bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Information Processing
Authors: Gabbiani Fabrizio , Midtgaard Jens 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) is specialised in processing information originating from a variety of internal and external sources. Its basic information processing units are nerve cells or neurons. Within the CNS, these elementary building blocks are densely interconnected in hierarchical and parallel pathways. Information originating from sensory neurons in contact with the body periphery is gradually transformed along these pathways to generate specific actions through signals relayed by motor neurons to peripheral organs. Information processing in the CNS exhibits an astonishing degree of diversity when considering the morphology of its neurons, their connectivity patterns, their electrical and their biochemical signalling properties. Thus, the information processing capabilities of animal brains are quite distinct from those of existing man‐made machines, being characterised by their resilience to noise, their capacity to rapidly adapt, learn and generalise, as well as their ability to participate in complex social behaviours.

Key Concepts

Understanding neural information processing will require a detailed characterisation of how nerve cells represent sensory stimuli and motor commands, a topic often referred to as neural coding.

Neural coding is in part based on spikes, which are discrete events in time and space allowing nerve cells to communicate with one another.

Diversity in spike patterns, neuronal connections and morphologies suggests that neural coding may vary across brain areas and neuron types.

Prototypical neural codes include spike rate codes and relative spike timing codes.

Brief spike trains called bursts may convey information about salient sensory features in specific neurons.

In many brain areas, spikes are sparse across nerve cells and time.
Mutations and New Variation: Overview
Authors: Johnston Mark O 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

A mutation is a heritable change in the genetic material that is not due to genetic recombination. All current genetic variation existing within and among populations originated by mutation in ancestral individuals. Mutations may occur at any stage of the cell cycle, but most probably arise during cell division. Mutations can change the structure or number of single nucleotide sites, multiple nucleotides, entire chromosomes or the entire genome. The vast majority of mutations with fitness effects are mildly harmful; very few are beneficial. The rate of mutation results from the difference between rate of input and repair of nucleic acid lesions. Mutation rates differ among organisms and can evolve like other traits from the influence of selection and drift. Taxa with larger population sizes tend to have lower mutation rates per coding DNA per generation, suggesting that selection is less effective at lowering the rate in small populations. Accurate measures of the beneficial and deleterious mutation rates, the environmental factors affecting mutation and how mutation rates evolve in different organisms are all active areas of research in evolutionary biology.

Key Concepts

A mutation is a heritable change in the genetic material that is not due to genetic recombination.

Mutations are the ultimate source of all genetic differences within and among species.

Types of mutation include replacements, insertions and deletions of single nucleotides as well as gains or losses of chromosome segments or entire chromosomes.

Most mutations have no detectable phenotypic effect and are neutral or very slightly deleterious with respect to fitness.

The vast majority of mutations affecting fitness are deleterious.

Mutation rates per nucleotide can differ as a result of genome size, neighbouring base composition, population size, sex, age and environmental conditions.

Mutation rates themselves can evolve.

The existence of mutations in a population creates a ‘genetic mutational load’, which is defined as the fraction by which the average fitness of individuals in a population is reduced because of mutations.

Nucleotide‐substitution mutation rates range from ∼0.08 × 10
−9
to 9.8 × 10
−9
per site per cell division in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and from ∼0.5 × 10
−9
to 50 × 10
−9
per site per generation in eukaryotes.

Human children differ from their parents at approximately 60–70 point mutations, or about one mutation per 100 megabases (Mb).
The Impact of an Integrated Care Management Program on Acute Care Use and Outpatient Appointment Attendance Among High‐Risk Patients With Lupus
Authors: Williams Jessica N. , Taber Kreager , Huang Weixing , Collins Jamie , Cunningham Rebecca , McLaughlin Katherine , Vogeli Christine , Wichmann Lisa , Feldman Candace H. 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivePatients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often struggle with high acute care use (emergency department [ED] visits and hospitalizations) and missed appointments. A nurse‐led integrated care management program (iCMP) at our multihospital system coordinates care for patients at high risk for frequent acute care use due to comorbidities, demographics, and prior use patterns. We studied whether iCMP enrollment was associated with decreased acute care use and missed appointment rates among patients with SLE.MethodsWe used a validated electronic health record (EHR) machine learning algorithm to identify adults with SLE and then determined which patients were enrolled in the iCMP from January 2012 to February 2019. We then used EHR data linked to insurance claims to compare the incidence rates of ED visits, hospitalizations, potentially avoidable ED visits and hospitalizations, and missed appointments during iCMP enrollment versus the 12 months prior to iCMP enrollment. We used Poisson regression to compare incidence rate ratios (IRRs) during the iCMP versus pre‐iCMP for each use measure, adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, number of comorbidities, and calendar year, accounting for within‐patient clustering.ResultsWe identified 67 iCMP enrollees with SLE and linked EHR claims data. In adjusted analyses, iCMP enrollment was associated with reduced rates of ED visits (IRR 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47‐0.85), avoidable ED visits (IRR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28‐0.88), and avoidable hospitalizations (IRR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21‐0.65).ConclusionA nurse‐led iCMP was effective at decreasing the rate of all ED visits and potentially avoidable ED visits and hospitalizations among high‐risk patients with SLE. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other patient populations.
Edge and Point‐Defect Induced Electronic and Magnetic Properties in Monolayer PtSe2
Authors: Li Jingfeng , Joseph Thomas , Ghorbani‐Asl Mahdi , Kolekar Sadhu , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Batzill Matthias 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEdges and point defects in layered dichalcogenides are important for tuning their electronic and magnetic properties. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with density functional theory (DFT), the electronic structure of edges and point defects in 2D‐PtSe2 are investigated where the 1.8 eV bandgap of monolayer PtSe2 facilitates the detailed characterization of defect‐induced gap states by STM. The stoichiometric zigzag edge terminations are found to be energetically favored. STM and DFT show that these edges exhibit metallic 1D states with spin polarized bands. Various native point defects in PtSe2 are also characterized by STM. A comparison of the experiment with simulated images enables identification of Se‐vacancies, Pt‐vacancies, and Se‐antisites as the dominant defects in PtSe2. In contrast to Se‐ or Pt‐vacancies, the Se‐antisites are almost devoid of gap states. Pt‐vacancies exhibit defect induced states that are spin polarized, emphasizing their importance for inducing magnetism in PtSe2. The atomic‐scale insights into defect‐induced electronic states in monolayer PtSe2 provide the fundamental underpinning for defect engineering of PtSe2‐monolayers and the newly identified spin‐polarized edge states offer prospects for engineering magnetic properties in PtSe2 nanoribbons.
Discovery of Electrides in Electron‐Rich Non‐Electride Materials via Energy Modification of Interstitial Electrons
Authors: Li Kun , Blatov Vladislav A. , Wang Junjie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the discovery of electrides, many electron‐rich materials are reported to be non‐electrides due to the lack of electride characteristics. Up to date, only a few studies have been done to alter the electronic structures of these materials. In this work, through atom replacement, the energy of interstitial electrons in a non‐electride Hf5Si3 is successfully modified and a hitherto unknown electride Ca3Hf2Si3 is obtained. It is revealed that the formation of the electride has a strong link to the neighboring cations of interstitial electrons. Moreover, an essential principle for the electride formation in the multi‐cations materials is proposed, and 34 dynamically stable ternary electrides are obtained through the proper atom replacement in 29 binary non‐electrides materials. The general realization of electrides in the electron‐rich non‐electrides can greatly expand the research scope of electrides.
Dual‐Targeted Lipid Nanotherapeutic Boost for Chemo‐Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Yong Seok‐Beom , Ramishetti Srinivas , Goldsmith Meir , Diesendruck Yael , Hazan‐Halevy Inbal , Chatterjee Sushmita , Somu Naidu Gonna , Ezra Assaf , Peer Dan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChemo‐immunotherapy is a combination of “standard‐of‐care” chemotherapy with immunotherapy and it is considered the most advanced therapeutic modality for various types of cancers. However, many cancer patients still poorly respond to current regimen of chemo‐immunotherapy and suggest nanotherapeutics as a boosting agent. Recently, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO1) is shown to act as an immunotherapeutic molecule in tumor myeloid cells, in addition to general chemoresistance function in cancer cells suggesting that HO1‐targeted therapeutics can become a novel, optimal strategy for boosting chemo‐immunotherapy in the clinic. Currently the available HO1‐inhibitors demonstrate serious adverse effects in clinical use. Herein, tumor myeloid cell‐ and cancer cell‐dual targeted HO1‐inhibiting lipid nanotherapeutic boost (T‐iLNTB) is developed using RNAi‐loaded lipid nanoparticles. T‐iLNTB‐mediated HO1‐inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to “standard‐of‐care” chemotherapeutics by increasing immunogenic cell death, and directly reprograms tumor myeloid cells with distinguished phenotype. Furthermore, tumor myeloid cell reprogramming by T‐iLNTB induces CD8+ cytotoxic T cell recruitment, which drives “Cold‐to‐Hot” transition and correlates with improved responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitor in combination therapy. Finally, ex vivo study proves that HO1‐inhibition directly affects tumor macrophage differentiation. This study demonstrates the potential of T‐iLNTB as a novel therapeutic modality for boosting chemo‐immunotherapy.
Immuno‐Engineered Nanodecoys for the Multi‐Target Anti‐Inflammatory Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Hou Mengying , Wei Yuansong , Zhao Ziyin , Han Wenqing , Zhou Renxiang , Zhou Yang , Zheng Yiran , Yin Lichen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOveractivated T cells and overproduced pro‐inflammatory cytokines form a self‐amplified signaling loop to continuously exacerbate the dysregulated inflammatory response and propel the progression of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Herein, immuno‐engineered nanodecoys (NDs) based on poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles coated with programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1)‐expressing macrophage membrane (PRM) are developed to mediate multi‐target interruption of the self‐promoted inflammatory cascade in AIDs. The PRM collected from IFN‐γ‐treated RAW 264.7 cells possesses elevated surface levels of adhesion molecule receptors and pro‐inflammatory cytokine receptors, and, thus, systemically administered PRM NDs afford higher accumulation level in inflamed tissues and stronger scavenging efficiency toward multiple pro‐inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, IFN‐γ treatment induces remarkable PD‐L1 expression on PRM, thereby allowing PRM NDs to bind membrane‐bound programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) on CD4+ T cell surfaces or neutralize free soluble PD‐1, which reconstructs the PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitory axis to suppress CD4+ T cell activation and restore immune tolerance. As such, PRM NDs provoke potent and cooperative anti‐inflammatory and immune‐suppressive efficacies to alleviate autoimmune damages in Zymosan A‐induced arthritis mice and dextran sulfate sodium‐induced ulcerative colitis mice. This study provides an enlightened example for the immuno‐engineering of cell‐membrane‐based NDs, rendering promising implications into the treatment of AIDs via multi‐target immune‐modulation.
Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring
Authors: Meng Keyu , Xiao Xiao , Wei Wenxin , Chen Guorui , Nashalian Ardo , Shen Sophia , Xiao Xiao , Chen Jun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long‐term and real‐time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
Co‐Delivery of Precisely Prescribed Multi‐Prodrug Combination by an Engineered Nanocarrier enables Efficient Individualized Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Li Yuqiang , Jiang Yitong , Zheng Ziyan , Du Nan , Guan Shuli , Guo Wenxuan , Tang Xiaohu , Cui Jiajunzi , Zhang Lanqiong , Liu Kunpeng , Yu Qingsong , Gan Zhihua 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe limited anticancer drug library and the frequent occurrence of drug resistance have driven monotherapy‐based cancer therapy into a difficult situation. Considering the formidable process of new drug discovery, combination therapy using currently available drugs is a potential alternative. Nevertheless, the barrier between in vitro combination screening and precise in vivo delivery remains insurmountable in the current free‐drug‐ or nanoparticle (NP)‐based combination therapy, which substantially hinders the application of combination therapy. Herein, a novel, precise drug delivery strategy to realize efficient and individualized combination therapy is proposed. Nanomedicine (NM) is engineered using a microfluidics‐based mixer by combining rationally designed polymeric prodrugs of three commercial chemotherapeutics and a cascade‐responsive block copolymer; the NM possesses ratiometric drug loading and synchronized drug release. In addition to quantitative drug loading and precisely controlled drug combination, consistent nanoproperties of these NPs make their in vivo fate predictable. Consequently, tumor growth and metastasis can be effectively inhibited by precisely prescribed NPs derived from in vitro combination screening. This proof‐of‐concept study clearly reveals the feasibility of overcoming the current drug‐library limitations through precise delivery of any predetermined drug combination, facilitating translational research of individualized combination therapy.
Gel Electrolyte Constructing Zn (002) Deposition Crystal Plane Toward Highly Stable Zn Anode
Authors: Hao Yu , Feng Doudou , Hou Lei , Li Tianyu , Jiao Yucong , Wu Peiyi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractZinc (Zn) metal anode has been widely evaluated in aqueous Zn batteries. Nevertheless, the dendrite formation issue and consecutive side reactions severely impede the practical applications of Zn metal at high current densities. Herein, it is reported that engineering the gel electrolyte with multifunctional charged groups by incorporating a zwitterionic gel poly(3‐(1‐vinyl‐3‐imidazolio) propanesulfonate) (PVIPS) can effectively address the abovementioned issues. The charged groups of sulfonate and imidazole in the gel electrolyte can texture the Zn2+ nucleation and deposition plane to (002), which possesses a high activation energy to resist side reactions and induce uniform growth of Zn metal for a dendrite‐free structure. In addition, the Zn2+ solvation structure can be manipulated by the charged groups to further eliminate side reactions for high rate performance Zn batteries. Consequently, the polyzwitterionic gel electrolyte enables a stable cycling with a cumulative capacity of 3000 mA h cm−2 at high density of 7.5 mA cm−2 for the symmetrical Zn battery, and a long‐term cycling life for more than 1000 cycles at 5 C of Zn/MnO2 full battery. It is envisioned that the design of the gel electrolyte will provide promising feasibility on safe, flexible, and wearable energy storage devices.
Progress and Perspective of Metallic Glasses for Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Jiang Rui , Da Yumin , Chen Zelin , Cui Xiaoya , Han Xiaopeng , Ke Haibo , Liu Yanhui , Chen Yanan , Deng Yida , Hu Wenbin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOwing to its unique atomic arrangement and electronic structure, metallic glass (MG) has been widely investigated in the field of energy storage and conversion. In the past few decades, multiple strategies have been developed to synthesize bulk and nanosized MG based materials. Here, combining the structure–activity relationship of MG with electrochemical reaction kinetics, the substantial progress of glass structures in electrocatalytic processes are highlighted, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and nitrogen fixation. Meanwhile, applications of MG materials in energy storage devices, like supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries, are also introduced in detail. Finally, challenges and possibilities for reasonable design of highly‐efficient MG‐based electrode materials are proposed. The integration of high‐throughput methods, artificial intelligence technology, as well as advanced characterization techniques is fundamental to screen materials with remarkable performance. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the relationship between electronic structure and electrochemical performance, providing guidance for rational design of functional MG materials with outstanding activity, selectivity, and durability.
Hydraulic Pressure Ripple Energy Harvesting: Structures, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Xiao Huifang , Pan Min , Chu Jun Yu Harry , Bowen Chris R. , Bader Sebastian , Aranda Javier , Zhu Meiling 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe need for wireless condition monitoring and control of hydraulic systems in an autonomous and battery‐free manner is attracting increasing attention in an effort to provide improved sensing functionality, monitoring of system health, and to avoid catastrophic failures. The potential to harvest energy from hydraulic pressure ripples and noise is particularly attractive since they inherently have a high energy intensity, which is associated with the hydraulic mean pressure and flow rate. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in hydraulic pressure energy harvesting, which includes the fundamentals of pressure ripples in hydraulic systems, the choice of electroactive materials and device structures, and the influence of the fluid–mechanical interface. In addition, novel approaches for improving the harvested energy and potential applications for the technology are discussed, and future research directions are proposed and outlined.
Preparation of Primary and Secondary Dialkylmagnesiums by a Radical I/Mg‐Exchange Reaction Using sBu2Mg in Toluene
Authors: Sunagatullina Alisa S. , Lutter Ferdinand H. , Knochel Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe treatment of primary or secondary alkyl iodides with sBu2Mg in toluene (25–40 °C, 2–4 h) provided dialkylmagnesiums that underwent various reactions with aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides or allylic bromides. 3‐Substituted secondary cyclohexyl iodides led to all‐cis‐3‐cyclohexylmagnesium reagents under these exchange conditions in a highly stereoconvergent manner. Enantiomerically enriched 3‐silyloxy‐substituted secondary alkyl iodides gave after an exchange reaction with sBu2Mg stereodefined dialkylmagnesiums that after quenching with various electrophiles furnished various 1,3‐stereodefined products including homo‐aldol products (99 % dr and 98 % ee). Mechanistic studies confirmed a radical pathway for these new iodine/magnesium‐exchange reactions.
Synthesis of CoFe2O4/BiOI nanocomposite; Its application as an antibacterial agent
Authors: Gheidari Davood , Mehrdad Morteza , Maleki Saloomeh , Hosseini Samanesadat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe antibacterial properties of CFO/BiOI nanocomposite were investigated in our current study because of their importance in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus. MIC, MBC, Disk Diffusion, and IC50 tests cefalotin (CF), amoxicillin (AMX), gentamicin (GM), Trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole (SXT), and Ceftriaxone (CRO) antibiotics in concentration 30, 10, 10, 25, and 30
were used, respectively. Various techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high‐resolution mapping, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX) have been used to determine the properties of produced nanocomposites. The results showed CFO/BiOI nanocomposite exhibits strong significant biological activity against B. cereus. The results of MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration) tests for CFO/BiOI nanocomposites on bacteria were examined in the range of 0.12–0.48 and 0.06 to 0.24 mg ml−1, respectively. According to the results,, the minimum IC50 value was determined at a concentration of 0.061 mg ml−1. On the other hand, the most resisting and susceptible bacteria in this method were P. aeruginosa and B. cereus, respectively. These findings are identical to a prior study on antibacterial properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The MBC endpoint is defined as the lowest concentration, which killed 98% of the bacterial population.