bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and assessment of demography-related risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective analysis
Authors: El-Masry Omar S. , . Muzaheed 
Published: March 2022

Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health challenge and is endemic in many countries including Saudi Arabia. The disease is a major health concern in the Kingdom because of its dynamic population as resident expatriates are mainly from high TB burdened countries and the mass influx of pilgrims every year in peak seasons for Umrah and Hajj. The objective of the current study was to evaluate pulmonary TB incidence rates and conclude the potential high-risk patients to highlight the burdened regions in Saudi Arabia for the health authorities, which could help to establish policies of infection control as necessary.
Methods: We retrospectively investigated the incidence of pulmonary TB data reported by the ministry of health (MOH) in 2018. We analyzed pulmonary TB incidence data by nationality, age, gender, and region using Chi-square test to identify demography-related risk factors associated with pulmonary TB and its significance.
Results: The results indicated that the incidence of pulmonary TB was significantly higher in males than in females in both Saudi and non-Saudi nationals; the number of cases was particularly high in major cities. Also, infections were mainly associated with certain age groups that were different between the Saudi and non-Saudi nationals.
Conclusion: TB control seems to be facing some challenges in several regions of the Kingdom, particularly major cities. National TB Control Program (NTP) needs to continually evaluate official data to spot high risk groups and factors associated with increased incidence. This will help to improve TB control strategies to contain the disease and approaches its eradication.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5087
How to cite this:El-Masry OS, Muzaheed. Incidence and assessment of demography-related risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective analysis. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5087
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Magnitude and pattern of anxiety levels with gender wise predilection of coping strategies amid resident doctors of emergency department
Authors: Zehra Sehrish , Qureshi Farhan Muhammad , Faiz Smaira , Khalid Kanwal 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: To screen and assess the severity level of anxiety, its influencing factors along with the gender-wise predilection of coping strategies among resident doctors working in accident and emergency departments.
Methods: A transverse study was conducted amongst 260 resident doctors of accident and emergency department of different teaching hospitals of Karachi from October 2020 until March 2021. A demographic sheet containing questions related to factors, GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and Brief COPE were used to measure the severity level of anxiety and coping strategies. Data was scored according to the standard scoring procedure for each subscale and for further statistical analysis SPSS Version 21 was used.
Results: Out of all participants, 68.1% were <30 years of age, 63.1% were females while 54.2% were single. The findings of the study showed the prevalence of anxiety within the range of normal (38.1%), mild (35.0%), moderate (16.9%) and severe (10.0%). Gender (p= 0.001), marital status (p= 0.040) and job satisfaction (p= 0.007) among resident doctors were significantly associated with level of anxiety. Deemed to coping strategies, the most frequently were planning (n=145, 90.0%), acceptance (n=141, 87.6%), and religion (n=137, 85.1 %). All coping strategies were mostly opted by females except substance abuse.
Conclusion: More than a half of the resident doctors manifested with mild to severe anxiety disorder, which highlights the need for psychological support programs to minimize anxiety levels and to ensure a healthy environment at workplace for the health practitioners.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5105
How to cite this:Zehra S, Qureshi FM, Faiz S, Khalid K. Magnitude and pattern of anxiety levels with gender wise predilection of coping strategies amid resident doctors of emergency department. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5105
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Hα emission from gaseous structures above galactic discs
Authors: Vasiliev Evgenii O. , Drozdov Sergey A. , Shchekinov Yuri A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Extraplanar structures of ionized gas are detected in numerous edge-on galaxies. Whether HII regions or supernovae (SNe) responsible for its ionization is still debated. Here, we consider the

H
α

{\rm{H}}\alpha

emissivity from shells of superbubbles driven by SNe explosions in a stellar cluster located either in the midplane or above the midplane of the disc. We found that these shells form filamentary structures emitting brightly in

H
α

{\rm{H}}\alpha

line at height of

∼
0.6

\sim 0.6

–

1.6

kpc

1.6\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{kpc}}

above the disc depending on cluster location and gas metallicity. The

H
α

{\rm{H}}\alpha

surface brightness ranges within

∼
1

0

−
17

\sim 1{0}^{-17}

–

1

0

−
16

erg

s

−
1

cm

−
2

arcsec

−
2

1{0}^{-16}\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{erg}}\hspace{0.33em}{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\hspace{0.33em}{{\rm{cm}}}^{-2}\hspace{0.33em}{{\rm{arcsec}}}^{-2}

are close to the values observed in edge-on galaxies. We conclude that the

H
α

{\rm{H}}\alpha

emission of extraplanar structures can be explained by recombination in collisionally ionized gas of unstable shells driven by multiple SNe.
LOOKing for multi-word expressions in American Sign Language
Authors: Hou Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Usage-based linguistics postulates that multi-word expressions constitute a substantial part of language structure and use, and are formed through repeated chunking and stored as exemplar wholes. They are also re-used to produce new sequences by means of schematization. While there is extensive research on multi-word expressions in many spoken languages, little is known about the status of multi-word expressions in the mainstream U.S. variety of American Sign Language (ASL). This paper investigates recurring multi-word expressions, or sequences of multiple signs, that involve a high-frequency sign of visual perception glossed as look and the family of ‘look’ signs. The look sign exhibits two broad functions: look/‘vision’ references literal or metaphorical vision and look/‘reaction’ signals a person’s reaction to a visual stimulus. Data analysis reveals that there are recurring sequences in distinct syntactic environments associated with the two functions of look, suggesting that look is in the process of grammaticalization from a verb of visual perception to a stance verb. The sequences demonstrate the emergence of linguistic structure from repeated use through the domain-general cognitive process of chunking in ASL.
Corrosion behavior of low carbon steels and other non-ferrous metals exposed to a real calcareous soil environment
Authors: Pérez Tezozomoc , Domínguez-Aguilar Marco A. , Alamilla Jorge L. , Liu Hongbo , Contreras Antonio , Quej Ake Luis M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of four uncoated low carbon steels: X52, X60, X65, and X70, and three non-ferrous metals: copper, bronze, and magnesium, buried in a real calcareous soil, after a year of exposure time was studied. Samples were not cathodically protected on gravimetric testing in field conditions. Severe roughness and color changes occurred in metals and surface evidenced the presence of rust and calcareous deposits. Oxide scale was generated when metals were immersed in calcareous soil for nine months. In field conditions, X52 was the most corrosion resistant and X65 the most susceptible to corrosion. At laboratory level, a real calcareous soil tested by electrochemical methods exhibited the same trend, which was ascribed to difference in microstructure and phase distribution in steels. Corrosion enhanced when X65 was exposed to calcareous soil collected in spring (0.031 mm/year) and rainy summer (0.077 mm/year), as rain enhanced ions mobility and corrosion. Non-ferrous coupons suggested that a passivation process occurred as corrosion rates (CRs) decreased (0.0025–0.0052 mm/year) compared with the results of low carbon steels.
Corruption and International Trade: A Re-assessment with Intra-National Flows
Authors: Esteve-Pérez Silviano , Gil-Pareja Salvador , Llorca-Vivero Rafael , Paniagua Jordi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study re-examines the impact of corruption on international trade accounting for both inter- and intra-national flows in line with the latest advances in the gravity equation literature. Using a wide sample of countries for the period 1995–2017, our results show that the non-inclusion of internal trade flows drastically biases the estimations. Additionally, we find that the negative impact of corruption on trade is reduced, ceteris paribus, in poorer countries. We also find non-linearities, more corrupt countries present a more harmful impact of corruption on trade. Moreover, we perform a general equilibrium analysis to investigate the impact of a given reduction in perceived corruption on a selected group of countries’ economic growth and prices. We find that these effects are far from being negligible, especially when there is a “synchronized” reduction in corruption in most corrupt countries.
A Study of Fibre Attrition in the Processing of Long Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Bailey R. , Kraft H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A study has been carried out which demonstrates a technique for measuring long fibre lengths. This technique has been used successfully to discuss subtle differences in the fibre length distributions arising in a range of long fibre reinforced thermoplastics. These new materials were processed using a wide range of injection moulding conditions, including such variables as the injection speeds and the preplasticising screw back pressures. This work proposes mechanisms of fibre attrition in the injection moulding process and makes recommendations for the optimisation of fibre lengths in moulded articles. It is shown that alternative polymer matrices in the long glass fibre attrition. It is also demonstrated that this family of long fibre reinforced thermoplastics can be recycled successfully with considerable fibre length advantages over traditional extrusion precompounded short fibre compounds.
Study of the Void Structure of PAN Fiber by Small Angle x-ray Scattering and Spline Function
Authors: Jiang K. , Wang Y. , Jiang Z. , Qian B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The voids in fibers, especially in wet spun fibers are a major factor of fiber structure which greatly affects the fiber properties. A lot of research has shown that the inner voids and surface imperfections were the main causes of strength decreases. Therefore it is very important to determine the void morphology development in fiber processing in order to obtain high quality as-spun fiber.
In this paper we introduce a new method for the determination of void morphology using small angle x-ray scattering with a spline function method in which the average void size, size distribution and the related scattering power as well is obtained.
Micro- and Macromixing in Polymerization Reactors
Authors: Thiele R. , Breme J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The paper deals with the influence of the local mixing state on the product properties in a mass styrene-acrylonitrile copolymerization stirred tank reactor in steady state. Experimental investigations at different stirrer speeds have been carried out in a specially constructed bench scale reactor. The idealized models for microfluid and complete segregation were used to calculate the polymer mass fraction, the weight average polymerization degree and the molecular nonuniformity at the outlet of the reactor. The apparatus operated as an “ideally mixed” continuous stirred tank reactor under all chosed conditions as demonstrated by measurements of the residence time distributions. The results are: the segregation model describes the experimentals at low stirrer speeds and the microfluid model is appropriate at high agitator revolutions. Polymer mass fraction, weight average polymerization degree and molecular nonuniformity as functions of average residence time calculated on the basis of both the idealized models indicate intersection points. A high extent of microfluid must not tend to decrease the molecular nonuniformity. The agitator speed can be limited in such a way that it is just sufficiently high to approximate the residence time distribution of an “ideally mixed” continuous stirred tank reactor in order to avoid dead spots and channelling. Segregation is not dangerous for the reactor performance and the product properties.
Simulation of Compression Molding with Matrix-Fibre Separation and Fibre Orientation for Long Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics**
Authors: Hojo H. , Yaguchi H. , Onodera T. , Kim E. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A model is presented which can be used to predict the flow under consideration of fibre-matrix separation and fibre orientation during sheet-like parts compression molding of long fibre-reinforced thermoplastics for isothermal state. During a molding, fibre content and fibre orientation distributions are calculated from the separation and orientation equations, and the viscosity of composites is expressed as a function of fibre content and fibre orientation. Based on the viscosity, the model was developed using the finite element method, and random and unidirectional reinforced composites are simulated. By comparing the theory with experimental results, the model accurately predicts mold filling patterns for the composite materials.
An Improvement on Design of Sheet Extrusion Dies
Authors: Yang G.-J. , Huang X.-C. , Shen C.-Y. , Chen J.-B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On the basis of the method of representative values and the flow pattern, that is, the position of the isobars parallels to the die orifice (PIPDO), the design of dies for the sheet and annular parisons is improved in the present paper. Since this pattern includes the effects of the sloped manifold and the die design for the circular manifold are independent of flow rate and the polymer viscosity, the distribution system of a die gives better uniformity of flow. In the previous study [1] a defect is found, that is, the calculated position of the path of the island area lags behind actual position. This defect is eliminated, and the modified equation is obtained. Another flow pattern, the pressure loss on all flow path is equal (PLFPE), is introduced. The equivalency of the above two flow patterns is proved theoretically. Although the flow uniformity isn’t perfect in the simplified analytical design of dies proposed in the previous paper, this simplified design is still of advantages. Therefore, its design criterion is put forward in this paper.
Optimization of a Flat Die Including Elongational Viscosity Effects
Authors: Sun Y. , Gupta M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A software package for optimization of polymer extrusion dies is developed. Die geometry is optimized such that a uniform velocity distribution is obtained at the die exit without excessively increasing the pressure drop in the die. The software uses the BFGS optimization algorithm, and employs the adjoint method to obtain the design sensitivities. The optimization software is successfully used to optimize the geometry of a flat die for polymer sheet extrusion such that a uniform velocity distribution is obtained at the die exit, without increasing the pressure drop in the die.
Ultrasonic Vibration Hot Embossing
Authors: Liu S.-J. , Dung Y.-T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hot embossing has become a popular method for replicating precise micro-features onto large plastic plates. However, a long cycle time of the process due to conventional electric heating or hot oil heating is one of problems that confound the overall success of this technology. This study proposed a novel hot embossing method by using ultrasonic vibration as a heat generator. Experiments were carried out on a 2000-watt ultrasonic welding machine. A 2 mm thick polymethyl methyl acrylic (PMMA) plate was used for embossing microstructures onto its surface. The results in this study suggest that ultrasonic vibration hot embossing can provide an effective way of molding microstructures onto the surface of polymeric plates. Nevertheless, this novel process will need some improvements in the design of the ultrasonic vibration machine in order to make the process feasible.
Generalized temporal transfer matrix method: a systematic approach to solving electromagnetic wave scattering in temporally stratified structures
Authors: Xu Jingwei , Mai Wending , Werner Douglas H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Opening a new door to tailoring electromagnetic (EM) waves, temporal boundaries have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, which have led to many intriguing applications. However, the current theoretical approaches are far from enough to handle the complicated temporal systems. In this paper, we develop universal matrix formalism, paired with a unique coordinate transformation technique. The approach can effectively deal with temporally stratified structures with complicated material anisotropy and arbitrary incidence angles. This formulation is applied to various practical systems, enabling the solution of these temporal boundary related problems in a simple and elegant fashion, and also facilitating a deep insight into the fundamental physics.
Fabrication of mixed nanoceramic waste with polymeric matrix membranes for water desalting
Authors: Abdallah Heba , Abo-Almaged Hanan H. , Amin Shereen K. , Shalaby Marwa S. , Shaban A. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes were prepared by blending technique between nanoceramic powder and polyethersulfone. Nanoceramic powder (NC) as a fine powder was produced from ceramic industries. The effect of NC as an additive on the membrane matrix was studied. Increasing in NC% on polymeric blend enhances the membrane mechanical properties, where the tensile strength was 13.92 MPa with elongation of 23.67 mm for prepared blend membrane with NC 1 wt%. The highest salt rejection was about 89.3% with permeate flux of 34.6 L/m2 h for R1 membrane using NS of percentage 4 wt% and nonwoven polyester support. The increase in NS% to 6 wt % leads to an increase in the salt rejection to 94.2% after 1 h operating time. The coating was achieved using the layer by layer technique which was carried out on the membrane surface to improve the salt rejection percentage. The salt rejection was found to reach about 99.8% after such coating process; but for permeate flux, it shows a certain decrease. The flux of membrane before the coating was 23.4 L/m2 h for R2 membrane (1 wt% NC & 6 wt% NS), while after coating the flux was reduced to reach 21.6 L/m2 h.
Relationship between subclasses low-density lipoprotein and carotid plaque
Authors: Pan Zhanhai , Guo Huiwen , Wang Qingqing , Tian Sha , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Li Chengbo , Ma Zheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Backgound
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can lead to the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques, but patients with normal LDL still have atherosclerotic plaques in clinical practice. With the proposal of LDL subclass, this experiment investigated the relationship between the LDL content of different subclasses and the stability of carotid plaques.

Methods
Plaque stability was suggested by carotid ultrasound results. 37 patients with stable plaques were classified into one group and 41 patients with unstable plaques were classified into another group. The data of age, glycosylated hemoglobin (Ghb), and homocysteine (Hcy) were collected. The contents of LDL subclasses were measured by LIPOPRINT system. The data of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) were collected. The plaque stability was assessed by carotid artery color Doppler ultrasound and the intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured.

Results
The levels of LDL-1 subclass 19.00 (13.00, 27.50) and LDL-2 subclass (21.62 ± 7.24) in the stable plaque group were higher than those in the unstable plaque group (p < 0.05). The levels of LDL-3 subclass (12.24 ± 4.58), LDL-4 subclass 5.00 (2.00, 9.00), and sd-LDL 0 (0.00, 3.00) in the unstable plaque group were higher than those in the stable plaque group (p < 0.05). LDL-1 subclass (adjusted OR = 0.923 and p < 0.05), and LDL-3 subclass (adjusted OR = 1.176 and p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for plaque stability.

Conclusion
Elevated LDL1 is associated with stable plaques whereas LDL3 was found associated with unstable plaques.
The Torah and the King: Zedekiah’s Edict (Jer 34) and Deuteronomistic Redaction
Authors: Johnson Dylan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The notion that the Torah represents a supervening »rule of law« that circumscribes the political and legal authority of the king stems from a particular Deuteronomistic scribal circle that worked long after the Davidic monarchy had ended. Using Zedekiah’s edict (Jer 34:8–22) as a case study, this paper examines how Deuteronomistic redactors recast the final normative legal act of an independent Judahite king as his pious application of Pentateuchal law.
The 11Q5 Psalter as a Scribal Product: Standing at the Nexus of Textual Development, Editorial Processes, and Manuscript Production
Authors: Longacre Drew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article demonstrates how pragmatic factors impacted the formation of the 11Q5 (11QPsa) psalter, confirming the essential interdependency between textual development, editorial processes, and physical manuscript production. I enumerate several default modes that guided the compiler and the types of editorial interventions by which he created the 11Q5 psalter. These suggest that the 11Q5 psalter was produced as a revised version of the traditional psalter, expanded and rearranged from an MT-like base text to enhance thematic, lexical, and sometimes formal connections between psalms.