bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring right ventricular function applicability in a prediction model to identify preterm infants with early bronchopulmonary dysplasia (REPORT-BPD study): a mixed-methods observational cohort feasibility study protocol
Authors: Muhsen Wisam S. , Nestaas Eirik , Hosking Joanne , Latour Jos 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic disease that affects the immature lungs of preterm infants. Infants born before 32 weeks of gestation are at a greater risk of developing BPD due to the need for respiratory support with higher oxygen requirement.
Pulmonary vascular remodelling in early BPD can impose an additional burden on the right ventricle (RV) and RV dysfunction.
This protocol outlines the study design and aims to formulate a prediction model to identify early BPD through the data generated from echo scans analysis.

Methods
The mixed-methods observational cohort feasibility study, which comprises three work-packages (WPs), will be conducted at the regional neonatal unit, University Hospital Plymouth, Plymouth, UK. WP-I will recruit 40 preterm infants; each participant will have two heart scans performed in the first ten days after birth (DABs).
WP-II will collect the documentation of the participating preterm infants’ parents in the study neonatal unit diaries in the first 10 DABs. WP-III will involve semi-structured interviews of 10–15 parents of participating preterm infants and 10–15 health professionals who participated in WP-I.
The study recruitment will be conducted over 18-months. The start date is 01 June 2022. WP-I and WP-II recruitment will occur during this period, while WP-III recruitment will occur during the second half. The results are expected to be submitted for publication by mid-2024.

Discussion
This paper outlines the study design. If the study successfully identifies the most sensitive echo parameter in recognising the RV dysfunction associated with early BPD, it will be an important finding in constructing an early BPD prediction model.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT05235399
Ginsenoside Rg3 nanoparticles with permeation enhancing based chitosan derivatives were encapsulated with doxorubicin by thermosensitive hydrogel and anti-cancer evaluation of peritumoral hydrogel injection combined with PD-L1 antibody
Authors: Wu Hao , Wei Guoli , Luo Lixia , Li Lingchang , Gao Yibo , Tan Xiaobin , Wang Sen , Chang Haoxiao , Liu Yuxi , Wei Yingjie , Song Jie , Zhang Zhenhai , Huo Jiege 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Combination of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has greatly improved the anticancer effect on multiple malignancies. However, the efficiency on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is limited, since most patients bear “cold” tumors with low tumor immunogenicity. Doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most effective chemotherapy agents, can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and thus initiating immune response.

Methods
In this study, to maximize the ICD effect induced by DOX, chitosan and cell-penetrating peptide (R6F3)-modified nanoparticles (PNPs) loaded with ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) were fabricated using the self-assembly technique, followed by co-encapsulation with DOX based on thermo-sensitive hydrogel. Orthotopic tumor model and contralateral tumor model were established to observe the antitumor efficacy of the thermo-sensitive hydrogel combined with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, besides, the biocompatibility was also evaluated by histopathological.

Results
Rg3-PNPs strengthened the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect induced by DOX. Moreover, the hydrogel co-loading Rg3-PNPs and DOX provoked stronger immune response in originally nonimmunogenic 4T1 tumors than DOX monotherapy. Following combination with PD-L1 blocking, substantial antitumor effect was achieved due to the recruitment of memory T cells and the decline of adaptive PD-L1 enrichment.

Conclusion
The hydrogel encapsulating DOX and highly permeable Rg3-PNPs provided an efficient strategy for remodeling immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and converting immune “cold” 4T1 into “hot” tumors.
Deep learning tomographic reconstruction through hierarchical decomposition of domain transforms
Authors: Fu Lin , De Man Bruno 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDeep learning (DL) has shown unprecedented performance for many image analysis and image enhancement tasks. Yet, solving large-scale inverse problems like tomographic reconstruction remains challenging for DL. These problems involve non-local and space-variant integral transforms between the input and output domains, for which no efficient neural network models are readily available. A prior attempt to solve tomographic reconstruction problems with supervised learning relied on a brute-force fully connected network and only allowed reconstruction with a 1284 system matrix size. This cannot practically scale to realistic data sizes such as 5124 and 5126 for three-dimensional datasets. Here we present a novel framework to solve such problems with DL by casting the original problem as a continuum of intermediate representations between the input and output domains. The original problem is broken down into a sequence of simpler transformations that can be well mapped onto an efficient hierarchical network architecture, with exponentially fewer parameters than a fully connected network would need. We applied the approach to computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction for a 5124 system matrix size. This work introduces a new kind of data-driven DL solver for full-size CT reconstruction without relying on the structure of direct (analytical) or iterative (numerical) inversion techniques. This work presents a feasibility demonstration of full-scale learnt reconstruction, whereas more developments will be needed to demonstrate superiority relative to traditional reconstruction approaches. The proposed approach is also extendable to other imaging problems such as emission and magnetic resonance reconstruction. More broadly, hierarchical DL opens the door to a new class of solvers for general inverse problems, which could potentially lead to improved signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution and computational efficiency in various areas.
Improving access to highly effective emergency contraception: an assessment of barriers and facilitators to integrating the levonorgestrel IUD as emergency contraception using two applications of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Authors: Simmons Rebecca G. , Baayd Jami , Elliott Sarah , Cohen Susanna R. , Turok David K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
Emergency contraception prevents unwanted pregnancy after sexual intercourse. New evidence has demonstrated that the levonorgestrel 52 mg IUD is a highly effective method of emergency contraception. However, translating this research finding into clinical practice faces existing barriers to IUD access, including costs and provider training, novel barriers of providing IUDs for emergency contraception at unscheduled appointments. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to the utilization of the levonorgestrel IUD as emergency contraception from client, provider, and health systems perspectives.

Methods
We conducted English and Spanish-speaking focus groups (n=5) of both contraceptive users (n=22) and providers (n=13) to examine how the levonorgestrel IUD as EC was perceived and understood by these populations and to determine barriers and facilitators of utilization. We used findings from our focus groups to design a high-fidelity in-situ simulation scenario around EC that we pilot tested with clinical teams in three settings (a county health department, a community clinic, and a midwifery clinic), to further explore structural and health systems barriers to care. Simulation scenarios examined health system barriers to the provision of the levonorgestrel IUD as EC. We coded both focus groups and in-clinic simulations using the modified Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). We then applied our findings to the CFIR-Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) Barrier Busting Tool and mapped results to implement recommendations provided by participants.

Results
Ultimately, 9 constructs from the CFIR were consistently identified across focus groups and simulations. Main barriers included suboptimal knowledge and acceptability of the intervention itself, appropriately addressing knowledge and education needs among both providers and contraceptive clients, and adequately accounting for structural barriers inherent in the health system. The CFIR-ERIC Barrier Busting Tool identified eight strategies to improve levonorgestrel IUD as EC access: identifying implementation champions, conducting educational meetings, preparing educational toolkits, involving patients and their partners in implementation, conducting a local needs assessment, distributing educational materials, and obtaining patient feedback.

Conclusions
To sustainably incorporate the levonorgestrel IUD as EC into clinical practice, education, health systems strengthening, and policy changes will be necessary.
Finding more than what you are looking for: a retrospective study of incidental findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed for patients suspicious of vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Pratap Deepika , Warner Giles Christian , Hanasoge Raveesh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
Nearly 20% of the patients presenting to ENT department with audiovestibular symptoms are considered potential candidates for vestibular schwannoma screening. MRI scan done on these patients can also detect a large number of incidental findings. We did a retrospective descriptive study of incidental findings identified on MRI scans done on patients presenting to the ENT department in a county hospital in United Kingdom from April 2020 to April 2021. All MRI reports were scrutinised and various incidental findings tabulated. The further management of patients with these findings were also analysed.

Results
A total of 159 MRIs were reviewed. The most common incidental finding was small vessel disease followed by old infarcts. Fifteen patients were found to have significant incidental findings. The detection rate of vestibular schwannoma was 3.1%.

Conclusion
With the increased use of imaging technology, the incidence of incidental findings has risen. Understanding the significance of these findings is important so that clinicians can counsel their patients and make appropriate management plans. Categorising the incidental findings into groups based on their level of significance may help in making these clinical decisions.
Gene expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) with the serum vitamin D3 in lung cancer
Authors: Salama Ragaa H. M. , Faied Soad M. A. , ELkholy Maha , Abd-Elmawgoud Norhan S. , Alsanory Tasneem A. , Alsanory Aya A. , Abd-Elmoniem Ahmed A. , Abd-Elmawgoud Mohamed S. , Mahmoud Hemat A. , Abdel-Qawy Abdel-Rahman H. , Dahpy Marwa A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) interacts with its ligand (PDL-1) on T cells inhibiting its functioning which may affect the patient's immunological response.

Aim
Investigate if there is a link between smoking and tissue expression of PDL-1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in lung cancer patients. In addition, the relation of vitamin D with smoking and these biochemical markers.

Methods
PDL-1 and VDR expressions were evaluated by real-time PCR in 54 lung cancer biopsy samples and 36 controls to prove this hypothesis. Vitamin D levels in the blood were measured using an ELISA.

Results
Expressions of PDL-1 were significantly upregulated in LC patients than in controls. The highest expression was in stage II and in squamous cell carcinoma followed by small cell carcinoma then adenocarcinoma. However, VDR expressions and vitamin D levels in serum were significantly downregulating in LC patients than in controls. There was a positive correlation between PDL-1expression and duration of smoking but not smoking index. Also, there is an inverse correlation between duration of smoking, smoking index, and VDR.

Conclusion
Expression of PDL-1 in LC was significantly upregulated and correlated with staging. Interestingly, our current study for the first time explained the role of duration of smoking on PDL-1 and VDR in the pathogenesis of LC. As PDL-1 expression increased with duration of smoking whereas VDR decreased, this novel findings may provide a possible link between the cumulative effect of smoking and the level of expressions of these biomarkers.
Κριτική θεώρηση των κοινωνιολογικών προσεγγίσεων για τις ανισότητες στην εκπαίδευση
Authors: Ζέρβα Ευδοκία 
Published: December 2022

Η παρούσα μελέτη αφορά στην κριτική προσπέλαση των κοινωνιολογικών προσεγγίσεων των ανισοτήτων στην εκπαίδευση.
Η πεποίθηση πως οι κοινωνικές ανισότητες αποτελούν προϊόν των επιδόσεων και των δυνατοτήτων του/της εκάστοτε μαθητή/τριας βασίζεται στον προβληματισμό για ίσες ευκαιρίες πρόσβασης στη γνώση που αναπτύχθηκε από τον 18ο αιώνα. Ενώ ο δομικός λειτουργισμός διακρίνει τις κοινωνικές ανισότητες σε ενδογενείς και σε εξωγενείς, και οι φονξιοναλιστές αντιλαμβάνονταν τα εκπαιδευτικά συστήματα ως συστήματα κατάληψης θέσεων της κοινωνικής ελίτ και αποδοχής της αποτυχίας όσων αποκλείονται από αυτές, οι μαρξιστές ανακαλύπτουν μια αντιστοιχία μεταξύ εκπαίδευσης και απασχόλησης. Ο Althusser αντιλαμβάνεται την εκπαίδευση σαν κυρίαρχο Ιδεολογικό Μηχανισμό του Κράτους που συντελεί καθοριστικά στην ιδεολογική αναπαραγωγή του καπιταλιστικού συστήματος, άρα και των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων.
Στη νεώτερη μαρξιστική οπτική οι θεωρίες της αντίστασης αντιλαμβάνονται το σχολείο ως πεδίο ανταγωνισμού, πάλης και διακήρυξης δημοκρατικών ιδεωδών. Οι θεωρητικοί της κριτικής παιδαγωγικής προτείνουν μια παιδαγωγική της αντίστασης και της διαφοράς που θα εναντιώνεται στη λογική ενός σχολείου όπου αναπαράγονται η ανισότητα, ο ρατσισμός και ο σεξισμός
Στη σύζευξη των αρχών της φονξιοναλιστικής και της μαρξιστικής θεωρίας η θεωρία του «μορφωτικού κεφαλαίου» αποδίδει τις κοινωνικές ανισότητες μέσω της εκπαίδευσης στα επικρατούντα καπιταλιστικά πρότυπα και ιδεώδη. Αντίθετα, οι κοινωνιολόγοι της μικρο-ερμηνευτικής οπτικής ισχυρίζονται ότι το σχολείο σαν κοινωνική κατάσταση συγκροτείται κατά τη διαδικασία μέσω της αλληλενέργειας (ή διαντίδρασης) μαθητών και δασκάλων, όπου συναντώνται και συμφύρονται τα πολιτιστικά τους χαρακτηριστικά και όπου οι μαθητές διαμορφώνουν στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης των καθημερινών προβλημάτων και, τελικά, αποκτούν κοινωνικές ταυτότητες.
Η μακρο-κοινωνιολογική και η μικρο-κοινωνιολογική ανάλυση συνδυάζονται στη δομοποίηση του Giddens, ο οποίος χρησιμοποιεί τη θεσμική ανάλυση με την οποία αντιλαμβάνεται τις δομικές ιδιότητες των κοινωνικών συστημάτων ως αναπαραγόμενα χαρακτηριστικά τους και την ανάλυση της στρατηγικής συμπεριφοράς σύμφωνα την οποία τα δρώντα πρόσωπα συγκροτούν κοινωνικές σχέσεις αντλώντας δεδομένα από τις ίδιες δομικές ιδιότητες. Παρά την πληθώρα ερευνών και μελετών στο πεδίο των εκπαιδευτικών ανισοτήτων η μεγαλύτερη μερίδα του κοινωνικού συνόλου αγνοεί, και θα εξακολουθεί να αγνοεί, πως η πρόοδος και η επιτυχία συγκεκριμένων ανθρώπων δεν αποτελεί απόρροια της αξίας τους αλλά συνδέονται με ένα πλέγμα πολιτιστικών συνιστωσών, των κοινωνικών αλληλεπιδράσεων και των οικονομικών πόρων και εξαρτώνται από το επίπεδο πρόσβασης και διάθεσης αυτών.
Pre-exposure to azithromycin enhances gonococcal resilience to subsequent ciprofloxacin exposure: an in vitro study
Authors: González Natalia , Elise Laumen Jolein Gyonne , Abdellati Saïd , de Block Tessa , De Baetselier Irith , Van Dijck Christophe , Kenyon Chris , S. Manoharan–Basil Sheeba 
Published: December 2022

Background: The effect of sequential exposure to different antibiotics is an underexplored topic. Azithromycin can be detected in humans for up to 28 days post-ingestion and may prime bacterial responses to subsequently ingested antibiotics. Methods: In this in vitro study, we assessed if preexposure to azithromycin could accelerate the acquisition of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strain, WHO–F. In a morbidostat, we set two conditions in 3 vials each: mono-exposure (preexposure to Gonococcal Broth followed by exposure to ciprofloxacin) and dual sequential exposure (preexposure to azithromycin followed by exposure to ciprofloxacin).The growth of the cultures was measured by a software (MATLAB). The program decided if gonococcal broth or antibiotics were added to the vials in order to keep the evolution of the cultures. Samples were taken twice a week until the end of the experiment i.e. until resistance was achieved or cellular death. Additionally, six replicates of WHO–F WT and WHO–F with rplV mutation, caused by azithromycin, were exposed to increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin in plates to assess if there were differences in the rate of resistance emergence. Results: We found that after 12 hours of pre-exposure to azithromycin, N. gonorrhoeae's resilience to ciprofloxacin exposure increased. Pre-exposure to azithromycin did not, however, accelerate the speed to acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance. Conclusions: We found that azithromycin does not accelerate the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance, but there were differences in the molecular pathways to the acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance: the strains preexpossed to azithromycin followed a different route (GyrA: S91F pathway) than the ones without antibiotic preexposure (GyrA:D95N pathway). However, the number of isolates is too small to draw such strong conclusions.
The cocktail infection: anaerobic and aerobic co-Infections in tubercular vertebral osteomyelitis
Authors: Bhat Shyamasunder N , Kundangar Raghuraj , Ampar Nishanth , Sait Anika , Shenoy Padmaja Ananth , Sukumar Cynthia Amrutha , Saravu Kavitha 
Published: December 2022

Background: Anaerobic organisms have been known to have an association with dental infections, bacteremia, endocarditis and soft tissue infections. However, anaerobic isolation from bone and joint infections are relatively rare. Sparse literature has been found on reports of anaerobic osteomyelitis. There is no literature reported on anaerobic osteomyelitis complicating Tuberculosis of spine. Case Report: We report two cases of tuberculosis of spine complicated by aerobic and anerobic infections. The first is a case of a young female who presented with chronic lower backache and fever. Examination revealed a lumbar scoliosis with paraspinal tenderness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine showed lumbar spondylodiscitis with multiple abscesses. There were air-fluid levels noted in the abscesses. The pus sent for CBNAAT (cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test) was positive. Further the cultures also grew Escherichia coli (aerobic) Bacteroids fragilis and Peptoniphilus asachrolyticus (anaerobic) organisms. She improved with a course of intravenous antibiotics and decompression surgery. The second case is a middle aged man who presented with chronic neck pain and fever. Examination revealed kyphosis of the neck with spasm of the neck muscles and midline tenderness. MRI showed C4-5 cervical spondylodiscitis with parapharyngeal collections showing air-fluid levels. The pus culture showed Streptococcus constellatus (aerobic) and Prevotella sps. (anaerobic). The CBNAAT report was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and cervical decompression. Conclusion: Though tubercular vertebral osteomyelitis (TVO) is usually a diagnosis in itself, it should not hinder us from considering secondary infections (both aerobic and anaerobic) complicating the osteomyelitis. Further, the presence of air-fluid levels on imaging studies and the presence of foul smell during operative exploration of the spine must arouse the suspicion of an anaerobic co-infection. Isolation and treatment of these organisms are crucial as they may hamper the clinical outcome of the primary TVO.
'You shall see me do the Moor': The Blackfriars Children and the Performance of Race in Poetaster
Authors: MacLeod Emily 
Published: December 2022

The repertory of the Blackfriars children frequently alluded to plays performed by adult companies across the Thames. In Jonson’s Poetaster, a boy player performs a scene as ‘the Moor’ from Peele’s The Battle of Alcazar. These parodies of adult performances in the children’s repertory not only evidence early modern acting style but also specifically reference styles of performing racial difference on the early modern stage. I argue that this parody showcased playing skill associated up to this point with adult actors, and that the Blackfriars children used these references to racialized characters to highlight skill and appeal to audience taste.
Sexual dimorphism in relationships between of plasma creatinine and some neuro-endocrine parameters
Authors: Bombushkar Igor , Anchev Anatoliy , Żukow Xawery , Popovych Igor 
Published: December 2022

Background. Earlier we found that plasma uric acid and urea causes modulating effects on neuro-endocrine parameters, as well as reactive anxiety, but these effects are significantly different in men and women of different ages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the plasma creatinine level and some psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters in the same cohort. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 31 males (24÷69 y) and 30 females, from among them 18 postmenopausal (48÷76 y) and 12 of reproductive age (30÷45 y). In basal conditions we determined plasma levels of creatinine and adaptation hormones, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By building regression models with stepwise exclusion, it was found that in men plasma creatinine downregulates the level of Cortisol (r=-0,41) while upregulates the levels of Testosterone (r=0,36) and Calcitonin (r=0,30). The degree of determination of endocrine parameters is 31,9%. In postmenopausal women, creatinine also upregulates Testosterone (r=0,43) while downregulates the amplitude and PSD of β-rhythm in different loci as well as causes right lateralization of β-rhythm. The degree of determination of neuro-endocrine parameters is 61,2%. In women of reproductive age creatinine upregulates the PSD of ULF band HRV and α-rhythm in 5 loci as well as the Entropy of EEG in F3 locus while downregulates the Entropy in T6 locus, F3-δ and T6-θ PSD as well as Cortisol level. The degree of determination of neuro-endocrine parameters is 94,0%. Conclusion. Plasma creatinine has a modulating effect on neuro-endocrine parameters, but this effect is significantly different in men and women of different ages.