bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paying Attention to Biodiversity and Its Theological Significance
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper focuses on one scientific aspect of eco-theology, which I argue has not yet received sufficient attention either within public discussion or from theologians, namely, that of biodiversity. Given the entanglement between biodiversity loss, climate change, and poverty, understanding the biological context is significant ethically quite irrespective of the presuppositions of different philosophical approaches to eco-theology. After beginning with a more general argument for why it is important for theologians and theological ethicists to engage with and understand different aspects of the relevant science, I will then survey scientific accounts of current biodiversity loss, including arguments for its relevance to social justice questions. I then provide an outline of the first steps towards a theological ethic on biodiversity, drawing on the insights of Pope Francis’ Laudato Si’ and Thomas Aquinas’ understanding of the ecologically relevant virtues of practical wisdom and mercy.
OsSWEET11b, a potential sixth leaf blight susceptibility gene involved in sugar transport‐dependent male fertility
Authors: Wu Lin‐Bo , Eom Joon‐Seob , Isoda Reika , Li Chenhao , Char Si Nian , Luo Dangping , Schepler‐Luu Van , Nakamura Masayoshi , Yang Bing , Frommer Wolf B. 
Published: February 2022

Summary

SWEETs play important roles in intercellular sugar transport. Induction of SWEET sugar transporters by Transcription Activator‐Like effectors (TALe) of Xanthomonas ssp. is key for virulence in rice, cassava and cotton.

We identified OsSWEET11b with roles in male fertility and potential bacterial blight (BB) susceptibility in rice. While single ossweet11a or 11b mutants were fertile, double mutants were sterile. As clade III SWEETs can transport gibberellin (GA), a key hormone for spikelet fertility, sterility and BB susceptibility might be explained by GA transport deficiencies. However, in contrast with the Arabidopsis homologues, OsSWEET11b did not mediate detectable GA transport. Fertility and susceptibility therefore are likely to depend on sucrose transport activity.

Ectopic induction of OsSWEET11b by designer TALe enabled TALe‐free Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) to cause disease, identifying OsSWEET11b as a potential BB susceptibility gene and demonstrating that the induction of host sucrose uniporter activity is key to virulence of Xoo. Notably, only three of six clade III SWEETs are targeted by known Xoo strains from Asia and Africa.

The identification of OsSWEET11b is relevant for fertility and for protecting rice against emerging Xoo strains that target OsSWEET11b.
Aetiology and associations of halitosis: A systematic review
Authors: Memon Maaz Anwer , Memon Hifza Anwer , Muhammad Faizan E , Fahad Shehzad , Siddiqui Amna , Lee Ka Yiu , Tahir Muhammad Junaid , Yousaf Zohaib 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHalitosis is a term that refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity that can be caused by either intra‐oral or extra‐oral factors. Despite the fact that halitosis has multifactorial aetiology, intra‐oral factors play a significant role in the majority of cases. This systematic review assesses halitosis's intra‐oral and extra‐oral associations. An electronic search through MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar and the Wiley Online Library was conducted to identify relevant manuscripts. A keywords‐based search was performed, using the terms ‘halitosis’, ‘bad‐breath’, and ‘oral malodour causes and aetiology’. Articles published from January 2014 to December 2020 were included. We selected studies evaluating the intra‐oral and extra‐oral factors that induce oral malodour, as well as the factors associated with systemic diseases. Eighty to ninety percent of halitosis is caused by intra‐oral factors, with coated tongue, periodontal diseases and poor oral hygiene practices being the principal factors. Ten to twenty percent of halitosis is induced by extra‐oral factors associated with systemic diseases. Multiple factors can cause halitosis, but most of the aetiology is intra‐oral. Increased medical awareness is needed to determine the actual pathophysiological process of oral malodour in otherwise healthy individuals.
Photodynamic Activation of the Cholecystokinin 1 Receptor with Tagged Genetically Encoded Protein Photosensitizers: Optimizing the Tagging Patterns
Authors: Li Yuan , Cui Zong Jie 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTCholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R) is activated photodynamically. For this to happen in situ, genetically encoded protein photosensitizers (GEPP) may be tagged to natively expressed CCK1R, but how to best tag GEPP has not been examined. Therefore, GEPP (miniSOG or KillerRed) was tagged to CCK1R and light‐driven photodynamic CCK1R activation was monitored by Fura‐2 fluorescent calcium imaging, to screen for optimized tagging patterns. Blue light‐emitting diode irradiation of CHO‐K1 cells expressing miniSOG fused to N‐ or C‐terminus of CCK1R was found to both trigger persistent calcium oscillations—a hallmark of permanent photodynamic CCK1R activation. Photodynamic CCK1R activation was accomplished also with miniSOG fused to N‐terminus of CCK1R via linker (GlySerGly)4 or 8, but not linker (GSG)12 or an internal ribosomal entry site insert. KillerRed fused to N‐ or C‐terminus of CCK1R after white light irradiation resulted in similar activation of in‐frame CCK1R. Photodynamic CCK1R activation in miniSOG‐CCK1R‐CHO‐K1 cells was blocked by singlet oxygen (1O2) quencher uric acid or Trolox C, corroborating the role of 1O2 as the reactive intermediate. It is concluded that photodynamic CCK1R activation can be achieved either with direct GEPP fusion to CCK1R or fusion via a short linker, fusion via long linkers might serve as the internal control.
Aggressiveness of Phytophthora medicaginis on chickpea: Phenotyping method determines isolate ranking and host genotype‐by‐isolate interactions
Authors: Bithell Sean L. , Backhouse David , Harden Steve , Drenth André , Moore Kevin , Flavel Richard J. , Hobson Kristy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhytophthora medicaginis causing Phytophthora root rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important disease, with genetic resistance using C. arietinum × Cicer echinospermum crosses as the main disease management strategy. We evaluated pathogenic variation in P. medicaginis populations with the aim of improving phenotyping methods for disease resistance. We addressed the question of individual isolate aggressiveness across four different seedling‐based phenotyping methods conducted in glasshouses and one field‐based phenotyping method. Our results revealed that a seedling media surface inoculation method used on a susceptible C. arietinum variety and a moderately resistant C. arietinum × C. echinospermum backcross detected the greatest variability in aggressiveness among 37 P. medicaginis isolates. Evaluations of different components of resistance, using our different phenotyping methods, revealed that differential pathogen–isolate reactions occur with some phenotyping methods. We found support for our hypotheses that the level of aggressiveness of P. medicaginis isolates depends on the phenotyping method, and that phenotyping methods interact with both isolate and host genotype reactions. Our cup‐based root inoculation method showed promise as a non‐field‐based phenotyping method, as it provided significant correlations with genotype–isolate rankings in the field experiment for a number of disease parameters.
Comparison of two staining techniques on the manual and automated canine sperm morphology analysis
Authors: Surmacz Paulina , Niwinska Anna , Kautz Ewa , Gizinski Slawomir , Faundez Ricardo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDetailed and direct analysis of semen, including sperm morphology, enables a diagnosis of male fertility. This study aimed to describe an economical and verified protocol for canine spermiograms and compare the effectiveness of Sperm Stain® and Sperm Blue® (Microptic, Spain) in veterinary practice. Sperm assessment was conducted manually, using a standard optical microscope, and via computerized semen analysis using the SCA® CASA (Sperm Class Analyzer® CASA System‐MICROPTIC, Spain). This study showed that Sperm Blue® is a better solution for computerized sperm quality analysis of healthy dogs. At the same time, Sperm Stain® turned out to be more helpful in identifying specific morphological defects of sperm. Automated canine sperm morphology analysis worked better with Sperm Blue stain, but Sperm Stain simplified manual evaluation of various organelles’ defects. Standard, manual examination is more error‐prone for an inexperienced andrology technician, but it seems to be still a gold standard technique for canine sperm assessment.
Hyperhidrosis and human leucocyte antigens in the Danish Blood Donor Study
Authors: AS Henning Mattias , Hother Christoffer E. , Banasik Karina , Ibler Kristina S. , Rye Ostrowski Sisse , Erikstrup Christian , Nielsen Kaspar R. , Ullum Henrik , Hjalgrim Henrik , Hansen Thomas F. , Kaspersen Kathrine A. , Sørensen Betina S. , Sækmose Susanne G. , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Pedersen Ole B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFamilial clustering of the skin disease primary hyperhidrosis suggests a genetic component to the disease. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is implicated in a range of diseases, including many comorbidities to hyperhidrosis. No study has investigated whether the HLA genes are involved in the pathogenesis of hyperhidrosis. We, therefore, compared HLA alleles in individuals with and without hyperhidrosis in this study of 65 000 blood donors. In this retrospective cohort study, we retrieved information on individuals with and without hyperhidrosis using self‐reported questionnaires, the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish National Prescription Registry on participants recruited to the Danish Blood Donor Study between 2010 and 2019. Association tests using logistic regression were conducted for each HLA allele corrected for sex, age, body mass index, smoking and principal components. Overall, 145 of 65 795 (0.2%) participants had hospital diagnosed hyperhidrosis. Similarly, 1379 of 15 530 (8.9%) participants had moderate‐severe self‐reported hyperhidrosis, of whom 447 (2.9%) had severe self‐reported hyperhidrosis. Altogether, 28 participants had both hospital diagnosed and moderate‐severe self‐reported hyperhidrosis. Severe self‐reported hyperhidrosis was associated with HLA‐A*80:01 (adjusted odds ratio 26.97; 95% confidence interval 5.32‐136.70; n = 7; P < .001). Moderate‐severe self‐reported hyperhidrosis and hospital diagnosed hyperhidrosis were not associated with any HLA. The association between hyperhidrosis and HLA‐A*80:01 was based on a very small number of cases and not replicated in other patient subsets, and therefore likely a chance finding. Thus, this study suggests that genes other than the HLA are involved in the pathogenesis of hyperhidrosis.
Hemispherical Photographs: A Review of Acquisition Methods and Applications in the Context of Urban Energy and Environment Assessments
Authors: Rehman Naveed ur 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
From the use of a pinhole camera placed under a water tank, which was proposed almost 100 years ago, to the application of modern digital cameras mounted with sophisticated fisheye lenses, acquisition methods for capturing hemispherical photographs undergone vigorous research and development. Over the past few decades, such photographs have been extensively used in evaluating energy and environmental aspects in urban contexts. In this review article, the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the various methods of acquiring photographs are described and compared. This involves both the devices themselves and the software tools. Several methods of direct acquisition of hemispheric photographs involving digital cameras, smartphones, the use of drones for photographs at elevations, and the application of thermal imaging technologies are discussed in detail. Indirect methods for generating hemispheric photographs are also discussed, highlighting the use of images from applications such as Google Street View (GSV). Based on a review of technical literature, several applications in energy and the environment that use information from hemispheric photographs as an analysis tool are presented and discussed. Among others, the following are discussed: the quantification of solar radiation potential; the assessment of indicators of local temperature and level of thermal comfort for pedestrians in urban areas; indoor and outdoor daylighting; and air and light pollution. Finally, several potential future research directions for the use of hemispherical photographs in built environments are discussed. These include advances in image processing, use of thermal imaging, solar potential assessment of solar-powered vehicles, applications of drone-mounted hemispherical photography, and fisheye videos.
Nuclear Power Coupled With Thermal Energy Storage: Impact of Technical Performance on Economics in an Exemplary Electricity Grid
Authors: Carlson Fletcher , Davidson Jane H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Thermal energy storage (TES) coupled with nuclear energy could be a transformative contribution to address the mismatch in energy production and demand that occur with the expanding use of solar and wind energy. TES can generate new revenue for the nuclear plant and help decarbonize the electricity grid. Prior work by the authors identified two technical approaches to interface TES with nuclear. One, termed the primary cycle TES, charges and discharges the TES within the main Rankine power cycle. The second, termed the secondary cycle TES or SCTES, discharges the TES to a secondary power cycle. The present work analyzes the potential economic benefits of TES in an arbitrage market for a 1050 MWe nuclear plant. The study is the first to provide a realistic quantification of the impacts of changes in capacity factor due to use of TES on revenue and internal rate of return (IRR). The analysis is for a three-year period for peaking powers from 120% to 150% of the conventional nuclear plant for an exemplary deregulated utility represented by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The SCTES consistently provides the highest revenue and IRR. The benefits increase with increasing use of TES and variability of electricity prices. The results provide a technically sound understanding of the effects of how TES is integrated with nuclear power on economics and strong economic support for pursuing design and implementation of the SCTES.
Fourth-Generation District Heating and Motivation Tariffs
Authors: Lund Henrik , Thorsen Jan Eric , Jensen Steen Schelle , Madsen Flemming Pentz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Future district heating systems and technologies—also known as fourth-generation district heating—have a potentially important role to play in the green transition of societies. The implementation of fourth-generation district heating involves adjustments in the demand side to allow for low temperature supply. In order to facilitate such changes, district heating supply companies have in recent years introduced tariffs with penalties for high return temperatures and benefits for low return temperatures. This paper describes the case of a housing community of 17 buildings in their attempts to adjust to such tariffs as an integrated part of connecting to district heating. Replacing domestic hot water tanks with instantaneous heat exchangers and introducing smart meters resulted in abilities to lower the return temperature from around 40 °C to around 30 °C. However, the current design of the motivation tariffs does not yet fully compensate the consumers because the supply company provides unnecessarily high supply temperatures. Based on such efforts, this paper discusses the fairness and effectiveness of the tariffs and provides recommendations for improving them.
Automatic Design Optimization of a Transonic Compressor Rotor for Improving Aeroacoustic and Aerodynamic Performance
Authors: Wu Long , Kim Jae-Wook , Wilson Alexander George , Shahpar Shahrokh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Multidisciplinary design optimization of transonic rotors, especially focusing on improving the aeroacoustic performance, has received little attention. This article employs an automatic design optimization approach to reduce the shock-associated tone noise and to increase the adiabatic efficiency of NASA rotor 37. An evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective trade-offs searching is used to obtain the noise-efficiency Pareto front. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations are directly applied in the optimization loop for aeroacoustic and aerodynamic analysis. Significant noise reduction and efficiency increase have been achieved. Two optimized designs corresponding to the endpoints of the Pareto front have been analyzed comprehensively from the perspectives of rotor characteristics, noise performance, and flow and acoustic fields, to understand the mechanisms responsible for performance improvements.
Exploring Topology Optimization for High Pressure Turbine Blade Tips
Authors: Vincekovic Luka , John Alistair , Qin Ning , Shahpar Shahrokh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This work presents the aerodynamic topology optimization of high-pressure turbine rotor blade tips. Before carrying out the topology optimization on the blade tip, some initial tip design studies were carried out. A winglet tip was optimized first and it was found that the optimum winglet design features a combination of small and largest overhangs possible that increase the aerodynamic efficiency by 1.40% compared to the datum design. Second, a radial basis function-based parametrization was set up to allow the creation of a single squealer rim on the datum blade’s tip that could move position in the circumferential direction. The optimum case proved to increase efficiency by 0.46% compared to the flat datum tip of the same tip gap. After that, a combination of winglet and topology free squealer tips was investigated via topology optimization. The winglet tip was created as in the winglet-only optimization cases and topology free squealer walls were parametrized and created using mapping of a radial basis function surface. It was shown that the radial basis function surface-based parametrization creates a very flexible design space containing novel squealer topologies. Combining both winglet and novel squealer topology optimization, better designs than the flat tip winglet can be achieved. However, because of the flexibility of the design space, gradient-based methods were found to struggle to reach an optimum solution. This was resolved by optimizing the most promising design subspace.
Impact of Variation in Interleaflet Triangle Height Between Fused Leaflets in the Functionally Bicuspid Aortic Valve on Hemodynamics and Tissue Biomechanics
Authors: Sundström Elias , Tretter Justin T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThere is fusion between two leaflets in functionally bicuspid (bileaflet) aortic valves with trisinuate aortic root. The degree of fusion inversely correlates with variation in the interleaflet triangle height (“commissural height”). We aimed to determine the hemodynamics and biomechanical response in the thoracic aorta due to variations in the commissural height between fused leaflets in a bicuspid aortic valve with raphe. A three-dimensional (3D) aortic valve model was reconstructed using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging from a patient with a normal trileaflet aortic valve. Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations were used to investigate the effect of variation in commissural height between the coronary leaflets with leaflet fusion, and this was contrasted to a case with a normal trileaflet valve. Phase-contrast CMR was used for validation of the simulated hemodynamics. The aorta and leaflet tissues were treated as hyperelastic materials. In the normal trileaflet aortic valve, two counter-rotating vortex cores develop within the root at peak systole and interact with the walls of the ascending aorta. However, in the bicuspid aortic valve with fusion between the coronary leaflets, the vortex system becomes more asymmetric. This correlates with more recirculation of flow toward the fusion side of the aortic root. The peak velocity, pressure gradient, wall shear stress, and strain levels increase approximately linear with decreasing commissural height and increasing leaflet fusion. Decreasing interleaflet triangle height between the fused leaflets in bicuspid aortic valves with raphe results in linear elevation of wall shear stress at the sinutubular junction and proximal ascending aorta.
Computational Fluid–Structure Interactions in the Human Cerebrovascular System: Part 1—A Review of the Current Understanding of Cerebrovascular Biomechanics
Authors: Thiyagarajah Nishanth , Achey Rebecca , Rashidi Majid , Moore Nina Z. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) modeling is a technique used in engineering to understand the effect that fluid flow and surrounding structures have on one another. Used in the aerospace and turbine industries, when applied in the appropriate scenarios, the outcome of fluid–solid interaction analyses may yield more precise results than computational fluid dynamics or mechanical structural testing/analysis alone. For biological systems, such as the cerebrovascular system in humans, the inherent complexity of the system makes performing clinically accurate predictive computational modeling challenging. An isolated computational fluid dynamic analysis of the blood flow to predict cerebral aneurysm rupture or an isolated structural analysis of the cerebral aneurysm dome may be only part of the answer to predicting whether an aneurysm will rupture and over what time span. The variable pressures and flow rate of blood through vessels cause blood vessel walls to change shape, rebound, and move within the adjacent tissue. This rebounding movement, in turn, alters the flow pattern of blood. In pathologies such as cerebral aneurysms or cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with unpredictable rupture profiles, these small interactions between blood flow and vessel distension may potentially explain the difference between a catastrophic hemorrhage and an entirely quiescent lesion. This two-part review evaluates (1) the current understanding of cerebrovascular fluid and structure mechanical properties and (2) the state of fluid–structure interaction models in the cerebrovascular systems. Additionally, as the cardiovascular FSI literature is much more extensive than the cerebrovascular literature, future potential studies that glean insight from that work are discussed.