bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction III-Vs for Photo-Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Systems: Challenges in Absorber Stabilization and Device Scale-up
Authors: Young James L. , Klein Walter E. , Steiner Myles , Deutsch Todd G 
Published: January 2022

While III-V semiconductors have achieved the highest photo-electrochemical solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies, they are remarkably unstable during operation in a harsh electrolyte[1]. The first half of this talk will focus on the degradation mechanism of inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) III-V cells and surface modification strategies aimed at protecting them from photocorrosion. We applied noble metal catalysts, oxide coatings by atomic layer deposition, and MoS2 in an effort to protect the GaInP2 surface that was in contact with acidic electrolyte. We also grew thin epitaxial capping layers from III-V alloys that should be more intrinsically stable than GaInP2. The ability of the various modifications to protect the IMM’s surface was evaluated by operating at each electrode at short circuit for extended periods of time.
The second part of this talk will identify the challenges encountered while scaling the IMM III-V absorber areas of from ~0.15 cm2 up to 16 cm2 and incorporating them in a photoreactor capable of generating 3 standard liters of hydrogen in 8 hours under natural sunlight. To successfully scale photo-electrochemical water-splitting technologies from bench to demonstration size requires addressing predictable and unpredictable complications. Despite using Comsol multiphysics to model our photoreactor and identify suitable specifications for a prototype, several practical issues were uncovered during testing that led to multiple iterations of photoreactor design between the initial and final generation. Several bottlenecks that ranged from counter electrode composition and orientation to bubble removal needed redress in order to meet our performance targets. Ultimately, the demonstration-scale system was able to generate nearly twice the target volume of hydrogen in an 8-hour outdoor trial.
[1] NATURE ENERGY 2, 17028 (2017)
Tuning Morphology and Defect Density in Self-Assembled Thin-Films of Solvent-Exfoliated WSe2 for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
Authors: Yu Xiaoyun , Sivula Kevin 
Published: January 2022

The layered semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides can be exfoliated into atomically-thin 2D sheets offering promising opto-electronic characteristics for application in solar energy conversion. However, the challenges to fabricate high-quality thin films of these 2D sheets using scalable and cost-effective methods limit their practical application. Here we present novel solution-based approaches for large-area semiconducting films of liquid exfoliated WSe2 with controllable flake alignment and defect density, which is leveraged to advance the understanding of the morphological and structural factors on the optoelectronic performance in devices. Specifically, we develop a thin film self-assembly method employing spatial confinement of WSe2 nanoflakes which affords overlapping-free morphology and superior charge transfer character over films with aggregations.[1, 2] The critical roles of the flake edge density, flake lateral size and thickness on the photogenerated charge transport and transfer are established by both experimental (by solution-based flake size sorting) and theoretical (by anisotropic charge transport simulation) routes.[3] In addition, we recently develop approaches to reduce charge recombination at internal crystal defects and surface dangling bonds by applying pre-annealing and surfactant treatments, respectively, which affords a considerable improvement that represents a new benchmark for the performance of solution-processed WSe2. Solar photocurrents for H2 evolution up to 4.0 mA cm–2 (at 0V vs RHE, AM 1.5G illumination), and internal quantum efficiency over 60% are reported for 10 nm thick WSe2 photoelectrodes.
[1] Yu X.; Prevot, M. S.; Guijarro, N.; Sivula, K. Nat.
Commun.
2015, 6, 7596.
[2] Yu X.; Prévot, M. S.; Sivula, K. Chem. Mater.
2014, 26, 5892.
[3] Yu, X.; Sivula, K. Chem. Mater.
2017, 29, 6863.
A Mixed-Methods Study to Develop a Resilience Scale for Thai Elderly with Chronic Diseases and Depression
Authors: Thongkhum Kanokporn , Peungposop Narisara , Sakunpong Nanchatsan 
Published: January 2022

This study was an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to develop a resilience scale for Thai elderly with chronic diseases and depression. The qualitative findings from the focus group discussion with 6 participants were used to develop a resilience scale, and the scale was then tested on 310 samples to check the reliability and validity of the scale. The qualitative results showed that resilience was defined in 3 themes: My Characteristics, My Abilities, and My Dependencies, which were composed of 9 different categories. The results of the quantitative examination showed that all 21 items of the resilience scale had a good corrected item-total correlation and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.85 indicated that the scale was internally consistent and highly reliable. The construct validity of the resilience scale was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and revealed that the resilience model was consistent with the empirical data based on the goodness-of-fit index (

chi
−
square
=
161.51

,

df
=
186

,

p

value
=
0.90

,

RMSEA
=
0.000

). All the results show that the resilience scale has excellent and appropriate psychological properties. Health-care workers can use the resilience scale to assess the elderly and develop a resilience-promoting program specifically for the elderly with chronic diseases and depression to improve the well-being of the elderly.
Electroencephalogram utilization and psychiatric comorbidities among children and adolescents with epilepsy in rural Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Kirabira Joseph , Rukundo Godfrey Z , Kibuuka Moses 
Published: January 2022

Objective This study aimed at describing routine electroencephalogram (EEG) findings among children and adolescents with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy and determines how interictal EEG abnormalities vary with the psychiatric comorbidities. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among children and adolescents with epilepsy aged 5–18 years receiving care from a regional referral hospital in Southwestern Uganda. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using an adapted parent version of Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5. Thirty-minute EEG samples were taken from routine EEG recordings that were locally performed and remotely interpreted for all participants. Results Of the 140 participants, 71 (50.7%) had normal EEG findings and 51 (36.4%) had epileptiform abnormalities while 18 (12.9%) had non-epileptiform. Of those who had epileptiform abnormalities on EEG, 23 (45.1%) were focal, 26 (51.0%) were generalized, and 2 (3.9%) were focal with bilateral spread. There was no significant association between the different psychiatric comorbidities and the interictal EEG abnormalities. Conclusions Among children and adolescents with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy in Southwestern Uganda, only 36% showed epileptiform abnormalities on their EEG recordings. There was no association between the interictal EEG abnormalities and psychiatric comorbidities.
Static puncture resistance characteristics with various indenter nose shape geometry perforation of shear thickening fluid impregnated polypropylene fabric for soft armour application
Authors: SampathKumar Deepak , Duraisamy Thirumalaikumarasamy , Pattabi Thirumal , Mohankumar AshokKumar 
Published: January 2022

At present, puncture resistance and rheological performance of shear thickening fluid (STF) is an essential design requirement for a soft armour material (target sample). The target sample is prepared with a dip and dry process of STF impregnated woven polypropylene (PP) fabric. These samples were tested and compared with neat PP fabric. The penetration depth of target samples is highly sensitive to the coefficient of friction between the indenter’s nose shape geometry and the target sample. The STF is prepared by mechanical dispersion of synthesized microsphere silica microparticles at a volume fraction of 57% in polyethylene glycol (400 g/mol). The rheological response indicates that the prepared concentration of silica microparticles in the STF suspension is observed to have a better shear thickening effect. The viscosity of suspension is highly sensitive to silica aspect ratio, volume fraction and particle size distribution in this work. Tensile tests along with puncture resistance with different indenter nose shapes geometry (hemispherical, elliptical, flat and conical) have been performed in the present study. Results indicate that the energy absorption is more with the hemispherical indenter and less with that of the conical indenter, which is attributed to the minimum surface area of contact as compared to all other indenters. A total of 16 number of fabricated target samples with various coating thicknesses of STF impregnated fabrics achieved the desired tensile strength, modulus and puncture resistance.
Optimization study on wet electrostatic powder coating process to manufacture UHMWPE/LDPE towpregs
Authors: Khan Ashraf Nawaz , Goud Vijay , Alagirusamy Ramasamy , Mahajan Puneet , Das Apurba 
Published: January 2022

In the present study, an attempt has been made to coat the non-conductive Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers with Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) powder. In order to enable the deposition of electrostatically charged LDPE powder onto the fiber surface, UHMWPE fibers are dipped into a surface modification bath to impart momentary conductivity. Further, Box Behnken’s experimental design is used to optimize the processing parameters for Fiber Volume Fraction (Vf) for this wet electrostatic spray coating process. An experimental multi-parametric equation is acquired through response surface methodology to ascertain the association amid the process parameters such as processing temperature (A), conveying air pressure (B), and gun nozzle angle (C) on the output response of Vf. The process parametric values for A, B, and C are varied from 225°C to 245°C, 0.2 bar to 0.4 bar, and 0° to 120° respectively. The Vf obtained is in the range of 37.02%–56.28% depending on the combination of process parametric values. Powder pick-up increases with an increase in the gun nozzle angle. An increase in conveying air pressure and temperature of the hot air oven leads to an increase in powder deposition. The values predicted from the model are observed to be in close proximity (94.59%) to the experimental results. Gun nozzle angle is the principal parameter affecting the matrix deposition on the fiber surface in comparison to other process parameters.
Preoperative Depression is Associated With Increased Complications Following Ankle Fracture Surgery
Authors: Broggi Matthew S. , Tahmid Syed , Hurt John , Kadakia Rishin J. , Bariteau Jason T. , Coleman Michelle M. 
Published: January 2022

Background The effects of preoperative depression following ankle fracture surgery remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between preoperative depression and outcomes following ankle fracture surgery. Methods This retrospective study used the Truven MarketScan database to identify patients who underwent ankle fracture surgery from January 2009 to December 2018. Patients with and without a diagnosis of preoperative depression were identified based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Chi-squared and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between preoperative depression and postoperative complications following ankle fracture surgery. Results. In total, 107,897 patients were identified for analysis, 13,981 of whom were diagnosed with depression (13%). Preoperative depression was associated with the increased odds for postoperative infection (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.46), wound complications (OR: 1.13, CI: 1.00-1.28), pain-related postoperative emergency department visits (OR: 1.58, CI: 1.30-19.1), 30-day and 90-day readmissions (OR: 1.08, CI: 1.03-1.21 and OR: 1.13, CI: 1.07-1.18), sepsis (OR: 1.39, CI: 1.12-1.72), and postoperative development of complex regional pain syndrome (OR: 1.46, CI: 1.18-1.81). Conclusion Preoperative depression is associated with increased complications following ankle fracture surgery. Further studies are warranted to investigate the degree to which depression is a modifiable risk factor. Level of Evidence: 3
Determinants of wasting among South Sudanese 6- to 59-month-old children in Okugo refugee camp, Gambella Region, South-Western Ethiopia: Unmatched case–control study
Authors: Tadesse Tesfaye , Turi Ebisa , Wirtu Desalegn , Bikila Haile , Assefa Lemessa 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Wasting among refugee children continues to be a serious public health problem particularly in conflict and in situations when people are displaced. Evidence of risk factors in the refugee context is crucial to successfully prevent malnutrition and its consequences. However, little information is known about the determinants of wasting in a refugee setting. Hence, this study was aimed to identify determinants of wasting among South Sudanese 6- to 59-month-old children in Okugo refugee camp, South-Western Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based unmatched case–control study was conducted on 99 acute malnutrition children (cases) and 297 children who are not malnourished (control) from 6 April to 2 May 2019. The study participant was selected by systematic random sampling and data on exposure variables were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and was exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. Descriptive, bivariable, and multivariable analyses were done to compute summary statistics and to identify determinants of wasting. Result: The mean age of the cases and controls with standard deviation (SD) was 13.8 (±6.9) and 19.2 (±8.7) months, respectively. Multi-variable analysis revealed that mothers who were unable to read and write (adjusted odds ratio = 3.26, 95% confidence interval (1.07–7.93)), fathers only decision-maker to use donations items in the household (adjusted odds ratio = 3.75, 95% confidence interval (1.28–10.85)), not used all donated refugee food and non-food items (adjusted odds ratio = 2.57; 95% confidence interval (1.17–5.66)), the incidence of diarrhea 2 weeks preceding the survey (adjusted odds ratio = 5.28, 95% confidence interval (2.31–12.04)), and mother’s smoking habit (adjusted odds ratio = 2.98, 95% confidence interval (1.19–7.44)) were significant determinants of wasting. Conclusion: The finding shows that mothers who are unable to read and write, father only decision-maker, parents’ smoking habit, not using all donated refugee food items, and diarrheal disease were found to be independent determinants of wasting. Hence, interventions on acute malnutrition which are focused on empowering women through training and strengthening their control over the household assets, proper utilization of donated food, and non-food items will play a paramount role.
The Use of Tumor Prostheses for Primary or Revision Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty With Proximal Humeral Bone Loss
Authors: Mengers Sunita RP , Knapik Derrick M , Strony John , Nelson Grant , Faxon Evan , Renko Nellie , Getty Patrick , Gillespie Robert 
Published: January 2022

Background During shoulder arthroplasty with substantial bone and soft tissue loss, reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) with a tumor prosthesis may restore function, reduce pain, and improve implant fixation. Methods Thirteen adult patients undergoing RSA using a tumor prosthesis system were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative visual analog score (VAS), single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, simple shoulder test (SST), and forward flexion were compared to latest follow up. Postoperative radiographs and complications were recorded. Results Mean age at surgery was 68.4 years. Eight patients had undergone at least 1 prior operation on the indicated shoulder. Six patients required wide excision of proximal humerus tumor. At mean of 34 months postoperatively, significant improvements were noted in VAS ( P = .03) and ASES score ( P = .04). Active forward elevation was 81.1 degrees. For all patients, postoperative radiographs demonstrated satisfactory alignment. Complications occurred in 38% of patients, with 31% requiring reoperation. Conclusion In cases of failed shoulder arthroplasty with excessive bone and soft tissue loss or substantial tumor burden, RSA with a tumor prosthesis can reduce pain levels and improve functional outcomes. However, forward elevation remains limited, and postoperative complications are a concern.
Altered effective connectivity in migraine patients during emotional stimuli: a multi-frequency magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Ren Jing , Yao Qun , Tian Minjie , Li Feng , Chen Yueqiu , Chen Qiqi , Xiang Jing , Shi Jingping 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Migraine is a common and disabling primary headache, which is associated with a wide range of psychiatric comorbidities. However, the mechanisms of emotion processing in migraine are not fully understood yet. The present study aimed to investigate the neural network during neutral, positive, and negative emotional stimuli in the migraine patients.

Methods
A total of 24 migraine patients and 24 age- and sex-matching healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Neuromagnetic brain activity was recorded using a whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) system upon exposure to human facial expression stimuli. MEG data were analyzed in multi-frequency ranges from 1 to 100 Hz.

Results
The migraine patients exhibited a significant enhancement in the effective connectivity from the prefrontal lobe to the temporal cortex during the negative emotional stimuli in the gamma frequency (30–90 Hz). Graph theory analysis revealed that the migraine patients had an increased degree and clustering coefficient of connectivity in the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz) upon exposure to positive emotional stimuli and an increased degree of connectivity in the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz) upon exposure to negative emotional stimuli. Clinical correlation analysis showed that the history, attack frequency, duration, and neuropsychological scales of the migraine patients had a negative correlation with the network parameters in certain frequency ranges.

Conclusions
The results suggested that the individuals with migraine showed deviant effective connectivity in viewing the human facial expressions in multi-frequencies. The prefrontal-temporal pathway might be related to the altered negative emotional modulation in migraine. These findings suggested that migraine might be characterized by more universal altered cerebral processing of negative stimuli. Since the significant result in this study was frequency-specific, more independent replicative studies are needed to confirm these results, and to elucidate the neurocircuitry underlying the association between migraine and emotional conditions.
Alterations in pain processing circuitries in episodic migraine
Authors: Mungoven Tiffani J. , Marciszewski Kasia K. , Macefield Vaughan G. , Macey Paul M. , Henderson Luke A. , Meylakh Noemi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The precise underlying mechanisms of migraine remain unknown. Although we have previously shown acute orofacial pain evoked changes within the brainstem of individuals with migraine, we do not know if these brainstem alterations are driven by changes in higher cortical regions. The aim of this investigation is to extend our previous investigation to determine if higher brain centers display altered activation patterns and connectivity in migraineurs during acute orofacial noxious stimuli.

Methods
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 29 healthy controls and 25 migraineurs during the interictal and immediately (within 24-h) prior to migraine phases. We assessed activation of higher cortical areas during noxious orofacial heat stimulation using a thermode device and assessed whole scan and pain-related changes in connectivity.

Results
Despite similar overall pain intensity ratings between all three groups, migraineurs in the group immediately prior to migraine displayed greater activation of the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens, the contralateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and two clusters in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Reduced whole scan dlPFC [Z + 44] connectivity with cortical/subcortical and brainstem regions involved in pain modulation such as the putamen and primary motor cortex was demonstrated in migraineurs. Pain-related changes in connectivity of the dlPFC and the hypothalamus immediately prior to migraine was also found to be reduced with brainstem pain modulatory areas such as the rostral ventromedial medulla and dorsolateral pons.

Conclusions
These data reveal that the modulation of brainstem pain modulatory areas by higher cortical regions may be aberrant during pain and these alterations in this descending pain modulatory pathway manifests exclusively prior to the development of a migraine attack.
Highly Damage-Resistant Thin Film Saturable Absorber Based on Mechanically Functionalized SWCNTs
Authors: Kang Daewon , Sarkar Sourav , Kim Kyung-Soo , Kim Soohyun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThin-film saturable absorbers (SAs) are extensively used in mode-locked fiber laser due to the robust and simple application methods that arise because SAs are alignment-free and self-standing. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are the most suitable low dimensional material uesd for SAs because of their high nonlinearity and the wavelength control of absorption based on tube diameters. The most challenging problem with the use of CNT-based thin film SAs is thermal damage caused during high power laser operation, which mainly occurs due to aggregation of CNTs. We have demonstrated improved thermal damage resistance and enhanced durability of a film-type SA based on functionalization of SWCNTs, which were subjected to a mechanical functionalization procedure to induce covalent structural modifications on the SWCNT surface. Increased intertube distance was shown by X-ray diffraction, and partial functionalization was shown by Raman spectroscopy. This physical change had a profound effect on integration with the host polymer and resolved aggregation problems. A free-standing SA was fabricated by the drop casting method, and improved uniformity was shown by scanning electron microscopy. The SA was analyzed using various structural and thermal evaluation techniques (Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, etc.). Damage tests at different optical powers were also performed. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive analysis of a film-type SA is reported here for the first time. The partially functionalized SWCNT (fSWCNT) SA shows significant structural integrity after intense damage tests and a modulation depth of 25.3%. In passively mode-locked laser operation, a pulse width of 152 fs is obtained with a repetition rate of 77.8 MHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 75 dB. Stable operation of the femtosecond fiber laser over 200 h verifies the enhanced durability of the fSWCNT SA.