bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A matched cohort study investigating premature, accentuated, and accelerated aging in people living with HIV
Authors: Gooden Tiffany E. , Wang Jingya , Zemedikun Dawit T. , Taylor Stephen , Greenfield Sheila , Manaseki‐Holland Semira , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Thomas G. Neil 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe impact of HIV infection on the aging process is disputed and largely unknown. We aimed to identify whether people living with HIV experience premature, accelerated, and/or accentuated aging by investigating the development of four age‐related non‐communicable diseases in people living with versus without HIV.MethodsThis population‐based matched cohort study design used UK‐based primary care electronic health records from the IQVIA Medical Research Database. Between January 2000 and January 2020, all people living with and without HIV aged ≥18 years were eligible. Outcomes included cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which were identified by Read codes. We used age at diagnosis to investigate premature aging and age at exit date to investigate accentuation and acceleration. For each outcome, people with and without HIV were excluded if they had the outcome of interest at baseline. Participants were matched based on propensity scores (1:1 ratio). Linear regression was used to report any difference in age at diagnosis between the two groups and to report the prevalence trends for age at exit date.ResultsIn total, 8880 people living with HIV were matched with 8880 people without HIV and were found to have an earlier onset of CVD (54.5 vs. 56.8; p = 0.002). Similarly, people living with HIV had an earlier onset of hypertension (49.7 vs. 51.4; p = 0.002). No difference was found for T2DM or CKD (53.4 vs. 52.6; p = 0.368 and 57.6 vs. 58.1; p = 0.483, respectively). The burden of CKD increased over time, whereas no difference in the burden was found for the other conditions.ConclusionThe earlier development of CVD and hypertension in people living with HIV than in those without HIV indicates premature aging, whereas the increased burden of CKD indicates accelerated aging.
The Simulated Classroom Biology—A simulated classroom environment for capturing the action‐oriented professional knowledge of pre‐service teachers about evolution
Authors: Fischer Julian , Machts Nils , Bruckermann Till , Möller Jens , Harms Ute 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe professional knowledge of pre‐service teachers is highly important for effective and successful teaching. In recent years, many research groups have been engaged in developing simulated classroom environments to capture especially the pedagogical knowledge (PK) of pre‐service teachers, neglecting the content‐related facets of professional knowledge such as pedagogical content knowledge (PCK).ObjectivesIn the present study, we describe the development of a simulated classroom environment—the Simulated Classroom Biology (SCRBio)—and provide evidence regarding its validity to assess pre‐service biology teachers' action‐oriented PCK in the area of evolution.MethodsThis study examined the evidence supporting the validity of using the SCRBio to investigate action‐oriented PCK of pre‐service biology teachers. The (1) evidence based on test content (expert ratings) and the (2) evidence based on relation to other variables (known‐groups comparison) was obtained. We tested the SCRBio with N = 76 German pre‐service biology teachers.Results and ConclusionsOur results show the successfully operationalized PCK in the SCRBio through explicit allocation of specific misconceptions to each virtual student's answer and the valid measurement of pre‐service biology teachers' action‐oriented PCK. This results in a validated simulated classroom environment for pre‐service but also in‐service teachers. In the future, the SCRBio will be developed from an assessment instrument to a training tool to simulate explicit teaching situations. This allows to complement the predominantly theoretical components of university‐based teacher education with practice‐based simulated classroom environments.
Innate immunity and protective effects of orally administered betaine against viral and bacterial diseases in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)
Authors: Choi Hee Jae , Lee Ji‐Hoon , Choi Da Yeon , Kim Ji Hee , Cho Jin Man , Kwon Hyuk Chu , Kang Yue Jai 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSustainable methods that increase farmed fish yield while controlling infections are required to prevent economic losses in aquaculture farms. In this study, we evaluated the effects of betaine‐supplemented (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) feed on the growth and immunity of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Feed conversion ratios, post‐infection cumulative mortality rates and innate immune responses were monitored. Weight gain was significantly higher with 0.5% and 1.0% than with 0% and 0.1% betaine‐supplemented feed. Lysozyme activity was highest with 1.0% betaine. Respiratory burst activity was highest with 0.5% and 1.0% betaine. Serum bactericidal activity against Edwardsiella tarda was highest with 1.0% betaine (40% increase in survival rates compared with those in the control). Furthermore, serum virucidal activity against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was higher with 1.0% betaine than with other concentrations. With 0.5% and 1.0% betaine, the survival rates against VHSV were higher than those in the control until day 11, after which they declined. Our study suggests that betaine is a promising agent for promoting the growth of and enhancing immunity against E. tarda in olive flounders. Our findings may further contribute to developing necessary alternatives to conventional antibiotics in fish farming.
Use of ultrafiltration in the separation of hydrolysates from mechanically separated chicken meat and evaluation of antioxidant activity
Authors: Sbeghen Alessandro Lima , Lira Ana Luisa , Fernandes Ilizandra Aparecida , Steffens Clarice , Brião Vandré Barbosa , Zeni Jamile , Steffens Juliana 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe hydrolysate from mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) was separated by an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and the total protein and antioxidant activity of the resulting fractions were evaluated. The enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 58°C, pH 8.5, and 4.62% enzyme (w/w), with 3 h reaction time. For the separation, a flat membrane (4 kDa) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was used, operating tangentially, at pressures of 1.5 and 2.5 bar at 45°C. The retentate and permeate from the UF were analyzed in relation to total protein and antioxidant activity. The permeate flux was evaluated and experimental data fitted by Ho and Zydney's mathematical model to study the fouling phenomenon. The pressure of 2.5 bar resulted in high total protein content and low inhibitory concentration (IC50) value when compared with 1.5 bar. The UF pressures showed different permeate and fouling flux behavior. At 1.5 bar there was a flux reduction by simultaneous cake formation and pore blocking, while at 2.0 bar, there was pore blocking followed by cake formation during the process. The Ho and Zydney model showed the best fit at 1.5 bar with R2 of .9876. According to the results obtained, the hydrolysate showed antioxidant properties with potential for application in foods.Practical applicationsThe poultry industry has stood out in recent decades mainly due to technological advances, making poultry price very competitive, leading to a high consumption of this meat by the population. However, the preference for more noble cuts of chicken meat, such as breast, and thigh, means that in the processing carried out by the industries there is a large production of mechanically separated meat (MSM). MSM is usually used in the production of mortadella, sausages, and others. In addition, it is possible to use MSM to produce protein hydrolysates in order to obtain bioactive peptides, which have functional properties such as antioxidants. Bioactive peptides may have different characteristics due to their molecular size. Thus, the use of membranes can be interesting since they make it possible to separate hydrolysates from MSM to obtain peptides of different sizes which may have different properties, thus being able to add value to this by‐product.
Perceptions of societal ageism and declines in subjective memory during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from US adults aged ≥55 years
Authors: Cohn‐Schwartz Ella , Finlay Jessica M. , Kobayashi Lindsay C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe cognitive health of older adults since the COVID‐19 pandemic onset is unclear, as is the potential impact of pandemic‐associated societal ageism on perceived cognition. We investigated associations between perceptions of societal ageism and changes in subjective memory over a 10‐month period during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We collected longitudinal data from monthly online questionnaires in the nationwide COVID‐19 Coping Study of US adults aged ≥55 from April 2020 to January 2021 (N = 4444). We analyzed the data using multivariable longitudinal multilevel models. We identified an overall decline in subjective memory, especially in the initial months of the pandemic. Adults who perceived that societal respect for older adults decreased during the pandemic experienced more rapid declines in their subjective memory. These findings suggest that aging adults perceived a decline in their memory, especially during the initial months of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Societal interventions to combat ageism may help improve subjective memory and could decrease risk for cognitive decline among middle‐aged and older adults.
A dietary spray‐dried plasma feeding programme improves growth performance and reduces faecal bacterial shedding of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88
Authors: Castelo Pedro G. , Rodrigues Lucas A. , Gabardo Michele de P. , Guedes Roberto M. Carvalho , Moreno Andrea M. , Coura Fernanda M. , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Rosa Bruno O. , Brustolini Ana P. L. , Araújo Itallo C. S. , Fontes Dalton de O. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the effects of different spray‐dried plasma (SDP) feeding programmes to pigs on performance, intestinal histomorphology and faecal bacterial shedding after an Escherichia coli K88 challenge. A total of 96 piglets (5.77 ± 0.01 kg) were weaned at 21 days of age (Day 0) and challenged with 3 ml of 1 × 1010 CFU of E. coli K88 in total 3.0 × 1010 CFU/animal on Days 0, 2 and 4. Pigs were fed nursery diets containing 0.0%, 3.0%, 6.0% or 9.0% SDP from weaning to 35 days of age; 0.0%, 1.5%, 3.0% or 4.5% SDP from 36 to 49 days; and the same control diet (without SDP), for the last 10 days of the experiment (50−59 days of age). Performance was measured from 35 to 59 days of age and faecal bacterial shedding and intestinal histomorphometry were evaluated at Days 28 and 49 of age respectively. From 21 to 35 days of age, there was a linear effect for body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), a trend of linear effect for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and a quadratic effect for feed:gain ratio (FG). From 21 to 49 days, the 9.0:4.5% and 6.0:3.0% SDP feeding programmes improved BW, ADG and FG when compared to the other treatments. At 59 days of age, BW and ADG were increased by the two highest SDP feeding programmes. The 9.0:4.5% SDP feeding programme increased ADFI from 21 to 59 days of age, with 6.0:3.0% being intermediate and the other two treatments being lowest. The CFU counts of E. coli/g of faeces decreased linearly with increasing addition of SDP. These results indicate that an extended inclusion of increased SDP levels in post‐weaning diets can improve growth potential and decrease bacterial shedding induced by E. coli K88.
Sexually dimorphic characteristics of short‐finned pilot whales, false killer whales, pygmy killer whales, and melon‐headed whales assessed using fin and body morphometrics from photographs taken at sea
Authors: Yahn Shelby N. , Baird Robin W. , Mahaffy Sabre D. , Robertson Kelly M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdults of many free‐ranging delphinid species cannot be reliably sexed at sea. Sexually mature, known‐sex adult short‐finned pilot, pygmy killer, melon‐headed, and false killer whales were profiled from at‐sea photos to assess proportional fin and body dimorphism. Males of all four species had larger dorsal fins proportional to anterior body length. False killer whales showed no further dimorphism, while melon‐headed whales showed subtle dimorphism in dorsal fin overhang. Pygmy killer whales showed subtle dimorphism in lateral positioning of the top‐most point and overhang. Lastly, short‐finned pilot whales showed strong dimorphism in the leading edge, lateral positioning of the top‐most point, and height of the overhang. Generalized linear models showed strong predictive accuracy for pilot and false killer whales, and moderate accuracy for pygmy killer and melon‐headed whales. Results indicate that adult short‐finned pilot and false killer whales can be accurately sexed in the field or via morphometrics. Adult pygmy killer and melon‐headed whales have subtle sexual dimorphism that can be detected using morphometrics. The presence of dimorphism gives insight into potential reproductive strategies and social structure. Further analysis is needed to explore morphometric differences between inshore and pelagic populations of these species, as well as ontogenetic growth between life stages.
Epicardial adipose tissue and risk of arrhythmia in nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Şimşek Özgür Özdemir , Demircan Tülay , Erfidan Gökçen , Emir Büşra , Başaran Cemaliye , Alparslan Caner , Arslansoyu Çamlar Seçil , Mutlubaş Fatma , Kasap Demir Belde , Alaygut Demet 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are at a high risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and investigate electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in patients.MethodsThirty‐two patients aged 0–18 years and 15 control patients were compared. In the patient group, physical examination and laboratory parameters were recorded. Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization parameters in ECG were compared between the groups. EAT was evaluated with M‐mode measurements on echocardiography.ResultsThere was no difference between the groups in terms of sex, age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP. EAT was found to be significantly higher in the patient group. In ECG evaluations it was determined that atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization parameters increased in the patient group.ConclusionsCardiovascular morbidity and mortality are high in kidney diseases. Measurement and follow‐up of EAT and ECG findings as a noninvasive parameter can provide information in NS.
The impacts of corruption on forest loss: A review of cross‐national trends
Authors: Sommer Jamie M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis research lays out the debates and contradictory findings regarding the impacts of corruption on forest loss in a cross‐national context, specifically in low‐ and middle‐income nations. After, I describe how these inconsistent findings may be due to difficulties in untangling the complexities of corruption definitionally and then operationalizing it in a cross‐national context. Then, I review the advances in corruption data collection and measurement. Finally, I discuss how these developments in data collection and operationalization have led to an expansion of research on corruption to other aspects of governance, bringing forward several avenues for future research, but also potentially conflating definitions of corruption with governance. Overall, I aim to capture how scholars are studying corruption and forest loss from a cross‐national context and what their findings tell us.
Outcome at 4.5 years after dextrose gel treatment of hypoglycaemia: follow-up of the Sugar Babies randomised trial
Authors: Harris Deborah L , Gamble Greg D , Harding Jane E 
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveDextrose gel is used to treat neonatal hypoglycaemia, but later effects are unknown.Design and settingFollow-up of participants in a randomised trial recruited in a tertiary centre and assessed in a research clinic.PatientsChildren who were hypoglycaemic (<2.6 mmol/L) recruited to the Sugar Babies Study (>35 weeks, <48 hours old) and randomised to treatment with 40% dextrose or placebo gel.InterventionsAssessment of neurological status, cognitive ability (Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence), executive function (five tasks), motor function (Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2)), vision, visual processing (Beery-Buktenica Development Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and motion coherence thresholds) and growth at 2 years.Main outcome measuresNeurosensory impairment (cerebral palsy; visual impairment; deafness; intelligence quotient <85; Beery VMI <85; MABC-2 score <15th centile; low performance on executive function or motion coherence).ResultsOf 237 babies randomised, 185 (78%) were assessed; 96 randomised to dextrose and 89 to placebo gel. Neurosensory impairment was similar in both groups (dextrose 36/96 (38%) vs placebo 34/87 (39%), relative risk 0.96, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.34, p=0.83). Secondary outcomes were also similar, except children randomised to dextrose had worse visual processing scores (mean (SD) 94.5 (15.9) vs 99.8 (15.9), p=0.02) but no differences in the proportion with visual processing scores <85 or other visual test scores. Children randomised to dextrose gel were taller (z-scores 0.18 (0.97) vs −0.17 (1.01), p=0.001) and heavier (0.57 (1.07) vs 0.29 (0.92), p=0.01).ConclusionsTreatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia (<2.6 mol/L) with dextrose gel does not alter neurosensory impairment at 4.5 years. However, further assessment of visual processing and growth may be warranted.Trial registration numberACTRN1260800062392.
Mineral stabilities in soils: how minerals can feed the world and mitigate climate change
Authors: Manning David A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMineral reactions in soils demonstrably take place on a human timescale. The weathering of silicate ‘rock-forming’ minerals releases nutrients that are essential for plant growth, including silica. This process consumes CO2, which is ultimately derived from the atmosphere, through enhanced rock weathering. From a human perspective, the weathering process has two beneficial functions – crop nutrition and climate mitigation – through the removal of atmospheric CO2. By considering these as a coupled process, the release of silica during weathering can be matched to what is taken from the soil by a crop (e.g. wheat). A simple analysis shows that the amount of silica that accumulates in wheat during a 4 month growing period is readily released by the weathering of pyroxene and plagioclase, minerals that commonly occur in basaltic igneous rocks. In contrast, the dissolution rate for quartz is so low that it cannot supply the silica taken up by the crop and is inert. Similarly, dissolution of clay minerals releases sufficient silica for plant uptake. Rapid weathering of silicate minerals within soils is evident from images of surfaces of grains exposed in soils for periods of 10–100 years. The evidence for silicate rock weathering as part of the soil system that sustains humanity is provided by the vegetation that we see around us.
Abdominal pain and fever in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report
Authors: Ackerman Max , Frost Arian , Stanford Kimberly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE), or typhlitis, a condition typically associated with severe neutropenia in the setting of chemotherapy, is highly morbid (50–100%) and benefits from early diagnosis. It has been associated with neutropenia in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but has not been described in a patient with HIV who was not neutropenic on presentation. We present the case of a patient with HIV who was not neutropenic on presentation but found to have NE.

Case presentation
A 27-year-old male with a history of HIV on antiretroviral therapy and epilepsy presented with concern for breakthrough seizure. The patient revealed he was having non-bloody, non-bilious emesis and diarrhea for 3 days. Initial labs were white blood cell count 3.9 × 109/L, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 3.14 × 109/L, CD4 count 290 cells/mm3, and undetectable viral load. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen/pelvis with contrast revealed wall thickening of the cecum and proximal ascending colon (Fig. 1), suggestive of NE. The patient was started on cefepime and metronidazole but switched to piperacillin/tazobactam after he became leukopenic/neutropenic.

Conclusions
Neutropenic enterocolitis, typically presenting with fever, abdominal pain, and hematochezia, can be difficult to identify, particularly in patients without a history of malignancy. However, it should be considered in patients with HIV presenting with these symptoms, even with a normal ANC and CD4 count above 200 cells/mm3. Prompt diagnosis can be made with CT, and early initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics greatly reduces the risk of morbidity/mortality.
SMaSH: a scalable, general marker gene identification framework for single-cell RNA-sequencing
Authors: Nelson M. E. , Riva S. G. , Cvejic A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Single-cell RNA-sequencing is revolutionising the study of cellular and tissue-wide heterogeneity in a large number of biological scenarios, from highly tissue-specific studies of disease to human-wide cell atlases. A central task in single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis design is the calculation of cell type-specific genes in order to study the differential impact of different replicates (e.g. tumour vs. non-tumour environment) on the regulation of those genes and their associated networks. The crucial task is the efficient and reliable calculation of such cell type-specific ‘marker’ genes. These optimise the ability of the experiment to isolate highly-specific cell phenotypes of interest to the analyser. However, while methods exist that can calculate marker genes from single-cell RNA-sequencing, no such method places emphasise on specific cell phenotypes for downstream study in e.g. differential gene expression or other experimental protocols (spatial transcriptomics protocols for example). Here we present , a general computational framework for extracting key marker genes from single-cell RNA-sequencing data which reliably characterise highly-specific and niche populations of cells in numerous different biological data-sets.

Results
extracts robust and biologically well-motivated marker genes, which characterise a given single-cell RNA-sequencing data-set better than existing computational approaches for general marker gene calculation. We demonstrate the utility of through its substantial performance improvement over several existing methods in the field. Furthermore, we evaluate the markers on spatial transcriptomics data, demonstrating they identify highly localised compartments of the mouse cortex.

Conclusion
is a new methodology for calculating robust markers genes from large single-cell RNA-sequencing data-sets, and has implications for e.g. effective gene identification for probe design in downstream analyses spatial transcriptomics experiments. has been fully-integrated with the framework and provides a valuable bioinformatics tool for cell type characterisation and validation in every-growing data-sets spanning over 50 different cell types across hundreds of thousands of cells.