bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jim Crow, Economics, War, and the Black Writer
Authors: De Santis Christopher C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Disillusioned by the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939, Hughes took actions to distance himself from the radical left and his more polemical, sometimes incendiary work of the 1930s. In public statements and interviews, he explained his artistic use of irony and the unmasking of hypocrisy in earlier writings while refocusing readers’ and audiences’ attentions in the 1940s on the immediate horrors of war, poverty, racial violence, and discrimination. During this phase of his career, Hughes emphasized a democratic ideal and appealed to the principles on which the United States was founded while demonstrating through his own life experiences, the experiences of other Black people in the United States, and the struggles of Black soldiers during World War II the many ways in which democracy was being compromised by racism.
The Transparency Paradox
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The book provides a compact theoretical account of the hidden functioning logic of the ideal of transparency. Transparency as a concept has become hugely popular in legal discourse and beyond. The book argues that there are underlying optical, conceptual, and social reasons why transparency makes sense to us: it promises immediate seeing and understanding. That is why it can form a powerful metaphor of controllability: in the state, for example, the governed are able to monitor the inner workings of the governor through transparency practices. The modern push for transparency is premised on the notion that the truth about governance is key to its legitimacy, and transparency can provide legitimacy through access to truth. The book argues that this premise is false. Instead of accessing legitimacy by providing truth, transparency is labelled by either or logic, which is referred to as ‘the truth-legitimacy trade-off’ in the book: transparency can provide either truth or legitimacy. Through this argument, the book questions the neutrality promise vested in transparency and claims that transparency is primarily a tool for creating appearances. The book consists of nine chapters divided into three parts: The Opacity of Transparency, The Promise of Transparency, and The Reality of Transparency. It combines legal and policy themes and research with interdisciplinary inputs, such as social philosophy and cultural and media studies, contributing to the growing literature on critical transparency studies.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Alice , Crawford Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Introduction surveys libraries in literature in anglophone imaginative literature from the Middle Ages until the present, sets out the ways in which the volume is the first wide-scale, book-length critical treatment of the topic, and includes a multitude of ways in which librarians have featured in modern fiction. Having taken account of some other related writing on the subject of libraries and librarians (particularly as they are treated in creative writing), the Introduction concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters, making clear that, although the principal focus is on English-language works, the book also includes considerations of French, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish texts.
Battle-Sites of Books
Authors: Jones Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the physical space and imaginative significance of the library in Jonathan Swift’s ‘Battel of the Books’ and relates it to the anthology of improving literature published by Richard Steele and George Berkeley in 1714 as The Ladies Library. It considers the role libraries and the idea of the library have in social life in the early eighteenth century: how they define knowledge, grant or restrict access to it, and shape the behaviour of those seeking it. The chapter notes that conservative or nostalgic attitudes to knowledge and society exist alongside modern features of book production, distribution, and use in these two texts, and in the career of Swift more generally. The chapter also notes the gendering of knowledge, and the role of gender in restricting access to knowledge and regulating behaviour through books.
Libraries and the Formation of Character in Nineteenth-Century Novels
Authors: McCray J. Louise 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of libraries in a range of nineteenth-century novels including William Godwin’s Fleetwood, Walter Scott’s The Antiquary, and M. A. Ward’s Robert Elsmere. It shows how writers used intimate relationships between libraries and characters to raise concerns about what delimits or directs personal identity: for Godwin it was primarily the experience of educational environment; for Scott, the licence of historical testimony; for Ward, the magnetism of collective intellectual movement. What unites these fictions is the way that each account of personal realization through the library simultaneously advertises the submission of the individual to movements or forces beyond themselves. Libraries in literature, this chapter argues, became a point of convergence for two prominent (and eerily modern) cultural phenomena in nineteenth-century Britain: heightened ‘media consciousness’ in the literary world, and escalating debates about the nature of individuality amongst philosophers, scientists, and cultural critics.
‘Modified Bliss’
Authors: Marsack Robyn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the modern period what the library represents changes from the collection that reflects individual taste to the dizzying inclusiveness of the library as conceived by patrons concerned with public benefit. The key ingredients of the modern library poem are the freedom to enter the building and to choose the books to be read. These books are often seen as transformative, especially for women and working-class readers. This chapter focusses on poems about the readers and what they are looking for or how they behave; who is allowed in and who is kept out; and, of course, the librarians, who make the decisions. The poets quoted are mainly British and American, ranging from Randall Jarrell to Rita Dove, Tom Leonard to Jackie Kay, not forgetting famous poet-librarians Philip Larkin and Jorge Luis Borges.
Raw Materials
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the two features of thought and discourse (the ‘raw materials’) which will serve as fodder for the arguments of the ensuing three chapters. These features are: (1) what I call the ‘depth’, and, conversely, the ‘superficiality’, of inquiry and debate, and (2) the special links between ethical thought and motivation and affect. Deep disputes are defined as those the conclusions of which exert characteristically representational influence on non-conceptual representations and on action. Superficial disputes are defined as those the conclusions of which do not. The chapter then pauses to compare the deep/superficial distinction to Rudolf Carnap’s distinction between internal and external questions. It then explains the connections between ethical thought and motivation and affect that are required to do theoretical work in the next few chapters.
Why Does There Seem to Be a ‘Problem with Ethics’?
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter fashions the ‘raw materials’ from Chapter 2 into an explanation of why ethics seems not to afford objectively right answers. First, it explains why superficial disputes seem not to afford objectively right answers. Then it adverts to the special connections between ethical thought and motivation and affect to explain why we often infer the non-objectivity of ethics as a whole from the apparent non-objectivity of superficial ethical disputes, even though we do not infer the same regarding non-ethical domains of inquiry. It proceeds to explain, again adverting to the aforementioned ‘special connections’, why the behaviour of ethical inquiry in deep contexts does not lend it the appearance of objectivity. The chapter concludes by arguing for the superiority of this explanation of why ethics seems not to be objective with some more well-known explanations of the same.
Objectivist Quietism about Ethics, Part Two
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses some concerns about the arguments in Chapter 4. It begins by responding to arguments that the relevance of metaphysics or semantics is constitutive of the major ethical concepts, such that the conclusions of the previous chapter are not even conceptually possible. Then it addresses a series of concerns about assessing beliefs for their values instead of for their truth or justifiability. It proceeds from there to offer an account of ethics in deep contexts, before considering some questions about how ethical values and truthy values interact. The chapter concludes by responding to the worry that a value-based vindication of ethics begs the question, which sets the stage for the next chapter’s discussion of pragmatism.
Pragmatism
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter ensconces the value-based vindicatory strategy of the previous two chapters within a broader strategy—pragmatism—wherein all vindication, whether of claims or domains of inquiry, is fundamentally evaluative. First, the chapter explains the difference between pragmatism and its chief rival, representationalism—the approach on which we seek to guide our inquiry by veritistic, rather than evaluative, considerations. It then offers some glimpse into what a pragmatist explanatory and vindicatory strategy might look like. Next, the chapter presents three arguments in favour of adopting a pragmatist approach to inquiry rather than a representationalist one, and in the process, tries to draw out the incipient pragmatism in the work of many philosophers who may not call themselves ‘pragmatists’. The chapter closes by trying to dispel worries about the ‘autonomous evaluative sphere’ to which pragmatism seems to commit us.
Digging Deeper
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses some unexplored possibilities raised by the arguments of the preceding chapters, with the aim of further illuminating pragmatist quietism for the reader. It begins by evaluating a proposal to vindicate the autonomy of ethics not by arguing that the relevant disputes are non-substantive, or fail to afford truthy values, but by claiming that they are ‘quasi-substantive’. This strategy is rejected on grounds of explanatory unity. This leads to an explanation of why the sort of explanatory unity to which this book has often adverted is theoretically important. The chapter then queries what would follow if beliefs formed pursuant to superficial ethical disputes had negative representational values rather than no such value. It proceeds by identifying two relevant possibilities—either negative representational value rules out positive specifically ethical value, or it does not—and then explaining what would follow from each.
Pragmatist Quietism vs Expressivism
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the differences between pragmatist quietism and one of its close cousins, expressivism. Both pragmatist quietism and expressivism purport to offer something like objective moral truth without representation and without ‘foundations’. One difference is that the quietism defended here assigns the bulk of the explanatory burden to the distinction between superficial and deep inquiry, while expressivism assigns it to the sorts of mental state that moral judgements are. Another difference is that pragmatist quietism, qua form of pragmatism, seeks to vindicate moral objectivity without foundations in a way that is fundamentally evaluative, whereas expressivism typically does not. It is explained why these differences tell in favour of pragmatist quietism. The chapter concludes by offering a pragmatist-quietist-friendly attempt at the sort of semantic explanations that expressivists are often accused, under the banner of the ‘Frege-Geach problem’, of being unable to provide.
“Numbred, and measured, and weighed”
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that John Donne constructs interactive relationships between metaphors and their writers and readers as a strategy for managing both secular and sacred devotion. His secular poetic speakers work to preserve themselves by making themselves into metaphors that their beloveds might read after their death or departure, but several of his poems also express concern that such reading might transform them afresh. This transformative potential becomes both reassuring and provocative in his sermon on Psalm 38.2, which conceptualizes divine will as a metaphor sent to us for perusal. In this the sermon suggests that we, as readers of that metaphor, might have some capacity to alter it in a manner like that of the readers within Donne’s lyrics.
“Separate to God”
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As the sole author emphasized in this project who did not take orders, Milton is the poet for whom verse most comprehensively replaces, rather than complements, ecclesiastical practice. Chapter 4 identifies a critique of corrupt ministry in Samson Agonistes, and proposes that its protagonist comes to regard his own sinful actions as a vicious form of ministry. In lines that return relentlessly to the sounds of “I” and “me,” Samson asserts a degree of uniqueness that the Chorus links with his status as God’s “mighty minister”—words that would likely have carried clerical resonances for Milton even in the later years of his career. Milton’s formal emphasis on Samson’s self-regard might seem to put this poem at odds with the triumphant individualism identified in the lyrics covered in previous chapters. Rather than building formal bridges between the speaker and God, Milton suggests that Samson’s “I” crowds God out. Yet in linking that self-regard with the ministry, Milton formulates a critique of the church continuous with and indeed significantly more outspoken than those of his poetic forebears.
Evaluating Hypotheses about Local Transport Systems through Spatial and Network Analysis
Authors: Groenhuijzen Mark R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The focus of this study is on transport in the Dutch part of the Lower Rhine limes, and particularly transport between the local and the military population with the intention of provisioning the Roman army. In comparison with the main transport infrastructure and interprovincial and imperial trade networks, little research has been done regarding local routes and transport movements, which can be attributed at least partly to the archaeologically untraceable nature of most of these connections. This chapter presents a study on the functioning of a Roman local transport network through computational approaches. In this study, a network of potential local transport connections is modelled using least-cost path approaches and a Gabriel graph structure. Using this network to compare two hypotheses, it was found that in some regions it is more efficient to move surplus goods from the local population to the military population through central gathering points prior to the transport in bulk towards a fort. In another region, a complementary system probably existed, where the forts functioned as gathering points for their direct vicinity while at the same time transport from more distant areas could be more efficiently organized through intermediary sites. In this study, the case of the potential intermediary site of Tiel-Medel was highlighted, as recent archaeological excavations have yielded evidence that strongly suggests its role as an important node in local transport networks. This shows that the methods employed here can be complementary to archaeological field research.
Mapping the Landscape of our Ignorance
Authors: Graham Shawn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
How can we deal with the problem of equifinality when modelling the Roman economy? In this chapter I describe one approach I built with Scott Weingart that uses agent-based simulation as a way of generating potential social networks as an artefact of an economy. We simulate our understanding of the Roman economy—not the economy itself, but rather, our stories, our theories, about the economy—and use the results of the simulation to guide our sense of what we might reasonably expect to find in the archaeology if our story about the economy is correct. We can explore the archaeology of the Roman economy to find archaeological networks, and see which of these match (or not) the outputs of the model. However, the models we build have to be ‘stupid’ in the sense that we only put in them what is there in the verbal model we as archaeologists describe in our essays and monographs. If we find that we have to add elements to make the model ‘work’, then that is an indication that our original verbal models are eliding critical points. Thus, the process of operationalizing someone’s description of the economy, of building a model, holds just as much value as (if not more than) the ostensible results of the simulation itself, in that it provides a method for iterating through different theoretical conceptions of the Roman economy.
Varieties of What Is Said
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 first outlines competing notions of what is said (minimal, contextual) and the reasons for defending these. It then goes on to consider why a theorist might posit a level of representation equating to what is said, and identifies two possible motivations: to account for intuitions, and out of explanatory necessity. The chapter then argues that neither of these justifies positing what is said as a level of representation in basic linguistic communication. Rather, what is said is a reflective concept, in terms to be developed more fully in chapter 4.
Ships at Risk
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early modern sailing vessels suffered ‘so many manglements, that it is a very great wonder to see the providence of God in the preserving of them’, marvelled the interregnum preacher Daniel Pell. Any ship could become ‘shipwreckful’, a catastrophe waiting to happen. ‘Even now worth this, and now worth nothing’, mused a shipowner in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice¸ as shipwreck reduced a maritime venture to rubbish. This chapter treats early modern ships as skilled constructions and vehicles for traffic that could be undone by misfortune. It reviews estimates of the size of the English and European merchant fleets and the frequency and cost of shipwrecks. Evidence suggests that 4–5 per cent of voyages went amiss, costing shippers hundreds of thousands of pounds per year. The price was high for the development of a global economy, but English coastal communities were among its beneficiaries as goods from the world’s oceans washed ashore.
The Perils of the Sea
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the textual representation of voyaging and shipwrecks in ancient, biblical, and early modern sources, and to contemporary accounts of ships and seamen in peril. Paying particular attention to the meteorological, navigational, and cultural hazards that brought ships to grief on English and Welsh shores, it explores how shipwrecks were imagined, moralized, and experienced. Storms and shipwrecks in the Bible (Jonah, St Paul), in the classics (Homer, Vergil), and in the writings of the Renaissance (Erasmus, Rabelais, Sidney, Shakespeare) served to punish the hubris of heroes and the sins of sailors. Preachers and moralists used this maritime imagery to warn of the shipwreck of the soul or the shipwreck of the state. While the master narrative of the age attributed disaster and deliverance to divine providence, reports by merchants and mariners described the actual mishaps of voyaging, extremities of weather, crises of foundering and abandonment, and the deaths and endurance of shipwreck victims. They told of ships being pushed beyond their handling, as mariners were overwhelmed by the fury of the waves, as navigational error, faulty seamanship, and blind misfortune played their parts.
The Great Profit of the Lords of Manors
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter builds on the observation by Samuel Pepys that ‘the great profit of the lords of manors upon the sea coasts lay in wrecks’, where they and their tenants ‘do most savagely make prey of all shipwrecked persons, goods, and vessels’. Though often overlooked, the energetic assertion of seigneurial rights around the coastline demonstrates that manorial courts and manorial claims remained active well beyond the Middle Ages. The lords of coastal manors claimed ‘benefit of wreck’ on their shores, and defended that right with vigour against rival proprietors, Admiralty officials, and their own tenants. Examples from Cornwall to Cumberland show aristocrats and gentlemen exploiting the materials that came ashore, filling their barns with ships’ timbers and their cellars with shipwrecked wine. Many went to law to preserve their privileges, and a few involved themselves in affrays and even duels. Extensive evidence, little of it previously examined, reveals customs and procedures of wreck retrieval, the distribution of moieties and rewards, disputes about manorial boundaries and precedents, and materials brought ashore, as the elite enriched themselves from the bounty of the sea.
Shipwreck Tales from Sea and Shore
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Buried in local archives, state papers, and the barely catalogued records of the High Court of Admiralty, the correspondence of officials and the depositions of witnesses describe the removal of ‘findalls and things saved’ from English beaches. Vivid first-person testimonies combine the nautical perspective of mariners with the viewpoints and voices of salvors and scavengers. They show how shipwrecks happened, and how shore-dwellers took advantage of them. Wreck recovery emerges here as a social process, embedded in the structures and cultures of the community, animated by relationships of neighbourliness, opportunity, authority, and law. More than a dozen micro histories from the 1550s to the 1670s describe fatal voyages and the landsmen who benefited from them. Wrecking emerges as a community activity, by no means ‘barbarous’, subject to the overview of bailiffs and droit collectors, councils and commissions. Local dramas unfolded over the discovery of ships in distress, the treatment of survivors, the gathering of wreckage, and the concealment and distribution of goods. Highlights include a Northumberland wreck that embroiled the governments of three countries, the looting of a pirate ship from a beach in Elizabethan Sussex, goods ‘embezzled and purloined away’ from wrecks on offshore sandbanks, and the plunder of a stranded ship by tenants of the Earl of Arundel.