bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Elite–Citizen Gap in Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines individual-level explanations of the gap between citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. It looks in particular at logics regarding socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification and domestic institutional trust. The analysis assesses whether differences between elites and citizens in these four sets of characteristics have a statistically significant relationship with elite–citizen differences in legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations. The findings show that the legitimacy gap is associated with systematic differences between elites and citizens regarding all four individual-level characteristics. The specific individual-level characteristics that figure most prominently vary across international organizations and country contexts. The four explanatory logics often operate concurrently, such that elite–citizen gaps in legitimacy beliefs toward a particular international organization and in a certain country typically involve several drivers.
Do Paintings Matter?
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter starts by considering some of the ways in which paintings are and have been valued, and then considers a challenge—inspired by Plato’s critique of art—to the idea that we should value painting: the claim that, firstly, it merely presents us with pleasing surface appearances, rather than deep truths; and, secondly, that it is potentially morally corrupting. It argues for a ‘direct’ response to the Platonic challenge, according to which (good) paintings do connect us to what is true and good, but warns against simplistic (e.g. didactic) understandings of this idea. To the extent that paintings convey what is true and good they must do so through their beauty—that term being taken broadly to mean what is visually striking or fascinating about their appearance. But this must be not merely a striking surface appearance but an irreducibly visual way in which significant truths manifest themselves.
Painting and Presence
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues to develop the idea that paintings can convey significant but non-paraphrasable truths by taking up the concept of presence, which has been used by various art critics and theorists to indicate a particularly intense or charged way in which we can experience artworks as communicating with us. Paintings make themselves present to us, but in so doing they also make something else—their subject matter—present to us. They disclose it in a more intimate way than that of mere accurate depiction, as can be seen in practices of either cherishing or defacing images. The original in these cases is experienced as present in the image. It argues that it is this revelatory power of paintings that underlies Gadamer’s claim that religious painting is ‘exemplary’ for understanding all painting, and it distinguishes stronger and weaker ways in which this claim could be taken.
The Re-Enchantment of the World
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To experience the natural world aesthetically is to experience it as embodying intrinsic value, and this involves a repudiation of the ‘disenchanted’ picture of the world as a meaningless, value-free mechanism. This book’s account, therefore, requires some version of ‘the re-enchantment of the world’—an understanding of it as essentially meaningful and value-laden. The chapter argues that the widespread supposition that science has rendered such a belief impossible is baseless. It goes on to consider the question of whether a re-enchanted view of nature is necessarily a religious one. It argues that what we now think of as the ‘aesthetic’ and the ‘religious’ are both descendants of a more basic sense of the sacred to which the aesthetic experience of nature remains closely related. This sense may be articulated in a view of nature as dependent on and expressive of a transcendent reality (as in theism), though it might also be articulated in terms of a purely immanent vision of cosmic order.
Painting, Beauty, and the Sacred
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book has argued that all painting has at least a structural analogy to the icon in that it seeks to make present the essential nature of its subject matter. But the discussion in Chapters Eight and Nine has supported a stronger claim, that all painting is in a sense religious in that it is disclosive of a sacred order. This chapter then considers several unresolved questions. Firstly, if the beautiful is (broadly speaking) identified with the sacred, and if nature as a whole is a sacred order, then does this imply that everything is beautiful? Secondly, given the emotional impact on some of, for example, sentimental art, is it only good art that can ‘make present’? Thirdly, if all painting is in a sense religious, what is the relation between explicitly religious painting (such as the icon) and what we might call implicitly religious painting?
Franz Kafka
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kafka first encountered the question of (in)attention while still at school, in psychology lessons which acquainted him with Herbart’s dynamic theory of the mind as the site of competing forces, and attention remains a besetting theme in his life and work. In his diaries and letters, Kafka bemoans his own wavering concentration, eroded by insomnia and the demands of work, family, and relationships, and yet in the reports he produced for the Workers’ Accident Insurance Institute, the instability of attention is cast as a statistical constant, as the inevitable product of the modern working environment. A very different picture emerges in his fiction. His earlier protagonists are chronically distracted, and even minor instances of distraction bring about disastrous consequences. In his later texts, in contrast, Kafka turns to the downsides of attention, and texts such as ‘The Burrow’ (1923) explore the (self-)destructive nature of excessive vigilance.
Global Legitimacy Crises
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book addresses the consequences of legitimacy in global governance, in particular asking: when and how do legitimacy crises affect international organizations (IOs) and their capacity to rule. The book starts with a new conceptualization of legitimacy crisis that looks at public challenges from a variety of actors. Based on this conceptualization, it applies a mixed-methods approach to identify and examine legitimacy crises, starting with a quantitative analysis of mass media data on challenges of a sample of 32 IOs. It shows that some, but not all organizations have experienced legitimacy crises, spread over several decades from 1985 to 2020. Following this, the book presents a qualitative study to further examine legitimacy crises of two selected case studies: the WTO and the UNFCCC. Whereas earlier research assumed that legitimacy crises have negative consequences, the book introduces a theoretical framework that privileges the activation inherent in a legitimacy crisis. It holds that this activation may not only harm an IO, but could also strengthen it, in terms of its material, institutional, and decision-making capacity. The following statistical analysis shows that whether a crisis has predominantly negative or positive effects depends on a variety of factors. These include the specific audience whose challenges define a certain crisis, and several institutional properties of the targeted organization. The ensuing in-depth analysis of the WTO and the UNFCCC further reveals how legitimacy crises and both positive and negative consequences are interlinked, and that effects of crises are sometimes even visible beyond the organizational borders.
The Catholic Church and European State Formation, AD 1000-1500
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Stavnskær Doucette Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGenerations of social scientists and historians have argued that the escape from empire and consequent fragmentation of power—across and within polities—was a necessary condition for the European development of the modern territorial state, modern representative democracy, and modern levels of prosperity. This book inserts the Catholic Church as the main engine of this persistent international and domestic power pluralism, which has moulded European state formation for almost a millennium. It argues that the ‘crisis of church and state’ that began in the second half of the eleventh century fundamentally reshaped European patterns of state formation and regime change. It did so by doing away with the norm in historical societies—sacral monarchy—and by consolidating the two great balancing acts European state-builders have been engaged in since the eleventh century: against strong social groups and against each other. The book traces the roots of this crisis to a large-scale breakdown of public authority in the Latin West, which began in the ninth century, and which at one and the same time incentivized and permitted a religious reform movement to radically transform the Catholic Church in the period from the late tenth century onwards. Drawing on a unique dataset of towns, parliaments, and ecclesiastical institutions such as bishoprics and monasteries, the book documents how this church reform movement was crucial for the development and spread of self-government (the internal balancing act) and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire (the external balancing act) in the period AD 1000–1500.
Who Matters at the World Bank?
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book answers the question, “who matters?” in a 32-year history (1980–2012) of policy change within the World Bank’s public sector management and public sector governance agenda. The book is anchored within the public administration discipline and its understanding of bureaucracy, bureaucratic politics, and stakeholder influences. In response to constructivist scholars’ concerns about politics and the organizational culture of international civil servants within international organizations, this book uses stakeholder theory and a bureaucratic politics approach to suggest the normality of politics, policy debate, and policy evolution. The book also highlights the fact that for 21 of the 32 years, it was the international civil servants of the World Bank and not external stakeholders who led, developed, and institutionalized this sector’s agenda. In doing so, the book explains how one sector of the Bank’s work rose, against the odds, from encompassing just under 3 percent of approved projects in 1980 to its inclusion within 73 per cent of all projects approved between 1991 and 2012.
Overview: Sustainable Development without Democratic Protection of Human Rights and Rule of Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the objectives, complexity, and regulatory challenges of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda and summarizes the book’s policy conclusions. It explains why executive trade, environmental, health, and related emergency governance continues to progressively undermine transnational rule of law and multilateral agreements ratified by parliaments for the protection of general citizens’ interests in human rights, democratic governance, and rule of law. Intergovernmental power politics without effective constitutional, democratic, and judicial restraints undermines democratic governance, non-discriminatory regulatory competition, and multilevel protection of the sustainable development goals and related global public goods.
Constitutional Failures: Neo-Liberal and State Capitalist Trade Wars Undermine Sustainable Development
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the rise and fall of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system resulting from the neo-liberal assault on the WTO legal and dispute settlement system by the US Trump administration. The breakdown of the compulsory WTO dispute settlement system since December 2019 also impedes WTO reforms responding to the regulatory challenges of China’s state capitalism, climate change, and global health pandemics. Economic disintegration (e.g. due to the US–China trade wars, related dismantling of global value chains) and regulatory competition among North American, European, and Asian trading regimes risk disrupting the rules-based, global trading community, WTO law, and UN law. The protectionist policies of the US Biden administration render it doubtful whether the WTO dispute settlement system and transnational rule of law can be restored in international trade. Without a functioning WTO dispute settlement system, divergent climate change mitigation measures (like carbon taxes and carbon border adjustment measures) risk provoking trade conflicts and trade distortions.
Conclusions: Multilevel Governance of Sustainable Development Requires Multilevel Twenty-First Century Constitutionalism
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 concludes that authoritarian power politics in United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) institutions and inside many UN member states remains the biggest impediment to realizing citizen-oriented sustainable development goals (SDGs). Rendering WTO law consistent with climate change mitigation and with other SDGs requires interpreting the WTO’s embedded liberalism in conformity with modern human rights and environmental law. Recent environmental, constitutional, and human rights litigation in Europe illustrates the potential synergies between human and constitutional rights, economic and environmental law, and adjudication. Yet, Europe’s multilevel constitutionalism empowering citizens to challenge governmental disregard for sustainable development goals in national and European courts is resisted in multilevel governance outside Europe. The goal of a global partnership for sustainable development with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders, and all people requires innovative, legal practices of UN/WTO institutions and member states, for instance by strengthening of private–public partnerships (like COVAX), network governance (e.g. among independent competition, health and environmental agencies similar to the institutionalized cooperation among central banks), multilevel judicial remedies (including WTO appellate review and multilateral investment courts), individual rights, and transnational rule of law. The human rights, constitutional and environmental litigation discussed in Chapter 9 confirms that, the more civil societies and non-governmental organizations are directly involved in health and environmental protection treaties, the better they can monitor and resist abuses of public and private power. The global governance failures in responding to environmental, health, migration, and other human disasters illustrate the need for multilevel constitutional restraints protecting the SDGs.
A Materials Science Guide to Superconductors
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Superconductors are amazing materials that capture the imagination with their seemingly magical properties that make it possible to levitate objects in mid-air and transport electricity for ‘free’. They can generate the vast magnetic fields needed to confine a nuclear fusion reaction ten time hotter than the surface of the sun, or bend the high energy proton beams that whizz around the Large Hadron Collider. Their utterly unique electromagnetic properties are exploited in the most sensitive detectors and are likely to be enabling technology for building practical quantum computers. This book explores the amazing variety of superconducting materials and the rich science behind optimising their performance for different applications. The central theme of materials science is communicated by explaining the importance of controlling everything from the atomic scale chemistry and bonding right up to the macroscopic scale of large machines. Along the way, key concepts are introduced in an accessible way and are linked to broader themes and applications beyond superconductivity in the ‘Wider View’ sections. The stand-alone ‘Under the Lens’ sections also provide a more in-depth and mathematical treatment to satisfy readers who want to challenge themselves.
Samuel Beckett
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After a life of writing about Victorian novelists, Rosemarie Bodenheimer found herself entranced by the work of Samuel Beckett. In this book she shares her journey of discovery with readers who may or may not be familiar with Beckett’s novels and stories. She follows his trajectory from the first unpublished novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, through the great postwar trilogy of Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable, and on to the ever more experimental inventions in the shorter, later fictions and monologues. Through readings of his work alongside extracts from his published correspondence, Beckett emerges as a sympathetic human figure, a poet of productive doubt, and a brilliant stylist of mood changes and second thoughts. Bodenheimer considers Beckett’s treatments of memory, nostalgia, and grief, and the forms he finds to convey those essential human experiences while avoiding melodrama or sentimentality. His dramatized relationship with his own writing is a crucial part of that emotional landscape. His playful jousts with the conventions of novel-writing show how, from the start, Beckett challenged the notion of character and other inherited novel conventions. The book also emphasizes his dismantling of the autobiographical “I,” his moving narratives of attachment and loss, and the inimitable mixture of comedy and pathos he creates by inventing outlandish situations to which his characters respond with very recognizable human anxieties and adaptations.
In the Mud
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After the radical experiment of The Unnamable, Beckett struggled depressively for years to conceive and compose another long story in French. Chapter 4 takes on Beckett’s most unlikable fiction, How It Is (1961), which imagines a world of nothing but mud, in which naked male bodies torture one another by way of trying to love them. It describes the author’s struggle to come to terms with this dark view of the violence that lurks in love, by linking it to the Algerian War and to Beckett’s troubled involvement with two women, his life partner Suzanne Descheveux-Dumesnil and his British colleague Barbara Bray. How It Is does, finally, attest to the stark human need for others, as partners or as listeners and recorders who recognize and validate the truth of their subject’s existence.
The Powers Ontology
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter asks what sets the powers ontology apart from others. The top-down views can agree that physical objects have dispositions in the thin sense: there are conditionals and counterfactuals that are true of them. Aspirins are disposed to cure headaches on anyone’s view. The powers view goes much further, and endorses dispositions in the thick sense: the powers of a given object are intrinsic, irreducible features of that object. They are not merely a reflection of the N-relations governing the relevant universals, for example. The chapter brings out six key features of powers: they are essential and invariant, independent of their manifestations, intrinsic to their bearers, not reducible to non-dispositional properties, reciprocal in the sense that they come at least in pairs, and are directed at their manifestations. The chapter suggests not all of these features sit easily alongside each other, and negotiates a compromise to develop the most plausible picture of powers.
Origins
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter looks at the origins of the anti-realist position in Hume and Mill. Both philosophers reject the need for any enforcer for the laws, simply because laws summarize events rather than governing them. Laws fit the world in the opposite direction from the way the realist views assume. The chapter begins with a problem peculiar to Hume, namely, the problem of unobservables. Hume cannot allow laws to connect unobservable properties, on pain of sacrificing his account of causation. It then turns to the real problem, what the book calls ‘the central tension’: there is in practice no way for a statement of regularities to play the role of the axiom of a given science. Hume and Mill both struggle, in their different ways, with this problem, and both fail to solve it.
Contemporary Best Systems Analyses (II)
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter continues the defense of the best system analysis against its most formidable opponents. The chapter argues that the Humean analysis can muster a stronger response to the mirror argument than has so far been given. The Humean ought to deploy her story about counterfactuals in evaluating the imagined worlds of the mirror argument, and insist on evaluating those worlds relative to their home worlds. The real problem with the best system analysis is the central tension: in any modestly complex world, the best system of laws will not restrict itself to stating regularities. This is not an a priori or conceptual point; there may well be worlds simple enough to have laws that state regularities. Unfortunately, ours isn’t among them.
Stability
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Republicans recognize a pre-institutional right to freedom, which they understand as a right to live in a republican political order. Corresponding to the natural right to freedom is a natural duty to promote and comply with republican institutions—the empire of law and institutions of popular control most especially. The duty to comply with public law is a pro tanto duty, and is thus compatible with extensive, though not unlimited, rights of resistance. The specific content of our obligations to promote and comply with republican institutions, however, depends on the expected degree and character of compliance by others. Republican institutions depend for their maintenance on civic-minded citizens—on their willingness to promote, use, and defend those institutions, as well as their willingness to exercise political forbearance. Different institutional configurations will be more or less favorable to the encouragement of civic-mindedness, and will need to be supplemented by an active program of civics education. Civic education programs can respect principles of toleration, but will not adhere to strict liberal principles of neutrality. Republics can be difficult to establish, and once established, can be destabilized excessive economic inequalities.