bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student engagement in undergraduate medical education: A scoping review
Authors: Kassab Salah Eldin , El‐Sayed Walid , Hamdy Hossam 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionStudent engagement is defined as behavioural, cognitive and emotional aspects of students' academic experience in teaching, learning and research through interacting with other students, faculty and community. Despite the growing interest in the field of student engagement, medical education research in this area is still fragmented. This scoping review aims to contribute to the understanding of measurements, drivers and outcomes of medical student engagement.MethodsThe authors searched MEDLINE, PubMed, ProQuest, SCOPUS, ERIC, Science Direct and EBESCO for English articles published from 1990 until October 2021. In addition, we hand‐searched key medical education journals and references in recently published articles. Using specific selection criteria, two authors independently reviewed the articles for eligibility, followed by data extraction using both quantitative and qualitative analysis.ResultsOf the 2136 retrieved articles, 51 studies were selected for the review, and 94% of them were published in the past 8 years. The prevailing measures of student engagement failed to cover the multidimensionality of the construct with more focus on the behavioural dimension. Quantitative methods represented two thirds of the studies with a higher frequency of cross‐sectional designs and using self‐reports. The identified drivers of medical students' engagement are directed mainly to modifying the context of the learning environment. These factors increased student engagement by fostering relevance of learning, positive student relationships with peers and faculty, and enhancing student agency, and sense of competence. Cognitive engagement appears to be a positive predictor of academic achievement, but the relationship with other dimensions of engagement is controversial.ConclusionsStudent engagement in undergraduate medical education is an important, yet under‐researched construct. The research that does exist suggests engagement to be malleable, something that can be modified by different types of interventions taking into consideration the context of education and practice. Further research is required, however, to address the gaps identified in this review.
Oral microbiome of electronic cigarette users: A cross‐sectional exploration
Authors: Yang Irene , Rodriguez Jeannie , Young Wright Christa , Hu Yi‐Juan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveElectronic cigarettes have increased in popularity globally. Vaping may be associated with oral symptoms and pathologies including dental and periodontal damage, both of which have an underlying microbial etiology. The primary aim of this pilot study, therefore, was to compare the oral microbiome of vapers and non‐vapers.Subjects and MethodsThis secondary data analysis had a cross‐sectional comparative descriptive design and included data for 36 adults. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were extracted and amplified from soft tissue oral swab specimens and taxonomically classified using the Human Oral Microbiome Database.ResultsData for 18 vapers and 18 non‐vapers were included in this study. Almost 56% of the vapers also smoked conventional cigarettes. Beta diversity differences were identified between vapers and non‐vapers. Vapers had a significantly higher relative abundance of an unclassified species of Veillonella compared with non‐vapers. Dual users had higher alpha diversity compared with exclusive vapers. Beta diversity was also associated with dual use. Multiple OTUs were identified to be associated with dual use of e‐cigarettes and conventional cigarettes.ConclusionsVapers exhibit an altered oral microbiome. Dual use of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes is associated with the presence of several known pathogenic microbes.
Point‐of‐care tools to support optometric care provision to people with age‐related macular degeneration: A randomised, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Gocuk Sena A , McKendrick Allison M , Downie Laura E 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision impairment. This randomised placebo‐controlled trial investigated whether point‐of‐care tools can improve optometrists' AMD knowledge and/or care provision.MethodsAustralian optometrists (n = 31) completed a demographics survey and theoretical AMD case study multiple‐choice questions (MCQs) to assess their confidence in AMD care provision and AMD knowledge. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three point‐of‐care tools (online ‘Classification of Age‐related macular degeneration and Risk Assessment Tool’ (CARAT), paper CARAT, or ‘placebo’) to use when providing care to their subsequent 5–10 AMD patients. Participants self‐audited the compliance of their AMD care to best practice for these patients, and a similar number of consecutive patients seen prior to enrolment. Post‐intervention, participants retook the AMD knowledge MCQs and confidence survey.ResultsA total of 29 participants completed the study. At the study endpoint, clinical confidence relative to baseline improved with the paper CARAT, relative to placebo, for knowledge of AMD risk factors, asking patients about these factors and referring for medical retinal sub‐specialist care. There were no between‐group differences for the change in AMD knowledge scores. Considering record documentation for patients with any AMD severity, there were no significant between‐group differences for documenting patient risk factors, AMD severity, clinical examination techniques or management. In a sub‐analysis, the change from baseline in compliance for documenting discussions about patient smoking behaviours for early AMD patients was higher with use of the online CARAT relative to placebo (p = 0.04). For patients with intermediate AMD, the change from baseline in documenting the risk of progression to late AMD was greater among practitioners who used the paper CARAT, relative to placebo (p = 0.04).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that point‐of‐care clinical tools can improve practitioner confidence and aspects of the documentation of AMD clinical care by optometrists as assessed by self‐audit.
Leadless AV pacemaker after RF ablation for treatment of bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: A case report
Authors: Ducceschi Valentino , De Divitiis M. , Vernoni I. , Sifola C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the present article we report the case of a patient at high risk of infection wearing a subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) due to previous system extractions, hospitalized for symptomatic BBR VT and underwent radiofrequency catheter (RF) ablation. Afterwards, to prevent the possible progression of the infra‐His conduction disease to a complete block, it was decided to implant a pacemaker system. Since the high infectious risk, and the patient's firm refusal to implant another transvenous system given the previous extractions he underwent in the past, it was decided to implant a leadless pacemaker with atrioventricular synchrony.
The 2018 hot drought pushed conifer wood formation to the limit of its plasticity: Consequences for woody biomass production and tree ring structure
Authors: Larysch E. , Stangler D. F. , Puhlmann H. , Rathgeber C. B. K. , Seifert T. , Kahle H.‐P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Hot droughts are expected to increase in Europe and disturb forest ecosystem functioning. Wood formation of trees has the potential to adapt to those events by compensatory mechanisms between the rates and durations of tracheid differentiation to form the typical pattern of vital wood anatomical structures.

We monitored xylogenesis and measured wood anatomy of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees along an elevational gradient in the Black Forest during the hot drought year of 2018. We assessed the kinetics of tracheid differentiation and the final tracheid dimensions and quantified the relationship between rates and durations of cell differentiation over the growing season.

Cell differentiation kinetics were decoupled, and temperature and water availability signals were imprinted in the tree ring structure. The sudden decline in woody biomass production provided evidence for a disruption in carbon sequestration processes due to heat and drought stress. Growth processes of Scots pine (pioneer species) were mainly affected by the spring drought, whereas silver fir (climax species) growth processes were more disturbed by the summer drought.

Our study provides novel insights on the plasticity of wood formation and carbon allocation in temperate conifer tree species in response to extreme climatic events.
Pseudocercospora griseola, the causal agent of common bean angular leaf spot: Strain characterization and sensitivity to fungicides
Authors: Librelon Samira Santiago , Pereira Fernanda Aparecida Castro , de Pádua Paula Furtado , Pereira Nathália Bottrel Maia , Gomes Luanna de Barros Wanderley , Pereira Rafael , Pereira Lucas Fidelis , Pozza Edson Ampélio , de Souza Elaine Aparecida 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAngular leaf spot (ALS), an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola. This pathogen has a wide genetic variability and, therefore, poses a challenge to integrated disease management. The use of resistant cultivars is difficult; hence, the application of fungicides has been a common practice in common bean cultivation. P. griseola strains were morphophysiologically characterized and their sensitivity to common fungicides used to control ALS was studied. The strains were evaluated for sporulation capacity and a representative sample of 34 strains was bioassayed to determine their sensitivity to commercial concentrations of five fungicides, namely pyraclostrobin, mancozeb, pyraclostrobin + metconazole, chlorothalonil and tebuconazole. Another sample of 29 strains was studied for conidial germination and dimensions. Sporulation capacity ranged from 0.88 to 27.67 × 104 conidia/ml and germination percentage ranged from 39% to 72%. The large differences among strains suggest a wide genetic variability among the strains. A wide variability in aggressiveness of P. griseola was observed, which has consequences for breeding programmes aimed at resistance. The behaviour of pathogen strains differed in every fungicide evaluated, even in a population that has not been under selection pressure in the field. These results confirm the need for further studies and may guide future research with this pathogen.
Integration of Effort: Securing Critical Infrastructure from Cyberattack
Authors: Atkins Sean , Lawson Chappell 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSecuring privately owned critical infrastructure from cyberattacks poses a novel challenge for the modern regulatory state. In this domain, the interests of the government are only partly aligned with those of nongovernmental owner‐operators, necessitating some sort of state action. However, because (1) security conditions change swiftly and (2) the information and tools necessary for effective planning and response are distributed across the private and public sectors, standard regulatory tools are unlikely to produce security. “Integration of effort,” which involves intensive strategic and operational collaboration between systemically important firms and the government, is a more promising approach.
Quantifying the impact of environment factors on the risk of medical responders’ stress‐related absenteeism
Authors: Brito Mario P. , Chen Zhiyin , Wise James , Mortimore Simon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMedical emergency response staff are exposed to incidents which may involve high‐acuity patients or some intractable or traumatic situations. Previous studies on emergency response staff stress‐related absence have focused on perceived factors and their impacts on absence leave. To date, analytical models on absenteeism risk prediction use past absenteeism to predict risk of future absenteeism. We show that these approaches ignore environment data, such as stress factors. The increased use of digital systems in emergency services allows us to gather data that were not available in the past and to apply a data‐driven approach to quantify the effect of environment variables on the risk of stress‐related absenteeism.We propose a two‐stage data‐driven framework to identify the variables of importance and to quantify their impact on medical staff stress‐related risk of absenteeism. First, machine learning techniques are applied to identify the importance of different stressors on staff stress‐related risk of absenteeism. Second, the Cox proportional‐hazards model is applied to estimate the relative risk of each stressor. Four significant stressors are identified, these are the average night shift, past stress leave, the squared term of death confirmed by the Emergency Services and completion of the safeguarding form. We discuss counterintuitive results and implications to policy.
On the Reliability of Multiple Systems Estimation for the Quantification of Modern Slavery
Authors: Binette Olivier , Steorts Rebecca C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe quantification of modern slavery has received increased attention recently as organizations have come together to produce global estimates, where multiple systems estimation (MSE) is often used to this end. Echoing a long-standing controversy, disagreements have re-surfaced regarding the underlying MSE assumptions, the robustness of MSE methodology and the accuracy of MSE estimates in this application. Our goal was to help address and move past these controversies. To do so, we review MSE, its assumptions, and commonly used models for modern slavery applications. We introduce all of the publicly available modern slavery datasets in the literature, providing a reproducible analysis and highlighting current issues. Specifically, we utilize an internal consistency approach that constructs subsets of data for which ground truth is available, allowing us to evaluate the accuracy of MSE estimators. Next, we propose a characterization of the large sample bias of estimators as a function of misspecified assumptions. Then, we propose an alternative to traditional (e.g. bootstrap-based) assessments of reliability, which allows us to visualize trajectories of MSE estimates to illustrate the robustness of estimates. Finally, our complementary analyses are used to provide guidance regarding the application and reliability of MSE methodology.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing distinguishes dendritic cell subsets in the rat, allowing advanced characterization of the effects of FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand
Authors: Carlson Kristin N. , Verhagen Joshua C. , Jennings Heather , Verhoven Bret , McMorrow Stacey , Pavan‐Guimaraes Juliana , Chlebeck Peter , Al‐Adra David P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTissue‐resident dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for immunological homeostasis and hold promise for a variety of therapeutic interventions. The rare nature of tissue‐resident DCs and their suboptimal description in the lab rat model has limited their characterization. To address this limitation, FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) has been utilized to expand these population in vitro and in vivo for investigative or therapeutic purposes. However, conflicting reports have suggested that FLT3L can either promote immune tolerance or enhance immunogenicity, necessitating clarification of the effects of FLT3L on DC phenotype and functionality. We first paired single‐cell RNA sequencing with multicolour spectral flow cytometry to provide an updated strategy for the identification of tissue‐resident classical and plasmacytoid DCs in the rat model. We then administered FLT3L to Lewis rats in vivo to investigate its effect on tissue‐resident DC enumeration and phenotype in the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. We found that FLT3L expands classical DCs (cDCs) 1 and 2 in a dose‐dependent manner and that cDC1 and cDC2 in secondary lymphoid organs had altered MHC I, MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD86, and PD‐L1 cell‐surface expression levels following FLT3L administration. These changes were accompanied by an increase in gene expression levels of toll‐like receptors 2, 4, 7, and 9 as well as inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐α. In conclusion, FLT3L administration in vivo increases cDC enumeration in the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes accompanied by a tissue‐restricted alteration in expression of antigen presentation machinery and inflammatory mediators.
Holistic approach to visualize and quantify collagen organization at macro, micro, and nano‐scale
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinay , Fabijanic Kristina Ivana , Cohen Aaron , Mao Junhong , Azadegan Chloe , Pittet Jean Christophe , Bris Benedicte Le 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is scarcity of imaging and image processing techniques for accurate discrimination and quantitation of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily collagen. The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate a holistic imaging and image processing approach to visualize and quantify collagen remodeling at the macro‐, micro‐ and nano‐scale using histochemical imaging, Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively.Material and MethodsFor proof‐of‐concept, a commercial anti‐aging product known to induce collagen neo‐synthesis and re‐organization was tested ex vivo on human skin biopsies from two aged females.ResultsRelative to untreated skin, collagen fibers (RCM) and fibrils (AFM) were longer and aligned after treatment. The content of collagen and elastin (histochemical imaging and ELISA) statistically improved after treatment.ConclusionBased on our findings, we can conclude: (1) AFM, RCM, and histochemical imaging can accurately discriminate collagen from other ECM components in the skin and (2) the image processing methods can enable quantitation and hence capture small improvements in collagen remodeling after treatment (commercial cosmetic product with collagen organizer technology as proof‐of‐concept). The reported holistic imaging approach has direct clinical implications for scientists and dermatologists to make quick, real‐time, and accurate decisions in skin research and diagnostics.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DRB1*04:05:23 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing
Authors: Wang Wei , Dong Lina , Zhang Wei , He Ji , Zhu Faming 
Published: March 2022

HLA‐DRB1*04:05:23 differs from HLA‐DRB1*04:05:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 234 G > A.
Multi‐temporal InSAR analysis to monitor landslides using the small baseline subset (SBAS) approach in the Mila Basin, Algeria
Authors: Medhat Noha Ismail , Yamamoto Masa‐yuki , Tolomei Cristiano , Harbi Assia , Maouche Said 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHazardous ground deformation and landslides occur frequently in the Mila Basin, Algeria and this problem remains unsolved. However, the historical seismicity in the area indicates no severe damage from past earthquakes. For this reason, studies are needed to monitor the slow ground movements and their triggering factors. Since about two decades ago, satellite observations by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique and the multi‐temporal (MT‐InSAR) technique have provided a tool for monitoring slow and extremely slow ground displacements. In this study, 2D decomposition of InSAR outputs revealed a sliding surface at two regions located 12 km apart, indicating slow motion rather than fast movement along the damaged area. We concluded that the factors leading to surface displacement in the investigated area include the triggering earthquakes, precipitation, terrain topography and soil moisture. This study contributes to landslide hazard identification and risk assessment in the Mila Basin.
The diagnosis and management of fetal cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Stott Daniel , Pandya Pranav P , Attilakos George , Lang Janet , Wolfenden Joanne , Yates Robert 
Published: March 2022

Key content

Fetal cardiac arrhythmias are relatively common and account for up to 20% of referrals to fetal cardiologists.

Arrhythmias may occur because of structural abnormalities of the fetal heart, or because of abnormal functioning of the cardiac conduction system in an otherwise structurally normal heart.

Arrhythmias may be diagnosed using ultrasound and M‐mode and Doppler echocardiography.

Transplacental therapy for tachyarrhythmias has been one of the success stories of fetal cardiology, and good outcomes can be expected in the absence of hydrops.

Congenital heart block is most commonly caused by the transplacental passage of anti‐Ro and anti‐La antibodies and transplacental therapy is less successful in managing this.

Learning objectives

To enable clinicians to provide better counselling for patients about the prognosis of fetal arrhythmias.

To learn how to diagnose fetal arrhythmias and know when to refer to a specialist centre if the diagnosis is suspected.

To understand the treatment options available and the evidence‐based antenatal care schedule.
Systemic silencing of an endogenous plant gene by two classes of mobile 21‐nucleotide artificial small RNAs
Authors: Cisneros Adriana E. , de la Torre‐Montaña Ainhoa , Carbonell Alberto 
Published: March 2022

SUMMARYArtificial small RNAs (art‐sRNAs) are 21‐nucleotide small RNAs (sRNAs) computationally designed to silence plant genes or pathogenic RNAs with high efficacy and specificity. They are typically produced in transgenic plants to induce silencing at the whole‐organism level, although their expression in selected tissues for inactivating genes in distal tissues has not been reported. Here, art‐sRNAs designed against the magnesium chelatase subunit CHLI‐encoding SULFUR gene (NbSu) were agroinfiltrated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and the induction of local and systemic silencing was analyzed phenotypically by monitoring the appearance of the characteristic bleached phenotype, as well as molecularly by analyzing art‐sRNA processing, accumulation and targeting activity and efficacy. We found that the two classes of art‐sRNAs, artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans‐acting small interfering RNAs (syn‐tasiRNAs), are able to induce systemic silencing of NbSu, which requires high art‐sRNA expression in the vicinity of the leaf petiole but is independent on the production of secondary sRNAs from NbSu mRNAs. Moreover, we revealed that 21‐nucleotide amiRNA and syn‐tasiRNA duplexes, and not their precursors, are the molecules moving between cells and through the phloem to systemically silence NbSu in upper leaves. In sum, our results indicate that 21‐nucleotide art‐sRNAs can move throughout the plant to silence plant genes in tissues different from where they are produced. This highlights the biotechnological potential of art‐sRNAs, which might be applied locally for triggering whole‐plant and highly specific silencing to regulate gene expression or induce resistance against pathogenic RNAs in next‐generation crops. The present study demonstrates that artificial small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and synthetic trans‐acting small interfering RNAs, can move long distances in plants as 21‐nucleotide duplexes, specifically silencing endogenous genes in tissues different from where they are applied. This highlights the biotechnological potential of artificial small RNAs, which might be applied locally for triggering whole‐plant, highly specific silencing to regulate gene expression or induce resistance against pathogenic RNAs in next‐generation crops.