bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating Transgression by Building Up the Faith: Argumentation in Galatians 2:17–18
Authors: TAYLOR JOHN W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Readings of Gal 2:17–18 vary significantly in their approach to the two conditional sentences, in their understanding of the scenario Paul is addressing in 2:17, in their assessment of their relationship of the two verses, and in their conclusion as to the contribution these verses make to Paul's argument in 2:15–21. On the other hand, scholars are in virtual unanimity that 2:18 indirectly accuses Peter of rebuilding the law as a means of justification. This study considers the interpretive options and suggests that contextual, grammatical and rhetorical considerations all point toward a surprising outcome. Paul and other Jewish believers, in seeking justification in Christ, are found ironically to be sinners like the Gentiles. Christ did not make them sinners, but Paul's actions in building up the faith paradoxically demonstrate his acknowledgment that he was a sinner just like the Gentiles, because he was a transgressor of the law.
Lexical Pragmatics and the Lexicon
Authors: GREEN GENE L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While the number of our lexical resources for exegeting and translating both testaments has grown enormously, our understanding of how words mean remains lodged in a model of communication that has come under challenge in recent years. The way we understand the nature of and relationship between lexemes and concepts will affect how we develop and utilize our lexicons for exegesis. Traditionally, lexical semantics has oriented both these lexicographic endeavors. But recent research in the field of lexical pragmatics, currently discussed among those working on Relevance Theory (RT) and other cognitive approaches to linguistics, gives important new guidance to orient our use of the lexicon and offers valuable insights that can help shape their future design. Lexical pragmatics points to a new, more context-oriented and dynamic approach to understanding the relationship between lexemes and concepts, and the nature of concepts as ad hoc constructions, in the communication of meaning.
The Septuagint and Apostolic Hermeneutics: Amos 9 in Acts 15
Authors: GLENNY W. EDWARD 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The decision of the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 clarified the identity and mission of the church. James's speech in 15:13–21 is the most crucial and controversial part of the discussion at the Council, because he gives the scriptural basis for the decision of the Council. According to Acts 15, James resolves the controversy at the Council by appealing to an adapted and conflated text of the Septuagint of Amos 9:11–12. This essay addresses some of the issues concerning the meaning, exegetical basis, and historical credibility of James's scriptural argument, as reported in Acts 15. In making its decision, the Council employed Jewish hermeneutical methodology, the Septuagint and MT texts, and testimony concerning God's recent work among the Gentiles. This essay argues that the scriptural basis in Amos 9:11–12 for the inclusion of Gentiles, as Gentiles, in the end-time people of God is the restoration of the "tent of David," which is the reign of the Davidic dynasty in the person of Jesus Christ. This Messianic reign is not as it would have been envisioned in the time of Amos; it is the reign of Messiah Jesus as universal Lord at God's right hand, and it involves the administration of new covenant blessings.
Paul and Sedition: Pauline Apologetic in Acts
Authors: Keener Craig S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In a number of cases, Luke's depiction of riots in Acts follows the appropriate convention in forensic rhetoric of returning charges against accusers. At the same time, Luke's apologetic could have been better served had he been able to avoid narrating riots surrounding Paul at all. His narration of riots therefore reflects accusations against Paul still likely circulating in his day, charges exemplifed in Acts 24:5 and 25:8 and perhaps associated with Paul's martyrdom (depending on the date one assigns to Acts). There is therefore strong probability that Luke preserves relevant and fairly recent, therefore probably accurate, information about some of Paul's historical experiences. Observing Luke's apologetic therefore informs our appreciation of Luke both as an apologist and as a historian.
Current Trends in Old Testament Textual Criticism
Authors: WEGNER PAUL D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There are some exciting trends currently underway in OT textual criticism. The purpose of this article is both to summarize these trends and to suggest a way forward in a few cases. Three areas that will be addressed in this article are (1) the formation of the Hebrew text, (2) the goal of OT textual criticism, and (3) a diplomatic Hebrew text versus an eclectic Hebrew text. The Hebrew text of the OT has an amazing heritage that is well worth tracing through the process of textual criticism.
From Slaves of Sin to Slaves of God: Reconsidering the Origin of Paul's Slavery Metaphor in Romans 6
Authors: GOODRICH JOHN K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The origin of Paul's δοῦλος metaphors has long captured the attention of NT interpreters. While many scholars maintain that these images were principally influenced by one of the modes of physical slavery practiced in the Greco-Roman world, others propose that the metaphors derive exclusively from the servant/slave of God motif enlisted throughout Jewish literature. Concentrating on Romans 6, this article provides a detailed survey of three recent contributions to the Jewish-only position (those by Richard Horsley, John Byron, and Tom Holland, respectively) before responding critically to them at three points. The article ultimately seeks to assert that Paul's δοῦλος metaphor in Romans 6 (and elsewhere), while functioning as an extension of a Jewish theological motif, was significantly influenced by Greco-Roman notions of domestic slavery.
The Abused Present
Authors: MATHEWSON DAVID L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Forty years after the publication of Frank Stagg's warning against abuse of the aorist tense, it is time that we examine whether similar warnings need to be sounded regarding the other major tense form—the present tense. Scholars and commentators have frequently understood the present tense form as indicating action that is continuous, durative, or habitual. However, recent research into verbal aspect has suggested that the Greek tense system is an aspectual one, that is, it pertains to how the author chooses to view the action, rather than how the action actually took place. In light of this, the present tense should be understood semantically as the internal viewpoint, looking at the action as in progress, as developing or unfolding. This can be seen from the numerous examples of present tenses in the NT that do not indicate action that is continuous, habitual, or ongoing. The article then surveys representative grammars and commentaries, demonstrating that this notion of continuous and durative action is widespread, but inadequate. It is suggested that commentators and students of the NT rely on the more recent grammatical tools that implement insights from verbal aspect. The article concludes with a summary of implications for interpreting the present tense form. One of the possible functions is to indicate prominence in discourse, to foreground various characters, scenes, or events. Outside of this, the interpreter should be cautious of the conclusions that he/she draws from the present tense form and should avoid reading into it notions of "continuous," "durative," "ongoing," or "habitual" action.
Evaluation of Monomer Elution and Surface Roughness of a Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network CAD–CAM Material After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser-assisted Tooth Bleaching
Authors: Mourouzis P , Diamantopoulou E , Tsigarida A , Dionysopoulos D , Konstantinidis A , Samanidou V , Tolidis K 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYPurpose:The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser-assisted tooth bleaching treatment on the elution of monomers and surface roughness of a hybrid computer-aided design–computer-aided manufacturing (CAD–CAM) material, and to compare it with a resin composite for direct restorations.Methods and Materials:Forty specimens of a hybrid CAD–CAM material (Enamic) and forty of a conventional resin composite (Tetric) were fabricated and randomly divided into four groups (n=10). Half of the specimens of each material were stored in distilled water and the other half in artificial saliva for 7 days. At the end of this period, the storage medium was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the surface roughness parameters of the specimens were evaluated by optical imaging noncontact interferometric profilometry. Afterwards, half of the specimens of each tested material received a conventional in-office tooth bleaching treatment and the other half an Er,Cr:YSGG laser-assisted bleaching treatment, and then they were again incubated in distilled water and artificial saliva for an additional 7-day time period. At the end of this period, the effect of the bleaching treatments on elution of monomers and surface roughness of the tested materials was evaluated.Results:Bisphenol A (BPA), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), and bisphenol A-glycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA) were eluted from the conventional resin composite into both the solutions tested. Only TEGDMA was eluted from the hybrid CAD–CAM material. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the surface roughness parameters of both materials. Both the conventional and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-assisted tooth bleaching treatments affected the monomer elution from the composite resin. However, there were no statistically significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between the treatments.Conclusions:According to the results of this study, tooth bleaching with Er,Cr:YSGG laser or conventional technique is safe, even if the bleaching agent comes in contact with hybrid CAD–CAM restorations.
LANSKAP BAHASA INDONESIA PADA PENAMAAN TEMPAT MAKAN DAN MINUM DI TALIWANG KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT
Authors: Syahrawati Chairani , Burhanuddin Burhanuddin , Mahyudi Johan 
Published: April 2022

AbstrakPenelitian ini merupakan penelitian tentang lanskap bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, makna, dan fungsi lanskap bahasa Indonesia pada penamaan tempat makan dan minum di Taliwang, Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Data yang digunakan berupa hasil foto penggunaan bahasa pada papan nama tempat makan dan minum di sepanjang jalan utama kota Taliwang. Analisis dilakukan dengan teknik koleksi data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk bahasa pada penamaan tempat makan dan minum di Taliwang Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat berupa kata dasar, kata berimbuhan, frasa, dan klausa. Selanjutnya makna pada lanskap bahasa berupa makna konseptual. Adapun fungsi lanskap bahasa berupa fungsi informasional, simbol identitas, dan simbol pelestarian bahasa daerah. Kata kunci: Bentuk, Makna, Fungsi, Lanskap Bahasa, Lanskap Linguistik AbstractThis research is research on the Indonesian language landscape. This study aims to describe the shape, meaning, and function of the Indonesian language landscape in naming places to eat and drink in Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency. The data used is in the form of photos of the use of language on the signboards of places to eat and drink along the main street of Taliwang city. The analysis was carried out using data collection techniques, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the form of language in naming places to eat and drink in Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency in the form of basic words, affixes, phrases, and clauses. Furthermore, the meaning in the language landscape is in the form of conceptual meaning. The functions of the language landscape are in the form of informational functions, symbols of identity, and symbols of preservation of regional languages. Keywords: Form, Meaning, Function, Language Landscape, Linguistic Landscape
European standards of the judiciary and the status of judges
Authors: Babenko G.O. 
Published: April 2022

The main goal of Ukraine in the direction of integration into the European Union is the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legislation of the European Union, the gradual adoption and implementation of regulations of Ukraine, developed taking into account the legislation of the European Union. The state policy of Ukraine on the adaptation of legislation is formed as an integral part of legal reform in Ukraine and is aimed at ensuring common approaches to rule-making, mandatory consideration of European Union legislation in rule-making, etc.
The purpose of the article is to determine the content of the concept and system of European standards of the judiciary and the status of judges, which can be applied in the legislation of Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of the judicial system.
The article deals with the legal nature of standards, so the following definition is formulated: a legal standard is a set of rules of conduct of entities in a particular area, established by regulations.
When applying European standards in the field of the judiciary and the status of judges, the following must be taken into account: the standard must be regulated by international law and enshrined in Ukrainian law; may be mandatory or recommended; a single approach to the content of this standard will ensure the unity of case law.
The article proposes a system of European standards of the judiciary and the status of judges, which consists of two groups: 1) generally accepted European standards, mandatory European standards; 2) special European standards in the field of the judiciary and the status of judges, those of a recommendatory nature.
The importance of adhering to European standards in the field of the judiciary and the status of judges, as well as their impact on judicial practice in democracies, is difficult to overestimate. Their comprehensive implementation in the judiciary is relevant, as it ensures the democratic development of Ukraine and the rule of law. The existence of a unified approach to defining the content of the concept, the system of European standards, their enshrinement in international and European legal acts will ensure the unity of case law.
As contribuições da formação continuada para o ensino superior em um centro universitário de Maceió/AL
Authors: Marques de Magalhães Mauricio Glauber , Luzia Schmitd Leonete 
Published: April 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo conhecer as contribuições do programa de formação continuada ofertado aos professores de ensino superior para a realização de seu trabalho pedagógico em sala de aula. Trata-se do resultado de uma pesquisa de campo e documental realizada em um centro universitário. Entre os resultados, destaca-se que os professores consideram que as atividades de formação continuada na instituição de ensino superior contribuem para a melhoria de sua prática pedagógica; que a formação continuada proposta consiste em atividades pontuais e desarticuladas entre si; e que, para ser denominado programa de formação continuada e contribua para a constituição da identidade docente, necessita de reformulações.

Palavras-chave: Formação continuada; Docência para o ensino superior; Políticas públicas
Imaginarios acerca de la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad cognitiva y psicosocial
Authors: Acevedo Guerrero Natalia , Calderón Jaramillo Mariana , Meneses Gil María Ximena , Forero Luz Janeth , Murad Rocío , Rivillas Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2022

Objetivos: Las personas con discapacidad cognitiva y psicosocial se ven expuestas a lo largo de su vida a diferentes formas de violencia sexual relacionadas con la diferentes imaginarios que niegan su sexualidad. Este artículo busca analizar los imaginarios y las autopercepciones de las personas con discapacidad frente a su sexualidad, así como la posible relación que estos imaginarios tiene con la vulnerabilidad frente a diferentes formas de violencia sexual. Métodos: estudio cualitativo que conjugó la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a personas con discapacidad, familiares y funcionarios a cargo de la atención de personas con discapacidad, con grupos focales con diferentes actores interesados. La investigación se desarrolló en Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Bogotá, Cali y Manizales. Resultados: perviven una serie de imaginarios respecto a la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad que las infantiliza, les limita su libertad y autonomía y las hipersexualiza, estos imaginarios se consituyen en elementos de riesgo frente a la violencia sexual de las personas con discapacidad. Conclusiones: Los imaginarios sobre las personas con discapacidad los exponen a formas de violencia sexual a la vez que impiden la garantía de sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos.
El malestar de Ramiro Cinco o las conjeturas del yo en Luces artificiales del escritor mexicano Daniel Sada
Authors: Castillo García María Esther 
Published: April 2022

Luces artificiales[i] es una novela que conjetura la aceptación del yo cuando depende del poder mercantil. La novela de Sada es una ficción que nos hace reflexionar sobre la importancia de la imagen corporal en la construcción de las identidades, cuando las relaciones mercantiles intervienen en el tejido identitario del sí mismo.

[i] Todas las citas de la novela provienen de la publicación de Joaquín Mortiz (2002).
Safety evaluation and potential health implications of water from post-remediated lead-polluted areas of Zamfara State, Nigeria
Authors: Odey Michael Oko , Udiba U. Udiba , Adindu Eze Azubuike , Enyievi Peter Bassey , Edu Betta Chimaobim , Eteng Mbeh Ubana , Uboh Friday Effiong , Emuru Edward Odey 
Published: April 2022

Objectives:
Dareta village in Zamfara state of Nigeria is one of the villages plagued with the lead (Pb) poisoning crisis of 2010. Dareta and neighboring villages were remediated by simple excavation of topsoil rich in Pb, and burying same in landfills. This study was embarked to assess the physicochemical parameters of some sources of water supply and possible health impacts on humans.

Material and Methods:
The village was imaginarily mapped into three sites; Residential Homes (Site 1), Markets and Village Squares (Site 2), and Farms with Irrigation Facilities (Site 3). From the three sites, a total of 30 water samples (10 shallow wells, 10 boreholes, and 10 stream/surface water) were randomly collected, according to availability. The physical parameters (Temperature, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids [TDS]) were assessed in situ using a conductivity/TDS meter (model 44600.00, HACH, USA), the assessment of pH was also carried out in situ using an electronic pH meter, (pH 210 micro-processor, Hanna Instrument, USA). The evaluation of heavy metals concentration (Pb, cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], and manganese) was done using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (modelAA-6800, Schemadzu, Japan).

Results:
In groundwater (boreholes and wells), the mean temperature and conductivity were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) safety levels for “drinking water,” while those of TDS and pH were within the limits. In surface water (streams), the assessed physical parameters were not higher than the WHO safety limits, while the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were above the drinking water guidelines. The risk implication in the human populations consuming the water was determined using the estimated average daily intake (EADI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The EADI for Pb, Cd, and Cr for all the water sources in both adult and children consumer populations exceeded the reference dose by US-EPA. The THQ for Pb, Cd, and Cr in both adult and children consumer populations were >1.

Conclusion:
These findings portend toxicity and increased hazards for the human populations that source their drinking water from the borehole, well, and stream in this village.
Favorable management of symptomatic cerebellar hemangioblastoma presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus during pregnancy: A case report and literature review
Authors: Oda Kazunori , Amamoto Takaaki , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Hiromasa , Morishita Takashi , Iwaasa Mitsutoshi , Abe Hiroshi , Inoue Tooru 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma is a highly vascular benign tumor and the growth rate of hemangioblastomas is believed to often accelerate during pregnancy; however, the reason for this rapid increase in size remains poorly understood. There are several case reports of symptomatic hemangioblastoma during pregnancy; however, the favorable management strategy has not been well established.

Case Description:
A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, with no significant medical history presented with vertigo and difficulty walking at around 11 weeks of pregnancy and was referred to our institute at 30 weeks of gestation because of worsening symptoms. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 5.6 cm cystic lesion with a mural nodule in the right cerebellar hemisphere and the lesion blocked cerebrospinal fluid drainage from the fourth ventricle and brainstem, resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus. After obtaining the patient’s consent, a multidisciplinary team consisting of obstetricians and neurosurgeons decided to perform resection of the intracranial lesion following delivery of the fetus by emergency cesarean section in view of the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. The patient’s general condition was confirmed to be stable postoperatively and she was discharged on the 16th day of her hospitalization without any neurological deficits or fetal complications.

Conclusion:
Urgent tumor resection combined with cesarean section can be planned once fetal lung maturity is confirmed. Most cases of symptomatic hemangioblastoma during pregnancy have an uneventful gestational course and a favorable outcome for both mother and child.
Cervical carotid occlusion in acute ischemic stroke: Should we give tPA?
Authors: Elder Theresa A. , Verhey Leonard H. , Schultz Haritha , Smith Eleanor S. , Adel Joseph G. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to cervical internal carotid artery (cICA) occlusion is challenging to treat, with the lower revascularization rates, higher risk for complications, and poor response to thrombolytic therapy compared to isolated intracranial occlusions. While emergent revascularization through mechanical thrombectomy (MT) improves outcomes, the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on outcomes in this subgroup of patients remains unclear. The objective of this study is to report our preliminary experience in treating AIS with cICA occlusions secondary to severe atherosclerotic stenosis and to establish the need for further clinical studies to determine the optimal intervention strategy for these lesions.

Methods:
Data were collected on patients who presented with acute cICA occlusion who underwent MT and either acute or staged carotid angioplasty and stenting. We compare patients who received tPA to those who did not, analyzing revascularization times, outcomes, and complications between the two populations, and discuss how this influenced our preferred treatment approach.

Results:
Twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria, seven of who received tPA and 14 did not receive tPA before surgical intervention. Procedural and functional outcomes were similar between the two populations. TPA administration correlated with a higher rate of vessel reocclusion in staged procedures and trended toward higher rates of symptomatic ICH and 90-day mortality.

Conclusion:
Emergent revascularization with acute cICA stenting carries advantages, but its safety is precluded by tPA administration. We suggest a trial which randomizes patients with cICA occlusions to receiving either tPA or dual antiplatelet therapy before surgical intervention, aiming to ultimately improved outcomes in these patients.