bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperdoped silicon: Processing, properties, and devices
Authors: Tong Zhouyu , Bu Mingxuan , Zhang Yiqiang , Yang Deren , Pi Xiaodong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hyperdoping that introduces impurities with concentrations exceeding their equilibrium solubility has been attracting great interest since the tuning of semiconductor properties increasingly relies on extreme measures. In this review we focus on hyperdoped silicon (Si) by introducing methods used for the hyperdoping of Si such as ion implantation and laser doping, discussing the electrical and optical properties of hyperdoped bulk Si, Si nanocrystals, Si nanowires and Si films, and presenting the use of hyperdoped Si for devices like infrared photodetectors and solar cells. The perspectives of the development of hyperdoped Si are also provided.
Self-avoiding walks contained within a square
Authors: Guttmann Anthony J , Jensen Iwan , Owczarek Aleksander L 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe have studied self-avoiding walks contained within anL×Lsquare whose end-points can lie anywhere within, or on, the boundaries of the square. We prove that such walks behave, asymptotically, as walks crossing a square (WCAS), being those walks whose end-points lie at the south-east and north-west corners of the square. We provide numerical data, enumerating all such walks, and analyse the sequence of coefficients in order to estimate the asymptotic behaviour. We also studied a subset of these walks, those that must contain at least one edge on all four boundaries of the square. We provide compelling evidence that these two classes of walks grow identically. From our analysis we conjecture that the number of such walksCL, for both problems, behaves asCL∼λL2+bL+c⋅Lg,where (Guttmann and Jensen 2022J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.)λ= 1.744 5498 ± 0.000 0012,b= −0.043 54 ± 0.0005,c= −1.35 ± 0.45, andg= 3.9 ± 0.1. Finally, we also studied the equivalent problem for self-avoiding polygons, also known as cycles in a square grid. The asymptotic behaviour of cycles has the same form as walks, but with different values of the parametersc, andg. Our numerical analysis shows thatλandbhave the same values as for WCAS and thatc= 1.776 ± 0.002 whileg= −0.500 ± 0.005 and hence probably equals−12.
Direct probing of strong magnon–photon coupling in a planar geometry
Authors: Kaffash Mojtaba T , Wagle Dinesh , Rai Anish , Meyer Thomas , Xiao John Q , Jungfleisch M Benjamin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We demonstrate direct probing of strong magnon–photon coupling using Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy in a planar geometry. The magnonic hybrid system comprises a split-ring resonator loaded with epitaxial yttrium iron garnet thin films of 200 nm and 2.46 μm thickness. The BLS measurements are combined with microwave spectroscopy measurements where both biasing magnetic field and microwave excitation frequency are varied. The cooperativity for the 200 nm-thick YIG films is 1.1, and larger cooperativity of 29.1 is found for the 2.46 μm-thick YIG film. We show that BLS is advantageous for probing the magnonic character of magnon–photon polaritons, while microwave absorption is more sensitive to the photonic character of the hybrid excitation. A miniaturized, planar device design is imperative for the potential integration of magnonic hybrid systems in future coherent information technologies, and our results are a first stepping stone in this regard. Furthermore, successfully detecting the magnonic hybrid excitation by BLS is an essential step for the up-conversion of quantum signals from the microwave to the optical regime in hybrid quantum systems.
Principles of tractor atom interferometry
Authors: Raithel Georg , Duspayev Alisher , Dash Bineet , Carrasco Sebastián C , Goerz Michael H , Vuletić Vladan , Malinovsky Vladimir S 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe present principles and possible design concepts for a tractor atom interferometer (TAI) based on three-dimensional confinement and transport of ultracold atoms. The confinement reduces device size and wave-packet dispersion, enables arbitrary holding times, and facilitates control to create complex trajectories that allow for optimization to enable fast splitting and recombination, to suppress detrimental nonadiabatic excitation, and to cancel unwanted sensitivity. Thus, the design allows for further advancement of compact, high-sensitivity, quantum sensing technology. In particular, we focus on the implementation of quantum-enhanced accelerometers and gyroscopes. We discuss TAI protocols for both spin-dependent and scalar trapping potentials. Using optimal control theory, we demonstrate the splitting of the wave function on a time scale two orders of magnitude shorter than a previous proposal using adiabatic dynamics, thus maximizing the time spent at full separation, where the interferometric phase is accumulated. The performance estimates for TAI give a promising perspective for atom-interferometry-based sensing, significantly exceeding the sensitivities of current state-of-the-art devices.
Space matters: reducing energy disparity in Nepal through spatially equitable renewable energy subsidies
Authors: Bharadwaj Bishal , Pattanayak Subhrendu K , Ashworth Peta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract:
Affordability is a major barrier to the adoption of clean energy technologies in low-income countries, which is partly why many governments provide subsidies to offset some of the upfront (installation) costs. However, simple administrative rules might not fully account for economic geography, resulting in lower subsidies for remote areas. Using regression analysis on a rich dataset of adoption, cost and subsidy for about 4000 Nepalese Village Development Committees over 22 years, we show that administratively determined lumpsum subsidies disproportionately hurt remote communities. Simulations show that adjusting the subsidy spatially to reflect the geographic cost of living, can increase clean technology adoption. Thus, spatial targeting of subsidies is key to accelerating energy access in remote settings such as the Hindu Kush Himalaya.
Social network heterogeneity benefits individuals at the expense of groups in the creation of innovation
Authors: Zarei F , Ryckebusch J , Schoors K , Rocha L E C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Innovation is fundamental for development and provides a competitive advantage for societies. It is the process of creating more complex technologies, ideas, or protocols from existing ones. While innovation may be created by single agents (i.e. individuals or organisations), it is often a result of social interactions between agents exchanging and combining complementary expertise and perspectives. The structure of social networks impacts this knowledge exchange process. To study the role of social network structures on the creation of new technologies, we design an evolutionary mechanistic model combining self-creation and social learning. We find that social heterogeneity allows agents to leverage the benefits of diversity and to develop technologies of higher complexity. Social heterogeneity, however, reduces the group ability to innovate. Not only the social structure but also the openness of agents to collaborate affect innovation. We find that interdisciplinary interactions lead to more complex technologies benefiting the entire group but also increase the inequality in the innovation output. Lower openness to interdisciplinary collaborations may be compensated by a higher ability to collaborate with multiple peers, but low openness also neutralises the intrinsic benefits of network heterogeneity. Our findings indicate that social network heterogeneity has contrasting effects on microscopic (local) and macroscopic (group) levels, suggesting that the emergence of innovation leaders may suppress the overall group performance.
Gradients should stay on path: better estimators of the reverse- and forward KL divergence for normalizing flows
Authors: Vaitl Lorenz , Nicoli Kim A , Nakajima Shinichi , Kessel Pan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We show how to use the path-wise derivative estimator for both the forward reverse Kullback–Leibler divergence for any practically invertible normalizing flow. The resulting path-gradient estimators are straightforward to implement, have lower variance, and lead not only to faster convergence of training but also to better overall approximation results compared to standard total gradient estimators. We also demonstrate that path-gradient training is less susceptible to mode-collapse. In light of our results, we expect that path-gradient estimators will become the new standard method to train normalizing flows for variational inference.
Process
Authors: Zelden Charles L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter walks the reader though a typical judicial proceeding—both criminal and civil—outlining the steps in a legal dispute from triggering events to the hiring of a lawyer, pleadings and pretrial motions, and jury selection, to oral arguments, and closings, followed by the issuing of a final verdict, ruling, and posttrial motions. It also notes the differences and similarities between civil and criminal legal procedures and process.
Winter at Koltushi
Authors: Todes Daniel P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pavlov spent his final winter at his favorite place—his science village in Koltushi, just outside Leningrad. There he struggled to complete two manuscripts—an article on the physiology of psychological processes and a letter to Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man, Vyacheslav Molotov, about the relationship between science, Communism, and Christianity. These manuscripts expressed his lifelong quest to replace uncertainty and chance with scientific certainty. A talented experimenter and driven truth seeker, Pavlov’s scientific style and career were shaped by his personality, the exciting scientific developments of his time, and his biographical trajectory through turbulent times for his beloved Russia. That distinctive scientific style took form in his Nobel Prize–winning studies of digestion and the three decades of research on conditional reflexes that made him a famous, though widely misunderstood, symbol of twentieth-century science.
Noise
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reveals how noise is inextricably connected with the tools and systems that create, reproduce, and disseminate sound. Whether in the form of instruments, recording gear, or playback equipment, music technology is inescapably noisy. Noise typically has negative connotations. It is often meant to be abated, blocked, canceled, or dampened. It can be a form of pollution and regarded as ugly, offensive, or violent. But noise can also be gentle, nuanced, soothing, and beautiful. Noise may form the basis of new works, performance practices, and genres. Case studies focus on musical practices and genres that embrace noise; the racist and sometimes violent conflation of hip hop, a musical tradition rooted in Black culture, and noise; and the use of music—as noise—in torture, especially as an outcome of state-sanctioned interrogations of prisoners of war.
Blood-derived exosomes released after the oral administration of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis activate immunity
Authors: Matsuo Tomoe , Nakao Koji , Hara Kosuke , Kawaguchi Susumu 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We aimed to examine the mechanism of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (HkEf) immunostimulatory effect when orally administered. Immunocompetent splenocytes from mice orally administered HkEf were assessed using flow cytometry. Immunocompetent cells were determined by culturing splenocytes with serum or blood derived-exosomes. In vitro studies evaluated the reaction between mouse splenocytes and exosomes purified and isolated from mice bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with HkEf. Levels of dendritic cells, red pulp macrophages, and inactive NK cells were significantly higher in the HkEf-treated group. Red pulp macrophages and inactive NK cells were increased in splenocytes cultured with blood-derived exosomes from mice administered HkEf. Further, mouse splenocytes cultured with the HkEf-stimulated BMDMs-derived exosomes group had significantly higher levels of red pulp macrophages. Thus, HkEf was involved in host immunostimulation and exosomes were identified as mediators in immune response signaling. Further verification of the mechanism would be needed to fill in the gap between the present results and conclusions.
Machine learning-based tumor-infiltrating immune cell-associated lncRNAs for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Nan , Wu Wantao , Zhou Ran , Li Shuyu , Wang Zeyu , Dai Ziyu , Zhang Liyang , Liu Zaoqu , Zhang Jian , Luo Peng , Liu Zhixiong , Cheng Quan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Long noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs; lncRNAs) have been associated with cancer immunity regulation. However, the roles of immune cell-specific lncRNAs in glioblastoma (GBM) remain largely unknown. In this study, a novel computational framework was constructed to screen the tumor-infiltrating immune cell-associated lncRNAs (TIIClnc) for developing TIIClnc signature by integratively analyzing the transcriptome data of purified immune cells, GBM cell lines and bulk GBM tissues using six machine learning algorithms. As a result, TIIClnc signature could distinguish survival outcomes of GBM patients across four independent datasets, including the Xiangya in-house dataset, and more importantly, showed superior performance than 95 previously established signatures in gliomas. TIIClnc signature was revealed to be an indicator of the infiltration level of immune cells and predicted the response outcomes of immunotherapy. The positive correlation between TIIClnc signature and CD8, PD-1 and PD-L1 was verified in the Xiangya in-house dataset. As a newly demonstrated predictive biomarker, the TIIClnc signature enabled a more precise selection of the GBM population who would benefit from immunotherapy and should be validated and applied in the near future.
Overcoming the limits of natural computation in biological evolution toward the maximization of system efficiency
Authors: Igamberdiev Abir U 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The goal-directedness of biological evolution is realized via the anticipatory achievement of the final state of the system that corresponds to the condition of its perfection in self-maintenance and in adaptability. In the course of individual development, a biological system maximizes its power via synergistic effects and becomes able to perform external work most efficiently. In this state, defined as stasis, robust self-maintaining configurations act as attractors resistant to external and internal perturbations. This corresponds to the local energy–time constraints that most efficiently fit the integral optimization of the whole system. In evolution, major evolutionary transitions that establish new states of stasis are achieved via codepoiesis, a process in which the undecided statements of existing coding systems form the basis for the evolutionary unfolding of the system by assigning new values to them. The genetic fixation of this macroevolutionary process leads to new programmes of individual development representing the process of natural computation. The phenomenon of complexiﬁcation in evolution represents a metasystem transition that results in maximization of a system’s power and in the ability to increase external work performed by the system.
Achievements of primary prevention targets in individuals with high risk of cardiovascular disease: an 8-year follow-up of the Tromsø study
Authors: Hagen Amalie Nilsen , Ariansen Inger , Hanssen Tove Aminda , Lappegård Knut Tore , Eggen Anne Elise , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Njølstad Inger , Wilsgaard Tom , Hopstock Laila Arnesdatter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Aims
To study change over 8 years in cardiovascular risk, achievement of national guideline-based treatment targets of lipids, blood pressure (BP) and smoking in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), medication use, and characteristics associated with target achievement among individuals with high CVD risk in a general population.

Methods and results
We followed 2524 women and men aged 40–79 years with high risk of CVD attending the population-based Tromsø study in 2007–08 (Tromsø6) to their participation in the next survey in 2015–16 (Tromsø7). We used descriptive statistics and regression models to study change in CVD risk and medication use, and characteristics associated with treatment target achievement. In total, 71.4% reported use of BP- and/or lipid-lowering medication at second screening. Overall, CVD risk decreased during follow-up, with a larger decrease among medication users compared with non-users. Treatment target achievement was 31.0% for total cholesterol &lt;5 mmol/L, 27.3% for LDL cholesterol &lt;3 mmol/L, 43.4% for BP &lt;140/90 (&lt;135/85 if diabetes) mmHg, and 85.4% for non-smoking. A total of 9.8% reached all treatment targets combined. Baseline risk factor levels and current medication use had the strongest associations with treatment target achievement.

Conclusion
We found an overall improvement in CVD risk factors among high-risk individuals over 8 years. However, guideline-based treatment target achievement was relatively low for all risk factors except smoking. Medication use was the strongest characteristic associated with achieving treatment targets. This study has demonstrated that primary prevention of CVD continues to remain a major challenge.
The Associations of Individual and Subclasses of Nonesterified Fatty Acids With Disability, and Mobility Limitation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Ahiawodzi Peter D , Buzkova Petra , Lichtenstein Alice H , Matthan Nirupa R , Ix Joachim H , Kizer Jorge R , Tracy Russell P , Arnold Alice , Newman Anne B , Siscovick David , Djousse Luc , Mukamal Kenneth J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
We sought to determine the associations between individual nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and disability and mobility limitation.

Methods
We studied 1 734 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), an ongoing population-based cohort study of community-living older American adults. We measured 35 individual NEFA species in fasting serum samples obtained at the 1996–1997 clinic visit. Using yearly assessments of activities of daily living and self-reported mobility, we identified participants with incident disability or mobility limitation during 15 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the associations between per SD increment in the individual NEFAs and incident disability and mobility limitations with adjustment for potential confounding factors.

Results
Higher concentrations of total and a broad range of individual NEFA species were associated with risk of disability and mobility limitation (disability: HR per SD of total NEFA [SD = 174.70] = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04–1.18, p = .001; mobility limitation: HR per SD of total NEFA = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02–1.16, p = .01). Among individual saturated NEFAs (SFAs), myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acids were significantly associated with higher risk of both disability and mobility limitations, but longer-chain FAs were not. Most individual monounsaturated (MUFA), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and trans FAs were positively significantly associated with higher risks of both disability and mobility limitation. In contrast, most n-3 PUFA species were not associated with disability or mobility limitation.

Conclusions
Higher risks of disability and mobility limitation were observed for proinflammatory intermediate-chain SFAs, MUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and trans FAs. Our findings indicated no significant association for anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs.
Climate-induced habitat changes in commercial fish stocks
Authors: Bell Richard J , Grieve Brian , Ribera Marta , Manderson John , Richardson Dave 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClimate change is altering the distribution and abundance of fish species in ways not anticipated by current management policy. We created spatially explicit, dynamic models of marine habitats that can inform stock assessments for 25 commercial species on the US Northeast Shelf. The habitat models integrated substrate and seabed features along with the dynamic properties of the ocean. Changes in climate-mediated habitat can affect the survey results by altering the availability component of catchability. Changes in availability were examined (1980–2014) by combining species distribution models with hindcast ocean models. Three patterns in availability were evident: (1) the availability for most species varied over time with no trend; (2) for a number of estuary-dependent species, availability varied with no trend and then dropped dramatically in 2009 when the federal trawl survey changed vessels; and (3) for a set of mid-depth, non-estuary dependent species, availability showed a continuous decline over time. There were few changes in dynamic habitat as the bottom water temperature did not exhibit a strong trend over the time-period studied, resulting in little climate-attributed changes in catchability. Changes in survey design can also have dramatic impacts on catchability, highlighting the method’s ability to detect both climate driven and survey driven changes in catchability.
Decrease in recreational fisher compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Rockfish Conservation Areas
Authors: Ban Natalie C , Miltner Chessi , Matthews Charlotte , Ankenman Madeleine , Stelte Sarah , Haggarty Dana , Davies Hailey L , Venturelli Paul A , Juanes Francis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Little is known about the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on recreational fisheries compliance. Starting in 2015, we monitored recreational fishing activity in Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) with trail cameras overlooking RCAs around Galiano Island, Canada. We also carried out in-person surveys with recreational fishers at marinas and docks to assess recreational fisher compliance with RCAs. Questions included asking fishers whether they had accidentally or intentionally fished inside RCAs with prohibited techniques in the past two years. The number of suspected or confirmed angling incidents that we observed on the trail cameras declined steadily from 2015 to 2019, and then increased significantly during the pandemic to the highest levels seen during our eight years of data collection. The number of fishers who admitted to intentionally or accidentally fishing in RCAs in the past two years with prohibited gears did not change during the pandemic, although there was an apparent but not statistically significant increase in the number of respondents who personally knew someone who intentionally fished in RCAs. Our study corroborates other research that showed a response of pandemic lockdowns on illegal activities. High non-compliance highlights the ongoing need for education, outreach, and increased enforcement.