bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application Techniques for a Gamma IIPlus Parallel Computer
Authors: Flanders Peter , Kennedy John , Hunt David , Yadegar Joseph 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Exploiting high degrees of parallelism available in certain computer architectures offers the promise of ever-increasing power for the needs of scientific and engineering users; for example, in the fields of image and signal processing [11, 12], computational fluid dynamics [1, 13], finite element methods [8], optimization [7, 15] and neural networks [14, 16]. It also introduces the challenge of how to make the best of the available power. High level languages, for those parallel machines provide a good interface between a problem and the processor, thus aiding straightforward use of the parallelism. However, to get the very best performance, something more than minimal alteration to existing algorithms is needed. Since operations will normally be specified on sets of data items rather than on scalars, the recommended approach may be summarized as “think parallel”.
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Results in Amplitude and Frequency Domains for Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Keska Jerry K. , Smith Michael D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results and analysis of in-situ air and water velocities, concentration and their impact on other parameters of multi-phase flow such as flow patterns. Experimental data of in-situ physical parameters such as spatial concentration, mixture velocities, and pressures are presented in time, amplitude and frequency domains. These experiments were conducted in a developed system, which includes a vertical square shaped channel with computer aided measurement systems, interfaced with a CADAS (Computer Aided Data Acquisition System).
Concurrent Product Design and Manufacture: A Case Study on Infopad, a Wireless Network Computer
Authors: Wang Fu-Chung , Wright Paul K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a case study on the mechanical design and fabrication of Infopad, a multi-media, portable wireless computer is presented. A collaborative design environment that supports the design activities is also briefly described. A particular focus is on the systematic design process and resolving coupling design constraints between mechanical and electrical domains. Some of the design techniques used during the development process are applicable to the collaborative product development for more modular, reconfigurable electromechanical products.
Part and Workpiece Reconfigurability for Reconfigurable Machining Systems
Authors: Raghunandan Shyam , Yip-Hoi Derek , Dutta Debasish 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A Reconfigurable Machining System (RMS) is a new paradigm for production systems that addresses the need for introducing greater flexibility into high production machining environments where changes in production requirements (product volumes and mixes) occur regularly. Unlike Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), an RMS applies flexibility only when, where and to the extent that is needed in a machining system. Characteristics such as modularity, scalability and reusability of machining and material handling elements are needed if an RMS is to achieve this objective. The concept of part and workpiece re-configurability complement that of RMS reconfigurability. This paper presents the concept of a reconfigurable workpiece and investigates a methodology for its generation when a combination of turning and milling operations are required.
Dynamic Modeling of Linear Piezomotor
Authors: Zhang Bi , Zheng Xiaolin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A two degree-of-freedom dynamic model is presented to simulate the motion characteristics of an inchvvorm type linear piezomotor. With the consideration of the sequential motions of the piezoelectric actuators in the piezomotor, the model handles the piezomotor as a two degree-of-freedom dynamic system with varying interface stiffness and damping coefficient. It incorporates the electromechanical coupling effect into its governing equations. The model is demonstrated using co-quad plots, root locus method as well as frequency and step response techniques, and verified by an experimental study. It turns out that the model can precisely predict the motion behavior of the linear piezomotor. The model can be used to improve the performance of the existing linear piezomotors and to help design new linear piezomotors.
A Hybrid Model for Piezo Actuators
Authors: Song Dongwoo , Li C. James 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To facilitate on-line identification and implementation of a piezoelectric model for precision machining, this paper describes a hybrid hysteresis model integrating the Preisach model and a neural network. The incorporation of a neural network enables 1) on-line model identification from operating data of a piezo (a great contrast to the tedious calibration process required by the Preisach model.), 2) no explicit implementation of interpolation and extrapolation in the model, and 3) real-time implementation due to the parallel architecture. Experimental results confirmed the accuracy of the model and its ability to generalize.
Virtual Fabrication of an 0.25 um Integrated Circuit Device Using TCAD
Authors: Chin Chi-Te , Fordemwalt James N. , Mou Jong-I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device has been designed and virtually fabricated utilizing a minimum complexity salicide gate process, with the drawn transistor channel length of 0.25 um and effective transistor channel length of 0.22 um. Thin TiSi2 is utilized for poly and diffusion sheet resistance reduction while maintaining excellent junction characteristics. A functional 0.25 um CMOS ring oscillator circuit then was successfully simulated by linking four separate technology computer aided design (TCAD) tools. This high performance 0.25 um CMOS ring oscillator with a reduced operating voltage of 2.0 V is presented. Stage delay as low as 1ns (Vdd = 2V) for an unloaded inverter ring oscillator was obtained. The reduced operating voltage and the use of lightly doped drain (LDD) source/drain junctions achieve high performance with sufficient hot carrier immunity.
Femtosecond Lasers for Advanced Machining of Ceramics and Composites
Authors: Malshe A. P. , Railkar T. A. , Ozkan A. M. , Molian P. A. , Brown W. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the past few years, novel femtosecond (fs) laser-induced material processing has been the area of tremendous interest [1–10]. The purpose of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art in femtosecond laser machining of ceramics and inorganic composite materials. Femtosecond lasers are attractive tools for micromachining because of the fact that the processing time scale is of the order of a few tens or hundreds of femtoseconds, which is far shorter than the time scale over which atomic vibrations occur. Thus, the heat affected zone (HAZ) is minimal while dealing with fs-laser processing, which results in clean and controlled material processing. On the contrary, conventional nanosecond lasers are fast approaching their intrinsic limitations for micromachining application because of the HAZ they create upon interacting with materials.
Impact of Die Manufacturing Errors on the Drawbead Restraining Force
Authors: Seshadri Narasimhan , Wu Xin , Hu S. Jack 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the impact of die manufacturing errors on the drawbead restraining force is studied for straight and curved drawbead systems. The effect of manufacturing errors, including machining and assembly errors, is studied through a finite element analysis (FEA) model. The modeling procedure is validated for a single case by experiments, and compared to the existing drawbead data in the literature. The results indicate that for the curved drawbead system, the restraining force increases with curvature. The restraining force of the curved system is close to the sum of the contributions from an identical straight drawbead system and the metal flow-in deformation of the curved flange. Also, the sensitivity of the restraining force for the curved drawbeads to the machining errors, is similar to that of the straight drawbeads.
Effects of Edge Preparation and Cutting Speed on Surface Integrity of Die Materials in Hard Machining
Authors: Kishawy Hossam A. , Elbestawi Mohamed A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the effects of edge preparation and cutting speed on surface integrity during machining of D2 tool steel (62 Rc) are examined. Tool wear, and surface finish are also measured and investigated. The x-ray diffraction technique is employed to measure the residual stresses distribution beneath the machined surface. The machined surface and subsurface are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The thermally induced white layer is also investigated under different culling conditions. The results obtained show that the residual stresses induced are dependent on the combined effects of cutting conditions and the tool wear. Different types of surface and subsurface damage are also observed.
Diagnosability and Measurement Configurations for Automotive Body Assembly
Authors: Long Yufeng , Hu S. Jack 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An automotive body assembly system usually consists of processes and machines in a multi-leveled hierarchy. As a result, dimensional variation in the final product is accumulated as the product moves along the assembly system. To identify variation problems in such a complex system, proper design and placement of measurement systems is essential. In this paper, analytical models are proposed to aid the design of measurement configurations. First, the concept of assembly fault diagnosability for automotive body assemblies is introduced so that which stations or subassemblies in the multi-leveled assembly system need to be measured can be identified. Second, quantitative indices are proposed to evaluate measurement configurations so that effective fault diagnosis can be achieved optimally. Finally, a simple 1-D sheet metal assembly and an automobile door assembly are given as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.
Characterization of Cutting Fluid System Dynamics
Authors: Filipovic Aleksandar J. , Gowaikar Hrishikesh , Olson Walter W. , Pandit Sudhakar M. , Sutherland John W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cutting fluids can not be disposed of into municipal sewage treatment systems. Therefore, used cutting fluids require significant treatment before they may be disposed of safely. The cost of disposing the cutting fluids is a significant part of the entire manufacturing costs. One way of reducing both environmental impact and the disposal cost of a cutting fluid is to extend its life cycle. For this purpose, it is necessary to investigate the degradation dynamics of the cutting fluid system. In this project a cutting fluid system degradation dynamics was modeled.
Autoregressive, moving average, (ARMA) models characterize system dynamics by statistically analyzing historical data. ARMA models were used here to formalize and characterize the dynamics of cutting fluid systems. Modeled data included daily system measurements and the any changes made to the system through additives. Daily monitoring comprised of measuring the following cutting fluid characteristics: pH, oil concentration, dust, rust. Depending on the evaluation of these characteristics, additives (caustic, oil concentrate, biocides) were used to improve the system parameters. This data was maintained by the system contractor and was used in the ARMA analysis.
The objective of the analysis was to optimize the system so that cutting system degradation was minimized. System control functions were developed to determine the timing and amount of additives needed to extend fluid life. Transfer functions that relate the dynamics of the system to the applied controls including oil concentration behavior to added oil, and pH change to the addition of caustic were developed. The mathematical models were verified by using forecasting system responses and comparing the model predictions with the actual data. Some key properties of a cutting fluid system dynamics are identified and explained.
3-D FEM of Residual Stresses in CVD Diamond-Coated Carbide Cutting Inserts for Process Optimization
Authors: Taher Mahmoud A. , Schmidt William F. , Malshe Ajay P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The high thermal strains that generate during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond coatings on carbide inserts result in high compressive thermal residual stresses in the diamond near the coating interface. These stresses are believed to increase the strain energy at the interface leading to coating failure. To help predict CVD diamond adhesion characteristics to carbide inserts, quantifying such residual stresses becomes important. A three dimensional finite element model was constructed for a commercial cemented carbide tool insert coated with a 20μm film of CVD diamond and the interfacial thermal residual stresses at the rake and flank regions computed. A 2-D axi-symmetric contact model was constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of mircohardness indentation as an appropriate adhesion test for CVD diamond coatings. Superposition of the residual stresses and the stresses generated by indentation just before cohesive brittle failure of the coating revealed that the combined shear and peel stresses were lower than those originally present due to residual stresses alone indicating that the indentation method may not be a useful technique for determining adhesion.
Identification of Multiple Feature Representations by Volume Decomposition for 2.5D Components
Authors: Sundararajan V. , Wright Paul K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Decomposition of CAD models into features that can be directly manufactured and easily translated from one representation to another has been recognized as a necessity for robust automated process planning systems. The algorithms presented here yield multiple representations of features that can be used to generate optimal plans and that are easily manufacturable by milling processes. Features are recognized from the faces of a prismatic stock by first identifying missing regions on the external faces of the stock and then recursively descending into the part. Each missing region corresponds to a feature. As the projection of the feature is swept into the part, changes in the cross-section are identified. These denote the beginning of new features which become children of the original feature. This process yields a set of six trees, each of which resembles a depth-first search tree and is a partial ordering of features within a setup. Multiple representations are investigated for those features that are accessible from more than one direction. Corresponding features in the different trees are linked by arcs, thus yielding a feature graph. The feature graph can then be used to generate optimal features for machining depending on design or manufacturing requirements such as fixtures, tolerances, corner radii and tool accessibility.
Geometry for Precision Manufacturing on an Open Architecture Machine Tool (MOSAIC-PC)
Authors: Hillaire Robert G. , Marchetti Louis A. , Wright Paul K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Modern machine tools cannot presently machine all the desired geometries modeled by designers. These geometries include free-formed surfaces represented by Bezier, Tensor Product, NURBS, and the like. When these free-formed surfaces are executed on the production floor, they are approximated with straight lines, circles, and in some advanced manufacturing facilities, cubic B-Splines.
The work described in this paper provides a machine path interpolator that can traverse complicated free-formed paths represented by NURBS. This NURBS interpolator is implemented on a three axis milling machine with an industrial quality Open Architecture Controller. The system is called MOSAIC-PC (Machine-tool Open System Advanced Intelligent Controller: PC platform).
Improving Multi-Axis Contouring Accuracy Using Neural Networks
Authors: Aziz Sarmad , Spence Allan D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The contouring accuracy of a multi-axis machine is affected by the presence of geometric errors, caused by structural imperfections of the machine links and guideways. In recent years, homogeneous transformation matrices and rigid body kinematics have been successfully utilized to model the effects of these errors and to predict the actual tool position in the machine workspace. However, for contouring applications the command coordinates provided to the motion controller must be corrected to attain the desired actual coordinates. This task requires solving the inverse kinematics of the machine error model. In this paper, a direct method for solving the inverse kinematics of a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is proposed using Radial Basis Functions (RBF) neural networks. By training the neural network to learn the inverse kinematics of the machine error model, the position error vector at any point with in the workspace can be predicted. A novel training strategy is implemented where the spatial deformation of the machine workspace is captured using Self-Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM) and incorporated into the design and training of the RBF network, thereby enhancing its accuracy.
Hexapod Machine Tool Error Analysis With Inclusion of System Dynamics
Authors: Wiens Gloria J. , Walker Craig W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Parallel robotic manipulators have been in use in industry for many years. For machine tool applications the overall tool tip error in position and orientation is of most concern. In this paper, the effect of various sources of error on overall positioning error from both a kinematics and a dynamics point of view is investigated. A comprehensive model for the Ingersoll Octahedral Hexapod milling machine is developed. A full dynamics simulation with feedback control is developed to implement emulation algorithms for error sources (e.g., joint stiffness, thermal expansion, joint location, and load). The error analysis methodology presented in this paper provides insight into how error sources play a role in platform positioning errors when the system dynamics are considered.
Design, Calculation and Control of Machine Tools Based on Parallel Kinematics
Authors: Weck Manfred , Dammer Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
By the application of high speed cutting (HSC) technologies a reduction of the production times becomes possible. Unlike the conventional cutting process the high speed cutting makes high demands on the material of the cutting tools as well as on the machine tool itself (Schulz 1989, Weck and Schumacher 1997). To realise high speed cutting the development of new machine tool components and concepts is necessary. On this background new developments of the kinematic structure of the machine tools, e.g. the Hexapod, will be done. After a short introduction in machine tools based on parallel kinematics we will present methods and tools for the development of new kinematic concepts.
A System for First Order Reliability Estimation of Solder Joints in Area Array Packages
Authors: Deshpande Anand M. , Subbarayan Ganesh , Rose Dan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a methodology, and a program based on the methodology are presented using which the reliability of solder joints for various values of design/process parameters can be estimated in seconds on a personal computer. The proposed methodology accurately captures the behavior of a solder joint in an artificial neural network (ANN) model trained to relate design as well as analysis parameters to fatigue life. The proposed methodology is novel since such simultaneous analysis and design (SAND) procedures do not appear to have been employed until now for reliability estimation of solder joints. The use of Moiré interferometry as an experimental technique to estimate the analysis-related inputs to the neural network model is also presented in the paper.
Monitoring End-Mill Wear and Predicting Tool Failure Using Accelerometers
Authors: Roth John T. , Pandit Sudhakar M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Autoregressive models are fit to end-milling acceleration data and the Data Dependent Systems methodology is utilized to isolate the modal energies of the first and second multiples of the tooth pass frequency. The modal energies are shown to be closely linked to the wear curve and a detection scheme is developed that is capable of tracking the end-mill’s wear and providing an early warning of impending failure. Six life tests are conducted under varying conditions to demonstrate the capabilities of the detection scheme: standard cutting conditions, extreme cutting conditions, premature catastrophic failure and accelerometer placement. In all six cases, the detection scheme was able to provide a warning of impending failure several centimeters before the failure occurred.
On-Line Evaluation of Drill Conditions for Operational Safety and Product Quality
Authors: Liu Tien-I , Lee Chongchan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to achieve safety, quality, and productivity in the drilling operation, a 11 × 10 × 1 neural network has been used online to classify the drill conditions into three categories : safe, caution, and danger. The inputs to the neural network includes drill size, feedrate, spindle speed, and features which were extracted from thrust and torque measurements during drilling experiments. The output of this neural network indicates the drill states. The on-line drill condition evaluation system can reach a success rate of over 95%. Furthermore, the one misclassification during on-line tests was a one-step ahead prealarm which is acceptable from an operational safety and product quality viewpoint. In other words, the developed system has extremely high reliability. In addition, the developed on-line detection system is very robust and can be used in very complex manufacturing environments.
A Simplified Method for Fixturing Aircraft Sheet Metal Parts During Post-Forming Operations
Authors: Walczyk Daniel F. , Raju Vinay , Miller Ron 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Based on a survey of small- to medium-sized companies that supply sheet metal parts to the major aircraft manufacturers, there is a need for a more simplified, flexible and inexpensive method to design, fabricate and register part fixtures used for CNC post forming operations (e.g., trimming, drilling). Consequently, a method has been developed that satisfies these identified needs by customizing several existing part fixturing techniques to the aircraft manufacturing environment. Fabrication of the fixture is based on casting some material (e.g., polyurethane) in a CNC-machined mold of the part’s inside mold line and registration points, and then imbedding a simple support structure into the semi-cured, cast material. Generation of the “working” NC code is based on transforming a “master” NC code created from the original CAD model of the part to the new position and orientation of the actual fixture mounted in the CNC workbed. Little precision is required in either the fixture fabrication or registering. Practical implementation of this simplified method and an actual case study are discussed.
Fatigue Life Prediction of an Orthotropic 6061-Aluminum Under Proportional and Nonproportional Loading
Authors: Nayeb-Hashemi H. , Lin H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Strain controlled low cycle fatigue tests are conducted on an anisotropic A1-6061-T6 rod following two non-proportional loading paths. Cyclic stress responses and fatigue lives are obtained and compared with those obtained from proportional loading paths. No additional non-proportional hardening is observed for the aluminum alloy. This is explained through the dislocation structure of the material. Anisotropic constitutive relations and fatigue life prediction models are further evaluated with the data of non-proportional loading paths. The constitutive relations and the anisotropic shear cracking model provide good predictions for the data of non-proportional loadings.