bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boas—Sapir—Bloomfield
Authors: Silverstein Michael 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCountering evolutionary and racist notions that languages of so-called primitive peoples lacked determinate sounds, just as they were held to lack expectable categories of morphosyntax, Boas demonstrated that every language has a phonetic (i.e., phonological) system of categories of sound that serves as the apperceptional grid for the production and reception of language. Sapir elaborated the ‘psychological reality’ of a structured system of ‘true points of the phonetic pattern’ on the basis of a distributional analysis of a combinatoric grammar of sound, contrasting such an abstraction from the minutiae of token phonetic variations in measurable articulation. Bloomfield, conceptualizing phonological segments as bundles (Boolean combinations) of ‘distinctive features’, systematized and codified the synchronic phonological perspective of distributionalism, re-thinking Neogrammarian doctrine in its terms. In all their descriptive work, these theorists worked across the gradient boundaries of what later—among their students and successors—became the problematic and controversial distinction between ‘phonemic’ and ‘morphophonemic’.
Historical notes on constraint-and-repair approaches
Authors: Calabrese Andrea 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA phonological process can be accounted for not only in terms of a rule that simultaneously identifies a configuration to be changed and prescribes what to do to it, but also by means of a negative constraint that states that a certain configuration is illicit but does not prescribe how to fix or remove it. A further operation—a repair—is used to do that. The second approach is inherently more complex since other possible repairs need to be excluded. Starting from the mid-1980s there was a general feeling among phonologists that such complexity was needed in phonological analysis, if not always, at least in the account of certain processes. I will investigate the theoretical and empirical motivations that led to the development of constraint-and-repair approaches in the works of Singh, Paradis, and Calabrese, and their collaborators, and also discuss the differences and commonalities these approaches have with Optimality Theory.
More than seventy years of probabilistic phonology
Authors: Pierrehumbert Janet B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe idea that phonology is probabilistic goes back to Pāṇini, and the classic distinction between accidental and systematic gaps in the lexicon is implicitly probabilistic. This idea took on new vigour just over seventy years ago with Shannon’s work on information theory. It is now supported by a wide variety of studies concerning all levels of representation in the theory of sound structure. Models that use probabilities have had striking successes in capturing how people learn the sound patterns of their language from experience, and deploy their knowledge productively and adaptively. However, people’s patterns in production often deviate systematically from the statistical patterns in the input they receive. Cognitive biases, propensities for regularity and structure, and social influences on attention and memory, all play important roles.
Phonological theory and computational modelling
Authors: Chandlee Jane , Jardine Adam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe computational modelling of phonology is almost as old as generative phonology itself. Johnson (1972) and Kaplan & Kaye (1981, 1994) showed that SPE rules can be modelled with finite-state machines, after which finite-state modelling became the bedrock of computational phonology, eventually informing computational autosegmental phonology (e.g., Kornai 1991, 1995) and Optimality Theory (e.g., Ellison 1994). More recently, computational modelling has informed phonological theory, following two strands of research: stochastic learning from corpus data and gradient acceptability judgements (e.g., Hayes & Wilson 2008; Albright 2009), and the study of the computational nature of phonological patterns (e.g., Heinz 2007). One can expect that the role computational modelling plays in the explanation of phonological cognition and learning will only increase.
Learnability in phonology
Authors: Heinz Jeffrey , Rawski Jonathan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the brief but vibrant history of learnability in phonology. We trace the question of learnability back to the foundational crises in mathematics and computer science, through the synthesis of these fields with linguistics, and onwards to the foundational problems of language, and phonological, learning. We observe this history is mostly one-sided, with many ideas from learning imported to phonology, but rarely the converse. We review some of the most significant interactions between formal learnability and phonology, topics such as the necessity of structured hypothesis spaces, the credit/blame/hidden structure problem, and the subset principle. We finish by discussing several overarching tensions pervading this field: the role of mathematical descriptions versus computational simulations of learning, typological versus learnability concerns in grammar design, and debates on the psychological reality of phonological grammars. As a field, we should not fear rapid change or the many flowering prospects.
Prologue
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The prologue sets out the importance of dictionaries in the culture of the early modern British Isles; explains that this book is the first volume of a trilogy covering the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries; and explains the extent of the subject matter of the book and of the trilogy. There are four key points: the book includes all dictionaries made or read by speakers of the English language or the Scots language; it includes wordlists of every size, from glossaries to large free-standing dictionaries; it attends to traditions of lexicography rather than fetishizing originality; and it is concerned with the history of reading dictionaries as well as the history of making dictionaries.
The first printed dictionaries of English, French, and Latin
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 turns from manuscripts to the first printed dictionaries: incunables and post-incunables. These include the short English-language wordlists associated with the ‘Boke of St Albans’; the first bilingual French and English wordlist, which may have been the work of William Caxton, and its successors by Giles Du Wes and others; some short early lists of legal terms and of Greek and Arabic words; the early printed editions of the Promptorium parvulorum and of a Latin dictionary with English glosses called the Ortus vocabulorum (with remarks on their circulation and their eventual obsolescence); some small schoolbooks in wordlist form; and some medical texts with lexicographical elements, notably herbals.
Polyglot dictionaries
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 gives an account of the polyglot, or multilingual, dictionaries of the sixteenth century which included English. In all of these, English-language equivalents were added to existing dictionaries in continental European traditions. They might have subject-ordered macrostructure, like the Sex linguarum dictionarius of 1537, or alphabetical macrostructure, like the Colloques ou dialogues avec un dictionaire en six langues of 1576; they might include dialogues or phrasebook material. Their headwords might be Latin, and one of them, the Nomenclator of Hadrianus Junius, included some interesting post-classical Latin. A polyglot tradition based on the Dictionarium of Calepino matched English words with equivalents in ten other ancient and modern languages.
Bilingual dictionaries of vernacular languages in the 1540s and 1550s
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns to the first bilingual dictionaries of English and vernacular languages other than French. The first of these was William Salesbury’s Dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe of 1547, the only Welsh dictionary to be printed in the sixteenth century, though others were made and remained in manuscript. It was followed by the work of another Welshman, William Thomas’s Italian dictionary of 1550, and by a couple of short Spanish wordlists produced after the marriage of the queen of England to the heir to the kingdom of Spain. Short wordlists in languages such as Breton and Romani were also produced, as was a very short list of words in languages of the New World including Taino.
Latin dictionaries of the 1550s
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the Latin dictionaries, all smaller than the Bibliotheca Eliotae, and all meant as schoolbooks or (in at least one case) undergraduate textbooks, which followed in the wake of that large work. One of these, Jean Véron’s Latin–English–French Dictionariolum puerorum of 1552, was closely based on a dictionary by Robert Estienne; a second, Richard Howlet’s alphabetized English–Latin Abcedarium of the same year, was based on the English wordlist of Palsgrave and the Latin of the Bibliotheca Eliotae; a third, John Withals’s subject-ordered English–Latin Shorte dictionarie of 1553, is based on a continental European school dictionary. Another compilation of the 1550s, an English–Latin work by John Barrett, was not published until 1574, but the first stage of its making is discussed here.
Elizabethan dictionaries of vernacular languages before Florio
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 returns to the subject of wordlists of vernacular languages. It gives an account of some short practical wordlists of French, printed in the 1560s, and some shorter wordlists of Irish which remained in manuscript, before turning to more substantial dictionaries of French (Lucas Harrison’s of 1571, revised by Claudius Hollyband in 1580 and 1593); of Spanish (there was a burst of productivity in 1590 and 1591); and of Russian (Mark Ridley’s unpublished work of the 1590s, including the first serious attempt at a bidirectional dictionary of any language with English). It ends with an account of shorter wordlists of languages of North America, West Africa, the Arctic, South East Asia, the Caribbean, and Madagascar.
Dictionaries of Latin and Greek from 1581 to 1600
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 completes the story of the Latin dictionaries of sixteenth-century England, and adds that of the Greek dictionaries produced in the 1580s and 1590s, with particular attention to the publishing history of these dictionaries. It begins with the Greek–Latin Lexicon Graecolatinum of Edward Grant; the Latin–Greek–English edition of Guillaume Morel’s Verborum Latinorum commentarii produced by Abraham Fleming; two smaller dictionaries with revisions by Fleming; and John Higgins’s Latin–English version of Hadrianus Junius’ subject-ordered polyglot Nomenclator. Next come the first major dictionaries produced in close association with the universities, Thomas Thomas’s Latin–English Dictionarium (Cambridge) and John Rider’s English–Latin Bibliotheca scholastica (Oxford). These were resented by the London book trade, leading to what might be called the first of the dictionary wars of the English-speaking world. The chapter ends with the first Latin–Scots dictionary, by Andrew Duncan, and the eccentric little dictionaries of Simon Sturtevant.
Wordlists with Hebrew, Arabic, and Armenian
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 turns to the learned languages of the Mediterranean world and eastern Christianity. The first of these was produced by William Patten in 1570, in the course of his decipherment of an Armenian manuscript. Patten also produced a guide to Hebrew words in the English translation of the Bible, including many proper names. Another wordlist of biblical proper names was presented as one of the ‘concordances’ issued with an important English translation of the Bible, and a short Hebrew dictionary was published as part of John Udall’s Key of the holy tongue in 1593. The continental European book trade brought other Hebrew dictionaries to the British Isles. The Arabic dictionary of William Bedwell remained in manuscript.
The dictionaries of Florio and Minsheu
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 concludes the story of the sixteenth-century dictionaries of English with other vernacular languages, by turning to two large and important works. The first, the Italian–English Worlde of wordes of John Florio, is notable for its amplitude, for its excellent English prose style, and for the ambitious reading programme which underpinned it. It is discussed together with smaller wordlists by Florio. The second dictionary discussed here, John Minsheu’s Spanish–English dictionary, is on a similar scale to Florio’s, and also reflects original reading in literary sources. Both were influential on later lexicography in the British Isles and, in Minsheu’s case, further afield.
Lists of old words
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 turns to the beginnings of English historical lexicography, in the form of wordlists of older varieties of English: what we would call Old English and Middle English, though this periodization was not used in the sixteenth century. Wordlists which included Old English were made from the middle of the century onwards, notably by the antiquary Laurence Nowell (in marginalia in a copy of Howlet’s Abcedarium, and in a free-standing wordlist notable for its interest in contemporary regionalisms) and John Joscelyn. Wordlists from Anglo-Saxon England also circulated. None of these were printed. Most of the wordlists which included later Middle English were produced in the 1580s and 1590s. Two of the most important registered Chaucerian vocabulary, mixed in one case with other archaisms.
Lists of hard words, and of words in general use
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 16 begins with the first lists of ‘hard words’, the non-technical vocabulary of formal or literary language. These often supported the reading of biblical and other Christian texts by people who were not highly educated, including women readers. It then turns to the first general wordlists produced for learners, particularly the long list printed without glosses in Richard Mulcaster’s First Part of the Elementarie, and, glossed and shortened, in Edmund Coote’s English Schoole-Maister, which would become the basis for the hard-word dictionary tradition of the seventeenth century. It concludes with general wordlists for special purposes: two which were imagined but never completed (one in the service of spelling reform and one in the service of poetic composition), and two which were printed (one as an appendix to a grammar and one as part of a treatise on secret writing).
Illiterate Inmates
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book tells the story of the emergence, at the turn of the nineteenth century, of a powerful idea—the provision of education in prisons for those accused and convicted of crime—and its execution over the century that followed. Using evidence from both local and convict prisons, the book shows how education became part of the modern penal regime. While the curriculum largely reflected that of mainstream elementary schools, the delivery of education, shaped by the penal environment, created an entirely different educational experience. At the same time, philosophies of imprisonment which prioritised punishment and deterrence over reformation undermined any socially reconstructive ambitions. Thus the period between 1800 and 1899 witnessed the rise and fall of the prison school in England.
Education and the Changing Penal Regime
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 continues to explore the consequences of penal reform for the provision of education in prisons in the mid-Victorian period. It focuses, in particular, on the delivery of education in prisons. Although the use of separation for reformatory purposes was largely discredited after 1850, a new generation of penal reformers was attracted to its painful properties. In order to limit association in prisons even further, penal reformers insisted on the implementation of cellular instruction: one-to-one tuition delivered by teachers to prisoners in their cells. This transformed the experience of learning and heralded another significant divergence from mainstream elementary education. It also had a dramatic impact on the time that prisoners spent ‘at school’. Renewed emphasis on the performance of hard labour gave rise to new pressures to schedule instruction in the evening. The new network of convict prisons established to facilitate sentences of penal servitude encouraged the professionalisation of teachers in that sector. In local prisons, the persistent use of prison warders as teachers prevented the achievement of better working conditions and professionalisation for prison schoolmasters and schoolmistresses.
The Attempt to Rebalance
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
By the early 1890s, confidence in Edmund Du Cane’s uniform and retributionist system of imprisonment had begun to wane. There were conflicts between Du Cane and Home Office officials and politicians, some of whom were influenced by humanitarianism and Philosophical Idealism. In 1895 the Gladstone Committee acknowledged the cruelty and inhumanity that had come to characterise the late-nineteenth-century penal regime and called for more attention to reformatory technologies in prisons, including education and training. A new prison education committee (the Mitford Committee) was established to investigate whether scholarly instruction should be offered in prisons and under what terms. The recommendations of the Mitford Committee, based on evidence from prison officers, teachers, educational experts and prisoners, were modest and reinforced existing modes of delivery. In response, the Prison Commissioners, now led by a new chairman, Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, implemented a new scheme for education in local and convict prisons which differed little in its essentials from that imposed in 1880.
A Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (subject, verb, order (SVO) basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the Relation between Asymmetry and Non-Doubling Object Marking (RANDOM), and the Asymmetry Wants Single Object Marking (AWSOM) correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking—a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
Features in agreement and licensing
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChapter 5 brings the analyses in the previous chapters together, showing relations between parameter settings. The chapter first discusses ϕ features on heads in the clause, showing an implicational relation Appl &gt; v &gt; T, but ϕ on C is independent. This can be captured in a parameter hierarchy motivated by general learning biases. Second, the salience features [Person] and [Topic] are shown to reveal and explain two correlations between featural parameters: the RANDOM (the Relation between Asymmetry and Non-Doubling Object Marking) and the AWSOM (Asymmetry Wants Single Object Marking). These too can be understood from the perspective of acquiring emergent features. It is argued that the featural approach is conceptually more attractive than Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
The Usual Suspects
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7, ‘Rewards’, focuses on the self-expressed motivations of armed robbery, and crime more broadly. The ‘usual suspects’ of fast cash and the interrelation with drugs are expounded in this chapter. Some fantasized about a lavish lifestyle—staying in hotels, driving flash cars, impressing women, frequenting casinos, and generally throwing money around with abandon—whereas others were servicing an expensive drug addiction. Irrespective of how much money was gained from a robbery or what it was spent on, there was one thing they all had in common: the proceeds would be spent almost immediately, thus quickly necessitating the next crime.
Tory-Socialists
Authors: Brodie Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The views of Labour ‘Tory-socialist’ politicians in this period, such as opposition to interference of the state with the ‘pleasures’ of the working class, have been said to represent attitudes within their poor constituencies. But the views of many of these politicians have been misrepresented. They in fact often desired government action to deal with problems—and the personal failings of others—in their communities, and so in this way aligned with the views of many of the poor we saw in earlier chapters. The ballots of union members on ‘half-time’ education in northern textile areas have also been said to show how workers resisted state intervention. But these votes need to be read in the context of the divisions within these trades and areas—between the better-off and the unskilled, and between men and women. The evidence they provide is much more complex than usually thought.
Harmonization and Integration in Africa: The Case of Competition Law and Policy
Authors: Dawar Kamala , Lipimile George 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the process of harmonization of competition law and policy in Africa in the context of economic integration under the AU through its adoption of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area. The chapter undertakes a comparative examination of the various stages of development of competition laws and authorities across Africa. It identifies the role of AU institutions and law in harmonizing competition principles across overlapping memberships of the different Regional Economic Communities, as well as the diversity among the domestic competition frameworks which have already been developed on the African continent. The chapter concludes by assessing the various options and recommendations for harmonizing competition policy and integrating competition law in the context of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement under the aegis of the AU.