bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FuSeBMC v4: Smart Seed Generation for Hybrid Fuzzing
Authors: Alshmrany Kaled M. , Aldughaim Mohannad , Bhayat Ahmed , Cordeiro Lucas C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFuSeBMC is a test generator for finding security vulnerabilities in C programs. In Test-Comp 2021, we described a previous version that incrementally injected labels to guide Bounded Model Checking (BMC) and Evolutionary Fuzzing engines to produce test cases for code coverage and bug finding. This paper introduces an improved version of FuSeBMC that utilizes both engines to produce smart seeds. First, the engines run with a short time limit on a lightly instrumented version of the program to produce the seeds. The BMC engine is particularly useful in producing seeds that can pass through complex mathematical guards. Then, FuSeBMC runs its engines with extended time limits using the smart seeds created in the previous round. FuSeBMC manages this process in two main ways. Firstly, it uses shared memory to record the labels covered by each test case. Secondly, it evaluates test cases, and those of high impact are turned into seeds for subsequent test fuzzing. In this year’s competition, we participate in the Cover-Error, Cover-Branches, and Overall categories. The Test-Comp 2022 results show that we significantly increased our code coverage score from last year, outperforming all tools in all categories.
On the Detection of Doped Software by Falsification
Authors: Biewer Sebastian , Hermanns Holger 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSoftware doping is a phenomenon that refers to the presence of hidden software functionality, whose existence is only in the interest of the manufacturer. The most prominent example is the diesel emissions scandal. There is a need for methods that identify software doping, and such methods are bound to be applied to the final product with no or rare knowledge about its internals. Black-box analysis techniques have recently been developed for this purpose, harvesting the formal foundations of software doping. This paper integrates them with established falsification techniques for the purpose of real-world applicability. With a focus on the diesel scandal and emissions tests on chassis dynamometers we make the testing procedures significantly more effective in terms of time and cost. The theoretical results are implemented in a prototypical doping tester.
Direct serendipity and mixed finite elements on convex quadrilaterals
Authors: Arbogast Todd , Tao Zhen , Wang Chuning 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe classical serendipity and mixed finite element spaces suffer from poor approximation on nondegenerate, convex quadrilaterals. In this paper, we develop families of direct serendipity and direct mixed finite element spaces, which achieve optimal approximation properties and have minimal local dimension. The set of local shape functions for either the serendipity or mixed elements contains the full set of scalar or vector polynomials of degree r, respectively, defined directly on each element (i.e., not mapped from a reference element). Because there are not enough degrees of freedom for global $$H^1$$

H
1

or $$H(\text {div})$$

H
(
div
)

conformity, exactly two supplemental shape functions must be added to each element when $$r\ge 2$$

r
≥
2

, and only one when $$r=1$$

r
=
1

. The specific choice of supplemental functions gives rise to different families of direct elements. These new spaces are related through a de Rham complex. For index $$r\ge 1$$

r
≥
1

, the new families of serendipity spaces $${\mathscr {DS}}_{r+1}$$

DS

r
+
1

are the precursors under the curl operator of our direct mixed finite element spaces, which can be constructed to have reduced or full $$H(\text {div})$$

H
(
div
)

approximation properties. One choice of direct serendipity supplements gives the precursor of the recently introduced Arbogast–Correa spaces (SIAM J Numer Anal 54:3332–3356, 2016. 10.1137/15M1013705). Other fully direct serendipity supplements can be defined without the use of mappings from reference elements, and these give rise in turn to fully direct mixed spaces. Our development is constructive, so we are able to give global bases for our spaces. Numerical results are presented to illustrate their properties.
Local boundedness for solutions of a class of nonlinear elliptic systems
Authors: Cupini Giovanni , Leonetti Francesco , Mascolo Elvira 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper we are concerned with the regularity of solutions to a nonlinear elliptic system of m equations in divergence form, satisfying p growth from below and q growth from above, with $$p \le q$$

p
≤
q

; this case is known as p, q-growth conditions. Well known counterexamples, even in the simpler case $$p=q$$

p
=
q

, show that solutions to systems may be singular; so, it is necessary to add suitable structure conditions on the system that force solutions to be regular. Here we obtain local boundedness of solutions under a componentwise coercivity condition. Our result is obtained by proving that each component $$u^\alpha $$

u
α

of the solution $$u=(u^1,...,u^m)$$

u
=
(

u
1

,
.
.
.
,

u
m

)

satisfies an improved Caccioppoli’s inequality and we get the boundedness of $$u^{\alpha }$$

u
α

by applying De Giorgi’s iteration method, provided the two exponents p and q are not too far apart. Let us remark that, in dimension $$n=3$$

n
=
3

and when $$p=q$$

p
=
q

, our result works for $$\frac{3}{2} < p {\le } 3$$

3
2

<
p
≤
3

, thus it complements the one of Bjorn whose technique allowed her to deal with $$p \le 2$$

p
≤
2

only. In the final section, we provide applications of our result.
What values should an agent align with?
Authors: Liscio Enrico , van der Meer Michiel , Siebert Luciano C. , Jonker Catholijn M. , Murukannaiah Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe pursuit of values drives human behavior and promotes cooperation. Existing research is focused on general values (e.g., Schwartz) that transcend contexts. However, context-specific values are necessary to (1) understand human decisions, and (2) engineer intelligent agents that can elicit and align with human values. We propose Axies, a hybrid (human and AI) methodology to identify context-specific values. Axies simplifies the abstract task of value identification as a guided value annotation process involving human annotators. Axies exploits the growing availability of value-laden text corpora and Natural Language Processing to assist the annotators in systematically identifying context-specific values. We evaluate Axies in a user study involving 80 human subjects. In our study, six annotators generate value lists for two timely and important contexts:Covid-19 measures and sustainableEnergy. We employ two policy experts and 72 crowd workers to evaluate Axies value lists and compare them to a list of general (Schwartz) values. We find that Axies yields values that are (1) more context-specific than general values, (2) more suitable for value annotation than general values, and (3) independent of the people applying the methodology.
Composite nanoparticles derived by self-assembling of hydrophobic polysaccharide derivatives and lignin
Authors: Gericke Martin , Bergrath Jonas , Schulze Margit , Heinze Thomas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractComposite nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of lignin and different polysaccharide (PS) derivatives were prepared. In this synergistic approach, the PS derivative acts as biocompatible matrix that forms spherical NPs while lignin is a functional compound with therapeutic potential (e.g., antioxidative, antimicrobial, antiviral). Organosolv lignin and three different PS derivatives (cellulose acetate/CA, cellulose acetate phthalate/CAPh, xylan phenyl carbonate/XPC) were used in this study. Nanocomposites with particle sizes in the range of about 200–550 nm containing both types of biopolymers are accessible by dialysis of organic PS/lignin solutions against water. In particular, XPC and CAPh, which both contain aromatic substituents, were found to be suitable for incorporation of lignin within the PS nanomatrix. The present work paves the way for future studies in which the pharmaceutical potential and biocompatibility of composite NPs of lignin and PS derivatives with tailored properties are investigated.
Oat catch crop efficacy on nitrogen leaching varies after forage crop grazing
Authors: Malcolm B. J. , Cameron K. C. , Beare M. H. , Carrick S. T. , Payne J. J. , Maley S. C. , Di H. J. , Richards K. K. , Dalley D. E. , de Ruiter J. M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study tested the effect of oat catch crops on mineral nitrogen (N) leaching losses from cool season fodder beet grazing. Undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters were collected from two grassland sites with soils featuring contrasting texture and water holding capacity (WHC) characteristics. After simulated fodder beet grazing in late autumn or winter, synthetic dairy cow urine was applied. Nitrogen leaching losses were measured from lysimeters sown with oats after urine application and compared with those under fallow conditions until spring. Oat dry matter (DM) production and N uptake measurements were obtained. Sowing oats reduced total mineral N leaching losses by up to 59%. Reductions in mineral N leaching were inconsistently affected by soil type but were strongly influenced by urine application timing. Nitrogen uptake by oats (52–143 kg N ha−1) drove reductions in N leaching losses compared with fallow soil. Oats yielded 4–17 t DM ha−1, and both yield and N uptake were strongly affected by urine application timing (winter > autumn) and soil type (high WHC > low WHC). Sowing oats after fodder beet grazing instead of leaving the ground fallow can reduce the environmental impacts of these systems, while simultaneously increasing annual feed supply. Catch crop gains can be maximised by avoiding or delaying autumn grazing of fodder beet, particularly on low WHC soils.
The role of relatedness and strategic linkages between domestic and MNE sectors in regional branching and resilience
Authors: Landman Mattie , Ojanperä Sanna , Kinsella Stephen , O’Clery Neave 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite the key role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in both international markets and domestic economies, there is no consensus on their impact on their host economy. In particular, do MNEs stimulate new domestic firms through knowledge spillovers? Here, we look at the impact of MNEs on the entry and exit of domestic industries in Irish regions before, during, and after the 2008 Financial Crisis. Specifically, we are interested in whether the presence of MNEs in a region results in knowledge spillovers and the creation of new domestic industries in related sectors. To quantify how related an industry is to a region’s industry basket we propose two cohesion measures, weighted closeness and strategic closeness which capture direct linkages and dense inter-industry links between local industries respectively. We use a dataset of government-supported firms in Ireland (covering 90% of manufacturing and exporting) between 2006 and 2019. We find that domestic industries are both more likely to enter and less likely to leave a region if they are related to so-called ‘overlapping’ industries containing both domestic and MNE firms. In contrast, we find a negative impact on domestic entry and survival from cohesion to ‘exclusive MNE’ industries, suggesting that domestic firms are unable to ‘leap’ and thrive in MNE-proximate industries likely due to a technology or know-how gap. Finally, the type of cohesion matters. During the economic recovery (2015–2019), it is strategic rather than weighted closeness to overlapping industries that is associated with both domestic industry entry and survival.
Assessing discards in an illegal small-scale fishery using fisher-led reporting
Authors: Mendo T. , Mendo J. , Ransijn J. M. , Gomez I. , Gil-Kodaka P. , Fernández J. , Delgado R. , Travezaño A. , Arroyo R. , Loza K. , McCann P. , Crowe S. , Jones E. L. , James M. A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAbout a third of all marine fish in the world are caught in Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF). SSF are increasingly recognised as essential for food security and livelihoods for vulnerable and economically fragile communities globally. Although individual SSF vessels are usually perceived as having little impact on the ecosystem, the cumulative impact of gear type and number of vessels may be substantial. Bottom trawling is a common fishing method that can greatly influence the marine ecosystem by damaging the seafloor and generating high levels of discards. However, appropriate sampling coverage using on-board observer programmes to collect these data from SSF are rare, as they are expensive and pose logistical constraints. A mobile App was used to assess whether self-reporting by fishers could provide reliable fine-scale information on fishing effort and discards over time in an illegal shrimp trawling fishery in northern Peru. Maps depicting the spatial distribution of trawling effort and the proportion of discards from observers and fishers were compared using the Similarity in Means (SIM) Index, which ranges from 0 when spatial patterns differ completely to 1 when spatial patterns are very similar. High levels of agreement between spatio-temporal patterns of effort (SIM Index = 0.81) and discards (0.96) were found between fisher and observer maps. Moreover, far greater spatial coverage was accomplished by fishers, suggesting that self-reporting via an App represents a useful approach to collect reliable fisheries data as an initial step for effective monitoring and management of these fisheries.
New Evidence for Palaeo-wildfire in the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Gondwana from Wardha Valley Coalfield, India
Authors: Murthy Srikanta , Uhl Dieter , Jasper Andre , Sarate O.S. , Mishra Deveshwar P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Macroscopic fossil charcoal fragments have been recovered from the borehole AK-19 (at a depth of 120.00 m) drilled at the Astona-Kothurna coal block, Wardha valley coalfield. In general, the occurrence of charcoal in sediments is accepted as a direct indicator for palaeo-wildfires. The charcoal fragments exhibits well preserved homogenized cell walls as well as anatomical details such as uniseriate and biseriate pitting patterns on tracheid walls under Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope (FESEM), suggesting a gymnospermous wood affinity of the studied material. The excellent preservation, their large size and almost unabraded edges of charcoal fragments suggest a par-autochthonous origin. These findings add further evidence for the widespread occurrence of such wildfires during the Early Permian not only in India, but on the entire Gondwana continent.
Study on Seismic Amplification Effect and Active Earth Pressure of Retaining Wall Based on Pseudo-Dynamic Method and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Deng Yahong , Yan Zuofei , He Nainan , Chang Jiang , Xuan You 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the finite element numerical analysis verified that the critical failure surface of the backfill under active conditions was curved, and it was consistent with the composite form of a logarithmic spiral and a straight line assumed by the study based on the pseudo-dynamic method. On the basis of the failure surface of the backfill as a curved surface, the seismic active earth pressure on the retaining wall was calculated by the pseudo-dynamic method and the finite element method respectively. Results showed that in the finite element analysis, the acceleration amplitude of the backfill had an obvious amplification effect along the depth of the retaining wall, and this amplification effect was related to many factors. Under the action of low-frequency seismic load, linear amplification effect occurred, while nonlinear amplification effect occurred under the action of high-frequency seismic load. The amplification factors increased with the increase of retaining wall height. According to the characteristics of the amplification effect, after modifying the input seismic acceleration in the pseudo-dynamic method, the distribution of seismic active earth pressure on the retaining wall was close to that obtained by finite element analysis.
Highland Malaria Transmission Dynamics in Space and Time Before Pre-elimination Era, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Ewnetu Yalemwork , Lemma Wossenseged 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Currently, the district-level malaria transmission stratification has indicated the Northern, Northwestern, Southern, and rift valley lowland and surrounding highland districts are almost entirely classified as high or moderate malaria transmission zones. Conducting malaria surveillance to track, test, and treat all malaria cases cannot be implemented in Ethiopia in the current situation.

Objective
To show malaria transmission dynamics in different health facilities located from 1800 to 2772 m altitudes during 2018–2021 in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods
A total of 3.5 years (2018–2021) retrospective confirmed and treated malaria cases in 43 kebeles health posts and clinics in Gondar Zuria district were used for analysis.

Result
The total malaria count was 5893 for 2019 compared to 31, 550 for 2020 and 33, 248 for 2021. Mean monthly malaria incidence/1000 people in 2019 was 2.39 ± 5.4 and increased to 10.64 ± 16.99 in 2020 and 11.19 ± 16.59 in 2021. Annual malaria incidence increased from 24 cases/1000 people in 2019 to 139.08 cases/1000 people in 2021 and is alarming danger in malaria elimination program in the district or the country as a whole. Poisson and Negative binomial regressions models indicated 5.78- and 5.26-fold malaria cases increase, respectively, in 2021 compared to 2019. The sudden increase in malaria incidences (counts) in 2020 and 2021 coincided with the interruption of residual insecticide application in Gondar Zuria district during the transition period towards the malaria pre-elimination stage implicating the role of malaria control tools in suppressing transmission. Study on climate variability also indicated that the rainfall variability in different months might have also favored high malaria transmission in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2019. Thus, in addition to re-starting the use of malaria control tools, giving attention to climate anomalies (variability) that favors malaria transmission, for prompt interventional actions, is required. The malaria elimination program in Ethiopia might have not reached a pre-elimination stage as malaria cases per 1000 people have not decreased below five in the majority of Ethiopian districts. Tracing, confirming, and treating individual cases to stop further transmission is, almost, impossible. In a situation like this, the Ethiopian malaria elimination program should work intensively towards understanding malaria epidemiology at the district level to re-design a localized malaria control strategy. The renewed malaria control program should also consider altitudes above 2000 m.
Rape Myths, Catastrophe, and Credibility
Authors: Tilton Emily C.R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThere is an undeniable tendency to dismiss women's sexual assault allegations out of hand. However, this tendency is not monolithic – allegations that black men have raped white women are often met with deadly seriousness. I argue that contemporary rape culture is characterized by the interplay between rape myths that minimize rape, and myths that catastrophize rape. Together, these two sets of rape myths distort the epistemic resources that people use when assessing rape allegations. These distortions result in the unjust exoneration of people we cannot conceive of as monstrous, while making it too easy to believe that some marginalized people could be rapists. I also argue that rape myths enable a novel kind of epistemic injustice. This injustice concerns how our assessments of trustworthiness and our assessments of plausibility interact. I argue that rape myths can result in runaway credibility deflations that can explain both why people fail to believe most women, and also why people may unjustly believe false allegations that white women have been raped by black men.
Conditionality and contentment: Universal Credit and UK welfare benefit recipients’ life satisfaction
Authors: THORNTON ISAAC , IACOELLA FRANCESCO 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroduced in the United Kingdom in 2012, Universal Credit (UC) is a welfare benefit that replaces six working-age ‘legacy’ benefits for out-of-work and low-income people. Designed with the aim of simplifying benefits and incentivising paid work, UC represents a deepening of conditionality in the British welfare state. Considering these developments, this paper quantitatively investigates the effect of UC on recipients’ life satisfaction. Data from the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study is analysed, primarily using a fixed-effects regression approach. Results reveal a significantly negative effect of UC recipience on life satisfaction. Robustness checks and alternative model specifications, including difference-in-differences and inverse probability weighting, confirm this finding. Additionally, mediation models give credence to the idea that UC also negatively affects life satisfaction indirectly by increasing psychological distress. Heterogeneity tests indicate that UC has a less negative effect on single parents’ life satisfaction compared to non-parents. Meanwhile, UC has a significantly more negative effect on the life satisfaction of people not in paid work (for reasons other than unemployment) than those in paid work. Discussion focuses on the potential effect of welfare conditionality specifically, and implications for future research and policy are explored.
Activity limitations and participation restrictions among people with non-communicable diseases in Ghana
Authors: Banchani Emmanuel , Tenkorang Eric Y. , Midodzi William 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute substantially to mortality, morbidity and disability in Ghana. Nonetheless, no data are presently available on Ghanaians with disability from major NCDs, such as hypertension, diabetes and stroke. Using data from the 2007/2008 Ghana World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) and applying ordinary least squares techniques, the prevalence of and associations between activity limitations and participation restrictions in Ghanaians with NCDs are examined in the present study. The results show stroke is the major contributor to activity limitations and participation restrictions among the Ghanaian population with NCDs. The study results further revealed that respondents with higher education reported high levels of disability compared to those with no education. The results suggest that functioning can be restored by providing assistive technologies, such as wheelchairs, prosthetic limbs, walking aids, etc., that can enhance participation of persons with disability in society.