bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyl Bromide Effects on Fruit Quality, 1990
Authors: Tom Hinsch R. , Max Harris C. , Hartsell P. L. , Tebbets J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nectarines exported to Japan are currently fumigated with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 for 2 h at 21°C or above at normal air pressure and 50% load to disinfest the fruit of potential codling moth infestations. Small scale tests were used to determine the phytotoxicity of washed and graded nectarines when load factors were 10%, 25%, and 50%. Three replications of three varieties were made in 1989 and 1990. In 1990, both small and large size fruit, and fruit harvested on different dates, were fumigated using the quarantine treatment schedule. Three replications of three varieties were made during 1990. This fruit was not washed or graded but taken directly from the tree to the fumigation chamber. Fruit was stored after treatment for one wk at 0°C before it was evaluated for total soluble solids, firmness, phytotoxicity, and other defects. Organic bromide residue determinations were made after 2 h aeration following fumigation and again after 1 wk storage.
Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) in Coachella Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied to fresh market table grapes on 19 Apr. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and there were 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was one row wide and extended into the vineyard to include the 20th vine from the field edge. Spray materials were applied with a hand gun at 175 gal/acre 200 psi. Both sides of all vine rows were sprayed to runoff. Leafhopper counts were taken with a D-Vac suction sampler with a ft2 nose cone.
Apple, Evaluation of Igrs for Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control, 1990
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a completely randomized design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 2.9 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 300 gal/acre). Refer to the tables for dates of application. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and calcium chloride were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by counting shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree (cvs Stayman and Golden Delicious) and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on 'Golden Delicious,' 'Stayman,' and 'Rome Beauty' in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.
Evaluation of a Post Spray Insecticide for the Control of Aphids on Black Raspberry Canes, 1990
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Rytter J. , Travis J. W. , Rebarchak G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated against aphids at the Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa, on an 8-yr-old raspberry planting. Plots were 15 ft long, each containing 5 plants, spaced 3 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were replicated four times. Prespray counts were made on 17 Jul and consisted of the number of canes with aphids out of a total of 15 canes counted. Five canes/crown, 3 crowns/plot were sampled for each replication. On 20 Jul, sprays were applied to the point of runoff using a Meyers Sprayer and Spray Systems handgun at 300 psi delivering a rate of 75 gal/acre. Postspray counts were again determined on 27 Jul as previously described.
California Red Scale Control on Nursery Citrus, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol was compared to Lorsban and petroleum oil (Sunspray 6 N) for efficacy against CRS on balled and burlapped citrus trees in a nursery at Monte Alto, Tex. CRS-infested trees, 4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 4 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff, with control trees receiving a water spray, using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack CO2 sprayer at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 25 Jul. At intervals pre- and post-spray, 8 mature young leaves/replicate were randomly sampled and 1st- 3rd stage CRS were examined under a binocular microscope. Sessile scale were recorded as alive if fluid issued from the insect's body when probed with a needle.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Efficacy Trials in Florida, 1990
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 4 times on 0.33 acre plots. Sprays were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer in 350 gal/acre on 24 Jul. The spray water pH was 5.0. All treatments included FC-435-66 petroleum oil or metallic copper at recommended rates for greasy spot control. The temperature during spraying was from 80°F to 94°F and the relative humidity was from 91%-55%. The wind was less than 5 mph with no rain in the area during or immediately after application. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 replicates. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 observations/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Asparagus Beetle Control on Spears, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mary Washington' asparagus was planted in the spring of 1982 and February of 1985 near Benson, N.C., with a row spacing of 1.5 m. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 3 m long, separated by 1.5 m alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) delivering 82.7 liter/ha at 60 psi on 17 and 21 Apr. All emerged spears were harvested and examined for the presence of eggs and feeding damage on 20 and 24 Apr. Sample size on 20 Apr ranged from 13-32 spears, and on 24 Apr the range was 10-20.
Pesticide Evaluations to Selected Insect Pest of Beans, 1990
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot consisted of double-row treatments 20 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment was separated by 2 border rows of beans. A hand-pushed 'V belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each row. Border rows were planted by tractor using a two-row planter system. A 2-4 inch wide band of meat and bone meal was placed over each treatment row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition with the exception of one Captan Check treatment. Seeds were treated 22 Jun and planted 26 Jun. Sprays were applied 28 Aug using a tractor-mounted 2-row sprayer with 3 nozzles/row. Applications were put on at 35 gal of water per acre and 60 psi.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests and Thrips on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Randell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted 30 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design, with Monitor 4 EC plots and associated checks segregated from the rest on the east end of the field. Sprays were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre at 50 psi on 2, 9, 19, and 26 Jul. Monitor was applied 2 Jul only. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot) were taken 5-9 Jul and 29 Jul-6 Aug. DBM populations in all plots except Monitor and Monitor check were augmented slightly from a laboratory colony before first application. Head yields and quality (10 plants per plot) [rating scale of Greene et al. 1969 (J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800)] were determined at harvest (7-8 Aug).
Control of Late-Season Fall Armyworm Infestation of Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Hutchison William D. , Lee Joshua J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. A very heavy infestation of FAW was observed 29 Aug in 'Jubilee' sweet corn planted 29 Jul. Within the field, two-row plots, 25 ft long, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment assessment of the FAW infestation indicated an average of 78 larvae/20 plants with the percentage of larvae in each instar as: I, 49%; II, 38%; and HI, 13%. Egg masses were also abundant. All treatments were applied 29 Aug with a backpack CO2 sprayer using one flat-fan (LF-3) nozzle/row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 40 psi. Liquid sprays were directed over the top of the whorl. Treatments were evaluated 5 Sep (7 DAT) by recording the number and instar of live larvae/plant from each of the 20 plants/plot (80/treatment).
Aerial Application of Microbials and Permethrin for Control of Second-Generation Ecb Larvae in Minnesota, 1990
Authors: Hutchison William D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted near Glencoe, Minn., in a 60-acre production field planted 2 Jun for processed sweet corn. All treatments were applied with 4 gal water/acre at 28 psi by helicopter traveling at 55 mph. The helicopter was equipped with #8, 1/4 inch Raindrop Dellavin nozzles mounted on a 45 ft boom with an effective swath width of 50 ft. Each treated area consisted of 150 (3 swaths) by 1200 ft strips (4.1 acres). Because this was a commercial production field, it was not possible to have an untreated check. Commencing with first-silk and the onset of the second-generation ECB moth flight, treatments were applied 8, 15 and 24 Aug. The unplanned 9-day spray interval between 2nd and 3rd applications resulted from excessive fog on 21 and 22 Aug. All treatments were evaluated 31 Aug by examining 100 ears/treatment for total larvae, large larvae (fourth & fifth instars) and location of feeding damage. Stratified random sampling was used to select 4 sets of 25 ears each from 4 blocks within the middle 50 ft swath of each treatment.
Foliar Sprays on Late Planted Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30- inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 86 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 28 and 31 Aug; 4, 6, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (17 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tipfeeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.
Control on Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Four row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorls on 1 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer delivering 30.7 gal/acre at 40 psi on l Aug. All plant whorls were removed from the center 2 rows from each plot, unrolled and the number of infested plants counted on 8 Aug.
Beet Armyworm Control in Lettuce, 1990
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Rutler M. , Mullis C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Empire' lettuce was direct seeded into double row beds (12 inch spacing between rows) on 6 Aug and later thinned to 8 inches apart within rows on 29 Aug. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft long beds spaced 40 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Spray treatments were applied in distilled water using a CO2-powered sprayer equipped with a 48-inch boom and 2 TX-8 nozzles/bed delivering 20 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 31 Aug, coinciding with early thinning stage. Evaluations of BAW populations were based on the number of live larvae found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) at 4 and 7 DAT. Reduction of plant stand due to BAW feeding was evaluated by counting the total number of plants/30 row ft in 1 bed of each replicate at 4, 7 and 14 DAT. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potato trials were conducted at Moomaw's Potato Farm, Smithville, Ohio. The field was planted on 26 May. Plant spacing was 35 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Furadan 15 G was incorporated into the furrow at 13.5 lb/acre. The field was treated on 5 Jul with Sencor and Dual herbicides at 0.75 lb and 1 qt formulation/acre, respectively. Fungicide, Dithane M45 at 2 lb/acre with 2 oz spreader-sticker, was applied 25 and 30 Aug, and 18 Sep. Diquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 25 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were single row and 40 ft in length, with 4 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were initiated when second generation early instar larvae were first found in the plots in Aug. Applications were made 8, 15, 22, 24 (reapplication due to rain), 30 Aug, and 6 Sep, using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Total number of adults, eggs, small (instar 1-2), and large (instar 3-4) larvae were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated in 5, one-m lengths of row per plot approximately six d after each application.
Control of Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm in Sweetcorn, 1991
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Tanner B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Funks G80' sweetcorn was planted on 11 Jun at the University of Georgia Plant Sciences Farm, Oconee Co. A randomized complete block design was used with 2-row plots, 20 ft long with 38 in row width, 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone sprayer using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi with a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed on the plant ears. Sprays were applied 10 times beginning prior to silking on 24 Jul, and continuing on 26, 29, 31 Jul, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 Aug. All ears in the center 16 ft of row were examined on 15 Aug for the presence of larvae or damage.
Ambush, Pounce, and ICIA 0321 for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1991
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Excellency' sweet corn was planted 20 Jun at 23,000 seeds per acre. Each treatment plot was six rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Tee Jet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 psi. The spray boom height was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 12, 19, 26 Aug, and 4 Sep 1991. Plots were evaluated 11 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Chemical Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 19 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Plants were thinned within rows at 6 inch intervals on 7 Oct. Each plot consisted of six, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Applications dates were 3, 7, 10, 18, 23 Oct. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 35 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 6 oz/acre. Ten randomly selected plants/plot were sampled for BAW and CL larvae on 10, 17, 24 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan's Q-test.
Thrips Control of Onions, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in muck soil near Potter, New York, on Franjo Farms. Each treatment consisted of double rows 12 inches apart with each double row 30 inches apart, replicated 4 times. Two buffer rows were located between each treatment. Individual plots were 25 ft-long with 5 ft untreated sections between treatments. We sprayed with a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 nozzles (2/row) using 92 gal/acre. Samples were taken by collecting foliage from 5 consecutive plants/rep/treatment. These were transferred to Berlese funnels placed above containers of 50% alcohol. Thrips counts were made 48 hrs later by screening the thrips from the alcohol solution. The current thrips threshold for initiating commercial treatment in New York is 3/leaf.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn Ty T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Katahdin' potatoes were planted 8 May at the Snyder Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (250 lb/acre 6-24-24), and Temik 15 G was incorporated into the furrow at 21 g/100 ft of row to reduce 1st generation CPB populations. The field was treated on 9 May with Sencor DF at 0.75 lb. Penncozeb at 1.5 lb/acre, was applied 17, 31 Jul, 8, and 23 Aug. Diquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 1 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 40 ft in length, with 4 ft alleys separating plots and 20 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were initiated when second generation larvae were increasing in the plots, in late Jul. Applications were made 25, 31 Jul, 7, and 16 Aug using a tractor mounted drop boom nozzle sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Total numbers of adults, eggs, small (instar 1-2), and large (instar 3- 4) larvae were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated in 5 one-m lengths of row per plot approximately five d after each application.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper, 1991
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Connelly Michael S. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Hansen Roger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 14 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were 4 rows wide, 14 m (45 ft) long, with 96 cm (38 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 1.9 cm (6.3 ft) of cultivated soil. Eight experiments were planted in the same field. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. In all eight experiments, CPB control was the primary objective. Experiment 1 was to evaluate neem (Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several conventional insecticides and Kryocide. Experiment 3 was to compare several commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides at 3 rates each. Experiment 4 was to evaluate neem (RH-9999) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 5 was to compare 3 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides from Ecogen Inc. at 2 rates each. Experiment 6 was to evaluate application of Furadan 4 F applied as a systemic spray at drag-off. Experiment 7 was to compare performance of several insecticides when first sprays were applied at different stages of egg hatch or larval development. Experiment 8 was to compare different insecticide rotation schedules. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 8 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application (except in Experiment 6) was based on egg hatch. Five treatment schedules were used: 0 = untreated control (UTC), 1 = Furadan 4 F applied as a spray 6 Jun just prior to drag-off, 2 = first application at 30% hatch of flagged CPB egg masses (i.e., first eggs to hatch for that generation), 3 = first application at first appearance of 2nd instar, 4 = first application at first appearance of 3rd instar. Spray applications for schedule 2 were made on 19, 26 Jun, and 5 Aug (second generation), spray applications for schedule 3 on 21, 28 Jun, and 8 Aug (second generation), and spray applications for schedule 4 on 24 Jun, 1 Jul, and 9 Aug (second generation). Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters of water/ha (40 gal/acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi). CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 10 randomly selected whole plants. PLH nymphs were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves. Leaf loss due to defoliation by CPB feeding and hopperburn injury caused by PLH was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 28 Jun and 10 Jul. Defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 10, 25 Jul, 9, and 16 Aug. PLH were counted on 9 and 15 Aug. Hopperburn was estimated on 16 Aug. Data were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury.
Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Atlantic' potatoes were planted in 20 ft rows on 5 Apr '91 on Richard Ward's farm in Stockton, MD. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 36 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 9 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer. Each row was covered by 2 flat fan nozzles delivering 38.3 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 23 May; 3, 10 Jun; and 3 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems, and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jul from 5 ft of row. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1989
Authors: Noetzel David , Holder Bobby 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size 'Norchip' seed was planted 11 May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, MN. This location has very fine textured soil and 1989 was extremely dry during bulking. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m long with 1.5 m of fallow between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Systemic treatments were hand applied over the side of the planting ridge on 14 Jun (post-emergence) and lightly incorporated. Foliar applications were made on 6 and 19 Jul with a hand held CO2 sprayer using 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure and 30.4 liter/ha total material. Defoliation estimates were taken on 5 and 19 Jul. The tubers were not harvested for yield.