bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the rate of torque development in sprint cycling: a methodological study
Authors: Connolly Shannon , Peeling Peter , Binnie Martyn J. , Goods Paul S. R. , Blazevich Anthony J. , Timmerman Wouter P. , Abbiss Chris R. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTThe present study examined (i) the magnitude of the rate of torque development (RTD) and (ii) the between‐day reliability of RTD at the start of a cycling sprint when sprint resistance, sprint duration, and the pedal downstroke were altered. Nineteen well‐trained cyclists completed one familiarisation and three testing sessions. Each session involved one set of 1‐s sprints and one set of 5‐s sprints. Each set contained one moderate (0.3 N m kg−1), one heavy (0.6 N m kg−1), and one very heavy (1.0 N m kg−1) resistance sprint. RTD measures (average and peak RTD, RTD 0–100 ms, and RTD 0–200 ms) were calculated for downstroke 1 in the 1‐s sprint. For the 5‐s sprints, RTD measures were calculated for each of the first three downstrokes, as an average of downstrokes 1 and 2, and as an average of downstrokes 2 and 3. Whilst RTDs were greatest in downstroke 3 at all resistances, the greatest number of reliable RTD measures were obtained using the average of downstrokes 2 and 3 with heavy or very heavy resistances, where average and peak RTD, and RTD 0–200 ms were deemed reliable (ICC ≥ 0.8, CV ≤ 10%). Since only 1–2 downstrokes can be completed within 1 s, the greatest RTD reliability cannot be achieved using a 1‐s sprint; therefore, the average of downstrokes 2 and 3 during a >2‐s cycling sprint (e.g. 5‐s test) with heavy or very heavy resistance is recommended for the assessment of RTD in sprint cyclists.Highlights
Whilst RTD measures were greatest in pedal downstroke 3 at all resistances, the greatest number of reliable RTD measures were obtained using the average of pedal downstrokes 2 and 3 with heavy or very heavy resistances, with average and peak RTD, and RTD 0–200 ms having acceptable reliability.
RTD 0–100 ms and all RTD measurements for downstroke 1 were not reliable and should not be used. As only 1–2 downstrokes can be performed in 1 s, the greatest RTD reliability cannot be achieved using a 1‐s sprint. Instead, RTD may be evaluated using a 5‐s sprint.
Global chlorophyll responses to marine heatwaves in satellite ocean color
Authors: Noh Kyung Min , Lim Hyung-Gyu , Kug Jong-Seong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs), prolonged ocean temperature extremes, have been enhanced by global warming in recent decades. More intense and longer MHWs have increasingly negative impacts on marine organisms that threaten their resilience of marine ecosystems. In this study, we investigated global marine phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll) estimated by satellite ocean color and its response to MHWs on global and regional scales. We find that MHWs typically decreases chlorophyll concentrations in the tropics and mid-latitudes, with increases at high latitudes. The magnitude of chlorophyll responses to MHWs is increased in response to higher intensity and longer duration of MHWs. We find a change in the response from negative to positive chlorophyll responses to MHWs across the 40°–50° latitude bands in both hemispheres where the strongest meridional gradient in nitrate concentration exists. In these response-changing regions, the latitudinal contrast of the chlorophyll response is more distinctive in the warm season rather than in the cold season because of the shallower climatological mixed layer. The present study highlights the global phytoplankton responses to MHWs and their sensitivity to MHWs properties that imply the importance of upper-ocean interactions between phytoplankton and the mixed-layer.
Bootstrapping more QM systems
Authors: Berenstein David , Hulsey George 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We test the bootstrap approach for determining the spectrum of one dimensional Hamiltonians. In this paper we focus on problems that have a two parameter search space in the bootstrap approach: the double well and a periodic potential associated with the Mathieu equation. For the double well, we compare the bootstrapped energies with contributions from perturbative and non-perturbative results, finding good agreement. For the periodic potentials, we notice that the bootstrap approach gives the band structure of the periodic potential, but it has trouble finding the quasi-momentum of the system. To make further progress on determining the dispersion relation of the bands, new techniques are needed.
Simulation of many-body dynamics using Rydberg excitons
Authors: Taylor Jacob , Goswami Sumit , Walther Valentin , Spanner Michael , Simon Christoph , Heshami Khabat 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The recent observation of high-lying Rydberg states of excitons in semiconductors with relatively high binding energy motivates exploring their applications in quantum nonlinear optics and quantum information processing. Here, we study Rydberg excitation dynamics of a mesoscopic array of excitons to demonstrate its application in simulation of quantum many-body dynamics. We show that the

Z

2

-ordered phase can be reached using physical parameters available for cuprous oxide (Cu2O) by optimizing driving laser parameters such as duration, intensity, and frequency. In an example, we study the application of our proposed system to solving the maximum independent set problem based on the Rydberg blockade effect.
Fast decay of classification error in variational quantum circuits
Authors: Zhang Bingzhi , Zhuang Quntao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) have shown great potential in near-term applications. However, the discriminative power of a VQC, in connection to its circuit architecture and depth, is not understood. To unleash the genuine discriminative power of a VQC, we propose a VQC system with the optimal classical post-processing—maximum-likelihood estimation on measuring all VQC output qubits. Via extensive numerical simulations, we find that the error of VQC quantum data classification typically decays exponentially with the circuit depth, when the VQC architecture is extensive—the number of gates does not shrink with the circuit depth. This fast error suppression ends at the saturation towards the ultimate Helstrom limit of quantum state discrimination. On the other hand, non-extensive VQCs such as quantum convolutional neural networks are sub-optimal and fail to achieve the Helstrom limit, demonstrating a trade-off between ansatz complexity and classification performance in general. To achieve the best performance for a given VQC, the optimal classical post-processing is crucial even for a binary classification problem. To simplify VQCs for near-term implementations, we find that utilizing the symmetry of the input properly can improve the performance, while oversimplification can lead to degradation.
Overlooked factors in predicting the transition to clean electricity
Authors: Martin Nick , Madrid-López Cristina , Villalba-Méndez Gara , Talens-Peiró Laura 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The transition to clean energy will require significant increases in electricity sourced from renewable energy technologies. While wind and solar photovoltaic sources are generally expected to overtake hydropower to dominate the renewable electricity supply market, numerous other technologies vie for a share in this rapidly evolving arena. To date, predicting the emergence of different technologies has relied on large-scale energy models that employ simplified optimisations of economic and emissions reductions outcomes. This is problematic as many additional factors, largely underrepresented in current models, are likely to co-determine technological emergence storylines in the real world. Here, we present a summary of the best available information for five key factors as they apply to the seven most common renewable electricity technology categories. The findings suggest that wind and solar photovoltaic technologies remain the most likely to dominate the market going forward but could face considerable raw material supply risk issues. Other potentially more desirable alternatives exist but face their own geographic and environmental limitations. Ultimately, the study demonstrates the potential and importance of expanding the use of other relevant factors in the forecasting of energy transition pathways and in the field of energy modelling as a whole.
Every finite abelian group is the group of rational points of an ordinary abelian variety over 𝔽₂, 𝔽₃ and 𝔽₅
Authors: Marseglia Stefano , Springer Caleb 
Published: May 2022

We show that every finite abelian group occurs as the group of rational points of an ordinary abelian variety over

F

2

\mathbb {F}_2

,

F

3

\mathbb {F}_3

and

F

5

\mathbb {F}_5

. We produce partial results for abelian varieties over a general finite field

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

. In particular, we show that certain abelian groups cannot occur as groups of rational points of abelian varieties over

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

when

q
q

is large. Finally, we show that every finite cyclic group arises as the group of rational points of infinitely many simple abelian varieties over

F

2

\mathbb {F}_2

.
Normalized solutions of the autonomous Kirchhoff equation with Sobolev critical exponent: Sub- and super-critical cases
Authors: Li Quanqing , Rădulescu Vicenţiu , Zhang Jian , Zhao Xin 
Published: May 2022

In the present paper, we investigate the existence and multiplicity properties of the normalized solutions to the following Kirchhoff-type equation with Sobolev critical growth

(

P

)

{

−

(
a
+
b

∫

R

3

|

∇
u

|

2

d
x
)

Δ
u
+
λ
u
=
μ

|

u

|

p
−
2

u
+

|

u

|

4

u
,

a
m
p
;
in

R

3

,

u
>
0
,

∫

R

3

|

u

|

2

d
x
=

c
2

,

a
m
p
;
in

R

3

,

\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} -\left (a+b\int _{\mathbb {R}^3}|\nabla u|^2dx\right )\Delta u+\lambda u=\mu |u|^{p-2}u+|u|^{4}u, \quad &\text {in } \mathbb {R}^3,\\ u>0, \ \int _{\mathbb {R}^3}|u|^2dx=c^2, \quad &\text {in }\mathbb {R}^3, \end{cases} \tag {$P$}\end{equation*}

where

a
,

b
,

c
,

μ
>
0

a, \ b, \ c, \ \mu >0

and

4
>
p
>
6

4>p>6

. We consider both the

L
2

L^2

-subcritical and the

L
2

L^2

-supercritical cases. Precisely, in the

L
2

L^2

-subcritical case, by combining the truncation method, the concentration-compactness principle and genus theory, we obtain the multiplicity of the normalized solutions for problem

(
P
)

(P)

. In the

L
2

L^2

-supercritical case, by using a fiber map and the concentration-compactness principle, we obtain a couple of normalized solutions for problem

(
P
)

(P)

, as well as their asymptotic behavior. These results extend and complement the existing results from Sobolev subcritical growth to the critical Sobolev setting.
On the structure of into isomorphisms between spaces of continuous functions
Authors: Galego Elói 
Published: May 2022

Let

K
K

and

S
S

be locally compact Hausdorff spaces and let

T
T

be a real linear isomorphism of an extremely regular subspace

A
A

of

C

0

(
K
)

C_{0}(K)

into

C

0

(
S
)

C_{0}(S)

satisfying

‖
T
‖

‖

T

−
1

‖
>
2

\|T \| \ \|T^{-1}\|>2

. Put

L
=
T

‖

T

−
1

‖

L=T \ \|T^{-1}\|

and pick

0
≤
ε
>
1

0 \leq \varepsilon >1

such that

‖
T
‖

‖

T

−
1

‖
=
1
+
ε

\|T \| \ \|T^{-1}\|=1+\varepsilon

.

We prove that there exist a subset

S
0

S_0

of

S
S

, a proper map

φ
\varphi

of

S

0

S_{0}

onto

K
K

and a map

λ
:

S

0

→
{
−
1
,
1
}

\lambda :S_{0} \to \{-1, 1\}

such that

|

L
f
(
s
)
−
λ
(
s
)
f
(
φ
(
s
)
)

|

≤
ε
‖
f
‖
,

∀
s
∈

S

0

and

f
∈
A
.

\begin{equation*} |Lf(s)-\lambda (s) f(\varphi (s))| \leq \varepsilon \|f\|, \ \forall s \in S_{0} \ \text {and} \ f \in A. \end{equation*}

For

ε
>
1

/

2

\varepsilon > 1/2

the maps

φ
\varphi

and

λ
\lambda

are continuous, and this approximation of

L
L

by such a weighted composition operator improves the well-known Holsztyński theorem [Studia Math. 26 (1966), pp. 133–136], the case where

ε
=
0

\varepsilon =0

,

K
K

and

S
S

are compact and

A
=

C

0

(
K
)

A=C_{0}(K)

.

The approximation of

L
L

in the general case where

0
≤
ε
>
1

0 \leq \varepsilon >1

is an extension of a Benyamini’s result [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 83 (1981), pp. 479–485] which allowed us to strengthen a classical Jarosz’s theorem [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 90 (1984), pp. 373–377] by proving that

K
K

is a continuous image not just of a subset of

S
S

but of a locally compact subset of

S
S

. Moreover, when

K
K

is compact, it is a continuous image not just a closed subset of

S
S

but of a compact subset of

S
S

, namely the set

S
0

S_0

having the above properties.
Toeplitz algebras of semigroups
Authors: Laca Marcelo , Sehnem Camila 
Published: May 2022

To each submonoid

P
P

of a group we associate a universal Toeplitz

C

∗

\mathrm {C}^*

-algebra

T

u

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_u(P)

defined via generators and relations;

T

u

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_u(P)

is a quotient of Li’s semigroup

C

∗

\mathrm {C}^*

-algebra

C

s
∗

(
P
)

\mathrm {C}^*_s(P)

and they are isomorphic iff

P
P

satisfies independence. We give a partial crossed product realization of

T

u

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_u(P)

and show that several results known for

C

s
∗

(
P
)

\mathrm {C}^*_s(P)

when

P
P

satisfies independence are also valid for

T

u

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_u(P)

when independence fails. At the level of the reduced semigroup

C

∗

\mathrm {C}^*

-algebra

T

λ

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_\lambda (P)

, we show that nontrivial ideals have nontrivial intersection with the reduced crossed product of the diagonal subalgebra by the action of the group of units of

P
P

, generalizing a result of Li for monoids with trivial unit group. We characterize when the action of the group of units is topologically free, in which case a representation of

T

λ

(
P
)

\mathcal {T}_\lambda (P)

is faithful iff it is jointly proper. This yields a uniqueness theorem that generalizes and unifies several classical results. We provide a concrete presentation for the covariance algebra of the product system over

P
P

with one-dimensional fibers in terms of a new notion of foundation sets of constructible ideals. We show that the covariance algebra is a universal analogue of the boundary quotient and give conditions on

P
P

for the boundary quotient to be purely infinite simple. We discuss applications to a numerical semigroup and to the

a
x
+
b

ax+b

-monoid of an integral domain. This is particularly interesting in the case of nonmaximal orders in number fields, for which we show independence always fails.
Vulnerability to Hypertension Is a Major Determinant of Racial Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease Risk
Authors: Akushevich Igor , Kolpakov Stanislav , Yashkin Arseniy P , Kravchenko Julia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Higher incidence levels of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Black Americans are well documented. However, quantitative explanations of this disparity in terms of risk-factor diseases acting through well-defined pathways are lacking.

Methods
We applied a Blinder-Oaxaca-based algorithm modified for censored data to a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65+ to explain Black/White disparities in AD risk in terms of differences in exposure and vulnerability to morbidity profiles based on 10 major AD-risk-related diseases.

Results
The primary contribution to racial disparities in AD risk comes from morbidity profiles that included hypertension with about 1/5th of their contribution due to differences in prevalence (exposure effect) and 4/5ths to differences in the effects of the morbidity profile on AD risk (vulnerability effect). In total, disease-related effects explained a higher proportion of AD incidence in Black Americans than in their White counterparts.

Conclusions
Disease-related causes may represent some of the most straightforward targets for targeted interventions aimed at the reduction of racial disparities in health among US older adults. Hypertension is a manageable and potentially preventable condition responsible for the majority of the Black/White differences in AD risk, making mitigation of the role of this disease in engendering higher AD incidence in Black Americans a prominent concern.
Functional expression and mutant analysis of thioredoxin-fused CEL-III, a hemolytic lectin from the marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata
Authors: Shimizu Yoshiki , Yonekura Masami , Kouzuma Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
CEL-III is a hemolytic lectin purified from the marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata. New expression system of CEL-III was constructed, and the recombinant thioredoxin-fused CEL-III (Trx-CEL-III) showed strong hemlytic and carbohydrate binding activity as same as authentic CEL-III. Mutation analysis of Trx-CEL-III suggested carbohydrate binding to subdomain 1α and 2β of CEL-III might be important for the hemolytic activity.
Soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 is a strong predictor of all-cause, cardiovascular and infection-related mortality risk in haemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hammer Fabian , Genser Bernd , Dieplinger Benjamin , Egger Margot , Müller Thomas , Drechsler Christiane , März Winfried , Störk Stefan , Wanner Christoph , Krane Vera 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) is a strong prognostic biomarker of cardiovascular (CV) disease. End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients are at high risk of CV events and infections. Herein we investigated the utility of sST2 to predict all-cause and cause-specific mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods
sST2 concentrations were measured in plasma samples of 1196 participants of the German Diabetes and Dialysis (4D) study who had type 2 diabetes mellitus and received maintenance HD for ESKD. Hazard ratios (HRs) for prespecified, adjudicated endpoints were determined according to sST2 levels at baseline by multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results
Participants (mean age 66 years, 54% male) had a median sST2 concentration of 25 ng/mL and were followed up for 4 years. After adjustment for possible confounders, participants with sST2 concentrations in the highest (&gt;32.6 ng/mL) compared with the lowest (&lt;20.1 ng/mL) quartile exhibited a 2-fold higher all-cause mortality risk {[HR 2.06 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61–2.61]; P &lt; .001}. High sST concentrations (fourth versus first quartile) were strongly associated with the risk of cardiac death [HR 2.29 (95% CI 1.55–3.39); P &lt; .001]. Analysis of individual components of cardiac causes of death showed an increased risk of sudden death [HR 2.24 (95% CI 1.33–3.77); P &lt; .001], death due to myocardial infarction [HR 2.12 (95% CI 0.9–5.0); P = .087] and heart failure [HR 3.34 (95% CI 1.15–9.75); P = .027] in participants with sST2 levels in the highest compared with the lowest quartile. Likewise, participants with the highest sST2 levels had an increased risk of fatal stroke [HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.17–3.14); P = .009] and fatal infections [HR 2.01 (95% CI 1.2–3.37); P = .008]. In contrast to fatal CV events, sST2 was not associated with the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction [HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.41–1.12); P = .132] or non-fatal stroke [HR 1.28 (95% CI 0.64–2.53); P = .485].

Conclusions
In HD patients with diabetes mellitus, high concentrations of sST2 were strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, CV mortality and death due to infection but not non-fatal CV events.
Corporate zombies: anatomy and life cycle
Authors: Banerjee Ryan , Hofmann Boris 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing firm-level data on listed non-financial companies in 14 advanced economies, we document a rise in the share of zombie firms, defined as unprofitable firms with low stock market valuation, from 4% in the late 1980s to 15% in 2017. These zombie firms are smaller, less productive, more leveraged, invest less in physical and intangible capital and shrink their assets, debt and employment. Their performance deteriorates several years before zombification and remains significantly poorer than that of non-zombie firms in subsequent years. Over time, some 25% of zombie companies exited the market, while 60% exited from zombie status. However, recovered zombies underperform compared with firms that have never been zombies and they face a high probability of relapsing into zombie status.
Flavor profile variations of Huangjiu brewed in different traditional Chinese solar terms
Authors: Lu Lina , Zhang Jiaojiao , Wu Fenghua , Xie Guangfa , Shan Zhichu , Liu Xingquan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Through long-term research on Huangjiu fermentation, it has been found that the quality of Huangjiu is closely associated with Chinese 24-solar term. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the characteristic and property index differences of Huangjiu, such as aroma and flavor profile, and physicochemical properties—brewed in different solar terms by choosing five representative fermentation times of Shaoxing Huangjiu.

Results
Huangjiu samples in the current study all met the national standards of traditional semi-dry Huangjiu. There are significant differences in physicochemical properties such as acidity and amino nitrogen among different solar-term groups. Forty three detected volatiles were applied by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis analyses to differentiate the main factors. Volatiles mainly loaded to four principal components, which accounted for 86.5%. Nineteen volatiles were discriminated to significantly differentiate solar-term groups. Odor activity values (OAV) analysis found 14 compounds with OAV&gt;1, while correlation analysis between volatiles and the outcomes of sensory evaluation displayed the various properties of Huangjiu on aroma and flavor due to the various combinations of volatiles, reducing sugar, acidity and amino nitrogen. After a national wine inspector evaluated and scored Huangjiu fermented in different solar terms, Huangjiu brewed in Winter Solstice exhibited the highest performance, with a score of 91.0, and praised as a kind of gold medal product.

Conclusion
The methodology of this study can help to produce more types of appealing flavor and aroma of alcoholic beverages to consumers, build varietal Huangjiu or other alcoholic beverages through fermenting guidance by solar term, and even expand the applications of the traditional Chinese 24-solar term.