bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biden Administration and Rojava: Old Wine, New Bottle?
Authors: Michnik Wojciech , Plakoudas Spyridon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOne of the domains of US foreign policy stuck on autopilot relates to Syria and, most importantly, Rojava (or AANES by its official name). The Biden administration inherited a quandary from its predecessor with no easy solution. On the one hand, the hostility of other actors in the region—especially Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria—render a continued US presence in northeastern Syria untenable in the long term. On the other hand, Washington cannot abandon its partners in the fight against ISIS as they did before—at least not before securing a deal beneficial to all sides. So what will President Joe Biden do with regards to Rojava? Will he adopt the policy enacted during Barack Obama's second term? Or will he implement a new policy to address the new challenges? This article examines the challenges for US foreign policy with regards to Rojava and, on the basis of the developments thus far, analyzes whether the Biden administration's approach will replicate Obama‐era policy.
Brahms's ‘Musical Prose’ Reconsidered
Authors: LIU LUCY Y. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTIn the history of Brahms reception, developing variation has emerged as a central concept. Another suggestive term, musical prose, often accompanies discussions of developing variation. Schoenberg defines musical prose as ‘the direct and straightforward presentation of ideas, without any patchwork, without mere padding and empty repetitions’ ([1947] 1975, p. 414). Current scholarship supposes that developing variation ‘provides the grammar by which musical prose is created’ (Frisch 1984, p. 9).This article restructures the relationship between developing variation and musical prose because a few prose‐like pieces by Brahms exhibit almost no developing variation. These works are representative of the hitherto unacknowledged category of ‘modular discourse’. Modular discourse presents incises that are not related by a common denominator, and many of them in quick succession. In other words, modular discourse does not rely on traditional motivic/thematic workings‐out to generate new content, unlike developing variation. To demonstrate modular procedures at intra‐rotational and inter‐rotational formal levels, I analyse the Andante sostenuto of Symphony No. 1 and the Scherzo of Symphony No. 4. Both movements are cast in multiple rotations within established forms, either sonata or ternary. In addition to discussing the logic of succession from one module to the next, I trace the formal‐functional recontextualisation of modules in later rotations to explain a perceived paradox: given the lack of development – modules often return verbatim or simply transposed – what factors are responsible for the changes in expressive meaning of later rotations?
The Second Vatican Council on Other Religions Revisited
Authors: O'Collins Gerald 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMy The Second Vatican Council on Other Religions (Oxford University Press) appeared in 2012. In 2014 it went into a paperback edition, which allowed me to list some reviews and promise to enter into dialogue with all the reviewers. This article takes up such dialogue and discusses what came from nine reviewers. Glenn Siniscalchi wrote two reviews. Eduardo Echeverria went much further by writing two long essays on the book.
Do gluten peptides stimulate weight gain in humans?
Authors: Brouns Fred , Shewry Peter R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObservations from animal and in vitro laboratory research, and anecdotal evidence, have led to the suggestion that gluten consumption stimulates weight gain by the presence of peptides expressing opioid activity. Another proposed mechanism is that gluten peptides decrease resting energy expenditure resulting in a positive energy balance. In order to induce such effects in vivo, intact food peptides must be absorbed in sufficient quantities, remain intact in the blood for sufficient time to have long‐lasting biological activity and bind to receptors involved in appetite, satiety and energy regulation. However, although peptides from food may pass from the intestine into the blood in extremely low quantities, they are generally rapidly degraded by plasma and vasculum‐bound aminopeptidases, resulting in very short half‐lives and loss of bioactivity. At present, gluten peptide sequences that influence regulators of energy metabolism have not been identified. Furthermore, data on the quantitative absorption of gluten peptides in the blood stream, their stability and lasting bioactivity are also lacking. Therefore, there is no evidence for proposed effects on driving appetite by the brain, nor on energy expenditure and weight gain. Furthermore, the level of overweight observed in various countries appears to be independent of the level of wheat consumption, and abundant observational evidence in humans shows that the levels of gluten consumption are neither related to daily calorie intake nor to BMI. This narrative review therefore discusses the proposed effects of gluten on bodyweight (BW) and putative biological mechanisms in the light of the current evidence.
Factors associated with dental caries experience of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Pansrimangkorn Kullanant , Asvanit Pornpun , Santiwong Busayarat 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTo investigate the factors association with dental caries experience in the primary dentition of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy.Methods and resultsA cross‐sectional study was conducted among sixty Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy, aged 3–6 years old. Caries experience was determined by identifying decayednon‐cavitated and cavitated lesion, missing, and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth(dmfs). Sociodemographic data, CP motor types, dietary habits, oral health behaviors and dental plaque index were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the strength of the association between factors and dental caries experience. The prevalence of dental caries was 91.66%. The average dmfs was 20.30 ± 21.63 surfaces/individual. The multiple linear regression indicated that dmfs was significantly associated with snacking carbohydrate between meals more than two times/day (β ± SE = 0.372 ± 0.125; p = 0.004), spastic type of cerebral palsy (β ± SE = 0.309 ± 0.124; p = 0.015) and one‐time daily tooth brushing (β ± SE = 0.306 ± 0.124; p = 0.017).ConclusionsNine out of 10 preschool children with CP experienced dental caries. Spastic type of CP had more risk to develop dental decay. Caries prevention for preschool children with CP should emphasis on controlling the frequency of carbohydrate snack no more than two times/day and reinforcing tooth brushing at least twice daily.
Individualself‐controland collective outcomes: An examination of cigarette addiction and taxes
Authors: Mamun Khawaja A. , Chollete Lorán 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCan individual self‐control problems affect policy variables? And if so, through what type of channels? Building on recent literature in political economy, we explore a specific channel that allows for links between individual addiction and state taxes. We develop a theoretical lobbying model to explain the role of addiction in the political process of cigarette taxation. Our model shows that equilibrium cigarette taxes are determined by the average addiction level in society, corruption, and their interaction. Our results suggest a potential impact of individual self‐control issues in the process of government policy.
Scientific understanding in the Aharonov‐Bohm effect
Authors: Shech Elay 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBy appealing to resources found in the scientific understanding literature, I identify in what senses idealisations afford understanding in the context of the (magnetic) Aharonov‐Bohm effect. Three types of concepts of understanding are discussed: understanding‐what, which has to do with understanding a phenomenon; understanding‐with, which has to do with understanding a scientific theory; and understanding‐why, which has to do with the reason some phenomenon occurs. Consequently, I outline an account of understanding‐with that is suggested by the historical controversy surrounding the Aharonov‐Bohm effect.
Energy homeostasis mediated by the LcSnRK1α–LcbZIP1/3 signaling pathway modulates litchi fruit senescence
Authors: Zhou Yijie , Li Zhiwei , Zhu Hong , Jiang Yueming , Jiang Guoxiang , Qu Hongxia 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARYCellular energy status is a key factor deciding the switch‐on of the senescence of horticultural crops. Despite the established significance of the conserved energy master regulator sucrose non‐fermenting 1 (SNF1)‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) in plant development, its working mechanism and related signaling pathway in the regulation of fruit senescence remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that energy deficit accelerates fruit senescence, whereas exogenous ATP treatment delays it. The transient suppression of LcSnRK1α in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit inhibited the expression of energy metabolism‐related genes, while its ectopic expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) promoted ripening and a high energy level. Biochemical analyses revealed that LcSnRK1α interacted with and phosphorylated the transcription factors LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3, which directly bound to the promoters to activate the expression of DARK‐INDUCIBLE 10 (LcDIN10), ASPARAGINE SYNTHASE 1 (LcASN1), and ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHASE (LcANS), thereby fine‐tuning the metabolic reprogramming to ensure energy and redox homeostasis. Altogether, these observations reveal a post‐translational modification mechanism by which LcSnRK1α‐mediated phosphorylation of LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3 regulates the expression of metabolic reprogramming‐related genes, consequently modulating litchi fruit senescence.
A null allele of the pol IV second subunit impacts stature and reproductive development in Oryza sativa
Authors: Chakraborty Tania , Trujillo Joshua T. , Kendall Timmy , Mosher Rebecca A. 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARYAll eukaryotes possess three DNA‐dependent RNA polymerases, Pols I–III, while land plants possess two additional polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V. Derived through duplication of Pol II subunits, Pol IV produces 24‐nt short interfering RNAs that interact with Pol V transcripts to target de novo DNA methylation and silence transcription of transposons. Members of the grass family encode additional duplicated subunits of Pol IV and V, raising questions regarding the function of each paralog. In this study, we identify a null allele of the putative Pol IV second subunit, NRPD2, and demonstrate that NRPD2 is the sole subunit functioning with NRPD1 in small RNA production and CHH methylation in leaves. Homozygous nrpd2 mutants have neither gametophytic defects nor embryo lethality, although adult plants are dwarf and sterile.
Freeze‐dried plasma: From damage control resuscitation to coronavirus disease 2019 therapy
Authors: Peng Henry T. , Rhind Shawn G. , Moes Katy , Devine Dana , Jenkins Craig , Beckett Andrew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundFreeze‐dried plasma (FDP) is a promising blood component for prehospital resuscitation given its logistic advantages over fresh frozen plasma (FFP). COVID‐19 convalescent (CC) plasma has been used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients, and its corresponding FDP has potential use during future pandemics. Therefore, we conducted the study to determine if the hemostatic and immunological properties of plasma can be retained after lyophilization.Study design and methodsHemostatic tests were conducted with Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and a Stago analyzer. Anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and neutralizing activity were analyzed using Meso Scale Diagnostics immunoassay kits.ResultsThere were no differences in ROTEM parameters and Stago measurements for prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen and D‐dimer concentrations, and antithrombin, factor V, VIII, and protein S activities between FFP and FDP for either pre‐COVID‐19 or CC samples. Differences were observed in INTEM clotting time and PT and PTT when comparing reconstituted FDP stored at 4°C for 24 h or room temperature for 4 h to healthy control. Both CC‐FFP and CC‐FDP showed two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens than pre‐COVID‐19‐FFP and pre‐COVID‐19‐FDP and healthy control. Similarly, the CC samples showed approximately 4‐fold higher %‐inhibition of receptor binding than the pre‐COVID‐19 samples. There were no differences in either the antibody levels or neutralization activity between CC‐FFP and CC‐FDP.DiscussionWe demonstrated that FDP and CC‐FDP retained the same hemostatic and antibody functional activities relative to their initial plasma sources, supporting clinical evaluation of their benefits in severe trauma and COVID‐19 patients.
The use of optical coherence tomography for skin evaluation in healthy rats
Authors: Szczepanik Marcin , Balicki Ireneusz , Śmiech Anna , Szadkowski Mateusz , Gołyński Marcin , Osęka Maciej , Zwolska Jowita 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundNoninvasive diagnostic techniques allow for morphological and morphometric in vivo evaluation of the skin. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a method that allows visualization of dermal structures up to several 100 μm with a resolution of 3–7.5 μm.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was the morphological and morphometric assessment of rats' skin using SD‐OCT.AnimalsFifteen male Wistar rats, aged 3 and 8 months, weighing 350–450 g.Materials and MethodsThe skin of the plantar metatarsal area of the right pelvic limb was assessed. The measurements were performed using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD‐OCT) scans and histological images.ResultsSpectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography could determine the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis. Apart from the stratum corneum (SC), it did not allow for the differentiation of the individual epidermal layers. In the SD‐OCT and in the histological examination, the mean thicknesses of the layers (μm ± SD) were (respectively): SC 33.053 ± μm(SD 5.85, 29.675 ± 5.54; epidermis 88.2 ± 7.97, 65.126 ± 13.23; dermis 259.86 ± 18.29, 166.05 ± 31.88 μm. There was a correlation between the total epidermal SD‐OCT and histological measurements (r = 0.43, p = 0.05). Bland–Altman plots revealed a bias of −19.18 (95% confidence interval) –39.21 to 0.84 μm) in the case of live epidermis (stratum granulosum, stratum spinous, stratum basale).Conclusions and clinical relevanceSpectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography can be used to evaluate rat epidermis and dermis. The method enables the differentiation of the SC, as well as the epidermis and the dermis. SD‐OCT and histological thickness dimensions of the epidermis and skin differ.
The effect of a mixed cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid based oil on client‐owned dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Loewinger Melissa , Wakshlag Joseph J. , Bowden Daniel , Peters‐Kennedy Jeanine , Rosenberg Andrew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundCannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) are reported to have antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory actions.ObjectivesTo determine if CBD/CBDA is an effective therapy for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).AnimalsThirty‐two privately owned dogs with cAD.Materials and methodsProspective, randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study. Concurrent therapies were allowed if remained unchanged. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either 2 mg/kg of an equal mix of CBD/CBDA (n = 17) or placebo for 4 weeks. On Day (D)0, D14 and D28, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) scores were determined by investigators and owners, respectively. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry profiles and cytokine bioassays were performed on serum collected on D0 and D28.ResultsThere was no significant difference in CADESI‐04 from D0 to D14 (p = 0.42) or D28 (p = 0.51) in either group. pVAS scores were significantly lower for the treatment group at D14 (p = 0.04) and D28 (p = 0.01) and a significant change in pVAS from baseline was seen at D14 (p = 0.04) and not D28 (p = 0.054) between groups. There was no significant difference in serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein ‐ 1, IL‐31 or IL‐34 between groups at D0 or D28. Elevated alkaline phosphatase was observed in four of 17 treatment group dogs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCBD/CBDA as an adjunct therapy decreased pruritus, and not skin lesions associated with cAD in dogs.
Successful use of carbon dioxide laser surgery as an adjunctive treatment for feline herpesvirus‐1 dermatitis in two cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Marshall Kalie R. , Turner Rachel , Emerson Jessica A. , Santoro Domenico 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are used for a variety of soft tissue procedures. This report describes their use in dermatitis associated with feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV) in two cheetahs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing CO2 laser use to adjunctively treat FHV‐associated skin lesions.
Cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania mexicana in a cat treated with cryotherapy
Authors: Mendoza Yeimar , Colmenares Alegria , Hernández‐Pereira Carlos E. , Shaban Maryia V. , Mogollón Alexander , Morales‐Panza R.J. , Suarez‐Alvarado Maria Jose , Sordillo Emilia M. , Kato Hirotomo , Paniz‐Mondolfi Alberto E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe report the novel use of cryosurgery to treat cutaneous feline leishmaniosis (FeL) in a domestic cat from mid‐western Venezuela. Amastigotes, evident by microscopy in aspirates from the nodular, erythematous nose lesions, were identified as Leishmania mexicana by cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Lesions resolved completely without relapse after 14 months.
Sampling the skin surface chemistry for diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Stanley Guy H. M. , Wang Katie , Daly Patrick , Lau Christopher , O'Brien Aoife M. , Hamill Cheryl , Fear Mark , Wood Fiona M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSkin and wound blotting are non‐invasive techniques used to sample the skin and wound surface chemistry, whereby a nitrocellulose membrane is applied to an intact or broken cutaneous surface to detect biomarkers. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the evidence for the techniques used and data obtained to date. The primary aim of this study was to review the utilities of surface blotting for the diagnosis and prognosis of physiological, pre‐disease, and pathological states. The secondary aim was to summarise the procedural steps. A systematic literature search was conducted on 9 July 2021 using Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Investigators used McMaster's Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies to assess quality, then performed a narrative synthesis reporting according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty‐five studies were reviewed. Eighteen studies were of good quality, and seven were of moderate quality. These studies conducted skin and wound blotting on 176 animals and 1546 humans. Studies reported physiological and pathological states for diagnosis and prediction of conditions, including skin tears, wound healing, biofilm detection, and skin barrier function. The four steps for blotting are surface preparation, blot preparation, application and removal of blot, and analysis. This review demonstrates that blotting can determine the skin and wound surface chemistry using a versatile and reproducible technique. However, future research is needed to validate the technique and skin biomarkers identified.
Fractional-Order Shell Theory: Formulation and Application to the Analysis of Nonlocal Cylindrical Panels
Authors: Sidhardh Sai , Patnaik Sansit , Semperlotti Fabio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present a theoretical and computational framework based on fractional calculus for the analysis of the nonlocal static response of cylindrical shell panels. The differ-integral nature of fractional derivatives allows an efficient and accurate methodology to account for the effect of long-range (nonlocal) interactions in curved structures. More specifically, the use of frame-invariant fractional-order kinematic relations enables a physically, mathematically, and thermodynamically consistent formulation to model the nonlocal elastic interactions. To evaluate the response of these nonlocal shells under practical scenarios involving generalized loads and boundary conditions, the fractional-finite element method (f-FEM) is extended to incorporate shell elements based on the first-order shear-deformable displacement theory. Finally, numerical studies are performed exploring both the linear and the geometrically nonlinear static response of nonlocal cylindrical shell panels. This study is intended to provide a general foundation to investigate the nonlocal behavior of curved structures by means of fractional-order models.
Investigation of Surface Roughness in Novel Magnetorheological Finishing of the Internal Hemispherical-Shaped Acetabular Cup Workpieces
Authors: Arora Kunal , Paswan Sunil Kumar , Singh Anant Kumar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In today’s world, the hemispherical-shaped component’s fine finishing with high wear resistance and dimensional accuracy is required in different applications such as shells, molds, and implants. The magnetorheological finishing (MRF) method using a novel hemispherical tip-based tool is used to finish the hemispherical cups. The study aims to develop a novel theoretical mathematical model to predict the surface roughness reduction of the hemispherical cups using the present MRF process. Because the magnetic field regulates forces in the MRF process, the effect of the magnetic flux density (MFD) in the fine finishing of the hemispherical acetabular cup workpiece has been examined theoretically and experimentally. The mathematical model for reducing surface roughness is next tested experimentally on a hemispherical acetabular cup workpiece surface. The results of the predicted roughness match well with the experimental values with the error ranging from 1.17% to 6.15%. Further, surface morphology, microhardness, and dimensional accuracy tests are done on the workpiece using scanning electron microscopy, a microhardness tester, and coordinate measuring equipment to evaluate the efficacy of the present process. The present mathematical model for the MRF process predicts fine finishing along with the overall enhancement in the surface quality of the hemispherical acetabular cup surface.