bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthquakes Triggered by Fluid Diffusion and Boosted by Fault Reactivation in Weiyuan, China Due to Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Sheng Minhan , Chu Risheng , Peng Zhigang , Wei Zigen , Zeng Xiangfang , Wang Qingdong , Wang Yong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHydraulic fracturing has induced small‐to‐moderate‐size earthquakes around the world. Identifying spatio‐temporal evolution of microseismicity is important for understanding the physical processes that control hydraulic fracturing‐induced seismicity. In this study, we build an enhanced earthquake catalog from continuous seismic data recorded by 1‐year temporary deployment with an automatic procedure and relocate 18,663 earthquakes in the Weiyuan shale gas block in the southern Sichuan Basin, China. Our catalog, with a maximum ML of 3.5, has a completeness magnitude (Mc) of 0.4, which is ∼23 times more events than listed in the standard National Earthquake Data Center (NEDC) of China. Most earthquakes are clustered near hydraulic fracturing wells and delineate many pre‐existing faults in the north‐south direction. The space‐time evolution of microearthquakes indicates fluid diffusion processes as the primary drivers for seismicity in this region. The fast earthquake migration patterns show that permeability within a fault zone could be affected by fault‐valve behaviors and enhanced by earthquake rupture process. We find that the Gutenberg‐Richter b‐values increase systematically with depth, and b‐values further away from hydraulic fracturing pads are generally low, especially for three strands with relatively high migration velocities. Our results confirm that earthquake clusters in Weiyuan are induced by hydraulic fracturing and the reactivated faults act as conduit networks for fluid flow, which promote triggering of earthquakes further away from the hydraulic fracturing pad. This study provides additional evidence for hydraulic fracturing‐induced earthquake in the southern Sichuan Basin and advances our understanding of injection induced earthquakes.
Crustal Compositional Variations From Continental to Oceanic Domain: A VP/VS Ratio Study Across the Zhongsha Block, South China Sea
Authors: Li Yuhan , Grevemeyer Ingo , Huang Haibo , Qiu Xuelin , Murray‐Bergquist Louisa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe VP/VS ratio is an important property for understanding magmatic and tectonic processes at passive continental margins as it is an indicator of the crustal composition. To classify the dominant lithologies in the Zhongsha Block, South China Sea (SCS), we present a detailed VP/VS crustal model based on the independent tomographic inversion of P wave and S wave data. The average VP/VS in the crust of the Zhongsha Block is ∼1.77, indicating an overall felsic to intermediate composition lacking remnant magmatic intrusive rocks. The VP‐density relationship from gravity modeling suggests that the lower crust of the extended continental domain contains more greenschist and hence may have experienced metamorphism resulting from an elevated geotherm in the Northwest Sub‐basin either during the syn‐spreading or postspreading stage. The variability of the VP/VS ratio in the continental block is larger than that in the oceanic basin, showing distinct crustal properties. Several low VP/VS ratio anomalies (VP/VS < 1.7) were found near tectonic boundaries and are interpreted to either result from felsic metamorphism during an interval of rifting, or during the migration of magma along faults and cracks in the postrift period. VP/VS ratios occurring in concert with high VP anomalies in the continent‐ocean transition zone support a mafic composition of metapelitic granulite, which was either formed by magmatic intrusions or contact with mantle melting that stem from the upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle during the initial break‐up and onset of the seafloor spreading stage in the SCS.
Impacts of Suppressing Excessive Light Rain on Aerosol Radiative Effects and Health Risks
Authors: Wang Yong , Xia Wenwen , Zhang Guang J. , Wang Bin , Lin Guangxing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGlobal climate models (GCMs) have been used widely to study radiative forcing and health risks of aerosols. A recent study using two GCMs found that light rain plays a dominant role in controlling aerosol loading. However, “too much light rain and too little heavy rain” is a longstanding bias in GCMs. It is unclear how much light rain affects aerosol‐cloud‐radiation interactions and health risks from air pollution. Here we show that, with the correction of the rainfall intensity spectrum in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 by introducing a stochastic deep convection scheme, the reduced frequency of light rain (1–20 mm d−1) results in changes of aerosol direct radiative effects (DRE) of up to −0.5 ± 0.03 W/m2 and aerosol cloud radiative effects (CRE) of up to −0.9 ± 0.03 W/m2. The total (CRE + DRE) radiative effects of light rain‐mediated aerosol changes exceed the present‐day anthropogenic forcing of aerosols relative to preindustrial levels from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5&6) models. However, the correction of the rainfall intensity spectrum has little effect on anthropogenic aerosol forcing (defined as the radiative perturbation due to changes in aerosol concentrations between the industrial era and preindustrial levels). Due to increased exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5), the estimated global total premature mortality is much higher than previously estimated, by 300,000 ± 60,000 deaths per year, and is more severe in populous regions such as India and China. The findings in this study highlight the need to understand uncertainties in radiative effects and health risks of aerosols due to simulation biases of precipitation in GCMs.
Sensitivity of the Horizontal Scale of Convective Self‐Aggregation to Sea Surface Temperature in Radiative Convective Equilibrium Experiments Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Matsugishi Shuhei , Satoh Masaki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe conduct radiative convection equilibrium experiments using a global nonhydrostatic model to investigate the dependence of convective self‐aggregation (CSA) on domain size and sea surface temperature (SST). We use a spherical domain with radii varying from 1 to 1/16 of Earth's radius, as well as SSTs between 290 and 310 K. A single aggregation occurs at small domain sizes, whereas multiple aggregations emerge at sufficiently large domain sizes. Domain‐averaged atmospheric temperature and humidity gradually increase with domain size until they reach convergence in cases of multiple aggregations. As domain size increases, surface wind speed increases, and the boundary layer becomes more humid. Because the radiative cooling in the free atmosphere also converges in cases of multiple aggregations, the surface evaporation must be limited due to the constraint of the energy balance. Thus, the convective region shifts from single to multiple aggregations to avoid increasing the surface wind speed. Our results show that the dependence of the horizontal scale of CSA on SST is not monotonic. This dependency is closely related to changes in the structure of the detrainment from the convective region at the melting level, resulting in enhanced radiative cooling at the top of the boundary layer near the convective region for cooler and warmer SSTs. This change in the circulation structure leads to increased surface wind speed with increasing domain size. This process affects the non‐monotonic dependence of the horizontal scale of CSA on SST.
Auroral Beads in Conjunction With Kinetic Alfvén Waves in the Equatorial Inner‐Magnetosphere
Authors: Tian S. , Lyons L. R. , Nishimura Y. , Wygant J. R. , Lysak R. L. , Ferradas C. P. , An X. , Igl A. B. , Reeves G. D. , Larsen B. A. , Ma D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAuroral beads are spatially wavy forms routinely seen before the onset of auroral substorms and are closely related to the onset‐related instabilities. To date, the acceleration mechanism of electrons that create auroral beads is not fully determined. Here, we present a fortuitous event when the Van Allen Probe A (RBSP‐A) was in magnetic conjunction with auroral beads. RBSP‐A observed Alfvén waves, locally generated kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) and Alfvénic accelerated electrons at several 100 eV. The Alfvén waves and KAWs carried sufficient Poynting flux to power visible aurora and may control the beads' motion. These observations and previous simulations support that the Alfvénic acceleration is the acceleration mechanism of the auroral beads. Specifically, KAWs are generated around the equator and accelerate local cold electrons to several 100 eV. The waves are suggested to propagate to both hemispheres and accelerate electrons to several keV, which directly account for the auroral beads.
Topside Plasma Flows in the Equatorial Ionosphere and Their Relationships to F‐Region Winds Near 250 km
Authors: Heelis R. A. , Chen Y.‐J. , Depew M. D. , Harding B. J. , Immel T. J. , Wu Y.‐J. , Mende S. B. , Huba J. D. , Englert C. R. , Stephan A. W. , Kamaci U. , Kamalabadi F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSimultaneous measurements of F‐region neutral winds near 250 km and topside field‐aligned interhemispheric plasma flow near 600 km, made by the ionospheric connections satellite, allow the connection between these parameters to be observationally established for the first time. The largest variations in the topside plasma flows are seen as a function of season and are shown to depend on trans‐equatorial neutral winds near the F peak in a manner that is essentially the same during the daytime and the nighttime for the solar minimum conditions that prevail in 2020. This finding is consistent with established principles of a servo model of the ionosphere for which both production and loss rates in the topside are specified by the O/N2 ratio at the F‐peak height. The intermediate relationships, describing how the neutral wind influences the F‐peak height and how the O+ plasma pressure gradient across the equator influences the interhemispheric plasma flow are also investigated and found to be consistent with expectations.
Metabolic factors in the regulation of hypothalamic innate immune responses in obesity
Authors: Folick Andrew , Cheang Rachel T. , Valdearcos Martin , Koliwad Suneil K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe hypothalamus is a central regulator of body weight and energy homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that innate immune activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is a key element in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain parenchyma, have been shown to play roles in diverse aspects of brain function, including circuit refinement and synaptic pruning. As such, microglia have also been implicated in the development and progression of neurological diseases. Microglia express receptors for and are responsive to a wide variety of nutritional, hormonal, and immunological signals that modulate their distinct functions across different brain regions. We showed that microglia within the MBH sense and respond to a high-fat diet and regulate the function of hypothalamic neurons to promote food intake and obesity. Neurons, glia, and immune cells within the MBH are positioned to sense and respond to circulating signals that regulate their capacity to coordinate aspects of systemic energy metabolism. Here, we review the current knowledge of how these peripheral signals modulate the innate immune response in the MBH and enable microglia to regulate metabolic control.
Effect of obesity on the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prevalent and incident distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy: population-based KORA F4/FF4 study
Authors: Maalmi Haifa , Herder Christian , Huth Cornelia , Rathmann Wolfgang , Bönhof Gidon J. , Heier Margit , Koenig Wolfgang , Roden Michael , Peters Annette , Ziegler Dan , Thorand Barbara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground/objectivesThe association between vitamin D and DSPN has been investigated in cross-sectional studies in individuals with diabetes. However, evidence from prospective and population-based studies is still lacking. Also, the potential modifying effect of obesity and glucose tolerance has not been investigated. Therefore, we examined the cross-sectional and prospective associations of serum 25(OH)D with DSPN and assessed possible effect modifications.Subjects/methodsThe study included individuals aged 62–81 years who participated in the German KORA F4 (2006–2008) and FF4 (2013–2014) studies. DSPN was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Cross-sectional analyses (n = 1065; 33% of the participants had obesity) assessed the associations of baseline 25(OH)D with prevalent DSPN, while prospective analyses (n = 422) assessed the associations of 25(OH)D with incident DSPN.ResultsNo association was found between 25(OH)D and prevalent DSPN in the total sample after adjustment for age, sex, season of blood sampling, BMI, metabolic variables, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. However, a decrease by 10 nmol/L in 25(OH)D was associated with prevalent DSPN (RR (95% CI) 1.08 (1.01, 1.16)) in individuals with obesity but not in normal-weight individuals (RR (95% CI) 0.97 (0.92, 1.02),pinteraction = 0.002). No evidence for effect modification by glucose tolerance was found (p > 0.05). In the prospective analysis, 25(OH)D levels in the first and second tertiles were associated with higher risk of DSPN (RR (95% CI) 1.18 (1.02; 1.38) and 1.40 (1.04; 1.90)) compared to the third tertile after adjustment for age, sex, season of blood sampling, and BMI. There was no evidence for effect modification by obesity or glucose tolerance categories.ConclusionsOur study did not show consistent evidence for cross-sectional and prospective associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and DSPN in the total study population of older individuals. However, there was evidence for an association between lower serum 25(OH)D levels and higher prevalence of DSPN in individuals with obesity.
Photophysiological response of Symbiodiniaceae single cells to temperature stress
Authors: Xiao Linhong , Johansson Sofia , Rughöft Saskia , Burki Fabien , Sandin Miguel Mendez , Tenje Maria , Behrendt Lars 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae engage in symbiosis with scleractinian corals. As coral ‘bleaching’ is partly governed by the thermal sensitivity of different Symbiodiniaceae lineages, numerous studies have investigated their temperature sensitivity. However, the systematic identification of single-cells with increased temperature resistance among these dinoflagellates has remained inaccessible, mostly due to a lack of technologies operating at the microscale. Here, we employed a unique combination of microfluidics, miniaturized temperature control, and chlorophyll fluorometry to characterize the single-cell heterogeneity among five representative species within the Symbiodiniaceae family under temperature stress. We monitored single-cell maximum quantum yields (Fv/Fm) of photosystem (PS) II under increasing temperature stress (22‒39 °C, + 1 °C every 15 min), and detected a significant Fv/Fm reduction at lineage-specific temperatures ranging from 28 °C to 34 °C alongside a 40- to 180- fold increase in intraspecific heterogeneity under elevated temperatures (&gt;31 °C). We discovered that the initial Fv/Fm of a cell could predict the same cell’s ability to perform PSII photochemistry under moderate temperature stress (&lt;32 °C), suggesting its use as a proxy for measuring the thermal sensitivity among Symbiodiniaceae. In combination, our study highlights the heterogeneous thermal sensitivity among photosynthetic Symbiodiniaceae and adds critical resolution to our understanding of temperature-induced coral bleaching.
Intervertebral disc degeneration is rescued by TGFβ/BMP signaling modulation in an ex vivo filamin B mouse model
Authors: Zieba Jennifer , Forlenza Kimberly N. , Heard Kelly , Martin Jorge H. , Bosakova Michaela , Cohn Daniel H. , Robertson Stephen P. , Krejci Pavel , Krakow Deborah 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSpondylocarpotarsal syndrome (SCT) is a rare musculoskeletal disorder characterized by short stature and vertebral, carpal, and tarsal fusions resulting from biallelic nonsense mutations in the gene encoding filamin B (FLNB). Utilizing a FLNB knockout mouse, we showed that the vertebral fusions in SCT evolved from intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and ossification of the annulus fibrosus (AF), eventually leading to full trabecular bone formation. This resulted from alterations in the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway that included increased canonical TGFβ and noncanonical BMP signaling. In this study, the role of FLNB in the TGFβ/BMP pathway was elucidated using in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo treatment methodologies. The data demonstrated that FLNB interacts with inhibitory Smads 6 and 7 (i-Smads) to regulate TGFβ/BMP signaling and that loss of FLNB produces increased TGFβ receptor activity and decreased Smad 1 ubiquitination. Through the use of small molecule inhibitors in an ex vivo spine model, TGFβ/BMP signaling was modulated to design a targeted treatment for SCT and disc degeneration. Inhibition of canonical and noncanonical TGFβ/BMP pathway activity restored Flnb−/− IVD morphology. These most effective improvements resulted from specific inhibition of TGFβ and p38 signaling activation. FLNB acts as a bridge for TGFβ/BMP signaling crosstalk through i-Smads and is key for the critical balance in TGFβ/BMP signaling that maintains the IVD. These findings further our understanding of IVD biology and reveal new molecular targets for disc degeneration as well as congenital vertebral fusion disorders.
Antiferromagnetic second-order topological insulator with fractional mass-kink
Authors: Mu Haimen , Zhao Gan , Zhang Huimin , Wang Zhengfei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGenerally, the topological corner state in two-dimensional (2D) second-order topological insulator (SOTI) is equivalent to the well-known domain wall state, which is originated from the mass-inversion between two adjacent edges with phase shift of π. In this work, go beyond this conventional physical picture, we report a fractional mass-kink induced 2D SOTI in monolayer FeSe with canted checkerboard antiferromagnetic (AFM) order by analytic model and first-principles calculations. The canted spin associated in-plane Zeeman field can gap out the quantum spin Hall edge state of FeSe, forming a fractional mass-kink with phase shift of π/2 at the rectangular corner, and generating an in-gap topological corner state with fractional charge of e/4. Moreover, the topological corner state is robust to a finite perturbation, existing in both naturally and non-naturally cleaved corners, regardless of the edge orientation. Our results not only demonstrate a material system to realize the unique 2D AFM SOTI, but also pave a way to design the higher-order topological states from fractional mass-kink with arbitrary phase shift.
Discovery of Pb-free hybrid organic–inorganic 2D perovskites using a stepwise optimization strategy
Authors: Lee Byung Do , Lee Jin-Woong , Kim Minseuk , Park Woon Bae , Sohn Kee-Sun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe current status of 2D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for use in photovoltaic (PV) and light-emitting diode (LED) applications lags far behind their 3D counterparts. Here, we propose a computational strategy for discovering novel perovskites with as few computing resources as possible. A tandem optimization algorithm consisting of an elitism-reinforced nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a multiobjective Bayesian optimization (MOBO) algorithm was used for density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT-calculated band gap and effective mass were taken as objective functions to be optimized, and the constituent molecules and elements of a Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) structure (n = 2) were taken as decision variables. Fourteen previously unknown RP perovskite candidates for PV and LED applications were discovered as a result of the NSGA-II/MOBO algorithm. Thereafter, more accurate DFT calculations based on the HSE06 exchange correlation functional and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) were conducted for the discovered 2D perovskites to ensure their validity.
Biomechanically and biochemically functional scaffold for recruitment of endogenous stem cells to promote tendon regeneration
Authors: Cui Jing , Ning Liang-Ju , Wu Fei-Peng , Hu Ruo-Nan , Li Xuan , He Shu-Kun , Zhang Yan-Jing , Luo Jia-Jiao , Luo Jing-Cong , Qin Ting-Wu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTendon regeneration highly relies on biomechanical and biochemical cues in the repair microenvironment. Herein, we combined the decellularized bovine tendon sheet (DBTS) with extracellular matrix (ECM) from tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) to fabricate a biomechanically and biochemically functional scaffold (tECM-DBTS), to provide a functional and stem cell ECM-based microenvironment for tendon regeneration. Our prior study showed that DBTS was biomechanically suitable to tendon repair. In this study, the biological function of tECM-DBTS was examined in vitro, and the efficiency of the scaffold for Achilles tendon repair was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining, histological staining, stem cell tracking, biomechanical and functional analyses. It was found that tECM-DBTS increased the content of bioactive factors and had a better performance for the proliferation, migration and tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) than DBTS. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that tECM-DBTS promoted tendon regeneration and improved the biomechanical properties of regenerated Achilles tendons in rats by recruiting endogenous stem cells and participating in the functionalization of these stem cells. As a whole, the results of this study demonstrated that the tECM-DBTS can provide a bionic microenvironment for recruiting endogenous stem cells and facilitating in situ regeneration of tendons.
The neural substrates of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a systematic review
Authors: Samson Genelle D. , Lahti Adrienne C. , Kraguljac Nina V. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNeurological soft signs (NSS) are common in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural substrates of NSS remain poorly understood. Using legacy PubMed, we performed a systematic review and included studies that assessed NSS and obtained neuroimaging data in patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder published up to June 2020. We systematically reviewed 35 relevant articles. Studies consistently implicate the basal ganglia and cerebellum as structural substrates of NSS and suggest that somatomotor and somatosensory regions as well as areas involved in visual processing and spatial orientation may underlie NSS in psychosis spectrum disorders. Additionally, dysfunction of frontoparietal and cerebellar networks has been implicated in the pathophysiology of NSS. The current literature outlines several structural and functional brain signatures that are relevant for NSS in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The majority of studies assessed gray matter structure, but only a few studies leveraged other imaging methods such as diffusion weighted imaging, or molecular imaging. Due to this, it remains unclear if white matter integrity deficits or neurometabolic alterations contribute to NSS in the illness. While a substantial portion of the literature has been conducted in patients in the early illness stages, mitigating confounds of illness chronicity, few studies have been conducted in antipsychotic medication-naïve patients, which is a clear limitation. Furthermore, only little is known about the temporal evolution of NSS and associated brain signatures. Future studies addressing these pivotal gaps in our mechanistic understanding of NSS will be important.