bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuances of the unique and evolving conceptualisation of intellectual disability in India: A study of the changing artistic parlance of representing intellectually disabled people in mainstream Hindi cinema
Authors: Deb Paromita 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOwing to the different models of disablement in different religions and cultures around the world, social and aesthetic representations of intellectually disabled people are diverse in various societies. Disability is perceived in a different way in India than in the West. There are very few studies on the complex role of Indian mainstream Hindi cinema in the representation of intellectual and developmental disabilities in India. This paper explores the potential of shifting representations of intellectual and developmental disability in the late twentieth and early twenty‐first century Bollywood films in the context of multiple aesthetic challenges they pose. The shift in screen image of intellectual impairment is strongly related to the shifting and ambiguous sociocultural model of personhood in India. In earlier Indian Hindi films, characters with intellectual disabilities were depicted in terms of good/bad moralistic labels, compromised body image, leading to aesthetic undesirability. In later Hindi films, they were instead represented as enduring human beings. In short, in earlier Hindi films, there was a discriminatory hegemonic bias in the depiction of intellectually disabled characters, in contrast to that in later Hindi films, where they were depicted in richly diverse perspectives. The changing artistic parlance becomes even more interesting in the context of major developments in Indian governmental policies and rights for the disabled in the last two decades. Thus, the paper highlights that contemporary Hindi films urge the audience to consider intellectual and developmental disability as a multilayered issue and rather than merely as a disease.
Refining carbon credits to contribute to large carnivore conservation: The jaguar as a case study
Authors: Hyde Matthew , Boron Valeria , Rincón Samantha , Viana Diego Francis Passos , Larcher Letícia , Reginato Gustavo A. , Payán Esteban 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCarbon credits through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) offer a unique opportunity to positively impact habitat and biodiversity conservation. Few financial tools are available to jaguar conservationists to conserve forest habitats; thus carbon credits are of great interest. In order to examine the opportunities and challenges of integrating conservation impact for jaguars and biodiversity into carbon credits, we review 44 REDD+ projects in Latin America certified by Verified Carbon Standard + Climate, Community and Biodiversity located within jaguar distribution, registered between 2011 and 2020. Of the 44, only eleven of those projects have jaguars as conservation targets, and seven of those eleven have a coherent plan for monitoring jaguar populations. While REDD+ projects promote forest cover and biomass conservation, tradeoffs based on limited financial resources at the onset and throughout the project may lead to limited monitoring capabilities and threat reduction, thus rendering co‐benefit reporting deficient or absent. We suggest more rigorous baseline data requirements of fauna populations, greater collaboration between project developers, researchers and local communities to monitor wildlife and address human‐jaguar conflicts, and clear requirements from national level REDD+ initiatives to ensure the conservation of a forest keystone species, the Americas’ largest felid.
Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 2‐regulated alternative splicing of nuclear factor 1 C‐type causes excessive granulosa cell proliferation in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Zhao Feiyan , Wu Liang , Wang Qin , Zhao Xuehan , Chen Tong , Yin Chenghong , Yan Long , Yang Xiaokui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder. Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) serves as an HMGA2 target gene to promote the proliferation of granulosa cells (GCs). However, it is still unclear whether IGF2BP2 participates in the pathogenesis of PCOS as RNA binding protein (RBP). In this study, we aimed to elucidate IGF2BP2‐interacting transcripts, global transcriptome together with alternative splicing in GCs to eventually uncover potential mechanisms of PCOS pathogenesis.Materials and MethodsThe expression of IGF2BP2 in GCs from PCOS patients was detected using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) and western blot. We captured IGF2BP2‐interacting transcripts, global transcriptome together with alternative splicing by RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP‐seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). KGN cells transfected with IGF2BP2 overexpressing plasmids and nuclear factor 1 C‐type (NFIC) siRNAs, were applied to CCK‐8, EdU and TUNEL assays.ResultsIGF2BP2 was highly expressed in GCs from PCOS patients. As an RBP, it preferentially bound to the 3′and 5′UTRs of mRNAs with GGAC motif and a newly found GAAG motif. The overexpression of IGF2BP2 changed the transcriptome profile of KGN cells. IGF2BP2 functioned to regulate alternative splicing events and promote cell proliferation through inhibiting exon skipping events of NFIC.ConclusionIn conclusion, we demonstrated that IGF2BP2 promotes GC proliferation via regulating alternative splicing of NFIC in PCOS. The findings help to better understand the roles of IGF2BP2 in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Alpine plants are on the move: Quantifying distribution shifts of Australian alpine plants through time
Authors: Auld Jennifer , Everingham Susan E. , Hemmings Frank A. , Moles Angela T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimAlpine plant species’ distributions are thought to have been shifting to higher elevations in response to climate change. By moving upslope, species can occupy cooler and more suitable environments as climate change warms their current ranges. Despite evidence of upslope migration in the northern hemisphere, there is limited evidence for elevational shifts in southern hemisphere plants. Our study aimed to determine if alpine plants in Australia have migrated upslope in the last 2 to 6 decades.LocationKosciuszko National Park, NSW, Australia.MethodsWe collated historic occurrence data for 36 Australian alpine plant species from herbarium specimens and historic field observations and combined these historic data with modern occurrence data collected in the field.ResultsEleven of the thirty‐six species had shifted upslope in mean elevation and four species showed downslope elevational shifts. The rate of change for upslope shifts varied between 4 and 10 m per year and the rate of change for most downslope shifts was between 4 and 8 m per year, with one species shifting downslope at a high rate of 18 m per year. Additionally, some species showed shifts upward in their upper range edge and/or upward or downward shifts in their lower range edge. Five species also showed range contractions in the difference between their lower and upper range edges over time, while two showed range expansions. We found no significant differences in elevational shifts through time among herbaceous dicotyledons, herbaceous monocotyledons and shrubs.Main ConclusionsPlant elevational shifts are occurring rapidly in the Australian alpine zone. This may allow species to persist under climate change. However, if current warming trends continue, several species within the Australian alpine zone will likely run out of suitable habitat within a century.
DNA barcoding of Chironomidae from the Lake Skadar region: Reference library and a comparative analysis of the European fauna
Authors: Gadawski Piotr , Montagna Matteo , Rossaro Bruno , Giłka Wojciech , Pešić Vladimir , Grabowski Michał , Magoga Giulia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimsThe main aim of this study was to fill a gap in barcoding data of the European Chironomidae of the Balkan region, developing and testing the efficiency of a reference DNA barcode library for ancient Lake Skadar basin species (Montenegro/Albania), a region of Europe never before subjected to barcoding studies on Chironomidae. Another aim was to test the efficiency of DNA barcoding for the identification of European Chironomidae, including the estimation of optimal identification thresholds, using >12,000 barcodes.LocationLake Skadar basin and adjacent area (Montenegro/Albania).MethodsThrough this study, 770 individuals of Chironomidae from the Lake Skadar region were barcoded, both at adult and pre‐imaginal stages. Adults were morphologically identified, while larvae were assigned to species by molecular identification, using different methods, of which the efficiency was tested, for a total of 97 different barcoded species.ResultsThe identification efficiency of the reference dataset developed for the Lake Skadar region was 98.6%, a value in line with that obtained when the identification efficiency for European Chironomidae was evaluated (95.8%), which confirms the accuracy of DNA barcoding for the identification of these insects. Moreover, we found that the optimal threshold for the molecular identification of the family is 1.6% nucleotide distance, though more specific thresholds are suggested for the identification of species belonging to Chironomidae subfamilies, since they are related to lower identification errors than to the use of a general threshold. The analysis of inconsistency between molecular and morphological identification shed light on taxonomic issues within European Chironomidae. Previously postulated species synonyms were confirmed, and also further cases requiring deeper investigation were detected.Main conclusionsOur de novo DNA barcode library was shown to have a high identification efficiency. Taxon‐specific thresholds increase the efficacy of molecular identification. Hypothesized species synonyms could be validated through molecular techniques.
The role of microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Di Ciaula Agostino , Bonfrate Leonilde , Portincasa Piero 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease worldwide. Gut microbiota can play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD since dysbiosis is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a relative abundance of alcohol‐producing bacteria, or other specific genera. Changes can promote disrupted intestinal barrier and hyperpermeability, filtration of bacterial products, activation of the immune system, and pro‐inflammatory changes in the intestine, in the liver, and at a systemic level. Microbiota‐derived molecules can contribute to the steatogenic effects. The link between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD, however, is confused by several factors which include age, BMI, comorbidities, dietary components, and lifestyle. The role of toxic chemicals in food and water requires further studies in both gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. We can anticipate that gut microbiota manipulation will represent a potential therapeutic tool to delay or reverse the progression of NAFLD, paving the way to primary prevention measures.
Serum potassium level, variability and in‑hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Zhang Xuexue , Wang Miaoran , Zhu Zhengchuan , Qu Hua , Gu Jiyu , Ni Tian , Wang Yi , Wang Xujie , Zhang Rui , Li Qiuyan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveClinical guidelines recommend an optimal serum potassium concentration between 4.0 and 5.0 mmol/L in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which was based on lower‐quality evidence from more than 20 years ago. Therefore, it is essential to re‐evaluate the range of optimal potassium levels in patients with AMI in intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsThis was a retrospective study based on Philips eICU Collaborative Research Database, which covered 9776 patients with AMI between 2014 and 2015. All patients had more than or equal to 2 serum potassium measurements and were categorized by the mean serum potassium level (<3.5, 3.5–4.5, 4.5–5.5, ≥5.5 mmol/L) and potassium variability (1st, 2nd, and ≥3rd standard deviation (SD)). Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between mean potassium levels, variability and in‑hospital mortality in AMI.ResultsOf all 9776 AMI patients in ICU, 8731 (89.3%) patients were included. A total of 69847 potassium measurements were performed in these patients. There was a J‐shaped relationship between mean serum potassium level and in‐hospital mortality. The lowest mortality (mortality rate, 7.2%; 95% CI, 6.57%–7.76%) was observed in patients with mean potassium level between 3.5 and 4.5 mmol/L and a low potassium variability within the 1st SD. Logistic regression showed that the risk of in‑hospital mortality is highest when the mean potassium level ≥5.5 mmol/L (57.6%; 95% Cl, 45.02%–70.24%; multivariable adjusted OR, 14.8; 95% CI, 8.4–26.2) compared to the reference group of 3.5–4.5 mmol/L and potassium variability within the 3rd SD (16.5%; 95% Cl, 15.19%–17.88%; multivariable adjusted OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.7–4.1) compared to 1st SD. Several sensitivity analyses confirmed these results.ConclusionAmong AMI patients in ICU, the minimum risk of in‑hospital mortality was observed in those with mean potassium levels between 3.5 and 4.5 mmol/L or a minimal potassium variability compared to those who had higher or lower values.
Continuous synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from biomass in on‐farm biorefinery
Authors: Świątek Katarzyna , Olszewski Maciej P. , Kruse Andrea 
Published: March 2022

Abstract5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is the object of extensive research in recent times. The challenge in the industrial production of HMF is the choice of cheap, hexose feedstock. This study compares continuous HMF synthesis from hexoses—fructose and glucose, and biomass—Miscanthus × giganteus and chicory roots. The experiments were conducted in technical‐scale biorefinery (TRL 6/7). In the first stage, optimal conditions for the production of HMF from hexoses were selected using sulfuric acid as a catalyst in an aqueous medium. The following conditions were chosen for fructose: temperature of 200°C, the reaction time of 18 min, and pH = 2, and for glucose: 210°C, 18 min, and pH = 3. Under these conditions, the HMF yield was 56.5 mol% (39.6 wt.%) from fructose and 18.1 mol% (12.6 wt.%) from glucose. From the biomass, the HMF yields were 36.7 and 16.2 wt.% for miscanthus and chicory roots, respectively. Some results from the conversion of biomass solutions are unexpected and show a need for further investigations. This work has demonstrated the capacity to produce HMF from biomass as part of an environmentally friendly process in a biorefinery. Further research in this field and process optimization will be a step forward in the sustainable production of bioplastics.
Colonial origins of modern bureaucracy? India and the professionalization of the British civil service
Authors: Cornell Agnes , Svensson Ted 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the diffusion of meritocratic practices as a potential instance of policy transfer by scrutinizing the introduction of open and competitive examinations during the mid‐nineteenth century in the British Civil Service. Scholars have argued that British reformers were inspired by meritocratic practices in British‐ruled India. In order to assess this claim, we combine qualitative analysis of archival material documenting the interdepartmental debates on meritocratic reforms in the British Home Civil Service as well as in the Indian Civil Service with quantitative analyses of unique data on the implementation of examinations with open competition in British public offices and the India experience of Heads of Departments. Our qualitative and quantitative analyses largely reject the idea that the Indian Civil Service was a key source of inspiration for British merit reforms. While our quantitative analyses show some, albeit weak, evidence, no such evidence was found in the qualitative analysis.
GW/SW‐MST: A Groundwater/Surface‐Water Method Selection Tool
Authors: Hammett Steven , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Trottier Brett , Barlow Paul M. , Briggs Martin A. , Delin Geoffrey , Harvey Judson W. , Johnson Carole D. , Lane John W. , Rosenberry Donald O. , Werkema Dale D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGroundwater/surface‐water (GW/SW) exchange and hyporheic processes are topics receiving increasing attention from the hydrologic community. Hydraulic, chemical, temperature, geophysical, and remote sensing methods are used to achieve various goals (e.g., inference of GW/SW exchange, mapping of bed materials, etc.), but the application of these methods is constrained by site conditions such as water depth, specific conductance, bed material, and other factors. Researchers and environmental professionals working on GW/SW problems come from diverse fields and rarely have expertise in all available field methods; hence there is a need for guidance to design field campaigns and select methods that both contribute to study goals and are likely to work under site‐specific conditions. Here, we present the spreadsheet‐based GW/SW‐Method Selection Tool (GW/SW‐MST) to help practitioners identify methods for use in GW/SW and hyporheic studies. The GW/SW‐MST is a Microsoft Excel‐based decision support tool in which the user selects answers to questions about GW/SW‐related study goals and site parameters and characteristics. Based on user input, the tool indicates which methods from a toolbox of 32 methods could potentially contribute to achieving the specified goals at the site described.
Pretreatment drug resistance in people living with HIV: A large retrospective cohort study in Chongqing, China
Authors: Liu Min , He Xiao‐Qing , Deng Ren‐Ni , Tang Sheng‐Quan , Harypursat Vijay , Lu Yan‐Qiu , He Kun , Huo Qin , Yang Hong‐Hong , Liu Qian , Chen Yao‐Kai 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe emergence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) caused by increased usage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a significant challenge to HIV management. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of PDR in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Chongqing, China.MethodsWe retrospectively collected the data of 1110 ART‐naïve PLWH in Chongqing from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021. HIV‐1 genotypes and drug resistance were analyzed using the HIV‐1 pol sequence. Risk factors associated with PDR were evaluated via the logistic regression model.ResultsNine genotypes were detected among 1110 participants, with CRF07_BC (55.68%) being the dominant genotype, followed by CRF01_AE (21.44%), CRF08_BC (14.14%), and other genotypes (8.74%). Of all the participants, 24.14% exhibited drug resistance mutations (DRMs). The predominant DRMs for non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were V179D/E/A/DIN (13.60%) and M184V/I (1.44%), respectively, whereas only two major DRMs (M46L and I54L) were identified for protease inhibitors (PIs). The total prevalence of PDR was 10.54%, with 2.43%, 7.66%, and 1.71% participants exhibiting PDR to NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs, respectively. Furthermore, female PLWH, delays in ART initiation, and the CRF08_BC genotype were associated with a higher risk of PDR.ConclusionsOur study provides the first large cohort data on the prevalence of PDR in Chongqing, China. HIV‐1 genotypes are diverse and complex, with a moderate level of PDR, which does not reach the threshold for the initiation of a public health response. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance of PDR is both useful and advisable.
Early‐life determinants of excessive weight gain among low‐income children: Examining the adherence of theoretical frameworks to empirical data using structural equation modelling
Authors: Dourado Bruna Larine Lemos Fontes Silva , De Melo Jayanne Mayara Magalhães , Longo‐Silva Giovana , de Menezes Risia Cristina Egito , da Silveira Jonas Augusto Cardoso 
Published: March 2022

SummaryBackgroundAlthough childhood obesity is increasing in low‐income regions, theoretical models cannot be adequately applied due to the lack of prospective studies with under 2‐year‐old children from impoverished populations.ObjectiveTo analyse direct and indirect effects of environmental, maternal, and individual factors on excess weight gain among low‐income children during the first year of life.MethodsWe analysed data from a prospective birth cohort conducted in Brazil, which followed infants at birth, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month of life (n = 205). The weight‐for‐age z‐score was used to calculate the conditional weight gain (CWG). Direct and indirect effects on CWG were estimated using structural equation modelling.ResultsChildren's consumption of ultra‐processed food (UPF) ≥1 time/day, breastfeeding duration >90 days, and maternal obesity showed a statistically significant direct effect on children's CWG. We observed a positive indirect pathway linking the maternal intake of UPF ≥4 times/day to the CWG, given its direct effect on the infant's UPF consumption.ConclusionsIn this low‐income population, women who were frequent users of UPF tended to introduce these products more frequently into their children's diets. The early trade‐off trend in children's diet between breastfeeding and UPF was the leading cause of excessive weight gain.
Safety and efficacy of apalutamide in Japanese patients with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: Final report for the Japanese subpopulation analysis of the randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase III TITAN study
Authors: Uemura Hirotsugu , Arai Gaku , Uemura Hiroji , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Aoyama Junya , Hatayama Tomoyoshi , Ito Miku , Lefresne Florence , McCarthy Sharon , Mundle Suneel , He Jin , Chi Kim N 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesThe TITAN study is a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multinational trial that evaluated apalutamide with androgen deprivation therapy in patients with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer. At the first interim analysis in the Japanese subpopulation (median follow‐up 25.7 months), there was an improvement in overall survival and radiological progression‐free survival with apalutamide versus placebo. Here, we report the final analysis results for the Japanese subpopulation.MethodsPatients were randomized 1:1 to receive apalutamide 240 mg or placebo. After the first interim analysis, protocol treatment was unblinded, and crossover was allowed. Efficacy and safety were evaluated in the preplanned, event‐driven final analysis.ResultsFifty‐one patients were Japanese (apalutamide n = 28; placebo n = 23). After a median follow‐up of 46.0 months, the median overall survival was not reached neither in the apalutamide nor the placebo group; the hazard ratio was 0.45, favoring apalutamide, which was consistent with the overall population. Hazard ratios for time to cytotoxic chemotherapy (0.39), time to pain progression (0.87), and time to chronic opioid use (0.82) also favored apalutamide and were comparable with those of the overall population. Time to prostate‐specific antigen progression and progression‐free survival 2, respectively, was favored in the apalutamide group (0.21 and 0.44). Apalutamide was associated with higher incidences of rash and fracture in the Japanese subpopulation compared with the overall population.ConclusionsThe efficacy of apalutamide with androgen deprivation therapy in Japanese patients was consistent with efficacy demonstrated in the overall population. No new safety concerns emerged with long‐term follow‐up.