bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consideration of Underlying Immunodeficiency in Refractory or Recalcitrant Warts: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Zampella J. , Cohen B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated, it is clear that cellular immunity plays a role in clearance of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as it relates to the development of warts. Patients with extensive, recalcitrant, or treatment-refractory warts may have an underlying immune system impairment at the root of HPV susceptibility. Early recognition of genetic disorders associated with immunologic defects that allow for recalcitrant HPV infection may expedite appropriate treatment for patients. Early recognition is often pivotal in preventing subsequent morbidity and/or mortality that may arise from inborn errors of immunity, such as WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis) syndrome. Among these, cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies associated with HPV, can be fatal if not treated early, and is seen more frequently in patients with underlying immune deficiencies. A review of diseases with susceptibility to HPV provides clues to understanding the pathophysiology of warts. We also present diagnostic guidance to facilitate the recognition of inborn errors of immunity in patients with extensive and/or recalcitrant HPV infections.
Artificial intelligence and the changing sources of competitive advantage
Authors: Krakowski Sebastian , Luger Johannes , Raisch Sebastian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractResearch SummaryWe apply a resource‐based view to investigate how the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) affects competitive capabilities and performance. Following prior work on using chess as a controlled setting for studying competitive interactions, we compare the same players’ capabilities and performance across conventional, centaur, and engine chess tournaments. Our analysis shows that AI adoption triggers interrelated substitution and complementation dynamics, which make humans’ traditional competitive capabilities obsolete, while creating new sources of persistent heterogeneity when humans interact with chess engines. These novel human‐machine capabilities are unrelated, or even negatively related, to traditional capabilities. We contribute an integrated view of substitution and complementation, which identifies AI as the driver of these dynamics and explains how they jointly shift the sources of competitive advantage.Managerial SummaryAI‐based technologies increasingly substitute and complement humans in managerial tasks such as decision making. We investigate how such change affects the sources of competitive advantage. AI‐based engines’ adoption in chess allows us to investigate competitive capabilities and performance in human, AI, and hybrid settings. We find that neither humans nor AI in isolation explain performance differences in the AI and hybrid settings. Instead, a new decision‐making resource emerges at the human‐AI intersection, which drives performance but is unrelated or even negatively related to humans’ original capability. Our results document how AI adoption changes the sources of competitive advantage and, in turn, requires managers to develop new capabilities to stay relevant in an AI‐based competitive landscape.
Molecular Doping Increases the Semitransparent Photovoltaic Performance of Dilute Bulk Heterojunction Film with Discontinuous Polymer Donor Networks
Authors: Tang Yabing , Zheng Hong , Zhou Xiaobo , Tang Zheng , Ma Wei , Yan Han 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe semitransparent and colorful properties of organic solar cells (OSCs) attract intensive academic interests due to their potential application in building integrated photovoltaics, wearable electronics, and so forth. The most straightforward and effective method to tune these optical properties is varying the componential ratio in the blend film. However, the increase in device transmittance inevitably sacrifices the photovoltaic performance because of severe carrier recombination that originates from discontinuous charge‐transport networks in the blend film. Herein, a strategy is proposed via the molecular‐doping strategy to overcome these shortcomings. It is discovered that p‐doping is able to release the trapped holes in segregated polymer domains leading to short‐circuit current enhancement, while n‐doping is more effective to fill the bandgap states producing a higher fill factor. More importantly, either type of doping improves the photovoltaic performance in the semitransparent photovoltaic devices. These discoveries provide a new pathway to breaking the compromise between the photovoltaic performance and optical transmittance in semitransparent OSCs, and hold promise for their future commercialization.
Vermistabilization of fecal sludge with organic enriched substrates for compost production using two earthworm species (Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae)
Authors: Nsiah‐Gyambibi Rapheal , Essandoh Helen Michelle Korkor , Asiedu Nana Yaw , Fei‐Baffoe Bernard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeveloping countries are facing high generation of fecal sludge without adequate systems for proper treatment, leading to detrimental effects on the environment from its disposal. An emerging and innovative option in curbing this problem is the use of epigeic earthworm species to stabilize the waste into vermicompost, a value‐added resource. Substrate enrichment techniques can be applied to promote the sustainability and effectiveness of the vermicomposting process. This study was therefore carried out to determine the potential of two epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) to transform and stabilize fecal sludge into vermicompost using organic enriched substrates. Enriched substrates were prepared with 160 g of coconut coir, 120 g of fecal matter (65–70% dry matter) and 80 g of organic black soil. Three treatments of the vermibed substrates were prepared which were labelled T1, T2 and T3, with T1 containing Eisenia foetida, T2 containing Eudrilus eugeniae and T3, the control treatment, containing no earthworm. Treatments were triplicated and about 3‐week‐old 20 clitellated, E. fetida (live weight ∼255–275 mg) were introduced into the vermibeds for vermicomposting over a duration of 12 weeks. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Ntot), available phosphorus (Pavail), exchangeable calcium (Caexch), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and aluminium (Al) changes in the setups at the beginning and end of the vermicomposting period were evaluated. Eisenia foetida demonstrated a higher Corg mineralization (67.59%) compared to Eudrilus eugeniae, which attained 67.22%. Eisenia foetida also showed 5% more mortality than Eudrilus eugeniae. The study revealed that the two epigeic earthworm species for the vermicomposting of fecal waste in the enriched substrates played significant role in stabilizing the waste into vermicompost that was rich in nutrients, with lower levels of metals, higher levels of microbial biomass and higher levels of enzyme concentration.
Effects of ivabradine and atenolol on heart rate and heart rate variability in healthy cats over a 24 h period: A pilot study
Authors: Ogawa Mizuki , Kawamura Ayano , Akabane Ryota , Sakatani Atsushi , Miyakawa Hirosumi , Hsu Huai‐Hsun , Miyagawa Yuichi , Takemura Naoyuki 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIvabradine is used to treat tachycardia; unlike atenolol, it does not affect blood pressure or myocardial contractility. This study compared the impact of ivabradine and atenolol on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) during a 24 h period, feeding and sleeping times, via a Holter electrocardiogram in healthy cats. We hypothesised that ivabradine and atenolol would lower the HRs equally well, even at times of excitement and rest, such as during feeding and sleep; that ivabradine, unlike atenolol, would have an effect on HRV.MethodsFive clinically healthy cats were used in the prospective blinded crossover study receiving 3 days of ivabradine (0.30 mg/kg per os twice daily) followed by atenolol (6.25 mg/cat per os twice daily, range 1.3–2.0 mg/kg) or receiving atenolol followed by ivabradine. A placebo period was initiated before the start of the crossover test, data obtained during that period were used as a baseline (BL). Evaluation parameters included HR and HRV, for the whole 24 h period and for feeding and sleeping times, comparing the effect of ivabradine and atenolol with BL.ResultsThe HR for the whole 24 h, feeding and sleeping times, were significantly lower with ivabradine and atenolol, compared to BL (p < 0.05). The HRV for the whole 24 h and sleeping time were significantly higher after ivabradine compared with BL and after atenolol.ConclusionsIn healthy cats, ivabradine and atenolol significantly reduced the HR regardless of excitement and rest; their effects were comparable. Ivabradine significantly increased HRV in comparison to BL whereas atenolol did not.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Knijnenburg Bart P. , Page Xinru , Wisniewski Pamela , Lipford Heather Richter , Proferes Nicholas , Romano Jennifer 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book Modern Socio-Technical Perspectives on Privacy. The book informs academic researchers and industry professionals about the socio-technical privacy challenges related to modern networked technologies. This chapter provides a working definition of privacy, describes the envisioned audiences of this book, and summarizes the key aspects covered in each chapter. The chapter concludes with an invitation to join our community of privacy researchers and practitioners at modern-privacy.org.
Privacy in Adolescence
Authors: Wisniewski Pamela J. , Vitak Jessica , Hartikainen Heidi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLate adolescence represents an important life stage where children are becoming more independent and autonomous from their parents but are not quite old enough to go out on their own. Teenagers are also avid users of mobile devices and social media and actively use their smartphones to connect with friends and share their lives. Much of the research looking at teen technology use has employed a risk-centric approach; in other words, it takes the view that teens are putting themselves at risk by sharing personal information online, so the privacy-oriented solutions typically involve parental monitoring or technology restrictions. In this chapter, we review the research on teens, technology use, and privacy and discuss why such risk-centric models may be problematic to teens’ maturation. Instead, we argue that—much like it was for prior generations—risk-taking is a learning process critical to becoming a young adult and that teens do think about their privacy online, albeit in different ways than their adult counterparts. We offer design heuristics for developing tools for teens that allow for appropriate levels of risk-taking while protecting their privacy and ensuring their safety.
The Development of Privacy Norms
Authors: Proferes Nicholas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses how we develop, revisit, and negotiate norms around privacy when confronted with new technologies. The chapter first examines Nissenbaum’s (Washington Law Review 79(1):119–157, 2004) theory of privacy as contextual integrity, a framework that helps unpack how context-relevant norms for appropriateness and transmission can be challenged by new technologies. It then reviews how social norms develop as we build mental models of how a technology works during its diffusion process. The chapter concludes with suggestions for designers about approaches for thinking through implications when a design may challenge a preexisting social norm, or where there is no socially agreed upon norm. This includes careful reflection on who challenges to the current social norms may benefit and who they may hurt.
Social Media and Privacy
Authors: Page Xinru , Berrios Sara , Wilkinson Daricia , Wisniewski Pamela J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith the popularity of social media, researchers and designers must consider a wide variety of privacy concerns while optimizing for meaningful social interactions and connection. While much of the privacy literature has focused on information disclosures, the interpersonal dynamics associated with being on social media make it important for us to look beyond informational privacy concerns to view privacy as a form of interpersonal boundary regulation. In other words, attaining the right level of privacy on social media is a process of negotiating how much, how little, or when we desire to interact with others, as well as the types of information we choose to share with them or allow them to share about us. We propose a framework for how researchers and practitioners can think about privacy as a form of interpersonal boundary regulation on social media by introducing five boundary types (i.e., relational, network, territorial, disclosure, and interactional) social media users manage. We conclude by providing tools for assessing privacy concerns in social media, as well as noting several challenges that must be overcome to help people to engage more fully and stay on social media.
Lepton flavor violation in the Littlest Higgs Model with T parity realizing an inverse seesaw
Authors: Pacheco Iván , Roig Pablo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study lepton flavor violation (LFV) within the Littlest Higgs Model with T parity (LHT) realizing an inverse seesaw (ISS) mechanism of type I. With respect to the traditional LHT, there appear new 𝒪(10 TeV) Majorana neutrinos, driving LFV. For τ →$$ \mathrm{\ell \ell}^{\prime}\overline{\mathrm{\ell}}^{{\prime\prime} } $$
ℓℓ
′

ℓ
¯

″
(including wrong-sign, ℓ = e, μ) decays and μ → e conversion in Ti, we get typical rates only one order of magnitude below present bounds (ℓ → ℓ′γ can reach the current upper limit) and for Z →$$ \overline{\tau}\mathrm{\ell } $$

τ
¯

ℓ
, μ →$$ ee\overline{e} $$
ee

e
¯

and conversion in Au, results are within two orders of magnitude from present limits. Correlations among modes are drastically different to the traditional LHT and other models, which would ease the confrontation of this scenario to eventual measurements of LFV processes involving charged leptons.
The pace of a trauma resuscitation: experience matters
Authors: Maarseveen Oscar E. C. van , Ham Wietske H. W. , Huijsmans Roel L. N. , Leenen Luke P. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Resuscitation quality and pace depend on effective team coordination, which can be facilitated by adequate leadership. Our primary aim was to assess the influence of trauma team leader experience on resuscitation pace. Second, we investigated the influence of injury severity on resuscitation pace.

Methods
The trauma team leaders were identified (Staff trauma surgeon vs Fellow trauma surgeon) and classified from video analysis during a 1-week period. Resuscitations were assessed for time to the treatment plan, total resuscitation time, and procedure time. Furthermore, patient and resuscitation characteristics were assessed and compared: age, gender, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale < 9, and the number (and duration) of surgical procedures during initial resuscitation. Correlations between total resuscitation time, Injury Severity Score, and time to treatment plan were calculated.

Results
After adjustment for the time needed for procedures, the time to treatment plan and total resuscitation time was significantly shorter in resuscitations led by a Staff trauma surgeon compared to a Fellow trauma surgeon (median 648 s (IQR 472–813) vs 852 s (IQR 694–1256); p 0.01 resp. median 1280 s (IQR 979–1494) vs 1535 s (IQR 1247–1864), p 0.04). Surgical procedures were only performed during resuscitations led by Staff trauma surgeons (4 thorax drains, 1 endotracheal intubation, 1 closed fracture reduction). Moreover, a significant negative correlation (r:  – 0.698, p < 0.01) between Injury Severity Score and resuscitation time was found.

Conclusion
Experienced trauma team leaders may positively influence the pace of the resuscitation. Moreover, we found that the resuscitation pace increases when the patient is more severely injured.
The role of reactive oxygen species derived from different NADPH oxidase isoforms and mitochondria in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury
Authors: Qian Xiaoyuan , Wu Weisong , Hu Henglong , Yu Xiao , Wang Shaogang , Zhu Jianning , Zhang Jiaqiao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHyperoxaluria is a risk factor for urolithiasis and can cause renal epithelial cell injury secondary to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cell damage originate from different sources and play different roles. Here, we explored the potential sources of ROS production and investigated the role of ROS from various sources in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury in normal rat kidney-52 epithelial (NRK-52E) cells. Oxalate-induced injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release experiments. 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and mitoSOX Red were used to determine the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, respectively. The expression level of Nox4, Nox2, and p22 protein was detected by Western blotting to observe the effect of oxalate on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase (Nox). Furthermore, a specific NADPH oxidase subtype inhibitor and targeted mitochondrial antioxidants were used to preliminarily identify the role of ROS from different sources in renal tubular epithelial cell injury induced by oxalate. We found that oxalate inhibited cell viability, induced LDH release, and prompted intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Oxalate also decreased the protein expression level of Nox4 and increased the protein expression level of p22. Mitochondria were also a source of ROS production. In addition, Nox2 inhibitor or mtROS scavenging prevented oxalate-induced cell injury, reversed by an inhibitor of Nox4/1. We concluded that ROS from different sources might play different roles in oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. We also identified new potential targets for preventing or alleviating oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury.
Graphic abstract
Dynamics and timescales of mafic–silicic magma interactions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Didonna Rosa , Costa Fidel , Handley Heather , Turner Simon , Barclay Jenni 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMafic magma intrusions into silica-rich magmatic reservoirs are commonly proposed to drive the eruptions of andesitic hybrid magmas that characterise many arc volcanoes. However, interactions between contrasting magmas involve large gradients of physical and chemical properties that change over time, and the details of such processes have proven difficult to constrain. In this paper we investigate the dynamics of magma mingling and mixing using chemical and textural zoning patterns recorded in plagioclase crystals from the February 2010 eruption at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. This eruption is considered a classic example of interactions between the andesite magma that constitutes the bulk of the erupted volume and the basaltic andesite that occurs as enclaves. We find that plagioclase crystals are characterised by two well-defined zones that record mafic–silicic magma interaction: a crystal interior, often identified by a patchy, dusty and oscillatory zoning, and an overgrowth zone (rim) of a different composition. We use the anorthite and Mg contents to track the thermal and compositional changes experienced by the crystals over time. Our results reveal that the crystal rims formed a few hours to days prior to eruption, during co-eruptive magmatic interactions. The interaction between the two magmas with contrasting rheology is likely increased by a narrowing conduit geometry towards the surface, which facilitates convection and additional interface contact of the two magmas. Our findings shed new light on the nature and timing of magmatic interactions driving the final eruptive phase at Soufrière Hills Volcano and help to propose an interpretative framework of the monitoring signals.
Spontaneous motor tempo over the course of a week: the role of the time of the day, chronotype, and arousal
Authors: Hammerschmidt David , Wöllner Clemens 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) or internal tempo describes the natural pace of predictive and emergent movements such as walking or hand clapping. One of the main research interests in the study of the spontaneous motor tempo relates to factors affecting its pace. Previous studies suggest an influence of the circadian rhythm (i.e., 24-h cycle of the biological clock), physiological arousal changes, and potentially also musical experience. This study aimed at investigating these effects in participants‘ everyday life by measuring their SMT four times a day over seven consecutive days, using an experience sampling method. The pace of the SMT was assessed with a finger-tapping paradigm in a self-developed web application. Measured as the inter-tap interval, the overall mean SMT was 650 ms (SD = 253 ms). Using multi-level modelling (MLM), results show that the pace of the SMT sped up over the course of the day, and that this effect depended on the participants’ chronotype, since participants tending towards morning type were faster in the morning compared to participants tending towards evening type. During the day, the pace of the SMT of morning types stayed relatively constant, whereas it became faster for evening-type participants. Furthermore, higher arousal in participants led to a faster pace of the SMT. Musical sophistication did not influence the SMT. These results indicate that the circadian rhythm influences the internal tempo, since the pace of SMT is not only dependent on the time of the day, but also on the individual entrainment to the 24-h cycle (chronotype).
Modelling the cathodic reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenol in a microbial fuel cell
Authors: Leon-Fernandez Luis Fernando , Fernandez-Morales Francisco Jesús , Villaseñor Camacho José 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis work presents a simplified mathematical model able to predict the performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for the cathodic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) operating at different cathode pH values (7.0 and 5.0). Experimental data from previous work were utilized for the fitting of the model. The MFC modelled consisted of two chambers (bioanode and abiotic cathode), wherein the catholyte contained 300 mg L−1 of 2,4-DCP and the anolyte 1000 mg L−1 of sodium acetate. The model considered two mixed microbial populations in the anode compartment using sodium acetate as the carbon source for growth and maintenance: electrogenic and non-electrogenic biomass. 2,4-DCP, its intermediates of the reductive process (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP and 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) and protons were considered in the model as electron acceptors in the electrogenic mechanism. The global process rate was assumed to be controlled by the biological mechanisms and modelled using multiplicative Monod-type equations. The formulation of a set of differential equations allowed to describe the simultaneous evolution of every component: concentration of sodium acetate in the anodic compartment; and concentration of 2,4-DCP, 2-CP, 4-CP, phenol and chloride in the cathode chamber. Current production and coulombic efficiencies were also estimated from the fitting. It was observed that most of the organic substrate was used by non-electrogenic mechanism. The influence of the Monod parameters was more important than the influence of the biomass yield coefficients. Finally, the model was employed to simulate different scenarios under distinct experimental conditions.