bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Grasshoppers on Wheat Field Borders Before Planting Winter Wheat, 1979
Authors: Mock D. E. , Johnson M.W. , Depew L. J. , Shuman M. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
M. sanguinipes and other grasshoppers seriously damage emerging winter wheat on the Great Plains. Management includes insecticidal control along roadsides, fencerows, and weedy field borders. We tested none insecticides with federal or recent Kansas SLN registration for grasshoppers at labelled rates. Four replications and control plots were in randomized complete block design along both sides of a 36 ft (10.97 m) wide gravel road in Greeley County, Kansas. Each plot was 15 ft by 100 ft (4.57 m by 30.48 m) lengthwise along the road. Vegetation in plots was mowed grass and Kochiascoparia (L.) with green kochia regrowth appearing. Plots were bordered on the outside by fields of dry wheat stubble. The west field had a few small green patches of kochia and Russian thistle, Salsolakali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch., and a very low population of M. sanguinipes. The east field had large, dense patches of kochia and Russian thistle, especially near the experimental plots, harboring 5 to 15 grasshoppers per sq yd (per 0.84 sq m), primarily M. differentialis. Nearly all grasshoppers were adults when treated. Treatments were p.m. Aug 13; temperature, ca 80 F (27 C). A trace of 0.05 in (0.13 cmYrain fell each of the next 3 days. All sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 12 gal mixture per acre (112 l/ha). Bait was applied by hand. Live grasshopper counts were estimated before treatment and 1, 3, and 8 days after treatment. Dead hoppers were counted 3 days post-treatment in five 0.5 sq yd (0.42 sq m) sites per plot.
Methods Improvement Trials Using the Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (GYPCHEK) Of The Gypsy Moth, 1977
Authors: Munson Allen S. , Reardon Richard C. , Hubbard Harry B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of gypsy moth NPV when applied using an equipment configuration of flat fan nozzles that duplicated spray characteristics (vmd = 250-350m; 33 droplets/cm2) obtained in the 1975 and 1976 field tests where 6 Beecomist nozzles were used. Treatments were assigned using a completely randomized design on 12 plots, each 14.2 ha, located in Union and Snyder counties, Pennsylvania. Initial applications were made when at least 75 percent of the gypsy moth larvae were in the 2nd instar and leaf expansion was at least 50 percent for white oak. The 2nd application was applied 7 days later. The standard formulation of GYPCHEK -- 227 g of Shade, 4.4 ml of Chevron Spray Sticker and 4.7 -- of Pacific feed-grade molasses with water to make 18.7ℓ. of finished spray per hectare per application -- was applied in the evening (between 4 p.m. and sunset) at 62 x 106 gypsy moth potency units/ha/application. Grumman AgCats equipped with standard spray booms and 6 Beecomist nozzles (Model 275) with 80 to 100 micron mesh sleeves of 52 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) were used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 6 plots. Swath width was 23 m and air-craft speed during application was 144.8 kph (90 mph). A Cessna AgTruck equipped with standard spray boom and 46 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) was used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 3 plots. Swath width was 18 m and aircraft speed during application was 193 kph (120 mph).
Control of Bagworms on Arborvitae, 1980
Authors: Ree Bill , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Young Jerry , Peden Martha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated on an arborvitae hedge in two separate tests between June 10 and June 21. In Test 1, 120 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of an 8 ft section, 5 to 6 ft high. In Test 2, 270 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of a 15 ft section, 5 to 6 ft high. Treatments were sprayed until runoff with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43, which delivered 2.4 gal/min at 200 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 80°F, 0-3 mph and 90 F, 15-20 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Larvae were taken at ran-dom from 18 inches of terminal branch at 1, 3, and 7 days after application and mortality was determined by examining 10, 0.25 to 0.50 inch larvae from each treatment.
Early and Mid-Season Chemical Control Tests of Eastern Tent Caterpillar in Maryland
Authors: Neal John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested flowering crab apple trees lining access roads on the Beltsville Research Center were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides. Trees were of several species and cultivars and ranged considerably in age and size. Tent caterpillar infestations on these trees have increased annually since 1978. The 49 trees used in these tests had an average of 4.15 tents/tree. Finished spray was applied to each tent and surrounding branches and foliage with a Hudson Climax pneumatic sprayer operated at full pressure. Five randomly chosen individual replicates per treatment were sprayed on Apr 18 and May 2 between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. when most of the larvae were In their tents. Observations for mortality was on day 7 and day 6 post treatment for treatments on April 18 and May 2, respectively. In Test 1, the diameter of the long axis of tents ranged from 5 to 12.5 cm with trees showing 0-3% bloom. Daily high temperatures ranged from 14°C in the day of application to 26°C during the test period. No rain fell between application and observation. In test 2, tents were approaching full size and were multiple layered with trees in full or declining bloom. Daily high temperatures ranged from 21 C on the day of application to 29°C during the test period. At 5:30 p.m. on the day of application, a brief shower deposited 3.45 ml of rainfall. Five tents were removed from unsprayed trees in the test area and larvae counted to provide an estimate of population size.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus, 1980
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Haefner John D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field of nursery grown 10-18 in Taxus infested with Fletcher scale was selected for insecticide evaluation. Eight insecticides were tested at 2 rates plus a control. Scale egg hatch occurred on Jun 25 and all crawlers were firmly attached to the needles by the time of the test on July 10. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a randomized block design. Chemicals were applied with a tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer operating at 40 psi. All plants were sprayed to run off. Sunny conditions persisted at treatment time with an air temperature of 86°F and a light breeze (&lt;8 mph). Less than 0.5 inch of rain occurred 1 day prior to treatment with no rain for 5 days post treatment. Plants were sampled at 1, 2 and 4 week intervals following treatment. The number of live and dead scale nymphs were counted on 40 needles/plant: 10 needles from each of 4, 1-2 year old twigs sampled randomly from each cardinal direction of the plant. Percentage data were transformed using arcsine and analyzed by ANOVA.
Candidate Fumigants for Control of Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1979-1980
Authors: Benschoter C. A. , King J. R. , Plimmerand J. R. , McGovern T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Our principal thrust has been the investigation of naturally occurring compounds found in edible plant parts. Three halogenated compounds were included in these tests for comparison. All chemicals used were reagent grade (99% pure) or better. Fumigation containers were 3.8 liter wide-mouth glass jars with teflonlined screw-cap lids. An open petri dish containing 200 mature fruit fly larvae was placed in each jar. Test chemicals were then pipetted onto 11-cm filter papers placed in the jars with the insects and the lids were fastened in place. Because this was a static system, the jars were placed on their sides to reduce settling effects. All tests were conducted at 24°C and 50% RH. Survival was based on the number of insects reaching the adult stage. Compounds were selected that had boiling points low enough to volatilize in a reasonable period of time (= 15 min) without application of heat. A two-phase testing procedure was used to screen the chemicals. Test 1 was designed to eliminate compounds that were not effective at high dosage-time combinations, and involved exposure of larvae to 16, 32, and 64 g/m3 for 4 hours. Results are presented in Table 1. High mortality in Test 1 qualified compounds for second-phase testing. Test 2 involved exposing larvae to a series of lower dosages for only 2 hours so that LD values could be determined. Data were first corrected by Abbott’s formula. Then linear regression equations were computed by the method of least squares, and LD5Q and LD95 values estimated from these equations.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1980
Authors: Dawley B. , Carroll J. , Staker K. , Hayes D. , Weinland B. , Fons J. , Wood S. , Klag N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Colony-reared insects were caged and exposed to insecticide formulations in commercial transport trailers (ca 71 rrr) in Miami, Florida, and Baltimore, Maryland. Approximately 100 resistant (Gainesville MR) M. domestica, 100 resistant (Gainesville HD) A. quadrimaculatus, 100 A. taeniorhynchus, and 25-30 resistant (Hazard) B. germanica, A. Grandis and H. virescens were caged in separate 0.24 I paper cans screened on the upper end with 7 mesh/cm2 nylon screen; 20 R. sanguineus were caged in 30 ml plastic cups covered with 8 mesh/cm2 screen. All 2% ai aerosols were formulated with a 1:1 mixture of Fll and F12 as solvent/propellant, 5 and 10% aerosols with F12 only. Dusts were formulated with Hi Sil 233 carrier except in one instance where Diabrite diatomaceous earth was substituted. Caged insects were placed in uniform positions along trailer sides, 10 cm from sidewalls. Dusts were applied with a “dust gun” from outside trailer through an open rear door with CO2 as propellant. Aerosols were applied from within; proper dosages were obtained by spraying for the required time as determined by release rate for each can (avg 1 g/sec) and weighing and reapplying in necessary. One formulation was also applied with a total release dispenser, a normal aerosol can filled to give desired dose and fitted with a total release actuator. After application, rear doors were closed for 10 min, then the right rear door was opened for the remaining 20 min of the exposure period. Average temperature during tests and posttreatment holding period was 22°C. Individual trailers were used only once. Treatments were replicated at least twice. Mortality counts were taken at 24 hr posttreatment and Abbott’s formula was applied to adjust for control mortality. Data were analyzed with Duncan’s multiple range test.
Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Tests with Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Herald Freddie , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four mixed breed beef herds of cattle in Owen County were treated with either 10% Atroban ear tags or 13.7% Rabon ear tags on May 15. In Fayette County five heards of mixed breed beef herds were treated with either 8% Ectrin ear tags, 13.7% Rabon ear fags, or a 1% Rabon dustbag-1% Ravap backrubber combination treatment on May 20. Cows and calves were tagged with different numbers of ear tags as described in the table below. Cow-calf herds in the general area were used as untreated controls. Flies were monitored weekly by estimating the horn fly population on one side of ten randomly selected cows/herd and face flies were counted on the faces of ten cows and ten calves in each herd. Results are presented as 3 week averages.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Kanour William W. , Starner Van R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates were as follows: UC-55248 on Apr 25, Jun 7, Jul 16 and 25; SLJ-0312 on May 14, Jun II and Jul 9; calcium chloride only treatments on May 28, Jul I and Aug 19; all other treatments on Jun 7 and 17, Jul 16 and 25 (Plictran was added to the 1st calcium chloride treatment on these dates). General purpose sprays of 3 lbs. captan 50W, 0.5 lb. Guthion 50W and 3 lbs. Sevin 50W/50 gals of water/acre were applied at ca. intervals of 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 61.5°F; Jun 66.5°F; Jul 74.9°F; and Aug 76.3°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49; Jun 4.02; Jul 1.48; and Aug 1.71. Effectiveness of the test materials on the European red mite was evaluated by making several counts of mites on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russeting of Golden Delicious apples was determined by scoring a random sample of 30 apples/replicate, 60 apples/treatment. Fruits were rated as no russeting (I), light russeting (2), moderate russeting (3), and severe russeting (4). Possible ranges were: russeting, none to light 30-60, light to moderate 60-90, and moderate to severe 90-120.
Cattle, Control of Horn Flies with Atroban, Ectrin and Rabon Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Wright Russell E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear tags were tested for horn fly control on 11 herds of cattle in Noble and Payne Counties in Oklahoma. Two herds of 21 animals each were tagged with 1, 8% Ectrin rag per animal on April 23, 2 herds of 20 animals each were tagged with 1, 8% Ectrin tag per every 2 animals on April 23, and 1 herd of 25 animals was tagged with 2, 8% Ectrin tags per animal on May 2. Two herds of 20 and 21 animals were tagged with 1, 13.7% Rabon tag per every animal on April 17, 1 herd of 21 animals was tagged with 1, 13.7% Rabon tag per every 2 animals on April 17, and 1 herd of 20 animals with 2, 13.7% Rabon tags per animal on May 8. One herd of 20 animals was tagged with 1, 10% Atroban tag per animal on May 14, and a 2nd herd of 24 animals with 1,10% Atroban tag per every 2 animals on May 21. Horn fly counts were counted per one side of at least 20 animals in each week if possible, although sometimes as few as 15 were counted. Similar horn fly counts were made on 2 untreated herds in the same area. Two herds in Osage County were also tagged. One herd of 25 animals was tagged with 2, 8% Ectrin tags per animal on May 9 and 1 herd of 30 animals with 2, 13.7% Rabon tags per animal on May 9. Fly counts on the treated Osage County herds and a check herd were made at 2-3 week intervals or more often.
Laboratory and Field Tests of Union Carbide 57193 4E for Efficacy Against Mosquito Larvae, 1979 and 1980
Authors: Kottkamp W. B. , Gilmore J.A. , Williams D.C. , Meisch M. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory test was conducted against C. quinguefasciatus larvae in late third or early fourth instar. Insecticide concentrations ranged from 0.0000001 to 40 ppm. Ten larvae were placed in each 237 ml test paper cup. The tests were replicated at least 3 times and larval mortality was ascertained 24 hours posttreahnent. UC 57193 was field tested in a ricefield plot 6.096 m X 48.77 m (0.069h). The initial treatment of material was 560.9 g ai/surface h. This was increased in a second experiment to 1121.8 g ai/surface h. Water was added to improve titration and the entire mixture placed in a 3.784 I polyvinyl container and dripped into the plot. Two 22 gauge hypodermic needles were inserted in the bottom of the container and the material dripped into the field at the irrigation source. Late third or early fourth instar Ps. columbioe were field collected from natural breeding sites for this test. The larvae were confined in bioassay cups made of 10.16 cm diameter plastic irrigation pipe cut into 26.32 cm sections. The bottom of each cup was covered with fine nylon mesh. A series of three 1.27 cm holes cut 2 cm above the bottom were also covered with mesh. These holes provided for circulation of treated plot water within the cup. Ten larvae were confined in each of 4 bio-assay cups and the four cups were placed midway along each of four levees. The field test was replicated three times for each treatment level. A 24 hour post-treatment mortality survey was conducted on each test. A laboratory test against Ps. columbioe was conducted concurrently with the field test using water samples taken from the field plot immediately after titration was completed. In the laboratory, the field water was placed in paper 237 ml paper cupsand ten Ps. columbiae larvae were introduced. Posttreafment surveys of larval mortality were conducted at 24 hours.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1980
Authors: Wright F. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear canker mites, Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond), taken from the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. Approximately 20 to 25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (6.3 cm2) made from heat-sealable rice paper (Wright and Riner, 1979. Southwest. Entomol. 4: 40-45). The acaricides were tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100 or as company supplied emulsifiable concentrates or wettable powders. Because of solubility problems, some acaricides were formulated as 10 or 20% EC’s in xylene: Triton X-100 or in (1:1) mixtures of l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and xylene: Triton X-100 (65:10). Three bags containing mites were dipped in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened 24 hours posttreatment, and the mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement. Mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%.
Swine, Control of Hog Lice on Brood Sows, 1978
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted in Buckingham County, Virginia, from June ’78 to Aug ’78 on brood sows. Two rates of GX-118, 1:2 parts water and 1:5 parts water, were compared to pre-treatment counts and untreated check animals. GX-118 contains 11.6% Prolate (phosmet) which equals 1 lb per gallon active ingredient. Both dilutions were applied as a pour-on. Animals were treated along the backline from the neck area to the hip area. Approximately 1 oz/cwt of body weight was applied to each animal by means of a calibrated dipper.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. , Kanour William M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 3 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates of chemicals are listed as amounts/acre/alternate middle. Spray dates for the treatments were: May 16, 22, and 30, Jun 6, 17, and 25; Jul 2, 10, 18 and 28; Aug 5, 14 , 22 and 29. The Pounce 3.2EC treatment and Pounce plus Penncap M treatment were applied on the first 4 spray dates, whereas the 2 rates of FMC-45806 were applied on the remaining spray dates. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, capfan, zineb and calcium chloride. Average temperatures were: May 61.5°F, Jun 66.4°F, Jul 74.9°F, Aug 76.3°F and Sep 65.5°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49, Jun 4.02, Jul 1.48, Aug 1.71 and Sep 1.53. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 top terminals/ tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 Ivs/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 75 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predators, S.punctum and H.vitripennis was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae and adults and nymphs, respectively, around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jul 17 and 2 picked samples on Aug 9 and Sep 15. Apple samples averaged 189 fruits/replicate and 946/treatmenf. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as follows: no russet (1), light russet (2), moderate russet (3), and severe russet (4). Possible means are: no russet to light russet 30-60, light to moderate russet 60-90, and moderate to severe russet 90-120.
Garden Fleahopper, Insect Growth Regulators, 1975*
Authors: Stuart L. Claire , Butler Linda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to three-year-old ‘Narragansett’ alfalfa at the West Virginia University Reedsville Experiment Farm on July 10 with a John Bean tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer with a 6 m boom, tank capacity 189 liters, pressure 2.1 kg/cm2 and calibrated to deliver 243 liters/lia at a tractor speed of 5.6 to 6.4 km/h. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design, using 12 x 18 m plots with 6 m alleys between rows for tractor access. Samples were collected by vacuum machine.
Apple, Woolly Apple Aphid Control on Containerized Nursery Apple Trees, 1980
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. , Williams H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Registered insecticides were tested for efficacy on apple trees infested with woolly apple aphids in a commercial nursery at McMinnville, TN. The trees had been planted in 11-Inch diameter (5 gal) black plastic pots in spring 1979. Infestation counts were made by placing a wire mesh grid with 2-inch squares around the exposed root ball. All Infested squares were counted before treatment. After treatment only squares with active colonies were counted. Ten trees per treatment were arranged in a completely random design and treated on Jun 12’80 with I gal of solution as a soil drench. The Di-Syston granules were incorporated Into the soil surface prior to drenching. Check trees received I gal of water.
Pear, Pear Rust Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Hanson L. A. , Riedl Helmut 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 15 year old pear block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Field Station in San Jose, CA, was used in this test. Plots consisted of 6 trees (3x2), with 3 replications per treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of single applications of THAT flowable sulfur and Voick Supreme oil, used alone and in combination. Sprays were applied until runoff using a hand gun sprayer at 300 psi Leaf samples were taken at ca. monthly intervals during the summer. Leaves were brushed and mites counted under a binocular scope. Russet damage was assessed at harvest.
Peach, Acaricide Tests, 1980
Authors: Horsbufgh R. L. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates for each treatment. Each replicate was represented by a different cultivar (Madison, Loring, SunHigh, and Red Haven). Treatments were applied to run-off with a hand-gun at 14.06 kg/cm2 (200 psi) and 132.5 litres/min (35 gpm). Unsprayed buffer trees were left between all replicates. Sprays were applied Jul 8 and 22. A pretreatment (Jul 7) and 4 posttreatment mite counts (Jul 15, 22, 29, and Aug 5) were made. Random samples of 20 leaves/tree were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites were counted. Data were recorded as mites/leaf. All data were transformed to log10 (X+l). ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used for the analyses. Plictran 50W was the standard.