bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological evaluation of newly invasive jorō spiders (Trichonephila clavata) in the southeastern USA compared to their naturalized cousin, Trichonephila clavipes
Authors: Davis Andrew K. , Frick Benjamin L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA newly‐invasive spider from east Asia, Trichonephila clavata, or “jorō spider”, is spreading in the southeastern United States. Little is known about the biology or physiology of this species in this new range. Interestingly, a closely‐related species in the same genus, the “golden silk spider,” Trichonephila clavipes, is already successfully established in this same region over the last 160 years. The golden silk spider, which is native to the tropics, has not expanded its range beyond the southeast, likely because of thermal limitations. This investigation is to determine how the biology and physiology of T. clavata compare to T. clavipes. We reason that if their physiologies are similar, then T. clavata would be similarly confined to the southeast. We examine online records submitted to iNaturalist.org to compare seasonal distributions and timing, and we collect females to measure physiological traits that help predict environmental tolerance, including metabolic rates, cardiac functioning (heart rate) during cold‐exposure, and survival during brief (2 min) below‐freezing temperature. Results show the jorō spider has a shorter season than its cousin, indicating it can complete its lifecycle within a narrow period of suitable weather. It has an inherently higher metabolism (twice as high), and has a 77% higher heart rate when exposed to low temperature. Finally, jorō spiders survive better (74% compared to 50%) in a brief freeze. These findings suggest the jorō spider can exist in a colder climatic region than the southeastern USA, which can be useful information for management or planning purposes.
Effect of postharvest hydrogen sulphide on lignification and biochemical markers of pointed gourd
Authors: Lata D. , Homa F. , Nayyer M. A. , Kumar A. , Aftab M. A. , Siddiqui M. W. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has emerged as a gasotransmitter molecule that modulates several physiological functions in plants, specially, different biotic and abiotic stresses. Pointed gourd (PG) fruits start losing their soft texture and appealing colour within 2–3 days of harvest, resulting in poor marketability and shelf life.

Here, the effect of exogenous H2S (1 and 2 mm) application on lignification and other biochemical markers linked to ripening, shelf‐life and edible quality of PG was assessed during cold (12 °C, 85–90% RH) and ambient (27 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% RH) storage.

The synergistic effect of H2S was recorded during simulated storage at ambient conditions. Postharvest H2S treatment (1 mm) effectively delayed yellowing and chlorophyll loss (four‐fold reduction) and maintained the phenolic content and higher antioxidant activity (36%).

The H2S‐treated PG fruits had significantly lower lignification and membrane permeability i.e. 15% and 13%, respectively, than control samples. H2S‐treated fruit also maintained higher PAL and lower PPO activity. Therefore, postharvest application of H2S (2 mm) could be effective in maintaining postharvest quality of PG fruits and extending the marketing period.
Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde on Low-Percentage Pt-Containing Catalysts under Mild Conditions
Authors: Vikanova K. V. , Redina E. A. , Kapustin G. I. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The reaction of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzaldehyde is studied in two modes: at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and at a temperature of 70°С and a pressure of 0.5 MPa on Pt/CeO2–ZrО2 catalysts with metal contents of 1 to 0.025 wt %. A 96% conversion of benzaldehyde is obtained on 1% Pt/CeO2–ZrО2 catalysts at room temperature, while a 97% conversion is obtained on 0.1% Pt/CeO2–ZrО2 catalysts at elevated temperatures. The selectivity of the formation of benzyl alcohol is in all cases 100%.
Readiness of health facilities to provide emergency obstetric care in Papua New Guinea: evidence from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hou Xiaohui , Khan M Mahmud , Pulford Justin , Saweri Olga P M 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo measure the readiness of health facilities in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to provide obstetric care and other maternal health services.DesignCross-sectional study involving random sample of health centres, district/rural hospitals (levels 3 and 4 facilities) and all upper-level hospitals operational at the time of survey. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from health facilities.SettingHealth facilities in PNG. Facility administrators and other facility personnel were interviewed. Number of facility personnel interviewed was usually one for health centres and two or more for hospitals.Participants19 upper-level facilities (levels 5–7, provincial, regional and national hospitals) and 60 lower-level facilities (levels 3 and 4, health centres and district/rural hospitals).Outcome measuresFour service-types were used to understand readiness of surveyed health facilities in the provision of maternity care including obstetric care services: (1) facility readiness to provide clinical services; (2) availability of family planning items; (3) availability of maternal and neonatal equipment and materials; and (4) ability to provide emergency obstetric care (EmOC).Results56% of lower-level facilities were not able to provide basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC). Even among higher-level facilities, 16% were not able to perform one or more of the functions required to be considered a BEmOC provider. 11% of level 3 and 4 health facilities were able to provide comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) as compared with 83% of higher-level facilities.ConclusionGiven the high fertility rate and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in PNG, lack of BEmOC at the first level inpatient service providers is a major concern. To improve access to EmOC, level 3 and 4 facilities should be upgraded to at least BEmOC providers. Significant reduction in MMR will require improved access to CEmOC and optimal geographic location approach can identify facilities to be upgraded.
Identity construction in medical student stories about experiences of disgust in early nursing home placements: a dialogical narrative analysis
Authors: Warmington Sally , Johansen May-Lill , Wilson Hamish 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo explore medical students’ reflective essays about encounters with residents during preclinical nursing home placements.DesignDialogical narrative analysis aiming at how students characterise residents and construct identities in relation to them.SettingMedical students’ professional identity construction through storytelling has been demonstrated in contexts including hospitals and nursing homes. Some preclinical students participate in nursing home placements, caring for residents, many living with dementia. Students’ interactions with these residents can expose them to uncontained body fluids or disturbing behaviour, evoking feelings of disgust or fear.ParticipantsReflective essays about experiences as caregivers in nursing homes submitted to a writing competition by preclinical medical students in New Zealand.ResultsDescribing early encounters, students characterised residents as passive or alien, and themselves as vulnerable and dependent. After providing care for residents, they identified them as individuals and themselves as responsible caregivers. However, in stories of later encounters that evoked disgust, some students again identified themselves as overwhelmed and vulnerable, and residents as problems or passive objects. We used Kristeva’s concept of abjection to explore this phenomenon and its relationship with identity construction.ConclusionsProviding personal care can help students identify residents as individuals and themselves as responsible caregivers. Experiencing disgust in response to corporeal or psychic boundary violations can lead to abjection and loss of empathy. Awareness of this possibility may increase students’ capacity to treat people with dignity and compassion, even when they evoke fear or disgust. Medical education theory and practice should acknowledge and address the potential impact of strong negative emotions experienced by medical students during clinical encounters.
Protocol for development and validation of instruments to measure women’s empowerment in urban sanitation across countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: the Agency, Resources and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) scales
Authors: Sinharoy Sheela S , Conrad Amelia , Patrick Madeleine , McManus Shauna , Caruso Bethany A 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionDespite an increasing emphasis on gender and empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) programmes, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the WaSH sector. Our objective is to develop and validate quantitative survey instruments to measure women’s empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries.Methods and analysisWe are developing the Agency, Resources and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment scales through a process that involves three phases: item development; scale development and initial validation and scale evaluation and further validation. The first phase includes domain specification, item generation, face validity and content validity assessment and item refinement. The second phase involves a second round of face validity and content validity assessment, followed by survey implementation in two cities (Tiruchirappalli, India and Kampala, Uganda) and data analysis involving factor analysis and item response theory approaches as well as reliability and validity testing. The third phase involves a final round of face validity and content validity assessment, followed by survey implementation in three additional cities (Narsapur and Warangal, India and Lusaka, Zambia) and statistical analysis using similar approaches as in phase 2 for further validation.Ethics and disseminationEthics approvals have been received from the Emory University Institutional Review Board (USA); Azim Premji University and Indian Institute of Health Management Research Institutional Review Boards (India); Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (Uganda); and ERES Converge Institutional Review Board (Zambia). The study team will share findings with key stakeholders to inform programming activities and will publish results in peer-reviewed journals.
RetINal Toxicity And HydroxyChloroquine Therapy (INTACT): protocol for a prospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Daftarian Narsis , Lima Adriana , Marozoff Shelby , Ojo Dami , Levasseur Steve D , Maberley David A L , Hoens Alison , Esdaile John , Dawes Martin , Aviña-Zubieta J Antonio , Adante Beatrice , Bhui Ravinder Dennis , Bhui Suruchi B , Butler Michael , Chui Lica , Erasmus Murray , Etminan Mahyar , Godinho Derek , Hay Elizabeth , Hollands Hussein , Hoonjan Malvinder , Joe Aaron , Lukaris Andrew , Mammo Zaid , Navajas Eduardo , Pakzad-Vaezi Kaivon , Sanmugasunderam Suren , Shojania Kam 
Published: February 2022

PurposeHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important medication for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases. Although it is well-tolerated and cost-effective, the risk of HCQ retinal toxicity is of increasing concern. The aim of this study is to re-examine the HCQ retinal toxicity incidence rate, risk factors and clinical course after discontinuation.MethodsWe designed a prospective population-based cohort study in adult patients with SLE or RA, currently receiving HCQ for five or more years, who are residents of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Based on administrative data, we identified 5508 eligible participants (1346 SLE and 4162 RA). They will participate in annual or biannual retinal screening over 5 years in alignment with the recently revised American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines. To standardise procedures for retinal screening, imaging, diagnostic criteria, severity staging and data transfer, a consensus meeting was convened in December 2019 with participation of BC retinal specialists and the research team. Agreement was attained on: use of spectral domain-optical coherence tomography as the primary objective screening modality; classification of images into categories of normal, equivocal or abnormal; and transferring the equivocal and abnormal images plus corresponding subjective test results via cloud-based server from each clinic to a reading centre. Confirmation of HCQ retinal toxicity diagnoses and severity staging will be performed by three independent and masked reviewers. The incidence of HCQ retinal toxicity will be calculated, accounting for the competing risk of death. Hazard ratios for each risk factor will be calculated for the risk of HCQ retinopathy, after adjusting for confounders. We will also estimate the risk of HCQ retinal toxicity progression over 5 years.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received approval from the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (H20-00736) and the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute.
Importance of reporting survival as incidence: a cross-sectional comparative study on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest registry data from Germany and Norway
Authors: Tjelmeland Ingvild Beathe Myrhaugen , Alm-Kruse Kristin , Grasner Jan-Thorsten , Isern Cecilie Benedicte , Jakisch Barbara , Kramer-Johansen Jo , Renzing Niels , Wnent Jan , Seewald Stephan 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesHealth registries are a unique source of information about current practice and can describe disease burden in a population. We aimed to understand similarities and differences in the German Resuscitation Registry (GRR) and the Norwegian Cardiac Arrest Registry (NorCAR) and compare incidence and survival for patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.DesignA cross-sectional comparative analysis reporting incidence and outcome on a population level.SettingWe included data from the cardiac arrest registries in Germany and Norway.ParticipantsPatients resuscitated between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 were included, resulting in 29 222 cases from GRR and 16 406 cases from NorCAR. From GRR, only emergency medical services (EMS) reporting survival information for patients admitted to the hospital were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThis study focused on the EMS systems, the registries and the patients included in both registries. The results compare the total incidence, incidence of patients resuscitated by EMS, and the incidence of survival.ResultsWe found an incidence of 68 per 100 000 inhabitants in GRR and 63 in NorCAR. The incidence of patients treated by EMS was 67 in GRR and 53 in NorCAR. The incidence of patients arriving at a hospital was higher in GRR (24.3) than in NorCAR (15.1), but survival was similar (8 in GRR and 7.8 in NorCAR).ConclusionGRR is a voluntary registry, and in-hospital information is not reported for all cases. NorCAR has mandatory reporting from all EMS and hospitals. EMS in Germany starts treatment on more patients and bring a higher number to hospital, but we found no difference in the incidence of survival. This study has improved our knowledge of both registries and highlighted the importance of reporting survival as incidence when comparing registries.
Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in a population at risk: iodine-enhanced multidetector CT and/or gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 T MRI
Authors: Qiong Lan , Jie Zhao , Zhong Zheng , Wen Sheng , Jun Zhao , Liping Lu , Jinkui Cheng 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of iodine-enhanced multidetector CT and gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 Tesla (T) MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma of patients.DesignRetrospective, multicentre cohort study.SettingThe Gong’an County People’s Hospital, Gong’an County, China and the First People’s Hospital of Jingzhou City, China.ParticipantsReports of CT, MRI and liver biopsies/histopathology data of a total of 815 patients who at risk were reviewed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe lesions that possessed detection in the plain scan phase, enhanced arterial phase and/or enhanced portal phase of CT images and the lesions that possessed enhancements in the plain scan phase, enhanced arterial phase, enhanced portal phase and/or hepatobiliary phases of MRI were considered hepatocellular carcinoma. The decision of hepatocellular carcinoma was made based on the current Liver Imaging and Data Reporting System for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma.ResultsTrue positive hepatocellular carcinoma (563 vs 521, p=0.0314), true negative hepatocellular carcinoma (122 vs 91, p=0.0275), false positive hepatocellular carcinoma (88 vs 123, p=0.0121), false negative hepatocellular carcinoma (42 vs 80, p=0.0005), specificity (58.10 vs 42.52, p=0.0478) and negative clinical utility (0.1 vs 0.073, p=0.0386) were superior for gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 T MRI than those of iodine-enhanced multidetector CT. Sensitivity and accuracy for gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 T MRI were 93.06% and 77.40 %, respectively, and those for iodine-enhanced multidetector CT were 86.69% and 75.09 %, respectively. Likelihood to detect hepatocellular carcinoma for gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 T MRI was 0–0.894 diagnostic confidence/lesion, and that for iodine-enhanced multidetector CT was 0–0.887 diagnostic confidence/lesion.ConclusionGadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0 T MRI facilitates the confidence of initiation of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Level of evidenceIII.Technical efficacy stage4.
Effect of high-intensity exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular disease risk and disease activity in patients with inflammatory joint disease: protocol for the ExeHeart randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nordén Kristine Røren , Dagfinrud Hanne , Semb Anne Grete , Hisdal Jonny , Viktil Kirsten K , Sexton Joseph , Fongen Camilla , Skandsen Jon , Blanck Thalita , Metsios George S , Tveter Anne Therese 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionInflammatory joint disease (IJD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) fostered by systemic inflammation and a high prevalence of CVD risk factors. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important health parameter and CRF-measures are advocated in routine health evaluations. CRF associates with CVD risk, and exercise modalities such as high intensity interval training (HIIT) can increase CRF and mitigate CVD risk factors. In IJD, exercise is rarely used in CVD risk management and the cardioprotective effect of HIIT is unclear. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of HIIT to primary care settings is largely unknown and warrants investigation. The primary aim is to assess the effect of a HIIT programme on CRF in patients with IJD. Second, we will evaluate the effect of HIIT on CVD risk and disease activity in patients with IJD, feasibility of HIIT in primary care and validity of non-exercise algorithms to detect change in CRF.Methods and analysisExeHeart is a single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Sixty patients with IJD will be recruited from the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic at Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Norway. Patients will be assigned to receive standard care (relevant lifestyle advice and cardio-preventive medication) or standard care plus a 12-week HIIT intervention by physiotherapists in primary care. HIIT sessions will be prescribed at 90%–95% of peak heart rate. Outcomes include CRF (primary outcome), CVD risk factors, anthropometric measures, disease activity and patient-reported outcomes related to pain, fatigue, disease, physical activity and exercise and will be assessed at baseline, 3 months (primary endpoint) and 6 months postbaseline.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (201227). Participants are required to sign a written informed consent form. Results will be discussed with patient representatives, submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant platforms.Trial registration numberNCT04922840.
Advance care planning—family carer psychological distress and involvement in decision making: the ACTION trial
Authors: Vandenbogaerde Isabel , De Vleminck Aline , Cohen Joachim , Verkissen Mariëtte Nadine , Lapeire Lore , Ingravallo Francesca , Payne Sheila , Wilcock Andrew , Seymour Jane , Kars Marijke , Grønvold Mogens , Lunder Urska , Rietjens Judith , van der Heide Agnes , Deliens Luc 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesFacilitated advance care planning (ACP) helps family carers’ to be aware of patient preferences. It can improve family carers’ involvement in decision making and their overall experiences at the end of life, as well as, reduce psychological stress. We investigated the effects of the ACTION Respecting Choices (RC) ACP intervention on the family carers’ involvement in decision making in the last 3 months of the patients’ life and on the family carers’ psychological distress after 3 months of bereavement.MethodsOver six European countries, a sample of 162 bereaved family carers returned a bereavement questionnaire. Involvement in decision making was measured with a single item of the Views of Informal Carers–Evaluation of Services Short Form questionnaire. Psychological distress was measured with the Impact of Event Scale (IES).ResultsNo significant effect was found on family carers involvement in decision making in the last 3 months of the patients’ life (95% CI 0.449 to 4.097). However, the probability of involvement in decision making was slightly higher in the intervention arm of the study (89.6% vs 86.7%; OR=1.357). Overall, no statistical difference was found between intervention and control group regarding the IES (M=34.1 (1.7) vs 31.8 (1.5); (95% CI −2.2 to 6.8)).ConclusionThe ACTION RC ACP intervention showed no significant effect on family carers’ involvement in decision making or on subsequent psychological distress. More research is needed about (1) how family carers can be actively involved in ACP-conversations and (2) how to prepare family carers on their role in decision making.Trial registration numberInternational Standard Randomised Controlled Trial NumberISRCTN17231.
Correlation redistribution by causal horizons
Authors: de Gioia L. Pipolo , de Oliveira M. C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Minkowski vacuum $$|0\rangle _M$$

|
0
⟩

M

, which for an inertial observer is devoid of particles, is perceived as a thermal bath by Rindler observers living in a single Rindler wedge (Unruh in Phys Rev D 14:870, 1976) as a result of the discrepancy in the definition of positive frequency between the two classes of observers and a strong entanglement between degrees of freedom in the left and right Rindler wedges. We revisit the problem of quantification of the correlations in a two-mode state of a free neutral scalar field which is observed by an inertial observer Alice and left/right Rindler observers Rob/AntiRob, a problem that pertains to the field of relativistic quantum information and has been previously studied in Martin-Martinez et al. (Phys Rev D 82:064006, 2010) and Datta (Phys Rev A 80:052304, 2009). We focus on the analysis of informational quantities like the locally accessible and locally inaccessible information (Koashi and Winter in Phys Rev A 69:022309, 2004; Fanchini et al. in Phys Rev A 84:012313, 2011; Fanchini et al. in New J Phys 14:013027, 2012) and a closely associated entanglement measure, the entanglement of formation. We conclude that, with respect to the correlation structure probed by inertial observers alone, the introduction of a Rindler observer gives rise to a correlation redistribution which can be quantified by the entanglement of formation. Given the informational meaning of the derived correlations, we discuss on the capacity of a quantum channel to communicate classical information between accelerated parties.