bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Times and Authorship
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Daode jing was compiled during the Axial Age, a period of great philosophical and religious advance worldwide. At the time China saw great upheaval and various new visions of society and rulership arose. The text is traditionally associated with the ancient thinker Laozi, a contemporary of Confucius who served in the royal Zhou government. A figure shrouded in mystery, his first biography goes back to the early Han dynasty, a time when he was already venerated as a saint. The belief then was that he lived for an extraordinarily long time and emigrated across the western border in response to the decline of Zhou culture.
Devotional Activation
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the second century bce, the Daode jing became a sacred text and was recited at court. By the second century ce, it appears among Daoist cults, including the Celestial Masters, the first formally organized Daoist group. Following revelations from the divinized Laozi, they used the text for recitation to attain divine powers and as a source of behavioral precepts. By the fifth century, this had grown to include the attainment of immortality, and recitation became a ritually framed, highly spiritual practice that also involved the visualization of protective deities, notably of Laozi himself in a highly stylized form. Ever more formalized, the ritual expanded to include further complex visualizations as well as the practitioner’s placement among potent constellations in the center of the cosmos. In the sixth century, finally, when the various Daoist schools integrated into one system, the Daode jing became central to the formal ordination of priests.
Commentary Exegeses
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Commentaries mediate between the content and impact of a core text and its understanding in a particular social and historical setting, creating an active interface between the written word and its readers. The first Daode jing commentator was the Legalist Han Feizi of the second century bce who read its message in relation to successful rulership. Following this, the Daoist sage Heshang Gong connected it to physical and meditative cultivation, while Wang Bi, in the third century ce, read the text more philosophically, focusing on original nonbeing and creating a more ontological and semiotic understanding. A more spiritual and mystical expansion of the text, moreover, appeared in the fifth-century Xisheng jing, the alleged record of Laozi’s oral instructions to Yin Xi.
China Today
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Daode jing is alive and well in China today. Still central to the Daoist religion, its author is widely venerated as a key supporting deity and its content is thoroughly studied by the clergy. Many academic institutions and scholarly organizations dedicate their efforts to its deeper understanding and interpretations, and among intellectuals it serves as a platform to engage with Western thought, both historical and modern. In addition, its concepts provide inspiration for ideals of governance, social harmony, and environmental awareness. Psychologists have adapted some of the text’s key notions to create a Chinese version of cognitive therapy. Spiritual and business leaders, moreover, have found in it a way to inspire people to improve their lives and prosperity through personal training and inspiration.
A Synoptic and Multidimensional Theory of the Modern African Self
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 paints a synoptic picture of the holistic/multidimensional fabric of the modern African self. The chapter argues that the African notion of the self is fundamentally opposed to the prevailing approach to the self expounded in the literature of Western philosophy and personality theory. The chapter explains that the Western model of the self is individuocentric and less inclusive and extensive than the African view. In addition, the chapter draws attention to the fact that the Western self is imbued with an emphasis on reason and, until quite recently, a denial of the significance of the body in the determination of the overall destiny of a human being. The chapter therefore argues that the Western idea of the self as a disengaged entity is too self-contained and exclusive to accurately reflect the communal perspective and the theme of precariousness in the notion of the self as understood in Africa.
Questionable Research Practices
Authors: O’Boyle Ernest H. , Götz Martin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There is increasing concern that the veracity of research findings in a number of scientific disciplines, including psychology, may be compromised by questionable research/reporting practices (QRPs). QRPs, such as hypothesizing after results are known, selectively deleting outliers, and “p-hacking,” bolster findings by giving the appearance of statistical significance, generalizability, and novelty. In truth, studies containing such QRPs do not replicate, do not generalize, and mislead both research and practice. This process of “ugly” initial results metamorphosing into “beautiful” articles through QRPs is known as the chrysalis effect and has the potential to compromise the integrity of the field and the trust practitioners and external funding agencies place in psychology research. This chapter reviews the extant research of the existence and frequency of QRP engagement. We then transition into the antecedents and outcomes of QRPs, with a focus on the system processes that both encourage and facilitate QRP engagement. We then close with a series of steps that might mitigate QRP prevalence in order for research to reflect best scientific practices.
Washington's Heir
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In Washington’s Heir, Gerard N. Magliocca gives us the first published biography of Bushrod Washington, one of the most underrated Founding Fathers. Born in 1762, Justice Washington fought in the Revolutionary War, served in Virginia’s ratifying convention for the Constitution, and was Chief Justice John Marshall’s partner in establishing the authority of the Supreme Court. Though he could only see from one eye, Justice Washington wrote many landmark decisions defining the fundamental rights of citizens and the structure of the Constitution, including Corfield v. Coryell-an influential source for the Congress that proposed the Fourteenth Amendment. As George Washington’s personal heir, Bushrod inherited both Mount Vernon and the family legacy of owning other people, one of whom was almost certainly his half-brother or nephew. Yet Justice Washington alone among the Founders was criticized by journalists for selling enslaved people and, in turn, issued a public defense of his actions that laid bare the hypocrisy and cruelty of slavery. An in-depth look at Justice Washington’s extraordinary story that gives insight into his personal thoughts through his own secret journal, Washington’s Heir sheds new light not only on George Washington, John Marshall, and the Constitution, but also on America’s ongoing struggle to become a more perfect union.
A Young Gentleman of Talents
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses Bushrod’s marriage to Ann “Nancy” Blackburn Washington and his service in Virginia’s ratifying convention for the Constitution. In the course of that discussion, the chapter also covers Bushrod’s correspondence with George Washington about state politics, the death of Jack Washington, Bushrod’s election to the Virginia House of Delegates, and the ratification debate on the Constitution.
The Marshall Court Begins
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 follows the first five years of Chief Justice Marshall’s leadership of the Court. During this era, the justice faced tremendous political pressure from Congress and from the Jefferson administration due to intense partisanship and sharp divisions over the proper role of courts in a democracy. Washington became the chief justice’s crucial ally in strengthening the Supreme Court as an institution and steered Marshall away from a potentially disastrous decision to go on strike in protest of the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801. The chapter then puts Marbury v. Madison into context and discusses how the impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 led to a shaky truce between the Court and the elected branches.
The Supreme Court’s Balance Wheel
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 canvasses Washington’s life on the Supreme Court from 1806 to 1823. This period was driven first by the War of 1812 and second by the arrival of Justice Joseph Story, who joined Chief Justice Marshall and Washington to form the backbone of the Marshall Court. Notable cases discussed here include Terrett v. Taylor, McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Houston v. Moore, and Green v. Biddle. Through these cases, the chapter attempts to illuminate the relationship between Washington and Story and Washington’s larger role within the Court.
Corfield v. Coryell
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 analyzes Washington’s most important opinion—Corfield v. Coryell. Corfield was an early case on the Commerce Clause of the Constitution but is famed for its description of the fundamental rights that belonged to all American citizens. The chapter closely reads the justice’s notes on the case, his opinion, and how Corfield was received during Reconstruction when members of Congress and women’s suffrage activists turned to the decision as support for voting rights. There is also a companion discussion of the Supreme Court’s landmark Commerce Clause decision in Gibbons v. Ogden, which came while Corfield was pending and contains interesting parallels to the justice’s notes on that case.
Two Lives Converge, 1936–1939
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces Lewis’ and Williams’ first period of friendship, beginning with an exchange of letters in March 1936 about each other’s books. These letters also reveal a crucial difference on the relation between human, especially erotic, love and the religious experience of divine love; Lewis stresses analogy, while Williams discerns a participation of one area in the other. In the next three years, there is partial convergence as Williams admits an element of parody in the ‘love-religion’ of medieval poetry, while Lewis testifies to being somewhat drawn into Williams’ own region of romantic love within their common general territory of romanticism. Lewis shows growing interest in Williams’ ideas of exchange and substitution, but continues to reinterpret Williams’ thought about romantic theology to accommodate it to his own kind of romanticism. The period ends with Williams’ first extensive expression of co-inherence in his book The Descent of the Dove.
A Literate Life
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates Ārzū among his patrons, friends, and rivals. It is primarily based upon tażkirahs (compendia of poets’ biographies), particularly Ārzū’s own tażkirah Majmaʿ al-Nafāʾis. Ārzū followed the typical career path for a Mughal man of letters, from early education in a familial and small-town environment to urban network building and education to a career in full flower in the capital. Soon after settling in Delhi he met Ānand Rām Muḳhliṣ, who introduced him to his future patron and facilitated his arrival into literary high society. He also came to know Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Qādir Bedil, the most important poet in Delhi, shortly before Bedil’s death in 1720. Ārzū tied himself into prestigious literary networks, including Bedil’s former circle, and battled with various literary rivals, particularly the Iranian émigré Muḥammad ʿAlī Ḥazīn. The chapter closes with a summary of Ārzū’s critical works, which include commentaries, dictionaries, and treatises.
Innovation and Poetic Authority in Eighteenth-Century Persian
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Persian literary culture was experiencing a transformation: A poetics that explicitly valued newness, the “tāzah-goʾī” or “Fresh Speech,” threatened the traditional system of literary authority (sanad). To address this disconnect, Ārzū reiterated the importance of tradition as a unifying factor across the Persian world of letters while also systematizing the expertise of living poets. This chapter argues against the common but anachronistic interpretation of the tāzah-goʾī debate as a contest between Iranian and Indian aesthetics. It analyzes Ārzū’s influential disagreements with the long-dead Abū al-Barakāt Munīr Lahorī (1610–44) and with his contemporary Shaiḳh Muḥammad ʿAlī Ḥazīn Lāhījī (1692–1766). In Ārzū’s framing, Munīr and Ḥazīn both stood for a literary purism that valorized the works of the pre-tāzah-goʾī poets, but their claims to be the present-day guardians of this earlier poetic style were undercut by their inconsistency.
The Applications
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses three areas where Anselm applies his power-and-prevention modal metaphysics. Two are facets of God’s nature. One is the necessity that what is wholly past be “fixed” or unalterable. The chapter thus shows that Anselm uses the metaphysics as his account of necessities we would call absolute. Anselm explicitly commits himself to the claim that God’s will is the source of all necessity. The chapter suggests how this can be so even for the necessity that the past be fixed. God’s atemporality turns out to help explain the fixity of the past, on Anselm’s account.
The Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents Anselm’s modal argument for God’s existence. It shows that the argument is valid. It also evaluates some of its premises for truth. One premise asserts that a perfect being would exist necessarily. The rest of the book examines this. Another denies that a possible being has contradictory properties. Another turns out to be true given the Brouwer system of modal logic. One premise commits Anselm to a controversial thesis that is at the core of Meinong’s views, that an item can have attributes whether or not it exists. The chapter suggests that Anselm would do well to drop this premise, and suggests a substitute.
Other Non-Concreta
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 considers whether Platonic possible worlds or Williamson’s framework of necessary but contingently concrete objects provide acceptable accounts of a perfect being’s possible existence in worlds in which it does not exist. It argues that if there are Platonic worlds, they are explanatorily prior to any contingent perfect being, and take over a role it should have, as the most basic level of reality. It suggests briefly that Williamson’s overall framework is implausible. It further shows that for Williamson, a contingently concrete being must be contingently perfect. The author has argued elsewhere that a perfect being must be necessarily perfect.
The Invention of Custom
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The concept of customary international law, although differently formulated, was already present in early modern European debates on natural law and the law of nations. However, no scholarly monograph has addressed the relationship between custom and the European natural law and ius gentium tradition. This is a book on this neglected story, and offers a solid conceptual framework to contextualize and understand the ‘problematic of custom’, namely how to identify its normative content. Natural law doctrines, and the different ways in which they help construct human reason, provided custom with such normative content. ‘Normative content’ here means a set of fundamental moral values that foundationally help identify the status of custom as either a fundamental feature or an original source of ius gentium. Thus, the book explores what cultural values and practices facilitated the emergence of custom and rendered it a source of the law of nations, and how they did so. Two crucial issues will be at the core of the book’s analysis: first, it will qualify the nature of the interrelation between natural law and ius gentium and explain why it matters in relation to our understanding of the idea of custom; second, it will claim that the process of custom’s formation as a source of law calls into question the role of the authority of history. The interpretation of the past through this approach can, thus, be described as one of ‘invention’.
A Literary History of Custom: Hugo Grotius
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter will claim that Grotius seeks to reconceptualize the notion of custom as a fundamental feature of ius gentium precisely by challenging the notion of voluntarism as applied to custom and instead radicalizing its spontaneous, natural value. A crucial role in this process of reconceptualization is played by Grotius’ reading of Dio Chrysostom, whose oration On custom provides him with an integrated account of custom as a ‘normative argumentative practice’. ‘Custom as normative practice’ means conduct that is embedded in and at the same time emerges from a practice of judgment carrying normative value, because it is shared by a number of interrelated social participants. Thus, Grotius conceives of custom as consisting of arguments (drawn from both poetry and classical history) that only prove themselves convincing insofar as they are spontaneously used within a community of (international) actors.
Custom in Concentric Circles: Samuel Pufendorf’s Customary ius gentium Between Glory and State Interests
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pufendorf introduces a significant conceptual innovation in debates on customary ius gentium. This innovation consists in the acknowledgment of the importance of pragmatic state-interest-based considerations in the international life of states. Pufendorf makes the political argument that consensus among nations is dependent on the existence of a systema civitatum: namely, a political agreement of sovereign entities accepting the creation of a league and devoting some of their sovereign power to the administration of their external affairs. Thus, the ‘system of states’ doctrine also sets the conditions for customary ius gentium to emerge as an independent source of law. Pufendorf seems to suggest that whereas these specific agreements regulate interstate relations in times of peace, custom arises as a specific legal regime applicable to warfare. Although they are not binding, it is convenient to respect customs of war because they enhance the glory and honour of a sovereign.
Conclusion
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The main argument of this book is that, to reconstruct the development of custom as a source of law, it is necessary to think of the law of nations (ius gentium) as a historical discipline. Its analysis shows that the ‘turn to history’ is not just a recent trend in international legal scholarship; ius gentium itself was deeply dependent on the use of historical methods (and on the different temporalities they relied upon) to create legal arguments and techniques. The study of custom makes no exception to this. Authors of the natural law tradition invented customary rules of ius gentium within an open a dialogue with the past, a repository of principles and legal arguments that only needed to be unearthed and appropriated in the present. Thus, to think of custom as a process of historical invention might also offer a significant contribution to contemporary understandings of customary international law. The analysis of the different strategies through which jurists of the past invented custom unravels its fictional nature as a legal concept, and it exposes the belief-system based on which such jurists imagined it.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Unlearning
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.