bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Junction Magic: Schottky, pn and Bipolar Transistors
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • Ballistic electron transport in Schottky diodes and the resulting current-voltage characteristics, • How the capacitive behavior of Schottky diodes are at the root of field-effect transistors, • Electron and hole transport in p-n junction diodes, and • How the transport physics of the p-n diode is responsible for electronic gain, bipolar transistors, solar cells, LEDs and Lasers.
Through the Barrier: Tunneling and Avalanches
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions • In what ways are tunneling phenomena in semiconductors similar to, or different from tunneling in atomic physics where it was first discovered? • How can we quantitatively calculate currents in semiconductors due to intraband and interband tunneling? • How is tunneling modified in lower dimensions? • What are the applications of tunneling in semiconductor electronics and photonics? • How do avalanche processes and interband tunneling cause electrical breakdown in semiconductors?
Entering the Fictional World of Development
Authors: Standing Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the role and value of fiction in representing the world of development. It begins with a discussion of the ways in which fictional forms of representation both converge and diverge with other ways of writing about ‘development’. Drawing on my experience of writing and publishing a novel based on an intervention which had disastrous consequences for the country concerned, it then examines key questions about power, authority, representation, and the positionality of the author in choosing fiction as a translational device. The challenges of writing such a novel in the long shadow of the post-colonial transition are considered, especially as a white outsider to another country’s realities. It concludes with reflections on the changing relationships between writers, the world of publishing, and readers in different contexts.
From Poverty to Power
Authors: Green Duncan , Faciolince Maria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From Poverty to Power began life in 2008 as a ‘weblog’ (blog) to promote the launch of the Oxfam book of the same name. It rapidly took on a life of its own, becoming one of the most widely read blogs on international development, with 500,000 unique visitors in 2020. This chapter explores From Poverty to Power’s evolution. It concludes that blogging can be a valuable addition to the repertoire of the public conversation on development and aid, enriching arguments and improving impact. It has the potential to put those interested in a given issue in more direct, disintermediated contact with each other, while still retaining a place for knowledge and depth of analysis. However, institutional cultures, whether in academia or aid institutions, often struggle to adapt to the rhythm and informality required by good blogging.
Playing for Change
Authors: Fisher Jolene 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since 2005, digital games have been designed as tools for carrying out development projects in the Global South, and for raising support (both rhetorical and material) for development projects from audiences in the Global North. Like other mediated texts, these games have the potential to shape public discourse and support around development practice, perpetuating the growth of certain projects and approaches over others. But, unlike other mediated texts, the interactive nature of games can be used to allow players to feel they are actually part of the development process. This chapter analyses how the narrative storytelling and procedural rhetoric of the Half the Sky: The Game, a Facebook-based educational and fundraising game inspired by the best-selling book Half The Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, actively engages players in a neoliberal approach to women’s empowerment and global development based on microfinance and small-scale business solutions.
‘Being in the spotlight is not something we are used to’
Authors: Jones Ben 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An important venture in the world of media and development is The Guardian’s ‘Katine’ project in Uganda. The newspaper, with funding from its readers and Barclays Bank, put more than £2.5 million into a Ugandan sub-county over the course of four years. The project was profiled on a dedicated Guardian microsite, with regular updates in the printed edition of the newspaper. In this chapter, I look at the relationship that developed between journalists and the non-governmental organization managing the project, and show that the experience of ‘being in the spotlight’ was both disorienting and reorienting. The scrutiny of the project disoriented the non-governmental organization, making its work the subject of public criticism. At the same time, particular issues explored by journalists in the project reoriented what the organization did on the ground. As the project progressed, the relationship between journalists and the organization grew more settled, part of a larger story about a non-governmental organization using media to become ‘the voice on health in Africa’, and getting used to ‘being in the spotlight’.
Maximum entropy methods
Authors: Schulman L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A careful definition of information is given. Entropy is its opposite and for some situations it is useful to give a distribution by maximizing entropy, given a variety of constraints. After a simple example and a mathematical way of fixing the maximum entropy the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States of America are studied. In calculation the maximum entropy subject to constraints Lagrange multipliers are used. (These are explained in an appendix.)
Universality, renormalization and critical phenomena
Authors: Schulman L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Ising model of ferromagnetism (defined in Chapter 5) is studied in three ways: mean field (which is incorrect), transfer matrix, and renormalization. Renormalization has the advantage of ignoring details and breaks the world into universality classes, each of which behaves in the same way in the neighborhood of the critical point. Spatial correlations are an example and are computed in two ways, which agree.
Biological sciences
Authors: Schulman L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Synchronization is important in biology, from heart beats to firefly mating. But those are not the only phenomena that become simpler as the number of constituents increases. Integrate and fire models as well as the Kuramoto theory are studied. Ants and biorobotics are similar to---of all things---glass. Systems that show power laws are genes and neural matter, both products of evolution. Emergent behavior is displayed in flocks of birds, fish, and other animals. Ecology uses maximum entropy methods to predict the number of species in a given area and other features. In some cases computers are used in agent-based modelling, in others analytic methods are used, and finally sometimes it takes both.
The elements of relativistic mechanics
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After discussing Newton’s laws of motion, Chapter 4 examines the concept of mass in special relativity. It turns out that the appropriate concept is the rest mass, that is, the mass measured in an inertial frame in which the object is at rest. However, in general, the mass of a moving object depends on its velocity. Relativistic energy is then introduced and it is shown that mass and energy are equivalent and are related by the famous equation ‘E equals m c squared’. The chapter ends with a discussion of Planck’s hypothesis relating the energy of photons to their frequency and shows how this fits in well with the notion of energy in special relativity.
Special relativity revisited
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following on the introduction of the concept of tensors in the previous chapter, Chapter 8 gives a geometric description of special relativity in terms of the geometry of a flat space-time, using a general coordinate system rather than the Minkowski coordinates used in Part A. It is shown that space-time in Minkowski coordinates is flat and, since this is a coordinate-invariant statement, this provides a characterization of Minkowski space-time. There follows a discussion of the null cone and the concept of proper time along a general (time-like) curve is introduced. The chapter ends with an axiomatic formulation of special relativity.
The verticalization model of language shift from a population-structure perspective
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn Chapter 7 I evaluate the verticalization model’s capacity to explain language shift universally (according to Joshua R. Brown and Joseph Salmons) against a population-structure approach that I have developed in my work to account for differential language evolution, which subsumes language shift. I argue that although the verticalization model has its merits, especially in articulating the economic factors and patterns and networks of social interactions (among other ecological factors), its explanatory power appears to be overstated regarding not only its alleged universal applicability but also the case studies themselves. I show in the commentary that horizontal accommodation appears to account for the different cases of shift more accurately than vertical pressures (alone), be they economic or otherwise. I also adduce evidence from different parts of the world – including cases where members of the colonizing population actually shifted languages in favor of those spoken by the people they ruled, in addition to cases where the shifts are from one indigenous vernacular to another – which disputes the claim that the verticalization model applies universally. However, I also underscore the fact that there is a great deal to learn from the verticalization model of language shift regarding how this process occurs in diverse ecologies.
Reflecting on the commentaries
Authors: Bousquette Joshua , Brown Joshua R. , Frey Benjamin , Johnson Mirva , Natvig David , Salmons Joseph 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFollowing an introductory chapter that establishes the theoretical framework of the verticalization model, this volume continues with a variety of case studies. One of the limiting factors of these case studies is that they are all based in the US. Although both the theoretical premise and the case studies make appeals to work that has been done globally, the authors invited two leading scholars with different perspectives on language maintenance and shift to engage critically with the verticalization model and examine its applicability beyond our US case studies. This chapter responds to the issues raised in the commentary chapters and makes suggestions for how the verticalization model might be applied to global situations. Further, the chapter suggests areas of further research and refinement of the theoretical framework.
Income During Retirement
Authors: Hougaard Jensen Svend E. , Hansen Niels Lynggård 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a broad overview of the three-pillar Danish pension system. A key part is focused on the funded, occupational pension system. Launched in the blue-collar segment of the labour market in 1987, as a grand agreement between social partners backed by the government, and as part of the collective wage-bargaining process, the Danish occupational pension system differs from the set-up in most other countries, where occupational pension schemes typically have been introduced as part of the legislative process. The schemes play a key role behind the overall system’s success with respect to achieving satisfactory coverage, providing high replacement rates, and, not least, for keeping fiscal policy on a sustainable path. The chapter also examines the potential of home equity as a pension device. Using a new, unique data set comprising all Danish households, with data for household wealth and debt broken down on several categories, the value of home equity across different age, income, and wealth groups is computed. This is performed not only in a historical context but also as a future scenario. It is found that home equity effectively represents an additional pillar to the Danish pension system.
Regulation and Supervision of the Danish Pension System
Authors: Berg Jesper 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first section of this chapter summarizes the core regulation of the Danish pension system. The second section tells the story of the four decisions that explain why the Danish pension system is well funded. The third section introduces the other regulation that governs the system. The fourth section provides an overview of the economics of the pension system. The fifth section shows how the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority applies risk-based supervision in practice, listing key risks identified and the associated supervisory initiatives. The sixth section reviews recent supervisory actions that the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority has taken. The seventh section briefly reflects on the situation in other EU countries and concludes the chapter.
The Twisted Road to Geneva
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins by sketching the winding road to Geneva from the ruins of the Second World War to the diplomatic conference of 1949. This introductory chapter of the book presents the most important actors who participated in the process of humanizing warfare, the steps they took to realize that vision, what challenges they faced during this trajectory, and the compromises that they were willing to accept along the way. The chapter underscores the contingent nature of the drafting process and it shows why the delegates were keenly aware not just of the inhumanity of total warfare or the need to make it less destructive, but also that the fate of human beings depended upon their decisions in Geneva.
The Strange Death of Liberal England
Authors: Patten Eve 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVirginia Woolf provides a centrepiece for this book, and this chapter shows how the trajectory of her fictional oeuvre dovetails suggestively with the course of Irish history from the Home Rule crisis to the Civil War and into the formative years of Ireland’s independent statehood. In this temporal alignment, Woolf’s Irish references form a cryptic pattern of textual punctuation and interruption, her narrative allusions to Ireland providing a sideline commentary on her main theme: the post-war decline of English liberalism and the interwar rise of domestic patriarchy and international fascism. The chapter tracks Woolf’s Irish allusions from the early novel The Voyage Out to her late work The Years—a faux-historical family saga strung chronologically between the fall of Parnell and the ascendancy of de Valera, while also assessing the impact of her relationship with the Irish writer Elizabeth Bowen.
Ways of Escape
Authors: Patten Eve 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter revises critical readings of the Irish big house tradition and addresses, within the context of late modernism, the related category of ‘small house’ affectations. It asks how this spatial shift of emphasis helped to sustain Ireland as an imagined—and indeed, literal—retreat for a jaded wartime English sensibility, and how this reconfiguration lends itself to a political reading of neutral Ireland’s function as a figurative antechamber for England’s late imperial desire for ‘small nationhood’. The chapter assesses various representations of Ireland as the site of a time-locked minimalism, a theme encouraged by English film and travel writing, and by several novelists, including the two studied closely in this chapter, Evelyn Waugh, whose inclinations to an Irish escape indicate a protest at the left-wing statist turn in the English political landscape, and Graham Greene, whose 1940s retreat to Achill Island (including contact with retired Irish revolutionary Ernie O’Malley) is read as a figurative shedding of an overburdened imperial sensibility.
Dorotheus of Gaza and Ascetic Education
Authors: Champion Michael W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dorotheus of Gaza and Ascetic Education approaches fundamental questions about the role and function of education in late antiquity through a detailed study of the thought of Dorotheus of Gaza, a sixth-century Palestinian monk. It illumines the thought of a significant figure in Palestinian monasticism, clarifies relationships between ascetic and classical education, and contributes to debates about how different educational projects related to late-antique cultural change. Dorotheus appropriates and reconfigures classical discourses of rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine and builds on earlier ascetic traditions. Education is a powerful site for the reconfiguration and reproduction of culture, and Dorotheus’ educational programme can be read as a microcosm of the wider culture he aims to construct partly through his adaptation and representation of classical and ascetic discourses. Key features of his educational programme include the role of the notion of godlikeness, the governing role of humility as an epistemic virtue intended to organize affective and ethical development, and his notion of education as life-long habituation. For Dorotheus, education is irreducibly affective and transformative, rather than merely informative, at the individual and communal scales. His epistemology and ethics are set within an account of the divine plan of salvation which is intended to provide a narrative framework through which his students come to understand the world and their place in it. His account of ways of knowing and ordering knowledge, ethics and moral development, emotions of education, and relationships between affect, cognition, and ethical action aims towards transformation of his students and their communities.
Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAmong geographical varieties of the Basque language, we find a surprising diversity of accentual systems, including several different accent assignment rules and systems with lexical accentual melodies (lexical pitch accent). On the other hand, it is now generally accepted that a common unified ancestor of all present-day Basque dialects (Old Common Basque) was spoken in the early Middle Ages. Prosodic diversification has thus taken place within a narrow timeframe. Here, I offer a reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation that accounts for present-day and historical diversity. An important mechanism that has driven prosodic diversification has been accent shift due to ambiguity either in the accent assignment rules or in the phonetics of accent.
Stress, tone, and intonation in Choguita Rarámuri
Authors: Caballero Gabriela , Chai Yuan , Garellek Marc 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChoguita Rarámuri is a Uto-Aztecan language from Northern Mexico featuring both stress and tone in its word prosody, as well as postlexical intonation. Based on the analysis of instrumental data obtained through field research, this chapter describes how lexical tones in this language are realized in terms of fundamental frequency (f0); how tonal realization varies by phrasal position in declarative sentences; and also how correlates of voice quality help increase the acoustic differentiation across tones for some speakers. In addition, the chapter describes how tone and intonation interact and shows that the incorporation of f0 over pre- and post-tonic syllables generally improves the statistical discriminability of the three tones in utterance-medial position. Therefore, tonal contrasts in this language are as much about paradigmatic differences across the tone categories during the tone-bearing syllable, as they are about syntagmatic changes over at least three syllables centered around the tone-bearing syllable.
Unaccentedness and the formation of prosodic structure in Lekeitio Basque
Authors: Elordieta Gorka , Selkirk Elisabeth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn Lekeitio Basque, radical mismatches between the morphosyntactic phrase structure of a sentence and the phonological/prosodic phrase structure of the phonological output representation appear when one or more of the words of a sentence display(s) unaccentedness, i.e., lack(s) lexical accent. Evidence of these constituency mismatches is provided by the distribution of predictable phrasal edge tones and prosodic-structure-sensitive patterns of pitch downstep and upstep. A purely phonological, optimality-theoretic analysis of the mismatches is given. This phonological analysis relies on assuming that morphosyntactic constituent structure is spelled out as prosodic constituent structure in the input representation of the phonology module and that a language-particular ranking of purely phonological constituency faithfulness and markedness constraints relates the constituency of the phonological input to the constituency of the phonological output representation.
January
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
January is on average the coldest month of the year in Durham. In the 30 years used for the current standard averaging period, 1991–2020, January was the coldest month of the winter 13 times. January is also the second-windiest month of the year, and wind chill can often be significant. Although rainfall is frequent and can be persistent, heavy falls are rare in January. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of January. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
The calendar year
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Pennine hills, although relatively modest in altitude, are sufficiently high to create an inhospitable climate of low temperatures, high rainfall, and frequent cloud cover. Durham lies in the rain shadow of the Pennines with a very different precipitation regime compared to the hills to the west. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall and fog at Durham during the calendar year, including sections on heatwaves, cold spells, driest and wettest 12-month periods and trends in sunshine duration. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events, and includes Durham’s ‘climate stripe’ since 1795.
Chronology of notable weather events in and around Durham
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The coldest year in the Central England Temperature (CET) series, which commenced in 1659, was 1740. This year includes the second-coldest winter on the series. Beginning with the year 1740 and continuing to the present, this chapter provides a chronology of notable weather events in and around Durham. It deals with extreme events and spells of weather, some of them before the Durham Observatory was built. This information is mostly based on the daily weather record since 1843. The events listed in this chapter include severe winters, snowstorms, floods, droughts, heatwaves, occasions of high or low barometric pressure, poor summers, and fine summers.