bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial activity and micellar morphology of an imidazolium ring containing zwitterionic surfactants
Authors: Ali Hazrat , Khan Azim , Ahmad Tauqeer , Dervisi Athanasia , Fallis Ian , Shoetan Ibrahim O. , Khan Abbas , Hussain Arshad , Griffiths Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractZwitterionic surfactants based on 3‐(1‐alkyl‐3‐imidazolio) propane‐sulfonate ([ImS3‐R] where R is octyl or dodecyl) is an emerging and important class of amphiphile due to their relevance as nano reactors for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and accelerated acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties of such synthesized imidazolium ring‐containing zwitterionic surfactants have been characterized by surface tension and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. Surface tension measurements were used to calculate several thermodynamic parameters over a range of concentrations and temperatures (298–313 K). The results obtained showed a weak signature representing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for ImS3‐8, however, by increasing the alkyl length of the hydrophobic group to dodecyl, that is, ImS3‐8 to ImS3‐12, the signature of the CMC was much more evident. As expected, the CMC for ImS3‐12 shifted to a lower concentration. An increase in temperature increased the surface activity and decreased the CMC of both zwitterionic surfactants, although the changes were small. Compared to classical surfactants, that is, sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, the CMC of ImS3‐12 is much lower. Modeling of SANS data demonstrated that the morphology of the micelles formed by these amphiphiles may be described by the “classical” model, a central hydrophobic core, with a shell of hydrated headgroups. Due to their widespread applications in colloidal and interfacial science, the present study adds new insight to the fundamental understanding of these interesting imidazolium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (ImS3‐R).
Embedding PbS quantum dots in MAPbCl0.5Br2.5 perovskite single crystal for near‐infrared detection
Authors: Liu Shilin , Yan Shikai , Zhu Zhuoya , Zhao Zhiwei , Elemike Elias Emeka , Onwudiwe Damian C. , Bae Byung Seong , Bin Shafie Suhaidi , Lei Wei , Li Qing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOrganometal lead‐halide perovskites demonstrate excellent photovoltaic performance in the visible (Vis) region. However, their lack of response in the near‐infrared (NIR) region limits their applications in broadband photodetectors. Here, PbS quantum dots (QDs) were successfully embedded in MAPbCl0.5Br2.5 single crystal by solution‐processed epitaxial growth. Perovskites can effectively act as efficient charge transporters. The mobility of MAPbCl0.5Br2.5 with 1 wt% PbS quantum dots crystal is about 85 cm2/(V·S), which is similar to that of pure MAPbCl0.5Br2.5 single crystal. Meanwhile, the composite crystal exhibited a broadband response wavelength from the Vis (625 nm) to the NIR (850 nm) with fast response times (τon/τoff = 6/9 ms and τon/τoff = 19/43 ms in the Vis and NIR regions, respectively). The photodetector demonstrates a responsivity of 0.02 mA/W with a specific detectivity of 1.2 × 108 Jones under 5.1 mW/cm2 850‐nm illumination at 10‐V bias. These results suggest that we have obtained high‐quality composite crystals with improved photo response in the Vis to NIR region.
Carbon sequestration is not inhibited by livestock grazing in Danish salt marshes
Authors: Graversen Anna Elizabeth Løvgren , Banta Gary T. , Masque Pere , Krause‐Jensen Dorte 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClimate change has created a need for solutions that can counteract greenhouse gas emissions. One is the expansion and maintenance of natural carbon (C)‐sequestration habitats, such as forests and coastal and marine vegetated ecosystems, socalled “blue carbon ecosystems” including salt marshes, which represent large and long‐term C‐storage potential. While salt marsh blue carbon is gaining international attention, Baltic and Nordic salt marshes have been neglected in the blue carbon context. Here, we quantified C‐stocks and C‐sequestration rates in grazed and nongrazed sites of three Danish salt marshes, and evaluated whether grazing livestock, the standard management to increase biodiversity of the marshes, affect C‐stocks and sequestration rates. The aboveground biomass and vegetation height in nongrazed salt marshes were significantly larger than for grazed salt marshes, but this did not lead to significantly enhanced overall sediment‐ or C‐accumulation rates. Detailed model analyses of sediment profiles even indicated significantly higher C‐densities in surface layers at grazed sites. Averaged C‐densities, C‐stocks (top 43 cm sediment) and sequestration rates estimated from 210Pb profiles ranged 0.011–0.022 g C cm−3, 4228–8178 g C m−2, and 17–45 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, with the latter being low in the global context. While this pioneering study for the Baltic and Nordic regions showed a neutral to positive effect of grazing on C‐sequestration, there is a need to explore the overall C‐footprint of this practice, including effects on net greenhouse gas emissions and coastal defense capacity, and define blue carbon management strategies for salt marshes to maximize their climate change mitigation and adaptation capacity while supporting biodiversity.
Protein cycling in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen‐deficient zone: A de novo‐discovery peptidomic approach
Authors: Duffy Megan E. , Neibauer Jacquelyn A. , Adams Jamee , Lundeen Rachel A. , Rocap Gabrielle , Ingalls Anitra E. , Fuchsman Clara A. , Keil Richard G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPeptides are identified using a de novo‐discovery approach in suspended and sinking particles from the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen‐deficient zone (ODZ) and in a culture of a dominant autotroph from the region, the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. The benchmarking experiment with Prochlorococcus shows de novo peptides to be taxonomically specific, and thus of value in augmenting database‐driven approaches. Analysis of the suspended and sinking particles using the de novo‐discovery approach reveals the presence of fungal proteins in deep sinking particles that were not in our original search database, contributing to growing recognition that fungi may play important roles in marine organic matter cycling. Cyanobacterial peptides that have been post‐translationally modified were tracked to depth, where they contribute ~ 1% of the phylum‐level identifiable peptide pool in the sediment trap sample. The majority of peptides found at depth in the detrital pool are associated with membranes, indicating that cellular location is associated with early preservation within the detrital pool. Modified amino acids in sinking and suspended particles include high levels of deamidation, suggesting that partial extracellular degradation of protein could fuel observed anammox and contribute to pools of refractory organic nitrogen.
Reconciling models and measurements of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise
Authors: Coleman Daniel J. , Schuerch Mark , Temmerman Stijn , Guntenspergen Glenn , Smith Christopher G. , Kirwan Matthew L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTidal marsh survival in the face of sea level rise (SLR) and declining sediment supply often depends on the ability of marshes to build soil vertically. However, numerical models typically predict survival under rates of SLR that far exceed field‐based measurements of vertical accretion. Here, we combine novel measurements from seven U.S. Atlantic Coast marshes and data from 70 additional marshes from around the world to illustrate that—over continental scales—70% of variability in marsh accretion rates can be explained by suspended sediment concentratin (SSC) and spring tidal range (TR). Apparent discrepancies between models and measurements can be explained by differing responses in high marshes and low marshes, the latter of which accretes faster for a given SSC and TR. Together these results help bridge the gap between models and measurements, and reinforce the paradigm that sediment supply is the key determinant of wetland vulnerability at continental scales.
UV‐Curable Polyurethane Elastomer with UV‐Irradiation/Thermo Dual‐Activated Self‐Healability
Authors: Ye Juan , Lin Guanghong , Lin Ziqian , Deng Haoyu , Huang Junjie , Xiang Hongping , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSelf‐healable polyurethane elastomers have potential applications in many fields, however, their use is limited by single self‐healing mechanism, intricate preparation process, and long curing time. Herein, a UV‐irradiation/thermo dual‐induced self‐healing polyurethane elastomer is prepared by UV‐curing two kinds of acrylates, where one includes a quadruple hydrogen bond (PU‐UPy‐HEA) and the other contains a disulfide bond (SS‐MA). UV‐curing kinetics indicate that the conversion of acrylates is significantly improved by tuning the irradiation intensity, photoinitiator dosage, and SS‐MA content. A maximum conversion of 80% is achieved within 10 s under 200 mW cm−2 in the case of the 1.5 wt% photoinitiator. The tensile strength of UV‐cured polyurethane elastomer is notably improved by SS‐MA, whereas its elongation at break decreases. Tensile shear tests demonstrates that the bisected samples can be re‐bonded when they are repaired at 100 °C for 15 min, or under 200 mW cm−2 irradiation for 1 h. After that, ≈90% of shear strength is recovered and the strength is only slightly reduced after two healing cycles. Self‐healing mainly relies on thermally reversible hydrogen bonding interactions and UV‐induced disulfide metathesis. This UV‐cured self‐healable polyurethane elastomer can be used in smart coatings as well as in other fields.
An Aromatic Fluoropolymer for Hydrogen Separation from Hydrocarbons
Authors: Guan Jian , Lu Yanqiu , Du Lijun , Liang Canzeng , Wu Ji , Li Dongfei , Zhang Sui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPlasticization is a critical challenge in membrane‐based gas separation. Here a novel fluoropolymer, poly(trifluoro styrene) (PTFS), is reported for hydrogen separation from hydrocarbons. The polymer structure is first characterized by different techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Then, gas separation performances of the polymer are studied. The separation of H2/CH4 is found to outperform most other fluorinated polymers and surpass the Robeson 1991 upper bound. Furthermore, the polymer demonstrates stable or increasing selectivity for hydrogen over hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4, C2H6, and C3H8) at higher pressure, suggesting excellent resistance to plasticization.
Photopatterning of Carbon Dots in Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Photoacid Generators
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Hao Xingtian , Peng Haiyan , Zhou Xingping , Xie Xiaolin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) have drawn considerable attention owing to their attractive photoluminescence, advantageous chemical tolerance, good biocompatibility, and so on. However, it remains challenging to tune their photoluminescence spatially and temporally due to their high photostability. Herein, a viable approach to in‐situ dialing the photoluminescence of CDs by using light in the presence of a photoacid generator (PAG, e.g., diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate) is demonstrated. Fluorescence quenching occurs upon light irradiation due to the protonation of pyridine and amino nitrogen atoms of CDs according to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. As such, blue, green, and red color fluorescent patterns of CDs are ready to form in poly(vinyl alcohol) by light irradiation under photomask. These patterns not only show a controlled preservation time under room light, but also can be erased on demand by flood UV irradiation, which are promising for advanced anti‐counterfeiting such as shelf‐life based security and erasable encryption.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Radiopaque Polycarbonate
Authors: Fan You Kun , Feng Shao Min , Liu Xi Liang , Li Kai Qi , Chen Dong Liang , Xiong Cheng Dong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPolymeric materials implanted in the human body are usually invisible under X‐ray, and the mixing of heavy metal salts into polymeric materials by physical compounding often poses compatibility problems. A new iodine‐containing cyclic carbonate monomer, 4‐iodo‐N‐(2‐oxo‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)benzamide (IBTMC), is synthesized, which has a degradable carbonate group as its basic structural unit and iodine atoms attached to the side chain in the form of covalent bonds. The ring‐opening polymerization of IBTMC is achieved at room temperature under the catalysis of the solid superbase 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD). The structure and X‐ray developing ability of the synthesized polycarbonate are characterized by 1H‐NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT). The iodine atoms remain bound to the polymer as covalent bonds after a series of reactions and exhibit a high level of X‐ray opacity. In vitro degradation experiments of the polymer prove that the polymer is degradable.
Image reconstruction from data over two orthogonal arcs of limited‐angular ranges
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Chen Buxin , Xia Dan , Sidky Emil Y. , Pan Xiaochuan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeComputed tomography (CT) scanning over limited‐angular ranges (LARs) is of practical interest in possible reduction of imaging dose and time and in design of nonstandard scans. This work aims to investigate image reconstruction for two nonoverlapping arcs of LARs, and to demonstrate that they may allow more accurate image reconstruction than may a single arc of LAR.MethodsWe consider a configuration with two nonoverlapping arcs of LARs and , whose centers are separated by , and refer to it as a two‐orthogonal‐arc configuration. Data are generated from a chest phantom with two‐orthogonal‐arc configurations over total angular coverage ranging from to , and images are reconstructed subsequently by use of the directional‐total‐variation (DTV) algorithm. For comparison, we also consider image reconstruction for a single‐arc configuration of angular range . Quantitative metrics such as the normalized root‐mean‐square‐error (nRMSE) are used for evaluation of image reconstruction accuracy.ResultsVisual inspection and quantitative analysis of images reconstructed reveal that a two‐orthogonal‐arc configuration generally yields more accurate image reconstruction than does its single‐arc counterpart. As total angular range increases, the DTV algorithm yields image reconstruction with enhanced accuracy, as expected. Also, if remains constant, the two‐orthogonal‐arc configuration with generally leads to image reconstruction more accurate than those of two‐orthogonal‐arc configurations with , as the nRMSE of the former can be lower than that of the latter for up to more than one order of magnitude.ConclusionsAppropriately designed two‐orthogonal‐arc configurations may be exploited for improving image‐reconstruction accuracy in CT imaging with reduced angular coverage. This study may yield insights into the design of innovative CT scans for lowering scan time and radiation dose, and/or for avoiding scan collision in, for example, C‐arm CT.
A minimally invasive strategy to evacuate hematoma by synergy of an improved ultrasonic horn with urokinase: An in vitro study
Authors: Tang Junhui , Tang Jiawei , Zhu Qiong , Liao Yiyi , Bai Luhua , Luo Tingting , Feng Shuang , Liu Zheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesIn this study, Ultrasound Needle—an improved minimally invasive ultrasonic horn device was used to explore its potential of synergizing with urokinase in enhancing clots lysis in an in vitro intracranial hematoma model.Materials and methodsTen milliliter bovine blood was incubated for 3 h at 37℃, and coagulated into clot to mimic intracranial hematoma in vitro. Ultrasound Needle was an improved ultrasonic horn with a fine tip (1.80 mm) and metallic sheath, and had a frequency of 29.62 kHz. The 10,000 IU urokinase was injected through the metallic sheath during the vibration of Ultrasound Needle tip to lyse the clots for 8 min under different working parameter settings (n = 8) to explore the influence of parameters Amplitude (%) and Duty (%) on clot lysis weight (W0). The maximum temperatures were measured by an infrared thermometer during the treatment process. The W0 of different treatment groups (US (Ultrasound Needle), US + NS (normal saline), UK (urokinase), US + UK, n = 8) were compared to verify the synergistic lysis effect of Ultrasound Needle combined with urokinase at optimal working parameters (40% Amplitude, 20% Duty; input power 4.20 W; axial tip‐vibration amplitude 69.17 μm). Clots samples after treatment were fixed overnight for macroscopic examination. And fluorescent frozen sections and scanning electron microscopy examination were performed to show microscopic changes in clots and evaluate the cavitation effect of Ultrasound Needle on promoting drug diffusion within the clots.ResultsThe clot lysis weight W0 increased with the parameters Amplitude (%) and Duty (%), reached a peak (2.435 ± 0.137 g) at 40% Amplitude and 20% Duty (input power 4.20 W), and then decreased. Higher Amplitude (%) and Duty (%) led to higher maximum temperature, and W0 was negatively correlated with the maximum temperature after the peak (r = −0.958). At the optimal parameter setting, the maximum temperature was 33.8 ± 0.9℃, and the W0 of the US + UK group was more than four times of UK alone group (2.435 ± 0.137 g vs. 0.607 ± 0.185 g). Fluorescent frozen sections confirmed that the ultrasound energy of Ultrasound Needle could mechanically damage the clot tissues and promote the intra‐clots drug diffusion. Macroscopic examination showed that US + UK group caused larger clots lysis area than UK alone group (2.08 cm2 vs. 0.65 cm2). In addition, electron microscopy examination exhibited that the fibrin filaments of the clots in US + UK group were lysed more thoroughly compared to single treatment groups.ConclusionsUltrasound Needle, an improved ultrasonic horn device, can mechanically damage the clot tissues and exhibit an excellent synergistic lysis effect with thrombolytic drugs. Therefore, Ultrasound Needle has great potential in providing a new minimally invasive strategy for rapid intracranial hematoma evacuation.
Do Carrots Work Better than Sticks? Results from the National Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration
Authors: Cancian Maria , Meyer Daniel R. , Wood Robert G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMost children in the United States will spend at least part of their childhood living apart from one of their parents; the child support system is designed to ensure that they nonetheless receive financial support. While the system is largely effective when noncustodial parents have substantial regular earnings, many noncustodial parents, including a disproportionate share of those whose children live in poverty, have limited earnings and ability to pay child support. The system's response to nonpayment is primarily “sticks,” that is, threats and punishments. Nonexperimental evaluations of alternative approaches have shown promise. The National Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration (CSPED), a large‐scale random‐assignment evaluation enrolling more than 10,000 noncustodial parents across 18 locations in eight states, was designed to test the effectiveness of an alternative approach—adjusting child support orders, reducing punitive enforcement, and offering employment and parenting services. We find that CSPED, using carrots in place of sticks, substantially increased the satisfaction of noncustodial parents with child support services, lowered the amount of support owed, and increased noncustodial parents’ sense of responsibility for their children. However, CSPED had limited to no effects on child support compliance, child support payments, or employment outcomes.
High accuracy precision microlens arrays
Authors: Jain Chhavi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe demand for micro‐optics with highest form accuracy and minimal design errors has shot up with rampant miniaturization of commercial optical systems. Strict design tolerances are further fueled by precision alignment procedures adopted in systems with limited space and short optical path lengths. When it comes to high optical and mechanical design accuracy and superior performance, precision glass molding offers one of the best solutions for the commercial production of micro‐optical lenses and lens arrays. The high part‐to‐part manufacturing reproducibility and advanced in‐house metrology solutions make sure that customer design requirements are met throughout the product lifetime.
Augmented / virtual / mixed reality systems optical terminology
Authors: Resnik Olga , Arazi Yosi , Kaganovitz Yoni , Levy‐Beeri Assaf 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe AR / VR / MR systems field has recently expanded to many different applications and markets, and created a need for a common language to clear the misunderstanding and misinterpretation of terminology and to ensure efficient communication. We want to share our experience of more than two decades with the professional community and create a standard for everyone, starting from entrepreneurs with use case and application ideas, system engineers that define the system architecture and requirements, optical designers and engineers that develop these systems, assembly and testing engineers, and technicians.
Thermal stability and non‐isothermal kinetics of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanofibers
Authors: Georgieva Velyana G , Simeonova Margarita Y , Turmanova Sevdalina Chr , Marinov Nikolay M 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA thermogravimetric study of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanofibers was carried out at five heating rates with a linear increase in the temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere. The data provided by the thermogravimetric study were used to evaluate the kinetics of the degradation process using three isoconversional methods. Considering that the kinetic parameters of the process depend on the reaction mechanism, various approaches were applied in order to determine the most probable mechanism function. In this respect, the mechanism of thermal degradation of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) is a phase boundary reaction with cylindrical symmetry (F0.5 function) as demonstrated by the z(α) master plots method, iso‐temperature method and isoconversional method. On their basis, the values of the kinetic triplet (Ea, A and the shape of the most appropriate f(α) function) of the process were obtained, and subsequently the thermodynamic functions of the activated complex formation were calculated. The thermal stability of the polymer was predicted according to the integral procedure decomposition temperature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.