bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved online decomposition of non-stationary electromyogram via signal enhancement using a neuron resonance model: a simulation study
Authors: Zheng Yang , Xu Guanghua , Li Yixin , Qiang Wei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. Motor unit (MU) discharge information obtained via the online electromyogram (EMG) decomposition has shown promising prospects in multiple applications. However, the nonstationarity of EMG signals caused by the rotation (recruitment-derecruitment) of MUs and the variation of MU action potentials (MUAP) can significantly degrade the online decomposition performance. This study aimed to develop an independent component analysis-based online decomposition method that can accommodate the nonstationarity of EMG signals. Approach. The EMG nonstationarity can make the separation vectors obtained beforehand inaccurate, resulting in the reduced amplitudes of the peaks corresponding to firing events in the source signal (independent component) and then the decreased accuracy of firing events. Therefore, we utilized the FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) resonance model to enhance the firing peaks in the source signal in order to improve the decomposition accuracy. A two-session approach was used with the offline session to extract the separation vectors and train the FHN models. In the online session, the source signal was estimated and further processed using the FHN model before detecting the firing events in a real-time manner. The proposed method was tested on simulated EMG signals, in which MU rotation and MUAP variation were involved to mimic the nonstationarity of EMG recordings. Main results. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method can improve the decomposition accuracy significantly (88.70% ± 4.17% vs. 92.43% ± 2.79%) by enhancing the firing peaks, and more importantly, the improvement was more prominent when the EMG signal had stronger background noises (87.00% ± 3.70% vs. 91.66% ± 2.63%). Conclusions. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method to utilize the FHN model to improve the online decomposition performance on the nonstationary EMG signals. Further development of our method has the potential to improve the performance of the neural decoding system that utilizes the MU discharge information and promote its application in the neural-machine interface.
On suitable experiments for demonstrating the feasibility of the beam-driven plasma neutraliser for neutral beam injectors for fusion reactors
Authors: Starnella G. , Hopf C. , Maya P.N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plasma neutralisers promise increased neutralisation efficiency of negative ion beams in neutral beam injection (NBI) beamlines compared with gas neutralisers. It has been suggested that, in the presence of an electron-confining magnetic cusp field along all neutraliser walls, the beam itself could ionise the neutraliser gas sufficiently to take advantage of this effect, avoiding the added complexity of external power coupling to the neutraliser. These predictions come from a zero-dimensional model by Surrey and Holmes (2013 AIP Conf. Proc.
1515 532) and Turner and Holmes (2019 Fusion Eng. Des.
149 111327). We have revisited and modified this model by introducing slowing-down energy distributions for stripped and Rudd electrons, including electron impact dissociation as an electron energy loss channel and taking into account dissociative recombination of molecular ions with electrons. Including the latter effect reduces the predicted plasma density by about a factor of four and the achievable neutralisation yield from

∼
80

%

to 68% in the case of a negative deuterium ion beam with an energy of 1 MeV and a current of 40 A. With this revised model we estimate the expected performance of potential beam-driven plasma neutralisers (BDPN) on a variety of existing negative ion beam test facilities for NBI. Based on these results, we conclude that the most suitable proof-of-principle experiment would be a dedicated chamber, ideally of the same dimensions and with the same magnetic cusp configuration as a BDPN for the DEMO NBI, in which the plasma is not created primarily by the fast electrons stripped from the beam ions, but by electrons of similar current and energy emitted from biased filaments.
Fusion power predictions for
β

N ≈ 1.8 baseline scenario with 50–50 D–T fuel mix and NBI injection in preparation to D–T operations at JET
Authors: Zotta V.K. , Garzotti L. , Casson F.J. , Frigione D. , Köchl F. , Lerche E. , Lomas P. , Rimini F. , Sertoli M. , Van Eester D. , Gatto R. , Mazzotta C. , Pucella G. , JET Contributors  
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fusion performance of ELMy H-mode 50–50 deuterium–tritium (DT) plasmas with 50–50 DT NBI injection and q
95 ≈ 3 and β
N ≈ 1.8 (also referred to as medium-β
N baseline scenario in the rest of this paper) are predicted with the JINTRAC suite of codes and the QuaLiKiZ transport model. The predictions are based on the analysis of plasmas from the first DT campaign on JET in 1997 (DTE1) and pure deuterium plasmas developed at JET in preparation for the DT experimental campaign in 2021 (DTE2), after the installation of a Be/W ITER-like wall in 2011. The sensitivity of the predictions to plasma parameters such as current, toroidal field, pedestal confinement and impurity content are analysed together with the sensitivity to the amount of auxiliary heating power available. The simulations indicate that a fusion power of 10 MW should be achievable under a fairly wide range of assumptions, provided that the auxiliary heating power is around or above 38 MW. Higher fusion power approaching 15 MW could be achievable for this value of β
N only for particularly pure plasmas and with 40 MW of additional heating power.
Usage of PEN as self-vetoing structural material in the LEGEND experiment
Authors: Manzanillas L. , Efremenko Y. , Febbraro M. , Fischer F. , Corominas M.G. , Hackett B. , Hayward C. , Hodák R. , Majorovits B. , Muenstermann D. , Pohl M. , Rouhana R. , Radford D. , Rukhadze E. , Schilling I. , Schulz O. , Štekl I. , Stommel M. , Weingarten J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPolyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is an industrial plastic which is interesting to the physics community as a wavelength-shifting scintillator. Recently, PEN structures with excellent radiopurity have been successfully produced using injection compression molding technology. This opens the possibility for the usage of optically active structural components with wavelength shifting capabilities in low-background experiments. Thus, PEN holders will be used to mount the germanium detectors in the LEGEND-200 experiment. In this contribution the ongoing R&D on PEN is outlined with a focus on the evaluation of its optical properties. In addition, the ongoing efforts for further application of PEN in the LEGEND-1000 experiment are presented.
Testing of planar hydrogenated amorphous silicon sensors with charge selective contacts for the construction of 3D-detectors
Authors: Menichelli M. , Bizzarri M. , Boscardin M. , Caprai M. , Caricato A.P. , Cirrone G.A.P. , Crivellari M. , Cupparo I. , Cuttone G. , Dunand S. , Fanò L. , Hammad O. , Ionica M. , Kanxheri K. , Large M. , Maruccio G. , Monteduro A.G. , Morozzi A. , Moscatelli F. , Papi A. , Passeri D. , Petasecca M. , Petringa G. , Quarta G. , Rizzato S. , Rossi A. , Rossi G. , Scorzoni A. , Servoli L. , Talamonti C. , Verzellesi G. , Wyrsch N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) is a well known material for its intrinsic radiation hardness and is primarily utilized in solar cells as well as for particle detection and dosimetry. Planar p-i-n diode detectors are fabricated entirely by means of intrinsic and doped PECVD of a mixture of Silane (SiH4) and molecular hydrogen. In order to develop 3D detector geometries using a-Si:H, two options for the junction fabrication have been considered: ion implantation and charge selective contacts through atomic layer deposition. In order to test the functionality of the charge selective contact electrodes, planar detectors have been fabricated utilizing this technique. In this paper, we provide a general overview of the 3D fabrication project followed by the results of leakage current measurements and X-ray dosimetric tests performed on planar diodes containing charge selective contacts to investigate the feasibility of the charge selective contact methodology for integration with the proposed 3D detector architectures.
Uncertainty inequalities for superoscillations
Authors: Berry M V , Shukla Pragya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A canonical superoscillatory function, defined on the circle, satisfies a set of uncertainty inequalities for periodic functions, strengthened by an anticommutator term introduced by Schrödinger. The superoscillations can be made to dominate the uncertainty inequality by selecting them with a sufficiently narrow window. The uncertainty product, and its minimum value, are calculated as functions of the window width, as well as their asymptotics for narrow and wide windows. The function has minimum uncertainty only for very narrow windows.
Consecutive level spacings in the chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble: from the hard and soft edge to the bulk
Authors: Akemann G , Gorski V , Kieburg M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The local spectral statistics of random matrices forms distinct universality classes, strongly depending on the position in the spectrum. Surprisingly, the spacing between consecutive eigenvalues at the spectral edges has received little attention, where the density diverges or vanishes, respectively. This different behaviour is called hard or soft edge. We show that the spacings at the edges are almost indistinguishable from the spacing in the bulk of the spectrum. We present analytical results for consecutive spacings between the kth and (k + 1)st smallest eigenvalues in the chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble, both for finite- and large-n. The result depends on the number of the generic zero modes ν and the number of flavours N
f, which are given in terms of characteristic polynomials, as motivated by quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We find that the convergence in n is very rapid. The same can be said separately about the limit k → ∞ (limit to the bulk) and ν → ∞ (limit to the soft edge). Interestingly, the Wigner surmise is a very good approximation for all these cases and, apart from k = 1, shows a deviation below one percent. These findings are corroborated with Monte-Carlo simulations. We finally compare for k = 1 with data from QCD on the lattice, being in this symmetry class.
Neurodegenerative phagocytes mediate synaptic stripping in Neuro-HIV
Authors: Di Liberto Giovanni , Egervari Kristof , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Schürch Christian M , Hewer Ekkehard , Wagner Ingrid , Du Pasquier Renaud , Merkler Doron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Glial cell activation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. During HIV infection, neuroinflammation is associated with cognitive impairment, even during sustained long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, the cellular subsets contributing to neuronal damage in the CNS during HIV infection remain unclear.
Using post-mortem brain samples from eight HIV patients and eight non-neurological disease controls, we identify a subset of CNS phagocytes highly enriched in LGALS3, CTSB, GPNMB and HLA-DR, a signature identified in the context of ageing and neurodegeneration.
In HIV patients, the presence of this phagocyte phenotype was associated with synaptic stripping, suggesting an involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Taken together, our findings elucidate some of the molecular signatures adopted by CNS phagocytes in HIV-positive patients and contribute to the understanding of how HIV might pave the way to other forms of cognitive decline in ageing HIV patient populations.
Harnessing cortical plasticity via gabapentinoid administration promotes recovery after stroke
Authors: Tedeschi Andrea , Larson Molly J E , Zouridakis Antonia , Mo Lujia , Bordbar Arman , Myers Julia M , Qin Hannah Y , Rodocker Haven I , Fan Fan , Lannutti John J , McElroy Craig A , Nimjee Shahid M , Peng Juan , Arnold W David , Moon Lawrence D F , Sun Wenjing 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stroke causes devastating sensory-motor deficits and long-term disability due to disruption of descending motor pathways. Restoration of these functions enables independent living and therefore represents a high priority for those afflicted by stroke. Here, we report that daily administration of gabapentin, a clinically approved drug already used to treat various neurological disorders, promotes structural and functional plasticity of the corticospinal pathway after photothrombotic cortical stroke in adult mice. We found that gabapentin administration had no effects on vascular occlusion, haemodynamic changes nor survival of corticospinal neurons within the ipsilateral sensory-motor cortex in the acute stages of stroke. Instead, using a combination of tract tracing, electrical stimulation and functional connectivity mapping, we demonstrated that corticospinal axons originating from the contralateral side of the brain in mice administered gabapentin extend numerous collaterals, form new synaptic contacts and better integrate within spinal circuits that control forelimb muscles. Not only does gabapentin daily administration promote neuroplasticity, but it also dampens maladaptive plasticity by reducing the excitability of spinal motor circuitry. In turn, mice administered gabapentin starting 1 h or 1 day after stroke recovered skilled upper extremity function. Functional recovery persists even after stopping the treatment at 6 weeks following a stroke. Finally, chemogenetic silencing of cortical projections originating from the contralateral side of the brain transiently abrogated recovery in mice administered gabapentin, further supporting the conclusion that gabapentin-dependent reorganization of spared cortical pathways drives functional recovery after stroke. These observations highlight the strong potential for repurposing gabapentinoids as a promising treatment strategy for stroke repair.
Asymptomatic Malaria Infection and the Immune Response to the 2-Dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola Vaccine Regimen in Adults and Children
Authors: Ishola D ,   The EBOVAC-Salone Malaria Infection (MALI) Sub-Study Team, Bah Osman Mohamed , Bangalie Foday Suma , Bangura Agnes , David Ifeolu , Deen Gibrilla Fadlu , Fombah Augustin , Jalloh Abdulai Berber , Kamara Abu Bakarr , Kamara Ibrahim Franklyn , Kamara Michael , Leigh Bailah , Morovia Foday , Rogers Baimba , Samai Mohamed , Serry-Bangura Alimamy , Sheku Mahmud , Swaray Ibrahim , Anumendem Dickson , Gaddah Auguste , Bockstal Viki , Keshinro Babajide , Robinson Cynthia , Afolabi Muhammed , Akoo Pauline , Ayieko Philip , Baiden Frank , Gallagher Katherine , Greenwood Brian , Ishola David , Kohn Brian , Kowuor Dickens , Lawal Bolarinde , Lowe Brett , Manno Daniela , Odeny Lazarus , Otieno Tuda , Owusu-Kyei Kwabena , Smout Elizabeth , Tindanbil Daniel , Watson-Jones Deborah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Malaria infection affects the immune response to some vaccines. As Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks have occurred mainly in malaria-endemic countries, we have assessed whether asymptomatic malaria affects immune responses to the 2-dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen.

Methods
In this sub-study of the EBOVAC-Salone Ebola vaccine trial in Sierra Leone, malaria microscopy was performed at the time of Ebola vaccination. Participants with symptomatic malaria were treated before vaccination. Ebola vaccine responses were assessed post-dose 1 (day 57) and post-dose 2 (day 78) by the EBOV glycoprotein FANG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and responses expressed as geometric mean concentrations (GMCs). Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the GMCs in malaria-positive versus malaria-negative participants were derived with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
A total of 587 participants were studied, comprising 188 adults (≥18 years) and 399 children (in age groups of 12–17, 4–11, and 1–3 years). Asymptomatic malaria was observed in 47.5% of adults and 51.5% of children on day 1. Post-dose 1, GMCs were lower in 1–3-year-old malaria-positive compared with malaria-negative children (age group–specific GMR, .56; 95% CI, .39–.81) but not in older age groups. Post-dose 2, there was no consistent effect of malaria infection across the different age groups but there was a trend toward a lower response (GMR, .82; 95% CI, .67–1.02).

Conclusions
The Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen is immunogenic in participants with asymptomatic malaria. Therefore, it is not necessary to screen for asymptomatic malaria infection prior to vaccination with this regimen.
Group B Streptococcus Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years
Authors: Puopolo Karen M , Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Hansen Nellie I , Flannery Dustin D , Greenberg Rachel G , Sanchez Pablo J , Bell Edward F , DeMauro Sara B , Wyckoff Myra H , Eichenwald Eric C , Stoll Barbara J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
This study was performed to determine the incidence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease among extremely preterm infants and assess to risk of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at a corrected age of 18–26 months.

Methods
In this observational cohort study of infants enrolled in a multicenter registry, the incidence of GBS disease was assessed in infants born in 1998–2016 at 22–28 weeks’ gestation and surviving for &gt;12 hours. The composite outcome, death or NDI, was assessed in infants born in 1998–2014 at 22–26 weeks’ gestation. Infection was defined as GBS isolation in blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture at ≤72 hours (early-onset disease [EOD]) or &gt;72 hours (late-onset disease [LOD]) after birth. Using Poisson regression models, the outcome was compared in infants with GBS disease, infants infected with other pathogens, and uninfected infants.

Results
The incidence of GBS EOD (2.70/1000 births [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.15–3.36]) and LOD (8.47/1000 infants [7.45–9.59]) did not change significantly over time. The adjusted relative risk of death/NDI was higher among infants with GBS EOD than in those with other infections (adjusted relative risk, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.02–1.45]) and uninfected infants (1.44 [1.23–1.69]). Risk of death/NDI did not differ between infants with GBS LOD and comparator groups. GBS LOD occurred at a significantly later age than non-GBS late-onset infection. Among infants surviving &gt;30 days, the risk of death was higher with GBS LOD (adjusted relative risk, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.36–2.67]), compared with uninfected infants.

Conclusions
In a cohort of extremely preterm infants, the incidence of GBS disease did not change during the study period. The increased risk of death or NDI with GBS EOD, and of death among some infants with GBS LOD, supports the need for novel preventive strategies for disease reduction.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT00063063.
A structural approach to labour law
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article draws on the scholarly tradition of critical realism to develop a structural approach to labour law that can help equip labour lawyers with the critical tools that will be required if they are to defend labour law against the various ideological critiques to which it is, and has historically been, subject; and if they are to advance structurally informed arguments for reform that are sensitive to the structural constraints that exist both when it comes to what can be achieved in capitalism and when it comes to what can be achieved through law in particular.
Using Both Plasma and Urine Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA to Identify Various Renal Allograft Injuries
Authors: Chen Xu-Tao , Qiu Jiang , Wu Zi-Xuan , Zhang Hui , Chen Tong , Yang Shi-Cong , Zhao Guo-Dong , He Yu , Shen Xue , Luo Jin-Quan , Huang Yang , Wang Chang-Xi , Chen Li-Zhong , Wu Cheng-Lin , Huang Gang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the association between donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) and renal allograft injuries.MethodsThis single-center study enrolled 113 adult kidney transplant recipients with kidney biopsies. Plasma and urine dd-cfDNA was detected by target region capture sequencing.ResultsPlasma dd-cfDNA fraction was increased in multiple types of injuries, but most significantly in antibody-mediated rejection. Plasma dd-cfDNA fraction in isolated antibody-mediated rejection (1.94%, IQR: 1.15%, 2.33%) was higher than in T cell-mediated rejection (0.55%, IQR: 0.50%, 0.73%, P = 0.002) and negative biopsies (0.58%, IQR: 0.42%, 0.78%, P &lt; 0.001), but lower than in mixed rejection (2.49%, IQR: 1.16%, 4.90%, P = 0.342). Increased urine dd-cfDNA concentration was associated with several types of injury, but most significantly with BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Urine dd-cfDNA concentration in BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (12.22 ng/mL, IQR: 6.53 ng/mL, 31.66 ng/mL) was respectively higher than that in T cell-mediated rejection (5.24 ng/mL, IQR: 3.22 ng/mL, 6.99 ng/mL, P = 0.001), borderline change (3.93 ng/mL, IQR: 2.45 ng/mL, 6.30 ng/mL, P &lt; 0.001), and negative biopsies (3.09 ng/mL, IQR: 1.94 ng/mL, 5.05 ng/mL, P &lt; 0.001). Plasma dd-cfDNA fraction was positively associated with glomerulitis (r = 0.365, P &lt; 0.001) and peri-tubular capillaritis (r = 0.344, P &lt; 0.001), while urine dd-cfDNA concentration correlated with tubulitis (r = 0.302, P = 0.002).ConclusionsBoth plasma and urine dd-cfDNA are sensitive markers for renal allograft injuries. The interpretation of a specific disease by dd-cfDNA should be combined with other clinical indicators.
Adventive Larval Parasitoids Reconstruct Their Close Association with Spotted-Wing Drosophila in the Invaded North American Range
Authors: Abram Paul K , Franklin Michelle T , Hueppelsheuser Tracy , Carrillo Juli , Grove Emily , Eraso Paula , Acheampong Susanna , Keery Laura , Girod Pierre , Tsuruda Matt , Clausen Martina , Buffington Matthew L , Moffat Chandra E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two species of larval parasitoids of the globally invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Leptopilina japonica, and Ganaspis brasiliensis (both Hymenoptera: Figitidae), were detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Both are presumed to have been unintentionally introduced from Asia; however, the extent of their establishment across different habitats with diverse host plants used by D. suzukii was unclear. In addition, there was no knowledge of the temporal dynamics of parasitism of D. suzukii by these two parasitoids. To address these gaps, we repeatedly sampled the fruits of known host plants of D. suzukii over the entire 2020 growing season in British Columbia. We documented the presence of L. japonica and G. brasiliensis and estimated the apparent percentage of D. suzukii parasitized among host plant species. Across a large region of southwestern British Columbia, both L. japonica and G. brasiliensis were found to be very common across a variety of mostly unmanaged habitats over the entire course of the season (May–October) in the fruits of most host plants known to host D. suzukii larvae. Parasitism of D. suzukii was variable (0–66% percent parasitism) and appeared to be time-structured. Our study demonstrates that the close association between the two larval parasitoids and D. suzukii that exists in Asia has evidently been reconstructed in North America, resulting in the highest parasitism levels of D. suzukii yet recorded outside of its area of origin.