bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic modulation recognition via aligned signals and key features
Authors: Liu Fugang , Pan Jingyi , Zhou Ruolin , Jiang Xiaolin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDeep learning‐based classification algorithms have been used for automatic modulation recognition (AMR). However, most methods only focus on end‐to‐end mapping and neglect the classic key features. In this paper, signals are enforced with key classification features to propose a novel deep learning AMR model by learning the shared latent space of the aligned signals and key features (LLAF); this increases the generalizability of the model and ensures the physical plausibility of the results. To obtain adequate signal representations, an encoder–decoder architecture is proposed to learn the shared latent space, and the architecture is trained to approximate prior label distributions for precise signal classification. Simulation results verify the high recognition accuracy of the proposed LLAF model under different signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs).
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonyl-Retention Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling between N-Hydroxybenzotriazole Esters and Boronic Acids
Authors: Li Wanfang , Li Shangzhang , Bai Jin , Zhu Riqian 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe have developed a palladium-catalyzed C–O bond activation of N-hydroxybenzotriazole esters, which represent a new type of electrophilic partner for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions to make various ketones. This reaction employed the cheap and commercially available PdCl2(MeCN)2/PCy3 as the catalyst and proceeded at 80 °C.
A Decade of Advances of CS2/Amines in Three-Component Reactions
Authors: Wang Zhan-Yong , Wang Kai-Kai , Li Jiarong , Wang Nan , Liu Hong , Ding Wanli 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCarbon disulfide (CS2) and amines are widely used in three-component reactions; commonly, dithiocarbamic acids are generated. As intermediates, dithiocarbamic acids are able to react with electrophiles, or nucleophiles. The goal of this review is to present an overview of CS2/amines in organic synthesis in the period 2011–2022. It focuses on reactions with alkenes, alkynes, I2, arynes, allenes, quinones, vinyl chlorides, aryl halides, arylboronic acids, 2-iodoanilines, 2-aminophenols, hypervalent iodine reagents, epoxide, or maleic anhydride.1	Introduction2	Reactions with Electrophiles3	As Radical Precursor4	Reactions with Nucleophiles5	Conclusions
Intraoperative Ergonomic Assessment of Exoscopes versus Conventional DIEP Flap
Authors: Wang Tianke , Norasi Hamid , Nguyen Minh-Doan , Harless Christin , Law Katherine E. , Smith Tianqi G. , Tetteh Emmanuel , Hallbeck Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background This study compared the ergonomics of surgeons during deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap surgery using either baseline equipment (loupes, headlights, and an operating microscope) or an exoscope. Plastic surgeons may be at high risk of musculoskeletal problems. Recent studies indicate that adopting an exoscope may significantly improve surgeon postures and ergonomics.
Methods Postural exposures, using inertial measurement units at the neck, torso, and shoulders, were calculated in addition to the surgeons' subjective physical and cognitive workload. An ergonomic risk score on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest) was calculated for each of the postures observed. Data from 23 bilateral DIEP flap surgeries (10 baseline and 13 exoscope) were collected.
Results The neck and torso risk scores decreased significantly during abdominal flap harvest and chest dissection, while right shoulder risk scores increased during the abdominal flap harvest for exoscope DIEP flap procedures compared with. Exoscope anastomoses demonstrated higher neck, right shoulder, and left shoulder risk scores. The results from the survey for the “surgeon at abdomen” showed that the usage of exoscopes was associated with decreased performance and increased mental demand, temporal demand, and effort. However, the results from the “surgeon at chest” showed that the usage of exoscopes was associated with lower physical demand and fatigue, potentially due to differences in surgeon preference.
Conclusion Our study revealed some objective evidence for the ergonomic benefits of exoscope; however, this is dependent on the tasks the surgeon is performing. Additionally, personal preferences may be an important factor to be considered in the ergonomic evaluation of the exoscope.
Should gender be a determinant factor for granting crowdfunded microloans?
Authors: Cruz Rambaud Salvador , López Pascual Joaquín , Moro-Visconti Roberto , Santandreu Emilio M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCrowdfunded microloans are a suitable tool for financing basic economic activities in developing as well as developed countries, favouring female empowerment. Despite the loans being relatively small, the widespread use of this instrument merits analyzing the factors affecting the microloan. One of these factors is gender because microloans are an important tool to finance projects promoted by women in many developing countries where microfinance is widely diffused. This research aims to determine if the gender of crowdfunded micro-borrowers is related to the main features which define the conditions of a microloan: amount, term, number of lenders, length of time to contact with borrowers and repayment system. The methodology used is the multinomial logit regression. The sample used in this study has been obtained by applying sampling techniques to a extensive public database from Kiva. This provided information on microloans from 56 countries around the world. The results based on amount, term, repayment method and recruitment period indicate that women are the best borrowers. All these variables, except the term, are significant at a 5% level. These findings may be useful to improve financial inclusion and outreach, consistently with the Sustainable Development Goals. Future research is needed to assess how “green and pink” microfinance (with environmental strategies particularly favored by women) can attract more ESG-compliant crowdfunding resources.
A portable diagnostic system for the quantification of VUV fluxes emitted from low-temperature plasmas
Authors: Friedl R , Fröhler-Bachus C , Fantz U 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy is linked to a huge effort, in particular if absolute numbers are required. To overcome this, a flexible device is developed based on a photodiode and optical filters for wavelength selection. Characterization of the diagnostic is performed against a VUV spectrometer that is radiometrically calibrated down to 46 nm. In the first instance, the latter is used for an analysis of VUV spectra of inductively coupled low-temperature plasmas for a variety of discharge gases and mixtures. The measured photon fluxes can easily have comparable magnitude as the occurring ion flux, and it is demonstrated that the photonic energy distribution can change drastically with varying external parameters (pressure, RF power). This highlights the need for energy resolution for VUV flux detection and a set of ten optical filters was selected for the VUV diode system according to the respective prominent emission ranges of typical discharge gases for plasma processing. Recommended filter combinations for each of the discharge gases and mixtures are given. The developed diagnostic is calibrated in-house against the VUV spectrometer, which makes energy-resolved absolute VUV flux measurements up to photon energies of 27 eV possible. The calibration is performed individually for all the investigated discharge gases and the corresponding filter combinations, and an accuracy of better than 25% compared to the VUV spectrometer is attested for the investigated parameter space (0.3–10 Pa, 200–1100 W RF power). Its applicability is demonstrated by measuring VUV fluxes at two further low-temperature plasma setups.
Reducing the qualification time of low energy phosphorus ion implantation process using spectroscopic ellipsometry for dynamic random access memory production line
Authors: Yang Gui-Fu , Kim Jun-Soo , Jung Jung-Hak , Park Sung-Chul , Jung Y , Bong S , Son H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this study, a new method has been applied to monitor the low energy phosphorus ion implantation process in dynamic random access memory production line using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The dose sensing ability of SE is similar level to that of wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the energy sensing ability is almost twice stronger than that of XRF. The coefficients of determination of SE have been confirmed that they are higher than 95% both for the implantation dose and implantation energy as variables. In the case of XRF measurement, the photoresist (PR) should be removed by ashing and strip processes before measuring the phosphorus concentration to avoid chamber contamination in high vacuum. However, there is free of contamination issue for SE in the presence of PR, so the phosphorus concentration can be monitored by SE immediately after the ion implantation. Consequently, the qualification time can be reduced at least as much as waiting and running time of the ashing and the strip processes. It is worth to note that the measuring speed of SE is 33 times faster than that of XRF. Considering the advantage of fast SE measurement speed, the number of measurement points was increased from 5 to 21 including 8 points of wafer edge to enhance monitoring of product quality. In this work, the qualification time has been reduced effectively by 39.2% in average in production lines by using SE technology.
Exact time-dependent solution of the Schrödinger equation, its generalization to the phase space and relation to the Gibbs distribution
Authors: Perepelkin E E , Sadovnikov B I , Inozemtseva N G , Aleksandrov I I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using the simplest but fundamental example, the problem of the infinite potential well, this paper makes an ideological attempt (supported by rigorous mathematical proofs) to approach the issue of ≪understanding≫ the mechanism of quantum mechanics processes, despite the well-known examples of the EPR paradox type. The new exact solution of the Schrödinger equation is analyzed from the perspective of quantum mechanics in the phase space. It is the phase space, which has been extensively used recently in quantum computing, quantum informatics and communications, that is the bridge towards classical physics, where understanding of physical reality is still possible. In this paper, an interpretation of time-dependent processes of energy redistribution in a quantum system, probability waves, the temperature and entropy of a quantum system, and the transition to a time-independent ≪frozen state≫ is obtained, which is understandable from the point of view of classical physics. The material of the paper clearly illustrates the solution of the problem from the standpoint of continuum mechanics, statistical physics and, of course, quantum mechanics in the phase space.
Antisymmetric localization of terahertz defect modes in a planar waveguide with undulated walls
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Huan , Zhang Shi-Yang , He Hai-Ling , Zou Wen-Li , Fan Ya-Xian , Tao Zhi-Yong 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although various terahertz (THz) functional devices based on artificial materials have been widely proposed, their performance is still unsatisfactory due to the limitation of the involved guided wave modes. The introduction of defects can result in a strong localization effect, which has been found in applications of improving device performance. Due to Bragg resonances, the localization is usually symmetrical about the center of defects. Here, based on multiple mode resonances, we demonstrate an antisymmetric localization of THz waves in a periodic parallel plate waveguide with non-Bragg nature resonances. Unexpectedly, such resonances can produce two extremely narrow transmissions with a transmittance close to 1, and the narrowest linewidth can reach 2 MHz and the Q-factor is close to 7.44 × 105, which would be good candidates for THz filtering and sensing. Referring to the field distributions, we employ the mathematical operation symbols of the equal sign ‘=’ and the multiplication sign ‘×’ to intuitively mark these two antisymmetric localizations with different characteristics. The dispersion curves and mode analysis reveal that the observed antisymmetric localizations caused by non-Bragg resonances are induced by the first- and second-order transverse modes. Furthermore, the frequency of antisymmetric localizations can be manipulated by changing the geometry of defects. Our findings on extremely narrow transmission peaks and antisymmetric localizations pave a way for creating high performance THz functional devices, such as switches, filters, and sensors.
Geometry of nonrelativistic string
Authors: Moinuddin Sk , Mukherjee Pradip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nonrelativistic bosonic string theory in a curved manifold is formulated here using gauging of symmetry approach (Galilean Gauge theory). The corresponding model in flat space has some global symmetries. By localizing these symmetries as per Galilean Gauge theory, the action for the nonrelativistic string interacting with gravity is obtained. A canonical analysis of the model has been performed which demonstrate that the transformations of the basic field variables under gauge transformations in phase space are equivalent to the diffeomorphism parameters by an exact mapping. Thus complete consistency of our results from both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian procedures are established.
Optical fiber polarization-entangled photon pair source using intermodal spontaneous four-wave mixing in the visible spectral band
Authors: Lee K , Jung J , Lee J H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The theoretical and experimental investigation results of the generation of the polarization-entangled photon pairs operating at visible wavelengths are reported. The generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs was based on intermodal spontaneous four-wave mixing (IM-SFWM) using standard step-index few-mode fiber. It was shown theoretically that several combinations of IM-SFWM processes could occur depending on spatial modes of a pump beam. A polarization-entangled photon pair source based on Sagnac loop incorporating a segment of few-mode fiber were then experimentally created. A two-photon interference fringe visibility of our implemented photon pair source were 91.7% and 88.8% in H/V bases and D/A bases, respectively. A quantum state tomography was also conducted to reconstruct the density matrix of the generated state with a fidelity to a maximum entangled state of 93.1%.
Possible Origin of a Newly Discovered GeV Gamma-Ray Source Fermi J1242.5+3236
Authors: Mo Xiu-Rong , Luo Ming-Hong , Tan Hong-Bin , Tang Qing-Wen , Liu Ruo-Yu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Based on the first 13.4 yr of Fermi science data in the energy range from 300 MeV to 500 GeV, we discovered a bright GeV gamma-ray source with a ∼5.64σ detection, named Fermi J1242.5+3236, which has an offset of about 0.°0996 from a nearby star-forming galaxy NGC 4631. When using the 12 yr’ data, the detection significance of Fermi J1242.5+3236 is about 4.72σ. Fermi J1242.5+3236 is a steady point source without significant temporal variability and has a hard gamma-ray photon index of about −1.60 ± 0.24. The spatial offset and the hard gamma-ray spectrum disfavor this source as the diffuse gamma-ray emission from this galaxy. This new source might have a possible origin of an unidentified background blazar, which is more likely a high-synchrotron-peaked blazar for its hard gamma-ray photon index. A follow-up optical observation would help distinguish origin of Fermi J1242.5+3236.
Responses of model cortical neurons to temporal interference stimulation and related transcranial alternating current stimulation modalities
Authors: Wang Boshuo , Aberra Aman S , Grill Warren M , Peterchev Angel V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective. Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) was proposed as a non-invasive, focal, and steerable deep brain stimulation method. However, the mechanisms underlying experimentally-observed suprathreshold TIS effects are unknown, and prior simulation studies had limitations in the representations of the TIS electric field (E-field) and cerebral neurons. We examined the E-field and neural response characteristics for TIS and related transcranial alternating current stimulation modalities. Approach. Using the uniform-field approximation, we simulated a range of stimulation parameters in biophysically realistic model cortical neurons, including different orientations, frequencies, amplitude ratios, amplitude modulation, and phase difference of the E-fields, and obtained thresholds for both activation and conduction block. Main results. For two E-fields with similar amplitudes (representative of E-field distributions at the target region), TIS generated an amplitude-modulated (AM) total E-field. Due to the phase difference of the individual E-fields, the total TIS E-field vector also exhibited rotation where the orientations of the two E-fields were not aligned (generally also at the target region). TIS activation thresholds (75–230 V m−1) were similar to those of high-frequency stimulation with or without modulation and/or rotation. For E-field dominated by the high-frequency carrier and with minimal amplitude modulation and/or rotation (typically outside the target region), TIS was less effective at activation and more effective at block. Unlike AM high-frequency stimulation, TIS generated conduction block with some orientations and amplitude ratios of individual E-fields at very high amplitudes of the total E-field (>1700 V m−1). Significance. The complex 3D properties of the TIS E-fields should be accounted for in computational and experimental studies. The mechanisms of suprathreshold cortical TIS appear to involve neural activity block and periodic activation or onset response, consistent with computational studies of peripheral axons. These phenomena occur at E-field strengths too high to be delivered tolerably through scalp electrodes and may inhibit endogenous activity in off-target regions, suggesting limited significance of suprathreshold TIS.
Multi-tasking deep network for tinnitus classification and severity prediction from multimodal structural MR images
Authors: Lin Chieh-Te , Ghosh Sanjay , Hinkley Leighton B , Dale Corby L , Souza Ana C S , Sabes Jennifer H , Hess Christopher P , Adams Meredith E , Cheung Steven W , Nagarajan Srikantan S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective: Subjective tinnitus is an auditory phantom perceptual disorder without an objective biomarker. Fast and efficient diagnostic tools will advance clinical practice by detecting or confirming the condition, tracking change in severity, and monitoring treatment response. Motivated by evidence of subtle anatomical, morphological, or functional information in magnetic resonance images of the brain, we examine data-driven machine learning methods for joint tinnitus classification (tinnitus or no tinnitus) and tinnitus severity prediction. Approach: We propose a deep multi-task multimodal framework for tinnitus classification and severity prediction using structural MRI (sMRI) data. To leverage complementary information multimodal neuroimaging data, we integrate two modalities of three-dimensional sMRI—T1 weighted (T1w) and T2 weighted (T2w) images. To explore the key components in the MR images that drove task performance, we segment both T1w and T2w images into three different components—cerebrospinal fluid, grey matter and white matter, and evaluate performance of each segmented image. Main results: Results demonstrate that our multimodal framework capitalizes on the information across both modalities (T1w and T2w) for the joint task of tinnitus classification and severity prediction. Significance: Our model outperforms existing learning-based and conventional methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value.
Research on Wind Wave Simulation Technology based on Potential Flow Theory
Authors: Jiang Ting , Wang Fan , Li Xin-ying , Zheng Xiao-long 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The wave environment is the main service environment of surface aircraft in the process of surface duty. In order to comprehensively study the operating characteristics of aircraft under this condition, it is necessary to conduct research on wave parameter modeling methods and simulation technology based on different wave conditions. This paper adopts the three-dimensional potential theory and ball model to calculate the different wave cases. A high-precision numerical simulation method of complex sea conditions is formed by mastering the numerical wave-making technology of typical regular and irregular waves. The result shows that the regular simulation in this paper has a high precision that the wave height and period is in 1% error compared with theory. The calculation error of spectral peak and peak frequency of sea states at all levels are within ± 8%, and the simulation quality of irregular waves meets the calculation requirements.
Structural Dynamics and Vibration Analysis of the MDOF Systems
Authors: Wang Xiaohan , Ren Weihang , Liu Baocheng , Hu Dong 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because the vibration of buildings plays an important role in resisting an earthquake, we need some methods to analyze the vibration of the MDOF systems. This paper proposes a method to analyze the structural dynamics and vibration of the MDOF systems by using the “modal superposition method” and the “Duhamel integral”. We set the system consisting of mass, stiffness, and damping to correspond to actual situations. The results obtained in this research include the E.O.M: natural frequency and mode shape of the building model, which can show the resonance of the building. Based on our analysis, designers can make a more appropriate design of buildings that can reduce the mortality in the earthquake.
The Effect of Air on the Working Process of Hot Water Rocket Motor
Authors: Guo Zhongyuan , Sun Weiwei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rocket motor that uses hot water as a propellant can be named a hot water rocket motor. Compared with the rocket motors using pure water vapor as the propellant, the hot water rocket motors have the advantage of large thrust due to the high spray density. Besides, it has the advantages of environmental protection and low cost compared with the traditional chemical rocket motor. To better understand the operational performance of the hot water rocket motor, a numerical model of the hot water rocket motor is developed in this paper. Besides, the influence of air on the motor is investigated, and it was found that the thrust is larger when the gas effect is ignored, while the working time of the motor is longer.