bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insurers as Asset Managers and Systemic Risk
Authors: Ellul Andrew , Jotikasthira Chotibhak , Kartasheva Anastasia , Lundblad Christian T , Wagner Wolf 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Financial intermediaries often provide guarantees resembling out-of-the-money put options, exposing them to undiversifiable tail risk. We present a model in the context of the U.S. life insurance industry in which the regulatory framework incentivizes value-maximizing insurers to hedge variable annuity (VA) guarantees, though imperfectly, and shifts risks into high-risk and illiquid bonds. We calibrate the model to insurer-level data and identify the VA-induced changes in insurers’ risk exposures. In the event of major asset and guarantee shocks and absent regulatory intervention, these shared exposures exacerbate system-wide fire sales to maintain capital ratios, plausibly erasing over half of insurers’ equity capital.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Estimating General Equilibrium Spillovers of Large-Scale Shocks
Authors: Huber Kilian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLarge-scale shocks directly affect some firms and households and indirectly affect others through general equilibrium spillovers. In this paper, I describe how researchers can directly estimate spillovers using quasi-experimental or experimental variation. I then argue that spillover estimates suffer from distinct sources of mechanical bias that standard empirical tools cannot resolve. These biases are particularly relevant in finance and macroeconomics, where multiple spillover channels and nonlinear effects are common. I offer guidance on how to detect and overcome mechanical biases. An application and several examples highlight that the suggested methods are broadly relevant and can inform policy and multiplier calculations.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Corneal complications of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wajnsztajn Denise , Nche Eleanor , Solomon Abraham 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) are common and may affect up to 40.6% of patients. Ocular EAM can occur in 39% of the patients. The cornea is involved by different pathogenic mechanisms and corneal disease varies from mild symptoms to severe corneal ulceration and melting with visual loss. Severe corneal involvement is associated with increased mortality in RA patients. We aimed to review the prevalence, mechanisms, management and overall impact of corneal involvement in RA patients.

Recent findings
Corneal involvement is frequent among RA patients. With the wider use of systemic immunosuppression, in particular the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and with improvement of surgical techniques, spontaneous and surgery-related corneal ulceration and melting is becoming less common. However, RA patients are still at risk and should be carefully managed.

Summary
RA-related corneal complications are associated with a decreased quality of life and poor ocular and systemic prognosis. Prompt recognition and a multidisciplinary approach involving topical ophthalmic management and systemic immunosuppression are the key factors to maintain ocular integrity and avoid a lethal outcome.
Is allergy immunotherapy-induced anaphylaxis still a real problem?
Authors: Bernstein David I. , Berendts Karen 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
The current review describes the incidence and risk for anaphylaxis due to allergy injections.

Recent findings
The incidence of fatal anaphylaxis occurs with approximately one in 7.2 million injection visits. Severe anaphylaxis may occur once in every 160 000 visits. The major risk for fatal anaphylaxis is severe and uncontrolled asthma.

Summary
Understanding risk factors for anaphylaxis to allergy injections has led to clinic protocols aimed at preventing such events. The efficacy of these preventive measures remains to be determined in future studies.
Myopericytoma: A Review of Twenty-Three Cases Over Twelve Years and a Case Report of a Rare Neoplasm
Authors: Tan Marcus Wei Ping , Wei Tay Adriel You , Tang Po Yin , Chew Khong Yik , Nicholas Yeo Eng Meng 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Myopericytoma is a rare soft tissue tumor with a predilection for the distal extremities. It is commonly found in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and usually takes a benign course. Current knowledge is limited to isolated case series and reports; hence, this study aims to report our tertiary institution's experience with this uncommon entity. A review of our institution's pathology records for cases of myopericytoma was performed. From January 2009 to September 2020, 23 cases of myopericytoma were identified and their clinicopathologic features were reported. A unique case of myopericytoma of the ankle from the series was also highlighted as a case report. Among the 22 cutaneous cases, 18 were in the extremities and 4 in the head and neck. One patient had an intracranial lesion. Most patients developed asymptomatic nodules (72.2%), but 1 patient had a locally aggressive tumor on presentation. None recurred despite marginal excision in some patients (80.0%). In conclusion, pathologists and surgeons who encounter this rare neoplasm can reassure patients of its benign tendency.
Ocular neuromyotonia: a review of diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Lee Samuel K. , Lee Michael S. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
The current review will cover the clinical presentation, causes, epidemiology, differential diagnoses, workup, and treatment of ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) in detail.

Recent findings
While ONM largely remains a unilateral eye movement disease affecting adults with a history of sellar radiation, recent case reports highlight an expansion of this presentation to include bilateral, pediatric, and congenital cases.

Summary
ONM is a rare but recognizable ocular motility disorder involving sustained contraction of the extraocular muscle, commonly resulting in intermittent diplopia. Diagnosis of ONM relies upon a thorough history and clinical exam, with particular attention to history of radiotherapy and eccentric gaze testing. Treatment with carbamazepine remains first-line therapy, although other membrane stabilizing agents and surgical interventions can be effective.
Systemic Barriers in Receiving Electronically Prescribed Glaucoma Medications
Authors: Oke Isdin , Badami Avni , Kosteva Kathryn L. , Wu Kevin , Desai Manishi A. 
Published: August 2022

Précis:
Over a third of electronically prescribed glaucoma medications were not picked up within 1 month of patient request. Feedback-driven protocols may help minimize treatment interruptions attributed to electronic prescribing.

Purpose:
Glaucoma treatment relies on long-term medication compliance and many socioeconomic factors impact the ability of patients to receive their medications. This study aims to quantify treatment interruptions attributable to electronically prescribed medications and propose interventions to minimize this barrier.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study of the electronic prescribing patterns at a tertiary care hospital serving a socioeconomically diverse patient population. Glaucoma medication refill requests received over a 6-week interval were reviewed and patient pharmacies were contacted 1 month after the request date to determine whether the medication was received by the patient. Patients who did not pick up the prescriptions were contacted and consented to participate in a survey to identify the barriers to acquiring the medications.

Results:
Refill requests of 198 glaucoma medications met the inclusion criteria and the most common classes were prostaglandin analogs (44%) and alpha-2-agonists (21%). Medications were not obtained within 1 month in 71 (35.9%) cases. Prior authorization requirement was significantly associated with patients not obtaining their medication (odds ratio, 0.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.45). Patient reported challenges to successful receipt electronically prescribed medications included insurance coverage (32.2%) and pharmacy availability (22.6%).

Conclusions:
Approximately a third of electronically prescribed glaucoma medications were not received by patients within a month of refill request due to the need for prior authorization, insurance coverage, and pharmacy availability. A mechanism to alert providers and to address these barriers to medication access may minimize treatment interruption and disease progression.
Diurnal Variation of Corneal Hysteresis in Patients With Untreated Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Normal Individuals
Authors: Okayama Masahiko , Tsuchiya Shunsuke , Higashide Tomomi , Udagawa Sachiko , Yamashita Yoko , Shioya Satomi , Takemori Hayato , Nakazawa Kazuki , Manbo Yuki , Sugiyama Kazuhisa 
Published: August 2022

Précis:
Corneal hysteresis in both patients with untreated open angle glaucoma and normal individuals demonstrated significant diurnal variation independent of confounding factors and was higher in the nighttime than in the daytime.

Purpose:
To investigate diurnal variations in corneal hysteresis (CH) in patients with untreated primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal individuals by using an ocular response analyzer.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study included 72 eyes of 53 patients with untreated POAG and 53 eyes of 47 normal individuals. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and CH were measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and ocular response analyzer, respectively, every 3 hours from 9:00 to 24:00. Mixed-effects models were used to determine factors associated with CH values and CH amplitude (maximum values minus minimum values) and to examine the diurnal variations in GAT IOP and CH in each group. Significant differences between time points were defined as significant variations.

Results:
The diurnal average GAT IOP and CH in patients with POAG were significantly higher and lower than those in normal individuals (P=0.001, 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, the larger central corneal thickness was associated with larger CH values in POAG and normal eyes (both P<0.001). A larger amplitude of GAT IOP was significantly associated with a larger CH amplitude in POAG and normal eyes (P=0.010, 0.013). CH, in both groups, showed similar significant diurnal variation and was higher in the nighttime than in the daytime, even after adjusting for confounding factors, while IOP showed an antiphase pattern.

Conclusion:
CH in both untreated POAG patients and normal participants demonstrated similar diurnal variations, that is, higher at night, independent of confounding factors. These findings suggest that viscoelastic properties of the cornea may fluctuate diurnally independent of IOP.
A Literature Review of the Causes of Congenital Limb Deficiencies Over the Last 20 Years
Authors: Shivers Emma , Day Sarah 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Despite the prevalence of congenital limb deficiencies (CLDs) occurring in around 7.9/10,000 births (Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A:1225–1235), there is still a gap in the knowledge regarding the etiology of a large proportion of cases, and literature addressing this topic is sparser compared with other conditions.

Objective
The aim of this study is to assess the literature surrounding the causes of CLDs and use this to suggest the area in which a potential gap in the information on the causes of CLDs lies.

Study Design
This study is a literature review on articles published from the year 2000 onward.

Methods
A search was conducted on five databases (CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) and the ProQuest platform resulting in 18 articles to be discussed, after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and critical appraisals were completed.

Results and Discussion
The main findings could be separated into four themes including genetics, environment, drugs, and vascular. Comparisons were made among similar literature, although within some topics, this was less effective, given the specificity and reduced volume of research. Positive correlations were seen in all studies; however, the biggest underlying factor for most causes seemed to originate from a vascular disruption.

Conclusions
Future studies should focus on an underlying vascular disruption as a base for further research to attempt to find reasoning for the proportion of CLDs with an unknown cause. Further attempts should be made into creating a consensus on classifying and recording CLDs to ensure a more uniform approach to this topic worldwide, allowing comparisons to be drawn more easily.

Clinical Relevance
Understanding relevant terminology is vital to ensure that families experiencing CLD receive accurate information about their child's condition. This understanding will also lead to improvements in the quality of recorded data, such as clinical notes and registry inputs.
Regulation of cardiovascular calcification by lipids and lipoproteins
Authors: Hsu Jeffrey J. , Tintut Yin , Demer Linda L. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
Lipids and lipoproteins have long been known to contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification. One theme of recent work is the study of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], a lipoprotein particle similar to LDL-cholesterol that carries a long apoprotein tail and most of the circulating oxidized phospholipids.

Recent findings
In-vitro studies show that Lp(a) stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of vascular smooth muscle cells, while the association of Lp(a) with coronary artery calcification continues to have varying results, possibly because of the widely varying threshold levels of Lp(a) chosen for association analyses. Another emerging area in the field of cardiovascular calcification is pathological endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), the process whereby endothelial cell transition into multipotent mesenchymal cells, some of which differentiate into osteochondrogenic cells and mineralize. The effects of lipids and lipoproteins on EndMT suggest that they modulate cardiovascular calcification through multiple mechanisms. There are also emerging trends in imaging of calcific vasculopathy, including: intravascular optical coherence tomography for quantifying plaque characteristics, PET with a radiolabeled NaF tracer, with either CT or MRI to detect coronary plaque vulnerability.

Summary
Recent work in this field includes studies of Lp(a), EndMT, and new imaging techniques.
A Comparison of Temperature Thresholds to Begin Laboratory Evaluation of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants
Authors: Lam Sophia , Chamdawala Haamid , Friedman Jonathan , Meltzer James A. 
Published: August 2022

Objective
Young infants who develop fever are at an increased risk for serious infection. It is unclear, however, what temperature cutoff would be optimal to begin evaluating these infants because some criteria use different thresholds. We sought to determine the percentage of infants presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with a temperature less than 38.2°C who develop serious infection compared with those with higher temperatures.

Methods
We used a publicly available dataset from the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. Patients were included if they were aged 60 days or younger, had a documented rectal temperature of 38.0°C or higher in the ED or a history of fever within 24 hours before presentation to the ED, and were being evaluated for serious infection. We used the same exclusion criteria as the original Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network study but further excluded those who were ill-appearing (Yale Observation Score > 10). Serious infections included any of the following: urinary tract infection, bacteremia, bacterial or herpes meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, or bacterial enteritis. Data were described using frequencies (percentages) and compared between groups using χ2 test.

Results
Of the 4619 eligible infants, 1311 (28.4%) had a temperature lower than 38.2°C. Infants with temperatures lower than 38.2°C were significantly less likely to have a serious infection compared with those with higher temperatures (97 [7.5%] vs 365 [11.2%], P < 0.001). Of the infants with temperatures lower than 38.2°C who were tested, 67 (5.8%) had a urinary tract infection, 10 (0.8%) had bacteremia, 3 (0.4%) had bacterial meningitis, 3 (2.9%) had herpes meningitis, 17 (4.5%) had bacterial pneumonia, and 2 (4.8%) had bacterial enteritis.

Conclusions
In this study, we found that infants with temperatures lower than 38.2°C were significantly less likely to have a serious infection than those with higher temperatures. Using an evaluation cutoff of 38.2°C, however, would likely miss a clinically important number of well-appearing infants with serious infections.
Cognitive Task Performance and Subjective Cognitive Symptoms in Individuals With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Fibromyalgia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Lifelines Cohort Study
Authors: Joustra Monica L. , Hartman Catharina A. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Rosmalen Judith G.M. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study examined cognitive task performance and self-reported cognitive functioning in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) in a population-based sample and investigated the role of mood and anxiety disorders as well as severity of the physical symptoms.

Methods
This study was performed in 79,966 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 52.9 [12.6] years, 59.2% women) from the Lifelines general population. Symptoms consistent with the diagnostic criteria for CFS and FM were assessed using questionnaires. Two comparison groups were used: participants with self-reported medical disorders with well-defined pathophysiology (i.e., multiple sclerosis and rheumatic arthritis) and controls without these diseases. Objective task performance was based on the computerized CogState cognitive battery and subjective cognitive symptoms using the concentration subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength.

Results
Cognitive task performance was poorer in individuals with CFS versus controls without disease and controls with a medical disorder, although the severity of cognitive dysfunction was mild. Participants meeting the criteria for CFS (n = 2461) or FM (n = 4295) reported more subjective cognitive symptoms compared with controls without a medical disorder (d = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49–1.57 for CFS; d = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.22–1.29 for FM) and participants with a medical disease (d = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46–0.79 for CFS; d = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.70–0.80 for FM). These differences remained essentially the same when excluding participants with comorbid mood or anxiety disorders or adjusting for physical symptom severity.

Conclusions
Subjective cognitive symptoms and, to a lesser extent, suboptimal cognitive task performance are more prevalent in individuals with CFS or FM compared with controls without these conditions.
The Association Between Peripheral Oxytocin Levels and Depressive Symptoms in People With HIV
Authors: Shortell Destin D. , Rubin Leah H. , Murphy Aidan J. , Cohen Ronald A. , Porges Eric C. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective
Depression is common in people with HIV (PWH), yet little is known about the mechanisms contributing to depressive symptoms in PWH. Previous research across a range of populations has suggested a relationship between the neuropeptide oxytocin and depressive symptoms, with variable directionality. This article investigated the association between peripheral oxytocin levels and depressive symptoms in PWH.

Methods
Unextracted oxytocin serum concentrations were assayed in 79 PWH (44% female, mean age = 34.35 [8.5], mean body mass index = 25.69 [5.46], mean CD4 = 516.60 [271.15]) who also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CES-D items were evaluated in an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the relationships between oxytocin, total CES-D score, and the resulting EFA factors were analyzed with multivariate linear regressions conducted in R. Multiple regression models were used to adjust for age, sex, body mass index, CD4, and education.

Results
Contrary to hypothesized, higher peripheral oxytocin levels were associated with higher CES-D total scores with a small-to-moderate effect size (β = 0.26, p = .009). Following Bonferroni correction, oxytocin was not significantly associated with any of the five factors identified from the EFA: depressed affect, positive affect, appetite, cognitive symptoms, or perceived failure (p values > .042). Small effect sizes were found for the depressed affect (β = 0.22) and perceived failure (β = 0.21) factors (p values > .042).

Conclusions
In a sample of predominately Black or African American individuals with HIV, higher oxytocin was associated with higher total depressive symptoms. In addition, this relationship was slightly stronger than those of specific depressive symptoms. These findings warrant further study into the role of oxytocin in mood symptoms within PWH.
Prefrontal Cortex Volume Mediates the Relationship Between Lifetime Chronic Stressor Exposure and Cognition in People Living With and Without HIV
Authors: McIntosh Elissa Charney , Beam Christopher , Spahr Chandler M. , Slavich George M. , Thames April D. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective
Despite considerable research documenting how stress affects brain and neurobehavioral outcomes, few studies have assessed stressor exposure occurring over the entire life span, and no studies have investigated these associations in people living with HIV (PLWH), despite the high stress and disease burden experienced by this population. To address this issue, we examined how cumulative lifetime chronic stressor exposure related to cognition and brain integrity (i.e., gray matter volume) in White and African American PLWH and HIV-uninfected (HIV−) adults.

Method
Participants were 91 community-dwelling adults (47.3% PLWH) who completed a comprehensive interview assessing lifetime stressor exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory and underwent neuropsychological testing and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Regional brain volumes were derived from T1-weighted images processed through Freesurfer.

Results
As hypothesized, greater lifetime chronic stressor exposure was related to worse global cognition (b = −0.06, standard error [SE] = 0.03, p = .032), processing speed (b = −0.04, SE = 0.14, p = .041), and executive functioning (b = −0.06, SE = 0.02, p = .02), and smaller prefrontal cortex (PFC) volume (b = −16.20, SE = 5.78, p = .007). HIV status did not moderate any of these associations. Moreover, results from mediation analyses demonstrated that the relationship between lifetime chronic stressor exposure and processing speed was fully mediated by PFC volume.

Conclusions
These results highlight the critical role of the PFC in the maintenance of processing speed abilities and its vulnerability to cumulative stressor exposure. Specifically, the negative impact of lifetime chronic stressor exposure on cognition—particularly functions reliant on frontal lobe integrity—may be partly driven by smaller volumes in the PFC.
Effects of the androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir and tenofovir: a case report
Authors: Londero Angela , Fusi Marta , Cinausero Marika , Tascini Carlo , Gervasoni Cristina , Cattaneo Dario 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Although enzalutamide causes a favorable adverse effect profile, it might cause drug–drug interactions with some antiretrovirals. No major differences on the main dolutegravir and tenofovir pharmokinetocs were observed in this case report when comparing baseline assessments with those following the introduction of enzalutamide, also when given at higher doses, in a 63-year-old male living with HIV and prostate cancer.