bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Infinity of Worlds
Authors: Kinney Will 
Published: March 2022

What happened before the primordial fire of the Big Bang: a theory about the ultimate origin of the universe.
In the beginning was the Big Bang: an unimaginably hot fire almost fourteen billion years ago in which the first elements were forged. The physical theory of the hot nascent universe—the Big Bang—was one of the most consequential developments in twentieth-century science. And yet it leaves many questions unanswered: Why is the universe so big? Why is it so old? What is the origin of structure in the cosmos? In An Infinity of Worlds, physicist Will Kinney explains a more recent theory that may hold the answers to these questions and even explain the ultimate origins of the universe: cosmic inflation, before the primordial fire of the Big Bang.
Kinney argues that cosmic inflation is a transformational idea in cosmology, changing our picture of the basic structure of the cosmos and raising unavoidable questions about what we mean by a scientific theory. He explains that inflation is a remarkable unification of inner space and outer space, in which the physics of the very large (the cosmos) meets the physics of the very small (elementary particles and fields), closing in a full circle at the first moment of time. With quantum uncertainty its fundamental feature, this new picture of cosmic origins introduces the possibility that the origin of the universe was of a quantum nature.
Kinney considers the consequences of eternal cosmic inflation. Can we come to terms with the possibility that our entire observable universe is one of infinitely many, forever hidden from our view?
Antioxidant defense system in the prefrontal cortex of chronically stressed rats treated with lithium
Authors: Gavrilović Ljubica , Popović Nataša , Stojiljković Vesna , Pejić Snežana , Todorović Ana , Vujović Predrag , Pajović Snežana B. 
Published: March 2022

Background
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lithium treatment on gene expression and activity of the prefrontal antioxidant enzymes: copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganes superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in animals exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS).

Methods
The investigated parameters were quantified using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot analyses, and assays of enzyme activities.

Results
We found that lithium treatment decreased gene expression of SOD2, as well as the activities of SOD1 and SOD2 in chronically stressed rats to the levels found in unstressed animals. However, lithium treatment in animals exposed to CRS increased prefrontal GPx activity to the levels found in unstressed animals.

Conclusions
These findings confirm that treatment with lithium induced the modulation of prefrontal antioxidant status in chronically stressed rats. Our results may be very important in biomedical research for understanding the role of lithium in maintaining the stability of prefrontal antioxidant defense system in neuropsychiatric disorders caused by chronic stress.
ANALISA PENGARUH PERCEIVED EASE OF USE DAN MELALUI PERCEIVED ENJOYMENT TERHADAP BEHAVIOR INTENTION PADA DIGITAL PAYMENT
Authors: Monica Feliana , Japarianto Edwin 
Published: March 2022

The development of information technology in the country of Indonesia continues to experience progress so that the emergence of various breakthroughs in the financial sector. Electronic payment facilities (e-wallet) as one of the developments in the field of financial technology has experienced a rapid increase and is a trend for the people of Indonesia. The various conveniences offered to make everyone very dependent on technology, so e-wallet applications have become a basic necessity for everyone. This study aims to analyze the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention through perceived enjoyment as an intervening variable on digital payments. The final results obtained in this study indicate that perceived ease of use has a positive effect on behavioral intention, perceived ease of use also has a positive effect on perceived enjoyment, as well as perceived enjoyment has a positive effect on behavior intention.
Abstrak:
Perkembangan teknologi informasi di negara Indonesia terus mengalami kemajuan sehingga munculnya berbagai terobosan baru di bidang finansial. Sarana pembayaran elektronik (e-wallet) sebagai salah satu perkembangan di bidang financial technology telah mengalami peningkatan pesat dan menjadi kecenderungan bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan membuat semua orang sangat bergantung pada teknologi, sehingga aplikasi-aplikasi e-wallet sudah menjadi kebutuhan dasar untuk semua orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh dari perceived ease of use terhadap behavior intention melalui perceived enjoyment sebagai variabel intervening pada digital payment. Hasil akhir yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perceived ease of use memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap behavior intention, perceived ease of use juga memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap perceived enjoyment, begitu juga dengan perceived enjoyment memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap behavior intention.
Electrochemistry of Organocobalt Compounds
Authors: Buriez Olivier , Labbe Eric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the electrochemical preparation and reactivity of electrogenerated alkyl‐ and aryl‐cobalt complexes. Alkylcobalts have originally been obtained from the electrochemical reduction of square planar cobalt(II) complexes, mimicking the ability of vitamin B12 to reversibly form cobalt–carbon bonds. In this respect, the electrosynthetic processes involving alkyl halides and Schiff‐base or porphyrin cobalt complexes have been extensively developed on various substrates, allowing reductive dehalogenation of the alkyl halides, their cyclization, carboxylation, etc. The reduction waves of both the cobalt(II) precursors and the alkylcobalt(III) complexes that result from the reaction of electrogenerated cobalt(I) on alkyl halides are observed in the [−1 V vs. SCE/−1.4 V vs. SCE] region, making accurate mechanistic predictions difficult from simple electrolyses. However, thorough electroanalytical investigations have provided robust reaction frameworks, namely, on the stability and reactivity of the alkylcobalt(III) intermediates.

The activation of C(sp
2
)–X bonds (aromatic halides) has been observed from mono‐ or bi‐dentate electrogenerated cobalt(I) complexes like those obtained in DMF or acetonitrile mixed with pyridine as cosolvent. In such media, the oxidative addition of cobalt(I) on the C(sp
2
)–X bond competes with the disproportionation of very instable electrogenerated cobalt(I). Aromatic iodides, bromides, and chlorides undergo cobalt‐catalyzed electroreductive coupling with, namely, allyl and vinyl acetates, allyl ethers, olefins. The preparation of stable arylzinc compounds is also achieved in mild conditions. The mechanistic aspects of the reactions between aromatic halides and electrogenerated cobalt(I) have been extensively explored by electroanalytical techniques. The oxidative addition between ArX and cobalt(I) yields arylcobalt(III) intermediates which are immediately reduced into arylcobalt(II) complexes, which are the species responsible for the transmetalation with Zn(II) salts in the formation or arylzincs, or undergo an additional reduction step to yield arylcobalt(I), prone to engage in a new oxidative addition.
Ferrocene: From the Perspective of Molecular Electronics
Authors: Bennett Troy L.R. , Long Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFerrocene has long been an object of fascination for organometallic chemists. Exhibiting high stability, interesting geometries, and exceptionally well‐defined redox chemistry, ferrocene has been adapted for a wide range of applications that span the breadth of the chemical sciences. This article specifically focuses on reviewing research where ferrocene has been applied in the field of molecular electronics. This begins with a discussion pertaining to the use of ferrocene in the formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their applications in switching, rectification, sensors, and the construction of memory devices. Following this, a brief overview is provided on the lesser developed work performed to elucidate the properties of single ferrocene‐containing molecules. This article provides the reader with an overview of work that has been performed toward the understanding and development of ferrocene‐containing molecular electronic devices.
Probing Extradiol Dioxygenase Mechanism in NAD
+
Biosynthesis by Viewing Reaction Cycle Intermediates
Authors: Davis Ian , Liu Aimin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Mononuclear, nonheme iron enzymes are known for their ability to mediate the oxidation of organic molecules in primary and secondary metabolism. One class of such enzymes is the diol dioxygenases that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of aromatic molecules. They come in two varieties, intradiol and extradiol, that add molecular oxygen symmetrically or asymmetrically, respectively. 3‐Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4‐dioxygenase (HAO) is a type III extradiol dioxygenase found in metabolic pathways related to breaking down tryptophan 2‐nitrobenzoic acid. The product of HAO is unstable and either nonenzymatically cyclizes to quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous neurotoxin and the universal precursor for NAD(P) biosynthesis, or is enzymatically processed, ultimately being fully oxidized to CO
2
in the citric acid cycle. Elevation of QUIN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, making HAO biomedically relevant. This article summarizes the history and current state of knowledge of the biochemistry of HAO. Recent studies that utilized X‐ray crystallography of the
in crystallo
reactions coupled with various spectroscopies and activity measurements to elucidate much of the chemical mechanism catalyzed by HAO are highlighted.
tRNA‐Monooxygenase EnzymeMiaE
Authors: Carpentier Philippe , Fontecave Marc , Atta Mohamed 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMiaE is a diiron‐containing monooxygenase that catalyzes the O2‐dependent posttranscriptional allylic hydroxylation of a hypermodified nucleotide 2‐methylthio‐N6‐(4‐hydroxyisopentenyl)‐adenosine‐37 at position 37 of selected tRNA molecules to produce 2‐methylthio‐N6‐(4‐hydroxyisopentenyl)‐adenosine‐37. The structure of MiaE consists of a four α‐helix bundle fold housing a catalytic diiron domain. A positively charged surface patch bordering the active site entrance is likely to be involved in the early contacts with the tRNA substrate. A docking model of the MiaE/tRNA complex combined with site‐directed mutagenesis andin vivoactivity reveals the importance of a flexible noncanonical region of MiaE for substrate tRNA recognition. A hydrophobic tunnel, conserved among the MiaE enzymes of different organisms, is described to be the pathway that transports the oxygen molecule from solvent to the diiron cluster. The active site consists of two bridged iron ions in diferric state [FeIIIOFeIII] with an octahedral coordination.
A Three‐Dimensional Confined Crystallization Strategy Toward Controllable Growth of High‐Quality and Large‐Area Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Sun Yuye , Liu Xinyue , Deng Wei , Zhang Xiujuan , Lu Zhengjun , Chang Zhizhen , Fang Xiaochen , Wu Di , Jie Jiansheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLarge‐area organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) single crystals have attracted intensive interest for diverse device applications. However, conventional growth methods usually suffer from limited and disordered mass transport in the crystal growth process, making the large‐area fabrication of OIHP single crystals with controllable thickness remain a formidable challenge. Here, for the first time, a three‐dimensional confined crystallization (3DCC) strategy is reported to achieve centimeter‐scale growth of a OIHP single‐crystal array with tunable thickness. The 3D geometrical channels can not only induce an oriented capillary flow to enhance the mass transport by up to 100 folds, but also can effectively confine the crystal crystallization in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane directions, thereby remarkably improving the crystallinity and thickness control of the crystals. Furthermore, a self‐driven lateral‐structured photodetector is demonstrated based on the resultant OIHP single‐crystal array with significant long‐term stability (>36 days, maintaining 80% of the initial performance) and outstanding device performance (linear dynamic range of 73 dB). The ability of the 3DCC strategy to scale up the growth of high‐quality perovskite single crystals opens a pathway for large‐scale and integrated optoelectronic applications.
Room Temperature Fabrication of SnO2 Electrodes Enabling Barrier‐Free Electron Extraction for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Zhong Jun‐Xing , Wu Wu‐Qiang , Zhou Yecheng , Dong Qingshun , Wang Pengfei , Ma Hongru , Wang Zhiyong , Yao Chan‐Ying , Chen Xi , Liu Geng‐ling , Shi Yantao , Kuang Dai‐Bin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRoom temperature‐processed electron transport layers (RT‐ETLs) demonstrate vast potential to be used in fabricating high‐performance flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in an energy‐saving manner. However, the RT‐ETL normally suffers from inferior crystallinity, mismatched energy level, and high surface trap‐state density, which would result in under‐optimized interfacial electron extraction and undesirable interfacial charge recombination at ETL/perovskite interface, thus limiting the device performance. Herein, a novel strategy is demonstrated to prepare annealing‐free RT‐ETL based on precrystalline metal ion‐modified SnO2 nanocrystals, which perfectly optimizes the interfacial energy level alignment between ETL and perovskite layer, achieving nearly zero‐barrier charge transfer at the interface. As a result, the charge extraction has been remarkably accelerated and the interfacial charge recombination has been largely suppressed, leading to a ≈26% enhancement in device efficiency. The best‐performing flexible PSCs achieve efficiencies up to 19.3%, accompanied by outstanding mechanical strength under repeated bending cycle tests, which, to the best of the knowledge, is one of the highest reported values for the flexible perovskite photovoltaics fabricated with RT‐ETLs.
Dexter‐Type Exciton Transfer in van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Shu‐Wen , Wang Hai , Wang Lei , Wang Hai‐Yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) heterostructures (HSs) built on 2D materials provide an ideal platform for research of energy migration at the nanoscale. However, the underlying charge transfer mechanism in type II vdW HSs is still not well understood. Here, ultrafast exciton dynamics are investigated in trilayer‐WS2‐MoS2‐WSe2 and trilayer‐MoS2‐WSe2‐WS2 HSs by broadband pump‐probe spectroscopy. A two‐step process of exciton transfer in trilayer‐WS2‐MoS2‐WSe2 is directly observed when the band edge exciton of WSe2 is excited. The electrons in WSe2 are initially transferred to the high lying electronic state of MoS2‐WS2 on a time scale of tens of femtoseconds, and then electrons eventually relax into the conduction band minimum of MoS2 within 1 ps. Furthermore, the transfer of interlayer excitons is observed for the first time in trilayer‐MoS2‐WSe2‐WS2. Both transfer processes can be better understood by the Dexter charge exchange model. Due to the nature of Dexter type transfer that the exchange rate exponentially depends on the donor−acceptor distance, the interlayer exciton transfer rate is nearly a hundred times slower than that of exciton transition in bilayer HSs. The results deepen the understanding of charge transfer in 2D vdW HSs and also indicate that the exciton effect and orbital hybridization make HS a strong coupling system.
Synergic Reaction Kinetics over Adjacent Ruthenium Sites for Superb Hydrogen Generation in Alkaline Media
Authors: He Qun , Zhou Yuzhu , Shou Hongwei , Wang Xinyu , Zhang Pengjun , Xu Wenjie , Qiao Sicong , Wu Chuanqiang , Liu Hengjie , Liu Daobin , Chen Shuangming , Long Ran , Qi Zeming , Wu Xiaojun , Song Li 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRuthenium (Ru)‐based electrocatalysts as platinum (Pt) alternatives in catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are promising. However, achieving efficient reaction processes on Ru catalysts is still a challenge, especially in alkaline media. Here, the well‐dispersed Ru nanoparticles with adjacent Ru single atoms on carbon substrate (Ru1,n‐NC) is demonstrated to be a superb electrocatalyst for alkaline HER. The obtained Ru1,n‐NC exhibits ultralow overpotential (14.8 mV) and high turnover frequency (1.25 H2 s‐1 at −0.025 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), much better than the commercial 40 wt.% Pt/C. The analyses reveal that Ru nanoparticles and single sites can promote each other to deliver electrons to the carbon substrate. Eventually, the electronic regulations bring accelerated water dissociation and reduced energy barriers of hydroxide/hydrogen desorption on adjacent Ru sites, then an optimized reaction kinetics for Ru1,n‐NC is obtained to achieve superb hydrogen generation in alkaline media. This work provides a new insight into the catalyst design in simultaneous optimizations of the elementary steps to obtain ideal HER performance in alkaline media.
Scission of 2D Inorganic Nanosheets via Physical Adsorption on a Nonflat Surface
Authors: Sakai Nobuyuki , Suzuki Masahiko , Sasaki Takayoshi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSecondary processing of 2D nanosheets is an important technique for fabrication of devices and modulation of properties. However, methods for the secondary processing have not been well developed yet, particularly for the scission along crystallographic orientation. In the present paper, it is reported that titania nanosheets can be orthogonally sectioned into substantially rectangular‐shaped fragments when deposited on a nonflat substrate surface via spin‐coating their suspension. Such events occur for all the nanosheets on the substrate surface. In the deposition process, nanosheets float and stay flat on top of the solvent surface, and adsorb on the substrate with conforming to the bumpy surface by following the descending solvent level. Because the nanosheet area is smaller than the actual area of the bumpy surface having the same projected area, the nanosheet experiences tensile stress along its lateral direction. The tensile stress originates from the intermolecular forces acting between the nanosheet and the substrate surface upon the adsorption on the substrate. Due to the high 2D anisotropy, the integrated intermolecular forces can be large enough to cleave the chemical bonds, leading to the scission of the nanosheet. This interesting finding may offer a new processing technique for cutting and shaping various 2D materials.
Mechanical Fatigue Resistance of Polydiketopyrrolo‐Pyrrole‐Dithienylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐Based Flexible Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Kubik Paweł , Waliszewski Witold , Nosal Andrzej , Tomczyk Mariusz , Adamski Adrian , Gazicki‐Lipman Maciej , Blom Paul W. M. , Marszalek Tomasz , Pisula Wojciech 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMechanical durability is one of the main obstacles of flexible organic electronic devices. In this work, the fatigue behavior of flexible field‐effect transistors based on a diketopyrrolo‐pyrrole‐dithienylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene polymer is reported. An especially for that purpose designed bending setup allows to perform precise multiple deformation cycles of the transistor channel area while monitoring the device behavior. The transistors show high operational stability upon 100 bending cycles at a radius of 500 µm. Bending at smaller radius of 100 µm leaves the functionality of the parylene dielectric intact but induces serious mechanical fractures in the semiconducting film. Despite macroscopic defects, the transistors still reveal good reliability including high charge carrier mobility, due to presence of sufficient pathways for the charge carrier transport and to a low gate leakage. It is also observed that thinner polymer films are more sensitive to the deformation‐induced defects leading to a larger decrease in device performance, especially during the initial bending cycles. In thicker DPP‐DTT films, the crack propagation less affects the semiconductor/dielectric interface, at which the main charge carrier transport take place, resulting in a more stable device operation. Therefore, the work provides fundamental understanding of the fatigue behavior of flexible transistors based on semiconducting polymers.
Nonlinear Light Amplification Governed by Structural Asymmetry
Authors: Shen Shaoxin , Gao Renxian , Sun Guoya , Yang Zhilin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractManeuvering the structural asymmetry in metasurfaces plays an essential role in nonlinear nanophotonics, particularly in sub‐wavelength‐scale harmonic generation. Here, a highly efficient and reproducible plasmon‐enhanced second‐harmonic generation platform for exploring these quantitative contributions of structural asymmetries to the amplification of inherently weak nonlinear responses is experimentally designed. It is discovered that such structural asymmetries can not only quantitatively alter the well‐characterized surface susceptibility, but also contribute to the spectral matching and the spatially symmetrical transition of optical resonant modes in plasmon‐enhanced nonlinear polarizations. Furthermore, this study strives to establish a theoretical model to quantify these structural asymmetry‐induced modifications, indicating the consistency with proposed experimental results. These studies may offer a strategy to the design of efficient nonlinear optical nanodevices with extending applications.
Utilization of Nanoparticles, Nanodevices, and Nanotechnology in the Treatment Course of Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Hartmann Thomas , Perron Rebecca , Razavi Mehdi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMelanoma is a highly lethal form of skin cancer caused by rapid proliferation of melanocytes, pigment‐producing cells of the skin. Despite continued advancements, current diagnostic and treatment techniques have been inadequate in decreasing the global health burden of this disease. Therefore, increased research has gone into solving these hindrances to treatment, with nanomedicine offering many promising solutions. In this review, different subtypes of nanomedicine will be discussed along with their clinical utility in relation to melanoma. First, risk factors, pathogenesis, and current therapeutic techniques relating to melanoma will be summarized and discussed. Then, the main types of nanomedicine and their use in treating melanoma will be discussed including nanoparticles, nanodevices, and nanotechnological tools in drug delivery and diagnosis.