bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Imperial Portrait Practice in the Second Century AD
Authors: Niederhuber Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The creation of centrally defined imperial portrait types and the first ‘step’ of their dissemination in metropolitan Rome in the second century ad is the main focus of this study. Through systematic case studies of Faustina the Younger’s and Marcus Aurelius’ portraits on coins and in sculpture, new insights into the functioning of the imperial image in Rome have been gained that move a difficult, much-discussed subject forward decisively. It has long been thought that imperial portrait types were officially commissioned to commemorate specific historical moments and that they were made available to both the mint and the marble workshops in Rome, assuming a close correspondence between portraits on coins and in the round. All of this, however, has never been clearly proven, nor has it been disproven by a close systematic examination of the evidence on a broad material basis by those scholars who have questioned it. The new evidence presented in the present study has made it necessary to adjust this model in certain ways. More flexibility than currently allowed for is needed to describe the ancient processes and practices behind the phenomenon of ‘repeated’ imperial portraits. Norms have been investigated, and an adjusted and more flexible model of how the imperial image worked in the mint of Rome and in the metropolitan marble workshops in the second century ad has been outlined.
Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Niederhuber Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 reassesses the complete typology of sculptured portraits of Marcus Aurelius. The prevailing types are firmly established but interesting adjustments of and some shift between types can be observed, that allow insight into the workings of the imperial image in the metropolitan marble workshops. Furthermore, the chapter demonstrates that a subdivision of portrait types in most cases presses the evidence too closely and gives (minor) variations greater importance than they deserve.
The Start
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An opening chapter about the start—James’s own delayed beginnings and his recurring problems with depression, but also the kick-start that James’s thinking provides for his reader. ‘A motor’ is what William James called himself, and that is what he is in this book: a human motor force, performing in his readers the equivalent of the work of the spinal cord and the brain’s motor cortex, to create movement—mental, emotional, and physical. William James stands for the intellectual and psychological transformation of neurological driving forces into fully human thought and action. He gets under the skin, inside the very nerves of live thinking.
The Will to Believe
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about the need to believe and the risk of believing, in relation to modern-day doubts and dispersals. In the words of James’s student and first biographer, Ralph Perry, it involves the struggle ‘To believe by an act of will in the efficacy of the will’. At their own risk, human beings have a right not to be vetoed as to what they need, and a right to believe in trying for it. To want to believe is closer to belief than we normally suppose. This desire and need and search are illustrated through the author’s first experience of reading James as well as other reader case-histories. The stories show individuals as fighters for ends which without their lonely fight would not exist at all. Theirs are efforts to add to the world what they find lacking in it — but without the certainty of guarantees. ‘I find myself willing to take the universe to be really dangerous and adventurous,’ writes James, ‘I am willing that there should be real losses and real losers, and no preservation of all that is.’ In the human adventure so much has to depend upon a ‘maybe’.
James’s Field Work
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concerns James’s idea of a field of consciousness, a moving and shifting sense of exploratory experience beyond the restrictive ideas of a ‘self’. For James the self, and its consciousness, is not a separate, isolated substance but is a vibrating field opening out into the surrounding world. The field always has a centre, a focus or nucleus. Around it, less conscious, is a periphery, a fringe or halo or margin. But the field is dynamic and can shift: the margin—what is at the back of the mind or at the corner of the eye—may come more into focus, permeate the nucleus, and change the centre of gravity by acts of new realization and discovery. This is how the human mind is truly mobile. Our sense of the actual is surrounded by other possibilities – not merely other points of view but changes in the very topography of a person’s being. The chapter gives examples of mental experience on the fringes of consciousness: the virtual, the implicit, the potential and the possible. Thought is what makes human beings more than merely automatic: it exists in between stimulus from without and response from within, to provide a pause and make a difference. To James, the movement from sub-conscious to conscious, from fringe to nucleus, was thought itself at its very best. The pragmatic question is always What does this mean as applied to real life? As in chapter 3, particular human examples are given of ‘James, not Pure but Applied’: intellectual thought and artistic creativity translated into ordinary life.
‘What Does Not Work’—Thomas Hardy
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is a counter-chapter, offering challenges and objections to William James’s brave and exhilarating view, partly through the story of his student W. E. B. Du Bois, who became a great African-American activist, and partly through the problems of belief, hope, and feeling embodied in the work and person of Thomas Hardy. Hardy copied from a magazine article these words: ‘“Truth is what will work” said Wm. James’; but for Hardy, it needed to be put the other way: Truth is precisely what does not work. Here the author now asks: what if William James does not work? That after all was not a fear or doubt that James himself was ever secure from. His life’s work, suggested John Jay Chapman, was to have what he called ‘a purgatorial influence’, to get whomsoever he connected with out of hell on earth. In this chapter, Hardy represents something of that hell on earth—the challenge that the poet Robert Frost, student of James, admirer of Hardy, acknowledges. And in what James calls ‘the zone of insecurity’, Du Bois represents the threat of earthly failure in a great social cause. The question is whether the story of a life is judged by its apparent end and outcome. Or whether, without a heaven or a political utopia, pragmatic and agnostic William James can still offer those haunted by failure some real sense of purpose and future.
‘Mental Drama’
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings the story to an end in terms of James’s continuing belief in life and thought and feeling as essentially dramatic in their happening, and the author’s sense of the value of that fast and dynamic way of being. James loves thought that has an intense ‘firstness’ about it: ‘the mind is at every stage a theatre of simultaneous possibilities’; the world ‘a zone of insecurity’. It is good that what William James offers is not a self-contained system of tame and undramatic philosophy. Instead, it is nearer what D. H. Lawrence described in the final chapter of Studies in Classic American Literature (1924) as characteristic of the new American way, especially through Walt Whitman: a venture down ‘the open road’ in search of still unopened life. Its incompleteness means that his writing needs its readers for its development, as handed on in the human relay. His thought needs its human hosts and co-workers to feel it, to understand its implicitness, to put the spirit of it into practice, as far as is possible at any time, in diverse individual ways.
Where Is Love?
Authors: Federico Annette 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter on Oliver Twist explores the innocent love of words, books, and music and the maturing of love through the work of remembering. Federico’s introduction to Dickens was through her father’s affection for Lionel Bart’s hit musical, Oliver! and the 1968 film directed by Carol Reed. Throughout her childhood and adolescence, she believed that Oliver! was the novel Dickens wrote—until she read it and learned what really happens to Fagin. It was not the ending she wanted to believe. Yet despite its cheerful revisionism, Oliver! captures elemental truths about human vulnerability and the hurt that needs to be healed. Victorian sentimentality and the sentimentality of musical theater cannot rub out Dickens’s profound insight into the devastation of lovelessness.
Ethnoreligious Otherings and Passionate Conflicts
Authors: Magcamit Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Departing from the mainstream practice and conventional wisdom of materialist and rationalist accounts of internal and intrastate conflicts, the book demonstrates how and why emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions are just as powerful and useful in understanding and explaining these phenomena. By uncovering the invisible albeit concrete emotive, symbolic, and perceptual causal mechanisms underpinning ethnoreligious otherings and the resulting violent protracted conflicts, the book aims to help address the incongruence between how the actual actors operating within these contexts think and act and the existing theories and models of how they are expected to behave. Accordingly, the book has three main goals. First, to highlight the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in providing a more holistic and realistic understanding of otherings and conflicts. Second, to illustrate how the ethnoreligious othering framework developed and applied in the study bolsters and advances process tracing explanations by systematically incorporating context-specific intersubjective meanings into causal accounts of the events under investigation. And third, to emphasize the importance of recognizing religion and nationalism as legitimate constituents and instruments of contemporary realpolitik by underlining their enduring security utility and essence at individual, group, and state levels. As argued and established throughout the book, because the causal mechanisms driving ethnoreligious otherings and passionate conflicts are simultaneously emitting and are propelled by deeply entrenched emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, achieving durable peace settlement requires reconciliation initiatives and regulation strategies that directly and unapologetically incorporate and address these neglected “immaterial” and “irrational” forces.
Deliberative Accountability in Parliamentary Committees
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In recent decades, we have seen an explosion in expectations for greater accountability of public policymaking. But, as accountability has increased, trust in governments and politicians has fallen. By focusing on the heart of public accountability—the reason-giving by policymakers for their policy decisions (i.e., deliberative accountability)—this work offers an empirical route for understanding why more accountability may not always deliver more public trust. The focus is on the British Parliament, where both the Treasury Select Committee and the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee hold hearings on monetary policy, financial stability, and fiscal policy. The intent in these hearings is to challenge policymakers to explain their decisions, and thus the dialogue is expected to be deliberative. But how do we judge the quality of this deliberative accountability? Three metrics are explored and measured: respect, non-partisanship, and reciprocity. The approach is multi-method, including (1) quantitative text analysis to gauge the verbatim transcripts in committee hearings; (2) qualitative coding combined with an experimental design to gauge the role of nonverbal communication in the hearings; and (3) interviews with the MPs, peers, central bankers, and Treasury officials who participated in the hearings. The first method measures the content of ‘what’ was said, the second examines ‘how’ the words and arguments were expressed, and the third provides a more reflective ‘why’ component by asking participants to explain their motivations. This merging of the ‘what’, the ‘how’, and the ‘why’ offers a novel template for studying both accountability and deliberation.
Introduction
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This Introduction outlines the rationale and parameters of the monograph, focusing on ‘Western Anglicanism’ and the historical, ethical, and cultural roots of Anglicanism’s pre-eminent place in the armed forces of the English-speaking world. It considers Anglican approaches to the just war, Anglican attitudes towards the state, and Anglican understandings of empire. It then examines the dramatic impact of secularization in the latter decades of the twentieth century and considers the experience of twentieth-century conflict as one of its drivers, showing how (rather than either of the two World Wars) the nuclear threat and the Vietnam War bred widespread mistrust of military institutions and fuelled a misleading but highly influential narrative on the culpable role played by the Church of England in the First World War. It concludes with a survey of the ensuing chapters, summarizing the principal arguments of each.
Emergence in Context
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis is a book about the multidisciplinary topic of emergence. Science, philosophy of science, and metaphysics have long been concerned with the question of how order, stability, and novelty are possible and how they happen. How can order come out of disorder? We provide a new account of emergence, contextual emergence, that attempts to answer these questions. Contextual emergence is grounded primarily in the sciences, as opposed to logic or metaphysics. It is both an explanatory and ontological account of emergence that gets us beyond the impasse between “weak” and “strong” emergence in the emergence debates. Contextual emergence challenges the “foundationalist” or hierarchical picture of reality. It emphasizes the ontological and explanatory fundamentality of multiscale stability conditions and their contextual constraints, often operating globally over interconnected, interdependent, and interacting entities and their multiscale relations. Contextual emergence focuses on the conditions that make the existence, stability, and persistence of emergent systems and their states and observables possible. These conditions and constraints are irreducibly multiscale relations, so it is not surprising that scientific explanation is often multiscale. Such multiscale conditions act as gatekeepers for systems to access modal possibilities (e.g. reducing or enhancing a system’s degrees of freedom). Using examples from across the sciences ranging from physics to biology to neuroscience and beyond, we demonstrate that there is an empirically well-grounded, viable alternative to ontological reductionism coupled with explanatory antireductionism (weak emergence) and ontological disunity coupled with the impossibility of robust scientific explanation (strong emergence). Central metaphysics of science concerns are also addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Across the world, institutions of higher learning have been shaped by their historical and cultural contexts, whether local, national, regional, or global. The Soviet university was a distinctive model of a higher education institution that emerged in the idiosyncratic settings of the Soviet Union. The dissolution of the Soviet Union created chaos which led to massive disruption in all aspects of individuals’ lives; it turned the existing order upside down, leading to revolutionary changes in higher education and the broader society. All Soviet universities were part of the same Soviet universe which was deliberately kept isolated from the rest of the world. At the same time, each country had different initial conditions in the early 1990s, and most of these country-level variations still persist. Most literature produced in the last 30 years adopts a deficit thinking to highlight the challenges that universities in the region encountered in the process of modernisation and transition from communism to capitalism. This linear thinking that underpins the transitology cannot do justice to the turbulent processes of post-Soviet transformations. The transformations of former Soviet universities have been dialectical with continuous tensions between the old Soviet and new ways of teaching and organising higher learning.
Anatomy of the Soviet University
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Soviet university provided free and comprehensive education with a focus on the needs of industry and Party interests. It practised limited institutional autonomy and academic freedom and was oriented towards developing communist morality in students and staff. Universities followed army-like principles of organisation characterised by uniformity, top-down administration, and centralised management. The Soviet university was embedded in a large higher education system with 32 per cent enrolment rates in the late 1980s, which was slightly higher than the EU average. There were policies in place to ensure equal access to higher education for workers and peasants. At the same time, widespread practices of reciprocity and corruption prevailed at all institutions. There existed a high level of determinism in occupational pathways with limited consideration for mobility and career development. It was expected that students would obey every order of the state, including volunteering at collective farms or industries, as and when required in the interests of the state. Soviet universities hosted foreign students who were selected centrally based on their social origin and ideological background. Foreign students were recruited actively as part of an international cultural diplomacy goal of developing pro-Soviet elites globally. This chapter offers an overview of the historical development of the Soviet university model, with a focus on the four key domains in the late Soviet period: restricted institutional autonomy and limited academic freedom, organisational separation of education and research, state-led expansion of access to universities, and international cultural diplomacy.
Marketisation of Universities
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses empirical evidence and critical debates on higher education marketisation to examine the ways in which new, market models in higher education have impacted both the educational and research functions of universities. Decreasing public funding, dual-track tuition systems, voucher financing, student loans, unbundling of university services, academic moonlighting, quality assurance systems, and other mechanisms transformed universities’ educational activities. At the same time, universities’ research function has been influenced by new policies of competitive allocation of research funding; research assessment on the basis of quantifiable indicators; linking academic pay with research productivity, and offering financial incentives for research output. These and other changes have supported the creation of quasi-markets within higher education and developed an environment of market competition between academics, students, and universities. More broadly, higher education institutional landscapes have been shaped by the emergence of new higher education institutions and the rebranding and expansion of existing institutions. Most countries chose a market route to universal higher education which has led to the increased differentiation between higher education institutions, reinforcing the established positions and reputations of former Soviet universities which tend to attract students with the highest test scores in the centralised admissions exams. These universities are also the most successful in obtaining research funding and producing large shares of national research output. Yet, because of limited autonomy, universities are not in the position to fully exploit the possibilities offered by free markets.
Researching Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter elaborates the research design, setting out how the book empirically studies legitimacy beliefs by surveying citizens and elites. In line with the book’s individual-level approach, the chapter identifies and discusses different ways to measure legitimacy beliefs in the existing literature and opts for the indicator “confidence.” The chapter then presents the selection of IOs and countries for the empirical investigation and provides background knowledge about how the chosen IOs and countries vary in ways that are potentially relevant for the formation of legitimacy beliefs. Informed by this selection, the chapter then introduces the citizen data drawn from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey and the elite data based on the LegGov Elite Survey, and address questions of data quality.
Mapping Citizen Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on citizen legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (WVS7), it describes levels of, and variation in, citizen confidence toward six focal international organizations. Although mainly examining five focal countries (Brazil, Germany, the Philippines, Russia, and the US), the chapter also considers evidence on confidence in international organizations for a larger group of 45 countries in the WVS7. The discussion first examines citizen legitimacy beliefs in the aggregate, covering all international organizations and countries combined. The general picture is that citizen assessments lean toward modest skepticism: little evidence suggests popular enthusiasm for contemporary global governance, but few signs point to full-scale rejection either. Then the data are disaggregated in turn by international organization, by country, by organization within each country, and by social groups of class, age, and gender. Citizens are found generally to have more negative assessments of key economic international organizations compared to key human security international organizations. Even greater variation arises between countries, ranging from quite high citizen evaluations of international organizations in the Philippines to notably low scores in Russia. Regarding social categories, variation in citizen legitimacy beliefs toward international organization is considerable between classes, moderate between age groups, and absent between men and women.