bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PMP, Violent Conflicts, and Peace Processes
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to demonstrating how the PMP approach can be applied to the study of violent conflicts and peace processes. This is one of the first efforts to use a common conceptual framework for studying both conflict and peace. It is argued that if one wants to understand the role that various forms of communication play in conflicts and peace process, it is critical to begin by considering the surrounding political ecosystem (the “politics first” proposition). Only then should researchers move on to consider how the nature of the communication ecosystem translates what is happening on “the ground” into stories (the “media selection and transformation” proposition). After that, researchers need to think about the “second P”: the impact that all this has on the political processes being discussed. Three outcomes are highlighted in this chapter: the level of support for conflict/peace processes; the extent of internal violence; and the level of political, military, and diplomatic success.
A Hound for the Heresy Hunt
Authors: Fornecker Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 1701, the lower clergy obtained their desired Convocation; its business would concern, in part, the censuring of the bishop of Salisbury, Gilbert Burnet’s Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles (1699). This chapter proceeds to the doctrinal controversy that occupied the Lower House of Convocation under the leadership of Principal Edwards, who led the assault against Burnet—and whom Burnet himself considered his most capable assailant. This chapter unfolds Edwards’s association of Burnet’s Christology with Socinian ideas. It also turns to Burnet’s correspondence with the Dutch Remonstrant, Philip van Limborch, to shed light on the Anglo-Dutch Arminian republic of letters that had found controversial expression from an influential member of William’s bishops’ bench.
Augustinians and Arminians?
Authors: Fornecker Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ten years after Edwards’s assault on Burnet, the controversialist turned his attention to the precentor of Salisbury Cathedral, and Burnet’s personal associate, Daniel Whitby. Whitby’s late rejection of Augustine’s teaching on the imputation of original sin struck Edwards as tantamount to Pelagianism. This chapter unfolds Edwards’s ensuing debate with Whitby as, partly, a clash of two Arminian approaches to reading Augustine—one, associated with Gerhard Vossius, which regarded Augustine as faithful to early Christian teaching on original sin; the other, associated with Jean Le Clerc, for whom Augustine’s doctrine represented a Manichaean lapse in the early Christian doctrine of sin. Whitby’s resonance with Le Clerc’s viewpoint prompted severe criticism from Edwards, who defended Augustine against the detractions of later Remonstrants by appeal to earlier Arminians, including Vossius and Arminius himself.
The Strictest Athanasians
Authors: Fornecker Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The year of Edwards’s death, a new controversy arose in the Lower House, related to the controversial christological ideas espoused by the Cambridge cleric, Samuel Clarke. This chapter sets Clarke’s ideas within a broader subordinationistic milieu, drawing important continuities between Clarke and a range of other thinkers, including the Remonstrants, Simon Episcopius and Étienne de Courcelles, as well as English thinkers conversant with Remonstrant figures and texts, including George Bull, Ralph Cudworth, and Isaac Newton. The chapter also examines the response to Clarke set forth by the Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, Daniel Waterland, whose affirmation of Reformed autotheanism demonstrates the extent to which the “Episcopian” divinity moved otherwise disinclined churchmen to affirm Reformed views.
Algorithms of Life and Death
Authors: Bennett Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, a utilitarian approach is taken to the issue of self-driving car programming, treating it as an applied ethics problem in the realm of public policy within the Australian context. In doing so, this chapter goes beyond trolley-like crash scenarios and takes much broader factors into account: namely, experimental philosophy, evolutionary psychology, traffic accident data, and, importantly, the broader consequences that are expected to follow from the widespread adoption or rejection of the new technology. Ultimately, this chapter argues that current views on utilitarianism applied to self-driving car programming fail to take important factors into account, and that a self-driving car operating under utilitarianism should always protect its passengers, rather than aiming at causing the least amount of harm within an individual traffic accident scenario.
Autonomous Vehicles, Business Ethics, and Risk Distribution in Hybrid Traffic
Authors: Berkey Brian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that in addition to the generally accepted aim of reducing traffic-related injuries and deaths as much as possible, a principle of fairness in the distribution of risk should inform our thinking about how firms that produce autonomous vehicles ought to program them to respond in conflict situations involving human-driven vehicles. This principle, I claim, rules out programming autonomous vehicles to systematically prioritize the interests of their occupants over those of the occupants of other vehicles, including human-driven vehicles. Because there is reason to think that most consumers would prefer to purchase autonomous vehicles that do systematically prioritize the interests of occupants over those of others, if my argument is correct, it generates a substantial ethical restriction on firms’ efforts to gain market share in the initial stages of the introduction of autonomous vehicles onto the road.
The Ethics of Abuse and Unintended Consequences for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Abney Keith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are several foreseeable problems of abuse for the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs), which will have risky and often unintended consequences. One is that abusive drivers might play “chicken” with AVs: if they know that a car in the oncoming lane is autonomous, and will swerve to avoid a collision, they could purposefully steer directly at the AV in order to cause trouble. In perhaps the worst imagined cases, drivers could play chicken on narrow roads or cliff sides, where an AV swerving could mean serious injury or death for its passengers. Solutions to the “chicken problem” will involve countermeasures ranging from taking photographic evidence (which would not prevent the casualties, merely document them) to making AV behavior less predictable, or even allowing AVs to deliberately collide with drivers playing chicken. Any such programming solution, of course, also has its costs, as the values of transparency and the autonomy and safety of drivers may conflict with such proposed solutions. More generally, whether it is playing chicken or hacking back against V2V cyberattacks, AVs may need to adopt offensive countermeasures against abusive humans. But humans could modify their behavior in response. New norms of driving could emerge. This chapter concludes by examining the likelihood of a process of parallel evolution between AV programming and human behavior that calls for continuous reexamination and modification.
Second Amendment Sanctuaries
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Second Amendment sanctuary is a little understood and little noticed grassroots movement whereby some states and localities have proclaimed the right to ignore the state and federal gun laws they believe to be in violation of the Second Amendment. While the movement, which has spread rapidly in the last decade, is new, its underlying logic dates to the pre-Civil War nullification movement and an extremist interpretation of federalism. It reappeared in the movement to oppose civil rights and defend racial segregation in the post-World War II era. The modern movement’s tenets and arguments are explored, including an examination of the movement’s recent success in the author’s home county. Some elected county sheriffs have taken leadership roles in advancing this movement, generally putting them at odds with most in law enforcement. The movement’s consequences for governance are assessed.
Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Precision medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment to individual patient characteristics (i.e., the genetic features of a metastatic cancer to be assailed by a targeted therapy or immunotherapy). However, the genetic heterogeneity of a tumor results in minimizing the effectiveness of these very expensive targeted therapies, the result being marginal gains in life expectancy. This generates the “just caring” problem: limited resources (money) and unlimited health care needs. Metastatic cancer is a terminal illness. A small number of these patients might gain extra years of life from these therapies, but most will only gain weeks or months. Do all of these patients have equally just claims to these expensive therapies in spite of marginal effectiveness, especially when numerous unfulfilled health needs exist outside cancer? Human life is not priceless. The health care justice issues are complex. Rough justice is the best outcome that can be expected.
Rational Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Given the inadequacies of all theories of justice for addressing the complex wicked problems generated by precision medicine, what is needed instead is a fair and inclusive process of democratic deliberation. To be fair, the deliberative process must be governed by both process constraints and substantive constraints. The process constraints include a commitment to public reason (following Rawls), transparency of reasoning, acceptance of the “burdens of judgment” and value pluralism, mutual respect in deliberation, reasonableness, and inclusion of all who could be affected by the outcomes of the deliberative process. The substantive constraints include constitutional principles of health care justice, respect for medical and scientific facts, respect for well-established considered judgments of health care justice, and the use of wide reflective equilibrium to balance competing perspectives. The deliberative process can be fair and impartial because most people are behind a health care veil of ignorance.
Introduction
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGuiding these essays is a basic methodological idea: that to understand the aim, scope, and meaning of a philosophical theory, it is necessary to examine it through the eyes and knowledge of those sharing the author’s philosophical culture. This approach to philosophical texts is opposed to any reading of texts that focuses exclusively on the texts themselves. At the same time, this methodological approach differs from the one commonly adopted in the history of ideas, in that it does not intend to bring philosophy back to the specific historical aspects of the author’s epoch. The context of reference will always be provided by other philosophical theories or areas of theoretical discussion.
Animals and Clocks
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe theses on animal behavior that Descartes sets out in the Discourse on the Method are in line with Thomas Aquinas’ thoughts on the same topic. The famous Cartesian theory according to which animals are devoid of sensitivity is not present in this work. Instead, it is clearly stated in the Treatise on Man. The Discourse on the Method, on the other hand, is more daring than the Treatise on Man when it comes to the possibility of reading a divine project into the structure of living organisms. This possibility was granted in the Treatise on Man, in agreement with Silhon’s text L’immortalité de l’ame, but it was presented as a provisional hypothesis to be confirmed by further scientific inquiries in the Discourse on the Method.
Demagogues in American Politics
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Demagogues in American Politics is a historical analysis of demagoguery in the American political system. Its core argument is that the United States Constitution displaces a classical conception of demagoguery that is moralistic in that it situates responsibility for demagoguery in the character and choices of a particular orator. In the modern conception of the U.S. Constitution, demagoguery is no longer defined as a consequence of moral depravity because political actions are no longer viewed primarily in light of the upright or shameful intentions that are purported to be responsible for them. Instead, the Constitution directs our attention to the merits of the rationale the orator develops to justify public conduct. In this conception, demagogic rhetorical tactics can be justified if integrated into a broader political argument and strategy. Further, the Constitution establishes different offices—Congress, the presidency, and the Supreme Court—from each of which characteristic duties and responsibilities can be inferred. Demonstrating that each office entails different rhetorical responsibilities as well, the book uses case studies to illustrate how to evaluate uses of demagogic rhetoric on the part of individual officeholders.
Demagogues in American Politics
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What are some of the factors and considerations that could make the use of demagogic tactics legitimate, even though many cases are acknowledged to be bad? Looking to the basic principles of constitutional democracy, this chapter suggests a way to distinguish instances in American politics where demagogic rhetorical tactics are justifiable from those in which they are not. The goal of this chapter is to help us see the good in rhetorical leadership that we have previously dismissed as mere demagoguery, and to see what is harmful in rhetoric that we currently lack the tools to understand.
Demagoguery in the Founding Perspective
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter sketches the theory of demagoguery that was developed by the American founders, and uses that theory as a guide for understanding the U.S. Constitution of 1787. The founders’ theory was an emphatic rejection of theories of demagoguery that had been developed by classical political theorists before them. The founders believed that classical theorists had mistakenly stigmatized demagoguery as a form of leadership; they believed demagoguery could be harnessed and channeled in productive ways by deliberately designed institutions.
Demagogues in the Presidency
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines historical demagogues in the presidency and uses these cases as examples of good and bad uses of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that presidents have with reference to two case studies. Franklin Roosevelt (1882–1945) used demagoguery to fortify a constitutional argument rejecting the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down important components of the New Deal. Donald Trump used demagoguery to manufacture a crisis at the United States-Mexico border and to justify taking unilateral action to restrict immigration between the two countries.
The Dead Hand's Grip
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMany states and nations bloat their constitutions with procedural and policy details that other polities leave to statutory or regulatory discretion. American state constitutions vary in length from under 9,000 to almost 400,000 words. Long-lived constitutions can provoke fears that the dead hand of the past may reach into the present; lengthy constitutions strengthen the dead hand’s grip, binding states to a former generation’s solutions to modern problems. Constitutional specificity restricts state discretion, with three major results. First, it compels states to resort more often to burdensome amendment procedures, increasing amendment rates as states flail against constitutional constraints. Second, it increases judicial invalidation rates as state supreme courts enforce narrower limits on state action. Third, and most important, constitutional specificity leads to lower incomes, higher unemployment, greater inequality, and reduced policy innovativeness generally as constrained states struggle to keep pace with social, technological, political, and economic change. Long constitutions harm states.
Specificity and Amendments
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDemocratic constitutions must balance opposing ideals of democratic responsiveness and constitutional stability. State constitutions strike this balance with a diverse range of amendment procedures, from the simple to the byzantine. In this chapter’s analysis, burdensome amendment procedures do turn out to reduce amendment rates—but not as much as constitutional specificity raises them. Adding detail to a constitution launches a vicious cycle of amendment after amendment as new generations seek to keep diverse constitutional provisions current with changing circumstances. Specificity disrupts a democratic constitution’s balance between responsiveness and stability, leading to frequent constitutional amendment whether founders provide simple amendment procedures or not.
Specificity and Judicial Review
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDetailed constitutions restrict the range of institutional and policy options available to legislators, agencies, and local governors, and it falls to judges to enforce those constraints. As a result, state supreme courts invalidate more legislative and executive actions in states with lengthier constitutions. Frequent constitutional amendment to keep the constitution current with legislator preferences helps but does not overcome the effect of a lengthy constitution. Constitutional specificity explains more of the state-to-state variance in judicial invalidation rates than other plausible control variables, such as the ideological distance between a state’s legislature and its highest court, the court’s caseload, or the method of selecting state judges.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDetailed constitutions bind states to the past. In states with the lengthiest constitutions, policymakers flail against these constraints by proposing more constitutional amendments and by taking more actions likely to attract judicial invalidation. No wonder they writhe: constitutional specificity hinders economic performance and reduces state innovativeness. Detailed constitutions also endure longer than shorter ones, but not for good reasons; because negotiating a lengthy constitution involves greater bargaining costs than negotiating a shorter one, states with lengthy constitutions are more willing to tolerate governmental underperformance. A lengthy, frequently amended constitution is not a benign alternative to a short, stable one. Constitutional specificity harms states.
Escalating Spells
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides the first empirical investigation of what (if anything) impacts escalation within a repressive spell. Again, the analysis identifies the influence of the standard variables employed within the literature. Following this, the chapter moves to explore those variables that emerge from the domestic context (i.e., those used by actors within the territory in question) and those variables that emerge from the international context (i.e., those used by actors outside of the territory in question). The big findings here include pacifying influences of electoral as well as judicial aspects of democracy and civil conflict termination but inflammatory influences of civil conflict, population, economic sanctions, and progovernment as well as neutral military interventions. This reveals that there are different factors influencing distinct parts of the Death/Life repression cycle and that some factors that were believed to reduce state repression (such as economic sanctions) could actually make things worse in terms of human rights violations. The chapter ends with what has been learned about spell escalation.
The Russian Spectrum of Conflict
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRussia is one of the loudest, most prolific users of offensive cyber operations (OCOs). Rather than viewing cyber as a domain, it instead looks at the full spectrum of information operations; from influencing foreign governments to conducting tactical attacks against networks in wartime. The battle for information supremacy is enshrined into Russian doctrine since the Soviet era. Russia is well-poised to succeed in intangible warfare through its thorough integration of electronic warfare into its warfighting forces alongside an acute awareness of the utility of cyber operations for strategic gains. However, volume does not translate into quality. Russian operations as carried out by the GRU, SVR and others are often characterized by extreme technical competence marred by a recurring lack of operational discipline. As a result, intricate malware is employed poorly, deception operations are unconvincing, and ultimately Russia is frequently unable to achieve objectives through the employment of OCOs. This chapter reviews unique advantages and disadvantages of the Russian approach to OCOs, through the lens of observed operations such as the Sandworm campaigns, military culture and doctrine, and available expertise.
Introduction
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Starting on day 1, public health officials encounter crises of all kinds. These may seem a distraction from the regular work of public health. In fact, managing crises is a key part of the job. Crises are not defined by objective criteria; there is no formula with a cutoff score. Rather, a crisis is defined by the sense of urgency and importance at pivotal moments. The history of public health demonstrates the central role of crises in shaping policy. Public health students and practitioners should learn four key steps of crisis response: identifying the crisis, managing the crisis, addressing communications and politics, and pivoting to long-lasting change.
Crisis Management
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A useful management approach for responding to crises is the incident command system. Developed in the 1970s to coordinate efforts at the scenes of fires and other disasters, incident command is now the standard management structure recommended for a broad range of disasters by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Key attributes of incident command include clear leadership, specified roles, and management by objective. Once an agency has developed the ability to activate an incident command or a modified version of incident command, it is worth using it regularly—including to better manage everyday public health challenges. Doing so builds the muscles of an organization in such areas as mobilizing resources, public communications, and decision-making under pressure.