bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hope from Conversation
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. , Cowan Michael A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
One vital source of hope for people diagnosed with cancer is conversation with a companion caregiver. Unfortunately, some people encounter “gloom and doom” even from caregivers with good intentions. Professionals especially, and even family members, can be so wary of giving “false hope” that they may inadvertently sew doubt and anxiety. There is no such thing as false hope, only false narratives that are unlikely to be lived out in light of the facts. Hope is eternal, and realistic hope changes over time. An important source of hope is healing conversation. The elements of healing conversation are listening carefully and responding accurately, compassionately, and thoughtfully. This approach is animated by empathy, which is both a skill and a quality. Talking “about” mortal time—that is, talking about one’s own mortality—and talking ‘in” mortal time each call for conversational skill. Finding the right words, phrases, and sensitive empathic tone in these conversations is key. “Everyday conversation” about topics other than cancer is important because people are more than their diagnosis. It takes both discipline and spontaneity to find useful phrases in mortal time, such as “hold steady, we can do this,” and avoid platitudes that may offend, such as “God doesn’t give you anything you can’t handle.” Many people are unwilling to engage or unskilled in this type of conversation. Sometimes avoidance of mortality is useful and not necessarily evidence of denial but, rather, functional in that it helps the patient go about the business of daily living.
Introduction
Authors: Hoskin Peter , Goh Vicky 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the principles of imaging and the requirements for radiotherapy planning, emphasizing the role of imaging in diagnosis, staging, radiotherapy planning and post treatment follow-up. Imaging is an integral component of patient care throughout the cancer journey, being required for diagnosis and staging, radiotherapy planning, and subsequent response evaluation and follow-up. The evolution of imaging in recent years, with widespread availability of increasingly sophisticated computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and molecular imaging has driven major changes in radiotherapy practice. The precise requirements for individual tumours and tumour sites vary and a clear appreciation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of different imaging modalities for a given patient is essential. It is critical to bear in mind that increased use of ionizing-radiation based imaging exposes the patient to a higher concomitant radiation dose, the long-term sequelae of which are as yet to be fully evaluated.
Lung and thorax
Authors: Jain Pooja , Clarke Katy , Darby Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the malignancies arising in the lung and thorax. It provides background for these diseases, focuses on imaging for diagnosis and staging, and then moves on to discuss the imaging requirements for state-of- the-art radiotherapy planning. This includes principles of advanced radiotherapy planning techniques such as the use of 4D imaging, stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy contouring and planning, volumetric arc therapy, and image guided radiotherapy. We have used non-small cell lung cancers as the main focus as these are the commonest malignancies, but these principles can be applied to all thoracic radiotherapy. Lung cancer screening is also an emerging and important area in improving outcomes for lung cancers. Finally, imaging approaches and protocol for treatment follow-up are covered.
Rectal cancer
Authors: Misra Vivek , Kochhar Rohit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 discusses rectal cancer, including its clinical background, diagnosis and staging, radiotherapy planning, therapeutic assessment, and follow-up. Initial imaging is able to accurately stage and restage disease and to guide therapy (total mesorectal excision ± neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) which has contributed to improved rectal cancer outcome. Minimally invasive surgery, sphincter preservation in low rectal cancers rather than abdominoperineal resection, and non-surgical management may be appropriate in selected patients to preserve and improve quality of life following successful treatment. In patients with an initial complete response and on active surveillance, MRI with diffusion imaging has a role in the first two years in extraluminal disease detection.
Anal cancer
Authors: Muirhead Rebecca , Goh Vicky 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 covers the basics of anal squamous cell carcinoma, including risk factors and presenting symptoms. The natural progression of disease is discussed. Standard treatment is chemoradiotherapy for all but very early cancers. Surgery with abdominoperineal resection is reserved as salvage treatment when chemoradiotherapy fails. Outcomes with this treatment strategy are quoted. Diagnostic investigations include MRI pelvis, CT chest, abdomen, pelvis, and an evolving use of PET/CT. The MRI and PET/CT can be used within the planning system to aid with radiotherapy planning. Details on radical radiotherapy are presented, including doses, volumes, set-up, margins, and verification images. Lastly, we discuss the appropriate imaging to confirm complete response following chemoradiotherapy and any further imaging required preoperatively if salvage surgery is to be considered.
Paediatrics
Authors: Gaze Mark , Shahid Monique , Humphries Paul , Peters Francesca 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 21 discusses the role of imaging in paediatric oncology, and covers central nervous system (CNS) and renal tumours, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, primary bone tumours (osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma), and soft tissue sarcomas, including rhabdomyosarcoma and other types. In the management of children’s cancers, diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology have several roles, which include assessment of suspicious lesions to provide a differential diagnosis and guide a biopsy procedure, determination of the local extent of disease and the presence of nodal or distant metastases for the purposes of staging and risk stratification, response assessment, target volume and organ at risk delineation for radiotherapy, management of complications and late effects, and post-treatment surveillance. Active involvement of paediatric radiologists as full members of the paediatric oncology multidisciplinary team is essential to get the best value for patients from imaging studies.
Imaging for treatment verification
Authors: Dean June 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Technological advances in radiotherapy delivery have led to increased conformality of dose to the target, with the potential to reduce margin size and dose escalation. Relying on skin marks or tattoos for positioning are no longer sufficient. To have confidence in delivering treatment accurately requires a robust method of verification. Therapeutic radiographers are best placed to make decisions regarding online image matching as part of the treatment delivery process. Geometric verification utilizing 3D volumetric imaging requires agreed local protocols on decision making and specific competencies for therapeutic radiographers to provide them with the knowledge, skill, and confidence in decision making in a pressured online environment.
Radiation protection issues when imaging patients for radiotherapy
Authors: Thomas Simon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 24 discusses radiation protection matters for patients who require imaging with ionizing radiation as part of their radiotherapy management. Although non-ionizing radiation, for example ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will also be used for these patients, these imaging modalities are not discussed here. This chapter will include some fundamental scientific aspects of radiation and its effect on the human body, guidance on dosimetry, as well as the regulations themselves. The 2017 ionizing radiation (medical exposure) regulations requires diagnostic dose reference levels be set for diagnostic examinations. Examples are given of how to compare the risks from ionizing radiation between different imaging regimes.
Designing long-term incentives that promote innovation instead of value capture
Authors: Souder David , Badwaik Dhvani 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMajor projects share at least two common challenges with corporations pursuing innovation: the need to coordinate many complementary constituents and the temporal separation between upfront costs and future benefits. In the corporate context, high-powered incentives such as stock options have been popularized as a way to reward executives for successfully navigating these challenges. However, research shows that these high-powered incentives can have hidden negative effects, such that options have a negligible net impact on promoting innovation. Yet few alternatives for promoting innovation have been designed, allowing stock options and other high-powered incentives to remain common in the belief they are the best available approach. This article uses the parallels between the corporate context and major projects to draw implications for regulatory policy-makers to obtain more favourable outcomes.
Towards the Substantive Representation of Women: A Study of the Indonesian Women’s Parliamentary Caucus
Authors: Maryuni Maryuni 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A women’s parliamentary caucus works to strengthen the goals of women in a legislative body. It trains female members of the parliament in legislation and facilitates communication among feminists in parliament and civil society in pursuing common goals through collective action to enact feminist legislation. Qualitative research in Indonesia over the parliamentary term 2009–2014 has suggested that active communication is vital for the performance of such functions. Poor communication in the study term resulted in an inability to initiate collective action, a mismatched design of capacity-building activity and diminishment of the relationship between feminists in parliament and civil society. The existence of a caucus alone is insufficient. A functioning caucus is essential for substantive representation of women.
Effector-mediated plant–virus–vector interactions
Authors: Ray Swayamjit , Casteel Clare L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant–virus–vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant–virus–vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector–virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus–vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant–virus–vector interactions.
Which field of research would Gregor Mendel choose in the 21st century?
Authors: Berger Frédéric 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGregor Mendel’s work on segregation of traits in plants established the basic methodology and rules of genetics. The interruption of Mendel’s research activities in 1870 impeded the immediate recognition of the value of his work until the dawn of the 20th century. Only then were his founding laws of genetics validated, propelling the development of biological research toward the birth of molecular biology in the second half of the 20th century. While molecular plant genetics can be viewed as the spiritual heir of Mendel’s research, one might wonder whether in the 21st century Gregor Mendel would prefer to practice scientific approaches other than molecular genetics such as population genetics, comparative genomics, or the emerging field of evo-chromo. In this perspective, I review aspects of these fields that might have attracted or perplexed a 21st century Mendel.
Enforcement of low-level warrants in the City of St. Louis: Officer decision making and implications for policy and practice
Authors: Slocum Lee , Torres Luis C , Huebner Beth M , Larson Eric G , Baumgartner Jerome , Schaefer Sherri , Preiss Erica 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Warrants are commonplace in the USA, especially bench warrants issued for non-compliance with court orders. Although warrants compel arrest, in practice, officers exercise discretion when enforcing low-level warrants; yet, this discretion goes undocumented and data on warrant enforcement are limited. This collaboration between St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department and the University of Missouri—St. Louis addresses these gaps. Using arrest data, we find that warrant arrests in St. Louis declined from 2002 to 2019. One-third of arrests involve a bench warrant, primarily stemming from traffic violations, and many involve no new charges. Racial disparities in warrant enforcement exist, but data are needed to uncover why. Informal focus groups and meetings with St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department personnel held from 2018 to 2021 provide insight into the role of warrants in officer decision making. We argue that reducing resources devoted to warrant enforcement and racial disparities requires collaboration between police and other stakeholders.
Integrality Properties in the Moduli Space of Elliptic Curves: Isogeny Case
Authors: Schmid Stefan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For a fixed j–invariant j0 of an elliptic curve without complex multiplication we bound the number of j–invariants j that are algebraic units and such that elliptic curves corresponding to j and j0 are isogenous. Our bounds are explicit. We also modify the problem slightly by fixing a singular modulus α and looking at all j such that $j-\alpha$ is an algebraic unit and such that elliptic curves corresponding to j and j0 are isogenous. The number of such j can again be bounded explicitly.
Training and assessment of musculoskeletal ultrasound and injection skills—a systematic review
Authors: Carstensen Stine M D , Velander Marie Juul , Konge Lars , Østergaard Mikkel , Pfeiffer Jensen Mogens , Just Søren Andreas , Terslev Lene 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo examine how residents are trained and assessed in musculoskeletal US (MSUS), MSUS-guided and landmark-guided joint aspiration and injection. Additionally, to present the available assessment tools and examine their supporting validity evidence.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and studies published from 1 January 2000 to 31 May 2021 were included. Two independent reviewers performed the search and data extraction. The studies were evaluated using the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument (MERSQI).ResultsA total of 9884 articles were screened, and 43 were included; 3 were randomized studies, 21 pre- and post-test studies, 16 descriptive studies and 3 studies developing assessment tools. The studies used various theoretical training modalities, e.g. lectures, anatomical quizzes and e-learning. The practical training models varied from mannequins and cadavers to healthy volunteers and patients. The majority of studies used subjective ‘comfort level’ as assessment, others used practical examination and/or theoretical examination. All training programs increased trainees’ self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, and/or practical performance, however few used validated assessment tools to measure the effect. Only one study met the MERSQI high methodical quality cut-off score of 14.ConclusionThe included studies were heterogeneous, and most were of poor methodological quality and not based on contemporary educational theories. This review highlights the need for educational studies using validated theoretical and practical assessment tools to ensure optimal MSUS training and assessment in rheumatology.
Subjective Well-Being Scarring Through Unemployment: New Evidence from a Long-Running Panel
Authors: Eberl Andreas , Collischon Matthias , Wolbring Tobias 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Scarring effects of unemployment on subjective well-being (SWB), i.e., negative effects that remain even after workers reenter employment, are well documented in the literature. Nevertheless, the theoretical mechanisms by which unemployment leads to long-lasting negative consequences for SWB are still under debate. Thus, we theorize that unemployment can have an enduring impact mainly through (1) the experience of unemployment as an incisive life event and (2) unemployment as a driver of future unemployment. In the empirical part, we focus on one important dimension of SWB: overall life satisfaction. Based on advanced longitudinal modeling that controls for group-specific trends, we estimate scarring through unemployment using the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Our results consistently show a large negative effect of unemployment on life satisfaction as well as significant scarring effects that last at least 5 years after reemployment for both men and women as well as for short- and long-term unemployment spells. Further analyses reveal that repeated periods of unemployment drive these effects and cause even longer lasting scarring, implying that there are hardly any adaptations to unemployment that buffer its effect on life satisfaction. We conclude that scarring effects mainly work through repeated episodes of unemployment. Regarding policy implications, our findings suggest that preventing unemployment, regardless of its duration, is beneficial for individual well-being not only in the short term.
DAPK1 Interacts with the p38 Isoform MAPK14, Preventing Its Nuclear Translocation and Stimulation of Bone Marrow Adipogenesis
Authors: Wang Shan , Mi Rujia , Cai Zhaopeng , Wang Ziming , Zeng Chenying , Xie Zhongyu , Li Jinteng , Ma Mengjun , Liu Wenjie , Su Hongjun , Cen Shuizhong , Wu Yanfeng , Shen Huiyong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) adipose tissue (BMAT), a unique adipose depot, plays an important role in diseases such as osteoporosis and bone metastasis. Precise control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is critical for BMAT formation and regeneration. Here, we show that death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) negatively regulates BM adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Prx1creDapk1loxp/loxp mice showed more adipocytes in the femur than Dapk1loxp/loxp mice. Further mechanistic analyses revealed that DAPK1 inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the nucleus by binding the p38 isoform MAPK14, decreasing p38 nuclear activity, which subsequently inhibits BM adipogenesis. The inhibitory effect of DAPK1 against MAPK14 was independent of its kinase activity. In addition, the decreased DAPK1 was observed in the BM-MSCs of ageing mice. Our results reveal a previously undescribed function for DAPK1 in the regulation of adipogenesis and may also reveal the underlying mechanism of BMAT formation in ageing.
Upregulation of Periostin Through CREB Participates in Myocardial Infarction-induced Myocardial Fibrosis
Authors: Xue Ke , Chen Shuai , Chai Jiayin , Yan Wenjing , Zhu Xinyu , Dai Hongyan , Wang Wen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to heart failure, which has become an important global public health issue. One of the most important features of myocardial fibrosis is the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Periostin is one of the ECM proteins. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein 1 (CREB) is well known for its involvement in multiple signaling in myocardial fibrosis. It has been confirmed that CREB could regulate ECM proteins deposition. However, little is known about the relationship between CREB and periostin post-MI. This study aims to verify the hypothesis that CREB promotes the expression of periostin in MI-induced myocardial fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, primary rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured and rat model of MI was established. The level of myocardial fibrosis post-MI was identified by histological staining. The expressions of CREB and periostin were detected through western blot and reverse transcription quantity polymerase chain reaction. The upregulation and downregulation of CREB and periostin were established by plasmid, small interfere RNA (siRNA), and lentivirus, respectively. High levels of CREB and periostin were found post-MI in our study. Meanwhile, the expression of periostin was decreased after CREB downregulation both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, with the treatment of pAV-CREB and si-periostin, the expressions of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ were attenuated. The expression of periostin was elevated post-MI and participated in MI-induced myocardial fibrosis, which was regulated through CREB. This study provides a novel idea and potential intervention target for MI-induced myocardial fibrosis.
Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in the Inflammation of the Myocardium and Vascular Tissue of Obese Mice
Authors: Wu Ting , Chen Liang , Shen Qin , Wang Li , Zong Gang-Jun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a proinflammatory factor. The expression of BMP4 is reduced in the adipose and enhanced in the myocardium and vascular during obesity. It is possibly involved in the process of inflammatory response of the myocardium and vascular. Obesity, often regarded as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is a kind of inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of BMP4 with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Ob/ob mice were used as the experimental group, and C57BL/6 mice were used as the control group. The two groups were further divided into 2 subgroups based on the mice carrying adenovirus-encoding shRNA for BMP4 or Lac Z genes. The messenger RNA and protein levels of BMP4, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-9 were significantly higher in the myocardial tissue and aorta of ob/ob+ Lac Z shRNA than those in the other 3 groups, whereas the levels in the ob/ob+ BMP4 shRNA group were significantly decreased and comparable with those in the control groups. BMP4 is significantly upregulated in the myocardial tissue and aorta of obese mice, and this suggests that BMP4 is an risk factor involved in the local inflammatory response.