bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
User Interaction With CAD Models With Nonholonomic Parametric Surface Constraints
Authors: Nelson Donald D. , Cohen Elaine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
User manipulation of assembly models can provide insight during the early, formulative design stages into kinematic and dynamic characteristics of a mechanism. We present the advantages of kinematic representation of constraint equations in fully Cartesian coordinates, a departure from standard practice for interactive mechanical assembly at interactive rates.
Formulations of a surface rolling contact constraint equation and its Jacobian, defined as a joint between two NURBS surfaces via position, tangency and velocity constraint relations, are derived for use in dynamic simulation and assembly optimization. The constraint equation formulations use quaternions to represent orientation. An appendix develops appropriate differential algebra.
In this work we develop the use of constraints in global frame Cartesian coordinates for describing operator-in-the-loop interactions with mechanical assemblies under a unified framework combining lower-pair joints and more general surface contact interactions.
Using a Wavelet Network to Characterize Real Environments for Haptic Display
Authors: Miller Brian E. , Colgate J. Edward 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper will introduce a framework for characterizing real environments, using recorded force/displacement data, for use in haptic display. Steps in the framework include data acquisition, identification, model verification, and implementation. Identification and implementation will be developed in detail. After obtaining a conceptual understanding of the roles data acquisition and model verification play in the process, the methods used in this paper will be described. To meet the requirement for the identification stage, a proven technique in nonlinear system identification will be adopted. This technique, called wavelet network, will provide a tool that is capable of identifying environments with significant nonlinear features. A theoretical development along with experimental results will be presented using a spring attached to a wall. This environment exhibits a linear region with a single nonlinearity. The wavelet network was chosen because it was designed specifically for use with problems of high input dimension. Therefore, it is the expectation that the procedure will be useful in identifying environments of varying complexity. Currently, the technique can be used to identify static nonlinear environments. Work is being done to extend its capabilities to handle dynamic environments.
Do Humans Sense Finger Deformation or Distributed Pressure to Detect Lumps in Soft Tissue?
Authors: Peine William J. , Howe Robert D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Detecting and localizing hard lumps in soft tissues is an important medical procedure. A psychophysics experiment measured minimum indentation forces required to detect a hard ball embedded in a soft rubber model. Ball size and finger indentation speed were varied. Threshold detection forces increased with ball size and decreased with indentation speed. The shape of the finger and contact pressure distribution on the finger were measured at the threshold force. The relative deformation of the finger induced by the ball was determined by comparing the shape of the finger indenting models with and without a ball at the same indentation force. The maximum relative deformation was nearly constant for the different ball sizes and increased significantly as indentation speed decreased. The measured pressure distributions show a considerable change across different ball sizes and indentation speeds. This suggests subjects sensed deformation of the fingerpad induced by the ball and not changes in the pressure distribution.
Control of Linear Systems Under Actuator Saturation
Authors: Jayasuriya Suhada 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Presented in this paper are some preliminary ideas on the role of actuator saturation in linear systems that are under study. Real actuators have limited bandwidth and they saturate upon receipt of overly large inputs. Such actuator saturation can have catastrophic consequences especially in feedback control of open-loop unstable plants. It is well known that even when used with stable plants, actuator saturation can lead to undesirable limit cycle behavior. Actuator saturation can also easily occur when integrations are used within a control loop. Integrator anti-windup schemes have been proposed for overcoming that situation. One obvious but almost unresearched idea for eliminating wind up would be to get rid of the need to use integral action inside the feedback loop. So the crucial question is whether or not it is possible to get good steady state accuracy without using integral control? One idea could be to delegate the tracking responsibility to a carefully designed pre-filter.
A Power Flow Model for High Speed Motorized Spindles: Heat Generation Characterization
Authors: Bossmanns Bernd , Tu Jay F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Lack of a more complete understanding of the system characteristics, particularly thermal effects, severely limits the reliability of high speed spindles to support manufacturing. High speed spindles are notorious for their sudden catastrophic failures at high speeds due to thermal problems without alarming signs. In this paper, a complete power flow model is developed to characterize the power distribution of a high speed motorized spindle, in particular the characterization of the heat generation within the spindle by the built-in motor and the bearings under the influence of speed, preload, and lubrication. The model is verified with a custom-built high performance motorized spindle of 32 KW and maximum speed of 25000 rpm (1.5 million DN) using several systematic test procedures. The results reveal interesting observations of spindle beat generation due to the built-in motor and the bearings.
Compensation of Thermal Errors in Machine Tools With a Minimum Number of Temperature Probes Based on Neural Networks
Authors: Weck Manfred , Herbst Uwe 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Besides the low static stiffness of the machine structure and tool wear, thermal deformations are a major reason for dimensional and geometric work piece errors. As an alternative to cooling, insulation and other design measures, an indirect control compensation offers an inexpensive possibility to reduce thermally caused displacements which occur at the cutting point. The thermo-clastic displacements are calculated from the temperatures of different structure points and are corrected via the NC. In order to reduce the implementation expenditure and to achieve a good transformation capability for other thermal loads, it is necessary to only consider the displacement-relevant temperature measurement points. Finding out the relevant temperatures used to be a difficult and time consuming process. This paper presents a procedure based on a dynamic neural net that automatically determines relevant temperature probes. The quality of neural models and their ambility to generalise depends strongly on the net size, but this parameter is difficult to define in advance. Apart from the calculation of the correction parameters, the developed neural net also modifies its size during the learning phase. After the introduction of this model, compensation results for a milling machine are shown and compared to classical linear equation models.
Detection of Machine Tool Chatter During High Speed Milling
Authors: Skolnick Robert B. , Keltie Richard F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Issues related to modeling, detecting and controlling machine tool chatter were investigated during high speed milling of aluminum. The growth rate of chatter was measured to determine the time allowed to detect and compensate for chatter. It was found that, depending on the cutting parameters, chatter became fully developed within five to ten rotations of the spindle. During the onset of chatter it was observed that several additional frequencies occurred in the frequency spectrum of the workpiece acceleration. To identify the cause of these additional frequencies a simulation of the forces generated during unstable helical milling was developed. The simulation assumed that the dynamic displacement of the end mill was in a fixed radial direction relative to the end mill. The simulation showed that the combined effect of this radial vibration and tool runout caused excitation at these additional frequencies.
Structural Analysis of a Sensor Module for the “Smart” Bearing
Authors: Gao Robert , Sahay Priyaranjan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of a miniaturized sensor module that is structurally integrated into the raceway of a ball bearing was studied. Modal analysis was conducted to identify critical bearing operational speeds and their effects on the electronic components of the module. Forced vibrations of the module under various loading conditions were studied to quantify deflection and stress within the module. The study provides insight and guidance to the design, configuration, and packaging of the module before its realization using an IC foundry.
Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis of the Chains in Tracked Vehicles
Authors: Campanelli M. , Shabana A. A. , Choi J. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this investigation, the dynamic stresses of the chains of three-dimensional tracked vehicles are examined. The numerical procedure developed in this investigation integrates classical constrained multibody dynamics methods with finite element capabilities. The nonlinear equations of motion of the three-dimensional tracked vehicle model in which the track links are considered flexible bodies, are obtained using the floating frame of reference formulation. Contact force models are used to describe the interaction of the track links with the vehicle components and the ground. A detailed three-dimensional finite element model is developed for the track link. The finite element model is first utilized to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the track link. The natural frequencies obtained numerically by using the finite element method are verified experimentally by using a modal identification technique. A partially linearized set of dynamic equations is developed based on the floating frame of reference formulation to study the motion of the flexible links and to predict their forces. The results of the dynamic stress analysis of the track links are presented, and the differences between these results and the results obtained by using the static stress analysis are demonstrated.
Driver Assisted Control Strategies: Theory and Experiment
Authors: DePoorter Mark , Brennan Sean , Alleyne Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work investigates the use of feedback controller augmentation of driver inputs to achieve a desired vehicle performance. The vehicle performance is specified as a Reference Model. The driver maintains nominal control of the vehicle by direct actuation of the front steering inputs. The controller then determines the appropriate rear steer inputs necessary for tracking the reference model. As a consequence the driver is able to specify, within limits, the type of handling behavior required of the vehicle. A strategy based on yaw rate control is presented. An appropriate vehicle model is developed and a polynomial pole placement technique is used to control the vehicle. To account for vehicle model changes due to variations in forward velocity, a continuous time Recursive Least Squares approach is examined for on-line identification and adaptive control. The strategy and control designs are implemented experimentally on the Illinois Roadway Simulator (IRS), a scale vehicle testbed for vehicle dynamics and controls. Results and limitations are discussed.
Analysis and Controller Design Based on Linear Model for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Authors: Wang Jeng-Yu , Tomizuka Masayoshi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we present the time domain, frequency domain and pole/zero analyses of a linearized model of heavy-duty vehicles (tractor-semitrailer type) for lateral control. These analyses are conducted to examine the steering response subject to variations of speed, road adhesion coefficient and look-ahead distance for the lateral position sensor. Based on these analyses, a linear controller for lane following is designed. The close-loop simulation is conducted to show the effectiveness of the linear controller.
TRAKVU: A New Tool for Modeling Track Irregularities in NUCARS
Authors: Ahmadian Mehdi , Kramp Kenneth P. , Dembosky Mark A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The accuracy of the results from a rail vehicle dynamic model is dependent on the realism of the track input to the model. An important part of the track input is the irregularities that exist on actual track. This study presents a new modeling tool, called TRAKVU, for creating track data with the irregularities for use as the input to NUCARS, a rail vehicle dynamic analysis tool. TRAKVU enables users to create track data and apply the appropriate irregularities so that the track will have the same characteristics as the desired class of track.
A validation was performed to determine how well track created in TRAKVU simulated actual tracks. The statistical characteristics of created tracks were compared directly with actual tracks. The created track was also used as input to a dynamic model. The predicted vehicle response was then compared with the vehicle response due to measured track data. The results from the validation showed that the created track performed as well as the measured track in providing the input to a dynamic model.
Electro-Motive’s DE30AC Passenger Locomotive: A Systems Approach to Locomotive Configuration
Authors: Goding David J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Electro-Motive Division (EMD) of General Motors Corporation has designed the first two models in a series of new passenger locomotives for the North American market. Incorporating many new ideas and concepts through use of a systems approach to the locomotive configuration, these new models offer a significant advancement of the state-of-the-art for passenger locomotives. Among the features of the DE30AC locomotive family are: capability for up to 4,500 brake horsepower, stainless steel sidewalls on a monocoque carbody including integral fuel tank and improved collision strength; isolated engine-generator for low cab and wayside noise and reduced locomotive vibration; modularized equipment in centralized locations; AC traction and head end power (HEP) system; locomotive auxiliary electrical equipment powered from the HEP system; an optimized electrical equipment ventilation system; and a unique, opening front end to facilitate maintenance. This paper describes the locomotive and some of the design considerations in developing this model, with emphasis on the rationale used to select the production configuration.
Prediction of Metal Matrix Composite Response to Multiaxial Stresses
Authors: Ahmad Jalees , Newaz Golam M. , Nicholas Theodore 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A theory is presented which can be used in stress analysis of metal matrix composite in the inelastic range and under multiaxial stress states. Theoretical predictions of composite deformation and damage under various stress states have been experimentally validated. The theory has been incorporated in a finite element analysis framework so that practical design problems can be addressed.
Time-Dependent Degradation in Fiber Composites due to Multiple Constituent Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: Iyengar N. , Case S. W. , Halverson H. G. , Curtin W. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The failure of fiber reinforced composites at elevated temperatures can occur due to time-dependent degradation mechanisms of the constituent fibers, matrix, and/or interface. Here, analytic models are presented for predicting deformation and lifetime due to two important mechanisms of degradation when acting simultaneously. The mechanisms are matrix/interface creep and fiber degradation by slow crack growth within the fibers. Both mechanisms are non-linearly dependent on the state of stress in the material and so, when acting simultaneously over comparable time-scales, the damage rate is strongly accelerated due to the non-linear coupling of the mechanisms. The resulting composite lifetime can me much smaller than the life under conditions when only a single degradation mechanism is acting, even when the time scales of the two mechanisms differ by large amounts. For example, if when acting alone fiber degradation causes failure in time tf and creep causes failure in a time 100tf, when acting together the failure time can be 0.1tf or smaller at stresses on the order of 1/2 the ultimate fast-fracture strength. The remaining strength under single and combined degradation modes is also studied within these analytic models. Then, several “kinetic” laws for predicting the remaining strength versus time due to multiple degradation mechanisms, including the MRLife approach, are studied. Specifically, the individual remaining strengths for each degradation mode as found from the micro-mechanical models are used as input into the kinetic laws, and the predicted lifetimes are then compared to those from the micro-mechanical models to assess the accuracy of the kinetic laws.
Life Prediction of Metal Matrix Composites: A Comparison of Different Matrix Constitutive Relations
Authors: Ahmad Jalees , Santhosh Unnikrishnan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Global deformation response of metal matrix composites (MMCs) to applied mechanical and thermally induced stresses depends upon (a) the mechanical and thermal properties of the constituent materials, (b) residual stresses in the constituents induced by the composite consolidation process, and (c) the nature and extent of micromechanical damage which may occur and accumulate over time. In the present work, a mechanistic model for predicting time dependent global deformation response of unidirectional metal matrix composite subjected to fiber direction stresses is used in conjunction with several viscoplastic models for the matrix, viz. power law, Bodner-Partom and GVIPS, and compared with laboratory test data. The model incorporates the effect of the micromechanical residual stresses in the fibers and the matrix induced by the composite fabrication process. The model also incorporates the effect of discrete existing and/or progressively occurring fiber damage on global MMC deformation response. The criterion for fiber fractures is based on statistical information on fiber strength. Comparisons of the results from this model with results from detailed finite element analyses and with laboratory test data shows that the simple model provides reasonably accurate predictions.
Recent Studies of Sound Transmission Loss of Sandwich Aircraft Structures
Authors: Thamburaj Priya , Sun J. Q. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of recent studies of sound transmission loss of sandwich aircraft structures for global transportation applications. A review of the literature on the related research is given. Some research issues are identified that are important to reducing interior noise of aircraft for global transportation applications. Recent results of vibration and sound transmission loss are presented for a sandwich beam with anisotropic skin and core materials. The study has found a significant increase of the transmission loss for the sandwich beam with anisotropic materials as compared with isotropic ones.
Thin, Low Frequency, High Displacement Actuator Panels
Authors: Tressler James F. , Howarth Thomas R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An advanced type of thin, high displacement, low frequency actuator panel is being developed for in-air active vibration control applications. The actuator panel consists of sixteen 25.4 mm diameter cymbal-type flextensional elements placed mechanically and electrically in parallel with each other between two stiff 10 cm by 10 cm stainless steel cover plates. The total thickness of the actuator panel is 6.35 mm. Electrical admittance measurements show a free-free fundamental resonance frequency of 645 Hz. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements show a clamped-free resonance frequency of 444 Hz with displacements on the order of 1 μm when driving the panel at one Volt at its resonance frequency.
Adaptive Vibration Isolation for Flexible Structures
Authors: Ertur David , Li Yugang , Rahn Christopher D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Vibration isolation control for flexible structures restricts the response resulting from external disturbances to areas not requiring high precision positioning and/or pointing. This paper introduces adaptive feedback isolation controllers, based on Lyapunov theory, that regulate and allow tracking of the undisturbed (controlled) coordinates in a flexible structure. Under assumptions of inertially decoupled controlled and uncontrolled coordinates, symmetric and positive definite mass matrix for the controlled subsystem, asymptotically stable eigenvalues for the uncontrolled subsystem, and bounded disturbances, an adaptive regulator asymptotically drives the controlled coordinates to zero. Under similar assumptions, an adaptive tracking algorithm drives the controlled coordinates to desired time trajectories. Experimental results on a three mass system compare the response of the adaptive isolation controllers with standard PID control. The adaptive regulator provides faster transient decay than PID control using the same control effort. The adaptive tracking controller has the same tracking error of PID using 30% less control effort.
Tuning of Distributed Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Flexible-Link Robot
Authors: Trabia Mohamed B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fuzzy control has emerged as a practical alternative to conventional controllers due to its computational efficiency and robustness. It has been already implemented successfully in many applications. Several questions, concerning fuzzy control, remain however unanswered. For example, design of fuzzy controllers usually depends on intuition and experience, which may work well only if there is a sufficient level of familiarity with the system and if plant parameters remain fixed. Fuzzy controller for flexible robots does not fit well within this category. While the rules for such controllers may be intuitive, selecting the ranges of the membership functions for the robot’s input and output variables can be challenging. Wrong choices may lead to sluggish response, excessive vibration, or instability. In this paper, a dynamic model for a single-link flexible robot using finite element method is presented. Distributed Fuzzy logic controllers are used to control angle and link vibrations of this robot. A computationally efficient approach for tuning these functions to improve its performance is proposed.
Precision Piezoelectric Micro-Positioner for Line Boring Bar Tool Insert
Authors: O’Neal George P. , Min Byung-Kwon , Li Chen-Jung , Pasek Zbigniew J. , Koren Yoram , Szuba Phil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper describes an effort to develop a prototype smart boring tool supporting agility at the station level by enabling automated tool change and providing an advanced on-line compensation mechanism. The tool utilizes a compensation mechanism powered by a piezoelectric microactuator driven by an advanced controller, compensating for the position error of the boring bar and effectively rejecting cutting force disturbances. Experimental data were used to verify the theoretical and simulation results indicating successful operation of the tool with the bandwidth of up to 500 Hz, providing the tool tip compensation range of 40 μm with a resolution of 0.2 μm.