bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excited states of holographic superconductors from massive gravity
Authors: Xiang Qian , Zhao Li , Wang Yong-Qiang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we generalize the study of the model of holographic superconductors in excited states to the framework of massive gravity at the probe limit. By taking into account the effect of a massive graviton, we numerically present a family of solutions for holographic superconductors in excited states and find that the critical temperatures can be higher due to the effect of the massive graviton, in comparison with the superconductor in Einstein gravity. We also investigate the condensates and conductivities in the ground state and the excited states by studying various parameters that determine the framework of gravity background.
The Hybrid Drive: a chronic implant device combining tetrode arrays with silicon probes for layer-resolved ensemble electrophysiology in freely moving mice
Authors: Guardamagna Matteo , Eichler Ronny , Pedrosa Rafael , Aarts Arno , Meyer Arne F , Battaglia Francesco P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective. Understanding the function of brain cortices requires simultaneous investigation at multiple spatial and temporal scales and to link neural activity to an animal’s behavior. A major challenge is to measure within- and across-layer information in actively behaving animals, in particular in mice that have become a major species in neuroscience due to an extensive genetic toolkit. Here we describe the Hybrid Drive, a new chronic implant for mice that combines tetrode arrays to record within-layer information with silicon probes to simultaneously measure across-layer information. Approach. The design of our device combines up to 14 tetrodes and 2 silicon probes, that can be arranged in custom arrays to generate unique areas-specific (and multi-area) layouts. Main results. We show that large numbers of neurons and layer-resolved local field potentials can be recorded from the same brain region across weeks without loss in electrophysiological signal quality. The drive’s lightweight structure (≈3.5 g) leaves animal behavior largely unchanged, compared to other tetrode drives, during a variety of experimental paradigms. We demonstrate how the data collected with the Hybrid Drive allow state-of-the-art analysis in a series of experiments linking the spiking activity of CA1 pyramidal layer neurons to the oscillatory activity across hippocampal layers. Significance. Our new device fits a gap in the existing technology and increases the range and precision of questions that can be addressed about neural computations in freely behaving mice.
Front-end hybrid designs for the CMS Phase-2 Upgrade towards the production phase
Authors: Kovacs M. , Blanchot G. , Gadek T. , Hollos A. , Dominguez I. , Zografos A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Sixteen thousand 2S front-end hybrids and twelve thousand PS front-end hybrids will be produced for the CMS Tracker Phase-2 upgrade. The hybrids consist of flip-chips, passives and mechanical components mounted on a flexible substrate, laminated onto carbon-fibre stiffeners with thermal expansion compensators. In the prototyping phase, several critical issues have been solved to manufacture these complex circuits. Final designs are now reaching readiness for the full-scale production. Lessons learned during the prototyping phase and different improvements implemented for manufacturability will be presented in this contribution.
Production and quality control of NICA-MPD shashlik electromagnetic calorimeter in Tsinghua University
Authors: Li Y. , Shen C. , Zhang Z. , Wang Y. , Deng Z. , Ran X. , Zhang X. , Li L. , Liang S. , Han D. , Golovatyuk V. , Tyapkin I. , Krechetov Y. , Li Y. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Multi Purpose Detector (MPD) is one of the detectors at
the NICA collider and the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECal) is an
important part of MPD. The cylindrical ECal system consists of 2400
ECal modules. In the first stage (2020–2024), Tsinghua University
(THU) will produce 460 ECal modules for MPD project. This article
mainly introduces the production, quality control and cosmic ray
test of ECal modules in THU. The process flow, quality control
standards, and testing system of ECal production have been
established, which guarantees the high-quality completion of mass
production on schedule. Up to now, nearly 360 modules have been
manufactured, and a total of 460 modules will be produced by June
2022.
Physics-aware nonparametric regression models for Earth data analysis
Authors: Cortés-Andrés Jordi , Camps-Valls Gustau , Sippel Sebastian , Székely Enikő , Sejdinovic Dino , Diaz Emiliano , Pérez-Suay Adrián , Li Zhu , Mahecha Miguel , Reichstein Markus 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Process understanding and modeling is at the core of scientific reasoning. Principled parametric and mechanistic modeling dominated science and engineering until the recent emergence of machine learning (ML). Despite great success in many areas, ML algorithms in the Earth and climate sciences, and more broadly in physical sciences, are not explicitly designed to be physically-consistent and may, therefore, violate the most basic laws of physics. In this work, motivated by the field of algorithmic fairness, we reconcile data-driven ML with physics modeling by illustrating a nonparametric and nonlinear physics-aware regression method. By incorporating a dependence-based regularizer, the method leads to models that are consistent with domain knowledge, as reflected by either simulations from physical models or ancillary data. The idea can conversely encourage independence of model predictions with other variables that are known to be uncertain either in their representation or magnitude. The method is computationally efficient and comes with a closed-form analytic solution. Through a consistency-vs-accuracy path diagram, one can assess the consistency between data-driven models and physical models. We demonstrate in three examples on simulations and measurement data in Earth and climate studies that the proposed ML framework allows us to trade-off physical consistency and accuracy.
Manakov system with parity symmetry on nonzero background and associated boundary value problems
Authors: Abeya Asela , Biondini Gino , Prinari Barbara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe characterize initial value problems for the defocusing Manakov system (coupled two-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation) with nonzero background and well-defined spatial parity symmetry (i.e., when each of the components of the solution is either even or odd), corresponding to boundary value problems on the half line with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions at the origin. We identify the symmetries of the eigenfunctions arising from the spatial parity of the solution, and we determine the corresponding symmetries of the scattering data (reflection coefficients, discrete spectrum and norming constants). All parity induced symmetries are found to be more complicated than in the scalar (i.e., one-component) case. In particular, we show that the discrete eigenvalues giving rise to dark solitons arise in symmetric quartets, and those giving rise to dark–bright solitons in symmetric octets. We also characterize the differences between the purely even or purely odd case (in which both components are either even or odd functions ofx) and the ‘mixed parity’ cases (in which one component is even while the other is odd). Finally, we show how, in each case, the spatial symmetry yields a constraint on the possible existence of self-symmetric eigenvalues, corresponding to stationary solitons, and we study the resulting behavior of solutions.
Detecting genuine multipartite entanglement in three-qubit systems with eternal non-Markovianity
Authors: Vaishy Ankit , Mitra Subhadip , Bhattacharya Samyadeb 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We devise a novel protocol to detect genuinely multipartite entangled states by harnessing quantum non-Markovian operations. We utilize a particular type of non-Markovianity known as the eternal non-Markovianity to construct a non-complete positive map to filter out the bi-separable states and detect genuine multipartite entanglement. We further propose a witness operator to detect genuinely multipartite entangled states experimentally based on this theory. Our study sheds light on a hitherto unexplored connection between entanglement theory and quantum non-Markovianity.
Anomalous diffusion originated by two Markovian hopping-trap mechanisms
Authors: Vitali S , Paradisi P , Pagnini G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We show through intensive simulations that the paradigmatic features of anomalous diffusion are indeed the features of a (continuous-time) random walk driven by two different Markovian hopping-trap mechanisms. If p ∈ (0, 1/2) and 1 − p are the probabilities of occurrence of each Markovian mechanism, then the anomalousness parameter β ∈ (0, 1) results to be β ≃ 1 − 1/{1 + log[(1 − p)/p]}. Ensemble and single-particle observables of this model have been studied and they match the main characteristics of anomalous diffusion as they are typically measured in living systems. In particular, the celebrated transition of the walker’s distribution from exponential to stretched-exponential and finally to Gaussian distribution is displayed by including also the Brownian yet non-Gaussian interval.
Geometric tilt-to-length coupling in precision interferometry: mechanisms and analytical descriptions
Authors: Hartig Marie-Sophie , Schuster Sönke , Wanner Gudrun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling is a technical term for the cross-coupling of angular or lateral jitter into an interferometric phase signal. It is an important noise source in precision interferometers and originates either from changes in the optical path lengths or from wavefront and clipping effects. Within this paper, we focus on geometric TTL coupling and categorise it into a number of different mechanisms for which we give analytic expressions. We then show that this geometric description is not always sufficient to predict the TTL coupling noise within an interferometer. We, therefore, discuss how understanding the geometric effects allows TTL noise reduction already by smart design choices. Additionally, they can be used to counteract the total measured TTL noise in a system. The presented content applies to a large variety of precision interferometers, including space gravitational wave detectors like LISA.
Wideband radar cross-section reduction using plasma-based checkerboard metasurface
Authors: ZHAO Zhiming , LI Xiaoping , DONG Guoxiang , LIU Yanming 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For stealth technology, in order to overcome the limitations of thin-layer plasma for electromagnetic waves attenuation and further broaden the radar cross-section (RCS) reduction (RCSR) band of the metasurface, the plasma-based checkerboard metasurface composed of plasma and checkerboard metasurface is investigated to achieve better RCSR. We designed a checkerboard metasurface which can achieve abnormal reflection to reduce RCS and whose −10 dB RCSR bandwidth is from 8.1 to 14.5 GHz, the RCSR principle of it lies in the backscattering cancellation, which depends on the phase difference of artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) units. The designed plasma-based checkerboard metasurface is a thin composite structure, including a checkerboard metasurface, a plasma layer, and an air gap which is between them. Full wave simulations confirm that the plasma-based checkerboard metasurface’s ‒10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth and RCS reduction amplitude, are both increased under different polarized waves compared with the only single plasma or the only metasurface. We also introduced the reason and mechanism of the interaction between plasma and the checkerboard metasurface to improve the RCSR effect in detail. As plasma-based checkerboard metasurface does not need the plasma to be too thick for plasma stealth, its application in practical scenarios is easier to implement.
Air quality monitoring and management system model of vehicles based on the internet of things
Authors: Khan Angshuman , Chandra Saurabh , Parameshwara M C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The design of an air quality monitoring system is a recent trend and emerging research topic using IoT and wireless sensor technology. The massive number of automobiles entering metropolitan areas contributes to increased air pollution and lower air quality, which leads to serious health problems. The paper’s primary goal is to introduce a vehicular pollution monitoring system model that can detect and measure pollutants like carbon monoxide and smoke produced by automobiles. The proposed module consists of sensors that can detect the pollutants, carbon monoxide, and smoke released by a vehicle. A Node Micro-Controller Unit (NodeMCU) will work as the brain of the sensor node and communicator with the server through wireless fidelity. The suggested system model can monitor automobile pollution, and if any vehicle exceeds a certain threshold value, it will be reported to the traffic department and the owner of the vehicle. The proposed system model is straightforward and simple, and it is predicted to be inexpensive.
Misinformation Across Digital Divides: Theory And Evidence From Northern Ghana
Authors: Gadjanova Elena , Lynch Gabrielle , Saibu Ghadafi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Social media misinformation is widely recognized as a significant and growing global problem. Yet, little is known about how misinformation spreads across broader media ecosystems, particularly in areas with varying internet access and connectivity. Drawing on research in northern Ghana, we seek to address this gap. We argue that ‘pavement media’—the everyday communication of current affairs through discussions in marketplaces, places of worship, bars, and the like and through a range of non-conversational and visual practices such as songs, sermons, and graffiti—is a key link in a broader media ecosystem. Vibrant pavement and traditional media allow for information from social media to quickly cross into offline spaces, creating a distinction not of the connected and disconnected but of first-hand and indirect social media users. This paper sets out how social, traditional, and pavement media form a complex and deeply gendered and socio-economically stratified media ecosystem and investigates its implications for how citizens differentially encounter, process, and respond to misinformation. Based on the findings, we argue that efforts intended to combat the spread of misinformation need to move beyond the Western-centred conception of what constitutes media and take different local modalities of media access and fact-checking into account.
State Weakness, a Fragmented Patronage-Based System, and Protracted Local Conflict in the Central African Republic
Authors: Duursma Allard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There is an academic consensus that addressing the local cleavages that drive armed conflict through local peacemaking is crucial to building peace. However, several studies also suggest that local peacemaking is often unsustainable without the conclusion of a national-level elite pact. This article moves this debate forward by arguing that even if an elite-level pact is in place, a lack of connections between national-level elites and local conflict parties can prevent peace from trickling down from the national level to the local level. This argument is demonstrated by looking at national-level and local peacemaking efforts in the Central African Republic. Although several national-level peace agreements have been concluded in the Central African Republic, extreme state weakness and a highly fragmented patronage-based system have prevented national-level peacemaking efforts from having a positive impact on local peacemaking efforts in the Central African Republic. This article contributes to the literature on conflict resolution in Africa. Many studies have focused on the local peace process, yet the national-level context in which these local peace processes take place is only rarely considered.
Patterns of unplanned hospital admissions among people with dementia: from diagnosis to the end of life
Authors: Yorganci Emel , Stewart Robert , Sampson Elizabeth L , Sleeman Katherine E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
hospitalisations are sentinel events for people with dementia. How patterns of unplanned hospital admissions change among people with dementia after diagnosis is relatively unknown.

Objective
to describe patterns of unplanned hospital admissions of people with dementia from diagnosis until death/study end.

Methods
retrospective cohort study using mental healthcare provider data of people diagnosed with dementia in London, UK (1995–2017), linked to mortality and hospital data. The primary outcome was the rate of unplanned hospital admissions after diagnosis until death/study end. We calculated the cumulative incidence of unplanned hospital admissions. The rates of unplanned hospital admissions and the percentage of time spent as an inpatient were stratified by time from first dementia diagnosis.

Results
for 19,221 people with dementia (61.4% female, mean age at diagnosis 81.0 years (standard deviation, SD 8.5)), the cumulative incidence of unplanned hospital admissions (n = 14,759) was 76.8% (95% CI 76.3%–77.3%). Individuals remained in the study for mean 3.0 (SD 2.6) years, and 12,667 (65.9%) died. Rates and lengths of unplanned hospital admissions remained relatively low and short in the months after the dementia diagnosis, increasing only as people approached the end of life. Percentage of time spent as an inpatient was &lt;3% for people who were alive at the study end but was on average 19.6 and 13.3% for the decedents in the last 6 and 12 months of life, respectively.

Conclusions
the steep rise in hospitalisations before death highlights the need for improved community care and services for people with dementia who are approaching the end of life.
The Quantification and Significance of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Seen on Liver Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Tremblay Douglas , Saberi Shahram , Mascarenhas John , Schiano Thomas D , Fiel M Isabel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) may occur in the liver and is often considered pathologic in adults. Many hematologic and nonhematologic disorders are associated with the development of EMH. However, it is unclear whether the presence of EMH is always pathologic. At present, no formal grading system for EMH in the liver exists.

Methods
We reviewed 42 liver biopsy specimens with EMH and developed a novel grading system to quantify the degree of EMH from 1 to 3 based on the number of EMH foci in 10 high-power fields.

Results
Most patients had nonhematologic conditions (n = 25). Seventeen patients had a hematologic condition, most frequently a myeloproliferative neoplasm (n = 9). Patients with an underlying hematologic condition had a significantly higher EMH grade compared with those without a hematologic condition (P &lt; .0001). All patients with grade 3 EMH had an underlying hematologic diagnosis, and most (86%) patients with grade 1 EMH had a nonhematologic disorder.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that EMH grading in the liver is feasible and can identify patients who may have an underlying hematologic condition, which can guide further diagnostic workup.
The Origins of the Market for Corporate Law
Authors: Sanga Sarath 
Published: April 2022

AbstractI study the origins of the market for corporate charters and the emergence of Delaware as the leader of this market. Specifically, I assemble new data on 19th- and 20th-century corporations to evaluate two widely held beliefs: (1) the U.S. Supreme Court is responsible for enabling a national market for corporate charters in the 19th century and (2) Delaware became the leader in this market only because New Jersey (the initial leader) repealed its extremely liberal corporate laws in 1913. I argue against both claims: The Supreme Court always opposed a national market for corporate charters, and New Jersey’s decline began a decade before its 1913 repeal. It is more likely that the market for corporate charters emerged as a collateral consequence of interstate commerce and that New Jersey declined because Delaware and other states simply copied its laws.
Ability of Thermal Work Limit (TWL) to Assess Sustainable Heat Stress Exposures
Authors: Bernard Thomas E , Ashley Candi D , Kapanowski Danielle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thermal Work Limit (TWL) recommends a maximum metabolic rate for a given environmental condition, clothing ensemble, and acclimatization state so that thermal equilibrium can be sustained at or below the limiting metabolic rate. The purpose of this paper was to assess the ability of TWL to recommend maximum sustainable levels of heat stress using an existing database of progressive heat stress trials using four levels of clothing (woven clothing, particle barrier, water barrier, and vapor barrier), three levels of relative humidity, and three levels of metabolic rate. Each trial had a compensable and an uncompensable observation plus and observation at the transition point from compensable to uncompensable. Each observation was classified as a case (steady increase in rectal temperature) or non-case (steady rectal temperature). The data were used to compare the difference between the observed metabolic rate (Mobs) and the limiting metabolic rate of TWL (i.e., ∆LimitTWL = Mobs − TWL), where ∆LimitTWL &gt; 0 was above the TWL limit. The sensitivity and specificity for each of the four clothing ensembles were about 0.96 and about 0.20, respectively. Logistic regression for all the data found that ∆LimitTWL, clothing, metabolic rate, and water vapor pressure were significant predictors of outcome. The ln(odds) equations for each clothing ensemble predicted a probability of an uncompensable exposure. The probability of an uncompensable outcome (case) when ∆LimitTWL = 0 was 0.14 for work clothes and particle barrier, and 0.22 for water barrier and vapor barrier. The probability of a case at ∆LimitTWL = 0 was greater than the probability of a case for the wet bulb globe temperature-based exposure limits where the probability of a case was 0.01. That is, the TWL was less restrictive than WBGT but with higher risk.
Validating the Short-form Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale
Authors: Botes Elouise , van der Westhuizen Lindie , Dewaele Jean-Marc , MacIntyre Peter , Greiff Samuel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractForeign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) is a popular construct in applied linguistics research, traditionally measured with the 33-item Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). However, recent studies have started utilizing the eight-item Short-Form FLCAS (S-FLCAS). There is therefore a need, which this study addressed in five sequential steps, to validate the S-FLCAS in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the scale. A sample of n = 370 foreign language learners was utilized in the validation efforts, which included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the establishment of convergent and discriminant validity, and invariance testing. The S-FLCAS was found to have a unidimensional structure with the eight items loading on a single latent variable. Evidence was provided of the internal consistency and the convergent and discriminate validity of the S-FLCAS. In addition, the measure was found to be fully invariant across age, gender, educational levels, and L1 groups. It is, therefore, with some considerable confidence that we can recommend the future use of the S-FLCAS in peer-reviewed research.