bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Robotics and Ergonomics: A Scientific Review
Authors: Di Marino Castrese , Tarallo Andrea , Vitali Andrea , Regazzoni Daniele 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Collaborative robotics, or Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC), is a challenging topic characterized by multidisciplinary approaches. Many researchers are facing this innovative manufacturing system studying several aspects such as task allocation, facility layout problem and timing. Above all, one of the most important issues in collaborative robotics is the wellbeing of the operator collaborating with the robot system during the different phases of the process.
The added value of a collaborative workplace respect to the manual and automatic workplaces is strictly correlated to a safe and ergonomic interaction between the operator and the robot. Indeed, the combination of robot and operator skills lead to a higher level of accuracy and flexibility. Thus, assessing operator’s working conditions requires the acquisition, eventually in real time, of relevant parameters such as posture, movements, and interactive tasks. This may require the adoption of existing metrics proposed by standard evaluation guidelines, as well as the introduction of new or modified prescription to consider the presence of the robot. The ergonomics analysis in collaborative robotics is evaluated by considering both physical and cognitive aspects of the operator during the interaction with the robot.
The research work aims to carry out a scientific bibliometric literature review (BLR) about the ergonomics analysis of collaborative workplaces, and to identify methods and tools for the physical and cognitive ergonomics assessment that can be adopted in collaborative robotics. The search has been accomplished using the Scopus database by means of a set of key words specifically defined to investigate the ergonomics in the collaborative robotics. The review provides a sharp classification, a critical analysis of the most relevant contributions in this field so that emerging trends for future development can be defined and discussed.
Experimental Investigations Into Ionic Liquid-Based Nanofluids for Machining Difficult-to-Cut Materials
Authors: Singh Ramandeep , Sharma Varun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In any machining operation, cutting fluid is required to reduce the friction and heat generated between the tool-work interfaces. Reducing the cutting fluid level and their sustainability is a significant challenge associated with machining processes. In this study, the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the Ionic Liquid (IL)-based cutting fluid is investigated. For performing it, six varying ILs (ammonium-based and immidazolium) were mixed with Al2O3 nanoparticles, and their lubricating behavior (viscosity, wettability, and thermal) were measured. Viscosity studies were conducted at temperatures ranging from 303–393 K, while thermal and wettability studies were conducted at room temperature. The experimental results of the study show that nanoparticles improve the thermophysical and lubrication properties. Jatropha Oil (JO) + Tetrabutylammonium bromide IL + Al2O3 shows the best results among the samples prepared. It shows an increase in viscosity by 17.87%, an increase in thermal conductivity by 30.5%, and a decrease in the contact angle by 32.8%, making it suitable for machining operations. Machining experimentation shows that the developed cutting fluids provide better performance in terms of reduction in cutting forces, surface roughness, coefficient of friction, and increase in shear angle compared to dry machining.
On Additive Manufacturing of Rib Fracture Fixation Implants: The Role of Lattice Design
Authors: Judkins Lauren , Gupta Richa , Gabriele Christine , Tomonto Charles , Hast Michael W. , Manogharan Guha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rib fractures and chest flail injuries are life threatening injuries that often require surgical treatment using metal (e.g. titanium) fracture reconstruction plates and screws. Current implant designs do not account for the variable stiffness present in human ribs and are much stiffer than the native bone, causing undesirable clinical outcomes. In this preliminary study, groups of latticed test plates were designed with a body centered cubic (BCC) lattice and porosities ranging from 36–86%. Porosity was altered by changing lattice strut thickness between 0.225–0.425 mm and unit cell length between 1, 2, and 3 mm. The test plates were fabricated using an established laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. Flexural strength (4-point bending) tests were performed at a strain rate of 1.3 mm/min to characterize changes in bending stiffness and strength. It was found that implant stiffness could be decreased by 15.7% (p = 0.068) by decreasing strut thickness from 0.425 to 0.225 mm and increasing unit cell length from 1 to 3 mm. The results of this preliminary experiment serve as guidelines for the design of full-sized rib fracture reconstruction plates that contain a gradient lattice with varied mechanical properties to better match the behavior of intact ribs.
Multi-Physical Coupled Simulation on Fuel Cooling Shell of Electric Fuel Pump
Authors: Yan Qingtao , Wang Bin , Ye Zhifeng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In commercial aviation industry, reduction of aircraft emissions is an urgent priority. Engine manufacturers in particular have worked long and hard to improve each component of the engine. MEE (More Electric Engine) is a new engine system concept that seeks engine efficiency improvements and emissions reduction in fuel burn and CO2. The key concept of the MEE involves the architecture for the electrical power generation by the engine and changing the power source for accessories from mechanical/hydraulic to a fault-tolerant electric motor. Due to its contribution to fuel burn reduction, electrification of the engine fuel pump system is a primary issue. The MEE motor-driven fuel pump is usually called electric fuel pump. There are several technical challenges for the design of the pump, including high power-weight-ratio and reliability. However, when the electric fuel pump delivers and regulates fuel into the combustor, the motor-driven pump generates much heat especially at high delivery pressure or flow rate, which deteriorates the running condition, life, and safety of the pump and even the engine. Thus, it is an urgent need to take reasonable heat dissipation measures for the motor cooling. Modeling techniques and characteristic study for heat dissipation is indispensable to cooling scheme design and optimization. Heat dissipation of the motor mainly involves heat generation calculation and heat dissipation scheme. It is necessary to minimize the heat generated by the motor loss. On the other hand, it is also necessary to improve the heat dissipation capacity of the motor as much as possible from the perspective of cooling performance. In order to obtain accurate heat dissipation characteristics of a fuel-cooling shell of an electric fuel pump, a multi-physical coupled model is built. The heat dissipation characteristics of the shell are numerically simulated under typical conditions. The results show that the loss of the stator/rotor core increases proportionally with the rotation speed, while the permanent magnet loss increases exponentially with the rotation speed. The temperature distribution of each part of the permanent magnet motor and fuel cooling shell is obtained. The fuel flow rate through the shell directly impacts the heat dissipation intensity, but the dissipation efficiency decreases with the increase of the flow rate. Based on the multi-physical coupled model, the effects of different parameters on the cooling are obtained, which proves the necessity of the model proposed in the paper when characterizing the heat distribution inside the pump.
Design Methodology of Gerotor Hydraulic Machines for Mechatronic Applications
Authors: Puliti Marco , Tessari Federico , Galluzzi Renato , Tonoli Andrea , Amati Nicola 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In mechatronic applications such as electro-hydrostatic actuators, gerotor machines are often preferred over other technologies due to their high efficiency, low wear, low noise, and compactness. The design approach for hydraulic machines, either for motoring or pumping applications, involves the definition of different geometrical parameters, which affect their performance. Thus, the designer is often left without a clear design method to adopt. In this perspective, the presented research aims at providing a general design methodology of gerotor machines for their integration into high-efficiency mechatronic devices. In particular, the study focuses on the analytical and numerical characterization of the optimal tooth aspect ratio and maximum eccentricity between gears. Indeed, these two features are often left to the experience of the designer or are selected with empirical formulations. Our method is validated by means of numerical data from computational fluid-dynamic models to assess the performance of the hydraulic units.
Nondestructive Eddy Current Array (ECA) Technique for Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Detection and Assessment
Authors: Taheri Hossein , Jones Cameron Alexis , Hossain Md Shahjahan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many structures and mechanical components are under a combination of loading (stresses) and some kind of corrosive environmental operational condition which is called Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). Tubes in cooling water services, geothermal, and nuclear equipment are among the equipment which are subject to SCC. Since the SCC occurs at stresses within the range of typical design stress, it can cause catastrophic failures without a significant indication in structural integrity beforehand. Efficient Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) during the operational life of the structures can prevent such failures by providing accurate information regarding size and characteristics of the SCC flaws. Since majority of SCC defects occur in surface and near surface regions of metallic components, electromagnetic NDI (Eddy Current) is proved to be a promising inspection technique. In this study, Eddy Current Array (ECA) methodology was used for assessment of SCC generated in steel samples in a laboratory setup. ECA as an advanced eddy current NDI uses an array of eddy current coils to provide the scanning image of the inspection area. Prefabricated notches and SCC after a period of load-corrosion application to the samples were detected and characterized. Accuracy and repeatability of the results showed the efficiency of ECA for SCC characterization.
Modeling Discharge Spark Ignition Using Zero Dimension Thermodynamic Model and Experimental Power Measurements at Various Pressures
Authors: Shaffer James , Zare Saeid , Askari Omid 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Laminar burning speed calculation at high pressures is challenging because of unstable surface conditions at large flame kernel diameters. It is therefore desired to take these measurements at small dimensions (i.e., during and immediately after the ignition discharge process) when the flame kernel is smooth and stable. Taking accurate measurements at these sizes is challenging because the kernel growth rate does not only depend on the chemical reaction but also on other phenomena such as energy discharge, as well as radiative and conductive energy losses. The effect of these events has not been adequately assessed, due to the generation of ionized gas (i.e., plasma). In order to better understand the effect of the ignition plasma in this work, spark ignition in air for 1–5 atm of pressure is studied. Understanding the ignition event and modeling its behavior is important to capture accurate combustion measurements at pressures pertinent to the advanced high-pressure engines and technologies. The relationship between the electrical energy supplied to the spark and the thermal energy dissipated within a gas mixture has been studied. This work relates the electrical discharge power to the volume of the ignition kernel measured via schlieren imagery. Voltage and current data are also captured as the input to a thermodynamic model which is used to predict the volume versus time data of the spark event. The model, which utilizes measured electrical power, thermodynamic properties of ionized air, and radiation losses in air show agreement with the experimental kernel measurements in terms of overall shape of the volume data within the measured kernel uncertainty. With these results and further experimental validation the present model is considered to represent the relationship between the electrical spark power and the measured ignition kernel volume. Future work will be done to determine inaccuracies present in the arc discharge regime as well as the effectiveness of the model in combustible media.
Investigation of New Alternate and Conventional Materials for Manufacturing High Pressure Turbine Disk
Authors: Sureshkumar Vyshak , Mourad Abdel-Hamid I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Key to sustainable aviation is to find an efficient way to optimize the design of an aircraft and its parts irrespective of its size. Innovation of new materials with exceptional mechanical properties with reduced overall weight can contribute substantially towards a greener environment. During each operating cycle of an aircraft engine the blades of gas turbine are subjected to elevated temperature along with high levels of stress, especially in the high-pressure region. Another factor that overlaps this condition of quasi steady state are the induced stresses due to vibrational load by the local perturbations.
The main objective of this study is to identify the alternate materials that could be used as a replacement for the conventional materials. Based on the loads endured by the blades during the operation of the engine a selection criterion for the materials are characterized. These parameters are then used to identify the potential materials for manufacturing the high-pressure turbine disk using Granta Edupack software.
The manufacturing routes play an important role in the structure of the material. The paper discusses common manufacturing routes for both conventional and alternate materials along with its effect on the properties of the material based on cast and wrought or ingot metallurgy, powder metallurgy, mechanical and electrochemical method. The process of manufacturing of these superalloys and how they affect the chemical compositions of these materials are also discussed.
Design and Modelling of SCARA Robot Variant
Authors: Tummalapalli Manjeet , Ouyang Puren , Bahri Johnny 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The SCARA robot has been extensively used for industrial applications. The motivation behind this research is to propose a SCARA variant as an alternative, with the popularity and applications of a SCARA robot. The main objective is to relocate the vertical prismatic joint and study the computational dynamics of the SCARA variant and the performances. The SCARA variant has been analyzed for the forward and inverse kinematics based on the transformation matrix method.
The dynamic model for the SCARA variant has been developed by using the Lagrangian method. The dynamic model is compared to the standard SCARA, it has been found that the dynamic models are very similar apart from the mass inertia and Coriolis matrices having terms in columns 2 & 3 exchanged. In this paper, linear and nonlinear trajectories, such as straight line, ellipse, and circular trajectories have been selected in the simulation study. Consistent results for torque requirements have been observed with the linear trajectory having the least values, followed by ellipse, and the circular trajectory.
Mathematical Modelling of Semi-Solid Electrodes for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zakri Waleed , Fagehi Hassan , Alhadri Muapper , Abutaleb Ahmed , Farhad Siamak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronic devices, flexible smart electronics, roll-up displays, electronic shelf labels, active radio-frequency identification tags, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research and development of flexible LIBs in order to fulfill the power requirements of these next-generation devices. In this study, the performance of semi solid anode for flexible Lithiumion battery was investigated through a mathematical model in order to reduce the number of experiments and to achieve the desired energy capacity of the battery. This model is a multiphysics three-dimensional heterogeneous model where all necessary transport phenomena including the charge and mass transfer and electrochemical reactions are considered at continuum mechanics level. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to solve governing equations numerically using a finite element method. This model is for a half-cell simulation, and by using experimental results obtained in the lab. The maximum specific discharge capacity of the simulation Graphite/Li half-cell and LCO/Li reached up to 248(mAh/g) and 128(mAh/g), respectively, compared to the values received in the experimental test of ∼240 (mAh/g) for Graphite/Li and 120 (mAh/g) for LCO/Li. Overall, the simulation results were in acceptable agreement with those of the experiment. Parametric study was also performed to study the effect of adjustable parameters on the performance of both half cells. The difference in the discharge capacity was observed showing higher values at higher cell temperature and lower c-rate.
Geothermal Heat Exchanger Performance With Nanofluids Containing Ceramic MgO and Al2O3 Particles
Authors: Barua Himel , Younessi Sinaki Maryam , Farhad Siamak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A geothermal heat exchanger (GHE) uses the geothermal energy for heating or cooling of residential places during winter or summer. Two different designs of GHEs, the straight-pipe and coiled-pipe designs, are evaluated in this study, and the effect of nanofluid as the working fluid is investigated. For this purpose, a mathematical model is developed, validated, and used to predict the temperature gain, heat gain, exergy gain, and pressure loss of the working fluid for different concentration of additive ceramic nanoparticles (Al2O3 and MgO) into the working fluid. It is shown that the coiled-pipe design has better performance compared to the straight-pipe design for GHEs. It also shown that how the temperature, heat gain and exergy gain change with increasing the additive nanoparticles into the base-fluid (water), while the pressure loss does not change significantly. The temperature gain increases about 60% when the volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base-fluid reaches 2%. This also helps to improve the natural circulation of working fluid and the GHE may not need a circulating pump to run at low flow rates. It is also shown that the additive MgO nanoparticles is more effective than Al2O3 nanoparticles to improve the GHE performance.
Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Suva, Fiji and Design of a 30 kW Wind Turbine
Authors: Singh Krishneel A. , Kutty Saiyad S. , Khan M. G. M. , Ahmed Mohammed Rafiuddin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fiji needs to invest in renewable energy sources to meet its energy needs to reduce the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. For investing in wind energy projects, a detailed assessment of wind energy resource is required. In this work, wind speeds were measured at 34 m and 20 m above ground level at a site in Suva for three years and the daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal averages were estimated. Average turbulence intensities at the two heights were also estimated. The Weibull parameters, average wind speed and the wind power density were estimated by using eleven frequentist methods and a Bayesian technique. These twelve methods were compared against each other for their performance using five goodness of fit test and error measures. The best method was found to be the empirical method of Lysen (EML) which gave a mean wind speed of 5.04 m/s and a wind power density (WPD) of 147.79 W/m2. A horizontal axis wind turbine of 30 kW capacity was designed and optimized using Harp_Opt software which works on a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The blade sections (airfoils) were designed using an in-house multi-objective genetic algorithm code by mathematically parametrized 7th order Bezier curve coupled with XFOIL software. The lift and drag coefficients were interpolated using AirfoilPrep to get the data in the required format as needed by the Harp_Opt GUI. The Weibull parameters from the statistical analysis of the measured data were used to optimize the performance characteristics of the wind turbine. The output power curve shows a cut-in speed of about 2 m/s and a rated wind speed of 10 m/s. The AEP was optimized from around 47.3 MWhr/year to 48.3 MWhr/year after 50th iteration of Harp_Opt.
Second-Life Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery in a Residential Solar Photovoltaic Grid-Tied System
Authors: Alhadri Muapper , Zakri Waleed , Farhad Siamak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The behavior of retired lithium-ion battery (LIB) from its first-life application such as electric vehicles and electric aircraft for its second-life in a solar photovoltaic (PV) grid-tied system for residential applications is studied through mathematical modeling. The rate of capacity-fade and the useful remaining life of the retired- or used-LIB particularly investigated in this paper. The first part of this paper presents the optimal size of a small-scale battery energy storage system (BESS) to store a part of the solar energy for postponing consumption in the near future for a typical home in Akron, Ohio. The LIBs in this study has lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) chemistry. The sizing is determined based on a set of PV panels, power rate of the BESS, and hourly data of temperatures, irradiation and home demand load. Using PVWatts® Calculator from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the hourly PV performance data of the PV generation system is obtained. In this study, the home is connected to the grid, but the net energy usage from the grid in one year is zero. The duty-cycle of the PV generation is obtained in order to design a LIB energy storage system using calculations of the PV system hourly energy production. The difference between the residential home demand and PV generation is used to evaluate the excess energy that charges the battery and is sold to the electric grid. In the second part, the retired- or the used-battery degradation rate and its remaining useful second-life in the BESS are estimated using an empirical battery model. This model includes the capacity-fade of the LIB for both first- and second-life applications under different operating and environmental conditions. It is shown that a used-LIB from first-life applications is still suitable to be used for this system. The results show that the investigated used-LIB is capable of being in-service for another 10 years in the PV system for residential application. The results of this paper can potentially reduce the battery cost for electric vehicles and electric aircraft because the retired battery from these applications have still value to serve for another applications such as PV system for residential homes. Since this study is based on mathematical modeling, several assumptions have been made in the model. Although the results of mathematical modeling is very promising, these results should be proved experimentally. The experimental studies is out of the scope of this paper.