bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Investigations Into the Blade Tip Phantom Cooling Performance
Authors: Li Feng , Jia Zhe , Wang Haifeng , Liu Zhao , Feng Zhenping 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the gas turbines, the blade tip is difficult to be cooled down due to the complex flow and the intense heat transfer process here. Phantom cooling has been considered a kind of second-order cooling effect to help protect the tip using upstream spent cooling air. In this work, the blade tip phantom cooling performance of four different tip configurations (the flat tip (FT), the squealer tip with suction-side rim (SSRST), the squealer tip with pressure-side rim (PSRST), and the squealer tip with double-side rims (DSRST)) was compared under four different cooling air blowing ratios (M), with two different tip gaps (τ = 1.32% C (chord), and 3.22% C). Pressure sensitive paint technique was adopted to obtain the cooling effectiveness contours. The turbulence-validated computational predictions were performed to help analyze the flow characteristics near the tip. Results indicated that the FT case presents the best phantom cooling performance than others, and phantom cooling traces can be detected on most portions of the tip. The η values of the SSRST case are a little bit lower than the FT case, and the PSRST and DSRST cases perform the worst for almost no phantom cooling traces can be observed on the cavity surface. Additionally, a bigger tip gap would reduce the tip phantom cooling effectiveness for any tip configuration. Moreover, from the computational results (τ = 1.32% C, M = 1.5), relatively lower aerodynamic losses are obtained in SSRST and DSRST cases, while the PSRST case shows the highest loss.
Evidence for benthic oxygen production in Neoarchean lacustrine stromatolites
Authors: Wilmeth Dylan T. , Lalonde Stefan V. , Berelson William M. , Petryshyn Victoria , Celestian Aaron J. , Beukes Nicolas J. , Awramik Stanley M. , Spear John R. , Mahseredjian Taleen , Corsetti Frank A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis fundamentally altered the global environment, but the history of this metabolism prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ca. 2.4 Ga remains unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that non-marine microbial mats served as localized “oxygen oases” for hundreds of millions of years before the GOE, though direct examination of redox proxies in Archean lacustrine microbial deposits remains relatively limited. We report spatially distinct patterns of positive and negative cerium (Ce) anomalies in lacustrine stromatolites from the 2.74 Ga Ventersdorp Supergroup (Hartbeesfontein Basin, South Africa), which indicate that dynamic redox conditions within ancient microbial communities were driven by oxygenic photosynthesis. Petrographic analyses and rare earth element signatures support a primary origin for Ce anomalies in stromatolite oxides. Oxides surrounding former bubbles entrained in mats (preserved as fenestrae) exhibit positive Ce anomalies, while oxides in stromatolite laminae typically contain strong negative Ce anomalies. The spatial patterns of Ce anomalies in Ventersdorp stromatolites are most parsimoniously explained by localized Ce oxidation and scavenging around oxygen bubbles produced by photosynthesis in microbial mats. Our new data from Ventersdorp stromatolites supports the presence of oxygenic photosynthesis ~300 m.y. before the GOE, and add to the growing evidence for early oxygen oases in Archean non-marine deposits.
Large deviations for spectral measures of some spiked matrices
Authors: Noiry Nathan , Rouault Alain 
Published: May 2022

We prove large deviations principles for spectral measures of perturbed (or spiked) matrix models in the direction of an eigenvector of the perturbation. In each model under study, we provide two approaches, one of which relying on large deviations principle of unperturbed models derived in the previous work “Sum rules via large deviations” (Gamboa et al. [Sum rules via large deviations, J. Funct. Anal. 270(2) (2016) 509–559]).
Preparing for a Second Attack: A Lesion Simulation Study on Network Resilience After Stroke
Authors: van Assche Mitsouko , Klug Julian , Dirren Elisabeth , Richiardi Jonas , Carrera Emmanuel 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Does the brain become more resilient after a first stroke to reduce the consequences of a new lesion? Although recurrent strokes are a major clinical issue, whether and how the brain prepares for a second attack is unknown. This is due to the difficulties to obtain an appropriate dataset of stroke patients with comparable lesions, imaged at the same interval after onset. Furthermore, timing of the recurrent event remains unpredictable.

Methods:
Here, we used a novel clinical lesion simulation approach to test the hypothesis that resilience in brain networks increases during stroke recovery. Sixteen highly selected patients with a lesion restricted to the primary motor cortex were recruited. At 3 time points of the index event (10 days, 3 weeks, 3 months), we mimicked recurrent infarcts by deletion of nodes in brain networks (resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging). Graph measures were applied to determine resilience (global efficiency after attack) and wiring cost (mean degree) of the network.

Results:

At 10 days and 3 weeks after stroke, resilience was similar in patients and controls. However, at 3 months, although motor function had fully recovered, resilience to clinically representative simulated lesions was higher compared to controls (cortical lesion
P
=0.012; subcortical:
P
=0.009; cortico-subcortical:
P
=0.009). Similar results were found after random (
P
=0.012) and targeted (
P
=0.015) attacks.

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that, in this highly selected cohort of patients with lesions restricted to the primary motor cortex, brain networks reconfigure to increase resilience to future insults. Lesion simulation is an innovative approach, which may have major implications for stroke therapy. Individualized neuromodulation strategies could be developed to foster resilient network reconfigurations after a first stroke to limit the consequences of future attacks.
Duration of Ischemia Impacts Postreperfusion Clinical Outcomes Independent of Follow‐Up Infarct Volume
Authors: Desai Shashvat M. , Aghaebrahim Amin , Siegler James E. , Monteiro Andre , Jha Ruchira M. , Jadhav Ashutosh P. , Jovin Tudor G. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Time to reperfusion is believed to influence clinical outcomes following thrombectomy mainly through reduction of infarct growth. In this study, we aim to understand whether clinical outcomes can be influenced by ischemia duration (penumbral time) independent of postintervention infarct volume by comparing outcomes following thrombectomy in patients with similar (and small) follow‐up infarct volumes.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained large‐vessel occlusion stroke thrombectomy database across 3 US centers. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and outcomes data of patients with anterior circulation large‐vessel occlusion (internal carotid or middle cerebral artery M1) stroke who had a witnessed‐onset stroke, had substantial penumbral volumes, achieved successful reperfusion (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b‐3), and had a follow‐up infarct volume of <20 mL were analyzed.

Results

A total of 233 patients (center A, 25; center B, 33; center C, 175) were included. Mean age was 71±16 years, and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 15 (10–20). Median penumbral time was 4.7 (2.9–10) hours, and median follow‐up infarct volume was 4.7 (0.2–9.4) mL. Despite comparable baseline characteristics and 24‐hour infarct volumes, patients reperfused in the 0‐ to 6‐hour time window had significantly higher rates of modified Rankin scale 0 to 2 (61% versus 40%;
P
=0.002) and numerically lower rates of mortality (11% versus 17%;
P
=0.16) at 90 days when compared with patients reperfused in the 6‐ to 24‐hour time window. Duration of ischemia is an independent predictor of modified Rankin scale 0 to 2 (odds ratio, 0.91 [0.80–0.99];
P
=0.012). In multivariable analysis accounting for age and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, the association between penumbral time and modified Rankin scale 0 to 2 remained significant (absolute risk difference, −1.2% [(95% CI, −1.9 to −0.4)]/h delay).

Conclusion
Longer penumbral duration is associated with a lower likelihood of functional independence among large‐vessel occlusion strokes with small and comparable 24‐hour follow‐up infarct volume. Our findings indicate that delays in time to reperfusion affect clinical outcomes through mechanisms mediated by factors not solely limited to infarct reduction.
How Important Are Russia's External Economic Links?
Authors: Korhonen Iikka , Simola Heli 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this note, we review recent data concerning Russia's economic integration with other countries. We first analyze the general picture of Russia's economic integration with the rest of the world and the importance of foreign economic relations for the country. We then turn to China, an increasingly significant economic partner for Russia. The European Union remains Russia's most important trading partner and is by far the most important source of foreign direct investment to Russia as well as source of other financing. China's importance to Russia has also increased, especially with respect to merchandise trade.
Role of Interaction Delays in the Synchronization of Inhibitory Networks
Authors: Roohi Nariman , Valizadeh Alireza 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Neural oscillations provide a means for efficient and flexible communication among different brain areas. Understanding the mechanisms of the generation of brain oscillations is crucial to determine principles of communication and information transfer in the brain circuits. It is well known that the inhibitory neurons play a major role in the generation of oscillations in the gamma range, in pure inhibitory networks, or in the networks composed of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In this study, we explore the impact of different parameters and, in particular, the delay in the transmission of the signals between the neurons, on the dynamics of inhibitory networks. We show that increasing delay in a reasonable range increases the synchrony and stabilizes the oscillations. Unstable gamma oscillations characterized by a highly variable amplitude of oscillations can be observed in an intermediate range of delays. We show that in this range of delays, other experimentally observed phenomena such as sparse firing, variable amplitude and period, and the correlation between the instantaneous amplitude and period could be observed. The results broaden our understanding of the mechanism of the generation of the gamma oscillations in the inhibitory networks, known as the ING (interneuron-gamma) mechanism.
The Perils of Being Unhinged: On the Accuracy of Classifiers Minimizing a Noise-Robust Convex Loss
Authors: Long Philip M. , Servedio Rocco A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstractvan Rooyen, Menon, and Williamson (2015) introduced a notion of convex loss functions being robust to random classification noise and established that the “unhinged” loss function is robust in this sense. In this letter, we study the accuracy of binary classifiers obtained by minimizing the unhinged loss and observe that even for simple linearly separable data distributions, minimizing the unhinged loss may only yield a binary classifier with accuracy no better than random guessing.
Climate Dynamics Preceding Summer Forest Fires in California and the Extreme Case of 2018
Authors: Jacobson Tess W. P. , Seager Richard , Williams A. Park , Henderson Naomi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recent record-breaking wildfire seasons in California prompt an investigation into the climate patterns that typically precede anomalous summer burned forest area. Using burned-area data from the U.S. Forest Service’s Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) product and climate data from the fifth major global reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) over 1984–2018, relationships between the interannual variability of antecedent climate anomalies and July California burned area are spatially and temporally characterized. Lag correlations show that antecedent high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), high temperatures, frequent extreme high temperature days, low precipitation, high subsidence, high geopotential height, low soil moisture, and low snowpack and snowmelt anomalies all correlate significantly with July California burned area as far back as the January before the fire season. Seasonal regression maps indicate that a global midlatitude atmospheric wave train in late winter is associated with anomalous July California burned area. July 2018, a year with especially high burned area, was to some extent consistent with the general patterns revealed by the regressions: low winter precipitation and high spring VPD preceded the extreme burned area. However, geopotential height anomaly patterns were distinct from those in the regressions. Extreme July heat likely contributed to the extent of the fires ignited that month, even though extreme July temperatures do not historically significantly correlate with July burned area. While the 2018 antecedent climate conditions were typical of a high-burned-area year, they were not extreme, demonstrating the likely limits of statistical prediction of extreme fire seasons and the need for individual case studies of extreme years.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to identify the local and global climate patterns in the preceding seasons that influence how the burned summer forest area in California varies year-to-year. We find that a dry atmosphere, high temperatures, dry soils, less snowpack, low precipitation, subsiding air, and high pressure centered west of California all correlate significantly with large summer burned area as far back as the preceding January. These climate anomalies occur as part of a hemispheric scale pattern with weak connections to the tropical Pacific Ocean. We also describe the climate anomalies preceding the extreme and record-breaking burned-area year of 2018, and how these compared with the more general patterns found. These results give important insight into how well and how early it might be possible to predict the severity of an upcoming summer wildfire season in California.
Experimental Confirmation of Stokes Drift Measurement by High-Frequency Radars
Authors: Dussol Abïgaëlle , Chavanne Cédric , Gregorio Sandy , Dumont Dany 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
High-frequency radars (HFR) remotely measure ocean surface currents based on the Doppler shift of electromagnetic waves backscattered by surface gravity waves with one-half of the electromagnetic wavelength, called Bragg waves. Their phase velocity is affected by their interactions with the mean Eulerian currents and with all of the other waves present at the sea surface. Therefore, HFRs should measure a quantity related to the Stokes drift in addition to mean Eulerian currents. However, different expressions have been proposed for this quantity: the filtered surface Stokes drift, one-half of the surface Stokes drift, and the weighted depth-averaged Stokes drift. We evaluate these quantities using directional wave spectra measured by bottom-mounted acoustic wave and current (AWAC) profilers in the lower Saint Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, deployed in an area covered by four HFRs: two Wellen radars (WERA) and two coastal ocean dynamics applications radars (CODAR). Since HFRs measure the weighted depth-averaged Eulerian currents, we extrapolate the Eulerian currents measured by the AWACs to the sea surface assuming linear Ekman dynamics to perform the weighted depth averaging. During summer 2013, when winds are weak, correlations between the AWAC and HFR currents are stronger (0.93) than during winter 2016/17 (0.42–0.62), when winds are high. After adding the different wave-induced quantities to the Eulerian currents measured by the AWACs, however, correlations during winter 2016/17 significantly increase. Among the different expressions tested, the highest correlations (0.80–0.96) are obtained using one-half of the surface Stokes drift, suggesting that HFRs measure the latter in addition to mean Eulerian currents.
COVID-19-related Stigma Among the Affected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study From Kerala, India
Authors: Chandran Nimmy , Vinuprasad V.G.  , Sreedevi C.  , Sathiadevan Sajal , Deepak K. S.  
Published: May 2022

Background: The studies and case reports from various parts of the world are showing discrimination and stigma associated with COVID-19. Stigma can directly worsen the mental health of people and also worsen physical health indirectly. This study is aimed to assess the anticipatory and experienced stigma associated with COVID-19 in affected individuals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Palakkad District in Kerala. Study participants were patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The sampling method was convenience sampling and snowball sampling. COVID-19 Related Stigma Survey Questionnaire was prepared by experts from the field of Psychiatry and Community Medicine. The responses were collected via an online survey and telephonic interview. Results: Among the total participants (N=303) 119 participants (39.3%) wanted to keep the illness a secret. Eighty-one participants (26.7%) had fear of discrimination from others. Eighty-nine participants (29.4%) had experienced stigma related to their COVID-19 infection. Seventy-five (24.8%) participants’ family members had experienced stigma. Few stigma parameters were significantly higher among the younger people. The participants belonging to the below poverty line category and the participants with lesser education showed significantly more worry about rejoining society after the isolation. Below poverty line category also had significantly more worry about discrimination towards their family members. Participants with lower education had significantly more worry about affecting their job due to the illness. Health care workers had significantly high worry regarding others attitudes towards them. Conclusion: There is a high level of stigma associated with COVID-19 in society. Definite measures need to be taken to reduce the stigma related to COVID-19 infection.
Skimmin ameliorates cardiac function via the regulation of M2 macrophages in a myocardial infarction mouse model
Authors: Su Manxia , Cui Jingming , Zhao Jia , Fu Xiaoyan 
Published: May 2022

Purpose Myocardial infarction (MI) is a coronary artery disorder with several complications, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis. The current study is aimed to explore the protective effect of skimmin (SKI) on impaired heart tissues in MI. Methods A mouse model of MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. SKI was intragastric administration for 7 days after MI. Masson staining was then conducted to measure the area of fibrosis in the myocardium. The expression levels of collagen I and collagen III were analyzed using Western blot. The levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inflammatory factor were also detected. The expression of M1 polarization markers and M2 polarization markers in mice and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Finally, the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro were analyzed using transwell and EDU, respectively. Results SKI improved cardiac function and cardiac fibrosis in mice with MI. SKI also decreased collagen I and collagen III expression, and inhibited inflammatory factor TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. SKI decreased the levels of MDA and increased the levels of GSH and SOD. Meanwhile, SKI could promote M2 macrophage polarization in vivo and in vitro. SKI could also repress the migration and proliferation of VSMCs. Conclusions SKI may ameliorate inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis of MI by promoting M2 polarization.
Supported Decision making teaching in New Zealand postgraduate psychiatry trainees
Authors: Newton-Howes Giles , Daly Michael , Cooney James , Kris Gledhill  , Gordon Sarah 
Published: May 2022

Objective To examine psychiatric trainees teaching of supported decision-making (SDM). Method New Zealand psychiatric trainees were surveyed about teaching regarding SDM using a novel tool. The analysis strategy examined the latent structure of the questionnaire and correlates of teaching in these areas. Results Forty nine trainees participated. Questions related to support from others and consistency of engagement were most highly endorsed while the concept of experiential learning was most poorly endorsed. Three latent factors were identified: ‘enabling personhood’, ‘decision autonomy’ and ‘experiential learning’. Only gender correlated with the total summed score of the questionnaire, and two latent factors. Conclusions Teaching about SDM occurs to some degree throughout New Zealand. The questionnaire captures the experience of learning in this area with a three-factor structure; enabling personhood, enhancing decisional autonomy and experiential learning.
Intermittent Energy Restriction for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Inflammatory and Appetite Outcomes
Authors: Wei Xueting , Cooper Ashley , Lee Irene , Cernoch Christine A. , Huntoon Ginny , Hodek Brandi , Christian Hanna , Chao Ariana M. 
Published: May 2022

Current guidelines for obesity treatment recommend reducing daily caloric intake for weight loss. However, long-term weight loss continues to be an issue in obesity management. Alternative weight loss strategies have increased in popularity, such as intermittent energy restriction (IER), a type of eating pattern with periods of fasting alternating with unrestricted eating. The effects of IER on weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, and appetite are not clear. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze short- (<24 weeks) and long-term (≥24 weeks) effects of IER on anthropometric, cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and appetite outcomes in adults with overweight/obesity. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo were searched from inception to July 2020. Human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on IER with participants with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 were included in this review. A total of 42 articles (reporting on 27 different RCTs) were included. In short-term studies, IER showed pre-to-post treatment improvements in eight of nine studies that assessed weight. Weight outcomes were sustained in the long-term. However, no significant long-term between group differences were observed in fat mass, other anthropometric, cardiometabolic, inflammatory, or appetite outcomes. Compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), IER showed no significant long-term differences in anthropometric, cardiometabolic, inflammatory, or appetite outcomes in included studies. More long-term studies are needed to assess the benefits of IER on health outcomes.