bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural, dielectric and electro-caloric properties of Ba(Ti,Zr)O3-(La,Sr)MnO3 composite multiferroic
Authors: Gaur Anshu , Srinath S. 
Published: March 2022

Dielectric and electrocaloric (EC) properties of sol-gel synthesized BaTi0.84Zr0.16O3 (BTZ) and La0.78Sr.0.22MnO3 (LSM) composite in 80:20 molar ratio is reported. We discuss the dielectric analysis based on the electric modulus M*(=1/ϵ*) with the aim to differentiate the orientational and interfacial/carrier contribution and to explain their temperature and frequency dependence. Frequency dependence of imaginary part of M, i.e., M″(ω) of the composite exhibits a broad relaxation peak in MHz range while ϵ″(ω) graph is typical of interfacial/carrier polarization dominated: ϵ″ is as high as 7k at 20 Hz, decreases to 300 at 2 MHz measured at 25°C. M″-max shifts to higher frequencies with the increase in the temperature. The M″-peak, associated with BTZ-dipoles, is fitted using Cole-Cole (CC) equation to estimate the dielectric parameters, static and high-frequency dielectric constants ϵs and ϵꝏ respectively, relaxation time, τ, and the CC parameter, α, which is related to the distribution of relaxation time. Temperature dependence of physical parameters obtained from the fitting reflected the attributes of orientational polarization of the parent BTZ. These analyses indicate that M* is a more suitable parameter to consider for the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites.
Prevention of the foreign body response to implantable medical devices by inflammasome inhibition
Authors: Barone Damiano G. , Carnicer-Lombarte Alejandro , Tourlomousis Panagiotis , Hamilton Russell S. , Prater Malwina , Rutz Alexandra L. , Dimov Ivan B. , Malliaras George G. , Lacour Stephanie P. , Robertson Avril A. B. , Franze Kristian , Fawcett James W. , Bryant Clare E. 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceImplantable electronic medical devices (IEMDs) are used for some clinical applications, representing an exciting prospect for the transformative treatment of intractable conditions such Parkinson’s disease, deafness, and paralysis. The use of IEMDs is limited at the moment because, over time, a foreign body reaction (FBR) develops at the device–neural interface such that ultimately the IEMD fails and needs to be removed. Here, we show that macrophage nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity drives the FBR in a nerve injury model yet integration of an NLRP3 inhibitor into the device prevents FBR while allowing full healing of damaged neural tissue to occur.
Applications of micro- and macroalgae elements in the food and healthcare industries
Authors: Sarvananda L. , Premarathna Amal D. , Shafras Mohamed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Algae are a great source of mineral salts, vitamins, proteins and trace metals necessary for human metabolism. Interest of introducing algae into human nutrition in western countries has increased in recent years. Humans can also consume algae indirectly because they are a source of different compounds used in the food industry such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, furcellaran, mannitol, pigments and fatty acids. These compounds are mainly utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries with immense importance. In recent years, the application of algae extracts plays a major role as fertilizers in the enhancement of plant growth in agriculture industry. This review discusses the micro- and macroalgae applications in the industries for human and animal consumption, besides the use of algae extracts for the production of fertilizers.
Assessing the Thermal Stability of Toolmarks Casting Materials through Optical Comparison Microscopy, Virtual Comparison Microscopy and Quantitative Similarity Scores
Authors: Koh Alaric C. W. , Yeoh Kai Yuan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractToolmarks, particularly those found on bulky, inaccessible or immovable items, can be recovered by casting. To allow for subsequent comparative examinations, the casting material, typically polysiloxanes or silicones, must be able to capture and preserve fine details within a toolmark accurately. To study the stability of such details after exposure to heat, toolmark casts were heated at either 60 °C for 2 h, or 90 °C for 1 h. These casts were subsequently compared to casts that had not been exposed to heat, using traditional optical comparison microscopy, as well as virtual comparison microscopy. Digitised toolmark signatures were also extracted from the casts and compared pairwise to obtain quantitative similarity scores based on cross-correlation, consecutive matching striae and Mann-Whitney U-statistic. Our results show that the fine surface details captured on all four commercial toolmark casting materials tested herein remained stable after exposure to heat. This study shows that the above heating protocols are viable viral inactivation methods for toolmark casts that are potentially contaminated with human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Our findings also apply to other scenarios, such as for casts that were left in a vehicle parked under the sun.
Design optimization of an electron-to-photon conversion target for ultra-high dose rate x-ray (FLASH) experiments at TRIUMF
Authors: Esplen Nolan , Egoriti Luca , Paley Bill , Planche Thomas , Hoehr Cornelia , Gottberg Alexander , Bazalova-Carter Magdalena 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objective. To develop a bremsstrahlung target and megavoltage (MV) x-ray irradiation platform for ultrahigh dose-rate (UHDR) irradiation of small-animals on the Advanced Rare Isotope Laboratory (ARIEL) electron linac (e-linac) at TRIUMF. Approach. An electron-to-photon converter design for UHDR radiotherapy (RT) was centered around optimization of a tantalum–aluminum (Ta–Al) explosion-bonded target. Energy deposition within a homogeneous water-phantom and the target itself were evaluated using EGSnrc and FLUKA MC codes, respectively, for various target thicknesses (0.5–1.5 mm), beam energies (E
e− = 8, 10 MeV) and electron (Gaussian) beam sizes (

2
σ

= 2–10 mm). Depth dose-rates in a 3D-printed mouse phantom were also calculated to infer the compatibility of the 10 MV dose distributions for FLASH-RT in small-animal models. Coupled thermo-mechanical FEA simulations in ANSYS were subsequently used to inform the stress–strain conditions and fatigue life of the target assembly. Main results. Dose-rates of up to 128 Gy s−1 at the phantom surface, or 85 Gy s−1 at 1 cm depth, were obtained for a 1 × 1 cm2 field size, 1 mm thick Ta target and 7.5 cm source-to-surface distance using the FLASH-mode beam (E
e− = 10 MeV, 2

σ

= 5 mm, P = 1 kW); furthermore, removal of the collimation assembly and using a shorter (3.5 cm) SSD afforded dose-rates >600 Gy s−1, albeit at the expense of field conformality. Target temperatures were maintained below the tantalum, aluminum and cooling-water thresholds of 2000 °C, 300 °C and 100 °C, respectively, while the aluminum strain behavior remained everywhere elastic and helped ensure the converter survives its prescribed 5 yr operational lifetime. Significance. Effective design iteration, target cooling and failure mitigation have culminated in a robust target compatible with intensive transient (FLASH) and steady-state (diagnostic) applications. The ARIEL UHDR photon source will facilitate FLASH-RT experiments concerned with sub-second, pulsed or continuous beam irradiations at dose rates in excess of 40 Gy s−1.
Plasma-relevant fast electron impact study of trifluoromethane
Authors: Wang Dong-Hui , Wang Shu-Xing , Nie Zhi-Wei , Wang Li-Han , Xu Yuan-Chen , Du Xiao-Jiao , Zhu Lin-Fan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trifluoromethane is an important etching gas in semiconductor industries as the fluorine source in reactive etching plasma. Electron impact excitations into the dissociation states are essential for plasma modeling. By employing an angle-resolved electron energy loss spectrometer, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) for the valence-shell excited states have been determined at an absolute scale utilizing the crossed-beam based relative flow technique. The measurement was performed with an incident electron energy of 1500 eV at an energy resolution of about 70 meV. The corresponding optical oscillator strengths are also obtained by extrapolating the measured GOSs to the limit of zero momentum transfer. The extrapolated data and fitted linewidths are used to reproduce the photoabsorption spectra and compare with the available experimental and theoretical results. In addition, the integral cross sections from the excitation threshold to 5000 eV of the associated excited states have been derived by using the BE-scaling method. The resulted data can not only be used in plasma models but also serve as a benchmark for further theoretical calculations.
Observation of electron runaway in a tip-plane air gap under negative nanosecond pulse voltage by PIC/MCC simulation
Authors: Li Yutai , Fu Yangyang , Liu Zhigang , Li Handong , Wang Peng , Luo Haiyun , Zou Xiaobing , Wang Xinxin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The initial stage of the gas breakdown with the generation of runaway electrons was investigated using particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision simulations. The parameters of the solved problem are a 1 mm long atmospheric air gap between tip-plane electrodes applied with a nanosecond pulse voltage. The pulse is 5.2 ns in rising time (10%–90%), 10 ns in pulse width (FWHM) and 40 kV in amplitude. The cathode is a cone-shaped electrode, the tip of which is defined by the elliptic equation (the major axis is 4 mm and the minor axis is 1 mm), and the minimum radius of curvature is 0.125 mm. As it is found in the simulation that the development of the discharge channel from the cathode to the anode only takes about tens to hundreds of picoseconds, especially at high overvoltages with runaway electrons, it is assumed that the gap voltage applied in such a short time is nearly constant. Depending on the voltage at the breakdown, different behavior of the energetic electrons is observed. When the voltage is low, about 12 kV, energetic electrons are only produced in the tip cathode layer, where the electric field is the highest; no runaway electrons leading the discharge channel are observed. When the voltage is higher, about 15 kV, the energetic electrons begin to run away at the head of the discharge channel, where the electric field is high enough. When the voltage is even higher, the energetic electrons run away, even at the beginning of the discharge, and from the cathode to the anode. Pre-ionization of the gas ahead of the discharge channel by the runaway electrons is observed, which may play an important role in the fast breakdown of the gas under the nanosecond short pulse.
On the use of ultra-high resolution PIC methods to unveil microscale effects of plasma kinetic instabilities: electron trapping and release by electrostatic tidal effect
Authors: Schiesko L , Revel A , Minea T , Carbone E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ultra-high resolution particle-in-cell coupled to Monte-Carlo collisions modelling unveils microscale instabilities in non-equilibrium plasmas fulfilling Penrose’s instability criterion. The spontaneous development of ion turbulence in the phase-space generated by charge exchange collisions leads to finite amplitude modulations of the local electric field. The latter are responsible for the trapping of low energy electrons and their transport from the plasma volume to the sheath vicinity. Electrostatic tidal effect occurring near the sheath is responsible for the release of the trapped electrons as a monochromatic bunch, accelerated back towards the source. This instability provides an additional theoretical ground for the anomalous enrichment of low-energy electrons observed by Langmuir probes in similar conditions. The present results demonstrate that marginally fulfilling PIC criteria is insufficient to study the microscale instabilities effects on the electrons dynamics in non-equilibrium low temperature plasmas.
Collisionless magnetized sheath resonance heating induced by a transverse magnetic field in low-pressure capacitive rf discharges
Authors: Sun Jing-Yu , Zhang Quan-Zhi , Schulze Julian , Wang You-Nian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of resonance heating between the gyrating electrons and the oscillating sheath induced by a small transverse magnetic field in low-pressure capacitively coupled plasmas is investigated. The gyrating electrons will coherently collide with the expanding sheath if the electron gyro-frequency coincides with half the driving frequency. These electrons will gain substantial energy from collision-less heating, which strongly enhances the electron power absorption and the plasma density at a constant driving voltage. The electron kinetics is revealed at resonant conditions by particle simulations. Our numerical results demonstrate that the relation between the magnetic field and the driving frequency determines this resonance effect. Besides, it is found that the operating pressure, electrode gap, and driving voltage all strongly affect this electron resonance mechanism. The resonance effect is more pronounced at the conditions of low pressure, large gap, and high voltage.
Wave propagation and absorption in a helicon plasma thruster and its plume
Authors: Jiménez Pedro , Merino Mario , Ahedo Eduardo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A two-dimensional, full-wave, frequency domain, cold plasma model is used to study electromagnetic power propagation and absorption in a helicon plasma thruster, including its far plume region and surrounding space. Results show that a fraction of power is absorbed in the plume region, and that the power deposition in the source is essentially unperturbed by the simulation domain size, the presence of metallic obstacles, or the plasma density in the environment. An electron–cyclotron resonance (ECR) surface always exists downstream that effectively prevents radiation to the space beyond along the plume. In the presence of an overdense environmental plasma, like the one expected in a vacuum chamber, fields are fully evanescent beyond this transition, and vacuum chamber boundary conditions affect but little the wavefields before this surface. In the absence of an environmental plasma, a double wave regime transition exists at the interface between the plasma and vacuum that hinders accurate numerical simulation in the plume region.
Broadband plasmonic absorption enhancement of perovskite solar cells with embedded Au@SiO2@graphene core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Talebi Hamideh , Emami Farzin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although perovskite solar cells have shown outstanding photovoltaic performance, there are still various obstacles that limit their performance and that remain as significant challenges. Weak optical absorption rate in the infrared region is a significant drawback for this kind of solar cell. In this paper, Au@SiO2@Graphene nanoparticles (NPs) as nano-photonic inclusions in the perovskite layer are proposed and investigated theoretically. Unlike conventional nanoparticles, these NPs exhibit strong, multiple plasmon resonances at low energies. The effect of geometrical parameters, periodicity, and the location of the Au@SiO2@Graphene NPs in the perovskite layer upon the performance of the PSCs are investigated. Under improved conditions, an absorption enhancement of 32% is obtained compared to pristine devices. Also, the result attained from coupled optical-electrical simulation of the improved device demonstrated 20.05% power conversion efficiency. These improvements have been achieved due to the plasmonic near-field enhancement effects of Au@SiO2@Graphene nanoparticles along with increased light-scattering from these NPs.
Interplay of charge density waves, disorder, and superconductivity in 2H-TaSe2 elucidated by NMR
Authors: Baek Seung-Ho , Sur Yeahan , Kim Kee Hoon , Vojta Matthias , Büchner Bernd 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Single crystals of pristine and 6% Pd-intercalated 2H‐TaSe2 have been studied by means of 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance. The temperature dependence of the 77Se spectrum, with an unexpected line narrowing upon Pd intercalation, unravels the presence of correlated local lattice distortions far above the transition temperature of the charge density wave (CDW) order, thereby supporting a strong-coupling CDW mechanism in 2H‐TaSe2. While, the Knight shift data suggest that the incommensurate CDW transition involves a partial Fermi surface gap opening. As for spin dynamics, the 77Se spin-lattice relaxation rate

T

1

−
1

as a function of temperature shows that a pseudogap behavior dominates the low-energy spin excitations even within the CDW phase, and gets stronger along with superconductivity in the Pd-6% sample. We discuss that CDW fluctuations may be responsible for the pseudogap as well as superconductivity, although the two phenomena are unlikely to be directly linked each other.
Gravitational wave background from mergers of large primordial black holes
Authors: Deng Heling 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Peters formula, which tells how the coalescence time of a binary
system emitting gravitational radiation is determined by the initial size
and shape of the elliptic orbit, is often used
in estimating the merger rate of primordial black holes and the gravitational wave background from the mergers. Valid as it is in some interesting
scenarios, such as the analysis of the LIGO-Virgo events,
the Peters formula fails to describe the coalescence time if the orbital period of the binary exceeds
the value given by the formula. This could underestimate the event rate
of mergers that occur before the cosmic time t ∼ 1013 s.
As a result, the energy density spectrum of the gravitational wave background could develop a peak, which is from mergers occurring at either t ∼ 1013 s (for black holes with mass M ≳ 108
M
⊙) or t ∼ 1026(M/M
⊙)-5/3 s (for 105
M
⊙ ≲ M ≲ 108
M
⊙). This
can be used to constrain the fraction of dark matter in
primordial black holes (denoted by f) if potential probes
(such as SKA and U-DECIGO) do not discover such a background,
with the result f ≲ 10-6–10-4 for the mass range 10– 109
M
⊙. We then consider the effect of mass accretion onto primordial black holes at redshift z ∼ 10, and find that the merger rate could drop significantly at low redshifts. The spectrum of the gravitational wave background thus gets suppressed at the high-frequency end. This feature might be captured by future detectors such as ET and CE for initial mass M = 𝒪(10–100) M
⊙ with f ≳ 10-4.
New scenario of QCD axion clump formation. Part I. Linear analysis
Authors: Kitajima Naoya , Kogai Kazuhiro , Urakawa Yuko 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The QCD axion acquires the potential through the non-perturbative effect of the QCD matters around the QCD phase transition. During this period, the direct interaction between the axion and the QCD matters sets in.
Focusing on the impact of this direct interaction, we propose two scenarios where the fluctuation of the axion can rapidly grow, potentially leading to the formation of axion miniclusters even if the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry was already broken during inflation. The first scenario assumes that the primordial curvature perturbation at the horizon scale during the QCD epoch was significantly enhanced and the second one assumes that the initial misalignment was tuned around the hilltop of the potential.
Testing the Empirical Relationship between Forbush Decreases and Cosmic Ray Diurnal Anisotropy
Authors: Adejoh Alhassan Jibrin , Okike Ogbonnaya , Ejikeme Chukwude Augustine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The abrupt aperiodic modulation of cosmic ray (CR) flux intensity, often referred to as Forbush decrease (FD), plays a significant role in our understanding of the Sun–Earth electrodynamics. Accurate and precise determinations of FD magnitude and timing are among the intractable problems in FD-based analysis. FD identification is complicated by CR diurnal anisotropy. CR anisotropy can increase or reduce the number and amplitude of FDs. It is therefore important to remove its contributions from CR raw data before FD identification. Recently, an attempt was made, using a combination of the Fourier transform technique and FD-location machine, to address this. Thus, two FD catalogs and amplitude diurnal variation (ADV) were calculated from filtered (FD1 and ADV) and raw (FD2) CR data. In the current work, we test the empirical relationship between FD1, FD2, ADV and solar-geophysical characteristics. Our analysis shows that two types of magnetic fields - interplanetary and geomagnetic (Dst) - govern the evolution of CR flux intensity reductions.
Thermodynamic effects in a gas modulated Invar-based dual Fabry–Pérot cavity refractometer
Authors: Rubin T , Silander I , Zakrisson J , Hao M , Forssén C , Asbahr P , Bernien M , Kussicke A , Liu K , Zelan M , Axner O 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
By measuring the refractivity and the temperature of a gas, its pressure can be assessed from fundamental principles. The highest performing instruments are based on Fabry–Perot cavities (FPC). Gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR) is a methodology that has the ability to reduce the influence of disturbances to such an extent that high-precision (sub-parts-per-million) assessments of pressure can be made by the use of FPCs of Invar. To allow for high accuracy assessments, it is of importance to assess the uncertainty contribution from the thermodynamic effects that are associated with the gas filling and emptying of the cavity (pV-work). This paper presents a detailed scrutiny of the influence of the gas exchange process on the assessment of gas temperature on an Invar-based dual-FPC (DFPC) instrumentation. It is shown that by virtue of a combination of a number of carefully selected design entities (a small cavity volume with a bore radius of 3 mm, a spacer material with high heat capacitance, large thermal conductivity, and no regions that are connected with low thermal conductance, i.e. no heat islands, and a continuous assessment of temperature of the cavity spacer) the system is not significantly affected by pV-work. Simulations show that 10 s after the filling all temperature gradients in the system are well into the sub-mK range. Experiments support that refractivity assessments initiated after 40 s are not significantly affected by the pV-work. The analysis given in this work indicates that an upper limit for the influence of pV-work on the Invar-based DFPC system using 100 s long gas modulation cycles is 0.5 mK/100 kPa (or 1.8 ppm/100 kPa). Consequently, thermodynamic effects will not be a limiting factor when the Invar-based DFPC GAMOR system is used for assessments of pressure or as a primary pressure standard up to atmospheric pressures.
Unusual superconductivity in the topological nodal-line semimetal candidate Sn
x
NbSe2-δ
Authors: Munir Riffat , Hasan Siddiquee K A M , Dissanayake Charuni , Kumarasinghe Kapila , Hu Xinzhe , Takano Yasumasa , Choi Eun Sang , Nakajima Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report the superconductivity of the topological nodal-line semimetal candidate Sn
x
NbSe2-δ
with a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure. The superconducting transition temperature T
c of Sn
x
NbSe2-δ
drastically varies with the Sn concentration x and the Se deficiency δ, and reaches 12 K, relatively higher than those of known topological superconductors. The upper critical field of this compound shows unusual temperature dependence, inconsistent with the WHH theory for conventional type-II superconductors. In a low-Tc sample, the zero-temperature limit of the upper critical field parallel to the ab plane exceeds the Pauli paramagnetic limit estimated from the simple BCS weak coupling model by a factor of ∼ 2, suggestive of unusual superconductivity stabilized in Sn
x
NbSe2-δ
. Together with the robust superconductivity against disorder, these observations indicate that Sn
x
NbSe2-δ
is a promising candidate to explore topological superconductivity.