bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF EUPHORBIA HUMIFUSA WILLD. AND THEIR SPECIFIC PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES»
Authors: Гани Г.М. , Жакипбеков К.С. , Датхаев У.М. , Аширов М.З. , Жакып Н.А. , Кусаинов А.З. 
Published: June 2022

В научной статье представлены результаты проведенных в научной литературе исследований химических соединений молочая приземистого (Euphorbia humifusa Willd), принадлежащего к семейству Euphorbiaceae, и их специальных фармацевтических свойств. Цель исследования: Обзор опубликованных в научной литературе данных о растении Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Методы исследования: при подготовке исследования использовались систематические, описательные и ретроспективные методы. Заключение. Результаты исследования показали, что экстракт растения содержит различные фитохимические добавки как углеводы, белки и аминокислоты, гликозиды, флавоноиды, сапонины. Эти вторичные метаболиты обладают многими биологическими и терапевтическими свойствами, поэтому ожидается, что этот вид растений будет широко использоваться в лечебных целях.
This scientific paper presents the results of research conducted in the scientific literature on chemical compounds of Euphorbia humifusa Willd belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and their special pharmaceutical properties. Study objective: To review the data published in the scientific literature about the plant Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Research methods: Systematic, descriptive and retrospective methods were used in preparing the study. Conclusion. The results showed that the plant extract contains various phytochemicals like carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins. These secondary metabolites have many biological and therapeutic properties, so this plant species is expected to be widely used for medicinal purposes
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL DEVICES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: САРЫБАЕВ Б.А. , УСТЕНОВА Г.О. , АЛТЫНБЕКОВ К.Д. 
Published: June 2022

В данной статье рассмотрена проблема состояния и перспективы развития производства отечественных медицинских изделий в Республики Казахстан. Представлены данные прогноза по развитию мирового рынка медицинских изделий до 2030 года. Показаны ведущие мировые страны с крупнейшими рынками медицинских изделий. Представлены объемы импорта и экспорта медицинских изделий Республики Казахстан по категориям стран. Разъяснены категории изделий, входящие в обобщающие понятие «Медицинское изделие» (МИ). Иллюстрированы количества и доли от всего зарегистрированных отечественных и зарубежных медицинских изделий в Республики Казахстан. Показана динамика и стремительная популярность сертификации среди ведущих государств согласно международному стандарту «Изделия медицинские» Системы менеджмента качества ГОСТ ISO 13485-2017. по дальнему и ближнему зарубежью, что указывает на большой потенциал и возможности данного направления
This article considers the problem of the state and prospects for the development of the production of domestic medical devices in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data of the forecast for the development of the world market of medical devices until 2030 are presented. Shown are the world's leading countries with the largest markets for medical devices. The volumes of import and export of medical devices of the Republic of Kazakhstan by country categories are presented. The categories of products included in the generalizing concept of "Medical device" (MD) are explained. The numbers and shares of the total registered domestic and foreign medical devices in the Republic of Kazakhstan are illustrated. The dynamics and rapid popularity of certification among leading countries in accordance with the international standard "Medical Products" of the Quality Management System GOST ISO 13485-2017 is shown. in far and near abroad, which indicates the great potential and possibilities of this direction.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACOPOEIA REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF BARBERRY
Authors: АБДЫКЕРИМОВА С.Б. , ИБРАГИМОВА Л.Н. , КОЖАНОВА К.К. , ТЕРНИНКО И.И. , САКИПОВА З.Б. , КЕЛЕКЕ А.С. , ЕРГАЛИ А. 
Published: June 2022

Проведена сравнительная оценка фармакопейных требований к качеству и безопасности лекарственного растительного сырья различных видов барбариса. На основании результатов оценки установлен фармакопейный уровень требований к качеству и безопасности лекарственного растительного сырья барбариса илийского (Berberis iliensis M.Pop) и барбариса шароплодного (Berberis sphaerocarpa Kar. et. Kir.). Разработаны спецификация качества на лекарственное растительное сырье в соответствии с исследуемой частью растения и АНД.
A comparative assessment of pharmacopoeial requirements for the quality and safety of medicinal plant raw materials of various types of barberry has been carried out. Based on the evaluation results, the pharmacopoeia level of requirements for the quality and safety of medicinal plant raw materials of Berberis iliensis M.Pop and Berberis sphaerocarpa Kar. et. Kir. was established. The quality specification for medicinal plant raw materials has been developed in accordance with the studied part of the plant and the AND.
STUDY OF STABILITY AND ASCERTAINMENT OF SHELF LIFE OF MEDICINAL LOLLIPOPSWITH HERBAL SUBSTANCE "9 HERBS"
Authors: БЕКЕЖАНОВА Т.С. , САКИПОВ А.Е. , КОЖАНОВА К.К. , ИБРАГИМОВА Л.Н. , СЕРМУХАМЕДОВА О.В. , КЕЛЕКЕ А.С. 
Published: June 2022

В статье представлены результаты изучения стабильности в режиме долгосрочных испытаний (long-term/real time testing) леденцов лекарственных с растительной субстанцией «9 трав». Путем оценки физических, химических, физико-химических, микробиологических свойств получены результаты исследования стабильности за период хранения 12 месяцев. Значимых изменений параметров спецификации стабильности не выявлено, результаты находятся в пределах регламентируемых норм. Исследования проводились в предполагаемой маркетинговой упаковке, результаты подтверждают, что материалы упаковки и сама упаковка обеспечивают стабильность леденцов за исследуемый период в условиях 25 ± 2°C и 75 ± 5% RH. На данном этапе долгосрочные испытания стабильности продолжаются.
The article presents the results of studying the stability in the mode of long-term testing (long-term / real time testing) of medicinal lozenges with the herbal substance «9 herbs». By evaluating the physical, chemical, physicochemical, microbiological properties, the results of a stability study over a storage period of 12 months were obtained. Significant changes in the stability specification parameters were not revealed, the results are within the regulated limits. The studies were carried out in the intended marketing packaging, the results confirm that the materials of the packaging and the packaging itself ensure the stability of the medicinal lozenges during the study period at 25 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH. At this stage, long-term stability testing is ongoing
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA THUNB AND THEIR SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Курманбаева А.К. , Датхаев У.М. , Сатмбекова Д.К. , Кабылкак А. 
Published: June 2022

На сегодняшний день исследование фитопрепаратов является одной из актуальных тем, потому как,, растительные препараты менее токсичны, лояльны по ценовой категории и временами эффективнее по сравнению с синтетическими лекарственными средствами. Эта статья посвящена литературному обзору по лекарственному растительному сырью Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Данное лекарственное растительное сырье применятся в народной медицине продолжительно время и научно доказаны его специфические фармакологические активности против инфекций и вирусов.
Today, research into herbal medicines is one of pressing issues, because herbal medicines are less toxic, more costly and even more effective than synthetic medicines. This review focuses on a literature review of medicinal plant material that bears the name Houttuynia cordata Thunb, which has scientifically proven pharmaceutical activity against infections and viruses.
Article: ‘VAT Gap’ Estimation: Distinguishing Between Informality and Fraud
Authors: Gajewski Dominik J. , Jonski Kamil 
Published: June 2022

The value added tax (VAT) remains a primary source of budget revenues across Europe. Consequently, compliance with it became critical for the fiscal security of Member States. Consequently, the issue of VAT compliance received EU level attention, and quantitative indicators – known as ‘VAT gaps’ – were produced for particular countries and the entire EU. Unfortunately, the most common top-down approach to the ‘VAT gap’ calculation delivers only the aggregate estimate of noncompliance. However, designing effective policy interventions requires a more detailed diagnosis as countering organized crime VAT fraud schemes requires different strategies than the shadow economy. This article proposes a simple approach to the top-down ‘VAT gap’ estimation that would enable distinguishing between the two categories by building upon the minimal set of data available to the tax authorities. An analysis of the Polish ‘VAT gap’ experience confirms the validity of proposed method, facilitating its application in a study encompassing multiple countries.
‘VAT gap’, top-down methodology, shadow economy, VAT fraud, carousel fraud
Article: BEFIT and Formulary Apportionment: Should Intangibles Be Included in the Formula?
Authors: Martins António , Taborda Daniel 
Published: June 2022

In 2021 the European Commission proposed a new framework for taxing corporate income (“Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation”, or BEFIT). Consolidated profits of European Union (EU) based groups will be aggregated into a single tax base, and then allocated to Member States (MS) through a formulary approach. Critical issues in defining the formula comprise how assets (including intangibles) should be reflected.
The purpose of this article is to discuss some core topics related to intangible recognition and its potential impact in the formulary approach considered in BEFIT. More precisely, the topics addressed are: (1) should intangibles be included in the asset component of the formula, alongside with sales and employment? (2) considering the several types of intangible assets, which ones would merit inclusion?
Our view is that intangibles acquired to other companies belonging to the group (related party transactions) and intangibles developed internally by group members but that do not meet criteria for accounting recognition, should be out of the formula. Contrarily, intangibles developed internally that fulfil criteria for accounting recognition, and intangibles acquired to third (independent) parties should be included, with an exception for recognized goodwill.
BEFIT, formula apportionment, EU corporate taxation, intangibles
Forum: Disproportionate Taxation and the Right to Property; Some Recent Judgments of the ECtHR
Authors: Attard Robert 
Published: June 2022

The article examines how the subject of taxation appeared in the European Convention on Human Rights explaining how three judgments delivered by the European Court of Human in 2021 and 2022 expanded on the very same matters discussed in the travaux preparatoires to the Convention.
Taxation and Human Rights, Travaux Preparatoires, ECHR, ECtHR, Article 1 of Protocol 1 ECHR, Excessive Burden, Proportionality, Right to Property, Atev Defence, Repo Transactions
Online Platforms: Towards an Information Tsunami with New Requirements on Moderation, Ranking, and Traceability
Authors: Lodder A.R. , Carvalho J. Morais 
Published: June 2022

Ideally, online contracts are concluded by informed consumers. For 25 years the European Union is issuing an abundance of information requirements providers of online services have to comply with. We briefly touch upon the previously existing information requirements, and findings on the intersection of behavorial studies and consumer law, but primarily focus on new information requirements against the background of an online platform offering space for businesses to provide their service to consumers. We critically discuss new information requirements from the so-called Omnibus Directive 2019/2161 primarily regarding changes in Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights. Also, we analyze amendments to the Directive 2000/31/EC on e-commerce as proposed late 2020 in the Digital Services Act. We focus on what information should be communicated, how this information should be communicated, and at what moment. In our analysis our doubts about the value of all this information is apparent, and we question the need for and interest of consumers for all information. In the end we suggest of what we believe should be directly communicated to the consumer, and what could be available only to those consumers, probably quite few, who are really interested.
Online platforms, consumer protection, information requirements, Digital Services Act
Protecting Vulnerable Consumers in the Digital Single Market
Authors: Riefa Christine 
Published: June 2022

The article argues that in a digital environment there is a need for a paradigm shift which includes reversing the expectations placed on consumers by EU law to be the arbiter of markets, to behave as ‘average’ consumers with additional protection granted for those deemed ‘vulnerable’. This is because we ought to expect vulnerability to be the norm rather than the exception. The information paradigm prevalent in EU consumer law also needs to be altered to solve the systemic vulnerability problems rife in digital markets. It should no longer be about consumers defending themselves (using rather imperfect instruments in the process), but about businesses behaving fairly and skilled enforcers ensuring obligations are fulfilled. Fairness in digital markets should be by design and not something that is offered to consumer simply as a remedy after the damage has already occurred.
Vulnerable consumers, EU consumer law, fairness, unfair commercial practices, dark patterns, Digital Services Act, Digital Market Act, General Product Safety Regulation, Artificial Intelligence Act, Consumer Credits Directive
How Do the Third Parties Contribute to WTO Dispute Resolution?
Authors: Ryu Jeheung 
Published: June 2022

World Trade Organization (WTO) judicial bodies face dual obstacles because of their limited legal authority: they do not have the power to investigate members, so they depend primarily on submissions from disputants. They have no authority to sanction members directly, so they rely on decentralized enforcement. The legalization of the trade regime depends on consent and voluntary compliance. This article focuses on the role of third parties in the dispute settlement process and investigates how they contribute to the legalization of the WTO. I use an original dataset covering all WTO disputes from 1995 to 2012, containing unusually detailed information about the number of third parties, the total dispute settlement period, and the final stage that disputants use, etc. In contrast to the existing literature, which characterizes third parties as spoilers that prevent early settlement, I find that WTO third parties have heterogeneous motivations for participation; moreover, participation by third parties with differing motivations has different effects on dispute settlement and compliance. In particular, third parties that claim to have ‘systemic interests’–a legal designation that allows them to participate despite their negligible stakes in a dispute–have considerable influence on dispute resolution. Specifically: (1) their briefs provide higher-quality information than other third-party briefs to panels and the Appellate Body; (2) they help to accelerate dispute settlement; and (3) their participation makes respondents more likely to comply with panel and Appellate Body rulings.
WTO, third parties, trade disputes, legalization, trade laws, systemic interests, panels, Appellate Body
Arkeologi mellom oppdagelse og glemsel Forståelse av et funn i en sprekk i virkeligheten
Authors: Vennatrø Ragnar 
Published: June 2022

Archaeology between discovery and forgettingThe article examines an unexpected discovery of human skeletons in a hidden cave in Bølekointa at Bøle in Flatanger in mid-Norway, and focuses on how a discovery becomes archaeology, and the lifespan of archaeological finds from discovery to our oblivion. Does an archaeological find always end up as archaeology, and what is the end of an archaeological find?While climbing a gorge in a mountain at Bøle in April 1987, an auxiliary teacher at Drageid School Camp discovered the entrance to a large cave. Lacking a torch, he fumbled his way in the darkness and literally stumbled upon a human skeleton crouched by a campfire. Contrary to the view of every archaeologist concerned, the discovery was not treated as an archaeological find. The remains were in such good condition that the police launched an investigation into what they assumed was a murder case. Two human skeletons, showing signs of violent death, were removed for forensic examination. German prison records from World War II archives led historians to identify the two men as escaped Russian prisoners of war, a theory confirmed by local people. Archaeologists nevertheless insisted on a radiocarbon analysis, which dated the find to the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration period.
The establishment of the find as prehistoric also marked the end of archaeological research into the discovery, and the material was stored away for 17 years. The sudden bloom of interest in1987 withered to nothing. In an attempt to bring the skeletons out of the cupboard: how do we neglect, and forget, our discoveries and the things we find?
Visions from the past: Reflecting on the history of epidemiological research in the refugee and post-conflict mental health field
Authors: Silove Derrick 
Published: June 2022

Epidemiological research has made a major contribution to the knowledge-base in the field of refugee and post-conflict mental health in the last 30 years. There is a tendency however to question the cultural validity of study findings, or, alternatively, to argue that we have sufficient data to predict the mental health and psychosocial (MHPSS) needs of future populations exposed to mass conflict. This paper attempts to address both issues. Specifically, it is argued that, rather than an indicator of cultural inaccuracy in measurement, the large variation in symptom prevalence rates observed across studies may reflect a genuine difference given the unique profile of risk and protective factors that characterize refugee populations based on their individual histories of conflict and current conditions of resettlement. There are compelling reasons therefore, where feasible, to include epidemiological studies in the comprehensive approach of data gathering in assessing MHPSS needs - and to monitor changes over time - in current and future populations exposed to mass conflict.
Association between chronic kidney disease and mortality in patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis
Authors: Puicón-Suárez Jacqueline Betsabe , Zeña-Ñañez Sandra , Failoc-Rojas Virgilio E. 
Published: June 2022

Objective
To determine the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality in persons with a confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis.

Methods
Cross-sectional secondary baseline study. The study population consisted of 243,065 patients confirmed to have COVID-19 during May–December 2020. Stata 16.0 was used for statistical analysis, Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis, and Poisson regression with robust variances was used for multiple analysis.

Results
The prevalence of patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who had CKD and died was 1.42 times the prevalence of mortality in those without CKD. The comorbidities combined with CKD that presented the highest probability of mortality were diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Conclusions
CKD is associated with a high mortality rate in patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Patients with CKD, diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension have a higher prevalence of mortality than those without comorbidities.
Root traits in Crambe abyssinica Hochst and Raphanus sativus L. plants are associated with differential tolerance to water deficit and post-stress recovery
Authors: Moura Luciana Minervina de Freitas , Carlos da Costa Alan , Gomes Vital Roberto , Alves da Silva Adinan , de Almeida Rodrigues Arthur , Cândido-Sobrinho Silvio Alencar , Müller Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Background
Previous studies have shown that Crambe abyssinica and Raphanus sativus are physiologically tolerant to water deficits; however, there is a lack of information on the mechanisms responsible for their tolerance regarding root morphological characteristics. This study aimed to characterize morphological changes in the root system of C. abyssinica and R. sativus subjected water deficit, as well as to identify the responses that improve tolerance and post-stress recovery capacity of these plants.

Methods
Independent experiments for each specieswere performed in a controlled greenhouse, where plants were randomly set in a randomized block design with five replicates. Plants of C. abyssinica and R. sativus were cultivated in pots and exposed to well-watered treatment (WW; 90% water holding capacity–WHC of the substrate) or water deficit (WD; 40% WHC) conditions, at 28 days after planting. The plants were kept under WD for 7, 14, or 21 days with rehydration soon after each episode of water deficit. Assessment of water relations, biomass allocation, leaf and root system morphological characteristics and gas exchange were performed after each period of water deficit and 48 h after rehydration.

Results
The water deficit reduced the water status of both species, and morphological and biomass allocation were not recovered after rehydration. Photosynthesis of C. abyssinica decreased with prolonged water deficit, which was also not recovered after rehydration. In R. sativus, photosynthesis was not altered by WD for 21 days, and a higher WUE was recorded. Root morphology of R. sativus was mainly affected at 14 days of WD, while the traits related to very fine roots increased at 21 days of WD, when compared to WW plants. Thus, R. sativus has shown greater tolerance to water deficits mainly due to the presence of very fine roots throughout the period of stress, when compared to C. abyssinica in which the fine roots predominated.