bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paying for Free Lunch: The Impact of CEP Universal Free Meals on Revenues, Spending, and Student Health
Authors: Rothbart Michah W. , Schwartz Amy Ellen , Gutierrez Emily 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 allows school districts to provide free meals to all students if over 40 percent of them are directly certified as free-meal eligible. While emerging evidence documents positive effects on student behavior and academics, critics worry that CEP has unintended consequences for student weight, district finances, and instructional spending. We investigate these using school and district data from New York State and a difference-in-differences design. We exploit staggered CEP adoption, and explore differences between metro, town, and rural districts. We investigate potential mechanisms, including lunch and breakfast participation, and use event studies to assess pre-adoption trends and effects over time. We find that CEP increases total food expenditures, but spending per meal declines. Local food service revenues decline, but increased federal reimbursements more than compensate for local food revenues and expenditures changes. Indeed, while some worry that CEP crowds out education spending, we find no effect on instructional expenditures. Furthermore, CEP increases participation in school lunch and breakfast, but has no deleterious effect on weight outcomes and, instead, is associated with obesity declines in secondary grades. Rural districts experience larger impacts than metro and town districts, alongside some negative fiscal effects.
Mystères in situ
Authors: Jaccottet Anne-Françoise 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A bilingual Latin-Greek boundary-inscription from the sanctuary of Samothrace (2nd c. AD) and the Senatus consultum de bacchanalibus (186 BC) provide the basis for an analysis of the Latin formulas and language use concerning the expression of mysteries and initiation. At Samothrace, the use of a purely Latin formulation (sacra accipere) to express initiation coexists with transcriptions and translation of Greek words. Inside the case of the Bacchanalia, as referred to by the senatus consulta and reported by Livy, the distinctions of vocabulary use between the two ways of report lead to a diachronic analysis of the rise and development of the Latin vocabulary of the mysteries. This analytic path results in interrogations on the methodological way to approach mysteries without falling into the trap of reductive key words and on the plurality of the rituality of initiation hidden behind the uniformity and the generalisation of the vocabulary.
Mass-related differences in metabolic rate and fasting endurance explain divergence in seasonal activity of Mediterranean lizards
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Stille Bo , Stille Marie , Buttemer William A. , Madsen Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We analysed the effects of body mass on the monthly activity patterns of six Mediterranean lacertid lizard taxa, four relatively small species, the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus), the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), the blue-throated keeled lizard (Algyroides nigropunctatus), and the Ionian wall lizard (Podarcis ionicus), and two larger species, the western green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) and the Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata). The highest number of observations for all six species occurred in April and May and the lowest in July and August, the latter being the hottest and driest months of the year. The two larger species were mainly active from March to July, whereas the four smaller species had an additional period of high activity from September to November. As all six species reproduce during spring, the increase in activity of the smaller species in autumn was consequently unrelated to reproductive behaviour. There was no difference in seasonal activity of the two smaller Italian species at sites with or without the larger green lizards. It is therefore unlikely that interference competition/predation by green lizards caused the increased autumnal activity of the smaller lizards. We suggest that due to their lower mass-specific metabolic rates, larger species can obtain sufficient lipid stores over a shorter annual activity to ensure successful reproduction the subsequent spring. By contrast, smaller species have greater need to replenish their lipid reserves after summer fasting and therefore resume much higher activity levels in September to November to attain this goal.
The differential impact of four tropical species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on biofortified cassava
Authors: Oyetunde Aminat K. , Afolami Steve O. , Kulakow Peter , Coyne Danny 
Published: May 2022

Summary
Cassava plays an important food security role in Africa. Although a hardy crop in general, average yields are low, while traditional cultivars tend to be low in nutrients and vitamins. Substantial efforts have therefore been made to improve the nutritional quality of cassava through the development of biofortified cultivars. Although root-knot nematodes (RKN) are among the various important constraints affecting production, details on the impact of different species of RKN on cassava productivity are scarce. In this study, six popular cultivars of biofortified cassava were evaluated for their response to M. arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica and a combination of all four species, in pots. All tested cultivars were susceptible to the four Meloidogyne species, but some cultivars showed a tolerance to M. arenaria infection. Galling damage was observed on feeder roots of inoculated plants, with nematode reproduction factors ranging between 2.3 and 9.5. Plant height, stem girth and fresh plant mass were significantly lower for most cultivars by as much as 70% following RKN infection. The highest root galling and damage were observed in plants following inoculation with a combination of the four species. As individual species inoculations, M. incognita and M. javanica were the most damaging, with the least damage observed in plants inoculated with M. arenaria only. These results confirm the pathogenicity of M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica and further illustrate the potential of M. enterolobii to impact cassava production, while combined species infections demonstrate the greater levels of damage that these may cause.
‘[A]nother kind of rain’: Aesthetic Ontology and Contagious Imaginations in Althusser’s Aleatory Materialism
Authors: Carmichael Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One of the remarkable features of recent interest in the work of Louis Althusser has been the prominence granted to Althusser’s cultural criticism. However, aside from one notable exception, Althusser’s cultural criticism has not figured prominently in discussions of his late work, and the absence of Althusser’s cultural criticism from those discussions has perhaps unwittingly obscured both the genealogy of Althusser’s late aesthetic ontology and the logic of his last texts, of ‘The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter’ and related writings on aleatory materialism. By tracing the genealogy of the aleatory impulse in Althusser’s cultural criticism, it is possible to show how that work resonates in Althusser’s late texts including the larger unpublished manuscript from which ‘The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter’ has been drawn. This reading of the philosophy of the encounter also allows us to understand the importance of Nicolas Malebranche for Althusser’s aleatory materialism.
Mani the Anchorite, Mani the Apostle: The Cologne Mani Codex and Syrian Asceticism
Authors: Han Jae Hee 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Apostle of Jesus Christ, Mani, declares himself to be a “solitary one” (monērēs) no less than three times in the Cologne Mani Codex (CMC). Through a literary analysis that contextualizes the CMC both with contemporary Syrian depictions of anchoritic ascetics, on the one hand, and the hairy mountaineering anchorite (CMC 126.4-129.17) with Mani, on the other hand, this article argues that the redactor of the CMC sought to portray Mani as an anchoritic ascetic. Mani’s declaration to be a monērēs is therefore not incidental, but an essential marker of his identity, even as he sets out into the world as the Apostle of Jesus Christ.
Heart position and pulmonary vasculature in snakes with different lung morphologies
Authors: de Godoi Champini Barbara , da Cruz André Luis , Klein Wilfried 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The respiratory system of snakes, composed of a trachea and one or two lungs, shows considerable variation in terms of size and complexity, especially in terms of length and distribution of the respiratory epithelium. The importance of heart position within snakes has previously been investigated concerning gravitational stress. The relationship between respiratory gas exchange epithelium and heart position, however, has not been addressed in detail, which seems necessary, since the heart needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation for effective gas exchange. Herein, we analyze the morphology of the respiratory epithelium in Boa constrictor and Crotalus durissus stereologically regarding the composition of the gas exchange tissue and the distribution of blood vessels within the vascularized parts of the respiratory system. The gas exchange epithelium is composed of blood capillaries, larger vessels, trabeculae, and septa, forming an overall faveolar-type epithelium in both species. Pulmonary capillaries and respiratory surface area showed a tendency to be more concentrated in the anterior and middle portions of each lung’s respiratory epithelium, suggesting a tendency toward greater parenchymal development in these regions. Therefore, there seems to be no conclusive relationship between the position of the heart and pulmonary circulation, since in C. durissus the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are distant from the heart, whereas in B. constrictor the anterior and middle parenchymal regions are close to the heart, facilitating blood transport between the heart and the gas exchange epithelium.
Abundance and home range of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in northwestern Mexico
Authors: Amador-Alcalá Saúl A. , Amarillas Javier V. , Falconi Fredy A. , Carreón-Arroyo Gerardo , Valdez Coronel Carlos M. , Monroy-Vilchis Octavio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In Mexico, information about ocelots is limited, which hinders the implementation of effective management and conservation measures. The purpose of this research was to provide basic information of population density, relative abundance and home range observed for the species in northwestern Mexico. Systematic sampling was implemented from January to December 2015 using photo-trapping as tool. Fifty-four camera-trap stations (37 double stations) were used, and the resulting grid covered an area of 182 km2. We applied six sampling periods of 59-62 days in each period. Density analysis was based on spatially explicit models and traditional capture-recapture models. The home range was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We obtained 135 photographic records of ocelots, of which 17 individuals were identified (five males, four females and eight individuals of undetermined sex). During six study periods, our sampling effort reached 19 710 trap-days. We estimate a capture rate for the study of 6.84 rec./1000 trap-days. The density of ocelots estimated with the Capture module in the MARK program ranged from 1.38 to 2.93 rec./100 km2. The results estimate using the SERC method showed a density of 0.93-3.06 individuals per 100 km2. The ocelots in the Northern Jaguar Reserve (NJR) had an average distribution area of 14.1 km2. The results of this research illustrate the importance of continuing studies of ocelots on the NJR to maintain a long-term viable population for northwestern Mexico.
Competing Stories
Authors: Grzywacz Anna , Lubina Michał 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The recent discussions on the 2021 Myanmar’s coup have overshadowed the ‘old’ issues, and the Rohingya crisis in particular. In this article, we draw the interest back to one of the most challenging crises of all. We discuss how the main actors shape the image of the Rohingya crisis narratively. How is the conflict narrated? Do competing narratives share anything in common? We argue that all actors produce different and to some extent mutually exclusive images of the conflict. We also find that there are no divergences within the actors’ narratives of the conflict, which suggests that they are more engaged in advocating their political aims than finding a bridging point for further negotiations on the conflict. Our argument is substantiated by an analysis of the narratives articulated by five actors: the United Nations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Myanmar government, Bangladesh, and the Rohingya themselves.
The Fight against the Exploitation of Vulnerability According to the Kuwaiti Civil Code
Authors: Alrashidi Husain 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Kuwaiti legislator has introduced within the Civil Code articles to combat the abuse of a contractor’s vulnerability. We were able to demonstrate drawbacks to the concept, conditions, and effects. It is recommended to cancel these articles and replace them with others. In the search for alternatives, we found the rules regarding lesion and consent could be applied in place of exploitation of vulnerability. Nevertheless, we have excluded them from consideration as only certain people have the ability to invoke these rules. Overall, it seems to the author that the principle of good faith and the principle of loyalty, which reign all phases of contraction, are sufficient to protect the vulnerable and disadvantaged. The contractors must conclude and execute the contract fairly and in good faith. It is deemed as bad faith and lack of loyalty when someone seeks to profit from the vulnerable position of his contractor.
Animal Welfare and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Rolston Holmes 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Bernard Rollin’s main concerns are domestic and research animals. Such animals have endured less suffering as a result of Rollin’s seminal work. Animals are of moral concern because they have conscious interests, or telos. Rollin’s use of telos is plausible though more specialized than usual. Rollin has theoretical or in-principle ideals that are unlikely to be accepted as current practice. In result he adopts more moderate moral principles. In the fair-contract, husbandry dimension of agriculture, the farmer takes care of the cows and pigs, recognizing their rights, and then eats them, or sells them to be eaten. He reaches a strange combination of kinship and chasm separating human and animal minds. Rollin’s account of any deeper environmental ethics for a biospheric Earth is unsatisfactory, any respect for life beyond sentience, especially his concepts of global ecosystems.
Out of the Public Eye: Researching Political Factors that Influence the Implementation of Research Knowledge as Part of Educational Reforms and Mathematics Textbooks
Authors: Aguilar Mario Sánchez , Castaneda Apolo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper reports an exploratory study of political factors that may influence the implementation of research knowledge in the formulation of educational reforms and mathematics textbooks in Mexico. The study is based on the analysis of an in-depth interview with a key informant, who has extensive experience as a textbook author and as an advisor in the Ministry of Education of Mexico. Three political factors that may influence the implementation of research knowledge from mathematics education are identified: (1) interest-based coalitions — such as mathematics teachers and their associations, (2) issues of (mis)communication within decision venues, and (3) the level of compatibility and alignment of mathematical and didactical contents with the political agendas.
The impact sheet to this article can be accessed at 10.6084/m9.figshare.19493873.
Implementation of Problem Solving in School: From Intended to Experienced
Authors: Koichu Boris , Cooper Jason , Widder Mirela 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The importance of mathematical problem solving has long been recognized, yet its implementation in classrooms remains a challenge. In this paper we put forth the notion of problem-solving implementation chain as a dynamic sequence of intended, planned, enacted and experienced activity, shaped by researchers, teachers and students, where the nature of the activity and its aims may change at the links of the chain. We propose this notion as an analytical framework for investigating implementation of problem-solving resources. We then illustrate this framework by a series of narratives from a project, in which the team of task-designers develops problem-solving resources aimed at reaching middle-school students via their teachers, who encounter these resources in professional development communities. We show how the problem-solving activity evolves along the implementation chain and then identify opportunities for mutual learning that emerge from tensions in perspectives on PS held by the different parties involved.
The impact sheet to this article can be accessed at 10.6084/m9.figshare.19493903.
Organization Development in Precipitating Shallow Cumulus Convection: Evolution of Turbulence Characteristics
Authors: Lamaakel Oumaima , Matheou Georgios 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Horizontal organization or mesoscale variability is an important mechanism in the interaction of the boundary layer with the large-scale conditions. The development of organization in a precipitating cumulus trade wind boundary layer is studied using large-eddy simulations with extensive horizontal domains, up to 160 × 160 km2 and fine grid resolution (40 m). The cloud fields vary between different computational domain sizes. Mean profiles and vertical velocity statistics do not vary significantly, both with respect to the domain size and when large-scale organization develops. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) rapidly increases when organization develops. The increase of TKE is attributed to the horizontal component, whereas the vertical velocity variance does not change significantly. The large computational domains blend the boundary between local convective circulations and mesoscale horizontal motions leading to the dependence of horizontal TKE on the LES domain size. Energy-containing horizontal length scales are defined based on the premultiplied spectra. When large-scale organization develops, the premultiplied spectra develop multiple peaks corresponding to the characteristic horizontal scales in the boundary layer. All flow variables have a small length scale of 1–2 km, which corresponds to local convective motions, e.g., updrafts and cumulus clouds. Organization development creates additional larger length scales. The growth rate of the large length scale is linear and it is about 3–4 km h−1, which agrees well with the growth rate of the cold pool radii. A single energy containing length scale is observed for vertical velocity for the entire run (even after organized convection develops) that is fairly constant with height.
How Do Stratospheric Perturbations Influence North American Weather Regime Predictions?
Authors: Lee Simon H. , Charlton-Perez Andrew J. , Woolnough Steven J. , Furtado Jason C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Observational evidence shows changes to North American weather regime occurrence depending on the strength of the lower-stratospheric polar vortex. However, it is not yet clear how this occurs or to what extent an improved stratospheric forecast would change regime predictions. Here we analyze four North American regimes at 500 hPa, constructed in principal component (PC) space. We consider both the location of the regimes in PC space and the linear regression between each PC and the lower-stratospheric zonal-mean winds, yielding a theory of which regime transitions are likely to occur due to changes in the lower stratosphere. Using a set of OpenIFS simulations, we then test the effect of relaxing the polar stratosphere to ERA-Interim on subseasonal regime predictions. The model start dates are selected based on particularly poor subseasonal regime predictions in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts CY43R3 hindcasts. While the results show only a modest improvement to the number of accurate regime predictions, there is a substantial reduction in Euclidean distance error in PC space. The average movement of the forecasts within PC space is found to be consistent with expectation for moderate-to-large lower-stratospheric zonal wind perturbations. Overall, our results provide a framework for interpreting the stratospheric influence on North American regime behavior. The results can be applied to subseasonal forecasts to understand how stratospheric uncertainty may affect regime predictions, and to diagnose which regime forecast errors are likely to be related to stratospheric errors.

Significance Statement
Predicting the weather several weeks ahead is a major challenge with large potential benefits to society. The strength of the circulation more than 10 km above the Arctic during winter (i.e., the polar vortex) is one source of predictability. This study investigates how forecast error and uncertainty in the polar vortex can impact predictions of large-scale weather patterns called “regimes” over North America. Through statistical analysis of observations and experiments with a weather forecast model, we develop an understanding of which regime changes are more likely to be due to changes in the polar vortex. The results will help forecasters and researchers understand the contribution of the stratosphere to changes in weather patterns, and in assessing and improving weather forecast models.
A Theory for Self-Sustained Multicentennial Oscillation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Li Yang , Yang Haijun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this work, a single-hemisphere 4-box model is used to study the low-frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We introduce an enhanced mixing mechanism in the subpolar ocean to balance the positive salinity advection feedback, so that the AMOC in the 4-box model exhibits a self-sustained multicentennial oscillation. The enhanced mixing mechanism is proposed based on results from a coupled climate model, which show that the eddy-induced mixing or diffusion in the subpolar ocean is always enhanced when the AMOC anomaly is large; namely, the enhancement is due to weak stratification when the AMOC is strong, and is due to mesoscale and submesoscale eddies when the AMOC is weak. Without the enhanced mixing, the 4-box model system can be either stable or unstable, but cannot realize a self-sustained stable oscillation. With the enhanced mixing, the 4-box model can be interpreted approximately as a reduced 3-box model, so that the theoretical solution to the multicentennial oscillation can be obtained. The oscillation period is determined by the eigenvalue of the system, which is fundamentally controlled by the turnover time of the upper ocean. We also illustrate that the multicentennial oscillation can be excited by stochastic freshwater forcing. This study suggests that the Atlantic Ocean has an intrinsic multicentennial mode, which may help us understand this class of variability identified in paleoclimatic proxy data.