bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P40 Kitchen sponges—home sweet home for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp.
Authors: Debergh H. , Delbrassinne L. , Garcia-Graells C. , Hoorde K. Van 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Although research on foodborne diseases is well documented for certain microorganisms, less research has been undertaken on cross-contamination with Enterobacteriaceae from food within the kitchen environment. In this study, we analysed the presence of Klebsiella spp. and Raoultella spp. and their antibiotic resistance in 100 used kitchen sponges. In a domestic environment, kitchen sponges are commonly used by consumers for doing the dishes and/or cleaning kitchen surfaces. Given their multipurpose use, their often high humidity and presence of organic residuals they are considered a favourable habitat for various groups of microorganisms and could serve as a vehicle in transmission of foodborne pathogens.1,2

Material and methods
A total of 100 kitchen sponges alongside a questionnaire regarding hygienic parameters were randomly collected from domestic environments and analysed within 24 h after arrival in the lab. Kitchen sponges were immersed in 100 mL buffered peptone water, homogenized and incubated at 37°C for 24 h ± 2 h. Ten microlitres of this enrichment was plated on MacConkey agar (Bio-Rad) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h ± 2 h. Presumptive Klebsiella spp. and Raoultella spp. were isolated and confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic resistance testing (ART) was performed on all Klebsiella spp. and Raoultella spp. isolates following the EUCAST guidelines. WGS was performed using the Illumina platform.

Results
A total of 65% of the kitchen sponges were positive for Klebsiella spp. or Raoultella spp. The species Klebsiella oxytoca was detected in 78.5% of positive samples, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.31%), Raoultella ornithinolytica (4.62%), Klebsiella variicola (1.54%), Klebsiella aerogenes (1.54%) and Raoultella planticola (1.54%). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study performed on detection of Klebsiella spp. in kitchen sponges from Belgium and has comparable results with previous studies.1–3 We hypothesize the high positivity rate is caused by cross-contamination. ART revealed the presence of one carbapenem-resistant isolate, with resistance to ertapenem and meropenem. Reduced susceptibility to carbapenems was caused by the presence of blaSHV-36 combined with porin deficiency. Klebsiella spp. can be part of the commensal flora of human intestines but are considered to be opportunistic pathogens. Klebsiella spp. might present antimicrobial resistance and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are taken up in the WHO global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Conclusions
High prevalence of Klebsiella spp. and a carbapenem-resistant isolate in kitchen sponges highlight the occurrence of cross-contamination from food and the possible risks for foodborne disease associated with this kitchen tool. These findings advocate for good hygienic measures within a household setting.
P47 Infographics about antibiotics: making facts accessible
Authors: van Hecke Oliver , Lee Joseph , Butler Chris , Moore Michael , Tonkin-Crine Sarah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Public misconceptions about antibiotic use persist despite the efforts of antibiotic awareness campaigns. These campaigns have often followed a top-down approach and have not sought input from the public. Communities need to see antibiotic campaign messages as relevant, accessible and important in order to have an influence on health-seeking behaviour and antibiotic use.

Objectives
To develop a series of evidenced-based infographics (EBIs) on antibiotic use for common infections in children and to evaluate their effectiveness at increasing parents' understanding of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.

Methods
There were three phases to this research. In Phase 1 we set out to identify and summarize scientific evidence for the use of antibiotics for three common infections in children (sore throat, acute cough and otitis media). Phase 2 focused on co-design of a series of prototype EBIs for each infection in focus groups with parents of young children and graphic designers, to test the face and content validity. Phase 3 tested the feasibility of EBIs in increasing parents' understanding about antibiotic use and the perceived relevance of antibiotic resistance in an online survey.

Results
We iteratively co-produced 10 prototype EBIs. Parents found the evidence displayed in the EBIs novel and relevant to their families. Parents did not favour EBIs that were too medically focused. The way the information was displayed influenced their understanding. Parents preferred one health message per EBI. We included eight EBIs in a national survey of parents (n = 998). EBIs improved knowledge by more than a third across the board (34%, IQR 20%–46% P&lt;0.001). Respondents confirmed that EBIs were novel and potentially useful, corroborating our focus group findings.

Conclusions
Co-designed EBIs have the potential to succinctly change parents' perceptions about antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections in children. Further research should test EBIs in real-world settings to assess their reach as a potential public-facing intervention.
Case report: chronic acalculous cholecystitis preceded by Coxsackievirus B4 infection
Authors: Fewel Connor E , Weiss Joshua R , Harrington Jane C 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A 41-year-old female presented with an 8-month history of right upper quadrant pain, exacerbated by ingestion of saturated fats. The patient was positive for antibodies to Coxsackievirus serotype B4, established by an investigation incited by an acute episode of pleurodynia 8 months before the current presentation. Imaging studies including a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan showed no gallbladder structural or functional abnormalities. Laboratory studies indicated pancreatic enzyme insufficiency associated with below-normal lipase and amylase levels. Patient symptomology was consistent with cholecystitis with positive Murphy’s sign, so cholecystectomy was recommended. Post-surgery pathological report confirmed chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Patient demonstrated full recovery, indicated by return of normal pancreatic enzymes levels and resolution of abdominal pain.
“What Does that Flag Mean to Them?” Rural Relief, Children’s Suffering, and American Philanthropy in Cuba
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article explores the transnational politics of hunger, philanthropy, and rural reconstruction during the U.S. occupation of Cuba (1899–1902). In the wake of Cuba’s final War of Independence (1895–1898), tens of thousands of reconcentrados—rural civilians forcibly removed from their lands by Spanish forces during the war—continued to face starvation, disease, and homelessness in the island’s western towns and cities. The Cuban Industrial Relief Fund, a U.S.-based philanthropy, hoped to return the reconcentrados to their now-overgrown lands and help them rebuild their homes and farms. The organization connected rural Cubans and ordinary Americans through the complex bonds of transnational philanthropy just as Americans were working out the meanings of American power and responsibility in the new post-1898 world. Early during the U.S. occupation of Cuba, debates over rural reconstruction and relief became a central locus for Americans to articulate the meanings of U.S. power in Cuba. These meanings, however, were refracted through American understandings of childhood, race, and poverty, as paternalist understandings of poverty as cultural failure and colonial depictions of Latin Americans as childlike and untrustworthy shaped debates over the future of rural Cuba. Based on newly available organizational records as well as Cuban and U.S. archival and popular press sources, this article argues that while the goals of the CIRF were to return the Cuban peasantry to a state of self-sufficient independence, entrenched racialized U.S. perceptions of the Cuban poor as lazy, irresponsible, and essentially dependent doomed the prospects of any large-scale industrial relief for Cuban reconcentrados.
Potassium regulates diel leaf growth of Brassica napus by coordinating the rhythmic carbon supply and water balance
Authors: Lu Zhifeng , Hu Wenshi , Ye Xiaolei , Lu Jianwei , Gu Hehe , Li Xiaokun , Cong Rihuan , Ren Tao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Carbon and water are two main factors limiting leaf expansion. Restriction of leaf growth by low availability of carbon or water is among the earliest visible effects of potassium (K) deficiency. It is not known how K is involved in regulating the rhythmic supply of these two substrates, which differ remarkably across the day–night cycle, affecting leaf expansion. We investigated the effects of different K regimes on the time courses of leaf expansion, carbon assimilation, carbohydrates, and hydraulic properties of Brassica napus. Potassium supply increased leaf area, predominantly by promoting night-time leaf expansion (&gt;60%), which was mainly associated with increased availability of carbohydrates from photosynthetic carbon fixation and import from old leaves rather than improvement of leaf hydraulics. However, sufficient K improved leaf hydraulic conductance to balance diurnal evaporative water loss and increase the osmotic contribution of water-soluble carbohydrates, thereby maintaining leaf turgor and increasing the daytime expansion rate. The results also indicated an ontogenetic role of K in modifying the amplitude of circadian expansion; almost 80% of the increase in leaf area occurred before the area reached 66.9% of the mature size. Our data provide mechanistic insight into K-mediated diel coordination of rhythmic carbon supply and water balance in leaf expansion.
Nanopore ReCappable sequencing maps SARS-CoV-2 5′ capping sites and provides new insights into the structure of sgRNAs
Authors: Ugolini Camilla , Mulroney Logan , Leger Adrien , Castelli Matteo , Criscuolo Elena , Williamson Maia Kavanagh , Davidson Andrew D , Almuqrin Abdulaziz , Giambruno Roberto , Jain Miten , Frigè Gianmaria , Olsen Hugh , Tzertzinis George , Schildkraut Ira , Wulf Madalee G , Corrêa Ivan R , Ettwiller Laurence , Clementi Nicola , Clementi Massimo , Mancini Nicasio , Birney Ewan , Akeson Mark , Nicassio Francesco , Matthews David A , Leonardi Tommaso 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a complex transcriptome characterised by multiple, nested subgenomic RNAsused to express structural and accessory proteins. Long-read sequencing technologies such as nanopore direct RNA sequencing can recover full-length transcripts, greatly simplifying the assembly of structurally complex RNAs. However, these techniques do not detect the 5′ cap, thus preventing reliable identification and quantification of full-length, coding transcript models. Here we used Nanopore ReCappable Sequencing (NRCeq), a new technique that can identify capped full-length RNAs, to assemble a complete annotation of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs and annotate the location of capping sites across the viral genome. We obtained robust estimates of sgRNA expression across cell lines and viral isolates and identified novel canonical and non-canonical sgRNAs, including one that uses a previously un-annotated leader-to-body junction site. The data generated in this work constitute a useful resource for the scientific community and provide important insights into the mechanisms that regulate the transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs.
European Renal Best Practice endorsement of guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura published by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Authors: Eller Kathrin , Knoebl Paul , Bakkaloglu Sevcan A , Menne Jan J , Brinkkoetter Paul T , Grandt Leonie , Thiem Ursula , Coppo Paul , Scully Marie , Haller Maria C 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disease that is caused by severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency. Immune-mediated TTP develops due to autoantibodies against ADAMTS-13, whereas congenital TTP is caused by mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene. Diagnostic possibilities and treatment options in TTP have emerged in recent years, which prompted the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) to publish clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of TTP in 2020. In this article, the European Renal Best Practice Working Group endorsed the ISTH guidelines and emphasizes a number of considerations, including the importance of rapid ADAMTS-13 activity testing, the use of rituximab and anti-von Willebrand factor therapies such as caplacizumab, that enhance the clinical applicability of the guidelines in Europe.
Modeling the Prognostic Impact of Circulating Tumor Cells Enumeration in Metastatic Breast Cancer for Clinical Trial Design Simulation
Authors: Gerratana Lorenzo , Pierga Jean-Yves , Reuben James M , Davis Andrew A , Wehbe Firas H , Dirix Luc , Fehm Tanja , Nolé Franco , Gisbert-Criado Rafael , Mavroudis Dimitrios , Grisanti Salvatore , Garcia-Saenz Jose A , Stebbing Justin , Caldas Carlos , Gazzaniga Paola , Manso Luis , Zamarchi Rita , Bonotto Marta , Fernandez de Lascoiti Angela , De Mattos-Arruda Leticia , Ignatiadis Michail , Sandri Maria-Teresa , Generali Daniele , De Angelis Carmine , Dawson Sarah-Jane , Janni Wolfgang , Carañana Vicente , Riethdorf Sabine , Solomayer Erich-Franz , Puglisi Fabio , Giuliano Mario , Pantel Klaus , Bidard François-Clément , Cristofanilli Massimo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Despite the strong prognostic stratification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enumeration in metastatic breast cancer (MBC), current clinical trials usually do not include a baseline CTCs in their design. This study aimed to generate a classifier for CTCs prognostic simulation in existing datasets for hypothesis generation in patients with MBC. A K-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm was trained on a pooled dataset comprising 2436 individual MBC patients from the European Pooled Analysis Consortium and the MD Anderson Cancer Center to identify patients likely to have CTCs ≥ 5/7 mL blood (StageIVaggressive vs StageIVindolent). The model had a 65.1% accuracy and its prognostic impact resulted in a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.89 (Simulatedaggressive vs SimulatedindolentP &lt; .001), similar to patients with actual CTCs enumeration (HR 2.76; P &lt; .001). The classifier’s performance was then tested on an independent retrospective database comprising 446 consecutive hormone receptor (HR)-positive HER2-negative MBC patients. The model further stratified clinical subgroups usually considered prognostically homogeneous such as patients with bone-only or liver metastases. Bone-only disease classified as Simulatedaggressive had a significantly worse overall survival (OS; P &lt; .0001), while patients with liver metastases classified as Simulatedindolent had a significantly better prognosis (P &lt; .0001). Consistent results were observed for patients who had undergone CTCs enumeration in the pooled population. The differential prognostic impact of endocrine- (ET) and chemotherapy (CT) was explored across the simulated subgroups. No significant differences were observed between ET and CT in the overall population, both in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. In contrast, a statistically significant difference, favoring CT over ET was observed among Simulatedaggressive patients (HR: 0.62; P = .030 and HR: 0.60; P = .037, respectively, for PFS and OS).
Pogroms in Modern Poland, 1918–1946
Authors: Cichopek-Gajraj Anna , Dynner Glenn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Poland’s era of independence between the two world wars was bookended by waves of pogroms. The first section of this chapter concerns the more than 130 pogroms of 1918–1921; many of them initiated by Polish military troops as they entered towns and cities of the new Poland. The second section concerns the pogroms of 1935–1937 instigated by right-wing nationalists, the most infamous being the Przytyk pogrom of March 9, 1936. Both pogrom waves should be conceived as a part of a larger construct of shifting economic and political relations rather than as isolated events or simple manifestations of antisemitism. The final section reveals the post–World War II pogroms (1945–1946) as adhering to a similar pattern, though exacerbated by prior Nazi occupation and genocide and the postwar communist takeover.
Introduction
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The word meaning, as used in such expressions as “the meaning of life,” is ubiquitous in the English-speaking world. It is used to convey grand, metaphysical ideas, but it is almost never defined. It is of relatively recent provenance, arising in the early nineteenth century in a climate reflecting the impact of German Romanticism. While other European languages feature phrases roughly equivalent to the English “meaning of life,” the words in those languages corresponding to meaning do not function in the same way as our English word. Meaning is a verbal noun. It can suggest both the act of signifying or intending and the signified thing resulting from that act (as in the meaning of a word or story). Thanks partly to this feature and partly to the haziness of the ideas with which it is commonly associated, meaning is almost always ambiguous and polyvalent. Those who use it are understandably reluctant to supply a definition for meaning. Its ambiguity and polyvalence, however, turn out to be the source of its considerable power.
Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson Bring the “Mystery of Existence” and the “Sense of Life” to the English-Speaking World
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how meaning, as in “the meaning of life,” made its appearance in the English language. Credit goes to Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881), a Scot whose Presbyterian worldview features a doctrine of divine immanence, of nature as a revelation of the divine. He was fond of the image of a figurative veil separating the world of appearances from a sacred world behind it. Carlyle introduced the English-speaking world to Novalis, whose writing he regarded as pervaded with mysticism and idealism. He wrote of the “Volume of Nature” and introduced the phrase “meaning of life” to the English-speaking world. He used the word meaning by itself, to suggest “purpose,” “worth,” “religious truth.” Aspects of Carlyle’s worldview, as well as his infatuation with Novalis, moved west to the United States thanks to the friendship that Ralph Waldo Emerson struck up with the Scottish writer. Not only did the New England Transcendentalist help introduce Carlyle’s writings to American readers, but his own writings became infused with Carlyle’s thinking, above all in his predilection for discovering, in nature, meaning and meanings—never defined and always infused with mystery.
Meaning in the Age of Anxiety and Well Beyond
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The period from the end of the 1940s through the 1960s was ubiquitously referred to in popular culture as “The Age of Anxiety.” Anxiety had multiple resonances: fear of nuclear annihilation, the pathological condition that mental health professionals treat, and the fear of non-being that existentialist thinkers (starting with Kierkegaard) spoke of. The mania for meaning fostered by such writers as Tillich was a natural fit, since a likely source of anxiety was precisely the unsuccessful quest for meaning that seemed in this age to mark the human condition. Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) and other religious thinkers, including the Jewish mystic Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907–1972), had fallen under the spell of Tillich and reflected his influence in their plentiful use of meaning.
Meaning Goes Clinical, Therapeutic, and Popular
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role that meaning plays in the world of psychotherapy, where meaning-based or “meaning-centered” schools and techniques have flourished since the mid-twentieth century. A dominant figure in this movement was the Austrian-born psychiatrist and concentration camp survivor Viktor Frankl (1905–1997). Frankl made meaning the central concept in his therapeutic practice, claiming that the quest for it was what allowed concentration camp inmates to survive the unimaginable hardships of their plight. But he never adequately defined meaning and offers slim evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of his therapeutic methods. Dr. William Breitbart, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, has developed meaning-centered psychotherapy exclusively for terminal cancer patients. In the literature of this method, meaning is not defined with any precision. Meaning appears as a central concept in “well-being” studies, a field that examines the biochemistry of mental well-being. Here, as in meaning-centered psychotherapy, meaning is not precisely defined. This chapter makes the point that the very ambiguity and polyvalence of meaning allow it to produce experimentally verified results. In popular culture the self-help movement is pervaded with references to meaning. Here too the term is almost never defined but functions in the way it does precisely because of its ambiguity and polyvalence.
Meaning Bridges the Secular and the Sacred
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the role and function of meaning in the ever-evolving relationship between an increasingly secular society and conventional religion. Charles Taylor (1931–) has offered a powerful but often confusing account of the secular age in which we live, plentifully and disparately using the term meaning to suggest both the object of a search and the thing that goes missing when we abandon religious faith. Philip Kitcher has made a case for secularism in which he claims that meaning is a factor common to both the religious and secular outlooks, though it is understood differently in each. Apparently because of the perception that meaning is a term that secular or simply non-theological minds can grasp, many religious leaders and institutions have adopted it as an outreach tool to the non-religious, the formerly religious, and the doubting religious, using the term to attract members of a target audience into—or to retain them within—the ranks of the religious. Indeed, evangelical Christianity has in many instances unabashedly adopted the language of the self-help movement, including the word essential to that movement. Even Hassidic Judaism includes a rabbi who runs a Meaningful Life Center, offering its services to members of all faiths as well as to the faithless. Meaning in all its ambiguous and polyvalent glory serves as a bridge word, allowing both the religious and the secular to make sense, in an increasingly secular world, of religious beliefs and practices.