bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar Sprays for Worm Control on Peppers, 1991
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peppers were transplanted on 19 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft long row bordered on each side by bare ground. Peppers were transplanted with 12 inch between plants and 3 ft row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressedgas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water at 40 psi. Spray applications were made weekly beginning 23 Jul through 18 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of the numbers and weight of marketable fruit, numbers of fruit damaged by ECB, and total numbers of damaged fruit per 10 flagged plants per plot. Fruit was harvested on 20 Aug, 4, 11, 19 Sep, 4, and 23 Oct. Numbers of ECB stem holes were counted on the 10 flagged plants on 4 and 27 Sep.
Control of Insect Pests of Squash, Fall, 1991
Authors: Webb Susan E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Squash was planted in hills 2.5 ft apart on raised beds on 4 Sep. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows spaced 6 ft apart and separated by 15-ft alleys. All plots were treated weekly with chlorothalonil (Bravo) at a rate of 1.5 lb (AI)/acre beginning on 13 Sep. Four treatments and a check were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 2, and 9 Oct with a 12-ft, tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albux (brown) ceramic hollow cone nozzles 8 inches apart, delivering 145 gal/acre at 200 psi. On 14 Oct, five plants from the middle two rows in each plot were examined for whitefly adults, aphids, pickleworm and melonworm larvae, and pickleworm damage to fruit and blossoms. Two lower leaves were collected from each of three plants per plot for estimating numbers of immature whiteflies. Two leaf disks, 0.8 inches in diameter, from half of each leaf, were examined. The center rows in each plot were harvested on 14, 16, 22, and 24 Oct. After this date all fruit showed symptoms of viral infection.
Alfalfa Insect Control—2Nd Crop, 1990
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand located on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 25 × 40 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 6 Jul with a tractor-drawn 25-ft boom sprayer delivering 19 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied between 1100-1300 h; wind speed was &lt;5 mph and temperature averaged 80°F
Efficacy of M-Pede and Dimethoate 4 EC Against Cotton Aphids, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 17 Apr with plots consisting of 4 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 15.2 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two X-12 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 93.7 Hters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 13 Jul and samples were taken 2 and 6 DAT (15 and 19 Jul). Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 2 plant horizons by sampling the plant terminal (all shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Ten samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were tunneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. Rainfall was recorded on 17 (2.21 cm), 18 (0.89 cm), and 19 Jul (0.94 cm).
Aphid Control on Burley Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Komm Dean A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten treatments were evaluated for control of the tobacco aphid on burley tobacco at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Glade Spring, VA. Tobacco was transplanted on 23 May in plots 2 rows (8 ft) wide and 30 ft long. The soil type was an Emory silt loam. A randomized complete block was utilized and treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single, untreated, border rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5-ft alleys. Except for insect control, production practices conformed to recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. On 24 May, after transplanting, transplant water (TPW) treatments wee applied to individual plants in designated plots at 8 fl oz/plant (340 gal/acre). Foliar treatments were applied on 18 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre through 3, TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/ row at 60 psi. During application, the weather conditions were cloudy and calm and the temperature ranged from 75 to 80°F. It rained 0.14, 0.72, 0.20, 0.10, and 0.44 inches at 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 d, respectively, after the foliar treatments were applied. Aphid infestations on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot (5 plants/row) were rated on a scale of 0 to 7, where 0 = 0 aphids, 1 = 1-10 aphids, 2 = 11-50 aphids, 3 = 51-100 aphids, 4 = 101-500 aphids, 5 = 500-1,000 aphids, 6 = 1,001-5,000 aphids and 7 = more than 5,000 aphids. Counts were made on 10 Jul, immediately before application of foliar treatments on 18 Jul, and on 22, 25 Jul, 1, and 8 Aug. On 18 Jul the growth of tobacco in each plot was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = all plants dead and 10 = large uniform plants. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Significantly different means were separated using DMRT.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, 1089-90
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Holder Bobb. , Warnes Denni. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Growers in Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) clubs were found to be prophylactically treating by adding an insecticide to a fungicide apphcation when protecting wheat. To examine its value, plots were established in a bulk wheat field at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, MN, and at the West Central Experiment Station, Morris, MN, 1.8 m pathways were removed around a 7.6 m × 15.3 m plot just prior to treating. Treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design. Pesticides were applied on 22 Jun, with the wheat at early boot (Feekes = 8) stage. Approximately 15.2 liter/h of total material was applied at 7 kg/cm2 pressure using a hydraulic plot Ser. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.5 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. The grain was then dried, and moisture, protein, and test wts taken. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Gray Fly and Sawfly in Wheat, 1990
Authors: Buschman L. L. , El Houssaini K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1989-90 growing season. The Hessian fly resistant spring wheat variety 'Saada' was used in this test to evaluate Phorbia sp. and SF without the confounding effects of Hessian fly. The wheat was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) × 9 m long and separated with 0.5 m of bare ground. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (15 Dec 1989) to control the first generation Phorbia sp. Foliar insecticide applications were made on 8 Feb to control second generation Phorbia sp. and on 21 Mar to control SF. Foliar applications were applied with a hand operated backpack sprayer delivering 833 liters/ha. Plants in 0.5 m from each of the center 4 rows of each plot were collected on 15 Mar and examined in the laboratory for Phorbia sp. After harvest in Jun, plants from 0.5 m of each of the center 2 rows of each plot were collected and examined in the laboratory for SF-cut stems. Minimum air temperatures for Dec through Apr averaged 3.4 to 8.0°C and maximum air temperatures averaged 17.0 to 23.6°C. A total of 113.8 mm of rain fell prior to planting, but after planting there were only 4 rainfall events during the period greater than 10 mm, on 27 Dec, 4 Jan, 29 Jan, and 9 Mar, for a total accumulation in the period of 200 mm.
Comparing Bacillus Thumngiensis Products for Control of Natural Populations of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 1 Jul at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Rows were on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 12 times in a completely randomized design with one plant serving as a replicate. Treated plants were buffered by one row on either side and by 3 ft within a row. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 38 gal/ acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Inoculations were made on 16 Jul. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul and evaluated 31 Jul. Evaluations were made by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae.
Comparing New American Cyanamid Products and Standard Insecticides for Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 16 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 18 inch plant spacing. To insure an adequate population of insects, three plants per replication were inoculated with 200 DBM eggs from our Geneva ‘88 lab colony, the same three plants were inoculated with 75 CL eggs from our Geneva’ 91 colony and ICW populations were natural. Larvae were allowed to reach early third instar before treatments were applied. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Inoculations were made on 31 Aug. Treatments were applied on 9 Sep and evaluated 16 Sep. Evaluations were made by selecting the three inoculated plants per replication, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Pesticides, 1992
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupes ‘Topmark’ were direct seeded on 20 Feb into single row “yuma beds” on 203 cm centers and thinned to 30 cm intervals at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 18 m long with a 3.6 m buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Two applications of the fungicide Myclobutanil were made on 14 May and 20 May to suppress powdery mildew. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a 4-row high-pressure, electrostatic boom sprayer equipped with stainless steel, hollow-cone nozzles (TX-18) spaced at 50 cm and delivered 563 liter/ha at 320 psi. Applications were initiated when immature whitefly densities reached measurable levels. A total of 5 applications were made on 23, 29 Apr, and 8, 13, and 20 May. The pH of the application water was 7.1. Addition of the Aliette to the water caused the pH of the mixture to decrease to 3.5 pH. A spreader/sticker was not used. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Plots were sampled on 22, 24 and 30 Apr, and 9, 14, and 21 May. Adult SPWF were assessed by randomly selecting 20 leaves from the terminal area on primary vines (4th fully expanded leaf from the apex of the vine) in each plot. The underside of each leaf were carefully turned upward and the number of live adults on the surface was recorded. Counts were made at sunrise between 0500-0600 hrs. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan’s Q test. Bartlett’s test estimated a heterogeneity of variance and treatment means were log transformed prior to analysis of variance.
Control of European Corn Borer on Two Varieties of Peppers, 1992
Authors: Jasinski J. , Grafius E. , Kolarik P. , Scriber B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide trials on bell and sweet peppers were conducted at Michigan State University Horticulture Teaching and Research Farm in 1992. Pepper seedlings were obtained from a local grower and transplanted into 6.1 m rows on 6 Jun, with 91.4 cm between row spacing and 35.6 cm between plant spacing. Five treatments were applied to both pepper varieties in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were applied to foliage using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 35 psi with a single nozzle at 40 gal/acre. Low corn borer activity led us to artificially infest our plots. European corn borer egg masses were obtained from the Corn Insect Lab at Ankeny, Iowa. Five randomly selected plants per replicate received ECB egg masses. The egg masses were pinned to the underside of the leaf through the mid rib, near a developing fruit. One egg mass per plant was attached 17 Aug and two egg masses per plant were attached 3 Sep. All treatments were applied on 18, 24, and 31 of Aug, and 6 Sep. Orthene 75 SP and MVP were sprayed on alternate weeks, beginning with Orthene 75 SP. Pepper fruits were destructively harvested on 18 Sep. Only peppers from the artificially infested plants were sampled, with no more than five fruit picked per pepper plant. Each fruit was cut open and inspected for ECB larvae. Fisher’s Protected LSD test at β = 0.01 was performed on the percent of pepper fruit contaminated with ECB larvae.
Control of Armyworm on Bell Pepper, 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peppers were transplanted on 10 Sep 25 cm apart in 2 rows 12.5 cm to either side of the centerline in plastic-mulched, raised beds on sand soil with seep irrigation. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with each treatment plot consisting of 6 m of double-row bed. One week prior to treatment, a single neonate BAW was placed on the center 12 plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with a drop nozzle sprayer using a diaphragm pump driven by a dedicated engine and pulled with an all terracum vehicle. Albuz yellow tip ceramic nozzles delivering 0.45 gpm at the operation pressure of 100 psi were used on a single-row boom. Sprayer configuration was adjusted for adequate coverage, beginning on 10 Oct with 2 over-the-row and 2 side nozzles for the first through fourth application, and adding 2 additional side nozzles with a single overhead for the remaining 3 applications. Delivery rates were 30 gal/acre for the first application, 50 gal/acre for the second through the fourth, and 63 gal/acre for the rest. The surfactant APSA-80 (@0.03%) was added to all 16 treatments and the water control. The NPV formulation, SX-61991, was applied by backpack sprayer because of windy conditions on the second and third application dates, to reduce the risk of cross-plot contamination. Five randomly selected plants from each plot were examined for armyworms 2 days post-treatment. The top 5 leaves of 2 or more growing tips of each of the same plants were evaluated for worm damage. Twenty plants near the center of each plot were randomly selected on 20 Nov and 11 Dec for harvest and evaluation. Pressure was intense during most of the trial with SAW the predominant species. The most significant differences were between chemical and biological treatments. Differences between Bt treatments were less evident, although dose responses were generally consistent for all products.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Boylan-Pett W. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P. , Pyle A. , Scriber B. , Simstad S. , Stehr M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticides were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 10 inches apart with a 17 inch row spacing on 25 and 26 April. Plots were 45 feet long by three rows wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two rows of plants or six feet of bare ground separated adjacent plots. Tenax was applied in 8-10 inch bands in the furrow on 26 April. Foliar treatments were applied with either a hand-held CO2 sprayer or a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, both applying insecticide at 30 gal/acre and 60 psi. Spraying was done on 4, 12, 18, and 25 Jun. Two whole plants in each plot were sampled for all stages of CPB on 7, 14, 21, and 28 Jun. A visual assessment of defoliation was done on 21 and 28 Jun. Potatoes were harvested from the middle row of each plot on 31 Jul, separated by size and weighed.
Threshold Control of Armyworm on No-Till Field Corn, 1992
Authors: Laub C. A. , Youngman R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in 1992 in Pulaski County, VA, to determine the effectiveness of Asana XL and 2 formulations of Lorsban (4 E and 4 E-HF) against amryworm in field corn. Plots were established in a 7 acre field. The recent cropping history for this field included field corn planted in 1990 and 1991 followed by a cover crop of barley each year. Corn rows were spaced at 30 inches. The field was being scouted every 5 to 6 d for armyworm. On 16 Jun armyworm levels in the field approached the established economic threshold. Armyworms were early 5th instar and corn was at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each plot was 4 rows wide by 50 ft. Treatments were applied on 18 Jun. Just before and 7 d after treatments were applied, armyworms were counted on 25 corn plants in the middle 2 rows of each plot. A backpack sprayer, fitted with stainless steel 8002VS spray tips, was used to broadcast the insecticides approximately 18 inches above the corn canopy. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver a rate of 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Approximately 0.1 to 0.2 inches of rain fell on the plots shortly after the Lorsban treatments were applied. Data analysis were done using SAS.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1991
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 13 May (Trial 1) and 23 May (Trial 2) at Stoneville, MS. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15-ft alleys, were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2, TX 10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Pretreatment surveys indicated heavy aphid infestations. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul (Trial 1) and 20 Aug (Trial 2). Efficacy was determined by counting aphids per square inch on leaves in the top, middle and bottom ⅓ portions of 40 randomly chosen plants at 3 and 7 DAT. (Trial 1) or, similarly, only on the under surface of the 4th leaf from the terminal at 3 and 6 DAT (Trial 2).
Apple, Airblast Evaluation Of Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to two tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of‘Yorking,’ and 2 replicates of‘Golden Delicious’ and 1 replicate of‘Stayman’ with a buffer row between blocks. These trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 30 ft and were 17 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre at 2.0 mph. Application dates and materials varied between treatments and are listed in the tables. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Dithane M 45, Nova 40 WP, captan 50 WP, and Topsin M 85 DF) was maintained throughout the experiment a 1-2 wk intervals. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting those mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees.
Control of Red and Black Flat Mite on Texas Citrus, 1992
Authors: French J. Victor , Hernandez Elias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chemicals with both acaricidal and insecticidal activity were compared to NR440 spray oil for efficacy against RFM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 8 times in a 4-yr-old commercial grapefruit orchard on 14 X 24 ft spacing. Each treatment was bounded on all sides by an unsprayed tree to minimize spray cross-contamination. Treatment sprays were applied on 5 Aug with a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 20 psi. At each count date 12 fruit per replicate was randomly selected at arms length inside the tree canopy and examined in situ with 10 X handlens. All live RFM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens field on the stem end of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Larch Casebearer Control on Western Larch, 1976
Authors: Hard John S. , Meso Stanley , Haskett Michael J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was done on epidemic larch casebearer populations in young western larch stands near LaGrande, Oregon. Orthene was applied to needle mining larvae on Sept 9, 12, and 13 by a helicoptermounted conventional boom and nozzle system with 43 tee-Jet nozzles and no. 8002 flat fan spray tips. A mixture of 90% water and 10% ethylene glycol served as carrier. The formulation was sprayed at the rate of 1 gal/acre at 60 mph and 40 psi. Three plots were sprayed and 1 was left untreated in each of 3 blocks, but sequence of plot treatment within each block was randomly assigned. Plots were 50 acres in size and ranged from 4000 to 4800 ft elevation. C. laricella larvae were counted on 1 upper crown sample, 2 midcrown samples, and 1 lower crown sample collected from 15 trees in each of the 12 plots the day before spraying and 6 weeks after spraying. Data were transformed to number of larvae/100 fascicles of western larch needles.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland with Ulv Dimethoate, 1976
Authors: Onsager Jerome A. , Mazuranich Philip C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental ULV formulation containing 30.5% dimethoate (2.67 lb a . i . / gal) was supplied by Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company. Undiluted material was applied at 6 and 12 fluid oz (2 and 4 oz Al)/acre to 2 sq 40-acre plots per dosage near Townsend, Montana on Jul 20'76 with a Cessna Ag-wagon” aircraft using 4 or 8 Tee-jet® flat-fan. no. 8003 nozzles and 36 psi pressure. Flight speed was 120 mph, and flight height and swath spacrng both were 100 ft . Results were assessed by counting grasshoppers in sixty 0.1-m2 subsamples (delineated by wire rings)/plot on July 14, 22, 26, and 29. The species listed above comprised 35, 23, 20, and 7% of the pretreatment infestation, respectively; 5 additional species were present in smaller numbers. The infestation was 86% adults and 14% numphs (4th and 5th instar).