bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The safety of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in B‐cell malignancies: A systematic review
Authors: Arustamyan Michael , Kibrik Pavel , Hatipoglu Dilara , Bungo Brandon , Mentias Amgad , Hill Brian T. , Moudgil Rohit 
Published: August 2022

AbstractB‐cell malignancies, most notably lymphomas, make up most of the non‐Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. There are limited randomized data comparing first‐ and second‐generation Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Our aim was to compare the safety profiles of first versus second‐generation BTK inhibitors. A systematic search was performed from database inception to January 13, 2020. Studies with BTK inhibitor monotherapy for the treatment of B‐cell malignancies in the adult population (>18 years old) were utilized and the adverse events (AEs) were extracted. Fifty‐five studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review with 41 studies with first generation and 14 studies with second generation. The review included both clinical trials and retrospective studies with average time of follow‐up of 2 years for the first‐generation group and 18 months for the second‐generation group. We found that the incidence of cardiovascular AEs was significantly higher in the first‐generation group (20.8%) as compared to the second‐generation group (6.3%). However, there was a higher incidence of hematologic/oncologic and gastrointestinal side effects in the second‐generation group compared to the first (62.3% compared to 39.2% and 36.9% compared to 28.9%). The number of Grade 5 cardiovascular events (death) was same in the first‐generation group compared to the second generation. Further research is needed to develop highly selective BTK inhibitors to avoid unwanted AEs by minimizing off‐targets.
Refining the definition of HER2‐low class in invasive breast cancer
Authors: Atallah Nehal M , Toss Michael S , Green Andrew R , Mongan Nigel P , Ball Graham , Rakha Emad A 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundEmerging evidence indicates that breast cancer (BC) patients whose tumours express HER2 protein without HER2 gene amplification (HER2‐low), can benefit from antibody–drug conjugates (ADC). However, the current definition of HER2‐low BC remains incomplete with low rates of concordance. This study aims to refine HER2‐low definition with emphasis on distinguishing HER2 score 0 from score 1+ to identify patients who are eligible for ADC.MethodsA BC cohort (n = 363) with HER2 IHC scores 0, 1+ and 2+ (without HER2 gene amplification) and available HER2 mRNA was included. HER2 staining intensity, pattern and subcellular localisation were reassessed. Artificial neural network analysis was applied to cluster the cohort and to distinguish HER2 score 0 from 1+. Reproducibility and reliability of the refined criteria were tested.ResultsHER2 IHC score 1+ was refined as membranous staining in invasive cells as either: (1) faint intensity in ≥ 20% of cells regardless the circumferential completeness, (2) weak complete staining in ≤ 10%, (3) weak incomplete staining in > 10% and (4) moderate incomplete staining in ≤ 10%. Based on this, 63% of the HER2‐negative cases were reclassified as positive (HER2‐low). The refined score showed perfect observer agreement compared to the moderate agreement in the original clinical scores. Similar results were generated when the refined score was applied on the independent BC cohorts. A proposal to refine the definition of other HER2 classes is presented.ConclusionThis study refined the definition of HER2‐low BC based on correlation with HER2 mRNA and distinguished between HER2 IHC score 1+ and score 0 tumours.
Ballistic response of the corrugated ceramic composite target under the impact of the flat‐headed projectile
Authors: Dong Yalun , Yang Lihong , Jin Ziqi , Wu Linzhi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe ballistic responses of the composite targets composed of the corrugated ceramic block and corrugated steel plate were investigated by numerical simulation. The effects of the composite target configuration on the projectile residual velocity, the failure mode, and the energy absorption of targets were analyzed. The ballistic performance of the composite target with composites back plate was discussed. The results show that the projectile impacting on the slope of the target has the least residual velocity of projectiles, and the slope of the target can remarkably change the trajectory of the projectile. Adding the corrugated UHMWPE composites plate along the direction of the steel back plate of the configuration can effectively improve the overall anti‐penetration performance of the configuration.
Mechanical property and gas filtration behavior of porous reaction bonded Si3N4 with monodispersed PMMA as pore former
Authors: Li Yanjun , Zhao Lianfeng , Cao Weidi , Wang Wenwu , Chen Jin , Cai Yanzhi , Ding Donghai , Xiao Guoqing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPorous Si3N4 ceramics were prepared by gel casting combined with a reaction bonding route using monodispersed PMMA as the pore former, and Isobam was used as a gel agent. With the PMMA addition varying from 0 to 20 wt.%, the bending strength was degraded from 94.0 to 39.1 MPa owing to the increased porosity and decreased bulk density. The β‐Si3N4 prismatic grains and round pores introduced by the monodispersed PMMA micro balls would endow the samples with high strength, and the permeability of the resulting samples was increased obviously with the increase of PMMA addition. Flue gas filtration test exhibited that the filtration efficiency of the porous ceramics filter was not degraded with introducing of the PMMA pore former, even though the permeability was increased obviously. The block type of the sample with 20‐wt.% PMMA additions during filtration was cake filtration, which indicates that the sample has the characteristic of being reusable after back‐blowing in flue gas filtration applications. Porous Si3N4 with high strength and permeability fabricated via the reaction bonding route exhibits great potential for low‐cost high‐performance ceramics filters.
Impact of blending with polystyrene on the microstructural and electrochemical properties of SiOC ceramic
Authors: Wilamowska‐Zawlocka Monika , Graczyk‐Zajac Magdalena 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this work, we present the electrochemical behavior and microstructural analysis of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics influenced by an addition of polystyrene (PS). Polymer‐derived ceramics were obtained by pyrolysis (1000°C, Ar atmosphere) of different polysiloxanes prepared by sol–gel synthesis. This method is very effective to obtain desired composition of final ceramic. Two alkoxysilanes phenylthriethoxysilane and diphenyldimethoxysilane were used as precursors. Before pyrolysis polysiloxanes were mixed with PS using toluene as a solvent. Blending with PS affects the microstructure and free carbon content in the final ceramic material. Free carbon phase has been confirmed to be a major lithium storage host. Nevertheless, we demonstrate here that capacity does not increase linearly with increasing carbon content. We show that the amount of SiO4 units in the SiOC microstructure increases the initial capacity but decreases the cycling stability and rate capability of the material. Furthermore, the microstructure of the free carbon influences the electrochemical performance of the ceramic: More ordered graphitic clusters favor better rate capability performance.
Fabrication and characterization of silica ceramic compact prepared using Aloe‐Vera mucilage as a binder
Authors: Kumari Jyoti , Tiwari Manish , Mohanta Kalyani , Singh Vinay Kumar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this study, silica compacts were fabricated through a powder processing route at different compaction pressure, using Aloe‐Vera (AV) mucilage as a binder. The silica compacts were prepared at 90, 100, and 110 MPa compaction pressure using 0%–16 wt% of AV binder. The optimum amount of AV binder was 14 wt% for both 90 and 100 MPa and 12 wt% for 110 MPa. The maximum achieved green density and green strength of silica compacts at the optimum binder amount were 62.3% and 4 MPa, respectively at 110 MPa compaction pressure. The green silica compacts prepared at 110 MPa compaction pressure exhibited a minimum porosity of 21% and maximum flexural strength of 15 MPa after sintering at 1400°C. The green silica compacts with the optimum amount of binder were strong enough for machining. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the functional groups present in AV mucilage. The binder burnout characteristic of AV mucilage in the silica compact was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Additionally, AV gel acted as a binder and solvent simultaneously for ceramic compaction.
B2O3‐modified geopolymer and its liquid‐phase sintered products for immobilization of strontium
Authors: Jia Lingyu , He Peigang , Jia Dechang , Yuan Jingkun , Cai Delong , Li Daxin , Duan Xiaoming , Yang Zhihua , Zhou Yu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSr‐containing ceramic products produced from geopolymer, (Na, Sr)‐GP, have been reported as excellent candidate materials for the immobilization of radionuclide 90Sr, despite sintering temperature at 1200°C. In this work, the product possessing the best immobilization performance (leaching rate of 1.29% for Sr2+) can be produced at 1000°C in the method of liquid‐phase sintering via the addition of fluxing agent B2O3 at 2.0 wt% in the geopolymer precursor. The mechanical properties of the geopolymer precursor (Na, Sr)‐GP were also enhanced via the promotion role of B2O3 to geopolymerization. It was revealed that the overall anti‐leaching ability of the Sr‐containing ceramic product not only depends on the microstructure of the loading substrate but also can be affected by the chemical state of radioactive strontium retention in the loading matrix.
Genetic modification of the ant Lasius niger using CRISPR‐Cas9 technology
Authors: Konu Mauno , Kulmuni Jonna , Viljakainen Lumi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCRISPR‐Cas9 has become one of the most prominent gene editing tools available and it has been utilized in various organisms from bacteria to fungi, plants, and animals. In this study, we developed a CRISPR‐Cas9 protocol for the black garden ant Lasius niger, a common and easily available study species for lab and field experiments. To create indel mutations using CRISPR‐Cas9 in L. niger, we targeted three different locations in a well‐studied eye pigmentation gene cinnabar, generating several mutations that disrupt the ommochrome biosynthesis pathway and result in the lack of the pigment and therefore, abnormal eye coloration in adult workers. We also developed a protocol to collect L. niger eggs, inject them with CRISPR‐Cas9 construct, and rear the eggs into mature adult workers with the assistance of nursing workers. We demonstrated for the first time in L. niger that CRISPR‐Cas9 is an excellent tool to create targeted mutations for this species. Our protocol can be referred to when developing similar studies for other species of ants and eusocial insects.
The influence of alkaline treatment on the mechanical performance of geopolymer composites reinforced with Brazilian malva and curaua fibers
Authors: Sankar Kaushik , Constâncio Trindade Ana Carolina , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLignocellulosic fibers obtained from the curaua (Ananas erectifolius) and malva (Malva sylvestris) plants in Brazil can be used as suitable reinforcements for geopolymers (GPs) owing to their high strength, ready regional availability, and low cost. In this work, the tensile and flexural strengths of untreated and NaOH alkali‐treated curaua and malva fiber‐reinforced GP composites were measured according to ASTM standards. Curaua reinforced GP composites had an average tensile strength of 25.7 (±) 7.1 MPa and flexural strength of 18.9 (±) 4.72 MPa. Malva GP composites withstood 19.18 (±) 9.0 MPa in tension and 31.5 (±) 7.6 MPa in flexure. Additionally, pullout tests were performed to investigate the debonding mechanisms for both fibers, with and without alkaline treatment, finding increases in chemical bonding for the treated samples due to roughness enhancements through fiber surface modifications with alkali treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the physical fiber modifications after alkali treatment, evidencing lignin and hemicellulose removals. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were used to further examine the fiber–matrix interaction, with proofs of interfacial tailoring.
Exploitation of inline photon density wave spectroscopy for titania particle syntheses
Authors: Zimmermann Sebastian , Reich Oliver , Bressel Lena 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this work, inline (or in‐situ) monitoring of titania particle formation with photon density wave spectroscopy is shown to provide helpful information for process optimization for higher particle yields. Titania particles have been synthesized by the controlled hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthotitanate. Without calibration or dilution, photon density wave spectroscopy provides access to dispersions' reduced scattering coefficient μs'. Hence, information can be obtained inline about processes that are otherwise challenging for established particle characterization methods. Photon density wave spectroscopy results suggest that the titania particles disintegrate over time after their formation. Consistent with that hypothesis, a decreasing particle yield with reaction time has been observed. The disintegration can be hindered by adding a sufficient amount of hexadecylamine, such that the particle yield after 24 h can be increased by 44% for the given syntheses.
Oxidation behavior of SiC nanowires: A nanowire radius‐dependent growth of oxide scale thickness
Authors: Qu Ruina , Lu De , Su Lei , Niu Min , Peng Kang , Gao Hongfei , Guo Pengfei , Xu Liang , Zhuang Lei , Wang Hongjie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSiC nanowires (SiC NWs) possess both high thermal stability of SiC ceramic and one‐dimensional nanoscale features, which makes them highly attractive as reinforcements in ceramics or building units in resilient ceramic nanowires aerogels (NWAs) as well as blocks for electronic nanodevices. Understanding the oxidation behavior of SiC NWs at high temperatures is essential for their practical applications. Herein, we investigated the oxidation behavior of SiC NWs at 900–1200°C in air. Two oxidation stages were found, including an initial stage controlled by the reaction between oxygen and SiC at the SiO2/SiC interface and a subsequent oxygen diffusion–dependent stage. The oxide scale thickness was strongly influenced by the radius of the SiC NWs. With the increase of the NW radius from 40 to 120 nm, the oxidation activation energy of the oxidation process increases from 84.05 to 98.32 kJ/mol. The thermal insulation performances of SiC NWA, which is composed of SiC NWs, have been improved after oxidation. The evolution of the thermal insulation performance of SiC NWA during oxidation is consistent with the trends of the growth of the amorphous oxide layer, which indicates that exploring the oxidation kinetics is of great significance in understanding the high‐temperature behavior of SiC NW‐based materials. The present work provides insight into exploring the size effects on oxidation of SiC NWs, which may be helpful to further understanding the high‐temperature applications of SiC NWA.
Valuing the speed of adjustment of capital structure
Authors: Clark Brian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractI estimate the optimal speed of adjustment (SOA) policy for a large sample of US firms by examining the dynamics of the opportunity cost of leverage. Studying the dynamics of the opportunity cost of leverage as opposed to leverage ratios allows me to estimate the value of a given SOA policy and hence calibrate the optimal SOA policy in terms of firm value. Simulation results show that the optimal SOA is between 31% and 37% when adjustment costs are considered. The sensitivity of firm value to SOA is low for a wide range of SOAs around the optimal level. However, extremely high or low SOAs have substantial negative impacts on firm value.
Evolution of SIVmac239 following serial passaging in humanized mice
Authors: Curlin James Z. , Schmitt Kimberly , Remling‐Mulder Leila , Morrison Jared , Baczenas John J. , Tibbits Corina Valencia , Goff Kelly , O'Connor Shelby , Stenglein Mark , Marx Preston , Akkina Ramesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSerial passage of SIVmac239 allows for greater understanding of the genetic changes necessary for cross‐species transmission of primate lentiviruses into humans. Using humanized mice, we show that adaptive mutations continue to accumulate in SIVmac239 during four serial passages, with persistent CD4+ T cell decline and increases in plasma viral loads.
Family resilience of patients requiring long‐term care: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative studies
Authors: Kuang Yi , Wang Meng , Yu Nancy Xiaonan , Jia Shoumei , Guan Tingyu , Zhang Xiangchun , Zhang Yuyi , Lu Jun , Wang Anni 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term care of patients with chronic illnesses is an important global public health issue, compromising the well‐being of family members and the family functioning. Previous studies have examined the interactive experiences and processes of various systems in the families coping with long‐term care stress; however, these studies have not been systematically reviewed and integrated.AimsThis review aimed to synthesise the existing qualitative evidence on the experiences and processes of family resilience operate in families providing long‐term care for patients with chronic illnesses and to provide suggestions for the development of interventions in future studies.Materials & MethodsWe searched databases including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, ProQuest and CNKI from their inception to March 2022. We used the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for qualitative studies to evaluate the quality of the included studies was evaluated according to. We followed The Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement. The results were integrated using the thematic and content analysis method.ResultsFourteen studies from eight countries covering 11 diseases reported on the experiences and coping processes of long‐term care families. Based on McCubbin's Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (FAAR), five analytical themes were synthesised: stressors (risk factors), family belief system, internal family coping strategies, external support and resilient adaptation indicators; the relationships between themes and subthemes were illustrated.DiscussionThis review synthesized qualitative evidence on the experiences and processes of family resilience operate in families providing long‐term care. The results of this study found that the cognition and belief of family members regarding dilemmas have a two‐way effect and act on the adaptation process of family members. In family adaptation, spirituality, hope, internal and external support are extremely important. In 14 studies, caregivers were from different countries with intercultural differences, but due to less reports on this content, it is difficult to compare the differences or impact that culture or ethnicity may have.ConclusionsFamily resilience plays an important role in coping with stressors associated with the long‐term care of a loved one through family belief systems, internal support systems and external support systems. The development of family resilience‐based interventions for long‐term care families should consider the family as a whole and further construct a multidisciplinary, multilevel and multi‐type social support network to enhance family resilience.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic cardiac inflammation: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Harding Daniel , Chong Ming H. A. , Lahoti Nishant , Bigogno Carola M. , Prema Roshni , Mohiddin Saidi A. , Marelli‐Berg Federica 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is typically defined by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction in the absence of a clear precipitant. Idiopathic disease is common; up to 50% of patients with DCM have no cause found despite imaging, genetic and biopsy assessments. Treatment remains focused on managing symptoms, reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death and ameliorating the structural and electrical complications of disease progression. In the absence of aetiology‐specific treatments, the condition remains associated with a poor prognosis; mortality is approximately 40% at 10 years. The role of immune‐mediated inflammatory injury in the development and progression of DCM was first proposed over 30 years ago. Despite the subsequent failures of three large clinical trials of immunosuppressive treatment (ATTACH, RENEWAL and the Myocarditis Treatment Trial), evidence for an abnormal adaptive immune response in DCM remains significant. In this review, we summarise and discuss available evidence supporting immune dysfunction in DCM, with a specific focus on cellular immunity. We also highlight current clinical and experimental treatments. We propose that the success of future immunosuppressive treatment trials in DCM will be dependent on the deep immunophenotyping of patients, to identify those with active inflammation and/or an abnormal immune response who are most likely to respond to therapy.
Cyclic uniaxial mechanical load enhances chondrogenesis through entraining the molecular circadian clock
Authors: Vágó Judit , Katona Éva , Takács Roland , Dócs Klaudia , Hajdú Tibor , Kovács Patrik , Zákány Róza , van der Veen Daan R. , Matta Csaba 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe biomechanical environment plays a key role in regulating cartilage formation, but the current understanding of mechanotransduction pathways in chondrogenic cells is incomplete. Among the combination of external factors that control chondrogenesis are temporal cues that are governed by the cell‐autonomous circadian clock. However, mechanical stimulation has not yet directly been proven to modulate chondrogenesis via entraining the circadian clock in chondroprogenitor cells. The purpose of this study was to establish whether mechanical stimuli entrain the core clock in chondrogenic cells, and whether augmented chondrogenesis caused by mechanical loading was at least partially mediated by the synchronised, rhythmic expression of the core circadian clock genes, chondrogenic transcription factors, and cartilage matrix constituents at both transcript and protein levels. We report here, for the first time, that cyclic uniaxial mechanical load applied for 1 h for a period of 6 days entrains the molecular clockwork in chondroprogenitor cells during chondrogenesis in limb bud‐derived micromass cultures. In addition to the several core clock genes and proteins, the chondrogenic markers SOX9 and ACAN also followed a robust sinusoidal rhythmic expression pattern. These rhythmic conditions significantly enhanced cartilage matrix production and upregulated marker gene expression. The observed chondrogenesis‐promoting effect of the mechanical environment was at least partially attributable to its entraining effect on the molecular clockwork, as co‐application of the small molecule clock modulator longdaysin attenuated the stimulatory effects of mechanical load. This study suggests that an optimal biomechanical environment enhances tissue homoeostasis and histogenesis during chondrogenesis at least partially through entraining the molecular clockwork.