bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chin tuck against resistance exercise with feedback to improve swallowing, eating and drinking in frail older people admitted to hospital with pneumonia: protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled study
Authors: Smithard David G. , Swaine Ian , Ayis Salma , Gambaruto Alberto , Stone-Ghariani Aoife , Hansjee Dharinee , Kulnik Stefan T. , Kyberd Peter , Lloyd-Dehler Elizabeth , Oliff William 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) and community-acquired pneumonia are common in frail older people and maybe addressed through targeted training of the anterior neck musculature that affects the swallow. We have developed a swallowing exercise rehabilitation intervention (CTAR-SwiFt) by adapting a previously established swallowing exercise to ensure patient safety and ease of execution in the frail elderly population. The CTAR-SwiFt intervention consists of a feedback-enabled exercise ball that can be squeezed under the chin, with real-time feedback provided via a mobile application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of assessing the effectiveness of the CTAR-SwiFt intervention in reducing dysphagia and community-acquired pneumonia, prior to a larger-scale multi-centre randomised controlled trial.

Methods
We will recruit 60 medically stable patients over the age of 75 years who have been admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia to the acute frailty wards at two participating hospitals in the UK. Study participants will be randomised into one of three groups: standard care, low intensity (once daily) CTAR-SwiFt exercise or high intensity (twice daily) CTAR-SwiFt exercises. The intervention period will last for 12 weeks, the final follow-up assessment will be conducted at 24 weeks. We will assess the feasibility outcomes, including rates of participant recruitment and retention, compliance with the exercise regime and adverse incidents. Additionally, we will assess the usability and acceptability of the intervention device and the performance of different clinical outcome measures (e.g. chin tuck strength, Functional Oral Intake Scale, SWAL-QOL, EQ-5D and swallow speed). A sub-sample of study participants will complete videofluoroscopic assessments of swallowing function before and after the intervention to evaluate the physiological changes (e.g. bolus flow rates, laryngeal elevation, base-of-tongue retraction).

Conclusions
By improving the ability to swallow, using our chin tuck exercise intervention, in frail older patients admitted to hospital with pneumonia, it is anticipated that patients’ oral intake will improve. It is suggested that this will further impact clinical, patient and healthcare economic outcomes, i.e. reduce the need for supplemental feeding, improve patient satisfaction with oral intake and swallowing-related quality of life, decrease the occurrence of chest infections and reduce hospital admissions and related healthcare costs.

Trial registration
ISRCTN, ISRCTN12813363. Registered on 20 January 2020
Vegetation type conversion in the US Southwest: frontline observations and management responses
Authors: Guiterman Christopher H. , Gregg Rachel M. , Marshall Laura A. E. , Beckmann Jill J. , van Mantgem Phillip J. , Falk Donald A. , Keeley Jon E. , Caprio Anthony C. , Coop Jonathan D. , Fornwalt Paula J. , Haffey Collin , Hagmann R. Keala , Jackson Stephen T. , Lynch Ann M. , Margolis Ellis Q. , Marks Christopher , Meyer Marc D. , Safford Hugh , Syphard Alexandra Dunya , Taylor Alan , Wilcox Craig , Carril Dennis , Enquist Carolyn A. F. , Huffman David , Iniguez Jose , Molinari Nicole A. , Restaino Christina , Stevens Jens T. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Forest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming, and their interactive effects with wildland fire. Some ecosystems are transitioning to persistent alternative types, hereafter called “vegetation type conversion” (VTC). VTC is one of the most pressing management issues in the southwestern US, yet current strategies to intervene and address change often use trial-and-error approaches devised after the fact. To better understand how to manage VTC, we gathered managers, scientists, and practitioners from across the southwestern US to collect their experiences with VTC challenges, management responses, and outcomes.

Results
Participants in two workshops provided 11 descriptive case studies and 61 examples of VTC from their own field observations. These experiences demonstrate the extent and complexity of ecological reorganization across the region. High-severity fire was the predominant driver of VTC in semi-arid coniferous forests. By a large margin, these forests converted to shrubland, with fewer conversions to native or non-native herbaceous communities. Chaparral and sagebrush areas nearly always converted to non-native grasses through interactions among land use, climate, and fire. Management interventions in VTC areas most often attempted to reverse changes, although we found that these efforts cover only a small portion of high-severity burn areas undergoing VTC. Some areas incurred long (>10 years) observational periods prior to initiating interventions. Efforts to facilitate VTC were rare, but could cover large spatial areas.

Conclusions
Our findings underscore that type conversion is a common outcome of high-severity wildland fire in the southwestern US. Ecosystem managers are frontline observers of these far-reaching and potentially persistent changes, making their experiences valuable in further developing intervention strategies and research agendas. As its drivers increase with climate change, VTC appears increasingly likely in many ecological contexts and may require management paradigms to transition as well. Approaches to VTC potentially include developing new models of desired conditions, the use of experimentation by managers, and broader implementation of adaptive management strategies. Continuing to support and develop science-manager partnerships and peer learning groups will help to shape our response to ongoing rapid ecological transformations.
Rock-mechanical properties and in situ stress state of the Upper Cenomanian Mishrif limestone reservoir, Zubair oil field, southern Iraq
Authors: Almalikee Hussein Saeed , Sen Souvik 
Published: May 2022

Rock-mechanical properties and tectonic stress state have crucial implications for reservoir stability, drilling, and production optimization. We have developed the first ever in situ stress analysis focused on the Mishrif reservoir from the supergiant Zubair oil field, southern Iraq. We interpreted an overall hydrostatic pore pressure gradient of 9.8 MPa/km and a vertical stress ([Formula: see text]) gradient of 22.17 MPa/km in the Upper Cenomanian Mishrif limestone formation. We inferred a Poisson’s ratio of 0.27–0.31, a Young’s modulus of 27–38 MPa, a coefficient of internal friction range of 0.66–0.76, and estimated a uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) range of 35–70 MPa with a low cohesive strength of 7.8–9.8 MPa from compressional sonic slowness data. We established fitting relationships between the dynamic and static elastic properties from the core-based triaxial test measurements and used the same for estimating the minimum ([Formula: see text]) and maximum ([Formula: see text]) horizontal stress magnitudes by poroelastic horizontal strain model. We validated the reservoir [Formula: see text] with the mini-frac-based fracture closure pressure and interpreted its gradient as 14.5–15.9 MPa/km, whereas we calculated the [Formula: see text] gradient as 19.5–23 MPa/km. We interpreted C-quality breakouts from four-arm caliper data and deciphered a northeast–southwest [Formula: see text] orientation (N45°E–N70°E). Using the compressive failure criteria, we constrained the reservoir [Formula: see text] by stress polygon analysis against the estimated UCS ranges and concluded a normal fault to strike-slip transitional tectonic stress state ([Formula: see text] ≥ [Formula: see text] > [Formula: see text]) in the Mishrif reservoir.
Genetic Variants Associated With Mineral Metabolism Traits in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Laster Marciana L , Rowan Bryce , Chen Hua-Chang , Schwantes-An Tae-Hwi , Sheng Xin , Friedman Peter A , Ikizler T Alp , Sinshiemer Janet S , Ix Joachim H , Susztak Katalin , de Boer Ian H , Kestenbaum Bryan , Hung Adriana , Moe Sharon M , Perwad Farzana , Robinson-Cohen Cassianne 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes multiple interrelated disturbances in mineral metabolism. Genetic studies in the general population have identified common genetic variants associated with circulating phosphate, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).

Objective
In this study we aimed to discover genetic variants associated with circulating mineral markers in CKD.

Methods
We conducted candidate single-nucleotide variation (SNV) analysis in 3027 participants in the multiethnic Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) to determine the associations between SNVs and circulating levels of mineral markers.

Results
SNVs adjacent to or within genes encoding the regulator of G protein–coupled signaling 14 (RGS14) and the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) were associated with levels of mineral metabolites. The strongest associations (P &lt; .001) were at rs4074995 (RGS14) for phosphate (0.09 mg/dL lower per minor allele) and FGF23 (8.6% lower), and at rs1801725 (CASR) for calcium (0.12 mg/dL higher). In addition, the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism differed by rs4074995 (RGS14) genotype (chi-square P &lt; .0001). Differential inheritance by race was noted for the minor allele of RGS14. Expression quantitative loci (eQTL) analysis showed that rs4074995 was associated with lower RGS14 gene expression in glomeruli (P = 1.03 × 10–11) and tubules (P = 4.0 × 10–4).

Conclusion
We evaluated genetic variants associated with mineral metabolism markers in a CKD population. Participants with CKD and the minor allele of rs4074995 (RGS14) had lower phosphorus, lower plasma FGF23, and lower prevalence of hyperparathyroidism. The minor allele of RGS14 was also associated with lower gene expression in the kidney. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of rs4074995 on the pathogenesis of disordered mineral metabolism in CKD.
Global Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of 10 739 607 Individuals
Authors: Chan Kai En , Koh Tiffany Jia Ling , Tang Ansel Shao Pin , Quek Jingxuan , Yong Jie Ning , Tay Phoebe , Tan Darren Jun Hao , Lim Wen Hui , Lin Snow Yunni , Huang Daniel , Chan Mark , Khoo Chin Meng , Chew Nicholas W S , Kaewdech Apichat , Chamroonkul Naichaya , Dan Yock Young , Noureddin Mazen , Muthiah Mark , Eslam Mohammed , Ng Cheng Han 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was proposed as a better definition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to encompass the metabolic dysregulation associated with NAFLD. This redefinition challenges our understanding of the disease. Hence, this study sought to conduct an updated analysis of the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and associated factors of MAFLD, with a further sensitivity analysis done based on lean and nonobese MAFLD individuals.

Methods
Medline and Embase databases were searched to include articles on MAFLD. Meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using the generalized linear mix model. Associating factors were evaluated in conventional pairwise meta-analysis with sensitivity analysis on lean and nonobese MAFLD.

Results
From pooled analysis involving 3 320 108 individuals, the overall prevalence of MAFLD was 38.77% (95% CI 32.94% to 44.95%); 5.37% (95% CI 4.36% to 6.59%) and 29.78% (95% CI 26.06% to 33.79%) of lean and nonobese individuals, respectively, had MAFLD. Metabolic complications such as hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 2.63, 95% CI 1.85 to 3.74, P &lt; 0.0001 and OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.74 to 2.38, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively] and diabetes (OR 3.80, 95% CI 2.65 to 5.43, P &lt; 0.0001 and OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.81 to 4.27, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) were found as significant associating factors associated with lean and nonobese MAFLD.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis supports previous studies in reporting MAFLD to affect more than a third of the global population. While exploration of the pathogenic basis of fatty liver disease without metabolic dysregulation is required, the emphasis on management of concomitant metabolic disease in MAFLD can improve multidisciplinary efforts in managing the complex disease.
Repeat Bone Mineral Density Screening Measurement and Fracture Prediction in Older Men: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ensrud Kristine E , Lui Li-Yung , Crandall Carolyn J , Orwoll Eric S , Langsetmo Lisa , Schousboe John T , Fink Howard A , Lane Nancy E , Kado Deborah M , Cauley Jane A , Stefanick Marcia L , Cawthon Peggy M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Whether repeated bone mineral density (BMD) screening improves fracture prediction in men is uncertain.

Objective
We evaluated whether a second BMD 7 years after the initial BMD improves fracture prediction in older men.

Methods
Among 3651 community-dwelling men (mean age 79.1 years) with total hip BMD at baseline and Year 7 (Y7), self-reported fractures after Y7 were confirmed by radiographic reports. Fracture prediction assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression with receiver operating characteristic curves for models based on initial BMD, BMD change, and the combination of initial BMD and BMD change (combination model).

Results
During an average follow-up of 8.2 years after Y7, 793 men experienced ≥ 1 clinical fractures, including 426 men with major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and 193 men with hip fractures. Both initial BMD and BMD change were associated with risk of fracture outcomes independent of each other, but the association was stronger for initial BMD. For example, the multivariable hazard ratio of MOF in the combination model per 1 SD decrement in BMD was 1.76 (95% CI 1.57-1.98) for initial BMD and 1.19 (95% CI 1.08-1.32) for BMD change. Discrimination of fracture outcomes with initial BMD models was somewhat better than with BMD change models and similar to combination models (AUC value for MOF 0.68 [95% CI 0.66-0.71] for initial BMD model, 0.63 [95% CI 0.61-0.66] for BMD change model, and 0.69 [95% CI 0.66-0.71] for combination model).

Conclusion
Repeating BMD after 7 years did not meaningfully improve fracture prediction at the population level in community-dwelling older men.
Effects of Hatha Yoga and Resistance Exercise on Affect and State Anxiety in Women
Authors: Fishman Katerina , McFadden Bridget A. , Pellegrino Joseph K. , Golem Devon L. , Davitt Patrick M. , Walker Alan J. , Arent Shawn M. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to compare the effects of single bouts of moderate-intensity resistance exercise (RE) and Hatha Yoga (HY) on postexercise affect and anxiety.

Methods
Active, college-aged women (N = 25) completed RE, HY, and no-exercise control sessions. Affect (energy, tiredness, tension, calmness) and state anxiety were assessed before exercise and 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after exercise.

Results
RE promoted significant postexercise increases in energy and tension and decreases in tiredness (P < 0.05) and calmness (P < 0.01). HY significantly improved calmness throughout recovery (P < 0.001). Both HY and RE showed significant reductions in state anxiety (P < 0.05), with the largest effect for HY seen 0 min after exercise (effect size, −0.77) and the largest effect for RT observed 60 min after exercise (effect size, −0.79).

Conclusion
Acute bouts of both RE and HY reduce state anxiety and positively impact various aspects of affect, despite opposing effects seen in affective scores. Furthermore, the divergent time course may reveal potentially different mechanisms that drive these responses.
La "periferia" de la historia. Análisis de la historiografía no universitaria sobre la ciudad romana en Catalunya entre el 1860 y el 1980.
Authors: LARIO DEVESA Arnau 
Published: May 2022

El estudio académico de la historia es, sin lugar a dudas, una prerrogativa del mundo universitario actualmente, pero esto no ha sido siempre así. El artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la historiografiá de los "aficionados" y de los "eruditos" entre 1860, fecha de publicación de la Historia de Cataluña de Víctor Balaguer, hasta 1980, el momento de la creación del Servei d'Arqueologia de Catalunya y la consecuente extinción de este fenómeno. Para poder desarrollar la investigación, se ha tomado como objeto de estudio las ciudades romanas de Blandae, Ilura, Baetulo y Barcino, y se ha dividido el espacio cronológico en tres fases diferentes. A través de las interpretaciones que se van desarrollando sobre el fenomeno urbano romano se han podido entender las intencionalidades políticas, académicas y culturales de cada fase historiográfica, y como ha ido evolucionando el estudio no universitario de nuestro pasado.
Palabras clave: Historiografía, civitas, Renaixença, Novecentismo, Laietània
Las bullangues de Barcelona (1835-1837): Estado de la cuestión.
Authors: RUEDA SABALA Pep 
Published: May 2022

El estudio histórico de las primeras bullangues de Barcelona (1835-1837), pieza clave en el desarrollo de la inestable y turbulenta larga década de 1830-1843, se ha convertido en un huesped, debido a la transformación en sentido social y cultural de la historia política, y a una notable renovación historiográfica. La convergencia entre las aportaciones de la historiografía socioeconómica de inicios de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, y la historia política asentada durante las últimas décadas del mismo siglo, ha facilitado la creación de estudios holísticos respecto del fenómeno en cuestión. El articulo que sigue elabora un estado de la cuestión en el cual se resalta el proceso de hibridación historiográfica y, paralelamente, se presentan los debates restantes y los consensos alcanzados por la renovada historia política de las bullangues de Barcelona.
Palabras clave: clases populares, burguesía, revolución liberal, bullangues, historiografía.
Refractive index sensitivity of Brillouin acoustic modes in single-mode subwavelength-diameter fibers
Authors: Zhang Yongsheng , Lu Haifei , Deng Shuo , Wen Xiaoyan , Li Min 
Published: May 2022

The acousto-optic interaction is strongly modified and different in subwavelength confinement. Here, the optical propagation and acoustic propagation in a subwavelength-diameter fiber (SDF) have been investigated through adopting a two-layer fiber model of air-coated silica rod. Theoretical investigation indicates that SDF with a diameter below 1.2 µm supports the single mode of light propagation, and various Brillouin acoustic modes with well-spaced spectral distribution can be also excited. Due to the light propagation with the outer environment as the cladding layer, the surrounding medium will greatly affect Brillouin scattering of SDFs. Both the simulation and experiment results indicate a relatively good linear relationship between the Brillouin frequency shift of the lower acoustic modes and surrounding environmental refractive index (RI), and the higher RI sensitivity in finer SDFs can be obtained. In addition, hybrid acoustic waves have shown higher sensitivity and stability than surface acoustic modes. A RI sensitivity of about 5.1 GHz/RIU has been achieved in a 1.1 µm SDF, demonstrating its potential application in RI sensing.
Sex inequality in early initiation of breastfeeding in 24 sub-Saharan African countries: A multi-country analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Arthur-Holmes Francis , Aboagye Richard Gyan , Kwabena Ameyaw Edward , Budu Eugene , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Ighodalo Uzairue Leonard , Yaya Sanni 
Published: May 2022

Background
The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims at reducing neonatal and under-5 mortality to below 12 per 1000 and 25 per 1000 live births, respectively, globally by 2030. Studies have found that initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth and continuous breastfeeding for over 12 months can positively impact neonatal and infant health. However, there is evidence that the sex of a child may influence the breastfeeding practices of a mother. Thus, we examined sex inequality in early breastfeeding initiation in sub-Saharan Africa.

Materials and methods
Data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 24 sub-Saharan African countries between January 2010 and December 2019 were pooled and analysed. A total of 137,677 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were considered in this study. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed, and the results were presented using crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with statistical significance at a p-value less than 0.05.

Results
The highest inequality in early initiation of breastfeeding was reported in Togo with a difference of 5.21% between the female and male children, while the lowest inequality was reported in Guinea with 0.48% difference between the female and male children. A higher odds of breastfeeding within 1 hour was observed among female children [cOR = 1.05; 95%(CI = 1.02–1.09)] compared to male children, and this persisted after controlling for the confounders included in this study [aOR = 1.05; 95%(CI = 1.02–1.08)].

Conclusion
We found higher odds for early breastfeeding initiation of female children compared to male children in sub-Saharan Africa. To reduce breastfeeding initiation inequalities, programmes that educate and encourage early initiation of breastfeeding irrespective of the child sex should be promoted among mothers.