bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode-specific effects of concentric and eccentric isokinetic training of the hamstring muscle at slow angular velocity on the functional hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio-a randomized trial
Authors: Sharma Kushla Nand , Quddus Nishat , Hameed Unaise Abdul , Khan Sohrab Ahmad , Kumari Anita , Alghadir Ahmad H. , Khan Masood 
Published: September 2022

Background
Previous studies have examined the mode specificity of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training, but have reported conflicting results. Few studies have reported that eccentric and concentric isokinetic training are mode-specific, i.e., they will increase only the eccentric or concentric strength, respectively. Other studies have reported that mode specificity does not exist. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the mode-specific effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring muscle at slow angular velocity on eccentric peak torque of the hamstring (PTecc), concentric peak torque of the quadriceps (PTcon), acceleration time of the hamstring (AThams) and quadriceps (ATquad), deceleration time of the hamstring (DThams) and quadriceps (DTquad), time to peak torque of the hamstring (TPThams) and quadriceps (TPTquad), and functional Hamstring-to-Quadriceps ratio (PTecc/PTcon).

Subjects
A total of 30 participants were randomly divided into eccentric and concentric groups.

Methods
Two groups pre-test-post-test experimental design was used. In the eccentric and concentric groups, eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of hamstring muscle was performed respectively, at an angular velocity of 60°/s for 6 weeks duration. PTecc, PTcon, AThams, ATquad, DThams, DTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and PTecc/PTcon were measured before and after the completion of training.

Results
In the eccentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 21.55%), AThams (decreased by 42.33%), ATquad (decreased by 28.74%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 17.59%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTcon, TPThams, TPTquad, DThams, and DTquad. In the concentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 12.95%), AThams (decreased by 27.38%) ATquad (decreased by 22.08%), DTquad (decreased by 26.86%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 8.35%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and DThams. Between-group analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) only in TPTquad; otherwise, in the rest of the parameters, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed.

Conclusions
Both eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring for 6 weeks increased PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, and decreased AThams and ATquad. The effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring on PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, AThams, and ATquad were not mode specific.
The preclinical pharmacological study of a novel intravenous anesthetic, ET-26 hydrochloride, in aged rats
Authors: Chang Pan , Su YongWei , Gong DeYing , Kang Yi , Liu Jin , Zhang YuJun , Zhang Wen-sheng 
Published: September 2022

Background
ET-26 hydrochloride (ET-26HCl) is a novel analogue of etomidate approved for clinical trials. However, all results from recent studies were accomplished in young adult animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ET-26HCl in aged rats.

Methods
Aged Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (three males and three females in each group) were given dose of two-fold of median effective dose (ED50) of ET-26HCl, etomidate and propofol: the measurements of loss of the righting reflex (LORR) and cardiovascular and respiratory function after injection at the two-fold dose of the median effective dose were used for evaluation of effectiveness and safety, and the modified adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulation experiment was used to evaluate the inhibition effect of the drugs on the synthesis of adrenal cortical hormones.

Results
There was no significant difference in the onset time among propofol, etomidate and ET-26HCl. The duration of propofol (850.5 ± 77.4 s) was significantly longer than that caused by etomidate (489.8 ± 77.0 s, p = 0.007) and ET-26HCl (347.3 ± 49.0 s, p = 0.0004). No significant difference was observed in the time to stand and normal activity among drugs. A total of 66.7% of rats in the ET-26HCl group were evaluated to have mild hematuria. Then, etomidate and ET-26HCl had a milder blood pressure inhibition effect than propofol. Apnea was observed in all rats administered propofol and the duration for this side effect was 45.0 ± 9.0 s. For etomidate and ET-26HCl, no apnea was observed. No other clinical signs of side-effect were observed, and no rats died. No significant difference was observed in corticosterone concentrations between ET-26HCl and solvent group. However, rats administered etomidate had lower corticosterone concentrations than those administered ET-26HCl at 15, 30, and 60 min.

Conclusions
Our results indicate ET-26HCl in aged rats is an effective sedative-hypnotic with stable myocardial and respiratory performance and also have mild adrenocortical suppression. Thus, these findings increase the potential for the clinical use of ET-26HCl in the elderly population.
Fatty Acids Composition of Two Commonly Consumed Freshwater Fishes (Clarias gariepinus and Chrysichthyes nigrodigitatus) from the Cross River at Ahaha, Obubra, Nigeria
Authors: Okey Irom Bassey 
Published: September 2022

Fish oils are good sources of essential fatty acids beneficial to human health by helping the body in preventing diseases and enhancing proper growth and development. This study is aimed at investigating the quantitative and qualitative composition of fatty acids in two commonly consumed and most abundant freshwater fishes (Clarias gariepinus and Chrysichthyes nigrodigitatus) from the Cross River at Ahaha, Obubra. The oil was converted to fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) and the fatty acids evaluated by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry using retention time method. The fatty acids profiles include saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The composition varied from 0.06 – 24.00% of SFAs, 0.23 – 21.40% of MUFAs and 0.23 – 12.22% of PUFAs in the both species. The major SFAs were palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids while the most abundant MUFA was oleic (C18:1) acid. Dominant PUFAs in the both specie were linoleic (C18:2), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6) acids. Quantitatively the composition of various fatty acids was in the order SFAs < MUFAs < PUFAs although not significantly different (p< 0.05) in the species. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus had higher total fatty acids (TFA), PUFAs and omega –3 / omega –6 ratio than C. gariepinus with higher levels omega -6 fatty acids. The ratios of PUFA/SFA were higher in C. nigrodigitatus although both were greater than the minimum value (0.4) recommended by World Health Organization. The result indicates that the species had high quality essential fatty acids especially DHA and EPA although relatively higher in C. nigrodigitatus. Hence these species have the potentials to serve as the natural dietary supplement for all important omega -3 fatty acids.
Optimization Studies on Extracellular Protease Production by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus Using Skim Milk Casein as Substrate
Authors: Ekedegba F. E. , Ogbonna A. I. , Okoye C. T. , Ogbonna U. S. A. , Onyimba I. A. , Madu J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Aim: Proteases are proteolytic enzymes that have a wide range of applications in the industrial sectors. This study investigated the production and optimization of protease by protease-producing fungi, (Aspergillus niger and A. terreus) using skim milk casein as substrate.
Materials and Methods: Aspergillus terreus and A. niger obtained from the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Nigeria were screened for extracellular protease on skim milk agar medium. Optimization studies across different parameters: temperatures (30-80oC), pH (3-10), substrate Concentration (0.25-2 %), and incubation period (6 days) using submerged fermentation were done for maximum protease activity.
Results: The maximum temperature of protease activity was 50oC (116.5 IU/ml) for Aspergillus niger and 40oC (121.86 IU/ml) for Aspergillus terreus. The Optimum pH for protease activity was pH 9 (106.85 IU/ml) for Aspergillus niger and pH 8 (107.90 IU/ml) for Aspergillus terreus. Optimum protease activity (29.36 IU/ml) at an incubation period of 48 hours was recorded for Aspergillus niger and 72 hours (182.2 IU/ml) for Aspergillus terreus. At 2% substrate concentration a maximum activity of 87.21 IU/ml and 76.5 IU/ml was recorded for Aspergillus niger and A. terreus, respectively.
Conclusion: The test fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus exhibited maximum hydrolytic potential for protease production which has a vast application in different industries.
Association Between Parental Leave and Ophthalmology Resident Physician Performance
Authors: Huh Dana D. , Wang Jiangxia , Fliotsos Michael J. , Beal Casey J. , Boente Charline S. , Wisely C. Ellis , De Andrade Lindsay M. , Lorch Alice C. , Ramanathan Saras , Reinoso Maria A. , Swamy Ramya N. , Waxman Evan L. , Woreta Fasika A. , Srikumaran Divya 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceAlthough parental leave is essential in enhancing resident wellness and fostering inclusive workplace environments, residents may often feel discouraged from using parental leave owing to perceived stigma and concerns about possible negative effects on their training.ObjectiveTo examine parental leave usage across multiple institutions and compare residency performance metrics between residents who took parental leave vs their peers who did not take leave.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted from April 1, 2020, to July 28, 2022, of educational records. Multicenter data were obtained from 10 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)–accredited ophthalmology programs across the US. Included ophthalmology residents graduated between 2015 and 2019. Data were analyzed from August 15, 2021, to July 25, 2022.ExposuresPerformance metrics of residents who used parental leave during residency were compared with those of residents who did not take parental leave.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMeasures of performance included the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) scores, ACGME milestones scores, board examination pass rates, research activity, and surgical volumes.ResultsOf the 283 ophthalmology residents (149 male [52.7%]) included in the study, 44 (15.5%) took a median (IQR) parental leave of 4.5 (2-6) weeks. There were no differences in average OKAP percentiles, research activity, average ACGME milestones scores, or surgical volume between residents who took parental leave and those who did not. Residents who pursued fellowship were less likely to have taken parental leave (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.68; P &amp;lt; .001), and residents who practiced in private settings after residency were more likely to have taken parental leave (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.79-7.08; P &amp;lt; .001). When stratified by sex, no differences were identified in performance between female residents who took parental leave compared with residents who did not take leave, except a mild surgical number difference in 1 subspecialty category of keratorefractive procedures (difference in median values, −2; 95% CI, −3.7 to −0.3; P = .03).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this multicenter cross-sectional study, no differences in performance metrics were identified between residents taking parental leave compared with their peers. These findings may provide reassurance to trainees and program directors regarding the unlikelihood, on average, that taking adequate parental leave will affect performance metrics adversely.
Indigenous Research Methods
Authors: Anderson Jenn 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHótȟaŋiŋpimeans “rising voices” in Lakota, the language spoken by many from the Lakota Sioux Tribe, located in what is now South Dakota. In this entry, the voices of Indigenous peoples are centered and amplified, so that as readers/listeners, we can begin to understand how we might take our place in the stories of knowledge co‐creation with Indigenous peoples. Health communication researchers and practitioners are always seeking to better connect with audiences and communities in order to find ways that communication can enhance health. This entry offers a glimpse into the power of storytelling as a framework for methodology as well as a way of co‐constructing meaning from lived experiences. Indigenous research methods do not follow the linear, prescriptive pattern of westernized knowledge creation; rather, they emerge from relationships where Indigenous ways of knowing are adopted. Whether you are new to Indigenous research methods, or are already engaged with them, this entry also challenges us to further interrogate the individual and systemic ways that our research, and the larger scholarly community, undermine, erase, or ignore Indigenous ways of knowing and being. As Stó:lō scholar Q'um Q'um Xiiem puts it, “My dear ones, our work is about to begin.”
Photovoice
Authors: Wiley Marissa L. , Gist‐Mackey Angela N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Photovoice is a participatory visual research methodology that was developed to foster social change and privilege the voices of marginalized populations. It has been widely used in health communication research. First, an overview of photovoice as a methodology is presented, sharing key definitions, attributes, and uses. Second, this entry highlights a number of photovoice studies to illustrate its widespread use in studying a variety of different healthcare contexts and health conditions. Next, this entry addresses research design considerations before employing this methodology, including: (i) identifying audiences; (ii) participant confidentiality; (iii) use of technology; (iv) participant direction for photography; (v) copyright legalities; and (vi) the role of interviews. In closing, future directions for photovoice methodology are proposed.
Healthcare Burnout
Authors: Vasquez Taylor S. , Vasquez Robert S. , Bylund Carma L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, a sense of detachment from others, and reduced personal accomplishment caused by prolonged high levels of occupational stress and is prevalent within the healthcare profession. Higher burnout levels have been shown to impact communication skills, patient‐centeredness, and patients' health outcomes. Many scales exist to measure burnout, with the Maslach Burnout Inventory used most frequently. Several descriptive studies have attempted to better understand healthcare burnout, and the scholarship in this area has begun to shift toward addressing, reducing, and preventing burnout among clinicians. Further program development and control trials are needed to effectively reduce burnout for prolonged amounts of time.
Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Hamel Lauren M. , Eggly Susan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of research on nonverbal communication in healthcare with a focus on patient–physician nonverbal communication. The entry summarizes patterns of findings, influential theoretical frameworks and observational coding systems, the influence of patient and physician gender and race/ethnicity, and major critiques of the field and ideas for future directions. Nonverbal communication between patients and their clinicians is instrumental in establishing trust, rapport, and many other important patient outcomes related to high‐quality patient care. Much of this research has focused on the individual (typically the physician), global assessments, and associations, rather than on the dyad, specific discrete behaviors, and methods that can assess the dynamics of the interpersonal communication process. We summarize ideas for future research and recent examples that have employed more sophisticated methods to model the reciprocal nature of nonverbal communication between diverse patient populations and their clinicians.
Patient Communication Skills Training
Authors: B. Taylor Greenberry , Bylund Carma L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Patient skills training programs have been developed to help individuals communicate more effectively with clinicians. These programs and interventions educate patients about different behavioral strategies such as asking questions and expressing concerns that can be used to enhance communication with clinicians. Patients possessing these skills feel empowered and are able to be actively engaged in conversations. Research has shown that patients who have gone through training report higher levels of satisfaction and care compared to those who have not. Lack of training can affect patients' confidence in engaging with clinicians. While most communication skills training research has focused on physician skills training and outcomes, it is essential that patient skills training and outcomes are also understood. When both clinicians and patients have the necessary tools to communicate effectively, they are able to form a shared understanding, which can increase quality of care and patient experience.
Pharmaceutical Lobbying
Authors: Dan Viorela 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Pharmaceutical lobbying refers to the activities carried out by pharmaceutical companies to influence policymaking. Sometimes, lobbying is understood as the core subfunction of
public affairs
, the latter defined as the activities devoted to the management of organizations' relationships with policymakers and with other organizations. The lobbying expenditures of pharmaceutical companies are exorbitant and exceed those by any other industry. The tactics employed are numerous, and can be classified in two groups: direct versus indirect. Direct tactics include participation in parliamentary hearings, and the establishment and maintenance of amiable relationships with policymakers and their staff (e.g., through party donations). Indirect tactics entail issue advertising, the involvement of patients (i.e., grassroots lobbying; astroturfing), and the involvement of key opinion leaders (KOL). The legitimacy of pharmaceutical lobbying is a matter of scholarly dispute. Advocates believe that lobbying allows policymakers to ensure that the legitimate concerns of all societal groups affected by a piece of legislation are being heard when that legislation is being drafted or revised. Challengers point out that not every societal group affected by a legislation is equally skilled in lobbying and has equal resources. Various regulations have been proposed in an attempt to increase transparency. Most importantly, it was suggested that several years should serve as a “cooling period” before somebody is allowed to switch sides between politics and lobbying. It is hoped that this would prevent what is known as the revolving door of influence. The effectiveness of this and other suggestions for increasing transparency is questionable.
Discrete Choice Experiments
Authors: Folkvord Frans , Lupiáñez‐Villanueva Francisco , Febrer Nuria , Gunderson Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Due to increasing healthcare costs across the world, limited resources have to be spent wisely. Considering the necessary, optimal provision financing of healthcare, economic techniques have a great potential to provide additional evidence to more traditional methodologies. One recently developed and adopted approach in health economics is the discrete choice experiment (DCE), which assumes that individual decisions with regard to a good or a service are determined by the attributes and characteristics of that good or service. DCE is a quantitative methodology for valuing different factors that are assumed to affect an outcome. DCE describes, explains, and predicts choices among people between two or more discrete alternatives. Unlike traditional ranking and rating exercises, DCE provides information on the strength of preference, trade‐offs, or probability of take‐up. Discrete choice models statistically relate the choice made by each participant to the attributes of that person as well as the attributes of the alternatives made available to that participant. In general, the models are often used to investigate how people's choices differ among participants with different backgrounds or between experimental manipulations.
Reactance Theory
Authors: Reynolds‐Tylus Tobias , Gonzalez Andrea Martinez 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Psychological reactance is a motivational state driven by the removal of a valued personal freedom. Psychological reactance theory is routinely used in health communication research to explain how persuasive messages may fail to achieve their intended objectives. This entry begins with an overview of psychological reactance theory and the measurement and modeling of reactance. Following this, research on message features, source factors, and individual characteristics associated with reactance are discussed.
Patient‐Reported Outcomes (PROM, PROMIS)
Authors: Pel‐Littel Ruth E. , Hofman Cynthia S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) and their significance. Different types of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are introduced, such as generic and specific PROMs, as well as the progression, evaluation, and future directions for their use. Even though there are various challenges with the implementation and use of PROMs (such as patients' motivation to complete a PROM and the shift from a disease/problem‐oriented approach in the healthcare conversations to an outcome/goal‐based approach), they can be overcome. PROMs are well established in their use for screening, monitoring, and improving communication at the individual (micro) level, and to aid in decision making, monitoring populations, and assessing quality at the aggregated (meso) level.
Discourse/Conversation Analysis
Authors: Koenig Christopher J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study of discourse has a long history in health communication, healthcare, and medical communication. This entry pairs conversation analysis and discourse analysis. While each approach has a unique history, methods, and aims, both approaches have a broad scope, and both approaches obscure the lines between theory and method traditionally drawn by social science methodology. This overview first synthesizes key similarities and differences of conversation analysis and discourse analysis as distinct qualitative research methods focused on language, language use, and language‐in‐action as constitutive of social life related to health communication. Separate sections highlight unique contributions for a diverse range and scope of studies using each approach. Conversation analysis typically uses audio and especially video recordings of medical encounters and other health‐related contexts and contributes understandings of turn design, action sequences, and overall occasions of medical and health interaction. Discourse analysis employs a variety of analytic methods and data types ranging from audio‐ or videorecorded interactions or texts on one end of the spectrum to a wide array of texts and images that are sometimes used together in a single analysis. This section uses the framework of macro, meso, and micro levels to discuss contributions to discourses of/in health communication. The entry concludes with some suggested future directions for conversation analysis and discourse analysis in health communication.