bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The government behind insurance governance: Lessons for ransomware
Authors: Baker Tom , Shortland Anja 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe insurance as governance literature focuses on the ability of private enterprises to collectively regulate, pool, and distribute risks. This paper analyzes how governments support insurance markets to maintain insurability and limit risks to society. We propose a new conceptual framework grouping government interventions into three dimensions: regulation of risky activity, public investment in risk reduction, and co‐insurance. We apply this framework to six case studies, describing insurance markets' reliance on public support in more analytically precise terms. We analyze how mature insurance markets overcame insurability challenges akin to those currently presented by extortive cybercrime. Private governance struggled when markets grew too big for informal coordination or when (tail) risks escalated. Government interventions vary widely. Some governments prioritize supporting economic activity while others concentrate on containing risks. Governments also choose between risk reduction and ex post socialization of losses. We apply these insights to the market for ransomware insurance, discussing the merits and potential hazards of current proposals for government intervention.
A Venetian Secretary's Expertise. Marcantonio Donini and his Three Dialogues… on the Ottoman Empire and ‘Turkish’ Affairs
Authors: Chmiel Piotr 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article presents a text on the Ottoman Empire left by Marcantonio Donini – a career secretary with the Venetian diplomatic service, sent three times to Constantinople/Istanbul. After the death of his superior during his second stay in the Ottoman Empire, Donini was entrusted with temporarily heading the mission and with presenting the final mission report (relazione) after his return to Venice (1562). Most probably, he also wrote a much less formal text, composed of three dialogues on the Ottoman reality (signed 1591). Donini's writings attest to well‐developed rhetorical skills, manifested by the clear division of topics between the dialogues and relazione and by the ways used to present alleged Ottoman otherness. Some of the original traits in his writings are also attributable to Marcantonio's individual views and his social position as a secretary. By focusing on Donini and his dialogues, this paper aims to enrich discussion on the scope and content of texts on the Ottoman Empire produced by Venetian diplomats.
Estimation of Reproduction Numbers in Real Time: Conceptual and Statistical Challenges
Authors: Pellis Lorenzo , Birrell Paul J. , Blake Joshua , Overton Christopher E. , Scarabel Francesca , Stage Helena B. , Brooks-Pollock Ellen , Danon Leon , Hall Ian , House Thomas A. , Keeling Matt J. , Read Jonathan M. ,   JUNIPER Consortium, De Angelis Daniela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The reproduction number R has been a central metric of the COVID-19 pandemic response, published weekly by the UK government and regularly reported in the media. Here, we provide a formal definition and discuss the advantages and most common misconceptions around this quantity. We consider the intuition behind different formulations of R, the complexities in its estimation (including the unavoidable lags involved), and its value compared to other indicators (e.g. the growth rate) that can be directly observed from aggregate surveillance data and react more promptly to changes in epidemic trend. As models become more sophisticated, with age and/or spatial structure, formulating R becomes increasingly complicated and inevitably model-dependent. We present some models currently used in the UK pandemic response as examples. Ultimately, limitations in the available data streams, data quality and time constraints force pragmatic choices to be made on a quantity that is an average across time, space, social structure and settings. Effectively communicating these challenges is important but often difficult in an emergency.
A Statistical Test to Reject the Structural interpretation of a Latent Factor Model
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Vansteelandt Stijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFactor analysis is often used to assess whether a single univariate latent variable is sufficient to explain most of the covariance among a set of indicators for some underlying construct. When evidence suggests that a single factor is adequate, research often proceeds by using a univariate summary of the indicators in subsequent research. Implicit in such practices is the assumption that it is the underlying latent, rather than the indicators, that is causally efficacious. The assumption that the indicators do not have effects on anything subsequent, and that they are themselves only affected by antecedents through the underlying latent is a strong assumption, effectively imposing a structural interpretation on the latent factor model. In this paper, we show that this structural assumption has empirically testable implications, even though the latent variable itself is unobserved. We develop a statistical test to potentially reject the structural interpretation of a latent factor model. We apply this test to data concerning associations between the Satisfaction with Life Scale and subsequent all-cause mortality, which provides strong evidence against a structural interpretation for a univariate latent underlying the scale. Discussion is given to the implications of this result for the development, evaluation and use of measures, and for the use of factor analysis itself.
Help‐seeking and Man Therapy: The impact of an online suicide intervention
Authors: Gilgoff Jon N. , Wagner Fernando , Frey Jodi J. , Osteen Philip J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionSuicide is a leading cause of death for men in the United States. Men traditionally have been hesitant to seek help, based on masculine norms of stoicism and self‐reliance, among other factors. Man Therapy (MT) is an online suicide prevention and mental health initiative that provides promise for facilitating male help‐seeking.MethodsThis study draws on data from a randomized controlled trial which examined effects of MT on a sample of men residing in Michigan aged 25–64. The current study utilized logistic regression to test MT's effect on nonprofessional and professional help‐seeking, controlling for marital status, education, and sexual orientation.ResultsA statistically significant positive association was found between MT and professional help‐seeking (OR = 1.55, p = 0.049). A significant inverse association was also found with marital status, with partnered men less likely to seek professional help (OR = 0.53, p = 0.007). There was no significant association between MT and nonprofessional help‐seeking.ConclusionMan Therapy demonstrates the promise of web‐based suicide prevention efforts to reach men who typically do not engage in help‐seeking, providing a gateway to vital professional support. As technology continues to emerge, further suicide research is needed on use of this modality with working‐age men from diverse backgrounds.
Development of de novo donor‐specific antibodies in renal transplant recipients with BK viremia managed with immunosuppression reduction
Authors: Hod‐Dvorai Reut , Lee Ryan , Muluhngwi Penn , Raijmakers Mariella , Shetty Aneesha , Tambur Anat R. , Ison Michael G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundReduction of immunosuppression (IS) upon detection of Polyomavirus (BK) viremia is widely used to prevent BK virus nephropathy. This retrospective case‐control study assesses the frequency of de novo donor‐specific antibodies (dnDSA) in renal transplant recipients with IS modulation due to BK viremia and the associated risk of antibody mediated rejection.MethodsOur cohort included recipients of kidney transplantation between 2007 and 2017 with clinical, HLA antibody, and biopsy data. BK positivity was defined as viremia >10 000 c/ml or biopsy proven BK nephropathy. A total of 190 BK cases matched our inclusion criteria, each case was matched with two controls based on gender, donor type, and transplant within 1 year (N = 396).ResultsDespite lower number of HLA antigen mismatches (mean = 3.5 vs. 4.4, p < .001), dnDSA rates were higher in BK cases than in control group (22.1% vs. 13.9%, p = .02), with the majority detected following IS reduction for BK infection, and arising earlier posttransplant compared with no BK infection (294d vs. 434d, p < .001). Antibody mediated rejection rates were similar between cases and controls (8.9% and 8.3%, respectively), but rejection was more likely to occur earlier posttransplant in the BK cases (354d vs. 602d, p = .03).ConclusionOur data suggest a link between IS reduction and the generation of dnDSA and/or rejection, supporting close monitoring for DSA in patients with reduced IS due to BK infection given their increased risk to develop dnDSA.
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Effective CMV prophylaxis with high‐dose valaciclovir in allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell recipients at a high risk of CMV infection
Authors: Douglas Genevieve , Yong Michelle K. , Tio Shio Yen , Chau Maggie , Prabahran Ashvind , Sasadeusz Joe , Slavin Monica , Ritchie David , Chee Lynette 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection increases mortality and morbidity following allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Universal antiviral prophylaxis with letermovir is effective but unsubsidized in Australia. Valaciclovir demonstrates anti‐CMV activity in high doses, but few current real‐world studies explore its use as primary prophylaxis in high‐risk patients post‐alloHSCT.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of alloHSCT recipients at high risk of clinically significant CMV infection (cs‐CMVi), defined as a plasma CMV DNA viral load of >400 IU/ml requiring preemptive therapy, or CMV disease. High‐risk recipients were CMV seropositive and underwent T‐cell depleted, haploidentical or umbilical cord stem‐cell transplants. Consecutive patients transplanted from July 2018 to January 2020, treated with valaciclovir 2 g TDS from day +7 to +100 (HD‐VALA), were compared to a historical cohort (July 2017–June 2018) who only received preemptive CMV therapy, and standard valaciclovir (SD‐VALA) for varicella/herpes prophylaxis. We compared incidence of and time to cs‐CMVi.ResultsIn the SD‐VALA cohort (n = 27, median CMV follow‐up duration 259 days), 23/27 (85%) developed cs‐CMVi at a median of 39 days. For the HD‐VALA cohort (n = 35, median CMV follow‐up duration 216 days), 19/35 (54%) developed cs‐CMVi, at a median of 68 days. Time to cs‐CMVi was significantly longer in HD‐VALA cohort (p < .0001). On multivariate analysis, HD VALA reduced the risk of cs‐CMVi (HR 0.32, p = .0005).ConclusionsIn alloHSCT recipients at high risk for cs‐CMVi, HD‐VALA resulted in lower cumulative reactivation, and delayed reactivation, reducing requirement for preemptive CMV therapy in the early post‐engraftment period.
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AP2S1 regulates APP degradation through late endosome–lysosome fusion in cells and APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Wen Qi‐Xin , Luo Biao , Xie Xiao‐Yong , Zhou Gui‐Feng , Chen Jian , Song Li , Liu Yue , Xie Shi‐Qi , Chen Long , Li Kun‐Yi , Xiang Xiao‐Jiao , Chen Guo‐Jun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAP2S1 is the sigma 2 subunit of adaptor protein 2 (AP2) that is essential for endocytosis. In this study, we investigated the potential role of AP2S1 in intracellular processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), which contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by generating the toxic β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ). We found that knockdown or overexpression of AP2S1 decreased or increased the protein levels of APP and Aβ in cells stably expressing human full‐length APP695, respectively. This effect was unrelated to endocytosis but involved lysosomal degradation. Morphological studies revealed that silencing of AP2S1 promoted the translocalization of APP from RAB9‐positive late endosomes (LE) to LAMP1‐positive lysosomes, which was paralleled by the enhanced LE‐lysosome fusion. In support, silencing of vacuolar protein sorting‐associated protein 41 (VPS41) that is implicated in LE‐lyso fusion prevented AP2S1‐mediated regulation of APP degradation and translocalization. In APP/PS1 mice, an animal model of AD, AAV‐mediated delivery of AP2S1 shRNA in the hippocampus significantly reduced the protein levels of APP and Aβ, with the concomitant APP translocalization, LE‐lyso fusion and the improved cognitive functions. Taken together, these data uncover a LE‐lyso fusion mechanism in APP degradation and suggest a novel role for AP2S1 in the pathophysiology of AD.
Long COVID: mechanisms, risk factors and recovery
Authors: Astin Rónan , Banerjee Amitava , Baker Mark R. , Dani Melanie , Ford Elizabeth , Hull James H. , Lim Phang Boon , McNarry Melitta , Morten Karl , O'Sullivan Oliver , Pretorius Etheresia , Raman Betty , Soteropoulos Demetris S. , Taquet Maxime , Hall Catherine N. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLong COVID, the prolonged illness and fatigue suffered by a small proportion of those infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, is placing an increasing burden on individuals and society. A Physiological Society virtual meeting in February 2022 brought clinicians and researchers together to discuss the current understanding of long COVID mechanisms, risk factors and recovery. This review highlights the themes arising from that meeting. It considers the nature of long COVID, exploring its links with other post‐viral illnesses such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and highlights how long COVID research can help us better support those suffering from all post‐viral syndromes. Long COVID research started particularly swiftly in populations routinely monitoring their physical performance – namely the military and elite athletes. The review highlights how the high degree of diagnosis, intervention and monitoring of success in these active populations can suggest management strategies for the wider population. We then consider how a key component of performance monitoring in active populations, cardiopulmonary exercise training, has revealed long COVID‐related changes in physiology – including alterations in peripheral muscle function, ventilatory inefficiency and autonomic dysfunction. The nature and impact of dysautonomia are further discussed in relation to postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, fatigue and treatment strategies that aim to combat sympathetic overactivation by stimulating the vagus nerve. We then interrogate the mechanisms that underlie long COVID symptoms, with a focus on impaired oxygen delivery due to micro‐clotting and disruption of cellular energy metabolism, before considering treatment strategies that indirectly or directly tackle these mechanisms. These include remote inspiratory muscle training and integrated care pathways that combine rehabilitation and drug interventions with research into long COVID healthcare access across different populations. Overall, this review showcases how physiological research reveals the changes that occur in long COVID and how different therapeutic strategies are being developed and tested to combat this condition.
Cervical Spine Finite Element Models for Healthy Subjects: Development and Validation
Authors: Tahmid Shadman , Love Brittany M. , Liang Ziyang , Yang James 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Finite element modeling is a popular method for predicting kinematics and kinetics in spine biomechanics. With the advancement of powerful computational equipment, more detailed finite element models have been developed for the various spine segments. In this study, five detailed finite element models of the cervical spine are developed and validated. The geometric boundaries of the vertebrae are determined from computed tomography (CT) scans of five female subjects. The models include the C2–C7 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, nuclei, endplates, and five major ligaments (anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), ligamentum flavum (LF), interspinous ligament (ISL), and capsular ligament (CL)). The ligaments follow nonlinear stress–strain curves whereas all other parts adopt linear material properties. All the material properties are taken from existing literature. The mesh convergence test is performed under flexion/extension. For flexion/extension motion, a pure moment is applied at the top surface of the odontoid process of the C2 vertebra while nodes at the bottom surface of the C7 vertebra are fixed in all directions. The models are extensively validated in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation against experimental and finite element studies in the literature. Intervertebral rotation and range of motion are studied under different loading conditions found in the literature. This research also investigates intersubject variability for the cervical spine among five finite element models from five different subjects. Predicted angular displacements and ranges of motion of the current models are consistent with the literature. The validated models are expected to be applicable to simulate neck-related trauma like whiplash and high-g acceleration, among other scenarios.
Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Design Space Exploration With Variable Fidelity Analysis Models
Authors: Agrawal Akash , McComb Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Reinforcement learning algorithms can autonomously learn to search a design space for high-performance solutions. However, modern engineering often entails the use of computationally intensive simulation, which can lead to slower design timelines with highly iterative approaches such as reinforcement learning. This work provides a reinforcement learning framework that leverages models of varying fidelity to enable an effective solution search while reducing overall computational needs. Specifically, it utilizes models of varying fidelity while training the agent, iteratively progressing from low- to high fidelity. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we apply it to two multimodal multi-objective constrained mixed integer nonlinear design problems involving the components of a ground and aerial vehicle. Specifically, for each problem, we utilize a high-fidelity and a low-fidelity deep neural network surrogate model, trained on performance data generated from underlying ground truth models. A tradeoff between solution quality and the proportion of low-fidelity surrogate model usage is observed. Specifically, high-quality solutions are achieved with substantial reductions in computational expense, showcasing the effectiveness of the framework for design problems where the use of just a high-fidelity model is infeasible. This solution quality-computational efficiency tradeoff is contextualized by visualizing the exploration behavior of the design agents.
Characterization and Modeling of the System Behavior of High Load SMA Actuators
Authors: Maiwald Daniel , Trittler Toennis , Bucht André , Pagel Kenny , Drossel Welf-Guntram 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Actuators are key elements in almost every production plant and machine. Thermal shape memory alloys (SMA) have an enormous energy density and can be used as a structural component of the machine. The technology therefore represents an interesting alternative to conventional actuator technologies. Wire-based SMA actuators are already established in industrial applications but are limited to low forces (N-range) at small strokes (mm-range). However, there are also applications and demands for compact SMA actuators with higher forces (kN-range). They require more massive geometries and new integration concepts of the shape memory components. This can significantly change the thermal system behavior, knowledge of which is required for design and optimization, as well as for dynamic control of the actuators.
This paper describes the thermal system characterization and simulation methods for bulk actuators based on SMA. First, a technology demonstrator is presented, which is the basis for the measurements and models discussed. Next, two connected models for the thermal system behavior are presented: A thermal FE model and a lumped-parameter model with significantly reduced complexity to simulate dynamic behavior in real time and for optimization. Both models are validated with measurement data. In the end, the benefits and limitations of both models are discussed.
Electromechanical Model of Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
Authors: Bakardjiev Petko , Marschner Uwe , Richter Andreas , Altinsoy Ercan M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Dielectric Elastomers (DE) considered as smart materials have increasing popularity in the scientific community. Despite a multitude of presented applications and devises based on DE, there is no standard model to describe them as transducers. Thus, their design is in general often time-consuming. To describe the operational behavior, mostly material equations describing the materials energy state through strain and stress are utilized. The driving mechanism is expressed through the commonly known Maxwell-pressure which is the result of the energy balance. This often-used approach is sufficient for quasi-static applications. Yet when considering the dynamic regime, a description of the locally effective directional forces is necessary.
We propose an expansion to the existing modelling approach. Deepening the view on force mechanisms of electrostatic actuators and incorporating the solid body properties of elastomers into consideration. Thus, we gain a network description for dielectric elastomers as reversible electromechanical transducers near an operating point. The network model, allows for a sped-up design and simulation process, especially in the development of dynamic applications. Our findings are supported findings from previous literature and FEM-simulations.
Micro Laser Welding of NiTi Shape Memory Wires and Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Schuleit Marvin , Theren Benedict , Maaß Burkhard , Kuhlenkötter Bernd , Esen Cemal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Integration of shape memory alloys (SMA) into actuator systems is still challenging, since mechanically and electrically anchoring are needed to provide stroke and trigger the shape memory effect (SME) in a controlled manner. A direct connection of SMA wires with printed circuit boards (PCBs) would offer many advantages. No additional material (e.g. crimps, clamp connections) and no additional steps for the electrical connection would be required. This would facilitate the engineering for new actuator systems because key integration challenges would be addressed through the use of the nickel-titanium (NiTi) PCB assembly. Soldering is traditionally used for bonding components with PCBs, but due to the poor wettability of the natural passivation layer, NiTi can only be soldered by using aggressive fluxes. In addition, soldered connections withstand mechanical loads to a limited extent. A stronger connection can be achieved using micro laser welding to create a joint, which provides mechanical and electrical connection for actuators. Controlling the heat input yield by laser radiation is especially important for this purpose. On the one hand, too intense heat input causes delamination processes due to excessive temperatures at the interface layer between copper layer and the PCB substrate. On the other hand, insufficient heat input leads to a weak connection that lacks mechanical strength, most importantly tensile and cyclic strength. In this work, the influence of laser power on the welded joint is investigated. In this context, tensile tests, lifetime tests, and microsections of the joint area are used for characterisation.