also highlights differences in the OI phenomenon across German and Dutch, 2 closely related languages whose grammar is virtually identical with respect to the relation between finiteness and verb placement. Taken together, these results suggest that (a) cross‐linguistic differences in the rates at which children produce OIs are graded, quantitative differences that closely reflect the statistical properties of the input they are exposed to and (b) theories of syntax acquisition need to consider more closely the role of input characteristics as determinants of quantitative differences in the cross‐linguistic patterning of phenomena in language acquisition.
ERP Evidence for the Rapid Assignment of an (Appropriate) Antecedent to PRO
Authors: Demestre Josep , García‐Albea José E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials were recorded while subjects listened to sentences containing a controlled infinitival complement. Subject and object control items were used, both with 2 potential antecedents in the upper clause. Half of the sentences had a gender agreement violation between the null subject of the infinitival complement and an adjective predicated of it. The rapid detection of this anomaly would indicate that the parser had established the coreference relation between the null subject and an antecedent, and that the processor had rapidly consulted verb control information to select the proper antecedent of the null subject. The results showed that for both subject and object control items ungrammatical adjectives elicited a P600 effect. These data imply that the processor has coindexed the null subject with an antecedent, and that the antecedent has been selected on the basis of control information. These results are compatible with parsing models that emphasize the rapid influence of verb‐specific information on sentence processing.
Novel design of phase demodulation scheme for fiber optic interferometric sensors in the advanced undergraduate laboratory
Authors: Zhang Gang , Ge Qiang , Wang Huisheng , Xuqiang Wu , Yu Benli 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phase modulation depth (PMD) is crucial for the phase demodulation scheme of fiber optic interferometric sensors. The novel design of phase generated carrier differential-cross-multiplying (PGC-DCM) demodulation schemes allows undergraduates to understand the operation principle of the sensors and explore the connection between the PMD and the system performance. The system mainly consists of a laser, a fiber Michelson interferometer (FMI), a data acquisition card and a host computer. The simulation signal is first applied on the sensing arm of the FMI by a piezoelectric transducer and induces the phase difference shift between the two arms. Next the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the demodulated signals from the PGC-DCM algorithms under different PMD values are tested and an optimum PMD value is found. Thus, a proportion integral differential (PID) module is designed and integrated with the demodulation algorithm to calibrate the PMD to the optimum value. An ellipse fitting algorithm (EFA) is used to estimate the real-time PMD of the system that is then fed into the PID module. The amplitude of the laser modulation signal is controlled by the PID module, which is proportional to the PMD. Moreover, the response linearity, dynamic range, total harmonic distortion and phase resolution of the system are investigated.
Free expansion of an ideal gas by kinetic gas theory
Authors: Persson Rasmus A X 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We consider the adiabatic free expansion of an ideal gas. According to classical thermodynamics, the internal energy of the gas is not affected by the expansion, but kinetic gas theory predicts an average energy difference between escaping and remaining gas. This difference is transient if the gas escapes into a finite volume, consistent with the equilibrium prediction of classical thermodynamics. For escape into an infinite volume, classical thermodynamics is not applicable. Numerical calculations of the magnitude of the predicted effect are provided.