bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed convection around a circular cylinder in a buoyancy-assisting flow
Authors: Majdi Hasan Shakir , Mashkour Mahmoud A. , Habeeb Laith Jaafer , Ilic Marko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of mixed convection on the flow behavior and heat transfer around a circular cylinder disclosed to a vertically upward laminar air stream is numerically examine. The buoyancy-aided flow is utilized to eliminate and control the vortex shedding of the cylinder. The influence of the Grashof number, 0 ≤ Gr ≤ 6000, the flow and thermal patterns, as well as the local and mean Nusselt number, is investigated at a constant Reynolds number of 100. The unsteady Navier-Stokes’s equations are solved employing a finite-volume method to simulate numerically the velocity and temperature fields in time and space. The results showed periodic instability in the flow and thermal fields for a range of Grashof number Gr ≤ 1300. Also, there is critical value of Grashof number for stopping this instability and the vortex shedding formed behind the cylinder, by the effect of heating. Thus, by increasing Grashof number between 1400 ≤ Gr ≤ 4000, the periodic flow vanishes and converts into steady flow with twin eddies attached to the cylinder from the back. Furthermore, as Grashof number increases behind Gr ≥ 5000, the flow becomes completely attached to the cylinder surface without any separation.
Necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for second order discrete and differential inequalities
Authors: Mahmudov Elimhan N. , Demir Sağlam Sevilay 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The present paper studies the optimization of the Bolza problem with a system of convex and nonconvex, discrete and differential state variable second-order inequality constraints by deriving necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality. The problem with a system of discrete-approximation inequalities is investigated using the proposed method of discretization and equivalence theorems for subdifferential inclusions, which greatly contributes to the derivation of adjoint discrete inclusions generated by a given system of nonlinear inequality constraints. Furthermore, we formulate sufficient conditions of optimality for the continuous problem by passing to the case of limit. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the theoretical approach’s effectiveness.
Photochemical protein modification in complex biological environments: recent advances and considerations for future chemical methods development
Authors: Taylor Michael T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The development of organic reactions that covalently modify biological matter in complex biological mixtures has become an invaluable asset in drug discovery. Out of the techniques developed to date, optically controlled chemistries are of particular utility owing to both the spatiotemporal control afforded by optical control as well as the impressive array of transformations that are driven by the highly reactive intermediates generated upon excitation. This minireview discusses recent advances in the development of photochemical reactions for use in complex mixtures and highlights key considerations for future photochemical reaction designs.
A computational material study of HoB6 and Co/MgO–HoB6: heavy rare-earth metal hexaborides
Authors: Aslan Mikail 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The superior physical and chemical properties of holmium hexaborides enable their use in high-tech industrial applications. It is vital to examine these structure types on the atomic scale to elucidate the details of their structure and improve their functional properties. For this reason, holmium hexaboride, cobalt–holmium hexaboride and magnesium oxide–holmium hexaboride crystal structures were investigated systematically employing ab initio material modeling, including the dispersion corrected density functional theory approach, using an interface to the PWscf code of Quantum Espresso and Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package software. The effects of cobalt (∼4 wt.%) and MgO (∼2.8 wt.%) doping on holmium hexaboride structures are discussed in terms of optical, magnetic, and electronic properties including the charge transform, scanning tunneling microscopy, density of states, and K-edge X-ray absorption spectra analyses. Scanning tunneling microscopy and K-edge X-ray absorption spectra analyses were conducted to enable correlation with future experiments. Results indicate that cobalt doping does not provide enough driving magnetic force to alter the magnetic properties of the HoB6. Furthermore, MgO addition leads to significant distortions in the structure of the HoB6. The properties of HoB6 were affected adversely, especially due to the distorsion of the octahedral boron unit.
Vowel deletion before sibilant-stop clusters in Latin: issues of syllabification, lexicon and diachrony
Authors: Machajdíková Barbora , Buzássyová Ľudmila Eliášová 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSyncope of a short vowel before a clustersT(R)(T: stop;R:lorr) is attested in Latin and Sabellic: Latinfēstra(besidefenestra),sēstertius,iuxtā, Oscanvezkeí, minstreis, Umbrianetuřstamu,mersto. This phenomenon raises important questions both for the historical phonology of the Italic languages and for the typological study ofsT(R)-clusters. In Latin and Sabellic, syncope normally took place only in open syllables. Three competing strategies are possible in order to explain this paradox. (i) It has been argued that the clustersT(R)was an onset, which would imply that the vowel standing before the clustersT(R)was in an open syllableat the time of the syncope. (ii) It has been proposed that the sequencesTbehaves as a single consonant. (iii) It could be assumed that the syncope did not take place in a closed syllableexceptif the closing consonant wass(or its allophonez). Furthermore, a careful study of the relevant material shows that in some Latin words a vowel standing beforesT(R)may have been deleted by a phonological process distinct from the syncopestricto sensu(haplology,noundinum-rule).
Comparison of second harmonic generation from cross-polarized double-resonant metasurfaces on single crystals of Au
Authors: Habibullah Yusuf B. , Ishihara Teruya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) from metasurfaces consisting of square array of split ring, heptagon and triangle cross-polarized double resonant resonators, is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The structures are fabricated on single crystalline Au plates using Focused Ion Beam technique. Array of the triangular structure exhibits most efficient SHG. Experimental observation is explained reasonably well by theoretical evaluation of SHG using the overlapping integral of nonlinear polarization and the microscopic field distribution on the metal surface at the SHG frequency taking phase relation between the two fields into account.
United States Foreign Aid and Multilateralism Under the Trump Presidency
Authors: Regilme Salvador Santino 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article addresses two key questions concerning US foreign aid under the 45th US President, Donald Trump (2017–21): Did the Trump administration radically restructure the foreign aid apparatus of the US government amid the recent reemergence of China as a key state actor in international development and global governance? If so, how and under which conditions did the US, as the world’s largest foreign aid donor, deal with the new challenges posed by the expanding global reach of Chinese foreign aid and diplomacy? The core objective here is to look back at the Trump administration, particularly in its role in the US foreign aid apparatus vis-à-vis the reemergence of China as a global power and the decline of US influence abroad. This article maintains that the dominance of the US in the international development sector was under serious threat from two principal challenges: (1) the lack of coherent and credible strategy from the Trump administration amid the rapidly increasing influence of China as an aid donor country; and the (2) the declining legitimacy of the US a foreign aid donor due to the exclusionary and anti-globalization discourses of Trump vis-à-vis the perceived the decline of American power.
Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
Authors: Xu Zhong , Wu JiaNing , Zhao Min , Bai ZhiJie , Wang KunYun , Miao JieWei , Tan ZhuoYue 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to explore the engineering application potential of coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete (CGGPC), this article formulated the fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete (FRCGGPC). The mechanical properties of the specimens were tested to analyze the effects of different types and dosing amounts of fibers on the mechanical properties of CGGPC. The microscopic morphology of the specimens was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the strengthening mechanism of fibers on the mechanical properties of the CGGPC. The experimental results show that the splitting tensile strength of FRCGGPC can be improved obviously, but the improvement of compressive strength is not obvious. The control groups containing steel fiber (SF) and polyester fiber (PF) had peaks in their compressive strength. Under the same dosage, the effect of SF and PF on the splitting tensile strength of FRCGGPC is better than basalt fiber. The results of SEM analysis show that within a certain range of dosage, the fiber is closely combined with the matrix, which has a good force transmission effect and strengthens the matrix material. When the fiber dosage is too much, it is easy to agglomerate, which leads to the decrease in the mechanical properties of the specimens.
Monitoring-based assessment of environmental pollution in regions of the Russian Federation
Authors: Zhadanovskaya Ekaterina A. , Gromov Sergey A. , Manzon Dmitry A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article assesses the environmental pollution level in urban areas of the Russian Federation regions. Environmental monitoring data were used as data sources. For each Russian region the environmental pollution level was considered as the sum of pollution indices for the basic environmental media: air, surface water and soil. It allowed ranking regions and grouped them into categories (from extremely high polluted to extremely low ones). The air pollution monitoring network in cities and industrial centres does not cover all regions of the country, leading to undetermined air pollution level in 12 of 85 regions and thus to underestimated environmental pollution level there. The paper proposes to use the monitoring network data of the snow cover chemistry for the air pollution assessment in problematic regions and more accurate calculation of the environmental pollution level in them. Based on the air monitoring data for 2018 we revealed regions with high and extremely high levels of air pollution, their list was added after analyzing the snow cover chemistry data. As a result, the total assessment of environmental pollution was recalculated upward.
Synthesis of quinazolinone and quinazoline derivatives using green chemistry approach
Authors: Wahan Simranpreet K. , Sharma Sangeeta , Chawla Pooja A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Green chemistry has been most compelling area of research. Green chemistry is vital to long-term sustainability, not only because of its fundamental notion of reducing the use and manufacture of hazardous materials, but also because of its broad applicability as one of the most efficient and problem-solving pathways for the synthesis of new materials. Various chemists have studied a plethora of strategies to lessen the release of hazardous chemical waste, waste material recyclization and reuse. New techniques have been created based on a green chemistry strategy that includes the utilization of catalysts, nanosized materials and composites, such as metal and non-metal nanoparticles, their oxides and salts, and different heterocyclic rings. Quinazolines and quinazolinones are biologically significant heterocyclic rings with a wide range of characteristics. In a summary, this chapter focuses on recent novel synthesis methods for quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives, which are vital to humanity.
Semiology: in the light of Saussure’ words
Authors: De Angelis Rossana 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
What does Saussure really mean by “semiology”? This is the question we try to answer in this text. In fact, reading his writings and notes, we realize that Saussure uses the term “semiology” in different contexts and with different meanings. So the notion of “semiology” issued from his works is more complex than it seems because it undergoes several transformations throughout the development of Saussurian thought. The term “semiology” never appears in the texts published during in his lifetime, but we find several mentions of this notion in the manuscript sources that make up the Saussurian corpus. While this term appears first during the period between 1881 and 1891, especially in all the documents known under the title of Phonétique (1881–1885), in the Gothic lessons (1885–1886), and in the manuscript “De l’essence double du langage” (1891), the notion of “semiology” is presented to the public in the Cours de linguistique générale with a very precise meaning that has been taken up in Adrien Naville’s Nouvelle Classification des sciences (1901). Then, after the publication of a large part of Saussure’s autograph writings, Ecrits de linguistique générale (2002), we can return to this notion not only to trace its genesis, but also to better understand its complexity. And this is what we propose to do in this article.
Synthesis of alkylbenzenes via the alkylation of benzene using α-olefin dimers and the surfactant properties of their sulfonates
Authors: Tan Fuwen , Li Xu , Dong Jinxiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch syncrude prepared via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using a Fe-based catalyst is featured by its high content of linear α-olefins (C5–C13). The utilization of C6–C8 α-olefins for the synthesis of alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactants was performed in the present work via dimerization, benzene alkylation, and sulfonation. The effects of the reaction conditions on benzene alkylation over a trimethyl amine hydrochloride-acidic anhydrous aluminum chloride ionic liquid catalyst (Et3NHCl-AlCl3) have been studied in detail using C6 α-olefin dimers as a model alkylation agent. Under the optimal reaction conditions (molar ratio of AlCl3 to Et3NHCl = 2, catalyst loading = 0.29 mol %, reaction temperature = 30 °C, and molar ratio of benzene to C6 α-olefin dimer = 10) the conversion of the C6 α-olefin dimer was 100% and the selectivity toward the mono alkylbenzene product was 91.0%. C6–C8 α-olefin dimer alkylbenzene sulfonates (C6–C8 DBS) were synthesized via sulfonation using chlorosulfonic acid and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS). The surfactant properties of the C6–C8 DBS, including their equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, foaming, wetting and emulsifying capabilities, were closely explored and compared with a commercial linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The limiting surface tension (γ
CMC = 34.62 mN m−1) and critical micelle concentration (CMC = 2.15 mmol L−1) of C6 α-olefin dimer alkylbenzene sulfonate (C6-DBS) were similar to those of LAS. Upon increasing the hydrocarbon chain length, the γ
CMC of C6-DBS, C7-DBS, and C8-DBS remained unchanged, while the CMC decreased. C6–C8-DBS exhibited foaming, emulsifying, and wetting properties comparable to LAS.
Evaluation of wheat tolerance during germination and early growth stages to detergent-contaminated water
Authors: Yosefi Maliheh , Heidari Hassan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Drought is the major challenge of the present century in agricultural areas. Water scarcity has led to the use of contaminated water. The objective of the study was to determine the tolerance of wheat, Sirvan cultivar, to detergent contaminated water and drought at germination and early growth stages. The research included germination and pot experiments. In the germination experiment, laundry detergent concentrations of 0.05 g L−1, 0.5 g L−1, and 5 g L−1 were used to produce contaminated water and isoosmotic potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to produce water stress. In the pot experiment, the concentrations used in the germination experiment were applied with two irrigation intervals of 2 and 4 days. The results showed that at an osmotic potential of −0.217 MPa of laundry detergent and PEG, all germination traits were drastically reduced, but radicle length and length-based seed vigor were reduced at an osmotic potential of −0.035 MPa of detergent. A laundry detergent concentration of 5 g L−1 combined with drought reduced plant height, leaf area, fresh weight of leaves and stems, and relative water content of leaves. The seed germination stage was more sensitive to the laundry detergent than the early growth stage. It is recommended to irrigate wheat (Sirvan variety) at the germination stage with water that is not contaminated with detergent.
Investigation of the non-linear vibration behaviour and 3:1 internal resonance of the multi supported nanobeam
Authors: Yapanmış Burak Emre , Bağdatlı Süleyman Murat 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this present work, linear and non-linear vibration of multi-supported nanobeams, which are a fundamental part of the nano-electromechanical systems, is examined. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, there is no study performed into multi-supported nanobeam in the literature. The governing equations of the system are obtained by dint of the Hamilton principle and solved via the perturbation technique which is divided linear and non-linear parts of the main equations. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are calculated from the linear problem. The non-linear natural frequencies and amplitude-phase modulation graphs are obtained from the non-linear equation. All equations are written in generalized form, and 3, 4 and 5 supported nanobeams are investigated in detail. The nonlocal coefficient, support number and position and end condition types are focused on. The three to one internal resonance cases are also investigated. It is occurred that the clamped-end conditions shift right in the hardening behaviour graphs more than the simply supported condition. Moreover, it is shown that the supported numbers play a significant role in natural frequency.
"Que nadie duerma" de Juan José Millás: la construcción de un personaje femenino
Authors: Fragero Guerra Carmen 
Published: January 2022

Resumen: En este artículo analizamos el modo en el que Juan José Millás (1946- ) construye a la protagonista de su novela Que nadie duerma (2018). Para esto (1) explicamos en qué consiste el estado mental de la limerencia y por qué Lucía es una protagonista limerente. (2) Igualmente ligamos la construcción de la protagonista por parte del autor a la teoría de la hiperculturalidad del filósofo surcoreano Byung-Chul Han (1959- ). (3) Además, desde una perspectiva más literaria, consideramos el modo narrativo de Que nadie duerma.
Concluimos que esta narración muestra la evasión de una mujer –abrumada por las turbulencias socioeconómicas del siglo XXI– en un universo imaginario. Pero esta obra literaria es, sobre todo, un objeto estético en él que se descubren complejas conexiones internas entre el modo narrativo, el vocabulario, la trama y el significado.
Effect of pre-treatment and oil popping conditions on quinoa popping quality
Authors: Deepak S. , Shivaswamy M.S. , Sharmila T. , Maheswari M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Quinoa is a pseudocereal having outstanding nutritional profile and health-promoting biofunctional compounds. It is able to pop into an affordable, crispy, and flavourful ready-to-eat snack by conventional oil-popping method. Oil-popping is the process of frying grains in hot oil for a short time to induce vapour-driven expansion of grains. The effects of process variables on oil-popping quality of quinoa were evaluated. The conditions of processing were optimised using Response Surface Methodology. The grains (10 g) were hydrated by adding 0.1–0.3 mL of water containing a varying salt concentration of 0–1%, w/w and popped in coconut oil maintained at a popping temperature of 200–240 °C for a popping time of 10–30 s. The developed popped quinoa was analysed for popping quality indices. It was found that the increase in popping temperature, popping time, and salt concentration, and decrease in moisture level significantly decreased bulk density but increased popping yield (% popped grains), expansion ratio (degree of volume expansion), and flake size (average kernel size) of popped quinoa. Overall acceptability of popped quinoa in terms of sensory attributes was positively correlated with popping temperature and popping time. The optimised variables generated a popping yield of 75.56%, expansion ratio of 3.07, flake size of 11.58 mm3, bulk density of 0.29 g mL−1, and overall acceptability score of 8.40. A threefold expansion and a fair popping yield obtained from oil-popped quinoa offer a significant potential to generate profit for manufacturers.
Al-Iʽlāl fī Sūrah al-Furqān
Authors: Baihaqi Achmad Shofyan 
Published: January 2022

In this thesis there is an explanation of i'lal, its types and their rules, from various types and rules the author uses a tool to analyze the Surah al-Furqān. The problems raised in this study are, 1) What are the verses that indicate i'lal in Surah al-Furqān? 2) what are the types of i'lal in surah al-Furqān? The approach in this study is the sharf discipline, especially in the discussion i'lāl While the method used is descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative is research that discusses, analyzes and classifies the i'lāl contained in the letter al-Furqān. Descriptive is to describe the results of these studies systematically about i'lāl in the letter al-Furqān. i'lāl is a change that occurs in the letters 'illat (alif, wawu, ya') and additional letters (hamzah), the changes are sometimes moved, discarded, replaced, and distributed. While the letter al-Furqān is a letter that is at number 25 out of a total of 114 ayah. As for the results of this study, 45 verses have been found that contain I'lāl. And in these verses 65 data were found which the writer then classified into 11 sections.
Faʽāliyah Taṭbīq al-Wasā’il al-Taʽlīmiyah Quiz Creator li Taqwīm Mahārah al-Kitābah li Talāmīż al-Faṣl al-Ḥādī ʽAsyar min al-Qism al-Dīnī-1 bi al-Madrasah al-Ṡānawiyah al-Islāmiyah al-Ḥukūmiyah al-Ṣāniyah Tuban
Authors: Yuliana Sri Erchinda 
Published: January 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan media Quiz Creator dalam mengevaluasi kemampuan menulis siswa. Sampel yang digunakan adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI-Agama 1. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan tes. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen untuk mencari pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y, maka hasil yang didapat adalah hasil uji “T” = t dan tt , maka dari sini dapat menunjukkan bahwa Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak.Sehingga penggunaan quiz creator efektif untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan menulis siswa kelas XI-Agama 1 MA Negeri 2 Tuban. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan efektivitas penerapan media pembelajaran quiz creator dalam evaluasi pembelajaran bahasa Arab keterampilan menulis siswa kelas XI-Agama-1 MAN 2 Tuban terdapat perubahan. Karena sebelum diterapkan media quiz creator, rata-rata siswa 76 dan setelah diterapkan media quiz creator, rata-rata siswa menjadi 87.