bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetization switching in polycrystalline Mn3Sn thin film induced by self-generated spin-polarized current
Authors: Xie Hang , Chen Xin , Zhang Qi , Mu Zhiqiang , Zhang Xinhai , Yan Binghai , Wu Yihong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractElectrical manipulation of spins is essential to design state-of-the-art spintronic devices and commonly relies on the spin current injected from a second heavy-metal material. The fact that chiral antiferromagnets produce spin current inspires us to explore the magnetization switching of chiral spins using self-generated spin torque. Here, we demonstrate the electric switching of noncollinear antiferromagnetic state in Mn3Sn by observing a crossover from conventional spin-orbit torque to the self-generated spin torque when increasing the MgO thickness in Ta/MgO/Mn3Sn polycrystalline films. The spin current injection from the Ta layer can be controlled and even blocked by varying the MgO thickness, but the switching sustains even at a large MgO thickness. Furthermore, the switching polarity reverses when the MgO thickness exceeds around 3 nm, which cannot be explained by the spin-orbit torque scenario due to spin current injection from the Ta layer. Evident current-induced switching is also observed in MgO/Mn3Sn and Ti/Mn3Sn bilayers, where external injection of spin Hall current to Mn3Sn is negligible. The inter-grain spin-transfer torque induced by spin-polarized current explains the experimental observations. Our findings provide an alternative pathway for electrical manipulation of non-collinear antiferromagnetic state without resorting to the conventional bilayer structure.
A G358S mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum Na+ pump PfATP4 confers clinically-relevant resistance to cipargamin
Authors: Qiu Deyun , Pei Jinxin V. , Rosling James E. O. , Thathy Vandana , Li Dongdi , Xue Yi , Tanner John D. , Penington Jocelyn Sietsma , Aw Yi Tong Vincent , Aw Jessica Yi Han , Xu Guoyue , Tripathi Abhai K. , Gnadig Nina F. , Yeo Tomas , Fairhurst Kate J. , Stokes Barbara H. , Murithi James M. , Kümpornsin Krittikorn , Hasemer Heath , Dennis Adelaide S. M. , Ridgway Melanie C. , Schmitt Esther K. , Straimer Judith , Papenfuss Anthony T. , Lee Marcus C. S. , Corry Ben , Sinnis Photini , Fidock David A. , van Dooren Giel G. , Kirk Kiaran , Lehane Adele M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDiverse compounds target thePlasmodium falciparumNa+pump PfATP4, with cipargamin and (+)-SJ733 the most clinically-advanced. In a recent clinical trial for cipargamin, recrudescent parasites emerged, with most having a G358S mutation in PfATP4. Here, we show that PfATP4G358Sparasites can withstand micromolar concentrations of cipargamin and (+)-SJ733, while remaining susceptible to antimalarials that do not target PfATP4. The G358S mutation in PfATP4, and the equivalent mutation inToxoplasma gondiiATP4, decrease the sensitivity of ATP4 to inhibition by cipargamin and (+)-SJ733, thereby protecting parasites from disruption of Na+regulation. The G358S mutation reduces the affinity of PfATP4 for Na+and is associated with an increase in the parasite’s resting cytosolic [Na+]. However, no defect in parasite growth or transmissibility is observed. Our findings suggest that PfATP4 inhibitors in clinical development should be tested against PfATP4G358Sparasites, and that their combination with unrelated antimalarials may mitigate against resistance development.
FtsN maintains active septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthases in E. coli
Authors: Lyu Zhixin , Yahashiri Atsushi , Yang Xinxing , McCausland Joshua W. , Kaus Gabriela M. , McQuillen Ryan , Weiss David S. , Xiao Jie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFtsN plays an essential role in promoting the inward synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) by the FtsWI complex during bacterial cell division. How it achieves this role is unclear. Here we use single-molecule tracking to investigate FtsN’s dynamics during sPG synthesis in E. coli. We show that septal FtsN molecules move processively at ~9 nm s−1, the same as FtsWI molecules engaged in sPG synthesis (termed sPG-track), but much slower than the ~30 nm s−1 speed of inactive FtsWI molecules coupled to FtsZ’s treadmilling dynamics (termed FtsZ-track). Importantly, processive movement of FtsN is exclusively coupled to sPG synthesis and is required to maintain active sPG synthesis by FtsWI. Our findings indicate that FtsN is part of the FtsWI sPG synthesis complex, and that while FtsN is often described as a “trigger” for the initiation for cell wall constriction, it must remain part of the processive FtsWI complex to maintain sPG synthesis activity.
Near-infrared-laser-navigated dancing bubble within water via a thermally conductive interface
Authors: Hu Man , Wang Feng , Chen Li , Huo Peng , Li Yuqi , Gu Xi , Chong Kai Leong , Deng Daosheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPrecise manipulation of droplets or bubbles hosts a broad range of applications for microfluidic devices, drug delivery, and soft robotics. Generally the existing approaches via passively designing structured surfaces or actively applying external stimuli, inherently confine their motions within the planar or curved geometry at a slow speed. Consequently the realization of 3D manipulation, such as of the underwater bubbles, remains challenging. Here, during the near-infrared-laser impacting on water, by simply introducing a thermally conductive interface, we unexpectedly observe a spontaneously bouncing bubble with hundreds-of-micrometer diameter at tens-of-Hertz frequency. The unique formation of temperature inversion layer in our system generates the depth-dependent thermal Marangoni force responsible for the bouncing behavior. Both the scaling analysis and numerical simulation agree with observations quantitatively. Furthermore, by controlling the navigation speed of the laser beam, the bubble not only shows excellent steerability with velocity up to 40 mm/s, but also exhibits distinctive behaviors from bouncing to dancing within water. We demonstrate the potential applications by steering the bubble within water to specifically interact with tiny objects, shedding light on the fabrication of bubble-based compositions in materials science and contamination removal in water treatment.
Chiral molecular imprinting-based SERS detection strategy for absolute enantiomeric discrimination
Authors: Arabi Maryam , Ostovan Abbas , Wang Yunqing , Mei Rongchao , Fu Longwen , Li Jinhua , Wang Xiaoyan , Chen Lingxin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChiral discrimination is critical in environmental and life sciences. However, an ideal chiral discrimination strategy has not yet been developed because of the inevitable nonspecific binding entity of wrong enantiomers or insufficient intrinsic optical activities of chiral molecules. Here, we propose an “inspector” recognition mechanism (IRM), which is implemented on a chiral imprinted polydopamine (PDA) layer coated on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag layer. The IRM works based on the permeability change of the imprinted PDA after the chiral recognition and scrutiny of the permeability by an inspector molecule. Good enantiomer can specifically recognize and fully fill the chiral imprinted cavities, whereas the wrong cannot. Then a linear shape aminothiol molecule, as an inspector of the recognition status is introduced, which can only percolate through the vacant and nonspecifically occupied cavities, inducing the SERS signal to decrease. Accordingly, chirality information exclusively stems from good enantiomer specific binding, while nonspecific recognition of wrong enantiomer is curbed. The IRM benefits from sensitivity and versatility, enabling absolute discrimination of a wide variety of chiral molecules regardless of size, functional groups, polarities, optical activities, Raman scattering, and the number of chiral centers.
A shuttling-based two-qubit logic gate for linking distant silicon quantum processors
Authors: Noiri Akito , Takeda Kenta , Nakajima Takashi , Kobayashi Takashi , Sammak Amir , Scappucci Giordano , Tarucha Seigo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractControl of entanglement between qubits at distant quantum processors using a two-qubit gate is an essential function of a scalable, modular implementation of quantum computation. Among the many qubit platforms, spin qubits in silicon quantum dots are promising for large-scale integration along with their nanofabrication capability. However, linking distant silicon quantum processors is challenging as two-qubit gates in spin qubits typically utilize short-range exchange coupling, which is only effective between nearest-neighbor quantum dots. Here we demonstrate a two-qubit gate between spin qubits via coherent spin shuttling, a key technology for linking distant silicon quantum processors. Coherent shuttling of a spin qubit enables efficient switching of the exchange coupling with an on/off ratio exceeding 1000, while preserving the spin coherence by 99.6% for the single shuttling between neighboring dots. With this shuttling-mode exchange control, we demonstrate a two-qubit controlled-phase gate with a fidelity of 93%, assessed via randomized benchmarking. Combination of our technique and a phase coherent shuttling of a qubit across a large quantum dot array will provide feasible path toward a quantum link between distant silicon quantum processors, a key requirement for large-scale quantum computation.
Probabilistic computing using Cu0.1Te0.9/HfO2/Pt diffusive memristors
Authors: Woo Kyung Seok , Kim Jaehyun , Han Janguk , Kim Woohyun , Jang Yoon Ho , Hwang Cheol Seong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA computing scheme that can solve complex tasks is necessary as the big data field proliferates. Probabilistic computing (p-computing) paves the way to efficiently handle problems based on stochastic units called probabilistic bits (p-bits). This study proposes p-computing based on the threshold switching (TS) behavior of a Cu0.1Te0.9/HfO2/Pt (CTHP) diffusive memristor. The theoretical background of the p-computing resembling the Hopfield network structure is introduced to explain the p-computing system. P-bits are realized by the stochastic TS behavior of CTHP diffusive memristors, and they are connected to form the p-computing network. The memristor-based p-bit is likely to be ‘0’ and ‘1’, of which probability is controlled by an input voltage. The memristor-based p-computing enables all 16 Boolean logic operations in both forward and inverted operations, showing the possibility of expanding its uses for complex operations, such as full adder and factorization.
Near-infrared phosphorescent carbon dots for sonodynamic precision tumor therapy
Authors: Geng Bijiang , Hu Jinyan , Li Yuan , Feng Shini , Pan Dengyu , Feng Lingyan , Shen Longxiang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTheranostic sonosensitizers with combined sonodynamic and near infrared (NIR) imaging modes are required for imaging guided sonodynamic therapy (SDT). It is challenging, however, to realize a single material that is simultaneously endowed with both NIR emitting and sonodynamic activities. Herein, we report the design of a class of NIR-emitting sonosensitizers from a NIR phosphorescent carbon dot (CD) material with a narrow bandgap (1.62 eV) and long-lived excited triplet states (11.4 μs), two of which can enhance SDT as thermodynamically and dynamically favorable factors under low-intensity ultrasound irradiation, respectively. The NIR-phosphorescent CDs are identified as bipolar quantum dots containing both p- and n-type surface functionalization regions that can drive spatial separation of e−–h+ pairs and fast transfer to reaction sites. Importantly, the cancer-specific targeting and high-level intratumor enrichment of the theranostic CDs are achieved by cancer cell membrane encapsulation for precision SDT with complete eradication of solid tumors by single injection and single irradiation. These results will open up a promising approach to engineer phosphorescent materials with long-lived triplet excited states for sonodynamic precision tumor therapy.
Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 in Denmark
Authors: Lyngse Frederik Plesner , Kirkeby Carsten Thure , Denwood Matthew , Christiansen Lasse Engbo , Mølbak Kåre , Møller Camilla Holten , Skov Robert Leo , Krause Tyra Grove , Rasmussen Morten , Sieber Raphael Niklaus , Johannesen Thor Bech , Lillebaek Troels , Fonager Jannik , Fomsgaard Anders , Møller Frederik Trier , Stegger Marc , Overvad Maria , Spiess Katja , Mortensen Laust Hvas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and new variants emerge. Using nationwide Danish data, we estimate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 within households. Among 22,678 primary cases, we identified 17,319 secondary infections among 50,588 household contacts during a 1–7 day follow-up. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was 29% and 39% in households infected with Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, respectively. BA.2 was associated with increased susceptibility of infection for unvaccinated household contacts (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99; 95%–CI 1.72-2.31), fully vaccinated contacts (OR 2.26; 95%–CI 1.95–2.62) and booster-vaccinated contacts (OR 2.65; 95%–CI 2.29–3.08), compared to BA.1. We also found increased infectiousness from unvaccinated primary cases infected with BA.2 compared to BA.1 (OR 2.47; 95%–CI 2.15–2.84), but not for fully vaccinated (OR 0.66; 95%–CI 0.57–0.78) or booster-vaccinated primary cases (OR 0.69; 95%–CI 0.59–0.82). Omicron BA.2 is inherently more transmissible than BA.1. Its immune-evasive properties also reduce the protective effect of vaccination against infection, but do not increase infectiousness of breakthrough infections from vaccinated individuals.
Inositol hexakisphosphate is required for Integrator function
Authors: Lin Min-Han , Jensen Madeline K. , Elrod Nathan D. , Huang Kai-Lieh , Welle Kevin A. , Wagner Eric J. , Tong Liang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntegrator is a multi-subunit protein complex associated with RNA polymerase II (Pol II), with critical roles in noncoding RNA 3′-end processing and transcription attenuation of a broad collection of mRNAs. IntS11 is the endonuclease for RNA cleavage, as a part of the IntS4-IntS9-IntS11 Integrator cleavage module (ICM). Here we report a cryo-EM structure of theDrosophilaICM, at 2.74 Å resolution, revealing stable association of an inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) molecule. The IP6binding site is located in a highly electropositive pocket at an interface among all three subunits of ICM, 55 Å away from the IntS11 active site and generally conserved in other ICMs. We also confirmed IP6association with the same site in human ICM. IP6binding is not detected in ICM samples harboring mutations in this binding site. Such mutations or disruption of IP6biosynthesis significantly reduced Integrator function in snRNA 3′-end processing and mRNA transcription attenuation. Our structural and functional studies reveal that IP6is required for Integrator function inDrosophila, humans, and likely other organisms.
Crowding results from optimal integration of visual targets with contextual information
Authors: Cicchini Guido Marco , D’Errico Giovanni , Burr David Charles 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crowding is the inability to recognize an object in clutter, usually considered a fundamental low-level bottleneck to object recognition. Here we advance and test an alternative idea, that crowding, like predictive phenomena such as serial dependence, results from optimizing strategies that exploit redundancies in natural scenes. This notion leads to several testable predictions: crowding should be greatest for unreliable targets and reliable flankers; crowding-induced biases should be maximal when target and flankers have similar orientations, falling off for differences around 20°; flanker interference should be associated with higher precision in orientation judgements, leading to lower overall error rate; effects should be maximal when the orientation of the target is near that of the average of the flankers, rather than to that of individual flankers. Each of these predictions were supported, and could be simulated with ideal-observer models that maximize performance. The results suggest that while crowding can affect object recognition, it may be better understood not as a processing bottleneck, but as a consequence of efficient exploitation of the spatial redundancies of the natural world.
Single cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal microglia-plasma cell crosstalk in the brain during Trypanosoma brucei infection
Authors: Quintana Juan F. , Chandrasegaran Praveena , Sinton Matthew C. , Briggs Emma M. , Otto Thomas D. , Heslop Rhiannon , Bentley-Abbot Calum , Loney Colin , de Lecea Luis , Mabbott Neil A. , MacLeod Annette 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHuman African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is caused by the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma bruceiand induces profound reactivity of glial cells and neuroinflammation when the parasites colonise the central nervous system. However, the transcriptional and functional responses of the brain to chronicT. bruceiinfection remain poorly understood. By integrating single cell and spatial transcriptomics of the mouse brain, we identify that glial responses triggered by infection are readily detected in the proximity to the circumventricular organs, including the lateral and 3rdventricle. This coincides with the spatial localisation of both slender and stumpy forms ofT. brucei. Furthermore, in silico predictions and functional validations led us to identify a previously unknown crosstalk between homeostatic microglia andCd138+plasma cells mediated by IL-10 and B cell activating factor (BAFF) signalling. This study provides important insights and resources to improve understanding of the molecular and cellular responses in the brain during infection with African trypanosomes.
Reducing data dimension boosts neural network-based stage-specific malaria detection
Authors: Preißinger Katharina , Kellermayer Miklós , Vértessy Beáta G. , Kézsmárki István , Török János 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlthough malaria has been known for more than 4 thousand years1, it still imposes a global burden with approx. 240 million annual cases2. Improvement in diagnostic techniques is a prerequisite for its global elimination. Despite its main limitations, being time-consuming and subjective, light microscopy on Giemsa-stained blood smears is still the gold-standard diagnostic method used worldwide. Autonomous computer assisted recognition of malaria infected red blood cells (RBCs) using neural networks (NNs) has the potential to overcome these deficiencies, if a fast, high-accuracy detection can be achieved using low computational power and limited sets of microscopy images for training the NN. Here, we report on a novel NN-based scheme that is capable of the high-speed classification of RBCs into four categories—healthy ones and three classes of infected ones according to the parasite age—with an accuracy as high as 98%. Importantly, we observe that a smart reduction of data dimension, using characteristic one-dimensional cross-sections of the RBC images, not only speeds up the classification but also significantly improves its performance with respect to the usual two-dimensional NN schemes. Via comparative studies on RBC images recorded by two additional techniques, fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that our method is universally applicable for different types of microscopy images. This robustness against imaging platform-specific features is crucial for diagnostic applications. Our approach for the reduction of data dimension could be straightforwardly generalised for the classification of different parasites, cells and other types of objects.
Exosomal telomerase transcripts reprogram the microRNA transcriptome profile of fibroblasts and partially contribute to CAF formation
Authors: Likonen Daniela , Pinchasi Maria , Beery Einat , Sarsor Zinab , Signorini Lorenzo Federico , Gervits Asia , Sharan Roded , Lahav Meir , Raanani Pia , Uziel Orit 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIt is now well accepted that cancer cells change their microenvironment from normal to tumor-supportive state to provide sustained tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. These processes are partially carried out by exosomes, nano-sized vesicles secreted from cells, shuttled from donor to recipient cells containing a cargo of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. By transferring biologically active molecules, cancer-derived exosomes may transform microenvironmental cells to become tumor supportive. Telomerase activity is regarded as a hallmark of cancer. We have recently shown that the transcript of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), is packaged in cancer cells derived- exosomes. Following the engulfment of the hTERT transcript into fibroblasts, it is translated into a fully active enzyme [after assembly with its RNA component (hTERC) subunit]. Telomerase activity in the recipient, otherwise telomerase negative cells, provides them with a survival advantage. Here we show that exosomal telomerase might play a role in modifying normal fibroblasts into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by upregulating $$\mathrm{\alpha }$$
α
SMA and Vimentin, two CAF markers. We also show that telomerase activity changes the transcriptome of microRNA in these fibroblasts. By ectopically expressing microRNA 342, one of the top identified microRNAs, we show that it may mediate the proliferative phenotype that these cells acquire upon taking-up exosomal hTERT, providing them with a survival advantage.
Exosomal miRNA-21 from Toxoplasma gondii-infected microglial cells induces the growth of U87 glioma cells by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
Authors: Jung Bong-Kwang , Song Hyemi , Shin Hyejoo , Chai Jong-Yil 
Published: September 2022

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that can modulate the microenvironment of infected hosts and is known to be associated with the incidence of brain tumor growth. In this study, we suggested that the exosomal microRNA-21 derived from Toxoplasma infection would contribute to the growth of brain tumors. Exosomes of BV2 microglial cells infected with Toxoplasma were characterized and confirmed internalization to U87 glioma cells. Exosomal miRNA expression profiles were analyzed using microRNA array and miR-21A-5p associated with Toxoplasma and tumor sorted. We also examined the mRNA level of tumor-associated genes in U87 glioma cells by changing the level of miR-21 within exosomes and the effects of exosomes on the proliferation of human U87 glioma cells. Expression of miRNA-21 was increased and anti-tumorigenic genes (FoxO1, PTEN, and PDCD4) were decreased in exosomes within T. gondii-infected U87 glioma cells. Toxoplasma-infected BV2-derived exosomes induced proliferation of U87 glioma cells. The exosomes induced the growth of U87 cells in a mouse tumor model. We suggest that the increased exosomal miR-21 from Toxoplasma-infected BV2 microglial cells may play an important role as a cell growth promotor of U87 glioma cells through a down-regulation of anti-tumorigenic genes.