bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading the Invisible Hand: An Epistemological Consideration
Authors: Hickey Jocelyn 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Within the discipline of economics, as within all academic disciplines, scholars produce texts in which they examine, discuss, and sometimes invoke their intellectual predecessors. As historians of economic thought, we are faced with the task of evaluating the readings put forward by these scholars. This article argues that to adequately evaluate such readings one must understand the inalienable role that a scholar's epistemological framework plays in the conditioning of their reading of historical texts and concepts. To do so, the author examines two divergent readings of Adam Smith: Jacob Viner's reading of Smith's invisible hand as God and Paul Samuelson's reading of the same three words as an allocative mechanism that translates an individual's “selfish” actions into the public good or “the best good of all” within a state of perfect competition. These distinct readings from two North American economists with remarkably similar historical, geographical, and academic contexts provide the ideal case for exploring the manner in which readers' differing epistemological commitments shape their different readings of historical concepts and texts. The exploration of these readings and the manner in which they are epistemologically conditioned are embedded within the wider discussion around an interpretation put forward by Quentin Skinner. Thus, this article offers an account of the variance in readings of the invisible hand and contributes toward the contemporary revisionist Smithian literature that explores, criticizes, and revises dominant readings of Smith.
The Place of Glasgow in The Wealth of Nations: Caught between Biography and Text, Philosophical and Commercial History
Authors: Watson Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Adam Smith's biographers have been in no doubt how important his experiences of living and working among Glasgow's merchant community were to the content of The Wealth of Nations. Many Smith scholars who themselves have been based in the city go further. They insist on the essential Scottishness of the text, seeing Glasgow as the indispensable intermediary between lowland Scotland's town-and-country dynamics and its insertion into global trading routes. However, Glasgow plays no explicit part in the way Smith chose to construct his arguments. This juxtaposition between the fundamental feeling that a work can elicit for a particular reading community and the words that actually appear on the page prompts the methodological question of how to proceed when encountering an apparent absence in a text. The reader does not possess a privileged access point from which to offer correctives by way of asserting that certain knowledge should have been present even though it is not. An absence from the text does not equate to missing text in the form of an obviously anomalous omission. Studies of the historical backdrop against which Smith was writing cannot be given the same authority when interpreting The Wealth of Nations as his direct communication to the reader of his views on the relationship between text and context. We may know more than he chose to reveal about his social and cultural embeddedness within the Glaswegian merchant community, but at most this knowledge can only provide an extra perspective when the matter at hand is textual interpretation. It is not a direct substitute for what Smith chose not to say.
Dbx1 controls the development of astrocytes of the intermediate spinal cord by modulating Notch signaling
Authors: Sartoretti Maria Micaela , Campetella Carla A. , Lanuza Guillermo M. 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Significant progress has been made in elucidating the basic principles that govern neuronal specification in the developing central nervous system. In contrast, much less is known about the origin of astrocytic diversity. Here, we demonstrate that a restricted pool of progenitors in the mouse spinal cord, expressing the transcription factor Dbx1, produces a subset of astrocytes, in addition to interneurons. Ventral p0-derived astrocytes (vA0 cells) exclusively populate intermediate regions of spinal cord with extraordinary precision. The postnatal vA0 population comprises gray matter protoplasmic and white matter fibrous astrocytes and a group of cells with strict radial morphology contacting the pia. We identified that vA0 cells in the lateral funiculus are distinguished by the expression of reelin and Kcnmb4. We show that Dbx1 mutants have an increased number of vA0 cells at the expense of p0-derived interneurons. Manipulation of the Notch pathway, together with the alteration in their ligands seen in Dbx1 knockouts, suggest that Dbx1 controls neuron-glial balance by modulating Notch-dependent cell interactions. In summary, this study highlights that restricted progenitors in the dorsal-ventral neural tube produce region-specific astrocytic subgroups and that progenitor transcriptional programs highly influence glial fate and are instrumental in creating astrocyte diversity.
rspatialdata: a collection of data sources and tutorials on downloading and visualising spatial data using R
Authors: Moraga Paula , Baker Laurie 
Published: July 2022

Spatial and spatio-temporal data are used in a wide range of fields including environmental, health and social disciplines. Several packages in the statistical software R have been recently developed as clients for various databases to meet the growing demands for easily accessible and reliable spatial data. While documentation on how to use many of these packages exist, there is an increasing need for a one stop repository for tutorials on this information. In this paper, we present rspatialdata a website that provides a collection of data sources and tutorials on downloading and visualising spatial data using R. The website includes a wide range of datasets including administrative boundaries of countries, Open Street Map data, population, temperature, vegetation, air pollution, and malaria data. The goal of the website is to equip researchers and communities with the tools to engage in spatial data analysis and visualisation so that they can address important local issues, such as estimating air pollution, quantifying disease burdens, and evaluating and monitoring the United Nation’s sustainable development goals.
A Wrench-Shaped UWB Antenna Yielding Dual Notched Bands for WLAN Application
Authors: Ding Tongyu , Wang Mengyu , Guo Jie , Zhang Liang , Xiao Jun 
Published: July 2022

A wrench-shaped ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with dual notched bands is proposed and investigated. The antenna has a wrench-shaped patch and two T-shaped slots on the ground, realizing the required UWB band. To achieve the dual notched band characteristics in upper and lower wireless local area network (WLAN) bands, an Omega-shaped slot is etched on the feedline and a novel composite right/left-handed electromagnetic bandgap (CRLH-EBG) structure is built on the ground. Measured results present an operating frequency band from 3.04 to 11.4 GHz, with two notched bands of 5.1–5.4 GHz (uplink of WLAN band) and 5.7−5.985.7-5.98 GHz (downlink of WLAN band), respectively. Both measured and simulated results of the proposed antenna are exhibited, promising that the antenna applies to UWB applications and can precisely overcome WLAN interference.
Tunable surface plasmon resonance sensor based on graphene-coated photonic crystal fiber in terahertz
Authors: Wang Doudou , Zhang Yue , Qi Yihan , Tian Jiangkun , Yue Shuai , Ma Tian 
Published: July 2022

A terahertz surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is designed based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Graphene is selectively coated in the cladding hole of the PCF and used as plasmonic material. The coupling mechanism, loss properties, tunability, and refractive index sensing performance of the designed SPR sensor are investigated using the finite element method. The peak of the loss spectrum corresponding to the SPR frequency can be dynamically tuned by adjusting graphene’s chemical potential, and a tuning sensitivity of 767.5 GHz/eV is obtained. The SPR frequency red shifts linearly with an increase in the refractive index of analyte from 1.0 to 1.5. An average frequency sensitivity of 208.14 GHz/RIU is obtained. This research provides theoretical guidance for the design of terahertz in-fiber SPR sensors and filters.
Forecasting the elimination of active trachoma: An empirical model
Authors: Renneker Kristen K. , Emerson Paul M. , Hooper P. J. , Ngondi Jeremiah M. 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundGreat progress has been made toward the elimination of trachoma as a public-health problem. Mathematical and statistical models have been used to forecast when the program will attain the goal of the elimination of active trachoma, defined as prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular in 1–9 year olds (TF1–9) <5%. Here we use program data to create an empirical model predicting the year of attaining global elimination of TF1–9.Methodology/Principal findingsWe calculated the mean number of years (95% CI) observed for an implementation unit (IU) to move from a baseline TF1–9prevalence ≥5% to the elimination threshold, based on the region (Ethiopia vs. non-Ethiopia) and baseline prevalence category. Ethiopia IUs had significantly different rates of reaching the TF1–9elimination threshold after a trachoma impact survey (TIS) compared to non-Ethiopia IUs across all baseline categories. We used those estimates to predict when remaining active trachoma-endemic IUs (TF1–9≥5%) would have their last round of mass drug administration (MDA) based on the mean number of years required and number of MDA rounds already completed. Our model predicts that elimination of TF1–9will be achieved in 2028 in Ethiopia (95% CI: 2026–2033) and 2029 outside of Ethiopia (95% CI: 2023–2034), with some IUs in East Africa predicted to be the last requiring MDA globally.Conclusions/SignificanceOur empirical estimate is similar to those resulting from previous susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS) and mathematical models, suggesting that the forecast achievement of TF1–9elimination is realistic with the caveat that although disease elimination progress can be predicted for most IUs, there is an important minority of IUs that is not declining or has not yet started trachoma elimination activities. These IUs represent an important barrier to the timely global elimination of active trachoma.
Modelling to infer the role of animals in gambiense human African trypanosomiasis transmission and elimination in the DRC
Authors: Crump Ronald E. , Huang Ching-I , Spencer Simon E. F. , Brown Paul E. , Shampa Chansy , Mwamba Miaka Erick , Rock Kat S. 
Published: July 2022

Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) has been targeted for elimination of transmission (EoT) to humans by 2030. Whilst this ambitious goal is rapidly approaching, there remain fundamental questions about the presence of non-human animal transmission cycles and their potential role in slowing progress towards, or even preventing, EoT. In this study we focus on the country with the most gHAT disease burden, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and use mathematical modelling to assess whether animals may contribute to transmission in specific regions, and if so, how their presence could impact the likelihood and timing of EoT.
By fitting two model variants—one with, and one without animal transmission—to the human case data from 2000–2016 we estimate model parameters for 158 endemic health zones of the DRC. We evaluate the statistical support for each model variant in each health zone and infer the contribution of animals to overall transmission and how this could impact predicted time to EoT.
We conclude that there are 24/158 health zones where there is substantial to decisive statistical support for some animal transmission. However—even in these regions—we estimate that animals would be extremely unlikely to maintain transmission on their own. Animal transmission could hamper progress towards EoT in some settings, with projections under continuing interventions indicating that the number of health zones expected to achieve EoT by 2030 reduces from 68/158 to 61/158 if animal transmission is included in the model. With supplementary vector control (at a modest 60% tsetse reduction) added to medical screening and treatment interventions, the predicted number of health zones meeting the goal increases to 147/158 for the model including animal transmission. This is due to the impact of vector reduction on transmission to and from all hosts.
Stepped treatment algorithm using budesonide-formoterol for chronic respiratory diseases: A single arm interventional study
Authors: Huang Wan-Chun , Fox Greg J. , Pham Ngoc Yen , Nguyen Thu Anh , Vu Van Giap , Nguyen Viet Nhung , Jan Stephen , Negin Joel , Ngo Quy Chau , Marks Guy B. 
Published: July 2022

Background
While the safety and efficacy of inhaled budesonide-formoterol, used as-needed for symptoms, has been established for patients with asthma, it has not been trialed in undifferentiated patients with chronic respiratory diseases. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a pragmatic intervention that entails a stepped algorithm using inhaled budesonide-formoterol (dry powder inhaler, 160μg/4.5μg per dose) for patients presenting with chronic respiratory diseases to three rural district hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Methods
We recruited patients with evidence of airflow obstruction on spirometry and/or symptoms consistent with asthma. The algorithm consisted of three steps: 1. as-needed inhaled budesonide-formoterol for symptoms, 2. maintenance plus as-needed inhaled budesonide-formoterol, and 3. referral to a higher-level healthcare facility. All participants started at step 1, with escalation to the next step at review visits if there had been exacerbation(s) or inadequate symptom control. Patients were followed for 12 months.

Results
Among 313 participants who started the treatment algorithm, 47.2% had ≥ 1 episode of acute respiratory symptoms requiring a visit to hospital or clinic and 35.4% were diagnosed with an exacerbation. Twelve months after enrolment, 50.7% still adhered to inhaled budesonide-formoterol at the recommended treatment step. The mean and median number of doses per day was 1.5 (standard deviation 1.2) doses and 1.3 (interquartile range 0.7–2.3) doses, respectively. The proportion of patients taking more than 800μg budesonide per day was 3.8%.

Conclusion
This novel therapeutic algorithm is feasible for patients with chronic respiratory diseases in a rural setting in Vietnam. Further studies are required to establish the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of similar approaches in different settings.

Trial registration
ACTRN12619000554167.
Paulo Freire y Trabajo Social en España: análisis socio-histórico y contribuciones para el contexto actual
Authors: Oliver Perelló Miguel Angel , Alves Carrara Virgínia , Matos-Silveira Rosana 
Published: July 2022

Introducción. El reconocimiento de Paulo Freire como una de las más importantes e influyentes figuras en el ámbito educativo a nivel mundial, resulta hoy incuestionable. Ahora bien, lo que quizás resulta menos divulgado, o caído en todo caso en el olvido en las últimas décadas, es su presencia en la profesión de Trabajo Social, particularmente fuera de América Latina. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo mostrar la entrada y presencia de Freire en la profesión de Trabajo Social en España, especialmente significativa en los años 70, y al mismo tiempo destacar como, las condiciones del contexto y realidad social actual, que exige desarrollar un enfoque crítico del mismo, permiten afirmar la vigencia e importancia de las aportaciones realizadas por Freire a lo largo de su trayectoria. Metodología. Las reflexiones aquí presentadas son el resultado de un estudio, en el marco de una investigación internacional, desarrollada desde una metodología cualitativa, que parte de dos líneas de recogida de datos. La primera, fuentes documentales-bibliográficas, relacionadas con el contenido de Jornadas y Congresos de Asistentes Sociales celebrados en los años 70 en España, y la segunda, a través de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a trabajadoras sociales de la época. Resultados. Los datos indican que en la década de los 70 la influencia de las obras de Paulo Freire ha sido significativa para las trabajadoras sociales militantes activas en las asociaciones vecinales de los barrios populares y en los movimientos de resistencia anti-dictadura. Discusión y conclusiones. Discutimos los límites y posibilidades del pensamiento de Freire para la profesión de Trabajo Social, en los campos de la formación y la práctica profesional, y concluimos sobre la actualidad de sus obras en una profesión que, si pretende abandonar su carácter benéfico, precisa apostar también en los momentos actuales, por una concienciación social que permita obtener cambios significativos en la intervención social y en la propia realidad social.
A Study of Demographic Factors and Clinical Profile of Varicose Veins in Adults
Authors: Saurabh Das  , Tushar Mondal  , Arindam Das  
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND
Varicose veins in lower limbs cause a lot of morbidity in humans and a significant financial burden on the health care system. Varicose veins do not threaten life and are seldom disabling. A high prevalence of varicose veins has been documented in India. Hence, we decided to conduct a study on the demographic factors and clinical profile of varicose veins in adults.
METHODS
It is an observational study. 200 patients aged>12 years with varicose veins of the lower limbs were studied. Statistical Analysis was performed with help of Epi Info (TM) 7.2.2.2.
RESULTS
200 patients were studied, of whom 87.5 % were aged ≥ 35 Years; 74.5 % were males, 25.5 % were females; 70.0 % had normal BMI, 75.9 % were from the urban area, 11.5 % had a family history of varicose veins, 10.5 % had addictions, 57.0 % had a duration of standing >5 hours. 62.0 % were examined at OPD, 82.5 % were unilateral and 17.5 % bilateral. The heights of the patients were significantly higher than the normal height of average Indians. The most common symptoms were varicosities and pain present in 80.85 % and 71.49 % of cases respectively. Out of 235 lower limbs, 48.93 % had the involvement of only GSV, 18.72 % only SSV, 32.35 % both; incompetent saphenofemoral junction was present in 67.24 % clinically and 74.89 % radiologically; 150 mid-thigh, 62 above-knee, 55 below-knee, 106 calf, 72 ankle perforators were incompetent clinically; 165 mid-thigh, 80 above-knee, 65 below-knee, 118 calf, 95 ankle perforators were incompetent radiologically; 65 (27.66 %) belonged to C2 class, 60 (25.53 %) to C4 class and 60 (25.53 %) to C6 class.
CONCLUSIONS
Age > 35 years, male gender, tall height, and prolonged standing are associated with increased risk of varicose veins whereas obesity, family history and addictions do not have any association. Varicose veins are more commonly unilateral with the involvement of a great saphenous vein. Colour Doppler is better at detecting incompetent perforators compared to clinical assessment.
An Inexpensive Sample Cataloging and Retrieval Tool for Frozen Tissue Collections Using Powerpoint
Authors: Lee Thomas E. , Walicek Madeline L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We present a method for the cataloging and retrieval of frozen tissue samples stored in a −80°C freezer via image databasing of the samples using server software (PowerPoint) and digital photography. This method is an inexpensive, computer-guided, rapid retrieval technique for visually locating frozen tissue samples in collections. This approach increases retrieval efficiency and reduces sample integrity risk.
Linking Employment and Death: Measuring the Structural Disparity in COVID-19 Deaths for Non-telework Essential Workers
Authors: Krumel Thomas Patten , Goodrich Corey , Sun Rui , Fiala Nathan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The intensity of the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic were a surprise to many people and functioned as an unexpected disturbance where individuals and businesses were slow to adapt their behavior. This event allows us to explore pre-pandemic structural differences in employment and estimate the public health impacts of these first few months of the pandemic. Novel datasets provided by the Connecticut Department of Health and the Massachusetts Department of Health enable us to link deaths to industry and occupation directly at the individual level. A significant number of working-aged people died from COVID-19, with black and Hispanic populations dying at much higher rates. Linking individual deaths with employment, we find that nearly half of these deaths come from people working non-telework essential jobs. Black and Hispanic non-telework essential workers died at a rate 14-percentage points higher than white individuals employed in these same occupations.
Mathematical model of fluid flow in a double constricted tapered tube with permeable boundary
Authors: Merugu Varunkumar , Poosan Muthu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a mathematical model for the steady laminar, incompressible and Newtonian fluid flow in a proximal renal tubule is presented. In this, the tubule is considered as a tapered tube with double constriction and permeable boundary. The impact of the fluid reabsorption across the tubule wall is assumed as the occurrence of exponentially decreasing flow at each cross-section. The present model is formulated through the Navier–Stokes equations, under the appropriate boundary conditions. A regular perturbation technique is used to obtain the approximate solutions. This study brings out the significant impacts of reabsorption coefficient (α) and tapered angle (ϕ) on the flow variables such as velocities, the drop in pressure, and wall shear stress are discussed through graphs. The streamlines are also plotted to understand the influence of the reabsorption and tapering phenomena on the flow.
Language, (em)power(ment) and affective capitalism: the case of an entrepreneurship workshop for refugees in Germany
Authors: Dlaske Kati 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper seeks to advance research on the nexus of language, work-related training and affective capitalism by focusing on an entrepreneurship workshop organized for newly arrived refugees in Germany. Despite the occupational orientation, the primary objective of the workshop was not establishing a business but “empowering” the participants by guiding them to adopt “an entrepreneurial mindset”. To delve deeper into this ‘will to empower’, the study brings together the perspectives of governmentality studies, ethnography, discourse studies and affect studies. To investigate in more detail the evocation of the ‘entrepreneurial mindset’, the study draws on ethnographic data collected in the context of the workshop and focuses on a particular discursive resource, the genre ‘elevator pitch’. The analysis examines how this genre operated as a technology of government by allowing an attempt at modulating the affective states and attachments of the participants so as to evoke an affective configuration characterized by hardness, resilience and diligence, but above all by aspiration, optimism and confidence: faith in oneself, and a horizon of hope that the possibility of self-employment created. The concluding section discusses this subjectification regime as a manifestation of contemporary affective capitalism, in the context of forced migration and beyond, in the light of recent social and sociolinguistic research.