bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do opposites attack? Resource interactions between an alien and native crayfish from the Lake Eyre Basin
Authors: King Georgia , Balcombe Stephen , Capon Samantha , Cockayne Bernie 
Published: May 2022

Context Investigating resource competition between introduced and native species is important to understand the impacts of invasive species, not only on native species, but also with respect to the wider ecosystem. Within the Lake Eyre Basin, there is concern that feral populations of the tropical Cherax quadricarinatus are outcompeting the basins’ native crayfish species, the temperate–subtropical Cherax destructor. Aims This study sought to observe the behavioural and inter-specific food competition between juvenile C. quadricarinatus and C. destructor under experimental conditions to inform whether C. quadricarinatus has the potential to outcompete native C. destructor populations. Methods Interactions were quantified by establishing a behavioural intensity score, dominance score and recording the total time in possession of the food resource in a range of interspecific and intraspecific experimental pairings at 26°C. Key results Cherax quadricarinatus had a significantly higher dominance (z = −2.276, P = 0.023) and behavioural intensity score (t = 4.723, P < 0.001) than did C. destructor, but there was no difference between the two species for time in possession of the food resource (z = −1.334, P = 0.182). Conclusions and implications These results have significant ecological implications because the capacity of C. quadricarinatus to displace C. destructor, a keystone species, has the potential to irreversibly alter ecosystem function in invaded habitats.
Descriptive norms about condom use predict odds of using a condom during last sexual experience in a large, national survey of adolescents from Australia
Authors: McCarthy Molly , Kauer Sylvia , Fisher Christopher 
Published: May 2022

Background Reducing sexually transmitted infections among adolescents is an important public health goal in Australia and worldwide. This study estimated the association between condom use during last heterosexual sexual experience with two descriptive norms among a large, national sample of secondary school students from Australia. Methods A large, national online survey of 14- to 18-year-olds in Australia was conducted in 2018; a sub-analysis of sexually active participants (n = 2989) used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the relationships between condom use during last sexual experience and condom use norms. The analysis controlled for the effects of age, sex, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, remoteness and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases. Results Overall, 1673 (56.0% [95% confidence interval: 54.2%, 57.8%]) sexually active respondents reported using condoms during their last sexual experience. Perceiving that all same-age peers used condoms conferred higher odds of using condoms during their last heterosexual sexual experience (adjusted odds ratio: 3.06 [95% CI: 1.6, 6.0]). Perceptions about whether the suggestion to initiate condom use came from boys, girls, or both boys and girls was not associated with condom use. Differences in condom use related to socio-demographic characteristics are reported. Conclusions As part of a holistic approach to sexuality education, health educators and service providers may emphasise that young people frequently choose to use condoms.
Many-body effects in the X-ray absorption spectra of liquid water
Authors: Tang Fujie , Li Zhenglu , Zhang Chunyi , Louie Steven G. , Car Roberto , Qiu Diana Y. , Wu Xifan 
Published: May 2022

Significance
In X-ray absorption spectroscopy, an electron–hole excitation probes the local atomic environment. The interpretation of the spectra requires challenging theoretical calculations, particularly in a system like liquid water, where quantum many-body effects and molecular disorder play an important role. Recent advances in theory and simulation make possible new calculations that are in good agreement with experiment, without recourse to commonly adopted approximations. Based on these calculations, the three features observed in the experimental spectra are unambiguously attributed to excitonic effects with different characteristic correlation lengths, which are distinctively affected by perturbations of the underlying H-bond structure induced by temperature changes and/or by isotopic substitution. The emerging picture of the water structure is fully consistent with the conventional tetrahedral model.
Acquisition of non-sibilant anterior English fricatives by adult second language learners
Authors: Wiener Seth , Gao Zhe , Li Xiaomeng , Wu Zhiyi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study examined the acquisition of the non-sibilant anterior fricatives /v, θ, ð/ by adult second language (L2) English talkers. Twenty-four Mandarin Chinese-L2 English talkers read aloud fricative-initial words. These talkers were chosen as their L1 contained /f/ but not /v, θ, ð/. Twenty L1 English listeners were asked to identify the L2-produced speech and rate the talker’s accent. On average, 69% of the fricatives were correctly identified. /v/ was the most difficult to correctly identify and was identified less accurately than /θ/ and /ð/. A ‘moderate’ accent was reported by L1 listeners, but accent rating did not predict L1 identification behavior. An exploratory acoustic analysis involving the correctly identified words from 22 talkers revealed that L2 talkers produced mean temporal differences used for voicing in line with published L1 data. Non-sibilant fricatives – particularly /v/ – may require pedagogical interventions to push L2 talkers off their learning plateau.
How do Andalusian journalism students perceive Andalusian and Castilian linguistic varieties of Spanish?
Authors: Santana Marrero Juana 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The media is currently one of the main channels of opinion on the Andalusian variety of Spanish. They show the struggle between those who propagate the idea that it is just another Spanish dialect and those who disqualify Andalusian people because of their pronunciation. Additionally, there is a fluctuation between those communicators who maintain their Andalusian vernacular features in the media and those who change some of them for phonetic results closer to those of the central-northern part of Spain. In this research, using PRECAVES XXI methodology, we survey the perception that a group of Andalusian journalism students have of Andalusian and Castilian varieties, as they are supposed to have an immediate impact on their future profession. Our results show that most of them identified Castilian Spanish as the most prestigious language model, that affective characteristics of Andalusian Spanish were evaluated fairly positively, and that some negative stereotypes about the latter still persist.
Lessons for adaptive mesh refinement in numerical relativity
Authors: Radia Miren , Sperhake Ulrich , Drew Amelia , Clough Katy , Figueras Pau , Lim Eugene A , Ripley Justin L , Aurrekoetxea Josu C , França Tiago , Helfer Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the Berger–Rigoutsos adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm used in the open-source numerical relativity (NR) code GRChombo for generating gravitational waveforms from binary black-hole (BH) inspirals, and for studying other problems involving non-trivial matter configurations. We show that GRChombo can produce high quality binary BH waveforms through a code comparison with the established NR code Lean. We also discuss some of the technical challenges involved in making use of full AMR (as opposed to, e.g. moving box mesh refinement), including the numerical effects caused by using various refinement criteria when regridding. We suggest several ‘rules of thumb’ for when to use different tagging criteria for simulating a variety of physical phenomena. We demonstrate the use of these different criteria through example evolutions of a scalar field theory. Finally, we also review the current status and general capabilities of GRChombo.
The role of harvesting in population control in the presence of correlated noise sources
Authors: Mandal Saroj Kumar , Jana Dipak Kumar , Poria Swarup 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we compare the role of constant and Michaelis-Menten type harvesting in single species population control in presence of correlated noise sources. Our aim is to determine a statistical correlation between the noises in the model parameters and population size. The characteristic time scale over which the population size of prey and predator varies are very much different, this fact justifies to consider a single species model as the predator population can be chosen to be constant within the generation time of prey. Steady state probability distributions and stationary potentials of the population are determined by Fokker-Planck equations. Stochastic bifurcation analysis and mean first passage times have been computed. Noise induced critical transitions are observed depending on the strength of the noises. The extinction possibility of population in stochastic control with Michaelis-Menten type harvesting is higher than the constant harvesting. One of our key findings is the transition from bistable to tristable state for weak noises. Another valuable finding is the noise enhanced stability phenomenon for negatively correlated noises. Constant rate of harvesting is better in deterministic case whereas Michaelis-Menten type harvesting is better in stochastic case to reduce population size. The obtained results may be helpful to understand toxin producing phytoplankton blooms and its control in marine ecosystem. Moreover, the study can be useful to explain wild prey population outbreak or extinction in forest.
Temperature insensitive refractive index sensor based on collar-shaped fiber ring
Authors: Wen Xiaodong , Bai Yan , Ji Gaoqing , Ning Tigang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A collar-shaped fiber ring (CSFR) with a single mode fiber for refractive index (RI) measurement is proposed and fabricated. Three CSFRs, with fiber lengths of 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm, and 4.0 cm, were fabricated and tested. The maximum RI sensitivity is higher than 630 nm RIU−1 when the RI value is 1.398. Moreover, the temperature experimental result shows that the CSFR is insensitive to temperature in the range of 10 °C–100 °C. Particularly, CSFRs are easily produced without any devices such as a fusion splicer or UV laser system.
Semantic fMRI neurofeedback: a multi-subject study at 3 tesla
Authors: Ciarlo Assunta , Russo Andrea G , Ponticorvo Sara , di Salle Francesco , Lührs Michael , Goebel Rainer , Esposito Fabrizio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF) is a non-invasive procedure allowing the self-regulation of brain functions via enhanced self-control of fMRI based neural activation. In semantic rt-fMRI-NF, an estimated relation between multivariate fMRI activation patterns and abstract mental states is exploited for a multi-dimensional feedback stimulus via real-time representational similarity analysis (rt-RSA). Here, we assessed the performances of this framework in a multi-subject multi-session study on a 3 T MRI clinical scanner. Approach. Eighteen healthy volunteers underwent two semantic rt-fMRI-NF sessions on two different days. In each session, participants were first requested to engage in specific mental states while local fMRI patterns of brain activity were recorded during stimulated mental imagery of concrete objects (pattern generation). The obtained neural representations were to be replicated and modulated by the participants in subsequent runs of the same session under the guidance of a rt-RSA generated visual feedback (pattern modulation). Performance indicators were derived from the rt-RSA output to assess individual abilities in replicating (and maintaining over time) a target pattern. Simulations were carried out to assess the impact of the geometric distortions implied by the low-dimensional representation of patterns’ dissimilarities in the visual feedback. Main results. Sixteen subjects successfully completed both semantic rt-fMRI-NF sessions. Considering some performance indicators, a significant improvement between the first and the second runs, and within run increasing modulation performances were observed, whereas no improvements were found between sessions. Simulations confirmed that in a small percentage of cases visual feedback could be affected by metric distortions due to dimensionality reduction implicit to the rt-RSA approach. Significance. Our results proved the feasibility of the semantic rt-fMRI-NF at 3 T, showing that subjects can successfully modulate and maintain a target mental state when guided by rt-RSA derived feedback. Further development is needed to encourage future clinical applications.
Overview of the emissivity measurements performed in WEST: in
situ and post-mortem observations
Authors: Gaspar J. , Corre Y. , Rigollet F. , Aumeunier M.-H. , Bernard E. , Brezinsek S. , Courtois X. , Dejarnac R. , Diez M. , Dubus L. , Ehret N. , Fedorczak N. , Firdaouss M. , Houry M. , Le Bohec M. , Loarer T. , Martin C. , Moncada V. , Moreau P. , Pocheau C. , Reilhac P. , Tsitrone E. , WEST Team the 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper summarizes the emissivity measurements performed on the plasma-facing units (PFU) of the WEST lower divertor during the first phase of WEST running with a mix of actively cooled ITER-like PFUs made of bulk tungsten (W) and inertially cooled PFUs made of graphite with a coating of tungsten. In situ assessments of the emissivity and laboratory measurements after removing the W-coated graphite and ITER-grade PFUs from the WEST device are shown. The measurements exhibit a complex pattern with strong emissivity variation as a function of space and time mainly explained with the variation of magnetic equilibrium (strike point location) as well as the plasma performances during the experimental campaigns. The exposed ITER-grade PFU exhibits sharp spatial variation of the emissivity from 0.05 to 0.85 at a monoblock scale (12 mm) at the transition of the erosion (strike point location) and deposition (next to the strike point location) areas on the high-field side. On the low-field side, the emissivity varies from 0.12 at the strike point location, to 0.2 a few cm away in the low-field-side direction. This emissivity range after exposure is much higher than the emissivity variation of unexposed PFU with emissivity from 0.09 to 0.15. In situ observation performed on the W-coated graphite PFU shows a rapid evolution, typically a few pulses, of the emissivity in the inner and outer strike point location. The whole spatial distribution is discussed as well as its variation due to the plasma operation from the start-up of WEST to the removal of the W-coated graphite components.
CMS HCAL VTRx-induced communication loss and mitigation
Authors: Cummings G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The compact muon solenoid experiment phase 1 hadron calorimeter upgrade implemented the first large-scale application of VTRx modules, radiation and magnetic field tolerant optical transceivers. During run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, the CMS hadron calorimeter endcap experienced a failure of control communication that revealed a variable manufacturing weakness in the VTRx and affected nearly half of the communication links in the hadron calorimeter endcaps. The CMS hadron calorimeter team provided the first observation of this phenomenon, linked the loss to the VTRx, revealed its temperature dependence, and pioneered the mitigation tactic adopted by other LHC experiments. Aspects of the CMS hadron calorimeter team’s role in the larger VTRx investigations are presented.
First measurement of the surface tension of a liquid scintillator based on Linear Alkylbenzene (HYBLENE 113)
Authors: Alt J. , Arutinov D. , Bezshyyko O. , Bretz T. , Brignoli A. , Conaboy A. , Deucher P. , De Paola F. , del Giudice G. , di Cristo C. , Fecarotta O. , Fiorillo A. , Fischer H. , Glückler H. , Grewing C. , Hollnagel A. , Lacker H. , Miano A. , Natour G. , Orlov V. , Prota A. , Rehbein F. , Reghunath A. , Salzano A. , Schaaf M. , Scharf C. , Schmidt J. , Schumann M. , Vagts A. , van Waasen S. , Wurm M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We measured the surface tension of linear alkylbenzene (LAB)
HYBLENE 113 mixed with Diphenyloxazole (PPO) as well as of pure LAB
HYBLENE 113 as part of material studies for the liquid-scintillator
based surround background tagger (SBT) in the proposed SHiP
experiment. The measurement was performed using the iron wire method
and the surface tension for linear alkyl benzene HYBLENE 113 plus
PPO was found to be (30.0 ± 0.6) mN/m 22.0 ± 0.5°C and
for pure HYBLENE 113, (29.2 ± 0.6) mN/m at
21.0 ± 0.5°C.
Human and natural resource exposure to extreme drought at 1.0 °C–4.0 °C warming levels
Authors: Runde Isabelle , Zobel Zachary , Schwalm Christopher 
Published: May 2022

AbstractExtreme drought occurs on every continent, negatively impacting natural systems and the built environment. Realized and anticipated future warming affects global hydrology, influencing the severity and frequency of both extreme precipitation events and precipitation deficits. Understanding future drought conditions is essential for risk aware water management strategies and to protect food security for a growing human population, while safeguarding natural capital critical to limiting further warming. Here we quantify socioeconomic and ecological exposure to extreme drought. We focus on global, regional, and national scales at increasing levels of climate warming, from today’s 1.0 °C world to 4.0 °C of warming. Drought is quantified using the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index calculated from globally mosaiced regional climate simulation (REMO2015). Exposure to extreme drought increases monotonically with warming level. For every 0.5 °C warming increase up to 3.0 °C, an additional 619 million people live in areas with 25% likelihood of annual extreme drought, in addition to the 1.7 billion people (25% of 2020 global population) exposed in today’s 1.0 °C world. Spatially, global drying is amplified in the tropics, where drought frequency increases at twice the global rate. Per 0.5 °C increase in warming, extreme drought annual likelihoods increase 1.5 times greater in forested than non-forested areas, jeopardizing climate regulation associated with forested biomes. Cropland exposure to 50% likelihood of annual extreme drought in two of the highest producing countries, China and Brazil, increases 4× and 13× between 1.0 °C and 2.0 °C, spanning a third of national cropland by 3.0 °C. At 1.5 °C (4.0 °C), 16% (39%) of global hydroelectric generating capacity will be exposed to at least a 50% likelihood of annual extreme drought, up from 5% in today’s 1.0 °C world. Given the near-term likelihood of surpassing 1.5 °C, high resolution drought exposure assessments must inform risk aware development and resilience efforts.
The contribution of emission sources to the future air pollution disease burden in China
Authors: Conibear Luke , Reddington Carly L , Silver Ben J , Arnold Stephen R , Turnock Steven T , Klimont Zbigniew , Spracklen Dominick V 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a leading public health problem in China. Despite recent air quality improvements, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure remains large, the associated disease burden is substantial, and population ageing is projected to increase the susceptibility to disease. Here, we used emulators of a regional chemical transport model to quantify the impacts of future emission scenarios on air pollution exposure in China. We estimated how key emission sectors contribute to these future health impacts from air pollution exposure. We found that PM2.5 exposure declines in all scenarios across China over 2020–2050, with reductions of 15% under current air quality legislation, 36% when exploiting the full potential of air pollutant emission reduction technologies, and 39% when that technical mitigation potential is combined with emission controls for climate mitigation. However, population ageing means that the PM2.5 disease burden under current legislation (CLE) increases by 17% in 2050 relative to 2020. In comparison to CLE in 2050, the application of the best air pollution technologies provides substantial health benefits, reducing the PM2.5 disease burden by 16%, avoiding 536 600 (95% uncertainty interval, 95UI: 497 800–573 300) premature deaths per year. These public health benefits are mainly due to reductions in industrial (43%) and residential (30%) emissions. Climate mitigation efforts combined with the best air pollution technologies leads to an additional 2% reduction in the PM2.5 disease burden, avoiding 57 000 (95UI: 52 800–61 100) premature deaths per year. Up to 90% of the 2020–2050 reductions in PM2.5 exposure are already achieved by 2030, assuming efficient implementation and enforcement of currently committed air quality policies in key sectors. Achieving reductions in PM2.5 exposure and the associated disease burden after 2030 will require further tightening of emission limits for regulated sectors, addressing other sources including agriculture and waste management, and international coordinated action to mitigate air pollution across Asia.
Identification of 6-epi-heliolactone as a biosynthetic precursor of avenaol in Avena strigosa
Authors: Moriyama Daisuke , Wakabayashi Takatoshi , Shiotani Nanami , Yamamoto Shunya , Furusato Yui , Yabe Kohki , Mizutani Masaharu , Takikawa Hirosato , Sugimoto Yukihiro 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) known as rhizosphere signaling molecules and plant hormones regulating shoot architecture, are classified into two distinct groups, canonical and non-canonical SLs based on their structures. Avenaol, a non-canonical SL found in the root exudates of black oat (Avena strigosa), has a characteristic bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane skeleton. Elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of this peculiar structure is a challenge for further understanding the structural diversification of non-canonical SLs. In this study, a novel non-canonical SL, 6-epi-heliolactone in black oat root exudates was identified. Feeding experiments showed that 6-epi-heliolactone was a biosynthetic intermediate between methyl carlactonoate and avenaol. Inhibitor experiments proposed the involvement of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase in converting 6-epi-heliolactone to avenaol. These results provide new insights into the stereochemistry diversity of non-canonical SLs and a basis to explore the biosynthetic pathway causing avenaol.
Neurovascular coupling mechanisms in health and neurovascular uncoupling in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhu Winston M , Neuhaus Ain , Beard Daniel J , Sutherland Brad A , DeLuca Gabriele C 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTo match the metabolic demands of the brain, mechanisms have evolved to couple neuronal activity to vasodilation, thus increasing local cerebral blood flow and delivery of oxygen and glucose to active neurons. Rather than relying on metabolic feedback signals such as the consumption of oxygen or glucose, the main signalling pathways rely on the release of vasoactive molecules by neurons and astrocytes, which act on contractile cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes are the contractile cells associated with arterioles and capillaries, respectively, which relax and induce vasodilation.Much progress has been made in understanding the complex signalling pathways of neurovascular coupling, but issues such as the contributions of capillary pericytes and astrocyte calcium signal remain contentious. Study of neurovascular coupling mechanisms is especially important as cerebral blood flow dysregulation is a prominent feature of Alzheimer’s disease. In this article we will discuss developments and controversies in the understanding of neurovascular coupling and finish by discussing current knowledge concerning neurovascular uncoupling in Alzheimer’s disease.