bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive enhancement: Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on latent memory and resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults
Authors: Becker Maxi , Repantis Dimitris , Dresler Martin , Kühn Simone 
Published: June 2022

AbstractStimulants like methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine have repeatedly shown to enhance cognitive processes such as attention and memory. However, brain‐functional mechanisms underlying such cognitive enhancing effects of stimulants are still poorly characterized. Here, we utilized behavioral and resting‐state fMRI data from a double‐blind randomized placebocontrolled study of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine in 48 healthy male adults. The results show that performance in different memory tasks is enhanced, and functional connectivity (FC) specifically between the frontoparietal network (FPN) and default mode network (DMN) is modulated by the stimulants in comparison to placebo. Decreased negative connectivity between right prefrontal and medial parietal but also between medial temporal lobe and visual brain regions predicted stimulant‐induced latent memory enhancement. We discuss dopamine's role in attention and memory as well as its ability to modulate FC between large‐scale neural networks (e.g., FPN and DMN) as a potential cognitive enhancement mechanism.
Integrating institutional and individual self‐reflexivity practices into clinical pharmacy practice: A critical review of race in a widely utilized medical guideline
Authors: Jubran Nadia , Bratta Phil 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this clinical pharmacy forum, an argument is presented that clinical pharmacists and their respective institutions must be self‐reflexive about race, racism, and implicit bias in treating patients. Drawing on the Public Health Critical Race praxis and self‐reflexivity practices, this forum provides a critical review of a widely utilized medical guideline and tool, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) Clinical Practice Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and its respective Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator, as an example of how self‐reflexive practices on race, racism, and implicit bias can be accomplished. This critical review offers clinical pharmacists entry points of considerations and actions that can more robustly aid themselves and their institutions to enact racial justice policies and practices in medical contexts.
The impact of PM2.5 on kidney
Authors: Xu Chunming , Zhang Qian , Huang Guochen , Huang Jia , Zhang Hongxia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPM2.5 poses a severe risk to kidneys, inducing kidney function decline, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic kidney diseases and promoting the occurrence and development of various renal tumors. The mechanism of PM2.5‐induced renal injury may involve oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity. This paper elaborated PM2.5‐induced kidney damage and the corresponding possible mechanism so as to raise awareness of air pollution and reduce the damage to human body.
Twisted Rainbow Light and Nature‐Inspired Generation of Vector Vortex Beams
Authors: Bouchal Petr , Bouchal Zdeněk 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTwisted vector light beams (optical vortices) arise from a spiral modulation of the geometric (Pancharatnam–Berry) phase converting the light spin to the orbital angular momentum. The preferred geometric‐phase elements using liquid crystals and plasmonic metasurfaces realize this conversion by structuring their building blocks, i.e., precisely orienting individual crystal molecules or plasmonic nanoantennas. Here, an analogous mechanism is discovered in the spiral phase modulation of light reflected by dielectric spheres and first demonstrated in natural phenomena, namely in the rainbow formation. The spiral geometric phase is documented by holographic imaging of full circle primary and secondary rainbows created in the laboratory. The measurement uses a wide‐angle holographic camera (field of view ≈120°) taking time‐resolved self‐correlation holograms (300 ms). The holograms allow a quantitative restoration of the spiral geometric phase of light reflected from thousands of randomly falling water drops. The capability of individual drops to generate vector vortex beams under circularly polarized illumination is proven theoretically and demonstrated in experiments using glass microspheres. The spherical reflectors are discovered as simple generators of vector vortex beams and vortex arrays, inspiring novel geometric‐phase elements.
Technical note: Correcting angular dependencies using non‐polarized components of Cherenkov light in water during high‐energy X‐ray irradiation
Authors: Toyonaga Chihiro , Yamamoto Seiichi , Yabe Takuya , Okudaira Kuniyasu , Yogo Katsunori , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Kataoka Jun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveDose distribution measurements of high‐energy X‐rays from medical linear accelerators (LINAC) in water are important for quality control (QC) of the system. Although Cherenkov‐light imaging is a useful method for measuring the high‐energy X‐ray dose distribution, depth profiles have an underestimated dose at increased depths due to the angular dependency of the Cherenkov light generated in water. In this study, we use a linear polarizer to separate the majority of polarized components from the majority of unpolarized components of Cherenkov‐light images in water and then use this information to correct for angular dependencies.MethodsA water phantom, a cooled charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera, and a polarizer were installed in a black box. Then, the water phantom was irradiated from the upper side with 6 or 10 MV X‐rays, and the Cherenkov light generated in water was imaged with the polarizer axis at both parallel and perpendicular orientations to the beam. By using these images from the two orientations relative to the beam, we corrected the angular dependency of the Cherenkov light.ResultsBy subtracting the images measured with the polarizer perpendicular to the beams from the images measured with the polarizer parallel to the beams, we could obtain images with only the polarized components. Using these images, we could calculate the images with non‐polarized components that had similar depth profiles to those calculated with a planning system. The average difference between corrected depth profiles and those calculated with the planning system was less than 1%, while that between uncorrected depth profiles and the planning system was more than 8.3% in depths of water from 20 to 100 mm.ConclusionWe conclude that the use of the polarizer has the potential to improve the accuracy of dose distribution in Cherenkov‐light imaging of water using high‐energy X‐rays.
Polygenic early‐onset colorectal cancer in pediatric patients
Authors: Phen Claudia , Berens Donovan , Moriarty Kelsey , Ng Kenneth , Sengupta Anita , Rojas Isabel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractColorectal cancer in the pediatric population is a rare but transpirable phenomenon. The occurrence should prompt suspicion for underlying genetic mutations in the setting of a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. In this series, we outline three pediatric patients with colonic adenocarcinoma who were found to have one or more germline mutations. The presence of compound mutations may lead to a hypermutator phenotype resulting in earlier presentation of colorectal cancer in childhood and adolescence. The diagnosis of colorectal cancer in pediatric patients warrants timely recognition, multigene panel testing, genetic counseling for the patient and family, and increased surveillance for intestinal and extra‐intestinal tumors.
Antenatal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis: A review of the potential role of fetal and placental imaging
Authors: Hall Megan , Hutter Jana , Suff Natalie , Avena Zampieri Carla , Tribe Rachel M. , Shennan Andrew , Rutherford Mary , Story Lisa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChorioamnionitis is present in up to 70% of spontaneous preterm births. It is defined as an acute inflammation of the chorion, with or without involvement of the amnion, and is evidence of a maternal immunological response to infection. A fetal inflammatory response can coexist and is diagnosed on placental histopathology postnatally. Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is associated with poorer fetal and neonatal outcomes. The only antenatal diagnostic test is amniocentesis which carries risks of miscarriage or preterm birth. Imaging of the fetal immune system, in particular the thymus and the spleen, and the placenta may give valuable information antenatally regarding the diagnosis of fetal inflammatory response. While ultrasound is largely limited to structural information, MRI can complement this with functional information that may provide insight into the metabolic activities of the fetal immune system and placenta. This review discusses fetal and placental imaging in pregnancies complicated by chorioamnionitis and their potential future use in achieving non‐invasive antenatal diagnosis.
Very high PD‐L1 expression as a prognostic indicator of overall survival among patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer receiving anti‐PD‐(L)1 monotherapies in routine practice
Authors: Shah Mohsin , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Mamtani Ronac , Marmarelis Melina E. , Hennessy Sean 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeProgrammed death or ligand‐1 (PD‐(L)1) pathway inhibitors confer improved survival as the first‐line treatment for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) in patients with PD‐L1 expression (PD‐L1 + e ≥ 50%) compared to platinum‐doublet chemotherapy and have become a standard therapy. Some recent evidence suggests that among aNSCLC patients with PD‐L1 + e of ≥50% receiving pembrolizumab monotherapy, very high levels of PD‐L1 + e (≥90%) may be associated with better outcomes. We sought to assess whether very high PD‐L1 + e (≥90%) compared to high PD‐L1 + e (50%–89%) is associated with an overall survival benefit in aNSCLC patients receiving anti‐PD‐(L)1 monotherapies.MethodsWe conducted a single‐site retrospective cohort study of aNSCLC patients who initiated PD‐(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy as the first‐line treatment from October 24, 2016, to August 25, 2021, and had a PD‐L1 + e ≥ 50%. The primary outcome was overall survival, measured from the start of the first‐line PD‐(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy (index date) to date of death or last confirmed activity prior to the cohort exit date. Propensity score‐based inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to control for confounding in Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.ResultsOne hundred sixty‐six patients with aNSCLC receiving PD‐(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy met inclusion criteria. 54% were female, 90% received pembrolizumab, median age was 68 years, 70% had non‐squamous cell carcinoma, 94% had a history of smoking, 29% had a KRAS mutation, and 37% had very high PD‐L1 + e. Unweighted covariates at cohort entry were similar between groups (absolute standardized mean differences [SMDs] <0.1) except for race (SMD = 0.2); age at therapy initiation (SMD = 0.13); smoking status (SMD = 0.13), and BRAF mutation status (SMD = 0.11). After weighting, baseline covariates were well balanced (all absolute SMDs <0.1). In the weighted analysis, having a very high PD‐L1 + e was associated with lower mortality (weighted hazard ratio 0.57, 95% CI 0.36–0.90) and longer median survival: 3.85 versus 1.49 years.ConclusionsVery high PD‐L1 + e (≥90%) was associated with an overall survival benefit over high PD‐L1 + e (50%–89%) in patients receiving the first‐line PD‐(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy in a model controlling for potential confounders. These findings should be confirmed in a larger real‐world data set.
Registration of USDA‐N7005 soybean germplasm with high yield and 62.5% pedigree from Japanese accessions Tamahikari and PI 416937
Authors: Bagherzadi Laleh , Gillen Anne M. , McNeece Brant T. , Mian Rouf , Song Qijian , Talierico Earl , Fallen Ben , Li Zenglu , Carter Thomas E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUSDA‐N7005 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP‐457, PI 699962) was released by the USDA‐ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in August 2021. USDA‐N7005 is an early‐maturity group VII, F4‐derived germplasm with excellent yield potential that traces 62.5% of its pedigree to Japanese accessions that are not part of the historical genetic base of U.S. soybean breeding. Currently, Japanese germplasm constitutes only a small portion of the U.S. soybean base. USDA‐N7005 was derived from the cross of cultivar ‘USDA‐N7002’ × Japanese cultivar ‘Tamahikari’. USDA‐N7005 traces 12.5% of its ancestry to Japanese landrace PI 416937 via USDA‐N7002 and 50% to Japanese cultivar Tamahikari. USDA‐N7005 is the second public release in the United States derived from Tamahikari. Over 13 environments of the United Soybean Board Southern Diversity Yield Trials and 19 test environments of the USDA Uniform Soybean Tests‐Southern States, USDA‐N7005 yielded 108% (p < .05) and 101% of the adapted parent cultivar USDA‐N7002, respectively, and matured 2–3 d earlier. The new release also yielded 100% of check cultivars ‘NC‐Roy’ and ‘USDA‐N7003CN’ and 96% of cultivar ‘NC‐Dilday’ in the Uniform Tests. USDA‐N7005 was similar in height and lodging to parent USDA‐N7002 but exhibited elevated seed oil content and larger seed size. USDA‐N7005 was resistant to root‐knot nematode and stem canker, with resistance comparable to that of resistant parent USDA‐N7002. The superior agronomic performance and diverse pedigree of USDA‐N7005 make it desirable parental stock for broadening the base of U.S. soybean breeding.
Effectiveness electronic density‐based descriptor to index hard–hard interaction
Authors: Benomrane Brahim , Hamza Reguig Farouk , Krallafa Abdelghani Mohamed 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe attempt to introduce the effectiveness electronic density (EED) based on the ratio of the valence and the atomic electrons to measure the contribution of the valence electronic density in an atom. The valence density plays a substantial role in polarizability, the latter being inversely related to the hardness. In the present work, we suggest the EED, found to be, inversely related to the polarizability as a descriptor to identify the hard–hard interaction. This approach is tested and validated on typical reactions such as protonation and deprotonation processes to address the chemical reactivity of the molecular system from the hardness/softness concepts. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with experimental and chemical behaviour.
Metal‐free terpolymerization of propylene oxide, carbon dioxide, and carbonyl sulfide: A facile route to sulfur‐containing polycarbonates with gradient sequences
Authors: Kiriratnikom Jiraya , Guo Jiafang , Cao Xiaohan , Khan Munir Ullah , Zhang Chengjian , Zhang Xinghong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroducing sulfur atoms into polycarbonate can improve its optical properties, but is limited by the lack of efficient synthetic methods. Here we develop a facile method to achieve the one‐pot/one‐step incorporation of sulfur atoms into polycarbonate chains using raw chemicals of propylene oxide (PO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbonyl sulfide (COS). The metal‐free Lewis acid–base pair composed of N, N‐dimethylcyclohexylamine combined with triethyl borane can effectively catalyze the terpolymerization of PO, CO2, and COS, affording a sulfur‐containing polycarbonate with high molecular weight (Mn) up to 58.4 kDa and narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.24–1.56). The obtained terpolymers display gradient sequence with tunable thiocarbonate units (27%–81%) upon simply varying the feed ratio of COS. The refractive indices of the terpolymers can be enhanced up to 1.55 at high thiocarbonate content, suggesting promising applications of the terpolymer in optical materials.
Investigations of polygonal patterned ground in continuous Antarctic permafrost by means of ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography: Some unexpected correlations
Authors: Forte Emanuele , French Hugh M. , Raffi Rossana , Santin Ilaria , Guglielmin Mauro 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe results of a combined geophysical and geomorphological investigation of thermal‐contraction‐crack polygons near Gondwana station (Germany) in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) are reported. An area of about 20,000 m2 characterized by random orthogonal polygons was investigated using integrated ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, geomorphological surveys, and two trench excavations. The polygons are well developed only at elevations higher than 6–7 m above current sea level on Holocene‐age raised beaches. It is concluded that the polygons are composite in nature because the shallow linear depressions that outline the polygons are underlain by fissures that can contain both sandy gravel and foliated ice (i.e., ice wedges) even in the same polygon network and at distances of just a few meters. Unexpectedly, most of the polygons follow the border of the raised beaches and develop in correspondence with stratigraphic layers dipping toward the sea, imaged by ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and interpreted as prograding layers toward the present‐day shoreline.
Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry determination of the water content of staurolite
Authors: Azevedo‐Vannson Samantha , Remusat Laurent , Bureau Hélène , Béneut Keevin , Cesare Bernardo , Khodja Hicham , Jiménez‐Mejías María , Roskosz Mathieu 
Published: June 2022

RationaleStaurolite is an important mineral that can reveal much about metamorphic processes. For instance, it dominates the Fe–Mg exchange reactions in amphibolite‐facies rocks between about 550 and 700°C, and can be also found at suprasolidus conditions. Staurolite contains a variable amount of OH in its structure, whose determination is a key petrological parameter. However, staurolite is often compositionally zoned, fine‐grained, and may contain abundant inclusions. This makes conventional water analysis (e.g., Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy or by chemical titration) unsuitable. With its high sensitivity at high spatial resolution, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS) is potentially a valuable tool for determining water contents in staurolite. However a calibration with relevant standards covering a large range of water content is required to obtain accurate and reliable analyses, because matrix effects typically prevent direct quantification of water content by SIMS techniques.MethodsIn this study, a calibration for NanoSIMS analyses of water content by using minerals with crystallographic structures comparable to that of staurolite (i.e., amphibole and kyanite, an inosilicate and a nesosilicate, respectively) has been developed.ResultsWater measurements in an inclusion‐free crystal from Pizzo Forno, Ticino, Switzerland, by FTIR spectroscopy (1.56 ± 0.14 wt% H2O) and by Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) (1.58 ± 0.15 wt% H2O) are consistent with NanoSIMS results (1.56 ± 0.04 wt% H2O).ConclusionsThis implies that our approach can accurately account for NanoSIMS matrix effects in the case of staurolite. With this calibration, it is now possible to investigate variations in water content at the microscale in metamorphic minerals exhibiting high spatial variability and/or very small size (few micrometers).
Hydrofluorocarbons pneumonitis as a complication of inhalation injury following air‐conditioning repairs
Authors: Abdul Malik Afifah Aqilah , Ng Boon Hau , Nik Abeed Nik Nuratiqah , Abdul Hamid Mohamed Faisal , Ban Andrea Yu‐Lin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHydrofluorocarbon (HFC) pneumonitis is an uncommon cause of inhalation injury. HFCs are a group of chemicals predominantly used for refrigeration and cooling. A 19‐year‐old air‐conditioning technician developed acute onset of dyspnoea and chest tightness while servicing an air conditioner in a confined space. We diagnosed him with HFC pneumonitis based on the history of exposure and the high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) thorax findings. He was treated with steroids and supportive oxygen therapy. He recovered fully after 5 days of hospitalization and was discharged. Review at 2 weeks in the outpatient setting showed significant radiological improvement on HRCT thorax.
Stealthy multiplicative attacks against cyber‐physical systems: A gap metric approach
Authors: Zhao Zhengen , Xu Yunsong , Li Yuzhe , Cui Lei , Huang Yimin , Zhen Ziyang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this article, a stealthy multiplicative attack design scheme for cyber‐physical systems equipped with parity space based detector is proposed, with the aid of gap metric method. First, a novel stealthiness index defined by the gap metric is presented for multiplicative attacks, and the security analysis issue of parity space based detector is formulated. Then, the attack subspace satisfying the stealthiness constraint is constructed, and the subspace rotation is applied to parameterize the multiplicative attacks. Moreover, a joint optimization method is presented to design the stealthy multiplicative attacks. Finally, simulations on a flight vehicle demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Atomic‐Scale Laminated Structure of O‐Doped WS2 and Carbon Layers with Highly Enhanced Ion Transfer for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zhenwei , Yuan Fu , Han Meisheng , Yu Jie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWS2 anode materials show huge potential for fast‐charging lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the naturally good 2D diffusion pathways but suffer from large Li+ diffusion barrier energy and poor intrinsic electrical conductivity. Here, a defect‐rich atomic‐scale laminated structure of WS2 and C (D‐WS2‐C) with O doping and enlarged interlayer distance from 0.62 to 1.06 nm of WS2 is first fabricated, which is assembled into micron‐sized spheres to prepare WS2/C composite microspheres. D‐WS2‐C with maximized molecular layer contact area between WS2 and carbon and large interlayer spacing greatly enhances the electrical conductivity of WS2 and reduces Li‐ion diffusion energy barrier, confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Besides, the unique D‐WS2‐C enables the formation of vast superfine W nanoparticles (1–2 nm) during the conversation reaction, resulting in the construction of a space charge zone on W surface. Based on these characteristics of D‐WS2‐C, the prepared WS2/C composite microspheres show superior fast‐charging capability with a high capacity of 647.8 mAh g−1 at 20 C in half cells. For full cells, a high‐energy density of 100.9 Wh kg−1 is achieved at a charge time of only 8.5 min at 5 C, representing the best fast‐charging performances in WS2‐based anode materials to date.