bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in non-elective major thoracic surgery for infectious lung abscess
Authors: Schweigert Michael , Dubecz Attila , Giraldo Ospina Carlos F , Spieth Peter , Almeida Ana Beatriz , Richter Torsten , Witzigmann Helmut , Stein Hubert J 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVESExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for elective cardiothoracic surgery is well established. In contrast, there are not much data regarding the usefulness and outcome of ECMO in non-elective major lung resections for infectious lung abscess.METHODSAll patients undergoing non-elective major lung surgery for infectious lung abscess at 5 centres in Germany, UK and Spain were enrolled in a prospective database. Malignant disorders and intrathoracic complications of other procedures were excluded.RESULTSThere were 127 patients. The median age was 59 years (interquartile range 18.75). The mean Charlson index of comorbidity was 2.83 (standard deviation 2.57). Surgical procedures were lobectomy (89), pneumectomy (20) and segmentectomy (18). ECMO was used for 10 patients (pneumectomy 2, lobectomy 8) and several more received pre-ECMO treatment. Mortality was 17/127. Intraoperatively no ECMO-associated complications were encountered. EMCO [1/10 vs 16/117; odds ratio (OR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08–5.91, P = 0.74] and the extent of pulmonary resection were not associated with higher mortality. Preoperative sepsis (OR: 17.84, 95% CI 2.29–139.28, P &lt; 0.01), preoperative air leak (OR: 13.12, 95% CI 4.10–42.07, P &lt; 0.001), acute renal failure (OR: 7.00, 95% CI 2.19–22.43, P &lt; 0.01) and Charlson index of comorbidity ≥3 (OR: 10.83, 95% CI 2.36–49.71, P &lt; 0.01) were associated with significantly higher mortality.CONCLUSIONSThe application of ECMO is widening the possibilities for successful surgical management of infectious, non-malignant lung abscesses. Particularly, patients with marginal functional operability benefit from the availability and readiness to use ECMO. Mortality is determined by the burden of pre-existent comorbidity, severe sepsis and septic shock.
Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors versus histamine-2 receptor blockers in the cardiac surgical population: insights from the PEPTIC trial
Authors: van Diepen Sean , Coulson Tim , Wang Xiaoming , Opgenorth Dawn , Zuege Danny J , Harris Jo , Agyemang Malik , Niven Daniel J , Bellomo Rinaldo , Wright Stephen E , Young Paul J , Bagshaw Sean M ,   for the PEPTIC study investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group
Published: February 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The comparative effectiveness and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) versus histamine-2 receptor blockers for stress ulcer prophylaxis in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit population is uncertain. Although the Proton Pump Inhibitors versus Histamine-2 Receptor Blockers for Ulcer Prophylaxis Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit (PEPTIC) trial reported a higher risk of mortality in the PPI arm with no difference in gastrointestinal bleeding, detailed information on surgical variables and clinically relevant surgical subgroups was not available.

METHODS
The analysis included all Canadian cardiac surgery patients enrolled in the PEPTIC trial. Data were electronically linked using unique patient identifiers to a clinical information system. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, gastrointestinal bleeding, Clostridium difficile infections, ventilator-associated conditions and length of stay.

RESULTS
We studied 823 (50.6%) randomized to PPIs and 805 (49.4%) to histamine-2-receptor blockers. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there were no differences in hospital mortality [PPI: 4.3% vs histamine-2 receptor blockers: 4.8%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55–1.70], gastrointestinal bleeding (3.9% vs 4.8%, aOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.66–1.81), C. difficile infections (0.9% vs 0.1%, aOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.02–1.59), ventilator-associated conditions (1.6% vs 1.7%, aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85–1.00) or median length of stay (9.2 vs 9.8 days, adjusted risk ratio 1.06, 85% CI 0.99–1.13). No significant treatment differences were observed among subgroups of interest or per-protocol populations.

CONCLUSIONS
In a secondary analysis of cardiac surgery patients enrolled in the PEPTIC trial in Canada, no differences in effectiveness or safety were observed between use of PPIs and histamine-2 receptor blockers for stress ulcer prophylaxis.

Clinical trial registration number
anzctr.org.au identifier: ACTRN12616000481471.
Intensity of Grandparent Caregiving, Health, and Well-Being in Cultural Context: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chan Athena C Y , Lee Sun-Kyung , Zhang Jingchen , Banegas Jasmine , Marsalis Scott , Gewirtz Abigail H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Grandparents are key resources in grandchildren care globally. However, mixed findings indicated that multiple role engagement may enhance well-being and bring demands on grandparent caregivers in different contexts. This systematic review examines the association between the intensity of grandparent caregiving and their health and well-being (i.e., physical, mental, cognitive, and life satisfaction) by continent and country/region.

Research Design and Methods
Systematic searches were conducted in 4 databases. Peer-reviewed articles with quantitative designs published between 1990 and November 2021 were identified. A rigorous selection process was followed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The studies were critically appraised, and their results were narratively synthesized.

Results
Sixty-five articles from 29 countries/regions were included. Findings suggested a concave curvilinear relationship between the intensity of grandparent caregiving and their health and well-being, with the optimal caregiving intensity varying across sociocultural contexts. In Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, and South America, providing supplementary or occasional care seems beneficial for grandparents’ health and well-being, especially supporting dual-earner families. In East Asia, economic resources appear to buffer the adverse effect of primary care on grandparents’ well-being. In the United States, findings vary across ethnicity/race.

Discussion and Implications
Collectively, the intensity of grandparent caregiving, health, and well-being is complicated by grandparents’ roles in the family and cultural differences. Acknowledging the bidirectional relationship between well-being and grandparents’ capacity for providing care, the well-being as outcome is a limitation. Despite so, this systematic review calls for culturally-tailored family programs to support grandparent caregiving.
Sexuality-based stigma and access to care: intersecting perspectives between healthcare providers and men who have sex with men in HIV care centres in Senegal
Authors: Ndione Albert Gautier , Procureur Fanny , Senne Jean-Noël , Cornaglia Francesca , Gueye Khady , Ndour Cheikh Tidiane , Lépine Aurélia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMen who have sex with men (MSM) in Senegal face a challenging socio-legal context, marked by homophobia and the illegality of homosexuality. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among MSM is 27.6%, 46 times greater than the one in the general population (0.5%). Nevertheless, access to healthcare by MSM may be hampered by stigmatizing attitudes from health facility staff (medical and non-medical). This article describes the health facility staff/MSM relationship and analyses its effects on access to healthcare by MSM. The data used were collected through a field survey based on observations and qualitative interviews conducted in 2019 and 2020 with 16 MSM, 1 non-governmental organization (NGO) staff and 9 healthcare providers in Dakar (the capital city) and Mbour (secondary city on the West Coast) hospitals. The data were subject to a thematic analysis assisted by the ATLAS software. The relationship between MSM and healthcare providers is ambiguous. On the one hand, healthcare providers are torn between their professional duty to treat MSM and the cost of being stigmatized by other colleagues. Therefore, they often limit their empathy with MSM within the hospital context. On the other hand, MSM, trusting in the confidentiality of healthcare providers, feel safe in the care pathway. However, we identify the following stigmatizing factors limiting access to care include (1) fear of meeting a relative, (2) difficult relationships with non-medical support staff (mainly security guards), (3) HIV status disclosure and (4) potential conflicts with other MSM. This study is unique as it includes non-medical staff in its respondents. It shows that hospitals are divided into several areas, based on the stigma perceived by MSM. It is important to map out MSM’s care trajectories and spaces and to identify all types of staff working within them, including non-medical staff, and enrol them in stigma reduction interventions.
Choroidal endothelial and macrophage gene expression in atrophic and neovascular macular degeneration
Authors: Voigt Andrew P , Mullin Nathaniel K , Mulfaul Kelly , Lozano Lola P , Wiley Luke A , Flamme-Wiese Miles J , Boese Erin A , Han Ian C , Scheetz Todd E , Stone Edwin M , Tucker Budd A , Mullins Robert F 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The human choroid is a heterogeneous, highly vascular connective tissue that dysfunctions in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 21 human choroids, 11 of which were derived from donors with early atrophic or neovascular AMD. Using this large donor cohort, we identified new gene expression signatures and immunohistochemically characterized discrete populations of resident macrophages, monocytes/inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells. These three immune populations demonstrated unique expression patterns for AMD genetic risk factors, with dendritic cells possessing the highest expression of the neovascular AMD-associated MMP9 gene. Additionally, we performed trajectory analysis to model transcriptomic changes across the choroidal vasculature, and we identified expression signatures for endothelial cells from choroidal arterioles and venules. Finally, we performed differential expression analysis between control, early atrophic AMD, and neovascular AMD samples, and we observed that early atrophic AMD samples had high expression of SPARCL1, a gene that has been shown to increase in response to endothelial damage. Likewise, neovascular endothelial cells harbored gene expression changes consistent with endothelial cell damage and demonstrated increased expression of the sialomucins CD34 and ENCM, which were also observed at the protein level within neovascular membranes. Overall, this study characterizes the molecular features of new populations of choroidal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes in a large cohort of AMD and control human donors.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Assays Using Point-of-Care Testing or Dried Blood Spot Samples for the Determination of Hepatitis C Virus RNA: A Systematic Review
Authors: Catlett Beth , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Cunningham Evan , Wolfson-Stofko Brett , Wheeler Alice , Khandaker-Hussain Benazir , Feld Jordan J , Martró Elisa , Chevaliez Stéphane , Pawlotsky Jean Michel , Bharat Chrianna , Cunningham Philip H , Dore Gregory J , Applegate Tanya , Grebely Jason 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Finger-stick point-of-care and dried blood spot (DBS) hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA testing increases testing uptake and linkage to care. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care testing and DBS to detect HCV RNA.

Methods
Bibliographic databases and conference presentations were searched for eligible studies. Meta-analysis was used to pool estimates.

Results
Of 359 articles identified, 43 studies were eligible and included. When comparing the Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick assay to venous blood samples (7 studies with 987 samples), the sensitivity and specificity for HCV RNA detection was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97%–99%) and 99% (95% CI, 94%–100%) and for HCV RNA quantification was 100% (95% CI, 93%–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 94%–100%). The proportion of invalid results following Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick testing was 6% (95% CI, 3%–11%). When comparing DBS to venous blood samples (28 studies with 3988 samples) the sensitivity and specificity for HCV RNA detection was 97% (95% CI, 95%–98%) and 100% (95% CI, 98%–100%) and for HCV RNA quantification was 98% (95% CI, 96%–99%) and 100% (95% CI, 95%–100%).

Conclusions
Excellent diagnostic accuracy was observed across assays for detection of HCV RNA from finger-stick and DBS samples. The proportion of invalid results following Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick testing highlights the importance of operator training and quality assurance programs.
Simple Eco-Friendly RP-LC Method for the Synchronous Separation of Six Widely Used Drugs in the Treatment of Cerebrovascular and Vestibular Disorders: Application for Analysis in Their Single and Combined Drug Products
Authors: El-Houssini Ola M , Mohammad Mohammad A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Reverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is considered the most extensively used chromatographic technique in drug separation and quantification, yet its routine use shows increasing environmental challenges about energy consumption, solvent used, and waste engendered. From this perception, efforts for greening the developed RP-LC methods are focused on using green solvents and reducing the amount of solvent used and waste produced.

Objective
The target of this work is to develop an eco-friendly RP-LC method for the synchronous separation of six widely used drugs in the treatment of cerebrovascular and vestibular disorders, namely neurotropic piracetam, antihistamines dimenhydrinate, cinnarizine, and fluranizine, and vasodilators vincamine and vinpocetine.

Method
Separation and quantification are accomplished at ambient temperature by isocratic elution mode using acetonitrile–0.2% triethylamine (85:15 by volume) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min on a Hypersil C18 column. UV detection and quantification are carried out at 225 nm.

Results
The method is fully validated per ICH guidelines, where all analytical parameters are within the acceptable range (r &gt; 0.9999), accuracy (≥99.55%), and precision (0.02–0.97%).

Conclusions
The method is applied for the routine analysis of the cited drugs in their single and combined drug products, and it is considered excellent in terms of greenness with respect to Eco-Scale assessment.

Highlights
As the routine use of the RP-LC technique shows increasing environmental challenges, efforts for greening are attempted focusing on the use of green solvents and reducing the amount of solvent used and waste produced. A simple eco-friendly RP-LC method for the synchronous separation of six widely used drugs in the treatment of cerebrovascular and vestibular disorders is developed. The method is fully validated per ICH guidelines, where all analytical parameters are within the acceptable range. The method is applied for the routine analysis of the cited drugs in their single and combined drug products.
Survival Politics: Regime Security and Alliance Design on the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Kim Inwook , Woods Jackson 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What determines states’ willingness to institutionalize alliances? Contrary to conventional emphasis on system-level conditions, we argue that states pay close attention to the domestic political consequences of institutionalizing alliances. This is particularly true for unequal allies. Client regimes are disproportionately sensitive to alliance design, as it affects patron allies’ ability to influence their military, distribute finance and arms, and legitimate preferred political groups. Two factors—power consolidation and political compatibility—determine whether the client views alliance institutionalization as complementary or conflictual with regime survival. The divergent alliance designs North and South Korea chose after the Korean War support our argument. An unresolved power consolidation process forced Kim Il-Sung to refuse formalizing the wartime alliance with the PRC, and Kim concluded a minimal treaty in 1961 after consolidating his power. In contrast, rapid consolidation left Rhee Syngman little to fear from continuing the highly institutionalized wartime alliance arrangement with the United States, which accepted his authority in the south. Our findings have important implications for alliance design, intra-alliance politics, and civil–military relations.
Diseño de alianzas y seguridad del régimen de la política de supervivencia en la península de Corea
AT2019azh: an unusually long-lived, radio-bright thermal tidal disruption event
Authors: Goodwin A J , van Velzen S , Miller-Jones J C A , Mummery A , Bietenholz M F , Wederfoort A , Hammerstein E , Bonnerot C , Hoffmann J , Yan L 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy, temporarily increasing the accretion rate on to the black hole and producing a bright flare across the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio observations of TDEs trace outflows and jets that may be produced. Radio detections of the outflows from TDEs are uncommon, with only about one-third of TDEs discovered to date having published radio detections. Here, we present over 2 yr of comprehensive, multiradio frequency monitoring observations of the TDE AT2019azh taken with the Very Large Array and MeerKAT radio telescopes from approximately 10 d pre-optical peak to 810 d post-optical peak. AT2019azh shows unusual radio emission for a thermal TDE, as it brightened very slowly over 2 yr, and showed fluctuations in the synchrotron energy index of the optically thin synchrotron emission from 450 d post-disruption. Based on the radio properties, we deduce that the outflow in this event is likely non-relativistic and could be explained by a spherical outflow arising from self-stream intersections or a mildly collimated outflow from accretion on to the supermassive black hole. This data set provides a significant contribution to the observational data base of outflows from TDEs, including the earliest radio detection of a non-relativistic TDE to date, relative to the optical discovery.
The evolution of the heaviest supermassive black holes in jetted AGNs
Authors: Diana A , Caccianiga A , Ighina L , Belladitta S , Moretti A , Della Ceca R 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present the space density evolution, from z = 1.5 up to z = 5.5, of the most massive ($M \ge 10^9\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) black holes hosted in jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The analysis is based on a sample of 380 luminosity-selected (λL1350 ≥ 1046 erg s−1 and $P_{5\, \text{GHz}}\ge 10^{27}$ W Hz−1) flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) obtained from the Cosmic Lens All Sky Survey (CLASS). These sources are known to be face-on jetted AGNs (i.e. blazars) and can be exploited to infer the abundance of all the (misaligned) jetted AGNs, using a geometrical argument. We then compare the space density of the most massive supermassive black holes hosted in jetted AGNs with those present in the total population (mostly composed by non-jetted AGNs). We find that the space density has a peak at z ∼ 3, which is significantly larger than the value observed in the total AGN population with similar optical/UV luminosities (z ∼ 2.2), but not as extreme as the value previously inferred from X-ray-selected blazars (z ≳ 4). The jetted fraction (jetted AGNs/total AGNs) is overall consistent with the estimates in the local Universe (10–20 per cent) and at high redshift, assuming Lorentz bulk factors Γ ≈ 5. Finally, we find a marginal decrease in the jetted fraction at high redshifts (by a factor of ∼2). All these evidences point towards a different evolutionary path in the jetted AGNs compared to the total AGN population.
PRAiSE: resolved spectral evolution in simulated radio sources
Authors: Yates-Jones Patrick M , Turner Ross J , Shabala Stanislav S , Krause Martin G H 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a method for applying spatially resolved adiabatic and radiative loss processes to synthetic radio emission from hydrodynamic simulations of radio sources from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Lagrangian tracer particles, each representing an ensemble of electrons, are injected into simulations and the position, grid pressure, and time since the last strong shock are recorded. These quantities are used to track the losses of the electron packet through the radio source in a manner similar to the Radio AGN in Semi-analytic Environments formalism, which uses global source properties to calculate the emissivity of each particle ex situ. Freedom in the choice of observing parameters, including redshift, is provided through the post-processing nature of this approach. We apply this framework to simulations of jets in different environments, including asymmetric ones. We find a strong dependence of radio source properties on frequency and redshift, in good agreement with observations and previous modelling work. There is a strong evolution of radio spectra with redshift due to the more prominent inverse-Compton losses at high redshift. Radio sources in denser environments have flatter spectral indices, suggesting that spectral index asymmetry may be a useful environment tracer. We simulate intermediate Mach number jets that disrupt before reaching the tip of the lobe, and find that these retain an edge-brightened Fanaroff–Riley Type II morphology, with the most prominent emission remaining near the tip of the lobes for all environments and redshifts we study.
Combined speciation analysis and elemental bioimaging provide new insight into gadolinium retention in kidney
Authors: Bücker Patrick , Funke Sabrina K I , Factor Cécile , Rasschaert Marlène , Robert Philippe , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study uses a leaching approach in combination with elemental bioimaging and speciation analysis to obtain insight into the gadolinium species present in the kidney of rats that were treated with either a linear or a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent. Fresh frozen thin sections of the harvested kidneys were immersed halfway into water to wash out hydrophilic species and subsequently analyzed by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The water-extracted gadolinium species were analyzed by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Information on the water-soluble species could not only be obtained from the full kidney, but also be traced back to its localization in the tissue. On longitudinal kidney sections treated with gadobutrol, it was found that water-insoluble, permanent Gd depositions were mainly located in the renal cortex, while water-soluble species were found in the medulla, which contains the intact contrast agent up to 1 year after injection. Moreover, kidney samples from gadodiamide-treated rats showed more water-insoluble Gd deposition in both the cortex and medulla, while the concentration of intact contrast agent in the water-soluble fraction was below the limit of detection after 12 months. In conclusion, this rapid approach allowed the spatially resolved differentiation between water-soluble and insoluble gadolinium deposition and is therefore capable of generating new insight into the retention and transportation behavior of gadolinium.