bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of Au/n-Si Schottky diodes (SDs) with/without a nanographite (NG) interfacial layer by considering interlayer, surface states (Nss) and series resistance (Rs) effects
Authors: Demirezen Selçuk , Altındal Şemsettin , Azizian-Kalandaragh Yashar , Akbaş Ahmet Muhammed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, an organic interlayer, Rs, and Nss on the transport- mechanisms (TMs), both the Au/n-Si (MS) and Au/(Nanographite-PVP/n-Si (MPS) (SDs) were performed onto the same Si-wafer in same-conditions. Some electrical parameters of them have been investigated. The interface-traps/states (D
it
/N
ss) were extracted from the I

F
–V

F
data as function of energy (Ec–Ess). These results show that the N
ss for MPS is much-lower than MS SD and increase from the midgap-energy towards the E
c like U-shape. Double-logarithmic I

F
–V

F
graphs of them show three linear-regimes for low, intermediate, and high-voltages and in these regimes, TM are governed by ohmic, trap/space charge limited currents (TCLCs/SCLCs), respectively. All these results show that (NG:PVP) interlayer leads to an increase in rectifier-ratio (RR = I

F

/I

R
), BH, R
sh, and decrease in N
ss, reverse saturation-current (I
o), and n. Thus, (NG:PVP) can be successfully utilized as interfacial layer with high performance characteristics.
Analysis of the gradual transition from the near to the far field in single-slit diffraction
Authors: García-Sánchez Almudena , Sanz Ángel S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In Optics it is common to split up the formal analysis of diffraction according to two convenient approximations, in the near and far fields (also known as the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regimes, respectively). Within this scenario, geometrical optics, the optics describing the light phenomena observable in our everyday life, is introduced as the short-wavelength limit of near-field phenomena, assuming that the typical size of the aperture (or obstacle) that light is incident on is much larger than the light wavelength. With the purpose to provide an alternative view on how geometrical optics fits within the context of the diffraction theory, particularly how it emerges, the transition from the near to the far field is revisited here both analytically and numerically. Accordingly, first this transition is investigated in the case of Gaussian beam diffraction, since its full analyticity paves the way for a better understanding of the paradigmatic (and typical) case of diffraction by sharp-edged single slits. This latter case is then tackled both analytically, by means of some insightful approximations and guesses, and numerically. As it is shown, this analysis makes explicit the influence of the various parameters involved in diffraction processes, such as the typical size of the input (diffracted) wave or its wavelength, or the distance between the input and output planes. Moreover, analytical expressions have been determined for the critical turnover value of the slit width that separates typical Fraunhofer diffraction regimes from the behaviors eventually leading to the geometrical optics limit, finding a good agreement with both numerically simulated results and experimental data extracted from the literature.
Binding and energetics of oxygen at the CuInSe2 chalcopyrite and the CuInSe2/CdS interface
Authors: Marinopoulos A G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The introduction of oxygen in thin-film solar cells based on the CuInSe2 compound and related CuInSe2/CdS devices has been known to affect their electrical properties, with a tendency of neutralizing part of the donor density and favoring a p-type behavior for the CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber material. The present study employed calculations based on density-functional theory supplemented with a hybrid-functional approach to determine the energetics of oxygen incorporation in the bulk CIS compound and the CIS/CdS heterojunction interface. The latter was represented by two distinct faceted interface variants. Oxygen atoms were assumed to exist both as interstitial and substitutional impurities, in the latter case occupying vacant selenium sites. The calculations identified the structural relaxation patterns and examined the thermodynamic stability of the impurity as a function of the electron and the elemental chemical potentials. Oxygen was found to incorporate favourably at the core of the CIS/CdS interfaces, in most cases by taking up a bridging position within the nearest In–In pair. The sites of the lowest-energy oxygen configurations were found to be associated with a copper-poor local environment, owing to the presence of copper vacancies or the relaxation-induced breaking of a copper-oxygen bond. The electronic structures of the CIS/CdS interfaces were also studied by analyzing the site-projected and layer-resolved densities of states for several layers within the interfacial cores. Oxygen introduced deep-lying nonbonding levels and impurity-host bonding states in the valence-energy region.
Enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of nickel and nickel-phosphorous coatings fabricated by electrodeposition embedding with TiB2 ceramic particles
Authors: Zhong Ning , Ma Rong , Li Wei , Hu Yihuai , Li Wenge , Zhao Yuantao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pure nickel (Ni), TiB2 reinforced nickel (Ni-TiB2), nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P), and TiB2 reinforced nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P-TiB2) composite coatings were deposited on AISI-1045 steel substrates from Watts bath and phosphorous-containing solution, respectively. The composition and microstructure of these coatings were analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The properties of these coatings, including hardness, were assessed and compared. The electrochemical performance of these coatings was investigated in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution using electrochemical spectroscopy (EIS) and the potentiodynamic polarization technique at room temperature. The effect of TiB2 on the microstructure, phase, and properties of the coatings was investigated. The results indicate that the incorporation of TiB2 particles in the nickel matrix greatly increased the hardness and anti-corrosion properties of the nickel coatings by refining of the microstructure and reducing the defects. The enhancement effect of TiB2 on Ni-P coating is not as significant as that of TiB2 on nickel coating. However, with the incorporation of TiB2 ceramic particles, the corrosion resistance and hardness of the Ni-P-TiB2 coating increased by about 50% and 10%, respectively, compared with the original Ni-P coating. The present study provides insight into the potential applications of novel TiB2 ceramic particle-reinforced nickel composite coatings in the areas of wear and corrosion resistance.
3D printed hydroxyapatite promotes congruent bone ingrowth in rat load bearing defects
Authors: Chakraborty Juhi , Roy Subhadeep , Ghosh Sourabh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
3D porous hydroxyapatite (HAP) scaffolds produced by conventional foaming processes have limited control over the scaffold’s pore size, geometry, and pore interconnectivity. In addition, random internal pore architecture often results in limited clinical success. Imitating the intricate 3D architecture and the functional dynamics of skeletal deformations is a difficult task, highlighting the necessity for a custom-made, on-demand tissue replacement, for which 3D printing is a potential solution. To combat these problems, here we report the ability of 3D printed HAP scaffolds for in vivo bone regeneration in a rat tibial defect model. Rapid prototyping using the direct-write technique to fabricate 25 mm2 HAP scaffolds were employed for precise control over geometry (both external and internal) and scaffold chemistry. Bone ingrowth was determined using histomorphometry and a novel micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) image analysis. Substantial bone ingrowth was observed in implants that filled the defect site. Further validating this quantitatively by micro-CT, the Bone mineral density (BMD) of the implant at the defect site was 1024 mgHA ccm−1, which was approximately 61.5% more than the BMD found with the sham control at the defect site. In addition, no evident immunoinflammatory response was observed in the hematoxylin and eosin micrographs. Interestingly, the present study showed a positive correlation with the outcomes obtained in our previous in vitro study. Overall, the results suggest that 3D printed HAP scaffolds developed in this study offer a suitable matrix for rendering patient-specific and defect-specific bone formation and warrant further testing for clinical application.
Traditional town houses in Kyoto, Japan: present and future
Authors: Hokoi S , Iba C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Climate change is a hot topic that requires urgent countermeasures; heat islands in urban areas significantly influence our daily lives such as health problems represented by heat stroke and insomnia. The health problems caused by abnormally hot weather cannot be solved only through the passive design of buildings but require artificial measures for cooling by air conditioners. The electricity consumed by air conditioners in Japan has consistently increased annually, resulting in an increase in the consumption of fossil fuels. The heat discharged due to the cooling worsens the environmental conditions around us. From these viewpoints, energy-saving standards have been implemented as one countermeasure. In this paper, these issues and the countermeasures to be taken are investigated regarding “Kyo-machiya,” a traditional townhouse in Kyoto, Japan. Field survey on indoor environment was carried out both in summer and winter. As an example, indoor air flow is explained in detail. It is important from both thermal comfort (cooling in summer) and thermal discomfort (cold draft in winter) points of view. It is highly related to the building design such as atrium and fittings such as sliding doors used for partitioning off a house. It is also important for infection by virus. Finally, eco-friendly residences and life are discussed in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through a new form of “Kyo-machiya,” the “Heisei-no-Kyo-machiya.”
Discovering pattern of space layouts from low-income housing: A discussion of the New Normal preparedness after the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Yahya A S , Ahmad M H , Hassan A A G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
By the end of 2021, it is expected that the coronavirus (COVID-19) will shift from pandemic to endemic phase as the number of vaccinated people is increasing over time. It gives us hope as the endemic phase will allow us to live together with the virus. During the Covid-19 situation, people have become more creative and innovative for familiarising themselves with the New Normal. The next question is how is the existing housing for the low-income group ready to be suited with this situation? Therefore, this study will examine the concept of space design in housing units for the lower income group. The study adopted a case study approach based on housing layout from Kuala Lumpur, Bandung and Buckinghamshire. These housing layouts were analysed using the Space Syntax method for describing the meaning of space layout from a low-income perspective. This study found two consideration points, (1) the willingness of space to accommodate small business activities and to avoid the spread of epidemics in the domestic space, and (2) the willingness of the government to educate the public to cultivate small home entrepreneurship with the existing low-income routine and limited domestic spaces.
Onset of nonlinearity in a two-dimensional thin shear layer
Authors: Izawa Seiichiro , Oku Tatsuya , Nishio Yu , Fukunishi Yu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study numerically investigates an early stage of nonlinear interaction for the better understanding of the onset of nonlinear behaviors. Two-dimensional shear flow is chosen as a canonical flow. When two disturbances of different wavenumbers satisfying no resonance condition are initially given, new components appear one after another while the original disturbances grow. The vorticity budget analysis shows that the beat of the two exciting modes plays an essential role in forming the sum and difference nonlinear components, namely the secondary modes. For the nonlinear interaction mechanism, the high vorticity around the center of the shear layer is locally transported in the transverse direction at specific streamwise sections where the amplitude of the vertical velocity fluctuation becomes relatively larger compared to other sections. The distance between these specific sections corresponds to the wavelength of the beat. The vertically dispersed vorticity will then be convected in the horizontal directions by the mean flow. As a result, several regions of concentrated vorticity appear which eventually develop into vortices. The amplification mechanism is found to be the same for both the primary and secondary modes, though the secondary modes arise from the additional perturbation deriving from the initial perturbation.
Thermal stress analysis and structural optimization of ladle nozzle based on finite element simulation
Authors: Rong Zichao , Yi Jianhong , Li Fengxian , Liu Yichun , Eckert Jürgen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The ladle nozzle is one of the most important components in metal smelting. The cracking phenomenon occurs due to excessive thermal stress, which seriously affects the performance and life of the ladle nozzle. In this paper, a new composite structure of ladle nozzle is proposed, which consists of two materials with different properties and costs. The thermal physical parameters of the material are measured by high temperature dynamic Young’s modulus test method, thermal expansion test and flashing method. Based on the new structural model of the composite ladle nozzle, finite element simulation is used to combine the material ontology model, contact mechanics model and heat transfer model to study the temperature and thermal stress distribution inside the composite structure of the ladle nozzle during the casting process by taking representative key points inside the ladle nozzle. There is a large temperature gradient in the area near the casting hole, and the farther away from the casting hole, the smaller the temperature change. The ladle nozzle structure was optimized and compared with the existing ladle nozzle structure. The results show that the optimized composite structure of the ladle nozzle has significantly lowered thermal stress extremes under thermal shock, while the thermal stress distribution tends to be more uniform, which can largely reduce the chance of crack generation. This study is of great significance for improving the reliability and service life of the ladle nozzle and reducing its production cost.
Hybrid short-term runoff prediction model based on optimal variational mode decomposition, improved Harris hawks algorithm and long short-term memory network
Authors: Sun Wei , Peng Tian , Luo Yuanlin , Zhang Chu , Hua Lei , Ji Chunlei , Ma Huixin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Runoff prediction is an important basis for rational allocation of basin water resources and plays a very important role in regional water resources management. In this study, a hybrid short-term runoff prediction model based on long short-term memory network (LSTM), improved Harris hawks optimization algorithm (IHHO) and optimal variational mode decomposition (OVMD) are proposed. Firstly, the original runoff data is decomposed into several sub-modes by OVMD, and then the sub-modes are reconstructed by phase space reconstruction (PSR). Secondly, the Harris hawks optimization algorithm is improved by the chaos map and the hill climbing algorithm. Then, the LSTM model is established for each sub-mode, and the improved Harris hawks optimization algorithm (IHHO) is used to optimize the number of hidden layer neurons and learning rate of the LSTM network. Finally, the results of all sub-modes are combined to obtain the finally runoff prediction result. In this study, seven control models are constructed and compared with the proposed model to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model in runoff prediction.
Where Is Air Quality Improving, and Who Benefits? A Study of PM2.5 and Ozone Over 15 Years
Authors: Bravo Mercedes A , Warren Joshua L , Leong Man Chong , Deziel Nicole C , Kimbro Rachel T , Bell Michelle L , Miranda Marie Lynn 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the United States, concentrations of criteria air pollutants have declined in recent decades. Questions remain regarding whether improvements in air quality are equitably distributed across subpopulations. We assessed spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) across North Carolina from 2002–2016, and associations with community characteristics. Estimated daily PM2.5 and O3 concentrations at 2010 Census tracts were obtained from the Fused Air Quality Surface Using Downscaling archive and averaged to create tract-level annual PM2.5 and O3 estimates. We calculated tract-level measures of: racial isolation of non-Hispanic Black individuals, educational isolation of non–college educated individuals, the neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), and percentage of the population in urban areas. We fitted hierarchical Bayesian space-time models to estimate baseline concentrations of and time trends in PM2.5 and O3 for each tract, accounting for spatial between-tract correlation. Concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 declined by 6.4 μg/m3 and 13.5 ppb, respectively. Tracts with lower educational isolation and higher urbanicity had higher PM2.5 and more pronounced declines in PM2.5. Racial isolation was associated with higher PM2.5 but not with the rate of decline in PM2.5. Despite declines in pollutant concentrations, over time, disparities in exposure increased for racially and educationally isolated communities.
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Health: Examining the Contributions of the American Journal of Epidemiology to Advancing the Science
Authors: Borrell Luisa N , Crawford Natalie D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The perverseness of racial and ethnic inequities in the United States continues to implore the investigation of their causes. While there have been improvements in the health of the US population, these improvements have not been equally distributed. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the American Journal of Epidemiology, in this commentary, we aim to highlight the Journal’s contributions to: 1) the definition and use of race and ethnicity in research, and 2) understanding racial and ethnic inequities, both empirically and methodologically, over the past decade. We commend the Journal for its contributions and for spearheading many of the challenges related to measuring and interpreting racial and ethnic data for the past 20 years. We identify 3 additional areas in which the Journal could make further impact to address racial and ethnic inequities: 1) devote a section in every issue of the Journal to scientific papers that make substantive epidemiologic or methodological contributions to racial and ethnic inequities in health; 2) update the Journal’s guidelines for authors to include justifying the use of race and ethnicity; and 3) diversify the field of epidemiology by bringing a new cadre of scholars from minoritized racial and ethnic groups who represent the most affected communities into the research process.
Testing generalized linear models with high-dimensional nuisance parameters
Authors: Chen Jinsong , Li Quefeng , Chen Hua Yun 
Published: April 2022

Summary
Generalized linear models often have high-dimensional nuisance parameters, as seen in applications such as testing gene-environment interactions or gene-gene interactions. In these scenarios, it is essential to test the significance of a high-dimensional subvector of the model’s coefficients. Although some existing methods can tackle this problem, they often rely on the bootstrap to approximate the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic, and are thus computationally expensive. Here, we propose a computationally efficient test with a closed-form limiting distribution, which allows the parameter being tested to be either sparse or dense. We show that, under certain regularity conditions, the Type-I error of the proposed method is asymptotically correct, and we establish its power under high-dimensional alternatives. Extensive simulations demonstrate the good performance of the proposed test and its robustness when certain sparsity assumptions are violated. We also apply the proposed method to Chinese famine sample data in order to show its performance when testing the significance of gene-environment interactions.
Microbial community response to simulated diluted bitumen spills in coastal seawater and implications for oil spill response
Authors: Cobanli Susan E , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Ryther Camilla , MacDonald Jessica , Gladwell Alison , Watts Taylor , Greer Charles W , Elias Miria , Wasserscheid Jessica , Robinson Brian , King Thomas L , Ortmann Alice C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Oil spills in coastal waters can have devastating impacts on local ecosystems, from the microscopic base through to mammals and seabirds. Increasing transport of diluted bitumen has led to concerns about how this novel product might impact coastal ecosystems. A mesocosm study determined that the type of diluent and the season can affect the concentrations of hydrocarbons entering the water column from a surface spill. Those same mesocosms were sampled to determine whether diluent type and season also affected the microbial response to a surface spill. Overall, there were no differences in impacts among the three types of diluted bitumen, but there were consistent responses to all products within each season. Although microbial abundances with diluted bitumen rarely differed from unoiled controls, community structure in these organisms shifted in response to hydrocarbons, with hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria becoming more abundant. The relative abundance of heterotrophic eukaryotes also increased with diluted bitumen, with few photosynthetic organisms responding positively to oil. Overall shifts in the microbial communities were minimal relative to spills of conventional oil products, with low concentrations of hydrocarbons in the water column. Oil spill response should focus on addressing the surface slick to prevent sinking or stranding to minimize ecosystem impacts.