bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Discussions of Menopause in the Work of Women Medical and Health Writers in France
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers all the women-authored medical works and advice manuals published throughout the nineteenth century which mentioned women’s ‘critical age’, as well as a few that did not, situated in relation to the exclusion of women from the title of doctor up until 1875. While these works clearly demonstrate engagement with doctors’ books and theses on menopause, mostly they reproduced only a small part of the elaborate symptomatology, or the hygienic prescriptions given to women in the critical age found ubiquitously in the works authored by men. Only one work, that of the midwife Virginie Messager published in 1859, surpassed even the most pathologising works by medical men about menopause—proposing that it was an even more dangerous time than anyone else thought. The second part of the chapter considers research studies conducted by women on the diseases of women’s ageing after women were permitted to enter the medical profession. Here too there was a distinctly less catastrophising and generalising tone in the specification of particular disease cohorts that were no longer taken to be representative. There was also a wholesale abandonment of both the elaborate schema of hygienic prescription, and the simultaneous claims of historical innovation and ancient inheritance which doctors of the nineteenth century continually crowed about. Section Heading: • The First French Women Gynaecologists and Menopause
Conclusion
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This conclusion summarises the novel findings of the book that menopause was a concept that contained multiple temporal layers derived from early modern thought relating to astrological climacteric ages, and to the rejection of purgatives and humoralism in the rise of iatromechanism. It was pivoted into a highly generative vector for the medicalisation of older women as patients at the turn of the nineteenth century by: - The crisis of French medical institutions in the French Revolution - The European demographic realisation of women’s higher survival after thirty-five years - The novel pressures on women’s bodies created by urban industrialisation - The emergence of a uniquely French intellectual current of the ‘natural history of women’ - The emergence of the new modern disciplines of medical hygiene, psychiatry, and gynaecology It describes how many of the nineteenth-century French approaches to women’s ageing, which viewed it as a condition of deficit and morbidity and viewed the ageing uterus and ovaries as degenerate and advisable to remove, with ovarian secretions to be replaced with pharmaceutical products, became globalised in the twentieth century with enduring legacies into our own time.
The World Bank's Lawyers
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The World Bank’s Lawyers provides an original socio-legal account of the evolving institutional life of international law. Informed by oral archives, months of participant observation, interviews, legal memoranda and documents obtained through freedom-of-information requests, it tells an untold story of the World Bank’s legal department between 1983 and 2016. This is a story of people and the beliefs they have, the influence they seek and the tools they employ. It is an account of the practices they cling to and how these practices gain traction, or how they fail to do so, in an international bureaucracy. Inspired by Actor-Network Theory, relational sociologies of association and performativity theory, this ethnographic exploration multiplies the matters of concern in our study of international law(yering): the human and non-human, material and semantic, obscure and evasive actants that tie together the fragile fabric of legality. In tracing these threads, this book signals important changes in the conceptual repertoire and materiality of international legal practice, as liberal ideals were gradually displaced by managerial modes of evaluation. It reveals a world teeming with life—a space where professional postures and prototypes, aesthetic styles and technical routines are woven together in law’s shifting mode of existence. This history of international law as a contingent cultural technique enriches our understanding of the discipline’s disenchantment and the displacement of its traditional tropes by unexpected and unruly actors. It thereby inspires new ways of critical thinking about international law’s political pathways, promises and pathologies, as its language is inscribed in ever-evolving rationalities of rule.
Law as Management—An Agenda of Cultural Change
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Part III provides an account of the changes in international law(yering) instilled by Anne-Marie Leroy (General Counsel 2009–2016). It reconstructs Leroy’s introduction of a ‘new normative architecture’ in the World Bank and the associated cultivation of a new, deformalized and pragmatic practice of lawyering. Chapter 6 focuses on Leroy’s explicit agenda of cultural change and the internal documents through which she sought to instil a new professional sensibility (setting out a new ‘road ahead for the Legal Vice Presidency’ and redescribing the ‘role of lawyers in the Solutions Bank’). It shows how Leroy thereby aimed to ‘instil and nurture a culture of informed risk-taking’ modelled on the image of a flexible, dynamic, decentralized and outcome-oriented administrative practice. The chapter thereby offers a detailed reconstruction of the ‘paradigm shift’ in legal practice from a ‘rules-based’ to a ‘principles-based normative approach’ that has remained entirely unexplored. It concludes by analysing how Leroy’s pragmatic professional posture translated into a specific invocation of the ‘rule of law’ that aimed at curtailing the Inspection Panel and reconfiguring the standards that this accountability mechanism is assigned to apply. The chapter thereby shows how Leroy’s ‘new normative architecture’—attuned to what some described as ‘the risk management of everything’—both diluted the promise of internal accountability practices and deformalized the practice of international law(yering). It is thereby, inevitably, also an argument on the changing politics of international law and the inscription of its language in evolving modes of global governance and rationalities of rule.
Introduction
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It traces the various names by which Birkbeck has been known and introduces readers to the main founders. The College was established as the London Mechanics’ Institution at the Crown and Anchor Tavern at the junction of the Strand and Arundel Street. It notes that the term ‘mechanics’ did not refer to the ‘labouring poor’ or paupers. Three quarters were ‘operatives,’ men who worked with their hands or identified as members of the ‘working class’. London was a very different city in 1823 compared to 2023. There was widespread hostility amongst many elites to educating mechanics or working people. Few people opposed teaching ‘the masses’ to read and write but educating them in anything more substantial incited anxiety. These fears were in part rooted in the religious monopoly over schools and universities. Churchmen and their adherents feared that any education that was primarily ‘scientific and philosophical’ rather than ‘moral and religious’ was risky. Many worried that education would make working people less deferential to their ‘betters’. The founders of the LMI had to counter these prejudices.
Useful Knowledge
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
What was ‘useful knowledge’? Members of the LMI debated the content and context of the curriculum. Was knowledge important for its own sake? Was it required in the struggle towards personal fulfilment and familial prosperity? Was it necessary for social stability or economic development? Was it a civic duty or a way of promoting a particular political agenda? The answers to these questions were important in critiques about the role of mechanics’ institutes in workers’ militancy. Were places like the LMI part of an agenda of social control or, in times of political turmoil, did they provide workers with skills and confidence to encourage their participation in political movements? The LMI was criticized for allowing female members, including in its anatomy classes. It also was a hotbed for a radical new ‘science’, phrenology.
Governing the College
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There would be no university community without effective governance. It requires skilled management, cautious financial control, astute estate and classroom planning, and an executive that inspires confidence among the teaching, research and administrative staff as well as students. After the initial struggles of the 1820s to 1850s, LMI/Birkbeck and its management went through four major periods of transformation: the student revolt of the 1880s, the creation of the City Polytechnic in the 1890s, the upheaval of federalism in the 1920s, and the imposition of ‘new managerialism’ associated with state neoliberal policies from the 1970s onwards. The chapter concludes by analysing changes in the personal and political characteristics of people in the main leadership roles in the College.
The New Woman
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Birkbeck admitted women to its classes from 1830. This was long before other institutions in the UK were providing Higher Education for women. The London Mechanics’ Institution also employed female lecturers, a radical thing in the mid-nineteenth century. By the 1890s, Birkbeck was a magnet for the ‘New Woman’, who found within its walls a place to display her talents and expand her horizons. One of these New Women was Edith Lanchester, who was socially and politically radical but was briefly incarcerated in an asylum by her father for being ‘over-educated’. The LMI/Birkbeck was welcoming not only to female students but also to progressive, early feminists. The LMI/Birkbeck provided platforms for dozens of women to speak. Today, these women are known as ‘first-wave feminists’. They adhered to ‘separate spheres feminism’—that is, they believed that the sexes were ‘separate but equal’. They used issues such as temperance, religion, and morality, to justify their ‘transgression into the public sphere’. And they did so in ways that enabled them to make independent livings. They passionately believed that the reason women were not regarded as equal was because of lack of educational opportunities. This was why they lectured at the LMI.
‘Tea and Kippers’
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Ma’ Francis spent half a century cooking for and generally looking after Birkbeck staff and students. Ma’ Francis joined the staff in the College’s Fetter Lane refectory in 1896, when she was 30 years old. She left fifty years later when she was 80. People like ‘Ma’ Francis are the often forgotten yet essential workers who sustain university life. The refectory, bar, and common rooms at Birkbeck have been at the centre of the College’s social life. As late as the early 2000s, it was routine (indeed, in some departments, expected) for lecturers to join their students after class for a beer or glass of wine after classes ended at 9 p.m. The more informal debates about academic issues that took place in the bar were believed to bolster student learning. Scholarship was also enhanced by conversations with colleagues over a cup of coffee or glass of wine or whiskey.
Science in the World
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Scientists at Birkbeck have transformed the way the world is perceived and understood. The most famous is crystallographer J. D. Bernal, who argued that science is a social activity, but the chapter starts with the extraordinary achievements of molecular biologist Rosalind Franklin, who was renowned not only for her X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA but also for her study of the three-dimensional structure of viruses. The chapter traces the fortunes of the Physics and Crystallography Departments, emphasizing (among others) Bernal, David Bohm, and Roger Penrose. To explain the intellectual achievements of Birkbeck scientists, it is argued that we need to focus on four features: the nature of the student body; the culture of internationalism; a belief in the power of science to change the world; and an engrained culture of collaboration, curiosity, and egalitarianism.
Paranormal Sciences
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Birkbeck used to be one of the leading UK centres for the study of the paranormal. Uri Geller visited in 1974, but the scientists at Birkbeck quickly turned their research interests to ‘mini-Gellers’, who were young people who claimed to have similar psychic powers. This research was led by John Hasted in the Physics Department and, to a much lesser extent, David Bohm. This chapter asks why Birkbeck scientists were interested in the paranormal. The answers can be found in the history of physics (specifically, quantum mechanics), communism, peace movements, and folk music. It traces the decline of this scientific research.
Teaching
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The unique challenges of providing the highest level of university education to men and women who have already put in a full day’s work were recognized from the foundation of Birkbeck as the London Mechanics’ Institution. This chapter explores some of the pedagogic challenges facing students and teachers attending classes in the evening. Effective and rigorous teaching are at the heart of the College. The chapter also looks at what we know about Birkbeck’s lecturers—their teaching styles, peculiarities, and passions. What about Birkbeck’s students? What were their ages, occupations, and living arrangements? How have these changed over time? The chapter also focuses on C. E. M. Joad. How did the ‘look’ of the College and classrooms change? What role has been played by administrative staff?
Seeing and Hearing in the Poetics and Cinematics of Process Research
Authors: Linstead Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at approaches to the poetics and cinematics of research as a means of noticing differently. Research in organization studies, in common with social science more generally, tends to take notice of phenomena that fall within the framing of established paradigms, incrementally clarifying that which is already to some degree illuminated. This model of the researcher as scientist-in-residence needs to be complemented by that of the poet- or artist-in-residence if the challenges of seeing and hearing differently, and accessing a wider range of experience, are to be addressed. This chapter explores the potential of arts-based approaches for increasing researcher capacity to interrogate their own framing, beginning with examples from the romantic art of Caspar David Friedrichs and the modernist poetry of Wallace Stevens to illustrate poetic and aesthetic ‘moments’ in play. It then looks more closely at practical attempts to put poetry to work in social science research, and increase researcher awareness of neglected dimensions of experience using unfamiliar media and methods. This expands to consideration of two further moments, the ethical and political, and explores the integration of these moments in filmmaking using the example of an award-winning short documentary. These approaches are shown to extend existing creative methodologies such as ‘social poetics’ by being more dynamically processual in the exploitation of creative constraints, more fluid in dissolving disciplinary boundaries, and more capable of responding to material relations of interconnectivity beyond intersubjectivity.
Noticing Colour
Authors: Beyes Timon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Situated in the multiple tints and shades of colour and organization, this chapter is dedicated to colour as organizational force, and to the implications of colour as process for noticing differently in the context of organization and organizing. Noticing colour as process implies staying attuned to its situated volatility and movement, eschewing attempts to reduce the study of chromatics to concerns with meaning and order. Based on colour writings of Goethe, Benjamin and Stewart, the chapter moves towards a ‘chromatic empiricism’ through the notions of situation, scene, attunement, estrangement, montage, and poetics. It ends with a brief note on old and new theories and the tyranny of the drawn line.
Correspondences with a Business Meeting in a Time of Covid
Authors: Beavan Katie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter I playfully experiment with correspondences as a research modality of potentia for organization studies (OS) and a way to notice differently. My intent is not a backward-looking static representation of reality; rather I am concerned with forward-looking possibilities for living in the dynamic worlds of twenty-first century organizations. Drawing on Dewey’s pragmatist denotative method, Ingold’s theory of correspondences, and recent evolving conceptualizations of narrative inquiry, I assay to join with a Zoom meeting; being present, attending, learning, and responding in-the-midst-of-unfolding-experience. Theorists arrive in my chapter discordantly and generatively asking to be thought with. I describe buzzing and ephemeral entanglements of human, and more-than-human relations emerging, in and from, communications taking place via Zoom. The focus of my tale is a business discussion taking place during the Covid-19 pandemic where three humans, based in London, Murcia, and Connecticut, are collaboratively designing in relationship with the internet, an experiential senior leadership programme which is to be delivered online. A fluid, fragmented, and perhaps fantastical storying surfaces where complexity and/or disjunction are not simplified or smoothed over. A chapter which continually disperses, disrupts, interferes, overlaps, and surprises. I hate to disappoint but there is no neat ending. I do not own this story and indeed it seems to have a vibrant agencing all of its own.
Lorry-Driver Poets and Student Radicals
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAmerican programmes in creative writing offered one model for the rise of the ‘writer-in-residence’ in Britain. As Chapter 7 shows, a second model was informed by progressive educational ideas, which also led to the expansion of the comprehensive school system. Funded by the Arts Council and other organizations, writers-in-residence advised underprivileged populations: from lorry-driver poets to dry-cleaners-turned-novelists. With the rise of the discourse on creative writing in academia as a source of conformity, all institutions started becoming suspicious—including the Arts Council. The only way to be completely autonomous was to reject funding from institutions and survive in the marketplace, argued the novelist and playwright Jack Trevor Story after a stint as writer-in-residence in Milton Keynes.
Paradoxes of Institutional Belonging
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn an ultra-competitive literary world, the global rise of creative writing courses (within and outside academia) has been largely driven by a quest for self-fulfilment and access to publishing networks. More needs to be done to understand the rapid development of these programmes around the world. There is ample scope for a spatial expansion of the field, towards Europe and Asia in particular. This book touches on the expansion of creative writing in Continental Europe in the Epilogue. It then concludes with an overview of the three models of writing careers that have shaped the literary landscape since the early twentieth century and with an afterword by Mark McGurl.
The Success of Danish Wind Energy Innovation Policy
Authors: van Est Rinie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Denmark is currently a world leader in the use and market of both onshore and offshore wind energy. This chapter attempts to unravel the role that public policy has played in the Danish wind energy innovation success. This is done by telling four public-policy stories. The first story is about integration of wind energy policy and energy and climate policy, and demonstrates how generations of Danish policymakers have been able to constantly renew and uphold a visionary, political consensus over a very long period of time. The second story focuses on the political battle that has been fought to make wind turbine technology an integral part of the electricity grid. The third story is about the dynamics of the industry politics of wind energy and describes the policy for developing a domestic market as well as for taking advantage of foreign markets. The fourth story involves the precarious planning and siting of wind turbines as part of the broader challenge to obtain and maintain social (national and local) support for wind energy. The principle of local citizen ownership of wind turbines, which had broad political support, played a major role in this. By taking a broad look at the development of Danish wind energy over the past five decades, we get a good picture of the various enabling and regulatory roles that public authorities and policies played in nurturing this widely celebrated successful innovative industry.
Towards an Icelandic Sustainable Energy System
Authors: Davíðsdóttir Brynhildur 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Approximately 85 per cent of primary energy use in Iceland in 2019 is derived from domestic renewable energy, primarily hydropower and geothermal energy. This share of modern renewables in primary energy use is one of the highest in any national energy budget. To get to this point the Icelandic energy system went through three energy transitions dating back to around 1900, and currently has begun the fourth and final step towards fully relying on renewable energy. This chapter analyses the story of how Iceland, seemingly without a formal and a holistic energy policy package succeeded in transitioning to large-scale use of renewable energy at considerable benefits to the Icelandic nation, including improved energy security and reduced costs. This story has now culminated in a strategic policy document agreed to by members of all political parties with members in parliament during 2017–2021, aiming to fully transition to a 100 per cent renewable energy economy and thereby complete the transition. The story illustrates: i) how the combination of necessity driven by crisis such as the energy crisis (now climate change) and the drive of local entrepreneurs and decision makers led to a final outcome that with the climate emergency is now what most nations aspire to and ii) how development of diverse policy fragments, somewhat coincidentally slowly moved the system in the same direction, illustrating how the lack of a formal process or a cohesive policy can in the end result in a successful outcome.
The Case for Freedom
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Kant contrasts the spatio-temporal world of appearances with the world of things as they are in themselves: a form of anti-realism about the world as we experience it. There is no such thing as ‘every event’ in our world, though we may always be able to find causes that we can regard as sufficient for our purposes. Free choices require something like time, if not time as we think of it; but McTaggart showed how a different order might ground time as we think of it. The requirements of Kant’s determinism are satisfied by there being, within the world of appearances, some assignable cause for any choice one makes. But such assignments are always tentative, and the true choice made by the self in itself may well be different. This is a suggestion Kant had himself considered, but he never seems to have explored it seriously.