bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-12 Heritage Raramuri Criollo Cattle Production as a Potential Strategy for Conservation of Black Grama in the Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Nyamuryekung'e Shelemia , Estell Richard , James Darren , Cibils Andres , McIntosh Matt M , Spiegal Sheri , Utsumi Santiago 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Chihuahuan desert ecosystem has experienced a decrease in black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), a perennial grass species with high ecological value, alongside a subsequent increase in mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). This trend is thought to be due to several management- and environment-related factors. We compared diet selection of a heritage Raramuri Criollo (RC) vs. Angus-X-Hereford (AH) cattle, typical of the region, using fecal DNA metabarcoding conducted by a commercial laboratory to determine the proportion of black grama and mesquite in samples. RC and AH cows grazed two adjacent pastures (~1,100 ha) separately, switched at the mid-point of each period. Rectal fecal samples were collected from 10 cows/ breed/ pasture/ period. The study was replicated across seasons (growing and dormant) for three consecutive years (240 total fecal samples) in a completely randomized design. Relative abundance of plant species was ranked over the entire study and by season. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was used to analyze the proportions of black grama and mesquite in fecal samples by breed, season, year, and all interactions. Black grama was a more important forage resource than mesquite (ranked 8 vs. 11), particularly during dormancy (ranked 3 vs. 7). When examined by breed, AH fecal samples had twice the percentage of black grama vs. RC (P&lt; 0.05) and even more so during the dormant season (P&lt; 0.05). In contrast, RC fecal samples tended to contain a greater percentage of mesquite (P=0.05). Adjustments for BW differences between breeds (545 vs. 350 kg mean BW for AH vs. RC respectively) suggest that AH consumed 3.09-fold more black grama while RC consumed 1.59 times more mesquite. Differences in diet composition appear to support the hypothesis that RC cattle could impose a lighter grazing pressure on black grama populations, potentially serving as a conservation management tool on Chihuahuan Desert rangelands.
PSXII-16 Intercropped Sorghum Sudan Grass and Cowpea for Improved Summer Pasture
Authors: Thomas Ivan R , Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine C , Popp Michael P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pastures in the southeastern United States are dominated primarily by warm season perennials such as bermudagrass which can be low in energy. Assessment of stocker cattle performance on bermudagrass pastures overseeded with alternative warm-season forages, such as sorghum Sudan grass and cowpea, are scarce. A study was conducted during the summer of 2021 with crossbred steers (n = 72; 305 ± 2.8 kg initial BW) to investigate growth performance when grazing sorghum Sudan grass and sorghum Sudan grass intercropped with cowpea as alternatives to bermudagrass. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates (2 ha each) per treatment. Treatments were bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) (CON), CON overseeded with brown mid-rib sorghum Sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor L.) (SS), and SS with cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (SSCP) planted in alternate planting passes. Forage samples were collected from 3, 0.25m2 quadrats placed randomly in the next available paddock just prior to grazing. The SSCP pastures had 3 additional randomly placed quadrats, 3 in SS and 3 in CP. Forage crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) did not differ (P &gt;0.96 and 0.19, respectively) among treatments and averaged 9.1% and 65.6%. Pre-grazing forage mass was greater in SS and SSCP (P&lt; 0.01) averaging 4,925, 3,460, and 1,590, in SS, SSCP, and CON, respectively. Animal gains were 1.04 in SSCP and 0.96 in SS, greater than 0.78 in CON (P&lt; 0.01). Grazing days were greatest (P&lt; 0.01) in CON (91 d) followed by SS (68 d), with the fewest grazing days in SSCP (60 d). Despite differences in grazing days, gain per ha, did not differ (P=0.39) among treatments, and averaged 261 kg/ha. Although SSCP and SS had fewer grazing days, gain per ha were similar among treatments due to greater ADG on SS and SSCP pastures.
PSXV-9 Effect of Forty-Eight Hours of Feed and Water Deprivation on the Performance of Grazing Nellore Heifers
Authors: Abreu Mateus José I , Cidrini Iorrano A , Batista Luis Henrique C , Ferreira Igor M , Oliveira Karla A , Sousa Luciana M , de França Matheus Queiroz S , Bisio Gustavo Henrique M , Resende Flávio D , Siqueira Gustavo R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of water and feed deprivation for 48 hours on the performance of grazing Nellore heifers. Nellore heifers [n = 24; 238±10 kg body weight (BW); 16±2 months old] were randomly distributed in the following treatments: (CONT) grazing animals with free access to pasture, water, and mineral mixture (n = 12); and (PRIV) animals maintained under equal grazing conditions; however, deprived of pasture, water, and mineral mixture for 48 hours (n = 12). The heifers were managed in pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu from April to November 2021. The grazing method was continuous stocking with a fixed stocking rate. The experiment lasted 225 days, from d-14 to d-1 was considered the adaptation period and from d0 to d211 the evaluation period. From d0 to d2 the PRIV animals were kept in pens without access to food and water for 48 hours. As expected, heifers of both treatments reached d0 with similar BW and ADG (247 kg and 0.600 kg/day, respectively; P ≥ 0.642). At the final of deprivation period (d2) PRIV animals were 14.6% lighter than CONT (246 vs. 210 kg of BW; P &lt; 0.001). From d2 to d12 the animals exhibited a partial compensatory gain (3.430 vs. 0.996 kg/day; P &lt; 0.001), reducing the difference in BW between treatments to 4.7% (256 vs. 244 kg of BW; P = 0.019). However, after d12 it was observed that ADG was similar (P ≥ 0.384) and PRIV heifers were 12 kg of BW lighter than CONTs by the end of evaluation period (311 vs. 299; P = 0.042). We conclude that grazing Nellore heifers deprived of water and feed for 48 hours partially compensate for their BW loss but remain 12 kg lighter than non-deprived animals along the production cycle.
PSXV-8 Development of Imaging Techniques to Evaluate Dietary Interventions That Promote Regression of Osteochondrotic Lesions in a Growing Pig Model
Authors: Kokinos Brittney P , Amundson Laura A , Crenshaw Thomas D , Lang Pam J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The current objective was to develop imaging techniques to characterize osteochondrotic-like lesions (OC-lesions) and evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions to promote lesion regression and prevent lameness. Pigs (n=76) were weaned (~6kg) and fed 1 of 2 nursery diets for 3-wk with no supplemental vitamin D, (-D, n=60) or 280 IU D3/kg (+D3, n=20). Following the nursery, +D pigs were fed standard diets (+Ctl) and -D pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 diets (15 pigs/TRT) until 24-wk: 280 IU D3/kg diet, D3; 280 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, 25OH; 140 IU D3/kg+140 IU 25-OH-D3/kg, D3 + 25OH; 280 IU D3/kg+40ppm Mn, D3+Mn. Pigs were euthanized at 8, 12, and 24-weeks and femurs dissected for CT and MRI scans. CT scans were reconstructed in Mimics (Materialize software, Version 23) to quantify whole-bone mineral volume (BMV; g/cm3) and OC-lesion characteristics across the growth plate and articular surface (number, volume, surface area, location), as reported in Table 1. MRI images were used to validate lesions detected with CT. Differences in gain and feed intake were not detected. At 8-wk, BMV was reduced in D3 pigs compared with +Ctl; however, at 12-wk BMV was increased in 25OH and D3+Mn compared with D3 and D3 + 25OH pigs. By 24-wk BMV across all treatments was not different from +Ctl. No lesions were observed at 8 wk. Number of lesions per bone at 24-wk increased in D3+Mn compared with +Ctl pigs, 3.6 vs. 1.7, respectively (P&lt; 0.05). Summation of lesion volume per bone at 24-wk tended to increase in 25OH and D3+Mn, 81.2 and 97.0 mm3, respectively, compared with +Ctl pigs, 60.6 mm3. Limitations of this study include low number of observations and low incidence of detected lesions in all treatments, with no differences between D3 and +Ctl. Although inferences about nutrient interventions are premature, we have developed methodologies to better characterize OC-lesions.
PSXV-14 Clodronate Use Does not Influence Physical Growth Parameters in Yearling Horses Undergoing Forced Exercise
Authors: Conrad Matthew B , Leatherwood Jessica L , Glass Kati G , Arnold Carolyn E , Silvers Brittany L , George James M , Martinez Rafael E , Nielsen Brian D , Colbath Aimee C , Welsh Thomas H , Bradbery Amanda N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Off-label bisphosphonate use in juvenile horses is widespread despite little scientific understanding of biological and welfare impacts on skeletally immature, exercising horses. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of clodronate disodium on growth parameters of young horses. Thirty-two yearling Quarter horses (335 ± 4 kg, 500 ± 13 d of age) were stratified by age, BW, sex, and initial bone density by aluminum equivalence into four treatment groups for a 168-d trial. The experimental period was divided into two phases mimicking common management practices in horses undergoing sales preparation (Phase I: d 0 to 83) and early performance training (Phase II: d 84 to 168). Horses were housed in individual stalls (3.6 m × 7.2 m). Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements including concentrate offered every 12 h and ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay and water. Treatments consisted of control (CON; n = 8), single-dose (1X; n = 8), two-dose (2X; n = 8), and four-dose groups (4X; n = 8). All horses received iso-volumetric intramuscular injections of either 1.8 mg/kg BW clodronate disodium (OSPHOSÒ) or saline (placebo) on d 0, 42, 84, and 126. Physical measurements including BW, wither height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG) circumference were recorded every 42 d, beginning on d 0. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. There were no treatment differences (P ≥ 0.62) or treatment ′ time interactions (P ≥ 0.25) for BW, WH, HH, BL, and HG, but all measurements increased over time (P ≤ 0.01). These results indicate that clodronate does not impact physical growth parameters in juvenile horses undergoing forced exercise. Further work is ongoing to determine tissue-specific effects of clodronate on bone growth and development in yearling Quarter horses.
PSXV-12 Application of a Survey Instrument for Determining the Impact of Horse Breed Association Youth Programs for Youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Friend Molly , Evans Holly , Holtcamp Katie , Culwell Julius 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Almost 10% of U.S. youth are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and while this disorder is not a learning disability, these youth are often labeled academically as “at-risk”. While equine assisted activities and therapy (EAAT) has shown to promote an emotionally safe learning environment for at-risk youth, these programs are often limited and hard to locate, particularly within a rural setting. On the other hand, horse breed associations offer activities for all youth and can be located throughout all U.S. states, and while these programs do not have a therapeutic focus, they are accessible. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a survey instrument to determine the benefit of participation in horse breed association youth programs for youth with ADHD. A survey instrument was developed with 6 fixed response questions consisting of 5 multiple choice questions and one question formatted as a rating scale with a list of 10 life skills for participants to rate. Paper surveys were distributed at various association-sponsored activities in 2021. Participants (n=58) included the following: 1) parents of ADHD youth that had participated or were participating in breed association youth activities or 2) individuals with ADHD that had participated as a youth in these activities. The majority participated in these programs &gt;5 years (67%) with &gt;2 horses (78%). As for tangible returns, the most common were trophies/ribbons (52%) and the least common was scholarships (17%). Respondents were in overwhelming agreement, either responding “somewhat” or “definitely yes”, that these programs had impacted academic (55%) and career (60%) goals. As for development of life skills, all skills reported improvement through participation with “respect” having the highest rating. While EAAT has shown promise for youth with ADHD, breed association youth programs may be an alternative or complimentary approach in working with youth with ADHD.
PSXV-13 Relationship between Velocity and Temporal Variables in the Akhal-Teke Glide
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Friend Molly , Beranger Jeannette 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been noted worldwide, media coverage has not addressed the impact on the equine population within these countries. This is particularly a concern for the Akhal-Teke as the main stud farms for this breed are located within these countries. Preservation of the genetic diversity of this breed and, in turn, the unique phenotypic characteristics is critical as the breed has been labeled by the Livestock Conservancy as “threatened” due to their limited numbers. While the Akhal-Teke is more known for their metallic-appearing haircoat, the smoothness of their intermediate gait, called the Akhal-Teke Glide, is noted by riders. Previous research describes the gait as a four-beat, diagonal stepping gait, similar to the Mangalarga Marchador batida gait, but the relationship between velocity and gait has yet to be studied in the Akhal-Teke. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the influence of velocity on the Akhal-Teke Glide. Horses (n=9) selected by the Akhal-Teke Association of America in collaboration with the Livestock Conservancy were filmed performing a slow and fast Akhal-Teke Glide. Frame-by-frame analysis was performed and means (SD) were determined for 10 strides for each horse per velocity. Velocity effect for each variable was tested using a one-way analysis of variance based on a general linear model procedure (SAS; P&lt; 0.05). Stride and stance duration decreased with velocity as stride length increased (Table 1). The slower gait demonstrated diagonal limb coupling alternating between unipedal (Hind: 8±1%; Fore: 6±2%) and bipedal support. Suspension (19+3%) replaced unipedal support as diagonal limbs paired with increased velocity. The ability of the breed to perform both a four-beat stepping and two-beat leaping gait at trotting velocities allows for the rider to select gait for comfort and functionality and this unique ability should be a consideration in future breeding programs.
PSIII-A-3 An Investigation of the Effect of Folic Acid and its Delivery Routes on Broiler Chickens’ Hatch and Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Antioxidant Status
Authors: Oladokun Samson , Adewole Deborah I 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of folic acid (FA) and its delivery routes (in-feed or in ovo) on broiler chicken’s hatch and growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status. A total of 1,860 Cobb 500 hatching eggs were incubated for 21 days. On d 12 of incubation, viable eggs were randomly allotted to 3 groups: the non-injected group, in ovo folic acid 1 (FA1), and in ovo folic acid 2 groups (FA2) and subsequently injected with 0.1 ml FA containing 0.1 mg and 0.15 mg/egg, via the amnion, respectively. At hatch, chicks were re-allotted to 5 new treatment groups: FA1, FA2, in-feed folic acid (FA3; 5mg/kg), in-feed bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD; 55 mg/kg), and negative control (NC; corn-wheat-soybean diet) in 6 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) and raised in starter (d 0 -14), grower (d 15-24) and finisher (d 25-35) phases. Hatch parameters were assessed on d 0, and body weight and feed intake (FI) were determined weekly. On d 25, 1 bird/cage was euthanized, and immune organs weighed. Blood samples were collected for biochemistry and antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase-SOD and Malondialdehyde-MDA) analysis. Data were analyzed in a randomized complete block design. While FA1 and FA2 decreased (P&lt; 0.001) hatchability in a dose-dependent manner, FA2 caused a 2% increase (P&lt; 0.05) in average chick weight compared to the non-injected group. Compared to the BMD treatment, FA3 decreased (P&lt; 0.05) average FI across all feeding phases. However, only in the grower phase did BMD treatment record a lower (P&lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the NC treatment. Other treatments recorded intermediate FCR values. FA1 and FA2 recorded a tendency (P&lt; 0.1) to increase MDA levels and SOD activity by 50% and 19%, respectively, compared to the NC treatment. Besides its negative effect on hatchability, FA2 may help improve embryonic development and antioxidant status in broiler chickens.
PSIII-A-1 Acute Stress Effects on Physiological Responses and Meat Quality Changes in Goats
Authors: Naldurtiker Aditya , Shaik Arshad , Batchu Phaneendra , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Duration of stress prior to processing can significantly affect physiological status and meat quality in goats. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of duration of preslaughter stress on physiological responses and meat quality in goats. In a Randomized Complete Block Design, fifty-four uncastrated male Spanish goats (8-mo old; BW 29.7 ± 2.03 kg) were randomly subjected to one of three treatments (n = 18 goats/treatment): (i) transported for 3 h, (ii) transported for 30 min, or (iii) or held in pens (control) on two different days. Blood samples were collected before and after transport for assessment of stress responses. Goats were slaughtered, using humane procedures, for meat quality analysis. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS with treatment and day as fixed variables. Cortisol concentrations were higher (P &lt; 0.01) in both 3 h (117.7 ± 7.96 ng/mL) and 30 min (130.1 ± 8.05 ng/mL) transported groups compared to the control group (27.5 ± 7.59 ng/mL). A similar treatment effect was noticed in plasma non-esterified fatty acid (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations. Glucose concentrations were highest in 180-min, lowest in control, and intermediate in 30-min group (P &lt; 0.01). There were significant positive correlations among muscle desmin concentration after 6 days of aging and 24 h pH (P &lt; 0.05) and calpastatin activity (P &lt; 0.05), suggesting that desmin degradation plays a role in determining the tenderness of aged meat from goats subjected to preslaughter stress. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of loin chops were highest in 180-min, lowest in control, and intermediate in 30-min groups; however, treatment did not influence the color values or cooking loss of loin chops. The results indicate that acute stress prior to processing can affect both physiological responses and meat quality in a duration-dependent manner in goats.
PSIII-A-7 Conditioning of Goats to Livestock Trailer: Effects on Physiological Stress Responses During Long-Distance Transportation
Authors: Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Dykes Gregory , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , McCommon George , Kannan Govind 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Meat goats are often transported long distances under commercial situations in the US. In a split-plot design, 168 twelve-month-old male Spanish goats were used to determine the effects of habituation to trailers on behavior and stress responses when transported for long periods. Animals were separated into two treatment (TRT) groups and maintained on two different paddocks. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (5.0 × 2.3 m each; habituated group, H), while the other group received the same quantity of concentrate, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). After 4 weeks of habituation period, goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT). Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time). Behaviors of goats after loading were not affected by treatment. Plasma cortisol, glucose, and urea nitrogen concentrations and creatine kinase (CK) activities were significantly influenced by Time (P &lt; 0.01). Plasma cortisol was not affected by TRT; however, glucose and CK in the H group tended to be lower than the NH group. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) in the H group than the NH group, likely in response to epinephrine release. There was a TRT × Time effect (P &lt; 0.05) on CK activities, with the values increasing in the NH group and decreasing in the H group during the first two hours of transportation. Lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio also increased (P &lt; 0.01) over transportation time. Habituation to trailer may be beneficial during long distance transportation of goats as indicated by certain physiological stress responses. Habituation may also facilitate the loading process, based on behavioral observations.
PSIII-A-5 Blood Catecholamine Profiling of Transportation Stress in Goats Previously Habituated to Livestock Trailer
Authors: Gurrapu Priyanka , Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Long distance transportation can cause significant physiological changes in goats that can impact their wellbeing. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of habituation to livestock trailer on plasma catecholamine profile in goats transported for long periods. A total of 168 intact male Spanish goats were separated into two treatment (TRT) groups and maintained on two different paddocks in a split-plot design. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (5.0 × 2.3 m each; habituated group, H), while the other group received the concentrate supplement, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). After 4 weeks of habituation period, goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT). Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time) for catecholamine analysis using a sensitive, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method. Habituation did not have any significant effect on dopamine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine concentrations, while there was a tendency for TRT effect (P &lt; 0.1) on epinephrine, tyramine, and metanephrine concentrations. Phenyethylamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the H group compared to the NH group, which may enhance emotional wellbeing and energy levels. While both dopamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with transportation time, dopamine concentrations increased again at 10 h. Plasma metanephrine concentrations were 0.86, 0.85, 4.22, 3.68, 2.30, 2.05, 2.14 (SEM = 0.327) nM, respectively at Preload, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h, indicating that stress peaked during the initial hours and decreased thereafter. Interaction effects were not significant. Habituation to trailer may be beneficial in mood and energy stabilization in goats during long-distance transportation. Metanephrine concentrations may more accurately reflect stress levels in goats.