bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-5 Effects of Stocking Density on the Welfare and Immune Responses of Laying Hens Housed in Small Furnished Cages
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Yu Hanlin , Wang Ye , Bao Jun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effects of stocking density on the welfare and immune responses of laying hens housed in furnished cages, 192 Hy-Line Brown hens were housed in small furnished cages and randomly divided into three groups on their 18 weeks old for low-density group (833 cm2 per hen, LD), medium-density group (625 cm2 per hen, MD), and high-density group (500 cm2 per hen, HD). There are eight cages in each stocking density. The welfare of laying hens was assessed at 22, 42 and 72 weeks of age (WOA) for feather quality, foot cleanness, footpad dermatitis, hyperkeratosis and keel bone damage. After the last welfare assessment, venous blood from the wing of the hen was extracted for testing immune indicators of Immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-12 (IL-12) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that feather quality of laying hens from HD group was worse than hens from LD and MD groups at 42 and 62 WOA (P &lt; 0.05). The foot cleanness score of hens from HD group was worse than other two group hens at 62 WOA (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. There was no significant difference between three groups on other welfare indicators (P &gt; 0.05), but the welfare quality of laying hens got worse with the aging of laying hens. Laying hens from LD group had greater concentrations of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 compared with hens from MD and HD groups (P &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference for other immune responses (P &gt; 0.05). These findings suggest that keeping a high stocking density of laying hens could cause feather damage, impact the welfare quality and reduce the immune responses of laying hens housed in small furnished cages.
PSIV-A-2 Beef Genetics in the Dairy Management System: Management System and Maternal Genetic Effects on Calf Growth and Body Measurements
Authors: Fuerniss Luke K , Young James D , Hall Jerica R , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Benitez Oscar J , Rathmann Ryan J , Johnson Bradley J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Improved reproductive management allowed dairy cow pregnancies to be optimized for beef production. The objective of this sire-controlled study was to characterize effects of maternal genetics and the dairy management system on calf growth. Pregnancies were created with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dam breed (Holstein or Jersey) and mating type (artificial insemination or implantation of an in vitro produced embryo from a commercial beef cow oocyte). Resulting calves were reared in a calf ranch. Additionally, commercial beef cows were inseminated and reared resulting calves on range. Therefore, the five treatments were Angus × Holstein (A×H; n = 19), Angus × Jersey (A×J; n = 22), Angus × Beef gestated by Holstein (H-ET; n = 18), Angus × Beef gestated by Jersey (J-ET; n = 8), and Angus × Beef raised by beef (A×B; n = 20). Beginning at birth, calf body weight, cannon circumference, forearm circumference, top width, hip width, and hip height were measured approximately every 28 days until approximately 196 days of age. At birth, A×J calves weighed the least (P &lt; 0.01). At 150 days of age, body weight was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) among A×B calves, intermediate among H-ET and A×H calves, and least among J-ET and A×J calves (P &lt; 0.05). Morphometric differences were detected between treatments (MANOVA P &lt; 0.01). Primary discriminant function scores identified A×B calves having lesser values than A×J or A×H calves (ANOVA P &lt; 0.01); A×B calves had greater cannon circumference, greater top width, and less hip height (standardized loadings of -0.47, -0.48, and 0.63, respectively). The dairy management system limited growth rate of beef genetics compared to the beef management system. In addition, Holstein dams transmitted greater growth potential than Jersey dams. Replacing maternal dairy genetics with beef genetics increased top width and decreased hip height.
PSIV-A-4 Characterization of Heat Stress and Recovery on Productive Performance and Physiological Indicators, Blood and Milk Characteristic, and Gene Expression in Early Lactating Holstein Cows
Authors: Jo JangHoon , Nejad Jalil Ghassemi , Kim WonSeob , Peng DongQiao , Jo YongHo , Kim Hye Ran , Park Nam Geon , Lee HongGu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We aimed to characterize the novel insights into the recovery (RC) regulation mechanism after heat stress (HS) in early lactating Holstein cows in changing environments using measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, and blood and milk parameters. Twelve cows (milk yield = 23.64 ± 0.88 kg/d, days in milk = 57 ± 3 d) were randomly and equally housed in environmentally controlled chambers by providing temperature-humidity index (THI) at three levels of 72~73 (25oC, 50~60% humidity, Comfort), 78~79 (28oC, 60~70% humidity, Mild), and 86~87 (31℃, 80~90% humidity, Moderate). The environments inside the chambers were adjusted for 3 days of adaptation at 67~68 THI (22℃, 50~60% humidity, normal) level. After adaptation, cows were received HS for 7 days and RC for 5 days. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Feed intake and milk yield were lower and water intake was higher in the Moderate than the Comfort and Mild groups (p &lt; 0.05). Concentration of milk beta-casein was lower (p &lt; 0.05) in the Moderate than those of Comfort whereas numerical increase in RC of each group was observed. In Moderate group, blood glucose was lower and NEFA was higher than those of Comfort while cortisol decreased in RC (p &lt; 0.05). Rectal temperature in Moderate was higher than the Comfort and Mild groups and decreased during RC (p &lt; 0.05). Blood HSP70 and HSPB1 in Moderate and Mild groups were higher than those of Comfort (p &lt; 0.05) and numerical decreased in RC of Moderate group. In conclusion, early lactating Holstein cows showed negative effects on productive performance, blood and milk characteristics, physiological, and genetic indicators at moderate level and had a lower RC rate. Considering that the RC rate decreases under higher THI, establishing customized breed management strategies to deal with negative effects of HS at different levels for accelerating RC are pivotal.
PSIV-B-21 Genome-Wide Association Studies for Ketosis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Gillette Sydney , Lunn Morgan A , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Sprayberry Kim , Sargolzaei Mehdi , McArthur Gary , Anderson Paul , La Frano Michael , Pokharel Siroj , Abo-Ismail Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lactating dairy cows often experience a negative energy balance (NEB) and must mobilize adipose reserves to adapt to this metabolic stress. Dairy cows that are unable to adapt to this NEB often suffer from metabolic disorders such as ketosis causing significant financial losses due to a reduction in milk production, poor reproductive performance, and an increased risk of developing other disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genes and their associated biological pathways to better understand the molecular genetic basis for the development of ketosis. Genome wide association studies analysis was performed using a mixed linear model on 436 Jersey and Holstein cows ranging in ketosis history and genotyped for high density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) panel. After quality control, 409 with 617,527 SNPs were included in further analyses. The association analysis was performed using a mixed linear model implemented in GCTA software and fitting SNP, breed, and pen as fixed effects with animal as random effect. The top 100 significant SNPs (P &lt; 0.0003) were mapped to 29 genes. Gene enrichment analyses were conducted using DAVID software to determine biological pathways enriched for the identified list of genes. The genomic heritability estimated in this study was 0.17 indicating existence of genetic influence on ketosis in animals in this herd. The analyses revealed candidate genes to be involved in biological pathways involving coronary vascular development, platelet activation and aggregation and osteoclast differentiation. The results indicated a relationship between ketosis development and the immune system or development of other diseases. Further research is needed to validate the identified biological mechanisms underlying the variation between cows for ketosis incidence and progression in dairy cows.
PSVIII-B-16 Potential of Termites as a Protein Source for Chickens
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Tomonaga Nami , Tomonaga Shozo , Kumagai Hajime , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Termite (Hodotermopsis sjostedti) meal was evaluated as a potential protein alternative for chicken feed. After chemical compositions, mineral and vitamin contents, and amino acid concentrations of termite meal were analyzed, 20-layer male chickens (8 d old and 78±0.9 g initial BW) were allocated into individual pens and randomly assigned one of the 4 diet treatments; a commercial diet (CON) and inclusion of freeze-dried ground termite meal of 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0% to monitor growth and feed intake. At 11 d old, chickens were slaughtered and meat and liver weight and blood plasma parameters were measured. Termite meal composited 61.5, 15.0, 7.8, and 4.9% of CP, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash, respectively. Mineral contents were 1.58, 8.25, 4.38, 13.1, 1.49, and 2.18 g/kg for Na, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, respectively, and 321, 108, and 0.38 mg/kg for Fe, Cu, and Se, respectively. Amino acid concentrations were 2.76, 1.35, 2.11, 3.52, 3.03, 0.72, 1.99, 2.20, 2.88, 3.70, 4.18, 0.50, 6.10, 3.25, 2.75, 2.30, 0.57, and 3.52% for arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. There were quadratic effects on final BW (P=0.09; 109, 110, 113, and 110 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.42), ADG (P=0.09; 10.1, 10.7, 11.6, and 10.4 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.47), intake (P=0.02; 23, 21, 24, and 20 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.16), and plasma Ca concentration (P=0.02; 10.1, 10.5, 10.0, and 10.3 mg/dL for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.13), whereas main effects of the treatment for all the items tested were not detected (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, termite meal can be used as an alternative protein source for chicken feed but could have an adverse effect at 10% inclusion.
PSXIII-B-2 Clearance of Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate):Polyhydroxyalkanoate and low-Density Polyethylene Films from the Rumens of Holstein Bull Calves
Authors: Galyon Hailey , Vibostok Samuel , Ferreira Gonzalo , Whittington Abby , Cockrum Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Replacing undigestible, polyethylene-based agricultural plastics like net wrap with biodegradable alternatives polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) may reduce the incidence of plastic impaction in ruminants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ruminal clearance of PBSA:PHA compared to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and to evaluate animal health when these materials are fed. Twelve Holstein bull calves, blocked by age and weight, were randomly allocated to one of three daily bolus treatments for 30d: 13.6g of PBSA:PHA in 4 capsules (Blend), 13.6g of LDPE in 4 capsules (LDPE), or 4 empty capsules (Control). Hemograms were conducted on blood samples collected on d0 and d30. On d31, animals were sacrificed to evaluate gross rumen measurements, pathology, and papillae length, and to characterize polymer residues in rumen contents. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS and least squared differences were adjusted by Tukey’s method. No animals presented any symptoms related to plastic impaction and animal health was not affected by treatment. Daily grain and hay intake, body weight, rectal temperature, hematological parameters, gross rumen measurements and pathology, and rumen pH and temperature were not affected by treatment. Methylene blue reduction time of Blend calves tended to be decreased by 30% compared to LDPE calves (P=0.06), and caudal ventral papillae length of Blend calves were 50% longer than those of Control animals (P&lt; 0.01). Thus, PBSA:PHA may have beneficial impacts. Calves dosed with LDPE retained 27.42g of undegraded polymer in the rumen while 1.72g of fragmented polymers 10% of their original size were detected in Blend calves (P&lt; 0.01). Our results indicate that if net wrap is developed from PBSA:PHA and incorporated into ruminant feed, aggregation of filamentous material will not occur in the rumen, and incidences of plastic impaction will be decreased compared to net wrap developed from LDPE.
PSXVI-14
Hindgut Disappearance of Phosphorus in Corn-Soybean Meal-Based Diets with or without Inorganic Phosphorus Sources in Twenty-Four-kg Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the hindgut disappearance of phosphorus (P) in corn-soybean meal-based diets with or without inorganic P sources in pigs. Hindgut disappearance of P was hypothesized to be greater in a diet without inorganic P than in a diet with inorganic P. Barrows (n = 5; initial body weight = 23.5 ± 3.1 kg and final body weight = 33.7 ± 5.5 kg) fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated with or without the inclusion of inorganic P. No phytase was supplemented to the diets. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. The pigs were allotted to a 2-period crossover design with 2 diets. A diet was fed to 2 pigs and the other diet was fed to 3 pigs in each period. An additional period was conducted after the 2 periods to obtain 2 additional replicates for each treatment. Each period consisted of a 7-d adaptation period, a 2-d fecal collection period, and a 2-d ileal collection period. Apparent ileal (54.7 vs. 35.0%) and total tract (53.7 vs. 34.3%) P digestibility values in the inorganic P-containing diet were greater (P &lt; 0.01) than those in the diet without inorganic P. However, apparent ileal P digestibility values were comparable (P &gt; 0.90) with apparent total tract P digestibility values irrespective of the inclusion of inorganic P in the diets, and thus, a significant amount of hindgut disappearance of P was not observed in both diets. In conclusion, hindgut disappearance of P in a corn-soybean meal-based diet was negligible in 23-kg growing pigs regardless of the inclusion of inorganic P sources.
PSI-19 Effect of Increasing Supplementation of Bacillus Spp. on in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Digestibility
Authors: Maderal Araceli , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Cuervo Wilmer , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Moreno Martin Ruiz , Schulmeister Tessa M , Queiroz Oscar , Cappellozza Bruno , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Probiotics may be an effective alternative to antimicrobials in terms of modifying the ruminal microbial ecology to enhance the fermentative process and improving animal health and production. Although Bacillus spp. have demonstrated a great potential, the effects of increasing inclusion levels on ruminal fermentation profile are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of a Bacillus spp. probiotic on in vitro ruminal fermentation profile, gas production kinetics, and nutrient digestibility, using a sorghum silage-based substrate. Incubations were conducted in sixteen separate days during 12 and 24 h. Treatments were: Sorghum-silage only (Control) or sorghum silage + one of three doses of a Bacillus spp. probiotic included at 1, 5 and 10 times the recommended dose (8 × 104 CFU/ml). Ruminal fluid was collected from two ruminally cannulated steers fed an ad libitum corn silage-based diet. Gas production kinetics, pH, in vitro true digestibility, digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fiber, methane (CH4) production and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were measured after 24 h of incubation. Digestibility of starch was measured at 12 h of incubation. Inclusion of Bacillus spp. did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) rumen nutrient digestibility or pH. Concentration of NH3-N and total VFA increased quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) with the probiotic inclusion. Inclusion of Bacillus spp. decreased molar proportions of acetate (P &lt; 0.01) but increased molar proportion of propionate (P = 0.02). Total gas production and CH4 emissions were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the probiotic inclusion, while rate of gas production increased quadratically as probiotic dose increased (P &lt; 0.01). These in vitro dose-dependent effects of probiotic inclusion show promissory results based on total and molar VFA proportions; however, these results should be evaluated in vivo.
Do mentoring and oversight matter? The effects of allocating central administrators to local government units: evidence from Japan
Authors: Nakazawa Nobuhiko 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the 2000s, Japanese bureaucrats were actively transferred away from the central administration to mentor and monitor local governments. Using a dynamic difference-in-differences model under heterogeneous treatment effects that exploit the timing of these transfers and a rich city-level panel dataset, this study finds that municipalities with transferred central administrators improve their fiscal discipline, mainly by shrinking expenditures. The effects are persistent and continue for years after the arrival of the central administrator and even after the transfer ended (JEL H72, H74, K34).
Management of Oedematous Pancreatitis, Fluid Collections, and Walled-Off Necrosis
Authors: Baltatzis Minas , Jamdar Saurabh , Siriwardena Ajith K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the management of interstitial oedematous acute pancreatitis and the management of post-inflammatory fluid collections. The definition and diagnosis of oedematous acute pancreatitis (pancreatitis without necrosis) are discussed. Management relies on accurate diagnosis, fluid resuscitation, avoidance of antibiotics in the absence of infection, nutritional support, analgesia, and treatment of gallstones in patients with biliary acute pancreatitis. Fluid collections are part of the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis and in the acute phase require no intervention, either in the presence or absence of necrosis. The importance of deferring intervention for patients with pancreatic necrosis until the collection has a mature wall is emphasized, and in modern practice, endoscopic necrosectomy is the preferred approach.
Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Hüser Norbert , Aßfalg Volker , Hartmann Daniel , Ceyhan Güralp , Friess Helmut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Surgical strategies for chronic pancreatitis include drainage of the pancreatic duct, resection of the pancreatic head affected by inflammation, or a combination of both. These approaches aim at the elimination of pain and relief of pancreatitis-associated complications of the adjacent organs, e.g. obstruction of the biliary duct, duodenum, or portal vein. Successful outcomes yield a better quality of life for these patients. However, current data cannot clearly delineate a superior surgical method or evidence-based recommendations for the underlying aetiology of the disease or the apparent symptoms. Duodenum-preserving and partial pancreatic head resections are at least as effective and safe as the classical surgical techniques (Kausch–Whipple and pylorus-preserving Whipple) with regard to low morbidity and mortality, pain control, preservation of endocrine and exocrine function, and adequate quality of life, respectively. In long-term follow-up, operative approaches are superior to endoscopic interventions.
Molecular Biology of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Sunami Yoshiaki , Büdeyri Ibrahim , Häußler Johanna , Michalski Christoph W. , Kleeff Jörg 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. Less than 9% of patients with pancreatic cancer achieve long-term survival. The majority of pancreatic cancer patients develop recurrence, even after surgical resection. At the molecular level, malignant transformation involves several oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes regulating a variety of signalling pathways. Aberrant activation of epigenetic pathways also contributes to the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. This chapter provides an overview on genetics, signalling pathways, and epigenetics such as promoter methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodelling in pancreatic cancer. Further, the chapter summarizes the data on cancer stem cells, as well as on the tumour microenvironment. Continuous research effort and progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer are essential for further improving the outcomes of patients.
Periampullary and Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Klotz Rosa , Hackert Thilo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Periampullary and pancreatic cancers are distinctly different entities in their incidence and therapeutic approaches, especially with regard to multimodality treatment as well as prognosis. While pancreatic cancer occurs much more frequently than periampullary cancer, its prognosis remains worse, although neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches have achieved significant progress in recent years. For pancreatic cancer, radical surgery remains the only chance for long-term survival as long as tumours are localized and no systemic spread is present. Surgical approaches must always aim for a microscopically radical resection (R0), regardless of whether it is achieved by a standard approach or by extended resection. While for pancreatic cancer, all surgical approaches need to be integrated into a multimodal concept, especially with regard to adjuvant therapy, these concepts have not been well defined for other types of periampullary cancer and therefore remain controversial. In the case of stage 4 tumours, surgery is usually not recommended, unless systemic pretreatment shows a good tumour response which justifies operations on selected patients.
Pancreas and Splenic Trauma
Authors: Smith Martin D. , Jennings Vicky A. , Devar John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pancreatic and splenic trauma result from both blunt and penetrating injuries. The mechanism of injury is important in predicting the likelihood of trauma to these two organs. Because operative, non-operative, and interventional radiology play such an important role in the management of these injuries, diagnosis and classification of the injury based on anatomical and physiological factors are essential in planning surgery. The presence of injury to other organs is common and often determines the therapeutic approach and outcome. Non-operative management of isolated pancreas or spleen injuries is safe and effective when appropriate and done in the correct setting. The current body of evidence supporting the approaches to diagnosis and treatment described in this chapter lacks level 1 evidence but is based on multiple guidelines with lower levels of evidence.