bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photophysical Insights of Halogenated Dipyrrolonaphthyridine‐Diones as Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agents†
Authors: Morgan Jayla , Yun Young Ju , Jamhawi Abdelqader M. , Islam Shahidul M. , Ayitou A. Jean‐Luc 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe report the synthesis and photophysical characterization of novel halogenated dipyrrolonaphthyridine‐diones (X2–DPNDs, X = Cl, Br, and I), as candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application. Apart from the heavy atom‐induced spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) dynamics in the investigated X2–DPNDs, it was found that the position of the halogen atom (relative to the nitrogen of the pyrrole ring) also influenced the triplet excited state behavior. Interestingly, the faster/efficiency sensitization of 3O2 to 1O2 using X2–DPND correlates with the rate of triplet population, kISC >1.6 × 108 s−1 for I2–DPND vs kISC >2.9 × 109 s−1 for Cl2–DPND and Br2–DPND (where τISC = 343 ± 3 ps for I2–DPND and τISC = 5–6 ns for Cl2–DPND and Br2–DPND are the lowest time constants/values for ISC). Furthermore, the heavy atom‐induced SOC in Cl2–DPND and Br2–DPND did not lead to a reduction of the corresponding fluorescence (ca 75% vs 67% for the parent DPND). The attractive photophysical characteristics of Cl2/Br2–DPND put them on the landscape as not only promising PDT agents but also as fluorescence probes. The present study is a stepping stone in the development of novel organic photosystems for synergistic photomedicinal applications.
Validation of laser Doppler flowmetry for the continuous measurement of women's genital response
Authors: Bouchard Katrina N. , Pukall Caroline F. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLaser Doppler imaging is a valid method of assessing genital response, detecting increases in genital blood flow to sexual, but not nonsexual stimuli. Although laser Doppler imaging provides a direct measure of genital blood flow, its discrete perfusion images provide a discontinuous assessment of genital response, limiting some study designs. The aims of this study were to investigate the measurement properties of laser Doppler flowmetry, a direct and continuous measure of blood flow, as well as examine the time course of genital response using flowmetry. A sample of 45 cisgender women attended two experimental sessions wherein they viewed sexual and nonsexual stimuli (e.g., neutral, anxiety, humor) while their genital responses were assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. As expected, laser Doppler flowmetry was a valid measure of genital response—detecting increases in genital blood flow elicited by the sexual stimuli only—and was sensitive to varying degrees of genital response elicited by low, moderate, and high‐intensity sexual stimuli. The measure also exhibited convergent validity with genital response assessed via laser Doppler imaging, test–retest reliability across testing sessions, and internal consistency as well as high sexual concordance with self‐reported sexual arousal. Descriptive analyses showed that genital blood flow assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry was highly responsive, with initial, peak, and return to baseline responses occurring within timeframes appropriate for repeated measurement within a single session. Laser Doppler flowmetry is a valid, reliable, and sensitive measure of women's genital response that can be usefully applied in sexual psychophysiology research.
Validation of the clinical utility of sGaw as a response variable in methacholine challenge testing
Authors: Parker Jacqueline , Tzeng Allison , Wayne Shawn , Haynes Jeffrey M. , Irvin Charles G. , Kaminsky David A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveAirway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is commonly assessed by a methacholine challenge test (MCT), during which a provocative concentration causing a 20% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (PC20) < 8 mg/ml is considered a positive response. However, a fall in specific airway conductance (sGaw) may also have clinical significance. The purpose of this study was to assess whether AHR determined by a provocative concentration causing a 40% reduction in sGaw (PC40) < 8 mg/ml corresponds to a clinical diagnosis of asthma.MethodsWe analysed the changes in spirometry, lung volumes and sGaw during MCT in 211 randomly selected patients being evaluated for AHR to support a clinical diagnosis of asthma.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of the group was 53 (15) years, with 141 women (67%). Overall lung function was normal, with FEV1 = 92 (15) % predicted, total lung capacity = 97 (13) % predicted and sGaw = 0.19 (0.15–0.23) L/s/cm H2O/L, (median, 25–75 IQR). There were many more patients who responded by PC40 only (n = 120) than who responded by PC20 (n = 52). There was no significant difference in asthma diagnosis between the PC20 (98%) and PC40 (93%) groups, and we estimate 34% of patients with a diagnosis of asthma would have been classified as having no AHR if only the FEV1 criterion was used.ConclusionChanges in sGaw during MCT indicate clinically significant AHR in support of a clinical diagnosis of asthma among patients being evaluated for asthma.
Competition in taxes and intellectual property right
Authors: Davies Ronald B. , Han Yutao , Hynes Kate , Wang Yong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe examine competition for foreign direct investment when governments compete in tax incentives along with intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection. Higher IPRs result in a lower probability of imitation and thus higher expected profits and tax revenues, all else equal. We derive the Nash equilibrium strategies of two competing jurisdictions and show that since individual hosts do not internalize the benefit of lower prices for other jurisdiction's consumers, the non‐cooperative equilibrium exhibits an IPR externality in addition to the well‐known fiscal externality from tax competition. Thus, compared to joint policy setting, equilibrium IPRs are too high.
Providing public access to archival materials and the problem of fact‐checking in the post‐truth era
Authors: Wang Hui 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article aims to study the modern system of archives development in China and to determine a promising model of its adaptation to global challenges in the post‐truth era. The research methodology is based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative analysis of statistical data that show the development dynamics of archives system in China concerning public access and the formation of modern views on the problem of fact‐checking, as well as their reliability in the new historical post‐truth era. For effective verification of archival facts, researchers developed an adaptation model of China's archives to global challenges of information reliability in the post‐truth era. It is based on the idea of using artificial intelligence and the expert opinion of archivists. The practical use of the proposed model will contribute to improving the efficiency of archives, as well as the development of digital technologies in this area.
Presence of Gram‐negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of blood donors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Heroes Anne‐Sophie , Okitale Patient , Ndalingosu Natacha , Vandekerckhove Philippe , Lunguya Octavie , Jacobs Jan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundSkin bacteria may contaminate blood products but few data are available on sub‐Saharan Africa (sSA). We assessed the presence of Gram‐negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus on blood donor skin and evaluated skin antisepsis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Study Design and MethodsAmong blood donors at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC) and at a rural hospital, the antecubital fossa skin of the non‐disinfected arm (not used for blood collection) was swabbed (25cm2 surface) and cultured for total and Gram‐negative bacterial counts. Bacteria were identified with MALDI‐TOF and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion. For evaluation of the NBTC antisepsis procedure (i.e., ethanol 70%), the culture results of the disinfected arm (used for blood collection) were compared with those of the non‐disinfected arm.ResultsMedian total bacterial counts on 161 studied non‐disinfected arms were 1065 Colony‐Forming Units (CFU) per 25 cm2, with 43.8% (70/160) of blood donors growing Gram‐negative bacteria and 3.8% (6/159) Staphylococcus aureus (2/6 methicillin‐resistant). Non‐fermentative Gram‐negative rods predominated (74/93 isolates, majority Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp.). Enterobacterales comprised 19/93 isolates (mostly Pantoea spp. and Enterobacter spp.), 5/19 were multidrug‐resistant. In only two cases (1.9%, 2/108) the NBTC antisepsis procedure met the acceptance criterion of ≤2 CFU/25 cm2.ConclusionSkin bacterial counts and species among blood donors in DRC were similar to previously studied Caucasian populations, including cold‐tolerating species and bacteria previously described in transfusion reactions. Prevention of contamination (e.g., antisepsis) needs further evaluation and customization to sSA.
Prevalence of incidental humeral intracondylar fissures in brachycephalic breed dogs in CT studies
Authors: Franklin Chantelle , Herrtage Michael , Harris Karen , Genain Marie‐Aude 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHumeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) have been predominantly reported in spaniel breeds and proposed to be possible risk factors for humeral condyle fractures (HCF). We hypothesized that the prevalence of incidental HIF in French Bulldogs may be greater than that of other brachycephalic breeds. A retrospective, observational, prevalence study was performed using CT examinations of French bulldogs and other brachycephalic breed dogs presenting for an unrelated condition. Two European College of Veterinary Diagnostic and Imaging‐certified radiologists reviewed the images of the humeral condyles of these dogs. A classification system was devised to grade the findings. We considered a Score 1 to be normal, Score 2 to have centralised sclerosis, Score 3 to have a partial fissure and Score 4 to have a complete fissure. A total of 228 elbows were reviewed from 122 dogs. Of this population, 145 elbows were from French Bulldogs, 54 were from Pugs, and the remainder were from a mix of other brachycephalic breeds. The prevalence of HIF (score 3 or 4) in elbows of the French bulldog, pug and other breed groups was 6.9% (CI 2.8–11%), 5.6% (CI 0–11.7%), and 3.4% (CI 0–10.15%), respectively. At a dog level, the prevalence of HIF (score 3 or 4 present in at least one elbow) was found to be 11.8% (CI 4.6–19%) in French Bulldogs, 11.1% (CI 0–22.9%) in Pugs, and 5.26% (CI 0–15%) in the other breed group. There was no significant difference between the breed groups. The inter‐reviewer reliability for CT scoring of HIF based on Cohen's weighted kappa was low at 0.19.
Reliability of State-of-Health of the Flexible Li-Ion Batteries Under Various Flexing Conditions and Calendar Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jang Hyesoo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Due to the necessity for flexibility without compromising the Li-ion battery (LIB) state of health (SOH), LIB is a critical challenge for flexible hybrid electronic (FHE) devices. A thin form factor-based LIB with a thickness of less than 1 mm is regarded as the candidate material to suit such demands since it can be folded, bent, and twisted with minimal performance loss. Furthermore, LIB has high specific power (W/Kg) and specific energy (Wh/Kg), as well as a smaller memory effect, making it more appealing for wearable applications. While much research has been done on the chemo-physical effects of repeated charging and discharging LIB, such as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) development, material deterioration, and so on, but such impacts owing to repeated flexure LIB have not been much studied. The deterioration of the reliability of thin-flexible power sources was investigated in this work under twist, flexing, and flex-to-install to simulate stresses of daily motions of the human body by utilizing motion-control setups in a lab setting. Furthermore, an AI-based regression model has been developed to forecast the SOH of the battery based on many variables such as physical, atmospheric, and chemo-mechanical experimental circumstances that may be difficult to address by manpower. Based on the various variables and their interactions, the generated models are expected to be used to predict battery life and assess the acceleration factors between test circumstances and usage conditions for a range of test scenarios.
Predictions of Airside Economization-Based Air-Cooled Data Center Environmental Burden Reduction
Authors: Chen Li , Wemhoff Aaron P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Modern data centers, which consume roughly 3% of global electricity, continue to experience increased demand. Therefore, green data centers that consume less energy and have minimal environmental impact are desirable. This study examines the potential energy savings and environmental benefits of applying airside economization with evaporative cooling in air-cooled data centers in the continental U.S. A generic data center that employs a Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC)-based cooling system with a total IT load of 400 kW is modeled at 925 locations using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) TMY3 database. The energy savings and environmental benefits are evaluated in terms of key data center performance metrics: Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), Carbon Usage Effectiveness (CUE), and the recently proposed Water Scarcity Usage Effectiveness (WSUE) metric, which quantifies the holistic impact of water consumption on regional water availability. Results are aggregated and analyzed at the U.S. State level. It is found that airside economization implementation in the continental U.S. is feasible 6.57% and 21.5% of the year on average based on ASHRAE recommended and allowable envelopes, respectively. Furthermore, results indicate that carbon footprint and water scarcity footprint can be reduced by up to 16% when economization is implemented based on the ASHRAE allowable envelope.
A Study on Parameters That Impact the Thermal Fatigue Life of BGA Solder Joints
Authors: Arun Deo Karthik , Kono Raymond-Noel , Cai Chongyang , Yang Junbo , Lai Yangyang , Park Seungbae 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Estimation of the thermal fatigue life of solder joints and identification of parameters that enhance the fatigue life are important steps in the development stage of BGA packages. In this study, different parameters of Sn-Ag-Cu 305 BGA (Ball Grid Array) solder balls are investigated to understand their impact on the number of cycles to failure under thermal fatigue life tests. Initially, accelerated thermal cycling fatigue tests on two electronic packages were conducted by three different vendors and it was observed that the results were significantly different. The first part of this study dwells into understanding the influence of parameters such as the solder mask design; SMD and NSMD, the variation in the solder ball geometry, copper pad thickness and diameter and material properties of the PCB on the accelerated thermal cycling performance of the BGA packages. The later part deals with understanding the root cause for the variation in the estimated life of two BGA packages by the three different vendors.
Thermal Optimization of a Silicon Carbide, Half-Bridge Power Module
Authors: Moreno Gilberto , Major Joshua , DeVoto Douglas , Khan Faisal , Narumanchi Sreekant , Feng Xuhui , Paret Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This project describes the modeling process to design the packaging and heat exchanger for a half-bridge wide-bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor module. The module uses two silicon carbide, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices per switch position that are soldered to an aluminum nitride, direct-bond copper (DBC) substrate. A baseplate cooling configuration (e.g., no thermal grease) is used along with a water-ethylene glycol, jet-impingement-style heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was designed to be fabricated using prototyping equipment from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, complies with automotive standards (for minimal channel sizes, flow rates, and coolant), and considers reliability aspects (i.e., erosion/corrosion). Device-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used first to design the slot jet impingement cooling configuration and compute the effective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of the concept. The computed HTCs are then used as boundary conditions for a finite element study to optimize the package geometry (e.g., device layout and baseplate thickness) to minimize thermal resistance and minimize temperature variation between the module’s four devices. Finally, a fluid manifold is designed to generate the slot jets and cool the devices. Module-scale CFD predicts a relatively low junction-to-fluid thermal resistance of 16.7 mm2·K/W, a 1.4°C temperature variation between devices, and a total pressure drop of 5,860 Pa (0.85 psi) for the design. The thermal resistance of the module design is about 67% lower than the 2015 BMW i3 power electronics/modules thermal resistance.
Thermomechanical Reliability of BGA Packages With Different Underfill Reinforcement Methods
Authors: Lai Yangyang , Cai Chongyang , Pan Ke , Yang Junbo , Ha Jonghwan , Yin Pengcheng , Deo Karthik , Park Seungbae 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper, an experimental approach is presented to investigate the influence of second level underfill on the thermomechanical behavior of two BGA packages during thermal cycles. Two different flip chip packages with two major underfill reinforcement methods (corner bonding and full bottom surface bonding) and no-underfill were studied. To quantitatively measure the deformation of solder balls, all the BGA packages were cross-sectioned before thermal cycles. The two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to capture the in-plane deformation of the critical solder ball in thermal cycling intervals. The accumulated plastic strain of the BGA solder was calculated after every 10 thermal cycles. The temperature of each cycle was set from −40 to 100 °C at a 20°C/second rate. The experiment results showed that Package A with fully underfilled and corner underfilled both alleviated the averaged plastic strain on the critical solder ball in comparison with the no-underfilled Package A. However, Package B with corners underfilled had a larger plastic strain than the package without underfill. The material properties of underfill applied in the two reinforcement methods are identical. The results indicate that inappropriate underfilling methods can adversely affect the thermomechanical reliability of the packages. The underfill material and reinforcement methods are associated with the stiffness rigidity and the compact CTE of the package itself. In the respect of thermomechanical reliability, second level underfilling should be individually specified for varied packages.
Length-Scale Effects in Average Viscoplastic Behavior of Sintered Silver Materials: Empirical Exploration With Indentation Methods
Authors: Leslie David , Dasgupta Abhijit , Damian Andrei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sintered silver materials (with and without epoxy matrices) are used in microelectronics, as high-temperature interconnect materials, and also as conductor trace materials in printed electronic circuitry. The sintering process results in an interconnected assemblage of discrete agglomerated particles. This results in intrinsic length-scale effects under the action of different stress gradients. In other words, the effective homogenized average continuum-scale material behavior changes with the local magnitude of the stress gradients. Consequently, regions of sharp, localized stress concentrations have to be modeled with different effective continuum material properties, compared with the properties that are relevant for regions that have a uniform stress field. In this study, the focus in on the effective creep behavior, in particular. This length-scale effect is empirically explored in this study using nanoindentation with indenters of different tip radii, causing different stress gradients. Properties estimated by each indenter are compared to demonstrate the dependence of the effective continuum properties on the local length scale effects (generated by the ratio of the tip radius to the characteristic discrete dimension of the sintered particles).
ANN Based Assessment of State-of-Health Reliability of Flexible Li-Ion Batteries Under Dynamic Flexing and Calendar Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jang Hyesoo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Wearable electronics have garnered much attention owing to benefits such as closer integration of form with function, flexibility, and light-weighting. Power sources used with FHE may be subject to dynamic flexing in addition to flex-to-install during the usage life of the product. While thick block batteries have been studied extensively in prior research — the impact of stresses of daily motion on the state of health degradation of thin-flexible batteries in conjunction with the use parameters is not well understood. Use conditions, including storage duration, operating temperature, flexing frequency, interval, and flex radius, might vary. Machine learning (ML) methods are needed prediction of state-of-health (SOH) degradation of the battery in various environmental conditions. It is not cost-effective to measure battery response in every condition, while the ANN ML might be able to assess conditions not previously measured. In this regard, it is expected that the ANN might be able to train the simulation. In this study, the simulation of SOH degradation on charging/discharging the flexible battery in dynamic folding, twisting and static folding with a calendar-aged battery in high temperature have been conducted. Accordingly, the ANN ML model has been trained with the simulation datasets to substitute the simulation. The generated data will be used for cross-validation of ML model and simulation for the battery life prediction. There is an expectation that such a combined method for data analysis might be helpful for time efficiency and cost reduction of research.