bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Dual Functional Platinum Black-modified Miniaturized Electrodes for Hydrogenperoxide Detection
Authors: Kranz Christine , Hellmann Andreas , Daboss Sven 
Published: July 2022

Microelectrochemistry has a long history in the life sciences for in vivo and in vitro measurements of
e.g., pH, oxygen, and signaling molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), adenosine-5`-triphosphate (ATP),
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and neurotransmitters. In particular, gaining information on signaling
molecules at live cells, e.g., during and after stimulation is of significance for understanding cell
signaling. Within recent years, our research team has focused on the development of micro-sized
sensing approaches for the detection of ATP [1,2], which is considered among the most important
autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules [3]. H2O2 belongs to the group of reactive oxygen species
(ROS), which is in contrast to radical ROS rather stable. H2O2 is involved in many physiological
processes such as hypoxic signal transduction, cell differentiation and proliferation but is also involved
in mediating immune responses [4]. The effect is, among other parameters, dependent on its local
concentration and its exposure time.
Platinum black is a highly suitable electrocatalytic nanomaterial for the electrochemical detection of
H2O2 [5]. We recently demonstrated that Pt black modified microelectrodes can be used for H2O2 at
granulocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs [6]. Within this presentation, we will
introduce dual functional miniaturized probes that allow further miniaturization of electrochemical
sensors for biomedical applications. We will demonstrate that these probes have great potential for cell
measurements, i.e., at macrophages that produce and release ROS in response to phagocytosis or
stimulation.
References
[1] E. Hecht, A. Liedert, A. Ignatius, B. Mizaikoff, C. Kranz, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 44, 27.
[2] C. Ziller, et al., ChemElectroChem 2017, 4, 864.
[3] R. Corriden, P. A. Insel, Sci. Signal. 2010, 3, 104.
[4] C. Lennicke et al., Cell Commun. Signal. 2015, 13, 39.
[5] Y. Li, C. Sella, F. Lemaitre, M.G. Collignon, L. Thouin, C. Amatore, Electroanalysis 2013, 25, 895.
[6] A. Hellmann, S. Daboss, F. Zink, C. Hartmann, P. Radermacher, C. Kranz, Electrochim. Acta 2020, 353, 30851
Carbon Fiber Microelectrode pH Sensors with Voltammetry and Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Zestos Alexander George , Cho Whirang , Rafi Harmain , Cho Seulki , Balijepalli Arvind 
Published: July 2022

Graphitic carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been used as biosensors for the detection of biomolecules such as neurotransmitters using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). The electrodes are relatively small (7 microns in diameter), biocompatible, have high spatiotemporal resolution, and do not generally illicit an immune response. Traditionally, CFMEs have been used to detect neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and others. The shape and position of the cyclic voltammogram (CV) is a chemical fingerprint for neurotransmitter detection with the peak oxidative current being proportional to concentration. The method is ideal for measuring fast, subsecond changes of neurotransmitters such as the phasic firing of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, the method has been expanded to measure other molecules such as metals, amino acids, peptides (including neuropeptides), hormones, proteins, neuromodulators, and other biomolecules.
In this study, we demonstrate the use of CFMEs as both FSCV sensors and field-effect transistor (FET) transducers for dynamic pH measurements. The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of functional groups on the surface of CFMEs affect their response over a physiologically relevant pH range. When measured with FET transducers, the sensitivity of the measurements over the measured pH range was found to be (101 ± 18) mV, which exceeded the Nernst value at room temperature of 59 mV by approximately 70 %. Finally, we validated the functionality of CFMEs as pH sensors with FSCV ex vivo in rat brain coronal slices with exogenously applied solutions of varying pH indicating that potential in vivo study is feasible. The sensitive, fast, biocompatible, and selective detection of pH fluctuations provides for a multitude of potential future applications such as the optimization of biomolecule measurement and measurement of pH in specific extracellular tumor microenvironments for cancer studies in addition to many others.
(Invited, Digital Presentation) Simple Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing
Authors: Xu Guobao , Zhang Wei 
Published: July 2022

Electrodes are essential for electrochemical analysis. Numerous bare electrodes and chemically modified electrodes have been utilized for electrochemical sensing. Common bare electrodes, such as platinum electrode, gold electrode and glassy carbon electrode, are relatively expensive. It requires good skills to fabricate chemically modified electrodes to get reproducible results.
In recent years, we have exploited the applications of some simple electrodes for electrochemical sensing and biosensing [1-5]. We have used stainless steel electrode for electrochemical detection and electrochemiluminescent detection of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and the activity of glucose oxidase [1,2]. The automatic formation of passivation layer on stainless steel electrode not only results in unique electrochemical sensing performance but also avoid complex modification of electrode. We have also developed stainless steel electrode as a new driving electrode with low background for bipolar electrogenerated chemiluminescence [3]. Moreover, we have developed carbon paste electrodes as effective electrode for sensitive detection of sodium azide and cathodic electrochemiluminescence [4,5]. Finally, we have developed a wireless electrode array chip for wireless electrochemiluminescence analysis [6,7].
Acknowledgment
We are grateful for financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22004116 and 21874126).
References
[1] A. Kitte, M. N. Zafar, Y. T. Zholudov, X.i Ma, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2018, 90, 8680.
[2] A. Kitte, W. Gao, Y. T. Zholudov, L. Qi, A. Nsabimana, Z. Liu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2017, 89, 9864.
[3] Yuan, L. Qi, T. H. Fereja, D. V. Snizhko, Z. Liu, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 262, 182.
[4] Li, M. Han, F. Wu, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, J. Li, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2018, 410, 4953.
[5] Tian, S. Han, L. Hu, Y. Yuan, J. Wang, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405, 3427.
[6] Qi, Y. Xia, W. Qi, W. Gao, F. Wu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2016, 88, 1123.
[7] Qi, J. Lai, W. Gao, S. Li, S. Hanif, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 8927.
A Search for New Mesoporous Carbon Solids with Cubic Ordered Porosity
Authors: Stewart Anna , Taylor Erin E , Stadie Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2022

A three-dimensional material comprised exclusively of carbon whose underlying structure lies on a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is a member of the class of hypothetical carbon allotropes known as schwarzites. Such materials are highly sought-after due to their fundamental significance (the last remaining unknown crystalline allotrope of sp2-hybridized carbon) and likely interesting properties (e.g., ballistic conduction at room temperature). Other properties include a large pore volume and high surface area for gas and ion adsorption, making them a class of candidate materials for many applications such as supercapacitor electrodes and gas storage. A true schwarzite has never been synthesized, despite their predicted low energies of formation compared to fullerenes.
This research focuses on the synthesis of an interpenetrating schwarzite-like material. A hard-templating strategy has been designed to achieve this through the synthesis of a free-standing graphene foam material whose structure lies on a cubic TPMS. The specific material of interest herein requires an ordered mesoporous silicate template that carries the Ia-3d space group with an optimal pore to wall ratio. Pore and wall structure as well as composition for these materials can be optimized by changing the hydrothermal synthesis temperature, the addition of different precursors, and by varying the cationic and neutral structure-directing agents. We present our recent progress in this effort and also propose future work to achieve optimal templates for schwarzite-like materials synthesis.

Figure 1
Biphasic Solid Electrolytes with Homogeneous Li-Ion Transport Pathway Enabled By Metal-Organic Frameworks
Authors: Won Eun-Seo , Lee Jong-Won 
Published: July 2022

Solid-state batteries based on nonflammable inorganic solid electrolytes provide a promising technical solution that can resolve the safety issues of current lithium-ion batteries. Biphasic solid electrolytes comprising Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polymer have been attracting significant interest for solid-state Li batteries because of their mechanical robustness and enhanced Li+ conductivity, compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, the hybridization allows for the fabrication of thin and large-area electrolyte membranes without the need for high-temperature sintering of LLZO. However, the non-uniform distribution of LLZO particles and polymer species in biphasic electrolytes may cause uneven Li+ conduction, which results in poor interfacial stability with electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycling.
In this study, we report a biphasic solid electrolyte with homogeneous Li+ transport pathway achieved by a metal–organic framework (MOF) layer. To regulate and homogenize the Li+ flux across the interface between the electrolyte and electrode, a free-standing, biphasic solid electrolyte membrane is integrated with the MOF nanoparticle layer. A mixture of plastic crystal (PC) and polymeric phase is infused into porous networks of the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane, producing the percolating Li+ conduction pathways. The MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane is found to form the smooth and uniform interface with nanoporous channels in contact with the electrodes, effectively facilitating homogeneous Li+ transport. A solid-state battery with the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane shows the enhanced rate-capability and cycling stability in comparison to the battery with the unmodified biphasic electrolyte. This study demonstrates that the proposed electrolyte design provides an effective approach to improving the interfacial stability of biphasic electrolytes with electrodes for long-cycling solid-state batteries.
[1] H.-S. Shin, W. Jeong, M.-H. Ryu, S.W. Lee, K.-N. Jung, J.-W. Lee, Electrode-to-electrode monolithic integration for high-voltage bipolar solid-state batteries based on plastic-crystal polymer electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J, published online.
[2] T. Jiang, P. He, G. Wang, Y. Shen, C.-W. Nan, L.-Z. Fan, Solvent-free synthesis of thin, flexible, nonflammable garnet-based composite solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 1903376.
Thermal Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module for Energy-Storage Applications
Authors: Lee Dongcheul , Kang Seohee , Kim Byungmook , Shin Chee Burm 
Published: July 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which store electric energy and can be easy to use when power is needed, are preferred as an energy storage device to expand renewable energy use and improve the efficiency of the power industry. However, when LIBs are charged at a high rate in a low temperature, metallic lithium is deposited on an anode, which could cause safety problems due to internal short circuit. Also, when LIBs are operated at a high temperature, it promotes aging by increasing the SEI and degradation of electrode structure. Thermal management is essential for maintaining the proper temperature of LIBs for energy-storage applications. It is important to develop a thermal modeling methodology to reflect the combined effects the thermal properties of the various components of a battery cell as well as the complex structures of the battery module.
In this work, a three-dimensional modeling is carried out to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the thermal behavior of an LIB module. The battery module consisting of 28 prismatic pouch-type LIB cells fabricated by LG Chem. is modeled. The LIB cell has a nominal capacity of 63 Ah and is composed of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) positive electrodes, graphite negative electrodes, and porous separators impregnated with plasticized electrolyte. In the battery module, 2 cells are connected in parallel, composing a single strand, and then 14 strands are connected in series (2P 14S configuration). The non-uniform distribution of the heat generation rate in an LIB cell within the module is calculated based the modeling results of the potential and current density distributions of the baPttery cell. Thermal modeling of an LIB module is validated by the comparison between the experimental measurements and modeling results.
(General Student Poster Session Winner - 2nd Place) Electrolysis Reference Electrode Methodology, and Electrochemical Modelling Applications
Authors: McLeod Alexander , Buehre Lena Viviane , Mérida Walter 
Published: July 2022

The added constraints of fuel cells and electrolysers can make incorporating reference electrodes into their design a complex and invasive process. One set of solutions to this problem includes placing multiple reference electrodes around the perimeter to be the least invasive as possible, adding a catalyst patch to the membrane to keep potentials from fluctuating, and using additional hydrogen producing electrodes as a reference for potential [1].
The referenced approach has been proven to work in fuel cells; this work seeks to apply the referenced methodology to electrolysers, and expand upon it using electrochemical modelling techniques. By characterizing the net- and half-reactions using polarization curves and Tafel analysis at a series of different temperatures, it is possible to model the half-reaction parameters from polarization curve data collected for the net-reaction. The resulting model will then enable estimates of half-reaction parameters in a conventional two-electrode electrolyser setup.
Figure 1 shows the suggested set-up and reference electrode placement for this experiment. The reference electrodes; Re1, Re2, Re4 and Re5 will be platinized platinum wires and will work as Reversible Hydrogen Electrodes in this system. Reference electrodes ReP,0 and ReP,3 will be catalyst patches placed in chambers where the conditions will be held constant. Sensing electrodes will also be added as patches but are not subject to the same conditions as the reference electrodes. The conditions, temperature, pressure and humidity, in the cell will be known, thereby allowing for the characterization and correction of the reference electrode potentials against the Standard Hydrogen Electrode.
References:

Herrera, O. et al., “New Reference Electrode Approach for Fuel Cell Performance Evaluation” ECS Trans. Vol. 16, p. 1915, (2008)

Figure 1
Electrochemical Versus Chemical Oxidation of 2,6-Diphenylphenol
Authors: Gao Stephanie , Martic Sanela 
Published: July 2022

The phenolic compounds are used in the industry, agriculture and biotechnology, and inevitably end up in our environment. These compounds may serve as a phenolic precursor to produce raw materials for a wide range of applications. The selective electrochemical oxidation of bulky phenols was recently achieved [1]. Herein, electrochemical oxidation of 2,6-diphenylphenol (DPP) was carried out and compared to traditional chemical oxidation. Contrasted with chemical oxidation, cyclic voltammetry resulted in a range of products based on the specific potential ranges used. The electrooxidation and chemical oxidation of DPP resulted in a solution colour change and the formation of new products monitored by UV-vis, and characterized by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR), X-ray single crystal diffraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our data indicate that the synthetic outcomes are dependent on the synthetic methodology employed, and that electrooxidation may yield products which are not always possible by chemical means.
References
[1] Zabik, N. L.; Virca, C. N.; McCormick, T. M.; Martic-Milne, S. Selective Electrochemical versus Chemical Oxidation of Bulky Phenol. J. Phys. Chem. B 2016, 120 (34), 8914–8924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06135.

Figure 1
Hydroformylation-like Reactions Enable Electrochemical Pathways from CO2 to Extended Carbon Chains
Authors: Zeng Joy , Manthiram Karthish 
Published: July 2022

Atomically precise active sites on electrode surfaces promise new chemical transformations that simultaneously exploit both the potent physical handle of applied voltage and the highly-tailored reactivity of well-defined active sites. Often, these catalysts have off-electrode analogs in biology or organometallic chemistry, and effectively leveraging these analogies requires an understanding of how catalysis at the active site is perturbed by the complex interplay of electrolyte species and electric fields at electrode interfaces. In this work, we dissect and design two atomically precise catalysts that leverage off-electrode analogies and enable an electrochemical pathway that converts CO2 to extended carbon chains.
We show that a new electrified hydroformylation reaction can be used to achieve electrochemical C-C coupling. Hydroformylation is a well-studied thermochemical reaction that performs C-C coupling by appending CO to an olefin in the presence of H2 gas. We mimic homogeneous HFN catalysts on electrode surfaces using single atom-decorated nanoparticles. We show that electrochemistry can be used to circumvent the need to supply H2 as a reactant. Instead, protons, electrons, and CO can be used to hydroformylate a model substrate. Additionally, we study the electrochemical generation of CO, a necessary reactant for hydroformylation, via immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) catalysts. Through collecting kinetic data over a wide range of operating conditions and quantitatively comparing candidate mechanisms, we are able to demonstrate unexpected roles of both the electrolyte and applied potential on the reaction pathway.
These studies build towards a more rigorous and quantitative understanding of how the many components of an electrode interface interact with and influence catalysis on atomically precise active sites. It is crucial to carve out this complexity if we wish to effectively import catalysts or design principles from other catalytic contexts onto electrified interfaces.
Innovative Battery Electrodes Via Composite Electroforming
Authors: Soergel Timo 
Published: July 2022

Since 2012, intensive research has been conducted at Aalen University on the combination of metal foil electroforming and composite electroplating [1, 2]. At the end of 2019, the world's first pilot plant for the patented process [3] - called composite electroforming - was developed and built up as part of the BMBF project GoForE (BMBF, VIP+ funding program).
Composite electroforming can be used to produce composite metal foils with embedded functional dispersoids. The type of functional particles as well as the choice of deposition parameters makes it possible to set a specific structuring of the foil. Such structuring is particularly advantageous for battery electrodes in lithium ion and lithium-sulfur cells.
The process allows for the continuous production of novel electrode foils in form of a continuous material with a foil width of 30 cm [4-6]. The matrix material - a suitable electrodepositable metal such as nickel and aluminum - simultaneously performs the function of a current collector, binder as well as a conductive additive. Contrary to the state of the art, this allows for the first time a synergetic optimization of the mechanical and electrical bonding of the active material.
In a new approach, the metal matrix will be realized by the replacement of nickel by aluminum (BMWi, IGF project KultBat) which allows an additional boost with respect to a lowering of costs and an increase of energy and power density as well as efficiency.
The results of the meanwhile finalized GoForE project, as well as first results of the KultBat project, will be presented. In addition to the specific electroplating issues and an excursus on key figures of the produced battery cathodes, the question of process upscaleability will also be highlighted.
[1] C. Erhardt, Ş. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, T. Sörgel, J. Power Sources 2015, 296, 70-77.
[2] Ş. Sörgel, O. Kesten, A. Wengel, T. Sörgel, Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 10, 223-232.
[3] T. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, Ş. Sörgel, Film Composite Material, EP000003114721B1, 2019.
[4] T. Sörgel, ZVO report 2019, 1, 46.
[5] S. Meinhard, O. Kesten, K. Jäger, I. Hägele, T. Sörgel, Galvanotechnik 2020, 8, 1164-1169
[6] A. K. Jäger, S. Meinhard, O. Kesten, I. Hägele, T. Sörgel, WoMag 2020, 4, 25-26

Figure 1
Innovation Processing of Circuit Boards with FDM Printing and Selective Electrochemical Metallization
Authors: Endrikat Anna , Eggert Lara , Di Maglie Alex , Neumann Tom , Goldstein Max , Attenberger Klaus , Bouhrouch Dalal , Schlosser Michel , Bund Andreas 
Published: July 2022

Additive processing like fused deposition modeling (FDM) can be used for customized products or prototypes. Due to the layer-by-layer structure it is possible to work flexibly and efficiently in geometry. In the electronics industry geometrically demanding circuit carriers can be built in relatively short times, but the processes are somewhat inflexible and take a series of processing steps. Circuit boards are made from layers of fiber-reinforced plastics and then joined by pressing. Vertical interconnects are made by copper plating. Finally, electronic components added via a soldering process.
With FDM it is possible to work flexibly with regard to geometry, printing different materials, and a large selection of filaments is given. For a circuit board, one needs at least two filament materials (one insulator, one electronic conductor) to realize conducting lines.
In this work we use FDM with different polymers for printing the substrate plate and conductor track structures in a single process. Some of the filaments are electrically conductive and can be used as conducting path structures. However, the electrical resistance of these filaments is significantly lower than conventional copper tracks. Especially for higher currents, chemical metallization of the polymer tracks with copper and tin is necessary. In the presentation we will discuss the preliminaries for achieving selective electroless metallization on selected FDM filament materials.