bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning reference points inside out: comparing MSY reference points estimated inside and outside the assessment model
Authors: Trijoulet Vanessa , Berg Casper W , Miller David C M , Nielsen Anders , Rindorf Anna , Albertsen Christoffer Moesgaard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Reference points are used in fisheries management to infer stock status and inform future fishing opportunities. They can be estimated externally to the assessment model assuming attributes such as stock size to be known without error, or internally where the uncertainty can be accounted for in the estimation. Little is known about the effect of choosing one approach over another on reference point estimates. We compare maximum sustainable yield (MSY) reference points obtained internally in the assessment model (SAM) with those obtained by external estimation (EqSim) via simulations using 11 stocks with known and unknown stock–recruitment relationships (SRRs). Internal estimation of reference points does better on average than external estimation in terms of bias, variance, and SRR selection. Coverage probability of the reference point confidence intervals is good for the internal approach. Stochasticity considerations via re-sampling in the external approach can lead to bias. Bias in reference points have consequences on future yield, stock development, and status. However, it is difficult to predict them by solely looking at bias because they depend on current stock status, recruitment, and extent of bias, but also bias direction since a harvest control rule might compensate for the bias in the future.
A Tale of Two Systems: The Public and Private Faces of Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Authors: Menon Sundaresh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It seems fair to say that the system of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) now faces something of a ‘legitimacy crisis’. States complain of what they perceive to be an unjustified encroachment into their regulatory space. Investors bemoan the fragmentation of investment law. And the public resents the fact that an anonymous panel of lawyers sitting behind closed doors are making decisions with significant implications for their well-being and livelihoods through a process in which they are neither seen nor heard. These criticisms of ISDS raise serious questions as to the adequacy of the procedural design of the ISDS system and how this might be affecting perceptions of ISDS’s legitimacy as a means of dispute resolution. It is suggested that ISDS’s legitimacy crisis can be traced, at least in part, to its failure to uphold certain core values and principles of the Rule of Law – in particular, transparency, accountability and consistency – which are of especial importance in the ISDS context. It is argued that the reason why investment arbitration struggles to uphold these values lies in the dissonance between the public face of ISDS – meaning the public nature and significance of investment disputes – and its private face – meaning the private arbitral process by which investment disputes are resolved. Efforts at reform should be directed at resolving that dissonance, and whilst there is much to commend an incremental reform of the system of arbitration, it seems clear that that can only be an interim step on the path to deeper process reform.
‘We Are Not Our Parents’ – beyond Political Transition: Historical Failings, Present Angst and Future Yearnings of South African Youth
Authors: Maringira Godfrey , Ndelu Sandile , Gukurume Simbarashe , Langa Malose 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The story of South Africa’s liberation struggle, from apartheid to constitutional democracy, is writ large with in-depth contributions from young people. Despite their historical involvement, young people have been noticeably absent from the transitional processes ushering in South Africa’s postapartheid dispensation. Their absence has created a crisis of legitimacy, particularly among those disillusioned young people who are unsentimental about the transition and who are growing increasingly impatient and frustrated with the slow pace of transformation in postapartheid South Africa, in particular within institutions of higher learning. Internationally, South Africa is widely considered as a role model for transitional justice, largely due to its peaceful transference of power from minority rule to the current democratic system. Domestically, however, South Africa’s transition has come under fire for prioritizing reconciliation without simultaneously addressing the social, institutional, political and economic injustices of the past. This article uses the ‘#FeesMustFall’ student protests that swept across South African universities from 2015 to 2017 as a case study for critically discussing whether young people feel South Africa’s transition has been transformative in terms of addressing its colonial and apartheid legacy. Conceptually, the article is rooted within institutional and decolonial transformative justice literature that identifies how the failure of transitional processes to address colonial civil-political and socioeconomic rights can lead to violence. It is argued that the #FeesMustFall protests represented a call for inclusive transitional justice processes that address past inequalities which continue to manifest in the present, including unequal access to free, quality and decolonized education.
Holonomic Approximation Through Convex Integration
Authors: Massot Patrick , Theillière Mélanie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Convex integration and the holonomic approximation theorem are two well-known pillars of flexibility in differential topology and geometry. They may each seem to have their own flavor and scope. The goal of this paper is to bring some new perspective on this topic. We explain how to prove the holonomic approximation theorem for first-order jets using convex integration. More precisely, we first prove that this theorem can easily be reduced to proving flexibility of some specific relation. Then we prove this relation is open and ample, hence its flexibility follows from off-the-shelf convex integration.
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive adults with HIV infection at the first specialist appointment
Authors: Al-Hayani Aws Waleed M. , Cabello-Úbeda Alfonso , Del Palacio-Tamarit Marta , Rodríguez-Alonso Blanca , Carrillo-Acosta Irene , Álvarez-Álvarez Beatriz , Prieto-Pérez Laura , Fernández Quintela Laura , Fuensalida Gema , Téllez Raquel , Luis-Castaño Ángel , Hernández-Segurado Marta , Becares Javier , Benito José Miguel , Rallón Norma , Górgolas Miguel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Fast initiation of ART has been associated with higher rates of retention in HIV care and viral suppression at 48 weeks and with lower mortality rates. However, scarce evidence exists in our setting, where diagnosis and treatment are carried out in different contexts.

Methods
An observational retrospective study evaluating efficacy and safety of ART prescribed at the first specialist appointment, without baseline laboratory data, in a tertiary hospital in downtown Madrid. Individuals with a new diagnosis of HIV infection who initiated treatment at their first appointment with an infectious diseases specialist before receiving baseline laboratory results were included, irrespective of the ART regimen chosen.

Results
One hundred and eight participants were included. The majority (99.1%) were MSM who had acquired infection during sexual intercourse. The efficacy of ART, without baseline laboratory results at the time of initiation, was 85.2% (92/108) in the ITT analysis and 91.7% (99/108) in the treatment-related discontinuation equals failure analysis. All but nine patients presented an undetectable viral load (&lt;50 copies/mL) at 48 weeks from starting ART. No serious adverse effects associated with the strategy were observed. In total, 101 participants continued care at 48 weeks with retention in HIV care rate of 93.5% (101/108).

Conclusions
Initiating ART at the first available opportunity without baseline laboratory data does not reduce efficacy or safety of ART and achieves rapid virological control with high rates of retention in HIV care.
Effect of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine for malaria intermittent preventive treatment on dolutegravir exposure in pregnant women living with HIV
Authors: Banda Clifford G. , Nkosi Dumisile , Allen Elizabeth , Workman Lesley , Madanitsa Mwayiwawo , Chirwa Marumbo , Kapulula Mayamiko , Muyaya Sharon , Munharo Steven , Wiesner Lubbe , Phiri Kamija S. , Mwapasa Victor , Ter Kuile Feiko O. , Maartens Gary , Barnes Karen I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, the burdens of malaria and HIV infections overlap. In settings with moderate-to-high malaria transmission intensity, pregnant women living with HIV (PLWH) require both ART and malaria intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp). Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine has been identified as a promising alternative to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine for IPTp. However, another antimalarial drug, artesunate/amodiaquine, similar to dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine, was previously shown to reduce dolutegravir exposure in non-pregnant adults.

Objectives
To investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine on dolutegravir plasma exposure in pregnant women on dolutegravir-based ART.

Methods
We conducted an open-label, non-randomized, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic study in PLWH in Malawi. Dolutegravir concentrations were measured over a 24 h period, before and after the recommended 3 day treatment dose of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine in 12 pregnant women in their second or third trimester. Non-compartmental analysis was performed, and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% CIs were generated to compare dolutegravir pharmacokinetic parameters between the two treatment periods.

Results
Co-administration of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine and dolutegravir increased dolutegravir’s overall exposure (AUC0–24) and Cmax by 30% (GMR 1.30; 90% CI 1.11–1.52) and 31% (GMR 1.31; 90% CI 1.13–1.51), respectively. The dolutegravir trough (C24) concentration increased by 42% (GMR 1.42; 90% CI 1.09–1.85). The combined treatments were well tolerated with no serious adverse events observed.

Conclusions
Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine may be administered with dolutegravir-based ART in pregnant women as the modest increase in dolutegravir exposure, similar to pharmacokinetic parameter values published previously, ensures its efficacy without any clinically significant adverse events observed in this small study.
The UK Joint Committee on Human Rights and the United Nations Universal Periodic Review: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Lane Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article critically appraises the extent that the UK Parliament’s Joint Committee on Human Rights has engaged with the UN’s Universal Periodic Review and its recommendations on the UK’s human rights situation. It initially explores the Universal Periodic Review process, the UK’s implementation of its recommendations, and posits that a contributing factor to poor implementation is a lack of mobilization of domestic actors. The UK’s Parliament, and its Joint Committee on Human Rights, it is argued, are central domestic actors in this regard. By reviewing existing research as well as a range of documentary sources, this article identifies several shortcomings in the Joint Committee on Human Rights’ engagement with the Universal Periodic Review and, drawing from the available evidence, articulates possible reasons for these. This article closes by making proposals on how the Joint Committee on Human Rights’ participation in the Universal Periodic Review process may be enhanced. Thus, it will make a modest contribution to the successful realization of human rights in the UK, and to the growing scholarship on parliaments’ roles in the international human rights framework.
Plant growth ability, rather than phylogenetic relatedness, predicts the effect of soil biota from an abandoned field on native and exotic plants
Authors: Wei Chunqiang , Jia Bingbing , Gao Lunlun , Liu Zhen , Liang Yuming , Zhang Xin , Lu Xinmin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil biota, as legacy effects of previous species in natural ecosystems, profoundly affects plant performance in new habitats and, in turn, plant community. However, how soil biota, as legacy effects of agricultural crops, affects the likelihood of establishment of exotic and native plants in newly abandoned farmland remains poorly understood, which may hinder effective management of agricultural weeds. Here, we grew 58 plant species (28 exotic species and 30 native species) common in Central China in sterilized vs. nonsterilized soils collected from a newly abandoned maize field. We (i) estimated the effects of soil biota on plant shoot, root and total mass, (ii) explored the dependence of soil effects on the plants’ phylogenetic distance to maize, origin (native vs. exotic) and life history (annual vs. perennial) and (iii) tested which plant traits could predict soil effects. Soil biota, in general, decreased plant mass, suggesting a dominant role of enemies. The effect of the soil biota on plant total mass was unrelated to the phylogenetic distance of the plants to maize and decreased linearly with increasing plant intrinsic growth ability. Moreover, the soil biota on average had greater negative impacts on the total mass of exotic plants, particularly perennial species, than on that of native plants. Our results suggest that plant intrinsic growth ability, rather than phylogenetic relatedness, is a reliable predictor of soil effects. Additionally, native plants can benefit from plant–soil interactions in competing with exotic perennial plants when initially established in newly abandoned farmlands.
Structure, diversity and the conservation value of tropical dry forests in highly fragmented landscapes
Authors: Lanuza Oscar R , Casanoves Fernando , Vílchez-Mendoza Sergio , Espelta Josep Maria , Peñuelas Josep , Peguero Guille 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough tropical dry forests are among the most degraded and fragmented biomes in the world, we still have a poor understanding of their basic ecological features and conservation status, particularly in the Neotropics. Here, we assess the diversity, composition, structure and conservation value of tropical dry forests in a highly fragmented landscape in Nicaragua. We established 31 plots and transects in and along river corridors, secondary forests, living fences and pasture-woodlands. We recorded all trees with diameters at breast height ≥ 2.5 cm using Hill numbers (qD, where q = 0, 1 or 2) and estimated the richness and diversity of trees in each forest type. We calculated the Importance Value Index (IVI) to species and family levels and, finally, performed a Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination and an Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) using the Bray–Curtis index of similarity. Diversity (1D, 2D) but not species richness (0D) differed between forest types (P = 0.01 and 0.66, respectively). IVI was highest for the legume family Fabaceae, followed by the Moraceae and Malvaceae (27.8, 11.1 and 10.5, respectively). Vachellia pennatula, Guazuma ulmifolia and Bursera simaruba had IVIs &gt;30%, the former two being the most abundant trees in all forest types. An analysis of community similarity revealed that each forest type had a distinct composition (P &lt; 0.01, R2 = 0.30), thereby underlining the importance of conserving all these different types of land cover.
Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus Prevention in Adolescent Patients Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: P Daukshus Nicole , Cirincione Anthony , Siver Molly , Mathew Sherry , Kunvarjee Binni , Chan Amelia , Boelens Jaap Jan , Seo Susan K , Papanicolaou Genovefa A , Kernan Nancy A 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThere are limited data for letermovir as primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in patients less than 18 years of age. We report 9 adolescent patients who received letermovir following hematopoietic cell transplantation. No patients developed clinically significant CMV while taking letermovir. Letermovir was well tolerated and efficacious in preventing CMV infections.
Biogenesis, conservation, and function of miRNA in liverworts
Authors: Pietrykowska Halina , Sierocka Izabela , Zielezinski Andrzej , Alisha Alisha , Carrasco-Sanchez Juan Carlo , Jarmolowski Artur , Karlowski Wojciech M , Szweykowska-Kulinska Zofia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding endogenous RNA molecules, 18–24 nucleotides long, that control multiple gene regulatory pathways via post-transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotes. To develop a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary history of miRNA biogenesis and action in land plants, studies on bryophyte representatives are needed. Here, we review current understanding of liverwort MIR gene structure, miRNA biogenesis, and function, focusing on the simple thalloid Pellia endiviifolia and the complex thalloid Marchantia polymorpha. We review what is known about conserved and non-conserved miRNAs, their targets, and the functional implications of miRNA action in M. polymorpha and P. endiviifolia. We note that most M. polymorpha miRNAs are encoded within protein-coding genes and provide data for 23 MIR gene structures recognized as independent transcriptional units. We identify M. polymorpha genes involved in miRNA biogenesis that are homologous to those identified in higher plants, including those encoding core microprocessor components and other auxiliary and regulatory proteins that influence the stability, folding, and processing of pri-miRNAs. We analyzed miRNA biogenesis proteins and found similar domain architecture in most cases. Our data support the hypothesis that almost all miRNA biogenesis factors in higher plants are also present in liverworts, suggesting that they emerged early during land plant evolution.
Anticardiolipin IgA as a Potential Risk Factor for Pregnancy Morbidity in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Zhai Xiaodan , Yang Shuo , Cui Liyan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by venous or arterial thrombosis and/or obstetric morbidity in the constant presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). In patients with APS, the relationship between production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A antiphospholipid antibodies and adverse events in pregnancy is still unclear. As a result of massive trials, the clinical efficiency of IgA-aPLs is used to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in patients with APS.

Methods
We enrolled 381 female patients with APS and 93 healthy pregnant women. Silica clotting time ratio, dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) ratio, and 6 aPLs, including IgA/IgG/IgM isotypes aβ2GPI and IgA/IgG/IgM isotypes anticardiolipin (aCL), were detected using commercial kits.

Results
We found no significant differences in laboratory parameters between patients with APS and the control group. The total prevalence of aCL IgA was 2.9%; the prevalence of aβ2GPI IgA was 3.4%. Only 1.3% of the individuals who tested aCL-positive (5/381) had isolated aCL IgA. Similarly, isolated aβ2GPI IgA was present in only 0.8% (3/381) of the aβ2GPI-positive subjects. Meanwhile, aCL IgA showed the maximum area under the curve (AUC) of 0.666 (95% CI, 0.60–0.73; P &lt; .001), followed by dRVVT ratio (AUC = 0.649; 0.58–0.72; P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Positive aCL IgA and aβ2GPI IgA ratios were extremely low for each isolated isotype of aPLs. For patients with APS who experienced fetal loss, aCL IgA may be utilized as a risk factor for pregnancy loss among patients with APS. Establishing a standardized diagnosis of IgA aPLs is also important for these patients.
A robust RFI identification for radio interferometry based on a convolutional neural network
Authors: Sun Haomin , Deng Hui , Wang Feng , Mei Ying , Xu Tingting , Smirnov Oleg , Deng Linhua , Wei Shoulin 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of new generation radio interferometers such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) has opened up unprecedented opportunities for astronomical research. However, anthropogenic radio frequency interference (RFI) from communication technologies and other human activities severely affects the fidelity of observational data. It also significantly reduces the sensitivity of the telescopes. We proposed a robust convolutional neural network (CNN) model to identify RFI based on machine-learning methods. We overlaid RFI on the simulation data of SKA1-LOW to construct three visibility function data sets. One data set was used for modelling, and the other two were used for validating the model’s usability. The experimental results show that the area under the curve reaches 0.93, with satisfactory accuracy and precision. We then further investigated the effectiveness of the model by identifying the RFI in the actual observational data from LOFAR and MeerKAT. The results show that the model performs well. The overall effectiveness is comparable to AOFlagger software and provides an improvement over existing methods in some instances.
The widths of magnetized filaments in molecular clouds
Authors: Priestley F D , Whitworth A P 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Filaments are an ubiquitous feature of molecular clouds, and appear to play a critical role in assembling the material to form stars. The dominant filaments are observed to have a rather narrow range of widths around $\sim 0.1 \, {\rm pc}$, and to be preferentially aligned perpendicularly to the direction of the local magnetic field. We have previously argued that the observed filament widths can be explained if filaments are formed by converging, mildly supersonic flows, resulting from large-scale turbulent motions in the parent molecular cloud. Here we demonstrate that the introduction of a magnetic field perpendicular to the filament long axis does not greatly alter this conclusion, as long as the mass-to-flux ratio is supercritical. The distribution of widths for supercritical magnetized filaments formed via this mechanism is peaked at slightly higher values, and is slightly broader, than for non-magnetized filaments, but still reproduces the basic properties of the width distributions derived from far-infrared observations of molecular clouds. In contrast, subcritical filaments have width distributions with a fundamentally different shape, and typically have much larger widths than those observed. Both subcritical and supercritical filaments are consistent with the observed lack of correlation between filament widths and filament surface densities.