bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing basic and translational research to deepen understanding of the molecular immune-mediated mechanisms regulating long-term persistence of HIV-1 in microglia in the adult human brain
Authors: Boucher Thomas , Liang Shijun , Brown Amanda M 
Published: May 2022

AbstractKnowledge about the diversity microglia (MG) type and function in the rodent and human brain has advanced significantly in the last few years. Nevertheless, we have known for 40 years that MG, monocytes, and macrophages in the brain play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the HIV-1 in all tissues. HIV enters and spreads in the brain early, long before the initiation of antiviral therapy. As a result, many people with HIV continue to experience neurologic and neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV pathogenic sequelae in the CNS pose a challenge for cure strategies. Detailed understanding at a mechanistic level of how low-level and latent HIV-1 infection in MG negatively impacts neuroglial function has remained somewhat elusive. Direct rigorous in vivo experimental validation that the virus can integrate into MG and assume a latent but reactivatable state has remained constrained. However, there is much excitement that human in vitro models for MG can now help close the gap. This review will provide a brief background to place the role of MG in the ongoing neurologic complications of HIV infection of the CNS, then focus on the use and refinement of human postmitotic monocyte-derived MG-like cells and how they are being applied to advance research on HIV persistence and proinflammatory signaling in the CNS. Critically, an understanding of myeloid plasticity and heterogeneity and rigorous attention to all aspects of cell handling is essential for reproducibility.Summary Sentence: This review focuses on human postmitotic monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as tools to advance research on HIV persistence and neuroinflammatory signaling.
Is local food consumption memorable? Exploration of a multidimensional measurement scale to explain tourists' memorable local food consumption experiences
Authors: Badu‐Baiden Frank , Kim Seongseop (Sam) 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecent trends in local food consumption have stimulated research interest in what makes tourists' local food experiences memorable. Despite previous attempts at investigating this phenomenon, theoretical gaps exist regarding its dimensional structure and the measurement of memorable local food consumption experiences (MLFCEs). Therefore, this study sought to examine the underlying dimensionality and measurement of MLFCEs. An eight‐factor structure for MLFCEs was generated. The overall construct satisfied a series of convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity tests. Furthermore, the scale showed strong explanatory power with regard to attitude toward local food, subjective wellbeing, and destination loyalty. Future studies may benefit from using this scale in different contexts to understand tourists' psychological mechanisms for remembering their experiences.
Wave damping by seagrass meadows in combined wave‐current conditions
Authors: Beth Schaefer Rachel , Nepf Heidi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLaboratory experiments using an artificial seagrass meadow modeled after Zostera marina measured the impact of following currents on meadow‐induced wave decay as a function of the imposed current velocity , wave velocity , and wave Cauchy number , which is the ratio of hydrodynamic drag force to restoring force due to blade stiffness. For small wave‐induced reconfiguration of individual seagrass blades and the addition of current enhanced reconfiguration, which decreased wave decay relative to pure wave conditions. In contrast, when the wave‐induced reconfiguration was large , the addition of following current did not significantly enhance blade reconfiguration or impact wave damping. Due to canopy drag, the current velocity within the submerged meadow, , was significantly smaller than the depth‐averaged current , and a better prediction of wave decay was achieved using as the relevant velocity. The measured wave decay validated predictions based on a modified Cauchy number, defined for combined waves and current and using the in‐canopy velocity . Practical assumptions to facilitate the prediction of wave decay in the field are discussed and validated.
Synthesis and Linker‐Controlled Self‐Assembly of Dendritic Amphiphiles with Branched Fluorinated Tails
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Schade Boris , Rosati Marta , Rashmi Rashmi , Dichiarante Valentina , Cavallo Gabriella , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Haag Rainer 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAmphiphiles containing fluorinated segments tend to aggregate in the aqueous solution into structure of lower curvature than their hydrocarbon analogs due to their larger diameter. A benefit of supramolecular structures incorporating fluorine moieties is their high electron density, which can be viewed in cryo‐TEM with better contrast than their hydrogenated forms. A modular approach has been developed for the synthesis of a new family of nonionic branched amphiphiles consisting of oligoglycerol units (G2) as the hydrophilic part and a branched fluorinated (F27) hydrophobic part. The design of this hydrophobic moiety allows to achieve a higher fluorine density than the previously used straight‐chain perfluoroalkanes. Two different chemical approaches, amide, and triazole, are used to link the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. In addition, the aggregation behavior is investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo‐TEM. The measurements prove the formation of multivesicular (MVVs) and multilamellar (MLVs) vesicles as well as smaller unilamellar vesicles. Further, the cell viability test proves the low cell toxicity of these nanoarchitectures for potential biomedical applications.
Surgical and demographic predictors of free flap salvage after takeback: A systematic review
Authors: Odorico Scott K. , Reuter Muñoz Katie , J. Nicksic Peter , Gunderson Kirsten A. , Wood Kasey , H. Nkana Zeeda , Bond Evalina , Poore Samuel O. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundMicrosurgical free tissue transfer (FTT) is a widely employed surgical modality utilized for reconstruction of a broad range of defects, including head and neck, extremity, and breast. Flap survival is reported to be 90%–95%. When FTT fails, salvage procedures aim at establishing reperfusion while limiting ischemia time—with salvage rates between 22% and 67%. There are limited data‐driven predictors of successful salvage present in the literature. This systematic review aims to identify predictors of flap salvage.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Articles included in the final analysis were limited to those investigating FTT salvage procedures and included factors impacting outcomes. Cohort and case series (>5 flaps) studies up until March 2021 were included. Chi‐square tests and linear regression modeling was completed for analysis.ResultsThe patient‐specific factors significantly associated with salvage included the absence of hypercoagulability (p < .00001) and no previous salvage attempts (p < .00001). Case‐specific factors significantly associated with salvage included trunk/breast flaps (p < .00001), fasciocutaneous/osteocutaneous flaps (p = .006), venous compromise (p < .00001), and shorter time from index procedure to salvage attempt (R = .746). Radiation in the head and neck population was significantly associated with flap salvage failure.ConclusionsGiven the complexity and challenges surrounding free flap salvage procedures, the goal of this manuscript was to present data helping guide surgical decision‐making. Based on our findings, patients without documented hypercoagulability, no previous salvage attempts, fasciocutaneous/osteocutaneous flaps, trunk/breast flaps, and a shorter time interval post‐index operation are the best candidates for a salvage attempt.
DHNet: High‐resolution and hierarchical network for cross‐domain OCT speckle noise reduction
Authors: Zhou Yi , Li Jiang , Wang Meng , Peng Yuanyuan , Chen Zhongyue , Zhu Weifang , Shi Fei , Wang Lianyu , Wang Tingting , Yao Chenpu , Chen Xinjian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeOptical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging uses the principle of Michelson interferometry to obtain high‐resolution images by coherent superposing of multiple forward and backward scattered light waves with random phases. This process inevitably produces speckle noise that severely compromises visual quality of OCT images and degrades performances of subsequent image analysis tasks. In addition, datasets obtained by different OCT scanners have distribution shifts, making a speckle noise suppression model difficult to be generalized across multiple datasets. In order to solve the above issues, we propose a novel end‐to‐end denoising framework for OCT images collected by different scanners.MethodsThe proposed model utilizes the high‐resolution network (HRNet) as backbone for image restoration, which reconstructs high‐fidelity images by maintaining high‐resolution representations throughout the entire learning process. To compensate distribution shifts among datasets collected by different scanners, we develop a hierarchical adversarial learning strategy for domain adaption. The proposed model is trained using datasets with clean ground truth produced by two commercial OCT scanners, and then applied to suppress speckle noise in OCT images collected by our recently developed OCT scanner, BV‐1000 (China Bigvision Corporation). We name the proposed model as DHNet (Double‐H‐Net, High‐resolution and Hierarchical Network).ResultsWe compare DHNet with state‐of‐the‐art methods and experiment results show that DHNet improves signal‐to‐noise ratio by a large margin of 18.137 dB as compared to the best of our previous method. In addition, DHNet achieves a testing time of 25 ms, which satisfies the real‐time processing requirement for the BV‐1000 scanner. We also conduct retinal layer segmentation experiment on OCT images before and after denoising and show that DHNet can also improve segmentation.ConclusionsThe proposed DHNet can compensate domain shifts between different data sets while significantly improve speckle noise suppression. The HRNet backbone is utilized to carry low‐ and high‐resolution information to recover fidelity images. Domain adaptation is achieved by a hierarchical module through adversarial learning. In addition, DHNet achieved a testing time of 25 ms, which satisfied the real‐time processing requirement.
Radiation shielding assessment of high‐energy proton imaging at a proton therapy facility
Authors: Penfold Scott N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundProton imaging makes use of high‐energy, low‐intensity proton beams that fully traverse the patient and has been suggested to reduce range uncertainty in proton therapy. Upright patient positioning with proton imaging is being considered for a fixed beam room of a new proton therapy facility currently under construction. Considering that the yield and energy spectrum of secondary radiation from high‐energy proton beams is proton beam energy dependent, an assessment of radiation shielding at the energies required for proton imaging should be performed prior to use. Furthermore, NCRP 144 recommends that pion production be considered for proton energies greater than 300 MeV, which are not typically utilized for proton therapy but may be required for proton imaging.PurposeThe purpose of this work was to determine whether proton treatment and imaging with an upright patient positioning system on a fixed beamline were acceptable from a radiation shielding perspective. This is the first report on radiation shielding assessment of proton imaging applications and includes consideration of pion production at the proton beam energy of 330 MeV.MethodsThe Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit was used for the radiation shielding assessment. The calculations consisted of the generation of secondary particle phase‐space files by simulating the passage of high‐energy proton beams in two target materials, and subsequent simulation of the secondary particles in the proton therapy facility geometry. Particle fluence was converted to operational and protection radiation safety quantities with a custom python script for assessment of instantaneous and annual doses, respectively.ResultsThe total yields of pions from a 330‐MeV proton beam were many orders of magnitude less than that of neutrons and photons. Three‐dimensional maps of ambient dose rate for a 330‐MeV proton beam showed doses arising from secondary neutrons and photons far exceed those arising from pion production. Incorporating representative annual workloads into the calculation demonstrated that proton imaging doses outside the shielded area were negligible compared to those arising from proton therapy.ConclusionsPion production has a negligible impact on the radiation shielding of proton imaging at 330 MeV relative to neutron and photon production. Radiation shielding designed for proton therapy is adequate for high‐energy proton imaging applications.
Myelin water imaging using a short‐TR adiabatic inversion‐recovery (STAIR) sequence
Authors: Ma Ya‐Jun , Jang Hyungseok , Lombardi Alecio F. , Corey‐Bloom Jody , Bydder Graeme M. 
Published: May 2022

PurposeTo develop a new myelin water imaging (MWI) technique using a short‐TR adiabatic inversion‐recovery (STAIR) sequence on a clinical 3T MR scanner.MethodsMyelin water (MW) in the brain has both a much shorter T1 and a much shorter T2* than intracellular/extracellular water. A STAIR sequence with a short TR was designed to efficiently suppress long T1 signals from intracellular/extracellular water, and therefore allow selective imaging of MW, which has a much shorter T1. Numerical simulation and phantom studies were performed to investigate the effectiveness of long T1 signal suppression. TheT2* in white matter (WM) was measured with STAIR and compared with T2* measured with a conventional gradient recall echo in in vivo study. Four healthy volunteers and 4 patients with multiple sclerosis were recruited for qualitative and quantitative MWI. Apparent MW fraction was generated to compare MW in normal WM in volunteers to MW in lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis.ResultsBoth simulation and phantom studies showed that when TR was sufficiently short (eg, 250 ms), the STAIR sequence effectively suppressed long T1 signals from tissues with a broad range of T1s using a single TR/TI combination. The volunteer study showed a short T2* of 9.5 ± 1.7 ms in WM, which is similar to reported values for MW. Lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis showed a significantly lower apparent MW fraction (4.5% ± 1.0%) compared with that of normal WM (9.2% ± 1.5%) in healthy volunteers (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe STAIR sequence provides selective MWI in brain and can quantify reductions in MW content in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Effects of particle morphology on the shear response of granular soils by discrete element method and 3D printing technology
Authors: Ma Xiongying , Lei Hang , Kang Xin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe development of quantitative correlation between particle morphology and shear responses of granular soils is an ongoing challenge. Herein, 3D printing technology, combined with the experiments and discrete element simulations were conducted to study the effects of different particle shapes on the particle migration, the development of shear zone, and the anisotropy of particle contact during shearing. Both numerical simulations and experimental tests confirmed that the increase of modified shape parameterShstrengthens the interlock between particles, which in turn limits the shear deformation in the direction of shearing. As the shear load increases further, the rotation of particles begins to develop from both sides of the shear box boundary, which gradually expands to the center, and finally forms a stable disturbance region in the center of the specimen; meanwhile, the positions of the maximum particle rotation appear at the center and boundary of the shear zone. Moreover, particle shape does not affect the distribution of fabric anisotropy before loading, however, the change of particle shape parameterShmakes the fabric anisotropy become prominent. In addition, particle shape is found to improve the shear resistance by changing the number and distribution of contacts between particles, rather than the contact force among particles.
Analysis of factors influencing the attitudes towards the elderly of nursing students based on empathy and end‐of‐life care: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zhang Jinchan , Fu Yang , Zhang Hongli , Tang Tianwei , Yin Mei , Shi Lei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimThis study aimed to explore the factors associated with attitudes towards the older adults among nursing students, to clarify the impact of empathy and end‐of‐life care on the attitude of the older adults, and to provide a basis for the follow‐up of education courses related to older adults care and the training of older adults care talents.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey on nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards older adults was conducted from 24 December 2020–24 February 2021. The Chinese versions of the end‐of‐life Attitudes Scale, Jefferson Empathy Scale‐Nursing Version and Kogan Attitudes Scale for the Elderly were used for this cross‐sectional study. We used the purposive sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey on nursing students at Heilongjiang Nursing College (n = 371, effective response rate: 64.52%).ResultsThe average score of FATCOD‐B was 99.04 (7.71), and the score of C‐JSE‐HPS was 100.67 (12.90). The total average score of nursing students' attitudes towards older adults was 139.91 (15.79). The hierarchical regression analysis showed that education (β = −.125, p = .025) and personal experience (β = −.132, p = .008) correlated negatively with attitudes towards the older adults, while the end‐of‐life care (β = .140, p = .013) and empathy (β = .285, p < .001) correlated positively with attitudes towards the older adults.ConclusionsReligion, end‐of‐life care and empathy were positively correlated with nursing students' attitudes towards older adults. It is necessary to set up end‐of‐life care, empathy and education related to the older adults, and combine a variety of training forms, increasing humanistic assessments and reducing the employment pressure on nursing students by relevant departments can improve their attitudes towards the older adults.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermoelectric properties of poly(p‐phenylenediamine)/poly(sulfonic acid diphenyl aniline) composites
Authors: Huner Keziban 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThermoelectric materials are of great importance as they are materials that can convert even a small waste heat in the environment into electrical energy. Today, interest in polymeric thermoelectric materials, which are low in cost, abundant in raw materials, and easy to process, has increased. In this study, PpPD, PSDA, and PpPD/PSDA composites were synthesized in aqueous medium by a simple method by chemical oxidative polymerization. The thermoelectric properties of the polymers were investigated and the PSDA ratio in the composite increased from 10% to 50%, while the Seebeck coefficient increased approximately 5 times from 70 μV/K to 340 μV/K. The highest Seebeck coefficient and power factor were obtained from PpPD/PSDA3 composite as 340 μV/K and 3.5 × 10−3 μW/mK2, respectively. It was observed that PpPD/PSDA composites had better thermoelectric properties and thermal stability than PpPD and PSDA.
Safety and efficacy of cefiderocol for off‐label treatment indications: A systematic review
Authors: Babidhan Riyan , Lewis Abigale , Atkins Cailin , Jozefczyk Nicolas J. , Nemecek Branden D. , Montepara Courtney A. , Gionfriddo Michael R. , Zimmerman David E. , Covvey Jordan R. , Guarascio Anthony J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeCefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hospital‐ and ventilator‐acquired bacterial pneumonia and complicated urinary tract infections. However, there is potential for cefiderocol utility for a variety of other infections. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify literature examining the safety and efficacy of cefiderocol for off‐label indications.MethodsThe PRISMA guidelines were utilized for reporting. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, from inception to September 2021. Manuscripts describing cefiderocol off‐label use in clinical settings were included. Exclusion criteria were studies focused on labeled indications, animal studies, pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic studies, in vitro or laboratory studies, and manuscripts in languages other than English or Arabic. Each stage of review utilized two independent investigators, with conflicts resolved and critical appraisal performed. Data regarding presentation, clinical course, and infection characteristics were extracted and descriptively analyzed.ResultsThe search identified a total of 985 records, narrowed to a final set of 27 studies. Among studies included were 18 (66.7%) case reports, 8 (29.6%) case series, and 1 (3.7%) phase 3 clinical trial. Cefiderocol was most frequently used off‐label for bacteremia/sepsis with or without an identified source in 51 (67.1%) out of a total of 76 included patients. Among case series/reports with available data, 43 of 53 patients (81.1%) received combination antibiotic therapy. The most common pathogens identified included multi/extensively drug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Acinetobacter baumannii. Various clinical end points were reported, while microbiological end points were reported in 18 (66.7%) studies. Cefiderocol‐related side effects were uncommon and rarely use‐limiting.ConclusionsThis systematic review depicts relative clinical effectiveness of off‐label cefiderocol, most commonly for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii infections as combination antibiotic therapy. Further study is needed to elucidate the safety and efficacy of cefiderocol across an expanded set of patients and indications.
Covalent organic frameworks for applications in lithium batteries
Authors: Yang Liting , Huang Ning 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith the stone energy increasingly dried up and the environment polluted severely, developing renewable clean energy is already in extreme urgency. Exploiting new energy storage and transformation systems has progressively become the focal point in the energy research field. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted extensive attention as a new kind of crosslinked polymers owing to the high crystallinity, excellent porosity, and favorable stability. The last decade has witnessed the great progress in crystalline COFs for the application in various arenas. The tailor‐made functional skeleton together with well‐defined periodical alignment has endowed COFs with enormous potential in lithium batteries. In this review, we initially illustrated the design principle of COFs for the application in lithium batteries. Furthermore, we made a comprehensive summary of the fast‐developing COFs field in terms of lithium batteries, including lithium ion and lithium sulfur batteries. Finally, we discussed the remaining challenges and perspectives in this area and also proposed several possible future directions of development for lithium batteries. It is expected that this short review would contribute to the development of COFs materials in energy‐related applications.