bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialogue, Liminality, and a Spatial Ethic of Reciprocity in Difference
Authors: Banerjee Amrita 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the cross-fertilization of feminist and pragmatist philosophies in Jane Addams by focusing on her social ethics and her work in the social settlement movement. The contours of a unique conceptual framework for dialogue in Addams is drawn up, which is called “dialogic reciprocity.” An associated concept, namely “liminal spatiality,” is also proposed as an integral aspect of Addamsian social ethics. Dialogic reciprocity emphasizes a certain responsive interplay between people across difference and calls for a framing of moral agency as interactive rather than individualistic. Liminal spatiality highlights the importance of blurred or in-between spaces within the framework of dialogic ethics. While dialogic reciprocity is proposed as a way of conceptualizing moral agency in our relationship to the Other, the concept of liminal spatiality contributes to the formulation of a spatial ethics across difference. The chapter not only enables the reader to develop a somewhat unifying framework for reading the feminist pragmatism of Jane Addams, but also develops readings of Addams’s social ethics in relation to work on liminality in Latin American feminist philosophy, on the one hand, and philosophical work on care ethics, space, and agency in feminist philosophy from India, on the other. Such engagements ultimately allow us to generate a non-white-stream reading of the feminist pragmatism of Jane Addams.
Astrology and Astral Magic in Tantric Japan
Authors: Kotyk Jeffrey 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Japanese Buddhism received and implemented a kind of Sinicized form of astrology from the ninth to tenth centuries. This type of astrology differed from the type of court omenology that had earlier been received from the mainland and was based on ancient Chinese concepts of astroterrestrial correspondences and related chiefly to concerns of the country as a whole, rather than to individuals. The new form of astrology, originating from Indian and Indo-Iranian sources in Chinese translation, could be used for timing rituals to maximize their efficiency or to predict the fate of an individual. The planets, now viewed as deities, also entered the Buddhist pantheon in Japan and became an important object of worship. New ritual forms were also received and developed, in which one could negotiate one’s fate as it might be predicted based on astrology.
The Right to Social Security
Authors: Goldblatt Beth 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter considers the origins and purpose of the right to social security and its status in international law, regional human rights instruments, and national constitutions. It discusses the developing interpretation of the right in international law and in national jurisprudence and examines the right in relation to welfare cutbacks in the context of increasing austerity in the Global North and the growth in social security provision in the Global South as a response to poverty, including with regard to the ILO’s recommendation for social protection floors. The chapter gives particular consideration to the relationship between the right to social security and equality. It also focuses on two further issues that touch on core questions regarding the interpretation of the right to social security: conditionality and a basic income. All three discussions point to central considerations of access to the right, its scope, and its purpose. It should be noted that, since the time of writing, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented an extreme new context in which to consider how the right to social security links with vulnerability, equality, and solidarity. While this analysis, especially in relation to conditionality, basic income, and equality, is pertinent to the response to the health and economic crisis that has followed COVID-19, this chapter does not incorporate a discussion of international and national responses.
AI and Structural Injustice
Authors: Himmelreich Johannes , Lim Désirée 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues for a structural injustice approach to the governance of AI. Structural injustice has an analytical and evaluative component. The analytical component consists of structural explanations that are well known in the social sciences. The evaluative component is a theory of justice. Structural injustice is a powerful conceptual tool that allows researchers and practitioners to identify, articulate, and perhaps even anticipate, AI biases. The chapter begins with an example of racial bias in AI that arises from structural injustice. The chapter then presents the concept of structural injustice as introduced by the philosopher Iris Marion Young. The chapter moreover argues that structural injustice is well suited as an approach to the governance of AI and compares this approach to alternative approaches that start from analyses of harms and benefits or from value statements. The chapter suggests that structural injustice provides methodological and normative foundations for the values and concerns of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The chapter closes with a look into the idea of “structure” and responsibility. The idea of structure is central to justice. An open theoretical research question is to what extent AI is itself part of the structure of society. Finally, the practice of responsibility is central to structural injustice. Even if they cannot be held responsible for the existence of structural injustice, every individual and every organization has some responsibility to address structural injustice going forward.
An Ecosystem Framework of AI Governance
Authors: Wirtz Bernd W. , Langer Paul F. , Weyerer Jan C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence brings great challenges. How can the potential opportunities be used in the best sense for the benefit of society and how can potential dangers be avoided? First applications already show challenges and point accordingly to the problem of governance. Some aspects of AI development are unpredictable and the technology is dynamic and complex. AI is therefore not easy to grasp: especially due to its diverse applications, it can be assumed that it will evolve into an AI ecosystem in which different processes interact dynamically. This chapter describes the concept of an AI ecosystem and, against this background, presents a five-level framework that describes different levels of governance of how an ecosystem can be managed for the benefit of society.
Watching the Watchtower
Authors: Caines Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The ever-expanding global use and development of Surveillance AI (SAI) by governments and municipalities has resulted in a new frontier of digital surveillance and precarious situations for privacy and human rights. Two useful lenses for assessing the evolution of SAI are mission creep and function creep. This chapter uses these dual lenses, a novel framework for assessing any SAI deployment (the Seven Axes of Surveillance), landscape observations, and oversight mechanisms to enable readers to evaluate actual and prospective government use cases for SAI. As the sophistication, nuances, and considerations of SAI are rapidly developing, responsibility for evaluating, limiting, and regulating this disruptive technology must diffuse to all members in society. This chapter attempts to democratize knowledge of the various components and considerations of SAI systems to empower readers to counteract poorly designed, unethical, or poorly managed deployments.
Pan-Africanism and Development in Africa
Authors: Aniche Ernest Toochi , Alumona Ikenna Mike , Mlambo Victor H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the relevance of Pan-Africanism for African development trajectories and prognoses. Pan-Africanism has historically evolved from being a liberation movement to eradicate oppression, slavery, and colonialism to an ideology of achieving continental unity, interdependence, self-sufficiency, and economic transformation. In other words, the traditional Pan-Africanism served as a strategy of decolonization, anticolonial struggle, and “Black” unity, whereas modern Pan-Africanism emerged as a strategy of neocolonial struggle and collective self-reliance, and a development framework or an ideology of economic transformation. Therefore, modern Pan-African developmental regionalism derives from the Pan-Africanist philosophical postulations of Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, and Nnamdi Azikiwe. African scholarship concerning Pan-African developmental regionalism has been dominated by Afro-pessimism and Afro-optimism. This chapter departs from both outlooks by embracing the emerging Afro-realism.
Property Rights in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Mueller Bernardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Countries are not equally developed in large part because most countries face sets of property rights that do not foster growth, despite the aggregate gains that would result from changing property rights. The difference in rents to society between the extant set of property rights and some seemingly better alternative is defined here as a “Demsetz” wedge. This chapter explores the forces that sustain the status quo as well the forces that prompt property rights to change.
Job Quality in High-Touch Services
Authors: Gatta Mary 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While much has been written about the low wages and benefits in high-touch services, less has been focused on how workplace practices such as schedule control, leave options and workplace inflexibility impacts economic security opportunities. This is an issue particularly important to women, as they bear a disproportionate amount of the caring labour—childcare, elder care, and other care work—in families and communities. The lack of access to flexible work options for low-wage workers is symptomatic of the inherent segmentation of the US labour market. Low-wage jobs are characterized by highly structured work environments such as in retail, hospitality, restaurant, and tourism industries. These jobs include the semi-skilled service trades where employers see low-wage workers as more ‘easily replaceable’ than their higher paid counterparts. As women and people of colour have higher rates of employment in these jobs, this situation reinforces gender and racial inequality with regard to the availability of flexible work options. Using a case study of restaurant workers and focusing on workplace practices, the chapter highlights the challenges that high-touch workers face, along with the connections between workplace flexibility and economic security. This case is then used to inform both the workplace practices and public policies that can help address workplace flexibility for the larger, low-wage labour market, especially in high-touch services.
Neoliberalism’s Impact on Public-Sector Job Quality
Authors: Sauer Carsten , Valet Peter , Roscigno Vincent J. , Wilson George 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Public-sector reforms over the last three decades have fundamentally changed working conditions in almost all OECD countries. This chapter compares the consequences for public-sector workers in the US, where reforms took hold in the 1980s, and Germany, where reforms began unfolding in the 1990s and early 2000s. After a short description of the pre-reform and post-reform structure of the public-sector work in these two poignant cases, we investigate the consequences for public-sector job security and pressure across countries and over time. Our analyses of part-time work, contractual protections, and overtime hours draw on data of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Results show a remarkable and nearly parallel shift from full to part-time work in both countries in the last 30 years, albeit time-delayed in the case of Germany. Contractual insecurity measured by at-will (US) and fixed-term (Germany) contracts increased in both countries, with somewhat steeper increases in the US. The share of public-sector workers working overtime hours has increased, again in nearly parallel fashion, in the US and Germany since the mid-1990s owing to public-sector reforms. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of such changes and future trajectories.
The Swedish Contribution to Job Quality
Authors: Hampson Ian , Sandberg Åke 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What is distinctive about the Swedish contribution to progressive work–life reform, and what does it contribute to the current job quality literature? Sweden has produced a disproportionate share of the world’s research into social and organizational aspects of work, and for a time led work democratization research and practice. In the late 1980s and 1990s work design at Volvo Uddevalla was a counterpoint to lean production. We argue that institutional and political characteristics of Sweden, partially registered as the ‘Swedish model’ underpinned these developments. In the ‘golden age’ of work-life reform from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, an unusual degree of employer support for job quality complemented trade union activism and supportive government research policies. The chapter argues that Sweden’s key contribution to current discussions around job quality lay in exploring the limits of work democratization by developing teamwork with high levels of autonomy, interacting with action-oriented research and design.
Encounters with Modernity
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Spanning the entire twentieth century, this essay explores the German encounter with modernity. In broad strokes it argues that the authoritarian modernization of the Empire claimed to be different and superior to the West. The loss of the First World War opened the door to Weimar’s democratization which was ended by the Great Depression. The organic modernity of Hitler’s Third Reich led into another World War and the Holocaust. The anti-fascist welfare dictatorship of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) turned out to be a dead end, since the German Democratic Republic (GDR) became a repressive Soviet satellite. Only the second attempt to create a democracy in the Federal Republic was so attractive that it overcame even the German division. Tired of such extremes, most Germans finally accepted liberal self-government and a social market economy, becoming a pillar of European integration. From this perspective, German history in the twentieth century can therefore be read as a partly failed and ultimately successful search for a humane form of modernity.
Germany in the EU
Authors: Daehnhardt Patricia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The European Union (EU) is Germany’s institutional anchor for external policy-making and European integration remains its most relevant framework for exerting political influence in Europe and beyond. During the EU’s crises of the 2010s, Germany played a pivotal role, and emerged as a primus inter pares. In this role it remains, by choice as much as by domestic politics, a deliberate status quo power, pursuing an interest-driven strategy in an assertive manner geared towards maintaining the EU order, from which Germany has been one of the biggest beneficiaries. As the key member state, Germany’s support for further EU integration, however, has become more conditional and it no longer sees the EU striving towards further supranational integration only. Berlin has shifted its preferences for EU policy-making towards national and intergovernmental institutions as this ensures control of state core powers and sidesteps distrust that can emerge towards supranational institutions.
German Multilateralism After the Cold War
Authors: Sperling James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most analyses of German multilateralism concern Berlin’s use of multilateral fora to ensure the uploading of German preferences and the country’s normative preference for multilateral action that sets Germany apart from its peers. German multilateralism within the European Union (EU) alone would neither provide a rigorous test of German multilateralism with respect to the implementation stage of commonly agreed upon policies nor provide much insight into the kind of multilateralism Germany practises. The empirical investigation of German multilateralism considers German policy in institutions—NATO, the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the G-20—across three issue dimensions: security-related economic objectives and global infrastructure; global macroeconomic crisis management; and participation in stabilization and peace-keeping operations. That analysis provides the foundation for answering three questions: Is German foreign policy consistently multilateral in institutional frameworks other than the EU? Does it act multilaterally in a way that differentiates it from its European peer states? Does Germany treat its commitment to multilateralism as a contract or a covenant?
Emotional Styles in Post-War German Politics
Authors: Frevert Ute 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Max Weber once spoke of the unstoppable triumph of modern rationalization. However, it has long become clear that emotions continuously shaped both the development of European societies and how they resolved conflict throughout the twentieth century. In the modern age of mass participation, politicians across different parties and systems have deliberately appealed to people’s emotions in order to promote their politics and garner support. After 1945, the passionate politics and emotional demagogy practised during the ‘Third Reich’ could not continue in the new German state(s), which, as a result, had to develop their own emotional style—a major component of state-building—that reflected an appropriate balance between reason and emotion. Against this background, the chapter outlines the role of old and new passions on a political mass market that was navigating between the social emotions of sobriety (Sachlichkeit), collective pathos, and personal consternation (Betroffenheit).
Germany and the Soviet Union during the Cold War Era
Authors: Ruggenthaler Peter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the important relations of both German states with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the Cold War years. Once victory over Nazi Germany had been achieved, Stalin wanted to ensure that it would be impossible for Germany to launch yet another war against the Soviet Union. One means of weakening Germany were large territorial cessions. Another way was to turn Germany into a communist country. But it became clear that communism could be implemented only with the help of the Soviet Army. This chapter traces the conflicts among the great powers regarding Germany which led to the Cold War and the division of Germany. The Soviet occupation zone was soon turned into the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which became a cornerstone of the Soviet Empire. The suppression of the popular East German uprising in 1953 revealed that Stalin’s successors would continue to insist on upholding Soviet interests in Germany with all their might. Only the construction of a wall and the complete sealing off of West Berlin could stop the enormous population drain from the GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In 1961, the status quo was thus cemented in the truest sense of the word; yet legally, the German question remained open throughout the Cold War. Mikhail Gorbachev’s reform policy laid the foundation for the changes in Eastern Europe in 1989. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Chancellor Kohl decisively pushed the reunification process—yet, against the will of most European governments.
Emotion, affective practice, and the taking of Indigenous Ancestral Remains
Authors: Fforde Cressida , Andrews Jilda , Halealoha Ayau Edward , Grant Madalyn , Smith Laurajane , Turnbull Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the emotions that have historically underlined and driven the collecting of Indigenous Ancestral Remains and argues that engaging with the emotional content of collecting and repatriation is integral to understanding both the impact of this history and the contemporary importance of repatriation. The ethical case for repatriation has been refuted by Science as being outweighed by the universal good of the preservation of remains in collections—a claim strongly rebutted by Indigenous peoples and their supporters. This stance is characteristic of a tendency to evade discussion of the colonial contexts of Ancestral Remains acquisition, or claims that this past has no relevance in deciding their future. There has been an unwillingness to reflect on what the archives of museums might disclose and what those archives might reveal about the emotions and ambitions through which the intellectual products of scientific research on Indigenous Ancestral Remains were created.
Cooperative platforms for curating and managing digitally recorded finds data
Authors: Rohiola Ville , Kuitunen Jutta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on archaeological collection management and the curation of digital information through a case study of the practices that lie behind FindSampo, an open-access service under development for archaeological finds made by the public in Finland. Citizen science is at the centre of this study. It reflects the importance of cooperation with metal detectorists and others and the potential that it entails for archaeology and heritage management. FindSampo, developed by the multidisciplinary SuALT project, introduces innovative solutions to enhance the research and management of archaeological find data. The solutions of FindSampo concern semantic computing and Linked Open Data, and, for example, ontology work on archaeological objects and the validation process of reported finds. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the importance of the democratization of archaeological information in the management of archaeological collections.
Museum replicas
Authors: Reynolds-Kaye Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite their importance as stand-ins for authentic artworks in museums and World’s Fairs, plaster casts of non-Western objects have not received their due attention within scholarship. Instead, publications have historically focused on plaster casts of Classical and other European sculptures. With a recent shift towards studying plaster casts from world archaeology, museum professionals and scholars need to refine the guiding questions and methodology to consciously challenge the Western perspective. This chapter reads archival materials against the grain to recover the lost voices of the labourers who contributed to producing the replicas and foregrounds entrepreneurs from the source country. By using plaster casts of pre-Columbian art in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and the British Museum as case studies, this chapter encourages scholars to acknowledge the Western imperialist rhetoric and motivations, while recognizing the efforts and impact of actors in Latin America.