bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunofluorescence‐Mediated Detection of Respiratory Virus Infections in Human Airway Epithelial Cultures
Authors: Gagliardi Talita B. , Iverson Ethan , DeGrace Emma J. , Rosenberg Brad R. , Scull Margaret A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA diverse collection of viral pathogens target airway epithelial cells for infection, with effects ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to death of the infected individual. Among these pathogens are recently discovered and/or emergent viruses that sometimes fail to infect commonly used, immortalized cell lines and for which infection phenotypes in the respiratory tract remain unknown. Human airway epithelial cultures have been developed over the past several decades and have proven to be a useful model system in culturing hard‐to‐grow viruses and assaying various features of infection in a physiologically relevant setting. This article includes methods for the generation of well‐differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures at air‐liquid interface that recapitulate the mucosal epithelium of the trachea/bronchus in vivo. We further detail inoculation of these cultures with respiratory viruses—specifically rhinovirus, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)—and provide a protocol for the detection of double‐stranded RNA or viral antigen–positive cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. These techniques, together with a post‐imaging analysis, can be applied to characterize the efficiency of infection and kinetics of spread within the airway epithelium. Furthermore, these methods can be utilized in conjunction with antibodies against cellular targets to determine cell tropism and colocalization with specific host factors during infection. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Generation of human airway epithelial cultures at air‐liquid interface (HAE‐ALI)Basic Protocol 2: Viral inoculation of HAE‐ALIBasic Protocol 3: Immunofluorescence (IF)‐based detection of infected cells in HAE‐ALI
CNTFET‐based ternary address decoder design
Authors: Mohammed Rawan , Fouda Mohammed E. , Alouani Ihsen , Said Lobna A. , Radwan Ahmed G. 
Published: June 2022

SummaryWith the end of Moore's law, new paradigms are investigated for more scalable computing systems. One of the promising directions is to examine the data representation toward higher data density per hardware element. Multiple valued logic (MVL) emerged as a promising system due to its advantages over binary data representation. MVL offers higher information processing within the same number of digits when compared with binary systems. Accessing memory is considered one of the most power‐ and time‐consuming instructions within a microprocessor. In the quest for building an entire ternary computer architecture, we propose investigating the potential opportunities of ternary address decoders. This paper presents three different designs for ternary address decoder based on CNTFET. The first design is based on a cascade of Ternary to Binary blocks (T2B) and a binary decoder. The second design is built using the hierarchical structure and enables signals. The third is designed utilising a pre‐decoder and ternary logic gates. A comparison of the proposed designs and the binary address decoder in terms of power and delay under different supply voltage and temperature values is introduced. Simulation results show that the second design has the least power and delay of the proposed ternary designs.
An optimized joint medium access control and routing protocol with iterative contention window adjustment mechanism for a guaranteed lifetime in Internet of Things‐based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Nizampatnam Srikanth , Shankar Thirunarayanan , Yamuna Govindarajan 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe problem of extending the lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSN) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely investigated over the last 20 years. This paper proposes an Optimized J‐RMAC (optimized joint routing and media access control protocol) to guarantee the network lifetime in IoT‐based WSN. Initially, all sensor nodes report their position and coverage information to the sink, which uses this information to pick a list of active nodes based on energy usage and active time. Then, the k‐covered network is formed to execute the routing task by selecting the active nodes with the largest sensing areas. A multi‐objective seagull optimization algorithm (MO‐SOA) represents routing paths between the source and destination by considering two objective functions: energy consumption cost and end‐to‐end delay of a routing path. After that, the contention window of the nodes in the routing path is adjusted using a new iterative adaptive adjustment process of the contention window with adjustment parameters (IAACW‐AP) to avoid message conflicts. The proposed protocol is simulated in the NS2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol will be compared with existing strategies in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, communication overhead, energy consumption, and delay.
Genetic differentiation that is exceptionally high and unexpectedly sensitive to geographic distance in the absence of gene flow: Insights from the genus Eranthis in East Asian regions
Authors: Oh Ami , Oh Byoung‐Un 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGenetic differentiation between populations is determined by various factors, including gene flow, selection, mutation, and genetic drift. Among these, gene flow is known to counter genetic differentiation. The genus Eranthis, an early flowering perennial herb, can serve as a good model to study genetic differentiation and gene flow due to its easily detectable population characteristics and known reproductive strategies, which can be associated with gene flow patterns. Eranthis populations are typically small and geographically separated from the others. Moreover, previous studies and our own observations suggest that seed and pollen dispersal between Eranthis populations is highly unlikely and therefore, currently, gene flow may not be probable in this genus. Based on these premises, we hypothesized that the genetic differentiation between the Eranthis populations would be significant, and that the genetic differentiation would not sensitively reflect geographic distance in the absence of gene flow. To test these hypotheses, genetic differentiation, genetic distance, isolation by distance, historical gene flow, and bottlenecks were analyzed in four species of this genus. Genetic differentiation was significantly high, and in many cases, extremely high. Moreover, genetic differentiation and geographic distance were positively correlated in most cases. We provide possible explanations for these observations. First, we suggest that the combination of the marker type used in our study (chloroplast microsatellites), genetic drift, and possibly selection might have resulted in the extremely high genetic differentiation observed herein. Additionally, we provide the possibility that genetic distance reflects geographic distance through historical gene flow, or adaptation in the absence of historical gene flow. Nevertheless, our explanations can be more rigorously examined and further refined through additional observations and various population genetic analyses. In particular, we suggest that other accessible populations of the genus Eranthis should be included in future studies to better characterize the intriguing population dynamics of this genus.
Context dependence in a tropical forest: Repeated disturbance reduces soil nitrate response but increases phosphate
Authors: McDowell William H. , Potter Jody D. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHurricanes and other extreme events are increasing in many regions, yet their long‐term impacts on ecosystem function are uncertain. In forested ecosystems, soil solution chemistry provides an important tool to assess the impacts of disturbance on nutrient cycling and dissolved organic carbon dynamics. Here, we address the dependence of soil solution chemistry on disturbance regime using a novel combination of both experimental and observational results collected over a period of 16 years in montane tropical sites in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Soil solution was sampled following various combinations of canopy trimming and detrital manipulation (2004), repeated manipulation (2014), drought (2015), and Hurricane Maria (2017). Soil solution was sensitive to disturbance but resilient, with return to baseline after 12–18 months. Any disturbance regime that involved loss of canopy and detrital inputs to the forest floor resulted in increased nitrate concentrations, but the response declined with repeated disturbance. Lysimeters in plots that had received no experimental manipulation had 1.5 times higher response to Hurricane Maria than those previously manipulated. The response to disturbance thus showed clear context dependence, with disturbance history affecting disturbance response. Among the nutrients and major ions, only nitrate showed a response to experimental manipulations, drought, and Hurricane Maria. In contrast to nitrate, soil solution potassium was unaltered by initial experimental manipulation but increased dramatically following drought and Hurricane Maria. Phosphorus only increased following Hurricane Maria and only in plots that had twice received experimental trimming and deposition of cut branches on the forest floor. Stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter also changed in these plots, with decreased carbon to nitrogen ratios. The potassium response suggests that damage to roots from tropical cyclones and drought is an important driver of the biogeochemical response to tropical storms. Dampening of soil nitrogen losses and increases in phosphorus losses following successive disturbance events indicates that increased frequency of tropical storms and droughts will result in fundamental alteration of soil biogeochemical cycles, with uncertain effects on forest structure.
Flow variation at multiple scales filters fish life histories and constrains community diversity in desert streams
Authors: Baruch Ethan M. , Ruhi Albert , Harms Tamara K. , Sabo John L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEnvironmental regimes, which encompass decadal‐scale or longer variation in climate and disturbance, shape communities by selecting for adaptive life histories, behaviors, and morphologies. In turn, at ecological timescales, extreme events may cause short‐term changes in composition and structure via mortality and recolonization of the species pool. Here, we illustrate how short‐term variation in desert stream fish communities following floods and droughts depends on the context of the long‐term flow regime through ecological filtering of life history strategies. Using quarterly measures of fish populations in streams spanning a 10‐fold gradient in flow variation in Arizona, USA, we quantified temporal change in community composition and life history strategies. In streams with highly variable flow regimes, fish communities were less diverse, fluctuation in species richness was the principle mechanism of temporal change in diversity, and communities were dominated by opportunistic life history strategies. Conversely, relatively stable flow regimes resulted in more diverse communities with greater species replacement and dominance of periodic and equilibrium strategies. Importantly, the effects of anomalous high‐ and low‐flow events depended on flow regime. Under more stable flow regimes, fish diversity was lower following large floods than after seasons without floods, whereas diversity was independent of high‐flow events in streams with flashier flow regimes. Likewise, community life history composition was more dependent on antecedent anomalous events in stable compared to more temporally variable regimes. These findings indicate that extreme events may be a second‐level filter on community composition, with effects contingent on the long‐term properties of the disturbance regime (e.g., overall degree of variation) in which extremes take place. Ongoing changes to global environmental regimes will likely drive new patterns of community response to extreme events.
Direct comparison of eDNA capture and extraction methods through measuring recovery of synthetic DNA cloned into living cells
Authors: Bockrath Katherine D. , Tuttle‐Lau Maren , Mize Erica L. , Ruden Kyle Von , Woiak Zeb 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBefore eDNA surveys can be deployed, the methods used to capture and extract DNA need to be determined. Multiple widely used eDNA capture and DNA extraction methods are available, and the effectiveness of these methods has been assessed in the literature. These studies used raw estimates of target cells captured from mesocosms and tanks, or already extracted DNA, which are not reflective of environmental DNA or precise enough to accurately compare eDNA capture and DNA extraction methods. Here, using qPCR quantification, we compared two eDNA capture and extraction methods using low and high concentrations of DNA cloned into living cells. By cloning target DNA into living cells, we can control the quantity of our starting copy number to directly compare the efficiency and effectiveness of each method throughout the process of eDNA handling and data analysis. This approach is useful for determining which capture and extraction method is suitable for the target species and sampling location of interest before full‐scale deployment. Although our target species DNA is consistently and accurately detected (even at low concentrations), stochasticity is a significant factor in our ability to consistently recover all the starting material by the end of sample processing. By recognizing that stochasticity is important for eDNA recovery, more accurate sampling models and eDNA processing protocols can be developed to increase eDNA detection sensitivity.
NRD.E1, an innovative non‐opioid therapy for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy—A randomized proof of concept study
Authors: Tiecke Eva , Rainisio Maurizio , Eisenberg Elon , Wainstein Julio , Kaplan Eli , Silverberg Michal , Hochman Liat , Mangialaio Sara 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundPainful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN) affects up to 26% of patients with diabetes mellitus, with major impacts on their general health and well‐being. Most available drugs fail to deliver acceptable pain reduction in the majority of patients and are often poorly tolerated. NRD.E1 is a novel product that has shown anti‐nociceptive preclinical effects and good tolerability in healthy volunteer studies.MethodsThis phase 2a, randomized, dose‐finding, Proof of Concept study enrolled patients with PDPN of ≥3 months duration. After at least one treatment‐free week (WO week), 88 patients entered a 1‐week single‐blind (SB)‐placebo run‐in period, followed by 3 weeks' double‐blind (DB) treatment, during which they received NRD.E1 at 10, 40 or 150 mg/day or placebo.ResultsThe primary endpoint (change from SB‐placebo run‐in week to week 3 in weekly mean of daily average numerical rating scale [NRS] pain intensity) showed clinically relevant placebo‐corrected treatment effect pain reductions at 40 mg and 150 mg/day of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.07, 1.58, p = 0.034) and 0.66 (95% CI: −0.03, 1.35; p = 0.061) NRS points, respectively, though did not meet the pre‐specified value of p = 0.016 required due to multiplicity. An additional post hoc endpoint looking at the change from WO baseline to week 3 in weekly mean of daily average NRS showed the placebo‐corrected treatment effect was 1.46 (95% CI: 0.26, 2.66), and 1.20 (95% CI: 0.10, 2.29) NRS points, respectively. Secondary and post hoc analyses of NRS pain data (including 30 & 50% responder rate and NNT), sleep interference, Short‐form McGill pain questionnaire (especially pain intensity assessed on Visual Analogue Scale), Patient's and Clinician's Global Impression of Change showed effects consistent with the primary findings. NRD.E1 was well tolerated, with only headache reported in more than two patients and more frequently on NRD.E1 than placebo.ConclusionsThe data suggest that NRD.E1 potentially represents a novel non‐opioid therapeutic option for patients with PDPN, with at least similar efficacy and better tolerability than available therapies, justifying its further evaluation in larger‐scale confirmatory studies.SignificanceNRD.E1 is a novel non‐opioid therapeutic which is being developed for the treatment of PDPN. In this randomized, controlled, dose‐finding, Proof of Concept study, NRD.E1 induced a clinically relevant pain reduction and it was well tolerated. Available data suggest that NRD.E1 has at least similar efficacy and better tolerability than the currently available therapies, potentially offering a promising new therapeutic option to patients with PDPN and possibly other neuropathic pain indications.
Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic–superoleophilic ZnCo2O4 nickel foam for highly efficient oil/water separation
Authors: Kang Jun , Du Chunchun , Wang Bo , Zhou Longpeng , Zhou Lizao , Liu Aowei , Li Yaru , Liu Hongtao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn recent years, the fabrication of hydrophobic materials and their excellent applications in oil spill cleanup has attracted widespread attention. Herein, we report the rapid and straightforward preparation of ZnCo2O4 nickel foam by hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared sample surfaces possess excellent superlipophilicity and superhydrophobicity after modification by stearic acid, so it can efficiently absorb light and heavy oil in water, and the absorption efficiency is over 99%. Besides, the unmodified ZnCo2O4 nickel foam could be subjected to effective oil–water separation at standard temperature and pressure, and its separation efficiency can be more than 97.4%. After 20 continuous filtration cycles, it can maintain stable high separation efficiency and even work under harsh environmental conditions, like acid, alkali, salt solution, high and low temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. Compared with other methods of manufacturing hydrophobic materials, this method is facile, lower cost, environmentally durable, and highly efficient. Therefore, the as‐prepared ZnCo2O4 nickel foam has good application value in treating oily wastewater.
Cathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide promotes neuroinflammation through astrocyte–microglia communication in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bhusal Anup , Nam Youngpyo , Seo Donggun , Rahman Md Habibur , Hwang Eun Mi , Kim Seung‐Chan , Lee Won‐Ha , Suk Kyoungho 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is an effector molecule of the innate immune system with direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities; however, its role in neuroinflammatory responses and related diseases is not clearly understood. In particular, the expression of CRAMP and its functional role has not been previously studied in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the role of CRAMP in neuroinflammation, using an EAE mouse model of MS and postmortem patient tissues. We found that the CRAMP expression was increased in the spinal cords of EAE‐induced mice. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CRAMP is mainly induced in reactive astrocytes in the inflamed spinal cord of EAE mice. A similar pattern of the LL‐37 (human CRAMP) expression was observed in the brain and spinal cord tissues of patients with MS. An intrathecal injection of the CRAMP peptide in EAE mice accelerated the onset of symptoms and increased disease severity with augmented expression of inflammatory mediators, glial activation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and demyelination. In addition, shRNA‐mediated knockdown of Cramp in the spinal cord resulted in a milder disease course with less inflammation in EAE mice. We identified FPR2 on microglia as a CRAMP receptor and demonstrated that CRAMP potentiates IFN‐γ‐induced microglial activation via the STAT3 pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that CRAMP is a novel mediator of astrocyte–microglia interactions in neuroinflammatory conditions such as EAE. Thus, CRAMP could be exploited as a biomarker or therapeutic target for the diagnosis or treatment of MS.
Some considerations for the developmental origin of the principle of fairness
Authors: Geraci Alessandra 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe principle of fairness is very important in social life and plays an important role in socio‐moral evaluation; in the last decade, the amount of research on this topic is increasing and suggests different considerations about its origin whether this principle is present at birth or constructed later in development. This article presents some of these considerations focused on the common aspects of innatist and constructivist views and sheds light on the role of experience. The conclusions suggest a more integrated approach, supporting that experience seems to instantiate and model an abstract representation that can be presumably innate. The pursuit of this approach could help researchers to address questions in the field.
We need to talk about validity – A commentary on “Six solutions for more reliable infant research” from the viewpoint of an early executive functions researcher
Authors: Holmboe Karla 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn their methodological article, “Six solutions for more reliable infant research”, Byers‐Heinlein, Bergmann and Savalei (2021) present compelling arguments for why developmental researchers should report and consider measures of reliability more frequently in their work. They also provide useful guidance on solutions to this “reliability crisis”. In this commentary, I highlight a further methodological aspect that I think is key to successful and robust infancy research, that of construct validity. I also discuss recent reliability data from my own research on early executive function development, analyses which were directly inspired by the target article.Highlights
Considering measurement reliability and effect sizes is important for robust infant research and for optimising infant tasks to measure group‐level effects or individual differences.
Construct validity – making sure that we measure what we think we are measuring – is also important.
A robust effect at the group‐level may not always restrict reliability – it depends on the amount of true variation between infants.