bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Flushing Effect and Knockdown Activity of Various Insecticide Treatments, 1986
Authors: Schneider B. M. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory test procedure was developed to assess the relative flushing effect and knockdown activity of Dursban 4E (44.2% chlorpyrifos), XRM-4322 (44.2% chlorpyrifos, 4.4% pyrethrins, 8.8% piperonyl butoxide), Decis EC (5% deltamethrin), and Demon WP (40.0% cypermethrin). Plain water was included in the comparison as a control. Cockroach harborage was constructed from tempered masonite (4 × 4 inch) and pine strips (yi6 inch), creating a small crack (open at 2 ends) within which the cockroaches could hide. This harborage was placed sideways upon a plastic pedestal (3 cm high) within a plastic box (7 × 5 × 3.5 inch). The inside upper edge of the plastic box was greased (petrolatum-mineral oil mixture) to prevent escape. Ten adults (≤2 wk old, 5 male and 5 nongravid female) were introduced to the completed arena 24 h before testing, which always occurred 4-6 h into the photophase of 12:12 (L:D) photocycle. Test sprays were applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. When treated, the harborage containing the test insects was removed from the plastic box and placed within the spray tower so that an open end of the harborage was positioned beneath the spray arm, parallel with the fan spray pattern. As the spray arm passed over the harborage, the sprayer was activated briefly (&lt;1 s) to deliver the treatment to the test insects within. Immediately after being sprayed, the harborage was returned to the plastic box for 1 h of observation. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The times necessary to flush (FT) or knockdown (KT) 50 and 90% of the test insects were the variables compared between the treatments. If, for example, 50% of the test insects were not flushed within the 1-h observation period, the time necessary was then defined as 100 min for ease of analysis. This conversion allowed for incorporation of individual replicates for which response was &gt;60 min when others in the same treatment were ≤60 min.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Dairy Heifers with Pyrethroid Ear Tags Or Tapes, 1986
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear tag efficacy trials were conducted on pastured herds (15-40 head/herd) of dairy heifers in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland. Two herds received no treatment and served as checks. Six other herds (2/treatment) were tagged as follows: Guardian® ear tags, 2/head, attached 3 and 8 May; Duo Deckem® ear tags, 2/head, attached 30 May and 6 Jun; and Atroban® ear tags, 2/head, attached 1 Apr and 7 Jun. A ninth herd had an Ectiban® ear tape attached to one identification ear tag on each of ca. 40 heifers on 10 May. Treatment efficacy was determined by counting weekly the number of face flies/face and horn flies/ side of 15 animals.
Evaluation of ABG-6208 (Thuringiensin) for Control of Northern Fowl Mite, 1987
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , McKeen William D. , Rodriguez John L. , David Mandeville J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White leghorn hens naturally infested with northern fowl mites were selected from a producing flock in San Bernardino County. Hens were 31 wk old, well-feathered and in good condition at the start of the test. They were housed in suspended wire cages (3 birds per 30 by 45 cm cage) in an open-sided house typical of this region. The flock had been treated with permethrin for mite control approximately 6 wk earlier, but mites persisted on some birds. Sixty hens were selected which had mite rating scores of 2 or higher (see table). Ten hens of the 60 had mite scores of 5 or higher (a high-level infestation). Four cages of birds (12 hens) were used for each treatment, and empty buffer cages separated each cage of test birds. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer at 45 p.s.i., spraying upward toward the vent region of each bird (40 ml per hen). The 3 mite scores for the hens in a particular cage were averaged, and the 4 cage means/date were used as replications in the analysis.
Residual Comparison of Chlorpyrifos Against Adult Cat Fleas and Adult Flea Emergence, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Silapanuntakul S. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nylon shag pile carpet discs (5 inches diam) were treated with either 11.7% Dursban ME, 41.5% Dursban LO or Pennwalt 23.5% TD 2247. Each formulation was mixed with water and applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2. Each carpet disc was treated by the use of a 1 gal Hudson pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.23 oz/s at 20 psi. Control carpet discs were sprayed with water only. On the day of treatment, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment, a treated carpet disc was placed in the bottom of a 1 gal jar and ca. 25 adult cat fleas were added. All treatments were replicated 3 times at each time interval and the experiment was replicated twice. At 24 h posttreatment, dead and live fleas were recovered by brushing each carpet disc vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush within a 5 gal plastic bucket. The discs were then submerged in water to recover any additional live fleas. Nylon shag pile carpet discs (3.5 inches diam) were treated as described above and all formulations were tested for their effects on adult cat flea emergence. On the day of treatment, 7, 14, and 28 days! posttreatment, ca. 0.25 g of dried blood, ground cat chow mixture (3:20), and 25 cat flea eggs were placed within the fibers of each treated carpet disc. \ Infested discs were then placed into 1 pt fonda containers, covered with a fine cloth screen to contain emerging adult fleas and stored at 25°C at 80% RH. - All treatments at each time interval were replicated 3 times and controls replicated 6 times. When &gt;50% of the adult fleas had emerged in the control containers, treatments were evaluated for % adult emergence by recovering adult fleas as described above. In both tests carpet discs were used only once for each test interval. All carpet discs were stored at ca. 25°C between infestation periods.
Sheep Ked Control with Amitraz Collars, Taktic® Spray, and Pour-On Applications of Taktic and Expar®, 1987
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sheep were mature ewes and rams of mixed breeds, both black and white face, naturally infested with sheep keds. Pretreatment ked density was determined by a whole body count of adult keds on all animals. Sheep were ranked according to ked density, then groups of similarly infested animals were randomly assigned to treatments. Prior to treatment all animals were weighed, and fleece length was recorded. Animals were housed in separate 4.8 × 19.2 m pens of 7 or 8 animals each. Ked density was determined on all animals immediately before the single insecticide treatment and thereafter at 7, 14, 28, 42 days. Amitraz collars were 2.5 cm wide plastic bands, containing 9% amitraz, that averaged 57 cm long but varied according to the size of individual animal. Taktic®, amitraz sprays, 0.0125% and 0.025%, were applied at 946 ml (1 qt) per animal and 80 psi. Expar® 1% pour-on was applied from head to base of tail along the topline at 14.5 ml per 45 kg body weight. Ectrin® 0.2% pour-on, the standard treatment, was applied along the topline at 120 ml (4 oz) per animal. Each treatment was applied to 2 groups of sheep on 10 or 11 Jun.
White Apple Leafhopper, Second-Generation Adult Control, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was performed in a 50-acre block of mature ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees with over-tree irrigation. The experimental design consisted of unreplicated blocks of 8 acres each. Materials were applied on 17 Sep by helicopter at a rate of 7 gal/acre. Adult WALH populations were assessed by placing 6 unbaited Pherocon AM traps in each block and counting the adults/trap. Savit and Savit + Pyrenone (2 oz [AI]/acre) did not provide effective knockdown. Pyrenone (12 oz [AI]/acre) reduced the adult population by 50% at 1 DAT.
Control of CL and DBM, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field evaluation of insecticides and combinations of insecticides to control lepidopteran pests was conducted at the Oklahoma State University Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Lane, Okla. Plots were 20 ft long with 3-ft row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. ‘Express’ cabbage was transplanted on 28 Mar. Spray treatments were applied on 24 May and 1 Jim using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 29 gal/acre. Efficacy was evaluated by examining 15 plants/plot for eggs, larvae, and pupae of CL and larvae of DBM on 23, 27, and 31 May and on 6 and 13 Jun. Heads were harvested and examined for insect damage on 22 Jun.
Control of Cabbage Pests, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 29 Jim at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with 3 flat fan nozzles/row and 8004 tips, delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 3 Oct and evaluated 10 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae.
Control of Fire Ant, 1988:
Authors: Yalemar Juliana , Muniappan R. , Marutani M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘C-O Cross’ variety cabbage was seeded in flats on 20 Jun and transplanted on 1 Aug in a clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents soil in Barrigada, Guam. Plots measured 3.6 m by 2 rows. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A drip system was used to irrigate the experiment. Insecticide treatments were applied on 3, 8, and 12 Aug with the use of a Solo backpack hand-operated sprayer. Efficacy was evaluated by counting the number of ant-infested plants and plants dead due to ant attack on 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 Aug.
Insecticide Tests for Control of Lepidopterous Insects, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded into double-row beds on 9 Sep and later thinned to 4 inches apart within rows. Each plot was 17 ft long and consisted of 3 36-inch beds with 2 empty beds between plots. The treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replicates. Spray treatments were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 20-inch boom and 2 Teejet size 18 nozzles angled inward. Eight sprays were applied on weekly starting 4 Oct. Efficacy was determined 6 or 7 d after each application by counting the larvae and pupae of CL and the larvae of SCW on 15 plants/plot.
Foliar Sprays on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted 11 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25-ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 51 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, using 88 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Sprays were applied on 23 Aug and 13, 16, 18, 22, and 26 Sep. At harvest (30 Sep), 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh-market” (clean ears, no damage evident), “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage) and “culls” (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified, counted and recorded; all ears were then weighed and total weights recorded. On 31 Oct, 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage recorded as one cavity.
Corn Earworm Control, 1988:
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 11 May at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were 2 30-ft rows (36-ineh spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Six sprays (13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 Jul) were applied during silking with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 HB 10 nozzles. Final volume was 18.8 gal/acre. Plots were harvested 27 Jul and ears were categorized as follows: cull, earworm damage beyond the apical inch; acceptable damage, earworm damage confined to the apical inch; and nondamaged. Treatment effectiveness was compared on the percentage of nondamaged ears, the percentage of culled ears, and the damage index, calculated as 3, cull; 2, acceptable; 1, nondamaged.
Fall Armyworm Control, 1988:
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 14 Aug at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were two 30-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Four sprays (3, 14, 21, and 28 Sep) were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 1 HB 10 nozzle. Final volume was 28.3 gal/acre. Fall armyworm damage was assessed on 30 Sep with a damage index of foliage feeding and by measuring corn height to the top of the tassel. The damage index (1, no damage; 2, slight damage; 3, moderate damage; 4, extensive damage) was obtained by taking the mean of the assessments made by 3 observers.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Weber Donald C. , Ferro David N. , Parker Rolf B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted 7 Jun in South Deerfield, Mass., in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long, and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows/plot. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with hollow-cone-type drop nozzles (5 nozzles/row), at 90 psi and in 90 gal water/acre. Scouting of 200 green tassels on 1 Aug showed no damage by Lepidoptera. The first treatment was applied 2 d after full silk. Treatments were applied on 5, 10, and 15 Aug. Pheromone trap captures showed peak ECB flights during silk, but very low corn earworm and fall armyworm populations in the area. On 19 Aug, 50 ears were harvested from each plot, and the number of ears infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels were scored as damaged.
Control on Salad Crops, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. , Hassel Richard L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The first crop of lettuce was direct-seeded at the Muck Crops Branch, Willard, Ohio, on 17 May. Cultivars planted were ‘Summer Bibb’ (Boston bibb), ‘Valmain’ (romaine), ‘Slobolt’ (green leaf), ‘Salad king’ (endive), and ‘Florida Deep Heart’ (escarole). Plots were 3 rows wide on 16-inch centers, 18 ft long, and separated by 4-ft alleys. Each treatment on each cultivar was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were treated on 24 Jun with Sevin 80 S, 0.4 lb (AI)/acre, to encourage aphid infestation. Treatments were applied 8-9 Jul with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. Weather immediately following treatment was very hot, with daytime highs near 100°F. On 12-14 Jul aphids were counted on 3 plants in each plot by visual inspection of one-half (escarole and bibb) or one-quarter (endive, romaine, and green leaf) of the leaves on each plant. Red lettuce, ‘Red sails,’ was direct seeded at the Muck Crops Branch on 7 Sep. Plot arrangement and experimental design were identical to the earlier planting, but no initial application of Sevin was made. Treatments were applied on 26 Sep, and weather immediately following treatment was cool. On 30 Sep, aphids were counted on 5 plants in each plot by visual inspection of all leaves on the plant.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 2 May in muck soil near Oswego, N.Y., on Ferlito Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed furrow treatments were applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. The onion cultivar used in this test was ‘Buccaneer’ except for the treated seeds. That variety was Copra F1, supplied to us already treated by Seedway, Hall, N.Y. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 W) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 2 Jun. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 18 Jul.
Control of Leafminers, 1985:
Authors: Chandler Laurence D. , Larew Hiram G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during the summer and fall on peppers grown on USDA facilities in Weslaco, Tex. Field plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each plot was 4 rows wide (102 cm) by 7.6 m long. Pepper plants were fruiting at the time of applications. Foliar sprays were applied with a compressed CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 337 liter/ha. Neem soil drenches were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at the rate of 3.6 liter/m2 soil surface area. The neem solutions were prepared by diluting neem seed extract concentrate on a wt/vol basis with water to the desired concentration. The concentrate contained 2300 ppm azadirachtin, an insecticidal constituent of neem seed extract. Twenty-five mature leaves/plot were randomly selected on each sample date for evaluation of pesticides against leafminers. All first-instar mines were counted. Leaves were then placed in cardboard rearing containers containing moist paper towels and all pupae were removed after 48 h. This eliminated older larvae from survivorship counts. The percentage of first instars surviving to adulthood was then calculated.
Potato Insect Control, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 11 Apr 1985, at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo. Plots were 2 rows, 10 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 17 Jul with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 115 gal/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were made 5 and 12 DAT by examining 35 leaves/plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Flessel John K. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Katahdin’ potato seed pieces were planted on 6 May at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster. Plots were 3 rows wide on 36-inch centers, 30 ft long, with a 4-ft alley at each end. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Temik (2 lb [AI]/acre) was used at planting, and plots were treated weekly starting 1 Aug with Dithane-M45 80 W fungicide at 2 lb form/acre, but not on the same day insecticide treatments were applied. A selected subset of the insecticide treatments was also applied to plots treated weekly with Champion 77 W (cupric hydroxide) fungicide at 3 lb form/acre. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2, 9, 16, and 23 Aug with a hand-held CO2 single-nozzle sprayer delivering 80 psi and 20 gal/acre, with the exception of three M-One treatments as noted in the table. CPB eggs, small (first and second instars) and large (third and fourth instars) larvae and adults were counted 3 DAT on 10 plants or main stems/plot. In addition, the percentage of defoliation was visually estimated for each of the 10 plants or main stems. At harvest, on 13-14 Oct, all potatoes were dug from the center 30-ft row of each plot, and the weight of grade A, B, and deformed potatoes was measured.
Foliar Sprays for Control on Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 17 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row bordered on one side by 2 untreated rows and on the other side by bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant spacing and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly from 20 May through 21 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of small larvae (first and second instars), large larvae (third and fourth instars), and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems/treatment plot. The percentage of defoliation for each treatment was estimated on 10 and 17 Jun, and harvest data were taken from the entire treated row in each treatment plot on 5 Jul.
Alfalfa weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Arne C. N. , Bailey W. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial began on 5 Apr on a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa in Crawford County, Mo. Plots measuring 20 by 40 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 12 inches tall at time of treatment with temperature near 80°F and 1-3-mph winds. Sprays were applied at a rate of 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat-fan nozzles, 50-mesh screens, at 20 psi on a 20-ft tractor-mounted boom sprayer. The only measurable precipitation fell 24 DAT and measured 0.6 inches. AW population densities were measured by taking 20 (180°) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 3, 10, 14, 21, and 28 DAT.
Mid-Season Control on Alfalfa Seed, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was undertaken in a commercial stand of ‘Vernema’ alfalfa seed that had been in production for 3 yr near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Treatment plots (0.1 acre) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 19 Jun using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Samples of 5 180° sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net were collected 22 Jun, 27 Jun, and 11 Jul.
Prebloom Control in Alfalfa Seed, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trials were conducted in a 3-yr-old stand of‘Vernema’ seed alfalfa near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Treatments of Counter 15 G were applied 18 Apr to 0.01-acre plots with a hand-held Whirlybird seeder in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were scheduled for an irrigation interval within 24 h of application. A standard commercial combination of Furadan + Cygon was applied 20 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Each sample consisted of 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.