bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
51 Influence of Thermoforming Films on Surface Color in Vacuum Packaged Ground Beef
Authors: Reyes Tristan , Smith Hunter R , Wagoner Madison , Wilborn Barney , Bonner Tom , Sawyer Jason T 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With meat industry efforts focused on improving environmental influencers, adopting alternative packaging films may allow the meat industry to address the sustainability demands of the consumer. The current study evaluated instrumental surface color changes on fresh ground beef using vacuum packaging films identified as recycle ready (RRF), standard barrier (STB) and enhanced barrier (ENB). Coarse ground beef (80:20) was purchased from a commercial processing facility, ground once through a 3.18 mm plate and portioned into 454 g bricks. Ground beef bricks were allocated randomly to one of three packaging treatments (n = 25 packages/treatment), placed into a form and fill pouch, vacuum sealed, and displayed in a three-tiered retail display cabinet (3 °C ± 1.5 °C) for a 21-day simulated retail display period. Ground beef packages were rotated daily for the duration of the 21-d study among all shelves of the display cabinet. On each day of the display period, packages were scanned three times with a hand-held colorimeter (HunterLab) to capture instrumental color readings for lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), Hue angle, Chroma, and spectral wavelength values (400 to 700nm) to calculate relative values of Red:Brown (630:580nm), deoxymyoglobin (DEO), oxymyoglobin (OXY), and metmyoglobin (MET). Calculations of relative myoglobin forms were completed using the log of the reflectance values at 473, 525, 572, and 700nm respectively. Ground beef packaged using ENB barrier film was lighter (L*), redder (a*) and more vivid (Chroma) than all other packaging treatments during the simulated display period (P &lt; 0.05). By day 12 of the simulated retail display, ground beef surface color became lighter (L*), more yellow (b*), less red (a*), less vivid (chroma) and contained greater forms of calculated metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that vacuum packaging of ground beef remains a plausible option for extending surface color during fresh shelf-life conditions.
52 Metabolic Syndrome: Animal Science’s Challenge and Opportunity
Authors: Ballerstedt Peter J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Knowledge of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome provides animal scientists with an opportunity to improve their health and that of their communities; increase awareness and support of their disciplines and efforts; and support truly sustainable food systems and economic development. This presentation will expand these arguments. Professionals within the disciplines of animal science must push back against those who oppose animal agriculture, particularly by refuting the dietary messaging accusing animal source foods of being health hazards. Official dietary policy for almost half a century has been explicitly anti-animal products, despite a growing body of scientific evidence refuting these recommendations. Animal science undergraduates receive more training in nutrition than medical students. Animal nutrition is a functional scientific discipline. Swine nutritionists have a more advanced understanding of amino acid nutrition in monogastrics than many human nutritionists. Human nutrition has necessarily relied on observational studies, which are widely recognized as being of low scientific quality. Serious conflicts of interests exist within the field of human nutrition. The leadership of the human nutrition community has failed to: acknowledge the weak scientific basis of their dietary guidance; incorporate the highest-quality scientific evidence available into their guidance and policies; and address a global epidemic – metabolic syndrome (hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance). According to the CDC, more than 34% of adults in the Southern US region obese (Body Mass Index ³ 30). Odds are that a significant proportion of our fellow Southern Section members are afflicted with metabolic syndrome, most of them unaware of their condition and its risks. Likewise in the communities we serve. We have an opportunity, and in light of the failures of human nutrition, a responsibility to: stop accepting their pronouncements; stop citing them in our research; and challenge their legitimacy wherever possible.
104 Grazing Evaluation of Two Bermudagrass Bases Interseeded with Alfalfa for Stocker Production in Southeastern US
Authors: Burt Justin C , Silva Liliane , Mullenix Kim , Prevatt Chris , Baxter Lisa , Shay Nicholas , Whatley Kendall S , Doblado Andrea M Osorio , Tucker Jennifer J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has shown promise in the Southeastern United States when interseeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) to reduce reliance on synthetic N fertilization while also providing a high-quality grazable forage. However, data is limited when grazing alfalfa interseeded into different bermudagrass bases with stockers in the Southeastern U.S. A two-year grazing evaluation was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replications from June-October 2020 (Y1) and April-October 2021 (Y2) at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus Better Grazing Program in Tifton, GA, to compare stocker cattle performance when grazing ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa interseeded into either ‘Russell’ or ‘Tifton-85’ bermudagrass (RAG and TAG, respectively). Paddocks (1-ha) were split into 4 (0.25-ha) sections and rotationally grazed to 10 cm using the put-and-take stocking method with two tester steers for each treatment (Y1 BW=228.3±27.02 kg; Y2 BW=183.1±20.8 kg). Paddock sections were evaluated pre- and post-grazing for herbage availability, botanical composition, and nutritive value. Stocker steers were weighed at study initiation, conclusion, and on a 28d interval for calculation of ADG and gain/ha. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Differences for herbage mass, gain/ha, and stocking density were not detected seasonally but were observed within grazing cycle with RAG being greater in the earlier season, TAG being greater in the later portion of the grazing season, and no difference during the grazing cycles that occurred in the hot summer months. This study suggests that the bermudagrass variety utilized in the alfalfa-bermudagrass mixture will influence stocking management decisions.
100 Inflammatory Profiles of High-Risk Cattle Exposed to Common Management Practices
Authors: Pittman Alexandra M , Karisch Brandi B , Woolums Amelia , Vann Rhonda C , Crosby William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in beef cattle. Common management practices in addition to BRD have been shown previously to cause inflammation. The objectives of this study were: (1) characterize the inflammatory profiles as indicated by haptoglobin concentrations, over a receiving period in high-risk cattle; (2) evaluate the impact of on-arrival metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy on inflammatory profiles in high risk cattle; and (3) examine the relationship between inflammatory profile and BRD morbidity and mortality in high risk cattle. This 70 d trial was repeated over two years. A total of 160 black/black white face crossbred heifers were acquired from local auction markets and randomly assigned at arrival to treatment groups. Heifers were purchased by an order buyer from auction barns. At arrival, heifers were randomly assigned to either receive tulathromycin (Draxxin, META, n = 40) or not (NO META, n = 40) upon arrival. Each group was housed on a 10-acre pasture planted in annual ryegrass where they were offered complete commercial supplemental feed (14% CP) and free choice (both Purina Animal Nutrition, Nashville, TN) mineral and were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD. Cattle were weighed and blood was collected every seven days from d0 to d20, and again on d70. Haptoglobin concentrations were determined using ELISA. Effects of treatment and morbidity on haptoglobin concentration were tested using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall morbidity was 28.5%. Initial body weight (227 kg META, 229 kg NO META, P &gt; 0.10) did not differ between the two treatment groups. However, final body weight differed between treatment groups (294 kg META, 289kg NO META). Haptoglobin concentrations remained elevated over time for all groups (P = 0.03). Metaphylaxis did not affect haptoglobin concentration (P &gt; 0.10). There was a significant increase in BRD cases from day 0 to 20 (P = 0.00). Morbidity (BRD vs no BRD) did not impact haptoglobin concentrations. Overall, metaphylaxis did not affect haptoglobin levels or BRD incidence.
129 Evaluation of Cotton Gin Byproduct and Whole Cottonseed in Diets for Growing Beef Steers
Authors: Mullins Elizabeth P , Poore Matt H , Shaeffer April D , Harmon Deidre D , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton byproducts, such as whole cottonseed (WCS) and cotton gin byproduct (CGB) can be utilized as cattle feed. Our objective was to evaluate the feeding value of WCS and CGB when included in a growing ration. Fifty-six yearling steers with a starting body weight of 288±3.8 kg were used in an 84-day trial. Steers were blocked by weight for pen assignments, and treatments were randomly assigned within pen. The nutritionally balanced diets were fed to appetite as total mixed rations through Calan gates. Treatment 1 (TRT 1), was composed of corn silage, ground corn, and soybean meal. Treatment 2 (TRT 2) replaced some of the corn and soybean meal with WCS (15% of the diet DM). Treatment 3 (TRT 3) replaced some of the silage with CGB (25% of the diet DM). Treatment 4 (TRT 4) replaced some of the corn and soybean meal with WCS (15% of the diet DM) and some of the silage with CGB (25% of the diet DM). Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar for TRT 1 and 2, which were lower (P &gt;0.5) compared to TRT 3 and 4 (8.8, 8.5, 11.3, and 10.3±0.24 kg/d for TRT 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Average daily gain did not differ between TRT 1, 2, and 4, but was higher (P &gt;0.5) for TRT 3 (1.27, 1.18, 1.32, and 1.54 ± 0.05 kg/d for TRT 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Gain to feed ratios were highest (P &gt;0.5) for TRT 1 and 2 compared with TRT 3 and 4 (0.16, 0.15, 0.12, and 0.13±0.009, respectively). This study demonstrates that cotton byproducts can be utilized in growing cattle diets to replace a portion of corn, soybean meal, and corn silage while resulting in similar or enhanced performance.
1 Communicating Sustainability to Consumers – How to Effectively Tell Our Story
Authors: Ballerstedt Peter J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Sustainable” and “regenerative,” are popular, if misunderstood, terms. Much of what the non-agricultural audience believes those terms represent have been the focus of agricultural research, extension and practice for decades. Agricultural producers are disconnected from food consumers in numerous ways, including a lack of communication and, therefore, understanding. The ability to bridge this gap through social media must be accepted by those willing to do so. One strategy is to find points of common interest and building from those starting points. Human nutrition / metabolic health is an example. The majority of adult Americans do not enjoy optimal metabolic health. Many diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or one of its related chronic diseases are discovering that a lifestyle intervention featuring Therapeutic Carbohydrate Reduction (TCR) dramatically improves their health. Such a diet includes more animal source foods (esp. red meat and full fat dairy) than currently recommended by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and others. These individuals and their supporting healthcare professionals are receptive to well-founded messages regarding the essential role of ruminant animal agriculture in sustainable food systems. Benefits to those of us in animal agriculture include greater visibility, market opportunities, political support, and better health for all of us.
86 Evaluation of the Super Smartfeeder System (C-Lock, Inc) for Lamb Supplemental Feeding in a Pasture-based System
Authors: Valliere Nicole K , Wright Donald L , Greiner Scott P , Weaver Andrew R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The C-Lock, Inc Super SmartFeeder (feeder) may provide opportunities to evaluate lamb supplemental feeding behavior on pasture. The objective of this study was to determine lamb feeding capacity, lamb feeding behavior, and methodologies for training lambs to this feeding system. Post-weaning, lambs (n = 179) were introduced to the feeder (day 0) on fescue-based pasture at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center. For 24 days, lambs were supplemented 0.23 kg/hd/day with the feeder on pasture. To transition lambs to the feeder, additional standard trough feeders were provided until day 10 starting at 0.45 kg/hd/day and decreasing to 0.15 kg/hd/day. Feeder data were analyzed using SAS for feeding frequency traits to assess feeding capacity and efficacy of training methodology. During days 9-16 and days 17-24, a greater percentage of lambs ate between 12 AM and 6 AM compared to days 0-8 (65 and 63%, respectively, vs. 26%; P &lt; 0.05). During days 0-8, a greater percentage of lambs ate between 6 AM and 12 PM compared to days 9-16 and days 17-24 (47% vs. 23 and 10%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). A greater percentage of lambs visited the feeder 17 or more days compared to 16 or less days (59 vs. 41%; P &lt; 0.05). During days 0-5, the percentage of lambs visiting the feeder daily varied between 30 and 80%. After being exposed to the feeder for 6 days, daily lamb feeding behavior only varied between 64% and 78%. A greater consistency in the proportion of lambs visiting the feeder after a 6 day acclimation period indicated successful training to the feeder. On average over the 18 days of consistent feeder visits, 72% of lambs visited the feeder daily. Therefore, maximum carrying capacity of this feeding system should not exceed 120-125 lambs.
121 Breed and Mating Season Effects on Gestation Length in Landrace Hair Sheep Ewes
Authors: Murphy Thomas , Wildeus Stephan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gestation length in sheep varies with breed, but little information is available on hair sheep and any effects of time of year of mating. Data were collected between 1997 and 2021 on straight-bred Barbados Blackbelly (BB) and St. Croix (SC) ewes managed under pasture-based, accelerated mating. Rams were fitted with marking harnesses and ewe gestation length was determined as the difference between lambing and marking date. Gestation length (n = 1291) was analyzed with fixed class effects of ewe breed (BB or SC), age class at mating (4 levels), mating month (March, July, or November), and litter size (1, 2, or ≥ 3) and the linear and quadratic effects of total litter birth weight (LBW). Two-way interactions were initially fit but removed as none were significant (P &gt; 0.15). Random effects included ewe and mating month – year (n = 350 and 32, respectively). Gestation length was 0.8 d longer for SC than BB ewes and 0.5 to 0.7 d longer (P ≤ 0.03) for &gt; 5.5 yr-old ewes than all younger age classes. However, mating month did not impact gestation length (P = 0.11). Ewes that gestated a single lamb had longer gestation length (149.8 ± 0.20 d; P &lt; 0.001) than twin- (147.4 ± 0.14 d) and triplet-bearing ewes (146.7 ± 0.28 d), which were also different from each other (P = 0.01). Finally, both quadratic and linear effects of LBW were significant (P &lt; 0.001) and indicated gestation length increased with LBW until reaching an inflection point at approximately 9.1 kg. Gestation length in landrace hair sheep ewes was in line with the 147 d commonly used in gestation calculators. Slight adjustments can be made for ewe age, breed, and litter size, but are not needed for mating month.
28 Blood Lactate Response of Yearling Horses on a Progressive Workload
Authors: Jackson Merina , Johnson Katie R , Leatherwood Jessica L , Bradbery Amanda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Blood lactate measurements following exercise provide valuable insight into the metabolic response to different workloads, but minimal research has been published involving yearling horses. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine blood lactate response to increasing exercise intensity in yearling horses, hypothesizing that blood lactate levels would peak immediately following exercise, and gradually decrease over a 3 h post-exercise period. To test this, 32 Quarter horses of similar background (480-520 d of age; 16 geldings and 16 fillies) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 8/group) and exercised using an 8-panel free-stall walker. Exercise bouts were 30 min each, divided equally in clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Test 1 consisted of walking at 1.75m/s, and test 2 consisted of horses alternating between the walk and trot at 1.75 and 4.0m/s, respectively. Blood samples were obtained at the onset (PRE) and immediately (H0), half (H0.5), one (H1), and three (H3) h post-exercise. Mean blood lactate was determined using two portable lactate analyzers previously validated for use in horses. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with PRE values used as a covariate. There was a group × test × time interaction (P &lt; 0.01), where group 3 reached peak lactate concentration at H0 during test 2 (1.37 ± 0.08 mmol/L), while all other groups increased blood lactate concentrations over time to H3 post. Mean lactate post-exercise indicates that horses were able to clear lactate without a sufficient increase in systemic distribution. Values remained below the anaerobic threshold, similar to mature horses, which suggests that sub-maximal exercise in young horses does not elicit an anaerobic response and lactate accumulation.
Minimally invasive removal of the distal broken segment of a hollow tibial intramedullary nail using a homemade broken nail extractor
Authors: Wei Changbao , Luo Junhao , Mao GuoShu , Gu Sanjun , Liu Yu , Yin Qudong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The existing minimally invasive extraction methods for broken intramedullary nails have low success rates. This paper describes the case of a broken intramedullary nail retained distal to the tibia for 12 years, which was removed using a homemade minimally invasive broken nail extractor. We conclude that the homemade minimally invasive broken nail extractor is an effective alternative for removing broken intramedullary nails.
Empirical structure models of Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Neuenschwander Benno A , Helled Ravit 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Uranus and Neptune are still poorly understood. Their gravitational fields, rotation periods, atmosphere dynamics, and internal structures are not well determined. In this paper, we present empirical structure models of Uranus and Neptune where the density profiles are represented by polytropes. By using these models that are set to fit the planetary gravity field, we predict the higher order gravitational coefficients J6 and J8 for various assumed rotation periods, wind depths, and uncertainty of the low-order harmonics. We show that faster rotation and/or deep winds favour centrally concentrated density distributions. We demonstrate that an accurate determination of J6 or J8 with a relative uncertainty no larger than 10 per cent could constrain wind depths of Uranus and Neptune. We also confirm that the Voyager II rotation periods are inconsistent with the measured shapes of Uranus and Neptune. We next demonstrate that more accurate determination of the gravity field can significantly reduce the possible range of internal structures. Finally, we suggest that an accurate measurement of the moment of inertia of Uranus and Neptune with a relative uncertainty of ∼ 1 per cent and ∼ 0.1 per cent, could constrain their rotation periods and depths of the winds, respectively.
Gas inflows in the polar ring of NGC 4111: the birth of an AGN
Authors: Hauschild Roier Gabriel R , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , McDermid Richard M , Walsh Jonelle L , Tan Joanne , Cohn Jonathan , Krajnovic Davor , Greene Jenny , Valluri Monica , Gültekin Kayhan , Thater Sabine , van de Ven Glenn , Gebhardt Karl , Lützgendorf Nora , Boizelle Benjamin D , Ma Chung-Pei , Barth Aaron J 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We have used Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, SAURON Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS), and adaptative optics assisted Gemini NIFS near-infrared K-band IFS to map the stellar and gas distribution, excitation and kinematics of the inner few kpc of the nearby edge-on S0 galaxy NGC 4111. The HST images map its ≈450 pc diameter dusty polar ring, with an estimated gas mass ≥107 M⊙. The NIFS data cube maps the inner 110 pc radius at ≈7 pc spatial resolution, revealing a ≈220 pc diameter polar ring in hot (2267 ± 166 K) molecular H2 1–0 S(1) gas embedded in the polar ring. The stellar velocity field shows disc-dominated kinematics along the galaxy plane both in the SAURON large scale and in the NIFS nuclear-scale data. The large-scale [O iii] λ5007 Å velocity field shows a superposition of two disc kinematics: one similar to that of the stars and another along the polar ring, showing non-circular motions that seem to connect with the velocity field of the nuclear H2 ring, whose kinematics indicate accelerated inflow to the nucleus. The estimated mass inflow rate is enough not only to feed an active galactic nucleus (AGN) but also to trigger circumnuclear star formation in the near future. We propose a scenario in which gas from the polar ring, which probably originated from the capture of a dwarf galaxy, is moving inwards and triggering an AGN, as supported by the local X-ray emission, which seems to be the source of the H2 1–0 S(1) excitation. The fact that we see neither near-UV nor Br γ emission suggests that the nascent AGN is still deeply buried under the optically thick dust of the polar ring.
SDSS IV MaNGA: visual morphological and statistical characterization of the DR15 sample
Authors: Vázquez-Mata J A , Hernández-Toledo H M , Avila-Reese V , Herrera-Endoqui M , Rodríguez-Puebla A , Cano-Díaz M , Lacerna I , Martínez-Vázquez L A , Lane R 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTWe present a detailed visual morphological classification for the 4614 MaNGA galaxies in SDSS Data Release 15, using image mosaics generated from a combination of r band (SDSS and deeper DESI Legacy Surveys) images and their digital post-processing. We distinguish 13 Hubble types and identify the presence of bars and bright tidal debris. After correcting the MaNGA sample for volume completeness, we calculate the morphological fractions, the bi-variate distribution of type and stellar mass M* – where we recognize a morphological transition ‘valley’ around S0a-Sa types – and the variations of the g − i colour and luminosity-weighted age over this distribution. We identified bars in 46.8 per cent of galaxies, present in all Hubble types later than S0. This fraction amounts to a factor ∼2 larger when compared with other works for samples in common. We detected 14 per cent of galaxies with tidal features, with the fraction changing with M* and morphology. For 355 galaxies, the classification was uncertain; they are visually faint, mostly of low/intermediate masses, low concentrations, and discy in nature. Our morphological classification agrees well with other works for samples in common, though some particular differences emerge, showing that our image procedures allow us to identify a wealth of added value information as compared to SDSS-based previous estimates. Based on our classification, we also propose an alternative criteria for the E–S0 separation, in the structural semimajor to semiminor axis versus bulge to total light ratio (b/a − B/T) and concentration versus semimajor to semiminor axis (C − b/a) space.