bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Images and photon ring signatures of thick disks around black holes
Authors: Vincent F. H. , Gralla S. E. , Lupsasca A. , Wielgus M. 
Published: August 2022

Context. High-frequency very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations can now resolve the event-horizon-scale emission from sources in the immediate vicinity of nearby supermassive black holes. Future space-VLBI observations will access highly lensed features of black hole images – photon rings – that will provide particularly sharp probes of strong-field gravity.
Aims. Focusing on the particular case of the supermassive black hole M 87*, our goal is to explore a wide variety of accretion flows onto a Kerr black hole and to understand their corresponding images and visibilities. We are particularly interested in the visibility on baselines to space, which encodes the photon ring shape and whose measurement could provide a stringent test of the Kerr hypothesis.
Methods. We developed a fully analytical model of stationary, axisymmetric accretion flows with a variable disk thickness and a matter four-velocity that can smoothly interpolate between purely azimuthal rotation and purely radial infall. To determine the observational appearance of such flows, we numerically integrated the general-relativistic radiative transfer equation in the Kerr spacetime, taking care to include the effects of thermal synchrotron emission and absorption. We then Fourier transformed the resulting images and analyzed their visibility amplitudes along the directions parallel and orthogonal to the black hole spin projected on the observer sky.
Results. Our images generically display a wedding cake structure composed of discrete, narrow photon rings (n = 1, 2, …) stacked on top of broader primary emission that surrounds a central brightness depression of model-dependent size. At 230 GHz, the n = 1 ring is always visible, but the n = 2 ring is sometimes suppressed due to absorption. At 345 GHz, the medium is optically thinner and the n = 2 ring displays clear signatures in both the image and visibility domains. We also examine the thermal synchrotron emissivity in the equatorial plane and show that it exhibits an exponential dependence on the radius for the preferred M 87* parameters.
Conclusions. The black hole shadow is a model-dependent phenomenon – even for diffuse, optically thin sources – and should not be regarded as a generic prediction of general relativity. Observations at 345 GHz are promising for future space-VLBI measurements of the photon ring shape, since at this frequency the signal of the n = 2 ring persists despite the disk thickness and nonzero absorption featured in our models. Future work is needed to investigate whether this conclusion holds in a larger variety of reasonable models.
Presence and properties of acoustic peaks near the nozzle of impinging rocket jets
Authors: Varé Mathieu , Bogey Christophe 
Published: August 2022

The presence and properties of acoustic peaks near the nozzle of impinging rocket jets have been investigated. Four jets at a Mach number of 3.1 impinging on a plate at a distance L = 15r0, 20r0, 25r0 and 30r0 from the nozzle, where r0 is the nozzle radius, have been computed using large-eddy simulations. In all cases, upstream-travelling pressure waves are generated by the jet impingement on the plate, with amplitudes decreasing with the nozzle-to-plate distance. The near-nozzle pressure spectra contain peaks, at frequencies not varying much with this distance. For L ≥ 20r0, the spectra are dominated by a low-frequency peak, whereas two additional high-frequency peaks emerge for L = 15r0. The low-frequency peak is associated with the azimuthal mode nθ = 0, whereas the two other ones are due to strong components for modes nθ ≥ 1. As for near-nozzle tones for free and impinging jets at lower Mach numbers, the peak frequencies fall close to the frequency bands of the upstream-propagating guided jet waves, showing a link between the peaks and the latter waves. Regarding the peak levels, they do not change significantly with the nozzle-to-plate distance for the low-frequency peak, but they decrease by 1.5 to 18 dB as the distance increases for the other peaks. Finally, for L ≥ 20r0, the near-nozzle peak frequency is close to that of the strongest shear-layer structures, indicating a connexion between the upstream noise and these structures. For L = 15r0, a shock-leakage mechanism of a near-plate shock is found to generate the upstream noise.
Congenital Hepatopulmonary Fusion
Authors: Rocha Gustavo M. D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCongenital hepatopulmonary fusion (HPF) is a rare anomaly characterized by a fusion between the liver and lung parenchyma. HPF cases have been scarcely reported in the literature. An extensive search of publications was performed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases without a time limit. In total, 34 clinical case reports were found in the literature, and a study by the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) Study Group reported data on 10 patients with HPF. Of these 44 infants, 20 were male, 20 were female, and four were reported without gender specification. Nineteen (43.2%) patients required intubation on the first day of life. Six (13.6%) patients had their clinical presentation during the first year of life, and four (9%) clinically presented with HPF between 2.5 and 11 years of age. In these patients, cough, asthma-like symptoms, dyspnea, hemoptysis, right-side chest pain, respiratory infections, and pneumonia were the relevant clinical signs. Right-lung vascular anomalies were present in 18 (40.9%) patients. A complete liver and lung separation was successful in 17 (38.6%) patients. The overall survival was 56.8%. Congenital HPF has no gender predominance. In most cases, it behaves similar to a right CDH in need of resuscitation and intubation after birth. The majority of the cases are discovered during the surgical procedure for CDH. The best surgical approach has not been established and depends on the degree of fusion and vascular anomalies. An advanced imaging assessment is necessary before a surgical approach is attempted. The prognosis is ominous.
Long-Term Surgical Outcomes of Two Patients with Intracranial Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma and a Brief Literature Review
Authors: Abdallah Anas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective Intracranial extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (IEMCs) are malignant aggressive neoplasms. IEMCs originate from the meninges or parenchyma. In the current study, we aimed to figure out the importance of gross total resection (GTR) and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) by evaluating all reported IEMCs through the literature that included our two patients.
Methods and Methods We presented two IEMC patients who were treated at our institutions and followed up for a long duration. To understand the appropriate management for IEMC, we conducted a systematic literature review for previously reported series and cases of IEMCs.
Results We surgically treated two young males with IEMC initially diagnosed at their age of 18 and 20 years. The patients were initially treated with GTR and GTR followed by RT, and followed-up for 218 and 73 months, respectively. Through both the patients, we obtained 83 reported IEMC patients from the literature. The mean age of the reported cases was 24.5 ± 16.0 years (2 months–71 years). Female predominance was 54.2%. The mean progression-free and overall survivals were 27.9 and 39.0 months, respectively. The progressiveness rate was 56%. The presence of progressiveness was a poor prognostic factor (p = 0.0008). GTR was achieved in 53.0% of the patients. There was a significant difference between patients who received GTR compared with those who did not receive GTR (p = 0.035).
Conclusion Regarding their malignancy and progressiveness, we recommended the maximal surgical resection with wide margins followed by RT as appropriate management for IEMCs with close follow-up. The timely treatment provides high life quality and avoids life-threatening complications.
The Relationship between Food Security and Gestational Diabetes among Pregnant Women
Authors: Cooper Shontreal , Graham Maura , Kuo Chia-Ling , Khangura Raminder , Schmidt Adrienne , Bakaysa Stephanie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe objective were to: (1) evaluate associations between food security and women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and (2) evaluate if women in food insecure (FI) households had adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. This was an observational study from October 2018 until September 2019. Postpartum resident clinic patients who delivered term, singleton infant at 37 weeks' or longer gestation were screened. Participants completed a survey using the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module (US HFSSM). Survey responses were classified as: food secure (FS) and FI (marginal, low, very low FS). The primary outcome was GDM. Our secondary outcome was neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions for hypoglycemia. We evaluated the rate of GDM in FS and FI groups. Demographic data included: prepregnancy body mass index, total weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, and mode of delivery. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between food insecurity and GDM. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There were 150 patients screened to participate; of these, 70 patients were enrolled (36 GDM and 34 without GDM [NGDM]). More patients in FI households, 71% (n = 17), were diagnosed with GDM, compared with 33% (n = 15) in the FS (FS) households (adjusted odds ratio 7.05; p < 0.01). Of patients who reported FI, 50% (n = 12) were black, 46% (n = 11) Hispanic, and 4% (n = 1) Caucasian, compared with 13% (n = 6) black, 30% (n = 14) Hispanic, and 57% (n = 26) Caucasian in patients who reported FS (p < 0.001). Although not significant, 25% (n = 6) of neonates from an FI household had an NICU admission for hypoglycemia compared with 7% (n = 3) from an FS household (p = 0.054). Pregnant women with GDM are more likely to experience FI than those with NGDM. Infants of mothers in FI households also had increased rates of NICU admission for hypoglycemia.
Impact of Concurrent Chronic Rhinosinusitis on Complication Rates after Endonasal Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Albaharna Hussain , Alqurashi Ashwag , Alshareef Mohammad , Alromaih Saud , Alrasheed Abdulaziz S. , Alroqi Ahmad , Ajlan Abdulrazag , Alsaleh Saad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objectives Preoperative planning of endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) is essential. The safety of performing surgery before managing sinus pathologies including concurrent chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in patients undergoing ESBS has been questioned. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the complication rates between patients with and without CRS undergoing ESBS.
Design This is a retrospective study.
Setting Present study was conducted at tertiary referral center.
Participants We included all patients who underwent ESBS between March 2015 and March 2021. However, patients who had surgical revision for remnant tumor, primary sinonasal tumor excision, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage repair were excluded. The presence of concurrent CRS was determined according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 (EPOS 2020) criteria by reviewing electronic charts about the preoperative clinical assessment and CT scan images of the paranasal sinuses. Then, the incidence rates of postoperative meningitis, CSF leakage, and surgical site infection were compared between patients with and without concurrent CRS undergoing ESBS.
Main Outcome Measures Postoperative complication rates in patients underwent ESBS with and without CRS.
Results From a total of 130 ESBS cases, 99 patients were included in this study. Among them, 24 had concurrent CRS. One patient presented with postoperative meningitis, one with CSF leakage, and two with surgical site infections. The incidence rate of postoperative meningitis, CSF leakage, and surgical site infection did not significantly differ between patients with and without concurrent CRS.
Conclusion Concurrent CRS is not a contraindication for ESBS. Moreover, simultaneous endoscopic sinus surgery can safely be performed without additional morbidity in ESBS.
Negotiating the ethical-political dimensions of research methods: a key competency in mixed methods, inter- and transdisciplinary, and co-production research
Authors: West Simon , Schill Caroline 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMethods are often thought of as neutral tools that researchers can pick up and use to learn about a reality ‘out there.’ Motivated by growing recognition of complexity, there have been widespread calls to mix methods, both within and across disciplines, to generate richer scientific understandings and more effective policy interventions. However, bringing methods together often reveals their tacit, inherently contestable, and sometimes directly opposing assumptions about reality and how it can and should be known. There are consequently growing efforts to identify the competencies necessary to work with multiple methods effectively. We identify the ability to recognise and negotiate the ethical-political dimensions of research methods as a key competency in mixed methods, inter- and transdisciplinary, and co-production research, particularly for researchers addressing societal challenges in fields like environment, health and education. We describe these ethical-political dimensions by drawing on our experiences developing an ethics application for a transdisciplinary sustainability science project that brings together the photovoice method and controlled behavioural experiments. The first dimension is that different methods and methodological approaches generate their own ethical standards guiding interactions between researchers and participants that may contradict each other. The second is that these differing ethical standards are directly linked to the variable effects that methods have in wider society (both in terms of their enactment in the moment and the knowledge generated), raising more political questions about the kinds of realities that researchers are contributing to through their chosen methods. We identify the practices that helped us—as two researchers using different methodological approaches—to productively explore these dimensions and enrich our collaborative work. We conclude with pointers for evaluating the ethical-political rigour of mixed methods, inter- and transdisciplinary, and co-production research, and discuss how such rigour might be supported in research projects, graduate training programmes and research organisations.
Real Number Sequences and Limits
Authors: Pereyra Nicolas A. 
Published: August 2022

The exponential function “exp (x) = ex” and its corresponding inverse function the natural logarithmic function “ln(x)” are found throughout physics. The exponential function may be defined as the real number “e” to the power of the argument (the real number x). We are then lead to defining the exponentiation operation of a real number base to the power of a real number exponent (in addition to defining the number e). In turn, the exponentiation operation of a real number base to the power of a real number exponent may be defined, and its properties are derived from the exponentiation operation of a real number base to the power of a rational number exponent (discussed in Chap. 5) and from real number sequences and their properties.
In this chapter, we will discuss real number sequences and some of their general properties that we will be applying to the definition of the exponentiation operation of a real number to the power of a real number exponent, which, in turn, will lead us to the exponential function.
Elements of Analytic Planar Geometry
Authors: Pereyra Nicolas A. 
Published: August 2022

Trigonometric functions are fundamental in physics and found throughout physics. Trigonometric functions, in turn, may be defined through the “Trigonometric Circle” in analytic planar geometry. We are thus led to discuss analytic planar geometry.
Analytic Planar Geometry is the study of planar geometry through coordinate systems. In a plane, a coordinate system is a relation between points P in the plane and ordered pairs of real numbers (R1,R2) such that each ordered pair of real numbers represents a single point, and each point is represented by at least one ordered pair of real numbers.
Through Analytic Planar Geometry, Planar Geometry problems can be analyzed through the properties of real numbers and real number equations (rather than directly through the properties of geometric points). Also, through Analytic Planar Geometry, real number equations can, in turn, be analyzed through the properties of geometric points in Planar Geometry.
Historical persistence and isolation by distance of
Authors: Millar Melissa A. , Binks Rachel M. , Tapper Sarah-Louise , Macdonald Bronwyn M. , McArthur Shelley L. , Hankinson Margaret , Coates David J. , van Leeuwen Stephen , Byrne Margaret 
Published: August 2022

Context Empirical studies of intraspecific genetic diversity and population structure can inform the evolutionary and demographic history of individual species and of landscapes at the bioregional level. Aims We aimed to assess intraspecific genetic variation at macroevolutionary and microevolutionary temporal scales for Mirbelia viminalis, a key species present on the Hamersley Range in the ancient and highly diverse landscape of the Pilbara bioregion of northwest Western Australia. Methods We sampled extant populations and assessed diversity and structure using sequences (chloroplast DNA, 1759 base pairs) and microsatellite markers (nuclear DNA, 15 loci) data. Key results Significant phylogeographic structure and a lack of historical demographic signals of population contraction or expansion suggest historical population persistence. Moderate chloroplast haplotype diversity (h = 15) and moderate divergence among extant haplotypes indicates a degree of historical connectivity via seed dispersal across central populations on the Hamersley Range. Levels of nuclear genetic diversity were low to moderate (allelic richness = 3.554, expected heterozygosity = 0.489, observed heterozygosity = 0.462) and depauperate compared to another member of the Mirbelia genus present further south in the Midwest region. Nuclear diversity revealed a strong signal of isolation by distance with localised admixture among populations and some contemporary genetic clustering along a north-west to south-east transect of the Hamersley Range. Conclusions Low nuclear genetic diversity may be related to recent reductions in population size for M. viminalis. Historical population persistence with few barriers to dispersal other than geographic distance may be common for members of the Fabaceae across the Hamersley Range.
Fact-checking on compound verbs in English
Authors: Bagasheva Alexandra , Fernández-Domínguez Jesús 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The creation of compound verbs remains among the most contested phenomena of English word formation and the studies targeting these units have normally portrayed them as inconsistent or almost anomalous. This perception, together with the heterogeneous origins and the contested status of compound verbs, might explain why two central questions remain unanswered: (i) are these genuine compounds? and (ii) how can they be analyzed in a uniform manner? This paper tackles English verbal compounding with two hypotheses in mind: (i) that it is crucial to differentiate between a product- and a process-oriented approach to the phenomenon, and (ii) that a paradigm-based analysis acknowledging the role of analogy and the weight of metonymy proves highly beneficial.
Derivational paradigms
Authors: Mattiello Elisa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates a set of ten English combining forms attested in the
Oxford English Dictionary
between 1980 and 1997 and discusses the suitability of paradigms for the conceptualisation of analogy-based combining-form combinations. In this chapter, the focus is on the secreted type of combining forms, which involve both abbreviation and secretion, as in initial Franken- (from Frankenstein, in Frankenfood) or final -erati (from literati, in glitterati), respectively used to refer to ‘genetically modified –’ and ‘a prominent or elite group related to –’. Using a corpus-based approach, the chapter shows that secreted combining forms offer word-formation paradigms that apply to series of similar words in the lexicon and are applicable to other new words which are at the basis of English vocabulary expansion.
Derivational paradigms in ELT textbooks
Authors: Gráf Tomáš , Vašků Kateřina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Developing morphological awareness is an effective learning strategy which can simplify learning L2 vocabulary. The present chapter explores how far morphological-awareness activities are represented in over 100 international ELT coursebooks, 10 teacher training manuals and 17 practice books. The results show the coverage is rather low and unsystematic except in specialist manuals for vocabulary teaching and vocabulary practice books. Even in them the quality varies. Materials mostly focus on affixation and are not based on research findings. Attention should be paid to presenting teachers and teacher-trainees with more information on teaching derivational paradigms, and to introducing existing research and reliable materials which contain quality exercises and explicit information for students as well as ideas for classroom use.
Encoding and decoding communications based on perfect vector optical vortex arrays
Authors: Long Zixu , Hu Huajie , Ma Xin , Tai Yuping , Li Xinzhong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We proposed the perfect vector optical vortex arrays (PVOVAs) for encoding and decoding communications, including the 2 × 2, 1 × 4, 4 × 4, and 2 × 4 array forms, which were generated with the coaxial superposition of two vector optical vortex arrays with left- and right-handed circular polarization. The polarization order and state of each vector element could be modulated independently by adjusting the corresponding topological charges and additional phases, θn
. By attaching code information to these vector elements with different states of polarization, the hexadecimal code elements, including 0 to F, were represented. Therefore, PVOVAs consisting of multiple vector elements can transmit encoding information and be decoded as original information in the receiving end. The school badge grayscale image, with a size of 64 × 64 pixels, was transmitted using the encoding and decoding communication via PVOVAs, and the received restored image had a reliable accuracy. This study proves PVOVAs have flexible spatial structure and controllable states of polarization, and it expands the application of vector optical fields in optical encoding and decoding communication.