bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propagation of a nonrelativistic electron beam in a plasma in a magnetic field
Authors: Okuda H. , Horton R. , Ono M. , Ashour-Abdalla M. 
Published: July 2002

Propagation of a nonrelativistic electron beam in a plasma in a strong magnetic field has been studied using electrostatic one-dimensional particle simulation models. Electron beams of finite pulse length and of continuous injection are followed in time to study the effects of beam–plasma interaction on the beam propagation. For the case of pulsed beam propagation, it is found that the beam distribution rapidly spreads in velocity space generating a plateaulike distribution with a high energy tail extending beyond the initial beam velocity. This rapid diffusion takes place within a several amplification length of the beam–plasma instability given by (ωpω2b) −1/3V0, where ωp, ωb, and V0 are the target plasma, beam–plasma frequencies, and the beam drift speed. This plateaulike distribution, however, becomes unstable as the high energy tail electrons free-stream, generating a secondary beam. A similar process is observed to take place for the case of continuous beam injection when the beam density is small compared with the total density nb/nt&lt;1. In particular, the electron velocity distribution is found monotonically decreasing in energy, having a high energy tail whose energy reaches twice the initial beam energy. Such an electron distribution is also seen in laboratory experiments and in computer simulations performed for a uniform, periodic system. When the beam density is increased so that the beam current exceeds the thermal return current, enbV0≳enevt, where ne and vt are the density and thermal speed of the ambient electrons, beam propagation becomes much slower due to the electric field generated by the excess charges associated with the beam electrons.
Beam electrons are reflected from the ambient plasma as if they are bouncing off a rigid wall. When the beam velocity is increased while holding the beam density constant, simulations show that the beam current can exceed significantly the return current generated by the thermal electrons enevt. It is shown that the electric field generated by the beam–plasma instability accelerates the ambient electrons opposite to the beam propagation, thereby enhancing the return current.
Testing the Idea of Distinct Storage Mechanisms in Memory
Authors: Laming Donald 
Published: July 2002

This paper sets out quantitative foundations for testing the idea that memory is served by two distinct storage mechanisms, a short‐term and a separate long‐term store, using data from the single‐trial free‐recall experiment by Murdock and Okada (1970). In single‐trial free recall one can observe which word is recalled next and how long that recall takes, but that is all. So justification for two separate stores must turn either on the probabilities of recall, or on the latencies, for particular serial positions in the stimulus list.(a) Nearly one‐third of all recalls after the first are successors (Word n+1 immediately following recall of Word n). So recall is dominated, not by absolute serial position (as a short‐term store would require), but by position relative to the preceding recall.(b) To a first approximation, all first recalls have the same latency distribution except for Word 1. A common latency distribution is compatible with a single store. An explanation is offered why Word 1 should take longer, in which Word 1 is the second retrieval from a common store.The idea of two separate stores appears to lack experimental support.
Stroboscopic articulography using fast magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Mathiak Klaus , Klose Uwe , Ackermann Hermann , Hertrich Ingo , Kincses Wilhelm‐Emil , Grodd Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA method to display dynamic aspects of vocal tract configuration during speech production by means of fast magnetic resonance imaging is presented. Data acquisition during repetitive movement relies on a stroboscopy‐like procedure. The time resolution achieved is 120 images s −1 in a selected plane. As compared with other techniques of kinematic measurements of speech motor processes, this procedure allows for visualization of the temporal and spatial coordination of all relevant articulators, e.g. the entire tongue, the velum and the lower vocal tract. As an example, the method was applied to repetitions of stop consonant‐vowel‐nasal syllables.
Berezin Quantization and Reproducing Kernels on Complex Domains
Authors: Englis Miroslav 
Published: July 2002

LetΩ\Omegabe a non-compact complex manifold of dimensionnn,ω=∂∂¯Ψ\omega =\partial \overline \partial \Psia Kähler form onΩ\Omega, andKα(x,y¯)K_\alpha ( x,\overline y)the reproducing kernel for the Bergman spaceAα2A^2_\alphaof all analytic functions onΩ\Omegasquare-integrable against the measuree−αΨ|ωn|e^{-\alpha \Psi } |\omega ^n|. Under the condition\[Kα(x,x¯)=λαeαΨ(x)K_\alpha ( x,\overline x)= \lambda _\alpha e^{\alpha \Psi (x)}\]F. A. Berezin [Math. USSR Izvestiya 8 (1974), 1109–1163] was able to establish a quantization procedure on(Ω,ω)(\Omega ,\omega )which has recently attracted some interest. The only known instances when the above condition is satisfied, however, are justΩ=Cn\Omega = \mathbf {C} ^nandΩ\Omegaa bounded symmetric domain (with the euclidean and the Bergman metric, respectively). In this paper, we extend the quantization procedure to the case when the above condition is satisfied only asymptotically, in an appropriate sense, asα→+∞\alpha \to +\infty. This makes the procedure applicable to a wide class of complex Kähler manifolds, including all planar domains with the Poincaré metric (if the domain is of hyperbolic type) or the euclidean metric (in the remaining cases) and some pseudoconvex domains inCn\mathbf {C}^n. Along the way, we also fix two gaps in Berezin’s original paper, and discuss, forΩ\Omegaa domain inCn\mathbf {C}^n, a variant of the quantization which uses weighted Bergman spaces with respect to the Lebesgue measure instead of the Kähler-Liouville measure|ωn||\omega ^n|.
Allergen and dust exposure as determinants of work-related symptoms and sensitization in a cohort of flour-exposed workers; a case–control analysis
Authors: Cullinan Paul , Cook Adrian , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J. , Sandiford Colin , Tee Rosemary D. , Venables Katherine M. , McDonald J. Corbett , Taylor Anthony J. Newman 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Objectives: To estimate the incidence of specific IgE sensitization and allergic respiratory symptoms among UK bakery and flour mill workers; and to examine the roles of flour aeroallergen and total dust exposures in determining these outcomes.
Methods: A cohort of 300 new employees, without previous occupational exposure to flour, were followed prospectively for a median (range) of 40 (1–91) months. Cases—defined as those developing work-related symptoms or a positive skin prick test to flour or α-amylase during follow up—were compared with controls, matched for duration of employment. Exposures to flour aeroallergen and total inhalable dust were estimated using a questionnaire and personal sampling techniques.
Results: Incidence rates for work-related eye/nose and chest symptoms were 11.8 and 4.1cases per 100person years (py), respectively. Fewer employees developed positive skin prick tests to flour (2.2cases per 100py) or α-amylase (2.5cases per 100py). Positive skin tests to occupational allergens were more common among those with new work-related symptoms. There were clear relationships between the risks of developing work-related symptoms or a positive skin prick test and three categories of estimated exposure to total dust or flour aeroallergen. Atopic employees were more likely to develop a positive skin prick test—but not work-related symptoms. These findings were unaffected by age, sex or cigarette smoking.
Conclusions: In this population, many work-related symptoms which develop after first employment in modern UK bakeries or flour mills were not accompanied by evidence of IgE sensitization to flour or α-amylase. Although average dust exposures were within current occupational standards, the risks of development of upper and lower respiratory symptoms and of specific sensitization were clearly related to total dust and/or flour aeroallergen exposure. The incidence of work-related chest symptoms in the presence of a positive skin test to flour or α-amylase in this setting was approximately 1case per 100py.
POLINA: detection and evaluation of single amino acid substitutions in protein superfamilies.
Authors: Levin S , Satir B H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION AND RESULTS: An algorithm is described for the quick identification and evaluation of amino acid substitutions in multiple protein sequence alignment. The strategy is based on the calculation of a relative conservation index for an amino acid at each position of the alignment. The algorithm is implemented in the computer program POLINA (Protein Oriented LINear Analysis) which provides a summary of analysis in a format suitable for import into a graphing program. AVAILABILITY: A copy of source code is available upon request from the authors or can be downloaded via the WWW at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4654/POLINA.h tml. CONTACT: slevin@aecom.yu.edu; bsatir@aecom.yu.edu
CoPE: a collaborative pedigree drawing environment.
Authors: Brun-Samarcq L , Gallina S , Philippi A , Demenais F , Vaysseix G , Barillot E 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: We developed a collaborative pedigree environment called CoPE. This environment includes a Java program for drawing pedigrees and a standardized system for pedigree storage. Unlike other existing pedigree programs, this software is particularly intended for epidemiologists in the sense that it allows customized automatic drawing of large numbers of pedigrees and remote and distributed consultation of pedigrees. AVAILABILITY: At http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/CoPE
PNAD-CSS: a workbench for constructing a protein name
abbreviation dictionary
Authors: Yoshida Mikio , Fukuda Ken-ichiro , Takagi Toshihisa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Since their initial development, integration and construction of databases for molecular-level data have progressed. Though biological molecules are related to each other and form a complex system, the information is stored in the vast archives of the literature or in diverse databases. There is no unified naming convention for biological object, and biological terms may be ambiguous or polysemic. This makes the integration and interaction of databases difficult. In order to eliminate these problems, machine-readable natural language resources appear to be quite promising. We have developed a workbench for protein name abbreviation dictionary (PNAD) building.
Results: We have developed PNAD Construction Support System (PNAD-CSS), which offers various convenient facilities to decrease the construction costs of a protein name abbreviation dictionary of which entries are collected from abstracts in biomedical papers. The system allows the users to concentrate on higher level interpretation by removing some troublesome tasks, e.g. management of abstracts, extracting protein names and their abbreviations, and so on. To extract a pair of protein names and abbreviations, we have developed a hybrid system composed of the PROPER System and the PNAD System. The PNAD System can extract the pairs from parenthetical-paraphrases involved in protein names, the PROPER System identified these pairs, with 98.95% precision, 95.56% recall and 97.58% complete precision.
Availability: PROPER System is freely available from http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/service/tooldoc/KeX/intro.html. The other software are also available on request. Contact the authors.
Contact: mikio@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
A higher-order background model improves the detection of
promoter regulatory elements by Gibbs sampling
Authors: Thijs Gert , Lescot Magali , Marchal Kathleen , Rombauts Stephane , De Moor Bart , Rouzé Pierre , Moreau Yves 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Transcriptome analysis allows detection and clustering of genes that are coexpressed under various biological circumstances. Under the assumption that coregulated genes share cis-acting regulatory elements, it is important to investigate the upstream sequences controlling the transcription of these genes. To improve the robustness of the Gibbs sampling algorithm to noisy data sets we propose an extension of this algorithm for motif finding with a higher-order background model.
Results: Simulated data and real biological data sets with well-described regulatory elements are used to test the influence of the different background models on the performance of the motif detection algorithm. We show that the use of a higher-order model considerably enhances the performance of our motif finding algorithm in the presence of noisy data. For Arabidopsis thaliana, a reliable background model based on a set of carefully selected intergenic sequences was constructed.
Availability: Our implementation of the Gibbs sampler called the Motif Sampler can be used through a web interface: http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~thijs/Work/MotifSampler.html.
Contact: gert.thijs@esat.kuleuven.ac.be; yves.moreau@esat.kuleuven.ac.be
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Development and validation of a checklist for use with automatically generated radiotherapy plans
Authors: Nealon Kelly A. , Court Laurence E. , Douglas Raphael J. , Zhang Lifei , Han Eun Young 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo develop a checklist that improves the rate of error detection during the plan review of automatically generated radiotherapy plans.MethodsA custom checklist was developed using guidance from American Association of Physicists in Medicine task groups 275 and 315 and the results of a failure modes and effects analysis of the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA), an automated contouring and treatment planning tool. The preliminary checklist contained 90 review items for each automatically generated plan. In the first study, eight physicists were recruited from our institution who were familiar with the RPA. Each physicist reviewed 10 artificial intelligence‐generated resident treatment plans from the RPA for safety and plan quality, five of which contained errors. Physicists performed plan checks, recorded errors, and rated each plan's clinical acceptability. Following a 2‐week break, physicists reviewed 10 additional plans with a similar distribution of errors using our customized checklist. Participants then provided feedback on the usability of the checklist and it was modified accordingly. In a second study, this process was repeated with 14 senior medical physics residents who were randomly assigned to checklist or no checklist for their reviews. Each reviewed 10 plans, five of which contained errors, and completed the corresponding survey.ResultsIn the first study, the checklist significantly improved the rate of error detection from 3.4 ± 1.1 to 4.4 ± 0.74 errors per participant without and with the checklist, respectively (p = 0.02). Error detection increased by 20% when the custom checklist was utilized. In the second study, 2.9 ± 0.84 and 3.5 ± 0.84 errors per participant were detected without and with the revised checklist, respectively (p = 0.08). Despite the lack of statistical significance for this cohort, error detection increased by 18% when the checklist was utilized.ConclusionOur results indicate that the use of a customized checklist when reviewing automated treatment plans will result in improved patient safety.
Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: Piriform cortex resection impacts seizure control in the long‐term
Authors: Borger Valeri , Hamed Motaz , Bahna Majd , Rácz Áttila , Ilic Inja , Potthoff Anna‐Laura , Baumgartner Tobias , Rüber Theodor , Becker Albert , Radbruch Alexander , Mormann Florian , Surges Rainer , Vatter Hartmut , Schneider Matthias 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveRecently, we showed that resection of at least 27% of the temporal part of piriform cortex (PiC) strongly correlated with seizure freedom 1 year following selective amygdalo‐hippocampectomy (tsSAHE) in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). However, the impact of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome following tsSAHE is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome in patients with mTLE treated with tsSAHE.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2017, 64 patients were included in the retrospective analysis. Long‐term follow‐up (FU) was defined as at least 2 years postoperatively. Seizure outcome was assessed according to the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE). The resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala, and PiC were volumetrically assessed.ResultsThe mean FU duration was 3.75 ± 1.61 years. Patients with ILAE class 1 revealed a significantly larger median proportion of resected PiC compared to patients with ILAE class 2–6 [46% (IQR 31–57) vs. 16% (IQR 6–38), p = 0.001]. Resected proportions of hippocampus and amygdala did not significantly differ for these groups. Among those patients with at least 27% resected proportion of PiC, there were significantly more patients with seizure freedom compared to the patients with <27% resected proportion of PiC (83% vs. 39%, p = 0.0007).ConclusionsOur results show a strong impact of the extent of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome following tsSAHE in mTLE. The authors suggest the PiC to constitute a key target volume in tsSAHE to achieve seizure freedom in the long term.
Suspended Collagen Hydrogels to Replicate Human Colonic Epithelial Cell Interactions with Immune Cells
Authors: Hinman Samuel S. , Massaro Angelo , Wang Yuli , Sims Christopher E. , Kim Raehyun , Allbritton Nancy L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe human colon plays a critical role in fluid and salt absorption and harbors the largest immune compartment. There is a widespread need for in vitro models of human colon physiology with its innate immune system. A method is described to produce a cassette with a network of struts supporting a suspended, non‐chemically cross‐linked collagen hydrogel scaffold compatible with the co‐culture of primary gastrointestinal epithelium and migratory inflammatory cells. The epithelial monolayer cultured on the suspended collagen possesses a population of polarized and differentiated cells similar to that present in vivo. This epithelial layer displays proper barrier function with a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) ≥ 1,500 Ω cm2 and an apparent permeability ≤10−5 cm2 s−1. Immune cells plated on the basal face of the scaffold transmigrated over a period of 24 h to the epithelial layer in response to epithelial production of IL‐8 induced by luminal stimulation of Clostridium difficile Toxin A. These studies demonstrate that this in vitro platform possesses a functional primary colonic epithelial layer with an immune cell compartment capable of recruitment in response to pro‐inflammatory cues coming from the epithelium.
Mixed‐Dimensional van der Waals Engineering for Charge Transfer Enables Wafer‐Level Flexible Electronics
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Liu Dexing , Huang Qiuyue , Ren Qinqi , Fan Lingchong , Du Chunhui , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Min 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFlexible electronics draw intense interest because of their promising potential for emerging applications, which, however, encounter challenging obstacles of material self‐limiting fabrication, trade‐off mechanical flexibility, and associated moderate electrical performance. Here, wafer‐level flexible fully‐carbon‐integrated transistors via mixed‐dimensional van der Waals (vdW) engineering is realized. Remarkable performance includes subthreshold swing of 51.8 mV dec−1 breaking thermionic limit, outstanding field‐effect mobility as high as 313.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, and sub‐1 V operating voltage. The charge transfer modulation of graphene oxide on carbon nanotube in the vdW‐integrated transistors is designed to enhance channel conductance, which is simultaneously confirmed by theoretical calculations and electrical characterizations. Besides, the transistors maintain stable electrical performance after bending under an ultra‐small radius of 250 µm. Exponential‐sensitivity temperature sensors and binary‐logic inverters are further realized to demonstrate the feasibility of the devices as the building blocks of all‐vdW electronics. These results indicate that either the strategy of all‐vdW transistor realization or the charge transfer provides general approach to improve device performance and further advance flexible electronic technologies.
Maximizing the Accessibility in DNA Origami Nanoantenna Plasmonic Hotspots
Authors: Close Cindy , Trofymchuk Kateryna , Grabenhorst Lennart , Lalkens Birka , Glembockyte Viktorija , Tinnefeld Philip 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDNA nanotechnology has conquered the challenge of positioning quantum emitters in the hotspot of optical antenna structures for fluorescence enhancement. Therefore, DNA origami serves as the scaffold to arrange nanoparticles and emitters, such as fluorescent dyes. For the next challenge of optimizing the applicability of plasmonic hotspots for molecular assays, a Trident DNA origami structure that increases the accessibility of the hotspot is introduced, thereby improving the kinetics of target molecule binding. This Trident NanoAntenna with Cleared HOtSpot (NACHOS) is compared with previous DNA origami nanoantennas and improved hotspot accessibility is demonstrated without compromising fluorescence enhancement. The approach taps into the potential of Trident NACHOS for single‐molecule‐based plasmonic biosensing.
Electrochemical Patterning of Cu Current Collectors: An Enabler for Pure Silicon Anodes in High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Schlaier Jonas , Cangaz Sahin , Maletti Sebastian , Heubner Christian , Abendroth Thomas , Schneider Michael , Kaskel Stefan , Michaelis Alexander 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSilicon (Si) is considered the most promising anode material for next‐generation high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries. To enable the use of pure Si anodes, patterning is essential to reduce electrode degradation caused by volume changes during cycling. The authors herein report a facile and scalable Cu electrodeposition (Cu‐ECD) process to tailor the topography of Cu current collectors for the directed formation of columnar Si anodes by physical vapor deposition (PVD). ECD parameters, such as Cu concentration, temperature, potential, and deposited amount of Cu, are systematically varied. The most promising ECD parameters are applied to modify commercial Cu foils, which are then used to prepare columnar Si anodes via PVD. Modified current collectors and resulting Si anodes are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy, and adhesion tests. Selected Si anodes are characterized in battery cells regarding cycling stability. It is shown that the adjustment of the current collector topography results in a significant increase in cycling stability. SEM analysis revealed differences in the mechanical degradation and electrochemical capacity decay. Based on the results, process–structure–property relationships between the topography of the Cu‐ECD current collectors, the resulting columnar Si anodes and their electrochemical performance are derived.
Electrochemical Oxidation‐Induced Oxyphosphorylation of Alkenes and Alkynes with Water via Hydrogen Atom Transfer
Authors: Yang Jianjing , Sun Xue , Yan Kelu , Sun Hongzhao , Sun Shuai , Jia Xiaoyu , Zhang Fanjun , Wen Jiangwei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA metal‐ and exogenous‐oxidant‐free oxidation‐induced oxyphosphorylation of alkenes and alkynes with water for β‐ketophosphonates has been developed through the radical coupling under electrochemical conditions. This protocol is compatible with a wide range of alkenes, alkynes, and diarylphosphorus derivatives, and enables the gram‐scale synthesis of β‐ketophosphonates. The mechanistic study revealed that the P radicals were generated via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event jointly mediated by tetrabutylammonium acetate and anode oxidation process.magnified image