bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding electrocaloric cooling of ferroelectrics guided by phase‐field modeling
Authors: Gao Rongzhen , Shi Xiaoming , Wang Jing , Huang Houbing 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith the urgent need to explore low‐cost, high‐efficiency solid‐state refrigeration technology, the electrocaloric effects of ferroelectric materials have attracted much attention in the past decades. With the development of modern computing technology, the phase‐field method is widely used to simulate the evolution of microstructure at mesoscale and predict the properties of different types of ferroelectric materials. In this article, we review the recent progress of electrocaloric effects from phenomenological Landau thermodynamics theory to phase‐field simulation by discussing the microcosmic composition, mesoscopic domain structures, macroscopic size/shape, and external stimulus of strain/stress. More importantly, in searching for new ferroelectric electrocaloric cooling materials, it is possible to find materials whose free energy barrier height changes rapidly with temperature, such materials have a faster change rate with polarization temperature in terms of ferroelectric macroscopic properties, from them could get superior electrocaloric effects. We compile a relatively comprehensive computational design on the high performance of electrocaloric effects in different types of ferroelectrics and offer a perspective on the computational design of electrocaloric refrigeration materials at the mesoscale microstructure level.
Acetylshikonin induces autophagy‐dependent apoptosis through the key LKB1‐AMPK and PI3K/Akt‐regulated mTOR signalling pathways in HL‐60 cells
Authors: Wu Meng‐Di , Zhang Yuan‐Ying , Yi Shu‐Ying , Sun Bei‐Bei , Lan Jing , Jiang Han‐Ming , Hao Gang‐Ping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAcetylshikonin (ASK) is a natural naphthoquinone derivative of traditional Chinese medicine Lithospermum erythrorhyzon. It has been reported that ASK has bactericidal, anti‐inflammatory and antitumour effects. However, whether ASK induces apoptosis and autophagy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. Here, we explored the roles of apoptosis and autophagy in ASK‐induced cell death and the potential molecular mechanisms in human AML HL‐60 cells. The results demonstrated that ASK remarkably inhibited the cell proliferation, viability and induced apoptosis in HL‐60 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, and ASK promoted cell cycle arrest in the S‐phase. In addition, the increased formation of autophagosomes, the turnover from light chain 3B (LC3B) I to LC3B II and decrease of P62 suggested the induction of autophagy by ASK. Furthermore, ASK significantly decreased PI3K, phospho‐Akt and p‐p70S6K expression, while enhanced phospho‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phospho‐liver kinase B1(LKB1) expression. The suppression of ASK‐induced the conversion from LC3B I to LC3B II caused by the application of inhibitors of AMPK (compound C) demonstrated that ASK‐induced autophagy depends on the LKB1/AMPK pathway. These data suggested that the autophagy induced by ASK were dependent on the activation of LKB1/AMPK signalling and suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cleavage of the apoptosis‐related markers caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 and the activity of caspase‐3 induced by ASK were markedly reduced by inhibitor of AMPK (compound C), an autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and another autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Taken together, our data reveal that ASK‐induced HL‐60 cell apoptosis is dependent on the activation of autophagy via the LKB1/AMPK and PI3K/Akt‐regulated mTOR signalling pathways.
Hippocampal subfield involvement in patients with transient global amnesia
Authors: Wittayer Matthias , Hoyer Carolin , Roßmanith Christina , Platten Michael , Gass Achim , Szabo Kristina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeTransient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare neurological disorder causing a transient disturbance of episodic long‐term memory. Its etiology remains yet to be identified; the only consistently reported findings in patients with TGA are small hyperintense lesions in the hippocampus on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). The aim of this study was to define whether these lesions are subfield specific, as suggested previously.MethodsHigh‐resolution multiplanar reformation T1 and DWI of the hippocampus were acquired in 25 patients after TGA with a total of 43 hippocampal lesions. Hippocampal subfields were determined using the FreeSurfer software and the location of the DWI lesions was transformed to the T1 images after data co‐registration. Additionally, hippocampal subfield volumes in each patient were calculated and compared with that of 20 healthy controls.ResultsHippocampal lesions were most frequently detected in the cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) subfield (30.2%), the hippocampal tail (28.0%), and the subiculum (21.0%); however, lesions were also found in other subfields. There was no significant difference between patients and controls concerning the volumes of the hippocampal subfields.ConclusionsContrasting previous assumptions, we found DWI hyperintense lesions not to be restricted to the CA1 subfield. The visualization of focal hippocampal lesions on diffusion imaging located to several different hippocampal subfields suggests a potential pathophysiology of TGA independent of microstructural hippocampal anatomy and subfield‐specific vulnerability.
Neuroimaging of primary mitochondrial disorders in children: A review
Authors: Huisman Thierry A. G. M. , Kralik Stephen F. , Desai Nilesh K. , Serrallach Bettina L. , Orman Gunes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMitochondrial disorders represent a diverse and complex group of entities typified by defective energy metabolism. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is typically impaired, which is the predominant source of energy production. Because mitochondria are present in nearly all organs, multiple systems may be affected including the central nervous system, skeletal muscles, kidneys, and liver. In particular, those organs that are metabolically active with high energy demands are explicitly vulnerable. Initial diagnostic work up relies on a detailed evaluation of clinical symptoms including physical examination as well as a comprehensive review of the evolution of symptoms over time, relation to possible “triggering” events (eg, fever, infection), blood workup, and family history. High‐end neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in establishing diagnosis, narrowing differential diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and predicting prognosis. The pattern and characteristics of the neuroimaging findings are often highly suggestive of a mitochondrial disorder; unfortunately, in many cases the wide variability of involved metabolic processes prevents a more specific subclassification. Consequently, additional diagnostic steps including muscle biopsy, metabolic workup, and genetic tests are necessary. In the current manuscript, basic concepts of energy production, genetics, and inheritance patterns are reviewed. In addition, the imaging findings of several illustrative mitochondrial disorders are presented to familiarize the involved physicians with pediatric mitochondrial disorders. In addition, the significance of spinal cord imaging and the value of “reversed image‐based discovery” for the recognition and correct (re‐)classification of mitochondrial disorders is discussed.
Effect of side switch frequency on masticatory performance and rhythm in adults with natural dentition: A randomised crossover trial
Authors: Ignatova‐Mishutina Tatiana , Khoury‐Ribas Laura , Flores‐Orozco Elan Ignacio , Rovira‐Lastra Bernat , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe relationships between the frequency of masticatory side switches (MSS) and other aspects of masticatory function are not clear.ObjectivesIn this study, we determined the effect of MSS frequency on masticatory performance and rhythm in dentate adults and explored the between‐subject relationships among side switch frequency, masticatory rhythm and laterality.MethodsIn this crossover study, subjects performed six masticatory patterns of five trials each, chewing bagged silicone for 20 cycles. The six patterns were freestyle, unilateral right, unilateral left, and switching sides one, three and five times. Masticatory performance and rhythm were determined for each style by median particle size (MPS) and chewing cycle duration, respectively. In the freestyle mastication pattern, masticatory laterality was assessed by the unilateral chewing index, and the frequency of MSS was assessed by the MSS Index. Data were analysed using Friedman's test and repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsWe included 29 participants (15 women; median age, 23 years). No significant between‐subjects differences in the MPS were detected obtained by switching one, three or five times per trial. Chewing cycle duration increased with the MSS number per trial. During freestyle mastication, the MSS Index was inversely correlated with the unilateral chewing index (Rho −0.569; 95% CI −0.25 to −0.78; p = .001; Spearman test), but not with the MPS or chewing cycle duration.ConclusionDifferences in MSS frequency do not affect masticatory performance, but they do alter the masticatory rhythm. Individuals with a higher MSS frequency also have a more symmetrical chewing pattern.
Liver regeneration: Cellular origin and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Huang Ru , Zhang Xin , Gracia‐Sancho Jordi , Xie Wei‐Fen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe liver is known as an organ with high proliferation potential. Clarifying the cellular origin and deepening the understanding of liver regeneration mechanisms will help provide new directions for the treatment of liver disease. With the development and application of lineage tracing technology, the specific distribution and dynamic changes of hepatocyte subpopulations in homeostasis and liver injury have been illustrated. Self‐replication of hepatocytes is responsible for the maintenance of liver function and mass under homeostasis. The compensatory proliferation of remaining hepatocytes is the main mechanism of liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver injury. Transdifferentiation between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes has been recognized upon severe chronic liver injury. Wnt/β‐catenin, Hippo/YAP and Notch signalling play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostatic liver and hepatocyte‐to‐cholangiocyte conversion under liver injury. In this review, we summarized the recent studies on cell origin of newly generated hepatocytes and the underlying mechanisms of liver regeneration in homeostasis and liver injury.
Military Dogs and Their Soldier Companions: The More‐than‐human Biopolitics of Leishmaniasis in Conflict‐torn Colombia
Authors: Pinto‐García Lina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector‐borne disease that produces growing skin ulcers. In Colombia, the transmitting phlebotomine sandfly is native to the same jungles that have been the primary theater of war. Although combatants are the most affected by leishmaniasis, military landmine detection dogs are also significantly impacted. This article draws on ethnographic field research with human and canine members of the Colombian military. While their leishmaniasis ulcers constitute a shared expression of violence that makes evident the closeness of the human–dog bond, differences in their state‐provided health care reveal the production of shifting species hierarchies. I argue that war scrambles both human–dog affective relationships and biopolitically configured interspecies hierarchies in ways that produce suffering, not just for humans and dogs separately, but also for the bonds they forge together. Building peace through health care demands repairing the ways in which armed violence has rendered the bonds between humans and nonhumans pathological.
Global flyway evolution in red knots Calidris canutus and genetic evidence for a Nearctic refugium
Authors: Conklin Jesse R. , Verkuil Yvonne I. , Battley Phil F. , Hassell Chris J. , ten Horn Job , Johnson James A. , Tomkovich Pavel S. , Baker Allan J. , Piersma Theunis , Fontaine Michaël C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPresent‐day ecology and population structure are the legacies of past climate and habitat perturbations, and this is particularly true for species that are widely distributed at high latitudes. The red knot, Calidris canutus, is an arctic‐breeding, long‐distance migratory shorebird with six recognized subspecies defined by differences in morphology, migration behavior, and annual cycle phenology, in a global distribution thought to have arisen just since the last glacial maximum (LGM). We used nextRAD sequencing of 10,881 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess the neutral genetic structure and phylogeographic history of 172 red knots representing all known global breeding populations. Using population genetics approaches, including model‐based scenario‐testing in an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, we infer that red knots derive from two main lineages that diverged ca. 34,000 years ago, and thus most probably persisted at the LGM in both Palearctic and Nearctic refugia, followed by at least two instances of secondary contact and admixture. Within two Beringian subspecies (C. c. roselaari and rogersi), we detected previously unknown genetic structure among sub‐populations sharing a migratory flyway, reflecting additional complexity in the phylogeographic history of the region. Conversely, we found very weak genetic differentiation between two Nearctic populations (rufa and islandica) with clearly divergent migratory phenotypes and little or no apparent contact throughout the annual cycle. Together, these results suggest that relative gene flow among migratory populations reflects a complex interplay of historical, geographical, and ecological factors.
The stem rust effector protein AvrSr50 escapes Sr50 recognition by a substitution in a single surface‐exposed residue
Authors: Ortiz Diana , Chen Jian , Outram Megan A. , Saur Isabel M.L. , Upadhyaya Narayana M. , Mago Rohit , Ericsson Daniel J. , Cesari Stella , Chen Chunhong , Williams Simon J. , Dodds Peter N. 
Published: February 2022

Summary

Pathogen effectors are crucial players during plant colonisation and infection. Plant resistance mostly relies on effector recognition to activate defence responses. Understanding how effector proteins escape from plant surveillance is important for plant breeding and resistance deployment.

Here we examined the role of genetic diversity of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt)) AvrSr50 gene in determining recognition by the corresponding wheat Sr50 resistance gene. We solved the crystal structure of a natural variant of AvrSr50 and used site‐directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays to dissect the molecular mechanisms explaining gain of virulence.

We report that AvrSr50 can escape recognition by Sr50 through different mechanisms including DNA insertion, stop codon loss or by amino‐acid variation involving a single substitution of the AvrSr50 surface‐exposed residue Q121. We also report structural homology of AvrSr50 to cupin superfamily members and carbohydrate‐binding modules indicating a potential role in binding sugar moieties.

This study identifies key polymorphic sites present in AvrSr50 alleles from natural stem rust populations that play important roles to escape from Sr50 recognition. This constitutes an important step to better understand Pgt effector evolution and to monitor AvrSr50 variants in natural rust populations.
Comparison of Radiological and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Standard Plating versus Intramedullary Nailing in Distal Tibial Fracture
Authors: Chun Dong‐Il , Min Tae‐Hong , Kang Eun Myeong , Yu Woojin , Won Sung Hun , Cho Jaeho , Yi Young 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes including hindfoot alignment after plate vs intramedullary nailing (IMN) for distal tibia fracture and to define radiologic parameters that influence changes in hindfoot alignment.MethodsAmong 92 patients with distal tibia metaphyseal fractures treated from 2002 to 2015, 39 cases of intramedullary nailing and 53 cases of standard plate osteosynthesis were performed. Union rate and complication rate were compared in both groups. Radiographic measurements including hindfoot angulation, moment arm, calcaneal pitch angle, and Meary angle were evaluated at a minimum of 1‐year follow‐up. Hindfoot alignment changes after surgery were compared between both groups using student t‐test. Correlation and regression were analyzed between fracture alignment parameters and hindfoot alignment.ResultsAll patients ultimately healed, with an average union period of 26 weeks in both groups. The AOFAS and VAS scores were not significantly different between the two groups. Complications were similar between the two groups. Hindfoot alignment angle, calcaneal pitch, and Meary angle showed no significant differences between the groups. The hindfoot moment arm increased with valgus in the IMN group. A low correlation was detected between angulation at the fracture site in the coronal view and hindfoot alignment (angulation and moment arm) changes (R = 0.38). A significantly high correlation was noted only between transverse rotation and hindfoot alignment changes (R = 0.79).ConclusionsRotation in the transverse plane notably influenced changes in hindfoot alignment. And this suggests that patients with distal tibia fracture should be closely monitored for hindfoot alignment changes caused by intraoperative transverse rotation regardless of the fixation method.
Stability of 3D perturbations near a special 2D solution to the rotating Boussinesq equations
Authors: Ma Liangliang , Wu Jiahong , Zhang Qian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe three‐dimensional (3D) rotating Boussinesq system governs the dynamics of fluid flows in the atmosphere and the ocean. It admits a special two‐dimensional (2D) solution which involves only vertical motion and density changes that both vary only in the horizontal plane. This solution illustrates the important effect of gravity and leads to the renowned Brunt–Väisälä frequency. A natural question with practical applications is whether or not general 3D perturbations near this 2D solution are stable. This paper establishes the stability of any 3D perturbations even when the Boussinesq system involves only horizontal dissipation and horizontal thermal conduction. An anisotropic Sobolev setting is selected to reduce the regularity assumption on the initial data.
How being observed influences preschoolers’ emotions following (less) deserving help
Authors: Gerdemann Stella C. , Büchner Ronja , Hepach Robert 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChildren sometimes show positive emotions in response to seeing others being helped, yet it remains poorly understood whether there is a strategic value to such emotional expressions. Here, we investigated the influence seeing a peer receive deserving help or not on children's emotions, which were assessed while the peer was present or not. To measure children's emotional expression, we used a motion depth sensor imaging camera, which recorded children's body posture. Five‐year‐old children (N = 122) worked on a task which yielded greater rewards for them compared to their peer, rendering the peer to be in greater need of help. An adult—who was unaware of the different levels of neediness—then either helped the child who had a lesser need for help (less deserving outcome) or helped the needier peer (deserving outcome). Overall, both children showed a lowered body posture, a more negative emotional expression, after not being helped and an elevated body posture, a more positive emotional expression, after being helped. Seeing their peer (less deservedly) not receive help, and to a lesser extent being observed, blunted children's otherwise positive emotions in response to receiving help. These results are discussed in the broader theoretical context of how children's emotions sometimes reflect their commitment to cooperative relationships with peers.
Primary school students’ attitudes towards peers displaying hyperactivity: Examining impacts of homophily and inter‐group contact on students’ social inclusion
Authors: Hassani Sepideh , Schwab Susanne , Boda Zsofia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEarlier research has indicated that students displaying hyperactivity struggle with their social inclusion. To foster social inclusion, students’ attitudes as well as inter‐group contact have been identified as possible key factors. In this study, the social inclusion of students who display hyperactivity in general and classmates’ attitudes towards such peers have been investigated. Data of 314 students (aged 9–11) and estimated dynamic social network models for the co‐evolution of friendships and attitudes are relied on. Results reveal that students displaying hyperactivity are at risk of lower social inclusion. Results do not indicate that having friends or classmates who display hyperactivity is significantly associated with one's attitudes towards such peers in either causal direction.
Buckling of Bulk Structures With Finite Prebuckling Deformation
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Su Yewang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The prebuckling deformation of structures is neglected in most of the conventional buckling theory (CBT) and numerical method (CNM), because it is usually very small in conventional concepts. In the preceding paper (Su et al., 2019), we found a class of structures from the emerging field of stretchable electronics, of which the prebuckling deformation became large and essential for determining the critical buckling load, and developed a systematic buckling theory for 3D beams considering the effects of finite prebuckling deformation (FPD). For bulk structures that appear vastly in the advanced structures, a few buckling theories consider the effects of the prebuckling deformation in constitutive equations by energy method, which are significantly important but not straightforward and universal enough. In this paper, a systematic and straightforward theory for the FPD buckling of bulk structures is developed with the use of two constitutive models. The variables for the prebuckling deformation serve as the coefficients of the incremental displacements, deformation components, and stress in the buckling analysis. Four methods, including the CBT, CNM, DLU (disturbing-loading-unloading method) method and FPD buckling theory, are applied to the classic problems, including buckling of an elastic semi-plane solid and buckling of an elastic rectangular solid, respectively. Compared with the accurate buckling load from the DLU method, the FPD buckling theory is able to give a good prediction, while the CBT and CNM may yield unacceptable results (with 70% error for the buckling of an elastic semi-plane solid).