bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Zoysiagrass Adaptation in a Subtropical Region1
Authors: Busey Philip , Reinert James A. , Atilano Ray A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Visual evaluations of a 5-year-old replicated planting of 63 zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) genotypes in southern Florida showed highly significant (P < 1%) differences in overall vigor and survival, flight selections and 2 commercial cultivars (‘Emerald’ and ‘Meyer’) were sodded at 2 distant sites. Selected genotypes (FZ-28, FZ-80, FZ-26, and FL-1753) were significantly better adapted, had significantly less weed encroachment and greater vigor and ground coverage, than Emerald or Meyer. The latter commercial cultivars were unacceptable in most evaluations. Furthermore, FZ-28 and FZ-80 had low sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau) counts and FZ-28 had few eggs of Banks grass mite (Oligonychus pratensis [Banks]). Sod webworm (Crambus spp.) infestation appeared to be another variable closely associated with adaptive differences among genotypes and explained serious establishment problems at some sites. Zoysiagrass was successfully established as a turf only on one site involving fumigated soil and generally proved poorly suited for this subtropical region.
Antitranspirant Effects on Leaf Water Potential and Winter Injury of Holly1,23
Authors: Pair John C. , Still Steven M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three of 6 antitranspirants significantly reduced winter injury 1 of 5 years when applied 1 and 2 times to Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Foster's No. 2’. No reduction of winter injury was observed during 1979 and 1980 even though leaf water potentials recorded during winter stress periods indicated that Exhalt 4-10, Vapor Gard, Wilt Pruf, Folicote, and Foligard significantly reduced transpirational loss of water in midwinter. Two applications of Folicote and Exhalt 4-10 increased water potential more than the single fall application, but did not reduce winter injury significantly. Clear Spray did not increase leaf water potential and appeared to crack and peel within 3 weeks aftef application. Scanning electron micrographs indicated better coverage of leaf surfaces by dipping them by spraying and verified the rapid cracking of Clear Spray.
Genetic Control of Root Development in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown under Phosphorus Stress1
Authors: Fawole Iyiola , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic control of root development in beans was investigated in the parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 obtained from 6 crosses made among 6 lines obtained from an earlier study of efficiency in P utilization. One line produced significantly larger and more vigorous roots and a narrower shoot/root ratio than the other 5 lines, both at stress and at adequate levels of P. Quantitative inheritance patterns and transgressive segregation for root dry weights were observed and high broad sense heritability estimates were obtained. Dominance variance was more important than additive variance in 4 families.
Vegetative Growth Response of ‘Olympus’ Strawberry to Polyethylene Mulch and Drip Irrigation Regimes1
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Breen Patrick J. , Martin Lloyd W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two field plantings of strawberries [Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Olympus] were grown with and without black polyethylene mulch at 3 levels of drip irrigation and differential irrigation was maintained after plant establishment for 1 month in 1977 and 2 months in 1978. During the driest portion of each year the soil water potential at 20 cm depth remained above −0.5 bars for the highest level of irrigation, and fell below −11 bars at the lowest level. Mulch conserved soil moisture at the 2 lower irrigation levels in 1977, but this effect was minor in 1978. Vegetative growth was increased by both irrigation and mulch. The number of leaves produced during the first growing season was 30% (1977) and 25% (1978) greater in the high than the low-irrigation regime. Mulching improved leaf production 27% (1977) and 14% (1978). Most of these vegetative differences between treatments were still apparent at fruit harvest the following July. During a second year of treatments on the 1977 planting, the number of leaves was further enhanced by mulch and high irrigation. At the subsequent fruit harvest, 2-year-old plants had more leaves than those 1 year old, but the leaf area per plant averaged 27% lower. Leaf and crown dry weights of either 1- or 2-year-old plants at fruit harvest were slightly greater due to irrigation and significantly higher due to mulch, whereas root dry weight was unaffected by either treatment. The amount of summer irrigation required to sustain vigorous vegetative growth in mulched plants was only one third that of unmulched strawberries.
Nitrogen, Potassium, Sulfur Fertilization, and Protein Content of Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Purcell A. E. , Walter W. M. , Nicholaides J. J. , Collins W. W. , Chancy H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An increase in the rate of applied N to plantings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] caused an increase in root N content but did not affect the non-protein N/total N ratio. An increase in the rate of applied K caused an increase in root yield but did not affect root N content nor the non-protein N/total N ratio. Sulfur had no effect on yield or composition of the roots.
Quantum Flux Density Studies of Chrysanthemum in a Controlled Environment with High-pressure Sodium Lamps. II. Long Day and Short Day Studies1
Authors: Stefanis James P. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) was studied as a function of quantum flux density (QFD), QFD duration, and temperature. Plants were grown under high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps in a controlled environment (CE) for 13 long days and during the first 2 weeks of short days. Treated plants were also grown to flowering in a greenhouse to determine treatment effect on flowering time and plant size at flowering. Dry weight of vegetative shoots was greatest at 27°C after cuttings were rooted. Rooting and growing chrysanthemum cuttings vegetatively in a CE under HPS lamps appeared best at 280 μEm−2s−1 for 18 hours/day when plants were grown to flowering in a greenhouse. Flower initiation was not accelerated at QFD greater than 140 μEm−2s−1 provided 12 hours/day. A photochlorosis was observed on all treatments irradiated with HPS lamps; the photochlorosis was irreparable at QFD of 420 μEm−2s−1.
Nectar and the Nectary of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Ross Ryan M. , Evans Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The discoid nectary of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Kidney, produces nectar comprised of sugars, amino acids, protein, lipids, reducing acids, phenols, and alkaloids. Nectar is secreted through open stomates located near the inner and outer rims of the shallowly lobed nectary. Closed stomates are present on external and internal flanks of the nectary. Nectar production by this autogamous cultivar is anomolous, since such production usually exists to attract pollinators to ensure transfer of germ cells. Honey bees and bumblebees which regularly visit the plants for nectar are provided with a highly nutritious resource, apparently at the expense of the plant. Diversion of energy for nectar production thus appears to be an unrewarded expense to this cultivar.
Effect of NAA on Shoot Production in Vitro from BA-pretreated Petunia Leaf Explants 1
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf explants from ‘Sugar Daddy’ and ‘Sugar Plum’ petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) were pretreated in solutions of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and were placed in a cytokinin-free modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, to which 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were incorporated to test interaction. NAA at 0.05 or 0.1 mg/liter increased shoot number, fresh weight, and shoot quality rating for ‘Sugar Daddy’, while in ‘Sugar Plum’ addition of NAA increased shoot fresh weight and improved shoot quality rating without any effect on shoot number.
Photosynthesis and Photosynthate Partitioning in Sweet Potato Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari Ajmer S. , Harmon Silas A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during 1979 and 1980 growing seasons with sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes at different stages of growth to determine leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and photosynthate partitioning patterns. Net photosynthesis was measured in an open system with an infrared analyzer on the youngest and the fully expanded leaves still attached to the plant. Photosynthesis rates differed significantly in both years. Photosynthesis varied from 19.1 to 32.4 mg CO2dm−2hr−1 in 1979 and from 25.8 to 36.9 mg CO2dm−1hr−1 in 1980. A new selection, 75-96-1, averaged highest both years. Percentages of photosynthate partitioning to storage roots also differed significantly. About 45 days after planting, ‘Centennial’ and ‘Georgia Jet’ diverted the highest percentage, about 28%, of the total dry matter to the storage roots. But ‘Georgia Red’ diverted the highest percentages of photosynthate (51.0 and 56.4) to the storage roots 75 and 90 days after planting, respectively. Photosynthate partitioning to storage roots ranged from 11.2 to 56.4%, 90 days after planting. Final root yield correlated significantly (r = 0.69 to 0.87) with photosynthate partitioning at all stages of growth. During 1980, Pn and total dry matter yield also were significantly correlated. Harvest index was significantly correlated (r = 0.89) with final storage root yield. But Pn did not significantly correlate with either storage root yield or photosynthate partitioned to roots. Stomatal density was 2 to 3 times more on the abaxial than the adaxial surface of the leaves. Percentages of neither leaf nitrogen nor chlorophyll content of leaves differed significantly. High-yielding genotypes generally initiated storage root formation earlier and also partitioned more photosynthate to storage roots than low-yielding genotypes.
Artificial Versus Natural Infestation for Evaluation of Kernel and Stalk Damage in Maize by the European Corn Borer1
Authors: Grier Stephen L. , Davis David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Artificial was compared to natural infestation for evaluating kernel damage and stalk tunneling on maize (Zea mays, L.) caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hiibner) larvae. Under conditions of natural infestation, differential damage levels among families were more closely correlated with silk date than oviposition frequencies on the host plants. The association between damage and silk date was reduced following artificial infestation. Artificial infestation, which permits infestation at a common stage of maturity (full silk), a uniform and greater insect population on host plants, and a uniform opportunity for larval development on the ear from time of infestation to time of evaluation, is preferred for differentiating maize genotypes for borer resistance.
Improvement of Fruit Firmness and Acidity in Controlled-atmosphere-stored ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples by a Rapid O2 Reduction Procedure1
Authors: Lau O. L. , Looney N. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestiea Borkh.) were subjected to regular air storage, to conventional controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage (O2 reduced to 2.5% within 20–25 days of harvest by fruit respiration), or to several rapid CA procedures in which O2 levels were quickly reduced to 2.5% by N2 flushing. Fruit subjected to rapid CA (rapid reduction of O2) was consistently 1 to 2 kg firmer and substantially higher in titratable acids than those in conventional CA or air storage at the conclusion of a 6- to 8-month storage period. Long delays in air at 0°C or at ambient temperatures before initiation of O2 reduction resulted in softer fruit.
Influence of Supplemental Light and Preforcing Storage Treatments on the Forcing of ‘Red Garnette’ Rose as a Pot Plant1
Authors: Asaoka Masaharu , Heins Royal D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted ‘Red Garnette’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants were flowered for Valentine’s Day under natural winter light conditions. Storage of early dug plants at 2°, 4.5°, and 10°C decreased greenhouse forcing time. Increasing storage time from 0 to 6 weeks at 10° decreased greenhouse forcing time by 31 days. Shoot length on potted plants stored at 10° for 4 and 6 weeks was reduced 33% and 26%, respectively, compared to plants stored at 2° for similar time periods. The number of flower buds per plant was reduced by 10° storage. Supplemental lighting with high-pressure sodium light at 30 and 60 μEm−2s−1 for 12 hours increased the number of flowering shoots per plant; however, the number of flower buds per flowering shoot was unaffected. Incandescent lighting (2 μEm−2s−1) did not increase the number of flowering shoots but did increase the number of flower buds per plant. Time to open flower at 16° (night)/20° (day) was linearly related to flower bud diameter (days to flower = 31.6 − 2.1 (bud diameter in mm); r2 = 0.95). Temperatures of 27° to 38° for 4 days prior to forcing decreased plant height but delayed flowering.
Phosphorus Requirement of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri Grown in a Pine Bark Medium1
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Wright R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown branched liners of ‘Helleri’ holly were fertilized with either 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 ppm P to establish a P level in the pine bark medium that resulted in maximum shoot dry weight. Pine bark P levels greater than 10 ppm did not result in increased shoot dry weight. Total mg of P in shoot tissues continued to increase with P treatments higher than 10 ppm, indicating luxury consumption of P. Total mg of P in root tissues increased to the 5 ppm P treatment. Total μg of Mn in shoot tissues increased while total pg of Mn in root tissues decreased with increasing pine bark P levels. In a subsequent experiment, dry shoot weights of ‘Helleri’ holly grown in a pine bark medium amended with either 270, 540, or 810 g/m3 of P supplied as superphosphate (9% P) or fertilized with 10 ppm P were not different, while root dry weights decreased with increasing P amendment. Water extractable P for the 810 g/m3 treatment decreased 245 ppm during the experiment and by week 5 was below 10 ppm.
Effect of Ozone, Antioxidant Protection, and Early Blight on Potato in the Field1
Authors: Bisessar S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Norchip) plants were exposed under field conditions to ambient ozone and natural infection of early blight incited by Alternaria solani (Ell. & G. Martin) Jones & Grout. Oxone concentrations in excess of 8.0 pphm were recorded on 18 days during the summer of 1979. Foliar ozone symptoms first occurred during flowering; 3 weeks later early blight infection occurred. Ozone and blight injuries were reduced with 10- and 7-day interval foliage sprays using an antioxidant, ethylene diurea (EDU), and a fungicide, chlorthalonil (Bravo), respectively. Plants protected by either EDU or chlorthalonil exhibited significantly less ozone injury and blight injury than nonsprayed control potatoes, with EDU having the greater effect. Fungicide-antioxidant combination sprays were even more effective in reducing both early blight infection and ozone injury. The fungus colonized ozone-injured sites more than non-ozone-injured areas of the foliage, suggesting that ozone injury was a factor in increased infection of potato leaves by A. solani. Increases observed in potato tuber weights paralleled the decreases observed in ozone and blight foliar injury. The combined effects of fungicide and antioxidant were additive in reducing ozone injury and in increasing tuber weight.
Effects of Summer vs. Dormant Pruning and NAA Treatment on Growth of One- and Two-year-old Apple Trees1
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer pruning significantly restricted radial growth of trunks, shoot growth, and root growth of young trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) the year of treatment. Summer pruning early in the season was most devitalizing. Application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the pruning cut after summer pruning had inconsistent effects on dry weight accumulation, but usually reduced regrowth. Growth of summer-pruned trees was generally similar to growth of comparably dormant-pruned trees the year following treatment.
Relationship Between Fatty Acid Composition and Low-temperature Seed Germination in Tomato1
Authors: Maluf W. R. , Tigchelaar E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed germination at 10°C in partially isogenic F5 lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with varying low-temperature germinating abilities was negatively correlated with oleic acid levels and positively correlated with linoleic acid contents. Fatty acid composition did not change with time of incubation at 10°C, nor in the presence of activated carbon. Fatty acid composition of membrane-lipid fractions was similar to the total fatty acid of the seeds. The proportion by which linoleic acid is higher in cold-germinating lines (CG) is roughly the same as the amount by which oleic acid is lower in non-cold-germinating (NCG) lines. We suggest that gene regulation of cold-germinating ability is associated with a more extensive desaturation of oleic acid into linoleic acid during seed development.
Inheritance of Fruit Size in the Cultivated Tetraploid Blackberry [Rubus (Tourn.) L. subgenus Eubatus]1
Authors: Caldwell Judith D. , Moore J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twelve seedling populations involving large, intermediate, and small-fruited parental clones of tetraploid blackberries were evaluated for fruit size inheritance. The amount and type of variation and the significant deviations from the mid-parent means in seedling distributions indicated that inheritance was quantitative with partial dominance for small fruit size. Maximum heritability, estimated by the genetic variance/phenotypic variance, was 0.76. Narrowsense heritability, estimated by regressing progeny on the mid-parents, was 0.62, indicating that most of the genetic variability (82%) was transmittable through the sexual cycle (gametes). These results suggest that simple breeding procedures based on inter-mating parent clones selected on the basis of their phenotypic performance are likely to produce significant genetic gains in fruit size of blackberries.
Weight Changes of Radish and Marigold Exposed at Three Ages to NO2, SO2, and O3 Alone and in Mixture1
Authors: Sanders J. S. , Reinert R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) and marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. King Tut) were exposed 3 times (every other day), for 3 hours each time to NO2, SO2, and O3, alone and in mixture at 0.3 ppm of each pollutant. Plants were exposed to the pollutant treatments at 3 ages. Radish was most sensitive to O3 at 19–23 days from seeding. The response of marigold to the individual pollutants was not dependent on plant age. Pollutant treatments containing O3 reduced radish root (hypocotyl) dry weight 48% per plant compared with plants exposed to treatments without O3. Interactions of NO2, SO2, and O3 on weight changes in marigold were significant. Sulfur dioxide, alone, reduced the dry weight of the marigold flower and roots, but the inhibitory effect of SO2 was reversed in the presence of NO2 or O3.
Effect of Rootstocks and Interstems on Composition of ‘Delicious’ Apple Leaves1
Authors: Abdalla Omer A. , Khatamian Houchang , Miles Neil W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf nutrient composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) was determined for 10-year-old ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on 21 rootstock and interstem combinations classified according to vigor (standard, semi-standard, semi-dwarf, dwarf). Significant differences in leaf P, K, and Mn were observed between the 4 vigor classifications. P and K were higher in leaves of standard than in leaves of dwarf trees, but leaves of dwarf trees had higher Mn than those of the other size classifications had. “Delicious”/Malling (M)7/Alanarp (A) 2 (dwarf) and ‘Delicious’/M7/Robusta (R) 5 (semidwarf) contained high K and low Mg levels. High Mg and low K were found in dwarf trees on M 2 and M 26 rootstocks. Calcium was higher in leaves of trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 rootstock than in those on M 7/MM 104. Trees on M 26 had high Mn. Fruit yield was correlated negatively to tree size and leaf K and positively to leaf Mg and Mn. Other elements were unaffected by the rootstock systems tested, which suggested that the rootstock and interstem combinations had only a minor effect on nutritional status of scion leaves.
Anatomy and Morphology of Sun- and Shade-grown Ficus benjamina1
Authors: Fails Barbara S. , Lewis A. J. , Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) plants were greenhouse-grown under full sun or 75% light exclusion. Shade-grown leaves were larger, thinner, flatter, and darker green than sun-grown leaves. Sun- and shade-grown plants had the same total leaf area and were the same height. Shade-grown leaves had a single, poorly developed palisade layer with large chloroplasts dispersed throughout the palisade cells. Sun-grown leaves had one or two layers of well developed palisade cells with the chloroplasts aligned primarily along the radial walls. Stomatal density was greater in sun-grown leaves, but shade-grown leaves had more stomata per leaf.
Effects of Deletion and Enhancement of Ultraviolet-B (280–315nm) Radiation on Plants Grown at 3000 m Elevation1
Authors: Becwar Michael R. , Moore Frank D. , Burke Michael J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of deletion and enhancement of 280–315 nm ultra-violet (UV-B) radiation on pea (Pisum sativus L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were examined at a 3000 m elevation field site, which provided a 49% increase in midday effective (biologically weighted) UV-B radiation relative to near sea level. Wheat plants grown under Aclar or cellulose acetate film, which transmit UV-B radiation, were shorter than plants grown under Mylar film, which excludes UV-B radiation. Effective UV-B radiation levels at solar noon in the open and under the Aclar and cellulose acetate were 61, 55, and 44 mW m−2, respectively. There were no significant differences in potato, radish, and wheat dry weights attributable to UV-B radiation among the above treatments. The dry weights of all 4 species and pea and wheat plant height were not significantly decreased by a supplemental enhancement of 32 mW m−2 effective UV-B radiation from cellulose acetate filtered FS-40 sunlamps for 6 hours each day, relative to control plants that received only solar UV-B radiation. The results suggest that wheat plant height is more sensitive to deletion of UV-B radiation than the other parameters measured, and that the 4 species studied can tolerate the level of enhanced UV-B radiation used with concomitant high levels of visible radiation with no significant reduction in dry weight accumulation.
Recovery of Tomato Ringspot Virus from Inoculated Apple Trees1
Authors: Cummins James N. , Gonsalves Dennis 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato ringspot virus (TmRSV) was detected by ELISA indexing in leaf tissue from 23 of 59 clones of Malus domestica Borkh., 1 to 6 years after inoculation with TmRSV-infected buds. However, TmRSV was repeatedly detected from only 10 of the 23 clones: Mailing (M) 26, MM 106, MAC-30, MAC-39, and P-2 and the fruiting cultivars ‘Northern Spy’, ‘Spigold’, ‘Spijon’, ‘Stayman’, and ‘Wayne’. ‘Northern Spy’ and most of its derivatives appeared to be highly susceptible to TmRSV infection, in that the virus was consistently recovered from inoculated plants.