bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Websites and Documentation
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a survey given to one hundred high school guitar teachers, respondents were asked if their guitar program has a dedicated website. Only two responded with “yes.” Chapter 10 focuses on the importance of creating and maintaining a website for all award-winning programs and the benefits that come from this effort. In addition, this chapter covers the importance of documentation, as well as the many ways events may be documented and how your documentation may be shared on your dedicated website with your students, parents, community, and other educators around the country. Links to award-winning program websites are provided as examples.
Building a Curriculum
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 details what the director of every award-winning guitar program should have in their vault, which contains the nuts and bolts of a successful music program. In addition, this chapter looks at the challenges teachers may face and provides practical tips for building a structure for successful learning and sustainable progress. The chapter also stresses the importance of planning lessons and knowing which week each lesson will be presented throughout the entire school year. In addition, how to measure students’ learning progress is addressed and suggestions are made about how to build a program by improving only by 1 percent each day.
Teaching the Whole Student
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Award-winning music programs usually have one thing in common: the director puts the needs of students first. It is rare to find a successful music program that prioritizes competitions and constantly winning above all else. Chapter 12 focuses on what students really need and what the takeaway should be from school music programs. Focus is given to the top ten skills that high school students need for preparing to enter college. Each skill is looked at individually in relationship to how a music teacher may contribute to students’ learning each of these skills. This chapter ends where Chapter 1 begins, looking at the qualities of the music educator, and listing the many skills required by the director to build an award-winning music program.
Normative Pluralism
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The potential conflicts between morality and self-interest lie at the heart of ethics. However, moral philosophers sometimes think of their task as trying to gain knowledge simply of what we are morally required to do, leaving aside the larger normative question of what we ought to do all things considered, while others have assumed that what we ought to do all things considered just is what we morally ought to do. This book grapples with the more fundamental question of what we ought to do all things considered but argues that there may be no simple answer to this question. Behind the assumption that there is something we ought to do all things considered often lies another undefended assumption that the strengths of moral and prudential reasons actually are comparable. Instead of making such an assumption, the book defends a pluralist theory of normativity where morality and prudence form two separate and incommensurable normative standpoints, much like Henry Sidgwick’s “Dualism of Practical Reason.” This type of view has tended to be quickly dismissed by its opponents, but the book argues that the theory is in fact well motivated and that the typical objections that tend to target it are much weaker than they are usually considered to be.
The Golden Era of Free Speech
Authors: Chemerinsky Erwin , Chemerinsky Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Social media and the internet have significantly expanded the landscape of free expression, exponentially increasing the access that any member of the general public has to disseminate speech to a mass audience and ushering in what may be described as the golden era of free speech. Though this expansion has come with unique, unforeseen challenges that must be addressed through reform, it has also provided significant benefits that should not be sacrificed in addressing those challenges. Focusing on the importance of these advancements in free expression, this essay examines the current debate and proposals regarding Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act and analyzes why the law is effective and should be subject to only minor revisions. Although it champions the benefits of this golden era of free speech, this essay also identifies significant problems that arise with false speech and foreign speech and discusses the limitations of First Amendment doctrine in addressing these issues.
Section 230 Reforms
Authors: Whitehouse Sheldon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Social media companies have been implicated in the profit-driven dissemination and proliferation of disinformation and illicit content online. The need to address this dangerous issue has led to bipartisan consensus that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, which protects social media companies from liability for the spread of this harmful content, should be reformed or repealed. However, the challenge for legislators has been in developing an alternative for Section 230 that allows for injured litigants to find recourse while accounting for the unique and unprecedented nature of online platforms. This essay examines how the evolution of the internet and the way that the courts have interpreted Section 230 over time has essentially provided blanket immunity for social media companies that was not contemplated by the law when it was originally passed. Analyzing how misinformation and illegal content spreads online and how social media companies have willfully turned a blind eye to the rampant issue, the essay offers a framework for how Section 230 can be reformed and suggests new regulations that can be put in place to combat these issues and hold social media companies accountable.
The Siren Call of Content Moderation Formalism
Authors: Douek Evelyn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Systems of online content moderation governance are becoming some of the most elaborate and extensive bureaucracies in history, and they are deeply imperfect and need reform. Would-be reformers of content moderation systems are drawn to a highly rule-bound and formalistic vision of how these bureaucracies should operate, but the sprawling chaos of online speech is too vast, ever-changing, and varied to be brought into consistent compliance with rigid rules. This essay argues that the quest to make content moderation systems ever more formalistic will not fix public and regulatory concerns about the legitimacy and accountability of how platforms moderate content on their services. The largest social media platforms operate massive unelected, unaccountable, and increasingly complex bureaucracies that decide to act or not act on millions of pieces of content uploaded to their platforms every day. A formalistic model, invoking judicial-style norms of reasoning and precedent, is doomed to fail at this scale and level of complexity. As these governance systems mature, it is time to be content moderation realists about the task ahead.
Strategy and Structure
Authors: Starbird Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pervasive spread of disinformation online is a critical societal issue, limiting our ability to respond to collective challenges such as pandemics and climate change. This essay defines disinformation as intentional, misleading but often built around a true or plausible core, and functioning as a campaign rather than a single piece of content. Online disinformation exploits social media and other information systems (both online and off) in complex ways, and disinformation can become embedded in the structures of online ecosystems. Disinformation is participatory, incorporating unwitting crowds of sincere believers who routinely amplify and even produce false and misleading narratives. The essay explores how our commitments to freedom of speech complicate the challenge of addressing disinformation. The strategies of disinformation have long exploited freedom of speech to manipulate democratic discourse and justify their actions. Examining the history of these strategies reveals the persistent challenge of addressing disinformation while preserving our democratic commitments to free speech. Finally, the essay offers a few suggestions regarding how platforms can navigate these challenges, focusing on the structural dimensions and attending to the participatory dynamics of disinformation.
Follow the Money, Back to Front
Authors: Benkler Yochai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hate speech, disinformation, and polarization are underwritten by deeply rooted media market dynamics involving the profitability of stoking anger and providing easy, identity-confirming outrage. Solutions therefore must focus on changing the payoffs to selling outrage and hatred. This essay offers two approaches that aim to make the outrage industry internalize the externalities of its business model. The first is a reconsideration of defamation laws. The second is the creation of a regulatory framework mandating transparency from companies that profit from advertisements in outrage media content. There would be a publicly curated database that makes transparent which companies have advertising associated with hateful content. Civic organizations and citizens would be encouraged to apply economic and social pressure on corporations to divest from this type of content. The essay discusses the benefits and drawbacks of these approaches, offering them as potential short-term solutions to a problem that will require long-term intervention.
The First Amendment Does Not Protect Replicants
Authors: Lessig Lawrence 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Imagine a platform with technology that would automatically craft content, the substance of which would be determined algorithmically, within broad constraints set by people. Should such speech, labeled in this essay as “replicant speech,” be regulable? Replicants, as defined in this essay, are processes that have developed a capacity to make semantic and intentional choices, the particulars of which are not plausibly ascribed to any human or team of humans in advance of those choices. Humans may build the systems, but humans do not make or directly control the decisions that those systems manifest. The essay argues that, for several reasons, such technology does not deserve the full protections of the First Amendment. If it is the dignity of democratic citizenship that the First Amendment is protecting, there is nothing in the replicant’s algorithms that deserves any such dignity. Nothing in our Constitution should be read to require us to remain vulnerable to the dangers from replicants. To the contrary, everything in our Constitution should direct us to protect against their harmful effect.
Social Media, Distrust, and Regulation
Authors: Minow Newton N. , Minow Nell , Minow Martha , Minow Mary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A guiding principle of regulation of communications in the United States has been the public interest, but what does the concept of the public interest mean today, a time when the sheer amount of misinformation can drown out accurate information? This essay, presented as a discussion, explores the problems of misinformation in the age of digital media. Though the authors do not agree on all elements of their proposed reforms, they propose ideas such as the articulation of a core set of journalistic principles for anything major media companies label “news”; increasing support for public libraries, media literacy education, and public media; establishing a nonprofit public internet; requiring large internet platforms, which arguably function like a public square, to publicize their community standards for removing content and to adopt policies to at least slow the distribution of content that incites imminent violence; and staying abreast of international ideas that might be of use in the United States.
Color Lines
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When the promising young black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois accepted the renowned philosopher William James’s invitation to attend a social dinner at Harvard University on Valentine’s Day, 1891, it marked a turn in the intellectual history of America. Social, as well as intellectual, collaboration between blacks and whites at the nation’s leading academic institution was not only possible but was a model for democratic possibilities in a nation still deeply steeped in racial segregation. Du Bois would go on to be the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard, and would tout his friendship with James as instrumental to his intellectual development. Some of the most important concepts concerning race would be forged by Du Bois in this milieu, and James’s own experiences with race would be informed by his relationship with Du Bois. Chapter 3 discusses why this seemingly ordinary connection between professor and student looms large in the history of America’s intellectual tradition, but also in its development as a multiracial democracy.
Mocambo
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the great Hollywood stories persists to this day: Marilyn Monroe and Ella Fitzgerald’s groundbreaking friendship and its role in desegregating American music venues. Yet, there remains a great deal of myth about this historic friendship, even as plays, internet memes, and children’s books have been written about it. The story of Monroe, Fitzgerald, and the club Mocambo is an object lesson in why the politics of interracial friendship cut many ways—even when our motivations are in the right place. Nevertheless, there is much more instructive about the Mocambo moment than myth; it also sheds light on the relationship between racism, sexism, and class in American society. Chapter 7 investigates one of the more lauded stories of interracial friendship from the civil rights era, and why the stories we tell about it matter.
Chillicothe
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Chillicothe, a Shawnee Indian village in what is now the state of Ohio, where Daniel Boone was taken as a captive in 1778 and where his adoption by Blackfish, a Shawnee leader, opened a road to reconciliation between Indians and Americans in the Ohio Valley. The chapter hinges on the dilemmas faced by Boone and Blackfish, for the adoption occurred at time in which conflict between Kentucky pioneers and Ohio Indians was escalating. It was also a moment when the American Revolution and the path to an American West hung in the balance. Here, the critical questions are why Boone opted to return to Boonseborough, the settlement in Kentucky that bore his name, and what that meant for him and for the chances of a common future for American pioneers and Ohio Indians.
Chimney Rock
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes as its vantage point Chimney Rock, one of the signature landmarks along what became the principal overland trail across the Great Plains and to the Pacific Slope during the 1840s and 1850s. Although circled covered wagons, surrounded by marauding Indians on horseback, became a staple scene in nineteenth-century paintings and twentieth-century motion pictures, those images mislead about relations between American emigrants and Plains Indians. Through the 1840s, peace generally prevailed on the trail, and trade, if not friendship, linked Americans heading west and the Indians through whose countries they traveled. The onset of the California Gold Rush multiplied the number of Americans on the trail and brought an increased presence of the United States military to the Great Plains, which put pressure on that peace. Still, it was the conflicts between “Mormons” and those they called “Gentiles” that most threatened to erupt into a full-scale war.
Dodge City
Authors: Aron Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No spot is more closely associated with the West at its wildest than Dodge City, Kansas, the subject of this chapter. From its origins in the 1860s as a military post and a hub for buffalo hunters to its brief heyday in the 1870s and early 1880s as a “cattle town” to which cowboys from Texas drove their herds, Dodge City was infamous for its reportedly rampant lawlessness and frequent shootouts. Yet, the chapter argues that compared with other parts of the United States in the decades after the Civil War, the multiethnic assemblage that made up most teams of drovers got along relatively well and African American visitors and residents fared better in Dodge than they did elsewhere. And contrary to the Dodge of legend, its heyday featured few gunfights and fewer homicides than other boom towns in that era, with lessons for us about gun control and law enforcement.
Hassan al Banna and Sayyid Qutb
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An extraordinary number of Islamic intellectuals from the Islamic strategic triangle and beyond were profoundly influenced by the pioneering work of the Muslim Brothers. The Brotherhood founder Hassan al Banna modeled an influential course forward in efforts to renew and reform the Islamic legacy. Banna expressed his genius in organizational terms. He made the Muslim Brotherhood the most effective Islamic social and political movement of the modern era. Banna's practical work was complemented by the very different gifts of Sayyid Qutb, the most important movement intellectual to emerge from the Brotherhood. Qutb produced a massive commentary on the Qur'an, still widely read today. He also wrote highly influential political and social tracts that have guided activists across the Islamic world. Both men were murdered, Banna by assassination, Qutb by hanging after an official show trial.
Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Grand Shi‘i Ayatollah is admired for the exceptionally broad range of roles he played, ranging from poet and philanthropist to political actor and strategic visionary. Fadlallah was a giant in tiny Lebanon, greatly loved for his extensive social work and admired for his adept political and diplomatic skills. Over the years, Fadlallah built an empire of good works that stretched through Shi‘i communities from Lebanon to Pakistan. Outspoken and available for wide-ranging interviews and bold public statements, Fadlallah was at the same time elusive and impossible to fully engage. He provoked frequent controversies on such varied global issues as suicide bombing and domestic causes such as the rights of women. Frequent assassination attempts, all failed, burnished his charisma. In the end, Fadlallah died a peaceful, natural death. It was Fadlallah’s “epic kindness,” to borrow the words of a hardnosed British journalist who covered him for years, that defined the Ayatollah’s legacy.
Grand Ayatollah Baqir al Sadr
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The arrest, torture, and murder of Baqir al Sadr in the spring of 1980 came as no surprise. The Shi‘i Ayatollah provided a model of the “caller” to Islam as both scholar and uncompromising activist. He did so in the face of the terrible tyranny of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Baqir was renowned for his encyclopedic scholarship that encompassed both secular and Islamic learning. He was from the first also a bold political actor under an Islamic banner. He sought to demonstrate how a value-based Islamic social order, with justice at its core, was both eminently viable and morally superior to the leading secular capitalist and socialist systems. Baqir provided intellectual inspiration and guidance to the Da‘wa Islamic Party that has persisted to this day in Iraq. Baqir understood the danger he faced. Martyrdom came to Baqir at an early age. The Lebanese Ayatollah Hussein Fadlallah decried his gruesome murder at the hands of Saddam’s security forces as “the crime of the century.”
Ali Shariati
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ali Shariati played a role second only to that of the Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1997 Iranian Islamic revolution. Young Iranians, in particular, embraced his notion of revolution as “a return to ourselves.” They reveled in the Islamic phrasing of his call to action. They embraced his commitment to the reassertion of the priority of Islam and Islamic culture. Ali Shariati called Iranians to revolution in the name of Abu Dharr al Ghifari, the Prophet’s beloved companion. Iran’s revolutionary intellectual had made the Islam of Abu Dharr his own. However, when the people took to the streets, Shariati could not be with them. He had died a year earlier in exile in London. The abuse suffered during multiple imprisonments had taken its toll. Shariati, however, was not forgotten. His picture was everywhere when the revolution erupted. Millions shouted out his sobriquet as mo’allem-e enqilab (mentor of the revolution). Iranians made sure that Ali Shariati, the believing revolutionary, kept his appointment with history.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Raymond William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Prophet Muhammad walks hand in hand with the Muslim Jesus through these pages. Islamic scholars regularly bring Abu Dharr al Ghifari, venerable representative of justice, into the company of the prophets. A rare opportunity is created to become aware of the unseen things their interactions take for granted. The unseen remains unnamed. It is never argued. It is simply there, as the Qur’an puts it, for “those with eyes to see.” The elements of the unseen are as simple as they are powerful. Three important dimensions become clear. First is the very idea of a unitary Islamic world. Second is appreciation for the varied cultural and historical elements that make it up. Third is the clarification that Islam’s challenge to the West is not primarily political, as so many Western journalists and scholars assume. The contestation goes deeper. Civilizational Islam questions the most settled conclusions of Western secularism. Moreover, Islam demonstrates the unsettling capacity to generate diverse and compelling civilizational alternatives.
The Jus Ad Bellum Anno 2040: An Essay on Possible Trends and Challenges
Authors: Gill Terry D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a number of possible trends and developments which may influence how the law governing the use of force will be applied in the coming decades. These include both technological developments and certain political trends which are most likely to shape the way the law will be interpreted and applied in a changing environment. Attention is particularly given to the potentially destabilizing influence of new weapons technologies and a shift in the relative power and influence of major actors in international relations and the impact these developments could have on the application of the law governing the use of force in international relations.