bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.): Kandungan Kimia, Teknik Ekstraksi, dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri
Authors: Guntur Adithya , Selena Monica , Bella Anastasia , Leonarda Giovanny , Leda Adelsiana , Setyaningsih Dewi , Riswanto Florentinus Dika Octa 
Published: April 2022

Resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotik disebabkan oleh adanya penggunaan antibiotik yang rasional masih sering diabaikan. Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Salah satu kandungan kemangi yang diduga memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yaitu minyak atsiri. Penelitian terkait aktivitas antibakteri pada kemangi sebagian besar dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel segar maupun simplisia dari daun kemangi yang kemudian diekstraksi, namun ada beberapa uji yang menggunakan bagian batang. Metode uji aktivitas antibakteri kemangi terhadap beberapa bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram agar, difusi cakram kertas, mikrodilusi broth, mikrodilusi dalam microtiter plates, difusi sumuran agar, dan macro-dilusi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa kandungan minyak atsiri yang terdapat dalam kemangi memiliki aktivitas penghambat aktivitas bakteri.
Karakterisasi dan Analisis Sifat Mekanik Selulosa Ester dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit untuk Bahan Alternatif Filamen 3D Printing
Authors: Nasution Fadlin Qisthi , Rivani Meta , Nasution Muhammad Ansori , Herawan Tjahjono , Halimahtuddahliana  
Published: April 2022

3D printing adalah teknologi yang berkembang pesat belakangan ini. Selusosa Ester, salah satu turunan dari selulosa dapat digunakan sebagai kandidat bahan altenatif filamen untuk 3D printing. Salah satu sumber selulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk sintesis selulosa ester adalah tandan kosong dari kelapa sawit. Agar selulosa ester dari tandan kosong dapat digunakan sebagai bahan filamen alternatif, dibutuhkan pengamatan pada sifat mekanik pada selulosa ester dan produk turunannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik dan karakterisasi selulosa ester dan produk turunannya sebagai bahan alternatif 3D printing. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari hasil karakterisasi menggunakan metode Thermogravimetry Analyisis diketahui bahwa titik leleh selulosa ester yang dihasilkan berada diantara filamen konvensional yang sering digunakan, yaitu polylactic acid dan acrylonitrile butadiene styrene sehingga selulosa ester yang dihasilkan dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit berpotensi untuk menggantikan filamen yang sudah ada. Dari hasil pengujian mekanik, pada percobaan ini, dapat disimpulkan untuk mendapatkan kekuatan mekanik yang optimal dari hasil 3D printing menggunakan tinta dari selulosa ester, infill density dari produk berkisar pada 100% - 80%. Sedangkan untuk mendapatkan filamen 3D yang baik, komposisi campuran selulosa ester:polylactic acid dari produk adalah 20%:80%. Pengujian mekanik juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai Tensile Strength dan Modulus of Elasticity. Nilai Tensile Strength lebih tinggi pada proses estrifikasi pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi, namun nilai Modulus of Elasticity lebih tinggi pada temperatur yang lebih rendah. Sedangkan untuk temperatur proses yang sama, tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai Modulus of Elasticity yang signifikan.
Imitatio Christi (1 Corinthians 11:1): How Paul Imitates Jesus Christ in Dealing with Idol Food (1 Corinthians 8–10)
Authors: Kim Seyoon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe importance of the theme of imitatio Christi in Paul has long been recognized in scholarship, especially with regard to the two questions: Pauline ethic and the Jesus-Paul debate. It is argued here that imitatio Christi for Paul, while centered on Christ's self-giving in his incarnation and crucifixion, has the example and teaching of the historical Jesus also in view, and that in dealing with the problem of eidōlothuta in 1 Cor 8–10 Paul concretely draws some of his guidelines from the historical Jesus' teaching and example.
Questions of Reading and Writing in Ancient Israel
Authors: HESS RICHARD S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The identification of so many inscriptions from private collections as well as in archaeological excavations raises new questions about the role of reading and writing in ancient Israel. In this respect, the question is not merely one of whether there were scribes who could read and write but also the larger questions of who were the practitioners of this art and where they might be found. Does the evidence provide any clues as to their geographical and social location? Were they limited to the largest urban centers where concerns of administration and royal propaganda might require their presence; or were they also to be found in small towns and rural environments? This study examines the questions of literacy in the light of the inscriptional evidence, the ancient Near Eastern context, and the comparative anthropological discussion.
The Synoptic Problem? An Old Testament Perspective
Authors: KNOPPERS GARY N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The synoptic phenomenon is neither a uniquely NT issue nor a new issue, because there are many parallel stories, laws, and poems in the Hebrew Bible/OT. This study examines the literary technique of imitatio or mimesis in the classical and ancient Near Eastern worlds to see what the employment of this technique may tell us about why ancient writers reused, retold, and expanded select older works and how their early audiences may have understood these parallel stories. After discussing the esteem with which ancient writers viewed the accomplishments of earlier ages and defining what the technique of literary imitation is and is not (e.g., epitomization, inner-biblical exegesis, rewritten Bible), this article proceeds to discuss various dangers and disputes in the application of mimesis in the context of the ancient Mediterranean world (e.g., parody, plagiarism). The article concludes that study of creative imitation holds much promise for elucidating the significance of parallel laws, poems, lists, and stories in the Old and New Testaments. Scholars can gain an added appreciation of the literary craft practiced by the authors of synoptic Scriptures through an acute awareness of the techniques by which writers reworked, rewrote, and supplemented their sources.
Finders Keepers? Lost Property in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Law
Authors: BAKER DAVID L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
According to ancient Near Eastern law, it is a serious offense to be in possession of lost property, tantamount to stealing and punishable by death. A finder is expected to make every effort to return a lost animal or implement to its owner. The OT "Book of the Covenant" assumes the same principle and emphasizes that it applies even if the owner is one's enemy (Exod 23:4). It is dealt with in greater detail by the Deuteronomic Laws, using the word "brother" instead of "enemy" and clarifying some of the ambiguities in the earlier law (Deut 22:1–3). In both texts, the returning of lost property is combined with a command to help another person in difficulty with his/her beast of burden (Exod 23:5, Deut 22:4). Although these biblical texts occur in legal sections of the OT, they are not so much laws as exhortations to take action for the welfare of fellow-Israelites. Members of the covenant community are expected to take the initiative in helping others, whether or not they deserve it, according to the principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself.
Intertextuality, Canon, and "Undecidability": Understanding Isaiah's "New Heavens and New Earth" (Isaiah 65:17–25)
Authors: SCHULTZ RICHARD L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As developed by M. Bakhtin, J. Kristeva, R. Barthes, and T. K. Beal, intertextual approaches have largely replaced the examination of inner-biblical quotation or allusion and literary influence studies in analyzing the relationships between texts and contexts. These studies, however, can involve the endless tracing of intertextual relations, undermining the possibility of determinate meaning. By deriving several key interpretive emphases and procedures from the intertextual theory of Michael Riffaterre, a Columbia University professor of French Literature, one can "redeem" intertextuality. This kind of modified approach to intertextuality, which is better suited to canonical Scripture, is illustrated by a detailed analysis of Isa 65:17–25. Reading Isa 65 in light of its primary intertexts results in a richer reading that directs the interpreter's attention to neglected textual features as well as latent emphases and associations.
Creation and New Creation
Authors: MOO DOUGLAS J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The phrase "new creation," used twice in the letters of Paul (Gal 6:15, 2 Cor 5:17), appears abruptly in both contexts and has therefore been subject to several different interpretations. This article argues that the phrase is best understood as a broad description of the "new state of affairs" inaugurated through Christ's first coming and to be consummated at his second coming. This interpretation fits with the usual meaning of the phrase in Jewish literature and makes best sense in both contexts where it occurs. Though the phrase cannot, then, be limited to cosmic renewal, it includes this element and therefore provides some basis for environmental stewardship by Christians today.
"You Fool!" Matthew 5:22
Authors: GARLINGTON DON 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This essay advances the case that Matt 5:22 is not a prohibition of generic name calling, using common terms of abuse. It is, rather, a pointed and specific warning that one Christian believer must not consign another believer to perdition by labeling him/her a "fool" ("unbeliever," "apostate," "heretic," etc.), that is, one who is excluded from the eschatological kingdom of God. To do so is to expose oneself to divine wrath in the day of judgment.
The Identity of "Horn" in Psalm 148:14a: An Exegetical Investigation in the MT and LXX Versions
Authors: SCHMUTZER ANDREW J. , GAUTHIER RANDALL X. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article compares the MT and LXX versions of Ps 148:14a to understand better the identity of "horn" within the set phrase "to raise a horn." The commentators are largely divided between literary-metaphorical and historical-literal interpretations, leaving the English translations with a confusing array of options. Analysis suggests that "to raise a horn" conveys elements common to both "metaphorical" and "literal-historical" usage with military significance. Particular attention is given to the syntactical significance of vv. 13–14 of Ps 148. Analysis concludes with the Final Doxology (FD) of the Psalter (MT: Pss 146–50; LXX 145–50), where it is argued that the sociopolitical reality of exile and Diaspora returnees complements the militaristic theme of 148:14a, evidenced from the surrounding FD. The identity of "horn" in this set phrase describes the judgment of Israel's enemies while simultaneously proclaiming Israel's restored reputation on an international scale.
Reconstructing a Biblical Model for Giving: A Discussion of Relevant Systematic Issues and New Testament Principles
Authors: KÖSTENBERGER ANDREAS J. , CROTEAU DAVID A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In a previous article the authors discussed all relevant references to tithing in Scripture and concluded that the continuation of a tithing requirement cannot be adequately supported by the exegesis of individual texts. In the present article, we assess the applicability of tithing in light of pertinent systematic issues. Following a discussion of the relationship between the Mosaic Law and the new covenant, larger systematic issues that have been used to argue for the continuation of tithing are analyzed and criticized. The article concludes with a survey of NT principles for giving.
"All Those Going Out of the Gate of His City": Have the Translations Got It Yet?
Authors: SCHMUTZER ANDREW J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The phrase כל־יצאי שער עירו (Gen 34:24a, b) is part of the narrator's summary of the Shechemites' response to the circumcision proposal. The lexical and semantic evidence supports a military collocation for the phrase. Moreover, the language surrounding Abraham's transaction at the city gate with Ephron (Gen 23:10b, 18b) is shown to be an inadequate semantic parallel, depending more on culture and architecture. This article argues that the repetition of the phrase in the same verse (34:24a, b) reflects the narrator's rhetorical skill that "humanizes" a catastrophe, underscoring its distributive and irreversible state. By arguing more for "elders" or "citizens," the translations have missed the narrator's association of the circumcised group with a war idiom.
New Wine in Old Wineskins: Bursting Traditional Interpretations in John's Gospel (Part 1)
Authors: GUNDRY ROBERT H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The following article, which will be continued in the next issue of BBR, offers disparate exegetical notes on six passages in the Fourth Gospel. Part 1 argues (1) for the menorah as at least partial background for the portrayal of the Word as light and life in John 1:4; (2) for the angels in John 1:51 as representing Christ in his function as a message-bearer going up and down Jacob's ladder between heaven and earth; and (3) for the profuse passing of water in consequence of drinking it in John 7:37–39 as a symbol of the superabundance of life given believers by the Holy Spirit.
Distinguishing the Angel of the Lord
Authors: MALONE ANDREW S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
René López has clarified a number of arguments to assist the identification of the "angel of the Lord" as an agent of God. These recognize that an agent can adopt the speech of his master and be accorded the deference due that master. However, his arguments would apply readily if the angel were himself God. Thus, the veracity of López's thesis hinges on the ability to distinguish between the angel and his Lord—something not sufficiently established. This response is offered as a dialogical foil. It demonstrates that further clarity is needed in distinguishing the two figures and that doing so can be quite difficult. If the two cannot be adequately distinguished, we gain further evidence for identifying the angel as God.
The Voices of Scripture: Citations and Personifications in Paul
Authors: DODSON JOSEPH R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article investigates Paul's use of personifications to cite Scripture and examines the differences between these citations and more-traditional formulas. After surveying current categories used to understand Scripture citations and after defining personification, this article explores the three most developed personifications Paul uses to quote the OT. It argues that these citations do not fit aptly into any of the current categories proposed by Francis Watson or by Vernon Robbins and, therefore, suggests that a new category be introduced.
Old Greek Daniel 7:13–14 and Matthew's Son of Man
Authors: ZACHARIAS H. DANIEL 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The earliest witnesses to Old Greek Dan 7 equate the Son of Man with God and represent a perspective of Dan 7 that likely existed in the first century A.D. This throne vision coheres with the Son of Man sayings in Matthew and indicates that the evangelist was familiar with a similar textual tradition. The evangelist has the Son of Man coming on (not with) the clouds, puts the angels in his charge, and places him on the glorious throne where he judges the nations. All of this coheres with Dan 7 as represented by the Old Greek.
Old Testament Gemstones: A Philological, Geological, and Archaeological Assessment of the Septuagint
Authors: HARRELL JAMES A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The earliest witness to the entirety of the Old Testament is the Septuagint (LXX), dating to the third through first centuries B.C., during the Hellenistic period. This was translated into Greek from an earlier and now largely lost version of the Hebrew Bible. After the ca. 315 B.C. book On Stones by the Greek scholar Theophrastus, the LXX has more references to gemstones than any other surviving Hellenistic manuscript. A total of 22 gemstones are mentioned in 55 passages of the LXX. The objective of this study is to determine the geologic identities of these stones based on their descriptions in all available ancient textual sources that are contemporaneous (or nearly so) with the LXX and on the archaeological record of gemstones used in the Eastern Mediterranean/Western Asia region during the first millennium B.C.
Understanding the Gospel of Judas
Authors: EVANS CRAIG A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The discovery and publication of the Gospel of Judas created a sensation in scholarly and popular settings alike. Much of the interest in the new publication grows out of the interpretation that was advanced, in which Judas Iscariot is understood as a hero, more or less, the greatest of the disciples, to whom Jesus entrusted his most important teaching. Ongoing critical study of the Coptic text, however, has raised troubling questions about this interpretation and on what basis it rests. The recent recovery of more fragments of the text also undermines the widely reported interpretation. The present study reviews several recent publications that suggest a very different interpretation.
Factor analysis of the functioning of small business and its development prospects under sanctions
Authors: Antyushin M. V. , Guskova I. V. , Serebrovskaya N. E. 
Published: April 2022

The problems, difficulties, as well as issues of entrepreneurship development in Russia are considered based on the analysis of the retrospective of small and medium enterprises (SME) development, errors in the field of economic development in the process of transformation of the Russian economy in different periods of its development, as well as in different phases of the economic cycle are identified.The article is devoted to the study of environmental factors affecting the development and functioning of SMEs. The article presents the results of a sociological survey of entrepreneurs and experts in the field of economics and management. The survey is aimed at determining the impact of the external environment on the development of entrepreneurship in Russia and the possibility of overcoming it.
Proprietatea-garanție: rezerva proprietății
Authors: Tamba Adrian 
Published: April 2022

Studiul de față se concentrează, succint, pe o entitate ce poartă această denumire: rezerva proprietății. Așa-zisa rezervă a proprietății este un tip de proprietate-garanție.
Privitor la rezerva proprietății, prezenta lucrare ia în considerare niște aspecte: domeniul rezervei proprietății, creanța garantată, acordul referitor la rezerva proprietății, efectele rezervei de proprietate etc.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor immunohistochemical expression in hepatocellular carcinoma without Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor exons 18–21 mutations
Authors: Nikolova Dafina , Trajkovska Meri , Trpcevska Emilija Nikolovska , Eftimov Aleksandar , Jovanovik Rubens , Janevska Vesna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction: EGFR targeted therapies, have been proved beneficial for patients with HCC, nevertheless additional research on EGFR immunoexpresion and EGFR mutations is still needed, especially in population in which it has not been done yet. The aim of this study is to evaluate EGFR immunoexpression in HCC without EGFR exons 18–21 mutations and to evaluate its influence on survival in HCC patients in North Macedonia.

Methods: We studied 31 cases of HCC for EGFR immunohistochemical expression and EGFR exons 18–21 mutations. The following clinical parameters were analyzed: Hepatitis B and C virus infection, presence of cirrhosis, tumor size, enlarged lymph nodes, metastases, alpha fetoprotein level and overall survival. Presence of the EGFR immunosignal (membranous and cytoplasmic) and the percentage of positive tumor cells in the entire tumor tissue specimen were semi-quantitatively determined.

Results: Hepatitis B and C virus infection, tumor size, metastatic disease and EGFR immunoexpression have influence on patient’s survival. No EGFR exons 18–21 mutations were detected in this group of HCCs. EGFR expression of 61%–80% in tumor tissue significantly influenced survival of the patients (p < 0.01). Multiple Cox regression confirmed tumor size of 5–10 cm (p < 0.05), tumor size > 10 cm (p < 0.01) and EGFR expression in range of 61% to 80% (p < 0.05) as independent survival predictors in patients with HCC.

Conclusion: EGFR overexpression in range of 61% to 80% was an independent survival predictor in patients with HCC, implying that these patients could benefit from EGFR inhibition. However, the absence of EGFR mutations in exons 18–21 in any of the cases of this study suggest that single drug EGFR targeted therapy in patients with HCC may be insufficient.
Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and conditions of forming the Tukan gold-quartz deposit (Khudolaz trough, South Urals)
Authors: Rakhimov I. R. , Saveliev D. E. , Shagalov E. S. , Ankusheva N. N. , Pankrushina E. A. 
Published: April 2022

Research subject. Detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies of rocks of the Tukan gold-quartz deposit (quartz veins, dolerites, gabbro-diorites) were carried out. The deposit is one of numerous small gold-quartz occurrences in the Khudolaz trough of the West Magnitogorsk zone.Methods. The morphology and composition of native gold was studied using an Axios kop 40 A optical microscope and Tescan Vega 3 and JEOL-6390LV scanning electron microscopes. The chemical composition of rocks was determined by X-ray fluorescence (Carl Zeiss VRA-30) and atomic emission (Shimadzu ICPE-9000) analyzes. Fluid inclusions were analyzed using Linkam TMS-600 thermostage equipped with Link-System 32 DV-NC software and an Olympus BX51 optical microscope. The gas composition of fluid inclusions was examined by Raman spectroscopy (Horiba LabRam HR800 Evolution).Results. Gold-bearing quartz veins and dolerites intersect ing the gabbrodiorite intrusion of the Khudolaz complex are associated with submeridional strike-slip faults. Native gold has a various morphology and is confined to cracks in quartz veins and altered dolerites. The composition of gold is stable, with the average fineness of 871 ± 8.3‰. An analysis of fluid inclusions in a gold-bearing quartz vein showed that gold was formed at temperatures of no less than 186–230°С from a fluid with a salinity of 4–8 wt % NaCl-eq. The presence of gases СО2, N2 and CH4 was found in fluid inclusions. Dolerites and gabbrodiorites hosting gold-bearing veins contain sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, violarite), sulfoarsenides (cobaltite and its analogs), as well as mine rals of Ag (hessite) and Pb (kuranakhite and phases similar in composition to minerals of the dugganite group and burckhardtite). Conclusions. The sustained composition of native gold and a narrow range of salinity and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions indicate the formation of gold during a single stage of mineralization. The main source of gold could have been the dolerite dikes of the Ulugurtau complex. The presence of CO2, N2 and CH4 gases in fluid inclusions from goldbearing quartz indicates that not only magmatic fluid, but also fluid from the host rocks took part in mineral formation. The low value of the ratio X(CO2)/X(CH4) ≤ 0.7 indicates a moderately reduced ore-forming fluid. Low Au concentrations (0.1– 0.4 ppm) in quartz veins, dolerites, and gabbro-diorites, including those containing visible gold, indicate a weak commercial potential of the deposit