bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self Incompatibility in 19 Native Blueberry Selections
Authors: Garvey E.J. , Lyrene P.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nineteen native blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) clones selected from several areas in northern Florida and southeastern Georgia were self- and cross-pollinated in a greenhouse. Fruit set for the 19 clones averaged 15% after self-pollination and 58% after cross-pollination. Viable seeds per berry averaged four for self-pollination and 11 for cross-pollination. Average berry weight was 0.7 g for self-pollination and 1.1 g for cross-pollination, and average interval from flowering to ripening was 106 days for selfing and 92 days for crossing. Following self-pollination, pollen germinated and pollen tubes grew down the style as rapidly as after cross-pollination.
Influence of Phony Disease of Peach on Stem Hydraulic Conductivity and Leaf Xylem Pressure Potential
Authors: Evert Dean R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stem hydraulic conductivity of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was lower in trees with phony disease than in healthy trees. This lower conductivity occurred in 1- to 4-year stems, in five cultivars, in two pruning systems, and from June through October. Leaf xylem pressure potential was lower in trees with phony disease than in healthy trees in each of the five cultivars tested and from June through September. The reduction in pressure potential in diseased trees exceeded any variations in pressure potential with cultivar or month. The area of functional xylem stained by dye was visibly smaller in stems from diseased trees than in healthy trees. These results were all consistent with the theory that symptoms of phony disease of peach are caused by xylem blockage.
Plant Growth Analysis of Field-grown Cowpeas
Authors: Fernandez George C.J. , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant growth aspects of field-grown cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were investigated under four N regimes: No N, rhizobial inoculation (cowpea “EL” inoculum), 100 kg fertilizer N/ha (NO3-N) at planting, and inoculation + 50 kg fertilizer N/ha at flowering. Five indeterminate cultivars, Brown Crowder, California Blackeye No. 5, Mississippi Silver, Tennessee White Crowder, and Lady, and one determinate cultivar, Bush Purple Hull, were compared. Plant growth variables were measured biweekly starting at the 4th week. Dry matter and leaf area per plant reached maximum at 56 days after planting in all five indeterminate cultivars, and 1 week later in the determinate cultivar. Large-seeded cultivars, California Blackeye No. 5, Mississippi Silver, Brown Crowder, and Tennessee White Crowder, generally produced larger leaves throughout the season than did ‘Bush Purple Hull’ and ‘Lady’. The relative growth rate (RGR) declined linearly with harvest time, irrespective of N treatment. The RGR of ‘Bush Purple Hull’ was lower than that of the indeterminate cultivars throughout the growth period. The net assimilation rate (NAR) of the indeterminate cultivars declined slowly from maximum values at 4 weeks and became negative during pod development. However, ‘Bush Purple Hull’ NAR increased during pod development, but declined very rapidly during late pod development. The leaf area ratio (LAR) declined curvilinearly with time in all N treatments and cultivars. The LAR values were lowest for the determinate cultivar, and the differences among indeterminate cultivars were not significant. Total dry matter, leaf area per plant, and average leaf size of inoculated and N-fertilized plants were greater than the uninoculated and unfertilized control. Nitrogen treatments did not affect physiological components RGR, NAR, and LAR.
Variation in Tree Size, Yield, Cropping Efficiency, and Alternate Bearing Among ‘Kerman’ Pistachio Trees
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Weinbaum S.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) industry in California is based largely on a single pistillate (i.e., nut-producing) cultivar (Kerman) supported by seedling rootstocks of P. atlantica Desf. Data were collected and analyzed for tree growth and productivity of 113 mature ‘Kerman’ trees/P. atlantica seedlings over two cycles of alternate bearing. Tree size as estimated by trunk cross-sectional area varied 4-fold among the trees analyzed; tree yields, averaged over 4 years, varied 8-fold within the plot, and cropping efficiency (yield/cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area) varied 3-fold among the trees within the orchard. The severity of alternate bearing also was calculated. Eight superior trees were identified within the orchard that not only had higher average yields and cropping efficiencies, but also exhibited much more regular cropping patterns (i.e., reduced severity of alternate bearing) than adjacent trees and the orchard as a whole.
Influence of Orchard Floor Management on Vole and Pocket Gopher Populations and Damage in Apple Orchards
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Hogue Eugene J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Removal of all vegetation with herbicides over the total orchard floor or only in tree rows significantly reduced montane vole (Microtus montanus Peale), meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus Ord), and northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides Richardson) populations and damage. Herbicide treatments in four test orchards were carried out during May, July, and Sept. 1983 to 1985. Average overwinter abundance of voles was reduced 53% to 99% on treatment areas. Several vole populations went to extinction in the third year of herbicide treatment. Incidence of tree damage was 40.6% and 9.6% with feeding intensities of 17.2 cm2 and 0.4 cm2 of bark and tissues removed per tree on control and treatment blocks, respectively, during a peak year in abundance of voles. Pocket gopher populations and damage were significantly lower in treatment than control blocks. Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) and yellow pine chipmunk (Eutamias amoenus J.A. Allen) populations generally increased on treated areas. Use of herbicides to control orchard floor vegetation is an effective means of rodent damage control.
Effect of High CO2 Atmospheres on Stored Zucchini Squash
Authors: Mencarelli Fabio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Romanesco) were stored 19 days at 5°C in 21% ± 1% O2 plus 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, or 10.0% CO2 and then stored an additional 4 days at 13° in air. High CO2 levels inhibited the rate of CO2 production and reduced the development of chilling injury symptoms at all three maturities (16, 20, and 22 cm fruit). There was a high negative correlation between CO2 levels and reduction of chilling injury. At the end of the 23-day storage period, 82% of the 22-cm squash held in 10% CO2 appeared salable, but they had a slight off-flavor and were soft; 79% of the fruit held in 5% CO2 were salable, firm, and free of off-flavors; samples from 2.5% CO2 and air were unacceptable because of decay and pitting. The percentage of unsalable fruit increased from 16- to 20-cm squash. Carbon dioxide concentrations around 5% may be useful for storing zucchini squash at about 5°, a temperature that normally causes chilling injury in zucchini.
Root and Air Temperature Effects on the Elemental Composition of Tomato
Authors: Papadopoulos Athanasios P. , Tiessen Herman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in the greenhouse and two cultivars were grown in growth chambers in order to study the effects of root and air temperature on the elemental composition (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of leaf tissue. Most of the variation observed in the nutrient composition of leaves was due to air temperature and the cultivar used; only few root temperature effects were significant. Low air temperatures (24°/14°C, 24°/8°, 19°/14°; day/night) resulted in higher N concentrations in the leaf tissue, whereas root temperature had little effect on N. Response to air temperature was similar for P or for N. However, response to high root temperature (27° and 24° in the greenhouse and the growth chamber, respectively) was greater for P than for N. Air and root temperatures had little effect on K concentration in tomato leaves. Consistently high Ca and Mg levels resulted with low air temperatures (24°/8°, 19°/14°, 13°/8°), whereas root temperature had no effect on accumulation of these two nutrients. The incidence of blossom-end-rot in the fruit of all cultivars used in the study was associated with low Ca and Mg levels in the leaf tissue.
Micropropagation of Cherry Rootstocks: II. Invigoration and Enhanced Rooting of ‘46-1 Mazzard’ by Co-culture with ‘Colt’
Authors: Ranjit Makunda , Kester D.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot invigoration and rooting potential of hard-to-root ‘46-1 Mazzard’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L) was progressively increased during six consecutive subcultures when cocultured with easy-to-root ‘Colt’ (P. avium × P. pseudocerasus). Similar results were produced with gibberellic acid at a concentration range of 0.1 to 0.25 mg·liter−1, but rooting depended on transfer to a GA3-free medium. It is suggested that the invigoration and enhanced rooting involved rejuvenation of the mature ‘46-1 Mazzard’ to a more juvenile phase.
Screening Peaches in Vitro for Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni
Authors: Hammerschlag F.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A wick bioassay was developed to screen peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] shoot cultures for resistance to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (E. F. Sm.) Dows)]. Three weeks after inoculation, the number of colony forming units (CFU) from 1-cm stem sections excised from highly susceptible cultivars was significantly greater than CFU from several resistant cultivars. Neither growth regulators nor the length of time that shoots were maintained in vitro prior to inoculation significantly influenced the response of these cultivars to bacterial leaf spot. This technique should be useful in screening for somaclonal variants obtained from peach cell cultures.
Plant Spatial Arrangement and Density Effects on Small- and Medium-vined Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Frost D.J. , Kretchman D.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Heinz 2653’ and ‘Heinz 722’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown at four plant populations (21,530, 28,700, 43,050, and 57,400 plants/ha) in both single and twin rows. Plant density had no influence on ripe fruit yields of ‘H-2653’. The twin-row configuration did result in increased yields from ‘H-2653’, but not ‘H-722’. Density had no influence on yield of ‘H-722’ in 1984, but yield was reduced at the highest density of the twin-row configuration in 1983. Shoot dry matter, ripe fruit yields, and total yields per hectare of ‘H-2653’ were higher from the twin rows than from the single rows. There were no yield advantages for ‘H-722’ in twin-row arrangements. The ‘H-2653’ yield increases in twin rows were due to an increase in number of ripe fruit per plant. As population pressures increased, the number of ripe fruit per plant, ripe fruit size, and clusters per plant decreased. Plants grown in twin rows covered a greater percentage of their allotted space than those in single rows, regardless of cultivar. As the population density increased, the canopy coverage also increased. Plants at high densities and those in twin-row arrangements intercepted more light than those at low density and single-row plantings.
Liming Reactions in Sphagnum Peat-based Growing Media
Authors: Williams Barbara J. , Peterson John C. , Utzinger James D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite, and six media formulated (by volume) from these constituents (2:1, 1:1, 1:2 peat: perlite; 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 peat: vermiculite) were limed with 0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7. 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, and 9.0 kg∙m−3 dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]. Media were wet to container capacity with distilled/deionized (d/d) water, incubated at 25° ±3°C, and pH determined at day 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Liming reactions in mixes could not be predicted from reactions occurring in sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite constituents alone. Although sphagnum peat made the major contribution to liming reactions, both perlite and vermiculite were found to contribute to liming responses of media in which they were incorporated. The major portion of pH change due to incorporation of pulverized dolomite in peat-based media occurred within 2 days. Change in pH was complete within 14 days.
Effect of Two Polymeric Coatings on Fruit Quality of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ Pears
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Lau O.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) coated with either Pro-long or Nutri-Save, two proprietary fruit-coating materials, were firmer, higher in titratable acidity, and greener in skin color than noncoated fruit stored in air at 0°C. Coated fruit were, in most instances, comparable to noncoated fruit stored in controlled atmospheres (CA). The incidence of core breakdown in ‘Bartlett’ pears and superficial scald in ‘d’Anjou’ pears were lower in coated fruit than in noncoated fruit kept in air storage. The incidence of scald in CA-stored noncoated fruit was usually comparable to and sometimes lower than in the air-stored coated fruit. Normal fruit ripening, however, was adversely affected by the coating compounds, particularly in ‘Bartlett’ pears. Coated ‘Bartlett’ pears tended to develop a blotchy appearance of green interspersed with yellow when held at ripening temperatures.
Phytoalexin Production Potential of Grape Berries
Authors: Creasy L.L. , Coffee M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The capacity to synthesize the stilbene resveratrol in response to UV irradiation is used as a measure of the phytoalexin production potential of grape berry skin. Greenhouse-grown berries after set, but before maturation, had high phytoalexin potential, whereas buds, flowers, and mature fruits had low potential. Stilbenes were not synthesized in the fleshly part of fruit and were found erratically in small amounts in noninduced berry skin. In field samples, ‘Concord’, ‘Cabernet Sauvigon’, and ‘Catawba’ had high resveratrol production potential whereas ‘White Riesling’, ‘Chancellor’, and ‘Cayuga White’ had low potential. The phytoalexin production potential decreased in all cultivars after late August, independent of their maturity.
Water Relations and Net CO2 Assimilation of Peach Leaves of Different Ages
Authors: Andersen P.C. , Brodbeck B.V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Net CO2 assimilation rate (A) and plant water relations of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Flordaking] leaves were monitored during development under field conditions. Leaf conductance to water vapor (gl) and transpiration rate (E) of unfolding and expanding leaves approached maximum values before maximum A values were achieved. Net CO2 assimilation rate and water use efficiency (WUE) were greatest for recently expanded leaves and gradually declined with age after full expansion. Leaf water potential (ψw) was similar for all leaf ages under field conditions. Leaf dry weight/cm2 and chlorophyll/cm2 increased with leaf age after expansion. Diurnal patterns of gl, E, and ψw were similar for expanded spring- and summer-flush leaves. Midday ψw of −2.4 MPa (ψp = about 0.3 MPa) did not reduce gl. Expanding shoots had higher osmotic potentials (ψπ) and thus maintained lower turgor potentials (ψp) than fully expanded shoots. Shoot and leaf elongation rates were related exponentially to ψp and were reduced drastically below ψp 1.0 and 0.7 MPa, respectively. The bulk modulus of elasticity (є) increased linearly with ψp, but there were no significant differences in є of expanding and nonexpanding shoots. As leaf water deficits developed, shoot and leaf expansion were inhibited prior to gl or A. Thus, a moderate level of water stress can reduce the rate of vegetative growth of peach trees without concomitant reductions in carbon assimilation.
Endosperm Type, Inbred Background, and Leakage of Seed Electrolytes During Imbibition in Sweet Corn
Authors: Schmidt D.H. , Tracy W.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Endosperm mutants of maize often exhibit poor seed quality, as indicated by poor germination and seedling vigor. The measurement of seed leachate electrolyte conductivity (SLEC) is a rapid method of evaluating seed quality. Generally, high SLEC indicates poor seed quality. Other endosperm types in addition to sugary (su) are becoming important in the sweet corn industry. To facilitate the conversion of inbreds to new endosperm types and maintain acceptable levels of seed quality, it would be useful to determine the relationship between endosperm type and SLEC. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of inbred background, endosperm type, and inbred × endosperm interactions on SLEC and to determine the relationship between seed weight and SLEC. Ten seed weight and SLEC of six near-isogenic lines differing for 10 endosperm types were measured. Ten combinations of the following endosperms were used; sugary (su), waxy (wx), sugary-2 (su2), dull (du), and shrunken-2 (sh2). Significant differences in SLEC were found among endosperm types: sh2 had the highest SLEC (186.1 dS·m−1) and Su su2 the lowest (62.9 dS·m−1). Over endosperm types, 10-seed weight and SLEC were negatively correlated (r = 0.84**). This negative relationship may be due to damage suffered by the pericarp during the collapse of the endosperm of the lighter endosperm types. Significant differences in SLEC also were found among inbreds. Values ranged from 162.3 dS·m−1 to 55.7 dS·m−1. Among inbreds, SLEC and 10-seed weight was positively correlated (r = 0.82*). Endosperm by inbred interactions had significant effects on SLEC. This interaction is of importance to those converting inbreds to different endosperm types and should be considered when choosing seed parents for hybrid production.
Comparison of Two Recurrent Selection Procedures For Yield in Two Pickling Cucumber Populations
Authors: Nienhuis J. , Lower R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A “gynoecious synthetic” (GS) population, developed by random mating of 50 adapted Cucumis sativus L. cultivars and breeding lines, and a “hardwickii semi-exotic” (HSE) population, developed by open-pollinating an F2 population derived from a cross between a Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. accession LJ 90430 and a gynoecious inbred line GY 14, were subjected simultaneously to S1 line (S1 and reciprocal full-sib (RFS) recurrent selection. S1 selection resulted in increased fruit number per plant in the GS and HSE populations, and in the GS × HSE population hybrid. In contrast, RFS selection did not result in increased fruit number per plant in the GS and HSE populations or their hybrid. The contrasting responses to S1 compared to RFS selection suggests that additive gene effects were more important than nonadditive effects in the expression of fruit number per plant. Correlated responses to selection resulted in increased number of days to harvest in the GS population, and in reduced percentages of gynoecious plants and pistillate flowers in the HSE population. No change in fruit firmness, and a reduction in length : diameter ratio of fruit only in the GS × HSE population hybrid developed through S1 selection, suggests that selection for increased fruit number per plant should not adversely affect these fruit quality characteristics in either the GS or HSE populations.
Winter Root Temperature Effects on Vegetative Budbreak, Spur Development, and Flowering of ‘Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of continuous root temperatures > 15°C on vegetative budbreak, shoot and spur development, and flowering were studied during the first 3 years of growth in ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on MM.106, M.7a, and M.9 rootstocks. Sixteen trees of each rootstock-scion combination were potted and placed on an outside container area with overhead irrigation. Root-zone temperature was maintained at > 15° throughout the winter in half the trees, while the other half were at ambient temperature. Vegetative budbreak and spur development were reduced significantly and flowering was increased during the first 2 years by warm winter root temperatures. Flowering the third year was increased on MM.106 trees due to enhanced spur development the first 2 years. Flower bud to vegetative bud ratio was reduced on ambient-root trees in the second and third year and root : shoot ratio was increased, indicating that root chilling during dormancy favored vegetative growth, particularly root growth.
Influence of Strip Tillage on Yield, Diseases, and Nematodes of Tomatoes
Authors: McKeown A.W. , Cerkauskas R.F. , Potter J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strip tillage into killed rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) cover crops was evaluated as a production system for machine-harvested processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). No effect of tillage on yield was found for 2 out of 3 years. Yield was reduced in the third year in strip-tilled rye plots due to low transplant vigor and possibly low-temperature injury. Populations of plant parasitic nematodes were stimulated by rye and strip tillage. Bacterial diseases were increased by strip tillage in one season. Long-term evaluation of conservation-oriented systems is required to determine effects on yield, nematodes, and diseases.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Transition of Bermudagrass Putting Green Overseeded with Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Mazur A.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted for 3 years on putting green turf to determine the influence of the plant growth regulators (PGR) pronamide (PRON), ethephon (ETHR), mefluidide (MEFL), and maleic hydrazide (MH) on the transition from overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Yorktown II’) turf to hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘Tifgreen’] in the spring. All PGR treatments were effective in increasing bermudagrass coverage over untreated grass; however, all reduced turf quality to some degree, with the exception of ETHR. The high PGR rates generally had lower turfgrass quality than the low rates. The March and early April application had the greatest bermudagrass coverage in 1982 and 1985, whereas the early March treatment generally had lower turfgrass quality than later applications. PRON at 0.28 kg·ha−1 applied as a single application in 1985 had higher initial bermudagrass coverage than when applied as split application, but split application maintained higher turfgrass quality than the single application. The split application of MEFL at 0.56 kg·ha−1 provided greater bermudagrass coverage than the single application when applied 6 Mar. or 3 Apr.; however, the split application resulted in lower quality than obtained from a single application applied on 6 Mar. in 1985. PRON at 0.28 kg·ha−1 and higher rates reduced growth and corresponding mowing requirements. Chemical names used: 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (maleic hydrazide); N-(2,4-dimethyl-5-[([trifluoromethyl]-suIfonyl)amino]phenyl) acetamide (mefluidide); 2-chloroethyIphosphonic acid (ethephon); and 3,5-dichloro-(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyI) benzamide (pronamide).