bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviving the view: evidence that macromolecule synthesis fuels bacterial spore germination
Authors: Zhou Bing , Alon Sima , Rao Lei , Sinai Lior , Ben-Yehuda Sigal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and its relatives are capable of forming a durable dormant long-lasting spore. Although spores can remain dormant for years, they possess the remarkable capacity to rapidly resume life and convert into actively growing cells. This cellular transition initiates with a most enigmatic irreversible event, termed germination, lasting only for a few minutes. Germination is typified by a morphological conversion that culminates in loss of spore resilient properties. Yet, the molecular events occurring during this brief critical phase are largely unknown. The current widely accepted view considers germination to occur without the need for any macromolecule synthesis; however, accumulating data from our laboratory and others, highlighted here, provide evidence that both transcription and translation occur during germination and are required for its execution. We further underline numerous overlooked studies, conducted mainly during the 1960s–1970s, reinforcing this notion. We propose to revisit the fascinating process of spore germination and redefine it as a pathway involving macromolecule synthesis. We expect our perspective to shed new light on the awakening process of a variety of spore-forming environmental, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria and possibly be applicable to additional organisms displaying a quiescent life form.
Effects of Pre-Bunching Trees With a Tethered Feller-Buncher on Cable Logging Productivity and Costs: A Case Study in Southern Oregon
Authors: Chung Woodam , Morrissette Brett , Green Preston , Garrelts Brennan , Leshchinsky Ben , Belart Francisca , Sessions John , Wimer Jeff , Garland John 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWinch-assist or tethered logging technology is rapidly being adopted by the forest industry across the western United States to replace conventional and dangerous manual tree falling in cable logging areas. Although the safety benefits of the technology are widely acknowledged, the effects of tethered mechanized timber falling and pre-bunching on the subsequent cable yarding operations have not been thoroughly investigated. We conducted a field study in southern Oregon to compare manual versus mechanized timber falling side-by-side for their impacts on the productivity and costs of cable logging operations. Our study shows that the costs of mechanized timber falling were higher than manual falling owing to high costs of tether equipment, but the ability of the felling machine to pre-bunch trees into piles along designated skyline corridors made subsequent cable yarding operations significantly more efficient. The efficiency gained during yarding was sufficient not only to offset cost increase in felling but also to reduce the total production costs of felling and yarding operations by 32% compared with cable yarding after manual timber falling.
A homing suppression gene drive with multiplexed gRNAs maintains high drive conversion efficiency and avoids functional resistance alleles
Authors: Yang Emily , Metzloff Matthew , Langmüller Anna M , Xu Xuejiao , Clark Andrew G , Messer Philipp W , Champer Jackson 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gene drives are engineered alleles that can bias inheritance in their favor, allowing them to spread throughout a population. They could potentially be used to modify or suppress pest populations, such as mosquitoes that spread diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 homing drives, which copy themselves by homology-directed repair in drive/wild-type heterozygotes, are a powerful form of gene drive, but they are vulnerable to resistance alleles that preserve the function of their target gene. Such resistance alleles can prevent successful population suppression. Here, we constructed a homing suppression drive in Drosophila melanogaster that utilized multiplexed gRNAs to inhibit the formation of functional resistance alleles in its female fertility target gene. The selected gRNA target sites were close together, preventing reduction in drive conversion efficiency. The construct reached a moderate equilibrium frequency in cage populations without apparent formation of resistance alleles. However, a moderate fitness cost prevented elimination of the cage population, showing the importance of using highly efficient drives in a suppression strategy, even if resistance can be addressed. Nevertheless, our results experimentally demonstrate the viability of the multiplexed gRNAs strategy in homing suppression gene drives.
Psychometric Properties of The Five-Item Victimization of Exploitation (FIVE) Scale: A Measure of Financial Abuse of Older Adults
Authors: Hancock David W , Burnes David P R , Pillemer Karl A , Czaja Sara J , Lachs Mark S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Elder mistreatment affects at least 1 in 10 older adults. Financial abuse, or exploitation, of older adults is among the most commonly reported forms of abuse. Few validated measures exist to measure this construct. We aim to present a new psychometrically validated measure of financial abuse of older adults.

Research Design and Methods
Classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) methodologies were used to examine a five-item measure of financial abuse of older adults, administered as part of the New York State Elder Mistreatment Survey.

Results
Factor analysis revealed a single factor best fits the data, which we labeled as financial abuse. Moreover, IRT analyses revealed that these items discriminated well between abused and nonabused persons and provided information at high levels of the latent trait θ, as is expected in cases of abuse.

Discussion and Implications
The Five-Item Victimization of Exploitation Scale has acceptable psychometric properties and has been used successfully in large-scale survey research. We recommend this measure as an indicator of financial abuse in elder abuse, or mistreatment prevalence research studies.
Eclipse timing modelling of three post-common envelope binaries: hybrid solutions
Authors: Mai Xinyu , Mutel Robert L 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We report 90 new observations of three post-common envelope binaries at primary eclipse spanning between 2018 December and 2022 February. We combine recent primary eclipse timing observations with previously published values to search for substellar circumbinary components consistent with timing variations from a linear ephemeris. We used a least-squares minimization fitting algorithm weighted by a Hill orbit stability function, followed by Bayesian inference, to determine best-fitting orbital parameters and associated uncertainties. For HS2231+2441, we find that the timing data are consistent with a constant period and that there is no evidence to suggest orbiting components. For HS0705 + 6700, we find both one- and two-component solutions stable for at least 10 Myr. For HW Vir, we find three- and four-component solutions that fit the timing data reasonably well, but are unstable on short time-scales, and therefore highly improbable. Conversely, solutions calculated using a Bayesian orbit stability prior result in a poor fit. The stable solutions significantly deviate from the ensemble timing data in both systems. We speculate that the observed timing variations for these systems, and very possibly other sdB binaries, may result from a combination of substellar component perturbations and an Applegate–Lanza mechanism.
The velocity statistics of turbulent clouds in the presence of gravity, magnetic fields, radiation, and outflow feedback
Authors: Hu Yue , Federrath Christoph , Xu Siyao , Mathew Sajay Sunny 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTThe interaction of turbulence, magnetic fields, self-gravity, and stellar feedback within molecular clouds is crucial for understanding star formation. We study the effects of self-gravity and outflow feedback on the properties of the turbulent velocity via the SF over length-scales from ∼0.01 to 2 pc. We analyse a series of three-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of star cluster formation. We find outflow feedback can change the scaling of velocity fluctuations but still roughly being in between Kolmogorov and Burgers turbulence. We observe that self-gravity and protostellar outflows increase the velocity fluctuations over all length-scales. Outflows can amplify the velocity fluctuations by up to a factor of ∼7 on scales ∼0.01–0.2 pc and drive turbulence up to a scale of ∼1 pc. The amplified velocity fluctuations provide more support against gravity and enhance fragmentation on small scales. The self-gravity’s effect is more significant on smaller dense clumps and it increases the fraction of the compressive velocity component up to a scale of ∼0.2 pc. However, outflow feedback drives both solenoidal and compressive modes, but it induces a higher fraction of solenoidal modes relative to compressive modes. Thus, with outflows, the dense core ends up with a slightly higher fraction of solenoidal modes. We find that the compressible fraction is fairly constant with about 1/3 on scales ∼0.1–0.2 pc. The combined effect of enhanced velocity dispersion and reduced compressive fraction contributes to a reduction in the star formation rate.
Avoidance of Emergency Care in the Southeastern United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gettler Erin , Stern Rebecca , Ni Bin , Munro Heather M , Steinwandel Mark , Aronoff David M , Gupta Deepak K , Sanderson Maureen , Shrubsole Martha J , Lipworth Loren 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In a low-income cohort in the Southeastern United States, 5% of participants avoided emergency medical care during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, primarily due to fear and visitor restrictions. Younger age, self-perceived lower health status, lack of a personal doctor, and decreased income were associated with greater likelihood of deferring emergency care.
Tonic endocannabinoid signaling supports sleep through development in both sexes
Authors: Martin Shenée C , Gay Sean M , Armstrong Michael L , Pazhayam Nila M , Reisdorph Nichole , Diering Graham H 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSleep is an essential behavior that supports brain function and cognition throughout life, in part by acting on neuronal synapses. The synaptic signaling pathways that mediate the restorative benefits of sleep are not fully understood, particularly in the context of development. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) including 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), are bioactive lipids that activate cannabinoid receptor, CB1, to regulate synaptic transmission and mediate cognitive functions and many behaviors, including sleep. We used targeted mass spectrometry to measure changes in forebrain synaptic eCBs during the sleep/wake cycle in juvenile and adolescent mice of both sexes. We find that eCBs lack a daily rhythm in juvenile mice, while in adolescents AEA and related oleoyl ethanolamide are increased during the sleep phase in a circadian manner. Next, we manipulated the eCB system using selective pharmacology and measured the effects on sleep behavior in developing and adult mice of both sexes using a noninvasive piezoelectric home-cage recording apparatus. Enhancement of eCB signaling through inhibition of 2-AG or AEA degradation, increased dark-phase sleep amount and bout length in developing and adult males, but not in females. Inhibition of CB1 by injection of the antagonist AM251 reduced sleep time and caused sleep fragmentation in developing and adult males and females. Our data suggest that males are more sensitive to the sleep-promoting effects of enhanced eCBs but that tonic eCB signaling supports sleep behavior through multiple stages of development in both sexes. This work informs the further development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics for sleep disruption.
Enteric methane mitigation interventions
Authors: Fouts Julia Q , Honan Mallory C , Roque Breanna M , Tricarico Juan M , Kebreab Ermias 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMitigation of enteric methane (CH4) presents a feasible approach to curbing agriculture’s contribution to climate change. One intervention for reduction is dietary reformulation, which manipulates the composition of feedstuffs in ruminant diets to redirect fermentation processes toward low CH4 emissions. Examples include reducing the relative proportion of forages to concentrates, determining the rate of digestibility and passage rate from the rumen, and dietary lipid inclusion. Feed additives present another intervention for CH4 abatement and are classified based on their mode of action. Through inhibition of key enzymes, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and halogenated compounds directly target the methanogenesis pathway. Rumen environment modifiers, including nitrates, essential oils, and tannins, act on the conditions that affect methanogens and remove the accessibility of fermentation products needed for CH4 formation. Low CH4-emitting animals can also be directly or indirectly selected through breeding interventions, and genome-wide association studies are expected to provide efficient selection decisions. Overall, dietary reformulation and feed additive inclusion provide immediate and reversible effects, while selective breeding produces lasting, cumulative CH4 emission reductions.
Stand-Alone Cage Versus Anterior Plating for 1-Level and 2-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Zavras Athan G. , Nolte Michael T. , Sayari Arash J. , Singh Kern , Colman Matthew W. 
Published: April 2022

Study Design:
Prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Objective:
The aim was to compare perioperative and radiographic outcomes between stand-alone and anterior plated 1 and 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Summary of Background Data:
ACDF with interbody spacer and separate plate/screw construct (PLATE) may be associated with a higher incidence of postoperative dysphagia, increased operative time, and other complications. Therefore, some have opted to utilize an interbody cage with integrated screws and no plate (CAGE) with good results.

Materials and Methods:
Patients with 1-level to 2-level degenerative disease were prospectively enrolled and randomized into 1 of 2 treatment arms consisting of either PLATE or CAGE reconstruction. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. Primary endpoints included improvement on patient-reported outcome metrics, construct integrity, cervical alignment, successful arthrodesis, and subsequent revision surgeries.

Results:
Forty-six patients were included: 12 with 1-level PLATE, 12 with 1-level CAGE, 12 with 2-level PLATE, and 10 with 2-level CAGE. For 1-level ACDF, PLATE patients reported worse swallow function on Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire at 6 weeks (P=0.050) and 6 months (P=0.042). Pseudarthrosis requiring revision was observed in one PLATE patient. For 2-level ACDF CAGE patients reported worse disability on neck disability index (P=0.037) at 6 weeks, as well as worse neck disability index (P=0.017) and visual analog scale neck (P=0.010) at 6 months. However, PLATE patients reported worse swallow function on Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire at 6 weeks (P=0.038). There were no differences in the rates of fusion, loss of disc height correction, subsidence, or in sagittal parameters between cohorts for both 1-level and 2-level ACDF.

Conclusion:
There was greater incidence of transient postoperative dysphagia in both single and 2-level PLATE cohorts. However, early postoperative outcomes were worse for 2-level CAGE in certain patient-reported metrics. This suggests that although anterior instrumentation may be associated with a higher likelihood of dysphagia, it may also lead to higher short-term stability and improved patient-reported outcomes for 2-level fusion.
Beyond Vaccination Rates: A Synthetic Random Proxy Metric of Total SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Seroprevalence in the Community
Authors: Si Yajuan , Covello Leonard , Wang Siquan , Covello Theodore , Gelman Andrew 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Explicit knowledge of total community-level immune seroprevalence is critical to developing policies to mitigate the social and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2. Publicly available vaccination data are frequently cited as a proxy for population immunity, but this metric ignores the effects of naturally acquired immunity, which varies broadly throughout the country and world. Without broad or random sampling of the population, accurate measurement of persistent immunity post-natural infection is generally unavailable.

Methods:
To enable tracking of both naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, we set up a synthetic random proxy based on routine hospital testing for estimating total immunoglobulin G (IgG) prevalence in the sampled community. Our approach analyzed viral IgG testing data of asymptomatic patients who presented for elective procedures within a hospital system. We applied multilevel regression and poststratification to adjust for demographic and geographic discrepancies between the sample and the community population. We then applied state-based vaccination data to categorize immune status as driven by natural infection or by vaccine.

Results:
We validated the model using verified clinical metrics of viral and symptomatic disease incidence to show the expected biologic correlation of these entities with the timing, rate, and magnitude of seroprevalence. In mid-July 2021, the estimated immunity level was 74% with the administered vaccination rate of 45% in the two counties.

Conclusions:
Our metric improves real-time understanding of immunity to COVID-19 as it evolves and the coordination of policy responses to the disease, toward an inexpensive and easily operational surveillance system that transcends the limits of vaccination datasets alone.
A Study of a Novel Controlled Focal Septa Release Method for Improving Cellulite
Authors: Layt Craig 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Cellulite is a common and often emotionally distressing condition among affected individuals. The dimpled appearance is caused by fibrous connective tissue, or septa, which tether the dermis to underlying fascia. A novel, minimally invasive, controlled focal septa release method was developed to selectively identify, target and manually release the tethers in a precise manner from a single insertion point (Revelle Aesthetics). The following pilot study evaluated the safety and feasibility of this method for treating subjects with moderate-to-severe cellulite.

Methods:
Female subjects (N = 10), 21–55 years old underwent unilateral controlled, focal fibrous septa release on the buttocks and thighs. Local anesthesia was administered using standard techniques. Cellulite depressions were marked with the subject standing at rest. Target septa were identified in the marked areas by applying tension with the device to reproduce the dimple appearance on the skin. Once identified, the contributing septa were severed with the device. For eight subjects, access was achieved with one small incision in the gluteal crease. Study assessments occurred on posttreatment days 1, 3, 14, 30, and 90.

Results:
All procedures were successfully completed with no serious or unexpected adverse events and the procedure was well tolerated. Mild adverse events were transient bruising and soreness. Target septa can be visualized on the skin by applying tension with the device. Multiple depressions can be treated from a single entry point.

Conclusion:
These results confirm the safety and feasibility of the controlled focal fibrous septa release method to treat moderate and severe cellulite. Additional trials are ongoing.
The Pathogenesis of Pierre Robin Sequence through a Review of SOX9 and Its Interactions
Authors: Al-Qattan Mohammad M. , Almohrij Saad A. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The literature does not offer any review of the pathogenesis of the clinical features of syndromes with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). The senior author (MMA) proposed a hypothesis that SOX9 and its interactions may play a key role in this pathogenesis. The current review aims to test this hypothesis.

Methods:
Three literature searches were made: the first aimed to document the main syndromes associated with PRS; and the second was to document the main functions of SOX9 in development; and the third was to investigate if SOX9 and its interactions may play a role in the pathogenesis.

Results:
SOX9 is the main positive regulator in the development of the mandibular cartilage and it also enhances collagen type II (the main collagen type in cartilage) expression in the mandibular cartilage. Furthermore, SOX9 participates in neural crest development, binds to the exon junction complex, and participates in sex determination. The interactions of SOX9 could explain the pathogenesis of the clinical features of syndromic PRS. These included interactions with collagen type II (in Strickler syndrome), exon junction complex (in Richier-Costa–Periera syndrome), glucose (in Catel–Manzke syndrome), RNA-binding proteins (in TARP syndrome), and the spliceosome (in cerebra-costo-mandibular syndrome). Finally, SOX9 mutations cause campomelic dysplasia.

Conclusions:
The review supports the hypothesis of the participation of SOX9 in the pathogenesis of the clinical features of syndromic and nonsyndromic PRS. This should guide future research on the topic.
Modeling a Lossy Dieletric Polymer-based Thermoacoustic High Power Microwave Directed Energy Exposure Detection System
Authors: Frey James J. , Cobb Richard G. , McClory John W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Presented are design considerations for a potential detection and measurement technique that could provide operational awareness of high power microwave (HPM) directed energy weapon exposure for force health protection applications, leveraging thermoacoustic (TA) wave generation as the field interaction mechanism. The HPM electromagnetic frequency (EMF) regime, used in applications in both the counter-materiel and non-lethal counter-personnel design space, presents real-time personnel exposure warning challenges due to the potentially wide variation in time and frequency domain characteristics of the incident beam. As with other EM-thermal interactions, the thermoacoustic wave effect provides the potential to determine EM energy and power deposition without the need to measure ambient field intensity values or overload-sensitive EMF survey equipment. Following measurement of relevant EM, thermal, and elastic material property values, a carbon-filled polytetrafluoroethylene (CF-PTFE) lossy dielectric medium subject to pulsed HPM was computationally modeled using the commercial finite element method multi-physics simulation software package COMSOL. The simulation was used to explore the impacts of various material properties on TA signal output as a function of simulated incident field power density, EM frequency, and pulse length, thereby informing the selection of system components for the further development of a full TA-based HPM detection chain.