bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent Effects Enable Efficient Tandem Conversion of Cellulose and Its Monosaccharides Towards 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Wu Han , Zhang Rui , Zhai Yunqi , Song Xishang , Xiong Jian , Li Xiaoyun , Qiao Yina , Lu Xuebin , Yu Zhihao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe biomass‐derived platform compound 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been hailed as the “Sleeping Giant” due to its promising applications, and it occupies a critical spot in the biomass upgrading roadmap. HMF is typically produced from cellulose and its monosaccharides via a complex tandem conversion with multiple steps (i. e., cellulose depolymerization, glucose isomerization, fructose dehydration, etc.). Previous investigations have confirmed the irreplaceable contribution of solvents in regulating the tandem conversion of cellulose and its monosaccharides to HMF. However, the potential effects of solvents in contributing to this multi‐step tandem process have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this context, this Review aims to provide in‐depth insights into the intrinsic interactions between solvent system and substrate conversion (cellulose and its monosaccharides conversion), reaction regulation (reaction activity and selectivity regulation), as well as product acquisition (humins formation inhibition and product purification). It attempts to elucidate specific solvent effects to promote a more efficient tandem conversion of cellulose and its monosaccharides towards HMF. The insights provided in this Review may contribute to a more sustainable HMF production from biomass feedstocks and a further development of greener solvent systems.
The estimated burden of bulimia nervosa in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019
Authors: Safiri Saeid , Noori Maryam , Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Shamekh Ali , Karamzad Nahid , Sullman Mark J. M. , Grieger Jessica A. , Collins Gary S. , Abdollahi Morteza , Kolahi Ali‐Asghar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to report the burden of bulimia nervosa (BN) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI), for the period 1990–2019.MethodsEstimates of the prevalence, incidence, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) attributable to BN were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, between 1990 and 2019, for the 21 countries in the MENA region. The counts and age‐standardized rates (per 100,000) were presented, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals.ResultsIn 2019, the estimated regional age‐standardized point prevalence and incidence rates of BN were 168.3 (115.0–229.6) and 178.6 (117.0–255.6) per 100,000, which represented 22.0% (17.5–27.2) and 10.4% (7.1–14.7) increases, respectively, since 1990. Moreover, in 2019 the regional age‐standardized DALY rate was 35.5 (20.6–55.5) per 100,000, which was 22.2% (16.7–28.2) higher than in 1990. In 2019, Qatar (58.6 [34.3–92.5]) and Afghanistan (18.4 [10.6–29.2]) had the highest and lowest age‐standardized DALY rates, respectively. Regionally, the age‐standardized point prevalence of BN peaked in the 30–34 age group and was more prevalent among women. In addition, there was a generally positive association between SDI and the burden of BN across the measurement period.DiscussionIn the MENA region, the burden of BN has increased over the last three decades. Cost‐effective preventive measures are needed in the region, especially in the high SDI countries.Public SignificanceThis study reports the estimated burden of BN in the MENA region and shows that its burden has increased over the last three decades.
Evaluating individual‐ and sample‐level response to treatment for inpatients with eating disorders: Is change clinically significant?
Authors: Schreyer Colleen C. , Pletch Allisyn , Vanzhula Irina A. , Guarda Angela S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveEvaluating treatment efficacy solely on whether sample‐level change is statistically significant does not indicate whether clinically significant change (CSC) has occurred at the individual‐level. We assessed whether change in measures of eating disorder psychopathology was statistically significant at the sample‐level and clinically significant at the individual‐level for inpatients treated in a hospital‐based eating disorder program.MethodParticipants (N = 143) were consecutive underweight distinct admissions diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or other specified feeding and eating disorder. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) and Eating Disorder Recovery Self‐efficacy Questionnaire (EDRSQ) were assessed at admission and program discharge. CSC was defined as individual score change that was both statistically reliable and shifted from dysfunctional to normative.ResultsMean EDRSQ and EDEQ scores significantly improved with treatment across the sample; effect sizes were moderate to large. Individual‐level analyses demonstrated that 85%, 50%, and 20–35% of participants had CSC or statistically reliable change in BMI, eating symptomatology, and body image respectively. One‐third of participants showed CSC on BMI and on at least one self‐report measure.DiscussionIndividual‐level analyses offer more nuanced outcome data that could identify patients at higher risk of relapse who may benefit from adjunctive interventions during or immediately post‐discharge.Public Significance StatementThis study examined change in eating pathology for inpatients with eating disorders using sample‐ and individual‐level analyses, including whether change was statistically reliable and clinically significant (scores statistically improved and moved into the healthy range). Only half of patients responded robustly to treatment, which may be related to high relapse rates following discharge. Individual‐level analyses provided a detailed view of treatment response and may identify patients at higher relapse risk.
Density and characteristics of tree cavities inside and outside Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
Authors: Niringiyimana Augustin , Nzarora Alphonse , Twahirwa Jean Claude , van der Hoek Yntze 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTree cavities, formed by animal excavation or processes of fungal decay and mechanical damage, may provide nesting, roosting, or resting opportunities to many invertebrate and vertebrate species. Although cavity availability has been linked to patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning elsewhere, there have been few such studies in the Afrotropics. Here, we present a baseline survey of cavity availability inside the high elevation (2200–3714 m) Afromontane forest ecosystems of Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Rwanda. We aimed to provide such reference data in the form of summary statistics on cavity density and characteristics in a collection of 400 m2 plots that together cover 8.8 ha inside and 0.68 ha outside VNP. We also explored the relative importance of fungal decay vs. excavators in the formation of cavities, tested for the relative role of standing dead trees and living trees as cavity substrates, considered differences in diameter and height between cavity‐bearing trees and trees without cavities, tested whether cavity density varies across elevation, and determined the orientation of cavity entrances. We found 109 cavities in 52 cavity‐bearing trees (dominated by Hagenia abyssinica) inside VNP, for a density of 12.4 cavities and 5.9 cavity‐bearing trees per hectare, and none outside the park. More cavities were decay‐formed (n = 90) than excavated (n = 19), and though most cavities were found in living trees (n = 44), the number of cavities in dead trees (n = 8) was high relative to dead tree substrate availability. We also found that cavity‐bearing trees were larger than those without cavities, that excavated cavities were predominantly oriented toward the southeast and decay‐formed cavities to the northeast, and that cavity density declined with increases in elevation. Our results show that large and dead trees of particular species are important cavity substrates that need to be given attention in conservation and management, as is clearly illustrated by the lack of cavities in the highly managed Eucalyptus stands outside VNP.
Effects of CaF2 on the direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite at different temperatures
Authors: Gao Enxia , Zhou Yuzhao , Geng Chao , Cui Shiyan , Sun Tichang , Jiang Man 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEffects of CaF2 on the mineralogical composition and microstructure of reduction products at different temperatures during direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite is investigated. In the absence of CaF2, armalcolite and a large number of small‐size metallic iron particles in reduction products at different temperatures prevented the separation of Ti and Fe. The metallization rate of reduction products was only 90.32 wt% at 1350°C. CaF2 reduced the activation energy of reduction reaction and promoted the reduction of armalcolite, further achieving the separation of Ti and Fe on the mineral phase. When 5 wt% CaF2 was added at 1250°C, the metallization rate of reduction products could reach 90.88%. The effect of CaF2 on the metallization rate was better than that of increasing temperature by 100°C. Besides, CaF2 also reduced the melting point and viscosity of the roasting system, and significantly promoted the aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles, thus optimizing the conditions for the separation and enrichment of Ti and Fe, respectively. Adding 10 wt% CaF2 promoted the growth of MgTi2O5 into a mineral with regular boundary, which created conditions for the recovery of titanium resources. By comparison, the promotion effect of CaF2 on the increasing the metallization rate of reduction products, aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles was obviously better than that of increasing the reduction temperature without CaF2. Therefore, CaF2 could also significantly reduce the energy consumption on the basis of promoting the separation of Ti and Fe.
Seismic fragility models for base‐isolated unreinforced masonry buildings with fibre‐reinforced elastomeric isolators
Authors: Losanno Daniele , Ravichandran Nagavinothini , Parisi Fulvio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are highly vulnerable to seismic ground motion, calling for quantitative risk assessment and mitigation programmes in different earthquake‐prone countries to reduce future losses. Despite the effectiveness of base isolation technology in reducing seismic response of buildings, the high costs of conventional isolators prevent their application to low‐cost housing in developing countries. Fiber‐reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREIs) have been recently developed as low‐cost isolators suitable for application to URM buildings. The structural performance assessment of base isolated URM buildings using FREIs can be a sustainable solution for a large‐scale mitigation of seismic risk. In this context, the present study presents the seismic fragility analysis of both fixed‐base and base‐isolated URM buildings. Five URM building archetypes were considered to account for variation in geometry and building configuration. A number of static pushover analyses and nonlinear time history analyses were carried out to assess the capacity and demand of the selected buildings, respectively, while considering the uncertainties associated with material properties, capacity model, damage state and earthquake ground motion. The fragility curves were developed for both fixed‐base and base‐isolated configurations of the different archetypes. The results show that the probability of slight to moderate damage to fixed‐base URM buildings is significantly higher than their base‐isolated counterparts, demonstrating that FREIs significantly improve their seismic performance. These outcomes address further research in promoting the development of FREIs to reduce the vulnerability of URM buildings in developing countries.
Understanding the non‐professional needs of early career doctors: An interview‐based study
Authors: Gurney Tiana , O'Sullivan Belinda , McGrail Matthew , Martin Priya 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSpeciality colleges and health services are often well attuned to professional factors, but non‐professional needs are less acknowledged and are the focus of this study. This likely relates to limited research about the non‐professional needs of early career doctors. This study aimed to describe the non‐professional needs of doctors in their early postgraduate career, including how they intersect with career and training experiences. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 32 male and female medical graduates working across all Australian states and territories, spanning a variety of speciality areas and early career stages. Participants were asked about their career journey to date including non‐professional factors related to their experiences. This study identified important non‐professional needs, that strongly interplayed with career and training experiences, including: children's education; partner's career needs; family stability; major life stages; proximity to the extended family; and spending time with immediate family. Results suggested clear gender differences, with female doctor's needs orientated to partner work and carer responsibilities, while male doctor's needs were oriented to spending time with family and meeting the family's needs. Non‐professional needs should be considered as legitimate needs within health service employment and speciality training arrangements enabling early career doctors to realise their full potential.
The effects of natural products and bioactive ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine on apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Zhong Lulu , Luo Yue , Zhou Feng , Yang Xuebin , Tan Yang , Li Shunmin , Pei Gang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAbnormal ovarian function is the main manifestation of female reproductive toxicity. Granulosa cells (GCs) play an important role in determining the fate of follicles and are the main effector cells of the female reproductive system. Excessive apoptosis of GCs leads to pathological folliculogenesis and further reproductive damage. However, drugs available for treatment of female reproductive toxicity are limited. Recent studies have confirmed that various natural products and bioactive ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can inhibit apoptosis of GCs and protect ovarian function. In this review, the mechanisms underlying the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects of natural products and bioactive ingredients of TCM on the proliferation, function, and apoptosis of GCs are summarized based on the findings of reports published over the past 10 years as reference for the treatment of female reproductive toxicity.
Modulation of tumor‐associated macrophages in colitis‐associated colorectal cancer
Authors: Dong Yingjie , Yang Qiuli , Niu Ruiying , Zhang Zhiyuan , Huang Yijin , Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntestinal macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the small and large intestine, which maintain intestinal homeostasis by clearing invading bacteria and dead cells, secreting anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and inducing tolerance to symbiotic bacteria and food particles. In addition, as antigen‐presenting cells, they also participate in eliciting adaptive immune responses through bridging innate immune responses. After the intestinal homeostasis is disrupted, the damaged or apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells cannot be effectively cleared, and the infection of exogenous pathogens and leakage of endogenous antigens lead to persistent intestinal inflammation. Long‐term chronic inflammation is one of the important causes of colitis‐associated carcinogenesis (CAC). Tumor microenvironment (TME) is gradually formed around tumor cells, in which tumor associated macrophage (TAMs) is not only the builder, but also regulated by TME. This review just briefly summarized the role of intestinal macrophages under physiological and pathological inflammatory and cancerous conditions, and current therapeutic strategies for intestinal diseases targeting macrophages.
Evolution in reproductive tempo and investment across the Peromyscus radiation
Authors: Wilsterman Kathryn , Cunningham Kirksey 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMammals display diverse reproductive strategies, however, the ultimate and proximate mechanisms that underlie this diversity and its composite traits remain poorly understood from both evolutionary and physiological perspectives. The Peromyscus genus of rodents, which is found throughout the north and central Americas, has diversified along life history gradients, varying both within and among species in reproductive strategies. This variation provides a useful model for studying reproductive diversity. Here, we combine a literature review with new analyses of captive colony breeding records from six Peromyscus species to assess our current understanding of how plasticity and local adaptation contribute to diversity in two classes of reproductive traits: phenology and litter investment. There is substantial evidence that many traits underlying phenology and litter investment have diverged among populations in ways that are likely to be locally adaptive, though plasticity in these traits remains common. However, these conclusions are largely based on data collected from the two most widespread Peromyscus species: P. maniculatus and P. leucopus. The majority of Peromyscus species diversity remains understudied regarding reproductive phenology and litter traits. We conclude by discussing key challenges and considerations relevant to using Peromyscus as a mammalian model for reproductive trait diversity and evolution moving forward.
Latinx attitudes, barriers, and experiences with genetic counseling and testing: A systematic review
Authors: Dron Heather A. , Bucio Daiana , Young Jennifer L. , Tabor Holly K. , Cho Mildred K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs genetics is increasingly used across clinical settings, there is a need to understand the impact and experiences of diverse patients. This review systematically examined research literature on Latinx experiences with genetic counseling and genetic testing (GC/GT) in the United States, synthesizing key themes and knowledge gaps pertaining to both patient experience and hypothetical scenarios. Findings were based on a systematic search, inclusion, and thematic analysis of 81 empirical peer‐reviewed articles published from January 1990 to July 2019 pertaining to Latinx populations and GC/GT. Studies most commonly addressed Latinas' perspectives on GC/GT in prenatal settings or for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Costs, referrals, and communication were significant barriers to accessing genetic services for many Latinx patients, particularly those with low English proficiency (LEP). Studies highlighted difficulties accessing and communicating in healthcare settings, and how medical context and prior experience with healthcare workers and institutions influenced GC/GT decision‐making. Providers' implicit biases about Latinx patients negatively impacted their care and impeded communication. Despite low awareness of cancer GT, Latinx patients often reported interest in learning more about GC/GT or unmet needs for GT discussion and provider involvement. This systematic review identified areas where providers can take action to improve Latinx experiences with GC/GT. Clinicians should elicit and respond to patient preferences about shared decision‐making. For patients with low numeracy or LEP, providers should consider tailored educational and communication techniques. Most studies focused on HBOC and prenatal testing, and Latinx patients are heterogeneous, leaving many research questions about Latinx experience with GT/GC in other clinical areas.
Task interdependence and the gender wage gap: The role of the gender composition of an occupation
Authors: Meuris Jirs , Elias Allison 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPeople increasingly need to collaborate with others in their workplace to perform their jobs. Studies have shown that task interdependence can have important consequences for teams and organizations, and emerging research suggests that it may be contributing to gender inequality. In this paper, we expand upon this literature to propose a relationship between interdependence and the gender wage gap. Relying on the lack‐of‐fit model, we predicted that the relationship between interdependence and the gender wage gap would vary with the gender composition of the occupation. This prediction was evaluated using multi‐source panel data from a US sample of approximately 8000 individuals. We found that higher levels of interdependence were positively associated with gender differences in wages among people working in male‐dominated occupations but negatively associated with gender differences in wages among those working in female‐dominated occupations. Supplemental analyses using individual fixed effects, an expanded sample, and alternative job characteristics provide support for our arguments. Taken together, our theory and findings offer novel insight into the consequences of rising interdependence for individuals and their career outcomes.
Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens are related to allergic symptoms
Authors: Du Mi , Xu Shulan , Qiu Bingjiang , Hu Shixian , Tjakkes Geerten‐Has E. , Li An , Ge Shaohua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe association between periodontitis and allergic symptoms has been investigated. However, the difference in immune signatures between them remains poorly understood. This cross‐sectional study assessed the relationship between serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to periodontal pathogens and allergic symptoms in a nationwide population cohort.MethodsTwo phases of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were used as discovery dataset (n = 3700) and validation dataset (n = 4453), respectively. Based on the antibodies against 19 periodontal pathogens, we performed an unsupervised hierarchical clustering to categorize the population into three clusters. In the discovery dataset, cluster 1 (n = 2847) had the highest level of IgG antibodies, followed by clusters 2 (n = 588) and 3 (n = 265). Data on allergic symptoms (asthma, hay fever, and wheezing) were obtained using a self‐reported questionnaire. Survey‐weighted multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between these clusters and allergic symptoms.ResultsIn the discovery dataset, the participants with lower levels of antibodies to periodontal pathogens exhibited a higher risk of asthma (odds ratio [OR]cluster 3 vs. cluster 1 = 1.820, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.153–2.873) and wheezing (ORcluster 3 vs. cluster 1 = 1.550, 95% CI: 1.095–2.194) compared to those with higher periodontal antibodies, but the non‐significant association with hay fever. Consistent results were found in the validation dataset.ConclusionsSerum IgG titers to periodontal pathogens were inversely associated with the risk of asthma and wheezing, suggesting the potentially protective role against allergic conditions.