bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review
Authors: Duval Daphne , Palmer Jennifer C , Tudge Isobel , Pearce-Smith Nicola , O’Connell Emer , Bennett Allan , Clark Rachel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the potential for long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor community settings and to investigate factors that might influence transmission.DesignRapid systematic review and narrative synthesis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, medRxiv, Arxiv, and WHO COVID-19 Research Database for studies published from 27 July 2020 to 19 January 2022; existing relevant rapid systematic review for studies published from 1 January 2020 to 27 July 2020; and citation analysis in Web of Science and Cocites.Eligibility criteria for study selectionObservational studies reporting on transmission events in indoor community (non-healthcare) settings in which long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was the most likely route. Studies such as those of household transmission where the main transmission route was likely to be close contact or fomite transmission were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisData extraction was done by one reviewer and independently checked by a second reviewer. Primary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 infections through long distance airborne transmission (>2 m) and any modifying factors. Methodological quality of included studies was rated using the quality criteria checklist, and certainty of primary outcomes was determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Narrative synthesis was themed by setting.Results22 reports relating to 18 studies were identified (methodological quality was high in three, medium in five, and low in 10); all the studies were outbreak investigations. Long distance airborne transmission was likely to have occurred for some or all transmission events in 16 studies and was unclear in two studies (GRADE: very low certainty). In the 16 studies, one or more factors plausibly increased the likelihood of long distance airborne transmission, particularly insufficient air replacement (very low certainty), directional air flow (very low certainty), and activities associated with increased emission of aerosols, such as singing or speaking loudly (very low certainty). In 13 studies, the primary cases were reported as being asymptomatic, presymptomatic, or around symptom onset at the time of transmission. Although some of the included studies were well conducted outbreak investigations, they remain at risk of bias owing to study design and do not always provide the level of detail needed to fully assess transmission routes.ConclusionThis rapid systematic review found evidence suggesting that long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 might occur in indoor settings such as restaurants, workplaces, and venues for choirs, and identified factors such as insufficient air replacement that probably contributed to transmission. These results strengthen the need for mitigation measures in indoor settings, particularly the use of adequate ventilation.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021236762.
Surrogacy and the law in the UK
Authors: Olaye-Felix Bianca , Allen Deborah Emma , Metcalfe Neil H 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproduction in which a woman bears a child on behalf of a couple or individual with the intention of handing over care of the child to the intending parent(s) at or soon after birth. The law surrounding surrogacy is complex for healthcare professionals, surrogates and intending parent(s) to navigate. This review article summarises the laws and potential legal complications of surrogacy in the UK.
While altruistic surrogacy is permitted, commercial surrogacy is outlawed in this country. Both traditional and gestational surrogacy may be performed and UK law now also permits surrogacy for same sex couples, unmarried couples and single individuals as intending parent(s). Legal parenthood of the child is transferred from the surrogate to the intending parent(s) via application for a parental order between 6 weeks and 6 months after birth. Legal complications include time restrictions for parental order applications and breaches of reasonable payments to surrogates.
Deprescripción de medicamentos en pacientes adulto mayor: contribuyendo a la seguridad de la farmacoterapia
Authors: Moya-Olave Yanneth , Olivares-Pacheco Javiera , Durán-Rivera Emily 
Published: June 2022

Introducción: dado el envejecimiento poblacional que vive Chile, se hace cada vez más importante evaluar la seguridad y uso de medicamentos en adultos mayores. Una de las estrategias propuestas a nivel internacional es la deprescripción, que consiste en la disminución o eliminación de fármacos utilizados como tratamiento habitual. Para ello se diseñó esta revisión en donde se propuso analizar la evidencia disponible respecto a la práctica de deprescripción de medicamentos en pacientes adultos mayores.
Material y método: se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre los años 2003 al 2018, en bases de datos como Science Direct, MEDLINE, TripdataBase y Web of Science, seleccionando aquellos con mayor nivel de evidencia. La discusión fue contratada con evidencia actualizada (2018-2021).
Resultados: según la revisión la deprescripción, en general, se define como un proceso de retirada de la medicación inapropiada, bajo la supervisión de un profesional; siendo su principal causa la presencia de polifarmacia, y la prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados. Los principales fármacos deprescritos con éxito (sin necesidad de ser reincorporados) corresponden a benzodiazepinas, antipsicóticos atípicos, corticoides, antidepresivos tricíclicos, estatinas e inhibidores de la bomba de protones.
Conclusión: la deprescripción es un proceso poco estudiado, especialmente a nivel local; sin embargo, podría disminuir los problemas de salud, en especial los referidos a la seguridad de la farmacoterapia en los adultos mayores.
Desafíos actuales de la educación en Enfermería en Chile
Authors: Rojas Silva Noelia , Simonetti Marta 
Published: June 2022

Las enfermeras son el grupo más numeroso de profesionales de la salud en Chile. El 2021, la Superintendencia de Salud reportó 68.977 enfermeras inscritas, con una proporción de 3,5 profesionales por cada 1.000 habitantes (Zanga, 2022). Los inicios de la formación universitaria de enfermeras se remontan al 1929 cuando la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Chile recibía al primer grupo de estudiantes. Desde entonces las instituciones públicas y privadas han formado a un ritmo acelerado a muchas generaciones de enfermeras profesionales. En la actualidad existen más de treinta carreras de Enfermería en el país.
Internet Shutdown Policy at Papua and West Papua through the Public Policy Perspective
Authors: Hadi Irnasya Shafira , Arfani Riza Noer , Ikhwan Hakimul 
Published: June 2022

Internet Shutdown policy implemented in August to September 2019 at Papua and West Papua has caused competing policy narrative between the government’s main narration of national security and the civil society’s contra narration of violation of human rights. This research aims to explain the Internet Shutdown policy at Papua and West Papua with public policy perspective with its main arguments hinged in human rights’ perspective. This research uses qualitative approach in which the data-gathering were done through interviews with stakeholders, documents, and media statement and analyzed using narrative policy analysis method. The result of this research shows that the polemic on Internet Shutdown in Papua happens because of the different belief systems held by the government and the civil society. The government’s belief system understands that security approach is the best approach in managing conflict in Papua, hence why Internet Shutdown is a viable way to manage said conflict. Whereas the civil society’s belief system understands that Internet Shutdown is a violation of human rights because it is harmful for the general public.
Joseph Margolis – Pragmatist Realism Viewing Human Culture and Historicity
Authors: Erzen Jale N. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In his long and productive life Joseph Margolis approached many subjects that had been the concern of philosophy all through history. However, when his texts are read carefully it is clear that his main interest was to understand humanity and its cultural values. In my text I will first introduce Margolis philosophy in general and the underlying premises that he defended throughout his work, moving on to specific claims and arguments.
I will pursue my analysis through several of Margolis’ texts concerning his main philosophical arguments, such as the definition of the human, relativity, ethics and aesthetics. Margolis was a prolific writer who developed his philosophy in consecutive phases, arriving in his later years to arguments that became more pointed as well as far reaching in scope. Margolis’ reasoning and argumentation proceeds in three steps: defining the problem at hand, understanding the reasonings applicable to his claim and to opposing views, reaching a solution suitable and appropriate according to the context.
Breathing as Politics and Generational Transmission: Respiratory Legacies of War, Empire and Chinese Patriarchy in Colonial Hong Kong
Authors: Khan Nichola 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The article draws on biographical, autoethnographic and experimental forms of writing in order to reflect on the intergenerational transmission of war and displacement in the late colonial period of British rule in Hong Kong, and Japanese occupation. Intimate histories across three generations reveal experiences typically neglected by customary Chinese or colonial readings of the period. Specifically, the article privileges breathing as a site for analysing the interplay between body and home, dwelling and displacement, and the corporeal and psychic transmission of Chinese patriarchy and Anglo-Chinese intra-familial relations. It links the body as a dwelling for assaults on the ability to breathe—through tuberculosis, opium smoking, asthma and panic—with the physical home that is, in turn, assaulted by bombs, killing, intimate betrayals and fatal illness. Aptly, the Covid-19 “pandemic of breathlessness,” during which the research was conducted, serves as a mnemonic for the reprisal of fears of suffocation and dying.
Statistical Framework for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Landfall Risk through Modulation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and ENSO
Authors: Johnson Zachary F. , Chavas Daniel R. , Ramsay Hamish A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Seasonal predictions of tropical cyclone (TC) landfalls are challenging because seasonal landfall count not only depends on the number and spatial distribution of TC genesis, but also whether those TCs are steered toward land or not. Past studies have separately examined genesis and landfall as a function of large-scale ocean and atmospheric environmental conditions. Here, we introduce a practical statistical framework for estimating the seasonal count of TC landfalls as the product of a Poisson model for seasonal TC genesis and a logistic model for landfall probability. We compute spatial variations in TC landfall and genesis by decomposing TC activity in the western North Pacific (WNP) basin into 10° × 10° bins, then identify coherent regions where El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the western extent of the Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) have significant influences on seasonal landfall count. Our framework shows that ENSO and the WPSH are weakly related to basinwide landfalls but strongly related to regional genesis and landfall probability. ENSO modulates the zonal distribution of TC genesis, consistent with past work, whereas the WPSH modulates the meridional distribution of landfall probability due to variations in steering flow associated with the Pacific subtropical high. These spatial patterns result in four coherent subregions of the WNP basin that define seasonal landfall variations: landfall count increases in the southwestern WNP during a positive WPSH and La Niña, the south-central WNP during a positive WPSH and El Niño, the eastern WNP during a negative WPSH and El Niño, and the northern WNP during a negative WPSH and La Niña.
The Role of Temperature Gradients versus Static Stability on the Zonal Wind and Eddy Kinetic Energy Response to Thermal Perturbations
Authors: Lorenz David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The relative roles of meridional temperature gradients and static stability with regard to the extratropical response to thermal perturbations are explored in a dry primitive equation (PE) GCM. A quasigeostrophic (QG) model is used to separate the relative roles because the static stability in a QG model is externally prescribed and can therefore be altered independently of the meridional temperature gradient. For most experiments, the changes in meridional temperature gradients make the largest contribution to the zonal-mean zonal wind (U) changes, although the static stability changes are also important. In most cases, the mechanism for the static stability response does not directly involve the eddies. Instead, the advection of the static stability perturbation by the zonal-mean vertical velocity accounts for most of the U response to static stability. For increased static stability, advection by the Ferrel cell increases the meridional temperature gradient, which strengthens the jet via thermal wind. The stronger jet then shifts poleward, consistent with various theories in the literature. For eddy kinetic energy (EKE), the direct effect of static stability makes a nonnegligible contribution in most cases; however, the meridional temperature gradient and advection by Ferrel cell effects together are usually more dominant.
Social support and positive future expectations, hope, and achievement among Latinx students: Implications by gender and special education
Authors: Fraser Ashley M. , Bryce Crystal I. , Cahill Karina M. , Jenkins Diana L. 
Published: June 2022

A cultural-ecological approach posits that multiple sources of relational support can contribute to youths’ strengths development. Some such strengths are positive future expectations (PFE) and hope, both of which represent beneficial, future-oriented cognitive-motivational constructs; however, they have not been fully explored among Latinx youth. Furthermore, it is unknown how different socializing agents (i.e., family, teachers, friends) influence youths’ PFE, hope, and academic achievement, and if relations differ by gender and special education (SPED) designation. The present study (5th–12th grade Latinx students living in the Southwest U.S.; n = 748; 49% male; 15% SPED) investigated whether students’ relational supports longitudinally related to their PFE (for education/work, self-satisfaction, community involvement), hope, and academic achievement 1 year later. In the non-SPED designated sample, family support related to PFE for work/education and self-satisfaction for boys. Conversely, teacher support related to PFE for work/education and self-satisfaction for girls. PFE for community involvement was low across the sample. The same pattern emerged for hope, with family support significant for boys and teacher support for girls. For achievement, teacher support related positively across gender. Friend support had few significant associations overall, although a significant negative relation emerged between friend support and achievement for SPED students. SPED students had a positive path between family support and PFE for work/education. Findings support a multidimensional approach to increasing strengths and resilience through increased attention to family, teacher, and friend support across unique groups of Latinx youth.
Dynamic and Flexible Survival Models for Extrapolation of Relative Survival: A Case Study and Simulation Study
Authors: Kearns Benjamin , Stevenson Matt D. , Triantafyllopoulos Kostas , Manca Andrea 
Published: June 2022

Background Extrapolation of survival data is a key task in health technology assessments (HTAs), which may be improved by incorporating general population mortality data via relative survival models. Dynamic survival models are a promising method for extrapolation that may be expanded to dynamic relative survival models (DRSMs), a novel development presented here. There are currently neither examples of dynamic models in HTA nor comparisons of DRSMs with other relative survival models when used for survival extrapolation. Methods An existing appraisal, for which there had been disagreement over the approach to survival extrapolation, was chosen and the health economic model recreated. The sensitivity of estimates of cost-effectiveness to different model choices (standard survival models, DSMs, and DRSMs) and specifications was examined. The appraisal informed a simulation study to evaluate DRSMs with relative survival models based on both standard and spline-based (flexible) models. Results Dynamic models provided insight into the behavior of the trend in the hazard function and how it may vary during the extrapolated phase. DRSMs led to extrapolations with improved plausibility for which model choice may be based on clinical input. In the simulation study, the flexible and dynamic relative survival models performed similarly and provided highly variable extrapolations. Limitations Further experience with these models is required to identify settings when they are most useful, and they provide sufficiently accurate extrapolations. Conclusions Dynamic models provide a flexible and attractive method for extrapolating survival data and facilitate the use of clinical input for model choice. Flexible and dynamic relative survival models make few structural assumptions and can improve extrapolation plausibility, but further research is required into methods for reducing the variability in extrapolations.
Natural killer cell activity as a biomarker for the diagnosis of lung cancer in high-risk patients
Authors: Borg Morten , Wen Sara Witting Christensen , Hansen Torben Frøstrup , Jakobsen Anders , Andersen Rikke Fredslund , Hilberg Ole , Weinreich Ulla Møller , Nederby Line 
Published: June 2022

Objective Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the immune response against cancer. However, immune escape mechanisms may cause inferior NK cell activity (NKA) in patients with cancer. This prospective study examined the relationship between NKA and lung cancer in a high-risk cohort. Methods In a cohort study, 250 participants referred by their general practitioner for suspicion of lung cancer were included. Before clinical investigation, blood was collected into NK Vue tubes, and the level of interferon gamma after 24 hours served as a surrogate marker for NKA. Results Among 250 patients, 79 were diagnosed with lung cancer. No difference in NKA was found between patients with lung cancer and control participants in which lung cancer was ruled out (median 226 pg/mL vs. 450 pg/mL). However, there was a significant difference in NKA between patients with late-stage lung cancer and controls (median 161 pg/mL vs. 450 pg/mL). A linear regression model showed that NKA was not influenced by age, sex or smoking status. Conclusions The significantly lower NKA in patients with late-stage lung cancer warrants further investigation combining NKA with other biomarkers and examining the potential role of NKA as a marker of disseminated disease.
Respect for service users’ human rights, job satisfaction, and wellbeing are higher in mental health workers than in other health workers: A study in Italy at time of the Covid pandemic
Authors: Carta Mauro Giovanni , Moro Maria Francesca , Sancassiani Federica , Ganassi Ruben , Melis Paola , Perra Alessandra , D’Oca Silvia , Atzeni Michela , Velluzzi Fernanda , Ferreli Caterina , Atzori Laura , Gonzalez Cesar Ivan Aviles , Serrentino Maria Roberta , Angermeyer Matthias Claus , Cossu Giulia 
Published: June 2022

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the respect for users’ rights, job satisfaction, and well-being between mental health workers (MHWs) compared to non-mental health care workers (nMHWs) from the same Italian region. Methods: The sample was recruited from community mental health and non-mental health outpatient centers in Sardinia. Participants fulfilled the WellBeing at work and respect for human-rights questionnaire (WWRR). The sample included 240 MHWs and 154 nMHWs. Results: MHWs were more satisfied with their work and workplace compared to nMHWs. MHWs had stronger beliefs that users were satisfied with the care received, and both workers and users’ human rights were respected in their workplace. MHWs reported to need more rehabilitation therapists and psychologists in their services, while nMHWs needed more nurses and professionals for users’ personal care. Italian MHWs are more satisfied with their work and workplace, and more convinced that users are satisfied with the care received and that users’ and staff human rights are respected in their workplaces, compared to nMHWs. Conclusions: The historic link between the community mental health network and other support networks in Italy and the consequent perception of proximity to the citizens of the care network may be the reason for this optimal situation of Italian MHWs.
Evaluation of the durable effects of corrective exercises on the postural alignment and stability in hyperkyphotic elderly with a history of falls
Authors: Sedaghati Parisa , Ahmadabadi Somayeh , Goudarzian Maryam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to investigate the durability of the effects of corrective exercises on the postural alignment and stability of hyperkyphotic elderly with a history of falls. Balance disturbance and recurrent falls are directly related to changes in the alignment of physical posture and function of the elderly, and effective methods with durable effects on improving the postural stability of the elderly have always been under the attention of researchers.

Methods
This study was a randomized clinical trial, and the statistical population included the elderly referred to neurology clinics. According to the research inclusion criteria (hyperkyphotic elderly with a history of falls during the last six months), 30 elderly aged 60 to 75 years old were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of corrective exercises and control. The experimental group performed an exercise program based on the Alexander posture correction technique. Both groups were evaluated with forward head angle, kyphosis, the timed up and go test, postural stability, and fear of falling tests in three phases. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21 software and the MANCOVA test and repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results
Data analysis showed significant improvements in the variables of forward head (p = 0.007), kyphosis(p = .001), balance(p = 0.002), postural stability(p = 0.001), and fear of falling(p = 0.001) in the experimental group. Post-test comparisons between the experimental and control groups showed significant differences in all variables except for kyphosis(p > .05), and follow-up analysis also revealed significant differences in all variables, except for the variables of forward head and kyphosis(p > .05).

Conclusions
Although the effects of corrective exercises in the elderly decreased regarding spinal alignment after three months, more lasting effects were seen in functional balance, postural stability, and fear of falling, suggesting this strategy as a stimulus for more mobility and a lower risk of falling in the elderly. Therefore, when using corrective exercises, it is possible to apply these exercises for a longer period of time to achieve more durable outcomes, especially regarding spinal alignment.

Trial registration
This research was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2016081529373N1, Date of registration: 19/04/2017).