bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Nudges to Improve Audit and Feedback Report Opening Among Antibiotic Prescribers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Daneman Nick , Lee Samantha , Bai Heming , Bell Chaim M , Bronskill Susan E , Campitelli Michael A , Dobell Gail , Fu Longdi , Garber Gary , Ivers Noah , Kumar Matthew , Lam Jonathan M C , Langford Bradley , Laur Celia , Morris Andrew M , Mulhall Cara L , Pinto Ruxandra , Saxena Farah E , Schwartz Kevin L , Brown Kevin A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Peer comparison audit and feedback has demonstrated effectiveness in improving antibiotic prescribing practices, but only a minority of prescribers view their reports. We rigorously tested 3 behavioral nudging techniques delivered by email to improve report opening.

Methods
We conducted a pragmatic randomized controlled trial among Ontario long-term care prescribers enrolled in an ongoing peer comparison audit and feedback program which includes data on their antibiotic prescribing patterns. Physicians were randomized to 1 of 8 possible sequences of intervention/control allocation to 3 different behavioral email nudges: a social peer comparison nudge (January 2020), a maintenance of professional certification incentive nudge (October 2020), and a prior participation nudge (January 2021). The primary outcome was feedback report opening; the primary analysis pooled the effects of all 3 nudging interventions.

Results
The trial included 421 physicians caring for &gt;28 000 residents at 450 facilities. In the pooled analysis, physicians opened only 29.6% of intervention and 23.9% of control reports (odds ratio [OR], 1.51 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.10–2.07], P = .011); this difference remained significant after accounting for physician characteristics and clustering (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.24–2.45], P = .0014). Of individual nudging techniques, the prior participation nudge was associated with a significant increase in report opening (OR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.06–2.47], P = .026; aOR, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.33–3.50], P = .0018). In the pooled analysis, nudges were also associated with accessing more report pages (aOR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.14–1.43], P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Enhanced nudging strategies modestly improved report opening, but more work is needed to optimize physician engagement with audit and feedback.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04187742.
The New History of Old Inequality
Authors: Jackson Trevor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Since the financial crisis of 2008 and the publication in 2014 of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century, income and wealth inequality have returned to public and scholarly interest. Most subsequent discussion has focused on the fall and rise of inequality in the twentieth century, but meanwhile another body of economic history literature has reconstructed long-run inequality dynamics in early modern Europe. This article surveys the new history of old inequality and discusses its three principal findings: first, that between about 1300 and about 1900 inequality increased continuously almost everywhere, meaning there is no clear link between economic growth and inequality. Secondly, the only phenomena that substantially reduced inequality were unprecedented catastrophes. Thirdly, although few things have decreased inequality, many strategies of elite wealth defence have increased it, motivating new comparative concepts like the ‘inequality possibility frontier’ and the ‘extraction ratio’. Inequality will continue to be a subject of urgent political and moral attention, and this field opens up a research agenda that could bridge the methodological divide between economic history as practised by economists and by historians.
Starch biosynthesis in guard cells has features of both autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues
Authors: Flütsch Sabrina , Horrer Daniel , Santelia Diana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The pathway of starch synthesis in guard cells (GCs), despite the crucial role starch plays in stomatal movements, is not well understood. Here, we characterized starch dynamics in GCs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking enzymes of the phosphoglucose isomerase-phosphoglucose mutase-ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase starch synthesis pathway in leaf mesophyll chloroplasts or sugar transporters at the plastid membrane, such as glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators, which are active in heterotrophic tissues. We demonstrate that GCs have metabolic features of both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells. GCs make starch using different carbon precursors depending on the time of day, which can originate both from GC photosynthesis and/or sugars imported from the leaf mesophyll. Furthermore, we unravel the major enzymes involved in GC starch synthesis and demonstrate that they act in a temporal manner according to the fluctuations of stomatal aperture, which is unique for GCs. Our work substantially enhances our knowledge on GC starch metabolism and uncovers targets for manipulating GC starch dynamics to improve stomatal behavior, directly affecting plant productivity.
Can vaccine prioritization reduce disparities in COVID-19 burden for historically marginalized populations?
Authors: Rosenstrom Erik T , Mele Jessica , Ivy Julie S , Mayorga Maria E , Patel Mehul D , Lich Kristen Hassmiller , Johnson Karl , Delamater Paul , Keskinocak Pinar , Boyce Ross , Smith Raymond , Swann Julie L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategies were designed to reduce COVID-19 mortality, morbidity, and health inequities. To assess the impact of vaccination strategies on disparities in COVID-19 burden among historically marginalized populations (HMPs), e.g. Black race and Hispanic ethnicity, we used an agent-based simulation model, populated with census-tract data from North Carolina. We projected COVID-19 deaths, hospitalizations, and cases from 2020 July 1 to 2021 December 31, and estimated racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes. We modeled 2-stage vaccination prioritization scenarios applied to sub-groups including essential workers, older adults (65+), adults with high-risk health conditions, HMPs, or people in low-income tracts. Additionally, we estimated the effects of maximal uptake (100% for HMP vs. 100% for everyone), and distribution to only susceptible people. We found strategies prioritizing essential workers, then older adults led to the largest mortality and case reductions compared to no prioritization. Under baseline uptake scenarios, the age-adjusted mortality for HMPs was higher (e.g. 33.3%–34.1% higher for the Black population and 13.3%–17.0% for the Hispanic population) compared to the White population. The burden on HMPs decreased only when uptake was increased to 100% in HMPs; however, the Black population still had the highest relative mortality rate even when targeted distribution strategies were employed. If prioritization schemes were not paired with increased uptake in HMPs, disparities did not improve. The vaccination strategies publicly outlined were insufficient, exacerbating disparities between racial and ethnic groups. Strategies targeted to increase vaccine uptake among HMPs are needed to ensure equitable distribution and minimize disparities in outcomes.
Gastrointestinal symptom severity and progression in systemic sclerosis
Authors: van Leeuwen Nina M , Boonstra Maaike , Fretheim Håvard , Brunborg Cathrine , Midtvedt Øyvind , Garen Torhild , Molberg Øyvind , Huizinga Tom W J , de Vries-Bouwstra Jeska K , Hoffman-Vold Anna-Maria 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the severity and evolution of patient-reported gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, assess predictive factors for progression and determine the impact of standard of care treatment.

Methods
SSc patients from the Leiden and Oslo cohorts were included. We assessed clinical data and patient-reported GIT symptoms measured by the validated University of California, Los-Angeles Gastrointestinal-tract (UCLA-GIT) score at baseline and annually. GIT severity and progression was determined. Logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors associated with baseline GIT symptom severity. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to assess progression in GIT symptom burden and to identify predictive factors. We repeated all analysis in patients with early disease (inception cohort) to exclude the effect of longstanding disease and increase insights in development of GIT symptom burden early in the disease course.

Results
We included 834 SSc patients with baseline UCLA GIT scores, 454 from Leiden and 380 from Oslo. In the total cohort, 28% reported moderate-severe GIT symptoms at baseline, with increased risk for severity conferred by ACA, smoking and corticosteroid use, while use of calcium channel blockers appeared protective. In the inception cohort, 23% reported moderate-severe GIT symptoms at baseline, with increased risk for females and with smoking. Over time, symptom burden increased mainly for reflux/bloating. Female sex and ACA predicted GIT symptom progression.

Conclusion
High GIT symptom burden is present early in SSc disease course. Both for prevalence and for progression of GIT symptom burden, female sex and smoking were identified as risk factors.
Rapid Parallel Morphological and Mechanical Diversification of South American Pike Cichlids (Crenicichla)
Authors: Burress Edward D , Piálek Lubomír , Casciotta Jorge , Almirón Adriana , Říčan Oldřich 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Explosive bouts of diversification are one of the most conspicuous features of the tree of life. When such bursts are repeated in similar environments, it suggests some degree of predictability in the evolutionary process. We assess parallel adaptive radiation of South American pike cichlids (Crenicichla) using phylogenomics and phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that species flocks in the Uruguay and Iguazú River basins rapidly diversified into the same set of ecomorphs that reflect feeding ecology. Both adaptive radiations involve expansion of functional morphology, resulting in unique jaw phenotypes. Yet, form and function were decoupled such that most ecomorphs share similar mechanical properties of the jaws (i.e., jaw motion during a feeding strike). Prey mobility explained 6- to 9-fold differences in the rate of morphological evolution but had no effect on the rate of mechanical evolution. We find no evidence of gene flow between species flocks or with surrounding coastal lineages that may explain their rapid diversification. When compared with cichlids of the East African Great Lakes and other prominent adaptive radiations, pike cichlids share many themes, including the rapid expansion of phenotypic diversity, specialization along the benthic-to-pelagic habitat and soft-to-hard prey axes, and the evolution of conspicuous functional innovations. Yet, decoupled evolution of form and function and the absence of hybridization as a catalyzing force are departures from patterns observed in other adaptive radiations. Many-to-one mapping of morphology to mechanical properties is a mechanism by which pike cichlids attain a diversity of feeding ecologies while avoiding exacerbating underlying mechanical trade-offs. [Adaptive radiation; ecological opportunity; feeding kinematics; functional trade-off; hybridization; introgression.]
A Genomic Perspective on the Evolutionary Diversification of Turtles
Authors: Gable Simone M , Byars Michael I , Literman Robert , Tollis Marc 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTo examine phylogenetic heterogeneity in turtle evolution, we collected thousands of high-confidence single-copy orthologs from 19 genome assemblies representative of extant turtle diversity and estimated a phylogeny with multispecies coalescent and concatenated partitioned methods. We also collected next-generation sequences from 26 turtle species and assembled millions of biallelic markers to reconstruct phylogenies based on annotated regions from the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) genome (coding regions, introns, untranslated regions, intergenic, and others). We then measured gene tree-species tree discordance, as well as gene and site heterogeneity at each node in the inferred trees, and tested for temporal patterns in phylogenomic conflict across turtle evolution. We found strong and consistent support for all bifurcations in the inferred turtle species phylogenies. However, a number of genes, sites, and genomic features supported alternate relationships between turtle taxa. Our results suggest that gene tree-species tree discordance in these data sets is likely driven by population-level processes such as incomplete lineage sorting. We found very little effect of substitutional saturation on species tree topologies, and no clear phylogenetic patterns in codon usage bias and compositional heterogeneity. There was no correlation between gene and site concordance, node age, and DNA substitution rate across most annotated genomic regions. Our study demonstrates that heterogeneity is to be expected even in well-resolved clades such as turtles, and that future phylogenomic studies should aim to sample as much of the genome as possible in order to obtain accurate phylogenies for assessing conservation priorities in turtles. [Discordance; genomes; phylogeny; turtles.]
Urinary miRNA Profiles in Chronic Kidney Injury—Benefits of Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment and miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis, Glomerular Injury, and Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Petzuch Barbara , Bénardeau Agnès , Hofmeister Lucas , Meyer Jutta , Hartmann Elke , Pavkovic Mira , Mathar Ilka , Sandner Peter , Ellinger-Ziegelbauer Heidrun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMicro-RNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression and play an important role in physiological homeostasis and disease. In biofluids, miRNAs can be found in protein complexes or in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Altered urinary miRNAs are reported as potential biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, we compared established urinary protein biomarkers for kidney injury with urinary miRNA profiles in obese ZSF1 and hypertensive renin transgenic rats. Additionally, the benefit of urinary EV enrichment was investigated in vivo and the potential association of urinary miRNAs with renal fibrosis in vitro. Kidney damage in both rat models was confirmed by histopathology, proteinuria, and increased levels of urinary protein biomarkers. In total, 290 miRNAs were elevated in obese ZSF1 rats compared with lean controls, whereas 38 miRNAs were altered in obese ZSF1 rats during 14–26 weeks of age. These 38 miRNAs correlated better with disease progression than established urinary protein biomarkers. MiRNAs increased in obese ZSF1 rats were associated with renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerular injury. Eight miRNAs were also changed in urinary EVs of renin transgenic rats, including one which might play a role in endothelial dysfunction. EV enrichment increased the number and detection level of several miRNAs implicated in renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results show the benefit of EV enrichment for miRNA detection and the potential of total urine and urinary EV-associated miRNAs as biomarkers of altered kidney physiology, renal fibrosis and glomerular injury, and disease progression in hypertension and obesity-induced CKD.
Exploring New Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage: Time to Consider Gestational Age?
Authors: Reale S.C. , Bateman B.T. , Farber M.K. 
Published: March 2022

(Anesthesiology. 2021;134:832–834. doi: 10.1097/ALN:0000000000003775)
All birthing centers are now required by the Joint Commission to assess postpartum hemorrhage risk before delivery. This predelivery assessment is critical to classify women as being low, medium, or high risk for hemorrhage. Identifying mothers who are at high risk for postpartum hemorrhage can help specialists including anesthesiology, obstetric, and nursing teams closely monitor the mother’s delivery and recovery, prepare blood and medical equipment preventatively, and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, postpartum hemorrhage still occurs in women without recognized risk factors.
Are We Listening? Obstetric Anesthesiology and the National Call for Birth Justice and Accountability: A Perspective From the United States
Authors: Ejiogu N.I. 
Published: March 2022

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2021;46:102978)
Black and Indigenous people in the United States are disproportionately affected by severe complications in pregnancy and childbirth. Compared with white parturients, Black parturients are 3 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes. This disparity takes place in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased awareness of police violence, both of which disproportionately affect Black, Brown, Indigenous, poor, and disabled communities. This short report uses the author’s personal experiences to recommend steps the medical community can take to actively address birth justice.
Comparison of Videolaryngoscopy and Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation in Obstetrics: A Mixed-methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Howle R. , Onwochei D. , Harrison S.L. , Desai N. 
Published: March 2022

(Can J Anaesth. 2021;68:546–565. doi: 10.1007/s12630-020-01908-w. Epub January 12, 2021)
While intubation is sometimes necessary, it can be especially challenging in obstetric patients. Difficult and failed intubation increases the risk of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. To help mitigate this, videolaryngoscopy has become the standard of care because, compared with direct laryngoscopy, videolaryngoscopy has shown to decrease the occurrence of intubation failures and complications. The aim of this study is to perform a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficiency, efficacy, and safety of videolaryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy specifically in regards to parturients.
A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses Comparing Direct Laryngoscopy With Videolaryngoscopy
Authors: Downey A.W. , Duggan L.V. , Adam Law J. 
Published: March 2022

(Can J Anaesth. 2021;68:706–714. doi: 10.1007/s12630-021-01921-7. Epub January 29, 2021)
As videolaryngoscopy (VL) becomes a preferred technique for airway management, it is important to assess literature comparing the benefits of VL and the traditional use of direct laryngoscopy via a Macintosh blade (Mac-DL). VLs use both Macintosh and hyperangulated blades, though it is unclear whether previous studies have differentiated between blade types. The aim of this study was to review published meta-analyses of VL.
Does Anesthesia and Surgery During Pregnancy Really Affect Learning and Behavior in the Offspring: The Holy Grail in Anesthesiology Research
Authors: Fardelmann K. , Gaiser R. 
Published: March 2022

(Anesth Analg. 2021;133:592–594. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005486)
This paper reviews the publication “Prenatal Exposure to General Anesthesia and Childhood Behavioral Deficit” by Ing et al (Anesth Analg. 2021 Sep 1;133(3):595–605.) which studied the effect prenatal exposure to general anesthesia can have on the child neurodevelopmentally.
Neonatal and Early Childhood Outcomes Following Maternal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: A Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Kearns R.J. , Shaw M. , Gromski P.S. , Iliodromiti S. , Pell J.P. , Lawlor D.A. , Nelson S.M. 
Published: March 2022

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46:482–489. Epub April 8, 2021)
The US Food and Drug Administration has previously warned that exposure to anesthetic medications during the third trimester of pregnancy or in children <3 years could affect children’s neurological development. While the literature (studies with n=310 to n=997) supports a single brief exposure to general anesthesia (GA) does not impair learning or behavior, there is no consensus regarding the long-range effects of anesthesia exposure on the fetus. Further, with the ubiquity of cesarean delivery (CD), the question of optimal mode of anesthesia for the fetus remains unclear. General anesthesia for CD may be used in situations of maternal or fetal compromise or in low-income settings where there is a lack of training in regional methods. With a global increase of CD, it is critical that anesthesia decisions be informed by better understanding of the short and long-term childhood effects following fetal exposure to GA. The aim of the study was to determine associations of exposure to spinal, epidural or GA on neonatal and childhood development outcomes during the first 1000 days of life.
The 2014 New York State Medicaid Expansion and Severe Maternal Morbidity During Delivery Hospitalizations
Authors: Guglielminotti J. , Landau R. , Li G. 
Published: March 2022

(Anesth Analg. 2021;133:340–348. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005371)
Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) during delivery is increasing in the United States and disproportionately occurs in racial and ethnic minority groups. The 2014 Medicaid expansion was implemented to provide more women access to health insurance coverage. While more low-income women became eligible for insurance coverage and received more prenatal care, it is uncertain whether maternal health outcomes improved. This study aimed to determine the impact the 2014 New York State Medicaid expansion had on SMM rates during hospital deliveries comparing low- and high-income (2013 median household income <$38,000 and ≥$38,000, respectively) women.
Mechanistic Insights into Spinal Neurones Involved in Neuraxial Opioid-induced Pruritus
Authors: Nguyen E. , Lim G. , Ross S.E. 
Published: March 2022

(Br J Anaesth. 2021;126:e179–e181. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.02.009)
Nearly half of obstetric patients receiving neuraxial opioids for labor or cesarean delivery report experiencing pruritus. Recent animal studies have provided insight into the mechanism of opioid-induced clinical pruritus.
Impact of New Definitions of Preeclampsia at Term on Identification of Adverse Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Lai J. , Syngelaki A. , Nicolaides K.H. , von Dadelszen P. , Magee L.A. 
Published: March 2022

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:518.e1–518.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.004. Epub November 6, 2020)
To include a more comprehensive pool of women and babies at increased risk of adverse outcomes, a more comprehensive definition of preeclampsia (PE) has been largely adopted. This study aimed to identify how varying definitions of PE at term gestation determine maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes.
Pregnant Women With Severe or Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 have Increased Composite Morbidity Compared With Nonpregnant Matched Controls
Authors: DeBolt C.A. , Bianco A. , Limaye M.A. , Silverstein J. , Penfield C.A. , Roman A.S. , Rosenberg H.M. , Ferrara L. , Lambert C. , Khoury R. , Bernstein P.S. , Burd J. , Berghella V. , Kaplowitz E. , Overbey J.R. , Stone J. 
Published: March 2022

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:510.e1–510.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.022. Epub November 20, 2020)
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to mostly mild adverse outcomes. Due to the physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnant women are more susceptible to infection and respiratory issues. Thus, there is cause for concern that morbidity and mortality will increase for pregnant women with COVID-19 compared with nonpregnant women. This study aimed to better understand the course of COVID-19 comparing pregnant and nonpregnant women and analyzing severe and critical cases of each population.