bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Views of the public about Snacktivity™: a small changes approach to promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour
Authors: Gokal K. , Amos-Hirst R. , Moakes C. A. , Sanders J. P. , Esliger D. W. , Sherar L. B. , Ives N. , Biddle S. J. H. , Edwardson C. , Yates T. , Frew E. , Greaves C. , Greenfield S. M. , Jolly K. , Skrybant M. , Maddison R. , Mutrie N. , Parretti H. M. , Daley A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Many people do not meet the recommended health guidance of participation in a minimum of 150–300 min of moderate intensity physical activity per week, often promoted as at least 30 min of physical activity on 5 days of the week. This is concerning and highlights the importance of finding innovative ways to help people to be physically active each day. Snacktivity™ is a novel approach that aims to encourage people to do small, 2–5 min bouts of physical activity ‘snacks’ throughout the whole day, such that they achieve at least 150 min of moderate intensity activity per week. However, before it can be recommended, there is a need to explore whether the concept is acceptable to the public.

Methods
A survey to assess the views of the public about Snacktivity™ was distributed to adult patients registered at six general practices in the West Midlands, UK and to health care employees in the same region.

Results
A total of 5989 surveys were sent to patients, of which 558 were returned (9.3%). A further 166 surveys were completed by health care employees. A total of 85% of respondents liked the Snacktivity™ concept. The flexibility of the approach was highly rated. A high proportion of participants (61%) reported that the ability to self-monitor their behaviour would help them to do Snacktivity™ throughout their day. Physically inactive participants perceived that Snacktivity™ would help to increase their physical activity, more than those who were physically active (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25–0.67). Approximately 90% of respondents perceived that Snacktivity™ was easy to do on a non-working day compared to 60% on a working day. Aerobic activity ‘snacks’ were preferred to those which were strength based.

Conclusions
The Snacktivity™ approach to promoting physical activity was viewed positively by the public and interventions to test the merits of such an approach now need to be developed and tested in a variety of everyday contexts.
Success rate of fractured teeth receiving modified crown lengthening surgery and restorations
Authors: Wang Cui , Jia Xue-ting , Zhen Min , Hu Wen-Jie , Zhang Hao , Chung Kwok-Hung 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundWhether to preserve a structurally compromised tooth or remove it is a dilemma often encountered by clinicians. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term success rate of fractured teeth preserved by modified crown lengthening surgery and restorations.MethodsThirty-nine patients with a total of 45 fractured teeth who had received modified crown lengthening surgery were recruited and examined. Numbers of teeth lost were recorded, and the criteria for successful teeth were defined. Kaplan–Meier estimator was used to determine the success rate. Possible risk factors were compared between successful and unsuccessful groups by a Cox regression analysis to explore the potential predictors of failure with a significant level at α = 0.05.ResultsThe mean ± SD of success time without considering variants was 6.2 ± 0.6 years (95% CI 5.1–7.7). The mean survival rates ± SD at 1.0-, 2.0-, 3.0-, 5.0-, 7.0-, and 9.0-year intervals was 97.8 ± 2.2%, 92.2 ± 4.4%, 72.8 ± 7.9%, 68.2 ± 8.6%, 60.7 ± 10.5%, and 40.4 ± 13.6%, respectively. Failure cases in teeth with poor plaque control and step-shaped fracture margin were significantly more than those with good plaque control and knife-shaped fracture margin (HR = 7.237,p = 0.011; HR = 15.399,p = 0.006; respectively).ConclusionsFractured teeth treated with modified crown lengthening surgery are anticipated to have a high clinical success rate for 6.2 ± 0.6 years. Plaque control and fracture morphology appeared to be significantly associated with the success of the multidisciplinary treatment approach.
A DSM-5-based tool to monitor concurrent mood and premenstrual symptoms: the McMaster Premenstrual and Mood Symptom Scale (MAC-PMSS)
Authors: Frey Benicio N. , Allega Olivia R. , Eltayebani Maha , Syan Sabrina K. , Mendes-Ribeiro Jeronimo , Minuzzi Luciano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Despite high co-morbidity between premenstrual dysphoric disorder and mood disorders, there is a gap of research-based tools to monitor concurrent premenstrual and mood symptoms. In this study, we developed a new DSM-5-based questionnaire to prospectively monitor concurrent premenstrual and mood symptoms.

Methods
Fifty-two females with bipolar or major depressive disorder, ages 16–45, were enrolled in the study. Participants completed two months of prospective symptom charting including the McMaster Premenstrual and Mood Symptom Scale (MAC-PMSS) and the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). At the end of the prospective charting, participants also completed the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The MAC-PMSS was correlated with the DRSP, MADRS, HDRS and YMRS.

Results
All individual items of the MAC-PMSS correlated strongly with the individual DRSP scores (all p < 0.001). The mood section of the MAC-PMSS also significantly correlated with MADRS (r = 0.572; p < 0.01), HDRS (r = 0.555; p < 0.01) and YMRS scores (r = 0.456; p < 0.01).

Conclusions
The MAC-PMSS is a reliable to tool to measure concurrent mood and premenstrual symptoms in women with mood disorders.
Huaier attenuates the adverse effects of pyroptosis by regulating the methylation of rat mesangial cells: an in vitro study
Authors: Geng Wenjia , Tu Can , Chen Dahao , Lu Zhaoyu , Mao Wei , Zhu Hanyu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Pyroptosis is a highly programmed inflammatory cell death process that represents an innate immune response. In this study, the occurrence of pyroptosis in rat mesangial cells (RMCs) and the effect of Huaier (Trametes robiniophia Murr) on this process were investigated.

Methods
RMCs were incubated with OX7 antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, 2.5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml), normal rat serum (NRS) and Huaier (1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml). RMC morphology was observed under a light microscope and by immunofluorescence. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was assessed using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay Kit. Western blot assays were performed, and then the RMCs were incubated with the methylase DNMT3B and the demethylase 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine.

Results
Morphological, LDH, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses showed that RMCs were lysed when stimulated with OX7 antibodies and NRS. RMC lysis released inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-18, interleukin-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1), and Huaier protected RMCs by controlling lysis and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Lysis was mediated by pyroptosis due to the positive expression of GSDME. The methylase DNMT3B reduced the expression of GSDME induced by OX7 together with NRS. Furthermore, Huaier significantly suppressed the expression of GSDME, which was increased by 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine.

Conclusions
Pyroptosis might occur in RMCs, and Huaier can protect RMCs by upregulating the methylation of a group of molecules.
Assessment of the effectiveness of BOPPPS-based hybrid teaching model in physiology education
Authors: Liu Xiao-Yu , Lu Chunmei , Zhu Hui , Wang Xiaoran , Jia Shuwei , Zhang Ying , Wen Haixia , Wang Yu-Feng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Online teaching has become increasingly common in higher education of the post-pandemic era. While a traditional face-to-face lecture or offline teaching remains very important and necessary for students to learn the medical knowledge systematically, guided by the BOPPPS teaching model, combination of online and offline learning approaches has become an unavoidable trend for maximizing teaching efficiency. However, in physiological education, the effectiveness of combined online teaching and offline teaching models remains poorly assessed. The present study aims at providing an assessment to the hybrid teaching model.

Methods
The study was performed among undergraduate medical students of Class 2017 ~ 2019 in the Physiology course in Harbin Medical University during 2018-2020. Based on established offline teaching model with BOPPPS components in 2018, we incorporated online teaching contents into it to form a hybrid BOPPPS teaching model (HBOPPPS, in brief), preliminarily in 2019 and completely in 2020. HBOPPPS effectiveness was assessed through comparing the final examination scores of both objective (multi-choice and single answer questions) and subjective (short and long essays) questions between classes taught with different modalities.

Results
The final examination score of students in Class 2019 (83.9 ± 0.5) who were taught with the HBOPPPS was significantly higher than that in Class 2017 (81.1 ± 0.6) taught with offline BOPPPS and in Class 2018 (82.0 ± 0.5) taught with immature HBOPPPS. The difference mainly attributed to the increase in average subjective scores (41.6 ± 0.3 in Class 2019, 41.4 ± 0.3 in Class 2018, and 38.2 ± 0.4 in Class 2017). In the questionnaire about the HBOPPPS among students in Class 2019, 86.2% responded positively and 79.4% perceived improvement in their learning ability. In addition, 73.5% of the students appreciated the reproducibility of learning content and 54.2% valued the flexibility of HBOPPPS. Lastly, 61.7% of the students preferred the HBOPPPS relative to BOPPPS in future learning.

Conclusions
HBOPPPS is likely a more effective teaching model and useful for enhancing effectiveness of Physiology teaching. This is attributable to the reproducibility and flexibility as well as the increased learning initiatives.
Opioid treatment program safety measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a statewide survey
Authors: Bandara Sachini , Maniates Hannah , Hulsey Eric , Smith Jennifer S. , DiDomenico Ellen , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Saloner Brendan , Krawczyk Noa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) serve as daily essential services for people with opioid use disorder. This study seeks to identify modifications to operations and adoption of safety measures at Pennsylvania OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A 25-min online survey to clinical and administrative directors at all 103 state-licensed OTPs in Pennsylvania was fielded from September to November 2020. Survey domains included: 1) changes to services, client volume, hours and staffing during the COVID-19 pandemic 2) types of services modifications 3) safety protocols to reduce COVID-19 transmission 4) challenges to operations during the pandemic.

Results
Forty-seven directors responded, for a response rate of 45%. Almost all respondents reported making some service modification (96%, n = 43). Almost half (47%, n = 21) of respondents reported reductions in the number of clients served. OTPs were more likely to adopt safety protocols that did not require significant funding, such as limiting the number of people entering the site (100%, n = 44), posting COVID-safety information (100%, n = 44), enforcing social distancing (98%, n = 43), and increasing sanitation (100%, n = 44). Only 34% (n = 14) of OTPS provided N95 masks to most or all staff. Respondents reported that staff’s stress and negative mental health (86%, n = 38) and staff caregiving responsibilities (84%, n = 37) during the pandemic were challenges to maintaining OTP operations.

Conclusion
OTPs faced numerous challenges to operations and adoption of safety measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding mechanisms and interventions to improve adoption of safety protocols, staff mental health as well as research on patient experiences and preferences can inform further OTP adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic and future emergency planning.
APOE ε4, Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology and sleep disturbance, in individuals with and without dementia
Authors: Blackman Jonathan , Love Seth , Sinclair Lindsey , Cain Richard , Coulthard Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) carrier status is an established risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. It has also been linked with sleep disturbance in healthy older adults and increased insomnia risk. This association may be driven by the effect of APOE-ε4 on AD pathological change, itself associated with sleep abnormalities. To assess this relationship, we have evaluated post-mortem neuropathological findings in patients with and without cognitive impairment and AD pathology, who had extensive clinical assessment within 12 months of death.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study used UK Brain Banks Network data. Eligible subjects were aged over 50, with pre-mortem neuropsychiatry inventory scores of sleep disturbance (NPI-K), neurocognitive testing and functional cognitive status assessment (Clinical Dementia Rating scale). Neuropathological data included Thal phase, Braak stage and CERAD scores (measures of Aβ plaque distribution, tangle distribution and neuritic plaque density, respectively) combined to form the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) ABC score reflecting AD neuropathology. Participants with other significant intracerebral pathology or pathological features of non-AD dementia were excluded.
Multivariate linear regression was performed with NPIK Global Score (NPIK frequency score multiplied by severity score) as the dependent variable and APOE-ε4 heterozygosity or homozygosity as independent variables. Covariates included age, gender, APOE-ε2 status and ABC NPI measures reflecting depression and anxiety. Further models stratified by ABC score and functional cognitive status were also produced.

Results
Seven hundred twenty-eight records were identified. Two hundred two participants were included in the final analysis: mean (SD) age 84.0 (9.2) and MMSE 14.0 (11.8). Mean sleep disturbance scores were highest in ε4 homozygosity (n=11), 4.55 (5.4); intermediate in ε4 heterozygosity (n=95), 2.03 (4.0); and lowest in non-ε4 carriers (n=96), 1.36 (3.3). Within the full sample, controlling for pathological status, age, gender, depression, anxiety and CDR-SOB status, APOE-ε4 homozygosity was associated with sleep disturbance (β 2.53, p=0.034). APOE-ε4 heterozygosity was similarly associated in individuals without dementia (β 1.21, p=0.048).

Conclusion
These findings lend weight to the hypothesis that APOE-ε4 affects sleep by mechanisms independent of AD pathological change. Evaluation of those mechanisms would enhance understanding of sleep disturbance pathways and potentially provide treatment targets.
Analysis of lung cancer-related genetic changes in long-term and low-dose polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) treated human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Lee Hong , Jeong Sang Hoon , Lee Hyejin , Kim Cherry , Nam Yoon Jeong , Kang Ja Young , Song Myeong Ok , Choi Jin Young , Kim Jaeyoung , Park Eun-Kee , Baek Yong-Wook , Lee Ju-Han 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Lung injury elicited by respiratory exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) is known as HD-associated lung injury (HDLI). Current elucidation of the molecular mechanisms related to HDLI is mostly restricted to fibrotic and inflammatory lung diseases. In our previous report, we found that lung tumors were caused by intratracheal instillation of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) in a rat model. However, the lung cancer-related genetic changes concomitant with the development of these lung tumors have not yet been fully defined. We aimed to discover the effect of long-term exposure of PHMG-p on normal human lung alveolar cells.

Methods
We investigated whether PHMG-p could increase distorted homeostasis of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, with long-term and low-dose treatment, in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). Total RNA sequencing was performed with cells continuously treated with PHMG-p and harvested after 35 days.

Results
After PHMG-p treatment, genes with transcriptional expression changes of more than 2.0-fold or less than 0.5-fold were identified. Within 10 days of exposure, 2 protein-coding and 5 non-coding genes were selected, whereas in the group treated for 27–35 days, 24 protein-coding and 5 non-coding genes were identified. Furthermore, in the long-term treatment group, 11 of the 15 upregulated genes and 9 of the 14 downregulated genes were reported as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in lung cancer, respectively. We also found that 10 genes of the selected 24 protein-coding genes were clinically significant in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that long-term exposure of human pulmonary normal alveolar cells to low-dose PHMG-p caused genetic changes, mainly in lung cancer-associated genes, in a time-dependent manner.
Epigenetic downregulation of Socs2 contributes to mutant N-Ras-mediated hematopoietic dysregulation
Authors: Jin Xi , Ng Victor , Zhao Meiling , Liu Lu , Higashimoto Tomoyasu , Lee Zheng Hong , Chung Jooho , Chen Victor , Ney Gina , Kandarpa Malathi , Talpaz Moshe , Li Qing 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
RAS mutations occur in a broad spectrum of human hematopoietic malignancies. Activating Ras mutations in blood cells leads to hematopoietic malignancies in mice. In murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mutant N-RasG12D activates Stat5 to dysregulate stem cell function. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that Stat5 activation induced by a hyperactive Nras mutant, G12D, is dependent on Jak2 activity. Jak2 is activated in Nras mutant HSCs and progenitors (HSPCs), and inhibiting Jak2 with ruxolitinib significantly decreases Stat5 activation and HSPC hyper-proliferation in vivo in NrasG12D mice. Activation of Jak2-Stat5 is associated with downregulation of Socs2, an inhibitory effector of Jak2/Stat5. Restoration of Socs2 blocks NrasG12D HSC reconstitution in bone marrow transplant recipients. SOCS2 downregulation is also observed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells that carry RAS mutations. RAS mutant AML cells exhibited suppression of the enhancer active marker H3K27ac at the SOCS2 locus. Finally, restoration of SOCS2 in RAS mutant AML cells mitigated leukemic growth. Thus, we discovered a novel signaling feedback loop whereby hyperactive Ras signaling activates Jak2/Stat5 via suppression of Socs2.
Barriers of West African women scientists in their research and academic careers: A qualitative research
Authors: Sougou Ndèye Marème , Ndiaye Oumy , Nabil Farah , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Sarr Samba Cor , Mbaye Elhadji M. , Martínez-Pérez Guillermo Z. 
Published: March 2022

Objective
This study aims to identify barriers to the professional advancement of women researchers in West Africa.

Methods
This was a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional qualitative study conducted between June and September 2020 in five West African countries (Ghana, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali). Interviews were conducted with 21 female and 9 male health researchers by video call. After transcription, the data was thematically analysed using an inductive process.

Results
Four themes associated with barriers to women’s careers development were identified. First. was family- and environmental-related barriers. Gender norms that assign domestic tasks and responsibilities to women reduced the time they were able to dedicate to research. Second was gender insensitive organisational culture and institutional policies that deepened gender disparities and made it more difficult for women to attain leadership positions. Third was the need for women in research to undergo emancipation programs to strengthen their resilience and ability to make critical decisions as strategic approaches to address the challenges faced by women in the academia were a lot more focused on addressing their relationship with their spouse. Forth, was the individual intermediate perception of professional and personal success which for many women, they perceive themselves as competent as their male counterparts and should not be subject to the gender discrimination they experience.

Conclusion
The web created between work-life and home-life for West African women researchers mainly as a result of the gender inequalities in the social structure will require more medium- and long-term strategic planning by institutional authorities to reduce gender disparities in research and academia. This work has highlighted the influence of family and social life on the professional lives of West African women researchers. The study could help contribute to the development of gender equality interventions for the career development of women researchers in West Africa.
Causes in Plato’s Phaedo
Authors: Wiitala Michael 
Published: March 2022

As Socrates recounts his search for causes (aitiai) in the Phaedo, he identifies the following as genuine causes: intelligence (nous), seeming best, choice of the best, and the forms. I argue that these causes should be understood as norms prescribing the conditions their effects must meet if those effects are to be produced. Thus, my account both explains what Socrates’ causes are and the way in which they cause what they cause.
How Do Parents Introduce Basic Mathematics to Down Syndrome Children?
Authors: Siron Yubaedi , Rahmah Aulia , Nadiyah Hadiyatun , Resti Alawiyah Hani , Alfiyanti Nia , Fajriah Syifa 
Published: March 2022

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the involvement of parents in introducing basic mathematics to children with down syndrome.Design/methods/approach – This study uses a qualitative approach by conducting online interviews with parents of children with down syndrome. Participants were determined using purposive sampling involving five parents. This study reveals that the involvement of parents in introducing basic mathematics to children with down syndrome has different variants. Collecting data was using semi-structured interviews with interview guidelines, recorders, and documentation. Data analysis used the Milles and Huberman model.Findings – Parents initiate methods and media in introducing basic mathematics to children. Parents can also identify the child's response, identify the advantages and disadvantages of the media, and provide alternative solutions to the obstacles and challenges faced.Research implications/limitations – This study explains introducing strategic basic mathematical abilities in children with down syndrome and the involvement of parents in educating children with down syndrome in basic mathematics.Practical implications – Parents of children with down syndrome need to introduce children to math early on. Parents have an essential role in introducing their down syndrome children's basic mathematical abilities by utilizing the media and giving good responses.Originality/value – This research contributes to educating children with down syndrome in basic mathematics.
Paper type: Case study