bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Control of Fruit Ripening
Authors: Dilley David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ripening is the process by which physiologically mature fruits are transformed from a relatively unfavorable to a favorable condition with respect to texture, color, flavor, and aroma. In many fruits ripening occurs while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant, while in others such as the avocado, ripening takes place only following harvest. The complex physical and chemical changes of ripening have been studied extensively and techniques of handling and storage have evolved which can be satisfactorily applied to control the rate of ripening in the post-harvest period. While ripening normally occurs in fruit after growth ceases, it is a natural consequence of developmental changes during growth. This is evident from the fact that the time period from bloom to physiological maturity can be manipulated. A fruit is physiologically mature when the stage is set for ripening to ensue. The stage is set by the genetic makeup of the cultivar and the actors are the environmental conditions and chemical stimuli interacting during growth and development. Naturally occurring plant growth substances, their chemical analogs and antidotes, most certainly play a role in growth and development, and therefore must in some way influence the development of ripening capacity. However, the mechanism of their action has not been resolved, but this does not curtail speculation based on numerous observations which have been made. My purpose will be to briefly review the effects of certain plant growth substances on fruit ripening and suggest a possible role they may play in the process.
Determination of Alcohol in Citrus Juice by Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Headspace1
Authors: Davis Paul L. , Chace William G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A gas chromatographic method for the determination of alcohol in citrus juice by analysis of headspace is described. The volume of juice is not critical, but the bath temperature for samples must be constant. Juice samples should be analyzed as soon as possible, or kept refrigerated to avoid alcohol production by contaminating organisms.
Effect of Fungicides on Nutlet Set of Pecans1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fungicidal applications in 1966 exerted a profound influence on the number of nutlets set in 1967. Nutlet set ranged from practically none without fungicide sprays to 1.34 per terminal where 5 applications of Du-Ter were made at the rate of 0.12 lb per tree. Du-Ter was the most effective fungicide and dodine was next best in their enhancement of nutlet production. Dodine and Du-Ter were also most effective in controlling scab.
Approved Common Names for Pesticides1
Authors: Danielson Loran L. , Dallyn Stewart L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recognizing the need for coined common names for complex organic pesticide chemicals, the Federal Government in 1947 gave the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control the responsibility for establishing appropriate names. By 1953 the committee had established common names for 24 pesticides. Beginning in 1954 the American Standards Association (predecessor to the USA Standards Institute), Sectional Committee K62, Common Names for Pest Control Chemicals, was given the responsibility for establishment of common names under the administrative sponsorship of the United States Department of Agriculture. A total of 91 common names was established by these two committees as of May 1, 1968.
Effect of Lime-Sulfur-Oil Sprays on D'Anjou Pear1
Authors: Coyier Duane L. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lime-sulfur plus oil, for many years used as a tree fruit fungicide, was first introduced in New York state in 1905 for apple scab control (4). Cordley promoted its use for apple scab control in Oregon (1). It was later adopted as a means of combating pear scab, after Kienholz and Childs (2) demonstrated that overwintering twig lesions of Venturia pyrina Aderh. could be “burned out” by applying lime-sulfur during the delayed dormant state of bud development. They indicated that “lime-sulfur sprays could not be used with safety on Anjou pears in this locality after the bud scales had dropped.” However, they did not indicate the exact nature of the problem with lime-sulfur on this variety. Later they stated “previous evidence had indicated that delayed dormant sprays had no adverse effect upon fruit set” (3). They also showed that wettable sulfur adversely affected fruit production when applied during the growing season. The present study was designed to determine whether or not lime-sulfur plus oil had an effect on fruit set when applied as a spray during the early stages of bud development in D’Anjou pear.
Evidence of Increased Fruit Set in Lowbush Blueberry by Using Honeybees
Authors: Wood G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field trials carried out with honeybees as pollinators of lowbush blueberry in 1968 showed significant increases in per cent fruit set over that obtained by native bees alone. Previous studies with honeybees have given inconsistent results. The high sets obtained in 1968 were attributed to a greater concentration of bees working on blueberry because of a scarcity of floral competition.
Effect of Gibberellins and Cytokinins on Development of Parthenocarpic Apples
Authors: Williams Max W. , Letham D. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gibberellins (GA) will stimulate parthenocarpic fruit development in apples (1, 4, 5, 9). Davison (4) found GA3 to increase fruit set in the Red Jersey variety to a greater extent than in Sturmer. Bukovac (1) observed that GA4 was more effective than GA3 in promoting fruit set in the Sops-of-Wine variety. Varga (9) reported that GA1, GA2, GA4, and GA7 promoted parthenocarpic fruit set in the Lombartscal-ville variety but not in the Winston or Golden Delicious varieties.
Polyploid Mutants in Grapes
Authors: Saurer W. , Antcliff A. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The value of tetraploid plants of Vitis for breeding has been pointed out on a number of occasions (9, 2, 13). Such mutants occur spontaneously in vineyards and are noticeable mainly by enlarged berries, thicker bunch stems, and darker green leaves. Collections have been accumulated either from vines or parts of vines found in the field (10) or from colchicine-induced mutants (2). Such plants are often cytochimaeras (4, 12) and a 2-4 constitution has been most frequently reported. If the inner layer determines behavior in breeding (3) either 2-4 or 4—4 plants could be used for this purpose.
Mushroom Crops from Beds Cased 7 to 42 Days After Spawning
Authors: San Antonio James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Compost spawned with the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. ‘White’, was cased 7-42 days after spawning. Uncased spawned compost was stored by covering it with polyethylene plastic film. Results indicated that the earlier the beds were cased, the earlier the fruit appeared. The earliest crops tended to yield less than later crops. A 10 to 14-day spawn growth period before casing was optimum. A potential use of plastic film to regulate crop production is discussed.
The Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the West
Authors: Lorenz Oscar A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
I welcome this opportunity to discuss this topic but would preface the discussion by giving some information as to how far along we are in vegetable mechanization. We shall be talking primarily about mechanization at harvest because with all vegetables there is mechanized planting and subsequent culture, but with various degrees of precision, depending upon the crop and its environment
Reaction of Tomato Breeding Lines to Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Mason H. C. , Webb R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mason, Henneberry, and Lehr (1) and Stoner and Mason (2, 3) reported differences in the resistance of tomato varieties to Drosophila melanogaster. They compared varieties representing a wide sample of those developed and grown commercially in the United States in recent years. Their tests included varieties with large and small fruits, round and paste types, those adapted for hand and machine-harvesting, and those used for processing and fresh market.
Yield Response of Peas to Foliar Application of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Cycocel1
Authors: Maurer A. R. , Ormrod D. P. , Adedipe N. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In field trials at two locations in British Columbia, dimethyl sulfoxide applied as a 5% foliar spray, increased the yield of ‘Dark Skin’ Perfection’ peas by 11.5 and 25.3%. The foliar application of Cycocel at 50 ppm increased yield by 14.6 and 17.4%. The effects of DMSO and Cycocel were additive, there being no interaction.
Reciprocal Grafting of Normal and Dwarf Solo Papaya on Growth and Yield1
Authors: Lange A. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Scions from ‘Solo’ papaya trees of normal size grafted on dwarf ‘Solo’ stocks resulted in trees with less vigor. Flowering and fruit production occured lower on the stem. The total quantity of fruit was smaller than on normal ‘Solo’ trees.
Dwarf ‘Solo’ scions grafted on normal ‘Solo’ stocks resulted in vigorous trees flowering and producing fruit higher on the stem; there was also more fruit, with less crowding, than on dwarf ‘Solo’.
Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants1
Authors: Hageman R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus is ubiquitous and multi-functional in plant metabolism and possesses chemical and physical properties that facilitate experimentation. Consequently, it has been extensively studied and the accumulated literature almost defies condensation. A major goal of this presentation is to be provocative with the hope that valid questions will be raised that could lead to productive research.
Mechanical Pollination of Two Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Vaccinium corymbosum1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C. , Nelson J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mechanical pollination trials using air blasts and vibration to distribute pollen were conducted on the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum cvs. ‘Jersey’ and ‘Rubel’. Neither treatment nor a simultaneous combination of the two gave commercial fruit set for either cultivar. Mechanical trials on the ‘Rubel’ cultivar indicated almost total failure to effect pollination. Production from ‘Jersey’ cultivar mechanical pollination trials was more promising. However, low seed numbers indicated that the increased production of this cultivar might be due to its tendency to set fruit parthenocarpically.
Pre-harvest Defoliation of Apple Nursery Stock using Ethrel1,2
Authors: Cummins J. N. , Fiorino P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old apple trees growing in the nursery row were effectively defoliated by sprays of Ethrel at concentrations of 2000, 3750, and 5000 ppm. Retarded shoot growth and polarity reversal indicated that a 5000 ppm concentration was supraoptimal.
The 2000 ppm concentration somewhat delayed early spring growth, but not unacceptably so. Using this or a slightly lower level appears quite promising as a commercial practice. Development of visible root germs was greater on Ethrel treated plants.
Effects of Five Herbicides on Young Apple and Peach Trees1
Authors: Skroch Walter A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of five herbicides, simazine, terbacil, DP 733, trifluralin and dichlobenil were studied at two or three rates and three methods of placement around young apple and peach trees. Golden Delicious apple seedlings exhibited a greater inherent tolerance to the herbicides than June budded Candor peaches. Simazine, terbacil, and DP 733 significantly reduced the growth of both apples and peaches at all levels. Trifluralin and dichlobenil were toxic only when high rates were mixed in the soil around the tree root systems.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide (Alar) on Bloom Delay and Fruit Development of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Sullivan D. T. , Widmoyer F. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Alar applied at the rate of 4000 ppm to ‘Delicious’ apple trees in the fall delayed bloom the following spring four to five days and increased fruit set. At harvest, the fruits were smaller, less elongated, had more advanced ground color and expressible juice. Fruit diameter, over color, flesh color, soluble solids, and respiration rate were not affected.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Carotene Development in ‘Alphonso’ Mango1
Authors: Subramanyam H. , Sebastian K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Five minute dips in aqueous solutions of 2,500 ppm Alar at 25C had no consistent effect on carotene content of the flesh of ‘Alphonso’ mangoes. A similar dip at 53C caused an increase in both total carotenoids and in β-carotene. This was associated with increased respiratory rate and advance of the respiratory climacteric.
Ethylene Levels in Tomato Fruits Following Treatment with Ethrel1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Wilczynski H. , de la Guardia M. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Internal ethylene concentrations in green tomato fruits rose to a maximum of 30 to 70 ppm within 2 to 5 hours of dipping in a 10,000 ppm solution of Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), then fell to approximately 5 ppm after 24 hours. A second rise in ethylene concentration was associated with fruit ripening, and was observed both in treated fruits and in untreated fruits which ripened as a result of removal from the plant. Incubation of Ethrel with homogenates of green tomato fruits likewise resulted in evolution of ethylene. Autoclaving or boiling the homogenates did not affect activity, indicating that release of ethylene from the chemical was non-enzymatic.
Inheritance of Purple Petiole in Carrot, Daucus carota var. sativa1
Authors: Angell F. F. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dominant monogenic control of purple petiole (G) over green (g) was found in the carrot. Variations observed in intensity of purple suggested presence of modifier genes. Plants having purple petioles were easily identified at all stages of growth following true-leaf formation.
Tomato Protection from Atrazine Residue by Activated Carbon Root Dips1
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Warren G. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root dips of tomato transplants in slurries of activated carbon provided significant but not total protection from a 1 lb./A simulated residue of atrazine in the soil. Although activated carbon slurries did not damage roots, direct contact with the foliage caused severe injury.
Environmental Pollution: A Dual Problem for Horticulture
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is said that environmental pollution is a cause that everybody can identify with, perhaps because it is so easy to blame others for it. Yet a little closer inquiry will show that nearly all of us contribute to pollution. The automobile emits polluting substances, but only when we drive it. High phosphate detergents cause eutrophication in our fresh waters, but only because we wash with them. We buy the products of the steel industry, and we use the electricity provided by the power companies.
Alleviating the Effects of Pollution by Modifying the Plant
Authors: Gabelman W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
From the earlier papers in this symposium it should be apparent that horticulturists have 2 basic concerns with pollution; namely, how do pollutants effect the growth of the plant and how do pollutants effect the animals that utilize the plant. We are interested in exclusion of the pollutant from the metabolic areas of the plant and tolerance to the pollutants when in the metabolic areas or both. The response of plants may be lethal, sublethal, or without any apparant change. But if the effect is not lethal, the plant has built-in adaptive systems to enhance its probability for adaptation and survival. This knowledge gives mankind a tool for survival also.
Ethylene: Involvement in Shuck Dehiscence in Pecan Fruits [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch1]
Authors: Lipe John A. , Morgan Page W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene evolution by detached pecan fruits was measured periodically from mid-season until the completion of shuck dehiscence. Less than 1 µ1 ethylene per kg fresh wt/hr was produced until approximately 1 wk before the initiation of shuck dehiscence, when a maximum rate of almost 20 µ1. per kg/hr was attained. The timing and magnitude of the ethylene peak suggests that ethylene may be a hormonal regulator of dehiscence.
Determination of the Time of Onset of Rest in Spur and Shoot Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C. , Brown Dillon S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apricot shoots were defoliated and spurs were decapitated and defoliated on successive dates to determine the onset of rest in specific axillary buds. While the spurs were still growing and the leaves expanding decapitation alone would induce axillary bud growth. Later, when the spurs and leaves stopped growing both decapitation and defoliation were necessary to induce axillary bud growth. Eventually when the onset of rest occurred both decapitation and defoliation would not induce bud growth. Decapitation alone was enough to induce bud growth of terminal shoots. After the onset of rest decapitation and defoliation would not induce bud growth in the terminal shoot buds.
Fruit Development in Short and Long Cycle Blueberries1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth cycle studies of blueberry fruit were investigated for 3 Florida selections ‘4-15’, ‘4-71’ and ‘Bluegem’ (‘6-164’) which differed in the length of time from an thesis to maturity. The 3 stages of fruit development were exemplified by a double-sigmoid curve. Fruit size increase in stage I was due primarily to cell division and in stage III to cell enlargement. Delayed growth rate in stage II was accompanied by rapid development of the embryo and endosperm. Duration of individual stages varied with the clone and temperature and the length of each growth stage was important in determining the time required from anthesis to fruit maturity.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 25
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Carma.Orig. in Carlos, Alberta, Canada, by Robert Erskine. Introd. in 1963. Parentage unknown. Fruit: crab; to 1 3/4 inch diam; globular; flesh juicy, spicy, core small. Tree: very hardy.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhyrazide on the Growth of Marigold in Long and Short Photoperiods1
Authors: McConnell Dennis B. , Esther Struckmeyer B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) was applied as a foliar spray to ‘Sovereign’, an F1 cultivar of Tagetes erecta L., grown in a complete nutrient solution. Alar was applied weekly as a foliar spray at concn of 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm to plants grown under both short and long days. Short day control plants were shorter, flowered earlier, and had shorter leaves than the long day control plants. In each photoperiod, all plants treated with Alar were significantly shorter than the controls because of shorter in tern odes. Dry wt of the tops of treated plants were significantly less than the controls, but the dry wt of the roots were not significantly different. Leaf length and no. of nodes were not affected by the different concn. In short days, Alar delayed flowering up to 8 days, but did not affect the size of the terminal flower.
Cold Resistance and Acclimation in Woody Plants12
Authors: Weiser C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low temperature is acknowledged to be the single most important factor limiting the distribution of plants (70). Freezing damage to horticultural crops is a ubiquitous problem of major economic significance even in sub-tropical regions. Among the more commonly recognized types of freezing injury are sunscald and frost splitting of tree trunks, winter burn on conifer foliage, blackheart in stems of trees and shrubs, soil heaving damage and crown kill of herbaceous perennials, die-back in citrus, mid-winter kill of dormant flower buds, and spring and autumn frost damage of tender annuals, flowers and fruits.
Growth Substances in Dormant Fruit Buds and Seeds
Authors: Walker David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A number of chemical studies have attempted to define the triggering mechanism that causes a plant to enter or leave rest and initiate growth in the Spring. As techniques have improved, emphasis has shifted from minerals, carbohydrates, and proteins, to growth substances within the plant. Previous reviews of the dormancy literature (41, 55, 59, 84) have included a number of references pertaining to dormancy. For the purpose of this review, growth substances are considered as being produced within the plant, physiologically active in minute quantities, and translocated from site of production to site of activity. Four groups of chemicals satisfy these criteria: auxins, gibberellins (GA), cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA) (2,45, 80).
Lowbush Blueberry Growth as Influenced by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Valenzuela J. B. , Kender W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aerial shoot growth and rhizome production of greenhouse grown lowbush blueberry plants were stimulated by foliar applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 50 and 100 ppm. Increasing concentrations of 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm resulted in a correspondingly greater growth inhibition. At 100 ppm, Ethrel solutions without a surfactant caused growth promotion when compared to plants treated with Ethrel with a surfactant.
The Effect of Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Rooting and Survival of Air-Layered Branches of the Pecan, Carya illinoensis Koch, cv. ‘Stuart’1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Chapman J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The percentage of rooting and survival of 1-year old non-juvenile pecan branches air-layered 50 days after bud break and left on the tree for about 5 1/2 months increased as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was increased from 0 to 3%. After 1 season’s growth, maximum survival occurred with air-layers that had been treated with 3% IBA. Shoot growth of the air-layers was relatively short.
Orange Peel Topography as Affected by a Preharvest Plastic Spray1
Authors: Gene Albrigo L. , Eldon Brown G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Valencia’ oranges when sprayed 2 months prior to harvest in the spring of 1969 with a 1 or 3% solution of Pinolene, a liquid polyterpene plastic film former, were greener at harvest, lost less wt, and had better appearance than control fruit after 9 weeks of storage. Fresh and fixed sections of peel from control and plastic-treated ‘Hamlin’ orange fruit from trees sprayed 2 months before harvest with a 1% solution of Pinolene were observed with a scanning-electron microscope after harvest. The surfaces of control fruit showed considerable variation with some areas having essentially no epicuticular wax platelets while other areas were completely covered. On sprayed fruit, plastic often partially masked the wax platelet edges. On control fruit, the openings to the outer stomatal chambers were usually unobstructed although the stomatal pores between the guard cells were often plugged. In most cases, the openings to the outer stomatal chambers of sprayed fruit were partially or completely obstructed with plastic.
Rating of Pear Cultivars for Resistance to Fire Blight1
Authors: Oitto W. A. , van der Zwet T. , Brooks H. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Natural infections of fire blight following 2 years of epiphytotic conditions caused severe blight damage in the pear cultivar collection at Beltsville, Maryland. Of 522 cultivars rated with the USDA fire blight scoring system, 88% were highly susceptible, 2% were moderately susceptible, 4% were moderately resistant, 5% were highly resistant, and 2% had no blight symptoms. Names of pear cultivars in each resistance class are listed.