bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arrêt rendu le 29 mars 1991 par l’Assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation de France (Association des centres éducatifs du Limousin c./ Cts Blieck)
Authors: Jamin Christophe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Joël Weevauters, a mentally handicapped person, had been allocated a place at a Centre d’aide par le travail (occupational training centre). He set fire to a forest belonging to Mr. and Mrs. Blieck, who brought an action against the association which managed the Centre and its insurers, claiming compensation for the loss they had suffered.
The Court of Appeal found for the plaintiffs, holding that the association and its insurers were liable for damages under Article 1384(1) of the Civil Code. They argued that thejudgment of the Court of Appeal finding them liable was wrong, since there was only responsibility for others in those cases specifically provided for by law and that the Court of Appeal had not stated the circumstances in which the association could be said to be responsible for the acts of those persons aiiocated to it.
The Cour de Cassation held:
The judgment states that the Centre managed by the association had the task of looking after mentally handicapped persons, within a protected milieu, and that Joel Weevauters was subject to a regime involving total freedom of movement during the day; in such circumstances, from which it is apparent that the association had accepted the task of organising and controlling, on a permanent basis, the way of life of this handicapped person, the Court of Appeal was right to decide that the association must be responsible for Mr. Weevauters, within the meaning of Article 1384(1) of the Civil Code, and that it was liable to make good the loss which he had caused.
Le droit et “le patrimoine moral” de I’humanité
Authors: van Neste F. 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Das Vermögen einer Person zeigt an: die Gesamtheit aller Güter, die ihr gehören und durch die sie sich bereichern und ihren materiellen Wohlstand sichern kann. Oder, man hat in den letzten Jahren analoge Begriffe verwendet und man hat von “genetischem Vermögen (patrimoine génétique)” oder “kulturellem Vermögen der Menschlichkeit (patrimoine culturel de l’humanité)” gesprochen. Warum benutzt man nicht ein und denselben Terminus, um alle die Fähigkeiten zu bezeichnen, über die ein Mensch verfügt, um sich selbst zu realisieren (wie z.B. frei und unabhängig zu sein) und um die menschliche Qualität zu beschreiben und zu bewahren, die “Menschlichkeit in ihm”? Was beinhaltet dieses geistige (sittliche) Vermögen (“patrimoine moral”) und wie bezieht sich das Recht auf dieses Vermögen? Dies sind die Themen dieses Aufsatzes. Das geistige Vermögen erscheint im Rechtssystem grundsätzlich unter zwei Formen. 1. In vielen Rechtsnormen, die mehr oder weniger Inhalte wie Gerechtigkeit, Verantwortlichkeit, Solidarität oder guten Glauben verkörpern, ist das geistige Vermögen stillschweigend wie “Hefe im juristischen Teig” gegenwärtig. 2. In den Menschenrechtsdeklarationen haben die geistigen Güter wie insbesondere die individuelle Freiheit und das Selbstbestimmungsrecht des Menschen einen eigenen und ausdrücklichen juristischen Status erhalten. Der Beitrag zeichnet den Stellenwert des geistigen Vermögen in der Geschichte nach und untersucht die Auswirkungen auf rechtliche Zusammenhänge. Mit Hilfe der politischen Ideen von P. Ricoeur ended der Beitrag mit einer kurzen Analyse der Dialektik zwischen der Ethik, der Politik und dem Recht.
Abstract. A person’s patrimony can be defined as the totality of goods and interests which belong to him and by which he may increase his wealth or assure his material well-being. However, in recent years, the term has been used by analogy and now covers a person’s “genetic patrimony” or the “human cultural patrimony.” Why not use the same term to signify all the capacities which human beings have for self-realisation as autonomous and free, and to construct and maintain the essentially human quality of “humanity”? What is the content of such a “moral patrimony” and in what ways does the law refer to this patrimony? This is the subject of the present article. The moral patrimony appears in law in essentially two guises: 1. It is to be found in a number of legal rules which more or less embody a sense of justice, of responsibility, of solidarity or of good faith. The moral patrimony is implicitly present as the “yeast in the dough of the law.” 2. In declarations guaranteeing human rights, moral rights concerning individual freedom and self-determination have been accorded a separate and distinct legal status. Using the political ideas of P. Ricoeur, this article concludes with a brief analysis of the dialectic between ethics, politics and law.
Wie gemeinsam ist die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik? – Zur Ausführung der EG-Regeln für die Übertragung von Milchquoten in England und Wales, Frankreich und Deutschland
Authors: Gehrke Heike 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Seit 1984 ist der europäische Milchmarkt der sogenannten Milchquotenregelung unterworfen. Von den Erzeugern von Kuhmilch wird eine Zusatzabgabe auf die Mengen Milch oder Milchäquivalent erhoben, die in einem Zwölfmonatszeitraum an die Molkerei geliefert oder direkt an den Verbraucher verkauft werden und eine bestimmte Milchquote überschreiten. Aufgrund ihrer Höhe von zur Zeit 115% des Milchrichtpreises entfaltet die Abgabe eine Prohibitivwirkung.
Der Beitrag behandelt die Ursachen für die Unterschiede, die bei der Ausführung des europäischen Rechts zur Übertragung von Milchquoten in England und Wales, Deutschland und Frankreich auftraten. In England und Wales konnte im Gegensatz zu den anderen beiden Mitgliedstaaten die Entstehung eines Quotenmarktes beobachtet werden.
Ursächlich für die Divergenzen bei der Ausführung des Gemeinschaftsrechts sind nicht in erster Linie die unterschiedlichen Landpachtrechte in den untersuchten Ländern. Vielmehr wurde den Mitgliedstaaten durch die europäischen Milchquotenverordnungen ein erheblicher Gestaltungsspielraum für die Durchführung eingeräumt. In Ausnutzung dieses Spielraumes etablierten England and Wales ein liberales Recht zur Übertragung von Milchquoten, während sich Frankreich für ein restriktives System entschied. Begünstigt wurde diese Entwicklung in England und Wales durch die relativ großzügig gehandhabte Kontrolle durch das Landwirtschaftsministerium, die eine Umgehung der Regeln ermöglichte, sowie nicht zuletzt durch die effektive Milcherzeugungsstruktur.
Die nationalen Regeln über die Rechte des Pächters an der Milchquote weichen erheblich voneinander ab. So werden dem französischen Pächter bei Beendigung des Pachtvertrages weitgehende Rechte bezüglich der Quote eingeräumt, worin sich der ausgepragte Pächterschutz des franzäsischen Landpachtrechts widerspiegelt. In Ermangelung einer Harmonisierung der Landpachtrechte war es unvermeidbar, den Mitgliedstaaten einen weitgehenden Gestaltungsspielraum bei der Regelung des Verhältnisses zwischen Pächter und Verpächter einzuraumen. Die Verpflichtung der Mitgliedstaaten, bei der Durchführung von Gemeinschaftsrecht die Gemeinschaftsgrundrechte zu beachten, vermag zur einheitlichen Anwendung von Verordnungen nach Art. 189 EGV auch bei bestehenden nationalen Spielraumen beizutragen.
Verfahren mit geringem Streitwert vor deutschen Zivilgerichten
Authors: Müller Harald , Gottwald Peter 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, in welcher Weise das 1991 neu eingeführte deutsche Bagatellverfahren nach § 495aZPO die Arbeit des Richters am Amtsgericht erleichtert, welche praktischen Schwierigkeiten bestehen und welche Grenzen dem Ermessen des Richters aus rechtsstaatlichen Gfinden gesetzt sind.
Abstract. In 1991 the German legislator introduced by § 495a a special small claim proceeding for local courts to the German Code of Civil Procedures. The paper describes the rule’s impact on court practice and discusses the difficult relationship between a judge’s discretionary powers in handling the new rule and a party’s constitutional rights.
Réumé. Le législateur allemand ayant adopté en 1991 une loi relative aux petits litiges au sens du § 495a du Code de procédure civile, l’auteur montre en quoi ce texte tend à faciliter le travail du juge, reléve les difficult6s pratiques qui subsistent et souligne les limites aux pouvoirs du juge qui résultent des principes de valeur constitutionnelle.
Cour de Cassation, 13 juillet 2001 – Arrêts 278, 279 and 280
Authors: Martín-Casals Miquel , Papachristos A.C. , Sombroek-van Doorm M.P. , Stolker Carel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Less than one year after its decision on the famous Perruche case (2000.11.17), the Assemblée plénière of the French Supreme Court has again ruled on the question of the damage awards to compensate for the birth of a disabled child due to medical failures. Even if in these three cases the French Supreme Court rejects the appeal against the contested decisions which had refused damage awards, these cases remind, in very clear terms, the damage award principle for child disablement, established by the Perruche case. In these three cases, gynaecologists committed errors. Most often, they incorrectly performed and misinterpreted ultrasound scans. Thus, they did not inform the mothers of detectable malformations of the foetus (respectively: spina bifida malformation of the spinal column, a child born without his left arm and with a half reduced right arm andimportant malformation of the upper right limb). In all these cases, the first instance judges recognized physicians’ failures, so that this issue was not discussed at the French Supreme Court. Even if the contested decisions of the first instance judges sentenced the physicians to compensate for the personal damages of the parents related to the birth of a disabled child, they rejected the claims for damage awards to the children themselves (claims that had been filed, in their names, by the parents). The various Courts of Appeal based their judgements on the lack of causal link between medical failures and the disablement of the children. Rejecting the appeals aimed against these Courts of Appeal, the Assemblée plénière has approved their refusal to allow damage awards to the child. But one should not be misled. This does not mean that the Assemblée plénière reconsidered the principle of damage award for the disablement of the child; simply, in these cases, the conditions for allowing damage awards were not satisfied because of the lack of causal link between the disablement of the child and the medical failures.
Recent case law réArrÃªts rÃ©cents réAktuelle Gerichtsentscheidungen
Authors: van Schaick Bert , Ruda Albert , Østergaard Kim , Sagaert Vincent , Dacoronia Eugenia , Caterina Raffaele , Petz Thomas , Tvarnø Christina , Tamasauskas Andreas , Cairns Walter , Pironon Valérie , Hünert Matthias , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Mota Pinto Paulo , MacGregor Laura , Ribot Igualada Jordi , Hahn Anne-Catherine 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: In this section authors from various European countries report the recent case law in their country on the field of private patrimonial law, that is decisions on the law of property, juridical acts, the law of obligations, contract law and prescription. The European Review of Private Law (ERPL) started this section in 2003. The section aims to give our readers an overview of what is happening in the most recent European case law. We have asked the national reporters to report the juridical essence of the decisions given by the highest courts in their country. These national reports are integrated in one general report that arranges the decisions by subject, so that our readers can easily find out whether decisions on their special interest were given in any European country or whether decisions on one subject have been taken in various European countries. In principle, this section does not relate the facts of the decision, nor the personal opinion of the reporter. One can find discussions on the most important decisions of European courts in ERPL’s case note section. The recent case law section gives overviews of decisions published in periods of four months. The period of January-April is published in the fourth issue, the period from May to August is published in the sixth issue, and the period from September to December is published in the second issue of the next year. In this issue, we publish decisions of high courts taken from September to December 2003. As yet, some decisions can only be found on the internet. Therefore, at the end of this section we have listed web sites where one can find European high court decisions. The Board of Editors of the ERPL wants to thank the national contributors to this report, who worked very hard to have their reports ready in time. Further, the Board considers itself very fortunate that Mr. Ross MacDonald (University of Dundee, Scotland) has been willing to edit the contributions and, by doing so, contribute substantially to the quality of this section.
BGH, 12.12.2000, VI ZR 345/99 JZ 2001, 711 – Zur Verjährung eines Schadensersatzanspruchs bei mehreren Gesamtschuldnern
Authors: van Schaick Bert , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The decision by the BGH was based on the following facts. The plaintiff, born in 1982, claimed material and immaterial damages for the destruction of his milk teeth denture. He maintained that, during the first two years of his life, he had been fed a tea product made by the defendant by way of “permanent suckling”. In doing so, a plastic feeding bottle, which has also been distributed by the defendant and which lacked a proper warning, had been used. In 1985 the mother of the plaintiff learnt from the dentists treating her child that the damage to the milk teeth may have been caused by the consumption of the tea. In 1993 she was informed about the possibility of claiming damages from the tea producer by her health insurance. In 1996 the plaintiff lodged a claim for damages against the defendant and the co-defendants, some of her senior staff members (such as members of the executive board, the authorized officer, and head of departments) whom the plaintiff thought jointly responsible for the development, production and distribution of the tea product causing the damage to his teeth. The defendants raised the objection of limitation of the plaintiff’s claim. The previous Courts dismissed the claim due to the objection raised by the defendants. However, the plaintiff succeeded with his appeal in respect of the co-defendants. The BGH argued that the requirements for the period of limitation and its commencement have to be verified for each co-defendant separately. If several persons may have caused the damage, the period of limitation starts to run for each of them as from the point in time the aggrieved party has become aware of the respective person causing the damage. It is therefore possible that the period of limitation may start to run, and expire, from different points in time, notwithstanding the fact that the underlying claim is based on the same event and damage. This also holds true in respect of co-defendants being an enterprise on the one hand, and its legal representatives or senior staff on the other hand, who are liable for the enterprise according to Â§31 or Â§831 BGB.
EuGH, 9.9.2003 (Fall Jäger) - Der Bereitschaftsdienst eines Arztes in einem Krankenhaus - Arbeitszeit oder Ruhezeit im Rahmen der Richtlinie 93/104/EG?
Authors: Boonstra Klara , Trambowicz Johanna , Vigneau Christophe 
Published: April 2022

The plaintiff, who was working as an assistant?doctor in a hospital, was obliged to be on stand?by for emergency duties. He was running six such duties per month, which were reimbursed partly by compensatory time?off and partly by extra remuneration. Stand?by duties followed the regular duty and amounted to 16 hours on weekdays, 25 hours on Saturdays (8:30am to 9:30am Sunday) and 22 hours and 45 minutes on Sundays (8:30am to 7:17am Monday). The plaintiff spent these hours in the hospital and rendered his services, if called for. During the times he was not needed, he could sleep in a room at the hospital. On average, he was working 49% of the time of the stand?by duty. The plaintiff argued that, in the light of Directive 93/104/EEC the entire time for his on?duty service were to be considered as full?working time in the meaning of the German law on working time. The defendant was of the opinion that, in the light of jurisprudence and the prevailing doctrine, the idle time within the framework of a stand?by duty had to be considered resting, and not working time.
The European Court of Justice was asked by the second instance labour Court to rule on the question whether such stand?by duties are idle time or working time. The ECJ held that such duty?calls are indeed working time, since such work bears the hallmark of the notion of working time in the meaning of Directive 93/104/EEC. It was, inter alia, decisive that the Plaintiff had to stay at a place determined by the employer and that he had to be at the latter?s disposal to render his services immediately if need be.
The Distinction between Obligations de Résultat and Obligations de Moyens and the Enforceability of Promises
Authors: Alessi Dario 
Published: April 2022

The distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens was proposed at the beginning of the last century by Demogue, a famous French scholar. According to the distinction, while an obligation de résultat is directed at guaranteeing the attainment of a specific result, an obligation de moyens consists of the employment of the duty of care in performing a contractual obligation. Such distinction gained some success and was transplanted in many jurisdictions.
This contribution considers the distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens as a juridical epiphany of those conceptions of contract law founding the enforceability of promises on the mere will of the parties. In this contribution two questions are posed: the first concerns the conditions under which responsibility for breach of contract is triggered and the second deals with the extent to which the promisor shall be bound to the given promise. By providing an answer to these questions, this contribution reveals that the distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens is logically based upon a questionable method of abstraction rooted in the evolution of the law towards the abandoning of the traditional ideas and concepts having characterized contract law for centuries. The historical process of abandonment of the criteria of enforceability of promises, with particular regard to the subjectivization of causa, has provided the conceptual grounds for the coming into existence of the distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens. The distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens is based upon the reduction of causa to any subjective reason or motive for contracting. Precisely, the distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens holds and presupposes causa as the promisor?s subjective motive to which the obligation tends and which shall be realized by the promise.
This process is however flawed since causa in its objective meaning represents something unavoidable for the enforcement of promises. The existence of causa (intended as the contractual exchange) represents a juridical necessity in contracts. Although shaped into different forms, the objective contractual exchange represents the same entity for every obligation; thus, in every obligation the requirement of an objective causa must exist to make it enforceable.
As the necessity of the existence of an objective causa is ascertained, the validity of the distinction between obligations de résultat and obligations de moyens is strongly challenged.
Is Good Faith an Over-Arching General Clause in the Principles of European Contract Law?
Authors: Lando Ole 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: In this article, O. Lando investigates if good faith can be considered an overarching principle in European contract law. It looks at the principle from a historical and comparative law perspective. In all continental European countries a general principle of good faith can be found. The principle is also encountered in the Principles of European Contract Law, the Unidroit Principles of Commercial Contracts and, to some extent, in the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods. However, in English law good faith is not treated as an over-arching principle, although the principle can be found incidentally in specific regulations and cases. O. Lando concludes that, in spite of logical and technical arguments to the contrary made by H. Beale, good faith is an over arching principle.
Résumé: Dans cet article, O. Lando étudie si la bonne foi peut être considérée comme un principe primordial du droit européen des contrats en l’analysant du point de vue historique et du point de vue du droit comparé. Le principe de bonne foi se retrouve dans tous les pays continentaux européens et est également présent dans les Principes du droit européen des contrats, les Principes d’UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international, et dans une certaine mesure, dans la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises. Le droit anglais cependant ne traite pas la bonne foi comme un principe primordial, bien que le principe puisse incidemment être trouvé dans des législations spécifiques et dans la jurisprudence. O. Lando conclut qu’en dépit des arguments techniques et logiques contraires exposés par H. Beale, la bonne foi est un principe primordial.
Zusammenfassung: In seinem Beitrag untersucht O. Lando, ob das Institut des Treu und Glaubens als allumfassender Grundsatz innerhalb des europäischen Vertragsrechts angesehen werden kann. Der Beitrag stellt diesen Grundsatz sowohl in einem historischen als auch in einem vergleichenden Zusammenhang dar. In allen Staaten des europäischen Kontinents ist ein allgemeiner Grundsatz des Treu und Glauben wiederzufinden. Dieser Grundsatz ist ebenfalls in den Principles of European Contract Law, den Unidroit Principles sowie zum Teil auch im Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Verräge über den internationalen Warenkauf aufgenommen. Im englischen Recht wird der Grundsatz des True und Glaubens nicht als ein allumfassender Grundsatz angesehen, obwohl er gelegentlich in einigen spezifischen Bestimmungen und gerichtlichen Entscheidungen wiederzufinden ist. O. Lando folgert, dass der Grundsatz des Treu und Glaubens trotz einiger logischer und technischer Gegenargumente, die insbesondere durch H. Beale vorgetragen wurden, im Ergebnis als ein allumfassender Grundsatz angesehen werden kann.