bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Linguistic and Socio-affective Approach to Developing an Online Spanish Heritage Placement Exam
Authors: Durán Urrea Evelyn , Lado Beatriz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article describes the development and validation of a placement exam designed to identify and place Spanish heritage language learners in the heritage language program at Lehman College, the City University of New York (CUNY), an urban institution located in Northeastern United States (Bronx, New York City). Building upon previous research (e.g., Fairclough et al., 2010; Potowski et al., 2012), we provide an overview of the process we followed, including selecting content, computerization of the exam, and reliability analysis. A combination of quantitative analyses and qualitative observations during the pilot phase allowed us to identify the linguistic areas that were better at discriminating among levels, and the socio-affective factors that had to be taken into account to understand learners’ needs. As we continue to improve subsequent versions of the exam, this approach will allow us to better place students while reassessing and redesigning the curriculum.
The Uyghurs
Authors: Khen Hilly Moodrick-Even 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concept of cultural genocide has been abrogated from the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948). The article elaborates on the concept of cultural genocide, its development, and its exclusion from the Genocide Convention and claims for its reconsideration in the discourse on genocide. It uses the Uyghurs’ case study to exemplify how the prohibition on cultural genocide against ethnic groups can become a soft law norm through states’ practice and legal instruments of international law that support the concept of cultural genocide. The article concludes with the legal and political merits of the prohibition on cultural genocide as a soft law norm. It focuses on how this process can promote the fight against genocide—particularly in the case of powerful states in the international arena, such as China.
Indonesia and the Third Indochina War: The End of Containment
Authors: Fibiger Mattias 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Third Indochina War called forth dramatic changes in the international relations of Southeast Asia. Foremost among these changes was a shift in the geopolitical orientation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean). The organization’s founders established asean in 1967 to contain Chinese influence in Southeast Asia. But in the wake of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in late 1978, asean forged a tacit alliance with the People’s Republic of China to pursue a campaign of rollback against Vietnam. This article argues that asean’s volte-face and China’s reentry into networks of regional diplomacy depended upon a shift in Indonesian threat perceptions. As political Islam displaced Chinese communism as the key threat fixating Indonesian policy, the Suharto regime abandoned its longstanding attempts to integrate Vietnam into the architecture of regional order and instead accommodated itself to a Thai-led effort to enlist China as a counterweight against Vietnam. The reorientation of Indonesian diplomacy reveals the dynamics of a phenomenon that anthropologist Heonik Kwon has called the “decomposition” of the Cold War – the geographically and temporally uneven erosion of the Cold War as a social reality and the gradual elaboration of a post-Cold War era.
Improvements to the Land Surface Air Temperature Reconstruction in NOAAGlobalTemp: An Artificial Neural Network Approach
Authors: Huang Boyin , Yin Xungang , Menne Matthew J. , Vose Russell , Zhang Huai-Min 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
NOAA global surface temperature (NOAAGlobalTemp) is NOAA’s operational global surface temperature product, which has been widely used in Earth’s climate assessment and monitoring. To improve the spatial interpolation of monthly land surface air temperatures (LSATs) in NOAAGlobalTemp from 1850 to 2020, a three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) system was designed. The ANN system was trained by repeatedly randomly selecting 90% of the LSATs from ERA5 (1950–2019) and validating with the remaining 10%. Validations show clear improvements of ANN over the original empirical orthogonal teleconnection (EOT) method: the global spatial correlation coefficient (SCC) increases from 65% to 80%, and the global root-mean-square difference (RMSD) decreases from 0.99° to 0.57°C during 1850–2020. The improvements of SCCs and RMSDs are larger in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere and are larger before the 1950s and where observations are sparse. The ANN system was finally fed in observed LSATs, and its output over the global land surface was compared with those from the EOT method. Comparisons demonstrate similar improvements by ANN over the EOT method: The global SCC increased from 78% to 89%, the global RMSD decreased from 0.93° to 0.68°C, and the LSAT variability quantified by the monthly standard deviation (STD) increases from 1.16° to 1.41°C during 1850–2020. While the SCC, RMSD, and STD at the monthly time scale have been improved, long-term trends remain largely unchanged because the low-frequency component of LSAT in ANN is identical to that in the EOT approach.

Significance Statement
The spatial interpolation method of an artificial neural network has greatly improved the accuracy of land surface air temperature reconstruction, which reduces root-mean-square error and increases spatial coherence and variabilities over the global land surface from 1850 to 2020.
Distinctive Rainfall Evolutions in East Asia between Super and Regular El Niño Events during Their Decaying Summers
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Li Tim , Yao Suxiang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While enhanced rainbands progressed northward in East Asia from June to August during the regular El Niño decaying summer, strengthened rainbands were only observed in the earlier summer and disappeared in August in the super El Niño composite. The cause of this distinctive feature is investigated through a combined observational and modeling study. The relative roles of the mean state and anomalous heating in causing the northward progression in the regular El Niño group are assessed through idealized numerical experiments. The result shows that the monthly evolving mean state is more important, while the anomalous forcing also plays a role. The distinctive rainfall feature in the super El Niño composite was primarily contributed by the 1982/83 and 2015/16 events, whereas the rainband evolution in 1998 resembled the regular El Niño composite. The cause of the different rainfall pattern in August among the super El Niño events is further investigated. A marked difference exists in the tropical sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and associated anomalous precipitation patterns. A low-level cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly appeared south of Japan in August 1983 and 2016 (1998), inducing northerly (southerly) anomalies and thus suppressed (enhanced) rainfall in eastern China. Whereas an anomalous anticyclone in the western North Pacific (WNP) is a typical response to an El Niño during its mature and decaying phases, the formation of a cyclonic anomaly in the WNP resulted from anomalous enthalpy advection associated with the eastward retreat of an anomalous anticyclone triggered by a local cold SSTA belt in August 1983 and from a Pacific meridional mode (PMM)-like positive SSTA pattern in August 2016.
Life Cycle of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings in the Southern Hemisphere from a Multimillennial GCM Simulation
Authors: Jucker Martin , Reichler Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are rare in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), making it difficult to study possible precursors or subsequent impacts. Using a multimillennial coupled climate model simulation producing 161 SSWs in the SH, we present a detailed study of their life cycle. We show that SH SSWs are predominantly displacement events forced by wave-1 planetary waves, and that a surface signature similar to the negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is detectable up to two months before the onset date, but there is a tendency for a transition from wave 1 before to zonally symmetric anomalies after onset. We identify a strong weakening of the Amundsen Sea low as one of the most prominent precursors, which weakens the climatological wave-2 and wave-3 stationary waves and strengthens wave-1 forcing. Compared to their northern counterparts, SH SSWs generally have a longer time scale, and while there is evidence of pre-onset forcing related to tropical sea surface temperatures, the Indian Ocean dipole is more important than El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

Significance Statement
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are extreme events where the winter polar stratosphere warms within a few days to temperatures usually only experienced in summer. These events are rare in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, both the observational record and standard climate model simulations are not enough to understand how SSWs develop, or how they might change surface weather. Here we use very long global climate simulations that produce a large number of SSWs in the Southern Hemisphere to study the development and impact of these events. This includes possible precursors as well as the influence they have on surface weather after they occur.
Human rotavirus VP4 and VP7 genetic diversity and detection of GII norovirus in Ibadan as Nigeria introduces rotavirus vaccine
Authors: Maina Meshach Maunta , Faneye Adedayo Omotayo , Motayo Babatunde Olanrewaju , Nseabasi-Maina Ntung , Adeniji Adekunle Johnson 
Published: September 2022

Objective This cross-sectional study investigated the circulating strains of rotavirus and screened for noravirus in Ibadan, Nigeria as the country introduces the rotavirus vaccine into its national immunization program. Methods Sixty-five stool samples were collected from children younger than 5 years with clinically diagnosed diarrhea and screened for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus using RT-PCR. Rotavirus-positive samples were further analyzed to determine the G and P genotypes using semi-nested multiplex PCR. Results The rates of rotavirus and norovirus positivity were 30.8% and 10.8%, respectively, whereas the rate of rotavirus and norovirus mixed infection was 4.6%. G1 was the predominant VP7 genotype, followed by G2, G9, and G1G2G9, whereas the predominant VP4 genotype was P[4], followed by P[6], P[8], and P[9]. The mixed P types P[4]P[8] and P[4]P[6] were also detected. G1P[4] was the most common VP4 and VP7 combination, followed by G2P[4], G1[P6], G1P[8], G2P[6], G2P[9], G9P[6], G2G9P[4], G2P[4]P[6], G1P[4]P[8], G2G9P[8], G1G2G9P[8], and G1[non-typable] P[non-typable], which were detected in at least 5% of the samples. Four samples had a combination of non-typable G and P types. Conclusions It is essential to monitor the circulation of virus strains prior to and during the implementation of the immunization program.
Quality of life aspects of a low protein diet using GMP in patients with phenylketonuria
Authors: Bensi Giulia , Carbone Maria Teresa , Schiaffino Maria Cristina , Parolisi Sara , Pozzoli Angela , Biasucci Giacomo 
Published: September 2022

Objective To assess some quality of life (QOL) aspects of a low protein diet, using glycomacropeptide (GMP) as a protein substitute in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Methods This was a multicentre, prospective observational cohort, study. Metabolic control, nutritional parameters, and dietary adherence were assessed in patients with PKU before (T0), and six months after (T6) starting a low protein diet using GMP. Selected items from the PKU-QOL questionnaire were used to assess patients’ acceptance of their modified diet. Results 18 patients from three Italian Centres, completed the study. With the exception of LDL-cholesterol and vitamin 25OH-D concentrations, there were no differences between T0 and T6 in metabolic or nutritional parameters. Data suggested that patients have a good acceptance of protein substitutes containing GMP, probably because of their improved palatability. Conclusions According to our patients’ responses to items related to dietary regimen, GMP based protein substitutes do not appear to significantly affect QOL.
Reviewing Petty Commodity Production: Toward a Unified Marxist Conception
Authors: Yadav Srishti 
Published: September 2022

This article reviews three veins of contributions on contemporary petty commodity production in Marxian political economy, with reference to India. Through a comparative analysis of the works of Henry Bernstein, Kalyan Sanyal, and Barbara Harriss-White, the article maps areas of commonality and contestation between the three theoretical constructions and makes a case for the merits of Harriss-White’s framework over others. JEL Classification: B510, O170
The Relationship Between Cognition and Mortality Among Older Black and White Men in Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly
Authors: Thorpe Roland J. , Huang Alison , Smail Emily , Clay Olivio J. , Dean Lorraine , Aiken-Morgan Adrienne , Gellert Andrew , Rebok George W. 
Published: September 2022

Objective: To determine the association between baseline cognition and all-cause mortality among Black men and White men. Methods: Data were from 614 Black and White men aged ≥65 years at baseline in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly trial and their linked mortality information. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between baseline cognition (memory, reasoning, speed of processing, Mini Mental State Exam) and mortality risk over 20 years, adjusting for covariates. Results: Among White men, higher performance on the memory composite measure was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89–0.98), whereas the other cognitive measures were not associated with all-cause mortality risk. Among Black men, none of the cognitive measures was associated with all-cause mortality risk. Discussion: There is a need for future work to recruit and retain a larger sample of older Black men to better understand the cognition-mortality relationship.
Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for ovarian preservation in patients receiving cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis
Authors: Ejaz Komal , Abid Dania , Juneau Paul , Chu Jun , Hasni Sarfaraz 
Published: September 2022

Background Cyclophosphamide (CYC) has known cytotoxic effects on ovarian reserve and has been linked to premature ovarian failure (POF) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The concurrent use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHas) is postulated to preserve ovarian function by reducing the number of follicles exposed to CYC, but there is paucity of data to establish its efficacy. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the effect of concurrent GnRHa use in persevering ovarian function and pregnancy. Methods English language databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched to include studies published between 2000 and 2021. Studies in females with rheumatic diseases receiving concurrent GnRHa and CYC therapy to evaluate ovarian preservation as defined by amenorrhea, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), or estradiol levels or successful pregnancy were included. We used a fixed effect, exact, Mantel-Haenszel approach to estimate the overall odds ratio (OR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Seven studies with 218 female patients were included. The ovarian function was preserved in 125/132 (94.6%) of women who received GnRHa concurrently with CYC compared to 50/86 (58%) of women who did not receive GnRHa (OR = 10.3, CI = 4.83–36.29). The OR for pregnancy with GnRHa use = 2.94 (CI = 1.04–9.89). Conclusion Our results based on limited published studies suggest that concurrent GnRHa use preserves ovarian function and increase odds of pregnancy. It can be considered for premenopausal SLE females receiving CYC. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of GnRHa use for ovarian preservation.
Unlocking the Methodology of Escape Rooms: Considerations for Conducting Applied Escape Rooms in Research
Authors: Griggs Andrew C. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Doherty Shawn M. , Keebler Joseph R. , Gewertz Bruce L. , Cohen Tara N. 
Published: September 2022

Background Teams are the foundation of modern organizations. Many organizations are interested in interventions to bolster the effectiveness of their workforce. One viable intervention is an escape room. Escape rooms are engaging, team-based activities that require individuals to work together to complete multiple tasks in a limited amount of time. Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide ten considerations that are relevant to leveraging escape rooms as a means for data collection. Specifically, we offer guidance regarding pilot testing, equipment set-up, participant recruitment, briefing participants, progress monitoring, hints, room maintenance, data maintenance and analysis, and revising the room and study. Conclusion The considerations provided in this article can assist researchers when attempting to employ an escape room as a mechanism to collect data.
The role of cyclophilin A and VEGF in the pathogenesis and recurrence of pterygium
Authors: Turan Meydan , Turan Gulay , Can Humeyra Yildirim 
Published: September 2022

Purpose Pterygium is defined as overgrowth of abnormal conjunctival tissue on the cornea. Many proinflammatory cytokines and various growth factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a protein that is used by cyclosporin A (CsA) as the intracellular receptor and is secreted in response to inflammatory stimuli. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important angiogenic factor. This study aimed to assessment CyPA and VEGF immunoreactivity in pterygium specimens. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 32 primary pterygium samples, 25 recurrent pterygium samples and 25 normal bulbar conjunctiva samples were included. The histopathological features, CyPA and VEGF immunoreactivity of surgically excised pterygium specimens were compared with control conjunctiva specimens obtained from normal bulbar conjunctiva. Results CyPA immunoreactivity in vascular endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and stromal cells was remarkably higher in pterygium specimens than control conjunctiva specimens ( p = 0.004, p = 0.012, p = 0.001, respectively). Morever, VEGF immunoreactivity in endothelial cells was remarkably higher in pterygium specimens than control conjunctiva specimens ( p < 0.001). When recurrent and primary pterygium specimens were compared, CyPA and VEGF immunoreactivity was remarkably higher in recurrent pterygium ( p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Pearson correlation showed that CyPA immunoreactivity correlated with stromal vascularity, stromal inflammation, and mast cell count in pterygium specimens. Conclusion This study aimed to assess CyPA and VEGF may have a important function in the pathogenesis and recurrence of pterygium.
Use of Shockwave Intravascular Lithotripsy in Recanalization of Calcified Visceral and Renal Arteries: A Case Report and Update of the Literature
Authors: Spath Paolo , Hamwi Tarek , Stavroulakis Konstantinos , Fernandez-Prendes Carlota , Stana Jan , Tsilimparis Nikolaos 
Published: September 2022

Purpose Calcifications of the visceral and renal arteries lead to chronic mesenteric ischemia and renal artery stenosis, and both open and endovascular treatments can be proposed. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) has emerged as a novel technique used in peripheral and coronary interventions. Case Report A 73-year-old man presented with chronic postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. Computed-tomography-angiography (CTA) showed 93% calcified stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) was affected by immediate recoiling. The patient underwent ShockwaveTM IVL of the SMA via brachial access and stent-graft implantation. At 3-months follow-up, the patient showed symptoms resolution. Conclusions The use of Shockwave IVL can be an effective treatment for severely calcified SMA stenosis. A similar approach can be employed in both celiac and renal arteries as reported in 11 cases in literature and herein summarized. Intravascular lithotripsy resulted in high technical success and uneventful follow-up. However, given the small number of patients reported, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings. Clinical Impact This article reports a case of recanalization of superior mesenteric artery with heavily calcified lesion treated with intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) with Shockwave™ Intravascular Lithotripsy Balloon (Shockwave Medical Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Beside, for the first time, we summarize the Literature on the use of IVL in the renal and visceral arteries district, providing indications, applications and useful hints for the endovascular treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia and renal artery stenosis. This preliminary data show straightforward applicability, high technical success, and uneventful follow-up and IVL can be proposed as an useful tool for challenging revascularization of heavily calcified reno-visceral arteries.
Preparation of Hu sheep wool/polyacrylonitrile oxidized fiber flame retardant and sound absorption material
Authors: Ma Shengsheng , Chen Mengying , Liu Lingshan , Dai Chunpeng , Chen Yiren 
Published: September 2022

The breeding scale of Hu sheep continues to expand in China. However, due to the low quality of Hu sheep wool and unsuitable for spinning medium and high-grade wool yarn, the purchase price of Hu sheep wool is low and even it is directly discarded. In order to protect the natural resources from being wasted and improve the added value of Hu sheep, the aim of this paper is to develop a needling sound absorption material using Hu sheep wool. The preparation method of mixing polyacrylonitrile oxidized fiber (PANOF) into Hu sheep wool is used, so as to improve the flame retardance of sound absorbing materials. The two fibers are intertwined to form complex channels by needling and milling process, which is advantageous for being a good sound absorbing material. In order to explore the influence of the blending ratio and mixing methods on the sound absorption and flame retardance, the thickness of needled fabrics is set as about 4.8 mm and the surface density is set as about 440 g/m2 in this paper. The results show that the blending ratio of Hu sheep wool/PANOF is 80/20, the sound absorption coefficient is greater than 50% in the middle and high frequency and high frequency. It is a high-efficiency sound absorption material, and its flame retardant performance meets the standard requirements. This research provides an effective way for the use of Hu sheep wool.