bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-10 Effect of Chronic Melatonin Supplementation During mid to Late Gestation on Performance and Behavioral Responses of Cows Exposed to Summer Heat Stress
Authors: Samuel Felix , Zakari Friday , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Omontese Bobwealth O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Summer heat stress negatively impacts the health and welfare of animals. Melatonin is a highly potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger with immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects in domestic animals. This study examined the effect of supplemental melatonin during mid to late gestation on serum cortisol, heat shock protein 90 (HS90) and glucose concentrations, performance, behavior and hemogram of pregnant cows and their offspring. Multiparous pregnant beef cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups and supplemented with Melatonin® implants 24 mg (MEL, n=13) or without (CON, n=12) at day 190, 218, and 246 of gestation. Also, offspring performance (n = 24) was evaluated. Body weight, rectal temperature, hemogram, behavioral responses of cows (chute score, vocalization and exit score) were scored biweekly for 16 weeks. The average daily gain (ADG), rectal temperature, glucose concentration and hemogram of cows and calves showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) between treatments except in calves were platelet were higher in MEL treated calves than control. Cortisol levels were significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) in MEL cows compare to CON from day 14 (1437 ± 2.54 and 2028 ± 3.23 pg/ml respectively) to the end of the experiment. Also, serum HSP90 concentrations were significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) from day 14 to the end of the study period (0 ng/ml and 0.73 ng/ml respectively). Chute and exit score did not differ significant between groups. Our results revealed that chronic melatonin supplementation during mid to late gestation reduced serum cortisol and HSP90 in cows exposed to summer heat stress.
PSI-14 Effects of Estrus Expression on the Microbial Community Composition of the Uterus in Beef Cows on day 15 of the Estrous Cycle
Authors: Walker Madison B , Holton Matthew P , Lourenco Jeferson M , Fontes Pedro 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrus expression on uterine microbiota composition of cows on day 15 of the estrous cycle. Non-pregnant Bos taurus beef cows (n = 23) were exposed to a pre-synchronization step followed by the 7-d CO-Synch estrus synchronization protocol. On days -10, -3,0 (exogenously induced ovulation),7 and 14, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate ovarian structures, ensure synchrony, and determine the side of ovulation. Estrotect patches were applied on day -3, and cows with an activated patch (rubbed &gt; 50%) on day 0 were considered to have displayed heat. Cows were harvested on day 15 and individual swabs were collected from each horn using aseptic techniques. DNA was extracted and the entire (V1-V9 hypervariable regions)16s rRNA gene was sequenced. Sequences were analyzed using the QIIME2 Pipeline. Burkholderiaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Rikenellaceae, Burkholderia, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Vibrionimonas, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Rikenellaceae dgA-11 gut group abundances differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in cows that exhibited estrus compared with non-estrual cows. In conclusion, there were significant differences in the composition of the microbial community between cows that exhibited estrus and non-estrual cows.
PSIII-14 Reproductive Microbiome and Cytokine Profiles of Postpartum Beef Cows in Relation to Fertility
Authors: Smith Molly S , Hickman-Brown Kyle J , McAnally Brooke E , Filho Ramiro V Oliveira , de Melo Gabriela Dalmaso , Pohler Ky G , Poole Rebecca K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shifts in commensal bacteria (i.e., Firmicutes) in the human microbiome are associated with compromised fertility. The objectives of this study were to characterize 1) the reproductive microbiome and 2) the cytokine concentrations prior to artificial insemination (AI) in vaginal and uterine flushes from postpartum beef cows. Twenty Bos indicus-influenced beef cows (~60 days postpartum and free of health issues) were weighed, body condition scored (BCS) then subjected to the Bee Synch II synchronization protocol on d-8 and timed AI on d0. Blood samples were collected on d-3, -1, 0, and 28. Vaginal and uterine flushes were collected on d-3 and d-1. On d28, pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography (Open, n=13 and Pregnant, n=7). Bacterial community analyses were conducted targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cytokine analyses were conducted using the RayBiotech Quantibody® Bovine Cytokine Array Q1 kit per manufacturer's instructions. Weight, BCS, and vaginal bacterial communities by phyla were not different (P &gt;0.05). In open cows, the uterine relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased between d-3 and -1 (60.4% ± 0.9% vs. 48.5% ± 3.2%, respectively; P&lt; 0.05). In pregnant cows, the uterine relative abundance of Tenericutes significantly increased between d-3 and -1 (1.0% ± 0.1% vs. 7.6% ± 4.1%, respectively; P&lt; 0.05). Additionally, the genus Ureaplasma tended to increase in relative abundance from d-3 to -1 (0.1% ± 0.1% vs. 7.3% ± 4.9%, respectively; P=0.06). Uterine concentrations of Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-21 were greater in open females compared to pregnant. Vaginal concentrations for IFN-α and chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10 were greater in open females compared to pregnant. Regardless of treatment, IL-13 increased from d-3 to d-1. These results suggest a distinct difference in the uterine microbiome and cytokine profiles prior to AI for resulting pregnant and open cows.
PSIV-A-3 Body Temperature Monitoring Using Subcutaneously and Vaginal Sensors in Grazing Cows
Authors: dos Reis Barbara Roqueto , White Robin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Body temperature is an indicator of animal health and can be used to detect harmful physiological events in advance of clinical symptoms. Traditionally, body temperature in cattle is determined with a rectal thermometer and requires the animal to be restrained. Although systems to automatically monitor cattle health in confinement operations exist, assessing the real-time temperature of grazing cows is not common. Our object was to demonstrate an integrated sensor network for monitoring pastured cattle body temperature in comparison with temperature measured by a vaginal logger. The integrated sensor network (Mahindra & Mahindra; Mumbai, India) communicates with the data obtained from a subcutaneous temperature sensor (EmbediVet, Livestock Labs Inc.; Pittsburg, PA) to a cloud-based data storage platform. The vaginal temperature was measured by an implantable temperature logger (Micro-T 16-bit; Star Oddi, Iceland). Vaginal devices were inserted into the vagina using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) cleaned of progesterone. The subcutaneous temperature sensors were surgically implanted through a 2cm vertical incision in the neck. Data from the implantable sensor were transmitted via Bluetooth communication to a solar-powered base station. The subcutaneous sensors and vaginal loggers were deployed on 10 grazing cattle over a period of 6 months. Data from only 4 subcutaneous sensors consistently reported data. Temperature values measured by the subcutaneous sensors had no statistical relationship (P=0.595) with body temperature measured by the vaginal temperature loggers. However, the subcutaneous sensors were able to detect changes in body temperature over time within-animal, indicating that errors in predicting temperature were more likely due to frameshift issues than an inability to track true temperature. Further improvements in data-processing and higher sample size are needed to maximize the usability of this sensor network for monitoring cattle body temperature.
PSV-A-8 Reduced Daylength pre-Calving Increases Milk Production Post-Calving
Authors: Alward Kayla , Cockrum Rebecca , Duncan Jane 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exposing Holstein dry cows to short-day (SD) photoperiod of 8 hours per day can improve milk production post-calving by 3.2 kg per day, compared to cows exposed to long-day (LD) photoperiod of 16 hours per day during the same period. To date, no studies have evaluated the effect of altered photoperiod during the dry period on milk production in Jersey cows. Our objective was to study the effect of LD and SD during the dry period on milk production in both breeds. Holstein and Jersey cows (n=33) dried off 60 days prior to their due date were exposed to either SD (n=9 Holstein, n=8 Jersey) or LD (n=8 Holstein, n=8 Jersey) at 18.3 °C until calving. After calving, cows returned to ambient photoperiod and milk data was collected for 15 weeks. Lactation number, replicate, dry period feed intake and days of treatment were recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Overall average milk production differed by breed (P&lt; 0.01), with Holsteins producing more (72.9 ± 6.2 kgs) than Jerseys (66.1 ± 7.3 kgs). Treatment differed (P=0.02) with SD cows producing more milk (71.0 ± 6.9 kgs) than LD cows (68.1 ± 6.7 kgs). Treatment and breed interaction significantly differed. Long-day Holsteins produced 73.9 kgs ± 6.2 kgs which was not different (P &gt;0.10) from SD Holsteins (72.1 ± 6.4 kgs). Neither LD nor SD Holsteins differed significantly (P=0.16, P=0.60) from SD Jerseys which produced 70.0 ± 7.4 kgs. Long-day Jerseys averaged the least milk at 62.3 ± 7.3 kgs which was significantly different from all other groups (P&lt; 0.01). This data suggests Jerseys’ milk production responds similarly to previous reported Holstein data. Factors causing the unexpected Holstein data could be elevated temperature-humidity index values post-calving, despite industry standard heat abatement.
PSII-A-3 Effect of Beef Breed Type Relative to Feedlot Performance, Feeding Behavior, and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Okamoto Lillian L , Reichhardt Caleb C , Alberto Anthony F , Motsinger Laura A , Bayles Sarah A , Roholt Bryce W , Garcia Matthew D , Thornton Kara J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cattle production in the U.S. is being impacted by the changing global climate and limited availability of natural resources. Improving the efficiency of cattle production is imperative to make the most of these limited resources. Increasing the percentage of Bos indicus (BI) genetics within cattle herds is one potential method to address these issues, as they are able to withstand higher temperatures, are better adapted to nutritional stress, and consume less water than Bos taurus (BT) influenced cattle. The objective of this study was to examine steers of different breed types relative to feedlot performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics. This study utilized a total of 115 steers of two different breeds: Angus (AN; n=83; 100% BT) and Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n=32; 19% BI, 81% BT). Steers were stratified by weight and randomly divided into one of four covered pens. Each pen was equipped with two GrowSafe bunks and all steers were fed the same typical ration. All steers were harvested at a commercial facility once industry average backfat standards were met. Individual dry matter intake and feeding behaviors were collected through the GrowSafe system. Weight, ribeye fat thickness, marbling score, and USDA yield grades were also assessed. Breed did not have an effect (P &gt;0.10) on dry matter intake, average daily gain, ribeye fat thickness, hot carcass weight, or USDA yield grade. There was a tendency (P=0.09) for SG steers to spend more time with their heads down during individual GrowSafe bunk visits. Intramuscular fat was increased (P=0.0019) in AN steers compared to SG steers. Further research focused on genomic differences between cattle of different breed types is warranted to better understand the relationship between breed type and production performance characteristics.
PSIV-B-19 Determining the Effect of Zinc Status on eye Health and its Relationship with Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Beef Calves
Authors: Cauble Reagan N , Hickinbotham Michael , Kegley Beth B , Powell J G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crossbred beef calves (n = 30) were stratified by gender and BW and placed into 1 of 16 dry lot pens. Pens were allocated to either: 1) the control treatment (CON) with calves fed a basal ration containing 31 mg of zinc/kg DM; or 2) Zn supplemented treatment (SUP) with calves fed the basal ration supplemented with 30 mg of zinc/kg DM (provided as zinc amino acid complex). Growth performance was recorded every 28-d during the 143-d study. On d 115, cattle were given a commercial vaccine containing M. bovis and M. bovoculi bacterins. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum zinc, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP, 28-d intervals), and vitamin A (d 0 and 143). Samples for serum and tear IgG concentrations specific for M. bovis and M. bovoculi were taken on d 115, 129, and 143. Data were analyzed as repeated measures, where appropriate, using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Dietary zinc status did not impact liver or zinc concentrations (P ≥ 0.36), BW (P ≥ 0.66) or ADG (P ≥ 0.14). There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.16) or treatment by time interaction (P &gt; 0.39) on tear IgG specific for either M. bovis or M. bovoculi. However, serum IgG concentrations specific for M. bovis were greater (P = 0.02) in CON calves compared with SUP calves, and serum IgG concentrations specific for M. bovoculi tended (treatment by time, P = 0.08) to increase more in CON calves. Both serum and tear IgG concentrations specific for either bacterin increased (day effect, P &lt; 0.001) from d 115 to 143. Results did not support a relationship between dietary Zn and eye health in cattle. However, this could be explained by the similarity in liver and serum zinc concentrations.
PSXI-10 Macronutrient and Protein Quality Evaluation of Novel Mammalian Proteins for Canine and Feline Nutrition
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of novel protein sources has become a popular human food trend and with the continued humanization of pets, these trends have been followed in the petfood industry. There is limited data regarding the macronutrient composition and overall quality of novel mammalian proteins. In this study, beef, yak, camel, kangaroo, and wild boar were analyzed for chemical composition, amino acid (AA) digestibility, and calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) by application of the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Dry matter values were &gt;90% and crude protein was greatest in yak meat (95%). Yak meat also contained the least amount of total fat at 11% whereas the greatest amount was found in beef at 57%. The standardized AA digestibility values were determined to be highly digestible as all values were &gt;81%. The reference proteins used for DIAAS-like calculations were based on the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) nutrient profile and National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. The DIAAS-like values were &gt;100% for yak and camel meat and were determined to be high quality for dogs. In cats, all proteins received DIAAS-like scores &gt;100% except for wild boar. Tryptophan and methionine were most often the first-limiting acids for both dogs and cats.
PSXI-5 Digestibility and Acceptability of Foods Containing Increasing Content of Rice Protein Concentrate fed to Adult Cats
Authors: Morris Elizabeth , Perumalla Sunil , Gross Kathy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of rice protein concentrate (RPC) as a protein source in cat food is not common. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acceptability and digestibility of foods formulated to contain increasing content of RPC to support its inclusion in foods for adult (non-gestational, non-lactational) cats. Increasing RPC (0, 7, 14, and 28%) were formulated into test foods fed to 24 cats in a Latin Square design with 15-day periods and no washout between periods. Food intake and fecal scores were measured to determine acceptability of test foods. Food intake and fecal output were measured on days 11-15; food and fecal samples from day 15 of each period were analyzed for nutrient composition to calculate macronutrient digestibility of the test foods. Analysis of variance and orthogonal contrasts were utilized to assess the effect of RPC inclusion on food intake, fecal output, fecal scores, and macronutrient digestibility. As-fed, dry matter (DM), and gross energy intake increased with increasing RPC inclusion (P = 0.040, 0.017, and 0.040, respectively). Fecal output, both as-is and DM, was unaffected by RPC inclusion (P = 0.267 and 0.685, respectively); however, fecal scores increased linearly with increasing RPC inclusion (P &lt; 0.001). Rice protein concentrate inclusion in test foods linearly increased digestibility of all macronutrients (P &lt; 0.050) except for apparent fat digestibility, which was unaffected by RPC inclusion (P = 0.690). This study demonstrated that RPC can serve as a high-quality, acceptable protein source in foods fed to adult cats. Overall, the inclusion of RPC was well accepted, improved fecal characteristics, and increased apparent and true macronutrient digestibility compared to control.
PSIX-19 Characterizing Apical-out Chicken Intestinal Organoids Grown in a Microcavity Culture Plate
Authors: Tamazian Lorik , Yu Liang-en , Li Yihang , Connor Erin E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intestinal organoids grown in extracellular matrix exhibit epithelial cell polarity with the apical surface internal to the organoid, limiting its access for functional studies. Apical-out organoids can be formed in matrix-free media (in suspension), which introduces different challenges for organoid manipulation (e.g., loss during media changes or washing) due to their “free-floating” nature. Both techniques result in multiple depths of view during visualization. We aimed to determine whether uniformly sized apical-out organoids from chicken could be grown, visualized, and recovered from microcavity culture plates designed for uniform growth of spheroids. Apical-out organoids were developed from crypts/villi isolated from duodenum/jejunum of embryonic-day 18 chicks (ROSS 308) placed in culture media in 12 wells of a 24-well, round-bottom Elplasia culture plate (Corning) at 37°C, 5% CO2 (Day 0). Each well has ~554 microcavities and was seeded with an estimated 300 crypts/villi. Organoid number and area (μm2) were determined daily using an ECHO Revolve Microscope (4x magnification) on Days 1 to 6 from 7 fields of view per well (~33 microcavities per field of view). On Day 1, mean ± SE organoid area was 3,106 ± 60 μm2 (n = 3,590); mean of 43 ± 1 organoids per field. Some organoids exhibited budding by Day 6 where mean area was 5,208 ± 125 μm2 (n = 2,599); 31 ± 1 organoids per field. Organoids were easily recovered from the microcavities of each well for seeding into a 96-well plate and maintenance for an additional 32 h. Analysis at 16.5, 20, 24, 28, and 32 h using PrestoBlue HS (Invitrogen) and a fluorometric microplate reader indicated organoids remained viable for downstream analysis. In conclusion, microcavity culture plates greatly increased ease of visualization, counting, and manipulation of organoids grown in suspension, but organoid size was highly variable.
PSIX-20 Nrf2 Pathway Mediates Resistance to Weaning Stress-Induced Intestinal Injury in Piglets of Different Breeds
Authors: Qin Ying-chao , Zan Geng-xiu , Ding Su-juan , Gao Chun-qi , Yan Hui-chao , Kong Xiang-feng , Wang Xiu-qi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The intestine is the central organ of early weaning stress in piglets; however, the response of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that drive epithelial renewal between the different breeds of piglets is not yet known. Therefore, this investigation was to explore the sensitivity of ISCs to early weaning stress. Taoyuan Black and Duroc piglets were slaughtered at 21 days of age (on the day of weaning) and 24 days of age (3 days after weaning) with 10 pigs, respectively. And the results showed that Taoyuan Black pigs are more tolerant to early weaning stress, while the mucosal mass of jejunum was significantly decreased in 24-day-old Duroc piglets compared with the 21-day-old Duroc piglets (P &lt; 0.05). The weaning stress damaged the jejunal structure, decreased the expression of tight junction related proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, and increased intestinal permeability in Duroc piglets (P &lt; 0.05). The ex vivo intestinal organoids (IOs) derived from the jejunal crypt of Duroc piglets after weaning exhibited lower expansion efficiency (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of proliferating cell marker PCNA, terminally differentiated cell marker KRT20, absorptive cell marker Villin, goblet cell marker MUC2, and Paneth cell marker lysozyme were significantly reduced in the jejunum, crypt, and jejunal organoids of 24-day-old Duroc (P &lt; 0.05). ROS levels in the jejunum of Duroc piglets were increased along with the inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway compared with 21-day-old Duroc piglets (P &lt; 0.05). Collectively, the Taoyuan Black pigs had stronger tolerance to weaning stress; however early weaning suppressed the Nrf2 pathway, decreased proliferation and differentiation activity of ISCs, and disrupted intestinal homeostasis in Duroc piglets.
PSX-A-1 Impacts of Undigestible NDF and Grain Source in Feedlot Steers on Performance, Feeding Behavior, and Ruminal pH
Authors: Zupan Amber L , Wood Katharine M , Penner Gregory B , Steele Michael A , Mandell Ira B , Van Schaik Megan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Little is known about how fiber quality impacts rumen health in feedlot diets with minimal forage inclusion. The objective of the study is to investigate the interaction between undigestible NDF (uNDF) levels and grain fermentability (GF) on animal performance, feeding behavior, and ruminal pH in feedlot steers. Using a 2x2 factorial design, Angus crossbred steers (n=96, 505±54 kg) were fed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet containing: high uNDF (haylage; 12% uNDF) or lower uNDF (corn silage, 6% uNDF) and high (high moisture corn) or lower ruminally fermentable grain (rolled corn) yielding 4 different treatments. Following adaption, steers were fed their treatment ration for 102±14d before slaughter. Feed intake (DMI) and feeding behavior data were collected using Insentec feeders and continuous ruminal pH was measured during the last 4 weeks before slaughter using indwelling pH probes (12 steers/treatment). Liver abscesses and gut health scores were assessed at slaughter. Steers on the low uNDF diet had greater ADG (P≥0.005) and improved F:G (P≥0.005) for the first half of the finisher period. No other differences in performance traits were found for the second half or overall finisher period between uNDF and GF, or their interaction. DMI (P≥0.64) did not differ, but time spent at the feeder (min/day) was greater (P≥0.02) for low GF steers. Steers fed low uNDF had greater (P≥0.04) time per day spent with ruminal pH below pH 5.8. At slaughter, steers fed high GF treatments had greater hot carcass weights (P≥0.03). This data suggests that low uNDF can improve early gain but may result in increased SARA risk compared to high uNDF at the same forage inclusion level. However, there was limited interaction with grain processing. Further research should continue to investigate relationships between uNDF and ruminal pH, and dietary uNDF concentrations that optimize performance without compromising gut health.