bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: prescription and delivery
Authors: Hurst Christopher , Robinson Sian M , Witham Miles D , Dodds Richard M , Granic Antoneta , Buckland Charlotte , De Biase Sarah , Finnegan Susanne , Rochester Lynn , Skelton Dawn A , Sayer Avan A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sarcopenia is a generalised skeletal muscle disorder characterised by reduced muscle strength and mass and associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Currently, resistance exercise (RE) is recommended as the first-line treatment for counteracting the deleterious consequences of sarcopenia in older adults. However, whilst there is considerable evidence demonstrating that RE is an effective intervention for improving muscle strength and function in healthy older adults, much less is known about its benefits in older people living with sarcopenia. Furthermore, evidence for its optimal prescription and delivery is very limited and any potential benefits of RE are unlikely to be realised in the absence of an appropriate exercise dose. We provide a summary of the underlying principles of effective RE prescription (specificity, overload and progression) and discuss the main variables (training frequency, exercise selection, exercise intensity, exercise volume and rest periods) that can be manipulated when designing RE programmes. Following this, we propose that an RE programme that consists of two exercise sessions per week and involves a combination of upper- and lower-body exercises performed with a relatively high degree of effort for 1–3 sets of 6–12 repetitions is appropriate as a treatment for sarcopenia. The principles of RE prescription outlined here and the proposed RE programme presented in this paper provide a useful resource for clinicians and exercise practitioners treating older adults with sarcopenia and will also be of value to researchers for standardising approaches to RE interventions in future sarcopenia studies.
Potential Effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transmission: A Modeling Study in 32 US Cities
Authors: Fojo Anthony , Wallengren Emma , Schnure Melissa , Dowdy David W , Shah Maunank , Kasaie Parastu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
The degree to which the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic will affect the US human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is unclear.

Methods
We used the Johns Hopkins Epidemiologic and Economic Model to project HIV infections from 2020 to 2025 in 32 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). We sampled a range of effects of the pandemic on sexual transmission (0–50% reduction), viral suppression among people with HIV (0–40% reduction), HIV testing (0–50% reduction), and pre-exposure prophylaxis use (0–30% reduction), and indexed reductions over time to Google Community Mobility Reports.

Results
Simulations projected reported diagnoses would drop in 2020 and rebound in 2021 or 2022, regardless of underlying incidence. If sexual transmission normalized by July 2021 and HIV care normalized by January 2022, we projected 1161 (1%) more infections from 2020 to 2025 across all 32 cities than if COVID-19 had not occurred. Among “optimistic” simulations in which sexual transmission was sharply reduced and viral suppression was maintained we projected 8% lower incidence (95% credible interval: 14% lower to no change). Among “pessimistic” simulations where sexual transmission was largely unchanged but viral suppression fell, we projected 11% higher incidence (1–21% higher). MSA-specific projections are available at www.jheem.org?covid.

Conclusions
The effects of COVID-19 on HIV transmission remain uncertain and differ between cities. Reported diagnoses of HIV in 2020–2021 are likely to correlate poorly with underlying incidence. Minimizing disruptions to HIV care is critical to mitigating negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV transmission.
Abandonment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis Prescriptions at Retail Pharmacies—United States, 2019
Authors: Huang Ya Lin A , Zhu Weiming , Carnes Neal , Hoover Karen W 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We analyzed a national pharmacy database to estimate the annual number of persons who abandoned preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescriptions and assessed associated factors. About 9% of persons prescribed PrEP abandoned prescriptions in 2019; abandonment was associated with sex, age, insurance type, black race/ethnicity, and drug copayment amount.
Clinical and haemodynamic variables associated with intensive care unit length of stay and early adverse outcomes after the Norwood procedure
Authors: Staehler Helena , Ono Masamichi , Schober Patrick , Kido Takashi , Heinisch Paul Philipp , Strbad Martina , Vodiskar Janez , Cleuziou Julie , Lemmer Julia , Balling Gunter , Hager Alfred , Ewert Peter , Hörer Jürgen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to determine the clinical and haemodynamic variables associated with early adverse outcomes after the neonatal Norwood procedure.

METHODS
Patients who underwent the neonatal Norwood procedure between 2001 and 2019 were included. The patient diagnosis, morphological characteristics and haemodynamic parameters were analysed to identify factors associated with length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality during the stay.

RESULTS
A total of 322 patients were depicted. The median age and weight at the Norwood procedure were 9 days and 3.2 kg, respectively. Certain morphological and preoperative parameters, such as birth weight below 2.5 kg, restrictive atrial septal defect, extracardiac anomalies and the diameter of the ascending aorta, were found to be associated with the LOS in the ICU. Analysis using early postoperative haemodynamic variables revealed that systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, serum lactate levels and reduced ventricular function at 2 days postoperatively were associated with the LOS in the ICU. Birth weight &lt;2.5 kg (P = 0.010), a restrictive atrial septal defect (P = 0.001) and smaller ascending aorta (P = 0.039) were associated with death in the ICU. Reduced ventricular function, lower systolic aortic pressure and higher lactate levels at various time points (P &lt; 0.05) were also associated with ICU deaths. The LOS in the ICU was significantly associated with late mortality (P &lt; 0.001, Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.015).

CONCLUSIONS
The LOS in the ICU after the Norwood procedure was predicted by early postoperative haemodynamic variables, suggesting that good early postoperative haemodynamics determine early recovery. A prolonged stay in the ICU after the Norwood procedure was associated with late mortality.
The effects of a primary care low-carbohydrate, high-fat dietary educational intervention on laboratory and anthropometric data of patients with chronic disease: a retrospective cohort chart review
Authors: Myshak-Davis Alexandra T , Evans Janet , Howay Heidi , Sakakibara Brodie M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diets are shown to have health benefits such as weight loss and improved cardiovascular health. Few studies, however, on LCHF diets have been completed in a real-world primary care setting over an extended period of time.

Objectives
To examine the efficacy of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat dietary educational intervention delivered in a family practice setting on weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). A secondary objective was to determine whether compliance to the program had an effect on outcomes.

Methods
In this retrospective chart review, we collected laboratory and anthropometric data from an electronic medical record system for patients (n = 122) at least 19 years of age, who attended at least 2 LCHF educational sessions between January 2018 and May 2020. Pre-post mean differences of outcome were analysed using paired sample t-tests. Independent sample t-tests examined the effect of compliance on the outcomes.

Results
Statistically significant reductions in weight (3.96 kg [P &lt; 0.001]) and BMI (1.46 kg/m2 [P = 0.001]) were observed. Compared with patients who participated in ≤5 educational visits, patients who participated in &gt;5 visits showed trends towards more clinically significant changes in weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, eGFR, and ACR.

Conclusion
Improvements in weight and BMI indicate the utility of providing LCHF health promotion interventions in primary care settings. Greater compliance to LCHF interventions results in greater improvement in laboratory and anthropometric outcomes, including HbA1c.
Evolution of polygenic traits under global vs local adaptation
Authors: Yeaman Sam 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Observations about the number, frequency, effect size, and genomic distribution of alleles associated with complex traits must be interpreted in light of evolutionary process. These characteristics, which constitute a trait’s genetic architecture, can dramatically affect evolutionary outcomes in applications from agriculture to medicine, and can provide a window into how evolution works. Here, I review theoretical predictions about the evolution of genetic architecture under spatially homogeneous, global adaptation as compared with spatially heterogeneous, local adaptation. Due to the tension between divergent selection and migration, local adaptation can favor “concentrated” genetic architectures that are enriched for alleles of larger effect, clustered in a smaller number of genomic regions, relative to expectations under global adaptation. However, the evolution of such architectures may be limited by many factors, including the genotypic redundancy of the trait, mutation rate, and temporal variability of environment. I review the circumstances in which predictions differ for global vs local adaptation and discuss where progress can be made in testing hypotheses using data from natural populations and lab experiments. As the field of comparative population genomics expands in scope, differences in architecture among traits and species will provide insights into how evolution works, and such differences must be interpreted in light of which kind of selection has been operating.
Anisotropic elastic parameter estimation from multicomponent ground-motion observations: a theoretical study
Authors: Noe S , Yuan S , Montagner J-P , Igel H 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARY
We investigate the potential of multicomponent, single-point ground-motion observations (displacement, rotation and strain) to allow the estimation of near-receiver anisotropic elastic parameters. Based on full-space, plane-wave propagation analysis, we demonstrate that in (locally homogeneous) anisotropic media, the wave propagation direction and the velocities of quasi-P and quasi-S waves can—in principle—be determined from three components of displacements and three components of rotations. Mimicking the situation of a borehole setting, we formulate an inverse problem, estimating the full elastic tensor from multidirectional observations. We show that in the presence of noise it is beneficial to observe additionally a longitudinal strain component (e.g. along the borehole), further constraining the predominantly quasi-P related elastic tensor components.
Positive Fuss–Catalan Numbers and Simple-Minded Systems in Negative Calabi–Yau Categories
Authors: Iyama Osamu , Jin Haibo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe establish a bijection between $d$-simple-minded systems ($d$-SMSs) of $(-d)$-Calabi–Yau cluster category $\mathcal C_{-d}(H)$ and silting objects of ${\mathcal {D}}^{\mathrm {b}}(H)$ contained in ${\mathcal {D}}^{\le 0}\cap {\mathcal {D}}^{\ge 1-d}$ for hereditary algebra $H$ of Dynkin type and $d\ge 1$. We show that the number of $d$-SMSs in $\mathcal C_{-d}(H)$ is the positive Fuss–Catalan number $C_{d}^{+}(W)$ of the corresponding Weyl group $W$, by applying this bijection and Buan–Reiten–Thomas’ and Zhu’s results on Fomin–Reading’s generalized cluster complexes. Our results are based on a refined version of silting-$t$-structure correspondence.
Marcel Breuer, the Wassily Chair and the ‘Frozen’ Bauhaus Modernism After 1945
Authors: Cacciola Donatella 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Marcel Breuer was the first Bauhaus designer—and one of only a few—who was actively involved in reissuing his furniture designs. When Dino Gavina began working with Breuer to reissue his first tubular steel chair in November 1962, calling it ‘Wassily’, it was almost forty years old. In fact, the Wassily chair was not the first attempt to reissue the first tubular steel armchair of 1926. In 1960, Wohnbedarf in Zürich produced a limited edition, but sold only three pieces. Two years later, the first Wassily chair appeared at Gavina’s showroom in Milan, thus securing it a ‘career’ as a timeless piece of design furniture. This contrasted with Breuer’s earlier, unsuccessful attempts to launch and produce his designs during the 1940s and 1950s. This article investigates these first attempts, as well as the making of reissues and the reasons for their success. It also investigates several contradictions in the ‘Wassily’ reissue, beginning with the paradox that, in order to be recognized and succeed commercially, Bauhaus objects had to resemble those of the past and their designers were not asked to create up-to-date pieces of furniture.
Military Medical Students’ Perspectives on Medical Education in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Crispell Rachel , Woodard Catherine , Mullin Kaitlyn , Moreh Yonatan , Meyer Eric G 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
In response to the COVID pandemic, Uniformed Services University (USU) suspended clerkships. As the nation’s military medical school, USU had to keep students safe while still preparing them to be military physicians. In this commentary, we, a group of USU students, explore what this experience taught us about military medicine.
The Subaru HSC weak lensing mass-observable scaling relations of spectroscopic galaxy groups from the GAMA survey
Authors: Rana Divya , More Surhud , Miyatake Hironao , Nishimichi Takahiro , Takada Masahiro , Robotham Aaron S G , Hopkins Andrew M , Holwerda Benne W 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We utilize the galaxy shape catalogue from the first-year data release of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey to study the dark matter content of galaxy groups in the Universe using weak lensing. We use galaxy groups from the Galaxy Mass and Assembly galaxy survey in approximately 100 sq. degrees of the sky that overlap with the HSC survey as lenses. We restrict our analysis to the 1587 groups with at least five members. We divide these groups into six bins each of group luminosity and group member velocity dispersion and measure the lensing signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of 55 and 51 for these two different selections, respectively. We use a Bayesian halo model framework to infer the halo mass distribution of our groups binned in the two different observable properties and constrain the power-law scaling relation and the scatter between mean halo masses and the two-group observable properties. We obtain a 5 per cent constraint on the amplitude of the scaling relation between halo mass and group luminosity with 〈M〉 = (0.81 ± 0.04) × 1014 h−1 M⊙ for Lgrp = 1011.5 h−2 L⊙, and a power-law index of α = 1.01 ± 0.07. We constrain the amplitude of the scaling relation between halo mass and velocity dispersion to be 〈M〉 = (0.93 ± 0.05) × 1014 h−1 M⊙ for $\sigma = 500\, {\rm km\, s}^{-1}$ and a power-law index to be α = 1.52 ± 0.10. However, these scaling relations are sensitive to the exact cuts applied to the number of group members. Comparisons with similar scaling relations from the literature show that our results are consistent and have significantly reduced errors.
Gravitational radiation back-reaction from f-modes on neutron stars
Authors: Yim G , Jones D I 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The problem of the gravitational radiation damping of neutron star fundamental (f) mode oscillations has received considerable attention. Many studies have looked at the stability of such oscillations in rapidly rotating stars, calculating the growth or decay rate of the mode amplitude. In this paper, we look at the relatively neglected problem of the radiation reaction on the spin of the star. We specialize greatly to the so-called Kelvin modes: the modes of oscillation of (initially) non-rotating incompressible stars. We find the unexpected result that the excitation of a mode of angular momentum δJ on an initially non-rotating star ends up radiating an angular momentum 2δJ to infinity, leaving the star itself with a bulk angular momentum of −δJ. This result is interesting in itself, and also will have implications for the angular momentum budgets of spinning down neutron stars, should such modes be excited.
Probing into emission mechanisms of GRB 190530A using time-resolved spectra and polarization studies: Synchrotron Origin?
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Gupta S , Chattopadhyay T , Lipunov V , Castro-Tirado A J , Bhattacharya D , Pandey S B , Oates S R , Kumar Amit , Hu Y-D , Valeev A F , Minaev P Yu , Kumar H , Vinko J , Dimple Dimple , Sharma V , Aryan A , Castellón A , Gabovich A , Moskvitin A , Ordasi A , Pál A , Pozanenko A , Zhang B-B , Kumar B , Svinkin D , Saraogi D , Vlasenko D , Fernández-García E , Gorbovskoy E , Anupama G C , Misra K , Sárneczky K , Kriskovics L , Castro-Tirado M Á , Caballero-García M D , Tiurina N , Balanutsa P , Lopez R R , Sánchez-Ramírez R , Szakáts R , Belkin S , Guziy S , Iyyani S , Tiwari S N , Vadawale Santosh V , Sun T , Bhalerao V , Kornilov V , Sokolov V V 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Multi-pulsed GRB 190530A, detected by the GBM and LAT onboard Fermi, is the sixth most fluent GBM burst detected so far. This paper presents the timing, spectral, and polarimetric analysis of the prompt emission observed using AstroSat and Fermi to provide insight into the prompt emission radiation mechanisms. The time-integrated spectrum shows conclusive proof of two breaks due to peak energy and a second lower energy break. Time-integrated (55.43 ± 21.30 %) as well as time-resolved polarization measurements, made by the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) onboard AstroSat, show a hint of high degree of polarization. The presence of a hint of high degree of polarization and the values of low energy spectral index (αpt) do not run over the synchrotron limit for the first two pulses, supporting the synchrotron origin in an ordered magnetic field. However, during the third pulse, αpt exceeds the synchrotron line of death in few bins, and a thermal signature along with the synchrotron component in the time-resolved spectra is observed. Furthermore, we also report the earliest optical observations constraining afterglow polarization using the MASTER (P &lt; 1.3 %) and the redshift measurement (z= 0.9386) obtained with the 10.4m GTC telescopes. The broadband afterglow can be described with a forward shock model for an ISM-like medium with a wide jet opening angle. We determine a circumburst density of n0 ∼ 7.41, kinetic energy EK ∼ 7.24 × 1054 erg, and radiated γ-ray energy Eγ, iso ∼ 6.05 × 1054 erg, respectively.
The nature of high [O iii]88 μ m/[C ii]158 μm galaxies in the epoch of reionization: Low carbon abundance and a top-heavy IMF?
Authors: Katz Harley , Rosdahl Joakim , Kimm Taysun , Garel Thibault , Blaizot Jérémy , Haehnelt Martin G , Michel-Dansac Léo , Martin-Alvarez Sergio , Devriendt Julien , Slyz Adrianne , Teyssier Romain , Ocvirk Pierre , Laporte Nicolas , Ellis Richard 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
ALMA observations of z &gt; 6 galaxies have revealed abnormally high [O iii]88 $\mu$m/[C ii]158 $\mu$m ratios and [C ii]158 $\mu$m deficits compared to local galaxies. The origin of this behaviour is unknown. Numerous solutions have been proposed including differences in C and O abundance ratios, observational bias, and differences in ISM properties, including ionization parameter, gas density, or photodissociation region (PDR) covering fraction. In order to elucidate the underlying physics that drives this high-redshift phenomenon, we employ sphinx20, a state-of-the-art, cosmological radiation–hydrodynamics simulation, that resolves detailed ISM properties of thousands of galaxies in the epoch of reionization which has been post-processed with cloudy to predict emission lines. We find that the observed z &gt; 6 [O iii]88 $\mu$m–SFR and [C ii]158 $\mu$m–SFR relations can only be reproduced when the C/O abundance ratio is ∼8 × lower than Solar and the total metal production is ∼4 × higher than that of a Kroupa IMF. This implies that high-redshift galaxies are potentially primarily enriched by low-metallicity core–collapse supernovae with a more top-heavy IMF. As AGB stars and type-Ia supernova begin to contribute to the galaxy metallicity, both the [C ii]158 $\mu$m–SFR and [C ii]158 $\mu$m luminosity functions are predicted to converge to observed values at z ∼ 4.5. While we demonstrate that ionization parameter, LyC escape fraction, ISM gas density, and CMB attenuation all drive galaxies towards higher [O iii]88 $\mu$m/[C ii]158 $\mu$m, observed values at z &gt; 6 can only be reproduced with substantially lower C/O abundances compared to Solar. The combination of [C ii]158 $\mu$m and [O iii]88 $\mu$m can be used to predict the values of ionization parameter, ISM gas density, and LyC escape fraction and we provide estimates of these quantities for nine observed z &gt; 6 galaxies. Finally, we demonstrate that [O i]63 $\mu$m can be used as a replacement for [C ii]158 $\mu$ m in high-redshift galaxies where [C ii]158 $\mu$ m is unobserved and argue that more observation time should be used to target [O i]63 $\mu$m at z &gt; 6. Future simulations will be needed to self-consistently address the numerous uncertainties surrounding a varying IMF at high redshift and the associated metal returns.
Mapping the surface of partially cloudy exoplanets is hard
Authors: Teinturier Lucas , Vieira Nicholas , Jacquet Elisa , Geoffrion Juliette , Bestavros Youssef , Keating Dylan , Cowan Nicolas B 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Reflected light photometry of terrestrial exoplanets could reveal the presence of oceans and continents, hence placing direct constraints on the current and long-term habitability of these worlds. Inferring the albedo map of a planet from its observed light curve is challenging because different maps may yield indistinguishable light curves. This degeneracy is aggravated by changing clouds. It has previously been suggested that disc-integrated photometry spanning multiple days could be combined to obtain a cloud-free surface map of an exoplanet. We demonstrate this technique as part of a Bayesian retrieval by simultaneously fitting for the fixed surface map of a planet and the time-variable overlying clouds. We test this approach on synthetic data and then apply it to real disc-integrated observations of the Earth. We find that 8 d of continuous synthetic observations are sufficient to reconstruct a faithful low-resolution surface albedo map, without needing to make assumptions about cloud physics. For light curves with negligible photometric uncertainties, the minimal top-of-atmosphere albedo at a location is a good estimate of its surface albedo. When applied to observations from the Earth Polychromating Imaging Camera aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory spacecraft, our approach removes only a small fraction of clouds. We attribute this difficulty to the full-phase geometry of observations combined with the short correlation length for Earth clouds. For exoplanets with Earth-like climatology, it may be hard to do much better than a cloud-averaged map. We surmise that cloud removal will be most successful for exoplanets imaged near quarter phase that harbour large cloud systems.