bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Karla impact structure (Russia) explored by potential‐field investigations
Authors: Quesnel Yoann , Bezaeva Natalia S. , Kuzina Dilyara M. , Rochette Pierre , Gattacceca Jérôme , Uehara Minoru , Badyukov Dmitry D. , Nasyrtdinov Bulat M. , Chareev Dmitry A. , Champollion Cedric 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith no significant topographic expression and limited bedrock exposure, the ~10 km diameter Karla impact structure (Tatarstan, Russia) is poorly known. The age of the impact is also poorly constrained stratigraphically to between 4 and 60 Ma, even if an upper Miocene age is more likely. Targeted gravity and magnetic field surveys were conducted over Karla to explore its size and structure in 2019. Bouguer gravity anomaly data reveal a central positive (+2 mGal) peak ~2 km in diameter surrounded by a concentric negative (−1 mGal) anomaly extending to ~3 km radius; a more irregular, outward‐decreasing (+1 to −1 mGal) positive anomaly extends to 6–8 km radius. A complex impact structure with diameter of 8–10 km is consistent with the Bouguer anomalies. Magnetic field data show 1 to several km‐wavelength anomalies with amplitude variation from +150 to −150 nT and little concentric structure, although the impact feature broadly corresponds to a magnetic low with a weak central high. A 2‐D numerical model of the structure was built using these potential‐field data and petrophysical properties measured on collected samples. It confirms a central uplift composed of Paleozoic sediments and Archean crystalline basement up to 1 km of depth. A 500 m deep collapsed disruption cavity filled by breccia and lacustrine deposits accounts for the Bouguer negative ring. The reversely polarized and weak central magnetic anomalies are controlled by the geometry of the crystalline basement associated with the deformation during the central uplift.
A simulation study to examine the impact of recombination on phylogenomic inferences under the multispecies coalescent model
Authors: Zhu Tianqi , Flouri Tomáš , Yang Ziheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPhylogenomic analyses under the multispecies coalescent model assume no recombination within locus and free recombination among loci. Yet, in real data sets intralocus recombination causes different sites of the same locus to have different genealogical histories so that the model is misspecified. The impact of recombination on various coalescent‐based phylogenomic analyses has not been systematically examined. Here, we conduct a computer simulation to examine the impact of recombination on several Bayesian analyses of multilocus sequence data, including species tree estimation, species delimitation (by Bayesian selection of delimitation models) and estimation of evolutionary parameters such as species divergence and introgression times, population sizes for modern and extinct species, and cross‐species introgression probabilities. We found that recombination, at rates comparable to estimates from the human being, has little impact on coalescent‐based species tree estimation, species delimitation and estimation of population parameters. At rates 10 times higher than the human rate, recombination may affect parameter estimation, causing positive biases in introgression times and ancestral population sizes, although species divergence times and cross‐species introgression probabilities are estimated with little bias. Overall, the simulation suggests that phylogenomic inferences under the multispecies coalescent model are robust to realistic amounts of intralocus recombination.
Phylogenetic conservatism of mycoparasitism and its contribution to pathogen antagonism
Authors: Barge Edward G. , Leopold Devin R. , Rojas Alejandro , Vilgalys Rytas , Busby Posy E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractClosely related species are expected to have similar functional traits due to shared ancestry and phylogenetic inertia. However, few tests of this hypothesis are available for plant‐associated fungal symbionts. Fungal leaf endophytes occur in all land plants and can protect their host plant from disease by a variety of mechanisms, including by parasitizing pathogens (e.g., mycoparasitism). Here, we tested whether phylogenetic relatedness among species of Cladosporium, a widespread genus that includes mycoparasitic species, predicts the effect of this endophyte on the severity of leaf rust disease. First, we used congruence among different marker sequences (i.e., genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criterion) to delimit species of Cladosporium. Next, in a controlled experiment, we quantified both mycoparasitism and disease modification for the selected Cladosporium species. We identified 17 species of Cladosporium; all the species reduced rust disease severity in our experiment. Cladosporium phylogeny was a significant predictor of mycoparasitism. However, we did not observe a phylogenetic effect on disease severity overall, indicating that other mechanism/s operating independently of shared ancestry also contributed to endophyte effects on disease severity. Indeed, a second experiment showed that Cladosporium endophyte exudates (no live organism) from divergent species groups equally reduced disease severity. Our results reveal that multiple mechanisms contribute to the protective effects of an endophyte against a plant pathogen, but not all traits underlying these mechanisms are phylogenetically conserved.
Cybersecurity in the GCC: From Economic Development to Geopolitical Controversy
Authors: Hassib Bassant , Shires James 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhile the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are not alone in their increasing exposure to the negative side effects of greater digital dependency, their status as technological leaders—not just in the region, but also in the world—means that they are vulnerable to a variety of cybersecurity threats. This article examines the trajectory of cybersecurity in the GCC states, exploring the main threats, the role of the GCC states in regional and international governance mechanisms, and the tensions between steps to achieve a more secure digital space on the one hand, and the privacy and human‐rights risks of widespread surveillance on the other. The article argues that cybersecurity in the GCC follows a clear trajectory: beginning with economic drivers for securing a digital economy, cybersecurity organizations and policies then become entangled in geopolitical controversies, from the sale of surveillance technologies to superpower rivalry over AI and 5G communications.
Global Standards, Cultural Islam: Syrian‐led Muslim Humanitarianism in Turkey
Authors: İpek Yasemin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article focuses on Syrian‐led Muslim humanitarianism, and asks what types of discourses and practices emerged in the context of the Syrian Muslim diaspora's increased involvement in global refugee management as humanitarian actors. Through a case study of a major Syrian‐led humanitarian organization in Turkey founded by wealthy Syrian diasporan businessmen, the article examines how class differences, market discourses, and nationalist visions shape the contemporary politics of Muslim humanitarianism. I argue that Syrian Muslim humanitarian politics has featured complex struggles for legitimacy and recognition, which have led to new constellations of religious, neoliberal, and nationalist imaginations. Syrian Muslim humanitarians have claimed their legitimacy through negotiation of the Turkish state's neo‐Ottoman policies that render them invisible, and of Western organizations' and donors' Islamophobic biases that suspect them of supporting terrorism. Through strategies such as culturalizing Islam and enacting market discourses of professionalism and flexibility, Syrian Muslim humanitarians have claimed to embody global standards of humanitarianism, and have carved out a space in which their Syrian and Muslim identities are recognized. This article is among the first studies that highlight Syrian actors' growing influence in shaping the global field of humanitarian aid for Syrian refugees. Looking at the intersections of religion, class, and ethnicity, the article also expands our understanding of Muslim humanitarianism by emphasizing the often‐ignored themes of social class and nationalist imaginations.
Gender and precarity in platform work: Old inequalities in the new world of work
Authors: Gerber Christine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPlatform work creates a work model that is both a curse and a blessing for vulnerable labour market segments. Based on research on female precarity, the article expects that remote platform work—so‐called crowdwork—could especially attract women who need to combine income and care responsibilities. This article investigates whether women experience more precarity on crowdwork platforms than men, and why their risks differ. It analyses data from a quantitative survey with crowdworkers in Germany and the United States. The results indicate higher precarity risks for women due to care work, which are also indirectly mediated via the employment status. The higher commodification of labour and weaker social infrastructure lead to generally greater precarity risks for platform workers in the United States. The high differences between women and men in Germany underline the gendered nature of labour market dualization and precarization as well as the traditional division of housework. Policy measures should address both platform work and these structural inequalities.
A novel calmodulin‐interacting Domain of Unknown Function 506 protein represses root hair elongation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ying Sheng , Scheible Wolf‐Rüdiger 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDomain of Unknown Function 506 proteins are ubiquitous in plants. The phosphorus (P) stress‐inducible REPRESSOR OF EXCESSIVE ROOT HAIR GROWTH1 (AtRXR1) gene encodes the first characterized DUF506. AtRXR1 inhibits root hair elongation by interacting with RabD2c GTPase. However, functions of other P‐responsive DUF506 genes are still missing. Here, we selected two additional P‐inducible DUF506 genes for further investigation. The expression of both genes was induced by auxin. Under P‐stress, At3g07350 gene expressed ubiquitously in seedlings, whereas At1g62420 (AtRXR3) expression was strongest in roots. AtRXR3 overexpressors and knockouts had shorter and longer root hairs, respectively. A functional AtRXR3‐green fluorescent protein fusion localized to root epidermal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative reverse‐transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that AtRXR3 was transcriptionally activated by RSL4. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and calmodulin (CaM)‐binding assays showed that AtRXR3 interacted with CaM in the presence of Ca2+. Moreover, cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) oscillations in root hairs of rxr3 mutants exhibited elevated frequencies and dampened amplitudes compared to those of wild type. Thus, AtRXR3 is another DUF506 protein that attenuates P‐limitation‐induced root hair growth through mechanisms that involve RSL4 and interaction with CaM to modulate tip‐focused [Ca2+]cyt oscillations.
The coherence objection to dream scepticism
Authors: Filcheva Krasimira 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe dream sceptic argues that our ordinary beliefs are not justified because we cannot know that we have not always been dreaming. This is the Always Dreaming Hypothesis (ADH). I develop the traditional coherence objection to dream scepticism and argue that the coherence objection can be reformulated in a way that makes it both plausible and defensible. Considerations about the incoherence of dreams can be given probabilistic expression in a way that shows ADH to be highly improbable. Given the evidence of coherence, ADH can be rationally rejected. Even if ADH is augmented with causal information sufficient to account for the coherence and order of conscious experience, the resulting dream scepticism would then reduce to a BIV‐type scepticism and thus fail to possess independent sceptical force.
Immigrant labor and the institutionalization of the U.S.‐born elderly
Authors: Butcher Kristin F. , Moran Kelsey , Watson Tara 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe U.S. population is aging. We examine whether immigration causally affects the likelihood that the U.S.‐born elderly live in institutional settings. Using a shift‐share instrument to identify exogenous variation in immigration, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in the less‐educated foreign‐born labor force share in a local area reduces institutionalization among the elderly by 1.5 and 3.8 percentage points for those aged 65+ and 80+, a 26%–29% effect relative to the mean. The estimates imply that a typical U.S.‐born individual over age 65 in the year 2000 was 0.5 percentage points (10%) less likely to be living in an institution than would have been the case if immigration had remained at 1980 levels. We show that immigration affects the availability and cost of home services, including those provided by home health aides, gardeners and housekeepers, and other less‐educated workers, reducing the cost of aging in the community.
Functional Structural Equation Model
Authors: Lee Kuang-Yao , Li Lexin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this article, we introduce a functional structural equation model for estimating directional relations from multivariate functional data. We decouple the estimation into two major steps: directional order determination and selection through sparse functional regression. We first propose a score function at the linear operator level, and show that its minimization can recover the true directional order when the relation between each function and its parental functions is nonlinear. We then develop a sparse functional additive regression, where both the response and the multivariate predictors are functions and the regression relation is additive and nonlinear. We also propose strategies to speed up the computation and scale up our method. In theory, we establish the consistencies of order determination, sparse functional additive regression, and directed acyclic graph estimation, while allowing both the dimension of the Karhunen–Loéve expansion coefficients and the number of random functions to diverge with the sample size. We illustrate the efficacy of our method through simulations, and an application to brain effective connectivity analysis.
Into the unknown: Diagnosing mysterious brain lesions
Authors: Kassab Ihab , Isada Carlos , Azar Marwan M. , Sarsam Nadine , Jiang Min , Camelo‐Piragua Sandra , Kaul Daniel , Malinis Maricar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this inaugural clinicopathological conference, the invited experts discussed the diagnostic approach to central nervous system infections in immunocompromised hosts. The case presented involved a pancreas‐kidney transplant recipient with multiple brain abscesses caused by Bartonella henselae. CSF metagenomic next‐generation sequencing played a significant role in the diagnosis. Bartonella henselae is a gram‐negative zoonotic pathogen that causes cat‐scratch disease, which can be transmitted to humans through cat bites or scratches. Symptoms can vary in severity, correlating with the patient's immune status. Visceral organ involvement, ocular involvement, and neurological manifestations have been reported in immunocompromised patients, but brain abscesses are rare.
A Short-Term Low-Fiber Diet Reduces Body Mass in Healthy Young Men: Implications for Weight-Sensitive Sports
Authors: Foo Wee Lun , Harrison Jake D. , Mhizha Frank T. , Langan-Evans Carl , Morton James P. , Pugh Jamie N. , Areta Jose L. 
Published: March 2022

Athletes from weight-sensitive sports are reported to consume low-fiber diets (LOW) to induce acute reductions in body mass (BM). However, evidence supporting their efficacy is anecdotal. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of a LOW on acute changes in BM. Nineteen healthy males (32 ± 10 years, 1.79 ± 0.07 m, 77.5 ± 8.1 kg) consumed their habitual diet (∼30 g fiber/day) for 7 consecutive days followed by 4 days of a LOW (<10 g fiber/day) that was matched for energy and macronutrient content. Participants also matched their daily exercise load during LOW to that completed during habitual diet (p = .669, average 257 ± 141 arbitrary units). BM was significantly reduced in LOW versus habitual diet after 4 days (Δ = 0.40 ± 0.77 kg or 0.49% ± 0.91%, p < .05, effect size [ES] [95% confidence interval] = −0.53 [−1.17, 0.12]) and on the morning of Day 5 (Δ = 0.58 ± 0.83 kg or 0.74% ± 0.99%, p < .01, ES = −0.69 [−1.34, −0.03]). LOW resulted in moderately higher hunger (Δ = 5 ± 9 mm, p = .015, ES = 0.55 [−0.09, 1.20]), a decline in stool frequency from 2 ± 0 to 1 ± 0 bowel movements per day (p = .012, ES = 0.64 [−0.02, 1.29]) and stool softness decrease (p = .005). Nonetheless, participants reported the diet to be tolerable (n = 18/19) and were willing to repeat it (n = 16/19). Data demonstrate for the first time that consumption of a short-term LOW induces reductions in BM.
Variable Stiffness Shoes for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Evaluation of 3-Dimensional Gait Mechanics and Medial Joint Contact Forces
Authors: Steiner Ethan , Boyer Katherine A. 
Published: March 2022

The study aim was to quantify the impact of a commercially available variable stiffness shoe (VSS) on 3-dimensional ankle, knee, and hip mechanics and estimated knee contact forces compared with a control shoe. Fourteen participants (10 females) with knee osteoarthritis completed gait analysis after providing informed consent. Shoe conditions tested were control shoe (New Balance MW411v2) and VSS (Abeo SMART3400). An OpenSim musculoskeletal model with static optimization was used to estimate knee contact forces. There were no differences in joint kinematics or in the knee adduction or flexion moments (P = .06; P = .2). There were increases in the knee internal and external rotation (P = .02; P = .03) and hip adduction and internal rotation moments for VSS versus control (P = .03; P = .02). The estimated contact forces were not different between shoes (total P = .3, medial P = .1, and lateral P = .8), but contact force changes were correlated with changes in the knee adduction moment (medial r2 = .61; P < .007). High variability in knee flexion moment changes and increases in the internal rotation moment combined with small decreases in the knee adduction moment did not lead to decreases in estimated contact forces. These results suggest that evaluation of VSS using only the knee adduction moment may not adequately capture its impact on osteoarthritis.
Interoperator reliability of an on-site machine learning-based prototype to estimate CT angiography-derived fractional flow reserve
Authors: Han Yushui , Ahmed Ahmed Ibrahim , Schwemmer Chris , Cocker Myra , Alnabelsi Talal S , Saad Jean Michel , Ramirez Giraldo Juan C , Al-Mallah Mouaz H 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundAdvances in CT and machine learning have enabled on-site non-invasive assessment of fractional flow reserve (FFRCT).PurposeTo assess the interoperator and intraoperator variability of coronary CT angiography-derived FFRCTusing a machine learning-based postprocessing prototype.Materials and methodsWe included 60 symptomatic patients who underwent coronary CT angiography. FFRCTwas calculated by two independent operators after training using a machine learning-based on-site prototype. FFRCTwas measured 1 cm distal to the coronary plaque or in the middle of the segments if no coronary lesions were present. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis were used to evaluate interoperator variability effect in FFRCTestimates. Sensitivity analysis was done by cardiac risk factors, degree of stenosis and image quality.ResultsA total of 535 coronary segments in 60 patients were assessed. The overall ICC was 0.986 per patient (95% CI 0.977 to 0.992) and 0.972 per segment (95% CI 0.967 to 0.977). The absolute mean difference in FFRCTestimates was 0.012 per patient (95% CI for limits of agreement: −0.035 to 0.039) and 0.02 per segment (95% CI for limits of agreement: −0.077 to 0.080). Tight limits of agreement were seen on Bland-Altman analysis. Distal segments had greater variability compared with proximal/mid segments (absolute mean difference 0.011 vs 0.025, p<0.001). Results were similar on sensitivity analysis.ConclusionA high degree of interoperator and intraoperator reproducibility can be achieved by on-site machine learning-based FFRCTassessment. Future research is required to evaluate the physiological relevance and prognostic value of FFRCT.
The Representation of Women in Bertolt Brecht’s Play
Authors: Haryati Isti 
Published: March 2022

This study aims to describe the portrayal of women in Bertolt Brecht's dramas. In his plays, Brecht's women descriptions are different from the typical characteristics of his time. By looking at the way he portrayed the female characters, Bertolt Brecht's purpose can be identified. The data sources of this study are three Bertolt Brecht’s dramas, namely Die Dreigroschenoper, Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder, and Der Gute Mensch von Sezuan. Marxist feminist literary theory is used to analyze the data. The results show that the women in Brecht's drama are described as strong and independent women. Polly Peachum and Mrs. Peachum in Die Dreigroschenoper are independent women who work to help her husband in managing the business. Mutter Courage in Mutter Courage und Ihre Kind shows an independent woman who draws some money on the battlefield. Shen Te in Der Gute Mensch von Sezuan is a beautiful woman who was chosen by God as a good person and tries hard to open a business. From the portrayal of these women, it is comprehended that the women figures created by Brecht have different characters. They are eager to act and fight against the injustice against women and the classism factor. Despite their social class and gender being weak, they can rise and show their existence to prevent themselves from oppression. Brecht’s Marxist ideology preceded the portrayal of the female characters in his dramas.
The Value of Passive Leg Raise During Right Heart Catheterization in Diagnosing Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: van de Bovenkamp Arno A. , Wijkstra Niels , Oosterveer Frank P.T. , Vonk Noordegraaf Anton , Bogaard Harm Jan , van Rossum Albert C. , de Man Frances S. , Borlaug Barry A. , Handoko M. Louis 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Because of limited accuracy of noninvasive tests, diastolic stress testing plays an important role in the diagnostic work-up of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Exercise right heart catheterization is considered the gold standard and indicated when HFpEF is suspected but left ventricular filling pressures at rest are normal. However, performing exercise during right heart catheterization is not universally available. Here, we examined whether pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) during a passive leg raise (PLR) could be used as simple and accurate method to diagnose or rule out occult-HFpEF.

Methods:

In our tertiary center for pulmonary hypertension and HFpEF, all patients who received a diagnostic right heart catheterization with PCWP-measurements at rest, PLR, and exercise were evaluated (2014–2020). The diagnostic value of PCWP
PLR
was compared with the gold standard (PCWP
EXERCISE
). Cut-offs derived from our cohort were subsequently validated in an external cohort (N=74).

Results:

Thirty-nine non-HFpEF, 33 occult-HFpEF, and 37 manifest-HFpEF patients were included (N=109). In patients with normal PCWP
REST
(<15 mmHg), PCWP
PLR
significantly improved diagnostic accuracy compared with PCWP
REST
(AUC=0.82 versus 0.69,
P
=0.03). PCWP
PLR
≥19 mmHg (24% of cases) had a specificity of 100% for diagnosing occult-HFpEF, irrespective of diuretic use. PCWP
PLR
≥11 mmHg had a 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value for diagnosing occult-HFpEF. Both cut-offs retained a 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity in the external cohort. Absolute change in PCWP
PLR
or V-wave derived parameters had no incremental value in diagnosing occult-HFpEF.

Conclusions:

PCWP
PLR
is a simple and powerful tool that can help to diagnose or rule out occult-HFpEF.