bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retaining Influence in Post-Brexit International Financial Regulation: Lessons from the UK’s FinTech Framework
Authors: Schilling de Carvalho Pedro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A common rhetoric has emerged among UK authorities when it comes to how to deal with a potential loss of influence in the regulation of financial services after Brexit: as divergence from the EU increases, it will be necessary to retain the UK’s influence as a rule maker through an enhanced engagement via international standard-setting bodies (ISSBs). This article argues that placing an excessive focus on the role of ISSBs to mitigate the UK’s loss of influence might be misguided, based on an analysis of the UK’s past relationship with these regulatory networks, alongside an assessment of their historical shortcomings and increasing limitations. Furthermore, this article advances the argument that the UK FinTech regulatory approach might serve as a successful complementary template for influence, combining a domestic framework with the development of a domestic-led network. For that purpose, this article compares initial responses to FinTech regulation at the UK, EU, and international levels, focusing on the Financial Conduct Authority’s regulatory sandbox and Global Financial Innovation Network to show how the UK’s regulatory ethos was effectively exported, constraining the options available to other countries while also framing the debate at the international level.
Perspectives on choice of law challenges in multistate precision medicine research
Authors: Beskow Laura M , Hammack-Aviran Catherine , Hazel James W , Wolf Leslie E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Federal law establishes minimum standards for protecting human research participants, but many states have enacted laws that may apply to research. Precision medicine research in particular implicates state laws that govern an array of topics, including human subjects research, genetic testing, and both general and genetic privacy and discrimination. Thus, the determination of which state’s laws apply, and under what circumstances, can substantially alter participant rights and protections. To shed light on this topic, we conducted interviews with experts in law, human research protections, and precision medicine research. Our goal was to better understand their experiences with choice of law issues, the effects of state law variation on research practices and stakeholder groups, and approaches to addressing such variation. Interviewees were aware of state-based variation in laws that could be applied to research. However, the extent to which they perceived such variability as problematic differed, as did their perceptions of stakeholder roles and responsibilities for addressing state law variation, and their estimations of requisite knowledge among IRBs and researchers. These divergent perspectives create an ethical and legal quandary, and further empirical and normative work is needed to fully characterize the implications of substantive differences in participant rights and protections.
Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology Consensus Guidelines of combined intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for gynecological cancers
Authors: Murakami Naoya , Ohno Tatsuya , Toita Takafumi , Ando Ken , Ii Noriko , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Kojima Toru , Tsujino Kayoko , Masui Koji , Yoshida Ken , Ikushima Hitoshi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It has been postulated that the combination of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy (IC/IS) is effective and safe for large and irregularly shaped uterine cervical cancer patients. However, due to its invasiveness compared to conventional intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT), it has to be said that the implementation speed of IC/IS is slow. Until now, there have been no guidelines for required equipment, human resources, and procedural guide focusing solely on IC/IS. The purpose of this guideline is to provide radiation oncologists and medical physicists who wish to start IC/IS with practical and comprehensive guidance for a safe IC/IS introduction and to help accelerate the spread of the utilization of IC/IS nationwide. This is the English translation of the Japanese IC/IS Guidelines, and it was created in an effort to share the Japanese approach to the management of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer worldwide.
Intestinal adenocarcinoma originating from an undiagnosed Meckel’s diverticulum
Authors: Principe Daniel R , Nesper Peter , Metropulos Anastasia E , Rubin Jonathan , Marinov Marin N 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Meckel’s diverticulum is a congenital anomaly leading to the formation of a true diverticulum in the distal small intestine. Though most are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, Meckel’s diverticuli can give rise to a wide range of symptoms. Rarely, this can be a malignancy, most commonly a carcinoid tumor. Other cancers have also been reported, with adenocarcinomas being particularly rare. Here, we report the case of a 62-year-old man presenting to the emergency room with vague gastrointestinal symptoms. Subsequent workup revealed a 3 cm mass in the distal jejunum/proximal ileum, which was located within a previously undiagnosed Meckel’s diverticulum. The mass was sent to pathology, who confirmed an adenocarcinoma arising from a small bowel diverticulum. This case serves as an important reminder of the malignant potential of a Meckel’s diverticulum and adds to the ongoing discussion regarding whether prophylactic diverticulectomy should be recommended to patients with a known Meckel’s diverticulum.
Learning to Lead: 10 Leadership Lessons From Operation Bushmaster
Authors: Blickle John G , Vojta Leslie , Huang Cherry , Wyse Jacob M , Yarnell Angela M , Hartzell Joshua D 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Medical students at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences participate in a leadership curriculum designed to develop leadership skills. Operation Bushmaster is a 5-day field practicum designed to test these skills. In this article, we describe 10 leadership lessons learned during Operation Bushmaster applicable to all leaders.
Evaluation of an Injectable, Solid-State, Oxygen-Delivering Compound (Ox66) in a Rodent Model of Pulmonary Dysfunction-Induced Hypoxia
Authors: Carr Danuel A , Nugent William H , Bruce Erica D , Song Bjorn K 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pulmonary dysfunction (PD) and its associated hypoxia present a complication to the care of many service members and can arise intrinsically via comorbidities or extrinsically by infection or combat-related trauma (burn, smoke inhalation, and traumatic acute lung injury). Current supportive treatments (e.g., ventilation and supplemental oxygen) relieve hypoxia but carry a significant risk of further lung injury that drives mortality. Ox66 is a novel, solid-state oxygenating compound capable of delivering oxygen via intravenous infusion.

Materials and Methods
Male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 21; 250-300 g) were surgically prepared for cardiovascular monitoring, fluid infusion, mechanical ventilation, and intravital and phosphorescence quenching microscopy (interstitial oxygen tension; PISFO2) of the spinotrapezius muscle. Baselines (BL) were collected under anesthesia and spontaneous respiration. PD was simulated via hypoventilation (50% tidal volume reduction) and was maintained for 3 hours. Groups were randomized to receive Ox66, normal saline (NS; vehicle control), or Sham (no treatment) and were treated immediately following PD onset. Arterial blood samples (65 µL) and intravital images were taken hourly to assess blood gases and chemistry and changes in arteriolar diameter, respectively. Significance was taken at P &lt; .05.

Results
PD reduced PISFO2 for all groups; however, by 75 minutes, both NS and Sham were significantly lower than Ox66 and remained so until the end of PD. Serum lactate levels were lowest in the Ox66 group—even decreasing relative to BL—but only significant versus Sham. Furthermore, all Ox66 animals survived the full PD challenge, while one NS and two Sham animals died. No significant vasoconstrictive or vasodilative effect was noted within or between experimental groups.

Conclusion
Treatment with intravenous Ox66 improved interstitial oxygenation in the spinotrapezius muscle—a recognized bellwether for systemic capillary function—suggesting an improvement in oxygen delivery. Ox66 offers a novel approach to supplemental oxygenation that bypasses lung injury and dysfunction.
Stellar core-merger-induced collapse: new formation pathways for black holes, Thorne–Żytkow objects, magnetars, and superluminous supernovae
Authors: Ablimit Iminhaji , Podsiadlowski Philipp , Hirai Ryosuke , Wicker James 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Most neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs) are believed to be the final remnants in the evolution of massive stars. In this study, we propose a new formation channel for the formation of BHs and peculiar NSs [specifically, magnetars and Thorne–Żytkow objects (T$\dot{\rm Z}$Os)], which we refer to as the core-merger-induced collapse (CMIC) model. This model involves the merger during a common-envelope phase of an oxygen/neon/magnesium composition white dwarf and the core of a hydrogen-rich or helium-rich non-degenerate star, leading to the creation of peculiar new types of objects. The results of binary population synthesis simulations show that the CMIC channel could make important contributions to the populations of (millisecond) pulsars, T$\dot{\rm Z}$Os, magnetars, and BHs. The possibility of superluminous supernovae powered by T$\dot{\rm Z}$Os, magnetars, and BHs formed through the CMIC model is also being investigated. Magnetars with immediate matter surroundings formed after the CMIC might be good sources for fast radio bursts.
MeerKAT uncovers the physics of an odd radio circle
Authors: Norris Ray P , Collier J D , Crocker Roland M , Heywood Ian , Macgregor Peter , Rudnick L , Shabala Stas , Andernach Heinz , da Cunha Elisabete , English Jayanne , Filipović Miroslav , Koribalski Bärbel S , Luken Kieran , Robotham Aaron , Sekhar Srikrishna , Thorne Jessica E , Vernstrom Tessa 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Odd radio circles (ORCs) are recently-discovered faint diffuse circles of radio emission, of unknown cause, surrounding galaxies at moderate redshift (z ∼ 0.2 – 0.6). Here, we present detailed new MeerKAT radio images at 1284 MHz of the first ORC, originally discovered with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, with higher resolution (6 arcsec) and sensitivity (∼ 2.4 μJy/beam). In addition to the new images, which reveal a complex internal structure consisting of multiple arcs, we also present polarization and spectral index maps. Based on these new data, we consider potential mechanisms that may generate the ORCs.
The LEGA-C and SAMI galaxy surveys: quiescent stellar populations and the mass–size plane across 6 Gyr
Authors: Barone Tania M , D’Eugenio Francesco , Scott Nicholas , Colless Matthew , Vaughan Sam P , van der Wel Arjen , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , de Graaff Anna , van de Sande Jesse , Wu(吳柏鋒) Po-Feng , Bezanson Rachel , Brough Sarah , Bell Eric , Croom Scott M , Cortese Luca , Driver Simon , Gallazzi Anna R , Muzzin Adam , Sobral David , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Bryant Julia J , Goodwin Michael , Lawrence Jon S , Lorente Nuria P F , Owers Matt S 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate changes in stellar population age and metallicity ([Z/H]) scaling relations for quiescent galaxies from intermediate redshift (0.60 ≤ $z$ ≤ 0.76) using the LEGA-C Survey to low redshift (0.014 ≤ $z$ ≤ 0.10) using the SAMI Galaxy Survey. Specifically, we study how the spatially integrated global age and metallicity of individual quiescent galaxies vary in the mass–size plane, using the stellar mass M* and a dynamical mass proxy derived from the virial theorem MD ∝ σ2 Re. We find that, similarly to at low redshift, the metallicity of quiescent galaxies at 0.60 ≤ $z$ ≤ 0.76 closely correlates with M/Re (a proxy for the gravitational potential or escape velocity), in that galaxies with deeper potential wells are more metal-rich. This supports the hypothesis that the relation arises due to the gravitational potential regulating the retention of metals by determining the escape velocity for metal-rich stellar and supernova ejecta to escape the system and avoid being recycled into later stellar generations. Conversely, we find no correlation between age and surface density ($M/R_\mathrm{e}^2$) at 0.60 ≤ $z$ ≤ 0.76, despite this relation being strong at low redshift. We consider this change in the age–$M/R_\mathrm{e}^2$ relation in the context of the redshift evolution of the star-forming and quiescent mass–size relations, and find our results are consistent with galaxies forming more compactly at higher redshifts and remaining compact throughout their evolution. Furthermore, galaxies appear to quench at a characteristic surface density that decreases with decreasing redshift. The $z$ ∼ 0 age–$M/R_\mathrm{e}^2$ relation is therefore a result of building up the quiescent and star-forming populations with galaxies that formed at a range of redshifts and therefore a range of surface densities.
Formation and fate of low-metallicity stars in TNG50
Authors: Pakmor Rüdiger , Simpson Christine M , van de Voort Freeke , Hernquist Lars , van Son Lieke , Chruślińska Martyna , Bieri Rebekka , de Mink Selma E , Springel Volker 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Low-metallicity stars give rise to unique spectacular transients and are of immense interest for understanding stellar evolution. Their importance has only grown further with the recent detections of mergers of stellar mass black holes that likely originate mainly from low-metallicity progenitor systems. Moreover, the formation of low-metallicity stars is intricately linked to galaxy evolution, in particular to early enrichment and to later accretion and mixing of lower metallicity gas. Because low-metallicity stars are difficult to observe directly, cosmological simulations are crucial for understanding their formation. Here, we quantify the rates and locations of low-metallicity star formation using the high-resolution TNG50 magnetohydrodynamical cosmological simulation, and we examine where low-metallicity stars end up at z = 0. We find that $20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of stars with $Z_*\lt 0.1\, \mathrm{Z_\odot }$ form after z = 2, and that such stars are still forming in galaxies of all masses at z = 0 today. Moreover, most low-metallicity stars at z = 0 reside in massive galaxies. We analyse the radial distribution of low-metallicity star formation and discuss the curious case of seven galaxies in TNG50 that form stars from primordial gas even at z = 0.
Magnetic field evolution of the K2 dwarf V471 Tau
Authors: Zaire B , Donati J-F , Klein B 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Observations of the eclipsing binary system V471 Tau show that the time of the primary eclipses varies in an apparent periodic way. With growing evidence that the magnetically active K2 dwarf component might be responsible for driving the eclipse timing variations (ETVs), it is necessary to monitor the star throughout the predicted ∼35 yr activity cycle that putatively fuels the observed ETVs. We contribute to this goal with this paper by analysing spectropolarimetric data obtained with ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope in 2014 December and 2015 January. Using Zeeman–Doppler Imaging, we reconstruct the distribution of brightness inhomogeneities and large-scale magnetic field at the surface of the K2 dwarf. Compared to previous tomographic reconstructions of the star carried out with the same code, we probe a new phase of the ETVs cycle, offering new constraints for future works exploring whether a magnetic mechanism operating in the K2 dwarf star is indeed able to induce the observed ETVs of V471 Tau.
Taxonomic revision and conservation assessment of the Southeast Asian freshwater mussel genusChamberlainiaSimpson, 1900
Authors: Goncalves Ana , Zieritz Alexandra , Lopes-Lima Manuel , Deein Gridsada , Pfeiffer John 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTChamberlainia hainesiana (Lea, 1856) (Unionidae) is the most economically important freshwater mussel in Thailand and is commonly used in food, spiritual ceremonies and pearl culture. Despite the clear economic importance of this monotypic genus, the distribution and diversity of Chamberlainia Simpson, 1900 are poorly understood. We set out to re-evaluate the taxonomic and geographic boundaries of Chamberlainia using molecular and morphological data gathered from recently and historically collected material. Our cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene tree recovered three divergent species-level lineages in the genus Chamberlainia. Fourier shape analysis of 60 digitized Chamberlainia shell outlines revealed evidence of two morphologically divergent groups that could be statistically distinguished 88% of the time. We used this evidence to recognize two genetically and morphologically divergent Chamberlainia species, C. hainesiana and C. duclerci (Rochebrune, 1882) stat. res. Geographical information from 46 museum records was used to map the distribution of Chamberlainia. These results are discussed in the context of their taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications.
Tietze’s syndrome presenting as enthesitis diagnosed by ultrasound: A case report
Authors: Miyoshi Yuji , Misaki Kenta 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Tietze’s syndrome (TS) is an inflammatory disorder characterised by painful, non-suppurative swelling in the sternocostal or sternoclavicular joint. The aetiology of TS is unknown. Herein, we described a case of isolated enthesitis in the sternocostal joint in a 42-year-old male patient whose clinical course led to the diagnosis of TS. A 42-year-old male Japanese patient (HLA-B27 negative) presented with chronic anterior chest wall pain. Mild swelling and tenderness were found in the right, third sternocostal joint (rt.3STCJ). No other arthralgia was present. Ultrasonography (US) of the rt.3STCJ showed hypoechoic thickening and power Doppler signal in the anterior radiate sternocostal ligament with mild synovial hypertrophy of the STCJ. US also depicted cortical bone erosion at the sternum with neovascularisation. Magnetic resonance imaging with T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery showed high signal intensity in the bone marrow of the sternum and adjacent soft tissue around the rt.3STCJ. Based on these findings, TS with the enthesitis in the rt.3STCJ was diagnosed. The patient received a US-guided corticosteroid injection, and the symptoms completely resolved 10 months later. Enthesitis may cause TS. US is a readily available, sensitive imaging technique useful for diagnosing TS.
Nicotine Rather Than Non-Nicotine Substances in 3R4F WCSC Increases Behavioral Sensitization and Drug-Taking Behavior in Rats
Authors: Kim Sunghyun , Sohn Sumin , Ryu In Soo , Yang Ju Hwan , Kim Oc-Hee , Kim Ji Sun , Kim Yong-Hyun , Jang Eun Young , Choe Eun Sang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionNicotine increases reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking by upregulating glutamate and dopamine releases via stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the dorsal striatum (CPu). The present study was conducted to evaluate whether non-nicotine substances in cigarette smoke potentiate nicotine-induced behaviors by increasing glutamate and dopamine concentrations in the CPu.Aims and MethodsChanges in the levels of glutamate and dopamine in the CPu were analyzed using a glutamate colorimetric assay and dopamine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, after repeated administration of nicotine or whole cigarette smoke condensate (WCSC) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in locomotion and drug-taking behavior were analyzed using the measurements of locomotor activity and self-administration under a fixed ratio 1 schedule in response to repeated administration of nicotine or WCSC.ResultsRepeated subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of nicotine (0.25 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days significantly increased the levels of glutamate and dopamine in the CPu. Similar results were obtained from repeated injections of WCSC (0.25 mg/kg nicotine/day, s.c.) extracted from 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes. Parallel with the increases in the neurotransmitter levels in the CPu, both nicotine and WCSC increased locomotor activity and self-administration (0.03 mg/kg nicotine/infusion). However, repeated injections of WCSC did not change the nicotine-induced increases in neurotransmitter levels, locomotor activity, and self-administration.ConclusionsNicotine rather than non-nicotine substances in WCSC play a major role in potentiating behavioral sensitization and drug-taking behavior via elevation of glutamate and dopamine concentrations in the CPu of rats.ImplicationsWCSC does not augment the nicotine-induced increases in behavioral sensitization, drug-taking behavior, and glutamate and dopamine concentrations, suggesting that non-nicotine substances do not potentiate the nicotine-induced behaviors by increasing the concentrations of the neurotransmitters in the CPu. These findings imply that nicotine, but not non-nicotine substances in WCSC, may be a major contributor that induces tobacco dependence in rats.
Sociality and morphology differentiate niches of 13 sympatric Amazonian woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae)
Authors: Powell Luke L , Rutt Cameron L , Mokross Karl , Wolfe Jared D , Johnson Erik I , Rodrigues Patricia F , Stouffer Philip C 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWoodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae) represent a remarkably uniform group of brownish birds that move by hitching up tree trunks as they forage for arthropod prey. Despite these superficial similarities, we were able to uniquely differentiate the niches of all 13 species north of Manaus by integrating morphological traits (e.g., mass and bill size) with behavioral traits (e.g., sociality, stratum use, and foraging maneuvers). The 5 ant-following (myrmecophilous) species, with their larger bodies and heavier bills, were morphologically distinct from the 7 species that join mixed-species flocks. A combination of vertical stratum, mass, and bill length further distinguished among mixed-flocking species. Two canopy species—the solitary Dendrexetastes rufigula and the mixed-flocking Lepidocolaptes albolineatus—consistently foraged at higher strata than other species. For the remaining mixed-flocking species, the largest 3 species differed significantly by mass, whereas the smallest 3 species, which overlapped broadly in mass, were uniquely distinguished by bill length. The 5 ant-following species differed in their degree of specialization on ant swarms, from facultative (Hylexetastes perrotii) to obligate (Dendrocincla merula). The ant-followers also showed nearly discrete mass distributions that essentially differed by Hutchinsonian 1:1.3 ratios, which likely allows them to maintain interspecific dominance hierarchies at the front of raiding army ant swarms. The behaviors we quantified (sociality, vertical strata, and myrmecophily), together with morphology (mass and bill size), separated all 13 species. We speculate that niche partitioning and competitive exclusion allow each woodcreeper to uniquely access invertebrate prey, permitting coexistence and contributing to high alpha diversity at our study site.