bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation as a strategy to manage anxiety disorders
Authors: Li Han-Tao , Donegan Dane C. , Peleg-Raibstein Daria , Burdakov Denis 
Published: April 2022

SignificanceAnxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide. Despite significant advances in their treatment, many patients remain treatment resistant. Thus, new treatment modalities and targets are much needed. Therefore, we developed a deep brain stimulation therapy that targets a recently identified anxiety center in the lateral hypothalamus. We show that this therapy rapidly silences anxiety-implicated neurons and immediately relieves diverse anxiety symptoms in a variety of stressful situations. This therapeutic effect occurs without acute or chronic side effects that are typical of many existing treatments, such as physical sedation or memory deficits. These findings identify a clinically applicable new therapeutic strategy for helping patients to manage treatment-resistant anxiety.
Stone AgeYersinia pestisgenomes shed light on the early evolution, diversity, and ecology of plague
Authors: Andrades Valtueña Aida , Neumann Gunnar U. , Spyrou Maria A. , Musralina Lyazzat , Aron Franziska , Beisenov Arman , Belinskiy Andrey B. , Bos Kirsten I. , Buzhilova Alexandra , Conrad Matthias , Djansugurova Leyla B. , Dobeš Miroslav , Ernée Michal , Fernández-Eraso Javier , Frohlich Bruno , Furmanek Mirosław , Hałuszko Agata , Hansen Svend , Harney Éadaoin , Hiss Alina N. , Hübner Alexander , Key Felix M. , Khussainova Elmira , Kitov Egor , Kitova Alexandra O. , Knipper Corina , Kühnert Denise , Lalueza-Fox Carles , Littleton Judith , Massy Ken , Mittnik Alissa , Mujika-Alustiza José Antonio , Olalde Iñigo , Papac Luka , Penske Sandra , Peška Jaroslav , Pinhasi Ron , Reich David , Reinhold Sabine , Stahl Raphaela , Stäuble Harald , Tukhbatova Rezeda I. , Vasilyev Sergey , Veselovskaya Elizaveta , Warinner Christina , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Haak Wolfgang , Krause Johannes , Herbig Alexander 
Published: April 2022

SignificanceThe bacteriumYersinia pestishas caused numerous historically documented outbreaks of plague and research using ancient DNA could demonstrate that it already affected human populations during the Neolithic. However, the pathogen’s genetic diversity, geographic spread, and transmission dynamics during this early period ofY. pestisevolution are largely unexplored. Here, we describe a set of ancient plague genomes up to 5,000 y old from across Eurasia. Our data demonstrate that two genetically distinct forms ofY. pestisevolved in parallel and were both distributed across vast geographic distances, potentially occupying different ecological niches. Interpreted within the archeological context, our results suggest that the spread of plague during this period was linked to increased human mobility and intensification of animal husbandry.
Decline in biological soil crust N-fixing lichens linked to increasing summertime temperatures
Authors: Finger-Higgens Rebecca , Duniway Michael C. , Fick Stephen , Geiger Erika L. , Hoover David L. , Pfennigwerth Alix A. , Van Scoyoc Matthew W. , Belnap Jayne 
Published: April 2022

Significance
Across many global drylands, biocrusts form a protective barrier on the soil surface and fill many critical roles in these harsh yet fragile environments. Previous short-term research suggests that climate change and invasive plant introduction can damage and alter biocrust communities, yet few long-term observations exist. Using a globally unique long-term record of continuous biocrust surveys from a rare never-grazed, protected grassland on the US Colorado Plateau, we found lichen species diversity and cover to be negatively correlated with increasing summer air temperatures, while moss species showed more sensitivity to variation in precipitation and invasive grass cover. These results suggest that dryland systems may be at a critical tipping point where ongoing warming could result in biological soil crust degradation.
A plant-specific module for homologous recombination repair
Authors: Wang Xuanpeng , Wang Lili , Huang Yongchi , Deng Zhiping , Li Cunliang , Zhang Jian , Zheng Mingxi , Yan Shunping 
Published: April 2022

Significance
DNA damage causes genome instability and numerous diseases including cancers. Homologous recombination repair (HR) is an error-free pathway to repair DNA double-strand breaks, the most serious forms of DNA damage. However, the HR mechanisms in plants are still poorly understood. The transcription factor SOG1 is a master regulator of plant DNA damage responses. In this study, we find that a plant-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase DDRM1 ubiquitinates and stabilizes SOG1 to promote HR. Therefore, DDRM1- SOG1 is a plant-specific module for HR. DDRM1 is an evolutionarily ancient protein, which is identified in mosses, the first land plants, indicating that DNA damage response is an important mechanism for plant evolution from aquatic to land.
Teaching L2 pragmatics to young learners
Authors: Schauer Gila A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper reviews research on teaching pragmatics – and more specifically speech acts – to young L2 learners from two perspectives: (1) studies investigating young L2 learners’ pragmatic competence and (2) studies examining the potential of different materials with regard to pragmatics instruction. The review of L2 learners’ speech act competence addresses cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental studies, as well as studies that examined the effects of specific instructional approaches, learning contexts or materials on young L2 learners’ pragmatic competence. The review of studies examining materials addresses both studies focusing on designated L2 teaching materials produced for the explicit purpose of foreign language instruction of young learners, as well as studies examining speech acts included in children’s books. The paper concludes with a discussion of issues relevant to young learners and the teaching and researching of L2 pragmatics.
Verb form error detection in written English of Chinese EFL learners
Authors: Chen Gong , Liang Maocheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the past few decades, researchers have paid increasing attention to automatic error detection in natural languages, but few have focused on developing an error-checking tool for EFL learners in China. Based on the theory of Pattern Grammar, this study formalizes verb patterns through Link Grammar, a formal grammatical system developed by Sleator and Temperley (1991), and reconstructs an Link Grammar verb dictionary to create an automatic checking tool for verb form errors in Chinese learners’ written English. The test results show that by importing more detailed pattern information of verbs in the Link Grammar dictionary, the Link Grammar parser can identify verb form errors more accurately and effectively than the original and the parsing capability of the Link Grammar parser is improved. The article shows that Pattern Grammar and Link Grammar can work together and be applied to the construction of error-checking tools for EFL learners with promising results.
Journalistic practice in the international press corps
Authors: Comstock Lindy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates what form journalistic questioning takes within the international press corps when
representatives of different press systems work in close proximity. Within the U.S. context, adversarial questioning is valued as
a key resource to ensure an independent press. Yet independent journalism is not universally upheld in media systems worldwide;
Russian officials have explicitly criticized adversarial reporting by Western journalists in their coverage of Russian affairs.
Questions posed to Russian Presidents Putin and Medvedev in G8/G20 press conferences 2000–2015 were assessed for two indicators:
(a) initiative, and (b) critical content, with the aim to determine whether journalistic practice will converge in an
international context, and whether the rise in adversarialness documented within U.S. presidential press conferences parallels a
more general international phenomenon. Findings show a significant increase in both indicators over time and by presidential term.
Questioning practices exhibited by Russian, non-Western, and Western journalists are discussed.
Source language classification of indirect translations
Authors: Ivaska Ilmari , Ivaska Laura 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne of the major barriers to the systematic study of indirect translation – that is, translations of translations – is the lack of efficient methods to identify these translations. In this article, we use supervised machine learning to examine whether computers can be harnessed to identify indirect translations. Our data consist of a monolingual comparable corpus that includes (1) nontranslated Finnish texts, (2) direct translations from English, French, German, Greek, and Swedish into Finnish, and (3) indirect translations from Greek (the ultimate source language) via English, French, German, and Swedish (mediating languages) into Finnish. We use n-grams of various types and lengths as feature sets and random forests as the statistical classification technique. To maximize the transferability of the method, the feature sets were implemented in accordance with the Universal Dependencies framework. This study confirms that computers can distinguish between translated and nontranslated Finnish, as well as between Finnish translations made from different source languages. Regarding indirect translations, the ultimate source language has a greater impact on the linguistic composition of indirect Finnish translations than their respective mediating languages. Hence, the indirect translations could not be reliably identified. Therefore, our results suggest that the reliable computational identification of indirect translations and their mediating languages requires a way to control for the effect of the ultimate source language.
Experimental study of transition from electron beam to rf-power-controlled plasma in DFCCP in argon with additional ionization by an electron beam
Authors: Zotovich A I , Lopaev D V , Bogdanova M A , Zyryanov S M , Rakhimov A T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Radio-frequency (rf) plasma with additional ionization by an electron beam (EB) is considered as a possible method for the independent control of plasma density, mean electron energy and mean ion energy. In this study, spatial transition from EB to rf-power-controlled dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (DFCCP) was studied using the following movable diagnostics: Langmuir and hairpin probes, a retarding field energy analyzer and optical emission spectroscopy. The beam (1.1–1.4 keV) is generated by a runaway EB module placed near the plasma chamber wall, while the plasma transition is caused by EB degradation with the distance from the EB module. The study was conducted in Ar at 200 and 400 mTorr gas pressures in 81 and 12 MHz DFCCP. When the EB is on, a significant decrease in the mean electron energy is observed, from 6 eV in the rf plasma down to 0.2–0.8 eV in the EB plasma. The EB also changes the shape of the electron energy probability function, from Druyvesteyn-like in rf plasma to Maxwellian-like. When both EB and rf power are applied, the mean electron energy increase and the electron density decrease, with the distance from the EB module, are observed due to the beam degradation. The ion energy distribution at the bottom electrode in rf plasma peaks at 25–30 eV and shifts down to a few eV in EB plasma. As in conventional DFCCP, the ion energy distribution can be fine-tuned by the application of a low-frequency rf bias. However, the use of an EB allows us to reduce the range of ion energies down to a few eV, which cannot be achieved in conventional rf discharges.
Regulating the bandgap of graphitic carbon nitride via Mn doping for boosting visible-light-driven water reduction
Authors: Wang Shuyan , Wan Chao , Chen Fengqiu , Chong Mingben , Cheng Dang-guo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As a low-cost and promising photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has aroused major interest for accomplishing visible-light-driven H2 evolution. Nevertheless, rapid recombination of photoexcited electron–holes largely restricts the applications of g-C3N4 in photocatalytic fields. Therefore, metal Mn is introduced into g-C3N4 to tune its bandgap through a simple co-calcination method, effectively improving its photocatalytic performance. Mn doping successfully generates NH–MnⅡ bonds, thus enlarging the surface area and shortening the bandgap of g-C3N4 by moving the valence band upwards, which promotes the migration of photogenerated electrons. Mn-doped materials display extensive photocatalytic performance for water reduction. The hydrogen evolution rate for an optimized CN–Mn-0.20 sample can reach 171 μmol g−1 h−1, which is eight times higher than that for pure g-C3N4. This finding is helpful for the bandgap modification of g-C3N4 by introducing a transition metal to promote the visible-light-driven water reduction and other photocatalytic applications.
Radiation detriment calculation methodology: summary of ICRP Publication 152
Authors: Ban Nobuhiko , Cléro Enora , Vaillant Ludovic , Zhang Wei , Hamada Nobuyuki , Preston Dale , Laurier Dominique 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Radiation detriment is a concept to quantify the burden of stochastic effects from exposure of the human population to low-dose and/or low-dose-rate ionising radiation. As part of a thorough review of the system of radiological protection, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has compiled a report on radiation detriment calculation methodology as Publication 152. It provides a historical review of the detriment calculation with details of the procedure used in ICRP Publication 103. A selected sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the parameters and calculation conditions that can be major sources of variation and uncertainty. It has demonstrated that sex, age at exposure, dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor, dose assumption in the lifetime risk calculation, and lethality fraction have a substantial impact on the calculated values of radiation detriment. Discussions are also made on the issues to be addressed and possible ways for improvement toward the revision of general recommendations. These include update of the reference population data and cancer severity parameters, revision of cancer risk models, and better handling of the variation with sex and age. Finally, emphasis is placed on transparency and traceability of the calculation, along with the need to improve the way of expressing and communicating the detriment.
Glided acoustic higher-order topological insulators based on spoof surface acoustic waves
Authors: Yue Zichong , Zhang Zhiwang , Wang Hai-Xiao , Xiong Wei , Cheng Ying , Liu Xiaojun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Higher-order topological insulator hosts both gapped edge states and in-gap corner states, which has garnered considerable attentions in the field of condensed matter physics, and most recently is further extended to the classical wave systems. Conventional acoustic metamaterials have intrinsic material and design limitations that prevent them from being used to create such states in subwavelength scale with function reconfigurability. Recently, the acoustic second-order topological insulators (SOTIs) composed of locally resonant metamaterials were reported to solve the problem, where the topological phase transition is induced by shrinking/expanding metamolecules. Here, we propose an acoustic SOTI in subwavelength scale by another protocol, i.e. gliding metamolecules, and the SOTI is pinned in the nontrivial region without the regular topological phase transition. Soda cans metamaterials in free space are utilized to support the spoof surface acoustic waves. With varying the introduced glided angle, the switching from the bulk to edge and corner states can be achieved accordingly. Furthermore, we not only experimentally observe this state switching process, but also illustrate the robustness of the topological corner states against various defects. Our results provide versatile ways to launch acoustic lower-dimensional topological states that might lead to interesting sound concentration applications.
Terahertz bound state in the continuum in dielectric membrane metasurfaces
Authors: Li Zuolong , Yang Quanlong , Shao Tianyu , Xu Yuehong , Wang Luyao , Xu Quan , Zhang Xueqian , Kravchenko Ivan , Gu Jianqiang , Han Jiaguang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mie-resonant metasurfaces composed of subwavelength dielectric resonators enable an efficient route for electromagnetic wave manipulation. Among these manipulations, a localized mode with a high-quality factor coexisting with a continuous spectrum of radiating waves termed bound state in the continuum (BIC) can arouse many exotic applications in photonics. Here, we demonstrate the terahertz BIC in a dielectric membrane metasurface and analyze its resonant nature based on Mie-resonant multipoles and vector spherical harmonics. The intrinsic splitting of the resonances under oblique incidence is also explored, in which the conversion of multipole radiation patterns versus the oblique angle will drive the resonances from BIC to leaky modes or vice versa. Both Γ and off-Γ point BICs could be identified as the superposition cancellation of vector spherical harmonics for both p-wave and s-wave. Our research not only provides a novel perspective for exploring the essence of BIC metasurfaces in the terahertz regime, but also points new opportunities for achieving terahertz BIC metasurfaces with ultra-high quality factors.
On the effects of diabetes mellitus on the mechanical properties of DRG sensory neurons and their possible relation with diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Reyes-Pardo Humberto , Sánchez-Herrera Daniel P , Santillán Moisés 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the principal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are the primary sensory neurons that transduce mechanical, chemical, thermal, and pain stimuli. Diabetes-caused sensitivity alterations and presence of pain are due to cellular damage originated by persistent hyperglycemia, microvascular insufficiency, and oxidative and nitrosative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. The present work addresses this problem by hypothesizing that sensitivity changes in DN result from mechanotransduction-system alterations in sensory neurons; especially, plasma membrane affectations. This hypothesis is tackled by means of elastic-deformation experiments performed on DGR neurons from a murine model for type-1 DM, as well a mathematical model of the cell mechanical structure. The obtained results suggest that the plasma-membrane fluidity of DRG sensory neurons is modified by the induction of DM, and that this alteration may correlate with changes in the cell calcium transient that results from mechanical stimuli.
A Numerical Approach to Study Shell-Side Fluid Flow in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Quartararo A. , Di Maio P.A. , Moscato I. , Vallone E. , Guagliardo G. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The detailed CFD simulation of the shell-side flow inside shell-and-tube heat exchangers results prohibitive for large-size components, due to the large number of tubes, together with the multi-scale nature of the flow features. To overcome this issue, the porous media approach can be adopted, substituting the tube bundle with a porous domain, where a suitable momentum sink term in the Navier-Stokes equation is provided. In this paper, a novel numerical approach to estimate the crossflow shell-side pressure drop is presented: a complete characterization of the tube bundle was performed by running 2D-CFD steady-state isothermal analyses, collecting pressure gradient magnitudes and directions for different mass flow rates and angles of attack of the incoming flow. The approach was validated against numerical results and compared to the methodologies currently available. Models, assumptions, and boundary conditions are herewith reported and thoroughly discussed, alongside the main results obtained.
Three-dimensional MHD flow in moderate change ratio orifice
Authors: Melchiorri Lorenzo , Tassone Alessandro , Caruso Gianfranco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In fusion reactor blanket design, liquid metals are attractive working fluids since it is possible to combine in a single fluid the functions of coolant, tritium carrier and breeder. These electrically conductive fluids flow in the presence of a strong magnetic field, inducing the appearance of Lorentz forces and magnetohydrodynamic MHD effects. Increased pressure loss, particularly in complex geometry elements, is a critical point for blanket design. The MHD flow through an orifice plate made by electroconductive walls (c = 0.01 ÷ 0.1) has been analysed in this paper using ANSYS CFX in the range Re = 108, and Ha = 0 ÷ 300. A wide recirculation region is detected after the flow exits the orifice, with potentially harmful consequences for efficient tritium removal. Large pressure loss occurs in the orifice due to conductive wall and non-negligible axial length. The 3D pressure drop term is characterized through a local resistance coefficient (k) that is found to be k ≈ 0.205 for well conducting walls (c = 0.1) and k ≈ 0.063 for poorly conducting ones (c = 0.01).
Numerical simulation of a low Prandtl number flow over a backward facing step with an anisotropic four-equation turbulence model
Authors: Barbi G. , Chierici A. , Giovacchini V. , Quarta F. , Manservisi S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In recent years the use of liquid metals has become more and more popular for heat transfer applications in many fields ranging from IV generation fast nuclear reactors to solar power plants. Due to their low Prandtl number values, the similarity between dynamical and thermal fields cannot be assumed and sophisticated heat turbulence models are required to take into account the anisotropy of the turbulent heat transfer involving liquid metals. In the present work, we solve an anisotropic four-equation turbulence model coupled with the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes system of equations to simulate a turbulent flow of liquid sodium over a vertical backward-facing step. We implement an explicit algebraic model for Reynolds stress tensor and turbulent heat flux that takes into account flow anisotropic behavior. We study forced and mixed convection regimes when a uniform heat flux is applied on the wall behind the step. Linear isotropic approximations for eddy viscosity and eddy thermal diffusivity underestimate the turbulent heat flux components while this anisotropic model shows a better agreement with DNS results.