bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes key findings, including comparing results across the four main empirical chapters examining different types of civilian targeting. Of the seven variables used to measure the insurgent embeddedness argument, most are related to multiple varieties of civilian victimization: government coercion (“stick” tactics), interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, social service provision, and ethnic motivation. The chapter also notes important implications for policymakers and suggests future research building on the findings of this book. The chapter suggests that the following concepts deserve much more attention in the literature: social service provision, attacks on schools, and attacks on journalists. Overall, connections between insurgents and other actors help in the understanding of civilian targeting, and the findings illuminate additional paths of research.
African American Statewide Candidates in the New South
Authors: Bullock, III Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
African American candidates for statewide office in the United States face unique challenges given the nation’s complicated racial dynamics. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States had elected only one African American as governor in its history—L. Douglas Wilder, a grandson of slaves who achieved this historic goal in 1989 in Virginia, once the capital of the Confederacy. Numerous media accounts at the time declared a major breakthrough in racial politics in the United States with one national news magazine actually featuring in bold type on its cover “The End of the Civil War.” More than thirty years since Wilder’s election, while Black candidates have risen to office in states such as Illinois, Massachusetts, and California, there are not many successes for African American candidates seeking statewide office in the South. This is particularly puzzling because Blacks are most numerous in the South, as a percentage of the population. This book includes analyses of the campaigns of mostly unsuccessful and some successful Black statewide candidates in the South. The purpose is to untangle the factors that lead to electoral success for these candidates, and those that continue to hold them back, from the vantage of recent election cycles with some historically close races in the South featuring African American candidates for governor of Florida and Georgia (2018), for lieutenant governor in Virginia (2017), and for the US Senate in South Carolina and Georgia (2020). But statewide contests are not limited to state offices; some of the most important southern campaigns in the twenty-first century have featured Black candidates running in the southern presidential primaries. Most notably, Barack Obama’s 2008 nomination campaign blazed a trail in the South that many believed was a template for a new style of black politics. Examining broader regional demographic and political trends, the authors project that the South is on the threshold of a major breakthrough for African American statewide candidates, which will have a substantial role in not only fundamentally changing the political dynamics of the region, but nationally as well. This change will be driven by not only African American candidates and voters but a rising coalition regionally of minorities and also White voters increasingly willing to vote for Black candidates.
Georgia
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the recent campaign by Georgia’s Stacey Abrams (D) for governor. Had she succeeded, Abrams would have become the nation’s first Black, female governor. Abrams secured the Democratic nomination easily. On the other side, her general election opponent, Brian Kemp, had to come from far behind to get the Republican nomination. Key to Kemp’s runoff election victory was President Donald Trump’s endorsement. The issues each candidate emphasized during the course of the general election campaign are reviewed with special emphasis given Abrams’s claims that Kemp engaged in voter suppression. Kemp, who ran to the right in his pursuit of the nomination in the Republican primary and runoff, sought to soften his image in the general election. Results from exit polls identify the bases of strength for Abrams and Kemp. The Abrams—Kemp election is examined in the context of changes taking place in Georgia elections with comparisons made between this contest and previous, recent elections. While Abrams lost, her margin of defeat was smaller than that of other Democrats competing in two decades as she erased about three-fourths of the advantage Republican candidates had enjoyed.
Florida
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Progressive Black Democrat Andrew Gillum’s 2018 campaign for governor of Florida, showing how he came within 0.4 percent of defeating his White Republican, Trump-supported, opponent Ron DeSantis. It relates how Gillum’s upset primary victory over five white, better known Democratic opponents made headlines everywhere. He energized oft-neglected Black, Hispanic, and young voters. In the Republican primary, DeSantis upset the state’s popular Agriculture Commissioner. In the hard fought general election, Gillum attacked DeSantis as “racist,” for a “dog whistle” comment on Fox News. DeSantis labeled Gillum “corrupt,” as a mayor failing to report free tickets to a Broadway play. Gillum led in the polls, but higher Republican turnout gave DeSantis the win, although Gillum’s near success launched him onto the national stage. A scandalous personal incident, followed by rehab, a redemptive message, a popular podcast, and the state’s growing racial and age diversity have kept the door open. The chapter goes on to explain that the 2018 Florida gubernatorial campaign showcased the competitiveness of a Black statewide candidate in a southern state that has long swung between the two major parties. It then outlines how Florida has, in many respects, led southern political change, especially the evolution of racial politics beyond merely White and Black, to incorporate a widely diverse population of migrants and immigrants.
South Carolina
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In one of the most widely watched, analyzed, and expensive US Senate campaigns in history, Democratic nominee Jaime Harrison came up surprisingly well short in his bid to become the second African American elected to the US Senate from South Carolina. Democrats nationally had pinned their hopes on flipping the US Senate seat in South Carolina, given three-term Republican incumbent senator Lindsey Graham’s profile as one of the staunchest defenders of President Donald Trump. This chapter places the 2020 US Senate race in the broader context of the history of South Carolina statewide elections and racial politics in the state. It becomes clear that, although many Democrats, even from outside of South Carolina, had pinned high hopes on Harrison’s bid, past electoral history and state demographics, as well as the impact of incumbency, all played strongly against him. Although South Carolina qualifies by our metric as one of the “Growth States” of the South, it is the slowest to advance to that category and remains difficult electoral territory for a Black Democratic statewide candidate.
Raphael Warnock
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts how Raphael Warnock won a runoff election in January 2021 to become Georgia’s first African American US senator and how the 2020 election cycle culminating with the 2021 Senate runoffs demonstrates that Georgia has become a competitive state. As the chapter shows, if the trends identified in this chapter continue, Democratic strength will increase during the decade: coupled with support for Stacey Abrams, who came within 55,000 votes of the governorship in 2018, Warnock’s victory, suggests that other Black candidates will follow him to the victory stand. Though statewide wins for Democrats depend in part on the degree to which recent successes were driven by distasted for Donald Trump. But, as the chapter concludes, Warnock and Abrams’s results show that the penalty that Black candidates previously paid no longer need apply in Georgia. Abrams led the Democratic ticket in 2018 with 48.8 percent of the vote. A second African American, Otha Thornton, who ran for state school superintendent, received 47 percent of the vote, clustered with several other Democrats competing for positions that attract little attention. When he runs for a full term in 2022, Warnock will likely share the spotlight and perhaps be eclipsed by Stacey Abrams making a second bid for governor.
African American Candidates Navigate the South
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The South is the region with the most African Americans, and the region that has been most crucial to the success of every African American with national political ambitions. It was the battleground of the fight against slavery, and the site of many of the most important civil rights victories. This chapter reviews the South Carolina that primary directly or indirectly ended the strong nomination challenges of Senators Kamala Harris and Cory Booker in 2020 when Black voters in South Carolina chose an aging white man with a mixed record on race over two charismatic Black options. The chapter goes on to show that an unexpected win in Georgia, arguably linked to the vice presidential candidacy of Harris, gave vital support to the general election victory of Joe Biden. The 2020 primary and general elections are part of a larger recent pattern, in which the South plays a key role in determining the success, or not, of Black candidates for president.
A Trailblazer promoting Justice and Peace
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dorothy Wright Nelson was a pioneer in the U.S. legal education and the judiciary from the 1950s through the early part of the 21st century. This introduction traces her incredible journey from a typical California girl of the 1930s and 1940s to a legal powerhouse whose work to promote peace and justice impacted courts around the globe. It previews the life story of an extraordinary female trailblazer in a highly traditional, male-dominated profession, unafraid to challenge the status quo professionally while serving as a leader for the Bahá’í Faith in the United States. Dorothy was devoted to her husband of more than 60 years, James Nelson, a state court judge and also a leader in their Bahá’í Faith. In a loving, equitable partnership, they raised two children, enjoyed their extended family, traveled the globe to teach judges, and free persecuted Bahá’ís. As an early female teacher, scholar, dean, and federal judge, Dorothy worked to improve legal education and the courts. She promoted alternatives to resolve cases more quickly, efficiently, and amicably. Her deeply felt Bahá’í faith inspired all of her work, from opinions supporting the marginalized and powerless to creation of the Western Justice Center Foundation. Her legacy extends to global court reforms, mentoring of leaders in legal education, and leadership for Bahá’í communities.
Starting the Adventure of a Lifetime
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Dorothy Wright’s growing relationship with James Nelson. They met as in their teens as camp counselors, spent some time apart during college, and then married and remained together for over 60 years. Jim was fiercely supportive of her intelligence and career opportunities. The chapter also reveals their exploration together of the Bahá’í Faith in their 20s. Although both were devout Protestants, they were intrigued with Bahá’í principles of equity and justice for all, and the global nature of the faith. Later, both became leaders nationally in their faith. The chapter also includes Wright’s experiences and leadership as an undergraduate at UCLA, where she became student body vice president, met Eleanor Roosevelt, and signed John Wooden’s contract.
A Pioneering Dean
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s pathbreaking work as dean of the University of Southern California Law Center. She was one of the early women deans in legal education for five years and in her term was the only female dean of a law school accredited by the American Bar Association. Times were challenging: she dealt with protests against the Vietnam War and Kent State shootings, the nearby Watts riots, and the struggles of an early affirmative action program at USC. She used her mediation skills to deal with complaints from a variety of constituents: trustees, alumni, faculty, and students. She was an extremely successful dean, putting student interests first and raising funds and creating a national reputation for USC Law. She was active in national leadership work for legal education and court reform.
The Chambers Family and the Nelson Family
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s relationships with several generations of law clerks over 40-plus years on the federal bench. Known as one of the nicest judges in the country and in the courthouse, she mentored a diverse group of law clerks, becoming a second mother or “professional mother” to many. They learned from her work habits, the way she treated people and her passion for justice and legal education. Many have gone on to highly successful careers in academia, government, the public interest, private law firms and other businesses, often attributing much of their success to Judge Nelson. She and her husband Jim welcomed clerks and their families into their home and lives. This chapter also canvasses the Nelsons’ family time and their growing work for the Bahá’í Faith, including local firesides, national leadership and human rights work for persecuted Bahá’ís during their global travels.
Bending the Arc toward Justice
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s impact on federal law over four decades on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. It shows how she was always looking out for the “underdog,” those who were poor, excluded, or less powerful and always cautious regarding unfair government processes. Her seminal cases span issues of mental illness, racial profiling, due process in death penalty cases, and immigration matters. She issued conflicting rulings in two important religious freedom cases. Her tendencies reflected her concern as a Bahá’í with equity and justice for all as well as what she had experienced over her lifetime.
Promoting Peace through Mediation
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s focus on promoting peace through alternative dispute resolution techniques, particularly mediation. She wrote and taught about conflict resolution as one of the early female legal scholars in the United States. She gained hands-on experience in implementing court reform as a judge on the largest federal circuit for over four decades, helping to establish a very effective court mediation program. She engaged regularly in consultation practice as a leader in the Bahá’í Faith. She helped to establish the Western Justice Center Foundation, which teaches children about racial justice and nonviolent conflict resolution. Judge Nelson won awards for her constant work to promote more peaceful, less expensive, and more humane alternatives to litigation.
Conclusion
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter of this biography of Dorothy Wright Nelson focuses on the end of her life, including the death of her beloved husband James Nelson. It summarizes major themes of her work, from her pioneering endorsements of court reform and alternative dispute resolution to her impact on making legal education more just and equitable to her work for the Bahá’í Faith. This conclusion also briefly reviews Dorothy’s passions, from her marriage and family to her consoling faith. Her faith influenced her judicial work and how she spent her time. Always the teacher—for law students over three decades and law clerks over four decades—Dorothy instilled a concern for justice and peace in all of her lessons and interactions.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Alfred L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s unique life, career, and governance experience from 1953 to 2018. A son of a veteran revolutionary, Xi’s privileged childhood was shattered in his youth when he was mercilessly tormented as a counterrevolutionary, a juvenile delinquent, and a pauper, ultimately becoming an ordinary peasant. Xi then clawed his way back from the village to the capital, climbing a ladder of success that reflects the changing zeitgeist of the times. His governance record mirrors the vicissitudes of the Maoist and reform eras, shedding light on the regime’s hopes and fears, and its strengths and weaknesses. Providing a holistic and balanced analysis, the author argues for a multidisciplinary, comparative, and social science approach that can explain immensely complex phenomena. The study synthesizes a large corpus of cutting-edge research, offering fresh insights into and contextualized knowledge on the dynamics of a governance encompassing features both progressive and regressive.
The Shanghai Interlude and Political Succession at the Seventeenth Party Congress, October 2007 (Age Fifty-Four)
Authors: Chan Alfred L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When Xi was parachuted into Shanghai as party chief, his task there was to stabilize the situation, but in less than seven months, he was catapulted directly into the Politburo Standing Committee at the Seventeenth Party Congress. Henceforth, Xi and his associate Li Keqiang were fed into separate tracks with clear-cut divisions of labor. Xi was put in charge of Party and international affairs. Li was groomed for the state premier track by assisting Premier Wen Jiabao in economic and government matters. Empirical evidence does not support the influential “one party, two coalitions” thesis of Chinese politics. Nor does it support the conventional wisdom that the Party intended Xi and Li to compete for the position of general secretary, and that Hu Jintao preferred Li over Xi for this position. Political succession was somewhat institutionalized, but this does not equal to institutionalization of the political system as a whole.
The Eighteenth Party Congress, November 2012, and Succession Politics
Authors: Chan Alfred L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Eighteenth Party Congress demonstrated how, in Chinese-style political succession, the outgoing leadership determines the makeup of the new leadership. A party consensus enabled Xi to become general secretary and Li Keqiang the premier, and “fifth generation” leaders to enter into the apex of power. The Party’s deliberate grooming of new leaders had come to fruition. Xi’s role in preparing for the personnel and policy changes at the party congress and his relationship with the new Politburo Standing Committee are examined. This chapter argues that the different Western interpretations of the outcomes of the congress mirror three different approaches to comparative politics: the rationality / power maximization, system/institutional, and cultural approaches. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and argues that historical, contextual, situational, and contingent factors should be considered as well. The chapter ends with a review of the attributes of the new leadership.
Consolidation of Power, Image-Building, and Disciplining the Party State and Society
Authors: Chan Alfred L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During Xi’s first term as general secretary, the policy environment became increasingly complex and turbulent. Accelerating globalization and rapid technological change rendered problems more interdependent and unpredictable. Xi’s countervailing strategy was to privilege regime security, party leadership, centralization, and the enhancement of soft power and performance legitimacy. He redefined ideology and built his image. Simultaneously, Xi consolidated his power and pushed his policy agenda. He effected a threefold centralization of power in his person, the Party, and the capital to impose reforms on a reluctant bureaucracy. To strengthen the vanguard role of the Party, Xi disciplined the party state through an unprecedented anticorruption campaign and a mass line education campaign that cleansed the Party and punished more than 440 central and 1.5 million regional officials. He shook up the Communist Youth League and effected a judicial reform to address issues of inefficiency, wrongful convictions, and local government interference.
Power, Policy, and Political Succession
Authors: Chan Alfred L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Nineteenth Party Congress featured new procedures for the selection of the top elite and political succession for the future. It announced new policy directions that would build a moderately prosperous society, achieve “socialist modernization,” and move China to the center stage in global affairs. Xi played a major role in personnel selection for the Congress, and the enshrinement of Xi Jinping thought in the party constitution enabled him to consolidate his power. However, the drafting process of the report to the Congress involved many policy bundles and required a great deal of division of labor. Consultations up and down the party-state apparatus performed functions of political communication and socialization. Biographies of the leaders showed their characteristics and the new dominance of the “fifth generation.” Complications included an alleged “abortive coup” and the purge of sitting Politburo member Sun Zhengcai.
The Heavy Cost of Misdiagnosis
Authors: Roe Mark J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows why it is vital to correctly gauge the severity of stock-market-driven short-termism. The stock market’s preference for immediate cash is said to severely damage US R&D spending. But while corporate R&D has been steadily rising despite, or perhaps even because of, stock market pressure, government R&D support for basic research, which was foundational for the post-World War II US economy, has declined precipitously. Leaders in thinking about technological progress tell us that this government slack is holding back the US economy today. This means that blaming the stock market deters too many political players from seeing where the blame lies—beginning with the polity for failing to support public-spending on R&D in recent years. And blaming the stock market for R&D issues bolsters those whose solutions to short-termism revolve around giving executives more autonomy. But doing so will not solve the perceived R&D problem if it’s mainly due to anemic government support for basic R&D.
What Is “Evil”?
Authors: Burris Christopher T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 depicts “evil” as a label that people are most likely to invoke in response to behavior that is seen as intentional, causing harm, and lacking sufficient justification. This prototype model helps makes sense not only of when people agree about evil behavior, but also when they disagree. Simply, people will disagree whenever they come to different conclusions concerning how much suffering a course of action produced, whether that suffering was planned (or at least foreseeable), and/or whether or not “good enough” reasons for that course of action can be identified. Predictably, differences of opinion are most likely to emerge between perpetrators and everyone else.