bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of bovine populations raised in Senegal
Authors: Sambe Babacar Souleymane , Diouf Mame Nahé , Houaga Isidore , Ndiaye Bakary , Badji Marc Noël , Diop Mamadou , Sembene Mbacké 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine cattle breeds are important genetic animal resources for Senegal. For several decades, genetic breeding programmes have been devoted to them at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra and Kolda. Since then, these animals have been subjected to mass selection, mainly in closed selection nuclei.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the genetic diversity within these selection nuclei in order to orient future selection strategies.Material and methodsThe study was carried out on the Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine populations from selection nuclei of Dahra and Kolda respectively, which were compared to 5 other populations of the main cattle breeds in Senegal. One hundred eighty (180) animals were genotyped with 21 microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation.ResultsAll populations were found to be polymorphic with a PIC of over 55%. However, animals from the CRZ‐Dahra (indigenous) and CRZ‐Kolda stations had the lowest mean heterozygosity (0.643 and 0.591 respectively). The other populations had an average heterozygosity between 0.650 and 0.737.ConclusionThe cattle populations maintained at the different CRZs show a lower genetic diversity than the other populations described in our study. The main reasons for this are reproductive isolation and selection pressure on these populations.
Thermal aspect of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with distinct physical features: Keller Box simulations
Authors: Farooq Waseh , Abbasi Aamar , Al‐Khaled Kamel , Ghachem Kaouther , Khan Sami Ullah , Ahmad Imtiaz , Kolsi Lioua 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe research on hybrid nanofluid has been focused by researchers widely in the current decade. Being the combination of two distinct nanoparticles, the researchers have predicted the thermal efficiencies of hybrid nanofluid model in view of distinct nanoparticles. However, the no attention is devoted by researchers towards the thermal mechanism of hybrid nanofluid with boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with distinct impressive characteristics. This communication aims explore the thermal flow of BNNTs and MWCNTs confining the axisymmetric rotational stagnation point flow executing by a bi‐axial stretching surface. The numerical computations are performed the implementation of Keller Box numerical technique. The results verification is done via making the comparative analysis. The thermal aspect of hybrid nanofluid model is entertained. The physical inspection of the formulated problem with flow parameters is done in terms of distinct graphs. It is observed that increase in the solid volume fraction of BNNTs enhanced the velocity profile. The temperature profile declined with stretching parameter for MWCNTs and hybrid nanofluid. The Nusselt number increases for thermal Biot number and increasing change is more progressive for hybrid nanomaterials as compared to MWCNTs.
Migrants in the Plantation Economy in Côte d’Ivoire: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Traoré Nohoua , Torvikey Gertrude Dzifa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe chapter is a contribution to deepening knowledge on the historical trajectories of migration in Côte d’Ivoire. Based on a critical review of documents and literature, the chapter highlights the different waves of migration into Côte d’Ivoire. Both colonial and post-colonial coercive and attractive migration policies created the country as an important migration hub in West Africa. We situate the development of the cash crop economy in Côte d’Ivoire and its 20 years economic boom between 1960s and early 1980s, within the history of labour migrations into the country and the later crises that ensued as a result. While the development of the Ivorian economy was the driver for the policies during the period, the colonial era labour movements into the area hinged on repressive labour policies while the latter period was an attractive open door policy which included favourable land, citizenship and voting right grants to migrants. We reflected on how demographic growth and economic recession of the 1990s blurred this dynamic, thus leading to a change in the relationship between indigenes and migrants. The situation has led to a rigidity of Ivorian laws that cumulated in military, political and post electoral crises and civil strife thereby putting a brake on immigration. We reflected on the accentuation of migrant flows and transfers into the country in the recent Ivoirian migration and civic discourse and narratives which silences the contribution of migrants to the economic development of Côte d’Ivoire and the historical foundations of immigration and of a strong presence of foreign labour in the country. This we argue has ramifications for the management of migration in the country.
Climate-Induced Migration in West Africa
Authors: Teye Joseph Kofi , Nikoi Ebenezer G. A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAlthough West Africa’s contribution to global climate change is very minimal, its geographical location and weak adaptive capacity makes it highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and variability. The livelihoods of people in the dry regions of West Africa, in particular, are adversely affected by increased temperature and fluctuating rainfall patterns because they depend on rain-fed agriculture and ecosystem services. Flooding is also a common climate-induced hazard in some West African countries. However, only a few researchers have examined the nature of climate-induced migration in the sub-region. This chapter examines how migration is used as a strategy to deal with climate change and variability in West Africa. While it is difficult to separate climatic drivers from the socio-economic causes of migration, seasonal and permanent migration are increasingly used by households to deal with climate change and variability in some communities in West Africa. Floods have also caused population displacement in parts of West Africa. While human mobility occurs in response to changes in climatic variables, migration is not adequately incorporated into planned climate change adaptation strategies being implemented by governments in the sub-region. This chapter, therefore, recommends that migration should be incorporated into climate change adaptation and development policies and programs in the sub-region.
‘Hanging in the Air’: The Experiences of Liberian Refugees in Ghana
Authors: Crawley Heaven , Fynn Bruey Veronica 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe civil wars that devastated Liberia between 1989 and 2003 displaced an estimated 800,000 people internally, with more than a million people travelling to neighbouring countries in West Africa in search of protection and the opportunity to rebuild their lives. More than 15 years after theAccra Comprehensive Peace Agreementwas signed, tens of thousands of Liberians continue to be displaced in Liberia, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire. Whilst some have been resettled – primarily to Canada, the US, Australia, and European countries – most have been left ‘hanging in the air’, living in extreme poverty, marginalised from mainstream development policies and planning, and unable to either contribute to, or benefit from, efforts to rebuild peace and security in their home country. Their needs, interests and aspirations have been largely ignored by academics and policymakers in the Global North whose focus, particularly over recent years, has been primarily on the drivers of migration from West Africa across the Mediterranean to Europe. At a regional level, there have been efforts by the Economic Committee of West African States (ECOWAS) to provide alternative models of integration, particularly since the United Nations High Commissioner Refugees (UNHCR) announced the cessation of refugee status for Liberian refugees in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in June 2012. However, significant barriers to both local integration and safe-third country resettlement remain. This chapter examines the experiences of Liberian refugees living in Ghana and their struggles to secure national and international protection in a context where returning to Liberia remains impossible for many.
Gaps in Protection for West African Migrants in Times of Crisis: The Role of a Multi-Stakeholder Platform Within a Partnership in Preparedness Model?
Authors: Kandilige Leander , Ampah Geraldine Asiwome 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis quasi-theoretical chapter examines the peculiar protection vulnerabilities that face voluntary migrants in times of crises in destination countries. It argues that while protection regimes broadly exist for involuntary migrants (i.e. refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons) within the ambit of intergovernmental/international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Red Cross Society or even the International Organisation for Migration, there is a yawning gap in national protection mechanisms for voluntary migrants in destination countries during episodes of crises situations. Using Ghana in the West African sub-Region as a case study, the chapter evaluates the potential of a national protection platform to safeguard the rights of predominantly West African migrants in Ghana during crises situations. The chapter conceptualises protection preparedness as a continuous cyclical phenomenon within the three main phases in disaster management – pre-disaster phase (prevention, mitigation), the disaster phase (response), and the post disaster phase (recovery). It draws on data from three national inter-ministerial workshops held in Accra, Ghana in 2018 towards establishing a multi-stakeholder protection platform for voluntary migrants. The chapter concludes that existing generic national disaster management agencies are inadequate in providing specific support for voluntary migrants during disasters. It recommends a public-private partnership in preparedness as it pertains to migrants in destination countries.
The Rise of Strategic Leadership
Authors: Tipurić Darko 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter is focused on the meaning, importance, and architecture of the strategic leadership phenomenon. The chapter positions strategic leadership as s distinct area of theory and research that connects the disciplines of strategic management and leadership and argues that strategic leadership shares the plurality of meanings of both underlying concepts. Strategic leadership is understood as a crucial instrument in an organization’s interaction with its surroundings; it integrates coordination efforts in an organization and sets the framework for the fulfillment of the mission and for outlining of a desirable future. The author argues that strategic leadership is enacted, or in other words, socially constructed (it emerges from organisational reality) as a response to the need for congruence between chosen guidelines for action and actual organisational action.
Configurations of Strategic Leadership
Authors: Tipurić Darko 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the issue of unambiguously determining the phenomenon of strategic leadership. The configurations of strategic leadership depend on the situational characteristics or organizational characteristics. Further, the construct of egocentricity and egocentric strategic leadership is a configuration with an extremely asymmetrical structure of power and influence. This chapter provides insights on horizontally and vertically distributed egocentric strategic leadership. Apart from the distribution of strategic leadership with a formally established structure, leadership may also appear depending on the types of tasks and challenges that are defined or spontaneously emerge in the group or collective and that are not directly linked to hierarchy. Networks of strategic leaders commonly appear when organizations exhibit an organic structure, selective decentralization, high level of horizontal specialization of tasks, and strong reliance on experts and specialists.
Positive effects of fast growth on locomotor performance in pelagic fish juveniles
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Yoneda Michio , Morioka Taizo , Takasuka Akinori , Nishiumi Nozomi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany laboratory experiments on aquatic vertebrates that inhabit closed water or coastal areas have highlighted negative effects of fast growth on swimming performance. Nonetheless, field studies on pelagic fishes have provided evidence of survival advantages of faster-growing individuals. To reconcile this contradiction, we examined the relationship between growth rate and swimming performance as a continuous function for juveniles of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) using 3D tracking analysis. For experiments, 20, 24, 27, and 30 days post-hatch individuals within the size range of 14.5–25.3 mm were used. We found that the growth–swimming (burst speed) relationship in chub mackerel was substantially positive and it was supported by morphological traits such as muscle area, which were also positively related with growth rate. This finding is consistent with field observations showing selective survival of fast-growing individuals of this species, reconciling the current contradiction between laboratory experiments and field observations. A dome-shaped quadratic curve described the relationship between growth rate and burst speed better than a linear or cubic function, suggesting that growth may trade-off with swimming performance, as reported in many previous studies, when it is extremely fast. These results, obtained from the rarely tested offshore species, strongly suggests the importance of experimental verification using animals that inhabit various types of habitats in understanding the principles underlying the evolution of growth–locomotor relationship.
Effect of obesity on fragility fractures, BMD and vitamin D levels in postmenopausal women. Influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: de Tejada-Romero M. J. Gómez , Saavedra-Santana P. , de la Rosa-Fernández F. , Suárez-Ramírez N. , Martín-Martínez A. , del Rosario F. Martín , Sosa-Henríquez M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Aims
To see the effects of obesity on risk fracture, bone density (BMD), and vitamin D levels in a group of postmenopausal women, and consider how comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) modifies them.

Methods
679 postmenopausal women were grouped into obese and non-obese. Obese women were grouped into those with T2DM and those without. 25(OH)-vitamin D, PTH and BMD were measured, and prevalent fragility fractures were gathered.

Results
Obese women had higher prevalence of T2DM, than non-obese women. Levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D were lower and those of PTH higher in obese women, BMD values were higher in obese women. Diabetic-obese women had a higher prevalence of non-vertebral fractures than non-diabetic-obese. Multivariate logistic regression model showed association of fragility fractures with age, total hip BMD, BMI and T2DM. Obese women have higher BMD and lower 25(OH)-vitamin D values (and higher PTH) than non-obese, without diabetes.

Conclusions
T2DM confers an increased risk of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal obese women.
Deep carious lesions and their management among Finnish adolescents: a retrospective radiographic study
Authors: Croft Katri , Kervanto-Seppälä Sari , Kerosuo Eero 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objective
The objective of this retrospective study was to find out (i) the prevalence of deep carious lesions, both untreated and previously treated, among 14- and 15-year olds and (ii) how deep carious lesions were managed in a Finnish public health care setting.

Materials and methods
A random sample of 278 patients was taken from 3990 patients at the oral health care of the City of Helsinki. Radiographic subsample consisted of patients with bitewing and periapical radiographs (n = 128, 46% of the total sample). Deep carious lesions (extending to at least the inner half of dentine), deep restorations, direct pulp cappings, root canal treatments, and extractions in permanent premolars and molars were recorded from the radiographs. Patients with untreated deep carious lesions were followed up for 24 months.

Results
In the total sample 12% had at least one untreated deep carious lesion, 10% at least one deep restoration, and 19% at least one untreated or previously treated deep carious lesion. The follow-up cohort included 48 deep carious lesions in 26 patients. Complete excavation was the most frequently chosen method (81% for lesions reaching the inner half of dentine and 56% the inner third or deeper), followed by stepwise excavation (19% and 37%, respectively).

Conclusions
One-fifth of 14–15-year-olds had at least one untreated or previously treated deep carious lesion. The choice for the carious tissue removal did not follow the current recommendations for less invasive methods.

Clinical relevance
Continuing education is needed to improve the diagnostics and management of deep carious lesions.
Determining recharge distribution in fractured carbonate aquifers in central Italy using environmental isotopes: snowpack cover as an indicator for future availability of groundwater resources
Authors: Petitta Marco , Banzato Francesca , Lorenzi Valeria , Matani Edoardo , Sbarbati Chiara 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEnvironmental isotopes were used to determine the source and to understand the physical–chemical processes involved in groundwater movement along a flowpath. This study applies groundwater stable isotopes to assess snow-cover influence on the recharge processes of some regional carbonate aquifers of central Italy. Starting with extensively investigated aquifers, 17 springs were selected and sampled (June–October 2016) for isotope analyses. The δ18O–δD results follow the local meteoric water line; the low mismatch between the 2016 sampling surveys suggests that those springs are not influenced by seasonal variability. Nevertheless, the average elevations of recharge areas calculated using the vertical isotope gradient were higher compared to those obtained with hypsographic profiles. This means that the relevant contribution to recharge comes from higher elevation areas; hence, snowpack coverage and snowpack persistence over time on recharge areas were analysed using satellite images. Four different relationships between the snowpack characteristics and the elevation of recharge areas have been identified. These offer relevant information about the different degrees of dependence of the regional aquifers of central Italy on the recharge due to high-elevation subbasins where the snowpack cover is significant. A possible correlation emerges between computed isotope recharge elevation and mean snow cover elevation, revealing how snowmelt is a primary source for aquifer recharge. Consequently, to evaluate the risk of groundwater resource depletion in a climate-change scenario, there is discussion on how a potential snow-cover reduction would affect the recharge rate of mountainous aquifers.
Understanding compliance with voluntary sustainability standards: a machine learning approach
Authors: Garbely Anja , Steiner Elias 
Published: July 2022

AbstractVoluntary sustainability standards are quickly gaining ground. Whether and how they work in the field, however, remains largely unclear. This is troubling for standards organizations since it hinders the improvement of their standards to achieve a higher impact. One reason why it is difficult to understand the mechanics of VSS is heterogeneity in compliance. We apply machine learning techniques to analyze compliance with one particular VSS: Rainforest Alliance-for which we have detailed audit data for all certified coffee and cocoa producers. In a first step, we deploy a k-modes algorithm to identify four clusters of producers with similar non-compliance patterns. In a second step, we match a large array of data to the producers to identify drivers of non-compliance. Our findings help VSS to implement targeted training or risk assessment using prediction. Further, they are a starting point for future causal analyses.
Analyzing the key performance indicators of circular supply chains by hybrid fuzzy cognitive mapping and Fuzzy DEMATEL: evidence from healthcare sector
Authors: Dolatabad Asana Hosseini , Mahdiraji Hannan Amoozad , Babgohari Ali Zamani , Garza-Reyes Jose Arturo , Ai Ahad 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study presents a multi-layer fuzzy-based decision-making approach to enhance the hospital Circular Supply Chain (CSC) performance by focusing on intensive care units (ICU) via key performance indicators analysis. In this regard, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Institution Fuzzy Delphi (IFD) are employed to extract the relevant and prominent KPIs. After, a hybrid Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) and Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) have been applied to illustrate a conceptual framework for the CSC performance management of the healthcare sector in the emerging economy of Iran. As a result, eight critical indicators emanated from the SLR-IFD approach. Furthermore, sixteen relationships amongst the performance indicators were identified via hybrid FCM-FDEMATEL. Inventory availability, information availability, innovation, and technology were selected as the most influential indicators. Besides, changing the information technology category, including information availability and Innovation and technology, had the most impact on the performance of the entire CSC. This study attempts to evaluate hospitals’ circular supply chain performance, by designing the circular evaluation framework. Hospital managers can use the results of this research to improve their internal circular supply chain performances in the intensive care units by understanding the different scenarios.
Retrospective analysis of OCT parameters after intravitreal anti-VEGF inhibitors in neovascular AMD patients in a real-world setting
Authors: Lüke Jan Niklas , Alquoqa Hamdi , Alsamman Ahmad , Aljabary Bayan , Schaub F. , Heindl L. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), total macular volume (TMV), intraocular pressure (IOP) and central retinal thickness (CRT) after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a clinical real world setting.

Methods
In a retrospective clinical study design, 120 patients (80 women and 40 men) were analyzed after being diagnosed with nAMD within 8 years (2010–2018). Every patient received at least 6 anti-VEGF injections in a Pro-Re-Nata or Treat-and-Extend regimen. OCT parameters (RNFL, TMV, CRT) and visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed at first diagnosis, at treatment day and during the course.

Results
Intraretinal fluid was reduced significantly in a magnitude of 88–64 µm (CRT) and 0.75–0.55 mm3 (TMV). Apart from a significant reduction immediately after the therapy start (post-3 injections) with ranibizumab (− 1.4 µm, p = 0.03), RNFL thickness remained constant. A slight improvement in visual acuity of 0.06 logMAR could initially be observed. If further injections were required, only stabilization was achieved compared to baseline visual acuity.

Conclusion
The changes of OCT parameters CRT, TMV, and RNFL as well as the stabilization of functional results (BCVA) as illustrated in this study comparing effects of different anti-VEGF-agents provide evidence for the transferability of former results to a clinical real-world setting.