bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Assembled life. A natural history of societies
Authors: Peretó Juli , Bertranpetit Jaume 
Published: September 2022

Evolutionary biology provides explanations for the natural and remote origins of cooperation, as well as for the cognitive revolution associated with the emergence of the human species and its characterising social organisation. To understand the foundations of this human social organisation, we need to look for the adaptive advantages that social structures may have provided in the history of life, and understand which of these qualities appear to follow genuine biological vectors. Undoubtedly, human cognitive skills have allowed us to go even further and the increase in the complexity of social structures also followed an independent process, based on what would later be called economics and power structures, and initially rooted in a distinctively human trait, cumulative culture. It is now a matter of debate whether the behaviours from the earliest hunter-gatherer settlements to today’s large urban structures are truly biologically rooted. Building on the evolutionary basis of cooperation, this monograph looks at human social structures, from the most ancient and simple to the most complex of modern societies.
The improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization
Authors: Cao Heling , Wang Fei , Deng Miaolei , Li Lei 
Published: September 2022

Background
Spectrum-based Fault localization have proven to be useful in the process of software testing and debugging. However, how to improve the effectiveness of software fault localization has always been a research hot spot in the field of software engineering. Dynamic slicing can extract program dependencies under certain conditions. Thus, this technology is expected to benefit for locating fault.

Methods
We propose an improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization under a general framework. We first obtain the dynamic slice of program execution. Secondly, we construct a mixed slice spectrum matrix from the dynamic slice of each test case and the corresponding test results. Finally, we compute the suspiciousness value of each statement in the mixed-slice spectram matrix.

Results
To verify the performance of our method, we conduct an empirical study on 15 widely used open-source programs. Experimental results show that our approach achieves significant improvement than the compared techniques.

Conclusions
Our approach can reduce approximately 1% to 17.79% of the average cost of code examined significantly.
Structure and Function of the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. , Uitto Jouni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A detailed appreciation of the development, structure and function of human skin is fundamental to understanding diseases that originate in or target the skin. Recent advances in molecular science have provided fascinating new insights into stem cell biology and skin homeostasis as well as disease processes such as inflammation, wound healing, ageing and neoplasia, providing novel opportunities to improve the diagnosis and therapy of skin diseases.
Boosting the Stimulated Emission Properties of Host:Guest Polymer Blends by Inserting Chain Twists in the Host Polymer
Authors: Sun Chen , Bai Lubing , Roldao Juan Carlos , Burgos‐Caminal Andrés , Borrell‐Grueiro Olivia , Lin Jinyi , Huang Wei , Gierschner Johannes , Gawelda Wojciech , Bañares Luis , Cabanillas‐González Juan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractConjugated polymer blends coupled by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been widely exploited to achieve optically pumped lasers operating at very low pumping thresholds. Among the plaid of conjugated polymers and molecules exploited for optical gain, fluorene‐based polymers are considered front‐runners, based on their high photoluminescence quantum yields, large optical gain coefficients, and their processability assets in films of high optical quality. Two archetypes of polymers with these properties are poly(9,9‐dioctyl‐fluorene) and its green‐emitting relative poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) that work as excellent FRET‐coupled blends but unexpectedly do not exhibit stimulated emission. In this study, light is shed upon the optical gain limiting factors of these blends. Upon investigating a series of poly(diarylfluorene‐co‐N‐phenyl) polymers bearing a different number of phenyl units inserted between the fluorenes (NPhs, N = 1, 2, 3), important improvements are revealed in the photoluminescence quantum yields and stimulated emission properties, as well as harnessing of exciton‐exciton annihilation. These effects are ascribed to disruption of exciton transport in NPhs motivated by changes in chain conformation and molecular packing upon phenyl‐insertion.
Liquid‐Free, Anti‐Freezing, Solvent‐Resistant, Cellulose‐Derived Ionic Conductive Elastomer for Stretchable Wearable Electronics and Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Lu Chuanwei , Wang Xinyu , Shen Yi , Wang Chunpeng , Wang Jifu , Yong Qiang , Chu Fuxiang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe development of flexible conductive elastomers integrating renewable feedstock, splendid mechanical property, and excellent weather resistance is of major interest and challenge. Here, a novel strategy is reported to construct the liquid‐free cellulose‐derived ionic conductive elastomer that is successfully applied in the wearable sensor and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this strategy, the ionic conductive elastomer with physical and chemical dual‐crosslinking network is prepared via in situ polymerization of the polymerizable deep eutectic solvent. The construction of dual‐crosslinking network improves the mechanical strength and toughness more than 2 times, and the cellulose contributes to forming the dense hydrogen bond crosslinking network that can improve the recyclability, anti‐freezing, and solvent‐resistance performance. Benefiting from these features, the ionic conductive elastomer is successfully applied in the wearable sensors and TENG for monitoring human motion, and in harvesting mechanical energy to convert into stable electrical outputs to light the LEDs, charge the capacitor, and power the electronic watch. The ionic conductive elastomer maintains reliable sensing and energy harvesting performance even after recycling, soaking in organic solvent, or at low/high temperature. This study paves a promising strategy for fabricating sustainable and multifunction flexible electronics that are suitable for harsh environments.
SERS/NIR‐II Optical Nanoprobes for Multidimensional Tumor Imaging from Living Subjects, Pathology, and Single Cells and Guided NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy
Authors: He Jian , Hua Shiyuan , Zhang Dongxiao , Wang Kai , Chen Xiaoyuan , Zhou Min 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMolecular imaging‐guided precision photothermal therapy has shown tremendous potential for invasively thermal ablation with solid tumors. However, it is still a pressing clinical need to develop precise and deep‐tissue multi‐scale imaging technologies easily integrated into a single system to boost accurate photothermal treatments. Herein, a SERS/NIR‐II optical nanoprobe assembled by gold nanostars, Raman molecular tags, and silver sulfide quantum dots through silica bridges (named AuDAg2S) is reported that allows the combination of the fingerprint‐style surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging and second region near‐infrared (NIR‐II) in‐depth biological fluorescence imaging. It can also yield strong localized surface plasmon resonance for a satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency of 67.1% at 1064 nm to effectively kill CT26 colon cancer cells. Moreover, the AuDAg2S nanoprobes can enhance the detection sensitivity up to the picomolar level and increase the depth of the NIR‐II fluorescence signal up to 1 cm under the excitation of the near‐infrared laser. As a result, the AuDAg2S nanoprobes can achieve multidimensional tumor imaging in levels of living subjects, histology, and single cell, and further guided deep NIR‐II photothermal anti‐tumor therapy in vivo. This study offers a promising approach for SERS/NIR‐II whole optical imaging for deep tumor photothermal treatment in future clinical applications.
A Solid–Liquid Composite Lubricating “Nano‐Snowboard” for Long‐Acting Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Qiu Wenjie , Zhao Weiwei , Zhang Ludan , Wang Haimang , Li Ningyu , Chen Kexin , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Yuguang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cartilage degeneration. Anti‐inflammatory therapy has limited effects, and effective reduction of cartilage wear through lubrication is essential. In vivo stability and lubricity of commercial lubricants are insufficient, leading to failure of lubricating treatment and progression of osteoarthritis. To address these issues, new therapeutic methods combining anti‐inflammation and stable high‐performance lubrication are developed. Inspired by the sliding mechanism of snowboards, a “nano‐snowboard” by modifying molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with a biomimetic phospholipid polymer poly (dopamine methacrylamide‐co‐2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PDMPC) and loading anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS), namely MoS2‐PDMPC‐DS, has been synthesized. MoS2 with a 2D layered structure and photothermal properties, serves as solid lubricant and drug carrier. Meanwhile, the modification of PDMPC on the surface of MOS2 avoids the oxidative denaturation of MoS2 in a physiological environment, forming solid–liquid composite lubrication and improving the lubricity and stability of MoS2 in the joint cavity. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that MoS2‐PDMPC‐DS can stay in the joint cavity for more than one week and exert long‐lasting lubrication and anti‐inflammatory effects to treat osteoarthritis effectively. This solid–liquid composite lubricating nano‐snowboard provides a new idea for synergistic anti‐inflammatory and lubricating treatment of osteoarthritis.
Dynamically Cross‐Linking Soybean Oil and Low‐Molecular‐Weight Polylactic Acid toward Mechanically Robust, Degradable, and Recyclable Supramolecular Plastics
Authors: Fang Xu , Tian Nengan , Hu Wenyuan , Qing Yunan , Wang Hao , Gao Xin , Qin Yanguo , Sun Junqi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTo promote the sustainable development of society, it is important to develop methods for facile fabrication of bio‐based plastics that are mechanically robust and capable of recycling and completely degrading in soil. In this study, such bio‐based supramolecular plastics are conveniently and cost‐effectively fabricated by cross‐linking epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and low‐molecular‐weight polylactic acid (PLA) (≈2 kDa) with dynamic boroxines. The bio‐based supramolecular plastic, which is denoted as ESO‐PLA, exhibits a tensile strength of ≈43 MPa and is highly flexible and water‐resistant. After being stored in an environment with a 100% relative humidity for 10 days, the tensile strength of the plastic remains higher than polyethylene. Due to the reversibility of boroxines, the ESO‐PLA plastic can be conveniently processed into different shapes and products. Meanwhile, the plastic can be recycled multiple times for repeated usage by either hot‐pressing or solvent‐assisted depolymerization/repolymerization methods. Benefiting from the easy degradation of ESO and low‐molecular‐weight PLA, the breakage of boroxine cross‐links enables rapid and complete degradation of the plastics in soil within 60 days. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo tests prove that the ESO‐PLA plastic exhibits satisfactory biocompatibility, which extends its application in medicine, food, and cosmetics industries.
Single‐Crystal Perovskite Solar Cells Exhibit Close to Half A Millimeter Electron‐Diffusion Length
Authors: Turedi Bekir , Lintangpradipto Muhammad N. , Sandberg Oskar J. , Yazmaciyan Aren , Matt Gebhard J. , Alsalloum Abdullah Y. , Almasabi Khulud , Sakhatskyi Kostiantyn , Yakunin Sergii , Zheng Xiaopeng , Naphade Rounak , Nematulloev Saidkhodzha , Yeddu Vishal , Baran Derya , Armin Ardalan , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Mohammed Omar F. , Bakr Osman M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSingle‐crystal halide perovskites exhibit photogenerated‐carriers of high mobility and long lifetime, making them excellent candidates for applications demanding thick semiconductors, such as ionizing radiation detectors, nuclear batteries, and concentrated photovoltaics. However, charge collection depreciates with increasing thickness; therefore, tens to hundreds of volts of external bias is required to extract charges from a thick perovskite layer, leading to a considerable amount of dark current and fast degradation of perovskite absorbers. However, extending the carrier‐diffusion length can mitigate many of the anticipated issues preventing the practical utilization of perovskites in the abovementioned applications. Here, single‐crystal perovskite solar cells that are up to 400 times thicker than state‐of‐the‐art perovskite polycrystalline films are fabricated, yet retain high charge‐collection efficiency in the absence of an external bias. Cells with thicknesses of 110, 214, and 290 µm display power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 20.0, 18.4, and 14.7%, respectively. The remarkable persistence of high PCEs, despite the increase in thickness, is a result of a long electron‐diffusion length in those cells, which was estimated, from the thickness‐dependent short‐circuit current, to be ≈0.45 mm under 1 sun illumination. These results pave the way for adapting perovskite devices to optoelectronic applications in which a thick active layer is essential.
Wettability‐Assisted Process to Shape Organic Crystalline Printed Films
Authors: Sequeira Sara , Martins Verónica , Vilarinho Rui , Cardoso Susana , Moreira Joaquim A. , Alves Helena , Leitao Diana C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe controlled growth of organic crystalline materials in predefined locations still poses a challenge for functional device application such as phototransistors, photoconductors, or photovoltaic solar cells. This work evidences the use of optical lithography and a fluoroalkylsilane to selectively modify the surface energy and how to create a wettability micro‐patterned structure. These are then combined with non‐contact printing of the organic solution providing custom‐shaped films. To deliver printed films with improved morphological quality, key process parameters for high‐performance organic materials are optimized. Particular attention is given to the adjustment of the concentration and solvent mixture to tune the jetting properties, and consequently, slow down the evaporation rate. Continuous films are obtained for an optimized number of droplets and spacing between them. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy imaging confirms the crystalline nature of the printed films and the lack of impurities. To validate the method, rubrene and triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS)‐pentacene are tested using two‐terminal optoelectronic devices. TIPS‐pentacene rectangular printed micrometric photosensor presents linear behavior and no hysteresis, reaching 0.33 nA under 18.1 mW cm−2. The structural and optoelectronic characterization is in line with other micro‐patterned examples, opening doors for new industrial applications.
Microfluidic Techniques for Next‐Generation Organoid Systems
Authors: Gong Jing , Li Minghui , Kang Jiahui , Yin Zhiyuan , Cha Zhe , Yang Jun , Xu Haiwei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOrganoids are 3D multicellular structures derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs), which have attracted increasing interest in the fields of drug screening, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Despite considerable success in culturing organoids with native microanatomy, challenges to achieving a physiologically relevant microenvironment remain. Complex dynamic feedback between cells and the extracellular matrix and uncontrollable mechano‐physiological cues hamper the further study of organoid systems. Innovative engineering approaches are needed to produce, control, and analyze organoids and their microenvironment. Organoids‐on‐a‐chip, inspired by organs‐on‐a‐chip, presents a major technological breakthrough in providing physiologically relevant environmental parameters. Organoids cultured on a chip recapitulate the anatomical and physiological features of organs during development and disease. In this review, the authors examine how microfluidic approaches integrate biomaterials, microscale technology, and stem cell biology to construct a biomimetic microenvironment that is suitable for building high‐fidelity human organ structures in vitro. Applying engineering techniques in organoids‐on‐a‐chip, such as genome editing and omics analysis, can greatly contribute to a better understanding of molecular pathogenesis. Moreover, the next‐generation organoid culture system may integrate multiple organoids in a single chip device to explore multi‐organoid platforms to fulfill the goal of building 3D organotypic models.
A Facile Method to Prepare Defect‐Sealed Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membrane on Cu Net for Gas Separation
Authors: Guo Biao , Xu Ruisong , Wang Tonghua , Liu Jinxuan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA direct method is reported for the preparation of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membrane on Cu net without any surface modification technologies. The synthetic mechanism can be attributed to the in situ formed Cu‐N interlayer serving as the nucleation sites, which promote the growth of ZIF membrane. The dense polycrystaline membrane shows moderate H2/CH4 separation performance comparable to previous reports. To further eliminate membrane defects, polymer/MOF suspension instead of pure polymer can be used to accurately seal the valley among crystalline grains. As a result, the as‐prepared composite membrane with highly exposed crystal surface shows enhanced H2/CH4 selectivity of 71.0 with little loss in H2 permeance.
Oxygen Vacancies‐Rich TiO2/C Nanofibers with Boron, Nitrogen Dual‐Doping for Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Huo Jinghao , Ren Yijie , Zhang Guoqiang , Guo Shouwu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTiO2 is an intercalation pseudocapacitive material with low potential and minor structural changes during the sodium storage process. However, the intrinsic electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion kinetics are not unsatisfactory for ultrafast sodium storage. Defect engineering plays a pivotal part in improving the sodium storage kinetics of TiO2 anode materials. Now the common defect regulation methods are complicated. Herein, a simple NaBH4 reduction method is proposed to produce rich oxygen vacancies and boron doping in nitrogen‐doped TiO2/C mesoporous nanofibers, and the finally obtained oxygen vacancies (OVs)‐rich TiO2/C nanofibers (TC‐OVs) also build internal vertical channels. This particular structure of TC‐OVs favors fast transport for electrons and ions, resulting in ultrafast rate capability (156 mAh g−1, 2 A g−1) and long lifespan (139 mAh g−1, 1000 cycles, 1.0 A g−1). The inspiring sodium storage performance of TC‐OVs benefits from the high pseudocapacitance contribution (94%, 5.0 mV s−1). This work provides a method to adjust defects and structures of TiO2 electrode materials for ultrafast chemical energy storage.
Artificial Chameleon Skins Active Mimicking Reversible Off/On Structural Colors of Insect Wings
Authors: Zhang Zekun , Wei Boru , Yang Dongpeng , Huang Shaoming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn nature, chameleons and insect wings show characteristics of actively tunable and passively off/on structural colors, respectively, which is crucial for them to camouflage and survival. Inspired by these, photonic crystal (PC) gels possessing chameleon's nonclose‐packing structures can actively mimic the reversible off/on characteristics of the structural colors of insect wings are designed. The PC gels with outstanding tailorable, bendable, and twistable properties are prepared by nonclose‐assembling silica particles in polymers and swelling in solvents. Interestingly, the PC gels exhibit high transparency (>95%) in water because of the matching of the refractive index (Δn = 0) but show brilliant and tunable structural colors in other solvents due to the Δn ≠ 0. The switching between the off/on colors can be completed in tens of seconds. Based on these advantages, the PC gels are used to actively camouflage and fabricate invisible patterns that are transparent in water but revealable in other solvents. This work offers a straightforward and efficient way to build PC gels with solvents‐responsive off/on color characteristics, showing great potential in camouflage, anticounterfeiting, and optical devices.
Interaction of Layered Silicates with Biomembranes: Ion Exchangers and Non‐Exchangers
Authors: Cananà Stefania , Pavan Cristina , Bellomo Chiara , Escolano‐Casado Guillermo , Chilla Giuseppe , Lison Dominique , Mino Lorenzo , Turci Francesco 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLayered silicates (LS, clays) are a composite group of minerals whose industrial interest and technological applications are progressively expanding, spanning from catalysis to biomedicine. However, the compatibility of LS with biological systems is not clear, and mechanistic data about biophysicochemical interactions at the interface of LS and biomembranes are scarce. Here, cell membrane damage, assessed using red blood cells as model membranes, is revealed for kaolin (> 75 wt.% kaolinite, 1:1 layer structure) and bentonite (> 90 wt.% montmorillonite, 1:2 layer structure) particles. The high membranolytic capacity of bentonite (i.e., high ion‐exchanger LS) is the result of the combined contribution of both mineral surface features and sample‐specific cation exchange capacity (CEC). For kaolin (i.e., non‐ion‐exchanger LS), the capacity to damage membranes is primarily due to surface hydroxyl species, that is, silanols and aluminols, exposed at the crystal lattice boundaries. When kaolin is thermally disorganized into amorphous metakaolin, membrane damage is driven by a specific sub‐population of surface hydroxyl species, namely the “nearly free silanols”, previously evidenced on quartz. This study establishes the rationale underlying the interactions between LS particles and membranes and can set the basis for the understanding of interfacial phenomena of LS.
LIPSS for SERS: Metal Coated Direct Laser Written Periodic Nanostructures for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Erkızan Serena Nur , İdikut Fırat , Demirtaş Özge , Goodarzi Arian , Demir Ahmet Kemal , Borra Mona , Pavlov Ihor , Bek Alpan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA novel method of fabricating large‐area, low‐cost surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates is introduced which yields densely nanostructured surfaces utilizing laser‐induced periodic surface structuring (LIPSS) of crystalline silicon (Si). Two different interaction regimes yield low spatial frequency (LSFL) and high spatial frequency (HSFL) LIPSS patterns. Nanostructuring of Si surface is followed by deposition of a thin noble metal layer to complete the fabrication procedure. A 50–70 nm thick Ag layer is shown to maximize the SERS performance. The SERS effect is attributed to the electromagnetic field enhancement originating from the nanoscale surface roughness of Si that can be controlled by LSFL and HSFL nature of the structure. The SERS substrates are found to be capable of detecting a Raman analyte down to 10−11 m. SERS performance of the Ag deposited substrates at 532, 660, and 785 nm excitation wavelengths is compared. Both LSFL and HSFL Si surfaces with 70 nm thick Ag are found to exhibit the strongest SERS under 660 nm excitation exhibiting Raman enhancement factors (EFs) as high as 109. The Raman EFs are calculated both by SERS spectra experimentally, and using finite‐elements method simulation of the electric field enhancement where a good agreement is found.