bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced anti-herbivore defense of tomato plants against Spodoptera litura by their rhizosphere bacteria
Authors: Ling Sumei , Zhao Yi , Sun Shaozhi , Zheng Dong , Sun Xiaomin , Zeng Rensen , Chen Dongmei , Song Yuanyuan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
The use of beneficial microorganisms as an alternative for pest control has gained increasing attention. The objective of this study was to screen beneficial rhizosphere bacteria with the ability to enhance tomato anti-herbivore resistance.

Results
Rhizosphere bacteria in tomato field from Fuqing, one of the four locations where rhizosphere bacteria were collected in Fujian, China, enhanced tomato resistance against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura, an important polyphagous pest. Inoculation with the isolate T6–4 obtained from the rhizosphere of tomato field in Fuqing reduced leaf damage and weight gain of S. litura larvae fed on the leaves of inoculated tomato plants by 27% in relative to control. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence identities indicated that the isolate T6–4 was closely related to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila supported with 99.37% sequence similarity. In the presence of S. litura infestation, inoculation with the bacterium led to increases by a 66.9% increase in protease inhibitor activity, 53% in peroxidase activity and 80% in polyphenol oxidase activity in the leaves of inoculated plants as compared to the un-inoculated control. Moreover, the expression levels of defense-related genes encoding allene oxide cyclase (AOC), allene oxide synthase (AOS), lipoxygenase D (LOXD) and proteinase inhibitor (PI-II) in tomato leaves were induced 2.2-, 1.7-, 1.4- and 2.7-fold, respectively by T6–4 inoculation.

Conclusion
These results showed that the tomato rhizosphere soils harbor beneficial bacteria that can systemically induce jasmonate-dependent anti-herbivore resistance in tomato plants.
Lilium regale Wilson WRKY3 modulates an antimicrobial peptide gene, LrDef1, during response to Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Wang Zie , Deng Jie , Liang Tingting , Su Linlin , Zheng Lilei , Chen Hongjun , Liu Diqiu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play vital roles in plant growth and development, secondary metabolite synthesis, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous transcriptome sequencing analysis of Lilium regale Wilson, we identified multiple WRKY TFs that respond to exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment and lily Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum).

Results
In the present study, the WRKY TF LrWRKY3 was further analyzed to reveal its function in defense response to F. oxysporum. The LrWRKY3 protein was localized in the plant cell nucleus, and LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines showed higher resistance to F. oxysporum compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco. In addition, some genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction, and disease resistance had higher transcriptional levels in the LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines than in the WT. On the contrary, L. regale scales transiently expressing LrWRKY3 RNA interference fragments showed higher sensitivity to F. oxysporum infection. Moreover, a F. oxysporum-induced defensin gene, Def1, was isolated from L. regale, and the recombinant protein LrDef1 isolated and purified from Escherichia coli possessed antifungal activity to several phytopathogens, including F. oxysporum. Furthermore, co-expression of LrWRKY3 and the LrDef1 promoter in tobacco enhanced the LrDef1 promoter-driven expression activity.

Conclusions
These results clearly indicate that LrWRKY3 is an important positive regulator in response to F. oxysporum infection, and one of its targets is the antimicrobial peptide gene LrDef1.
Different preoperative fluids do not affect the hemodynamic status but gastric volume: results of a randomized crossover pilot study
Authors: Zhao Shuhua , Ling Qiong , Liang Fengping , Lin Zhongmei , Deng Yingqing , Huang Shaonong , Zhu Qianqian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background and objective
Inferior vena cava (IVC) examination has been reported as a noninvasive method for evaluating the hemodynamic state. We conducted this crossover pilot study to investigate the effects of the administration of water and high-carbohydrate-containing fluids on the hemodynamic status of volunteers through collapsibility index of IVC (IVCCI) measurement.

Methods
Twenty volunteers were randomly assigned to a water or high-carbohydrate group according to computer-generated random numbers in a 1:1 ratio. In the water group, volunteers received water (5 mL/kg), and in the high-carbohydrate group, patients received carbohydrate drinks (5 mL/kg). Respiratory variations in the IVC diameter, gastric volume, and blood pressure and heart rates in erect and supine positions were measured at admission (T1), 1 h (T2), 2 h (T3), 3 h (T4), and 4 h (T5).

Results
When considering participants with an IVCCI of more than 42%, there were no significant differences between the water and carbohydrate drink groups at each time point (all p > 0.05). At T2, more participants had an empty stomach in water group than in carbohydrate drink group (p < 0.001). At T3, 30% of the participants could not empty their stomachs in carbohydrate drink group. However, with regard to the number of volunteers with empty stomach at T3, there was no significant difference between water and carbohydrate drink group. Repeated measures data analysis demonstrated that IVCCI showed no significant differences over time (p = 0.063 for T1-T5). There were no differences between water and carbohydrate drinks (p = 0.867).

Conclusion
Our results suggested that neither water nor carbohydrate drinking affected the hemodynamic status through IVCCI measurement over time, up to 4 h after drinking. Furthermore, carbohydrate drinking might delay gastric emptying at 1 h, but not 2 h after drinking, in comparison with water.
Factors used by general practitioners for referring patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a qualitative study
Authors: Slatman Syl , Mossink Annemiek , Jansen Duncan , Broeks José , van der Lugt Peter , Prosman Gert-Jan , d’Hollosy Wendy Oude Nijeweme - 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAround 20% of the Dutch population is living with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), which is a complex and multifactorial problem. This complexity makes it hard to define a classification system, which results in non-satisfactory referring from the general practitioner (GP). CMP is often explained using the biopsychosocial model in which biological, psychological and social factors cause and maintain the pain. The presented study investigated the factors related to the GPs’ referral for patients with CMP to further treatment.Using convenience sampling, semi-structured interviews and a focus group were conducted among 14 GPs. The interviews were iteratively analyzed using inductive conventional content analysis.Analysis of the interviews demonstrated that there were 28 referral factors that were mentioned by more than 50% of the interviewed GPs. The results showed that the GPs were mostly focussing on the physical (e.g. pain location) and psychological (e.g. acceptation of pain) factors, indicating that they lack focus on the social factors. Furthermore, unfamiliarity of GPs with treatment options was a noteworthy finding.The referral of patients with CMP by GPs is complex and based on multiple factors. To improve referral, it is recommended to include social factors in the decision-making process and to increase the familiarity of the GPs with available treatments.
Genetic analysis assists diagnosis of clinical systemic disease in children with excessive hyperopia
Authors: Wen Shijin , Min Xiaoshan , Zhu Ying , Zhou Xia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
A thorough examination (especially those including visual functional evaluation) is very important in children’s eye-development during clinical practice, when they encountered with unusual excessive hyperopia especially accompanied with other possible complications. Genetic testing would be beneficial for early differential diagnosis as blood sampling is more convenient than all other structural imaging capture tests or functional tests which need children to cooperate well. Thus genetic testing helps us to filter other possible multi-systemic diseases in children patients with eye disorder.

Case presentation
A 3-year-old and an 8-year-old boy, both Chinese children clinically manifested as bilateral excessive hyperopia (≥+10.00), severe amblyopia and exotropia, have been genetically diagnosed as Senior-Loken syndrome-5 (SLSN5) and isolated posterior microphthalmos (MCOP6), respectively.

Conclusions
This report demonstrates the importance of genetic diagnosis before a clinical consult. When children are too young to cooperate with examinations, genetic testing is valuable for predicting other systemic diseases and eye-related development and for implementing early interventions for the disease.
Does birth season correlate with childhood stunting? An input for astrological nutrition
Authors: Linger Endalifer Melese , Diress Gedefaw , Linger Endalifer Bedilu , Wagaye Birhanu , Almaw Hunegnaw 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Chronic malnutrition is highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa and a severe public health problem in Ethiopia.At country level in the past three decades,the prevalence of stunting is above 40%.Different researchs and intervention were implemented in the past;but the progresss is non-remarkable.Despite; the effect of birth season on childhood chronic malnutrition was not studied yet in Ethiopia.

Methods
This research was extracted from the 2016 demographic health survey of Ethiopia. The data was collected based on national and international scientific protocols. A total of 645 enumeration areas were selected for the national survey.The surevey uses two stage stratified sampling technique to gather data from the sampling unit. After excluding non eligible children a total of 8855 participants were included for final analysis.Height and weight were measured based on the standards nutritional assessment procedure.SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data.Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were regressed to identify the potential predictors.A p-value of less than 0.05 with 95% CI were used to declare an association.

Result
The prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia was 38.7% (95% CI: 36.8, 40.6). Season of birth had a significant association with stunting. The odds of being stunted among children born in the spring season were decreased by 16% as compared to children born in the winter season.

Conclusion
Children born in the spring season were less likely to be stunted (the so called October effect). The clear scientific relation between the season of birth and child anthropometric indicator is not well understood. Nutritional interventions and policies are better to consider the birth season of the child.
SARS-CoV-2 cases reported from long-term residential facilities (care homes) in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Arendse Tracy , Cowper Beverley , Cohen Cheryl , Masha Maureen , Tempia Stefano , Legodu Civil , Singh Sandhya , Ratau Tebogo , Geffen Leon , Heymans Ansie , Coetzer Dane , Blumberg Lucille , Jassat Waasila 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Globally, long-term care facilities (LTCFs) experienced a large burden of deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to describe the temporal trends as well as the characteristics and risk factors for mortality among residents and staff who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in selected LTCFs across South Africa.

Method
We analysed data reported to the DATCOV sentinel surveillance system by 45 LTCFs. Outbreaks in LTCFs were defined as large if more than one-third of residents and staff had been infected or there were more than 20 epidemiologically linked cases. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for mortality amongst LTCF residents.

Results
A total of 2324 SARS-CoV-2 cases were reported from 5 March 2020 through 31 July 2021; 1504 (65%) were residents and 820 (35%) staff. Among LTCFs, 6 reported sporadic cases and 39 experienced outbreaks. Of those reporting outbreaks, 10 (26%) reported one and 29 (74%) reported more than one outbreak. There were 48 (66.7%) small outbreaks and 24 (33.3%) large outbreaks reported. There were 30 outbreaks reported in the first wave, 21 in the second wave and 15 in the third wave, with 6 outbreaks reporting between waves. There were 1259 cases during the first COVID-19 wave, 362 during the second wave, and 299 during the current third wave.
The case fatality ratio was 9% (138/1504) among residents and 0.5% (4/820) among staff. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 mortality among LTCF residents were age 40–59 years, 60–79 years and ≥ 80 years compared to < 40 years and being a resident in a LTCF in Free State or Northern Cape compared to Western Cape. Compared to pre-wave 1, there was a decreased risk of mortality in wave 1, post-wave 1, wave 2, post-wave 2 and wave 3.

Conclusion
The analysis of SARS-CoV-2 cases in sentinel LTCFs in South Africa points to an encouraging trend of decreasing numbers of outbreaks, cases and risk for mortality since the first wave. LTCFs are likely to have learnt from international experience and adopted national protocols, which include improved measures to limit transmission and administer early and appropriate clinical care.
B cell subsets were associated with prognosis in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia
Authors: Wang Chun-Mei , Zhang Ying , Xu Hui-Hui , Huo Fang-Jie , Li Yin-Zhen , Li Zhi-Fang , Li Hong-Qiang , Liu Si-Ting , Zhang Xiao-Ming , Bai Jian-Wen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
The role of B cell subsets remained to be elucidated in a variety of immune diseases, though which was used as an effective biomarker for anti-inflammatory or antiviral response. This study aimed to evaluate the early changes of B cell subtypes distribution in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP), as well as the association between B cell subtypes and prognosis.

Methods
This prospective study included elderly patients with CAP, severe CAP (sCAP) and healthy elderly subjects between April 2016 and March 2018. Flow cytometry was used to detect CD3, CD20, HLA-DR, CD24, CD27, CD38, IgM, and IgD. CD20+ B cells were further divided into naïve B cells (Bn), IgM/D+ memory B cells (IgM+ Bm), switched B cells (SwB), and transitional B cells (Btr).

Results
A total of 22 healthy controls, 87 patients with CAP and 58 patients with sCAP were included in the study. Compared to CAP, sCAP was characterized by significantly lower absolute number of B cells, Bn and Btr, significantly lower Btr and Bn subset percentage, while percentage of IgM+ Bm was significantly higher. Heat map showed Bn and Btr on day 3 and day 7 was negatively correlated with activated partial prothrombin time (APTT), international normalized ratio (INR), sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II). After 28-day follow-up, Btr percentage in survival group was significantly higher. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis found that Btr count showed sensitivity of 48.6% and specificity of 87.0% for predicting the 28-day survival, with an area under the ROC curves of 0.689 (p = 0.019).

Conclusions
Severity and prognosis of CAP in elderly people is accompanied by changes in the B cell subsets. Btr subsets could play prognostic role for a short-term mortality of elderly CAP patients.
Patellofemoral cartilage defects are acceptable in patients undergoing high tibial osteotomy for medial osteoarthritis of the knee
Authors: Bode Lisa , Kühle Jan , Brenner Anna-Sophie , Freigang Viola , Eberbach Helge , Niemeyer Philipp , Südkamp Norbert P. , Schmal Hagen , Bode Gerrit 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Patients suffering cartilage defects of the medial compartment with underlying varus deformity do benefit from high tibial osteotomy (HTO) even in the long term. Nonetheless, kinematic and geometric changes especially in the patellofemoral joint have been described.
Purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of patellofemoral cartilage defects detected during the diagnostic arthroscopy and their influence on HTO’s postoperative outcome.

Methods
Ninety patients with a mean follow-up of 10.08 ± 2.33 years after surgery were included. Patients were divided into four groups according to their cartilage status in the patellofemoral joint (A = no defects, B = isolated lesions of the patella, C = isolated lesions of the trochlea, D = kissing lesions). Functional outcome was evaluated before surgery and about ten years thereafter by relying on the IKDC, Lysholm, and KOOS scores. Radiological parameters were assessed pre- and six weeks postoperatively.

Results
In groups A to D, the HTO led to significant patellar distalisation in the sagittal view, with the mean indices remaining at or above the limit to a patella baja. All patients in all groups profited significantly from HTO (higher Lysholm score, lower VAS p < 0.001), patients in group D had the lowest outcome scores. Patella height negatively influenced outcome scores in group C (Blackburne-Peel-Index—VAS p = 0.033) and D (Caton-Deschamps-Index—Tegner p = 0.018), a larger valgus correction was associated with lower outcome scores in group D (Lysholm p = 0.044, KOOSpain 0.028, KOOSQOL p = 0.004).

Conclusion
Long-term results of HTO for varus medial compartment osteoarthritis remain good to excellent even in the presence of patellofemoral defects. Overcorrection should be avoided. Distal biplanar HTO should be considered for patients presenting trochlear or kissing lesions of the patellofemoral joint.

Trial registration
DRKS00015733 in the German Registry of Clinical Studies.
Low serum apelin levels are associated with mild cognitive impairment in Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Jiang Yongli , Wang Shidi , Liu Xinghui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Apelin is a new adipokine that is secreted by adipocytes, and is associated with insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and obesity. This study was designed to investigate the role of apelin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods
A total of 235 patients with T2DM were included. The cognitive function of patients was evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool, then patients were divided into MCI group and non-MCI group according to the MoCA score. Blood sample was analyzed for the level of apelin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
The MCI group (n = 73) presented lower serum apelin levels compared with the patients with normal cognitive function (P < 0.001). Apelin levels showed significantly negative correlation with diabetes duration, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, creatinine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that serum apelin (OR = 0.304, 95%CI: 0.104–0.886, P = 0.029), as well as education levels, diabetes duration, cardiovascular disease, serum HbA1c, HDL-C, creatinine, and BDNF, were independent risk factors of MCI in patients with T2DM.

Conclusions
Serum apelin level is reduced in T2DM patients with MCI. Apelin might has protective effect against cognitive impairment and serve as a serum biomarker of T2DM.
Multiple regression model to analyze the total LOS for patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy
Authors: Trunfio Teresa Angela , Scala Arianna , Giglio Cristiana , Rossi Giovanni , Borrelli Anna , Romano Maria , Improta Giovanni 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
The rapid growth in the complexity of services and stringent quality requirements present a challenge to all healthcare facilities, especially from an economic perspective. The goal is to implement different strategies that allows to enhance and obtain health processes closer to standards. The Length Of Stay (LOS) is a very useful parameter for the management of services within the hospital and is an index evaluated for the management of costs. In fact, a patient's LOS can be affected by a number of factors, including their particular condition, medical history, or medical needs. To reduce and better manage the LOS it is necessary to be able to predict this value.

Methods
In this study, a predictive model was built for the total LOS of patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy, one of the most common emergency procedures. Demographic and clinical data of the 357 patients admitted at “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona” University Hospital of Salerno (Italy) had used as independent variable of the multiple linear regression model.

Results
The obtained model had an R2 value of 0.570 and, among the independent variables, the significant variables that most influence the total LOS were Age, Pre-operative LOS, Presence of Complication and Complicated diagnosis.

Conclusion
This work designed an effective and automated strategy for improving the prediction of LOS, that can be useful for enhancing the preoperative pathways. In this way it is possible to characterize the demand and to be able to estimate a priori the occupation of the beds and other related hospital resources.
Exploring nurses' experiences of social media and in-person educational interventions for professional development: a qualitative study
Authors: Kazemi Seyedeh-Somayeh , Tavafian Sedigheh-Sadat , Hidarnia Alireza , Montazeri Ali 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Nurses play an important role in health promotion, prevention strategies, and care. Therefore, nurses need to obtain and update their knowledge and skills via appropriate strategies. This study aimed to explore nurses’ experiences of receiving social media and in-person education to integrate the findings into practice.

Methods
This was a qualitative study using the directed content analysis approach. A sample of nurses with previous experiences of receiving social media and in-person education participated in the study. They were asked to express their experiences and indicate their preferences. The data were collected based on individual semi-structured interviews.

Results
In total 15 participants took part in the study with a mean age of 40.6 ± 8.93 years and work experiences of 15.3 ± 9.21 years. During the process of content analysis, three main themes emerged: Approaches to nursing education and its adoption in the health system, Achieving effectiveness and efficiency in nursing education, and Health care policy and facilitating pathways for nursing education. Participants indicated several barriers to attending an educational program, including motivation, workload, time and place, and hospital politics.

Conclusion
Overall the findings suggest that regardless of any methods of education nurses cannot actively engage in the educational interventions while on duty. However, the findings suggest that nurses believe that the social media approach might be superior in reducing barriers and making the educational interventions work better.