bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the parent's postoperative pain measure with an age‐appropriate reference pain scale for children 2–12 years old during a 14‐day recovery after tonsillectomy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Bérard‐Giasson Annick , Brown Karen Ann , Agnihotram Ramanakumar Venkata , Frigon Chantal 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAdenotonsillectomy is associated with severe postoperative pain. The parent's postoperative pain measure (PPPM), a 15‐item instrument to measure a child's pain at home, has been validated with a seven‐point faces scale in children 7–12 years and with the parents' global report of pain in children 2–6 years.AimsOur primary objective was to validate the PPPM with a recommended age‐appropriate pain scale in children 2–12 years after adenotonsillectomy. Our secondary objective was to reduce the PPPM components and validate this reduced PPPM.MethodsWe recruited 319 children out of the 563 adenotonsillectomies performed between December 19, 2017, and December 18, 2018. Parents recorded administration of analgesics and their child's pain scores twice daily for 14 days: PPPM for all children and either the face, legs, arms, crying, consolability (FLACC) pain scale for children 2–3 years or the faces pain scale‐revised (FPS‐R) for children 4–12 years. In addition, parents recorded analgesics.ResultsAmong the 354 eligible children, 9% of parents declined. 252 (79%) families submitted pain diaries. The median age was 2.9 [2.5–3.3] years for FLACC (n = 114) and 5.6 [4.5–7.2] years for FPS‐R (n = 138). Across the 14‐day recovery period, Cronbach's alpha for PPPM was 0.77 to 0.87. Generalized linear mixed models evaluated the association between PPPM and reference pain scales after adjustment for potential confounders. Time of day and postoperative days were included as predictors in the models. PPPM was strongly associated with FLACC and FPS‐R (beta coefficient = 0.4; p < 0.0001). The association decreased over time, and the reduction was more significant for FPS‐R than FLACC (beta coefficient = −0.13 vs. −0.04, respectively; p < 0.0001). There was a positive association between PPPM and the use of analgesics. A reduction analysis eliminated items from the original PPPM: four for FLACC and five for FPS‐R, suggesting age‐related differences. The reduced PPPM instruments achieved similar associations with their respective reference pain scales (beta coefficient = 0.5; p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis study extends previous work by validating the PPPM in children as young as 2 years with a recommended age‐appropriate pain scale over 14‐day convalescence after adenotonsillectomy. The reduced PPPM instruments differed in the two age groups. Future studies might explore these age‐appropriate reduced PPPM instruments to assess pain at home following adenotonsillectomy.
Tinea incognito "mask"erading as allergic contact dermatitis due to COVID‐19 facial covering in children
Authors: Cunningham Eric P. , Carter Natasha F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe present three children with tinea incognito initially misdiagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis to face masks. All three patients presented with pruritic erythematous patches and plaques across the malar cheek and nose. This case series suggests that clinicians should keep a broad differential when evaluating mask‐related facial dermatoses in children.
Queuing safely for elevator systems amidst a pandemic
Authors: Ananthanarayanan Sai Mali , Branas Charles C. , Elmachtoub Adam N. , Stein Clifford S. , Zhou Yeqing 
Published: February 2022

The requirement of social distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic has presented significant challenges for high‐rise buildings, which heavily rely on elevators for vertical transportation. In particular, the need for social distancing has reduced elevator capacity typically by at least two‐thirds or as much as over [Formula: see text] of the normal amount. This reduction is a serious concern, as reduced elevator capacities cause large queues to build up in lobbies, which makes social distancing difficult and results in large wait times. The objective of this study is to safely manage the elevator queues by proposing simple, technology‐free interventions that drastically reduce the waiting time and length of lobby queues. We use mathematical modeling, epidemiological expertise, and simulation to design and evaluate our interventions. The key idea is to explicitly or implicitly group passengers that are going to the same floor into the same elevator as much as possible. In the Cohorting intervention, we attempt to find passengers going to the same floor as the first person in the queue. In the Queue Splitting intervention, we create a different queue for different groups of floors. Based on simulation and analytical findings, Cohorting and Queue Splitting can significantly reduce queue length and wait time, while also maintaining safety from viral transmission in otherwise crowded elevators, building lobbies, and entrances. These interventions are generally accessible for many buildings since they do not require programming the elevators, and rely on only using signage and/or a queue manager to guide passengers.
Child Marriage in Mainland China
Authors: Fan Suiqiong , Qian Yue , Koski Alissa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChild marriage, defined as marriage before 18 years of age, has harmful consequences for health and development and is an indicator of gender inequality. We used publicly available data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses to estimate the national and provincial‐level prevalence of child marriage across mainland China. Between 2000 and 2010, the prevalence of child marriage rose from 2.41 percent to 2.85 percent among women and from 0.54 percent to 0.77 percent among men. The 2010 estimates are equivalent to roughly 1.8 million women and 0.5 million men. Child marriage was more common in western provinces among both girls and boys. Provincial prevalence estimates ranged from 0.44 percent in Beijing to 12.94 percent in Qinghai among girls. Among boys, estimates ranged from 0.13 percent in Beijing to 5.03 percent in Tibet. The gender gap widened across much of the country between censuses. Our results indicate that child marriage continues across mainland China despite laws that ostensibly prohibit the practice. They also draw attention to the global nature of child marriage as a threat to gender equality.
Premature deaths, accidental bequests, and fairness*
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Leroux Marie‐Louise , Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory , Zuber Stephane 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWhile there is little agreement regarding the taxation of bequests in general, there is a widely held view that accidental bequests should be subjected to a confiscatory tax. We re‐examine the optimal taxation of accidental bequests by introducing a concern for compensating individuals for a premature death. Assuming that individuals care about what they leave to their children, we show that, whereas the 100 percent tax view holds under the utilitarian criterion, the ex post egalitarian criterion (giving priority to the worst‐off ex post) implies subsidizing accidental bequests so as to compensate the short‐lived. In a second‐best setting, compensating the short‐lived justifies taxing total bequests at a rate increasing with the age of the deceased. Finally, when the model is extended to an intergenerational setting, accidental bequests can no longer be used as a redistributive tool, so that ex post egalitarianism rejoins the 100 percent tax view.
Reassessing Gender Differences in COVID‐19 Risk Perception and Behavior
Authors: Ferrín Mónica 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis article reassesses the gender differences in COVID‐19 attitudes and behavior found in previous studies by examining to what extent the gender gap in the adoption of COVID‐19 preventive behaviors is dependent on women's and men's perceptions of risk.MethodsThe data utilized in this study were obtained from the “Understanding America Study Coronavirus in America (‘COVID’) Survey,” conducted by the Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), at the University of Southern California.ResultThis study shows that women are more risk averse than men, but that the gender gap in risk behavior depends on the level of risk that is associated with COVID‐19.ConclusionRisk perception is a stronger driver of risk behavior for men than for women, who generally tend to adopt safe measures to protect themselves and others. Different messages should be delivered to women and men to increase compliance with norms.
A cluster of transcripts identifies a transition stage initiating leafy head growth in heading morphotypes of Brassica
Authors: Zhang Kang , Yang Yinqing , Wu Jian , Liang Jianli , Chen Shumin , Zhang Lei , Lv Honghao , Yin Xiaona , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yiyue , Zhang Lingkui , Zhang Yangyong , Freeling Michael , Wang Xiaowu , Cheng Feng 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARYLeaf heading is an important and economically valuable horticultural trait in many vegetables. The formation of a leafy head is a specialized leaf morphogenesis characterized by the emergence of the enlarged incurving leaves. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying the transition to leaf heading remain unclear. We carried out large‐scale time‐series transcriptome assays covering the major vegetative growth phases of two headingBrassica crops, Chinese cabbage and cabbage, with the non‐heading morphotype Taicai as the control. A regulatory transition stage that initiated the heading process is identified, accompanied by a developmental switch from rosette leaf to heading leaf in Chinese cabbages. This transition did not exist in the non‐heading control. Moreover, we reveal that the heading transition stage is also conserved in the cabbage clade. Chinese cabbage acquired through domestication a leafy head independently from the origins of heading in other cabbages; phylogenetics supports that the ancestor of all cabbages is non‐heading. The launch of the transition stage is closely associated with the ambient temperature. In addition, examination of the biological activities in the transition stage identified the ethylene pathway as particularly active, and we hypothesize that this pathway was targeted for selection for domestication to form the heading trait specifically in Chinese cabbage. In conclusion, our findings on the transcriptome transition that initiated the leaf heading in Chinese cabbage and cabbage provide a new perspective for future studies of leafy head crops.
Safety and effectiveness of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer in adults without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Shami Jessica J P , Zhao Jiaxi , Pathadka Swathi , Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Blais Joseph Edgar , Vora Pareen , Soriano-Gabarró Montse , Cheung Ka Shing , Leung W K , Wong Ian C K , Chan Esther W 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the association between low-dose aspirin and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), oesophageal cancer (EC) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in adults without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.DesignCohort study with propensity score matching of new-users of aspirin to non-users.SettingClinical Data Analysis and Reporting System database, Hong Kong.ParticipantsAdults ≥40 years with a prescription start date of either low-dose aspirin (75–300 mg/daily) or paracetamol (non-aspirin users) between 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008 without a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the first diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer (either CRC, GC or EC) and the secondary outcome was GIB. Individuals were followed from index date of prescription until the earliest occurrence of an outcome of interest, an incident diagnosis of any type of cancer besides the outcome, death or until 31 December 2017. A competing risk survival analysis was used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs with death as the competing risk.ResultsAfter matching, 49 679 aspirin and non-aspirin users were included. The median (IQR) follow-up was 10.0 (6.4) years. HRs for low-dose aspirin compared with non-aspirin users were 0.83 for CRC (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91), 0.77 for GC (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92) and 0.88 for EC (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.16). Patients prescribed low-dose aspirin had an increased risk of GIB (HR 1.15, 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.20), except for patients prescribed proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2-receptor antagonists (HR 1.03, 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.10).ConclusionIn this cohort study of Chinese adults, patients prescribed low-dose aspirin had reduced risks of CRC and GC and an increased risk of GIB. Among the subgroup of patients prescribed gastroprotective agents at baseline, however, the association with GIB was attenuated.
Preparedness and response to COVID-19 in a quaternary intensive care unit in Australia: perspectives and insights from frontline critical care clinicians
Authors: Sundararajan Krishnaswamy , Bi Peng , Milazzo Adriana , Poole Alexis , Reddi Benjamin , Mahmood Mohammad Afzal 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to explore the perspectives and opinions of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses and doctors at a COVID-19-designated pandemic hospital concerning the preparedness and response to COVID-19 and to consolidate the lessons learnt for crisis/disaster management in the future.DesignA qualitative study using in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Purposeful sampling was conducted to identify participants. A semistructured guide was used to facilitate IDIs with individual participants. Two FGDs were conducted, one with the ICU doctors and another with the ICU nurses. Thematic analysis identified themes and subthemes informing about the level of preparedness, response measures, processes, and factors that were either facilitators or those that triggered challenges.SettingICU in a quaternary referral centre affiliated to a university teaching COVID-19-designated pandemic hospital, in Adelaide, South Australia.ParticipantsThe participants included eight ICU doctors and eight ICU nurses for the IDIs. Another 16 clinicians participated in FGDs.ResultsThe study identified six themes relevant to preparedness for, and responses to, COVID-19. The themes included: (1) staff competence and planning, (2) information transfer and communication, (3) education and skills for the safe use of personal protective equipment, (4) team dynamics and clinical practice, (5) leadership, and (6) managing end-of-life situations and expectations of caregivers.ConclusionFindings highlight that preparedness and response to the COVID-19 crisis were proportionate to the situation’s gravity. More enablers than barriers were identified. However, opportunities for improvement were recognised in the domains of planning, logistics, self-sufficiency with equipment, operational and strategic oversight, communication and managing end-of-life care.
Timeliness of diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers and associated factors in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Nnaji Chukwudi A , Ezenwankwo Elochukwu F , Kuodi Paul , Walter Fiona M , Moodley Jennifer 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesAddressing the barriers to early breast and cervical cancer diagnosis in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) requires a sound understanding and accurate assessment of diagnostic timeliness. This review aimed to map the current evidence on the time to breast and cervical cancer diagnosis and associated factors in LMICs.DesignScoping review.SourcesMEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus and CINAHL.Eligibility criteriaStudies describing the time to diagnosis and associated factors in the context of breast and cervical cancer in LMICs published from 1 January 2010 to 20 May 2021.Study selection and data synthesisTwo reviewers independently screened all abstracts and full texts using predefined inclusion criteria. The review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Evidence was narratively synthesised using predefined themes.ResultsTwenty-six studies conducted across 24 LMICs were included in the review, most (24/26) of which focused on breast cancer. Studies varied considerably in their conceptualisation and assessment of diagnostic time, events, intervals and delays, with a minority of the studies reporting the use of validated methods and tools. Patient-related intervals and delays were more frequently evaluated and reported than provider-related and health system-related intervals and delays. Across studies, there were variations in the estimated lengths of the appraisal, help-seeking, patient and diagnostic intervals for both cancers and the factors associated with them.ConclusionsDespite the significant burden of breast and cervical cancer in LMICs, there is limited information on the timeliness of diagnosis of these cancers. Major limitations included variations in conceptualisation and assessment of diagnostic events and intervals. These underscore the need for the use of validated and standardised tools, to improve accuracy and translation of findings to better inform interventions for addressing diagnostic delays in LMICs.
Primary care-based interventions addressing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a scoping review
Authors: Galvez-Hernandez Pablo , González-de Paz Luis , Muntaner Carles 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesPrimary care is well positioned to identify and address loneliness and social isolation in older adults, given its gatekeeper function in many healthcare systems. We aimed to identify and characterise loneliness and social isolation interventions and detect factors influencing implementation in primary care.DesignScoping review using the five-step Arksey and O’Malley Framework.Data sourcesMEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, COCHRANE databases and grey literature were searched from inception to June 2021.Eligibility criteriaEmpirical studies in English and Spanish focusing on interventions addressing social isolation and loneliness in older adults involving primary care services or professionals.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted data on loneliness and social isolation identification strategies and the professionals involved, networks and characteristics of the interventions and barriers to and facilitators of implementation. We conducted a thematic content analysis to integrate the information extracted.Results32 documents were included in the review. Only seven articles (22%) reported primary care professionals screening of older adults’ loneliness or social isolation, mainly through questionnaires. Several interventions showed networks between primary care, health and non-healthcare sectors, with a dominance of referral pathways (n=17). Two-thirds of reports did not provide clear theoretical frameworks, and one-third described lengths under 6 months. Workload, lack of interest and ageing-related barriers affected implementation outcomes. In contrast, well-defined pathways, collaborative designs, long-lasting and accessible interventions acted as facilitators.ConclusionsThere is an apparent lack of consistency in strategies to identify lonely and socially isolated older adults. This might lead to conflicts between intervention content and participant needs. We also identified a predominance of schemes linking primary care and non-healthcare sectors. However, although professionals and participants reported the need for long-lasting interventions to create meaningful social networks, durable interventions were scarce. Sustainability should be a core outcome when implementing loneliness and social isolation interventions in primary care.
Phenotype of Coats disease in females
Authors: Daruich Alejandra , Munier Francis L 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo determine whether the clinical presentation of Coats disease differs between males and females.Methods and analysisRecords of patients diagnosed with Coats disease at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, main reason for initial consultation, comprehensive ocular examination at diagnosis and modalities of treatments during the follow-up were recorded.ResultsRecords from 114 patients with Coats disease were analysed. Ninety-eight patients (86%) were male and 16 (14%) female. Mean age at diagnosis was 6.2 years±6.1 in males and 7.4 years±4.7 in females. The main initial reason for consultation was strabismus in males and decreased visual acuity in females. Stage severity at diagnosis was similar in the two groups with half of the patients presenting with stage 2B2 or lower. The extension of peripheral retinal telangiectasia was also similar (mean: 6.2±3.4 and 5.8±4.0, respectively), as was the extension of intraretinal exudation (mean: 5.0±4.5 and 5.8±4.4) and the frequency of a subfoveal nodule at diagnosis (40% vs 30%, respectively). There was no distinction between the number of laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy sessions required for both groups during the follow-up.ConclusionsCoats disease presentation does not differ between genders despite being much rarer in females. We propose a pathogenic mechanism accounting for the gender-dependent incidence combined with gender-independent expressivity of Coats disease.
Evaluating patient-reported outcome measures in Peru: a cross-sectional study of satisfaction and net promoter score using the 2016 EnSuSalud survey
Authors: Leslie Hannah H , Lee Hwa-Young , Blouin Brittany , Kruk Margaret E , García Patricia J 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundPatient-reported measures attempt to quantify the value health services provide to users. Satisfaction is a common summative measure, but often has limited utility in identifying poor quality care. We compared satisfaction and the net promoter score (NPS), which was developed to help businesses quantify consumer sentiment, in a nationally representative survey in Peru. We aimed to compare NPS and satisfaction as individual ratings of care, assess the relationship of patient-reported experience ratings to these outcome measures and consider the utility of these measures as indicators of facility performance based on reliability within facilities and capacity to discriminate between facilities.MethodsWe analysed the 2016 National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services, a cross-sectional outpatient exit survey. We assessed ratings by patient characteristics and compared the distributions of satisfaction and NPS categories. We tested the association of patient-reported experience measures with each outcome using multilevel ordinal logistic regression. We used intraclass correlation (ICC) from these models to predict minimum sample for reliable assessment and compared patient-reported experience measures in facilities with average satisfaction but below or above average NPS.Results13 434 individuals rated services at 184 facilities. Satisfaction (74% satisfied) and NPS (17% reported at least 9 out of 10) were largely concordant within individuals but weakly correlated (0.37). Ratings varied by individual factors such as age and visit purpose. Most domains of patient-reported experience were associated with both outcomes. Adjusted ICC was higher for NPS (0.26 vs 0.11), requiring a minimum of 7 (vs 20) respondents for adequate reliability. Within the 70% of facilities classified as average based on satisfaction, NPS-based classification revealed systematic differences in patient-reported experience measures.ConclusionWhile satisfaction and NPS were broadly similar at an individual level, this evidence suggests NPS may be useful for benchmarking facility performance as part of national efforts in Peru and throughout Latin America to identify deficits in health service quality.