bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A direct GC‐FID method for analysis of palm‐based fatty alcohol carbon chain distribution
Authors: Tay Bonnie Yen Ping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPalm oil‐based fatty alcohol is a basic oleochemical with many different applications depending on its carbon chain length. The carbon chain distribution using a GC‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) is a quality control tool for monitoring the composition of either single or blended fatty alcohol. There is a published GC‐FID method but it requires a derivatization step. The objective of this work is to develop a derivatization‐free method with simple preparation steps. It can be used for routine analysis of the carbon chain distribution to determine the composition of palm‐based fatty alcohol. The GC‐FID method developed used a ZB‐FFAP (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) consisting of polyethylene glycol bonded nitroterephthalic acid phase for separation of eight types of fatty alcohol with a run time of 40 min. The method showed good validation parameters performance in terms of accuracy (as compared with FAL standards), linearity (R2 > 0.9999) and intraday and intermediate precision (CV < 0.05% for retention time and CV < 1.5% for peak area). Monitoring of commercial FAL from local manufacturers showed that the composition was consistent with the required specifications.
An innovative approach to develop self‐healing materials from commercial tire‐grade elastomers
Authors: Saha Sukdeb , Srivastava Vivek K. , Jasra Raksh Vir , Choudhury Rudra Prosad 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the present work, a solid state environment‐friendly methodology has been adopted to produce self‐healing elastomers using commercial tire‐grade polybutadiene rubber (BR) and butyl rubber (IIR). The elastomeric chains were directly grafted with optimized dosages of maleic anhydride followed by reactive mixing with ring opening amine‐based adducts (e.g., 3‐Amino‐1, 2, 4‐triazole) to create acid/amide‐based supramolecular cooperative hydrogen bonds between elastomer chains, without any adverse effect on the intrinsic properties of the elastomers. Thus, modified elastomers in gum state were found to be have supramolecular cross‐linking, that is, without applying any conventional vulcanizing agents. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of Modified BR, that is, BR‐g‐MAH (Tz) were enhanced by ~3.5% and ~7.5% respectively compared to commercial BR due to incorporation of hydrogen bonding network. The modified elastomers were also found to be thermo‐responsive in which micro‐cracks were healed in presence of thermal stimuli. Such healing could have been observed due to presence of reversible hydrogen‐bonding based dissociation and association phenomenon. The thermo‐reversible supramolecular hydrogen bonding was observed in 1H NMR spectroscopy as well. Furthermore, such modified BR, when utilized in different pneumatic tire formulations, significantly improvement in dynamic property was observed as compared to tire formulation made using commercial grade BR. The modified elastomer showed potential to replace the commercial‐grade elastomers for various conventional elastomers applications especially in tire sidewalls, tire tread etc. Additionally, such modified BR may improve tire life cycle, and thereby, reduces tire‐waste generation. It may also find applications in non‐tire sectors like conveyer belts, sealing joints, impact protection etc.
Des Moines Water Works Leads the Way in Energy Management
Authors: Oscarson Douglas , Corrigan Ted 
Published: September 2022

Key TakeawaysAs with its other operational areas, Des Moines Water Works manages energy consumption—a top expense—by pursuing organization‐wide commitment and maximum efficiency.The utility identified inefficient equipment and processes that were not evident until individual metering and in‐depth analysis had been performed.ISO 50001 provides guidance and best practices to manage energy, improve energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions.
Industry Workforce Development: The Value of Internships
Authors: Adams Hunter , Reeder Sam , Appleton Emily , Thomas Dave , Southard Mark 
Published: September 2022

Key TakeawaysAs its current workforce ages and retires, the water industry needs to bring in ambitious, young employees to keep the water flowing.Classrooms provide students with technical knowledge, and internships provide them with hands‐on experience that will help them stand out in job applications.Internships allow employers to see how prospective applicants work under pressure to determine if they are a good fit for the team.Internship programs provide a potential pipeline for new employees who may have not otherwise known about water industry positions.
Simple determination of urine cefazolin concentration in pediatric patients with urinary tract infections using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Abe Kurumi , Momo Kenji , Abe Yoshifusa , Kanazawa Takeru , Karato Ryo , Tanaka Katsumi , Sasaki Tadanori 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecently, global health concerns regarding increasing multidrug resistance have arisen. This study aimed to develop a simple, inexpensive and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) method for determining urinary concentrations of a first‐generation cephem antibiotic in pediatric patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). HPLC–UV was used to analyze urinary cefazolin concentrations at a detection wavelength of 254 nm. The assay used contained 10‐fold diluted urine with an internal standard (cephapirin). The standard calibration curve for cefazolin was linear in the concentration range of 31.25–500 μg/ml (r2 > 0.999). The retention times of cefazolin and the internal standard were 4.2 and 4.9 min, respectively. The within‐ and between‐day coefficients of variation were in the concentration ranges 1.2–15.2 and 5.5–19.2%, respectively. The urinary cefazolin concentration of a pediatric patient with a UTI was 1,476.6 μg/ml, which was over 700‐fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin (≤2 μg/ml). The developed method is applicable to the confirmation of appropriate use for UTI treatment as therapeutic drug monitoring of cefazolin. Therefore, the findings of this study may contribute to the appropriate use of antibiotics to prevent antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients with UTIs.
Regulating Oxygen Configuration in Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanosheets for High‐Rate and Durable Na+ Storage
Authors: Wang Liaoliao , Cen Meixiang , El‐Khodary Sherif A. , Ramachandran K. , Huang Jinning , Cui Yingxue , Ng Dickon H. L. , Wang Chuan , Lian Jiabiao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSurface oxygen functionalities (particularly C−O configuration) in carbon materials have negative influence on their electrical conductivity and Na+ storage performance. Herein, we propose a concept from surface chemistry to regulate the oxygen configuration in hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets (HPCNS). It is demonstrated that the C−O/C=O ratio in HPCNS reduces from 1.49 to 0.43 and its graphitization degree increases by increasing the carbonization temperature under a reduction atmosphere. Remarkably, such high graphitization degree and low C−O content of the HPCNS‐800 are favorable for promoting its electron/ion transfer kinetics, thus endowing it with high‐rate (323.6 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and 138.5 mAh g−1 at 20.0 A g−1) and durable (96 % capacity retention over 5700 cycles at 10.0 A g−1) Na+ storage performance. This work permits the optimization of heteroatom configurations in carbon for superior Na+ storage.
Vergleich verschiedener Ansätze zur nachhaltigen Olefinproduktion nach dem MtO‐ und FT‐Verfahren
Authors: Kansy Martin , Neuner Philipp , Bajohr Siegfried , Rauch Reinhard , Kolb Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOlefine sind ein essenzieller Bestandteil der modernen organischen Chemie. Nach aktuellem Stand der Technik wird meist Rohöl als Rohstoff verwendet, welches zunächst in einer Raffinerie fraktioniert wird. Anschließend wird die Naphthafraktion einem Steamcracker zugeführt, in dem die Kohlenwasserstoffe zu den gewünschten Olefinen gecrackt werden. Zur Grundlage der Diskussion, welche alternative Wege sich zur Erzeugung von Olefinen anbieten, werden in diesem Beitrag zwei ausgewählte alternative Herstellungsprozessrouten miteinander verglichen.
Was Menschen bewegt, die etwas bewegen
Authors: Wehinger Gregor D. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIm Profil: Juniorprofessor Dr.‐Ing. Gregor D. Wehinger, Technische Universität Clausthal – Fachgebiet Dynamik Chemischer Prozesse, Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik. 2018 wurde er mit dem Hanns‐Hofmann‐Preis von ProcessNet ausgezeichnet und im September 2022 wird ihm der Arnold‐Eucken‐Nachwuchspreis der VDI‐GVC verliehen.
A multi‐priority hierarchical optimization method for double‐layer model predictive control
Authors: Wang Hongrui , Zou Tao , Zheng Hongyu , Yang Zhijia , Wang Jingyang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractConsidering the demand for the sequential regulation of manipulated variables in actual industrial process control, the conventional solution of double‐layer model predictive control faces the problem that the weight coefficients are difficult to tune. This paper proposes an improved hierarchical optimization method for manipulated variables in the steady‐state optimization layer of double‐layer model predictive control. The proposed method can adjust the manipulated variables sequentially without an accurate weight coefficient to avoid difficulty in tuning the weight coefficients. The relation between the optimal solution and the feasible region of the steady‐state optimization layer is analysed to describe the reoptimization of the key manipulated variables. The impact of the economic cost coefficient on the optimal solution with the sensitivity analysis method is studied, and the complexity of using the weight coefficient to solve the priority optimization problem of the manipulated variables is assessed. The steady‐state optimization solution procedure is improved based on the theory of the multiobjective complete hierarchical method. The hierarchical and sequential optimization of the manipulated variables results in expanding the space and freedom of the key manipulated variables, increasing efficiency, reducing consumption, and improving economic performance. The improved hierarchical optimization method is direct and simple in achieving optimization sequentially and satisfies the need for adjusting the manipulated variables according to human intentions.
Effect of resistance internal on hydrodynamic behaviours and bubble characteristics in a laboratory‐scale bubble column
Authors: Qian Jiashu , Wu Youqing , Huang Sheng , Wu Shiyong , Wang Haiqi , Gao Jinsheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA novel resistance internal is proposed to optimize the flow field and improve the gas–liquid contact in a co‐hydrogenation reactor of coal and vacuum residuum. Local gas holdup, local liquid velocity, and characteristics of the bubble were investigated in a scaled‐down laboratory model. The quantitative results showed that the resistance internals could reduce the thickness of the liquid reflux layer by a percentage up to 32% and reduce the difference in the local gas holdup at cross‐sections of up to 44%. The Sauter mean diameter of the bubble decreased from 20.30 to 16.00 mm, which aroused the increase in bubble surface area by a percentage of up to 71.9%. The resistance internal promoted the breakup of the bubble with multiple mechanisms and provided diversion to fluid. In this work, improvement at multiple scales was realized, and the technical support for industrial application was provided.
Peimine‐induced apoptosis and inhibition of migration by regulating reactive oxygen species‐mediated MAPK/STAT3/NF‐κB and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathways in gastric cancer MKN‐45 cells
Authors: Zhang Tong , Liu Guo‐Yan , Cao Jing‐Long , Li Yan‐Nan , Xue Hui , Wu Hai‐Tao , Jin Cheng‐Hao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPeimine (PM), a natural product extracted from Fritillaria, has anti‐inflammatory, drug resistance reversal, and other pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects and the molecular mechanisms of PM using gastric cancer MKN‐45 cells. Cell counting kit‐8 assays were used to evaluate the viability of gastric cancer cells after treatment with PM. The results showed that PM significantly reduced the activity of gastric cancer cells, and the effect was most obvious in MKN‐45 cells. Annexin V‐FITC/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry were used to assess apoptosis of MKN‐45 cells after PM treatment. Our results showed that PM‐induced apoptosis of MKN‐45 cells. Flow cytometry was also used to determine the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and to assess PM‐induced cell‐cycle arrest. Additionally, Western blot was used to analyze the expression of signaling pathway proteins and the relationship between apoptosis and ROS accumulation. Our findings showed that PM destroyed the mitochondria by diminishing the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, PM regulated the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and nuclear factor kappa‐B signaling pathways by promoting the accumulation of ROS in MKN‐45 cells. PM also caused cell‐cycle arrest in the G2/M phase by increasing ROS accumulation. Furthermore, PM inhibited cell migration by regulating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. In conclusion, PM plays an anticancer role through endogenous apoptosis pathways and by inhibiting cell migration, and it has the potential to be a useful treatment for gastric cancers.
Myocardial development in crocodylians
Authors: Kvasilova Alena , Gregorovicova Martina , Olejnickova Veronika , Kolesova Hana , Sedmera David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundRecent reports confirmed the notion that there exists a rudimentary cardiac conduction system (CCS) in the crocodylian heart, and development of its ventricular part is linked to septation. We thus analyzed myocardial development with the emphasis on the CCS components and vascularization in two different crocodylian species.ResultsUsing optical mapping and HNK‐1 immunostaining, pacemaker activity was localized to the right‐sided sinus venosus. The atrioventricular conduction was restricted to dorsal part of the atrioventricular canal. Within the ventricle, the impulse was propagated from base‐to‐apex initially by the trabeculae, later by the ventricular septum, in which strands of HNK‐1 positivity were temporarily observed. Completion of ventricular septation correlated with transition of ventricular epicardial activation pattern to mature apex‐to‐base direction from two periapical foci. Despite a gradual thickening of the ventricular wall, no morphological differentiation of the Purkinje network was observed. Thin‐walled coronary vessels with endothelium positive for QH1 obtained a smooth muscle coat after septation. Intramyocardial vessels were abundant especially in the rapidly thickening left ventricular wall.ConclusionsMost of the CCS components present in the homeiotherm hearts can be identified in the developing crocodylian heart, with a notable exception of the Purkinje network distinct from the trabeculae carneae.
Ethical Criteria for Improved Human Subject Protections in Phase I Healthy Volunteer Trials
Authors: Walker Rebecca L. , MacKay Douglas , Waltz Margaret , Lyerly Anne D. , Fisher Jill A. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTPhase I healthy volunteer trials test the safety and tolerability of investigational pharmaceuticals. In them, participants are exposed to study‐drug risks without the possibility of direct medical benefit and typically must spend days or weeks in a residential research facility. Monetary payments are used to incentivize enrollment and compensate participants for their time. Together, these features of phase I healthy volunteer trials create a research context that differs markedly from most other clinical research, including by enrolling disproportionate numbers of economically disadvantaged people of color as participants. Due to these unique trial features and participation patterns, traditional biomedical research oversight offers inadequate ethical and policy guidance for phase I healthy volunteer research. This article details five ethical criteria crafted to be responsive to the particularities of this type of research: translational science value, fair opportunity and burden sharing, fair compensation for service, experiential welfare, and enhanced voice and recourse.
An Expanded Role for IRBs in the Oversight of Research Biopsies
Authors: Levit Laura A. , Kaneshiro Julie , Peppercorn Jeffrey , Ratain Mark J. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTResearch biopsies included in cancer clinical trials have the goal of advancing scientific understanding of the biological bases of cancer and its treatments, but may offer no prospect of direct benefit to participants and often pose more than minimal risk. The research community is examining the ethics of research biopsies increasingly often, especially when they are mandatory for study participation but do not support primary study objectives and thus are “nonintegral” to the study. Ethical concerns center on the limited scientific justification supporting some biopsies, risks to research participants, and the potential for coercion and therapeutic misconception during the informed consent process. There is also a lack of comprehensive oversight of research biopsies by regulatory agencies and institutions. This paper reviews these ethical concerns, discusses the scope of federal oversight, and suggests that institutional review boards (IRBs) should assume a larger role in ensuring the ethical conduct of research biopsies. It concludes with guidance to IRBs on how to weigh the risks, benefits, and acceptability of such biopsies in different contexts that is based on a framework the American Society of Clinical Oncology developed for the inclusion of research biopsies in oncology clinical trials.
Electrolytes on the prairie: How urine‐like additions of Na and K shape the dynamics of a grassland food web
Authors: Kaspari Michael , Welti Ellen A. R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe electrolytes Na and K both function to maintain water balance and membrane potential. However, these elements work differently in plants—where K is the primary electrolyte—than in animals—where ATPases require a balanced supply of Na and K. Here, we use monthly factorial additions of Na and K to simulate bovine urine inputs and explore how these electrolytes ramify through a prairie food web. Against a seasonal trend of increasing grass biomass and decreasing water and elemental tissue concentrations, +K and +Na plots boosted water content and, when added together, plant biomass. Compared to control plots, +Na and +K plots increased element concentrations in above‐ground plant tissue early in summer and decreased them in September. Simultaneously, invertebrate abundance on Na and K additions were sequentially higher and lower than control plots from June to September and were most suppressed when grass was most nutrient rich. K was the more effective plant electrolyte, but Na frequently promoted similar changes in grass ionomes. The soluble/leachable ions of Na and K showed significant ability to shape plant growth, water content, and the 15‐element ionome, with consequences for higher trophic levels. Grasslands with high inputs of Na and K—via large mammal grazers or coastal aerosol deposition—likely enhance the ability of plants to adjust their above‐ground ionomes, with dramatic consequences for the distribution of invertebrate consumers.
Experimental and analytical study of Friction Connection for seismic retrofit with Cross‐Laminated Timber (CLT) panels
Authors: Boggian Francesco , Aloisio Angelo , Tomasi Roberto 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWithin the European project e‐SAFE (Energy and Seismic AFfordable rEnovation solutions), this paper presents the experimental tests and modeling attempts for a class of Asymmetric Friction Connections (AFCs) tested in the laboratories of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. The AFCs are part of the seismic retrofitting solution, called e‐CLT, based on installing Cross‐Laminated Timber (CLT) panels in reinforced concrete structures using friction connections. The authors carried out experimental tests on AFCs fixed with screws to a CLT panel to observe the contribution of timber to the total dissipation performance. The investigation is based on 20 cyclic test data with two different setups. The main one includes a CLT panel and screw connection, while the second one isolates the friction behaviour to evaluate the influence of the screw connection. A modified LuGre hysteresis model for friction is developed to simulate the experimental cyclic response of the tested specimen. The model possesses a direct physical meaning, and it explicitly depends on the slip force and the pre‐slip stiffness. The optimized model is used to assess the performance of the AFC by varying the pre‐slip stiffness and the slip force.
Enhanced Elman spike neural network fostered blockchain framework espoused intrusion detection for securing Internet of Things network
Authors: Vadi Vikas Rao , Abidin Shafiqul , Khan Azimuddin , Izhar Mohd 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn general, due to the complexity and limited computation capabilities, the security issues occur in Internet of Things (IoT). Security protocols are required to increase the security of the system. Therefore, in this article, an enhanced Elman spike neural network (EESNN) with green proof of work consensus algorithm (GPoW) is proposed for enhancing the security of IoT network. Initially, the generalized security mechanism as EESNN approach is proposed for the IoT network by categorizing the devices into malicious and benign. Then, the GPoW consensus algorithm is used for enhancing the security of the devices from malicious attacks. Subsequently, a coalition formation (CF) algorithm is used for reducing the excess energy consumption in a network. The proposed EESNN‐GPoW‐CF approach has effectively classified the malicious attacks and enhances the security of the IoT network. The simulation of this work is done in Python. From the simulation, the proposed EESNN‐GPoW‐CF approach attains high efficiency outcomes in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, PDR, PLR, throughput, overhead, computation time, and delay. Moreover, the proposed EESNN‐GPoW‐CF approach attains 3.1%, 5.3%, 7.4% high accuracy rate, and 7.5%, 12.5%, 14.7% lower computation time with 4.8%, 2.3%, 5.7% lower energy utilization than the existing methods, such as deep learning based blockchain for IoT security, deep reinforcement learning based blockchain for IoT security, and deep blockchain‐based trustworthy privacy preserving secured framework in IoT, respectively.