bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considerations on the Impact of Emerging and Disruptive Technologies on Security Policies
Authors: Vladu Mircea , Popescu Stelian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The issue of the impact of emerging and disruptive technologies on security policy is a major concern of the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance. This is also demonstrated by the meeting between the Board members and the newly-established Advisory Group for Emerging and Disruptive Technologies, consisting of top experts in the fields of Cyber, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Computing, Big Data, Space, Robotics and Autonomous or Biotechnological Systems, to find new synergies between NATO, the private, governmental and academic sectors and to maintain the technological supremacy of the Alliance. At the same time, the fact that the Romanian Army has mastered the defining elements of the impact of emerging and disrupted technologies on security policy and acts to make them operational is demonstrated by the meeting of July 12, 2021, of the Minister of National Defense, Nicolae-Ionel Ciuca with Heidi Grant, director of the US Defense and Security Cooperation Agency, on which occasion Romania received from the US the name of “Dependable Undertaking (DU)” under which contracts for the purchase of military equipment can be concluded without any payment in advance. Based on these elements, we would like to continue to talk about some aspects of innovation in dual military technologies, such as the influence of emerging and disruptive technologies on the organization and use of the armed forces. The research method undertaken consisted in identifying bibliographic resources, studying them, drawing relevant conclusions and formulating points of view on the impact of emerging and disruptive technologies on security policies.
The Effects of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on Delivery and Retention of Organic Acids
Authors: Qixin Deng , Wei Xie , Zechun Liu , Jiangsheng Liu , Tingui Zhang , Fenyan Lian , Kunyan Chen , Jianping Xie , Huimin Liu , Cong Nie , Quanping Yan 
Published: December 2021

Summary
A method for simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of 30 organic acids was established. The smoke yields and filter retentions of organic acids and routine smoke components, total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) at different filter ventilation levels were determined under both International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Health Canadian Intense (HCI) smoking regimes. As a result of smoke dilution during filter ventilation, the yields of all organic acids were reduced in mainstream cigarette smoke. The spatial distribution pattern of the concentration of each organic acid in the filter was investigated at different ventilation levels and their filter retention determined. On one hand, the concentration of organic acids with a lower boiling point (BP) and lower molecular weight (MW) was relatively higher at the smoking end and the periphery part of the filter and spatial concentration distributions within the filter were significantly affected by smoke diffusion. On the other hand, those acids with high BPs and high MW were mainly distributed at the tobacco rod end and central part of the filter and spatial concentration distributions were only slightly influenced by their smoke diffusion within the filter whilst air compression around the filter vents also led to less change. This way, different acids in mainstream cigarette smoke were reduced to different extents which can also influence the acid-base equilibrium and sensory quality of the smoke. Compared with ISO smoking regime, the vent blocking and more intense smoking HCI regime led to different extents of yield increase for each of the studied acids. The effect of filter ventilation in the HCI smoking regime was not investigated, as the HCI smoking regime requires blocked ventilation holes. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 30 (2021) 199–211]
Determination of Benzoic Acid and Benzyl Alcohol in E-Liquids (JUULTM Pods) by Isotopic Dilution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cardenas Roberto Bravo , Watson Clifford , Valentin-Blasini Liza 
Published: December 2021

Summary
The new pod devices like JUULTM, Vuse AltoTM, mybluTM, and other “pod-mod” related products had a huge impact on the e-cigarette market, especially among teens and young adults due in particular to aggressive marketing on social media, wide availability, and discrete use due to their special design. These pod devices are designed to deliver nicotine levels per puff comparable to combustible cigarettes while producing smaller amounts of visible exhaled aerosol from the heating of e-liquids. Some of these liquids contain high concentrations of acids, such as benzoic acid, to allow higher nicotine deliveries with less harshness and throat irritation. Benzoic acid is a potential source of the human carcinogen benzene and a chemical of concern. Besides acids, flavoring agents such as benzyl alcohol, a local anesthetic that could facilitate tobacco smoke inhalation are also common in these devices. Both benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol in e-liquids might be of relevance for the health risk of vapers.
An isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the detection of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol in the JUULTM brand e-liquids. The sample preparation consisted of a simple dilution followed by a mechanical stirring process. ID-HPLC-MS/MS was used to separate, identify, and quantify the benzoic acid and/or benzyl alcohol in diluted extracts. Detection limits were 0.11 and 9.05 ng/μL for benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid, respectively. Product variability estimated from the analysis of seven different e-liquids in triplicates (n = 21) yielded relative standard deviations ranging from 4.3% to 16.0% for benzyl alcohol and 6.3% to 11.1% for benzoic acid. The amount of benzoic acid (32.8 ± 2.8 mg/g; 3.3 ± 0.3%, w/w) and the nicotine-benzoic acid molar ratio (1.15 ± 0.02) remained relatively consistent among pod flavors. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 30 (2021) 212–220]
Temporal and spatial changes in small mammal communities in a disturbed mountain forest
Authors: Hlôška Ladislav , Saniga Miroslav , Chovancová Gabriela , Chovancová Barbara , Homolová Zuzana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In 2005–2016, we investigated a secondary succession of small mammal communities in forest ecosystems in High Tatras (Slovakia) disturbed by windstorm and fire. This long-term ecological study confirmed the occurrence of significant temporal and spatial changes in species composition and number of dominant small mammal species. A comparison between disturbed and undisturbed plots indicated notable differences in species richness and abundance. The gradations of dominant small mammal species in disturbed habitats were asynchronous and showed a wider range of amplitude than in the undisturbed plots. An analysis of the temporal and spatial changes in the structure of small mammal communities in relation to selected environmental gradients confirmed the statistically significant effect of secondary succession on species composition, abundance, and exchange in forest ecosystems in the High Tatra Mountains following a disturbance.
Prosodic entrainment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kruyt Joanna , Beňuš Štefan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEntrainment is the tendency of people to behave similarly during an interaction. It occurs on different levels of behaviour, including speech, and has been associated with pro-social behaviour and increased rapport. This review paper outlines the current understanding of linguistic entrainment, particularly at the speech level, in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a disorder that is associated with social difficulties and unusual prosody. Aberrant entrainment patterns in individuals with ASD could thus contribute to both their perceived unusual prosody and their social difficulties. Studying the relationship between speech entrainment and ASD holds great potential for applied benefits in utilizing this knowledge for pre-screening or diagnosis, monitoring progress longitudinally, and intervention practices. Our findings suggest that research on entrainment in ASD is sparse and exploratory, and the ecological validity of experimental paradigms varies. Moreover, there is little consistency in methodology and results vary between studies, which highlights the need for standardized methods in entrainment research. A promising way to standardize methods, facilitate their use, and extend them to everyday clinical practice, is by implementing automatic methods for speech analysis and adhering to open-science principles.
Samoocena zdrowotnych kompetencji informacyjnych studentów – wyniki badania pilotażowego studentów kierunku bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne na Uniwersytecie Pedagogicznym w Krakowie
Authors: Motylińska Paulina 
Published: December 2021

Health information is one of the groups of information that are most widely searched online. The ability to effectively search through the web, process the data and use it properly are all essential components of health information competences. Furthermore, contact with low-quality health information may bear negative effects for the users of such advice. On the basis of source literature analysis, the article presents a definition of the term “health information competence”, gives examples of skills within this competence, discusses negative consequences of low-level health competence and cites example research projects in the field of assessing health information competence. The publication also presents the results of a pilot study (diagnosis) entailing the self-evaluation of health information competencies of health security students at the Pedagogical University of Cracow. It has been pointed out that students declare having a high level of health information competence, especially in finding and understanding health information.
Preoperative T1 magnetic resonance imaging changes carry a poor postoperative prognosis in cervical myelopathy: A retrospective study of 182 patients
Authors: Shakya Akash , Sharma Ayush , Singh Vijay , Jaiswal Ajay , Marathe Nandan , Garje Vinayak 
Published: December 2021

Background:
T2 scans are widely used to determine the prognosis for patients undergoing surgery for cervical myelopathy. In this study, we determined whether T1 MR changes in addition to T2 MR changes could have prognostic importance.

Methods:
This retrospective analysis involved 182 patients undergoing surgery for cervical myelopathy (2017–2020). There were 110 patients in Group 1 (only T2 MR changes) and 72 in Group 2 (both T1 and T2 MR changes). In addition, demographic, visual analog score (VAS), modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores, and operative details were recorded at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.

Results:
Notably, VAS scores were comparable at each point in time and were significantly better than the preoperative scores at 1 year postoperatively. Although mJOA scores were comparable at 1 month in both groups, they were better thereafter for Group 1 patients.

Conclusion:
The presence of T1 changes on the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging represented a poor prognostic indicator for the postoperative outcome compared to the presence of T2 changes alone.
Surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal nerve schwannomas: Results of two-center study (14 patients included) and literature review
Authors: Sirko Andrii H. , Lisianyi Oleksandr M. , Skobska Оksana Y. , Malyi Rostislav R. , Popovych Iryna O. , Zemskova Oksana V. 
Published: December 2021

Objective: This study is aimed to analyze the outcomes of surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal schwannomas based on pre- and postoperative neurological status assessment.
Materials and methods: This paper is a retrospective analysis of examination and surgical treatment of 14 patients who were operated on in two large clinics from 2018 to 2021 inclusive. When analyzing the collected data, gender, age, disease symptoms, tumor size and location, surgical approach, tumor to cranial nerves (CN) ratio, jugular foramen (JF) condition, and tumor removal volume were taken into account. All tumors were divided into groups depending on tumor location relative to the JF. Particular attention was paid to assessing cranial nerves functions. Facial nerve function was assessed as per House-Brackmann Scale (HBS), hearing function as per Gardner-Robertson Scale (GRS).
Results: 3 (21.4%) patients had total tumor removal: 2 patients had type A tumors and one had type B tumor. Subtotal resection took place in 7 (50%) cases. In 4 cases, a tumor was partially removed: 3 patients had type D tumors and one had type B tumor.
3 (21.4%) patients had preoperative FN deficit (HBS Grade II) and mild dysfunction. 5 (35.7%) patients had postoperative facial nerve deficit: HBS ІІ, 2; ІІІ, 1; V, 2.
Preoperative sensorineural type hearing impairment on the affected side was diagnosed in 13 (92.6%) patients. Before surgery, 6 patients had non-serviceable hearing, which remained at the same level after surgery. None of the patients with grade I or II hearing before surgery had any hearing impairment postoperatively. In 2 (14.3%) cases, hearing improved from grade V to grade III after surgery.
6 (42.9%) patients developed new neurological deficit in the caudal group CN. Postoperative deficit of the caudal group CN occurred in type D tumors in 3 patients, type A tumors 2 patients, and type B tumors one patient.
Conclusions: Applying a retrosigmoid approach only makes it possible to achieve total tumor removal in case of type A tumors. To remove other tumor types, it is necessary to select approaches that enable access to the jugular foramen and infratemporal fossa. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is an extremely important tool in glossopharyngeal schwannoma surgery.
The most common postoperative complication is a developed or increased deficit of the caudal CN group, which can lead to persistent impairments in the patients’ quality of life. Preservation of the CN VII and VIII function in most cases is a feasible task and shall be ensured as a standard for this pathology.
ANALISIS GEJALA BAHASA PADA SURAT DINAS DI KANTOR DESA PENGKOL NGUTER SUKOHARJO [Analysis of Language Symptoms in Service Letters in The Village Office Of Pengkol Nguter Sukoharjo]
Authors: Anggraini Desy , Nasucha Yakub 
Published: December 2021

Official letters are one of the written languages used in government agencies or organizations. Official letters sometimes do not pay attention to the correct grammatical rules. This study aims to analyze the language phenomena in official letters of the Pengkol Village Office, Nguter, Sukoharjo. This research is qualitative research using descriptive method. The data used in this study are language phenomena contained in the official lettesr of the Pengkol Village Office. The source of data in this research is an official letter made by employees of the Pengkol Village Office. The data collection technique used is the literature review, listening, and note-taking. The data analysis technique used is qualitative technique. The results of this study indicate that the language phenomena found in official letters of the Pengkol Village Head Office are interference, hypercorrection, pleonasm, and contamination. Out of the four forms of those phenomena, the most frequesnt is hypercorrection, while the least is interference. Surat dinas merupakan salah satu bahasa tulis yang digunakan dalam instansi pemerintah atau organisasi. Dalam surat dinas terkdang tidak memperhatikan penulisan yang sesuai dengan kaidah penggunaan bahasa yang benar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis gejala bahasa yang ada dalam penulisan surat dinas di Kantor Desa Pengkol, Nguter, Sukoharjo. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu gejala bahasa yang terdapat dalam surat dinas Kantor Desa Pengkol. Adapun sumber data dalam penenlitian ini adalah surat dinas yang dibuat oleh pegawai Kantor Desa Pengkol. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu teknik pustaka, simak, dan catat. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu teknik kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gejala bahasa yang ditemukan dalam penulisan surat dinas Kantor Kepala Desa Pengkol, yaitu gejala interferensi, gejala hiperkorek, pleonasme, dan kontaminasi. Dari keempat bentuk gejala tersebut, gejala bahasa yang sering mucul adalah bentuk gejala bahasa hiperkorek, sedangkan yang paling sedikit yaitu bentuk gejala bahasa interferensi.
Engagement with Diabetes Retinal Screening: An analysis of secondary data from the Pacific Eye Institute in Suva
Authors: Cronin-Lampe Joshua , Cavadino Alana , Ansari Harris , Fa'alau Faufiva , Mccool Judith 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the primary causes of preventable vision loss and blindness. Diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) is essential to detect microvascular damage to the retina; it can be performed in primary care or specialist eye health clinics. The system of referral, screening, and treatment relies on an organized primary care referral pathway, accessible services, and at least a basic level of health literacy among those living with or under threat of developing Diabetes Mellitus (DM).

Methods: Routinely collected patient data from the Pacific Eye Institute (PEI) in Fiji was analyzed to describe a) clinical and demographic DR patient characteristics and b) characteristics of patients demonstrating higher clinic engagement (using multiple logistic regression).

Results: Of 9287 patients who first attended the PEI for DRS between 2012 and 2017, 22% presented with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in at least one eye. The average duration of DM was 3 years; self-reported glycaemic control was poor. Indo-Fijian or other ethnicity (both vs iTaukei, OR=2.30, 95%CI 1.96-2.70 and OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.63-2.92, respectively; p<0.001), high blood sugar (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.10-1.75, p=0.006), longer duration of disease (OR=1.21, 95%CI 1.02-1.43, p=0.027), peripheral neuropathy (OR=1.43, 95%CI 1.24-1.65, p<0.001) and STDR (OR=3.30, 95%CI 2.78-3.92, p<0.001) were associated with greater odds of higher clinic engagement. Male gender (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.83, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.72-0.95, p=0.006), younger or older age (both vs 40-70 years; <40 years, OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.37-0.63, ?70 years OR=0.61, 95%CI 0.48-0.76, p<0.001), year of first clinic visit (2013 vs 2012 OR=0.58, 95%CI 0.50-0.69, p<0.001; 2014 vs 2012 OR=0.36, 95%CI 0.30-0.43, p<0.001) and moderate visual impairment (OR=0.67 95%CI 0.56-0.80, p<0.001) were associated with lower odds of high clinic engagement.

Conclusion: Our results identify patient groups that may be more vulnerable to lower engagement with eye health services. Increasing engagement may help reduce delays in screening and treatment. Given the projected continued rise in DM in the Pacific region, investing in robust electronic data systems that collect and connect public health and clinical data is imperative. Health literacy is important for the prevention of DM, timely DM diagnosis, and screening for complications such as DR.
PEMBUATAN AIR MINUM ALKALI MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEKTROLISIS
Authors: Rizki Lamkaruna , Hakim Lukman , Zulnazri Zulnazri , Muhammad Muhammad , Jalaluddin Jalaluddin 
Published: December 2021

Air alkali adalah air yang bersifat basa atau mempunyai pH di atas 7. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Mengidentifikasi variable-variabel yang mempengaruhi proses pembuatan air minum alkali, merancang alat proses pembuatan air minum alkali dan mengetahui perbandingan kualitas air minum alkali dan air biasa. Air yang telah diuji kadar TDS dan pH dimasukkan kedalam wadah elektrolisis, kemudian dielektrolisis dengan variasi tegangan 5 volt, 10 volt, 15 volt, 20 volt, dan 25 volt menggunakan variasi waktu 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, dan 5 jam. Kemudian air hasil elektrolisis dilakukan uji organoleptic (bau, warna, dan rasa) dan uji kekeruhan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kenaikan pH tertinggi yaitu pada tegangan 25 volt selama 5 jam dengan pH sebesar 8,3. Kemudian berdasarkan uji organoleptic yang dilakukan pada 8 orang orang responden diperoleh hasil bahwa air alkali hasil elektrolisis memenuhi syarat kelayakan air minum yaitu tidak memiliki bau, warna, dan rasa. Dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa kenaikan pH pada proses elektrolisis dipengaruhi oleh besar tegangan dan lama waktu elektrolisis, kenaikan pH tertinggi terdapat pada sampel hasil elektrolisis dengan tegangan 25 volt selama 5 jam yaitu pH sebesar 8,3. Kata kunci : air alkali, elektrolisis, uji organoleptik, kenaikan pH, tegangan, dan waktu
PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK DAUN RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum) SEBAGAI INHIBITOR KOROSI PADA PLAT BESI (STEEL) DALAM MEDIA AIR LAUT
Authors: Akbar Yopi Aji , Ishak Ishak , Zulnazri Zulnazri , Dewi Rozanna , Nurlaila Rizka 
Published: December 2021

Korosi adalah proses perusakan pada permukaan logam yang disebabkan oleh terjadinya reaksi kimia (reaksi elektrokimia) pada permukaan logam. Untuk mengurangi laju korosi bisa dengan menambahkan inhibitor alami salah satunya daun rambutan yang mengandung tanin sehingga dapat membentuk senyawa komplek dengan Fe(III) di permukaan logam, sehingga laju reaksi korosi akan mengalami penurunan. Studi penggunaan ekstrak daun rambutan sebagai inhibitor korosi pada plat besi akan dilakukan secara eksperimen murni di laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode perendaman. Media korosif untuk perendaman digunakan air laut yang telah ditambahkan inhibitor. Inhibitor yang digunakan yaitu inhibitor organik yang diambil dari ekstrak daun rambutan. Perendaman dilakukan dalam interval waktu (3, 6, 9, 12, dan 15) hari dengan konsentrasi inhibitor (0, 50, 100, dan 150) ppm. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa serangan korosi terjadi secara merata dipermukaan logam, Besarnya laju korosi dinyatakan sebagai besarnya kehilangan berat benda uji per satuan luas permukaan per satuan waktu perendaman. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa laju korosi plat besi dalam lingkungan air laut menurun secara segnifikan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak daun rambutan dan waktu perendaman. Penurunan ini akibat pembentukan lapisan tipis dipermukaan plat besi, sehingga menghambat kontak langsung antara plat besi dan lingkungan. Efesiensi inhibisi tertinggi diperoleh pada perendaman 15 hari dengan konsentrasi 150 ppm yaitu 96%