bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power to the people? Food democracy initiatives’ contributions to democratic goods
Authors: Candel Jeroen J. L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn order to foster a transition of the food system toward more sustainable outcomes, scholars have increasingly pointed at the need for organizing strengthened food democracy. By increasing the participation of citizens and food system actors, democratic innovations, such as food policy councils, are believed to promote the quality and legitimacy of food policymaking. However, the question of whether and how food democracy initiatives do indeed contribute to more democratic modes of governance largely remains unexplored. This study addresses this gap by performing a systematic literature review of the existing scholarship on food democracy, assessing democratic innovations for their contributions to four democratic goods: inclusiveness, popular control, considered judgment and transparency. The analysis shows that food democracy initiatives tend to be dominated by organized interests, have more influence on agenda-setting and implementation compared to decision-making, and generally aim for some form of deliberation or knowledge exchange. The precise selection mechanisms, processes and quality of deliberation, and transparency of democratic innovations remain important research gaps. The paper ends with a plea to better connect food democracy scholarship with the broader political sciences, as well as various suggestions for future research.
Human Capital Mediates Natural Selection in Contemporary Humans
Authors: Hugh-Jones David , Abdellaoui Abdel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNatural selection has been documented in contemporary humans, but little is known about the mechanisms behind it. We test for natural selection through the association between 33 polygenic scores and fertility, across two generations, using data from UK Biobank (N = 409,629 British subjects with European ancestry). Consistently over time, polygenic scores that predict higher earnings, education and health also predict lower fertility. Selection effects are concentrated among lower SES groups, younger parents, people with more lifetime sexual partners, and people not living with a partner. The direction of natural selection is reversed among older parents, or after controlling for age at first live birth. These patterns are in line with the economic theory of fertility, in which earnings-increasing human capital may either increase or decrease fertility via income and substitution effects in the labour market. Studying natural selection can help us understand the genetic architecture of health outcomes: we find evidence in modern day Great Britain for multiple natural selection pressures that vary between subgroups in the direction and strength of their effects, that are strongly related to the socio-economic system, and that may contribute to health inequalities across income groups.
Distribution-free changepoint detection tests based on the breaking of records
Authors: Castillo-Mateo Jorge 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe analysis of record-breaking events is of interest in fields such as climatology, hydrology or anthropology. In connection with the record occurrence, we propose three distribution-free statistics for the changepoint detection problem. They are CUSUM-type statistics based on the upper and/or lower record indicators observed in a series. Using a version of the functional central limit theorem, we show that the CUSUM-type statistics are asymptotically Kolmogorov distributed. The main results under the null hypothesis are based on series of independent and identically distributed random variables, but a statistic to deal with series with seasonal component and serial correlation is also proposed. A Monte Carlo study of size, power and changepoint estimate has been performed. Finally, the methods are illustrated by analyzing the time series of temperatures at Madrid, Spain. The R package publicly available on CRAN implements the proposed methods.
Thermal Influences on Shells: an Archaeological Experiment from the Tropical Indo-pacific
Authors: Oertle Annette , Szabó Katherine 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThermal influences on marine molluscs are poorly understood across all disciplines, including archaeology. This presents potential issues for further analysis including radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis, as well as hindering our understandings of processing and preparation methods for shell in the past. Different methods of burning or heating may not always leave visual signs on a shell; however, a variety of structural and chemical changes may take place. Here, we present an experimental study using modern-day shells of five tropical marine species designed to explore how various thermal interventions modified shells in terms of microstructure (scanning electron microscope) and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction). We found distinct differences between the taxa using varied temperatures and durations, with shell microstructure playing a key role in responses to thermal stresses. This study highlights the importance of acknowledging this variation, both when structuring research as well as seeking to interpret archaeological shell remains.
The Anisotropic Magnetocaloric Effect and Size-Dependent Magnetic Properties of Iron Particles
Authors: N. Halool Ahmed , Aly Samy H. , Yehia Sherif , Mohammad Fatema Z. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe present a theoretical study on the anisotropic magnetocaloric effect and the size-dependent magnetic properties of Fe particles of radii in the range 25–150 Å. An observable increase has been found in the magnetization, of the low radii (25–75 Å) particles, by reducing the temperature to 4 K. The anisotropic isothermal change in entropy ΔSm has been calculated by taking the difference between maximum ΔSm along the easy [100] and hard [111] directions. The maximum anisotropic ΔSm is 0.015 J/kg K for a field change of 500 Oe along the [100] direction. The ΔSm temperature dependence exhibits a table-like plateau for small radii (25–75 Å) and in low fields below 300Oe. This enhances the relative cooling power (RCP) of the Fe element to be 8.11 J/kg for particles of 25 Å radius. Also, the calculation of anisotropic ΔTad was performed along the easy axis and showed an increase in the maximum value around 37% relative to the experimental conventional value.
How to gain evidence for causation in disease and therapeutic intervention: from Koch’s postulates to counter-counterfactuals
Authors: Evans David W. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractResearchers, clinicians, and patients have good reasons for wanting answers to causal questions of disease and therapeutic intervention. This paper uses microbiologist Robert Koch’s pioneering work and famous postulates to extrapolate a logical sequence of evidence for confirming the causes of disease: association between individuals with and without a disease; isolation of causal agents; and the creation of a counterfactual (demonstrating that an agent is sufficient to reproduce the disease anew). This paper formally introduces counter-counterfactuals, which appear to have been used, perhaps intuitively, since the time of Koch and possibly earlier. An argument is presented that counter-counterfactuals (disease-preventers) are a useful tool for identifying necessary causes of disease, and sometimes must be used in place of isolation which is not always possible. In addition, a logical sequence of causal evidence for a therapeutic intervention is presented: creating a counterfactual (demonstrating that the intervention is sufficient to change the natural course of a disease), comparisons between subjects in receipt of treatment versus those who are not (typically within a randomised controlled trial, which can quantify effects of intervention), and counter-counterfactuals (treatment-preventers, which can identify the intervention’s mechanisms of action).
Silencing Itch in human peripheral blood monocytes promotes their differentiation into osteoclasts
Authors: Read O. J. , Harrison D. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Two clinical case reports of humans with mutations in Itch reported distinct morphological defects such as stunted growth, macrocephaly, and dysmorphic features indicating a role for Itch in bone remodelling. Studies in mice have found that the encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase acts as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis, however no studies have investigated whether this is translatable to a human model.

Experimental procedures
Human peripheral blood monocytes were separated from whole blood and grown in M-CSF containing media. Media was later supplemented with RANKL to promote osteoclast differentiation. Transient siRNA-mediated Itch knockdown (si-Itch) in monocytes was verified by qPCR and western blot to confirm reduction in both Itch mRNA and protein respectively. Monocytes were aliquoted onto 96-well plates where confluence and osteoclast formation were analysed using automated cytometry analysis before and after staining for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRAP). Cells were also stained with Hoechst33342 to look for multinucleate cells.

Results
Cells treated with si-Itch showed an 80% knockdown in Itch mRNA and > 75% reduction in protein. Following the 7-day differentiation period, si-Itch caused a 47% increase in multinucleate cells and a 17% increase in numbers of large cellular bodies and, indicating an overall increase in mature osteoclast formation.

Conclusions
Our preliminary data shows silencing Itch expression increases the potential of primary human monocytes to differentiate into osteoclast-like cells in vitro.
The development of a social-sexual education program for adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities: starting the discussion
Authors: Pedgrift Kathryn , Sparapani Nicole 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPeople with neurodevelopmental disabilities, including intellectual disabilities and autism, want to have relationships but few are given the tools and opportunity to create those relationships in a safe and meaningful way. This strong desire to have relationships, coupled with reduced access to information, puts people with neurodevelopmental disabilities at high risk for being targets of sexual abuse and exploitation, as well as demonstrating social-sexual behavior that is unexpected or offensive to others. Research has long demonstrated that people with intellectual disabilities are sexually assaulted at much higher rates than the general population. In addition, it is common for people with intellectual disabilities and autism to miss out on employment, housing, and social opportunities due to unexpected social-sexual behaviors. To address this need, the research team developed the social-sexual education (SSE) program to teach people with neurodevelopmental disabilities how to create safe and meaningful relationships while also giving them information about sexual abuse and coercion. We recruited licensed professionals to pilot test the SSE program, and then we evaluated the tool using quantitative and qualitative methods. Our findings provide preliminary support for the SSE program. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Proteome and physiological analyses reveal tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) peroxidase 7 (POD 7) functions in responses to copper stress
Authors: Gao Qian , Xu Li , Li Xiang , Yang Wenwu , Mi Qili , Lu Liming , Liu Xin , Wang Kai , Lu Yifei , Chen Zhangyu , Li Xuemei , Li Liqin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCopper is a micronutrient essential for plant growth and development. However, Cu is also a heavy metal element that has deleterious impacts on plants when excessively accumulated in the environment. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying tobacco in response to Cu stress, iTRAQ based technology was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and important metabolic pathways in tobacco plants treated with excessive CuSO4. The results showed that 180 DEPs were detected between the treatment and control, among which 78 were upregulated and 102 were downregulated. These DEPs can be functionally divided into 65 categories and are closely related to metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, biosynthesis of antibiotics, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Peroxidase7 was significantly upregulated and was selected and overexpressed in tobacco. Then, positive transgenic lines and wild type plants were exposed to a Cu stress environment. The results showed that Peroxidase7 transgenic tobacco plants exhibited enhanced Cu stress resistance with decreased malondialdehyde and Cu contents, and increased shoot dry weight, root length, secondary root number, SOD, POD and CAT activity. The present study suggests that the ROS scavenging mechanism is essential for tobacco plants in response to Cu stress and that Peroxidase7 functions in tobacco plant resistance to excessive Cu environment.
Some remarks on the assessment of P-wave velocity in laboratory tests for evaluating the degree of saturation
Authors: Astuto Giuseppe , Molina-Gómez Fausto , Bilotta Emilio , Viana da Fonseca António , Flora Alessandro 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis work stems from the need to validate a technique for a reliably measurement of the degree of saturation (Sr) in deposits composed of sandy soils to improve their liquefaction resistance. The estimation of the degree of saturation of soil can be conducted by assessing the P-wave velocity (Vp), due to it values sharply increase near to the full saturation condition. P-wave measurements are comparable for in situ and laboratory procedures, offering prominent advantages for practical implementation. This paper presents a series laboratory results obtained from bender element tests conducted on a partially saturated monogranular sand. As a first approach, these tests were interpreted in the time-domain, showing how the interferences among the generated waves can significantly affect results and mask the actual degree of saturation in the specimen. However, a new processing of the output signal was carried out in the frequency-domain to accurate identify the wave propagation time. Moreover, results are discussed to investigate the mutual relationships between the Vp with Sr and Skempton’s B parameter. Finally, an experimental correlation between Vp and Sr is obtained, considering the strain level dependency of the soil behaviour, which can be adopted to interpret the results of in situ tests.
Fiber-reinforced composites in milling and grinding: machining bottlenecks and advanced strategies
Authors: Gao Teng , Zhang Yanbin , Li Changhe , Wang Yiqi , Chen Yun , An Qinglong , Zhang Song , Li Hao Nan , Cao Huajun , Ali Hafiz Muhammad , Zhou Zongming , Sharma Shubham 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFiber-reinforced composites have become the preferred material in the fields of aviation and aerospace because of their high-strength performance in unit weight. The composite components are manufactured by near net-shape and only require finishing operations to achieve final dimensional and assembly tolerances. Milling and grinding arise as the preferred choices because of their precision processing. Nevertheless, given their laminated, anisotropic, and heterogeneous nature, these materials are considered difficult-to-machine. As undesirable results and challenging breakthroughs, the surface damage and integrity of these materials is a research hotspot with important engineering significance. This review summarizes an up-to-date progress of the damage formation mechanisms and suppression strategies in milling and grinding for the fiber-reinforced composites reported in the literature. First, the formation mechanisms of milling damage, including delamination, burr, and tear, are analyzed. Second, the grinding mechanisms, covering material removal mechanism, thermal mechanical behavior, surface integrity, and damage, are discussed. Third, suppression strategies are reviewed systematically from the aspects of advanced cutting tools and technologies, including ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining, cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and tool optimization design. Ultrasonic vibration shows the greatest advantage of restraining machining force, which can be reduced by approximately 60% compared with conventional machining. Cryogenic cooling is the most effective method to reduce temperature with a maximum reduction of approximately 60%. MQL shows its advantages in terms of reducing friction coefficient, force, temperature, and tool wear. Finally, research gaps and future exploration directions are prospected, giving researchers opportunity to deepen specific aspects and explore new area for achieving high precision surface machining of fiber-reinforced composites.
$$n^2$$ of dissipative couplings are sufficient to guarantee the exponential decay in elasticity
Authors: Fernández José R. , Quintanilla Ramón 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we prove that the solutions to the problem determined by an elastic material with $$n^2$$

n
2

coupling dissipative mechanisms decay in an exponential way for every (bounded) geometry of the body, where n is the dimension of the domain, and whenever the coupling coefficients satisfy a suitable condition. We also give several examples where the solutions do not decay when the rank of the matrix of the coupling mechanisms is less than $$n^2$$

n
2

(2 in dimension 2 and 6 in dimension 3).
A Spatial Perspective on the Unexpected Nordic Fertility Decline: The Relevance of Economic and Social Contexts
Authors: Campisi Nicholas , Kulu Hill , Mikolai Júlia , Klüsener Sebastian , Myrskylä Mikko 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Since 2010, the Nordic countries have experienced substantial fertility decline. This was unexpected, as these countries have well-established systems of family support policies and they did not experience a fertility shock in the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic recession like many other European countries. Previous studies paid little attention to the spatial dimension of this unexpected fertility change, despite evidence of large spatial variation in fertility. This paper aims to close this gap through a spatial perspective and deepen our understanding of how Nordic fertility change varies by economic and social contexts. We apply advanced spatial panel models on data for 1,099 municipalities covering Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Next to analyzing total fertility rates, we also compare the relevance of economic and social contexts for spatial fertility variation at younger or older ages. We note distinct differences by levels of urbanization and differing trends between the age groups. We also find that measures of unemployment and union stability are associated with lower levels of fertility across space and time, while support for conservative parties is related to higher fertility. Age-specific analyses highlighted that economic conditions are more relevant for fertility variation under age thirty than over age thirty. Overall, our analysis provides support for the view that both economic and social factors are highly relevant for understanding spatial variation in the Nordic fertility decline. Given the strong spatial component in Nordic fertility change, policy initiatives would also benefit from a spatial dimension to effectively address fertility change.
The role of gender and coaching styles in adolescent student-athletes’ motivational orientations in sport and school
Authors: Saarinen Milla , Tolvanen Asko , Aunola Kaisa , Ryba Tatiana V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractResearch indicates that the dominant discourses of gender are ingrained in dual career (DC) practices critically influencing athletes’ motivation to construct a DC pathway. While it is important to ensure that all athletes have an equal access to construct a DC pathway despite their gender, there is a gap in the literature examining the role that coaches play in gendering of athletes’ DC pathways. The present study longitudinally examined the gender differences in student-athletes’ motivational orientations in sport and academics throughout high school and the role of coaching style in these orientations. The gender differences in coaching styles in terms of student-athletes’ gender, coaches’ gender, and their interaction were also investigated. The sample consisted of 248 student-athletes from six upper secondary sport schools across Finland. The participants filled in questionnaires at the beginning of the first year and at the end of the third year of upper secondary sport school. The results showed that female student-athletes demonstrated higher levels of mastery orientation than males in both sport and school domains. Affective coaching style predicted male student-athletes’ mastery orientation in sport and both male and female student-athletes’ mastery orientation in school. Finally, female coaches were reported using more of an affective coaching style than male coaches. The results suggest that athletes benefit differently from an affective coaching style based on their gender and that it is beneficial to educate coaches how to use an affective coaching style with their DC athletes.
The Bodily Theory of Pain
Authors: Owesen Erlend Winderen Finke 
Published: July 2022

AbstractOne use of the noun ‘pain’ is exemplified in sentences like ‘There is a pain in my foot’. According to the Experiential Theory, ‘pain’ in this context refers to an experience located in the mind or brain. According to the Bodily Theory, it refers to an extra-cranial bodily occurrence located in a body part. In this paper, I defend the Bodily Theory. Specifically, I argue that pains are proximal activations of nociceptors that cause experiences of pain. This view is preferable to the Experiential Theory, because it accords better with common sense and offers a better interpretation or semantics of ordinary pain reports.
What are Automated Paraphrasing Tools and how do we address them? A review of a growing threat to academic integrity
Authors: Roe Jasper , Perkins Mike 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article reviews the literature surrounding the growing use of Automated Paraphrasing Tools (APTs) as a threat to educational integrity. In academia there is a technological arms-race occurring between the development of tools and techniques which facilitate violations of the principles of educational integrity, including text-based plagiarism, and methods for identifying such behaviors. APTs are part of this race, as they are a rapidly developing technology which can help writers transform words, phrases, and entire sentences and paragraphs at the click of a button. This article seeks to review the literature surrounding the history of APT use and the current understanding of APTs placed in the broader context of the educational integrity-technology arms race.
On the second largest eigenvalue of networks
Authors: Mishra Ankit , Singh Ranveer , Jalan Sarika 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFrom predicting the epidemic threshold of a disease outbreak to anticipating the stability of a complex system, analysis of spectra of the adjacency matrices of the underlying networks play a pivotal role. Despite spectra of networks considered as fingerprints of the corresponding complex systems, most works and review articles have circumscribed around the largest eigenvalue ($$\lambda _1$$

λ
1

) only. The second largest eigenvalue of a network that admits many applications in diverse fields, including mathematics and computer science, has not been thoroughly contemplated. This article first reviews existing literature on $$\lambda _2$$

λ
2

, predominantly confined to the random regular graphs, followed by the results for various popular model networks. We emphasize the aspect that $$\lambda _2$$

λ
2

shows an entirely different behavior than $$\lambda _1$$

λ
1

.