bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of skin thickness and density in healthy Chinese people by using high‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Wang Shangshang , Yu Rui‐Xing , Fan Wen , Li Cheng‐Xu , Fei Wen‐Min , Li Shanshan , Zhou Junfeng , Hu Ruiming , Liu Mengguo , Xu Feng , Xu Jinhua , Cui Yong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectivesDue to a recent development of high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) systems, it is easier to realize high‐resolution in vivo imaging of the biological tissues. The object of this study was to map the thickness and echo density of skin layers in healthy Chinese people and assess the influence of gender, age, and region on it.MethodsA total of 189 volunteers (85 male, 104 female) with age range of 22–75‐year old (mean age of 41.2‐year old) were enrolled. The thickness and density of the epidermis and dermis layer were detected by high‐frequency (22 or 75 MHz) ultrasonography at 13 different anatomical sites, including the forehead, cheeks, flexor and extensor forearms, flexor and extensor upper arms, inner and outer legs, inner and outer thighs, back, and abdomen.ResultsThe thickness and density of epidermis/dermis between different anatomical sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The epidermis thickness of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs, whereas the thicknesses of the dermis were on the contrary. The density of the epidermis/dermis of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs. The thickness of dermis in most of the sites were higher in male than in female, and the density of epidermis and dermis in most of the sites were less in men than in women. The thicknesses/densities of dermis were lower in older age group in almost all sites, whereas only several sites reached statistical. The difference between the north and south regions showed the environment also influenced the thickness and density of the skin.ConclusionHFUS provides a simple noninvasive method for evaluating the skin thickness and echo‐density, which, reflecting intradermal structure, exhibit systematic regional variation. With the establishment of Chinese phenotypic database of skin thickness and density, it will be helpful for the skin disease assessment, skin surgery, and cosmetology technology.
Predicting the short‐ and long‐term effects of recycling organic wastes in cropping systems with the PROLEG tool
Authors: Levavasseur Florent , Houot Sabine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRecycling organic wastes (OWs) in agriculture may increase soil organic carbon (SOC), improve soil chemical, physical and biological properties and make mineral fertilizer savings possible. Some drawbacks are related, for example, to N losses, soil contamination or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and may counterbalance the interest in OW recycling. Some of these effects are only noticeable after repeated applications over several years and depend on OW type, on their insertion in cropping systems (e.g. rate, period) and on pedoclimatic conditions. The optimization of OW recycling should promote its positive effects and limit its negative effects. Various simulation tools can predict some OW effects and help with this optimization. However, despite many existing tools, dedicated tools with a multicriteria approach to OW effects and the ability to consider various OWs, soils, climates and cropping systems are still missing. We developed the PROLEG tool to predict the short‐ and long‐term multiple effects of OW application in agriculture at the field scale. The tool combined the soil‐carbon model AMG to predict SOC changes, the soil‐crop model STICS to predict N supply and N losses, some pedotransfer functions to predict the evolution of some soil properties related to SOC and simple balance equations to predict mineral fertilizer needs, GHG balance, soil contamination with trace metals and economic results. The tool also embedded many parameter tables, especially related to the characteristics of diverse OWs. The tool required easily accessible soil properties and a description of the cropping systems in a simple spreadsheet. It automatically computed mean and detailed output variables in tables and figures. We illustrated the use of the tool with a simple case study. The tool has already been used with farmers to design new cropping systems and to support public policy related to anaerobic digestion.
Kato–Ponce estimates for fractional sublaplacians in the Heisenberg group
Authors: Fanelli Luca , Roncal Luz 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe give a proof of commutator estimates for fractional powers of the sublaplacian on the Heisenberg group. Our approach is based on pointwise and estimates involving square fractional integrals and Littlewood–Paley square functions.
Aerodynamic Damping of Last Stage Rotating Blades of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Determined From Vibration Test Data
Authors: Doll Philipp , Winkelmann Stefan , Müller Fabian F. , Vogt Damian M. , Aschenbruck Jens 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the past, power generation steam turbines were mainly operated at design conditions and at base load. Due to the greater share of fluctuating renewable energy in electricity grids, conventional power plants are increasingly subject to load cycling, which presents higher demands with respect to operational flexibility of turbines. In addition to uncompromised requirements on the efficiency at varying operating conditions, extending the operating range to higher mass flow densities is becoming more important. Often, such developments go beyond existing experience, which necessitates the proper assessment of instability phenomena such as flutter.
Safe operation requires the knowledge of the damping behavior in the entire operating range in order to conclude on the stability of the rotating blades. The aggregate damping consists of mechanical and aerodynamic damping, whereby it is the latter that may lead to an unstable situation.
This paper includes a systematic study on the suitability of various methods for obtaining reliable damping values from experimental test data under realistic operating conditions of steam turbines. In a first step, the influence of different parameters is investigated on a generic ideal signal. Among others, the sensitivity of derived damping values from model parameters is quantified. In a second step, the presented evaluation methods are applied to vibration test data acquired on a free-standing last stage blade row of a scaled steam turbine. The turbine features controlled blade excitation by means of AC electromagnets. The transferability from generic to real signals is analyzed. A robust method is presented to obtain reliable aggregate damping values at various operating conditions from real test data.
For this aggregate damping, the proportion of mechanical and aerodynamic damping is determined by the evaluation of the aggregate damping at several operating points at constant flow rate. This procedure allows to determine the aerodynamic damping of the excited nodal diameters for each operating point. Finally, the experimental aerodynamic damping is compared to data from numerical calculations.
Exploratory Experiments for Simple Approximation of Blade Flutter Aerodynamic Loading Function
Authors: Lepicovsky Jan , Simurda David , Sidlof Petr , Luxa Martin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Exploratory experiments to verify a newly proposed simple method determining an approximate form of unsteady blade loading function are described in this paper In this newly proposed approach, a time-dependent blade loading will be substituted for by a series of static loadings acquired for a range of blade incidence angle offsets. The sequence of static loadings will be converted into a time-dependent quasi-dynamic function computationally. In the course of this project a new test facility for forced blade flutter research capable of transonic inlet flow at high oscillation blade frequencies was designed and built at the IT CAS laboratory. A series of test runs simulating blade flutter conditions were carried out for the inlet Mach number range from 0.6 up to 1.09 and blade oscillation frequencies up to 80 Hz. A blade static loading function was created as a pressure difference measured while the blade was not moving and it was set to the outermost incidence angle offsets of plus/minus 1 deg. A blade dynamic loading function was determined as a peak-to-peak amplitude of measured pressure fluctuation while the blade was oscillated at a frequency of 80 Hz. A very good agreement between the measured blade static and blade dynamic loading functions indicates the potentials of the proposed quasi-dynamic method to closely estimate blade loading functions, at least for the reported range of cascade operation conditions.
On the Validity of the Weibull Parameters Used in the Master Curve in Ferritic Steels Containing Notches
Authors: Cicero Sergio , Arrieta Sergio 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Master Curve (MC) is a valuable well-known characterization tool of the fracture behaviour of ferritic steels operating within their ductile-to-brittle transition zone (DBTZ). It assumes weakest link statistics in the cleavage process and it is based on a 3 parameter Weibull distribution analysis of the experimental results. Besides, it takes into account the scatter of the fracture resistance, the size effect and the temperature dependence. The methodology has been widely validated and has been standardised in ASTM 1921. This paper analyses whether the Weibull parameters used by the MC, which have been defined and calibrated in cracked conditions, can be applied in ferritic steels containing notches. This would allow the MC to be directly applied in notched conditions. Thus, the different premises sustaining the use of the Master Curve and its 3 Weibull parameters in cracked conditions are summarised, and their corresponding use in notched conditions is subsequently discussed and justified. In addition, some experimental results obtained in two distinct structural steels (S275JR and S690Q) containing different notch radii are utilised in both the analyses of the Weibull parameters and the direct application of the MC in notched conditions. It is observed how the MC provides accurate predictions of the apparent fracture toughness within the DBTZ of the two steels analysed.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Weld Residual Stresses in Dissimilar Metal Weld of Reactor Pressure Vessel Nozzles
Authors: Dulieu Pierre , Lacroix Valéry , Mares Vratislav , Arbaoui Larbi , Bournot Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the Belgian Pressurized Water Reactors Doel 3-4 and Tihange 2-3, the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) nozzle-to-safe-end Dissimilar Metal Welds (DMW) are made of nickel-base alloy 182. This material is known to be susceptible to Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC) if the stress level is high enough. In that frame, it is of utmost importance to precisely assess the residual welding stress field. For that purpose, residual stress measurements on a DMW from the cancelled Spanish NPP of Lemoniz are performed with the hole-drilling strain gage method according to ASTM E837. The nozzle-to-safe-end specimen is successively sectioned (machined) from the outside to deduce the residual stress profile through the weld thickness. On the other hand, welding residual stresses in these nozzle-to-safe-end welds are calculated using Finite Element Method. These simulations include the application of buttering, the machining, and the influence of the safe-end-to-piping stainless steel weld. Moreover, the impact of the different steps followed to machine the measured specimen are simulated. The welding heat source as well as some simulation parameters are then calibrated to optimize the match with the experimental data obtained by the described measurement procedure. Based on these results, the plant-specific weld residual stresses are calculated by FE, including partial repairs as well as post-weld heat treatments. These plant specific profiles will be useful to assess the acceptability of flaws that could possibly be detected during In-Service Inspection campaigns and to define reasonable inspection intervals.
Evaluating the Sealing Performance of Engineered PTFE Based Gaskets in Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Flanges
Authors: Rice Tim , Wilson Jeffery 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Proper gasket selection for fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) flanges is critical to the long-term success of the pipe system. However, very little focus is placed on evaluating the performance of low stress-to-seal, PTFE-based gaskets engineered to perform at the lower bolt loads/gasket stresses allowable on FRP flanges. In cooperation with a premier FRP piping/equipment manufacturer, this paper evaluates and compares the sealing performance of new gasket technologies/designs and commercially available low stress-to-seal, PTFE-based gaskets. To quantify the relative performance, each gasket style was tested to ASTM D5421 “Standard Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges”. Gaskets that passed the ASTM D5421 testing were then subjected to a mass leakage test to further classify each gasket style’s sealing/tightness performance. Given the current standard requirements, gaskets that did not pass the ASTM D5421 standard testing were determined not to be suitable for FRP service and thus were not subject to the subsequent mass leakage testing.
By comparing the collected data using these metrics, the final result of this paper will provide end-users with a comprehensive method of evaluating gasket styles and provide guidance for proper gasket selection for FRP flange services.
DetaClad™ Characterization for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Hydrogen Service
Authors: Sarrat Olivier , Prothe Curtis , Delahanty Tim 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When it comes to considering high-temperature damage mechanisms, one of the most challenging decisions is related to heavy-wall pressure vessels that operate at high pressure and high temperature in a hydrogen containing environment. Hydrotreatment or hydrocracking reactors typically fall under this category and often have an austenitic stainless-steel lining to protect the inner side of the pressure vessel from corrosion. Embrittlement of the carbon steel caused by High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack requires selecting steel with alloying elements such as Cr, Mo and V. The high risks of disbonding of the cladding interface under similar conditions also requires the selection of the most appropriate cladding technology. It is the upmost importance to ensure the interface will support the high-pressure hydrogen and the stresses generated by the heavily loaded internals.
A study around characterizing the DetaClad™ interface was conducted under these extreme operating conditions. More than 150 tests were conducted and coming to the conclusion that DetaClad™ is appropriate for material selection under such demanding operating conditions.
Fracture in the Ductile-To-Brittle Transition Region of A Narrow-Gap Alloy 52 and Alloy 52 Dissimilar Metal Weld With Buttering
Authors: Lindqvist Sebastian , Hytönen Noora , Sirkiä Laura , Arffman Pentti , Lydman Jari , Ge Yanling , Nevasmaa Pekka , Que Zaiqing 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle transition region is determined for the heat-affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the fusion boundary between a low alloy steel (LAS) and the weld metal of narrow-gap Alloy 52 dissimilar metal weld (DMW) after 15 000 h of thermal aging at 400 °C and of an Alloy 52 DMW with buttering in reference condition. The fracture toughness testing is done according to ASTM E1921, and fractography and cross-section metallography are applied to characterize the crack paths, crack locations and fracture type. The T0 transition temperature for the DMW with buttering is −117 °C, indicating marginally higher toughness compared to the narrow-gap DMW. The cracks close to the fusion boundary (approximately 200 μm) in both DMWs deviate from the HAZ towards the fusion boundary. The thermal aging treatment of the narrow-gap Alloy 52 DMW does not significantly affect the fracture toughness properties of the fusion boundary. Further research is needed to better understand the lower boundary fracture toughness behavior at approximately 300 μm from the fusion boundary. The results contribute to long-term operation assessment of nuclear power plants, and development of analysis and characterization methods for DMWs related to the effect of crack path and location.
Probabilistic Structural Integrity Analysis for Advanced Modular Reactors
Authors: Finley James M. , Cathcart Henry 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Next-generation Advanced Modular Reactors are expected to aid in the worldwide transition to net-zero emissions. However, these reactors are designed to operate at very high temperatures, which makes the structural integrity of the reactor critical to its design. The structural integrity of previous nuclear reactor designs has been calculated using deterministic methods, but this approach can lead to overly-conservative (or in some cases, optimistic) assessments. Probabilistic structural integrity analysis methods offer the potential to increase understanding of uncertainty and variability in the reactor design, which can reduce design conservatism or increase robustness. Classical Monte-Carlo analysis has been widely used for probabilistic structural integrity analysis, but this approach can be computationally expensive, making it unsuitable for use when iterating and refining reactor designs. This paper assesses alternative probabilistic structural integrity analysis methods, from simple, pseudo-stochastic look-up curve methods to a more complex surrogate Monte-Carlo analysis method using Gaussian process regression. Of the pseudo-stochastic methods, the log-normalized damage margin (LNDM) method is recommended, as it is the most robust, even when used with complex creep laws. The surrogate Monte-Carlo analysis (using a Gaussian process regressor as a surrogate) was found to generate results that were just as accurate and precise as classical Monte-Carlo analysis, but with several orders of magnitude lower computational cost.
Seismic Test Result (Static Load Test) of the Dynamic Functional Demand Valve for Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Matsubara Yoshinao , Tsutsumi Yoshitaka , Watanabe Urara , Tanemura Shota , Takemoto Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The functional maintenance and confirmed acceleration of motor- and air-operated valves in nuclear power plants during an earthquake are regulated in the Japanese seismic design code (JEAC4601 (see Ref. [1])). In the present work, we used a resonant shaking table at the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), which is capable of seismic tests at acceleration levels previously unachievable, in seismic tests carried out as high as 20 × 9.8 m/s2 (see Ref. [2] to Ref. [8]). On the other hand, JEAC4601 requires the structural evaluation for the seismic critical parts with allowable stress of 1.5-times yield strength (1.5Sy). In this study, in order to confirm the adequacy of the allowable stress, a static load test equivalent to 1.5Sy and more was conducted for the representative valves, namely, the air-operated globe valve and the air-operated butterfly valve. As a result, we confirmed that the required function of the valves was satisfied.
Flow-Induced Vibration Simulations of a Straight Tube Bundle in Water Cross-Flow, Through URANS Approach
Authors: Vivaldi Daniele , Baccou Jean 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the frame of investigating vibration issues that can concern nuclear steam generator U-tubes, coupled fluid-structure numerical simulations could represent a powerful tool. Steam generator tube bundles can be concerned by both turbulence-induced vibrations and fluidelastic instability. In this paper, a single-phase flow is considered and a URANS approach is retained for the fluid modeling. Despite URANS approaches are generally not expected to be able to consistently predict turbulence-induced forces, they could still represent a proper tool to evaluate vortex shedding and fluidelastic instability. The present numerical simulations are performed on an experimental configuration of 7 × 7 straight tube bundle, square pitch, subjected to water cross-flow. Only one tube — the central one — is flexible in both drag and lift directions, all the other tubes being fixed. The structure displacements are taken into account through an ALE approach. 2-way fluid-structure coupling is employed. The goal of the paper is to assess the consistency of FSI numerical simulation for cross-flow configurations, based on fluid URANS approach. To do that, the numerical and experimental results are first compared in terms of vibration response, as a function of the fluid gap velocity. The fluid force cross-correlation and spectrum are then analysed and discussed, in order to understand the behaviour of the URANS approach and the fluid force mechanisms captured.
Bifurcation Buckling Analysis and Non-Linear Collapse Analysis of Teardrop Shaped Vacuum Chamber
Authors: Jiang Hao , Barbier Charlotte , Riemer Bernie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator is being upgraded to increase the beam power from 1.4MW at 1GeV to 2.8MW at 1.3GeV. The currents in the middle two injection chicane magnets cannot simply be scaled up to accommodate the increased injection energy of 1.3GeV due to potential excessive H− stripping; the magnets must be replaced with longer, lower-field magnets and the associated vacuum chambers need to be redesigned. A new teardrop-shaped vacuum chamber was initially designed to accommodate the new magnets and the updated beam paths and instrumentation. This paper focuses on the structural stability study of the teardrop shape vacuum chamber based on buckling analysis. Protection against collapse from buckling according to the ASME BPVC requirement has been evaluated in depth. First, a Type-1 bifurcation buckling analysis using a linear eigenvalue solution to determine the critical load factor was performed. Subsequently, a Type-3 nonlinear collapse analysis was conducted using the static Riks method with elastic-plastic material properties and imperfections explicitly considered in the model geometry. The critical buckling load for the teardrop shape vacuum chamber was confidently estimated based upon this two-stage approach.