bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-B-17 Effects of Enzymatic and Microbial Supplements on Shedding of E. Coli and Salmonella During the pre-Harvest Finishing Period in Growing Lambs
Authors: Krueger Lucas A , Hafla Aimee , Spangler David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effects of enzymatic and microbial feed supplements on fecal pathogen shedding were tested in a 2×2 factorial, randomized complete block design, where the experimental unit (n = 20) was a pen of 3 lambs. Lambs were blocked (i =10) by weight and then randomly assigned within block to phase 1 treatments of control (C) or a feed enzyme product (E). Upon acclimation to diet, pens were treated daily in feed as E (1.1 g per animal of Maximiser-Ex; Agri-King, Inc.), or control (C) for 76 days. After phase 1, pens were randomly assigned into phase 2 within block to new treatments comprised of control (C) or a direct fed microbial product (DFM; Tri-Lution; Agri-King, Inc.). Phase 2 treatments were supplemented daily at 16 g per animal for 16 d. After 2 d, lambs were gavaged with 10^8 CFU of a non-shiga-toxin-producing, novobicin-resistant and tellurite-resistant E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43888). Stool samples were collected prior to gavage and on d 1, 2, 7, 9, and 14 after gavage. Samples were pooled within pen and analyzed for E. coli O157:H7 on selective media with novobicin and tellurite, total Salmonella, and total coliform bacteria. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means were separated by Tukey HSD test. Pens supplemented with E during phase 1 demonstrated significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) total coliform bacteria in stool enumerated prior to gavage. E. coli O157:H7 was decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.01) by main effect of DFM treatment. Logarithmic differences between DFM and C treatments were &gt;4.0 on d 2 post-gavage and persisted significantly through d 14. Shedding of Salmonella CFU was not affected. Findings demonstrate that enzymatic and microbial treatments decreased shedding of pathogenic bacteria in stool.
PSXIV-7 Physiological Responses to Caprine Coccidiosis During a 100-Year Rain Even in Oklahoma: An Opportunistic Case Study with Implications for Climate Change and Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L , Tilahun Yonathan , Quijada-Pinango Jessica , Wang Zaisen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The interaction between inclement weather and disease acquisition is a long-recognized relationship. In the case of coccidiosis, a parasitic infestation of the intestines, wet weather is known to promote incidences in livestock. Our opportunistic investigation took place at Langston University’s American Institute for Goat Research (Langston, Oklahoma). It tracks the response of 38 hematalogical variables to coccidiosis in goats during a 100-year rain event in Oklahoma. Six variables increased significantly as days on pasture rose (P = 0.001 – 0.031). Further, creatine (P = 0.059), hematocrit (HCT; P = 0.054) and lymphocyte count (P = 0.053) were marginally related to days on pasture. Twenty-Seven measurements changed significantly (each with P &lt; 0.01). Our results suggest a potentially patterned response of blood chemistries that may be developed into a clinical tool in the future. Further, these provide warnings for producers of the risks for animal health associated with growing incidences of excessively wet weather related to climate change.
PSI-8 Digestible Energy and Metabolizable Energy Prediction Using Chemical Composition of Feces with no Dietary Information
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Jongkeon , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop prediction equations for digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in swine diets based on chemical compositions of feces with no dietary information. A total of 262 fecal samples obtained from growing pigs fed 27 diets from 4 experiments were used. The diets were based mainly on corn, soybean meal, and other plant-originated feed ingredients. In the digestibility experiments, feces and urine were quantitatively collected using the marker-to-marker procedure. The diet and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein, ash, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Digestible energy in the 27 diets ranged from 2,907 to 4,374 kcal/kg DM and ME ranged from 2,774 to 3,983 kcal/kg DM. Fecal ash was positively correlated with DE (r = 0.81, P &lt; 0.001) and ME (r = 0.66, P &lt; 0.001) whereas fecal NDF was negatively correlated with DE (r = –0.66, P &lt; 0.001) and ME (r = –0.74, P &lt; 0.001). The energy prediction equations developed using fecal chemical components were: energy digestibility = 88.1 + 0.37 × ash – 0.28 × NDF (R2 = 0.57, P &lt; 0.001); DE (kcal/kg DM) = 3,604 + 32.8 × ash – 11.1 × NDF (R2 = 0.71, P &lt; 0.001); and ME (kcal/kg DM) = 4,077 + 15.7 × ash – 18.1 × NDF (R2 = 0.63, P &lt; 0.001) where chemical components are expressed as % DM. In conclusion, energy digestibility, DE values, and ME values in swine diets are correlated with fecal ash and NDF concentrations and the energy values can be predicted using fecal ash and NDF concentrations without dietary information.
PSI-16 Effects of Melatonin on Physiological Parameters, Chute and Exit Scores in Beef Calves Exposed to Summer Heat Stress
Authors: Zakari Friday , Samuel Felix , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Omontese Bobwealth O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), growth hormone (GH), chute (CS) and exit scores (ES) in beef calves exposed to heat stress during the summer. A total of twenty (20) eight months old calves divided into 2 groups were used for the study: melatonin group (MEL, n = 10) received 24mg of melatonin, once every 28 days, and control group (CON, n = 10) did not receive any subcutaneous melatonin implant. The effect of melatonin on RT, RR, HSP 70, GH, chute (CS) and ES were evaluated biweekly (Day 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70). The mean ambient temperature (AT) 24.00 ± 0.21°C, relative humidity (RH) 81.60 ± 0.76 % and temperature-humidity index (THI) 89.97 ± 0.70 recorded during the study were above the normal range reported for calves. The biweekly fluctuation of weight gain (WG) in MEL were higher than the CON. The mean RT (39.40 ± 0.06°C), RR (62.57 ± 1.15 cpm), CS (1.13 ± 0.04) and ES (1.5 ± 0.09) in the MEL group were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than the corresponding values of 40.10 ± 0.06°C, 71.53 ± 1.59 cpm, 1.40 ± 0.07 and 1.80 ± 0.10 in the CON group. The biweekly variations in RT, RR, CS, ES, HSP 70 were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the MEL than the CON. Growth hormone concentrations were higher at D56 and 70 in MEL compared to the CON. Our results demonstrated that MEL ameliorates heat stress during the summer by lowering RT, RR, CS, and ES of beef heifers during the study period. In addition, melatonin influenced the biweekly variation in WG, RT, RR, CS, ES, HSP 70 and GH of heifers during the study period.
PSI-11 Effect of Garlic Barrier on Fecal egg Count and Protein Secretion in Goats
Authors: Jagana Sowmya , Inupala Sreenavya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md Rasel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the effect of garlic on egg counts and secretion of Galectins (Gals) in goat blood. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as medicinal herb since time immemorial in almost every known civilization. It has antibiotic, anti-helminthic and anti-inflammatory properties. Galectins (Gals) are a family of β-galactosidase binding proteins that have a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. They are involved in cell adhesion, migration, activation, proliferation, apoptosis and modulate pathological processes such as inflammation. Twelve (N=12) adult female clinically healthy Boer x Spanish goats were divided into two treatment groups (N=6 each) used. Treatment group 1 was drenched with 10 ml of Garlic barrier as recommended by the manufacturer (Garlic Barrier, Glendale, CA) and Treatment group 2 was drenched with water over a four-week period. Fecal and blood samples were collected weekly. Eggs per gram was evaluated using Modified McMaster method and the total plasma protein concentration was assessed using the BCA assay (Pierce). All variables were assessed using a t-test (SAS analysis software version 9.0 at p≤0.05). Garlic treatment affected the fecal egg count and plasma protein concentration when compared to untreated controls. The fecal egg count was reduced in animals treated with garlic. The effect varied over time. Garlic EPG in weeks 1 (p&lt;0.004) and 3 (p&lt;0.027) of treatment. A significant increase in total protein concentration (p&lt;0.004) was observed. Garlic treatment has an effect on GIN levels and the inflammatory response. The time dependent effects may indicate parasite, infection stage specific targets and need further study.
PSI-7 Differential Effects of Garlic on the Secretion of Structurally Different Galectins in Sheep Blood
Authors: Inupala Sreenavya , Jagana Sowmya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md Rasel , Mulumebet Worku 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of garlic treatment on structurally different Gals 1(Prototype), Gal 3 (chimera type), and Gal 9 (tandem-repeat type) secretion in sheep blood. St Croix sheep are parasite-resistant sheep useful for sustainable animal production. Producers seek to improve animal health and performance. Garlic (Allium sativum) and its derivatives are eco-friendly non-antibiotic growth-promoting dietary supplements. Garlic lectins have immune-modulatory effects that could interfere with animal lectins. Galectins (Gals) are a family of animal lectins that bind β-galactosides. Secreted Gals modulate pathological processes and immunity. A survey of (N=20) St Croix sheep was conducted to evaluate indicators of health and performance. Four clinically healthy female St Croix sheep (n=4) were used. Bodyweight (lb.), FAMACHA©, body condition score, blood, and fecal samples were collected. Blood was treated (37C for 30 min) with fresh Garlic (Herbal Roots CAs) at the following concentrations 0, 1, 10, 50,100 µg/ml PBS. Total plasma protein concentration was analyzed using BCA assay and secretion of Galectins 1,3 and 9 was determined using commercial ELISA(MY BIOSOURCE). All variables were analyzed using the statistical analysis software package SAS version 9.4(SAS Institute, Cary, NC) p≤0.05. Health indicators varied among sheep and no correlations were observed. The dose of garlic used and animal genetics had a variable effect. At 10ug/ml garlic increased concentration of total plasma protein (7%), Gal 1, 3(50% above control), and Gal-9 has no significant effect. concentration at 50 and 100 µg/ml garlic decreased all indicators. Galectin secretion was modulated by garlic treatment. There was a differential effect on the structurally distinct Gal types. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of Garlic on Gal mediated functions in St Croix sheep immunity and possible effects that can impact pathogenesis.
PSIII-4 Evaluating Potential Interactive Effects of the IGF2 Intron3 g.3072a Substitution and Myostatin Loss-of-Function on Growth in Mice
Authors: Chen Xuenan , Dilger Anna , Beever Jonathan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated potential interactions between the Igf2 g.3072G &gt;A mutation that increases IGF2 expression and Mstn loss-of-function (LOF) mutation on muscle and whole-body growth in mice. Mice (4 males, 4 females) from each of four genotypes were used including wild-type (WT, Mstnwt, Igf2Gpat), Mstn null (MN, Mstn-/-, Igf2Gpat), Igf2 intron3 g.3072A substitution (IGF2, Mstnwt, Igf2Apat), mice with both mutations (MI, Mstn-/-, Igf2Apat). Body weight (BW) was recorded weekly from 35-63d of age. At 63 ± 2d, mice were sacrificed and dissected. Muscle cell number, size and type was determined by immunohistochemistry from the tibialis anterior muscle. Data were analyzed as a 2x2x2 factorial with the main effects of Mstn status, Igf2 status, sex, and all interactions. At 49 and 56d of age, the Igf2 mutation increased body weight of mice by 8% (P&lt; 0.05), while Mstn LOF increased BW by 13-20% (P&lt; 0.05). At 63d of age, both main effects and interactions of Igf2 and Mstn were significant (P&lt; 0.05). BW of MI mice was increased 34% compared with WT mice while BW of IGF2 was only numerically increased (4%, P&gt;0.05) and weight of MN was increased (P&lt; 0.05) 18%. This synergistic effect of Igf2 and Mstn mutations (P≤0.14) was also observed for increased carcass, gastrocnemius, heart, liver, and kidney weights. Mstn LOF consistently decreased (P≤0.02) fat pad weights. The effect of the Igf2 mutation on fat pad weight was mixed and did not interact with Mstn effects. Femur weight was unchanged by either mutation but was reduced (P&lt; 0.01) in Mstn null mice as a percentage of BW. Mstn LOF promoted both muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy and increased type IIB fiber percentage (P&lt; 0.05), but Igf2 mutation only promoted muscle hypertrophy (P&lt; 0.05). These data suggest the Igf2 G &gt;A mutation promoted skeletal muscle and organ growth more effectively in the absence of Mstn in mice.
PSIII-10 Modified-Live Virus Respiratory Vaccines and Bovine Respiratory Disease Influence the Respiratory Microbiome of Cattle
Authors: McAtee Taylor , Powledge Sherri , Pinnell Lee , Morley Paul , Richeson John T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Modified-live virus (MLV) respiratory vaccines are commonly administered to beef cattle upon arrival in feedlots to prevent bovine respiratory disease (BRD) but their impact on respiratory microbial communities is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of intranasal and parenteral MLV vaccination and health status on the respiratory microbiome of feedlot cattle with a high-risk of BRD. Crossbred beef calves were blocked by truckload and stratified by arrival body weight, sex, and ranch tag status. Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: no vaccination, intranasal MLV, or parenteral MLV. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected on d 0 and 28, and upon treatment for BRD. A subset of these samples (n=600) was selected from an equal number of healthy and morbid cattle among vaccine treatment groups. Additionally, all chronically ill cattle and mortalities were selected for sequencing. After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract. The overall composition of respiratory tract microbial communities in all treatment groups was similar to previously described respiratory communities. Members of the families Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasmataceae , which include common respiratory pathogens (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Histophilus, Mycoplasma), were prevalent in all communities. However, the proportions of these important taxa differed between cattle that developed BRD and cattle that remained healthy. Morbid cattle had lower (P&lt; 0.05) phylum members Proteobacteria and higher (P&lt; 0.05) Tenericutes than cattle that remained healthy. Cattle that received an intranasal vaccine had a higher (P&lt; 0.05) abundance of Proteobacteria and lower (P&lt; 0.05) abundance of Tenericutes compared to both control and parenteral cattle. Results indicate that intranasal vaccination had a significant impact on respiratory microbial communities, while parenteral vaccination did not. These results add to our understanding of the impacts of MLV vaccination on the health and productivity of feedlot cattle.
PSIII-8 Evaluation of Reproductive Efficiency of Holstein Nulliparous Heifers Carrying the Slick1 Mutation of the Prolactin Receptor (Prlr) Gene
Authors: Carmickle Allie T , Denicol Anna C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the reproductive performance of Holstein nulliparous heifers carrying the SLICK1 mutation and half-sisters not carrying the mutation. Heifers were born between November and March of 2020 to two Holstein sires heterozygous for the dominant SLICK1 allele and raised in four dairy farms in the San Joaquin and the Tulare basins of the California Central Valley. Heifers were bred from January to September of 2021 according to farm protocols. Data were obtained via farm records and analyzed with the MIXED and LOGISTIC procedures of SAS; proportions were obtained via the FREQ procedure. Models included the fixed effects of genotype, sire, and farm; animal was considered a random effect. Response variables included overall pregnancy rate, age at first breeding, services per conception, pregnancy rate to first insemination, calving rate and pregnancy length. As shown in Table 1, pregnancy and calving rates were similar between slick and non-slick heifers. Overall, services per conception were similar between slick and non-slick heifers (1.8±0.2 and 2±0.2 services for slick and non-slick heifers, respectively; P = 0.3); however, pregnancy to first service tended to be greater in slick heifers (P = 0.07). Age at first breeding was not affected by genotype or sire, but there was an effect of farm due to one dairy starting the breeding program at an older heifer age. Pregnancy length tended to be longer for slick heifers (P = 0.08). This is the first study to evaluate the reproductive performance of slick Holstein females, although it is limited in sample size. Results indicate that the presence of the SLICK1 allele could provide an advantage to reproductive efficiency of Holstein heifers by improving the rate of pregnancy to first service. The authors thank the participating dairy farms. Support: Holstein Association USA Research Grant Program.
PSIII-16 The Influence of Olive Byproduct Supplementation on American Wagyu Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Tangredi Briana V , Loh Huey Yi , Thorndyke Meghan P , de Bisneto Octavio Almeida Guimaraes , Hallmark Harrison D , Chek Erlene , Garcia Gabriel , Bigliardi Michaella R , Gifford Ryan J , Vautier Allison N , Osborne Devin , Engle Jerica A , Zuchegno Sophie M , Athens Courtney M , Gallop Sally R , Zuvich Miranda L , Miller Alexandra C , Engle Terry E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Eighty-three American Wagyu steers (725 ±10.7 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of olive byproduct supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. We hypothesized that with supplementation of olive byproduct would improve feedlot performance and longissimus muscle intramuscular fat composition. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet (basal ration with no olive byproduct) + 1 kg of supplemental cracked corn per animal per day, or 2) Control diet + 1 kg of supplemental olive byproduct per animal per day. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (n=4 steers/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.4% DM, 14.3% CP; 74.8% TDN, 1.16 Mcal/kg NEg, 5.3% crude fat). Diets were delivered to pens, once daily, in the morning in amounts to allow ad libitum access to feed over a 24 h period. Olive byproduct and cracked corn were top-dressed to the appropriate treatment pens immediately after delivery of the basal ration. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 d throughout the 177 d experiment. Equal numbers of steers per treatment were slaughtered throughout the experiment and carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.) for a randomized complete block design. Steers receiving olive byproduct had a lower final BW (P &lt; 0.01) when compared to steers receiving the control diet. Longissimus muscle long chain fatty acids C18:1 and C:22:0 were greater (P &lt; 0.05) and C18:0 lesser (P &lt; 0.05) in controls when compared to steers supplemented with olive byproduct. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding olive byproduct reduced final BW and had minimal impacts on longissimus muscle fatty acid composition.
PSIII-17 Transcriptome Response of Granulosa Cells to Seasonal Heat Stress in Beef Cows
Authors: Joyce Kamryn , Gad Ahmed , Menjivar Nico G , Heredia Daniella C , Rojas Camila Santos , Tesfaye Dawit , Gonella Angela M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Investigation of cellular responses to thermal heat stress can lead to identifying novel targets of intervention to tackle the increasing fertility decline due to climate change-associated seasonal heat stress. We aimed to study the response of granulosa cells to seasonal thermal stress. Dry beef cows (n=11) were kept together during the study and subjected to synchronization and stimulation for follicular dynamics. Ovum pick-up (OPU) was conducted on all animals in the winter and summer. Once OPU-fluid settled, cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) and granulosa cells were isolated form the OPU fluid and stored in a -80 freezer after snap freezing. In addition, blood samples and rectal temperature data were collected on each OPU. Environmental data were collected daily three weeks before each OPU using the Florida Automated Weather Network. Data was analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. RNA was extracted from five pools of granulosa cells followed by library preparation and sequencing (NovaSeq; Illumina). As expected, environmental conditions were contrasting: average air temperature (11.5°C vs. 27.5°C), average max air temperature (16.9°C vs. 33.7°C), relative humidity (83.5% vs. 82.3%), and temperature-humidity index (53.39 vs. 79.16) for winter and summer, respectively. Average rectal temperature was higher (P = 0.03) in summer (39.2 ± 0.2°C) than winter (38.8 ± 0.2°C). Of the total differentially expressed genes, granulosa cells during summer showed up and down regulation of 971 and 1038 transcripts, respectively compared to the winter season (Fold Change ≤ -2 or ≥ 2 and FDR p-value ≤ 0.05). Those upregulated transcripts are found to be involved in cell cycle and division, regulation of cell death, steroid biosynthesis, progesterone mediated oocyte maturation and oocyte meiosis pathways. In conclusion, exposure of cows to thermal stress can induce significant alteration in transcriptome of granulosa cells which may have negative impact on follicular physiology.