bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Combining Ability in Peach and Nectarine1
Authors: Fogle H. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prepotency of 5 seed and 9 pollen parents of peach and nectarine, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, was estimated from analysis of detailed data on 1,131 seedlings. Selections were compared as parents from percentages of transmission of 22 commercially important characteristics in multiple cross progenies. Three composite measures of combining ability delineated two of the selections as superior parents. One parent gave selections worthy of propagation at the rate of 1 per 33 seedlings, while poorer parents required as many as 752 seedlings to produce one selection.
Induction of Ethylene Production in ‘Bosc’ Pears by Postharvest Cold Stress1
Authors: Sfakiotakis E. M. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Preclimacteric ‘Bosc’ pears held continuously at 20°C produced ethylene at a very low rate and resisted ripening for 12 days. However, if held at 5 or 10° for the first 7 days, ethylene production at 20° began to increase almost immediately. Rapid and uniform ripening resulted. Storage at 0° was considerably less effective in this regard. Further, the longer pears were held at 5, up to 6 days, the greater was their ethylene production capacity at 23°. Softening lagged behind the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production. Thus, cold stress induces a metabolic change leading to accelerated ethylene production which in turn initiates other ripening reactions in ‘Bosc’ pears.
Breeding Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Jack Hearn C. , Hutchison D. J. , Barrett H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nearly all commercial citrus trees are grafted, and the rootstock has a major effect on the performance of the scion cultivar. A citrus tree’s resistance to or tolerance of disease, nematodes, salt, cold, and other factors may be influenced by the rootstock. Also, the rootstock affects the tree’s adaptability to various environmental factors, as well as the quantity and quality of fruit that it produces. No available rootstock possesses all of the desirable traits needed by the citrus industry. Also, changes in culture and production problems create new demands.
Breeding Resistant Grape Rootstocks
Authors: Nesbitt W. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction of the grape phylloxera (Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch) into the vinifera grape growing areas of the world over 100 years ago forced viticulturalists to use resistant rootstocks from central North America. This aphid destroyed more than 2,500,000 acres of vineyards in France alone only 25 years after it was introduced. Control measures other than resistant rootstocks were inadequate for phylloxera. Extensive rootstock development programs have been underway for over 100 years. The North American species, which are generally the most resistant, were studied for their adaptability to soil climate, compatability with vinifera scions, and propagation characteristics. The presently-used rootstocks originated from these studies and breeding programs. The primary objectives of the earlier workers were phylloxera resistance, tolerance to lime induced chlorosis, ease of rooting and grafting, and desirable effect on the yield and quality of scion cultivars. More recently root knot nematode resistance was incorporated in rootstocks (19, 23, 24).
Breeding Peach Rootstocks for Canada and the Northern United States
Authors: Layne Richard E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach seedling rootstocks [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] have been and continue to be the most important roostocks used for peaches in North America. In the North Central Region of the United States, Simons and Carlson (21) surveyed commercial nurseries in 1966 and 1967 and reported that 97.7% of the peaches were propagated on peach seedling understock. The principal seedling rootstock cultivars were ‘Lovell’, ‘Halford’, ‘Red Leaf and ‘Suncling’, accounting for 95.8% of the propagated trees. The remaining 2.3% of the trees were propagated on P. armeniaca L., P. tomentosa Thunb., P. besseyi Bailey, P. hortulana Bailey, and P. insititia L. cv. St. Julian A. Of these, 1.2% of the trees were on P. besseyi which was used for its dwarfing ability.
Breeding Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle H. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The apple industry throughout the world has been shifting from the large, “standard” tree, with its massive, non-economic cambial surface, and its attendant massive machinery, to much more compact units. Orchard densities have changed from 65 trees/ha to densities of 350 to 2000 trees/ha.
The Influence of Growth Retardants on Iresine1
Authors: Nightingale Arthur E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Of the commercially available growth retardants tested on Iresine herbsti Hook. cv. Acuminata and I. lindeni, Van Houtte, cv. Formosa, succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was the most effective in producing a compact desirable plant. Reduction in the green coloration in the foliage of ‘Formosa’ and the red coloration of ‘Acuminata’ occurred when SADH was used alone or in combination with (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat).
Retail and Consumer Losses in Sweet Potatoes Marketed in Metropolitan New York1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Retail losses totaled 5.9% in dry-type and 5.4% in moist-type sweet potatoes in 7 representative metropolitan New York supermarkets during 1970-73. Losses in consumer samples purchased in 6 stores were 10.7% in the dry types and 8.0% in the moist types after being held 4 days at 21°C. Rhizopus soft rot, mechanical injury, and desiccation were the leading causes of loss in retail. Rhizopus soft rot and hardcore, a “cooking hard” disorder, caused most of the loss in consumer samples.
Wis. HBR 40 and Wis. HBR 72 Bean Germplasm
Authors: Hagedorn D. J. , Walker J. C. , Rand R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two processing lines of bean (Phaeolus vulgaris L.), WIS. HBR 40 and WIS. HBR 72, were released in 1970. They combine, for the first time, resistance to both race 1 and race 2 of the bean halo blight disease caused by Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burkh.) Dows.
Electron Optics: Principles, Techniques, and Applications in Horticulture1
Authors: Rasmussen H. P. , Hooper G. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Excellent, though limited, use has been made of electron optical equipment in the field of horticulture. The increasing availability and the refinements in such instruments as the electron microprobe X-ray analyzer, the scanning electron microscope and the transmission electron microscope have made them invaluable tools for the horticultural scientist. In an effort to extend the use of such equipment this paper discusses the operation, present and potential applications, sample preparation techniques and problems, and a glimpse of the future of electron optical equipment in horticulture.
A Survey of Basic Horticulture and Plant Science Courses in U.S. and Canadian Colleges and Universities
Authors: Childers Norman F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The basic horticulture course in many colleges and universities was replaced with essentially a basic plant science course(s), covering horticulture, agronomy and/or forestry, beginning with the low-enrollment Vietnam War years. A few institutions have switched back to basic horticulture with the objective of regaining identity and increasing horticultural majors. In recent years however, there has been a general and rather marked increase in enrollments in nearly all plant-oriented courses due apparently to a growing interest among young people in the outdoor environment.
There is interest among most U.S. and Canadian horticulture departments in what happened when the basic horticulture course was or was not replaced with a general plant science course during the recent war years of low student enrollment The results of a 1973-1974 survey presents shifts in the basic horticultural teaching, the present enrollment situation, and any plans for changes in the immediate future. The results are summarized in Table 1.
Cultural Management of Pine Voles in Apple Orchards1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Young R. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pine vole, Microtus pinetorum LeConte, activity in an apple orchard was reduced by cultivation of a 4 m-wide strip down the tree row. Bare-ground-culture using a single annual application of Simazine plus Amitrol (1964-71) or Paraquat (1972-73) herbicide for 10 years reduced pine vole activity.
Retail and Consumer Losses of Western Pears in Metropolitan New York1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During 1970-73, the condition of western-grown pears (Pyrus communis L.) was studied in metropolitan New York supermarkets and in consumer samples. Retail losses totaled 4.9, 2.5, and 1.9%. in ‘Bosc’, ‘d’Anjou’, and ‘Bartlett’ pears, respectively, and waste in consumer samples was 5.2, 1.6, and 4.0%, respectively. Mechanical injury caused the most loss in retail and internal breakdown the most in consumer samples.
Ethephon Improves Marketability of ‘Schmidt’ Sweet Cherries Picked without Stems1
Authors: Aebig D. E. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Orchard application of 300 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to sweet cherries (Prunus avium L. cv. Schmidt) enhanced fruit abscission and decreased fruit injury from stem scar tearing when harvested without stems. Postharvest pitting of the fruit at the stem scar and the development of brown rot were reduced by ethephon. Even so, treated fruit picked without stems was unmarketable after 5 days at room temperature because of excessive amounts of decay, regardless of fungicidal treatment or storage for 0 to 6 weeks at 0 and 5°C.
Rootstocks Affect Postharvest Decay of Grapefruit1
Authors: McDonald Roy E. , Wutscher Heinz K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rootstocks affected decay of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Redbush) stored for 9 weeks at 10°C plus 1 week at 21°. Fruit from trees on ‘Smooth Seville’ (Australian sour orange) was least susceptible to decay, 3.3%. Fruit from trees on the hybrid C61-253 (‘Shekwasha’ × ‘Chinotto’) was the most susceptible, 27.7%. Postharvest decay was statistically related to rootstocks but not to standard fruit quality characteristics.
Chlorflurenol: An Apparent Volatility Effect on Beans1
Authors: Gaither Douglas H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Untreated bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney) were grown in clear polyethylene plastic chambers containing beans treated with methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol). Both treated and untreated plants showed reduced leaf surface, dark greening of leaves, and inhibition of second internode elongation. A positive correlation existed between the amount of chlorflurenol applied to treated plants and the amount of growth inhibition seen in untreated plants. Substitution of a chlorflurenol-treated glass plate for chlorflurenol-treated beans resulted in growth inhibition of untreated plants. These results indicate that chlorflurenol can be transferred by volatilization from treated to untreated bean plants.
Resistance of Tomato Cultivars to the Fruitworm, Heliothis zea(Boddie)1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Cuthbert Frank P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A collection of 1,030 accessions of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), mostly cultivars and assumed cultivars, was evaluated for resistance to the tomato fruitworm. Although no immunity was found, there were significant differences in the degree of susceptibility. The most resistant cultivar, ‘Tiny Tim’, was 83.1 and 57.6% less damaged than the susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. Even though the data were possibly confounded by vine-size effects, indications are that much of the variability can be used to develop less susceptible cultivars.
Overwintering of Evergreens in Plastic Structures1
Authors: Davidson Harold , Mecklenburg Roy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The overwintering of evergreens without irrigation in plastic structures was best accomplished in a house oriented in a north-south direction and covered with milky polyethylene. Dehydration of evergreens in a structure covered with clear polyethylene and oriented in an east-west direction was attributed to high vapor pressure gradients that occurred in clear days. Evergreens overwintered in structures covered with clear polyethylene should be inspected periodically and irrigated as necessary to prevent desiccation.
Zinc Toxicity to Plants Grown in Media Containing Poly Rubber1
Authors: Milbocker Daniel C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Corn (Zea mays L.) grown in combination of fertilized sphagnum peat and ground rubber tires (poly rubber) were chlorotic and slow growing. Growth rates were reduced by excessive amounts of Zn leached from the rubber. Reducing the amount of teachable Zn and supplementing the fertilizer with chelated Fe restored the green color and increased the growth rate of corn plants to comparative levels of plants grown in fertilized sphagnum peat.
Growth and Carbohydrates Content of Tomato Seedlings in Nutrient Solutions1
Authors: Kamal A. N. Y. , Aung L. H. , Solomon S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of tomato (Lycoper-sicon esculentum Mill. cv. Fireball) were grown in sand culture with Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS) applied at ¼, ½ and full strength. Half and full strength HNS significantly increased net assimilation rate, and also the relative growth rates of stem and root over the distilled water treated plants. Maximal dry matter increase of seedlings was obtained with ½ and full strength HNS. Reducing sugars and starch contents of treated seedlings decreased with increased growth.
Effect of Ethephon and Harvest Method on Quality of Stemless Sweet Cherries Harvested for the Fresh Market1
Authors: Melvin Couey H. , Williams Max W. , Berlage Arnold G. , Paul Larsen R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) treated with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to facilitate harvesting, were low in soluble solids in 1972, but not in 1973. Bruising, pitting and torn stem attachments were attributable to picking method rather than ethephon treatment.
Relative Susceptibility of Spinach Plant Introduction Accessions to Curly Top1
Authors: Sams D. W. , Bienz D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant Introduction (PI) accessions of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated for curly top resistance in greenhouse tests at Pullman and in field tests in the Columbia Basin near Basin City, Washington. In greenhouse tests of 185 accessions, possible resistance was observed in 4 that produced single symptomless plants, in 3 that survived long enough to produce some nonviable seed, and in 56 that produced dwarf green plants in which symptom expression and death were delayed. Of the 178 accessions observed in the field, 13 produced 1 symptomless pistillate plant each, 1 produced a single tolerant pistillate plant, and 1 produced 11 symptomless pistillate plants.
‘Flamecrest’ Peach1
Authors: Weinberger John H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Flamecrest’ is a yellow-fleshed, shipping type, freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] released in Sept. 1973. The fruit ripens early midseason, in early July at Fresno or the latter part of ‘Suncrest’ season. It has been tested only in California. Commercial shipments have been made from cooperator trials with favorable market acceptance.
Factors Affecting the Marketability of Roses1
Authors: Prince T. L. , Robertson J. L. , Chatfield L. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Marketability of arrangements of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) was evaluated on the basis of unit size, stem length, cultivar, flower condition including openness, bentneck and discoloration, and price using conjoint analysis. Long stemmed, 12 unit red hybrid tea roses lost competitive position in favor of shorter 9 and 5 unit rose arrangements. Price was the major determinant for the favorable consumer acceptance of the smaller sized, short stemmed roses in arrangements. The cultivar of rose marketed and the degree of flower openness were important factors influencing the consumer's purchase decision. Low priced short stemmed roses (40 cm) in a tight bud-stage were the most highly valued, however, ‘Sonia’ roses evoked strong consumer appeal regardless of price or stage of bud openness.
Influence of Environment and Flower Maturity on Hybrid Seed Production of Exserted Stigma Tomatoes Crossed without Emasculation1
Authors: Scott J. W. , George William L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two inbreds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with exserted stigmas, one without and the other with positional sterility (ps), were crossed without emasculation, at 3 stages of maturity under 3 environmental conditions. Seed production was maximal when flowers at anthesis were pollinated during cloudy weather with relative humidities (RH) of about 70% and temperatures about 24°C. Seed production was poor when flowers were pollinated 3 days before anthesis during hot (32°C), clear, dry weather (RH - 48%). The ps inbred had less than 1% selfing at all stages of flower development and environments. Selfing contamination for the ps+ inbred was less than 4% per line except in some cases when flowers were crossed before anthesis. Selfing of 35% occurred when flowers were crossed 3 days before anthesis during favorable pollinating weather.
Hormonal Control of Strawberry Axillary Bud Development in Vitro1
Authors: Waithaka Kimani , Hildebrandt Albert C. , Dana Malcolm N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In vitro cultures were used to study the development of axillary bud and stolon tip explants of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Explants cultured on Murashige-Skoog basal media containing kinetin at 1, 5, or 10 mg/liter developed into leafy shoots. Low concentration of kinetin (1 mg/liter) promoted the development of both types of explants into single shoots while higher concentration (10 mg/liter) promoted production of multiple leafy shoots developing from axillary buds of the earlier formed leafy shoots. NAA at 1 mg/liter promoted callus growth from both types of explants. Axillary bud explants developed into stolons when cultured on media containing gibberellic acid (GA3) at 5, 10 or 20 mg/liter. Stolon apices developed into leafy shoots while the second axillary stolon buds of the tips were inhibited when the explants were cultured on GA3-containing media. Combinations of GA3 and kinetin induced the development of axillary bud explants into structures intermediate in form between those of stolons and leafy shoots. Stolon apices and stolon axillary buds at the stolon tips developed into leafy shoots and continuing stolons, respectively, when the explants were cultured on a kinetin-containing medium for one week, and then transferred onto a GA3-containing medium. Thus, the developmental pathway of axillary strawberry buds was shown to be responsive to a balance between GA and cytokinins following removal from apical dominance.
Calcium Deficiency of Anthurium andreanum Lind. Spathes1
Authors: Higaki T. , Rasmussen H. P. , Carpenter W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Color breakdown of spathe tissue of anthurium, Anthurium andreanum Lind., exhibited typical calcium deficiency symptoms. Anatomical studies revealed cell separation and collapse in affected tissue. Cell separation may have resulted from instability of the middle lamella due to calcium deficiency. Calcium application in the field, either as nitrate or silicate, significantly reduced the incidence of the disorder.
Glycosidase Activities and Development of Peach Fruit Mesocarp Tissues1
Authors: Kupferman Eugene M. , Loescher Wayne H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mesocarp development of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven] as measured by fresh weight and size increase, progressed along a double sigmoid curve which was reflected in the activity of extractable wall-associated α- and β-nitrophenylgalactosidases. Enzyme activities, both on protein and dry weight basis, rose rapidly during early fruit development, leveled off, then again rose rapidly at maturation. There was more α-nitrophenylgalactosidase activity than β-nitrophenylgalactosidase activity throughout development. Increases in both galactosidases followed rather than preceded increases in size. The final increases were, however, well correlated with fruit maturation.
Timing of Tracheostomy in Patients with Intracerebral Haemorrhage:
A Propensity-Matched Analysis
Authors: Tang Xiao-Ping , Luo Bo , Chen Hua-Xuan , Song Xu-Dong , Wang Lin , Zhao Long 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
Although early tracheostomy (ET) is recommended for patients with severe stroke, the optimal timing of tracheostomy for patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics, risk factors and timing of tracheostomy in patients after tracheal intubation using a propensity-matched analysis.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective database search and assessed 267 consecutive patients who underwent endotracheal intubation (175 of whom underwent tracheostomy) and ICH between July 2017 and June 2021. A logistic regression model was applied to identify the critical factors that influenced the decision for tracheostomy by comparing factors in a tracheostomy group and a non-tracheostomy group. Patients were divided into an early (≤5 days) or a late (>5 days) group according to the median time of tracheostomy. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for possible confounders and investigate differences in outcomes between ET and late tracheostomy (LT).

Results:
Among the 267 enrolled patients with ICH and endotracheal intubation, 65.5% received tracheostomy during hospitalisation, and 52.6% received ET. The independent risk factors for tracheostomy included National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.179; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.028–1.351; P = 0.018), aspiration (OR: 2.171; 95% CI: 1.054–4.471; P = 0.035) and infiltrates (OR: 2.149; 95% CI: 1.088–4.242; P = 0.028). Using propensity matching, we found that ET was associated with fewer antibiotic-using days (15 vs. 18; P < 0.001) and sedative-using days (6 vs. 8; P < 0.001), shorter intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) (9 vs. 12; P < 0.05) and reduced in-ICU costs (3.59 vs. 7.4; P < 0.001) and total hospital costs (8.26 vs. 11.28, respectively; P < 0.001). Muscle relaxants (31.8% vs. 60.6%) were used less frequently in patients with ET (P = 0.001). However, there were no differences between the ET and LT groups in terms of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (4 vs. 4; P = 0.932), in-general-ward costs (4.74 vs. 4.37; P = 0.052), mechanical ventilation days (6 vs. 6; P = 0.961) and hospital LOS (23 vs. 23; P = 0.735) as well as the incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia (28.8% vs. 37.9%; P = 0.268), tracheostomy-related complications (16.7% vs. 19.7%; P = 0.652), respiratory failure (24.2% vs. 31.8%; P = 0.333), all-cause deaths (15.2% vs. 16.7%; P = 0.812) and pneumonia (77.3% vs. 87.9%; P = 0.108).

Conclusion:
We recommend ET for high-risk patients with ICH. Although ET cannot reduce in-hospital mortality or improve patient prognosis, it may help reduce hospital costs and ICU LOS as well as the use of antibiotics, sedatives and muscle relaxants.