bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fra transitive til refleksive ofre
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: This chapter revolves around the concept of sacrifice. Based on a researchhistorical review of a number of classic writers in Anthropology, Sociology, and the History of Religions, I seek within a bio-cultural evolutionary framework to tease out a more precise and refined understanding of what constitutes sacrifice. Bearing in mind the different levels of analysis, actor vs. observer and second-order vs. fourth-order examination, I see sacrifice as a subcategory of the broader phenomenon of exchange, and I argue that sacrifice continues to play an important role in modern culture and society. Contrary to the many researchers who have argued for a goodbye to the category of sacrifice in recent years, I present a definition which I regard as fully encompassing the phenomenon it seeks to delineate.
RESUME: I artiklen diskuterer jeg offerbegrebet. Baseret på en forskningshistorisk gennemgang af en række klassikere fra antropologi, sociologi og religionsvidenskab søger jeg en mere præcis og forfinet forståelse af, hvad der, set fra et biokulturelt evolutionært perspektiv, udgør et offer. Med et blik for de forskellige analyseniveauer, aktør versus observatør og andenorden versus fjerdeordensniveau, forstår jeg offer som underkategori af det bredere fænomen udveksling. Jeg argumenterer for, at offeret fortsat spiller en vigtig rolle i nutidig kultur og samfund. I modsætning til de mange forskere, som de seneste år har argumenteret for et farvel til offerkategorien, præsenterer jeg en definition, som jeg anser for at være fuldt dækkende for det fænomen, definitionen har til formål at indkapsle.
Frigg’s Cunning
Authors: Kure Henning Haglskær 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY: This article applies the initiation model, developed by Jens Peter Schjødtas a tool to identify themes of initiation in Old Norse myths, to the prose introductionof the eddic poem Grímnismál. After having introduced Schjødt’s initiation model, thearticle contextualises the prose introduction within the themes of the myth found in thepoem; then, it applies the initiation model to the prose text’s figures of Geirrøðr andAgnarr; and, lastly, it focusses on the cunning role of Frigg in the prose. This leads tothe suggestion that the myth that frames Grímnismál may be a story aboutcontextualizing war and warrior ways in a society of peace, with initiation as an idealtool of 'civilizing' the ruling powers.
RESUME: Denne artikel anvender initiationsmodellen, udviklet af Jens Peter Schjødtsom et værktøj til at identificere initiationstematikker i norrøne myter, påprosaintroduktionen af eddadigtet Grímnismál. Efter at have introduceret Schjødtsinitiationsmodel, kontekstualiserer artiklen prosaintroduktionen inden for de mytisketemaer, der findes i digtet, dernæst anvender den initiationsmodellen på prosatekstensfigurer Geirrøðr og Agnarr og slutteligt fokuserer den på Friggs listige rolle i teksten.Dette leder til forslaget, at myten, der omrammer Grímnismál, kan være en fortællingom at kontekstualisere krig og krigeres adfærd i et samfund bygget på fred medinitiation som et ideelt værktøj til at ‘civilisere’ de herskende magter.
Initiation by White Snake and the Acquisition of Supernatural Knowledge
Authors: Kuusela Tommy 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: This paper explores narratives about eating the flesh of a dragon or whiteserpent. It is argued that these narratives can be interpreted as examples of initiation. The snake’s association with wisdom is a common motif in Scandinavian folklore,stretching back at least to the Middle Ages. The author argues that folklore accounts of eating a white snake correspond symbolically to initiation. Different texts explain and legitimise how certain persons gain abilities such as wisdom, second sight, and the ability to understand the language of birds or other animals. This motif shows continuity over time and space and does not have to have taken place as an actual ritual for theinterpretation to be valid, particularly as, in the 19th century, such stories legitimised such people’s position in society as ‘cunning folk’.
RESUME: Denne artikel udforsker fortællinger om at spise kødet af en drage eller hvid slange. Den foreslår, at de kan tolkes som eksempler på initiering. Slangens tilknytning til visdom er et almindeligt motiv i skandinavisk folklore, der strækker sig tilbage til middelalderen, hvis ikke længere. Forfatteren hævder, at folkloreberetninger om at spise en hvid slange symbolsk svarer til initiering. Forskellige tekster forklarer og legitimerer, hvordan visse personer opnår evner som visdom, synskhed og evnen til at forstå fugles eller andre dyrs sprog. Dette motiv udviser kontinuitet gennem tid og rum og fortolkningens gyldighed afhænger ikke af, at de handlinger reelt har fundet sted som et egentligt ritual, især eftersom sådanne historier i det 19. århundrede legitimerede disse menneskers position i samfundet som ‘kloge folk’.
Óðinn og hans ulydige valkyrjer
Authors: Mundal Else 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: The article presents an overview of the Valkyrie motif in Old Norse sources. The Valkyries have their origins in various religious beliefs and overlap with other female mythological beings. It is moreover clear that Valkyries have a great ability to adjust to changing societal conditions. That Valkyrie motifs can be quite different from one another can be understood against this background. In the most common motifs, Valkyries are presented as Óðinn’s women whom he sends to the battlefield to select those who are to die. It is argued that those Valkyries who appear in contexts where they disobey Óðinn are more closely related to the Norns that to him. Valkyries who disobey Óðinn encapsulate a question that must have been especially pertinent in Late Norse times when the Christian idea of one almighty God was known: Who constituted the highest power in life, the Norns or Óðinn?
SAMANDRAG: Artikkelen gjev eit oversyn over valkyrjemotiva i norrøne kjelder. Valkyrjene har opphav i ulike religiøse førestellingar og overlappar med andre kvinnelege mytologiske vesen. Det er også tydeleg at valkyrjene har stor evne til å tilpasse seg endra samfunnsforhold. At valkyrjemotiva kan vere ganske ulike innbyrdes, må ein forstå på denne bakgrunnen. I dei vanlegaste motiva er valkyrjene framstilte som Óðins kvinner som han sender til slagmarka for å velje ut kven som skal døy. Det vert argumentert for at valkyrjene i motiv der dei er ulydige mot Óðinn, er nærmare knytte til nornene enn til guden. Valkyrjene som er ulydige mot Óðinn, tematiserer eit spørsmål som må ha vore særleg aktuelt i sein norrøn tid då den kristne førestellinga om den allmektige gud vart kjend: Kven var den høgste makta i tilværet, nornene eller Óðinn?
Religion in the Viking Age Moral Economy
Authors: Taggart Declan 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: On those rare occasions when Old Norse religion and morality are set alongside one another, the notion of a non-Christian morality is typically dismissed or Old Norse religion is viewed as actively holding back moral progress. I seek to challenge that rough consensus by examining lausavísa 19 by Egill Skallagrímsson, a short poem that seems to directly link gods with punishing certain forms of conduct. I approach the text with three research questions in mind: 1) Were the gods perceived as being aware of and concerned with human actions? 2) What types of transgressions do they seem to care about? 3) What is their perceived efficacy? Through this process, I seek to improve the modern understanding of the extent to which Old Norse deities were perceived as sympathetic to particular moralities and responsive to abuses against their followers.
RESUME: I de sjældne tilfælde, hvor forskere sammenstiller norrøn religion og moral, bliver begrebet om en ikke-kristen moral typisk afvist, eller også anføres det, at norrøn religion aktivt modvirkede moralske fremskridt. Jeg argumenterer imod denne konsensus, idet jeg undersøger lausavísa 19 af Egill Skallagrímsson, et kort digt, som synes direkte at forbinde guder med straf for bestemte typer adfærd. Jeg tilgår teksten på baggrund af tre forskningsspørgsmål: 1) Blev guderne opfattet som værende opmærksomme på og optagede af menneskers handlinger? 2) Hvilke typer overtrædelser forekommer de at være opmærksomme på? 3) Er der en opfattelse af, at guderne handler imod sådanne overtrædelser? Igennem denne analyse søger jeg at forbedre den moderne forståelse af, i hvor høj grad norrøne guder af deres dyrkere blev opfattet som værende sympatisk indstillede over for bestemte typer moralsk opførsel, og hvorvidt de reagerede på deres dyrkeres overtrædelser.
‘The flowing-haired friend of the fire of altars’
Authors: Clunies Ross Margaret 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: There are very few sources, other than material remains and spatial arrangements revealed by archaeological excavation, that can give modern researchers access to the thought-world of pre-Christian Scandinavian religion. Some skaldic poetry presumed to have been composed before the Conversion may offer a window onto this thought-world. This article investigates how a single kenning from a stanza composed by the tenth-century Icelander Egill Skallagrímsson conceptualised the relationship between the dominant Viking-Age deity Óðinn and the conduct of religious ritual.
RESUME: Der findes meget få kilder, bortset fra materiel kultur og spatiale organiseringer afdækket gennem arkæologiske udgravning, der kan give moderne forskere adgang til førkristen nordisk religions tankeverden. Nogle skjaldedigte, som antages at være komponeret før konverteringen til Kristendom, kan give et indblik i denne tankeverden. Denne artikel undersøger hvordan en enkelt kenning fra en strofe komponeret af islændingen Egill Skallagrímsson i det tiende århundrede konceptualiserer forholdet mellem den dominerende vikingetidsguddom, Óðinn, og udførelsen af religiøse ritualer
Painful Love and Desire in Skírnismál
Authors: Sävborg Daniel 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: The Eddic poem Skírnismál depicts erotically associated suffering in several instances. The god Freyr is filled with pain and grief when he first lays eyes on the beautiful jǫtunn maiden Gerðr. Later in the poem, Gerðr is threatened with horrible punishments if she refuses to give herself to Freyr, and one of these punishments consists in unfulfilled desire. The present study examines the sorts of emotions that are in play in these instances and attempts to determine the origins of the ways in which these emotions are depicted. The study also focuses on whether, and if so in what way, the two cases of erotically associated suffering are related to one another.
SAMMANDRAG: I eddadikten Skírnismál skildras erotiskt anknutet lidande vid flera tillfällen. Guden Freyr uppfylls av smärta och sorg vid första anblicken av den sköna jättinnan Gerðr. Senare i dikten hotas Gerðr med gruvliga straff om hon nekar att ge sig åt Freyr, och ett av straffen består i ouppfylld åtrå. Denna studie undersöker vilka slags känslor det handlar om i dessa fall och försöker fastställa ursprunget för traditionen för skildringarna av dessa känslor. Studien undersöker också om och i så fall hur de två fallen av erotiskt anknutet lidande i dikten är relaterade till varandra.
Det Andet, Det Samme og Den Historiske tekst
Authors: Albinus Lars 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Which interpretive possibilities are associated with the study of historical texts? What is it that we hope to understand, and what is the real purpose of studying a dead religion? This includes a diachronic and a synchronous aspect: How do the historical and the comparative interact? Do we seek, without necessarily being aware of it, what we already know, in the historical text, or do we open ourselves up to the encounter with something foreign? The question also implies whether perception and language can be said to reflect each other, and not least which conditions the present sets for understanding the past. I take my point of departure in Foucault's understanding of history, involving related views of de Certeau, and set the archaeological and genealogical point of view against Gadamer's hermeneutic textual approach and Habermas' concept of rational reconstruction. The intention is to suggest a perspective that, firstly, acknowledges the necessity of interpretation and, secondly, allows the text's own Otherness to come to the fore.
RESUME: Hvilke fortolkningsmuligheder knytter sig til studiet af historiske tekster? Hvad er det, vi håber på at forstå, og hvad er det egentlige formål med at studere en død religion? Dette omfatter et diakront og et synkront aspekt: Hvordan spiller det historiske og det komparative sammen? Søger vi, uden nødvendigvis at være bevidste om det, det, vi allerede kender, i den historiske tekst, eller stiller vi os åbne for mødet med noget fremmed? Spørgsmålet implicerer, hvorvidt forestilling og sprog kan siges at afspejle hinanden, og ikke mindst hvilke betingelser nutiden sætter for en forståelse af fortiden. Jeg tager udgangspunktet i Foucaults historieforståelse, under inddragelse af beslægtede synspunkter hos de Certeau, og stiller den arkæologiske og genealogiske synsvinkel op over for Gadamers hermeneutiske tekst-tilgang og Habermas’ begreb om rationel rekonstruktion. Hensigten er at åbne for et perspektiv, der på den ene side vedkender sig fortolkningens nødvendighed og på den anden side tillader tekstens egen Andethed at komme til orde.
Kulturasetro i Danmark?
Authors: Schjødt Uffe , Petersen Lauritz H. , Christensen Lea M. , Bjerregaard Sidsel Marie , Qvortrup Christian 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Inspired by the concept of Cultural Christianity, we investigate if something like Cultural Asatru exists in Denmark. A Cultural Asatru person may not believe in or worship the Old Norse gods, but may still identify with a pre-Christian heritage, believe that Danish values stem from Old Norse culture, and see Old Norse myths as original expressions of these values. We have used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine such beliefs and attitudes in 30 participants. The study was designed as a proof-of-concept study to evaluate whether cultural Asatru exists in Denmark, and if so, how this construct can be measured empirically. We find that national conservative Danes identify with Christian as well as Old Norse culture. The virtues of strength, courage, and vigor seem to be strongly associated with Old Norse heritage, while forgiveness, love, and compassion are associated with a Christian heritage. Gender equality, appreciation of nature, and the concept of Danishness appear to be associated more with Old Norse culture than with Christian culture. Strength and courage, which seem to express the essence of Old Norse culture, are heavily associated with the god Thor and the widespread wearing of Thor’s hammer pendants.
RESUME: Vi undersøger danskernes forhold til oldnordisk kultur. Inspireret af begrebet kulturkristendom undersøger vi, om der også findes kulturasetro i Danmark. For at være kulturasetro behøver man hverken at tro på eller dyrke de hedenske guder. Til gengæld identificerer man sig med den oldnordiske kulturarv, anser danske værdier for at være oldnordiske og opfatter oldnordiske myter som oprindelige udtryk for disse værdier. Vi har undersøgt 30 deltageres forhold til oldnordisk kultur og mytologi ved hjælp af både kvalitative og kvantitative mål. Undersøgelsen er designet som et proof-of-concept studie, der i første omgang skal vurdere, om der overhovedet findes kulturasetro i Danmark. Vi finder i undersøgelsen, at nationalkonservative deltagere identificerer sig med både kristen og oldnordisk kultur. Generelt tilskrives værdier som styrke, mod og handlekraft en oldnordisk kultur, mens tilgivelse, kærlighed og barmhjertighed tilskrives en kristen kultur. Lighed mellem køn, naturglæde og selve begrebet danskhed forbindes i højere grad med oldnordisk kultur end med kristen kultur. Styrke og mod synes at udgøre selve essensen af oldnordisk kultur, og disse kerneværdier kædes sammen med guden Thor og med det at bære thorshammeren om halsen.
Genome-wide identification, molecular characterization, and gene expression analyses of honeysuckle NHX antiporters suggest their involvement in salt stress adaptation
Authors: Huang Luyao , Li Zhuangzhuang , Sun Chunyong , Yin Shijie , Wang Bin , Duan Tongyao , Liu Yang , Li Jia , Pu Gaobin 
Published: April 2022

Background
Ion homeostasis is an essential process for the survival of plants under salt stress. Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) are secondary ion transporters that regulate Na+ compartmentalization or efflux reduce Na+ toxicity and play a critical role during plant development and stress responses.

Methods and Results
To gain insight into the functional divergence of NHX genes in honeysuckle, a total of seven LjNHX genes were identified on the whole genome level and were renamed according to their chromosomal positions. All LjNHXs possessed the Na+/H+ exchanger domain and the amiloride-binding site was presented in all NHX proteins except LjNHX4. The phylogenetic analysis divided the seven NHX genes into Vac-clade (LjNHX1/2/3/4/5/7) and PM-clade (LjNHX6) based on their subcellular localization and validated by the distribution of conserved protein motifs and exon/intron organization analysis. The protein-protein interaction network showed that LjNHX4/5/6/7 shared the same putatively interactive proteins, including SOS2, SOS3, HKT1, and AVP1. Cis-acting elements and gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that most LjNHXs involve in the response to salt stress through ion transmembrane transport. The expression profile analysis revealed that the expression levels of LjNHX3/7 were remarkably affected by salinity. These results suggested that LjNHXs play significant roles in honeysuckle development and response to salt stresses.

Conclusions
The theoretical foundation was established in the present study for the further functional characterization of the NHX gene family in honeysuckle.
Comparative Economics of Different Size of Polyhouse Units in Ranga Reddy District of Telangana
Authors: Manisha V. V. D. , Lavanya T. , Kumari R. Vijaya , Supriya K. 
Published: April 2022

Aims: The study aims in analyzing the trend, utilization pattern and comparative evaluation of different size of polyhouse units in Ranga Reddy district of Telangana (2019-20).
Study Design: Purposive random sampling technique was employed in this study. Districts, mandals and villages were selected purposively as the polyhouse cultivation was confined to only a particular part of the district and polyhouse units from the villages were selected randomly. The selected sample polyhouse units (90) were further classified into small, medium & large size units.
Methodology: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Tabular analysis and Project appraisal techniques were the different tools employed in this study.
Results: The area under polyhouses (2009-19) increased by 64.37% and 18.34 % per annum in State and district respectively. The average area utilised for crop cultivation(Gerbera) constituted 89.81%, 90.01% and 91.79% in small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively.
The total investment costs for small, medium and large units were ₹1429148, ₹2322360 and ₹4364336 respectively & gross returns were found to be ₹940235, ₹1412208 and ₹2535652 for small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively.
The Payback Period was 2.49, 2.89 and 3.90 years with subsidy and 6.58, 8.02 and 9.65 years without subsidy for small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively. The Benefit Cost Ratio were 1.26,1.22 and 1.21 in small, medium and large size polyhouse units with subsidy and 1.10,1.05 and 1.02 without subsidy respectively. Net Present Value was found to be ₹13.31 lakhs, ₹17.45 lakhs and ₹29.79 lakhs for small, medium and large units with subsidy and it was low for units without subsidy. Internal Rate of Return was found to be 73%,56% and 50% in small, medium and large polyhouse units respectively provided with subsidy and low for units without subsidy.
Conclusion: Increasing trend reveals that there is scope for expansion of polyhouse cultivation. Investment and returns were found to increase with increase in size of the unit. Polyhouse cultivation is found to be highly feasible when provided with subsidy.
Condom use among Students in a Ghanaian Public University; a Quantitative Survey
Authors: Aggrey-Bluwey Lawrencia , Johnson Sam , Nyarkotey Obu Raphael 
Published: April 2022

Background: HIV transmission remains a public health concern, with many adolescents and young adults engaging in unprotected sex. Inadequate condom uptake rates have been reported among university students, with women recording relatively lower condom uptake. Religion remains a determinant of condom uptake in certain contexts.
Objective: To examine gender and other factors such as religion as determinants of condom use among university students in a Ghanaian public university
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey approach, using a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 132 unmarried undergraduate students. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26, using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Results of a cross-tabulation of gender against condom use revealed that males use condoms (73.6%) more than females (63.3%). However, there was no statistically significant in the means of both males and females and condom use (t=-0.810, df=122, p>0.05). Analysis of Variance test of religion and condom use indicated that there was no significant difference between the means of religion and condom use [F (1,130) =2.759, p>0.05]. The relationship between gender and the barriers to condom use was positive and was statistically significant r (130) =0.229, p<0.05.
Conclusion and Recommendation: The university curriculum should be reviewed to incorporate reproductive health education as a core course for students to acquire more knowledge on current reproductive health issues, including condom use.
Causes and Risk Factors of Coccydynia in Postpartum Women in Dhq Sargodha
Authors: Junaid Meer Maryam , Muhammad Atif Malik , Afzal Farjad , Aslam Iqra , Khurshid Azfar , Zulfiqar Hunza , Muneeb Ur Rehman Hafiz , Usama Ali Khan Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Objective: This study investigated the causes and risk factors of coccydynia among postpartum women in Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. The main focus of the study was to identify what are the basic causes and risk factors of coccydynia.
Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study on 90 postpartum women from Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. Self-developed questionnaire was filled for data collection.
Results: Highest percentages of coccydynia was found among age 30 and 35 i.e. 12.2%. Our study showed that out of the total population 68.9% women experienced coccydynia with C sections. 73.3% experienced coccydynia with increasing number of pregnancies (more than one pregnancy. 90% women experiencing pain preferred to sit on soft surface.
Conclusion: This study concluded that multiple factors led to the development of coccydynia in postpartum women including number of C sections and increasing number of pregnancies.