bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid administration strategies for the prevention of contrast-associated acute kidney injury
Authors: Rudnick Michael R. , Fay Kevin , Wahba Ihab M. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The known timing of contrast media exposure in patients identified as high-risk for contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) enables the use of strategies to prevent this complication of intravascular contrast media exposure. Although multiple preventive strategies have been proposed, periprocedural fluid administration remains as the primary preventive strategy. This is a critical review of the current evidence evaluating a variety of fluid administration strategies in CA-AKI.

Recent findings
Fluid administration strategies to prevent CA-AKI include comparisons of intravenous (i.v.) to no fluid administration, different fluid solutions, duration of fluid administration, oral hydration, left ventricular end diastolic-pressure guided fluid administration and forced diuresis techniques.

Summary
Despite an abundance of fluid administration trials, it is difficult to make definitive recommendations about preventive fluid administration strategies due to low scientific quality of published studies. The literature supports use of i.v. compared with no fluid administration, especially in high-risk patients undergoing intra-arterial contrast media exposure. Use of isotonic saline is recommended over 0.45% saline or isotonic sodium bicarbonate. Logistical considerations support shortened over longer i.v. fluid administration strategies, despite an absence of evidence of equivalent efficacy. Current literature does not support oral hydration for high-risk patients. The use of tailored fluid administration in heart failure patients and forced diuresis with matching fluid administration are promising new fluid administration strategies.
Pruritus in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Uppal Nupur N. , Corona Antonio , Fishbane Steven 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Among the many difficult symptoms that patients with kidney disease experience, pruritus is one of the most frequent and troubling. Because a substantial amount of new information has accumulated, we seek here to review the subject.

Recent findings
Pruritus is not only a common problematic symptom among patients with kidney disease, but its considerably more frequent than nephrologists recognize. The result for patients is not just uncomfortable itch but degraded quality of life as well. The pathogenesis is increasingly understood, but many aspects remain to be fully resolved. Importantly, research is progressing on treatment, leading to the first approved medication in the United States, difelikefalin, in August, 2021.

Summary
As nephrology is progressing to a greater focus on patient symptoms, recognition of the importance of pruritus has led to increased interest and improved diagnosis and treatment options.
Role of microRNAs in aquaporin 2 regulation
Authors: Petrillo Federica , Trepiccione Francesco 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The current review aims to present the most recent achievements on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the kidney function to stimulate research in the field and to expand new emerging concepts.

Recent findings
The focus is on the role of miRNAs in intercellular communication along the segments of the nephron and on the epi-miRNAs, namely the possibility of some miRNAs to modulate the epigenetic machinery and so gene expression. Indeed, recent evidence showed that miRNAs included in exosomes and released by proximal tubule cells can modulate ENaC activity on cells of collecting duct. These data, although, from in-vitro models open to a novel role for miRNAs to participate in paracrine signaling pathways. In addition, the role of miRNAs as epigenetic modulators is expanding not only in the cancer field, but also in the other kidney diseases. Recent evidence identified three miRNAs able to modulate the AQP2 promoter metilation and showing an additional level of regulation for the AQP2.

Summary
These evidence can inspire novel area of research both for renal physiology and drug discovery. The diseases involving the collecting duct are still missing disease modifying agents and the expanding miRNAs field could represent an opportunity.
Complement contributions to COVID-19
Authors: Conway Edward M. , Pryzdial Edward L.G. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
COVID-19 remains a major source of concern, particularly as new variants emerge and with recognition that patients may suffer long-term effects. Mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 mediated organ damage and the associated vascular endotheliopathy remain poorly understood, hindering new drug development. Here, we highlight selected key concepts of how the complement system, a major component of innate immunity that is dysregulated in COVID-19, participates in the thromboinflammatory response and drives the vascular endotheliopathy.

Recent findings
Recent studies have revealed mechanisms by which complement is activated directly by SARS-CoV-2, and how the system interfaces with other innate thromboinflammatory cellular and proteolytic pathways involving platelets, neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps and the coagulation and kallikrein-kinin systems. With this new information, multiple potential sites for therapeutic intervention are being uncovered and evaluated in the clinic.

Summary
Infections with SARS-CoV-2 cause damage to the lung alveoli and microvascular endothelium via a process referred to as thromboinflammation. Although not alone in being dysregulated, complement is an early player, prominent in promoting the endotheliopathy and consequential organ damage, either directly and/or via the system's complex interplay with other cellular, molecular and biochemical pathways. Delineating these critical interactions is revealing novel and promising strategies for therapeutic intervention.
Implementation of a Standardized National HIV Curriculum in a Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Program
Authors: Hays Deana , Kridli Suha , Kruse Julie A. 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Although efforts have been made to improve and integrate an HIV curriculum in schools of nursing, little has been done to standardize the integration of competencies related to HIV care in primary care nurse practitioner (NP) programs.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of integrating the 6 core competencies from the National HIV Curriculum (NHC) on NP students' perceived knowledge about HIV care.

Method:
This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre/posttest design that measured NP students' self-perceived knowledge of the 6 core competencies from the NHC.

Results:
A total of 375 student NHC training sessions were implemented across 5 semesters (fall 2019 through fall 2021 academic years). In each of the 3 courses that integrated the NHC, there were statistically significant increases in student knowledge from pre- to posttest for each of the 6 competencies.

Conclusion:
This project supports using a standardized HIV curriculum as part of primary care NP curricula.
Ankle tibiotalocalcaneal nailing in elderly ankle fractures as an alternative to open reduction internal fixation: technique and literature review
Authors: Dimitroulias Apostolos 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The use of tibiotalocalcaneal nails for unstable ankle fractures in low demand elderly patients has been introduced as an alternative to open reduction internal fixation to allow early weight-bearing and to decrease soft tissue complications and mechanical failures. This paper describes the technique of hindfoot nailing and reviews the current literature. Overall, it is a minimally invasive and expeditious procedure that provides stable fixation to withstand immediate ambulation of the frail elderly patient. Future high-quality randomized controlled trials will determine if complications and outcomes compare favorably to open reduction and internal fixation.
How to manage central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacilli?
Authors: San-Juan Rafael , Ruiz-Ruigómez María , Aguado José María 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to review recent data evaluating the management of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB).

Recent findings
The incidence of GNB catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) has been increasing considerably in the last years, and this has raised a concern due to the high reported rate of multidrug-resistant in these infections what poses a considerable challenge for effective treatment. However, there are no specific guidelines for the management of GNB-CRBSI and optimal treatment duration has not been clearly defined. Recent studies have shown that the risk for complications is clearly different to what is stablished for Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, a short course of antibiotic therapy might be effective once the central venous catheter (CVC) has been removed and the monitoring complications through control blood cultures or echocardiography seem to be less helpful in GNB CRBSI.

Summary
The incidence of GNB CRBSI has been increasing considerably in the last years; this has raised a concern due to the high reported rate of MDR in these infections what poses a considerable challenge for effective treatment. However, there are no specific guidelines for the management of GNB-CRBSI and optimal treatment duration has not been clearly defined. Recent studies have shown that the risk for complications is clearly different to what is stablished for S. aureus. Therefore, a short course of antibiotic therapy might be effective once the CVC has been removed and the monitoring complications through control blood cultures or echocardiography seem to be less helpful in GNB-CRBSI.
Defining effective durations of antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infections in hospitalized children
Authors: Wingler Mary Joyce B. , Tamma Pranita D. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and urinary tract infections (UTI) are two common childhood infections often leading to hospital admission. National guidelines for CAP and UTI in children recommend durations of antibiotic therapy of 10 days and 7–14 days, respectively. Due to concerns of rising antimicrobial resistance and an increased awareness of harms associated with prolonged courses of antibiotics, there is a renewed emphasis on reevaluating commonly prescribed durations of antibiotic therapy across bacterial infections. We describe recent clinical trials and observational studies evaluating durations of therapy for CAP and UTI in adults and children and translate the findings to our suggested approach for selecting durations of antibiotic therapy in hospitalized children.

Recent findings
There is a growing body of evidence, primarily in adults, that shorter durations of therapy than are commonly prescribed are just as effective as longer durations for CAP and UTIs.

Summary
Combining clinical trial data from adults with available data in children, we believe it is reasonable to consider 5 days of therapy for CAP, 3–5 days of therapy for cystitis, and 7 days of therapy for pyelonephritis for most hospitalized children with uncomplicated infections.
Arsukibacterium indicum sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment, and transfer of Rheinheimera tuosuensis and Rheinheimera perlucida to the genus Arsukibacterium as Arsukibacterium tuosuense comb. nov. and Arsukibacterium perlucidum comb. nov.
Authors: Wang Zhen , Cheng Jun-Hui , Zhang Xiao-Yu , Xu Fei , Fu Hui-Hui , Li Chun-Yang , Zhang Yu-Zhong , Chen Xiu-Lan , Song Xiao-Yan , Zhang Xi-Ying 
Published: July 2022

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, flagellated and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SM2107T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the Southwest Indian Ocean. Strain SM2107T grew at 4–40 °C and with 0–10.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It reduced nitrate to nitrite and hydrolysed casein, gelatin, chitin and DNA. The phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA genes and single-copy orthologous clusters showed that strain SM2107T, together with

Rheinheimera tuosuensis

,

Rheinheimera perlucida

and

Arsukibacterium ikkense

, formed a separate clade, having the highest similarity to the type strain of

Rheinheimera tuosuensis

(98.3%). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol and the major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
ω7c and/or C18 : 1
ω6c), C16 : 0, C17 : 1
ω8с and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c). The only respiratory quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SM2107T was 48.8 %. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain SM2107T and type strains of

Rheinheimera tuosuensis

,

Rheinheimera perlucida

and

Arsukibacterium ikkense

were 41.16, 37.70 and 31.80 %, while the average amino acid identity values between them were 87.59, 86.76 and 83.64 %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic evidence presented in this study, strain SM2107T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus

Arsukibacterium

, for which the name Arsukibacterium indicum was proposed. The type strain is SM2107T (=MCCC M24986T=KCTC 82921T). Moreover, the transfer of

Rheinheimera tuosuensis

and

Rheinheimera perlucida

to the genus

Arsukibacterium

as Arsukibacterium tuosuense comb. nov. (type strain TS-T4T=CGMCC 1.12461T=JCM 19264T) and Arsukibacterium perlucidum comb. nov. (type strain BA131T=LMG 23581T=CIP 109200T) is also proposed.
Examining the Influence of the Budget Formulation Structures and Processes on the Efficiency of County Health Systems in Kenya
Authors: Musiega Anita , Tsofa Benjamin , Nyawira Lizah , Njuguna Rebecca G , Munywoki Joshua , Hanson Kara , Mulwa Andrew , Molyneux Sassy , Maina Isabel , Normand Charles , Jemutai Julie , Barasa Edwine 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionPublic Finance Management (PFM) processes guide the translation of government resources to services and determine health system efficiency. PFM processes are implemented within the budget cycle which entails the formulation, execution, and evaluation of government budgets. We examined how the budget formulation structure and processes influence health system efficiency at the county level in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a mixed methods case study using counties classified as relatively efficient (n=2) and relatively inefficient (n=2) as our cases. We collected qualitative data through document reviews, and in-depth interviews (n=70). We collected quantitative data from secondary sources, including budgets and budget reports. We analyzed qualitative data using the thematic approach and carried out descriptive analyses on quantitative data.ResultsBudget ceilings were historically allocated, insufficient, late, or not availed at all. This led to development of budgets that were unresponsive to health system needs. Counties developed both programme-based and line budgets with line budgets as the functional budgets. Line budgets limited accountability and flexibility to reallocate resources. County health funds were fragmented resulting in duplications and wastage. Limited stakeholder participation compromised priority setting and social accountability. Priority setting that was not evidence-informed limited efficiency. Finally, budget changes at the budget approval process compromised alignment of plans to budgets.ConclusionThis study has highlighted six aspects of the budget formulation process in Kenyan counties that ought to be strengthened to enhance health system efficiency: budget ceilings, budget structure, participatory budget formulation, pooling of health funds, priority setting processes and the budget approval process.HighlightsLate and Insufficient budget ceilings lead to development of poorly formulated budgetsPoorly developed and unused programme-based budgets limit health system performanceFragmented health system funding results in duplication and wastageLimited stakeholder involvement compromised priority setting and accountability
Shingles vaccination reduces risk of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Lehrer Steven , Rheinstein Peter H. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundShingles vaccination protects against Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is related to herpes virus infection. In the current analysis we attempted to determine if herpes zoster vaccination might reduce the risk of PD.MethodsData on PD prevalence by US state is from Mantri et al, Table 1. They identified 27,538,023 Medicare beneficiaries that met inclusion criteria, of whom 392,214 had a PD diagnosis in 2014. Data on Shingles vaccination among adults aged 60 and over, United States, 2018 is from Terlizzi and Black, Figure 4. The NHIS data from 2008 to 2018 were used for this investigation. The NHIS is a household survey of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population that is conducted nationally. It is continually carried out by the National Center for Health Statistics during the entire year (NCHS). Although follow-ups to completed interviews may be made over the phone, interviews are conducted in respondents’ homes.ResultsStates with the most PD (lowest age adjusted prevalence ranks) had the lowest proportion of adults aged 60 and over who had ever received a shingles vaccine. Increased vaccination proportion led to significantly reduced female PD prevalence. Increased proportion of Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility and increased health care spending were associated with diminished proportion of adults who had ever received a shingles vaccine.ConclusionShingles vaccination is a wise, cost-effective public health measure that may reduce PD and AD prevalence.
Detection of maternal serum unmetabolized folic acid following multivitamin and mineral supplementation with or without folic acid after 12 weeks’ gestation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sulistyoningrum Dian C , Sullivan Thomas R , Skubisz Monika , Palmer Debra J , Wood Simon , Snel Marten F , Trim Paul J , Makrides Maria , Green Timothy J , Best Karen P 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundPregnant women are advised to take folic acid supplements before conception and during the first three months of pregnancy. Many women continue folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy, and concerns have been raised about associations between excess folic acid intake and adverse child health outcomes. Unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) is found in serum at higher folic acid intakes and has been proposed as a biomarker for excess folic acid intake.ObjectiveTo determine if removing folic acid from prenatal multivitamin and mineral supplements after 12 weeks of pregnancy reduces concentrations of serum UMFA at 36 weeks’ gestation.DesignA double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Women with a singleton pregnancy 12-16-weeks’ gestation were randomly assigned to a multi-micronutrient supplement containing no folic acid (intervention) or 800 µg folic acid/day (control) from enrolment until 36 weeks’ gestation. Maternal serum was analyzed for UMFA and secondary outcomes of red blood cell and serum folate at 36 weeks’ gestation.ResultsUMFA was detected in most of the 103 randomized women (86% >limit of detection). However, only 12% (n=11/90) of serum samples were above the limit of quantification (0.55 nmol/L), preventing analysis of UMFA concentrations. Fewer women had detectable UMFA in the no folic acid group compared to the 800 µg folic acid group (72% [n=33/46] vs. 98% [n=43/44]; p = 0.001). Maternal serum and red blood cell folate concentrations were lower in the no folic acid intervention group compared to the control group (median 23.2 vs. 49.3 nmol/L, 1335 vs. 1914 nmol/L, respectively; p< 0.,001) and no woman was classified as folate deficient.ConclusionsRemoving folic acid from prenatal multivitamin and mineral supplements reduced the number of women with detectable UMFA at 36 weeks’ gestation, however, differences in UMFA concentration between treatment groups were not quantifiable.
Eye movement based information system indicates human behavior in virtual driving
Authors: Peng Zhe , Xu Qing , Zhang Runlin , Schoeffmann Klaus , Parkinson Simon 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHumans modulate the behavior flexibly after timely receiving and processing information from the environment. To better understand and measure human behavior in the driving process, we integrate humans and the environment as a system. The eye-movement methodologies are used to provide a bridge between humans and environment. Thus, we conduct a goal-directed task in virtual driving to investigate the law of eye-movement that could characterize the humans (internal) and environmental (external) state measured by fixation distribution and optical flows distribution. The analysis of eye-movement data combined with the information-theoretic tool, transfer entropy, active information storage, quantify the humans’ cognitive effort and receiving information, and in fact, there is a balance (optimal) range between two, because of the mutual synergy and inhibition, whose quantified value is named balance of information processing. Subsequently, we update a system-level model, finding that those information measurements, transfer entropy, active information storage, and balance of information processing, all are included. This information set is information flow, which is quantified by the square root of Jensen-Shannon divergence (SRJSD), named information flow gain. What’s more, results also demonstrate that the influence of system-level information flow correlated with behavioral performance stronger than the separate measurements. In conclusion, we research humans’ eye-movement based on information theory to analyze behavioral performance. Besides driving, these measurements may be a predictor for other behaviors such as walking, running, etc. Still, the limitation is that the information flow may be a proxy of determinants of behavior.
NRN-EZ: an application to streamline biophysical modeling of synaptic integration using NEURON
Authors: Cobb Evan A. , Petroccione Maurice A. , Scimemi Annalisa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractOne of the fundamental goals in neuroscience is to determine how the brain processes information and ultimately controls the execution of complex behaviors. Over the past four decades, there has been a steady growth in our knowledge of the morphological and functional diversity of neurons, the building blocks of the brain. These cells clearly differ not only for their anatomy and ion channel distribution, but also for the type, strength, location and temporal pattern of activity of the many synaptic inputs they receive. Compartmental modeling programs like NEURON have become widely used in the neuroscience community to address a broad range of research questions, including how neurons integrate synaptic inputs and propagate information through complex neural networks. One of the main strengths of NEURON is its ability to incorporate user-defined information about the realistic morphology and biophysical properties of different cell types. Although the graphical user interface of the program can be used to run initial exploratory simulations, introducing a stochastic representation of synaptic weights, locations and activation times typically requires users to develop their own codes, a task that can be overwhelming for some beginner users. Here we describe NRN-EZ, an interactive application that allows users to specify complex patterns of synaptic input activity that can be integrated as part of NEURON simulations. Through its graphical user interface, NRN-EZ leverages the learning curve to run computational models in NEURON, for users that do not necessarily have a computer science background.