bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current street tree communities reflect race‐based housing policy and modern attempts to remedy environmental injustice
Authors: Burghardt Karin T. , Avolio Meghan L. , Locke Dexter H. , Grove J. Morgan , Sonti Nancy F. , Swan Christopher M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHumans promote and inhibit other species on the urban landscape, shaping biodiversity patterns. Institutional racism may underlie the distribution of urban species by creating disproportionate resources in space and time. Here, we examine whether present‐day street tree occupancy, diversity, and composition in Baltimore, MD, USA, neighborhoods reflect their 1937 classification into grades of loan risk—from most desirable (A = green) to least desirable (D = “redlined”)—using racially discriminatory criteria. We find that neighborhoods that were redlined have consistently lower street tree α‐diversity and are nine times less likely to have large (old) trees occupying a viable planting site. Simultaneously, redlined neighborhoods were locations of recent tree planting activities, with a high occupancy rate of small (young) trees. However, the community composition of these young trees exhibited lower species turnover and reordering across neighborhoods compared to those in higher grades, due to heavy reliance on a single tree species. Overall, while the negative effects of redlining remain detectable in present‐day street tree communities, there are clear signs of recent investment. A strategy of planting diverse tree cohorts paired with investments in site rehabilitation and maintenance may be necessary if cities wish to overcome ecological feedbacks associated with legacies of environmental injustice.
Copenhagen CO2 neutrality in 2025? A polycentric analysis of urban climate governance in Copenhagen 2006–2020
Authors: Hansen Karsten Bruun , Agger Annika 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn 2009, the City of Copenhagen declared its objective to become the first CO2‐neutral city in the world by 2025 by practicing a collaborative climate governance approach. However, a 2020 status reported a further need for decarbonisation of at least 33% to reach this target. By applying a synthesised polycentric concept—supplemented by participatory climate governance studies—we analyse the deficient results of collaborative climate governance in Copenhagen 2006–2020. The empirical analysis reveals an altered political prioritisation of climate issues in 2010 and, as a crucial aspect of that, an inadequate mobilisation of civic society actors and waning departmental collaboration. We conclude that, since 2010, Copenhagen has mainly applied a rather monocentric governance approach and relied on technological innovation instead of behavioural change via civic society mobilisation, which does not promote sufficient carbon mitigation processes to reach carbon neutrality in 2025. Finally, we discuss what the synthesised polycentric concept adds to the debate about bold urban climate governance and how it could be further developed. Empirically, we draw on document analysis and interviews with 32 key actors in Copenhagen.
Two years of COVID‐19 pandemic: The Italian experience of Statgroup‐19
Authors: Jona Lasinio Giovanna , Divino Fabio , Lovison Gianfranco , Mingione Marco , Alaimo Di Loro Pierfrancesco , Farcomeni Alessio , Maruotti Antonello 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe amount and poor quality of available data and the need of appropriate modeling of the main epidemic indicators require specific skills. In this context, the statistician plays a key role in the process that leads to policy decisions, starting with monitoring changes and evaluating risks. The “what” and the “why” of these changes represent fundamental research questions to provide timely and effective tools to manage the evolution of the epidemic. Answers to such questions need appropriate statistical models and visualization tools. Here, we give an overview of the role played by Statgroup‐19, an independent Italian research group born in March 2020. The group includes seven statisticians from different Italian universities, each with different backgrounds but with a shared interest in data analysis, statistical modeling, and biostatistics. Since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic the group has interacted with authorities and journalists to support policy decisions and inform the general public about the evolution of the epidemic. This collaboration led to several scientific papers and an accrued visibility across various media, all made possible by the continuous interaction across the group members that shared their unique expertise.
Cognitive impairment in people with physical frailty using the phenotype model: A systematic review and meta analysis
Authors: Vahedi Ali , Eriksdotter Maria , Ihle‐Hansen Hege , Wyller Torgeir Bruun , Øksengård Anne Rita , Fure Brynjar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to study the relationship between cognitive functioning and phenotypic frailty status.MethodsWe searched Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Epistemonikos from 2000 until March 2022, and used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Samples included both sexes, age ≥55 years, assessed with standardized measures of the different cognitive domains and the frailty phenotype model and analyzing the relationship between the frailty subtypes pre‐frail, frail and robust and specific cognitive function.ResultsEleven studies published from 2008 until March 2022 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 10 were included in our meta‐analyses. Sample sizes varied from 104 to 4649 individuals. Mean Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ranged from 17.0 to 27.6, with mean difference (MD) of −2.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] −3.32, −1.78) in frail compared to robust, MD −1.64 (95% CI −2.21, −1.06) in frail compared to prefrail and MD −0.68 (95% CI −0.94, −0.43) in prefrail compared to robust. In subgroup analyses, frail persons had lower scores in the memory domain with standardized mean difference (SMD) −1.01 (95% CI −1.42, −0.59).ConclusionMMSE scores were significantly lower in frail compared to robust and prefrail persons and in prefrail compared to robust persons. Subgroup analysis of memory revealed significantly poorer scores in frail compared to robust. The results indicate a strong relationship between physical frailty and cognitive impairment suggesting incorporation of cognitive function in frailty assessments.
The impact of operability status on outcomes in patients with T4 larynx cancer undergoing larynx preservation
Authors: Schlafstein Ashley J. , Goyal Subir , Amini Arya , Karam Sana D. , Saba Nabil F. , Kaka Azeem S. , Aiken Ashley H. , Beitler Jonathan J. , Stokes William A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundLarge analyses of T4 larynx cancer (LC) have raised concerns that larynx preservation (LP) contributes to reduced survival compared with laryngectomy (LGX). The role of operability has not been previously considered as a confounder.MethodsWe queried the National Cancer Database for T4M0 LC diagnosed 2004–2015. Patients were categorized as undergoing LGX, chemoradiotherapy but operable (LP‐operable), and chemoradiotherapy inoperable (LP‐inoperable). Overall survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan–Meier. Cox multivariate analysis (MVA) identified variables associated with OS.ResultsWe identified 1405 LGX, 164 LP‐operable and 1969 LP‐inoperable patients. Compared with LGX, MVA demonstrated worse OS among LP‐inoperable (HR 1.28 95%CI 1.17–1.40, p < 0.01) but not LP‐operable patients (HR 1.12 95%CI 0.91–1.39, p = 0.28).ConclusionsLP‐operable patients did not have significantly worse OS than those undergoing LGX.
Identification of hyporheic extent and functional zonation during seasonal streamflow recession by unsupervised clustering of time‐lapse electrical resistivity models
Authors: Singley Joel G. , Singha Kamini , Gooseff Michael N. , González‐Pinzón Ricardo , Covino Timothy P. , Ward Adam S. , Dorley Jancoba , Hinckley Eve‐Lyn S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHyporheic exchange influences hydrologic transport and water quality through transient storage, which extends solute transit time, and leads to mixing of surface water and groundwater. Despite its importance, estimating the extent and spatiotemporal variability of the hyporheic zone remains challenging due to limitations in assessing the subsurface with discrete point‐scale sampling. Analysis of time‐lapse electrical resistivity (ER) data from tracer studies has shown potential to ameliorate such limitations. However, its utility in objectively delimiting hyporheic extent and quantifying changes in surface‐groundwater exchange has been impeded by reliance on qualitative analysis of hyporheic extent or the use of a priori assumptions about data quality and signal strength. This study applies a novel unsupervised clustering method to time‐lapse ER models derived from a benchmark dataset collected throughout baseflow recession in a mountain stream. We demonstrate that unsupervised clustering of inverted ER model time series can delimit hyporheic extent by distinguishing solute transport signals from noisy background inversions and identify functional zones defined by unique transport characteristics. We found that the structure of these zones was stable even as discharge changed by an order of magnitude, likely due to morphological constraints in this steep, narrow valley. Compared to traditional methods utilizing a priori thresholds to delimit hyporheic extent, clustering is robust to unintentional variations in tracer breakthrough curves that are typical of field‐based studies. Therefore, clustering of inverted ER models represents a more robust and data‐driven functional zonation representation of hyporheic exchange than has been possible with point‐scale sampling or transport modelling, which usually assumes a single well‐mixed hyporheic zone.
Efficient preparation of (S)‐2‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine via a recycle process of resolution
Authors: Duan Chuanqi , Bi Siju , Tian Ting , Zhou Ting , Lin Kuaile , Zhou Weicheng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract(S)‐2‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine((S)‐1), a key intermediate in the synthesis of aticaprant, was effectively prepared via a recycle process of resolution/racemization. The desired (S)‐1 was obtained by resolution of its racemate with D‐tartaric acid and some alkaline conditions were screened to racemize the undesired (R)‐1 in the resolution mother liquor, and the best (in DMSO with KOH) was identified. Finally, the desired freebase (S)‐1 was obtained in a yield of 63.6% with excellent enantioselectivity (98.7% ee) after three times of recycle process.
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Left Ventricular Deformation and Myocardial Energetic Efficiency Compared Between Women and Men: An MRI Study
Authors: Huang Shan , Li Yuan , Shi Ke , Wang Jin , Jiang Li , Gao Yue , Yan Wei‐Feng , Yang Zhi‐Gang 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundMetabolic and hemodynamic alterations in metabolic syndrome (MetS) can cause a reduced myocardial energetic efficiency (MEE). Indexed MEE (MEEi), as a simple estimate of MEE, is emerging as a novel and useful imaging parameter.PurposeTo investigate the impact of MetS on MEE and systolic myocardial strain and to assess any sex difference.Study typeRetrospective.PopulationA total of 161 patients with MetS (female: n = 82, 52.2 ± 11.7 years; male: n = 79, 51.8 ± 10.6 years) and 77 healthy subjects (female: n = 46, 52.7 ± 8.2 years; male: n = 31, 54.1 ± 11.2 years). Patients with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <50% were excluded.Field Strength/SequenceA 3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession sequence.AssessmentLV volumes and mass (LVM) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were obtained by MRI. Stroke volume (SV) divided by HR was used as a surrogate measure of MEE and normalized to LVM (MEEi).Statistical TestsStudent's t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test; Multivariable linear regression (coefficient of determination, R2). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsFor both males and females, MEEi and GLS were lower in MetS patients than in the normal controls. Among MetS patients, men had significantly higher LVM (59.7 ± 13.4 g/m2 vs. 48.8 ± 11.3 g/m2) and significantly lower MEEi (0.68 ± 0.23 mL/g/s vs. 0.84 ± 0.23 mL/g/s) and GLS (−11.7% ± 2.8% vs. −13.9% ± 2.7%) than women. After adjustment for clinical variables, male gender (β = −0.291) was found to be inversely correlated with MEEi. Multivariable analysis showed that MEEi (β = 0.454) were independently associated with GLS (adjusted R2 = 0.454) after adjustment for clinical and other MRI parameters.Data ConclusionMEEi was significantly impaired in MetS without overt systolic dysfunction. There was a sex difference regarding the cardiac alterations in MetS, with men having significantly lower MEEi and GLS and significantly higher LVM than women. Further, MEEi was independently associated with GLS.Evidence Level3Technical EfficacyStage 3
Broken windows in tourism: The effect of occupational stigma perception of tour guides on interpersonal deviance toward tourists
Authors: Xu Shaogui , Zuo Yifan , Chen Sirong , Law Rob , Zhang Mu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study explores the mechanisms underlying the occupational stigma perception (OSP) of tour guides and the role of interpersonal deviance (ID) toward tourists based on affective event theory. It collects questionnaire data from 348 Chinese frontline tour guides and uses PROCESS Macro in SPSS to test the moderated mediation model. Results show that OSP had a significantly positive effect on ID. Job embeddedness (JE) partially mediated the relationship between OSP and ID. Job tenure (JT) played a negative moderating role between OSP and JE. Furthermore, the mediating role of JE between OSP and ID diminished as the guides' JT increased.
Tympanostomy tube placement for pressure‐sensitive vertigo
Authors: Abouzari Mehdi , Tawk Karen , Nguyen Cecilia H. H. , Risbud Adwight , Djalilian Hamid R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate tympanostomy tube placement in patients with pressure‐sensitive vertigo.MethodsRetrospective case series.ResultsSix patients with pressure‐sensitive vertigo reported resolution of their vertigo and other vestibular symptoms after placement of the tympanostomy tubes. All recurrences of symptoms were due to either extrusion or plugging of the tubes. All patients fulfilled the criteria for vestibular migraine. None of the patients had superior canal dehiscence on imaging or precedent event that triggered the problem, and all had a negative fistula test.ConclusionTympanostomy tube placement should be considered in selected patients with vertigo exacerbated by seemingly small changes in atmospheric pressure (e.g., just prior to thunderstorms, air travel, or travel to the mountains). By eliminating the capability of the tympanic membrane to sense changes in pressure with a tube, patients with pressure‐induced vertigo (in the absence of perilymph fistula or superior canal dehiscence) may have relief of their symptoms.Level of Evidence: IV.
Signaling pathways in the regulation of cancer stem cells and associated targeted therapy
Authors: Manni Wang , Min Wu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of malignant tumor cells with selective capacities for tumor initiation, self‐renewal, metastasis, and unlimited growth into bulks, which are believed as a major cause of progressive tumor phenotypes, including recurrence, metastasis, and treatment failure. A number of signaling pathways are involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties and survival of CSCs, including well‐established intrinsic pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling, and extrinsic pathways, such as the vascular microenvironment and tumor‐associated immune cells. There is also intricate crosstalk between these signal cascades and other oncogenic pathways. Thus, targeting pathway molecules that regulate CSCs provides a new option for the treatment of therapy‐resistant or ‐refractory tumors. These treatments include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that target key signaling in CSCs, as well as CSC‐directed immunotherapies that harness the immune systems to target CSCs. This review aims to provide an overview of the regulating networks and their immune interactions involved in CSC development. We also address the update on the development of CSC‐directed therapeutics, with a special focus on those with application approval or under clinical evaluation.
Dosimetric validation of a GPU‐based dose engine for a fast in silico patient‐specific quality assurance program in light ion beam therapy
Authors: Magro Giuseppe , Fassi Martina , Mirandola Alfredo , Rossi Eleonora , Molinelli Silvia , Russo Stefania , Bazani Alessia , Vai Alessandro , Ciocca Mario , Donetti Marco , Mairani Andrea 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundWith rapid evolutions of fast and sophisticated calculation techniques and delivery technologies, clinics are almost facing a daily patient‐specific (PS) plan adaptation, which would make a conventional experimental quality assurance (QA) workflow unlikely to be routinely feasible. Therefore, in silico approaches are foreseen by means of second‐check independent dose calculation systems possibly handling machine log‐files.PurposeTo validate the in‐house developed GPU‐dose engine, FRoG, for light ion beam therapy (protons and carbon ions) as a second‐check independent calculation system and to integrate machine log‐file analysis into the patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA) program.MethodsSpot sizes, depth‐dose distributions, and absolute dose calibrations were configured into FRoG and a set of nine regular‐shaped targets in combination with more than 170 clinical treatment fields were tested against pinpoint ionization chamber measurements. Both the treatment planning system DICOM RTplans and machine treatment log‐files were used as input for the dose kernel in water, and a 3D local γ (1 mm/2%) index was used as the main evaluation metric.ResultsCalculated configuration data matched experimental measurements with submillimetric agreement. For regular‐shaped targets, the unsigned average relative difference between calculated and measured dose values was less than 2% for both protons and carbon ions. The mean γ passing rate (PR) was around 98% for both particle species. For clinical treatment beams, DICOM‐based recalculations showed a γ‐PR more than 99% for both particle species. The same level of agreement was preserved for protons when moving to log‐file‐based recalculations. A score of around 95% was registered for carbon ion beams, once excluding low‐quality machine log‐files. Unsigned average relative difference against acquired data was less than 2% also for real clinical beams.ConclusionsFRoG was proven as an accurate and reliable tool for PSQA in scanning light ion beam therapy. The proposed method allows for an extremely efficient workflow, without compromising the quality of the plan verification procedure.
Assessment of pulmonary morphometry using hyperpolarized 129Xe diffusion‐weighted MRI with variable‐sampling‐ratio compressed sensing patterns
Authors: Zhou Qian , Li Haidong , Rao Qiuchen , Zhang Ming , Zhao Xiuchao , Shen Luyang , Fang Yuan , Li Hongchuang , Liu Xiaoling , Xiao Sa , Shi Lei , Han Yeqing , Ye Chaohui , Zhou Xin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundHyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe multiple b‐values diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) has been widely used for quantifying pulmonary microstructural morphometry. However, the technique requires long acquisition times, making it hard to apply in patients with severe pulmonary diseases, who cannot sustain long breath holds.PurposeTo develop and evaluate the technique of variable‐sampling‐ratio compressed sensing (VCS) patterns for accelerating HP 129Xe multiple b‐values DW‐MRI in humans.MethodsOptimal variable sampling ratios and corresponding k‐space undersampling patterns for each b‐value were obtained by retrospective simulations based on the fully sampled (FS) DW‐MRI dataset acquired from six young healthy volunteers. Then, the FS datasets were retrospectively undersampled using both VCS patterns and conventional compressed sensing (CS) pattern with a similar average acceleration factor. The quality of reconstructed images with retrospective VCS (rVCS) and CS (rCS) datasets were quantified using mean absolute error (MAE) and structural similarity (SSIM). Pulmonary morphometric parameters were also evaluated between rVCS and FS datasets. In addition, prospective VCS multiple b‐values 129Xe DW‐MRI datasets were acquired from 14 cigarette smokers and 13 age‐matched healthy volunteers. The differences of lung morphological parameters obtained with the proposed method were compared between the groups using independent samples t‐test. Pearson correlation coefficient was also utilized for evaluating the correlation of the pulmonary physiological parameters obtained with VCS DW‐MRI and pulmonary function tests.ResultsLower MAE and higher SSIM values were found in the reconstructed images with rVCS measurement when compared to those using conventional rCS measurement. The details and quality of the images obtained with rVCS and FS measurements were found to be comparable. The mean values of the morphological parameters derived from rVCS and FS datasets showed no significant differences (p > 0.05), and the mean differences of measured acinar duct radius, mean linear intercept, surface‐to‐volume ratio, and apparent diffusion coefficient with cylinder model were −0.87%, −2.42%, 2.04%, and −0.50%, respectively. By using the VCS technique, significant differences were delineated between the pulmonary morphometric parameters of healthy volunteers and cigarette smokers (p < 0.001), while the acquisition time was reduced by four times.ConclusionA fourfold reduction in acquisition time was achieved using the proposed VCS method while preserving good image quality. Our preliminary results demonstrated that the proposed method can be used for evaluating pulmonary injuries caused by cigarette smoking and may prove to be helpful in diagnosing lung diseases in clinical practice.
Free‐running 3D whole‐heart T1 and T2 mapping and cine MRI using low‐rank reconstruction with non‐rigid cardiac motion correction
Authors: Phair Andrew , Cruz Gastão , Qi Haikun , Botnar René M. , Prieto Claudia 
Published: October 2022

PurposeTo introduce non‐rigid cardiac motion correction into a novel free‐running framework for the simultaneous acquisition of 3D whole‐heart myocardial and maps and cine images, enabling a 3‐min scan.MethodsData were acquired using a free‐running 3D golden‐angle radial readout interleaved with inversion recovery and ‐preparation pulses. After correction for translational respiratory motion, non‐rigid cardiac‐motion‐corrected reconstruction with dictionary‐based low‐rank compression and patch‐based regularization enabled 3D whole‐heart and mapping at any given cardiac phase as well as whole‐heart cardiac cine imaging. The framework was validated and compared with established methods in 11 healthy subjects.ResultsGood quality 3D and maps and cine images were reconstructed for all subjects. Septal values using the proposed approach ( ms) were higher than those from a 2D MOLLI sequence ( ms), which is known to underestimate , while values from the proposed approach ( ms) were in good agreement with those from a 2D GraSE sequence ( ms).ConclusionThe proposed technique provides 3D and maps and cine images with isotropic spatial resolution in a single 3.3‐min scan.