bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land suitability mapping using GIS‐based ANP for residential zoning: Case research from central Iran
Authors: Aghmashhadi Amir H. , Azizi Ali , Zahedi Samaneh , Hoseinkhani Maryam , Cirella Giuseppe T. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMarkazi Province has high potential for residential development due to its geopolitical location in the central part of Iran. This study investigated the possibility of residential area development in Markazi Province using a GIS‐based analytic network process. ArcGIS Version 10.6.1 and Super Decision Version 3.2 software were utilized for the zoning and assessment of criteria. All criteria, and their sub‐criteria, and limitations were gathered using national standards, literature review, and experts. According to the final residential area land suitability map, 16.74% of Markazi Province is highly or very highly suitable for urban development, even though 57.55% of the province's area (i.e., 30% of its current cities) are located in the exclusion zone. Results suggested that most parts of the province do not have desirable conditions for residential zoning. Further attention and deepened GIS monitoring over an extended period would be beneficial before future development is considered. In particular, the natural limitations in the region—such as slope—impede development potential. The study provides an alternative quantifiable and verifiable approach for sustainable urban planning from a land use policy perspective.
Placing the law: The socio‐spatial impact of legal norms beyond mere compliance
Authors: Chiodelli Francesco , Morpurgo Daniela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the complex ways in which a legal norm can influence a socio‐spatial context. More precisely, the paper aims to contribute to the theoretical investigation of the nexus between law and space in the field of legal geography by proposing an analytical framework for the study of the spatial operativity of law beyond compliance. To do so, this work relies on the concepts of nomotropism (namely, “acting in light of the rule”) and effectiveness‐as‐operativity. They imply that (1) any legal norm that has a causal relation with an action can be deemed effective regardless of whether such action conforms with or transgresses such norm, and (2) the impact of a norm is not confined to mere compliance. The paper then articulates the analytical framework derived by these theoretical insights with reference to different kinds of norms (law in actu and law in intellectu; law in books and law in practice). The relevance of the resulting theoretical structure for the investigation of complex socio‐spatial phenomena is finally exemplified through the analysis of a conflictual process for the establishment of a Muslim place of worship in Italy.
Procedural adverse events in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease undergoing chronic automated red cell exchange
Authors: Wade Jenna , Yee Marianne E. M. , Easley Kirk A. , Pahz Shannon , Butler Hailly , Zerra Patricia E. , Josephson Cassandra D. , Fasano Ross M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundChronic automated red cell exchange (RCE) is increasingly employed for sickle cell disease (SCD). There is a paucity of data on the incidence of RCE adverse events (AEs) and potential patient and procedural risk factors for AEs.MethodsA retrospective review of pediatric SCD patients receiving chronic RCE over 3 years was performed to determine the frequency of AEs and identify procedural and patient AE risk factors. AE incidence, AE rate, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and relative risks (RRs) were calculated based on various procedural and patient characteristics by univariable (UV) and multivariable (MV) analyses.ResultsIn 38 patients receiving 760 procedures, there were 150 (19.7%) AEs, 36 (4.7%) were symptomatic AEs. AE rates were 20.2 [95% CI 17.2, 23.6] and 4.8 [95% CI 3.49, 6.70] per 100 person months for AEs and symptomatic AEs, respectively. AE incidences were: hypocalcemia (117; 15.4%), dizziness (22; 3.0%), hypotension (15; 2.0%), and nausea (14; 1.8%). Patients with baseline Hct ≥30% experienced more total AEs and symptomatic AEs. Patients with pre‐procedure systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and non‐SCA genotype (HbSC or Sβ+ thalassemia) exhibited more total AEs. IHD depletion was not associated with an increased incidence of AEs or symptomatic AEs.ConclusionSCD patients with Hct ≥30%, systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and possibly non‐SCA genotype may be at higher risk for RCE‐related AEs. The effect of IHD on AE risk is likely minimal. Individualized AE risk assessment should be performed in all SCD patients undergoing chronic automated RCE.
The determinants of air cargo flows and the role of multinational agreements: An empirical comparison with trade and air passenger flows
Authors: Oesingmann Katrin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of the standard gravity model variables and of various multinational agreements—namely the Euro, the European Union (EU), the Schengen Agreement and other regional trade agreements (RTAs)—on the volume of air cargo flows. To compare the impacts, the data set created for this analysis contains intra‐ and extra‐European air cargo flows as well as data on air passenger and total trade flows. The results suggest that the impact of the analysed multinational agreements on air cargo flows diverges completely from their impact on total trade flows—however, the effects on air cargo flows are more similar to the effects on air passenger flows. Whereas the Euro and the Schengen Agreement affect air cargo volumes positively, EU membership and other RTAs do not significantly affect trade by air. Methodology‐wise, different dynamic structural gravity models are formulated and estimated with Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML). Including intranational flows and controlling for multilateral resistance, endogeneity and globalisation effects reverses the impact of some of the policy variables compared with an estimate based on a simple structural gravity model.
Time‐dependent changes in autophagy, mitophagy and lysosomes in skeletal muscle during denervation‐induced disuse
Authors: Triolo Matthew , Slavin Mikhaela , Moradi Neushaw , Hood David A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeficits in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and quality are observed following denervation‐atrophy. This is due to alterations in the biogenesis of new mitochondria as well as their degradation via mitophagy. The regulation of autophagy and mitophagy over the course of denervation (Den) remains unknown. Further, the time‐dependent changes in lysosome content, the end‐stage organelle for mitophagy, remain unexplored. Here, we studied autophagic as well as mitophagic pre‐lysosomal flux in subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria from rat muscle subjected to Den for 1, 3 or 7 days. We also assessed flux at 1 day post‐denervation in transgenic mt‐keima mice. Markers of mitochondrial content were reduced at 7 days following Den, and Den further resulted in rapid decrements in mitochondrial respiration, along with increased ROS emission. Pre‐lysosomal autophagy flux was upregulated at 1 and 3 days post‐Den but was reduced compared to time‐matched sham‐operated controls at 7 days post‐Den. Similarly, pre‐lysosomal mitophagy flux was enhanced in SS mitochondria as early as 1 and 3 days of Den but decreased in both SS and IMF subfractions following 7 days of Den. Lysosome protein content and transcriptional regulators TFEB and TFE3 were progressively enhanced with Den, an adaptation designed to enhance autophagic capacity. However, evidence for lysosome dysfunction was apparent by 7 days, which may limit degradation capacity. This may contribute to an inability to clear dysfunctional mitochondria and increased ROS signalling, thereby accelerating muscle atrophy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of lysosome function may help to maintain autophagy and muscle health during conditions of muscle disuse or denervation.Key points
Denervation is an experimental model of peripheral neuropathies as well as muscle disuse, and it helps us understand some aspects of the sarcopenia of ageing.
Muscle disuse is associated with reduced mitochondrial content and function, leading to metabolic impairments within the tissue. Although the processes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis are understood, those that govern mitochondrial breakdown (i.e. mitophagy) are not well characterized in this context.
Autophagy and mitophagy flux, measured up to the point of the lysosome (pre‐lysosomal flux rates), were increased in the early stages of denervation, along with mitochondrial dysfunction, but were reduced at later time points when the degree of muscle atrophy was highest.
Denervation led to progressive increases in lysosomal proteins to accommodate mitophagy flux, yet evidence for lysosomal impairment at later stages may limit the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, stimulate reactive oxygen species signalling, and reduce muscle health as denervation time progresses.
A Subspace-Inclusive Sampling Method for the Computational Design of Compositionally Graded Alloys
Authors: Allen Marshall , Kirk Tanner , Malak Richard , Arroyave Raymundo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCompositionally graded alloys, a subclass of functionally graded materials (FGMs), utilize localized variations in composition with a single metal part to achieve higher performance than traditional single material parts. In previous work [Kirk, T., Galvan, E., Malak, R., and Arroyave, R., 2018, “Computational Design of Gradient Paths in Additively Manufactured Functionally Graded Materials,” J. Mech. Des., 140, p. 111410. 10.1115/1.4040816], the authors presented a computational design methodology that avoids common issues which limit a gradient alloy’s feasibility, such as deleterious phases, and optimizes for performance objectives. However, the previous methodology only samples the interior of a composition space, meaning designed gradients must include all elements in the space throughout the gradient. Because even small amounts of additional alloying elements can introduce new deleterious phases, this characteristic often neglects potentially simpler solutions to otherwise unsolvable problems and, consequently, discourages the addition of new elements to the state space. The present work improves upon the previous methodology by introducing a sampling method that includes subspaces with fewer elements in the design search. The new method samples within an artificially expanded form of the state space and projects samples outside the true region to the nearest true subspace. This method is evaluated first by observing the sample distribution in each subspace of a 3D, 4D, and 5D state space. Next, a parametric study in a synthetic 3D problem compares the performance of the new sampling scheme to the previous methodology. Lastly, the updated methodology is applied to design a gradient from stainless steel to equiatomic NiTi that has practical uses such as embedded shape memory actuation and for which the previous methodology fails to find a feasible path.
Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder
Authors: Aybek Selma , Perez David L 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFunctional neurological disorder (FND), previously regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion, is now a rule-in diagnosis with available treatments. This represents a major step toward destigmatizing the disorder, which was often doubted and deemed untreatable. FND is prevalent, generally affecting young and middle aged adults, and can cause severe disability in some individuals. An early diagnosis, with subsequent access to evidence based rehabilitative and/or psychological treatments, can promote recovery—albeit not all patients respond to currently available treatments. This review presents the latest advances in the use of validated rule-in examination signs to guide diagnosis, and the range of therapeutic approaches available to care for patients with FND. The article focuses on the two most frequently identified subtypes of FND: motor (weakness and/or movement disorders) and seizure type symptoms. Twenty two studies on motor and 27 studies on seizure type symptoms report high specificities of clinical signs (64-100%), and individual signs are reviewed. Rehabilitative interventions (physical and occupational therapy) are treatments of choice for functional motor symptoms, while psychotherapy is an emerging evidence based treatment across FND subtypes. The literature to date highlights heterogeneity in responses to treatment, underscoring that more research is needed to individualize treatments and develop novel interventions.
Association between youth homicides and state spending: a Chicago cross-sectional case study
Authors: Mason Maryann , McLone Suzanne , Monuteaux Michael C , Sheehan Karen , Lee Lois K , Fleegler Eric W 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo identify contributing factors associated with rapid spikes and declines in Chicago youth homicide from 2009 to 2018.SettingCity of Chicago, Illinois, US 2009–2018.ParticipantsHomicide count data come from the National Violent Death Reporting System. The study included information on 2271 homicide decedents between the ages of 15 and 24 who died between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2018. Of these decedents, 92.9% were male; 79.1% were non-Hispanic black; and 94.9% died from a firearm injury.Primary and secondary outcome measures(A) Temporal shifts in monthly homicide rates and (B) temporal associations between social, environmental and economic conditions/events and fluctuations in homicides.ResultsWe found statistically significant shifts in homicide rates over time: a 77% rise in monthly youth homicide rates per 100 000 persons from 2015 to 2016 (4.3 vs 7.5); dropping back to pre-2015 rates (4.3) by mid-2017. There was a temporal co-occurrence between the rapid rise in youth homicides and absence of a state budget. Conversely, we found a temporal co-occurrence of the sharp decline in homicides with the reinstatement of a state budget. Adjusting for seasonality, we found death rates were greater in the months without a budget compared with months with a budget (1.48, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.70).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that state funding may be a potential protective factor against youth homicide.
Patient-driven innovations reported in peer-reviewed journals: a scoping review
Authors: Reinius Maria , Mazzocato Pamela , Riggare Sara , Bylund Ami , Jansson Hanna , Øvretveit John , Savage Carl , Wannheden Carolina , Hasson Henna 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundAwareness of patients’ innovative capabilities is increasing, but there is limited knowledge regarding the extent and nature of patient-driven innovations in the peer-reviewed literature.ObjectivesThe objective of the review was to answer the question: what is the nature and extent of patient-driven innovations published in peer-reviewed scientific journals?Eligibility criteriaWe used a broad definition of innovation to allow for a comprehensive review of different types of innovations and a narrow definition of ‘patient driven’ to focus on the role of patients and/or family caregivers. The search was limited to years 2008–2020.Sources of evidenceFour electronic databases (Medline (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO (Ovid) and Cinahl (Ebsco)) were searched in December 2020 for publications describing patient-driven innovations and complemented with snowball strategies.Charting methodsData from the included articles were extracted and categorised inductively.ResultsA total of 96 articles on 20 patient-driven innovations were included. The number of publications increased over time, with 69% of the articles published between 2016 and 2020. Author affiliations were exclusively in high income countries with 56% of first authors in North America and 36% in European countries. Among the 20 innovations reported, ‘Do-It-Yourself Artificial Pancreas System‘ and the online health network ‘PatientsLikeMe’, were the subject of half of the articles.ConclusionsPeer-reviewed publications on patient-driven innovations are increasing and we see an important opportunity for researchers and clinicians to support patient innovators’ research while being mindful of taking over the work of the innovators themselves.
Population attributable fractions of modifiable cancer risk factors in Korea: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Han Mi Ah , Hwang Eu Chang , Jung Jae Hung , Kim Seo-Hee , Park Sun Mi 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionThe burden of cancer continues to increase worldwide, and cancer is the leading cause of life expectancy reduction and death in Korea. Population attributable fraction (PAF), an epidemiological measure of exposures and health outcomes, could provide information on the public health impacts of exposures in populations. Knowing the PAFs of modifiable risk factors could aid in planning and prioritising strategies to reduce cancer burden in the population. This study aims to summarise systematically the PAF estimates of modifiable cancer risk factors in Korea.Methods and analysisThis review will include studies that determined PAFs of modifiable risk factors on cancer incidence and mortality in Korea. We will define modifiable risk factors as those that can be changed directly by peoples’ conscious actions. We will perform systematic searches in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Korean databases (Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service, KoreaMED, Korean Medical Database, National Assembly Library, and Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) from their inception to July 2021. Two reviewers will independently screen studies for eligibility, extract data and perform quality assessments of the included studies. We will present the results in a qualitative or descriptive manner and will not perform meta-analyses or other quantitative data synthesis to derive summary estimates of PAFs because we anticipate high variability among PAF estimates.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required because we will only use data from published papers. We will disseminate the results through publication in a peer-reviewed journals.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021268258.
Medication optimisation in severe mental illness (MEDIATE): protocol for a realist review
Authors: Maidment Ian , Wong Geoff , Duddy Claire , Upthegrove Rachel , Oduola Sherifat , Allen Katherine , Jacklin Simon , Howe Jo , MacPhee Maura 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionSevere mental illness (SMI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. People living with SMI often receive complex medication regimens. Optimising these regimens can be challenging. Non-adherence is common and addressing it requires a collaborative approach to decision making. MEDIATE uses a realist approach with extensive engagement with experts-by-experience to make sense of the complexities and identify potential solutions.Realist research is used to unpack and explain complexity using programme theory/theories that contain causal explanations of outcomes, expressed as context–mechanism–outcome–configurations. The programme theory/theories will enable MEDIATE to address its aim of understanding what works, for whom, in what circumstances, to optimise medication use with people living with SMI.Method and analysisMEDIATE will be conducted over six stages. In stage 1, we will collaborate with our service user/family carer lived experience group (LEG) and practitioner stakeholder group (SG), to determine the focus. In stage 2, we will develop initial programme theories for what needs to be done, by whom, how and why, and in what contexts to optimise medication use. In stage 3, we will develop and run searches to identify secondary data to refine our initial programme theories.Stage 4 involves selection and appraisal: documents will be screened by title, abstract/keywords and full text against inclusion and exclusion criteria. In stage 5, relevant data will extracted, recorded and coded. Data will be analysed using a realist logic with input from the LEG and SG. Finally, in stage 6, refined programme theories will be developed, identifying causal explanations for key outcomes and the strategies required to change contexts to trigger the key mechanisms that produce these outcomes.Ethics and disseminationPrimary data will not be collected, and therefore, ethical approval is not required. MEDIATE will be disseminated via publications, conferences and form the basis for future grant applications.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021280980.
More people more active, but there is a counter site. Novice athletes are at highest risk of injury in a large population-based retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Kemler Ellen , Valkenberg Huib , Verhagen Evert 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether in fitness-related activities and recreational running over time, there is an increase in the number of novice sports athletes and whether these novice athletes have an increased injury rate compared with their experienced counterparts.MethodsData were collected from a large population-based retrospective cross-sectional study, ‘Injuries and Physical Activity in the Netherlands’ (IPAN). Athletes aged ≥18 years were included. We used descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of athletes and their injuries. The number of athletes and injuries were calculated for each year and, where applicable, for each sport separately. The injury incidence rate was expressed as the number of injuries per 1000 hours of exposure. Logistic regression analyses were performed with non-extrapolated data to analyse the differences in injury risk for novice and experienced athletes included in this study, separate for fitness-related activities and running.ResultsOver the 5 years, 9209 fitness athletes reported 370 fitness-related injuries, 5426 runners reported 537 running-related injuries. Weighted data showed that, in 2010–2014, the inflow of novice fitness athletes slightly decreased, whereas the inflow of novice runners slightly increased. In each year, injury risk was higher in novice athletes compared with experienced athletes for both fitness-related activities and running. The injury incidence rates in running are much higher than in fitness-related activities.ConclusionsOver the years 2010–2014, the absolute number of novice athletes in fitness-related activities and running together increased. Although most injuries occurred in experienced athletes, injury risk was higher in novice athletes in both sports.