bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversifying the Sources of Evidence in Terrorism Cases before Criminal Courts in (Post-)Conflict and High-Risk Situations
Authors: van Ginkel Bibi , Paulussen Christophe , Mehra Tanya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A key component of global counterterrorism efforts since 2001 has been the promotion of effective criminal justice responses to terrorism that fully comply with the rule of law and international law. The ultimate aim of this approach is to end impunity for terrorist suspects by bringing them to justice. Yet bringing terrorist suspects to justice for the full scope of the crimes committed can be difficult. There is a proliferation of international, regional, and national initiatives trying to address the challenges regular law enforcement actors face, considering the (post-)conflict and high-risk circumstances in which collecting information that can serve as evidence in terrorism cases sometimes needs to take place. The scope of this chapter is limited to the role of the military in collecting such information for the purpose of terrorism cases before national civilian criminal courts. It will discuss a select number of legal and practical challenges that this topic engenders and provide recommendations to overcome these challenges. Our rule of thumb in this discussion is “as civilian as possible and only as military as needed,” whereas compliance with international law and the rule of law has been, is, and will be, our normative framework.
Hostile Forces
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How do authoritarian regimes deal with pressure from the international community? China’s leaders have been subject to decades of international attention, condemnation, resolutions, boycotts, and sanctions over their treatment of human rights. We assume that hearing about all this pressure will make the public more concerned about human rights, and so regimes like the Chinese Communist Party should do what they can to prevent this from happening. This book argues that while international pressure may indeed embarrass authoritarian leaders on the international stage, it may, in fact, benefit them at home. The targets of human rights pressure, regimes like the Communist Party, are not merely passive recipients, but actors who can proactively shape and deploy that pressure for their own advantage. Taking us through an exploration of the history of the Communist Party’s reactions to foreign pressure, from condemnation of Mao’s crackdowns in Tibet to outrage at the outbreak of COVID-19, analysis of a novel database drawn from state media archives, and multiple survey experiments and hundreds of interviews, the book shows that the Chinese Communist Party uses the most “hostile” pressure strategically—and successfully—to push citizens to view human rights in terms of international geopolitics rather than domestic injustice and to reduce their support for change. The book shines a light on how regimes have learned to manage, manipulate, and resist foreign pressure on their human rights and illustrates how support for authoritarian and nationalist policies might grow in the face of a liberal international system.
Introduction
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What are the impacts of pressuring authoritarian regimes over their treatment of human rights? When does pressure work and when does it backfire? This chapter argues that to fully answer this question, one needs to look beyond elites and international politics, to how this pressure affects the regime’s relationship with its citizens. It is almost a tautology that dictators abhor criticism and want to prevent their citizens from hearing about their abuses of human rights. Yet the Chinese Communist Party chooses to proactively pass a great deal of foreign pressure on its human rights violations onto its citizens, and despite this, those citizens overwhelmingly say that the party respects human rights and democracy. This chapter introduces that puzzle and concludes with a summary of the book’s main arguments and structure.
Experimental Activism
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of international pressure on women’s rights in China. It discusses the rise of foreign activism over foot-binding in China in the nineteenth century and again recently in response to crackdowns on Chinese women’s rights campaigners. The chapter then uses nationwide survey experiments to examine how different forms of foreign pressure on women’s rights affect Chinese citizens’ attitudes and support for domestic activism. The experiments shows that when Chinese citizens read about news of pressure from the United States, they become significantly less concerned about the state of women’s rights in their country and significantly less willing to support online activism, in particular when the pressure addresses issues linked to Tibet. When pressure comes from a neutral source or is explicitly directed against Communist Party leaders, this “backfire” disappears.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Canada
Authors: Anglin James P. , Saint-Girons Marie , Trocmé Nico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The authors of this chapter stress a felt need to address both historical and contemporary abuse and neglect of Indigenous children and youth within the residential sector. To support this and related reform efforts, the authors document the need for consistent and centralized data collection across all provinces and territories relating to the needs and characteristics of children coming into care, the nature and quality of placements, and the outcomes achieved. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the volume, including the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, present strengths and challenges, and gaps in the implementation of evidence-based practices.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in the United States
Authors: Lee Bethany R. , Bellonci Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
U.S. reports show a decreasing preference for residential care placements within child welfare: In the past five years there has been a 25% decline. Child welfare utilization rates for residential care are comparatively low, but data gaps exist for private placements and those in mental health and behavioral health residential settings. Recent national child welfare reform legislation (Family First) sets out standards and requirements for a class of short-term, treatment-focused residential treatment programs with strict standards for use. The chapter concludes with a standardized matrix that provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Finland
Authors: Timonen-Kallio Eeva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic principle of Finland’s Child Welfare Act of 2007: If it becomes necessary to intervene in a family’s affairs, the mildest possible means will be used. This act and the Social Reform Act of 2015 worked to redirect operating practices toward prevention and early support. Implications for the remaining residential care sector are explored, and the increasing privatization of all forms of substitute care is noted. The problem of staff turnover and the need for more comprehensive national monitoring and identification of the core aspects of residential care work are also noted. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Realism, International Relations, and the World Today
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 asserts that political realism, by far the most time-honored idea in the study of international relations (IR), must enter into compliance with scientific principles. The focal point for reassessment will be respective theories of war in the era following on from classical realism, which provides the foundation for research that continues to this day. The chapter identifies a graphic turn in communication as essential for realism to obtain scientific viability as it continues to investigate the causes of war and other empirical problems. This chapter also includes an outline of the rest of the volume, which consists of a vision of progress, a metatheory directed toward achievement of that goal, identification of realism as a research enterprise based on a combination of inductive and deductive criteria, graphic representation and evaluation of respective realist theories about war, comparative analysis of these frameworks with each other, and an overall assessment of realism today.
Introducing Components
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides an overview of the three essential components for a metatheory of scientific progress—knowledge, units, and methods. These components refer to long-standing concepts within philosophy. Given the complexity of elements within each component of the metatheory, the overview from Chapter 3 is reproduced here in abbreviated form, followed by outlines of the separate chapters devoted to knowledge, units, and methods in turn (i.e., Chapters 4 through 6). Knowledge encompasses three elements: (1) scientific realism, (2) analytic eclecticism, and (3) a model of cognition. Units of analysis identified for the metatheory are (1) rational actors and (2) systems of explanation. Instrumental rationality provides the baseline of expectations for human behavior. Methods include (1) identification of axioms for a research enterprise, the preferred type of system of explanation; and (2) systemism, a technique for rigorous graphic display of cause and effect.
Structural Realism
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 conveys structural realism. Structural realism focuses on how the distribution of capabilities at the level of the international system impacts its propensity for conflict. States face a situation of self-help and can be expected to engage in power balancing for their own protection. The principal idea about war put forward by structural realism is that bipolarity is better than multipolarity. A system with two leading states, as opposed to three or more, will be less prone to break down into highly destructive conflict. Under bipolarity, the two leading states can be expected to match and monitor the efforts of each other. Thus war becomes less likely than in the relatively more chaotic world of multipolarity. Two structural realist theories are identified: an initial version and one that focuses on hegemonic stability.
Deploying Feminism
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Deploying Feminism tells the story of how the military has been delegated authority to advance gender equality while tackling increasingly complex threats. NATO, the world’s foremost alliance, has embedded these ideas in the planning and execution of its missions. Indeed, Women, Peace and Security norms are being integrated into military processes but not necessarily as intended. Armed forces value one thing above all else: operational effectiveness. They are trained to stay focused on mission objectives and lines of efforts. For troops deployed on NATO missions, this often means seeking out women in their operating area to improve intelligence gathering activities. This helps the mission, surely, but are the women better off? Through military implementation, the focus on gender equality fades, leading to a consistent distortion of Women, Peace and Security norms. Based on fieldwork in Iraq, Kosovo, and the Baltics, this book details why and how these norms are militarized and put at the service of NATO’s operational effectiveness.
A Brief Medical History
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first chapter sets the scene by providing a brief, easy-to-read overview of the medical history of congenital cardiology. This provides a broader context for readers to further understand this novel “collective story” while recognizing the huge variation in congenital heart conditions, treatments, complications, and resulting lived experiences. In addition to acknowledging the “medical successes” and significant advances that have gifted life to many, the chapter also introduces the challenges that people living with a congenital heart condition can face from infancy. Such adversities can include a focus on survival with limited understanding and support for the psychological impact, the challenges of navigating transition from childhood to adult healthcare, the challenges accessing adult healthcare provision, and dependence on lifelong pioneering medical treatment. The growing need to address the psychological and social impact of congenital heart conditions is noted, including an interview with Paula Miller, the Adult Congenital Heart Association’s senior education manager.
Self-Care and Stress Management Toolkit
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The focus of Chapter 5 is to develop the reader’s toolkit of strategies to proactively optimize self-care, build resilience, and reduce baseline stress. Self-care is encouraged and multiple suggestions are given. The importance of sleep, a healthy diet, physical exercise (and barriers to this), and scheduling relaxation and pleasant events are explored. The concept of sleep hygiene is outlined, and recommendations are made. Readers are also provided with general lifestyle suggestions and techniques to improve overall mental health and wellness, including breathing techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness, meditation, distraction, and somatic exercises. Anger management strategies, guided visualization, assigned “worry-time” and therapeutic letter writing are also described.
Managing Uncomfortable Feelings
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The focus of Chapter 6 is managing uncomfortable feelings. It encourages readers to use their emotions as a guide as they give us important messages about what we need. Healthy emotional regulation, learning to accept uncertainty, and tips to label and express difficult emotions are reviewed. A wide range of techniques for managing overwhelming feelings and increasing psychological safety are provided. Some examples include how to identify trigger responses, emotional labeling, emotional release, distress tolerance, positive affirmations, grounding exercises, visualization, the divers’ response, pelvic floor exercises and somatic exercises. Tips for recognizing and managing anger are reviewed. A therapeutic letter writing exercise is outlined.
Bases in Motion
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how anti-base activists take advantage of volatility, rather than stasis, in the local life surrounding U.S. military bases. It is not the unvarying presence of military bases, but rather major disruptions to the status quo at long-standing bases, that sparks mobilization. When major changes occur to long-standing bases, such as expansion, relocation, reduction, and closure, the American military monolith—as well as the quotidian life built around it—is suddenly rendered fluid. For base opponents, this sudden volatility presents both a threat that disrupts the normality in base towns and opportunities for oppositional mobilization. As the disruption of normality begins, activists are able to exploit a window of opportunity before the disruption becomes a possible new normal. During this transitory period, anti-base mobilization peaks. Notable cases include Camp Humphreys in Korea and Camp Schwab in Japan.
Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in Bulgaria, 1944–1958
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the initial efforts to build a communist information state after the gradual takeover of power in Bulgaria in 1944–1949. Three groups had to be monitored: elites; the masses; and members of the ethnic minorities. The information necessary to assess overt discontent within these groups was collected primarily by the state security apparatus and by the party. The communist government was able to repurpose the pre-existing intelligence-gathering institutions and to capitalize on the fact that no significant structural constraints to information collection existed in Bulgaria. Although the emphasis during the initial years of communist rule was on involuntary extraction, this chapter discusses efforts to track latent discontent through the voluntary provision of information in the form of citizen complaints. Notwithstanding, the dominant governance mechanism was repression, rather than welfare provision. Minority penetration was poor and would remain a blind spot throughout the entirety of communist rule.
Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in China, 1949–1958
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the extraordinary structural constraints to be overcome in China when creating institutions for the collection of information after the communist seizure of power in 1949. The chapter further investigates whether prerevolutionary legacies of information gathering mitigated these constraints. Remarkably, the new regime rapidly improved its capacity to identify and subsequently repress enemies in the 1950s. However, the party’s record of assessing and satisfying the welfare needs of the population was less compelling, due to the limited voluntary transmission of information about consumption preferences in the 1950s. The chapter also discusses the question of the blind spot of minority penetration, which is analyzed mostly through the case of Tibet prior to the 1959 Uprising. A surprising conclusion that emerges from the chapter is that a general trend toward rationalization and creating functioning institutions of an information state was underway during the initial decade of communist rule in China.
Bread and Circuses
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By the late 1950s, all preconditions for a radical revision of threat perceptions were present in Bulgaria: the elite challenges had been neutralized; organized mass discontent had been extinguished; and individual acts of overt opposition to the system were declining. This allowed the information-gathering institutions to gradually re-orient from engaging in reactive ex-post governance (which involved responding to overt dissatisfaction) to practicing anticipatory (ex-ante) rule, which focused on assessing and counteracting latent popular discontent prior to its transformation into overt challenges to the regime. Anticipatory governance was premised on a novel conceptualization of external ideological subversion as the main vector that stimulated changes in the level of latent discontent. Counteracting ideological subversion necessitated a coordinated strategy that relied on three pillars: repression, bread (material concessions), and circuses (promoting indigenous cultural consumption). Though it failed for the ethnoreligious minorities, the strategy of co-optation was successful for the ethnic majority until 1985.
Continuity and Change
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The three decades that separate 1959 from 1988 allow us to analyze how periods of profound stress impacted the information-gathering infrastructure in China. Importantly, information collection was challenging but did not stop during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Furthermore, institution building took place after the death of Mao, though the emphasis in the 1980s remained on developing new mechanisms for involuntary extraction, such as the creation of the Ministry of State Security, to counteract Western ideological subversion and to protect cultural security. Reflecting the lack of European-style welfare commitments on the part of the state, voluntary provision stayed very limited. Nevertheless, the meting out of violence became more discriminate due to the improved quality of information about regime enemies. Reductions in frequency and severity, however, never brought repression to levels as low as those in Eastern Europe, further disincentivizing voluntary provision through welfare-related letters and visits pre-1989.
Information-Gathering Institutions in China, 1989–2019
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development and evolution of information-gathering institutions in China during the three decades that separate the Tiananmen Massacre from the arrival of COVID-19. The entire 1989–2019 period was marked by a singular focus on gathering information that was necessary to maintain social and political stability. The collection mechanisms were continuously upgraded and became increasingly more technologically sophisticated. Yet, artificial intelligence (AI) and smart policing did not displace traditional human intelligence collection. Informants persisted and even increased in number in the 2010s. In the months prior to the arrival of COVID-19, China had both the most technologically sophisticated counterintelligence infrastructure and the highest penetration, with visible and covert informants, of any communist regime ever extant. No effort was spared to ensure stability, which directly contributed to resilience, according to internal regime understandings. Despite these achievements, two lacunae remained: low voluntary provision through complaints and poor minority penetration.
Conclusion
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter offers some concluding reflections. This book is fundamentally interested in the relationship between information and authoritarian resilience, which involves regime capacity to survive a shock and implement adaptive institutional changes because of learning. Surviving a shock requires the deployment of brute repression; this type of response does not necessitate detailed information. However, resilience cannot rest on a high level of repression. The book indicates that two models are possible. One is a classic communist welfare state, and the other is a market welfare state. Neither model can ensure indefinite survival, even if the market model reduces some of the pressure on the party-state to engage in redistributive spending. In both models, the capacity to respond to information may diminish over time. When this occurs, overt opposition to the system increases and the likelihood of regime breakdown is greater. This argument has specific implications for the future of China.
Hyper Class Inequality, 1993–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
America had reached relatively extreme and increasing income and wealth inequality by 2020. People who are extremely wealthy can use their wealth to get even more money. The people who are relatively worse off have difficulty pushing back and find themselves even more relatively disadvantaged. Relatively low intergenerational mobility compared to other developed economies is examined. This chapter discusses implications of these developments as well as the overt and hidden ways the relevant conflicts are pursued. The interplay between governmental and nongovernmental actors and the uses of misinformation and distraction are discussed. The period discussed in this chapter is between the election of Bill Clinton and the aftermath of Donald J. Trump’s election and defeat. The discussion in the previous chapter of various American actors relating to fights about rising economic disparities provides the context for the struggles in this period.