bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Physiological Age of Fruit, Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Formulations on Absorption of l4C-release by ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Kossuth S. V. , Biggs R. H. , Martin F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Absorption of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-lH-pyrazole (Release) by ‘Valencia’ fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb) was determined at 6 different times of the year under 8 temperature and humidity regimes. Significantly greater absorption occurred with immature than with mature fruit. In general, adjuvants did not increase uptake over an aqueous control. The 3-way combination of Release plus Sweep plus 1 ppm cycloheximide (CYH) in April and May significantly increased uptake as did Release plus a formation of chlorothalonil (Sweep) on regreened fruit in July. One ppm CYH caused sufficient tissue damage to stimulate active uptake whereas 20ppm is toxic and inhibits uptake and/or symplastic retention. Best absorption for April and May, the usual harvest period, was obtained at 33°C and 50 to 65% relative humidity. Mature, regreened oranges in July had higher 14C-Release absorption than fruit from the same trees tested in April.
Controlling Tomato Transplant Height with Chlormequat, Daminozide, and Ethephon1
Authors: Pisarczyk James M. , Splittstoesser Walter E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) or (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chromequat) inhibited transplant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) when applied in the glasshouse. In descending order of effectiveness were daminozide-chlormequat combinations, daminozide, ethephon, and chlormequat. Ethephon, daminozide, or chlormequat reduced transpiration. Clipped plants were delayed in fruit set 1 month while daminozide-chlormequat and chlormequattreated plants were delayed 10 days. Total season yield was unaffected by any treatment.
Effect of Seeding Rate, Pattern, Row Position, and Clipping on Size Uniformity of Field-grown Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Williamson R. E. , Jaworski C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coated seed of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were precision seeded at 4 rates and 3 patterns to determine the effects on size variation of field-grown transplants. No significant differences in the number of marketable or cull transplants were obtained with the 3 planting patterns. Seeding rates greater than 63 seeds/m usually increased the number of cull transplants with no significant increase in the number of marketable transplants. About 20% more marketable transplants were produced in the 2 inside rows than in the 2 outside rows on 4 row beds.
Seed Coat Scarification of Albizia julibrissin Durazz. by Natural Mechanisms1
Authors: Gogue G. J. , Emino E. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fungal and fire treatments were applied to seeds of Albizia julibrissin to simulate natural mechanisms of seed coat scarification. Seeds in unsterilized soil which contained natural microorganisms resulted in increased germination compared to seeds in sterilized media. Germination in cultures of Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and Pythium indicated Rhizoctonia was most effective as a seed scarifier. Fire treatment at 1, 3, 5, and 10 seconds indicate that 1 second enhanced seed germination. Scanning electron micrographs of treated seed indicated that fungal hyphae alters the surface of the macrosclereid cells which may allow for imbibition of water. Seeds sub-jected to fire had large cracks in the macrosclereid layer.
Differential Thermal Analysis and Freezing Injury in Cold Hardy Blueberry Flower Buds1
Authors: Biermann J. , Stushnoff C. , Burke M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freezing injury of highbush blueberry flower buds (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Rancocas and an experimental hybrid) were investigated after natural freezing and by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Terminal buds were less hardy than median and basal buds on the same twig. Apical, less mature florets were also less hardy than median or basal, more mature florets within each bud. DTA analysis of intact flower buds showed that a rate independent free water exotherm was followed by numerous rate dependent floret exotherms. Floret lethality was associated only with the rate dependent low temperature exotherms. Buds were held over water-glycerol solutions in desiccators so that they came into equilibrium with a relative humidity of 100%, 98% or 96% at 4°C. Artificially hydrated buds were hardy to –10° and artificially dehydrated buds were 15°C hardier. A mean survival temperature of the florets (MSTF) from DTA analysis, derived at slow cooling rates related closely to lowest survival temperature (LST66) from artificial freezing hardiness tests. In mid-winter, under environmental conditions of low temperature and low relative humidity, flower buds of a hardy hybrid lost all DTA exotherms and were hardy to at least –40°. Tissue dehydration and accompanying loss of floret low-temperature exotherms was associated with extreme cold tolerance of blueberry flower buds with the hardy experimental hybrid.
Changes in Pectic Substances in Ripening Pears1
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Sonego Lillian , Frenkel Chaim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The compositional changes occurring in the cell wall of maturing and ripening pear fruits (Pyrus communis L. cv. Spadona) were examined in relation to the activity of pectolytic enzymes and cellulase. Fruit softening was accompanied by a rise in water and EDTA-soluble pectic fractions, and in free galacturonic acid. The latter reached peak levels after 15 weeks of cold storage and thereafter declined. Simultaneously with the degradation of pectin there was a 4 to 5 fold increase in polygalacturonase activity, but pectin-methyl-esterase activity declined as it did throughout the harvest and storage seasons. Cellulase activity which was present also in immature fruit increased 2 to 3 fold as the fruit softened, but in the last stages of softening it decreased. Treatment of the firm fruit with partially purified preparations of cellulase and polygalacturonase both caused a dissolution of insoluble pectin material.
Influence of Cucumber Mosaic Virus on Growth and Elemental Composition of Susceptible (Capsicum Annuum L.) and Resistant (Capsicum Frutescens L.) Peppers1
Authors: Cordrey T. D. , Bergman E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse and a growth chamber experiment were conducted to study the influence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on growth and elemental composition of a hydroponically-grown, susceptible and a resistant pepper cultivar. Foliar symptoms were more severe and appeared 2 weeks earlier on the CMV-infected susceptible than on the CMV-infected resistant cultivar. CMV-infected susceptible plants were stunted before foliar symptoms appeared. Roots were stunted to a greater extent than the aerial portions. Virus infection had no effect on the growth of the resistant cultivar. The amount of solution taken up by the infected susceptible plants was lower than by noninfected ones either before or after symptoms appeared on terminal leaves. The pH of the nutrient solution in which the infected plants were grown was lower prior to symptom expression and conductivity readings were higher than for the solution with noninfected plants. At 1 week after inoculation, prior to the expression of foliar symptoms, concentrations of P, K, Mn, Fe, and Cu were lower in the CMV-infected susceptible than noninfected plants. At 3 weeks after inoculation, and after symptoms were observed, infected resistant plants had a lower concentration of K, Mn, and Fe in the basal leaves than infected resistant plants. Little change in elemental concentration of susceptible plants occurred after symptoms appeared on the terminal leaves. However, due to the stunting effect of virus on susceptible plants, several elements were lower on a total accumulation basis at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after inoculation. The CMV effect on individual elements was dependent on cultivar, severity of stunting, and the number of days after inoculation leaf samples were collected.
Quantitative Chilling Enhancement and Negation in Peach Buds by High Temperatures in a Daily Cycle1
Authors: Erez A. , Couvillon G. A. , Hendershott C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of exposure of small peach plants (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Redhaven and Redskin) to daily fluctuating temperatures (16 hours low: 8 hours high) of 6-15°, 6-18°, 6-21° and 6-24°C was examined in comparison with continuous chilling at 4° and a non-chilled control. Even though all chilling treatments received the same amount of chilling (weighted chilling hours), good leaf bud break was obtained only in the continuous 4°, 6-15° and 6-18° treatments. No lateral leaf buds opened in the 6-21°, 6-24° or the non-chilJed controls of both cultivars. The 6-15° temperature regime was more efficient than continuous chilling in breaking bud rest on a weighted chilling hour basis. ‘Redskin’ lateral buds were shown to have a higher chilling requirement than ‘Redhaven’. Terminal buds especially of ‘Redhaven’ showed a very low chilling requirement. Treating plants with 50 or 150 mg/liter GA3 slightly advanced bud break but did not affect the level of sprouting.
Resistance of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit to Deformation as Affected by Picking and Handling Methods1
Authors: Rivero L. G. , Grierson W. , Soule J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Harvesting and prepacking conditions sharply influenced subsequent resistance to deformation of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) when stacked fruit-on-fruit. Gently handled grapefruit kept under humid, shaded conditions until packing were far more resistant to deformation than were those roughly handled and exposed to sun and wind as too commonly occurs under commercial conditions. Loss of fruit elasticity, and hence susceptibility to permanent deformation, increased with advancing season, tending to correlate with various internal quality factors.
N Form and Concentration: Effects on N Absorption, Growth, and Total N Accumulation with Southernpeas1
Authors: Sasseville David N. , Mills Harry A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrate and absorption by southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) during the growth cycle was determined in solution culture at 7-day intervals. Dry weight and total mg of N for each plant part were determined at bloom initiation, pod initiation, and seed maturity. When the N concentration was deficient virtually all of the was absorbed by southernpea plants from the 3rd week until harvest. At sufficient N concentrations a single peak uptake period occurred in the growth cycle prior to bloom initiation. Nitrate absorption predominated when constituted 50% or more of the N form at both N concentrations. Ammonium had either 1, 2 or 3 absorption peaks depending upon its relative concentration with . The first absorption peak was the largest and coincided with the growth cycle just prior to bloom initiation. Dry weight and N accumulation were greatest prior to bloom initiation. Subsequent accumulation occurred primarily in the seed. A reduction in N content and dry weight in the vegetative portions, particularly the leaves, coincided with the accumulation of N and dry weight in the seeds. Use of total mg of N in the vegetative tissue as a means of indicating the N status of the plant and subsequent yield was not accurate.
Temperature Measurements, Survival, and Growth of Container-grown Ornamentals, Overwintered Unprotected, in Nursery Shelters and under Microfoam Thermo-blankets1
Authors: Gouin F. R. , Link C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ilex crenata Thumb. (Japanese holly), Buxus sempervirens L. (American boxwood), Prunus laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel) and Cotoneaster congestus Bak. (dense cotoneaster) plants overwintered under the microfoam thermo-blanket survived the winter of 1976-77 better and grew larger the following growing season than plants stored unprotected or overwintered in shall shelters covered with white poly. Irrigating plants at 3 week intervals in shelters during winter storage did not improve plant survival. Plants stored unprotected suffered the greatest amount of winter injury. Soil temperatures under the microfoam thermo-blanket were consistently higher during the coldest part of winter than in all other treatments. Air temperatures under the thermo-blanket fluctuated the least initially until mid-February, but began to fluctuate more as days grew longer and ambient air temperature increased in late winter.
Set and Growth of Annona cherimola Mill. Fruit Obtained by Hand-pollination and Chemical Treatments1
Authors: Saavedra E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations from 50 to 1,600 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) 20 to 100 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 500 ppm 6-benzylamino purine (BA) were sprayed either once on cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) flowers in anthesis or 5 times on fruits at 3-week intervals commencing with anthesis to study their use as growth promotors. Only GA3 significatively enhanced fruit set and stimulated growth of seedless fruit. No synergism was found between GA3 and NAA and BA was antagonistic to GA3 relative to fruit set. Growth curves followed a double sigmoid pattern for fruits treated both naturally and chemically. GA3 induced severe cracks on fruits before harvest which makes its application impossible for practical purposes at the present state of this investigation. Cracking was not related with differential growth rates induced by hormonal treatment or absence of seeds. A possible role of GA3 on the determination of the secondary wall pattern, as observed on fruit stalk tissues, is suggested as one of the causes contributing to fruit cracking.
Reproductive Responses of Heat-tolerant Tomatoes to High Temperatures1
Authors: El Ahmadi A. Beshir , Stevens M. Allen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High-temperature responses of heat-tolerant tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Saladette, PI 262934, BL6807, S6916, CIAS161, and VF36) were studied at 38/27°C day/night temperature. Flower production was reduced in all cultivars except BL6807 which partitioned a greater proportion of total assimilates to the flowers. Only ‘Saladette’ and VF36 showed a total lack of stigma exsertion, which in effect is functional male sterility. Pollen production was reduced in all cultivars, and there was a lack of pollen dehiscence. Several techniques were used to evaluate gamete viability. There was poor agreement among the 3 methods used to assess pollen viability. ‘Saladette’ suffered the least reduction for in vitro germination but had the greatest loss in seed set when high-temperature pollen was used. Seed set is probably the most reliable method to measure gamete viability. CIAS 161 and S6916 had the least reduction in pollen viability according to seed set criteria. Ovule viability is much more difficult to adequately evaluate. According to seed set criteria PI 262934 ovules suffered the least damage due to high temperatures. Whether the male or female gamete was affected more severely depended on genotype. Pollen viability was greatly reduced in PI 262934 but ovule viability was less severely affected. In BL6807 ovule viability was more severely reduced than pollen viability.
Weed Control in ‘Concord’ Grapes in Arkansas1
Authors: Kennedy J. M. , Talbert R. E. , Morris J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Midsummer grapehoeing following spring application of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] or simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] plus paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) adequately controlled weeds growing in grapes (Vitis labrusca L.). When grapehoeing was used to control grape root borer [(Vitacea polistiformis Harris) lower initial rates of preemergence herbicide could be used. An additional half-rate of herbicide was required after grapehoeing to maintain weed control through the fall. Plots not grapehoed were almost completely weed free following a glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatment. Injury to grapes the following spring was associated with fall glyphosate applications where low hanging foliage, that had not been removed, intercepted the spray. Glyphosate was most effective and paraquat more effective than dinoseb (2-sec-buty1-4,6-dinitrophenol) plus diesel fuel for postemergence control of weeds in grapes. Preemergence herbicides, napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], oxadiazon [2-tert-buty1-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-∆2-l,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene], were effective as residual type treatments.
Barrenberry Control in Lowbush Blueberry Fields through Selective Application of 2,4-D and Glyphosate1
Authors: Yarborough David E. , Ismail Amr A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of selective contact application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) on a mixed stand of blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and barrenberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.) were studied using a selective herbicide applicator. The greater height of barrenberry in its second year of growth provided the selectivity. Herbicide application on the burn year reduced both blueberry and barrenberry plant stands. Selective application of glyphosate or 2,4-D reduced the number of barrenberry plants without seriously affecting blueberry plant stem length or fruit bud number when applied to crop year plants after harvest. Higher rates of herbicides resulted in a greater reduction in barrenberry plant stand. Glyphosate or 2,4-D provided adequate control of regrowth of black barrenberry plants in lowbush blueberry fields.
The Dormancy Status of Apple Buds as Determined by an In Vitro Culture System1
Authors: Borkowska Bozena , Powell L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single axillary bud explants of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were removed from ‘Antonovka’ seedlings or from ‘Delicious’ trees budded on seedling rootstocks, and cultured aseptically under controlled conditions. Many excised buds grew, even though similar buds on intact resting trees did not. Chilling excised buds of ‘Antonovka’ seedlings for 2 weeks in vitro did not increase the number of bursting buds, but promoted shoot elongation on some dates. Chilling ‘Delicious’ trees for 6 and 8 weeks before excising buds promoted both bud burst and shoot elongation. A substantial number of buds excised from ‘Delicious’ trees chilled for as long as 21 weeks did not burst, suggesting other limiting factors.
Identification of Deformation Parameters and Fruit Response to Mechanical Damage in Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Tung M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The incidence of surface pitting and bruises in sweet charries (Prunus avium L. cv. Van) increased with distance of free fall. Mature fruit developed less surface pitting but developed more flattened bruises than less mature fruit in response to impact forces. Increased impact force applied to fruit resulted in a decrease in titratable acidity after storage. Fruit firmness and bioyield determined after storage increased to a maximum with the height of free fall of 45 cm for the intermediate fruit maturity only. Fruit contact with rough surfaces resulted in a significantly higher incidence of surface pitting than in fruit damaged by smooth surfaces.
Fruit Set and Development of Seeded and Seedless Tomato Fruits under Diverse Regimes of Temperature and Pollination1
Authors: Rylski Irena 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit set and fruit development of seeded, naturally seedless, and growth-regulator-induced seedless tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Azes), were examined under 17°, 22° and 27°C day temperatures, all with natural daylight and constant 10° night temperature. The best seeded fruit set and development were at 22° day temperature. A high positive correlation (r = 0.9) was found between number of seeds per fruit and fruit size with a day temperature of 27°; there was a lower but still positive correlation with lower temperature. Seedless fruit developed, and attained marketable weight (above 40 g), only when the inflorescences had been sprayed with 20% β naphthoxyacetic acid (B-NOA). Day temperature also affected fruit shape. At 27° the fruit was almost globe-shaped, but at the lower temperatures the fruit became more oblate. Fruit puffiness was particularly related to lack of fertilization resulting from flower emasculation or to lower day temperature affecting set of seed-deficient fruits. “No-Seed” treatment led to green jelly production and pointed blossom-end in fruits, under all temperature regimes.
Influence of Photoperiod and Daminozide Stock Plant Pretreatments on Ethylene and CO2 Levels and Callus Formation from Dahlia Leaf Segment Cultures1
Authors: Gavinlertvatana P. , Read Paul E. , Wilkins H. F. , Heins R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene (C2H4) and CO2 levels and callus formation were influenced by photoperiods (8 hours-SD; 16 hours-LD) under which ‘Nita’ dahlia stock plants were grown and leaf segments incubated in vitro. Larger callus and higher levels of C2H4 and CO2 were detected when tissues from stock plants under SD were incubated under SD (SD-SD) than when incubated under LD (SD-LD). Tissue under LD-LD or LD-SD formed similar amounts of callus to SD-LD cultures, but C2H4 and CO2 levels were higher. Compared to water-sprayed controls, 2500 mg/liter butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) sprayed on SD stock plants one day before explant removal promoted callus formation, and C2H4 and CO2 production in tissue incubated under either SD or LD. Daminozide sprayed on LD stock plants had no influence on callus or C2H4, but CO2 was increased under SD or LD incubation.
Some Physiological Effects of Delaying Deterioration of Citrus Fruits by Individual Seal Packaging in High Density Polyethylene Film1
Authors: Ben-Yehoshua S. , Kobiler Ilana , Shapiro B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seal-packaging of individual fruits of ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf cv. Marsh) and lemons (C. limon Burm. f. cv. Eureka) with a film of high-density polyethylene (0.01 mm) markedly delayed their deterioration as measured by peel shrinkage, softening, deformation and loss of flavor. This film was applied to fruit that had received conventional treatments of disinfection with sodium orthophenylphenate and waxing. Sealed fruit maintained their fresh appearance more than twice as long as conventionally handled fruit. Weight loss of fruit was reduced about five-fold. Sealed fruit at 20° were firmer and lost less weight than non-sealed fruit at the lowest optimal temperature. Sealing various citrus fruits in high density polyethylene reduced both their respiratory activity and ethylene production. CO2 and O2 content in the internal atmosphere of the sealed and control fruit were similar but ethylene content was lower in the sealed fruit.