bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Painful calcaneal spur often misdiagnosed for lumbar radicular pain
Authors: Saffan Amr Mohammed Mohie , Zedan Adel M. E. , Elrazik Reda Kotb Abd 
Published: March 2022

Background: Persistence of painful calcaneal spur (PCS) and loss of long-term effect may be related to unrecognized low back pain (LBP), dysfunction and/or lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR), but prevalence of LBP in PCS patients has not been established. Purpose: to determine the prevalence of LBP among individuals with and without PCS. Methods: A cross-sectional study of individuals with (n = 26) and without (n=27) PCS. X-ray used to determine calcaneal spur. MRI and X-ray (as available), and clinical tests used to determine LBP/pathology/LSR. Results: A greater percentage of individuals with PCS had LBP (88.5% vs. 33% in controls), lumbar pathology (58 vs. 19), and LSR (54 vs. 15). Conclusion: Individuals with painful calcaneal spur had a greater prevalence of LBP/lumbar pathology/LSR. Treatment to address impairments related to lumbar spine may be necessary to enhance the treatment of PCS.
Detection of antibiotics resistance e-coli gens isolates from urinary tract infection
Authors: Kareem Yousra , Hassan Baydaa A. 
Published: March 2022

This study was completed in laboratories of Biology Department in Faculty of Science. It explains of antibiotics resistance Escherichia coli that isolated from urinary tract Infection patients in the province of Najaf. A total number of (225) samples were collected from patients with from hospitals and laboratories AL-Najaf Governorate, E.coli isolated from urinary tract Infection infection revealed that 80 E.coli isolates against 22 commonly used antibacterial agents by using the disk diffusion method. E. coli isolates has a great resistance to most commonly antibiotics used in treatment of urinary tract Infection, the highest rate of resistance is seen with, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin 60 /80 ( 75 %) followed by Norfloxacine 57/80 (71.25 %) Trimethoprime-sulfamethaxazol 55/80 (68.75 %), The results showed that the( gyrA) gene was detected in E. coli isolates, from the 30 (100%) all isolates of E. coli were have (gyr A) gene. The results also showed that the (Sul1)gene was detected in E. coli isolates, from the 30 (100%) isolates of E. coli 24 (80%) were have (Sul1) gene, while the results showed four positive isolates of the Ant(2")-1a , from the 30 (100%) isolates of E. coli 4 (13.3%) were have ( Ant(2")-1a) gene.
NH4+, dan Fe3+ terhadap Ketersediaan K Jerapan dan Pengaruh Na+, NH4+ pada Tanah-tanah yang Didominasi Mineral Liat Smektit
Authors: Nursyamsi Dedi , Idris Komaruddin , Sabiham Supiandi , Rachim Djunaedi Abdul , Sofyan Agus 
Published: March 2022

Total content of potassium in smectitic soils is commonly high, however its availability for plant growth is frequently problem because it is fixed at interlayer space of 2:1 type of clay mineral. The research was aimed to study the sorption and effect of Na+, NH +, and Fe3+ on soil available K at smectitic soils. It was conducted in Laboratory of Research and Soil Test, Indonesian Soil Research Institute by using four of soil samples taken from Bogor (Typic Hapludalfs), Cilacap (Chromic Endoaquerts), Ngawi (Typic Endoaquerts), and Blora (Typic Haplustalfs). Incubation experiment used Randomized Completely Block Design, 4 treatments, and 5 replications. The treatment consisted of without cation, application of Na+, NH +, and Fe3+ from NaCl, NH Cl, and FeCl respectively at 50% of maximum adsorption level. The results showed that soil sorption, buffering capacity, and maximum sorption of Fe3+ were higher than NH + and Na+, while the variables of NH + were similar with those of Na+. Among the treatments,bond energy constant was in order of Na+ > Fe3+ > NH + at Alfisols and it was in order of Fe3+ > Na+ > NH + at Vertisols. Among the soils, the soil sorption, buffering capacity, and maximum sorption were in order of Vertisols > Alfisols. The application of Na+ significantly increased soil soluble-K at Chromic Endoaquerts and Typic Endoaquerts; NH + significantly increased soil exchangeable K at Typic Hapludalfs, Chromic Endoaquerts, and Typic Endoaquerts; while Fe3+ significantly increased both variables in all tested soils.
Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jagung yang Dipupuk N, P, dan K pada Tanah Vertisol Isimu Utara Kabupaten Gorontalo
Authors: Nurdin . , Maspeke Purnamaningsuh , Ilahude Zulzain , Zakaria Fauzan 
Published: March 2022

The fertilizer availability as source of N, P, and K nutrient where plant responsif was difficult found by farmer. Thefore, It was needed information about nutrient availability in soil properties to know nutrient deficiency of its by maize as plant indicator. The objective of this research was to study the respons of N, P, and K fertilizers and the best combination of it on the growth and yield of Maize. The research conducted at Udic Pellusterts in North Isimu Tibawa District of Gorontalo Regency. The experi- mental design was following random block design that consist of 5 treatments with 3 replications. The result of this research showing that minus N, P, and K fertilizers have a significantly effect on plant age polination, the percentage of height stem of an ear of corn to plant height and dry straw weight but did not have significantly effect on plant height and the weigh of one hundred grain of Maize. To improve the growth and yield of Maize using fertilizing without P treatment were 250 kg Urea ha-1 and 75 kg KCl ha-1 or completely dosage were 250 kg Urea ha-1, 100 kg TSP ha-1 and 75 kg KCl ha-1 as the best fertilizers combination.
Correlation between Soil Test Phosphorus of Kaolinitic and Smectitic Soils with Phosphorus Uptake of Lowland Rice
Authors: Masjkur Mohammad 
Published: March 2022

Correlation between soil test phosphorus (P) and plant-available P parameters were affected by soil properties, such as soil pH, particle-size composition, and mineralogy. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine P concentration extracted by several soil P test method in kaolinitic and smectitic soil, and (2) to determine correlation between soil P test and soil properties, P fractions, P sorption parameters, and P uptake of lowland rice. The soil P test in kaolinitic and smectitic soil used solutions of HCl 25%, Truog, Olsen, Bray1, Mehlich1, and Morgan Venema and were correlated with P uptake of lowland rice in field experiment. Concentration of Truog-P in kaolinitic soil was significantly higher than smectitic soil, while concentration of Morgan-P in kaolinitic soil was significantly lower than smectitic soil. Concentration differences of HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P between kaolinitic and smectitic soil were not significant. In kaolinitic soil correlation between HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P, and Morgan-P with P uptake of lowland rice were not significant. In smectitic soil HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P correlated significantly with P uptake of lowland rice, while Morgan-P was not significant.
A Glimpse at the Melody of Ibycus? Accent Distribution in fr. 286 Page
Authors: Abritta Alejandro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper presents what seems to be a peculiar melodic design in Ibycus, fr. 286 PMG and shows how it contributes to our understanding of his poetry, in particular regarding how the tone of the words emphasizes the division between the sections of the poem. After a general introduction to the problem and the question of the relation between the tonal contours of ancient Greek music and language, the author introduces a “melodic chart” with the reconstructed tonal movements of the fragment. Finally, he attempts to show how this distribution of accents relates to the thematic division and responds to objections.
The Essential Role of Enterprises for an Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Towards a New Uniform Model Law for the Social Enterprise?
Authors: Ventura Livia 
Published: March 2022

This article provides a general overview of several new types of hybrid entities, blending for-profit and not-for-profit purposes, which have been introduced in the United States, Europe and Latin America with the objective of providing social entrepreneurs with a proper vehicle for the conduct of their mission-driven business activities. Among them, the most famous hybrid form is the benefit corporation, born in Maryland in 2010, currently adopted by thirty-five states of the US (including Delaware) and transplanted in Italy and Colombia. France also developed a new similar legal status, the one of ‘entreprise à mission’. It seems that we are facing the birth of a new uniform hybrid entity model for the social enterprise (SE) movement. The adoption of a uniform model statute, such as the ‘for-benefit’ model, capable of solving the problems arising from the governance structure of a dual-purpose company, can serve the fundamental purpose of offering domestic legislatures a uniform point of reference in implementing domestic regulation of hybrid companies. From the European Union perspective, the introduction of a European SE model statute can provide the necessary legal framework to foster the development of a strong European fourth sector, establishing harmonized conditions for SEs all over the EU and thus facilitating cross-border investment and trading in this sector.
benefit corporation, società benefit, sociedades de beneficio e interés colectivo, B Lab, social enterprise, shareholder primacy, dual purpose companies, triple bottom line, hybrid entities, SDGs
The Limited Power for Shareholders to Appoint and Dismiss Management Board Members in Dutch Listed Companies
Authors: Kemp Bastiaan , Renshof Sebastian 
Published: March 2022

Dutch listed companies make frequent and varied use of oligarchic clauses for the appointment and dismissal of management board members. As a result, shareholders in Dutch listed companies are often not free to nominate and appoint their own candidates for the management board. This contribution analyses the use and trends of these so-called oligarchic clauses by listed companies incorporated under Dutch law.
Oligarchic clauses, appointment and dismissal of management board members, listed companies
On the Legal Structure of Digital Commons
Authors: Kornilakis Angelos 
Published: March 2022

This article explores the legal structure of small-scale entrepreneurial digital commons. It links digital commons with the organizational innovations of digital economy and the findings of network theory, since networking forms the backbone of digital commons. The organizational structure of digital commons, founded on three pillars, the Productive Community, the Commons Oriented Entrepreneurial Coalition and the For Benefit Association, is associated with the network structure adopted by such projects, broken down to a decisionmaking and a value network.
digital economy, digital commons, small-scale networks, network-enterprise, franchise
Sustainability Through Transparency and Definitions: A Few Thoughts on Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 and Regulation (EU) 2020/852
Authors: van Oostrum Chris 
Published: March 2022

Against the background of the EU policy goal to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investment, this article will review the extent to which Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (Disclosure Regulation) and Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (Taxonomy Regulation) are effective in terms of increasing investor confidence to invest in sustainable economic activities. In this respect, particular focus will be on the relationship between the disclosure obligations and the terminology ensuing from the two regulations.
Disclosure Regulation, Taxonomy Regulation, Sustainable Finance, Transparency, ESG, Sustainable terminology, Green terminology, Sustainability
Reflections on the GDPR Adequacy Assessment and Strategy of Japan: For the Enhancement of Transborder Data Flows
Authors: Kato Takayuki 
Published: March 2022

Japan started the dialogue with the EU Commission in April 2016 to realize free cross-border personal data flows and after thorough discussion, the mutual adequacy certification agreement between the EU and Japan was concluded and became effective in January 2019. While the adequacy agreement is a welcome event, this article examines if the policy which the Japanese government pursued is defensible.
This article focuses on the difficulty in comparing the (General Data Protection Regulation) GDPR with data protection law in a third country especially where its tradition and language are greatly different from the EU. It explains this difficulty in terms of the institutional aspect (the creation of an independent organ), the substantive adequacy of data protection law (rights of data subjects and obligations of data controllers) and the adequacy of enforcement of data protection law (administrative, civil and criminal enforcement).
It is understandable that the EU takes an adequacy approach for the data protection of their residents, but the time and effort involved in the assessment could be significant. The article suggests that an international agreement or convention could be a preferable option by drawing on the experience of Council of Europe Convention 108 and similar models when we narrow down the issues of data protection to the problem of crossborder data flows in the private sector.
Personal Information Protection, Japan, General Data Protection Regulation, Adequacy
The Enforcement of Personal Data Protection Law in Japan
Authors: Oshima Yoshinori , Sakai Machiko 
Published: March 2022

This article examines issues regarding the administrative enforcement system of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) in Japan.
The former APPI (established in 2003) provided two regulatory mechanisms for the administrative enforcement system: (1) self-regulation business operators or accredited personal information protection organizations and (2) indirect penalty based on violations of orders. Moreover, the Amendment Act in 2015 improved the system for securing obligations, such as the establishment of the Personal Information Protection Committee (PPC), the enhancement of regulatory authority, and the implementation of a co-regulation system. However, it is pointed out that these mechanisms might still not be sufficient as a system for securing obligations because of the limited authority of PPC, the validation of the co-regulation system, and the malfunction of an indirect penalty system. This article outlines the history of the APPI focused on the administrative enforcement system and examines improvement measures and further amendments such as the introduction of the administrative monetary penalty system.
Is a Relative Definition of the Notion of Erasure the Much Sought-After Solution to the Dilemma Between Robust Integrity and Total Eradication?
Authors: Bauer Yves , Tissot Nathalie , Cottier Bertil , Mercier Hugues 
Published: March 2022

This article highlights the tension that lies between the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR’s) security and minimization principles. The implementation of state-of-the-art technologies, such as entanglement or blockchains, offers promising opportunities for data controllers to guarantee the security of the data they process, particularly in relation to availability and accuracy. On the other hand, such technologies may enter into conflict with other obligations, especially regarding the erasure of data (at the end of data life or requested by the data subject). We argue that the interpretation of the notion of erasure shall not be limited to the physical destruction of the data, but shall also extend, when technical measures implemented for the purpose of guaranteeing security do not allow for the physical destruction of the data, to ‘relative erasures’, or processing activities that have for effect to put the data beyond use in a way that makes it impossible, for the controller or third parties, to process it again without disproportionate efforts. Such interpretation would allow data controllers who implement strong security measures to comply with the GDPR. Combined with a careful design of privacy, it may further guarantee the data subject’s rights without requiring detrimental security concessions.
GDPR, erasure, minimization principle, right to erasure, data life cycle, anti-tampering technologies, blockchain technologies, data availability, data integrity, data deletion, data erasure
Are Narco-Lists Covered by the Philippine Law on Privacy?: Exploring the Limits of the ‘Classic’ Right to Privacy and Applying a Constitutionally Grounded Data Protection Right
Authors: A. Razon Arvin Kristopher 
Published: March 2022

This article dissects the limits of the constitutionally recognized right to privacy and examines the constitutional underpinnings of the right to data protection, specifically applying the analysis in the context of narco-lists: ‘intelligence reports’, issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s office, that contain names of public officials allegedly involved in the narcotics trade. Whether individuals named in the narco-lists would be successful in asserting the right to privacy against the release of the narco-lists is uncertain, because of their decreased expectation of privacy, their status as public figures, and the countervailing rights to be balanced. This article further conceptualizes the data protection right as a constitutional right: this right may be asserted by individuals named in the narco-lists; with this right, individuals should be able to either require the government to comply with its ex-ante protections or exercise their rights to reasonable access, to rectification, to erasure or blocking, and to damages.
Privacy, Data Protection, Data Privacy, Narco-lists, Philippines Drug War
Free Trade and Empty Coffers: The Fiscal Impact of Trade Liberalization for Developing Countries
Authors: Rodríguez Enrique Valerdi 
Published: March 2022

Trade liberalization can be an effective way to promote growth in developing countries and is part of the development strategies of many of them. However, the dismantlement of tariffs can reduce the revenues of countries that rely heavily on taxes on international trade, thus having adverse consequences for development. The matter is important for developed and developing countries alike and has been receiving growing attention in recent years, as it has an impact on trade negotiations and the development policies of many countries. This article analyses the importance of tariffs for government revenue purposes and the reasons some countries use them instead of other taxes. It shows that while trade taxes are almost irrelevant for revenue purposes in developed countries, some developing countries, especially the poorest of them, still need them to raise revenue, as from a taxation point of view, they are particularly well suited to their specific characteristics. It concludes that, although there are no magic solutions, the best way to deal with fiscal losses is for developing countries to reform their tax systems, but careful and gradual liberalization of trade and support from developed countries are also important. Developing countries cannot reform their tax systems overnight, and the recipe of the Bretton Woods Institutions has produced mixed results. While tax reform is the responsibility of developing countries, developed countries also have a role to play by supporting these reforms and allowing developing countries to liberalize trade on their own terms and according to their development strategies.
The Customs Treatment of Royalties and License Fees with Regard to Imported Goods
Authors: Cuadros Miguel A. Rodriguez , Cannistra Daniel 
Published: March 2022

A commentary issued by the International Chamber of GATT Customs Valuation Code states with regard to royalties and license fees: 'there is no part of the Code where so much is left to interpretation and implementation, and so little can be derived from a literal reading of the words used. Some critics have thought the authors of the Code did not explore the subject sufficiently, and it is true that the subject was only reached rather late in the Geneva negotiations and revealed considerable differences between governments (often as to what problems required attention, rather how they should be resolved)'. This article serves as a legal analysis of a variety of royalty payment scenarios and the resulting impact on final duty payments taking into account the legislation and practices in the Andean Community and Peru, the European Union (EU), and the United States. As a general matter, the term 'royalties' simply refers to a means by which consideration is paid for the right to use an intangible property. As such, royalty payments themselves are not inherently dutiable or not dutiable. Instead, one must look in particular to the nature of the intangible property that is being conveyed and the issue of whether it relates to the goods being valued and whether it must be paid, either directly or indirectly, as a condition of the sale.
The TBT Agreement: Examining the Line Between Technical Regulations and Standards
Authors: Al-Nabhani Faisal 
Published: March 2022

Recent WTO case law has blurred the distinction between Technical Regulations and Standards as defined under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). The main issue concerns the interpretation of "mandatory compliance". This paper examines the analysis undertaken by the Panel and Appellate Body in US-Tuna II ( Mexico) in assessing the difference between mandatory and voluntary compliance. It demonstrates that there are certain threshold questions implicit in the reasoning employed by the Panel and Appellate Body that provide guidance in assessing the mandatory character of a measure. Although not dispositive, this guidance helps to distinguish between a Technical Regulation and a Standard.
Gone with the Wind III: Ralls Historic Appeal and Lessons for Foreign Investors
Authors: Hari Hrishikesh , Zucker Jeremy , Dholakia Darshak 
Published: March 2022

An unexpected July 2014 decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit pertaining to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) merits consideration by both foreign investors and the U.S. national security community. Reversing a decision of the District Court below, the Circuit Court found that CFIUS and the President denied Ralls Corporation (Ralls), a foreign investor, its constitutionally protected due process rights in connection with requiring Ralls to divest acquired property on national security grounds. The case centered on a July 2012 finding by CFIUS that Ralls' acquisition of several windfarm projects located near a U.S. Naval facility in Oregon posed a national security risk to the United States. The President then issued an historic order-just the second of its kind-mandating the unwinding of the completed transaction pursuant to a national security review. Ralls then took CFIUS and the President to court, arguing CFIUS and the President denied its due process. Between two hearings in February and October 2013, the District Court dismissed all of Ralls' claims, finding national security interests outweighed Ralls' interest in learning the specific grounds for the President's divestment order. In the recent decision, the Circuit Court reversed and remanded to the District Court, finding CFIUS and the President failed to give constitutional due process to Ralls. The Circuit Court also ruled that CFIUS must share all unclassified information on which it relied and provide Ralls an opportunity to rebut. As we explore below, the Circuit Court's decision could impact the CFIUS review process and considerations for foreign investors. Even if the decision ultimately does not stand, as we have discussed at length in companion articles, the Ralls case underscores the importance for potential foreign investors in the United States to carefully consider CFIUS issues early in the investment process.