bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case–control study evaluating the unnecessary use of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics in presumed sepsis and septic-shock patients in the emergency department
Authors: Bae Esther Y. , Smith Tiffeny T. , Monogue Marguerite L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objectives:
Recognition of sepsis frequently occurs in emergency departments. To evaluate the appropriateness of empiric antibiotic use in the setting of suspected sepsis in emergency department, the percentages of bacterial infection and antibiotic-related adverse drug effects were quantified in an emergency department at an academic medical center.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of adults who presented to the emergency department between January 2018 and June 2018 with suspected sepsis (defined as having ≥2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] criteria) and received ≥1 dose of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Results:
In total, 218 patients were included in the final analysis. Moreover, 19.3% of these patients had confirmed bacterial infections; 44.5% had suspected bacterial infections; and 35.9% did not have bacterial infection. Elevated SIRS score (ie, ≥2) and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score (ie, ≥2) were not associated with the presence of bacterial infections. We identified 90-day Clostridioides difficile infections in 7 patients and drug-resistant organism infections in 6 patients, regardless of the presence of bacterial infections.

Conclusions:
A high number of patients received intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department without confirmed or suspected bacterial infections that were supported by microbiologic cultures, radiographic imaging, or other symptoms of infections. Most patients who were initially admitted to the emergency department with suspected sepsis were discharged home after receiving 1 dose of intravenous antibiotic. Patients who were initially screened using SIRS score and who received broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department were without confirmed or suspected bacterial infection.
“Marriage is No Protection for Crime”: Coverture, Sex, and Marital Rape in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIf coverture justified patriarchal control and legally erased many aspects of wives’ separate existence, did this mean that husbands in eighteenth-century England also enjoyed absolute authority over their wives’ sexual bodies? This article examines how contemporaries described the sexual boundaries between spouses and what wives could do when they had been violated by their husbands. Wives had few legal protections and limited social and economic resources to escape unwanted marital sex, but the small number who could afford the high costs turned to the ecclesiastical courts to legally separate from their husbands. The five case studies from the ecclesiastical courts explored here are exceptional, first, because sexual problems were at their core, and second, because unusual collateral evidence survives describing attorneys’ and judges’ opinions about spouses’ bodily rights within marriage. Whether they were seeking relief from reproductive toil, venereal infection, threat of sexual violence, or trauma from marital rape, these wives wanted to escape their husbands—but they faced hurdles. Because English ecclesiastical law did not explicitly identify sexual discord as justifying marital separation, the women's attorneys had to demonstrate that unwanted sexual relations were acts of cruelty. By invoking bodily safety, decorum and propriety, and sensibility and sympathy, advocates argued against husbands’ absolute conjugal authority. The author considers how broader transformations in beliefs about gender and sexuality may have resulted in giving wives slightly more room for protection by the second half of the eighteenth century, particularly when they faced the threat of marital rape or venereal infection.
Procesos de institucionalización de la investigación indígena: Un abordaje comparado
Authors: Levalle Sebastián 
Published: December 2022

ResumenEn este trabajo estudio la institucionalización de la investigación indígena, considerando los conflictos políticos, epistemológicos y ontológicos que intervienen en su desarrollo. Analizo y comparo cuatro instituciones afiliadas al Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC) de Colombia, una de las organizaciones indígenas que más ha avanzado en este proceso en Latinoamérica. Basándome en conversaciones con los y las intelectuales orgánicas del CRIC —investigadores/as indígenas y colaboradores/as— y en documentos institucionales, argumento que las diversas formas de concebir y practicar la investigación dan cuenta de un proceso de ontologización que implica un cambio radical respecto del sentido, los sujetos y las relaciones involucradas en su desarrollo. Planteo que dicho proceso obliga a redefinir la noción moderna de investigar, pero indago, al mismo tiempo, en las tensiones que esta tendencia presenta al interior del CRIC.
Ethnophotography, Nation Branding, and National Competition in Transylvania: Emil Sigerus’ Durch Siebenbürgen
Authors: Davis Sacha E. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractScholars have treated images from the golden age of Transylvanian photography, recently elevated to prominence through the digitization of archives, as “authentic” portrayals of peasant culture. However, Hungarian, Romanian, and Saxon nationalists in Transylvania utilized photographs to brand place and nation in the global market, as well as to make claims to territory and assert competing national hierarchies. I examine here Saxon historian, folklorist and travel writer Emil Sigerus’ Durch Siebenbürgen: eine Touristenfahrt in 58 Bildern (Through Transylvania: a Tourist Trip in 58 Pictures), published repeatedly between 1905 and 1929. Sigerus’ photographic survey of Transylvania’s natural landscape, built environment and diverse populations branded Transylvania in general and Transylvanian Saxons in particular as a tourist destination unspoiled by the passage of time. Sigerus also projected an ethnically stratified social hierarchy on Transylvania’s heterogeneous population, with Saxons at the apex; asserted Saxon ownership of urban centers, thereby reinforcing Saxon claims to a “civilizing mission” in Transylvania; and laid claim to territory, simultaneously redirecting tourism from other parts of Transylvania to Saxon nationalists’ benefit. By careful curation, then, Sigerus projected a strong nationalist message often overlooked in the analysis of individual images as “objective” sources of evidence.
Legislator Dissent Does Not Affect Electoral Outcomes
Authors: Cowley Philip , Umit Resul 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAre there electoral consequences or benefits for legislators who deviate from the party line? We answer this question with data from individual-level vote choice and constituency-level electoral results in the UK for the last two decades. Exploring the variations in voting patterns over time with a panel-regression approach, we find results that are most compatible with the null hypothesis, that is, that dissent by legislators is neither rewarded nor punished in elections. These results call into question the degree to which voters know and/or care about legislative dissent in parliament.
Numbers and Images: Representations of Immigration and Public Attitudes about Immigration in Canada
Authors: Paquet Mireille , Lawlor Andrea 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPerceptions of numbers (numerical estimations of migrant flows) and mental images (beliefs about characteristics and motives of immigrants) have been shown to be important predictors of cross-national immigration attitudes. However, this finding has seldom been verified in Canada. As a result, we know little about how Canadians estimate the amount and type of migrants coming into the country, what drives the generation of these numbers and images, and what the consequences of numerical estimations and mental images of immigration are for public attitudes toward immigration. Using nationally representative cross-sectional survey data from 2019, this article reports that Canadians generally overestimate the number of refugees and asylum-seekers coming into the country but are comparatively less prone to overestimating the overall number of immigrants. Canadians also rely on mental images about the reasons for immigrating to Canada that diverge from the realities of Canada's immigration program. We document how reliance on these numbers and images is driven by the type of media consumed, feelings of threat, and individual-level characteristics of Canadians. In doing so, this article demonstrates that mental images strongly influence Canadians’ attitudes toward immigration; numerical estimates also matter, but less so. Furthermore, perceptions of the number of migrants arriving affect latent preferences toward immigration—such as ethnocentrism, perceptions of “threat,” and border insecurity—while mental images shape both preferences for lowering immigration intake and latent preferences.
Rational growth in torus bundle groups of odd trace
Authors: Choi Seongjun , Ho Meng-Che “Turbo” , Pengitore Mark 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA group is said to have rational growth with respect to a generating set if the growth series is a rational function. It was shown by Parry that certain torus bundle groups of even trace exhibits rational growth. We generalize this result to a class of torus bundle groups with odd trace.
The discursive chronotopes of waste: Temporal laminations and linguistic hauntings
Authors: Thurlow Crispin , Pellanda Alessandro , Wohlgemuth Laura 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article presents two case-study examples of the discursive chronotopes by which domestic waste is organized as a linguistic, spatial, and temporal configuration. Marked by their liminality and temporal laminations, curbside garbage collection and secondhand/thrift shops are major sociomaterial practices in Switzerland. The three discursive chronotopes we address in these contexts are those concerned with regulation, repression, and (re)valuation. By focusing on the temporalities of waste, we complicate how linguistic landscape research typically conceives of, and approaches, both space and language. The language of waste is not always visible or even expressed. Indeed, waste is often deliberately rendered invisible—under the cover of darkness, behind closed doors, sent elsewhere—and thereby functions as an act of discursive suppression. For these reasons, we endorse a hauntological approach to linguistic landscapes. (Waste, linguistic landscape, discursive chronotope, temporal lamination, hauntology)*
Orthographic effects on L2 production and L2 proficiency in ESL learners with non-alphabetic and orthographically opaque L1
Authors: Deng Wenxiyuan , Chan Kit Ying , Au Yeung Ka Man 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis study examined the role of first language (L1) transparency in intra-orthographic effects on second language (L2) pronunciation by studying L2 learners with a non-alphabetic and orthographically opaque L1 and an alphabetic L2. Relations between orthographic effects, phonological awareness, and L2 proficiency were examined. Fifty-four Cantonese-speaking English as a second language (ESL) learners participated in Experiment 1 with orthographic effect tasks (homophone and silent-letter read-aloud) and phonological awareness tasks. Thirty Cantonese-speaking and 30 Mandarin-speaking ESL learners participated in Experiment 2 with orthographic effect tasks and an L2 proficiency task. The L2 pronunciation of Cantonese and Mandarin participants was subjected to intra-orthographic effects. Phonological awareness and L2 proficiency were associated with less orthographic effects on L2 pronunciation in Cantonese participants. Mandarin participants did not subject to more orthographic effects than Cantonese participants when controlling L2 proficiency, implying that shared alphabetic scripts between Pinyin and English did not interfere with L2 production. Overall, transferring the L1 reading strategy that relies on orthography to decode phonology to L2 reading seemed not to be the key mechanism behind intra-orthographic effects. L2 graphemes were likely to be decoded with incorrect L2 grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences, resulting in intra-orthographic effects.
Settler Worldmaking: Reconfiguring the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1953–62
Authors: Marmon Brooks 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs soon as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formed in 1953, disgruntled white settler politicians in the new polity pushed for the reconfiguration of its borders. Driven by decolonisation struggles across Africa and a surge of anti-colonial nationalism in Nyasaland in particular, these debates were particularly vibrant among the political establishment in Southern Rhodesia, the Federation's dominant constituent. The question of Southern Rhodesia's relationship to the Federation became divisive in right-wing circles as African decolonisation unfolded. However, as the pattern of imperial retreat solidified, the right wing abandoned interest in a reconstructed Federation and unified around a “Southern Rhodesia First” mantra. The “centrist” ruling party, entangled by the Federation's extant scaffolding, was forced to eventually embrace a partition plan which closely resembled the ideas traditionally espoused by the opposition. The process of this ideological realignment had important ramifications for Southern Rhodesian politics. In particular, it facilitated the reunification of the right wing and the embrace of unilateralism that manifested most dramatically in Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965.
Colonial Education Goes International: A Micro-History of Knowledge Production and Circulation in an Age of Imperial Crisis
Authors: Matasci Damiano 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBy focusing on the individual trajectory of Albert Charton (1893–1980), a French educationalist and civil servant who was active in West Africa and Indochina during the 1930s and 1940s, this article offers an original approach to the analysis of knowledge production and circulation in relation to the colonial world. More specifically, the study of Charton's involvement in several imperial, international, and interimperial bodies allows for a new understanding of the evolution of discussions concerning the content and aims of colonial education, including its growing importance within development paradigms. Such a micro-historical perspective also reveals the mechanisms and sometimes contrasting (political) rationales of the process of internationalisation of educational knowledge, thus providing new insights into the interconnections between imperialism and internationalism.
Reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale among nurses
Authors: Heo Seongkum , Kim Miyeong , You HyunMi , Hong Sun Woo , An Minjeong , Yang Jisun , Kim Hee Jung , Shim JaeLan , Chon SaeHyun , Kim JinShil 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo provide appropriate palliative care, nurses should have appropriate level of self-efficacy in palliative care, but the levels among nurses were low. To improve the levels effectively, self-efficacy in palliative care should be assessed using reliable and valid instruments. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale in Korean nurses.MethodsIn this cross-sectional, observational study, 272 nurses (mean age: 30 years) were enrolled from 6 university-affiliated medical centers or community hospitals in South Korea. Data on self-efficacy and demographic characteristics were collected. Validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (SPSS and Mplus). Reliability and homogeneity were assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and item analyses (SPSS), respectively.ResultsThe exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the 4-factor structure (communication, assessment and symptom management, psychosocial and spiritual management of patient and family, and multiprofessional teamworking) with factor loadings >.60 and with good model fit: root mean square error of approximation =.07, Tucker–Lewis index =.94, comparative fit index =.95, and standardized root mean square residual =.04. Cronbach’s alphas for the total scale and each of the subscales ranged from .883 to .965. The corrected item–total correlation coefficients of all items ranged from .61 to .90.Significance of resultsThe findings of this study supported the reliability and validity of this instrument among Korean nurses. This instrument can be used to assess nurses’ self-efficacy in palliative care and to test intervention effects on it.
Comparison of the Effects of Different Viscoelastic and Temperature Models on the Theoretical Tidal Response of the Moon
Authors: Xiao Chi , Wu Yunlong , Yan Jianguo , Harada Yuji , Zhang Yi , Li Fei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe existence of an attenuating layer that is partially molten at the bottom of the lunar mantle has long been debated, mainly because different viscoelastic models yield varying interpretations. Through a combination of different viscoelastic and temperature models, we study the theoretical tidal response of the Moon. As viscoelastic models, we consider the Maxwell, Burgers, Andrade, and Sundberg‐Cooper model, where the Burgers and Andrade models each comprise two different scenarios. Determining which viscoelastic model is most suitable for the Moon is difficult since more than one combination of viscoelastic and temperature models satisfies the observed period dependence of the lunar tidal quality factor Q. Further inversion reveals that most viscoelastic models potentially satisfy the monthly observations of the Moon; however, only the Maxwell and Andrade models satisfy the period‐dependent Q while remaining consistent with the observed tidal Love numbers k2 and h2. We ultimately suggest that the Andrade model with β = μα−1η−α, where α and β are the empirical parameters, μ is unrelaxed shear modulus, and η is viscosity, is more suitable for the Moon because the Maxwell model underestimates the mantle viscosity and the viscous dissipation at short periods. Based on our model assumptions and the currently available observations, a partially molten layer with a grain size on the order of 10–100 µm, in which the temperature changes drastically may exist at the bottom of the lunar mantle.
Winds at the Mars 2020 Landing Site. 2. Wind Variability and Turbulence
Authors: Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , de la Torre M. , Gómez‐Elvira J. , Lorenz R. D. , Apéstigue V. , Guzewich S. , Mischna M. , Sullivan R. , Herkenhoff K. , Toledo D. , Lemmon M. , Smith M. , Newman C. E. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Richardson M. , Hueso R. , Harri A. M. , Tamppari L. , Arruego I. , Bell J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWind speeds measured by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater were fitted as a Weibull distribution. InSight wind data acquired in Elysium Planitia were also used to contextualize observations. Jezero winds were found to be much calmer on average than in previous landing sites, despite the intense aeolian activity observed. However, a great influence of turbulence and wave activity was observed in the wind speed variations, thus driving the probability of reaching the highest wind speeds at Jezero, instead of sustained winds driven by local, regional, or large‐scale circulation. The power spectral density of wind speed fluctuations follows a power‐law, whose slope deviates depending on the time of day from that predicted considering homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Daytime wave activity is related to convection cells and smaller eddies in the boundary layer, advected over the crater. The signature of convection cells was also found during dust storm conditions, when prevailing winds were consistent with a tidal drive. Nighttime fluctuations were also intense, suggesting strong mechanical turbulence. Convective vortices were usually involved in rapid wind fluctuations and extreme winds, with variations peaking at 9.2 times the background winds. Transient high wind events by vortex‐passages, turbulence, and wave activity could be driving aeolian activity at Jezero. We report the detection of a strong dust cloud of 0.75–1.5 km in length passing over the rover. The observed aeolian activity had major implications for instrumentation, with the wind sensor suffering damage throughout the mission, probably due to flying debris advected by winds.
Increased Productivity in the Equatorial Pacific During the Deglaciation Inferred From the Ba/Ca Ratios of Non‐Spinose Planktic Foraminifera
Authors: Fritz‐Endres Theresa , Fehrenbacher Jennifer S. , Russell Ann D. , Cynar Haley 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe production and export of organic matter to deep‐sea sediments is a key driver in modulating glacial‐interglacial carbon cycles. Yet, it remains unsettled whether productivity has increased or decreased over glacial‐interglacial transitions, in part because productivity proxies may be complicated by sediment re‐deposition and diagenetic alterations. Here, we explore using non‐spinose foraminifera Ba/Ca ratios as a proxy for surface ocean productivity. We analyze foraminifera Ba/Ca ratios since the Last Glacial Maximum in cores that span a productivity gradient along the equatorial Pacific. Ba/Ca is low and invariable in the spinose species Trilobatus sacculifer. In contrast, Ba/Ca is higher and more variable in the non‐spinose species Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata. Ba/Ca enrichment in non‐spinose species is hypothesized to be linked to the degradation of organic matter within the species' particulate microhabitat and reflects surface ocean particulate organic matter productivity at the time of shell calcification (Fehrenbacher et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.03.008). Ba/Ca in core‐top and sediment trap derived non‐spinose foraminifera correlate with organic matter productivity. We reconstruct an increase in non‐spinose species Ba/Ca during the deglacial in the western and eastern equatorial Pacific and suggest this may be linked to an increase in productivity, as observed in several other regional records. The 16–17 ka BP peak in non‐spinose foraminifera Ba/Ca is evident in specimens obtained from a deep ocean core and from regions that experience sediment focusing, suggesting the Ba/Ca proxy may be useful even in regions where samples are poorly preserved or complicated by sediment re‐deposition.