bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of detrended fluctuation analysis of heart rate variability to determine intensity thresholds in elite cyclists
Authors: Mateo‐March Manuel , Moya‐Ramón Manuel , Javaloyes Alejandro , Sánchez‐Muñoz Cristóbal , Clemente‐Suárez Vicente J. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTBackground:The evaluation of performance in endurance athletes and the subsequent individualisation of training is based on the determination of individual physiological thresholds during incremental tests. Gas exchange or blood lactate analysis are usually implemented for this purpose, but these methodologies are expensive and invasive. The short‐term scaling exponent alpha 1 of detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA‐α1) of the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been proposed as a non‐invasive methodology to detect intensity thresholds.Purpose:The aim of this study is to analyse the validity of DFA‐α1 HRV analysis to determine the individual training thresholds in elite cyclists and to compare them against the lactate thresholds.Methodology:38 male elite cyclists performed a graded exercise test to determine their individual thresholds. HRV and blood lactate were monitored during the test. The first (LT1 and DFA‐α1‐0.75, for lactate and HRV, respectively) and second (LT2 and DFA‐α1‐0.5, for lactate and HRV, respectively) training intensity thresholds were calculated. Then, these points were matched to their respective power output (PO) and heart rate (HR).Results:There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the DFA‐α1‐0.75 and LT1 with significant positive correlations in PO (r = 0.85) and HR (r = 0.66). The DFA‐α1‐0.5 was different against LT2 in PO (p= 0.04) and HR (p= 0.02), but it showed significant positive correlation in PO (r = 0.93) and HR (r = 0.71).Conclusions:The DFA1‐a‐0.75 can be used to estimate LT1 non‐invasively in elite cyclists. Further research should explore the validity of DFA‐α1‐0.5.HighlightsThe power and heart rate values derived from the DFA‐α1‐0.75 threshold showed high levels of validity and agreement when they were compared against the first lactate threshold.The second lactate threshold and the DFA‐α1‐0.5 were different (p< 0.05) but showed high levels of correlation.The detrended fluctuation analysis is a valid method to estimate the first lactate threshold and more studies are needed to verify its validity with the second lactate threshold.
A metamaterial absorber with centre-spin design and characteristic modes analysis
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Ding Fan , Wu Jiong , Zhang Qi , Yang Helin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A novel wide band multilayer metamaterial absorber with unit cell of centre-spin structure is proposed, which has a high absorption rate of up to 90% in the 2.2 to 5.2 GHz frequency range. We use equivalent impedance matching theory and characteristic mode theory(CMA) to analyze the characteristics and mechanism of the absorber, and verify the correctness of the absorber design through experiments.With the advantages of thin thickness, simple structure, insensitivity to polarization, and good absorption in a wide-angle range, the absorber has a certain application value in antenna, military radar target stealth, electromagnetic compatibility, and other fields.
Comparison in dynamic primary calibration of digital-output accelerometer between CEM and PTB
Authors: Seeger B , Jugo E , Bosnjakovic A , Ruiz S , Bruns Th 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the framework of the EU-funded project Met4FoF Metrology for the Factory of the Future a method was developed to perform primary magnitude and phase calibration of accelerometers. The validation of the developed associated hard- and software, which is designed to complement conventional primary calibration systems, is demonstrated based on a comparison measurement between the project partners CEM and PTB. The results show that the statistical distribution of results is only a minor contribution to uncertainty. An evaluation of the comparison based on the conventional procedure and established CMCs proofed a good consistency between the two laboratories, although the utilized sensor was (only) industrial grade quality.
Virtual reality validation of naturalistic modulation strategies to counteract fading in retinal stimulation
Authors: Thorn Jacob Thomas , Chenais Naïg Aurelia Ludmilla , Hinrichs Sandrine , Chatelain Marion , Ghezzi Diego 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. Temporal resolution is a key challenge in artificial vision. Several prosthetic approaches are limited by the perceptual fading of evoked phosphenes upon repeated stimulation from the same electrode. Therefore, implanted patients are forced to perform active scanning, via head movements, to refresh the visual field viewed by the camera. However, active scanning is a draining task, and it is crucial to find compensatory strategies to reduce it. Approach. To address this question, we implemented perceptual fading in simulated prosthetic vision using virtual reality. Then, we quantified the effect of fading on two indicators: the time to complete a reading task and the head rotation during the task. We also tested if stimulation strategies previously proposed to increase the persistence of responses in retinal ganglion cells to electrical stimulation could improve these indicators. Main results. This study shows that stimulation strategies based on interrupted pulse trains and randomisation of the pulse duration allows significant reduction of both the time to complete the task and the head rotation during the task. Significance. The stimulation strategy used in retinal implants is crucial to counteract perceptual fading and to reduce active head scanning during prosthetic vision. In turn, less active scanning might improve the patient’s comfort in artificial vision.
The solution space structure of planted constraint satisfaction problems with growing domains
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhang Zhe 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting a solution into the random revised B (RB) model, which is a prototype of the random constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) with growing domains, can generate very hard satisfiable CSP benchmarks. We study the solution space structure of the planted RB model. In the thermodynamic limit, by the first moment method we find that this model goes through four phase transitions as the constraint density increases. In the replica symmetric phase, what we call the independent phase transition occurs, after which the planted cluster (cluster containing the planted solution) is separated from the giant cluster. From then on, the solution space except the planted cluster goes through the same clustering phase transition and the same satisfiability phase transition as on the random RB model. The planted cluster goes through the isolated phase transition, after which the planted cluster contains only one solution. When the instances have about 102 variables, experiments show that the last three phase transitions have already appeared as in the thermodynamic limit. This phase diagram provides strong evidence that this model can generate very hard satisfiable CSP benchmarks. Finally, we find when the constraint density goes to infinity, there is a single smooth valley in the energy landscape.
Test system for the service hybrid of the 2S module for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker upgrade
Authors: Dziwok C. , Feld L. , Karpinski W. , Klein K. , Lipinski M. , Louis D. , Oezen I. , Pauls A. , Pooth O. , Repic M. , Wlochal M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alongside the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the silicon tracker of the CMS detector will be replaced within the scope of the so-called Phase-2 upgrade. The new tracker will consist of an inner part (Inner Tracker with pixelated modules) and at larger radii the Outer Tracker with two different module types (PS and 2S modules). One hybrid type used on these modules is the 2S service hybrid. It provides the optical link connection of a 2S module via the Low Power Giga Bit Transceiver (lpGBT) and a Versatile Transceiver Plus module (VTRx+). It is also responsible for the module power distribution. The different responsibilities of the hybrid require a complete testing, which is performed by a dedicated custom made test card. After a hybrid has been installed on the test card, all signal connections can be tested and verified. The test system is designed to handle a high throughput during mass production. The requirements and the design for the 2S service hybrid test card are presented together with testing results of the first final 2S service hybrid prototypes.
Morphological peculiarities of a harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) whisker revealed by normal skeletonisation
Authors: Starostin Eugene L , Dougill Gary , Grant Robyn A , Goss Victor G A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Of all mammalian vibrissae, those of certain species of pinnipeds are exceptional. Researchers believe that their curious undulating form evolved for hydrodynamic detection. Our understanding of how these whiskers work depends on a geometrical model that captures the crucial pertinent features of the natural vibrissae including its tapering and curvature. It should also account for the form of the whisker when it flexes under external loading. We introduce and study a normal skeleton of a two-dimensional projection of a harbour seal whisker. The normal skeleton is a complete shape descriptor that involves reduction to the centreline equipped with a thickness function of the orthogonal cross-section. The contours of the whisker shape are extracted from a 2D greyscale scan. Our analysis reveals correspondence between the undulations of the width and oscillations of the centreline curvature as functions of arc length. We discuss two possible explanations for that remarkable feature: one based on consideration of growth and the other of plastic deformation. For the latter we employ a mechanical model to demonstrate appearance of curvature oscillations caused by extensive deflection of the undulating whisker due to external loading.
A review: potential application and outlook of photothermal therapy in oral cancer treatment
Authors: Cao Liren , Wu Yongzhi , Shan Yue , Tan Bowen , Liao Jinfeng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As one of the most common malignant tumors, oral cancer threatens people’s health worldwide. However, traditional therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy cannot meet the requirement of cancer cure. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted widespread attentions for its advantages of the noninvasive process, few side effects, and promising tumor ablation. Up to now, three types of photothermal agents (PTAs) have been widely employed in oral cancer therapies, which involve metallic materials, carbon-based materials, and organic materials. Previous research mainly introduced hybrid materials due to benefits from the synergistic effect of multiple functions. In this review, we present the advancement of each type PTAs for oral cancer treatment in recent years. In each part, we introduce the properties and synthesis of each PTA, summarize the current studies, and analyze their potential applications. Furthermore, we discuss the status quo and the deficiencies hindering the clinical application of PTT, based on which gives the perspective of its future developing directions.
Earlier crop flowering caused by global warming alleviated by irrigation
Authors: Muleke Albert , Harrison Matthew Tom , de Voil Peter , Hunt Ian , Liu Ke , Yanotti Maria , Eisner Rowan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Enabling crop flowering within an optimal calendar window minimises long-term risk of abiotic stress exposure, improving prospects for attaining potential yield. Here, we define the optimal flowering period (OFP) as the calendar time in which long-term risk of frost, water and heat stress are collectively minimised. Using the internationally-renowned farming systems model Agricultural Systems Production Systems sIMulator, we characterised combined effects of climate change and extreme climatic events on the OFPs of barley, durum wheat, canola, chickpeas, fababean and maize from 1910 to 2021. We generate response surfaces for irrigated and dryland conditions using a range of representative sowing times for early and late maturity genotypes. Global warming truncated crop lifecycles, shifting forward flowering of winter crops by 2–43 d in dryland environments, and by −6–19 d in environments with irrigation. Alleviation of water stress by irrigation delayed OFPs by 3–25 d or 11–30 d for early and late maturity winter crops, respectively, raising average yields of irrigated crops by 44%. Even so, irrigation was unable to completely negate the long-term yield penalty caused by the climate crisis; peak yields respectively declined by 24% and 13% for rainfed and irrigated crops over the 111 years simulation duration. We conclude with two important insights: (a) use of irrigation broadens OFPs, providing greater sowing time flexibility and likelihood of realising potential yields compared with dryland conditions and (b), the most preferable maturity durations for irrigated winter and summer crops to maximise potential yields are early-sown long-season (late) and later-sown short-season (early) maturity types, respectively.
Symplectic aspects of the tt*-Toda equations
Authors: Odoi Ryosuke 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We evaluate explicitly, in terms of the asymptotic data, the ratio of the constant pre-factors in the large and small x asymptotics of the tau functions for global solutions of the tt*-Toda equations. This constant problem for the sinh–Gordon equation, which is the case n = 1 of the tt*-Toda equations, was solved by Tracy (1991 Commun. Math. Phys.
142 297–311). We also introduce natural symplectic structures on the space of asymptotic data and on the space of monodromy data for a wider class of solutions, and show that these symplectic structures are preserved by the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence.
Review of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens in exhaled breath condensate
Authors: Nwanochie Emeka , Linnes Jacqueline C 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged to cause high viral infectivity and severe respiratory illness in humans (COVID-19). Worldwide, limited pandemic mitigation strategies, including lack of diagnostic test availability, resulted in COVID-19 overrunning health systems and spreading throughout the global population. Currently, proximal respiratory tract (PRT) specimens such as nasopharyngeal swabs are used to diagnose COVID-19 because of their relative ease of collection and applicability in large scale screening. However, localization of SARS-CoV-2 in the distal respiratory tract (DRT) is associated with more severe infection and symptoms. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a sample matrix comprising aerosolized droplets originating from alveolar lining fluid that are further diluted in the DRT and then PRT and collected via condensation during tidal breathing. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in recent resurgence of interest in EBC collection as an alternative, non-invasive sampling method for the staging and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Herein, we review the potential utility of EBC collection for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections. While much remains to be discovered in fundamental EBC physiology, pathogen-airway interactions, and optimal sampling protocols, EBC, combined with emerging detection methods, presents a promising non-invasive sample matrix for detection of SARS-CoV-2.
Morphology and corrosion behavior of ZnO passive films for galvanized steel applications: effects of anodizing parameters
Authors: Naing Thet Htet , Janudom Somjai , Mahathaninwong Narissara , Rachpech Vishnu , Karrila Seppo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this study, anodic ZnO films have been potentiostatically fabricated on galvanized steel surfaces in mixed electrolytes of NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2. The anodization parameters were varied in the ranges: applied voltage 5–30 V, controlled temperature 5 °C–35 °C, and anodizing time 15–60 min. Effects of the anodizing parameters on the properties of anodic ZnO films deposited on galvanized steel were evaluated using x-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), measurements of water contact angle (WCA) and anodic film thickness. In addition, the synergistic effect of parameter-dependent surface characteristics of anodic films on short-term and long-term corrosion resistant was also investigated. The results showed that all anodic films formed were composed of crystalline ZnO. Transparent colorless anodic films were deposited at 5 V whereas transparent yellowish films at 20 V. Black anodic ZnO films were developed at 10 V, and these serve as effective corrosion barriers that greatly improved (2–5 fold) the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel. Among them, the optimal protection was found in the black anodic ZnO film fabricated at 10 V under 25 °C for 30 min. It was found that surface chemistry, morphology, wettability, and film thickness were important for the longevity of an anodic film. The main aim of this study is to understand the anodization of galvanized steel, which can provide controllable surface properties and wettability to ZnO anodic films by manipulation of the anodizing parameters.
Retracted: Advances in chitosan biopolymer composite materials: from bioengineering, wastewater treatment to agricultural applications
Authors: Chadha Utkarsh , Bhardwaj Preetam , Selvaraj Senthil Kumaran , Kumari Kanak , Isaac Tassella Susanna , Panjwani Mahek , Kulkarni Kunal , Mathew Rhea Mary , Satheesh Ashly Mariam , Pal Anushka , Gunreddy Neha , Dubey Omika , Singh Shalu , Latha Srinivasan , Chakravorty Arghya , Badoni Badrish , Banavoth Murali , Sonar Prashant , Manoharan Manikandan , Paramasivam Velmurugan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chitosan has become the most known and second abundantly available recyclable, non-hazardous and eco-friendly biopolymer after cellulose with several advantageous biomedical, agriculture, and wastewater treatment applications. As nanotechnology has progressed, researchers have begun incorporating chitosan-based carbon compounds into various compounds, elements, and carbonaceous materials to increase their efficiency and biocompatibility. Chitosan carbon compounds have also been used directly in many applications due to their inherent chelating and antibacterial features and the presence of customizable functional groups. This review widely discusses- the properties and synthesis of chitosan and chitosan composite. It also discusses the modification of chitosan with different compounds, metals, carbonaceous materials, and agriculture residues to allow their use on an industrial scale. Recent advances in the use of chitosan in biomedical, agro-waste management, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and a few other applications (such as food packaging, cosmetics, and the textile and paper sector) are briefly discussed. Furthermore, this analysis reveals that chitosan and its composite materials are potential, low-cost products for environmental clean-up that can be made with basic manufacturing procedures.
Geometrical postural optimisation of 7-DoF limb-like manipulators
Authors: Tiseo Carlo , Charitos Sydney Rebecca , Mistry Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Robots are moving towards applications in less structured environments, but their model-based controllers are challenged by the tasks’ complexity and intrinsic environmental unpredictability. Studying biological motor control can provide insights into overcoming these limitations due to the high dexterity and stability observable in humans and animals. This work presents a geometrical solution to the postural optimisation of 7-DoF limbs-like mechanisms, which are robust to singularities and computationally efficient. The theoretical formulation identified two separate decoupled optimisation strategies. The shoulder and elbow strategy align the plane of motion with the expected plane of motion and guarantee the reachability of the end-posture. The wrist strategy ensures the end-effector orientation, which is essential to retain manipulability when nearing a singular configuration. The numerical results confirmed the theoretical observations and allowed us to identify the effect of different grasp strategies on system manipulability. The geometrical method was numerically tested in thousands of configurations proving to be both robust and accurate. The tested scenarios include left and right arm postures, singular configurations, and walking scenarios. The proposed geometrical approach can find application in developing efficient and robust interaction controllers that could be applied in computational neuroscience and robotics.
RNAI-FRID: novel feature representation method with information enhancement and dimension reduction for RNA–RNA interaction
Authors: Kang Qiang , Meng Jun , Luan Yushi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDifferent ribonucleic acids (RNAs) can interact to form regulatory networks that play important role in many life activities. Molecular biology experiments can confirm RNA–RNA interactions to facilitate the exploration of their biological functions, but they are expensive and time-consuming. Machine learning models can predict potential RNA–RNA interactions, which provide candidates for molecular biology experiments to save a lot of time and cost. Using a set of suitable features to represent the sample is crucial for training powerful models, but there is a lack of effective feature representation for RNA–RNA interaction. This study proposes a novel feature representation method with information enhancement and dimension reduction for RNA–RNA interaction (named RNAI-FRID). Diverse base features are first extracted from RNA data to contain more sample information. Then, the extracted base features are used to construct the complex features through an arithmetic-level method. It greatly reduces the feature dimension while keeping the relationship between molecule features. Since the dimension reduction may cause information loss, in the process of complex feature construction, the arithmetic mean strategy is adopted to enhance the sample information further. Finally, three feature ranking methods are integrated for feature selection on constructed complex features. It can adaptively retain important features and remove redundant ones. Extensive experiment results show that RNAI-FRID can provide reliable feature representation for RNA–RNA interaction with higher efficiency and the model trained with generated features obtain better performance than other deep neural network predictors.
Transgene-design: a web application for the design of mammalian transgenes
Authors: Mühlhausen Stefanie , Hurst Laurence D 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSummaryTransgene-design is a web application to help design transgenes for use in mammalian studies. It is predicated on the recent discovery that human intronless transgenes and native retrogenes can be expressed very effectively if the GC content at exonic synonymous sites is high. In addition, as exonic splice enhancers resident in intron containing genes may have different utility in intronless genes, these can be reduced or increased in density. Input can be a native gene or a commercially ‘optimised’ gene. The option to leave in the first intron and to protect or avoid other motifs is also permitted.Availability and implementationTransgene-design is based on a ruby for rails platform. The application is available at https://transgene-design.bath.ac.uk. The code is available under GNU General Public License from GitHub (https://github.com/smuehlh/transgenes).Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.