bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived stress moderates the relationship between family support and family quality of life among parents of children living with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Nwafor Chidozie E. , Ofonedu Mirian , Nwankwo Nelson I. , Obuna Adaoga , Ugwu Paschal Chukwuma 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn Nigeria, the prevalence of intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) is relatively high, and there is no harmonized national policy to subsidize care and to assist families in caring for their children living with IDD. Thus, the increased stress seems to affect psychological and physiological health and puts social and economic pressures on families managing the care needs of their children living with IDD. A high level of family support has been shown to positively affect the family quality of life (FQOL) of individuals with IDD and their family members. Perceived stress may affect the quality of life of parents of children with IDD. What is not clear is how perceived stress can moderate the relationship between family support and FQOL. The present study examined whether perceived stress moderates the relationship between family support and quality of life (FQOL) among 129 parents of children living with IDD. These participants were selected from a daycare school located in Enugu state, Nigeria. They consisted of 95 women and 34 men who were within the age range of 30–55 years, with a M age of 40.16 years and a SD of 9.11. Three sets of instruments were employed for data collection. The results of moderated regression analysis revealed that family support positively predicted FQOL. Perceived stress negatively predicted FQOL. Similarly, perceived stress moderated the relationship between family support and FQOL. Our findings highlight the importance interventions that target stress as a risk factor that may lead to low FQOL and family support as a protective factor that decreases the negative effect of perceived stress on FQOL. Creating interventions and policies that support adequate family support for parents caring for children with IDD may promote their FQOL.
Nocturnal oximetry parameters as predictors of sleep apnea severity in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Polytarchou Anastasia , Ohler Adrienne , Moudaki Aggeliki , Koltsida Georgia , Kanaka‐Gantenbein Christina , Kheirandish‐Gozal Leila , Gozal David , Kaditis Athanasios G. 
Published: May 2022

SummaryNocturnal oximetry is an alternative modality for evaluating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity when polysomnography is not available. The Oxygen Desaturation (≥3%) Index (ODI3) and McGill Oximetry Score (MOS) are used as predictors of moderate‐to‐severe OSAS (apnea‐hypopnea index‐AHI >5 episodes/h), an indication for adenotonsillectomy. We hypothesised that ODI3 is a better predictive parameter for AHI >5 episodes/h than the MOS. All polysomnograms performed in otherwise healthy, snoring children with tonsillar hypertrophy in a tertiary hospital (November 2014 to May 2019) were analysed. The ODI3 and MOS were derived from the oximetry channel of each polysomnogram. Logistic regression was applied to assess associations of ODI3 or MOS (predictors) with an AHI >5 episodes/h (primary outcome). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under ROC curves were used to compare the ODI3 and MOS as predictors of moderate‐to‐severe OSAS. The optimal cut‐off value for each oximetry parameter was determined using Youden's index. Polysomnograms of 112 children (median [interquartile range] age 6.1 [3.9–9.1] years; 35.7% overweight) were analysed. Moderate‐to‐severe OSAS prevalence was 49.1%. The ODI3 and MOS were significant predictors of moderate‐to‐severe OSAS after adjustment for overweight, sex, and age (odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.51); and OR 4.10, 95% CI 2.06–8.15, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). Area under the ROC curve was higher for the ODI3 than for MOS (0.903 [95% CI 0.842–0.964] versus 0.745 [95% CI 0.668–0.821]; p < 0.001). Optimal cut‐off values for the ODI3 and MOS were ≥4.3 episodes/h and ≥2, respectively. The ODI3 emerges as preferable or at least a complementary oximetry parameter to MOS for detecting moderate‐to‐severe OSAS in snoring children when polysomnography is not available.
Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5‐year retrospective study
Authors: Walker Grayson K. , Yustyniuk Valeriia , Shamoun John , Jacob Megan E. , Correa Maria , Vaden Shelly L. , Borst Luke B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., which are frequently coisolated in polymicrobial UTI, cause morbidity among dogs and warrant antimicrobial therapy.ObjectivesTo evaluate clinical features of dogs with polymicrobial E. coli and Enterococcal UTI.AnimalsForty‐four client‐owned dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria and groups of 100 client‐owned dogs with E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial bacteriuria.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of medical records of dogs at a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Prevalence of recurrent UTI and isolate antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clinical outcomes of dogs with recurrent UTI from groups including cost and hospital visits were compared.ResultsRecurrent UTI was more prevalent (P = .05) in dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria (57%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 42%‐70%) compared to the Enterococcal monomicrobial group (40%, 95% CI: 31%‐50%). Escherichia coli from polymicrobial bacteriuria were more frequently resistant to doxycycline (P < .01, 43%, 95% CI: 29%‐58%) and gentamicin (P = .03, 17%, 95% CI: 9%‐31%) compared to E. coli from monomicrobial bacteriuria (17% and 5%, 95% CI: 11%‐26% and 2%‐11% for doxycycline and gentamicin, respectively). Dogs with recurrent UTI from the polymicrobial UTI group had significantly (P = .05) more hospital visits (mean = 6 visits, 95% CI: 1.7‐9.8) compared to recurrent monomicrobial UTI dogs (mean = 4 and 3 visits, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.4 and −0.7 to 7.7 for E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial UTI, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceEscherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs.
Ultra‐long‐acting recombinant insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs
Authors: Hulsebosch Sean E. , Pires Jully , Bannasch Michael J. , Lancaster Thomas , Delpero Andrea , Ragupathy Ramya , Murikipudi Sylaja , Zion Todd , Gilor Chen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundFor the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs, novel insulins with decreased injection frequency while maintaining safety and efficacy are desirable. Insulin fused with immunoglobulin‐fragment‐crystallizable (Fc) has an ultra‐long plasma half‐life because it recycles through cells, protected from proteolysis.HypothesisGlycemic control can be achieved in diabetic dogs with a recombinant fusion protein of a synthetic insulin and canine Fc (AKS‐218d) administered subcutaneously once‐weekly.AnimalsFive client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring DM.MethodsProspective clinical trial in dogs with DM that were recruited from the UC Davis Veterinary Teaching Hospital and local veterinary clinics. Dogs previously controlled using intermediate‐acting insulin q12h were transitioned to once‐weekly injections of a preliminary construct identified as AKS‐218d. The dose of AKS‐218d was titrated weekly for 8 weeks based on clinical response and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. Clinical signs, body weight, serum fructosamine concentrations, and mean interstitial glucose concentrations (IG) over the preceding week were compared between baseline (before AKS‐218d) and during the last week of treatment. Data were compared using nonparametric paired tests.ResultsOnce‐weekly AKS‐218d, compared to baseline twice‐daily insulin therapy, resulted in no significant changes in clinical signs, median (range) body weight (+0.4 kg [−0.5‐1.1]; P = .6), fructosamine concentration (−75 mmol/L [−215 to +126]; P = .4), or mean IG (+81 mg/dL [−282 to +144]; P = .8). No adverse reactions were reported.ConclusionControl of clinical signs, body weight, and maintenance of glycemia was achieved with this once‐weekly novel insulin construct in 4 of 5 dogs.
Interpretation at the Asylum Office
Authors: Mellinger Hillary 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe United States requires asylum applicants to bring their own interpreters to the Asylum Office. However, asylum officers have discretion to provide interpreters in extraordinary circumstances. When do asylum officers exercise this discretion? Is it exercised uniformly? How do interpreters affect interview dynamics? To explore these questions, I conducted 28 attorney interviews. Interviewees reported that asylum officers inconsistently exercised discretion and provided unaccompanied children with interpreters more often than adults. Interviewees noted that some bilingual officers conducted interviews in a language other than English, and some interpreters exacerbated communication challenges. Since the Asylum Office does not collect interpretation data, this study provides a glimpse into interpretation challenges.
Contribution of a genetic risk score to ethnic differences in fatty liver disease
Authors: Kubiliun Maddie J. , Cohen Jonathan C. , Hobbs Helen H. , Kozlitina Julia 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsSusceptibility to fatty liver disease (FLD) varies among individuals and between racial/ethnic groups. Several genetic variants influence FLD risk, but whether these variants explain racial/ethnic differences in FLD prevalence is unclear. We examined the contribution of genetic risk factors to racial/ethnic‐specific differences in FLD.MethodsA case–control study comparing FLD patients (n = 1194) and population‐based controls (n = 3120) was performed. Patient characteristics, FLD risk variants (PNPLA3‐rs738409 + rs6006460, TM6SF2‐rs58542926, HSD17B13‐rs80182459 + rs72613567, MBOAT7/TMC4‐rs641738, and GCKR‐rs1260326) and a multi‐locus genetic risk score (GRS) were examined. The odds of FLD for individuals with different risk factor burdens were determined.ResultsHispanics and Whites were over‐represented (56% vs. 38% and 36% vs. 29% respectively) and Blacks under‐represented (5% vs. 23%) among FLD patients, compared to the population from which controls were selected (p < .001). Among cases and controls, Blacks had a lower and Hispanics a greater, net number of risk alleles than Whites (p < .001). GRS was associated with increased odds of FLD (ORQ5vsQ1 = 8.72 [95% CI = 5.97–13.0], p = 9.8 × 10−28), with the association being stronger in Hispanics (ORQ5vsQ1 = 14.8 [8.3–27.1]) than Blacks (ORQ5vsQ1 = 3.7 [1.5–11.5], P‐interaction = 0.002). After accounting for GRS, the odds of FLD between Hispanics and Whites did not differ significantly (OR = 1.06 [0.87–1.28], p = .58), whereas Blacks retained much lower odds of FLD (OR = 0.21, [0.15–0.30], p < .001).ConclusionsBlacks had a lower and Hispanics a greater FLD risk allele burden than Whites. These differences contributed to, but did not fully explain, racial/ethnic differences in FLD prevalence. Identification of additional factors protecting Blacks from FLD may provide new targets for prevention and treatment of FLD.
DNA‐based networks reveal the ecological determinants of plant–herbivore interactions along environmental gradients
Authors: Pitteloud Camille , Defossez Emmanuel , Albouy Camille , Descombes Patrice , Rasmann Sergio , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the ecological rules structuring the organization of species interactions is a prerequisite to predicting how ecosystems respond to environmental changes. While the ecological determinants of single networks have been documented, it remains unclear whether network ecological rules are conserved along spatial and environmental gradients. To address this gap, we reconstructed 48 plant–herbivore interaction networks along six elevation gradients in the Central European Alps in Switzerland, using DNA metabarcoding on orthoptera faeces. We developed hypotheses on the ecological mechanisms expected to structure interaction networks, based on plant phylogeny, plant abundance, leaf toughness, leaf nitrogen content and plant metabolomics. We show that plant phylogenetic relationships and species abundance have the greatest explanatory power regarding the structure of the ecological networks. Moreover, we found that leaf nitrogen content is a key determinant of interactions in warmer environments, while phenolic compounds and tannins are more important in colder environments, suggesting that determinants of species interactions can shift along environmental gradients. With this work, we propose an approach to study the mechanisms that structure the way species interact with each other between bioregions and ecosystems.
Molecular basis for avirulence of spontaneous variants of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Genomic analysis of strains W50, BE1 and BR1
Authors: Aduse‐Opoku Joseph , Joseph Susan , Devine Deirdre A , Marsh Philip D , Curtis Michael A 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is genetically heterogeneous. However, the spontaneous generation of phenotypically different sub‐strains has also been reported. McKee et al. (1988) cultured P. gingivalis W50 in a chemostat during investigations into the growth and properties of this bacterium. Cell viability on blood agar plates revealed two types of non‐pigmenting variants, W50 beige (BE1), and W50 brown (BR1), in samples grown in a high‐hemin medium after day 7, and the population of these variants increased to approximately 25% of the total counts by day 21. W50, BE1 and BR1 had phenotypic alterations in pigmentation, reduced protease activity and haemagglutination and susceptibility to complement killing. Furthermore, the variants exhibited significant attenuation in a mouse model of virulence. Other investigators showed that in BE1, the predominant extracellular Arg‐gingipain was RgpB, and no reaction with an A‐lipopolysaccharide‐specific MAb 1B5 (Collinson et al., 1998; Slaney et al., 2006). In order to determine the genetic basis for these phenotypic properties, we performed hybrid DNA sequence long reads using Oxford Nanopore and the short paired‐end DNA sequence reads of Illumina HiSeq platforms to generate closed circular genomes of the parent and variants. Comparative analysis indicated loss of intact kgp in the 20 kb region of the hagA‐kgp locus in the two variants BE1 and BR1. Deletions in hagA led to smaller open reading frames in the variants, and BR1 had incurred a major chromosomal DNA inversion. Additional minor changes to the genomes of both variants were also observed. Given the importance of Kgp and HagA to protease activity and haemagglutination, respectively, in this bacterium, genomic changes at this locus may account for most of the phenotypic alterations of the variants. The homologous and repetitive nature of hagA and kgp and the features at the inverted junctions are indicative of specific and stable homologous recombination events, which may underlie the genetic heterogeneity of this species.
Characteristics and common ultraviolet filter usage of sunscreens purchased online: Cross‐cultural analysis across 5 continents
Authors: Chaiyabutr Chayada , Pruksaeakanan Chutipon , Wongdama Supisara , Prasertsook Suthasanee , Kumpangsin Titinun , Boonchai Waranya 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundA wide range of sunscreen products are available globally. Designed to meet various customer needs, they differ in formulations type, textures, ingredients, ultraviolet (UV) protection capabilities, and other properties. Knowing the factors influencing the purchase of sunscreens and the UV filters commonly used in each global region would be beneficial for dermatologists, consumers, and regulators.MethodsData on 50 best‐selling sunscreens from each of 20 countries on 5 continents (1000 products in all) were retrieved from Amazon Marketplace during the period from January to July 2021.ResultsAmong the 5 continents, Asia had the highest proportion of consumers (71.1%) choosing high sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreens (SPF ≥50). In contrast, Europe had the highest percentage (11.8%) purchasing <30 SPF sunscreens. The lack of standard UVA protection labeling was significantly highest in South America. The use of inorganic‐based sunscreen was highest in North America, and across all continents, those products were significantly more expensive than organic‐based sunscreens. Globally, lotions were the most favored formulation type. “Nongreasy/dry touch” (45.1%) and “lightweight texture” (40.4%) were the most common promotional terms used. The most common UV filters differed among regions. Iron oxide, which can function as a visible light filter, was most frequently found in sunscreens in South America (20%) and North America (19.3%).ConclusionsThe regional factors influencing the purchase of sunscreen products differed. A considerable number of sunscreens may not provide adequate sun protection for consumers. Dermatologists should recommend sunscreens with sufficient UV protection that suit the skin of individual consumers.
Not by the Numbers: Evaluating Trump's Administrative Presidency
Authors: Potter Rachel Augustine , Rudalevige Andrew , Thrower Sharece , Warber Adam L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe examine President Trump's use of administrative tools related to policy making—including executive orders, memoranda, proclamations, signing statements, and rulemaking—and compare him to presidents since Eisenhower. Overall, we find that Trump was not that different from his predecessors and from what theories of unilateral output predict—at least, not by the numbers. However, the content of his actions were noteworthy in two ways. First, the use of these tools as public relations instruments accelerated during his presidency. Second, Trump's rulemaking activities represented a departure from established norms, though not necessarily a durable one. Our study provides valuable historical context on the Trump presidency and highlights the virtues and limitations of using the volume of administrative output to understand the administrative presidency.
Mycotoxins were not associated with environmental enteropathy in a cohort of Tanzanian children
Authors: Chen Chen , Patil Crystal L. , Mduma Estomih R. , Groopman John D. , Riley Ronald T. , Wu Felicia 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnteropathy is a pathophysiological condition characterized by decreased intestinal barrier function and absorption. Past studies have hypothesized that mycotoxins might impair children's growth by causing intestinal enteropathy, including interactions between mycotoxins and pathogens. We investigated the association of two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), independently and in conjunction with microbial pathogens, with fecal biomarkers of environmental enteropathy in children. As part of a larger MAL‐ED study, 196 children were recruited in Haydom, Tanzania, and followed for the first 36 months of life. The gut inflammation biomarkers myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT) were analyzed in stool samples at 24 months; with mean concentrations 5332.5 ng/L MPO, 807.2 nmol/L NEO, and 0.18 mg/g A1AT. Forty‐eight children were measured for AFB1‐lys, with a mean of 5.30 (95% CI: 3.93‐6.66) pg/mg albumin; and 87 were measured for FB1, with a mean of 1.25 (95% CI: 0.72–1.76) ng/ml urine. Although the pathogens adenovirus and Campylobacter were associated with A1AT (p = 0.049) and NEO (p = 0.004), respectively, no association was observed between aflatoxin (MPO, p = 0.30; NEO, p = 0.08; A1AT, p = 0.24) or fumonisin (MPO, p = 0.38; NEO, p = 0.65; A1AT, p = 0.20) exposure and any gut inflammation biomarkers; nor were interactive effects found between mycotoxins and pathogens in contributing to intestinal enteropathy in this cohort. Although further studies are needed to confirm these results, it is possible that mycotoxins contribute to child growth impairment via mechanisms other than disrupting children's intestinal function.
Inequality Beyond GDP: A Long View
Authors: Prados de la Escosura Leandro 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper addresses international inequality in multidimensional well‐being during the last one‐and‐a‐half centuries. Inequality fell in health and education since the late 1920s, due to the globalization of mass schooling and the diffusion of the health transition, but only dropped in population‐weighted terms from 1970 onward for political and civil liberties, as the emergence of authoritarian regimes increased its dispersion since the end of World War I. In terms of augmented human development inequality declined since 1900. These results are at odds with per capita income inequality that rose over time and only shrank from 1990 onward. The gap between the OECD and the Rest of the world accounted only partially for inequality in well‐being since the dispersion within developing regions became its main driver from the mid‐20th century onward. Countries in the middle and lower deciles of the world distribution achieved the largest relative gain over the past century.
Assessing unintentional creation of bias against men who have sex with men as a function of exposure to blood donor screening questionnaire: A national randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hofkirchner Alexander , Kohut Taylor , O'Brien Sheila F. , Fisher William A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundCanadian Blood Services (CBS) screens donors based on group status (e.g., men who have sex with men, MSM) instead of specific, high‐risk sexual practices (e.g., occurrence of condomless sex). The MSM screening question is embedded in a cluster of questions about stigmatized attributes such as history of imprisonment and illicit substance use. This juxtaposition of the “MSM question” and stigmatized attributes may unintentionally cause blood donors to perceive MSM more negatively. The aim of this research is to determine whether the CBS donor eligibility questionnaire generates negative bias against MSM.Study Design and MethodsA national, randomized online study of 903 CBS donors was conducted. Participants completed either the existing blood donor eligibility questionnaire or a modified donor questionnaire that repositioned the MSM question among neutral questions. After completing the existing or modified questionnaire, bias against MSM was measured using the sexuality implicit association test (IAT) and Modern Homonegativity Scale – Gay Men (MHS‐G). Lastly, participants estimated prevalence rates among MSM of certain stigmatized behaviors.ResultsParticipants who completed the existing donor eligibility questionnaire more strongly associated gay men with negative attributes on the IAT (pone‐tailed = .045), suggesting question position generated implicit negative bias toward MSM. Responses to the MHS‐G (pone‐tailed = .506) and prevalence estimation task (p = .443) indicated that question order had no significant impact on explicit bias.DiscussionPositioning the MSM screening question among stigmatizing questions creates implicit negative bias against MSM. Policy makers should be mindful of question positioning when designing donor questionnaires.