bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional extinction maps: Inverting inter-calibrated extinction catalogues
Authors: Vergely J. L. , Lallement R. , Cox N. L. J. 
Published: May 2022

Context. Three-dimensional (3D) maps of the extinction density in the Milky Way can be built through the inversion of large catalogues of distance-extinction pairs for individual target stars. Considerable progress is currently achieved in this field through the Gaia mission. Available catalogues are based on various types of photometric or spectrophotometric information and on different techniques of extinction estimations.
Aims. The spatial resolution of the maps that can be achieved increases with the spatial density of the target stars, and, consequently, with the combination of input catalogues containing different target lists. However, this requires careful inter-calibration of the catalogues. Our aim is to develop methods of inter-comparison and inter-calibration of two different extinction catalogues.
Methods. The catalogue we used as reference for inter-calibration is a spectrophotometric catalogue. It provides a more accurate extinction than a purely photometric catalogue. In order to reduce the dimension of the problem, a principal component analysis was performed in (G, GB, GR, J, H, K) multi-colour space. The subspace constituted by the two first components was split into cells in which we estimated the deviations from the reference. The deviations were computed using all targets from the reference catalogue that were located at a short spatial distance of each secondary target. Corrections and filtering were deduced for each cell in the multi-colour space.
Results. We applied the inter-calibration to two very different extinction datasets: on the one hand, extinctions based on both spectroscopy and photometry, representing 6 million objects and serving as a reference, and, on the other hand, a catalogue of 35 million extinctions based on photometry of Gaia eDR3 and 2MASS. After calibration, the dispersion of the extinction among neighbouring points in the second catalogue is reduced, regardless of whether reference targets are present locally. Weak structures are then more apparent. The extinction of high Galactic latitude targets is significantly more tightly correlated with the dust emission measured by Planck, a property acquired from the first catalogue. A hierarchical inversion technique was applied to the two merged inter-calibrated catalogues to produce 3D extinction density maps corresponding to different volumes and maximum spatial resolution. The maximum resolution is 10 pc for a 3000 pc × 3000 pc × 800 pc volume around the Sun, and the maximum size of the maps is 10 kpc × 10 kpc × 800 pc for a resolution of 50 pc. The inclusion of the spectroscopic survey data increases the dynamic range of the extinction density, improves the accuracy of the maps, and allows the mapping to be extended to greater distances to better constrain the remarkable ≃ 2.5 kpc wide dust-free region in the second quadrant in particular, which now appears as a giant oval superbubble. Maps can be downloaded or used by means of on-line tools.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Might be a Predictor for Severe
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Turgut Seda , Acarer Didem , Seyit Hakan , Pamuk Naim , Piskinpasa Hamide , Bozkur Evin , Karabulut Mehmet , Cakir Ilkay 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the IGF-1 levels, metabolic and clinical
parameters among the ultrasonographically classified non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease (NAFLD) groups and determine the factors that may predict the NAFLD
severity in patients with morbid obesity. This study was conducted on 316
morbidly obese patients (250 F/66 M). The data of
patients before and 1st-year after bariatric surgery were recorded. According to
the ultrasonographically NAFLD screening, patients with normal hepatic features
were classified as Group 1(n=57), with mild and moderate NAFLD were
classified as Group 2(n=219), and with severe NAFLD were classified as
Group 3(n=40). IGF-1 standard deviation scores (SDSIGF1) were calculated
according to age and gender. Parameters that could predict the presence and
severity of NAFLD were evaluated. IGF-1 levels were significantly associated
with Group 3 than Group 1(p=0.037), and the significance remained
between the same groups when IGF-1 levels were standardized as
SDSIGF1(p=0.036). Decreased levels of SDSIGF1 explained 5% of
severe NAFLD than the normal group (p=0.036). Liver Diameter, FPG, ALT,
AST, and GGT were also found as significant predictors for severe NAFLD. There
were significant differences between pre-and postop values in all groups
(p<0.001). This study showed that IGF-1 might be considered a sgnificant
predictor of severe NAFLD in morbidly obese patients. It is crucial in clinical
practice to determine predictive factors of NAFLD that could support the
diagnosis accompanied by non-invasive imaging methods.
Recyclable Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of 2-Iodoanilines, Trimethyl Orthoformate, and Amines: A Practical Synthesis of Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Li Jianying , Zhou Zebiao , Xie Gang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn efficient heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation of 2-iodoanilines, trimethyl orthoformate, and amines has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly in toluene at 110 °C using N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DiPEA) as base and 2 mol% of MCM-41-anchored bidentate phosphine palladium complex [MCM-41-2P-Pd(OAc)2] as catalyst under 10 bar of carbon monoxide and provides a general and practical method for the construction of a wide variety of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones in good to excellent yields from commercially easily available starting materials. This heterogenized palladium catalyst can be easily recovered via a simple centrifugation process and reused more than nine times with almost consistent catalytic efficiency.
Transition to a Night Float System in Ophthalmology Residency: Perceptions of Resident Wellness and Performance
Authors: Aggarwal Sahil , Wisely C. Ellis , Gross Andrew , Challa Pratap 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to characterize the influence of a new night float rotation on resident wellness and performance in the Duke University Eye Center Ophthalmology Residency Program.
Methods We analyzed three classes of ophthalmology residents: one class (n = 4) utilized the new night float rotation with no daytime clinical duties, while two senior classes (n = 12) utilized the traditional call system wherein they had daytime and nighttime responsibilities. Residents completed a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of the night float rotation. Supervising attendings (n = 15) were also surveyed about their perceptions of the new rotation.
Results Zero of the four residents on the night float rotation reported burnout compared with 6 of 11 residents in the traditional call system. Most residents supported the adoption of the night float rotation, but this trend was less apparent among fellows and attendings.Most respondents believed the new night float rotation reduced burnout, fatigue, and work hours while increasing time for nonclinical activities. Perceived skills gained while on call were felt to be similar between the two call systems. Fellows and attendings believed residents in the night float system performed similarly or better than residents in the traditional system in indicators such as knowledge and enthusiasm. There was no significant difference in the average number of patient encounters (290.8 ± 30.5 vs. 310.7 ± 25.4, p = 0.163), phone encounters (430.8 ± 20.2 vs. 357.1 ± 90.0, p = 0.068), or average hours worked per week (57.3 ± 4.6 vs. 58.0 ± 5.7 p = 0.797) per resident between night float residents and traditional call residents.
Conclusions This study shows resident support for a night float rotation in ophthalmology residency at Duke, with reductions in burnout and more time for nonclinical activities without affecting perceived clinical performance. We hope this study serves as an impetus for other ophthalmology programs considering a transition to a night float system.
The first 100 years: IR, critical security studies and the quest for peace
Authors: Rolf Jan Niklas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper argues that peace studies and the Welsh school of critical security studies both define themselves in opposition to the traditional view of security, with the only difference that the former goes through the concept of peace in voicing its critique of security. Pointing to some striking similarities in the epistemology, methodology and ontology of Johan Galtung and Ken Booth, it shows that the two studies have been driving on parallel roads and that they would profit greatly from joining forces. Being the kind of applied and anti-hegemonic science that scholars at Aberystwyth strive for, peace studies could provide the Welsh school with greater practical applicability and access to everyday life. The Welsh school, in turn, could endow peace studies with academic reputation and a solid critical foundation. This would not only put peace back on the agenda of IR, but also contribute towards the decolonization of the discipline.
SAWstitch: exploring self-avoiding walks through hand embroidery
Authors: Brown Christa P , Cook Kalila R , Beales Paul A , Dougan Lorna 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A self-avoiding walk (SAW) is a sequence of moves on a grid that does not visit the same point more than once. SAWs are used to study how networks form, including social networks, biological networks and computer networks, and have provided inspiration to scientists, artists and designers. Here we describe a collaborative project which aims to deliver public engagement activities that embrace creative thinking to explore SAWs through the medium of hand embroidery. We introduce the physics of SAWs and then present an activity which uses materials from hand embroidery to explore these concepts. Specifically, the activity makes use of a Maker Kit which contains all the materials needed to create SAWs on an embroidery hoop. We evaluate the impact of the Maker Kits and reflect on the opportunities provided by a creativity-led engagement activity for physics teaching and research.
Assessment of Rwandan physics students’ active learning environments: classroom observations
Authors: Ndihokubwayo Kizito , Uwamahoro Jean , Ndayambaje Irénée 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Science teaching in general and physics teaching in particular often fail to meet the challenges of motivating and engaging learners. Consequently, students do not adequately understand concepts, leading to the poor acquisition of expected practical skills. In response to this need, we conducted a study to document physics teachers’ instructional practices and students’ learning environments in Rwandan secondary schools. We used the Classroom Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM to collect data. For three months, we observed 34 geometric optics lessons for nine Senior-4 Physics teachers and 28 physical optics lessons for seven senior-5 Physics teachers. The results indicate that learner-learner active engagement during group work takes 19% of a 2 min time interval. In comparison, learner-teacher active engagement during teacher guide and questioning take 36.8% and 46.5% of a 2 min time interval, respectively. How teachers and students spend time on each classroom activity was analysed, and recommendations for student engagement were also discussed.
Confocal scanning based MUSIC damage imaging algorithm for high guided waves attenuation structures
Authors: Bao Qiao , Wang Qiang , Hu Weiwei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Guided waves based structural health monitoring methods are potential for practical applications, since they are sensitive to small damage and could realize large area monitoring. However, guided waves attenuate seriously on some structures, such as carbon fiber composite structures, honeycomb skin structures, thermal protection structures of silicone polymer composites, and so on. Specially, the low signal-to-noise ratio of guided waves, resulting from high attenuation, limits the accuracy of guided waves based methods. In addition, these high attenuation structures are usually anisotropic, which make the propagation velocity related damage imaging methods not accurate. To solve this problem, a novel confocal scanning based multiple signal classification (MUSIC) damage imaging method with array steering vectors correction is proposed in this paper. Confocal scanning is carried out to make the excitation guided waves focused on special positions and MUSIC algorithm is used to synthetic the received guided waves, scattered from damage, to further improve the damage imaging accuracy. At last, an experiment on the carbon fiber composite plate, considered as the high attenuation structure, is carried out to verify this proposed method. Experimental results show that this method can recognize damage imaging within 2° and 18 mm deviations in angle and distance, respectively.
Analyzing Dominant 13.5 and 27 day Periods of Solar Terrestrial Interaction: A New Insight into Solar Cycle Activities
Authors: Syiemlieh Rissnalin , Adhikary Manashee , Panigrahi Prasanta K , Saikia Eeshankur 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Our analysis presents an explanation of the Sun–Earth coupling mechanism during declining phase of a solar cycle, and how the dominant 13.5 and 27 day periods play roles in the coupling mechanism which led to intense terrestrial magnetic storms during this declining phase compared to the rising phase of a solar cycle. Moreover, it is observed that while the 27 day period gets strongly modulated in the rising phase, the 13.5 day period modulation is more prominent during the declining phase. It is suggested that out of the 27 and 13.5 day periods of Sun–Earth interaction, the preferred period of modulation happens to be the one which is more dominant for the less random or quieter system participating in the coupling. It is reported for the first time that the 13.5 day period is more prominent in the Sun–Earth interaction during the declining phase of a solar cycle, as it is the most dominant period of Earth’s magnetic system, which happens to be more persistent as a dynamical system and hence quieter or more receptive than the Sun.
Defining relative humidity in terms of water activity: III. Relations to dew-point and frost-point temperatures
Authors: Feistel Rainer , Hellmuth Olaf , Lovell-Smith Jeremy 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) is a fundamental quantity used in many fields of engineering and science, and in particular in meteorology and climate research. Relative fugacity (RF) and, equivalently, relative activity of water vapour in humid air have recently been proposed as a physically well-founded, unambiguous common metrological reference quantity for several conventional but mutually inconsistent definitions of RH. The RF definition is valid is valid under real-gas conditions and above boiling and sublimation temperatures. While differences between RH and RF mostly remain within uncertainties of typical present-day RH measurements, such systematic discrepancies are expected to be of substantial climatological relevance. Consequently, interdisciplinary harmonisation of RH definitions is overdue within the SI framework. Dew-point and frost-point temperatures are preferred measurands in humidity metrology using, for example, chilled-mirror hygrometers. Here, relations are presented for estimating RF from those temperatures, based on equations of state of the 2011 IUGG
6

5
IUGG: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, https://iugg.org/.
standard TEOS-10, the ‘international thermodynamic equation of seawater—2010’. Recommendations are given for numerically computing RF using the open-source TEOS-10 SIA library
6

6
SIA Library: Sea-Ice-Air Library of TEOS-10, http://teos-10.org.
. The asymptotic limiting laws of RF for nearly saturated humid air exhibit the familiar form of Clausius–Clapeyron-like equations, despite departing from ideal-gas assumptions. Under various practical conditions, these simple equations may cover the full humidity range with only minor residuals compared to the full numerical TEOS-10 solution for RF.
The geometric theory of phase transitions
Authors: Di Cairano Loris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We develop a geometric theory of phase transitions (PTs) for Hamiltonian systems in the microcanonical ensemble. Such a theory allows to rephrase the Bachmann’s classification of PTs for finite-size systems in terms of geometric properties of the energy level sets (ELSs) associated to the Hamiltonian function. Specifically, by defining the microcanonical entropy as the logarithm of the ELS’s volume equipped with a suitable metric tensor, we obtain an exact equivalence between thermodynamics and geometry. In fact, we show that any energy-derivative of the entropy can be associated to a specific combination of geometric curvature structures of the ELSs which, in turn, are well-precise combinations of the potential function derivatives. In so doing, we establish a direct connection between the microscopic description provided by the Hamiltonian and the collective behavior which emerges in a PT. Finally, we also analyze the behavior of the ELSs’ geometry in the thermodynamic limit showing that nonanalyticities of the energy-derivatives of the entropy are caused by nonanalyticities of certain geometric properties of the ELSs around the transition point. We validate the theory studying PTs that occur in the ϕ
4 and Ginzburg–Landau-like models.
Universal amplitudes ratios for critical aging via functional renormalization group
Authors: Vodret Michele , Chiocchetta Alessio , Gambassi Andrea 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We discuss how to calculate non-equilibrium universal amplitude ratios in the functional renormalization group approach, extending its applicability. In particular, we focus on the critical relaxation of the Ising model with non-conserved dynamics (model A) and calculate the universal amplitude ratio associated with the fluctuation–dissipation ratio of the order parameter, considering a critical quench from a high-temperature initial condition. Our predictions turn out to be in good agreement with previous perturbative renormalization-group calculations and Monte Carlo simulations.
A Review on MX2 (M = Mo, W and X = S, Se) layered material for opto-electronic devices
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Laishram Radhapiyari , Gupta Bipin Kumar , Srivastva Ritu , Sinha Om Prakash 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After discovering the steppingstone of two-dimensional (2D) materials, i.e. graphene, researchers are keen to explore the world of 2D materials beyond graphene for new frontiers and challenges. Due to bandgap limitation, graphene does not fit for the logic and optoelectronic applications which need well defined on/off ratio. Recently, single-layer (SL) and few-layer (FL) transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as a new family of layered materials with great interest, not only for the fundamental point of view, but also due to its potential application in ultrathin modern devices. As the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a direct bandgap in their single layer, which falls under the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and has better physical and chemical properties, making them a suitable candidate for logic and optoelectronic applications. This review includes the recent extensive development on the synthesis and transfer strategies of MX2 (M = Mo, W and X = S, Se) 2D nanostructures of semiconducting TMDs. Further, this review covers the electronic and optoelectronic applications of these nanostructures along with progress in Van der Waal structures. The advantage and unambiguity of these materials are also discussed.
Pile-up mitigation using attention
Authors: Maier B , Narayanan S M , de Castro G , Goncharov M , Paus Ch , Schott M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Particle production from secondary proton-proton collisions, commonly referred to as pile-up, impair the sensitivity of both new physics searches and precision measurements at large hadron collider (LHC) experiments. We propose a novel algorithm, Puma, for modeling pile-up with the help of deep neural networks based on sparse transformers. These attention mechanisms were developed for natural language processing but have become popular in other applications. In a realistic detector simulation, our method outperforms classical benchmark algorithms for pile-up mitigation in key observables. It provides a perspective for mitigating the effects of pile-up in the high luminosity era of the LHC, where up to 200 proton-proton collisions are expected to occur simultaneously.
Arterial myeloperoxidase in the detection and treatment of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: a new dawn for an old light
Authors: Nadel James , Jabbour Andrew , Stocker Roland 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntracellular myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a specific role in the innate immune response; however, upon release into the extracellular space in the setting of inflammation, drives oxidative tissue injury. Extracellular MPO has recently been shown to be abundant in unstable atheroma and causally linked to plaque destabilization, erosion, and rupture, identifying it as a potential target for the surveillance and treatment of vulnerable atherosclerosis. Through the compartmentalization of MPO’s protective and deleterious effects, extracellular MPO can be selectively detected using non-invasive molecular imaging and targeted by burgeoning pharmacotherapies. Given its causal relationship to plaque destabilization coupled with an ability to preserve its beneficial properties, MPO is potentially a superior translational inflammatory target compared with other immunomodulatory therapies and imaging biomarkers utilized to date. This review explores the role of MPO in plaque destabilization and provides insights into how it can be harnessed in the management of patients with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.