bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Temperature of Load Bearing LSF Walls Under Fire
Authors: Piloto Paulo A. G. , Khetata Mohamed S. , Ramos‐Gavilán Ana B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLight Steel Frame (LSF) walls are widely used in building structures, used as partition walls and load bearing walls. The LSF is usually protected by layers of homogeneous plates or composite plates, with or without insulation materials in the cavity. This investigation presents the experimental and the simulation results of composite LSF walls in reduced scale and full scale, based on variable load levels (20 to 80%). The numerical model is validated with experimental results, at reduced and full scale, both at room temperature and under fire conditions. This modelling technique can follow the thermal and mechanical degradation of the protection layers of the LSF wall and determine the fire rating for load (R) and insulation (I). The fire resistance (R) decreases with the increase of the load level, being the critical temperature of the steel structure presented by the maximum temperature of the Hot Flange (HF). A new proposal is presented for the critical temperature of the LSF, based on the maximum temperature of the LSF during the fire. The insulation ability is also predicted for different protection materials. Relevant conclusions are presented to increase the insulation ability of LSF walls.
Austenitic Stainless Steel I‐section Beam‐column Tests and Numerical Modelling
Authors: Feber Nina , Jandera Michal , Rossi Barbara 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStainless steel became a relatively common material for load‐bearing structures in corrosive environment or when maintenance is difficult. The existing design rules cover all common cases. However, for some, the experimental or numerical data are very limited. This includes studies on welded I‐section beam‐columns. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation into the structural performance of welded I‐section members loaded by compression and major axis bending moment. In total, eighteen test specimens were fabricated from grade EN 1.4301 austenitic stainless steel plates using two welding methods, namely conventional and laser welding. The experimental program on pin‐ended long beam‐columns is described in the paper. The loading eccentricities for the tests varied to provide a wide range of bending moment‐to‐axial load ratios. Nonlinear finite element models were developed in ABAQUS software and validated using the test results to simulate the beam‐column behaviour accurately.
Behaviour of S960 Ultra‐high Strength Steel Press‐braked Channel Sections
Authors: Wang Fangying , Zhao Ou , Young Ben 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper reports a comprehensive experimental and numerical study of the cross‐sectional behaviour and resistances of press‐braked S960 ultra‐high strength steel (UHSS) channel section structural members. The experimental study was conducted on eight different ultra‐high strength steel plain channel sections, and comprised material testing, initial local geometric imperfection measurements, as well as a total of 10 stub column tests and 20 four‐point bending tests performed about the minor principal axes in both the ‘u’ and ‘n’ orientations. The experimental study was then supplemented by a finite element (FE) simulation programme, in which FE models were firstly developed to replicate the test structural responses and subsequently used to generate further numerical data over a wide variety of cross‐section sizes. On the basis of the experimental and numerical results, the assessment of the applicability of the codified provisions and formulations, established in the European code, to the design of S960 UHSS channel section stub columns and beams was conducted.
Patch Loading Resistance of Slender Plate Girders with Multiple Longitudinal Stiffeners
Authors: Kövesdi Balázs , Dunai László 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere is currently no reliable and simple design method available in international literature for the determination of the patch loading resistance of slender plate girders having multiple longitudinal stiffeners. Previous investigations focused mainly on girders having one longitudinal stiffener, which is not the common case for box‐girder bridges. Therefore, the current research – partly published in this paper – has a focus on the patch loading resistance of slender web girders having multiple longitudinal stiffeners. An advanced numerical model is developed and verified by own laboratory test results to determine the patch loading resistance. A numerical parametric study is executed to investigate the load‐carrying capacity of girders having typical bridge geometries. Analysing the numerical simulation results the structural behavior obtained is classified based on the stiffener stiffness. Effect of the different geometrical parameters on the patch loading resistance is evaluated with special focus on the stiffener stiffness and distance between the longitudinal stiffeners. The failure modes depending on the stiffener stiffness are investigated and the local buckling type failure is characterised by a minimum stiffness. For this specific failure mode an improved design method is developed for girders having multiple longitudinal stiffeners giving reliable resistance for the analysed cases within the analysed parameter range. The presented resistance model is consistent with the design philosophy of EN1993‐1‐5.
Imperfection Sensitivity of Large Cylindrical Shells Under Vacuum Considering Different Geometric Ratios
Authors: Böhm Manuela , Schaumann Peter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe prediction of the buckling resistance of shells is subject to uncertainty since it depends significantly on the initial geometric imperfections caused by the fabrication process. However, the load case of vacuum or uniform external pressure has not yet been extensively studied. Stress design approaches implement a reduction factor alpha that accounts for the effect of imperfections. This factor is assumed to be a general lower bound but does not account for different geometric ratios. However, it is to be expected that different imperfection sensitivities prevail for different cylinder lengths or length to thickness ratios. To better understand this aspect, a comprehensive numerical study of buckling resistances of imperfect cylindrical shells is conducted, which covers a range of different length, radius and thickness ratios with focus on thicker and shorter cylinders. Within this study, three different geometric imperfection forms are investigated: linear bifurcation eigenmodes, and ovalisation and weld depressions, which represent typical imperfections of manufacturing processes. Further, a formulation for longitudinal weld depressions is introduced, since this direction of the imperfection is more deleterious than axisymmetric circumferential weld depressions. The results of this comprehensive study contribute to understanding the effect of different imperfection forms and amplitudes on different cylinder dimensions.
The Reduced Stress Method with Stress Shedding for Designing S690 High Strength Steel Slender Plated Girders
Authors: Baguinho Filipa , Biscaya André , Pedro José Oliveira 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe numerical analysis of S690 high‐strength steel plate girders with welded sections loaded under combined bending, shear, and compression is presented. The ultimate strength of steel plate girders is evaluated using formulations based on the latest standard prEN 1993‐1‐5 for the Reduced Stress Method (RSM). A development of the RSM method that considers the possibility of stress shedding from the web to the flanges, named RSM+S, is introduced. A parametric study is performed to compare the results of these methods with the results of the GMNIA numerical analysis of S690 high‐strength steel plate girders with one longitudinal closed stiffener located at different positions along the compressed part of the web. The scatter and average difference between the FE model results and the RSM+S and RSM results are compared.
Seismic Design of Elevated Silos and Tanks – a Study on Behaviour Factors
Authors: Knoedel Peter , Gkatzogiannis Stefanos , Holtschoppen Britta , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAccording to EN 1998‐4:2006 3.4 (4), elevated silos may be designed considering medium or high ductility class for the support structure, abbreviated DCM and DCH respectively, for which an overall behaviour factor q greater than 1,5 may be assumed.Undoubtedly, when a silo or tank supported by a sway frame or a vessel with integrated legs is considered, it is expected that plasticity will be induced due to the overall system's performance and thus, motion amplitudes will be reduced due to energy dissipation. However, the shell upper‐structure is a very thin‐walled class 4 cross section. Hence, it might fail due to buckling at much smaller motion amplitudes (corresponding to acceleration amplitudes) than those, which the support structure can follow without failing.Therefore, from the authors' point of view it is not sufficient to settle with a single behaviour factor for the overall structural system. Alternatively, a two‐step approach is recommended: With this two‐step approach it can be verified, that (sudden) buckling of the shell does not happen prior to the introduction of plasticity at the sub‐structure and in extension to the desired energy dissipation.The proposed two‐step approach is demonstrated by suitable examples with a different range of parameters. Therewith, it will be shown that the assumption of q = 1,5 for elevated silos or tanks can be unsafe. An improvement of the current EC8‐4 rules is proposed in order to enable a practical, safer and more efficient design procedure.
Assessment of the Elastoplastic Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Behavior of Guyed Antenna Towers Subjected to Cable Rupture
Authors: Sequeira Luiz Eduardo Fernandes , Gonçalves Paulo Batista , Roehl Deane 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCable‐stayed antenna towers are slender structures composed of a central mast and several cable levels and exhibit a highly non‐linear behavior under static and dynamic loads, due to the mast‐cable interaction and the tower height. Many accidents reported in literature are due to cable rupture. Thus, the aim of the present work is to study the effect of cables rupture and plasticity on the load capacity, stability and nonlinear oscillations of a cable stayed tower considering the influence of both geometric and material nonlinearity. For this, finite element models of cable‐stayed towers with two levels of pre‐tensioned cables are developed, considering both fan and parallel cable distributions. Initially, the linear behavior of the structure is evaluated through the natural frequencies and critical loads. Next, the non‐linear equilibrium paths of each model are obtained, applying the concept of modal imperfection. Finally, forced free and damped vibration analyses are performed. For this, time responses, phase plane projections, Fourier transforms and spectrographs are used. The results confirm and quantify the strong influence of the loss of one or more cables on the response of the guyed tower.
Numerical Assessment of Steel and Concrete Composite Beams with Cold Formed Members
Authors: Silva Talita L. , Valente Isabel B. , Barros Joaquim A. O. , Silva Jorge O. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlthough steel and concrete composite floors are generally constructed with hot‐rolled steel, there are several benefits of using cold‐formed steel (CFS) in these structures, such as lightness and less susceptibility to corrosion. The main disadvantage of using CFS in the steel beams is its connection to concrete, since the CFS members are thin and commonly used connectors are not suitable for it. This research studied a composite flooring system, which includes an innovative disposition of the CFS profiles and a connection system adapted to CFS elements. The CFS beam is composed of C‐shaped profiles ‐ forming a U‐shape that is filled with concrete, and may be associated with a profiled steel sheeting. The edges of the steel profile placed on the bottom of the beam are embedded in the concrete section, enhancing the composite action. This work was conducted by analytical assessment and numerical modelling based on FEM. The study was developed to verify if the proposed flooring system can be designed for different loading levels and geometrical dimensions and to evaluate its capacity to transfer shear stresses between the CFS and concrete without the use of conventional shear connectors.
Different Profiled Sheeting Configurations in Steel‐Concrete Composite Beams
Authors: Jakovljević Isidora , Spremić Milan , Marković Zlatko , Gluhović Nina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFor obtaining shear resistance of a welded headed stud in profiled steel sheeting, EN 1994‐1‐1:2004 defines reduction factors that should be multiplied with the resistance of a headed stud in a solid concrete slab. Two reduction factors are prescribed, for sheeting ribs that are parallel and transverse to the supporting beam. However, the design code does not recognise cases when the angle between ribs and the beam is in the range between 0° and 90°. This research is focused on the specific case in the steel‐concrete composite beam design when the angle between profiled sheeting ribs and the beam is 45°. The experimental investigation has been conducted through push‐out tests, comparing the response of the connection with a rib‐to‐beam angle of 45° and the connection with ribs transverse to the supporting beam. In addition, numerical models based on finite element analysis have been made and validated against experimental data. According to the obtained results, similar failure mechanisms manifested through concrete pull‐out failure and separation of the concrete cone are observed in shear connections with rib‐to‐beam angles of 45° and 90°. An increase in the connection resistance is noticed with the decrease of a rib‐to‐beam angle.
Full Length Transverse Stiffener Under Compression
Authors: Bougoffa Sabra , Mezghanni Omar , Durif Sebastien , Bouchair Abdelhamid , Daoud Atef 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe behavior of web panels in steel elements loaded in compression is characterized by buckling. Thus, their resistance is controlled by local or global buckling according to the slenderness. To limit the risk of instability which tends to reduce the resistance capacity of this type of compressed panels, transverse stiffeners are added. The resistance of the stiffened web panel is evaluated considering the instability of a column element in compression with a cross‐section composed by the stiffener and a part of the web. In order to observe the behavior of these stiffened sections, an experimental campaign was carried out on panels of two different dimensions stiffened over their entire height. Thus, various zones of stiffened or unstiffened panels are tested in double localized compression until failure. These tests are performed on welded panels of two different heights. The stiffeners are either in a central position or at the edge regarding the beam length. The stiffeners are welded over the entire height on both sides of the web and on the flanges of the panel. Some tests are performed on parts of panels without stiffeners to evaluate the unstiffened panel resistance to be used as reference. The results of the experimental tests are compared with those given by the finite element model using shell elements. The comparison makes it possible to calibrate the nonlinear model considering the elastic‐plastic behavior of materials and large displacements. The results are compared on the basis of displacement‐load curves and failure modes that define the behavior of the stiffeners in compression. They can be used to study the global resistance of the stiffened panels in compression zone of beam‐to‐column connections.
Scientific Machine and Deep Learning Investigations of the Local Buckling Behaviour of Hollow Sections
Authors: Müller Andreas , Taras Andreas , Kraus Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe recent advent of Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) increased interest among applicability of data‐driven methods to design and verification in structural civil engineering concerned, specifically with members made of steel within this paper. Scientific ML (SciML) follows the idea of combining domain knowledge with the abilities of ML and DL algorithms to make the best out of both worlds. This paper investigates the SciML algorithms Random Forrests, XGBoost and a deep neural network model for the prediction of the cross‐section dependent local buckling reduction factor χ for different hot rolled and cold‐formed SHS and RHS profiles made of mild and high strength steel. The process of data collection, cleaning, compilation and model training and evaluation is described. It is found, that especially tree‐based methods can serve as feature importance and selection methods and have similarly high predictive capabilities such as deep neural networks for the case of of the cross‐section dependent local buck‐ling reduction factor χ for different hot rolled and cold‐formed SHS and RHS profiles made of mild and high strength steel. The data of this paper furthermore serve as the initial data‐set for establishing the Github repository “SciML4StructEng_Repository”. This repository which will foster the dissemination of data sets for structural civil engineering to allow the prototyping, development and benchmark testing of scientific machine and deep learning (SciML) algorithms.
Material Properties for Wire‐and‐arc Additively Manufactured Steel
Authors: Tankova Trayana , Zhu Carlos , Branco Ricardo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the era of internet and robots, sophisticated devices and real‐time simulation, the construction sector remains highly dependent on manual labor which is also the main source of delays, lack of quality, and human injuries. The rapid development in technological areas such as mechatronics, computers, sensors, programming, human interfaces, and artificial intelligence offers huge potential for modern applications.Nowadays, additive manufacturing is rapidly growing, and it could provide efficient solutions for steel construction since it can be executed in any shape and scale. There are a few solutions in additive manufacturing technologies, which can process materials and produce components. However, there is a gap in the market for capacity to link the processed material conditions and characteristics to the production parameters in real‐time. Real‐time and cognitive re‐planning of the process parameters becomes significantly important when components with large‐scale and complex shapes are considered.In steel construction, material should comply with strict requirements in terms of its strength and ductility. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the material properties before their application in construction. This paper presents material characterization for WAAM fabricated steel coupons, considering different directions with respect to the deposition direction.
„Gemälde verwelken wie Blumen“
Authors: Karl Ulrich 
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung„Gemälde verwelken wie Blumen“, musste schon Vincent van Gogh erkennen. Er ist bekannt dafür, wenig stabile Pigmente und Farbstoffe verwendet zu haben. Der Artikel beschreibt anhand von Beispielen, wie chemische Reaktionen und physikalische Einflüsse wie Licht und Wärme zu Farbveränderungen führen. Darüber hinaus verändern aber auch das Dunkeln des Firnis und das Vergilben von Ölbindemitteln das ursprüngliche Aussehen von Gemälden.
Flow‐based Detection of Micropollutants Using a Pillar[5]arene Multilayer Film
Authors: Agashe Chinmayee , Alam Mujeeb , Gill Arshdeep Kaur , Varshney Rohit , Joseph Roymon , Tiwari Naveen , Patra Debabrata 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA non‐mechanical, self‐powered pillar[5]arene multilayer film‐based micropump was utilised to establish flow‐based detection of micropollutants. The host‐guest interaction between pillar[5]arene and micropollutants turned on fluid flow inside the micropump chamber. We also demonstrate the comparison of fluid pumping velocity of 2 model micropollutants – bisphenol‐A and 2‐naphthol based on thermodynamic as well as numerical modelling. The fluid pumping velocity depends on the concentration of micropollutant solution as well as the number of bilayers of the host multilayer film.
Preparation of Fe‐Pt Powders from Ingot by a Simple and Cost‐Effective Spark Erosion Device
Authors: Tozman Pelin , Takahashi Yukiko , Venkatesan Munuswamy , Monzon Lorena , Coey Michael , Kamer Orhan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFePt powders with 1 µm average particle size have been synthesized from bulk ingot with no need for cryogenic temperatures or conventional powder processing. This is achieved with a compact, cost‐effective spark erosion device which is simple to assemble, with no need of a mechanical workshop. The as‐synthesized powders show a disordered A1 phase with curie temperature, Tc = 300 °C. The effect of annealing on the transition from the disordered to the ordered phase and on the magnetic properties are investigated in situ by magnetic susceptibility measurements. The phase transition to the L10 phase (Tc = 445 °C) is complete at 630 °C where the coercivity increases from 0 to 0.3 T. A urther increase of the heating temperature has no effect on the magnetic and crystallographic properties.
Predicting Munsell color for turfgrass leaves
Authors: Berndt William L. , Gaussoin Roch E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLinking turfgrass color to hue, value, chroma (H V/C) in the Munsell Plant Tissue Color Book is a visual comparison process for specifying and communicating plant color. If subjectivity of visual comparison can be mitigated, then the accuracy of color matching may be improved. Research was conducted to develop an algorithm predicting H V/C from CIE‐xyY color (xyY) in digital images of leaves of four turfgrasses. First, value‐chroma (V/C) arrays for Munsell hue groups 5Y, 2.5GY, 5GY, 7.5GY, 10GY, and 2.5G were converted to xyY. Next, chromaticity (xy) plots from each array were fitted with 95% prediction bands. Then, xy points for leaves (N = 60) for each turfgrass were plotted versus prediction bands. The prediction interval containing the most leaf xy points specified leaf H. Pairing each V from each hue group (N = 98) with its corresponding Y regressing log10V on log10Y predicted leaf V from leaf Y (log10V = 0.0715 + 0.5303logY – 0.0332logY2). Pairing each C (N = 98) with its corresponding xy predicted leaf C from leaf xy (C = −11.6021 − 11.2908x + 48.0880y). Predicted H V/C for “Champion” and “TifEagle” hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] was 10GY 8/4 and 7.5GY 8/4 mirroring H V/C predicted from xyY using open‐source algorithms in R and Python. The experimental algorithm predicted H V/C accurately, and objectively advancing the way turfgrass color is specified and communicated. Specifying turfgrass color in situ could be possible by interfacing the algorithm with smartphone technology.