bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attribution
Authors: Dolzer Rudolf 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies attribution, the process whereby international law determines that a particular conduct is to be regarded as activity of a State which is capable of leading to State responsibility. This area of customary international law was the object of extensive efforts at codification by the International Law Commission (ILC). This work culminated in the adoption of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) in 2001. Some treaties also offer special rules on attribution. For instance, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) contains its own rules on attribution in Articles 22 and 23. The ARSIWA give precedence to these treaty provisions where they represent a lex specialis. Ultimately, attribution follows three basic principles. First, actions of organs of States are attributed to the State. Second, even without the status of an organ, the acts of an entity will be attributed to the State if the entity is acting in the exercise of governmental authority. Third, even without the status of an organ, the actions of a person or entity will be attributed to the State if they take place under the direction and control of the State.
Conventional Weapon Regimes
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty as a creature of the Cold War. It compiles the content and effect of the 1992 Open Skies Treaty and the soft-law 2011 Vienna Document, which are both adopted within the auspices of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). It also examines arms control during the Cold War, which focused on the relative numbers of certain conventional weapons between the forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and those of the Warsaw Pact. The chapter elaborates the disarmament by individual States of injurious or indiscriminate conventional weapons, which was not high on the policy agenda of the military bloc. It mentions the achievement of consensus on the elimination of any conventional weapons category, which proved elusive within the United Nations framework.
Arms Transfer Regimes
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the subject and operation of politically binding regimes, including the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Missile Technology Control Regime and the voluntary reporting regime of the UN Register of Conventional Arms. It highlights the 2013 United Nations (UN) Arms Trade Treaty as the principal global treaty governing the transfer of conventional weapons. It also explains that the UN Arms Trade Treaty prohibits the transfer of conventional weapons falling within its scope in a series of set circumstances. The chapter analyses the UN’s informal classification of the UN Arms Trade Treaty as an arms control treaty. It covers the European Union Common Position, the 2006 Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), and the 2010 Kinshasa Convention on SALW, which are considered regional legally binding regimes.
Verification of Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature and extent of verification measures in arms control and disarmament and considers thematic areas where verification is generally required, as well as weapon-specific issues within those areas. It provides verification measures in both bilateral and multilateral agreements, including but not limited to legally binding treaties. It also talks about transparency as a critical first step towards building confidence among parties and other stakeholders on implementing arms control and disarmament agreements. The chapter analyses how weapons, their parts and components, and weapons development, production, and storage facilities are sometimes inadvertently or deliberately omitted from declarations and annual progress reports by States. It considers satellite imagery or reconnaissance overflights, which are integral to verification of compliance.
Obtaining Evidence across National Boundaries
Authors: Stewart David P , Bowker David W 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Transnational discovery—the process of obtaining evidence in one country for use in legal proceedings in another—is increasingly important in contemporary international civil and commercial litigation. It is particularly challenging because different national rules exist both as to what information can be obtained and how, and by whom, it can be acquired. This chapter reviews a range of practical and legal challenges that practitioners may face when taking evidence in one national jurisdiction for use in another. It surveys existing multilateral instruments on the subject, in particular the Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, the Inter-American Convention on Taking Evidence Abroad and its Additional Protocol, and EU Regulation No. 1206/2001. It also describes in some detail relevant U.S. rules and concludes by summarizing some of the growing challenges presented by the taking of electronic or digital evidence located within one country for use in another.
Dark matter annihilation and the Galactic Centre Excess
Authors: Grand Robert J J , White Simon D M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We compare the surface brightness profile and morphology of the Galactic Centre Excess (GCE) identified in wide-angle γ-ray maps from the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) to dark matter annihilation predictions derived from high-resolution Λ cold dark matter magnetohydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation. These simulations produce isolated, disc-dominated galaxies with structure, stellar populations, gas content, and stellar and halo masses comparable to those of the Milky Way. For a specific choice of annihilation cross-section, they agree well with the Fermi-LAT data over the full observed angular range, 1°–15°, whereas their dark-matter-only counterparts, lacking any compression of the inner halo by the gravitational effects of the baryons, fail to predict emission as centrally concentrated as observed. These results provide additional support to the hypothesis that the GCE is produced by annihilating dark matter. If, however, it is produced by a different mechanism, they imply a strong upper limit on annihilation rates, which can be translated into upper limits on the expected γ-ray flux not only from the inner Galaxy, but also from any substructure, with or without stars, in the Galactic halo.
A randomized feasibility study evaluating temozolomide circadian medicine in patients with glioma
Authors: Damato Anna R , Katumba Ruth G N , Luo Jingqin , Atluri Himachandana , Talcott Grayson R , Govindan Ashwin , Slat Emily A , Weilbaecher Katherine N , Tao Yu , Huang Jiayi , Butt Omar H , Ansstas George , Johanns Tanner M , Chheda Milan G , Herzog Erik D , Rubin Joshua B , Campian Jian L 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Current treatments involve surgery, radiation, and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy; however, prognosis remains poor and new approaches are required. Circadian medicine aims to maximize treatment efficacy and/or minimize toxicity by timed delivery of medications in accordance with the daily rhythms of the patient. We published a retrospective study showing greater anti-tumor efficacy for the morning, relative to the evening, administration of TMZ in patients with glioblastoma. We conducted this prospective randomized trial to determine the feasibility, and potential clinical impact, of TMZ chronotherapy in patients with gliomas (NCT02781792).

Methods
Adult patients with gliomas (WHO grade II-IV) were enrolled prior to initiation of monthly TMZ therapy and were randomized to receive TMZ either in the morning (AM) before 10 am or in the evening (PM) after 8 pm. Pill diaries were recorded to measure compliance and FACT-Br quality of life (QoL) surveys were completed throughout treatment. Study compliance, adverse events (AE), and overall survival were compared between the two arms.

Results
A total of 35 evaluable patients, including 21 with GBM, were analyzed (18 AM patients and 17 PM patients). Compliance data demonstrated the feasibility of timed TMZ dosing. There were no significant differences in AEs, QoL, or survival between the arms.

Conclusions
Chronotherapy with TMZ is feasible. A larger study is needed to validate the effect of chronotherapy on clinical efficacy.
The victim–offender overlaps among Australian youth missing persons
Authors: Randone Jasmine , Thomas Stuart D M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The victim–offender overlap describes the relationship between crime involvement as a victim and an offender. This study assessed the presence and nature of this overlap in 2,126 young people reported missing for the first time in 2005 followed up for 10 years using police contact data from Victoria, Australia. The results demonstrated support for the presence of the victim–offender overlap, with a substantial proportion (n = 1,116, 52%) of the youth missing persons classified as victim–offenders. The number of times reported missing, younger age at first police contact, sex, having a history of family violence, and mental health-related concerns were common risk factors for both victimization and offending. Victim–offenders were also commonly victims and perpetrators of the same crime type. Findings further indicate the importance of targeting those at greatest risk of being repeat missing persons early and proactively in order to respond to, and limit, the potential for further victimization and offending.
Machine Intelligence, Bureaucracy, and Human Control
Authors: Bullock Justin B , Huang Hsini , Kim Kyoung-Cheol (Casey) 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMachine intelligence, used extensively throughout modern bureaucracies, is quickly evolving, giving rise to machine agents that accomplish tasks typically reserved for human beings. This shift affects task completion, human/machine coproduction, and the control of the bureaucracy itself. Using Max Weber’s ideal type bureaucracy as a guiding construct, we argue that machine agents may offer technical capacity for task completion beyond that of humans. Furthermore, the technical strengths of machine intelligence, including (1) speed, (2) dispassion, (3) predictability, and (4) rational rule-based functioning, mirror those found within Weber’s ideal type. Through this lens, the evolution of both bureaucratic structures and the decision-making agents within them presents at least three important challenges for modern scholars: (1) deciding the scope of tasks machine agents should complete, (2) adapting the bureaucracy to work with machine agents, and (3) retaining the role of humans and human control.
Fragmentalism We can Believe in
Authors: Merlo Giovanni 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that what is currently the most popular version of temporal Fragmentalism—‘unstructured’ temporal Fragmentalism, as I shall call it—faces a problem of Tensed Belief Explosion. Four possible solutions to this problem are reviewed and shown to be wanting; two more promising ones risk fostering scepticism about the existence of tensed facts—hence, about Fragmentalism itself. The tentative moral is that unstructured versions of Fragmentalism are at best unmotivated and at worst seriously flawed.
UNWIRED PLANET INTERNATIONAL LTD v HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO LTD
Authors:   Supreme Court
Published: January 2022

Abstract
H1 Patents — European patents — Standards essential patents — Infringement proceedings — Nature of the FRAND undertaking — FRAND terms — Global licences — Jurisdiction — Forum conveniens — Justiciability — Non-discrimination — Assessment of comparability — Interplay between FRAND terms and competition law — No offer of licence terms before action — Injunctive relief — Appeal to Supreme Court
REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS INC v KYMAB LTD
Authors:   Supreme Court
Published: January 2022

Abstract
H1 Patents — European patents — Pharmaceuticals — Antibody production — Genetic engineering — Transgenic mice — Infringement — Construction — Insufficiency — Biogen insufficiency — Nature of the invention — Whether a principle of general application — Enablement — Whether the scope of monopoly exceeding technical contribution to the art — Appeal to Supreme Court
Efficacy of enhanced Escherichia coli phytase on growth performance, bone quality, nutrient digestibility, and metabolism in nursery pigs fed corn-soybean meal diet low in calcium and digestible phosphorous
Authors: Kiarie Elijah G , Song Xuerong , Lee Junhyung , Zhu Cuilan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Escherichia coli phytase (ASP) was evaluated in nursery pigs fed low Ca and digestible P corn and soybean meal diet. Piglets were weaned on day 21, fed a common commercial starter diet for 7 d, and assigned to pens (4 pigs/pen: 2 ♀ and 2 ♂) based on day 7 BW. Positive control (PC) and negative (NC) diets were formulated with similar energy and nutrients with exception of total Ca, total P, and digestible P concentrations being 79%, 67%, and 55% that of PC diet, respectively. Two other diets were formulated by adding ASP in NC at 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg. All diets had 0.2% TiO2 indigestible marker. The diets were allocated to pens to give 6 replicates per diet and fed for 42 d. Feed intake and body weight were monitored at 14-d intervals. On day 42, 1 pig/pen was bled and euthanized to access blood and tissue samples. Analyzed total Ca and P in NC diet was 71% and 69% of concentration in PC diet. Recovery of phytase in pelleted diets was 66.2% and 73.5% for NC+500 FTU/kg and NC+1,000 FTU/kg diets, respectively. Between days 15 and 42, pigs fed NC diet grew slower and ate less feed than pigs fed the other diets. Overall (days 0–42), phytase in NC increased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG linearly and quadratically. On day 42, pigs fed PC, NC+500 FTU/kg, and NC+1,000 FTU/kg were +6.1, +5.9, and +7.1 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed NC, respectively. Pigs fed PC and NC plus phytase exhibited higher (P = 0.003) G:F relative to NC pigs between days 15 and 28. Pigs fed NC diet had lower (P &lt; 0.001) plasma P concentration, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P, and metacarpal and metatarsal bone attributes than pigs fed any other diets. Supplementation of phytase in NC linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma P concentration, ATTD of Ca and P, and bone attributes. Specifically, phytase increased (P ≤ 0.025) dry weight, length, and ash weight in metacarpals and metatarsals. In conclusion, low total Ca and digestible P diet depressed growth and P utilization in piglets. Supplemental phytase improved performance in pigs fed NC linked to enhanced nutrients uptake and metabolism commensurate to pigs fed adequate total Ca and digestible P from inorganic source.
Disparities in Hypoxemia Detection by Pulse Oximetry Across Self-Identified Racial Groups and Associations With Clinical Outcomes*
Authors: Henry Nicole R. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schulte Phillip J. , Warner Nafisseh S. , Manento Megan N. , Weister Timothy J. , Warner Matthew A. 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To assess disparities in hypoxemia detection by pulse oximetry across self-identified racial groups and associations with clinical outcomes.

DESIGN:
Observational cohort study from May 5, 2018, to December 31, 2020.

SETTING:
Three academic medical centers in the United States.

PATIENTS:
Adults greater than or equal to 18 years who self-identified as White, Black, Asian, or American Indian admitted to the ICU or undergoing surgery during inpatient hospitalization with simultaneous measurements of pulse oximetry-estimated oxygen saturation and arterial blood gas-derived oxygen saturation.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Multivariable models were employed to assess the relationships between race, occult hypoxemia (i.e., arterial blood gas-derived oxygen saturation < 88% despite pulse oximetry-estimated oxygen saturation ≥ 92%), and clinical outcomes of hospital mortality and hospital-free days. One-hundred twenty-eight–thousand two-hundred eighty-five paired pulse oximetry-estimated oxygen saturation–arterial blood gas-derived oxygen saturation measurements were included from 26,603 patients. Pulse oximetry-estimated oxygen saturation on average overestimated arterial blood gas-derived oxygen saturation by 1.57% (1.54–1.61%). Black, Asian, and American Indian patients were more likely to experience occult hypoxemia during hospitalization (estimated probability 6.2% [5.1–7.6%], 6.6% [4.9–8.8%], and 6.6% [4.4–10.0%], respectively) compared with White patients (3.6% [3.4–3.8%]). Black patients had increased odds of occult hypoxemia compared with White patients after adjustment (odds ratio, 1.65; 1.28–2.14; p < 0.001). Differences in occult hypoxemia between Asian and American Indian patients compared with White patients were not significant after adjustment (odds ratio, 1.53; 0.95–2.47; p = 0.077 and odds ratio, 1.31; 0.80–2.16; p = 0.288, respectively). Occult hypoxemia was associated with increased odds of mortality in surgical (odds ratio, 2.96; 1.20–7.28; p = 0.019) and ICU patients (1.36; 1.03–1.80; p = 0.033). Occult hypoxemia was associated with fewer hospital-free days in surgical (–2.5 d [–3.9 to –1.2 d]; p < 0.001) but not ICU patients (0.4 d [–0.7 to 1.4 d]; p = 0.500).

CONCLUSIONS:
Occult hypoxemia is more common in Black patients compared with White patients and is associated with increased mortality, suggesting potentially important outcome implications for undetected hypoxemia. It is imperative to validate pulse oximetry with expanded racial inclusion.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Temperature Trajectories Correlate With Hyperinflammatory and Hypercoagulable Subphenotypes
Authors: Bhavani Sivasubramanium V. , Verhoef Philip A. , Maier Cheryl L. , Robichaux Chad , Parker William F. , Holder Andre , Kamaleswaran Rishikesan , Wang May D. , Churpek Matthew M. , Coopersmith Craig M. 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Body temperature trajectories of infected patients are associated with specific immune profiles and survival. We determined the association between temperature trajectories and distinct manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019.

DESIGN:
Retrospective observational study.

SETTING:
Four hospitals within an academic healthcare system from March 2020 to February 2021.

PATIENTS:
All adult patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019.

INTERVENTIONS:
Using a validated group-based trajectory model, we classified patients into four previously defined temperature trajectory subphenotypes using oral temperature measurements from the first 72 hours of hospitalization. Clinical characteristics, biomarkers, and outcomes were compared between subphenotypes.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The 5,903 hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients were classified into four subphenotypes: hyperthermic slow resolvers (n = 1,452, 25%), hyperthermic fast resolvers (1,469, 25%), normothermics (2,126, 36%), and hypothermics (856, 15%). Hypothermics had abnormal coagulation markers, with the highest d-dimer and fibrin monomers (p < 0.001) and the highest prevalence of cerebrovascular accidents (10%, p = 0.001). The prevalence of venous thromboembolism was significantly different between subphenotypes (p = 0.005), with the highest rate in hypothermics (8.5%) and lowest in hyperthermic slow resolvers (5.1%). Hyperthermic slow resolvers had abnormal inflammatory markers, with the highest C-reactive protein, ferritin, and interleukin-6 (p < 0.001). Hyperthermic slow resolvers had increased odds of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and 30-day inpatient mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13–2.19) compared with hyperthermic fast resolvers. Over the course of the pandemic, we observed a drastic decrease in the prevalence of hyperthermic slow resolvers, from representing 53% of admissions in March 2020 to less than 15% by 2021. We found that dexamethasone use was associated with significant reduction in probability of hyperthermic slow resolvers membership (27% reduction; 95% CI, 23–31%; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Hypothermics had abnormal coagulation markers, suggesting a hypercoagulable subphenotype. Hyperthermic slow resolvers had elevated inflammatory markers and the highest odds of mortality, suggesting a hyperinflammatory subphenotype. Future work should investigate whether temperature subphenotypes benefit from targeted antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory strategies.
The HAND-Q: Psychometrics of a New Patient-reported Outcome Measure for Clinical and Research Applications
Authors: Sierakowski Kyra L. , Dean Nicola R. , Evans Sanchez Kathleen , Griffin Philip A. , Wormald Justin C.R. , Rodrigues Jeremy N. , Mares Olivier , Repo Jussi P. , Hulkkonen Sina M. , Shah Neil V. , Koehler Steven , Bain Gregory I. , Cano Stefan J. , Pusic Andrea L. , Lalonde Don , Klassen Anne F. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The perspective of the patient in measuring the outcome of their hand treatment is of key importance. We developed a hand-specific patient-reported outcome measure to provide a means to measure outcomes and experiences of care from the patient perspective, that is, HAND-Q.

Methods:
Data were collected from people with a broad range of hand conditions in hand clinics in six countries between April 2018 and January 2021. Rasch measurement theory analysis was used to perform item reduction and to examine reliability and validity of each HAND-Q scale.

Results:
A sample of 1277 patients was recruited. Participants ranged in age from 16 to 89 years, 54% were women, and a broad range of congenital and acquired hand conditions were represented. Rasch measurement theory analysis led to the refinement of 14 independently functioning scales that measure hand appearance, health-related quality of life, experience of care, and treatment outcome. Each scale evidenced reliability and validity. Examination of differential item functioning by age, gender, language, and type of hand condition (ie, nontraumatic versus traumatic) confirmed that a common scoring algorithm for each scale could be implemented.

Conclusions:
The HAND-Q was developed following robust psychometric methods to provide a comprehensive modular independently functioning set of scales. HAND-Q scales can be used to assess and compare evidence-based outcomes in patients with any type of hand condition.