bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Onsager coefficient and internal relaxation modes on spinodal decomposition in the high molecular isotopic blend polystyrene/deutero-polystyrene studied with small angle neutron scattering
Authors: Müller G. , Schwahn D. , Eckerlebe H. , Rieger J. , Springer T. 
Published: July 2002

The early state of spinodal decomposition was studied by small angle neutron scattering in the critical mixture of the isotopic blend deutero-polystyrene/polystyrene (d-PS/PS) of equal molecular volume of 1.42×106 cm3/mol in a temperature range 12 K≤‖Tc−T‖≤82 K. This process can be described by the relaxation between two static structure factors, S(Q) representing the equilibrium values of the system in the mixed state and at the temperature where phase separation occurs. The time evolution of the relaxation process is described by the dynamical structure factor, L(Q,t) which depends on the dynamic properties of the mixture. It will be shown that the static structure factor of a mixed system can also be determined in the unstable two-phase region during the early state of spinodal decomposition. Consistent values for the Flory–Huggins parameter were found in comparison with a lower molecular d-PS/PS sample and, therefore, a lower critical temperature which was even smaller than the phase separation temperatures of the present system.
The observed time evolution of the fluctuation modes is nonexponential. Therefore, it was originally supposed that internal modes of the coil come into play. The analysis of the data with an ansatz by Akcasu, which takes internal modes into account showed, however, that the phase separation in the experimental range of wave number and time is dominated by the centre of mass diffusion as in the C–H–C case and the nonexponential behavior was attributed to a time dependent increase of the ‘‘range’’ of the Onsager coefficient. A range of the Onsager coefficient larger than the radius of gyration of a single coil is predicted in case of entangled polymers. However, no time dependence was predicted so far. The evaluated diffusion constants follow an Arrhenius behavior and are consistent with earlier studies. They show a D0∝N−2 scaling consistent with reptation. A further result is the observation of a second order peak in the structure factor already in the early times of spinodal decomposition. So far, this was only attributed to the late state of spinodal decomposition.
Autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: McFarlane Ian G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDespite many decades of research, the reasons why only a relatively small proportion of individuals who consume excessive quantities of alcohol develop clinically significant liver disease remain unknown. The association with features of autoimmune diseases, including hypergammaglobulinaemia, circulating autoantibodies, inheritance of certain immunogenetic (HLA) markers and response to corticosteroid therapy in some patients has led to a persistent impression that altered immune regulation with a relative loss of self‐tolerance underlies susceptibility to the development of the more severe forms of alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis). However, review of the data from the numerous studies that have been conducted over the past 30 years fails to reveal sufficiently convincing evidence that autoimmunity plays a primary role in alcohol‐related liver damage. In particular, most of the wide range of circulating autoantibodies that have been reported in patients are found mainly at low titres, are not confined to those with severe liver injury, and are probably more likely to be a response to the hepatic insult than causally related to liver damage. Additionally, an association with various HLA phenotypes has not been confirmed by meta‐analysis. Interpretation is complicated by evidence that alcohol may have direct effects on some components of the immune system but, if there is an immunogenetic basis for alcoholic liver disease, the present evidence suggests that this might be related more to cytokine gene polymorphisms than to a predisposition to autoimmunity per se.
Viral Shedding 1 Year Following First-Episode Genital HSV-1 Infection
Authors: Johnston Christine , Magaret Amalia , Son Hyunju , Stern Michael , Rathbun Molly , Renner Daniel , Szpara Moriah , Gunby Sarah , Ott Mariliis , Jing Lichen , Campbell Victoria L. , Huang Meei-li , Selke Stacy , Jerome Keith R. , Koelle David M. , Wald Anna 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the leading cause of first-episode genital herpes in many countries.ObjectiveTo inform counseling messages regarding genital HSV-1 transmission, oral and genital viral shedding patterns among persons with first-episode genital HSV-1 infection were assessed. The trajectory of the development of HSV-specific antibody and T-cell responses was also characterized.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective cohort followed up for up to 2 years, with 82 participants followed up between 2013 and 2018. Participants were recruited from sexual health and primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington. Persons with laboratory-documented first-episode genital HSV-1 infection, without HIV infection or current pregnancy, were referred for enrollment.ExposuresFirst-episode genital HSV-1 infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresGenital and oral HSV-1 shedding and lesion rates at 2 months, 11 months, and up to 2 years after initial genital HSV-1 infection. Participants self-collected oral and genital swabs for HSV polymerase chain reaction testing for 30 days at 2 and 11 months and up to 2 years after diagnosis of genital HSV-1. Blood samples were collected at serial time points to assess immune responses to HSV-1. Primary HSV-1 infection was defined as absent HSV antibody at baseline or evolving antibody profile using the University of Washington HSV Western Blot. HSV-specific T-cell responses were detected using interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot.ResultsAmong the 82 participants, the median (range) age was 26 (16-64) years, 54 (65.9%) were women, and 42 (51.2%) had primary HSV-1 infection. At 2 months, HSV-1 was detected from the genital tract in 53 participants (64.6%) and in the mouth in 24 participants (29.3%). Genital HSV-1 shedding was detected on 275 of 2264 days (12.1%) at 2 months and declined significantly to 122 of 1719 days (7.1%) at 11 months (model-predicted rate, 6.2% [95% CI, 4.3%-8.9%] at 2 months vs 3.2% [95% CI, 1.8%-5.7%] at 11 months; relative risk, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.29-0.93]). Genital lesions were rare, reported on 65 of 2497 days (2.6%) at 2 months and 72 of 1872 days (3.8%) at 11 months. Oral HSV-1 shedding was detected on 88 of 2247 days (3.9%) at 2 months. Persons with primary HSV-1 infection had a higher risk of genital shedding compared with those with nonprimary infection (model-predicted rate, 7.9% [95% CI, 5.4%-11.7%] vs 2.9% [95% CI, 1.7%-5.0%]; relative risk, 2.75 [95% CI, 1.40-5.44]). Polyfunctional HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were maintained during the follow-up period.Conclusions and RelevanceGenital HSV-1 shedding was frequent after first-episode genital HSV-1, particularly among those with primary infection, and declined rapidly during the first year after infection.
Depressive symptoms and conspiracy beliefs
Authors: Green Jon , Druckman James N. , Baum Matthew A. , Lazer David , Ognyanova Katherine , Perlis Roy H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConspiratorial beliefs can endanger individuals and societies by increasing the likelihood of harmful behaviors such as the flouting of public health guidelines. While scholars have identified various correlates of conspiracy beliefs, one factor that has received scant attention is depressive symptoms. We use three large surveys to explore the connection between depression and conspiracy beliefs. We find a consistent association, with the extent of the relationship depending on individual and situational factors. Interestingly, those from relatively advantaged demographic groups (i.e., White, male, high income, educated) exhibit a stronger relationship between depression and conspiracy beliefs than those not from such groups. Furthermore, situational variables that ostensibly increase stress—such as having COVID‐19 or parenting during COVID‐19—exacerbate the relationship while those that seem to decrease stress, such as social support, vitiate it. The results provide insight about the development of targeted interventions and accentuate the need for theorizing about the mechanisms that lead depression to correlate with conspiracy beliefs.
Highly Efficient Photodynamic Therapy with Mitochondria‐Targeting Aggregation‐Induced Emission Photosensitizer for Retinoblastoma
Authors: Zhou Lingbo , Chen Luojia , Chen Sijie , Pu Zeyuan , Gu Meijia , Shen Yin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRetinoblastoma (RB) is an aggressive eye cancer in infancy and childhood, lethal by metastasis if left untreated. Currently, the survival rate and the chance of saving vision depend on the severity of the disease. In this work, a highly efficient photodynamic ophthalmic therapy for RB is reported by employing an isoquinolinium‐based aggregation‐induced‐emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS) TPE‐IQ‐2O for photodynamic inactivation (PDI). TPE‐IQ‐2O is an efficient mitochondria‐targeting photosensitizer as an efficient guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent against cancer cells. Maximizing cancer‐selectively damage to tumors with minimized side effects on normal tissue is essential for effective anticancer PDT and provides long‐lasting protection against metastasis. In addition, TPE‐IQ‐2O can effectively reduce the degree of tissue inflammation by inhibiting the expression of related inflammatory factors. TPE‐IQ‐2O also exhibits excellent biocompatibility with a neglectable hemolysis effect on mouse red blood cells and almost no killing effect on mammalian cells, which enables its potential applications in the treatment of RB.
Extraordinary Solidification Mechanism of Liquid Alloys Under Acoustic Levitation State
Authors: Geng Delu , Yan Na , Xie Wenjun , Lü Yongjun , Wei Bingbo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe acoustic levitation of various materials can be realized by highly intensive ultrasound, which provides a free surface and containerless state for materials processing under space simulation conditions. The nonlinear effects such as acoustic radiation pressure, acoustic streaming, and ultrasonic cavitation open up special access to modulate the fluid dynamics and solidification mechanisms of liquid materials. Here, the physical characteristics of liquid flow, undercooling capability, phase separation, and crystal nucleation and growth within acoustically levitated droplets are explored comprehensively to reveal the extraordinary solidification kinetics of liquid alloys. The sectorial shape oscillations of the 2nd to 10th order modes accompanying internal potential flow are observed for water droplets with modulated ultrasound amplitudes, while the enhanced ultrasound intensity promotes ice nucleation and thus reduces water undercooling. The migration of Sn‐rich globules during phase separation of immiscible Al–Cu–Sn alloy is dominated by the droplet deformation and rotation related to acoustic levitation. The high undercooling states of liquid Ag–Cu–Ge and Ni–Sn alloys during acoustic levitation result in the refinement of (Ag) dendrites and the formation of anomalous (Ni+Ni3Sn) eutectics. The ultrasound–liquid interaction also induces surface waves during the containerless solidification of Ag–Cu and Ni–Sn eutectic alloys.
Dimensional Control of Highly Anisotropic and Transparent Conductive Coordination Polymers for Solution‐Processable Large‐Scale 2D Sheets
Authors: Suh Bong Lim , Kang Goun , Yoon Sun Mi , Cho Sanghyun , Moon Myoung‐Woon , Sung Yun‐Mo , Kim Min‐Seok , Hur Kahyun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractControlling the dimensional aspect of conductive coordination polymers is currently a key scientific interest. Herein, solution‐based dimension control strategies are proposed for copper chloride thiourea (CuCl‐TU) coordination polymers that enable centimeter‐scale, 2D nanosheet formation for use as transparent electrodes. Despite the wide bandgap of CuCl‐TU polymers (4.33 eV), through polaron‐mediated electron transfer, the electrical conductivity of the 2D sheet at room temperature is able to reach 4.45 S cm−1 without intentional doping. This leads to a highly anisotropic electronic conductivity of up to the order of ≈103 differences, depending on the material orientation. Furthermore, by substituting alternative thiourea candidates, it is demonstrated that it is possible to predesign CuCl‐TU structures with the desired functionality, stability, and porosity through dimensional control. These findings provide a blueprint to design next‐generation transparent conducting materials that can operate at room temperature, thereby expanding their applicability to different fields.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Sb2Te3/GeTe Superlattice Film and Its Melt‐Quenching‐Free Phase‐Transition Mechanism for Phase‐Change Memory
Authors: Yoo Chanyoung , Jeon Jeong Woo , Yoon Seungjae , Cheng Yan , Han Gyuseung , Choi Wonho , Park Byongwoo , Jeon Gwangsik , Jeon Sangmin , Kim Woohyun , Zheng Yonghui , Lee Jongho , Ahn Junku , Cho Sunglae , Clendenning Scott B. , Karpov Ilya V. , Lee Yoon Kyung , Choi Jung‐Hae , Hwang Cheol Seong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAtomic layer deposition (ALD) of Sb2Te3/GeTe superlattice (SL) film on planar and vertical sidewall areas containing TiN metal and SiO2 insulator is demonstrated. The peculiar chemical affinity of the ALD precursor to the substrate surface and the 2D nature of the Sb2Te3 enable the growth of an in situ crystallized SL film with a preferred orientation. The SL film shows a reduced reset current of ≈1/7 of the randomly oriented Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy. The reset switching is induced by the transition from the SL to the (111)‐oriented face‐centered‐cubic (FCC) Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy and subsequent melt‐quenching‐free amorphization. The in‐plane compressive stress, induced by the SL‐to‐FCC structural transition, enhances the electromigration of Ge along the [111] direction of FCC structure, which enables such a significant improvement. Set operation switches the amorphous to the (111)‐oriented FCC structure.
Enhanced Flexible Mold Lifetime for Roll‐to‐Roll Scaled‐Up Manufacturing of Adhesive Complex Microstructures
Authors: Kim Jae‐Kang , Krishna‐Subbaiah Nagaraj , Wu Yingdan , Ko Jongkuk , Shiva Anitha , Sitti Metin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVarious functional complex 3D patterned surfaces with micro‐ or nanostructures have been developed and their superior performances over non‐patterned smooth surfaces proven. However, it is challenging to mass‐produce such complex micro‐/nanopatterned surfaces, which limits their commercialization drastically. Although roll‐to‐roll (R2R) manufacturing using flexible molds has been implemented for mass‐production of such functional surfaces, the poor mold repeatability issue has not been resolved yet. Here, a strategy to significantly improve the repeatability of the micropatterned flexible silicone molds over 1000 cycles against highly adhesive polyurethane acrylates (PUAs) in UV light curing based R2R systems by using a two‐step curing process is reported. The mold repeatability is drastically increased from 10s of cycles to over 1000 cycles through the proposed strategy in spite of the complicated 3D undercut geometry and high tackiness of the microstructure. This two‐step process would enable scaled‐up production of micro‐/nanostructured adhesives, such as gecko‐inspired microfiber adhesives as demonstrated in this study, as well as various other functional micro‐/nanostructured surfaces by enhancing the flexible mold lifetime.
3D‐Printed Prolamin Scaffolds for Cell‐Based Meat Culture
Authors: Su Lingshan , Jing Linzhi , Zeng Xianjian , Chen Tong , Liu Hang , Kong Yan , Wang Xiang , Yang Xin , Fu Caili , Sun Jie , Huang Dejian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCultivating meat from muscle stem cells in vitro requires 3D edible scaffolds as the supporting matrix. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is an emerging 3D‐printing technology for fabricating ultrafine fibrous scaffolds with high precision microstructures for biomedical applications. However, edible EHD‐printed scaffolds remain scarce in cultured meat (CM) production partly due to special requirements with regard to the printability of ink. Here, hordein or secalin is mixed, which are cereal prolamins extracted from barley or rye, with zein to produce pure prolamin‐based inks, which exhibit favorable printability similar to common polycaprolactone ink. Zein/hordein and zein/secalin scaffolds with highly ordered tessellated structures are successfully fabricated after optimizing printing conditions. The prolamin scaffolds demonstrated good water stability and in vitro degradability due to the porous fiber surface, which is spontaneously generated by culturing muscle cells for 1 week. Moreover, mouse skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) and porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (PSCs) can adhere and proliferate on the fibrous matrix, and a CM slice is produced by culturing PSCs on prolamin scaffolds with high tissue similarity. The upregulation of myogenic proteins shows that the differentiation process is triggered in the 3D culture, demonstrating the great potential of prolamin scaffolds in CM production.
Corrosion‐Resistant and High‐Entropic Non‐Noble‐Metal Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Tajuddin Aimi A. H. , Wakisaka Mitsuru , Ohto Tatsuhiko , Yu Yue , Fukushima Haruki , Tanimoto Hisanori , Li Xiaoguang , Misu Yoshitatsu , Jeong Samuel , Fujita Jun‐ichi , Tada Hirokazu , Fujita Takeshi , Takeguchi Masaki , Takano Kaori , Matsuoka Koji , Sato Yasushi , Ito Yoshikazu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTo realize a sustainable hydrogen economy, corrosion‐resistant non‐noble‐metal catalysts are needed to replace noble‐metal‐based catalysts. The combination of passivation elements and catalytically active elements is crucial for simultaneously achieving high corrosion resistance and high catalytic activity. Herein, the self‐selection/reconstruction characteristics of multi‐element (nonary) alloys that can automatically redistribute suitable elements and rearrange surface structures under the target reaction conditions during the oxygen evolution reaction are investigated. The following synergetic effect (i.e., cocktail effect), among the elements Ti, Zr, Nb, and Mo, significantly contributes to passivation, whereas Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe enhance the catalytic activity. According to the practical water electrolysis experiments, the self‐selected/reconstructed multi‐element alloy demonstrates high performance under a similar condition with proton exchange membrane (PEM)‐type water electrolysis without obvious degradation during stability tests. This verifies the resistance of the alloy to corrosion when used as an electrode under a practical PEM electrolysis condition.
An Implantable Magnetic Vascular Scaffold for Circulating Tumor Cell Removal In Vivo
Authors: Yin Zhiwei , Shi Rui , Xia Xin , Li Ling , Yang Yanxia , Li Shengkai , Xu Jieqiong , Xu Yiting , Cai Xinqi , Wang Shen , Liu Zhangkun , Peng Tianhuan , Peng Ying , Wang Hua , Ye Mao , Liu Yanlan , Chen Zhuo , Tan Weihong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn integrated trapped device (ITD) capable of removal of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can assuage or even prevent metastasis. However, adhesion repertoires are ordinarily neglected in the design of ITDs, possibly leading to the omission of highly metastatic CTC and treatment failure. Here a vascular‐like ITD with adhesive sites and wireless magnetothermal response to remove highly metastatic CTC in vivo is presented. Such a vascular‐like ITD comprises circumferential well‐aligned fibers and artificial adhesion repertoires and is optimized for magnetothermal integration. Continuous and repeated capture in a dynamic environment increases capture efficiency over time. Meanwhile, the heat generation of the ITD leads to the capture of CTC death owing to cell heat sensitivity. Furthermore, the constructed bioinspired ultrastructure of the ITD prevents vascular blockage and induces potential vascular regeneration. Overall, this work defines an extendable strategy for constructing adhesion repertoires against intravascular shear forces, provides a vascular‐like ITD for reducing CTC counts, and is expected to alleviate the risk of cancer recurrence.
One‐pot Construction of Dibenzooxabicyclo[5.5.0]dodecanes
Authors: Hsueh Nai‐Chen , Chen Kuan‐Ting , Chang Meng‐Yang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnder the open‐vessel atmosphere conditions, the one‐pot synthesis of bis‐sulfonyl dibenzooxabicyclo[5.5.0]dodecanes was developed by double substitution of 1,3‐dichloroacetone with arenesulfinic acid sodium salts, and C‐ and O‐alkylation of the resulting 1,3‐bis‐sulfonylacetones with 2 equivalents of o‐bis(bromomethyl)arenes. A plausible mechanism is proposed and discussed. This high‐yielding protocol provides an intermolecular substitution and an intramolecular ring‐closure via the formations of three carbon−carbon single (C−C) bonds, two carbon−sulfur single (C−S) bonds, and one carbon−oxygen single (C−O) bond.magnified image
Persistent and Enhanced Elimination of Bacteria‐Induced Periodontitis Using a Local Drug Delivery Nanoreactor
Authors: Xu Lihua , Chen Shileng , Feng Yushuo , Chen Ming , Liu Yaqing , Ma Xiaoqian , Jing Jinpeng , Meng Shanshan , Yao Youliang , Sun Wenjing , Chen Hongmin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPeriodontitis, one of the most common dental diseases, is the main cause of tooth loss. Bacterial infection and the host immune response are the dominant factors that determine periodontal disease. Therefore, the key factors in the treatment of periodontitis are to remove pathogenic factors and repair periodontal supporting tissues. In this work, a facile and versatile strategy to prepare pH‐sensitive biomineralized nanoparticles constructed with antibiotic to simultaneously deliver antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and bone repair capabilities is presented. The experiments in vitro show that the nanoreactor achieves good inhibitory effects on three common periodontal pathogens and has activity against damaging inflammatory mediators, reducing lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses. In vivo CT images of the maxillary molar area and histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrate that the nanoparticles repair function for periodontal supporting tissues, reverse the loosened alveolar bone tissue, and remodel the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, the present research provides a feasible approach to both prevent the loss of alveolar bone and repair periodontal tissue.