bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racism is a motivator and a barrier for people of color aspiring to become midwives in the United States
Authors: Mehra Renee , Alspaugh Amy , Joseph Jennie , Golden Bethany , Lanshaw Nikki , McLemore Monica R. , Franck Linda S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo understand motivators and barriers of aspiring midwives of color.Data Sources and Study SettingPrimary data were collected via a national online survey among people of color in the United States interested in pursuing midwifery education and careers between February 22 and May 2, 2021.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey consisted of 76 questions (75 closed‐ended and 1 open‐ended questions) including personal, familial, community, and societal motivators and barriers to pursuing midwifery.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe recruited respondents 18 years and older who identified as persons of color by posting the survey link on midwifery, childbirth, and reproductive justice listservs, social media platforms, and through emails to relevant midwifery and doula networks. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analyses by demographic characteristics and used exemplar quotes from the open‐ended question to illustrate findings from the descriptive data.Principal FindingsThe strongest motivating factors for the 799 respondents were providing racially concordant care for community members (87.7 percent), reducing racial disparities in health (67.2 percent), and personal experiences related to midwifery care (55.4 percent) and health care more broadly (54.6 percent). Main barriers to entering midwifery were direct (58.2 percent) and related (27.5 to 52.8 percent) costs of midwifery education, and lack of racial concordance in midwifery education and the midwifery profession (31.5 percent) that may contribute to racially motivated exclusion of people of color. Financial and educational barriers were strongest among those with lower levels of income or education.ConclusionsStructural and interpersonal racisms are both motivators and barriers for aspiring midwives of color. Expanding and diversifying the perinatal workforce by addressing the financial and educational barriers of aspiring midwives of color, such as providing funding and culturally‐competent midwifery education, creating a robust pipeline, and opening more midwifery schools, is a matter of urgency to address the maternal health crisis.
Ownership power and managing a professional workforce: General practitioners and the employment of physician associates
Authors: Krachler Nick , Kessler Ian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe management of the professions has become increasingly challenging, reflecting the emergence of new work roles in professionalized workplaces. Human Resource Management (HRM) scholars have, however, been slow to study the professions, particularly how the power they derive from ownership interacts with other forms of power. This article explores the use of different forms of power by a profession, general practitioners (GPs), in engaging with a new healthcare role, the physician associate (PA). Despite policy support for the role, we find GPs' employment of the role in primary care is low. This is explained by two GP responses to the introduction of the role: employment denial and subordination. We theorize these responses as deriving from GPs' ownership power, enhancing their managerial and knowledge‐based control over PAs. In doing so, we open‐up a research avenue in the study of workforce management focused on professions' ownership power.
Disease activity of lung cancer at the time of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease during cytotoxic chemotherapy
Authors: Sekine Akimasa , Matama Goushi , Hagiwara Eri , Tabata Erina , Ikeda Satoshi , Oda Tsuneyuki , Okuda Ryo , Kitamura Hideya , Baba Tomohisa , Satoh Hiroaki , Misumi Toshihiro , Komatsu Shigeru , Iwasawa Tae , Ogura Takashi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of lung cancer patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) is poor, and acute exacerbation (AE) of ILD can occur during chemotherapy as a fatal adverse event. Although AE‐ILD development is correlated with various factors, no reports are investigating the disease activity of lung cancer at the time of AE‐ILD development.MethodsAll consecutive lung cancer patients with ILD who developed chemotherapy‐related AE‐ILD within 28 days after the last administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy between 2011 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAmong 206 lung cancer patients with ILD who were treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy, 30 patients were included. The median age was 72 years and all patients were men with smoking history. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and non‐UIP patterns of ILD was observed in 17 and 13 patients. Most of AE‐ILD occurred during second‐ or later‐line (22/30, 73.3%) and developed within first or second courses during chemotherapy (19/30, 63.3%). Regarding tumor response to chemotherapy at AE‐ILD development, majority of patients (18 patients, 60.0%) experienced progressive disease and only one patient (3.3%) experienced a partial response. Notably, 27 patients (90.0%) did not exhibit any tumor shrinkage of the thoracic lesions.ConclusionLung cancer was uncontrolled with cytotoxic chemotherapy at the time of AE‐ILD development. Although AE‐ILD during chemotherapy has been generally discussed in terms of drug‐specific adverse effects, uncontrolled lung cancer may be also correlated with AE‐ILD development.
Differentiating siliceous particulate matter in the diets of mammalian herbivores
Authors: Fannin Luke D. , Laugier Elise J. , van Casteren Adam , Greenwood Sabrina L. , Dominy Nathaniel J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSilica is crucial to terrestrial plant life and geochemical cycling on Earth. It is also implicated in the evolution of mammalian teeth, but there is debate over which type of siliceous particle has exerted the strongest selective pressure on tooth morphology.Debate revolves around the amorphous silica bodies (phytoliths) present in plants and the various forms of siliceous grit—that is, crystalline quartz (sand, soil, dust)—on plant surfaces. The problem is that conventional measures of silica often quantify both particle types simultaneously.Here we describe a protocol that relies on heavy‐liquid flotation to separate and quantify siliceous particulate matter in the diets of herbivores. The method is reproducible and well suited to detecting species‐ or population‐level differences in silica ingestion. In addition, we detected meaningful variation within the digestive tracts of cows, an outcome that supports the premise of ruminal fluid ‘washing’ of siliceous grit.We used bootstrap resampling to estimate the sample sizes needed to compare species, populations or individuals in space and time. We found that a minimum sample of 12 individuals is necessary if the species is a browser or as many as 55 if the species is a grazer, which are more variable. But a sample size of 20 is adequate for detecting statistical differences. We conclude by suggesting that our protocol for differentiating and quantifying silica holds promise for testing competing hypotheses on the evolution of dental traits.
Linear woodlots increase wild bee abundance by providing additional food sources in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Sobieraj‐Betlińska Anna , Szefer Piotr , Twerd Lucyna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Mid‐field woodlots play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. However, it is not clear whether non‐linear or linear woodlots are most beneficial for wild bee conservation.
We assessed the attractiveness of two common types of woodlots in an agricultural landscape in northern Poland (non‐linear and linear: 7 and 9 sites, respectively) in terms of wild bee abundance, species richness, and functional diversity.
Linear habitats had higher abundance of wild bees. However, woodlot type did not affect wild bee species composition or functional trait composition. Species composition responded significantly to measures of syntaxonomic heterogeneity and landscape heterogeneity. Woodlot area, landscape context (isolation and landscape heterogeneity), and syntaxonomic heterogeneity explained most of the differences among habitats (non‐linear vs. linear) in wild bee abundance and species richness, regardless of the habitat type. The higher attractiveness of linear woodlots was due to increased food availability in the herbaceous layer in the spring–summer (June) and summer (July–August) periods.
Linear woodlots have the potential to be used as tools for integrating agricultural production with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.
Ecological risks and bio‐tolerance of Oreochromis niloticus to selected heavy metals in a tropical reservoir
Authors: Ogungbile Peter O. , Ajibare Adefemi O. , Ayeku Patrick O. , Akande John A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe concentration of nine heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus inhabiting Agodi reservoir, Nigeria, was investigated. Samples were collected at the inlet, centre and outlet of the reservoir. The concentration of the metals was determined with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Ecological Risk Quotient (ERQ) was used to numerically quantify the ecological risks associated with the mineral, while Box Plot was used to evaluate the tolerance of the fish to heavy metals. The ERQ, which was in the order of Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Co > Ni, showed that Ni, Co, Cr and Pb had values of less than one, implying that they did not constitute an ecological threat to the environment, while Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Cd were of ecological risk. Results revealed that the concentration of Cd, Co and Ni exceeded the bio‐tolerance of the fish at the inlet, while Cd, Pb, Cu and Ni were beyond the tolerability of the fish at the centre. Similarly, the concentration of Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni was above the tolerance limit of the fish. This showed that Fe and Mn were within the tolerance range of the fish and that the tolerability of the fish in relation to the location was inlet < Centre < Outlet.
Maternal prenatal immunity, neonatal trained immunity, and early airway microbiota shape childhood asthma development
Authors: DeVries Avery , McCauley Kathryn , Fadrosh Douglas , Fujimura Kei E. , Stern Debra A. , Lynch Susan V. , Vercelli Donata 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe path to childhood asthma is thought to initiate in utero and be further promoted by postnatal exposures. However, the underlying mechanisms remain underexplored. We hypothesized that prenatal maternal immune dysfunction associated with increased childhood asthma risk (revealed by low IFN‐γ:IL‐13 secretion during the third trimester of pregnancy) alters neonatal immune training through epigenetic mechanisms and promotes early‐life airway colonization by asthmagenic microbiota.MethodsWe examined epigenetic, immunologic, and microbial features potentially related to maternal prenatal immunity (IFN‐γ:IL‐13 ratio) and childhood asthma in a birth cohort of mother–child dyads sampled pre‐, peri‐, and postnatally (N = 155). Epigenome‐wide DNA methylation and cytokine production were assessed in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) by array profiling and ELISA, respectively. Nasopharyngeal microbiome composition was characterized at age 2–36 months by 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultsMaternal prenatal immune status related to methylome profiles in neonates born to non‐asthmatic mothers. A module of differentially methylated CpG sites enriched for microbe‐responsive elements was associated with childhood asthma. In vitro responsiveness to microbial products was impaired in CBMCs from neonates born to mothers with the lowest IFN‐γ:IL‐13 ratio, suggesting defective neonatal innate immunity in those who developed asthma during childhood. These infants exhibited a distinct pattern of upper airway microbiota development characterized by early‐life colonization by Haemophilus that transitioned to a Moraxella‐dominated microbiota by age 36 months.ConclusionsMaternal prenatal immune status shapes asthma development in her child by altering the epigenome and trained innate immunity at birth, and is associated with pathologic upper airway microbial colonization in early life.
Characteristics and outcomes of left ventricular assist device recipients transplanted before and after the new donor heart allocation system
Authors: Doulamis Ilias P. , Inampudi Chakradhari , Kourek Christos , Mandarada Tejaswini , Kuno Toshiki , Asleh Rabea , Briasoulis Alexandros 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundConcerns about the impact of the new donor heart allocation system on posttransplant outcomes have emerged after its implementation. We sought to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients transplanted before and after the implantation of the new policy on October 18, 2018.MethodsData on bridge to transplantation of adult patients with LVAD between January 2015 and October 2021, with durable LVAD as a (BTT), was queried from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry. The main outcomes were 30‐day all‐cause mortality, 30‐day fatal graft failure, 1‐year all‐cause mortality, treated acute rejection at 1 year and renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute renal failure.ResultsIn our study, 7096 patients met the inclusion criteria including 2435 in the new allocation system. The transplanted patients in the new allocation system era had older donor age, longer ischemic time, and higher proportion of newer generation LVADs. Adjusted 30‐day all‐cause mortality was significantly lower for LVAD recipients in the new allocation system era (2.5% vs. 3.6%; sub‐hazard ratio [SHR] 0.36, 95% Confidence intervals [CI] 0.27–0.48, p < 0.001) without differences in the risk of fatal graft failure and 1‐year mortality (7.8% vs. 9.6%). Significantly lower adjusted 30‐day mortality with HVAD and HM3 devices than HM2 in the new allocation system era was found, without differences in 1‐year mortality. Acute allograft rejection requiring treatment was significantly lower (Odds Ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.94, p = 0.01), whereas a trend toward higher risk of renal failure requiring RRT was identified.ConclusionsDespite changing donor characteristics and longer ischemic times, posttransplant outcomes in LVAD recipients have not worsened with the implementation of the new allocation system and this finding is related to the use of newer generation continuous flow LVADs.
Annual hospital procedural volume and outcome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure
Authors: Jäckel Markus , Kaier Klaus , Rilinger Jonathan , Bemtgen Xavier , Zotzmann Viviane , Zehender Manfred , von zur Mühlen Constantin , Stachon Peter , Bode Christoph , Wengenmayer Tobias , Staudacher Dawid L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe hospital mortality of patients suffering from pulmonary failure requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐V ECMO) or extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) is high. It is unclear whether outcome correlates with a hospital's annual procedural volume.MethodsData on all V‐V ECMO and ECCO2R cases treated from 2007 to 2019 were retrieved from the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information. Comorbidities and outcomes were assessed by DRG, OPS, and ICD codes. The study population was divided into 5 groups depending on annual hospital V‐V ECMO and ECCO2R volumes (<10 cases; 10–19 cases; 20–29 cases; 30–49 cases; ≥50 cases). Primary outcome was hospital mortality.ResultsA total of 25 096 V‐V ECMO and 3607 ECCO2R cases were analyzed. V‐V ECMO hospitals increased from 89 in 2007 to 214 in 2019. Hospitals handling <10 cases annually increased especially (64 in 2007 to 149 in 2019). V‐V ECMO cases rose from 807 in 2007 to 2597 in 2019. Over 50% of cases were treated in hospitals handling ≥30 cases annually. Hospital mortality was independent of the annual hospital procedural volume (55.3%; 61.3%; 59.8%; 60.2%; 56.3%, respectively, p = 0.287). We detected no differences when comparing hospitals handling <30 cases to those with ≥30 annually (p = 0.659). The numbers of ECCO2R hospitals and cases has dropped since 2011 (287 in 2007 to 48 in 2019). No correlation between annual hospital procedural volume and hospital mortality was identified (p = 0.914).ConclusionThe number of hospitals treating patients requiring V‐V ECMO and V‐V ECMO cases rose from 2007 to 2019, while ECCO2R hospitals and their case numbers decreased. We detected no correlation between annual hospital V‐V ECMO or ECCO2R volume and hospital mortality.
A Robust Approach for Electronic Health Record–Based Case-Control Studies with Contaminated Case Pools
Authors: Dai Guorong , Ma Yanyuan , Hasler Jill , Chen Jinbo , Carroll Raymond J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We consider analyses of case-control studies assembled from electronic health records (EHRs) where the pool of cases is contaminated by patients who are ineligible for the study. These ineligible patients, referred to as “false cases,” should be excluded from the analyses if known. However, the true outcome status of a patient in the case pool is unknown except in a subset whose size may be arbitrarily small compared to the entire pool. To effectively remove the influence of the false cases on estimating odds ratio parameters defined by a working association model of the logistic form, we propose a general strategy to adaptively impute the unknown case status without requiring a correct phenotyping model to help discern the true and false case statuses. Our method estimates the target parameters as the solution to a set of unbiased estimating equations constructed using all available data. It outperforms existing methods by achieving robustness to mismodeling the relationship between the outcome status and covariates of interest, as well as improved estimation efficiency. We further show that our estimator is root-n-consistent and asymptotically normal. Through extensive simulation studies and analysis of real EHR data, we demonstrate that our method has desirable robustness to possible misspecification of both the association and phenotyping models, along with statistical efficiency superior to the competitors.
Combined ibrutinib and venetoclax for treatment of patients with ibrutinib‐resistant or double‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Hampel Paul J. , Rabe Kari G. , Call Timothy G. , Ding Wei , Leis Jose F. , Kenderian Saad S. , Muchtar Eli , Wang Yucai , Koehler Amber B. , Parrondo Ricardo , Schwager Susan M. , Shi Min , Braggio Esteban , Slager Susan L. , Kay Neil E. , Parikh Sameer A. 
Published: July 2022

SummaryPatients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) disease progression on ibrutinib or after sequential ibrutinib and venetoclax‐based treatments (double‐refractory) have poor outcomes. In this retrospective study, we analysed outcomes with combined ibrutinib and venetoclax treatment in these groups of patients. The median treatment‐free and overall survival for 22 patients with prior progression on ibrutinib (venetoclax‐naïve) were 23.7 and 47.1 months respectively. In 11 patients with double‐refractory CLL, the median treatment‐free and overall survival were 11.2 and 27.0 months respectively. The combination of ibrutinib and venetoclax may help bridge the current gap in options for patients with disease refractory to the most commonly used novel agents.
Individual growth of the Flathead Knob‐scaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from tropical and temperate populations
Authors: Rojas‐González R. Isaac , Lemos‐Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGrowth rates of ectotherms are frequently affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and prey availability. However, local adaptation to environmental conditions could influence geographic variation in growth rates. We studied growth rates of the Flathead Knob‐scaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from a tropical population and a temperate population in Tamaulipas, Mexico. We used a field study and a common garden experiment to examine the extent and potential causes of variation in individual growth rates between these two populations from contrasting environments. Field‐determined growth rates in the tropical population were greater than those in the temperate population. In a laboratory common garden experiment that manipulated food availability and temperature for neonates from each population, neonates from the tropical population grew faster than those from the temperate population. Neonates kept at higher temperatures grew faster than those kept at lower temperature. In addition, growth rates of neonates from temperate and tropical populations did not differ at low temperature, but neonates from the tropical population grew faster at the higher temperature than did the neonates from the temperate population. Food treatment did not affect individual growth rates in these lizards, although there was a trend for neonates grown with higher food availability to grow faster. Our results suggest that not only does the warm environment of the tropical population contribute to the observed differences in field growth rates, but there is a genetic difference in the ability of the tropical population to take advantage of the warmer temperatures to increase growth ratesAbstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Extensive acquired macular hyperpigmentation in a teenager
Authors: Tsentemeidou Aikaterini , Vakirlis Efstratios , Sideris Nikolaos , Bobos Mattheos , Panagopoulou Angeliki , Ioannides Dimitrios , Sotiriou Elena 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A teenage girl with phototype IV skin presented with extensive gradually progressing asymptomatic macular hyperpigmentation not responding to topical steroids for several months. Histopathology showed foci of increased numbers of melanophages and melanin in the dermis.
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Effects of breeding habitat loss on a threatened East Asia migratory forest bird
Authors: Ko Jerome Chie‐Jen , Chang An‐Yu , Lin Ruey‐Shing , Lee Pei‐Fen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMigratory landbird population trends and threats in the East Asian‐Australasian Flyway (EAAF) are poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the effect of breeding habitat loss on the population trend for the Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha), a migratory forest‐breeding bird in the EAAF categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It has been assumed that this species is declining rapidly due to deforestation in its breeding range in Taiwan. We analyzed the change in Fairy Pitta population density across Taiwan from 2001 to 2017, and tested the effect of forest cover change on the species' abundance. We detected an average of 4.32 (95% CI: 1.96–6.68) individuals per km2 in 2001, which has declined at an average annual rate of −8.31% (95% CI: −15.50%–−1.16%) during the study, and a minor change in forest cover (−0.22%) in Taiwan during this period. We found no significant effect of the forest cover trend on the population trend of the Fairy Pitta. This suggests that the drivers of population decline may not be related to deforestation in the breeding range, but potentially to breeding habitat degradation, habitat loss in the non‐breeding range, or factors unrelated to habitat loss. Further studies are required to assess the major threats to this globally threatened species.