bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End of life care in UK care homes – controlled drugs: systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Majumder Megha , Bowers Ben , Pollock Kristian , Goodman Claire , Kuhn Isla , Barclay Stephen 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundControlled drugs (CDs) such as opioids and midazolam are commonly used in end-of-life care symptom management for care home residents.AimTo review the published evidence concerning the prescribing, storage, use and disposal of CDs for end-of-life care for care home residents in the UK.DesignSystematic review and narrative synthesis.MethodsSeven databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Social Care Online) were searched from January 2000 to January 2021, alongside reference, citation and journal hand searches. Gough’s ‘Weight of Evidence’ framework was used to appraise the relevance of studies to the review questions.ResultsThe search yielded 1279 titles, from which 125 abstracts and then 42 full-text papers were screened. 14 papers were included in the synthesis. Prescribing is primarily by general practitioners, with administration by nurses. Nurses frequently report feeling inadequately trained in the use of CDs. The storage, monitoring and disposal of end-of-life care CDs in UK care homes has not been researched to date. The attitudes and experiences of residents and family members regarding these medications also remain unknown.ConclusionThe current widespread use of CDs for end-of-life care in care homes has a limited evidence base. The lack of research concerning the storing, monitoring and disposing of CDs, alongside the limited evidence concerning resident and family members’ perspectives, is a significant knowledge deficit that requires urgent attention.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020173014.
Subtyping emphysematous COPD by respiratory volume change distributions on CT
Authors: Shima Hiroshi , Tanabe Naoya , Oguma Akira , Shimizu Kaoruko , Kaji Shizuo , Terada Kunihiko , Oguma Tsuyoshi , Kubo Takeshi , Suzuki Masaru , Makita Hironi , Sato Atsuyasu , Nishimura Masaharu , Sato Susumu , Konno Satoshi , Hirai Toyohiro 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundThere is considerable heterogeneity among patients with emphysematous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesised that in addition to emphysema severity, ventilation distribution in emphysematous regions would be associated with clinical-physiological impairments in these patients.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the discordance between respiratory volume change distributions (from expiration to inspiration) in emphysematous and non-emphysematous regions affects COPD outcomes using two cohorts.MethodsEmphysema was quantified using a low attenuation volume percentage on inspiratory CT (iLAV%). Local respiratory volume changes were calculated using non-rigidly registered expiratory/inspiratory CT. The Ventilation Discordance Index (VDI) represented the log-transformed Wasserstein distance quantifying discordance between respiratory volume change distributions in emphysematous and non-emphysematous regions.ResultsPatients with COPD in the first cohort (n=221) were classified into minimal emphysema (iLAV% <10%; n=113) and established emphysema with high VDI and low VDI groups (n=46 and 62, respectively). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was lower in the low VDI group than in the other groups, with no difference between the high VDI and minimal emphysema groups. Higher iLAV%, more severe airway disease and hyperventilated emphysematous regions in the upper-middle lobes were independently associated with lower VDI. The second cohort analyses (n=93) confirmed these findings and showed greater annual FEV1decline and higher mortality in the low VDI group than in the high VDI group independent of iLAV% and airway disease on CT.ConclusionLower VDI is associated with severe airflow limitation and higher mortality independent of emphysema severity and airway morphological changes in patients with emphysematous COPD.
A simple and effective iterated greedy algorithm for structural balance in signed networks
Authors: Duan Wenqiang , Kang Qinma , Kang Yunfan , Chen Jianwen , Qin Qingfeng 
Published: June 2022

Recently, problems related to structural balance have received widespread attention in the research fields of signed networks, such as signed network partition, community detection and correlation clustering. Structural balance problems aim to find a partition of a signed network such that the frustration index, the sum of positive edges between subsets and negative edges within subsets, is minimized, which is known to be nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete and remains an open challenge. Many heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms are developed to minimize the frustration index. However, most extant algorithms require quite a few parameters and are not efficient enough for large signed networks. In this study, we present a simple and effective iterated greedy (IG) algorithm for solving the structural balance problems with the objective of frustration minimization. In the algorithm, a constructive greedy heuristic is proposed to generate and reconstruct solutions to the problem with high efficiency. A two-stage local search procedure is designed to exploit the search space at different levels of granularity. An adaptive destruction method is developed to enhance the exploitation ability of the algorithm in the early stage and maintain the exploration ability later. Additionally, two acceleration methods are proposed to help the algorithm get a better performance in large signed networks. The experimental results indicate that the proposed IG algorithm outperforms other meta-heuristics in the literature especially in terms of the computational time.
Public Goods Provision and Chinese Economic Development
Authors: Lau Lawrence J. 
Published: June 2022

The provision of more and better public goods is part of the Chinese efforts to emphasize the quality rather than the quantity of economic growth. Provision of public goods such as education, public health, elderly care, environmental preservation, protection, and restoration, basic research, infrastructure, social safety net, and alleviation of poverty has been vastly expanded in China since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, with significant positive results in all these areas. The provision of public goods has also raised the potential GDP of the Chinese economy through its effects on increasing the aggregate demand for investment and consumption, the productivity of the labor force, and the rate of return on other fixed-asset investments. Public goods are by their very nature mostly “local”, and their provision is consistent with the Chinese “dual-circulation development strategy” with primary focus on domestic circulation. The provision of public goods also constitutes a form of redistribution in kind, e.g., clean air and water, which can be enjoyed by everyone, and hence also directly advances the goal of ”common prosperity”. Despite significant increase in the degree of income inequality in China since the mid-1980s, the welfare of all Chinese people has improved significantly. However, the provision of public goods frequently results in negative value-added at market prices, and therefore reduces, rather than enhances, the rate of growth of measured GDP. Finally, increasing the provision of public goods can be a significant source of growth of the domestic aggregate demand for both consumption and investment, over and above what increases in household income alone are able to provide. Maintaining an adequate growth of aggregate demand is essential for continued Chinese economic prosperity.
An introduction to
Recent Advances in Understanding Gold Deposits: from Orogeny to Alluvium:
the importance of multi-method approaches and developing a characterization
Authors: Torvela Taija , Chapman Rob , Lambert-Smith James 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Gold occurs in many settings but the dynamic nature of Earth's crust means overlapping and overprinting deposit styles are common. Characterization of mineralization from an early stage becomes important particularly where the mineralization is complex, in order to maximize exploration and project development success, and mining productivity. Various techniques are used at different stages of a project to characterize gold deposits. This Special Publication
Recent Advances in Understanding Gold Deposits: from Orogeny to Alluvium
offers a cross-section of some specific techniques to investigate a variety of gold deposit types. In this Introduction, we briefly compare the most common gold deposit types, summarize the techniques used to investigate them and discuss some of the most important outstanding questions regarding understanding gold deposits. This is followed by a summary of each paper in this Special Publication. Whilst the 15 papers in this book can only showcase some of the many approaches available, they do highlight both the breadth of the available techniques and their utility in deposit characterization. Several papers include suggestions for avenues for fruitful further research, including a paper suggesting a new approach to classifying orogenic gold deposits, and a paper describing archaeological applications of natural gold analyses.
Persistent Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Tell-Tale Sign for Implementing New Guidelines in Younger Adults
Authors: Liu Po-Hong , Sanford Nina N. , Liang Peter S. , Singal Amit G. , Murphy Caitlin C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
In May 2021, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force began recommending initiating colorectal cancer screening at age 45 (vs. 50) years.

Methods:
We estimated prevalence of colorectal cancer screening (by colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography, or stool-based tests) in adults ages 50 to 75 years using data from the National Health Interview Survey in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018. For each survey year, we estimated prevalence by age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family income, and health insurance. We also compared increases in prevalence of screening from 2000 to 2018 in 5-year age groups (50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, and 70–75 years).

Results:
Overall, prevalence of colorectal cancer screening increased from 36.7% in 2000 to 66.1% in 2018. Screening prevalence in 2018 was lowest for age 50 to 54 years (47.6%), Hispanics (56.5%), Asians (57.1%), and participants with less than a high school degree (53.6%), from low-income families (56.6%), or without insurance (39.7%). Increases in prevalence over time differed by five-year age group. For example, prevalence increased from 28.2% in 2000 to 47.6% in 2018 (+19.4%; 95% CI, 13.1–25.6) for age 50 to 54 years but from 46.4% to 78.0% (+31.6%; 95% CI, 25.4%–37.7%) for age 70 to 75 years. This pattern was consistent across race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family income, and health insurance.

Conclusions:
Prevalence of colorectal cancer screening remains low in adults ages 50 to 54 years.

Impact:
As new guidelines are implemented, care must be taken to ensure screening benefits are realized equally by all population groups, particularly newly eligible adults ages 45 to 49 years.
See related commentary by Brawley, p. 1671
Underutilization of Guideline-Recommended Mismatch Repair/Microsatellite Instability Biomarker Testing in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Papke David J. , Lindeman Neal I. , Schrag Deborah , Iorgulescu J. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
In 2017, DNA mismatch repair/microsatellite instability (MMR/MSI) testing was nationally recommended for advanced colorectal cancers based on favorable immune checkpoint inhibitor responses among patients with MMR-deficient/MSI-high tumors.

Methods:
Patients ages ≥20-years-old presenting with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma from 2010 to 2017 were identified from the National Cancer Database. 2017 was the latest year with available testing utilization data. Patient, tumor, socioeconomic, and care setting characteristics were evaluated for association with upfront MMR/MSI testing in 2017 using multivariable logistic regression and average adjusted predicted probabilities (%AAP).

Results:
Among 72,830 stage IV colorectal cancers, upfront MMR/MSI testing levels increased from 16.4% in 2010 to 56.4% in 2017. For patients diagnosed in 2017 (i.e., following national recommendations, n = 10,022), testing levels were lower for older patients (Padj &lt; 0.001), and were independent of patients' race/ethnicity and insurance status. Patients from the poorest quartile of households received less testing [49.6%AAP, 99.9% confidence interval (CI) 45.5–53.7] than patients from the 3rd (56.9%AAP, 99.9% CI, 53.3–60.6; Padj &lt; 0.001) or 4th quartiles (57.6%AAP, 99.9% CI, 54.3–60.9; Padj &lt; 0.001). Although testing levels improved most at community programs, they remained lower in 2017 (46.6%AAP, 99.9% CI, 41.0–52.1) compared with academic/NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers (62.8%AAP, 99.9% CI, 59.7–65.8; Padj &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions:
Upfront MMR/MSI testing utilization for patients with advanced colorectal cancer has increased but there is still substantial need for optimization. Testing utilization disproportionately lagged for patients who were older, from the poorest quartile of households, or managed at community cancer programs.

Impact:
Our findings indicate opportunities for improving rates of MMR/MSI testing and reporting, possibly through incorporation into quality control and accreditation metrics.
The Impact of PIK3R1 Mutations and Insulin–PI3K–Glycolytic Pathway Regulation in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Nandakumar Subhiksha , Hirani Rahim , Nguyen Bastien , Stopsack Konrad H. , Kreitzer Christoph , Rajanala Sai Harisha , Ghale Romina , Mazzu Ying Z. , Pillarsetty Naga Vara Kishore , Lee Gwo-Shu Mary , Scher Howard I. , Morris Michael J. , Traina Tiffany , Razavi Pedram , Abida Wassim , Durack Jeremy C. , Solomon Stephen B. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Wibmer Andreas G. , Schultz Nikolaus , Kantoff Philip W. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose:
Oncogenic alterations of the PI3K/AKT pathway occur in &gt;40% of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, predominantly via PTEN loss. The significance of other PI3K pathway components in prostate cancer is largely unknown.

Experimental Design:
Patients in this study underwent tumor sequencing using the MSK-IMPACT clinical assay to capture single-nucleotide variants, insertions, and deletions; copy-number alterations; and structural rearrangements, or were profiled through The Cancer Genome Atlas. The association between PIK3R1 alteration/expression and survival was evaluated using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression models. We used the siRNA-based knockdown of PIK3R1 for functional studies. FDG-PET/CT examinations were performed with a hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scanner for some prostate cancer patients in the MSK-IMPACT cohort.

Results:
Analyzing 1,417 human prostate cancers, we found a significant enrichment of PIK3R1 alterations in metastatic cancers compared with primary cancers. PIK3R1 alterations or reduced mRNA expression tended to be associated with worse clinical outcomes in prostate cancer, particularly in primary disease, as well as in breast, gastric, and several other cancers. In prostate cancer cell lines, PIK3R1 knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation and AKT activity, including insulin-stimulated AKT activity. In cell lines and organoids, PIK3R1 loss/mutation was associated with increased sensitivity to AKT inhibitors. PIK3R1-altered patient prostate tumors had increased uptake of the glucose analogue 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in PET imaging, suggesting increased glycolysis.

Conclusions:
Our findings describe a novel genomic feature in metastatic prostate cancer and suggest that PIK3R1 alteration may be a key event for insulin–PI3K–glycolytic pathway regulation in prostate cancer.
Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Arm Phase 2 Clinical Trial
Authors: Zhang Zhanjie , Wu Bian , Peng Gang , Xiao Guixiang , Huang Jing , Ding Qian , Yang Chengzhang , Xiong Xingao , Ma Hui , Shi Liangliang , Yang Jinsong , Hong Xiaohua , Wei Jielin , Qin You , Wan Chao , Zhong Yi , Zhou Yan , Zhao Xueyan , Leng Yangming , Zhang Tao , Wu Gang , Yao Min , Zhang Xiaomeng , Yang Kunyu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose:
This study aimed to assess the antitumor activity and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitor camrelizumab in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Patients and Methods:
In this single-center, single-arm, phase 2 trial, patients with resectable stage III–IVB HNSCC received chemotherapy [albumin-bound paclitaxel 260 mg/m2 (or docetaxel 75 mg/m2) plus cisplatin 75 mg/m2] and camrelizumab 200 mg on day 1 of each 21-day cycle for three cycles, followed by surgery, and adjuvant radiotherapy. Co-primary end points were pathological complete response (pCR) rate and safety.

Results:
Thirty patients were enrolled and completed the neoadjuvant therapy, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 96.7% (29/30). Twenty-seven patients underwent surgery without delay, with an R0 resection rate of 92.6% (25/27). The clinical to pathological downstaging rate was 100% (27/27). The pCR rate was 37.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 19.4%–57.6%], and the major pathological response (MPR) rate was 74.1% (95% CI, 53.7%–88.9%). The median follow-up duration was 16.1 months (range, 8.3–28.5), and the disease-free survival rate at 12 months was 95.8% (95% CI, 73.9%–99.4%). Grade 3 neoadjuvant therapy–related adverse events included rash (1; 3.3%), pruritis (1; 3.3%), and thrombocytopenia (1; 3.3%), and no grade 4 or 5 treatment-related events occurred. The most common surgical complication was delayed wound healing (5; 18.5%).

Conclusions:
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus camrelizumab for locally advanced HNSCC showed high ORR, pCR, and MPR rates, with an acceptable safety profile. These data support further evaluation of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC.
Impact of PD-1 Blockade in Nonresponders: Pitfalls and Promise
Authors: Yoon Harry H. , Dong Haidong , Shi Qian 
Published: June 2022

Summary
Exploratory analysis of a phase III trial in esophageal cancer found that the patients who most contributed to an overall survival benefit from PD-1 blockade were not responders, but non-responders. The analysis has limitations but may have implications for investigating the optimal timing of immunotherapy relative to other treatments.
See related article by Okada et al., p. 3277
Differences in Factors Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis Between pT1 Rectal Cancer and pT1 Colon Cancer: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Cho Sung Hwan , Park Byung-Soo , Son Gyung Mo , Kim Hyun Sung , Kim Su Jin , Park Su Bum , Choi Cheol Woong , Kim Hyung Wook , Shin Dong Hoon , Yun Mi Sook 
Published: June 2022

Background Studies have demonstrated conflicting results regarding factors that predict lymph node metastasis (LNM) in pT1 colorectal cancers. We hypothesized that these discrepancies could be related to different factors predicting LNM between rectal and colon cancer. This study aimed to compare predicting factors for LNM between pT1 rectal and colon cancer. Methods This retrospective study evaluated a prospectively maintained database that included 380 patients with pT1 colorectal cancer from January 2010 to December 2020. Patients were grouped according to whether they had rectal or colon cancer, with or without LNM, and factors predicting LNM were analyzed. Results In pT1 rectal cancer, LNM was associated with deeper submucosal (SM) invasion (P = .024) and a higher proportion of poorly differentiated tumors (P = .006). In pT1 colon cancer, LNM was associated with a higher proportion of moderately/poorly differentiated tumors (P = .002) and lymphatic invasion (P = .004). In the multivariate analysis for rectal cancer, depth of SM invasion (≥3000 μm) was an independent predictive factor for LNM (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-27.94; P = .013), whereas for colon cancer, moderately/poorly differentiated tumors (95% CI, 1.38-8.13; P = .008) and lymphatic invasion (95% CI, 1.44-11.78; P = .008) were independent predictive factors for LNM. Discussion There were distinct differences in the factors predicting LNM between pT1 rectal cancer and colon cancer. These results suggest the necessity in differentiating between rectal and colon cancer when performing studies on LNM in pT1 colorectal cancer.
Presentation and Outcomes of Otolaryngologic Surgeries in Patients With Mental Illness History
Authors: Al-Qurayshi Zaid , Rossi-Meyer Monica , Shama Mohamed A. , Williams Amy M. , Bayon Rodrigo , Kandil Emad 
Published: June 2022

Background: Describe the epidemiology and characteristics of patients with a history of mental illness undergoing otolaryngologic procedures. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database, 2010 to 2015. The study sample included adult (≥18 years) patients undergoing otolaryngologic procedures. Results: A total of 146 182 patients were included, 18.3% with mental illness history. The prevalence of patients who required otolaryngologic surgeries with history of mental illness increased significantly from 14.9% in 2010 to 25.0% in 2015 ( P < .001). Mental illness diagnoses included: depression (6.9%), anxiety (5.8%), alcohol dependence (4.2%), substance dependence (2.9%), bipolar disorder (1.4%), memory disorders (1.2%), delusional disorders (0.6%), self-harm (0.1%). Patients with a history of mental illness were more likely to be <65 years, female, and have multiple comorbidities ( P < .05 each). Patients with history of mental illness had a higher risk of complications [OR:1.59, 95% CI:1.50,1.69, P < .001]. Conclusions: Patients with a history of mental illness are increasingly encountered in otolaryngology service. This study provides an epidemiological perspective that warrants increasing clinical investigation of this subpopulation.
Enhancing the tensile properties of Sn-Zn-Ag lead-free solder alloy by loading MgO nanoparticles and irradiation
Authors: Mohammed Gh , Alruwaili F , El-Gamal Samy 
Published: June 2022

Lead-free composite solders has attracted more attention as they are required in the microelectronics industry to assure good electrical connections and the best mechanical response between integrated circuit devices and the substrate. The mechanical mixing technique was used to prepare the plain (Sn-5.3 wt% Zn-1 wt% Ag, SZA531) and composite solder (SZA531/0.5 wt% MgO), while MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel technique. The aim to investigate the effects of loading 0.5 wt% MgO NPs and [Formula: see text]-irradiation doses (0–2.0 MGy) on the tensile properties of plain solder at different strain rates (ε•). The microstructural properties revealed that MgO was pure, crystalline, and had a nanoparticle-like morphology with an average crystallite size of 9.61 nm. Plain and composite solders contained β-Sn, Zn, and Ag, as well as some intermetallic compounds, Ag3Sn and AgZn. Loading MgO refined [Formula: see text]-Sn and Ag3Sn, while AgZn particles were partially dissolved. The thermal analysis reported that the melting point slightly increased from 206.1°C with SZA531 to 208.7°C when loaded which confirms the good solderability of composite solder. The tensile properties revealed that ultimate tensile strength and the tensile toughness increased with increasing ε•, dose of γ-rays, and MgO loading, while ductility decreased. The strain rate sensitivity index ( m) decrease with increasing the dose and MgO loading because of the decrease in the resistance to necking. These results were interpreted based on Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening.