bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the Treatment of
Cyclophosphamide-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Wistar Rats
Authors: Minhos Liandra Ferreira , da Silva de Lima Gehlen Ana Cláudia , Júnior Felipe Francisco Bittencourt , dos Santos Ariany Carvalho , Souza Roosevelt Isaias Carvalho , de Barros Márcio Eduardo 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Hemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammatory complication that can be caused by
the administration of cyclophosphamide, which is widely used as an antineoplastic agent. In the
search for new therapeutic alternatives, probiotics can suppress the inflammatory process and, therefore,
can be used to prevent this disease.

Objective:
Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of using Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM
in the treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in Wistar rats.

Methods:
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (2x108 CFU) was used in the treatment of cyclophosphamide-
induced hemorrhagic cystitis (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in 77 female Wistar rats. Rats
were distributed into experimental groups (n = 9): control group (GC), zero control group (GCZ),
inflammation group (GI), 24-hour acute treatment groups: 24-hour lactobacilli treatment group
(GL24H) and mesna group (GM), and 30-day chronic treatment groups: lactobacilli treatment group
(GTL) and mesna+lactobacilli group (GM+L). After treatment, animals were euthanized and biological
materials were collected for blood count, biochemical analyses, examination of abnormal sediment
elements (EAS), and histopathological analysis.

Results:
GI results showed development of edema, macroscopic alterations, and signs of bleeding in
the bladder; in addition, lesions in the urothelium and hemorrhage were also found. GL24H and GM
presented intact urothelium, without inflammatory reaction and hematological or biochemical urine
alterations.

Conclusion:
Therefore, this study demonstrated that L. acidophilus presented uroprotective effect
against the action of cyclophosphamide in both the short and long term.
Coenzyme Q10 for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Useful or Useless?
Authors: Renke Guilherme , Pereira Marcela Batista , Renke Aline 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become
some of the most urgent and prevalent health problems in recent decades, side by side with
the growing obesity crisis. The close relationship between T2DM and CVD has become clear: endothelial
dysfunction caused by oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from hyperglycaemia
are the key factors in the development of vascular complications of T2DM, leading to CVD. Coenzyme
Q10 (CoQ10) is a great candidate for the treatment of these diseases, acting precisely at the
intersection between T2DM and CVD that is oxidative stress, due to its strong antioxidant activity
and fundamental physiological role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. CoQ10 is a biologically active
liposoluble compound comprising a quinone group and a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units, which
is synthesized endogenously in the body from tyrosine and mevalonic acid. The main biochemical
action of CoQ10 is as a cofactor in the electron transport chain that synthesizes adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). As most cellular functions depend on an adequate supply of ATP, CoQ10 is essential
for the health of virtually all human tissues and organs. CoQ10 supplementation has been used as
an intensifier of mitochondrial function and an antioxidant with the aim of palliating or reducing
oxidative damage that can worsen the physiological outcome of a wide range of diseases including
T2DM and CVDs.

Conclusion:
Although there is not enough evidence to conclude it is effective for different therapeutic
indications, CoQ10 supplementation is probably safe and well-tolerated, with few drug interactions
and minor side effects. Many valuable advances have been made in the use of CoQ10 in
clinical practice for patients with T2DM and a high risk of CVD. However, further research is
needed to assess the real safety and benefit to indicate CoQ10 supplementation in patients with
T2DM.
Promised and Lottery Airtime Incentives to Improve Interactive Voice Response Survey Participation Among Adults in Bangladesh and Uganda: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gibson Dustin Garrett , Kibria Gulam Muhammed Al , Pariyo George William , Ahmed Saifuddin , Ali Joseph , Labrique Alain Bernard , Khan Iqbal Ansary , Rutebemberwa Elizeus , Flora Meerjady Sabrina , Hyder Adnan Ali 
Published: May 2022

Background
Increased mobile phone penetration allows the interviewing of respondents using interactive voice response surveys in low- and middle-income countries. However, there has been little investigation of the best type of incentive to obtain data from a representative sample in these countries.

Objective
We assessed the effect of different airtime incentives options on cooperation and response rates of an interactive voice response survey in Bangladesh and Uganda.

Methods
The open-label randomized controlled trial had three arms: (1) no incentive (control), (2) promised airtime incentive of 50 Bangladeshi Taka (US $0.60; 1 BDT is approximately equivalent to US $0.012) or 5000 Ugandan Shilling (US $1.35; 1 UGX is approximately equivalent to US $0.00028), and (3) lottery incentive (500 BDT and 100,000 UGX), in which the odds of winning were 1:20. Fully automated random-digit dialing was used to sample eligible participants aged ≥18 years. The risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals for primary outcomes of response and cooperation rates were obtained using log-binomial regression.

Results
Between June 14 and July 14, 2017, a total of 546,746 phone calls were made in Bangladesh, with 1165 complete interviews being conducted. Between March 26 and April 22, 2017, a total of 178,572 phone calls were made in Uganda, with 1248 complete interviews being conducted. Cooperation rates were significantly higher for the promised incentive (Bangladesh: 39.3%; RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.24-1.55, P<.001; Uganda: 59.9%; RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.33-1.62, P<.001) and the lottery incentive arms (Bangladesh: 36.6%; RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.15-1.45, P<.001; Uganda: 54.6%; RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.21-1.48, P<.001) than those for the control arm (Bangladesh: 28.4%; Uganda: 40.9%). Similarly, response rates were significantly higher for the promised incentive (Bangladesh: 26.5%%; RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.39, P<.001; Uganda: 41.2%; RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.16-1.39, P<.001) and lottery incentive arms (Bangladesh: 24.5%%; RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29, P=.002; Uganda: 37.9%%; RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29, P=.001) than those for the control arm (Bangladesh: 21.0%; Uganda: 32.4%).

Conclusions
Promised or lottery airtime incentives improved survey participation and facilitated a large sample within a short period in 2 countries.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03773146; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03773146
Quality Assessment of Digital Health Applications: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Giebel Godwin Denk , Schrader Nils Frederik , Speckemeier Christian , Abels Carina , Börchers Kirstin , Wasem Jürgen , Blase Nikola , Neusser Silke 
Published: May 2022

Background
All over the world, development and usage of mobile health (mHealth) apps is increasing. While apps offer numerous opportunities to improve health care, there are associated problems that differ significantly from those of traditional health care services. Further investigations on the quality of mHealth apps are needed to address these problems.

Objective
This study aims to identify and map research on quality assessment and quality assurance of mHealth apps and their transferability to continuous quality assurance of mHealth apps.

Methods
The scoping review will follow published methodological frameworks for scoping studies as well as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews criteria. Electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO), reference lists of relevant articles, and websites of relevant institutions will be searched. Two reviewers will independently assess eligibility of articles. Therefore, a 2-stage (title and abstract, followed by full text) screening process was conducted. Quality management systems and quality assessment tools will be analyzed and included in our review. Particular focus is placed on quality dimensions.

Results
This scoping review provides an overview of the available evidence and identifies research gaps regarding continuous quality assessment of mHealth apps. Thereby, relevant quality dimensions and criteria can be identified and their eligibility and relevance for the development of a continuous quality assurance system of mHealth apps can be determined. Our results are planned to be submitted to an indexed, peer-reviewed journal in the second half of 2022.

Conclusions
This is the first review in the context of continuous quality assurance of mHealth apps. Our results will be used within the research “Continuous quality assurance of Digital Health Applications” (“QuaSiApps”) project funded by the German Federal Joint Committee.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/36974
Automated Analysis of Drawing Process to Estimate Global Cognition in Older Adults: Preliminary International Validation on the US and Japan Data Sets
Authors: Yamada Yasunori , Shinkawa Kaoru , Kobayashi Masatomo , Badal Varsha D , Glorioso Danielle , Lee Ellen E , Daly Rebecca , Nebeker Camille , Twamley Elizabeth W , Depp Colin , Nemoto Miyuki , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Kim Ho-Cheol , Arai Tetsuaki , Jeste Dilip V 
Published: May 2022

Background
With the aging of populations worldwide, early detection of cognitive impairments has become a research and clinical priority, particularly to enable preventive intervention for dementia. Automated analysis of the drawing process has been studied as a promising means for lightweight, self-administered cognitive assessment. However, this approach has not been sufficiently tested for its applicability across populations.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of automated analysis of the drawing process for estimating global cognition in community-dwelling older adults across populations in different nations.

Methods
We collected drawing data with a digital tablet, along with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores for assessment of global cognition, from 92 community-dwelling older adults in the United States and Japan. We automatically extracted 6 drawing features that characterize the drawing process in terms of the drawing speed, pauses between drawings, pen pressure, and pen inclinations. We then investigated the association between the drawing features and MoCA scores through correlation and machine learning–based regression analyses.

Results
We found that, with low MoCA scores, there tended to be higher variability in the drawing speed, a higher pause:drawing duration ratio, and lower variability in the pen’s horizontal inclination in both the US and Japan data sets. A machine learning model that used drawing features to estimate MoCA scores demonstrated its capability to generalize from the US dataset to the Japan dataset (R2=0.35; permutation test, P<.001).

Conclusions
This study presents initial empirical evidence of the capability of automated analysis of the drawing process as an estimator of global cognition that is applicable across populations. Our results suggest that such automated analysis may enable the development of a practical tool for international use in self-administered, automated cognitive assessment.
Proses difusi relativistik melalui persamaan langevin dan fokker-planck
Authors: Romadani Arista , Rosyid Muhammad Farchani 
Published: May 2022

Brownian motion theory is always challenging how to describe diffusion phenomena with the main issue is how to extend the classical theory of Brownian motion to the special relativity framework. In this study, we formulated dynamics and distribution of a Brownian particle in relativistic framework by using Langevin and Fokker-Planck equation. By representing Brownian particle dynamics by Langevin equation, the velocity curves were dependent on the presence of viscous friction coefficient (heat bath), and were used generalized in special relativity theory, A relativistic Langevin equation reduces to the classical theory at low velocities. Likewise, the distribution of Brownian particles is represented as a stationary solution of the relativistic Fokker-Planck equation. From numerical results, we found that the probability density in the relativistic Fokker-Planck equation for was reduced to the standard Fokker-Planck equation in Netownian classical theory. For the calculation result showed that the Hanggi-Klimontovich approach has a consistent result to the relativistic Maxwell distribution. This work could open a promising interpretation to formulate the diffusion phenomena into general relativity theory.
Facility and Technological Supports, and Information Transparancy to Improve the Success of a Contract Farming between Farmers Group and Company
Authors: Sinaga Agung , Gayatri Siwi , Prasetyo Agus Subhan 
Published: May 2022

Contract farming is carried out to encourage the improvement of economic and social condition of farmer community so it can increase their income and achieve more equitable and sustainable development. The process of contract farming is affected by various factors, internal factors or external factors. This sudy aims to (i) describe contract farming between PT Bloom Agro and Bangkit Merbabu farmer group, (ii) describe the challenges and benefits of contract farming, and (iii) analyze the factors that effect the success of contract farming between PT Bloom Agro and Bangkit Merbabu farmer group. The research was conducted in Desa Batur, Kecamatan Getasan using the cencus method with the total population of 35 organic vegetable farmers in Bangkit Merbabu farmer group. The analysis method in this research was descriptive analysis and multiple linear regresion. The data analysis showed that the F test result of variable education, farming experience, production input, technological support and information transparancy simultaneously have a significant effect on the success of contract farming betwen PT Bloom Agro with Bangkit Merbabu farmer group. The t test result showed production input, technological support and transparancy of information individually have a significant efect on the success of contract farming. Pattern of contract farming that was applied between PT Bloom Agro and Bangkit Merbabu farmer group is a general trading contract. Covid-19 pandemic, climatic condition and limitation of education were found to be the inhibiting factors that farmers faced in the implementation of contract farming. PT Bloom Agro can provide more intensive assistance and training about contract farming to increase farmer’s knowledge and skill for sustainability of contract farming.
Chorus and Character in “Samson Agonistes”
Authors: Martz Louis L. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The tragic action of Samson Agonistes develops through a contrast between the language of Samson and that of the Chorus. An essential clue to Milton's art in this drama lies in his effect of deliberately playing down the choruses in the middle, refusing to give the chorus very good lines, except toward the beginning and again toward the end. After each of the central episodes, Milton has given the chorus words that are for the most part dry and commonplace, often surprisingly flat. It would appear that Milton's use of rhyme and partial rhyme in the choruses has frequently the effect of lowering the tone of high seriousness and making impossible any high dignity in the choric speech. The basic effect is to stress, by contrast, the grandeur of Samson, the greatness of his mind and spirit. The weak and ordinary character of Manoa, the complex and enigmatic character of Dalila, and the braggart character of Harapha are all related to this basic contrast between Samson and the chorus.
Milton's Blank Verse Sonnets
Authors: Johnson Lee M. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
At critical points in their destinies, characters in Milton's last three poems often speak in blank verse sonnets to pledge their acceptance of one another, of themselves, or of divine purposes. These blank verse units of fourteen lines, which display structural proportions similar to those of Milton's rhymed sonnets, generally recall and extend the traditional function of the form as a love poem. In Paradise Lost, they often accompany the resolutions of characters to embody gestures of reconciliation. They are a way of revealing the spiritual identities of both speakers in Paradise Regained and of epitomizing Christ's assent to his mission. To signify acceptance of divine ways, they point to the farewell speeches of Samson and the chorus. Milton's blank verse sonnets appear throughout the major poems and always in the conclusions of narrative or dramatic actions, where they help him impart a final, Christian perspective and form to the larger forms and structural patterns he inherits from classical epic and dramatic traditions.
“Virga Iesse”: Analogy, Typology, and Anagogy in a Miltonic Simile
Authors: Goldberg Jonathan 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The analogy of the tree that Raphael uses in Milton's Paradise Lost (V, 469–503) has generally been understood as a cosmic tree suggesting the Great Chain of Being. However, this interpretation needs to be modified to account for the temporal aspects of the image of the tree's growth. Once viewed as a spatial analogy for a temporal process, the tree can be said to function not only as an analogy but as a typological metaphor. In this context, it is most reminiscent of the Old Testament figura of the rod of Jesse. By considering the vertical, horizontal and circular motions described by Raphael, the image can be associated both with the Neoplatonic universe as well as the Christian drama of salvation. Within the imagery of Paradise Lost, this image reflects and relates to the “Forbidden Tree” and its fruit reunderstood as Christ upon the cross, Christ as creative Word and re-creative food in the Eucharist. Its revelation of Christ as cosmic and historical image is not, however, the entire meaning of Raphael's image; ultimately, the image is constructed from the eternal vantage point, and its motion and circularity fix a still point of eternity from which all is seen.
Kinship and the Role of Women in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Landy Marcia 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
In Paradise Lost, Milton places marriage at the center of social institutions. It is from the point of view of marriage that all social roles and attitudes are defined and judged valuable or destructive. Sibling relationships and parental roles function to establish and maintain male authority. Male-female relations in the human sphere reflect the pattern of dominance and submission characteristic of the divine sphere, where it is seen particularly in the relationship of the Father to the Son. Adam's prelapsarian role is analogous to that of God. He is defined as creator, author, disposer, while Eve is confined to being a source of inspiration, and to the roles of mother and wife, summed up in her title “Mother of mankind.” After the Fall, Eve must learn through pain, humiliation, and abasement that she should not have striven for equality with Adam, that her duty is to be submissive to him as wife and mother. In general, worldly activity belongs to the man: he is artist, ruler, intellect. The woman's role is to be procreative, skilled in domesticity, and obedient to her husband, upon whom she depends for education and guidance. Her freedom is fully expressed in her fulfillment of her family role as wife and mother.
A Reading of Milton's Twenty–Third Sonnet
Authors: Williamson Marilyn L. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Milton's twenty-third sonnet may be read without reference to Mary Powell, Katherine Woodcock, or the poet's blindness. The poem is structured on a progressive definition of salvation from death and of the human condition in this world. It contains a rising movement from physical salvation, according to the Alcestis legend, to ritualistic salvation, according to the Old Dispensation, to true Christian salvation, in which the saint is bride of the Lamb, and her virtues shine from inside her person. The marriage theme provides a tragic countermovement; for the Christian saint, though she may share Alcestis’ impulse and incline to embrace her husband, is unalterably lost to him in this world, and he can only dream of sharing her separate and purified existence after his death. Hope in the true salvation is set forth in the contrast between pale and faint Alcestis and the bright figure of the saint, and the falling movement lies in the contrast between the reunion of Alcestis and Admetus and the separation of the saint and the speaker of the poem.
MILTON'S NATIVITY POEM AND THE DECORUM OF GENRE
Authors: Rollinson Philip 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Although Milton's Nativity poem is usually considered to be an early example of the English ode, it is probably a literary hymn. In it the young poet is consciously emulating and reworking elements traditionally associated with literary hymns. Viewed from this generic perspective, the Nativity poem is, as a poem, a lofty "hymn" (17), and at the same time, devotionally considered, a "humble ode" (24). Milton's fiction of his muse presenting his hymn as a gift to the Christ-child is neither original nor particularly fanciful. Rather, it is a version of a commonplace of the hymn tradition. The traditional uses of feigned liturgical occasions to introduce literary hymns explain some of the ways in which the Nativity poem may be considered liturgical. The important function of narrative in previous literary hymns and in Renaissance critical theory about hymns also provides the standard for evaluating the importance and function of narrative in the Nativity poem. Finally, the prominence of the pagan gods in the Nativity hymn is best explained by the Renaissance controversy concerning the revival of an essentially pagan literary form. Milton's Christian hymn incorporates, while nullifying, its pagan predecessors and competitors.
“Stand” and “Fall” as Images of Posture in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Jones Nicholas R. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Emphasis on the doctrines of Paradise Lost without constant reference to their narrative foundation obscures the clarity of Milton's epic instruction. A major example of the unique conjunction of physical and metaphysical action which characterizes Paradise Lost is the multiple use of the verbs “stand” and “fall.” These words signify not only the moral aspect of the epic—obedience and disobedience—but also, simultaneously, its physical adjuncts—posture and position within the cosmos. Picturing the prelapsarian unity of obedience and upright posture, Milton narrates theological events in terms of concrete actions. Similarly, the wild infernal oscillations of size and stance in Book I vividly present the inevitable fall of disobedient creatures. The metaphoric complex associated with “stand” and “fall” operates most fully in the events of the temptation, where images of posture continually figure forth the crucial moral decisions. After the Fall, mankind, bereft of the image of God, learns of his promises to regenerate that image through Christ: Milton demonstrates that man will again stand upright in self-esteem.