bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RADICALIST’S POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE DEBATE OF 1854 IN THE US CONGRESS ON THE KANSAS – NEBRASKA BILL
Authors: Осипов Н.И. 
Published: January 2022

В статье анализируются политические идеи, взгляды, воззрения представления, концепции и принципы, которыми руководствовались конгрессмены палат Конгресса США при обсуждении положений билля об образовании территорий Канзаса и Небраски, касающихся условий и порядка определения правового статуса рабства на этих территориях. В статье выясняются, сопоставляют-ся и оцениваются смысловые и идейно-политические различия в позициях дискутирующих сто-рон, определяется значимость итогов дебатов для последующего политического развития США по пути раскола американской нации и американского национального государства.
The article studies the political ideas, views, perceptions, concepts and principles that guided the congressmen of the Houses of the US Congress while discussing the provisions of the bill on the formation of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska regarding the conditions and procedure for determining the legal status of slavery in these territories. The article clarifies, compares and evaluates the conceptual, ideological and political differences in the positions of the debating parties, determines the significance of this debate for the subsequent political development of the United States along the path of the split of the American nation and the American national state.
THE BOOK CULTURE IN ENGLAND IN XVIIIth CENTURY
Authors: Куцева Е.А. 
Published: January 2022

В XVIII веке Англия становится одной из самых читающих стран в Европе, количество публикаций растет, как в Лондоне, так и в провинции. Развитие книжной торговли было связано с повышением грамотности населения, что стимулировало рост спроса на печатную продукцию. Периодические издания активно развивались, появлялись новые их виды и жанры (обзоры, еже-дневные издания). Повышению спроса также способствовало развитие рекламы и обострение по-литической борьбы в стране. Отмена предварительной цензуры 1695 г. и Статут королевы Анны 1710 г. сыграли важную роль в формировании английской книжной культуры XVIII века, послед-ний заложил основу авторского права в Англии. В статье исследуется организация книжного рын-ка в Англии XVIII века, анализируется развитие авторского права, особенности книгоиздания, проблема пиратства или нарушения авторских прав, создание системы библиотек.
In the XVIIIth century England becomes one of the most reading countries in Europe, the number of publications is growing, both in London and in the provinces. The development of the book trade was due to an increase in literacy of the population, which stimulated an increase in demand for printed products. Periodicals are actively developing, new types of printed publications and new genres (reviews, daily editions) appear. The rise in demand also contributed to the development of advertising and intensification of political strife in the country. The abolition of preliminary censorship in 1695 and the Statute of Queen Anne of 1710 were significant for the formation of English book culture in the XVIIIth century, the latter laid the foundation for copyright in England. The article examines the organization of the book market in England in the XVIIIth century, analyzes the development of copyright, features of book publishing, the problem of piracy or copyright infringement, the creation of a system of libraries.
THE ROLE OF HIGH-RANKING POLITICAL INSTITUTES IN SOVIET-BRITISH RELATIONS DURING 1920s – EARLY 1930s (the case of the Soviet Union’s Revolutionary Military Council and the United Kingdom Committee of Imperial Defence)
Authors: Сергеев Е.Ю. 
Published: January 2022

Реввоенсовет Советского Союза и Комитет имперской обороны Соединенного Королевства явились важнейшими военно-политическими структурами обеих великих держав, которые оказы-вали значительное влияние на формулирование и проведение в жизнь решений государственной важности. Автор рассматривает ключевые факторы этого воздействия на советско-британские от-ношения 1920-х – начала 1930-х гг., характеризовавшиеся «иллюзиями пацифизма» в неустанных попытках творцов Версальско-Вашингтонского миропорядка предотвратить формирование пред-посылок для нового глобального вооруженного конфликта.
The Soviet Union’s Revolutionary Military Council and Committee of Imperial Defence of the United Kingdom were the most important military and political structures of both great powers, which had a significant influence on the formulation and implementation of decisions on national importance. The author examines some key factors of this impact on the Soviet-British relations in the latter half of the 1920s and early 1930s, characterised by “illusions of pacifism” in relentless attempts by the Versailles world order creators to prevent the origins of a new global armed conflict.
Plasma FGF21 concentrations are regulated by glucose independently of insulin and GLP-1 in lean, healthy humans
Authors: Solomon Thomas P.J. , Carter Steven , Haus Jacob M. , Karstoft Kristian , von Holstein-Rathlou Stephanie , Nielsen Mette S. , Gillum Matthew P. 
Published: January 2022

Background
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) treatment improves metabolic homeostasis in diverse species, including humans. Physiologically, plasma FGF21 levels increase modestly after glucose ingestion, but it is unclear whether this is mediated by glucose itself or due to a secondary effect of postprandial endocrine responses. A refined understanding of the mechanisms that control FGF21 release in humans may accelerate the development of small-molecule FGF21 secretagogues to treat metabolic disease. This study aimed to determine whether FGF21 secretion is stimulated by elevations in plasma glucose, insulin, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans.

Methods
Three groups of ten healthy participants were included in a parallel-group observational study. Group A underwent a hyperglycemic infusion; Group B underwent a 40 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; Group C underwent two pancreatic clamps (to suppress endogenous insulin secretion) with euglycemic and hyperglycemic stages with an infusion of either saline or 0.5 pmol/kg/min GLP-1. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were measured at baseline and during each clamp stage by ELISA.

Results
Plasma FGF21 was unaltered during hyperglycemic infusion and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps, compared to baseline. FGF21 was, however, increased by hyperglycemia under pancreatic clamp conditions (P < 0.05), while GLP-1 infusion under pancreatic clamp conditions did not change circulating FGF21 levels.

Conclusion
Increases in plasma FGF21 are likely driven directly by changes in plasma glucose independent of changes in insulin or GLP-1 secretion. Ecologically valid postprandial investigations are now needed to confirm our observations from basic science infusion models.
Effect of Different N and K Fertigation Levels of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) as Influenced by Nutrient Content of Capsicum under Poly House
Authors: Gouthami B. , Devi M. Uma , Kumar K. Avil , Ramulu V. 
Published: January 2022

The experiment was carried out during rabi season of 2018-19 at Water Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) with respect to different nitrogen and potassium fertigation levels under poly house. The experiment comprised of three replications in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with two factors {i.e. N levels (4), K levels (3) } and twelve treatments Viz; N fertigation levels of 0 %, 120 % (216 kg N ha-1) , 150 % (270 kg N ha-1), 180 % (324 kg N ha-1) and K fertigation levels of 0 %, 80 % (96 kg K2O ha-1), 100% (120 kg K2O ha-1) respectively. The 100 % RDF was 180, 90 and 120 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1. The source of N was urea, P was single super phosphate (SSP) and K was white muriate of potash (MOP). The N and K were applied through drip fertigation on every fourth day during different crop growth stages. In the fertigation programme, during crop establishment stage (10 DAT to 14 DAT), 10 % of N and K2O were applied in two splits. During vegetative stage, (15 to 46 DAT) 30 % of N and 20 % of K2O were applied in eight splits. During flower initiation to fruit development (47 DAT to 74 DAT) 20 % of N and K2O were applied in seven splits. From fruit development till final harvesting stage (75 DAT to 154 DAT) 40 % of N and 50 % K2O were applied in 20 splits in a total of 37 splits. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with low in available nitrogen (166.5 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (81.1 kg P2O5 ha-1) and low in available potassium (245.4 kg K2O ha-1). Irrigation was scheduled at 0.8 Epan based on pan evaporation data. The total water applied to the crop was 414.8 mm. The total nitrogen content in capsicum shoots ranged from 3.41 to 4.57 %, 4.29 to 6.35 %, 4.43 to 6.67%, 4.76 to 6.86% and 4.53 to 6.58% at 30, 60, 90, and 120 and at final harvest respectively. In fruits, it ranged from 4.11 to 6.49 %, 3.92 to 6.35%, 4.01 to 6.25 % at 90, 120 and at final harvest respectively. The total phosphorus content in capsicum shoots ranged from 0.13 to 0.23 %, 0.42 to 0.92%, 0.14 to 0.33%, 0.12 to 0.24% and 0.12 to 0.20% at 30, 60, 90, 120 and at final harvest respectively. In fruits it ranged from 0.20 to 0.59 %, 0.24 to 0.57 %, 0.26 to 0.70 % at 90, 120 and at final harvest respectively. The total potassium content in capsicum shoots ranged from 0.87 to 1.83 %, 1.77 to 2.65%, 1.50 to 2.23%, 0.96 to 1.54% and 0.83 to 1.38% at 30, 60, 90, 120 and at final harvest respectively. In fruits it ranged from 1.02 to 1.47%, 0.98 to 1.35%, 0.93 to 1.28% at 90, 120 and at final harvest respectively.
Prevalence of Single Umbilical Artery (Isolated and non-isolated) and Its Correlation with Birth Defects and Premature Death
Authors: Lothe Aditi Sandeep , Pandey Varsha 
Published: January 2022

Background: The single umbilical artery (SUA) is linked to congenital abnormalities in almost every organ system, however published findings have been inconsistent. Although It has been proposed that inherited and long-term environmental factors do play a role, there is a need for further investigations on the same. The goal is to look into the possibility of a link between a single umbilical artery (SUA) in the incidence of chromosomal anomalies in the second trimester of pregnancy and their collective occurrence.
Methods: The exclusion of any one of the two umbilical artery and a present umbilical vein was considered as a single umbilical artery for the purpose of this research. A single umbilical artery was established by gross or histologic investigation of the placenta, neonatal evaluation, or autopsy. As a direct consequence, a newborn who did not have a single umbilical artery documented in these records was presumed to have an umbilical cord consisting of three vessels.
Results: SUA was identified in 0.46 percent of our population (4241/918 933). SUA risk factors included pregestational diabetes in the mother, consistently high blood pressure, prior Cesarean delivery. Some other factors include smoking, epilepsy, and conception via assisted reproductive technology. SUA was associated with gastrointestinal atresia or stenosis in the neonate, esophageal and anorectal atresia or stenosis followed renal agenesis. SUA was linked to an elevated risk of congenital cardiac abnormalities by up to 7–8 times. There was a link between microcephaly, congenital hydrocephalus. There was a link established between other congenital brain and spinal cord anomalies as well. SUA displayed a lesser relationship with hernia associated with the diaphragm, limb reduction defect. It also showed a smaller relation to cleft lip or cleft palate. The risks of trisomy 13 and 21 were both increased, while the risk of trisomy 18 was maximum. Fetuses diagnosed with SUA, whether or not accompanied with a deformity, had two times the higher potential possibility of SUA in a future pregnancy.
Conclusion: Single Umbilical Artery is closely linked to gastrointestinal atresia or stenosis, implying the same developmental processes. The higher likelihood of reappearance of Single Umbilical Artery implies that inheritable and/or long-term environmental variables play a role. SUA was shown to have high correlations with trisomies 13 and 18.
Childhood Asthma and Risk Factors in KSA (Cross Sectional Study)
Authors: Attia Najya Abdullah , Abousada Hoda Jehad , Almasoudi Samirah Saeed , AlHarbi Abdulaziz Abduallah , Alghanmi Omniah Dakiel , Alghamdi Abdullah Jamaan , Almarshud Fahad Ahmed , Alhazmi Reema Khaled , Haddad Abdulaziz Hisham , Alzahrani Abdullah Saeed , Aljahdali Ammar Yasir , Mahmoud Shuaa Adel , Ajjaj Refal Ghassan , Mannan Sara Mohammed , ALnashri Aeshah Ali 
Published: January 2022

The goal of this study is to see if there's a link between age, gender, and risk factors including having a smoking parent, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and a family history of atopy with the diagnosis of childhood asthma. The goal is also to evaluate the prevalence of asthma in the study's pediatric sample, as well as the prevalence of other symptoms and complications in this group.
A link was discovered between childhood asthma and age, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and atopy in the family. In most areas of this investigation, the findings are consistent with earlier studies conducted at various periods and in other places for almost identical aims.
Addressing the Prominent Li+ Intercalation Process of Metal Sulfide Catalyst in Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Wang Jin , Yang Shaohua , Xu Zijia , Ai Guo , Zhang Ting , Mao Wenfeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractVarious catalysts are adopted to boost the conversion chemistry of Lithium sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, but most of them are electrochemical‐active in a working Li‐S cell, and the changes of their chemical state and the induced influence toward the Li‐S catalytic mechanism are unclear. Herein, a dynamic catalytic mechanism is proposed by the selection of Li+‐interaction‐reversible VS2 catalyst as a representative species to address this issue. The VS2 catalyst with ultrastable Li+ intercalation/deintercalation characteristics, fast charge transport capability, and active capacity contribution can provide a strong and dynamic chemisorption toward polysulfide (LiPS). The resulting Li‐S batteries exhibit excellent cyclability at 3 C with capacity attenuation of 81.23% over 250 cycles and good rate capability up to 8 C. Moreover, a new insight toward the dynamic catalytic changes induced by the prominent Li+ intercalation process of metal sulfide is proposed, which can provide more opportunities for the evolutional design for Li‐S catalysts.
Chiral Binaphthyl‐Based Iodonium Salt (Hypervalent Iodine(III)) as Hydrogen‐ and Halogen‐Bonding Bifunctional Catalyst: Insight into Abnormal Counteranion Effect and Asymmetric Synthesis of N,S‐Acetals
Authors: Yoshida Yasushi , Fujimura Tappei , Mino Takashi , Sakamoto Masami 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAsymmetric construction of chiral N,S‐acetal skeletons is important because they are widely present in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Halogen‐bonding is a unique interaction that has been an organic synthesis focus, although research into chiral variants is limited. Halonium salts have been found to act as halogen‐bonding catalysts and asymmetric catalysis using chiral bromonium salts under basic conditions was recently discovered by our group. Herein, we report the asymmetric syntheses of chiral N,S‐acetals in good‐to‐excellent yields and enantioselectivities (82–97% ee) through bulky thiol additions to imines catalysed by a chiral iodonium salt under neutral conditions. The reaction mechanism was studied using NMR experiments and DFT calculations of a plausible intermediate, which revealed that the imine substrate is activated by the catalyst in a bidentate manner. The abnormal counteranion effect observed for the tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate anion in the present system was examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy.magnified image
Effect of Substitution of Pb for Mg on the Photovoltaic Properties of Methyl‐Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites
Authors: Tablero Crespo César 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo know if Pb can be substituted by less toxic Mg without reducing the photovoltaic efficiency of the methyl‐ammonium lead iodide perovskites, the microscopic contributions to the absorption coefficients and efficiencies are analyzed as a function of the gradual substitution of Pb by Mg. The absorption coefficients are obtained from first principles and used later to obtain efficiencies. To identify and quantify the most important contributions to the photovoltaic properties as a function of cell thickness, both the absorption coefficients and efficiencies are split as an exact many‐species expansion. From these results, the substitution of Pb by Mn would lead to solar cells with similar photovoltaics characteristics, except if the solar cells are ultra‐thin.
Design and Synthesis of Hollow Nanostructures for Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Min , Zhang Cai Hong , Li Nian Wu , Luan Deyan , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting using renewable energy is widely considered as a clean and sustainable way to produce hydrogen as an ideal energy fuel for the future. Electrocatalysts are indispensable elements for large‐scale water electrolysis, which can efficiently accelerate electrochemical reactions occurring at both ends. Benefitting from high specific surface area, well‐defined void space, and tunable chemical compositions, hollow nanostructures can be applied as promising candidates of direct electrocatalysts or supports for loading internal or external electrocatalysts. Herein, some recent progress in the structural design of micro‐/nanostructured hollow materials as advanced electrocatalysts for water splitting is summarized. First, the design principles and corresponding strategies toward highly effective hollow electrocatalysts for oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions are highlighted. Afterward, an overview of current reports about hollow electrocatalysts with diverse architectural designs and functionalities is given, including direct hollow electrocatalysts with single‐shelled, multi‐shelled, or open features and heterostructured electrocatalysts based on hollow hosts. Finally, some future research directions of hollow electrocatalysts for water splitting are discussed based on personal perspectives.
Assessment of soybean yield variability in the southeastern U.S. with the calibration of genetic coefficients from variety trials using CROPGRO‐Soybean
Authors: Perondi Daniel , Boote Kenneth , de Souza Nóia Júnior Rogério , Mulvaney Michael , Iboyi Joseph , Fraisse Clyde 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is a major crop cultivated in the United States, and it is well adapted to different latitudes and weather conditions. However, grain yield variability of rainfed soybean across early and late sowing dates and among maturity groups (MGs) has not been well evaluated in the southeastern United States. This study uses crop variety trials and soil reports to calibrate the CROPGRO‐Soybean model and then assesses yield variability for different sowing dates and MGs across sites within the southeastern United States. After model calibration and evaluation, soybean yield was simulated across 36 yr at eight sites for 16 sowing dates and three cultivars from MGs V, VI, and VII. The results show that the model accurately simulated soybean yield for MGs across different soil types, where the root mean square error (RMSE) across cultivars ranged from 423 to 589 kg ha−1 and across sites ranged from 219 to 684 kg ha−1. This facilitated the assessment of sowing date effects on yield variability, where simulations showed high yields for sowing dates from April to May, but with higher variability for April sowing dates and low grain yield for sowing dates in July. Our approach successfully illustrates the use of soil reports and crop variety trials to assess the best sowing dates and MGs for soybean production in this region.
Discrete element method simulation of binary blend mixing of cohesive particles in a high‐intensity vibration system
Authors: Zheng Kai , Kunnath Kuriakose , Davé Rajesh N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe effects of processing intensity, time, and particle surface energy on mixing of binary cohesive powder blends in high‐intensity vibration system were investigated via discrete element method simulations. The mixedness was quantified by the coefficient of variation, Cv; lower being better. The mixing rate, which is the speed at which homogeneity was achieved, was inversely proportional to the mixing Bond number, defined as the ratio of particle cohesion to the shear force resulting from the mixing intensity. Results show that both increasing processing intensity and reducing surface energy led to a faster mixing rate. However, the mixedness improved initially as mixing action (the product of mixing rate and mixing time) increased, but later deteriorated upon its further increase. Thus, both mixing rate and mixing intensity need to be tuned for optimum mixing performance depending on the cohesion level of particles; too high or too low mixing action should be avoided.
What's not to like about Likert? Developing a nonverbal animal preference scale (NAPS)
Authors: Vonk Jennifer 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRating scales, such as Likert scales, are incredibly flexible and intuitive tools for measuring individuals' rating of agreement with or relative preference for many types of stimuli. For humans, this typically involves ratings of agreement between end points representing distinct attitudes or beliefs; For example, strongly disagree to strongly agree. Nonverbal versions of Likert scales have also been presented to children, allowing them to indicate their degree of preference, pain, or happiness. However, before the current study, no known efforts had been made to develop a nonverbal rating scale for use with nonhuman animals. Such a scale would be a useful welfare tool, allowing nonverbal individuals to indicate not just relative preferences between pairs of items but their degree of liking for individual items. I present an outline of the steps taken to create such a scale for use with three zoo‐housed gorillas. Two gorillas succeeded in associating preferred and less preferred foods with different response buttons but none of the gorillas were able to effectively use the neutral response button. It is possible that limits in gorillas’ capacity for conditional discriminations and/or conceptualization of constructs as abstract as “liking” impeded training. These data are relevant for understanding gorilla cognition and can inform continued efforts to create a tool for nonhumans to communicate their preferences to human caregivers in a more nuanced way than is currently possible.