bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pairwise strategic network formation model with group heterogeneity: With an application to international travel
Authors: Hoshino Tadao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study considers a network formation model in which each dyad of agents strategically determines the link status. Our model allows the agents to have unobserved group heterogeneity in the propensity of link formation. For the model estimation, we propose a three-step maximum likelihood method, in which the latent group structure is estimated using the binary segmentation algorithm in the second step. As an empirical illustration, we focus on the network data of international visa-free travels. The results indicate the presence of significant strategic complementarity and a certain level of degree heterogeneity in the network formation behavior.
When do different systems of government lead to similar power-sharing? The case of government formation
Authors: Silva Thiago N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecent studies provide evidence that the absence of a no-confidence procedure in presidential systems is crucial for understanding why the allocation of portfolios does not follow the same pattern in both parliamentary and presidential democracies. In this study, I argue that distinctions within presidential systems must be used to explain the substantial variation in the allocation of portfolios to presidential parties. I theorize that when the president is more dependent upon the legislature to make and enact policies, the balance of power in presidential cabinets is more likely to reflect the balance of power in the legislature. In this case, the presidential cabinet can resemble the proportional cabinets usually formed in parliamentary systems. With new data from 20 presidential democracies worldwide spanning more than 70 years, the results support the expectation of a greater formateur's advantage when presidents have greater institutionally-granted powers to influence the policy agenda in the legislature.
KIN CONFLICTS AND STASIS: CIVIL WAR ON PEUCE IN VALERIUS FLACCUS’ARGONAUTICA
Authors: Sanderson Elaine C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile it is no secret that Valerius Flaccus’Argonauticaexplores civil-war themes at great length, the conflicts arising on the island of Peuce between the Colchians and the Argonauts and within the Argonautic party itself in the epic's final book (8.217–467) have been overlooked in critical studies of Valerian civil war. This article argues that Valerius presents the conflicts on Peuce as examples of civil war—emphasizing the bonds of kinship between the conflicting parties and illustrating effects of this discord using imagery of stasis and cosmic dissolution associated with civil war in the wider Latin literary tradition—and thus invites reflection on the development and manifestation of internecine strife within theArgonautica.
Right to Restitution under Illegal Contracts: Seeking Clarity in Ghana
Authors: Faakye Solomon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe law on the availability of restitution in the context of illegal contracts is unclear. Several irreconcilable approaches have been proposed at common law in search of a solution to the question of whether or not a party to an illegal contract who has benefitted from the contract has any right to restitution. This article examines the Ghanaian judicial approach and ascertains the extent to which it sheds light on this difficult issue. It does so by examining the evolution of judicial solutions in English common law and, in that context, evaluating the approaches adopted by the Ghanaian courts.
Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection
Authors: Quinteros Susel Loli , O'Brien Bronwyn , Donnelly Sheila 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe food-borne trematodes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. By contrast, infections with Fasciola hepatica, also a food-borne trematode of the phylum Platyhelminthes, are not carcinogenic. This review explores the premise that the differential activation of macrophages during infection with these food-borne trematodes is a major determinant of the pathological outcome of infection. Like most helminths, the latter stages of infection with all 3 flukes induce M2 macrophages, a phenotype that mediates the functional repair of tissue damaged by the feeding and migratory activities of the parasites. However, there is a critical difference in how the development of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages is regulated during infection with these parasites. While the activation of the M1 macrophage phenotype is largely suppressed during the early stages of infection with F. hepatica, M1 macrophages predominate in the bile ducts following infection with O. viverrini and C. sinensis. The anti-microbial factors released by M1 macrophages create an environment conducive to mutagenesis, and hence the initiation of tumour formation. Subsequently, the tissue remodelling processes induced by the M2 macrophages promote the proliferation of mutated cells, and the expansion of cancerous tissue. This review will also explore the interactions between macrophages and parasite-derived signals, and their contributions to the stark differences in the innate immune responses to infection with these parasites.
Does the impact of bereavement vary between same and different gender partnerships? A representative national, cross-sectional study
Authors: Timmins Liadh , Pitman Alexandra , King Michael , Gao Wei , Johnson Katherine , Yu Peihan , Braybrook Debbie , Roach Anna , Marshall Steve , Day Elizabeth , Rose Ruth , Clift Paul , Almack Kathryn , Yi Deok Hee , Bristowe Katherine , Harding Richard 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundData suggest poorer bereavement outcomes for lesbian, gay and bisexual people, but this has not been estimated in population-based research. This study compared bereavement outcomes for partners of same-gender and different-gender decedents.MethodsIn this population-based, cross-sectional survey of people bereaved of a civil partner or spouse 6–10 months previously, we used adjusted logistic and linear regression to investigate outcomes of interest: (1) positive screen on Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), (2) positive screen on General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), (3) grief intensity (ICG) and (4) psychiatric symptoms (GHQ-12).ResultsAmong 233 same-gender partners and 329 of different-gender partners, 66.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60.0–72.2] and 59.2% [95% CI (53.9–64.6)] respectively screened positive for complicated grief on the ICG, whilst 76.0% [95% CI (70.5–81.5)] and 69.3% [95% CI (64.3–74.3)] respectively screened positive on the GHQ-12. Same-gender bereaved partners were not significantly more likely to screen positive for complicated grief than different-gender partners [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.56, 95% CI (0.98–2.47)], p = 0.059, but same-gender bereaved partners were significantly more likely to screen for psychiatric caseness [aOR 1.67 (1.02, 2.71) p = 0.043]. We similarly found no significant association of partner gender with grief intensity [B = 1.86, 95% CI (−0.91to 4.63), p = 0.188], but significantly greater psychological distress for same-gender partners [B = 1.54, 95% CI (−0.69–2.40), p < 0.001].ConclusionsSame-gender bereaved partners report significantly more psychological distress. In view of their poorer sub-clinical mental health, clinical and bereavement services should refine screening processes to identify those at risk of poor mental health outcomes.
RETHINKING THE RURAL IN ANCIENT MAYA STUDIES
Authors: Lamb Céline 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis Special Section provides a glimpse into the vitality of rural investigations in the Maya area by presenting recent archaeological research and interpretive perspectives on the ancient rural Maya. This introduction serves to contextualize the articles of this Special Section within and outside of academic discourse and practice. I start by reviewing the common ways in which rural people and places are essentialized, to underscore that these now unpopular ideas continue to implicitly pervade research priorities, definitions, and interpretations. I then provide a brief historical summary of rural research in the Maya area and some of its significant contributions to our current understandings of ancient rural Maya peoples. Finally, drawing from rural studies, I argue for greater theorization of rurality—including how it was constituted, experienced, perhaps even perceived in the past, and its relationship to periurban, conurban, and urban life, and the continued existence and transformation of rural spaces and lifeways within increasingly urbanized societies. This introduction aims to invigorate further theoretical elaboration with regard to ancient Maya rurality and elicit archaeologists to place themselves and their work within the broader historical and cultural trends of how the rural is perceived and addressed.
Assessing Hygienic Status, Sanitation Issues, and Associated Problems in Dambi Dollo Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Eticha Tolera Kuma , Adisu Melkamu Tamiru 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe pollutants discharged untreated into water bodies become a challenge in Ethiopia. This study aims to assess sanitation and hygiene status and the associated problems. A total of 500 households were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Questionnaires, interviews, and site observation were employed. The absence of public and communal latrines had been seen as the constraint. The present study confirmed that waste disposal management has serious problems. In conclusion, these findings revealed that part of the households are living in communities with the town-owned poor sanitary facilities and that further studies are encouraged on waste disposal management.
Peri-conceptional diet patterns and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in South Indian women
Authors: Mahendra Anvesha , Kehoe Sarah H , Crozier Sarah R , Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Krishnaveni GV , Arun Nalini , Padmaja  , Kini Prakash , Taskeen Unaiza , Kombanda Krupa T , Johnson Matthew , Osmond Clive , Fall Caroline HD 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:To identify peri-conceptional diet patterns among women in Bangalore and examine their associations with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Design:BAngalore Nutrition Gestational diabetes LifEstyle Study, started in June 2016, was a prospective observational study, in which women were recruited at 5–16 weeks’ gestation. Peri-conceptional diet was recalled at recruitment, using a validated 224-item FFQ. GDM was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks’ gestation, applying WHO 2013 criteria. Diet patterns were identified using principal component analysis, and diet pattern–GDM associations were examined using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for ‘a priori’ confounders.Setting:Antenatal clinics of two hospitals, Bangalore, South India.Participants:Seven hundred and eighty-five pregnant women of varied socio-economic status.Results:GDM prevalence was 22 %. Three diet patterns were identified: (a) high-diversity, urban (HDU) characterised by diverse, home-cooked and processed foods was associated with older, more affluent, better-educated and urban women; (b) rice-fried snacks-chicken-sweets (RFCS), characterised by low diet diversity, was associated with younger, less-educated, and lower-income, rural and joint families; and (c) healthy, traditional vegetarian (HTV), characterised by home-cooked vegetarian and non-processed foods, was associated with less-educated, more affluent, and rural and joint families. The HDU pattern was associated with a lower GDM risk (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0·80/sd, 95 % CI (0·64, 0·99), P = 0·04) after adjusting for confounders. BMI was strongly related to GDM risk and possibly mediated diet–GDM associations.Conclusions:The findings support global recommendations to encourage women to attain a healthy pre-pregnancy BMI and increase diet diversity. Both healthy and unhealthy foods in the patterns indicate low awareness about healthy foods and a need for public education.
Pre-pregnancy exposure to arsenic in diet and non-cardiac birth defects
Authors: Suhl Jonathan , Conway Kristin M , Rhoads Anthony , Langlois Peter H , Feldkamp Marcia L , Michalski Adrian M , Oleson Jacob J , Sidhu Alpa , Kancherla Vijaya , Obrycki John , Mazumdar Maitreyi , Romitti Paul A ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectives:To explore associations between maternal pre-pregnancy exposure to arsenic in diet and non-cardiac birth defects.Design:This is a population-based, case–control study using maternal responses to a dietary assessment and published arsenic concentration estimates in food items to calculate average daily total and inorganic arsenic exposure during the year before pregnancy. Assigning tertiles of total and inorganic arsenic exposure, logistic regression analysis was used to estimate OR for middle and high tertiles, compared to the low tertile.Setting:US National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011.Participants:Mothers of 10 446 children without birth defects and 14 408 children diagnosed with a non-cardiac birth defect.Results:Maternal exposure to total dietary arsenic in the middle and high tertiles was associated with a threefold increase in cloacal exstrophy, with weak positive associations (1·2–1·5) observed either in both tertiles (intercalary limb deficiency) or the high tertile only (encephalocele, glaucoma/anterior chamber defects and bladder exstrophy). Maternal exposure to inorganic arsenic showed mostly weak, positive associations in both tertiles (colonic atresia/stenosis, oesophageal atresia, bilateral renal agenesis/hypoplasia, hypospadias, cloacal exstrophy and gastroschisis), or the high (glaucoma/anterior chamber defects, choanal atresia and intestinal atresia stenosis) or middle (encephalocele, intercalary limb deficiency and transverse limb deficiency) tertiles only. The remaining associations estimated were near the null or inverse.Conclusions:This exploration of arsenic in diet and non-cardiac birth defects produced several positive, but mostly weak associations. Limitations in exposure assessment may have resulted in exposure misclassification. Continued research with improved exposure assessment is recommended to identify if these associations are true signals or chance findings.
Field and Synthetic Waveform Tests on Using Large‐Offset Seismic Streamer Data to Derive Shallow Seabed Shear‐Wave Velocity and Geotechnical Properties
Authors: Wege Sebastian , Legendre Cédric P. , Chi Wu‐Cheng , Wang Tan Kin , Kunath Pascal , Liu Char‐Shine 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCharacterizing properties of marine subsurface sediment helps with siting for offshore infrastructure. Shear‐wave velocity (Vs) provides information on the geotechnical properties of the seabed. We present our initial efforts to obtain a detailed two‐dimensional model of Vs for a large‐offset multi‐channel seismic (MCS) transect collected in shallow waters across the Taiwan Strait using surface waves excited by a large volume airgun. We derived the dispersion curves of the Scholte waves along the 37.5‐km‐long transect using the phase‐shift method and then conducted multimodal inversion to obtain a Vs model down to a depth of 150 m. To estimate the dynamic Poisson's ratio across the transect, we combined the Vs model with a compressional wave velocity model derived from the traditional MCS semblance velocity analysis. Lastly, we approximated the seismic attenuation of the profile. Our results show a large lateral variation in shear‐wave velocity. In the north, a low‐velocity zone with shear‐wave velocities of about 150 m/s was identified, while in the south, the shear‐wave velocity was found to be 300 m/s. With synthetic data, several sensitivity tests were performed to derive optimal parameters for offshore large‐offset streamer data. We particularly focused on the depth of the streamer and source and the water depth in combination with different seabed properties. Our results show that we can robustly derive the shear‐wave velocity, along with the Poisson's ratio, using large‐offset streamer data elsewhere based on the criteria we have tested using field and synthetic data sets.
Deposit‐Derived Block‐and‐Ash Flows: The Hazard Posed by Perched Temporary Tephra Accumulations on Volcanoes; 2018 Fuego Disaster, Guatemala
Authors: Risica Gilda , Rosi Mauro , Pistolesi Marco , Speranza Fabio , Branney Michael J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe impact of hazardous pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) increases with runout distance, which is strongly influenced by the mass flux. This article shows that the mass flux of a PDC may derive not only from vent discharge during the eruption, but also from partly hot, temporary stores (accumulations) of aerated pyroclastic material perched high on the volcano. The unforeseen PDC at Fuego volcano (Guatemala) on 3 June 2018 happened c.1.5 hr after the eruption climax. It overran the village of San Miguel Los Lotes causing an estimated 400+ fatalities. Analysis of the facies architecture of the deposit combined with video footage shows that a pulsatory block‐and‐ash flow flowed down the Las Lajas valley and rapidly waxed, the runout briefly increasing to 12.2 km as it filled and then spilled out of river channels, entered a second valley where it devastated the village and became increasingly erosive, prior to waning. Paleomagnetic analysis shows that the PDC contained only 6% very hot (>590°C) clasts, 39% moderately hot (∼200°C–500°C) clasts, and 51% cool (<200°C) clasts. This reveals that the block‐and‐ash flow mostly derived from collapse of loose and partly hot pyroclastic deposits, stored high on the volcano, gradually accumulated during the last 2–3 years. Progressive collapse of unstable deposits supplied the block‐and‐ash flow, causing a bulk‐up process, waxing flow, channel overspill and unexpected runout. The study demonstrates that deposit‐derived pyroclastic currents from perched temporary tephra stores pose a particular hazard that is easy to overlook and requires a new, different approach to hazard assessment and monitoring.
Impacts of Assimilating GOES‐16 ABI Channels 9 and 10 Clear Air and Cloudy Radiance Observations With Additive Inflation and Adaptive Observation Error in GSI‐EnKF for a Case of Rapidly Evolving Severe Supercells
Authors: Johnson Aaron , Wang Xuguang , Jones Thomas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe unprecedentedly high space and time resolution of infrared radiance observations from GOES‐16 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) present an opportunity to improve analyses and short‐term forecasts of rapidly evolving convective‐scale processes such as the initiation and organization of severe supercell thunderstorms. Such a case is used for experiments aimed at better understanding the assimilation of ABI all‐sky radiance observations in GSI‐EnKF. Experiments assimilating ABI channel 10 are used to demonstrate and understand the impacts of implementing additive inflation and adaptive observation error for ABI radiance assimilation in GSI‐EnKF. The experiments using channel 10 are then compared to experiments using ABI channel 9 and both channels together. The impact of additive inflation is to increase lead time of one of the two supercells by about 20 min, and to enable improved prediction of the second supercell. The improvement occurs because the development of deepening cumulus is accelerated where ABI observes clouds to appear that are not present in the ensemble background forecast. The impact of the adaptive observation error is to increase the strength and persistence of the developing supercells in forecasts initialized from ensemble mean analyses. Compared to the ABI channel 10 radiance, ABI channel 9 provides 10 min of additional lead time for the second supercell, likely because it better constrains an upper‐level shortwave in clear air.
Pathways to Better Prediction of the MJO: 2. Impacts of Atmosphere‐Ocean Coupling on the Upper Ocean and MJO Propagation
Authors: Savarin Ajda , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study investigates effects of atmosphere‐ocean coupling on MJO precipitation and eastward propagation, and upper ocean conditions during and after MJO passage. To explore pathways for improving MJO prediction, three model experiments are conducted using the Unified Wave Interface‐Coupled Model at convection‐permitting (4 km) resolution: (a) uncoupled atmosphere‐only, (b) coupled atmosphere‐ocean, and (c) coupled atmosphere‐ocean with improved air‐sea flux algorithm simulations. The model simulations are compared with observations from the DYNAMO field campaign in 2011. Both coupled atmosphere‐ocean simulations produced eastward propagation of the MJO where the uncoupled, atmosphere‐only simulation did not. The uncoupled model overestimates both precipitation and surface winds associated with the MJO, while coupled model simulations substantially reduce model bias. Improved air‐sea fluxes lead to systematic improvements in precipitation, winds, sea surface temperature, and the ocean mixed layer when compared to the original coupled simulation. This leads to further improvement of the MJO's eastward propagation speed compared with observations. Despite these improvements, the regional coupled simulations still have difficulty representing the extent of convectively suppressed conditions in the Indian Ocean after MJO passage, which indicates the importance of the large‐scale environment from lateral boundary conditions. Coupled model simulations also reveal some issues in the representation of upper ocean stratification in the ocean model, especially errors in salinity, which result in overestimation of the mixed layer depth after MJO passage.
Coral‐Based Sea Surface Salinity Reconstructions and the Role of Observational Uncertainties in Inferred Variability and Trends
Authors: Reed Emma V. , Thompson Diane M. , Anchukaitis Kevin J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClimate observations in much of the tropical oceans are scarce during most of the 20th century, so paleoclimate proxies are needed to understand the full range of natural climate variability. Past proxy studies have focused primarily on sea surface temperatures, but there are comparatively few salinity reconstructions. Such reconstructions can extend our understanding of hydroclimate across the tropical oceans, including variability in precipitation, evaporation, and ocean circulation. Here we compile a network of salinity‐sensitive coral δ18O records, then apply a reduced‐space method based on empirical orthogonal function analysis to reconstruct annual tropical salinity anomalies over the 20th century. A comparison of surface salinity data sets, including reanalyzes (SODA2/3, Ocean ReAnalysis System 5 (ORAS5), Global Ocean Data Assimilation System) and objective analyses (Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), EN4, Delcroix), show large discrepancies in the spatial structure, temporal evolution, and importance of the leading modes of variability. Two salinity data sets, IAP and ORAS5, are retained for climate reconstruction. Our coral‐based salinity reconstructions reveal significant long‐term trends over the 20th century, which are likely associated with hydrological cycle intensification and possibly a weakening of the Walker Circulation. These reconstructions also capture the spatial and temporal patterns of salinity anomalies associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Ultimately, this approach can enhance our understanding of tropical hydroclimate prior to the observational era.