bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior prediction requires implicit measures of stimulus‐goal discrepancies and expected utilities of behavior options rather than of attitudes toward objects
Authors: Moors Agnes , Köster Massimo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMeta‐analyses show low correlations between implicit attitude measures and behavior measures, suggesting that these attitude measures are weak predictors of behavior. Researchers of implicit cognition have resorted to several rescue strategies. Their most important reply, based on a traditional dual‐process theory of behavior causation, is that attitudes toward objects (positive/negative) automatically activate specific action tendencies (approach/avoidance), but that this stimulus‐driven process can be overruled by a nonautomatic goal‐directed process in which the expected utilities of action options are weighed up. According to such a theory, it makes sense to continue measuring attitudes with implicit measures, but research should also take into account the moderating role of goals and other factors. We propose an alternative dual‐process theory in which goal‐directed processes can also be automatic and count as the most important cause of behavior. According to this theory, the goal‐directed process responsible for action selection is further preceded by the detection of a stimulus‐goal discrepancy. Based on this alternative theory, we propose to no longer measure attitudes toward objects but rather to measure (a) the magnitude of stimulus‐goal discrepancies as well as (b) the expected utility of the behavior at stake, understood as the product of the values of the outcomes of the behavior, and the behavior‐outcome expectancies. Here too, implicit measures are needed because people may not always have conscious access to these constructs or be motivated to disclose them.This article is categorized under:
Psychology > Theory and Methods
Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the generalized (3+1)‐dimensional KP equation
Authors: Liu Jian‐Gen , Yang Xiao‐Jun , Feng Yi‐Ying , Cui Ping 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUnder investigation in this article is a generalized (3+1)‐dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation, which is usually used to describe nonlinear phenomena in fluid dynamics. First, multiple waves solutions of this considered equation by means of the linear superposition principle are constructed. Second, the parameters of this considered model control multiple waves solutions are being investigated. We find that the parameters mainly affect the wave shapes, amplitude, and bright/dark nature. Third, we apply a polynomial function to construct rational solutions and rogue wave solutions when the parameters contain in the polynomial function are equal to zero and nonzero, respectively. Finally, the obtained results are demonstrated graphically to illustrate the nonlinear dynamics behaviors of multiple, rational, and rogue wave solutions in fluid mechanics.
Response of impedance parameters on waves in the micropolar thermoelastic medium under modified Green‐Lindsay theory
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Kaushal Sachin , Kochar Arun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe present study is focused on devoting a model to estimate the response of impedance parameters in micropolar with modified Green‐Lindsay (MMGL) generalized thermoelastic medium. The problem of reflection phenomena is formulated and explained for the considered model. Amplitude ratios of various waves are obtained for the MMGL model, Green‐Lindsay (G‐L,1972) thermoelastic model, and Lord‐Shulman (L‐S,1967) thermoelastic model for longitudinal displacement wave (LD‐wave), thermal wave (T‐wave), coupled transverse (CD‐I) wave and coupled micro‐rotational (CD‐II) wave. These amplitude ratios are the functions of the angle of incidence, frequency, and impedance parameters. The impact of impedance parameters on various reflection coefficients is displayed in the form of a graph. From the present study, certain cases are also deduced.
Introduction
Authors: Barbrook-Johnson Pete , Penn Alexandra S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book and the topic of systems mapping. We explain our motivation for writing the book, what ‘systems mapping’ means to us, our focus on causal approaches, and what methods are included, and which are not, in the book. We also explore how these methods are related to one another. We begin to consider how systems mapping can be useful in research and practice, before making the case for why we believe it is worth thinking about now.
Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping
Authors: Barbrook-Johnson Pete , Penn Alexandra S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM), a method for developing and analysing ‘semi-quantitative’ (i.e. using and producing indicative rather than predictive numerical values) causal models. We explain in simple language what an FCM map is made up of and the two main ways in which analysis is done. We go into some detail on how to do it yourself and provide reflections on common issues and tricks of the trade. We also discuss its roots and debates in the field since. Finally, we provide some advice and resources for getting started yourself.
What Data and Evidence Can You Build System Maps From?
Authors: Barbrook-Johnson Pete , Penn Alexandra S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes a step back from individual systems mapping methods and considers what evidence and data we might use to underpin the design of system maps. It presents four broad types—data from participatory processes, qualitative data, existing evidence, and quantitative data—and outlines the pros and cons of each, considers how you can use them, and makes a call, ideally, for using them in combination and in creative ways.
Constructing Familial Bodies: Report from the Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Jürgensen Martina , Herzog Madeleine 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAfter a bone marrow transplant between siblings, another family members’ cells live on in the recipient’s body. This connects family members in a variety of ways. Some families saw it as an essential change in the recipient’s body and identity, while others saw it as a unification of two separate individuals. Some families described the donor’s body as a “spare parts depot”; being seen as a life-saving resource then created a lasting responsibility in the donors. This relation was typically seen as creating one system, one familial body.
Dwelling on the Past: Illness, Transplantation and Families’ Responsibilities in Retrospect
Authors: Rehmann-Sutter Christoph 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFrom family members’ perspectives, a bone marrow transplant is the source and the focus of many responsibility-related considerations. The chapter searches for connections between responsibility, memory and time, in order to explain the complex meanings of “retrospective responsibilities”. Story-telling within families and the emergence of family narratives is a place where responsibility is not just remembered, but also enacted. Families care about how things in the past are recounted in the present. One family case is discussed in detail, in which family members had to cope with the failure of multiple transplants and other therapies, and with the death of their daughter. The final part of the chapter considers problems of retrospective justification. With hindsight, what were the interests of the donor child? What were this young child’s will and duties? Can the anticipated retrospective consent of potential donor children serve as an orientation and an ethically reliable justification for the decision taken by the parents, as proxies, to allow a young child to become a donor? The chapter advocates the perspective of an ethics of care.
Case Study, Phase I: Developing a Candidate System
Authors: Rechnitzer Tanja 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, the actual application of reflective equilibrium in the form of the process of adjustments begins. The case study is divided into three different phases in order to allow me to focus on different aspects of applying RE. The present chapter describes phase 1, which focuses on how a new candidate system, i.e., a new principle, can be developed.
Robust regression against heavy heterogeneous contamination
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki , Fujisawa Hironori 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe $$\gamma $$
γ
-divergence is well-known for having strong robustness against heavy contamination. By virtue of this property, many applications via the $$\gamma $$
γ
-divergence have been proposed. There are two types of $$\gamma $$
γ
-divergence for the regression problem, in which the base measures are handled differently. In this study, these two $$\gamma $$
γ
-divergences are compared, and a large difference is found between them under heterogeneous contamination, where the outlier ratio depends on the explanatory variable. One $$\gamma $$
γ
-divergence has the strong robustness even under heterogeneous contamination. The other does not have in general; however, it has under homogeneous contamination, where the outlier ratio does not depend on the explanatory variable, or when the parametric model of the response variable belongs to a location-scale family in which the scale does not depend on the explanatory variables. Hung et al. (Biometrics 74(1):145–154, 2018) discussed the strong robustness in a logistic regression model with an additional assumption that the tuning parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
is sufficiently large. The results obtained in this study hold for any parametric model without such an additional assumption.
Herd immunity under individual variation and reinfection
Authors: Montalbán Antonio , Corder Rodrigo M. , Gomes M. Gabriela M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe study a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model considered by Aguas et al. (In: Herd immunity thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 estimated from unfolding epidemics, 2021), Gomes et al. (In: J Theor Biol. 540:111063, 2022) where individuals are assumed to differ in their susceptibility or exposure to infection. Under this heterogeneity assumption, epidemic growth is effectively suppressed when the percentage of the population having acquired immunity surpasses a critical level - the herd immunity threshold - that is lower than in homogeneous populations. We derive explicit formulas to calculate herd immunity thresholds and stable configurations, especially when susceptibility or exposure are gamma distributed, and explore extensions of the model.
Redirected walking in virtual reality with auditory step feedback
Authors: Weller Rene , Brennecke Benjamin , Zachmann Gabriel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe present a novel approach of redirected walking (RDW) based on step feedback sounds to redirect users in virtual reality. The main idea is to achieve path manipulation by changing step noises to deviate the users, who still believe that they are walking a straight line. Our approach can be combined with traditional visual approaches for RDW based on eye-blinking. Moreover, we have conducted a user study in a large area ($$10\times 20$$

10
×
20

m) using a within-subject design. We achieved a translational redirection of 1.7m in average with pure audio feedback. Moreover, our results show that visual methods can amplify the deviation of our new auditory approach by 80cm in average at the distance of 20 m.
Prolonged cardiac NR4A2 activation causes dilated cardiomyopathy in mice
Authors: Ashraf Sadia , Taegtmeyer Heinrich , Harmancey Romain 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTranscription factors play a fundamental role in cardiovascular adaptation to stress. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2; NURR1) is an immediate-early gene and transcription factor with a versatile role throughout many organs. In the adult mammalian heart, and particularly in cardiac myocytes, NR4A2 is strongly up-regulated in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. The physiologic implications of this increase remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to interrogate the consequences of cardiac NR4A2 up-regulation under normal conditions and in response to pressure overload. In mice, tamoxifen-dependent, cardiomyocyte-restricted overexpression of NR4A2 led to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, left ventricular dilation, heart failure, and death within 40 days. Chronic NR4A2 induction also precipitated cardiac decompensation during transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure overload. Mechanistically, NR4A2 caused adult cardiac myocytes to return to a fetal-like phenotype, with a switch to glycolytic metabolism and disassembly of sarcomeric structures. NR4A2 also re-activated cell cycle progression and stimulated DNA replication and karyokinesis but failed to induce cytokinesis, thereby promoting multinucleation of cardiac myocytes. Activation of cell cycle checkpoints led to induction of an apoptotic response which ultimately resulted in excessive loss of cardiac myocytes and impaired left ventricular contractile function. In summary, myocyte-specific overexpression of NR4A2 in the postnatal mammalian heart results in increased cell cycle re-entry and DNA replication but does not result in cardiac myocyte division. Our findings expose a novel function for the nuclear receptor as a critical regulator in the self-renewal of the cardiac myocyte and heart regeneration.
Spatial distribution of fat infiltration within the paraspinal muscles: implications for chronic low back pain
Authors: Khattab Karim , Dziesinski Lucas K. , Crawford Rebecca , Ballatori Alex , Nyayapati Priya , Krug Roland , Fields Aaron , O’Neill Conor W. , Lotz Jeffrey C. , Bailey Jeannie F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Fat infiltration (FI) of the paraspinal muscles (PSMs) measured using MRI is an aspect of muscle quality and is considered to be worse in chronic low back pain (cLBP) patients. However, there is not a clear association between paraspinal muscle FI and cLBP, leaving the clinical importance of paraspinal muscle composition unestablished. The spatial distribution of FI in the PSMs may inform mechanistic understanding of non-specific cLBP as it relates to degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) pathology. We hypothesized that paraspinal muscle fat-mapping would reveal distinct FI distribution patterns in relation to cLBP symptoms and proximity to symptomatic IVD degeneration.

Methods
From advanced-sequence water-fat MRI of 40 axial cLBP patients and 21 controls, we examined the spatial distribution of paraspinal muscle FI in relation to the center of rotation at the L4L5 disc. Using statistical parametric mapping, we compared FI patterns for multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), and psoas between patients and controls, and to the presence and severity of adjacent degenerative IVD pathology.

Results
The spatial distribution of PSMs FI differs between PSMs and according to symptoms and the adjacent degenerative IVD pathology. Furthermore, the region of MF closest to the disc center of rotation appears most susceptible to FI in the presence of symptomatic IVD degeneration.

Conclusion
Our study identified spatial distribution patterns of FI in the PSMs as a potential diagnostic biomarker that may also provide granular mechanistic insights into spine biomechanics related to cLBP, as well as advancing the use of prior summary measures limited to overall muscle FI.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of PrEP Use Stigma Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Johannesburg, South Africa and Mwanza, Tanzania Participating in the EMPOWER Trial
Authors: Munthali R. J. , Stangl A. L. , Baron D. , Barré I. , Harvey S. , Ramskin L. , Colombini M. , Naicker N. , Kapiga S. , Delany-Moretlwe S. ,   the EMPOWER study team
Published: July 2022

AbstractAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa may benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), yet stigma may limit PrEP acceptance and continuation. We examined factors associated with PrEP use stigma among 307 participants of the EMPOWER trial (2016–2018), an unblinded randomized controlled trial among HIV-negative, AGYW, aged 16–24, in South Africa and Tanzania. The 6-item, brief-PrEP use stigma scale (B-PSS) had high internal reliability. At the end of the trial, 34.2% of study participants reported any PrEP use stigma. Three latent classes were observed, reflecting low (46.9%), medium (31.9%), and high (21.2%) reported PrEP use stigma. Disclosure of PrEP use to sexual partner and belief that PrEP prevents HIV were associated with less reported PrEP use stigma. Conversely, participants who reported fear and shame about people living with HIV were more likely to report PrEP use stigma. Our validated tool and findings will enable practitioners to identify AGYW at high risk of PrEP use stigma who may benefit from additional support.Pan African clinical trials registry PACTR202006754762723, 5 April 2020, retrospectively registered.
Left atrial strain determinants and clinical features according to the heart failure stages. New insight from EACVI MASCOT registry
Authors: Benfari Giovanni , Mandoli Giulia Elena , Magne Julien , Miglioranza Marcelo Haertel , Ancona Roberta , Luksic Vlatka Reskovic , Pastore Maria Concetta , Santoro Ciro , Michalski Blazej , Malagoli Alessandro , Muraru Denisa , Donal Erwan , Cosyns Bernard , Edvardsen Thor , Popescu Bogdan Alexandru , Cameli Matteo ,   MASCOT investigators
Published: July 2022

AbstractFew studies analyzed left atrial (LA) peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) determinants, particularly across heart failure (HF) stages. We aimed to analyze the pathophysiological and clinical PALS correlates in a large multicentric prospective study. This is a multicenter prospective observational study enrolling 745 patients with HF stages. Data included PALS and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS). Exclusion criteria were: valvular prosthesis; atrial fibrillation; cardiac transplantation; poor acoustic window. Median global PALS was 17% [24–32]. 29% of patients were in HF-stage 0/A, 35% in stage-B, and 36% in stage-C. Together with age, the echocardiographic determinants of PALS were LA volume and LV-GLS (overall model R2 = 0.50, p < 0.0001). LV-GLS had the strongest association with PALS at multivariable analysis (beta: −3.60 ± 0.20, p < 0.0001). Among HF stages, LV-GLS remained the most important PALS predictor (p < 0.0001) whereas age was only associated with PALS in lower HF-stage 0/A or B (R = − 0.26 p < 0.0001, R = − 0.23 p = 0.0001). LA volume increased its association to PALS moving from stage 0/A (R = − 0.11; P = 0.1) to C (R = − 0.42; P < 0.0001). PALS was the single most potent echocardiographic parameter in predicting the HF stage (AUC for B vs. 0/A 0.81, and AUC vs. 0/A for C 0.76). PALS remained independently associated with HF stages after adjusting for ejection fraction, E/e′ ratio, and mitral regurgitation grade (p < 0.0001). Although influenced by LV-GLS and LA size across HF stages, PALS is incrementally and independently associated with clinical status. LA function may reflect a substantial part of the hemodynamic consequences of ventricular dysfunction.
Estimation of distribution algorithms using Gaussian Bayesian networks to solve industrial optimization problems constrained by environment variables
Authors: Soloviev Vicente P. , Larrañaga Pedro , Bielza Concha 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany real-world optimization problems involve two different subsets of variables: decision variables, and those variables which are not present in the cost function but constrain the solutions, and thus, must be considered during optimization. Thus, dependencies between and within both subsets of variables must be considered. In this paper, an estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) is implemented to solve this type of complex optimization problems. A Gaussian Bayesian network is used to build an abstraction model of the search space in each iteration to identify patterns among the variables. As the algorithm is initialized from data, we introduce a new hyper-parameter to control the influence of the initial data in the decisions made during the EDA execution. The results show that our algorithm improves the cost function more than the expert knowledge does.
Differences in Aggression and Alcohol Use among Youth with Varying Levels of Victimization and Popularity Status
Authors: Malamut Sarah T. , Dawes Molly , Lansu Tessa A. M. , van den Berg Yvonne , Cillessen Antonius H. N. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAwareness that high-status adolescents can be targets of aggression has grown in recent years. However, questions remain about the associations of the confluence of victimization and popularity with adjustment. The current study fills this gap by examining the joint and unique effects of victimization and popularity on aggression and alcohol use. Participants were 804 Dutch adolescents (50.2% boys, Mage = 13.65) who were followed for one year. High-status victims were more aggressive and drank more alcohol than lower-status victims. High-status victims were also more proactively and indirectly aggressive and self-reported more bullying than high-status non-victims. Thus, the findings demonstrated a conjoined risk of victimization and popularity for some types of aggression.
Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Socioscientific Reasoning During a Decision-Making Activity in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Ha Heesoo , Park Wonyong , Song Jinwoong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of informed decision-making in times of crisis and the need for equipping teachers with the ability to address socioscientific issues in the classroom. In this study, we examine the features of socioscientific reasoning found in preservice elementary teachers’ group discussions on the issue of school reopening during the pandemic. Using socioscientific reasoning and perspective taking as theoretical lenses, we analyzed how the participants constructed and justified arguments about the issue from the perspectives of three stakeholders the Minister of Education, a teacher, and a parent. The analysis revealed the participants’ tendency to reach a premature decision and then cherry-pick evidence supporting the predetermined conclusion. As they examined relevant evidence, they often specified their initial claims by adding conditions to make it less objectionable and more defensible. We also illustrate how they used two different types of evidence, mechanistic and epidemiological, to support their claims about school reopening, and how perspective taking influenced their reasoning processes. Based on these findings, we discuss the potential of the perspective-based approach for supporting elementary teachers’ decision-making about socioscientific issues.