bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Nutritional and Socio-Demographic Status of Tuberculosis Patients of an Urban Slum of Tuberculosis Unit in Mumbai
Authors: Hedaoo Sandeep Shankar , Badge Vijay L. , Acharya ShrikalaM. 
Published: October 2022

Background: TB has been found to coexist with malnutrition among patients at diagnosis in both developed and developing countries. Malnutrition is considered as an important risk factor for tuberculosis and it is also a common consequence of tuberculosis. Aims: To estimate the proportion of malnutrition among tuberculosis (TB) patients at diagnosis and to determine factors associated with malnutrition.Materials and methods: It's a Cross sectional study conducted in a slum under one of the Tuberculosis Units, of Malvani, Mumbai for the duration of 9 months in total 200 diagnosed tuberculosis patients fulfilling inclusion criteria. An interviewer administered schedule consisting of questions regarding their socio-demographic status, economic status, body mass index (BMI) and type of tuberculosis at diagnosis.All responses tabulated in Microsoft-Excel 2010 Software. Data is analysed using Epi data analysis Version 2.2.2 build 177.Results: The mean body mass index was 16.8 Kg/m2. Malnourished patients were 79%, including 35% having severe thinness (<16 Kg/m2). Severe thinness was seen more among patients with availability and colour of ration card (36.4%), patients with low education (38.4%) and among dependent patients (41%). Nutritional status was significantly associated with the type of tuberculosis (p=0.01) Conclusions: Proportion of malnutrition including severe malnutrition among TB patients was found to be very high. National Program should include nutritional assessment of TB patients to reduce the risk of mortality and relapse.
Food safety profile of street food vending units in Chennai, Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mani Geetha , Kathirvel Arulanand 
Published: October 2022

Background:
The burgeoning street food sector despite being an affordable source of fast, tasty meals, pose significant challenges to food safety. This study was conducted to assess knowledge of foodborne diseases among food handlers in street food units of Chennai, Tamil Nadu and describe their food safety profile.

Materials and methods:
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among street food units of Chennai, Tamil Nadu between August and October 2016, using multi-stage sampling method. A pretested schedule with following sections was employed in local language: sociodemographic and food business characteristics; knowledge on foodborne diseases; personal habits and hygiene of food handlers and an observational checklist for environmental and work surface hygiene.

Results:
Majority food handlers (62%) were aged 26 to 45 years; 26.5% lacked formal education. Among 200 units studied, 62% functioned part-time; 89% were unregistered. Three- fourth of food handlers had heard about foodborne diseases; 9% used hair cover while cooking; 35% wore aprons; 51% had trimmed nails; 5.5% wore gloves while serving; 34.5% washed hands with soap before cooking. Eighty percent units had own water source for cooking and 61% for washing; 23.5% had nearby restrooms; 59.5% had hand washing facility; 52% had solid waste disposal facility; 66% units stored raw and cooked foods separately. Knowledge on foodborne diseases showed significant association with age and educational status of participants (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
Our study observed an unsatisfactory level of knowledge on foodborne diseases, inadequate individual hygiene, environmental safety and food handling practices, underscoring the necessity for targeted educational and regulatory measures.
Study of menstrual hygiene and awareness of Udita corners among adolescent girls in Indore district
Authors: Banseria Ruchita , Saroshe Satish , Bansal S.B , Khatri A.K , Yesikar Veena , Dixit Sanjay 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
Menstruation is a normal physiological process indicating beginning of reproductive life but sometimes it is considered as unclean phenomenon in the Indian society. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has introduced a Scheme for Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls in the age group of 10-19 years in rural areas. In Madhya Pradesh, Directorate ICDS and Water Aid India started the Udita Project on Menstrual Hygiene Day.

Methodology:
This is a Cross-sectional study done for a period of 12 months. Sampling method used is Multi-stage random Sampling. Semi structured open ended questionnaires was used as a study tool to interview adolescent girls. Questionnaire consists of questions related to knowledge attitude and practice regarding the menstruation.

Results:
Out of 150 girls from urban AWCs 54.6% belonged to 11-14 and 45.3% to 14- 18. In rural AWCs out of 150girls 57.3 were from 11-14 years while 42.6% were from 14-18 years. Mean age for Ills years was 14.31. There was significant difference between beneficiaries of urban and rural AWCs with regards to knowledge and practice of menstruation and its hygienic practices. Significant difference (P-0.001) was noted between beneficiaries from rural and urban AWCs regarding awareness of Udita corners.

Conclusion:
Although, schemes similar to Udita project are started in some states, if implemented effectively across the country, it would contribute greatly to create increased awareness of menstrual hygiene and ultimately healthy population of women in the future.
Validation of Community Based Assessment Checklist for Diabetes Mellitus in tertiary care setting, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Kalia Richa , Sharma Satya Bhushan , Raina Sunil Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Background:Â Government of India has developed a Community Based Assessment Checklist (CBAC) as a screening tool for Hypertension, Diabetes, and Cancers (Oral, Breast, Cervix). The objective was to assess the validity of the CBAC checklist for type-2 DM at a suggested cut off score of four.Â Methods:Â Cross-sectional study was carried out in the central laboratory of medical college in the northern state of India. Total 120 already known cases of DM or had Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) ofÂ >126 gm/dl and 120 individuals with FBG ofÂ >126 gm/dl, considered as negative for type-2 DM, were recruited. Simultaneously, CBAC checklist was administered to all the 240 participants.Â Results:Â High risk CBAC score (>4) was present in 27.5% patients with diabetes and 12.5% without diabetes (p=0.004). Risk criteria of<4 had a diagnostic accuracy of 80.5% (Sensitivity: 42.9%; Specificity: 87.5%) with positive and negative predictive value of 37.5% and 89.7% respectively. Area under curve based on Receiver Operator Characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve was observed to be 0.62 (95% CI: 0.55-0.69) (p=0.001).Â Conclusion:Â Questionnaire based CBAC risk assessment criteria as a screening tool for blood sugar assessment had poor sensitivity, good specificity and poor discriminatory ability.
Assessment of Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Filariasis in ‘Tribal’ Blocks of Bankura District, West Bengal
Authors: Sadhukhan Sanjoy Kumar , Saren Gautam 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
Independent evaluation of MDA for Filariasis elimination In ‘tribal’ blocks of Bankura district, West Bengal was not available. In the event of likely elimination of Filariasis in forthcoming year(s), it was thought a necessity.

Objectives:
To assess coverage and compliance to MDA with factors associated and awareness regarding filariasis and MDA in 'tribal' blocks of Bankura district of West Bengal.

Methods:
Cross sectional observational community based study on 120 families (600 people) selected by standard (WHO) 30 cluster techniqueduring January-March 2017 in 06 'tribal' blocks the district [total population = 793176, tribal population = 213412). House to house survey was done with a pre designed pre-tested questionnaire.

Results:
In spite of a large (32.2%) illiterate population, the overall coverage (95%) and compliance (90.8%) were satisfactory although directly observed compliance (7%) was poor. These were not statistically significant (p≥0.05) for age, sex, caste, education and occupation. Primary reason for non coverage, non compliance and non directly observed compliance were absence from home (100%), forgetfulness (64%) and empty stomach (66.7%) respectively. Although there was satisfactory awareness on Filariasis (84.2%), for MDA, it was poor (3.3% only).

Conclusion:
Very good level of coverage and compliance of MDA was observed in line with NVBDCP in spite of very poor awareness of MDA. To make it universal, Improved IEC for filariasis and importance of drugs consumption and change of timing of drug distribution to ensure directly observed compliance should be considered.
Verbal Autopsy - Concept and Role in Indian Scenario
Authors: Ray Soumalya , Das Dilip Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Mortality statistics plays a very important role in creating an information pool about the prevalent diseases in the community.1,2 Life and Death - are two universal events of life with a defined and clear outcome which is easy to understand2 even for people with no medical background. Enumeration of births and deaths in the community within a defined time period helps us to have an idea about the crude birth rate and crude death rate, respectively. In absence of a well developed, reliable health information system, often, these are the only reliable health information available to us.3,4Enumerating the births and deaths in the community has a very long history - both nationally and globally. There is a tradition among Hindus - to record the death of near and dear ones while completing the religious ceremony in memory of the passed ones in Haridwar.5 This provides a geneaology tree of family members died. In Europe, church members used to enumerate the births and deaths in the community and usually considered as a reliable source of information.6,7
Forecasting of Malaria in India Using Time Series Analysis
Authors: Muthukumar T , Karnaboopathy R , Annadurai K , Raja TK 
Published: October 2022

Background: Although there has been marked reduction in the number of malaria cases in India under National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), malaria still is the leading cause of infectious diseases with the development of drug resistant Plasmodium species and insecticide resistant mosquitoes. Keeping this in view, the present study attempts to forecast the malaria cases in India. Methods: We adopted an Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models on the data collected on the number of malaria cases from 1990 to 2017 .The same has been used to predict the number of cases till 2025 without any additional intervention. Results: The results also showed a decreasing trend in the actual and forecasted numbers of malaria cases. The appropriate ARIMA (10, 1, 9) model was selected based on Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) values. Conclusions: Hence, to achieve the target of Sustainable Developmental Goal by 2030, additional interventions with an increase in the intensity of existing interventions and support of the international community along with WHO is essential.
Assessment of Nutritional Status of Under-5 Children in A Slum of Kolkata, West Bengal: A Community Based Study
Authors: Roychoudhury Nivedita , Pan Tania , Roy Keya , Paul Bobby , Dasgupta Aparajita , Bandyopadhyay Lina 
Published: October 2022

Background: The nutritional status of under-5 children in slums is an important health indicator for assessing the health status of entire population. Reduction in malnutrition is a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to improve child welfare. The study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of under-5 children in a slum of Kolkata and its associated factors.Materials and Methods: It was an observational, cross-sectional study among under-5 children in a slum area of Kolkata, West Bengal, India to determine nutritional status and its determinants using WHO Z-score and Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF). A total of 129 under-5 children were included by simple random sampling. Data entry was done in SPSS. All ethical issues were addressed.Results: Out of total 129 children assessed, 31.8% were found to have anthropometric failure using CIAF. However, with standard anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age, weight-for-height, height-for-age, and mid upper arm circumference,17.8% were underweight, 9.3% were wasted, 16.3% were stunted and 14% were undernourished respectively. About 40.3% children had morbidity within last 2 weeks (acute respiratory infection 25.6%, diarrhoea 3.9%, fever 10.9%). Literacy of mother [AOR-3.79 (1.39-10.33)], exclusive breast feeding [AOR-6.1 (1.80-8.79)], personal hygienic practice [AOR-3.17 (1.02-10.02)] and morbidity profile [AOR-2.95 (1.13-7.72)] were significantly associated with nutritional status.Conclusion:The study identifies maternal education and care and infant and child feeding practices to have a bearing on the nutritional status of the children. Further large scale studies are warranted to determine the alleviation in the situation after addressing these factors.
Insufficient Physical Activity: a Global Public Health Concern
Authors: Sinha Rabindra Nath 
Published: October 2022

Physical activity is one of the essential prerequisites to enjoy sound health and quality of life. Insufficient physical activity is a well-documented risk factor of the leading non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancers of breast and colon, depression and risk of falling in adults.[1,2,3] Newer evidences indicate that participation in regular physical activities can reduce risk of cancer of bladder, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, lung, and stomach also][4]. These NCDs are the leading causes of premature death and disability, prevalence of which are rising very fast globally. World Health Organization estimates that in 2016 NCDs accounted for 71% of global mortality equivalent to as high as 41 million deaths of which three quarters occurred in low and middle-income countries [5]. Deaths due to NCD have now surpassed the total mortality due to combined causes of the communicable, maternal and perinatal nutrition-related deaths. [6].Apart from being a modifiable risk factor of the major NCDs, regular physical activity also reduces the risk factors associated with NCDs such as overweight, obesity, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol and is also found to be associated with improved mental health, delayed age-related cognitive decline and improved quality of life and well-being.
Childhood Pneumonia: a Community Based Interventional Study in Slums of Dibrugarh, Assam
Authors: Nirmolia Nabanita , Mahanta Tulika Goswami , Gogoi Pranab 
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Pneumonia, leading cause of child morbidity and mortality globally, which is concerning as proven interventions exist. Objective: to assess effect of community based interventions on occurrence of pneumonia in slums of Dibrugarh town. Methods: Community based before- after intervention study using mixed method between 2015-2017; where quantitative part by using predesigned format filled by house to house visit done in baseline and endline and qualitative by focus group discussion conducted during end line study. Social and behavior change communication package was given as intervention. Results: A total of 420 in baseline and 300 participants enrolled in end line study. Pneumonia prevalence reduced from 16.9% to 9.3% following intervention. Exclusive breast feeding and complimentary feeding initiation at 6 month significantly increased from 42.9% to 60% and 9.8% to 77.7% respectively. Type of family, socio economic status, motherâ€™s education, complementary feeding practices, immunization and indoor air pollution were significantly associated with pneumonia. Conclusion: Implementation of community based social and behavior change communication package was effective.
Awareness and Utilization of Social Security Schemes by the Elderly Population of District Faridabad, Haryana, India
Authors: Goswami Shweta , Singh Mitasha , Ranjan Prabhat , Dhaka Rohit 
Published: October 2022

Background: The currently young and productive country will be growing old in near future. The burden of elderly dependents is increasing and on the other side the informal care givers number is projected to decrease. Hence the responsibility of providing the social security to our elderly dependents lies on the government. Objectives: To assess the level of awareness and utilization of social security schemes among elderly of rural and urban Haryana. Methods: A descriptive observational cross sectional study was undertaken in the urban and rural field practice area of medical college in Haryana, India. A sample of 234 elderly (>=60 years) was interviewed regarding awareness and utilization of country and state specific social security schemes. The data is presented in descriptive format. Results: The awareness in the study population ranged from 6.8% to 85.5%. The majority of population had awareness about old age pension schemes (85.5%) and this was higher among rural as compared to urban but utilization was 41%. 32.1% of elderly utilized travel concession provided to the geriatrics in public transport and this was higher among urban area. Majority (94.7%) of economically independent elderly was aware of and utilizing any of the scheme. Conclusion: The awareness and utilization gives a picture of demand side evaluation of any services. Even if the awareness is good the utilization decreases for any security scheme due to delayed administrative procedures and decreased mobility of geriatrics.
Infant Feeding Practices in a Rural Muslim Community in Malda District of West Bengal
Authors: Yeasmin Nasima , Mandal Nirmal Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
Exclusive breast-feeding for first six months of life and semi-solid food after six months in addition to breast feeding is recommended as optimal feeding for infant and young children. There is dearth of data about infant feeding practices among mothers of Muslim Community.

Objectives:
To study infant feeding practices of Muslim mothers and identify feeding problems.

Methods:
A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 infants in the rural area of Chanchal 2 block of Malda district of West Bengal.

Results:
Ninety one per cent mothers of infants below 6 months were currently breast feeding their babies, whereas only 76% were giving exclusive breast feeding. About Seventy-nine per cent infants above 6 months were on exclusively breastfed up to 6 months, 98% continuing breast feeding. Only 42% of children between 6-8 months started complementary feeding, which was raised to 96% among children of 9-11 months. Cause of discontinuation of EBF before six months was stated to be inadequate milk and mothers' ill health.

Conclusion:
Appropriate interventions are required to train grass-root level workers, involve family members & counsel mothers on infant & young child feeding.
Qualitative Inquiry into Determinants of Decision Making for Therapeutic Mastectomy Amongst Pre and Peri- Menopausal Women, at Urban Gujarat
Authors: Shah Shailja , Saxena Deepak , Zope Anagha 
Published: October 2022

Introduction :
Breast Cancer (Ca Br) is one of the most common cancer amongst women globally as well in India. Amongst various available modalities of treatment, the most common treatment being advised in Ca Br is mastectomy which is commonly associated with a lot of emotion and mental challenges. For Ca Br patients, any decision in this regard forms an integral part in the diagnosis, confirmatory and treatment phase. The present study aims to explore the psychosocial determinants to undertake surgical decisions.

Objective:
To explore the psychosocial determinants and dilemma of undertaking decision for surgical intervention in Ca Br cases amongst pre and peri-menopausal women.

Methods:
The participants of pre and peri- menopausal women with Ca Br were selected purposively from a tertiary care hospital. The inclusion criteria included patients with Ca Br who underwent a therapeutic mastectomy and willing to be a part of the study were included. Qualitative Inquiry method was used for data collection and Content analysis was done using Atlas.ti.

Results:
Five themes emerged from the content analysis. It was observed that patriarchy dominates as decision-makers; surgical decision - is it a 'No -brainer' thing?, the big emotional burden on shoulder, motivators & demotivators, and inspiration. Women's passivity as decision-makers along with emotional distress conditions like fear of loss of feminity was always accompanied. Strong support system and will power were the major motivating factor for participants.

Conclusion:
The study gave a prominent and complex view on determinants of undertaking surgical decisions. Findings from the study would contribute to better strategizing the management of patients in a local context from all aspects and not just from the clinical lens.
Structural Vulnerability and Epidemiology of COVID-19 in India- A Socio-epidemiological Approach for Health Promotion
Authors: Sahu Monalisha , Dobe Madhumita , Yadav Kartikey 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) pandemic is an outcome of a "complex system" of interactions occurring within and between individuals and their environments. The individual-level models, which give sole or primary emphasis to individual choice with their "victim blaming" tendency is insufficient as determinants of risk and risk behaviour. There are 'structural vulnerabilities' that are likely to lead to increased exposure to the contagion, risk of basic human needs not being met, insufficient support, or inadequate treatment

Objective:
To explore various structural vulnerabilities affecting spread and responses to COVID-19 pandemic.

Method:
We have conducted a scoping review of secondary data and statistics on COVID-19 from January 2020 to July 2020 in context of various structural vulnerability across various states and Union Territories of India.

Result:
It was observed that individuals had dynamic and reciprocal association with their physical social, political and economic environments significantly modifying their vulnerabilities to the disease. We classified the various social vulnerabilities majorly faced by individuals into three domains: a) Socio demographic composition b) Spatial distribution across various States and Union territories and c) Migration. It was observed that elderly and male gender were more prone to death by COVID-19 whereas children were found to be less susceptible to the disease. Individuals with underlying illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases (death rate 13.2%), diabetes (death rate 9.2%), high blood pressure (death rate 8.4%), and chronic respiratory diseases (death rate 8%) were at significantly higher risk of mortality. Though the states and cities with maximum connectivity and population density (like Mumbai, Delhi) were afflicted most in the early days of pandemic, but with reverse migration the virus manged to reach even the deepest hinterlands of the country.

Conclusion:
For an efficient response towards the COVID-19 pandemic it is important for policy makers to look through the lens of structural vulnerability and formulate relevant Socio-epidemiological approach.