bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KIẾN THỨC VÀ HÀNH VI TỰ CHĂM SÓC CỦA NGƯỜI BỆNH SUY TIM
Authors: Thị Thúy Hà , Thị Tuyến Nguyễn , Thị Hoài Bùi 
Published: April 2022

Nghiên cứu được tiến hành trên 143 người bệnh suy tim với 2 mục tiêu: (1) Mô tả kiến thức tuân thủ điều trị và hành vi tự chăm sóc của người bệnh suy tim tại bệnh viện Vinmec Times City năm 2021; (2) Phân tích một số yếu tố liên quan đến hai vấn đề nói trên. Phương pháp nghiên cứu thiết kế mô tả cắt ngang, sử dụng kết quả khám lâm sàng trong bệnh án và bộ câu hỏi về kiến thức bệnh suy tim (AHFKT – V2 - Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test) và bộ câu hỏi về tự chăm sóc của người bệnh (SCHFI V6.2 - Self-care of Heart Failure Index). Kết quả: Kiến thức về tuân thủ điều trị, hành vi tự chăm sóc của người bệnh suy tim còn khá hạn chế. Kiến thức chung về thuốc và sử dụng thuốc: chỉ đúng ở mức rất thấp (2,1%). Kiến thức về tự theo dõi chăm sóc: mức đạt chỉ chiếm 9,8%. Kiến thức và hành vi tuân thủ điều trị còn khá yếu (dao động từ 25% – 61%). Kiến thức và thực hành có mối tương quan thuận (R=0,61; p <0,001). Một số yếu tố liên quan đến kiến thức và thực hành của người bệnh bao gồm: nhóm có kiến thức ở mức đạt về tuân thủ điều trị và tự chăm sóc thì thực hành tốt hơn. Nhóm có kiến thức ở mức đạt: có tỷ lệ thực hành đúng cao hơn (48,7% so với 10,6%; p<0,01). Nhóm được điều dưỡng tư vấn tốt: thực hành tốt hơn (46,2% so với 6,6%; p<0,001). Kết luận: Người bệnh suy tim có kiến thức về tuân thủ điều trị khá thấp, hành vi tự chăm sóc còn nhiều thiếu sót. Yếu tố liên quan đến kiến thức chủ yếu là kết quả tư vấn của điều dưỡng viên. Thực hành chưa tốt do kiến thức hạn chế.
LIÊN QUAN GIỮA NỒNG ĐỘ LACTAT MÁU VÀ MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CẬN LÂM SÀNG CỦA BỆNH NHÂN SUY TIM CẤP CÓ PHÂN SUẤT TỐNG MÁU GIẢM KHÔNG CÓ SỐC TIM
Authors: Hữu Việt Nguyễn , Đức Lộc Đinh , Long Bùi , Doãn Lợi Đỗ 
Published: April 2022

Mục tiêu: Khảo sát mối liên quan giữa nồng độ lactat máu lúc nhập viện và một số thông số lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng của bệnh nhân suy tim cấp có phân suất tống máu giảm không có sốc tim. Đối tượng nghiên cứu: Bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán suy tim cấp có phân suất tống máu giảm không có sốc tim điều trị tại Viện Tim mạch, Bệnh viện Bạch Mai từ tháng 5/2020 đến tháng 6/2021. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Mô tả cắt ngang. Kết quả và kết luận: 88 bệnh nhân nghiên cứu (tuổi trung bình 64,57 ± 14,42 tuổi, 70,5% là nam) có nồng độ lactat máu trung bình lúc nhập viện là 1,80 ± 0,71 mmol/l, giá trị thấp nhất và cao nhất lần lượt là 0,7 và 4,4 mmol/l, khoảng tứ phân vị từ 25% đến 75% lần lượt là 1,2 và 2,3 mmol/l. Nồng độ lactat máu lúc nhập viện có tương quan với tần số tim và tần số thở lúc nhập viện với hệ số r lần lượt là 0,225 và 0,303. Không ghi nhận mối tương quan giữa nồng độ lactat máu lúc nhập viện với nồng độ NT-proBNP, troponin T lúc nhập viện và chức năng tâm thu thất trái EF.
Kontekstualisasi Hukum Islam dan Transformasi Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Perspektif Wael B. Hallaq
Authors: Ishak Fariduddin Ecep 
Published: April 2022

Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tipologi hukum Islam Perspektif Wael B Hallaq dan memetakan konstruksi kontekstualisasi hukum Islam dalam realitas sosial-Budaya perspektif Wael B Hallaq. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah deskripsif-kualitatif dengan kajian pustaka (library research) dengan sumber data berupa buku, jurnal, dan media online, serta bahan rujukan lainnya yang relevan dengan permasalahan yang dikaji. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kontekstualisasi hukum Islam dengan perspektif Wael B. Hallaq dalam mengkaji hukum Islam yang bersumber pada Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadits sebagai sumber primer sangat tergantung pada konteks sosio-budaya suatu masyarakat dan bangsa. Hukum-hukum di dalam Al-Qur ’an dan Al-Hadits menurutnya bersifat elastis yang bisa ditarik dan disesuaikan dengan konteks tempat dan zaman. Oleh sebab itu, maka kemurnian hukum Islam bagi sebagian besar kelompok Muslim sebagai warisan sejarahnya dan hasil karya intelektual yang dibangun lebih dari seabad yang lalu, harus dilihat secara proporsional, sehingga akan dilindungi dari pemahaman statis tentang pola, eksklusif, beku dan kaku.
RITUAL DISCOURSE TRADITIONAL RICE PLANTING COMMUNITY OF RONGGA, EASTERN PART OF FLORES ISLAND
Authors: Moni Stelmachowska Dorotea 
Published: April 2022

This is the study of the traditional rice planting ritual discourse community of Rongga, Manggarai Eastern of Flores. The research is an ethnopragmatics intended to understand the social practices bound by cultural context in ritual rice planting. This cultural context contains the values of local wisdom, behavior, social categories, emotions, beliefs, and so on. Etnopragmatik is supported by theories eclectically, namely the theory of critical discourse analysis, ethnography of communication, speech acts, natural semantic, and cultural discourse of culture. It is specifically aimed at describing the cultural norms and their meaning configurations. The theory used in the study is the cultural scripts developed by Wierzbicka (1994, 2002) considering that cultural norms constitute rules and regulations in social interaction practices. They can be investigated from the use of grammatical aspects of language and linguistic routines which are context-bound. They can be configured by paraphrasing in simple language.
Technical Note: Past and future warming – direct comparison on multi-century timescales
Authors: Kaufman Darrell S. , McKay Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
concluded that Northern Hemisphere temperatures had reached levels
unprecedented in at least 1400 years. The 2021 report now sees global mean
temperatures rising to levels unprecedented in over 100 000 years. This
Technical Note briefly explains the reasons behind this major change.
Namely, the new assessment reflects additional global warming that occurred
between the two reports and improved paleotemperature reconstructions that
extend further back in time. In addition to past and recent warming, the
conclusion also considers multi-century future warming, which thereby
enables a direct comparison with paleotemperature reconstructions on
multi-century time scales.
Machine-learning blends of geomorphic descriptors: value and limitations for flood hazard assessment across large floodplains
Authors: Magnini Andrea , Lombardi Michele , Persiano Simone , Tirri Antonio , Lo Conti Francesco , Castellarin Attilio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Recent literature shows several examples of simplified approaches that perform flood hazard (FH) assessment and mapping across large geographical areas on the basis of fast-computing geomorphic descriptors. These approaches may consider a single index (univariate) or use a set of indices simultaneously (multivariate). What is the potential and accuracy of multivariate approaches relative to univariate ones? Can we effectively use these methods for extrapolation purposes, i.e., FH assessment outside the region used for setting up the model? Our study addresses these open problems by considering two separate issues: (1) mapping flood-prone areas and (2) predicting the expected water depth for a given inundation scenario. We blend seven geomorphic descriptors through decision tree models trained on target FH maps, referring to a large study area (∼ 105 km2). We discuss the potential of multivariate approaches relative to the performance of a selected univariate model and on the basis of multiple extrapolation experiments, where models are tested outside their training region. Our results show that multivariate approaches may (a) significantly enhance flood-prone area delineation (accuracy: 92 %) relative to univariate ones (accuracy: 84 %), (b) provide accurate predictions of expected inundation depths (determination coefficient ∼ 0.7), and (c) produce encouraging results in extrapolation.
Las mujeres de la corte timúrida del siglo XV. Un estudio transversal entre palabras e imágenes
Authors: Carbó Laura , Rigueiro García Jorge 
Published: April 2022

Las noticias que llegan a occidente sobre la mujer de la corte de Tamorlán tienen variadas fuentes, todas ellas escritas por hombres. Viajeros, misioneros, cronistas, plasman con su perspectiva particular lo que han visto y oído en la corte timúrida. Esta ponencia tiene por objeto comparar ciertas fuentes escritas con una selección de iluminaciones de manuscritos encargados por los descendientes directos de Tamorlán, también por supuesto compuestos y patrocinados por hombres. Las fuentes testimoniales serán el libro de viaje de Ruy González de Clavijo, Vida y Hazañas del Gran Tamorlán (1406), el informe presentado por Juan de Galonifontibus, obispo de Sultania a la corte del rey Carlos VI de Francia (1403) y el Libro de las maravillas del destino de las conquistas de Tamorlán de Ahmad b. Muhammad Ibn 'Arabsah (1435). Entre los manuscritos iluminados que nos muestran a mujeres en diferentes aspectos de la vida en la corte contaremos con imágenes del panegírico Zafarnama o Libro de las Victorias en sus versiones de los autores Sharaf Al-Din 'Ali Yazdi (1424) y Pir 'Ali al-Jami (s.XVI); además, referiremos a la obra lírica de Khwāju Kermānī (1396), de gran influencia en el mundo persa-islámico; por último, compararemos las imágenes del Mirâj Nâmeh o Viaje del Profeta (1436), modelo de la literatura mística que cuenta en detalle el traslado nocturno y milagroso de Mahoma a través de los siete cielos en ascenso hacia la divinidad y el descenso hacia el infierno de castigos eternos. Lo interesante de todas las fuentes es que han sido producidas para la corte timúrida y tanto en sus facetas poéticas, cronísticas como devocionales han plasmado a la mujer real en entornos más o menos idealizados, dejando entrever pautas culturales propias de la sociedad oriental de la época.
Notes on the original materials of the three western Mediterranean oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) described by Desfontaines
Authors: Vila-Viçosa Carlos Martins , Vieira Cristiana , Márquez Francisco , Almeida Rubim , Vázquez Francisco María 
Published: April 2022

We examined specimens from René Louiche Desfontaines, deposited in the “Herbier de la Flore Atlantique”(P-Desf) from MNHN-P and homologue specimens from P-Lam, LINN-HS, MPU, FI-Webb, and B-W, to assess three names of western Mediterranean oaks (Quercus L.) that are distributed across across the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. Specifically, we bring insights to the names Quercus ballota, Q. pseudococcifera., and Q. pseudosuber, after a thorough examination of the original specimens, combined with the analysis of the respective protologues. The results highlight the need for wider and detailed natural history and classic herbaria surveys to promote the discussion and better understanding of species delimitation and biogeographic awareness, especially in crucial groups, that are still involved in taxonomic andevolutionary discussion, as the trees that form the potential climacic forests of the Northern Hemisphere.
Hakikat Ibadah Vs Ibadah Streeming: Studi Konten Analisis
Authors: Pardede Rio Janto , Manafe Ferdinan Samuel , Yatmini Yatmini 
Published: April 2022

Ibadah streaming merupakan salah satu cara untuk memfasilitas jemaat untuk dapat dilayani melalui ibadah yang didalamnya juga terkandung pujian, penyembahan dan firman Tuhan. Dalam pengertian, hakikat ibadah menentukan ibadah streaming layak disebut sebagai ibadah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauhmana pentingnya memahami hakikat ibadah dalam ibadah streaming. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian konten analisis yang di jelaskan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisis isi yang dilakukan, ditemukan hubungan antara hakikat ibadah dengan ibadah streaming pada konten: 1) Perjanjian Lama: Sejak zaman Kain dan Habel, Patriakh (Abraham, Ishak, Yakub), Musa, Para Hakim, Daud, Salomo, Nabi-nabi, Mazmur. 2) Perjanjian Baru: Sinagoge, Injil Sinoptik (sikap hati, Menyembah dalam roh dan kebenaran), Paulus (Mengenal Allah yang disembah, Mempersembahkan totalitas hidup, ibadah tanpa kepura-puraan, ibadah berguna dalam segala hal), Ibrani (menyucikan hati nurani, Mengekang lidah). Sehingga pelaksanaan ibadah bukan masalah dimana dan kapan dilaksanakan tetapi bagaimana spiritualitas pribadi seseorang dalam menghormati Tuhan dalam ibadahnya, baik melalui ibadah streaming. Karena sejarah Alkitab membuktikan para tokoh-tokoh Alkitab melakukan ibadah dimana mereka memiliki keterikatan spiritualitas dengan Allah.
Challenges and Research Advancement in 5G Wireless Backhaul Networks
Authors: Malik Haseeb , Afzal Humaira , Mufti M. Rafiq , Ali Asghar , Hassan Ali 
Published: April 2022

5G networks should achieve Gigabit speed in the future cellular network. Getting higher speed is a considerable challenge to manage the 5G Wireless Backhaul Network functionally. This research studies two network wireless backhaul architectures such as small cell networks and millimeter-wave transmission technologies for Centralized and Distributed scenarios. In addition, for various network topologies and wireless backhaul network frequency bands, energy efficiency is compared. Numeric comparative findings give guidance for deploying inexpensive and high energy capability of future 5G wireless backhaul networks
Development and modification of the natural polymers by converting them into nanobiocomposite
Authors: Bidkar Jayant S. , Bidkar Shital J. , Dama Ganesh Y. , Rao M. E. Bhanoji , Bhambar Kunal V. 
Published: April 2022

The main target ofTthis study is to develop an antibacterial chitosan nanocomposite fabric among in situ crated silver nanoparticles utilizing Vitex leafTextract, which i s amedicinal herb. The CNCFs were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy,Xray diffraction (XRD), and antimicrobial testing. Additionally, these CNCFs have excellent antibacterial characteristics. These CNCFs could be used in medical applic ations like surgical aprons, wound cleansing, wound dressing, and hospital bed mat erials, as they were manufactured utilising a simple and environmentally acceptable approach.
GEPPESP: trajetória de estudos e pesquisas
Authors: Dantas Otília Maria A. N. A. , Mourão Ireuda da Costa , De Oliveira Nancy Costa , Mendes Solange Alves de Oliveira 
Published: April 2022

Trata-se de apresentar e refletir sobre o design deste Grupo de Pesquisa, os fundamentos teórico-metodológicos que o constitui, bem como aspectos do histórico de ações e produções/produtos desenvolvidos ao longo de sua primeira década de existência, objetivo deste artigo. O GEPPESP “Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Profissão docente: formação, saberes e práticas” investiga a profissão docente nos âmbitos da educação básica e universitária considerando a formação inicial e continuada, o desenvolvimento profissional, a profissionalização, os saberes docentes, a Pedagogia e os processos didáticos de ensino e de aprendizagem no intuito de construir marcos teóricos (epistemológicos) e práticos. Metodologicamente, o estudo pauta-se no método histórico-crítico, em especial em Karl Marx (1999, 2015). A pesquisa com grupo focal, pesquisa-ação, bem como estudos etnográficos, parte interpretada pela Análise de Discurso Crítica investiga a realidade educativa. Os estudos apresentam suporte metodológico na Pesquisa Qualitativa e os fundamentos teóricos consolidados, principalmente, em Vazquez (2007), Certeau (1994), Pimenta (1996, 2005, 2013) e Franco (2018), dentre outros. Em síntese, os estudos desenvolvidos no GEPPESP têm se revelado um espaço importante de debates sobre as temáticas supracitadas aglutinando diferentes sujeitos envolvidos, direta ou indiretamente, com a educação, seja no âmbito da formação, na identidade ou na organização do trabalho pedagógico escolar. Estes sujeitos têm contribuído para consolidar a luta em favor da educação como espaço de transformação e liberdade. Considera-se que o grupo tem alcançado ambientes de diálogos em instituições de referência quanto a temática investigada.
الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية وعلاقتهما بالانتحار لدى طلبة جامعة عمر المختار
Authors: عوض سالمة أحمد عوض , الدقوشي حليمة سعد فرج , بدر هند عبدالرازق بدر 
Published: April 2022

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية لدى طلبة جامعة عمر المختار في البيضاء، وتحديد الفروق بينهم الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية وفقاً لمتغير النوع والتخصص الدراسي، والتعرف على مدى إسهام الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية في التنبؤ بالانتحار، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (750) طالب وطالبة واستخدم في الدراسة مقياس الأمن النفسي، والصلابة النفسية، والأفكار السلبية وتوصلت الدراسة إلى وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة بين متغيري الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية بالإضافة إلى وجود فروق دالة بين الذكور والإناث في الأمن النفسي لصالح الإناث، وعدم وجود فروق دالة بينهم في الصلابة النفسية فيما عدا بعد الالتزام كانت الفروق لصالح الإناث، بينما تبين وجود فروق دالة بين الطلبة وفقاً للتخصص الدراسي في الأمن النفسي لصالح طلبة كلية الطب البيطري وكلية العلوم، وفي الصلابة النفسية لصالح طلبة كلية الطب البشري، كما اتضح مساهمة كلا من الأمن النفسي والصلابة النفسية في التنبؤ بالانتحار.
TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES IN BIRCH FORESTS FLOODPLAINS OF THE YESIL RIVER
Authors: Tleubergenova G. S. , Kuznetsovа M. A. , Kezheneva Zh. D. 
Published: April 2022

The research work is devoted to the study of the biodiversity of woody and shrubby plants of the floodplain forests of the Yesil River on the territory of the Kyzylzhar district of the North Kazakhstan region. A list of tree and shrub species, taxonomic composition, distribution and occurrence in the floodplain of the river has been compiled.Based on our research work, 22 species from 18 genera and 9 families were identified. A large family is Rosaceae, with 11 species (50.0%) of trees and shrubs. The second largest number of species is the family Salicaceae, with 4 species or 18.18% of the species composition of trees and shrubs.The flora of birch forests on riverine terraces is characterized by a large species diversity, high projective coverage, the presence of boreal species, as well as rare and subject to protection. Rare species of shrubs include Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt., Frangula alnus Mill., Viburnum opulus L.
RESURGENCE OF RUSSIA AS A GREAT POWER AND ITS FOREIGN POLICY ORIENTATION TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Shah Syed Taimoor , Afgun Ayesha 
Published: April 2022

Russia has re-emerged as an important global actor after the advent of the post-Soviet era. Kremlin’s repositioning in the global affairs under President Vladimir Putin has led to a geopolitical and geostrategic transformation of its foreign policy. It follows multilateralism with active outreach in different parts of the world. In contemporary Russian foreign policy, there are tangible determinants that call for multipolar world order including realignment of foreign relations and consolidation of great power status. This paper, therefore, examines Russian foreign policy in the post-Crimean annexation era, where Moscow launched various campaigns through active engagements with the world’s larger economies and strategically important countries, such as China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The paper also highlights Russia’s evolving bilateral relations with these countries, especially in economic, political, and military spheres. Following the current global geopolitical realities, it also attempts to mark clear adjustments in Moscow’s foreign policy with respect to its power, responsibility, and ambitions for international peace and stability.

Bibliography Entry
Shah, Syed Taimoor, and Ayesha Afgun. 2020. "Resurgence of Russia as a Great Power and Its Foreign Policy Orientation towards South Asia." Margalla Papers 24 (2): 93-103.
ONLINE AND OFFLINE MANIFESTATION OF HINDUTVA IDEOLOGY IN INDIA DURING THE COVID-19 SPREAD
Authors: Nabeel Fahad , Raashed Maryam 
Published: April 2022

Towards the end of January 2020, COVID-19 made its headway into India. The irresponsible behaviour of the Modi government in containing the spread of Coronavirus forced it to opt for an ill-planned and hastily imposed lockdown. Meanwhile, the poor health infrastructure of the country collapsed. This outbreak also tested the socio-cultural robustness and religious tolerance in India. Pro-Hindutva media outlets and Hindu nationalists employed hate speech to securitize this outbreak as a Muslims-led controversy against India. Furthermore, pseudoscience-based remedies were portrayed as a potential cure for COVID-19. The online disinformation ecosystem of Hindutva extremist groups against minorities used trending campaigns, memes, and sharing of false content. They posted Islamophobic content so extensively that the impact of online disinformation contributed to offline harm to minorities in the form of violent attacks and social boycotts. This paper, therefore, analyses the online and offline activities of Hindu extremists and nationalists during the spread of COVID-19. It concludes with emphasis that the ongoing metamorphosis in the relationship between state, society, and religion in India is a pressing concern for the civilized world, especially the Indian political elite.

Bibliography Entry
Nabeel, Fahad, and Maryam Raashed. 2021. "Online and Offline Manifestation of Hindutva Ideology in India during the Covid-19 Spread." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 70-80.
CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION: AN ENGLISH SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Manzoor Saima 
Published: April 2022

Grand Strategy determines the ultimate goals and interests of a state. It has long-term effects on state policies. With the advent of the 21st century, China has emerged as a regional and global power. After entering the new era of development, China set specific goals and decided to achieve them, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. These goals are to convert China into a prosperous society, increase per capita income at par with developed states and realize modernization. In 2013, Xi Jinping announced China’s Grand Strategy, while stating that the period extended to 2020 (and beyond) is the era of strategic opportunity for China. This article discusses China’s Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. First, it conceptualizes Chinese strategy by focusing on its main objectives and interests. Secondly, it analyses its components while identifying how China is utilizing its economic, political, diplomatic, and security means to secure its interests in the region and maintain regional order. It also examines Chinese foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region according to the institutions of international society described by Hadley Bull.

Bibliography Entry
Manzoor, Saima. 2021. "China’s Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Region: An English School Perspective." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 81-91.
LAOZI’S PHILOSOPHY: ITS COMPARISON WITH WESTERN THOUGHTS AND APPLICATION ON PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS
Authors: Mirza Zahid Latif 
Published: April 2022

The complex Pakistan-Afghanistan relations always engage policymakers on both sides of the border. Their concerns towards each other have been changing the socio-political environment intermittently due to internal and external dynamics coupled with historical legacies. This study, therefore, covers the post-independence period, the Soviet Union’s communist influence in Afghanistan, the rise of the Taliban, and the post-9/11 era. It employs Lao Tzu’s philosophy which advocates the overarching features of domestic politics, global governance, and statecraft to address the prevailing intricacies in Pakistan and Afghanistan foreign policies. It discusses vital concepts and approaches of softness, normalness, and actionless action at the individual, state, and system levels while carving out institutionalized foreign policy orientations between the two neighbours. The paper also considers the western thought of realism paradigm through which peace in the region remained elusive. It deliberates upon Lao Tzu’s philosophy which lays down the foundation of the political order in a natural, peaceful and balanced way.

Bibliography Entry
Mirza, Zahid Latif. 2021. "Laozi’s Philosophy: Its Comparison with Western Thoughts and Application on Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 1-13.