bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Just as a heated solid will melt into a liquid and a liquid heated further will evaporate into a gas, so will a gas subjected to yet further thermal input become ionized. In other words, if the atoms or molecules of a gas are given sufficient thermal energy, particle collisions can tear individual electrons away from these neutral particles, so that the gas becomes a plasma, or a collection of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. Thus, the hot, dense fluid of the Sun's atmosphere becomes a plasma at sufficiently high altitudes, and that state is maintained as this atmosphere expands outward to form the solar wind.Ultraviolet radiation can also kick electrons out of their atomic or molecular orbits. If a planet has a neutral atmosphere, that atmosphere acts as a shield against the ionizing effects of such radiation from the Sun. But at sufficiently high altitudes, the tenuous atmosphere is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation to form the planetary ionosphere and magnetosphere. Thus, plasma is the primary constituent of both planetary magnetospheres and the interplanetary medium.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Just as a heated solid will melt into a liquid and a liquid heated further will evaporate into a gas, so will a gas subjected to yet further thermal input become ionized. In other words, if the atoms or molecules of a gas are given sufficient thermal energy, particle collisions can tear individual electrons away from these neutral particles, so that the gas becomes a plasma, or a collection of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. Thus, the hot, dense fluid of the Sun's atmosphere becomes a plasma at sufficiently high altitudes, and that state is maintained as this atmosphere expands outward to form the solar wind.Ultraviolet radiation can also kick electrons out of their atomic or molecular orbits. If a planet has a neutral atmosphere, that atmosphere acts as a shield against the ionizing effects of such radiation from the Sun. But at sufficiently high altitudes, the tenuous atmosphere is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation to form the planetary ionosphere and magnetosphere. Thus, plasma is the primary constituent of both planetary magnetospheres and the interplanetary medium.
AGU: An overview
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Classified U.S. Navy data from the Geosat mission is released to researchers following 5‐year campaign by scientists. Over 2,900 scientists gather in Montreal for a joint meeting of the Canadian and U. S. geophysics communities. Up‐to‐date, accurate information on Earth science is broadcast daily to radio listeners across North America.These recent events came about in part due to the efforts of individual geophysicists working together to promote the scientific study of Earth and planets and their environment in space. The focal point for each of these actions is the American Geophysical Union
GPS monitoring data for active volcanos available on Internet
Authors: Dixon Timothy H. , Farina Frederic , Mao Ailin , Webb Frank , Bursik Marcus , Stein Ross , Marshall Grant 
Published: September 2022

Recent technological advances have now made it possible for volcanologists to continuously monitor active volcanoes with the Global Positioning System (GPS). These observations allow detection of large changes in surface strain near active volcanoes that may precede major volcanic eruptions by days, weeks or even months. They are therefore a critical component of programs designed to assess hazard and predict eruptions of active volcanoes.Researchers who are unfamiliar with GPS technology or who do not have facilities to process large amounts of GPS data may have difficulty obtaining GPS results, however. To address this problem, we recently initiated a “proof of concept” system that provides, to anyone with access to Internet, analyzed results from two permanent GPS sites in Long Valley Caldera in California.
Iberian Atlantic Margins Group investigates deep structure of ocean margins
Authors: Banda Enric , Torne Montserrat ,   The Iberian Atlantic Margins Group
Published: September 2022

With recent seismic reflection data in hand, investigators for the Iberian Atlantic Margins project are preparing images of the deep continental and oceanic margins of Iberia. In 1993, the IAM group collected near vertical incidence seismic reflection data over a total distance of 3500 km along the North and Western Iberian Margins, Gorringe Bank Region and Gulf of Cadiz (Figure 1). When combined with data on the conjugate margin off Canada, details of the Iberian margin's deep structure should aid in distinguishing rift models and improve understanding of the processes governing the formation of margins.The North Iberian passive continental margin was formed during a Permian to Triassic phase of extension and matured during the early Cretaceous by rotation of the Iberian Peninsula with respect to Eurasia. From the late Cretaceous to the early Oligocene period, Iberia rotated in a counterclockwise direction around an axis located west of Lisbon. The plate boundary between Iberia and Eurasia, which lies along the Pyrenees, follows the north Spanish marginal trough, trends obliquely in the direction of the fossil Bay of Biscay triple junction, and continues along the Azores‐Biscay Rise [Sibuet et al., 1994]. Following the NE‐SW convergence of Iberia and Eurasia, the reactivation of the North Iberian continental margin resulted in the formation of a marginal trough and accretionary prism [Boillot et al., 1971].
U.S. Geological Survey flies high for now
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Clinton is asking Congress to keep the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) alive and well in FY 1996. With a proposed 2.6% increase to $586 million, the Clinton request flies in the face of the Republican Contract with America that calls for abolishing the survey.Indeed, Clinton has made it clear that the onus will be on Congress if it wants to make major cuts at USGS. As Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt puts it: “Good science is essential to good management.”
NOAA budget sails steadily up
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

NOAA is looking for $2.2 billion from Congress for FY 1996, which includes $20.8 million for later transmittal and would mean a about a 9% boost over FY 1995.D. James Baker, Commerce's undersecretary for oceans and atmospheres, commented that the budget “represents continued investments that will generate major environmental and economic returns, but it also reflects reductions in personnel and some program areas.”
DoE nixes neutron source; Leaves other cuts to Congress
Authors: Wakefield Julie , Jones Richard M. , Leath Audrey T. 
Published: September 2022

The Department of Energy sent a $17.8 billion budget request to Congress for Fiscal Year 1996, terminating the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) project. The budget failed to spell out where other promised cuts would come from. Current year funding is $17.5 billion.DoE requested $2.8 billion for fundamental science research, which is an increase of 3.8% or $102.4 million. This account includes a $100 million or a 10% increase in DoE basic research facilities funding. This new start called the Scientific Facilities Initiative would increase user‐facility operations about 30%.
Doctoral surplus?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Universities in the United States are producing about 25% more doctorates in science and engineering than the U.S. economy can absorb, according to a new study by the Rand Corporation and Stanford University's Institute for Higher Education Research. The study looked at 13 science and engineering fields, covering 210 doctorate‐granting institutions and more than 1,000 educational institutions that employ people with doctorates. The study was done by Stanford Professor William Massy and Charles Goldman of Rand, with graduate students Marc Chun and Beryle Hsiao.The researchers found that supply and demand do not work in the usual way to regulate the employment market for doctoral candidates. In labor markets, when job opportunities decrease, fewer people usually seek to enter the field. In the case of Ph.D.s, however, the researchers found that neither departments nor prospective doctoral students take close accounting of the doctorate employment gap.
Sojourner, in truth
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

On the 30th anniversary of robotic exploration of Mars, NASA has selected the name “Sojourner” for the first rover slated to explore the Red Planet. The 25‐pound, six‐wheeled vehicle is being readied for launch and will be deployed to roam across an ancient Martian flood plain after the Mars Pathfinder lander touches down on the planet's surface on July 4, 1997.The name Sojourner was chosen after a year‐long, worldwide competition for students up to 18 years old. Entrants were invited to select a heroine and submit an essay about her historical accomplishments.
Hot and hotter
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Globally, August 1995 was the hottest August in the 17‐year global temperature records, reports John Christy, associate professor of atmospheric science in the Earth System Science Laboratory at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. The global composite temperature was 0.241°C above the 10‐year average for August. Of the 200 monthly composite temperatures recorded since NOAA satellites began measuring temperatures in January 1979, this August was the 16th warmest month when compared to seasonal averages.It was also the warmest month—seasonally adjusted —since June 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted. Measured against seasonal norms, the warmest month in the global temperature record was December 1987, when the composite temperature was 0.47°C above seasonal norms. The largest regions of warm air in August were over South America, the southern Indian Ocean and Australia, and the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
SURF's up
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

At lower altitudes, two other satellites also will contribute to geophysical research. The Canadian satellite Radarsat was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on November 3, and carried with it SURFSat‐1, a 12‐inch by 12‐inch by 16‐inch solar‐powered satellite designed by college undergraduates. SURFSat‐1—which was conceived by six Caltech students during their 1987 stint in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program—will test the effects of the Earth's weather on the performance of Ka‐band radio signals. Ultimately, NASA wants to use the Ka‐band for communication on the Deep Space Network because the band allows for more channels.Radarsat is a cooperative program between the Canadian Space Agency, NASA, and NOAA, and its mission is to use cloud‐penetrating radar to produce high‐resolution images of the Earth's land masses and seas. The images will be used for research in oceanography, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, and geology.
Less than whole
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Another hole—one that scientists wish they didn't see—is taking its time in disappearing from view this year. The United Nations' World Meteorological Organization reported recently that the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica has not yet closed and was not expected to do so until this week.The hole began forming in August, earlier than expected, and measured 19.3 million km2, an area twice the size of Europe, at its peak in mid‐October. The ozone hole was the largest and longest‐lasting of those observed in recent years.
Hot spots
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Government officials in Montserrat and in Nicaragua spent the first week of December trying to usher residents out of their homes and away from simmering volcanoes in each of those nations. Some people cooperated, others decided to take their chances.On the tiny Caribbean island of Montserrat, about 3,500 people were ordered to vacate their homes for the second time in three months, as a lava dome in the Chances Peak volcano grew and threatened to erupt. In Leon, Nicaragua, at least a third of the 12,000 people ordered to evacuate their homes refused, choosing to protect their homes from looters rather than flee the gurgling Cerro Negro. The Nicaraguan volcano spewed ash and lava 900 m into the air on Dec. 2; the eruption was visible from Managua, 120 km to the southeast.
Colwell tapped for National Scince Foundation post
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

President Clinton has announced his intent to nominate Rita Colwell as deputy director of the National Science Foundation.Colwell, president of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and a professor of microbiology at the university, has been active in national and international research and teaching in the areas of marine biotechnology and the molecular genetics of marine and estuarine bacteria, including the microbiology of the Chesapeake Bay.
El Niño causes coral bleaching
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

El Niño's extremely warm waters in the Pacific Ocean have caused coral “bleaching” in the waters around the Galapagos Islands, Baja California, and Pacific coast of Panama, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The agency says the weather anomaly also has caused bleaching at sites in the Atlantic, including the Florida Keys.Bleaching occurs as coral tissue expels zooxanthellae, a type of algae that resides in the coral, and is essential to the coral's survival. Corals normally recover, unless high ocean temperatures persist for too long a period or become too warm.
Webby science awards
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Two science sites on the Internet downloaded kudos at the 1998 Webby awards on March 6. Dubbed the Oscars of the Web, the awards presented by Web magazine this year honored Starchild, an astronomy‐oriented Web site for children ages 4–14 in the education category. The San Francisco Exploratorium, a hands‐on science center, won in the science category.Other nominees included NASA's Pathfinder site and the Smithsonian Institute. They were among 6000 Web sites reviewed by the magazine.
National Ocean Sciences Bowl organized
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (CORE), with its member institutions, and in partnership with the National Marine Educators Association (NMEA), is organizing the first national competition for high school students on topics related to the study of the oceans. The competition, to be held annually, is called the National Ocean Sciences Bowl (NOSB).The initiation of the program in 1998 coincides with the International Year of the Oceans. Sponsors include the Chief of Naval Research, Oceanographer of the Navy, NSF, NASA, and NOAA. Regional competitions were held in 16 states in late January and early February. Finals will be held in Washington, D.C., in late April 1998.
1998 Fellows Citations
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

AGU congratulates the 36 distinguished scientists who were selected by a committee of their peers to be AGU Fellows in 1998. This selection was based on the individuals' attainment of acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics.The number of Fellows selected annually is limited to no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership. The new Fellows are listed below along with citations recognizing their specific achievements.
Backgrounder on ocean issues
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

A number of U.S. federal agencies with ocean‐related programs have collaborated to issue a hefty collection of “Year of the Ocean” discussion papers.The background papers, released in March, serve as a primer for examining issues concerning marine science, environmental quality, global climate change, coastal hazards, fisheries, national security, and other issues related to oceans. Also included are surveys of U.S. domestic laws and international agreements concerning the oceans.
Ocean heroes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Ocean heroes Looking out over a lunchtime audience of about 500 scientists, business people, politicians, and environmental activists, actor Ted Danson commented that he was glad that shrimp had been served. “I like to say, if you can't eat them, why save them?” joked the former bartender on the long‐running television series, “ Cheers.”Danson, well known for his comedic roles, was honored for his serious side as founder and president of American Oceans Campaign, during the National Oceans Conference last June in California.
Position statements
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Historically, the government of the United States has called upon geophysical scientists to address some of the challenges that the country has faced, from historic expeditions to explore the frontier lands to modern attempts to map Earth's near‐space environment. As populations increase, as new technologies require a more detailed understanding of the environments in which they operate, as more demands are made upon non‐renewable sources, and as citizens demand better stewardship of the environment, the national and global demand for geophysical knowledge will continue to grow.Individuals, businesses, and governments all have a stake in the gathering of geophysical knowledge. But since individuals and businesses tend by necessity to be focused on specific concerns, the government's role is critical. Given the broad implications and impacts of many societal issues related to the Earth and its environment, the geophysical expertise and knowledge that are needed to manage them often extends across several government jurisdictions. For example, in order to manage its water supplies prudently, the public and its elected representatives must understand where water comes from and where it goes. Scientific research—on local and global scales, in the short and long term—is crucial to such understanding. Having the appropriate geophysical information can allow a society to synthesize the requisite data, set policies, write legislation, and make the necessary investments to accomplish societal objectives.
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrology (VGP) Section presented the following Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the AGU 1997 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, on last December.Ken Koga presented a poster on “Kinetics of Garnet to Spinel Facies Transformation and Trace Element Re‐distribution.” Ken graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1993 with a B.S. from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. He currently is at the MIT/WHOI Joint Program working towards a Ph.D. with Nobumichi Shimizu of WHOI and Timothy Grove of MIT. Ken's general interests include petrology and geochemistry of minerals in various magma generation processes. His thesis projects involve experimental investigations of the kinetics of solid‐state chemical reactions among upper minerals and geochemical consequences of these reactions.
NASA office to track near‐Earth objects
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

NASA announced in mid‐July the creation of a new office to coordinate agency‐sponsored efforts to detect, track, and characterize potentially hazardous asteroids and comets that could approach the Earth.The Near‐Earth Object Program Office, sited at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., will focus on locating at least 90% of the estimated 2,000 asteroids and comets that approach the Earth and are larger than about 1 km in diameter, by the year 2010.
Environmental justice regulations draw fire
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Advocates of “environmental justice” say that proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations are necessary to ensure that an unfair share of industrial facilities and waste plants are not sited in poor and minority communities, as they claim has occurred in the past.However, a number of state and local government agencies, business groups, and Democratic and Republican politicians argue that EPA guidelines—written to put some teeth into the Title VI clause of the Civil Rights Act that prohibits discrimination in all federally funded programs and activities—are unworkable and need to be overhauled.
Video about geoscience careers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

A petroleum exploration geologist searches for gold. A physical oceanographer explores the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia. A meteorologist with the National Weather Service tells of the fascination he has had with weather since he was a child.Eleven of the nation's estimated 125,000 geoscientists in these and other areas provide glimpses into their profession in a straightforward, new, 40‐minute video,“Careers for Geoscientists.”
National assessment finds most U.S. water systems without violations
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

More than 90% of community water systems in the United States did not have any reported health violations according to the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) first annual national assessment of drinking water system compliance, which was released in August.The report is one of the public right‐toknow provisions of Safe Drinking Water Act amendments of 1996; it is based on 1996 data provided by the states.
BP pledges to cut emissions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

British Petroleum (BP), one of the world's biggest oil companies that could become even bigger if a merger with Amoco is approved, announced on September 18 that it will cut its emissions of greenhouse gases by 10% from a 1990 baseline of 40 million tons of carbon dioxide between now and the year 2010.The target, which is double the amount of emissions reductions that industrialized nations agreed to under the Kyoto protocol on climate change, will now stand next to BP's financial targets, said John Browne, group chief executive of BP.
Women and minorities science bill becomes law
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

U.S. President Bill Clinton has signed into law a measure to establish a commission to identify and address problems associated with the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering fields.“Today, we have taken a positive step forward to strengthen and expand our high‐tech workforce by ensuring that women, minorities, and persons with disabilities have the skills necessary to compete in the Information Age,” said U.S. Rep. Connie Morella (R.‐Md.), who introduced the measure.
U.S. water infrastructure needs infusion, report notes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Aging water and wastewater infrastructure in the United States will threaten public health, as well as the health of rivers, lakes, and coastlines, unless the federal government provides cities, counties, and other local water agencies with a major influx of funding, according to a new report released by the Water Infrastructure Network (WIN).The report, “Water Infrastructure Now: Recommendations for Clean and Safe Water in the 21st Century” calls for a federal investment of $57 billion over 5 years to maintain and upgrade drinking water, sewer, and stormwater infrastructure.