bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of assessing and addressing mental health barriers to PrEP use during pregnancy and postpartum in sub‐Saharan Africa: state of the science and research priorities
Authors: Stanton Amelia M. , O'Cleirigh Conall , Knight Lucia , Davey Dvora L. Joseph , Myer Landon , Joska John A. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Psaros Christina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionPregnant and postpartum women (PPW) in sub‐Saharan Africa are at disproportionately high risk of HIV infection compared to non‐pregnant women. When used consistently, pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can prevent HIV acquisition and transmission to the foetus or infant during these critical periods. Recent studies have demonstrated associations between mental health challenges (e.g. depression and traumatic stress associated with intimate partner violence) and decreased PrEP adherence and persistence, particularly among adolescents, younger women and women in the postpartum period. However, mental health is not currently a major focus of PrEP implementation research and programme planning for PPW.DiscussionPrEP implementation programmes for PPW need to assess and address mental health barriers to consistent PrEP use to ensure effectiveness and sustainability in routine care. We highlight three key research priorities that will support PrEP adherence and persistence: (1) include mental health screening tools in PrEP implementation research with PPW, both to assess the feasibility of integrating these tools into routine antenatal and postpartum care and to ensure that limited resources are directed towards women whose symptoms may interfere most with PrEP use; (2) identify cross‐cutting, transdiagnostic psychological mechanisms that affect consistent PrEP use during these periods and can realistically be targeted with intervention in resource‐limited settings; and (3) develop/adapt and test interventions that target those underlying mechanisms, leveraging strategies from existing interventions that have successfully mitigated mental health barriers to antiretroviral therapy use among people with HIV.ConclusionsFor PPW, implementation of PrEP should be guided by a robust understanding of the unique psychological difficulties that may act as barriers to uptake, adherence and persistence (i.e. sustained adherence over time). We strongly encourage PrEP implementation research in PPW to incorporate validated mental health screening tools and ultimately treatment in routine antenatal and postnatal care, and we stress the potential public health benefits of identifying women who face mental health barriers to PrEP use.
Three and a half decades of artificial intelligence in banking, financial services, and insurance: A systematic evolutionary review
Authors: Herrmann Heinz , Masawi Becksndale 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe banking, financial services, and insurance (BFSI) sector is one of the earliest and most prominent adopters of artificial intelligence (AI). However, academic research substantially lags behind the adoption of AI in practice. At the beginning of this century, AI research has been centered on the sector's credit risk. In the 2010s decade, expert systems were increasingly replaced by data‐driven, “algorithmic” AI. Big data enjoyed much hype in that decade, which diminished later mostly due to unsuccessful implementations. Much published research on big data actually relates to machine and deep learning but not to big data per se. These terms are often found to be conflated in research and practice. The insurance sector is substantially underrepresented in published AI research, and current research is dominated by banking and investments. Governance frameworks for “responsible AI” (RAI) are yet to be incorporated into practice by fintech companies as well as incumbent organizations. RAI is a particular issue for decentralized finance (DeFi). The most successful implementations of AI in BFSI practice, as well as dominant academic research areas, are in investments, securities, market making, customer relationships, lending, risk management, and compliance.
Tamoxifen Alters TGF‐β1/Smad Signaling in Vocal Fold Injury
Authors: Matsushita Hiroki , Mukudai Shigeyuki , Ozawa Satomi , Kinoshita Shota , Hashimoto Keiko , Kaneko Mami , Sugiyama Yoichiro , Branski Ryan C. , Hirano Shigeru 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesEffective treatments for vocal fold fibrosis remain elusive. Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and was recently reported to have antifibrotic actions. We hypothesized that TAM inhibits vocal fold fibrosis via altered transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) signaling. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches were employed to address this hypothesis.MethodsIn vitro, vocal fold fibroblasts were treated with TAM (10−8 or 10−9 M) ± TGF‐β1 (10 ng/ml) to quantify cell proliferation. The effects of TAM on genes related to fibrosis were quantified via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo, rat vocal folds were unilaterally injured, and TAM was administered by oral gavage from pre‐injury day 5 to post‐injury day 7. The rats were randomized into two groups: 0 mg/kg/day (sham) and 50 mg/kg/day (TAM). Histological changes were examined on day 56 to assess tissue architecture.ResultsTAM (10−8 M) did not affect Smad3, Smad7, Acta2, or genes related to extracellular matrix metabolism. TAM (10−8 or 10−9 M) + TGF‐β1, however, significantly increased Smad7 and Has3 expression and decreased Col1a1 and Acta2 expression compared to TGF‐β1 alone. In vivo, TAM significantly increased lamina propria area, hyaluronic acid concentration, and reduced collagen deposition compared to sham treatment.ConclusionsTAM has antifibrotic potential via the regulation of TGF‐β1/Smad signaling in vocal fold injury. These findings provide foundational data to develop innovative therapeutic options for vocal fold fibrosis.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 133:2248–2254, 2023
Soil quality in urban forests under different understory management practices
Authors: Wang Ze , Tao Tingting , Wang Yizhu , Small Gaston E. , Chen Jihui , Sun Xiao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractForest vegetation management plays an important role in maintaining soil quality and function. In highly managed urban forests, the clearing of understory vegetation has potential to cause loss of soil nutrients, resulting in stoichiometric imbalances and a decrease in soil function. Whether the presence of ornamental understory in urban forests can mitigate the negative influences on soil quality remains highly uncertain. Here, we collected soil samples from a plantation forest in Zijin Shan National Forest Park in two stands, each with three adjacent plots with different understory management practices: one with natural understory vegetation (≥10 species), a second with managed understories of ornamental groundcover [Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth or Ophiopogon bodinieri H.Lév], and a third with cleared understory. Compared with plots with natural understories, we found lower levels of soil total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and microbial C and N, in plots with no understories. Correspondingly, ratios of soil C:phosphorus (P) and N:P, and microbial C:N, were lower in the absence of understories in one of the two stands. The magnitude of these effects differed between the two stands, with greater effects observed in the stand with higher soil quality. These influences were smaller with groundcover plants in both stands, particularly O. bodinieri H.Lév. While we cannot rule out the effects of other influences on soil properties, these results offer support for the hypothesis that clearing of understories is potentially detrimental to soil quality, and that maintaining ornamental groundcover can alleviate these adverse influences in urban forest.
A Light‐Responsive Injectable Hydrogel with Remodeling Tumor Microenvironment for Light‐Activated Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Zeming , Chen Hongbo , Huang Chunyu , Huang Qinqin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton‐like reaction is often limited by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which has insufficient hydrogen peroxide, and single CDT treatment is often less efficacious. To overcome these limitations, a hydrogel‐based system is designed to enhance the redox stress (EOH) by loading the composite nanomaterial Cu‐Hemin‐Au, into the agarose hydrogels. The hydrogels can reach the tumor site upon intratumoral injection, and then coagulate and stay for extended period. Once irradiated with near‐infrared light, the Cu‐Hemin‐Au act as a photothermal agent to convert the light energy into heat, and the EOH gradually heated up and softened, releasing the Cu‐Hemin‐Au residing in it to achieve photothermal therapy (PTT). Benefiting from the glucose oxidase (GOx)‐like activity of the Au nanoparticles, glucose in the tumor cells is largely consumed, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated in situ, and then Cu‐Hemin‐Au react with sufficient H2O2 to generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species, which promote the complete inhibition of tumor growth in mice during the treatment cycle. The hydrogel system for the synergistic enhancement of oxidative stress achieves good PTT/CDT synergy, providing a novel inspiration for the next generation of hydrogels for application in antitumor therapy.
Dual‐Dynamic Chemistries‐Based Fast‐Reprocessing and High‐Performance Covalent Adaptable Networks
Authors: Hu Kezhen , Wang Binbo , Xu Xiwei , Su Yi , Zhang Weiqiong , Zhou Sican , Zhang Chuanzhi , Zhu Jin , Ma Songqi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCovalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess multiple functions including reprocessing (or recyclability), self‐healing, welding, shape shifting, 3D printing, etc., due to the network rearrangement from dynamic bonds, and favorable performance from their cross‐linked feature, and they are supposed to be as sustainable alternatives to thermosets. However, the thermal and mechanical properties, and stability of CANs are often sacrificed for rapid network rearrangement. In this paper, fast‐reprocessing CANs with high performance are facilely constructed by in situ polymerization and dynamic cross‐linking of styrene (St), maleic anhydride (MA), and acetal diol (BHAD). The rigid and hydrophobic polymer backbone endow the materials with high glass transition temperatures, mechanical performance, and water resistance. Besides, carboxylic group‐catalyzed dual dynamic ester and acetal‐based networks exhibit faster stress relaxation and realize extrusion reprocessing. This work provides an ingenious and simple strategy of construction of CANs combining rapid network rearrangement and excellent comprehensive performance, which is beneficial for the application of CANs.
Mechanical and Damping Properties Analyses of Small Molecular Modifiers/Nitrile‐Butadiene Rubber Composite: Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: He Qi , Xu Zhao‐Dong , Xu Yeshou , Guo Ying‐Qing , Huang Xing‐Huai , Dong Yao‐Rong , Shah Abid Ali 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) has been wildly applied in vibration control technology, it is usually mixed with organic small molecular modifiers and well vulcanized, which can greatly enhance the mechanical and damping properties of the material. This work aims to design the optimum blending ratio of hindered phenol A/B/NBR composite with the best damping property by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and investigate the mechanical performance from the molecular level. The shear deformation simulation is conducted on pure NBR models to study the impact of rubber crosslink degree (CD) on elasticity and plasticity of NBR. To research the damping mechanism of the material, detailed analyses of the micro molecular structure and reciprocating shear simulation are carried out on NBR composite models with different hindered phenol A/B ratio. The simulation results indicate a strong positive correlation between intermolecular H‐bonds and loss factor η, and the NBR composite with hindered phenol A/B per hundred rubber (phr) 30/30 shows the best damping performance.
On the control of competitive balance in the major European football leagues
Authors: Avila‐Cano Antonio , Triguero‐Ruiz Francisco 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAuthorities in the economic field (European Commission and US Federal Trade Commission) focus on the level of market concentration and establish limits in order to promote competition. However, sports authorities do not seem to pay the same attention to competitive balance in the national leagues, given the results achieved in the major leagues and limited interventions and regulations in this area. How are the major European football leagues evaluated based on the limits set for market concentration in the United States or the European Union? Following this line, we undertook a comparative analysis using the distance to competitive balance index, whose range is the unit interval, and define it as a function in a metric space. The comparative analysis shows, as in other studies, the high and ever‐growing concentration of the results of these leagues over the past 25 years. With the European Commission and US Federal Trade Commission criteria, about one in three seasons would have been highly concentrated in the period analysed, and half in the last 10 seasons. Thus, it would seem reasonable that mechanisms that encourage competitiveness are considered.
Simulation of a novel, non‐invasive radiation detector to measure the arterial input function for dynamic positron emission tomography
Authors: Carroll Liam , Enger Shirin A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundDynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique providing functional images for organs of interest with applications in oncology, cardiology, and drug discovery. This technique requires the acquisition of the time‐course arterial plasma activity concentration, called the arterial input function (AIF), which is conventionally acquired via arterial blood sampling.PurposeThe aim of this study was to (A) optimize the geometry for a novel and cost efficient non‐invasive detector called NID designed to measure the AIF for dPET scans through Monte Carlo simulations and (B) develop a clinical data analysis chain to successfully separate the arterial component of a simulated AIF signal from the venous component.MethodsThe NID was optimized by using an in‐house Geant4‐based software package. The sensitive volume of the NID consists of a band of 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter scintillating fibers placed over a wrist phantom. The phantom was simulated as a cylinder, 10 cm long and 6.413 cm in diameter comprised of polyethylene with two holes placed through it to simulate the patient's radial artery and vein. This phantom design was chosen to match the wrist phantom used in our previous proof of concept work. Two geometries were simulated with different arrangements of scintillating fibers. The first design used a single layer of 64 fibers. The second used two layers, an inner layer with 29 fibers and an outer layer with 30 fibers. Four positron emitting radioisotopes were simulated:18F,11C,15O, and68Ga with 100 million simulated decay events per run. The total and intrinsic efficiencies of both designs were calculated as well as the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the signal. In addition, contribution by the annihilation photons versus positrons to the signal was investigated. The results obtained from the two simulated detector models were compared. A clinical data analysis chain using an expectation maximization maximum likelihood algorithm was tested. This analysis chain will be used to separate arterial counts from the total signal.ResultsThe second NID design with two layers of scintillating fibers had a higher efficiency for all simulations with a maximum increase of 17% total efficiency for11C simulation. All simulations had a significant annihilation photon contribution. The signal for18F and11C was almost entirely due to photons. The clinical data analysis chain was within 1% of the true value for 434 out of 440 trials. Further experimental studies to validate these simulations will be required.ConclusionsThe design of the NID was optimized and its efficiency increased through Monte Carlo simulations. A clinical data analysis chain was successfully developed to separate the arterial component of an AIF signal from the venous component. The simulations show that the NID can be used to accurately measure the AIF non‐invasively for dPET scans.
Design and methods of the Longitudinal Eating Disorders Assessment Project research consortium for veterans
Authors: Forbush Kelsie T. , Swanson Trevor J. , Gaddy Melinda , Oehlert Mary , Doan Alesha , Morgan Robert W. , O’Brien Colin , Chen Yiyang , Christian Kylie , Song Q. Chelsea , Watson David , Wiese Joanna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionMilitary service members must maintain a certain body mass index and body fat percentage. Due to weight‐loss pressures, some service members may resort to unhealthy behaviors that place them at risk for the development of an eating disorder (ED).ObjectivesTo understand the scope and impact of EDs in military service members and veterans, we formed the Longitudinal Eating Disorders Assessment Project (LEAP) Consortium. LEAP aims to develop novel screening, assessment, classification, and treatment tools for veterans and military members with a focus on EDs and internalizing psychopathology.MethodsWe recruited two independent nationally representative samples of post‐9/11 veterans who were separated from service within the past year. Study 1 was a four‐wave longitudinal survey and Study 2 was a mixed‐methods study that included surveys, structured‐clinical interviews, and qualitative interviews.ResultsRecruitment samples were representative of the full population of recently separated veterans. Sample weights were created to adjust for sources of non‐response bias to the baseline survey. Attrition was low relative to past studies of this population, with only (younger) age predicting attrition at 1‐week follow‐up.ConclusionsWe expect that the LEAP Consortium data will contribute to improved information about EDs in veterans, a serious and understudied problem.
Future demand for primary hip and knee arthroplasty in Scotland
Authors: Farrow Luke , McLoughlin John , Gaba Sahil , Ashcroft George P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe rising prevalence of osteoarthritis, associated with an ageing population, is expected to deliver increasing demand for arthroplasty services in the future. Understanding the scale of potential change is essential to ensure adequate provision of services and prevent prolonged waiting times that can cause patient harm.MethodsWe set out to provide projections of future primary knee and hip arthroplasty out to 2038 utilising historical trend data (2008–2018) from the Scottish Arthroplasty Project. All analyses were performed using the Holt's exponential smoothing projection method with the forecast package in R statistics. Results were adjusted for projected future population estimates provided by National Records of Scotland. Independent age group predictions were also performed.ResultsThe predicted rise of primary hip arthroplasty for all ages is from 120/100k/year in 2018 to 152/100k/year in 2038, a 28% increase. The predicted rise of primary knee arthroplasty for all ages is from 164/100k/year in 2018 to 220/100k/year in 2038, a 34% increase. Based on a static 3‐day length of stay average this would see 4280 and 7392 additional patient bed days required for primary hip and knee arthroplasty patients respectively per annum. The associated additional cost is anticipated to be approximately £26 million.ConclusionsAnticipated future demand for arthroplasty will require significant additional resource and funding to prevent deterioration in quality of care and an increase in patient wait times, additional to that already required to clear the COVID‐19 backlog. Understanding presented projections of changes to arthroplasty demand is key to future service delivery.
Unified discrete‐element approach applying arbitrary undrained loading paths in element testing for granular soils
Authors: Wu Qixin , Yang Zhongxuan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe discrete element method (DEM) is crucial in investigating and modeling the elementary behavior of granular materials under varying loading conditions, especially those that cannot be adequately investigated via conventional laboratory testing. However, the application of the DEM in simulations that involve complex loading paths under undrained conditions is scarce, primarily owing to the inability to maintain a constant‐volume condition. This paper presents a unified discrete element approach that can apply arbitrary loading paths while satisfying the equivalent undrained condition. The proposed method comprises two parts: (1) a novel strategy that determines the virtual pore pressure under complex undrained loading conditions, and (2) an advanced undrained servomechanism that can simultaneously control each stress component independently. Numerical algorithms corresponding to three new undrained loading paths, that is, true triaxial test, rotational shear, and traffic loading path that have never been simulated using DEM are successfully implemented in a unified manner. Macroscale simulation results under these loading paths are qualitatively in good agreement with their experimental counterparts, thereby confirming the practicality and robustness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, in‐depth discussions on the DEM results from these three new loading paths are presented from microscopic perspective.
Catheter‐associated deep vein thrombosis in children with severe traumatic brain injury: A single‐center experience
Authors: Lovett Marlina E. , Daniel Megan , Keesari Rohali , MacDonald Jennifer , Rodriguez Vilmarie , Muszynski Jennifer , Sribnick Eric A. , O'Brien Nicole F. , Ayad Onsy 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study was performed to describe the single‐center experience of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in children with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) who were mechanically ventilated with a central line, and to identify potentially modifiable risk factors. It was hypothesized that children with DVT would have a longer duration of central venous line (CVL) and a higher use of hypertonic saline (HTS) compared to those without DVT.Procedure/methodsThis was a retrospective study of children (0–18 years) with sTBI, who were intubated, had a CVL, and a minimum intensive care unit (ICU) stay of 3 days. Children were analyzed by the presence or absence of DVT. HTS use was evaluated using milliliter per kilogram (ml/kg) of 3% equivalents. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine which factors were associated with DVT.ResultsSeventy‐seven children met inclusion criteria, 23 (29.9%) had a DVT detected in an extremity. On univariable analysis, children with DVT identified in an extremity had prolonged CVL use (14 vs. 8.5 days, p = .021) and longer duration of mechanical ventilation (15 vs. 10 days, p = .013). HTS 3% equivalent ml/kg was not different between groups. On multivariable analysis, mechanical ventilation duration was associated with DVT detection in an extremity, whereas neither CVL duration nor HTS use had an association.ConclusionsThere was a high incidence of extremity DVT detected in children with sTBI who received invasive mechanical ventilation and had a CVL. HTS administration was not associated with DVT detection in an extremity.