bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting current species ranges and carbon stocks fails to conserve biodiversity in a changing climate: opportunities to support climate adaptation under 30 × 30
Authors: Dreiss Lindsay M , Lacey L Mae , Weber Theodore C , Delach Aimee , Niederman Talia E , Malcom Jacob W 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Protecting areas for climate adaptation will be essential to ensuring greater opportunity for species conservation well into the future. However, many proposals for protected areas expansion focus on our understanding of current spatial patterns, which may be ineffective surrogates for future needs. A science-driven call to address the biodiversity and climate crises by conserving at least 30% of lands and waters by 2030, 30 × 30, presents new opportunities to inform the siting of new protections globally and in the US. Here we identify climate refugia and corridors based on a weighted combination of currently available models; compare them to current biodiversity hotspots and carbon-rich areas to understand how 30 × 30 protections siting may be biased by data omission; and compare identified refugia and corridors to the protected areas database to assess current levels of protection. Available data indicate that 20.5% and 27.5% of identified climate adaptation areas (refugia and/or corridor) coincides with current imperiled species hotspots and carbon-rich areas, respectively. With only 12.5% of climate refugia and corridors protected, a continued focus on current spatial patterns in species and carbon richness will not inherently conserve places critical for climate adaptation. However, there is ample opportunity for establishing future-minded protections: 52% of the contiguous US falls into the top quartile of values for at least one class of climate refugia. Nearly 27% is already part of the protected areas network but managed for multiple uses that may limit their ability to contribute to the goals of 30 × 30. Additionally, nearly two-thirds of nationally identified refugia coincide with ecoregion-specific refugia suggesting representation of nearly all ecoregions in national efforts focused on conserving climate refugia. Based on these results, we recommend that land planners and managers make more explicit policy priorities and strategic decisions for future-minded protections and climate adaptation.
Seasonal variability in particulate organic carbon degradation in the Kolyma River, Siberia
Authors: Keskitalo Kirsi H , Bröder Lisa , Jong Dirk , Zimov Nikita , Davydova Anna , Davydov Sergei , Tesi Tommaso , Mann Paul J , Haghipour Negar , Eglinton Timothy I , Vonk Jorien E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Major Arctic rivers are undergoing changes due to climate warming with higher discharge and increased amounts of solutes and organic carbon (OC) draining into rivers and coastal seas. Permafrost thaw mobilizes previously frozen OC to the fluvial network where it can be degraded into greenhouse gases and emitted to the atmosphere. Degradation of OC during downstream transport, especially of the particulate OC (POC), is however poorly characterized. Here, we quantified POC degradation in the Kolyma River, the largest river system underlain with continuous permafrost, during 9–15 d whole-water incubations (containing POC and dissolved OC—DOC) during two seasons: spring freshet (early June) and late summer (end of July). Furthermore, we examined interactions between dissolved and particulate phases using parallel incubations of filtered water (only DOC). We measured OC concentrations and carbon isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) to define carbon losses and to characterize OC composition, respectively. We found that both POC composition and biodegradability differs greatly between seasons. During summer, POC was predominantly autochthonous (47%–95%) and degraded rapidly (∼33% loss) whereas freshet POC was largely of allochthonous origin (77%–96%) and less degradable. Gains in POC concentrations (up to 31%) were observed in freshet waters that could be attributed to flocculation and adsorption of DOC to particles. The demonstrated DOC flocculation and adsorption to POC indicates that the fate and dynamics of the substantially-sized DOC pool may shift from degradation to settling, depending on season and POC concentrations—the latter potentially acting to attenuate greenhouse gas emissions from fluvial systems. We finally note that DOC incubations without POC present may yield degradation estimates that do not reflect degradation in the in situ river conditions, and that interaction between dissolved and particulate phases may be important to consider when determining fluvial carbon dynamics and feedbacks under a changing climate.
Emissions of atmospherically reactive gases nitrous acid and nitric oxide from Arctic permafrost peatlands
Authors: Bhattarai Hem Raj , Marushchak Maija E , Ronkainen Jussi , Lamprecht Richard E , Siljanen Henri M P , Martikainen Pertti J , Biasi Christina , Maljanen Marja 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Soils are important sources of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. These nitrogen (N)-containing gases play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and climate at different scales because of reactions modulated by NO and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which are formed via HONO photolysis. Northern permafrost soils have so far remained unexplored for HONO and NO emissions despite their high N stocks, capacity to emit nitrous oxide (N2O), and enhancing mineral N turnover due to warming and permafrost thawing. Here, we report the first HONO and NO emissions from high-latitude soils based on measurements of permafrost-affected subarctic peatlands. We show large HONO (0.1–2.4 µg N m−2h−1) and NO (0.4–59.3 µg N m−2h−1) emissions from unvegetated peat surfaces, rich with mineral N, compared to low emissions (⩽0.2 µg N m−2h−1 for both gases) from adjacent vegetated surfaces (experiments with intact peat cores). We observed HONO production under highly variable soil moisture conditions from dry to wet. However, based on complementary slurry experiments, HONO production was strongly favored by high soil moisture and anoxic conditions. We suggest urgent examination of other Arctic landscapes for HONO and NO emissions to better constrain the role of these reactive N gases in Arctic atmospheric chemistry.
Comparative analysis of optical properties of coals by petrography and spectroscopy methods
Authors: Bezruchko Kostiantyn , Baranovskyi Volodymyr , Balalaiev Oleksandr , Fedenko Volodymyr 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper reports determining the grayscale intensity of macerals in the coal lump polished sections oriented along and across the layering of three main groups of sub-bituminous, high volatile bituminous, low volatile bituminous coals. All measurements have been performed in white, red, yellow, green, blue light. The influence of all selected factors and most of their combinations on grayscale intensity is reliable; the most pronounced effects are established for the optical filter color and the maceral type. Comparative analysis of the grayscale intensity data array with the spectra of full reflectance in the visible region and the coefficient of diffuse reflection in the white light of fine powders of the same samples has been carried out. Green light yields a very dark image of vitrinite and liptinite with the grayscale intensity approaching zero. In two of the six samples, the reflectance level of inertinite in yellow light is significantly higher than the grayscale intensity of white light. This anomaly is associated with a hypsochromic shift in the inertinite maximum absorption. The approach used is an alternative method for quantifying the relative changes in reflectivity and position of the diffuse spectral minimum without applying a microspectrometer.
Research of the quasistable self-potential effect of highly-metamorphic coal in laboratory conditions
Authors: Bezruchko Kostiantyn , Burchak Oleksandr , Balalaiev Oleksandr , Baranovskyi Volodymyr 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article focuses on a quasistable electrical potential registered on samples of highly-metamorphic and high-ash coal in normal laboratory conditions. The purpose of the study is to determine the possible conditions for the appearance of their effect in the coal and carbon-like argillite and the parameters of its structure. The appearance of an uncompensated charge is not associated with thermoelectric and electrokinetic phenomena and it has not been previously described. Most samples are characterized by an uneven distribution of charges along the surface in the form of a polydomain structure. Polarized samples have a layered coal-mineral structure. The charge magnitude depends on the thickness and density of the layers. In heterogeneous and heterophase substances the Maxwell-Wagner polarization is realized, arising on the boundary layers of dielectric micrograins of various substances, as well as between the areas of one dielectric with an amorphous and crystalline phase. Microinclusions and anthracite layers, which increase the potential ability of mineral components to their own polarization, can be conductors. Charged samples may have a stable, non-compensated monodomain residual charge under constant external conditions, which is characteristic of the electrets. The detected effect can be useful when creating alternative devices accumulating electricity.
Some problems of the new radiation-resistant rubber mechanics in vibrating machines at hard γ-radiation
Authors: Dyrda Vitalii , Lapin Vladimir , Lysytsia Mykola , Puhach Andrii , Bulat Ievgeniia , Pankevych Ivan , Ahaltsov Hennadii , Slobodian Serhii , Kalhankov Yevhen 
Published: January 2022

Annotation
Today, the sources of ionizing radiation are present in various spheres of human activity: during the uranium ore extraction, processing and benefication, in medicine, at exploration of outer space, in nuclear power plants, etc. Here rubber is used as insulating and protective materials, sealers, elastic links, dampers and wear-resistant linings of machines. Therefore, a problem of creating new radiation-resistant rubbers capable to operate in a radiation zone for a long time with no significant changes in their physical and mechanical parameters and durability is of great importance. In this work, some aspects of creating such rubber for use in vibrating machines (screens, feeders, conveyors) operating under extreme conditions while mining and processing of uranium ores are discussed. In our case, the extreme conditions include high long-term stationary cyclic loads, high and low temperatures and exposure to hard γ-radiation. Under such conditions, rheological and fatigue characteristics of rubber differ from those demonstrated under normal conditions, and such factors as dissipative heating, changes in characteristics over time (aging effects), development of damageability, etc., become essential and must be taken into account when choosing a proper type of rubber.
Selection of gamma-ray source for operational quality control of mineral raw materials
Authors: Azaryan Albert , Trachuk Annait , Shvydkyi Alexandr , Melnik Alexey , Mazhanov Oleg 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
For operational and quality control of ferrous metal ores, ionizing radiation sources are used, which main characteristics are energy, activity and half-life. The technological parameters of the sources Americium-241, Thulium-170 and Cadmium-109 have been compered, and Americium-241 with an energy of 60 keV and a half-life of 458 years has been selected. Laboratory studies of the dependence of the integrated flux of scattered gamma rays on the content of total iron in the ore have been carried out. Based on the results of laboratory studies, the sensitivity and measurement cycle time have been determined for three gamma-ray sources. For all three indicators, Americium-241 has been selected for operational and quality control of ferrous metal ores. Obtained data have been used for the development and implementation of a microprocessor-based system for operational control of the total iron content in ore on a conveyor belt.
Research on the dynamic processes of vehicles and an arbitrary configuration rail track, influencing the side wear of the rail head and wheel flange contact surfaces at different values of friction coefficient between them
Authors: Hovorukha Volodymyr , Hovorukha Andrii , Makarov Yurii 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper studies the influence of the friction coefficient value between the rail heads and wheel flanges on the side wear between their surfaces, depending on the dynamic processes between the vehicles and the rail track of an arbitrary configuration. Research is aimed at reducing the rate of the side parts mutual wear of the rail heads and the wheel flanges of the vehicle running gears. It has been determined that a decrease in the friction coefficient in the range from 0.25 to 0.05 leads to a decrease in the indicators of side surfaces wear of the wheel flanges and rail heads by 3.5-4.5 times and an increase in the stability margin coefficient against wheel derailment of the moving vehicle running gear by 1.3-1.5 times. It has been revealed that the dynamic qualities of moving vehicles when using a continuous welded track and elongated rails, compared with the presence of butt joints on the track, decrease by 15-56%, and the stability and traffic safety indicators improve by 19-26%. The research results are provided for use in the underground, open-cut and rail transport to increase the operational life and traffic safety in transport.
Assessing the effectiveness of innovative projects implementation in the development of coal deposits by geotechnology of underground gasification
Authors: Bukreieva Daria , Saik Pavlo , Lozynskyi Vasyl , Cabana Edgar , Stoliarska Olena 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper studies the relevant issues of innovative projects implementation, in particular, during the prospective development of coal reserves by geotechnology of underground gasification. To solve the objectives set in the work, an integrated approach is applied, which includes: critical analysis, generalization, systematization and synthesis to determine the phases and stages of the innovative project implementation; conducting econometric modeling to calculate the total effect from the implementation of innovations. The conducted research has proven that it is important to determine the phase and stage of an innovative project in order to increase the efficiency of its assessment. The prospect of introducing geotechnology for underground gasification has been revealed, which in conditions of “pre-investment” uncertainty is associated with the lack of reliable information on the choice of priority directions and methods of practical use of innovation (based on the experience of industrial research and the operation of closed coal gasification plants). An integrated system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovative project at the stage of its implementation has been developed and an algorithm for determining the total effect from its implementation has been proposed.
Post-mining Challenges and Knowledge Transfer for the Ukrainian coal industry
Authors: Moellerherm Stefan , Kretschmann Jürgen , Tiganj Julia , Poplawski Martha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Ukraine has started to restructure its coal mining activities. The country will probably face similar challenges and obstacles that German hard coal mining had experienced. The restructuring of old mine sites to new economic hubs requires governance practices and efficient management processes. Best practice, lessons learned, training and reskilling approaches of the young generation from the coal mining region Ruhr area are described and how they can be transferred to the Ukraine.
Improvement of extracted iron ore grade in underground mining
Authors: Stupnik Mykola , Kalinichenko Vsevolod , Kalinichenko Olena , Pochtarev Alexey 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Decrease in grade and high losses of broken ore are stated to be important problems that accompany the process of marketable production in mining of iron ore deposits by underground methods. The article analyzes and generalizes causes of high losses and dilution of broken ore during its drawing underground. It is found that dilution of ore with waste rocks results in the decreased iron content in the extracted ore mass as compared to that in the ore massif. The research performed enables development and scientific substantiation of a rational technology of ore drawing and transportation that improves the mined ore grade by more complete extraction of broken reserves of clean iron ore from the ore body footwall.
Compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna design with gain enhancement and notched-band characteristics based on D-CRLH metamaterial
Authors: Lixia Du , Qi Huanhuan , Huang Taotao , Wu Tiantian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel compact ultra-wide band (UWB) antipodal Vivaldi antenna with band notched is presented in this communication. T-shaped slot is introduced to extend the lower end limitation of the frequency band from 1.65 GHz to 1.25 GHz, the miniaturization of the antenna is realized. Then a new thought of the gain enhancement, namely the substrate cutout (SCO) is demonstrated to increase antenna gain, which makes the electromagnetic wave get rid of the bondage of the substrate, reducing the edge diffraction, and thus radiates more effectively, without changing the overall dimension of the antenna. The advantage is of great value in limited space especially. Then a compact unit cell based on Dual Composite Right-Left Handed (D-CRLH) metamaterial is proposed to realize the notched band characteristics in the WLAN band (4.95–5.15 GHz). In addition, the passband would be less affected by the notched band due to the sharp transition band between notched and operating band. Finally, the antenna is successfully simulated and measured, it shows broadband matched impedance, stable gain and radiation pattern over the operating band. The experimental results are also given and show a good agreement with the simulated results.
Achievement of ultra-high strength in 45Si2MnCr2Mo steel via efficient and low-energy tempering
Authors: Yang Ming , Chen Xiao-Hua , Wang Zi-Dong , Chen Kai-Xuan , Wang Yan-Lin , Chen Ming-Wen , Zhu Yu-Zhi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, 45Si2MnCr2Mo steel was fabricated by casting, hot rolling, and normalizing, followed by tempering at different temperatures from 180 to 520 °C for 2 h. Special attention was paid to the effects of tempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel. The results indicate that microstructure of tempered steel consists of bainite, martensite, and retained austenite (RA), and it is not sensitive to tempering at temperatures below 320 °C. However, after tempering at temperatures of 420 and 520 °C, bainitic ferrite plates merged and their lath boundaries became vague. In turn, RA decomposed, whereas carbide particles appeared and then coarsened. With increasing tempering temperature, the volume fraction of RA achieved its peak value at 320 °C and carbon concentration within RA attained its peak value at 420 °C. The optimal balance of ultimate tensile strength of 2306 MPa and total elongation of 8.24% in the steel were achieved after being normalized at 950 °C for 0.5 h and subsequent tempering at 220 °C for 2 h. These values are found to exceed those of air-cooled and isothermal bainitic steels. Finally, the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel under consideration was discussed.
The influence of weak transverse magnetic field on plasma dissipation process in the post-arc phase in a vacuum interrupter
Authors: SHI Qilin , WU Hao , YUAN Zhao , TAO Zhe , LI Guixia , LUO Wei , JIANG Wei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts and applying external TMF are often adopted for reducing the ablation of the contact surface, but TMF will also affect the breaking performance of the vacuum interrupters. In this work, we investigated the influence of weak TMF on the expansion of the plasma in the post-arc phase with one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model, and we added an external circuit to the model to ensure the correctness of the calculation results. We simulated multiple magnetic field strengths (<30 mT), compared the plasma expansion process with the TMF strengths of 0 mT and 10 mT, and discussed the influence of metal vapor density on the insulation performance recovery of the vacuum interrupter. From the results, applying TMF with strength below 5 mT has little effect on the expansion of the plasma, and the TMF can increase the plasma density which improve the flow capacity of vacuum circuit breakers when the magnetic field above 10 mT, which is because the particles become more difficult to leave the discharge area under the force of the magnetic field. In general, we find that weak external TMF may adversely affect the breaking performance of the vacuum circuit breakers.
Early experimental investigation of the C12A7 hollow cathode fed on iodine
Authors: HUA Zhiwei , WANG Pingyang , NING Zhongxi , YE Zhanwen , XU Zongqi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To fully realize the superiority of the iodine electric propulsion system in streamlining the size and reducing the operating costs, iodine hollow cathode technology must be developed. Considering the corrosiveness of iodine and the possible impurity of the working propellant, the C12A7 hollow cathode with promising chemical ability was developed and tested. The C12A7 hollow cathode with a nominal current of 1–4 A was successfully ignited with iodine from the reservoir outside the vacuum chamber. It was operated at 1 A of anode current with a 1.2 mg s−1 iodine mass flow rate. Despite involuntary extinguishment, the C12A7 hollow cathode could be restarted repeatedly with a single operation time of up to 12 min and a total duration of 30 min . The unexpected fluctuation of iodine flow may be the reason for the short operation time. Experimental results and microscopical observation of the electride emitter show the compatibility of the iodine and electride emitter. For the development and demonstration of future single-iodine electric propulsion of Hall thrusters, the iodine storage and supply system with precise control and regulation may be the critical technology.
Density probabilities of a Bose-Fermi mixture in 1D double well potential
Authors: Nisperuza J , Rubio J P , Avella R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We use the two mode approximation for a interacting one-dimensional spinless soft core bosons and one half spin fermions in a double-well potential with a large central barrier. We include all the on-site boson-boson, fermion-fermion and boson-fermion repulsive contact potential represented by delta-function and considered bosonic and fermionic isotopes of ytterbium(Yb) 170
Yb and 171
Yb respectively. By means of this approximation, we find that in the regime λ

BF
>
λ

BB
give rise to a immiscible phase and in the regime
λ

BB
≥
λ

BF
give rise to a miscible phase, that is characterized by a temporal overlap of the bosonic and fermionic probability densities. We also report that due to the Bose-Fermi interaction, the system presents an apparent destruction of the collapse-revival oscillation of boson density probability at least in the ranges investigated.