bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
663 BEHAVIOUR CHANGE INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN HOSPITALISED PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Goodwin V A , Harding K E , Dennett A M , Febrey S , Warmoth K , Hall A J , Prendergast L A , Taylor N F 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Low physical activity levels are a major problem for people in hospital and are associated with adverse outcomes. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression aimed to determine the effect of behaviour change interventions on physical activity levels in hospitalised patients.
Methods: Randomised controlled trials of behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity in hospitalised patients were searched from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and PEDr, supplemented by citation tracking. After application of selection criteria and data extraction, data were synthesised with random effects meta-analyses and pre-specified subgroup and meta-regression analyses. The primary outcome was Objectively measured physical activity. Secondary outcomes were patient-related outcomes (e.g. mobility), hospital-level outcomes (e.g. length of stay), adverse events and patient satisfaction.

Results
Eighteen randomised controlled trials (n = 2,197 participants) of behaviour change interventions were included and were associated with increased physical activity levels (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.57). Findings in relation to mobility and length of stay were inconclusive. Adverse events and patient satisfaction were poorly reported. Meta-regression found that the behaviour change technique of goal setting was independently associated with increased physical activity (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.60).

Conclusion
Targeted behaviour change interventions are associated with small to moderate increases in physical activity in hospitalised patients. Goal setting was the behaviour change technique that worked best in increasing physical activity.
795 A POSITIVE 4AT DELIRIUM ASSESSMENT TOOL SCORE ON HOSPITAL ADMISSION IS LINKED TO MORTALITY, LENGTH OF STAY AND ‘HOME TIME’: A STUDY OF 82,770 HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN EDINBURGH AND SALFORD
Authors: Vardy E R L C , Anand A , Cheng M , Ibitoye T , MacLullich A M J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Delirium is linked with poor outcomes but studies using large-scale routine data are scarce. The 4AT (www.the4AT.com) is a brief (~2 minutes), well-validated tool for detection of delirium and cognitive impairment. We performed a two-centre study (Edinburgh and Salford) of Electronic Health Record (EHR) 4AT scores and outcomes in 82,770 non-elective hospital admissions in patients aged ≥65. We determined relationships between 4AT scores 0 (no impairment), 1–3 (cognitive impairment but no delirium) and ≥ 4 (delirium), in relation to 30-day inpatient mortality, length of stay, and time at home (‘home time’) in the year following index admission.

Methods
We analysed EHR 4AT scores recorded within 24 hours of admission, and outcomes data were also derived from the EHR. The study period was between April 2016 (Edinburgh)/September 2017 (Salford) and April 2020 (both centres).

Results
4AT scores suggestive of delirium (≥4) were present in 25% in Salford, and 18% in Edinburgh. After adjustment for age and sex, 30-day inpatient mortality with 4AT ≥4 was 5.5-fold greater than the 4AT 0 group in Edinburgh (aOR 5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.99–6.13) and 3.4-fold greater in Salford (aOR 3.39, 95% CI 2.98–3.87). Length of stay was more than double in patients with any abnormal 4AT score compared to a 4AT score of 0. The median ‘home time’ at 1 year was reduced by 112 days (Edinburgh) and 61 days (Salford) in the 4AT ≥4 compared to 4AT 0 days.

Conclusions
This large study using routine clinical data confirms the relationships between delirium and poor outcomes previously reported in smaller research studies. Further, the results demonstrate the feasibility and value of using a brief clinical tool to identify delirium as a strong marker of adverse outcomes, and will be helpful in guiding policy development around patient safety including better treatment of delirium.
Biochemistry and regulation of aurone biosynthesis
Authors: Nakayama Toru 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Aurones are a group of flavonoids that confer a bright yellow coloration to certain ornamental flowers and are a promising structural target for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Since the first identification of the snapdragon aurone synthase as a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in 2000, several important advances in the biochemistry and regulation of aurone biosynthesis have been achieved. For example, several other aurone synthases have been identified in distantly related plants, which not only include PPOs but also peroxidases. Elucidation of the subcellular localization of aurone biosynthesis in snapdragon led to the establishment of a method to genetically engineer novel yellow flowers. The crystal structure of an aurone-producing PPO was clarified and provided important insights into the structure–function relationship of aurone-producing PPOs. A locus (SULFUREA) that negatively regulates aurone biosynthesis in snapdragon was identified, illustrating the evolution of flower color pattern through selection on regulatory small RNAs.
Structural brain network topological alterations in stuttering adults
Authors: Gracco Vincent L. , Sares Anastasia G. , Koirala Nabin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPersistent developmental stuttering is a speech disorder that primarily affects normal speech fluency but encompasses a complex set of symptoms ranging from reduced sensorimotor integration to socioemotional challenges. Here, we investigated the whole-brain structural connectome and its topological alterations in adults who stutter. Diffusion-weighted imaging data of 33 subjects (13 adults who stutter and 20 fluent speakers) were obtained along with a stuttering severity evaluation. The structural brain network properties were analysed using network-based statistics and graph theoretical measures particularly focussing on community structure, network hubs and controllability. Bayesian power estimation was used to assess the reliability of the structural connectivity differences by examining the effect size. The analysis revealed reliable and wide-spread decreases in connectivity for adults who stutter in regions associated with sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional and memory-related functions. The community detection algorithms revealed different subnetworks for fluent speakers and adults who stutter, indicating considerable network adaptation in adults who stutter. Average and modal controllability differed between groups in a subnetwork encompassing frontal brain regions and parts of the basal ganglia. The results revealed extensive structural network alterations and substantial adaptation in neural architecture in adults who stutter well beyond the sensorimotor network. These findings highlight the impact of the neurodevelopmental effects of persistent stuttering on neural organization and the importance of examining the full structural connectome and the network alterations that underscore the behavioural phenotype.
The triple difference estimator
Authors: Olden Andreas , Møen Jarle 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Triple difference has become a widely used estimator in empirical work. A close reading of articles in top economics journals reveals that the use of the estimator to a large extent rests on intuition. The identifying assumptions are neither formally derived nor generally agreed on. We give a complete presentation of the triple difference estimator, and show that even though the estimator can be computed as the difference between two difference-in-differences estimators, it does not require two parallel trend assumptions to have a causal interpretation. The reason is that the difference between two biased difference-in-differences estimators will be unbiased as long as the bias is the same in both estimators. This requires only one parallel trend assumption to hold.
Ever Closer Union? Unification, Difference, and the ‘Making of Europe’, c.950–c.1350
Authors: Scales Len 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The article explores the relationships between the universal and the particular in high medieval Europe. It notes the enduring appeal of views of the period as being marked by an increasingly unified ‘European’ culture and explains their modern salience. It observes the parallel phenomena of division and plurality in the period and the prominence of themes of conflict and fragmentation in the following centuries. The purpose of the article is to re-examine the relationship between these seemingly contradictory forms and developments. Its aim is to illuminate and explain the strengthening elements of division and disunity discernible in Europe between the eleventh and the fourteenth centuries in terms of the new, over-arching cultural unities which characterise the same high medieval period. Taking as its basis the model of ‘Europeanisation’ developed by Robert Bartlett, it complicates his picture of advancing homogenisation by demonstrating the ways in which new, encompassing, integrative cultural forms promoted dis-integration and encouraged the articulation and reproduction of difference. The processes of change through which high medieval unities were created were themselves divisive, while strengthened institutions, particularly the Church and papacy, fostered division and provided fora within which contending claims could be negotiated. New, widely disseminated media allowed difference to be more sharply articulated. The cosmopolitan elements in high medieval European culture, the article contends, bore within them the seed of the particular(istic), which ripened together with those same universalising currents. This dialectic of unity and plurality sheds a fresh light on the transition from the central to the later Middle Ages in Europe.
57 Cool-season Annual Forage Variety Selection Tool for the Southeastern United States
Authors: South Michelle , Dillard Leanne L , Harmon Deidre D 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cool-season annual forage varieties of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cereal rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) are often chosen on the basis of availability and affordability rather than performance. The objective of this study was to create a source of collaborative data that would aid producers in selection of superior varieties of cool-season annual forages that perform well across varying years, geographic regions, and environments. Forage yield data was collected from forage variety trials conducted in the years of 2015–2020 by University of Georgia, University of Tennessee, Pennsylvania State University, University of Kentucky, and Mississippi State University. Testing occurred at 18 different sites and across 7 states in the Eastern United States. Data from 166 annual ryegrass, 35 cereal rye, 93 wheat, and 48 triticale individual varieties were collected and standardized by expressing yields as a percentage of the mean within a given testing site-year. Standardized means were averaged across all available site-years for each variety within a species and a coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated. Varieties in each species were categorized by their relative mean yield and CV and varieties that had above average relative mean and low CV were considered desirable. The desired annual ryegrass varieties included: Marshall, K014-WLS, K0140-WEMA, FL Red 4X LATE, Angusta, RM exp-2013A, and FL AT-3. The limitedly tested but qualifying varieties of cereal rye were Wintergrazer 70, Wrens Abruzzi, NF99362, Bates RS4, and Goku, wheat were FLLA10033C-6, GA-09129-16E55, GA-051207-14E53, GA-04417-12E33, GA-03564-12E6, GA-071518-16E39, W010025-H2, PGX-16-4, AGS 3040, Oglethorpe, AGS 3030, PGX 16-1, SS EXP 8629, W010025R1, GA-09377-16LE18, GoWheat 2032, SRW 9410, and GA-071630-12LE9, and triticale were Wintermax, and TriCal 815. Results from this study will aid producers in the identification of desired cool-season annual forage varieties that consistently perform well in varying environmental conditions.
59 Producer Certification in Mobile Processing: Mitigating Lack of Access to Sheep and Goat Processing in Virginia
Authors: O'Brien Dahlia , Wildeus Stephan , Brousseau Wallace 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To market sheep and goat meat products directly to consumers, producers need to have access to a state/federally inspected facility allowing for the resale of meat. Producers in central, southern and eastern Virginia have limited access to these facilities, experience scheduling delays, and require long transport to harvest animals at available facilities. Successful funding by a USDA grant allowed Virginia State University to design and build a mobile processing unit (MPU) to enhance marketing opportunities for Virginia’s small ruminant producers. To assist in developing a model for MPU launch, a survey of small ruminant producer’s current processing needs and the perceived use and benefits of the MPU was conducted. A link to the online survey (Qualtrics) was emailed to all Virginia Cooperative Extension agents for distribution to their small ruminant clientele and left open for responses for 2 weeks. There were 110 responses; majority were sheep producers (54%) and most respondents had 25 or less breeding females (59%). Thirty-four percent currently marketed meat products directly to consumers and 60% utilized state or federally inspected facilities in the state. Most respondents (43%) processed only 5 animals/year with processing mostly in September - November (46%). A high number of respondents (76%) had experienced scheduling delays in processing over the last year and almost all (94%) indicated the urgent need for additional processing facilities or access to a MPU in their county. Additionally, 65% were willing to learn to harvest and process their own sheep and goats if they could have access to a state/federal inspected MPU. Due to these responses, a MPU Certification Program was launched with the model of training producers to be their own butchers and leasing them the MPU to harvest under custom, state, or federal inspection. The program has 5 modules and covers all aspects of MPU operation and hands-on training on its use.
140 Development of an Online Educational Initiative to Engage Beef Stakeholders in a Global Scale
Authors: Brandão Alice , Cooke Reinaldo F , Lamb G Cliff C , Dunlap Kathrin , Pohler Ky G 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of this educational initiative (International Beef Cattle Academy; IBCA) was to present translational research-driven content regarding beef production to international stakeholders. The methodology for development of the IBCA program included: 1) determination of content courses (n = 7); 2) assignment of faculty members as content creators and instructors (n = 11), general coordinator (n = 1) and associate coordinators (n = 2); 3) selection of participants from applicant pool using a rubric designed to create an inclusive and diverse learning community of international industry leaders. Course structure and content delivery remained consistent across all courses. Asynchronous lectures were delivered via a LMS (D2L), and weekly, hour-long synchronous remote meetings for participants were hosted by instructors. Within courses, content was distributed to yield 3.49 ± 0.41 h of recorded material per week. Automatically graded quizzes with multiple attempts allowed, were utilized as formative assessments and mechanism for control of content release. Access to subsequent topics was granted when the quiz score was of 80% or above. At the end of each program cycle (11 months) an optional experiential learning opportunity was offered. Participants were invited to a week-long instructor supervised workshop in which they took part in hands-on practicums as well as field trips. After 3 full cycles, qualitative analysis of participant feedback given in the form of interviews (n = 19) has generated emergent themes of learning environment satisfaction and successful adoption/application of new technologies. Interaction during the live synchronous sessions and the applicability of the content were amongst the positive aspects according to participant feedback. Based on these interviews, the IBCA successfully met the objective of improving knowledge and adoption of research-based technologies through content delivery and learning community creation for beef industry stakeholders from 14 different countries (USA, Canada, Brazil, Romania, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic, Germany, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Australia, Pakistan).
14 Podcasting as an Extension Tool: Limitations and Opportunities
Authors: Bennett Samantha P , Mulvaney Donald 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Current challenges for Extension include decreased travel budgets and prompts for increased consideration of the use of online delivery tools for educational content programming with the goal of expanding stakeholder development and engagement. Podcasts (PCs) are audio and/or video content that can be played on computers and handheld devices through the use of Really Simple Syndication (RSS) technology. PCs are communication modalities with perceived high potential for incorporation into the pedagogical toolbox for the creation of an online resource repository and strategic virtual public outreach programming. PCs are audience focused forms of content that provide information to stakeholders in a way that allows for them to listen to what they want, when they want, where they want, and how they want. The Ag Communication Research Group distributed Qualtrics surveys to Alabama Cooperative Extension System (ACES) personnel across the state. Data collected enabled the examination of ACES personnel perspectives towards PCs and the current status of PC use for their work. Survey results indicate diverse views, varied levels of PC understanding, plans for adoption, and perceived barriers for use of PCs in Extension. Of participants, 62.5% currently listen to podcasts themselves and only 13.6% have participated in the creation or production of a PC before. When asked if participants have considered creating a PC for ACES 60.2% responded no, 17% responded maybe, 29.1% said yes, and only 4.5% responded that they already have created a PC or are in the process of creating one. In addition, we also report on methods for developing an Extension-oriented PC series, identify salient points for educators interested in developing a PC series, and explore the potential value of PCs as a vibrant Extension education tool to communicate curated, trusted, and relevant information.
12 Inflammatory Response Following a Single Bout of Exercise Is More Prominent Is Young Horses Compared to Older Horses
Authors: Gentry Amber , Mowry Kayla , Albritton Hannah , Suagee-Bedore Jessica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Horses experience a post-exercise inflammatory response to damaged tissues that is part of the mechanism of recovery and is indicated by heat and muscle soreness (MS). Further, old horses (OH) are at a greater risk of prolonged MS, lameness, and injury than are young horses (YH). Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare heat and MS of unconditioned young (14-16 months) and old (19-24 years) Quarter Horses after the completion of an incremental exercise test (IET: counterclockwise at 3 min at 6.44 kph, 10 min at 16.09 kph, 2 min each at 19.31 and 22.53 kph). MS evaluations were performed on neck, shoulder, back, and hip for both sides at pre, 12, 36, 60, and 84 hours post IET. FLIR images of the shoulder, forearm, back, hip, and gaskin were taken on the left side at day 0, pre-IET, 15 min, and 12, 24, 48, 72 h post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a main effect of age on gaskin temperature, whereby YH (32.3±17.5°C) had higher temperatures than OH (31.4±17.5°C; P = 0.043). There was a tendency for an interaction of age and time for shoulders (P = 0.063) and an interaction for forearm (P = 0.03) and back (P = 0.046). At 12 h post IET, YH shoulders were higher (34.6±17.1°C) than OH (31.8±17.1°C), YH forearms were higher (34.1±17.3°C) than OH (30.4±17.1°C), and YH backs (33.4±17.3°C) were higher than OH (32±17.3°C). Necks were sorer on the right side 36 h post-IET compared to pre-exercise (P = 0.033) and 60 hours compared to 12 hours post IET (P = 0.033). Muscle soreness increased in the right hip from pre-IET to 36 h post-IET (P = 0.037). No other differences were observed. Our results suggest that YH have higher surface temperatures than OH but this was not associated with MS.
15 Potential Benefits of Rice Bran Oil for Lightly Worked Young Horses
Authors: Mowry Kayla , Thomson Timber , Morales Cruz , Smith Rachelle , Fikes Kalley , Suagee-Bedore Jessica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rice bran (RICE) and flax (FLAX) oils contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise muscle damage. This study compared plasma essential fatty acid profiles, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and lactic acid (LA) concentrations in lightly worked young horses undergoing a 16 min incremental exercise test (IET; 16.1, 19.3, 22.5, and 25.7 kph) after 60 d of supplementation. Treatments consisted of none (CON; n = 4), FLAX (n = 4), or RICE (n = 4) oil. Horses received their energy requirement as 40% from concentrate and 60% from hay, with oil replacing 25% of concentrate calories. Blood was obtained before, 1, and 30 min post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. On d60, alpha-linolenic acid was greater in FLAX (2.3±0.2 g/100g) than RICE (1.5±0.2 g/100g; P = 0.01), and docosahexaenoic acid was higher in CON (1.4±0.3 g/100g) and RICE (0.9±0.3 g/100g) than FLAX (0±0.3 g/100g; P &lt; 0.01). In CON horses, CK activity was increased on both IET days at 30min post (1.9±0.4 U/L; P &lt; 0.01). In FLAX and RICE horses, CK activity increased 30 min post IET on d0 only (FLAX=2.2±0.1 U/L; P=0.02; RICE=1.9±0.06 U/L; P = 0.01), with no increase on d60 (P &gt; 0.06). For CON, LA concentrations were not different at 1 min post-IET between d0 and 60 (P &gt;0.7) but were different at 30min post (d0=1.0±0.1 mmol/L; d60=0.4±0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.04), In FLAX, LA was greater at 1min post-IET on d60 (2.8±0.1 mmol/L) than d0 (1.5±0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.057), with no differences between days at 30min post-IET (P &gt;0.07). In RICE horses, LA was not different at 1min post IET across days (P &gt;0.1), however was lower at 30min post-IET on d60 (d0=1.7±0.1 mmol/L; d60=0.2±0.1 mmol/L; P &lt; 0.01). Sixty days of rice oil supplementation may benefit lightly worked horses by reducing post-exercise lactic acid concentrations, CK activity, and increasing docosahexaenoic acid.