bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UK Government’s “Balancing Act” in the Pandemic: Rational Decision-Making from an Argumentative Perspective
Authors: Fairclough Isabela 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at how the “balance” between lives, livelihoods and other concerns was talked about in four main newspapers in the UK, between March 2020 and March 2021, in assessing the UK government’s performance. Different arguments were made for opposite conclusions, favouring either strict and prolonged lockdowns or, on the contrary, a speedy exit from lockdown and a resumption of normal life. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the empirical data suggests that what is being balanced or weighed together in pro/con argumentation by two opposite parties are not as much the costs and benefits of one’s own proposal, but the costs of one proposal against the costs of its alternative (a “cost-cost” analysis). Rather than defending their own proposal by arguing that the benefits outweigh the costs, each side is criticizing the opponent’s proposal by claiming that the costs of their proposal are more unacceptable than the costs of their own. An implicit minimax strategy (minimize costs in a worst-case scenario) was applied in different ways, depending on how the consequences were assessed, and how this assessment changed over time. The debate over lockdown illustrated an interesting type of pro/con argument, typical to crisis situations, in which all the intended “benefits” were in fact avoided “costs”, and contrasted a medical/epidemiological perspective with a political perspective on the best course of action.
Justification of Decision-Making in Response to COVID-19 Socio-Scientific Dilemmas
Authors: Dalyot Keren , Rozenblum Yael , Baram-Tsabari Ayelet 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArgumentation skills are important for informed decision-making, especially in everyday life when engaging with science. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic is an ideal opportunity to study laypeople’s use of argumentation skills when engaging with a scientific issue daily, while making relevant decisions that affect their families and society. This study frames the pandemic as a Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI)—a scientific issue with links to several social science disciplines (economics, politics, and sociology). The current study explores decision making and argumentation in the context of COVID-19 among the Israeli public as well as the connection between demographic characteristics, scientific knowledge and education and the quality of their argumentations. An online survey to examine responses to 2 specifically designed social dilemmas was conducted in April 2020 (n = 439). Our findings suggest that laypeople tend to use justifications that were classified as ‘scientific argumentation’ but we could not demonstrate a connection between demographic characteristics, scientific knowledge and decision making. We did find a positive connection between peoples’ perception of control over the situation and their compliance with the official guidelines. As a relevant Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI), COVID-19 stretched to the limit the need for public argumentation with changing scientific and medical information.
Inoculating Students Against Conspiracy Theories: The Case of Covid-19
Authors: Bailin Sharon , Battersby Mark 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPosing a significant danger to society are conspiracy theories, particularly those regarding the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper argues for the crucial role of critical thinking education in ‘inoculating’ students against conspiracy theories and outlines an approach for building their defenses against these, and other, conspiracy theories. There are numerous epistemic, social, and psychological factors which play a role in the attraction of conspiracy theories and which need to be addressed in critical thinking education. Epistemic factors include myside bias, the ignorance of epistemic criteria, a lack of understanding of source credibility, and the particular epistemic traps of conspiracy theories. Social factors, including the structure of the information environment and psychological factors, including the desire for control, defensive bias, and cultural cognition also play a role. The paper describes how critical thinking education can address the epistemic shortcomings and errors which facilitate conspiracy belief and can provide students with the resources for inquiring in a rigorous and systematic way and for making reasoned judgment. It also outlines how the social and psychological factors can be addressed by creating a community of inquiry in the class that can counter these influences and foster a spirit of inquiry.
Critical Questions About Scientific Research Publications in the Online Mask Debate
Authors: Goodwin Jean , Bogomoletc Ekaterina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSuccessful management of sociotechnical issues like those raised by the COVID-19 pandemic requires members of the public to use scientific research in their reasoning. In this study, we explore the nature and extent of the public’s abilities to assess research publications through analyzing a corpus of close to 5 K tweets from the early months of the pandemic which mentioned one of six key studies on the then-uncertain topic of the efficacy of face masks. We find that arguers relied on a variety of critical questions to test the adequacy of the research publications to serve as premises in reasoning, their relevance to the issues at hand, and their sufficiency in justifying conclusions. In particular, arguers showed more skill in assessing the authoritativeness of the sources of the publications than in assessing the epistemic qualities of the studies being reported. These results indicate specific areas for interventions to improve reasoning about research publications. Moreover, this study suggests the potential of studying argumentation at the system level in order to document collective preparedness to address sociotechnical issues, i.e., community science literacy.
On the Conditional Acceptance of Arguments from Expert Opinion
Authors: Hornikx Jos 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world were bombarded by new information, often provided by experts, such as epidemiologists, virologists, or intensive care specialists. These experts have struggled at convincing the general public to behave in ways that make a way out of the pandemic possible. In this chapter, it is argued that audience acceptance of appeals to experts is conditional in two ways. First, acceptance of expert opinions is conditional upon the degree to which appeals to expert opinions respect critical questions regarding the evaluation of these appeals. Second, acceptance of expert opinions is conditional upon the audience’s prior belief in the claims. It is argued that the most likely factor that has played a role in the lack of influence of experts is the weak consensus between experts when it comes to issues regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Expert Uncertainty: Arguments Bolstering the Ethos of Expertise in Situations of Uncertainty
Authors: Kjeldsen Jens E. , Mølster Ragnhild , Ihlen Øyvind 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArguably, one of the defining traits of an expert is certainty of knowledge. So, what happens when experts in a critical situation in public simultaneously must recognize uncertainty about knowledge and the situation and argue for specific policies and actions? This has been the challenge for many national health experts during the COVID-19 crisis. We examine such argumentative strategies by asking: what are the argumentative strategies used when attempting to secure and bolster the ethos of expertise when an expert must also acknowledge uncertainty and insufficient knowledge? The chapter examines such argumentative strategies by health authorities participating in debate and interview programs. Contrary to previous research our findings indicate that the health experts do acknowledge uncertainty, often explicitly, and also do it as a way of bolstering their ethos. Firstly, our analyses point to two ways of introducing and expressing uncertainty and lack of knowledge. Secondly, our analyses point to six ways of delimiting and qualifying the expressed uncertainty in a way that rebolsters the expert’s authority and ethos of expertise.
On Arguments from Ignorance in Policy-Making
Authors: Andone Corina , Lomelí Hernández José Alfonso 
Published: February 2022

Abstract“Schools should remain open during the COVID-19 pandemic, because there is no evidence indicating that children can get the virus.” Many European policy-makers have employed such arguments from ignorance to argue for a course of action in a situation in which science lacked vital information. What is particularly challenging about such arguments is that, despite the ignorance involved, they are used to justify policies meant to deal with practical problems. Limited information (‘there is no evidence indicating that children can get the virus’) is used as a basis for decision-making that might have significant consequences for the population (‘schools should remain open’). This chapter explains the intricate but unavoidable relationship between arguments from ignorance and policy-making. Moreover, evaluation criteria are developed to distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable arguments from ignorance in policy-making by taking into consideration the structure of these argument types and their contexts of application. Finally, the chapter assesses two real-life instances of arguments from ignorance employed by the European Commission and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such an assessment sets important steps in understanding how arguments from ignorance can facilitate or reduce acceptance of the measures proposed by policy-makers.
The Argumentative Potential of Doubt: From Legitimate Concerns to Conspiracy Theories About COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Mohammed Dima , Rossi Maria Grazia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDoubt is a double-edge sword. On the one hand, uncertainty is essential for epistemic progress, and yet, doubt can also make us vulnerable to deception, confused to the point of no longer knowing what is true. What distinguishes a doubt that is epistemologically beneficial from one which is deceptive, or even manufactured in the context of a conspiracy theory? In this chapter, we explore doubt, its role, and the way it is being handled in the context of the public controversy about the COVID-19 vaccine. We approach conspiracy theories as argumentative discourses and reconstruct the generic structure of a conspiracy theory macro argument. Through the structure, we look into the discourse of the twelve prominent anti-vaxxers known as the “Disinformation Dozen”, focusing on the argumentative potential that doubt can have in the public controversy about the COVID-19 vaccine. We suggest to distinguish ambivalence from scepticism and denialism as three argumentative potentials that a motivated doubt can have. We argue that ambivalent doubt ought to be acknowledged, addressed and incorporated into the public health narrative, in order to avoid that an unnecessarily broad interpretation of conspiracy theory dominates the public debate and leaves an uncertain public a prey to it.
Pandemic Communication Without Argumentative Strategy in the Digital Age: A Cautionary Tale and a Call to Arms
Authors: Paglieri Fabio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has offered some notable examples of how public communication may backfire, in spite of the best intentions of the actors involved, and what role poor argumentative design plays in such failures, in the context of the current digital media ecology. In this chapter, I offer some preliminary considerations on the ongoing struggle to make sense of the new communication technologies in our media reality, analyze a concrete example of argumentative failure in anti-Covid vaccine communication in the European Union, and leverage this case study to issue a call to arms to argumentation scholars: argumentative competence is sorely needed for an effective response to the pandemic, yet argumentation theory will need to join forces with other areas of expertise to realize its societal impact. When it comes to arguments, self-isolation is not a viable strategy to fight Covid-19.
Rhetoric and Argumentation in the Pandemic Legislation: The Italian Case
Authors: Puppo Federico , Corradi Silvia , Zoppellari Lorenzo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the argumentative and rhetorical structure of the regulatory techniques used to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy. The first part of the chapter aims to clarify the connection between law and rhetoric, in order to provide a framework in which the legislative activity has operated. After analyzing critical aspects of the chosen regulatory tools, we will focus on the three most innovative elements of the pandemic legislation: the frequent use of images, the sporadic presence of sanctions, and the relevant role of experts. In the second part, an analysis of the fundamental traits of visual argumentation will be presented to highlight the fact that the use of images, during the pandemic period, has become a political-normative technique, which is never a neutral tool, but is always subject to interpretation and endowed with a notable rhetorical value. Given the sporadic presence of sanctions, the second section will analyze the argumentative strengthening applied by the legislator in order to promote the obedience of the recipients of the measures. Finally, we will examine the involvement of experts in the justificatory activity of the legislator, and the need for them to acquire legislative legitimacy through a rhetorical-argumentative relationship with citizens.
Working with magnetic resonance images of the brain
Authors: Mardal Kent-André , Rognes Marie E. , Thompson Travis B. , Valnes Lars Magnus 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe human brain consists of multiple structures, including the large cerebrum, the smaller cerebellum, and the brain stem. These structures can easily be identified from MR images of the brain (Figure 2.1). The cerebrum is composed of the left and right hemispheres, which are connected through bundles of nerve fibers (the corpus callosum).
More Components: Inlets, Mixers, and Nozzles
Authors: Decher Reiner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTheintegrationof a gas turbine engine into a functioning jet propulsion engine for an airplane requires more components: inlets and nozzles. For the inlet, the special care exercised to avoid ingestion of boundary layers air is described. The design features of nozzles are described and extended to include discussion of more extreme configurations such as those found on rocket engines.
The Vortex and Wing Lift
Authors: Decher Reiner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe vortex is a necessary element of fluid motion for the generation of aerodynamic forces. For flight, lift balances the weight of an aircraft and the means for providing lift is the wing constructed to move oncoming air downward in a controlled fashion. Nature allows this to happen by establishing a flow about the wing that, from a distance, is like a vortex, the kind we see in nature. Unlike a compact natural vortex like a tornado, a surface, like an airfoil, distributes the vortex into smaller elements along the surfaces. In the chapter, we look at how and why.
Frictionless Air Cannot Provide Lift: A Paradox
Authors: Decher Reiner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEstablishinga vortex-like flow about an airfoil or wing requires the air to experience forces where adjacent elements of air share information about what the surfaces try to impose on the flow. The mechanism is shear and the finite viscosity of the air is a measure of the phenomena involved. The reality of viscous shear is what must distinguish the shapes of a wing’s leading and trailing edges.
Drag, a Nightmare and a Challenge
Authors: Decher Reiner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMotion through a fluid is accompanied by a resistive force. Overcoming that is the price one has to pay to move. Drag is associated with the pressure forces on a structure as well as the shear forces experienced by virtue of the finite air viscosity and the tendency of air to be dragged along by the moving surface. Both kinds of forces are always present to varying degrees and they influence one another. Fortunately, the shear forces are small, though not negligibly small, compared to the dynamic forces associated with changing speed and they involved complicated physics in a small portion of the flow field known as a boundary layer.
Entanglement wedge cross-section for noncommutative Yang-Mills theory
Authors: Chowdhury Anirban Roy , Saha Ashis , Gangopadhyay Sunandan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The signature of noncommutativity on various measures of entanglement has been observed by considering the holographic dual of noncommutative super Yang-Mills theory. We have followed a systematic analytical approach in order to compute the holographic entanglement entropy corresponding to a strip like subsystem of length l. The relationship between the subsystem size (in dimensionless form) $$ \frac{l}{a} $$

l
a

and the turning point (in dimensionless form) introduces a critical length scale $$ \frac{l_c}{a} $$

l
c

a

which leads to three domains in the theory, namely, the deep UV domain (l < lc; aut » 1, aut ∼ aub), deep noncommutative domain (l > lc, aub> aut » 1) and deep IR domain (l > lc, aut « 1). This in turn means that the length scale lc distinctly points out the UV/IR mixing property of the non-local theory under consideration. We have carried out the holographic study of entanglement entropy for each of these domains by employing both analytical and numerical techniques. The broken Lorentz symmetry induced by noncommutativity has motivated us to redefine the entropic c-function. We have obtained the noncommutative correction to the c-function upto leading order in the noncommutative parameter. We have also looked at the behaviour of this quantity over all the domains of the theory. We then move on to compute the minimal cross-section area of the entanglement wedge by considering two dis- joint subsystems A and B. On the basis of EP = EW duality, this leads to the holographic computation of the entanglement of purification. The correlation between two subsystems, namely, the holographic mutual information I(A : B) has also been computed. Moreover, the computations of EW and I(A : B) has been done for each of the domains in the theory. We have then briefly discussed the effect of the UV cut-off on the IR behaviours of these quantities. Finally, we consider a black hole geometry with a noncommutative parameter and study the influence of both noncommutativity and finite temperature on the various measures of quantum entanglement.
Polarized gluon pseudodistributions at short distances
Authors: Balitsky Ian , Morris Wayne , Radyushkin Anatoly 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We formulate the basic points of the pseudo-PDF approach to the lattice calculation of polarized gluon PDFs. We present the results of our calculations of the one-loop corrections for the bilocal Gμα(z)$$ \overset{\sim }{G} $$

G
~

λβ (0) correlator of gluonic fields. Expressions are given for a general situation when all four indices are arbitrary, and also for specific combinations of indices corresponding to three matrix elements that contain the twist-2 invariant amplitude related to the polarized PDF. We study the evolution properties of these matrix elements, and derive matching relations between Euclidean and light-cone Ioffe-time distributions. These relations are necessary for extraction of the polarized gluon distributions from the lattice data.
Multiple scales and singular limits of perfect fluids
Authors: Chaudhuri Nilasis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this article, our goal is to study the singular limits for a scaled barotropic Euler system modeling a rotating, compressible and inviscid fluid, where Mach number$$=\epsilon ^m $$=ϵm, Rossby number$$=\epsilon $$=ϵand Froude number$$=\epsilon ^n $$=ϵnare proportional to a small parameter$$\epsilon \rightarrow 0$$ϵ→0. The fluid is confined to an infinite slab, the limit behavior is identified as the incompressible Euler system or a damped incompressible Euler system depending on the relation betweenmandn. Forwell-preparedinitial data, the convergence is shown on the lifespan time interval of the strong solutions of the target system, whereas a class of generalizeddissipative solutionsis considered for the primitive system. The technique can be adapted to the compressible Navier–Stokes system in the subcritical range of the adiabatic exponent$$\gamma $$γwith$$1<\gamma \le \frac{3}{2}$$1<γ≤32, where weak solutions are not known to exist.
The problem with trust: on the discursive commodification of trust in AI
Authors: Krüger Steffen , Wilson Christopher 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis commentary draws critical attention to the ongoing commodification of trust in policy and scholarly discourses of artificial intelligence (AI) and society. Based on an assessment of publications discussing the implementation of AI in governmental and private services, our findings indicate that this discursive trend towards commodification is driven by the need for a trusting population of service users to harvest data at scale and leads to the discursive construction of trust as an essential good on a par with data as raw material. This discursive commodification is marked by a decreasing emphasis on trust understood as the expected reliability of a trusted agent, and increased emphasis on instrumental and extractive framings of trust as a resource. This tendency, we argue, does an ultimate disservice to developers, users, and systems alike, insofar as it obscures the subtle mechanisms through which trust in AI systems might be built, making it less likely that it will be.
Prehospital Airway Management for Trauma Patients by First Responders in Six Sub‐Saharan African Countries and Five Other Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Scoping Review
Authors: Pine Haleigh , Eisner Zachary J. , Delaney Peter G. , Ogana Simon Ochieng , Okwiri Dinnah Akosa , Raghavendran Krishnan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe global injury burden disproportionately affecting low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is exacerbated by a lack of robust emergency medical services. Though airway management (AM) is an essential component of prehospital emergency care, the current standard of prehospital AM training and resources for first responders in LMICs is unknown. This scoping review includes articles published between January 2000 and June 2021, identified using PMC, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS databases, following PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. Inclusion criteria spanned programs training formal or informal prehospital first responders. Included articles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Relevant characteristics were extracted by multiple authors to assess prehospital AM training. Of the initial 713 articles, 17 met inclusion criteria, representing 11 countries. Basic AM curricula were found in 11 studies and advanced AM curricula were found in nine studies. 35.3% (n = 6) of first responder programs provided no equipment to basic life support (BLS) AM training participants, reporting a median cost of $7.00USD per responder trained. Median frequency of prehospital AM intervention was reported in 31.0% (IQR: 6.0, 50.0) of patient encounters (advanced life support trainees: 12.1%, BLS trainees: 32.0%). In three studies, adverse event frequencies during intubation occurred with a median frequency of 22.0% (IQR: 21.0, 22.0). The training deficit in advanced AM interventions in LMICs suggests BLS AM courses should be prioritized, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. Prehospital AM resources are sparse and should be a priority for future development.