bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil organic matter molecular composition with long‐term detrital alterations is controlled by site‐specific forest properties
Authors: Castañeda‐Gómez Laura , Lajtha Kate , Bowden Richard , Mohammed Jauhar Fathima Nahidha , Jia Juan , Feng Xiaojuan , Simpson Myrna J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractForest ecosystems are important global soil carbon (C) reservoirs, but their capacity to sequester C is susceptible to climate change factors that alter the quantity and quality of C inputs. To better understand forest soil C responses to altered C inputs, we integrated three molecular composition published data sets of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil microbial communities for mineral soils after 20 years of detrital input and removal treatments in two deciduous forests: Bousson Forest (BF), Harvard Forest (HF), and a coniferous forest: H.J. Andrews Forest (HJA). Soil C turnover times were estimated from radiocarbon measurements and compared with the molecular‐level data (based on nuclear magnetic resonance and specific analysis of plant‐ and microbial‐derived compounds) to better understand how ecosystem properties control soil C biogeochemistry and dynamics. Doubled aboveground litter additions did not increase soil C for any of the forests studied likely due to long‐term soil priming. The degree of SOM decomposition was higher for bacteria‐dominated sites with higher nitrogen (N) availability while lower for the N‐poor coniferous forest. Litter exclusions significantly decreased soil C, increased SOM decomposition state, and led to the adaptation of the microbial communities to changes in available substrates. Finally, although aboveground litter determined soil C dynamics and its molecular composition in the coniferous forest (HJA), belowground litter appeared to be more influential in broadleaf deciduous forests (BH and HF). This synthesis demonstrates that inherent ecosystem properties regulate how soil C dynamics change with litter manipulations at the molecular‐level. Across the forests studied, 20 years of litter additions did not enhance soil C content, whereas litter reductions negatively impacted soil C concentrations. These results indicate that soil C biogeochemistry at these temperate forests is highly sensitive to changes in litter deposition, which are a product of environmental change drivers.
The capillary and thermal performance of the porous silicon nitride ceramics with nearly spherical pore structure
Authors: Li Xueqing , Zeng Yu‐Ping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe capillary and thermal performance of porous Si3N4 ceramics with nearly spherical pore structure has been investigated by altering the addition and diameter of pore‐forming agent polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in this work. An exponential model is used to evaluate the liquid uptake capacity of porous Si3N4 ceramics. Porous Si3N4 ceramics fabricated by 5 μm PMMA with 40 wt.% addition possess the lowest capillary time constant and show the best capillary performance owing to the perfect balance between friction resistance and capillary force. The thermal conductivity of porous Si3N4 ceramics is significantly impacted by their porosity. Alexander model with an exponent of .96 is suitable for predicting the thermal conductivity of porous Si3N4 ceramics due to its R‐squared up to .99. Moreover, with the addition and diameter of PMMA decrease, the flexural strength of porous Si3N4 ceramics increases. These results support the application of porous Si3N4 ceramics in the field of mass and heat transfer.
Theoretical study of the thermal conductivity of silica glass–crystal composites
Authors: Kim Hongyeun , Yang Yongjian , Tokunaga Hirofumi , Koike Akio , Ono Madoka , Mauro John C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe heat dissipation of silicate glasses draws much attention for various applications, and the desire for glasses with high thermal conductivity remains an unsolved challenge. The structural origin of thermal conductivity in glass remains not fully understood. The present study aims to elucidate the impact of embedding highly thermally conductive crystalline α‐quartz in a silica glass matrix. We consider both nano‐thread (NT) (1D) and nano‐plate (NP) (2D) structures and use molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the role of its connectivity on thermal conductivity in the glass–crystal composite as a function of the volume fraction of the α‐quartz region. The directional dependence of thermal conductivity was also investigated to obtain percolation threshold behavior along the cross‐sectional directions, whereas the parallel circuit model of electricity can be used to account for the change of thermal conductivity along the longitudinal direction. Incorporation of α‐quartz NTs or NPs into silica glass offers the opportunity to enhance its thermal conductivity.
Implications of barrier ephemerality in geogenomic research
Authors: Araya‐Donoso Raúl , Baty Sarah M. , Alonso‐Alonso Pedro , Sanín María José , Wilder Benjamin T. , Munguia‐Vega Adrian , Dolby Greer A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAimPrevious population genetic and phylogeographical studies have shown how generation time and dispersal affect population divergence in the presence of a vicariant barrier. More recently, speciation genomic studies have revealed that selection and recombination can be equally impactful. Here, we test how the interaction of these factors shapes the divergence expected in response to an ephemeral barrier and compare these results to empirical literature using the Baja California peninsula as a test case.LocationGlobal.TaxonDiploid eukaryotes.MethodsWe forward simulated population genomic data with CDMetaPOP and SLiM by varying dispersal rate, mutation rate, generation time, selection pressure and recombination in the presence and then removal of a physical barrier. We tested which factors affect the divergence signal (measured as FST). We compared simulation results to empirical literature that included 147 records of generation times and 78 divergence estimates from population genomic studies.ResultsPopulation differentiation not only occurred due to the presence of a barrier under lower dispersal abilities but also emerged as a result of low dispersal among structured populations without a barrier. Divergent selection strengthened differentiation, which is supported by empirical data. Barrier removal quickly eroded the divergence signal (~500 generations) for high‐dispersing species, but low dispersal species retained divergence after gene flow resumed. In the empirical data, generation times varied by four orders of magnitude and dispersal by three orders of magnitude.Main ConclusionsDivergence can arise without vicariant barriers, it may not produce a tight co‐divergence peak in absolute time, and co‐divergence may not imply a common cause of divergence. Deeper integration of geologic, climatic and genomic data (i.e. geogenomics) may help clarify origins of divergence in physically complex settings.
Structural basis of glucocorticoid receptor signaling bias
Authors: Jeanneteau Freddy , Meijer Onno C. , Moisan Marie‐Pierre 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDissociation between the healthy and toxic effects of cortisol, a major stress‐responding hormone has been a widely used strategy to develop anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoids with fewer side effects. Such strategy falls short when treating brain disorders as timing and activity state within large‐scale neuronal networks determine the physiological and behavioral specificity of cortisol response. Advances in structural molecular dynamics posit the bases for engineering glucocorticoids with precision bias for select downstream signaling pathways. Design of allosteric and/or cooperative control for the glucocorticoid receptor could help promote the beneficial and reduce the deleterious effects of cortisol on brain and behavior in disease conditions.
Sleep in cardiac arrest survivors
Authors: Hellström Amanda , Bremer Anders , Gunnarsson Lise‐Lotte , Hjelm Carina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundInsomnia, sleep apnoea and sleep loss are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Most research on sleep disturbances includes patients with heart failure, while the role of sleep in sudden cardiac arrest survivors (SCA) has been only partially investigated and understood. Sleep‐related breathing disorders and obstructive sleep apnoea increase illness and mortality in the aftermath of SCA. Also, post‐traumatic stress is evident in SCA survivors, where sleep disruptions are some of the main symptoms of the condition. Consequently, it is important to identify sleep problems in SCA survivors at an early stage to avoid unnecessary suffering.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate registered nurses' perceptions of SCA survivors' sleep, both in hospital and after discharge.Study DesignThis was an explorative interview study with a phenomenographic approach. Nineteen registered nurses (RNs) varying in age, sex and years in the profession participated.FindingsThe nurses' perceptions of SCA survivors' sleep were categorized as: “The observer – noticing behaviours, emotions and habits of the patient that affect sleep”, “The oblivious witness – attitudes that hinder the ability to recognise sleep behaviours”, and “The practitioner – advising and medicating for sleep”. The outcome space showed that the nurses detected both obvious and subtle signs relating to patients' sleep. However, attitudes hindering the recognition of sleep behaviours were independent of acting as an observer or practitioner. If nothing unforeseen was observed, or if the patient did not spontaneously raise the subject, sleep was considered less important than other health problems in SCA survivors.ConclusionsAlthough the nurses knew that SCA survivors suffered from poor sleep, they failed to reflect on the consequences for the patient. Nurses' feelings of insufficient knowledge about sleep, as well as their omittance of sleep in the follow‐up documentation could leave sleep issues unaddressed and cause unnecessary patient suffering.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses need increased knowledge and training to enable them to detect subtle signs of sleep problems in SCA survivors.
Long‐term forest monitoring reveals constant mortality rise in European forests
Authors: George J.‐P. , Bürkner P.‐C. , Sanders T. G. M. , Neumann M. , Cammalleri C. , Vogt J. V. , Lang M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

European forests are an important source for timber production, human welfare, income, protection and biodiversity. During the last two decades, Europe has experienced a number of droughts which have been exceptional within the last 500 years, both in terms of duration and intensity. These droughts seem to leave remarkable imprints on the mortality dynamics of European forests. However, systematic observations on tree decline, with emphasis on a single species, has been scarce so far so that our understanding of mortality dynamics and drought occurrence is still limited at a continental scale.

Here, we make use of the ICP Forest crown defoliation dataset, permitting us to retrospectively monitor tree mortality for all major conifers, major broadleaves, as well as a pooled dataset of minor tree species in Europe. In total, we analysed more than three million observations gathered during the last 25 years and employed a high‐resolution drought index which can assess soil moisture anomaly based on a hydrological water‐balance and runoff model.

We found overall and species‐specific increasing trends in mortality rates, accompanied by decreasing soil moisture. A generalized linear mixed model identified a previous‐year soil moisture anomaly as the most important driver of mortality patterns in conifers, but the response was not uniform across the numerous analysed plots.

We conclude that mortality patterns in European forests are currently reaching a concerning upward trend which could be further accelerated by global change‐type droughts in the near future.
The influence of perceived teacher and peer supports and barriers in female Spanish engineering undergraduates through their own voices
Authors: Inda‐Caro Mercedes , Viñuela‐Hernández María‐Paulina , Martínez‐García María‐Lindsay , García‐Pérez Omar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe goal of the study was to analyze the influence of perceived teacher/peer supports and barriers on career development in female engineering undergraduates based on Social Cognitive Career Theory. Thirteen students studying various engineering degrees participated. The results of a qualitative methodology, life stories, and focus groups, showed that the students perceived more teacher and peer supports than barriers from primary school to university. Students' perceptions of teacher support increased due to the climate they promoted in the classrooms, and the delivery of challenging lessons, mainly in subjects such as mathematics, technology, and computing. Peer influence became stronger at university, and was one of the most important factors in students achieving their goals. The main barriers they perceived were being discouraged from choosing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math‐Information Technology, Electrical Engineering (STEM‐ITEE), feeling isolated when beginning ITEE courses, and negative comments.
Pax McDonaldica before the storm: From geopolitical fault‐line to urbicide in Mariupol, Ukraine
Authors: Gentile Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUntil 24 February 2022, when Russia launched its full‐scale attack on Ukraine, Mariupol, like many other Ukrainian government‐controlled cities in the country's eastern regions, was trying to reinvent and rebrand itself as a modern European city. But it was missing something: the golden arches, that ubiquitous symbol of globalisation that can be found in almost any medium‐sized city in Europe. Because McDonald's restaurants are perceived as powerful symbols of global capitalism and of Western or American culture, the establishment of new McDonald's restaurants has sometimes been challenged – even violently – by nationalist or anti‐globalist forces. In Mariupol, which lost its status as a ‘McDonald's city’ at the beginning of the Donbas war in 2014, this was not the case. In this intervention, I describe how the restaurant was a symbolic centrepiece of local debates taking place in this geopolitical fault‐line city, where deep divisions surrounding foreign policy and geopolitical preferences carried the potential for volatile and unpredictable urban conflict, trumping most frictions related to the city's diverse ethno‐national structure. In its role as globally signifying flagship, McDonald's had generated an area of popular and political consensus – a Pax McDonaldica – while also acting as a (welcome?) distraction from a low‐intensity war that had already lasted for eight years. This all came to an end when Russia attacked Ukraine, destroying much of the city, killing man thousands, forcefully displacing or deporting hundreds of thousands, and terrorising those left behind.
Geographic expeditions through the Brazilian Sertão (1941–1948): Origins of another epistemological style of geography
Authors: de Lira Larissa Alves 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper seeks to validate the hypothesis that in Brazil, between 1941 and 1948, when the first geographical expeditions to the sertão (backcountry) of Brazil took place, there was a transition in the epistemological style practiced by geographers between the historicist and ecological approach and a positivistic planning approach. Added to both is the need to restructure the colonial legacy of the country's territory, a perspective marked by social geography with a Marxist bias. This transition process is, simultaneously, the construction of another hybrid geographical style and an epistemological point of view of its own. This form of epistemology reflects the configuration of space, i.e., the continuity of the economic and political life of the coast without major modifications. However, the projected planning perspectives for the future occupation of the sertão, seen by the actors of the time as an empty territory, with resources and in which its occupation could gradually reverse Brazil's colonial legacy. Brazilian scientific space is observed as a circulation of knowledge, which is subject to tensions. Conceptual developments occurred in discussions in National Council of Geography (CNG) and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) institutional settings and were called ‘geographical talks/gatherings’, which were published in the Boletim Geográfico and the Revista Brasileira de Geografia. Based on these discussions and controversies, it was possible to differentiate the styles of geography mobilised by actors, as well as to create a general interpretation based on the material analysed. Development geography and a geographical reason are understood as the result of this construction, based on two main factors: the influences of foreign geographies and the nature of the country. The methodology adopted was a geo‐history of knowledge, associated with aspects of Bruno Latour's actor‐network theory. Finally, the paper seeks to contribute to the validation of the epistemological and heuristic virtues typical of the southern hemisphere.
Whose ethics of care? The geographies of live‐in elder care in China
Authors: Yu Jie , Rosenberg Mark W. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReflecting on different theoretical premises within geographies of care, this paper develops their connections and responds to the normativity and universalism in care literature through conceptualising live‐in elder care (LEC). Considering the relationality of differential contributions to care, we propose a conceptualisation of multiple interrelated approaches by: (1) extending the critical frameworks of care to understand the broader frames of institution, market, and morality in mediating interpersonal connectedness of elder care; (2) thinking care relationally, we challenge the dominant conceptualisation of care and power as unidirectional flows and elder care relationships as a receiver–giver dyad; (3) emplacing care, we focus on the actual conditions of care through which ethics are assembled in their geo‐historical context; (4) treating care as grounded, we centre voices from both older people and LEC workers and how ethics of care are comprehended in the everyday rather than prescribed for commodified care. Our thematic analysis starts with a commodification process where LEC is negotiated in tensions; yet moving beyond arguments around systems of dominance and ideal ethics of care, findings show LEC also creates a space of care where LEC workers and older people constantly negotiate norms, boundaries, and care as a relational process. Conceptually, this paper recognises the role of power in shaping the market and intimate relationships of elder care by elaborating on the inequities of age, gender, and place (not just gender). Moving beyond critiques, this paper emphasises the entangled and relational nature of care as grounded in a series of everyday concerns and resistance, where ethics of difference are negotiated and a cultural‐historical configuration of care still perpetuates in its locale. Finally, this paper speaks to the active yet overlooked role of age and ageing in constructing an ethics of care.
Stochastic Buckling of Geometrically Imperfect Beams on Elastic Foundation
Authors: Baizhikova Zheren , Le Jia-Liang , Ballarini Roberto 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Geometrical imperfections are ubiquitous in load-bearing structures, including beams, columns, and shells. Fabrication processes of structural members most often create geometrical imperfections of random size and shape, which lead to non-deterministic load-carrying capacity. This study investigates the statistics of the buckling load of a beam with a random initial imperfection profile that rests on a nonlinear elastic foundation. The geometrical imperfection is represented by a zero-mean Gaussian random field, generated using the Karhunen–Loève expansion. The spatial distribution of the random imperfection is characterized by the probability distribution of the local imperfection magnitude and a spatial autocorrelation function. A finite-difference scheme is used to solve the governing equilibrium equation for a given initial imperfection profile, from which the buckling load is determined. Through a set of Monte Carlo simulations, the mean and variance of the buckling load are determined. The simulations reveal the influence of different length scales on the statistics of the buckling load, including the beam length and the autocorrelation length of the geometrical imperfection. The size effects predicted with the simplified model have implications for reliability-based structural design.
Evolution of Turbulence and Its Modification by Axial Casing Grooves in a Multi-Stage Axial Compressor
Authors: Koley Subhra Shankha , Saraswat Ayush , Katz Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This experimental study examines the evolution of turbulence across an axial compressor and its modification by semicircular axial casing grooves (ACGs) at the pre-stall and near the best efficiency (BEP) flowrates. The turbulence is highly anisotropic and spatially inhomogeneous, with each normal Reynolds stress component evolving differently. Most of the observed trends can be explained by examining the dominant production rate terms. At the pre-stall flowrate, the turbulence increases significantly upon entering the rotor with peak RMS values of axial velocity fluctuations reaching as high as 71% of the mean axial velocity. The region with elevated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) covers 30% of the outer span near the rotor leading edge, expanding to 50% near the trailing edge. While the TKE in the outer span decays rapidly in the stator, the local turbulence production persists in the stator blade boundary layer. By stabilizing and homogenizing the flow, the ACGs reduce the turbulence production, hence the TKE, in the rotor and the stator. The only exception is an increase in turbulence in the region dominated by groove–passage flow interactions. Near BEP, the TKE is much lower everywhere, except for the region influenced by the outflow from grooves. Downstream of the rotor and the stator, the turbulence level with or without ACGs are similar. The large variations in the magnitude and even the sign of the measured eddy viscosity highlight the extreme non-equilibrium conditions over the entire machine, questioning the fundamental assumptions of local equilibrium in eddy viscosity-based Reynolds stress models.
The Response of a Plasma Magnetospheric Maser to Atmospheric Perturbations
Authors: Savina O. N. , Bespalov P. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of weak external influences associated with infrasonic waves in the ionosphere on the operation of a plasma magnetospheric maser (PMM) is considered. It is shown that if the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to the eigen frequency oscillations of the PMM, then quasi-periodic (QP) electromagnetic VLF emissions with repetition periods of spectral forms of 10–300 s can be excited in radiation belts. It has been found that one of the possible reasons for this phenomenon may be the Q-switching of the magnetospheric resonator due to a change in the coefficient of reflection of whistler waves from the ionosphere from above by atmospheric infrasonic waves. For natural atmospheric sources of infrasonic disturbances with horizontal scales of approximately 100 km, model calculations of the depth of modulation of the energy density of electromagnetic waves in a magnetic field tube were carried out. It has been found that in the morning and daytime subauroral magnetosphere, even weak external influences lead to the appearance of signals with a sufficiently large modulation depth (tens of percent).