bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns, drivers and detectability of infestation symptoms following attacks by the European spruce bark beetle
Authors: Kautz Markus , Peter Felix J. , Harms Laura , Kammen Stephan , Delb Horst 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecent outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in Central Europe highlight the importance of timely detection and sanitation of infested trees for pest management efficacy. This study provides novel quantitative evidence on the manifestation of infestation symptoms and their visual detectability, to guide accelerated, optimized terrestrial bark beetle monitoring, as well as establishing benchmarks for potential alternative (e.g. sensor-based) monitoring approaches. We employed bi-weekly, individual tree-level assessments on 85 hectares of spruce-dominated unmanaged forest over a 2-year period in south-western Germany (detecting a total of 1,176 infested trees). By applying decision tree-type models, we quantified the predictive power of observed symptoms and their correlation with environmental factors and time. Terrestrial detection accuracy and timeliness were high, suggestive of being sufficient to suppress I. typographus outbreak propagation by subsequent sanitation felling. Among the six studied symptoms, boring dust occurred most frequently (in 82% of correctly detected infestations) and is most suitable for timely detection. Total symptom abundance was best explained by two site parameters (slope, Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration-Index) and I. typographus population density, while it was widely independent of tree parameters and time. Though individual symptoms varied over time and among trees, patterns were clearly identified. For instance, infestations in spring were most critical to be timely detected, while increasing crown discoloration and defoliation facilitated detection in late summer and autumn. Findings further imply that hibernation trees would optimally be detected already in late summer with sanitation felling applied before November.
Preparation and benchmarking of novel cellulose nanopaper
Authors: Kargupta Wriju , Seifert Reanna , Martinez Mark , Olson James , Tanner Joanne , Batchelor Warren 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSynthetic polymers and plastics which are currently used as barrier materials in packaging applications are neither renewable nor biodegradable. Nanopaper, which is obtained by breaking down cellulose fibers into nanoscale particles, have unique properties with the potential to replace synthetic packaging materials, but requires very high energy to mechanically process the fibers into nanopaper. This research investigates whether refining alone can be used to produce nanopaper with sufficient quality for packaging applications. Nanopaper was produced from Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft (BEK) refined with a PFI mill and from Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) refined in a pilot disc refiner. Both trials found a plateau for oxygen permeability and water vapour permeability that was reached after 1800 kWh/t and 12,000 kWh/t for refining in the pilot disc refiner and PFI mill, respectively. Refining beyond these optima produced either little or no reduction in permeability, while increasing the drainage time to form a sheet. However, elastic modulus, strain at break and sheet light transmittance did continue to increase. The plateau oxygen permeability of ~ 1.24 (cc µm)/(m2 day kPa) is 1–3 orders of magnitude lower than the oxygen permeability for PET and LDPE, respectively, while the plateau water vapour permeability ~ 3 × 10–11 g/m.s. Pa was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than for PET and LDPE. The improved strength and barrier properties of nanopaper achieved at lab and pilot scale mechanical refining process promises a sustainable alternative to conventional packaging.
Graphical abstract
The Influence of Indirect Democracy and Leadership Choice on Cooperation
Authors: Schories Fanny E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe paper examines whether an institution has a differing impact on cooperation if it is introduced by a representative of the affected subjects rather than exogenously imposed. The experimental design controls for selection effects arising from the endogenous policy choice. The treatment varies whether the decision-maker is elected or randomly appointed. There is evidence of a large democracy premium in the sense that endogenously chosen institutions lead to more cooperation than identical exogenous institutions, but only if the group leader is democratically chosen. Especially the subjects who initially did not prefer the policy are more likely to cooperate if it was brought about by an elected representative. There is no democracy premium for randomly appointed group leaders.
Economic analysis of international environmental agreements: lessons learnt 2000–2020
Authors: Pouw Nicky R. M. , Weikard Hans-Peter , Howarth Richard B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOn the occasion of the 20th anniversary of International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law & Economics, we conduct an extensive review of papers published in this journal that address the economic dimensions of international environmental agreements (IEAs). We focus particularly on the lessons learnt from this body of literature and the implications for the assessment and design of IEAs in relation to goals such as efficiency, effectiveness, and equity. Our key conclusions run as follows. First, at the international level, universal coalitions are more cost-efficient and effective than fragmented regimes, but more difficult to negotiate and less stable. Second, in developing countries, there is need for substantial external funding to cover the short-run costs of environmental compliance. Third, market-based solutions have been increasingly applied in international agreements but with mixed results. For example, cap-and-trade systems have the potential to achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions and least economic cost. But in the provisioning of water services, private sector solutions often result in outcomes that are unaffordable for low-income groups or nonviable for businesses, suggesting well-designed public–private partnerships. At the international level, Green Bond markets can attract investors for climate and environmental projects, but implementation failures tend to weaken outcomes. Finally, in practical politics, economically optimal designs are rarely achieved. Future applied economic research should therefore critically investigate institutions and the scope for their reform. Gains in knowledge are expected to come from economic analyses taking a broader perspective on “the economy”, taking institutions and social and ecological relations into account from the start.
Sentimental and spatial analysis of COVID-19 vaccines tweets
Authors: Umair Areeba , Masciari Elio 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe world has to face health concerns due to huge spread of COVID. For this reason, the development of vaccine is the need of hour. The higher vaccine distribution, the higher the immunity against coronavirus. Therefore, there is a need to analyse the people’s sentiment for the vaccine campaign. Today, social media is the rich source of data where people share their opinions and experiences by their posts, comments or tweets. In this study, we have used the twitter data of vaccines of COVID and analysed them using methods of artificial intelligence and geo-spatial methods. We found the polarity of the tweets using the TextBlob() function and categorized them. Then, we designed the word clouds and classified the sentiments using the BERT model. We then performed the geo-coding and visualized the feature points over the world map. We found the correlation between the feature points geographically and then applied hotspot analysis and kernel density estimation to highlight the regions of positive, negative or neutral sentiments. We used precision, recall and F score to evaluate our model and compare our results with the state-of-the-art methods. The results showed that our model achieved 55% & 54% precision, 69% & 85% recall and 58% & 64% F score for positive class and negative class respectively. Thus, these sentimental and spatial analysis helps in world-wide pandemics by identify the people’s attitudes towards the vaccines.
Syntheses and Structures of [Fe(TPA)X2](ClO4) and [{Fe(TPA)Y}2O](ClO4)2 Where TPA = Tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, X = N3, or Br, and Y = N3, Br, NCO, or NCS
Authors: Xue Jia , Hangun-Balkir Yelda , Mullaney Matthew , Nadir Shamila , Lewis Justin Cody , Henry-Smith Christine , Jayaratna Naleen B. , Kawshalya Kumarihami C. A. U. , Norman Richard E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract[Fe(TPA)(N3)2](ClO4) and [Fe(TPA)Br2](ClO4), where TPA is tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.7029(5) Å, b = 19.168(1) Å, c = 13.5728(7) Å, β = 101.472(3)°, and a = 8.944(3) Å, b = 16.578(6) Å, c = 15.108(6) Å, β = 103.18(2)°, respectively. The structures were determined at 150 K from 3397 reflections (1426 observed) with R = 0.063 (Rw = 0.097), and at 115 K from 5617 reflections (2261 observed) with R = 0.057 (Rw = 0.065), respectively. In both cases, the iron is pseudo-octahedral with the two halide/pseudohalide ions cis. The Fe–X bond trans to the tertiary amine is shorter. The structures of [{Fe(TPA)X}2O](ClO4)2 where X = N3, Br, NCO, and two polymorphic forms of NCS, are also reported. The azide derivative [CH3CN solvate, monoclinic P21/n, a = 11.8038(11) Å, b = 22.547(2) Å, c = 17.344(2) Å, β = 106.972(4)°, determined at 100 K from 8972 reflections (4404 observed) with R = 0.087 (Rw = 0.145)] has two distinct Fe environments—the tertiary amine is cis to the oxido bridge at one site and is trans to the oxido bridge at the other site; the trans Fe–N3° distance is longer. Both the Br and NCO derivatives are monoclinic, C2/c [with a = 16.1480(17), b = 17.2036(13), c = 16.8521(12), β = 111.204(10), data collected at 293 K, 3753 reflections (2404 observed), R = 0.069 (Rw = 0.151), and a = 15.7470(9), b = 18.2270(11), c = 16.8950(8), β = 110.666(3), data collected at 90 K, 5392 reflections (3028 observed), R = 0.064 (Rw = 0.091), respectively]. Both polymorphs of the NCS derivative are monoclinic—one is P21/c and the other P21/n [a = 11.075(2), b = 15.436(2), c = 12.351(2), β = 95.528(7), data collected at 90 K, 5378 reflections (4345 observed), R = 0.068 (Rw = 0.198), and a = 12.396(2), b = 15.428(3), c = 44.505(8), β = 95.211(7), data collected at 110 K, 16,527 reflections (6540 observed), R = 0.069 (Rw = 0.105), respectively]. For the Br, NCO and NCS dimers, each iron of the [{Fe(TPA)X}2O]2+ unit is pseudo-octahedral with the halide/pseudohalide and oxide ions cis. The oxide bridge is linear, and the two halides/pseudohalides are anti. The ranking of trans influence of the ligands is O2− ≫ Br− > Cl− > N3− > NCO− ≥ NCS− > pyridyl > tertiary amine and the ranking of cis influence of the ligands is O2− ≫ N3− > NCO− > Cl− ≥ Br− > NCS−.
Graphical Abstract
The X-ray structures of two monomeric [Fe(TPA)(X)2](ClO4), where TPA is tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and X = N3, and Br, and four dimeric [{Fe(TPA)Y}2O](ClO4)2, where Y =N3, Br, NCO, and NCS are presented and discussed.
A Tri-Directional Examination of Parental Personality, Parenting Behaviors, and Contextual Factors in Influencing Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Truhan Tayler E. , Sedikides Constantine , McIlvenna Micheala , Andrae Lena , Turner Rhiannon N. , Papageorgiou Kostas A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLinks between parental personality, parenting, and adolescent behavior have been well established. However, extant research is limited by the sole focus on parental Big Five personality, and not taking home and family context into account. These gaps were addressed in two studies. In study 1, context, parental personality, and their interactions were examined as predictors of parenting in separate mother and father models (parents only). In study 2, context, parental personality, and parenting were examined as predictors of adolescent behavioral outcomes (parent–adolescent dyads). Parents (N = 283, 45.6% mothers, Mage = 45.51 years) completed assessments of socioeconomic status (SES), adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), personality (Big Five, Dark Triad), and parenting. Adolescents (N = 257, 51.4% female, Mage = 13.65 years) completed an assessment of behavior. Parent Dark Triad domains explained more variance in parental warmth and hostility than the Big Five, but equivalent variance in adolescent behavior. SES interacted with maternal personality, whereas ACEs interacted with paternal personality, to predict parenting behavior. The results showcase the importance of assessing a wider spectrum of parental personality, and examining contextual factors, in affecting adolescent development.
On testimonial knowledge and its functions
Authors: Croce Michel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe problem of explaining how we acquire knowledge via testimony gives rise to a dilemma, according to which any theory must make testimonial knowledge either too hard or too easy, and therefore no adequate account of testimonial knowledge is possible. In recent work (2020), John Greco offers a solution to the dilemma on behalf of anti-reductionism that appeals to Edward Craig’s functionalist epistemology. It is argued that Greco’s solution is flawed, in that his functionalist account provides wrong verdicts of ordinary cases of testimonial knowledge. In contrast, it is shown that both anti-reductionism and reductionism have the resources to solve the dilemma and provide the right verdicts in ordinary cases of testimonial knowledge without appealing to Greco’s functionalism.
Science advice: making credences accurate
Authors: Blessenohl Simon , Sarikaya Deniz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPolicy-makers often rely on scientists to inform their decisions. When advising policy-makers, what should scientists say? One view says that scientists ought to say what they have a high credence in. Another view says that scientists ought to say what they expect to lead to good policy outcomes. We explore a third view: scientists ought to say what they expect to make the policy-makers’ credences accurate.
Group belief reconceived
Authors: de Ridder Jeroen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn influential account or group belief analyzes it as a form ofjoint commitmentby group members. In spite of its popularity, the account faces daunting objections. I consider and reply to two of them. The first, due to Jennifer Lackey, is that the joint commitment account fails as an account of groupbeliefsince it cannot distinguish groupbeliefsfrom groupliesandbullshit. The second is that the joint commitment account fails because it makes group beliefvoluntary, whereas genuine belief isinvoluntary. I propose an amendment to the basic joint commitment account which offers a unified reply to both objections. Although my novel account of group belief departs from the basic joint commitment account, it retains its spirit. The account entails that genuine group belief is much rarer than proponents of the joint commitment account have hitherto realized.
Language games and the emergence of discourse
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. , VanDrunen Jacob 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWittgenstein (Philosophical investigations, Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1958) used the notion of a language game to illustrate how language is interwoven with action. Here we consider how successful linguistic discourse of the sort he described might emerge in the context of a self-assembling evolutionary game. More specifically, we consider how discourse and coordinated action might self-assemble in the context of two generalized signaling games. The first game shows how prospective language users might learn to initiate meaningful discourse. The second shows how more subtle varieties of discourse might co-emerge with a meaningful language.
Relationship between temporal rhythm-based classification of atrial fibrillation and stroke: real-world vs. clinical trial
Authors: Ding Wern Yew , Rivera-Caravaca José Miguel , Marin Francisco , Roldán Vanessa , Lip Gregory Y. H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The risk of stroke according to clinical classification of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly defined. Here, we assessed the impact of AF type on stroke risk in vitamin K antagonist-treated patients with AF in ‘real-world’ and ‘clinical trial’ cohorts.

Methods
Post-hoc analysis of patient-level data from the Murcia AF Project and AMADEUS trial. Clinical classification of AF was based on contemporary recommendations from international guidelines. Study endpoint was the incidence rate of ischaemic stroke. Stroke risk was determined using CHA2DS2-VASc score and CARS. A modified CHA2DS2-VAS‘c’ score that applied one additional point for a ‘c’ criterion of continuous AF (i.e. non-paroxysmal AF) was calculated.

Results
We included 5,917 patients: 1,361 (23.0%) real-world and 4,556 (77.0%) clinical trial. Baseline demographics were balanced in the real-world cohort but clinical trial participants with non-pAF (vs. pAF) were older, male-predominant and had more comorbidities. Crude stroke rates were comparable between the groups in real-world patients (IRR 0.72 [95% CI,0.37-1.28], p = 0.259) though clinical trial participants with non-pAF had a significantly higher crude rate of stroke events (IRR 4.66 [95%,CI,2.41-9.48], p < 0.001). Using multivariable analysis, AF type was not independently associated with stroke risk in the real-world (adjusted HR 1.41 [95% CI,0.80-2.50], p = 0.239) and clinical trial (adjusted HR 1.16 [95% CI,0.62-2.20], p = 0.646) cohorts, after accounting for other risk factors. There was no significant improvement in the CHA2DS2-VAS‘c’ compared to CHA2DS2-VASc score in either cohorts (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
Overall, our results support the need for anticoagulation based on thromboembolic risk profile rather than AF type.
EMG analysis across different tasks improves prevention screenings in diabetes: a cluster analysis approach
Authors: Piatkowska Weronika , Spolaor Fabiola , Guiotto Annamaria , Guarneri Gabriella , Avogaro Angelo , Sawacha Zimi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of this work was twofold: on one side to determine the most suitable parameters of surface electromyography (sEMG) to classify diabetic subjects with and without neuropathy and discriminate them from healthy controls and second to assess the role of the task acquired in the classification process. For this purpose 30 subjects were examined (10 controls, 10 diabetics with and 10 without neuropathy) whilst walking and stair ascending and descending. The electrical activity of six muscles was recorded bilaterally through a 16-channel sEMG system synchronised with a stereophotogrammetric system: Rectus Femoris, Gluteus Medius, Tibialis Anterior, Peroneus Longus, Gastrocnemius Lateralis and Extensor Digitorum. Spatiotemporal parameters of gait and stair climbing and the following sEMG parameters were extracted: signal envelope, activity duration, timing of activation and deactivation. A hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied to the whole set of parameters with different distances and linkage methods. Results showed that only by applying the Ward agglomerative hierarchical clustering (Hamming distance) to the all set of parameters extracted from both tasks, 5 well-separated clusters were obtained: cluster 3 included only DS subjects, cluster 2 and 4 only controls and cluster 1 and 5 only DNS subjects. This method could be used for planning rehabilitation treatments.
Graphical abstract
Historically transposed flipper pairs in a mounted plesiosaurian skeleton
Authors: Krahl Anna , Smith Adam S. , Werneburg Ingmar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPlesiosaurians evolved four wing-like flippers that are morphologically similar to each other and were most likely used in underwater flight. Plesiosaurians have been the subject of a long research history as well as a long history of misidentifications and misinterpretations, especially transposition of parts of or entire fore- and hind flippers. We identified the transposed fore- and hind flippers in a mountedCryptoclidus eurymerusspecimen (GPIT-PV-30092) on display in the Paleontological Collection of Tübingen University. It is likely that the fore- and hind flippers were accidentally transposed when the skeleton was mounted, although, amongst plesiosaurians, the fore- and hind flippers ofCryptoclidus eurymerusare some of the least similar-looking ones. This occurred either during a remounting of the skeleton from a free-standing armature on the ground to a freely “flying” skeleton hanging from the ceiling, or after a research project conducted on the specimen in the 1970s. We summarize osteological characteristics that can be used to correctly identify fore- and hind flippers of this species, and for better future assessment of the plesiosaurian locomotory system.
Early Detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Review on Prospective Screening Methods with Regard to Global Challenges
Authors: Haj-Hosseini Neda , Lindblad Joakim , Hasséus Bengt , Kumar Vinay Vijaya , Subramaniam Narayana , Hirsch Jan-Michaél 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOral cancer is a cancer type that is widely prevalent in low-and middle-income countries with a high mortality rate, and poor quality of life for patients after treatment. Early treatment of cancer increases patient survival, improves quality of life and results in less morbidity and a better prognosis. To reach this goal, early detection of malignancies using technologies that can be used in remote and low resource areas is desirable. Such technologies should be affordable, accurate, and easy to use and interpret. This review surveys different technologies that have the potentials of implementation in primary health and general dental practice, considering global perspectives and with a focus on the population in India, where oral cancer is highly prevalent. The technologies reviewed include both sample-based methods, such as saliva and blood analysis and brush biopsy, and more direct screening of the oral cavity including fluorescence, Raman techniques, and optical coherence tomography. Digitalisation, followed by automated artificial intelligence based analysis, are key elements in facilitating wide access to these technologies, to non-specialist personnel and in rural areas, increasing quality and objectivity of the analysis while simultaneously reducing the labour and need for highly trained specialists.