bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International clinician perspectives on pandemic-associated stress in supporting people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Howkins Joshua , Hassiotis Angela , Bradley Elspeth , Levitas Andrew , Sappok Tanja , Sinai Amanda , Thakur Anupam , Shankar Rohit 
Published: April 2022

Background
People living with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have suffered disproportionately in health outcomes and general well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is emerging evidence of increased psychological distress. Increased strain has also fallen on clinicians managing the psychological needs of people with IDD, in the context of learning new technologies, staff shortages, reduced services and paused training opportunities.

Aims
To examine clinicians’ experiences of patient care, clinical management and the impact of care delivery.

Method
A mixed fixed-response and free-text survey comprising 28 questions covering four areas (responder demographics, clinical practice, changes to local services and clinician experiences) was developed, using the STROBE guidance. It was disseminated through an exponential snowballing technique to clinicians in seven high-income countries. Quantitative data were analysed and presented with Microsoft Excel. Qualitative data were coded and thematically analysed, and presented with in-text quotations.

Results
There were 139 respondents, mostly senior physicians (71%). Two-thirds reported over 10 years working in the field. Quantitative findings include increased clinician stress (77%), referrals (53%), patient distress presentations (>70%), patient isolation (73%) and carer burden (89%), and reduced patient participation in daily activities (86%). A third reported increased psychotropic prescribing. Qualitative analysis outlined changes to clinical practice, particularly the emergence and impact of telehealth.

Conclusions
In the countries surveyed, the pandemic has not only had a significant impact on people with IDD, but also their carers and clinicians. A proactive, holistic international response is needed in preparedness for future public health emergencies.
The Effect of Intravenous Mannitol Combined With Normal Saline in Preventing Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Sainamthip Panot , Saichaemchan Siriwimon , Satirapoj Bancha , Prasongsook Naiyarat 
Published: April 2022

PURPOSE Nephrotoxicity is a major dose-limiting toxicity among patients with cancer who were treated with cisplatin. Although no standard approach is available to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, administering intravenous isotonic saline is recommended. Additionally, mannitol combined with hydration has been evaluated, but none of them have been established. Our study aimed to determine the efficacy of mannitol combined hydration to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled design. All patients with solid cancers who were treated with cisplatin (n = 48) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 25) or 20 g of mannitol (n = 23) after completing 2 L of prehydration and receiving cisplatin. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, electrolyte, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured at baseline and days 2 and 7. Moreover, GFR was calculated based on the 24-hour urine creatinine clearance rate to assess renal function at baseline and 48 hours after receiving cisplatin. Severity of nausea and vomiting was evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. RESULTS No difference was found regarding baseline characteristics between the two groups. Seven of 23 patients (37.4%) in the mannitol group and 10 of 25 patients (40%) in the placebo group increased serum creatinine level ≥ 0.3 mg/dL at 48 hours after intervention ( P value = .48). Patients receiving mannitol exhibited significantly lower incidence of 24-hour urine GFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m than those in the placebo group (13.6% v 48.0% in the placebo group; P value = .012). Univariate analysis showed the greatest benefit for administering mannitol among patients receiving cisplatin > 80 mg/m2, or patients receiving concomitant radiation. CONCLUSION Mannitol combined with hydration significantly prevented cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Additionally, mannitol should be particularly considered among patients with cancer, treated with cisplatin > 80 mg/m2, or patients receiving concomitant radiation.
Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and 5-Year Change in Adiposity in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Mattick Lindsey J , Bea Jennifer W , Singh Lawanya , Hovey Kathleen M , Banack Hailey R , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Manson JoAnn E , Funk Janet L , Ochs-Balcom Heather M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Context
Evidence from animal studies suggests that the gradual rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during reproductive senescence may contribute to the change in adiposity distribution characteristic of menopause. The potential independent role the interrelationships of FSH and estradiol (E2) may play in postmenopausal adiposity changes are not well studied.

Objective
Our objective was to evaluate the associations of FSH and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived adiposity measures, with consideration of estradiol and postmenopausal hormone therapy use.

Methods
In a sample of 667 postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative Buffalo OsteoPerio Ancillary Study, we studied the associations of serum FSH and E2 levels with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived adiposity measures via cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses (5-year follow-up).

Results
In cross-sectional analyses, FSH levels were inversely associated with all measures of adiposity in models adjusted for age, years since menopause, smoking status, pack-years, and hormone therapy (HT) use; these associations were not influenced by adjustment for serum E2. In longitudinal analyses, the subset of women who discontinued HT over follow-up (n = 242) experienced the largest increase in FSH (+33.9 mIU/mL) and decrease in E2 (–44.3 pg/mL) and gains in all adiposity measures in unadjusted analyses. In adjusted analyses, an increase in FSH was associated with a gain in percentage of total body fat, total body fat mass, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).

Conclusion
While cross-sectional findings suggest that FSH is inversely associated with adiposity, our longitudinal findings suggest that greater increases in FSH were associated with greater increases in percentage of total body fat, total body fat mass, and SAT. Future studies are needed to provide additional insight into FSH-adiposity mechanisms in larger samples.
Enterocyte HKDC1 Modulates Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Male Mice Fed a High-fat Diet
Authors: Zapater Joseph L , Wicksteed Barton , Layden Brian T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hexokinase domain containing protein-1, or HKDC1, is a widely expressed hexokinase that is genetically associated with elevated 2-hour gestational blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test, suggesting a role for HKDC1 in postprandial glucose regulation during pregnancy. Our earlier studies utilizing mice containing global HKDC1 knockdown, as well as hepatic HKDC1 overexpression and knockout, indicated that HKDC1 is important for whole-body glucose homeostasis in aging and pregnancy, through modulation of glucose tolerance, peripheral tissue glucose utilization, and hepatic energy storage. However, our knowledge of the precise role(s) of HKDC1 in regulating postprandial glucose homeostasis under normal and diabetic conditions is lacking. Since the intestine is the main entry portal for dietary glucose, here we have developed an intestine-specific HKDC1 knockout mouse model, HKDC1Int–/–, to determine the in vivo role of intestinal HKDC1 in regulating glucose homeostasis. While no overt glycemic phenotype was observed, aged HKDC1Int–/– mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited an increased glucose excursion following an oral glucose load compared with mice expressing intestinal HKDC1. This finding resulted from glucose entry via the intestinal epithelium and is not due to differences in insulin levels, enterocyte glucose utilization, or reduction in peripheral skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Assessment of intestinal glucose transporters in high-fat diet–fed HKDC1Int–/– mice suggested increased apical GLUT2 expression in the fasting state. Taken together, our results indicate that intestinal HKDC1 contributes to the modulation of postprandial dietary glucose transport across the intestinal epithelium under conditions of enhanced metabolic stress, such as high-fat diet.
Insulin Null β-cells Have a Prohormone Processing Defect That Is Not Reversed by AAV Rescue of Proinsulin Expression
Authors: Ramzy Adam , Edeer Nazde , Baker Robert K , O’Dwyer Shannon , Mojibian Majid , Verchere C Bruce , Kieffer Timothy J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Up to 6% of diabetes has a monogenic cause including mutations in the insulin gene, and patients are candidates for a gene therapy. Using a mouse model of permanent neonatal diabetes, we assessed the efficacy of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy. We used AAVs with a rat insulin 1 promoter (Ins1) regulating a human insulin gene (INS; AAV Ins1-INS) or native mouse insulin 1 (Ins1; AAV Ins-Ins1) to deliver an insulin gene to β-cells of constitutive insulin null mice (Ins1−/−Ins2−/−) and adult inducible insulin-deficient mice [Ins1−/−Ins2f/f PdxCreER and Ins1−/−Ins2f/f mice administered AAV Ins1-Cre)]. Although AAV Ins1-INS could successfully infect and confer insulin expression to β-cells, insulin null β-cells had a prohormone processing defect. Secretion of abundant proinsulin transiently reversed diabetes. We reattempted therapy with AAV Ins1-Ins1, but Ins1−/−Ins2−/− β-cells still had a processing defect of both replaced Ins1 and pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (proIAPP). In adult inducible models, β-cells that lost insulin expression developed a processing defect that resulted in impaired proIAPP processing and elevated circulating proIAPP, and cells infected with AAV Ins1-Ins1 to rescue insulin expression secreted proinsulin. We assessed the subcellular localization of prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) and detected defective sorting of PC1/3 to glycogen-containing vacuoles and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum as a potential mechanism underlying defective processing. We provide evidence that persistent production of endogenous proinsulin within β-cells is necessary for β-cells to be able to properly store and process proinsulin.
Peptidergic G Protein–Coupled Receptor Regulation of Adrenal Function: Bench to Bedside and Back
Authors: Lenzini Livia , Caroccia Brasilina , Seccia Teresa Maria , Rossi Gian Paolo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An altered secretion of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary hormones plays a role in the clinical syndromes of primary aldosteronism (PA), Cushing, and pheochromocytoma.
Moreover, an altered production of adrenocortical hormones and/or an abnormal release of factors by the adrenal medulla are involved in several other diseases, including high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, primary reninism, renovascular hypertension, Addison disease, Bartter, Gitelman, and virilization syndromes. Understanding the regulation of adrenal function and the interactions between adrenal cortex and medulla is, therefore, the prerequisite for mechanistic understanding of these disorders.
Accumulating evidence indicates that the modulation of adrenal hormone biosynthesis is a process far more complex than originally thought, as it involves several factors, each cooperating with the other. Moreover, the tight vascular and neural interconnections between the adrenal cortex and medulla underlie physiologically relevant autocrine/paracrine interactions involving several peptides. Besides playing a pathophysiological role in common adrenal diseases, these complex mechanisms could intervene also in rare diseases, such as pheochromocytoma concomitant with adrenal Cushing or with PA, and PA co-occurring with Cushing, through mechanisms that remain to be fully understood at the molecular levels. Heterodimerization of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) induced by peptide signaling is a further emerging new modulatory mechanism capable of finely tuning adrenal hormones synthesis and release.
In this review we will examine current knowledge on the role of peptides that act via GPCRs in the regulation of adrenal hormone secretion with a particular focus on autocrine-paracrine signals.
A GOVERNANÇA CORPORATIVA E OS FATORES MACROECONÔMICOS INFLUENCIAM A ALAVANCAGEM DAS EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS LISTADAS NA B3?
Authors: Araújo Flávia Barbosa de Brito , Vilela Eunice Henriques Pereira , Jesuka Duterval , Penedo Antônio Sergio Torres 
Published: April 2022

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influência dos mecanismos de Governança Corporativa e dos fatores macroeconômicos em relação à alavancagem das empresas brasileiras listadas na B3. O modelo propõe o uso das Redes Neurais Artificiais em conjunto com regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel. O período de análise compreende os anos de 2010 a 2018, e a amostra é composta por 619 empresas, totalizando 5571 observações. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos Formulários de Referência (FR), no Economática e nos relatórios anuais. Como resultado, o modelo de RNAs apresentou desempenho preditivo satisfatório, e, por meio deste, não foi observada influência das variáveis de Governança e Fatores Macroeconômicos sobre a alavancagem das empresas, contrariando a literatura existente. Em contrapartida, o modelo de regressão confirma em parte com a literatura, principalmente para variáveis relacionadas à composição do conselho e ao crescimento anual em nível país.
Η πορεία από την συγγραφή της αίτησης ως τον συντονισμό και τη διαχείριση ενός Ευρωπαϊκού Προγράμματος Erasmus Plus KA2
Authors: Αμανατίδης Νικόλαος 
Published: April 2022

Η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, υπό το πρίσμα των πολλαπλών προκλήσεων που αντιμετωπίζει ο κόσμος αλλά και η Ευρώπη ειδικότερα στο σημερινό ραγδαία εξελισσόμενο 21ο αιώνα, θέσπισε την ανάπτυξη και προώθηση μιας σειράς από υποστηρικτικά, συγχρηματοδοτούμενα και διακρατικά προγράμματα συνεργασίας στον τομέα της εκπαίδευσης και κατάρτισης. Ο σκοπός των προγραμμάτων αυτών είναι η καταπολέμηση της ανεργίας, της διαφορετικότητας, καθώς και των διαρκώς αυξανόμενων προσφυγικών ροών προς τις χώρες της Ευρώπης. Το άρθρο αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια παρουσίασης και ανάλυσης τόσο της σύνταξης της αίτησης όσο και της διαχείρισης ενός ευρωπαϊκού προγράμματος Erasmus Plus με θεματική την ένταξη, κατάρτιση και επιμόρφωση των προσφυγικών ροών στην περιφέρεια της κεντρικής Μακεδονίας καθώς και στις περιοχές της Μασσαλίας, (Γαλλία) και Παλέρμου, (Ιταλία). Ως ακολούθως και στο πλαίσιο του συγκεκριμένου προγράμματος που αφορά τη Βασική Δράση 2, καινοτομία και ορθές πρακτικές, σχεδιάστηκε και οργανώθηκε μια επιμορφωτική δράση πρωτόγνωρη για τα δεδομένα τόσο της κεντρικής Μακεδονίας όσο και ολόκληρου του Ελλαδικού χώρου.
Το S.T.E.M. στην Πρωτοβάθμια και Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση ως δυνητικός παράγων ανάπτυξης στην οικονομία: Επισκόπηση της Διεθνούς Βιβλιογραφίας
Authors: Καλαντζής Γεώργιος , Τσιχουρίδης Χαρίλαος 
Published: April 2022

Στην παρούσα εργασία θα γίνει γενική επισκόπηση της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας στην Εκπαίδευση STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). Αναδεικνύεται η συνεισφορά των αντικειμένων STEM τόσο στην εκπαίδευση όσο και στην οικονομία. Παρουσιάζονται οι εκπαιδευτικές πολιτικές χωρών (ΗΠΑ, Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, Γερμανία, Κίνα, Αυστραλία, Ινδία) που εφαρμόζουν STEM στην εκπαίδευση, και που έχουν στόχο την καλλιέργεια δεξιοτήτων στις νέες τεχνολογίες και πνεύματος δημιουργικότητας, συνεργασίας, ομαδικής εργασίας, κοινωνικών και επικοινωνιακών δεξιοτήτων. Επίσης, γίνεται επισκόπηση των δημοσιευμένων ερευνών που απαντούν στο ερώτημα: Η εκπαίδευση STEM δύναται να συμβάλλει τελικά στη μεγέθυνση - ανάπτυξη της οικονομίας αφού στον πυρήνα της ενυπάρχει έρευνα και καινοτομία; Ιδιαίτερα σήμερα, εποχή της κοινωνίας και της οικονομίας της γνώσης, το «τρίγωνο της γνώσης » (Εκπαίδευση- Έρευνα- Καινοτομία), όπως η διεθνής οικονομική βιβλιογραφία τεκμηριώνει, αποτελεί τον βασικό παράγοντα της ανταγωνιστικότητας, όπου η εκπαίδευση STEM μάλλον δύναται να αποτελέσει παράγοντα προώθησης της μεγέθυνσης-ανάπτυξης της οικονομίας
Ανίχνευση των θέσεων των Διευθυντών των Σχολικών Μονάδων της Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης για τον ρόλο των Νέων Τεχνολογιών και Πληροφορικής (Ν.Τ.Π.) στο διευθυντικό έργο. Η περίπτωση των Περιφερειακών Ενοτήτων Φθιώτιδας & Φωκίδας
Authors: Παπαδάτου Ανδρομάχη Γ. 
Published: April 2022

Στη σύγχρονη πραγματικότητα η εισαγωγή και αξιοποίηση των νέων τεχνολογιών σε όλες τις πτυχές της ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας είναι επιβεβλημένη. Εδικά στον τομέα της εκπαίδευσης, η αξιοποίηση τους, αποτελεί βασική παράμετρο για την ποιοτική αναβάθμιση της εκπαιδευτικής και διοικητικής λειτουργίας των σχολικών μονάδων. Στην αξιοποίηση των τεχνολογικών καινοτομιών ο ρόλος των στελεχών της διοίκησης είναι καταλυτικός. Η παρούσα έρευνα διερεύνησε μέσω ερωτηματολογίου, τον βαθμό αξιοποίησης των νέων τεχνολογιών και πληροφο-ρικής από τους διευθυντές των σχολείων Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης των Περιφερειακών Ενοτήτων Φθιώτιδας & Φωκίδας στο διοικητικό έργο, την στάση τους απέναντι σε αυτές καθώς και τους παράγοντες που οδηγούν στη περαιτέρω ενσωμάτωση και αξιοποίηση τους με μακροπρόθεσμό στόχο την αποδοτικότερη και αποτελεσματικότερη διοίκηση. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αποδεικνύουν ότι οι διευθυντές διεκπεραιώνουν μέσω αυτών σχεδόν τις περισσότερες διοικητικές εργασίες του σχολείου και αναγνωρίζουν την χρησιμότητα τους στην αναβάθμιση της διοικητικής διαδικασίας. Επιπρόσθετα επισημαίνουν και την αναγκαιότητα για συνεχή και πιο εξειδικευμένη επιμόρφωση στον τομέα αυτό.
Μετρώντας τα ποσοστά των αριστούχων μαθητών των Γυμνασίων της Περιφέρειας Στερεάς Ελλάδας ανά τάξη για τα σχολικά έτη 2015-16 και 2016-17 . Μια παιδαγωγική Ερμηνεία
Authors: Αργυρόπουλος Κωνσταντίνος 
Published: April 2022

Η αξιολόγηση των μαθητών είναι συνυφασμένη με την εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία και είναι παρούσα σε κάθε φάση αυτής. Στο ανώτερο επίπεδο αξιολόγησης κατατάσσονται οι χαρακτηριζόμενοι από το ισχύον νομικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο ως αριστούχοι. Το ποσοστό των μαθητών αυτών χαρακτηρίζει το επίπεδο της τάξης και προφανώς είναι ένας κρίσιμος δείκτης για την πορεία κάθε μαθητή και γενικότερα του Σχολείου. Στην εργασία αυτή υπολογίζουμε τα ποσοστά των αριστούχων μαθητών των Γυμνασίων των πέντε περιφερειακών ενοτήτων της Περιφέρειας Στερεάς Ελλάδας για τα σχολικά έτη 2015-16 και 2016-17. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας αποκαλύπτουν ότι τα ποσοστά αυτά είναι σε υψηλό επίπεδο με μια μικρή αύξηση το 2016-17 σε σχέση με το 2015-16. Αξιοπαρατήρητο είναι ότι και τα δύο σχολικά έτη το ποσοστό των αριστούχων της Γ΄ τάξης είναι ελαφρώς μικρότερο από τα ποσοστά των άλλων τάξεων. Επίσης εξετάζουμε τη μεταβολή του ποσοστού των αριστούχων των Γυμνασίων των πρωτευουσών των νομών και των Γυμνασίων των άλλων περιοχών.
Two-Sided Platform Competition in a Sharing Economy
Authors: Zhang Chenglong , Chen Jianqing , Raghunathan Srinivasan 
Published: April 2022

We examine competition between two-sided platforms in a sharing economy. In sharing economies, workers self-schedule their supply based on the wage they receive. The platforms compete for workers as well as consumers. To attract workers, platforms use diverse wage schemes, including fixed commission rate, dynamic commission rate, and fixed wage. We develop a model to examine the impacts of the self-scheduled nature of the supply on competing platforms and the role of the wage scheme in the platform competition. We find that the price competition between platforms is more intense in a sharing economy compared with an economy with a fixed supply of workers if and only if the platforms serve more consumers and workers in the sharing economy than in the traditional economy, regardless of the wage scheme employed by the platforms. Further, any of the three wage schemes can be the best for the platforms and the worst for consumers and workers, depending on the market characteristics. In markets where the competition is more fierce on the demand side than on the supply side, the fixed-wage scheme results in the highest profits for the platforms and lowest surpluses for consumers and workers. In contrast, in markets where the competition on the supply side is more competitive, when the supply is highly (mildly) more competitive, the fixed-commission-rate (dynamic-commission-rate) scheme generates the highest profits for platforms, leading to the lowest surpluses for consumers and workers and the lowest social welfare. The differential impacts of the wage scheme on the price (demand side) and quantity (supply side) competition explain our findings. This paper was accepted by Kartik Hosanagar, information systems. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4302 .
Transporte público coletivo: dos desafios globais ao panorama brasileiro
Authors: Kneib Erika Cristine 
Published: April 2022

A partir do processo de transformação e crescimento das cidades, aliado à necessidade de um modelo de mobilidade mais eficiente e que traga benefícios à vida urbana, o transporte público coletivo cresce de importância e ratifica sua essencialidade. Porém, no Brasil, o transporte coletivo enfrenta muitos problemas e desafios, que são amplos e complexos. Mas quais são os grandes temas que elucidam esta questão e podem contribuir para sua solução no âmbito da mobilidade urbana? Este é o questionamento que direciona o presente trabalho. Como objetivo têm-se construir e apresentar um panorama nacional relacionado ao transporte público coletivo, a partir de temas basilares que permitam entender os principais desafios e elencar soluções relacionadas. Para a identificação destes temas basilares, recorre-se à revisão sistemática, que permite identificar quatro principais eixos: financiamento; infraestrutura; uso e ocupação do solo; governança e gestão pública. Como metodologia, adota-se pesquisa aplicada, exploratória e bibliográfica. Como resultados, destaca-se que os eixos identificados e trabalhados mostraram-se adequados para elencar os principais desafios do transporte coletivo no âmbito nacional, assim como revelaram-se aptos a sugerir medidas para iniciar um processo voltado à melhoria deste serviço, que constitui um direito de toda a sociedade.
A licença parental no Brasil e a promoção da igualdade de gênero no ambiente de trabalho
Authors: Barroso Ana Beatriz de Mendonça , Gomes Ana Virgínia Moreira , Dias Eduardo Rocha 
Published: April 2022

Este artigo analisa se a licença parental constitui medida capaz de reduzir a discriminação de gênero no ambiente de trabalho. Para isso, o estudo considera a divisão entre trabalho produtivo e reprodutivo no exame de questões referentes à inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho e analisa exemplos de regulação da licença parental em outros países. A pesquisa considera ainda a Convenção nº 156 da OIT sobre trabalhadores com responsabilidades familiares, a possibilidade de sua ratificação pelo Brasil e como poderia a licença parental ser regulada no Brasil. A metodologia da pesquisa é de tipo bibliográfico e documental, com abordagem qualitativa mediante análise de dados secundários dos anos de 2013 a 2015 advindos de estudos da OIT e da base de dados IBGE PAÍSES, considerando como critério objetivo os países que ratificaram a Convenção nº 156 da OIT. O estudo propõe, ao final que a licença parental é uma medida capaz de reduzir discriminação de gênero no trabalho, mas seus efeitos dependerão de estudos complementares e identificação de fatores que devem ser considerados na criação de políticas públicas, inclusive de ações afirmativas. Drop here!