bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminology and ‘Positive Morality’
Authors: Bottoms Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a revised version of a Valedictory Lecture delivered by the author as part of the 60th anniversary celebrations at the Cambridge Institute of Criminology in 2019. The chapter seeks to make a contribution to what Steven Messner described in 2012 as the beginnings of a ‘moral awakening in criminology’, and, congruently with the anniversary context of the Valedictory Lecture, it does so with special reference to research connected with the Institute of Criminology. The substantive topics covered include: the importance of moral rules for social life and for the explanation of criminal propensity; ways in which people sometimes modify their accepted moral rules in particular circumstances; the importance of social situations in shaping moral action; the possibility of achieving an altered priority of moral values when people undertake ‘ground projects’ such as desistance from crime; ‘weakness of will’ and strategies to avoid it; the perhaps surprising findings from studies that have asked prisoners to explain, from their experience, when the social order of prisons works best; and the difference between ‘good’ and ‘right’ relationships between citizens and criminal justice personnel. In addition, the chapter seeks to tackle some difficult but necessary theoretical issues about the meaning of human agency, and how, methodologically speaking, issues of agency and morality can be coherently related to appropriate social scientific questions about causation and explanation.
In Dialogue with Philosophy
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tony Bottoms’s work has a crucial role in developing ethical studies in the criminological context. Numerous social scientists have investigated ethically important issues of criminal justice, including some discussion of moral theory. However, rather than ‘applying’ ready-made moral theory to criminology, Tony employs moral thought as a set of conceptual tools for articulating the diverse presence of moral value in the issues studied. This is a way of pursuing an empirically based project of moral thought, judgement, and inquiry. It is, in important respects, a contemporary version of the ‘moral sciences’ approach in the tradition of the British Moralists, such as Hume, Smith, and others. Tony has explored in considerable depth critically important issues concerning agency and how its exercise is to be understood—both in contrast to and in conjunction with the sorts of causal explanations criminologists often seek. He has articulated a sophisticated awareness of aspects of moral thought and theorising, showing how they are integral to understanding criminological topics. His approach overcomes the alleged fact/value compartmentalisation in a way that is illuminating for both criminology and moral philosophy.
Creative Arts, Offender Rehabilitation, and Penal Reform
Authors: Nellis Mike 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Of all the small Special Units to manage dangerous or otherwise difficult offenders in the British prison system that have risen and fallen over the past 50 years, the Barlinnie Special Unit (1973–1996), in Glasgow, is the only one around which a legend—and a debate as to how best it might be publicly commemorated—has grown. This chapter seeks to identify what was truly distinctive and controversial about the culture of this Unit in its early years, and to give credit to key players who have been neglected in existing penological accounts of it: therapist Joyce Laing, who helped prisoners find their artistic ability; Scottish arts impresario Richard Demarco, who championed it; and German artist Joseph Beuys, whose vision of art’s socially transformative capacities was vividly, if inadvertently, embodied in it. The chapter also documents the most recent commemorative efforts and validates the Unit’s unique place in the British penal heritage.
Chaucer in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book is a study of how the poetry of Chaucer continued to give pleasure in the eighteenth century despite the immense linguistic, literary, and cultural shifts that had occurred between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. It investigates the full variety of responses to Chaucer from the late seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century. These include editions, biographies, and critical accounts and various kinds of translation, adaptation, and imitation. The book is primarily designed to appeal to students of eighteenth-century literature and of Chaucer, but should also be of interest to students of literary influence and reception in all periods.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis Introduction offers a discussion, based on Pope’s Temple of Fame, of the difficulties of assessing the standing and influence of any poet at one time, or across stretches of time, and of determining the effects of one poem closely modelled on another. It is asked what the conditions are that enable some poetical works to survive the depredations of time. How is it that some voices continue to be heard despite the ever-changing cacophony of the House of Rumour? The Introduction then notes the general lack of interest in Chaucer by modern students of eighteenth-century poetry, and describes, in general terms, the eighteenth-century editions and biographies of Chaucer and the various kinds of translation and imitation of his work that were made in the period.
The True, Enlivened, Natural Way
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with eighteenth-century responses to Chaucer’s ‘indecent’ tales. The most popular and most frequently translated versions from The Canterbury Tales were those including indecency of one kind or another. In the earlier eighteenth century, there were mildly indecent poems written in imitation of Chaucer’s ‘style’—some of which were themselves translated into modern versions. This chapter discusses these poems, and versions of The Merchant’s Tale by Pope, The Shipman’s Tale by John Markland and Henry Travers, The Miller’s Tale by Richard Brathwaite, Samuel Cobb, John Smith, and Anon (1791), and The Reeve’s Tale by Anon (1715), Henry Travers, and Thomas Betterton. A central theme is the interest of many translators in the comic dimension of Chaucer’s tales rather than their obscenity as such. Consideration is given to the desire of some translators at the end of the eighteenth century to keep close to Chaucer’s words while avoiding indecency—a tension exhibited in Wordsworth’s Phœbus and the Crow, a version of The Manciple’s Tale. The chapter ends with a consideration of Thomas Betterton’s version of The Reeve’s Tale, which draws on other Chaucer tales to alter Chaucer’s ending, making the tale more conducive to readerly merriment than it is with Chaucer’s coarser and more brutal conclusion. In this poem, as elsewhere in versions of the comic tales, particular, and admiring, attention is paid to the wit and resourcefulness of some of Chaucer’s female characters.
Poets and Antiquarians
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the continuities and changes in the interpretation and recreation of Chaucer’s work that occurred between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It concentrates particularly on the work of Thomas Tyrwhitt, William Lipscomb, George Ellis, William Godwin, William Hazlitt, Charles Cowden Clarke, and Leigh Hunt, and on the collection of Chaucerian translations edited by Richard Hengist Horne as Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer Modernised (1841). The chapter suggests that writings on Chaucer in the early nineteenth century cannot easily be categorized under such conventional headings as ‘Romanticism’, ‘Medievalism’, ‘the Gothic’, or ‘Historicism’. Biographies of Chaucer—most extensively that of William Godwin (1803)—continued to relay misinformation from dubious sources. Chaucer’s obscenity continued to worry some critics and editors. The times in which he wrote were still dismissed by some as ‘barbaric’. An interest in the ‘Gothic’ elements in his poems was by no means thought incompatible with an interest in the ‘classical’ dimension of Chaucer’s work or the classical interests of some of his earlier critics. No absolute distinction in the period can be maintained between poetical, antiquarian, and historical interest in Chaucer. Godwin’s attempts to ‘contextualize’ Chaucer’s work are often dubiously grounded, and some of the more memorable parts of his Life present Chaucer not as merely a fourteenth-century writer but as a model of the ideal poet for all times: ‘the legislator of generations and the moral instructor of the world’.
Serious Violations of Human Rights
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book analyses the use of the expression ‘serious violations of human rights’—and similar ones, such as ‘gross’ or ‘grave’—in international practice. It highlights some of the recurring responses to and consequences of such violations, and suggests that a new special regime—eponymous with the above-mentioned expression—was formed. This special regime is understood as substantively limited to a very specific issue-area of human rights violations; where a series of monitoring mechanisms and procedures is in place to predominantly highlight, document, and record such violations; where specific measures are taken, aimed at enforcing compliance; where certain consequences arise, focusing primarily on affording the victims of such violations a remedy. As such, this special regime is arguably comprised of at least four thinly interconnected components: the substantive, the monitoring, the enforcement, and the remedial ones. Future practice may dictate alternative interpretations of the role of this category of violations in the international legal order. However, what becomes apparent from this work is that the concept of serious violations of human rights is today becoming a key notion, as it allows the international community to pinpoint those factual situations requiring its attention and action.
The substantive component—identifying a serious violation of human rights
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces and analyses the essential elements that allow determination of whether a violation of human rights is serious. While the expression is widely used, none of the treaties, decisions, or resolutions using the expression (or similar ones) defines what a serious violation of human rights is. Also, there has been no attempt so far to develop a common working definition by the various instruments that invoke serious violations. As a result, it appears that there is no uniform understanding regarding the gravity threshold. The chapter offers a careful examination of the relevant international practice, allowing a common understanding to be deduced regarding human rights violations that would amount to serious violations for the international community. Instead of offering a fixed definition, it is proposed that the character of the violations (their impact on victims and their structure) bears more significance than the specific human rights provisions that were breached. This unified understanding is in line with the principles of equality and the indivisibility of human rights. It is argued that this category of human rights violations is the central substantive component of the special regime. The interrelated but diverse cluster of rules, decision-making procedures, and consequences revolving around this substantive component are examined in the following chapters.
The monitoring component
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the first operational component of the special regime around serious violations of human rights—the monitoring component. It presents in a structured manner a growing set of monitoring and inquiry procedures and mechanisms, particularly at the UN level, that focus specifically and more often than not exclusively on serious violations of human rights. It identifies a multilateral network of procedures that has been progressively emerging and solidifying as a response to serious violations at every level. For instance, the chapter analyses urgent inquiry procedures before UN treaty bodies that are triggered only in cases of serious violations of human rights. Equally, it draws attention to a wide array of extra-conventional international monitoring mechanisms—such as commissions of inquiry—that have been set up to inquire into, document, and report situations of serious violations of human rights. Despite their mostly non-binding character, it is argued that they play a key role in the system, providing processes for monitoring, analysing, and recording serious violations of human rights.
Reading as “Creative Exegesis”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the claim that the textual practices learned first at the hands of the grammarians were employed by Christian readers to interpret the Scriptures predominantly in their literal sense. The result of this line of argument is that the exact same strategies of literary analysis have rarely been employed to analyze the figurative interpretation of early Christian exegetes in any similar fashion. Exegesis, however, regardless of whether it is performed toward literal or figural ends, is always driven by textual practices—what one does with texts at hand. This chapter argues that the grammatical traditions of ancient literary analysis are best viewed not as an atomistic project with steps that must be followed sequentially. As the chapter progresses by examining the use of grammatikē by Dionysius Thrax, Sextus Empiricus, and the Hellenistic grammarians, it shows that exegesis is itself a holistic project of commentary focused on the clarification of a prior text’s obscurity. By viewing exegesis in this way, as a practice of commentary, one is placed in a better position to describe the form and function of early Christian exegesis. By its conclusion, this chapter suggests one half of a working definition of “creative exegesis,” the second half of which will be supplemented in Chapter 2 on ancient exegesis in figurative mode.
The Grammatical Archive
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Can the account provided of the exegetical aims of the literary analysis of grammarians and forensic orators in Chapter 1 account for both the literal and figurative exegesis of early Christians? Chapter 2 turns to ancient figurative readers—those concerned with the “poetics of the riddle.” Though scholars have at times contrasted these figurative readers with those ancient exegetes espousing an Aristotelian “poetics of clarity,” this chapter suggests that the gulf between these two modes of reading is much narrower than is often said. Instead, it argues that ancient figurative readers employed the same techniques of the grammarians to create their imaginative commentary, and it examines some of the reading practices that they draw from this “grammatical archive” (stylistic ambiguity, plausibility, propriety, textimmanence). Having shown that figurative reading is as much dependent on the grammatikē outlined in Chapter 1 as literal reading is, Chapter 2 completes the definition of “creative exegesis,” which will serve as the foundation for describing early Christian biblical interpretation throughout the book.
Clement’s Grammatical Archive
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examined the textual practices that Clement culled from his grammatical archive, as they pertained to the properties of the text itself, that is, his commentarial assumptions. Chapter 5 analyzes the reading practices that Clement applies to the text: his commentarial strategies. This is not an exhaustive description of Clement’s repertoire of reading practices, but rather an emphasis on those practices that one may observe from Clement’s own display of exegesis in book 5 of the Stromateis: Scripture’s textimmanent intention, a lexicon of clarity, textual coherence, and the definition of scriptural terms. These commentarial strategies are particularly concerned—as was noted earlier in the book—with the textual obscurity presented by Scripture and how Clement might clarify Scripture’s intentions through these strategies.
Reading as “Creative Exegesis”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops further the implication of the previous chapter that the art of rhetorical memory is, in fact, an art of recollection—the skill of recalling items from one’s memorial archive. After examining the art of recollection in Aristotle’s De memoria and Cicero’s De oratore, the chapter utilizes a helpful illustration to argue that Clement presents the entire process of memory and recollection as an art of literary “invention.” Rhetorical invention in Christian exegesis is much like the constellations of astronomers. These astronomers never intended to recall groups of stars that “looked like” certain mythic creatures, but rather assumed, as we do, that the patterns of the stars were the significant pieces of information to be understood from the constellations. Similarly, and employing the Pauline building metaphor in 1 Cor. 3, Clement marks an early stage in a tradition of creative exegesis that will continue into the medieval monastic practices of memoria sacra. This chapter argues that Clement is rightly seen as an exegete whose enterprise of literary analysis is not only grounded in the grammatical tradition, but also an activity of rhetorical invention—the imaginative act of discovering what may be said about a text in any given instance.
“The Beginning of All Things”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 argued that Clement restricts the figurative referents of Scripture to a single twofold mystery: the economy of Christ and the higher knowledge of the divine life. A significant portion of Clement’s scriptural commentary emphasizes the proper understanding of this twofold mystery, which will be the focus of the Chapters 8 and 9. Chapter 8, then, argues that Clement’s view of theology is, like Philo’s, a scripturally mediated Middle Platonism. That is, although Clement believes that the views of the divine prevalent in the second century ce are essentially correct, he feels constrained to present the Christian view of God by recourse to Scripture, not merely to Plato et al. For Clement, the One is a simple God, ineffable and inexpressible. Nevertheless, this must be mediated through a biblical lens in which names are predicated of God, and Clement turns to a Johannine and Pauline constellation of terms that permit him to articulate an ineffable “Father,” the very “depth” of God. Simultaneously, Clement’s Johannine texts force him to assert a second first principle, the “Beginning” who is also the “Son.” This chapter argues that, unlike the philosophical conceptions of theology current at the time, Clement’s scriptural foundations permit him to claim that “the Father is only known by the Son,” the absolute principle by the first principle, as mankind participates in the Monad (the Son) and from there cries out with Paul, “Abba, Father!”
The ‘Great Theban Revolt’, 206–186 bce
Authors: Veïsse Anne-Emmanuelle 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 aims to achieve a better understanding of the ‘Great Theban Revolt’ that broke out in southern Egypt at the turn of the third and second centuries bce. After a synopsis of the facts, it focuses on the political-religious concerns displayed by the leaders of the revolt, who proclaimed themselves as pharaohs, and their engagement in a genuine state-building process. The question why the revolt broke out and why it reached such an extent in the Thebaid is also discussed. It is argued that the causes of the revolt lie in the articulation between a general context – explaining why troubles broke out at the same time in other parts of Egypt – and a local context, that is, the tightened grip of the Ptolemaic kings on the Thebaid in the last quarter of the third century bce.
Memory and Resistance in the Seleucid World
Authors: Haubold Johannes 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers historical memory in Hellenistic Babylonia, focusing on the decades just before and after the collapse of Seleucid rule in the region. It advances three main claims. First, there is no evidence of major anti-Seleucid uprisings in Babylonia. Second, there is evidence that Greeks and Babylonians converged on a shared vision of imperial history that oscillated between the lows of Assyrian and Persian occupation and the highs of Neo-Babylonian and Seleucid rule. Third, the re-appearance of an aggressive Elam on the world stage rekindled memories of a long-standing Babylonian trauma and strengthened loyalty to the incumbent king at a crucial moment of transition.
Diverging Memories, Not Resistance Literature
Authors: Honigman Sylvie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 questions the definition of the historical apocalypses as resistance literature. It compares the passage 1 Enoch 90.6–19, referring to the Maccabean crisis in the Animal Apocalypse, with 1 and 2 Maccabees. In contrast to commentators who treat these texts as complementary, this work argues that the Animal Apocalypse and the Maccabean books offer two contrasting memories of the crisis. Two arguments are key to this reinterpretation. First, close reading shows that the ‘horned ram’ in 1 Enoch 90.9 cannot refer to Judas Maccabee. Second, the dating of the Qumran fragments of the text suggests that it was composed in the days of John Hyrcanus, whereas according to proponents of the resistance paradigm, the work was composed at the height of the crisis to comfort the victims of Antiochus IV’s alleged religious persecution. Consequently, this reading of 1 Enoch 90.6–19 concords with David Bryan’s reading of the Animal Apocalypse, whereby its underlying principle was the classification of animals as either clean or unclean according to the priestly laws of purity. Clean animals are used to allegorize the righteous, and unclean animals to allegorize the wicked. The dominant theme of the apocalypse is the historical alternance of order and chaos caused by Israel straying from YHWH’s path. Foreign oppression is the punishment, rather than the cause of suffering. Finally, this reinterpretation suggests that the Animal Apocalypse may have been a response to the pro-Hasmonean version promoted in 1 and 2 Maccabees.
‘Herakles is stronger, Seleucus’
Authors: Tober Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 offers a close reading of fragments from the local histories of Pontic Herakleia written by Nymphis in the middle of the third century bce and by Memnon over two hundred years later. It argues that in the Hellenistic period local historiography, as a performative and parenetic medium, afforded citizens of Greek poleis a cautious means of articulating ideologies of independence in the face of foreign kings and empires. The chapter takes its title from a patriotic retort allegedly delivered by the Herakliote philosopher Chamaileon to Seleucus I in 280 bce, a slogan that served for Nymphis as a founding charter of Herakleian autonomy and local identity in the Black Sea region. Yet emic expressions of local historiography, like Nymphis’s history, were by and large the prerogative of autonomous Greek communities: histories of poleis that had been conquered by the Macedonian kings or by Rome tended to be written by non-locals, a phenomenon exemplified by the epitomes of the Aristotelian Politeiai published in the middle of the second century bce by the diplomat and scholar Herakleides Lembos. And when Memnon wrote his own history at the tail end of the Hellenistic period, after Herakleia’s hopes of independence had been decisively extinguished by Roman expansion, he did so with far different aims; the resulting narrative was less an exhortation to local resistance than an exercise in nostalgia.