bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Mahler's Second Symphony
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book introduces Mahler’s “Resurrection” Symphony to music students, concertgoers, and general listeners, addressing the composition as a reflection of Mahler’s modernist leanings. Existential questions lie at the heart of the work, and Mahler’s innovative ways of projecting them musically are discussed in detail. The question of how life can be meaningful if it inevitably leads to death engenders terrifying and angst-ridden music, much of it directly linked to Christian views on judgment and suggestive of an apocalyptic route to immortality. Another thread enters the work gradually, however, adding an important counterpoise to the theme of judgment. It begins with musical manifestations of gentleness, which gradually become more sensual. At first, in a powerfully convincing, if understated, climax, Mahler offers a resolution by setting Friedrich Klopstock’s Auferstehen chorale, verses that reflect an orthodox Christian view of immortality. In a stunning reversal, however, Mahler then undercuts this climax, providing, with his own text and in a triumph of the sensual music, a secular-leaning eschatology that replaces judgment with love as the route to eternal life. Mahler’s extensive reliance on the model of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony is explicated, along with the composer’s ingenious approach to pacing in a work of unprecedented monumentality. The guide relies heavily on audio files for exemplification, providing more than 185 audio examples, along with an annotated complete performance of the symphony. The source of the music is the 1958 recording by the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Bruno Walter, Mahler’s long-time amanuensis.
The First Movement: Its Opening and a Two-Part Exposition
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 addresses the opening and twin expositions of the first movement. The opening sets forth Mahler’s existential question: How can life be meaningful if it only leads to death? The specific musical means Mahler engages to dramatize this question are explained. The ways in which Mahler projects gravitas and breadth of scope at the outset of the movement are explicated; some of them are shown to have been modeled on the opening of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Both composers demonstrate sensitivity to pacing in works of unprecedented length. Mahler’s approach to sonata form reflects a practical mixture of tradition and change. To buttress his focus on death within his existential program, Mahler relies on musical quotations from his First Symphony, from one of his Wayfarer songs, and from Liszt’s Dante Symphony. Parallels are drawn between this movement and Adam Mickiewicz’s morbid dramatic poem Dziady (Todtenfeier).
The First Movement: Development and Recapitulation
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows Mahler’s dual approaches to the form of the movement. Sometimes, sonata form takes the lead; sometimes, the existential agenda is in control. Mahler shows a predilection for dramatic extremes. He fixates on the lyrical secondary theme to project a fortuitous resolution of the symphony’s existential concerns, but often undercuts such moments by returning suddenly to the more angst-ridden music of his existential issues. A rhetoric of antithesis results. Mahler’s fondness for musical conundrums is considered: the English horn inexplicably introduces a bare-boned motive that only in the finale will evolve into a central event of the symphony. Musical quotations laden with symbolic significance—from Wagner’s music dramas, Gregorian chant, and Mahler’s own music—are examined. The chapter concludes by considering the impact of Hans von Bülow’s annihilating criticism of the first movement on Mahler’s long delay in completing the Second Symphony.
The Fourth Movement: “Urlicht”
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The fourth movement is another song on a poem from Des Knaben Wunderhorn, “Urlicht” (“Primeval Light”), this one sung by a contralto. Chapter 7 shows that “Urlicht” is a prayer appropriate for the deathbed. Its devotional affect arises from its opening motto, which mentions a red rose (a symbol of Christ’s blood at the crucifixion), followed by music in the style of a Lutheran chorale. The protagonist expresses pain and hope for salvation. He encounters a path to heaven, blocked, however, by an angel, over whom he prevails defiantly, making his way directly to God, guided by primeval light. This serene movement suggests that immortality can be gained through a traditional Christian eschatology. Important questions remain, however—about the significance of the angel, the protagonist’s defiance, and a passage of anomalously sensual music that accompanies the reference to the protagonist’s unity with God. These questions await resolution in the finale.
The Last Movement, Part 1: References to Judgment and the Airing of Themes
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 introduces the finale. In another example of the rhetoric of antithesis, the orchestral scream from the Scherzo returns, abruptly canceling the optimism reflected in “Urlicht.” It recalls the similarly frenetic opening of the finale of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, which also rejects the preceding music. The theme of judgment enters, presented first from a Jewish perspective. Offstage French horns mimic the ram’s horn sounded in the liturgy for the Jewish Day of Judgment (Rosh Hashana). The horns continue with a returning-note figure strikingly left incomplete, which leaves the listener with an urgent need for its eventual completion. Musical symbols of Christian judgment follow: the Dies irae (the Catholic chant that describes the Day of Judgment), and a trumpet theme signifying resurrection as it is described in First Corinthians. The enigmatic English horn motive from the first movement returns, expanded—even more enigmatically—into an operatic, sensual melody.
The Last Movement, Part 2: Judgment in Action, Musical Development, and Some Continuing Enigmas
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 explores Mahler’s musical portrayal of the Last Judgment. It begins with hair-raising percussion crescendos meant to depict the raising of the dead. A march emblemizes the twin sides of judgment: damnation and the hope of those who petition for mercy. Damnation is captured in the Dies irae, hope in the sound of hymns. The sensual English horn theme returns. This time, an offstage band combines military fanfares (evocative of the march) with the sensual music, leading to increased bewilderment about the meaning of the latter. Whatever it means, its frequent juxtaposition to the music of judgment (either serially or as is so this time, simultaneously) seems to be taking on the accoutrements of a potent dramatic conflict. This section of the finale concludes with a powerful example of musical antithesis: a return of the orchestral scream, followed by an expansive rendition of the placid immortality motive from Siegfried.
Political Linkage Strategies and Social Investment Policies
Authors: Chen Haohan , Kitschelt Herbert 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors suggest two ways in which clientelism impacts education, specifically secondary school improvements, an important growth-promoting mode of social investment in developing democracies. First, clientelism “crowds out” fiscal educational investment effort in favor of clientelistic expenditures to targeted voters, a more or less common form of political partisan linkage outside most advanced post-industrial democracies. Second, clientelism “degrades” educational results as it undercuts professional quality control of educational service delivery and diverts funds to rent-seeking educational service providers and recipients. The authors empirically test both arguments with statistical analyses on cross-national data of clientelistic politics and educational inputs and outcomes. The findings indeed suggest a negative impact of clientelism on secondary school investment, in terms of both fiscal effort as well as educational qualifications. The authors supplement the quantitative investigation with a small case study on educational investment in Mexico.
The Emergence of Knowledge Economies
Authors: Garritzmann Julian L. , Häusermann Silja , Kurer Thomas , Palier Bruno , Pinggera Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of regional varieties of knowledge economies over the past two centuries from a global perspective. First, it shows massive educational expansion across all world regions, with a specific shift toward tertiary education and cognitive skills in the most advanced capitalist democracies. Second, focusing on the latter countries, it traces the relationship between educational expansion and labor market changes, showing that the trend toward advanced knowledge economies has coincided with a trend toward a “polarized upgrading” and feminization but underlines that occupational transformation varies across contexts (i.e., by welfare legacies). The chapter ends by discussing the implications of these changes for popular and economic demand for social investment policies and for the politics of social investment more generally. Increasing economic as well as societal demands for high-skilled labor shape the politics of social investment, by affecting the degree and kind of politicization of social investment as well as potential reform coalitions.
Employers and Social Investment in Three European Countries
Authors: Pavolini Emmanuele , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the last decades a growing body of literature has analyzed the role of employers from different perspectives. Building on this literature, the chapter offers an analytical contribution on the role of employers as important actors in explaining the development of social investment policies, by looking at different social policy fields (employment-oriented family policies and vocational education and training) and at three different countries (Britain, Germany, and Italy). The chapter shows that the support of employers’ associations at the national level varies significantly both by country and by policy sector. Despite changed socioeconomic underpinnings and rational arguments to expand social investment policies, national historical patterns and path dependence regarding national policymaking have a significant impact on the approach followed by employers’ associations whether they are antagonists, consenters, or protagonists of the expansion of social investment policies. However, under certain circumstances, significant change can come about, as demonstrated by the preference formation of German employers at the turn of the 21st century.
Trade Unions, Labor Market Dualization, and Investment in Early Childhood Education and Care in Latin America
Authors: Altamirano Melina , Zárate-Tenorio Bárbara A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors analyze how the dualization of the labor market and the segmentation of the welfare state shape the role that trade unions play in contemporary social investment reforms in Latin America. They argue that in contexts of low dualization, social policy reforms are more likely to have direct consequences for the labor conditions of the formal workforce because welfare provision is less segmented. When organized labor’s interests are affected, unions have more incentives to get involved in shaping social policies. In contrast, in highly dualized labor markets, social policy expansion is less likely to be directly linked to formal workers’ labor conditions. In these contexts, it is unlikely that organized labor will act as an important driver (or opponent) of policies aimed at extending benefits to labor market outsiders. The authors focus on two important reforms which expanded early childhood education and care public services to previously excluded segments of the population: Chile Crece Contigo in Chile (2006) and the Estancias Infantiles para Madres Trabajadoras program in Mexico (2007). They show that neither in Chile nor in Mexico was organized labor a relevant actor in the agenda-setting stage. However, in contrast to unions in Mexico, which did not attempt to shape the policy at any stage of the process, unions in Chile have become highly involved in the post-reform period.
Public Preferences Toward Social Investment
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies public preferences toward social investment in more than 40 countries across three continents. On the basis of public opinion data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and the International Social Survey Programme, the analysis compares patterns of support toward different forms of social investment against support for traditional transfer-oriented social policies. It uses multivariate regression analysis to explore the determinants of these attitudes across five regions of the world. The results show that preferences toward social investment and social consumption are distinct: While middle and higher classes are more likely to support social investment policies, lower classes remain the core constituency for social consumption. Individual-level preference configurations interact with policy legacies, which have feedback effects and influence the composition of support coalitions for social investment. Support for social investment is therefore broader and more diffuse in less developed welfare states than in Western Europe.
Different Paths to Social Investment?
Authors: Estévez-Abe Margarita , León Margarita 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the recent political developments in childcare and parental leaves in four familialist countries: Italy, Spain, Japan, and South Korea. This quartet of countries has been long known for its familialist welfare states—the opposite end of the spectrum from the social investment model. Importantly, since 2000, all four countries have reformed their family policies in the direction of the social investment strategy to varying degrees. This chapter explains the variation across the quartet by highlighting the importance of the institutional contexts of party competition, the link between electoral politics and legislative activities, and the economic structure. Heuristically, the familialist quartet constitutes important “hard cases” to explore how far the social investment strategy can travel. Practically, the quartet has much larger national economies compared to Northern European social investment countries. Whether these large economies can readjust their welfare states thus has important global ramifications.
John Leland
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
John Leland (1754–1841) was one of the most influential and entertaining religious figures in early America. As an itinerant revivalist, he demonstrated an uncanny ability to connect with a popular audience and contributed to the rise of a “democratized” Christianity in America. A tireless activist for the rights of conscience, Leland also waged a decades-long war for disestablishment, advocating for full religious freedom for all. He reportedly negotiated a deal with James Madison to include a bill of rights in the Constitution for Baptist voter support. Leland would become “mad for politics” in early America, delivering political orations, publishing tracts, and mobilizing New England’s Baptists on behalf of the Jeffersonian Republicans. He crowned his political activity by famously delivering a twelve-hundred-pound cheese to Thomas Jefferson’s White House. Leland also stood among eighteenth-century Virginia’s most powerful antislavery advocates, and convinced one wealthy planter to emancipate over four hundred of his slaves. Though among the most popular Baptists in America, Leland’s fierce individualism and personal eccentricity often placed him at odds with other Baptist leaders. He refused ordination, abstained from the Lord’s Supper, and violently opposed the rise of Baptist denominationalism. Ultimately, he contributed to the radical individualization of the Baptist people in America. In the first-ever biography of Leland, Eric C. Smith recounts the story of this pivotal figure from American religious history, whose long and eventful life provides a unique window into the remarkable transformations that swept American society from 1760 to 1840.
“Young and Roving”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines John Leland’s eventful itinerant preaching ministry in colonial Virginia. When he relocated there in 1775, Anglican-established Virginia was experiencing a massive transformation as a result of the Great Awakening, particularly the arrival of the Separate Baptists. The uncouth Separate Baptists upset the orderly religious and social world of colonial Virginia by their radical revivalism and refusal to submit to Anglican authorities. Separate Baptists suffered for this, but received a tremendous reception from the colony’s ordinary people. Leland participated in this movement, traveling vast distances as an itinerant, facing persecution for his commitment to baptizing new believers, leading emotional revivals, and attaining celebrity status as a highly effective popular communicator.
“Religion Is a Matter between God and Individuals”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
John Leland joined revolutionary Virginia’s Baptists and other dissenters in lobbying for full religious freedom in the new state. They found allies in a pair of liberal, rationalist statesmen: James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Together, the evangelicals and politicians achieved full religious freedom for Virginians. Afterward, Leland leveraged his influence with the now sizable Baptist voting bloc in Virginia to convince James Madison to include a bill of rights in the US Constitution. When Leland returned to New England in 1790, he enlisted in the dissenters’ long fight for the disestablishment of the Congregational Church there. By now a thoroughgoing Jeffersonian, Leland arose as the era’s most important, and most radically consistent, advocate for the inalienable rights of conscience and full religious freedom for all.
“A Bow Too Great for My Stiff Neck”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Though John Leland spent his life as a Baptist itinerant, his fierce individualism often placed him at odds with his fellow Baptists. Early American Baptists practiced a church-centered piety, emphasizing the importance of church membership, the Lord’s Supper, and the congregation’s authority over its members through church discipline. Leland demonstrated his ambivalence toward the local church and traditional Baptist piety by, among other things, resisting ordination, settled pastorates, and the Lord’s Supper. This chapter highlights Leland’s explosive Lord’s Supper controversy at Cheshire’s Third Baptist Church, and considers the long-term impact his radical individualism has had on American Baptist faith and practice.
“A Very Prince among Democrats”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
John Leland’s delivery of a “mammoth cheese” to Thomas Jefferson’s White House stands out as the most memorable episode of his colorful life, but it is only one example of his political activity. Leland believed that the nature of American society was at stake in the political upheavals at the turn of the nineteenth century. In the emergence of America’s two-party political system, Leland enlisted with the Jeffersonians to promote his vision of a democratic republic that preserved the rights and freedoms of all. Leland developed a reputation for being “mad for politics,” leveraging his influence as a popular Baptist preacher through sermons, political orations, newspaper articles, and even the cross-country delivery of a mammoth cheese to mobilize voters for Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy. By wedding the office of preacher and politician, Leland helped establish an enduring pattern for American life.
Credibility, Faith, and Confessional Polemics
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter is the first of a series of chapters aimed at exploring the effects of this newfound emphasis on credibility in a variety of religious, spiritual, and cultural contexts. This chapter shows how the centrality of credibility emerged across confessional boundaries. It focuses on the reaction of the Roman Curia to two authors, the Protestant theologian Hugo Grotius and the controversial Catholic author Tommaso Campanella. Despite working in widely different intellectual, cultural, and confessional environments, both Grotius and Campanella embraced credibility as a crucial feature of their elaborations. By examining how the Catholic censors evaluated their works, this chapter provides significant insight into the theological, polemical, and confessional impact of making credibility a central component of belief.
Muslims in War and Postwar Hellas
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the impact of the Greek War of Independence on the Muslim populations of the areas affected and on the lives of Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas during the reign of King Otto (1833–1862), particularly the ways in which the war determined the legal and social status of Muslims as well as their relations with the Greek state and with the Ottoman Empire. The chapter explores the effects of Greek nationalism on the Muslim population and the reasons that led a number of Muslims in the rebellious areas to support the war. The chapter also discusses how legal and other documents of the time define Greek national identity and the extent to which Muslims were seen and treated as Hellenes (i.e., Greeks) by the Greek authorities. Finally, the chapter explores whether the legal and social status of Muslims in Greece was the same as that of Christian Orthodox and other religious groups, as well as how “Muslim philhellenes,” sympathizers and supporters of the Greek War of Independence, fared in the new state.
Independence, 1765–1788
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A dispute about Great Britain’s right to tax its thirteen North American colonies, which was fundamentally a dispute about sovereignty, led to the Revolutionary War. The colonies mustered an army, declared independence, and won their war with the British by employing tactics common to weak states. These included exploiting the advantages conferred by the geography of North America, resisting the stronger British forces, and allying with a stronger power, in this case France. Concerned about the security of its empire and even the safety of its home islands, the British government agreed to recognize American independence. With independence secured, the new United States adopted a constitution designed, among other things, to strengthen it against foreign adversaries.
The Continental Republic, 1815–1865
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the four decades leading up to the Civil War the United States maintained peaceful relations with Great Britain, the European power of greatest importance to Americans because of its maritime supremacy. At the same time, it increased its power in three ways. Its population grew. It expanded its territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean, incorporating Florida, Texas, and Oregon. Under the leadership of President James K. Polk it waged a victorious war against Mexico that ended with the acquisition of the territories that became the American Southwest. Meanwhile, the country’s economy grew rapidly. The dispute between the Northern and Southern States over slavery, which had been building since independence, culminated in the Civil War of 1861 to 1865. Led by President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant, the North won the war, thereby not only preserving the federal Union and abolishing slavery but also determining that the United States would be an industrial rather than an agrarian country and thus capable of becoming a great power.