bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of reversing duration time and commutation meshing state on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of reciprocating spur gear rack
Authors: Zhao Jing‐jing , Liu Jin‐xiang , Wang You‐qiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractReciprocating spur gear rack is prone to lubrication failure near the reversing dead center position. Ree‐Eyring lubrication fluid, multigrid method and multigrid integral method were used to calculate the pressure profile, film thickness and oil temperature rise. Compared with linear motion, the process of reciprocating commutative movement is more complicated and the lubrication state are more unstable. The effects of different reversing duration time and commutation meshing state on lubricant film were analysed. The results show that, the oil thickness during the gear reversing process is significantly reduced. While shortening the reversing time can improve the lubricating film thickness, it causes the instantaneous oil temperature to rise. Therefore, the gear tooth damage caused by high temperature can be avoided by prolonging the reversing duration time properly. The longer the reversing duration time, the minimum value of central film thickness and central pressure is closer to the meshing outlet area. No matter what the reversing time change, the minimum lubrication film thickness is in the reversing dead center position. So the reversing dead center is still the dangerous point for the lubrication failure of the spur gear rack mechanism. When the reversing dead center is in the leading tooth of double‐tooth meshing, the gear has the largest film thickness and the largest contact area. In addition, the synthetic radius of curvature and entrainment velocity become larger so the lubrication conditions have been improved. The results provide the theoretical basis and guidance for the reasonable design of the spur gear rack and the improvement of its lubricating performance.
Improvement in Mechanical Properties of 3D‐Printed PEEK Structure by Nonsolvent Vapor Annealing
Authors: Chen Wenhui , Zhang Xiaolong , Tan Di , Xu Peng , Yang Baisong , Shi Kui , Zhu Bo , Liu Quan , Lei Yifeng , Liu Sheng , Xue Longjian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe broad applications of 3D‐printed poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (3D‐PEEK) structures are largely hampered by their inadequate mechanical properties that can be improved by post treatments. At present, thermal annealing is generally used to improve the mechanical properties of 3D‐PEEK. However, it cannot simultaneously improve strength and ductility. Here, a cost‐effective postprocessing method is developed to improve the mechanical properties of 3D‐PEEK, based on annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature. The annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature simultaneously improves the strength, ductility, and fracture energy of as‐printed 3D‐PEEK by 22.6%, 151.3%, and 109.1%, respectively. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to enhanced interfacial bonding, increased crystallinity, decreased pinhole defects, and stress relaxation in the 3D‐PEEK. Moreover, the annealing in both polar solvents (such as acetone and chloroform) and nonpolar solvents (such as n‐hexane) are demonstrated to be effective for improving the mechanical properties of 3D‐PEEK. The nonsolvent vapor‐annealed 3D‐PEEK can thus have potential applications in the fields of medical implants, automotive, aerospace, and more.
Graphene and graphene oxide with anticancer applications: Challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Shafiee Ali , Iravani Siavash , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGraphene‐based materials have shown immense pertinence for sensing/imaging, gene/drug delivery, cancer therapy/diagnosis, and tissue engineering/regenerative medicine. Indeed, the large surface area, ease of functionalization, high drug loading capacity, and reactive oxygen species induction potentials have rendered graphene‐ (G‐) and graphene oxide (GO)‐based (nano)structures promising candidates for cancer therapy applications. Various techniques namely liquid‐phase exfoliation, Hummer's method, chemical vapor deposition, chemically reduced GO, mechanical cleavage of graphite, arc discharge of graphite, and thermal fusion have been deployed for the production of G‐based materials. Additionally, important criteria such as biocompatibility, bio‐toxicity, dispersibility, immunological compatibility, and inflammatory reactions of G‐based structures need to be systematically assessed for additional clinical and biomedical appliances. Furthermore, surface properties (e.g., lateral dimension, charge, corona influence, surface structure, and oxygen content), concentration, detection strategies, and cell types are vital for anticancer activities of these structures. Notably, the efficient accumulation of anticancer drugs in tumor targets/tissues, controlled cellular uptake properties, tumor‐targeted drug release behavior, and selective toxicity toward the cells are crucial criteria that need to be met for developing future anticancer G‐based nanosystems. Herein, important challenges and future perspectives of cancer therapy using G‐ and GO‐based nanosystems have been highlighted, and the recent advancements are deliberated.
Truncal‐based perforator flaps for autologous breast reconstruction: A review of 975 flaps and their clinical application
Authors: Isaac Kathryn V. , Buchel Edward W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundWhen autologous breast reconstruction is desired and deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is inadequate or unavailable, other perforator flaps in the truncal region should not be disregarded. This study aimed to review all truncal‐based perforator flaps used for autologous breast reconstruction to identify clinical indications and outcomes of alternate perforator flaps.MethodsFrom 2013 to 2018, patients undergoing truncal‐based perforator flap breast reconstruction were reviewed and data recorded for; indications, pre‐operative and intra‐operative treatment decisions, flap failures, take‐backs, and revisions. Compared to the gold standard of the DIEP flap, alternate truncal‐based flaps were evaluated for their reconstructive merit and application.ResultsA total of 975 perforator flaps were harvested circumferentially around the lower trunk. As an alternative or adjunct to the DIEP flap (n = 633, 65%), perforator flaps were harvested based on the superficial inferior epigastric, the deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries, the intercostal, and lumbar arteries (n = 342, 35%). Overlapping vascular territories facilitate the safe harvest of these alternate flaps with 0.8% of flaps requiring take back (n = 8) and 0.2% flap failure rate (n = 2). There was no difference in peri‐operative outcomes between anterior abdominal and alternate truncal‐based flaps (p > .05).ConclusionsCircumferential harvest of alternate truncal flaps is an appropriate option for autologous reconstruction with comparable peri‐operative and long‐term outcomes as compared to flaps from the anterior abdomen.
A Comparison of Different Tournament Weigh-In Formats on the Short-Term Postrelease Behavior of Black Bass Assessed with Biologgers
Authors: LaRochelle Luc , Trahan Alexandria , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Danylchuk Andy J. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Black bass Micropterus spp. live-release tournaments are a popular activity in North America. Efforts continue to further increase survival and enhance welfare of fish released from competitive angling events. Recently, some tournaments have adopted a new weigh-in format in which black bass are weighed immediately (hanging from a scale in air) and released at the capture location. More conventional tournaments involve retaining black bass in a live well and delivering them to a central location to be weighed (wet or dry weigh-in). We used biologgers that measured swimming activity, depth selection, and water temperature selection to examine how different weigh-in formats alter postrelease behavior of Smallmouth Bass M. dolomieu and Largemouth Bass M. salmoides. All fish showed a significant decrease in swimming activity as time progressed during the 10-min monitoring period, regardless of the weigh-in format. Swimming activity remained elevated (i.e., hyperactivity) for a longer period of time for black bass that were retained in live wells compared to those that were subjected to the catch, weigh, and release weigh-in format and the control (fish that were caught and immediately released without air exposure). Swimming activity of black bass tended to decrease as they achieved greater depths with cooler water temperatures. For both species, the water temperature selected postrelease was influenced by the weigh-in format. Black bass that were dry weighed and wet weighed spent more time in warmer water temperatures than fish in the control group or fish that were caught, weighed, and released. This study suggests that to reduce behavioral alterations associated with wet or dry weigh-ins, tournament organizations need to carefully select the weigh-in location, allowing easy access to refuge (i.e., habitat complexity similar to that of the capture location) having the cooler water temperatures commonly associated with deeper water. These results also suggest that catch, weigh, and release formats could be beneficial for black bass during periods of the year with elevated water temperature.
Occurrence, Abundance, Movement, and Habitat Associations of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Tributaries to Bear Lake, Idaho–Utah
Authors: Heller Megan R. , Dillon Jeffrey C. , Quist Michael C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bonneville Cutthroat Trout (BCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii utah in Bear Lake, Idaho–Utah, is an important endemic and recreational species and plays a vital ecological role in systems throughout the basin. Although the distribution and abundance of BCT have declined due to anthropogenic disturbances, production of wild BCT in Bear Lake has increased over the past decade as a result of extensive habitat improvement in spawning tributaries. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence, distribution, and out-migration of BCT in tributaries of Bear Lake. Surveys were conducted at 75 stream reaches across three study streams (i.e., St. Charles, Fish Haven, and Swan creeks) during 2019 and 2020. A total of 1,064 BCT was sampled from 55 of 75 total reaches (73%). Total length of BCT varied from 22 to 650 mm, and the average TL was 117 mm (SE = 2.2). Regression models were used to identify abiotic and biotic features associated with BCT distribution, abundance, and probability of out-migration. Regardless of the tributary, elevation was negatively related to BCT occurrence and relative abundance. Other habitat characteristics associated with the presence and abundance of BCT were similar to those of other Cutthroat Trout species. For example, BCT were often associated with large substrates, instream cover, canopy cover, and heterogeneity in several habitat characteristics. The probability of a BCT out-migrating was positively associated with fish length and age but negatively related to distance to Bear Lake and number of downstream irrigation diversions. Results from this study provide critical information on the ecology and early life history characteristics of BCT that can be used to guide additional conservation and management efforts (i.e., removal of nonnative fish species; continued habitat restoration efforts).
Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or one‐anastomosis gastric bypass? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized‐controlled trials
Authors: Uhe Isabelle , Douissard Jonathan , Podetta Michele , Chevallay Mickael , Toso Christian , Jung Minoa Karin , Meyer Jeremy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine which bariatric procedure allows patients to obtain the best weight‐loss outcomes and a remission of type 2 diabetes.MethodsDatabases were searched for randomized‐controlled trials comparing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or one‐anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). The mean difference (MD) or the relative risk was determined.ResultsTwenty‐five randomized‐controlled trials were analyzed. Excess weight loss (EWL, percentage) was greater for RYGB patients at 3 years (MD: 11.93, p < 0.00001) and 5 years (MD: 13.11, p = 0.0004). Higher excess BMI loss (percentage) was found in RYGB at 1 year (MD: 11.66, p = 0.01). Total weight loss (percentage) was greater for RYGB patients after 3 months (MD: 2.41, p = 0.02), 6 months (MD: 3.83, p < 0.00001), 1 year (MD: 6.35, p < 0.00001), and 5 years (MD: 3.90, p = 0.005). No difference in terms of remission of type 2 diabetes was seen between RYGB and SG. EWL was significantly more important after OAGB than after RYGB after 1 year (MD: −10.82, p = 0.003).ConclusionsRYGB is more efficient than SG in the midterm. OAGB offers greater EWL than RYGB after 1 year, but further evidence is needed to confirm this result.
Gestational weight change and childhood body composition trajectories from pregnancy to early adolescence
Authors: Widen Elizabeth M. , Burns Natalie , Daniels Michael , Backlund Grant , Rickman Rachel , Foster Saralyn , Nichols Amy R. , Hoepner Lori A. , Kinsey Eliza W. , Ramirez‐Carvey Judyth , Hassoun Abeer , Perera Frederica P. , Bukowski Radek , Rundle Andrew G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveA mother–child dyad trajectory model of weight and body composition spanning from conception to adolescence was developed to understand how early life exposures shape childhood body composition.MethodsAfrican American (49.3%) and Dominican (50.7%) pregnant mothers (n = 337) were enrolled during pregnancy, and their children (47.5% female) were followed from ages 5 to 14. Gestational weight gain (GWG) was abstracted from medical records. Child weight, height, percentage body fat, and waist circumference were measured. GWG and child body composition trajectories were jointly modeled with a flexible latent class model with a class membership component that included prepregnancy BMI.ResultsFour prenatal and child body composition trajectory patterns were identified, and sex‐specific patterns were observed for the joint GWG–postnatal body composition trajectories with more distinct patterns among girls but not boys. Girls of mothers with high GWG across gestation had the highest BMI z score, waist circumference, and percentage body fat trajectories from ages 5 to 14; however, boys in this high GWG group did not show similar growth patterns.ConclusionsJointly modeled prenatal weight and child body composition trajectories showed sex‐specific patterns. Growth patterns from childhood though early adolescence appeared to be more profoundly affected by higher GWG patterns in females, suggesting sex differences in developmental programming.
Fluid–structure‐interaction simulations of forming‐air impact thermoforming
Authors: Wagner Simon , Sheikhi Rasoul , Kayatz Fabian , Münsch Manuel , Hauptmann Marek , Delgado Antonio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe authors present a thermally and dynamically coupled fluid–structure‐interaction (FSI) model of a thermoforming process variant along with simulation results. By purposeful arrangement of the inlet nozzles, the process variant under consideration seeks to improve the deformation behavior of a plastic sheet made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ultimately leading to a more uniform wall thickness distribution. In order to capture the complex interaction between deforming sheet and turbulent flow field in the pressure box, the numerical model must realistically reproduce both fluid and solid domain and accurately handle coupling between the simulation participants. Detailed information is provided on modeling aspects of the solid and in particular of the fluid domain. Wall thickness distributions obtained from experiments for two test cases are compared to results generated using varying parametrizations of the simulation model. The results in general are in line with experimental measurements, although some peculiarities in the measured data could not be reproduced. Despite its limitations concerning accuracy and the computational cost, the holistic simulation approach using FSI appears to be a helpful tool for investigating thermoforming due to the detailed resolution of the inflation process in time and space.
Performance Investigation of a Copper Azide Micro Detonator Using Experiments and Simulations
Authors: Peng Yue , Yu Qingxia , Yin Qiang , Long Xinping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, to study the output capacity of the micro detonator in MEMS flyer initiation sequence, we studied the driving Ti flyer process of micro detonator filled with “in‐situ” synthetic copper azide micro charge by combining experimental test, thermodynamic calculation, and hydrodynamic simulation. On the one hand, the flight process of the flyer is tested by an all‐fiber photonic Doppler velocimeter (AFPDV), and a complete flyer velocity curve is obtained. On this basis, the effects of different micro charge thickness, micro charge density, and accelerating chamber length on the flight process of the flyer are studied and analyzed. Thus, valuable experimental data are provided for the research of related micro detonators. On the other hand, we study the simulation of the copper azide micro charge driving flyer process. Firstly, we use the detonation thermodynamic program to calculate and fit the detonation velocity (D), detonation CJ pressure (PCJ), and JWL equation of state (EOS) parameters of detonation products of copper azide for simulation. For the gaseous detonation product, we compared the effects of three virial EOS: VLW EOS, VHL EOS, and VPL EOS on the calculation values of detonation parameters for copper azide. For the solid detonation product, a new EOS that can accurately describe the high temperature and high‐pressure state of copper was introduced to the program. Using the detonation parameters of copper azide calculated by thermodynamics, the process of driving the Ti flyer by micro charge is simulated by the 2D ALE method and compared with the experimental data under corresponding conditions.
Aging, (un)certainty and HIV management in South Africa
Authors: Rishworth Andrea , King Brian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractResearch within geography and cognate disciplines demonstrates how (un)certainty informs relational, emergent and open‐ended processes of healthy aging. Although (un)certainty shapes aging health inequities and possibilities for reconfiguration, research often centres on challenges for aging individuals, eliding more dynamic, complex and contradictory factors shaping the health and wellbeing of aging individuals and societies. This paper uses qualitative research with older women in South Africa to engage contradictions in (un)certainty. We argue that while advances in HIV/AIDS testing and treatment allow individuals to grow older with greater certainty, longer lives managing HIV rework new forms of ill‐health through contested disease etiology, indeterminant multitemporal processes, and dubious livelihood prospects. (Un)certain HIV landscapes can create new forms of disadvantage and subjection, while in other instances encourage opportunities for healthier lives and pragmatic social change. The findings highlight the importance of considering (un)certain aging, health and disease realities and the structures that assuage them.
Responding to research evidence in Parliament: A case study on selective education policy
Authors: Bainbridge Alan , Troppe Tom , Bartley Joanne 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis research focuses on how members of the UK Parliament engaged with evidence in relation to the policy decision leading to the Selective Schools Expansion Fund, a policy designed to enable the existing 163 English grammar schools to apply for additional funds to expand their intake. Although a small case study, the narrow focus provides a fertile setting for analysis of the relationship between research evidence, parliamentary debates and policy decisions. The article provides contextual background in relation to the dominant political parties’ (Conservative and Labour) education policy manifesto statements and a discussion on the nature and understanding of evidence. Particular attention is given to how evidence can be used to support claims and the importance of justified warrants. Using NVivo software, we identified the thematic content of 11 parliamentary debates and analysed the findings using descriptive statistics, which we tested with a playful, carnivalesque extrapolation of the data. Argumentative analysis shows that within the debates a number of rhetorical tools are used to avoid empirical evidence, including the deployment of a ‘moral sidestep’ which discourse analysis reveals in this case to be the repeated communication that grammar schools are ‘good’. In this way, Ofsted ratings are conflated with moral goodness, leading to a disproportionate diversion of school funding in their favour. This case study exposes strengths and weaknesses of parliamentary debate, which might be relevant to educational researchers who focus on evidence‐based policy and to the policy makers and other stakeholders who engage with the evidence such researchers offer.
A shared‐parameter location‐scale mixed model to link the responsivity in self‐initiated event reports and the event‐contingent Ecological Momentary Assessments
Authors: Ma Qianheng , Mermelstein Robin J. , Hedeker Donald 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe address the issue of (non‐) responsivity of self‐initiated assessments in Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) or other mobile health (mHealth) studies, where subjects are instructed to self‐initiate reports when experiencing defined events, for example, smoking. Since such reports are self‐initiated, the frequency and determinants of nonresponse to these event reports is usually unknown, however it may be suspected that nonresponse of such self‐initiated reports is not random. In this case, existing methods for missing data may be insufficient in the modeling of these observed self‐initiated reports. In certain EMA studies, random prompts, distinct from the self‐initiated reports, may be converted to event reports. For example, such a conversion can occur if during a random prompt a subject is assessed about the event (eg, smoking) and it is determined that the subject is engaging in the event at the time of the prompt. Such converted prompts can provide some information about the subject's non‐responsivity of event reporting. Furthermore, such non‐responsivity can be associated with the primary longitudinal EMA outcome (eg, mood) in which case a joint modeling of the non‐responsivity and the mood outcome is possible. Here, we propose a shared‐parameter location‐scale model to link the primary outcome model for mood and a model for subjects' non‐responsivity by shared random effects which characterize a subject's mood level, mood change pattern, and mood variability. Via simulations and real data analysis, our proposed model is shown to be more informative, have better coverage of parameters, and provide better fit to the data than more conventional models.