bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greenbug Control, 1992
Authors: Nixon Philip L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenbug infested turf was treated with four insecticides in the right-of-way area between the sidewalk and street adjacent to a residential lawn in Urbana, IL on 23 Jul. The bluegrass turf was maintained at a mowed height of approximately 2-2.5 inches. Applications were made between 10:00 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. CDT at 85°F and 74% relative humidity. The experimental area consisted of turf areas under and near the canopies of two small Norway maple trees (Acer platanoides L.). The turf in these areas was somewhat uniformly infested with greenbugs as determined through visual observation, the turf generally orangish-brown with numerous green grassblades infested with greenbugs dispersed through the area. Each treatment plot was 25 ft2 with four replications in a RCB design, two replications per tree area. The two experimental plot areas were separated from each other by 14 ft. Applications were applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer at 5 gal/1000 ft2. Insecticide treatments were diluted with water; controls consisted of water only. No rainfall fell for 24 h after the application. Counts were made of surviving greenbugs 5 DAT in each plot. The number of greenbugs in a 4 inch square area (16 in2) in three locations in each plot were counted and then averaged.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides to Control White Grubs on A Golf Course Fairway in Lewis Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied 19 Aug at Deerfield C.C. Experimental plots were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Plot size was 8 X 8 ft. The average no. grubs in pretreat samples was 37.7/ft2 (73% Japanese beetle, 27% northern masked chafer). Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker and liquids with a sprinkler can. Liquid formulations were applied in two liters of water per plot and all plots irrigated with about two liters of water about five min after application. Water pH was 6.9. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 20°C; RH, 83%; overcast (fog); soil, moist to wet; soil temperature, 22°C (1 inch); pH, 4.55; organic matter, 10.10%; soil type, silt loam (sand 22.2%, silt, 64.1%, clay 13.7%); thatch layer 1/8 to 3/8 inches (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 3.90 inches. Plots were sampled 35 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches; 4 random samples were taken per plot.
Insecticidal Control of First Generation Chinch Bugs on Buffalograss, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P. , Steinegger D. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. The buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 10 cm and was mowed to 5 cm prior to insecticide applications., Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.64 cm. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 21°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 21°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Insecticides were applied on 17 Jun to 1.2 x 1.2 m plots arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COa sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and delivering 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Granular formulations were applied with a calibrated Grandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.32 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (22 Jun) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 1.3 cm with a 10.8 cm diam cup cutter (0.03 m2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Insecticidal Soap, and Experimental and Conventional Formulations on Established Fescue Turfgrass in State College, Pa, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt-loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.0% sand, 67.0% silt, 15.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3%; organic matter, 3.5%, water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.6; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
ontrol of Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1992
Authors: Spicer P. , Terry L. , Potter D. A. , Redmond C. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
CThis study was conducted in a 2-yr old stand of tall fescue at Elkhorn Springs Sod Farm, near Frankfort, KY. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf). Soil texture was 23% clay, 74% silt, and 3% sand, with 8.8% organic matter and pH = 6.4 Thatch accumulation was negligible. Plots (7 x 10 ft) were established in a RCB with five replications, with 2 ft untreated boundaries between plots. The turf was mown to 3" height before treatment, with the clippings raked and removed. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied with a high pressure CO2 sprayer that delivered 2 gal of spray per 1000 ft2. Granular treatments were diluted with dry sand and applied to the plots by gloved hand. Nematode treatments were applied last, after which all plots were irrigated with about 0.5 inch of water, beginning 5-10 min after the final treatment was applied. Conditions at the time of application were sunny, 78°F, 57% relative humidity, and 5 mph winds. The soil was moist due to the 0.45 of rain that had fallen in the previous 4 d. The grub population at the time of treatment consisted of a mixture of 2nd and 3rd instars of each species. Treatment effectiveness was assessed 29-30 DAT by cutting a strip (25 X 18 inches, 2.5 inches deep) from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. The sod strips were broken apart and examined for living grubs in the field. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher's protected LSD test to separate treatment means.
Rifa Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass Sod, 1992
Authors: Collins H. L. , Callcott A. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A standard treatment and two candidate RIFA quarantine treatments were applied 21-23 May 1991 to a nonproduction field of common St. Augustine grass near Wadsworth, TX. Plots were 0.4 ha (210 x 210 ft) arranged in a CRD with 6 replicates per treatment. Granular formulations were applied with a Herd GT-77® granular applicator mounted on a John Deere AMT 600 all-terrain vehicle. Sprays were applied with a roller pump boom sprayer comprised of five KSS-3 spray tips spaced 0.9 m apart. The system was pressurized to 1.0-1.25 kg/cm2 and towed behind a Honda 300 all-terrain vehicle, providing a delivery rate of 115.5 liter/ha. RIFA population assessments were made in 0.1 ha circular subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to, and at 4, 8, 12, 20, and 36 wk after application using a population indexing system described elsewhere (Lofgren and Williams; 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and the Tukey test.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Marigolds, 1992
Authors: Merchant M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of twospotted spider mites on potted marigolds in a greenhouse. Plants were transplanted from four-inch to one-gal pots 15 May and plants were watered once a day by drip irrigation. Plots consisted of a single, potted plant and treatments were assigned as a CRD with four replications per treatment. Sprays were applied to the point of runoff using a one gal B&G compressed air sprayer with a hollow cone nozzle tip. Insecticide applications were made on 16 and 22 Jun. Control plants received a water spray treatment. Adult and nymphal mites were counted on 6 randomly selected leaves per plant. Leaf size was estimated to the nearest cm2 by comparison with charts of marigold leaves of known area, the number of mites were converted to numbers per cm2 by dividing by leaf size prior to analysis. Visual damage estimates were made on 10 Jul by two observers.
Ground Application of Dimilin 1.0% Bran Bait to Rangeland Grasshoppers, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Wang T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 160-acre pasture near Belle Fourche, SD was chosen for evaluating the efficacy of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% bait to rangeland grasshoppers. Major forage species in the site were cool and warm-season perennial grasses. Basal coverage by all plants ranged from 50 to 70%. The site was divided into 16 contiguous plots of ten acres. Pre- and posttreatment densities were assessed by grasshopper counts in 40, 0.1 m2 rings arranged in a circle in the center of the plot. Before the treatments, Aulocara elliotti were 50% 2nd and 30% 3rd instars, M. confusus were 10% 3rd, 20% 4th and 50% 5th instars, and M. bivittatus were 60% 2nd instars. These three species respectively constituted 60, 15, and 10% of the grasshopper population in the site. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB. The 16 plots were grouped into four blocks using 1-day pretreatment counts. The bait was applied on 14-15 Jun. The delivery system consisted of a Brie-Mar Model 60 bran applicator mounted on a pickup truck and provided a 13 m swath. Grasshopper counts were conducted 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 DAT. Natural change in grasshopper densities was determined by counts from untreated plots. Posttreatment survival rates based on pretreatment counts on the same treated plots were adjusted for natural population fluctuations by a modified Abbott's formula and expressed as percent grasshopper reduction. Prior to treatment, the average grasshopper density in untreated plots was lower than that in plots to be treated.
Subsurface Placement of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on A Golf Course Fairway in Lucas County, Oh, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was located on a golf course fairway at Maumee, OH. Insecticides were applied 9 Sep to plots 3.1 m in length x the width allowed by the application equipment arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were placed in two passes using a Cushman Ryan prototype subsurface applicator. The prototype cut 11 slits into the turf on 5.1 cm centers and deposited granules 1-2 cm deep. Liquid products were subsurfaced placed with one pass using a modified Rain Saver Jr liquid polymer injection machine at a 1344 liter/ha volume. The machine cut 16 slits in the turf 5.1 cm apart placing the solution 1-2 cm into the thatch-soil profile. Surface sprays were applied using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 2.46 kb/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 1263 liter/ha and hand irrigated with 13 mm water immediately after each plot was treated. Treatments included each subsurface machine without product and a board with nails protruding 3.8 cm on 2.5 cm centers pressed into the turf to evaluate potentials for mechanical control. The site received 23 mm rainfall within 24 hours after applications were made. JB populations at time of treatment were: JB; ca .28/ 0.1m2, 73% 2nd, 27% 3rd instars. Environmental conditions were: Turf: level, dry, 25mm height, 80% perennial ryegrass, 15% annual bluegrass, 5% bentgrass; Thatch: dense, moist, 6mm.; Soil: moist, 78°F at 2.54 cm and 74°F at 7.62 cm; Weather: sunny, 64°F, 0-24 km/h; Water: pH 6.31. Efficacy data taken 7 Oct (28 DAT) were based on the number of live JB larvae in six 17.8 x 17.8 cm in diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity or excessive equipment damaged was observed.
Birch Leafminer Control, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smithley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Clumps of regrowth birch trees at a 20-year-old abandoned tree farm in Carmel Township, Eaton Co., MI were treated for birch leafminer control. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-4 inches) in diameter and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. All treatments were applied on 18 May with a single nozzle hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The chemicals were mixed with 3.5 gal of water. Each tree was sprayed with Va gal of finished spray. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8008 nozzle. A second application of the Margosan treatments was made on 26 May. Test trees were evaluated on 30 Jun by observing 30 terminals per tree and recording the number of terminals with mined leaves.
Bagworm Control on Eastern Red Cedar, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An eastern red cedar planting located at the entrance of a local housing addition in Stillwater, OK, was used to test efficacy of three insecticides. Applications were made on 8 Jul to four single tree replicates per treatment. A Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min. of spray at 150 psi was used to apply all treatments. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatment were 80° F and 0-5 mph respectively. The test area received 1.17 inches rainfall on 14 Jul and 0.73 inches on 16 Jul. Mortality was determined by opening bags and examining 10 larvae from each treatment 5 and 10 DAT.
The Effect of Phosphine Fumigation on Walnuts, 1990
Authors: Fuller Glen , Turnbaugh Jean , Hartsell Preston L. , Tebbets Jane C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dried, unshelled walnuts, ‘Hartley’, ‘Eureka’, and ‘Payne’, were fumigated with aluminum phosphide (AlP) pellets or magnesium phosphide (Mg3P2) Fumi-cels® to determine any adverse effects of phosphine on walnut meats. A dosage of 40g/1000 ft3 PH3 was applied for 72h to a 50% load (v/v) of each cultivar in laboratory chambers. Untreated control samples were held at the same times and temperatures as treated nuts. Each cultivar/treatment was replicated three times at 21°C. Following 24h aeration, the three treated cultivars and controls were subjected to an organoleptic study immediately (2 wks) after treatment and then again after storage. Results were statistically analyzed using Tukey‘s studentized range test (P = 0.05).
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Prosser, 1990-1991
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Husfloen M. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Applications were with a R&D C02-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 26 gal/acre using a hand held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7.5. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 45-55 honey bees, 20 alkali bees, or 20 alfalfa leafcutting bees with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. Bees were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup and held at about 75°F. for 24 h mortality counts. Abbott's formula was used to correct for the natural mortality.
Residual Mortauty of Twospotted Spider Mite From Agri-Mek Plus Various Adjuvants, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Anderson A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted using treated leaves from a mature ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center in Wenatchee, Washington. The four treatments (Agri-Mek 0.15EC 11 g Al/acre; Agri-Mek 0.15EC llg Al/acre plus 0.25% Volck Supreme Oil; Agri-Mek 0.15EC llg Al/acre plus Sylgard; and an untreated check) were applied on 1 Jun. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer operated at 250 psi to the point of drip. Ten leaves were collected on each bioassay date. A 2-cm leaf disk was cut from each leaf and floated upside down in a jelly cup of water and cellucotton. Ten adult female TSM were loaded on each leaf disk and evaluated for mortality after 72 h at 25°C. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead, and mites that were not found on the leaf disk were not included in the analyses. Post-treatment assays were conducted on leaves collected at ca. weekly intervals. Treatment mortality data were corrected for check mortality with Abbott's formula.
Residual Mortality of Twospotted Spider Mite From Agri-Mek and Vendex Applied at Various Leaf Ages, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Anderson A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted using treated leaves collected from a mature ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center in Wenatchee, Washington. A cohort of leaves on 10 trees was tagged on 5 May, using the most recently expanded leaf on a vigorous vegetative shoot. The three treatments (Agri-Mek 0.15EC 11 g Al/acre plus 0.25% Volck Supreme Oil; Vendex 4L 454 g Al/acre; and an untreated check) were applied at three times during the season, that is, when the leaf cohort was 2, 6 and 12 wk old (19 May, 16 Jun, and 28 Jul, respectively). Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer operated at 250 psi to the point of drip. Ten leaves were collected on each bioassay date. A 2-cm leaf disk was cut from each leaf and floated upside down in a jelly cup of water and cellucotton. Ten adult female TSM were loaded on each leaf disk and evaluated for mortality after 72 h at 25°C. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead, and mites that were not found on the leaf disk were not included in the analyses. Post-treatment assays were collected at ca. weekly intervals. Treatment mortality data were corrected for check mortality with Abbott‘s formula.
Laboratory Evaluation of Steinernematid Nematodes Against Grasshoppers, 1992
Authors: Valovage W. D. , Siverson T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a commercial preparation of steinernematid nematodes, BioSafe, on 5 species of grasshoppers. The nematode suspension was prepared according to label directions. Clipped barley (2 wk old) was spread out on toweling and sprayed with the nematode suspension. Three microscope slides were placed on the toweling at regular intervals to determine the concentration of nematodes sprayed. A small hand sprayer was used for application. The number of nematodes was counted in each of 5 randomly selected microscope fields on each slide. The concentration of nematodes sprayed averaged 2.9 ± 0.34 per mm2. After spraying, the barley was divided equally and placed in clear plastic containers (10 cm diam, 6 cm high) with screened tops. Twelve adult grasshoppers of each species were placed in each container. The test was replicated twice. As a check, untreated barley was placed in one container for each species. The containers were checked daily for 20 d and dead grasshoppers were removed and stored at 4°C for later dissection. Cumulative percent mortality was calculated for each container. Dead grasshoppers were dissected to confirm the presence of nematodes in grasshoppers from treated containers.
Interspecific Breeding for Beet Armyworm Resistance in Celery, Evaluation of Fl Hybrids
Authors: Diawara M. M. , Trumble J. T. , Quiros C. F. , Antonio V. D 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The commercial celery ‘Tall Utah’ 52-70R (Apium graveolens L.), the wild species A. prostratum spp prostratum var. filiform (A230 from Australia), and the Fl (A. graveolens X A. prostratum) were obtained from germplasm resources held at the University of California, Davis, Department of Vegetable Crops. Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner), larvae were from a laboratory colony maintained on artificial diet at 27 ± 2°C and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Test plants were transplanted into 1-liter pots in University of California soil mixture on 5 March 1991 for replicate 1 and on 3 October 1991 for replicates 2 and 3, and maintained under the same moisture, light, and nutrient regimes in a greenhouse equipped with charcoal filters to remove air pollutants. A one-half strength Hoagland‘s nutrient solution was used to fertilize the plants twice per week. For each replicate, bioassays were initiated 5 months after transplanting by filling 30-ml cups containing agar gel with fresh plant parts (leaf + petiole) of each plant genotype. One neonate beet armyworm was placed in each cup, which then was capped with a plastic lid with pin-holes. The plant tissue was renewed every other day and the agar gel every week. Treatment cups were arranged as a complete block with three replicates of thirty cups per replicate, i.e. a total of 90 cups per genotype were tested. All tests were maintained in environmental chambers at 27 ± 2°C, 75% RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Weight of larvae at 7 and 9 days, time to pupation, weight of pupae, time to adult emergence, and survivorship were recorded for each treatment.
Evaluation of Permethrin for Control of Stevens Leafhopper, 1992
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julie A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Formulated permethrin (Ambush 25 W) and technical permethrin were evaluated for toxicity to SLH in the laboratory using a bioassay technique. SLH were obtained from a 4-month-old laboratory colony established on cowpea. The colony was periodically supplemented with SLH from field sources. In an experiment to determine efficacy of Ambush 25 W formulation cowpea cuttings at the 2-leaf stage were dipped into a labeled rate of Ambush, 250 u,g Al/ml (0.1 lb Al/acre in 50 gal water/acre), for 30 s and allowed to air dry for 2 h. Control cuttings were dipped in water. Each treated or control cutting was placed in an individual, ventilated cage. Cages were designed to provide water to the cuttings to keep them turgid. Each experiment consisted of 5 treated and 5 control cages. Ten adult leafhoppers (sex not determined) were aspirated (not anesthestized) from the laboratory colony and placed in each cage. Cages were kept in the laboratory at ca.27°C, 75 to 80% RH and a 14:10 L:D photoperiod. Mortality was recorded 24 h after exposure. The experiment was repeated twice. A separate experiment was conducted to determine LC30 values for permethrin. In this study, a stock solution of 250 u,g Al/ml technical grade permethrin was prepared in ethanol. Five concentrations were prepared from the stock solution by diluting it in a 20% ethanol-water carrier. The control was the 20% ethanol-water carrier. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Cowpeas were treated and kept under conditions previously described. Twenty adult leafhoppers (sex not determined) were aspirated into each cage and mortality was recorded 24 h after treatment. Data were analyzed by regression analysis.