bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durability Characteristics of Recycled Aggregates for Physical and Chemical Properties of Concrete
Authors: Choudhary Rohit , Jangid Satish , Meena Ramdayal , choudhary Shailesh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In structural concrete, it becomes essential to perform the comprehensive research work for recycled aggregates (RA) in order to check their material properties as well as assess the influence the second-generation concrete quality. This work has the objective to assess and suggest the technical standards to check the performance and behaviour of concrete as compressive strength developed from recycled aggregates. The demolished crushed waste concrete can provide the RAs. Such aggregates are heterogeneous in composition from a quality point of view as being resultant from diverse adhered mortar and materials. Such properties of RAs must be assessed, as these are utilized in concrete; consequently make an effort to further investigate the RAs characteristics that are needed to be implemented in concrete mixes. This paper presents the characteristics of RAs as physical and chemical properties with further examination on the concrete properties prepared with RAs. It also presents the comprehensive strength to show the durability properties in order to set the standard guidelines. The developed nations such as Japan have even laid down standards for RA usage in concrete. Thus, it becomes essential to make guidelines for the material utilization in construction, especially to match with the local Indian conditions.
Four-year Spatiotemporal Distribution & Analysis of PM2.5 and its Precursor Air Pollutant SO2, NO2 & NH3 and their Impact on LST in Bengaluru City, India
Authors: Suthar G , Singhal R P , Khandelwal S , Kaul N , Parmar V , Singh A P 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bengaluru is one of the most populated cities in India. The rise in urbanization has caused an increase in air pollutant concentrations and land surface temperature. The present study explored the four-year (2019-2022) seasonal relationship between PM2.5 and its precursor’s air pollutants SO2, NO2, NH3, and meteorological parameters (WS, WD, RH, SR). Another relationship was explored to find the combined impact of air pollutants (PM2.5 SO2, NO2, NH3) and meteorological parameters on LST. Results from correlation analysis show that PM2.5 is strongly and very strongly correlated with NH3 during 2022 and moderately correlated with SO2 in 2021 and NO2 in 2022, respectively, during both seasons. LST is positively associated with air pollutants except for PM2.5 in 2020 and NO2 in 2022. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that PM2.5 strongly correlates with its precursors and meteorological parameter in both summers (0.66 to 0.74) and winters (0.59 to 0.93). Similarly, LST is strongly associated with all four air pollutants and meteorological parameters in summer (0.66 to 0.81) and winter from 0.60 to 0.79 from 2019 to 2021. The result shows that multiple parameters are responsible for the formation of secondary PM2.5 and change in LST.
Organic Farming in the Tropical, Disaster-Prone Coasts: Interventions, Major Challenges and a Success Story from Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India
Authors: Chowdhury A , Iyer A S , Bhattacharyya S , Khan S U , Naz A 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOrganic agricultural practices are sustainable alternatives to chemical methods. This article highlights the major challenges faced by environmentalists, social workers in popularizing organic agriculture as well as its positive field application. The primary soil parameters (pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, soil, organic carbon, soil texture, and available N, P and K) are compared between global coastal agricultural soils. Organic farming practices adopted in different regions were also focused in this article. Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem, largest delta, abode of mangrove dwelling tigers and Indian part is the home of 4.6 million natural disaster vulnerable populations. This work showcases success story of organic farming by 84 families of Indian Sundarbans since 2012, with use of vermicompost, biopesticides (neem oil) and natural microbe augmentations (Trichoderma sp), as a part of a socio-environmental intervention project. This intervention resulted in increased yield in both kharif season (10-12%) and rabi season (5-10%) by 2017.
Perpetual Flexible Pavement vs. Rigid Pavement: An Economic and Environmental Cost Comparison
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Sharma Sunil 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
India needs roads that can handle a large volume of traffic and have a long service life due to the scarcity of natural resources and their rising cost. Over the last decade, type. As a result, the notion of a perpetual flexible pavement with a life of more than 50 years and great structural capacity has emerged. Perpetual flexible pavement has a direct competition with cement concrete-based rigid pavement. The comparison of life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle environmental cost (LCEC) is an analytical method for determining the long-term viability of any pavement. This paper examined the overall sustainability of each pavement by comparing (1) the life cycle cost with the help of net present value (NPV) method and (2) life cycle environmental cost considering greenhouse gas emissions from various activities in construction and maintenance of pavements over a 50-year analysis period. The cross-sections of the Delhi-Mumbai expressway with perpetual flexible pavement and the Mumbai-Pune expressway with conventional rigid pavement, both of which have been designed for a long service life and a good structural capability were chosen for the investigation as a case study. The findings of the present study reveal that the per kilometre life cycle cost of perpetual flexible pavement is 2.12 lakh rupee less than the rigid pavement. Also, perpetual pavement emits 4.5 times less greenhouse gases than rigid pavement over their design life. In comparison to a rigid pavement during a 50-year design life, the study concludes that perpetual flexible pavement is not only economically effective but also environmentally sustainable
Performance Rating of National Highways Based on Road User Perspective – A Case Study of Kalka–Shimla Highway
Authors: Solanki Pratik , Sharma Sunil 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The road network plays the most important role in the development of India’s infrastructure. Through the initiative of rating national highways, we will be able to set standards for quality highway services, and as a result, road users will receive excellent value for their money. Moreover, better quality Indian Highways will lead to safer travel experiences and consequently result in fewer road accidents and fatalities. The effort for evaluating the roads was done by US Department of Transportation in 1950s as has been highlighted in the Highway Sufficiency Rating Manual of 1952. However, these ratings were based only on efficiency and safety parameters, completely neglecting the user perspective and services. As the road users gain access to information about products and services in real time over the internet, they are more empowered than ever before. Thus, the performance evaluation of a highway stretch must include additional aspects associated with the user experience. This paper examines the real-time problems they face along the journey. National Highway authority of India (NHAI) and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) of India have framed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for assessment and rating of 4-6 lanes divided carriageway NHs based on road user perspective. Road user perspective carries a 20 per cent weightage in overall highway efficiency. A questionnaire survey was taken as part of the road user perspective study on the Kalka-Shimla NH No. 5 in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. The highway scored 17.1 marks out of 20 based on users’ response, representing an 85.5% score, and indicating minor deficiencies regarding the selected highway facilities.
Spring Water Management to Ensure Long Term Sustainability in North-Eastern Regions of India
Authors: Ranjan Prem , Pandey Pankaj Kumar , Pandey Vanita , Lepcha Pema Tshering 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Spring water is the lifeline of the Himalayan communities. They depend on it for drinking and household use and farming. In recent decades, the region has been facing acute water shortage in the lean period due to climatic variabilities, especially rainfall. The rainfall pattern has changed from low-intensity, longer duration to high-density, shorter duration, which causes the “too little and too much water” syndrome. Rainwater does not have sufficient time to infiltrate due to high reliefs and undulating terrains. As a result, quick runoff dominates the region, reducing groundwater recharge and health. Springs also contribute to the base flow of many rivers in the region. The changing land use and land cover is another issue in water management, and the different studies indicate that deforestation, forest fire, mounting tourist spots, rapidly growing towns, and development activities reduce the infiltration capacity. In this region, most rural populations are completely dependent on perennial springs and streams for water needs such as drinking, agriculture, livestock feeding, and other household consumption. It is noticed that sudden water scarcity and demand increased during the non-monsoon period, which is uncertain for the long-term sustainability of the human population in the region. Hence, different water-saving techniques must be adopted to sustain this water scarcity condition at the household level and in irrigation practices. This can be achieved by bringing awareness of different water minimizing and saving techniques at the community level. Also, implementing a highly efficient irrigation system during the lean period instead of a flood irrigation system such as gravity-fed drip irrigation, bamboo drip irrigation, and pitcher irrigation is recommended.
Transport Infrastructure Investment: A Comparative Analysis between China, Russia and India
Authors: Bangaraju T , Aneja P , Mishra B 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
China, Russia and India, three major members of BRICS, share a strong trade relationship in over a duration of time. These countries have shown remarkable growth in various sectors overtaking EU and North American countries. Infrastructure investment is a crucial factor to give a momentum to progress of any country. This study attempts to understand the long run and short run effect of total inland infrastructure investment on freight growth in the said countries. In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag [ARDL] bounds testing approach was used to examine the impact of total inland transport infrastructure investment on total inland freight transport in the emerging economies, viz. China, Russia and India. Results indicate that China has higher positive affect of inland infrastructure investment on freight growth rate in the short run while India has higher positive affect in long run. Russia, owing to lower population, trade and industrialization growth showed to have lower freight growth in both short run and long run.
High capacity terahertz communication systems based on multiple orbital-angular-momentum beams
Authors: Willner Alan E , Su Xinzhou , Zhou Huibin , Minoofar Amir , Zhao Zhe , Zhang Runzhou , Tur Moshe , Molisch Andreas F , Lee Doohwan , Almaiman Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Structured electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have been explored in various frequency regimes to enhance the data capacity of communication systems by multiplexing multiple co-propagating orthogonal OAM beams (i.e. mode-division multiplexing (MDM)). Terahertz (THz) communications in free space have gained interest as THz waves tend to have: (a) larger bandwidth and lower beam divergence than millimeter-waves, and (b) lower interaction with matter conditions than optical waves. In this paper, we review recent experimental demonstrations of OAM-based THz MDM communication systems, including (a) THz MDM system with two multiplexed OAM beams; (b) THz OAM multiplexing together with frequency-division-multiplexing and polarization-division-multiplexing; (c) multiplexing a full set of two-dimensional Laguerre–Gaussian (

L

G

ℓ
,

p

) beams; and (d) THz integrated OAM emitter for OAM mode generation and multiplexing. System performance of THz OAM links with the effect of turbulence, divergence, and multipath is also simulated and analyzed.
Single shot and speckle free reconstruction of orthogonal polarization modes with a tuneable beam displacer
Authors: Manisha  , Rathor Mohit , Singh Rakesh Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Imaging through a random scatterer is a challenging problem due to the spatial scrambling of the light wavefront and formation of the speckle pattern. Here, we present a new experimental configuration in holography with a two-point intensity correlation to reconstruct the orthogonal polarization modes from a single shot measurement of the speckle pattern. Speckle free orthogonal polarization modes are reconstructed by applying the ensemble averaging in the correlation analysis. Both orthogonal polarization components of the object are simultaneously reconstructed using an edge point referencing for holography with the coherence waves and with a specially designed tuneable beam displacer. This tuneable beam displacer supports independent recording of the orthogonally polarized speckles at different spatial locations, and hence supports simultaneous reconstruction of the orthogonal polarization components of object from the random light.
Kill or be killed
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how viruses parasitize all living things, often to the detriment of their hosts, but they do not have it all their own way. All plants and animals, however small or primitive, have evolved ways of recognizing and fighting these microscopic invaders. It describes an infection as a race against time, noting how the viruses must reproduce before either the host dies or its immune system recognizes and eliminates them. The chapter considers viruses as adaptable as they can evolve rapidly to meet changing circumstances. Viruses have a fast reproduction rate and a large number of offspring.
Definitions
Authors: Leeming David A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter defines terms used in the book. It sets up the format in which five primary mythic themes are treated in the chapters that follow. The subject of Chapter 1 is the concept of deity. Chapter 2 will treat the creation myth, Chapter 3 flood myths, Chapter 4 trickster myths, and Chapter 5 hero myths.
An evil person
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter aims to identify the nature of an evil person. Not every evildoer counts as an evil person. One way to conceive of an evil person is as someone who has done a lot of evil things. A more plausible alternative conception is that an evil person is someone who is characteristically disposed to perform evil actions. This is someone who will seek the opportunity to perform evil actions, and who cannot be reformed and made into a good person. A character-based account of evil personhood allows us to explain why some people perform evil actions, and why some people are beyond redemption. However, it would be both misguided and dangerous to judge that any given person is evil unless you possess clear evidence about the character traits of that person. Many people who perform horrendously wrong actions do feel remorse and undergo moral reform. We should not rush to judge someone as being evil.
Nano-visualization of thein vitroantiviral activity of black tea based on production area using a liposome-based virus membrane model
Authors: Iijima Masumi , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Ogura Yukino , Yoshimoto Ryotaro , Kaneda Moemi , Kera Kota , Kuroda Shun'ichi , Nakayama Tsutomu 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTBlack tea extracts (BTEs) from four different production areas showed a higher aggregation strength for phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes containing cholesterol used as a viral membrane model. Furthermore, the anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity of each BTE in vitro demonstrated that although Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Assam had higher anti-IAV activities, Darjeeling had a lower anti-IAV activity, showing a correlation between each BTE and the liposome aggregation strength. Moreover, the antiviral activity strength of BTEs was consistent with the antioxidant activity strength of BTEs, suggesting that the component(s) in black tea that exhibits antioxidant activity would also be the component(s) that accounts for its antiviral activity. Thus, our results propose that BTEs exert their antiviral effects by binding not only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase but also viral membranes directly, especially “cholesterol-rich lipid rafts” and affect the membrane structure, causing the virus to aggregate, thereby inhibiting infection of the host cells.
The use of long head biceps tendon autograft for massive rotator cuff tears: a PRISMA compliant systematic review
Authors: Aicale Rocco , Poeta Nicola , Savarese Eugenio , Bernardini Giulio , Oliva Francesco , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionRotator cuff tears (RCT) are a common cause of shoulder pain and disability, with massive RCT accounting for 10–40% of all rotator cuff tears.Sources of dataA systematic search of PubMed and Scopus electronic databases was performed up to August 2022, and a total of 17 scientific articles were included in the present PRISMA compliant systematic review.Areas of agreementUnderstanding the geometric patterns in RCT is essential to achieve appropriate repositioning of the injured tendons in their anatomic location. The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is usually exposed when defects of the anterolateral corner are present and can be easily used to augment rotator cuff repairs.Areas of controversyThere are no definite guideline regarding the management of massive rotator cuff tears.Growing pointsThe use of LHBT graft is safe and effective, but technically demanding. All studies were level IV articles of medium to high quality.Areas timely for developing researchProspective long term follow-up studies and randomized controlled trials are needed, adding imaging evaluation and appropriate clinical outcome measures at follow-up.
A prospective study on serum citrate levels and clinical correlations in patients receiving regional citrate anticoagulation
Authors: To Harmony H M , Kwan Arthur M C , Leung Natalie Y Y , Chan W M , Ngai C W , Wong Alfred S K , Tsai Polly N W , Ma Tammy S K , Yam Irene , Ng Pauline Yeung , Yap Desmond Y H 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Current ways to diagnose citrate accumulation (CA) in patients receiving regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are confounded by various clinical factors. Serum citrate measurement emerges as a more direct way to diagnose CA, but its clinical utility and optimal cut-off values remain undefined. This study examined serum citrate kinetics and its diagnostic performance for CA in patients receiving RCA CRRT.

Methods
A multicentre prospective study was carried out in two tertiary referral centre intensive care units in Hong Kong with serum citrate levels measured at baseline and 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after initiation of RCA CRRT and their relationships with the development of CA.

Results
Among the 133 patients analysed, 18 patients (13.5%) developed CA. The serum citrate levels at baseline and 2, 6 and 12 h after initiation of RCA CRRT in patients who had CA were significantly higher than the non-CA group (P &lt; .001 for all). The CA group also had higher serum citrate levels than the non-CA group {median 0.93 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.81–1.16) versus 0.37 mmol/L (IQR 0.26–0.57), P &lt; .001}. Using a cut-off of 0.85 mmol/L, the serum citrate level had a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity 0.96 for the diagnosis of CA [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) 0.90, P &lt; .001]. The 2-h and 6-h serum citrate levels had good discriminatory abilities for predicting subsequent development of CA (AUROC 0.86 and 0.83 for 2-h and 6-h citrate levels using cut-off values of 0.34 and 0.63 mmol/L, respectively; P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Serum citrate levels were significantly higher in patients with CA compared with patients without CA. Serum citrate levels showed good performance in diagnosing and predicting the development of CA.
Role of prolyl hydroxylase/HIF-1 signaling in vascular calcification
Authors: Negri Armando Luis 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Morbidity and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are largely associated with vascular calcification, an actively regulated process in which vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) change into cells similar to osteocytes/chondrocytes, known as trans-differentiation. Cellular and systemic response to low oxygen (hypoxia) is regulated by the prolyl hydroxylase/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 pathway. Recent studies highlighted that hypoxia-mediated activation of HIF-1 induces trans-differentiation of VSMCs into bone-forming type through an increase in osteo-/chondrogenic genes. Inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway abolished osteochondrogenic differentiation of VSMCs. Hypoxia strongly enhanced elevated phosphate-induced VSMC osteogenic trans-differentiation and calcification. HIF-1 was shown to be essential for phosphate enhanced VSMC calcification. O2-dependent degradation HIF-1 is triggered by the prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHD). Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, daprodustat and roxadustat, increase high phosphate–induced VC in VSMCs, stabilizing HIF-1α and activating the HIF-1 pathway in these cells. Whether the use of these PHD inhibitors to treat anemia in CKD patients will favor the development and progression of vascular calcification remains to be explored.
Unmet needs in clinical trials in CKD: questions we have not answered and answers we have not questioned
Authors: Levin Adeera , Borkum Megan 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTMany advances have been made in the field of nephrology over the last decade. These include an increasing focus on patient-centred involvement in trials, exploration of innovative trial designs and methodology, the growth of personalized medicine and, most importantly, novel therapeutic agents that are disease-modifying for large groups of patients with and without diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Despite this progress, many questions remain unanswered and we have not critically evaluated some of our assumptions, practices and guidelines despite emerging evidence to challenge current paradigms and discrepant patient-preferred outcomes. How best to implement best practices, diagnose various conditions, examine better diagnostic tools, treat laboratory values versus patients and understand prediction equations in the clinical context remain unanswered. As we enter a new era in nephrology, there are extraordinary opportunities to change the culture and care. Rigorous research paradigms enabling both the generation and the use of new information should be explored. We identify here some key areas of interest and suggest renewed efforts to describe and address these gaps so that we can develop, design and execute trials of importance to all.