bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Corruption in Portugal
Authors: de Sousa Luís , Coroado Susana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Anticorruption reforms in Portugal have been a central feature both during and after the democratic transition, as part of governmental efforts to modernize the public administration and leverage economic development. However, political corruption only began to be addressed in the 1990s, due to political scandals and media salience, pressure from public opinion and international organizations during times of economic hardship. Both the executive and the legislative powers have responded to such pressures by approving successive anticorruption legislative packages. Yet these reforms lacked supporting evidence, strategic objectives, multi-stakeholder involvement, expert input, and benchmarking of best practices, and therefore failed to match citizens’ expectations of political integrity.
Portugal and Africa
Authors: Soares de Oliveira Ricardo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the set of post-colonial relationships between Portugal and its five former African colonies. It argues that they are fundamentally shaped by the nature of Portuguese colonialism, the patterns of decolonization, and the evolution of societies and political systems over the four decades that elapsed. The chapter first surveys the unsettled character of initial post-colonial relations in the context of the global Cold War, before analysing the key period in the early 1990s during which the relationship was reconfigured. It proceeds to discuss the major institutions and social groups shaping African relations in contemporary Portugal. Finally, the chapter explores the unbalancing of the post-colonial relationship in the context of Portugal’s post-2008 economic turmoil, highlighting the resultant increase in criticism towards established patterns of post-colonial relations with African states and the extent to which this is now a somewhat contested and more closely scrutinized arena.
Security and Geostrategy
Authors: Oliveira Martins Bruno , Pinéu Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the main pillars of the dominant security and geostrategic thinking in Portugal in both their discursive and policy dimensions. We argue that the country’s security and defence policies are developed within a balance between classical alliances in the North Atlantic, a commitment to European integration, and a postcolonial strategic interest in Portuguese-speaking countries. The chapter reviews key literature on the topic, and positions Portuguese developments within broader international contexts, in particular NATO and the defence structures within the EU. The chapter also examines the evolution of Portugal’s security policies (beyond the classical matrix of a small power managing a balancing act between the Atlantic, European, and post-colonial dimensions), and what drives change in them, particularly by highlighting new topics of concern.
The Role of the Portuguese Parliament
Authors: Goes Eunice , Leston-Bandeira Cristina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter charts the development of the Assembleia da República—(AR) [Assembly of the Portuguese Republic] since 1976 until the present and argues that the Portuguese parliament is now a mover and shaker in Portugal’s politics. To show how the AR became an assertive legislature, the chapter explains the different roles it performs in the Portuguese political system. As such, it explains its relationship with the executive, followed by a discussion of the role played by parliamentary party groups and parliamentary committees. This section sets the stage for an explanation of how the Portuguese legislature influences the legislative agenda and scrutinizes the executive. The chapter also shows how the AR is reclaiming a more active role in the scrutiny of European legislation and is responding to the decline of public interest and trust in democratic institutions.
A Genealogy of Intersectionality
Authors: Houh Emily 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the genealogy of intersectionality theory from its roots in diverse intellectual traditions including critical race theory (CRT), Black feminist thought, and Third World feminism, with a particular emphasis on CRT. It also identifies key substantive insights and characteristics of intersectionality theory and, in doing so, describes how these insights derive from both CRT and women of color–centered feminisms. The chapter concludes by discussing how different contemporary social justice movements—as exemplified by the Black Lives Matter movement—have put intersectionality theory into practice, and how it continues to anchor activist struggles in the face of fierce backlash forces.
Distributing a billion vaccines: COVAX successes, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Budish Eric , Kettler Hannah , Kominers Scott Duke , Osland Erik , Prendergast Canice , Torkelson Andrew A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By January 2022, the COVAX international vaccine collaboration had allocated over a billion vaccines to over 140 countries. We describe and review the allocation process chosen, which reflected both an objective of equitably distributing vaccines across the world and the need to fund that mission. We show how vaccine supply limitations and constraints on some countries’ absorptive capacity have affected overall allocative outcomes. We also discuss market design approaches that were considered but not implemented, including the use of an exchange mechanism to better match countries’ vaccine allocations to their preferences, as well as a vaccine brokerage under which countries could sell excess vaccines to countries with ongoing need. Our analysis addresses some criticisms of COVAX, and offers suggestions for agencies organizing global vaccine cooperation for future pandemics.
Distinct stimulus-dependent neutrophil dynamics revealed by real-time imaging of intestinal mucosa after acute injury
Authors: Azcutia Veronica , Kelm Matthias , Kim Seonyoung , Luissint Anny-Claude , Flemming Sven , Abernathy-Close Lisa , Young Vincent B , Nusrat Asma , Miller Mark J , Parkos Charles A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractClinical symptoms in many inflammatory diseases of the intestine are directly related to neutrophil (PMN) migration across colonic mucosa and into the intestinal lumen, yet in-vivo studies detailing this process are lacking. Using real-time intravital microscopy and a new distal colon loop model, we report distinct PMN migratory dynamics in response to several models of acute colonic injury. PMNs exhibited rapid swarming responses after mechanically induced intestinal wounds. Similar numbers of PMNs infiltrated colonic mucosa after wounding in germ-free mice, suggesting microbiota-independent mechanisms. By contrast, acute mucosal injury secondary to either a treatment of mice with dextran sodium sulfate or an IL-10 receptor blockade model of colitis resulted in lamina propria infiltration with PMNs that were largely immotile. Biopsy wounding of colonic mucosa in DSS-treated mice did not result in enhanced PMN swarming however, intraluminal application of the neutrophil chemoattractant LTB4 under such conditions resulted in enhanced transepithelial migration of PMNs. Analyses of PMNs that had migrated into the colonic lumen revealed that the majority of PMNs were directly recruited from the circulation and not from the immotile pool in the mucosa. Decreased PMN motility parallels upregulation of the receptor CXCR4 and apoptosis. Similarly, increased expression of CXCR4 on human PMNs was observed in colonic biopsies from people with active ulcerative colitis. This new approach adds an important tool to investigate mechanisms regulating PMN migration across mucosa within the distal intestine and will provide new insights for developing future anti-inflammatory and pro-repair therapies.
Inertialess gyrating engines
Authors: Siches Jordi Ventura , Miangolarra Olga Movilla , Taghvaei Amirhossein , Chen Yongxin , Georgiou Tryphon T 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A typical model for a gyrating engine consists of an inertial wheel powered by an energy source that generates an angle-dependent torque. Examples of such engines include a pendulum with an externally applied torque, Stirling engines, and the Brownian gyrating engine. Variations in the torque are averaged out by the inertia of the system to produce limit cycle oscillations. While torque generating mechanisms are also ubiquitous in the biological world, where they typically feed on chemical gradients, inertia is not a property that one naturally associates with such processes. In the present work, seeking ways to dispense of the need for inertial effects, we study an inertia-less concept where the combined effect of coupled torque-producing components averages out variations in the ambient potential and helps overcome dissipative forces to allow sustained operation for vanishingly small inertia. We exemplify this inertia-less concept through analysis of two of the aforementioned engines, the Stirling engine, and the Brownian gyrating engine. An analogous principle may be sought in biomolecular processes as well as in modern-day technological engines, where for the latter, the coupled torque-producing components reduce vibrations that stem from the variability of the generated torque.
Ko Kuei Chen: A Pioneer of Modern Pharmacological Research in China
Authors: Liu Huan , Liu Zhaoqi , Gong Xue , Cheng Hao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ko Kuei Chen (陈克恢, 1898–1988) (Fig. 1) was a pharmacologist who ceaselessly strove for medical research all his life. He was a pioneer of modern pharmacological research in Chinese medicine (Qian, 2014).
He systematically studied the pharmacological action of ephedrine and published the first paper on this topic in the world. He discovered that injecting sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate intravenously could effectively treat acute cyanide poisoning (Chen et al., 1952). He isolated cinobufagin and cinobufotoxin from Ch’an Su, the dried venom of the Chinese toad. His research in pharmacology enriched the treasure trove of medicine. Ko Kuei Chen was a pioneer of pharmacology in Chinese medicine, and his research had epoch-making significance in the field. His pharmacological research on ephedrine set a milestone in the world medicine history.
The Social and Political Lives of Women in an Egalitarian Matricultural Society: The Case of Western Sahara
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Gender equality is generally discussed as a liberal goal within international discourse. But nonliberal conceptions of gender egalitarianism coexist with and interact with liberal understandings in many contemporary societies. This article offers analysis of a Muslim matricultural society in Western Sahara made up of the Sahrawi people, where domestic violence is rare, where gender egalitarianism is highly valued, and where women are encouraged to become politically and economically active. The article explores the meaning of female agency in a society with cultural norms that promote women’s autonomy, yet also in the context of a society more broadly constrained by a lack of self-determination due to external occupation. The study draws on interviews and focus groups in Dakhla and El Aaiún.
Performance of rabbit does and weaned kits fed a granulated diet supplemented with Desmodium or Panicum fodders
Authors: Koné Gningnini A , Good Margaret , Tiho Tagouèlbè , Konan Koffi M , Nguessan Konan R , Kouba Maryline 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Rabbit production is increasing in developing countries and can play a crucial role in the fight against poverty. The current work assessed the effect on rabbit does’ reproduction and young kits’ growth when either Panicum maximum, common name Guinea grass, or Desmodium tortuosum, common name Beggarweed is included in their diet. Diets ReC and GrC (standard granulated diets) served as control diets, formulated for doe Reproduction and kit Growth respectively. The trial diets were diets RePan/GrPan (diet ReC/GrC supplemented with dry P. maximum) and diets ReDes/GrDes (diet ReC/GrC supplemented with dry D. tortuosum). Thirty-six primiparous local breed five-month old rabbit does were randomly allocated to each one of the three dietary treatments. After a 15-day dietary adaptation period, does were each bred to one of 12, related, breeding males. Does were then assigned to individual maternity cages maintaining the same dietary treatment for the ensuing 65 days of the trial (30 days of gestation + 35 days of suckling). Thus, there were a total of 12 replicates per treatment: diet ReC, diet RePan or diet ReDes. At weaning, 72 kits, from the three adult feed treatment groups, were, while maintaining the integrity of the feed group of their individual mothers, divided into 12 blocks with 6 weaned kits per block, with each block allocated one of the three diets. Thus, for each of the three diets there were four separate blocks, i.e., four replicates, each with six group-housed weaned kits that received a growth diet which contained the same supplement or not as their mother diet to which they had access prior to weaning; the control diet GrC (Composition slightly different from Diet ReC composition) and trial diets GrPan and GrDes over a 3-day transition phase were adapted to the weaned kits physiological state and fed for a total of 56 days. The results indicated that the use of D. tortuosum significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) litter size, milk quantity, and kit survival rate from birth to weaning as compared with both control and RePan diets. The study showed that after weaning, compared with control and GrPan diets, the use of D. tortuosum increased (P &lt; 0.05) the growth performance of weaned kits, improved meat nutritional quality by reducing (P &lt; 0.05) cholesterol concentration and increasing (P &lt; 0.05) the n-3 fatty acid proportion, and also reduced the individual kit feed cost to slaughter weight.
Extraordinary Case: Unique Presentation of an Aggressive Epstein-Barr Virus–Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
Authors: Miyashiro Denis , Nico Marcello Menta S. , Ang Patrícia Lin , Coelho Siqueira Sheila Aparecida , Pereira Juliana , Sanches José Antonio , Lourenço Silvia Vanessa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract:
Epstein-Barr virus–positive mucocutaneous ulcer is a recent and unusual type of lymphoproliferation, mostly associated with various forms of immunosuppression. In most cases, they regress spontaneously, but an increasing number of reports describe a spectral behavior of the lesion, which ranges from a simple ulcer with eosinophilia to aggressive ulcers. In these cases, Epstein-Barr virus–related lymphomas are the main differential diagnosis. We report a unique observation of this rare disease with mandibular involvement. Due to bone erosion, the patient was treated with 6 cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) with complete healing of the ulcer on clinical examination and PET-scan control.
Homoarginine in health and disease
Authors: Tsikas Dimitrios 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
Homoarginine (hArg) is an endogenous, nonproteinogenic amino acid. It is enzymatically synthesized from L-arginine and L-lysine. Low hArg concentrations appear to be a risk factor in the renal and cardiovascular systems. This review discusses advances in-vitro and in-vivo experimental and clinical research on hArg in health and disease.

Recent findings
Recent studies indicate that low circulating and low urinary concentrations of hArg are associated with morbidity and worse outcome. Although the biological activities of hArg remain still unexplored, hArg supplementation is intensely investigated as a strategy to increase hArg concentration to reach normal levels in cases of low hArg concentrations. The greatest changes in circulating hArg concentrations are observed during pregnancy and after delivery. In healthy adults, a daily dose of 125 mg hArg seems to be optimum to normalize circulating levels. Short-term supplementation of inorganic nitrate enhances hArg biosynthesis in healthy young men. Apart from hArg supplementation, dietary L-arginine and L-citrulline appear to be a promising alternative.

Summary
Considerable progress has been made in recent years, but hArg remains still enigmatic. Further research is required to explore the biological activities of hArg. Supplementation of hArg or its precursors L-citrulline/L-arginine seem to be promising strategies to prevent and overcome altered hArg synthesis.
HIV Increases the Risk of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema Through MMP-9
Authors: Staitieh Bashar S. , Malik Simran , Auld Sara C. , Wigger Gregory W. , Fan Xian , Roth Andrew T. , Chatterjee Tanima , Arora Itika , Raju S. Vamsee , Heath Sonya , Aggrawal Saurabh 
Published: November 2022

Background:
HIV is associated with an increased risk for emphysema. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a lung tissue remodeling enzyme associated with emphysema. We previously found MMP-9 activity increases with increases in oxidative stress and that HIV increases alveolar oxidative stress. We hypothesized that HIV proteins would increase the risk of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema due to MMP-9.

Methods:
HIV-1 transgenic rats and wild-type littermates were exposed to cigarette smoke or sham for 8 weeks. Lung compliance and histology were assessed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), primary alveolar macrophages (AM), and serum samples were obtained. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line was exposed to the HIV protein Tat, and MMP-9 levels were assessed by Western immunoblotting. MMP-9 protein expression and activity were assessed in AM from the HIV rat model by ELISA and cytoimmunofluoresence, respectively. Serum from human subjects with and without HIV and tobacco dependence was assessed for MMP-9 levels.

Results:
MMP-9 expression was significantly increased in rat alveolar macrophages after Tat exposure. HIV-1 transgenic rats developed emphysema while wild-type littermates did not. MMP-9 expression was also increased in the serum, BAL, and AM of HIV-1 transgenic rats after exposure to cigarette smoke compared with wild-type rats. In parallel, serum samples from HIV+ smokers had higher levels of MMP-9 than subjects without HIV and those who did not smoke.

Conclusion:
The combination of HIV and cigarette smoke increases MMP-9 expression in experimental rat HIV models and human subjects. HIV and cigarette smoke both induce alveolar oxidative stress and thereby increase MMP-9 activity.
The Molecular Human – A Roadmap of Molecular Interactions Linking Multiomics Networks with Disease Endpoints
Authors: Halama Anna , Zaghlool Shaza , Thareja Gaurav , Kader Sara , Muftha Wadha Al , Mook-Kanamori Marjonneke , Sarwath Hina , Mohamoud Yasmin Ali , Ameling Sabine , Baković Maja Pucic , Krumsiek Jan , Prehn Cornelia , Adamski Jerzy , Friedrich Nele , Völker Uwe , Wuhrer Manfred , Lauc Gordan , Najafi Hani , Malek Joel A , Graumann Johannes , Mook-Kanamori Dennis , Schmidt Frank , Suhre Karsten 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn-depth multiomics phenotyping can provide a molecular understanding of complex physiological processes and their pathologies. Here, we report on the application of 18 diverse deep molecular phenotyping (omics-) technologies to urine, blood, and saliva samples from 391 participants of the multiethnic diabetes study QMDiab. We integrated quantitative readouts of 6,304 molecular traits with 1,221,345 genetic variants, methylation at 470,837 DNA CpG sites, and gene expression of 57,000 transcripts using between-platform mutual best correlations, within-platform partial correlations, and genome-, epigenome-, transcriptome-, and phenome-wide associations. The achieved molecular network covers over 34,000 statistically significant trait-trait links and illustrates “The Molecular Human”. We describe the variances explained by each omics layer in the phenotypes age, sex, BMI, and diabetes state, platform complementarity, and the inherent correlation structures of multiomics. Finally, we discuss biological aspects of the networks relevant to the molecular basis of complex disorders. We developed a web-based interface to “The Molecular Human”, which is freely accessible athttp://comics.metabolomix.comand allows dynamic interaction with the data.
Antiviral effect of candies containing persimmon-derived tannin against SARS-CoV-2 delta strain
Authors: Furukawa Ryutaro , Kitabatake Masahiro , Ouji-Sageshima Noriko , Tomita Dai , Kumamoto Makiko , Suzuki Yuki , Nakano Akiyo , Nakano Ryuichi , Matsumura Yoko , Kayano Shin-ichi , Yano Hisakazu , Tamaki Shinji , Ito Toshihiro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the mouth has the potential to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because the virus is readily transmitted by dispersed saliva. Persimmon-derived tannin has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity owing to its strong adhesiveness to proteins, and it also exhibited antiviral effects against non-variant and alpha variant SARS-CoV-2 in our previous study. In this report, we first demonstrated the antiviral effects of persimmon-derived tannin against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2in vitrovia the plaque assay method. We then examined the effects of candy containing persimmon-derived tannin. Our plaque assay results show that saliva samples provided by healthy volunteers while they were eating tannin-containing candy remarkably suppressed the virus titers of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. In addition, we found that the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva from patients with COVID-19 that was collected immediately after they had eaten the tannin-containing candy was below the level of detection by PCR for SARS-CoV-2. These data suggest that adding persimmon-derived tannin to candy and holding such candy in the mouth is an effective method by which to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, and the application of this approach has potential for inhibiting the transmission of COVID-19.