bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quelles leçons de l’histoire ? ou comment faire face aux fortes augmentations de dette publique ?
Authors: Bignon Vincent , Sicsic Pierre 
Published: November 2022

Comment les sociétés ont-elles fait face aux fortes augmentations de dette publique ? Dans l’histoire européenne des trois derniers siècles, ces moments ont eu lieu surtout pendant et après les guerres, à l’exception notable de la fin du xix e siècle et de la fin du xx e siècle. Ces augmentations ont eu des conséquences contrastées à la fois en matière de conséquences macroéconomiques et en termes de solutions mises en œuvre pour réduire ces bosses d’endettement. Un élément distinctif entre ces épisodes du xx e siècle et ceux des xviii e et xix e siècles a été l’utilisation d’une ingénierie financière mise au service du lissage des sauts d’endettement, permettant d’« acheter le temps » nécessaire, dans tout après-guerre, au rétablissement de l’équilibre macroéconomique. Classification JEL : N13, N14, N40.
La dette publique : marqueur des transformations de l’économie française
Authors: Boyer Robert , Boylaud Olivier 
Published: November 2022

Après 1945, l’endettement public a servi à financer les dépenses d’infrastructures qui permirent l’émergence du mode de croissance des Trente Glorieuses dont le dynamisme et le caractère inflationniste ont assuré ensuite la réduction. Depuis lors, la dérive de la dette publique témoigne de la tension entre l’impératif de redistribution en réponse aux nouvelles responsabilités de l’État et les limites que rencontrent les prélèvements fiscaux. En 2022, la recherche d’un modèle de croissance alternatif et d’un système fiscal fonctionnel n’a toujours pas abouti, de sorte que l’endettement public est devenu la variable structurelle d’ajustement. Les répercussions de la crise financière de 2008, puis celle de l’euro et enfin de la pandémie vont dans la même direction : le recours à la dette publique en réponse à des événements défavorables. Dans l’arbitrage entre paix sociale par la redistribution et préparation de l’avenir, la plupart des gouvernements ont privilégié la première option. Faute de compromis fondateur du type de celui observé dans les économies social-démocrates, susceptible de réconcilier ces deux objectifs, la dérive des finances publiques apparaît comme un moyen de continuer à acheter du temps. Pendant combien de temps encore ? Classification JEL : H53, H54, H63, O23, O52.
Un « fardeau » de la dette publique ? Les limites du concept de soutenabilité
Authors: Menuet Maxime , Villieu Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Contrairement au concept de solvabilité, dont les fondements théoriques sont clairs, la notion de soutenabilité fait appel à des considérations sur l’acceptabilité politique et sociale de la dette publique, considérations la plupart du temps laissées en dehors de l’analyse. Cet article met en évidence les limites de la notion de soutenabilité, en pointant les incitations des dirigeants politiques et en questionnant la représentation de la dette publique comme un fardeau. Classification JEL : H50, H54, H60, H62, H63, H68.
La dette publique est-elle toujours soutenable ?
Authors: Timbeau Xavier 
Published: November 2022

L’analyse quantifiée de la soutenabilité de la dette publique pose des défis que les approches traditionnelles ne résolvent pas. Les Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) pratiquées par les institutions internationales comme le FMI ou la Commission européenne reposent en effet sur des hypothèses trop conventionnelles et manquent de transparence. Nous proposons une définition de la soutenabilité ainsi qu’une modélisation de la dynamique de la dette publique qui permettent d’assumer la dimension spéculative de l’appréciation de la soutenabilité. Les choix réalisés, par exemple en matière de politique budgétaire mais aussi de politique monétaire, ont un impact considérable sur la dynamique future de la dette publique. Les DSA projettent ces éléments par des prolongations d’observation du passé (comme une règle budgétaire ou monétaire estimée), mais passent à côté de l’univers des possibles. En construisant un modèle où la politique budgétaire est calculée à partir d’un objectif de dette publique à moyen terme, on peut prendre en compte les différents scénarios (d’inflation, de croissance à long terme, de conjoncture) et quantifier la difficulté à atteindre la cible de dette publique à moyen terme. La soutenabilité est donc la capacité à mener une politique difficile. Classification JEL : H50, H54, H60, H62, H63, H68.
Dette optimale et dette soutenable : un nouveau dilemme à la Triffin
Authors: Ragot Xavier 
Published: November 2022

L’objet de ce texte est de montrer que la distinction entre optimalité et soutenabilité conduit à identifier un nouveau paradoxe pour la gestion des dettes publiques, que l’on appelle « pseudo-paradoxe de Triffin ». Il repose sur trois constatations, développées dans l’article. Premièrement, le statut d’actifs sûrs ou de réserve de valeur internationale permet des coûts de financements réels faibles des dettes publiques des pays développés, même avec une inflation maintenant élevée. Ensuite, la hausse internationale de la demande d’actifs sûrs depuis vingt ans conduit à une hausse de l’endettement public pour bénéficier des taux bas face à des dépenses nouvelles. Enfin, le retour des chocs macroéconomiques peut faire brutalement perdre le statut d’actifs sûrs. Le paradoxe repose sur la hausse de la dette optimale de court terme et la baisse de la dette soutenable à long terme. On présente ce paradoxe et développe les implications pour le cadre européen. Classification JEL : H50, H54, H60, H62, H63, H68.
Le travail politique de la signature financière : cantonnement de la dette Covid et restauration de l’ordre du débat public
Authors: Delatte Anne-Laure , Lemoine Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Nous analysons le parcours politique et institutionnel du traitement de la dette Covid. Pendant la pandémie, s’impose l’idée qu’il faut toujours « faire ses preuves » sur la dette, et ce, quel que soit le contexte macroéconomique et financier. Nous montrons que le cantonnement (retenu dans une version minimale) répond à l’objectif de remettre de l’ordre dans le débat public : organiser la crédibilité et la confiance dans la dette, évacuer les alternatives afin de conserver l’avantage de la bataille culturelle sur les finances publiques (accusant l’excès de dépense et la gabegie sociale) et préparer le retour à la « normale » de la séparation entre les domaines monétaire et budgétaire. De façon métaphorique, cantonner la dette permet de contenir le débordement des ratios de finances publiques, mais aussi d’endiguer le fourmillement d’alternatives (monétaires, financières, fiscales) qui se faisaient entendre à grand bruit dans l’arène publique pendant les confinements successifs. Nous montrons que « tout se tient » en matière de crédit de l’État : la réalité matérielle de la confiance des investisseurs et de la communauté financière (objectivée par les primes de risque exigées au moment de prêter) n’évolue pas indépendamment des récits politiques qui circulent dans l’espace public. Classification JEL : H50, H54, H60, H62, H63, H68.
Les politiques monétaires sous l’emprise de la « dominance budgétaire » : pourquoi, comment et jusqu’où ?
Authors: Pollin Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2022

La crise financière a contribué à mettre en place, dans les pays avancés, un nouveau type de policy mix caractérisé par une dominance budgétaire. La crise sanitaire en a radicalisé les formes et intensifié l’utilisation. Cet article se propose d’abord d’en décrire le fonctionnement, puis d’en analyser les limites. Le retour de l’inflation et d’un risque d’instabilité financière a en effet conduit dans une impasse ce système de régulation. Pour en sortir, la meilleure solution serait certainement de retrouver une croissance plus forte et durable. On cherche alors à définir les orientations à prendre et les moyens à utiliser pour y parvenir. Classification JEL : H50, H54, H60, H62, H63, H68.
Carte carbone : les arguments pour en débattre
Authors: Pottier Antonin 
Published: November 2022

La carte carbone est un système de quotas échangeables d’émissions de GES à destination des particuliers. Cette alternative à la taxe carbone est présente dans le débat public en France, sous différentes déclinaisons. À partir de la littérature scientifique existante, l’article examine les propriétés que l’on peut attendre de la carte carbone dans cinq dimensions : intégrité environnementale, efficacité, équité, fonctionnement et acceptabilité. Il compare systématiquement les propriétés de la carte carbone avec celles de la taxe carbone et avec celles que revendiquent ses promoteurs. Sur le plan de l’équité, les deux instruments sont bien plus proches que ce qu’on peut lire. L’intégrité environnementale de la carte carbone, souvent mise en avant, n’est pas décisive alors que les travers des échanges marchands de ses quotas sont sous-estimés. La carte carbone rend visible les émissions de GES pour les particuliers, ce qui constitue une caractéristique intéressante, mais aux effets encore incertains.
Donor–NGO partnerships in South Africa: A qualitative case study of five NGOs in Gauteng
Authors: Mpofu Limkile , Govender Kaymarlin 
Published: November 2022

Background: Donor–nongovernmental organisation (NGO) partnerships may enable earlier infusion of implementation science principles into developing evidence-based interventions. Yet, donors and NGOs often report difficulty leveraging resources, personnel and expertise to create beneficial outcomes for all. Drawing from a PhD thesis, the authors report how the asymmetrical nature of the relationships manifests in practice in the work of NGOs. The study focused on human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS) NGOs in Gauteng province in South Africa.Objectives: This study examines whether the asymmetrical relationships can be termed partnerships and highlights the potential for such a discourse to reinforce existing relationship inequalities.Method: Qualitative data were collected through in-depth individual interviews with key informants from five purposively selected HIV and AIDS NGOs. A total of 28 interviews were analysed deductively using thematic analysis. The Dóchas Partnership Assessment and Development Process framework guided this analysis. The NGOs under study have implemented various HIV and AIDS programmes and policies in their workspace.Results: The findings have revealed that ‘partnership’ is a false representation of the actual relationships between donors and NGOs.Conclusion: The study concluded that although the notion of partnerships accurately describes the intention of ‘donors’ and ‘NGOs’ to collaborate in ways that ensure improved services and outcomes, the unintended consequences of how partnerships are managed and run inhibit that common agenda. The article concludes with suggestions to build and sustain effective working relationships between partners.Contribution: Assessing how donor-NGO partnerships are operationalised can assist in determining the extent to which their relationship is operating and point to areas where partnerships practice can be further developed.
Psychometric properties of the Brief Sailor Resiliency Scale in the South African Army
Authors: Schoeman David J. , Cassimjee Nafisa 
Published: November 2022

Serving in the military is considered one of the most stressful occupations; therefore, because of the potential mitigation effect resilience has against stressors, it has often been incorporated as a component in predeployment programmes for soldiers. Consequently, assessing, facilitating and sustaining resilience is of particular importance in military environments. The Brief Sailor Resiliency Scale (BSRS) has been utilised within the South African Navy (SAN) environment, where it yielded promising results as a measure of resilience. The aim of this article is to investigate the psychometric properties of the BSRS and the applicability thereof to the South African Army (SA Army). The study utilised a sample of SA Army soldiers (N = 418) that completed the BSRS along with the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Dispositional Resilience Scale – II (DRS-II). The psychometric properties of the BSRS were examined through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM), together with construct validity and internal reliability. The model yielded acceptable fit, and the construct validity was supported with high internal reliability of the scales. Findings provided confirmatory evidence for the application of the BSRS as a resilience screening tool in the SA Army. The utilisation of the BSRS as a valid screening instrument, together with the aligned interventions, can potentially contribute substantially to the combat readiness of the SA Army.
Recommendations for online learning challenges in nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Molato Boitumelo J. , Sehularo Leepile A. 
Published: November 2022

Background: Nursing education institutions have had to change from face-to-face to online learning because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The online learning mode, however, had several challenges.Objectives: To explore and describe recommendations made to address the online learning challenges in nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: This study adopted a narrative literature review to achieve its objectives. The search for the relevant literature used Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, African Journal (previously SAePublications), EBSCOhost, EBSCO Discovery Service and Scopus databases.Results: There were four findings identified from the literature search: provision of adequate resources, monitoring of academic dishonesty, provision of technical support and revision of the curriculum.Conclusion: More work in nursing education is necessary to address the challenges of adopting online learning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. To meet the issues of online learning in nursing education, thorough preparations and safeguards are necessary.Contribution: The outcomes of this study will benefit nursing education by incorporating recommendations from many studies to overcome online learning issues in nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The impact of colonial and contemporary land policies on climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe’s communal areas
Authors: Maganga Trymore , Conrad Suso Catherine 
Published: November 2022

The main aim of this article was to examine the impact of colonial and contemporary development policies on climate change adaptation among communal farmers in Zimbabwe. As such, the objective was to document and better understand how the legacy of colonialism, coupled with the current climate change impacts is making adaptation a serious challenge for farmers in particular regions of the country. This study was conducted in Zimbabwe’s Buhera Rural District (Ward 30) and Chipinge Rural District (Ward 11). Data collection involved the use of individual household interviews, with the use of a snowball sampling method, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and direct observation in the field. It was found that the lack of income diversity opportunities has further exposed several livelihoods to climate change and compromised their abilities to respond and recover under periods of climatic stress. It was ascertained that the adaptation challenges experienced by African farmers were brought about by the colonial land system that evicted them from their customary lands and allocated them land in poor agroecological regions that fail to support production. The authors argue that climate change adaptation challenges in communal areas should be understood from a colonial and historical development perspective that led to the establishment of communal farming zones. There is also a need to understand climate vulnerability in the context of post-independence development strategies that have led to the underdevelopment of peasant agriculture and reduced farmers’ ability to adapt to climate change.Contribution: Climate change adaptation policies should recognise the country’s colonial and historical legacy that has led to poverty and other livelihood challenges in communal areas. By acknowledging this, policymakers are better positioned to understand the structural issues making adaptation difficult, and they could intervene by proposing context-specific adaptation strategies that meet the needs of communal farmers.
Exploring swallowing, feeding and communication characteristics of toddlers with severe acute malnutrition
Authors: Eslick Casey J. , Krüger Esedra , Kritzinger Alta 
Published: November 2022

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is associated with cognitive and motor deficits. Little is known about the swallowing, feeding and communication characteristics of hospitalised toddlers with SAM, limiting the abilities of speech-language therapists to provide effective early intervention.Objective: To explore the background, swallowing, feeding and communication characteristics of toddlers with SAM during in-patient nutritional rehabilitation.Method: An exploratory, prospective, collective case-study was conducted with three hospitalised toddlers who were 12–18 months old and independently diagnosed with SAM, at least 1 week after transitioning to oral feeding. Detailed case histories were compiled through medical file perusal and parent interviews. Cross-sectional clinical bedside assessments were completed with the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale and Schedule for Oral-Motor Assessment.Results: All three participants had a history of feeding difficulties before admission. Despite intact pharyngeal swallows, heterogeneous oral-sensorimotor dysfunction and disruptive feeding behaviours were identified. Risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia indicates the need to modify dietary consistencies to prevent prolonging recovery or SAM relapse. Participants had mild-to-moderate language delays, particularly in interaction-attachment, play and language comprehension, with an atypical moderate receptive and mild expressive language delay profile. None of the participants were referred for speech-language therapy.Conclusion: This exploratory research showed the oral-sensorimotor skills, swallowing and communication characteristics of children with SAM. Speech-language therapists could address oral-sensorimotor functioning, feeding difficulties and communication interaction delays before discharge to community-based management for SAM. Further investigation with a larger sample size is recommended.Contribution: Novel description of the oral-sensorimotor skills for feeding and the communication development of three severely malnourished toddlers with HIV and tuberculosis co-infection was presented. The complexity of the three cases is highlighted.
Investigating students’ perceptions of the University of KwaZulu-Natal inqubate-enspire programme in developing student entrepreneurs
Authors: Cele Nomcebo N. , Williamson Mervywn K. 
Published: November 2022

Background: Universities and governments globally are now opting for and enforcing student entrepreneurship policies as a means to curb economic imbalances and address unemployment issues. The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) is no exception to this trend as it has now introduced entrepreneurship programmes through course offerings as well as a fully operational programme, known as the UKZN inqubate-enspire that caters for students’ entrepreneurship needs.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of UKZN students of the role and effectiveness of the UKZN inqubate-enspire programme in developing student entrepreneurs as well as the role of the programme in assisting the university to become an entrepreneurial university.Setting: This study was conducted at UKZN campuses in Durban, which included Howard College and Westville.Methods: A qualitative case study design was embraced. Using a convenience sampling approach, a total of nine students who had participated in the UKZN inqubate-enspire programme were selected. Data were collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analysed with the use of thematic analysis.Results: Participants revealed that the programme has sparked an entrepreneurial mindset in them and that they have obtained many skills, which will assist them in their future endeavours. However, participants also encountered a number of challenges such as the inability to balance academic work and running their business and inconsistencies in the mentorship programme. Lastly, the participants perceived that this programme made a contribution towards UKZN becoming an entrepreneurial university; however, they averred that this programme still needs much improvement to achieve this.Conclusion: It was discovered that although this programme is effective, there are shortcomings that need improvement to make this programme more effective and assist the university towards becoming an entrepreneurial university. The findings will make a significant contribution to entrepreneurship education theory and practice. This study will add to the entrepreneurship education literature and open doors for future studies on this programme or similar entrepreneurship education programmes.
Chromosomal abnormalities and clinical conditions associated with the male infertility among Emirati
Authors: Ebrahim Ferdos , Mahasneh Ihsan Ali 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Male infertility is a global health issue that is poorly described in United Arab Emirates.

Methods
In this 10-year retrospective cross-sectional study, we retrieved data of 312 male patients attending Dubai Fertility Center in United Arab Emirates between January 2011 and January 2021. We identified the type and prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and hormonal and semen abnormalities among Emirati infertile males as compared with regional and global populations.

Results
Total chromosomal abnormalities accounted for 13.9% and 8% among azoospermic Emiratis and total Emirati infertile males, respectively. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities causing male infertility were Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XXY (4.0%); Jacob syndrome, 47,XYY (0.8%); mosaic, 48,XXXY/47,XXY/46,XY (0.4%); and mosaic 47,XXY/46,XY (0.4%). Structural chromosomal abnormalities causing male infertility were Y chromosome microdeletion (1.2%), 46,XX/46,XY (0.4%), 46,XY,inv(5)(p15.1q11.2) (0.4%), and 45,XY,der(13;15)(q10;q10) (0.4%). About 59.0% of the Emirati cohort had azoospermia, whereas 28.46% were diagnosed with other conditions of spermatogenic failure as severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (7.63%), severe oligoasthenospermia (5.22%), severe oligozoospermia (4.41%), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (3.6%), asthenozoospermia (2.4%), oligoasthenospermia (1.6%), oligozoospermia (2%), teratozoospermia (0.8%), asthenoteratozoospermia (0.4%), and aspermia (0.4%). As for male hormonal profile of the Emiratis, azoospermic males with chromosomal defects had higher testosterone abnormality (72.2% vs. 45.4%), interstitial-cell stimulating hormone abnormality (66.6% vs. 42.6%), follicle-stimulating hormone abnormality (72.2% vs. 41.5%), and inhibin B hormone abnormality (100% vs. 83.8%) as compared to azoospermic males without chromosomal abnormalities.

Conclusion
This is the first study to report conclusively the profiling of chromosomal abnormality among Emirati infertile males, which falls within the regional and global range, and to highlight the critical role of genetic testing and counseling for evaluating male infertility.