bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Allergic Polymerized Impurities in Cephalosporins by
MALDI-TOF MS/MS Spectrometry
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Dandan 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Characterization of allergic polymerized impurities in cephalosporins is significant to ensure the safety and quality of the products.

Objective:
The aim of the study was to develop a MALDI-TOF MS/MS method to characterize the structures of polymerized impurities in cefuroxime axetil drug substance and cefetamet pivoxil drug substance.

Methods:
Calibrant references were TOF mix, including Angiotensin 2, Angiotensin 1, Glu-1-fibrino, N-Acetyl renin, ACTH 1-17, ACTH 18-39, and ACTH 7-38. Matrix was DHB at a con-centration of 10 mg·mL-1. Acetone and water were used as solvents to dissolve cefuroxime axetil and cefetamet pivoxil hydrochloride drug substances, respectively. The prepared solutions were mixed with DHB, volatilized to dry, and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis, respectively. MS data were obtained in the linear mode with a power of 80, and MS2 data were obtained in the reflection mode with a power of 120. Molecular weights of polymerized impurities in cefuroxime axetil and cefetamet pivoxil were obtained based on the MS data. Their fragmentation patterns and structural assignments were studied based on the MS2 data.

Results:
Eight polymerized impurities in cefuroxime axetil drug substance and cefetamet pivoxil hydrochloride drug substance made in China were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorp-tion/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS), among which impurity Ⅰ-Ⅴ were in cefuroxime axetil and impurities Ⅵ-Ⅷ were in cefetamet pivoxil. Based on the ex-perimental results, the polymerization mechanism of polymerized impurities in cephalosporins was discussed.

Conclusion:
MALDI-TOF MS/MS proved to be simple, quick and sensitive for the analysis of polymerized impurities in cephalosporins.
Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Diagnosis of
Spinal Cord Injury: A Mini-Review
Authors: Wang Yang , Xu Hualiang , Wang Jian , Yi Hanxiao , Song Yancheng 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Benefiting from in-depth research into stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs),
which are byproducts of cells and membrane-wrapped microvesicles (30-120 nm) containing lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids, may cast light on the research and development of therapeutics capable of improving
the neurological recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) animals. However, the mechanistic modes
of action for EVs in alleviating the lesion size of SCI remain to be solved, thus presenting a tremendous
gap existing in translation from the laboratory to the clinic.

Objective:
The purpose of this minireview was to cover a wide range of basic views on EVs involved in
SCI treatment, including the effects of EVs on the pathogenesis, treatment, and diagnosis of spinal cord
injury.

Methods:
We searched databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and EMBASE) and
acquired all accessible articles published in the English language within five years. Studies reporting laboratory
applications of EVs in the treatment of SCI were included and screened to include studies presenting
relevant molecular mechanisms.

Results:
This review first summarized the basic role of EVs in cell communication, cell death, inflammatory
cascades, scar formation, neuronal regrowth, and angiogenesis after SCI, thereby providing insights
into neuroprotection and consolidated theories for future clinical application of EVs.

Conclusion:
EVs participate in an extremely wide range of cell activities, play a critical role in cell communication
centring neurons, and are considered potential therapies and biomarkers for SCI. miRNAs are
the most abundant nucleic acids shipped by EVs and effluent cytokines, and they may represent important
messengers of EVs and important factors in SCI treatment.
Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
through Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2), and Ca2+ Channels
Pathways
Authors: Eddouks Mohamed , Amtaghri Smail , Amssayef Ayoub , Slaoui Miloudia 
Published: March 2022

Aims:
The aim of the study was to assess the antihypertensive activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

Background:
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is used traditionally to treat hypertension.

Objective:
The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers (AEHRS) on resting blood pressure in rats.

Material and Methods:
In the present study, AEHRS was prepared and its antihypertensive activity was evaluated using in vivo and in vitro studies. In the in vivo study, hypertensive and normotensive rats were treated by AEHRS (100 mg/kg) orally for 6 hours in the acute treatment and for 7 days in the subchronic treatment. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure values and heart rate were then recorded using a tail cuff and a computer-assisted monitoring device. To assess the vasorelaxant activity of AEHRS, isolated thoracic aortic rings were suspended in a tissue bath and changes in tension were recorded using a data acquisition system. Potential pathways involved in the vasorelaxant activity were evaluated using several standard pharmacological agents.

Results:
The results indicated that repeated oral administration of AEHRS during 7 days lowered systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive rats without affecting normotensive rats. Furthermore, the data revealed that AEHRS exerts vasorelaxant properties via an endothelium-independent pathway. More interestingly, the study demonstrates that the vasorelaxant capacity of AEHRS seems to be exerted through the stimulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and the inhibition of Ca2+ channels pathway.

Conclusion:
The present study revealed that aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a significant antihypertensive activity and that its vasorelaxant effect may be mediated through stimulation of ACE-2, and inhibition of the Ca2+ channels.
Droop Control-Based Grid Forming Inverters with an Auxiliary Grid
Support Control for Frequency Regulation in a Low Voltage Microgrid
Authors: Mohanan Athira , Daniel Asha Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

Aim:
Improving the frequency regulation in a Low Voltage (LV) microgrid during grid
mode transition using Grid Forming Grid Support (GFGS) converters with inertia emulation.

Background:
The ever-increasing demand for energy and the depleting fossil fuels has increased the
proliferation of converter-fed Renewable Sources (RES) in the conventional grid. The reduced system
inertia results in frequency regulation issues which are further aggravated by the unpredictable
nature of RES and dynamic switching of loads. This scenario results in blackouts, unwanted load
shedding, power quality issues, and discrepancies in protection schemes.

Objective:
A control scheme is presented on the principle of swing equation-based synchronization
to regulate the active power output of a grid-tied voltage-source converter operating in a grid forming
grid supporting mode in a low voltage PV-based microgrid. The Virtual Synchronous Machine
control (VSM) is implemented for controlling the active power output, which follows the grid frequency
deviations, ensuring the safe State of Charge (SoC) limits of the Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS).

Methods:
The stability issues due to the absence of inertia in an inverter-fed LV microgrid are
staved off by giving auxiliary grid support by implementing VSM control in a BESS inverter in the
grid forming mode. The LV microgrid model with all the converters in the GFGS converter is developed
in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to fine-
tune the control parameters. The effectiveness of the control strategy has been investigated for
unintentional islanding events.

Results:
The droop control-based GFGS grid-tied converters with power balance equation-based
VSM control gave frequency regulation within the range stipulated by the grid codes during the islanding
events.

Conclusion:
The work demonstrates the effectiveness of VSM control in providing the auxiliary
grid support for droop-based grid forming converters in an LV microgrid.
The Investigation of Carrier Mobility Effect on the Performance Characteristics
of the InGaN-Based Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
(VCSEL) by Solving the Rate Equations
Authors: Goharrizi Azita Zandi , Alahyarizadeh Ghasem 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Among the parameters that play an important role in describing the performance
of many devices is carrier mobility which is a criterion for the easy movement in semiconductor
crystals.

Objective:
The effect of carrier mobility on the performance characteristics of InGaN quantum well
vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser was analytically investigated.

Methods:
By solving the Poisson’s equation, current density equation, charge concentration continuity
equation and carrier and photon rate equations, the variation of current density and carrier density with
respect to the position and time and the effects of carrier mobility and temperature on these parameters
were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of mobility on the variation of output power versus the injection
current and on the time variation of photon and carrier density and the output power was investigated.

Results:
By increasing the carrier mobility, the threshold current is reduced and the output power is
increased. In studying the effect of temperature on the desired parameters, the variation of carrier density
with respect to time and position was affected by the temperature change. This phenomenon is due
to the dependence of these parameters on the diffusion coefficients and consequently on the mobility
of the carriers and the dependence of mobility on temperature.

Conclusions:
The output power increased, and the time delay in accruing the laser decreased. Consequently,
the carrier recombination increased, further resulting in a rapid laser operation.
Stimulating the Innovative Development of the Regions of the Russian Federation within the Framework of Strategic Investment Projects
Authors: Perminova E. A. 
Published: March 2022

The present study is aimed at forming proposals to stimulate accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation in the conditions of increasing global crises associated with the influence of the unstable international situation in connection with the events in Ukraine and the introduction, as well as the prospect of sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as the impact on both the world and the Russian economy of the consequences of significant restrictions due to the situation with coronavirus.Aim. Formation of proposals for accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation based on the use of strategic investment projects in the conditions of reconstruction of territorial production complexes, which will form the prerequisites for the advanced development of the regions.Tasks. To consider approaches to stimulating accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation and its assessment based on: the use of key performance indicators; diversification of the economic potential of the regions, as well as the use of venture financing; introduction of the concepts of strategic investment projects and strategic investment initiatives into strategic regional development programs; the use of the theory of the territorial-industrial complex in modern economic conditions.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of factorial, statistical and quantitative analysis, proposals have been developed for the formation of measures to achieve maximum success in the innovative development of advanced industries in the regions of the Russian Federation.Results. The study showed that in order to achieve the objectives of accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation, when forming strategic planning documents, it is necessary to focus on the main “development complexes”, participation in the implementation of a new model of economic growth based on the prin ciples of public-private partnership based on a comprehensive theoretical and methodological approach to the formation of socio-economic policy and the active use of strategic investment projects.Conclusions. It is advisable in the strategic programs of the regions to determine the creation of hightech innovative projects for processing raw materials available on the territory in order to get out of the dependence of the economy on raw materials; to create the necessary conditions for improving the investment climate in order to attract high-tech projects of leading world states for their further use in their own needs; actively diversify existing own high-tech projects in order to maximize profits and create an image of a highly developed, competitive region; create high-tech divisions on the basis of financial and economic institutions to launch and finance innovative, knowledge-intensive projects with a view to their further diversification and integration both in the region and with third entities.
Differences in D-dimer Blood Concentration in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Left Atrial Thrombus or Severe Left Atrial Spontaneous Echo Contrast
Authors: lin changjian , Bao Yangyang , Hua Wei , Zhang Ning , Jin Qi , Xie Yun , Wei Yue , Luo Qingzhi , Liu Zhuhui , Ling Tianyou , Pan Wenqi , Xie Yucai , Wu Liqun 
Published: March 2022

Background: Severe left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (SLASEC) is
considered the prior stage to thrombosis. Studies have suggested an
effect of D-dimer blood concentration on exclusion of left atrial
thrombus (LAT), but it remains unclear whether D-dimer concentrations
differ between atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with SLASEC or LAT.
Methods: Nonvalvular AF patients scheduled to undergo catheter ablation
or cardioversion between January 2017 and July 2020 were screened for
this prospective study. All patients underwent transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE) to detect SLASEC or LAT. Results: 35 patients
with SLASEC and 22 patients with LAT were detected. D-dimer
concentration and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score were significantly lower in the
SLASEC group compared with the LAT group (D-dimer: 0.26±0.13 vs.
0.87±0.9 mg/L, P<0.001; CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score: 2.3±0.9 vs.
3.1±1.5, P =0.02). The cut-off value for D-dimer concentration (0.285
mg/L) had sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 80.0% for prediction
of LAT. D-dimer concentration showed a decreasing trend with a
significant difference after complete thrombus resolution in the LAT
group by anticoagulation treatment. No ischemic stroke, or systemic
thromboembolism events occurred in the SLASEC group during the 6-month
follow-up. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significantly lower
D-dimer concentration and CHA2DS2 -VASc score in AF patients with SLASEC
than in those with LAT. The D-dimer cut-off value (0.285 mg/L) can be
used as an effective reference index to distinguish the pre-thrombotic
state of LAT from LAT. D-dimer blood concentration may be a predictor of
LAT thrombolysis.
An Empirical Study: Impact of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) On Brand loyalty
Authors: Aghajani Ahmad 
Published: March 2022

This current study has done to investigate the relationship between integrated marketing communications (IMC) and loyalty to brand in view point of customers of detergent industries companies In Karaj City. Methodology: The statistical population in this study is consists of customers in detergent companies In Karaj City which 384 people is as the sample size of customers, by using the Cochran formula with the method of available and simple random sampling were selected. For collecting data by the method of Questionnaires were used, questionnaires selected in this study were standard. Results: Data with statistical programs in both descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The reliability of questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated and these coefficients for questionnaires integrated marketing communications and brand loyalty respectively was equal to 0.788, 0.754 and 0.717. All Hypotheses at the level of 95% confidence were confirmed. Conclusion: The results of the Minor hypotheses showed that sale promotion on brand loyalty in the first rank, advertising on brand loyalty in the second rank, public relations on brand loyalty in the third rank, direct marketing on brand loyalty in fourth rank and the last rank have located.
Impact of a Pharmacist-Led Warfarin to Direct Oral Anticoagulant Conversion Initiative during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mews Kelsey , Umbreit Audrey , Holm Emily , Davis Kelsie , Kelly Ellen , Reinhardt Carson , Young Allison , Flynn Joseph 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To assess the impact of a pharmacist-led warfarin to DOAC conversion initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Patients who were prescribed warfarin and followed with the anticoagulation clinic for INR monitoring were assessed by outpatient clinical pharmacists as potential candidates for transition to DOACs from March-August 2020.
Results: 530 patients were assessed for transition to DOACs, of which 373 (70.4%) were deemed by clinical pharmacists to be candidates for DOACs. Of the patients who were candidates for DOACs, 66 (17.7%) were transitioned from warfarin to a DOAC. Of the patients who transitioned to a DOAC, 59 (89.4%) remained on a DOAC after one year.
Conclusion: Outpatient clinical pharmacists are an effective resource to help identify patients who are candidates for DOACs and assist with transition from warfarin. Further, high persistence rates with DOAC therapy after one year demonstrate the positive impact of the clinical pharmacist on medication adherence.
Potensi Ekstrak Daun Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) sebagai Biofungisida terhadap Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries secara In Vitro
Authors: Fadilah Nurul , Ratnasari Evie 
Published: March 2022

Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries merupakan cendawan yang menyerang hasil pertanian, terutama biji-bijian. Salah satu penanganan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur ini ialah dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) sebagai biofungisida. Penelitian ini termasuk ekperimental dengan penerapan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat kali ulangan. Variasi konsentrasi yang digunakan meliputi: 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, dan 60%, dimana aquades berperan sebagai kontrol negatif, sedangkan fungisida sintetik Zephir+ berperan sebagai kontrol positif. Parameter yang diamati adalah respon pertumbuhan cendawan terhadap masing-masing konsentrasi ekstrak sebagai perlakuan. Hasil kemudian dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA Oneway dan dilanjutkan Duncan test. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun gedi (A. manihot (L.) Medik) dalam menghalangi pertumbuhan Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries. Konsentrasi 60% ekstrak daun gedi (A. manihot (L.) Medik) mempunyai nilai aktivitas biofungisida sebesar 71,0500, nilai penghambatan kecepatan perkecambahan sebesar 40,2500, serta nilai penghambatan persentase perkecambahan spora sebesar 73,3250%.
Potensi Ruellia simplex C. Wright, Plumeria pudica, dan Tabernaemontana sp. var. variegate sebagai Absorben Timbal (Pb) di Udara
Authors: Alamsyah M. Anjas Bachrudin , Rachmadiarti Fida 
Published: March 2022

Pencemaran udara di Surabaya dapat disebabkan oleh gas emisi kendaraan bermotor berupa timbal (Pb). Ruellia Ungu (Ruellia simplex C. Wright), Kamboja Pagoda (Plumeria pudica), Mondokaki (Tabernaemontana sp. var. variegate) adalah tanaman yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai penyerap timbal (Pb) di udara. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat adanya perbedaan kadar timbal dan kadar klorofil pada tanaman Ruellia Ungu (Ruellia simplex C. Wright), Kamboja Pagoda (Plumeria pudica) dan Mondokaki (Tabernaemontana sp. var. variegate) sebagai absorben timbal (Pb) di udara. Sampel daun diambil dari tiga lokasi yaitu: Jalan Diponegoro, Jalan Dr. H. Ir. Soekarno, dan Jalan Darmo di kota Surabaya. Sampel daun dari setiap tanaman diambil sebanyak 15 daun pada tiga titik di ketiga lokasi, parameter yang akan diukur adalah kadar timbal (Pb) dengan metode pengabuan kering menggunakan alat Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) di Laboratorium Kimia Fisika Universitas Negeri Surabaya dan kadar klorofil daun dengan spektrofometer di Laboratorium Fisiologi Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANOVA dua arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan ketiga tanaman berpotensi mengabsorbsi timbal (Pb) di udara. Ada perbedaan kadar timbal yang terakumulasi pada jaringan daun tanaman Ruellia Ungu, Mondokaki, dan Kamboja Pagoda. Tanaman Ruellia Ungu memiliki kadar timbal daun tertinggi sebesar 0,75 mg/L, dibandingkan dengan Mondokaki dan Kamboja Pagoda. Ada perbedaan kadar klorofil yang ada pada daun tanaman Ruellia Ungu, Mondokaki, dan Kamboja Pagoda. Tanaman Ruellia Ungu memiliki kadar klorofil tertinggi sebesar 19,72 mg/L dibandingkan dengan tanaman Mondokaki dan Kamboja Pagoda.
COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN FİRMA DEĞERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: BORSA İSTANBUL’DA BİR ARAŞTIRMA / The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On The Value Of Companies: A Study On Borsa Istanbul
Authors: BARAKALI Osman Can , ÖNDEŞ Turan 
Published: March 2022

İşletmeler için optimum sermaye yapısının nasıl olması gerektiği yıllardır araştırılan ve üzerine kesin bir fikir birliği sağlanamayan önemli konulardan biridir. Günümüze kadar birçok farklı teori ortaya atılmış, uygulamalar incelenmiş ve öngörülen her yapının bir diğerine üstünlüğü ve zayıflığı tartışılmıştır. İşletmelerin sermaye yapılarındaki değişikliğin değere ne derece etkisinin olduğu da sürekli araştırılmış ve kesin bir sonuca ulaşılamamıştır.
Çalışmanın temel amacı sermaye yapısı kararları ile işletmelerin değeri arasındaki ilişkinin Covid-19 pandemisi süresinde incelenmesidir. Bunun için 2015 ile 2020 yılları arasındaki 23 çeyrek dönemde, BIST 100’ de faaliyet gösteren 83 şirketin verileri panel veri analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analiz için 3 farklı model kurulmuş, kurulan modeller Stata paket programı ile analize tabi tutulmuştur. İşletmelerin sermaye yapısı kararlarının Covid-19 öncesinde ve sonrasında işletme değerini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin borç ile finansman yolunu tercih etmesinin, işletme değeri üzerine olumlu bir etki oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Covid-19 pandemi döneminde borç ile finansmanın işletme değeri üzerine etkisinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir.