bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-194 Sustained Attention Differences Between Electrical Injury Patients and Combat Exposed Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Fellin Timothy J , Obolsky Max A , Paxton Jessica L , Resch Zachary J , Soble Jason R , Fink Joseph W , Pliskin Neil H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Electrical injury (EI) patients demonstrate heterogenous neuropsychological performance (NP), yet sustained attention (SA) has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize differences in SA on the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) between patients with past EI and veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Method: Participants included EI patients and veterans with PTSD receiving neuropsychological evaluations at affiliated academic medical centers. Inclusion criteria for veterans involved meeting criteria for PTSD per the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV. EI and PTSD participants were included if they completed the CPT-II and failed &lt; 1 performance validity tests. The 50 EI participants were 80% male, ages 19-64 (M=42, SD=10.67), and 94% White. The 35 PTSD participants were 94% male, ages 25-49 (M=33, SD=5.55), and 31% White, 45% Black, 20% Hispanic, and 3% biracial.
Results: Percentage of participants showing at least three atypical scores on the CPT-II was higher for EI (52%) compared with PTSD (20%) participants [χ^2 (1, N = 85) = 8.876, p &lt; .003]. EI participants showed significantly greater SA difficulties on CPT-II overall standard error [F(1,84)=22.18, p&lt; 0.001, ηp2=.21], variability of standard error [F(1,84)=7.70, p=0.028, ηp2=.09], reaction time by inter-stimulus interval (ISI) [F(1,84)=9.19, p=0.018, ηp2=.10], and standard error by ISI [F(1,84)=6.48, p=0.039, ηp2=.07]. All p-values were false discovery rate corrected.
Conclusions: EI participants demonstrated overall greater inconsistency in response speed with slower and inconsistent reaction times during different ISIs. EI patients display a unique pattern of SA performance compared to veterans with PTSD, which may relate to the variability in EI NP.
A-210 The Effects of Language on Arithmetic and Problem-Solving Abilities in Hispanics
Authors: Rifai Lara , Kotalik Kayla , Kajani Nisha , Golden Charles J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To identify differences between Hispanics and Caucasians in mathematics and problem-solving abilities using the KeyMath-3.
Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified database. The sample contained two groups: the Hispanic group, (n=38; 64.4% female; mean age=29.9, SD=10.46; mean education=12.89, SD=10.46) and the Caucasian group (n=72; 65.8% female; mean age=31, SD=13.27; mean education=13.25, SD=1.38). The mean scaled scores for the KeyMath-3 subtests were calculated using independent sample t-tests.
Results: Results showed no significant differences between Hispanics and Caucasians on Numeration, Algebra, Geometry, Measurement, Data Analysis, Basic Concepts, Mental Computation, Addition and Subtraction, or Multiplication and Division subtests. However, significant differences were found between the two groups on Foundations of Problem Solving [Caucasian M=9.92, SD=6.32; Hispanics M=7.23, SD=2.39; t(108)=6.913, p=.010] and Applied Problem Solving [Caucasian M=12.28, SD=12.8; Hispanics M=7.71, SD=3.09; t(108)=8.73, p=.004].
Conclusion: Results indicate Hispanics underperform compared to Caucasians on subtests requiring verbal comprehension, suggesting problem-solving performance is affected by a disadvantage in language and not mathematical ability. Hispanics may underperform on verbal comprehension related tasks due to less exposure to English. This finding demonstrates Hispanics are at a disadvantage under circumstances requiring the application of math concepts in the context verbal comprehension problems (i.e., Graduate Record Examination). No differentiation could be made between Hispanics who have immigrated and those born in the United States to Hispanic parents. Therefore, future research should identify these differences.
A-218 Development of an American Sign Language Cognitive Screening Measure for Deaf Adults
Authors: Timperlake Erin , Pick Lawrence , Morere Donna , Dean Pamela 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The Deaf community in the United States is recognized as a unique linguistic and cultural minority group. However, there are almost no American Sign Language (ASL) cognitive screening measures for this population (Dean et al., 2009; Atkinson et al., 2015). This study approached the development of a valid and conceptually equivalent measure of cognitive functioning with the involvement of Deaf community support and feedback.
Method: Measure development was conducted by a team of neuropsychologists and clinical psychology PhD students with expertise in ASL linguistics and Deaf culture. The formal linguistic development included two native Deaf signers, one Deaf Interpreter, and one Certified Deaf Interpreter. The measure was then administered to a pilot sample of 20, cognitively intact, Deaf adults (Age: M=40.10, SD=5.50) fluent in ASL.
Results: The measure showed good internal reliability for preliminary analyses (α= .72, λ-2 = .77, KR20 = .75) and it positively correlated with ASL fluency as determined by the ASL-Comprehension Test (r(18)= .54, p=.01; Hauser et al., 2016). There were no significant correlations with self-reported educational attainment (r(18)=-.21, p= .39) or race/ethnicity (r(18)=-.11, p= .64).
Conclusion: Preliminary analysis of an ASL cognitive screening measures developed for use with culturally Deaf signers shows promise. This is one of the first attempts to create such a measure in the United States and next requires further development and piloting with a sample of cognitively intact older adult Deaf signers.
A-221 Multivariate Base Rates for the NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery
Authors: Ingram Eric , Karr Justin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Neuropsychologists commonly administer multiple measures of emotional functioning; however, no prior research has examined whether examinees will normally obtain one or more clinically significant emotional scores if multiple questionnaires are administered and interpreted. This study prepared multivariate base rates for the NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery (NIHTB-EB), examining the frequency at which participants in the normative sample obtained ‘abnormal’ scores on the 17 individual scales (e.g., sadness, loneliness, life satisfaction) and 3 summary scores (i.e., negative affect, social satisfaction, and psychological well-being).
Method: Participants were 2,879 English-speaking community members recruited for the NIHTB norming study (M=46.26 years-old, SD = 17.14; 46.7% men; 80.6% White). The frequency at which participants obtained one or more ‘abnormal’ emotion scores (i.e., either T60 depending on the scale) was calculated.
Results: When interpreting all 17 individual NIHTB-EB scores, 66.3% of participants were elevated on one or more individual scales. When interpreting the 3 NIHTB-CB summary scores, 26.0% of participants were elevated on one or more of the summary scores.
Conclusions: Similar to findings on performance-based neuropsychological tests, these base rates indicate that obtaining one or more abnormal scores is normal on questionnaires of emotional functioning. When administering multiple questionnaires, one or more low or elevated score(s) may correspond to normal variation in emotional functioning rather than significant distress or a disorder.
A-223 Preliminary Investigation of Convergent Validity and Utility of the Texas Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
Authors: Conley Michael A , Lacritz Megan , Bunt Stephen C , Longoria Anthony , LoBue Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The Texas Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (TPSI) is a novel, 66-item, self-report instrument with empirically-derived indices that provides a summed total score to assess recovery following concussion. This study evaluated convergent validity of the TPSI with the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), and examined differences in symptom scores between recovered and non-recovered adults to assess its utility in measuring post-concussion symptoms.
Method: Adults (N=37; Mage=41.6; Female=59.5%; White=89.2%) diagnosed with concussion were recruited from a larger concussion study (ConTex) to complete the TPSI and PCSS three months after initial clinical evaluation. Convergent validity was assessed using nonparametric correlation analyses between total symptom severity scores on the PCSS and TPSI for all subjects. Independent sample t-tests examined whether the TPSI total symptom score differed between the adults reporting lingering symptoms (N=19) and those who had recovered (N=18).
Results: Total TPSI symptom score strongly correlated with the PCSS total symptom score (ρ = .867; p&lt;.001). Non-recovered adults (MTPSI = 55.61; SDTPSI = 26.38) reported significantly higher symptom scores than recovered adults (MTPSI = 34.64; SDTPSI = 22.69) on the TPSI t(35) = 2.59, p = .014, d = 0.85, 95% CI, [4.53, 37.32].
Conclusion(s): The TPSI demonstrated strong convergent validity with a common clinical postconcussion symptom instrument and identified significant differences in symptom reporting between recovered and non-recovered adults after a concussion. Future research will build upon these preliminary results and determine the utility of the TPSI in the acute stage following concussion as well as in tracking recovery.
A-234 Psychopathology as a Factor in Failed Performance Validity Testing
Authors: Gass Carlton , Patten Brooke , O’Maille Alanna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Evidence of incomplete effort is sometimes attributed to common symptoms of depression, anxiety, or somatic preoccupations. The objective of this study was to examine the role of mood disturbance severity in failed performance validity testing (PVT) in referrals to a memory disorders clinic.
Participants and Method: 164 non-compensation-seeking referrals, 66% women, 84% white non-Hispanic, were divided into two groups (n = 82) based on passed or failed PVT results. Participants had an average age 60.4 ± 15.7 and education 14.9 ± 2.9 years. However, 51% of participants had diagnoses of depression and anxiety. Protocols were screened for performance invalidity using Reliable Digit Span and Digit Span SS.
Results: MMPI-2 content scales were factor analyzed (PCA/varimax) yielding three factors: Internalizing, Externalizing, and Thought Dysfunction. Mean scores on the three MMPI-2 factors were contrasted across the failed PVT and passed PVT samples. No significant differences emerged (all ps &gt;.13). Mean scores on the MMPI-2 validity scales (F, Fb, Fp, and FBS) were also compared. No significant differences emerged (all ps &gt; .29).
Conclusions: Although it is often believed that psychological symptoms such as motivational inertia, apathy and indifference, emotional withdrawal and isolation, preoccupations and distractibility, and acting out tendencies contribute to incomplete effort and failed PVT, these results failed to support such a perspective. They are consistent with other published results that suggest that self-report validity on SVTs can be largely independent of performance validity. This proposition might be setting-specific. In this memory disorders clinic setting, psychopathology showed no measurable impact on effort or performance validity.
A-235 The Degree to which Age, Education and Race predict TOMM Performance in a Retired NFL Cohort
Authors: Tchienga Ines , Golden Charles 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate how performance on the TOMM was related to age, race, and level of education. Methods, 160 NFL former players (Mage= 48.9, 71% African American, 29% Caucasian) were evaluated for possible CTE. The sample consisted of 124 African American (Mage= 46.3, SD= 7.94) and 36 Whites (Mage= 43.3, SD= 8.66).
Results: Age (b = .143, p = .033) and ethnicity (b = -3.740, p = .036) were significant predictor of the TOMM trial 1, F(2, 153) = 2.587, p = .079, R2 = .033 but were not significant predictors for TOMM trial 2 and 3. Independent-sample t-tests were conducted to compare participants performance on all TOMM trials between both ethnic groups. There was a significant difference in mean scores for T1 t(155) = 2.81, p = .006, d=.540, T2 t(158) = 1.762, p= .04, d= .33 and T3 t(158) = 2.187, p .015, d= .41 with African Americans performing relatively lower than Whites.
Discussion: Ethnicity and age were significant predictor of performance only on TOMM trial 1. The TOMM was not resistant to the effect of ethnicity thus supporting evidence from previous studies. Differences may be due to cultural influences such as lack of prior exposure to some TOMM pictures. Moreover, consistent with the literature, there is a negative correlation between test outcome and age. Though the TOMM is a reputable measure for suboptimal effort, its content may not be appropriate for various ethnic background. Therefore, it is essential to employ culturally appropriate measures to detect insufficient effort.
A-236 The Role of Socio-Demographics on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Performance Using a Large Military Sample.
Authors: Malik Hinza B , Burneo-Garcés Carlos , López-Vallejo Sofía , Miller Kayla , Puente Antonio E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The current study aims to assess the relationship among scores on the test of memory malingering (TOMM) and general demographics (age, education, ethnicity, and gender) as well as military-specific variables (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), number of deployments, and blasts) using a large military sample.
Method: An archival dataset (https://osf.io/rv9cj/), representative of the military personnel according to the Marine Corps Demographics Update (2015) consisting of 875 participants between 18-62 years, predominately male and caucasian was analyzed. Participants were referred by their medical provider for psychological and/or neurological complaints and completed a neuropsychological evaluation comprised of a clinical interview and a neuropsychological blast battery consisting of demographics and 15 tests, including the TOMM. Pre-morbid information was gathered using the ASVAB which has the following subscales: armed forces qualification test, general technical, mechanical maintenance, clerical, and electronics.
Results: A decrease in TOMM Trial 2 scores was significantly associated with an increase in age r(732) = -.09, p = .014, education r(717) = -.10, p = .008, mechanical maintenance, r(330) = .12, p =.04; clerical, r(313) = .11, p =.04; and electronics r(328) = .13, p =.02. TOMM Trail 2 scores were not significantly associated with other variables.
Conclusions: The findings show a weak relationship between TOMM Trial 2 and age, education, and a few subscales of ASVAB. This suggests that both demographic and vocational abilities appear to be potential mediating variables in understanding the role of effort in interpreting neuropsychological performance.
A-253 Does Wearing a Watch Influence Performance on the Clock Drawing Test?
Authors: Yousif Mairy , Szemko Julianne , Gorres Kaci , Sohoni Ruta , LoGalbo Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The present study examines whether individuals who regularly wear a watch will perform better than those who do not on The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) within a memory disorder clinic population.
Method: Data from 69 memory disorder clinic patients was utilized, ages 59-94 (M = 80.45, SD = 7.231; 52% female). Participants were included in this study if they had a diagnosis of cognition within normal limits, mild cognitive impairment, or unspecified neurocognitive disorder. Dementia diagnoses were excluded due to the potential impact of more severe cognitive dysfunction on task performance. Patients’ scores on the CDT and responses to questions regarding watch wearing were obtained as part of a brief neuropsychological evaluation. Regular watch wearing was defined by those who responded affirmatively to the question “do you regularly wear a watch?”; individuals reported wearing a watch at least 2 times per week, with the majority (N=30) reporting wearing a watch 5 or more times per week.
Results: The 38 participants who wear a watch regularly (M=9.13, SD=.811) performed significantly better on the CDT compared to the 29 participants who do not (M=8.83, SD=1.1441), t(65) = 4.210, p=.044. Similarly, those who wear a watch regularly (M=.85, SD=.812) made significantly fewer errors on the CDT compared to those who do not (M=1.17, SD=1.17), t(65)=4.101, p=.047.
Conclusion: Results indicate that individuals who regularly wear a watch perform better on the CDT, making fewer errors than those who do not. This finding might suggest increased planning and organization skills in those who wear watches regularly.
A-256 Literacy Level May Mediate the Relationship Between an Individual’s Ethnicity and Letter Fluency Ability
Authors: Khan Humza , Bing-Canar Hanaan , Stocks Jane K , Lapitan-Moore Franchezka , DeBoer Adam B , Durkin Nicole M , Cerny Brian M , Jennett Kyle J , Soble Jason R , Resch Zachary J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Previous research suggests that literacy level may be a better predictor of cognitive performance than years of education in minoritized groups. Although literacy tests remain a mainstay in the context of neuropsychological evaluations due to their role in the estimation of premorbid intellectual functioning, there is relatively little research examining the role of literacy in the relationship between ethnicity and cognitive performance. This study examined whether literacy level influences the relationship between ethnicity and letter fluency ability.
Method: This cross-sectional study included 64 adult patients consecutively referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation within a large, Midwestern academic medical center. The sample was 54.7% male, 43.8% White, 56.3% Black, with Mage of 57.8 years (SD=11.7) and Meducation of 12.6 years (SD=2.5). A mediation analysis was performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro within SPSS to evaluate whether literacy, as measured by the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF), mediated the association between ethnicity (dichotomized as Black/White) and letter fluency via raw scores from the F/A/S trials.
Results: The main model of the mediation analysis was significant, F (4, 51) = 13.89, p &lt;.001, R2 = .521. After accounting for age and years of education, there was a significant mediation effect of literacy on the relationship between ethnicity and letter fluency (B = .740, SE = .143, t = 5.19, p &lt;.001).
Conclusion(s): In sum, this study provided evidence that literacy level helps explain the letter fluency performance differences observed between Black and White patients.
A-258 A Comparison of Parent and Teacher Reports on the Connors 3 Rating Scale
Authors: Gellman Jonathan , Golden Charles , Herndon Hayley , Nunez Christina , Slicer Kayley 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objectives: To examine differences in reporting children’s symptoms between parents and teachers on the Conners 3 Rating scale.
Methods: Children (N=194, Mage=10.75, Medu=4.87, 41.3% white, and 62.8% male) with corresponding parents and teachers were selected from a deidentified clinical outpatient database. Respondents included mothers (n=287), fathers (n=194), math teachers (n=58), and reading teachers (n=26). Within subjects ANOVAs were used to compare mother and father ratings, math teacher and reading teacher ratings, and parents and teacher ratings on the Conners 3 Rating Scale.
Results: Mothers and fathers did not differ significantly on their reports of the Conners 3. Math teachers and reading teachers did not differ significantly on their reports of the Conners 3. Parents and teachers differed significantly on inattention F(1,84)= 7.957, p=.005, learning problems F(1,84= 4.603, p=.033, and executive functioning F(1,84)= 3.987, p=.047 with teachers reporting lower scores across indicators.
Conclusion: This analysis demonstrated that parents report similarly, teachers report similarly but teachers and parents report differently on measures of executive function, inattention, and learning problems. Teachers reported lower scores across all three indicators, suggesting that these areas are less problematic. Being that these measures are directly relevant to school performance, the explanation for these differences is unclear. Future research should explore the reasons behind the differences in parent and teacher reporting, whether parent or teacher reports are more consistent with diagnostic conclusions, and whether similar discrepancies exist across other report measures. Limitations of this study include the relatively small sample of teachers and the lack of reporter demographic information.
A-260 Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Differences in ADHD Subtypes Among Children
Authors: Perez Sophia G , Slicer Kayley , Harrigan D’Shawn , Arias Brittny , Golden Charles J , Willeumier Kristen , Amen Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences among children with varying Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. The participants were part of an archival de-identified database that received SPECT scans at baseline. The sample (N= 3222) consisted of ADHD classifications of asymptomatic (N=773), combined type (N=1157), hyperactive (N=25), inattentive (N=479), mostly impulsive (N=122), mostly inattentive (N=633), and undetermined (N=33). The sample consisted of 70.3% males and 29.4% females with Caucasians (N=1652), African Americans (N=58), Hispanics (N=79), Asians (N=42), and unknown (N=1391). A one-way between-subjects ANCOVA was performed controlling for age and gender, where ADHD type was the independent variable and brain region was the dependent variable. The main effect of ADHD type was statistically significant for the baseline left occipital, F (7, 3425) = 2.462, p =.016, ηp2=.005. Post hoc tests showed there was a significant difference between the hyperactive and mostly impulsive group (p=.043), where the hyperactive group demonstrated higher rCBF perfusion. Research is limited regarding rCBF perfusion among ADHD subtypes, with no research on the hyperactive subtype, this is the first study providing evidence that youth diagnosed with hyperactive subtype may have increased activation across brain regions as compared to other subtypes. Specifically, our results suggest there may be increased activity in the brain region that is primarily responsible for visual processing among children in the ADHD hyperactive group. SPECT imaging may be useful in determining differences between ADHD subtypes and their resulting behavioral and cognitive functioning. Limitations of this study included the use of DSM-IV-TR rather than DSM-5 diagnosis criteria.