bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Not to Know
Authors: Stoler Ann Laura 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the ways in which colonial detritus gives force and form to contemporary inequities that raises a conceptual and political challenge. It explains how to treat the ubiquitous use and abuse of forgetting that accompanies the official, revisionist, and personal histories of colonial impositions, degradations, and violences. It also talks about colonial forgetting, which is invoked to describe and account for a multiplex of phenomena, such as strategic apologies, inadvertent omissions, unintended neglect, oversights, mass graves that are hard to locate, and dramatic revelations. The chapter discusses ways of broaching the work that forgetting is called on to perform and to identify the heavy labor that the term is intended, expected, and counted on to do. It addresses the question on what it takes to submit forgetting to the range of temporalities it can inhabit with respect to colonial acts and effects.
Vasubandhu’s Viṃśatikākārikā
Authors: Huebner Bryce 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the philosophical framework, as well as some of the interesting arguments, that are presented by Vasubandhu in his Treatise in Twenty Verses. It is not, however, an attempt to provide a close reading of any part of this text. Instead, it explores several different ways of thinking with Vasubandhu, in contexts that include habituated understandings of the history of philosophy, experiences of dreams and hallucinations, and habituated understandings of the world as a space of racialized possibilities. And it concludes with an argument for treating this widely read and highly influential work of philosophy as a neglected philosophical classic.
On Mary Shepherd’s Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect
Authors: Wilson Jessica 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mary Shepherd (1777–1847) was a fierce and brilliant critic of Berkeley and Hume, who moreover offered strikingly original positive views about the nature of reality and one’s access to it, which deserve much more attention (and credit, since she anticipates many prominent views) than they have received thus far. By way of illustration, this chapter focuses on Shepherd’s 1824 Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect, Controverting the Doctrine of Mr. Hume, Concerning the Nature of that Relation (ERCE). After a brief setup, the author canvasses certain of Shepherd’s trenchant objections to Hume’s argumentation; and then presents the positive core of Shepherd’s response to Hume, which consists in providing novel accounts of how reason alone or reason coupled with experience can justify, first, that every effect must have a cause, and second, that it is necessary that like causes produce like effects. Among other contributions here, Shepherd provides a distinctively metaphysical argument for the claim that nothing can begin to exist “of itself” (going beyond an appeal to the Principle of Sufficient Reason, in particular), and leverages difference-making considerations to make the case that a single “experimentum crucis” can justify causal belief (anticipating Mill’s “method of difference”). The chapter closes by highlighting salient features of Shepherd’s metaphysics of causation, whereby causation is singularist and local (anticipating Ducasse and Anscombe) and involves synchronic interactions (anticipating Mill’s and certain contemporary accounts), and according to which objects are essentially characterized by their causes and effects (anticipating contemporary causal or dispositional essentialist positions).
Lima’s Indian Republics, 1532–1650
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lima was established as a Spanish administrative center in the early sixteenth century by removing its Indigenous inhabitants, but it was built and became a major city through the work of Indigenous and Black laborers. Rather than attempting to separate its populations, Lima’s governors tried to attach Black and Indigenous workers to Spanish supervisors, through apprenticeships and service arrangements. These were intended to promote policía, or Christian civic order, among a population that was not only neophyte but considered idle or criminal. GIS maps made using a 1613 census of its Indians demonstrate how occupational networks spread Indigenous servants and artisans across the city, and also reveal their internal hierarchies and forms of social mobility.
Institutionalizing Legal Difference in Castile
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muslim and Jewish aljamas in fifteenth-century Castile practiced limited autonomy, and were generally able to use their own laws and judges to manage internal civil issues. They did so while contesting interventions from monarchs as well as municipal authorities. They had leaders, both at the level of the kingdom (alcaldes mayores de las aljamas) and locally (qadis, rabbis, judges, and alcaldes) who negotiated these relationships. The city also had an alcalde de los negros who represented the interests of the free and enslaved community with non-Muslim African ancestry. All of these corporate entities produced everyday forms of justice that bound the communities together despite their subordinate positions.
Aljama, or the Republic of Difference
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite the lack of internal evidence, it is possible to discern many of the activities of the late fifteenth-century Muslim and Jewish aljamas, including religious practices, the management of property and resources, and inheritance law. The physical space of the city, its synagogues and cemeteries, reveals public and private rituals. Its officers and leaders help us to envision its governance, the distribution of tax burdens, and the promulgation of law. And the analysis of what is missing from the Christian notarial records is a guide to what must have taken place within the community: the writing of wills and tutelage agreements, the distribution of property, documentation of credit arrangements, and other activities that supported the communities’ existence.
Caciques and Local Governance in the Andes
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In Peru, Spaniards embraced native self-governance as a colonial strategy but also fomented distrust of caciques as leaders. The need to organize Indigenous labor and provide effective access to Catholic catechism led viceroys to promote reducción, the relocation of dispersed populations to concentrated Indian towns with elected officers. These were intended to transform native peoples into Christian tributaries with policía or civic virtues. But caciques were not sidelined, they continued to function, alongside native cabildos, as judges within certain jurisdictions accepted by Spanish courts. While there are few records of their internal deliberations, the refusal of Spanish judges to hear certain kinds of cases indicates some of what they did and all these officials managed the tensions of early colonial rule.
Walls and Law in Lima and Its Cercado
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1580, Lima received its own pueblo de indios, known as Santiago del Cercado, to host the temporary laborers who came to the city each year to labor on behalf of the Spanish authorities. It was placed under the guidance of the Jesuit order, and encircled with a wall. Lima’s authorities fought over who would be required to live within it, and the king banned forced relocations. But many Indigenous residents in Lima moved to the Cercado voluntarily, creating a new social order under an Indian alcalde, with its own governance and law. That law responded to the tensions on the site, between those who saw it as a support for transient forced “mita” labor and those who understood it as a city on its own terms. These conflicts, which played out within Indigenous as well as Spanish spheres, helped to construct a racialized notion of Indianness in the colonial world.
Florence B. Price, Piano Sonata in E minor (1932)
Authors: Maxile Horace J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first movement of Florence Price’s Piano Sonata in E minor (1932) highlights a strong sense of conventional form while exploring the possibilities of thematic material based on Black musical emblems. The melodies feature syncopations, modal inflections, and pentatonic collections. These features, among others, signify a distinctive vernacular presence, and yet her penchant for neo-Romanticism, replete with intriguing chromatic excursions, denotes an undeniable western European influence. This essay investigates the interactions of Price’s use of Black folk elements within the prevailingly learned style of the sonata’s first movement. Because of the cultural potency and historical bearing of Black vernacular emblems, ideas and approaches to musical signification and meaning are particularly viable in this analytical reading. Thus, her use of such emblems not only offers effective surface-level subtleties, but also poses veritable signifiers that affect the formal and expressive trajectories of the work.
Galina Ustvolskaya, Sonata for Violin and Piano (1952)
Authors: Sullivan Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Galina Ustvolskaya’s Sonata for Violin and Piano (1952) was her first work to garner international attention, and while it is a relatively early work in her oeuvre, the Sonata for Violin and Piano is a superb example of Ustvolskaya’s mature aesthetic. This essay begins with a reading of the sonata from a listening perspective, followed by an analytical exploration of the work’s structure based on those initial observations. The foreground structure of the sonata is constructed with blocks of motivic material that interact unpredictably across long stretches of time; yet as the title of the work suggests, there is a background structure that engages with traditional formal archetypes. This essay is concerned primarily with Ustvolskaya’s compositional craft, and in particular avoids the gendered nicknames and aesthetic descriptors that commonly accompany any discussion of Ustvolskaya’s music.
Language
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although infants do not begin to speak intelligibly until the end of the first year, they begin to learn their native language before birth. Throughout the first year, language learning progresses at multiple levels in parallel: Infants learn not only to identify the sounds of their language but to distinguish the content words that refer to things and events from the function words that convey the relationships between things and events: relationships captured by the grammar of their language. Well before infants have confidently mastered the meanings of any content words, they make considerable progress in deciphering the forms, functions, and ordering of elements in their native language. They appear to do so, in part, by mapping function words to representations from core knowledge.
Establishing an Absolute Chronology of the Middle Bronze Age
Authors: Höflmayer Felix 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the present state of debate on the absolute dating of the Middle Bronze Age in the Near East. The chapter presents the historical chronologies based on political events/periods, relative chronologies based on archaeological stratigraphy and the development of material culture, as well as scientific dating based on radiocarbon data. While absolute dating schemes for the Middle Bronze Age are traditionally dependent on the Egyptian historical chronology, recent radiocarbon dating programs have provided a growing data set of reliable measurements that allow independent synchronization of the various chronologies of Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt. The chapter compares the results of the various approaches, juxtaposing the results of historical and archaeological assessments with the results gained from current radiocarbon data.
The Neoliberal Perspective
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines the neoliberal perspective and how it challenges the traditional roles of schools in distributing access to schools, grades, and pedagogies. Under neoliberalism, the state intervenes to provide the conditions necessary for optimal market operation and control of the school system. Accountability and marketization are central themes in the neoliberal discourse on educational justice. For instance, school choice is part of a market-oriented justice discourse that strongly influences access to schools. Testing requirements are increased, in keeping with the accountability approach in evaluating students’ achievements. This policy is designed to foster competition and promote privatization, particularly among marginalized groups. Finally, pedagogies are governed by a new notion of managerialism that stresses efficiency and competition rather than teachers’ professional autonomy and concern with learning. The chapter discusses the shortcomings of the neoliberal education justice discourse and its susceptibility to local neoconservative values, manifested, for example, in the religionization of Israeli education.
Sisters, Please, I’d Rather Do It Myself
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many feminist philosophers have criticized the “individualism” of much analytic epistemology on the grounds that its individualistic idealizations obscure or falsify central features of human knowledge, and that, by doing so, serve to preserve oppressive epistemic practices and structures. This essay argues that, on the contrary, certain individualistic idealizations are both theoretically defensible and politically useful. More specifically, the essay distinguishes three independent individualistic theses—interchangeability, self-sufficiency, and methodological individualism—and argues that an engaged epistemology must retain some version of each. It concludes by showing how even a descriptively false form of individualism can have value for feminists when treated as a “cognitive heuristic.”
Is There a “Feminist” Philosophy of Language?
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Feminist uncovering of masculinist bias within philosophy has given rise to two types of feminist project: the “replacement” project, which aims to replace philosophical programs held to be irreparably biased with distinctively feminist programs, and the “practicalist” project, which aims to mine male-constructed philosophical theories for ideas useful to feminist work. I argue against pursuing replacement projects, on the grounds that they depend on a prior delegitimation of opposing views, and ad feminem dismissal of philosophers who hold them. Practicalist projects, on the other hand, acknowledge that even theories infected by masculinist bias can contain ideas that are not only cogent, but of practical value to feminists. I illustrate these claims with a case study: Jennifer Hornsby’s claim that individualistic theories of language ought to be rejected by feminists because they spring from masculinist bias. I happen to be a defender of the sort of theory Hornsby dismisses.
Be What I Say
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay argues against Rae Langton’s view that pornography is a verdictive or exercitive speech act that makes it the case that women are subordinate to men. There are two problems. First, Langton also says that pornography says that women are subordinate, but verdictive and exercitive speech acts do not, and cannot, describe the states of affairs they bring about. Second, pornography does not satisfy the conditions necessary for a speech act to be verdictive or exercitive. There do not exist accepted background conventions that would give the pornographer authority to render verdicts or to take executive action. Langton’s response betrays a confusion of authority with power.
Back to Androgyny: What Bathrooms Can Teach Us About Equality
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Feminism strives to establish equality between the sexes—but what would such equality consist in? This essay embraces an option described by Richard Wasserstrom—viz., an ideal of gender equality according to which sexual difference has no more systematic social significance than eye color currently does. The essay contends that, since gender itself is a social system that brings into concordance sets of properties that have no natural or rational connection to each other, gender equality in the preferred sense requires the elimination of gender. The essay concludes by considering and responding to several objections to this conception of equality as applied to gender.
Natures and Norms
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay defends the claim that there is, in at least one interesting sense, such a thing as human nature. But it retracts the author’s earlier view that such a notion is needed to provide a foundation for a liberatory ethics. Martha Nussbaum has made particularly compelling arguments that a notion of human essence is needed to address three ethical challenges that feminism faces. This essay contends, however, that it’s enough to meet these challenges to show that it is an empirically robust fact about human (and perhaps other) beings that they possess normatively significant properties. These properties are “innate” in the sense that human genotypes express these properties through an extremely wide range of environments. But this etiology, while it gives us confidence that these properties are (close to) universal, it is in itself ethically unimportant. That human beings possess these properties is neither a universal nor a necessary truth, but a robust contingent truth that makes ethical community possible.
Different Voices or Perfect Storm
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay identifies and describes two different paradigms for explaining the dearth of women in academic philosophy. The “Different Voices” model posits intrinsic differences between men and women that make philosophy less appealing to women. The “Perfect Storm” model appeals to the interaction effects of a variety of discriminatory practices that come together synergistically in academic philosophy. The essay argues that we ought to abandon the Different Voices model and embrace the Perfect Storm model, because the expected utility of pursuing the second is considerably higher than the expected utility of pursing the first. The essays cite several reasons for thinking this is true. Most importantly, the essay argues, Different Voices models have, both historically and currently, failed to provide appropriate empirical backing for their claims, whereas the existence of the component phenomena of the Perfect Storm model has been empirically documented. As a case study, this essay criticizes a version of the Different Voices model recently advanced by Wesley Buckwalter and Stephen Stich.
Patient focus
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents questions on working with a patient focus. It includes SJT scenarios on topics such as refusal of live-saving treatment and decision-making and capacity, as well as the often-competing interests of one’s bosses, supervisors, patients’ relatives, other healthcare professionals, ancillary services, and representatives of the Trust. In among all of these is a patient, if not many, for whom all of these individuals are also working.
Practice tests
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents two practice tests for the SJT, with a mix of question types (e.g. multiple choice or ranking), content (e.g. domain tested), and styles (e.g. patient, colleague, or personal). Each includes 30 questions and broadly reflects the type of questions likely to be asked in the SJT.
The structuralist ascendancy in American linguistics
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhen the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) was founded in 1924, structural linguists formed a small minority of the membership. Most of the members had philological interests. Twenty years later, structuralists and structurally-oriented historical linguists had become predominant. Several factors contributed to the success of American structuralism: the conviction of its leading practitioners that they were doing ‘scientific linguistics’; the feeling that knowledge and understanding were growing by leaps and bounds; the ‘egalitarian’ message that all languages could be analyzed by the same methods; the LSA-sponsored summer institutes that helped spread knowledge of structuralist theory; the government-sponsored work in linguistics during the Second World War; and the change in the LSA leadership around 1940.
American structuralism and European structuralism
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe leading American linguists from the twenties to the forties had their roots in the European linguistic tradition. However, starting in the late thirties, American structuralists had an overwhelmingly negative view of the theories and analyses being developed by their European colleagues. The Americans had a positivist world view and avoided analysis of meaning, while for the European structuralists, meaning was central. This mutual animosity started to change in the late forties to a certain extent, in particular after the arrival of European refugee scholars such as Roman Jakobson. Importantly, in the mid-fifties many ‘European ideas’ were incorporated into early generative grammar by Noam Chomsky and, especially, Morris Halle. Nevertheless, the leading European structuralists in the fifties and the sixties almost all rejected transformational grammar. Modern functional linguistics in the US owes a great debt to linguistics of the Prague school and their ideas about ‘functional sentence perspective’.
Early transformational generative grammar
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter begins by outlining the major features of Chomsky and Halle’s transformational generative grammar (TGG) in the 1950s. It discusses whether one can speak of a ‘Chomskyan revolution in the field’. The conclusion is that the vagueness of the concept of ‘scientific revolution’ means that the question will never be answered to everyone’s satisfaction. However it is not hard to pinpoint the two most original features of early TGG: the generative rules’ provision of a structural representation for every sentence generated and for the theory’s rejection of the structuralist phoneme. The chapter goes on to discuss the reaction of structural linguists to TGG, to examine the veracity of some of Chomsky’s statements about the ‘early days’, and concludes by discussing military funding in linguistics and the Chomsky and MIT in particular.
The European reception of early transformational generative grammar
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys how linguists in each European country greeted the advent of TGG in the 1960s and 1970s. There is no overarching generalization—the situation differed from country to country. A partial generalization, however, is that the stronger a home-grown structuralist tradition in a country, the less likely the linguists there would be to accept TGG. So the theory made few inroads in Czechoslovakia and Denmark, given the predominance of the Prague School and the Copenhagen School respectively, but did quite well in the Netherlands and Norway, where no indigenous approach was predominant. There are exceptions in both directions, however. The United Kingdom warmly greeted TGG, despite the importance of the structuralist model associated with J. R. Firth, and in any number of European countries, despite the absence of a structuralist presence, TGG fell upon deaf ears.