bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modified Discrete Scheme in the Ausas Cavitation Algorithm
Authors: Xu Wanjun , Zhao Shanhui , Geng Zhengyang , Niu Miaomiao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to reduce the dependence of accuracy on the number of grids in the Ausas cavitation algorithm, a modified Ausas algorithm was presented. By modifying the mass-conservative Reynolds equation with the concept of linear complementarity problems (LCPs), the coupling of film thickness h and density ratio θ disappeared. The modified equation achieved a new discrete scheme that ensured a complete second-order-accurate central difference scheme for the full film region, avoiding a hybrid-order-accurate discrete scheme. A journal-bearing case was studied to show the degree of accuracy improvement and the calculation time compared to a standard LCP solver. The results showed that the modified Ausas algorithm made the asymptotic and convergent behavior with the increase of nodes disappear and allowed for the use of coarse meshes to obtain sufficient accuracy. The calculation time of the modified Ausas algorithm is shorter than that of the LCP solver (Lemke’s pivoting algorithm) for middle- and large-scale problems.
Cross-Sectional Differences in Race Demands Between Junior, Under 23, and Professional Road Cyclists
Authors: Gallo Gabriele , Leo Peter , Mateo-March Manuel , Giorgi Andrea , Faelli Emanuela , Ruggeri Piero , Mujika Iñigo , Filipas Luca 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To compare the race demands of junior (JUN), under 23 (U23), and professional (PRO) road cyclists. Methods: Thirty male cyclists, divided into 3 age-related categories (JUN, n = 10; U23, n = 10; and PRO, n = 10), participated in this study. Race data collected during the 2019 competitive season were retrospectively analyzed for race characteristics, external, and internal competition load. Results: Higher annual and per race duration, distance, elevation gain, Edward’s training impulse, total work, and work per hour were observed in PRO versus U23 and JUN, and U23 versus JUN (P < .01). PRO and U23 recorded higher mean maximal power (RPOs) between 5 and 180 minutes compared with JUN (P < .01). Edward’s training impulse per hour was higher in JUN than PRO and U23 (P < .01). Accordingly, JUN spent a higher percentage of racing time in high internal intensity zones compared with U23 and PRO, while these 2 categories spent more time at low internal intensity zones (P < .01). Conclusions: JUN races were shorter and included less elevation gain per distance unit compared to U23 and PRO races, but more internally demanding. JUN produced less power output in the moderate-, heavy-, and severe-intensity exercise domains compared with U23 and PRO (RPOs: 5–180 min). U23 and PRO races presented similar work demands per hour and RPOs, but PRO races were longer than U23.
The building blocks of igneous sheet intrusions: Insights from 3-D seismic reflection data
Authors: Köpping Jonas , Magee Craig , Cruden Alexander R. , Jackson Christopher A.-L. , Norcliffe James R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The propagating margins of igneous sills (and other sheet intrusions) may divide into laterally and/or vertically separated sections, which later inflate and coalesce. These components elongate parallel to and thus record the magma flow direction, and they can form either due to fracture segmentation (i.e., “segments”) or brittle and/or non-brittle deformation of the host rock (i.e., “magma fingers”). Seismic reflection data can image entire sills or sill-complexes in 3-D, and their resolution is often sufficient to allow us to identify these distinct elongate components and thereby map magma flow patterns over entire intrusion networks. However, seismic resolution is limited, so we typically cannot discern the centimeter- to meter-scale host rock deformation structures that would allow the origin of these components to be interpreted. Here, we introduce a new term that defines the components (i.e., “elements”) of sheet-like igneous intrusions without linking their description to emplacement mechanisms. Using 3-D seismic reflection data from offshore NW Australia, we quantify the 3-D geometry of these elements and their connectors within two sills and discuss how their shape may relate to emplacement processes. Based on seismic attribute analyses and our measurements of their 3-D geometry, we conclude that the mapped elements likely formed through non-elastic-brittle and/or non-brittle deformation ahead of the advancing sill tip, which implies they are magma fingers. We show that thickness varies across sills, and across distinct elements, which we infer to represent flow localization and subsequent thickening of restricted areas. The quantification of element geometries is useful for comparisons between different subsurface and field-based data sets that span a range of host rock types and tectonic settings. This, in turn, facilitates the testing of magma emplacement mechanisms and predictions from numerical and physical analogue experiments.
Network Mendelian randomization study: exploring the causal pathway from insomnia to type 2 diabetes
Authors: Xiuyun Wen , Jiating Lin , Minjun Xie , Weidong Li , Qian Wu , Lizhen Liao 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionInsomnia is a novel pathogen for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, mechanisms linking insomnia and T2DM are poorly understood. In this study, we apply a network Mendelian randomization (MR) framework to determine the causal association between insomnia and T2DM and identify the potential mediators, including overweight (body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage) and glycometabolism (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and fasting blood insulin).Research design and methodsWe use the MR framework to detect effect estimates of the insomnia–T2DM, insomnia–mediator, and mediator–T2DM associations. A mediator between insomnia and T2DM is established if MR studies in all 3 steps prove causal associations.ResultsIn the Inverse variance weighted method, the results show that insomnia will increase the T2DM risk (OR 1.142; 95% CI 1.072 to 1.216; p=0.000), without heterogeneity nor horizontal pleiotropy, strongly suggesting that genetically predicted insomnia has a causal association with T2DM. Besides, our MR analysis provides strong evidence that insomnia is causally associated with BMI and body fat percentage. There is also suggestive evidence of an association between insomnia and the waist-to-hip ratio. At the same time, our results indicate that insomnia is not causally associated with glycometabolism. Higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage levels are strongly associated with increased risk of T2DM.ConclusionsGenetically predicted insomnia has a causal association with T2DM. Being overweight (especially BMI and body fat percentage) mediates the causal pathway from insomnia to T2DM.
Does community-based distribution of HIV self-tests increase uptake of HIV testing? Results of pair-matched cluster randomised trial in Zambia
Authors: Neuman Melissa , Hensen Bernadette , Mwinga Alwyn , Chintu Namwinga , Fielding Katherine L , Handima Nixon , Hatzold Karin , Johnson Cheryl , Mulubwa Chama , Nalubamba Mutinta , Otte im Kampe Eveline , Simwinga Musonda , Smith Gina , Tsamwa Dickson , Corbett Elizabeth Lucy , Ayles Helen 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesEnding HIV by 2030 is a global priority. Achieving this requires alternative HIV testing strategies, such as HIV self-testing (HIVST) to reach all individuals with HIV testing services (HTS). We present the results of a trial evaluating the impact of community-based distribution of HIVST in community and facility settings on the uptake of HTS in rural and urban Zambia.DesignPair-matched cluster randomised trial.MethodsIn catchment areas of government health facilities, OraQuick HIVST kits were distributed by community-based distributors (CBDs) over 12 months in 2016–2017. Within matched pairs, clusters were randomised to receive the HIVST intervention or standard of care (SOC). Individuals aged ≥16 years were eligible for HIVST. Within communities, CBDs offered HIVST in high traffic areas, door to door and at healthcare facilities. The primary outcome was self-reported recent testing within the previous 12 months measured using a population-based survey.ResultsIn six intervention clusters (population 148 541), 60 CBDs distributed 65 585 HIVST kits. A recent test was reported by 66% (1622/2465) in the intervention arm compared with 60% (1456/2429) in SOC arm (adjusted risk ratio 1.08, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.24; p=0.15). Uptake of the HIVST intervention was low: 24% of respondents in the intervention arm (585/2493) used an HIVST kit in the previous 12 months. No social harms were identified during implementation.ConclusionDespite distributing a large number of HIVST kits, we found no evidence that this community-based HIVST distribution intervention increased HTS uptake. Other models of HIVST distribution, including secondary distribution and community-designed distribution models, provide alternative strategies to reach target populations.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT02793804).
Pragmatic economic evaluation of community-led delivery of HIV self-testing in Malawi
Authors: Indravudh Pitchaya P , Fielding Katherine , Sande Linda A , Maheswaran Hendramoorthy , Mphande Saviour , Kumwenda Moses K , Chilongosi Richard , Nyirenda Rose , Johnson Cheryl C , Hatzold Karin , Corbett Elizabeth L , Terris-Prestholt Fern 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionCommunity-based strategies can extend coverage of HIV testing and diagnose HIV at earlier stages of infection but can be costly to implement. We evaluated the costs and effects of community-led delivery of HIV self-testing (HIVST) in Mangochi District, Malawi.MethodsThis economic evaluation was based within a pragmatic cluster-randomised trial of 30 group village heads and their catchment areas comparing the community-led HIVST intervention in addition to the standard of care (SOC) versus the SOC alone. The intervention involved mobilising community health groups to lead 7-day HIVST campaigns including distribution of HIVST kits. The SOC included facility-based HIV testing services. Primary costings estimated economic costs of the intervention and SOC from the provider perspective, with costs annualised and measured in 2018 US$. A postintervention survey captured individual-level data on HIV testing events, which were combined with unit costs from primary costings, and outcomes. The incremental cost per person tested HIV-positive and associated uncertainty were estimated.ResultsOverall, the community-led HIVST intervention costed $138 624 or $5.70 per HIVST kit distributed, with test kits and personnel the main contributing costs. The SOC costed $263 400 or $4.57 per person tested. Individual-level provider costs were higher in the community-led HIVST arm than the SOC arm (adjusted mean difference $3.77, 95% CI $2.44 to $5.10; p<0.001), while the intervention effect on HIV positivity varied based on adjustment for previous diagnosis. The incremental cost per person tested HIV positive was $324 but increased to $1312 and $985 when adjusting for previously diagnosed self-testers or self-testers on treatment, respectively. Community-led HIVST demonstrated low probability of being cost-effective against plausible willingness-to-pay values, with HIV positivity a key determinant.ConclusionCommunity-led HIVST can provide HIV testing at a low additional unit cost. However, adding community-led HIVST to the SOC was not likely to be cost-effective, especially in contexts with low prevalence of undiagnosed HIV.Trial registration numberNCT03541382.
The cost and intermediary cost-effectiveness of oral HIV self-test kit distribution across 11 distribution models in South Africa
Authors: Matsimela Katleho , Sande Linda Alinafe , Mostert Cyprian , Majam Mohammed , Phiri Jane , Zishiri Vincent , Madondo Celeste , Khama Stephen , Chidarikire Thato , d'Elbée Marc , Hatzold Karin , Johnson Cheryl , Terris-Prestholt Fern , Meyer-Rath Gesine 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundCountries around the world seek innovative ways of closing their remaining gaps towards the target of 95% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) knowing their status by 2030. Offering kits allowing HIV self-testing (HIVST) in private might help close these gaps.MethodsWe analysed the cost, use and linkage to onward care of 11 HIVST kit distribution models alongside the Self-Testing AfRica Initiative’s distribution of 2.2 million HIVST kits in South Africa in 2018/2019. Outcomes were based on telephonic surveys of 4% of recipients; costs on a combination of micro-costing, time-and-motion and expenditure analysis. Costs were calculated from the provider perspective in 2019 US$, as incremental costs in integrated and full costs in standalone models.ResultsHIV positivity among kit recipients was 4%–23%, with most models achieving 5%–6%. Linkage to confirmatory testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for those screening positive was 19%–78% and 2%–72% across models. Average costs per HIVST kit distributed varied between $4.87 (sex worker model) and $18.07 (mobile integration model), with differences largely driven by kit volumes. HIVST kit costs (at $2.88 per kit) and personnel costs were the largest cost items throughout. Average costs per outcome increased along the care cascade, with the sex worker network model being the most cost-effective model across metrics used (cost per kit distributed/recipient screening positive/confirmed positive/initiating ART). Cost per person confirmed positive for HIVST was higher than standard HIV testing.ConclusionHIV self-test distribution models in South Africa varied widely along four characteristics: distribution volume, HIV positivity, linkage to care and cost. Volume was highest in models that targeted public spaces with high footfall (flexible community, fixed point and transport hub distribution), followed by workplace models. Transport hub, workplace and sex worker models distributed kits in the least costly way. Distribution via index cases at facility as well as sex worker network distribution identified the highest number of PLHIV at lowest cost.
Joint effects of self-reported sleep and modifiable physical activity on risk of dyslipidaemia in women aged 45–55 years: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Du Sha , Su Yuenan , Zhang Dongxue , Wu Jing , Zheng Huiqiu , Wang Xuemei 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesModifiable physical activity (PA) plays an important role in dyslipidaemia risk in middle-aged women with sleep problems, especially perimenopausal women. We aimed to explore the joint effects of sleep and PA on the risk of dyslipidaemia in women aged 45–55 years, and the extent to which PA moderated the effect of sleep on the risk of dyslipidaemia.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThis study was based on the survey of Chronic Disease and Nutrition Monitoring in Adults in Inner Mongolia in 2015.Participants721 women aged 45–55 years were included.Outcome measurementPA was measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sleep was measured by questionnaire formulated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the joint effects of sleep and PA on dyslipidaemia risk. OR and 95% CI were reported.ResultsAmong all participants, 60.6% had sleep problems, 29.0% had low PA and 41.1% had dyslipidaemia. Women with sleep problems had higher dyslipidaemia risk than women without sleep problems, irrespective of low, moderate or high PA, with OR (95% CI) of 4.24 (2.40 to 7.49), 3.14 (1.80 to 5.49) and 2.04 (1.20 to 3.48), respectively. PA could not completely attenuate the negative association between sleep and dyslipidaemia risk. With PA increased from low to high, the OR of dyslipidaemia decreased by 2.20. Women with sleep problems and low PA had higher risks of high total cholesterol, high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than women without sleep problems and high PA, with OR (95% CI) of 2.51 (1.18 to 5.35), 2.42 (1.23 to 4.74), 2.88 (1.44 to 5.74) and 2.52 (1.12 to 5.70), respectively.ConclusionsAmong women aged 45–55 years, the joint effects of self-reported sleep and PA on dyslipidaemia risk were more marked for sleep than for PA. Modifiable PA is a widely accessible and effective intervention to reduce the dyslipidaemia risk in women with sleep problems, particularly among perimenopausal women.
Training and redeployment of healthcare workers to intensive care units (ICUs) during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review
Authors: Vera San Juan Norha , Clark Sigrún Eyrúnardóttir , Camilleri Matthew , Jeans John Paul , Monkhouse Alexandra , Chisnall Georgia , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesThe rapid influx of patients with COVID-19 to intensive care at a rate that exceeds pre-existing staff capacity has required the rapid development of innovative redeployment and training strategies, which considered patient care and infection control. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed understanding of redeployment and training during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic by capturing and considering the merit of the strategies enlisted and the experiences and needs of redeployed healthcare workers (HCWs).DesignThe review involved a systematic search of key terms related to intensive care AND training AND redeployment AND healthcare workers within nine databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, MedRxiv, Web of Science, The Health Management Consortium database, Social Science Research Network, OpenGrey and TRIP), which took place on 16 July 2021. Analysis consisted of a synthesis of quantitative study outputs and framework-based thematic analysis of qualitative study outputs and grey literature. These results were then combined applying an interpretative synthesis. We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, and the review protocol was available online.ResultsForty papers were analysed. These took place primarily in the UK (n=15, 37.5%) and USA (n=17, 42.5%). Themes presented in the results are redeployment: implementation strategies and learning; redeployed HCWs’ experience and strategies to address their needs; redeployed HCWs’ learning needs; training formats offered and training evaluations; and future redeployment and training delivery. Based on this, key principles for successful redeployment and training were proposed.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic presents unique challenges to develop flexible redeployment strategies and deliver training promptly while following infection control recommendations. This review synthesises original approaches to tackle these challenges, which are relevant to inform the development of targeted and adaptative training and redeployment plans considering the needs of HCWs.
Effects of whole-body MRI on outpatient health service costs: a general-population prospective cohort study in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Authors: Schmidt Carsten Oliver , Sierocinski Elizabeth , Baumeister Sebastian-Edgar , Hegenscheid Katrin , Völzke Henry , Chenot Jean-François 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveWhole-body MRI (wb-MRI) is increasingly used in research and screening but little is known about the effects of incidental findings (IFs) on health service utilisation and costs. Such effects are particularly critical in an observational study. Our principal research question was therefore how participation in a wb-MRI examination with its resemblance to a population-based health screening is associated with outpatient service costs.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingGeneral population Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.ParticipantsAnalyses included 5019 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania with statutory health insurance data. 2969 took part in a wb-MRI examination in addition to a clinical examination programme that was administered to all participants. MRI non-participants served as a quasi-experimental control group with propensity score weighting to account for baseline differences.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutpatient costs (total healthcare usage, primary care, specialist care, laboratory tests, imaging) during 24 months after the examination were retrieved from claims data. Two-part models were used to compute treatment effects.ResultsIn total, 1366 potentially relevant IFs were disclosed to 948 MRI participants (32% of all participants); most concerned masses and lesions (769 participants, 81%). Costs for outpatient care during the 2-year observation period amounted to an average of €2547 (95% CI 2424 to 2671) for MRI non-participants and to €2839 (95% CI 2741 to 2936) for MRI participants, indicating an increase of €295 (95% CI 134 to 456) per participant which corresponds to 11.6% (95% CI 5.2% to 17.9%). The cost increase was sustained rather than being a short-term spike. Imaging and specialist care related costs were the main contributors to the increase in costs.ConclusionsCommunicated findings from population-based wb-MRI substantially impacted health service utilisation and costs. This introduced bias into the natural course of healthcare utilisation and should be taken care for in any longitudinal analyses.
Breast screening atypia and subsequent development of cancer: protocol for an observational analysis of the Sloane database in England (Sloane atypia cohort study)
Authors: Jenkinson David , Freeman Karoline , Clements Karen , Hilton Bridget , Dulson-Cox Joanne , Kearins Olive , Stallard Nigel , Wallis Matthew G , Sharma Nisha , Kirwan Cliona , Pinder Sarah , Provenzano Elena , Shaaban Abeer M , Stobart Hilary , McDonnell Samantha , Thompson Alastair M , Taylor-Phillips Sian 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionThe National Health Service (NHS) Breast Screening Programme aims to detect cancer earlier when treatment is more effective but can harm women by over diagnosing and overtreating cancers which would never have become symptomatic. As well as breast cancer, a spectrum of atypical epithelial proliferations (atypia) can also be detected as part of screening. This spectrum of changes, while not cancer, may mean that a woman is more likely to develop breast cancer in the future. Follow-up of atypia is not evidence based. We currently do not know which atypia should be detected to avoid future cancer. This study will explore how atypia develops into breast cancer in terms of number of women, time of cancer development, cancer type and severity, and whether this varies for different types of atypia.Methods and analysisThe Sloane cohort study began in April 2003 with ongoing data collection including atypia diagnosed through screening at screening units in the UK. The database for England has 3645 cases (24 September 2020) of epithelial atypia, with follow-up from 1 to 15 years. The outcomes include subsequent invasive breast cancer and the nature of subsequent cancer. Descriptive statistics will be produced. The observed rates of breast cancer at 1, 3 and 6 years for types of atypia will be reported with CIs, to enable comparison to women in the general population. Time to event methods will be used to describe the time to breast cancer diagnosis for the types of atypia, including flexible parametric modelling if appropriate. Patient representatives from Independent Cancer Patients’ Voice are included at every stage of the research.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received research ethics approval from the University of Warwick Biomedical and Scientific Research Ethics Committee (BSREC 10/20–21, 8 October 2020), Public Health England office for data release approvals (ODR1718_313) and approval from the English Breast Research Advisory Committee (BSPRAC_031). The findings will be disseminated to breast screening clinicians (via journal publication and conference presentation), to the NHS Breast Screening Programme to update their guidelines on how women with atypia should be followed up, and to the general public.