bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using land‐use history and multiple baselines to determine bird responses to cocoa agroforestry
Authors: Martin Dominic A. , Raveloaritiana Estelle 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAgroforests can play an important role in biodiversity conservation in complex landscapes. A key factor distinguishing among agroforests is land‐use history – whether agroforests are established inside forests or on historically forested but currently open lands. The disparity between land‐use histories means the appropriate biodiversity baselines may differ, which should be accounted for when assessing the conservation value of agroforests. Specifically, comparisons between multiple baselines in forest and open land could enrich understanding of species’ responses by contextualizing them. We made such comparisons based on data from a recently published meta‐analysis of the effects of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry on bird diversity. We regrouped rustic, mixed shade cocoa, and low shade cocoa agroforests, based on land‐use history, into forest‐derived and open‐land‐derived agroforests and compared bird species diversity (species richness, abundance, and Shannon's index values) between forest and open land, which represented the 2 alternative baselines. Bird diversity was similar in forest‐derived agroforests and forests (Hedges’ g* estimate [SE] = ‐0.3144 [0.3416], p = 0.36). Open‐land‐derived agroforests were significantly less diverse than forests (g* = 1.4312 [0.6308], p = 0.023) and comparable to open lands (g* = ‐0.1529 [0.5035], p = 0.76). Our results highlight how land‐use history determined the conservation value of cocoa agroforests. Forest‐derived cocoa agroforests were comparable to the available – usually already degraded – forest baselines, but entail future degradation risks. In contrast, open‐land‐derived cocoa agroforestry may offer restoration opportunities. Our results showed that comparisons among multiple baselines may inform relative contributions of agroforestry systems to bird conservation on a landscape scale.
Motivating children's cooperation to conserve forests
Authors: Bowie Aleah , Zhou Wen , Tan Jingzhi , White Philip , Stoinski Tara , Su Yanjie , Hare Brian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractForests are essential common‐pool resources. Understanding children's and adolescents’ motivations for conservation is critical to improving conservation education. In 2 experiments, we investigated 1086 school‐aged children and adolescents (6–16 years old) from the United States, China, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Testing participants in groups, we assessed their motivation for conservation based on collective‐risk common‐pool goods games in which they were threatened with losing their endowment unless the group donation exceeded a threshold needed to maintain the forest. Extrinsic motivations, rather than intrinsic, tended to lead to successful cooperation to maintain a forest. Certainty of losing individual payoffs significantly boosted successful cooperative conservation efforts across cultures (success rates were 90.63% and 74.19% in the 2 risk‐extrinsic conditions, and 43.75% in the control condition). In U.S. participants, 2 extrinsic incentives, priming discussions of the value of forests and delay of payoffs as punishment, also increased success of cooperative conservation (success rates were 97.22% and 76.92% in the 2 extrinsic‐incentive conditions, and 29.19% and 30.77% in the 2 control conditions). Conservation simulations, like those we used, may allow educators to encourage forest protection by leading groups to experience successful cooperation and the extrinsic incentives needed to motivate forest conservation.
Perioperative management of adult living donor liver transplantation: Part 1 – recipients
Authors: Sakai Tetsuro , Ko Justin Sangwook , Crouch Cara E. , Kumar Sathish , Little Michael B. , Chae Min Suk , Ganoza Armando , Gómez‐Salinas Luis , Humar Abhi , Kim Sang Hyun , Koo Bon‐Nyeo , Rodriguez Gonzalo , Sirianni Joel , Smith Natalie K. , Song Jun‐Gol , Ullah Aisha , Hendrickse Adrian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLiving donor liver transplantation was first developed to mitigate the limited access to deceased donor organs in Asia in the 1990s. This alternative liver transplantation option has become an established and widely practiced transplantation method for adult patients suffering from end‐stage liver disease. It has successfully addressed the shortage of deceased donors. The Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia and the Korean Society of Transplant Anesthesia jointly reviewed published studies on the perioperative management of live donor liver transplant recipients. The review aims to offer transplant anesthesiologists and critical care physicians a comprehensive overview of the perioperative management of adult live liver transplantation recipients. We feature the status, outcomes, surgical procedure, portal venous decompression, anesthetic management, prevention of acute kidney injury, avoidance of blood transfusion, monitoring and therapeutic strategies of hemodynamic derangements, and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols for liver transplant recipients.
The role of expert focus echocardiography during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: McPhail Eleanor , Jahagirdar Nishat , Walker Nicola , Harris Scott , Monaghan Mark , Papachristidis Alexandros 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundFocus Echocardiography has routinely been used to offer quick diagnosis in critical care environments, predominantly by clinicians with limited training. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, international guidance recommended all echocardiography scans were performed as focus studies to limit operator viral exposure in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of eFoCUS, a focus scan performed by fully trained echocardiographers following a minimum dataset plus full interrogation of any pathology found.MethodsAll diagnostic echocardiograms, performed by fully trained echocardiographers during an 8‐week period during the first UK COVID‐19 wave, were included. The number of images acquired was compared in the following categories: admission status, COVID status, image quality, indication, invasive ventilation, pathology found, echocardiographer experience, and whether eFoCUS was deemed adequate to answer the clinical question.ResultsIn 87.4% of the 698 scans included, the operator considered that the eFOCUS echo protocol, with additional images when needed, was sufficient to answer the clinical question on the request. Echocardiographer experience did not affect the number of images acquired. Less images were acquired in COVID‐19 positive patients compared to negative/asymptomatic (38 ± 12 vs. 42 ± 12, p = .001), and more images were required when a valve pathology was identified.ConclusioneFoCUS echocardiography is an effective protocol for use during the COVID‐19 pandemic. It provides sufficient diagnostic information to answer the clinical question but differs from standard focus/limited protocols by enabling the identification and interrogation of significant pathology and incidental findings, preventing unnecessary repeat scans and viral exposure of operators.
Do soil density and humidity affect nest‐founding in leaf‐cutting ant queens?
Authors: Sousa Kátia K. A. , Camargo Roberto S. , Caldato Nadia , Farias Adriano P. , Matos Carlos A. O. , Zanuncio José C. , Forti Luiz C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe habitat choice of nest sites by founding queens of leaf‐cutting ants varies with abiotic factors such as temperature, soil density, and soil humidity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that soil density and moisture affect excavation effort (i.e., excavation period, excavated soil amount, initial nest depth, initial chamber volume, and mortality) in queens of the leaf‐cutting ant Atta sexdens (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Queens were placed in experimental areas in three natural soils in Brazil with varying density and moisture content. The excavated soil was collected, dried, and weighed, and digging period, nest depth, chamber volume, and queen mortality were evaluated after nest establishment. In artificially shaded habitats (less dense and more humid soil), the establishment of queens was greater, the period of nest foundation was shorter, and excavated soil amount, nest depth, and volume of the initial chamber were greater than in forest and pasture habitats (denser and drier soils). Also, queen mortality was lower in less dense, more humid soil. This indicates a trade‐off between maximizing the depth of the nest, to increase protection against inadequate environmental conditions, and minimizing energy expenditure during excavation, affecting their survival.
Validation of the HScore and the HLH‐2004 diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a multicenter cohort
Authors: Bilston Lisa , Croden Jennifer , Taparia Minakshi , Karkhaneh Mohammad , Grossman Jennifer , Sun Haowei (Linda) 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTimely diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is critical and relies on clinical judgment. The HLH‐2004 criteria are commonly used diagnostic criteria, whereas HScore was recently developed for reactive HLH.ObjectiveIn this external validation study, we sought to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the HLH‐2004 criteria and HScore and identify optimal cutoffs stratified by underlying etiology.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort of all hospitalized adults in Alberta, Canada, (1999–2019) who had ferritin >500 ng/ml and underwent either biopsies or soluble CD25 testing, we calculated the diagnostic accuracy of HLH‐2004 and HScore for the overall population and different etiologies.ResultsOf 916 patients, 98 (11%) had HLH. HLH‐2004 criteria ≥5 predicted HLH with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 93%, positive predictive value of 90%, and negative predictive value of 94% (c‐statistic 92%). HScore ≥169 predicted HLH with better sensitivity (96%) but reduced specificity (71%), whereas the optimal cutoff ≥200 performed comparably to HLH‐2004. HLH‐2004 criteria outperformed HScore in most etiologies, whereas HScore improved sensitivity in inflammatory/autoimmune‐HLH. The optimal cutoff of HScore was higher in hematopoietic cell transplant due to higher prevalence of fevers and cytopenias.ConclusionHLH‐2004 criteria and HScore demonstrated excellent discriminatory power in identifying HLH. HScore may improve diagnostic accuracy in autoimmune‐HLH.
Side‐by‐side management of mutual funds and actively managed exchange traded funds
Authors: Aiken Adam L. , Sherrill D. Eli , Upton Kate 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe document the recent rise in the side‐by‐side (SBS) management of mutual funds and actively managed ETFs (AMETFs). Although these funds are run in a SBS manner, only 21% share an investment objective code. This relationship is started by families with more ETF experience and is not used to reward “star” managers. On average, mutual funds with SBS AMETFs perform similarly to comparable funds after SBS formation; however, their flows fall when pairs share the same investment objective. We find evidence of both a substitution effect and conflicts of interest between SBS funds, depending on the contracting and organizational structures.
Geographic context is a key driver of spatial variation of bird species richness during migration
Authors: Echeverría‐Caro Aldo , Feldman Richard Evan , Bahn Volker 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimDetermine whether primary productivity or location (distance to the coast) is more important to migrating bird habitat selection.LocationYucatan Peninsula, Mexico.Time periodAugust–December and February–May 2009–2016.TaxaMigratory birds.MethodsUsing eBird data, we modelled spatial variation in species richness as a function of primary productivity and distance to the coast and how the relationships vary with time during spring and autumn migration. We compared the standardized regression coefficients of linear models with a Poisson error distribution.ResultsWe found that three primary productivity indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), heterogeneity] performed similarly in predicting species richness. However, species richness was more strongly associated with distance to the coast. In autumn, richness was higher closer to the coast through most of the season and then shifted inland late in autumn. Richness was also higher in more productive habitats. In spring, richness was higher inland early in the season but then increased closer to the coast. Species richness was relatively similar across the primary productivity gradient, even declining slightly with increasing NDVI.Main conclusionsWe did not find convincing evidence for a strong relationship between species richness and primary productivity. Instead, migration constrains birds such that they concentrate in coastal environments. In autumn, migrants may favour habitats that are both coastal and productive, such as those that occur along the Caribbean coast. In spring, migrants may also use the less productive Gulf of Mexico coast, possibly due to high arthropod production occurring during an otherwise dry time of year.
Correlations between histological characterizations and methylation statuses of tumour suppressor genes in Wilms' tumours
Authors: Lai Yen‐Chein , Lu Meng‐Yao , Wang Wen‐Chung , Hou Tai‐Cheng , Kuo Chen‐Yun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWilms' tumour is a solid tumour that frequently occurs in children. Genetic changes in WT1 and epigenetic aberrations that affect imprinted control region 1 in WT2 loci are implicated in its aetiology. Moreover, tumour suppressor genes are frequently silenced by methylation in this tumour. In the present study, we analysed the methylation statuses of promoter regions of 24 tumour suppressor genes using a methylation‐specific multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MS‐MLPA)‐based approach in 6 Wilms' tumours. Methylation of RASSF1 was specific to all 6 Wilms' tumours and was not observed in normal tissues. Moreover, methylated HIC1 was identified in stromal‐type Wilms' tumours and methylated BRCA1 was identified in epithelial‐type Wilms' tumours. Unmethylated CASP8, RARB, MLH1_167, APC and CDKN2A were found only in blastemal predominant‐type Wilms' tumour. Our results indicated that methylation of RASSF1 may be a vital event in the tumorigenesis of Wilms' tumour, which informs its clinical and therapeutic management. In addition, mixed‐type Wilms' tumours may be classified according to epithelial, stromal and blastemal components via MS‐MLPA‐based approach.
The use of recovery model in forensic psychiatric settings: A Foucauldian critique
Authors: Johansson Jim A. , Holmes Dave 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTRecovery, a model of care aimed at patient‐led nursing practice emphasizing autonomy, hope and self‐determination, has in recent years been adapted for the secure forensic psychiatric setting. Often referred to as ‘secure recovery’, this model suggests the aims of recovery are achievable even in highly restrictive settings. This paper will adopt a Foucauldian perspective to offer a critical analysis of recovery in forensic settings. In providing recovery‐oriented care, nurses utilize pastoral power in guiding patients to institutionally preferred outcomes. Akin to Christian religious conversion, nurses engage in a neo‐religious conversion of patients to a neoliberal subjectivity of homo‐economicus. This path of recovery is grounded in an ethos of personal responsibility and self‐government, inseparable from the greater context of neoliberal governmentality. Despite attempts at transforming forensic nursing practice into more egalitarian directions, recovery remains a coercive practice, and fails to meet the overall goals of this paradigm in secure settings.
Stable composite electrolytes of PVDF modified by inorganic particles for solid‐state lithium batteries
Authors: Pei Ren‐Jie , Song Tianyuan , Sun Liangliang , Li You‐Fen , Yang Ru 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPolymer electrolytes have been attracting much attention because of their flexibility and easy follow‐up processing, but their Li+ conductivity in lithium‐metal batteries (LIBs) is unsatisfactory. Stable composite electrolytes of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer with high lithium‐ion conductivity have been prepared by a trigger structural modification of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.25Ta0.25O12 (LLZNTO) garnet ceramic and TiO2 oxide. The influences of various amounts of TiO2 and LLZNTO on electrochemical performance were systematically examined. These composite electrolytes exhibited maximal Li+ conductivity of 2.89 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is consistent with the value of pure ceramic electrolytes. Furthermore, it possessed the stable long‐term Li cycling and the wide electrochemical window, involving repeated Li plating/stripping at 0.2 mA cm−2 over 280 h without failure. The discharge specific capacity and Coulomb efficiency for all‐solid‐state LIBs assembled with these membranes delivered outstanding cycling stability with high discharge capacities (117.9 mA h g−1) at 0.1 C rate and Coulomb efficiency reached 99.9% after 25 cycles. The high Li+ conduction capability can be ascribed function of introducing TiO2 and LLZNTO to restrain tremendously the crystalline behavior of the polymer. Furthermore, the LLZNTO can be complex with PVDF for dehydrofluorination, and it can also offer a burst transportation route for lithium ions. This system might serve as an attractive use for polymer solid electrolytes and open up new possibilities for safe all‐solid‐state LIBs.
Documented nursing practices of pain assessment and management when communicating about pain in dementia care
Authors: Tsai Yvette I‐Pei , Browne Graeme , Inder Kerry Jill 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate nurses' documented practice when communicating about pain for people with dementia in hospital.DesignRetrospective medical record review.MethodMedical records were retrieved from four inpatient units in a district and a tertiary teaching hospital of people aged 65 years and over with documented dementia. Data were extracted on nurses' documented pain assessment and management. Pain frequency and association between patient self‐report, pain scores, cognition levels and analgesics used during hospitalization were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Multivariate regression examined patient characteristics, pain characteristics and length of hospital stay.ResultsOne‐hundred patient records met the inclusion criteria between 1 January and 31 August 2017. Sixty‐six percent of patients with dementia had pain documented at least once during hospitalization with 58% reported as moderate to severe pain intensity. Patients' pain severity during admission was associated with their length of hospital stay. Ninety‐three percent of nurses used a self‐reporting pain tool and 7% used an observational pain tool. Pain scores were not associated with patients' cognition level, nurses' pain reports or analgesic management.ConclusionPain frequently occurs in people with dementia during hospitalization. Fragmented pain reporting influences the translation of pain messages. Disproportionate pain tool application and non‐association between pain scores and analgesic management suggest a potential knowledge gap among nurses about the practical use of pain tools and practice gap between pain assessment and management in dementia care.ImpactPain was regularly assessed by nurses and implemented as a fifth vital sign for people with dementia in hospitals. However, the high frequency of pain affects care outcomes. Areas for improvement include nursing practice of pain assessment and management in dementia care in hospitals. Further understanding of the usefulness of pain tools and the efficacy of pain scores when communicating about pain in dementia care in hospitals is required.
A realist evaluation case study of the implementation of advanced nurse practitioner roles in primary care in Scotland
Authors: Strachan Heather , Hoskins Gaylor , Wells Mary , Maxwell Margaret 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) role implementation in primary care across Scotland in contributing to primary care transformation, and establish what works, for whom, why and in what context.DesignA realist evaluation using multiple case studies.MethodsTwo phases, conducted March 2017 to May 2018: (1) multiple case studies of ANP implementation in 15 health boards across Scotland, deductive thematic analysis of interviews, documentary analysis; (2) in‐depth case studies of five health boards, framework analysis of interviews and focus groups.ResultsSixty‐eight informants were interviewed, and 72 documents were reviewed across both phases. ANP roles involved substitution for elements of the GP role for minor illness and injuries, across all ages. In rural areas ANPs undertook multiple nursing roles, were more autonomous and managed greater complexity. Mechanisms that facilitated implementation included: the national ANP definition; GP, primary care team and public engagement; funding for ANP education; and experienced GP supervisors. Contexts that affected mechanisms were national and local leadership; remote, rural and island communities; and workload challenges. Small‐scale evaluations indicated that ANPs: make appropriate decisions; improve patient access and experience.ConclusionsAt the time of the evaluation, the implementation of ANP roles in primary care in Scotland was in early stages. Capacity to train ANPs in a service already under pressure was challenging. Shifting elements of GPs workload to ANPs freed up GPs but did little to transform primary care. Local evaluations provided some evidence that ANPs were delivering high‐quality primary care services and enhanced primary care services to nursing homes or home visits.ImpactANP roles can be implemented with greater success and have more potential to transform primary care when the mechanisms include leadership at all levels, ANP roles that value advanced nursing knowledge, and appropriate education programmes delivered in the context of multidisciplinary collaboration.
Intergroup contact and conflict in a climate of exclusion: An interview study in the ethnically super‐homogenous German town of Bautzen
Authors: Rees Yann P. M. , Kurtenbach Sebastian , Rees Jonas H. , Zick Andreas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhile most Germans reacted welcoming toward newly arrived refugees in 2015 and 2016, parallelly overt hateful reactions such as hate crimes, social exclusion, and increasing right‐wing electoral support have been registered all over Germany with several regions emerging as “hot spots” in these regards. Among them was our case, the mid‐sized town of Bautzen in the state of Saxony, where intergroup conflict and violent clashes between locals and refugees caused news headlines. To analyze intergroup conflicts in the ethnically super‐homogenous context of Bautzen, we performed a qualitative interview study. More specifically, we conducted 48 semistructured interviews with residents and members of the victimized outgroup of refugees. Our analysis reveals that the societal basis of intergroup conflict in Bautzen seems to be a distinct climate of exclusion aimed at tagged outgroups. Refugees report facing everyday discriminatory practices and even violence. Further, this specific local climate is facilitated by several Bautzen‐specific characteristics on the macro level, such as low number of foreigners and high levels of right‐wing electoral support. Our findings suggest that limited diversity and widespread stereotypes affect locals' reactions toward and perception of refugees. We discuss our results in light of the intergroup contact hypothesis and encourage more qualitative research on the nexus of intergroup contact and intergroup conflict.