bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campus Information
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter encourages readers to replace campus misinformation with campus information. A more empirically and ethically responsible framework of debate about past and present realities of US higher education forms the substance of that information. The concluding argument of the book rests on a series of claims that emphasize the value of liberal arts education and pro-diversity messages to academic freedom as well as the importance of fair and accurate information about diverse college and university communities. This chapter contends that promoting more constructive deliberations about colleges and universities is a critical academic and democratic project alike because institutions of higher education provide vital bulwarks against all forms of misinformation.
The Gratifications of Whiteness
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens by illustrating the resurgence of interest in Du Bois’s thought, especially his idea of compensatory whiteness, following the 2016 presidential election. It explains that this book affirms the continued salience of Du Bois’s thought but also pushes beyond simplistic understandings of the “wages of whiteness.” This chapter lays the theoretical foundation for the book. First, it explains the significance of the concept of gratifications, which counters dominant ways of thinking about contemporary whiteness. Next, the chapter reflects on and defends the book’s focus on “whiteness” against valid concerns about “whiteness studies.” Finally, this chapter explains why the book focuses on the US context and why it employs a white/Black conceptual frame to do so. The chapter concludes with a roadmap of the coming chapters.
Resistances
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter asks what the preceding analysis of white gratification suggests about anti-racist struggle today. What strategies can interrupt the varied, plural forms of racialized reward that have long helped sustain white supremacy? The chapter first examines Du Bois’s persistent interest in “propaganda” as an indispensable tool for combatting white-over-Black domination. It shows that especially in Dusk of Dawn, Du Bois uses this term to signal a wide-ranging and multifaceted collective project—political, aesthetic, and economic—that would be capable of addressing the wide-ranging and multifaceted reality of white supremacy. The second part of the chapter looks at the creative protest tactics of Black Lives Matter (BLM) and suggests that their varied repertoire resonates with Du Bois’s vision of an inventive, protean politics of Black liberation.
Building the Tranquil Child
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Epicurean view on marriage and children. Some scholars argue that Epicurus opposes both, but the original textual evidence, the historical record of Epicurus’ school, and the lives of his followers suggests otherwise. Among other things, Epicurus raised his best friend Metrodorus’ children, one of whom was named Epicurus, and he encouraged Metrodorus’ daughter to marry. Like any normal person, Epicurus no doubt recognized that raising children can be an extreme source of anxiety. This anxiety, like all anxiety for Epicurus, stems largely from the parent’s extravagant and corrosive desires for both themselves and their children. For Epicurus, good parenting begins with the parents’ desires and extends outward.
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
William Shakespeare’s play about Macbeth probably was inspired by the visit of King James I to Oxford in 1605. Echoes are found in the Tragedie of Macbeth, which might have been acted in the summer of 1606. Shakespeare did not invent Macbeth. When he began to write the Tragedie of Macbeth, he had at his disposal a legend that developed over centuries as well as a topic that had been presented to the public in a different form a few years earlier. Macbeth had made the journey from historical prince to literary character, together with his contemporaries Duncan, Malcolm Canmore, and Edward the Confessor. Their stories went from historical records to historical recreation to political theory to popular theater. Working backward, this book traces the legend as well as the historical king.
Macbeth Emerges
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Macbeth’s elevation as king of all the Scots was an unlikely achievement. When his father Finlay son of Rory was slain in 1020, he was merely another unsuccessful prince. Macbeth, however, survived and in less than a decade he succeeded his cousin Malcolm as king. At the beginning of his reign he was forced into political affairs in Scandinavia when Cnut of England and Denmark negotiated with him to side with the Danes as they fought for control of Scandinavia. Immediately this put Macbeth in opposition with his cousin Jarl Thorfinn of the Orkney Isles, who not only was a supporter of Cnut’s foe St. Olaf of Norway but was also casting covetous eyes on northern Scotland. Yet it was Macbeth, not Thorfinn, who became the king of the Scots.
Fame and Defamation
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the aftermath of his death, King Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach and then by his rival Malcolm Canmore. Malcolm’s career was an influence on the legend of Macbeth. The success of the Canmore dynasty in holding power was due to their ties with the English kings and an adroit mixture of diplomacy, intimidation, and military might; they justified their actions through a selective reading of history. Image and public opinion were equally important in the Middle Ages as in the modern world, and the consequences of an unfavorable assessment were more severe. During the twelfth century a process of vilification of Canmore rivals was started with Macbeth’s clan as their main target. Through the manipulation of the historical record, the hero, so to speak, of the Macbeth legend became his nemesis Malcolm Canmore; as the fortunes of Clan “Canmore” prospered, those of Macbeth’s family fell.
Not the Beginning of the Legend
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The legend of Macbeth is usually dated to the fourteenth-century Chronicle of the Scottish Nation by John of Fordun. This chapter argues that the beginning was earlier and uses the Romance of Fergus as an example of the literary form preferred by the Scots. Scattered items that include Macbeth, such as a list of kings, record only the length of his reign and one or two details such as the manner of his death and prosperity of his reign. In the hands of John of Fordun, Macbeth appears, but only as a minor character in the legend of Malcolm Canmore.
The Literary Scot in Tudor England
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The legend of Macbeth became an international story with its reception in England as a part of Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles, which followed Hector Boece’s story of Macbeth. The Chronicles was the main source used by Shakespeare. Comparison of the Macbeth legend with English representations of Scots during the last decade of the sixteenth century, when Shakespeare was active as a playwright, indicates some of the concerns of the English theatergoing public. Perception of the Scots, Scottish history, and the story of Macbeth among the English at that time was multi-faceted rather than unremittingly bigoted and hostile, even though those aspects have received the majority of scholarly attention. There is evidence that popular feeling toward the Scots was more mixed than is sometimes imagined, and many English had a considerably benign attitude toward their northern neighbors.
Public and Private Interfaces in Canadian Healthcare
Authors: Marchildon Gregory P. , Allin Sara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Canada’s narrow basket of services in universal health coverage programs, its continued reliance on private providers for most of care delivery, and the segmented role of private finance pose unique challenges with maintaining quality and equity. This chapter describes the evolution of the public/private mix, highlighting major shifts over time, and their equity and quality implications. The focus is on three health service sectors: two that are universally covered with limited private finance (hospitals and acute care; physicians and medical care, including ambulatory care), and a third sector that falls outside the universal coverage program and relies on a mix of public and private ownership and delivery (long-term, facility-based care). A modified conceptual framework of the public-private finance/delivery interface is applied to characterize the developments in the public/private mix in the three selected healthcare sectors. There are a number of public-private interfaces in the Canadian health systems, some of which have been contested for years, notably at the public funding and private physician delivery interface. More recently, the COVID pandemic ravaged the long-term care sector and fueled debate about the needed reforms to address long-standing challenges with quality of care, including how to best manage, or rebalance, the public/private mix in this sector.
Australia’s Health Insurance System and Its Two-Level Hospital System—A Result of Muddled and Contested Objectives
Authors: Duckett Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Australia’s health system is unique: It has an extensive private hospital system underpinned by private health insurance existing alongside a universal, publicly funded health insurance scheme that supports high-quality public hospitals. The private health insurance system is heavily subsidized and is also supported by tax penalties on middle- to higher income people who do not have insurance. Just over 40% of the population have private health insurance. The role of private health insurance in Australia is muddled and contested. This chapter explores the (lack of) logic for subsidizing private healthcare in Australia and draws attention to the inherent inequity and inefficiency that creates.
The Changing Private Sector Role in the Netherlands’ Public/Private Sector Healthcare System
Authors: Kruse Florien M. , Jeurissen Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how the Dutch healthcare system currently works, focusing specifically on the public and private mix in the medical care and long-term care sector, and examines how this system scores on equity and quality of care. The Dutch healthcare system scores high on quality of care and solidarity compared to other Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries. The Dutch healthcare system is founded on the notion of solidarity and includes several safety net measures to address equity concerns. However, the high levels of horizontal and vertical equity in the Dutch system have witnessed some pressures in recent years. Two developments stand out from this chapter. First, commercial healthcare providers have increased their role and carved out a parallel sector. This development introduces horizontal equity concerns in the Netherlands because commercially oriented healthcare providers tend to cater to a more affluent clientele. Second, high socioeconomic groups are better equipped to maneuver and use the increasingly complex healthcare system—with respect to rules, institutions, and reliance on patient choice—to their advantage. In contrast to the high socioeconomic groups, the complexity of the system makes it harder for those from low socioeconomic groups to find timely and appropriate care. Despite these concerns, the Dutch healthcare system has not firmly addressed those vertical equity concerns.
Examining Improvements in a Mixed Healthcare System
Authors: Ballart Xavier , Fuentes Guillermo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Health reform around the world has to cope with health systems that had stratified the population since their foundation. This chapter reviews the case of Uruguay, a country that opted in 2007 for the addition of multiple schemes to reach the whole population. Comparing the situation of universalism in Uruguay before the reform and today, significant changes can be identified in the three dimensions of coverage, depth of services, and financial protection. Changes in the three dimensions have an impact on the overall equity of the system and on the quality of health services experienced by different groups of the population. Additionally discussed is the relevance of middle classes for the electoral support of the government and the role played by cross-class alliances to reach universal policies. Finally, the chapter takes into account the extent that public services were aimed at a relatively small part of the population; policies promoted private insurance and contributed to build up the economic and political power of opponents to future reforms. The case study presents a rather successful story that has the potential to be a useful example for other countries in the region and in other parts of the world.
Bound by Muscle
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A.V. Hill (1886–1977) and Otto Meyerhof (1884–1951) shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1922 for their complementary studies of muscle physiology that were grounded in thermodynamics. Hill was a central figure in British science for half a century. He made extensive studies of heat generation in muscle and invented the subject of exercise physiology, introducing the concept of “oxygen debt.” Meyerhof was among the first scientists to recognize the commonality of biochemical reactions across all life forms. His careful experiments uncovered many of the enzymes and reversible pathways driving metabolic processes that convert energy from foodstuff, through intermediate stages, to the production of heat. Hill and Meyerhof were contrasting figures both as men and as scientists. Hill was pragmatic, taking pride in not being an intellectual. Meyerhof impressed colleagues by his philosophical nature and love of art and poetry. The book explores their deepening friendship, begun before 1914 and strengthened by the adversity of the Nazis’ rise to power. During the 1930s, Hill became an outspoken critic of fascism and a founding member of the Tizard Committee that brought radar defense to England. In 1940, he prepared the ground for the vital Tizard Mission to the United States. Meyerhof, a non-practicing Jew, continued his laboratory work in Heidelberg, protecting his staff from Nazi sympathizers within the university; he finally made a dramatic escape from Nazi-occupied Europe in 1940. His correspondence with Hill lays bare his contempt for German academics who benefited from the Nazi period.
Nonverts
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The United States is in the midst of a religious revolution. Or, perhaps it is better to say a non-religious revolution. Around a quarter of US adults now say they have no religion. The great majority of these religious “nones” also say that they used to belong to a religion but no longer do. These are the nonverts: think “converts,” but from having religion to having none. Even on the most conservative of estimates, there are currently about 59 million of them in the United States. Nonverts explores who they are and why they joined the rising tide of the ex-religious. It draws on dozens of interviews, original analysis of high-quality survey data, and a wealth of cutting-edge studies to present an entertaining and insightful exploration of America’s ex-religious landscape. While American religion is not going to die out any time soon, ex-Christian America is a growing presence in national life. America’s religious revolution is not only a religious one—it is catalyzing a profound social, cultural, moral, and political transformation.
When the Saints Go Marching Out
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Mormons are well known, and in many Christian circles openly envied, for their strong growth rate, successes in keeping young adults in the fold, and attaining mainstream acceptance while maintaining high levels of belief and practice. In short, they would seem to be the go-to example of a religious group somehow bucking the secularizing trends ravaging other mainstream denominations. Except that they’re not—at least, not anymore. This issue, of which LDS leaders and scholars are well aware, is fleshed out here with new interview data from ex-Saints, ranging in age from their mid-twenties to late fifties. The growing levels of disaffiliation among the LDS are interesting on their own terms. But they also highlight, in particularly sharp relief, some of the wider problems affecting many US denominations.
None Specifics
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
After an introductory discussion of survey methodologies, the chapter profiles the nones according to sex, age, race, political leanings, and religious and spiritual beliefs. It also shows the various ways in which it makes sense to think of “nonverts” as a distinctive—and large—subcategory of nones-in-general. Also important are the several ways in which America’s nonreligious population increasingly mirror the US population as a whole. Nones are becoming more like the general population for the simple reason that they are becoming an increasingly large contributor to the general population. To be a none used to be a small and often stigmatized identity; now it is, at least in many places, mainstream.
Flatline Protestants
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The “decline of the mainline” is a well-worn topic—almost as well-worn as the question of what precisely counts as the mainline in the first place. Avoiding complicated historical definitions, for our purposes here “mainline Protestantism” is most usefully evoked by the churches where US pop culture’s two foremost “typical families” worship: the Simpsons’ First Church of Springfield, and King of the Hill’s Arlen Methodist. More than any of our case study groups, it’s the hemorrhaging of this mainline that has had the biggest effect on American culture as a whole. It’s traditionally served as the “default setting” for American religiosity, its respectable religious (and thus moral) center ground. Hence its own deep crisis of identity and purpose—witness the United Methodist Church’s recent decision to consciously uncouple from itself, for example—mirror the fracturing of mainstream American culture and values.
Nothings Come from Nothing?
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The rate of nones in the US population suddenly started climbing in the mid-1990s and then accelerated in the mid-2000s. But why, and why then? For that matter, why hadn’t it already begun happening—as it had in many other Western democracies—several decades earlier? While appearing to have arisen ex nihilo, the sudden growth of the nones in fact makes perfect sociological and historical sense. In this chapter, the main focus of Nonverts shifts from the present and personal to consider several structural shifts in American life and culture over the past seventy or so years. Topics covered include the generational weakening of religious subcultures following World War Two, the Cold War and McCarthyism (“Christian America vs. godless communism”), the growing gulf between traditional Christian values and the wider culture from the 1960s onward, and—latterly and more directly—the rise of the internet.
The Ex Effect
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nonversion often has a different texture, a different “feel” from one religious group to another. Becoming an ex-Catholic is, often enough, a very different thing to becoming either an ex-Episcopalian or an ex-Pentecostal. All three are different again to becoming a former Muslim, Buddhist, or Jehovah’s Witness. Furthermore, to reiterate a theme discussed throughout the book, these differences are not purely of the past. Furthermore, we should expect ex-religious nones of all types to differ, in general terms, from those cradle nones who were brought up as such. This is critical to considering how the nature of American “none-ness” might change in the coming decades. Currently, over two-thirds of US nones are nonverts. Though they’re not religious now, they used to be. So it’s not surprising if they carry with them all the hang-ups and baggage, knowledge and understanding, anger and hurt, memories and affections of “Exes” everywhere.
Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The opening chapter provides a broad survey of the contributions to critical philosophy of race that have been made by continental philosophy in general and phenomenology and existentialism in particular. Whereas Sartre and Fanon initially explored the insights to be won from a focus on the lived experience of anti-Semitism and racism, as a result of the struggle against colonialism their focus shifted toward racism as a system. Once systemic racism is highlighted, the importance of historical investigations quickly becomes apparent: the groundbreaking work of Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault is highlighted.
The Challenge of Fossil Fuel and Climate Change
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 reviews the dramatic increases in global fossil fuel consumption, global temperature, and greenhouse gases emissions since the 1950s; the rise in air pollution in much of the world; the major sources of greenhouse gases and air pollution; and the growth of the natural gas and petrochemical industries as major emitters of greenhouse gases. It describes the decimation of forests and the warming of oceans, reducing their ability to store carbon and causing extensive loss of biodiversity. It presents the sharp increase in climate-related severe floods, storms, fires, and drought. The chapter ends with a review of potential tipping points that could cause an irreversible change in the climate system and start positive feedback loops that amplify the effect of greenhouse gases: an example is the disappearance of Arctic sea ice leading through a feedback loop to the rapid melting of the Artic permafrost and resulting in the release of vast amounts of carbon. The chapter is a loud call for action on solutions described in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7.
Success Stories
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides examples of policies on fossil fuel–related air pollution and climate change that have worked to the benefit of public health and the economy. It presents estimates of the avoided cases of illness and impairment in children and adults from policies implemented at different levels of government as well as the associated economic gains. It briefly reviews the benefits of policy changes in China, the European Union, and Sweden, and then presents case studies at the level of the city (London, Krakow, New York City), region (the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), and state (the California Climate Program). The chapter notes that, in cases where cost benefit analyses have been done, the benefits clearly outweigh the costs. It emphasizes that the policies are not static but continually evolve based on experience and input from environmental justice and other stakeholders.