bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chickens

M

.

Domestica

Control, New York, 1975
Authors: Schmidtmann E. T. , Jones C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
House fly populations in deep pit, climate controlled, caged hen layer houses were monitored in response to aqueous emulsion or feed additive larvicidal treatments. Experimental units were 5 isolated, 50 ft x 400 ft, layer houses, each containing 40,000 birds and having a past history of high house fly populations during summer months. Feed additive was pre-mixed to 10 ppm and fed continuously adlibitum from July 6 through October 9, 1975. Respective 1% aqueous coarse droplet spray treatments were applied at 1 gal/100 sq ft of manuer surface on a semi-weekly or bi-weekly basis from June 20 through October 9, 1975. House fly populations were monitored by 1) weekly analysis of fly specks deposited on 1 in. x 8 1/4 in. white bond paper strips suspended vertically from the ceiling in a fixed pattern, 10 strips per house, and 2) by tallying the number of immature house flies, 2nd and 3rd instars and pupae, recovered weekly by brine flotation from 25 one-lifer samples of surface manure per house. House fly emergence from pupae collected in manure exposed to aqueous solution and feed additive treatments was also assessed. Treatment efficacy was rated by comparison of adult house fly populations with a nuisance threshold of 500 fly specks/strip (mean); at or above this level, house flies were an objectionable nuisance to personnel conducting operational procedures.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of York Imperial and 2 Golden Delicious. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for the test insecticides were: June 2, 16, 30 and July 1, 15, and 28, August 11 and 25; Pirimor was applied only on June 2, July 25 and August 11; Dimilin was applied only on June 2, June 30, July 28 and August 25; S-15126 was applied only on August 11 and 25 after Stethoruspunctum populations were established in the trees. The following special sprays were applied to the test trees: June 13, Phosphamidon 8, 8 fl oz/100 gal (6X concentrate) with an airblast sprayer; June 19, Systox 6, 4 fl oz/100 gal (IX dilute) with a spray gun; August 14 Plictran 50W, 8 oz/100 gal (6X concentrate) with an airblast sprayer (East of tree's side only). During May, June, July and August, general sprays involving captan and sulfur were applied as 6X concentrates with an airblast sprayer to the whole experimental block at ca. 2 week intervals. Average temperatures were: May 61.08° F, June 68.98° F, July 72.97° F, August 73.89°F, and September 61.13° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.05, June 7.60, July 3.12, August 2.01 and September 13.84. Effectiveness of test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after July 1 and a picked sample 14 days after the last spray. Apple samples averaged 230 fruits/replicate and 920/treahnent. Effectiveness on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/replicate for both generations; on the apple aphid by counting the number of infested terminals/10 terminals/tree and calculating the percent infested. The number of aphid infested leaves/terminal was also determined. The effectiveness of the test materials on the rosy apple aphid was assessed by collecting 10 infested clusters/replicate and determining the percent infested leaves/cluster, the percent leaves with 1-10 live aphids, and the percent leaves with 11 or more live aphids.
Apple, Test of Acaricides and Insecticides, 1973, 1974
Authors: Colbum Richard B. , Asquith Dean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was carried out in an enclosed insectary at the Penn State Fruit Research Laboratory in Biglerville, Pennsylvania. It was designed to study the toxicity to adults of S.punctum of 22 registered and experimental insecticides and acaricides. The ladybird beetle, S.punctum, is one of the most important native predators of the European red mite in Pennsylvania fruit orchards. Adult beetles for the experiment were collected from the same orchard in 1973 and 1974. Collection dates were July 10, 12, and 25 in 1973 and July 3, 9, 23 and August 21, 1974. The beetles were collected from the trees by placing a one-yard square cloth tray beneath a limb and tapping it to dislodge the beetles. They were then taken from the tray with an aspirator and transferred to styrofoam cups for transport to the insectary. The capture cups as well as the test cups were eight ounce number 320 styrofoam cups. Two holes were cut in opposite sides of me cups, then these and the top were covered with Dacron Ninon screening. Three leaves infested with European red mites were placed in each test cup. The materials to be tested were then weighed and the solutions were mixed in the appropriate amounts with water. A small amount of each test material was then placed in separate 50-ml beakers. The beetles were then taken from the capture cups and placed in the test solutions, immersed, and allowed to remain in the solution for 15 sec. The beetles were then removed from the solution with a probe while still wet and placed on the leaves in the test cups. Lots of ten beetles each were placed in individual cups with twenty beetles total tested in each material. Survival was recorded after one, twenty-four, and forty-eight hours. Four control cages were maintained for each test day; twenty beetles for a dry check and twenty for a wet (water) check. Relative humidity ranged from 34 to 100%; the temperature range was from 53 to 90° F.
Apple,

P.

Ulmi

Seasonal Control, 1975
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 10-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, at 5X concentration with an airblast sprayer operating at 100 psi and at the rate of 300 gallons per acre. Spray dates were May 8 (half-inch green), May 15, 23 (pink). May 27 (petal fall), June 9, 19, July 2, 16, and August 1 (fifth cover), and on July 16 and 24 for Kelthane. Insecticides which were applied separately to the test plots included Marlate 50W (3 lb/100 gal) on May 30 and June 9, Epsom salts (15 lb) on May 30, and Solubor (1 lb) on June 9; insecticides tank-mixed with test materials were Marlate 50W (3 lb/100 gal) on June 19, lead arsenate (2 lb) on July 2, 16 (no LA added to Benlate + oil mixture on July 16), Thiodan 50W (1 lb) on July 16, and Sevin 80W 0-25 |b) on August 1. Each treatment was applied to a block of 27-40 trees. From each tree of 2 Red Delicious, 1 Golden Delicious, and 1 Mcintosh cultivars per block, 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was very severe. Late July and August were very hot and dry.
Apple,

P.

Ulmi

Control with Acaricides, 1975
Authors: Hall Franklin R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test objectives were to evaluate the effects of various formulations of 2 acaricides for control of European red mite (ERM). Three (3) mature Red Delicious apple trees/treatment were sprayed to run-off with acaricides with use of a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450-500 psi. All plots were treated on June 6, and included Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lb/100. Leaves (25/tree) were sampled at 4-8’ around the inner perphery of each replicate tree on each date. DRM were brushed from leaves onto glass plates and counts made on the day of sample.
Apple, Mite and Insect Control, 1975
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Koval C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dilute insecticide sprays were applied at 300 psi with a no. 2 gunjet until run off to apple test plots at the Arlington Horticultural orchard (Arlington, Wisconsin) and the Potter Preserve orchard (Baraboo, Wisconsin). Polyram (2 lb) was applied at green tip (May 13) and with all plots at petal-fall (May 19) and cover sprays (June 3, 9; July 7, 21; August 6, 25), at Arlington. At Baraboo Cyprex (0.75 lb) was applied prebloom (May 12, 20) and with all sprays (June 2, 9, 30; July 15, 28; August 13, 26). Treatment plots included 10-14 trees each at Arlington and blocks of 40 to 50 trees each at Baraboo.
Pear, Codling Moth Control, 1975
Authors: Burts Everett C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
D’Anjou pear trees 20 years old which had been heavily infested with codling moth the previous year were sprayed with Dimilin (Ent 29054) for control of codling moth, Laspeyresiapomonella. Each plot consisted of 5 single-tree replications in randomized block design. Sprays were applied with handgun from a portable orchard sprayer operating at 600 psi at about 800 gallons per acre. Three spray schedules were tested as follows: 1. a petal fall and a second-brood spray; 2. two sprays against first brood; 3. a single second-brood spray. Treatments were evaluated by examining 100 fruits per replication at harvest for worm entries. In plot 1 only 400 fruits were available for examination.
Cabbage Lepidopterous Feeders
Authors: York Alan C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Crop was direct-seeded in 30 ft rows on 36 inch centers on May 21, 1975. Soil type was Ockley silt loam, 2 to 4% organic matter. Insecticides were applied in a randomized block design of 4 replicates using a compressed air sprayer, 100 gallons per acre, 40 psi. Bio-Film was added at the equivalent of 6 oz per 100 gallons water. Beginning on June 21, 5 sprays were made at approximately 10 day intervals. Insects on 5 plants per replicate were counted 24 hr after spray application. At harvest, marketable heads were those not having feeding damage on the heads (excluding wrapper leaves).
Corn Earworm Control, Royal Slope, 1975
Authors: Antonelli Art , Johansen Carl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight chemicals were applied to corn (Fanfare) using a Highboy ground applicator. These materials were applied four times at intervals of five days beginning on August 25, 1975. The first application was delayed by about one week. Experimental units were comprised of four rows, 50 feet long with 10 foot alleys between treatments and replicated four times in a balanced lattice design. Insect damage was recorded when corn had reached maturity. Damage is reported as to tunnel depth in ear tips and recorded using a rating index of 1 to 5 where 1 ≤ .5 cm, 2 &gt; 0.5 ≤ 1 cm, 3 &gt; 1 ≤ 2 cm, 4 &gt; 2 ≤ 3 cm, and 5 &gt; 3 cm. The materials tested were also evaluated as to honey bee toxicity. They are rated by using an index of 0 to 5 where 0 has no hazard, 1 has short residual hazard, and 5 has long residual hazard.
Sweet Corn, European Corn Borer, Corn Earworm Control
Authors: York Alan C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn seed was planted by hand in 30 ft rows on 36 inch centers, June 24, 1975. Soil type was Ockley silt loam, 2 to 4% organic matter. Plants were thinned to about 1 per 8 inches at 4 to 6 inch height. Plants were artificially infested with ECB eggs, 2 egg masses per plant on August 25. Plants were sprayed in a randomized block design leaving every other row untreated on August 27, August 31, September 4, September 10, and September 14. Application equipment was a compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gallons per acre at 40 psi. Results were evaluated by harvesting and husking 25 ears per replicate and counting earworms and corn borers.
Synthetic Pyrethroids for Worm Control on Head Lettuce, 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kung S. P. , Rose R. I. , Schuster David J. , Gerhardt Paul D. , Bennett Larry H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Great Lakes 659 lettuce was planted August 25, 1975 on 40-inch beds, 2 seed rows per bed. Plots were four beds wide and 25 feet long or 0.0076 acres. Three materials were tested at 0.05 and 0.1 lb per acre and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized block design. All treatments were compared to a standard (Lannate) and an untreated check. All plots received an application of Lannate* t at 0.67 lb a.i./a on September 8, 1975 to protect the stand of seedling lettuce prior to thinning. The first scheduled test treatments were applied September 16 and weekly thereafter, with the seventh and final treatment being applied on October 28. All treatments were applied with a 3 gallon pressure-type sprayer having a two nozzle boom operating at 45 to 55 psi. Effectiveness of the various treatments was determined by counting the number of cabbage looper and beet armyworm larvae and eggs on 20 plants per plot on a weekly schedule. The worm population was very high during the early part of the growing season necessitating another treatment of Lannate on the check plots. Many plants in the check plots had been so badly damaged that only the midribs of the leaves remained. Most of these plants recovered, but maturity was delayed 1 to 3 weeks.
Control of Beanflies in Mungbeans and Asparagus Beans, 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kung S. P. , Rose R. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Beanflies are pests of various important food legumes including mungbeans, soybeans, aduzuki beans, lima beans, snap beans, cowpeas and asparagus beans. Field plot evaluations of insecticides for their control were carried out in ten square meter plots. Each insecticide tested was applied to four replicated plots in a RCB experimental field design. For each crop planting, nine insecticides and one control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot being previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers calibrated with a stopwatch. For the emulsifiable or wettable powder formulated insec-ticides, 500 ml spray were applied per treatment. Methods of control evaluation were based on the dissection and count of the number of larvae and pupae as well as the number of damaged plants in a thirty plant sample.
Onion Thrips Control, 1975
Authors: Crowell H. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was to evaluate furrow or band applications of certain materials (such as is done for maggot control) for activity against onion thrips, and subsequent effects on yield and/or quality of onions at harvest. Granular formulations were applied at planting time either directly into the furrow with the seed, or by the “bow wave” method (surface band just ahead of seeder shoe). Plots were single row; 20 feet long; 36 inch row spacing separated by single guard rows; replicated 6 times in randomized block design. Planting was at the rate of 10 seeds/foot of row, using a V-belt hand seeder on April 17. Plots were fertilized prior to planting and were sprinkler irrigated during the season as needed. Soil was classified as a Chehalis sandy loam with pH of 5.9 to 6.1 and organic content of 2.5 to 2.9%. Seedling stand counts were made on June 2 and July 23. Adult thrips counts (5) were made at 10 day intervals between July 15 and August 25. On September 22 (158 days after seeding and treating) the onion bulbs were lifted for field drying. Topping, grading and weighing were accomplished by October 24.
Potato Leafhopper and Green Peach Aphid Control on Potato with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Cancelado Rafael , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 16, at Rosemount, Minnesota. Systemic insecticides were applied as in-furrow, split band treatments at planting. Two Temik plots received additional sidedress applications of Temik, applied midway between the rows, July 8. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. The soil is a Waukegan silt loam with medium organic matter. Eptam preplant and Sencor postemergence herbicides were applied for weed control. Fungicidal sprays, Dithane M-45, Bravo, or Difolatan, were applied weekly from June 20. No insecticidal sprays were applied. Insect counts ware made at 2 week intervals, July 14 to Sep 10. Each count consisted of 2 samples of 35 randomly selected, mid-plant leaves, taken 48 hr apart. Yields were taken from 35 ft row/plot September 15.
P.

Cockerelli

Control by Seed Piece Treatment with Systemic Insecticide, 1975
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. , Bennett Larry H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seed potatoes of the selected varieties were cut and treated on February 26. Treatment was accomplished by putting the dust and seed potatoes into a plastic drum fitted with baffles and the drum mechanically revolved for approximately 3 min. Seed pieces were planted on February 27 in Laveen clay loam with a 2-row experimental precision potato planter. Plots were two 34-inch beds wide and 30 feet long. The treatments we.re replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Stand counts were made in each plot by counting all emerged plants in both beds. Psyllid counts were made at weekly intervals beginning April 23 thru June 4. Twenty-five randomly selected complete leaves were gathered from each plot and the psyllid nymphs and adults were counted. Ayerage daytime temperatures during the growing season were March 71°, April 74°, May 90° and June (first 10 days) 101°F. Plots were harvested June 10 with a single row potato digger. They were then graded according to U. S. standards and grades.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening,

L.

Canus

, Yakima, Washington, 1973
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Fox L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
L. canus larvae were collected in the fall of 1971 from Grandview, Washington, and held at 40°F until the tests were conducted. The soil used was “river-bottom soil”, sandy loam, &lt;0.5% organic matter, sifted with 8-mesh sieve. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell dry blender for 15 min, after which water was added to the soil (2.7% moisture), and the treated soil was placed in 0.5-pt Mason fruit jars. The dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials to 6 inch in depth. Two boiled wheat grains were pushed down ca. 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was placed in each jar; if the wireworm did not burrow into the soil within 1 min, the wireworm was replaced. Regular jar lids were used, but they were not secured tightly. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars. The jars were held in a laboratory maintained at ca. 20 to 25°C. The jars were checked once weekly to determine mortality, which included any dead or moribund larvae. At the weekly checks, moisture was added to the soil as required, two new boiled wheat grains were added, and the same live larvae were replaced in the corresponding jars. Three separate tests were conducted, and the results are summarized in the table.
Sugarbeets,

M.

Persicae

Control, Yakima, Washington, 1974
Authors: Fox Lee , Tamaki George 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four granular systemic insecticides plus 1 systemic seed coat material pelleted on sugar beet seed were evaluated for aphid control in small field plots at Yakima, Washington in Ritzville silt loam soil. Plots were 25 ft long, 4 rows wide (22 inch row spacing) and replicated 4 times within a randomized complete block design. Granules were applied with an experimental, tractor-mounted, deep-shank applicator. This permitted.the granular material to be placed in a single band, approximately 1 inch wide, 6 inch below the soil surface and directly below the area where sugarbeet seed were planted in a follow up operation. Displaced soil was repacked in the shank trench and hand seeding (100 seed/25 row ft) resulted in placement of seed 1.5 inch below soil surface and 4.5 inch above insecticide granules. Planting and granular insecticide application were completed on May 6, with Temik, Thimet, Di-Syston and Dacamox applied at 1.5 lb active ingredient per acre. Twenty-five mature sugarbeet leaves were picked at random from each plot and examined for aphids.
Control of Sweet Potato Weevil, 1975
Authors: Kung S. P. , Su C. Y. , Rose R. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots size was ten square meters and each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB experimental field design. Insecticides were applied when plants began to initiate root development. Emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations were applied in one liter of spray solution per plot at monthly intervals.
Alfalfa, Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control in California
Authors: McCalley Norman F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated on the alfalfa cultivar El Camino (Germains) at Soledad Correctional Facility, Soledad, California in 1975. Plots were 12 x 73 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied April 9, 3 weeks before first cutting, by CO2 sprayer equipped with a 6 foot hand held boom fitted with 5 Spraying Systems 8002 T-jet flat fan nozzles spaced at 14.5 inches, which delivered 40 gal/A at 40 PSI. Biofilm surfactant was added to all treatments at the rate ot4 fl oz/A.
Corn,

A

.

Ipsilon

Control, Baits, 1975
Authors: Musick G. J. , Szatmari-Goodman Gary 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn, variety K-555, was planted at Wooster, Ohio during May (as noted with each test). The insecticides were broadcast over entire soil surface or banded in a 2-inch band along the side of the corn row. Either liquid or bait formulations were applied in June to corn with 2.5-3.0 fully emerged leaves. The soil in the plots was not disburbed prior to, during, or after treatment. Plots were 4 rows wide, 15 ft long, with 10 ft alleyways between replications. A randomized complete block design was used. Soil was a Wooster silt loam with approximately 2% O.M. Rainfall during the experiments was as noted in test results. Average soil temperature (4 inch depth) at treatment was 15.5°C. After the insecticides were applied, 6-inch aluminum barriers were erected in a portion of each plot to prevent larval migration out of the treated area. The migration barrier was 2 rows wide by 5 ft long. The number of corn plants within each barrier (plot) was thinned to an equal number. Ten, 5th stage black cutworm larvae were released in each plot approximately 4 hr post treatment. The damage to each plant in a plot was rated on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1, no damage; 2, leaf feeding only; 3, plant cut at whorl; 4, plant cut at or above 2nd leaf; 5, plant cut at ground; and 6, plant tunnelled. These evaluations were made twice per week with every plant cut at or below ttie second leaf being marked with a stake to facilitate its location for future readings. Evaluation continued for about 1 month. For analysis, all plants rating 3 or greater were placed into the category of cut plants and a % of cut plants for each plot was determined. The data were transformed by arc sin percentage prior to analysis, however, original data are reported.