bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Beyond the BPS
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 offers a four-factor theory of psychopathology intended to extend the limited model for understanding the basis for psychological disturbances in human beings propagated in the Eurocentric paradigm of mental illness. The chapter problematizes the prevailing BioPsychoSocial (BPS) theory of psychopathology that forms the canon for understanding mental illness and treatment within Western psychological literature, and demonstrates that in contrast to the Eurocentric paradigm of mental illness, the Africentric paradigm which proposes the BioPsychoSocial-Spiritual (BPS-S) theory of mental illness traces causality for misfortune beyond the visible world. This follows from the assumption in African culture and worldview that the visible and the invisible worlds are highly interconnected and do influence one another. The ultimate goal of the chapter is to enable clinicians in Africa and the global world to recognize the strength and limits of Western psychology, particularly when working with Black African clients with difficult illness presentations.
A Collaborative and Narrative Approach to Child and Family Therapy in Africa
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how Harlene Anderson’s collaborative therapy approach and Karl Tomm’s method of interventive interviewing could be used to promote the psychological management of a Black African child with psychosomatic presentations. The chapter shows that in practising psychotherapy through the collaborative approach, emphasis should be placed on the notion of clinical interviewing as an interventive practice. Five listening stances that promote the notion of clinical interviewing as intervention are offered encompassing empathic listening, credulous listening, deconstructive listening, negative listening, and hermeneutic listening. Additionally, since in collaborative and narrative therapy problems are believed to dissolve in dialogue, the chapter suggests that successful therapy can be organized among rural African clients who cannot read and write through dialogical conversations with them.
Expectations and Dilemmas of African Immigrants in Europe and North America
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a four-dimensional perspective for understanding the psychologies and perturbations of the green-carded African Immigrants in Europe and North America. This four-dimensional framework is proposed to draw attention to the complexities of the inner worlds of these immigrants and to widen the scope of the literature to gain a proper appreciation of the tensions and challenges that confront African immigrants who emigrate to Europe or the United States, not as students/minors, refugees, or asylum seekers, but as the “lucky” beneficiaries of official government-sponsored visa lotteries. The central aim of the chapter is to open clinicians’ eyes to perspectives they might not consider in the context of bringing therapeutic interventions to African immigrants in Europe and North America. Three levels of career counseling practice are proposed for working with clients from the African immigrant population.
Science Reform
Authors: Suh Annabell , Krosnick Jon A. , Jussim Lee J. , Stevens Sean T. , Anglin Stephanie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies useful directions for research addressing potentially problematic practices, the causes of such behaviors, and possible solutions. Problems in science in recent years are not limited to studies not replicating. Other pervasive problems that decrease the accuracy of scientific findings include, but are not limited to, errors leading to inaccurate findings, questionable research practices in which researchers are motivated to report certain types of findings that are significant while excluding mention of others, misleading generalizations and interpretations of findings, and doing many studies or analyses until a significant effect is found. The chapter begins with an overview, explaining the source of inspiration for the ideas in this report and outlining suboptimal behaviors on the part of scientists, their causes, and effects, as well as solutions that have been raised for some of these behaviors and issues. It assesses why empirical research is necessary, before exploring testable empirical research questions for suboptimal behaviors, their causes, and solutions. The chapter then discusses some study designs that could be used to examine these research questions.
Impact and Influence of the Institutional Review Board
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical analysis of the role that institutional review boards (IRBs) play in the research process. It identifies some of the main flaws and biases in the IRB review process. Particular emphasis is placed on the problem of ensuring that human subjects have given informed consent. The challenges may include language barriers, lack of familiarity with scientific research protocols, and overt or subtle forms of coercion. Some of notorious historical examples of failure to obtain informed human subjects in scientific experimentation are considered. When scholars collaborate on projects with colleagues overseas, serious questions arise as to whether the researchers should be required to make occasional on-site visits to monitor compliance with ethics standards, whether failure to fulfill this responsibility should require IRBs of universities to withhold approval for such research, and finally, how to evaluate human rights conditions in countries that do not adhere to international standards. As research is becoming more transnational, the challenges posed by these collaborations across borders deserve much more attention. To address widely recognized problems in the research process, more and more world conferences on scientific integrity are being convened. There is an urgent need to find legitimate ways to protect scientific integrity and human subjects via policies that can be enforced.
Privilege and Courage
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with the relationship between George Washington and his younger brother Jack, who was Bushrod Washington’s father and managed Mount Vernon during the French and Indian War. The discussion then turns to Bushrod’s mother Hannah, his youth at Bushfield, the family estate; his legal education at William and Mary under George Wythe; and his military service when the British invaded Virginia in 1781. Bushrod’s formative years are set against the backdrop of the American Revolution and the political roles that George and Jack Washington both played during that period.
Riding Circuit
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores Washington’s role as a circuit judge holding trials and hearing appeals outside of the Supreme Court. In this era, Supreme Court justices spent most of their time on a lower federal court, as there were no separate federal circuit judges. Washington’s circuit was primarily in Philadelphia, and so the chapter delves into the practice of that court, the lawyers who appeared there, the way the justice conducted jury trials, and some of his major opinions. The chapter also assesses how Washington thought through problems as a judge, with the aid of one of his journals and his rough notes on cases and draft opinions.
The EASA Board of Appeal in Search of Identity: An Effective Filter between Administration and Courts?
Authors: Simoncini Marta , Verissimo Micaela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which has been equipped with a Board of Appeal (BoA) responsible for deciding on appeals against the decisions of the Agency. It illustrates the additional layer of administrative protection against the decisions of EASA that has to be exhausted before the avenue of judicial review before the Courts is opened. The chapter analyses the role and the powers of the EASA BoA, emphasizing its potential added value compared to judicial remedies. The chapter highlights how in theory the protection offered by the EASA BoA could be very effective but that the 2018 revision of the EASA mandate and the low number of cases has meant that the EASA BoA has not fully found its identity between the administrative and the judicial levels yet.
The Boards of Appeal as Hybrid Adjudicators: On Some Shortcomings of Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: De Lucia Luca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) that was introduced through Regulation 2019/629 and established a filtering mechanism for appeals brought before the Court of Justice (ECJ) against General Court (GC) decisions concerning the decisions of the Boards of Appeal (BoAs) set up within the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO), the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). It reviews some aspects of the legal regime of the four BoAs mentioned in Article 58a of the Statute of the CJEU and aims to demonstrate that the new legislative framework underlines the need for procedural and organizational legislative rules for these BoAs (and especially those of EUIPO) that are more in line with the principles laid down in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR)..
Who Litigates before the Boards of Appeal?
Authors: Muzi Laura 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks into the nature and features of litigants that decide to lodge a claim before the Boards of Appeal of a number of EU agencies. It verifies whether there are ‘typical’ appellants who meet the admissibility criteria or are more likely to make use of the first instance review offered by the BoA. It also assesses typical arguments that litigants rely on, in order to clarify the nature of the review offered by the Boards of Appeal. The chapter further scrutinizes the nature of the appellants and possible interveners whenever they are allowed to take part in the proceedings. It takes into account relevant arguments when considering the main distinguishing feature between BoAs and the EU courts.
The Position of Boards of Appeal: Between Functional Continuity and Independence
Authors: Alberti Jacopo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the peculiar nature of the Boards of Appeal (BoA) of EU agencies, which has been affected by two fundamental changes in the general landscape of the EU system of judicial protection. The changes include the fall of the specialized tribunals, which resulted in greater room for the development of the BoAs and the introduction of the filter mechanism in Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It evaluates how these changes have affected the institutional position of the BoAs of the EU agencies and elaborates how they might evolve over the next few years. The chapter discusses the traditional understanding of the BoAs, framing the misleading principle of functional continuity and its relationship with that of independence. It also reviews the main elements of the functional, institutional, personal, and financial independence of the different BoAs in place.
Boards of Appeal of EU Agencies and Article 47 of the Charter: Uneasy Bedfellows?
Authors: Ritleng Dominique 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts from the premise that the Boards of Appeal as a remedy mechanism has become a standard institutional device for all EU agencies endowed with decision-making powers and explores the question how they should be assessed from the perspective of the right to an effective remedy under Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The chapter argues that Boards of Appeal are administrative bodies which offer an administrative remedy. For that reason, they do not come under Article 47 of the Charter and they cannot be used to replace the judicial remedy offered by the EU judicature. Overall however, they may still compensate for the weaknesses in relation to the right to an effective remedy of the judicial review and, thereby, strengthen the judicial protection afforded by EU Courts.
Introduction
Authors: Yousef Nancy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The entwining of aesthetics and ethics under the rubric of the ordinary, which originates with Wordsworth, is rendered more overt by George Eliot, and manifests itself anew in Wittgenstein, is the subject of The Aesthetic Commonplace. William Wordsworth’s defense of a poetry composed in “ordinary language” and concerned with incidents of “common life”; George Eliot’s commitment to the fictional rendering of “commonplace” people and things; and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s resolution to “stick to matters of everyday thought” in his philosophical work: these are memorable, culturally influential, and powerful imaginations of the commonplace as a vital but neglected region for reflection on thinking, feeling, and communicating. This Introduction to the book provides the historical context and conceptual rationale for including Wittgenstein in a study of nineteenth-century literary aesthetics, and for bringing literary precedents to bear on the philosopher’s revolutionary turn to the “ordinary.” The question of philosophical significance presses upon the novelist who warns against the prospect of commonplace people and things being “quite left out” of “our philosophy,” and upon the poet who claims that everyday language is also the most philosophic, thereby inviting his reader to understand how those terms—language, philosophy, everyday—mutually inform one another. The Introduction also addresses the eclipse of hermeneutical and exegetical practices in scientifically oriented departments of philosophy and raises the question of where the reading of philosophy currently belongs in the academy. The Aesthetic Commonplace aims to model the generative possibilities of an emotionally attentive, ethically engaged, and rigorously interdisciplinary approach to the study of literature and philosophy.
From Capture to Slave Market
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 opens with the dilemma facing ships pursued by corsairs, whether to fight, flee, or surrender, and the tactics employed by their attackers. It shows how fight and flight were often not realistic options, and how prompt submission might result in less harsh treatment. But the chapter shows how other crews put up fierce resistance, sometimes suicidal, sometimes successful and celebrated in printed accounts. It then explores the traumatic experience of capture, and explains the deliberately harsh treatment meted out to new captives. It ends with an account of the dehumanizing humiliations of the slave market, where former slaves recalled being treated like animals. The chapter also explores the particular treatment of children, adolescents, and women.
Ārzū’s Fruitful Theory of Language
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ārzū’s magnum opus, Mus̄mir (The Fruitful), is a dense Persian philological work likely completed at the end of his life. The text, which is based on a fifteenth-century Arabic text, is invested in a philological tradition that stretches back a millennium, but vastly extends the possibilities of that tradition and represents the zenith of Ārzū’s own development as a scholar. Reconstructing Ārzū’s thought through Mus̄mir provides insights into a Mughal-era conceptualization of language that is radically different to our own understanding. In the text, Ārzū describes the origins of Persian, describing how usage (taṣarruf) changes over time and geography, how literary standards are set, discourse and rhetoric (figurative language), and most importantly a description of how words are shared between languages, notably tawāfuq which can be understood as a theory of the common linguistic origin of Sanskrit and Persian.
Building a Vernacular Culture on the Ruins of Persian?
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Modern scholars and critics have generally accepted the false premise that Indians started using Urdu more widely in the eighteenth century because Mughal politics were in a shambles and feckless nobles could no longer fund poetry in Persian, the language of cosmopolitan prestige, and nationalist pride meant they needed their own language (Hindi/Urdu/reḳhtah/khaṛī bolī) rather than the supposedly “foreign” Persian. The Urdu literary historical tradition credits Ārzū with having developed such a language ideology, but the relationship between the ideas addressed in Ārzū’s surviving works, which are nominally about Persian alone, and the Urdu tradition have not been developed in detail. This chapter considers how Ārzū’s mentorship of poets and ideas on language, particularly the “everyday” (rozmarrah) usage, influenced the vernacular literary tradition of Delhi and was a catalyst in building the consciousness of a pre-existing, dispersed community of language users across India.
How Language Actually Works
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The early modern European experience of multilingualism was broadly similar to the Indian experience, but Europe had an added anxiety around language reflected in the Tower of Babel myth. By treating the concept of literary humanism as a universal baseline, this chapter traces parallel intellectual trends in Europe and pre-colonial South Asia. The key difference in the historiography is that while these developments are generally valorized in the European context as steps towards modernity and the nation-state, in the non-Western context they have been adduced as evidence of socio-political decline. The use of a national, vernacular language is seen as constituent of modernity but this identification is a tautology. By misunderstanding Europe’s own multilingual past and in particular the role of Latin in the early modern period, India’s current and historical multilingualism has been viewed through a distorting lens.
Epiphanies
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book is about epiphanies, peak experiences or ‘wow moments’ or ecstasies as they are sometimes called. What are epiphanies, and why do so many people so frequently experience them? Are they just transient phenomena in our brains, or are they the revelations of objective value that they very often seem to be? What do they tell us about the world, and about ourselves? How, if at all, do epiphanies fit in with our moral systems and our theories of how to live? And how do epiphanic experiences fit in with the rest of our lives? These are Sophie Grace Chappell’s questions in this ground-breaking new study of an area of inquiry that has always been right under our noses, but remains surprisingly under-explored in contemporary philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The introduction analyses Muslim responses to colonial law in the nineteenth century, from the modernist impulse and constitutional vision of Syed Ahmed Khan, one of the central Muslim reformers of the nineteenth century, to the more conservative reaction of Syed Ameer Ali, a key thinker behind the establishment of Muslim Personal Law. It then offers an overview of the historiography and situates the arguments and contributions of the book into the wider academic literature of legal scholars and historians. This chapter also sharpens the methodological tools that are used for the analysis and that offer a new path for examining the relationship of power and politics to law and society.
Conclusion
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
After briefly summarizing the key findings, this book concludes with an epilogue that briefly sketches how the ideas outlined in the preceding chapters affected Muslim politics in the 1940s. It finds that by looking at landmark legal decisions in tandem with the political ideas of Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founding fathers, Indian Muslims began to acquire a distinct legal and political outlook with separatist aspirations. It also traces how legal antagonism between religious communities in the 1930s foreshadowed political conflicts that arose in the run-up to independence in 1947 and spiralled into large articulations of violence across the Indian subcontinent.
An Error Theory About Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As a prelude to a discussion of agency we consider the following question: if nothing satisfies our everyday concept of time what should we conclude about our temporal thought and talk? We outline three options: error theory; realism; and non-cognitivism. We argue that the prospects for developing a viable version of temporal non-cognitivism are poor. Two versions of temporal realism are then considered. These views both attempt to sever the connection between the satisfaction of our folk concepts of time, and the truth of our temporal thought and talk, though they sever that connection in somewhat different places. By the end of this chapter it is shown that if our folk concepts of time are not satisfied, then temporal error theory is most likely true.
Future Directions
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We are now reaching the end of the book. We’ve tried to do quite a lot over the course of the previous chapters, but a lot more remains to be done. Drawing on the preceding discussion a number of future directions for research are identified here. Three main directions are noted, though the reader may also have other ideas: (i) The metaphysical implications of approaches to Quantum Gravity for our everyday notions of time and causation; (ii) the relationship between causation, time, timelessness, and counterfactual dependence; (iii) The psychology of time, including discussions of observation and confirmation in the absence of time, and the perception and experience of time.
Middle Eastern Berlin
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s Muslim assistant, who was observed as a woman with fair-skin, round face, and intelligent eyes when Gestapo barged into the doctor’s practice in Berlin in fall 1943. It details how the Gestapo were hunting down thousands of Jews that had escaped the round-up and gone to ground in Berlin. The Gestapo had been returning to the practice, demanding to speak to the Muslim doctor and asking the whereabouts of a Jewish girl named Anna. The chapter reviews the fascination with the Middle East that had been evident in Berlin since at least the late nineteenth century. It talks about how Arabs were exhibited in Berlin like exotic animals, such as in in 1927 when they formed part of a ‘Tripoli Exhibition’.
Visit to Cairo
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Haret al-Yahud or Jewish Alley as the sole relic of Jewish life in the El-Gamaleya district in Cairo, Egypt. It talks about Ibn Maimun, who was Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s great-nephew and a retired professor of medicine at a university in Egypt. It also talks about the good life that Dr. Helmy came to enjoy there after the war, how he was finally allowed to marry his fiancée Emmy, and how the Allies made him in charge of Berlin-Buch Hospital. The chapter details the gamble Dr. Helmy took in 1945 when he presented his final lie to the Gestapo about a Jewish girl that tricked him of being Muslim. It mentions Anna’s affidavit in 1960 that was sent to the Jewish community in Berlin and to the Senate, requesting that an honor be conferred on Dr. Helmy for the good things that he did.