bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breeding and selection of taro (Colocasia esculenta) for improved disease‐resistance in Hawaiʻi
Authors: Paudel Roshan , Bartlett Bjarne , Zamora Carter M. , Keach James E. , Gutierrez‐Coarite Rosemary , Hawkins Jennifer , Ahmad Amjad , Motomura‐Wages Sharon , Kirk Emilie R. , Kantar Michael B. , Lamour Kurt H. , Bernabe Christopher , Shintaku Michael , Miyasaka Susan C. 
Published: October 2022

Societal Impact StatementTaro is a root crop with wide geographic range and high cultural significance to Indigenous peoples of Hawaiʻi and the Pacific. Taro Leaf Blight (TLB) is a worldwide disease of taro, and Hawaiian taro varieties exhibited little resistance to it. To improve TLB‐resistance, conventional breeding was conducted by hand‐pollination. Out of ~3500 taro seedlings, 18 varieties were selected and evaluated under non‐flooded conditions at four locations in Hawaiʻi over 5 years. Four varieties were identified as high yielding and disease‐resistant. Further, to prevent confusion of new taro varieties with traditional Hawaiian taro, we developed DNA fingerprints to differentiate them. Taken together, these results have provided information regarding new plant material and new tools for those interested in conservation and breeding across the Pacific.Summary

Breeding and evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) was conducted in Hawaiʻi to increase resistance to Taro Leaf Blight (TLB), caused by oomycete pathogen Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., while maintaining high yields and desirable eating qualities. When breeding Indigenous crops such as taro, it is important to consider issues of Indigenous, intellectual property rights. In response to concerns by cultural practitioners about potential confusion of new taro genotypes with traditional landraces, we also sought to develop DNA fingerprints using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the new genotypes.
Conventional breeding of taro was conducted by hand‐pollination of Hawaiian taro landraces with sources of TLB‐resistance from multiple countries. The most promising lines were multiplied and evaluated under upland (i.e., non‐flooded) conditions on four major Hawaiian Islands over 5 years. DNA was extracted from these new genotypes, analyses of SNPs conducted, and results compared to those of traditional Hawaiian landraces.
Bayesian yield analysis of these multi‐year and multi‐location trials identified taro genotypes 1016‐003, 1016‐019, 1024‐215, and 1005‐084 as producing twice the fresh weight corm yield as control “Maui Lehua” and exhibiting disease‐resistance across years and environments. DNA fingerprints of new genotypes were able to differentiate them from traditional Hawaiian landraces that make up a portion of their parentage.
Conventional breeding of taro in Hawaiʻi and multi‐year, multi‐location field trials have resulted in high yielding, disease‐resistant genotypes that maintain desirable qualities of some traditional Hawaiian landraces. DNA fingerprints of these new genotypes distinguish them from these traditional landraces, helping to preserve heritage germplasm.
Machine Learning Method to Predict Solid Propellant Breakage Efficiency of Cavitation Water Jet
Authors: Zhou Wenjun , Wang Xuanjun , Liu Bo , Zhao Meng , Zhang Youzhi , Ma Youzhi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs the number of obsolete solid rocket engines increases, determining methods to disassemble and reuse these engines has garnered increasing attention. The separation of solid propellants from the engine shell in an effective and safe way has important research significance. In this study, cavitation water jet technology was employed to extract solid propellant from the engine shell owing to its high breakage efficiency with low working pressure. The effects of the target distance and incident pressure on the breakage efficiency of solid propellants were investigated based on a cavitation water jet experimental system that we designed. A nonlinear relationship between the breakage efficiency and both the target distance and incident pressure was discovered, and the mechanism of solid propellant breakage by a cavitation water jet was proposed. To reduce the cost and time associated with the experiments, a machine learning approach was designed to predict the failure efficiency. Back propagation neural networks, support vector regression, genetic programming, and Gaussian process regression were adopted to construct the models. The results demonstrate that the back propagation neural network achieved the highest accuracy with a value of 0.974, followed by support vector regression with an accuracy value of 0.914 for predicting the mass loss rate. Therefore, machine learning technology is an effective tool for predicting the solid propellant breakage efficiency impacted by cavitation water jets.
Berberine plays a cardioprotective role by inhibiting macrophage Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in the myocardium of mice after myocardial infarction
Authors: Tian Chun‐xia , Li Ming‐yue , Shuai Xin‐xin , Jiang Feng , Dong Ya‐lan , Gui Yang , Zhang Zi‐li , Qin Ren‐jie , Kang Zhen‐yu , Lin Lan , Sarapultsev Alexey , Wu Bin , Luo Shan‐shan , Hu De‐sheng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMyocardial infarction (MI) is one of the diseases with high fatality rate. Berberine (BBR) is a monomer compound with various biological functions. And some studies have confirmed that BBR plays an important role in alleviating cardiomyocyte injury after MI. However, the specific mechanism is unclear. In this study, we induced a model of MI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and we surprisingly found that BBR significantly improved ventricular remodeling, with a minor inflammatory and oxidative stress injury, and stronger angiogenesis. Moreover, BBR inhibited the secretion of Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in macrophages after MI, thus promoting the differentiation of macrophages into M2 type. In summary, BBR effectively improved cardiac function of mice after MI, and the potential protective mechanism was associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses and the inhibition of macrophage Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway in the infarcted heart tissues. Importantly, these findings supported BBR as an effective cardioprotective drug after MI.
Monitoring count time series: Robustness to nonlinearity when linear models are utilized
Authors: Weiß Christian H. , Testik Murat Caner 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLinear models are typically utilized for time series analysis as these are often simple to implement and interpret, as well as being useful in modeling many practical phenomena. Hence, most of the literature on control charts for monitoring time series also consider linearity of the data generating processes (DGP). In practice, however, a nonlinear DGP can be modeled as if it is linear, either due to overlook or illusion, when it is approximately linear. This study quantifies the effects of nonlinear DGPs, misspecified and modeled as linear, on the performance of Shewhart‐type and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts for count time series data. Time series models for bounded and unbounded counts with several parametrizations are considered for studying the sensitivity of linear approximations to nonlinear DGPs. The Markov chain (MC) approach and simulations are used to compute the average run length (ARL) performance of the control charts. Robustness of the performance is evaluated with respect to the extent that the DGP violates linearity, with and without errors in parameter estimation. It is shown that the chart designs are, in general, robust to model misspecification when the parameters are specified. However, the CUSUM performance can be affected significantly if both the model is misspecified and the parameters are estimated. Real‐world data implementations are provided to illustrate the sensitivity of the control charts' performances to the type of model and to the estimation approach.
Spatial Relation Controllable Di‐Defects Synergy Boosts Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction over VSe2 Nanoflakes in All pH Electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Jiandong , Huang Huajie , Chen Wei , Cui Yan , Li Yonghua , Mao Weiwei , Zhu Xinbao , Li Xing'ao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDefect engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is important for improving electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, a facile and scalable atomic‐level di‐defect strategy over thermodynamically stable VSe2 nanoflakes, yielding attractive improvements in the electrocatalytic HER performance over a wide electrolyte pH range is reported. The di‐defect configuration with controllable spatial relation between single‐atom (SA) V defects and single Se vacancy defects effectively triggers the electrocatalytic HER activity of the inert VSe2 basal plane. When employed as a cathode, this di‐defects decorated VSe2 electrocatalyst requires overpotentials of 67.2, 72.3, and 122.3 mV to reach a HER current density of 10 mA cm−2 under acidic, alkaline, and neutral conditions, respectively, which are superior to most previously reported non‐noble metal HER electrocatalysts. Theoretical calculations reveal that the reactive microenvironment consists of two adjacent SA Mo atoms with two surrounding symmetric Se vacancies, yielding optimal water dissociation and hydrogen desorption kinetics. This study provides a scalable strategy for improving the electrocatalytic activity of other TMDCs with inert atoms in the basal plane.
Expanding opportunities to learn in secondary science classrooms using unconventional forms of classroom assessments
Authors: Kang Hosun , Talafian Hamideh , Tschida Paul 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study explores the role of unconventional forms of classroom assessments in expanding minoritized students' opportunities to learn (OTL) in high school physics classrooms. In this research + practice partnership project, high school physics teachers and researchers co‐designed a unit about momentum to expand minoritized students' meaningful OTL. Specifically, the unit was designed to (a) expand what it means to learn and be good at science using unconventional forms of assessment, (b) facilitate students to leverage everyday experiences, concerns, and home languages to do science, and (c) support teachers to facilitate meaningful dialogical interactions. The analysis focused on examining minoritized students' OTLs mediated by intentionally designed, curriculum‐embedded, unconventional forms of assessments. The participants were a total of 76 students in 11th or 12th grade. Data were gathered in the form of student assessment tasks, a science identity survey, and interviews. Data analysis entailed: (a) statistical analysis of student performance measured by conventional and unconventional assessments and (b) qualitative analysis of two Latinx students' experiences with the co‐designed curriculum and assessments. The findings suggest that the use of unconventional forms of curriculum‐embedded assessment can increase minoritized students' OTLifthe assessment facilitates minoritized students to personally and deeply relate themselves to academic tasks.
Toward a Sociology of Traces
Authors: Comunello Francesca , Martire Fabrizio , Sabetta Lorenzo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis introduction chapter provides context and background to the concept of trace in social sciences, also presenting an overview of key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this volume. Information that was not meant to be informative and evidence that did not expect to possess evidential character, traces are construed as evidence only from the vantage point of the observer, inadvertently left behind by those who produced the trace in the first place (indeed, awareness might change footprints and make them fade out). Conceived as clues rather than statements, traces prove to be useful for studying current social facts and individuals who have not yet vanished. This holds to be true especially in our contemporary platform society, due to its datafication processes and the ensuing quantification of features never quantified before; digital footprints determine the selection of the most relevant content or services to offer, creating accordingly personalized feedback. Thus, individual and collective online behavior leading to traces production is shaped by digital environments’ affordances and constraints; at the same time, such socio-technically situated traces retroact over digital systems (by fueling algorithms and predictive models), thus reinforcing, or questioning, the power relations at stake. Conclusively, a brief remark is made on future research possibilities associated with the sociology of traces.
Traces and Algorithms as Socio-digital Objects
Authors: Amaturo Enrica , De Falco Ciro Clemente 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe growing masses of digital traces generated by the datafication process make the algorithms that manage them increasingly central to contemporary society.There is widespread agreement in considering traces and algorithms as complex objects that intertwine social and material practices with their own cultural, historical, and institutional nature (Halford et al., 2010).Accordingly, given this strong intertwining between the social world and the digital world that is formed by material and technological objects, it becomes possible to consider the algorithms and traces as socio-digital objects. For this reason, this article aims to identify the features that allow us to frame them as socio-digital objects starting from concepts borrowed from the actor-network theory (Latour and Woolgar 1879). In particular, we will first discuss opacity, authority and autonomy concepts and then see how those features emerge in digital geographical traces.
Wozu soziologische Theorie?
Authors: Weißmann Martin 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Kapitel dieses Buches sind auch durch ein geteiltes Verständnis des Zusammenhangs von soziologischer Theoriearbeit und empirischer Forschung miteinander verbunden, das in diesem Kapitel unter Bezugnahme auf Autoren wie Herbert Blumer, Talcott Parsons oder Robert K. Merton expliziert wird. Theoriearbeit, etwa in Form der Explikation von Begriffen, ist diesem Verständnis nach konstitutiv für empirische Forschung, insofern sie diese zum einen mit Regeln der Relevanz und Irrelevanz versorgt und zum anderen die Einsichten der empirischen Forschung ordnet und in breitere Debatten des Fachs übersetzt. In diesem Buch habe ich Theoriearbeit als Übersetzungsarbeit betrieben, indem ich die thematisierten Phänomene aus der Welt der Polizei(arbeit) als besondere Fälle allgemeinerer Phänomene aus dem Gegenstandsbereich der Soziologie analysiert habe, etwa die Ausdifferenzierung polizierender Instanzen aus der sie umfassenden Gesellschaft und ihre Organisationswerdung als besonderem Fall des allgemeineren Phänomens der Ausdifferenzierung sozialer Kontrolle und der Verorganisierung gesellschaftsbezogener Funktionen, die Arbeit von Polizisten mit Informanten und an Beschuldigten (in der Vernehmung) als Fall des Kontakts einer organisationalen Grenzrolle mit formal nicht zur Kooperation verpflichteten Nichtmitgliedern der Organisation oder den polizeilichen Korpsgeist als Fall einer kollegialen Versicherungsgemeinschaft gegen die individuelle Verantwortlichkeit für Fehler bei der Arbeit.
Die drei Funktionen des Äquivalenzfunktionalismus. Analyse, Begriffsbildung, Kritik
Authors: Weißmann Martin 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDie zentrale Methode der Analysen in diesem Buch ist der soziologische Äquivalenzfunktionalismus, wie er in einer frühen Form von Robert King Merton (1957, S. 17–82) und mit einigen Modifikationen von Niklas Luhmann (1962, 1964a, 2010a) entwickelt und vertreten worden ist. Im Gegensatz zu der üblichen Lesart des Äquivalenzfunktionalismus als einer Methode lediglich der Rekonstruktion empirisch verwirklichter Problem-Lösungszusammenhänge verstehe ich den Äquivalenzfunktionalismus in erster Linie als Denkmethode, als Methode der Theoriearbeit. Die These dieses Kapitels lautet, dass ein an Merton und Luhmann anschließender Äquivalenzfunktionalismus Grundlage nicht nur der empirischen Analyse (4.1), sondern auch der problembezogenen Begriffsbildung (4.2) sowie der soziologisch disziplinierten Sozialkritik (4.3) sein kann. Veranschaulicht wird diese These unter anderem anhand der Entwicklung problembezogener Begriffe professioneller Arbeit und formaler Organisation sowie anhand der Diskussion, ob und wann die Polizei das Recht brechen sollte, um es durchzusetzen.
Organisierte Informationsgewinnung. Zur Geschichte polizeilicher Ermittlungsarbeit
Authors: Weißmann Martin 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel rekonstruiere und analysiere ich drei Konstellationen aus der (Vor-)Geschichte kriminalpolizeilicher Behörden in Europa: Den Fall der Strafverfolgung ohne Polizei als Organisation und als Aufgabe von Privatleuten in England während des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (5.1), die Gründungsgeschichte und Ermittlungspraxis der Pariser Kriminalpolizei unter Leitung des vormaligen Straftäters und Gefängnisinsassen Eugène François Vidocq zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts (5.2) und schließlich das ambivalente Verhältnis zwischen der Berliner Kriminalpolizei und den als Ringvereinen bezeichneten organisierten Vereinigungen von Straftätern in der Weimarer Republik (5.3). Diese in Hinblick auf ihre Struktur und den Grad ihrer Ausdifferenzierung aus der sie umfassenden Sozialwelt sehr verschiedenartigen ermittelnden Systeme verbindet miteinander, dass sie im Auftrag anderer sozialer Einheiten – dem Opfer einer Straftat, einer Gemeinde oder eines Staates – Straftaten aufklären und Straftäter überführen. Dieser Ermittlungsauftrag, so der Ausgangspunkt meiner Argumentation, legt für die ermittelnden Systeme Misstrauen, Gegnerschaft und Kampf als institutionalisierte Einstellungen gegenüber dem Umweltsegment der Normbrüche und Normbrecher nahe. Das Maß, in dem diese Einstellungen verwirklicht werden können, variiert mit dem Maß der Ausdifferenzierung des ermittelnden Systems aus der es umfassenden Sozialwelt: Der ehrenamtlich agierende Constable, der zugleich Mitglied der Gemeinde ist, in deren Auftrag er polizeiliche Funktionen erfüllt, ist schon durch diese Rollenkombination in dem ihm möglichen Misstrauen in die Selbstdarstellung anderer Gemeindemitglieder und also in der ihm möglichen Ermittlungsarbeit begrenzt. Im Vergleich dazu erweist sich die Berliner Kriminalpolizei während der Weimarer Republik als Fall einer ausdifferenzierten Ermittlungsinstanz, deren Mitgliedern Misstrauen in die Selbstdarstellungen von Bürgern in deutlich höherem Maße sozial ermöglicht ist. Auch diese professionellen Ermittler aber, so das systematische Argument dieses Kapitels, müssen Elemente von Vertrauen, Tausch und Kooperation in das Verhältnis zu denjenigen Umweltsegmenten einfließen lassen, mit deren Bekämpfung sie beauftragt sind. Dies zeigt sich vor allem anhand der für Polizeiarbeit zu allen Zeiten und an allen Orten unverzichtbaren Beziehung zwischen der Polizei und ihren Informanten, die im Fokus der Analysen steht.
Synthese zu Kapitel 5 und 6: Polizieren als Arbeit an der Grenze des Rechts und die Grenzen möglicher Rechtsdurchsetzung
Authors: Weißmann Martin 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungZusammengenommen zeigt die Beschäftigung mit dem Einsatz von Informanten in der Polizeiarbeit die Kontinuität eines Problemgesichtspunkts: Die moderne Polizei, die darauf verzichtet, eigene andere Rollen ihres Personals als strukturelle Grundlage der Informationsgewinnung über Straftaten zu nutzen, weist zwar als Organisation ein höheres Maß an Ausdifferenzierung und Autonomie auf als ihre historischen Vorläufer. Diesem Gewinn an Ausdifferenzierung und Autonomie korrespondiert jedoch ein Verlust an Möglichkeiten der Informationsgewinnung, auf den Polizeiorganisationen dann wiederum durch die stärker formalisierte und organisierte Rekrutierung von Nichtmitgliedern als Informanten reagieren. Die Pflege dieser Kontakte erfordert dann häufig einen Verzicht auf konsequente Rechtsdurchsetzung, der schon aus der Analyse früherer Formen von Ermittlungsarbeit bekannt ist. Diese Beobachtung wird in diesem zusammenfassenden Kapitel als eine der Grenzen möglicher Rechtsdurchsetzung interpretiert, die eng mit dem grundlegenden Spannungsverhältnis von Regeltreue und Erfolg in der Polizeiarbeit verbunden ist.
Non-split singularities and conifold transitions in F-theory
Authors: Kuramochi R. , Mizoguchi S. , Tani T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In F-theory, if a fiber type of an elliptic fibration involves a condition that requires an exceptional curve to split into two irreducible components, it is called “split” or “non-split” type depending on whether it is globally possible or not. In the latter case, the gauge symmetry is reduced to a non-simply-laced Lie algebra due to monodromy. We show that this split/non-split transition is, except for a special class of models, a conifold transition from the resolved to the deformed side, associated with the conifold singularities emerging where the codimension-one singularity is enhanced to D2k+2 (k ≥ 1) or E7. We also examine how the previous proposal for the origin of non-local matter can be actually implemented in our blow-up analysis.
Hidden impurities in transparent conducting oxides: study of vacancies-related defects and impurities in (Cu–Ni) co-doped ZnO films
Authors: Al-Bataineh Qais M. , Ahmad Ahmad A. , Aljarrah Ihsan A. , Alsaad Ahmad M. , Telfah Ahmad 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe effect of hydrogen and nitrogen impurities on the physical properties of transparent conductive oxides is investigated in this study. Therefore, 5 wt.% of copper and 5 wt.% of nickel co-doped zinc oxide ((Cu–Ni)/ZnO) films were prepared using the sol–gel method. The (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films were annealed in an oven at 500 °C for 2 h under air, vacuum, nitrogen, and argon atmospheres. The synthesized zinc hydroxide film was transformed to zinc oxide film during the annealing by evaporating $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$$

H
2

O

. Films annealed under the mentioned atmosphere including as-prepared one were characterized by analyzing with UV–Vis and FTIR spectra in addition to the 2D mapping electrical conductivity of the surface measured by the 4-point probe. The annealed films under air, vacuum, and argon atmospheres led to generate H-related impurities bounded to the oxygen vacancy ($${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{O}}$$

H
O

) which they act as shallow donor defects resulting in forming (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films into n-type materials. Whereas, the film annealed under a nitrogen atmosphere has N-related defects bounding to the zinc vacancy ($${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$$

N
Zn

) which they act as shallow acceptor defects resulting in transforming the film from n-type to p-type. These defects affect the optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of the (Cu–Ni)/ZnO films.