bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Changes in Sweet Potatoes During Curing and Storage
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The quantity and pattern of carbohydrate change during curing and storage differed among 6 sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars. ‘Travis’ contained the most total sugar and ‘Whitestar’ the least on a dry weight basis. Sucrose, the major sugar in raw sweet potatoes, sharply increased during curing (10 days at 32°C; 90% RH), and generally continued to increase in 4 orange-flesh cultivars during 46 weeks of 15.6° storage. Sucrose concentration decreased in 2 white-flesh cultivars after curing, followed by an increase after 14 weeks of storage. Glucose concentration was slightly higher than fructose in all cultivars except ‘Centennial’, which had similar monosaccharide concentrations. The pattern of monosaccharide change during curing and storage varied with cultivar, but generally increased during curing and the first 4 weeks of storage, followed by stabilization or a slight increase. Alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) decreased with increasing lengths of storage in the 4 orange-flesh cultivars, which was attributed to continuous starch degradation. AIS increased during the first 4 or 14 weeks of storage in the 2 white-flesh cultivars, followed by a decrease during longer periods of storage.
Effect of Seasonal Soil Waterlogging on Vegetative Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees
Authors: Olien William C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil waterlogging imposed for 6-week periods in the spring, summer, or fall reduced vegetative growth and fruit yield of ‘Macspur’/Malling 26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees over their 7th to 9th growing seasons. Shoot and trunk growth were reduced most by spring and summer waterlogging. The relative decrease in shoot growth of summer-waterlogged trees increased over the three treatment years. Excavation of the trees in 1985 revealed that root dry weight was reduced markedly by summer waterlogging, but shoot dry weight was not affected by treatment. Average fruit yield was reduced severely by spring waterlogging (52%). Yield reductions increased with successive years of stress for all treatments, with the most marked trend over years associated with summer waterlogging. Decrease in yield was paralled by increased return bloom. There were no marked effects on fruit quality.
Rootstock and In-row Spacing Effects on Growth and Yield of Spur-type ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Archbold D.D. , Brown G.R. , Cornelius P.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of in-row spacing (1.8, 3.0, and 4.3 m) and rootstock [seedling, Mailing Merton (MM) 111, MM 106, and Mailing (M) 7] on growth and yield of ‘Redspur Delicious’ (RS) and ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ (GS) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied over 14 years. Close in-row spacing generally reduced annual yield per tree of all scion-stock combinations. However, increased estimated yields per hectare resulted from close tree spacings, which compensated for the reduced yield per tree. RS/MM 106 generally had greater yield per tree than the others and exhibited greatest precocity. RS/seedling initially exhibited the lowest production per tree, although it eventually performed well. Of GS combinations, GS/M 7 generally performed best and GS/seedling poorest, although in early years the latter did well. Although a spacing × rootstock interaction on yield per tree or per hectare was not found in any year, significant spacing effects were first evident on clonal rootstocks (RS/MM 106, RS/M 7, GS/MM 111, GS/M 7). Cumulative production efficiency was affected by rootstock but not by spacing. RS and GS on MM 106 and M 7 were the most efficient, nearly twice that on seedling. Trunk cross-sectional area in 1984 was less on clonal than on seedling rootstocks. All combinations had smallest trunk size at the closest spacing.
Modification of the Water Stress-induced Floral Response in ‘Tahiti’ Lime
Authors: Southwick S.M. , Davenport T.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatments that inhibit production of citrus flowers, such as the presence of fruit, gibberellic acid (GA3) spray, and branch pruning, were examined on container-grown ‘Tahiti’ lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) trees induced to flower by severe water stress lasting from 2 to 5 weeks. The presence of (or effects of recently removed) fruit located at the apex of branches inhibited production of new shoots as well as expression of the vegetative and floral nature of those shoots in basipetal lateral buds. Fruit ranging in size from 0.76 to 5.0 cm in equatorial diameter inhibited the shooting response. Shoot production and floral expression were normal on other branches. Fruit size or the amount of time fruit were present on branches were associated with the reduction in shoot and flower production. Aqueous GA3 sprays at 10−3 m concentration, applied at the onset or end of the floral inductive water stress treatment, inhibited expression of both vegetative and floral shoots. This inhibitory response dissipated as time elapsed after treatment. Pruning three branches from each tree replicate did not modify the flowering response in nonpruned water-stressed branches. The shooting response of branch units on these small trees responded independently to the presence or absence of fruit, GA3 treatment, and branch pruning.
Influence of Photoperiod on Crop Productivity and Form of Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum Grown as Bedding Plants
Authors: Hershey David R. , Merritt Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum Hort. ‘Scarletta’ were grown in a greenhouse at a plant density of 193 plants/m2. Crop productivity (grams of dry matter produced per day per square meter of crop) and crop productivity efficiency (percentage of the photosynthetic photon flux incident on the crop that is stored in the form of crop dry matter as energy of combustion) did not increase when the photoperiod was extended from 9 to 13 hr with incandescent lights. However, stem and petiole length did increase under 13- compared to 9-hr photoperiods. Crop productivity of begonia was less than maximum values reported for some other bedding plants. However, when crop growth was expressed in terms of fresh weight rather than dry weight, begonia crop growth exceeded that reported for other bedding plants. This increased growth seemed to be due to the low dry weight to fresh weight ratio in wax begonia of 0.03.
Growth of Three Native Prairie Perennials as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization, Potting Media, and Mycorrhizae
Authors: Zajicek Jayne M. , Albrecht M.L. , Daniels Hetrick B.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of blue wildindigo [Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br.], rough gayfeather (Liatris aspera Michx.), and butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) were grown in either a 1 soil : 1 sphagnum peat : 1 perlite (by volume) or 1 soil : 1 sand medium (v/v), amended with 0.00, 0.29, or 0.58 kg P/m3, and inoculated with Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerd., G. fasciculatum (Thax. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, G. macrocarpum Tul. and Tul., G. mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, or remained noninoculated. The objective was to determine whether vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi can establish and enhance plant growth, and how this would be affected by soil amendments. Replications were transplanted into the field to determine whether VAM pretransplant inoculation increased host growth and flowering. In the greenhouse, total dry weight of the three wildflower species grown in 1 soil : 1 sand (v/v) medium with no P was significantly improved by addition of most mycorrhizal species tested, but the response varied among plant species. At 0.29 kg P/m3, fewer mycorrhizal growth responses were evident. No growth responses were evident at 0.58 kg P/m3. B. australis was the only species that benefited from mycorrhizal inoculation in the 1 soil: 1 sphagnum peat: 1 perlite (by volume) medium at 0.00 and 0.29 kg P/m3. There were no differences in tissue P content within the three species when VAM-inoculated plants at 0.00 kg P/m3 were compared to noninoculated controls. At 0.29 kg P/m3 in the 1 soil : 1 sand medium, inoculated seedling tissue P increased, but in the 1 soil : 1 sphagnum peat : 1 perlite medium, noninoculated controls had significantly higher tissue P contents compared to inoculated seedlings. In the field, height and inflorescences per plant for the wildflowers were improved by VAM inoculation during the 2nd growing season.
Influence of Inoculum Placement Depth on Endomycorrhizal Fungal Infection and Perennial Ryegrass Shoot Growth
Authors: Frank J.B. , Petrovic A.M. , Mudge K.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of several vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on shoot growth and mycorrhizal development in ‘Citation’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied as a function of inoculum placement depth. Soil columns were layered with inoculum at 0, 5, 10, or 20 cm prior to seeding. Three inocula were tested: 1) chopped roots and soil from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants previously infected with the VAM fungus Glomus macrocarpus Tul. and Tul. var. macrocarpus; 2) a mixed inoculum from plants infected with G. macrocarpus var. macrocarpus; G. mosseae (Nichol. and Gerd.), G. faciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe, Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall; 3) roots and soil from noninoculated sorghum plants. Shoot growth was greatest when VAM inoculum was placed at the surface, and declined progressively with deeper placement. Greatest mycorrhizal fungal infection of the root system occurred at the site of inoculum placement regardless of depth. The effectiveness of the surface-applied inoculum on enhancing the initial shoot growth (70 days) of perennial ryegrass in this study suggests that inoculation with VAM fungi might prove useful in low maintenance turfgrass culture.
A Conceptual Model Of Changes In Deep Supercooling of Dormant Sweet Cherry Flower Buds
Authors: Andrews Preston K. , Proebsting Edward L. , Sweet Lee Gail 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A conceptual model of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) flower-bud deep supercooling during dormancy is presented. The extent of deep supercooling exhibited by the flower buds is expressed as the temperature of the median low-temperature exotherm (LTE50). The model calculates the LTE50 hourly, using air temperature, chill unit accumulation, and the previously calculated LTE50 in the decision pathways. An initial and updated LTE50 are determined experimentally by differential thermal analysis (DTA) in order to start the model at the beginning of the dormant season and to update it at periodic intervals. The model has been tested and validated. This model will overcome the delay in direct measurement and provide orchardists with a method of estimating critical flower-bud cold-hardiness temperatures for use in freeze-protection decisions.
Growth of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapevines: II. Nitrogen Distribution
Authors: Williams Larry E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen content and concentration were determined on field-grown ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Individual vine replicates were harvested throughout the growing season over a 3-year period. There was a linear increase in vine N content from budbreak to 1000 growing degree days (GDDs) later. During this time, the accumulation of N was primarily in the stems and leaves. Subsequent to 1000 GDDs, the increase in vine N was due to the accumulation of N in the clusters. Throughout the season, N concentration in all vine parts decreased. The increase in cluster N content did not appear to occur at the expense of N remobilization from the vegetative structures measured in this study. On a single date, the N concentration of leaves varied throughout the canopy—the outer layer of leaves contained 3.2% N, while leaves in the interior of vine contained 2.4% N. The loss of N from the vine through leaf fall and cane pruning was about 20 and 15 g, respectively. The data were similiar from year to year with regards to both N concentration and content in leaves, stems, and clusters when plotted vs. GDDs. The approximate requirement of N for current season’s growth of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines used for raisin production was 75 g/vine, or 84 kg·ha-1.
Carbohydrate Composition of Vascular System Exudates and Characterization of Their Uptake by Leaf Tissue of Pecan
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In an effort to identify the primary transfer carbohydrates and to describe their characteristics of uptake by pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh C. Koch)] leaf disks, it was discovered that the major carbohydrates in pecan xylem and phloem exudate and leaf free space leachate were sucrose, fructose, glucose, and inositol. Sucrose was the primary component of each of these systems. Uptake of sucrose, glucose, and fructose by leaf tissues was biphasic with a saturable active (sensitive to CCCP) carrier-like component and a nonsaturating passive (insensitive to CCCP) diffusion-like component. Uptake by the saturable component predominated at levels below 8 and 14 mM for fructose and glucose, respectively, and up to at least 40 mM for sucrose. The observations of a preponderance of sucrose in the free space of leaf disk and a sucrose Vmax an order of magnitude greater than for fructose or glucose suggests that sucrose is the major uptake carbohydrate moving from the leaf free space into the cytoplasm. The observation that uptake of any of these three sugars was noncompetitively inhibited by the other two sugars and that their uptake was unequally influenced by metabolic inhibitors suggests the possible presence of a separate carrier for each sugar. Sucrose uptake also appeared to be without hydrolysis and was coupled to the co-transport of protons with uptake diminishing with decreasing apoplastic proton levels.
The Role of Cell Wall-degrading Enzymes in the Formation of Gum Ducts in Almond Fruit
Authors: Morrison Janice C. , Greve L. Carl , Labavitch John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cell wall-degrading enzymes were extracted from the cell wall free space of mesocarp tissue from immature almonds [Prunus dulcis(Mill.)D.A. Webb, ‘Nonpareil’]. The activities of several of these enzymes were found to correlate with the development of gum ducts in this tissue. Polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) and 1,3-β-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) activities rose sharply at, or just prior to, the early schizogenous stage of duct initiation, while increases in α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), α-arabinosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), and α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) activities were correlated with the later lysigenous stage of duct formation. Cell wall analysis of almond mesocarp tissue sampled the week preceding gum duct formation determined that the predominant noncellulosic sugars present in the mesocarp cell walls are arabinose, galactose, xylose, and glucose, with smaller amounts of rhamnose and mannose also present. The walls also contain a high percentage of galacturonic acid and trace amounts of glucuronic acid. Methylation analysis of the cell walls confirmed that many of the specific glycosidic linkages that are cleaved by the enzymes tested are present in the mesocarp cell walls immediately prior to gum duct formation.
Salinity Effects on Asparagus Yield and Vegetative Growth
Authors: Francois L.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of salinity on germination, first-year growth, and spear and fern yield of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) was determined in germination dishes, crocks, and field plots, respectively. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that contained equal weights of NaCl and CaCl2. Spear yield was reduced 2.0% for each unit increase in salinity above 4.1 d S · m−1. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to a reduction in individual spear weight. Mature asparagus plants would be considered the most salt-tolerant crop commercially available. Asparagus possessed nearly the same salt tolerance for germination and spear production with soil salinities <7.2 d S·m−1. Above 7.2 dS·m−1, germination was less salt-tolerant. First-year growth was significantly more salt-sensitive than growth in subsequent years.
Effects of Apple Rootstocks and Nematicides on Pratylenchus penetrans Populations and Apple Tree Growth
Authors: Costante J.F. , Mai W.F. , Aleong J. , Klein R.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Rogers Red McIntosh’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing Merton (MM)111, MM 106, Mailing (M) 26 and M 7a were planted within an old apple orchard site. The trees were trickle-irrigated and the sandy soil was treated with the nematicides Telone (C-17), Vorlex, or Nemacur 3. In 1984, data were collected from trees excavated at 50, 100, and 156 days after planting and from permanent trees in 1985 from plots treated with nematicides prior to planting. The numbers of Pratylenchus penetrans [(Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven] in soil and rootstocks from nematicide treatments and controls were well below reported damage levels and not considered a problem on this test site. M 111 and MM 106 roots and ‘McIntosh’ scion growth were superior to M 26 and M 7a counterparts regardless of soil treatment in 1984, while only the scions on MM 111 were larger than those on M 26 in 1985. ‘McIntosh’ scions grew 36% larger on Telone C-17-treated soil and 19% larger on Vorlex-treated soil than on untreated soil. Leaf and soil analyses showed no interaction with rootstocks and minor differences between soil treatments in both years. A soil replant bioassay revealed disease factor(s), including P. penetrans, present in untreated soil.
Influence of Drought Stress and Mycorrhizae on Growth of Two Native Forbs
Authors: Zajicek Jayne M. , Hetrick B.A. Daniels , Albrecht M.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. and Liatris aspera Michx., grown in prairie soil with no additional P, benefited significantly from inoculation with Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerd., regardless of whether they were adequately watered or moderately or severely drought-stressed. In the presence of additional P, growth of severely droughted inoculated seedlings for both plant species was not significantly greater than noninoculated plants. When the influence of four Glomus species on growth of the two forbs was compared under drought-stress conditions with no supplemental P, growth of both plant species was signficantly improved by all fungal species compared to noninoculated controls. Preinoculated seedlings of both plant species were transplanted into disturbed-site soils with indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi present and subjected to severe moisture stress. After 12 weeks, inoculated seedlings were significantly larger than noninoculated seedlings for all soil types, with or without additional fertilizer (0.15 kg P/m3 + 0.075 kg N/m3). Under conditions of drought stress and low fertility, preinoculated seedlings of both B. australis and L. aspera grew significantly larger than noninoculated seedlings.
Effect of Extended Photoperiod on Budbreak, Overwinter Survival, and Carbohydrate Levels of Acer rubrum ‘October Glory’ Rooted Cuttings
Authors: Smalley Timothy J. , Dirr Michael A. , Dull Gerald G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acer rubrum L. ‘October Glory’ cuttings taken on 15 June 1984 were subjected to short day (SDT) (800-1700 HR) or short day plus night interruption treatments (NIT) (800-1700 plus 2200-200 HR) from 25 July until 22 Oct. 1984. Additional cuttings taken on 14 Aug. were subjected to the same photoperiod treatments from 10 Sept, until 22 Oct. For the 15 June cuttings, the NIT treatment induced significantly greater percent budbreak than the SDT, but did not induce significantly greater overwinter survival. Cuttings of 15 June that broke bud under NIT had significantly greater stem length and dry weight than cuttings that broke bud under SDT. SDT and NIT cuttings of 15 June that broke bud had significantly greater percent root carbohydrates, total grams of carbohydrates, and percent overwinter survival then cuttings that did not break bud. For the 14 Aug. cuttings, 1% of the cuttings broke bud, yet 95% (SDT) and 90% (NIT) of the cuttings survived the winter, and no difference in cutting carbohydrate levels, except stem starch, existed between the two treatments.
Effects of Maturity, Harvest Date, and Storage Time on Postharvest Quality of Red Raspberry Fruit
Authors: Sjulin Thomas M. , Robbins JoAnn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Meeker’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit harvested at three maturity stages [inception (IN), red ripe (RR), and processing ripe (PR)] on four harvest dates at weekly intervals were held 0, 3, 6, and 9 days at 0°C and 90-95% RH. Fruit retention strength, firmness, and titratable acidity decreased with increasing maturity, while berry weight, total anthocyanin concentration, pH, and postharvest rot incidence increased. Fruit were darker visually with increasing maturity when compared to color standards. Soluble solids differences among stages of maturity were not consistent for all harvest dates. During storage, fruit at all stages of maturity increased in pH, total anthocyanin concentration, and postharvest rot incidence, but decreased in titratable acidity and darkened visually. The rate of increase in anthocyanin concentration and visual darkening was greater for IN and RR fruit than PR fruit. Total anthocyanin concentration accounted for 85% of the variation in visual darkness. Changes in red hues during storage, and differences in red hues among stages of maturity, were not consistent for all harvests and were not related to total anthocyanin concentration. Firmness increased during storage for the first harvest date, but decreased for the remaining three harvests. Berry weight, firmness, and titratable acidity decreased for all stages of maturity with later harvest dates, while postharvest rot incidence increased. This decrease in berry weight was greater for RR fruit than IN or PR fruit. Harvest date affected pH and rate of weight loss of all maturity stages and fruit retention strength of IN and RR fruit, but not PR fruit. Total anthocyanin concentration increased with later harvest dates of PR fruit, but did not change in IN or RR fruit. Soluble solids decreased linearly with harvest date in IN and PR fruit, but changed nonlinearly in RR fruit.
Influence of Root Temperature During Dormancy on Respiration, Carbohydrates, and Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach
Authors: Young Eric , Motomura Yoshie , Unrath C. Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) (‘MM 111’ rooted layers) and peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) (‘Lovell’ seedlings) trees were subjected to two root temperatures (5° and 16°C) in a cold room during dormancy with the shoot maintained at 5°. Trees were removed after specific cold treatments (5°), ranging from 0 to 1870 hr. Respiration and carbohydrate fractions were determined on shoots and roots immediately upon removal from the temperature treatments. A second set of trees treated identically were placed in a greenhouse for 30 days, and respiration, budbreak, new root number, and new root and shoot dry weights were determined. Warm (16°) root temperature reduced total soluble carbohydrates and respiration in roots of apple and peach after removal from the cold room, and this response did not change with additional chilling. Root starch levels of both species decreased with increased chilling time, but were not affected by root temperature. After 30 days in the greenhouse, budbreak, new shoot dry weight, and new root number and weight were significantly higher in apple trees that had their roots chilled as compared to those with unchilled roots. These parameters were independent of root temperature in peach. Respiration rates showed greater increases during the greenhouse phase, with increased shoot chilling in peach and root and shoot chilling in apple after the chilling requirements were surpassed. Shoot and root respiration rates did not rise in apple when the roots were not chilled.