bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Microstructure on Machinability of Cast Irons—I
Authors: Field Michael , Stansbury E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Test bars were prepared to study the effect of the following structures in the milling of cast iron: Graphite-pearlite of various gradations of coarseness; graphite-pearlite plus about 5 per cent of free-carbide segregation; graphite-ferrite. Quantitative results of the relative machinability of these structures are presented in terms of (1) tool life, (2) power requirements, (3) surface finish. Tool life was found to increase as much as 2:1 as the graphite-pearlite structure was varied from fine to coarse. For the same graphite-pearlite size, the presence of free carbides had no effect on tool life at a cutting speed of 200 fpm but seriously reduced tool life between 250 and 1000 fpm. The increase in tool life for the graphite-ferrite structure as compared to all other structures was outstanding, e.g., at 1150 fpm the increase was of the order of 8:1, compared to the pearlite structure, while at 300 fpm the increase was of the order of 50:1. All of the graphite-pearlite structures required the same amount of power to mill at a constant rate of metal removal for the same feed per tooth. The graphite-ferrite required approximately ½ to ⅔ the power per cubic inch for the same feed per tooth compared to graphite-pearlite structures. The sharpness of the cutter played an important role in power requirements. A “dull” cutter required as high as 3 times the power as that for a sharp cutter at 0.002 in. feed per tooth, and 1.3 times as much power at 0.020 in. feed per tooth. Surface finish improved as the cutting speed increased and as the graphite distribution became finer.
Experiments With Activated Tanks
Authors: Minorsky N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to give an account of certain experimental work conducted by the Bureau of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, in connection with the problem of the stabilization of ships against rolling by the so-called method of activated tanks. The paper incorporates preliminary data from stabilization tests on the destroyer Hamilton. Activation of antirolling systems was produced by means of variable-pitch pumps inserted in ducts connecting the port and starboard tanks. Control equipment consisted of a servomotor system controlled through an electron-tube system by an instrument responsive to angular acceleration of rolling motion. Although, because of the war, these tests could not be completed, it is believed that the experimental program has progressed sufficiently to warrant formulation of certain conclusions of general interest. The principal attempts at stabilization of ships against rolling which have been made, with varying degrees of success, during the last 60 years are considered briefly.
Coefficients of Discharge of Sharp-Edged Concentric Orifices in Commercial 2-In., 3-In., and 4-In. Pipes for Low Reynolds Numbers Using Flange Taps
Authors: Ambrosius E. E. , Spink L. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Commercial pipe in 2, 3, and 4-in. standard weights was used in test installations, making results directly applicable to commercial meter installations. This analysis covers the data on flange taps centered 1 in. upstream and 1 in. downstream from respective orifice faces down to a minimum Reynolds number of 40. Results compare well with previous A.S.M.E. coefficients.
Temperature Distribution in Some Simple Bodies Developing or Absorbing Heat at a Linear Function of Temperature
Authors: Jakob Max 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper the temperature distribution in electrical coils of simple shape has been studied under the assumption of constant current, uniform and constant surface temperature, and linear increase of the electric resistance with temperature. It covered also the case of exothermic chemical reactions in similar configurations and under analogous conditions. The present investigation deals with bodies of the same form, but producing Joulean heat or heat of reaction at a rate decreasing linearly with rising temperature, or absorbing heat by endothermic reaction with a constant positive or negative temperature coefficient. The equations of temperature distribution derived in the paper are closely related to the previous ones in their form as well as in the occurring functions.
Applications of Mechanical Cascade Control Systems
Authors: Swarr J. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of the concept of the cascade controller placed a very powerful tool in the hands of the process-control engineer. The continued refinement of the continuous process has required an extension of the original concept so that cascade systems of increasing complexity are becoming more and more commonplace. Six distinct types of cascade systems are herein classified. A discussion of each type covers the method by which the cascade system is built up from component instruments, the operating characteristics of each system, the field of application for each system with actual illustrations, and benefits to be derived. It is suggested that the classification herein initiated be reviewed officially and perhaps extended to cover some of the more complex installations made within the past several years.
Meter for Flowing Mixtures of Air and Pulverized Coal
Authors: Carlson H. M. , Frazier P. M. , Engdahl R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the course of research by Battelle on the fundamentals of flow of mixtures of air and pulverized coal, for Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., a meter has been developed which measures the rate of flow of both constituents. The meter depends on a unique property of the mixture when passing through a sharp-edged rubber-faced orifice to which coal does not adhere. It was found that the presence of finely divided coal in the air stream has very little effect on the accuracy with which the orifice indicates the flow of the air component, whereas a flow nozzle placed in series with the orifice measures the total of the air plus coal. Thus the simultaneous use of the two elements provides a means for determining the amount of coal flowing. This paper describes the development of the meter, presents data on its performance, and gives the details of practical application. The rate of coal flow is measured with an accuracy of plus or minus 5 per cent for coal-air ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.4, and for coal sizes ranging from 75 to 92 per cent through 200 mesh, after allowance has been made for the small effects of these variables. The meter has been used successfully in the laboratory in vertical and horizontal pipe lines from ¾ to 4 in. diam and it is believed to be applicable to larger lines.
Some Properties and Mechanical Applications of Compar
Authors: Hitov By J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some of the properties and applications of a relatively little-known synthetic material, “compar,” are presented. A modified polyvinyl-alcohol resin, it is manufactured as tubing in the extruded state and is molded in many forms, over a wide range of formulations. The data contained in the paper have not previously been disclosed, so the author hopes that they may help in the solution of particular problems for which better-known materials may not have proved suitable.
Strength and Failure Characteristics of Thin Circular Membranes
Authors: Brown W. F. , Sachs George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The problem treated in this paper concerns the deformation and failure characteristics of thin circular metal membranes. The problem originated in a research project on the elevated-temperature bulging of aluminum alloys, conducted at Case Institute of Technology under contract with the Office of Production Research and Development of the War Production Board. Commercially the problem relates to the design of safety diaphragms used for the protection of pressure vessels. Also, similar conditions of loading and geometry are present in certain structures subjected to underwater explosion or high hydrostatic pressure. The circular bulging of metal membranes also offers the possibility of investigating the fundamental properties of metal in biaxial stress and strain states.
In this paper the instability phenomena encountered in the deformation of such shapes is analyzed in terms of strain distribution and also by previously developed equations relating the stress-strain and radius-strain functions. The paper also develops the fact that the circular bulge test appears particularly suitable for determining basic stress-strain relations to much higher strain values than are obtainable by conventional methods.
Condensation of Refrigerant Vapors—Apparatus and Film Coefficients for Freon-12
Authors: White R. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper is described an apparatus for the direct determination of condensing-vapor heat-transfer film coefficients in which precision measuring methods are employed. The conditions are closely controlled and can be made nearly ideal if so desired. Among the factors affecting condensation which may be studied in this apparatus are condensing temperature, film-temperature drop, noncondensable gas, liquid load on tubes, and condensing-surface condition. Included herein are data on the condensation of saturated Freon-12 under ideal conditions on a plain horizontal tube at various vapor temperatures and film-temperature drops.
The Removal of Aldehydes from Diesel Exhaust Gas
Authors: Davis R. F. , Elliott M. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report presents the results of studies (a) to determine the relation between aldehyde content of Diesel-exhaust gas and the odorous and irritating properties of that gas; (b) to determine the effectiveness of different scrubbing media for removing aldehydes from Diesel-exhaust gas. Observations on the odor and irritation produced by Diesel exhaust gas have shown that both of these properties can be correlated with the concentration of aldehydes in the exhaust gas. The threshold concentration for perception of odor is approximately 0.2 to 0.3 ppm of aldehydes (expressed as equivalent formaldehyde). The threshold of nasal and eye irritation occurs at about 1 ppm of aldehydes (expressed as equivalent formaldehyde). A series of full-scale tests on the removal of aldehydes by scrubbing with water showed that, as the concentration of aldehydes in the scrubbing solution increases, the percentage removal of aldehydes decreases. At elevated temperatures, the removal was nil, and under no conditions was complete removal obtained.
From a series of laboratory tests, it appeared that aqueous solution of sodium sulphite might be used in removing aldehydes from Diesel exhaust gas if hydroquinone was added to inhibit the oxidation of sodium sulphite. A full-scale test showed that an aqueous scrubbing solution, containing 10 per cent sodium sulphite by weight and 0.5 per cent hydroquinone, removed substantially all aldehydes for a period of 7 hr, and 90 per cent or more of the aldehydes for a period of 15 hr. In this test approximately 3000 cu ft of dry exhaust gas (at 60 F and 29.92 in. Hg) was scrubbed per hour at a scrubbing temperature of 133 F. Estimates of the cost of scrubbing Diesel exhaust gas indicate that the cost of materials would be approximately 80 cents for an engine operating continuously for 8 hr and producing an average of 5000 cu ft of dry exhaust gas (at 60 F and 29.92 in. of Hg) per hour.
An Evaluation of Cylindrical-Grinding Performance
Authors: McKee R. E. , Moore R. S. , Boston O. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper, the third in a series on cylindrical grinding, presents some of the results of an investigation of the grinding process with particular reference to the influence of certain variables, such as, wheel grain, grade, and velocity, table-traverse feed, depth of cut, and type of material.
High-Temperature Performance of Silicone Fluids in Journal Bearings
Authors: Brophy J. E. , Larson J. , Militz R. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation covers the use of the dimethyl silicone polymer fluids and methyl phenyl copolymers at elevated temperatures. A specially designed small-bearing machine was used at bearing temperatures of 325 F to 500 F and at ambient or plate temperatures as high as 650 F. Hard chromium-plated journals were used in conjunction with bearings of 89 per cent copper, 4 per cent tin and 4 per cent lead, and 3 per cent zinc alloy. Loads up to 8500 psi were carried at 425 to 500 F, and loads up to 13,000 psi at 180 to 200 F, using the dimethyl silicone fluid. Comparisons are made of the lubricating characteristics of the two classes of silicone fluids investigated. For satisfactory operation, either a long break-in or a silicone pretreatment of the bearings is desirable. Data on safe operating temperatures and rates of increase of viscosity are presented.
Wave-By-Wave Prediction in Narrowly Spread Seas Using Fixed- and Drifting-Point Wave Records: Validation Using Physical Measurements
Authors: Hlophe Thobani , Wolgamot Hugh , Taylor Paul H. , Kurniawan Adi , Orszaghova Jana , Draper Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Accurate and reliable phase-resolved prediction of ocean surface waves is crucial for many offshore operations in ocean engineering and marine science. One important application is in optimal control of a power take-off in a wave energy converter, leading to significantly higher power production. Our interest is forecasting wave fields based on measurements obtained from multiple upwave locations in moderate seas with small directional spreading angles, as occurs along the south coast of Australia. The prediction model, based on FFTs and propagation of waves according to the linear dispersion relation, is applied to both wave groups and irregular wave fields generated in a wave basin and, additionally, to ocean waves measured with drifting wave buoys. To account for spreading, the model numerically advances linear, plane (i.e., long-crested) waves in space at an optimum offset angle equal to the underlying sea-state root mean square spreading angle. Averaging predictions from a few slightly separated measurement locations, each weighted according to its estimated variance, results in more accurate predictions than from any single location. We also assess in detail the effect of drifting buoy measurements in both long-crested and short-crested seas using synthetic wave records and show that it is possible to satisfactorily reconstruct the signal at fixed points based on the Doppler shift felt by the drifting buoy. The reconstructed signals give much better predictions compared to those completely neglecting the effect of even rather slow drift due to current.
Protocol to develop a core outcome set in incisional hernia surgery: the HarMoNY Project
Authors: Harji Deena , Thomas Christophe , Antoniou Stavros , Chandraratan Harsha , Griffiths Ben , Heniford B Todd , Horgan Liam , Koeckerling Ferdinand , Lopez-Cano Manuel , Massey Lisa , Miserez Marc , Montgomery Agneta , Muysoms Filip , Poulose Benjamin , Reinpold Wolfgang , Smart Neil 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionIncisional hernia has an incidence of up to 20% following laparotomy and is associated with significant morbidity and impairment of quality of life. A variety of surgical strategies including techniques and mesh types are available to manage patients with incisional hernia. Previous works have reported significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting for abdominal wall herniae, including ventral and inguinal hernia. This is coupled with under-reporting of important clinical and patient-reported outcomes. The lack of standardisation in outcome reporting contributes to reporting bias, hinders evidence synthesis and adequate data comparison between studies. This project aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) of clinically important, patient-oriented outcomes to be used to guide reporting of future research in incisional hernia.MethodsThis project has been designed as an international, multicentre, mixed-methods project. Phase I will be a systematic review of current literature to examine the current clinical and patient-reported outcomes for incisional hernia and abdominal wall reconstruction. Phase II will identify the outcomes of importance to all key stakeholders through in depth qualitative interviews. Phase III will achieve consensus on outcomes of most importance and for inclusion into a COS through a Delphi process. Phase IV will achieve consensus on the outcomes that should be included in a final COS.Ethics and disseminationThe adoption of this COS into clinical and academic practice will be endorsed by the American, British and European Hernia Societies. Its utilisation in future clinical research will enable appropriate data synthesis and comparison and will enable better clinical interpretation and application of the current evidence base. This study has been registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials initiative.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018090084.
What is the prevalence of COVID-19 detection by PCR among deceased individuals in Lusaka, Zambia? A postmortem surveillance study
Authors: Gill Christopher J , Mwananyanda Lawrence , MacLeod William B , Kwenda Geoffrey , Pieciak Rachel C , Etter Lauren , Bridges Daniel , Chikoti Chilufya , Chirwa Sarah , Chimoga Charles , Forman Leah , Katowa Ben , Lapidot Rotem , Lungu James , Matoba Japhet , Mwinga Gift , Mubemba Benjamin , Mupila Zachariah , Muleya Walter , Mwenda Mulenga , Ngoma Benard , Nakazwe Ruth , Nzara Diana , Pawlak Natalie , Pemba Lillian , Saasa Ngonda , Simulundu Edgar , Yankonde Baron , Thea Donald M 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of COVID-19 postmortem setting in Lusaka, Zambia.DesignA systematic, postmortem prevalence study.SettingA busy, inner-city morgue in Lusaka.ParticipantsWe sampled a random subset of all decedents who transited the University Teaching Hospital morgue. We sampled the posterior nasopharynx of decedents using quantitative PCR. Prevalence was weighted to account for age-specific enrolment strategies.InterventionsNot applicable—this was an observational study.Primary outcomesPrevalence of COVID-19 detections by PCR. Results were stratified by setting (facility vs community deaths), age, demographics and geography and time.Secondary outcomesShifts in viral variants; causal inferences based on cycle threshold values and other features; antemortem testing rates.ResultsFrom 1118 decedents enrolled between January and June 2021, COVID-19 was detected among 32.0% (358/1116). Roughly four COVID-19+ community deaths occurred for every facility death. Antemortem testing occurred for 52.6% (302/574) of facility deaths but only 1.8% (10/544) of community deaths and overall, only ~10% of COVID-19+ deaths were identified in life. During peak transmission periods, COVID-19 was detected in ~90% of all deaths. We observed three waves of transmission that peaked in July 2020, January 2021 and ~June 2021: the AE.1 lineage and the Beta and Delta variants, respectively. PCR signals were strongest among those whose deaths were deemed ‘probably due to COVID-19’, and weakest among children, with an age-dependent increase in PCR signal intensity.ConclusionsCOVID-19 was common among deceased individuals in Lusaka. Antemortem testing was rarely done, and almost never for community deaths. Suspicion that COVID-19 was the cause of deaths was highest for those with a respiratory syndrome and lowest for individuals <19 years.
Does recruiting patients to diabetes prevention programmes via primary care reinforce existing inequalities in care provision between general practices? A retrospective observational study
Authors: Parkinson Beth , McManus Emma , Sutton Matt , Meacock Rachel 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundPrimary care plays a crucial role in identifying patients’ needs and referring at-risk individuals to preventive services. However, well-established variations in care delivery may be replicated in this prevention activity.ObjectiveTo examine whether recruiting patients to the English NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme via primary care reinforces existing inequalities in care provision between practices, in terms of clinical quality, accessibility and resources.MethodsWe generated annual practice-level counts of referrals across the first 4 years of the programme (June 2016 to March 2020). These were linked to 15 indicators of practice clinical quality, access and resources measured during 2018/19. We used random effects Poisson regressions to examine associations between referrals and these indicators, controlling for practice and population characteristics, for 6871 practices in England.ResultsOn average, practices made 3.72 referrals per 1000 population annually and rates varied substantially between practices. Referral rates were positively associated with the quality of clinical care provided. A 1 SD higher level of achievement on Quality and Outcomes Framework diabetes indicators was associated with an 11% (95% CI: 8% to 14%) higher referral rate. This positive association was consistent across all five clinical quality indicators. There was no association between referral rates and accessibility, overall payments or staffing. Associations between referrals and receiving different supplementary payments over the core contract were mixed, with 8%–11% lower referral rates for some payments but not for others.ConclusionRecruiting patients to diabetes prevention programmes via primary care reinforces existing inequalities between general practices in the clinical quality of care they provide. This leaves patients registered with practices providing lower quality clinical care even more disadvantaged. Providing additional support to lower quality practices or using alternative recruitment methods may be necessary to avoid differential engagement in prevention programmes from widening these variations and potential health inequalities further.
Context of injury prevention strategies in Swiss basketball: survey of athletes, medical staff and coaches
Authors: Bel Loïc , Duc Michaël , Bizzini Mario , Fournier Pierre-Etienne , Allet Lara 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesThis project aims to assess opinions, attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, practices and perceived barriers and facilitators of injury prevention (IP) strategies in Swiss basketball teams.MethodsAn online survey was sent to athletes, coaches and medical staff of the three best basketball leagues in Switzerland. The survey was subdivided in four sections: (1) characteristic of participants, (2) knowledge, opinions, attitudes and beliefs, (3) practices and (4) barriers and facilitators.ResultsAmong 105 persons (n=45 female, n=60 male) who answered the survey, more than 60% (n=68) considered the risk of injury for basketball athletes as being high to very high. The ankle, knee and the hand were considered as being the most at risk. More than 80% of participants considered that recovery, training load and the warm-up quality were very important factors for IP. More than 90% of participants considered IP as either important or very important with 53 (50.5%) of the participants indicating using exercise-based IP in their clubs. Athletes and coaches’ motivation and compliance were judged as either important or very important for successful IP implementation by more than 80% of participants, with the coach being reported as the most influential person. Environmental barriers towards human or infrastructural resources were also reported as factors influencing IP strategies, namely by female participants.ConclusionGood knowledge and positive attitude towards IP were reported by participants, but exercise-based IP strategies lack implementation. The coach was considered as the most influential person and was reported with the athletes as playing an important role towards successful implementation.