bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data augmentation in natural language processing: a novel text generation approach for long and short text classifiers
Authors: Bayer Markus , Kaufhold Marc-André , Buchhold Björn , Keller Marcel , Dallmeyer Jörg , Reuter Christian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn many cases of machine learning, research suggests that the development of training data might have a higher relevance than the choice and modelling of classifiers themselves. Thus, data augmentation methods have been developed to improve classifiers by artificially created training data. In NLP, there is the challenge of establishing universal rules for text transformations which provide new linguistic patterns. In this paper, we present and evaluate a text generation method suitable to increase the performance of classifiers for long and short texts. We achieved promising improvements when evaluating short as well as long text tasks with the enhancement by our text generation method. Especially with regard to small data analytics, additive accuracy gains of up to 15.53% and 3.56% are achieved within a constructed low data regime, compared to the no augmentation baseline and another data augmentation technique. As the current track of these constructed regimes is not universally applicable, we also show major improvements in several real world low data tasks (up to +4.84 F1-score). Since we are evaluating the method from many perspectives (in total 11 datasets), we also observe situations where the method might not be suitable. We discuss implications and patterns for the successful application of our approach on different types of datasets.
Tertiary butyl alcohol plumes in southern california groundwater from leaking underground storage tank sites
Authors: Toumari A. , Suffet I. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTertiary butyl alcohol in the groundwater was evaluated using closed leaking underground storage tank sites in Southern California between 2016 and 2019. Tertiary butyl alcohol is not regulated and lacks a maximum contaminant level in California. The current level of 12 µg per liter in drinking water (notification level) is advisory and not enforceable. As high as 88% of sites during 2018–2019 fiscal year were closed with tertiary butyl alcohol higher than its notification level in groundwater. Twenty-five percent of the time, the maximum tertiary butyl alcohol concentrations in the groundwater at closure were higher than 2,300 µg per liter during 2016–2017, 7,600 µg per liter during 2017–2018, and 4,400 µg per liter during 2018–2019, respectively. The plume length of the maximum tertiary butyl alcohol increased from 649 feet in 2016 to 1,128 feet in 2019. Considering the proximity of drinking water wells to the leaking underground storage tank sites in California, this points to an increase risk of impact on the drinking water resources. Tertiary butyl alcohol remained above 12 µg/L in a substantial percentage (70% in 2016–1017, 72% in 2017–2018, and 88% in 2018–2019) of sites. Site closure practices at Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board should be more stringent toward tertiary butyl alcohol contamination. Despite documented health hazards, tertiary butyl alcohol has not received sufficient attention from government agencies. The toxicological evaluation of tertiary butyl alcohol indicates significant human health concerns. Based upon the toxicological evidence, an MCL should be considered for tertiary butyl alcohol in drinking water.
A Sub-Nanostructural Transformable Nanozyme for Tumor Photocatalytic Therapy
Authors: Hu Xi , Wang Nan , Guo Xia , Liang Zeyu , Sun Heng , Liao Hongwei , Xia Fan , Guan Yunan , Lee Jiyoung , Ling Daishun , Li Fangyuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe structural change-mediated catalytic activity regulation plays a significant role in the biological functions of natural enzymes. However, there is virtually no artificial nanozyme reported that can achieve natural enzyme-like stringent spatiotemporal structure-based catalytic activity regulation. Here, we report a sub-nanostructural transformable gold@ceria (STGC-PEG) nanozyme that performs tunable catalytic activities via near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated sub-nanostructural transformation. The gold core in STGC-PEG can generate energetic hot electrons upon NIR irradiation, wherein an internal sub-nanostructural transformation is initiated by the conversion between CeO2 and electron-rich state of CeO2−x, and active oxygen vacancies generation via the hot-electron injection. Interestingly, the sub-nanostructural transformation of STGC-PEG enhances peroxidase-like activity and unprecedentedly activates plasmon-promoted oxidase-like activity, allowing highly efficient low-power NIR light (50 mW cm−2)-activated photocatalytic therapy of tumors. Our atomic-level design and fabrication provide a platform to precisely regulate the catalytic activities of nanozymes via a light-mediated sub-nanostructural transformation, approaching natural enzyme-like activity control in complex living systems.
Pre-trained models are not enough: active and lifelong learning is important for long-term visual monitoring of mammals in biodiversity research—Individual identification and attribute prediction with image features from deep neural networks and decoupled decision models applied to elephants and great apes
Authors: Bodesheim Paul , Blunk Jan , Körschens Matthias , Brust Clemens-Alexander , Käding Christoph , Denzler Joachim 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAnimal re-identification based on image data, either recorded manually by photographers or automatically with camera traps, is an important task for ecological studies about biodiversity and conservation that can be highly automatized with algorithms from computer vision and machine learning. However, fixed identification models only trained with standard datasets before their application will quickly reach their limits, especially for long-term monitoring with changing environmental conditions, varying visual appearances of individuals over time that differ a lot from those in the training data, and new occurring individuals that have not been observed before. Hence, we believe that active learning with human-in-the-loop and continuous lifelong learning is important to tackle these challenges and to obtain high-performance recognition systems when dealing with huge amounts of additional data that become available during the application. Our general approach with image features from deep neural networks and decoupled decision models can be applied to many different mammalian species and is perfectly suited for continuous improvements of the recognition systems via lifelong learning. In our identification experiments, we consider four different taxa, namely two elephant species: African forest elephants and Asian elephants, as well as two species of great apes: gorillas and chimpanzees. Going beyond classical re-identification, our decoupled approach can also be used for predicting attributes of individuals such as gender or age using classification or regression methods. Although applicable for small datasets of individuals as well, we argue that even better recognition performance will be achieved by improving decision models gradually via lifelong learning to exploit huge datasets and continuous recordings from long-term applications. We highlight that algorithms for deploying lifelong learning in real observational studies exist and are ready for use. Hence, lifelong learning might become a valuable concept that supports practitioners when analyzing large-scale image data during long-term monitoring of mammals.
Parental Decisions and Influence on Young Women’s Education to Work Transitions and Possible Selves Futures in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Neha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStatistics show that Nepal has made significant progress in achieving gender parity, especially in the areas of access to education and female literacy rates. However, despite significant advances made towards equal access to education, Nepali society, to a large extent, still privileges a patriarchal mindset which favours a son over a daughter in access to resources. Using a sample of 12 young females, this paper assesses parental choices in education influencing the education to work transition of young females and also their sense of selves. The findings show that the career pathways of young female participants were directly affected by their parents’ choices and intervention in their secondary education. For some, parents’ influence on selecting an education stream turned out to be an opportunity for a better career and life, while for the others it acted as a barrier. The paper highlights the implications of parents’ choices for the young females as they transition from education to work and their sense of selves, both positively and negatively.
Lifetime and Mission reliability assessment of multi-mode ion thruster
Authors: Zhang Xueer , Zhang Tianping , Li Detian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn approach to quantify the lifetime and mission reliability of multi-mode ion thruster is presented. The reliability of LIPS-300S thruster completing the Asteroid Exploration Mission is assessed. The procedure of this approach is (i) assess the life margin factor (LMF) against each failure mode according to the wear test results, then identify the engineering failure modes whose LMFs are less than 1.5; (ii) quantify the uncertainty in the lifetime based on each engineering failure mode and identify the key failure mode with the minimum LMF; (iii) sample the lifetime based on the key failure mode and obtain its 3-parameter Weibull distribution; (iv) simplify the throttle profile as operations at several representative throttle levels, then obtain the conditional lifetime distribution for each operation based on previous operations; (v) considering all possible failure modes, integrate the probability of completing each operation as the total reliability index. The results show that LIPS-300S can complete the Asteroid Exploration Mission with a reliability of 100%.
The politics of future war: Civil-military relations and military doctrine in Britain
Authors: Morgan-Owen David , Gould Alex 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTensions between civil and military authorities over issues such as budgets and strategic posture are unavoidable in pluralistic societies. Scholars of Civil-Military Relations (CMR) have identified a range of practices through which civil-military contestation occurs, and examined their implications for issues such as military effectiveness. This literature, however, has yet to incorporate critical approaches to knowledge into its analysis. Seeking to fill this gap, this article explores how the British military's presentation of its professional knowledge has been increasingly shaped by the political context of British defence policy. More specifically, it argues that the British armed forces’ presentation of opaque imaginations of future war in military doctrine has sought to entrench the role of Defence in an environment of increasingly integrated governmental responses to security challenges. To do this, the article focuses specifically on two concepts that have become increasingly significant in the British defence establishment's articulation of its professional authority and strategic purpose – Multi-Domain Integration (MDI) and the Integrated Operating Concept (IOpC). The article therefore contributes to the literature a fresh perspective of the role of military doctrine and epistemic practices in civil-military contestation, as well as a critical account of the politics of knowledge in British defence.
Paleodiet of Lamini camelids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil: insights from stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O)
Authors: Carrasco Thayara S. , Scherer Carolina S. , Ribeiro Ana Maria , Buchmann Francisco S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCamelids (Camelidae) were a diverse and widely distributed group in South America during the Pleistocene. According to the fossil record, three species inhabited southern Brazil in the recent past: Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Lama guanicoe, and Vicugna vicugna. The analysis of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios in bioapatite provides insight into the paleobiology of nonliving animals and the environment they used to inhabit. We applied this tool to investigate the diet of camelids from two geological localities in southern Brazil: Touro Passo and Santa Vitória Formations (H. paradoxa, n = 7; L. guanicoe, n = 6; V. vicugna, n = 4). Carbon stable isotopes from enamel, dentin, and bone indicated that H. paradoxa and L. guanicoe had diets comprising mostly C3 grasses, but the latter showed a broader diet due to one individual with a mixed diet, whereas V. vicugna had a mixed C3–C4 diet. These different foraging behaviors may have minimized interspecific competition and favored niche partitioning and the coexistence of related species. Combined oxygen and carbon isotope data showed a consistent diet according to climate, probably due to the greater availability in glacial periods of cool-season grasses, which mainly use the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Given their adaptations to grazing, the climate amelioration, followed by the loss of grasslands, likely had a great impact on camelid populations, leading to their extinction in southern Brazil. These results, therefore, contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of paleocommunities in this region.
Evaluation and prioritisation of actions on food environments to address the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal: perspectives from a national expert panel
Authors: Manga Julien Soliba , Diouf Adama , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Diagne Maty , Kwadjode Komlan , Dossou Nicole , Thiam El Hadji Momar , Ndiaye Ndeye Fatou , Moubarac Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the extent of implementation of public policies aimed at creating healthy eating environments in Senegal compared to international best practice and identity priority actions to address the double burden of malnutrition.Design:The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) was used by a local expert panel to assess the level of implementation of forty-three good practice policy and infrastructure support indicators against international best practices using a Likert scale and identify priority actions to address the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal.Setting:Senegal, West Africa.Participants:A national group of independent experts from academia, civil society, non-governmental organisations and United Nations bodies (n =15) and a group of government experts from various ministries (n =16) participated in the study.Results:Implementation of most indicators aimed at creating healthy eating environments were rated as ‘low’ compared to best practice (31 on 43, or 72 %). The Gwet AC2 inter-rater reliability was good at 0·75 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·80). In a prioritisation workshop, experts identified forty-five actions, prioritising ten as relatively most feasible and important and relatively most effective to reduce the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal (e.g. develop and implement regional school menus based on local products (expand to fourteen regions) and measure the extent of the promotion of unhealthy foods to children).Conclusions:Significant efforts remain to be made by Senegal to improve food environments. This project allowed to establish an agenda of priority actions for the government to transform food environments in Senegal to tackle the double burden of malnutrition.
Sub-terahertz propagation characteristics up to 150 GHz for 6G mobile communication systems
Authors: Inomata Minoru , Yamada Wataru , Kuno Nobuaki , Sasaki Motoharu , Kitao Koshiro , Nakamura Mitsuki , Tomie Takahiro , Oda Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExtreme-high-speed communication exceeding 100 Gbps is one requirement for 6G. To satisfy extreme-high-speed-communication, one solution is to utilize terahertz bands above 100 GHz. To determine the new radio-interface technologies and service frequency bands for 6G, terahertz propagation characteristics above 100 GHz need to be understood. In this paper, we introduce our new radio-network topology for 6G and then show the frequency dependency of key propagation phenomena such as the characteristics of path loss in an urban environment, human blockage, and scattering from a rough building surface up to 150 GHz. Human blockage loss increases and the scattering is more diffused as the frequency increases. In the path-loss characteristics, it was found that path-loss frequency dependency is stronger than that given by conventional path-loss model because of scattering effects from a rough building surface.
Modeling Contaminant Microbes in Rivers During Both Baseflow and Stormflow
Authors: Drummond J. D. , Aquino T. , Davies‐Colley R. J. , Stott R. , Krause S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRivers transport contaminant microorganisms (including fecal indicator bacteria and human pathogens) long distances downstream of diffuse and point sources, posing a human health risk. We present a mobile‐immobile model that incorporates transport as well as immobilization and remobilization of contaminant microbes and other fine particles during baseflow and stormflow. During baseflow conditions, hyporheic exchange flow causes particles to accumulate in streambed sediments. Remobilization of stored particles from streambed sediments occurs slowly during baseflow via hyporheic exchange flow, while remobilization is vastly increased during stormflow. Model predictions are compared to observations over a range of artificial and natural flood events in the dairy contaminated Topehaehae Stream, New Zealand. The model outputs closely matched timing and magnitude of E. coli and turbidity observations through multiple high‐flow events. By accounting for both state‐of‐flow and hyporheic exchange processes, the model provides a valuable framework for predicting particle and contaminant microbe behavior in streams.
The Effect of Convective Injection of Ice on Stratospheric Water Vapor in a Changing Climate
Authors: Smith Jacob W. , Bushell Andrew C. , Butchart Neal , Haynes Peter H. , Maycock Amanda C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStratospheric water vapor affects the Earth's radiative balance and stratospheric chemistry, yet its future changes are uncertain and not fully understood. The influence of deep convection on stratospheric water vapor remains subject to debate. This letter presents a detailed process‐based model study of the impact of convective ice sublimation on stratospheric water vapor in response to CO2 forced climate change. The influence of convective injection is found to be limited by the vertical profile of temperature and saturation vapor pressure in the tropical tropopause layer, not by the frequency of occurrence. Lagrangian trajectory analysis shows the relative contributions to stratospheric water vapor from sublimation and large‐scale transport are approximately unchanged when CO2 is increased. The results indicate the role of convective ice injection for stratospheric water vapor in a warmer climate remains constrained by large‐scale temperatures.
Critical Role of Tropical North Atlantic SSTA in Boreal Summer in Affecting Subsequent ENSO Evolution
Authors: Jiang Leishan , Li Tim , Ham Yoo‐Geun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe season‐dependent impacts of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on subsequent El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) evolution were investigated through observational and modeling studies. The results indicate that, although the maximum amplitude of the TNA SSTA occurs during boreal spring, the TNA SSTA in boreal summer generates a stronger rainfall response in situ, which can further induce a significantly stronger zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial western Pacific via Kelvin and Rossby wave processes. The cause of a stronger precipitation response in boreal summer is attributed to the northward migration of the climatological Atlantic warm pool and the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone. Idealized Coupled General Circulation Model experiments further demonstrate that a persisting TNA SSTA forcing up to boreal summer is critical in conveying the TNA impact to subsequent ENSO evolutions in the Pacific.
Depletions of Multi‐MeV Electrons and Their Association to Minima in Phase Space Density
Authors: Drozdov A. Y. , Allison H. J. , Shprits Y. Y. , Usanova M.E. , Saikin A. , Wang D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFast‐localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi‐MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra‐relativistic electron populations.
Automatic Identification and New Observations of Ion Energy Dispersion Events in the Cusp Ionosphere
Authors: da Silva D. , Chen L. J. , Fuselier S. , Wang S. , Elkington S. , Dorelli J. , Burkholder B. , Sibeck D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this paper we present an algorithm which identifies ion energy dispersion events in low altitude cusp observations. Such an algorithm is suitable for implementation to prioritize data for downlink, or to be run on the ground for data mining. The energy dispersion events, sometimes known as dispersed particle precipitation, have been interpreted as due to time‐of‐flight effects of energized ions from magnetopause reconnection sites. Our algorithm utilizes a novel method of integrating a scoring function across moving time windows to capture the dispersion structure. The algorithm is implemented and prototyped with Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data but specified in terms that apply to other missions for both ions and electrons. Two new types of dispersion events are uncovered with the algorithm, consisting of a cold inverse double dispersion event where one population dominates, and a V‐type dispersion event during northward interplanetary magnetic field.