bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel cholinergic projection from the lateral parabrachial nucleus and its role in methamphetamine-primed conditioned place preference
Authors: He Teng , Chen Wenwen , Fan Yu , Xu Xing , Guo Hao , Li Nanqin , Lu Xue , Ge Feifei , Guan Xiaowei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Drug relapse is a big clinical challenge in the treatment of addiction, but its neural circuit mechanism is far from being fully understood. Here, we identified a novel cholinergic pathway from choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (eLPBChAT) to the GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeAGABA) and explored its role in methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference. The anatomical structure and functional innervation of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA pathway were investigated by various methods such as fluorescent micro-optical sectioning tomography, virus-based neural tracing, fibre photometry, patch-clamp and designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug. The role of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA pathway in methamphetamine relapse was assessed using methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference behaviours in male mice. We found that the eLPBChAT neurons mainly projected to the central nucleus of the amygdala. A chemogenetic activation of the eLPBChAT neurons in vitro or in vivo triggered the excitabilities of the CeAGABA neurons, which is at least in part mediated via the cholinergic receptor system. Most importantly, the chemogenetic activation of either the eLPBChAT neurons or the eLPBChAT neurons that project onto the central nucleus of the amygdala decreased the methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference in mice. Our findings revealed a previously undiscovered cholinergic pathway of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA and showed that the activation of this pathway decreased the methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference.
Public-Interest Litigation before the International Court of Justice: Comment on The Gambia v. Myanmar Case
Authors: Mao Xiao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The recent Judgment of the International Court of Justice on the Preliminary Objections in The Gambia v. Myanmar case infers the standing of The Gambia to bring claims before the Court from its “common interest” as a State party to the Genocide Convention. This sweeping approach entails risks of subjectivity and over-breadth. A more nuanced approach, taking into account other features of the treaty in question, should be adopted to determine what obligation would warrant the standing of a State to bring a claim before the Court in respect of its breach. In addition, the adversarial structure of the contentious proceedings of the Court and the procedural rules applicable to it are ill-suited to public-interest litigation, and significant reform of the procedural rules of the Court should be made in order to make public-interest litigation more effective before it.
Phylogenomic Interrogation Revives an Overlooked Hypothesis for the Early Evolution of the Bee Family Apidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), With a Focus on the Subfamily Anthophorinae
Authors: Orr Michael C , Branstetter Michael G , Straka Jakub , Yuan Feng , Leijs Remko , Zhang Dan , Zhou Qingsong , Zhu Chao-Dong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite recent advances in phylogenomics, the early evolution of the largest bee family, Apidae, remains uncertain, hindering efforts to understand the history of Apidae and establish a robust comparative framework. Confirming the position of Anthophorinae—a diverse, globally distributed lineage of apid bees—has been particularly problematic, with the subfamily recovered in various conflicting positions, including as sister to all other Apidae or to the cleptoparasitic Nomadinae. We aimed to resolve relationships in Apidae and Anthophorinae by combining dense taxon sampling, with rigorous phylogenomic analysis of a dataset consisting of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) acquired from multiple sources, including low-coverage genomes. Across a diverse set of analyses, including both concatenation and species tree approaches, and numerous permutations designed to account for systematic biases, Anthophorinae was consistently recovered as the sister group to all remaining Apidae, with Nomadinae sister to (Apinae, [Xylocopinae, Eucerinae]). However, several alternative support metrics (concordance factors, quartet sampling, and gene genealogy interrogation) indicate that this result should be treated with caution. Within Anthophorinae, all genera were recovered as monophyletic, following synonymization of Varthemapistra with Habrophorula. Our results demonstrate the value of dense taxon sampling in bee phylogenomics research and how implementing diverse analytical strategies is important for fully evaluating results at difficult nodes.
A chromosome-level reference genome for the giant pink sea star,Pisaster brevispinus, a species severely impacted by wasting
Authors: DeBiasse Melissa B , Schiebelhut Lauren M , Escalona Merly , Beraut Eric , Fairbairn Colin , Marimuthu Mohan P A , Nguyen Oanh , Sahasrabudhe Ruta , Dawson Michael N 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEfforts to protect the ecologically and economically significant California Current Ecosystem from global change will greatly benefit from data about patterns of local adaptation and population connectivity. To facilitate that work, we present a reference-quality genome for the giant pink sea star, Pisaster brevispinus, a species of ecological importance along the Pacific west coast of North America that has been heavily impacted by environmental change and disease. We used Pacific Biosciences HiFi long sequencing reads and Dovetail Omni-C proximity reads to generate a highly contiguous genome assembly of 550 Mb in length. The assembly contains 127 scaffolds with a contig N50 of 4.6 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 21.4 Mb; the BUSCO completeness score is 98.70%. The P. brevispinus genome assembly is comparable to the genome of the congener species P. ochraceus in size and completeness. Both Pisaster assemblies are consistent with previously published karyotyping results showing sea star genomes are organized into 22 autosomes. The reference genome for P. brevispinus is an important first step toward the goal of producing a comprehensive, population genomics view of ecological and evolutionary processes along the California coast. This resource will help scientists, managers, and policy makers in their task of understanding and protecting critical coastal regions from the impacts of global change.
Countering Commodity Trade Mispricing in Low-Income Countries: A Prescriptive Approach
Authors: Musselli Irene , Bürgi Bonanomi Elisabeth 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Commodity trade mispricing, especially the undervaluation of commodity exports, disproportionately harms low-income countries that depend on commodity exports for most of their export earnings. Such countries should (re)consider adopting rule-based pricing methods as a prescriptive alternative to transaction-based valuation systems. This article firmly grounds rule-based pricing in market parameters. It calls for a hybrid form of market-based price regulation in the framework of public–private models of supply chain governance, also integrating advice from independent experts. This article addresses this policy option within the parameters set by international law, considering state regulatory scope under international trade and tax law. It challenges the popular objection that prescriptive pricing methods breach international trade and tax rules. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity of any such legal assessment under international economic law.
Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats
Authors: Andrianiaina Angelo , Andry Santino , Gentles Anecia , Guth Sarah , Héraud Jean-Michel , Ranaivoson Hafaliana Christian , Ravelomanantsoa Ny Anjara Fifi , Treuer Timothy , Brook Cara E 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. Delineation of seasonal limits in the reproductive calendar for threatened mammals can inform conservation efforts by clarifying parameters used in population viability models, as well as elucidate understanding of the mechanisms underpinning pathogen persistence in host populations. Here, we define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat, known reservoirs for viruses of high zoonotic potential. Our field studies indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis in central-eastern Madagascar where the bulk of our research was concentrated. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January–February at the height of the fruiting season for this region. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of pteropodids globally and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism with males being larger than females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for P. rufus as compared with E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further undermines the conservation status of this species as human hunting is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
Drivers of a temporal change in the adult sex ratio of a Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) population
Authors: Espinoza Zaavian S , Weckerly Floyd W 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ecological processes driving female-skewed adult sex ratios (ASRs; males:females) in populations with polygynous mating systems have been addressed theoretically, but empirical support is scarce. The theoretical framework of the female substitution hypothesis (FSH) asserts that a female-skewed ASR at carrying capacity reflects an overall fitness benefit for females and for males competitive in acquiring access to reproductive females. The FSH predicts that as population abundance increases females should acquire forage more efficiently than males, thereby leading to passive displacement of males. The result is declining ASR associated with differential habitat use by both sexes as food resources are depleted by female scramble competition. We characterized the temporal variation in ASR in a Roosevelt elk population inhabiting the Redwood National and State Parks, California, across 24 years, and determined which of two possible ecological mechanisms was the driver of a declining ASR. The first mechanism explored was that increasing female abundance associated with declining forage in the study area led to the passive displacement of males into the study periphery over time. The second mechanism explored was that a declining ASR was precipitated by a lack of males within the study area and the study periphery. Systematic population surveys from a vehicle were done to estimate abundance and ASR as well as assess male abundance in the study periphery. Forage biomass was estimated in quarter-m2 plots randomly placed in meadows inhabited by female elk. Our multiple regression analysis revealed an inverse relationship between abundance and ASR indicating density dependence. We found numerous males in the study periphery when females were abundant. Our least squares models indicated declining food resources across years when female abundance increased. Our results showed that the first, and not the second, ecological mechanism examined was responsible for a female-skewed ASR. Our findings provide empirical support for the theoretical framework of the FSH in a nonmigratory population protected from hunting.
Balamuthia mandrillaris Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis: The First African Experience
Authors: Tootla Hafsah D , Eley Brian S , Enslin Johannes M N , Frean John A , Hlela Carol , Kilborn Tracy N , Moodley Bhavani , Peer Shazia , Singh Shivani , Nuttall James J C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report the first case of Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amoebic encephalitis definitively acquired in Africa. Our case emphasizes initial nonspecific dermatological features, delays in confirmation of the diagnosis, difficulties accessing recommended medication, and uncertainty about optimal treatment of a disease with a frequently fatal outcome.
Displaced Selves: Older African Adults in Forced Migration
Authors: Kilpeläinen Faith , Zechner Minna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ageing as a refugee in an unsettled life situation increases the need for identity management due to dramatic life changes. This qualitative study, influenced by phenomenology, focuses on the stories of older adults in protracted intra-African refugee situations and the continuity and discontinuity of their identities. In line with identity process theory, we portray identities as situationally accomplished through the interplay of how one defines oneself internally and how others define one from the outside. The data, analysed by using abductive thematic analysis, consist of five semi-structured interviews with refugees in protracted refugee situations in Nairobi. We argue that older age combined with protracted migratory experiences resulted in the study participants possessing a wide array of experiences, including many losses. These, including their pre-migratory experiences, formed a large repertoire of intra-psychic, interpersonal and intergroup coping strategies to rely on when reworking their identities.
Capsule endoscopy in airway: a difficult extraction
Authors: Tamang Sandeep , Mitnovetski Sergei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foreign bodies of different nature are identified in airway. Extraction of foreign bodies given their dimension and character requires proper set of instruments with right technique to ensure safe removal. Different tools have been discussed to optimally withdraw the object in various articles which have been applied. However, we talk about a case of removal of a pill camera from an elderly patient’s right main bronchus with a certain positioning of the patient after multiple unsuccessful attempts with instruments alone. In conclusion, pill camera as being useful for surveillance for gastrointestinal pathology can have the potential of aspiration.
Spontaneous perforation of pyometra—is hysterectomy required in the emergent setting? A case report and literature review
Authors: Browne Ikennah L 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous perforation of pyometra is a rare event associated with significant morbidity and mortality when diffuse peritonitis is present. While malignant lesions of the cervical tract are the most common cause of pyometra, several benign conditions can contribute to this diagnosis. Traditionally hysterectomy has been the surgical approach of choice for this clinical entity; however, in the setting of septic shock, temporizing techniques may offer the opportunity to stabilize patients and complete a thorough work up before committing to definitive resection. This report explores a case of septic shock secondary to spontaneous perforation of pyometra that was definitively managed with peritoneal lavage and wide drainage. Intraoperative hysteroscopy and uterine biopsy were performed, and no malignancy was identified on final pathology. Intraoperative hysteroscopy along with peritoneal lavage and wide drainage may reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis from spontaneous perforation of pyometra and potentially avoid unnecessary hysterectomy.
Creation and Internal Validation of a Clinical Predictive Model for Fluconazole Resistance in Patients With Candida Bloodstream Infection
Authors: Rauseo Adriana M , Olsen Margaret A , Stwalley Dustin , Mazi Patrick B , Larson Lindsey , Powderly William G , Spec Andrej 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Fluconazole is recommended as first-line therapy for candidemia when risk of fluconazole resistance (fluc-R) is low. Lack of methods to estimate resistance risk results in extended use of echinocandins and prolonged hospitalization. This study aimed to develop a clinical predictive model to identify patients at low risk for fluc-R where initial or early step-down fluconazole would be appropriate.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of hospitalized adult patients with positive blood culture for Candida spp from 2013 to 2019. Multivariable logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with fluc-R. Stepwise regression was performed on bootstrapped samples to test individual variable stability and estimate confidence intervals (CIs). We used receiver operating characteristic curves to assess performance across the probability spectrum.

Results
We identified 539 adults with candidemia and 72 Candida isolates (13.4%) were fluc-R. Increased risk of fluc-R was associated with older age, prior bacterial bloodstream infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.02 [95% CI, 1.13–3.63]), myelodysplastic syndrome (OR, 3.09 [95% CI, 1.13–8.44]), receipt of azole therapy (OR, 5.42 [95% CI, 2.90–10.1]) within 1 year of index blood culture, and history of bone marrow or stem cell transplant (OR, 2.81 [95% CI, 1.41–5.63]). The model had good discrimination (optimism-corrected c-statistic 0.771), and all of the selected variables were stable. The prediction model had a negative predictive value of 95.7% for the selected sensitivity cutoff of 90.3%.

Conclusions
This model is a potential tool for identifying patients at low risk for fluc-R candidemia to receive first-line or early step-down fluconazole.
Increasing the Demand for Workers with a Criminal Record
Authors: Cullen Zoë , Dobbie Will , Hoffman Mitchell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We experimentally test several approaches to increasing the demand for workers with a criminal record on a nationwide staffing platform by addressing potential downside risk and productivity concerns. The staffing platform asked hiring managers to make a series of hypothetical hiring decisions that affected whether workers with a criminal record could accept their jobs in the future. We find that 39% of businesses in our sample are willing to work with individuals with a criminal record at baseline, which rises to over 50% when businesses are offered crime and safety insurance, a single performance review, or a limited background check covering just the past year. Wage subsidies can achieve similar increases but at a substantially higher cost. Based on our findings, the staffing platform relaxed the criminal background check requirement and offered crime and safety insurance to interested businesses.
Is vaccination against COVID-19 associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease flare? A self-controlled case series analysis
Authors: Nakafero Georgina , Grainge Matthew J , Card Tim , Mallen Christian D , Nguyen Van-Tam Jonathan S , Williams Hywel C , Abhishek Abhishek 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the association between vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and autoimmune rheumatic disease (AIRD) flare.Material and methodsPatients with AIRDs vaccinated against COVID-19 who consulted for disease flare between 1 December 2020 and 31 December 2021 were ascertained in Clinical Practice Research Datalink (Aurum). AIRD flare was defined as consultation for AIRD with CS prescription on the same day or the next day. Vaccination was defined using date of vaccination and product code. The observation period was partitioned into vaccine-exposed (21 days after vaccination), pre-vaccination (7 days before vaccination) and remaining vaccine-unexposed periods. Participants contributed data with multiple vaccinations and outcomes. Season adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) and 95% CI were calculated using self-controlled case series analysis.ResultsData for 3554 AIRD cases, 72% female, mean age 65 years and 68.3% with RA, were included. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with significantly fewer AIRD flares in the 21-day vaccine-exposed period when all vaccinations were considered [aIRR (95% CI) 0.89 (0.80, 0.98)]. Using dose-stratified analyses there was a statistically significant negative association in the 21 days after first COVID-19 vaccination but no association after the second or third COVID-19 vaccinations [aIRR (95% CI) 0.76 (0.66, 0.89), 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) and 1.01 (0.85, 1.20), respectively]. On AIRD-type stratified analyses, vaccination was not associated with disease flares. Vaccination without or after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and with vectored DNA or mRNA vaccines, associated with comparable reduced risk of AIRD flares in the vaccine-exposed period after first COVID-19 vaccination.ConclusionsVaccination against COVID-19 was not associated with increased AIRD flares regardless of prior COVID-19, AIRD type, and whether mRNA or DNA vaccination technology were used.
Hate on the Bookshelves: Explaining the Phenomenon of Anti-Korean Hate Books in Japan
Authors: HANSSEN Ulv , WOO Eun Hee 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Books containing hate speech against Koreans and the Chinese have become a common sight in Japan’s bookshops. The publication of ‘hate books’ has increased in tandem with the struggles of the publishing industry and the deterioration of Japan’s relations with South Korea and China. This article seeks to explain the causes of Japan’s hate book phenomenon, with a particular focus on books targeting Koreans. While South Korean researchers have mainly identified rising nationalism in Japan as the key factor, Japanese analysts label peculiarities in the Japanese publishing industry as the main cause of hate books. We argue that both these explanations are necessary but ultimately insufficient because they ignore each other’s key findings. We propose a synthesized explanation that takes account of both the role of nationalism in creating demand and the unique structure of the Japanese publishing industry, which tends to incentivize the supply of hate books. The article also shows that nationalism only translates into hate book demand in times of diplomatic crisis.