bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net impact of government funding on nonprofit fiscal health: burden or benefit?
Authors: Thornton Jeremy , Lecy Jesse 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study examines the impact of federal grant awards on the financial health of recipient nonprofits. Although a modest body of research finds that government grants are beneficial to nonprofit fiscal health, a large Urban Institute study (2010, 2013, 2015) found that nonprofit managers receiving government grants consistently report fiscal harm due to awards that do not cover all program costs, late payments, and significant administrative burden. Those findings raise the question of whether government funding leads to net benefits or net harm for organizations given the administrative and fiscal burdens identified. This study tests that question using a large panel of federal grants to estimate the impact of government awards on three measures of nonprofit financial health. We find that government grants promote an increase in nonprofit size, improve operating margins, and increase financial reserves for recipient organizations. These benefits endure after the receipt of the award.
Advanced 3D woven profile structures and their composites for automotive applications
Authors: Behera Bijoya Kumar , Kamble Zunjarrao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe woven profiled structures and their composites are beneficial for automobiles specifically E‐vehicles due to near‐net‐shape manufacturing, snug‐fitting, and lightweight. This study reported the junction strength of 3D integrally woven, and stitched profile structures such as L, U, +, ±, T, Pi, and H produced using high‐strength polyester yarn and their composites. The junction strength of integrally woven profiles and their composites was higher than that of stitched profiles. The stitched profile composites failed at the stitch line mainly due to delamination, leading to incomplete reinforcement strength realization. However, the integrally woven profile composites fail due to fracture of yarns within the reinforcement, leading to higher junction strength.
A cohort study to assess risk of cutaneous small vessel vasculitis among users of different oral anticoagulants
Authors: Ajao Adebola , Cosgrove Austin , Eworuke Efe , Mohamoud Mohamed , Zhang Rongmei , Shapira Oren , Kolonoski Joy , Connolly John G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurposeCutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV) was identified as a safety signal among patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). This study aimed to determine if CSVV risk differed among patients with atrial fibrillation (Afib) who newly initiated warfarin or a DOAC.MethodsWe identified enrollees aged ≥21 years diagnosed with Afib who newly initiated rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, and warfarin in the Sentinel Distributed Database from October 19, 2010 to February 29, 2020. We selected and followed patients who did not have evidence of the following in the 183 days prior to initiating treatment: CSVV diagnosis, dispensing of other study drugs, select autoimmune diseases or autoimmune medications, cancer diagnoses or chemotherapeutic treatment, kidney dialysis or transplant, alternative anticoagulation indications, or an institutional (nursing home, hospice, hospital) stay on the treatment initiation date (index date) until CSVV outcome or pre‐specified censoring. We conducted 1:1 propensity score matching in six comparisons.ResultsCSVV incidence rates for DOACs and warfarin ranged from 3.3 to 5.6 per 10 000‐person years in our matched Afib population. The adjusted CSVV hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.94 (0.64, 1.39) for rivaroxaban versus warfarin; 1.17 (0.67, 2.06) for dabigatran vs. warfarin; 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) for apixaban vs. warfarin; 0.86 (0.49, 1.50) for rivaroxaban vs. dabigatran; 0.99 (0.68, 1.45) for rivaroxaban versus apixaban; and 1.70 (0.90, 3.21) for dabigatran versus apixaban.ConclusionWe did not find significant evidence of differential CSVV risk in pair‐wise comparisons of DOACs and warfarin.
Calcium inhibits penetration of Alzheimer's Aβ1–42 monomers into the membrane
Authors: Boopathi Subramanian , Garduño‐Juárez Ramón 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCalcium ion regulation plays a crucial role in maintaining neuronal functions such as neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Copper (Cu2+) coordination to amyloid‐β (Aβ) has accelerated Aβ1–42 aggregation that can trigger calcium dysregulation by enhancing the influx of calcium ions by extensive perturbing integrity of the membranes. Aβ1–42 aggregation, calcium dysregulation, and membrane damage are Alzheimer disease (AD) implications. To gain a detail of calcium ions' role in the full‐length Aβ1–42 and Aβ1‐42‐Cu2+ monomers contact, the cellular membrane before their aggregation to elucidate the neurotoxicity mechanism, we carried out 2.5 μs extensive molecular dynamics simulation (MD) to rigorous explorations of the intriguing feature of the Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–42‐Cu2+ interaction with the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer in the presence of calcium ions. The outcome of the results compared to the same simulations without calcium ions. We surprisingly noted robust binding energies between the Aβ1–42 and membrane observed in simulations containing without calcium ions and is two and a half fold lesser in the simulation with calcium ions. Therefore, in the case of the absence of calcium ions, N‐terminal residues of Aβ1–42 deeply penetrate from the surface to the center of the bilayer; in contrast to calcium ions presence, the N‐ and C‐terminal residues are involved only in surface contacts through binding phosphate moieties. On the other hand, Aβ1–42‐Cu2+ actively participated in surface bilayer contacts in the absence of calcium ions. These contacts are prevented by forming a calcium bridge between Aβ1–42‐Cu2+ and the DMPC bilayer in the case of calcium ions presence. In a nutshell, Calcium ions do not allow Aβ1–42 penetration into the membranes nor contact of Aβ1–42‐Cu2+ with the membranes. These pieces of information imply that the calcium ions mediate the membrane perturbation via the monomer interactions but do not damage the membrane; they agree with the western blot experimental results of a higher concentration of calcium ions inhibit the membrane pore formation by Aβ peptides.
Fractionation and characterization of dissolved organic matter using solid‐phase extraction followed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with electrospray, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and laser desorption ionization
Authors: Hu Qiaozhuan , Ge Jinfeng , Yi Yuanbi , Ma Chao , Qi Yulin , Volmer Dietrich A. 
Published: July 2022

RationaleFourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) combined with different ionization techniques provides a powerful means to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the molecular level. Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) is currently the most widely utilized method for extracting the DOM, but one‐step elution using methanol does not provide a comprehensive picture of DOM. The development of efficient extraction and enrichment methods as well as characterization techniques from water samples remains a priority for DOM research, which is investigated in this study.MethodsThe DOM was extracted from lake water by SPE using one‐step elution (methanol or dichloromethane) and multistep elution (water, methanol, acetone, and dichloromethane). A combination of electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), and matrix‐free laser desorption ionization (LDI) was utilized for FT‐ICR MS analysis in both positive (+) and negative (−) ion modes.ResultsThe total recovery of the multistep elution was 23.5% higher as compared to the investigated one‐step elution procedure (85% vs. 61.6%); however, a comparison of the observed molecular species and the range of diversity under different ionization techniques along with the statistical analyses showed that proper selection of solvent and ionization method was required to explore specific compounds from the sample.ConclusionsFor DOM species containing different heteroatoms, a combination of ESI, APPI, and LDI can offer a comprehensive profile of DOM in aquatic ecosystems. The specific molecular formulae of each ionization technique are characterized as follows: ESI— mode exhibited strong selectivity for lignin‐like and tannins‐like species with high oxygen content, as well as organosulfates. ESI+ favored lipid species and peptide/protein compounds. Unsaturated and condensed aromatic hydrocarbons with low oxygen were preferably ionized by both APPI and LDI.
Bias of stormwater infiltration measurement methods evaluated using numerical experiments
Authors: Tecca Nicholas P. , Nieber John , Gulliver John 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInfiltration stormwater control measures (SCMs) have the potential to contribute towards mitigating the effects of urbanization on downstream receiving waters. Infiltration SCMs are most often successful when the in‐situ saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is well characterized. In this paper numerical solutions of the Richards’ equation are used to quantify the bias of seven infiltration measurement methods, removing natural variability and random error from the analysis. The methods evaluated in this study include the double ring infiltrometer, Saturo infiltrometer, modified Philip–Dunne infiltrometer, Turf‐Tec IN2‐W infiltrometer, USBR 7300‐89 well permeameter, Philip–Dunne permeameter, and the Guelph permeameter. Seven homogenous, isotropic soil textures were simulated at four initial soil moistures for the seven methods, resulting in a total of 196 simulations. The dimensionless bias is defined as the “measured” Ksat determined by a given method divided by the Ksat input to the numerical experiments. The “measured” Ksat is in quotations to identify the measurement occurs in a numeric experiment rather than in a physical experiment. In sand through silt loam soils that are typical of infiltration SCMs, the simulated methods have a bias in the range of 0.7–6.2. The Turf‐Tec was the only infiltrometer that produced a bias >2.5 for these soils. Initial effective saturation had a minimal contribution to bias for most methods. Methods that rely on a one‐dimensional (1D) flow assumption consistently overestimated the Ksat. Borehole methods produced results with bias similar to surface methods. Long duration methods did not consistently produce more accurate results than short duration methods.
Enhanced biogas production and substrate degradation through the intermittent operation of modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket–static granular bed reactor series
Authors: Mariraj Mohan S. , Swathi T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn the present study, the performance of a modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) reactor–static granular bed reactor (SGBR) series in intermittent operation was analyzed for the treatment of synthetic wastewater. The reactor series was operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production of the reactor series obtained during the intermittent operation were 99 ± 0.29% and 0.529 ± 0.03 m3/kg CODdigested, respectively. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant difference in biogas production during continuous and intermittent operations, whereas the COD removal was similar. Intermittent operation of the reactor series yielded a 56.05% increase in biogas production when compared with the continuous operation. The reactor series was maintained stable throughout the operational period. The maximum total suspended solids (TSS) removal and total nitrogen (TN) removal of the reactor series during the intermittent operation were 91.67% and 72.37%, respectively. Intermittent operation of the reactor series can be considered advantageous because of the reduced operational cost and enhanced biogas production in addition to COD removal.Practitioner Points

Intermittent operation of MUASB–SGBR series in terms of COD removal is evaluated.
COD removal of reactor series was similar in intermittent and continuous operation.
Biogas production in intermittent operation was superior to continuous operation.
Reactor series performance is also compared with continuous operation using one‐way ANOVA.
Report on the technical discussion “Methods of detection of bullet fragments and measurement methods for the description of a reliable killing effect in simulants”
Authors: Lahrssen-Wiederholt Monika , Schafft Helmut , Pieper Gernot , Rottenberger Ingo , Höcherl Johann , Schyma Christian , Marahrens Michael , Schröder André , Ulbig Ellen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn the context of the discussion on an amendment of the Federal Hunting Act, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Germany has dealt with scientific principles that enable an assessment of the introduction of bullet fragments into game meat. Until now, neither standardized terms nor definitions nor standardized procedures for quantifying the effects of the introduction of corpuscular bullet fragments were available for a health assessment. With the participation of international experts, a concept was developed that could be used to test hunting rifle bullets regarding their effectiveness potential [The term effectiveness potential (in German: Wirkpotenzial) describes more than the term “effectiveness” (in German: Wirksamkeit)] and entry of bullet fragments into game or game meat. The term “killing effect” newly introduced into the discussion in the context of the efforts to amend the Federal Hunting Act was not supported by the experts, since “killing“ cannot be simulated and standardized. Other basic terms and definitions were formulated and/or interpreted. A distinction must be made between the effect of a bullet on biological tissue, the (optimal) effect of the bullet when shot in a manner appropriate for hunting, the impact on the hunted game when hit in a suitable location and the effect of the bullet, described as physical effectiveness potential. In principle, the following applies: The effectiveness potential of a bullet can be simulated and thus evaluated in test simulants/test media. Therefore, it is possible to describe hunting rifle bullets based on qualitative and quantitative parameters as well as concerning their physicochemical properties. Their effectiveness potential in game meat can thus be adequately assessed, both by the hunter and with a view to the scientific issues related to consumer health protection strategies for minimizing bullet fragments in game meat. Essential parameters required for a test procedure have been compiled in a product profile for hunting rifle bullets used to kill food-producing game species.
Characterization of the angular gyrus in an older adult population: a multimodal multilevel approach
Authors: Jockwitz Christiane , Krämer Camilla , Stumme Johanna , Dellani Paulo , Moebus Susanne , Bittner Nora , Caspers Svenja 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe angular gyrus (AG) has been associated with multiple cognitive functions, such as language, spatial and memory functions. Since the AG is thought to be a cross-modal hub region suffering from significant age-related structural atrophy, it may also play a key role in age-related cognitive decline. However, the exact relation between structural atrophy of the AG and cognitive decline in older adults is not fully understood, which may be related to two aspects: First, the AG is cytoarchitectonically divided into two areas, PGa and PGp, potentially sub-serving different cognitive functions. Second, the older adult population is characterized by high between-subjects variability which requires targeting individual phenomena during the aging process. We therefore performed a multimodal (gray matter volume [GMV], resting-state functional connectivity [RSFC] and structural connectivity [SC]) characterization of AG subdivisions PGa and PGp in a large older adult population, together with relations to age, cognition and lifestyle on the group level. Afterwards, we switched the perspective to the individual, which is especially important when it comes to the assessment of individual patients. The AG can be considered a heterogeneous structure in of the older brain: we found the different AG parts to be associated with different patterns of whole-brain GMV associations as well as their associations with RSFC, and SC patterns. Similarly, differential effects of age, cognition and lifestyle on the GMV of AG subdivisions were observed. This suggests each region to be structurally and functionally differentially involved in the older adult’s brain network architecture, which was supported by differential molecular and genetic patterns, derived from the EBRAINS multilevel atlas framework. Importantly, individual profiles deviated considerably from the global conclusion drawn from the group study. Hence, general observations within the older adult population need to be carefully considered, when addressing individual conditions in clinical practice.
Implementierung eines mehrkörperdynamischen Systems an der Prallschwinge eines Prallbrechers zu dessen Berücksichtigung in der DEM-Simulation
Authors: Fimbinger Eric , Kemper Dietmar 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungPrallbrecher beinhalten Bauteile, die zum einen aufgrund ihrer Masseneffekte, aber zum anderen auch aufgrund ihrer Interaktion mit Schüttgutpartikeln und den daraus resultierenden Kräften mit bestimmten Reaktionsbewegungen reagieren. Um also Prallbrecher in Diskrete Elemente Methode (DEM)-Simulationen erfolgreich abbilden zu können, ist eine entsprechende Berücksichtigung solch dynamisch-interaktiver Bauteile jedenfalls erforderlich. Diese Berücksichtigung bedeutet eine Erweiterung der konventionellen partikelfokussierten DEM in Richtung Mehrkörpersimulation (MKS).Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Modellierung eines Prallbrechers als DEM-MKS-Simulationsmodell, wobei auf spezielle Detailaspekte der Modellbildung eingegangen wird, wie z. B. auf die Erstellung eines reduzierten Simulationsmodells. Als dynamisch-interaktiv bewegte Bauteile werden dabei die beiden Prallschwingen, wie auch ein Feder-Gelenk-System an der hinteren Prallschwinge aufgebaut.Einblicke in durchgeführte Simulationen dieses Modells bzw. derer Analysen veranschaulichen abschließend die auftretenden Effekte am implementierten mehrkörperdynamischen System.
On the potential contribution of BeiDou-3 to the realization of the terrestrial reference frame scale
Authors: Zajdel Radosław , Steigenberger Peter , Montenbruck Oliver 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSince the release of the phase center calibrations for both the receivers and the satellites, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) became a new potential contributor to the realization of the terrestrial reference frame (TRF) scale of future International Terrestrial Reference Frame releases. This study focuses on the evaluation of the potential usage of the BDS-3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) constellation to the definition of the TRF scale. To that aim, we used ground calibrated BDS-3 satellite PCOs provided by the China Satellite Navigation Office and multi-GNSS robot calibrations for the ground antennas conducted by Geo++. Two ionosphere-free linear combinations of signals, namely B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a, have been investigated to find out whether using different frequencies may lead to different TRF scale definitions. Differences between the z components of the satellite phase offsets as given by manufacturer calibrations and those estimated based on IGS14 scale amount to 6.55 ± 12.56 cm and − 0.32 ± 10.99 cm for B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a frequency pairs, respectively. On the one hand, the substantial deviation from the mean reflects the disparities in the quality of calibrations for the individual spacecraft, especially those manufactured by the Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites (SECM). On the other hand, the difference between the two frequency pairs arises to a great extent from the doubtful quality of the SECM PCO calibrations, which certainly do not reflect the frequency dependence of the PCOs. Eventually, the mean scale bias with respect to IGS14 equals + 0.546 ± 0.085 ppb and + 0.026 ± 0.085 ppb for B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a solutions, respectively, when using all 24 BDS-3 MEO satellites.
Adolescents’ Psychoactive Substance Use During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross Sectional Study in Italy
Authors: Biagioni Silvia , Baldini Federica , Baroni Marina , Cerrai Sonia , Melis Francesca , Potente Roberta , Scalese Marco , Molinaro Sabrina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Italy was one of the first European countries to be affected by Covid-19. Due to the severity of the pandemic, the Italian government imposed a nationwide lockdown which had a great impact on the population, especially adolescents. Distance-learning, moving restrictions and pandemic-related concerns, resulted in a particularly stressful situation.

Objective
This cross-sectional study aims to analyse substance consumption and its associated factors during the Covid-19 lockdown imposed by the Italian government.

Methods
ESPAD is a questionnaire that is administered yearly in Italian high schools. In 2020, it was administered online during dedicated hours of distance learning, collecting data from 6027 Italian students (52.4% were male) aged 15–19. Data collected from the 2020 questionnaire was matched with that collected in 2019, in order to make them comparable.

Results
The prevalence of consumption of each substance decreased during the restriction period, and the most used substance during the lockdown period was alcohol (43.1%). There were some changes in factors associated with psychoactive substance use, especially painkillers and non-prescription drugs. For instance, unlike what was observed in the 2019 model, in 2020 spending money without parental control was associated with painkillers and non-prescription drug use while risk perception was not.

Conclusions
The restrictions and the increased difficulties in obtaining psychoactive substances did not prevent their consumption, and students with particular risk factors continued to use them, possibly changing the substance type of substance. This information is useful in order to better understand adolescents’ substance use during the ongoing pandemic.
Do mathematicians and undergraduates agree about explanation quality?
Authors: Evans Tanya , Mejía-Ramos Juan Pablo , Inglis Matthew 
Published: July 2022

AbstractOffering explanations is a central part of teaching mathematics, and understanding those explanations is a vital activity for learners. Given this, it is natural to ask what makes a good mathematical explanation. This question has received surprisingly little attention in the mathematics education literature, perhaps because the field has no agreed method by which explanation quality can be reliably assessed. In this paper, we explore this issue by asking whether mathematicians and undergraduates agree with each other about explanation quality. A corpus of 10 explanations produced by 10 mathematicians was used. Using a comparative judgement method, we analysed 320 paired comparisons from 16 mathematicians and 320 from 32 undergraduate students. We found that both mathematicians and undergraduates were able to reliably assess the quality of a set of mathematical explanations. Furthermore, the assessments were largely consistent across the two groups. Implications for theories of mathematical explanation are discussed. We conclude by arguing that comparative judgement is a promising technique for exploring explanation quality.