bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Washington Consensus and the Push for Neoliberal Social Policies in Latin America: The Impact of International Organisations on Colombian Healthcare Reform
Authors: de Carvalho Gabriela , Frisina Doetter Lorraine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStarting in 1973, healthcare reforms took place in 20 Latin American countries, as a result of state modernisation and the influence of international organisations. At the same period, the World Bank had become the major healthcare reform advocate in the region, pushing for neoliberal models in line with the Washington Consensus (WC) paradigm. Under these circumstances, Colombia undertook a major change to its system, and existing scholarship suggests that healthcare reform in the country was a product of international influences. This chapter analyses the impact of the principles defined by the WC on the 1993 Colombian healthcare reform. We examine national healthcare legislation to identify how the “neoliberal health model” proposed by the WC translated into the language and measures subsequently adopted in Colombia.
Social Reforms and the Fear of Economic Backlash: Political Debates on Social Policy and Transnational Influences in Argentina in the 1930s
Authors: Gerards Iglesias Simon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince the beginning of modern social policy in Argentina in the early 20th century, concerns about the loss of economic competitiveness of domestic industries had been an important argument against the introduction of labour policies. In the 1930s, however, the Argentinean government acceded to some important international labour conventions while business leaders promoted their own projects to improve labour safety and better working conditions at their facilities. This turnaround by the ruling conservative political elites and economic liberals can only be understood by considering transnational influences, particularly the triangular relationship between Argentina, the US, and the International Labour Organisation. Using the example of occupational accident legislation, this chapter shows how a social policy flagship was used as a tool to project the image of a modern, progressive nation that complied with international labour standards.
Relations Between Germany and China and the Rise of the Social Insurance State in China Since the Economic Reform of 1978
Authors: Liu Tao , Tian Tong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince the economic reform in 1978, the main system of social security in China has gradually transformed from the labour insurance system to the social insurance system. In this transformation process, policy learning and ideas diffusion have become relevant means to influence China’s social policy-making, and Bismarckian social insurance system has become an important reference for China’s legislative and social elites. In this process, Germany has influenced the core ideas and values of social policy experts in China in favour of the emergence and expansion of social insurance system since the 1990s, and the inter-state diffusion has become a powerful driving force for the rise of the new social insurance state in China.
The Cold War and the Welfare State in Western Europe
Authors: Petersen Klaus , Mioni Michele , Obinger Herbert 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Cold War and the growth of the welfare state constitute two major frameworks for understanding politics and society in post-war Western Europe. This chapter discusses how the Cold War shaped the development of welfare states in selected Western European countries in the first decades after 1945. It is argued that two mechanisms were important. First, social policies were used for securing mass loyalty and as an anti-communist strategy in Western Europe. Second, the Cold War strongly impacted political coalition-building in Western countries.
Social Policy and Britain’s 1929 Colonial Development Act
Authors: Shriwise Amanda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn 1929, Britain passed the Colonial Development Act (CDA), which represents the first centralised and systematic attempt to allocate development assistance throughout dependencies in the British Empire. This chapter examines social policy in a British colonial development context through the lens of the CDA from 1929 to 1940. It argues that while the CDA was a redistributive mechanism, it was far from progressive in both concept and implementation. Instead, the CDA embodied many of the inherent tensions and contradictions about welfare in the British Empire, with Britain portraying itself as a duty bound and philanthropic colonial power on the one hand while simultaneously pursuing a colonial development agenda that explicitly prioritised metropolitan economic gains over the welfare of local and indigenous populations on the other.
The Colonial Legacy and the Jamaican Healthcare System
Authors: Cassells Elsada Diana , de Carvalho Gabriela , Frisina Doetter Lorraine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of colonialism as it may come to translate into policy legacy from empire to colony post-independence in social policies. Specifically, we examine the role of British colonialism and its impact on the Jamaican healthcare system, casting an eye to the long-term policy conditions introduced by years of foreign rule. We pose the question: How did British colonialism impact the nature of choices and challenges confronting Jamaican policymakers as they grappled with a national response to healthcare post-independence? To answer this, we follow developments across two periods: the colonial, which concluded in 1962, and the post-colonial periods, which marked the introduction of a state-led healthcare system. Our study concludes by reflecting on the consequences of colonialism and its legacy on the healthcare policy trajectory in Jamaica.
Feminist Peace Research in Europe: A Snapshot
Authors: Haastrup Toni 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the long trajectory of European feminists’ contributions to peace research. Specifically, the coalescing of knowledge via specific Centers of Excellence has supported the recent development of feminist peace research (FPR) in Europe. FPR has also been influenced by the global normative framework of the Women, Peace and Security agenda (WPS), which relies on research conducted outside of Europe. While the diversity of WPS informed research evidences a thriving FPR field in Europe, it also reveals the limitations of what constitutes ‘Europe.’ Ultimately, the chapter shows how FPR remains exclusionary, with implications for knowledge production hierarchies.
Nachhaltigkeit, digitale Medien(-kommunikation) und das „gute Leben“
Authors: Kannengießer Sigrid 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDas kommunikations- und medienwissenschaftliche Forschungsfeld zu Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation und das interdisziplinäre Forschungsfeld, das sich mit Medien(-kommunikation) und dem „guten Leben“ auseinandersetzt, sind facettenreiche, wenn auch kleine Forschungsbereiche, die in diesem Kapitel aufgearbeitet werden. Skizziert werden die nachhaltigkeitsrelevante Journalismus- und Public-Relations-Forschung sowie das relevante Feld der Wissenschaftskommunikation und der Medieninhalts- und Rezeptionsforschung. Die Aufarbeitung des interdisziplinären Forschungsbereichs, der sich explizit mit dem „guten Leben“ und Medien beschäftigt, zeigt, dass hier das individuelle Wohlbefinden und die Relevanz der Mediennutzung für dieses im Fokus stehen. Argumentiert wird aber, dass, um den Zusammenhang von Medien und dem „guten Lebens“ zu verstehen, auch die sozial-ökologischen Probleme in den Blick genommen werden müssen, die aktuelle Digitalisierung verursacht. Daher werden hier auch die sozial-ökologischen Folgen der Produktion, Aneignung und Entsorgung digitaler Medientechnologien skizziert, die durch den Konsum digitaler Medientechnologien verursacht werden. Der Konsum digitaler Medientechnologien und -inhalte hindert letztendlich viele Menschen und weitere Lebewesen an einem „guten Leben“ und zerstört die Umwelt. Was verschiedene Akteur*innen mit Medien(-technologien) machen, um diese sozial-ökologischen Folgen zu vermeiden und welche alternativen, nachhaltigeren Medienpraktiken sie entwickeln, wird hier als Forschungsdesiderat benannt.
Einleitung
Authors: Kepura Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDiese Forschungsarbeit nimmt die Präventionspraxis der Polizei in den Blick. Es besteht Grund zu der Annahme, dass Handlungen wie unterrichten, trainieren, beraten, helfen mit erzieherischer Absicht in die polizeiliche Präventionsarbeit eingebettet sind. Daher widmet sich diese Untersuchung den Handlungsorientierungen von Polizeibeamtinnen und Polizeibeamten in der Präventionsarbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen und zwar aus erziehungswissenschaftlicher Perspektive. In diesem Kapitel wird in die Problemstellung, die methodische Verortung und den Aufbau der Arbeit eingeführt.
Empirische Ergebnisse
Authors: Kepura Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDie empirischen Ergebnisse der Handlungspraxis von Polizeibeamtinnen und Polizeibeamten in der Präventionsarbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen sind für diese Forschungsarbeit von zentraler Bedeutung. Mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode werden kollektive Orientierungen rekonstruiert. Es gelingt Idealtypen zu bilden, die maximale Orientierungsunterschiede in der polizeilichen Arbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen. Dieses Kapitel enthält Portraits der Gruppen des Samples. Den Hauptteil bilden eine Beschreibung der Basistypik und die Darstellung der Orientierungstypen. In einer Zusammenfassung der Typologie und ihrer Basis werden die empirischen Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung kompakt dargestellt. Erste Hinweise auf die Soziogenese der emergierten Orientierungsmuster schließen dieses Kapitel ab.
Ausblick
Authors: Kepura Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIn dieser Untersuchung wurden Aporien polizeilicher Präventionsarbeit emergiert. Darauf aufbauend wurden mit einer theoretischen Kontextualisierung der empirischen Ergebnisse Konturen einer Professionalitätstheorie polizeilicher Präventionsarbeit beschrieben. Diese Umrisse bedürfen einer weiteren Ausdifferenzierung. In diesem Kapitel werden Impulse für die Forschung und Anregungen für die Praxis formuliert.
Acceptability of Urine-Diversion Dry Toilets and Resource Values of Excreta in Rural Societies
Authors: Harada Hidenori 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlobal challenges of water scarcity and food insecurity justify sanitation approaches that utilize dry sanitation with the agricultural use of excreta. One such approach is urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) that separate urine and feces at the source at the time of excretion, thereby efficiently sanitizing the feces without liquid by separating the urine. However, in practice, some people have an aversion to the agricultural use of human excreta. Although the resource value of human excreta can potentially drive the spread of sanitation, this can only be achieved when a sanitation system utilizing human excreta for agriculture is accepted and rooted in society. This chapter studies the long-term acceptability of UDDTs that were installed several years ago in Vietnam, Malawi, and Bangladesh, focusing on the fertilizer value of human excreta. The majority of UDDTs were continuously used in all cases. Physical conditions and usability were the primary reasons to use UDDTs. Proportions of the continuous use of urine were low in all cases, and the perceived fertilizer values of urine by UDDT users were significantly lower than those of feces in Malawi. The fertilizer values of feces and urine alone were not always a motivation to use UDDTs although that of feces possibly contributed to the continuous use of UDDTs in Malawi. Religious impurity was a major barrier to use of urine and feces in Bangladesh, although it could be overcome with clean conditions of UDDTs and appropriate socio-cultural context.
Social Relationships and Material Flow in the Co-Creation of Sanitation Systems
Authors: Ushijima Ken , Sintawardani Neni , Ikemi Mayu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the challenges of co-creating sanitation system design based on material flow and social network with value flow in urban slums in Indonesia. The challenges are described in three phases: first, to understand and describe the current material flow of sanitation and environment; second, to extend our understanding of the wider meaning of material flow and value flow network; and, third, to evolve the solution through a co-creation process with local players. Through the first phase, we could understand the overall problem of sanitation in the research field by applying material flow analysis; the strength was the ability to catch all the related processes based on a logical mass balance point of view. However, its weakness was too strict rule and it is difficult to describe each player’s motivation; in other words, “driving force” of the system. Therefore, in the second phase, we applied social relationship analysis and could draw reasonable picture of sanitation value flow network. Based on that picture, we had started co-creation approach in order to create new sanitation system with local players, and it is still ongoing. We found that the combination of material flow and social relationship provides reasonable and effective picture of wholistic sanitation system; also, that it is important to validate and update the picture through co-creation process among a team consisting of not only various researchers but also local players.
Ideas and Practices for Restoring the Humanity of Sanitation Workers in India
Authors: Masuki Yui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter briefly traces the struggle to restore sanitation workers’ humanity in India since the early twentieth century. Sanitation labor has generally been carried out by people from the Dalit community, a group of castes formerly referred to as “untouchables.” By paying attention to M. K. Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, government authorities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), this chapter examines how humanitarian interventions were made via ideological and practical approaches to address the circumstances of sanitation workers and the limitations thereof. Gandhi’s emphasis on the moral aspect of scavenging and Ambedkar’s stress on the structural inequalities in the division of sanitation labor informed the mainstream ideas in preindependence India. However, efforts after independence were committed to abolishing the specific task of manual scavenging as a sine qua non for the emancipation of sanitation workers. These endeavors primarily entailed abolishing scavengers’ customary rights, the technological invention of low-cost flush toilets, and legal actions taken against the government. However, these attempts have led to dismissing the importance of providing “adequate sanitation” to the bulk of the population (Chaplin, The politics of sanitation in India. Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2011: 185, 267), enhancing nonscavenging sanitation workers’ conditions, and developing a more mechanized, holistic human waste disposal system. Further, having underlined the unsanitary, inhuman, or moral dimensions of sanitation labor, these interventions did not necessarily consider the complicated context of actual sanitation workers regarding how they perceive the labor on their own terms.
Gender and Culture Matters: Considerations for Menstrual Hygiene Management
Authors: Sugita Elli W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMenstruation hygiene management (MHM) is an important factor in gender-sensitive sanitation promotion. MHM is a concept and an approach in international development that gained greater attention in the last decade. This chapter first reviews the development of MHM (also recently referred to as menstrual health and hygiene: MHH) as an international agenda. The second part focuses on the cultural aspects of menstruation. To illuminate the local reality and cultural context of female students in a secondary school, a case study from the Manafwa district in Uganda will be described. The research results show that seemingly simple behaviors associated with menstrual management pass through the filter of cultural norms and girls’ perceptions. Those behaviors include (1) changing menstrual absorbents, (2) using a latrine, (3) discarding used sanitary pads or other sanitary items, (4) washing menstrual items or underwear, and (5) drying them. The chapter will provide some recommendations for MHM interventions.
The significance of direct transportation to a trauma center on survival for severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Trivedi Dhanisha Jayesh , Bass Gary Alan , Forssten Maximilian Peter , Scheufler Kai-Michael , Olivecrona Magnus , Cao Yang , Ahl Hulme Rebecka , Mohseni Shahin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction
While timely specialized care can contribute to improved outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI), this condition remains the most common cause of post-injury death worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in mortality between regional trauma centers in Sweden (which provide neurosurgical services round the clock) and non-trauma centers, hypothesizing that 1-day and 30-day mortality will be lower at regional trauma centers.

Patients and methods
This retrospective cohort study used data extracted from the Swedish national trauma registry and included adults admitted with severe TBI between January 2014 and December 2018. The cohort was divided into two subgroups based on whether they were treated at a trauma center or non-trauma center. Severe TBI was defined as a head injury with an AIS score of 3 or higher. Poisson regression analyses with both univariate and multivariate models were performed to determine the difference in mortality risk [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)] between the subgroups. As a sensitivity analysis, the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was used to adjust for the effects of confounding.

Results
A total of 3039 patients were included. Patients admitted to a trauma center had a lower crude 30-day mortality rate (21.7 vs. 26.4% days, p = 0.006). After adjusting for confounding variables, patients treated at regional trauma center had a 28% [adj. IRR (95% CI): 0.72 (0.55–0.94), p = 0.015] decreased risk of 1-day mortality and an 18% [adj. IRR (95% CI): 0.82 (0.69–0.98)] reduction in 30-day mortality, compared to patients treated at a non-trauma center. After adjusting for covariates in the Poisson regression analysis performed after IPTW, admission and treatment at a trauma center were associated with a 27% and 17% reduction in 1-day and 30-day mortality, respectively.

Conclusion
For patients suffering a severe TBI, treatment at a regional trauma center confers a statistically significant 1-day and 30-day survival advantage over treatment at a non-trauma center.
Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation leads to subjective improvement levels comparable to scaffold based autologous chondrocyte implantation
Authors: Niethammer Thomas Richard , Uhlemann Felix , Zhang Anja , Holzgruber Martin , Wagner Ferdinand , Müller Peter Ernst 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Scaffold-based autologous chondrocyte implantation is a well-established treatment for cartilage defects in the knee joint. Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation using an in situ polymerizable biomaterial is a relatively new treatment option for arthroscopic cartilage defects. It is therefore important to determine if there are significant differences in the outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes (using subjective parameters) of hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation (NOVOCART® Inject) with the outcomes of scaffold based autologous chondrocyte Implantation (NOVOCART® 3D) using biphasic collagen scaffold.

Methods
The data of 50 patients, which were paired with 25 patients in each treatment group, was analyzed. The main parameters used for matching were gender, number of defects and localization. Both groups were compared based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and subjective IKDC scores, both of which were examined pre-operatively and after 6, 12 and 24 months.

Results
Significant benefits in both VAS and IKDC scores after 2 years of follow-up in both groups were found. Comparing the groups, the results showed that in the hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation group, significant changes in IKDC scores are measurable after 6 months, while it takes 12 months until they are seen in the scaffold based autologous chondrocyte group.

Conclusion
Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte and scaffold based autologous chondrocyte show comparable improvements and significant benefits to the patients’ subjective well-being after a 2-year-follow-up.

Level of evidence
III.
Prevalence of Low Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Hypophosphatasia in Adult Patients with Atypical Femur Fractures
Authors: Tsiantouli Eleni , Biver Emmanuel , Chevalley Thierry , Petrovic Robert , Hannouche Didier , Ferrari Serge 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), its manifestations may include atypical femoral fractures (AFF). However, the prevalence of low serum ALP and HPP in patients with AFF remains unknown. We retrospectively analyzed ALP levels and clinical manifestations compatible with HPP in 72 adult patients with confirmed AFF by chart review. ALP values were compared with those of a control group of patients with prior proximal femoral fracture during antiresorptive treatment (n = 20). Among the AFF patients, 18 (25%) had at least one serum ALP value ≤ 40 IU/L, although in all but one case, at least one ALP value > 40 IU/L was also detected at another time point. Most low ALP values were associated with antiresorptive treatment (P = 0.049) and lowest levels of ALP did not differ between the AFF and the control groups (P = 0.129). However, low ALP values among AFF patients were associated with a higher rate of bilateral AFF (50% vs 22%, P = 0.025), metatarsal fracture (33% vs 7%, P = 0.006), and with trends for more frequent use of glucocorticoid (22% vs 8%, P = 0.089) and proton pump inhibitor (61% vs 44%, P = 0.220). In one AFF patient with low ALP and clinical suspicion of HPP, a rare pathogenic heterozygous variant of the ALPL gene was identified. In conclusion, low ALP values are common among subjects with AFF and mainly related to concomitant antiresorptive medication. Hence, low serum ALP has low specificity for HPP among AFF patients.