bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic activity of Hordeum vulgare, Brassica napus and Vicia faba in Worm and Root type Biopore Sheaths
Authors: Petzoldt Lisa , Kroschewski Bärbel , Kautz Timo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Aims
Biopores offer favorable chemical, biological and physical properties for root growth in untilled soil layers. There they are considered as nutrient “hotspots” with preferential root growth. However, the literature lacks a quantification of metabolic activity due to nutrient acquisition of main crops while growing in the biopore sheath.

Methods
A pot experiment was performed to map the metabolic activity of roots, as indicated by pH change. The roots of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were growing through the biopore sheath influenced by an earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) or a taproot (Cichorium intybus L.), in comparison to subsoil without a pore (bulk soil). pH sensitive planar optodes were applied in order to image a planar section of the sheath, while preserving an intact biopore sheath during the experiment.
Results Roots were first found in the field of view in worm biopore then root biopore and bulk soil. At time of the first measurement the pH value was highest in worm biopore sheath (LS-Mean±SEM: 7.16a±0.11), followed by root biopore sheath (6.99ab±0.12) and bulk soil (6.61b±0.12). In spring oilseed rape a significant alkalization (+0.80 Δ pH) was found over time in bulk soil. Faba bean significantly acidified the root biopore sheath (-0.73 Δ pH). Spring barley showed no significant pH changes.

Conclusions
The results of the current study reveal a trend of faster root growth through biopores and a higher initial pH value in the biopore sheaths compared to the bulk soil. Biopores serve not only as an elongation path for roots, but their sheaths also provide an environment for root activity in the subsoil.
Corporate entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review and future research agenda
Authors: Urbano David , Turro Andreu , Wright Mike , Zahra Shaker 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article analyzes the state of the art of the research on corporate entrepreneurship, develops a conceptual framework that connects its antecedents and consequences, and offers an agenda for future research. We review 310 papers published in entrepreneurship and management journals, providing an assessment of the current state of research and, subsequently, we suggest research avenues in three different areas: corporate entrepreneurship antecedents, dimensions and consequences. Even though a significant part of the overall corporate entrepreneurship literature has appeared in the last decade, most literature reviews were published earlier. These reviews typically cover a single dimension of the corporate entrepreneurship phenomenon and, therefore, do not provide a global perspective on the existing literature. In addition, corporate entrepreneurship has been studied from different fields and there are different approaches and definitions to it. This limits our understanding of accumulated knowledge in this area and hampers the development of further research. Our review addresses these shortcomings, providing a roadmap for future research.
Making the most of world talent for science? The Nobel Prize and Fields Medal experience
Authors: Rodríguez Juan Gabriel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOpportunities in science largely affect the accumulation of scientific knowledge and, therefore, technological change. However, there is little evidence of how much of people’s talent is actually wasted. Here we focus on scientists with the highest performance, the recipients of the Nobel Prize and Fields Medal. We found that the average age of scientists at the time of the breakthrough was higher for researchers from less developed countries. Moreover, individual opportunities in the world were extremely unequal by country of birth, gender significantly conditioned any participation in research, and the probability of becoming a top researcher more than doubled for individuals with parents belonging to the most favoured occupational categories. Thus, inequality of opportunity in science at the highest level was higher than in sports excellence (Olympic medals) and educational attainment. These findings would not be so negative if opportunities in science at the highest level had increased over time. Contrary to the expectations, our results show that opportunities in science, in contrast with humanities, have stagnated.
Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum
Authors: Yu Qingyuan , Chen Xinchun , Zhang Chenhui , Zhang Chenxi , Deng Wenli , Wang Yinhui , Xu Jianxun , Qi Wei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films are capable of providing excellent superlubricating properties, which have great potential serving as self-lubricating protective layer for mechanical systems in extreme working conditions. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop a-C:H films capable of achieving robust superlubricity state in vacuum. The main obstacle derives from the lack of knowledge on the influencing mechanism of deposition parameters on the films bonding structure and its relation to their self-lubrication performance. Aiming at finding the optimized deposition energy and revealing its influencing mechanism on superlubricity, a series of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films were synthesized with appropriate ion energy, and systematic tribological experiments and structural characterization were conducted. The results highlight the pivotal role of ion energy on film composition, nanoclustering structure, and bonding state, which determine mechanical properties of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films and surface passivation ability and hence their superlubricity performance in vacuum. The optimized superlubricity performance with the lowest friction coefficient of 0.006 coupled with the lowest wear rate emerges when the carbon ion energy is just beyond the penetration threshold of subplantation. The combined growth process of surface chemisorption and subsurface implantation is the key for a-C:H films to acquire stiff nanoclustering network and high volume of hydrogen incorporation, which enables a robust near-frictionless sliding surface. These findings can provide a guidance towards a more effective manipulation of self-lubricating a-C:H films for space application.
Tuning the electronic states and superconductivity in alkali fulleride films
Authors: Ren Ming-Qiang , Wang Shu-Ze , Han Sha , Song Can-Li , Ma Xu-Cun , Xue Qi-Kun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe successful preparation of superconducting alkali fulleride (AxC60, A = K, Rb, Cs) films using state-of-the-art molecular beam epitaxy overcomes the disadvantages of the air-sensitivity and phase separation in bulk AxC60, enabling for the first time a direct investigation of the superconductivity in alkali fullerides on the molecular scale. In this paper, we briefly review recent cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy results of the structural, electronic, and superconducting properties of the fcc AxC60 films grown on graphitized SiC substrates. Robust s-wave superconductivity is revealed against the pseudogap, electronic correlation, non-magnetic impurities, and merohedral disorder. By controlling the alkali-metal species, film thickness, and electron doping, we systematically tune the C60x− orientational orderings and superconductivity in AxC60 films and then complete a unified phase diagram of superconducting gap size vs electronic correlation and doping. These investigations are conclusive and elucidated that the s-wave superconductivity retains in alkali fullerides despite of the electronic correlation and presence of pseudogap.
Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord: A Historical Perspective and Recent Developments
Authors: Sun Helen H. , Tay Kimberly S. , Jesse Erin , Muncey Wade , Loeb Aram , Thirumavalavan Nannan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe management of chronic scrotal pain is long and varied, with historical treatment algorithms typically ending with orchiectomy. Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC) is a testicle-sparing option for patients who have failed conservative treatment options and over its forty-year history has seen many technical refinements.ObjectivesTo review the history and development of MDSC and discuss the outcomes of different surgical techniques.MethodsA literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies pertaining to surgical treatment of CSP, MDSC, and outcomes. Search terms included “chronic,” “scrotal pain,” “orchialgia,” “spermatic cord,” “denervation,” and “microsurgery.”ResultsWe included 21 case reports and series since the first seminal paper describing MDSC technique in 1978. Additional studies that challenged existing conventions or described novel techniques are also discussed. The current standard procedure utilizes a subinguinal incision and a surgical microscope. Open, robotic, and laparoscopic approaches to MDSC have been described, but access to minimally invasive instruments may be limited outside of developed nations. Pain reduction following preoperative spermatic cord predicts success of MDSC. Methods for identifying and preserving the testicular and deferential arteries vary depending on surgeon preference but appear to have comparable outcomes. Future developments in MDSC involve targeted denervation, minimizing collateral thermal injury, and alternative techniques to visualize arterial supply.ConclusionFor patients suffering from CSP, MDSC is a well-studied technique that may offer appropriately selected patients’ relief. Future investigation comparing targeted vs full MDSC as well as in vivo study of new techniques are needed to continue to improve outcomes.
Child attachment in adjusting the species-general contingency between environmental adversities and fast life history strategies
Authors: Lu Hui Jing , Liu Yuan Yuan , Chang Lei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExtrinsic mortality risks calibrating fast life history (LH) represent a species-general principle that applies to almost all animals including humans. However, empirical research also finds exceptions to the LH principle. The present study proposes a maternal socialization hypothesis, whereby we argue that the more human-relevant attachment system adds to the LH principle by up- and down-regulating environmental harshness and unpredictability and their calibration of LH strategies. Based on a longitudinal sample of 259 rural Chinese adolescents and their primary caregivers, the results support the statistical moderating effect of caregiver–child attachment on the relation between childhood environmental adversities (harshness and unpredictability) and LH strategies. Our theorizing and findings point to an additional mechanism likely involved in the organization and possibly the slowdown of human LH.
On being a PhD student of Robert Harper
Authors: DREYER DEREK , PIERCE BENJAMIN C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Robert Harper Festschrift includes articles by three of Bob’s students and colleagues—Karl Crary, Andrzej Filinski, and Jonathan Sterling. Each of these articles touches on themes that are central to Bob’s research: module system design, proof-directed program development, and (to use Bob’s term) “computational trinitarianism”.
In this foreword to the Festschrift, we have additionally compiled reminiscences of Bob Harper from his PhD students. We invited them to reflect on their experiences working with and learning from Bob. We believe these reminiscences, presented in chronological order of dissertation date, deliver a most fitting tribute to Bob in honor of his 64th birthday.
Cognitive Defusion as Strategy to Reduce the Intensity of Craving Episodes and Improve Eating Behavior
Authors: Hinojosa-Aguayo Irene , González Felisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The elaborated intrusion theory of desire proposes that craving is a cognitive motivational process involving intrusive thoughts. Changing the way we react to them, cognitive defusion (CD), should limit thought elaboration and craving. We induced chocolate craving in female chocolate cravers before CD (Study 1). A decrease in craving measured by a single-item scale, Visual Analogical Scale (VAS; p < .001, ηp2 = .449) and as a state, State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-S; p = .029, ηp2 = .106) were found in the experimental group, while similar results were also found in group control. The reduction in craving (VAS) in group CD correlated negatively with chocolate consumption on a bogus taste test (r = –.439, p = .036), while the correlation was positive in the case of group control (r = .429, p = .047). Food craving as a trait, measured by the Trait Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T), showed negative correlations with measures of CD and mindfulness skills (lowest r = –.313, p = .018). In Study 2 participants made use of a smartphone application implementing the CD procedure in real contexts whenever they experienced food craving. A corresponding decline in self-reported craving was found, as well as in consumption of the craved food (indulgence) compared with the control condition. Our findings indicate that CD may be a promising intervention for tackling the elaboration of intrusive thoughts and eating behavior in young female food cravers, both in a controlled laboratory environment after a cue-food exposure craving induction procedure, as well as responding to naturally occurring food cravings in real-life settings.
Degradation at theInSightLanding Site,Homestead Hollow, Mars: Constraints From Rock Heights and Shapes
Authors: Grant J. A. , Wilson S. A. , Golombek M. , Trussell A. , Warner N. H. , Williams N. , Weitz C. M. , Abarca H. , Deen R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRock shapes and heights around theInSightlander are examined to refine the degradation history of the 27 m‐diameterHomestead hollow. Results document decreasing average exposed rock height and increasing percentage of rocks where height comprises the short axis from outside to within the hollow and support prior models of ejecta deflation accompanied by hollow infilling. We estimate 0.3 m of deflation at the current rim that is realistic compared to rock relief, original ejecta thickness, and predicted aeolian contributions to infilling. We also find that shapes of embayed basalt rocks outside the hollow appear platy, bladed, and elongate in a triangular form factor plot, and more discoidal and bladed in an axes ratio plot. By contrast, expected shapes based on terrestrial studies of basalt rocks are mostly compact, compact platy, compact bladed, compact elongated, platy, bladed, and elongate in triangular form factor plots, and equant with lesser, but significant disc‐ and blade‐shaped rocks in axes ratio plots. We find addition of 10 cm to the heights of rocks near the hollow rim, to account for continued partial embedding in ejecta, yields the best match between observed and expected rock shapes. Exposure of small ejecta rocks in the hollow supports degradation rates of 10−4 m/Myr during most of hollow history. Results indicate that deflation from ejecta accompanied by downwind deposition in the hollow can account for the current degraded form of the crater. Our approach is a new tool for characterizing small crater degradation on regolith‐covered lava plains on Mars.
The Negative Impact of Excessive Moisture Contributes to the Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis in Amazon Moist Forests
Authors: Chen Ruonan , Liu Liangyun , Liu Xinjie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPhotosynthesis in Amazon rainforests is essential to the carbon and water cycle on a global scale, but its seasonal dynamics remain less understood. Using clear sky satellite products combined with in situ ground observations, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis in this unique region as well as the contribution of moisture to these dynamics. We confirmed the unique dry season increase in photosynthesis for most parts of the study region as well as small positive photosynthetic anomalies in relatively dryer years, such as El Niño years. Taking into account the contribution of increased light and new leaf flushing in dry seasons to the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis, we found significant negative correlations between moisture variables (especially soil moisture) and photosynthesis in Amazon rainforests, especially for humid ecosystems such as primary moist forests and for humid periods such as wet seasons. Excessive moisture contributes to the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis by changing the value of the peak and the position of the minimum values, but this process was not well‐documented in previous studies. Our study highlights the need to consider the negative impacts of excessive moisture on photosynthesis in wet ecosystems, and further research is required to support the determination of future changes in photosynthesis in different regions.
Temperatures and Cooling Rates Recorded by the New Caledonia Ophiolite: Implications for Cooling Mechanisms in Young Forearc Sequences
Authors: Secchiari Arianna , Montanini Alessandra , Cluzel Dominique 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo unveil how forearc lithosphere cools and re‐equilibrates, we carried out a comprehensive geothermometric investigation of the New Caledonia ophiolite, which represents a rare example of proto‐arc section generated during subduction infancy. A large data set, including more than 80 samples (peridotites and mafic‐ultramafic intrusives), was considered. Closure temperatures calculated for the lherzolites using slow (TREE‐Y) and fast diffusing (TCa‐in‐Opx, TBKN, TCa‐in‐Ol, TOl‐Sp) geothermometers provide some of the highest values ever documented for ophiolitic peridotites, akin to modern sub‐oceanic mantle. Cooling rates deduced from TREE‐Y and TBKN yield values of ≈10−3°C/y, similar to those obtained with TCa‐in‐Ol. These features are consistent with a post‐melting history of emplacement, possibly along a transform fault, and thermal re‐equilibration via conduction. Cpx‐free harzburgites register a high‐T evolution, followed by quenching and obduction. The relatively high TCa‐in‐Ol, TOl‐Sp and cooling rates computed from TCa‐in‐Ol (≈10−3°C/y) are atypical for this geodynamic setting, mirroring the development of an ephemeral subduction system, uplift and emplacement of the Peridotite Nappe. Temperature profiles across the crust‐mantle transect point to high closure temperatures, with limited variations with depth. These results are indicative of injection and crystallization of non‐cogenetic magma batches in the forearc lithosphere, followed by thermal re‐equilibration at rates of ≈10−4–10−3°C/y. Our study shows that the thermal conditions recorded by forearc sequences are intimately related to specific areal processes and previous lithospheric evolution. Thus, detailed sampling and exhaustive knowledge of the geological background are critical to unravel the cooling mechanisms in this geodynamic setting.
Spatial Variation of Surface O3 Responses to Drought Over the Contiguous United States During Summertime: Role of Precursor Emissions and Ozone Chemistry
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Yuxuan , Flynn James , Griffin Robert J. , Guo Fangzhou , Schnell Jordan L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDrought is an extreme weather and climate event that has been shown to cause the worsening of ozone (O3) air pollution. Using 15‐year (2005–2019) surface O3 observations and weekly US Drought Monitor (USDM) indices, this study estimated that summertime US‐mean surface O3 increased by 1.47 ppb per USDM level. It is revealed that O3 responses to drought display a spatial east‐west variation: higher O3 enhancement in the Southeast (2.24 ppb/USDM), and no significant change or even a decrease in the west (e.g., −0.06 ppb/USDM in California). The diurnal changes of O3 with drought also show an opposite pattern between the Southeast and California. Formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column, two satellite‐based O3 precursors proxies, show an increasing rate of 0.41 × 1015 molec/cm2/USDM and 0.03 × 1015 molec/cm2/USDM in the Southeast, respectively, while these rates are not statistically significant in California. We explained this spatial discrepancy from the perspective of O3 chemistry by applying a zero‐dimensional model at the sites with long‐term observations in California and Georgia. Isoprene concentrations decreased by ∼37% under exceptional drought in California causing a reduction of O3 production (PO3) by ∼23.7% during daytime. On the contrary, isoprene increased by ∼41% in Georgia inducing a consequent increase of PO3 by ∼33.4% which accounts for more than half of the O3 enhancement. This study reveals the key role of biogenic isoprene on ozone chemistry under drought conditions.
Decadal Temperature Variations Over the Northwestern Tibetan Plateau Deduced From a 489‐Year Ice Core Stable Isotopic Record
Authors: Zhang Wangbin , Pang Hongxi , Wu Shuangye , Song Jing , Zou Xiang , Hou Shugui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInformation on decadal temperature variations over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau (TP) is still very limited due to a lack of long‐term instrumental data. In this paper, we present a 489‐year (1524–2012 A.D.) reconstruction of annual mean temperature for the northwestern TP using the δ18O record of a 58.82 meter‐long shallow ice core retrieved on the Chongce ice cap in the western Kunlun Mountains. The reconstructed temperature exhibits significant decadal variations, which were mainly driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. Decadal temperature variation during the Little Ice Age (LIA) is significantly larger than that during the post‐industrial warming period, possibly due to such external forcing as large fluctuations of solar activity and frequent major volcanic eruptions during the LIA. In addition, our reconstruction shows that the recent warming since the 1980s is moderate, comparable to an earlier warm interval in the mid‐20th century, which may partly explain the relatively stable status of glaciers in this region since 1970s.
Factors Controlling the Dissolved 137Cs Seasonal Fluctuations in the Abukuma River Under the Influence of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Igarashi Yasunori , Nanba Kenji , Wada Toshihiro , Wakiyama Yoshifumi , Onda Yuichi , Moritaka Shota , Konoplev Alexei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident released large amounts of radioactive materials into the environment. River systems play an important role in the terrestrial redistribution of FDNPP‐derived 137Cs in association with water and sediment movement. We examined the seasonal fluctuations in dissolved and particulate 137Cs activity concentrations and clarified the biological and physicochemical factors controlling 137Cs seasonality in the Abukuma River's middle course in the region affected by the FDNPP accident. The results showed seasonal fluctuations in the dissolved 137Cs activity concentration, with an increase in summer and a decrease in winter, although there was no clear seasonal change in the particulate 137Cs activity concentration. Water temperature and K+ concentration dominated the seasonality of the dissolved 137Cs activity concentration. The volumetric activity concentration of the organically bound 137Cs was found to be several orders of magnitude lower than that of the dissolved 137Cs. Therefore, we concluded that the 137Cs in organic matter is not a source of dissolved 137Cs in river water. The study also revealed the temperature dependence of Kd in riverine environments from a Van't Hoff equation. The standard reaction enthalpy of 137Cs in the Abukuma River was calculated to be approximately −19.3 kJ/mol. This was the first study to clearly reveal the mechanisms by which the dissolved 137Cs activity concentration and Kd are influenced by chemical and thermodynamic processes in the middle course of a large river, and it is expected to lead to an improved model of 137Cs dynamics in rivers.