bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of protoplanetary discs observed with ALMA
Authors: Parker Raeesa , Ward-Thompson Derek , Kirk Jason 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Many observations of protoplanetary discs studied with ALMA have revealed the complex substructure present in the discs. Rings and gaps in the dust continuum are now a common sight in many discs; however, their origins still remain unknown. We look at all protoplanetary disc images taken with ALMA from cycles 0 to 5 and find that 56 discs show clear substructure. We further study the 56 discs and classify the morphology seen according to four categories: Rim, Ring, Horseshoe, and Spiral. We calculate the ages of the host stars using stellar isochrones and investigate the relation between the morphology of the substructure seen in the protoplanetary discs and the age of the host stars. We find that there is no clear evolutionary sequence in the protoplanetary discs as the stars increase in age, although there is a slight tendency for spirals to appear in younger systems and horseshoes to be seen in more evolved systems. We also show that majority of the images of protoplanetary discs made by ALMA may not have had a sufficiently high resolution or sensitivity to resolve substructure in the disc. We show that angular resolution is important in detecting substructure within protoplanetary discs, with sensitivity distinguishing between the different types of substructure. We compare the substructure seen in protoplanetary discs at sub-mm to those seen in scattered light. We find that cavities are a common substructure seen in discs at both sub-mm wavelengths and in scattered light.
A discontinuous Galerkin solver in theflashmultiphysics framework
Authors: Markert Johannes , Walch Stefanie , Gassner Gregor 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present a discontinuous Galerkin solver based on previous work by the authors for magnetohydrodynamics in form of a new fluid solver module integrated into the established and well-known multiphysics simulation code flash. Our goal is to enable future research on the capabilities and potential advantages of discontinuous Galerkin methods for complex multiphysics simulations in astrophysical settings. We give specific details and adjustments of our implementation within the flash framework and present extensive validations and test cases, specifically its interaction with several other physics modules such as (self-)gravity and radiative transfer. We conclude that the new DG solver module in flash is ready for use in astrophysics simulations and thus ready for assessments and investigations.
The ALMA REBELS Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z ∼ 7
Authors: Sommovigo L , Ferrara A , Pallottini A , Dayal P , Bouwens R J , Smit R , da Cunha E , De Looze I , Bowler R A A , Hodge J , Inami H , Oesch P , Endsley R , Gonzalez V , Schouws S , Stark D , Stefanon M , Aravena M , Graziani L , Riechers D , Schneider R , van der Werf P , Algera H , Barrufet L , Fudamoto Y , Hygate A P S , Labbé I , Li Y , Nanayakkara T , Topping M 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
ALMA observations have revealed the presence of dust in the first generations of galaxies in the Universe. However, the dust temperature Td remains mostly unconstrained due to the few available FIR continuum data at redshift $z$ &gt; 5. This introduces large uncertainties in several properties of high-$z$ galaxies, namely their dust masses, infrared luminosities, and obscured fraction of star formation. Using a new method based on simultaneous [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] 158-μm line and underlying dust continuum measurements, we derive Td in the continuum and [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] detected $z$ ≈ 7 galaxies in the ALMA Large Project REBELS sample. We find 39 &lt; Td &lt; 58 K, and dust masses in the narrow range Md = (0.9−3.6) × 107 M⊙. These results allow us to extend for the first time the reported Td($z$) relation into the Epoch of Reionization. We produce a new physical model that explains the increasing Td($z$) trend with the decrease of gas depletion time, tdep = Mg/SFR, induced by the higher cosmological accretion rate at early times; this hypothesis yields Td ∝ (1 + $z$)0.4. The model also explains the observed Td scatter at a fixed redshift. We find that dust is warmer in obscured sources, as a larger obscuration results in more efficient dust heating. For UV-transparent (obscured) galaxies, Td only depends on the gas column density (metallicity), $T_{\rm d} \propto N_{\rm H}^{1/6}$ (Td ∝ Z−1/6). REBELS galaxies are on average relatively transparent, with effective gas column densities around NH ≃ (0.03−1) × 1021 cm−2. We predict that other high-$z$ galaxies (e.g. MACS0416-Y1, A2744-YD4), with estimated Td ≫ 60 K, are significantly obscured, low-metallicity systems. In fact, Td is higher in metal-poor systems due to their smaller dust content, which for fixed LIR results in warmer temperatures.
Multiple Tobacco Product Use Conceptual Framework: A 2021 Update on Evidence
Authors: Rubenstein Dana , Pacek Lauren R , McClernon F Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other noncombusted tobacco products increases—making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common—it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use.

Aims and Methods
In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising.

Results and Conclusions
MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations or contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons or purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution and complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework.

Implications
A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.
Speaking for the Voiceless? Representative Claims-Making on Behalf of Future Generations in Belgium
Authors: Vermassen Daan , Caluwaerts Didier , Erzeel Silvia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Given that modern democracies face generation-transcending policy challenges, this study asks whether the interests of future generations are sufficiently taken into account in present-day parliamentary politics. Through analysis of parliamentary documents in Belgium (2010–2019), we examine whether present-day MPs make representative claims on behalf of future generations, how such claims are made and by whom. We find that MPs do formulate claims, but only to a limited extent and with little or no justification. Moreover, claims-making is driven by electoral-strategic considerations. Only those who hold prominent positions make claims for future generations and fewer claims are made in election years.
Building resilience: a case study of occupational factors influencing levels of ‘happiness’ for Abu Dhabi police officers
Authors: Al Kaabi Faisal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The policing and security community globally is in a race against time to develop strategies for improving mental health well-being amongst the profession. For professionals across the multiple contributing areas supporting police officer well-being, i.e. medical practitioners, psychologists, management professionals, mentors, coaches, counsellors, understanding contributing factors from the experience, and perception of police officers is a critical contributing area of research (Baker et al., 2020; Deschênes et al., 2018. Psychosocial factors linked to the occupational psychological health of police officers: preliminary study. Cogent Psychology 5(1): 1426271; Purba and Demou, 2019. The relationship between organisational stressors and mental wellbeing within police officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 19(1): 1286) The aim of the study reported in this paper was to evaluate the influence of work factors of organizational rewards, job characteristics, and factors relating to working in a public service agency on an officer’s perception of happiness. A survey was distributed to police officers in the Abu Dhabi police force, with an inferential analysis conducted to examine the relationships between work factors and levels of officer happiness. The findings identified employee perception of organizational rewards, job control, task significance, frequency of feedback, desire for helping others as primary reasons to work in the police, and opportunities available to help others in society were all predictors of police happiness. This article discusses specifically the employees’ perception of rewards at work and job characteristics as determinants of happiness. The findings contributing to development of future organizational response for enhancing officer well-being and importantly inform in building resilience to mental health illness for police officers.
A Bayesian Multi-Outcome Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Hospitalizations
Authors: Thomas Emma G. , Braun Danielle , Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna , Trippa Lorenzo , Wasfy Jason H. , Dominici Francesca 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Short-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is positively associated with acute cardiovascular and respiratory events. Understanding whether this association varies across specific cardiovascular and respiratory conditions has important biologic, clinical, and public health implications.

Methods:
We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study of hospitalizations from 2000 through 2014 among United States Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+. The outcomes were hospitalizations with any of 57 cardiovascular and 32 respiratory discharge diagnoses. We estimated associations with two-day moving average PM2.5 as a piecewise linear term with a knot at PM2.5 = 25 g/m3. We used Multi-Outcome Regression with Tree-structured Shrinkage (MOReTreeS) to identify de novo groups of related diseases such that PM2.5 associations are: (1) similar within outcome groups; but (2) different between outcome groups. We adjusted for temperature, humidity, and individual-level characteristics. We introduce an R package, moretrees.

Results:
Our dataset included 16,007,293 cardiovascular and 8,690,837 respiratory hospitalizations. Of 57 cardiovascular diseases, 51 were grouped and positively associated with PM2.5. We observed a stronger positive association for heart failure, which formed a separate group. We observed negative associations for groups containing the outcomes other aneurysm and intracranial hemorrhage. Of 32 respiratory outcomes, 31 were grouped and were positively associated with PM2.5. Influenza formed a separate group with a negative association.

Conclusions:
We used a new statistical approach, MOReTreeS, to uncover variation in the association between short-term PM2.5 exposure and hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory causes controlling for patient characteristics, time trends, and environmental confounders.
Perinatal considerations for care of transgender and nonbinary people: a narrative review
Authors: McCracken Megan , DeHaan Gene , Obedin-Maliver Juno 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
The visibility of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities, specifically the transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) communities, continues to grow. However, there is little description, much less guidance toward optimizing, the pregnancy-related care of TGNB people. The overarching goal of this paper is to provide guidance that aids in reimagining obstetrics to include people of all genders.

Recent findings
This article will review current literature and provide recommendations specific to the hospital birthing environment to help address the lack of knowledge regarding pregnancy-related care of TGNB individuals. This care is further divided into three main times: (1) preconception, antepartum care, and triage, (2) intrapartum, and (3) postpartum. We also discuss considerations for the general medical care of TGNB individuals.

Summary
Understanding facilitators and barriers to gender affirming pregnancy-related care of TGNB individuals are first steps toward providing a respectful, affirming, and evidence-based environment for all patients, especially TGNB individuals. Here we provide context, discussion, and resources for providers and TGNB patients navigating pregnancy-related care. Lastly, this review challenges researchers and clinicians with future directions for the care of TGNB individuals in this continually expanding field.
Differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate are associated with different patterns of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in the general population
Authors: Yoon Sang Gon , Lee Seung Ku , Kim Seong Hwan , Shin Chol , Han Sang Youb 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Alterations of the circadian blood pressure rhythm are associated with cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. We investigated the relationship between 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) patterns and eGFR differences in participants without chronic kidney disease.

Method:
This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the ongoing Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, which involves 1733 participants (age, 60 ± 7 years; 938 women) with an eGFR >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The blood pressure dipping status was stratified as reverse-dipper (<0%), nondipper (0 to <10%), and dipper (≥10%). They were also categorized into eGFR quartiles (Q4, 128.6–101.6; Q3, 101.5–95.7; Q2, 95.6–87.4; and Q1, 87.3–60.5), and Q4 was fixed as the reference.

Results:
The proportion of dippers progressively decreased and the proportions of reverse and nondippers significantly increased from the highest to the lowest eGFR quartile (P < 0.001). In the univariate analyses, the Q1 and Q2 groups were significantly associated with increasing odds ratios (ORs) for the nondipper, reverse-dipper, and nondipper plus reverse-dipper groups. After adjustment, the lowest eGFR group was significantly associated with the reverse-dipper and nondipper plus reverse-dipper patterns in comparison with the highest eGFR group [OR = 1.685, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.002–2.834; OR = 1.422, 95% CI, 1.023–1.978, respectively). The significant linear trend for an association of the nondipper plus reverse-dipper pattern with a decrease in eGFR was confirmed with the test for trend (P = 0.023).

Conclusion:
Differences in eGFR are associated with different 24-h ABPM patterns in non-CKD individuals. ABPM can identify individuals with a nondipper status in this population.
Proteomics in uveal melanoma
Authors: Heiferman Michael J. , Mahajan Vinit B. , Mruthyunjaya Prithvi 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
This article reviews the latest proteomic research on uveal melanoma.

Recent findings
Proteomic analysis of uveal melanoma cell lines and tissue specimens has improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of uveal melanoma and helped identify potential prognostic biomarkers. Circulating proteins in patient serum may aid in the surveillance of metastatic disease. The proteomes of aqueous and vitreous biopsy specimens may provide safer biomarkers for metastatic risk and candidate therapeutic targets in uveal melanoma. Proteomic analysis has the potential to benefit patient outcomes by improving diagnosis, prognostication, surveillance, and treatment of uveal melanoma.

Summary
These recent findings demonstrate that proteomic analysis is an important area of research to better understand the pathophysiology of uveal melanoma and improve the personalized management of our patients.
SPP1 in infliximab resistant ulcerative colitis and associated colorectal cancer: an analysis of differentially expressed genes
Authors: Giannos Panagiotis , Triantafyllidis Konstantinos Katsikas , Giannos Georgios , Kechagias Konstantinos S. 
Published: February 2022

Objective
Infliximab, a tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) antagonist, has advanced the management of ulcerative colitis. Although efficacious, considerable percentage of patients are resistant to treatment. Accumulative inflammatory burden in long-term ulcerative colitis patients refractory to therapy increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study investigated anti-TNFα-naïve patients with active ulcerative colitis to identify gene biomarkers whose dysregulated expression correlated with resistance to infliximab (IFX) treatment and poor prognosis in CRC.

Methods
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from two studies (GSE73661 and GSE14580) with colonic mucosal samples were retrieved. Noninflammatory bowel disease controls were compared with those with active ulcerative colitis that either responded or were resistant to IFX before treatment. DEGs from ulcerative colitis samples resistant to IFX were used to construct a protein–protein interaction network, and clustering gene modules were identified. Module DEGs that overlapped with ulcerative colitis samples responsive to IFX were analysed, based on topological closeness and radiality. Hub genes were obtained, and their correlation with CRC progression was evaluated. Their expression in CRC tissues and their tumour microenvironment immune status was estimated.

Results
Three clusters composed of 582 DEGs from ulcerative colitis samples resistant to IFX were retrieved. Comparative analysis identified 305 overlapping DEGs with ulcerative colitis samples responsive to IFX. Topological analysis revealed a hub gene – SPP1 – whose overexpression in CRC tissues and patients correlated with increased infiltration of immune signatures and poor prognosis.

Conclusion
SPP1 may serve as potential gene biomarker and predictor of resistance to IFX therapy in ulcerative colitis and CRC development.
Effect of proton pump inhibitors and other commonly prescribed drugs on rescanning of patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging: a case-control study
Authors: Rose David S. , Rowe Jennifer M. , Love Aimee E. 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
Proton pump inhibitor use is associated with increased gastric wall activity on myocardial perfusion imaging; however, the clinical impact is unknown. We sought to determine the association of the use of proton pump inhibitors and nine other commonly prescribed classes of medications on the risk of rescanning patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging.

Methods
A matched case-control study was performed including 337 rescanned cases and 337 same-day controls from a total of 5432 patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) over a 4-year period.

Results
The odds of rescanning was higher in patients taking a proton pump inhibitor than those not [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–2.2] and in those taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor than those not (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0–2.2) adjusted for age, sex and BMI category. Eight other commonly prescribed medications showed no associations with rescanning. Among the cases of rescanning, the culprit organ site of extracardiac activity was the left lobe of the liver, 48%; gastric wall, 31%; gastric lumen, 12%; spleen, 7% and bowel <1%. Proton pump inhibitor use was strongly associated with rescanning due to gastric wall uptake (adjusted OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.8–14.1) but not the other causes of rescanning.

Conclusions
Proton pump inhibitor use and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use are associated with an increased risk of rescanning of patients undergoing MPI. Gastric wall activity is likely to account for the excess cases of rescanning in those taking a proton pump inhibitor.
Optimization of image reconstruction method of cerebral blood flow perfusion imaging with digital CZT SPECT
Authors: Zhou Yaqian , Wang Shen , Wang Peng , Li Ning , Wang Xuan , Zheng Wei 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of filtered back projection (FBP), ordered subset expectation maximisation (OSEM), and different filters on cadmium zinc telluride single-photon emission computed tomography [CZT single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] cerebral blood perfusion image quality to optimise the image reconstruction method.

Methods
Under routine clinical conditions, tomographic imaging was performed on the phantom and patients. Image processing included image reconstruction using FBP and OSEM, and the filtering method used Butterworth (Bw) and Gaussian (Gs) filters. Visual and semi-quantitative parameters [integral uniformity, root mean square (RMS) noise and contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)] were used to evaluate image quality to optimise image reconstruction parameters. One-way and two-way analysis of variance were used to process phantom and clinical data.

Results
In the tomographic images of the phantom, the semi-quantitative analysis showed that the integral uniformity of FBP+Bw was better than that of OSEM+Bw and OSEM+Gs (P < 0.05), and that the RMS noise of FBP+Bw was lower than that of OSEM+Bw and OSEM+Gs (P < 0.001). The contrast of FBP+Bw and OSEM+Bw in the cold area diameter ≥2 cm group was higher than that of OSEM+Gs (P < 0.001), whereas the CNR of FBP+Bw was higher than that of OSEM+Bw and OSEM+Gs (P < 0.001); the contrast of OSEM+Bw cold area diameter <2 cm was higher than that of FBP+Bw (P < 0.01). The semi-quantitative analysis results of the clinical images were consistent with the phantom’s.

Conclusion
In CZT SPECT cerebral blood flow perfusion imaging, it is suggested that the image postprocessing method of FBP+Bw (fc = 0.40; n = 10) should be used routinely in clinical application, and if there are uncertain small lesions in the processed image, it is suggested to use the reconstruction method of OSEM+Bw (EM-equivalent iterations = 60; fc = 0.45; n = 10) instead.
Translation defects in ribosomopathies
Authors: Boussaid Ismael , Fontenay Michaela 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
Congenital or acquired ribosomopathies related to mutations or deletions in ribosomal proteins gene or ribosome-associated proteins exhibit defective ribosome biogenesis that expose the cell to translation defects. The mechanisms leading to low translation rate, loss-of-translation fidelity and translation selectivity are reviewed.

Recent findings
New quantitative techniques to measure ribosome component stoichiometry reveal that the pool of ribosomes could be heterogeneous and/or decreased with a limited number of translationally competent ribosomes. During development or cell differentiation, the absence of specific ribosome components or their replacement by paralogs generate heterogeneous ribosomes that are specialized in the translation of specific mRNAs. Decreased ribosome content by defective biosynthesis of a subunit results in translation selectivity at the expense of short structured transcripts with high codon adaptation index. Activation of p53, as a witness of nucleolar stress associated with the hematological phenotype of ribosomopathies participates in translational reprogramming of the cell by interfering with cap-dependent translation.

Summary
Translation selectivity is a common feature of ribosomopathies. p53 is more selectively activated in ribosomopathies with erythroid phenotype. The discovery of its dual role in regulating transcriptional and translational program supports new therapeutic perspectives.