bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of economic hardships on the intent to migrate: Micro‐level evidence from Venezuela
Authors: Posso Alberto , Bodanac Nicholas , Palermo Facundo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe examine the impact of various hardships on individual's consideration of migration as a coping mechanism. Previous studies fail to identify the microeconomic drivers of migration during crises, lumping all the potential consequences of a crisis into singular categories. We argue that migration is one of several coping strategies available to individuals and present an empirical model that motivates this proposition. Our approach also suggests that unobserved factors, such as ability, determine both returns to migration as well as the availability of domestic (non‐migration) coping strategies, which curbs migration. We use new survey data covering over 1000 individuals in three large Venezuelan cities. This nation is undergoing a crisis caused by unprecedented levels of hyperinflation, which resulted in the worse migration crisis in Latin American history. We focus on hardships that characterise the Venezuelan situation: food insecurity; scarcity of health products/services; crime; and diminished purchasing power. We marry this information to data on stated preferences over migration. We recognise that individuals may desire to migrate temporarily or permanently and model those choices separately and subsequently treat them as competing options. Our preferred results suggest that falling victim to crime and poor health services motivate migration. We conclude with policy suggestions.
BR 287 Duplication Designed through the Methods of DNIT and MeDiNa (2020): Structural and Financial Analysis
Authors: Pascoal Paula Taiane , Chiarello Gabriéli Pires , Baroni Magnos , Pereira Deividi Da Silva , Zucchi Fernando Luiz 
Published: July 2022

The paving field has experienced extensive changes due to the growth of traffic. In order to attend this evolution, it became necessary the implementation of a new methodoly for pavement designing that uses a mechanistic-empirical approach. This paper aims to compare, structurally and financially, three structures, one designed using the DNIT’s method and two through “Método de Dimensionamento Nacional – MeDiNa”. The three structures were analyzed concerning the behavior in relation to permanent deformation, fatigue life and regarding the necessary investment to pave one-kilometer duplication of an existent highway. Even though the two structures designed through MeDiNa were find to be more expensive than the one designed using DNITs precepts, when considering the cost related to the number of load requests supported by the pavement, structures designed through MeDiNa proved to be more reliable in face of layers damage and presented a good cost per supported requests.
Gaussian Stochastic Process Modeling of Blend Repaired Airfoil Modal Response Using Reduced Basis Mode Shape Approach
Authors: Brown Jeffrey M. , Kaszynski Alex A. , Gillaugh Daniel L. , Carper Emily B. , Beck Joseph A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A machine learning (ML) approach is developed to predict the effect of blend repairs on airfoil frequency, modal assurance criterion (MAC), and modal displacement vectors. The method is demonstrated on a transonic research rig compressor rotor airfoil. A parametric definition of blend geometry is developed and shown to be capable of encompassing a large range of blend geometry. This blend repair geometry is used to modify the airfoil surface definition and a mesh morphing process transforms the nominal finite element model (FEM) to the repaired configuration. A multilevel full factorial sampling of the blend repair design space provides training data to a Gaussian stochastic process (GSP) regressor. The frequency and MAC results create a vector of training data for GSP calibration, but the airfoil mode shapes require further mathematical manipulation to avoid creating GSP models for each nodal displacement. This paper develops a method to significantly reduce blended airfoil mode shape emulation cost by transforming the mode shape training data into a reduced basis space using principal component analysis (PCA). The coefficients of this reduced basis are used to train a GSP that can then predict the values for new blended airfoils. The emulated coefficients are used with the reduced basis vectors in a reconstruction of blended airfoil mode shape. Validation data is computed at a full-factorial design that maximizes the distance from training points. It is found that large variations in modal properties from large blend repairs can be accurately emulated with a reasonable number of training points. The reduced basis approach of mode shape variation is shown to more accurately predict MAC variation when compared to direct MAC emulation. The added benefit of having the full modal displacement field also allows determination of other influences such as tip-timing limits and modal force values.
Differences in Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Between Middle-Aged Men and Women in Japan: A Compositional Data Analysis
Authors: Amagasa Shiho , Inoue Shigeru , Shibata Ai , Ishii Kaori , Kurosawa Sayaka , Owen Neville , Oka Koichiro 
Published: July 2022

Background: Differences in accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior and different physical activity (PA) intensities between men and women have been poorly described. The authors examined gender differences in time-use activity composition and total volume of PA. Methods: A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted from 2013 to 2015 with a randomized sample of 6000 middle-aged (40–64 y) community-dwelling Japanese adults living in urban and regional cities. Participants wore Active style Pro HJA-350IT on their waist for 7 consecutive days. Gender differences in activity time use was examined using compositional data analysis to control for time spent in all activity measures. Results: In total, 757 participants (303 men, 52.3 [7.1] y) with valid data were included in the analysis. Women spent on average 12.6% less time in sedentary behavior and 23.4% more time in light-intensity PA than men, whereas no significant difference was found for moderate to vigorous PA. Women accumulated a significantly greater volume of PA than men (17.8 vs 15.0 metabolic equivalent of task h/d). Conclusions: Japanese middle-aged women showed higher levels of PA than men because they spent more time in light-intensity PA. Given the health benefits of light-intensity PA, evaluating only moderate to vigorous PA may lead to an underestimation of women’s participation in PA.
Standardised patient study to assess tuberculosis case detection within the private pharmacy sector in Vietnam
Authors: Zawahir Shukry , Le Hien , Nguyen Thu Anh , Beardsley Justin , Duc Anh Dang , Bernays Sarah , Viney Kerri , Cao Hung Thai , McKinn Shannon , Tran Hoang Huy , Nguyen Tu Son , Velen Kavindhran , Luong Minh Tan , Tran Thi Mai Hung , Nguyen Viet Nhung , Nguyen Viet Ha , Nguyen Thi Cam Van , Nguyen Trung Thanh , Jan Stephen , Marais Ben J , Negin Joel , Marks Guy B , Fox Gregory 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundOf the estimated 10 million people affected by (TB) each year, one-third are never diagnosed. Delayed case detection within the private healthcare sector has been identified as a particular problem in some settings, leading to considerable morbidity, mortality and community transmission. Using unannounced standardised patient (SP) visits to the pharmacies, we aimed to evaluate the performance of private pharmacies in the detection and treatment of TB.MethodsA cross-sectional study was undertaken at randomly selected private pharmacies within 40 districts of Vietnam. Trained actors implemented two standardised clinical scenarios of presumptive TB and presumptive multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Outcomes were the proportion of SPs referred for medical assessment and the proportion inappropriately receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. Logistic regression evaluated predictors of SPs’ referral.ResultsIn total, 638 SP encounters were conducted, of which only 155 (24.3%) were referred for medical assessment; 511 (80·1%) were inappropriately offered antibiotics. A higher proportion of SPs were referred without having been given antibiotics if they had presumptive MDR-TB (68/320, 21.3%) versus presumptive TB (17/318, 5.3%; adjusted OR=4.8, 95% CI 2.9 to 7.8). Pharmacies offered antibiotics without a prescription to 89.9% of SPs with presumptive TB and 70.3% with presumptive MDR-TB, with no clear follow-up plan.ConclusionsFew SPs with presumptive TB were appropriately referred for medical assessment by private pharmacies. Interventions to improve appropriate TB referral within the private pharmacy sector are urgently required to reduce the number of undiagnosed TB cases in Vietnam and similar high-prevalence settings.
Protocol for an intervention development and pilot implementation evaluation study of an e-health solution to improve newborn care quality and survival in two low-resource settings, Malawi and Zimbabwe: Neotree
Authors: Wilson Emma , Gannon Hannah , Chimhini Gwendoline , Fitzgerald Felicity , Khan Nushrat , Lorencatto Fabiana , Kesler Erin , Nkhoma Deliwe , Chiyaka Tarisai , Haghparast-Bidgoli Hassan , Lakhanpaul Monica , Cortina Borja Mario , Stevenson Alexander G. , Crehan Caroline , Sassoon Yali , Hull-Bailey Tim , Curtis Kristina , Chiume Msandeni , Chimhuya Simbarashe , Heys Michelle 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionEvery year 2.4 million deaths occur worldwide in babies younger than 28 days. Approximately 70% of these deaths occur in low-resource settings because of failure to implement evidence-based interventions. Digital health technologies may offer an implementation solution. Since 2014, we have worked in Bangladesh, Malawi, Zimbabwe and the UK to develop and pilot Neotree: an android app with accompanying data visualisation, linkage and export. Its low-cost hardware and state-of-the-art software are used to improve bedside postnatal care and to provide insights into population health trends, to impact wider policy and practice.Methods and analysisThis is a mixed methods (1) intervention codevelopment and optimisation and (2) pilot implementation evaluation (including economic evaluation) study. Neotree will be implemented in two hospitals in Zimbabwe, and one in Malawi. Over the 2-year study period clinical and demographic newborn data will be collected via Neotree, in addition to behavioural science informed qualitative and quantitative implementation evaluation and measures of cost, newborn care quality and usability. Neotree clinical decision support algorithms will be optimised according to best available evidence and clinical validation studies.Ethics and disseminationThis is a Wellcome Trust funded project (215742_Z_19_Z). Research ethics approvals have been obtained: Malawi College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (P.01/20/2909; P.02/19/2613); UCL (17123/001, 6681/001, 5019/004); Medical Research Council Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/2570), BRTI and JREC institutional review boards (AP155/2020; JREC/327/19), Sally Mugabe Hospital Ethics Committee (071119/64; 250418/48). Results will be disseminated via academic publications and public and policy engagement activities. In this study, the care for an estimated 15 000 babies across three sites will be impacted.Trial registration numberNCT0512707; Pre-results
Protocol for a process evaluation: face-to-face physiotherapy compared with a supported home exercise programme for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: the REFORM trial
Authors: Withers Hannah G , Liu Hueiming , Glinsky Joanne V , Chu Jackie , Jennings Matthew D , Hayes Alison J , Starkey Ian J , Palmer Blake A , Szymanek Lukas , Cruwys Jackson J , Wong David , Duong Kitty , Barnett Anne , Tindall Matthew J , Lucas Barbara R , Lambert Tara E , Taylor Deborah A , Sherrington Catherine , Ferreira Manuela L , Maher Christopher G , Zadro Joshua R , Harvey Lisa A 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe REFORM (REhabilitation FOR Musculoskeletal conditions) trial is a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial (n=210) designed to determine whether a supported home exercise programme is as good or better than a course of face-to-face physiotherapy for the management of some musculoskeletal conditions. The trial is currently being conducted across Sydney government hospitals in Australia. This process evaluation will run alongside the REFORM trial. It combines qualitative and quantitative data to help explain the trial results and determine the feasibility of rolling out supported home exercise programmes in settings similar to the REFORM trial.Methods and analysisTwo theoretical frameworks underpin our process evaluation methodology: the Realist framework (context, mechanism, outcomes) considers the causal assumptions as to why a supported home exercise programme may be as good or better than face-to-face physiotherapy in terms of the context, mechanisms and outcomes of the trial. The RE-AIM framework describes the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance of the intervention. These two frameworks will be broadly used to guide this process evaluation using a mixed-methods approach. For example, qualitative data will be derived from interviews with patients, healthcare professionals and stakeholders, and quantitative data will be collected to determine the cost and feasibility of providing supported home exercise programmes. These data will be analysed iteratively before the analysis of the trial results and will be triangulated with the results of the primary and secondary outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThis trial will be conducted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2018) and the Note for Good Clinical Practice (CPMP/ICH-135/95). Ethical approval was obtained on 17 March 2017 from the Northern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (trial number: HREC/16HAWKE/431-RESP/16/287) with an amendment for the process evaluation approved on 4 February 2020. The results of the process evaluation will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12619000065190.
Gift of time: learning together to embed a palliative approach to care in long-term care
Authors: Sarakbi Diana , Graves Elan , King Gillian , Webley Jane , Crick Shelly , Quinn Christine 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundEmbedding a Palliative Approach to Care (EPAC) is a model that helps shift the culture in long-term care (LTC) so that residents who could benefit from palliative care are identified early. Healthcare Excellence Canada supported the implementation of EPAC in seven teams from across Canada between August 2018 and September 2019.ObjectiveTo identify effective strategies for supporting the early identification of palliative care needs to improve the quality of life of residents in LTC.InterventionTraining methods on the EPAC model included a combination of face-to-face education (national and regional workshops), online learning (webinars and access to an online platform) and expert coaching. Each team adapted EPAC based on their organisational context and jurisdictional requirements for advance care planning.MeasuresTeams tracked their progress by collecting monthly data on the number of residents who died, date of their most recent goals of care (GOCs) conversation, location of death and number of emergency department (ED) transfers in the last 3 months of life. Teams also shared their implementation strategies including successes, barriers and lessons.ResultsImplementation of EPAC required leadership support and dedicated time for changing how palliative care is perceived in LTC. Based on 409 resident deaths, 89% (365) had documented GOC conversations; 78% (318) had no transfers to the ED within the last 3 months of life; and 81% (333) died at home. A monthly review of the results showed that teams were having earlier GOC conversations with residents. Teams also reported improvements in the quality of care provided to residents and their families.ConclusionEPAC was successfully adapted and adopted to the organisational contexts of homes participating in the collaborative.
Parents and school-aged children’s mental well-being after prolonged school closures and confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: a cross-sectional online survey study
Authors: Leon Rojas Daniela , Castorena Torres Fabiola , Garza-Ornelas Barbara M , Castillo Tarquino Angie Milady , Salinas Silva Cynthia Anahí , Almanza Chanona José Luis , Rodríguez-de-Ita Julieta 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine parents’ and school-aged children’s mental well-being after experiencing confinement and prolonged school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignUsing a cross-sectional design, an online survey was applied to parents of school-aged children inquiring about their mental well-being and COVID-19 pandemic changes in their home and working lives. To assess the presence of depression, anxiety and stress in parents, the participants responded to the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 scale. To assess psychosocial dysfunction and sleep disturbances in children, participants responded to the Pediatric Symptom Checklist and the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire.ResultsA total of 209 parents answered the questionnaire, most of them were female (87.1%) with a mean age of 40 years. The prevalence of anxiety, stress and parental depression symptoms were 35.9%, 28.2% and 25.4%, respectively. Children’s mean age was 8.9 years, the prevalence of children’s psychosocial dysfunction was 12%, while their sleep disturbance symptoms were 59.8%. 10.5% of children were suffering both outcomes. We found a bidirectional relationship between parents’ and children’s mental health outcomes. Parental depression symptoms were associated with experiencing COVID-19 infection within the household, having children with pre-existing medical diagnoses, children’s psychosocial dysfunction and sleep disturbances. Children’s psychosocial dysfunction was associated with parental depression and changes in their school routine. Children’s sleep disturbances were associated with parental anxiety, younger age, increased use of electronic devices, night-time awakenings and shorter sleep time.ConclusionOur results support the impact of long confinement and school closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexican children and parents’ mental well-being. We advocate for specific mental health interventions tailored to respond to parents and children at risk of mental well-being distress.
Acute pancreatitis in children – morbidity and outcomes at 1 year
Authors: Bhanot A , Majbar AA , Candler Toby , Hunt LP , Cusick E , Johnson Paul R V , Shield Julian PH 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo establish short-term and medium-term complications 1-year postdiagnosis, of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children aged 0–14 years.DesignOne-year follow-up of a prospective monthly surveillance of new cases of AP in children under 15 years through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU) from April 2013 to April 2014.SettingA monthly surveillance of >3700 consultant paediatricians and paediatric surgeons in the UK and Ireland using the BPSU.PatientsChildren aged 0–14 years with a new diagnosis of AP.Main outcome measuresThe outcomes following AP, including the incidence of complications and comorbidity at diagnosis and at 1 year.ResultsOf the 94 new confirmed cases of AP identified in the UK during the study period, 90 cases (96%) were included in the 1-year follow-up. 30 patients (32%) developed further episode(s) of AP. Over one-fifth of patients developed one or more major complication. At initial admission, the most common of these was pancreatic necrosis (n=8, 9%), followed by respiratory failure (n=7, 7%). Reported complications by 1 year were pseudocyst formation (n=9, 10%), diabetes requiring insulin therapy (n=4, 4%) and maldigestion (n=1, 1%). At 1-year postdiagnosis, only 59% of children made a full recovery with no acute or chronic complications or recurrent episodes of AP. Two patients died, indicating a case fatality of ~2.0%.ConclusionsAP in childhood is associated with significant short-term and medium-term complications and comorbidities including risk of recurrence in approximately a third of cases.
High-intensity functional exercise does not cause persistent elevations in augmentation index in young men and women
Authors: Landers-Ramos Rian Q. , Lawal Ibukun , Imery Ian , Siok Dakota , Addison Odessa , Zabriskie Hannah A. , Dondero Kathleen , Dobrosielski Devon A. 
Published: July 2022

Elevations in central augmentation index (AIx) are predictive of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to examine AIx immediately and 24 h following an acute bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) in apparently healthy young adults. A second aim compared the exercise-induced AIx recovery response between men and women. Thirty-two recreationally active younger adults ( n = 16 men) were tested. Baseline central hemodynamic measures were assessed, followed by a single bout of bodyweight HIFT. The HIFT included 4 rounds of burpees, jump squats, split squats, and walking lunges. Assessments were repeated 5, 10, 15, and 24 h post-exercise. AIx was normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx75). There was a significant main effect of time on AIx75 across all groups ( P < 0.001) with AIx75 increasing at all acute time points compared with baseline and returning to resting values 24 h post-exercise. When examining sex differences after covarying for height and body fat percentage, the authors found no time × sex interaction ( P = 0.62), or main effect for sex ( P = 0.41), but the significant main effect of time remained ( P < 0.001). The AIx75 response to HIFT follows a similar recovery pattern as previously studied modes of exercise with no residual effects 24 h later and no differences between men and women indicating no persistent cardiovascular strain in younger adults participating in this mode of exercise.
Revealing the influence of temperature on benzene oxidation by palladium oxide via ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Wu Sheng , Wei Mingrui , Guo Guanlun , Ju Hongling 
Published: July 2022

For catalytic reactions, temperature has a great influence on reaction rate and reaction mechanism. The oxidation processes of soot precursors (C6H6) at different temperatures are simulated using reactive force field molecular dynamics to investigate the effect of temperature on the oxidation process. The reaction products at different temperatures and the effect of temperature are discussed. The results show that the intermediate species C3 and C4 are more and existed longer at 1400 K than at 2000 K, while hardly existed at 2000 K, indicating that as the temperature increases, the oxidation reaction takes place more completely and the products formed are more stable. The effect of temperature on the oxidation mechanism is then explored; the results show that the main reaction pathway at 1400 K is basically the same as that at 2000 K, while the final product contains less hydrogen and more oxygen atoms at 2000 K. The C6 components with two, three, and four oxygen atoms are found easier to be decomposed at both 1400 and 2000 K. It shows that temperature mainly affects the catalytic reaction process by affecting the hydrogen and oxygen content of the decomposed C6 component. This may be helpful to understand the effect of temperature on the C6H6 oxidation from the perspective of basic research.