bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a multi-lingual online questionnaire for surveying the COVID-19 prevention and control measures used in global workplaces
Authors: Ingram Carolyn , Chen Yanbing , Buggy Conor , Downey Vicky , Archibald Mary , Rachwal Natalia , Roe Mark , Drummond Anne , Perrotta Carla 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Despite widespread COVID-19 vaccination programs, there is an ongoing need for targeted disease prevention and control efforts in high-risk occupational settings. This study aimed to develop, pilot, and validate an instrument for surveying occupational COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) measures available to workers in diverse geographic and occupational settings.

Methods
A 44-item online survey was developed in English and validated for face and content validity according to literature review, expert consultation, and pre-testing. The survey was translated and piloted with 890 workers from diverse industries in Canada, Ireland, Argentina, Poland, Nigeria, China, the US, and the UK. Odds ratios generated from univariable, and multivariable logistic regression assessed differences in ‘feeling protected at work’ according to gender, age, occupation, country of residence, professional role, and vaccination status. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted, and internal consistency reliability verified with Cronbach’s alpha. Hypothesis testing using two-sample t-tests verified construct validity (i.e., discriminant validity, known-groups technique), and criterion validity.

Results
After adjustment for occupational sector, characteristics associated with feeling protected at work included being male (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.18,2.99), being over 55 (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.25,3.77) and working in a managerial position (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.99,4.83). EFA revealed nine key IPC domains relating to: environmental adjustments, testing and surveillance, education, costs incurred, restricted movements, physical distancing, masking, isolation strategies, and areas for improvement. Each domain showed sufficient internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha ≥0.60). Hypothesis testing revealed differences in survey responses by country and occupational sector, confirming construct validity (p < 0.001), criterion validity (p = 0.04), and discriminant validity (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The online survey, developed in English to identify the COVID-19 protective measures used in diverse workplace settings, showed strong face validity, content validity, internal consistency, criterion validity, and construct validity. Translations in Chinese, Spanish, French, Polish, and Hindi demonstrated adaptability of the survey for use in international working environments. The multi-lingual tool can be used by decision makers in the distribution of IPC resources, and to guide occupational safety and health (OSH) recommendations for preventing COVID-19 and future infectious disease outbreaks.
Comprehensive risk assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia: sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Kim Bo-Guen , Kang Minwoong , Lim Jihyun , Lee Jin , Kang Danbee , Kim Minjung , Kim Jinhee , Park Hyejeong , Min Kyung Hoon , Cho Juhee , Jeon Kyeongman 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundSocial and hospital environmental factors that may be associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) have not been evaluated. Comprehensive risk assessment for the incidence of HAP including sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors was conducted using national health insurance claims data.MethodsThis is a population-based retrospective cohort study of adult patients who were hospitalized for more than 3 days from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Inpatient Sample data between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018 in South Korea. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with the incidence of HAP.ResultsAmong the 512,278 hospitalizations, we identified 25,369 (5.0%) HAP cases. In multivariable analysis, well-known risk factors associated with HAP such as older age (over 70 vs. 20–29; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.36–3.99), male sex (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI 1.32–1.39), pre-existing lung diseases (asthma [aOR, 1.73; 95% CI 1.66–1.80]; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [aOR, 1.62; 95% CI 1.53–1.71]; chronic lower airway disease [aOR, 1.79; 95% CI 1.73–1.85]), tube feeding (aOR, 3.32; 95% CI 3.16–3.50), suctioning (aOR, 2.34; 95% CI 2.23–2.47), positioning (aOR, 1.63; 95% CI 1.55–1.72), use of mechanical ventilation (aOR, 2.31; 95% CI 2.15–2.47), and intensive care unit admission (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI 1.22–1.36) were associated with the incidence of HAP. In addition, poverty (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI 1.04–1.13), general hospitals (aOR, 1.54; 95% CI 1.39–1.70), higher bed-to-nurse ratio (Grade ≥ 5; aOR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.32–1.59), higher number of beds per hospital room (6 beds; aOR, 3.08; 95% CI 2.77–3.42), and ward with caregiver (aOR, 1.19; 95% CI 1.12–1.26) were related to the incidence of HAP.ConclusionsThe incidence of HAP was associated with various sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors. Thus, taking a comprehensive approach to prevent and treat HAP is important.
A prediction rule for severe adverse events in all inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter observational study
Authors: Sakakibara Toshihiro , Shindo Yuichiro , Kobayashi Daisuke , Sano Masahiro , Okumura Junya , Murakami Yasushi , Takahashi Kunihiko , Matsui Shigeyuki , Yagi Tetsuya , Saka Hideo , Hasegawa Yoshinori 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Prediction of inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at high risk for severe adverse events (SAEs) requiring higher-intensity treatment is critical. However, evidence regarding prediction rules applicable to all patients with CAP including those with healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is limited. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a new prediction system for SAEs in inpatients with CAP.

Methods
Logistic regression analysis was performed in 1334 inpatients of a prospective multicenter study to develop a multivariate model predicting SAEs (death, requirement of mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support within 30 days after diagnosis). The developed ALL-COP-SCORE rule based on the multivariate model was validated in 643 inpatients in another prospective multicenter study.

Results
The ALL-COP SCORE rule included albumin (< 2 g/dL, 2 points; 2–3 g/dL, 1 point), white blood cell (< 4000 cells/μL, 3 points), chronic lung disease (1 point), confusion (2 points), PaO2/FIO2 ratio (< 200 mmHg, 3 points; 200–300 mmHg, 1 point), potassium (≥ 5.0 mEq/L, 2 points), arterial pH (< 7.35, 2 points), systolic blood pressure (< 90 mmHg, 2 points), PaCO2 (> 45 mmHg, 2 points), HCO3− (< 20 mmol/L, 1 point), respiratory rate (≥ 30 breaths/min, 1 point), pleural effusion (1 point), and extent of chest radiographical infiltration in unilateral lung (> 2/3, 2 points; 1/2–2/3, 1 point). Patients with 4–5, 6–7, and ≥ 8 points had 17%, 35%, and 52% increase in the probability of SAEs, respectively, whereas the probability of SAEs was 3% in patients with ≤ 3 points. The ALL-COP SCORE rule exhibited a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.85) compared with the other predictive models, and an ALL-COP SCORE threshold of ≥ 4 points exhibited 92% sensitivity and 60% specificity.

Conclusions
ALL-COP SCORE rule can be useful to predict SAEs and aid in decision-making on treatment intensity for all inpatients with CAP including those with HCAP. Higher-intensity treatment should be considered in patients with CAP and an ALL-COP SCORE threshold of ≥ 4 points.

Trial registration

This study was registered with the University Medical Information Network in Japan, registration numbers UMIN000003306 and UMIN000009837.
Enhancing the effectiveness of flipped classroom in health science education: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Oudbier Janique , Spaai Gerard , Timmermans Karline , Boerboom Tobias 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
In a flipped classroom, students acquire knowledge before class and deepen and apply this knowledge during class. This way, lower-order learning goals are achieved before class and higher-order skills are reached during class. This study aims to provide an overview of the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the flipped classroom and how these factors can be stimulated. The effectiveness of the flipped classroom is conceptualized in this study as test scores, the achievement of higher learning goals, and student perceptions.

Methods
A state-of-the-art review was conducted. The databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were consulted. The timeframe is 2016 till 2020. The studies were qualitatively analyzed according to the grounded theory method.

Results
After screening the studies based on the inclusion-and exclusion criteria, 88 studies were included in this review. The qualitative analysis of these studies revealed six main factors that affect the effectiveness of the flipped classroom: student characteristics, teacher characteristics, implementation, task characteristics, out-of-class activities, and in-class activities. Mediating factors are, amongst other factors, the learner’s level of self-regulated learning, teacher’s role and motivation, assessment approach, and guidance during self-study by means of prompts or feedback. These factors can be positively stimulated by structuring the learning process and focusing the teacher training on competencies and learning-and teaching approaches that are essential for the flipped classroom.

Conclusion
This paper provides insight into the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the flipped classroom and how these factors could be stimulated. In order to stimulate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom, the positively and negatively affecting factors and mediating factors should be taken into account in the design of the flipped classroom. The interventions mentioned in this paper could also be used to enhance the effectiveness.
Sequentially calibrating a Bayesian microsimulation model to incorporate new information and assumptions
Authors: DeYoreo Maria , Rutter Carolyn M. , Ozik Jonathan , Collier Nicholson 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Microsimulation models are mathematical models that simulate event histories for individual members of a population. They are useful for policy decisions because they simulate a large number of individuals from an idealized population, with features that change over time, and the resulting event histories can be summarized to describe key population-level outcomes. Model calibration is the process of incorporating evidence into the model. Calibrated models can be used to make predictions about population trends in disease outcomes and effectiveness of interventions, but calibration can be challenging and computationally expensive.

Methods
This paper develops a technique for sequentially updating models to take full advantage of earlier calibration results, to ultimately speed up the calibration process. A Bayesian approach to calibration is used because it combines different sources of evidence and enables uncertainty quantification which is appealing for decision-making. We develop this method in order to re-calibrate a microsimulation model for the natural history of colorectal cancer to include new targets that better inform the time from initiation of preclinical cancer to presentation with clinical cancer (sojourn time), because model exploration and validation revealed that more information was needed on sojourn time, and that the predicted percentage of patients with cancers detected via colonoscopy screening was too low.

Results
The sequential approach to calibration was more efficient than recalibrating the model from scratch. Incorporating new information on the percentage of patients with cancers detected upon screening changed the estimated sojourn time parameters significantly, increasing the estimated mean sojourn time for cancers in the colon and rectum, providing results with more validity.

Conclusions
A sequential approach to recalibration can be used to efficiently recalibrate a microsimulation model when new information becomes available that requires the original targets to be supplemented with additional targets.
Analysis of the implementation of an innovative IT solution to improve waiting times, communication with primary care and efficiency in Rheumatology
Authors: Pego-Reigosa José María , Peña-Gil Carlos , Rodríguez-Lorenzo David , Altabás-González Irene , Pérez-Gómez Naír , Guzmán-Castro John Henry , Varela-Gestoso Rodrigo , Díaz-Lambarri Reyes , González-Carreró-López Alberto , Míguez-Senra Olga , Bóveda-Fontán Julia , Charle-Crespo Ángeles , Caramés-Casal Francisco Javier , Barbazán-Álvarez Ceferino , Hernández-Rodríguez Íñigo , Maceiras-Pan Francisco , Rodríguez-López Marina , Melero-González Rafael , Rodríguez-Fernández José Benito 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective
To describe in detail an innovative program based on telemedicine for semi-automated prioritization of referrals from Primary Care (PC) to Rheumatology, for reproducibility purposes, and to present the results of the implementation study.

Methods
The context and situation were carefully analyzed, paying attention to all processes in place, referral numbers, waiting times, and number of complementary tests prior to discharge from Rheumatology. The composition of the team, aims, users, scope, and implementation phases were defined. Eight process indicators were established and measured before and 32 months after the program implementation.

Results
The program, which includes IT circuits, algorithms based on response to specific guideline-based checklists, e-consultation, and appointments based on priority, was fully implemented in our health area after a pilot study in two PC centers. After implementation, 6185 rheumatology referrals showed an e-consultation response delay of 8.95 days, and to first face-to-face visit (after e-consultation) of 12.6 (previous delay before program implementation was 83.1 days). Resolution by e-consultation reached 20% (1195 patients did not need seeing the rheumatologist to have the problem solved), and 1369 patients (32%) were discharged after the first visit. The overall resolution rate was 44.0% (2564 discharges/5830 e-consultations). From a random sample of 100 visits, only 10% of patients needed additional complementary tests to make a diagnosis and decision by Rheumatology (20.9% decrease from previous period).

Conclusion
A careful analysis of the situation and processes, with implementation of simple IT circuits, allows for the improvement of the efficiency and resolution of problems in Rheumatology.
Respiratory system compliance at the same PEEP level is similar in COVID and non-COVID ARDS
Authors: Fusina Federica , Albani Filippo , Crisci Serena , Morandi Alessandro , Tansini Francesca , Beschi Rasula , Rosano Antonio , Natalini Giuseppe 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The comparison of respiratory system compliance (Crs) between COVID and non-COVID ARDS patients has been the object of debate, but few studies have evaluated it when considering applied positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), which is one of the known determinants of Crs itself. The aim of this study was to compare Crs taking into account the applied PEEP.

Methods
Two cohorts of patients were created: those with COVID-ARDS and those with non-COVID ARDS. In the whole sample the association between Crs and type of ARDS at different PEEP levels was adjusted for anthropometric and clinical variables. As secondary analyses, patients were matched for predicted functional residual capacity and the same association was assessed. Moreover, the association between Crs and type of ARDS was reassessed at predefined PEEP level of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cmH2O with a propensity score-weighted linear model.

Results
367 patients were included in the study, 276 patients with COVID-ARDS and 91 with non-COVID ARDS. The association between Crs and type of ARDS was not significant in both the complete cohorts (p = 0.17) and in the matched cohorts (p = 0.92). This was true also for the propensity score weighted association at PEEP 5, 10 and 15 cmH2O, while it was statistically significant at PEEP 0 (with a median difference of 3 ml/cmH2O, which in our opinion is not clinically significant).

Conclusions
The compliance of the respiratory system is similar between COVID ARDS and non-COVID ARDS when calculated at the same PEEP level and while taking into account patients’ anthropometric characteristics.
Intersectional inequalities in younger women’s experiences of physical intimate partner violence across communities in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Laila , Du Mont Janice , O’Campo Patricia , Einstein Gillian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPhysical intimate partner violence (IPV) risk looms large for younger women in Bangladesh. We are, however, yet to know the association between their intersectional social locations and IPV across communities. Drawing on intersectionality theory’s tenet that interacting systems of power, oppressions, and privileges work together, we hypothesized that (1)younger, lower educatedorpoorwomen’s physical IPV experiences will be exacerbated in disadvantaged communities; and conversely, (2)younger, higher educatedornonpoorwomen’s physical IPV experiences will be ameliorated in advantaged communities.MethodsWe applied intercategorical intersectionality analyses using multilevel logistic regression models in 15,421 currently married women across 911 communities from a national, cross-sectional survey in 2015. To test the hypotheses, women’s probabilities of currently experiencing physical IPV among intersectional social groups were compared. These comparisons were made, at first, within each type of disadvantaged (e.g., younger or poor) and advantaged (e.g., older or nonpoor) communities; and then, between different types of communities.ResultsWhile our specific hypotheses were not supported, we found significant within community differences, suggesting thatyounger, lower educated or poorwomen were bearing the brunt of IPV in almost every community (probabilities ranged from 34.0–37.1%).Younger, poorcompared toolder, nonpoorwomen had significantly higher IPV probabilities (the minimum difference = 12.7, 95% CI, 2.8, 22.6) in all communities. Similar trend was observed betweenyounger, lower educatedcompared toolder, higher educatedwomen in all except communities that were poor. Interestingly, younger women’s advantage of higher education and material resources compared to their lower educated or poor counterparts was observed only in advantaged communities. However, these within community differences did not vary between disadvantaged and advantaged communities (difference-in-differences ranged from − 0.9%, (95% CI, − 8.5, 6.7) to − 8.6%, (95% CI, − 17.6, 0.5).ConclusionsUsing intersectionality theory made visible the IPV precarity of younger, lower educated or poor women across communities. Future research might examine the structures and processes that put them at these precarious locations to ameliorate their socio-economic-educational inequalities and reduce IPV in all communities. For testing hypotheses using intersectionality theory, this study might advance scholarship on physical IPV in Bangladesh and quantitative intersectionality globally.
Socio-economic determinants of healthcare costs in early life: a register-based study in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Hulst Marije , Polinder Suzanne , Kok Rianne , Prinzie Peter , de Groot Marijke W. , Burdorf Alex , Bertens Loes C. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Children with low socioeconomic status (SES) have an increased risk of a suboptimal start in life with ensuing higher healthcare costs. This study aims to investigate the effects of individual- (monthly household income) and contextual-level SES (household income and neighborhood deprivation), and perinatal morbidity (preterm birth and small for gestational age ((<10th percentile), SGA)) on healthcare costs in early life (0–3 years of age).

Methods
Individual-linked data from three national registries (Perinatal Registry Netherlands, Statistics Netherlands, and Healthcare Vektis) were obtained of all children born between 2011 and 2014 (N = 480,471) in the Netherlands. Binomial logistic regression was used to model annual healthcare costs as a function of their household income (per €1000), neighborhood deprivation index (range − 13.26 – 10.70), their perinatal morbidity and demographic characteristics. Annual healthcare cost were dichotomized into low healthcare costs (Q1-Q3 below €1000) and high healthcare costs (Q4 €1000 or higher).

Results
Children had a median of €295 annual healthcare costs, ranging from €72 to €4299 (5–95%). Binomial logistic regression revealed that for every €1000 decrease in monthly household income, the OR for having high healthcare costs is 0.99 (0.99–0.99). Furthermore, for every one-unit increase in neighborhood deprivation the OR for having high healthcare costs increase 1.02 (1.01–1.02). Finally, the model revealed an OR of 2.55 (2.48–2.61) for preterm born children, and an OR of 1.44 (1.41–1.48) for children SGA, to have high healthcare costs compared to their healthy peers.

Conclusion
More neighborhood deprivation was directly related to higher healthcare costs in young children. On top of this, lower household income was consistently and independently related to higher healthcare costs. By optimizing conditions for low SES populations, the impact of low SES circumstances on their healthcare costs can be positively influenced. Additionally, policies that influence more timely and appropriate healthcare use in low SES populations can reduce healthcare costs further.