bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
336 Anavrin®, Monensin or Both on the Diet of Finishing Steers fed TMR? Effect on Performance and Rumen Fermentation
Authors: Ciancio Bruni Falero Eliana Y , Santana Álvaro , Diez Hugo , Longueira Emanuel , Hernández Dermidio M , Repetto José Luis , Cajarville Cecilia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this was to evaluate the effects on dry matter consumption (DMI), daily gain (DG), feed efficiency (FE) and rumen fermentation of including monensin or an additive composed of essential oils, flavonoids and tannins. (Anavrin) in the diet of fattening steers, studying possible associative effects between them. Thirty steers (12 with 8 mm rumen probes), feeders with TMR diet (ground corn, soybean meal, grass hay, mineral-vitamin concentrate; 65% MS, 12.8% PB, 23% FDN), offer 2.8% of your PC (MS base), were blocked by PC and distributed in 3 treatments (n=10/treatment), adding to the basal diet: 1) 0.033 g of monesin/kg TMR offered: MON', 2) 0.35 g of Anavrin/100 kg BW: 'Anavrin' or 3) both included each at the same dose of 1 and 2 treatments: 'Anavrin® +MON'. The experiment lasted 60 d, and the steers were weighed every 12 d, for 2 consecutive days each time. The DMI was measured individually 3 times over 5 consecutive days, starting on days 20, 34 and 48, by difference offered-rejected for each food. Rumen pH, N-NH 3 and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured on days 19, 33 and 47, at 9:30; 13:00; 15:00; 17:00; 19:00; 21;00; 3:00 and 9:30h. Productive behavior (GR and FE) was similar for all treatments, and rumen fermentation was similar for Anavrin and MON. Adding a combination of both additives (Anavrin+MON) leads to a lower DI with respect to Anavrin alone, a lower butyrate concentration than monensin alone, showing associative effects. The percentage of propionic tended to be higher when the combination was added, which should lead to lower methane emissions. Overall, the use of Anavrin led to results similar to those of monensin.
348 Including Alfalfa in the Diet of Steers fed TMR: Effect on Rumen Fermentation and Performance
Authors: Falero Eliana Y Ciancio Bruni , Santana Álvaro , Dayuto Juan E , Ricci María J , Capucho Juan P , González Ana L , Cajarville Cecilia , Repetto José Luis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain (DG), feed efficiency (FE) and rumen fermentation of including fresh alfalfa (FA) on a restricted TMR diet of finishing steers. Twenty steers (8 with 8-mm ruminal catheters), fed a TMR diet (ground corn grain, soybean meal, pasture hay, mineral-vitamin concentrate and Anavrin; 65% DM, 12.8% CP, 23% NDF) were blocked by BW and distributed in 2 feeding treatments (n=10/treatment): 1) TMR offered at a level of 2.8% of BW (DM basis): ‘TMR’ or 2) TMR offered at a level of 1.7% of BW (DM basis) plus FA (22.1% DM, 14.5% CP, 50.3% NDF) offered in an unlimited quantity: ‘PMR+FF’. The experiment lasted 60 d, and steers were weighed every 12 d, for 2 consecutive days each time. DMI was individually measured 3 times for 5 consecutive days, beginning days 20, 34 and 48 days, by difference offered-refused for each feedstuff. Ruminal pH, N-NH3 and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured on days 19, 33 and 47, at 0930, 1300, 1500, 1700, 1900, 2100, 0300 and 0930 h. The inclusion of fresh forage resulted in 40% of the total DMI, with no differences on intake (Table 1). However, in the PMR+FF treatment DG and FE tended to be reduced, possibly due to a reduced energy ingestion, considering the fiber content of FA and TMR. As expected, the inclusion of FA in the diet increased pH and acetate, and reduced propionate ruminal percentage, resulting in triplicated acetic/propionate rate. Overall, the inclusion of fresh alfalfa in the diet increased ruminal pH and acetic/propionate rate without affecting DMI. Including fresh alfalfa in finishing steers’ diet could have positive implications on feed costs and meat composition without negatively affecting productivity, but more studies are needed.
347 Using Whole Cottonseed to Replace Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles and Prairie hay in Finishing Rations Balanced for Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber
Authors: Schneid Kasi N , Foote Andrew P , Beck Paul A , Wilson Blake K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of replacing hay and dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) with whole cottonseed (WCS) in diets balanced for physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) on performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma metabolites of finishing cattle. Heifers (n = 103) and steers (n = 104) were blocked by sex and bodyweight (BW) and randomly allocated to pens within block (6 pens per treatment). Pens were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 experimental treatments: a control diet (CON; prairie hay, DDGS, dry-rolled corn, and liquid supplement), and a WCS diet (CTN; WCS, dry-rolled corn, and molasses). A vitamin and mineral supplement and urea were included in both diets at same rate. Data were collected on 14 d intervals through d 56, then every 28 d until harvest. Animals were harvested in 3 different groups based on BW block. Average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were greater for the CTN treatment overall (P ≤ 0.05), and the CTN treatment tended to have a greater final BW (P = 0.10). Fecal consistency score was greater for CON treatment on d 42, at beginning of the beta-agonist feeding period, and at the final collection (P ˂ 0.03). The CTN treatment had a more neutral fecal pH on d 140 and at the final collection (P ˂ 0.01). No treatment × day interaction (P ≥ 0.70) was detected for plasma glucose, lactate, or urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations. The CON treatment had greater plasma lactate and PUN concentrations (P ˂ 0.01). A day effect was observed for all analyzed plasma metabolites (P ˂ 0.01). This experiment suggests that WCS improves growth performance and feed efficiency when replacing the roughage and byproduct protein and fat source within a finishing diet.
359 Using an Extruded 100% Dried Distillers' Grains Cube to Intensify Production in a Stocker Grazing Enterprise on Native Range in Northwestern Oklahoma
Authors: Grigsby Zane N , Gunter Stacey A , Beck Paul A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 2-year experiment was conducted at the USDA-ARS Southern Plains Experimental Range (SPER) near Fort Supply, OK to define the effects of supplementing steers grazing native range with extruded 100% dried distillers' grains (DDGS) cubes. Each year 126 steers (259 ± 43 kg) grazed from late May to late September allocated to 3 treatments: 1) negative control (NC) stocked at 2.4 ha/steer with ad libitum mineral only, 2) positive control (PC), supplemented with 1.8 kg/steer on alternate days during the late summer stocked at 2.4 ha/steer, and 3) high supplement (HS) fed 0.75% BW supplemental DDGS cubes all season stocked at 1.6 ha/steer. Data were analyzed across years using PROC MIXED in SAS as a complete block design using year as the random block and pasture within treatment by year as the error term. Early season ADG and BW gains for HS were 0.30 ± 0.031 kg and 20 ± 2.1 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) than NC and PC, respectively. However, late season ADG for HS and PC steers were 0.34 ± 0.08 and 0.36 ± 0.08 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) than NC. Late season BW gains for HS and PC did not differ (P ≥ 0.76) but were 22.3 ± 5.3 and 23.9 ± 5.4 kg greater than NC, respectively. Hence, overall ADG, total BW gain, and BW gain/ha for HS were 0.32 ± 0.04, 0.14 ± 0.04; 42 ± 5.4, 18 ± 5.4; and 53 ± 2.2, 42 ± 2.2 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) than NC and PC, respectively. Supplementing 100% DDGS cubes during summer grazing is an effective management option to increase stocking rates without negatively impacting individual animal performance, and increasing gain/hectare.
364 Comparison of Semi-Confined and Pasture-Based Fall Calving Beef cow Systems
Authors: Speer Hannah , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Conversion of perennial grasslands to crop land in U.S. Northern Plains has resulted in a need to evaluate alternative management strategies for cow-calf production. A 3-yr study was conducted to compare beef cow/calf performance in two different August-calving cow systems. Multiparous beef cows (n = 318) were allocated to 8 replicates, and replicate was randomly assigned to drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST) treatments. From mid-gestation (March/April) until breeding (October), DL cows were limit-fed to meet requirements and PAST cow grazed perennial pasture. Feed resource during the 47-d breeding period (November/December) varied by year and treatment. However, pregnancy rates did not differ (P=0.72) between treatments within year. Both treatments went to corn residue at the time of weaning (late January) and grazed for 37 d. A treatment × year × time interaction (P&lt;0.01) was observed for cow BW, BCS, and calf BW. In Year 1, cow BCS at pre-calving, breeding, and weaning was less (P&lt;0.01) for DL (5.3) than PAST (6.2; 1 to 9 scale). Weaning weights in Year 1 were less (P&lt;0.05) for DL (178 kg) than PAST (183 kg) calves. In Year 2, cow BCS was less (P&lt;0.01) in DL (6.1) than PAST (6.7) at pre-calving and breeding, but did not differ (P=0.12) at weaning. At weaning in Year 2, calf BW of DL (212 kg) was greater (P&lt;0.01) than PAST (201 kg). Like Year 2, DL cows in Year 3 had decreased (P&lt;0.01) BCS at pre-calving compared with PAST (7.3 vs. 7.7). However, breeding BCS (6.8) did not differ (P=0.98). In Year 3, cow BCS at weaning was greater (P&lt;0.01) for DL (7.1) than PAST (5.9) but calf BW at weaning did not differ (P=0.17). Cow and calf performance are not sacrificed in semi-confined cow-calf systems and are a reasonable alternative to traditional pasture systems.
372 Selecting Goats for Juniper Consumption Increases Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Time
Authors: Walker John , Shoemake Brian , Quadros Danilo G , Thorne Jacob W , Cahill Noah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep time (ST) study was conducted on intact males, Boer x Spanish goats (n = 30), selected for high (J+) or low juniper (J-) consumption with the objective to compare the Phase I detoxification system of the genetic divergent lines (EBV of 13.1 ± 0.2 and -14.2 ± 0.3, respectively). The ST study was conducted following a minimum period of 21 days on three different diets: grazing juniper infested rangeland (JIR), forage diet with no monoterpenes (M0), and forage diet with 8 g/kg added camphor, sabinene, and α-pinene monoterpenes in a ratio of 5:4:1 (M+). Fecal samples from goats on the JIR and M+ diets were analyzed for camphor and sabinene, and, when on the JIR diet, analyzed for percentage juniper in the diet using previously developed NIRS calibrations. Data were submitted to ANOVA analysis with repeated measures, assuming as significant when alpha was less than 10% (P &lt; 0.10) by the F test. Percentage of juniper in the diet of J+ goats on JIP (38.6 ± 3.4%) was greater (P &lt; 0.001) than J- goats (28.0 ± 3.8%). The J+ goats slept 15.1 (P = 0.02), 14.3 (P = 0.06), and 15.8 (P = 0.06) minutes longer than J- goats on JIR, M0, and M+ diets, respectively. There was no difference in ST between diets, and there was no interaction line × diet. Goats from the J+ line had higher concentrations of camphor in their feces on the JIR (P = 0.07) and M+ (P = 0.09) diets, while sabinene concentration was similar. Goats selected for juniper consumption had longer ST than J- goats which indicates a less efficient Phase I detoxification system, probably because there were less monoterpenes in the blood to be metabolized in the liver by the cytochromes P450 enzymes.
374 The Effects of Zinc Sulfate on the in Vitro Feed Digestibility in White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Thibodeaux Reese J , Urso Phil M , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy M , Stewart Chris R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The captive white-tailed deer industry has an estimated economic impact of $1.6 billion, annually. However, nutritional requirements for cervids are determined through research based on sheep and goats. The objective of this study was to determine the effects zinc on in vitro dry matter digestibility for white-tailed does (Odocoileus virginianus). Does (n=2) were euthanized ethically, rumens were collected, and placed into a cooler containing warm water. Rumen contents were agitated and filtered using cheesecloth while applying CO2. The fluid was placed into four separate incubator jars with filter bags containing a 1:1 alfalfa to coastal hay blend. Zinc doses of 0.073 mg/kg/d were added to two of the jars (treatments), and the additional two jars received 0.00 mg/kg/d (control). Following 48 hours of incubation, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) showed no significant differences (P &gt;.05) between the control and treatment groups. Average dry matter digested in vitro was 91.87% and 95.13%; respectfully. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was no different (P &gt;.05) between the two groups. The average digested NDF components for the control were 56.03% and the zinc group had a mean of 57.11%. Additionally, acid detergent fiber (ADF) did not statistically differ. The control group had an average of 74.56% for digested ADF components, and the treatment had a mean of 76.90%. No significant differences were observed in digested organic matter. The control group averaged 79.51% of digested organic matter (OM), and the treatment group averaged 79.38%. This methodology did prove to be viable and functional to evaluate microbial digestion in vitro. This study can be replicated with multiple experimental units to confirm the patterns of increased digestibility. Formal nutritional guidelines can be created to allow for more efficient feeding of deer. In turn, determining nutrient requirements for deer, reducing feed costs for operations, and continue educating the captive deer industry.
378 Characterizing Functional Genetic Regulatory Elements in Sheep Reference Genome
Authors: Murdoch Brenda M , Davenport Kimberly M , Xie Shangqian , Salavati Mazdak , Clark Emily , Archibald Alan , White Stephen N , Mousel Michelle R , Worley Kim , Bhattarai Suraj , McKay Stephanie D , Caulton Alex , Clarke Shannon , Brauning Rudiger , Hadfield Tracy , Rosen Benjamin D , Smith Timothy P L , Cockett Noelle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Characterizing the locations of genetic regulatory elements is critical for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of complex phenotypic traits related to production traits and health in livestock species. The Ovine Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) Project aims to characterize transcriptional regulatory elements across the sheep genome to facilitate a better understanding of the biological mechanisms influencing phenotypic traits in sheep. Assays including sequencing of messenger RNA (mRNA-seq), cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE), chromatin immunoprecipitation of histones (ChIP-seq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq), whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) were performed on tissues collected from the Rambouillet ewe used to assemble the reference genome ARS-UI_Ramb_v2.0. Histone modifications were used to define nine chromatin states for tissues across the genome depicting promoters and enhancers (active, poised, and repressed) using ChromHMM. Chromatin states were overlayed with RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and DNA methylation. These data suggest that active promoter and enhancer states reside in open chromatin regions with a greater transcriptional activity and hypomethylated regions than other states. Further, poised and repressed enhancers did not primarily reside in open chromatin and had less transcriptional activity and more hypermethylated sites compared with active states. Collectively these data define transcriptional regulatory regions throughout the ovine genome which provides a valuable resource to better understand regulatory regions in the genome and how these influence economically important traits in sheep and other livestock species.
383 Scientific Training Programs for Undergraduate and Graduate Students: Applied Animal and Food Science
Authors: Starkey Charles W , Starkey Jessica D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Training in animal sciences can be difficult to cover in a comprehensive manner. So many different areas are necessary to prepare students for the multiple employment opportunities afforded them upon graduation. This is an approach where students are trained in both experiential animal husbandry techniques as well as some areas of fundamental sciences. A farm to fork approach is being taken to demonstrate the varied areas of the industry and assist students in finding their preferred discipline. Initially, students are taught the basics of nutrition and animal food manufacturing to expose them to this aspect of the allied industry. Practical interactive methodology for raising both poultry and swine are developed through the daily welfare checks conducted by students twice daily at our research facilities. Through these activities students are taught to properly observe and conduct practices of feeding, welfare needs of animals, and health observations. Husbandry techniques are taught and demonstrated and then students are allowed to develop their competency through both participatory and observational methodologies during animal management observations with experienced students and advisor input including questions and answers. Exposure of animal performance objectives and management are delivered to better prepare students for the live animal aspect of the production industry. Additionally, students are involved in actual protein conversion and production of food for human nutritional needs. Students may not fully comprehend opportunities and applications of the protein conversion side of industry. Practical experiential learning is achieved through first-hand experience in the aspects of the protein production industry. Using food science technologies and interactive examples, students also learn about production of pet foods derived from low value co-products from both mammalian and poultry protein conversion. Exposure to both initial meat production and further processing unlocks opportunities for students and their employment success indicates the success of this approach.
384 Scientific Training Programs for Undergraduate and Graduate Students: Exposure to Fundamental Science
Authors: Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Training students in animal science can be difficult to achieve in a comprehensive manner. It is a multidisciplinary field where many different areas are necessary to successfully prepare students at multiple levels for the multiple employment opportunities they can choose from as they near graduation and enter the workforce. The approach we have taken with our teaching program is one where students are trained in both experiential animal husbandry techniques as well as areas of fundamental sciences such as cellular and molecular biology. A farm to fork systems approach is being taken to demonstrate the varied areas of study available and aid students in finding their niche. Students first spend time acquiring practical and hands-on experience in animal husbandry, animal food manufacturing, and meat processing and food science research. Most of the projects that students participate in while acquiring animal husbandry skills involve several collections of various types of samples over the animal rearing period for cell isolation and in vitro culture, proteomics, cell-labeling technologies, cryohistology, immunofluorescence staining, and digital microscopy. Our research program focuses primarily on the influence of management and nutrition on the development of the local intestinal immune system, development and growth of the intestine and skeletal muscle and how those interact to impact the overall growth and health of livestock. Exposing students to some of the different types of analyses conducted in research involving fundamental science allows them to gain skills required to determine the mechanisms behind the more applied research results they obtain. Integrating applied and fundamental science in a research setting helps prepare students for several different avenues of employment upon completion of the program. The overall success of this training program has been demonstrated over the last 5 years based on student and employer feedback.
398 Young Scholar Award Talk: Influence of a Lifetime Regimen of a Modified-Live Viral or Killed Viral Vaccination Against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus on Beef Cattle Performance
Authors: Melchior Emily A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral pathogen affecting the cattle industry. Control of BVDV occurs through preventative vaccination or elimination of persistently infected animals. However, evaluation of the longevity of cows vaccinated during pregnancy has not been conducted. In experiment 1, heifers born in 2014 (n = 32) were randomly assigned to receive a modified-live viral vaccination (MLV; Bovishield Gold 5 FP) at 3 months of age, and subsequently receive a MLV or killed viral vaccination (KV; Cattlemaster Gold 5 FP) against BVDV beginning at weaning for the duration of their lifespan in the herd. Heifers born in 2015 (n = 29) were randomly assigned to receive a MLV or KV beginning at 3 months of age for the duration of their lifespan in the herd. Heifers were bled for analysis of antibody titers throughout their first year of life, and twice-yearly beginning at 2 years of age. Titers for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and BVDV, herd longevity, and reproductive performance were collected. Vaccination type did not influence IBR titer (P ≥ 0.18), herd longevity (P ≥ 0.86), or reproductive development (P ≥ 0.19). Cows born in 2015 and their calves were used in experiment 2 (n = 24) to evaluate responses in the preweaning period. Cow and calf samples of blood and ruminal contents, and colostrum and milk were collected at d 1, 7, 35, 63, and 205 of age. Cows receiving KV vaccinations have ~60% more colostral IgG than cows receiving MLV vaccination (P = 0.02). Experiment 3 observed postweaning feed efficiency and ruminal fermentation of calves from experiment 2. Cow vaccine treatment did not affect average daily gain, gain:feed, ruminal fermentation, or metabolites (P &gt; 0.05). An immune challenge was conducted in experiment 4. Calves (n = 8) were early-weaned and inoculated with BVDV Type 2a strain 1373. Samples were collected over 28 days to evaluate blood counts, virus isolation, and metabolites. A tendency for increased clinical scores, including mucosal discharge, and temperatures were observed for calves born to MLV cows (P = 0.08). Calves born to KV cows had increased leukocyte and lymphocyte concentrations compared to MLV calves (P ≤ 0.03). Overall, blood metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood urea nitrogen) were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.8), however, metabolites did differ by day post-challenge (P ≤ 0.01). Metabolites were altered by the viral challenge and indicate the nutritional status of the animal shifted to support immune responses. Vaccination treatment had little influence on the calf’s ability to mount an immune response. These four studies indicate that both KV and MLV vaccination programs can be used to protect against BVDV without negatively impacting cow longevity, calf growth performance, and calf immunocompetence.