bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Social Science
Authors: Hawkins Angus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter sketches the rise of ‘social science’ and ‘sociology’ as methods of understanding the world in the period between the Enlightenment and the early decades of the twentieth century. It covers both British and European developments, and runs through the contributions of a very wide range of intellectuals and theorists, from David Hume to John Stuart Mill to Auguste Comte to Karl Marx. The chapter pays particular attention to developmental theories of social change, and to the intellectual schemes outlined by Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, which it sees as foundational to twentieth-century conceptions of ‘modernity’. It concludes with some reflections on the institutionalisation of sociology as an academic discipline in Britain and Europe.
Modernisation Theory
Authors: Hawkins Angus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the emergence of ‘modernisation theory’ as a theme in academic sociology in the decades after the 1950s. It discusses how a very wide range of British, American, and European intellectuals and theorists contributed to this development, ranging from Talcott Parsons to Ernest Gellner, and reflects on wider disciplinary problems, including structuralism and the ‘secularisation thesis’. It centres on the ways in which academic sociologists and social scientists ended up conjoining the processes of industrialisation, urbanisation, democratisation, and secularisation into a single condition labelled ‘modernity’. It goes on to make the case that this holistic characterisation of ‘modernity’ is a Eurocentric, methodologically flawed, and ultimately unpersuasive construction.
The Impact of the Social Sciences on Historiography
Authors: Hawkins Angus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of ‘modernity’-inflected social science on British historians of the Victorian period across the twentieth century. It discusses a very wide range of scholars, from F. W. Maitland to Arnold Toynbee to Lewis Namier to E. P. Thompson to James Vernon. It touches on changing attitudes towards ‘Whig’ history, on competing conceptions of history as a ‘science’, on the institutionalisation of the study of political science in the postwar decades, and on the historiography of the British empire. It stresses that the impact of the social sciences on historical study of the Victorian period acquired its greatest force from the 1950s, but emphasises also that many historians writing on the Victorians managed to resist the allure of the narratives offered by academic social scientists. It explains that their resistance was in part a result of the philosophical challenges posed to social-scientific axioms by R. G. Collingwood and Michael Oakeshott.
Change and Continuity
Authors: Hawkins Angus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that attitudes towards the past, morality, and community continued to underpin responses to the more rapid social, political, and cultural changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It reflects on changing political vocabularies, and the sharpening of languages of ‘class’ and ‘capitalism’ in this period. It focuses in particular on the emergence of new visions of the responsibility of the state towards individuals, communities, and the poor, especially in the lectures and writings of T. H. Green and L. T. Hobhouse. The chapter stresses that the tenacious hold of notions of morality and community in Britain lent a distinctive flavour to the ‘new liberal’ social reforms of the early twentieth century, as compared to those which took place in countries with different historic traditions, such as Germany. It concludes, therefore, that the past, morals, and community shaped the values and attitudes of the whole of the Victorian period, and that attempts to judge Britain’s nineteenth-century development on the terms set by theorists of ‘modernisation’ fundamentally misunderstand the society in question.
Social Convention and the Scope of Consent
Authors: Liberto Hallie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores a variety of ways that social conventions pertaining to the scope of consent communication play a role in fixing the scope of our actual consent. It contrasts the book’s account of this relationship with Tom Dougherty’s recent theory of consent, which is grounded in explanations in interpersonal justification. The chapter describes the challenges facing people who wish to consent to more limited sets of another person’s domain behavior than is understood by a conventional signal. Laws and policies can work to change problematic conventions. The chapter concludes by arguing that enforcing such laws—even before the convention has been adopted in the practices of a community—faces no more problems than the enforcement of new traffic signals in towns and cities that have seen an increase in road accidents. Note that this is the only chapter that addresses a specific type of law or policy proposal.
Perfectionist Law and Public Policy
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores what the perfectionist conception of justice might imply in terms of laws and public policies. While the discussion is tentative and does not seek to make a definitive case for any particular legislative or policy programme, the author suggests that moral excellence could be promoted through laws and policies designed to support the institution of friendship; that intellectual excellence could be promoted through informative and educational public broadcasting; and that artistic excellence could be promoted through the operation of publicly funded arts institutions and agencies. This chapter also addresses the concern that these laws and policies can already be justified on familiar liberal grounds such as freedom, equality and fairness, and so the perfectionist conception of justice turns out to be practically indistinguishable from leading non-perfectionist conceptions of justice such as those of Rawls and Dworkin.
Public Justification
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter defends the perfectionist conception of justice against the objection that perfectionist laws and policies violate the public justification principle since they are premised on ideals or judgements that are subject to reasonable disagreement. In response, the author argues in favour of a perfectionist definition of reasonableness, according to which reasonableness is conditional not just on acceptance of certain liberal values such as freedom, equality and fairness (as political liberals tend to say) but also on acceptance of certain perfectionist values such as moral, intellectual and artistic excellence. Perfectionist laws and policies can thus be expected to pass the test of public justification because citizens who reject, say, the value of artistic excellence would count as unreasonable and so their veto would have no more normative force than that of citizens who reject the value of equality. This idea of ‘perfectionist public reason’ is defended against various objections, including the charge that it is excessively sectarian and so loses touch with the basic motivations of the public reason project.
Conclusion
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Conclusion summarizes some of the main lines of argument in the book and brings together the most fundamental ideas and conceptions within the perfectionist theory of justice, such as the perfectionist conception of society and the provisional conception of human flourishing. The author also defends the theory against the big-picture charge that perfectionist laws and policies do not properly belong under the rubric of justice and so talk of a ‘perfectionist theory of justice’ is a symptom of what Chandran Kukathas terms ‘justicitis’—an unhealthy obsession with justice that leads to justice becoming the measure of all things political.
The Poetics of Interrogation
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a synchronic, intraformular analysis of the stranger’s interrogation’s direct and indirect appearances within the Odyssey. Therein, deep diachronic meaning of the interrogation is retained, but it takes on special resonance within the epic’s highly developed recognition and identification patterns, which themselves are woven into the architecture of the epic and central to its goal of establishing kleos for Odysseus. The Odyssey’s interrogation is handled with care for its sensitive, kleos-conferring power that only Odysseus’ closest allies can bear. On Ithaca, we see how the interrogation is used progressively across the whole episode to refine Odysseus’ basis for kleos, which ultimately lies in private memories of Odysseus prior to his engagements with destructive heroism. Methodologically, this synchronic analysis of the Odyssey’s interrogations employs a novel combination of oral poetic approaches and showcases Homer’s structural aesthetics from its smallest phrases to its largest structures.
Phaeacian Multivalence
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores Phaeacian multivalence, or the Phaeacians’ resemblance to mythological peoples and locales, as a poetic tool. Formal aspects of Arete’s interrogation and Scheria’s affinities to an array of comparative underworld narratives suggest that Scheria absorbs external typologies to highlight Nausikaa’s role as guide and Arete’s transformational authority. This chapter further explores Phaeacian hostility and Arete’s role as supplicanda as functions of Scheria’s endogamous character. As these valences operate in the background, the Phaeacian episode’s foreground is characterized by a gendered tension between Arete and Alkinoos that is exhibited not just in their unique domains of authority but especially in their contrasting perceptions of Odysseus. Following these insights, Chapter 3 provides a novel approach to Nausikaa’s and Athena’s roles as cultural informants who offer private information through generically unique performances that allow Odysseus and the external audience to judge the exceptional and potentially harmful nature of Alkinoos’ orientation toward Odysseus.
Question and Answer
Authors: Arft Justin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 treats Odysseus’ famous Apologue (Od. 9–12) as a response to both Alkinoos’ and Arete’s inquiries into his fundamental basis for renown, offering novel interpretations of the Polyphemus episode, Circe’s interrogation, and the framing of the nekuia as an encoded appeal to Arete. Careful analysis of these episodes indicates how Odysseus structures his performance to emphasize his need for nostos while eschewing martial heroism as a primary basis for kleos. This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of Arete’s brief but encoded response to Odysseus in the intermezzo and demonstrates how it verifies his kleos in the modality of nostos. Chapter 5 closes with a reassessment of Arete’s authority in the epic and proposes that Arete should be understood as a central sēma (or sign) of the Odyssey’s process for creating kleos.
The Architectural Mind
Authors: Shasore Neal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The final chapter explores the ‘architectural mind’ and its intense projections onto questions of urban improvement in central London in the first half of the twentieth century. The core themes of the book are pulled together in this concluding chapter, which interrogates what was at stake in debates about the interrelationship between professional claims, design imperatives, and appeals to the public. It examines an excitable and continuous debate about central urban development in London which stretched from the 1910s to the 1950s. It focuses on, firstly, traffic and cross-river communication incorporating the prospect of a new bridge at Charing Cross to replace the Hungerford Railway Bridge; secondly, and relatedly, the structural failure of John Rennie’s Waterloo Bridge, the campaign to save it, and its rebuilding by the Labour-led London County Council, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott; and thirdly, the development of the riverside, particularly the area now known as the South Bank, as a herald of the opening up of the ‘Surrey side’ of London.. The chapter examines a range of proposals and schemes submitted to tackle these thorny issues, culminating in the Royal Academy Planning Committee’s proposals for the reconstruction of London after the Second World War, superseded by shifting design ideals exemplified by the Festival of Britain and the South Bank. The book concludes by foregrounding continuity and contiguity rather than simplistic narratives of rupture and renewal.
Hughes Faces McCarthyism
Authors: De Santis Christopher C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy’s highly publicized campaign in the 1950s to expose communist infiltration of the State Department and other areas of U.S. Government personally impacted Hughes, who was subpoenaed to appear before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in Washington, D.C. Hughes testified twice before the subcommittee, once at an executive session on March 24, 1953, and again at a public session on March 26, 1953. At issue during these sessions was Hughes’s body of work included in State Department-sponsored libraries throughout the world—libraries intended to propagandize narrow understandings of American objectives, values, and cultures—and whether his writings promoted communist ideologies. In the Executive Session, Hughes detailed personal experiences with racism, prejudice, and discrimination that compelled his radical writings and commitment to the far left in the 1930s. In the Public Session, Hughes emphasized his faith in democracy and pro-democratic beliefs and conceded that his radical writings no longer represented his personal philosophy.
Dictator and Magister Equitum
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The power struggle in 324 bc between the Dictator L. Papirius Cursor and his Magister Equitum, Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, revolved around competing claims of authority: the Dictator denied independence to the imperium and auspices of the Magister Equitum, and accused him of violating the auspices by engaging the enemy while the Dictator’s auspices were in a state of uncertain validity; the Master-of-Horse asserted his complete independence in regard to both. Livy’s narrative (8.30–36) indicates that earlier authors taking Rullianus’ side deliberately minimized or ignored the issue of auspices in their accounts. While the canonical version by Livy’s time has Rullianus fight either one or two victorious battles, it can be shown that, in the earliest form of the tale, the Magister Equitum suffered defeat.
Imperium and Auspices
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The nearly universally accepted view that Roman magistrates required a special set of auspices (the “auspices of departure” or “auspices of war”) in order to legitimately command an army is a modern fiction without any evidentiary basis in the ancient sources. Mommsen’s view of imperium is fundamentally correct, with the recently advocated clarification that, in strict constitutional thought, the term always and exclusively refers to the military sphere. The magistrate, once lawfully elected or appointed, acquires his auspices through his initial auspication, on the day of taking office, by asking Iuppiter to confirm their validity. The elaborate rituals surrounding his departure (profectio) to war do not entail special auspices, but serve to transfer the Consul into the military sphere, where he exercises imperium in the unrestricted sense. The auspices under which he exercises military command, and which he may have to repeat (by returning to Rome) in case their validity has become uncertain, are the same as the ones he obtained on entering office (the “auspices of investiture”). There exist no military auspices as a category separate from domestic ones.
The Road to Perdition
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In his second consulship in 217 bc, C. Flaminius resumed his public rejection of the auspices by taking office on March 15 at Ariminum instead of Rome, thus bypassing the validation of his auspices (only possible in Rome) as well as the ceremonies of departure (profectio) deemed ritually necessary to exercise imperium in the military sphere. Close examination of Polybios’ narrative corroborates rather than contradicts Livy’s account, as does investigation of Hannibal’s movements in the spring of 217. In the days leading up to the Battle at Lake Trasumene, Flaminius ignored a series of auspical signs of varying significance. His continued contempt for auspices does not, however, allow a determination whether he intended to engage Hannibal in battle, or merely to shadow him.
The Auspices Prevail
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although attacks on augural rulings still occurred in 217 bc, the catastrophe at Lake Trasumene and the disaster at Cannae in 216 combined to effectively render further public questioning of the auspices politically indefensible. The appointment of a Dictator in both years, as well as back in 249, should be seen as a response not merely to a military disaster but to a perceived rupture in the peace with the gods (pax deorum) caused by violations of the auspices and other religious rules. When in 215 M. Claudius Marcellus in his second consulship was found vitio creatus by the Augurs, he abdicated without delay and complaint, thus publicly demonstrating support for the rule of auspices. (As in 223, modern claims of augural manipulation run counter to the evidence.) Fabius Maximus in his actions as Consul in 215 and 209 further reinforced acceptance of the practice. Scattered instances of indifference to auspices are found in the second century bc, but no outright challenge. The augural finding in 162 that both Consuls were elected under flawed auspices (vitio creati) prompted their immediate abdication, without resistance. Instead, in the second and first century the debate over the efficacy and desirability of auspices shifted from the realm of practical politics to that of historiography and philosophical discourse.
Communion Theories
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the early development of communion theory in Aquinas’s theology. Aquinas explains the union in terms of his distinction between essence and existence: the human nature lacks its proper existence, and what unites it to the divine person is its sharing in (communion with) the divine existence. The chapter then provides further relevant medieval background: the account of Peter Auriol, according to which the divine person’s subsistence is like the end point of a continuum, and is united to the human nature in a way akin to that in which two concurrent lines are joined at one point; and the account of Gregory of Rimini, according to whom the union is simply a matter of divine will with no created or uncreated explanation other than this. Auriol’s view was transmitted to later Thomism by means of John Capreolus. Cajetan formulates the canonical Thomist view, making the communication of divine subsistence to the human nature prior to and explanatory of the communication of divine existence to the nature. These are both immediately united to the human nature. A final section tracks the way in which this Thomistic view was taken up by the Lutherans Jakob Andreae and Stephan Gerlach, in conversation with the Jesuits Gregorio de Valencia and Jan Buys.
Union Theories in Catholic Theology (1)
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Scotus’s theory was developed by Jesuits and Scotists in the seventeenth century. Suárez agrees with Fonseca that subsistence should be classified as a mode. But pivotal was Suárez’s claim that the theory of modes might be extended to cover cases in which what needs explaining is the union of one thing with another. Some opponents of Scotus’s view had argued that the presence of an accident (a dependence relation) in the constitution of an object was inconsistent with that object’s being a person. Suárez attempts to salvage Scotus’s view by arguing that what is in fact present in the constitution of the incarnate divine person is a mode of union, something in the category of substance. And Suárez’s account of causation as the efflux of esse into an effect entails that there cannot be any merely unitive action. The chapter shows various ways in which the slightly later Jesuits Gabriel Vázquez and Giuseppe Ragusa proposed marginal alterations to Suárez’s account. The chapter concludes with discussion of two important Scotists: Juan de Rada and Bartholomeo Mastri. These theologians argue that the presence of a categorial accident in the constitution of an item is compatible with that item’s being a person. They reason that the union explains the divine person’s being a human being, and that this is compatible with the tie between the divine person and the human nature being an accident. Mastri attempts to work out which Aristotelian category the relation should be assigned to, and concludes that the appropriate categorization is as a habit (habitus) or vesture.
Catholics in Contemporary Britain
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book showcases findings from a wide-ranging, empirical study of Catholics living in Britain. It offers a sociologically informed study, placing the contemporary Catholic community in the wider contexts of their society and the global faith of which they are a part. The book has been animated by a set of compelling broader questions: Who are the Catholics in Britain? How do they engage with their faith and with the Church? What do they think about issues within, and the leadership of, their Church? What are their views on wider social issues and of the party-political landscape? The book is thematically broad in scope, focusing on demography, religiosity (addressing the three ‘Bs’ of ‘believing’, ‘belonging’, and ‘behaving’), social-moral issues, Church leadership and schooling, and party support and voting behaviour. The book presents a rich and fascinating demographic, religious, and attitudinal profile of Britain’s Catholics in the twenty-first century.
Popularity and Performance
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 uses the new ‘Catholics in Britain’ survey to provide a detailed assessment of Catholics’ views of religious authority and institutions with the Catholic Church. The chapter first focuses on their ‘performance ratings’ of Pope Francis’s general leadership and his handling of specific issues. It then examines whether Catholics are satisfied (or not) with their bishops at the national and local levels. Finally, it analyses their evaluations of the effectiveness of Catholic schools in relation to educational, pastoral, and mission-related objectives. The chapter analyses both the overall distribution of attitudes amongst Catholics and profiles variation in opinion across demographic groups, levels of religious commitment, and views on social-moral issues.