bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymes Breakers for Guar and Derivatized Guar Fluid Systems in High Pressure High Temperature Formations
Authors: Oussoltsev Dmitri , Ward Brian , Tjon-Joe-Pin Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Latest biotechnological developments have provided for enzymes technologies specifically for neutral to high pH crosslinked fluid systems designed for HPHT (High Temperature High Pressure) formations. The following paper content describes a temperature activated High Temperature (HT) enzyme breaker system successfully tested for guar and guar derivative stimulation fluids at 130° to 315° F temperature and 5-12 pH ranges. The enzyme HT breaker demonstrated significant improvements in proppant pack retained conductivity in multiple laboratory tests and confirmed by the results of case studies in HPHT wells. Industry standard tests were conducted in 3 different independent laboratories in North America and the Middle East. The overall goal was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of standard oxidizers vs the newly developed HT Enzyme systems in reducing polymeric damage in the proppant pack. Conductivity damage is created by unbroken gel residue in the proppant pack and the dynamically formed filtercake on formation faces. The Retained Conductivity test temperatures ranged from 180-315°F. This study covers the impact on stimulation fluid viscosity and time for degradation at different temperatures.
The laboratories tests demonstrated significant improvement, in the range of 83-98%, for retained conductivity in natural sand and ISP (Intermediate Strength Proppant) proppant packs when using the newly developed HT enzyme breakers. The optimum level of pH and breaker concentration were identified for rapid viscosity degradation – polymer fluid breaking. An engineering guideline was developed for HT enzyme breaker system utilization for HPHT formations. Virtually for all tests "broken" fluid viscosity was consistently less than viscosity for linear polymer system, and normally was in the range of the smallest measurable value for industry standard HPHT rheometers. The HT enzyme breaker system confirmed efficiency for high pH borate-crosslinked polymer systems designed for HPHT wells.
Enzymes have been used for over 50 years as breakers. However, due to fact that these proteins are considered to be pH and temperature sensitive, utilization of enzymes breakers was limited. This new HT enzyme breaker system increases the application range for proppant fracturing in HPHT formations.
Production Excellence Program Enhances Operation Efficiency
Authors: Florez Fabian , Calderon Diego , Kartoatmodjo Gayatri , Fendt Andrew , Wilson Gregor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many IOC and NOC organizations have and continue to be face with the challenge of establishing a corporate standard for measuring production performance across their producing assets. The difficulty with this challgenge comes from reporting localized production, managing production shortfalls, and identifying opportunities to increase production. These are three critical elements of production excellence or production performance programs.
This paper presents a solution for this challenge. This novel solution uses the choke model or limit diagram to integrate existing portions of the production performance framework; i. e., shortfall production management, opportunity identification workshops, and well potential calculations. The challenge is to duplicate these elements in a standard way across 12 active producing assets at different geographical locations, with diverse operating cultures, hydrocarbon types, contractual frameworks, and engineering criteria.
Within three years all assets were sharing the same basis for Production Excellence program (Px) with strict reporting discipling enabled by common corporate system. During the same period the overall production efficiency increase by 3% adding 1.1 MMBOE into the tanks.
In addition to the production baseline sustainability, other major benefits included the standardization of oil production loss classification and production opportunities identification workshop to keep the discipline of identifying production potential to reflect the everchanging field conditions.
This paper will present the integration of the Px program as the main endevoar to make it a portion of the operating culture and the proposed method to capture and share the performance gains. Additionally, a tremendous effort was made to build some of the elements directly into the production data management systems in the local operating assets to enable the corporate reporting system to read any source of data. These data are then used as a business intelligence application reporting accessible via smart and interactive dashboards.
Implementation of Digital Technologies and Automation: Key Strategy of Improving Project Efficiency During Challenging Phase
Authors: Al Blooshi Khalfan Qasem , Mishra Kishore 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The current outbreak and the financial crisis occurred due to Coronavirus (COVID-19); the global economy is melting like an ice-cream. This current pandemic and the market condition have affected not only the human but also greatly impacted the commodities prices, demand & supply especially into the industry those which believes on the traditional way of working such as oil & gas and other energy sectors.
If I will talk about only the oil and Gas or Petroleum industry, then based on the current market information and statistics then the short team impact is nearly 25% to 30% decrease in the petroleum consumptions, but the long-term impact can be even more than 35% to 40%. The CAPEX and OPEX investment for research and development have been slashed like anything. When the world started investing into the other source of energy then it has started forcing oil and gas industry to think out of the box and industry must change rapidly prior to losing a substantial market share because of orthodox thinking in terms of utilizing the available technology or investing in the future technologies.
This paper will discuss about the way how to shift the whole industry from man oriented to machine oriented, uses of traditional technologies to the modern technologies and implementation of digitization and automation of running plant as well as upcoming projects starting in the earliest phase e.g., Feasibility study, Pre-Feed, FEED and EPC stage (including Pre-Commissioning/ Commissioning) and the operation phase of the projects.
A Study on Increasing the Number of Stages in the Acid Fracturing Stimulation Technique in Horizontal Wells for a Tight Fractured Carbonate Reservoir in the Bahrain Field
Authors: AlJawder Abdulla , Engineer Yusuf , Alhammadi Bader , Buarki A.Wahab 
Published: February 2022

Extended Abstract
The Ahmadi formation of Bahrain field is of Middle Cretaceous age. It is predominantly a shale lying immediately below the Magwa member of the Rumaila formation and contains two limestone units in the Bahrain field, which are referred to as Aa and Ab members. Limestone Aa and Ab are present with practically uniform thickness over the entire Bahrain field area, as a blanket like deposition.
The Ahmadi Reservoir in the Bahrain Field has been producing since 1933. Ahmadi consists of two main limestone units, AA and AB, separated by a 40-45 ft shale member. The AA reservoir is typically 3 to 4 feet thick, while the AB is divided into three separate units: AB1, AB2, and AB3. AB1 and AB3 are fairly clean limestone units, with a cumulative net reservoir of 12 to 14 ft. AB2 is about 4 to 5 feet thick, and characterized as a non-reservoir. The matrix permeability ranges from 1 to 2 mD.
The main focus of the primary development plan was established by infill horizontal open hole lateral section, targeting the AB3 zone. However, poor matrix permeability and the irregularly spaced natural fracture network of the AB3 zone can hinder the primary development strategy and well production. Therefore, acid fracturing with 8 stages (60 ft each) in the open hole lateral section was implemented to improve well performance.
A study was initiated in 2019 to improve the acid fracturing technique in the AB3 open hole lateral section (horizontal wells) by increasing the number of stages from 8 stages (60 ft each) to 18 stages (60 ft each). The wells targeted were located in areas with low reservoir quality and low fracture networks in order to induce artificial fractures, thereby improving well performance.
Innovative Spacer Solution to Control Losses While Cementing in Permeable and Depleted Formations
Authors: Vasquez Jorge , Flores Anibal , Anggarawinata Rama , Thien Victor Hung Jie , Chan Lakmun , Haji Yaakub Nur Izzah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Drilling and cementing across permeable, naturally fractured, and depleted formations have become some of the most common challenges across the world. A major operator in Offshore Brunei was facing similar challenges across such formations. The primary objective of the cementing job across this difficult formation was to isolate shallow hydrocarbon zones. Achieving desired top of cement (TOC) without inducing losses was the major design challenge.
Drilling across such formation generally leads to loss circulation scenarios. This makes subsequent cementing operation more challenging. In order to minimize losses during the cement job, an innovative tailored spacer system was designed and pumped immediately before the cement slurry. This tailored spacer system not only helped in mud removal and wellbore cleaning but also helped to mitigate losses during cementing. Spacer and cement slurry density and rheology was optimized with the help of an advanced hydraulic simulator and industry leading computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
To check the effectiveness of the spacer system, several laboratory tests were conducted to determine the spacer system's ability to plug a porous medium. Specialized particle suspension analysis was conducted to assure that the spacer design can maintain the fluid system's solid transport stability under both dynamic and shutdown periods. This helped to avoid plugging off restrictions such as critical flow paths in float equipment and the liner hanger. To validate the spacer design, several field jobs were executed for surface, intermediate and production casing scenarios. For each job the spacer design was tailored for the wellbore condition based on the severity of losses. For such jobs, initial purely hydraulic simulations predicted the possibility of losses. No losses or substantially reduced losses were noted for the cement jobs where this tailored spacer system was used. These results validated that the tailored spacer helped to mitigate the loss potential from the hydrostatic pressure. Top of cement was also validated based on fluids returns to surface and final displacement pressure.
The first cement job using this innovative spacer system was executed for a 13-3/8inch surface casing job in Q3-2020. 100 bbls of an 11 ppg spacer was pumped across a permeable formation ahead of the cement slurry. Cement returns were observed at surface. Since the first job, 14 cement jobs using this innovative spacer system have been successfully executed in offshore Brunei for various casing sizes.
Retrofitting Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers with Variable Frequency Drive: Challenges and Benefits
Authors: Ba-Aqeel Nezar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Khursaniyah Gas Plant (KGP) had successfully invested in retrofitting one of its air-cooled heat exchanger systems with a variable frequency drive (VFD). This air-cooled heat exchanger system is an integral part in the cogeneration plant operation, and one where its reliability directly affects the cogeneration plant's availability. The original system arrangement consists of a two-double-deck heat exchanger, and three forced draft fin fans operating simultaneously at full speed. A failure or trip to one of these fin fans will automatically trigger a logic known as "Runback," plant power generation and steam production are reduced by 50% and 30% respectively when logic is activated, this protection logic is configured in order to protect the gas turbine hot gas path parts and maintain their temperature within the allowable safe working limits.
The new retrofitted VFD allows controlling of the fin fans electric motors rotational speed via controlling both voltage and frequency input to the motors. The primary objective which drove Khursaniyah gas plant to implement this project was to improve the cogeneration plant utilization. This objective was achieved by maintaining the heat exchanger output temperature at an operating range between 420F and 440F, via variable speed fin fans regardless to any changes in the ambient temperature. Several modifications to the existing system components were implemented in order to achieve this objective, some of these modifications include: increasing the fan's blade width, increasing of driver motor's rated torque, and installation of a closed feedback loop control system.
The new enhanced system is now capable of operating the cogeneration plant with two fin fans at 100% cogeneration plant operating capacity, while one fin fan can be offline for any planned, or unplanned maintenance activities. An expensive alternative to this retrofitting project was to add additional fin fan to the heat exchanger system. However, adding a new fin fan requires replacement of the double-deck heat exchanger to another unit with larger capacity and additional footprint to accommodate the new extra fan. This retrofitting project required none of the above and was deemed and proven to be the most efficient and practical option to resolve this chronic issue.
TEACHING PRACTICAL COURSE OF TRANSLATION IN LANGUAGE HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Терехова Е.В. , Фоменко О.В. 
Published: February 2022

В статье рассматриваются особенности преподавания устного перевода в рамках дисциплины «Практический курс перевода» в языковом вузе на основе коммуникативно-функционального подхода к переводу. Даются практические рекомендации по организации занятий по последовательному двустороннему переводу, обосновывается применение методических приемов обучения устному переводу.
This article deals with teaching interpretation within the discipline “Practical course of translation” in a language high school on the basis of the communicative-functional approach to translation. The article provides some practical recommendations on organizing bilingual consecutive interpretation classes, the value of using certain teaching methods is justified.
THE FORMATION OF THE ABOVEGROUND MASS AND THE ROOT SYSTEM OF WHEAT VARIETIES, DEPENDING OF THE TIMING OF SOWING IN IRRIGATION
Authors: Халилова Л.Н. , Яркулова З.Р. 
Published: February 2022

В статье приводится особенности формирования надземной массы и корневой системы и озимой и яровой (двуручек) сортов пшеницы в зависимости от сроков посева в условиях полива. Установлено, по мере развития растений от кущения до восковой спелости зерна, надземная и корневая масса пшеницы при всех сроках посева увеличивается, корнеобеспеченность растений уменьшается. Наблюдается закономерное уменьшение надземной массы, массы корней и корне обеспеченности растений от оптимального срока к позднему. Большая надземная масса и корневая система наблюдается при оптимальном сроке посева в отличие от раннего и позднего срока посева. Для биологически озимого сорта Краснодар 99 оптимальным сроком посева является 1 октября, а для биологически ярового сорта Хазирати Бешир – 11 октября. Корни биологически озимого сорта Краснодар 99 более мощно развиты, по сравнению с сортом Хазирати Бешир.
The article gives special features of forming aboveground mass and root system of winter and summer sort of wheat depending on timing of sowing and conditions of irrigation. Determined that, as the plant grows from tillering layering to waxy ripeness, aboveground seeds and root mass of the wheat in all terms of sowing increases, root security decreases. It is possible to observe the regular decrease of aboveground mass, mass of root and root security in optimal term of sowing moving to late term. Big amount of aboveground mass and root system are observed at the optimal term of sowing in contrast with early and late term of sowing. For biological winter sort of Krasnodar 99 the optimal term of sowing is 1st October and for biological spring sort of Khazirati Beshir is 11th of October. The roots of the sort Krasnodar 99 are much more strongly developed than the roots of the sort Khazirati Beshir.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE EXTRACT OF THE FERMENTED SHEET OF ASPEN ASH AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Нехорошев С.В. , Нехорошева А.В. , Леонов В.В. , Соловьев В.Г. , Карпова Я.А. , Астахова Т.Ю. , Нехорошева Д.С. 
Published: February 2022

Определено содержание фенольных соединений в экстракте ферментированного листа осины густом. При сравнении антимикробной активности экстракта ферментированного листа осины густого, салицина и салициловой кислоты, выявлена способность ингибировать ростовую активность S. aureus, P. aeruginosa и E. coli экстракта ферментированного листа осины густого и салицина, а также ингибировать образование биопленки S. aureus, P. aeruginosa и E. coli. Выявлено влияние салицина и экстракта ферментированного листа осины густого на параметры крови в условиях экспериментального хронического описторхоза. Пероральное введение животным в течение 5 суток салицина (6 мг/особь) и водного экстракта листьев осины (из расчета 150 мг сухого продукта/особь) нивелирует гиперфибриногенемию, но не оказывает влияния на иные показатели крови.
The content of phenolic compounds in the extract of fermented aspen leaf thick was determined. When comparing the antimicrobial activity of the extract of the fermented leaf of aspen thick, salicin and salicylic acid, the ability to inhibit the growth activity of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli of the extract of the fermented leaf of aspen thick and salicin, as well as to inhibit the formation of the biofilm of S. aureus, P., was revealed. aeruginosa and E. coli. The effect of salicin and an extract of fermented aspen leaf on the blood parameters under experimental chronic opisthorchiasis was revealed. Oral administration to animals for 5 days of salicin (6 mg / individual) and an aqueous extract of aspen leaves (at the rate of 150 mg of dry product / individual) eliminates hyperfibrinogenemia, but does not affect other blood parameters.
salicin, thick fermented aspen leaf extract, antimicrobial activity, chronic opisthorchiasis..
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF CERASUS VUL. MIL.BY ALTITUDE GRADIENT
Authors: Пиняскина Е.В. , Магомедова М.Х.-М. , Маммаев А.Т. , Алиева М.Ю. 
Published: February 2022

Исследованы параметры фотосинтетической активности интродуцированных сортов Cerasus Vul. Mil., произрастающих на высотах 1100 и 1800 м над уровнем моря.
The parameters of the photosynthetic activity of introduced varieties Cerasus Vul. Mil., growing at altitudes of 1100 and 1800 m above sea level, were studied.
NICOTINE CONTENT IN NON-SMOKING MIXTURES OF ORAL USE
Authors: Остапченко И.М. , Дурунча Н.А. , Кокорина Л.В. 
Published: February 2022

В настоящее время широкой популярностью среди молодежи пользуется никотиносодержащая нетабачная продукция, так называемая продукция орального потребления. При отсутствии технических требований к условиям производства данной продукции, требований к качеству и безопасности, контроля безопасности данная продукция представляет опасность для потребителей.
Currently, nicotine-containing non-tobacco products, the so-called oral consumption products, are widely popular among young people. In the absence of technical requirements for the conditions of production of these products, requirements for quality and safety, safety control, these products pose a danger to consumers.
ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF USING THE RESOURCES OF HUNTING UNGULATES IN RUSSIA
Authors: ДАВЫДОВ А.В. , МОРГУНОВ Н.А. 
Published: February 2022

Обсуждаются проблема повышения эффективности использования ресурсов охотничьих копытных животных в России, а также вопросы совершенствования учета этих ресурсов и нормирования их добычи. Предложено определять пересчетные коэффициенты для расчета численности копытных животных с помощью беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Проанализированы способы нормирования добычи от показателя плотности населения видов и от показателя их численности. Показана целесообразность применения дифференцированного подхода при нормировании добычи в зависимости от типа распространения животных. Рассмотрена возможность расчета численности лося по методу зимнего маршрутного учета без выделения категорий среды обитания. Предложен способ нормирования добычи копытных животных с применением показателя средней плотности населения вида. Предложен вариант по изменению организации и порядка проведения учета и нормирования добычи копытных животных.
We considered the problem to increase of efficient using resources of hunting ungulates in Russia, and improvement of counting of resources, and establishment a kill rate. We proposed to define conversion factors for counting of ungulates using unmanned aerial vehicles. We analyzed the methods of establishing a kill rate from species density and production indicator. We have shown expediency of using a differentiated approach for to establishment a kill rate depending on the type of animal spread. We considered the possibility to counting of elk from the method of winter route according without identification of habitat categories. We suggested a method of establishment a kill rate of ungulates by dint of average population densities of the species of animals. We suggested changing organization and accounting procedure and establishment a kill rate of ungulates.
STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL RECOVERY FROM THE FIELDS OF THE GROZNY OIL REGION
Authors: Халадов А.Ш. , Умаев А.А. , Газабиева З.Х. , Дудаев М.М. , Халадов М.С. , Алероев Б.А. 
Published: February 2022

Посвящена проблеме нефтеотдачи мезозойских залежей нефти месторождений Грозненского нефтяного района, которые подразделяются на две основные группы. К первой группе относятся верхнемеловые залежи, которые имеют трещиновато-кавернозный коллектор и представлены известняками. Ко второй группе относятся нижнемеловые (аптские) залежи, имеющие трещиновато-пористые коллекторы и представлены песчаниками и алевролитами. Приведены сведения по коэффициенту извлечения нефти (КИН) по ряду месторождений Грозненского нефтяного района. Даны рекомендации по размещению эксплуатационных скважин с целью эффективного их использования.
Dedicated to the problem of oil recovery of the Mesozoic oil deposits of the fi elds of the Grozny oil region, which are divided into two main groups. The fi rst group includes the Upper Cretaceous deposits, which have a fractured-cavernous reservoir and are represented by limestones. The second group includes the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) deposits with fractured-porous reservoirs and represented by sandstones and siltstones. Information on the oil recovery factor (ORF) for a number of fi elds in the Grozny oil region is presented. Recommendations are given for the placement of production wells in order to effectively use them.