bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism Design for Global Isotropy With Applications to Haptic Interfaces
Authors: Stocco Leo J. , Salcudean Septimiu E. , Sassani Farrokh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new global isotropy index (GII) is proposed to quantify the configuration independent isotropy of a robot’s Jacobian or mass matrix. The matrix is scaled to homogenize the physical units, to tailor it to the demands of the application and to choose optimum actuator parameters. A new discrete global optimization algorithm is also proposed to optimize the GII without placing any conditions on the objective function. The algorithm is used to establish design guidelines and a globally optimum architecture for a planar haptic interface from both a kinematic and dynamic perspective and to compare three robots for use as a 5-DOF haptic pen. The algorithm demonstrates consistent effort reductions of up to six orders of magnitude over global searching with low sensitivity to initial conditions.
Automatic Structure and Parameter Training Methods for Modeling of Mechanical System by Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Li C. James , Huang T. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Automatic nonlinear-system identification is very useful for various disciplines including, e.g., automatic control, mechanical diagnostics, and financial market prediction. This paper describes a fully automatic structural and weight learning method for recurrent neural networks (RNN). The basic idea is training with residuals, i.e., a single hidden neuron RNN is trained to track the residuals of an existing network before it is augmented to the existing network to form a larger and better network. The network continues to grow until either a desired level of accuracy or a preset maximal number of neurons is reached. The method requires neither guess of initial weight values nor the number of neurons in the hidden layer from users. This new structural and weight learning algorithm is used to find RNN models for a two-degree-of-freedom planar robot, a Van der Pol oscillator and a Mackey-Glass equation using their simulated responses to excitations. In addition, a RNN model is obtained for a real robot using its input and output measurements. The algorithm is effective in all four cases and RNN models were shown to be superior to linear models and hybrid models wherever the comparison was made.
Fuzzy Logic Control of Material Forming Process
Authors: Lieh Junghsen , Li Wei Jie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adaptive controllers with self-adjustment capabilities possess many advantages over conventional methods. An adaptive fuzzy controller may be implemented either in a direct form or in an indirect form, and it is generally referred to as a self-organizing controller. One advantage of fuzzy controllers is their simple computation requirements in comparison with more algorithmic-based controllers.
A metal forming process is a good candidate for the implementation of fuzzy logic rules because of its nonlinear and stochastic properties. In this paper, a prototype electromechanical forming machine was developed and tested. The system includes an optical sensor, an AC induction motor, a servo controller, a forming mechanism, and a microprocessor. The measured state variable is processed by the CPU with a fuzzy logic algorithm. The controller utilizes primary and secondary errors between the actual response and desired output to conduct rule reasoning. Results from testing are presented.
Learning by Highly Autonomous Sensors
Authors: Figueroa Fernando , Mahajan Ajay 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A formal theory for the development of a generic model of an autonomous sensor is described. This model can be viewed as addressing a somewhat specific area of autonomous agent models. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this work is that it concentrates on the sensor itself whereas autonomous agents assume that the sensory input is complete and accurate to the degree that it needs to be. Building intelligent systems in engineering implies embedding the capabilities of the system operator in the model. These capabilities are not simply rules and facts, but also reasoning and decision making methodologies. So we present the notion of considering a sensor as an autonomous agent itself and call it highly autonomous, since no system can be completely autonomous. A highly autonomous sensor (HAS) not only interprets the acquired data in accordance with an embedded expert system knowledge base, but is also capable of learning and thereby improving its performance over time. This paper will concentrate on the learning aspects of the HAS model. The model is generic and can be used to instantiate any sensor as a HAS.
Image Processing for Pose Recognition Using a Neural Network
Authors: Murray William R. , Billingsley Daniel A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The research reported herein is an empirical investigation of the capability of an artificial neural network to determine part pose by processing image data from the silhouette of a back-lit part. The chief potential benefit of this new approach is simplicity of training, which is important for flexible automated parts feeders. While this research is of general interest to the designers and users of vision-based, flexible parts feeders, these experiments focused on a flexible tray loader that has been developed at the University of Washington. Pertinent aspects of the hardware and software for that system are presented. A relatively simple neural network is proposed and evaluated experimentally. For five of the six challenging parts considered, the network performed flawlessly. The difficulties encountered with the sixth part have been identified, and further work exploring solutions to the problem are underway.
Thresholding on Bone Density for the Identification of Ligament Insertion Sites of the Human Knee
Authors: Morgan T. G. , Murphy M. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Knee ligament attachment coordinates are essential in developing a model of the passive constraints of the joint as well as evaluating ligament behavior. Several methods for making measurements of the ligament attachment sites have been reported. One proposed method asserted that high bone density can be used to locate ligament insertion sites. In order to examine if thresholding of bone density can be used to identify ligament insertion sites, CT scans of the femur and tibia-fibula of a cadaver were taken with and without the ligament attachment sites marked. Scans were viewed with a computer program to see if a recognizable and geometrically consistent distribution of higher bone density existed near the ligament insertion sites. The results show that for regions of higher bone density to be used to identify ligament insertion sites, different threshold values for each ligament need to be used, different threshold values for different points along the femur need to be used, and it is sometimes necessary to know the approximate location of the ligament insertion site to locate a region of higher bone density near the insertion site.
Sliding Mode Control of Spatial Mechanical Systems Decoupling Translation and Rotation
Authors: Goeree Barry B. , Fasse Ernest D. , Tiernego Martin J. L. , Broenink Jan F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper looks at the robust trajectory control of spatial mechanical systems using sliding mode techniques. Two distinctions of the proposed method from reported methods are: (1) The measure of altitudinal error used is intrinsically defined, Euclidean-geometric, and intuitive. From Euler’s theorem it follows that given a desired and actual attitude of a rigid body there exists an axis and angle of rotation relating the two attitudes. This defines a relative rotation vector, which is used as an intrinsically defined, intuitive measure of error. Reported methods use algebraic differences of entities such as generalized coordinates representing attitude. While functionally correlated to attitudinal error, these measures are not intrinsically defined. (2) A novel, dynamically nonlinear sliding function is used that results in a simple control law. The parameters of this function are dynamically and geometrically intuitive. Simulation results are given for a spacecraft tracking a complex desired trajectory.
Dynamic Scheduling of Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems
Authors: Stefanopoulou Anna G. , Kolmanovsky Ilya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper we analyze the nonlinear dynamic behavior of an internal exhaust gas recirculation system based on the mean-value model of an experimental engine equipped with a camshaft phaser. We develop a dynamic camshaft timing schedule that regulates the internal exhaust gas recirculation system while maintaining transient engine torque response similar to an engine with zero exhaust gas recirculation. The dynamic schedule consists of a steady-state map of the camshaft timing for optimum exhaust gas recirculation based on throttle position and engine speed, and a first order lag that regulates the transition of the camshaft timing to the optimum point. A scheme for adjusting the time constant of the first order lag depending on engine speed and throttle position is described.
Theoretical and Experimental Considerations of Electrorheology With DC and AC Fields
Authors: Wu C. W. , Conrad H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper reviews the recently developed theoretical models on electrorheology by the authors, which is followed by comparisons of experimental observations with the theoretical predictions for dc and ac fields. The theoretical predictions are in good accord with experiments regarding both current density and shear yield strength. Finally, some design guidelines are given for electrorheological (ER) fluids with coated particles. It is suggested that highly conducting particles coated with a surface film having reasonable conductivity and high dielectric constant are desired for high strength ER fluids.
Thermocapillary Convection of Viscoinelastic Fluids in Layered Fluid Systems
Authors: Siginer Dennis A. , Jacks Thomas E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The flow dynamics of a finite two layered fluid system driven by thermocapillary effects when heated from the side is studied in the absence of gravity. The configuration is of low aspect ratio with a third dimension several orders of magnitude larger. The case of a low Prandtl number Newtonian fluid in the bottom layer encapsulated by a high Prandtl number viscoinelastic fluid with a shear rate and temperature dependent viscosity in the top layer is investigated numerically using the method of finite volumes together with the case of a high Prandtl number viscoinelastic fluid encapsulating another high Prandtl number viscoinelastic fluid in the lower layer both when the top surface is free and a no-slip solid cover. In either case, the top surface is considered to be insulated together with the bottom and viscous dissipation is taken into account. Free surface and interface deformations are neglected. The results are reported for both high and low Marangoni numbers. Appropriate values of the ratio of the interfacial Marangoni number to the free surface Marangoni number are determined to bring the convective motion in the lower layer to a virtual halt.
Interfacial Fracture Toughness in Plastic Packages
Authors: Nguyen L. T. , Lee G. , Jones C. , Hsu T. R. , Fang R. , Kuo A. Y. , Chen W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Interracial adhesion in plastic packages is one of the key requirements to achieving popcorn-resistant packages. As part of an Air Force-funded study to develop an Expert Design System for plastic packages (EPACK®), an extensive evaluation of various interfaces in plastic packages is being conducted. Three-point bending testing was conducted on molded composite beams embedded with either Si (with and without polyimide coating), or copper alloy. Two pre-crack lengths were tried. Testing was conducted at different temperatures and humidities. The effect of residual stresses (resulting in curved test specimens) was modeled and accounted for in the evaluation of the critical interracial fracture toughness. Eventually such material properties, together with package configurations and leadframe designs, will be entered as part of the EPACK database to provide design rules for achieving Level-1 (no dry bag) performance.
Thermo-Stressed State of Anisotropic Non-Homogeneous Constructive Elements
Authors: Pankratova Nataliya D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On the basis of the developed approach to solution of problems of the thermo-stressed state of hollow thick-walled bodies with taking into account arbitrary variability of material properties through their thickness, different modes of layers conjugations, types of boundary conditions on all limited surfaces and forms of loading according to elasticity theory the influence of non-homogeneity and anisotropy of elastic properties of materials at the stress level an deformabiity of laminated bodies in the form of a cylinder, cone, sphere or plate is studied.
Numerical Simulation of Inertia Welding of Inconel 718
Authors: Balasubramanian Vikran , Li Youlin , Stotler Tim , Crompton Jeff , Katsube Noriko , Soboyejo Winston O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of numerical simulations and experimental measurements of the temperature distributions in the heat affected zone. These were obtained for the inertia welding of IN718 to IN718 and the inertia welding of IN718 to 1045 Steel. Microstructures of the heat affected zone are presented along with microhardness profiles for the similar and dissimilar inertia welds. The measured temperature profiles are compared with numerical/finite element predictions of the temperature distributions in the heat affected zone. The effects of friction welding parameters on the temperature distributions in the heat affected zone are modeled using the finite element method. The experimental results are compared with predictions from numerical analysis. The implications of the results are then discussed in the final section of the paper.
Robust Fuzzy Control of a Magnetic Bearing System Subject to Harmonic Disturbances
Authors: Hong Sung-Kyung , Langari Reza 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper proposes a robust fuzzy logic based control scheme for a rotating active magnetic bearing (AMB) system. We represent the nonlinear magnetic bearing by means of a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy model. Subsequently a systematic synthesis procedure is used to derive a nonlinear fuzzy logic control strategy that incorporates an integral control for improved tracking. Experimentation and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy controller yields robustness against harmonic disturbances and parameter uncertainty.
A Comparative Case Study of Active Vibration Suppression by Active Power Absorption
Authors: Berkman Evan F. , Owen Arch A. , Preuss Robert D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An optimal SISO active power absorption algorithm has recently been developed, by the authors, that maximizes the broadband power transferred from a structure to a control actuator. In this paper, numerical performance studies are presented for a controller employing this algorithm to suppress global vibrations of a simple example beam structure. The performance of optimal power absorption control strategy based only on measurement at the actuator location is compared to the performance of an optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller with the same single actuator but with full state (or modal) feedback. The power absorption strategy achieved vibration reduction similar to the optimal LQR controller over most of the frequency range examined. As expected, both of these control strategies resulted in substantially better global vibration reduction than a controller that minimizes motion only at the single actuator location.
A Study on Predictive Control Using Short-Term Prediction Method Based on Chaos Theory
Authors: Masumoto Noriyasu , Yamakawa Hiroshi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The main objective of this study is an application of short-term prediction method by chaos theory to vibration control. In this paper, we proposed two predictive control methods for mechanical systems. The input time series or the output time series of a mechanical system in the near future was predicted by the short-term prediction method based on chaos theory and we used the obtained time series effectively to get the control force. The algorithm of the short-term prediction method, which is based on Takens’s theorem, used in this study and a condition to have sufficient precision of prediction were discussed from practical engineering points. The effectiveness of the proposed control methods was shown by numerical results and experimental results.
Relative Kinematics of Multibody Contacts
Authors: Pfeiffer Friedrich , Wolfsteiner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Unilateral contact problems in multibody dynamics axe always accompanied by problems of relative kinematics of the contacting bodies. A general approach for plane and spatial contacts is presented based on a parametric representation of the body contours and on rules of differential geometry. Practical examples illustrate the methods.
Active Vibro-Acoustic Control of a Flexural Plate
Authors: Fariborzi Fariborz , Golnaraghi Farid , Heppler Glenn R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Using a Rayleigh-Ritz approximation to model the transverse vibration of the Poisson-Kirchoff plate an energy based linear coupling control (LCC) strategy, for free and forced vibrations of the plate, is developed. The controller seeks to minimize a quadratic control objective and is implemented for a reduced order model by coupling a virtual second order system with each critical mode in the quadratic control objective. The energy transfer phenomena between each mode and the controller is maximized by coupling the appropriate states of the plant and the controller. Energy is transfered from the plant to the controller where it is dissipated via linear damping.
Aluminum-Boron Carbide Ceramic Composite Materials for Disk Drive Actuator Applications
Authors: Perettie D. J. , Fox R. T. , Macioce P. , Chamberlain J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efforts to enhance hard disk drive areal densities via increases in tracks per inch (TPI) will ultimately be influenced by the ability of the positioning system to locate the head with increasing precision in order to accurately seek and follow targeted data tracks. Actuator servo control system design goals revolve around reduction of track misregistration (TMR) in the presence of non-repeatable mechanical disturbances which can cause head placement errors impairing data reliability; error sources can include externally induced vibrations, shock, unpredictable variations in rotation due spindle and actuator bearing wear, thermal effects, and aerodynamic forces associated with rotating disks. Figure 1 illustrates a typical disk stack and actuator assembly configuration with influences on head placement.
Analysis of Contact Problems Between a Sheet and Separate-Gate-Rollers
Authors: Kobayashi Yuko , Hattori Shunsuke , Suzuki Yuji , Shima Yasuo , Ukai Makoto 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sheet separating mechanisms are used in ATMs (automated teller machines) to separate bank notes. These mechanisms are composed of separate-gate-rollers. Sheets are separated when the overlap distance of the separate-gate-rollers is appropriate. We have found out by experiment that although the appropriate overlap distance range differs according to the configuration of the separate-gate-roller, the range of friction force between a bank note and the separate-gate-roller is equally 3 to 10N. Thus, we have examined a method to estimate the friction force by numerical analysis, using the ABAQUS nonlinear structural analysis program. Consequently, calculated friction forces were found to correspond to experimental friction forces quantitatively and qualitatively.
Progress in Railroad Freight Car Engineering
Authors: Punwani Swamidas K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper is the result of an annual survey, conducted by the author on behalf of the Rail Transportation Division (RTD), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to document progress in the design, construction and use of freight cars and components. Typically, the design must be at a prototype stage or beyond in order for it to be included here.
Application of Instrumented Wheel Set Technology to Transit System Research and Development
Authors: Wilson Nicholas G. , Gurule Stanley T. , Rajkumar Britto R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The application of strain-gaged transit car wheel sets for use on a major Latin American transit system is described in this paper. The application allowed for evaluation of turnout design and maintenance standards, provided test data for validation of the Association of American Railroads (AAR) NUCARS general vehicle dynamics computer model, allowed for further verification of previous AAR work on suspension design optimization, and also provided a tool for future work on developing performance based track maintenance standards. Performance accuracy was demonstrated through a series of validation tests on curved and perturbed track. All test results were used to compare and validate the NUCARS model predictions.
Data Transfer From BETHSY 9.1B Experiment to Real NPP
Authors: Petelin Stojan , Mavko Borut , Ravnikar Igor , Hassan Yassin A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper provides the scaling-up methodology that was applied from the BETHSY integral test facility to the real Framatome NPP (Nuclear Power Plant). The ISP-27 (International Standard Problem) transient scenario was used, based on test 9.1b. The objectives were to evaluate the ideal scaling-up of BETHSY facility for real NPP and to compare and analyse the physical phenomena known from experimental background with the phenomena predicted by RELAP5/MOD3.2 simulation of real NPP transient. Further, in order to test phenomenological scaling-up basis two models for RELAP5/MOD3.2 code were constructed differing in scaling criteria for the primary cooling system. Special attention was concentrated on heat structures scaling. Data were analysed through plotting plots and NPA’s (Nuclear Plant Analyzer) graphical presentation.
Nonuniform Heat Transfer in Horizontal Helical Coils Tube Steam Generators
Authors: Bai Bofeng , Guo Liejin , Chen Xuejun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The present experiment is conducted to study the nonuniform heat transfer of single-phase water turbulent flow and two-phase steam-water flow in horizontal helical coils tubes. The inner and the outer diameter of the tube are 11mm and 15mm respectively, and the ratio of the diameter of the coil to that of the tube is 23.27. The experimental pressure ranges from 0.5 to 3.0MPa, mass flowrate from 200 to 2500 kg/m2 s, heat flux from 230 to 500kW/m2, and the maximum exit steam quality 0.86.
Along both the tube axial direction and the periphery on the cross-section, the local heat transfer coefficients are not evenly distributed. The secondary flow has less contribution to the enhancement heat transfer of the coil with increasing Reynolds number to a high level. Taking the average coefficient at outlet section as that of the coil is not reasonable.