bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new concept of Leptadenia (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Bruyns Peter V. , Hanáček Pavel , Klak Cornelia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe revise the concept of Leptadenia. The closely related, small genus Orthanthera (Ceropegieae‐Asclepiadoideae‐Apocynaceae) contains four species, all with tubular flowers. Our phylogenetic reconstructions show that the type of Orthanthera, namely the little‐known Himalayan endemic O. viminea, is deeply nested within Leptadenia, where it is most closely related to the widespread L. pyrotechnica, a species with rotate flowers. Consequently, we deduce that the tubular flowers of Orthanthera viminea evolved separately from those in the other three species of Orthanthera, which are all from Africa south of the equator. These African species form a separate clade, which is sister to the remainder of Leptadenia. We transfer all four species of Orthanthera to Leptadenia to render Leptadenia monophyletic once more. Leptadenia consists of two subgenera: subg. Leptadenia contains the four species previously in Leptadenia and L. viminea (Orthanthera viminea); subg. Barrowia contains the three species L. albida (Orthanthera albida), L. gossweileri (O. gossweileri) and L. jasminiflora (O. jasminiflora) from Africa south of the equator. We highlight the fact that the range from flat to tubular flowers, well‐known in Ceropegia, is also found in each of the three subtribes that are sister to and basal to Ceropegia. A lectotype is selected for Leptadenia and lectotypes and neotypes are selected for several names.
Typification of Linnaean names in the Malvoideae (Malvaceae)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTypes are designated for the names of four species of Malvoideae (Malvaceae); three described by Linnaeus and one by Jacquin. The names of the three species described by Linnaeus are typified by lectotypes (Alcea ficifolia, Hibiscus aethiopica) and a neotype (H. surattensis). A fourth Linnaean name, Sida triquetra, is an illegitimate superfluous name for S. trisulcata, a Jacquin name for which a neotype is selected.
Regulation of ribonucleoprotein condensates by RNase L during viral infection
Authors: Burke James M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn response to viral infection, mammalian cells activate several innate immune pathways to antagonize viral gene expression. Upon recognition of viral double‐stranded RNA, protein kinase R (PKR) phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) on serine 51. This inhibits canonical translation initiation, which broadly antagonizes viral protein synthesis. It also promotes the assembly of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes termed stress granules (SGs). SGs are widely thought to promote cell survival and antiviral signaling. However, co‐activation of the OAS/RNase L antiviral pathway inhibits the assembly of SGs and promotes the assembly of an alternative ribonucleoprotein complex termed an RNase L‐dependent body (RLB). The formation of RLBs has been observed in response to double‐stranded RNA, dengue virus infection, or SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Herein, we review the distinct biogenesis pathways and properties of SGs and RLBs, and we provide perspective on their potential functions during the antiviral response.This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
Exploring the coordination of peptide bonds towards beryllium with carboxamides, esters and ketones
Authors: Buchner Magnus R. , Müller Matthias 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTwo carboxamide complexes of BeCl2 with NH functions have been prepared and structurally characterized. Bis(2‐pyrrolidone) beryllium(II) chloride and bis(N‐phenyl acetamide) beryllium(II) chloride show extensive hydrogen bond networks in the solid state, which leads to low solubility in organic solvents. Related complexes bis(phenyl acetate) beryllium(II) chloride and bis(acetophenone) beryllium(II) chloride have also been prepared and structurally characterized. These lack hydrogen bonds in the solid state and are therefore highly soluble in chlorinated solvents.
Failing at the Frontline
Authors: Jancovich Leila , Stevenson David 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the type of failures that practitioners most often recognise. It examines the contested meanings of participation not only between policymakers and practitioners but also between different types of practitioners. This chapter considers the levers and barriers in addressing failures of practice and then presents alternative narratives about these failures that may support or challenge those of policymakers. In doing so, this chapter explores the complexity of failure across multiple agendas and for different stakeholders. Throughout, the theatre company Slung Low is offered as an illustrative example of practice.
On electric fields in hot QCD: perturbation theory
Authors: Endrődi G. , Markó G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigate the response of a hot gas of quarks to external electric fields via leading-order perturbation theory. In particular, we discuss how equilibrium is maintained in the presence of the electric field and calculate the electric susceptibility, providing its high-temperature expansion for arbitrary quark mass. Furthermore, we point out that there is a mismatch between this, direct determination of the susceptibility at zero field and the weak-field expansion of the effective action at nonzero electric fields, as obtained using Schwinger’s exact propagator. We discuss the origin of this mismatch and elaborate on the generalization of our results to full QCD in electric fields.
On Galilean conformal bootstrap. Part II. ξ = 0 sector
Authors: Chen Bin , Hao Peng-xiang , Liu Reiko , Yu Zhe-fei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this work, we continue our work on two dimensional Galilean conformal field theory (GCFT2). Our previous work (2011.11092) focused on the ξ ≠ 0 sector, here we investigate the more subtle ξ = 0 sector to complete the discussion. The case ξ = 0 is degenerate since there emerge interesting null states in a general ξ = 0 boost multiplet. We specify these null states and work out the resulting selection rules. Then, we compute the ξ = 0 global GCA blocks and find that they can be written as a linear combination of several building blocks, each of which can be obtained from a sl(2, ℝ) Casimir equation. These building blocks allow us to give an Euclidean inversion formula as well. As a consistency check, we study 4-point functions of certain vertex operators in the BMS free scalar theory. In this case, the ξ = 0 sector is the only allowable sector in the propagating channel. We find that the direct expansion of the 4-point function reproduces the global GCA block and is consistent with the inversion formula.
Wilson lines and boundary operators of BCFW shifts
Authors: Huang Rijun , Jin Qingjun , Li Yi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Boundary operators are gauge invariant operators whose form factors correspond to boundary contributions of BCFW shifts. In gauge theory, the boundary operators contain infinite series, which are constrained by gauge symmetry. We compute the boundary operators of all possible BCFW shifts in Yang-Mills theory and QCD, and show that the infinite series can be elegantly organized into Wilson lines, which are natural building blocks for non-local gauge invariant operators. We comment on their connection to jet functions and gauge invariant off-shell amplitudes. We also verify our results by studying various BCFW shifts of four and five-point amplitudes.
Liver-derived metabolites as signaling molecules in fatty liver disease
Authors: Keles Umur , Ow Jin Rong , Kuentzel Katharina Barbara , Zhao Li Na , Kaldis Philipp 
Published: December 2022

AbstractExcessive fat accumulation in the liver has become a major health threat worldwide. Unresolved fat deposition in the liver can go undetected until it develops into fatty liver disease, followed by steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Lipid deposition in the liver is governed by complex communication, primarily between metabolic organs. This can be mediated by hormones, organokines, and also, as has been more recently discovered, metabolites. Although how metabolites from peripheral organs affect the liver is well documented, the effect of metabolic players released from the liver during the development of fatty liver disease or associated comorbidities needs further attention. Here we focus on interorgan crosstalk based on metabolites released from the liver and how these molecules act as signaling molecules in peripheral tissues. Due to the liver’s specific role, we are covering lipid and bile mechanism-derived metabolites. We also discuss the high sucrose intake associated with uric acid release from the liver. Excessive fat deposition in the liver during fatty liver disease development reflects disrupted metabolic processes. As a response, the liver secretes a variety of signaling molecules as well as metabolites which act as a footprint of the metabolic disruption. In the coming years, the reciprocal exchange of metabolites between the liver and other metabolic organs will gain further importance and will help to better understand the development of fatty liver disease and associated diseases.
Grundzüge des neuen Genehmigungsverfahrens für klinische Arzneimittelprüfungen im Rahmen der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 536/2014 und der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten
Authors: Sudhop Thomas , Riedel Claudia , Krafft Hartmut 
Published: December 2022

ZusammenfassungMit der am 31.01.2022 anwendbar gewordenen Verordnung (EU) Nr. 536/2014 zu klinischen Prüfungen mit Humanarzneimitteln wurde die weitgehende Vollharmonisierung der Genehmigungs- und Überwachungsverfahren klinischer Arzneimittelprüfungen in der Europäischen Union (EU) und dem Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum (EWR) vollzogen. Neben einem vollständig papierlosen Antragsverfahren erfolgt auch die gesamte Kommunikation aller Beteiligten über das eigens für die Verordnung entwickelte Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS), über das auch – jeweils zeitlich gestaffelt – alle nicht geschützten Informationen und Inhalte des Genehmigungsantrags und der Ergebnisse der klinischen Prüfung der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht werden. Wie bereits unter den alten rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen ergeht die Genehmigung einer klinischen Prüfung durch die jeweils betroffenen Mitgliedstaaten. In den Fällen, in denen eine klinische Prüfung in mehreren Mitgliedstaaten durchgeführt werden soll, erfolgt die Bewertung des allgemeinen Teils der Unterlagen nunmehr gemeinsam durch die betroffenen Mitgliedstaaten unter koordinierender Federführung eines berichterstattenden Mitgliedstaates. Der vorliegende Artikel skizziert das Genehmigungsverfahren mit seinem Fristenkonzept und adressiert weitere Aspekte der Verordnung, wie z. B. Details zum Schutz der an der klinischen Prüfung teilnehmenden Personen, die Sicherheitsberichterstattung sowie die Transparenzregelungen.
Einsatz von Virtual Reality in der HNO-Lehre: eine Alternative zum konventionellen Anatomiemodell
Authors: von Schnakenburg P. , Heermann S. , Kromeier J. , Offergeld C. 
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Beurteilung des Mittelohrs erfordert ein komplexes dreidimensionales Verständnis, dessen Vermittlung für die curriculare Lehre ebenso wichtig ist wie für die ärztliche Weiterbildung.

Zielsetzung
Überprüft wurde, inwieweit Virtual Reality (VR) als Alternative zu konventionellen Lehrmethoden in der Vermittlung von Inhalten der Anatomie, Physiologie und Pathologie zum Einsatz kommen kann. Zielsetzung ist die Evaluation einer VR-gestützten Lehrmethode im Vergleich zur konventionellen Lehre am anatomischen Modell.

Methodik
Die Studie wurde als zweiarmige prospektive Single-Center-Studie im Sommersemester 2021 an der Universitätsklinik Freiburg durchgeführt. Für ein Modul zum Thema Mittelohr wurden 177 Studierende randomisiert in eine Kontroll- und Studiengruppe eingeteilt. Vorab wurden demografische Daten abgefragt sowie eine quantitative Evaluation hinsichtlich Kompetenz und persönlicher Haltung erhoben. Nach Bearbeitung der Modelle wurden die Gruppen formativ geprüft und die Ergebnisse vergleichend untersucht. Abschließend wurde durch ein Crossover der Modelle eine qualitative Evaluation der Modelle im Vergleich ermöglicht und eine erneute quantitative Evaluation durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse
In der formativen Prüfung konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen nachgewiesen werden. Die Evaluationen konnten eine gesteigerte Selbsteinschätzung der Wissenskompetenz, eine tendenziell ausgesprochen positive Haltung zur VR-Methode nach Kursabschluss sowie generell vorteilhafte subjektive Aspekte des VR-Modells aufweisen. Zudem zeigte sich ein positiver Effekt und ein positives Meinungsbild für die Vermittlung anatomischer Inhalte.

Schlussfolgerung
Der Einsatz von VR eignet sich als Alternative zu konventionellen Lehrmethoden in der curricularen HNO-Lehre. Die Ergebnisse zeigen bereits aktuell eine Gleichwertigkeit der VR und lassen ein großes Potenzial dieser Methode für zukünftige Lehraufgaben erwarten.
Improvement of thermoalkaliphilic laccase (CtLac) by a directed evolution and application to lignin degradation
Authors: Yang Youri , Ghatge Sunil , Hur Hor-Gil 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thermoalkaliphilic laccase (CtLac) from the Caldalkalibacillus thermarum strain TA2.A1 has advantageous properties with potential industrial applications, such as high enzyme activity and stability at 70 °C and pH 8.0. In the present study, a directed evolution approach using a combination of random and site-directed mutagenesis was adopted to enhance the laccase activity of CtLac. Spectrophotometric assay and real-time oxygen measurement techniques were employed to compare and evaluate the enzyme activity among mutants. V243 was targeted for site-directed mutagenesis based on library screening. V243D showed a 25–35% higher laccase activity than wild-type CtLac in the spectrophotometric assay and oxygen consumption measurement results. V243D also showed higher catalytic efficiency than wild-type CtLac with decreased Km and increased kcat values. In addition, V243D enhanced oxidative degradation of the lignin model compound, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GGGE), by 10% and produced a 5–30% increase in high-value aldehydes than wild-type CtLac under optimal enzymatic conditions (i.e., 70 °C and pH 8.0). Considering the lack of protein structural information, we used the directed evolution approach to predict Val at the 243 position of CtLac as one of the critical amino acids contributing to the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Moreover, it found that the real-time oxygen measurement technique could overcome the limitations of the spectrophotometric assay, and apply to evaluate oxidase activity in mutagenesis research.

Key points
• CtLac was engineered for enhanced laccase activity through directed evolution approach
• V243D showed higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than wild-type CtLac
• V243D produced higher amounts of high-value aldehydes from rice straw than wild-type CtLac
The reef-building coral Galaxea fascicularis: a new model system for coral symbiosis research
Authors: Puntin Giulia , Craggs Jamie , Hayden Róisín , Engelhardt Kara E. , McIlroy Shelby , Sweet Michael , Baker David M. , Ziegler Maren 
Published: December 2022

AbstractReef-building corals owe their evolutionary success to their symbiosis with unicellular algae (Symbiodiniaceae). However, increasingly frequent heat waves lead to coral mass-bleaching events and pose a serious threat to the survival of reef ecosystems. Despite significant efforts, a mechanistic understanding of coral–algal symbiosis functioning, what leads to its breakdown and what can prevent it, remains incomplete. The main obstacles are low amenability of corals to experimental handling and, owing to its obligatory nature, the difficulties of manipulating the coral–algal association. Indeed, many studies on the symbiotic partnership are conducted on other cnidarian model organisms and their results may therefore not be fully transferable to tropical reef-building corals. Here, we identify the tropical stony coral species Galaxea fascicularis as a novel candidate coral model system. Individual polyps of this species can be separated, enabling highly replicated genotype studies, and are well suited to experimental investigation of the symbiosis as they can be easily and effectively rid of their algal symbionts (bleached). We show that bleached adult individuals can reestablish symbiosis with non-native symbionts, and we report the completion of the gametogenic cycle ex situ, with the successful spawning in aquaria over multiple years. These achievements help overcome several of the major limitations to direct research on corals and highlight the potential of G. fascicularis as an important new model system for investigations of symbiosis functioning and manipulation.
Approximation of Wave Packets on the Real Line
Authors: Iserles Arieh , Luong Karen , Webb Marcus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this paper we compare three different orthogonal systems in $$\textrm{L}_2({\mathbb {R}})$$

L
2

(
R
)

which can be used in the construction of a spectral method for solving the semi-classically scaled time dependent Schrödinger equation on the real line, specifically, stretched Fourier functions, Hermite functions and Malmquist–Takenaka functions. All three have banded skew-Hermitian differentiation matrices, which greatly simplifies their implementation in a spectral method, while ensuring that the numerical solution is unitary—this is essential in order to respect the Born interpretation in quantum mechanics and, as a byproduct, ensures numerical stability with respect to the $$\textrm{L}_2({\mathbb {R}})$$

L
2

(
R
)

norm. We derive asymptotic approximations of the coefficients for a wave packet in each of these bases, which are extremely accurate in the high frequency regime. We show that the Malmquist–Takenaka basis is superior, in a practical sense, to the more commonly used Hermite functions and stretched Fourier expansions for approximating wave packets.
Quality of leadership and self-rated health: the moderating role of ‘Effort–Reward Imbalance’: a longitudinal perspective
Authors: Kuchenbaur Marco , Peter Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Objective
Longitudinal studies on the influence of leadership behavior on employees’ self-rated health are scarce. As a result, potential mechanisms describing the impact of leadership behavior on health have not been adequately investigated so far. The present study accounts for the influence of leadership behavior on self-rated health within the framework of the Effort–Reward Imbalance model.

Methods
The study was conducted on the basis of a cohort which comprised a random sample of healthcare workers from ten different hospitals and one elderly nursing home in Germany. A 2-level repeated measurement model with random intercept and slopes was modeled, since it was aimed to account for individual as well as intra-individual variation of subjective health across three time points over 36 months. Beside ‘Effort–Reward Imbalance’ and ‘Quality of Leadership’ from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, physical and mental health was assessed by German version of the SF12 multipurpose short-form measure of health status.

Results
‘Effort–Reward Imbalance’ and a lack in ‘Quality of Leadership’ negatively affect self-rated physical health. No effect was found for self-rated mental health. Effort–Reward Imbalance significantly moderates the effect of ‘Quality of Leadership’ on self-rated physical health.

Conclusion
The findings, and the interaction effects in particular, suggest that leadership behavior moderated by factors such as appreciation and support, influences self-rated physical health. The study therefore provides an interpretation for leadership behavior and its influence on employees’ self-rated health within the ‘Effort–Reward Imbalance’ model.
Drought patterns: their spatiotemporal variability and impacts on maize production in Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Ferreira Nicole Costa Resende , Rötter Reimund Paul , Bracho-Mujica Gennady , Nelson William C. D. , Lam Quang Dung , Recktenwald Claus , Abdulai Isaaka , Odhiambo Jude , Foord Stefan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDue to global climate change, droughts are likely to become more frequent and more severe in many regions such as in South Africa. In Limpopo, observed high climate variability and projected future climate change will likely increase future maize production risks. This paper evaluates drought patterns in Limpopo at two representative sites. We studied how drought patterns are projected to change under future climatic conditions as an important step in identifying adaptation measures (e.g., breeding maize ideotypes resilient to future conditions). Thirty-year time horizons were analyzed, considering three emission scenarios and five global climate models. We applied the WOFOST crop model to simulate maize crop growth and yield formation over South Africa’s summer season. We considered three different crop emergence dates. Drought indices indicated that mainly in the scenario SSP5-8.5 (2051–2080), Univen and Syferkuil will experience worsened drought conditions (DC) in the future. Maize yield tends to decline and future changes in the emergence date seem to impact yield significantly. A possible alternative is to delay sowing date to November or December to reduce the potential yield losses. The grain filling period tends to decrease in the future, and a decrease in the duration of the growth cycle is very likely. Combinations of changed sowing time with more drought tolerant maize cultivars having a longer post-anthesis phase will likely reduce the potential negative impact of climate change on maize.
Highly efficient and recyclable novel spindles Fe2O3@SiO2/In2O3 nanomagnetic catalyst designed for green synthesis of azomethine compounds
Authors: El-Attar Heba G. , Salem Mohamed A. , Ibrahim Seham A. , Bakr Eman A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA novel and reusable nanomagnetic catalyst, Fe2O3@SiO2/In2O3, was synthesized by a facile chemical approach in three successive steps. The nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, and VSM. The XRD pattern displays the characteristic peaks of Fe2O3 and SiO2, accompanied by new peaks assigned to different planes of In2O3 that confirm the formation of In2O3 on the surface of Fe2O3@SiO2 core/shell spindles. The TEM micrographs show spindle-like particles of Fe2O3 covered with SiO2 shell, and the In2O3 nanoparticles in an average diameter of 20 nm are hung on the surface of the Fe2O3@SiO2. The nanomagnetic catalyst Fe2O3@SiO2/In2O3 was used for the transformation of the (4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-amine, and chalcones derivatives, into valuable azomethine compounds of 3-(substituted)-1-(pyridine-2-yl)allylidene)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-amine with high rate and efficient catalyst recovery. The yield obtained through the catalytic route reached 90–95% in shorter reaction times compared with uncatalyzed reaction method.
Graphical abstract