bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Middle Ages after the Middle Ages
Authors: Bak János M. , Klaniczay Gábor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on popular memories and various manifestations of interest in the real or imaginary Middle Ages which circulated in the past three centuries. Often connected with political agendas that one tends to classify as “medievalism,” they bring in some important fragments of Central Europe’s “culture of memory” and ways in which modern colonial establishments use its past, “softly” shaping it to justify the recent revival of dictatorship in modern Central Europe. As far as one can reconstruct from modern collections of folklore, some medieval figures—popular saints, celebrated heroes, and rulers—came to be associated with folkloric motifs known world-wide, used as early as the late Middle Ages. Another form of medievalism, the Gothic Revival, reached the region in the mid-nineteenth century, when it was already in decline in Western Europe. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the major occasions for medievalist events were the millennial celebrations connected with the founding of the states in Central Europe more or less a thousand years earlier.
Musical Culture in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Gancarczyk Paweł 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes musical culture in medieval Central Europe. It challenges traditional interpretations that profiled the musical culture of Central Europe in its relation to the European West, showing how in different parts of the region various models arose from the influence of France, the Netherlands, and Italy, and also how they transformed into specific musical forms that are nowadays recognized as a distinctive regional contribution to the broader identity of medieval Europe. In seeking the beginnings of notated professional music in Central Europe, one has to reach back to the times of Charlemagne, when the first notations of plainchant appeared. During the Middle Ages, there was a whole range of musical genres used in church ceremonies which did not belong to liturgical chants such as antiphons, responsories, and mass sections. Minnesang, a German tradition of courtly lyric and secular monophony, also held an important place in the song tradition of Central Europe. The chapter then looks at composers such as Mikołaj Radomski, Hermann Edlerawer, and Johannes Tourout, before considering the development of polyphonic music.
Reliability and Validity of Research with Corpora of Music
Authors: Marsden Alan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Corpus musicologists seek conclusions which are valid and applicable for demonstrably abstract reasons. This chapter examines several aspects of reliability and validity in corpus musicology: the avoidance of bias, particularly through the deliberate exclusion of expert judgment; issues of the reliability of methods of measurement used and conversion from one form of information to another; variances in interpreted data involving human judgments; errors in corpora; the notions of “random” or “representative” samples; and statistical significance in both hypothesis-testing and exploratory studies. Some research aims to extend or test theory through building models, now frequently employing machine-learning. Particular care is required to separate training and test materials to avoid over-fitting, i.e., building a model which works for the specific data used but not for other music. Even in the absence of machine-learning, continually working with the same or a small number of corpora has similar dangers of drawing conclusions which lack wider applicability. When working with several separate corpora is not possible, techniques such as bootstrapping can be employed to estimate the reliability of conclusions. Even working with corpora which are comprehensive, such as the entire output of a composer, is not problem-free. As corpora become ever more comprehensive and corpus musicology more common, musicology is likely to have to rediscover its links with composition and its concerns with not-yet-existent music.
Statistical Methods in Music Corpus Studies
Authors: Müllensiefen Daniel , Frieler Klaus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors explain that there are two common goals in musical corpus analysis. The first is the description and comparison of musical corpora, the second is to establish relationships between musical structures and extra-musical data, which can refer to metadata of a particular musical piece (genre, style, and period labels, composer and performer attributions, etc.) or to listeners’ perceptions and evaluations. The authors give a brief overview of basic and advanced statistical methods that have been employed in music corpus studies. The chapter covers descriptive statistics and visualizations, feature selection and aggregation using principal component analysis. In addition, random forests and linear regression methods for use in the context of corpus studies are briefly explained, as well as supervised and unsupervised classification techniques. Each topic and method is introduced with a conceptual explanation, suggestions for its application, and usage scenarios from the research literature.
Race, Legal Representation, and Lawyer Ethics
Authors: Alfieri Anthony V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores contemporary civil rights, criminal justice, and poverty law practice in order to identify the dilemmas that practitioners face when prosecuting, defending, and advancing the rights of indigent minorities, and also to better understand why and how prosecutors and defenders as well as civil rights and legal aid lawyers knowingly appeal to racial bias in their advocacy. Across three sections, the chapter examines how a diverse group of public-interest lawyers—anti-poverty and civil rights advocates, prosecutors, and defenders—see, hear, and talk about race, notably the race and racial identity of indigent minority communities embodied in the day-to-day, sociolegal experiences of clients, accused offenders, and victims. This examination gives rise to multiple, interwoven lines of inquiry about race and legal representation. For example, what visual images and stock stories of race do public-interest lawyers employ in performing the functions of an advocate for the impoverished? What are the past and present sources of those images and stories? How do such images and stories construct the culture, social history, and identity of minorities? When do those images and stories engender racial bias and prejudice toward individuals, groups, and communities? Where do those images and stories predominate—courthouses, jury rooms, law offices? Who do they impact and harm—lone clients and offenders, neighborhood groups, whole communities? And why do ethics regimes like ABA rules and state bar codes permit lawyers to use such images and stories in their advocacy in spite of the palpable harm to individual, group, and community racial identity?
From the Center to the Margins
Authors: Camps Martín 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by studying Fernández de Lizardi’s (1776–1827) novel El Periquillo Sarniento (The Mangy Parrot, 1816), considered the first Mexican novel. The twentieth century opens with Santa (1903) by Federico Gamboa (1864–1939), borrowing from realist and naturalist styles. A watershed moment in the country’s history was the Mexican Revolution. Its violence and failure inspired novels by Mariano Azuela (1873–1952), among others. Two masterpieces published in 1955, Agustín Yáñez’s (1904–1980) Al filo del agua (The Edge of the Storm, 1955) and Juan Rulfo’s (1917–1986) Pedro Páramo (1955), open the era of the modern novel in Mexico. The mid-century generation modernized Mexican fiction by moving away from regional themes with works by Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012), and Elena Garro (1916–1998), among others. The 1960s in Mexico were marked by the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, a moment of change expressed in the novels of La onda (The Wave), by José Agustín (1944) and Gustavo Sáinz (1940–2015). In the 1970s, Luis Zapata’s (1951–2020) El vampiro de la colonia Roma (Adonis García: a Picaresque Novel 1979) became a milestone in Mexican homosexual literature. In the 1980s, Fernando del Paso’s (1935–2018) Noticias del Imperio (News from the Empire, 1986) revisits the period of Emperor Maximilian in a masterful historical novel. Another important 1990s movement is the Generación del Crack (Generation of the Crack). Notwithstanding Mexico City’s magnetic pull, writers from the north of Mexico also write from or about the marginal “provinces.” The chapter closes by looking at a talented group of women writers, such as Fernanda Melchor (1982-) and Valeria Luiselli (1983).
José María Arguedas’s Poetics of the Novel
Authors: García Liendo Javier 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies José María Arguedas’s poetics of the novel focusing on Yawar Fiesta (1941), Los ríos profundos (Deep Rivers, 1958), and El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo (The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below, 1971). Antigenric coupling, a key characteristic of these works, is examined as Arguedas’s response to the challenge of narrating Peru’s historical transformation during the twentieth century, particularly the clash between indigeneity, traditional social relations, and capitalist modernization. Not a literary flaw but a deliberate formal decision, antigenric coupling refers to Arguedas’s use of multiple discursive genres (fiction, biography, history, ethnography, folklore, sociology, mythology, dance, music), avoiding fusing these genres into a single dominant narrative. This chapter maintains that Arguedas intentionally employs this formal manipulation to capture the multiple affective, epistemic, political, and cultural dimensions of a postcolonial country with a predominantly indigenous and rural population embroiled in an accelerating capitalist modernization.
Rita Indiana’s Tentacled Novels
Authors: De Maeseneer Rita 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Queer identities and racialized subjects in a transnational and multi-ethnic context are central to the novels of Rita Indiana (1977), a lesbian writer, performer, and singer, originally from the Dominican Republic, a country where whiteness, anti-Haitianism, patriarchy, Hispanophile culture, and Catholicism prevail(ed). This chapter explores how Indiana’s multilayered works, aside from dealing with the well-researched globalizing topics of queerness, race, and transnationality, interconnect with other recurrent tendencies and subjects in contemporary (Latin American) literature. These include autofiction, urban novel, migration, violence, colonialism, science fiction, ecocriticism, and political disenchantment. This approach does not overlook the specific traits of Indiana’s poetics, which takes root(s) and routes in and from the Caribbean. As a peripheral writer of Latin American origin, facing many obstacles in forging an authorial persona and in gaining visibility in the publishing industry, she epitomizes the local and global position that writers from the South adopt in the twenty-first century.
Addams’s Methodologies of Writing, Thinking, and Activism
Authors: Fischer Marilyn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To understand Addams’s texts, readers need to attend both to her evolutionary methodologies and to her interpretive strategies. Addams was an evolutionary scientist and sociologist in the days before natural selection became merged with genetics and before sociology adopted a stance of positivistic objectivity. Like other intellectuals at the nineteenth century’s turn, Addams addressed contemporary social problems by locating them within their evolutionary histories and proposing ways of moving society toward healthy equilibrium. She used specific social theories as tools, selecting the ones best suited for each given social problem. Evolutionary theorizing served as foundation and framing for her writings. Addams employed evolutionary thought in the service of “interpretation,” that is, to make the lives of her urban immigrant neighbors intelligible to her largely Anglo-Saxon, middle-class audiences. For this, Addams employed late nineteenth century rhetorical and literary conventions. Her aim was to persuade her audiences to alter their perceptions of the poor and oppressed and work with them for social reforms. Addams’s theorizing is still of use today as a model of multi-disciplinary thinking, its integration of abstract theory with concrete social issues, and its ecological character.
The Complementary Theory and Practice of Jane Addams and George Herbert Mead
Authors: Lowe Barbara J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the complementary nature of the theory and practice of Jane Addams (1860–1935) and George Herbert Mead (1863–1931). When applied to intractable contemporary problems, the application of their combined insights “bends toward justice.” Both were theorist-activists who embraced a relational and interdependent conception of the self and insisted that, with empathetic understanding, progress toward justice could be incrementally achieved. This approach has contemporary relevance, particularly in today’s polarized society. Our social circles have narrowed, becoming more insular, our political institutions have become more divisive, and the economic gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. Addams and Mead’s work help us see why these divisions are problematic and suggest possible paths for moving toward more just social, political, and economic arrangements.
ACT for Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Authors: Smith Brooke M. , Smith Gregory S. , Bluett Ellen J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Anxiety and trauma-related disorders are described in terms of maladaptive response patterns that largely consist of avoidance of various threat cues. Following an introduction to the classes of disorders and primary behavioral processes that maintain them, the authors briefly review traditional conceptualizations of etiology and associated treatments, followed by a theoretical rationale that underscores acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as a conceptually sound and comprehensive treatment for these disorders. An overview of empirical research supporting the efficacy of ACT for these disorders is then provided, followed by clinical considerations and examples of implementation as they relate to specific disorders within the overarching classes. Lastly, the authors discuss limitations in the extant literature and provide recommendations for future research, including a shift to a more process-based approach of conceptualization and treatment of these classes of disorders.
ACT in Schools
Authors: Renshaw Tyler L. , Weeks Sean N. , Roberson Anthony J. , Vinal Stephanie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article makes the conceptual and empirical case for using acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with youth in school settings. As background, a logical, evidence-based case is made for school-based mental health services more generally. The authors outline a public health approach to using ACT in schools via a multitiered system of supports (MTSS), which emphasizes scaled prevention at universal, targeted, and intensive levels. In addition, the existing literature on ACT in schools is reviewed, showing adequate evidence to support use at the targeted level. The limitations and challenges of using ACT in schools are discussed, and future directions for advancing research and practice are offered. Future work in this area might especially benefit from (1) enhancing the methodological rigor of research designs in school-based studies, (2) testing the viability of brief or focused ACT at the targeted level in schools, (3) investigating the treatment utility of ACT-related process measures in schools, and (4) expanding the scope of ACT in schools to promote the well-being of teachers and other educators.
ACT in Groups
Authors: Arch Joanna J. , Finkelstein Lauren B. , Dindo Lilian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article offers an up-to-date selective review of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) conducted in the group format. ACT in the group format differs from ACT in the individual format; its potential advantages and disadvantages are discussed in general and in terms of the six ACT hexaflex processes. Reviewed in this article are select large randomized clinical trials on ACT in groups, and highlighted are innovative group delivery modes and the diversity of problem areas to which this format has been applied. Major considerations for conducting ACT in groups are briefly discussed, including reasons to form an ACT group, who and what to include in an ACT group, how to start group sessions, and their length and frequency. The authors consider challenges, including the dearth of studies that directly compare group to individual delivery of ACT and whether group ACT operates similarly at the process level as individual ACT; address the needs of diverse individuals; and evaluate cost effectiveness. Building on the growing number of trials of group ACT interventions, the authors offer recommendations for future research, including strategies to evaluate how ACT groups work and for whom they work best.
Primer on Basic Behavioral Principles
Authors: Waltz Thomas J. , Drossel Claudia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Behavioral principles guided the initial development of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and serve as the foundation for its flexible implementation. This article provides a broad introduction to the contextual approach to operant behavior, including behavioral principles, behavioral economics, and rule-governed behavior. Key applications of these relations include taking a constructional approach to building meaningful patterns of behavior that are supported by naturalistic contingencies outside of the therapeutic relationship, evaluating function-based hypotheses by monitoring response to treatment and other key variables, and occasionally systematically evaluating treatment outcomes using single-subject research designs. Examples used throughout the article help connect these foundational concepts to ACT practice. Behavioral principles support clinicians in taking a scientist-practitioner approach to ACT implementation and can support competent innovation while maintaining fidelity to the underlying functional contextual model.
African Sociology of Health and Well-Being
Authors: Amzat Jimoh , Razum Oliver , Adaranijo Aisha A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a critical and macro stance showing the sociological interrogation of health and well-being in Africa, focusing on the social context of health and disease, including social life, institutions, and human health behaviors. Sociological discourse about health in Africa is no different from that in the rest of the world, as the exploration of macro and micro social processes influences social etiology, social response to illness, and access to healthcare. The chapter explores the social situation in Africa, including economic and gendered circumstances, increasing population, cultural and traditional practices, limited access to modern medicine, traditional medicine use, social constructions of health, and the influence of globalization. The chapter emphasizes that understanding health and well-being requires a sociological lens that can unravel the fundamental causes of the health situation in Africa and elsewhere.
The Sociological Implications of Africa’s Political Economy
Authors: Lekunze Manu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how the interaction between political power and authority shapes the nature and evolution of macrosociological features of African states’ societies. It captures the nature of current political order, political development, economic systems, and social order and explains their evolution. The chapter argues that the nature and evolution of Africa’s political economies oriented Africa toward the macrosociological features of multinational states, exterocentric economic systems, a social order built on large families and clans, and largely authoritarian political systems. The argument rests on five fundamental observations (a) the historical ability to form self-sufficient societies in isolation; (b) the historical possibility of trade as a strategy of self-sufficiency only, and not integration; (c) a historical link between family, labor, wealth, political power, and order; (d) the history of external domination; and (e) the disproportionate structural power of domestic and international political economies on externally dominated societies.
Africa’s Nature
Authors: Chellan Noel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The biggest environmental crisis facing the world is climate change, a phenomenon that began with the Industrial Revolution in England in the 1700s. Like the Amazon rainforests in Brazil, Africa comprises huge tracts of natural forests and biodiversity that are the green lungs of the world. Africa’s abundant natural spaces are a huge producer of the world’s oxygen, an effective regulator of global temperature, and a biodiversity paradise. However, colonialism and its incumbent capitalist economic system is subjecting Africa’s natural riches to large-scale destruction. The question is: What should Africa’s response to large-scale environmental destruction and climate change be? This chapter deals with environmental destruction and climate change, its genesis, and its and impacts on Africa. It highlights and focuses on four key objectives for analyzing and understanding the huge environmental and socioeconomic challenges facing Africa. The chapter proposes four recommendations toward planetary sustainability and human well-being in Africa.
Immigration and Job Quality
Authors: Armenta Amada , Gleeson Shannon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Immigrant workers are amongst the most vulnerable labourers in the workforce. Although immigrants comprise a significant portion of various employment sectors, immigrant workers often endure uneven access to workplace protections, challenges related to language ability and human capital, and discrimination at work and in the communities in which they live. Understanding immigrants’ labour market experiences is key to understanding the experiences of other marginal workers who either lack key protections or struggle to access them due to their structural positions. This chapter reviews the interdisciplinary literature on job quality for immigrant workers and presents data from a case study of Latino immigrant workers in Philadelphia. We consider how legal status and gender jointly impact immigrant workers. More specifically, we examine the challenges that immigrant women face in obtaining formal and informal job opportunities, negotiating power at work, and contesting workplace protections when violations occur. Lastly, we discuss the defining factors shaping their precarious work lives, as well as the moments of agency they exert at work and beyond.
Job Quality and the Small Firm
Authors: Edwards Paul , Ram Monder 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses three issues. Firstly, it outlines the paradox of job quality in small firms, namely, low levels of objective aspects such as earnings but high subjective aspects, notably reported autonomy and satisfaction. It explains this paradox in terms of specific effects of size such as face-to-face relationships and correlates of size such as formalization. Secondly, the chapter outlines key variations in the pattern in relation to such factors as industrial sector, the ownership structure of firms and managerial strategy. It illustrates these variations using real-world examples of small firms. Thirdly, it addresses the neglected question of the policy implications, arguing that large-firm ‘best practice’ does not translate to the small-firm context. It suggests measures that recognize the aims of small business owners, including action by state agencies to work with firms and the promotion of local and sectoral associations of firms.