bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastic Fantastic?
Authors: Brock Fiona , Hughes Andrew , Uden Jeremy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The mouth-blown instruments in the Pitt Rivers Museum collections cannot be played as they are dry, brittle, and often contaminated with pesticides. Making 3D-printed replicas of these instruments has been suggested as a solution, and the authors wanted to see if this was a valid option. A playable ivory recorder was scanned by computed tomography at high resolution, and the resulting files were converted to a printable format. Versions of the recorder were printed in five different resins, using printing techniques. The authors tested the sound and playability of the replicas in comparison to the original instrument in different ways. The authors concluded that some printed replicas came very close to replicating the sound of the original instrument. For the player, however, there are vast differences in the feel, playability, and responsiveness of the original ivory instrument compared to the replicas.
Modern versus Baroque Violin
Authors: Mitchell Mimi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The historical and modern instrument debate has been a centuries-long feud. A short historical review of the polemics surrounding this issue leads to an ethnomusicological examination of the violin competition in the International Bach Competition Leipzig. In 2002, the competition made the groundbreaking decision to allow baroque violinists to compete, which resulted in historical and modern instruments battling it out on the same stage. A comparison of the 2010 and 2022 competitions demonstrates how the use of equipment has changed, which performances the juries reward, and what this means for the future of the early music movement.
Professionalizing Historical Performance
Authors: Rubinoff Kailan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Amsterdam music institutions stimulated a historically informed approach to early music. While the Amsterdamsch Conservatorium (1884) trained professional musicians, a competing Amsterdam Muzieklyceum (1921), established by Netherlands Bach Society leaders, offered an experimental curriculum emphasizing new and early musics. The Conservatorium/Muzieklyceum rivalry spurred innovation but highlighted tensions between socialists’ promotion of participatory musicking, Calvinists’ push for authenticity in Bach performances, and professionals’ aims to raise standards. In the postwar era, the Muzieklyceum led the professionalization of recorder playing, while the Conservatorium led with harpsichord. Young musicians flocked to Amsterdam, attracted by star faculty and vibrant countercultural scenes. When the Amsterdam Conservatorium and Muzieklyceum merged, the resultant Sweelinck Conservatorium (1976) provided innovative project-based and “block” instruction. Government cutbacks entailed another fusion with the Hilversum Conservatorium’s upstart early music program (1998). The present-day Conservatorium van Amsterdam juxtaposes classical, jazz, world, and popular musics with historical performance, an adaptation to diversifying populations and marketplace priorities.
Toward a More Inclusive Early Music
Authors: Pellerano Deanna 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Inclusive Early Music (IEM) is an online bibliography dedicated to helping scholars research and teach early music more inclusively. This conversation with the editors of the project, Erika Supria Honisch and Giovanni Zanovello, traces the origins, challenges, and future hopes for IEM. As the project grappled with Eurocentric norms in the study of early music, it also reflected on its own role in addressing these systemic frameworks. The editors discussed their careful consideration of the chronological boundaries of the bibliography, the language used in the tags, and the scope of the content represented in the sources. Though not able to solve every problem in the field, IEM hopes to provide a useful contribution to the growing toolbox of the early music scholar.
Early Music and the Paradox of Technology
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the tension between the early music revival and technological innovation. The history of the revival may be divided into several discrete “waves,” characterized by the impact of technology on historically informed performance (HIP). The focus is on the reintroduction (since the 1990s) of technology as a means to synthesize and sample sounds to enhance historically informed aspects of their structure and sound. This includes an exploration of the use of advanced studio techniques to reimagine historical sounds, samplers (and especially virtual organ software) to reproduce them, and advanced computer programs to recreate the acoustics of historical venues.
Early Music in the Latin Americas
Authors: Michel Mélodie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
When early music is discussed, European and North American predominance is commonly assumed, even though Latin America has long been an important early music center and has exported a multitude of talented musicians. This chapter examines the history of the early music movement in Latin America, its social and cultural expressions, and the recent shifts that marked the early twenty-first century. A product of multidirectional waves of migration and international exchanges for over half a century, the early music scene in the Latin American region represents far more than mere emulation of traditions from the so-called First World. Moreover, the author argues that the region can offer and help develop different views on the meaning of early music practice today. As an early musician, the author based her work on both historical perspectives and ethnographic methods, including four years of fieldwork in several European and Latin American countries.
Remixes and Radical Revivals
Authors: Vincent Caitlin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 2016, journalist Michael Cooper referred to the “opera wars” to describe the longstanding argument over how historical operas should be staged. While traditionalists believe opera productions should reflect the intentions of their original authors, progressives favor a revisionist approach, particularly for works containing racial stereotypes. The early music field is not removed from the opera wars, yet it has also seen an influx of recent productions that radically reimagine historical operas. This chapter considers two such productions that subvert notions of authorial intent while also centering performers and cultural practices that are marginalized in the opera field. Opéra national de Paris’s Les Indes Galantes (2019) and Opera North’s Orpheus (2022) both serve as best practice models for how historical operas can be staged for modern audiences. However, the creative freedom they reflect stems from the nature of the works themselves, posing a challenge for application to the broader opera field.
Contesting the Polity
Authors: Paris William M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter turns to the problem of inclusion and exclusion as exemplified by the black nationalism of Martin Delany and Marcus Garvey. If racially unjust societies are temporally out of joint, then the question becomes whether they become less so as the racially dominated are included. It then argues that black nationalism gives us good reasons to think not. What Delany and Garvey show is that what is at issue is not only inclusion in a form of time, but being able to contest and negotiate how that time is organized. They believe that even with formal inclusion the time of the polity remains in the control of white citizens. Thus, a new nation is necessary. The chapter argues that this insight is important, but black nationalism necessarily reifies race as the central problem of time rather that capitalist social relations.
Statecraft 2.0
Authors: 9780197698938  , Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book outlines the essence of statecraft, what it takes to apply it effectively, and its importance for American foreign policy in a more challenging international landscape. Today, the US faces global competitors like China and Russia and regional ones like Iran and North Korea. US power is more constrained externally at a time when Americans are increasingly chary of US interventions abroad. Unfortunately, the world does not become safer or more stable when the US is less able to exercise leadership internationally. In order to play and sustain a leadership role, there are two prerequisites. First, US policies need to reflect American traditions, so they generate more instinctive support from the US public. Second, especially in the aftermath of costly failures in the Middle East, the US needs to show that its policies are working. As America faces more constraints abroad and more questioning at home, US policymakers do not have the luxury of practicing their statecraft poorly. The US must know how to apply all its means—political, economic, diplomatic, military, intelligence, technological, scientific, and information—to maximize leverage. The sine qua non for good statecraft is being able to marry objectives and means. This book explains why this can be so difficult, how to learn lessons from past cases of good and bad statecraft, and how to apply those lessons to current challenges with China, Iran, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Never has good statecraft been more important, and this book offers a guide to applying it.
America’s Self-Image, Traditions, and Role in the World
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes how US foreign policy has long been guided by both interests and values. The chapter offers a historical overview of the development and evolution of an American self-image of a selfless nation driven by a higher sense of purpose. The exceptionalism justified for much of American history unilateralism and a transactional approach to US foreign policy. World War II, however, marked a turning point in how that exceptionalism translated into deeper engagement, indeed leadership and responsibilities, on the world stage. The chapter traces the decision making of Presidents Wilson, Roosevelt, and Truman and how their leadership was both in keeping with a long American ethos and simultaneously transformative for the US role in the world. Looking to the future, the chapter explains why that role, as it evolves, must be consistent with American traditions and self-image.
Different Schools of Thought about America’s Role in the World
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter takes the backlash over the American overreach in Iraq and Afghanistan and explores the debate over America's role in the world that resulted from it. The chapter defines five schools of thought that emerged in the debate: America First, Progressives/Restrainers, Spheres of Influence, Realists/Balance of Power, and Liberal Internationalists. The first three schools argue, each with its own logic, for American retrenchment. For the Realists/Balance of Power and Liberal Internationalists, however, they share the view that American engagement and leadership remains essential. The difference between the Realists/Balance of Power and Liberal Internationalists is that the former prioritizes interests while the latter gives greater weight to values. The chapter concludes by making the case for blending these two.
Undoing Iraqi Aggression in Kuwait
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter details the Bush 41st administration's statecraft to undo Iraqi aggression in Kuwait, mobilizing the world against Saddam Hussein. Together with his Secretary of State James Baker, President Bush brought the Soviets into a global coalition against Saddam, imposed far-reaching sanctions, and moved the Saudis, Kuwaitis, Germans, and Japanese to help provide Turkey and Egypt with the financial means necessary to sustain costly sanctions. The chapter explains the role of intensive, personal diplomacy in creating and sustaining a coalition as the Cold War drew to a close. Beyond the international balancing act managed by the administration, the chapter also examines how President Bush and his team shaped and managed domestic expectations and challenges to maximize their flexibility. While the administration skillfully married objectives and means, there was one area that it could have done better: it did little to frame the issues or explain the stakes to the American public.
Practicing Statecraft: How to Deal with China
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, the author discusses the nature of the threat from China to American strategic interests and describes possible paths forward to manage that threat. China has truly formidable strengths, but it also has serious structural weaknesses. It can mobilize enormous resources to tackle any problem but at times its big decisions have produced huge mistakes. It has great ambitions internationally, and it seeks to reshape the rules of the international system to suit itself and weaken the United States. It reads the US willingness to compete as an effort to prevent China’s rise. Given that, it is hard to reassure China, but this chapter explains why America’s aim must be to shape the competition with China so it is manageable and does not preclude cooperation. The author describes three different models to guide America's approach to the China challenge, containment, engagement, and competitive co-existence, and argues that what is needed is deterrence along with readiness to cooperate on areas of mutual interest, such as climate security issues. Putting the emphasis on what the United States and China must do together on issues where these countries have no choice but to cooperate (e.g., on climate) may make it easier to manage inevitable competition.
Iran: What Is Necessary to Conduct More Effective Statecraft Vis-à-Vis the Islamic Republic
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of the Iranian threat to American interests, including broader regional security and stability. The author describes elements of the Iranian threat, including Iran's nuclear program and its proxies across the Middle East which form not an Axis of Resistance, as Tehran claims, but an Axis of Misery. The chapter traces American administrations' statecraft to Iran, from Carter to Biden, evaluating how tools such as sanctions, unilateral American diplomatic engagement, and coordinated international pressures have varied in their efficacy since 1979. Since its inception, the Islamic Republic has viewed direct confrontation with the United States as threatening to the regime’s survival—and survival comes first. Yes, it warns of the grave consequences for the United States should it attack Iran, but it has repeatedly acted to avoid direct conflict with America and specializes in indirect conflict, through its proxies. The author argues that America has the means to raise the costs to Iran in a way that matters to the Iranian leadership and must do so, as Iran's use of proxies threatens US interests and friends.
The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: Can Statecraft Work?
Authors: Ross Dennis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how statecraft can be used to make progress on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Given the complete distrust, disbelief, and parallel sets of traumas that are consuming both Israelis and Palestinians since October 7, 2023, there is no near-term solution. For Israelis, the seeming enjoyment of those doing the slaughtering on October 7 created not just a shock but a belief that this is what would accompany a Palestinian state. For Palestinians, the scope of the death and destruction in Gaza meant that Israelis were indifferent to their suffering. Both sides have lost faith in a possibility of a peaceful resolution, and this faith cannot be restored quickly. The author argues that functional cooperation in health and environment, the creation of parallel responsibilities and preventing actions that preclude two states, a mutual recognition of legitimacy (not simply existence), and new leadership in Israel and the Palestinian Authority are all components of a path forward.
“But Where Is Your Grandmother Really From?”
Authors: Steflja Izabela 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges of returning “home” for fieldwork to a country that in name and configuration no longer exists and investigates the complexities of ethnicity and defining oneself as “native” in a post-conflict setting where war crimes were committed in the name of ethnic identity. The author examines the different roles that ethnic background and gender, as well as the intersection of the two, played during her fieldwork in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. The researcher explains how her gender identity took center stage in both field sites and how Serbian male interviewees insisted on performing their gendered roles. The author describes several incidents with high-profile interviewees that placed her in uncomfortable positions, such as when she was interrogated for entering the traditionally male arena of politics and told to focus on marriage prospects while enduring sexual(ized) harassment.
Discomfort in the Field
Authors: Zerrougui Hiba 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, the author discusses her preparations for conducting research in Algeria and her fieldwork experiences in the country. She identifies her main fieldwork hurdles to be the confluence of ascribed characteristics such as her gender, age, social class, citizenship, and personal status, as well as family politics. Instead of finding ways to overcome barriers to data collection, the researcher opted for a more reflexive review of her own assumptions about what fieldwork in Algeria should look like and how those assumptions informed the research questions and methodologies she planned to employ. In doing so, she embraced a research ethics centered around the feminist notion of “politics of care,” an empowering approach to knowledge production that rests on values of inclusion, justice, safety, and fairness. The chapter provides a critique of what constitutes “valid” sources of knowledge, relevant research questions, and legitimate spaces for data collection.
Ethnicity as a Liability
Authors: Asfaw Tewodros Zewdu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 1991 the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) seized power in Ethiopia. It then redrew the internal administrative borders of the country along strict monoethnic-based identities. However, this new geographic and administrative organization failed to consider the country’s large number of mixed-ethnic people who could not fit into the state’s accepted ethnicities. The regime deterred scholarship on, and by, Ethiopians of mixed ethnic identity. In this chapter, the author recounts his challenges as an ethnically mixed Ethiopian undertaking a year-long fieldwork study on mixed ethnicity in the country. The author particularly addresses: (1) the risks and challenges for a mixed-ethnic native scholar studying mixed ethnicity under a regime that carries out discriminatory, patriarchal ethnic policies; (2) strategies for collecting data from wary government officials and a suspicious public; and (3) lessons learned from his risky fieldwork experience in a repressive and politically challenging environment.
Race, Ethnicity, and Belonging
Authors: Jumet Kira D. , Mekouar Merouan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides strategies for addressing fieldwork challenges related to ethnicity, race, and religion, as well as family background. The authors discuss issues such as the relationship between ethnicity and physical security in particular environments, the effects of racism on researchers’ data collection and mental health, the impact of insider-outsider status on interviewee trust, and the intersectional obstacle of discrimination based on religion as it relates to race. While non-native researchers often experience the burden of these various identity markers, they often take on oversized importance in the cases of native scholars conducting fieldwork in their repressive and/or illiberal home countries. Thus, this chapter provides insights, such as tapping into one’s knowledge of local customs and norms of reciprocity, to navigate some of these hurdles.
Nowhere to Hide
Authors: Al-Khatib Taqadum 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
While many scholars from repressive states opt for self-censorship to preserve their safety or that of their loved ones, others have taken bolder steps toward freedom of expression. In this chapter, an Egyptian academic recounts how his scholarly work was perceived as a threat by Abdel Fattah al-Sisi’s regime, leading the Egyptian state to rescind his PhD funding for study in Germany mid-program. The author also endured harassment and intimidation from the Egyptian Embassy in Berlin, including regular verbal and written threats, attempts to confiscate his passport illegally, interrogations about his research topic, and threats to obtain his social media passwords. Additionally, while the author remained in self-imposed exile to avoid prosecution for sham retaliatory charges by the state, security forces raided his family’s home in Egypt, confiscated personal photos and documents, and threated his parents with arrest if they did not disclose information about him.
Impossible Return?
Authors: Saeidi Shirin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Iran readily arrests dual citizens based on their categorization as threats to national security. In this chapter, the author discusses her experience as an Iranian American political scientist who made a risky decision to return to Iran for long-term fieldwork and accepted an invitation from a professor based at the University of Tehran to teach in the faculty he chaired. After the author arrived at the university, the faculty chair introduced aspects of the job description not initially shared, including the promotion of state propaganda on English-language media networks that broadcast abroad. The Iranian American scholar also recounts that the faculty chair submitted a case with Iran’s intelligence ministry in response to her refusal to participate in the dissemination of propaganda and how she ultimately faced interrogation at SAVAK, Iran’s intelligence and security organization.
Questionable Solicitations and Regime Restrictions
Authors: Miguel Jose 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Although the author spent almost three decades researching indigenous governance, territorial rights, and sustainable livelihoods in the eastern regions of Nicaragua free from government scrutiny and harassment, the situation changed radically in the environment of the 2018 political crisis. He explains how the ongoing political crisis imposed a de facto ban on scholarly activities and independent journalism, which fundamentally impacted what he studied and taught, as well as his ability to collaborate with colleagues from private and public universities in the country. This chapter documents the difficulties a native Nicaraguan scholar encountered while conducting research in his home country, questionable solicitations the author received from international organizations seeking to intervene in the ongoing civil conflict, and pressure exerted on his colleagues in national universities by regime political operatives. The author’s reflections also explore strategies he pursued to continue his work and the risks associated with them.