bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Utilization of Kepok Banana Fruit (Musa Paradisiaca, L.,) As An Alternative Media NA (Nutrient Agar) for the Growth Of Bacteria and Mushrooms
Authors: Marbun Eva Diansari , S Supartiningsih 
Published: March 2022

The high cost of instant media such as nutrients encourages researchers to find alternative media from materials that are easily available and cheap. This study aims to determine the growth of bacteria and fungi in alternative media using different carbohydrate sources. The carbohydrate sources used were banana peel and kepok fruit and the results were compared with Nutrient agar (NA) media for bacterial growth and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium for fungal growth.
This research was conducted experimentally. Kepok banana fruit is processed by cutting it into small pieces then mashed in a blender then filtered and deposited to get the starch, then dried in a drying cupboard at 40oC for 12 hours or until the texture is cracked and dry. The tested bacteria and fungi were inoculated by the scatter method and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The parameters observed were the number of bacterial and fungal colony populations. The mutant Streptococcuswas highest population of in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa the highest population of was in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5% and Aspergillus niger the highest population of was in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5%.
Based on the results of the research on the number of bacterial and fungal colonies, the best results were on the medium of 5% concentration of kepok banana starch. The results showed that the medium of kepok banana starch can be used as an alternative medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi, the most optimal medium is the medium of starch of kepok banana.
The Correlation of Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Medication Adherence Level: A Case Study in Community Pharmacy
Authors: Rawitr Kiki , K Khairunnisa , W Wiryanto 
Published: March 2022

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are patients with a low level of medication adherence. Low adherence causes poor glycemic control, thus increasing the risk of various chronic complications (microvascular and macrovascular).
Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between patient characteristics including gender, age, education level, occupation, duration of illness, and comorbidities on medication adherence to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the pharmacy. Methods: This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional study design. The study involved 40 DM type 2 patients who met the inclusion criteria at one of the pharmacies in Medan in August-September 2020. Data on the level of treatment adherence were obtained using the MMAS-8 questionnaire (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test.
Results: The results showed that the majority of patients involved in this study were women (57.5%), aged 45-65 years (92.5%), high school education level (47.5%), and private employees/ traders/ labor (45%). This study also showed that the majority of patients had a low level of adherence (55%), duration of suffering from type 2 diabetes, 1-5 years (18%), and with comorbidities (75%). The relationship between patient characteristics and adherence level was gender (p = 0.636); age (p=0.922); education level (p=0.275); work (p=0.241); duration of illness (p=0.629); and with comorbidities (p=0.752) the level of treatment adherence was not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study it was concluded that there was no significant relationship between patient characteristics including gender, age, level of education, occupation, duration of disease, and comorbid diseases on the level of medication adherence of type 2 DM patients at the community pharmacy.
Acute Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit Seeds in Wistar Rats
Authors: Fanany Irzal , Nainggolan Marline , Y Yuandani , Husein Saddam 
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of ethanol extract of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam) de Wit seeds(EELLS) in rats.
Method: simplicia powder of L.leucochepala seeds extracted by maceration with 80% of ethanol. Evaluation of toxicity effect used the fixed dose method which refer to OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)420.
Result: Acute toxicity evaluation in this experiment using different doses varying from 50-2000mg/kgbw, did not result in the death of any animals until 14 days of observation in the experimental evaluation period and there was no change in behavior towards rats.
Conclusion: These results have shown that oral administration of L. leuceocephala did not produce any significant toxic effect in rats. Hence, L. leucocephala could be regarded as a safe natural product for therapeutic use
Antifungal Active Fraction of Peria Pantai(Colubrina Asiatica (L.) Brong) Leaf Against Fluconazole-Resistance Candida Albicans
Authors: Irma Sari , Risa Nursanty , Y Yulidar 
Published: March 2022

Objective: A novel antifungal needs to be found to overcome fungal resistance to antifungal drugs. Medicinal plants contain biologically active compounds as antifungal agents. Peria Pantai (Colubrinaasiatica L. Brong) has been used as a folk medicine by the Acehnese community to treat skin disease. This research aim was to evaluate antifungal activity of C. asiatica leaf fraction against Candidaalbicans resistant fluconazole.Methode: The extraction was accomplished consecutively as solvent multistep using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Phytochemical investigation has done to each extract/fraction. The antifungal activity has been evaluated by Kirby-Bauer method.Result: The result of phytochemical investigation of n-hexane fraction contains steroid compound, ethyl acetate fraction contains saponin and steroid compounds, and the methanol fraction contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and steroid compounds. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of Peria Pantai leaf have not shown antifungal activity, while it has been shown on methanol fraction with inhibition zone 5,6; 7,17; 8,25; and 11,4 mm at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%concentration.
Development and Evaluation of Alginate Microspheres of Paracetamol: Effect of Different Concentrations of Cross linking Agent and Coating
Authors: Dnyandeo Tambe Bhavana 
Published: March 2022

The present work is to formulate the mucoadhesive microspheres loaded Paracetamol using calcium chloride as a cross linking agent by isotropic gelatin method. The study focused on the effect of different concentrations of cross linking agent and coating on the dissolution profile of Microspheres using sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC) as coating agent. Microspheres were prepared by using 2% sodium alginate aqueous solution with three different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% w/v) of cross linking agent (CaCl2), followed by coating with 2% sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (low viscosity grade). Uncoated microspheres were evaluated for micromeritic properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hauser’s ratio and for drug content. The in vitro drug release study was done for both uncoated and coated microspheres.
The physical parameters such as Drug contents, bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, carr’s index, hausnor’s ratio and In Vitro drug release studies were determined. Further studies are needed to investigate this formulation for its performance.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Leaves Extract of Pithecellobium Dulce In Experimental Animals
Authors: Sul Komal , Chaware Vitthal , Redasani Vivek 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of leaves extract of Pithecellobiumdulce in experimental rats.
Methods: For the generation of Hepatotoxicity ,paracetamol (2g/kg) was administered orally for 7days, accompanied by a 7-day dose of Ethanolic extract of Pithecellobiumdulceleaves(100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and400mg/kg, p.o.)using 1 % w/v CMC as a vehicle.
Results: From the present investigation, it was observed that ethanolic extract of Pithecellobium dulce have shown significant reduction in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (SGOT),serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) triglyceride, bilirubin level in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Pithecellobiun dulce against hepatotoxicity activity.
Drug Discovery of Griseofulvin : A Review
Authors: Jumiati Rinda , Chandra Boy , Asra Dan Ridho 
Published: March 2022

Background: Griseofulvin is a fungistatic antifungal drug used to treat dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes that are often found include Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum.
Purpose: This review article aims to discuss the drug discovery review of griseofulvin.
Data Source: The author created this review article using the literature study method relevant to the purpose of the review. Sources of information from national journals and international journals that are accessed through online sites such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, Springer Link, and NCBI. Key words were used to find the journals, namely griseofulvin, dermatophyte, toxicity.
Conclusion: The conclusion of this article is that griseofulvin is used as an antifungal drug containing chlorine from Penicillium griseofulvum isolated against mycelium fungus. This drug is non-toxic, so it is effective and safe to fight various types of fungal infections of the skin such as tinea capitis and remains the drug of choice for dermatophytes.
PEMBELAJARAN DARING DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA MELALUI METODE BERNYANYI PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Saidah Saidah , Sumitra Agus , Wulansuci Ghina 
Published: March 2022

This research is motivated by the fact in the field that the speaking ability of early childhood group B Kober Nurussalam is still low due to the selection of learning methods that are less interesting and less varied. The singing method is one of the learning methods chosen in this study. Therefore, this study aims to describe the scenario and implementation of the singing method on the speaking ability of early childhood in online learning. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the research subjects of group B children Kober Nurussalam totaling 11 people. Collecting data using interview instruments, observation sheets, and documentation. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and verification or concluding. This study showed that the children's speaking ability developed very well after the singing method was carried out in eight meetings. Singing is a fun activity for children that gives satisfaction to children so that children can express their thoughts by saying words or sounds. These results imply that children's speaking skills can be developed through the singing method.Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fakta di lapangan bahwa kemampuan berbicara anak usia dini kelompok B Kober Nurussalam masih rendah dikarenakan pemilihan metode pembelajaran yang kurang menarik dan kurang bervariasi. Metode bernyanyi merupakan salah satu metode pembelajaran yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan skenario dan implementasidari metode bernyanyi terhadap kemampuan berbicara anak usia dini dalam pembelajaran daring. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian anak kelompok B Kober Nurussalam yang berjumlah 11 orang. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen wawancara, lembar observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis melalui reduksi data, display data dan verifikasi atau penarikan kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menunjukan hasil bahwa kemampuan berbicara anak berkembang sangat baik setelah dilakukan metode bernyanyi dalam delapan kali pertemuan. Bernyanyi merupakan kegiatan yang menyenangkan bagi anak yang memberi kepuasan kepada anak sehingga anak mampu mengekspresikan pikiran dengan mengucapkan kata-kata atau suara. Hasil tersebut memberikan implikasi bahwa kemampuan berbicara anak dapat dikembangkan melalui metode bernyanyi.
Utility of Diabetes Type–Specific Genetic Risk Scores for the Classification of Diabetes Type Among Multiethnic Youth
Authors: Oram Richard A. , Sharp Seth A. , Pihoker Catherine , Ferrat Lauric , Imperatore Giuseppina , Williams Adrienne , Redondo Maria J. , Wagenknecht Lynne , Dolan Lawrence M. , Lawrence Jean M. , Weedon Michael N. , D’Agostino Ralph , Hagopian William A. , Divers Jasmin , Dabelea Dana 
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE
Genetic risk scores (GRS) aid classification of diabetes type in White European adult populations. We aimed to assess the utility of GRS in the classification of diabetes type among racially/ethnically diverse youth in the U.S.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We generated type 1 diabetes (T1D)- and type 2 diabetes (T2D)-specific GRS in 2,045 individuals from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. We assessed the distribution of genetic risk stratified by diabetes autoantibody positive or negative (DAA+/−) and insulin sensitivity (IS) or insulin resistance (IR) and self-reported race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, and other).

RESULTS
T1D and T2D GRS were strong independent predictors of etiologic type. The T1D GRS was highest in the DAA+/IS group and lowest in the DAA−/IR group, with the inverse relationship observed with the T2D GRS. Discrimination was similar across all racial/ethnic groups but showed differences in score distribution. Clustering by combined genetic risk showed DAA+/IR and DAA−/IS individuals had a greater probability of T1D than T2D. In DAA− individuals, genetic probability of T1D identified individuals most likely to progress to absolute insulin deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes type–specific GRS are consistent predictors of diabetes type across racial/ethnic groups in a U.S. youth cohort, but future work needs to account for differences in GRS distribution by ancestry. T1D and T2D GRS may have particular utility for classification of DAA− children.
Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events, Severe Hypoglycemia, and All-Cause Mortality in Postpancreatitis Diabetes Mellitus Versus Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Olesen Søren S. , Viggers Rikke , Drewes Asbjørn M. , Vestergaard Peter , Jensen Morten H. 
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE
Postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM) is a frequent complication of pancreatitis and associates with poor glycemic control. We investigated the risk of adverse diabetes-related outcomes in PPDM compared with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this Danish population-based cohort study, we included adults (&gt;18 years) with incident PPDM or type 2 diabetes between 1998 and 2018 through national health registries. PPDM was further divided into acute (PPDM-A) and chronic (PPDM-C) subtypes. We ascertained risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), severe hypoglycemia, and all-cause mortality as well as incidence rates of severe hypoglycemia. We compared risk and incidence rates across diabetes subgroups using multivariate Cox and Poisson regression analyses.

RESULTS
We identified 383,325 people with incident type 2 diabetes, 3,418 with PPDM-A, and 2,461 with PPDM-C. Compared with type 2 diabetes, PPDM-C was associated with increased risks of severe hypoglycemia (hazard ratio [HR] 5.27, 95% CI 4.62–6.00, P &lt; 0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.45–1.64, P &lt; 0.001). Similar patterns were observed for people with PPDM-A. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for severe hypoglycemia were increased in both PPDM-C (IRR 7.38, 95% CI 6.75–8.08, P &lt; 0.001) and PPDM-A (IRR 3.76, 95% CI 3.36–4.21, P &lt; 0.001) compared with type 2 diabetes. Findings were consistent in an analysis restricted to people on insulin and in an analysis including pancreatitis patients without diabetes as comparator group.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with type 2 diabetes, PPDM is associated with excess risk of adverse diabetes-related outcomes. This has important implications for management.
An anatomy of hope
Authors: Torisson Frederik 
Published: March 2022

‘So, it is the crisis of the idea of revolution. But behind the idea of revolution is the crisis of the idea of another world, of the possibility of, really, another organization of society, and so on. Not the crisis of the pure possibility, but the crisis of the historical possibility of something like that is caught in the facts themselves. And it is a crisis of negation because it is a crisis of a conception of negation which was a creative one.’ (Alain Badiou)
The paper seeks to elaborate on the concept of hope and the possibility of a ‘politics of hope’ that goes beyond negation in relation to contemporary architectural practice. The focus will be on the affective modality of hope, the intra-personal, as opposed to the common understanding of hope as a personal feeling. Following Ernst Bloch’s notion of hope as ‘anticipatory consciousness’, the paper discusses the limitations and potentials of the principle of hope in contemporary spatial practices using Brecht’s dictum ‘something’s missing’ as a starting point for thinking about hope as a cognitive instrument. In a post-modern society, the notion of an ‘outside’ is hardly conceivable. The alternative orders of society imagined are almost invariably mirrors of what already is; these could be called utopias of compensation. At the same time, there has over the last couple of years been a rapid increase in instances of political upheaval, and the words change and hope are heard increasingly often in political discussion, signalling a dynamism as well as an openness in political discussion that goes well beyond the ideologies of the 20th century. Hope is in other words here understood as transformative; the concept is interlinked with the prospect of change. Hope is as an operative concept capable of a double move, simulta-neously being critical and propositional. The critical aspect is implicit in the connection to change; it denotes a desire for a different world than what is. The propositional aspect implies a direction and the exploration of an alternative. Hope in relation to spatial practices is thus concerned with the experimentation along the edge of the current doxai – challenging them and seeking to extend them.
Abrasion Resistance of Restorative Coatings for Crankshafts and Bearings in Agricultural Machinery
Authors: Kangalov Plamen , Nikolov Mitko , Todorov Iliya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The paper presented examines the dynamics of wear of restored parts using different materials for the friction pair. The pair of crankshaft and sliding bearing largely determines the machine service life – although their overall wear index is less than 1%, it can still lead to a large number of failures and malfunctions. Vibrating arc overlaying in a shield of gas mixture of 60% argon and 40% carbon dioxide was used for restoring the surface of rollers. Subsequently, these were treated by heating with high-frequency current (HFC) and lowered to a hardness of 55±2 HRC and ground to the final size. It was found that the antifriction coating of plain bearings with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92 showed excellent performance and insignificant wear in combination with reference material St45 and welded coating DUR500. In combination with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92, the welded coating DUR500 showed a significantly higher wear on actuation compared to the reference material St45 at sliding friction. The relative wear resistance enhancement of crankshafts and bearings by restorative coatings represents an essential measure, as their service life can be prolonged by 20–50% in contrast to the new parts without restorative coatings.
Do we have the spark?
Authors: Rupel Valentina Prevolnik , Marušič Dorijan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Upgrading any system is challenging. Neglecting continuous monitoring and evaluation might impose solutions that worsen the situation. Primary orientation toward increasing productivity is the main reason for the tremendous decline in the accessibility of outpatient services in Slovenia since 2015, in addition to additional funds from the state budget. In the actual ‘fee-for-service’, providers are incentivised to deliver more expensive services, not first visits. Although the stakeholders are not to blame, it is high time for an orientation towards patients’ needs: a breakaway from inefficient technical solutions, an acceptance of patients as active participants in decision-making, measurement of their treatment outcomes, and the adoption of already proven advanced payment models, such as population-based payments. The journey towards value-based healthcare must start!
Quality of life of post-stroke patients
Authors: Bártlová Sylva , Šedová Lenka , Havierniková Lucie , Hudáčková Andrea , Dolák František , Sadílek Petr 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Stroke is a disease whose consequences have a considerable impact on the quality of the patient’s life. It is a widespread disease that has a disabling impact on life and, in addition to physical changes, brings about a number of psychological and cognitive processes.

Goal
The goal of the study was to identify and describe the quality of life of post-stroke patients.

Methodology
The study design was quantitative. A questionnaire of the authors’ own design and the SF-36 questionnaire were used to obtain the data.

Results
Significant differences in patient quality of life were identified in relation to patient gender. Moreover, the quality of life in all individual SF-36 dimensions, except for mental health, deteriorated with age. With regard to occupational placement, employed respondents gave the highest evaluation of quality of life according to SF-36 and old-age pensioners the lowest. The analysis shows that quality of life in individual dimensions is positively influenced by respondents’ higher education. The evaluation in individual dimensions improves with the time that has passed since the stroke.

Conclusion
The quality of life of post-stroke patients deteriorates with age. The deteriorating level of patient quality of life in older age requires programmes that include assessments and interventions that lead to the treatment of these patients.