bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a scanning tunneling microscope for variable temperature electron spin resonance
Authors: Hwang Jiyoon , Krylov Denis , Elbertse Robbie , Yoon Sangwon , Ahn Taehong , Oh Jeongmin , Fang Lei , Jang Won-jun , Cho Franklin H. , Heinrich Andreas J. , Bae Yujeong 
Published: September 2022

Recent advances in improving the spectroscopic energy resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have been achieved by integrating electron spin resonance (ESR) with STM. Here, we demonstrate the design and performance of a homebuilt STM capable of ESR at temperatures ranging from 1 to 10 K. The STM is incorporated with a homebuilt Joule–Thomson refrigerator and a two-axis vector magnet. Our STM design allows for the deposition of atoms and molecules directly into the cold STM, eliminating the need to extract the sample for deposition. In addition, we adopt two methods to apply radio-frequency (RF) voltages to the tunnel junction: the early design of wiring to the STM tip directly and a more recent idea to use an RF antenna. Direct comparisons of ESR results measured using the two methods and simulations of electric field distribution around the tunnel junction show that, despite their different designs and capacitive coupling to the tunnel junction, there is no discernible difference in the driving and detection of ESR. Furthermore, at a magnetic field of ∼1.6 T, we observe ESR signals (near 40 GHz) sustained up to 10 K, which is the highest temperature for ESR-STM measurement reported to date, to the best of our knowledge. Although the ESR intensity exponentially decreases with increasing temperature, our ESR-STM system with low noise at the tunnel junction allows us to measure weak ESR signals with intensities of a few fA. Our new design of an ESR-STM system, which is operational in a large frequency and temperature range, can broaden the use of ESR spectroscopy in STM and enable the simple modification of existing STM systems, which will hopefully accelerate a generalized use of ESR-STM.
A tunable fiber Fabry–Perot cavity for hybrid optomechanics stabilized at 4 K
Authors: Ruelle Thibaud , Jaeger David , Fogliano Francesco , Braakman Floris , Poggio Martino 
Published: September 2022

We describe an apparatus for the implementation of hybrid optomechanical systems at 4 K. The platform is based on a high-finesse, micrometer-scale fiber Fabry–Perot cavity, which can be widely tuned using piezoelectric positioners. A mechanical resonator can be positioned within the cavity in the object-in-the-middle configuration by a second set of positioners. A high level of stability is achieved without sacrificing either performance or tunability, through the combination of a stiff mechanical design, passive vibration isolation, and an active Pound–Drever–Hall feedback lock incorporating a reconfigurable digital filter. The stability of the cavity length is demonstrated to be better than a few picometers over many hours both at room temperature and at 4 K.
Non-Kasha fluorescence of pyrene emerges from a dynamic equilibrium between excited states
Authors: Braun Gabriel , Borges Itamar , Aquino Adélia J. A. , Lischka Hans , Plasser Felix , do Monte Silmar A. , Ventura Elizete , Mukherjee Saikat , Barbatti Mario 
Published: September 2022

Pyrene fluorescence after a high-energy electronic excitation exhibits a prominent band shoulder not present after excitation at low energies. The standard assignment of this shoulder as a non-Kasha emission from the second-excited state (S2) has been recently questioned. To elucidate this issue, we simulated the fluorescence of pyrene using two different theoretical approaches based on vertical convolution and nonadiabatic dynamics with nuclear ensembles. To conduct the necessary nonadiabatic dynamics simulations with high-lying electronic states and deal with fluorescence timescales of about 100 ns of this large molecule, we developed new computational protocols. The results from both approaches confirm that the band shoulder is, in fact, due to S2 emission. We show that the non-Kasha behavior is a dynamic-equilibrium effect not caused by a metastable S2 minimum. However, it requires considerable vibrational energy, which can only be achieved in collisionless regimes after transitions into highly excited states. This strict condition explains why the S2 emission was not observed in some experiments.
Looking back and looking forward
Authors: Tedick Diane J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This afterword to the 10th anniversary special issue of the Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education provides a retrospective account of the origins of the journal and the research published in it over the past decade. It also considers future directions in the field in light of the articles showcased in the special issue. The paper begins with a summary of past articles according to program type represented, topic areas, geographic contexts represented, and type of article (i.e., qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods study, or literature review/theoretical discussion). It provides a similar inventory of the special issue articles. The remainder of the afterword discusses four prominent themes that are reflected in the special issue papers. They address the need for (1) continued focus on content and language integration; (2) teacher education and professional development; (3) equity, access, inclusion, and differentiation; and (4) student language use beyond the classroom and school.
Multi-Dimensional Exploratory Factor Analysis of TED talks
Authors: Wingrove Peter , Crosthwaite Peter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article conducts Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on a corpus of TED talks (2463 talks, across 427 topic
tags) to create a new Multi-Dimensional model. The resultant model contained seven dimensions: i. ‘Spontaneous involved versus
edited informational discourse’, ii. ‘Abstract informational versus narrative discourse’, iii. ‘Human-world oriented versus
object-oriented discourse’, iv. ‘Subjective perspectives’, v. ‘Persuasive stance’, vi. ‘Expert elaboration’, and vii. ‘Change and
inspiration’. When the model was compared to prior research, similarity with MD models based in academic texts was observed.
However, some dimensions were found to be indicative of the unique nature of TED talks, such as expert elaboration and change and
inspiration. When the EFA model was mapped onto the TED corpus’s subcorpora (defined by topic tags), individual disciplines were
characterised in terms of the dimensions and some traditional academic groups were observed.
Numerical simulation of the breakdown process of micro-discharge sustained by field emission
Authors: Guo Chengzhi , Wu Hao , Peng Yanli , Wang Zhijiang , Jiang Wei , Zhang Ya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Micro-discharge is the process that gas breakdown occurs on a small spatial scale to generate plasma. With the decrease of the discharge scale, the high electric field makes the field emission (FE) play a leading role in the breakdown process of the micro-discharge, which is one of the reasons that the breakdown voltage deviates from the Paschen curve in a small gap. A one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision model is used to simulate the whole breakdown process of direct current micro-discharge sustained by FE in argon. The results show that the discharge after breakdown is in arc mode, the breakdown process can be divided into three stages: the pre-breakdown stage, the breakdown stage, and the post-breakdown stage. In the pre-breakdown stage, the sheath and plasma are not formed, the external electric field can penetrate the entire gap. In the breakdown stage, gas breakdown occurs. As the sheath is formed, the rate of change of plasma parameters increases rapidly and the discharge gap changes from capacitive to resistive. In the post-breakdown stage, the anode sheath gradually becomes thinner, but the region where the field is reversed still exists. The particle and energy balance gradually reach equilibrium, and the entire discharge evolves to a quasi-steady-state.
Smart defect identification for manufacturing applications
Authors: Nakkina Tapan Ganatma , Vinayaka Man , Masad Amr , El Mansori Mohamed , Bukkapatnam Satish 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quality control procedures are fundamental to any manufacturing process to ensure that the product conforms to a defined set of requirements. To meet the ever-growing demand for high-quality products and address the disadvantages of manual quality control procedures, the use of intelligent visual inspection systems is gaining importance for deployment in production lines. Many works imbibing image processing techniques, machine learning, and neural network models have been proposed to perform defect detection and segmentation focused on specific domains of defects. However, defects in manufacturing manifest in varied forms and attributes which add to the woes of developing one-shot detection methodologies, while it is also expensive to generate a dataset of images capturing the variety to train a one-shot machine-learning model. This paper presents a framework consisting of three mind-maps to capture the essence of defect detection. The first proposes a classification of defects in manufacturing based on visual attributes. The second aims to identify the relevant image processing methodologies, such as thresholding, Fourier analysis, line detection, neural networks, etc. The third mapping is to relate the class of defects with the specific image processing methodologies. Taken together, the mind-maps provide the basis for the development or adaptation of defect detection approaches for specific use cases. This paper also proposes an empirical recommendation formula based on three image metrics, namely, entropy, universal Quality Index (UQI) and Rosenberger's to judge the performance of a method over a given class of images. This paper showcases the implementation of a Smart Defect Segmentation Toolbox assimilating methodologies like Wavelet Analysis, Morphological Component Analysis (MCA), Basic Line Detector (BLD), and presents case studies to support the working of the recommendation formula.
Two-dimensional layered chromium selenophosphate: advanced high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wei Shuangying , Mourdikoudis Stefanos , Wu Bing , Pastika Jan , Gusmão Rui , Azadmanjiri Jalal , Dekanovsky Lukas , Luxa Jan , Li Min , Mazánek Vlastimil , Sofer Zdeněk 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The demands of the energy storage market for better performing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are enormous and ever-increasing. Following this trend, new electrode materials with higher energy and power densities should be developed to reach the electrode requirements of next-generation batteries. With this in mind, we present a novel composite (CrPSe3-G-MWCNT@NiB) that combines diverse characteristics of the excellent Li storage properties of 2D layered chromium selenophosphate (CrPSe3), the high conductivity and specific surface area of carbon-based materials [graphite (G) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)], and the abundant coordinative unsaturated sites of Ni–B nanoflakes. The composites were synthesized via a process involving three stages: (a) a one-step high-temperature solid-phase 2D CrPSe3 preparation, (b) high-energy ball milling integration with the carbon materials, and (c) a fast interface chemical reduction coating with the Ni–B nanoflakes. It is demonstrated that the optimized CrPSe3-G-MWCNT@NiB composites exhibit a remarkable electrochemical response in lithium half-cells, delivering around 657 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, as well as a significantly longer cycle life, higher rate capability and lower charge/discharge polarization in comparison with the bulk CrPSe3. Galvanostatic studies also revealed that the CrPSe3-G-MWCNTs@NiB electrode displays a remarkable electrochemical property, which enable its application in lithium full cells, with a capacity of 123 mAh gcathode
−1 after 40 cycles and a high Coulombic efficiency (over 99.1%). Thus, the integration of the carbon materials and Ni–B nanoflakes into the presented composite makes it a particularly promising candidate anode for use in high performance LIBs.
Parametric optimization of friction stir process for developing high strength and wear-resistant chromium reinforced NiAl bronze composite
Authors: Dutta Varun , Thakur Lalit , Singh Balbir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The present study focuses on fabricating a chromium-reinforced nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) composite using an optimized multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) technique. The tool rotation, tool traverse speed, and volumetric concentration of the reinforcement were taken as input process parameters, whereas the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), percentage elongation (% E), microhardness, and sliding wear rate were taken as output responses. Taguchi-Grey relational analysis (GRA) was utilized for optimizing the input process parameters, which were 1000 r.p.m., 28 mm min−1 and 15.7%, respectively. The most significant parameter was traverse speed, followed by tool rotation and volumetric concentration of the reinforcement. FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses were performed to characterize the as-cast NAB, chromium powder, and FS-processed composite. The tensile strength and wear resistance of the processed composite are enhanced compared to the base NAB alloy on account of significant grain refinement due to the stirring action of the tool pin in the processed zone and the dispersion of chromium reinforcement. The wear rate of the composite was reduced as the tool rotation, traverse speed, and Cr particle volume concentration were increased. The maximum UTS of the prepared composite was 701 MPa, whereas the UTS of the as-cast NAB was 620 MPa. It was observed that as-cast NAB exhibited a hardness value of 286 HV, which was improved to 385 in the FSPed prepared composite. It was found that as-cast NAB exhibited 7.0 × 10–6 gm m−1 of wear rate, whereas the FSPed composite showed a minimum wear rate of 5.5 × 10–6 gm m−1. The microstructural examination revealed that the wear mechanism in the case of as-cast NAB was primarily adhesion, whereas the abrasion was found to be the governing mechanism of material removal in the processed composite.
The SIDECAR project: S-IcD registry in European paediatriC and young Adult patients with congenital heaRt defects
Authors: Silvetti Massimo Stefano , Bruyndonckx Luc , Maltret Alice , Gebauer Roman , Kwiatkowska Joanna , Környei László , Albanese Sonia , Raimondo Cristina , Paech Christian , Kempa Maciej , Fésüs Gábor , Knops Reinoud E , Blom Nico Andreas , Drago Fabrizio 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAimsSubcutaneous-implantable cardiac defibrillators (S-ICDs) are used increasingly to prevent sudden cardiac death in young patients. This study was set up to gain insight in the indications for S-ICD, possible complications, and their predictors and follow-up results.Methods and resultsA multicentre, observational, retrospective, non-randomized, standard-of-care registry on S-ICD outcome in young patients with congenital heart diseases (CHDs), inherited arrhythmias (IAs), idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF), and cardiomyopathies (CMPs). Anthropometry was registered as well as implantation technique, mid-term device-related complications, and incidence of appropriate/inappropriate shocks (IASs). Data are reported as median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation. Eighty-one patients (47% CMPs, 20% CHD, 21% IVF, and 12% IA), aged 15 (14–17) years, with body mass index (BMI) 21.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2, underwent S-ICD implantation (primary prevention in 59%). This was performed with two-incision technique in 81% and with a subcutaneous pocket in 59%. Shock and conditional zones were programmed at 250 (200–250) and 210 (180–240) b.p.m., respectively. No intraoperative complications occurred. Follow up was 19 (6–35) months: no defibrillation failure occurred, 17% of patients received appropriate shocks, 13% of patients received IAS (supraventricular tachycardias 40%, T-wave oversensing 40%, and non-cardiac oversensing 20%). Reprogramming, proper drug therapy, and surgical revision avoided further IAS. Complications requiring surgical revision occurred in 9% of patients, with higher risks in patients with three-incision procedures [hazard ratio (HR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.5–34, P = 0.038] and BMI &lt; 20 (HR 5.1, 95% CI 1–24, P = 0.031).ConclusionThis multicentre European paediatric registry showed good S-ICD efficacy and safety in young patients. Newer implantation techniques and BMI &gt; 20 showed better outcome.
It’s Not What You Know, It’s How You Use It: The Application of Country of Origin Information in Judicial Refugee Status Determination Decisions – A Case Study of Germany
Authors: Feneberg Valentin , Gill Nick , Hoellerer Nicole I J , Scheinert Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Existing research has emphasized the different forms of expert knowledge available to refugee status determination (RSD) decision makers, as well as the differing conditions under which it is produced. However, little work has been done to address how decision makers interpret, represent, and use such evidence in their written decisions. This study investigates how country of origin information (COI) is used in judicial RSD decisions, taking decisions of Germany’s Higher Administrative Courts on Syrian draft evaders as a case study. The analysis shows that the courts draw different conclusions from the same evidence, utilizing interpretation, framing, and citation styles to amplify or dampen the persuasive force of COI in their reasoning. As such, legal reasoning dominates evidence, meaning that evidence is discursively highly malleable, frequently incidental to legal reasoning, and does not produce legal consensus. These findings raise concerns that decision makers use COI selectively to justify the positions they have adopted, rather than allowing their conclusions to be directed by COI. The article concludes by reflecting on what, if anything, should be done about these seemingly opaque and unaccountable textual and discursive forms of discretionary power.
Accretion in massive colliding-wind binaries and the effect of the wind momentum ratio
Authors: Kashi Amit , Michaelis Amir , Kaminetsky Yarden 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTWe carry out a numerical experiment for ejecting winds in a massive colliding-wind binary system and quantify the accretion on to the secondary star under different primary mass-loss rates. We set a binary system comprising a luminous blue variable (LBV) as the primary and a Wolf–Rayet (WR) star as the secondary, and vary the mass-loss rate of the LBV to obtain different values of the wind momentum ratio η. Our simulations include two sets of cases: one in which the stars are stationary; and one that includes the orbital motion. As η decreases, the colliding-wind structure moves closer to the secondary. We find that for η ≲ 0.05, the accretion threshold is reached and clumps that originate from instabilities are accreted on to the secondary. For each value of η, we calculate the mass accretion rate and identify different regions in the $\dot{M} _{\rm acc}$ – η diagram. For 0.001 ≲ η ≲ 0.05, the accretion is sub-Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton (BHL), and the average accretion rate satisfies the power law $\dot{M}_{\rm acc} \propto \eta ^{-1.73}$ for static stars. The accretion is not continuous but rather changes from sporadic to a larger duty cycle as η decreases. For η ≲ 0.001, the accretion becomes continuous in time, and the accretion rate is BHL, up to a factor of 0.4–0.8. The simulations that include the orbital motion give qualitatively similar results, with the steeper power law $\dot{M}_{\rm acc} \propto \eta ^{-1.86}$ for the sub-BHL region and lower η as an accretion threshold.
MRI-driven dynamo at very high magnetic Prandtl numbers
Authors: Guilet Jérôme , Reboul-Salze Alexis , Raynaud Raphaël , Bugli Matteo , Gallet Basile 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The dynamo driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is believed to play an important role in the dynamics of accretion discs and may also explain the origin of the extreme magnetic fields present in magnetars. Its saturation level is an important open question known to be particularly sensitive to the diffusive processes through the magnetic Prandtl number Pm (the ratio of viscosity to resistivity). Despite its relevance to proto-neutron stars and neutron star merger remnants, the numerically challenging regime of high Pm is still largely unknown. Using zero-net flux shearing box simulations in the incompressible approximation, we studied MRI-driven dynamos at unprecedentedly high values of Pm reaching 256. The simulations show that the stress and turbulent energies are proportional to Pm up to moderately high values (Pm ∼ 50). At higher Pm, they transition to a new regime consistent with a plateau independent of Pm for $\rm Pm \gtrsim 100$. This trend is independent of the Reynolds number, which may suggest an asymptotic regime where the energy injection and dissipation are independent of the diffusive processes. Interestingly, large values of Pm not only lead to intense small-scale magnetic fields but also to a more efficient dynamo at the largest scales of the box.
The disturbed outer Milky Way disc
Authors: McMillan Paul J , Petersson Jonathan , Tepper-Garcia Thor , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Antoja Teresa , Chemin Laurent , Figueras Francesca , Khanna Shourya , Kordopatis Georges , Ramos Pau , Romero-Gómez Merce , Seabroke George 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The outer parts of the Milky Way’s disc are significantly out of equilibrium. Using only distances and proper motions of stars from Gaia’s Early Data Release 3, in the range |b| &lt; 10°, 130° &lt; ℓ &lt; 230°, we show that for stars in the disc between around 10 and $14\, \mathrm{kpc}$ from the Galactic centre, vertical velocity is strongly dependent on the angular momentum, azimuth, and position above or below the Galactic plane. We further show how this behaviour translates into a bimodality in the velocity distribution of stars in the outer Milky Way disc. We use an N-body model of an impulse-like interaction of the Milky Way disc with a perturber similar to the Sagittarius dwarf to demonstrate that this mechanism can generate a similar disturbance. It has already been shown that this interaction can produce a phase spiral similar to that seen in the Solar neighbourhood. We argue that the details of this substructure in the outer galaxy will be highly sensitive to the timing of the perturbation or the gravitational potential of the Galaxy, and therefore may be key to disentangling the history and structure of the Milky Way.