bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Harmonized Protection of Creditors in Cross-Border Mergers
Authors: Papadopoulos Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article scrutinizes the new harmonized regime of creditor protection in cross-border mergers under Art. 126 b of Directive 2019/2121. The risks that creditors face at a cross-border merger revealed the need for harmonization. The previous regime based on old Art. 121(2) of Directive 2017/1132 together with old Art. 121(1)(b) of Directive 2017/1132 referred to national law with regard to the protection of creditors in cross-border mergers, which resulted in legal diversity at EU level. The new harmonized rules are analyzed. More specifically, this article examines creditor protection through the disclosure of the solvency declaration and the common draft terms of the cross-border merger and creditor protection through the possibility of dissatisfied creditors to apply for adequate safeguards. The argument that other national law mechanisms of general company law or civil law are available in parallel with the special harmonized provisions on protection of creditors of Art. 126 b could be underpinned by the application by analogy of the findings of the CJEU in I.G.I. Srl. Various other aspects of creditor protection are examined, such as the notion of creditor and the rebuttable presumption of Art. 126b(3) of the Proposed Directive. Additionally, a few proposals to Member States for the implementation of the new provisions of creditor protection in cross-border mergers are discussed. Some future perspectives on the possibility of full harmonization in this area and a few concluding remarks are inferred.
Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
Authors: Alraie Ameer A. , Ali Kadhum Asaad M. , Shabbar Rana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In construction projects, the nature of the construction process is complicated, and many factors and variables have a significant role at any stage of the project. Thus, when change orders (COs) occur, the project’s function is strongly affected. This study aims at identifying and evaluating the causes of COs in Al-Najaf province projects based on project cycle (stages), to initiate proactive measures to reduce changes during the construction process. This research reviews the previous literature to identify factors causing the COs to develop a categorized questionnaire based on project cycle/stages. Data were collected through field surveys by completing 45 questionnaires during the Autumn of 2018. Analysis results indicated that the COs in construction sites were the result of 24.10% planning, 24.70% design, 11.30% bidding, 36.20% implementation, and 3.70% handover. However, top-ranking causative factors show that the unavailability of project materials in the market is 2.60%, the economic situation of the country and the lack of financial returns is 2.55%, owner capacity in cost estimation is 2.35%, obstruction and delay in giving responses and approvals is 2.30%, indirect cost is 2.29%, and the contractor’s experience or technical competence which is not compatible with the project is 2.29%. The top-ranking factors which belonged to the design stage were implementation, planning, design, and bidding stages. The results revealed that the validity of the proposed methodology compared to previous studies and recommendations for further studies was indicated. These outcomes can assist the construction engineers and contractors to enhance the effective change management process and could initiate further research in this field.
Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
Authors: Klemetti Aarne , Räsänen Erkki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Internet-of-things (IoT) concept is based on networked, mobile, and sensor-equipped microelectronic devices. They are capable of reacting to their environment by collecting and processing data, computing, and communicating with other IoT devices and the cloud. The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) to IoT, referred to as artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), enables intelligent behavior for the whole cyber-physical system whether it is designed for human co-operation, completely autonomous operations, or something in between. The IoT devices, including smart phones and wearables, can be applied in a plethora of applications ranging from building automation and industrial systems to self-driving vehicles and health services. The distributed and growing usage of the connected devices deliver the users more responsive and intelligent support for decision-making in a given environment. The foundation of AI is based on data fed to algorithms for machine learning (ML). They require a lot of processing power due to the amount of data and recursive/concurrent nature of calculation. Until recently, this has been accomplished mainly in the cloud environment, where the raw data is uploaded into. This exposes all the data, even private and sensitive data, to the transmission phase and processing system. In conjunction with IoT, there is a possibility to perform ML closer to the origin of data concerning local intelligence. It means that only the results of local or edge ML are transmitted to cloud for more general aggregation of AI. Local systems do not need to send the raw data anymore, which helps on prevailing the privacy and security of the data. This type of ML is referred to as federated/collaborative learning. This study focuses on finding the existing and/or recommended solutions for up-to-date AI close to the devices. First, definitions of devices are reviewed to find out classifications of their capacity to contribute for the computation and scalability. Second, other computing and serving options between devices and the cloud are studied. Those are referred to as Fog/Edge services, and they are more stationary than the IoT devices. Third, the facts learned are being applied in two use cases to support the discussion and applicability of AIoT in practice. The main conclusion is that currently there are no single solutions – neither hardware nor software – for solving all the identified requirements were found. Instead, there are multiple options from mutually connected devices via middle-layer support to cloud services and distributed learning, respectively.
Die Dorfgeschichte in Zeiten von Globalisierung und Anthropozän
Authors: Stockhammer Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recent vogue of village stories comes rather unexpected in a time of ‘globalization’. Starting out from Marcus Twellmann’s seminal study on the history of this genre, the present article discusses some possible reasons for this development. The second part gives an outline of the relation between the village story and the tradition of georgic poetry.
Mehr- und vielsprachige berufliche Kommunikation – ein Modell
Authors: Roelcke Thorsten 
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung
Auf der Grundlage eines allgemeinen Modells beruflicher Kommunikation, das sich von Konzepten beruflicher Sprache abhebt, wird ein neues Modell entwickelt, das deren Mehr- und Vielsprachigkeit konsequent integriert. Dabei werden sowohl verschiedene Einzelsprachen wie etwa Deutsch, Englisch oder Chinesisch als auch beruflich einschlägige Varietäten wie Alltags- und Bildungssprache sowie verschiedene Fachsprachen in einzelnen Berufen oder beruflichen Kontexten sowie die entsprechenden Kompetenzen der in diesen Berufen oder Kontexten tätigen Personen berücksichtigt. Eine solche Modellierung besteht nicht allein in einer exhaustiven und detaillierten Erfassung von vielsprachiger beruflicher Kommunikation für sich, sondern erlaubt auch zahlreiche Anwendungen in den Bereichen Sprachplanung, Sprachpolitik und Sprachdidaktik.
A mobile robot for monitoring floor flatness in real-time
Authors: Naab Christoph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As part of the structural inspection, compliance with the specified flatness tolerances according to DIN (in particular DIN 18202:2019-07) has to be checked. Today, the monitoring of the flatness is carried out mainly with levelling instruments and tacheometers. However, these measuring methods are time-consuming, as stacking out the measuring grid and capturing the heights are performed manually. In addition, the data evaluation must be done in a separate work step. Therefore, we developed the mobile robot RITA for height measurement in combination with a stationary tacheometer. Now, the entire process of flatness control is carried out automatically, and heights are recorded reliably in real-time. For practicality, we developed a compact design of the mobile robot in combination with hardware modules. Our reflector tracking unit makes it possible to follow the reflector on the robotic platform in order to maintain the line of sight to the tacheometer. Furthermore, our mechanical pendulum unit ensures that the height measurement is always carried out vertically, even if the robot itself is tilted. Initial practical tests have shown that the high demands on the robotic platform are met and that the implementation of the flatness control can be automated. For that, investigations concerning the location accuracy of the robot were carried out, and the height measurement was validated. It turns out, that demands in the lowest millimeter range are fulfilled. Overall, these tests showed the enormous gain in performance due to the newly developed height measurement robot compared to the previous slow, complex, and tiring manual process.
Debt Dynamics in Emerging and Developing Economies: Is R − G a Red Herring?
Authors: Moreno Badia Marialuz , Arbelaez Juliana Gamboa , Xiang Yuan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, debt levels in emerging and developing economies have surged raising concerns about fiscal sustainability. Historically, negative interest-growth differentials in these countries have played a debt-stabilizing role. But is this enough to prevent countries from falling into debt distress? Drawing from a sample of 150 emerging and developing economies going back to the 1970s, we find that interest-growth differentials have remained relatively low dampening debt increases in the run up to a crisis. But in the face of persistent primary deficits, debt service tends to rise abruptly—particularly in emerging markets—and a fiscal crisis ensues. There is also evidence that a large part of the debt build-up around crises stems from valuation effects associated with external debt and the materialization of contingent liabilities. These findings underscore that, though not necessarily a red-herring, low interest-growth differentials cannot fully offset the deleterious effects of large fiscal deficits, forex exposures, or hidden debts.
Defining Fire as a Weapon (FaaW): Clarity, Implications, and Opportunity for the Homeland Security Enterprise
Authors: Marino Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fire as a weapon (FaaW) is discussed within the first responder community but still vaguely defined. This ambiguity, coupled with absent reporting mechanisms, leads to an inability to estimate the size of the problem correctly. This research offers a comprehensive definition of FaaW and argues for its inclusion as a high-threat response. It evaluates fire as a weapon as a homeland security issue requiring additional attention and leadership by offering new data and analysis that demonstrates the severity of the problem, especially compared to other high-threat events such as active shooter incidents. It clarifies which incident types should receive the most focus and argues for strategic shifts in how we currently perceive this threat. It also elucidates the potential to apply established national standards and tactics for active shooter response to fire as a weapon mitigation strategy.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism in children
Authors: Metwalley Kotb Abbass , Farghaly Hekma Saad 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) is defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) below the lower limit of the reference range in the presence of normal free T4 and free T3 levels. Depending on the degree of TSH suppression, SH could be defined as mild (TSH, 0.1–0.45 mU/L) or severe (TSH<0.1 mU/L). Patients with SH are often asymptomatic when symptoms are present, they are similar to the symptoms in patients with overt hyperthyroidism, although they are usually milder. The management of the SH is uncertain and should be individualized. We present this review after an extensive literature search and long-standing clinical experience. This review provides the prevalence, causes, clinical presentation, investigation, and therapeutic approach of SH in children.
Zu Techniken der Bestionymenwiedergabe am Beispiel des Romans „Der Schrecksenmeister“ von Walter Moers und seiner Übersetzung ins Polnische
Authors: Lesner Emil 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The following article discusses the translation problems of a specific kind of lexical units, the beastionyms, which have been defined as the names given to different science-fiction and fantasy creatures. Walter Moers is well-known in Poland as the author of Camonian novels and is increasingly popular with readers in Poland. The theoretical part of this paper describes the concept of a beastionym as a lexical unit being a transitional form between an appellative and a proper name. The author presents selected examples of how beastionyms function in literature and audio-visual products, relating them to chrematonyms according to Ronneberger-Sibold (2004). The beastionyms described in the article have been divided into speaking, allusive and sound-symbolic lexical units. The basis for this division was the work of Dieter Lamping (1983). The theoretical part also briefly presents translation techniques that can be implemented in the process of beastionyms’ translation. This paper is focused, for economic reasons, on the translation of beastionyms, which characterize their bearers and divide them into lexical units indicating the bearer's habitat, appearance and behaviour. Monolingual dictionaries of German, Polish, and, in special cases, English have been used to describe individual examples. Lexemes with special cultural significance were described with reference to the relevant literature. The article provides a detailed description of these lexical units and gives a qualitative translation analysis of different translation techniques, which were used in the Polish rendition of the novel „Der Schrecksenmeister“ (written by Walter Moers) to create a successful translation of beastionyms. The paper ends with some conclusions about useful translation procedures, which may be used within translation of beastionyms.
Verbalperiphrasen als „diskursstrategische Waffen“: Zum Gebrauch der italienischen Verbalperiphrase andare + participio passato in politischen Diskursen und Möglichkeiten ihrer Übersetzung ins Französische und Spanische
Authors: Mayr Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The verbal periphrases constitute a typological feature of the Romance languages and they are especially frequent in the Iberoromanic languages. In the context of this paper the use of the Italian periphrase andare + participio passato in the language of politics will be analysed. In addition, possible reasons for the high frequency of this verbal construction in political discourses in the Italian language will be discussed. The study is based on a pragmasyntactic approach because the syntactic phenomena, in the present case the verbal periphrase, will be analysed from a pragmatic point of view. Furthermore, we will examine possible equivalent constructions – still under a pragmasyntactic perspective – in French and Spanish political discourses provided by the digital corpus EUROPARL7.
Russian military perspectives on the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence
Authors: Taki Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The refusal of Alexander I to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in support of the Greek Uprising in 1821 provided Russian military men with a possibility to reflect on the past Russian–Ottoman wars and prepare the best strategy for future confrontation. One of the aspects of this reflection was the growing interest of Russian military planners in the ethno-confessional composition and political attitudes of the local population in the territory of the prospective war theater. This article argues that increased attention to the population reflected the desire of the tsarist planners to avoid excesses of a “people’s war” rather than to unleash its destructive potential. Despite a strong emotional response that the Greek War of Independence provoked among the Russian military, their perspectives on the Ottoman Empire during the 1820s were for the most part quite restrained and conservative.
CDK5/p35-Dependent Microtubule Reorganization Contributes to Homeostatic Shortening of the Axon Initial Segment
Authors: Jahan Israt , Adachi Ryota , Egawa Ryo , Nomura Haruka , Kuba Hiroshi 
Published: December 2022

The structural plasticity of the axon initial segment (AIS) contributes to the homeostatic control of activity and optimizes the function of neural circuits; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we prepared a slice culture containing nucleus magnocellularis from chickens of both sexes that reproduces most features of AIS plasticityin vivo, regarding its effects on characteristics of AIS and cell-type specificity, and revealed that microtubule reorganization via activation of CDK5 underlies plasticity. Treating the culture with a high-K+medium shortened the AIS and reduced sodium current and membrane excitability, specifically in neurons tuned to high-frequency sound, creating a tonotopic difference in AIS length in the nucleus. Pharmacological analyses revealed that this AIS shortening was driven by multiple Ca2+pathways and subsequent signaling molecules that converge on CDK5 via the activation of ERK1/2. AIS shortening was suppressed by overexpression of dominant-negative CDK5, whereas it was facilitated by the overexpression of p35, an activator of CDK5. Notably, p35(T138A), a phosphorylation-inactive mutant of p35, did not shorten the AIS. Moreover, microtubule stabilizers occluded AIS shortening during the p35 overexpression, indicating that CDK5/p35 mediated AIS shortening by promoting disassembly of microtubules at distal AIS. This study highlights the importance of microtubule reorganization and regulation of CDK5 activity in structural AIS plasticity and the tuning of AIS characteristics in neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe structural plasticity of AIS has a strong impact on the output of neurons and plays a fundamental role in the physiology and pathology of the brain. However, the mechanisms linking neuronal activity to structural changes in AIS are not well understood. In this study, we prepared an organotypic culture of avian auditory brainstem, reproducing most AIS plasticity featuresin vivo, and we revealed that activity-dependent AIS shortening occurs through the disassembly of microtubules at distal AIS via activation of CDK5/p35 signals. This study emphasizes the importance of microtubule reorganization and regulation of CDK5 activity in structural AIS plasticity and tonotopic differentiation of AIS structures in the brainstem auditory circuit.
Gut colonization by Bacteroides requires translation by an EF‐G paralog lacking GTPase activity
Authors: Han Weiwei , Peng Bee‐Zen , Wang Chunyan , Townsend Guy E , Barry Natasha A , Peske Frank , Goodman Andrew L , Liu Jun , Rodnina Marina V , Groisman Eduardo A 
Published: December 2022

AbstractProtein synthesis is crucial for cell growth and survival yet one of the most energy‐consuming cellular processes. How, then, do cells sustain protein synthesis under starvation conditions when energy is limited? To accelerate the translocation of mRNA–tRNAs through the ribosome, bacterial elongation factor G (EF‐G) hydrolyzes energy‐rich guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for every amino acid incorporated into a protein. Here, we identify an EF‐G paralog—EF‐G2—that supports translocation without hydrolyzing GTP in the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. EF‐G2's singular ability to sustain protein synthesis, albeit at slow rates, is crucial for bacterial gut colonization. EF‐G2 is ~10‐fold more abundant than canonical EF‐G1 in bacteria harvested from murine ceca and, unlike EF‐G1, specifically accumulates during carbon starvation. Moreover, we uncover a 26‐residue region unique to EF‐G2 that is essential for protein synthesis, EF‐G2 dissociation from the ribosome, and responsible for the absence of GTPase activity. Our findings reveal how cells curb energy consumption while maintaining protein synthesis to advance fitness in nutrient‐fluctuating environments.
METHODS OF RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE MITIGATION ON THE STAGE OF PRELIMINARY PROCESSING OF RECEIVED SIGNALS
Authors:   Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Stanislavsky L. 
Published: December 2022

Subject and Purpose.Methods for computer processing of radio astronomical signals observed with space objects at low frequencies are given. The aim of this paper is to improve the current methods and use their combinations for cleaning records from radio interference of natural and artificial origin in the frequency-time domain, as well as to discuss advantages and disadvantage of the methods. Methods and Methodology.In the study of records obtained with radio astronomical observations there is a common feature of received signals from space sources, which consists in a significant contribution of radio interference. Having sufficient experience on possible types of interference and distortion of signals on the way of their propagation, the efficiency of suggested procedures, clearing radio signal interference in the frequency-time domain by a combination of different approaches in dependence from typical features of signals withinvestigated space objects, is shown. Results. The developed methods of extracting space signals against the background of interference allow one to get unique data on the sources of radio emission in astrophysical phenomena. On the one hand, software tools make it possible to detect very weak events against the background of radio frequency interference. On the other hand, they allow one to measureemission parameters based on the most statistically complete set of events. Conclusions.The results obtained in this work manifest that there is no universal way to overcome any obstacle in the records of radio astronomical observations because of radio interference. In addition, even if the most appropriate method is applied, it often requires pre-adjustment of the corresponding parameters on which the analysis of physical parameters of radio emission in the area of generation depends. But if such a space signal at the radio records is not very spoiled by interference, the use of considered methods can be successful and useful.