bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new training strategy for spatial transform networks (STN’s)
Authors: Navarro Moya Francisco , Puchalt Joan Carles , Layana Castro Pablo E. , García Garví Antonio , Sánchez-Salmerón Antonio-José 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSpatial transform networks (STN) are widely used since they can transform images captured from different viewpoints to obtain an objective image. These networks use an image captured from any viewpoint as input and the desired image as a label. Usually, these images are segmented, but this could lead to convergence problems if the percentage of overlap between the segmented images is quite low. In this paper, we propose a new training method to facilitate the convergence of a STN in these cases, even when there is no overlap between the object’s projections in the two images. This new strategy is based on the incorporation of the distance transformation images to the training, thus increasing the useful image information to provide gradients in the loss function. This new training strategy has been applied to a real case, with images of Caenorhabditis elegans, and to a simulated case, which uses artificial images to ensure that there is no overlap between the images used for the assays. In the assays carried out with these datasets, we have shown that the training convergence is strengthened, reaching a precision level for IoU metric of 0.862 and 0.984, respectively, and the computational cost has been maintained compared to the assay with segmented images, for the real case.
Brazil’s Amazonian deforestation: the role of landholdings in undesignated public lands
Authors: Yanai Aurora Miho , de Alencastro Graça Paulo Maurício Lima , Ziccardi Leonardo Guimarães , Escada Maria Isabel Sobral , Fearnside Philip Martin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe impact of deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia is a global concern, and land occupation in public lands contributes to increased deforestation rates. Little is known about the spread of deforestation in landholdings in undesignated public lands located on cattle-ranching frontiers. We use a case of Matupi District, a hotspot of deforestation along the Transamazon Highway in the southern portion of Brazil’s state of Amazonas, where spontaneous squatters and land grabbers are the main actors occupying landholdings. We assessed the advance of deforestation and the spatial distribution of landholdings in relation to the main road and to land categories (e.g., protected areas and undesignated public land). Landholdings up to 400 ha were the majority in numbers (52%) and larger landholdings (> 400 ha) were located farther into the forest, contributing to expanding the deforestation frontier. By 2018, 80% of the remaining forest was in larger landholdings (> 400 ha), increasing the susceptibility of this forest to being cleared in the coming years. Thus, greater attention should be given to these larger landholdings to control the spread of deforestation. By analyzing the clearing pattern in the landholdings, deforestation monitoring can focus on specific sizes of landholdings that contribute most to the advance of the deforestation frontier. Brazil’s current trend to facilitating the legalization of illegal claims in undesignated public lands, such as the large and medium landholdings we studied, implies vast areas of future deforestation and should be reversed.
Transformative, interdisciplinary and intercultural learning for developing HEI students’ sustainability-oriented competences: a case study
Authors: Sommier Mélodine , Wang Yijing , Vasques Ana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe literature has produced relevant theoretical insights into pedagogical frameworks, tools and competences that would be best suited to teach sustainability at higher education (HE). This article contributes to such a discussion using a course on sustainability developed by us as a case study. Two research questions are tackled in this article: (1) How to empower students to address urban sustainability challenges through the inclusion of transformative, interdisciplinary and intercultural learning into the current HE system? (2) Which pedagogical tools can be used to develop students’ sustainability-oriented competences? To address the research questions, the case study consists of two parts. First, by reflecting on the course design, this article aims to shed light on the benefits and challenges of transformative pedagogy and of an interdisciplinary and intercultural framework. Second, by analyzing students’ learning diaries (N = 36) using thematic analysis, this article offers insights into some of the students’ learning process, allowing us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the course design as well as draw implications to improve and renew courses on sustainability in HE. The findings from the learning diaries indicate the students’ thirst for formal knowledge on sustainability, which they connected to their professional development and yearning for action. The learning diaries also suggest students’ increasing awareness of sustainability as a systemic and structural issue during the course, which aligns with the transformative learning framework used. Finally, this study emphasizes the need for structural support to meaningfully integrate sustainability in HE curricula and teaching practices.
The Problem of Trust Without Intimacy: Education for Handling Expert Knowledge in a Neoliberal Marketplace
Authors: Smith Dorothy V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trust arises from confidence in a person or confidence in the practices of an institution. Theorists argue that institutional trust depends, to varying extents on intrapersonal trust, which is trust between people who know each other. Science rests its claim to expert knowledge on the practices of knowledge production engaged in by its institutions. Most people cannot check these practices themselves and effectively must trust the experts who explain and vouch for those practices of science, and thus, there is an element of intrapersonal trust needed if the laity is to have trust in science. Much of the sociology of science is concerned with democratic exchanges between scientists and other citizens, in which scientists are expected to show a commitment to open-mindedness and transparency, yet this may leave scientists and their knowledge vulnerable to contestation in terms that may undermine trust in their science. In this article, I draw on data generated in a study of Australian scientists to describe the ways in which trust was important in the work of these scientists and consider the consequences for a scientist who is prepared to admit to uncertainty. Drawing upon these data and from media accounts of the COVID-19 vaccination debate in Australia, I argue that science education for contemporary society must equip scientists and the laity for relationships that are more than narrowly cognitive. I argue for an education that makes explicit the ways in which the community of science interacts to produce and verify knowledge, and that equips students to recognise uncertainty and dissent as central to science and value expert knowledge. I suggest approaches that may achieve this goal.
A Biobehavioural Approach to Understand How Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Reduces Dispositional Negative Self-Bias in Recurrent Depression
Authors: Kirschner Hans , Kuyken Willem , Karl Anke 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
In order to address an important gap in understanding mechanisms of depressive relapse, we complemented self-report with psychophysiological measures to a specifically developed brief self-compassion exercise, to examine if mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces dispositional negative self-bias in individuals with recurrent depression.

Methods
Individuals’ responses (self-report, heart rate, heart rate variability and skin conductance) during a previously validated brief self-compassion exercise were assessed in a repeated-measures experimental design at two timepoints 2.5–3 months apart in a convenience sample of remitted depressed attendees of an outpatient clinic for mood disorders. The first group received eight sessions of MBCT (n = 25) in between the two measurements whereas the second group was an untreated control group (n = 25).

Results
When the MBCT group engaged in the self-compassion exercise after MBCT, they showed reduced physiological arousal and increased heart rate variability whereas no changes were observed in the untreated control group. Whereas self-reported state self-compassion after the exercise increased in both groups at both timepoints, only in the MBCT group were the overall levels of state and dispositional self-compassion increased significantly.

Conclusion
MBCT appears to effectively reduce negative self-bias and facilitates psychophysiological benefits associated with a more positive self-view. Physiological responses to our self-compassion exercise could be useful markers of treatment-related changes and further mechanism research on depressive relapse prevention.
Best Practice Recommendations: User Acceptance Testing for Systems Designed to Collect Clinical Outcome Assessment Data Electronically
Authors: Gordon Sarah , Crager Jennifer , Howry Cindy , Barsdorf Alexandra I. , Cohen Jeff , Crescioni Mabel , Dahya Bela , Delong Patricia , Knaus Christian , Reasner David S. , Vallow Susan , Zarzar Katherine , Eremenco Sonya ,   the Electronic Patient-Reported (ePRO) Consortium, PRO Consortium
Published: March 2022

AbstractImplementing clinical outcome assessments electronically in clinical studies requires the sponsor and electronic clinical outcome assessment (eCOA) provider to work closely together to implement study-specific requirements and ensure consensus-defined best practices are followed. One of the most important steps is for sponsors to conduct user acceptance testing (UAT) using an eCOA system developed by the eCOA provider. UAT provides the clinical study team including sponsor or designee an opportunity to evaluate actual software performance and ensure that the sponsor’s intended requirements were communicated clearly and accurately translated into the system design, and that the system conforms to a sponsor-approved requirements document based on the study protocol. The components of an eCOA system, such as the study-specific application, customization features, study portal, and custom data transfers should be tested during UAT. While the provider will perform their own system validation, the sponsor or designee should also perform their due diligence by conducting UAT. A clear UAT plan including the necessary documentation may be requested by regulatory authorities depending on the country. This paper provides the electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) Consortium’s and patient-reported outcome (PRO) Consortium’s best practice recommendations for clinical study sponsors or their designee for conducting UAT with support from eCOA providers to ensure data quality and enhance operational efficiency of the eCOA system. Following these best practice recommendations and completing UAT in its entirety will support a high quality eCOA system and ensure more reliable and complete data are collected, which are essential to the success of the study.
Interest or ideology? Why American business leaders opposed the Vietnam War
Authors: Kirss Alexander 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhy do business leaders support or oppose interstate wars? This article clarifies and empirically illustrates two competing perspectives on the sources of business war preferences: the opinions businesses have about interstate conflict. Namely, while an “economic consequences” perspective argues that business war preferences stem primarily from the economic effects of interstate conflicts, a “leader ideology” perspective predicts that business leaders’ domestic policy preferences and political ideology will determine their war preferences. I reexamine historical survey data on American business leaders’ opinions about the Vietnam War using item response theory scaling and regression analysis and find support for both perspectives. These results point toward the importance of further theoretical and empirical research on the sources of business war preferences, so I propose a structured, forward-looking research agenda on business war preferences based on different conceptualizations of businesses, their motivations, and the consequences of interstate conflicts.
IL-1β in breast cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Zhou Jiabao , Tulotta Claudia , Ottewell Penelope D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBone is the most common site for advanced breast cancer to metastasise. The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a complex and contradictory role in this process. Recent studies have demonstrated that breast cancer patients whose primary tumours express IL-1β are more likely to experience relapse in bone or other organs. Importantly, IL-1β affects different stages of the metastatic process including growth of the primary tumour, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), dissemination of tumour cells into the blood stream, tumour cell homing to the bone microenvironment and, once in bone, this cytokine participates in the interaction between cancer cells and bone cells, promoting metastatic outgrowth at this site. Interestingly, although inhibition of IL-1β signalling has been shown to have potent anti-metastatic effects, inhibition of the activity of this cytokine has contradictory effects on primary tumours, sometimes reducing but often promoting their growth. In this review, we focus on the complex roles of IL-1β on breast cancer bone metastasis: specifically, we discuss the distinct effects of IL-1β derived from tumour cells and/or microenvironment on inhibition/induction of primary breast tumour growth, induction of the metastatic process through the EMT, promotion of tumour cell dissemination into the bone metastatic niche and formation of overt metastases.
A novel 28-bp indel inIGF1Rgene associated with growth traits across four Chinese cattle breeds
Authors: Tang Jia , Ma Yilei , Yang Yu , Jiang Xiaojun , Li Longping , Lan Xianyong , Song Enliang , Lei Chuzhao , Wang Xin , Chen Hong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInsulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a cell surface receptor, belonging to the tyrosine kinase receptor superfamily.IGF1Rplays a role not only in normal cell development but also in malignant transformation, which has become a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of human cancer. This study aimed to explore insertions and deletions (indels) inIGF1Rgene and investigate their association with growth traits in four Chinese cattle breeds (Xianan cattle, Jinnan cattle, Qinchuan cattle and Nanyang cattle). The current paper identified a 28-bp indel by polymerase chain reaction withinIGF1Rgene. The analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the locus and the hucklebone width of Nanyang cattle in four periods, in which it was highly correlated at 6, 12 and 18 months. At the age of 6 months, it was also significantly correlated with body height, body weight and body length. Association analysis showed that the locus in Jinnan cattle was extremely significantly correlated with body slanting length and body weight, and significantly correlated with chest circumference. There was no significant correlation between this locus and growth traits of Xianan cattle and Qinchuan cattle. The detected indel in theIGF1Rgene was significantly associated with growth traits in Jinnan and Nanyang cattle, and could be used as a molecular marker for growth trait selection.
Potentials and challenges of analyzing use phase data in product planning of manufacturing companies
Authors: Meyer Maurice , Fichtler Timm , Koldewey Christian , Dumitrescu Roman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The successful planning of future product generations requires reliable insights into the actual products’ problems and potentials for improvement. A valuable source for these insights is the product use phase. In practice, product planners are often forced to work with assumptions and speculations as insights from the use phase are insufficiently identified and documented. A new opportunity to address this problem arises from the ongoing digitalization that enables products to generate and collect data during their utilization. Analyzing these data could enable their manufacturers to generate and exploit insights concerning product performance and user behavior, revealing problems and potentials for improvement. However, research on analyzing use phase data in product planning of manufacturing companies is scarce. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory interview study with decision-makers of eight manufacturing companies. The result of this paper is a detailed description of the potentials and challenges that the interviewees associated with analyzing use phase data in product planning. The potentials explain the intended purpose and generic application examples. The challenges concern the products, the data, the customers, the implementation, and the employees. By gathering the potentials and challenges through expert interviews, our study structures the topic from the perspective of the potential users and shows the needs for future research.
Bellini's Idyllic Endings
Authors: Jacobson Edward 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article takes its cue from the claim, made both in 1831 and in our own time, that Bellini's La sonnambula is a pastoral opera. Frustratingly difficult to define, the term ‘pastoral’ is at once both musical and literary, able to attach itself to everything from madrigal to oratorio to symphony across four hundred years. This article explores the various meanings of pastoral specific to the early nineteenth century and argues that its currency in music analysis today – as a topic, as a mode – is of little use when attention falls on the music of Italian opera. It concludes with an extended analysis of Bellini's handling of cadences in both La sonnambula and his other operas, insisting that it is here, in Italian composers’ repeated affirmation of the conventions of tonality, that the pleasures promised by the pastoral can be enjoyed today as much as they were two hundred years ago.
Characteristics of Low‐Frequency Pulses Associated With Downward Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Wada Y. , Morimoto T. , Nakamura Y. , Wu T. , Enoto T. , Nakazawa K. , Ushio T. , Yuasa T. , Tsuchiya H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWinter thunderstorms in Japan have been recognized as an ideal target to observe high‐energy atmospheric phenomena thanks to low‐charge‐center cloud structures. During four winter seasons in Japan (from 2016 October to 2020 March), seven downward terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) were detected by gamma‐ray and broadband low‐frequency (LF: 0.8–500 kHz) monitors. All the detected TGFs took place at the initial stage of lightning flashes. Based on the LF observation, the seven downward TGFs in the present study can be classified into two types: energetic‐bipolar and small‐bipolar types. Three of them are energetic‐bipolar events, coincident with a high peak‐current LF pulse that originates from a negative return stroke with a peak current larger than 100 kA. The others are small‐bipolar events, followed by a negative bipolar LF pulse with a moderate peak current. Three of the four small‐bipolar events are multi‐pulse TGFs, while all of the energetic‐bipolar events in this study are single‐pulse TGFs.
Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Lin Miao-miao , Liu Na , Qin Zheng-hong , Wang Yan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBoth mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are implicated in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence shows multiple links between mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by immune receptors of microglia and aggravate neuroinflammation. On the other hand, inflammatory factors released by activated glial cells trigger an intracellular cascade, which regulates mitochondrial metabolism and function. The crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammatory activation is a complex and dynamic process. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes neuroinflammation during the progression of diseases. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the progression of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases may contribute to the identification of new targets for the treatment of diseases. In this review, we describe in detail the DAMPs that induce or aggravate neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases including mtDNA, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), transcription factor A mitochondria (TFAM), cardiolipin, cytochrome c, mitochondrial Ca2+ and iron.
Constraining composition and temperature variations in the mantle transition zone
Authors: Zhou Wen-Yi , Hao Ming , Zhang Jin S. , Chen Bin , Wang Ruijia , Schmandt Brandon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe mantle transition zone connects two major layers of Earth’s interior that may be compositionally distinct: the upper mantle and the lower mantle. Wadsleyite is a major mineral in the upper mantle transition zone. Here, we measure the single-crystal elastic properties of hydrous Fe-bearing wadsleyite at high pressure-temperature conditions by Brillouin spectroscopy. Our results are then used to model the global distribution of wadsleyite proportion, temperature, and water content in the upper mantle transition zone by integrating mineral physics data with global seismic observations. Our models show that the upper mantle transition zone near subducted slabs is relatively cold, enriched in wadsleyite, and slightly more hydrated compared to regions where plumes are expected. This study provides direct evidence for the thermochemical heterogeneities in the upper mantle transition zone which is important for understanding the material exchange processes between the upper and lower mantle.
Quantifying pupil-to-pupil SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the impact of lateral flow testing in English secondary schools
Authors: Leng Trystan , Hill Edward M. , Holmes Alex , Southall Emma , Thompson Robin N. , Tildesley Michael J. , Keeling Matt J. , Dyson Louise 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA range of measures have been implemented to control within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England, including the self-isolation of close contacts and twice weekly mass testing of secondary school pupils using lateral flow device tests (LFTs). Despite reducing transmission, isolating close contacts can lead to high levels of absences, negatively impacting pupils. To quantify pupil-to-pupil SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the impact of implemented control measures, we fit a stochastic individual-based model of secondary school infection to both swab testing data and secondary school absences data from England, and then simulate outbreaks from 31st August 2020 until 23rd May 2021. We find that the pupil-to-pupil reproduction number, Rschool, has remained below 1 on average across the study period, and that twice weekly mass testing using LFTs has helped to control pupil-to-pupil transmission. We also explore the potential benefits of alternative containment strategies, finding that a strategy of repeat testing of close contacts rather than isolation, alongside mass testing, substantially reduces absences with only a marginal increase in pupil-to-pupil transmission.