bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug resistance characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained between 2018 and 2020 in Sichuan, China
Authors: Zhou Ruifeng , Zheng Tianli , Luo Dongxia , Zhu Ma , Li Qingfeng , Xu Yuanhong , Wang Dongmei , Luo Jia , Zeng Chongliang , Wei Guo , Tang Mingyuan , Zhao Xing , Zhou Mi , Zuo Haojiang , Pei Xiaofang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigated the drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, and those diagnosed with only TB in Sichuan, China. TB isolates were obtained from January 2018 to December 2020 and subjected to drug susceptibility testing (DST) to 11 anti-TB drugs and to GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing. The overall proportion of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) isolates was 32.1% (n = 10 946). HIV testing was not universally available for outpatient TB cases, only 29.5% (3227/10 946) cases had HIV testing results. The observed proportion of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) isolates was almost double than that of the national level, with approximately 1.5% and 0.1% of the isolates being extensively drug resistant and universally drug resistant, respectively. The proportions of resistant isolates were generally higher in 2018 and 2019 than in 2020. Furthermore, the sensitivities of GeneXpert during 2018–2020 demonstrated a downward trend (80.9, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 76.8–85.0; 80.2, 95% CI 76.4–84.1 and 75.4, 95% CI 70.7–80.2, respectively). Approximately 69.0% (7557/10 946) of the TB cases with DST results were subjected to GeneXpert detection. Overall, the DR-TB status and the use of GeneXpert in Sichuan have improved, but DR-TB challenges remain. HIV testing for all TB cases is recommended.
Treatment strategies for clozapine-induced nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence: a systematic review
Authors: Tanzer Timothy , Warren Nicola , McMahon Laura , Barras Michael , Kisely Steve , Brooks Emily , Wong Emily , Siskind Dan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundClozapine is the most effective medication for treatment-refractory schizophrenia but is associated with significant adverse drug reactions, including nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence. This side effect can be burdensome and lead to medication nonadherence and psychotic relapse. Evidence to guide treatment of clozapine-induced nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence is sparse. We therefore aimed to synthesize the evidence base to guide management for clinicians, patients, and their carers.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Trial Registry databases from inception to May 2021 for publications on management of clozapine-induced nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence using a PROSPERO preregistered search strategy.ResultsWe identified 22 case reports and case series describing 74 patients. Interventions included clozapine dose reduction, nonpharmacological treatment, and pharmacological treatments. Among pharmacological treatments, desmopressin, oxybutynin, trihexyphenidyl, tolterodine, imipramine, amitriptyline, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, aripiprazole, and verapamil were associated with complete resolution of nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence. Balancing evidence for effectiveness against risk of adverse effects, we developed a management framework for clozapine-induced nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence.ConclusionsFollowing assessment of urological, psychiatric, pharmacological, and common comorbid medical issues, first-line treatments should be nonpharmacological, including bathroom alarms, voiding before bedtime, and nocturnal fluid restriction. If these interventions do not provide adequate relief, aripiprazole should be trialed. Desmopressin may be considered for severe refractory cases, but monitoring for hyponatremia is essential.
Explaining the Chile–Uruguay Divergence in Democratic Inclusion: Left Parties and the Political Articulation Hypothesis
Authors: Chouhy Gabriel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article develops a political articulation-based explanation of divergence in democratic inclusion between two champions of liberal democracy in Latin America: Chile and Uruguay. Political articulation scholars depart from the traditional reflection models of political parties as mere expression of preexisting social cleavages, highlighting the relative autonomy of parties’ practices and their strategic role in structuring state-society relations. My work extends this current trend in comparative-historical sociology to the Latin American Left turn after the demise of the market-fundamentalist Washington Consensus, empirically identifying a set of strategies that boost Left parties’ capacity to articulate on a specifically class basis. These strategies, I argue, are endowed with causal efficacy, driving democratic variation beyond the restrictions and opportunities of the institutional environment. Combining process tracing account of historical sequences with my own analyses of labor statistics, protest events, and party linkages and manifestos, I show that differences in Left parties’ ability to build linkages with labor and advance its institutional representation as a class actor are at the root of the divergence in political inclusion between these two countries. This finding has substantial implications for contemporary democratic theory: after neoliberalism, strongly organized mass parties of the Left may not be a necessary condition for a given democracy’s stability and consolidation, but they may be a sufficient condition for a particular democracy’s realization of the normative ideal of political equality.
Precambrian Tectonic Evolution of Southern Kongling Terrane, Yangtze Craton: Constraint From the Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of the Metasedimentary Rocks
Authors: Jiang Xingfu , Peng Songbai , Wang Qing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Kongling terrane (Huangling dome) outcrops Precambrian metamorphic basement of the Yangtze craton. However, the Precambrian tectonic evolution of the southern Kongling terrane remains poorly constrained. In this contribution, we report zircon geochronology of the metasedimentary rocks from southern Kongling terrane of the Yangtze craton. Zircon U‐Pb dating results yielded magmatic age clusters at ca. 3,000 Ma, ca. 1,520 Ma, ca. 1,150 Ma, ca. 860 Ma, 900–920 Ma, and 980 Ma, and metamorphic age at ca. 2,900 Ma. These data display that the southern Kongling terrane witnessed Mesoarchean magmatism and metamorphic event, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic magmatism. In combination with previous studies, it is proposed that the Precambrian metamorphic basement of the Yangtze craton was amalgamated by the multi‐stage subduction‐collision processes at ca. 3,000–2,900 Ma, ca. 2,000–1,800 Ma, and ca. 1,100–940 Ma. In addition, the Proterozoic processes were related to the assembly and breakup of Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.
Two Types of the East Asian Cold Surge and Their Impacts on El Niño
Authors: Feng Jie , Lian Tao , Ding Yihui , Li Xichen , Sun Cheng , Chen Dake 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCase studies have shown that the East Asian cold surge (CS) in winter exerts considerable impact on the development of El Niño by changing the surface wind over the western equatorial Pacific. However, a statistical assessment of the conditions under which the CS is more likely to make such an impact is lacking. Our statistical analysis shows that the CS can be divided into two types with respect to their prevailing area. The western CS type passing through the South China Sea rarely influences the equatorial surface wind owing to blocking and friction effects from high mountains in Borneo, whereas the eastern CS type passing through the Philippine Sea induces strong equatorial surface westerly anomalies. Observations and model experiments show that only the eastern CS type can efficiently trigger El Niño.
Intense Abyssal Flow Through the Yap‐Mariana Junction in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Zhou Chun , Xu Hongzhou , Xiao Xin , Zhao Wei , Yang Jiayan , Yang Qingxuan , Jiang Huichang , Xie Qiang , Long Tong , Wang Tinghao , Huang Xiaodong , Zhang Zhiwei , Guan Shoude , Tian Jiwei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWater‐mass transports in the vast and seemingly quiescent abyssal ocean, basically along topographically‐guided pathways, play a pivotal role in the Earth's climate. The pulse of abyssal circulations can be taken with observations at topographic choke points. The Yap‐Mariana Junction (YMJ) is the exclusive choke point through which the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) enters the Philippine Sea. Here, we quantify the LCDW transport and its variability based on mooring observations at the YMJ and the Mariana Trench (MT). The LCDW flows northward toward the Philippine Sea as an intensified current on the western side of the YMJ, with maximum mean velocity reaching 7.6 cm/s. The mean LCDW transports through the MT and the YMJ are 2.2 ± 1.0 Sv and 2.1 ± 0.4 Sv, respectively. Reversal flow at autumn in both the YMJ and MT is captured, indicating seasonal variability of the abyssal flow.
Abyssal Manganese Nodule Recording of Global Cooling and Tibetan Plateau Uplift Impacts on Asian Aridification
Authors: Jiang X. D. , Zhao X. , Zhao X. Y. , Chou Y.‐M. , Roberts A. P. , Hein J. R. , Yu J. M. , Sun X. M. , Shi X. F. , Cao W. , Liu Q. S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe impact of central Asian aridification on the low latitude North Pacific Ocean since the late Miocene remains unclear. To address this question, we systematically studied an abyssal manganese nodule from the northwestern Pacific Ocean, which is expected to be sensitive to eolian dust sourced from central Asia. Geochemical variations and the fossilized remains of magnetotactic bacteria within the studied nodule manifest two prominent Asian aridification events at ∼8–7 Ma and 3.6–0 Ma. These results suggest that central Asian aridification impacted both primary productivity and abyssal microbial activity in the NW Pacific Ocean via eolian dust inputs. In contrast to the Pliocene aridification event, the late Miocene event was associated with a primary productivity bloom that is not evident in coeval global primary productivity records, which indicates that the ∼8–7 Asian aridification event was likely due to NE Tibetan Plateau uplift rather than to global cooling.
Onset Conditions and Features of Equatorial F Region Irregularities: New Insight From Collocated Digisonde and Radar Observations From Gadanki
Authors: Das S. K. , Janardana Reddy G. , Patra A. K. , Niranjan K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we study the onset conditions and features of equatorial F region irregularities linked with equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) using observations made simultaneously by using a DPS‐4D digisonde and the Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer (GIRI), both collocated at Gadanki. Importantly, we have employed specific analysis tools on DPS‐4D observations, providing range‐time displays of radio frequency and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the reflected/backscattered echoes and the angle‐of‐arrival of the echoes, to characterize the echoes and to study the ambient and disturbed states of the ionosphere. Observations clearly show noticeably different background conditions, in terms of the height of the F layer base, electron density gradient and vertical drift, for the freshly generated and drifting EPBs. The zonal wavelengths of the pre‐sunset large‐scale wave structures (LSWS) observed using the DPS‐4D, however, are found to show a close connection with EPB spacings for freshly generated and drifting EPBs, consistent with earlier findings. The satellite traces were observed just prior to the equatorial spread F (ESF) and were found to be associated with the bottomside upwellings. Comparison of the range‐time displays of radio frequency and SNR of the DPS‐4D observations and the height‐time variations of SNR of the GIRI observations demonstrates that the relatively weak echoes in the DPS‐4D observations, which represent the ESF echoes, correlate fairly well temporally with the plume structures observed by the GIRI. The GIRI observations also reproduce the bottomside upwellings observed by the DPS‐4D. We propose that the bottomside upwellings are due to the growth of the LSWS and these bottomside upwellings are instrumental for the growth of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability generating EPBs. Finally, the new aspects of the digisonde observations are discussed with regard to their usefulness in understanding and forecasting EPBs/ESF.
Effects of Subauroral Polarization Streams on the Equatorial Electrojet During the Geomagnetic Storm on 1 June 2013: 2. The Temporal Variations
Authors: Zhang Kedeng , Wang Hui , Yamazaki Yosuke 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUsing ground‐based magnetic field measurements and numerical simulations from the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), a first paper (Zhang, Yamazaki, et al., 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029681; under review) introduced the potential roles of disturbance dynamo electric field due to subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) on the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) during a moderate geomagnetic storm on 1 June 2013. Our second study investigated the temporal responses of equatorial electrojet to SAPS. At noon, the residual EEJ (ΔEEJ) owing to SAPS flows westward, that is, counter equatorial electrojet (CEJ). The temporal variation of CEJ excited by the dynamo electric field was basically consistent with that by SAPS, and the effects of zonal wind were larger than those of meridional wind. The relative time delay of CEJ and SAPS was related to the propagation time of disturbance wind from mid‐latitudes to low‐latitudes. It took 2–3 hr for SAPS‐related disturbance wind to propagate to the equatorial region and change the polarity of EEJ. The influence of meridional winds on the temporal variations of ΔEEJ is related to the generation of eastward currents at mid‐latitudes, which can accumulate the positive charges at dusk terminator and then generate a westward electric field at lower latitudes.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Oxalate: Insight Into the Role of Relative Humidity and Aerosol Acidity From High‐Resolution Observation
Authors: Yang Chi , Zhou Shuxin , Zhang Chunyan , Yu Mingyuan , Cao Fang , Zhang Yanlin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOxalate is the product of the precursors that can eventually be oxidized into oxalate by atmospheric oxidants (O3, etc.) and then redistributed to the particle phase, which has an impact on acid rain, and even the climate. However, we are still unclear about the influence of typical atmospheric oxidants in different phases with different RH and pH on oxalates. Here, we analyzed the effects of typical oxidants at RH ≤ 30%, 30% < RH ≤ 80% of the atmosphere on oxalates in atmospheric particulates based on high‐resolution online observation in Nanjing: the chemical processes of O3, OX (=O3 + NO2), and Cl− in different RH all have an important influence on the oxalate level, especially at 30% < RH ≤ 80% with high humidity have greater influence. NO2 only affects the particulate oxalate at RH ≤ 30%; HONO shows a greater effect at RH ≤ 30%, and 30% < RH ≤ 80% in winter and summer, the atmospheric oxidants that dust participates in have little effect. At the same time, we also found the difference between the influence of pH on atmospheric oxalate in winter and summer at RH > 80%, among which high pH is beneficial to the formation of oxalate in summer, while in winter has a greater influence on oxalate at RH ≤ 30%. These results help us to systematically understand the influence and distribution of oxalate in the atmosphere by RH, pH, and typical atmospheric oxidants.
Unexpected Increases of Severe Haze Pollution During the Post COVID‐19 Period: Effects of Emissions, Meteorology, and Secondary Production
Authors: Zhou Wei , Lei Lu , Du Aodong , Zhang Zhiqiang , Li Yan , Yang Yang , Tang Guiqian , Chen Chun , Xu Weiqi , Sun Jiaxing , Li Zhijie , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUnexpectedly frequent severe haze episodes were observed in Beijing during February–March in 2021 after two phases of clean air action plan (2013–2020), yet the causes remained unclear. Here, we conducted real‐time fine particle (PM2.5) composition measurements during January–March in 2021 using a time‐of‐flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor and an aethalometer and compared with those during the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) period in 2020. Our results showed ubiquitously elevated concentrations of chloride, black carbon (BC), and primary organic aerosol (POA) in 2021, suggesting increased primary emissions during the post‐COVID‐19 period. By using the machine learning‐based random forest (RF) algorithm, we found largely different responses of aerosol changes to meteorology in different months. After decoupling the effects of meteorology, the PM2.5 changes from 2020 to 2021 were reduced from −35.6% to −29.0% in January, −24.1% to −4.5% in February, and +92.6% to +34.2% in March, respectively. Our results demonstrate the dominant roles of stagnant meteorology and secondary production in the formation of severe haze episodes in March 2021. In particular, we found that the compositions of observed and deweathered PM2.5 were fairly similar between 2020 and 2021, and the ratios of secondary OA to secondary inorganic aerosols were close. Our study indicates that decoupling the influence of meteorological conditions is of great importance for better evaluation of mitigating strategies of air pollution due to the large impact of meteorology on the changes in PM2.5 species particularly in a short period.
Development of the Storm‐Induced Ionospheric Irregularities at Equatorial and Middle Latitudes During the 25–26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Cherniak Iurii , Zakharenkova Irina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCan geomagnetic storms during low solar activity trigger formation of extreme equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) that affect low and midlatitudes? We analyzed the ionospheric response to the 25–26 August 2018 geomagnetic storm and revealed formation of intense ionospheric plasma irregularities over broad latitudinal ranges from equatorial toward middle latitudes in the American and Pacific sectors. Storm‐induced penetration electric fields created favorable conditions for strong fountain effect uplifted the equatorial ionosphere, enhancement of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), and postsunset EPBs generation. We found two patterns of equatorial ionospheric irregularities expansion toward low and middle latitudes: (a) storm‐induced EPBs developed over a large latitudinal extent between widely spread EIA crests, (b) narrow channel of the ionospheric irregularities stretched away from the EPB location toward the auroral zone in the northwestward direction. The EPBs latitudinal extent largely exceeded climatological‐based expectations for solar minimum conditions; EPBs reached atypically high latitudes (20°–25° magnetic latitude [MLAT]) in the Pacific Ocean sector. The poleward‐streaming plasma density depletions were registered along the western coast of North America. The ionospheric irregularities transported in the northwestward direction toward midlatitudes reaching as high as 40°–45° MLAT. The passage of these ionospheric irregularities coincided with the spread‐F conditions recorded at a midlatitude ionosonde (42° MLAT)—rather atypical phenomenon for midlatitudes. It is suggested that enhanced westward drifts associated with prompt penetration and Sub Auroral Polarization Stream electric fields can support the northwestward plasma transportation.
Improving the Spatial Distribution of Snow Cover Simulations by Assimilation of Satellite Stereoscopic Imagery
Authors: Deschamps‐Berger C. , Cluzet B. , Dumont M. , Lafaysse M. , Berthier E. , Fanise P. , Gascoin S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMoutain snow cover is highly variable both spatially and temporally and has a tremendous impact on ecosystems and human activities. Numerical models provide continuous estimates of the variability of snow cover properties in time and space. However, they suffer from large uncertainties, for instance originating from errors in the meteorological inputs. Here, we show that the snow depth variability at 250 m spatial resolution can be well simulated by assimilating snow depth maps from satellite photogrammetry in a detailed snowpack model. The assimilation of a single snow depth map per snow season using a particle filter is sufficient to improve the simulated snow depth and its spatial variability, originally poorly represented due to missing physical processes and errors in the precipitation inputs. Assimilation of snow depth only is nevertheless not sufficient for both compensating for strong bias in precipitation and for selecting the most appropriate representation of the physical processes in the snow model. Regarding this limitation, combined assimilation of snow depths maps and other snow observations, such as snow cover area, surface temperature or reflectance, is a promising avenue for accurate simulations of mountain snow cover.
Potent, p53-independent induction of NOXA sensitizes MLL-rearranged B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to venetoclax
Authors: Fidyt Klaudyna , Pastorczak Agata , Cyran Julia , Crump Nicholas T. , Goral Agnieszka , Madzio Joanna , Muchowicz Angelika , Poprzeczko Martyna , Domka Krzysztof , Komorowski Lukasz , Winiarska Magdalena , Harman Joe R. , Siudakowska Karolina , Graczyk-Jarzynka Agnieszka , Patkowska Elzbieta , Lech-Maranda Ewa , Mlynarski Wojciech , Golab Jakub , Milne Thomas A. , Firczuk Malgorzata 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe prognosis for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements (MLLr BCP-ALL) is still extremely poor. Inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 with venetoclax emerged as a promising strategy for this subtype of BCP-ALL, however, lack of sufficient responses in preclinical models and the possibility of developing resistance exclude using venetoclax as monotherapy. Herein, we aimed to uncover potential mechanisms responsible for limited venetoclax activity in MLLr BCP-ALL and to identify drugs that could be used in combination therapy. Using RNA-seq, we observed that long-term exposure to venetoclax in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft model leads to downregulation of several tumor protein 53 (TP53)-related genes. Interestingly, auranofin, a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, sensitized MLLr BCP-ALL to venetoclax in various in vitro and in vivo models, independently of the p53 pathway functionality. Synergistic activity of these drugs resulted from auranofin-mediated upregulation of NOXA pro-apoptotic protein and potent induction of apoptotic cell death. More specifically, we observed that auranofin orchestrates upregulation of the NOXA-encoding gene Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate-Induced Protein 1 (PMAIP1) associated with chromatin remodeling and increased transcriptional accessibility. Altogether, these results present an efficacious drug combination that could be considered for the treatment of MLLr BCP-ALL patients, including those with TP53 mutations.