bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of specific absorption rate and heating in children exposed to a 7T MRI head coil
Authors: Malik Shaihan J. , Hand Jeffrey W. , Carmichael David W. , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: June 2022

PurposeTo evaluate specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions resulting from pediatric exposure to a 7T head coil.MethodsExposure from a 297‐MHz birdcage head transmit coil (CP mode single‐channel transmission) was simulated in several child models (ages 3–14, mass 13.9–50.4 kg) and one adult, using time‐domain electromagnetic and thermal solvers. Position variability, age‐related changes in dielectric properties, and differences in thermoregulation were also considered.ResultsAge‐adjusted dielectric properties had little effect in this population. Head average SAR (hdSAR) was the limiting factor for all models centered in the coil. The value of hdSAR (normalized to net power) was found to decrease linearly with increasing mass (R2 = 0.86); no equivalent relationship for peak‐spatial 10g averaged SAR (psSAR10g) was identified. Relatively small (< 10%) variability was observed in hdSAR for position shifts of ±25 mm in each orthogonal direction when normalized to net power; accounting for efficiency can lead to much larger variability. Position sensitivity of psSAR10g was greater, but in most cases hdSAR remained the limiting quantity.For thermal simulations, if blood temperature is fixed (i.e., asserting good thermoregulation), maximum temperatures are compliant with International Electrotechnical Commission limits during 60‐min exposure at the SAR limit. Introducing variable blood temperature leads to core temperature changes proportional to whole‐body averaged SAR, exceeding guideline limits for all child models.ConclusionsChildren experienced higher SAR than adults for the 297‐MHz head transmit coil examined in this work. Thermal simulations suggest that core temperature changes could occur in smaller subjects, although experimental data are needed for validation.
Metabolite‐cycled echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging of the human heart
Authors: Peereboom Sophie M. , Kozerke Sebastian 
Published: June 2022

PurposeSpectroscopic imaging could provide insights into regional cardiac triglyceride variations, but is hampered by relatively long scan times. It is proposed to synergistically combine echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) with motion‐adapted gating, weighted acquisition and metabolite cycling to reduce scan times to less than 10 min while preserving spatial‐spectral quality. The method is compared to single‐voxel measurements and to metabolite‐cycled EPSI with conventional acquisition for assessing triglyceride‐to‐water (TG/W) ratios in the human heart.MethodsMeasurements were performed on 10 healthy volunteers using a clinical 1.5T system. EPSI data was acquired both without and with motion‐adapted gating in combination with weighted acquisition to assess TG/W ratios and relative Cramér‐Rao lower bounds (CRLB) of TG. For comparison, single‐voxel (PRESS) spectra were acquired in the interventricular septum.ResultsBland–Altman analyses did not show a significant bias in TG/W when comparing both metabolite‐cycled EPSI methods to PRESS for any of the cardiac segments. Scan time was 8.05 ± 2.06 min and 17.91 ± 3.93 min for metabolite‐cycled EPSI with and without motion‐adapted gating and weighted acquisition, respectively, while relative CRLB of TG did not differ significantly between the two methods for any of the cardiac segments.ConclusionsMetabolite‐cycled EPSI with motion‐adapted gating and weighted acquisition allows detecting TG/W ratios in different regions of the in vivo human heart. Scan time is reduced by more than 2‐fold to less than 10 min as compared to conventional acquisition, while keeping the quality of TG fitting constant.
Elastodynamic analyses of transversely isotropic unsaturated subgrade–pavement system under moving loads
Authors: Ye Zi , Ai Zhi Yong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper, elastodynamic responses of the layered transversely isotropic unsaturated subgrade–pavement system subjected to the moving load are investigated. The unsaturated subgrade soil is described via a triphasic Biot‐type model introducing the effect of matric suction, immiscible flows of water and air, and transverse isotropy. The rigid pavement is modeled by the Kirchhoff plate theory, while the flexible pavement is modeled by the stratification medium theory. First, the governing equations of the unsaturated subgrade soil are obtained after algebraical manipulations. The precise integration method (PIM) is further combined with the double Fourier transform to solve the governing equations. The subgrade soil solution is utilized as the flexible coefficient to describe the plate–soil interaction, and the solution of the pavement is further acquired via the double inverse Fourier transform. Four verification examples regarding literatures and COMSOL are presented to verify the correctness of the theory. Finally, numerical examples are conducted to investigate the effect of various parameters on the dynamic behavior of the unsaturated subgrade–pavement system.
Effectiveness of nurse‐led discharge service on adult surgical inpatients: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mao Huina , Xie Yarui , Shen Ying , Wang Mei , Luo Yingxia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimTo determine the effectiveness of nurse‐led discharge service for adult surgical inpatients.DesignThe report of this review was conducted by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement checklist.MethodsThe PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and Embase as well as four Chinese databases including CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database and CBM were searched for randomized controlled trials. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. And meta‐analyses were conducted for the eligible studies by Review manager 5.4.1.ResultsA total of 1,649 participants were enrolled in 12 randomized controlled trials. The result of readmission rate and emergency visit of intervention group were lower than those of the control group; activities of daily living and quality of life in the intervention group were higher than that of the control group. There was no statistical difference in the length of stay between the two groups.
Obesity prevention across the US: A review of state‐level policies from 2009 to 2019
Authors: Cleveland Lauren P. , Grummon Anna H. , Konieczynski Elsa , Mancini Sally , Rao Anjali , Simon Denise , Block Jason P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveUniquely, state legislators may enact obesity prevention policies tailored to each state's needs and take diverse policy approaches to address obesity prevalence. The objective of this study was to identify and describe state‐level obesity‐related policies between 2009 and 2019.MethodsUsing a database of legislation covering 2009–2019, researchers categorized obesity‐related legislation by status (proposed/enacted), topic, and environment impacted. Researchers determined the number of policies proposed; enacted, by political party control; obesity prevalence, by states over time.Results3256 obesity‐related policies were proposed among 50 states and Washington DC between 2009 and 2019. Collectively, 18% (593) of policies were enacted; California (96), New and Jersey (57) enacted the most. Across environment and topics, the most enacted policies categorized in school environment (226) and school nutrition (150) topic area. Most policies were proposed (496) and enacted (77) in 2011. On average, Democrat‐controlled states had higher enactment rates than Republican‐controlled states, as did states with lower (vs. higher) obesity prevalence.ConclusionsStates have actively pursued obesity‐related legislation across multiple topics and environments from 2009 to 2019, with mixed enactment rates. Evaluating the impact of these policies, alone and in combination, will be important to determine whether these state‐level efforts reduce obesity.
Comparable quality performance between telemedicine and office‐based care for abnormal BMI screening and management
Authors: Baughman Derek , Baughman Kathryn , Jabbarpour Yalda , Waheed Abdul 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite widespread adoption during COVID‐19, there is limited evidence supporting the quality of telemedicine care in managing patients with abnormal BMI.ObjectiveTo evaluate the comparability of telemedicine and in‐person (office) quality performance for abnormal body mass index (BMI kg/m2) screening and management in primary care.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study measured Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) quality performance for abnormal BMI screening (patients with BMIs <18.5 or >25 kg/m2 and a qualifying documented follow up plan) across an 8‐hospital integrated health system seen via primary care from 4/1/20 ‐ 9/30/21. Encounters were divided into three exposure groups: office (excluding telemedicine), telemedicine (excluding office), and blended telemedicine (office + telemedicine). Demographic stratification compared group composition. Chi squared tests determined statistical differences in quality performance (p = <0.05).ResultsDemographics of sub‐groups for the 287,387 patients (office: 222,333; telemedicine: 1,556; blended‐telemedicine: 63,489) revealed a modest female predominance, majority ages 26–70, mostly White non‐Hispanics of low health risk, and the majority BMI representation was overweight, followed closely by class 1 obesity. In both HEDIS specified and HEDIS modified performance, blended‐telemedicine performed better than office (12.56%, 95% CI 12.29%–13.01%; 11.16%, 95% CI: 10.85%–11.48%; p < 0.0001); office performed better than telemedicine (4.29%, 95% CI 2.84%–5.54%; 4.79%, 95% CI 3.99%–5.35%; p < 0.0001).ConclusionQuality performance was highest for blended‐telemedicine, followed by office‐only, then telemedicine‐only. Given the known cost savings, adding telemedicine as a care venue might promote value within health systems without negatively impacting HEDIS performance.
Evidence of alternative trophic pathways for fish consumers in a large river system in the face of invasion
Authors: Gatto John V. , Ickes Brian S. , Chick John H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLarge rivers are susceptible to anthropogenic alteration, which can result in drastic changes to their functional ecology. We evaluated spatial–temporal changes in the functional fish communities of the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) using data from six study reaches. Species were classified into one of 14 feeding guilds and mass per unit effort (MPUE) was then calculated for each feeding guild annually per gear type. MPUE was standardized using the multigear mean standardization method (MGMS) and log‐transformed. Both ANOSIM and Chi‐square tests were used to determine differences in MPUE among reaches. We then estimated functional diversity by calculating the number of functional groups (N), Margalef's d, Pielou's J′, Shannon's Diversity, and Simpson's Diversity Index. An AR(1) time series model was used to investigate proportional changes in each guild over 25 years. To evaluate the effect of invasive Carp species in invaded reaches, a Chow test was applied to observations between 2000 and 2005. Analyses revealed differences in the functional fish community among reaches. We found differences in functional diversity metrics among study reaches, but there was little evidence that this differed between invaded and non‐invaded reaches. Results determined that invertivore/detritivores have been consistently declining system‐wide, with few groups showing a net change. There was also little evidence that invasion altered the proportion of any functional guild. Evaluating the spatial–temporal patterns of functional communities is beneficial to understanding the resilience of a system and can provide further insight into its trophic needs when considering future restoration initiatives.
Environmental, Physiological and Biochemical Processes Determining the Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Tree-Ring Cellulose
Authors: Song Xin , Lorrey Andrew , Barbour Margaret M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAnalysis of the oxygen isotope ratioof tree-ring cellulose (δ18Ocell) is a promising tool for reconstructingpast climatic variations and their influence on terrestrial ecosystems, but control mechanisms of δ18Ocell are multi-faceted, involving a number of fractionation steps along the oxygen transfer pathway from precipitation water to the site of cellulose formation. The goal of the current chapter is to provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning fractionation mechanisms related to δ18Ocell. The review is organized by using the currently widely-used δ18Ocell model as a reference context, and is focused on three main determinants of δ18Ocell: source water isotope ratio (δ18Osw), leaf water isotope enrichment (Δ18Olw), and biochemical fractionations downstream of Δ18Olw. For each component, we summarize environmental, physiological, and/or biochemical processes underlying 18O fractionations, and provide explanations of how these processes are critically relevant for linking δ18Ocell to climatic factors in real-world scenarios. We identify knowledge gaps in mechanistic controls of δ18Ocell, and highlight opportunities for more research to improve upon the existing model.
The Stable Hydrogen Isotopic Signature: From Source Water to Tree Rings
Authors: Lehmann Marco M. , Schuler Philipp , Cormier Marc-André , Allen Scott T. , Leuenberger Markus , Voelker Steve 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe hydrogen isotopic signature (δ2H) of water in trees contains information on plant functional responses to climatic changes and on the origin of the water. This is also true for the non-exchangeable hydrogen isotopic signature (δ2HNE) of plant organic matter, which contains additional physiological and biochemical information that can be dated to specific years if extracted from annual rings of trees. Despite this potential for gaining unique insights from δ2HNEof tree-ring cellulose (δ2HTRC), it has not been widely used compared to other isotope signals, likely due to challenging methodological constraints and interpretations of these isotopic signals. In this chapter, we first summarize hydrogen isotope (2H-) fractionation that occurs between source water and tree rings and review methods (e.g. nitration, equilibration, position-specific applications) and calculations to determine δ2HNE in tree material. Building upon a summary of the current state of knowledge, this chapter also provides an exhaustive synthesis of δ2HTRC papers, applications, and associated data from approximately 180 sites across the globe (paired with modelled precipitation δ2H values and climate data). The data allow us to investigate the hydrological-climatic effects driving δ2HTRC pattern on a global scale, the relationship of hydrogen with oxygen isotopes in the same tree-ring material, as well as the influence of physiological-biochemical effects (e.g., species differences, tree growth) that appear to be more important on local or temporal scales than on a large spatial scales. Thus, when local hydro-climatic influences on source water δ2H can be isolated, δ2HTRC gives novel insights on tree physiological responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. We conclude that the growing constellation of tree-ring metrics, including advancements in 2H-processing (i.e., equilibration techniques allowing rapid determinations of δ2HNE) and further refinements to the understanding of post-photosynthetic 2H-fractionations will together provide many new opportunities to understand past climates and ecophysiology by using δ2H in tree rings.
Climate Signals in Stable Isotope Tree-Ring Records
Authors: Gagen Mary , Battipaglia Giovanna , Daux Valerie , Duffy Josie , Dorado-Liñán Isabel , Hayles Laia Andreu , Martínez-Sancho Elisabet , McCarroll Danny , Shestakova Tatiana A. , Treydte Kerstin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this chapter we introduce the climate signal in stable isotope tree-ring records, with the emphasis on temperate forests. The development of the subdiscipline is recapped followed by an exploration of isotope dendroclimatic records by geography and, broadly, by isotopic species. Whilst there are still questions to be answered around signal strength and age-related effects in different environments and in different species, the proxy is now contributing to palaeoclimatology in a far greater way than in the days of the first hints of ‘isotope tree thermometers’. We include two summary tables. Table 19.1 exemplifies the range of climate information available from stable carbon isotope time series and Table 19.2 explores oxygen isotope proxy signals. Due to the greater complexity seen in stable carbon isotope interpretations we explore response groupings with example references given for each category of proxy response. Finally, we summarize the state of the art in isotope dendroclimatology and discuss possible future directions.
Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and Innovations
Authors: Frank David , Fang Keyan , Fonti Patrick 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter overviews long-standing foundations, methods, and concepts of dendrochronology, yet also pays attention to a few related paradigm shifts driven by isotope measurements in tree-rings. The basics of annual ring formation are first reviewed, followed by structural descriptions of tree-rings at the macroscopic-to-microscopic scale including earlywoodandlatewoodin conifers (gymnosperms) and hardwoods (angiosperms), as well as wood anatomical features. Numerous examples of inter-disciplinary applications connected to various tree-ring parameters are provided. With the foundation of tree-rings established, this chapter then describes the process and necessity for crossdating—the process by which each and every ring is assigned to a specific year. Methods and terminology related to field sampling also briefly described. The long-standing paradigm of site selection criteria—well shown to maximize common signals in tree-ring width datasets—is challenged in a brief discussion of newer tree-ring isotope literature demonstrating that robust chronologies with high signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained at non-ecotonal locations. Opportunities for isotope measurements to enable crossdating in otherwise challenging contexts are likewise highlighted. The chapter reviews a conceptual framework to disaggregate tree-ring time-series, with special attention to detrending and standardization methods used to mitigate tree-age/size related noise common to many applications such as dendroclimatic reconstruction. Some of the drivers of long-term trends in tree-ring isotope data such as the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2, age/size/height trends, and climate variation are presented along with related debates/uncertainties evident in literature in order to establish priorities for future investigations. The development of tree-ring chronologies and related quality control metrics used to assess the common signal and the variance of tree-ring data are described, along with the limitations in correlation based statistics to determine the robustness of tree-ring datasets particularly in the low frequency domain. These statistical methods will gain relevance as tree-ring isotope datasets increasingly approach sample replications and dataset structures typical for tree-ring width measurements.
Tree-Ring Stable Isotope Measurements: The Role of Quality Assurance and Quality Control to Ensure High Quality Data
Authors: Brooks J. Renée , Rugh William D. , Werner Roland A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractQuality assuranceand quality control(QA/QC) are important components of every study. In this chapter, we give an overview of QA/QC specific for tree-ring stable-isotope analysis from the perspective of the entire research project, rather than from the operation of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers (IRMS). We address how users of stable isotope tree-ring data can quantify the quality of their data for reporting in publications by calculating accuracy and precision. We cover some of the potential sources of error that can occur during sample processing and isotopic measurements, basic principles of calibration to the appropriate isotopic scales, and how researchers can detect error and calculate uncertaintyusing duplicatesand quality control standards.
Brownfields as Landscapes
Authors: Modica Marcello 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTo consider and actually treat brownfields as territorial infrastructures it is necessary to overcome the established dichotomy between intensive and extensive models, respectively those focusing on real-estate development and ecological recultivation. A possible way is to assume an holistic landscape perspective capable of conceptually and operatively incorporating these sites into a wider spatial and territorial framework. To this aim, structuralist and systemic approaches to brownfield transformation are reviewed and analyzed through pioneering experiences and relevant thinking patterns within the fields of landscape urbanism, landscape architecture and urban planning and design.
Optic disc blood perfusion and oxygenation in glaucoma
Authors: Al Zoubi Hosni , Riemer Thomas , Simon Rowena , Vilser Walthard , Hasan Somar , Meller Daniel , Augsten Regine , Hammer Martin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To investigate the haemoglobin concentration and oxygenation in the optic disc in glaucoma patients vs. controls.

Methods
Thirty-one eyes of primary open angle glaucoma patients (mean age: 64.9 ± 2.1 years) and 31 eyes of 31 healthy controls (65.5 ± 2.0 years) were included. Perimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography were performed. Multispectral imaging was used to record the optic disc reflectance at wavelengths 522 nm, 548 nm, 555 nm, 586 nm, and 610 nm, and haemoglobin concentration and oxygenation (SO2) were calculated from these measures. This was done in the rest and under stimulation of neuronal activity by flicker light.

Results
The haemoglobin concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the rim (40.0 ± 6.3) and the excavation (35.7 ± 8.0) of the glaucoma patients’ discs than in controls (45.7 ± 7.5). SO2 was not different in general, but lower in a subgroup of 18 glaucoma patients with ischaemic disc rims than in non-ischaemic ones (median 26.8%, interquartile range (IQR): 29.5% vs. 51.9%, IQR 32.0%, p = 0.02) as well as in controls (41.0%, IQR 30.6%, p = 0.01). Flicker light stimulation significantly increased the haemoglobin concentration in the controls (+ 1.3 ± 3.6, p = 0.048) as well as in the rim of glaucoma discs (+ 2.6 ± 5.0, p = 0.006) and SO2 in the controls only (+ 15.4 ± 23.6%, p = 0.001). The haemoglobin concentration was significantly correlated with the perimetric mean defect, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and para-papillary perfusion density.

Conclusions
The optic disc haemoglobin concentration and oxygenation are quantifiable from multispectral imaging and reduced in glaucoma. The correlation of haemoglobin concentration with perfusion density, RNFL thickness and visual field loss indicates its implication in glaucoma pathology.