bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of feeding strategies on the growth and nutrient discharge in the polyculture of carps using farm ponds
Authors: Sharma Pawan Kumar , Sampath Kumar John Stephen , MANIKANDAVELU D 
Published: September 2022

The present study aimed at evaluating appropriate feeding strategies to obtain maximum fish production from farm ponds at low/minimum investment costs was carried out under the Tamil Nadu-Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project financed by the World Bank. The study was carried out for 180 days at the Directorate of Sustainable Aquaculture, Thanjavur, in four, equal-sized, farm ponds with two treatments in duplicates by stocking5 species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio) in theratio of 1:1:1:1:2. Treatment 1 (T1) involved the feeding strategy of pelleted feed with 20% CP (crude protein)broadcast twice a day whereas in Treatment 2 (T2), the same feed was provided four times a day as feed ballsusing feed trays. Among the five species, C. carpio (779±189.01 g) and C. mrigala (670±121.38 g) stocked inT2 attained the maximum weight. Production parameters such as gross production, net production, average dailygrowth rate were not significant between the treatments, however T2 showed comparatively better results than T1.Survival rate of fishes was recorded significantly higher in T1 (35.54±2.60%) than in T2 (29.6±2.36%). Nutrientssuch as total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total potassium were significant and highly discharged in T1 than inT2. Experiment revealed that feeding fishes in trays helped to monitor the weight gain and feed intake with reducednutrient discharge, thereby proper feed management was obtained in T2 when compared to T1
Bacillusthuringiensis cry3Ca1 Protein Is Toxic to the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsadecemlineata (Say)
Authors: Haffani Yosr Z. , Cloutier Conrad , Belzile François J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe expressed the wild‐type cry3Aa3 and cry3Ca1 Bacillus thuringiensis genes, which code for insecticidal proteins, in an Escherichia coli expression system. Highly purified preparations of the soluble δ‐endotoxins were used to perform comparative bioassays with third‐instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Acute mortality data showed that Cry3Ca1 (LD50 = 320.1 ng) was 2‐fold more toxic than Cry3Aa3 (LD50 = 672.9 ng). We also compared the chronic effects of sublethal doses of these toxins by measuring the consumption of untreated foliage and monitoring survival and development for 6 days after intoxication. No significant additional mortality was recorded, but we found that surviving larvae fed Cry3Ca1 consumed foliage at a slower rate than the larvae fed Cry3Aa3, suggesting more damage to their digestive epithelium. This study, the first assessment of the toxicity of cry3Ca1 in third‐instar CPB, suggests cry3Ca1 will prove useful for the control of this important insect pest.
Mechanical Stability of Immobilized Biocatalysts (CLECs) in Dilute Agitated Suspensions
Authors: Lee Timothy S. , Turner Michael K. , Lye Gary J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCross‐linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) are a novel form of immobilized biocatalyst designed for application in industrial biotransformation processes. In this work we have investigated the mechanical stability of agitated CLEC suspensions in relation to the design and scale‐up of bioconversions carried out in stirred‐tank reactors. By careful control of the crystallization conditions yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I (YADHI) microcrystals of different size were first prepared having either an hexagonal (∼12 μm) or rod‐shaped (∼4.6 μm) morphology. These were then cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde to form CLECs. The rate of breakage of the CLEC suspensions was subsequently measured in a rotating disk shear device (total volume, 11 mL) by monitoring the change in crystal size distribution with time. This device is designed to mimic the shear and energy dissipation rates found in a range of process scale equipment and may be used to study the mechanical stability of any immobilized biocatalyst preparation. Experiments were performed as a function of the speed and duration of disk rotation, CLEC concentration (0.26–2.5 mg·mL−1) and energy dissipation rate (2.2 × 103 to 6.8 × 105 W·kg−1). No breakage of the rod‐shaped CLECs was observed over the entire range of experimental conditions investigated. Breakage of the larger hexagonal‐shaped CLECs did occur, however, at energy dissipation rates, ϵmax, above 1.0 × 105 W·kg−1, where the calculated length scale of turbulence was around 2.0 μm. Based on visual observation of the sheared CLEC suspensions and models of crystal breakage, it was concluded that breakage of the hexagonal‐shaped CLECs occurred due to shear induced attrition. Measurement of the catalytic activity of both the hexagonal and rod‐shaped CLECs showed no significant change in activity before and after shearing.
Process and Economic Evaluation of the Extraction and Purification of Recombinant β‐Glucuronidase from Transgenic Corn
Authors: Evangelista Roque L. , Kusnadi Ann R. , Howard John A. , Nikolov Zivko L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA process model for the recovery and purification of recombinant β‐glucuronidase (rGUS) from transgenic corn was developed, and the process economics were estimated. The base‐case bioprocessing plant operates 7500 h/year processing 1.74 million (MM) kg of transgenic corn containing 0.015% (db) rGUS. The process consists of milling the corn into flour, extraction of protein by using 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, and rGUS purification by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. About 137 kg of rGUS of 83% (db) purity can be produced annually. The production cost amounted to $43 000/kg of rGUS. The cost of milling, protein extraction, and rGUS purification accounted for 6, 40, and 48% of annual operating cost, respectively. The cost of transgenic corn was 31% of the raw material costs or 6% of the annual operating cost. About 78% of the cost of buffer and water were incurred in the protein extraction section, while 88% of other consumables were from the purification section. The sensitivity analysis indicated that rGUS can be produced profitably from corn even at the 0.015% (db) expression level, assuming a selling price of $100 000/kg GUS. An increase in rGUS expression levels up to 0.08% significantly improves the process economics.
Association of α‐amylase and the R1 protein with starch granules precedes the initiation of net starch degradation in turions of Spirodela polyrhiza
Authors: Reimann Rezarta , Ritte Gerhard , Steup Martin , Appenroth Klaus‐J. 
Published: July 2002

In turions of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden, net degradation of storage starch is controlled by a special low fluence response of phytochrome requiring illumination for several days. This light effect has been used to study protein–starch interactions that occur prior to and during net degradation of starch. Following various pretreatments on S. polyrhiza turions, native starch granules were isolated and two fractions of starch‐related proteins were distinguished: proteins enclosed within the starch particles (starch‐internalized proteins) and those attached to the surface (starch‐associated proteins). The pattern of starch‐associated proteins as resolved by SDS‐PAGE was more complex than that of starch‐internalized proteins and varied depending upon the pretreatment of the turions. Two starch associated proteins were identified immunochemically as α‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and the R1 protein (Lorberth et al. (1998) Nature Biotechnology 16: 473–477). Dark‐pretreatment of non‐dormant turions does not induce starch net degradation. Under these conditions, α‐amylase and R1 were bound to the surface of the starch granules. Continuous illumination with red light induces a rapid degradation of starch. Within the first 24 h of illumination the level of starch‐associated α‐amylase transiently increased and subsequently decreased rapidly. Similarly, the amount of the starch‐associated R1 also decreased during illumination. The dissociation of both α‐amylase and R1 from the starch granules preceded the decrease in starch content. However, binding of the two proteins to starch granules remained unchanged when the turions did not perform net starch degradation (as observed during continuous darkness, orthophosphate deficiency, or dormancy of the turions). Thus, during net starch degradation, so far unidentified changes are postulated to occur at the surface of the starch particles that are relevant for protein binding. This conclusion was supported by in vitro studies in which the binding of purified β‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) to starch granules isolated from turions following various pretreatments was monitored. The enzyme did bind to starch granules prepared from dark‐stored turions (in which starch degradation had not been initiated), but not to those isolated from illuminated (starch degrading) turions.
Haemangiopericytoma: histological spectrum, immunohistochemical characterization and prognosis
Authors: Mazzei Maurizio , Millanta Francesca , Citi Simona , Lorenzi Davide , Poli Alessandro 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCanine haemangiopericytoma (CHP) is a vascular neoplasm thought to be derived from pericytes. The histological pattern and immunohistochemical profile were studied in 31 CHPs. Twenty‐three subjects were followed for 2 years to evaluate the correlation among tumour location, histotype, immunostaining and outcome of the disease. Of the 31 CHPs examined, 20 exhibited a perivascular whorled pattern, 8 were storifom and 3 were epithelioid. All tumours were positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, factor VIII‐related antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S‐100 protein. Seventeen CHPs were positive for actin and nine co‐expressed desmin. Six CHPs were also positive for CD34 antigen. The panel of immunohistochemical markers used confirmed the vascular lineage of CHP and aided in the exclusion of other mesenchymal tumours. Of the 23 dogs submitted to follow‐up, 6 had recurrence or metastases of the primary tumour. The epithelioid pattern or a noncutaneous location were associated with a poorer prognosis.
Post renal transplantation human herpesvirus 8‐associated lymphoproliferative disorder and Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Kapelushnik Joseph , Ariad Samuel , Benharroch Daniel , Landau Daniel , Moser Asher , Delsol Georges , Brousset Pierre 
Published: July 2002

Post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are immunosuppression‐related tumours developing in solid organ transplant patients. Although the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is detected in the majority of the PTLDs during the first year after transplantation, the proportion of EBV‐negative PTLDs has increased in recent years. We report a case of a 17‐year‐old man who developed severe immune haemolytic anaemia, KS and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8)‐associated, polymorphic‐type PTLD 9 months after allogeneic renal transplantation from his HHV‐8‐seropositive father. It is suggested that: (i) HHV‐8 may be associated with EBV‐negative, polymorphous‐type PTLD occurring less than 1 year after transplantation, and (ii) PTLD may be listed among other tumours, including KS, Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), that are related to HHV‐8 infection.
Kinetic properties of the glucose‐6‐phosphate and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenases from Corynebacterium glutamicum and their application for predicting pentose phosphate pathway flux in vivo
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Striegel Katharina , de Graaf Albert A. , Sahm Hermann 
Published: July 2002

The glucose‐6‐phosphate (Glc6P) and 6‐phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenases of the amino‐acid‐producing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum were purified to homogeneity and kinetically characterized. The Glc6P dehydrogenase was a heteromultimeric complex, which consists of Zwf and OpcA subunits. The product inhibition pattern of the Glc6P dehydrogenase was consistent with an ordered bi‐bi mechanism. The 6PG dehydrogenase was found to operate according to a Theorell–Chance ordered bi‐ter mechanism. Both enzymes were inhibited by NADPH and the 6PG dehydrogenase additionally by ATP, fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate (Fru1,6P2), d‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate (Gra3P), erythrose 4‐phosphate and ribulose 5‐phosphate (Rib5P). The inhibition by NADPH was considered to be most important, with inhibition constants of around 25 µm for both enzymes.Intracellular metabolite concentrations were determined in two isogenic strains of C. glutamicum with plasmid‐encoded NAD‐ and NADP‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenases. NADP+ and NADPH levels were between 130 µm and 290 µm, which is very much higher than the respective Km and Ki values. The Glc6P concentration was around 500 µm in both strains.The in vivo fluxes through the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway calculated on the basis of intracellular metabolite concentrations and the kinetic constants of the purified enzymes determined in vitro were in agreement with the same fluxes determined by NMR after 13C‐labelling. From the derived kinetic model thus validated, it is concluded that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in C. glutamicum is mainly regulated by the ratio of NADPH and NADP+ concentrations and the specific enzyme activities of both dehydrogenases.
Long‐term results of intrarenal surgery for branched calculi: is such surgery still valid?
Authors: Rocco  , Casu  , Carmignani  , Trinchieri  , Mandressi  , Larcher  , Gadda  
Published: July 2002

Objective To evaluate whether intrarenal surgery for branched calculi remains valid in the light of current new techniques, e.g. percutaneous nephrolithotomy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.Patients and methods Between January 1978 and October 1984, 44 patients (24 male and 20 female, mean age 42.5 years, range 14–66) underwent complex surgery for large stones, requiring opening of the renal pelvis and a transparenchymal approach to the calices; 47 renal units were operated in 49 procedures. The evaluation before surgery included creatinine and blood nitrogen levels, blood pressure measurement, urine culture, abdominal plain X‐ray (44 patients), intravenous urography (42) and isotopic renography with renal scintigraphy (five). Renal lithiasis was categorized and all patients underwent extended pyelolithotomy with a transparenchymal approach, achieved by partial nephrectomy (six patients), radial paravascular nephrotomy (10), posterior lower nephrolithotomy (29), resection of the posterior segment (two), and posterior segmentotomy and reconstruction (2); 16 operations were performed under ischaemia. In October 1996, the patients were clinically evaluated by serum creatinine levels (42), urine cultures (42), abdominal plain X‐ray (42), IVU (34), isotopic renography (eight), renal ultrasonography (eight) and blood pressure measurement (44). The mean follow‐up was 14.8 years.Results The major postoperative complications were; residual stones (six patients), fistula with ureteric stenosis (one, with a permanent nephrostomy), toxic temporary hepatic failure (one), femoral arterial embolism (one, resolved using a Fogarty catheter) and recurrent large stones (two, operated 1 and 5 years later). From 1984 to 1996, 19 patients had recurrent stones and two underwent dialysis. In October 1996, the renal function of 47 renal units was stable or normal in 36 (77%), reduced in seven (15%) and lost in four (8%); 24 patients were hypertensive (12 pre‐operatively), nine have urinary tract infection, three are positive for hepatitis B or C virus, and lithiasis has recurred in 15 renal units.Conclusions Intrarenal surgery, conducted using modern anatomical guidelines, was an effective treatment for renal branched stones. The long‐term results are satisfactory after appropriate correction of the urinary tract, with the consequent prevention of stasis and chronic infection. The definitive comparison between surgical and combined endoscopic/extracorporeal methods will only become clear when there is a comparable follow‐up. Currently, surgery remains preferable in patients with giant calculi, a small pelvis and prevalent calyceal development.
Carbohydrate sources and glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Buyken A. E. , Toeller M. , Heitkamp G. , Irsigler K. , Holler C. , Santeusanio F. , Stehle P. , Fuller J. H. , Group The Eurodiab Iddm Complications Study 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims Little information is available on the relationship betweeen glycated haemoglobin levels and the source or amount of dietary carbohydrate. The present study compares the association of carbohydrate intake with HbA1c between European individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus injecting insulin once or twice per day and those with ≥ 3 daily injections. Methods The relation of carbohydrate intake (total, cereal, fruit, vegetable, milk, and potato carbohydrate assessed by a 3‐day dietary record) to HbA1c was examined in 2084 patients (age 32.6 ± 10.2 years, duration of diabetes 14.8 ± 9.5 years) included in the EURODIAB Complications Study. Results In both insulin injection regimens, an increased intake of total carbohydrate (% of energy) and a higher consumption of potato carbohydrates (g) were associated with higher levels of HbA1c, whereas an increased intake of vegetable carbohydrate (g) was inversely related to HbA1c. These tendencies were all more pronounced in persons with one or two daily insulin injections. Consumption of cereal and fruit carbohydrates (g) was not related to HbA1c, irrespective of the insulin injection regimen. A trend of HbA1c to increase with higher intakes of milk carbohydrate was confined to those with one or two insulin injections per day (test for interaction: P = 0.01). Conclusions In particular, subjects with only 1 or 2 daily insulin injections per day should receive specific advice to correctly consider milk and potato carbohydrates. On the other hand, people with Type 1 diabetes may profit from a higher consumption of vegetable carbohydrates for their levels of HbA1c.
Assessment of fogging resistance of anti‐fog personal eye protection
Authors: Dain Stephen J. , Hoskin Annette K. , Winder Chris , Dingsdag Don P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe propensity for occupational eye protectors to fog in warm and moist conditions is often offered as a reason by workers not to wear occupational eye protection even where mandatory eye protection areas have been specified. A study of eye protection practices in the New South Wales coal mining industry identified the number one issue in underground coal mine conditions as being fogging of eye safety wear. Conventional anti‐fog treatments and cleaners were considered by the miners as completely inadequate in these conditions. At the time of the study claims were being made for a new generation of lens treatments. These merited evaluation. Spectacles and goggles claimed to be fog resistant were obtained from manufacturers and suppliers and subjected to the test set out in BS EN 168:1995 and the compliance criterion of BS EN 166:1996. Some lenses claimed to be fog resistant failed the requirement, some new technology lenses showed arguably superior performance but failed the criterion of the standard. Modifications to the test procedure of BS EN 168 and acceptance criteria of BS EN 166 are proposed.
Naratriptan in the Prophylaxis of Cluster Headache
Authors: Loder Elizabeth 
Published: July 2002

A 36‐year‐old man with cluster headache refractory to trials of standard prophylactic treatment and only partially responsive to parenteral sumatriptan and inhaled oxygen was admitted to an inpatient pain unit. The diagnosis of cluster headache was confirmed by direct observation of a typical attack.Despite efforts at prophylaxis, the patient continued to experience three to four severe headaches per day. Attempts to control his headaches with scheduled parenteral dihydroergotamine were successful, but headaches recurred when the medication was tapered, and continuous or intermittent use of parenteral dihydroergotamine was not felt to be a practical option for the patient.Naratriptan 2.5 mg twice daily completely abolished his headaches, which recurred when the medication was discontinued. No electrocardiographic or laboratory abnormalities were observed during treatment, and the patient reported no side effects.
Central Auditory Dysfunction May Precede the Onset of Clinical Dementia in People with Probable Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Gates George A. , Beiser Alexa , Rees Thomas S. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Wolf Philip A. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:To document the prognostic significance of a central auditory speech‐processing deficit for the subsequent onset of probable Alzheimer's disease.DESIGN:Prospective cohort study.SETTING:Framingham Heart Study.PARTICIPANTS:Seven hundred forty dementia‐free volunteers from the Framingham Heart Study cohort with symmetric hearing thresholds at biennial examination 15 (1983–1985).MEASUREMENTS:The diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease was made prospectively using the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease Related Disorder Association criteria. A central auditory speech‐processing deficit was defined as a score of 50% of less correct on the Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message test in at least one ear with normal word recognition ability in both ears. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the relationship between a central auditory speech‐processing deficit and the age at diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease.RESULTS:Forty subjects (5.4%) received a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease during an average of 8.4 years (range 3–12) of follow‐up; seven (17.5%) of these had a central auditory speech‐processing deficit. The presence of a central auditory speech‐processing deficit had an age‐adjusted risk ratio for probable Alzheimer's disease of 10.8 (95% CI = 4.6–25.2), and the estimated risk ratio adjusted for age, gender, education level, apolipoprotein allele E4 presence, and hearing level was 23.3 (95% CI = 6.6–82.7). A central auditory speech‐processing deficit had a positive predictive value for subsequent probable Alzheimer's disease of 47% but the sensitivity was only 17.5%.CONCLUSION:Central auditory speech‐processing deficits may be an early manifestation of probable Alzheimer's disease and may precede the onset of dementia diagnosis by many years. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:482–488, 2002.