bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of optical vortices in 2D materials
Authors: Kurman Yaniv , Dahan Raphael , Sheinfux Hanan Herzig , Rosolen Gilles , Janzen Eli , Edgar James , Koppens Frank , Kaminer Ido 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Optical vortices in planar geometries are a universal wave phenomenon, where electromagnetic waves possess topologically protected integer values of orbital angular momentum (OAM). The conservation of OAM governs their dynamics, including their rules of creation and annihilation. However, such dynamics remained so far beyond experimental reach. Here, we present a first observation of creation and annihilation of optical vortex pairs. The vortices conserve their combined OAM during pair creation/annihilation events and determine the field profile throughout their motion between these events. We utilize free electrons in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope to probe the vortices, which appear in the form of phonon polaritons in the 2D material hexagonal boron nitride. These results provide the first observation of optical vortices in any 2D material, which were predicted but never observed. Our findings promote future investigation of vortices in 2D materials and their use for chiral plasmonics, toward the control of selection rules in light-matter interactions and the creation of optical simulators of phase transitions in condensed matter physics.
Influenza Related Mortality in Populations That Fail to Reach Herd Immunity
Authors: Lanier Mary , Parkman Liliya , Quesada Jared 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Vaccines remain an important public health tool to prevent morbidity and mortality. For influenza, this requires an annual vaccination strategy due to the need to reformulate the vaccine to target circulating strains. The annual success of such vaccine efforts on the annual mortality rates is important to understand and the focus of this study. Methods Data on vaccination rates and mortality associated with Influenza was obtained from the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports and STATS of the States. In addition, data searches were performed using the CDC WONDER database, local and county health reports, the World Health Organization, and United States census reports. Results Annual vaccination efforts have had minimal impact on the number of influenza related deaths for those over the age of 65. Additionally, herd immunity has not been achieved in any year at the state and national levels. A closer examination of the 2017 influenza season found that the most populous states had the highest mortality burden. However, there was no correlation in local population density and an increase in influenza mortality. Conclusion Deaths associated with Influenza circulating in largely populated states are going to occur where susceptible people are regardless of whether they live in rural counties or densely populated cities. Overall, we propose that to prevent annual deaths related to seasonal influenza, herd immunity must be reached in the most populous states. Targeted vaccination of only the susceptible populations is not enough to protect them from mortality associated with influenza.
Network Analysis for the Identification of Hub Genes and Related Molecules as Potential Biomarkers Associated With the Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells Into Hepatocytes
Authors: Kwon Taeho , Han Ying-Hao , He Xin-Mei , Mao Ying-Ying , Liu Xuan-Chen , Sun Hu-Nan , Jin Mei-Hua , Lee Seung-Jae 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The incidence of liver diseases has been increasing steadily. However, it has some shortcomings, such as high cost and organ donor scarcity. The application of stem cell research has brought new ideas for the treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) into liver cells. Herein, we screened differentially expressed genes between hepatocytes and untreated BMSCs to identify the genes responsible for the differentiation of BMSCs into hepatocytes. GSE30419 gene microarray data of BMSCs and GSE72088 gene microarray data of primary hepatocytes were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Transcriptome Analysis Console software showed that 1896 genes were upregulated and 2506 were downregulated in hepatocytes as compared with BMSCs. Hub genes were analyzed using the STRING, revealing that two hub genes, Cat and Cyp2e1, play a pivotal role in oxidation-reduction process. The results indicate that the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction chain may play an important role in the differentiation of BMSCs into hepatocytes, which provides a new therapeutic target for liver disease treatment.
A Hybrid Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method for Cutting Tool Considering the Wear State
Authors: Li Yifan , Xiang Yongyong , Pan Baisong , Shi Luojie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Accurate cutting tool remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is of significance to guarantee the cutting quality and minimize the production cost. Recently, physics-based and data-driven methods have been widely used in the tool RUL prediction. The physics-based approaches may not accurately describe the time-varying wear process due to a lack of knowledge for underlying physics and simplifications involved in physical models, while the data-driven methods may be easily affected by the quantity and quality of data. To overcome the drawbacks of these two approaches, a hybrid prognostics framework considering tool wear state is developed to achieve an accurate prediction. Firstly, the mapping relationship between the sensor signal and tool wear is established by support vector regression (SVR). Then, the tool wear statuses are recognized by support vector machine (SVM) and the results are put into a Bayesian framework as prior information. Thirdly, based on the constructed Bayesian framework, parameters of the tool wear model are updated iteratively by the sliding time window and particle filter algorithm. Finally, the tool wear state space and RUL can be predicted accordingly using the updating tool wear model. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by a high-speed machine tool experiment. The results show that the presented approach can effectively reduce the uncertainty of tool wear state estimation and improve the accuracy of RUL prediction.
Anomalous Thermo-osmotic Conversion Performance of Ionic Covalent-Organic-Framework Membranes in Response to Charge Variations
Authors: Sun Qi , Xian Weipeng , Zuo Xiuhui , Zhu Changjia , Guo Qing , Qing Qing-Wei , Zhu Xincheng , Wang Sai , Ma Shengqian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The development of efficient thermo-osmotic energy conversion devices has fascinated scientists and engineers for several decades in terms of satisfying the growing energy demand. The fabrication of ionic membranes with a high charge population is known to be a critical factor in the design of high-performance power generators for achieving high permselectivity and, consequently, high power extraction efficiency. Herein, we experimentally demonstrated that the thermo-osmotic energy conversion efficiency was improved by increasing the membrane charge density; however, this enhancement occurred only within a narrow window and subsequently exhibited a plateau over a threshold density. The complex interplay between pore−pore interactions and fluid structuration for ion transport across the upscaled nanoporous membranes helped explain the obtained results with the aid of numerical simulations. Consequently, the power generation efficiency of the multipore membrane deteriorated, deviating considerably from the case of simple linear extrapolation of the behavior of the single-pore counterparts. A plateau in the output electric power was observed at a moderate charge density, affording a value of 210 W m−2 at a 50-fold salinity difference with a temperature gradient of 40 K. This study has far-reaching implications for discerning an optimal range of membrane charge populations for augmenting the energy extraction, rather than intuitively focusing on achieving high densities.
Impact of COVID19 Forced Confinement for CO2 Emission, NO2 Concentration, and Traffic Congestion Throughout EU Nations and United Kingdom (UK)
Authors: Sahraei Mohammad Ali , Ziaei Babak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus outbreak has led several cities to come to the standstill and country lockdown within several locations to reduce coronavirus spread. Here we investigate CO2 emission, NO2 concentration, and mobility throughout EU nations and the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2019 until the end of August 2021. In accordance with the previous research obtained by Liu et al. and Le Quéré et al., as mentioned in the literature, our results show a reduction of CO2 emission for an extended period of 2020 and 2021 compared to the annual emission in 2019. This work obtained abrupt reductions of 10.66% and 4.36% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Although the ratios and relationship between CO2 and NO2 were considered, we found that monthly NO2 concentration was reduced by 2–39% for ±1σ in 2020 and 13–34% for ±1σ in 2021 (until August) relative to 2019. Additionally, during confinements, the average annual mobility was substantially reduced by 36% for 2020 and 24% for 2021 (until August) relative to 2019. By discussing the role of distinct countries, the current study can contribute to comprehending the role of coronavirus as a huge disruptive factor in socio-economic activities, air quality, and city mobility.
Ex-Press® Surgery Versus Trabeculectomy for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma with Low Preoperative Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Otsuka Mitsuya , Hayashi Atsushi , Tojo Naoki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose: To compare surgical outcomes between Ex-PRESS® surgery (EXP) and trabeculectomy (Trab) for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with low preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP).Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective non-randomized study. We included POAG patients with preoperative IOP ≤16 mmHg who were taking tolerance glaucoma medications. We compared the surgical outcomes, postoperative IOP, number of glaucoma medications, reduction rate of corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), visual acuity, and postoperative complications between POAG patients who underwent EXP (34 eyes) or Trab (38 eyes) and could be followed for >2 years.Results: Both surgeries significantly decreased the IOP (p<0.001): at 2 years, EXP provided decreases from 13.4 ± 2.3 to 10.2 ± 3.1 mmHg, Trab provided decreases from 13.5 ± 2.0 to 8.9 ± 3.2 mmHg. No significant differences were observed in the postoperative IOP (p=0.076), number of postoperative medications (p=0.263), success rate (p=0.900), reduction rate of ECD (p=0.410), or difference in visual acuity (p=0.174). The reduction rate of IOP was significantly high in the Trab group (p=0.047).Conclusions: Both surgeries significantly decreased IOP and were useful surgical methods for low-IOP glaucoma. Our results suggest that trabeculectomy can decrease IOP more than Ex-PRESS surgery but might have more complications.
Microbial Mediation of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles During Solid Waste Decomposition
Authors: Song Liyan , Wang Yangqing , Zhang Rui , Yang Shu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Landfills is a unique “terrestrial ecosystem” and serves as a significant carbon sink. Microorganism convert biodegradable substances in municipal solid waste (MSW) to CH4, CO2 and microbial biomass, consisting of the carbon cycling in landfills. Meanwhile, microbial mediated N and S cycles affect carbon cycling. How microbial community structure and function respond to C, N, and S cycling during solid waste decomposition, however are not well characterized. Here we show the response of bacterial and archaeal community structure and functions to C, N, and S cycling during solid waste decomposition in a long-term (265 days) operation laboratory-scale bioreactor through 16S rRNA based pyrosequencing and metagenomics analysis. Bacterial and archaeal community composition varied during solid waste decomposition. Aerobic respiration was the main pathway for CO2 emission, while anaerobic C fixation was the main pathway in carbon fixation. Methanogenesis and denitrification increased during solid waste decomposition, suggesting increasing CH4 and N2O emission. In contract, fermentation decreased along solid waste decomposition. Interestingly, Clostridiales were abundant and showed potential for several pathways in C, N, and S cycling. Archaea were involved in many pathways of C and N cycles. There is a shift between bacteria and archaea involvement in N2 fixation along solid waste decomposition that bacteria Clostridiales and Bacteroidales were initial dominant and then Methanosarcinales increased and became dominant in methanogenic phase. These results provide extensive microbial mediation of C, N, and S cycling profiles during solid waste decomposition.
Impact of Ag2O on the mechanical and shielding features of ZnO- Er2O3-TeO2 glasses
Authors: Alzahrani Jamila S. , NIDZAM NAZIRUL NAZRIN SHAHROL , Halimah M. K. , Mahmoud K. , Sayyed M. I. , Hanfi M.Y. , Izzaty M. K. , Alrowaili Z.A. , Al-Buriahi M. S. , Boukhris Imed , Kebaili Imen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The investigation involves a comprehensive study on the mechanical and shielding features of the zinc erbium tellurite glasses as a function of doped Ag2O content. The mechanical features are estimated for the examined glasses by utilizing the Makishima-Makinzie model. The results showed the mechanical moduli of Young (E), bulk (B), Shear (K), and longitudinal (L) increased with the increment of the Ag2O substitution ratio. Besides, the radiation shielding properties were also studied and discussed. Among the shielding parameters, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), the lead equivalent and transmission rate (TR) were estimated. The linear attenuation coefficient results illustrated that the TZEAg glasses are better compared to the commercial marketing glasses, especially TZEAg5 glasses. Doping of Ag2O content in zinc erbium tellurite glass improves its ability to attenuate the gamma photons. Also, this study revealed the effectiveness of the examined glasses on the fast neutron, where the fast neutron mass removal cross-section ∑R (cm2/g) computed theoretically. The results offered the maximum value of ∑R = 0.019 cm2/g attained for TZEAg1 while the minimum value ∑R = 0.01884 cm2/g for TZEAg5 glass.
A Head-to-head Comparison of the EQ-5D-3L Index Scores Derived from the Two EQ-5D-3L Value Sets for China
Authors: Zhang Ruo-Yu , Wang Wei , Zhou Hui-Jun , Xuan Jianwei , Luo Nan , Wang Pei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Two EQ-5D-3L (3L) value sets (developed in 2014 and 2018) co-exist in China. The study examined the level of agreement between index scores for all the 243 health states derived from them at both absolute and relative levels and compared the responsiveness of the two indices. Methods: Intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot were adopted to assess the degree of agreement between the two indices at the absolute level. Health gains for 29,403 possible transitions between pairs of 3L health states were calculated to assess the agreement at the relative level. Their responsiveness for the transitions was assessed using Cohen effect size.Results：The mean (standard deviation, SD) value was 0.427 (0.206) and 0.649 (0.189) for the 3L2014 and 3L2018 index scores, respectively. Although the ICC value showed good agreement (i.e., 0.896), 88.9% (216/243) of the points were beyond the minimum important difference limit according to the Bland-Altman plot. The mean health gains for the 29,403 health transitions was 0.234 (3L2014 index score) and 0.216 (3L2018 index score). The two indices predicted consistent transitions in 23,720 (80.7%) of 29,403 pairs. For the consistent pairs, Cohen effective size value was 1.05 (3L2014 index score) or 1.06 (3L2018 index score); and the 3L2014 index score only yielded 0.007 more utility gains. However, the results based on the two measures varied substantially according to the direction and magnitude of health change. Conclusion：The 3L2014 and 3L2018 index scores are not interchangeable. The choice between them is likely to influence QALYs estimations.
High-dose Methotrexate and Rituximab Induction Regimen In Immunocompetent Patients With Primary CNS Lymphoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Study of Survival Predictors
Authors: DeAtkine Andrew Burton , Abdelrashid Moaaz , Tucker Zach , Markert James M. , Kim Jinsuh , Fiveash John B. , Oster Robert A. , Lobbous Mina , Nabors L. Burt 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose:Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive tumor that is confined to the CNS. Although the provision of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has remarkably improved outcomes in PCNSL patients, the optimal treatment regimens and standard MTX dose have been largely controversial. Herein, we sought to explore the impact of adjuvant Rituximab and different dosages of HD-MTX on survival outcomes of immunocompetent patients with PCNSL.Methods:In this study, we examined patients with PCNSL treated at a single NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center to evaluate their survival outcomes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 51 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL who received their induction chemotherapy at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) between 2001 and 2019. Only adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PCNSL who had either HD-MTX alone or in combination with Rituximab were included. Patients’ demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival data were collected and analyzed.Results:There is no significant difference in survival among patients who received MTX alone versus MTX plus Rituximab. Furthermore, lower doses of MTX were associated with worse survival outcomes; however, this difference in survival was not significant when adjusted to age.Conclusion:Our experience challenges the role of Rituximab in PCNSL during induction therapy. Our study also highlights the shorter survival in elderly patients with PCNSL which can be related, to some extent, to the relatively lower doses of HD-MTX. There is an unmet need to establish a consensus on the most effective upfront regimen in PCNSL through prospective studies.
Peatland Degradation Reduces Microbial Richness and Alters Microbial Functions in an Australian Peatland
Authors: Birnbaum C , Wood Jennifer , Lilleskov Erik , Lamit Louis James , Shannon James , Brewer Matthew , Grover Samantha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Peatland ecosystems cover only 3 % of the world’s land area, however they store one-third of the global soil carbon (C). Peatlands play a central role in global C cycling as they contain more organic C than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Microbial communities are the main drivers of C decomposition in peatlands, yet we have limited knowledge of their structure and function. We investigated the vertical stratification of prokaryote and fungal communities from Wellington Plains peatland in the Australian Alps. Within the peatland complex, bog peat was sampled from the intact peatland and dried peat from the degraded peatland along a vertical soil depth gradient (i.e., acrotelm, mesotelm and catotelm). We analysed the prokaryote and fungal community structure, predicted functional profiles of prokaryotes using PICRUSt and assigned soil fungal guilds using FUNGuild. We found that the structure and the function of prokaryotes was vertically stratified in the intact bog. Carbon, manganese, nitrogen, lead and sodium best explained the prokaryote composition. Prokaryote richness was significantly higher in the intact bog acrotelm compared to degraded bog acrotelm. Fungal composition remained similar across the soil depth gradient, however there was a considerable increase in saprotroph abundance and decrease in endophyte abundance along the vertical soil depth gradient. The abundance of saprotrophs and plant pathogens was two-fold higher in the degraded bog acrotelm. Manganese, nitrogen, electrical conductivity and water table level (cm) best explained the fungal composition. Our results demonstrate that both fungal and prokaryote communities are shaped by soil abiotic factors and peatland degradation reduces microbial richness and alters microbial functions. Thus, current and future changes to the environmental conditions in these peatlands may lead to altered microbial community structure and associated functions which may have implications for broader ecosystem function changes in peatlands.
The emergency visits for back and neck pain during lockdowns
Authors: Ohana Nissim , Engel Itzhak , Baruch Yuval , Daniel Benharroch , Dimitri Sheinis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose

To assess the rate of visits to the emergency department of our medical center concerning low back or neck pain as a factor of COVID-19 confinement.
Methods

The study period was a 30-week interval during the COVID-19 pandemic contrasted by a similar stretch in the year preceding the epidemic. Visits to the emergency department prompted by low back or neck pain were recorded prior to and during lockdowns of the pandemic. The significance of the confinements for the development of pain syndromes was evaluated.
Results

A total of 1530 patients with newly diagnosed back or neck pain were enrolled. Most patients visited our emergency department for low back pain, commonly those older than 60 years. No significant gender variance was disclosed, although most visits of females were for low back pain. Low back pain presentations were curbed following confinement, but the rate of stays for neck pain swelled by more than 10%. Despite back pain predominance, visits for neck pain persisted. Before COVID-19, the average weekly number of emergency department visits was 38.5. This was followed by sharp drops during the COVID-19 lockdown (mean difference=-22.2, 95% CI=-28.7, -15.7, p<0.001) (not significant).
Conclusions

COVID-19 lockdowns have a significant impact on emergency department presentations due to back and neck pain. A higher rate of presentation for back pain compared to neck pain is probably related to COVID-19, without being affected directly by SARS-CoV-2: confinement-induced immobility might instigate musculoskeletal sequelae, which may be attributed to stress or other psychosocial afflictions.
Functional Stratification of Cancer Drugs through Integrated Network Similarity
Authors: Tuncbag Nurcan , Beyge Seyma Unsal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneity across tumors is the main obstacle in developing treatment strategies. Drug molecules not only perturb their immediate protein targets but also modulate multiple signaling pathways. In this study, we explored the networks modulated by several drug molecules across multiple cancer cell lines by integrating the drug targets with transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic data. As a result, we obtained 236 reconstructed networks covering five cell lines and 70 drugs. A rigorous topological and pathway analysis showed that chemically and functionally different drugs may modulate overlapping networks. Additionally, we revealed a set of tumor-specific hidden pathways with the help of drug network models that are not detectable from the initial data. The difference in the target selectivity of the drugs leads to disjoint networks despite sharing the exact mechanism of action, e.g., HDAC inhibitors. We also used the reconstructed network models to study potential drug combinations based on the topological separation, found literature evidence for a set of drug pairs. Overall, the network-level exploration of the drug perturbations may potentially help optimize treatment strategies and suggest new drug combinations.