bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediatization and Religious Authority in Scandinavia
Authors: Christensen Henrik Reintoft 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the Scandinavian context and the theory of mediatization arguing that it is a relevant perspective for understanding religion and media in Scandinavia and similar societies. The Scandinavian countries used to be members of a group of countries in which state, nation, ethnicity, language, and religion overlapped almost perfectly. Among the more recent sources of this homogeneity were the national churches and media institutions. This background is important for understanding the theory of the mediatization of religion. However, parts of the mediatization theory are based on theories from classical modernity especially with regard to the diagnosis of society and authority. From a society of singularities perspective, this chapter shows how a late modern approach can be integrated with the theory of mediatization.
Considering Religious Education and Online Pedagogy
Authors: Callaway Kutter , Lister Tommy , Wells Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter contends that online pedagogies in the context of Christian theological higher education are most effective when they not only draw upon the best pedagogical theories for online teaching and learning but also when they embody and perform the distinctives of the particular theological tradition into which they are forming students. It begins with an overview of the current state of research taking place in the domain of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). It then considers the important discourse surrounding educational psychology. The chapter then shifts to focus on spiritual formation as a learning outcome that is perhaps unique to religious higher education, which indicates that the best online pedagogies are always already formative, even if they are not explicitly religious. Finally, it concludes by considering how this area of research is related to and can be seen as situated within the area of digital religion studies.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Garfinkel Ben 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that artificial intelligence is beginning to emerge as a general purpose technology. Exploring historical examples of general purpose technologies, such as electricity and the digital computer, could help us to anticipate and think clearly about its future impact. One lesson from history is that general purpose technologies typically lead to broad economic, military, and political transformations. Another lesson is that these transformations typically unfold very gradually, and in a staggered fashion, due to various frictions and barriers to impact. This chapter goes on to argue that artificial intelligence could also constitute a revolutionary technology. If it ultimately supplants human labor in most domains, then it would likely catalyze a period of unusually profound change. The closest analogues to this period in world history would be the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
Challenges to Higher Education in Africa and the Decolonized “Academia We Want”
Authors: Scherer Christine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on higher education in Africa. Against the backdrop of Africa’s colonial and postcolonial legacies, it discusses how decolonial discursive approaches to epistemological diversity are becoming increasingly important within and beyond the continent. The chapter presents a typology of the pertinent literature on and about the future design of higher education, with a particular emphasis on research with African authorship. By considering the systemic relational dependencies in the global higher-education context, it examines the narrative of marginality of African higher education. The question is: What can be demanded from higher education in Africa for future generations? The chapter concludes by describing why modes of “doing” science can be challenged from the Global South, and how Africa can offer new impulses toward, not only a continental Agenda 2063 in preparation of the “Africa We Want”, but for an academia Africa wants.
Structures and Agents of Mission
Authors: Goheen Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The changing view of mission in the past half-century raises new questions about the agents and structures of mission. In the colonial paradigm issues of agency centered on the role of missionary societies and Western missionaries, and their relationship to the Western and non-Western church. Today, the discussion has shifted to a new understanding of mission that sees the church as missionary by its very nature as it participates in the narrative of God’s mission. This shift means that the primary agents of mission are local congregations and the laity. A need for cross-cultural missionaries remains, but a global church and new initiatives reframe issues of agency. These changes in agency demand a rethinking of structures for mission—congregational, ecumenical, and missionary. This remains an unfinished agenda. This chapter addresses these questions within the context of historical and theological reflection on mission today within the Protestant and Roman Catholic traditions.
Proselytism in Christian Churches
Authors: Robert Marie-Hélène 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Europe, and particularly in France, the word proselytism sometimes evokes suspicion, sometimes praise. Among the historic churches proselytism tends to be synonymous with infringement of freedom, while in Pentecostal and Evangelical circles it often means a positive missionary zeal, both outside and inside the churches. But behind the word itself, rivalry among Christians can awaken missionary zeal in faith communities and prompt them to analyze their missionary tactic according to the spirit and the methods of the Gospel. Many ecumenical dialogues call for an ethical and evangelical position: methods must respect individual consciences and stories; churches must try to foster positive relationships with each other and try to work together more closely. A witness that has lost the urgency of spreading the Gospel is one only in name; an evangelization that bypasses a common witness produces scandal and is thereby impoverished.
Mission and Healing
Authors: Lakawa Septemmy Eucharistia , Fitchett-Climenhaga Alison 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Trauma challenges Christian approaches to suffering and healing, for the unnarratability and the unspeakability of trauma fundamentally disrupt our understanding of witness and its relationship with healing. Although missiological reflection on healing and reconciliation has not adequately grappled with trauma’s implications for the theology and practice of mission, historical examples of women’s healing mission practice show the capacity for trauma healing embedded in the Christian tradition and afford resources for developing a trauma-centered account of healing mission for the twenty-first century. Reading the story of the hemorrhaging woman (Mark 5:25–34) from a trauma-centered perspective alongside case studies from Indonesia reveals healing as an ongoing, multidimensional process known and witnessed through embodied experience. The chapter proposes an aftermath model of mission centered on “poetic witnessing” as a model of healing mission capable of addressing trauma’s physical, psychological, social, and spiritual effects.
Christian Mission in World History
Authors: Jalagin Seija 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of Christian mission in global history from the seventeenth to the late twentieth century. Catholic and Protestant missions are addressed as transnational religion on the move, which have for the most part remained in the margins of world and global history studies as well as of mainstream church histories. Closer attention is paid to Eurocentrism and missions—recognizing the connections and effects that went beyond the intentions and domination of foreign missionaries and their Western supporters—as well as to imperialism, colonialism, and modernization, highlighting how missions paved the way for secular internationalism and transnationalism. The chapter suggests that more research is needed on local variations of missionary influence, particularly from a gender perspective. More intensive cooperation between researchers with different regional backgrounds, crossing the North/South and Western/non-Western divisions, would benefit the study of how local and global were mutually constitutive in mission history.
Christian Mission and Colonialism
Authors: Ahn Kyo Seong 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ever since the publication of Stephen Neill’s Colonialism and Christian Missions in 1966, the question of the relationship between mission and colonialism never stopped drawing scholars’ attention; yet it remains unanswered in many ways, all the more so when seen and reinterpreted from the perspectives of postcolonialism and the emerging historiography of world Christianity. New research sheds light on multifaceted aspects of mission and colonialism: Western and non-Western colonialism, nationalism of nationals and colonizers including missionaries, and the transformation and diversification of imperialism, ranging from political to social, economic, medical, and even cultural, all of which combine to influence mission and vice versa. Furthermore, new standpoints of hermeneutics, ideology, worldview, identity, and cultural studies break new ground in mission studies, particularly mission and colonialism. Not surprisingly, the rise of non-Western missiologists and non-Western mission force enriches this research area, by challenging the conventional concepts and patterns of mission.
Christian Mission and Communism
Authors: Bargár Pavol 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways Christian mission was realized during the period of communist political rule in the second half of the twentieth century. Since communist governments were by and large openly hostile to Christian churches, disabling them from pursuing full-fledged ministry and societal involvement, and even persecuting those active therein, new and usually indirect ways of missionary engagement were examined and undertaken by churches and individual Christians. The chapter particularly focuses on the context of Protestant churches in the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Therefore, phenomena such as unofficial activities by congregations and ordained and lay individuals, youth work, Christian–Marxist dialog, and the Christian Peace Conference will be discussed. The overall thesis will then be that these kinds of Christian witness in the contexts of communism can contribute towards the broadening of our understanding of the notion of missio Dei.
Mission Studies and World Christianity
Authors: Robert Dana L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter asserts that reflection on cross-cultural mission encounters guided the unfolding understanding of Christianity as a worldwide, multicultural religion. After providing historical background to the theme, the chapter analyzes how during the mid to late twentieth century, mission scholars focused on the dynamic intersection of local contexts with the universalizing logic of the Christian Gospel. Mission studies as a formal academic discipline, therefore, played a major role in the emergence of world Christianity as an academic discourse. The chapter argues that contemporary postcolonial perspectives in mission studies continue to shape the field.
Mission as Inculturation
Authors: Phan Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins with a definition of the concept of inculturation/contextualization and argues for its intrinsic connection with mission. The first part of the chapter discusses the various understandings of “culture” and the dynamics of the encounter between faith (the Gospel) and culture, especially in mission. It also analyses the possibilities and limits of inculturation. The second part critically reviews key models of inculturation developed by theologians from Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. The final part discusses the opportunities and challenges to mission as inculturation in a world that is increasingly globalized, culturally diverse, and religiously plural, and in a Christianity that has become a “world Christianity.”
Christian Mission and African Traditions
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu J. Kwabena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the main tensions between Christianity and African religio-cultural traditions against the backdrop of mission history. In dealing with these issues, African Christians have pursued religious innovations—such as the rise of the independent indigenous Pentecostal/charismatic churches and movements—whose spirituality responds to critical questions with which indigenous people have come to faith in Christ. The encounter between Christian mission and African religio-cultural realities has been a very intriguing enterprise. On the one hand, Christianity sought to supplant traditional religion through processes of demonization and conversion, often leading to tensions between the two faiths. On the other hand, although traditional religions were weakened by Christian mission, their underlying worldviews have remained resilient even within African expressions of Christianity today. Thus, although they seek to remain biblical in terms of Christian practices, African Christians have often operated with an amalgamated worldview that has brought together Christian and traditional beliefs.
Christian Mission and the Jewish People
Authors: Kessler Edward 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The issue of mission is problematic in Jewish–Christian relations and the church has no clear consensus. There tend to be three positions: first, those who seek the conversion of all Jews because there is no exemption from the need for salvation in Christ; second, those who witness to faith in Christ, without targeting Jews specifically, and believe in sharing the Christian faith with all people; and third, those who have no conversionary outlook towards Jews, where mission is understood as joint witness in an unredeemed world. In recent decades, Christian mission to Jews (in terms of seeking converts) has declined significantly, partly because of a growing awareness of an intricate but traumatic history, and partly the recognition of a unique, intimate, and familial relationship between Judaism and Christianity which opens up numerous possibilities for each, not least working together to bring the Kingdom of God on earth.
Christian Missions and Muslims
Authors: Nwokoro Samuel , Azumah John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While noting the wide scope of the topic of Christian missions and Muslims, this chapter focuses on the historical and missiological aspects of the subject, mainly through the lens of Africa, while drawing attention to other significant patterns of encounter across the world. The central thesis of the chapter is that although early modern missionary engagement with Muslims was shaped by Christians from Western Europe and North America, contemporary Christian–Muslim encounters in the Global South reflect interactions between local peoples and their shared sense of ethnic and religious identities and mission. On the Western front, the Danish Lutheran Folkekirkens’ engagement with asylum seekers illustrates how Christian mission among Muslims has evolved into an engagement with immigrant communities often through charitable intervention of Christian institutions. In the end, it is observed that shades of Christian missionary ethos still intersect with the lived experience of different contemporary Muslim communities.
Christian Mission and the Social Sciences
Authors: Burity Joanildo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the debate on the relationship between Christian missions, missiology, and social sciences, understood as terms that express missionary practice, theological reflection, and fields of knowledge that provide analyses of the conditions under which mission takes place and is assessed. It is argued that the link is both socially and conceptually constructed and can thus take many forms. This is done contextually, from a Latin American perspective and prioritizing authors from that context. A central feature of such views is an acute sense of the concrete challenges of poverty, inequality, oppression, and colonial legacies. It is argued that three basic orientations can be discerned: instrumental, dialogic, and activist. They all affirm the importance of the link, but construct it differently. From the idea that mission and the social sciences are fully constituted, separate, or opposing fields, the latter come to be seen as complementary and interconnected.
Mission and Migration
Authors: Frederiks Martha Th. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the subject area of mission and migration by considering three of its dimensions. Firstly, the chapter discusses some methodological concerns and underscores the political and ethical sensitivities involved in research around the intersection of mission and migration. Second, the chapter sketches how, in both past and present, migrants have understood their relocation as an opportunity for mission as well as how migration has affected the understanding and practice of Christian mission. Thirdly, the chapter introduces a number of theologies that reflect on the intersection of mission and migration (for example, theologies of hospitality; reverse mission), highlighting the role of theology as a meaning-making tool in continuously changing contexts.
Global Mission Statistics and Religious Demography
Authors: Zurlo Gina A. , Johnson Todd M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cross-cultural missionaries have always produced what would now be called “social science” research, including statistics of many kinds. The production of such material was always a part of the missionary enterprise and made important contributions to the contemporary social scientific study of religion. Missionaries themselves were producers of data, but the global missionary enterprise itself was the object of quantitative study, particularly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter covers a brief history of mission statistics from early Catholic missionaries to the present, including contributions by William Carey, David B. Barrett, and digital data in the twenty-first century. The chapter concludes with up-to-date statistics on mission and world Christianity from the World Christian Database (Brill, 2020), highlighting the continued shift of Christianity from the Global North to the Global South, estimates for major world religions, Christian affiliation by continent, and Christian activities such as media, finance, and mission.
Mission and Evangelization in Christian Doctrine
Authors: Mazzolini Sandra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first part of this chapter introduces some etymological elements and theoretical aspects concerning the two notions of mission and evangelization; its purpose is to focus on the main data foundational to Christian doctrine about mission and evangelization. To highlight some of their shared principles is the aim of the second part, which briefly assesses perspectives of recent statements and documents of the global Christian bodies concerning mission and evangelization. They recognize different approaches and, in so doing, draw a wide-ranging understanding of mission and evangelization. The third part focuses on some doctrinal aspects of today’s Christian commitment to rethink mission and evangelization. In the framework of the search for the ecclesial unity and according to the instances of our time, to rethink mission and evangelization implies paying a specific attention to their anthropological foundation as well as its implications.
State Ownership and Project Financing
Authors: James Barclay E. , Vaaler Paul M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Research in management and related fields offers different answers to questions about how partial state ownership in large infrastructure projects (projects) affects overall investment risk. In this chapter, we review those answers and their underlying theoretical assumptions. We then offer our own answer hinging on two factors: the extent of state ownership in a project and the institutional stability of state policies where that project is announced, financed, constructed, and operated. Our answer proposes that state ownership generally increases investment risk unless there is low state policy stability in the host country where the project is located. Then, substantial but noncontrolling minority state ownership provides a second-best assurance against detrimental policy changes and decreases investment risk. We document empirical support for our proposition through analyses of state ownership and investment risk in 1190 projects announced but awaiting financing in 91 countries from 1990–2007. Regression and related empirical analyses indicate that minority state ownership reduces the likelihood that financing will be significantly delayed for projects located in host countries with low policy stability. Partial state ownership signals assurance against detrimental policy changes, but also possible interference under existing policies. Our study demonstrates the limited circumstances when the assurance signal dominates and partial state ownership acts as a helping rather than hindering hand to private investors and the projects they fund and govern.
State Capitalism as an Instrument of Diplomacy
Authors: Han Xia , Liu Xiaohui 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using survey data on Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs), we examine the effect of home-government diplomatic support on Chinese firms’ overseas performance. The findings indicate that the level of diplomatic support offered by the home government has a positive association with the overseas performance of Chinese MNEs. Strong political relations between China and the host country can further boost the effect of home-country diplomatic support on the subsidiary performance of these firms. Our study helps to resolve the puzzle concerning why emerging market MNEs tend to operate in countries where the political conditions are risky. State capitalism plays a key role in enabling emerging market MNEs to compete in overseas markets where strong political relations between a firm’s home government and the host country are in place.
State Capitalism and the Law
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the law in state capitalism and assesses the law’s impact. The law forms the regulatory frameworks in which the state participates in the economy and attempts to regulate the manner and extent of such participation. The law is both a facilitator and a regulator of the state involvement in the economy. The legal facilitator of state capitalism is also relevant to the enhancement of economic development. This chapter introduces the successful development case of South Korea that adopted extensive state capitalism and examines how the state used the law to achieve economic development. This chapter, with the aid of the General Theory of Law and Development, finds that law, legal frameworks, and institutions in Korea were an essential implementation tool of state capitalism in Korea, which promoted successful economic development.