bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scotch Pine, Pine Needle Scale Control, Wayne Co., Oh, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine (1.5-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against pine needle scale crawlers. Heavily infested trees were sprayed 18 May, when crawler hatch was 93%, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s delivering ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates/treatment. Skies were overcast, 13°c, with a 16-25 kph breeze. Light rain (less than 0.25 cm) occurred 2 h after sprays had dried. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 Jun by collecting 5 needle fascicles from each replicate. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory where viability of the first 100 crawlers for each sample was determined with the aid of a dissecting scope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs from tip of each fascicle).
Evaluation of Residual Spray Formulations for German Cockroach Control, 1988
Authors: Appel A. G. , Sponsler R. C. , Strother G. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to compare the efficacy of residual sprays for German cockroach control. The Opelika Housing Authority, Opelika, Ala. was the test site. The study was initiated during 14 Jun and ended 28 Sep. Approximately 1 liter of finished spray was applied to all accessible harborage areas using the broad fan setting of a 3.8 liter compressed-air sprayer equipped with Multee-Jet nozzles. Each treatment was replicated in 8 to 10 apartments. Cockroach populations were estimated by sticky trap counts. Two sticky traps (Mr. Sticky) were placed in the kitchen of each apartment before treatment and at various intervals after treatment. One trap was placed in the cabinet under the sink and the other beside or behind the stove or refrigerator. The traps were left in place for 1 wk. Insecticide efficacy was determined at each trapping interval by analyzing the log10 reduction ratio of the weekly from pretreatment counts.
Efficacy of Yt-609 Ear Tags on Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
YT-609 ear tags were compared with Tomahawk and Terminator ear tags and 1% Co-Ral free-choice dust bags. One-hundred yearling steers were each tagged with one YT-609 tag 19 May. Tomahawk and Terminator ear tags were applied to 59 and 44 cow/calf pairs (one tag/cow), respectively on 2 Jun. A group of 200 cow/calf pairs were provided 1% Co-Ral free-choice dust bags and 45 cow/calf pairs remained untreated. The 2 groups were sent to pasture on 2 Jun. Fly numbers were recorded weekly by counting both sides of a cow, with a minimum of 15 cows/group counted/observation.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Strawberry Root Weevil Adults, 1989
Authors: Mulgrew Susan M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of foliar applications of several pyrethroid insecticides and Orthene for control of SRW infesting eastern hemlock fields. To ensure complete foliar coverage by the insecticides, hemlock twigs were submersed in insecticide solutions. The proximal end of the twigs were then placed in small vials filled with tap water to inhibit desiccation of the plant tissue. Twigs were placed in cages containing five adult SRW that had been collected from hemlock blocks in Mass. nurseries. In addition to the hemlock, each cage also contained a cotton ball that was kept moist with tap water to supply adequate water to the weevils. The cages were kept in an illuminated incubator maintained at 20-21°C and 16 h daylengths. The effect of the insecticides were evaluated at 2 d intervals from 2-20 DAT. Weevils were considered injured if they behaved atypically as compared to untreated SRW; i.e., if they had diminished coordination when walking or were moribund. The % dead insects and % total injury (injured + dead insects) were used to evaluate insecticide efficacy. A completely randomized design with 3 replicates of each treatment was used. The experiment was conducted twice and the data from the 2 trials were combined.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs in Chester Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (3 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch, soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 59.0% silt, 12.5% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.4%; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 5.8; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 0.25 inch. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 DAT (12 Sep). The total number of new freshly constructed green Jun beetle burrows were recorded from each plot (54 ft2).
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (3 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 59.0% silt, 12.5% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.4%; organic matter, 3.4%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 5.8; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 0.25 inch. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 DAT (12 Sep). The total number of new freshly constructed green Jun beetle burrows were recorded from each plot (54 ft2).
Control of Annual White Grubs Using Subsurface Placed Soil Insecticides and Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn in Lincoln, NE. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 1.5 inches and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 15%. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Aug using a newly developed Cushman prototype Subsurface Applicator to place insecticides or entomophagous nematodes at the soil/thatch interface (average depth 0.63 inch). Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. An additional 3 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.1 inch of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT (3 Sep) by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 4 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Sub-Surface Vs. Conventional Application of Turcam for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on Golf Course Rough, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Baxendale F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment using two methods of sub-surface application of pesticides was conducted on a golf course rough in Bolton, MA. The rough consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (50%), perennial ryegrass (30%), and annual bluegrass (20%), and was maintained at a mowing height of 5.0 cm until 3 d before application. At that time the turf was mowed to 1.9 cm and clippings removed. Thatch remaining averaged 1.9 cm with a moderate density. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 1.7 × 4 m plots arranged in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was separated from the next by 0.3 m, and there was a 3 m border between replications. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 25°C; general overcast with high humidity; soil type, silty loam; soil moisture moderate; soil pH, 6.5; water pH, 6.4. Liquid treatments were applied using a High Pressure Liquid Injection (HPLI) research unit (built by Cross Equipment Co., Albany, GA), delivering 1,650 PSI through nozzles at 7.5 cm spacing, 1000 liters/ha, 5.6 kmph or with a watering can, using 3 liters water per plot. Granules were applied using a Cushman overseeder prototype, delivering granules through slices cut 1.9 cm (soil/thatch interface) with 5 cm spacing between slices or with hand-held shakers with perforated lids. All plots were watered in with 0.6 cm irrigation immediately after application and an additional 0.6 cm 12 h after application. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 DAT (4 Oct) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Control of Cicada Killer with Individual Burrow Sprays, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated as water based sprays applied directly into and at the burrow entrance only for control of cicada killer wasps on a golf course fairway. Ten active burrows were selected for treatment with each insecticide and marked with stake wire flags. Sprays were applied with a 1.5 gal compression sprayer. Five burrows were treated by inserting the spray nozzle about 1 inch into the burrow, releasing the spray solution and then applying a small amount of spray to excavated soil just outside the entrance as the nozzle was removed from the burrow. The second set of 5 burrows was treated by applying the spray only to the small area of excavated soil at the burrow entrance. The avg amt of spray used for treating all burrows ranged from 25 to 35 ml/burrow. Control evaluation was based on the absence of digging activity by wasps at treated burrows 3 DAT; untreated nearby burrows were checked for digging activity at the same time.
Control of Japanese Beetle on a Golf Course Fairway, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticide treatments were applied on 16 Aug for control of white grubs. The only species present was Japanese beetle, and at treatment time the population consisted of 9.4% 2nd instars and 90.6% 3rd instars. Pretreatment counts of grubs on 2 Aug averaged 14.4/ft2. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design, replicated 4 times. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Liquid formulations were applied in 2 liters of water with a hand-held sprinkling can; granules were applied with a hand shaker. Treatments were irrigated with 2 liters of water per plot about 1/2 to 1 h after application. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperatv.re, 26°C; RH, 71%; partly cloudy; soil type, silt loam (28.5% sand, 52.5% silt, 19.0% clay); soil moist; soil temperature, 24°C (2 inches); soil pH, 5.9; organic matter, 6.1%; thatch layer 1/4 to 3/8 inches (not compressed). Precipitation over the posttreatment period was 3.35 inches. Four locations on each plot were sampled 28 DAT using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Cotoneaster, Topical and Foliar Sprays Evaluated Against Japanese Beetle Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotoneaster growing in 2.5 gal (9.8 liter) containers was used to evaluate selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to run-off. Topical and foliar sprays were applied 19 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. Plants were watered by hand every Mon, Wed, and Fri and received 5 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment procedures were as follows: TOPICAL: three, 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water. Three, field-collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediately transferred to 1 liter fonda containers fitted with mesh tops. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 72 h later by assessing beetle mortality. FOLIAR: two, 10-15 cm twigs were removed from each of the 3, single-plant replicates per treatment, at specified intervals after spraying, and, along with three field-collected adults, were placed in 1 liter fonda containers with mesh tops. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 4, and 8 DAT by allowing adults to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund adults were placed on untreated foliage; final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site One on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fineleaf fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid form were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 30 psi, and delivering 4 gal/ 1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 76°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 47.3% sand, 35.1% silt, 17.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.3%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.4; and 0.3 inch of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 13 Aug, 6 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Biorational and Conventional Insecticides on Douglasfir in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglasfir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 12 Apr and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 50°F; RH, 19%; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 24 Jul. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree within the lower 1/3, middle 1/3, and upper 1/3 of the tree canopy, and counting 25 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles. A total of 100 needles were examined from within each canopy sampling area.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control on Siberian Elm, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on elm trees 15-20 ft tall and 8-10 ft wide growing in an ornamental planting located at a local residence. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Applications were made on 4 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatment were 72°F and 5-8 mph respectively. Live larvae on 18 inches of branch terminal were counted on 5 subsamples per treatment and recorded at 3, 7, 10, and 14 DAT to determine efficacy.
Efficacy of Condor of and Dipel 8 L Against the Gypsy Moth, 1988
Authors: Kolodny-Hirsch Douglas M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spray trials were conducted in Kent and New Castle Counties, DE, and Salem and Cumberland Counties, NJ. Treatments consisted of oil-based isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis formulated as Condor OF and Dipel 8 L diluted with water, Condor OF applied undiluted and an untreated control. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block. Woodlots were 10-84 acreas in size and consisted of isolated stands. Fifteen 0.025-acre fixed radius plots were established within each woodlot where treatment effects were measured. A Grumman Ag-Cat 600 aircraft equipped with eight AU-5000 Micronair rotary atomizers on a standard spray boom was used to apply the treatments. All B. thuringiensis formulations were applied at 20 billion international units (BIU)/acre (40 oz formulation/acre). For the diluted applications, Condor and Dipel were applied at a volumetric rate of 128 oz/acre including 2% (v/v) Bond (Loveland Industries, Inc.) as a sticker. The aircraft was operated at an airspeed of 90 mph on a 75 ft swath width, about 50 ft above the forest canopy. The pump pressure was 40 psi and the variable restrictor unit on the nozzles was set at 9 and 5 for the diluted and undiluted applications, respectively. The blade angle on the nozzles nearest the fuselage was set at 65 and 35°, and 70 and 35° for the other six nozzles on the boom, for the diluted and undiluted applications, respectively. Woodlots were treated on 22 and 27 May in Delaware and New Jersey, respectively, when GM was predominately 3rd instar. Pre- (Spring) and postspray (Fall) egg mass counts were made within each of the 15 subplots. GM larvae were counted under burlap bands placed on one dominant preferred tree 25 ft outside each 0.025- acre plot. Estimates of feeding damage were based on examination of each burlapped tree and were rated in one of seven classes: 1, 0%; 2, 1-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-25%; 5, 26-50%; 6, 51-75%; and 7, &gt;75.
Field Trials of Cockroach Baits, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of three consumer cockroach bait stations (Blackflag-0.05% abamectin; Combat-1.65% hydramethylnon; Raid Max-1.0% sulfluramid) and a commercial bait-paste formulation containing 1.37% sulfluramid. The Delaney West Apartments, a multi-family housing complex located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait stations (12) were positioned as recommended by the manufacturers. Seven stations throughout the kitchen; cabinets under the kitchen sink (3 stations), cabinets above the sink (2), and on the floor near the stove (1) and refrigerator (1). Three stations were positioned “optional sites” near active infestation sites: e.g., garbage collection, closets, kitchen furniture, etc. Two stations were placed in the bathroom, behind the toilet and beneath the sink. Stations were oriented horizontally (where possible) and attached to surfaces with sticky fasteners. Bait-paste applications mimicked bait station placements; ca. 40, 0.5-g placements were located throughout the kitchen and bathroom area. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-15 apartments, but sample size after treatment varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of cooperation. To determine efficacy, counts after treatment were reduced to percent reductions from the pretreatment counts. The data were transformed by signed-ranks prior to analysis with ANOVA models, followed by LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Flushing Effect and Knockdown Activity of Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Relative flushing and knockdown times of synergized pyrethrins and a number of pyrethroid insecticides were evaluated; also, contrasts of EC and WP were made for some Type II pyrethroids. All testing was at a 0 . 1% (w/w) dilution in water. Harborages, constructed of tempered masonite (2.5” × 4”) and pine strips (3/16”) creating a small crack, were mounted vertically on 4” × 4” plywood bases. The harborage was placed in a plastic box with the inside, upper edge greased to prevent escape. Ten adults (≤ 2 wks old, 5 male + 5 non-gravid female) were introduced to this arena 24 h before testing, which always occured 4 - 6 h into the photophase of a 12:12 L:D photocycle. Test sprays were applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 using a spray tower fitted with a flat fan nozzle (Spraying System Tee-Jet 8001E) at a constant pressure of 25 psi. The harborage, containing test insects, was positioned beneath the spray arm of the spray tower so that the harborage opening was parallel to the fan spray pattern. As the nozzle passed over the harborage, the sprayer delivered the treatment to the insects within. Immediately after being sprayed, the harborage was returned to the box for 1 h of observation. Each treatment was replicated twelve times (3 blocks of 4 replicates). Time (min) necessary to flush or knockdown 50% of the insects was compared among treatments. If 50% of the cockroaches were not flushed within the 1 h observation period, flush or knockdown time was defined as 100 min to incorporate individual replicates whose response was &gt;60 min with others in the same treatment that were &gt;60 min. Data analysis was with one-way ANOVA and means separation with LSD (a = 0.05)
Efficacy of Cutter Gold— Ear Tags Against Spinose Ear Ticks in Southeastern Oklahoma, Mcalester, Oklahoma, 1991
Authors: Bolte John R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) ear tags were applied at two per head to 5 calves and 10 cows. Pretreatment counts were made on 10 cows and 10 calves at tagging on Apr 13. Five cows and five calves were untreated controls. Ears were mechanically cleaned with a round-tipped wooden instrument at tag application and at each posttreatment check.