bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stomatal conductance, not biochemistry, drives low temperature acclimation of photosynthesis in Populus balsamifera, regardless of nitrogen availability
Authors: Kong R. S. , Way D. A. , Henry H. A. L. , Smith N. G. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Low‐temperature thermal acclimation may require adjustments to N and water use to sustain photosynthesis because of slow enzyme functioning and high water viscosity. However, understanding of photosynthetic acclimation to temperatures below 11 °C is limited.

We acclimated Populus balsamifera to 6 °C and 10 °C (6A and 10A, respectively) and provided the trees with either high or low N fertilizer. We measured net CO2 assimilation (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax), electron transport (Jmax) and dark respiration (Rd) at leaf temperatures of 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 °C, along with leaf N concentrations.

The 10A trees had higher Anet than the 6A trees at warmer leaf temperatures, which was correlated with higher gs in the 10A trees. The instantaneous temperature responses of Vcmax, Jmax and Rd were similar for trees from both acclimation temperatures. While soil N availability increased leaf N concentrations, this had no effect on acclimation of photosynthesis or respiration.

Our results indicate that acclimation below 11 °C occurred primarily through changes in stomatal conductance, not photosynthetic biochemistry, and was unaffected by short‐term N supply. Thermal acclimation of stomatal conductance should therefore be a priority for future carbon cycle model development.
Contribution of the life‐history traits of a plant pathogen to the development of field epidemics
Authors: Azzimonti Gustavo , Papaïx Julien , Lannou Christian , Goyeau Henriette 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe pathogenicity‐related traits of biotrophic plant pathogens are usually measured on the individual host plant, at the scale of a single pathogen life cycle, whereas epidemic development in the field encompasses a succession of cycles. It remains unclear which traits make the greatest contribution to pathogen fitness in the field and to epidemic severity. The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of elementary pathogenicity traits to epidemic development in field conditions. We challenged a set of wheat cultivars with three different leaf rust isolates, under both controlled and field conditions, in 3 consecutive years. Infection efficiency, latent period, lesion size, spore production per lesion and spore production capacity were measured in the greenhouse, whereas disease severity was measured in the field. Most, but not all, of the pathogenicity traits were related to each other. All traits contributed to epidemic development in the field, but to different extents. Surprisingly, lesion size and spore production per lesion were inversely correlated with epidemic severity. Conversely, there was a strong positive correlation between spore production capacity and pathogen fitness in the field, in accordance with the concept of propagule pressure as a strong determinant of invasion success. Severe epidemics were mostly associated with small lesions with a high spore production capacity, high infection efficiency and a short latent period.
Recommendations and publication guidelines for studies using frequency domain and time‐frequency domain analyses of neural time series
Authors: Keil Andreas , Bernat Edward M. , Cohen Michael X. , Ding Mingzhou , Fabiani Monica , Gratton Gabriele , Kappenman Emily S. , Maris Eric , Mathewson Kyle E. , Ward Richard T. , Weisz Nathan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSince its beginnings in the early 20th century, the psychophysiological study of human brain function has included research into the spectral properties of electrical and magnetic brain signals. Now, dramatic advances in digital signal processing, biophysics, and computer science have enabled increasingly sophisticated methodology for neural time series analysis. Innovations in hardware and recording techniques have further expanded the range of tools available to researchers interested in measuring, quantifying, modeling, and altering the spectral properties of neural time series. These tools are increasingly used in the field, by a growing number of researchers who vary in their training, background, and research interests. Implementation and reporting standards also vary greatly in the published literature, causing challenges for authors, readers, reviewers, and editors alike. The present report addresses this issue by providing recommendations for the use of these methods, with a focus on foundational aspects of frequency domain and time‐frequency analyses. It also provides publication guidelines, which aim to (1) foster replication and scientific rigor, (2) assist new researchers who wish to enter the field of brain oscillations, and (3) facilitate communication among authors, reviewers, and editors.
Do immigrants shield the locals? Exposure to COVID‐related risks in the European Union
Authors: Bossavie Laurent , Garrote‐Sanchez Daniel , Makovec Mattia , Özden Çağlar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between immigration and the exposure of native workers to health and labor‐market risks arising from the COVID‐19 pandemic in Europe. Using various measures of occupational risks based on European Union labor force survey data, we find that immigrant workers, especially those from lower‐income member countries in Eastern Europe or from outside the EU, face greater exposure than their native‐born peers to both income and health‐shocks related to COVID‐19. We also show that native workers living in regions with a higher concentration of immigrants are less exposed to some of the income and health risks associated with the pandemic. To assess whether this relationship is causal, we use a Bartik‐type shift‐share instrument to control for potential bias and unobservable factors that would lead migrants to self‐select into more vulnerable occupations across regions. The results show that the presence of immigrant workers has a causal effect in reducing the exposure of native workers to various risks by enabling the native‐born workers to move into jobs that could be undertaken from the safety of their homes or with lower face‐to‐face interactions. The effects on the native‐born population are more pronounced for high‐skilled workers than for low‐skilled workers, and for women than for men. We do not find significant effect of immigration on wages and employment—indicating that the effects are mostly driven by a reallocation of natives from less safe jobs to safer jobs.
Exosomes: Potential executors of IL‐35 gene‐modified adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in inhibiting acute rejection after heart transplantation
Authors: Guo Hao , Li Baozhu , Li Nan , Liu Xin , Gao Haopeng , Sun Xuan , Zhao Na 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHeart transplantation has become the only 'cure' for end‐stage heart diseases, but acute allograft rejection is the major obstacle to the survival of patients. Our previous studies showed that IL‐35 gene‐modified adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (IL‐35‐ASCs) can effectively inhibit graft rejection and prolong the survival of transplanted hearts in mice. This study further explored the mechanism of IL‐35‐ASCs, especially focusing on the important role of IL‐35‐ASC‐derived exosomes (IL‐35‐ASCexos) in inhibiting acute rejection. IL‐35‐ASCs were constructed in vitro and pretreated with IL‐35 neutralizing antibody and GW4869 (an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase that impairs exosome biogenesis/release). Then, pretreated IL‐35‐ASCs and CD4+ T cells were cocultured in Transwell plates, and changes in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and cytokines were detected. Then, IL‐35‐ASCexos were extracted, identified and analysed, and their immunoregulatory effects on CD4+ T cells were studied through coculture experiments. Finally, IL‐35‐ASCexos were applied to a mouse heart transplantation model to investigate the therapeutic effects on acute rejection of the allograft. The coculture experiment showed that the IL‐35‐neutralizing antibody could not completely block the immunosuppressive function of IL‐35‐ASCs, while GW4869 could effectively reduce their immunoregulatory characteristics. Similar to IL‐35‐ASCs, IL‐35‐ASCexos also have powerful immunosuppressive properties, effectively upregulating the Treg ratio in vivo and in vitro and prolonging graft survival. As the main effectors of IL‐35‐ASCs, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of IL‐35‐ASCexos in inhibiting acute cardiac rejection of the allograft. Although the specific mechanism remains unclear and needs to be further explored, IL‐35‐ASCexos therapy is expected to become a new method to inhibit acute graft rejection.
Biomechanical adaptations following a music‐based biofeedback gait retraining program to reduce peak tibial accelerations
Authors: Derie Rud , Van den Berghe Pieter , Gerlo Joeri , Bonnaerens Senne , Caekenberghe Ine Van , Fiers Pieter , De Clercq Dirk , Segers Veerle 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe present study aimed to determine whether runners can reduce impact measures after a six‐session in‐the‐field gait retraining program with real‐time musical biofeedback on axial peak tibial acceleration (PTAa) and identify the associated biomechanical adaptations.MethodsTwenty trained high‐impact runners were assigned to either the biofeedback or the music‐only condition. The biofeedback group received real‐time feedback on the PTAa during the gait retraining program, whereas the music‐only condition received a sham treatment. Three‐dimensional gait analysis was conducted in the laboratory before (PRE) and within one week after completing the gait retraining program (POST). Subjects were instructed to replicate the running style from the last gait retraining session without receiving feedback while running overground at a constant speed of 2.9 m∙s−1.ResultsOnly the biofeedback group showed significant reductions in both PTAa (∆x̅ = −26.9%, p = 0.006) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (∆x̅ = −29.2%, p = 0.003) from PRE to POST. In terms of biomechanical adaptations, two strategies were identified. Two subjects transitioned toward a more forefoot strike. The remaining eight subjects used a pronounced rearfoot strike and posteriorly inclined shank at initial contact combined with less knee extension at toe‐off while reducing vertical excursion of the center of mass.ConclusionsAfter completing a music‐based biofeedback gait retraining program, runners can reduce impact while running overground in a laboratory. We identified two distinct self‐selected strategies used by the participants to achieve reductions in impact.
Living on with Sellafield: Nuclear infrastructure, slow violence, and the politics of quiescence
Authors: Bickerstaff Karen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCommunities living with nuclear infrastructures have widely been positioned as quiescent and accepting of the risks posed. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in 2008 in the village of Seascale, which neighbours the UK’s Sellafield nuclear site, and on recent thinking on nuclear and toxic geographies, this paper troubles the idea of nuclear quiescence. In doing so, it critically engages with a long tradition of geographical research on nuclear communities, much of which adopts a risk‐perception paradigm, foregrounding the presence (or absence) of localised concern. Within this body of work, interest has centred on the apparent paradox that those spatially exposed are also most quiescent, pointing to the play of economic dependency, risk denial, and familiarity with nuclear infrastructure. This paper addresses the slow violence inherent in living on with nuclear infrastructure: drawn‐out effects and affects of nuclearity on place that are barely visible in the routines of everyday life. I locate these expressions of social and geographic damage in techno‐political relations that obscure the exceptionalism of the nuclear industry. The analysis challenges passive renderings of toxic victimhood by emphasising modes of pragmatic resistance – subtle and contingent ways in which residents challenge the identity and structural relations of being nuclear. I stress the need for geographers to find alternative ways of theorising the unjust relationship between nuclear economies, infrastructures, and places in situations of political‐economic dependency and domination. I argue that policy instruments aimed at securing social justice in nuclear infrastructure planning will need to more fully, and openly, grapple with questions around the socio‐political relations of care that might sustain a ‘good life’ for places that have very long histories and even longer futures with toxicity.
Colliding wave solutions in 2 + 1-dimensions
Authors: Halilsoy M. , Mazharimousavi S. Habib , Motalebi S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe identified a new metric that describes both colliding electromagnetic shock waves and scalar waves without cosmological constant in 2 + 1-dimensions. To the future of collision point our metric has spacelike singularity so that the electromagnetic solution differs from its 3 + 1-dimensional counterpart. Our interaction region with scalar waves is related through the Kaluza–Klein argument with the 3 + 1-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime.
A new approach to studying the electrical behavior and the inhomogeneities of the Schottky barrier height
Authors: Helal Hicham , Benamara Zineb , Comini Elisabetta , Kacha Arslane Hatem , Rabehi Abdelaziz , Khirouni Kamel , Monier Guillaume , Robert-Goumet Christine , Dominguez Manuel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this paper, two Schottky structures of Au/n-GaAs (sample A) and Au/0.8 nm-GaN/n-GaAs (sample B) were fabricated and electrically characterized by current–voltage measurements at different temperatures. Two models, a classical one and another previously proposed named Helal model ref (Helal et al. Eur Phys J Plus, 135:1–14, 2020). Both the models show that the ideality factor n grows as the temperature decreases, and the second model shows higher values especially at low temperatures. The barrier height $$\Phi_{b}$$

Φ
b

calculated using the second model decreases when temperature increases for both structures, according to the temperature-dependent band gap, and in contrast to the results obtained by the classical model. Moreover, the second model gives a homogeneous Schottky barrier height and the best resolution of Richardson constant $$A^{*}$$

A

∗

, for both structures. On the other hand, the classical model shows an inhomogeneity of the barrier height and very far values of $$A^{*}$$

A

∗

from the theoretical one, in both structures. The findings of this study support the validity and dependability of the proposed alternative model. Furthermore, it may give a new insight into the electrical behavior of the Schottky structures.
Improved Trudinger–Moser inequality involving Lp-norm on a closed Riemann surface with isometric group actions
Authors: Fang Yu , Zhang Mengjie 
Published: April 2022

In this paper, using the method of blow-up analysis, the authors obtain an improved Trudinger–Moser inequality involving [Formula: see text]-norm ([Formula: see text]) and prove the existence of its extremal function on a closed Riemann surface [Formula: see text] with the action of a finite isometric group [Formula: see text]. To be exact, let [Formula: see text] be the usual Sobolev space, a function space [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] stands for the number of all distinct points in the set [Formula: see text]. Define [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the standard [Formula: see text]-norm on [Formula: see text]. Using blow-up analysis, we prove that if [Formula: see text], the supremum [Formula: see text] and this supremum can be attained; if [Formula: see text], the above supremum is infinite. This kind of inequality will play an important role in the study of prescribing Gaussian curvature problem and mean field equations. In particular, their result generalizes those of Chen [A Trudinger inequality on surfaces with conical singularities, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 108 (1990) 821–832], Yang [Extremal functions for Trudinger–Moser inequalities of Adimurthi–Druet type in dimension two, J. Differential Equations 258 (2015) 3161–3193] and Fang–Yang [Trudinger–Moser inequalities on a closed Riemannian surface with the action of a finite isometric group, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. 20 (2020) 1295–1324].
Cultural Algorithms as a Framework for the Design of Trustable Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Al-Tirawi Anas , Reynolds Robert G. 
Published: April 2022

One of the major challenges facing Artificial Intelligence in the future is the design of trustworthy algorithms. The development of trustworthy algorithms will be a key challenge in Artificial Intelligence for years to come. Cultural Algorithms (CAs) are viewed as one framework that can be employed to produce a trustable evolutionary algorithm. They contain features to support both sustainable and explainable computation that satisfy requirements for trustworthy algorithms proposed by Cox [Nine experts on the single biggest obstacle facing AI and algorithms in the next five years, Emerging Tech Brew, January 22, 2021]. Here, two different configurations of CAs are described and compared in terms of their ability to support sustainable solutions over the complete range of dynamic environments, from static to linear to nonlinear and finally chaotic. The Wisdom of the Crowds method was selected for the one configuration since it has been observed to work in both simple and complex environments and requires little long-term memory. The Common Value Auction (CVA) configuration was selected to represent those mechanisms that were more data centric and required more long-term memory content. Both approaches were found to provide sustainable performance across all the dynamic environments tested from static to chaotic. Based upon the information collected in the Belief Space, they produced this behavior in different ways. First, the topologies that they employed differed in terms of the “in degree” for different complexities. The CVA approach tended to favor reduced “indegree/outdegree”, while the WM exhibited a higher indegree/outdegree in the best topology for a given environment. These differences reflected the fact the CVA had more information available for the agents about the network in the Belief Space, whereas the agents in the WM had access to less available knowledge. It therefore needed to spread the knowledge that it currently had more widely throughout the population.
Characteristics and Scoring Model of COVID-19 Severity Predictor in Obstetric and Gynecology Doctors in Indonesia
Authors: Sutrisno Sutrisno , Hapsari Wening 
Published: April 2022

Background: Obstetrician and gynecologist are one of the contributors in patient care who are susceptible to contracting coronavirus-19 infection. Emergency measures for maternal field are high, while gold standard examination for COVID-19 takes long time with false negative rate. The case fatality rate of COVID-19 among health workers in Indonesia is reported to be high. We want to know epidemiological, clinical, and occupational characteristics of various degrees of COVID-19 severity and create scoring model to predict COVID-19 severity in ob/gyn doctors in Indonesia. Method: This is a descriptive analytic study using a cross-sectional approach. Consecutive sampling was taken from ob/gyn doctors infected with COVID-19 and analyses used were Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney U tests. A scoring model is created and using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, to determine the predictive ability of the scoring model and the cutoff value to COVID-19 severity, then tested for sensitivity and specificity. Result: The mean age of the respondents was 38.2 ± 9.8 and 48.7% were male. Sixty-one percent respondents experienced mild symptoms, infected while on duty (46.1%), and 59% had nuclear family member infected with COVID-19. Age group ([Formula: see text] = 0.000), number of infection ([Formula: see text] = 0.000), vaccination status ([Formula: see text] = 0.010), comorbidities ([Formula: see text] = 0.023), and working hours ([Formula: see text] = 0.002) were significantly different on the COVID-19 severity. Area-under-curve of scoring model was 75.2% and 93.4%. The cutoff value was 10.5 points for between asymptomatic and mild degree (sensitivity 54.2% and specificity 77.8%) and 12.5 points between mild and moderate degree (sensitivity 83.3% and specificity 95.8%) respectively. Conclusion: The developed scoring model can facilitate prediction of COVID-19 severity in ob/gyn doctors, with asymptomatic (score of < 10.5 points), mild degree (score of 10.5–12.5 points), and moderate degree (score of > 12.5 points).
A Case of 47, XXX Presenting as Secondary Amenorrhea
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Rao Kamini A. 
Published: April 2022

Objective: 47,XXX is a form of sex chromosome anomaly with an extra copy of X chromosome. It can have a varying presentation ranging from a few physical characteristics to intellectual and learning disabilities to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Although for most triple X syndrome patients, sexual development and fertility are normal, a few may present with amenorrhea and POI. We are presenting a case of triple X patient who presented with POI at 23 years of age. The relatively rare occurrence of this entity prompted us to report this case. Case Presentation: Index case was presented to us at 23 years of age with secondary amenorrhea and desire for conception. Secondary sex characteristics were normal except for axillary hair that was scanty. Workup revealed a 47, XXX karyotype and a diagnosis of POI was made. We are presenting this case to highlight this important entity as a differential in cases of amenorrhea and to discuss the fertility options available in such cases. Conclusion: Women with triple X syndrome have varying phenotypic presentations. Those presenting with POI will need hormone replacement therapy, psychological support and counselling for fertility options.