bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large charges on the Wilson loop in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM: matrix model and classical string
Authors: Giombi Simone , Komatsu Shota , Offertaler Bendeguz 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study the large charge sector of the defect CFT defined by the half-BPS Wilson loop in planar N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Specifically, we consider correlation functions of two large charge insertions and several light insertions in the double-scaling limit where the ’t Hooft coupling λ and the large charge J are sent to infinity, with the ratio J/$$ \sqrt{\lambda } $$

λ

held fixed. They are holographically dual to the expectation values of light vertex operators on a classical string solution with large angular momentum, which we evaluate in the leading large J limit. We also compute the two-point function of large charge insertions by evaluating the on-shell string action, supplemented by the boundary terms that generalize the one introduced by Drukker, Gross and Ooguri for the Wilson loop without insertions. For a special class of correlation functions, we reproduce the string results from field theory by using supersymmetric localization. The results are given by correlation functions in an “emergent” matrix model whose matrix size is proportional to J and whose spectral curve coincides with that of the classical string. Similar matrix models appeared in the study of extremal correlators in rank-1 $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal field theories, but our results hold also for non-extremal cases.
Toroidal tidal effects in microstate geometries
Authors: Čeplak Nejc , Hampton Shaun , Li Yixuan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tidal effects in capped geometries computed in previous literature display no dynamics along internal (toroidal) directions. However, the dual CFT picture suggests otherwise. To resolve this tension, we consider a set of infalling null geodesics in a family of black hole microstate geometries with a smooth cap at the bottom of a long BTZ-like throat. Using the Penrose limit, we show that a string following one of these geodesics feels tidal stresses along all spatial directions, including internal toroidal directions. We find that the tidal effects along the internal directions are of the same order of magnitude as those along other, non-internal, directions. Furthermore, these tidal effects oscillate as a function of the distance from the cap — as a string falls down the throat it alternately experiences compression and stretching. We explain some physical properties of this oscillation and comment on the dual CFT interpretation.
Neuroserpin, a crucial regulator for axogenesis, synaptic modelling and cell–cell interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological disease
Authors: Godinez Angela , Rajput Rashi , Chitranshi Nitin , Gupta Veer , Basavarajappa Devaraj , Sharma Samridhi , You Yuyi , Pushpitha Kanishka , Dhiman Kunal , Mirzaei Mehdi , Graham Stuart , Gupta Vivek 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNeuroserpin is an axonally secreted serpin that is involved in regulating plasminogen and its enzyme activators, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The protein has been increasingly shown to play key roles in neuronal development, plasticity, maturation and synaptic refinement. The proteinase inhibitor may function both independently and through tPA-dependent mechanisms. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence regarding the role of neuroserpin in healthy and diseased conditions and highlight the participation of the serpin in various cellular signalling pathways. Several polymorphisms and mutations have also been identified in the protein that may affect the serpin conformation, leading to polymer formation and its intracellular accumulation. The current understanding of the involvement of neuroserpin in Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, glaucoma, stroke, neuropsychiatric disorders and familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) is presented. To truly understand the detrimental consequences of neuroserpin dysfunction and the effective therapeutic targeting of this molecule in pathological conditions, a cross-disciplinary understanding of neuroserpin alterations and its cellular signaling networks is essential.
Ethnic inequalities in clozapine use among people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a retrospective cohort study using data from electronic clinical records
Authors: de Freitas Daniela Fonseca , Patel India , Kadra-Scalzo Giouliana , Pritchard Megan , Shetty Hitesh , Broadbent Matthew , Patel Rashmi , Downs Johnny , Segev Aviv , Khondoker Mizanur , MacCabe James H. , Bhui Kamaldeep , Hayes Richard D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Clozapine is the most effective intervention for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Several studies report ethnic disparities in clozapine treatment. However, few studies restrict analyses to TRS cohorts alone or address confounding by benign ethnic neutropenia. This study investigates ethnic equity in access to clozapine treatment for people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study, using information from 11 years of clinical records (2007–2017) from the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. We identified a cohort of service-users with TRS using a validated algorithm. We investigated associations between ethnicity and clozapine treatment, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, psychiatric multi-morbidity, substance misuse, neutropenia, and service-use.

Results
Among 2239 cases of TRS, Black service-users were less likely to be receive clozapine compared with White British service-users after adjusting for confounders (Black African aOR = 0.49, 95% CI [0.33, 0.74], p = 0.001; Black Caribbean aOR = 0.64, 95% CI [0.43, 0.93], p = 0.019; Black British aOR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.41, 0.91], p = 0.016). It was additionally observed that neutropenia was not related to treatment with clozapine. Also, a detention under the Mental Health Act was negatively associated clozapine receipt, suggesting people with TRS who were detained are less likely to be treated with clozapine.

Conclusion
Black service-users with TRS were less likely to receive clozapine than White British service-users. Considering the protective effect of treatment with clozapine, these inequities may place Black service-users at higher risk for hospital admissions and mortality.
Peronealsehnenverletzungen
Authors: Hecht Verena , Krause Fabian , Anwander Helen 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Verletzungen der Peronealsehnen gelten als häufig unterdiagnostizierte Ursache lateraler Rückfußschmerzen. Prädisponierende Ursachen sind u. a. eine chronische laterale Instabilität sowie ein Rückfußvarus, da dies zu einer Überbelastung der Peronealsehnen führt. Klinisch äußern sich Peronealsehnenverletzungen meist unspezifisch mit lateralen Rückfußschmerzen.

Material und Methoden
In der Untersuchung zeigen sich Schmerzen bei Aktivierung der Sehnen gegen Widerstand. Die Sonographie zur Diagnostik bietet die Möglichkeit einer dynamischen Untersuchung, in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) können gleichzeitig weitere Strukturen beurteilt werden. Zu unterscheiden sind eine Tendinopathie der Sehnen, eine Instabilität mit Luxation oder Subluxation verbunden mit Pathologien des superioren Peronealsehnenretinakulums sowie Längssplit und komplette Sehnenruptur. Bei Tendinopathien und Längsrissen erfolgt die Therapie primär konservativ. Ein kompletter Riss und eine Läsion über 50 % sollten operativ versorgt und, falls möglich, direkt genäht werden. Alternativ sind eine Tenodese oder ein Sehnenersatz mit einem Graft zu evaluieren.

Ergebnisse
Bei Patienten mit einer Peronealsehneninstabilität führen die Naht oder Rekonstruktion des superioren Peronealsehnenretinakulums zu guten Resultaten. Eine frühe Therapie zeigt eine bessere Heilungschance und kann somit zu einem besseren Outcome führen.

Schlussfolgerung
Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass bei chronischen lateralen Rückfußschmerzen an eine Peronealsehnenverletzung gedacht und bei Verdacht auf eine Läsion eine MRT oder eine Sonographie zur Bestätigung respektive Ausschluss der Diagnose durchgeführt werden sollte.
Regularized target encoding outperforms traditional methods in supervised machine learning with high cardinality features
Authors: Pargent Florian , Pfisterer Florian , Thomas Janek , Bischl Bernd 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSince most machine learning (ML) algorithms are designed for numerical inputs, efficiently encoding categorical variables is a crucial aspect in data analysis. A common problem are high cardinality features, i.e. unordered categorical predictor variables with a high number of levels. We study techniques that yield numeric representations of categorical variables which can then be used in subsequent ML applications. We focus on the impact of these techniques on a subsequent algorithm’s predictive performance, and—if possible—derive best practices on when to use which technique. We conducted a large-scale benchmark experiment, where we compared different encoding strategies together with five ML algorithms (lasso, random forest, gradient boosting,k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine) using datasets from regression, binary- and multiclass–classification settings. In our study, regularized versions of target encoding (i.e. using target predictions based on the feature levels in the training set as a new numerical feature) consistently provided the best results. Traditionally widely used encodings that make unreasonable assumptions to map levels to integers (e.g. integer encoding) or to reduce the number of levels (possibly based on target information, e.g. leaf encoding) before creating binary indicator variables (one-hot or dummy encoding) were not as effective in comparison.
Effects of posture on cerebellar evoked potentials (CEPs) following brief impulsive stimuli at the mastoid and trunk
Authors: Govender Sendhil , Todd Neil P. M. , Colebatch James G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRecordings from over the posterior fossa following impulsive acceleration stimuli have shown short latency evoked potentials of presumed cerebellar origin. In this study, we investigated the effect of posture on these cerebellar evoked potentials (CEPs) and their relationship to postural reflexes recorded from the leg muscles evoked by the same stimuli. Nine healthy subjects were tested during lying (supine and prone), sitting and standing. Impulsive accelerations were applied at the mastoid and to truncal (both C7 and sternal) stimulation sites. The effect of vision, eyes open or closed, was investigated for all three stimuli. For the truncal stimuli, the effect of differing leaning conditions during standing was also recorded. CEP amplitudes were correlated for the three stimuli. For C7 stimulation during standing, both CEPs and postural reflexes scaled as the threat to postural stability increased. However, CEPs for all stimuli were present during lying, sitting and standing with amplitude and latency parameters mainly unaffected by posture or vision. In contrast, postural reflexes from the leg muscles were attenuated when not standing, with the effect being more marked for truncal stimuli. We conclude that CEPs evoked by axial and vestibular stimuli are not systematically gated by posture, in contrast to the reflex responses evoked by the same stimuli.
Effect of side-group structure and temperature on chain transfer to polymer and branching in acrylate homopolymerizations
Authors: Gray Ian , Heatley Frank , Lovell Peter Alfred 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe paper reports studies of the effects of ester side-group size and structure on chain transfer to polymer (CTP) and mol% branches (%br) in the final polymers from monomer-starved semi-batch emulsion homopolymerizations of a series of alkyl acrylates with different numbers of ester OR side-group carbon atoms (NsgC) in the range 1–10. Although the high instantaneous conversions and high gel contents in the final polymers show that intermolecular CTP is significant, the kinetics have been analysed principally in terms of intramolecular CTP (intraCTP) because this is expected to be numerically the dominant CTP process. For linear OR side groups, there is a small, continuous increase in %br (from ~ 3.4 to ~ 5.0 mol%) as NsgC increases from 1 to 8, which arises predominantly from the acrylate molar mass (Macrylate) reducing the molar monomer concentration and from the small increase in rate coefficient for propagation (kp) as NsgC increases; no discernible effects of NsgC on the rate coefficient for intraCTP ($${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$

k

trP

intra

) are evident. For isomeric butyl acrylates, there is no measurable effect of isomer structure on %br (4.3–4.4 mol%), indicating that butyl groups are too small for changes in side-group bulkiness to influence $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$

k

trP

intra

and kp. A similar observation was made for n-hexyl acrylate (nHA) and 2-ethylbutyl acrylate (%br 4.7–4.8 mol%). However, cyclohexyl acrylate (cHA) gives a much higher %br (~ 7.2 mol%), which has been assigned to steric effects increasing $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$

k

trP

intra

because kp values for nHA and cHA are very similar. For OR side-groups with NsgC of 8 and10, there is a strong effect of side-group non-linearity (2-ethylhexyl, iso-octyl and iso-decyl) increasing %br, with polymers from n-alkyl acrylates having much lower %br (~ 4.5–5.0 mol%) than those from the equivalent non-linear acrylates (~ 6.7–7.1 mol%); since the kp values are expected to be similar for these acrylates, it is evident that the much bulkier non-linear OR groups cause a significant increase in $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$

k

trP

intra

compared to the linear equivalents. Tentative hypotheses for these steric effects have been postulated. Studies of the effect of temperature (0–80 °C) on CTP and %br for methyl acrylate solution homopolymerization (in which intraCTP should be completely dominant) show the expected reduction in %br as temperature reduces, such that CTP is negligible at 0 °C; Arrhenius analysis gives an activation energy of 40.7 kJ mol−1 for intraCTP, which is within the range of values reported for n-butyl acrylate.
Clinical implications of morular metaplasia in fertility-preserving treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial carcinoma patients
Authors: Wu Pengfei , Lv Qiaoying , Guan Jun , Shan Weiwei , Chen Xiaojun , Zhu Qin , Luo Xuezhen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objective
Morular metaplasia (MM) is a benign epithelial metaplasia that sometimes appears in atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC). However, the clinical implications of MM for fertility-preserving treatment in AEH and EEC patients are unclear. This study investigated the clinical features and impact of MM on the efficacy of fertility-preserving treatment.

Methods
We retrospectively studied 427 AEH and EEC patients who received fertility-preserving treatment. Clinical features, treatment efficacy, and onco-fertility results were compared between patients with and without MM.

Results
MM appeared in 147 of 427 (34.4%) patients. Among them, 49 (33.3%) had MM only before treatment (BEF group), 32 (21.8%) had sustained MM before and during treatment (SUS group), and 66 (44.9%) had MM only during treatment (DUR group). The BEF group had a higher 12-month CR rate (98.0% vs 85.7%, p = 0.017) and shorter therapeutic duration to achieve CR (4.0 vs 5.7 months, p = 0.013) than the non-MM group had. In comparison with the non-MM group, the SUS and DUR groups had a lower CR rate after 7 months of treatment (SUS vs non-MM, 37.5% vs 61.1%, p = 0.010; DUR vs non-MM 33.3% vs. 61.1%, p < 0.001), and a longer median therapeutic duration to achieve CR (SUS vs non-MM, 7.6 vs. 4.0 months, p = 0.037; DUR vs non-MM, 7.9 vs. 4.0 months, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Appearance of MM only before treatment was positively correlated with outcome of fertility-preserving treatment, while sustained MM or appearance of MM only during treatment implied poorer outcome of fertility-preserving treatment in AEH and EEC patients.
Astodrimer sodium and bacterial vaginosis: a mini review
Authors: Mendling Werner , Holzgreve Wolfgang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection affecting women of childbearing age, and is associated with a substantial burden on women’s physical, emotional, sexual and social lives, as well as being linked to a number of gynaecological and obstetrical complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin, are recommended as first-line treatment for BV, but may be associated with antibiotic resistance, high rates of recurrence and poor patient treatment satisfaction. Astodrimer sodium gel is a novel, non-antibiotic treatment for BV that is not systemically absorbed. It prevents pathogenic bacteria from adhering to the vaginal wall, and disrupts and inhibits the formation of pathogenic bacterial biofilms. Clinical cure rates of 50–57% were observed in patients with BV treated with astodrimer sodium compared with 17–21% treated with placebo (p < 0.001) in Phase 3 trials. In a separate Phase 3 trial, recurrence of BV occurred in 44% of patients treated with astodrimer sodium compared with 54% of patients who received placebo (p = 0.015). Astodrimer sodium is well tolerated, with vulvovaginal candidosis being the only treatment-related adverse event reported to occur more often than with placebo. The availability of astodrimer sodium, a well-tolerated, convenient, non-antibiotic treatment for BV, represents significant progress in the treatment of this burdensome condition.
Textbook outcome after major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma — definitions and influencing factors
Authors: Benzing Christian , Haiden Lena Marie , Krenzien Felix , Mieg Alexa , Wolfsberger Annika , Atik Cecilia Filiz , Nevermann Nora , Fehrenbach Uli , Schöning Wenzel , Schmelzle Moritz , Pratschke Johann 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The concept of “textbook outcome” (TO) as composite quality measure depicting the ideal surgical has not yet been defined for patients undergoing major hepatectomy (MH) for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC). This study sought to propose a uniform definition through a systematic literature review as well as to identify patient- or procedure-related factors influencing TO.

Methods
In this retrospective study, we analyzed all patients undergoing MH for PHC at our department between January 2005 and August 2019. After conducting a systematic literature search, we defined TO as the absence of 90-day mortality and major complications, no hospital readmission within 90 days after discharge, and no prolonged hospital stay (<75. percentile). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing TO.

Results
Of 283 patients, TO was achieved in 67 (24%) patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative biliary drainage was associated with a decreased (OR= 0.405, 95% CI: 0.194–0.845, p=0.016) and left-sided-resection (OR= 1.899, 95% CI: 1.048–3.440, p=0.035) with increased odds for TO. Overall survival (OS) and DFS (disease-free survival) did not differ significantly between the outcome groups (OS: p=0.280, DFS: p=0.735). However, there was a trend towards better overall survival, especially in the late course with TO.

Conclusion
Our analysis proposed a uniform definition of TO after MH for PHC. We identified left hepatectomy as an independent factor positively influencing TO. In patients where both right- and left-sided resections are feasible, this underlines the importance of a careful selection of patients who are scheduled for right hepatectomy.
The role of petal transpiration in floral humidity generation
Authors: Harrap Michael J. M. , Rands Sean A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Main conclusion
Using petrolatum gel as an antitranspirant on the flowers of California poppy and giant bindweed, we show that transpiration provides a large contribution to floral humidity generation.

Abstract
Floral humidity, an area of elevated humidity in the headspace of flowers, is believed to be produced predominantly through a combination of evaporation of liquid nectar and transpirational water loss from the flower. However, the role of transpiration in floral humidity generation has not been directly tested and is largely inferred by continued humidity production when nectar is removed from flowers. We test whether transpiration contributes to the floral humidity generation of two species previously identified to produce elevated floral humidity, Calystegia silvatica and Eschscholzia californica. Floral humidity production of flowers that underwent an antitranspirant treatment, petrolatum gel which blocks transpiration from treated tissues, is compared to flowers that did not receive such treatments. Gel treatments reduced floral humidity production to approximately a third of that produced by untreated flowers in C. silvatica, and half of that in E. californica. This confirms the previously untested inferences that transpiration has a large contribution to floral humidity generation and that this contribution may vary between species.
Challenges in translational machine learning
Authors: Couckuyt Artuur , Seurinck Ruth , Emmaneel Annelies , Quintelier Katrien , Novak David , Van Gassen Sofie , Saeys Yvan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMachine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly being used to help implement clinical decision support systems. In this new field, we define as “translational machine learning”, joint efforts and strong communication between data scientists and clinicians help to span the gap between ML and its adoption in the clinic. These collaborations also improve interpretability and trust in translational ML methods and ultimately aim to result in generalizable and reproducible models. To help clinicians and bioinformaticians refine their translational ML pipelines, we review the steps from model building to the use of ML in the clinic. We discuss experimental setup, computational analysis, interpretability and reproducibility, and emphasize the challenges involved. We highly advise collaboration and data sharing between consortia and institutes to build multi-centric cohorts that facilitate ML methodologies that generalize across centers. In the end, we hope that this review provides a way to streamline translational ML and helps to tackle the challenges that come with it.
Hidden diagonal integrability of q-Hahn vertex model and Beta polymer model
Authors: Korotkikh Sergei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe study a new integrable probabilistic system, defined in terms of a stochastic colored vertex model on a square lattice. The main distinctive feature of our model is a new family of parameters attached to diagonals rather than to rows or columns, like in other similar models. Because of these new parameters the previously known results about vertex models cannot be directly applied, but nevertheless the integrability remains, and we prove explicit integral expressions for q-deformed moments of the (colored) height functions of the model. Following known techniques our model can be interpreted as a q-discretization of the Beta polymer model from (Probab Theory Relat Fields 167(3):1057–1116 (2017). arXiv:1503.04117) with a new family of parameters, also attached to diagonals. To demonstrate how integrability with respect to the new diagonal parameters works, we extend the known results about Tracy–Widom large-scale fluctuations of the Beta polymer model.