bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of novel fiber‐metal laminates sandwich structures with cellulosic ramie woven core
Authors: Ng Lin Feng , Yahya Mohd Yazid , Mustafa Zaleha 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe ever‐growing use of eco‐friendly cellulosic fibers in composite materials has triggered the interest in adopting such fibers in fiber‐metal laminates. Ramie is one of the cellulosic fibers that show high mechanical strength and stiffness. This work aims to explore the feasibility of encapsulating woven ramie core in fiber‐metal laminates. The sandwich laminates and composites were fabricated using the hot molding compression method. Tensile, flexural, Charpy impact and quasi‐static indentation tests were carried out to identify the mechanical performance of fiber‐metal laminates based on woven ramie core. Meanwhile, the mechanical tests were also performed on the composite laminates and woven ramie fabrics for comparison purposes. Based on the findings obtained, ramie fiber‐reinforced metal laminates exhibited eminent absolute and specific mechanical properties compared to their associated ramie fabrics and ramie fiber‐based composites. The specific tensile strength of metal laminates is 3.80% and 50.56% higher than that of ramie fabrics and composite laminates. It was also found that the specific flexural and impact strengths of metal laminates are 70.02% and 89.12%, respectively, greater than those of composite laminates. In terms of quasi‐static indentation, metal laminates displayed specific energy absorption of 35.25 J/g/cm3, which is 388.23% greater than composite laminates. These findings corroborated the addition of aluminum skin layers provided the laminated structures with superior absolute and specific mechanical properties. Thus they could be an alternative material to be used in transportation sectors to improve energy efficiency and mechanical performance.
High performance optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide reinforced poly(diphenylamine) nanocomposites for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Furhan  , Ramesan Manammel Thankappan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites with good optical, crystalline, morphological, thermal, dielectric, and electrical properties were synthesized using poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The redshift in the UV absorption edges of composites indicates that ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully incorporated into the PDPA matrix. The lowest optical bandgap energy and maximum refractive indices were observed in 7 wt% loadings. The narrowing of the avearge chain spacing detected by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) proved that ZnO had an impact on the structure of PDPA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show homogeneous dispersion of spherically shaped ZnO nanoparticles at lower filler loadings. The glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites was greatly enhanced with the addition of nanoparticles analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The electrical and dielectric properties improved with temperature and nanoparticle loadings up to 7 wt%. The analysis of impedance spectra and the decreasing radius of semi‐circular arcs in the Nyquist plot manifests the existence of temperature‐dependent conductivity and relaxation phenomenon. The experimental values of DC conductivities were correlated with different theoretical conductivity models and the McCullough model was found to be the most promising one to explain the increased DC conductivity of the PDPA/ZnO nanocomposites.
Effects of molecular weight and annealing conditions on the essential work of fracture of polycarbonate
Authors: Nishitsuji Shotaro , Sato Toshiki , Ishikawa Masaru , Inoue Takashi , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe effects of annealing conditions and molecular weight on the energies required for cracking and plastic deformation were investigated by the essential work of fracture (EWF) method. We found that the energy required for plastic deformation, βwp, regardless of the molecular weight, decreased upon annealing, and the energy required for cracking, we, did not change. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that annealing affects βwp because the density fluctuation is amplified by annealing, and as a result, the strain in the plastic region is concentrated. Moreover, both βwp and we increased with the molecular weight because the increase of molecular weight increases the number of entanglements formed by a molecular chain. In addition, comparing the values of the J‐integral (Jc), we found that we obtained from the EWF and Jc was almost the same, indicating that we obtained from the EWF also involves the energy required for plastic deformation when the deformation around the notch changes from biaxial stretching to uniaxial stretching.
Commercialization of microcavity plasma devices and arrays: Systems for VUV photolithography and nanopatterning, disinfection of drinking water and air, and biofilm deactivation for medical therapeutics
Authors: Kim Jinhong , Mironov Andrey E. , Cho Jin H. , Sievers Dane S. , Herring Cyrus M. , Park Sehyun , Sun Peter P. , Liang Zhihu , Chen Wenyuan , Park Sung‐Jin , Eden J. Gary 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA little more than two decades after the introduction of the first microcavity plasma devices, a growing body of commercial products based on the remarkable properties of these low‐temperature, atmospheric plasmas is now available. Following a brief review of early microplasma lamp development, this article describes microplasma‐based devices and systems currently being manufactured for applications in photolithography, photopatterning, and other nanofabrication processes, such as atomic layer deposition, spectroscopic identification and analysis of materials (including wide bandgap crystals), the disinfection of drinking water in off‐grid communities, deactivating COVID‐19 and other pathogens in air and on surfaces in public spaces, and vacuum ultraviolet lamps for driving atomic clocks. The microplasma‐based treatment of otitis media in the human ear will also be discussed.
Development of in vivo HDX‐MS with applications to a TonB‐dependent transporter and other proteins
Authors: Lin Xiaoxuan , Zmyslowski Adam M. , Gagnon Isabelle A. , Nakamoto Robert K. , Sosnick Tobin R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHydrogen‐deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) is a powerful tool that monitors protein dynamics in solution. However, the reversible nature of HDX labels has largely limited the application to in vitro systems. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring HDX‐MS in living Escherichia coli cells applied to BtuB, a TonB‐dependent transporter found in outer membranes (OMs). BtuB is a convenient and biologically interesting system for testing in vivo HDX‐MS due to its controllable HDX behavior and large structural rearrangements that occur during the B12 transport cycle. Our previous HDX‐MS study in native OMs provided evidence for B12 binding and breaking of a salt bridge termed the Ionic Lock, an event that leads to the unfolding of the amino terminus. Although purified OMs provide a more native‐like environment than reconstituted systems, disruption of the cell envelope during lysis perturbs the linkage between BtuB and the TonB complex that drives B12 transport. The in vivo HDX response of BtuB's plug domain (BtuBp) to B12 binding corroborates our previous in vitro findings that B12 alone is sufficient to break the Ionic Lock. In addition, we still find no evidence of B12 binding‐induced unfolding in other regions of BtuBp that could enable B12 passage. Our protocol was successful in reporting on the HDX of several endogenous E. coli proteins measured in the same measurement. Our success in performing HDX in live cells opens the possibility for future HDX‐MS studies in a native cellular environment.IMPORTANCEWe present a protocol for performing in vivo HDX‐MS, focusing on BtuB, a protein whose native membrane environment is believed to be mechanistically important for B12 transport. The in vivo HDX‐MS data corroborate the conclusions from our previous in vitro HDX‐MS study of the allostery initiated by B12 binding. Our success with BtuB and other proteins opens the possibility for performing additional HDX‐MS studies in a native cellular environment.
Introducing a new model based on electronegativity equalization principle for the analysis of the natural bond orbital reactivity in the c‐DFT background
Authors: Sánchez‐Márquez Jesús , Zorrilla Cuenca David , Fernández Núñez Manuel , García Hernández Víctor Jesus 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPrevious studies presented two independent models based on the equalization of electronegativity and on an alternative operative formula for the Fukui function. The current paper presents modifications to these models to obtain a new model for calculating the local energy derivatives (electronic chemical potential, local electronic hardness and local hypersoftness) and density (Fukui and dual descriptor indices) in natural bond orbitals for the study of chemical reactivity from the perspective of these orbitals (local electrophilicity and local maximum charge variation have also been deduced). We have radically changed the way of partitioning the electron density because the atomic model cannot distinguish between bonding and non‐bonding electron pairs, or between electrons with different types of bonds, however, this is possible with the model based on bond orbitals. In this respect, this model is ideal for organic reactions because of their correspondence with Lewis structures, which are simple but very useful for representing reaction mechanisms.
Expanding the calibration range of compound‐specific chlorine isotope analysis by the preparation of a 37Cl‐enriched tetrachloroethylene
Authors: Buchner Daniel , Martin Philipp R. , Scheckenbach Johannes , Kümmel Steffen , Gelman Faina , Haderlein Stefan B. 
Published: August 2022

RationaleThe recent development of reliable GC/qMS methods for δ37Cl compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) paves the way for dual carbon–chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated ethenes and thus allows deeper insights into underlying transformation processes/mechanisms. A two‐point calibration is indispensable for the precise and correct conversion of raw data to the international δ37ClSMOC scale. The currently available calibration standards for tetrachloroethylene (PCE) span only a very narrow range from −2.52‰ (EIL2) to +0.29‰ (EIL1), which is considerably smaller than observed δ37Cl isotope enrichment in (bio‐)transformation studies (up to 12‰).MethodsWe describe the preparation and evaluation of a new 37Cl‐enriched PCE standard to avoid bias in δ37Cl CSIA arising from extrapolation beyond the calibration range. The preparation comprised: (i) partial PCE reduction by zero‐valent zinc in a system of PCE, ethanol (initial volume ratio 3/5) and trace amounts of water followed by (ii) liquid–liquid extraction and (iii) a subsequent fractional distillation to purify the 37Cl‐enriched PCE.ResultsThe obtained PCE (PCEenriched) showed a purity of 98.8% (mole fraction) and a δ37ClSMOC value of +10.8 ± 0.5‰. The evaluation of an experimental dataset with and without extrapolation showed no significant variation.ConclusionsThe new PCE standard (PCEenriched) expands the calibration range to 13.3‰ (previously 2.8‰) and thus prevents potential bias introduced by extrapolation beyond the calibration range.
Controllable States and Porosity of Cu‐Carbon for CO2 Electroreduction to Hydrocarbons
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Yangshen , Zhang Shishi , Yang Chao , Zhang Jun‐Ye , Su Yaqiong , Zheng Gengfeng , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) to value‐added chemical products is an effective strategy for both greenhouse effect mitigation and high‐density energy storage. However, controllable manipulation of the oxidation state and porous structure of Cu‐carbon based catalysts to achieve high selectivity and current density for a particular product remains very challenging. Herein, a strategy derived from Cu‐based metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) for the synthesis of controllable oxidation states and porous structure of Cu‐carbon (Cu‐pC, Cu2O‐pC, and Cu2O/Cu‐pC) is demonstrated. By regulating oxygen partial pressure during the annealing process, the valence state of the Cu and mesoporous structures of surrounding carbon are changed, leads to the different selectivity of products. Cu2O/CuO‐pC with the higher oxidation state exhibits FEC2H4 of 65.12% and a partial current density of −578 mA cm−2, while the Cu2O‐pC shows the FECH4 over 55% and a partial current density exceeding −438 mA cm−2. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that porous carbon‐coated Cu2O structures favor the CH4 pathway and inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction. This work provides an effective strategy for exploring the influence of the various valence states of Cu and mesoporous carbon structures on the selectivity of CH4 and C2H4 products in CO2RR.
Preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography: Isolation of natural chemical compounds for identification and characterization
Authors: Niculau Edenilson. S. , Oliveira Daniel. A. B. , Almeida Natália. F. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe identification and characterization of natural products generally require the isolation of pure compounds employing chromatographic techniques associated with extensive sample preparation. Preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography often allows the isolation of simple and complex natural compounds by using little sample preparation or from crude extracts. Thus, this article discusses the main fundamentals of this powerful technique, as well as discusses several applications that show the isolation of natural products from plants, bacteria, fungi, and marine organisms (algae, ascidian, bacteria, sponges, and fungi).
Safe passage of American Eels through a novel hydropower turbine
Authors: Watson Sterling , Schneider Abraham , Santen Leon , Deters Katherine A. , Mueller Robert , Pflugrath Brett , Stephenson John , Deng Z. Daniel 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveStudy the effects of downstream passage through a novel turbine designed for fish safety, the Restoration Hydro Turbine (RHT), on American Eels Anguilla rostrata in a recirculating turbine test facility.MethodsA 55‐cm‐diameter RHT was operated under 10 m of hydraulic head and 667 revolutions/min. In total, 131 eels were passed through the turbine and 43 eels were used as experimental controls (length = 33.9–65.5 cm). High‐speed video of passage through the runner region was captured for 89% of turbine‐passed eels, and injury and behavioral effects were recorded immediately before and after passage, as well as after a 48‐h holding period. A subset of 37 eels was additionally examined with X‐ray imaging for internal injuries.ResultThe 48‐h survival rate for both treatment and control groups was 100%, with no major internal or external injuries present after the holding period.ConclusionThis is a substantial improvement over eel survival rates through conventional Kaplan and Francis turbines, which may range from 40% to 95%, and suggests that hydropower turbines designed for safe downstream fish passage could be implemented without major impacts to eels.
“Step Outside”: A portrait of an exemplary rural K‐8 science educator
Authors: Hammack Rebekah , Stanton Christine Rogers , Boyle Judith 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study uses portraiture methodology to co‐construct and share the story of a nationally recognized rural K‐8 science teacher with more than 30 years of teaching experience. Our analysis and synthesis revealed one central theme “Step Outside” and three subthemes: (1) Step Outside of the rural classroom, (2) Step Outside of the K‐8 teacher's comfort zone, and (3) Step Outside of science silos, that have been central to the teacher's personal and professional journey. Examining the ways, these subthemes have intersected across the career of an exceptional rural teacher offers valuable insight to the development of teacher identity and how it shapes practice and research, especially within marginalized contexts such as K‐8 science education and rural settings.
A narrative review on the role of carbon nanoparticles in oncology
Authors: Watt Meghan M. , Moitra Parikshit , Sheffield Zach , Ostadhossein Fatemeh , Maxwell Elizabeth A. , Pan Dipanjan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe lymphatic system is the first site of metastasis for most tumors and is a common reason for the failure of cancer therapy. The lymphatic system's anatomical properties make it difficult to deliver chemotherapy agents at therapeutic concentrations while avoiding systemic toxicity. Carbon nanoparticles offer a promising alternative for identifying and transporting therapeutic molecules. The larger diameter of lymphatic vessels compared to the diameter of blood vessels, allows carbon nanoparticles to selectively enter the lymphatic system once administered subcutaneously. Carbon nanoparticles stain tumor‐draining lymph nodes black following intratumoral injection, making them useful in sentinel lymph node mapping. Drug‐loaded carbon nanoparticles allow higher concentrations of chemotherapeutics to accumulate in regional lymph nodes while decreasing plasma drug accumulation. The use of carbon nanoparticles for chemotherapy delivery has been associated with lower mortality, fewer histopathology changes in vital organs, and lower serum concentrations of hepatocellular enzymes. This review will focus on the ability of carbon nanoparticles to target the lymphatics as well as their current and potential applications in sentinel lymph node mapping and oncology treatment regimens.This article is categorized under:
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Forest Bioeconomy, Climate Change and Managing the Change
Authors: Hetemäki Lauri , Kangas Jyrki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn order to realise Agenda 2030, or the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Climate Agreement, the business-as-usual model––the policies, production and consumption habits we have been following thus far––will not work. Instead, it is necessary to change the existing economic model and how we advance societal well-being. Here, we argue that a forest-based bioeconomy will be a necessary, albeit insufficient, part of this transformation. The European forest-based sector has significant potential to help in mitigating climate change. However, there is no single way to do this. The means to accomplish this are diverse, and these measures also need to be tailored to regional settings. Moreover, the climate mitigation measures should be advanced in synergy with the other societal goals, such as economic and social sustainability. Climate mitigation in the forest- based sector requires a holistic perspective.
Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Finland
Authors: Peltola Heli , Heinonen Tero , Kangas Jyrki , Venäläinen Ari , Seppälä Jyri , Hetemäki Lauri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFinland is the most forested country in the EU – forests cover 74–86% of the land area, depending on the definition and source. Increasing carbon sequestration from the atmosphere, and by storing it in forests (trees and soil) will be one important part of the Finnish climate smart forestry strategy. However, just maximizing the carbon storage of forests may not be the best option in the long run, although it may provide the best climate-cooling benefits in the short term. This is because the increasing risks of large-scale natural disturbances may turn forests, at least partially, into carbon sources. The climate change adaptation and mitigation should therefore be considered simultaneously. Different adaptation and risk management actions will be needed in Finnish forests in the coming decades to increase forest resilience to multiple damage risks. This could be done, for example, by increasing the share of mixtures of conifers and broadleaves forests instead of monocultures. Yet, the CSF strategy should also include the production of wood-based products that act as long-term carbon storage and/or substitute for more GHG-emission-intensive materials and energy. Doing this in a way which also enhances biodiversity and sustainable provisioning of multiple ecosystem services, is a key. Moreover, increasing forest land – for example, by planting on abandoned or low-productivity agricultural land, especially on soils with a high peat content – would enhance climate change mitigation.
The Way Forward: Management and Policy Actions
Authors: Hetemäki Lauri , Kangas Jyrki , Asikainen Antti , Jänis Janne , Seppälä Jyri , Venäläinen Ari , Peltola Heli 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlong with the evidence and analyses expounded on in this book, this chapter provides conclusions and suggestions concerning policy implications. These are based on a perspective that calls attention to the need for a holistic approach to look at the nexus of forests, the bioeconomy and climate change. Moreover, it is emphasised that, given the different uses of forests and the scarcity of forest resources, it makes sense to try to find ways to maximise synergies and minimise trade-offs between the different usages of forests. The forest-based sector contributes to climate-change mitigation via three channels––forests are a carbon sink, forest-based products can substitute for fossil-based products, and these products can store carbon for up to centuries. However, achieving these mitigation potentials in the future depends on forests being made resilient to the changing climate. Therefore, mitigation and adapting forests to climate change are married, both needing to be advanced simultaneously. Globally and in the EU, around 80–90% of the CO2 emissions originate from the use of coal, oil and natural gas. Consequently, the core issue in the fight against climate change is the phasing out of fossil-based products. Reaching this goal will not be possible without substituting also forest-based bioproducts for the purposes we are using oil, coal and gas for today. In the EU, this implies paying more attention to the need to develop new innovations in the forest bioeconomy, improve the resource efficiency and circularity of the bioproducts already available, and monitor the environmental sustainability of the bioeconomy.
Planetary Boundaries and the Role of the Forest-Based Sector
Authors: Hetemäki Lauri , Seppälä Jyri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract‘Planetary boundaries’ is a concept that has been introduced by Earth system scientists to refer particularly to anthropogenic pressures on the Earth system that have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. In the planetary boundaries discussion, climate change plays a central role due to its overarching impacts on all the other planetary boundaries. For example, climate change critically impacts biodiversity and land-use changes. Consequently, climate change shapes policies, strategies and actions at the global, continental, national, regional and individual levels. The main policy through which the EU is seeking to address climate change and direct the region to live within the planetary boundaries is the European Green Deal (EGD), launched in 2019. The EGD clearly acknowledges the role forests can play in sinking carbon and suggests measures to enhance forest restoration and conservation. However, it falls short of recognising the role that the forest-based bioeconomy can also play in achieving the EGD objectives. History shows that European forests can simultaneously increase the carbon sink, biodiversity and wood production.