bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Seedbed Fertilization and Fumigation to Infection of Sour Orange Seedlings by Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phytophthora parasitica1
Authors: Timmer L. W. , Leyden R. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preplant fumigation with methyl bromide, sodium N-methyl dithiocarbamate, and heat treatment temporarily eliminated Phytophthora parasitica Dast. from most seedbeds, prevented damping-off and reduced root rot on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings. Stunting of seedlings due to elimination of mycorrhizal fungi occurred frequently following these treatments. Seedlings in non-fumigated, captan-treated seedbeds were not affected by damping-off or lack of mycorrhizae, but growth was reduced compared to that in fumigated beds because of severe root infection by P. parasitica. Application of 500 to 750 kg P/ha to fumigated seedbeds temporarily stimulated the seedling growth, and larger seedlings resulted when mycorrhizae subsequently became reestablished in the beds. Application at these rates did not overcome the stunting problem if mycorrhizae failed to become re-established. Application of 1900 to 2000 kg P/ha stimulated early growth of seedlings in fumigated seedbeds but inhibited mycorrhizal formation and induced copper deficiency symptoms. Fumigation programs which are effective in eradicating P. parasitica also eliminate mycorrhizal fungi and induce severe stunting symptoms which are partially reversible by application of P, but completely reversible only by inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi.
Abscission of Flowers and Fruits in Phaseolus vulgaris L. II. The Relationship between Pod Abscission and Endogenous Abscisic, Phaseic, and Dihydrophaseic Acids in Pedicels and Pods1
Authors: Subhadrabandhu S. , Dennis F. G. , Adams M. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In each of 2 cultivars of dry bean, populations of fruits having either low or high abscission potentials were established by removing early opening flowers from half the plants and leaving all flowers on the remainder. Fruits were harvested 4 to 5 days after anthesis and separated according to length, which was negatively correlated with abscission potential. Abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic acid (PA), and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) contents were determined in methanol extracts of both pods and pedicels, using electron capture gas liquid chromatography. The content of these 3 compounds in pedicels was not significantly affected by cultivar, fruit size or flower removal. ABA content of pods was positively correlated with fruit load but was not related to fruit size. Phaseic acid content increased with fruit size and with fruit load but was not affected by cultivar. Content of DPA was unaffected by pod size or fruit load. We conclude that levels of extractable ABA, PA, and DPA do not regulate fruit abscission in dry bean.
Effect of Orchard Culture on Pine Vole Activity1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Young R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A change in orchard culture caused a significant reduction in activity of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum Le Conte). Cultivations in May, July, and November were not as effective as 2 cultivations plus 2 residual herbicide treatments (July and November). A single cultivation in November caused a small but significant reduction in vole activity but the effect was short lived. A heavy annual residual herbicide treatment in July caused a small but significant reduction in vole activity. No cultural treatment resulted in adequate control by December of 3 consecutive years and toxic hand placed baits were required each year to reduce populations.
Determining Air Pollutant Effects on the Growth and Productivity of ‘Concord’ Grapevines Using Open-top Chambers1
Authors: Musselman R. C. , Render W. J. , Crowe D. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 4-year study was conducted to compare vine growth and yield in ambient air with growth in air charcoal-filtered to remove ozone. Open top chambers, with and without charcoal filters, were placed over individual vines in a mature ‘Concord’ (Vitis labruscana, Bailey) vineyard. Vines growing in open top chambers, regardless of charcoal filtration, grew less, had delayed maturity of shoots, and delayed leaf senescence as compared to those not growing in chambers. Though chamber effect masked treatment effect on total vine productivity, charcoal filtration reduced oxidant stipple and increased fruit soluble solids. Year-to-year variability in severity of oxidant stipple may be related to seasonal rainfall and ambient ozone levels.
Base-line Growth Studies of ‘Grand Rapids’ Lettuce in Controlled Environments1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Tibbitts T. W. , Langhans Robert W. , McFarlane J. Craig 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in 4 different controlled environment facilities to establish base-line growth (“normal”) rates under a standard set of environmental conditions. Growing and environmental measurement procedures to minimize variability and environmental measuring instruments to set environmental conditions are described. The variation in growth within laboratories was greater than the variation among laboratories. The base-line data, with described procedures, can be used to compare lettuce growth in other growth chambers and provides a biological check for operation and environmental control in research facilities.
Cytological Studies of ‘Kaumana’ and ‘Uniwai’ Anthurium1
Authors: Kaneko Kenichiro , Kamemoto Haruyuki 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chromosome number was 2n = 30 for Anthurium andreanum Linden ‘Kaumana’ and 2n = 30 +2B for ‘Uniwai’. The karyotypes, in addition to the 2 B chromosomes in ‘Uniwai’, consisted of 4 large metacentric, 2 fairly large satellite and 24 smaller chromosomes. Meiotic configurations in pollen mother cells were similar for both cultivars with the exception of 2 B chromosomes in ‘Uniwai’. Meiotic irregularities suggest a hybrid origin of cultivated anthuriums.
Ethylene Production as an Indicator of Seasonal Development in Red-osier Dogwood1
Authors: Seibel Janice R. , Fuchigami L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene evolution from excised plant parts was tested as an indicator of stage of seasonal development in red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L., syn. C. stolonifera Michx.). A reduction in ethylene production occurs several weeks prior to the time when defoliation can be safely accomplished. This reduction occurs synchronously over the length of the plant, although ethylene production by basipetal tissues prior to the decrease was lower than that by more acropetal tissues. The pattern of change in ethylene production by nodal tissue, which included the axillary buds and about 5 mm of petiole, seemed to be least affected by environmental growing conditions. Ethylene could be used as a predictor for vegetative maturity stage in red-osier dogwood.
Growth and Development of Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For the first 35 days following planting, the dry weights of the tuberous roots (TR) of Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ decreased, but simultaneously the dry weights of the fibrous roots (FR) and shoots increased. During the 2nd half of the forcing period shoot and TR dry weights increased rapidly. New TR developed from adventitious roots which formed at the basal nodes of the stem. Ancymidol (0.75 mg/plant) reduced shoot dry weight as well as total height but did not alter TR or FR growth. Plant quality measured by shoot dry weight was reduced when the distal half of each TR was removed before planting. It was not reduced where half of the TR were left intact or when only 1 cm was removed from each TR. The number of days to flower was inversely correlated with plant height measured at 14 and 28 days after planting but not with clump fresh weight.
Growth Retardant Effects on Three Turfgrass Species
Authors: Christians Nick E. , Nau James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and ‘Reliant’ hard fescue (Festuca ovina var. duriuscula L. Koch.) were treated with N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluromethyl) sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide (Mefluidide) at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha, (2-chIoroethyI) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 2.24, 4.48; and 6.72 kg/ha; and 5-(4-chIorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo [5,4,1,02’6, 08,11] dodeca-3,9-diene (BAS 106 00 W) at 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 kg/ha. Similar responses to all rates of mefluidide and BAS 106 00 W, and to the 2.24 kg/ha rate of ethephon were observed for Kentucky bluegrass and hard fescue. Tall fescue shoot growth was reduced by mefluidide and the BAS 106 00 W, but to a lesser extent than the other 2 species, and was not affected by ethephon. Ethephon elongated internodes and shortened leaf blades of Kentucky bluegrass. Ethephon at 2.24 kg/ha reduced Kentucky bluegrass clipping weight and increased root organic matter production without reducing quality.
Mycorrhizae, Water Relations, Growth, and Nutrient Uptake of Geranium Grown under Moderately High Phosphorus Regimes
Authors: Sweatt Michael R. , Davies Fred T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To determine the role of endomycorrhizae on water relations and plant growth of geraniums under nonrate-limiting soil P conditions, hybrid seedlings (Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey cv. Cherry Glow) were planted in moderately high P (40 ppm) media, grown under high (−0.4 MPa) or low (−1 MPa) soil water potential (ψs), and either inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi [Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) and G. fasciculatus (Thaxt. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe] (VAM) or left as noninoculated controls. Geraniums grown under high moisture had greater shoot growth, more advanced floral development, and higher P uptake than the low moisture plants. Mycorrhizal plants under high moisture conditions had higher P levels than noninoculated plants, while mycorrhizal plants under low moisture regimes had greater shoot growth, more advanced floral formation, and greater N uptake than noninoculated plants. Xylem water potential in leaves (ψL) was lower under −1 MPa than −0.4 MPa ψS moisture regimes and lowest in mycorrhizal geraniums grown under −1 MPa ψS. One hundred minutes after plants had recovered from water stress, the greatest change in ψL was recorded for mycorrhizal geraniums acclimatized to low moisture regimes. Geraniums under low moisture regimes are more mycorrhizal-dependent. Total estimated root length and root water conductivity were lower with mycorrhizal geraniums under high water and P regime. Under water stress, the larger mycorrhizal geraniums have greater total water demands than controls. Consequently, mycorrhizal geraniums stressed more rapidly yet more efficiently recovered from water deficits. Data suggests that VAM plants acclimate more efficiently to water stress because of more frequent or extreme drought.
Effects of Split-night Temperatures, Light, and Chlormequat on Growth and Carbohydrate Status of Pelargonium × hortorum
Authors: White J. W. , Warrington I. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings (72 or 48 days old) of Pelargonium × hortorum cv. Red Elite were grown in 1 experiment from the 6th leaf stage in controlled-environment (CE) rooms at 4 temperatures, including 2 split-night (SN) regimes and at 3 daily-light integrals; in a 2nd experiment they were grown at 2 temperatures including one SN regime, at 3 daily-light integrals, and with and without chlormequat soil drench. Each of the 2 night-temperature periods were of equal duration in the SN regimes. Plants grown under the SN regimes were either similar in growth and reproductive development to plants grown under constant night conditions, where the temperature was the mean of the 2 SN temperatures, or were generally intermediate in growth and development to plants grown throughout the night at each of the 2 temperatures used in the SN regime. A daily mean temperature of 20°C compared to 16.8° or 18° reduced the time between the 6th leaf and macrobud visible stages by 8 days. Leaf starch and sugar levels decreased as mean daily temperatures increased, but increased as daily-light integrals increased. Drenches of (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) applied at the 6th leaf stage limited plant height and leaf area without influencing flowering date.
Response of Pot Chrysanthemum to Supplemental Irradiation during Rooting, Long Day, and Short Day Production Stages
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat cv. Paragon plants were grown under supplemental irradiation from high-pressure sodium lamps during rooting, long day (LD), and short day (SD) production stages in all combinations. Plants which were rooted under supplemental irradiation had higher relative growth rates (RGR) and dry weight increments during that stage than nonirradiated controls. Supplemental irradiation similarly increased RGR and dry weight increments during LD and 5 weeks of SD. Root, top, and total dry weights at the end of the SD irradiation period showed a residual incremental effect of the LD treatment. Percentage of increases in dry weight increments due to supplemental irradiation were quite consistent between stages, whereas treatments had a greater effect on RGR during rooting and LD than during SD. The number of days to final harvest was reduced by supplemental irradiation during rooting and LD. The numbers of flowering stem breaks per pot, mean stem break length, and total plant dry weight were increased by supplemental irradiation at each stage. Those effects principally were additive. Flower dry weight per plant was increased significantly only by LD treatment. The benefits of supplemental irradiation during each production stage, and of combined treatments, are discussed in relation to operating costs.
Influence of Lime and Sulfur Soil Additions on Growth, Yield, and Leaf Nutrient Content of Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Spiers James M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Varying levels of lime and/or elemental S were added to a Ruston fine sandy loam soil to determine the influence of soil pH on growth, fruit yields, and leaf nutrient (N) content of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Soil pH changes were monitored monthly from Oct. 1978 to Sept. 1980, and bimonthly from Oct. 1980 to Sept. 1982. Plant growth measurements were determined yearly. Plant growth and yields were reduced greatly in soils with pH < 3.5. Increasing levels of lime did not reduce fruit yields or plant growth as much as increasing S levels. Highest yields and best growth occurred in plants grown within a soil pH range of 3.9 to 6.1. Leaf N content increased as soil pH increased up to a level of 4.5 to 5.0 and then decreased with increased soil pH levels. Soil pH seems to have a greater influence on Ca uptake than does Ca addition to the soil. Excessive uptake of Na at high pH levels and Mn at low pH levels may be limiting factors in plant growth.
Description and Postharvest Physiology of Some Slow-ripening Nectarine Genotypes
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Kader Adel A. , Ramming David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The postharvest behavior of several slow-ripening nectarine genotypes that originated from ‘Fantasia’ was investigated. These fruit were firmer and greener than ‘Fantasia’, had higher phenolic compounds and soluble solids contents, a higher pH, lower titratable acidity, and equal or greater levels of total and reducing sugars. Changes in flesh color and firmness during storage were much slower than in ‘Fantasia’, but the rate of softening varied among the genotypes. Although all of the genotypes tested seemed to be climacteric-type fruit, the preclimacteric period at 20°C could exceed 1 month, and C2H4 production was much lower than in ‘Fantasia’. Application of C2H4 during the preclimacteric period stimulated respiration rates, with the maximum response occurring at 10 ppm. A 2nd application of C2H4 resulted in a 2nd increase in respiration, as with nonclimacteric fruit. Incidence of internal breakdown generally was severe compared to ‘Fantasia’ following 4 weeks of storage at 5°, although the genotype P19-11 appeared to be somewhat resistant to chilling injury.
Ethylene Production by Fruit of Some Slow-ripening Nectarine Genotypes
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the ripening behavior and C2H4 production of 4 slow-ripening nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] genotypes was investigated. While there was no change in C2H4 production and little ripening in fruit kept for one month in air at 20°C, continuous exposure to 1300 μl·liter−1 propylene (C3H6) stimulated ripening and C2H4 production in these genotypes. The concentration of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in freshly harvested fruit was less than 0.05 nmol·g−1 and rose 6- to 8-times during the rise in C2H4 production. ACC levels remained low in preclimacteric fruit of all genotypes except P19-70, in which ACC concentration increased without an accompanying increase in C2H4 production. Wounding had little effect on C2H4 production by these 4 genotypes, but addition of one mm ACC stimulated C2H4 production by tissue plugs 35 to 70 fold. Delaying the harvest by up to 6 weeks had no effect on fruit weight or firmness, but flesh color and pH increased while titratable acidity and soluble solids content decreased; the onset of C2H4 production during storage at 20° was advanced, while the ability to convert ACC to C2H4 declined. In no case did C2H4 production rates by these fruit reach the levels of normal nectarine genotypes. We conclude that these slow-ripening genotypes lack the capacity to produce normal C2H4 levels for nectarines.
Influence of Within-canopy Shading on Fruit Size, Shoot Growth, and Return Bloom in Kiwifruit
Authors: Grant J. A. , Ryugo K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit on shoots trained to grow above the main foliar canopy (exposed) of 6-year-old ‘pergola’-trained kiwifruit vines were significantly larger than fruit on shoots trained to grow below the canopy (shaded). Fruit size increased with seed number in both fruit groups, but fruit from exposed shoots were consistently larger than shade-grown fruit with the same seed count. Shade-grown shoots had smaller basal diameters and less dry matter than exposed shoots. Winter mortality among buds on formerly shaded and exposed shoots was 34% and 5%, respectively. Formerly shaded shoots had fewer mixed buds with less flowers per inflorescence than exposed shoots the following spring.
Leaf Area Development Patterns in Young Pruned and Unpruned Apple Trees
Authors: Lakso A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six-year-old ‘Empire’/Malling 7 (M7) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were left unpruned or pruned moderately during dormancy, and early-season leaf area development patterns were examined. Pruning markedly shifted leaf area distribution from spur to extension shoot. Leaf area at and shortly after bloom nearly doubled in the unpruned trees due to the increased percentage of the leaf area in rapidly developing spurs; however, the final total leaf areas were not affected significantly by the pruning. Leaf area development in all trees slowed dramatically around full bloom. Yields were reduced in the pruned trees primarily due to fewer flower clusters. Leaf areas per tree correlated well with percentage of sky values from fisheye photography.
Influence of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and Ethylene on Respiration and Ethylene Production by Developing ‘Bartlett’ Pear Fruits1
Authors: Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene-induced endogenous ethylene production was substantial in immature pear fruits, attaining a max rate in samples harvested 60 days after full bloom and declining thereafter. Ethylene production was not dependent on the occurrence of a respiratory climacteric nor related to the rate of respiration. Field applications of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) suppressed both ethylene production and fruit growth.
Propagation of Asparagus Through Shoot Apex Culture. I. Nutrient Medium for Formation of Plantlets1
Authors: Murashige T. , Shabde M. N. , Hasegawa P. M. , Takatori F. H. , Jones J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A nutrient medium which enabled rapid formation of new spears and roots in shoot apices excised from buds as well as lateral branches of Asparagus officinalis L. spears was developed. This medium was composed of the following, in mg/1 : Murashige and Skoog’s inorganic salts; NAA, 0.3; kinetin, 0.1; thiamin·HC1, 1.0; pyridoxin·HCl, 5.0; nicotinic acid, 5.0; myo-inositol, 100; adenine sulfate·dihydrate, 40; sucrose, 25,000; Difco Bacto malt extract, 500; NaH2PO4·H2O, 170; and Difco Bacto agar, 6000. The shoot apices were cultured under 1000 lux Gro Lux or Plant Gro light and at constant 27°C. The explants were 0.15 mm in height and composed of the apical meristem plus a few visible subjacent primordial leaves. Within 6 weeks an avg of 80-90% of the cultures developed into miniature plants with several spears and roots. These plants, however, could not be transferred to soil with much success. The transfer necessitated further culture under another set of conditions, details of which are currently under investigation. The nutrient medium was inapplicable to shoot apex cultures of A. densiflora (Kunth) Jessop cv. Meyers, A. densiflora (Kunth) Jessop cv. Sprengeri, and, A. sarmentosus (Hort.).
Effect of Tree Spacing on Root Distribution of 9-Year Old ‘Washington’ Navel Oranges1
Authors: Kaufmann M. R. , Boswell S. B. , Lewis L. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of tree spacing on the root distribution of 9-year old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees on ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstock was studied. Spacings ranged from 9 ft x 15 ft to 22 ft x 22 ft. Roots were washed from soil cores (3-ft deep, 4-inch diam) taken at 2-ft intervals along 2 transects, 1 across the row and 1 along the row and beneath an irrigation furrow. The distribution of both small roots (1.5 mm in diam or smaller) and large roots was affected by tree spacing and by location of the irrigation furrow. At close springs, many soil cores contained about 4 g dry wt of small roots, suggesting that the soil contained as many feeder roots as possible under those conditions. Wider spacings had fewer roots per core. Evidence suggests that considerable overlapping of root systems occurred at close spacings but not at the wider spacings. It is likely that root competition will limit yield during the next decade at the closer spacings, whereas considerable room for root growth exists at wide spacings.
Induction of Spur and Flower Bud Formation in Young Apple Trees with Chemical Growth Retardants1
Authors: Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth retardants 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and succinic acid-2-2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) increase flower initiation in young apple trees. At comparable rates, ethephon is more effective than SADH. High rates of ethephon cause flower and fruit abscission. When ethephon was combined with SADH and applied 4 to 5 weeks after bloom, satisfactory promotion of flower bud formation was obtained with lower rates of each chemical with a min of undesirable side effects.