bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and biochemical responses of tropical seagrasses (Family: Hydrocharitaceae) under colonization of the macroalgae Ulva reticulata Forsskål
Authors: Emmclan Lau Sheng Hann , Zakaria Muta Harah , Ramaiya Shiamala Devi , Natrah Ikhsan , Bujang Japar Sidik 
Published: January 2022

Background
Coastal land development has deteriorated the habitat and water quality for seagrass growth and causes the proliferation of opportunist macroalgae that can potentially affect them physically and biochemically. The present study investigates the morphological and biochemical responses of seagrass from the Hydrocharitaceae family under the macroalgal bloom of Ulva reticulata, induced by land reclamation activities for constructing artificial islands.

Methods
Five seagrass species, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila major, and Halophila spinulosa were collected at an Ulva reticulata-colonized site (MA) shoal and a non-Ulva reticulata-colonized site (MC) shoal at Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor, Malaysia. Morphometry of shoots comprising leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), leaf sheath length (LSL), leaflet length (LTL), leaflet width (LTW), petiole length (PL), space between intra-marginal veins (IV) of leaf, cross vein angle (CVA) of leaf, number of the cross vein (NOC), number of the leaf (NOL) and number of the leaflet (NOLT) were measured on fresh seagrass specimens. Moreover, in-situ water quality and water nutrient content were also recorded. Seagrass extracts in methanol were assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation scavenging activity (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).

Results
Seagrasses in the U. reticulata-colonized site (MA) had significantly higher (t-test, p < 0.05) leaf dimensions compared to those at the non-U. reticulata colonized site (MC). Simple broad-leaved seagrass of H. major and H. ovalis were highly sensitive to the colonization of U. reticulata, which resulted in higher morphometric variation (t-test, p < 0.05) including LL, PL, LW, and IV. Concerning the biochemical properties, all the seagrasses at MA recorded significantly higher (t-test, p < 0.05) TPC, TFC, and ABTS and lower DPPH and FRAP activities compared to those at MC. Hydrocharitaceae seagrass experience positive changes in leaf morphology features and metabolite contents when shaded by U. reticulata. Researching the synergistic effect of anthropogenic nutrient loads on the interaction between seagrasses and macroalgae can provide valuable information to decrease the negative effect of macroalgae blooms on seagrasses in the tropical meadow.
Policy Recommendations for Education of Persons with Disabilities in India: A Critical Analysis
Authors: . Pravesh 
Published: January 2022

Many millions of children across the globe have been marginalized or excluded from schools because they have some form of disability. These children face discrimination not only in educational institutions but also in society. India is also facing a similar situation as disabled children constitute a very large part of the population, i.e., 26.8 million (Census, 2011). To enhance their education and to make them equal members of society, many efforts have been made in India by the Government at the policy level. From the days of the Kothari Commission 1966 to the NEP 2020, many laws, and regulations have been formed to support disabled children to face life with courage and confidence. The present research deals with a review of the policy level efforts in India made regarding the education of disabled children and to provide them inclusive and acceptable environment. Based on the review of policy documents, the research also makes some recommendations to make the education of disabled children accessible and effective, and normal in a general education system.
Defense Priming in Okra using Chemically Defined Elicitors
Authors: Kharat Kiran R. , Pottathil Raveendran 
Published: January 2022

Biotic and abiotic stresses pose a threat to the growth and yield of plants. With increasing population and decreasing viable land area, there is a dire need of stress-resistant crop plants. Bam-FX treatment provides a sustainable method of priming the immune systems of plants without the need of genetic modifications.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds and seedlings were treated with chemically defined elicitors -Bam-FX solutions of different concentrations to assess its effect on seed germination and plantlet morphological growth. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and High resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS/MS) were used to assess various metabolites in treated samples. We also treated some seeds with fungus (Aspergillus sp. 100 cfu/mL) or organic acids to assess the priming effect in seeds.
We observed that, of the four Bam-FX concentrations initially selected, Bam-FX dilutions of 1:175, 1:250, 1:500 were most effective in inducing the most optimal seed germination and morphological growth of the seedlings. Bam-FX treatment led to most marked upregulation of carboxylic acid and fumaric acid in both Okra seeds and seedlings. The fungal infection seemed to exhibit synergistic effect against Bam-FX treatment. The treatment with organic acids seemed to induce certain metabolites, such as carbamic acid, phenylboronic acid, anthranilic acid, etc., that were not otherwise induced in the non-Bam-FX-treated samples. Bam-FX, though originally designed for optimal plant growth in space, exhibited a high potential in priming the defense mechanisms of Okra against abiotic stresses.
Standard Heterosis for Grain Yield and its Attributing Traits in Early Maturing Maize Hybrids
Authors: . Viqar-Un-Nisa , Dar Z. A. , Naseer S. , Khan M. H. , Lone A. A. , Wani M. A. , Rather M. A. , Qureshi A. M. I. , . Wajhat-Un-Nisa , Lone Bilal Ahmad , Hamid Aflaq , Ali Gowher , Fayaz Asma , Kumar S. 
Published: January 2022

The present study was conducted at the research farm of Dryland Agriculture Research Station, SKUAST-Kashmir during the kharif of 2019. Range of heterosis was calculated over standard check. The most desirable cross combinations viz., KDM-440 x KDM-914A (-5.879), KDM-440 x V-335 (-4.468), KDM-930 x V-351(-4.165), KDM-927A x V-335 (-3.986), CML-470 x KDM-914A (-3.808) for days to maturity, KDM-347 x V-351 (4.967) CML-470 x KDM-914A (4.610), CML-474 × V-351(-4.396), KDM-927 A x V-351 (-3.110), KDM-930 x V 335 (2.896) for number of kernel rows per cob, KDM-347 x V-351(-7.544), KDM-440 x V-351 (6.438), KDM-916A x KDM-914 A(6.117), CML-470 × V-351(5.992), CML-474 x V-335 (5.274) for number of kernels per row, KDM-340 x V-351 (3.966), KDM340 x KDM-914A (3.150), KDM-930 x V-351(3.165), KDM-440 x KDM-914 (3.556), KDM-347 x V-351(3.324) for 100-grain weight, KDM-347 x V351 (34.197), KDM-440 x V335 (28.933), CML470 x KDM-914A (29.380), KDM-895 x KDM914A (25.383), KDM927A x KDM-914A (19.549) for grain yield per plant were observed in the present study. The range of heterosis over standard check for days to maturity from -3.796 (CML-425 × KDM-914A) to (2.414) CML-474 × KDM-914A. The extent of heterosis for number of kernel rows per ear over standard check ranged from CML-470 x V-335(28.576) to KDM-916A × V -335(-2.143), for quantity of kernels per row maximum well known heterosis ranged from CML-470 × V-351 (19.079) to KDM-347 × V-351 (-15.132), for 100- grain weight, heterosis ranged from 22.3% for CML-470 x KDM-914 A to -3.5% for KDM-916A × V-335. For grain yield per plant, heterosis ranged from 61.9% for CML-470 x K DM-914 A to 9.3% for KDM916A x V-335. Standard heterosis for crosses CML -470 × KDM-914 A, CML-474 × V-351, KDM-440 × V-335 should be tested for multilocation to make valid conclusion related to their use in commercial maize cultivation.
Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere Soil Samples from Basmati and Non-basmati Rice Growing Areas of Jammu Region, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Raina Tanveer Kour , Kumar Salgotra Romesh , Dey Tuhina , Singh Brajeshwar , Sharma Sushil , Johar Prerna 
Published: January 2022

In the current study, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from six different locations of rice fields in Jammu, Kathua and Samba districts of Jammu region of UT of Jammu and Kashmir, The soil samples were processed and analysed from their physicochemical characteristics. Soil samples were collected from each sampling site and analysed for Organic Carbon (OC), soil pH, Salinity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium, along with this the micronutrient profiling of the samples was also conducted following the standard protocols. The overall mean results for soil pH level, OC, N,P, and K content of the majority of rice fields in the research locations were favourable for rice production; nevertheless, the ideal pH and NPK levels should be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure the best potential rice harvests.
A Study of the Attitudes towards Mentally Ill People among a Sample of Primary Health Care Physicians in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ghowinam Mohamed , Lamlom Mohamed , Harthi Ahmed Al , Hassan Ahmed S. , Rayyani Sarah Ahmed , Alghamdi Nada Abdulhakim , Felemban Afnan Samih , Jan Abdulla Abid , Thabet Salman Anwar , Abdulbari Ragad Abdulaziz , Rafeea Wareef Adnan 
Published: January 2022

Background: Psychiatric illnesses are a public health problem worldwide, affecting people of all age. Mental health is an important sector of primary health care services. An increasing number of Saudi citizens and residents utilize primary healthcare services for mental health concerns; hence, there is a need to objectively assess these doctors' attitudes towards people with mental illness.
Objectives: Assessment of the attitudes toward mentally ill people among a sample of primary health care physicians in Saudi Arabia & determination of risk factors associated with bad attitudes.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 30 days (1st September 2021 to 30 September 2021). The study has been conducted on Convenient Sample of Arabic speaking physicians working in primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia who accepted to share in research. Demographic Data was gathered using an electronic self‑administered questionnaire and physicians’ attitudes towards mentally ill people have been evaluated by an Arabic previously validated Questionnaire.
Results: This study included 214 physicians, 114 male physicians and 100 females. 72% of participants have a highly positive attitude toward mentally ill patients with a mean score (50±4) and only 28% of participants have a negative attitude with a mean score (38±4). Better attitudes were significantly associated with being female, having (Board, PhD or Fellowship), working for less than a year and having a history of involvement in the care of a mentally ill person. There were no statistically significant differences regarding participants age, nationality, marital status, place and mode of residency, specialty, and having current or past history of mental illness.
Conclusions: Primary health care physicians in Saudi Arabia have positive attitudes toward mentally ill patients, female physicians , having (Board, PhD or Fellowship), working for less than a year and having a history of involvement in the care of a mentally ill person were significantly associated with better attitudes.
Recommendations: Further larger studies are needed on large number of primary health care centers physicians in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. Additional research and programmatic work are needed to understand the reasons for negative attitudes. Effective teaching and training programs is necessary to bring in positive attitude change towards mentally ill people among primary health care physicians.
Morphological Characteristic and Incidence of Elongate Styloid Process in South Indian Population: A Case Series
Authors: Nisha M. Afrin , Prathap Lavanya , Lakshmanan Ganesh 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Styloid process is a slender osseous projection, cylindrical and sharp projection of the temporal bone, located in front of stylomastoid foramen. Styloid process is from Reichert’s cartilage of the second branchial arch, this is a part of the splanchnocranium. This is Connected to the hyoid bone through the Stylohyoid ligament. The morphology of the Styloid process is due to hormonal and genetic changes. Orthopantomography is a radiographic method used to visualise mandibles. It also provides a rotational view of the jaw. The aim of the study is to analyse the elongation of the Styloid process in the South Indian population.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in dental institutions with convenience sampling. The random orthopantomogram sample was collected from a dental institution. Total number of orthopantomogram involved in the study was 80 (40-males and 40-females) that is used to examine elongation of the Styloid process in the South Indian population. The minimised sampling bias is done by stratification according to age and gender.
Statistical Analysis: The data were analysed by using SPSS software. The probability value p< 0.05 is considered as significant and the value p>0.05 was considered as not significant.
Results: This study showed various types of Styloid processes in males and females. However we concluded that there is a difference in shape of Styloid processes. The most common type of the Styloid process found in males is pseudo articulated (32.5%) whereas in females the most common type of Styloid process found is uninterrupted (37.5%)
Conclusion: From the current study we have concluded that the pseudo articulated Styloid process is more in males whereas uninterrupted is more in females. Only retrospective studies were done so far. Therefore in future studies with live models and larger sample size should be conducted.
Factors Associated with Glycaemic Control among Diabetic Subjects in Essaouira Province, Morocco: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Houguig Khaoula , Rkha Samia , Rayadi Mahassine , Ouzennou Nadia 
Published: January 2022

Aims: The objectives of this study are to determine the frequency of poor glycaemic control, defined by a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) rate ≥ 7% in diabetic subjects in the province of Essaouira (Morocco), and to identify the associations between poor glycaemic control and socio-demographic, psychosocial, and pathology-related factors in the diabetic subject.
Study Design: This is a a quantitative analytical cross-sectional study.
Methodology : A face-to-face interview was conducted with 522 diabetic subjects followed at 12 health centers ,4 urban and 8 rural, in the province of Essaouira, between January and December 2020
Results: The mean age of the subjects was 57 years,78% female and 22% male. HbA1c was≥7% in 60% of cases. Rural residence (OR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.86-4.05), poor observance of medication (OR=5.57, 95% CI: 3.07-10.11), poor observance of hygiene and dietary rules (OR=4.1, 95% CI: 2.76-6.11), duration of diabetes more than 8,4 years (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.35-2.85), low monthly income (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.35-2.85) , were statistically associated with poor glycaemic control. On the other hand, being a member of a diabetes association (OR=2, 95% CI: 1.31-3.06) and having good support from family and friends (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.35-2.85) have positively influence glycaemic control.
Conclusion: More than half of the diabetic subjects had a poor glycaemic control, the diabetic subjects living in rural areas, having a poor observance of medication, having a poor observance of hygiene and dietary rules and having a duration of evolution of the disease more than 8,4 years are more susceptible to have glycaemic imbalance.
Ocular Manifestation of COVID-19: A Review
Authors: Tarang Tanmay , Shinde Pranaykumar , Kher Praveena 
Published: January 2022

In December month of 2019, a few pneumonia cases of mysterious origin were discovered in a city in China. Later it was found to be coronavirus which caused mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections in patients. WHO designated it a pandemic in March 2020. The virus belongs to the coronaviridae family. The clinical symptoms that are seen in covid-19 are fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, etc. ocular manifestations of covid are rare, but some of them include dryness of the eye, pain, discharge, itching, etc. the most common and essential manifestation is conjunctivitis. It is spread through droplets. Proper protection and hygiene can minimize the spread of this infection.
Other than the very much known respiratory illnesses such as cough, cold, loss of taste, smell, etc., the covid 19 was also seen to have some ocular manifestations. Studies showed 1 out of 10 patients to have some visual change during the illness period. The most common ocular manifestation is that of conjunctivitis. Although, conjunctivitis must be differentiated from other causes of eye redness. There are many different kinds of conjunctivitis of different etiologies; it is essential to know the exact etiological factor for providing the patient with definitive treatment. As covid is very contagious, ocular examination and management are also challenging since it can spread from the doctor to the ophthalmologist attending them. So, prevention is possible to deal with this ongoing pandemic and its ophthalmic complications.
Comprehensive Analysis and Assessment on Codon Usage Pattern of Hemolytic Genes from Different Strains of Leptospira interrogans
Authors: Dharmashekara Chandan , Gopal Sabhyata M. , Vaidya Gayatri , Shreevatsa Bhargav , Bhavana H. H. , Srinivasa Chandrashekar , Gopinath S. M. , Kollur Shiva Prasad , Patil Sharanagouda S. , Suresh Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa , Achar Raghu Ram , Prasad Ashwini , Shivamallu Chandan 
Published: January 2022

Background: Leptospirosis is a disease that is zoonotic in nature. It is easily able to survive in the environment and gets transmitted from the reservoir hosts such as rat to humans. Though the cause of Leptospira interrogans virulency is not determined, these studies expresses that the product of a Leptospira interrogans gene sphH is hemolytic in nature and is capable of lysing the erythrocyte cells and also few epithelial cell membranes.
Aim: In this study, we have analyzed the codon usage bias of the gene sphH, taken from 49 strains of Leptospira interrogans.
Materials and Methods: Data Collection: The full CDSs nucleotide of the gene sphH from 49 Leptospira interrogans was downloaded separately in FASTA format from the NCBI nucleotide database. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) program was used to edit and align the coding sequences. With the help of statistical techniques such as RSCU and ENC we have determined the codons mostly used to express the gene sphH and source of the bias with methods such as parity rule 2, neutrality plots.
Result: The nucleotide content of the , gene across 49 variants of leptospira divulged that the usage of A (36.03% ± 0.74) and T (31.81% ± 0.65) occurred more frequently than the usage of G (17.88% ± 0.57) and C (14.28% ± 0.66) making the gene composition AT more than GC. The composition of bases in the 3rd position saw base T most frequent than base A.
Conclusion: The codon and amino acid use patterns reflect this bias in genetic composition. Leptospiral strains have a similar general codon usage pattern and are slightly biassed. The majority of the frequently occurring codons are A- and U-ending, showing that mutational bias is the primary driver determining codon usage in this bacterium. There were significant changes in synonymous codon usage frequencies between Leptospira interrogans and with other virulent strains. Codon use preferences to account for these differences.
Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatments of Helicobacter Pylori
Authors: Singh Aditi , Mahajan Shital 
Published: January 2022

Helicobacter pylori is the first officially known recognized bacterial carcinogen with more than half the world's population colonized by the gram-negative bacterium. However, more often complications are seen in adults than in children.
Decreased Helicobacter pylori can be a two-edged sword, reducing the incidence of stomach ailments while increasing the risk of allergies and constipation. Helicobacter pylori causes various diseases ranging from gastritis to gastric lymphoma.
A number of research have been done on H. pylori which play a crucial role in their diagnosis and in finding an appropriate treatment against specific diseases caused by them. The choice of diagnostic method is based on relevance of cost, effectiveness against antimicrobial resistance and less side effects of the drugs used un the treatment. If the disease is not treated properly, the colonization can persist for a lifetime. Recently, an increase in drug resistance has been observed worldwide. Therefore, the rapid and accurate determination of any type of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance before the administration of detoxification is particularly important.
Initially the article introduced the pathogenesis and microbiology of Helicobacter pylori. Later there is a complete overview of the diagnostic methods currently available for the detection of the infectious agent. The review also focuses on using next generation sequencing in the detection of the bacterium. To date, advanced sequencing technologies and their applications within the lab settings are in line with Helicobacter pylori management guidelines thereby helping in early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying disease.
The Prevalence of Antenatal Depression among Women in Medina, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alfahl Samah , Alharbi Alhanouf Dhaifallah Hamad , Alshahrani Najim Z. 
Published: January 2022

Background: Antenatal depression is a recognized global burden. However, it has remained an ignored part of public health. Most of the maternal depression interventions have been directed towards post-natal depression.
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to understand the third-trimester antenatal depression risk factors and prevalence among Saudi Arabian women.
Method: This study employed cross-sectional study design from April 2020 to June 2020 and 201 participants were recruited for this study. The study was conducted at Medina in the Maternity and Children's Hospital (MCH) from April 2020 to June 2020. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women who visited the outpatient clinic of antenatal care in MCH. Pregnant women who had a known familial history or already been diagnosed with depression before pregnancy were excluded from this study. The collection of the data was through researcher administered questionnaire to the pregnant women meeting eligibility criteria who were visiting the clinic of antenatal care at the Maternity and Children's Hospital. Data were collected using a structured and validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). All the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Anova and t-test statistics.
Results: Antenatal depression among participants stands at 35.8% for normal/ minimal depression, 31.3% for mild depression, 3.9% for moderate depression, 5.5% for moderately severe, and 3.5% for severe depression. Antenatal depression was mostly prevalent in the third trimester.
Conclusion: The antenatal depression prevalence among pregnant women in Medina is high. Screening for mental health problems and provision of supportive mental health services as a component of antenatal care services is recommended.