bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated polyester resin modified with a novel reactive flame retardant: effects on thermal stability and flammability
Authors: Wu Piye , Peng Yongzhi , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhang Gang , Ran Jiabing , Xu Man 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A new reactive flame retardant (DTA), containing phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione groups was synthesized and applied to improve the flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resin. The thermal stability, flame retardancy and combustion behaviors of UP/DTA thermosets were detected by thermogravimeric analysis (TG), limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL94) test and cone calorimeter test. According to the research results, the addition of DTA contributed to improving the flame retardancy of UP. After adding 20 wt% DTA, the LOI of UP composite increased from 19.0% of the neat UP to 26.6%, and UL94 rating reached V-0. In addition, compared with pure UP, the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), average heat release rate (av-HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of UP/DTA-20 thermosetting material decreased by 44.0, 26.2 and 29.5%, respectively. In the gaseous phase, DTA decomposed to generate nitrogen-containing fragments with diluting effect and phosphorus-containing free radicals with quenching effect to inhibit the combustion. In the condensed phase, phosphaphenanthrene group of DTA decomposed to generate phosphorus-based compounds, which promoted the carbonization of the UP matrix and cooperated with triazine-trione group to increase the char yield. Therefore, DTA plays an important role in flame retardancy in the gas and condensed phases.
A New Epistomion from Sfakaki, near Rethymno
Authors: Tsatsaki Niki , Tzifopoulos Yannis Z. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Publication of a new gold epistomion unearthed during rescue excavations in the property of IRIS Hotel Inc. in the Sfakaki region near Rethymno. The new epistomion from Grave 7 belongs to category E, the so-called chaire-texts, and is identical to that incised on E4, bringing the total number of epistomia from Crete to sixteen (see Appendix).
Basil’s Knowledge of Astronomy
Authors: Yam Colten Cheuk-Yin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper explores Basil’s knowledge of astronomy. It shows that Basil must have learnt astronomy already from his youth. It also demonstrates why and how Basil holds a complex attitude towards astronomy (as shown in Homily in hexaemeron 1 and 6). Finally, by comparing Basil’s knowledge of this science with the astronomical handbook of his time, it argues that Basil has made use of Origen but not lavishly copied him, and the level of his astronomical knowledge did not go beyond Cleomedes’ Caelestia, which is the most elementary astronomical handbook in ancient times.
Solid-state 1H and 13C NMR studies of novel ionic rotator-crystals of [NEt
x
Me(3−x)R][BEt4] (R = Pr, Bu. x = 1, 2)
Authors: Nagai Katsuumi , Honda Hisashi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Four new ionic rotator-crystals of [NEt
x
Me(3−x)R][BEt4] (R = Pr, Bu; x = 1, 2) were observed. Rotator crystals (two-dimensional plastic crystals) are mesophases between solid and isotropic liquid phases. Solid-state 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements revealed that the ellipsoidal cations of [NEt
x
Me(3−x)R]+ undergo uniaxial rotation about their N–R axis and libration motion of the axis, and the anions perform isotropic reorientations in the highest-temperature solid-phase (rotator phase). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed small entropy changes of 8–11 J K−1 mol−1 at the melting point of the compounds. These results suggest that the cations and anions have large degrees of freedom of motion in the rotator phase. The diffraction patterns of X-ray diffraction (XRD) could be indexed to the trigonal structure (space group of P31c). Compared with the reported data for [NEt
x
Me(3−x)Pr][BEt3Me] (x = 1, 2) compounds, which also have rotator-crystal phases and transform to a plastic crystalline phase, a model that explains why the cations of [BEt4] salts hardly perform isotropic reorientation in the solid phases was proposed.
No Strain, No Gain? The Role of Strain and Load Magnitude in Human Tendon Responses and Adaptation to Loading
Authors: McMahon Gerard 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
McMahon, G. No strain, no gain? The role of strain and load magnitude in human tendon responses and adaptation to loading. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2950–2956, 2022—Transmission of force and energy storage and release are affected by the mechanical properties and morphology of tendons. Therefore, understanding the modulation of mechanical properties through training is key as part of optimizing athletic task performance and rehabilitation. In vivo human tendon adaptation to exercise occurs in a nongraded manner, that is, there seems to be a threshold to which a tendon responds and adapts to mechanical stimuli, whereas below this threshold, minimal or no adaptation is observed. However, this remains controversial as such findings have not always been universal. Modulation of strain magnitude (change in tendon length relative to its original length) or loading intensity (e.g., % 1 repetition maximum or % maximal voluntary contraction) therefore may play a fundamental role in enhancing tendon adaptation. This review outlines the key evidence of these phenomena through direct comparative studies of higher vs. lower strain/load magnitude and indirect noncomparative studies and also explores some of the potential mechanobiological underpinnings of these adaptations. Furthermore, this review outlines practical considerations for exercise prescription using a strain magnitude–based approach and why previous non–strain magnitude–based approaches may have been a confounding factor in load magnitude studies investigating tendon adaptation.
Physics‐informed machine learning for the COVID‐19 pandemic: Adherence to social distancing and short‐term predictions for eight countries
Authors: Barmparis Georgios D. , Tsironis Giorgos P. 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundThe analysis of COVID‐19 infection data through the eye of Physics‐inspired Artificial Intelligence leads to a clearer understanding of the infection dynamics and assists in predicting future evolution. The spreading of the pandemic during the first half of 2020 was curtailed to a larger or lesser extent through social distancing measures imposed by most countries. In the context of the standard Susceptible‐Infected‐Recovered (SIR) model, changes in social distancing enter through time‐dependent infection rates.MethodsIn this work we use machine learning and the infection dynamical equations of SIR to extract from the infection data the degree of social distancing and, through it, assess the effectiveness of the imposed measures.ResultsQuantitative machine learning analysis is applied to eight countries with infection data from the first viral wave. We find as two extremes Greece and USA where the measures were successful and unsuccessful, respectively, in limiting spreading. This physics‐based neural network approach is employed to the second wave of the infection, and by training the network with the new data, we extract the time‐dependent infection rate and make short‐term predictions with a week‐long or even longer horizon. This algorithmic approach is applied to all eight countries with good short‐term results. The data for Greece is analyzed in more detail from August to December 2020.ConclusionsThe model captures the essential spreading dynamics and gives useful projections for the spreading, both in the short‐term but also for a more intermediate horizon, based on specific social distancing measures that are extracted directly from the data.
Prevalence and clinical implications of the HPV16 infection in oral cancer in Montenegro – Evidence to support the immunization program
Authors: Antunović Marija , Lopičić Milena , Vučković Ljiljana , Raonić Janja , Mugoša Snežana 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) makes 85–95% of all malignances in the oral cavity. Increasing evidence shows that the Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are preferentially associated with some oropharyngeal and OSCCs, namely the genotype 16. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and clinical implications of HPV16 infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma in population of Montenegro.
This study included 60 patients with OSCC (localized on the lower lip, tongue or/and floor of the mouth), surgically treated at the Clinical Centre of Montenegro from 2012 to 2018. Surgically obtained formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens were used for histopathological analysis and HPV16 genome detection using standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (primers for detection of E6 gene). Each individual was further followed up for the period of three years and for different clinico-pathological characteristics, including disease free interval (DFI).
The prevalence of HPV16 infection in OSCCs was 23.3% and the infection was significantly more common in female patients (P = 0.038). No significant correlation was detectable between HPV16 infection and the patients' age (P = 0.302), tumor site (P = 0.125), tumor grade (P = 0.363) and disease stage (P = 0.995). Observing the total sample the DFI was not significantly different for HPV16-positive versus HPV16-negative patients (P = 0.427), but a gender-based difference in DFI was observed, with the significantly shorter DFI (Log Rank test, P = 0.003) in HPV16 positive female patients compared to male patients (P = 0.003).
The results obtained in this study provide scientific evidence for the development of national HPV vaccination program in Montenegro.
The impact of self-regulation in the governance of European higher education systems on quality and equity
Authors: Sabzalieva Emma , Roser Jaime , Mutize Takudzwa 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Self-regulation in the governance of higher education systems is often assumed to improve institutional performance, accountability, and responsiveness. Although studies of higher education governance have addressed the extent of self-regulation across national systems, there has been less investigation of the links between self-regulation and quality and equity. Nevertheless, the universal adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) commits all countries to equal access to affordable and quality education, including higher education, by 2030. To assess the relationship between self-regulation, quality, and equity, this paper presents a novel higher education self-regulation index trialed using the cases of England, Finland, France, and Germany. The index compares self-regulation, based on the respective national legal and policy frameworks, in core higher education functions: control and evaluation, funding, strategy and structure, personnel, and teaching and research. Each area is analyzed using six conditions reflecting the level of autonomy of an institution which could be met in full, in part or not met and assigned to a proxy number ranging from 0, 0.5 and 1 respectively. Each of these areas is summarized with a level that is either High, Medium, or Low and these are the levels then shown in the composite index. The impact of varying levels of self-regulation in a higher education system on quality and equity is then analyzed. Whereas higher levels of self-regulation do appear to have some impact on quality, the study found that a mix of policy steering, and institutional initiatives are needed to improve equity. Further refinement and testing of the self-regulation index would improve its utility as a tool to support governments and institutions to enhance higher education governance in support of the SDGs.
Technology for making drinks based on pectin rich fruits and vegetables grown in Azerbaijan
Authors: Aliyev Shakir , Khalilov Musfiq , Saidov Rasim , Mammadov Gabil , Allahverdiyeva Gahira 
Published: July 2022

The chemical composition of pumpkin has always differed from other plants. Given the potential of pumpkin, the possibility of developing a new range of products from it was explored. As a result of the research, the presented recipe was created, where the main components are fermented pumpkin, orange juice, milk powder and pectin. Such a recipe is recognized as more appropriate. Their chemical composition played a key role in the choice of components, so each component performed its respective function. Since pectin was a stabilizer in the product, milk was a protein fortifier, and orange juice was a flavor enhancer and antioxidant.
The addition of orange juice to the finished product increased its vitamin content, and the use of probiotics enhanced the bactericidal effect of the product, which gave it functional nutritional properties. The purpose of developing such a technology was to obtain a high-quality food product, which was achieved on the basis of the complementarity of the selected raw materials and components. From this point of view, studies have shown that the drink prepared according to the proposed recipe meets the accepted regulatory requirements for such products, both in terms of nutritional value and environmental friendliness.
The effect of the types and concentrations of pectic substances on the probiotic properties of the prepared fruit and vegetable drinks was also studied. Products with a better bifidogenic effect can be obtained when using 2 % liquid pectin in the preparation of beverages.
The organoleptic and microbiological analysis of the finished food product showed that this drink can be used both for children and for preventive purposes
Assessment of the effect of ferromagnetic liquids on oil recovery of bituminous sands
Authors: Habibov Ibrahim , Sadigova Tarana Yusif , Abasova Sevinc Malik 
Published: July 2022

In Azerbaijan, in addition to natural oil, there are large reserves of it in the form of bituminous rocks. The largest reserves are concentrated in the Balakhani part of the Kirmaki mountain, which are more than 50 million tons.
In order to extract oil from bituminous rocks, various methods are used. Including such methods of extracting oil from bituminous rocks (BR): boiling BR with water without additives and with alkaline type additives; extraction method using various solvents; thermal cracking of BR; flotation method and supercritical fluid extraction. In addition to these, methods of influencing bituminous sands with various physical fields are also used, one of which is the use of ferromagnetic fluids (FMF).
The use of alkali reactive reagent with iron nanoparticles is an improvement of the method for extracting heavy oil components from bituminous rocks and an environmentally friendly innovative technology.
The study of the influence of the magnetic field with tension to 10 A/m on the process of oil extraction from bituminous rocks before and after the use of ferromagnetic fluid showed an increase in oil recovery by 7–8 % and 8–11 %, respectively. Further increase in the external magnetic field strength with the maximum tight bond of the magnetic moment with ferromagnetic particles of nanometer sizes can lead to the appearance of additional tangent stresses caused by the braking of the particle rotation field, the subsequent increase of the effective viscosity of the colloid solution. A numerical method for determining the threshold value of the magnetic field strength has been proposed to analyze this phenomenon, at which the value of the dynamic viscosity of the magnetic fluid is achieved, which is the limit for oil from the field corresponding to the extraction of oil from bituminous rocks.
The use of polyethylene terephthalate waste as modifiers for bitumen systems
Authors: Aitkaliyeva Gulzat , Yelubay Madeniyet , Yerzhanova Dana , Ismailova Aiganym , Massakbayeva Sofya 
Published: July 2022

This study examined the suitability of polyethylene terephtal (PET) waste to provide an alternative modification to bitumen and reduce waste accumulation. The chemical structure and physical properties were evaluated for modified bitumen with different PET flakes content from 2 to 10 %. The effect of PET waste content on bituminous systems was analyzed using IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, differential thermal (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. The study of change in the microstructure as a result of bitumen modification was carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Regularities of changes in the structural-group composition of bituminous binders after their modification with PET waste have been established. It is noted that the chemical interaction of the base bitumen with PET flakes occurs due to the formation of associative bonds between the oxygen-containing components of the modifier and bitumen.
The influence of the modifier on the physical and mechanical properties was evaluated using standard methods (penetration, extensibility and softening point). Based on the physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, such as needle penetration depth (penetration), ductility and softening point, it was found that the optimal dosage of PET waste in terms of asphalt binder characteristics is 3 %. It has been established that PET waste and original bitumen interact both at the chemical and physical levels and can be considered as a suitable alternative for changing the properties of bituminous binders. Thus, the obtained samples of modified bituminous binders have improved physical and mechanical properties, which makes it possible to produce high-strength asphalt concrete pavements based on them.
The influence of different drying methods on the quality attributes of beetroots
Authors: Liu Yan , Sabadash Sergei , Duan Zhenhua , Deng Chunli 
Published: July 2022

Beetroot is recognized as a health-promoting vegetable due to its abundant source of bioactive compounds. Drying methods significantly influence the quality of products. Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable drying method to obtain high quality of dried beetroots. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of different drying methods on the quality attributes of beetroots. Fresh beetroots were dehydrated by freeze drying (FD), heat pump drying (HPD), vacuum drying (VD), microwave drying (MD) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD), respectively. The drying time, final moisture content, rehydration ratio, color, microstructure, betalain content and total flavonoids content of beetroots prepared by different drying methods were analyzed. The results showed that MVD and MD were superior to VD, HPD and FD in terms of drying time. The drying time (0.77±0.03 h) of MD was reduced by 97.40 % compared with FD, which was only 9.83 % of VD and 11.27 % of HPD. No significant differences in the final moisture content among beetroots dried using different drying methods were observed. Beetroots dried by FD showed the most desirable color and porous structure. Besides, beetroots dried by MVD exhibited the largest rehydration ratio, while the lowest rehydration ratio appeared in the beetroots obtained using MD. In addition, beetroots prepared by HPD illustrated the highest contents of betacyanin, betaxanthin and total flavonoids, which were 5.48±0.03 mg/g, 2.40±0.02 mg/g and 24.71±0.47 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively. These results identify that it is difficult to achieve the best quality dried beetroots using a single drying method. Therefore, considering the quality attributes, the combined drying method (HPD+MVD) would be a very promising alternative method for obtaining dehydrated beetroots
Using a neural network in the second stage of the ensemble classifier to improve the quality of classification of objects in images
Authors: Galchonkov Oleg , Babych Mykola , Zasidko Andrii , Poberezhnyi Serhii 
Published: July 2022

Object recognition in images is used in many areas of practical use. Very often, progress in its application largely depends on the ratio of the quality of object recognition and the required amount of calculations. Recent advances in recognition are related to the development of neural network architectures with a very significant amount of computing that are trained on large data sets over a very long time on state-of-the-art computers. For many practical applications, it is not possible to collect such large datasets for training and only computing machines with limited computing power can be used. Therefore, the search for solutions that meet these practical restrictions is relevant. This paper reports an ensemble classifier, which uses stacking in the second stage. The use of significantly different classifiers in the first stage and the multilayer perceptron in the second stage has made it possible to significantly improve the ratio of the quality of classification and the required volume of calculations when training on small data sets. The current study showed that the use of a multilayer perceptron in the second stage makes it possible to reduce the error compared to the use of the second stage of majority voting. On the MNIST dataset, the error reduction was 29‒39 %. On the CIFAR-10 dataset, the error reduction was 13‒17 %. A comparison of the proposed architecture of the ensemble classifier with the architecture of the transformer-type classifier demonstrated a decrease in the volume of calculations while reducing the error. For the CIFAR-10 dataset, an error reduction of 8 % was achieved with a calculation volume of less than 22 times. For the MNIST dataset, the error reduction was 62 % when winning by the volume of calculations by 50 times
Utilization of poultry droppings in terms of non-waste technology
Authors: Hajiyev Rovshan Mustafa , Saidov Rasim , Mammadov Gabil , Allahverdiyeva Gahira , Taghiyev Urfan 
Published: July 2022

The processing of poultry droppings under anaerobic conditions, in special hermetic reactors – methane tanks is considered to be the most promising technology in terms of efficiency in agrochemical, environmental, and energy fields. Organic fertilizer in the methane tank is in the form of concentrated liquid, purified from disease causatives and weed seeds. It is easily absorbed by fermented plant mass and contains macro and micronutrients, amino acids and phytohormones that stimulate the development of the plant. The rare utilization of such facilities is explained by the lack of funds for their purchase. On the other hand, it is assumed that biogas is not a dominant factor in terms of economic efficiency, and organic fertilizer is also important. In this respect, the utilization of poultry droppings has also gained practical relevance.
The paper covers the discussion of the feasibility of utilizing poultry droppings as a non-waste technology. The methodological approach is based on the evaluation of more rational technological projects. In logical modeling, the rules drawn up by highly qualified specialists are used. The rules determine how to act in a certain situation. Such rules are considered favorable for non-skilled performers. The results of the studies have allowed analyzing the dynamics of nitrogen preservation depending on the utilization technology of poultry droppings and impact factors. Based on a mathematical model, a computer methodology for research on improving the energy efficiency of a poultry farm has been developed. The number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 kd) for a 66×12 m poultry house using a computer program N=273 pcs., the number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 kd) for a building with dimensions of 78×18 m N=259 pcs. The design parameters of the lamps are substantiated