bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric total electron content (TEC) above Ecuador
Authors: Lopez Izurieta E D , Toapanta Guamanarca E , Barbier H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The equatorial ionosphere over the Ecuadorian territory has not been previously studied, although there are some studies in other equatorial geographical positions, local research is required to characterize the ionospheric magnetoactive plasma in this region.
In this study, for the first time in Ecuador, using pseudophase and pseudorange data from the satellite signals of the GPS system, detected at the Riobamba-Ecuador (RIOP) station, the Total Electronic Content (TEC) is estimated in the period between the years 1999 and 2019. The TEC values and their daily, weekly, monthly and annual variation are calculated and compared with the observed data of the IGS network (International GNSS Service). The fit of the observed series with the series of the dispersive model has a goodness of fit of 0.88, which is quite acceptable. The adjustment can be improved by incorporating data from new local stations, as well as instrumental errors and delays and in the received signals, all of which were not considered in the present work.
Research on Degradation Characteristics of GaN-based LD
Authors: Zhang Chengwei , Liao Wenyuan , Wang Hongran , Lai Canxiong , lu Guoguang , Wei Zhipeng , Yang Shaohua 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In recent years, GaN-based semiconductor laser diode(LD) have become an ideal light source for laser display, because of their high power and unique luminous wavelength. However, there is a challenge about reliability of GaN-based LD in industrial application. In this paper, an accelerated aging test is conducted on the same group of GaN-based LD at a high current of 4.1A. The degradation rate of GaN-based LD is obtained by least square method. Besides, the optical characteristics and low frequency electrical noise of LD are analysed after degradation. The results show that the lasing wavelength and low frequency electrical noise of GaN-based LD will increase after degradation. This helps to provide experimental reference for degradtion research of GaN-based LD.
Analysis on the Electrostatic Doping and Several Alternative Devices
Authors: Yu Chenxi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the development of semiconductor technology, the size of precision instruments is becoming more and more stringent. The purpose of electrostatic doping is to provide a possibility on nanoscale semiconductor devices and to replace chemical doping, it also replaces donor/receptor doping with Gate-Induced free electron/hole charges in ultra-thin MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) structures, and provide some areas with high electron/hole density in semiconductor devices. This paper introduces Electrostatic Doping methods and Several Alternative Devices, emphasizing the functions of metal and semiconductor operation functions, energy band gaps and applied electric fields, and their interaction in induced ED. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages of ED devices and the major potential obstacles to future CMOs, and the modeling and experimental implementation of this approach will help to implement and evaluate the possibility of replacing traditional doping methods for innovative devices for future CMOs.
Simulation Design of 3dB Orthogonal Directional Coupler
Authors: Jin Qi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Directional couplers can isolate, mix, and orient signals, and play an important role in RF circuits. In this paper, the quadrature coupler is firstly analyzed theoretically. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, a microstrip 3dB quadrature directional coupler with a new structure based on 2.2GHz is designed using ADS after the design objective is given. After repeated simulation optimization, the coupling degree is optimal.
Increasing footprint of climate warming on flash droughts occurrence in Europe
Authors: Shah Jignesh , Hari Vittal , Rakovec Oldrich , Markonis Yannis , Samaniego Luis , Mishra Vimal , Hanel Martin , Hinz Christoph , Kumar Rohini 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Flash droughts are caused by a rapid depletion of soil moisture, and they severely affect vegetation growth and agricultural production. Notwithstanding the growing importance of flash droughts under the warming climate, drivers of flash droughts across the Europe are not well understood. Here we estimate the changes in flash droughts characteristics across Europe using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset for 1950–2019 period. We find a substantial increase in the frequency and spatial extent of flash droughts across Europe (with 79% of the total area) during the growing season with at-least one fourth of domain showing two-fold increase in the recent decades. Increased occurrence of flash drought is largely attributed to frequent occurrence of warmer and drier compound extremes, with a sharp gradient of changes being noticed in Mediterranean and Central European regions. Compound meteorological extremes causing the flash drought events across Europe are pre-dominantly driven by the recent climate warming. With unabated greenhouse gas emissions and current pace of climate warming, Europe is likely to face an increased occurrence of flash droughts, requiring prompt response for effective drought adaptation and management strategies.
Crystal structure of glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-xylosidase from a soil metagenome
Authors: Nakamichi Yusuke , Matsuzawa Tomohiko , Watanabe Masahiro , Yaoi Katsuro 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
MeXyl31, a member of glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31), is the α-xylosidase isolated from a soil metagenomic library. The enzyme degrades α-xylosyl substrate such as isoprimeverose, α-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranose. The crystal structure of MeXyl31 was determined at 1.80 Å resolution. MeXyl31 forms the tetrameric state. The complexed structure with a xylose in the − 1 subsite (α-xylose binding site) shows that the enzyme strictly recognizes α-xylose. Structural comparison between MeXyl31 and its homologue, Aspergillus niger α-xylosidase in GH31, gave insights into the positive subsite of MeXyl31. Firstly, in the tetrameric enzyme, two monomers (a catalytic monomer and the adjacent monomer), are involved in substrate recognition. Secondly, the adjacent monomer composes a part of positive subsites in MeXyl31. Docking simulation and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the Arg100 from the adjacent monomer is partially involved in the recognizing of a glucopyranose of isoprimeverose.
Imaging the seismic velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in the northern East African Rift using Rayleigh wave tomography
Authors: Chambers Emma L , Harmon Nicholas , Rychert Catherine A , Gallacher Ryan J , Keir Derek 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY
Understanding the dynamics and evolution of continental rifting is broadly important for our understanding of plate tectonics. The northern East African Rift offers an excellent opportunity to study these processes at an active rift that was initiated by a large magmatic event. Multiple seismic models have been produced to understand the evolution of magmatism which image punctuated slow velocity zones in the asthenosphere. However, the depth extent of the slow velocity bodies has been less well constrained leading to much debate regarding the primary controls on melt generation. Variations between methods, resolution and scale of the seismic models make direct quantitative comparisons challenging. The lack of instrumentation off-rift further limits our understanding of the spatial extent of tectonic and magmatic processes, which is crucial to understanding magmatic continental rifting. In this paper, we jointly invert Rayleigh wave dispersion curves from ambient noise and teleseisms to obtain absolute shear velocity maps at 10–150 km depth. This includes data from a new seismic network located on the Ethiopian Plateau and enhanced resolution at Moho and upper-mantle depths from the joint inversion. At crustal depths, velocities are slowest beneath the Main Ethiopian Rift and the off-rift Ethiopian Plateau (&lt;3.00–3.75 ± 0.04 km s−1, 10–40 km depth) and ongoing magmatic emplacement is required. At 60–80 km depth off-rift, we observe a fast velocity lid (&gt;0.1 km s−1 faster than surroundings), in agreement with previous estimates of lithospheric thickness from receiver functions. The fast lid is not observed within the Main Ethiopian Rift or central Afar which instead are underlain by asthenospheric slow velocity anomalies (&lt;4.05 ± 0.04 km s−1 at 60–120 km depth). This suggests melt is infiltrating the lithosphere within the rift. Furthermore, punctuated asthenospheric slow velocity anomalies (∼110 × 80 km wide) exist in areas that have not undergone significant crustal and plate thinning, potentially indicating melt infiltration may start prior to significant plate deformation. Finally, the punctuated asthenospheric slow velocity zones are not located directly beneath melt-rich crustal regions including those off-rift, suggesting melt migration processes are dynamic and/or may occur laterally.
Structural controls on coseismic rupture revealed by the 2020Mw 6.0 Jiashi earthquake (Kepingtag belt, SW Tian Shan, China)
Authors: Wang Siyu , Nissen Edwin , Pousse-Beltran Léa , Craig Timothy J , Jiao Ruohong , Bergman Eric A 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYThe Kepingtag (Kalpin) fold-and-thrust belt of the southern Chinese Tian Shan is characterized by active shortening and intense seismic activity. Geological cross-sections and seismic reflection profiles suggest thin-skinned, northward-dipping thrust sheets detached in an Upper Cambrian décollement. The 2020 January 19 Mw 6.0 Jiashi earthquake provides an opportunity to investigate how coseismic deformation is accommodated in this structural setting. Coseismic surface deformation resolved with Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is centred on the back limb of the frontal Kepingtag anticline. Elastic dislocation modelling suggests that the causative fault is located at ∼7 km depth and dips ∼7° northward, consistent with the inferred position of the décollement. Our calibrated relocation of the main shock hypocentre is consistent with eastward, unilateral rupture of this fault. The narrow slip pattern (length ∼37 km but width only ∼9 km) implies that there is a strong structural or lithological control on the rupture extent, with updip slip propagation possibly halted by an abrupt change in dip angle where the Kepingtag thrust is inferred to branch off the décollement. A depth discrepancy between main shock slip constrained by InSAR and teleseismic waveform modelling (∼7 km) and well-relocated aftershocks (∼10–20 km) may suggest that faults within sediments above the décollement exhibit velocity-strengthening friction.
3-D spatial cluster analysis of seismic sequences through density-based algorithms
Authors: Piegari Ester , Herrmann Marcus , Marzocchi Warner 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY
With seismic catalogues becoming progressively larger, extracting information becomes challenging and calls upon using sophisticated statistical analysis. Data are typically clustered by machine learning algorithms to find patterns or identify regions of interest that require further exploration. Here, we investigate two density-based clustering algorithms, DBSCAN and OPTICS, for their capability to analyse the spatial distribution of seismicity and their effectiveness in discovering highly active seismic volumes of arbitrary shapes in large data sets. In particular, we study the influence of varying input parameters on the cluster solutions. By exploring the parameter space, we identify a crossover region with optimal solutions in between two phases with opposite behaviours (i.e. only clustered and only unclustered data points). Using a synthetic case with various geometric structures, we find that solutions in the crossover region consistently have the largest clusters and best represent the individual structures. For identifying strong anisotropic structures, we illustrate the usefulness of data rescaling. Applying the clustering algorithms to seismic catalogues of recent earthquake sequences (2016 Central Italy and 2016 Kumamoto) confirms that cluster solutions in the crossover region are the best candidates to identify 3-D features of tectonic structures that were activated in a seismic sequence. Finally, we propose a list of recipes that generalizes our analyses to obtain such solutions for other seismic sequences.
The metabolic and proteomic repertoires of periderm tissue in skin of the reticulated Sikkim cucumber fruit
Authors: Arya Gulab Chand , Dong Yonghui , Heinig Uwe , Shahaf Nir , Kazachkova Yana , Aviv-Sharon Elinor , Nomberg Gal , Marinov Ofir , Manasherova Ekaterina , Aharoni Asaph , Cohen Hagai 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Suberized and/or lignified (i.e. lignosuberized) periderm tissue appears often on surface of fleshy fruit skin by mechanical damage caused following environmental cues or developmental programs. The mechanisms underlying lignosuberization remain largely unknown to date. Here, we combined an assortment of microscopical techniques with an integrative multi-omics approach comprising proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics to identify novel molecular components involved in fruit skin lignosuberization. We chose to investigate the corky Sikkim cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. sikkimensis) fruit. During development, the skin of this unique species undergoes massive cracking and is coated with a thick corky layer, making it an excellent model system for revealing fundamental cellular machineries involved in fruit skin lignosuberization. The large-scale data generated provides a significant source for the field of skin periderm tissue formation in fleshy fruit and suberin metabolism.
Using the theoretical domains framework to explore behavioural determinants for medication taking in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Cunningham Scott , Jebara Tesnime , Stewart Derek , Smith Jamie , Leslie Stephen J , Rushworth Gordon F 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate relationships between factors influencing medication taking and behavioural determinants in patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsA cross-sectional survey using a postal questionnaire distributed to PCI patients. The questionnaire was iteratively developed by the research team with reference to the theoretical domains framework (TDF) of behavioural determinants, reviewed for face and content validity and piloted. Data were analysed using descriptive and principal component analysis (PCA). Inferential analysis explored relationships between PCA component scores and factors influencing medicating taking behaviour.Key findingsAdjusted response rate was 62.4% (325/521). PCA gave three components: (C1) Self-perceptions of knowledge and abilities in relation to medication taking; (C2) Aspects relating to activities and support in medication taking; (C3) Emotional aspects in taking medication. Generally, respondents held very positive views. Statistically significant relationships between all three components and self-reported chest pain/discomfort indicated patients with ongoing chest pain/discomfort post-PCI are more likely to have behavioural determinants and beliefs which make medication taking challenging. Respondents who were on 10 or more medications had lower levels of agreement with the C2 and C3 statements indicating challenges associated with their activities/support and anxieties in medication taking.ConclusionsPCI patients show links between TDF behavioural determinants and factors influencing medication taking for those reporting chest pain or polypharmacy. Further research needs to explore the effective design and implementation of behavioural change interventions to reduce the challenge of medication taking.
The impact of death rattle on bereaved families: not the sound itself, but the resonance with their feelings
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Mori Masanori , Maeda Isseki , Matsunuma Ryo , Tanaka-Yagi Yukako , Nishi Tomohiro , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Tsuneto Satoru , Shima Yasuo , Masukawa Kento , Miyashita Mitsunori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to explore (i) the consistency between physician-rated and bereaved family-perceived intensity of death rattle, (ii) the relationship between intensity of death rattle and the bereaved family’s distress and (iii) the bereaved family’s experience and feelings related to suctioning for death rattle.

Methods
We used matched data for deceased patients from a prospective cohort study of cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit, and their bereaved families from a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan. The intensity of death rattle using Back’s score was evaluated prospectively by physicians and retrospectively by bereaved families.

Results
In total, 1122 bereaved families answered (response rate: 66.7%). Of these, 297 reported the development of death rattle. The maximum intensity of death rattle evaluated by physicians and perceived by bereaved families was poorly correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.188, P = 0.082). The optimal cut-off point of Back’s score for detecting high-level distress was 1/2, with a low accuracy of prediction (area under the curve 0.62). More than 70% of bereaved families indicated suctioning reduced the intensity of death rattle, made patients comfortable and themselves relieved, whereas a similar proportion felt patients were in distress during suctioning. Families who felt suctioning was gently performed and discussed well whether to do suctioning with health care providers felt less needs for improvement.

Conclusions
Bereaved family-perceived intensity of death rattle did not correlate to physician-evaluated intensity, and the intensity of death rattle itself seemed to poorly correlate to family distress. Gently performed suctioning based on sufficient discussion with families can help reduce family-perceived patient discomfort.
An Evaluation of Sex- and Gender-Based Analyses in Oncology Clinical Trials
Authors: Hall Mathew , Krishnanandan Vaishali A , Cheung Matthew C , Coburn Natalie G , Haas Barbara , Chan Kelvin K W , Raphael Michael J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether sex- and gender-based analyses and proper sex and gender terminology were used in oncology trials leading to regulatory drug approval.

Methods
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Hematology/Oncology Approvals and Safety Notifications page was used to identify all anticancer therapies that received FDA approval between 2012 and 2019. The trials used to support FDA drug approval were collected along with all available supplemental tables and study protocols. Documents were reviewed to determine if there was a plan to analyze results according to sex and gender and to determine if consistent sex and gender terminology were used.

Results
We identified 128 randomized, controlled trials corresponding to a cancer medicine, which received FDA approval. No study specified how sex and gender were collected or analyzed. No study reported any information on the gender of participants. Sex and gender terminology were used inconsistently at least once in 76% (97 of 128) of studies. Among the 102 trials for nonsex-specific cancer sites, 89% (91 of 102) presented disaggregated survival outcome data by sex. No study presented disaggregated toxicity data by sex or gender.

Conclusion
The majority of pivotal clinical trials in oncology fail to account for the important distinction between sex and gender and conflate sex and gender terminology. More rigor in designing clinical trials to include sex- and gender-based analyses and more care in using sex and gender terms in the cancer literature are needed. These efforts are essential to improve the reproducibility, generalizability, and inclusiveness of cancer research.
On the potential of faraday tomography to identify shock structures in supernova remnants
Authors: Ideguchi Shinsuke , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Akahori Takuya , Takahashi Keitaro 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Knowledge about the magnetic fields in supernova remnants (SNRs) is of paramount importance for constraining Galactic cosmic ray acceleration models. It could also indirectly provide information on the interstellar magnetic fields. In this paper, we predict the Faraday dispersion functions (FDFs) of SNRs for the first time. For this study, we use the results of three dimensional (3D) ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of SNRs expanding into a weak, regular magnetic field. We present the intrinsic FDFs of the shocked region of SNRs for different viewing angles. We find that the FDFs are generally Faraday complex, which implies that conventional rotation measure study is not sufficient to obtain the information on the magnetic fields in the shocked region and Faraday tomography is necessary. We also show that the FDF allows to derive the physical-depth distribution of polarization intensity when the line of sight is parallel to the initial magnetic field orientation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the location of contact discontinuity can be identified from the radial profile of the width of the FDF with the accuracy of 0.1–0.2 pc.
Rapidly rotating stars and their transiting planets: KELT-17b, KELT-19Ab, and KELT-21b in the CHEOPS and TESS era
Authors: Garai Z , Pribulla T , Kovács J , Szabó Gy M , Claret A , Komžík R , Kundra E 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Rapidly rotating early-type main-sequence stars with transiting planets are interesting in many aspects. Unfortunately, several astrophysical effects in such systems are not well understood yet. Therefore, we performed a photometric mini-survey of three rapidly rotating stars with transiting planets, namely KELT-17b, KELT-19Ab, and KELT-21b, using the Characterising Exoplanets Satellite (CHEOPS), complemented with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data, and spectroscopic data. We aimed at investigating the spin-orbit misalignment and its photometrical signs, therefore the high-quality light curves of the selected objects were tested for transit asymmetry, transit duration variations, and orbital precession. In addition, we performed transit time variation analyses, obtained new stellar parameters, and refined the system parameters. For KELT-17b and KELT-19Ab, we obtained significantly smaller planet radius as found before. The gravity-darkening effect is very small compared to the precision of CHEOPS data. We can report only on a tentative detection of the stellar inclination of KELT-21, which is about 60 deg. In KELT-17b and KELT-19Ab, we were able to exclude long-term transit duration variations causing orbital precession. The shorter transit duration of KELT-19Ab compared to the discovery paper is probably a consequence of a smaller planet radius. KELT-21b is promising from this viewpoint, but further precise observations are needed. We did not find any convincing evidence for additional objects in the systems.