bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of pharmacology: 1—the Department of Pharmacology of the University of Tartu (Dorpat): genealogy and biographies
Authors: Philippu Athineos , Seifert Roland 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this article is the historical survey of the foundation and development of pharmacology in Tartu (Dorpat), Estonia. Pharmacology was founded in Tartu by Naunyn, Buchheim, and Schmiedeberg. Genealogy and biographies including selected references of pharmacologists and pupils, who acted from the very beginning to today as directors of the Department of Pharmacology, as well as its successor, the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, are presented and commented. This history also illustrates the conditions that are important for the development of new scientific areas. It is not a central geographical location or a formal “center of excellence” with lots of financial resources but rather brilliant researchers with the right spirit and vision and academic freedom. The implications of the early history of pharmacology for the future of science are discussed.
Distributional preferences in adolescent peer networks
Authors: Alem Yonas , Kocher Martin G. , Schürz Simon , Carlsson Fredrik , Lindahl Mikael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe study distributional preferences in adolescent peer networks. Using incentivized choices between allocations for themselves and a passive agent, children are classified into efficiency-loving, inequality-loving, inequality-averse, and spiteful types. We find that pairs of students who report a friendship link are more likely to exhibit the same preference type than other students who attend the same school. The relation between types is almost completely driven by inequality-loving and spiteful types. The role of peer networks in explaining distributional preferences goes beyond network composition effects. A low rank in academic performance and a central position within the network relate positively to a higher likelihood of being classified as spiteful. Hence, social hierarchies seem to be correlated with distributional preference types.
Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise
Authors: Razi Omid , Teixeira Ana Maria , Tartibian Bakhtyar , Zamani Nastaran , Knechtle Beat 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cytokine storm and is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia problems. The respiratory system is a place of inappropriate activation of the immune system in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and this may cause damage to the lung and worsen both MS and infections.The concerns for patients with multiple sclerosis are because of an enhance risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MS patients pose challenges in this pandemic situation, because of the regulatory defect of autoreactivity of the immune system and neurological and respiratory tract symptoms. In this review, we first indicate respiratory issues associated with both diseases. Then, the main mechanisms inducing lung damages and also impairing the respiratory muscles in individuals with both diseases is discussed. At the end, the leading role of physical exercise on mitigating respiratory issues inducing mechanisms is meticulously evaluated.
Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Authors: Zhu Chunyan , Zhang Ting , Li Qianqian , Chen Xingui , Wang Kai 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an adverse impact on the physical and mental health of the public worldwide. In addition to illness in patients with COVID-19, isolated people and the general population have experienced mental health problems due to social distancing policies, mandatory lockdown, and other psychosocial factors, and the prevalence of depression and anxiety significantly increased during the pandemic. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the epidemiology, contributing factors, and pathogenesis of depression and anxiety. during the pandemic. These findings indicate that physicians and psychiatrists should pay more attention to and identify those with a high risk for mental problems, such as females, younger people, unmarried people, and those with a low educational level. In addition, researchers should focus on identifying the neural and neuroimmune mechanisms involved in depression and anxiety, and assess the intestinal microbiome to identify effective biomarkers. We also provide an overview of various intervention methods, including pharmacological treatment, psychological therapy, and physiotherapy, to provide a reference for different populations to guide the development of optimized intervention methods.
Analysis of Gaps Yield and Resource use Efficiency of Cold-Region Japonica Rice
Authors: Jia Yan , Liu Hualong , Mei Yingwen , Wang Hao , Zou Detang , Wang Jingguo , Zheng Hongliang , Wang Jin , Zhang Hao , Zhao Hongwei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRice is the primary staple food for more than 50% of the world’s population. Narrowing the gap between the maximum potential food crop yield and actual yield is critical for improving the current yield, resource use efficiency, and global food security. Here, we examined the fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and temperature production efficiency (TPE) of four management treatments (super high yield [SH], high yield and high efficiency [HH], farmer level [FP], and basic production level [CK]). SH and HH treatments significantly reduced the yield gap by 22.4 and 9.5%, respectively. The large yield gap between HH and FP was mainly attributed to high specific leaf weight at the jointing stage (7.5–7.7 mg·cm−2), and the high leaf area maintained during tillering–jointing stages (35.4–37.6 m2·m−2·per day). Compared with FP, HH increased the specific leaf weight in the heading stage (8.2–8.4 mg·cm−2), relative crop growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR), and mean leaf area index (> 2.6). Moreover, compared with FP, HH significantly increased partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen, FUE, TPE, and RUE owing to greater yield and NAR after the full heading stage. Although the HH yield was 93.32% that of SH, HH increased PFP of fertilizer (12.5%), fertilizer nitrogen (9.07%), and fertilizer K2O (36.34%), and required 26% less fertilizer than SH. The findings of this study could facilitate high-efficiency rice production and bridging of yield gaps.
To wear or not to wear? Unpacking the #NoMask discourses and conversations on Twitter
Authors: Lavorgna Anita , Carr Les , Kingdon Ashton 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn the context of the COVID-19 health crisis, the use of face masks has been a topic broadly debated. In many Western countries, especially at the heights of the pandemic, discussions on the use of protective facemasks were often linked to what were mainly political considerations, often fueled by health-related misinformation. Our study brings together social sciences and computer science expertise to retrospectively unpack the #NoMask discourses and conversations using both network analysis approaches on big data retrieved from Twitter and qualitative analyses on sub-sets of relevant social media data. By looking comparatively at two dataset gathered at different stages of the health crisis (2020 and 2022), we aim to better understand the role of Twitter in that interesting area where the dissemination of health misinformation became capitalized by the political narrative linking the social discontent caused by the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic to specific political ideologies. Our analyses show that there has never been a unique ‘NoMask movement,’ nor a defined online community. Rather, we can identify a range of relatively niche, loosely connected, and heterogeneous actors that, in the course of the pandemic, independently pushed diverse (but converging and compatible) discourses. Conversations directly linked to the #NoMask relevant hashtags are overall limited, as twitters using them are not talking to each other; nonetheless, they successfully engaged a larger audience.
Algorithmic decision-making in financial services: economic and normative outcomes in consumer credit
Authors: Sargeant Holli 
Published: November 2022

AbstractConsider how much data is created and used based on our online behaviours and choices. Converging foundational technologies now enable analytics of the vast data required for machine learning. As a result, businesses now use algorithmic technologies to inform their processes, pricing and decisions. This article examines the implications of algorithmic decision-making in consumer credit markets from economic and normative perspectives. This article fills a gap in the literature to explore a multi-disciplinary approach to framing economic and normative issues for algorithmic decision-making in the private sector. This article identifies optimal and suboptimal outcomes in the relationships between companies and consumers. The economic approach of this article demonstrates that more data allows for more information which may result in better contracting outcomes. However, it also identifies potential risks of inaccuracy, bias and discrimination, and ‘gaming’ of algorithmic systems for personal benefit. Then, this article argues that these economic costs have normative implications. Connecting economic outcomes to a normative analysis contextualises the challenges in designing and regulating ML fairly. In particular, it identifies the normative implications of the process, as much as the outcome, concerning trust, privacy and autonomy and potential bias and discrimination in ML systems. Credit scoring, as a case study, elucidates the issues relating to private companies. Legal norms tend to mirror economic theory. Therefore, this article frames the critical economic and normative issues required for further regulatory work.
Planar random-cluster model: scaling relations
Authors: Duminil-Copin Hugo , Manolescu Ioan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper studies the critical and near-critical regimes of the planar random-cluster model on

$\mathbb Z^2$

with cluster-weight

$q\in [1,4]$

using novel coupling techniques. More precisely, we derive the scaling relations between the critical exponents

$\beta $

,

$\gamma $

,

$\delta $

,

$\eta $

,

$\nu $

,

$\zeta $

as well as

$\alpha $

(when

$\alpha \ge 0$

). As a key input, we show the stability of crossing probabilities in the near-critical regime using new interpretations of the notion of the influence of an edge in terms of the rate of mixing. As a byproduct, we derive a generalisation of Kesten’s classical scaling relation for Bernoulli percolation involving the ‘mixing rate’ critical exponent

$\iota $

replacing the four-arm event exponent

$\xi _4$

.
Dietary zinc restriction affects the expression of genes related to immunity and stress response in the small intestine of pigs
Authors: Medida Ramya Lekha , Sharma Ashok Kumar , Guo Yue , Johnston Lee , Urriola Pedro E. , Gomez Andres , Saqui-Salces Milena 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral and its deficiency manifests in non-specific clinical signs that require long time to develop. The response of swine intestine to Zn restriction was evaluated to identify early changes that can be indicative of Zn deficiency. Twenty-seven pigs (body weight = 77⋅5 ± 2⋅5 kg) were assigned to one of three diets: diet without added Zn (Zn-restricted diet, ZnR), and ZnR-supplemented with either 50 (Zn50) or 100 mg of Zn/kg of diet (Zn100) of Zn supplied by ZnCl2. After 32 d consuming the diets, serum Zn concentration in ZnR pigs was below the range of 0⋅59–1⋅37 μg/ml considered sufficient, thereby confirming subclinical Zn deficiency. Pigs showed no obvious health or growth changes. RNA-seq analysis followed by qPCR showed decreased expression of metallothionein-1 (MT1) (P < 0⋅05) and increased expression of Zn transporter ZIP4 (P < 0⋅05) in jejunum and ileum of ZnR pigs compared with Zn-supplemented pigs. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that Zn50 and Zn100 induced changes in genes related to nucleotide excision repair and integrin signalling pathways. The top gene network in the ZnR group compared with Zn100 was related to lipid and drug metabolism; and compared with Zn50, was related to cellular proliferation, assembly and organisation. Dietary Zn concentrations resulted in differences in genes related to immune pathways. Our analysis showed that small intestine presents changes associated with Zn deficiency after 32 d of Zn restriction, suggesting that the intestine could be a sentinel organ for Zn deficiency.
Skotomorphogenesis exploits threonine to promote hypocotyl elongation
Authors: Tabeta Hiromitsu , Higashi Yasuhiro , Okazaki Yozo , Toyooka Kiminori , Wakazaki Mayumi , Sato Mayuko , Saito Kazuki , Hirai Masami Y , Ferjani Ali 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Mobilisation of seed storage reserves is important for seedling establishment in Arabidopsis. In this process, sucrose is synthesised from triacylglycerol via core metabolic processes. Mutants with defects in triacylglycerol-to-sucrose conversion display short etiolated seedlings. We found that whereas sucrose content in the indole-3-butyric acid response 10 (ibr10) mutant was significantly reduced, hypocotyl elongation in the dark was unaffected, questioning the role of IBR10 in this process. To dissect the metabolic complexity behind cell elongation, a quantitative-based phenotypic analysis combined with a multi-platform metabolomics approach was applied. We revealed that triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol breakdown were disrupted in ibr10, resulting in low sugar content and poor photosynthetic ability. Importantly, batch-learning self-organised map clustering revealed that threonine level was correlated with hypocotyl length. Consistently, exogenous threonine supply stimulated hypocotyl elongation, indicating that sucrose levels are not always correlated with etiolated seedling length, suggesting the contribution of amino acids in this process.
A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of a Good National Civil-Military Partnership for Rapid Management and Response of Health Emergencies: Lessons for Africa
Authors: Tene Larissa , Godjedo Primous , Amadou Bailo , Mbasha Jerry-Jonas , Oyugi Boniface , Baldé Thierno 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Civil-military collaboration in response to an epidemic or health crisis could strengthen countries’ capacities to provide adequate medical care and limit casualties. Many countries have received the support of military medical services during an emergency,1 guided by their multi-disciplinary human resources, with a strong background in rapid deployment, logistics and trauma management, and the civilian teams with a good capacity in epidemic management.1,2Objectives:This study analyzes the determinants of a good civil-military partnership for rapid management of health emergencies on the African continent.Method/Description:
We conducted a systematic review of literature from published (PUBMED, Hinari, and Google Scholar) and grey databases guided by the PRISMA guideline.Results/Outcomes:A good collaboration requires a formal agreement with a defined institutional anchor structure between the two institutions.1,3 The coordination should remain flexible with the co-leadership of each institution.1,3,4 The roles of all participating teams should be defined at the onset,1-5 and plans instituted based on the type of emergency to enhance cooperation. Both civilian and military teams need to know and understand the approved management protocols. Military health services are better experienced in trauma management, while civilians are more equipped to manage epidemics.1,4 Besides, there is a need for periodic evaluation of patient outcomes, resource management, challenges, and lessons learned after the response.Conclusion:Civil-military teams jointly responding to emergencies can be challenging but should be built around four defined pillars: collaboration, coordination, capacity building, and evaluation to capitalize on the teams’ strengths.
Enhancing Disaster Response of Emergency Medical Teams through “TEAMS 3.0”-- Does the Multidisciplinary Training Make a Difference?
Authors: Kaim Arielle , Bodas Moran , Peleg Kobi ,   Consortium TEAMS 3.0, Ragazzoni Luca 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:In the aftermath of disasters, Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) are dispatched to help local rescue efforts. Although EMTs are recognized to be a critical component of the global health workforce, concerns have emerged over their functioning and effectiveness.1 For example, lack of cooperation and coordination between different EMTs has been a longstanding issue, resulting in fragmented disaster management.2 To enhance the provision of EMT’s field teamwork, the Training for Emergency Medical Teams and European Medical Corps (TEAMS) project was established,3 and later further updated with novel scenarios and exercises (ie, adapting EMT operations to a sudden disaster; becoming a modular team; reflecting on ethical dilemmas) in the complementary “TEAMS 3.0” project where a more comprehensive training package was developed.Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and quality of the TEAMS 3.0 training package in four training programs in Portugal, Germany, Norway, and Turkey.Method/Description:Participants completed a set of questionnaires designed to assess self-efficacy, teamwork, and quality of training.Results/Outcomes:The results from the Portugal and German training suggest an improvement for both teams’ self-efficacy and teamwork. The quality of training is regarded as high and deemed as an appropriate tool package for addressing the objectives of the project and the perceived needs of EMT disaster deployment.Conclusion:Thus far, the TEAMS 3.0 project has demonstrated to be effective in promoting EMT teamwork capacities. The Norwegian and Turkish training results are expected to be available by the time of the WHO EMT Global Meeting 2022.Tables and Figures (optional)Table 1.Comparison of Means Before and After the TEAMS 3.0 Training, per Country, for the Team Self-Efficacy Scale, Teamwork Scale, and Quality of Training Scale
Salinity Induces Allometric Accumulation of Sulfur in Plants and Decouples Plant Nitrogen‐Sulfur Correlation in Alpine and Arid Wetlands
Authors: Zuo Zhenjun , Zhao Haocun , Yang Lei , Lv Tian , Li Xiangyan , Ma Fei , Wang Zhong , Yu Dan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSalinization alters the elemental balance of wetlands and induces variations in plant survival strategies. Sulfur (S) plays vital roles in serving regulatory and catalytic functions in stress resistance of plants. Yet, how plant S and its relationships with nitrogen (N) vary across natural environmental gradients are not well documented. We collected 1,366 plant samples and 230 water and sediment samples from 230 wetlands in Tibetan Plateau and adjacent arid regions of western China, to analyze the effects of environmental variables on plant S accumulation and N‐S correlations. We found that plant S correlated with N in unimodal patterns. Salinity, rather than temperature or nutrient supply, promoted disproportionate accumulation of S but limited N uptake, inducing decoupling of N‐S correlation in plants. Toward high salinity, the faster increasing rates of total S than that of glutathione, the most abundant organic‐S compound in plant resistance, provided potential evidences explaining the decoupled plant N‐S correlation. A salinity of 3.9‰ was calculated to be a threshold at which substantial changes in plant N‐S correlation occurred. We designed a conceptual model to illustrate the mechanisms driving variations of N‐S correlation in plants and environments along salinity gradient. Furthermore, high salinity filtered out the salt‐sensitive species and reassembled the communities. In conclusion, increased salinity affected wetland plants by inducing S accumulation in plants and selecting salt‐tolerant species with high S concentrations at community level, providing evidences for plant adaptive mechanisms to salinity in arid regions.
High‐Resolution Coral Records of Cadmium in Surface Seawater: Biogeochemical Cycling and a Novel Proxy for Winter Monsoon
Authors: Sun Yinan , Jiang Wei , Yu Kefu , Xu Shendong , Feng Chunmei , Xie Sirong , Wei Chaoshuai 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCadmium (Cd) geochemical cycle plays a significant role in the composition and function of the marine ecosystem. Skeletal cadmium‐to‐calcium (Cd/Ca) ratios in hermatypic corals have been applied to reconstruct the historical changes of oceanic and climatic processes, yet there was no systematic evaluation of this tracer's natural variability in high resolution over time. Here, we reported a coral skeletal Cd/Ca record in monthly resolution from 1999 to 2008 CE and reconstructed the history of Cd contents in surface seawater in the northern South China Sea. A significant seasonal variation (higher in the winter but lower in the summer) of Cd contents in surface seawater can be identified. We found that the seasonal variations in coral skeletal Cd/Ca ratios exhibited significant trends coupled with the surface wind speeds, indicating that strong winds had likely driven the vertical seawater mixing process and then induced the process of sediment remobilization on the shelf, which significantly increased Cd contents in surface seawater. The reduction in Cd contents in surface seawater due to biological processes might be masked by the impacts of surface winds. Importantly, we also observed that coral skeletal Cd/Ca records in the winter showed significant correlations with the winter monsoon index, highlighting the possibility as a new proxy of winter monsoon in the non‐upwelling shelf environments.
Auroral Field‐Aligned Current Signatures in Jupiter's Magnetosphere: Juno Magnetic Field Observations and Physical Modeling
Authors: Kamran A. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , James M. K. , Nichols J. D. , Provan G. , Cao H. , Hue V. , Greathouse T. K. , Gladstone G. R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe analyze magnetic data obtained during northern high‐altitude traversals of Jovian middle magnetosphere (MM) field lines during the first 10 inbound data‐taking passes of the Juno spacecraft for azimuthal field perturbations associated with magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling currents. Full traversals across the MM region occur on all 10 passes at radial distances ∼7 to 16 RJ (T1 traversals), followed in four cases by reversed traversals (T2) at ∼4 to 7 RJ. Signatures of upward field‐aligned currents were observed in all cases, closely collocated with the statistical main auroral oval when mapped along field lines to the ionosphere. Two T1 sheets carry currents ∼10 MA per radian of azimuth in ionospheric colatitudinal layers ∼1.2°, closely comparable with the ∼8.5 MA rad−1 theoretical model value of Cowley et al. (2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-4051-2008). The other T1 sheets typically carry half this current ∼5.1 MA rad−1 in layers half the width ∼0.56°, thus with comparable current densities ∼425 nA m−2. The T2 currents are smaller ∼3.4 MA rad−1 with current densities ∼120 nA m−2, a difference that may relate to locations on opposite sides of the main oval as reflected in near‐contemporaneous ultraviolet observations, though ionospheric field strengths are not greatly different. Comparison with northern near‐periapsis currents observed inside ∼2 RJ on the same passes by Kotsiaros et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0819-7) yields a cross‐correlation coefficient ∼0.7 with our T1 currents, though Kotsiaros et al.’s mean current value of ∼3.8 MA rad−1 is somewhat less than our overall mean T1 value ∼6.2 MA rad−1. The differences may have spatial, temporal, or methodological origins.