bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing in Vitro Multiplication and Rooting of the Plum Rootstock Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.)1
Authors: Hammerschlag F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips (5 mm) of Myrobalan plum were cultured on Stage I micropropagation medium consisting of liquid modified Murashige and Skoog salts (MS) medium supplemented with 2% sucrose and in mg/liter: 0.4 thiamine HCl, 100 myo-inositol, 0.5 pyridoxine * HCl, 0.5 nicotinic acid, 0.1 p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.01 indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 0.26-benzylamino purine (BA). A 10-fold multiplication rate was achieved every 4–6 weeks when cultured shoots were transferred to Stage II multiplication medium consisting of Stage I medium with 1.0 mg/liter BA and 0.6% agar. Complete rooting (100%) occurred at 4 weeks when in vitro-proliferated shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2.5 – 5.0 mg/liter indoleacetic acid (IAA) and incubated in the dark for 2 weeks at either 21° or 26°C. Poor rooting occurred in the light (1.0 klx, 16-hr photoperiod). Shoots incubated at 26°C rooted more quickly than those at 21°C. Shoots cultured on MS medium with IAA and incubated in the dark for 2 weeks rooted significantly better than shoots on medium with IBA and incubated under dark or light conditions. Addition of chlorogenic acid to the rooting medium significantly increased rooting in the light. Plantlets were successfully transferred to soil.
Phosphoric Acid Anticrustant Improves Seedling Emergence and P Content1
Authors: Hemphill Delbert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), applied as an over-the-row banded spray to Willamette silt loam, significantly hastened the emergence of seedlings of carrot (Daucus carota L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.). Final stands were usually improved. The effect was particularly pronounced in early plantings. Banded H3PO4 decreased soil crusting as measured by decreased mechanical resistance to penetration of the soil surface. Phosphorus content of seedlings of carrot, cucumber, lettuce, and onion was significantly increased with H3PO4 anticrustant. Yields were usually greater on soils treated with H3PO4 than on soils treated with either broadcast or subsurface banded applications of concentrated superphosphate (CSP). Subsurface bands of CSP resulted in poorer stands, lower leaf P content, and smaller yields of carrot, lettuce and onion than did banded H3PO4 at the same rate of P application. However, both leaf P content and yield of cucumber tended to be greater with CSP than with H3PO4. Phosphoric acid treatment improved stand of carrot and lettuce at soil pH between 5.0 and 6.1 but decreased stand at pH 6.6.
Heritability of Semi-hard Seed Induced by Low Seed Moisture in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Semi-hard seed (SHS) in beans is defined as dry seed which does not imbibe water during a 24 hour soak, but which will gain moisture rapidly at high relative humidity within 14 days and then germinate normally. The inheritance of SHS was found to involve several genes. Soft seed was incompletely dominant to SHS. Narrow sense heritability ranged from 20 to 50% in populations studied. SHS was associated with excellent seed quality resulting in unusually vigorous seedlings.
Influence of Seedbed Configuration on Growth, Development, and Yield in Muskmelon
Authors: Dainello Frank J. , Heineman R. R. , Mulkey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four seedbed configurations, north-sloped, south-sloped, mid-bed trenched, and standard flat-topped beds, were evaluated for influence on plant growth, development, and yield in ‘TAM Uvalde’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). The most desirable growth rate and yield pattern was produced in mid-bed trenches. This configuration significantly increased early yield. Early season yield (June harvest) was 8670 kg/ha or 48% of total yield for the mid-bed trenched treatment as compared with 7170 (38%), 4730 (32%), and 3380 kg/ha (20%), respectively, for the south-sloped, standard, and north-sloped beds.
Effects of Nitrapyrin and Nitrogen Form on Tomato Growth, Water Relations, and Ion Composition1
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Sparks Donald L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrapyrin (NI) at 10 ppm, compared to water control, added to a soil-sand-peat medium decreased shoot growth of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Marglobe) grown with NO3-N nutrition but had no effect on growth with NH4-N nutrition. While plant water stress was decreased by NI compared to the control with NO3-N nutrition, the toxic effect of increased uncombined NH4 concentration in the shoots may have caused the growth reduction. Denitrification suppression by NI with NO3-N nutrition was evidenced by increased media and shoot NO3 concentrations. Nitrification suppression by NI with NH4-N nutrition was evidenced by increased media and shoot NH4 concentrations. Nitrapyrin, irrespective of N form, decreased shoot Ca concentration, increased shoot K and uncombined NH4 concentrations, and had no effect on shoot Mg concentration. Plant water stress was decreased by NI with both N forms at the third and fifth weeks after final transplanting. While NI decreased the differential effect of N form on transpiration rate and leaf diffusive resistance (RL), in NI’s absence, NH4-N nutrition decreased transpiration and increased RL relative to NO3-N. Decreased shoot growth with NH4-N relative to NO3-N nutrition, both in the presence and absence of NI, was associated with increases in plant water stress, root hydraulic resistance, and shoot uncombined NH4 concentration, but a decrease in shoot Ca concentration.
Influence of Cropping on Ca, K, Mg, and Carbohydrate Status of ‘French’ Prune Trees Grown on Potassium Limited Soils1
Authors: Hansen Poul , Ryugo Kay , Ramos David E. , Fitch Larry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) leaves on nonbearing trees and large scaffold limbs had greater percent dry matter and specific leaf weight than those from bearing ones early in the season. This difference disappeared as the season progressed. Much of the difference could be attributed to the greater accumulation of starch, which displaced water. The demand for photosynthates by the crop was also reflected by lower starch content in 1-year-old shoot, limb bark, and roots, but no difference in the soluble carbohydrate content nor in the ratio of sorbitol + sucrose/glucose + fructose was observed. Leaf K content was influenced by the crop but not Ca and Mg contents. Unlike K contents, Ca contents in fruiting spurs and 1-year-old shoots tended to be greater than those from nonbearing samples; no differences were noted in root samples. These data and those of other workers indicate that K deficiency in this cultivar stems from its strong K demand by the fruit and from the lack of carbohydrates being translocated to the roots, which in turn, limits growth and nutrient uptake, especially K, which is limiting in these soils.
Branching Responses of Young Apple Trees to Applications of 6-Benzylamino purine and Gibberellin A4 + 71
Authors: Forshey C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Applications of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and gibberellin A4 + 7 (GA4 + 7) over a period of 3 years significantly increased primary and secondary branching and total shoot growth of 6 apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) from the first through the fourth growing seasons in the field. In spur-type ‘Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’, BA + GA4 + 7 was more effective than deblossoming, pruning, or branch spreading in inducing lateral branching.
Transitional Forms of Hermaphroditic Papaya Flowers Leading to Complete Maleness1
Authors: Nakasone H. Y. , Lamoureux C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sexual changes in papaya (Carica papaya L.) from the normal hermaphroditic elongata flower toward femaleness by means of stamen carpellody are discussed in relation to the transition from the bisexual elongata flower toward maleness. A series of changes occurs that involves reduction in ovary size and shape, and in numbers of stigmatic rays, dorsal vascular bundles, carpels, and placenta. Placentation is normally parietal in papaya but there is evidence of ancestral axil placentation.
Measurement of Turfgrass Heat Tolerance in Vitro1
Authors: Wallner S. J. , Becwar M. R. , Butler J. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Injury to turfgrass leaf segments was measured as percent electrolyte leakage as affected by the duration and level of imposed heat stress. Species differences in heat tolerance were most apparent when injury was monitored over time at 50°C, using leaf segments which were obtained from heat-hardened plants and immersed in distilled water during the stress treatment. Quantitative differences in heat tolerance in vitro were consistent with qualitative descriptions of drought resistance for most of the species tested.
Economic Results of Pest Control Intensity for a Multiple Cropping System1
Authors: Epperson J. E. , Dowler C. C. , Chalfant R. B. , Johnson A. W. , Glaze N. C. , Sumner D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effect of pest control intensity on net returns in multiple cropping systems. The study is tempered with an evaluation of risk. The cropping system encompasses: turnip greens (Brassica rapa L.) for processing, field corn (Zea mays L.), and southern peas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata] for processing. Within the ranges of pest control intensities studied, less intensive control resulted in higher net returns. Further, the level of greatest pest control intensity consistently yielded negative net returns. This level, however, was less risky in terms of gross returns. Risk did not differ significantly between the other levels of pest control.
Storage of Pregerminated Seed of Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) in Hydrophilic Gels1
Authors: Frazier Diamantina C. , Wiest Steven C. , Wootton Richard D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pregerminated snapdragon seed was damaged to different extents by low-temperature storage for 4 or 8 days in 3 hydrophilic gels or deionized water. Poststorage viability and vigor decreased as a result of storage, but for apparently different reasons. Medium pH was correlated with poststorage vigor, whereas the gas-exchange capacity of the storage media was correlated with poststorage viability. Seed germination and radicle elongation within the gel was also stimulated when the gas-exchange capacity of the storage medium was increased. Enzymatic generation of oxygen within the gel increased both seed germination and radicle elongation, which suggests that the oxygen diffusion rate specifically was limiting these phenomena.
Seasonal Changes and Cultivar Differences in Pigment Concentrations and Percent Dissolved Solids in Roots of Table Beets1
Authors: Watson James F. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in betacyanine (red pigment) concentration, betaxanthine (yellow pigment) concentration, and percent dissolved solids associated with growing time and season were studied in roots of 12 cultivars of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Differences among cultivars and cultivar × harvest date interactions were detected for each trait. Depending on cultivar and planting date, betacyanine concentration increased, decreased, or remained constant with increased growing time, while betaxanthine concentration and percent dissolved solids invariably increased over the same period. Beets planted on July 12, 1978, had greater pigment concentrations than beets planted on June 9, 1978, when grown the same number of days. At 83 days after planting, root weight was negatively correlated with betacyanine concentration (r = −0.44) and betaxanthine concentration (r = −0.40), but after 136 days, both correlations were reduced in magnitude (r = −0.23).
Emergence of Pregerminated Tomato Seed Stored in Gels up to Twenty Days at Low Temperatures1
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Fieldhouse Donald J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of storage of pregerminated tomato seed (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Marglobe) at 0° and 5°C for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days in 4 gels or in moist cheesecloth on percentage emergence (PE) and emergence rate index (ERI) were examined. The PE and ERI values of freshly germinated (unstored) seeds were statistically equal and high in all gels and much greater than the values of dry seed. After 4 days storage, both PE and ERI were unaffected by storage temperature but were significantly affected by gels in order of emergence magnitude: Moist cheesecloth = Natrosol 250 HHR > Laponite 508 = SGP104K > Vittera II Hydrogel. With ≥ 8-day storage, storage temperature interacted with gels so that 0° compared to 5° storage gave greater PE and ERI in Natrosol 250 HHR and Laponite 508 but lower values in moist cheesecloth. Pregerminated tomato seed storage in Natrosol 250 HHR at 0° is an acceptable alternative to 5° moist storage providing, even after 12 days of storage, a distinctly higher PE and ERI than dry seed. To avoid unacceptably low emergence, chitted seed storage in Vittera II hydrogel should be avoided and storage in Laponite 508 or SGP104K should not exceed 4 days.
Inheritance of Early Flowering in Relation to Breeding Day-neutral Strawberries1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Bringhurst R. S. , Voth V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) seedlings from 54 crosses between day-neutral and short-day parents were evaluated in western Washington for the proportion which flowered by September and for the earliness of such flowering when it occurred. The day-neutral progeny of ‘Aptos’, ‘Brighton’, ‘Hecker’, CN5, CN11, CN20, WSU 1714E and SHRI 7020/131, all day-neutral parents, flowered early. The day-neutral progeny of ‘Aiko’,’Linn’, ‘Olympus’ and ‘Tioga’, all short-day parents, flowered late. Crosses producing the highest percentage of day-neutral seedlings also had the highest percentage of day-neutral seedlings which flowered early. Reciprocal crosses produced similar results relative to the proportion of day-neutral seedlings and for the proportion of such seedlings which flowered early. For date of first flowering, general combining ability was found to be more important in these crosses than specific combining ability.
The Effects of Rainfall and Irrigation Management on Citrus Juice Quality in Texas1
Authors: Cruse Robert R. , Wiegand Craig L. , Swanson Wayne A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Juice yield, degrees Brix (soluble solids), citric acid, suspended solids, L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), pH, and naringin content in grapefruit were measured from 1969–1975 on 2 sizes of ‘Marrs’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, and ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit, C. paradisi Macf., subjected to 4 irrigation management regimes in an area where rainfall contributes about half the annual water requirement. Irrigation main effects in individual years were influenced by variable annual amounts and seasonal distribution of rainfall. Vitamin C, juice yield, pH, and suspended solids were only occasionally affected by irrigation treatment. Citric acid content of ‘Valencia’ orange juice was consistently higher and the citric acid and Brix of grapefruit juice were usually higher in the 2 less frequently irrigated treatments, regardless of rainfall. Among-years analyses of variance showed significant reductions in Brix, citric acid, and suspended solids with increased frequency of irrigation for all cultivars.
Influence of Intensity and Duration of Cool White Fluorescent Lighting and Fertilizer on Growth and Quality of Foliage Plants1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. , Nell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Brassaia actinophylla Endl., Chamaedorea elegans Mart., Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Exotica’, Dracaena marginata Lam., and Ficus benjamina L. were grown for 1 year under 13 or 26 μE m−2sec−1 from Cool White fluorescent lamps for 12, 18, or 24 hours daily durations. Increasing light duration to 24 hours daily decreased quality of all plants tested, with Brassaia, Chamaedorea, and Dieffenbachia being most affected. The primary symptoms resulting from constant light were foliar chlorosis and decrease in plant quality, although necrotic spotting appeared at times. By experiment termination, best plants overall were associated with 26 μE m−2sec−1 light for 12 or 18 hours duration and poorest with 26 μE m−2sec−1 light and 24 hours duration. A second factorial experiment with Dieffenbachia and Dracaena tested effects of 3 fertilizer levels (0, 0.67, or 1.30 g Osmocote/3 months per 15-cm pot) under 2 light intensities (13 or 26 μE m−2sec−1) and 2 light durations (12 or 24 hours) on plant quality. Higher fertilizer levels had a limited effect on plant quality, while influence of light intensity and duration was similar to the initial experiment.
Cultivation of in Vitro-propagated Lilium Bulbs in Soil1
Authors: Takayama Shinsaku , Misawa Masanaru , Takashige Yoshiki , Tsumori Hiroshi , Ohkawa Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The transplanting to soil of bulblets of Lilium longiflorum Thunb., L. × formolongi, L. speciosum Thunb., and L. auratum Lindl., grown on Murashige and Skoog’s medium, was investigated in relation to dormancy. Leaf emergence from tissue-cultured bulblets was inhibited after transplanting into soil without low-temperature treatment. To break dormancy, low temperature (5°C) treatment for 70 days was required when bulblets were produced in the medium with 30 g/liter sucrose, while 120 to 140 days were required when bulblets were produced in the medium with 90 g/liter sucrose. In vitro-produced bulblets of L. longiflorum grew well in soil and about 40% of the bulblets flowered in a year.
Pulse Treatment with Silver Nitrate Extends Vase Life of Anthuriums1
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Goo Theodore 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Short pretreatments of stems of anthurium flowers (Anthurium andraeanum André) with silver nitrate solutions increased vase life by 40 to 60% after a simulated shipping. Significant improvement was obtained with a single 10-minute treatment with 1 mm silver nitrate. Maximum postharvest life was obtained with flowers treated with silver nitrate within 12 hours of harvest. Silver nitrate treatment was effective on flowers ranging from half to full maturity. No measurable silver was translocated to the spathe or spadix. Silver thiosulfate complex was not as effective as silver nitrate. For response to silver treatment following simulated shipping of 3 days, 2 cm of stem had to be removed before placing in a vase solution. Continuous maintenance of the flower before and after simulated shipping in a commercial preservative was not significantly better than a single pulse with silver nitrate or a combination of silver nitrate pulse and commercial preservative.
Regulation of Growth and Flowering in Chrysanthemum × superbum Bergmans1
Authors: Shedron Karen G. , Weiler Thomas C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Chrysanthemum × superbum shasta daisy varied greatly in their requirements for flowering. Some vegetatively propagated clones of selected seedlings required cold in order to flower, some required long photoperiods, some required both, and some required neither. Flowering bedding plants were produced from seed in 6–8 months.
Microclimate within Open-top Air Pollution Chambers and its Relation to Grapevine Physiology1
Authors: Weinstock Lewis , Render W. J. , Musselman R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Performance of open-top chambers used for air pollutant effect studies on mature grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey cv. Concord) was evaluated. The chamber environment was characterized by somewhat higher air temperature and dew point and decreased light intensity and wind velocity compared with ambient conditions. Within the chambers, grapevines had slightly increased leaf temperature. No differences due to chambers were detected on vine stomatal resistance, leaf water potential, or the relationship between leaf temperature and incident radiation.
Spine Initiation and Development in Mammillaria Elongata DC1
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Emino E. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spine primordia of Mammillaria elongata are initiated in acropetal sequence, beginning on the abaxial side of the spiniferous meristem that occupies the summit of a young tubercle and continuing along either side until a single whorl is completed. If a central spine occurs, it is the last to be initiated and the first to begin elongation. Elongation of the whorled spines follows a basipetal sequence, the inverse of initiation. All elongated spines are at first erect, but the lateral ones become radially oriented as they appraoch maturity. Central spines remain erect and tilted slightly toward the shoot apex. The distal ends of many epidermal cells on developing spines bear conic projections that are most prominent along the median portions.
Volatile Isothiocyanates and Nitriles from Glucosinolates in Rutabaga and Turnip1
Authors: Ju Hak-Yoon , Chong Calvin , Mullin W. J. , Bible Bernard B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Glucosinolates extracted from seeds of 2 rutabaga (Brassica napus L. Napobrassica group) and 2 turnip (B. rapa L. Rapifera group) cultivars, and also from roots sampled at 2-week intervals during growth and development on 2 soil types, were hydrolyzed and the individual volatile products identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four isothiocyanates (3-butenyl-, 4-pentenyl-, 4-methylthiobutyl-, and 2-phenylethyl-isothiocyanates), and 2 nitriles (1-cyano-4-methylthiobutane and 2-phenylethylnitrile), were identified. Yields of each constituent varied considerably between cultivars, and also seasonally in root tissue, but generally were quantitatively similar in trend within cultivar grown on loam and organic soils; 2-phenylethyl-isothiocyanate was predominant in roots.
Seasonal Trends of Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Fractions in Apple Leaf and Fruit Tissues1
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Walker Candace E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf and fruit tissues of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were sequentially fractionated using hot water, sodium nitrate, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid to extract Ca, Mg, and K in various forms. Water-soluble and sodium nitrate-exchangeable Ca were considered physiologically active forms and increased from 50 to 84% of the total Ca in fruit during the season and decreased from 57 to 45% in leaves. About 90% of the Mg and K concentrations in fruit were physiologically active. Physiologically active forms of Ca, Mg, and K followed changes in total concentrations very closely, so that analyses of physiologically active fractions provide no increased accuracy for predicting physiological disorders.
Cultivar Differences in Ethylene Production by Wounded Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Locy Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wounding freshly harvested or cured sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] roots by either breaking, or cutting them in half stimulated C2H4 production in all 13 cultivars and selections examined. Ethylene production was stimulated within 1 day of wounding and generally continued to increase for 7 days before decreasing. At the peak of production, wounded freshly harvested roots produced about 22 times more C2H4 than controls, while C2H4 production from wounded cured roots of the same cultivar or selection increased about 86 times. Wounding stimulated CO2 production by about 72% over the controls. There were marked cultivar differences in the maximum rate of wound-induced C2H4 production.