bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lay Movements Transforming the Church
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile the influence of religious orders and leaders on the Catholic Reform is well researched, the work and influence of lay people is often overlooked. This chapter introduces the reader to the history of early modern lay movements in confraternities and sodalities. While medieval confraternities had seemingly few demands on a person’s spiritual and moral life, the Catholic Reform infused zeal and rigor into these communities, particularly into Third Orders and the Jesuit Marian Congregations. A focus of confraternity life was played on almsgiving, which was, however, often reduced to prayers for the dead. The Marian Sodalities and Congregations, which were founded by the Jesuits, aimed at transforming whole segments of society by reforming the inner self. Religious superachievers joined Third Orders, which had stricter demands on their members, and devout women created their own spiritual niches.
Hollywood Sports Movies and the American Dream
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Through the heart of Hollywood cinema runs a surprising current of progressive politics. Sports movies, a genre that has flourished since the mid-1970s, evoke the American dream and represent the nation to itself. Once considered mere credos for Reaganism, on closer view, movies from Rocky (1976) to Ali (2001) dream of democratic participation and recognition more than individual success. In every case, off-field relationships take precedence over on-field competition. Arranged chronologically, this critical study of six major sports films also tells the story of multiculturalism’s gradual adoption. The mainstream’s first minority heroes are paradoxically white ethnic, rural, working-class men, exemplified by Rocky, Slap Shot (1977), and The Natural (1984); Black, brown, and women characters follow in White Men Can’t Jump (1992), A League of Their Own (1992), and Ali. But despite their insistence on community and diversity these popular dramas show limited faith in civic institutions. Hannah Arendt, Jeffrey Alexander, and others inform original analysis and commentary on the political significance of popular culture. Reading these familiar movies from another angle paints a fresh picture of how the United States has imagined democracy since its bicentennial.
The Natural (1984)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 reads The Natural (1984) through the context of the 1980s farm crisis. The New Deal–era setting, an aging yeoman hero, and a rapacious owner compose an allegory for the economic plight of small farmers. The heartland parable stands with Farm Aid in support of grassroots agrarian movements against the laissez-faire policies of Reagan and the GOP. This interpretation challenges the general association of sports history, pastoralism, and fantasy genres with reactionary nostalgia and utopianism. Many have considered the adaptation of Bernard Malamud’s novel, from a tonic of disillusionment into a tale of victory, to be emblematic of the regressive culture industry. Beneath the surface of white skin and sepia tones, however, themes of equality and justice pump through the drama. Considering the reverent legend as part of American civil religion reveals a progressive and multicultural ethos that is both unexpected and knotty.
Amagatsu Ushio and Sankai Juku
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter tracks the career of the most internationally successful butô artist Amagatsu. Sankai Juku performed in over 700 cities in more 47 countries around the world. The chapter starts with their first major dance, Kumquat Boy, in order to sketch a starting point for choreographer Amagatsu Ushio after he split from Dairakudakan. Then the chapter switches to dances created in Paris and seeks to describe what made their performances appealing to so many people. Part of their success lay in tapping into an Orientalist fascination with Japanese religion and thought. They benefited from an association with New Age thought and music. They were also exploring the same issues as the other butô choreographers, such as nature, universality, and the place of the body in the world. Specifically, the chapter explores the ideas of Amagatsu with a special emphasis on his idea of dialogue with or synchronization with gravity and the lowest possible effort. Featured performances also include Homage to the Cord Pattern Era (also called Homage to Prehistory or Jomonsho, 1982), Egg Heat: From/Starting with Standing an Egg (Unetsu, 1986), and Kagemi: Beyond the Metaphor of Mirrors (2007).
Conclusion
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter sums up the argument for seeing butô as connected to the most intense questions of the contemporary age such as the relationship between humans, technology and new media, and the status and role of gender and ethnicity in society. It also presents the commonalities and differences that connect the various artists together who all claim the label butô (as well as the ones who reject the label but are seen from the outside as belong). Finally, it gives a sense of the flowering of butô in the present by highlighting the activities of many of the people who have come along after the founders and made butô their own.
Gender and Racial Equality
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving gender and racial equality? It surely isn’t needed for gender equality. In most of the affluent capitalist nations, women have surpassed men in educational attainment and life expectancy, and they are at least equally happy. In employment, pay, and top-level positions in business and politics there is still a gap in men’s favor, but in the leading countries, including the social democratic capitalist ones, that gap is now quite small. The toughest case for between-group equality is probably Blacks and whites in the United States. Here we see persistent inequality on many outcomes yet also significant reductions in inequality on nearly all of them, including education, employment, pay, health, happiness, and top-level corporate and political positions. Could democratic socialism help? Maybe, but the evidence suggests no reason to think it is necessary.
Rationalization, Creativity, and Imaginative Resistance
Authors: D’Cruz Jason 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The author proposes that rationalization should be modeled as pretend deliberation rather than as faulty deliberation. His model puts into relief the cognitive and creative achievement that consists in crafting a narrative whose rehearsal has the effect of eliciting desirable emotions and mitigating feelings of guilt or shame. Unlike inquiry, rationalization is an inherently creative undertaking. It consists in generating and rehearsing narratives that have the credible appearance of genuine deliberation and inquiry but whose narrative arc aims at exculpation or self-justification. Rationalization should be understood as a kind of morally distorting fiction where one comes to root for the person one knows to be the “bad guy” and the bad guy is oneself. The intended audience for the story is sometimes other people but most often also the rationalizer themselves. The rationalizer spins a tale for themselves whose major theme is their own exculpation and self-justification. This tale is expertly crafted so as to circumvent imaginative resistance.
Dogmatism and the Epistemology of Covert Selection
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Perceptual dogmatism is a prominent theory in epistemology concerning the relationship between perceptual experience and reasonable belief. It holds that, in the absence of counterevidence, it is reasonable to believe what one’s perceptual experience tells one. Thus, if one is not aware of an experience’s causal history, then it doesn’t matter. Critics object that the causal history does matter: When a perceptual experience is caused in certain ways, it is unreasonable to trust what it tells you. These objections regularly appeal to cognitive penetration and biased searches for evidence. Given the myriad accounts of what covert attention is, one wonders if biased patterns of covert attention could raise a new objection to dogmatism. The author argues that, while covert selection might raise various problems for dogmatism, none of them are new. This is good news for dogmatism because the fewer distinct problems it faces, the more likely it can resolve them all.
Novices and Expert Disagreement
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One knows little about the world without trusting experts. Experts themselves are in a similar predicament because the proliferation and growth of expert knowledge requires experts to trust other experts. But when one defers to experts, one sometimes encounters a serious challenge: expert disagreement. Novices must trust experts, but novices face uncertainty when the experts do not agree. To defer reasonably to one expert over another, one needs to identify an epistemological asymmetry between them, but this chapter argues that people are often not well poised to distinguish between rival experts in light of what they know about the psychology of perceiving expertise and the social conditions that produce misinformation about experts.
Cyber Behavior and Dynamics
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Cyberspace is an initiative persistent environment of opportunity and vulnerability wherein States face a structural imperative to persist in seizing and maintaining the initiative to set favorable security conditions in and through cyberspace. The dominant State security-seeking behavior is exploitation below the level of armed conflict, primarily manifesting in the cyber fait accompli—a limited unilateral gain that is retained when the target is unaware of the loss or is unable or unwilling to respond. A less frequent behavior is direct cyber engagement, a mutually dependent competition for control of key cyberspace terrain, whose prevalence may increase with advances in artificial intelligence. States are strategically incentivized in cyberspace to not breach the armed-attack equivalent ceiling. This produces a dynamic of competitive interaction, not escalation, and the inter-State phenomenon of cyber agreed competition, a tacitly bounded strategic competitive space inclusive of operational restraint and exclusive of operations causing armed-attack equivalent effects.
Cyber Stability
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Cyber stability is a condition in which States are not incentivized to breach the tacit upper bound of cyber agreed competition by pursuing armed attack-equivalent cyber operations or conventional/nuclear armed attack. Cyber persistence theory predicts that States will continually seek gains in cyberspace but bounded within a range of exploitative behaviors, the cumulative effects of which do not threaten the overall integrity of cyberspace because of its systemic resilience. Instability results when an imbalance of initiative degrades a State’s relative power and the State acts to arrest relative power loss. 5G technology and artificial intelligence–enabled cyber operations may introduce instability. However, stabilizing factors exist that reduce the likelihood of escalation into armed conflict. While explicit bargaining is the primary source of non-binding, voluntary international cyber norms, tacit coordination and tacit bargaining are better suited for constructing mutual understandings of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors that could lead to binding international law.
Pāṇini
Authors: Kiparsky Paul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, the most complete generative grammar of any language yet written, is based on a consistent set of principles and formal techniques, many of which have been adopted in modern linguistics. The grammar emerges solely from jointly maximizing empirical coverage and formal economy (Minimum Description Length). These twin imperatives determine its overall structure, its categories and levels of representation, its types of rules and constraints, and their application and interaction. Major economies are achieved by blocking, which organizes grammar into a vast network whose every rule or principle is defeasible by a more specific one, in a hierarchy that terminates in individual listed words. Economy dictates that featurally definable phonological classes are privileged, and that transparent sequential rule application is the default. I also review some Pāṇinian phonological principles which have not yet been adopted in linguistics.
The (early) history of sign language phonology
Authors: Hulst Harry van der 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses the history of sign phonology, starting with some early pioneers (specifically Bébian 1825 and West 1960) who developed notational systems, which fully (although often implicitly, as in Bébian’s case) acknowledge that signs can be segmented into smaller, meaningless parts. The seminal work of William Stokeo (1960) is commonly mentioned as the first publication claiming that signs can be analysed into meaningless form elements. The reception of this is compared to the reception of the work of Edward Klima and Ursula Bellugi (1979). The chapter then reviews the transition from American structuralist linguistics to generative approaches after which the focus is on a new era in sign phonology, viz. the ‘rise of sequential structure’, discussing various strands of research that break with Stokoe’s conception of the sign as a simultaneous bundle of properties. The chapter concludes with briefly reviewing research in some specific topics.
Developments leading towards generative phonology
Authors: Dresher B. Elan , Hall Daniel Currie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses key figures in the 1950s and 1960s whose work led to the theory of generative phonology. Generative phonology developed in part from the collaboration of Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle, continuing the Prague School approach by elaborating and modifying earlier ideas concerning distinctive features and relating them to mathematical models from the then-new field of information theory. Another source was the formalization of American structuralist phonology by Zellig Harris and the critique of that theory by Noam Chomsky. These sources merged in the collaboration of Chomsky and Halle and their criticisms of prevailing notions of the phoneme. Another fruitful area of collaboration was their account of English stress and the cycle. We will show how the emerging synthesis both built on and diverged from earlier ideas, and discuss some of the controversies of the years leading up to the appearance of The Sound Pattern of English.
The study of variation
Authors: Fruehwald Josef 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe study and formalization of intra-speaker variation within variationist sociolinguistics has followed a largely parallel history with generative phonology, always borrowing heavily from the generative theories of the day. More recently, structured probabilistic variation has become enshrined as a fact-to-be-explained by any theory of human sound systems in more mainstream phonology. This chapter outlines this parallel history of variation study from its origins in dialectology, the evolution of modern variationist sociolinguistics, and the development of more contemporary variation focused phonological theory, as well as critiques that have been posed over this history. The chapter reviews in considerable detail how the original notion of ‘variable rule’ was elaborated and complexified, and how variation is treated in constraint-based approaches. It concludes with a look towards the future of variation study that is incorporating more insights from psycholinguistics.
Phonetic explanation in phonology
Authors: Kingston John 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of phonetic explanations of phonological patterns from the 1920s to the present. Structuralist efforts to separate phonology from phonetics are sketched first, and the eventual development of distinctive feature theory from those structuralist arguments is then traced. Contemporaneous research on the relationship between speech perception and production that should have but did not inform this development is reviewed, as are later reactions that provided various kinds of phonetic explanations of recurrent phonological patterns. Phonological patterns that are unexpected on phonetic grounds, including crazy rules, are discussed before turning to Natural Phonology’s explanations. A review of recent efforts to distinguish phonological form from phonetic substance follows, and the chapter closes by showing that contemporary disagreements are so deep that no consensus is currently possible as to whether and how phonological patterns can be explained phonetically.
Corpora and phonological analysis
Authors: Hall Kathleen Currie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the use of corpora in phonological analysis, both historically and with an eye to the future. A corpus can be generally defined as any collection of linguistic data, such that most empirical phonology is in some sense ‘corpus-based’ phonology, but the term is most commonly associated with work that involves answering a research question using pre-existing data of an appropriate type. Although corpora vary widely, they offer a number of advantages for phonologists. In particular, they often provide large, accessible bodies of relatively naturalistic data on which many different types of analysis can be run and replicated, and lend themselves particularly to statistical investigations of frequency, probability, and variation in phonology. This chapter discusses both advantages and limitations of corpora, providing examples of how they can and have been used for doing phonological analysis as well as information on tools and resources available for conducting such work.
Phonology and evolution
Authors: de Boer Bart 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of the interaction between theories of evolution and phonology. It starts by looking at very early work on the origins of speech and then proceeds to present the (absence of) influence of theories of sound change on Darwin’s thinking about biological change, as well as Darwin’s and other late 19th-century ideas about evolution of speech and language derived from their ideas on biological evolution. It then reviews the debate, which has lasted for about a century, on the influence of vocal tract anatomy on the sound systems that humans can use, and whether the vocal tract has played a crucial role in evolution. Finally, it reviews the more recent use of evolutionary theory for understanding cultural processes, and specifically those of phonological change and emergence of systems of signals.
The Thesaurus of Thomas Cooper
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 is devoted to the largest Latin–English dictionary of the sixteenth century, the Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae of Thomas Cooper. In terms of authorship, it might be seen as a continuation of the tradition which originates with Elyot’s Dictionary, from which it takes many of its English equivalents. But here it is treated as fundamentally a new arrangement by Cooper of material ultimately from Elyot in a structure provided by Johannes Fries’s Dictionarium Latinogermanicum, a German derivative of one of Robert Estienne’s dictionaries. The Thesaurus is rich in phraseological material, and has a substantial appendix of proper names. Its later editions are discussed (including some bibliographically elusive eighteenth-century reissues), as is the evidence for its place in the history of reading, and particularly for its use as a schoolbook.
Introduction
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the parameters of this study of the provision of education in English prisons over the course of the nineteenth century. Unlike previous studies, it includes both convict and local prisons, and eschews an analysis based on case studies by collecting, comparing and contrasting data from all 465 prisons and hulks operational between 1800 and 1899. This evidence, when viewed alongside institutional records and documents which chart penal policymaking, challenges previous accounts of the history of the prison, suggesting instead a longer history of rehabilitation which begins in the early nineteenth century, persists in spite of the increasing emphasis on punishment in the 1860s, and continues right up to the present day. This study of prison education also presents an alternative account of the history of education. It revises key milestones, such as the beginning of state-funded elementary schools and reveals the importance of adult education. Although curriculum in prisons reflected that of mainstream elementary schools, the delivery of education, shaped by the penal environment, created an experience of learning which was entirely different and often contrary to that in the civil sphere.
The Attempt to Achieve a National System
Authors: Crone Rosalind 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Between 1869 and 1895, the retributionist and deterrent ambitions of the mid-Victorian penal reformers were fully realised as convict prisons and then local prisons were turned into a ‘huge punishing machine’. Still, the provision of education in prisons persisted, and the period presented opportunities for radical change, including for an enlarged role for education within the penal regime. However, these opportunities were by and large missed. Chapter 7 examines the opportunity presented by the achievement of uniformity in prison discipline under the chairman of the Directors of Convict Prisons and the new Prison Commission, Sir Edmund Du Cane, which coincided with the advent of compulsory and universal elementary schooling for children in England. Between 1868 and 1883 a national system of prison education in England was created, as the content of instruction and modes of delivery became standardised across the penal sector. The process began in convict prisons with the adoption of the 1862 Revised Code and the introduction of examination books to ensure that learning was not interrupted by necessary transfers between prisons. The nationalisation of local prisons in 1878 led to the establishment of a departmental committee on prison education (the Fenwick Committee), who devised a new scheme to enable prisoners who behaved well and were imprisoned for four months or more to raise their literacy and numeracy skills to the limit of compulsory schooling outside prison. It also ended the employment of professional teachers in the local prison sector.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Several serendipitous encounters instigated the research that furnishes the pages of this book. In this introductory chapter, the research journey is outlined from a fortuitous chance meeting at an academic conference to a unnerving encounter at a second-hand thrift store. Often neglected, the chapter provides insight into how research comes to fruition and the sociocultural contexts which shape it. The resulting in-depth qualitative study of armed robbers draws together themes of identity, culture and the pursuit of the ‘Australian dream’. The introduction provides a succinct summary of the chapters that follow, exploring in detail the trajectories of these men’s lives, and how and why, they came to be ‘doing rob’.