bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Agony of Defeat
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues the review of Carter’s reelection campaign. Although Carter and Reagan remained almost tied until a few days before the election, Carter lost by a landslide. The hostages remained in captivity, and Carter made a serious error in his single debate with Reagan when he chose the wrong words to emphasize the importance of nuclear disarmament. He was no match for Reagan’s oratorical skills. He and Rosalynn went home to Plains to vote and to grieve their loss, but when they returned to the White House the same day they were more concerned about their family, their staff and campaign workers than themselves.
The Carter Center
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how before they left the White House, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter planned to create a peacekeeping institution for the next stage of their careers. Warren Christopher and Charles Kirbo had studied similar places and gave them good advice. Hamilton Jordan wrote a blueprint for it, and on October 2, 1984, they broke the ground for the Carter Center, a private organization that would mediate disputes, work to improve world health, and promote democracy. They made plans for the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum that, when built adjacent to the center, would be gifted to the National Archives. While that major project developed, they embarked upon their first building project with Habitat for Humanity in New York City, Carter wrote The Blood of Abraham; Insights into the Middle East, and they traveled widely in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America as ambassadors for justice and peace. On October 1, 1986, President Reagan arrived in Atlanta to make the official dedication that marked the opening of both the library and the center.
Humanitarians Adrift
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens with the Iran-Contra scandal, which tarnished the Reagan administration when it broke in October 1986, and provided Carter with some of the details about the October Surprise that had possibly cost him the election of 1980. The chapter shows that by then, Carter was more interested in his travels to the Middle East and the Soviet Union in quest of peace. He and Rosalynn fell into a serious disagreement about a book they wrote together, Everything to Gain: How to Live the Rest of Your Life, and their lives were saddened by the deaths of Billy in 1988 and Gloria in 1990, both victims of pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, they observed elections in Panama and Nicaragua, and witnessed the creation of the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers in Americus, Georgia.
Navigating Troubled Waters
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to President George H. W. Bush’s reelection campaign of 1992 when the Carters learned most of the details about how Bush and other Reagan operatives had met with Iranians in Madrid and in Paris to cut the deal for the Iranians to hold the hostages until after the election in return for a promise that Reagan would return their impounded funds to them. Although the news made Carter “nauseated,” he did not want to embarrass presidents Reagan and Bush, he said, and thus left the investigation to Congress and historians. He joined a group committed to stamping out hate, published Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age, and joined the other living presidents for the dedication of the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California. The chapter concludes with Carter’s vigorous opposition to the Gulf War launched by President George H. W. Bush to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait.
The Politics Children Make
Authors: Gash Alison L. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to our primary argument: that young people make and are shaped by politics. Policy movements, reforms, and transformations are rooted in, framed through, or initiated by young people. It introduces readers to some of the key policy movements and moments that catalyzed the project as well as the conceptual framework that will organize our more detailed analyses in Chapters 2–4. In particular, the chapter shows that throughout history, many of the most significant policy transformations have hinged on the presence of young people as subjects, symbols, and agents. Consequently, although they are frequently sidelined in the study and practice of politics, young people are nevertheless critical locations of political contestation and reform.
Leveraging Children in Democratic Politics
Authors: Gash Alison L. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on young people’s appearance as symbols or foci for policies that serve wider goals. It begins with the story of Emmett Till and the ways in which images of his brutalized face and body united Black communities across the nation in grief and rage and explores the power of innocence as a catalyst for public engagement. The chapter goes on to introduce other young people, including Ryan White and Marcelas Owens, whose stories undercut negative discourse on AIDS and the Affordable Care Act. This chapter details the widespread use of young people—by adults—as soldiers and messengers in the most contentious policy debates. And, finally, the chapter reviews the ways in which racial, gender, and sexuality based stereotypes are deployed to valorize some young people while scapegoating others as deviants or threats.
In Search of a Comprehensive Definition of Ethics
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the classical sources to delineate development of the scriptural worldview that was firmly founded upon the moral language of Islamic revelation, the Qur’a&gt;n and the Sunna (Tradition). The chapter explores and explains the ethical-legal terminology that was established by Muslim legal thinkers to point toward a gradual consideration of the texts in the context of Arabic linguistic and lexical nuances to underscore the reliable dimensions of religious-social praxis the faith community needed to organize its first political society (umma). This chapter functions as a historical backdrop for other chapters engaged in investigating and expounding the doctrinal, theological, and juridical foundations of Islamic ethics.
Scriptural Sources of Ethical Methodology
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates scriptural sources to expound the ethical foundation of Islamic orthopraxy. Scholarly analysis of the scriptural materials, including theological and juridical formulations from their inception in the classical period, was founded upon the logical necessity of discovering the underlying moral connotation of divine commandments to determine whether these prescriptions could be used as precedents to extrapolate other related ordinances. To verify the reliability of the judicial decisions thus arrived at, justificatory reasoning had to make plain the correlation (tala&gt;zum) between scripturally and rationally derived moral values that formed an integral part of orthopraxy in Islamic jurisprudence as a manifestation of divinely approved religious-moral action-guides (taklīf).
Introduction
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe introductory chapter establishes the book’s scholarly and theoretical background and discusses ideas of reception and creativity. It recounts the fundamental contours of Herodotus’s ancient reputation (which the author programmatically distinguishes from reception). It proposes two working models of reception: (1) kinetic reception, the relationship between reputation or critical pronouncement and imitation, whereby authors may simultaneously speak to the reputation of Herodotus (as liar, as raconteur, etc.) while also, in their own receptive imitations, displaying a more complicated relationship to their forebear than surface utterances suggest; and (2) hypotextual activation, which (following Gérard Genette) renders intertextuality more layered than it may at first appear. Both models, together with Michel Foucault’s notion of “transdiscursivity,” encourage looking beyond the traditional approach to Herodotus via the history of historiography. The chapter closes with a description of “the Herodotean” which the book distills across five writers.
Introduction
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Solidarity refers to our normative commitment toward some person or set of people as well as our psychological motivation to act on that commitment. Liberal democracies need solidarity for at least four reasons: stabilizing society, realizing justice, diminishing dependence, and cultivating moral personality. But they must also navigate a conceptual tension: liberalism valorizes personal freedom, individual dignity, pluralism, and critical reflection; solidarity stresses social unity, visceral attachment, and the subordinating of one’s own interest to the good of the whole. Even more dauntingly, they must confront “Schmitt’s challenge”: according to Carl Schmitt, the solidarity that liberal democracies need comes from sources they cannot themselves produce, like religion. Thus in an age of declining religiosity and rising nationalism, how can we form strong social bonds without racism, demagoguery, and xenophobia? Can we have not only solidarity, but liberal solidarity, in a secular age?
The “Essential We”
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter marshals an original interpretation of Martin Buber to develop “solidarity as fate and destiny,” a new theory of liberal obligation. Through a close reading of Buber’s biblical commentaries, the chapter reveals that among his core aims was to conceptualize Judaism’s alternative to Schmitt’s political theology: a “theopolitics,” where human beings, mutually subject to God’s kingship, realize a nondominating form of social organization. The chapter then shows how Buber sought to incorporate the spirit of theopolitics into liberal democracy through a new, two-stage theory of solidarity. In the first, we bind ourselves to some discrete constellation of people, a solidarity of fate. We delight in their joys and ache when they suffer. And though they may have imperfectly rational elements, we nonetheless embrace our moral responsibility for them. When we do, we can advance to a second stage: a solidarity of destiny, a social bond infused with chesed (“kindness”) and defined by active efforts to diminish domination.
China
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book describes the Chinese economy that appears destined for failure with a financial bubble in peril of popping yet continues to grow against the odds. It focuses on China’s fragile fundamentals and resources for resilience, drawing on discussions with Communist cadres, shadow bankers, and migrant workers. It also pieces together a unique perspective on China’s past, present, and possible futures. With a new chapter on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the book positions China in the context of a rolling series of global crises. It presents a self-sufficient China that can outwit hurdles that have affected other countries in a similar position and gives an informative account of the country’s economic history in the process.
A Tree Cannot Grow to the Sky
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter talks about Xi Jinping, the 63 year-old that marches inexorably toward his second term as General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of China, but finds financial policy as unfamiliar territory. It considers Xi as China’s most powerful leader since the great reformer Deng Xiaoping that made national renewal his rallying cry. It also details Xi’s crackdown on corruption with graft-busters that went after gouging officials no matter what their status. The chapter recounts how Xi put his imprimatur on the Belt and Road Initiative, which is a massive investment program intended to extend China’s strategic reach through Asia into Africa and Europe. It mentions the nitty-gritty of the financial sector that seems like an unwelcome distraction for Xi’s big picture of a “China dream,” state-planned prosperity to counter the American dream of rugged individualism.
China’s Debt Mountain: The Borrowers
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter mentions Liaoning, a province of 44 million in the rustbelt Northeast, that is one of the few places where China’s inefficiencies and dysfunctions are quite evident. It recounts Liaoning’s struggling state-owned enterprises and creditors, such as the Dongbei Special Steel Group, whose chairman, Yang Hua, was found hanged in his home. It also details how the Liaoning government tried to strong arm Dongbei’s creditors to agree to a deal, swapping their loans for an equity stake. The chapter explores China’s corporate debt that rings alarm bells, noting that it’s a very high number in international comparison and off the scale relative to both major developed and emerging economies. It describes other provinces in China and certain pockets of industry that have high stress levels, particularly the iron and steel sector whose debt for listed firms averaged 17 times annual earnings.
China’s Debt Mountain: The Lenders
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with an account of Anbang Insurance Group, China’s third largest insurer that boasted turbo-charged growth in 2017. It points out that China’s insurance regulator charged Anbang with “disrupting market order” although it had a string of high-profile acquisitions and had deep connections to the Communist Party elite, Wu Xiaohui. It also addresses what pushed China’s regulators to crack down so hard and so publicly on Anbang, one of the mainland’s biggest insurers. The chapter details how Anbang was gaming China’s regulatory system, taking advantage of status as an insurance firm to soak up cheap funding, and using that to go on an acquisition spree that appeared to have little commercial logic. It cites Anbang’s Longevity Sure Win No.1 as an example of a product that provided neither longevity for the company nor a sure win for investors.
Xi Jinping and the Start of China’s Fourth Cycle
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Xi Jinping era, which was clear from the beginning was going to be different from his predecessor. It mentions that Xi is the princeling son of Xi Zhongxun, who fought in the revolutionary war alongside Mao Zedong and played a starring role in Deng Xiaoping’s early reform and opening, while Hu Jintao was the son of a small business owner and a teacher. It also stresses that, compared to Hu, Xi started at a position of strength after the Standing Committee was shrunk from nine back to seven members. The chapter details Xi’s first flexing of muscles, which was not on economics but politics as he warned the Politburo a few days after taking office that corruption could end the Party and the state. It looks at Xi’s promised crackdown that target both “tigers and flies”—high ranking officials and lowly local bureaucrats.
Deleveraging without Self-Detonating
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses China’s equity market meltdown and yuan devaluation trauma, which had long been confirmed by the Wall Street’s traders to the International Monetary Fund’s PhDs. It points out that China’s apparent success was the iridescent patina on a rapidly expanding bubble that is soon to burst. It also puts emphasis on the lesson that China’s leadership must learn, which is to tackle risks to financial stability. The chapter explains how China’s policy makers had achieved faster growth, a steady debt-to-GDP ratio, and a shrinking shadow banking sector a year and a half into the deleveraging campaign, which started in 2016. It elaborates the deleveraging campaign that hammered confidence and triggered a wave of defaults in an attempt to deflate the bubble and bring about the crisis it was intended to avoid.
War-Gaming a China Crisis
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter cites the novel China Dream by exiled storyteller Ma Jian and Liu Cixin’s science fiction fantasy The Dark Forest, which are used to describe China’s future. It explains that Ma Jian’s dystopian rhapsody tells of a society trapped by its failure to come to terms with its past. It also analyzes Liu Cixin’s vision of a China that is effortlessly part of global political, economic, and technological leadership. The chapter refers to calculations of China’s debt that focus on the borrower side, wherein loans to business, households, and government are added up. It clarifies how China’s combination of advanced economy debt levels and emerging market income levels is a unique disadvantage, emphasizing that maxing out on debt at a middling level of development made it more difficult for China to close the gap with high income countries.
It’s Never Too Late
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter implies that reading the history of modern China is like reading the history of China’s collapse theories as the days for China’s inefficient state firms and bad-loan-laden state banks seem to be numbered. It recounts the rise of the middle class and their demand for participation in the political process, which was expected to sound the death knell for Communist Party rule. It also mentions the great financial crisis that was expected to topple China’s exports, driving unemployment higher and threatening regime stability. The chapter talks about China’s 1.3 billion population and “can do” government, which accelerated the country up the developmental ladder. It points out how the 1.3 billion population was important initially as a source of cheap labor, enticing foreign firms to set up production in factories.
Introduction
Authors: Masoud Tarek , Mainwaring Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A large body of literature highlights the importance of structural prerequisites or contextual factors for ensuring democracy’s emergence and survival. These include economic development, macroeconomic performance, state capacity, religious and ethnolinguistic homogeneity, democratic cultures, and the existence of democratic neighbors and international patrons. And yet, history provides numerous examples of democracies that have persisted in the absence of these things. Chapter 1 analyzes the correlates of democratic survival for third-wave democracies and finds that structural factors cannot account for several long-lived democracies that have emerged since the mid-1970s. The “hard” cases of Argentina, Benin, Timor-Leste, India, Indonesia, South Africa, Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine show that contextual factors may facilitate democracy, but they do not fully determine its endurance. Instead, the introduction and the chapters that follow it illustrate that democratic survival depends on the constraints that important political actors, such as political parties and militaries, face. These constraints may be external, in the form of institutions and the countervailing power of other actors, but in many cases they are internal, in the form of deeply ingrained commitments to democracy that cause actors to prioritize it over other desiderata.
The Politics of Permanent Pitfalls
Authors: Slater Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Indonesia is vulnerable to four modes of democratic collapse: a failure of the state, a military takeover, a transition to electoral authoritarianism, or the rise of a majoritarian, illiberal “democracy” in which minority rights are trampled. That Indonesia has managed to avoid these pitfalls is a function of the legacies of the authoritarian period. Chapter 3 discusses how Indonesia’s historical inheritances have helped it survive the politics of permanent pitfalls, at least thus far. The story of Indonesia is one of autocrats who unwittingly erect the scaffolding that later helps to hold up (an admittedly imperfect) democratic edifice. Four inheritances from the authoritarian New Order period (1966–98) are emphasized: an encompassing national identity that helped to instill a sense of belonging; the emergence of an independent, technocratic bureaucracy, capable of governing even after the removal of the dictator; an autocratic “ruling party” that survived the transition; and the autocrat’s strategy of dividing and ruling over the military apparatus, which left it without the ability to act collectively to abrogate democracy.
Africa’s Democratic Outliers
Authors: Beatty Riedl Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows that the emergence and survival of democracy in Benin and South Africa was not a function of ideological commitments to democratic government on the part of political leaders. In both countries, democracy emerged and was sustained as the result of bargains by incumbents who understood that the authoritarian status quo was unsustainable, and opponents who realized that economic and social stability required compromise with the ancien régime. The chapter posits that democracy survived in South Africa and Benin because the old elite was given a place in the new political system and was thus disincentivized from engaging in subversion.
Economic Crises, Military Rebellions, and Democratic Survival
Authors: Mainwaring Scott , Simison Emilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzes the survival of democracy since 1983 in Argentina, which had been plagued by a history of authoritarian actors and five democratic breakdowns between 1930 and 1976. The democratic regime has also endured three long and severe economic crises since 1983. Normative commitments to democracy on the part of political parties, labor, social movements, and business, and the policy moderation of all key actors (a profound contrast to the situation during the country’s previous democratic experience of 1973–76) have played a key role in Argentina’s democratic survival. The source of these normative commitments and the shift to policy moderation was the brutal and inept military dictatorship of 1976–83. That experience was so catastrophic for Argentina that political leaders across the political spectrum came to value democracy. They acted to uphold the democratic system even during severe economic downturns, hyperinflation, sharp increases in inequality, and dramatic increases in poverty and unemployment. When groups of officers engaged in military rebellions during a particularly difficult period for the Argentine economy, masses and elites were unified in rejecting them.
Why Democracies Survive in Hard Places
Authors: Mainwaring Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes the volume by analyzing the factors that enable democracy to survive in hard places, based on the case studies presented in the preceding chapters. Actors’ (especially parties’ and heads of government’s) normative preferences about democracy help explain the endurance of democracy in Argentina, Benin, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Timor-Leste. The repudiation of a terrible past, such as a failed dictatorship, an armed conflict, or a war, have contributed to sustaining a commitment to democracy. A large partisan opposition and institutional constraints (strong legislatures and courts, and effective governance) can protect democracies, but they do not go far toward explaining democratic longevity in the cases in this volume. International actors and influences, particularly the European Union and the United States, and voters’ preferences can contribute to supporting democracy, but they do not explain its endurance in the cases covered by this book.