bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonmedical Discharge Barriers in Prolonged Stays on a General Medicine Ward: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Gao Lucy , Berland Gretchen K 
Published: July 2022

Background Prolonged stays negatively impact patient outcomes and are costly for the healthcare system. Nonmedical barriers to discharge, such as lack of insurance or post-acute care facility acceptances, are increasingly recognized as causes of prolonged stays beyond medical necessity. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients admitted over a two-year period with stays beyond 30 days on a general medicine floor of an urban academic hospital was conducted. Demographic, clinical and administrative data were recorded. Barriers to discharge were characterized at days 30, 60, and 90 of admission. Nonmedical barriers were recorded for patients who stayed beyond medical readiness for discharge. Results Out of 2866 admissions, 101 hospitalizations (3.5%) of 97 patients were prolonged, accounting for a total of 6518 (27.2%) of 23,934 inpatient days. Of the prolonged stays, 37 stays lasted longer than 60 days and 17 lasted longer than 90 days. At lengths of stay day 30, 60, and 90, the proportion of admissions that were prolonged beyond medical necessity by nonmedical factors were 36.6%, 59.5%, and 52.9% respectively. The most common nonmedical barrier to discharge at all three timepoints was barriers to facility placement. Conclusions A small proportion of prolonged stay patients make up a disproportionately high number of inpatient days, with nonmedical factors contributing to more than half of cases beyond 60 days. The rising prevalence of nonmedical barriers, particularly the lack of facility acceptances, highlights the need to examine delays at the systems-level.
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing management’s influence on soil food web community structure for: increasing pasture forage production, soil organic carbon, and reducing soil respiration rates in southeastern USA ranches
Authors: Johnson David C. , Teague Richard , Apfelbaum Steven , Thompson Ry , Byck Peter 
Published: July 2022

Background
Measurement of two grazing management’s influence on pasture productivity, soil food web structure, soil organic carbon and soil microbial respiration efficiency was conducted on five southeastern US, across-the-fence ranch pairs to compare adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMP) management, using short grazing events with planned, adaptive recovery periods, to conventional grazing (CG) management, with continuous grazing at low stock density.

Methodology
A point-in-time experimental field analysis was conducted to compare five AMP or CG ranch pairs to better understand the influence of grazing management on (a) standing crop biomass productivity; (b) soil food web community population, structure and functionality; (c) soil organic carbon accrual; and d) soil-C (CO2) respiration kinetics.

Results
AMP grazing systems outperformed CG systems by generating: (a) 92.68 g m−2 more standing crop biomass (SCB), promoting 46% higher pasture photosynthetic capacity (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 6.1836; no DF in MW; p = 6.26 × 10−10; Effect size = 0.35) (b) a strong positive linear relationship of SCB with fungal biomass (R = 0.9915; F(1,3) = 175.35; p = 0.015); fungal to bacterial (F:B) biomass ratio (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a soil food web proxy (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a concurrent very strong inverse relationship with bacteria biomass (R = −0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015); (c) significant predator/prey interactions with an inverse relationship with bacterial population biomass (R = − 0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015) and a positive relationship with total protozoa enumeration (R = 0.9826; F(1,3) = 83.68; p = 0.003) when compared to SCB; (d) a 19.52% reduction in soil C (CO2) respiration rates (Two sample t-test; T = −2.3581; DF = 52.3541; p = 0.0221; Effect size = 0.59); and (e) a 20.6% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm of soil profile (Two sample Mann–Whitney; Z = 2.6507; no DF in MW; p = 0.008; Effect size = 0.24). Rancher conversion to AMP grazing strategies would appear to regenerate soil food web population, structure, diversity and biological functionality helping to improve: carbon flow into plant biomass, buildup of soil carbon, predator/prey nutrient cycling and soil microbial respiration efficiency while offering improved climate resilience and a strategy to increase the capture and storage of atmospheric CO2 in soils of the world’s rangeland.
Longitudinal effect of self‐control on reactive–proactive aggression: Mediating roles of hostile rumination and moral disengagement
Authors: Cen Yushan , Su Shu , Dong Yan , Xia Ling‐Xiang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSelf‐control is a well‐known inhibitor of aggression, but the effect of self‐control on different kinds of aggression (such as reactive–proactive aggression) and the underlying mediating mechanisms of these effects are unclear. We developed a mediation model to address these issues. A three‐wave study was conducted with a sample of 1203 qualifying Chinese undergraduates to test the model. The results showed that self‐control at Wave 1 negatively predicted reactive aggression at Wave 3 through mediating effects of hostile rumination and moral disengagement at Wave 2 at the same time, while self‐control at Wave 1 negatively predicted proactive aggression at Wave 3 only through moral disengagement at Wave 2. Furthermore, the longitudinal relationship between hostile rumination and moral disengagement is mutual. The current findings support our hypotheses regarding the mediation model of self‐control inhibiting reactive–proactive aggression and suggest that moral disengagement should be a common and basic variable to predict most kinds of aggression; further, hostile rumination only has a particular effect on reactive aggression. The present study used motivation theory to explain its mediation model, which develops aggressive theory regarding varied common influencing factors and underlying mediating mechanisms of reactive and proactive aggression.
Effect of Nintedanib on Progression of Systemic Sclerosis‐Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Over 100 Weeks: Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Assassi Shervin , Distler Oliver , Allanore Yannick , Ogura Takashi , Varga John , Vettori Serena , Crestani Bruno , Voss Florian , Alves Margarida , Stowasser Susanne , Maher Toby M. ,   SENSCIS trial investigators
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveIn the SENSCIS trial, participants with systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease (SSc‐ILD) were randomized to receive nintedanib or placebo until the last participant reached week 52 but for 100 weeks or less. Nintedanib reduced the rate of decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) (ml/year) over 52 weeks by 44% (41 ml [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.9‐79.0]) versus placebo. We investigated the effect of nintedanib over the whole SENSCIS trial.MethodsThe annual rate of decline in FVC (ml/year) over the whole trial was assessed descriptively using 1) on‐treatment data plus off‐treatment data from participants who prematurely discontinued treatment (intent‐to‐treat analysis) and 2) only on‐treatment data to assess the effect of nintedanib in participants who remained on treatment.ResultsIn the intent‐to‐treat analysis, the adjusted mean (SE) annual rate of decline in FVC over 100 weeks was −54.9 (11.1) and −88.8 (10.9) ml/year in the nintedanib (n = 287) and placebo (n = 288) groups, respectively (difference 34.0 ml/year [95% CI: 3.4‐64.5]). In the on‐treatment analysis, the adjusted mean (SE) annual rate of decline in FVC over 100 weeks was −55.1 (12.3) and −94.0 (11.7) ml/year in the nintedanib (n = 286) and placebo (n = 288) groups, respectively (difference 38.9 ml/year [95% CI: 5.6‐72.1]). The adverse event profile of nintedanib over 100 weeks was consistent with that observed over 52 weeks.ConclusionNintedanib provides a sustained benefit on slowing the progression of SSc‐ILD over 100 weeks, with adverse events that are manageable for most patients.
Conch‐Shell‐Inspired Tough Ceramic
Authors: Li Meng , Zhao Nifang , Wang Mengning , Dai Xuangeng , Bai Hao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBiological structural materials realize outstanding mechanical properties by assembling hard and soft components into complex hierarchical structures, which provide abundant inspirations for synthetic materials. Specifically, conch shell exhibits around ten times higher toughness than widely‐explored nacre due to its cross‐lamellar architecture at nano‐ to macroscopic scales. Previously, conch‐shell‐inspired materials are realized by 3D‐printing. However, it remains challenging to translate the properties of conch shell into synthetic materials because of the limited approaches to duplicating complex architecture with high ceramic contents. Here, a surface‐pattern‐induced ice‐templating strategy is reported to fabricate conch‐shell‐inspired composites with a cross‐lamellar structure across a 107‐fold range of length. This is realized by directional freezing on a grooved surface, which has previously been confirmed to induce preferential ice growth. These composites have a flexural strength of 165 MPa and a work of fracture of 8.2 kJ m–2, which are 2.5 and 2 times, respectively, higher than those of conch shell. Such conch‐shell‐inspired structure yields a toughness twice that of nacre‐mimetic structure due to multiple crack deflections. Additionally, the impact resistance of these composites is comparable to those of aluminum alloys. The research provides a feasible approach to fabricating bioinspired materials with complex architectures and multifunctionality.
Photonic Integrated Circuit for Rapidly Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum Generation Using Sb2Se3 Ultra‐Low‐Loss Phase Change Material
Authors: Alam Md Shah , Gnawali Rudra , Hendrickson Joshua R. , Beamer Diane , Payne Tamara E. , Volk Andrew , Agha Imad 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe generation of rapidly tunable optical vortex (OV) beams is one of the most demanding research areas of the present era as they possess orbital angular momentum (OAM) with additional degrees of freedom that can be exploited to enhance signal‐carrying capacity by using mode division multiplexing and information encoding in optical communication. Particularly, rapidly tunable OAM devices at a fixed wavelength in the telecom band stir extensive interest among researchers for both classical and quantum applications. This article demonstrates the realistic design of a Si‐integrated photonic device for rapidly tunable OAM wave generation at a 1550‐nm wavelength by using an ultra‐low‐loss phase change material (PCM) embedded with a Si‐ring resonator with angular gratings. Different OAM modes are achieved by tuning the effective refractive index using rapid electrical switching of Sb2Se3 film from amorphous to crystalline states and vice versa. The generation of OAM waves relies on a traveling wave modulation of the refractive index of the micro‐ring, which breaks the degeneracy of oppositely oriented whispering gallery modes. The proposed device is capable of producing rapidly tunable OV beams, carrying different OAM modes by using electrically controllable switching of ultra‐low‐loss PCM Sb2Se3.
2D MXenes for Hot‐Carrier Photodetection
Authors: Liu Tingting , Zhang Cheng , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFor 2D MXenes (Mo2C and Ti3C2), the fundamental hot‐carrier‐related processes are studied by using the first‐principles calculation, including the material electronic structures, indirect/direct transitions for hot‐carrier generation, electron–electron and electron–phonon scatterings during hot‐carrier transport, and electronic modulation on material to evaluate the potentials of 2D MXenes in hot‐carrier photodetection. It is found that Mo2C and Ti3C2 show higher hot‐carrier generation efficiencies than Au in energy over 1 eV, especially for Mo2C, which shows better transport performance than Ti3C2. Biaxial strain to adjust the electronic structure of Mo2C is further used to optimize the hot‐carrier transport properties. A Mo2C/MoGeSiN4 hot‐electron photodetector is proposed, which shows that the compressive strain (−4%) on Mo2C material enables a twofold enhancement of the quantum efficiency and responsivity. The Monte Carlo device simulation predicts an extremely high responsivity up ≈176 mA W−1 at the communication wavelength of 1550 nm, which is one order of magnitude over the existing hot‐carrier devices and can be competitive with the existing semiconductor‐based photodetectors.
Structurally Colored Radiative Cooling Cellulosic Films
Authors: Zhu Wenkai , Droguet Benjamin , Shen Qingchen , Zhang Yun , Parton Thomas G. , Shan Xiwei , Parker Richard M. , De Volder Michael F. L. , Deng Tao , Vignolini Silvia , Li Tian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDaytime radiative cooling (DRC) materials offer a sustainable approach to thermal management by exploiting net positive heat transfer to deep space. While such materials typically have a white or mirror‐like appearance to maximize solar reflection, extending the palette of available colors is required to promote their real‐world utilization. However, the incorporation of conventional absorption‐based colorants inevitably leads to solar heating, which counteracts any radiative cooling effect. In this work, efficient sub‐ambient DRC (Day: −4 °C, Night: −11 °C) from a vibrant, structurally colored film prepared from naturally derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), is instead demonstrated. Arising from the underlying photonic nanostructure, the film selectively reflects visible light resulting in intense, fade‐resistant coloration, while maintaining a low solar absorption (≈3%). Additionally, a high emission within the mid‐infrared atmospheric window (>90%) allows for significant radiative heat loss. By coating such CNC films onto a highly scattering, porous ethylcellulose (EC) base layer, any sunlight that penetrates the CNC layer is backscattered by the EC layer below, achieving broadband solar reflection and vibrant structural color simultaneously. Finally, scalable manufacturing using a commercially relevant roll‐to‐roll process validates the potential to produce such colored radiative cooling materials at a large scale from a low‐cost and sustainable feedstock.
Detailed understanding on thermodynamic and kinetic features of phenanthrene hydroprocessing on Ni‐Mo/HY catalyst
Authors: Peng Chong , Liu Peng , Zhou Zhiming , Fang Xiangchen , Pan Yun‐Xiang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhenanthrene hydrogenation is a key reaction for improving the quality of gasoline and diesel. Herein, we conduct detailed thermodynamic and kinetic analyses for phenanthrene hydrogenation on a Ni‐Mo/HY catalyst. We establish a comprehensive reaction network for phenanthrene hydrogenation, and calculate equilibrium constant, rate constant, adsorption constant, activation energy barrier, and reaction energy for each step in the reaction network. All of the steps in the reaction network are revealed to be exothermic. A kinetic model with 28 parameters is constructed for phenanthrene hydrogenation. The deviation of the product yields calculated by the kinetic model from those obtained in experiments is less than 4.5%, indicating the reasonability and accuracy of the kinetic model. The most favorable pathway for phenanthrene hydrogenation is demonstrated to be phenanthrene → tetrahydrophenanthrene → sym‐octahydrophenanthrene → 5,6‐butyl‐tetrahydronaphthalene → tetralin. These results are helpful for efficiently tuning catalyst properties and optimizing reaction conditions for enhancing phenanthrene hydrogenation.
Chemical contraceptive impacts on cyclic progesterone and sexual behavior in zoo‐housed Western lowland gorillas
Authors: LeFauve Matthew K. , Margulis Susan W. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFor regularly cycling primates in captivity, chemical contraceptives can be used to reduce the likelihood of unintentional offspring, but the effects on cyclic progesterone and sexual behavior have not been well studied in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). As zoos are invested in maintaining naturalistic behaviors and physiology, this is an important aspect of gorilla physical and mental health. We examined how exposure to combination and progestin‐only oral birth control pills altered cyclic progesterone and timing of sexual behaviors in four female gorillas at four institutions compared to cycling controls. Hormonal data were collected using fecal steroid metabolites as detected by enzyme immunoassay. Behavioral data were collected via one‐zero sampling done by keeper staff. All methods of oral contraceptive eliminated the ovarian cycle, with fecal progestogens being maintained below baselines in cycling control individuals. There was also no evidence of any cyclic patterning in endogenous progesterone, suggesting that the methods tested do not allow for detection of a recovery of endogenous progesterone during a short no‐pill period. We also found that the oral contraceptives altered the timing of behavioral displays when compared to cycling control individuals but was not directly related to any fluctuations in endogenous progesterone. This study reveals a need for additional research on contraceptive use in gorillas and reinforces that sexual behavior in gorillas is both hormonally and socially mediated.
Bared‐teeth displays in bonobos (Pan paniscus): An assessment of the power asymmetry hypothesis
Authors: Vlaeyen Jolinde M. R. , Heesen Raphaela , Kret Mariska E. , Clay Zanna , Bionda Thomas , Kim Yena 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFacial expressions are key to navigating social group life. The Power Asymmetry Hypothesis of Motivational Emancipation predicts that the type of social organization shapes the meaning of communicative displays in relation to an individual's dominance rank. The bared‐teeth (BT) display represents one of the most widely observed communicative signals across primate species. Studies in macaques indicate that the BT display in despotic species is often performed unidirectionally, from low‐ to high‐ranking individuals (signaling submission), whereas the BT display in egalitarian species is usually produced irrespective of dominance (mainly signaling affiliation and appeasement). Despite its widespread presence, research connecting BT displays to the power asymmetry hypothesis outside the Macaca genus remains scarce. To extend this knowledge, we investigated the production of BT in relation to social dominance in dyadic interactions (N = 11,377 events) of 11 captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). Although adult bonobos were more despotic than previously suggested in the literature, BT displays were produced irrespective of dominance rank. Moreover, while adults produced the BT exclusively during socio‐sexual interactions, especially during periods of social tension, immature bonobos produced the BT in a wider number of contexts. As such, the results indicate that the communicative meaning of the BT display is consistent with signaling appeasement, especially in periods of social tension. Moreover, the BT display does not seem to signal social status, supporting the prediction for species with a high degree of social tolerance. These results advance our understanding of the origins of communicative signals and their relation to species' social systems.
External environmental conditions impact nocturnal activity levels in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) living in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Kooros Sophie J. , Goossens Benoit , Sterck Elisabeth H. M. , Kenderdine Richard , Malim Peter T. , Ramirez Saldivar Diana A. , Stark Danica J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRecently, several diurnal nonhuman anthropoids have been identified displaying varying degrees of nocturnal activity, which can be influenced by activity “masking effects”—external events or conditions that suppress or trigger activity, temporarily altering normal activity patterns. Environmental masking characteristics include nocturnal temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and moon brightness. Similarly, other ecological characteristics, including proximity to humans and predators and daytime activity, may also trigger or suppress nocturnal activity. Understanding the effects of external conditions on activity patterns is pertinent to effective species conservation. We investigated the presence of nocturnal activity and the influence of masking effects on the level of nocturnal activity displayed by wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Dual‐axis accelerometers were attached by collar to six male proboscis monkeys from different one‐male, multi‐female groups to record activity continuously (165–401 days each). We measured the monkeys' nocturnal and diurnal activity levels and investigated the effects of seven potential masking effects. Nocturnal activity was much lower than diurnal activity. Still, proboscis monkeys did display varying levels of nocturnal activity. Generalized linear mixed models identified higher nocturnal activity in the study individuals during nights with cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher diurnal activity. These three masking effects affected nocturnal activity levels during the observation period that informed our model, although they did not predict nocturnal activity outside of this period. While the generalizability of these results remains uncertain, this study highlights the utility of accelerometers in identifying activity patterns and masking effects that create variability in these patterns.
Synergistic Mechanism of Platinum‐GaOx Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Pei Chunlei , Sun Guodong , Chen Sai , Zhao Zhi‐Jian , Sun Shijia , Lu Zhenpu , Xu Yiyi , Gong Jinlong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe synergy between metals and metal oxides can effectively improve the heterogeneous catalytic process. This paper describes the intrinsic effect of Pt modification over GaOx (Pt−GaOx) on propane dehydrogenation. The presence of Pt promotes H2 dissociation and surface coverage of hydrogen species, which is beneficial for the activation of C−H in propane. With excessive Pt, Gaδ+ can be further reduced to form Pt−Ga alloy with less surface hydrogen species. Consequently, the relative propylene formation rate between Pt−GaOx and the summed contribution of individual Pt and GaOx increases linearly with the content of hydrogen species. Optimally, the relative propylene formation rate of Pt−GaOx with 0.03 wt % Pt exceeds 25 % of the summed contribution of individual components.
Diborylmethyl Group as a Transformable Building Block for the Diversification of Nitrogen‐Containing Molecules
Authors: Hwang Chiwon , Lee Yeosan , Kim Minjae , Seo Younggyu , Cho Seung Hwan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe development of new approaches to installing diverse carbon fragments to a nitrogen atom has attracted considerable attention in chemical science. While numerous strategies have been devised to forge C(sp3)−N bonds, one conceptually powerful and straightforward approach is to insert a transformable sp3‐carbon unit onto a nitrogen atom for modular diversification. Here we describe the successful synthesis of halo‐diborylmethanes and their applications to the preparation of nitrogen‐substituted diborylmethanes through their homologative coupling with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles including biologically relevant molecules. This process exhibits a remarkably broad substrate scope, and the usefulness of the obtained compounds is demonstrated by the modular diversification of the diborylmethyl group to access various nitrogen‐containing molecules.