bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Origin of Observed Cosmic-Ray Spectrum Below 100 TV
Authors: Malkov Mikhail A. , Moskalenko Igor V. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Recent precise measurements of primary and secondary cosmic-ray (CR) species in the teravolt rigidity domain have unveiled a bump in their spectra, located between 0.5 and 50 TV. We argue that a local shock may generate such a bump by increasing the rigidity of the preexisting CRs below 50 TV by a mere factor of ∼1.5. Reaccelerated particles below ∼0.5 TV are convected with the interstellar medium flow and do not reach the Sun, thus creating the bump. This single universal process is responsible for the observed spectra of all CR species in the rigidity range below 100 TV. We propose that one viable shock candidate is the Epsilon Eridani star at 3.2 pc from the Sun, which is well aligned with the direction of the local magnetic field. Other shocks, such as old supernova shells, may produce a similar effect. We provide a simple formula, Equation (9), that reproduces the spectra of all CR species with only two nonadjustable shock parameters, uniquely derived from the proton data. We show how our formalism predicts helium and carbon spectra and the B/C ratio.
The Ages of Optically Bright Subclusters in the Serpens Star-forming Region
Authors: Zhou Xingyu , Herczeg Gregory J. , Liu Yao , Fang Min , Kuhn Michael 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Serpens Molecular Cloud is one of the most active star-forming regions within 500 pc, with over 1000 young stellar objects (YSOs) at different evolutionary stages. The ages of the member stars inform us about the star formation history of the cloud. In this paper, we develop a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting method for nearby evolved (diskless) young stars from members of the Pleiades to estimate their ages, with a temperature scale adopted from APOGEE spectra. When compared with literature temperatures of selected YSOs in Orion, the SED fits to cool (<5000 K) stars have temperatures that differ by an average of ≲50 K and have a scatter of ∼210 K for both disk-hosting and diskless stars. We then apply this method to YSOs in the Serpens Molecular Cloud to estimate ages of optical members previously identified from Gaia DR2 astrometry data. The optical members in Serpens are concentrated in different subgroups with ages from ∼4 to ∼22 Myr; the youngest clusters, W40 and Serpens South, are dusty regions that lack enough optical members to be included in this analysis. These ages establish that the Serpens Molecular Cloud has been forming stars for much longer than has been inferred from infrared surveys.
Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks
Authors: Grošelj Daniel , Sironi Lorenzo , Beloborodov Andrei M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations σ ≲ 10−4 and pair-loading factors Z
± ≲ 10 are studied, where Z
± is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when σ exceeds a critical value σ
L that decreases with Z
±. At σ ≲ σ
L the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of which decrease with Z
±, leading to lower σ
L. (2) The energy fraction carried by the post-shock pairs is robustly in the range between 20% and 50% of the upstream ion energy. The mean energy per post-shock electron scales as

E

¯

e

∝

Z

±

+
1

−
1

. (3) Pair loading suppresses nonthermal ion acceleration at magnetizations as low as σ ≈ 5 × 10−6. The ions then become essentially thermal with mean energy

E

¯

i

, while electrons form a nonthermal tail, extending from

E
∼

Z

±

+
1

−
1

E

¯

i

to

E

¯

i

. When σ = 0, particle acceleration is enhanced by the formation of intense magnetic cavities that populate the precursor during the late stages of shock evolution. Here, the maximum energy of the nonthermal ions and electrons keeps growing over the duration of the simulation. Alongside the simulations, we develop theoretical estimates consistent with the numerical results. Our findings have important implications for models of early gamma-ray burst afterglows.
Particle Acceleration in Magnetic Reconnection with Ad Hoc Pitch-angle Scattering
Authors: Johnson Grant , Kilian Patrick , Guo Fan , Li Xiaocan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection is a long-standing topic in space, solar, and astrophysical plasmas. Recent 3D particle-in-cell simulations of magnetic reconnection show that particles can leave flux ropes due to 3D field-line chaos, allowing particles to access additional acceleration sites, gain more energy through Fermi acceleration, and develop a power-law energy distribution. This 3D effect does not exist in traditional 2D simulations, where particles are artificially confined to magnetic islands due to their restricted motions across field lines. Full 3D simulations, however, are prohibitively expensive for most studies. Here, we attempt to reproduce 3D results in 2D simulations by introducing ad hoc pitch-angle scattering to a small fraction of the particles. We show that scattered particles are able to transport out of 2D islands and achieve more efficient Fermi acceleration, leading to a significant increase of energetic particle flux. We also study how the scattering frequency influences the nonthermal particle spectra. This study helps achieve a complete picture of particle acceleration in magnetic reconnection.
Magnetic Helicity Flux Oscillations in the Atmospheres of Flaring and Nonflaring Active Regions
Authors: Korsós M. B. , Erdélyi R. , Huang X. , Morgan H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Analyzing the evolution of magnetic helicity flux at different atmospheric heights is key for identifying its role in the dynamics of active regions (ARs). The three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field of both flaring and nonflaring ARs is constructed using potential field extrapolations, enabling the derivation of emergence, shearing, and total magnetic helicity components at a range of atmospheric heights. An analysis of temporal oscillations of the derived components shows that the largest significant period of the three helicity fluxes are common (within ±2 hr) from the photosphere up to at least 1 Mm for flaring ARs—being consistent with the presence of a coupled oscillatory behavior that is absent in the nonflaring ARs. We suggest that large, energetic solar eruptions may have been produced in ARs when the vertical and horizontal helicity flux components became a coupled oscillatory system in the low solar atmosphere.
Observation of S4716—a Star with a 4 yr Orbit around Sgr A*
Authors: Peißker Florian , Eckart Andreas , Zajaček Michal , Britzen Silke 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The ongoing monitoring of the Galactic center and Sgr A*, the central supermassive black hole, produces surprising and unexpected findings. This goes hand in hand with the technical evolution of ground- and space-based telescopes and instruments, but also with the progression of image filter techniques such as the Lucy–Richardson algorithm. As we continue to trace the members of the S cluster close to Sgr A* on their expected trajectory around the supermassive black hole, we present the finding of a new stellar source, which we call S4716. The newly found star orbits Sgr A* in about 4.0 yr and can be detected with NIRC2 (Keck), OSIRIS (Keck), SINFONI (VLT), NACO (VLT), and GRAVITY (VLTI). With a periapse distance of about 100 au, S4716 shows an equivalent distance toward Sgr A* as S4711. These fast-moving stars undergo a similar dynamical evolution, since S4711–S4716 share comparable orbital properties. We will furthermore draw a connection between the recent finding of a new faint star called S300 and the data presented here. Additionally, we observed a blend-star event with S4716 and another newly identified S star S148 in 2017.
Long-term Evolution of Postexplosion Helium-star Companions of Type Iax Supernovae
Authors: Zeng Yaotian , Liu Zheng-Wei , Heger Alexander , McCully Curtis , Röpke Friedrich K. , Han Zhanwen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Supernovae of Type Iax (SNe Iax) are an accepted faint subclass of hydrogen-free supernovae. Their origin, the nature of the progenitor systems, however, is an open question. Recent studies suggest that the weak deflagration explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf in a binary system with a helium-star donor could be the origin of SNe Iax. In this scenario, the helium-star donor is expected to survive the explosion. We use the one-dimensional stellar evolution codes MESA and Kepler to follow the postimpact evolution of the surviving helium companion stars. The stellar models are based on our previous hydrodynamical simulations of ejecta–donor interaction, and we explore the observational characteristics of these surviving helium companions. We find that the luminosities of the surviving helium companions increase significantly after the impact: they could vary from 2500 L
⊙ to 16,000 L
⊙ for a Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale of about 104 yr. After the star reaches thermal equilibrium, it evolves as an O-type hot subdwarf (sdO) star and continues its evolution along the evolutionary track of a normal sdO star with the same mass. Our results will help to identify the surviving helium companions of SNe Iax in future observations and to place new constraints on their progenitor models.
Pharmacists‘ attitudes to dispensing food supplements to chronically ill patients: a pilot survey among community pharmacies in Bulgaria
Authors: Balkanska-Mitkova Antoaneta , Yaneva Antoniya , Kondeva-Burdina Magdalena , Dimitrova Maria 
Published: July 2022

Background: Within the last years, excessive utilization of food supplements for prevention and prophylaxis in different chronic diseases is observed. In order to extend the control on the arrangement of the market, utilization, and safety of food supplements, the European Commission took genuine regulatory steps to harmonize the criteria for FS and to guarantee that they are not giving deceiving information. However, excessive use, uncontrolled patients consumption, exposure to higher than recommended intakes, and even interaction with specific medicines can cause toxicity risks and pose serious health concerns. The aim of this study is to examine the tendency of pharmacists to correctly recommend food supplements to chronically ill patients in order to extend the pharmaceutical care and prevent side effects.
Materials and methods: The used method is an anonymous survey that was conducted by using the direct questionnaire method among master pharmacists and assistant pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Bulgaria.
Results: The results show that the majority of the pharmacists are willing to recommend food supplements and that they could participate in the monitoring of chronically ill patients with food supplements intake. On the other side, the survey shows that most of the patients are seeking for food supplements and do ask for advice.
Conclusion: In conclusion, pharmacists as the most accessible health care professionals can provide more detailed information concerning food supplements in order to avoid negative effects on the safety of chronically ill patients, especially with additional training in the field.
De l’européanisation à la mercosurisation des politiques d’enseignement supérieur : une comparaison de la construction des politiques de reconnaissance académique
Authors: Solanas Facundo 
Published: July 2022

Les processus d’intégration régionale comme l’influence des organisations internationales ont une importance décisive à l’heure de promouvoir la flexibilisation des mécanismes de reconnaissance des diplômes universitaires. À l’aide des notions d’européanisation et de mercosurisation, nous comparons la façon dont la politique pour la reconnaissance académique (PRA) a été développée dans l’UE et le MERCOSUR. Ces deux ensembles régionaux ont construit différentes politiques publiques pour faciliter la mobilité des diplômés ou des étudiants respectifs dans les pays membres qui composent chaque région. Nous montrons les poids respectifs des organisations internationales, tels que l’OCDE, la BM, le FMI, entre autres, dans ces deux constructions qui ne suivent pas le même « modèle international ». Les processus d’intégration régionale comme les différents processus de transferts promus par ces organisations internationales ont eu un impact non négligeable sur les PRA, à la fois direct dans les cas de la BM et de l’OCDE et indirect dans le cas du FMI. En même temps, nous avons constaté que leur poids sur la construction de la PRA s’avère beaucoup plus important dans le cas du MERCOSUR que dans celui de l’UE.
Possibilities and limits in the appropriation of neoliberal research funding models: Social Sciences and Humanities funding in the Baltics
Authors: Tõnismann Teele 
Published: July 2022

L’article analyse la circulation internationale des dispositifs de financement compétitifs à travers l’exemple de financements des sciences sociales et humaines dans trois pays postcommunistes - Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie – de 1989 à 2015. En étudiant l’usage des instruments de financement sur projet par les acteurs nationaux de la réforme en collaboration avec d’autres dispositifs de financement public, l’article montre que les modes de financement (projets vs financements récurrents), ainsi que les orientations (international vs national), ont émergé davantage des luttes de pouvoir que de modèles de financement préexistants. Ainsi, des changements substantiels dans les politiques publiques n’ont eu lieu que lorsqu’ils étaient menés par les groupes d’acteurs ayant acquis précédemment une socialisation internationale. En outre, non seulement l’Union européenne, mais aussi d’autres pays tels que les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, le Danemark et la Finlande ont été déterminants dans ce processus.
The travelling vision and the wave of Big Neurosciences: What circulates when there is no model?
Authors: Kim Jongheon 
Published: July 2022

Au cours de la dernière décennie, plusieurs projets de recherche sur le cerveau à grande échelle ont été lancés par différents gouvernements. Cette «vague des Big Neurosciences» remet en question le cadre théorique de la circulation du modèle politique puisqu’aucun modèle spécifique n’est identifiable. Pour appréhender cette «vague», cet article mène une étude comparative (Union européenne, États-Unis, Corée du Sud) en s’appuyant sur la notion de la vision itinérante et de l’imaginaire sociotechnique. L’étude démontre que (1) la vision itinérante des Big Neurosciences a inspiré les acteurs locaux et les a encouragés à élaborer des projets à grande échelle; (2) la vision des Big Neurosciences a été interprétée différemment par les acteurs locaux et reformulée tout au long de la négociation avec les institutions intégrant des imaginaires particuliers, ce qui a entraîné des projets à grande échelle divergents dans chaque cas. Les résultats suggèrent que la vision itinérante et la vague des Big Neurosciences ont renforcé le « solutionnisme » technologique et les imaginaires dominants existants, ce qui nuirait à la démocratie en permettant à leurs promoteurs de contourner les débats sociaux inclusifs.
Improvement Trajectories in Patient-Reported Outcomes Between Males and Females After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Bjornsen Elizabeth , Lisee Caroline , Schwartz Todd A. , Creighton Robert , Kamath Ganesh , Spang Jeffrey , Blackburn Troy , Pietrosimone Brian 
Published: July 2022

Context
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used to track recovery and inform clinical decision-making after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Whether sex influences the trajectory of improvements in PROs over time post-ACLR remains unclear.

Objectives
To (1) examine the effect of sex on the association between months post-ACLR and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Quality of Life (QOL) scores in individuals with ACLR and (2) assess sex differences in the KOOS QOL score at selected timepoints post-ACLR.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 133 females (20± 3 years) and 85 males (22 ± 4 years) within 6 to 60 months of primary, unilateral ACLR.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The KOOS QOL was completed at a single follow-up timepoint post-ACLR. A multivariate linear regression model was calculated to assess the interaction of sex on the association between months post-ACLR and KOOS QOL score. Sex-specific linear regression models were then used to predict KOOS QOL estimated marginal means at each clinical timepoint (6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months post-ACLR) and compare the sexes.

Results
In the primary model (R2 = 0.16, P &lt; .0001), a significant interaction existed between sex and time post-ACLR (β = −0.46, P &lt; .01). Greater months post-ACLR were associated with better KOOS QOL scores for males (R2 = 0.29, β = 0.69, P &lt; .001); months post-ACLR was a weaker predictor of KOOS QOL scores for females (R2 = 0.04, β = 0.23, P &lt; .02). Estimated marginal means for KOOS QOL scores were greater for males than females at 36 months (t210 = 2.76, P &lt; .01), 48 months (t210 = 3.02, P &lt; .01), and 60 months (t210 = 3.09, P = .02) post-ACLR.

Conclusions
Males exhibited PRO improvement post-ACLR as the months post-ACLR increased, whereas females did not demonstrate the same magnitude of linear increase in KOOS QOL score. Females may require extended intervention to improve clinical outcomes post-ACLR and address a plateau in QOL score.
Perioperative Management of Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves-A Narrative Review
Authors: Nath Soumya Sankar , Parashar Samiksha 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Worldwide, about 13% of the 200,000 annual recipients of prosthetic heart valves (PHV) present for various surgical procedures. Also, more and more females are opting for pregnancies after having PHV. All patients with PHV present unique challenges for the anesthesiologists, surgeons and obstetricians (in case of deliveries). They have to deal with the perioperative management of anticoagulation and a host of other issues involved. We reviewed the English language medical literature relevant to the different aspects of perioperative management of patients with PHV, particularly the guidelines of reputed societies that appeared in the last 20 years. Regression of cardiac pathophysiology following valve replacement is variable both in extent and timeline. The extent to which reverse remodeling occurs depends on the perioperative status of the heart. We discussed the perioperative assessment of patients with PHV, including focused history and relevant investigations with the inferences drawn. We examined the need for prophylaxis against infective endocarditis and management of anticoagulation in such patients in the perioperative period and the guidelines of reputed societies. We also reviewed the conduct of anesthesia, including general and regional anesthesia (neuraxial and peripheral nerve/plexus blocks) in such patients. Finally, we discussed the management of delivery in this group of high-risk patients. From the discussion of different aspects of perioperative management of patients with PHV, we hope to guide in formulating the comprehensive plan of management of safe anesthesia in such patients.
Supramitral Membrane with Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus
Authors: Singh Ajmer 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
A 4-year-old child with supramitral membrane (SMM) causing severe mitral stenosis (MS) was taken for excision of the membrane. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed a large thrombus in the left atrial appendage (LAA) in addition to SMM. The case underscores the importance of this extremely rare association and prompt therapy to prevent catastrophic consequences.
Interrogation of Superior Vena Cava by Deep Transgastric Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging
Authors: Arora Nishant Ram , Maddali Madan Mohan , Kaur Charanjit 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The advantages of intraoperative deep transgastric interrogation by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) of the superior vena cava (SVC) in comparison to the standard bicaval view was studied in pediatric cardiac surgical cases. The view was found to be helpful in obtaining additional data in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.
Study on factors associated with post bronchodilator reversibility among patients presenting with dyspnea
Authors: Mehta Asmita A. , Surendran Divya , Sudhakar Nidhi , George Richie , Paul Tisa , Ashok Aditya 
Published: July 2022

Background:
The change in FEV1 after administration of a short-acting bronchodilator has been widely used for diagnosis of obstructive airway diseases. Many factors can influence the post bronchodilator reversibility

Aim:
The aim of the present study was to estimate the presence of reversibility among the patients of obstructive airway disease and to identify the factors affecting it

Methods:
Patients who presented to the department of respiratory medicine with symptoms of dyspnea were evaluated with spirometry. Spirometry and post bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) was defined as per international guidelines. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis and P < 0.05 was considered significant

Results:
Out of 100 patients studied, 33 had BDR. Median age of the population was 58 ± 17 years. There were 72 non-smokers and 58 men. A total of 32 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 56 had asthma, and 12 had normal spirometry. The median pre and post bronchodilator FEV1 was 1.34L/Sec and 1.46 L/sec respectively. Twenty-seven of asthma (41%) and 6 of COPD (19%) had BDR (P = 0.05). Other factors associated with BDR were smoking (P = 0.035). There was no statistically significant correlation found between eosinophilia, gender, severity of obstruction, BMI, height, weight and age

Conclusion:
The prevalence of post BDR in the study population was 33%. The factors affecting BDR were smoking status, and asthma. The study did not show any significant correlation between BDR and eosinophilia, gender, height and age.
Response to Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases through Active Case Detection and Vector Control in Low-Endemic Hilly Districts of Nepal
Authors: Banjara Megha Raj , Joshi Anand Ballabh , Singh Vivek Kumar , Das Murari Lal , Gurung Chitra Kumar , Olliaro Piero , Halleux Christine , Matlashewski Greg , Kroeger Axel 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT.
The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program in Nepal has largely completed the attack phase and is moving toward consolidation and maintenance phases. New VL foci are, however, appearing in Nepal, and therefore new innovative community-centered strategies need to be developed and tested. We conducted early case detection by an index case–based approach and assessed the feasibility, efficacy, and cost of an intervention for sandfly control through indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticidal wall painting (IWP) in new and low-endemic districts Palpa and Surkhet. IRS was performed in 236 households and IWP in 178 households. We screened 1,239 and 596 persons in Palpa and Surkhet, respectively, resulting in the detection of one VL case in Palpa. Both IWP and IRS were well accepted, and the percentage reductions in sandfly density after 1, 9, and 12 months of intervention were 90%, 81%, and 75%, respectively, for IWP and 81%, 59%, and 63% respectively for IRS. The cost per household protected per year was USD 10.3 for IRS and 32.8 for IWP, although over a 2-year period, IWP was more cost-effective than IRS. Active case detection combined with sandfly control through IWP or IRS can support to VL elimination in the consolidation and maintenance phase.