bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation study of Lead Fluoride crystals
Authors: Cemmi A. , Colangeli A. , D'orsi B. , Di Sarcina I. , Diociaiuti E. , Fiore S. , Paesani D. , Pillon M. , Saputi A. , Sarra I. , Tagnani D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Lead fluoride (PbF2) crystals represent an excellent and
relatively innovative choice for high resolution electromagnetic
calorimeters with high granularity and fast timing for high
intensity environments. For this reason two PbF2 crystals, sized
5× 5 × 40 mm3, were irradiated with 60Co
photons up to ∼ 4 Mrad and with 14 MeV neutrons up to a
1013 n/cm2 total fluence. Their loss in transmittance was
evaluated at different steps of the photon and neutron irradiation
campaign, resulting in a total of 30% loss above 350 nm. With
crystals always kept in dark conditions, natural and thermal
annealing, as well as optical bleaching with 400 nm light, were
performed on the irradiated specimens, resulting in a partial
recovery of their original optical characteristics.
Lessons learned in developing reference data sets with the contribution of citizens: the Geo-Wiki experience
Authors: See Linda , Bayas Juan Carlos Laso , Lesiv Myroslava , Schepaschenko Dmitry , Danylo Olga , McCallum Ian , Dürauer Martina , Georgieva Ivelina , Domian Dahlia , Fraisl Dilek , Hager Gerid , Karanam Santosh , Moorthy Inian , Sturn Tobias , Subash Anto , Fritz Steffen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe development of remotely sensed products such as land cover requires large amounts of high-quality reference data, needed to train remote sensing classification algorithms and for validation. However, due to the lack of sharing and the high costs associated with data collection, particularly ground-based information, the amount of reference data available has not kept up with the vast increase in the availability of satellite imagery, e.g. from Landsat, Sentinel and Planet satellites. To fill this gap, the Geo-Wiki platform for the crowdsourcing of reference data was developed, involving visual interpretation of satellite and aerial imagery. Here we provide an overview of the crowdsourcing campaigns that have been run using Geo-Wiki over the last decade, including the amount of data collected, the research questions driving the campaigns and the outputs produced such as new data layers (e.g. a global map of forest management), new global estimates of areas or percentages of land cover/land use (e.g. the amount of extra land available for biofuels) and reference data sets, all openly shared. We demonstrate that the amount of data collected and the scientific advances in the field of land cover and land use would not have been possible without the participation of citizens. A relatively conservative estimate reveals that citizens have contributed more than 5.3 years of the data collection efforts of one person over short, intensive campaigns run over the last decade. We also provide key observations and lessons learned from these campaigns including the need for quality assurance mechanisms linked to incentives to participate, good communication, training and feedback, and appreciating the ingenuity of the participants.
Socio-metabolic risk and tipping points on islands
Authors: Singh Simron J , Huang Tailin , Nagabhatla Nidhi , Schweizer Pia-Johanna , Eckelman Matthew , Verschuur Jasper , Soman Reshma 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face enormous sustainability challenges such as heavy reliance on imports to meet basic needs, tenuous resource availability, coastal squeeze, and reduced waste absorption capacity. At the same time, the adverse effects of global environmental change such as global warming, extreme events, and outbreaks of pandemics significantly hinder SIDS’ progress towards sustainable development. This paper makes a conceptual contribution by framing the vulnerability of small islands from the perspective of socio-metabolic risk (SMR). SMR is defined as systemic risk associated with the availability of critical resources, the integrity of material circulation, and the (in)equitable distribution of derived products and societal services in a socio-ecological system. We argue that specific configurations and combinations of material stocks and flows on islands and their ‘resistance to change’ contribute to the system’s proliferation of SMR. For better or for worse, these influence the system’s ability to consistently and effectively deliver societal services necessary for survival. By positioning SMR as a subset of systemic risk, the paper illustrates SMRs and tipping points on small islands using insights from three sectors: water, waste, and infrastructure. We also identify effective leverage points and adaptation strategies for building system resilience on small islands. In conclusion, our synthesis suggests that governing SMR on SIDS would mean governing socio-metabolic flows to avoid potential disruptions in the circulation of critical resources and the maintenance of vital infrastructures and services while inducing interventions towards positive social tipping dynamics. Such interventions will need strategies to reconfigure resource-use patterns and associated services that are sustainable and socially equitable.
Peatland restoration as an affordable nature-based climate solution with fire reduction and conservation co-benefits in Indonesia
Authors: Tan Z D , Carrasco L R , Sutikno S , Taylor D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is increasingly employed as a nature-based solution to a range of crises. Decisions over restoration must balance limited resources, land constraints, and competing demands. Peatlands in Southeast Asia have been heavily impacted by agricultural expansion over the past three decades, with Indonesia now accounting for a substantial proportion of degraded tropical peatlands globally. Using spatial linear programming, we focus on prioritizing peatland restoration sites in Indonesia for fire risk reduction, climate change mitigation, species conservation, and cost-effectiveness. The study finds that restoring peatlands at 1 km2 planning units can generate multiple co-benefits such as reduced fire risks by 6%–37%, attenuated extinction risks of peatland specialist bird species and mitigated climate change potential of 0.002–0.36 Pg CO2e yr−1. These benefits were reduced but still of comparable magnitude when larger areas of planning (defined by village and catchment boundaries) were used. The results, although indicative, support tropical peatland restoration as a cost-efficient strategy for mitigating climate change, reducing fire, conserving biodiversity, and supporting sustainable development that can be offset by carbon prices of USD 2–37/Mg CO2e.
Incompatibility of effects in general probabilistic models*
Authors: Beneduci Roberto , Loveridge Leon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the incompatibility of a pair of effects in a general probabilistic model in which the state space is a total convex space, which can be obtained by minimising a real parameter. This has an interpretation in terms of the least noise that must be included to make the given pair compatible.
The effect of periodontal prophylaxis procedures on the surface properties of tooth-colored restorative materials
Authors: Açıkgöz-Alparslan Ece , Büyükgöze-Dindar Mediha , Tekbaş-Atay Meltem 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of various periodontal hygiene procedures on the surface properties of direct and indirect restorative materials. Disc-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) of FC: Flowable Composite, UC: Universal Composite, IC: Indirect Composite, CC: CAD/CAM Composite were fabricated (n = 70) and divided randomly into subgroups: 1-Control, 2-US: Ultrasonic scaling, 3-RP: Rubber-cup polishing, 4-AP: Air-polishing, 5-US+RP, 6-US+AP, 7-US+AP+RP. The color, surface roughness, and gloss measurements were performed. Data were analyzed with variance analysis and the correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between surface properties (p < 0.05). The highest and lowest roughness values were obtained in FC after US and CC’s control group, respectively. The surface roughness of FC, IC, and CC was significantly affected by the application of various prophylaxis procedures (p < 0.05). AP and US+AP+RP presented the least and most affected surface roughness, respectively. The lowest surface gloss value was in the US and RP subgroups of FC. The process that the least reduced the surface gloss was AP. Material and procedure affected the color stability (p < 0.05) except for CC. The highest ΔE values were obtained in US+AP+RP subgroups. Indirect restorative materials showed less roughness and color change as well as higher gloss values after all periodontal prophylaxis procedures. The use of air-polishing has proven to be a reliable periodontal hygiene approach for direct and indirect restorations due to the less deterioration in the surface properties.
Facile construction of antibiotics-loaded glucose-capped gold nanoparticles for in vitro antimicrobial and treatment and care of severe Pneumonia
Authors: Shi Lili , Liu Yantao , Li Tingting 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
From the perspective of gold nanoparticles (GNPs)′ potential antibacterial applications, we demonstrate the fabrication, characterization, and effective antimicrobial activity of gentamicin (GM) and kanamycin (KAN) dynamically loaded to glucose-capped gold nanoparticles (g-GNPs). Infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyzed the synthesized GNPs and g-GNPs with encapsulated antibiotic drugs. Various spectroscopical methods characterized g-GNPs and drug-loaded nanoparticles. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and active curves in the Klebsiella pneumonia strain were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside-loaded g-GNPs, and the results showed that the nanoparticles had an appropriate antimicrobial effect on the clinical strain of the bacteria. There were bacteriostatic effects and an inhibiting effect on the growth of bacteria at doses of 33 to 65 μg ml−1 for each GM@g-GNPs and KAN@g-GNPs. With zones of Inhibition (ZOI) of 27 and 29 mm, g-GNPs-loaded antimicrobial medications demonstrated more antibacterial activity in well diffusion experiments than free nanomaterials and antimicrobial drugs, with ZOI of 21.00 and 10.00 mm, respectively. GM and KAN-loaded g-GNPs were examined using crystal violet assay for their antibiofilm activity. Findings suggested that the concentration of nanoparticles and anti-biofilm activity were directly linked. The cell membrane integrity was assessed in g-GNPs loaded with GM and KAN, and the results showed that nucleic acids and proteins released into the environment were significant. The inhibitory effects of GM@g-GNPs and KAN@g-GNPs on bacterial efflux pump (EP) was assessed, and the result displayed that all strains were sensitive to moderate concentration of NPs and highly sensitive to concentrations of 0.6 and 0.9 μg ml−1 of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and 64 to 128 μg ml−1 of GM@g-GNPs and KAN@g-GNPs. The findings demonstrate that all strains were responsive to moderate nanoparticle concentrations. The results inhibited the efflux pump performance of the drug-loaded g-GNPs. Therefore, the unique design of these nanoparticles (GM@g-GNPs and KAN@g-GNPs) improved the antimicrobial properties, which has great potential for the treatment and care of severe pneumonia.
Landowner decisions regarding utility-scale solar energy on working lands: a qualitative case study in California
Authors: Buckley Biggs Nicole , Shivaram Ranjitha , Acuña Lacarieri Estefanía , Varkey Kavya , Hagan Devin , Young Hannah , Lambin Eric F 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Mitigating the predicted impacts of climate change requires rapid expansion of renewable energy production, including Utility-Scale Solar Energy (USSE) on an unprecedented scale. In the US, a significant share of planned USSE targets working lands—particularly farms and ranches—yet the decision factors informing private landowners’ decisions to host USSE on their lands are little understood. Our research addresses this gap through a qualitative case study of working lands in California’s San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area, based on 60 interviews with farmers and ranchers, solar developers, and community and government organizations. Applying land system science and agricultural decision-making theory, we find that landowner decisions to host USSE are based on profit-maximization, water availability, visual and ecological landscape values, and agricultural land preservation ethic. Solar interest varies across landowner types, with farmers typically maximizing operational income while maintaining agricultural production, and ranchers often prioritizing lifestyle-related landscape benefits. The current feasibility of integrating solar with agriculture appears to be low beyond sheep grazing, with benefits and drawbacks discussed in detail. Optimal areas for future USSE development include farmlands with declining water availability, lands without permanent crops or high amenity value, and regions with energy-intensive agricultural operations. Study findings can inform state land use planning and community engagement by solar developers.
Irradiation damage concurrent challenges with RAFM and ODS steels for fusion reactor first-wall/blanket: a review
Authors: Bhattacharya Arunodaya , Zinkle Steven J , Henry Jean , Levine Samara M , Edmondson Philip D , Gilbert Mark R , Tanigawa Hiroyasu , Kessel Charles E 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are the most promising candidates for fusion first-wall/blanket (FW/B) structures. The performance of these steels will deteriorate during service due to neutron damage and transmutation-induced gases, such as helium/hydrogen, at elevated operating temperatures. Here, after highlighting the operating conditions of fusion reactor concepts and a brief overview, the main irradiation-induced degradation challenges associated with RAFM/ODS steels are discussed. Their long-term degradation scenarios such as (a) low-temperature hardening embrittlement (LTHE)—including dose-temperature dependent yield stress, tensile elongations, necking ductility, test temperature effect on hardening, Charpy impact ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fracture toughness, (b) intermediate temperature cavity swelling, (c) the effect of helium on LTHE and cavity swelling, (d) irradiation creep and (e) tritium management issues are reviewed. The potential causes of LTHE are discussed, which highlights the need for advanced characterisation techniques. The mechanical properties, including the tensile/Charpy impact of RAFM and ODS steels, are compared to show that the current generation of ODS steels also suffers from LTHE, and shows irradiation hardening up to high temperatures of ∼400 °C–500 °C. To minimise this, future ODS steel development for FW/B-specific application should target materials with a lower Cr concentration (to minimise α′), and minimise other elements that could form embrittling phases under irradiation. RAFM steel-designing activities targeting improvements in creep and LTHE are reviewed. The need to better understand the synergistic effects of helium on the thermo-mechanical properties in the entire temperature range of FW/B is highlighted. Because fusion operating conditions will be complex, including stresses due to the magnetic field, primary loads like coolant pressure, secondary loads from thermal gradients, and due to spatial variation in damage levels and gas production rates, an experimentally validated multiscale modelling approach is suggested as a pathway to future reactor component designing such as for the fusion neutron science facility.
A resonator-based dual-frequency driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Bansemer Robert , Weltmann Klaus-Dieter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet featuring a novel integrated resonator-based multi-frequency impedance matching is presented and briefly characterized. Two narrow RF frequency bands can be chosen for operation or used simultaneously. This includes a mode with the higher frequency value being exactly five times the lower one. Phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy measurements show a distinct influence of the input frequency combination on the discharge dynamics. Measurements of the dissipated electrical power and the emission spectrum for each operating mode complete the basic characterization of the device. Although it is constructively much simpler and more compact than dual-frequency discharges using a conventional impedance matching system, the presented device shows an excellent performance in dual-frequency operation.
Successive approximation type resistance to digital converter
Authors: Jagadeesh Kumar Nimal , Jagadeesh Kumar  
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Successive approximation type direct resistance to digital converter (SAR RDC) topology is presented here. The conventional SAR type ADC is augmented with an additional opamp inverting summer and a standard resistance such that the digital output of the SAR directly indicates the value of an unknown resistance connected between the output of the digital to analog converter of the SAR RDC and the inverting input of the added inverting summer. Analysis of the proposed technique presented here helps select proper components at the design stage itself to obtain minimal errors in the measurement of the unknown resistor. The major advantage of the proposed scheme is that it retains the basic architecture of an SAR ADC and hence can be implemented with all available SAR ADC architectures, including the ability to install ‘auto-ranging’. An added advantage is that the value of the unknown resistor is determined in terms of a standard resistor and hence good accuracy is easily obtained. Simulation studies and results obtained from a prototype SAR RDC built and tested, establish the efficacy of the proffered technique. The results indicate a worst-case error of < ±0.2% and no missing codes.
PAPR and BER analysis of coded FBMC-OQAM system with non-linear companding techniques
Authors: Mobin Anam , Ahmad Anwar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Filter Bank Multicarrier with offset QAM (OQAM) is a suitable multicarrier waveform technique for 5 G and future wireless networks and standards. Being a multicarrier technique, it suffers from high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) problem. In this paper we have used some non-linear companding transforms such as μ-law, A-law, rooting, tangent rooting, and logarithmic rooting to overcome the PAPR problem. Since non-linear companding techniques degrade bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a system. Hence, some channel coding techniques such as convolutional codes and turbo codes are employed to enhance the BER performance of non-linearly companded FBMC-OQAM system. It was observed that the combination of convolutional coding with logarithmic rooting companding provides PAPR reduction gain of about 4.896 dB and coding gain of about 2 dB as compared to conventional FBMC-OQAM system and is an appropriate choice for applications requiring reduced system complexity. It was observed that the combination of turbo coding with logarithmic rooting companding provides PAPR reduction gain of about 4.922 dB and a sufficiently high coding gain of about 7 dB as compared to conventional FBMC-OQAM system and is suitable for applications requiring improved data reliability at the expense of increased system complexity and latency.
Successful heart transplantation in a patient with adolescent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to propionic acidaemia: a case report
Authors: Seguchi Osamu , Toda Koichi , Hamada Yusuke , Fujita Tomoyuki , Fukushima Norihide 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Propionic acidaemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, a mitochondrial enzyme that metabolizes propionyl-CoA. Generally, patients with PA develop symptoms in the neonatal period due to protein intake through breastfeeding; however, late-onset PA with atypical symptoms, including cardiomyopathy, has been recently reported.

Case summary
We present the case of a 25-year-old male with late-onset PA complicated by advanced heart failure (HF) due to isolated secondary dilated cardiomyopathy, who required left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation and finally underwent heart transplantation (HTx). Initially, the patient developed HF at the age of 16 and was diagnosed with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Due to refractory HF, he underwent an LVAD implantation and was scheduled for HTx. During the preoperative period for HTx, the patient suffered from sepsis due to the worsening of LVAD driveline exit-site infection complicated by overt metabolic acidosis, finally leading to the diagnosis of late-onset PA. After this diagnosis, adequate nutritional interventions were introduced, and the cardiac function was partially restored enough for him to be weaned-off LVAD; however, the patient became inotrope dependent and underwent HTx. The post-HTx course was uneventful with special nutritional management, and he has experienced no adverse metabolic events in the past 3 years.

Discussion
Late-onset PA can cause isolated adult-onset cardiomyopathy, and LVAD or HTx should be considered when PA is complicated by advanced HF and is unresponsive to conventional medical therapies.
Coronary artery aneurysm in Loeys-Dietz syndrome: a case report
Authors: Jost Zachary T. , Sang Charlie J. , Lertwilaiwittaya Pongtawat , Chapman Gregory D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a connective tissue disorder that commonly presents with vascular abnormalities. Owing to the rarity and severity of the condition, consensus guidelines for aortic surgery thresholds vary. In addition, evaluation of coronary arteries in patients with LDS (either routinely or before aortic root surgery) remain undefined. In this case report, we discuss a patient with LDS who found to have an ectatic aortic root and a coronary artery aneurysm and discuss guidelines for evaluation and management in this patient population.

Case summary
A 48-year-old woman was incidentally found to have a 45 mm ectatic aortic root during evaluation for a neck mass. As part of pre-operative evaluation for aortic root replacement, left heart catheterization revealed a left main coronary artery aneurysm. Family history revealed aortic aneurysms, sudden cardiac death, and tall height. Physical examination was notable for pectus excavatum and elongated limbs. Workup for inflammatory aetiologies of aortic root dilation was negative. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous pathogenic TGBF3 variant, consistent with LDS Type 5. She subsequently underwent two-vessel coronary artery bypass, excision of her left main coronary artery aneurysm, and ascending aortic replacement.

Discussion
In this case, we describe a patient with LDS who was noted to have a coronary artery aneurysm, a rare finding in the initial presentation of disease. In addition, we examine guidelines regarding evaluation of management of aortic root disease and coronary aneurysms.