bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Part I of the book analyses how Europe’s three major powers have sought to confront China’s expanding clout and ambitions in the Asia-Pacific since the end of the Cold War through political and military endeavours. It focuses on the Big Three’s bilateral, minilateral, and multilateral security arrangements, their cooperation with other Western (US and European powers) as well as their naval deployments and forward-deployed forces. The Introduction to Part I first outlines the drivers and characteristics of China’s rising assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific, and then presents its central argument: it is shown that China’s rising regional assertiveness after 2009—and national policymakers’ perceptions thereof—has been the key driver of the change, in the 2010s, in the security policies of Europe’s three major powers in the Asia-Pacific. Specifically, whereas growing economic interests have provided the underlying impetus for the three countries’ growing attention to the PRC and the Asia-Pacific, their threat perceptions of China have been the key driver of change in their policy goals towards Beijing and in the policy instruments leveraged to achieve such goals in the Asia-Pacific.
The Reluctant European Power
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In sharp contrast to France, Germany has no direct foothold in the Asia-Pacific. Its lack of overseas territories and forward-deployed forces in the region is largely the result of German colonial history. The legacy of World War II (WWII)—coupled with severely declining defence capabilities since the end of the Cold War—further constrained the use of defence policy in the pursuit of Berlin’s foreign policy goals. Yet, this chapter shows that, despite these longstanding constraints, Germany has both expanded and diversified its diplomatic and security engagement in the Asia-Pacific in response to growing economic interests in the region and, crucially, to rising threat perceptions of the PRC. Chinese assertiveness after 2009 has been the main driver of change, prompting a significant policy shift in German security policy. The first two sections of this chapter examine the evolution of German economic interests in the region and of its threat assessment of China, the two key drivers of Berlin’s foreign and security policy in the Asia-Pacific. The subsequent two sections show how rising economic interests and shifting threat perceptions have, in turn, led Germany to sharpen its policy goals through a new policy framework for the Indo-Pacific and to strengthen the diplomatic and security instruments leveraged to achieve such goals.
Introduction
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Part II shifts the focus from the Asia-Pacific to Europe. It examines how Europe’s three major powers have confronted Beijing’s rising clout and ambitions in Europe since the end of the Cold War. It focuses on the key policy instruments that they devised to confront the security challenges linked to China’s investment in, and supply of, sensitive technologies, namely FDI screening mechanisms and the restrictions on telecommunications suppliers of concern, like Huawei, to protect Europe’s digital infrastructure. The Introduction to Part II first outlines the drivers and characteristics of China’s rising assertiveness in Europe, and then presents its central argument. It is argued that mounting threat perceptions of China’s rise in the 2010s—coupled with increasingly competitive bilateral economic relations with the PRC—have caused the hardening of each country’s policy goals, which, in turn, translated into new, more stringent policy instruments. Beijing’s aggressive inroads into Europe’s most sensitive high-tech sectors—and national policymakers’ perceptions thereof—have been the key driver of the change in the ‘China policies’ of the Big Three.
Germany’s ‘China Policy’
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how Germany has sought to confront China’s rising assertiveness in Europe. In light of its economic and political weight, Germany has long been the key trading partner for Beijing in on the European continent. However, it will be shown that as China’s capabilities and ambitions expanded, and as its companies became increasingly entrenched in Europe’s industrial fabric, German policymakers have grown alarmed by the People’s Republic of China’s inroads into Europe’s strategic sectors and by its rising economic and political clout across the region. These heightened threat perceptions, coupled with mounting Sino-German economic competition, have prompted Berlin to forge a comprehensive, cross-sectoral ‘China policy’ and to strive for greater intra-European coordination to better confront China. To substantiate this argument, this chapter proceeds as follows. The first two sections analyse the evolution of China’s growing economic presence in the German high-tech industrial landscape and Berlin’s heightened threat assessment of the PRC, two key factors influencing the making of Germany’s ‘China policy’. The subsequent two sections delineate how these evolving economic interests and threat perceptions have, in turn, led Germany to revise its policy goals and the policy instruments leveraged to achieve such goals.
The China Challenge
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The balance between national security and economic interests at play in the United Kingdom’s ‘China policy’ has significantly evolved in the post-Cold War era. As the first recipient of Chinese foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Europe but also a close ally of the United States, the United Kingdom has faced difficult trade-offs in formulating its policy towards the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This chapter investigates how London has responded to China’s growing foothold in the United Kingdom through increased FDIs and the supply of advanced telecoms equipment for the digital infrastructure. It will be shown that Chinese inroads into these strategic sectors in the 2010s—and British policymakers’ perception thereof—have been a key driver of change in the United Kingdom’s ‘China policy’. In particular, heightened threat perceptions, coupled with increasingly competitive economic relations with the PRC, have caused the United Kingdom to recalibrate the national security and economic interests at stake in its ‘China policy’ and to harden its stance towards Beijing. To corroborate this argument, the first two sections examine two key drivers of the United Kingdom’s ‘China policy’, namely the shifting British economic interests with China—including the Chinese economic imprint in the national infrastructure and in the telecoms sector—and London’s threat assessment of the PRC. The subsequent two sections show how changing economic interests and threat perceptions have, in turn, caused the United Kingdom to recalibrate its policy goals and to strengthen the policy instruments leveraged to achieve such goals. The chapter also discusses the consequences of Brexit for the United Kingdom’s ‘China policy’ and for its cooperation with other European powers.
Introduction
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins by locating the school in the context of Delhi and the partition. The implication of partition on institutional structures is discussed. This led to a cumbersome division of homes, properties, ideas, and thoughts. Civil servants and those serving the army too were made to accept and choose between India and Pakistan. Sometimes the choice was against their wishes causing dismay, heart-burning, and discontentment. Educational institutions too were affected and so was the Anglo Arabic School. While the building, its historicity, and its campus remained, its autonomy was compromised. Its heritage and its attendant passions, however, live ardently in the hearts and psyche of the Muslims of Shahjehanabad. There is a discussion on the nostalgia people of the walled city have with the school. The chapter also highlights the need for a study of this kind and discusses the contents of the book.
Celebrating a Legacy
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter V titled Celebrating a Legacy presents what can be considered to be the legacy of this school. Over the years the school has contributed in many ways but the three areas which stand out and are discussed in this chapter are—outstandingly the game of football, personalities associated with the institution, and the Urdu language. Interesting aspects of the affinity of the institution with the game of football and its magical heroes which have made a name at the highest level has been highlighted. Some of the well-known teachers, students, and Urdu poets affiliated with the school are mentioned. There is also a discussion on some of the prominent office bearers of the Delhi Education Society, under the aegis of which the school runs. The school’s contribution to the Urdu language too is discussed. Its legacy is enviable and unmatched.
Health in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Feigenbaum James J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the intersection of health and political economy in history, with a focus on the United States during the epidemiological transition. Few of the major factors that drove mortality reduction and health improvements would have been possible without the state. And where there is the state, there are questions of political economy. The chapter asks two related questions: What was the political economy behind the transition and what were the political economic effects of the transition? It is divided into three substantive sections. The first section focuses on the public health measures and investments in the era of the epidemiological transition. The second section considers the political economy of epidemics and pandemics and the political economy left in their wake. The third section traces the development of American health care as both a profession and an industry.
Slavery and Roman Law
Authors: Gamauf Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses central institutions of Roman slave law and shows how slaves were legally understood as objects/chattels and actors at the same time. It discusses the benefits a slave peculium offered to a master and its perks for slaves. It analyses the role of the state and of legislation in controlling slaves by preventing abuses of masters’ powers, as well as by keeping slaves from resorting to revenge against them. In this context, it also discusses different means of formal as well as informal mediation that were employed to keep conflicts from escalating. Finally, it stresses that, in addition to dealing with a wide range of legal problems, Roman legal texts (approximately 25% of which mention slaves) are pivotal for understanding what legitimate and illegitimate choices were open to (at least) some members of the Roman slave population.
Profile of loiasis infection through clinical and laboratory diagnostics: the importance of biomarkers
Authors: Dieki Roland , Eyang Assengone E R , Nsi Emvo E , Akue J P 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Detection of Loa loa microfilariae in peripheral blood is insensitive given only 30% of individuals are microfilaraemic while 70% are amicrofilaraemic with a variety of clinical signs. Biomarkers may improve the diagnosis of loiasis.

Methods
A total of 545 individuals exposed to L. loa were analysed using clinical data collected through a questionnaire (requesting information on eye worm, Calabar swelling, pruritis) and detection of microfilariae, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), DNA and antigens using microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively.

Results
The results revealed that the rates of detection of L. loa microfilariae in the blood, of DNA by qPCR, of IgG4 by ELISA and of antigen by Western blot were 4.7%, 5.5%, 15.60% and 10.09%, respectively.

Conclusions
This study showed that clinical signs based on a questionnaire are highly subjective. Therefore it is imperative to use IgG4 and DNA biomarkers as well as antigens detected by Western blot to identify individuals infected with L. loa.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Patients With Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Miller Sarah E. , Leonard Stephanie A. , Meza Pamela K. , Ku Seul , Ren Lily Y. , Lyell Deirdre J. , Sultan Pervez , Butwick Alexander 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate red blood cell use during delivery in patients with placenta accreta spectrum.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus for clinical trials and observational studies published between 2000 and 2021 in countries with developed economies.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
Abstracts (n=4,275) and full-text studies (n=599) were identified and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Data on transfused red blood cells were included from studies reporting means and SDs, medians with interquartile ranges, or individual patient data. The primary outcome was the weighted mean number of units of red blood cells transfused per patient. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with an I2 statistic. Secondary analyses included red blood cell usage by placenta accreta subtype.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Of the 599 full-text studies identified, 20 met criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, comprising 1,091 cases of placenta accreta spectrum. The number of units of red blood cells transfused was inconsistently described across studies, with five studies (25.0%) reporting means, 11 (55.0%) reporting medians, and four (20.0%) reporting individual patient data. The weighted mean number of units transfused was 5.19 (95% CI 4.12–6.26) per patient. Heterogeneity was high across studies (I2=91%). In a sensitivity analysis of five studies reporting mean data, the mean number of units transfused was 6.61 (95% CI 4.73–8.48; n=220 patients). Further quantification of units transfused by placenta accreta subtype was limited due to methodologic inconsistencies between studies and small cohort sizes.

CONCLUSION:
Based on the upper limit of the CI in our main analysis and the high study heterogeneity, we recommend that a minimum of 6 units of red blood cells be available before delivery for patients with placenta accreta spectrum. These findings may inform future guidelines for predelivery blood ordering and transfusion support.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42021240993.
Accuracy of a Risk Alert Threshold for ICU Hypoglycemia: Retrospective Analysis of Alert Performance and Association With Clinical Deterioration Events
Authors: Horton William B. , Hannah Elaine E. , Morales Frances L. , Chaney Cherie R. , Krahn Katy N. , Chernyavskiy Pavel , Clark Matthew T. , Moorman J. Randall 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To quantify the accuracy of and clinical events associated with a risk alert threshold for impending hypoglycemia during ICU admissions.

DESIGN:
Retrospective electronic health record review of clinical events occurring greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 12 hours after the hypoglycemia risk alert threshold was met.

SETTING:
Adult ICU admissions from June 2020 through April 2021 at the University of Virginia Medical Center.

PATIENTS:
Three hundred forty-two critically ill adults that were 63.5% male with median age 60.8 years, median weight 79.1 kg, and median body mass index of 27.5 kg/m2.

INTERVENTIONS:
Real-world testing of our validated predictive model as a clinical decision support tool for ICU hypoglycemia.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We retrospectively reviewed 350 hypothetical alerts that met inclusion criteria for analysis. The alerts correctly predicted 48 cases of level 1 hypoglycemia that occurred greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 12 hours after the alert threshold was met (positive predictive value = 13.7%). Twenty-one of these 48 cases (43.8%) involved level 2 hypoglycemia. Notably, three myocardial infarctions, one medical emergency team call, 19 deaths, and 20 arrhythmias occurred greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 12 hours after an alert threshold was met.

CONCLUSIONS:
Alerts generated by a validated ICU hypoglycemia prediction model had a positive predictive value of 13.7% for real-world hypoglycemia events. This proof-of-concept result suggests that the predictive model offers clinical value, but further prospective testing is needed to confirm this.
Associations between early-life exposure to PM2.5 and reductions in childhood lung function in two North American longitudinal pregnancy cohort studies
Authors: Rosa Maria José , Lamadrid-Figueroa Hector , Alcala Cecilia , Colicino Elena , Tamayo-Ortiz Marcela , Mercado-Garcia Adriana , Kloog Itai , Just Allan C , Bush Douglas , Carroll Kecia N. , Téllez-Rojo Martha María , Wright Robert O. , Gennings Chris , Wright Rosalind J. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Data integration of epidemiologic studies across different geographic regions can provide enhanced exposure contrast and statistical power to examine adverse respiratory effects of early-life exposure to particulate matter <2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5). Methodological tools improve our ability to combine data while more fully accounting for study heterogeneity.

Methods:
Analyses included children enrolled in two longitudinal birth cohorts in Boston, Massachusetts, and Mexico City. Propensity score matching using the 1:3 nearest neighbor with caliper method was used. Residential PM2.5 exposure was estimated from 2 months before birth to age 6 years using a validated satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Lung function was tested at ages 6–11 years and age, height, race, and sex adjusted z scores were estimated for FEV1, FVC, FEF25–75%, and FEV1/FVC. Using distributed lag nonlinear models, we examined associations between monthly averaged PM2.5 levels and lung function outcomes adjusted for covariates, in unmatched and matched pooled samples.

Results:
In the matched pooled sample, PM2.5 exposure between postnatal months 35–44 and 35–52 was associated with lower FEV1 and FVC z scores, respectively. A 5 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a reduction in FEV1 z score of 0.13 (95% CI = –0.26, –0.01) and a reduction in FVC z score of 0.13 (95% CI = –0.25, –0.01). Additionally PM2.5 during postnatal months 23–39 was associated with a reduction in FEF25–75% z score of 0.31 (95% CI = –0.57, –0.05).

Conclusions:
Methodological tools enhanced our ability to combine multisite data while accounting for study heterogeneity. Ambient PM2.5 exposure in early childhood was associated with lung function reductions in middle childhood.
Early-life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and infant gut microbial composition
Authors: Laue Hannah E. , Moroishi Yuka , Palys Thomas J. , Christensen Brock C. , Criswell Rachel L. , Peterson Lisa A. , Huset Carin A. , Baker Emily R. , Karagas Margaret R. , Madan Juliette C. , Romano Megan E. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Human milk is rich in essential nutrients and immune-activating compounds but is also a source of toxicants including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Evidence suggests that immune-related effects of PFAS may, in part, be due to alterations of the microbiome. We aimed to identify the association between milk PFAS exposure and the infant gut microbiome.

Methods:
PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)] were quantified in milk from ~6 weeks postpartum using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A molar sum (ΣPFAS) was calculated. Caregivers collected infant stool samples at 6 weeks (n = 116) and/or 1 year postpartum (n = 119). Stool DNA underwent metagenomic sequencing. We estimated the association of PFAS with diversity and relative abundances of species with linear regression. Single- and multi-PFAS models adjusted for potential confounders in complete case analyses and with imputed missing covariate data for 6-week and 1-year microbiomes separately. We assessed sensitive populations with stratification.

Results:
PFOS and PFOA were detected in 94% and 83% of milk samples, respectively. PFOS was associated with increased diversity at 6 weeks among infants fed exclusively human milk [β = 0.24 per PFOS doubling, (95% CI = 0.03, 0.45), P = 0.03] and born to primiparous mothers [β = 0.37 (0.06, 0.67), P = 0.02]. Estimates were strongest in multi-PFAS models and among complete cases. ΣPFAS was associated with Bacteroides vulgatus relative abundance at 1 year [(β = –2.34% per doubling (–3.63, –1.05), FDR q = 0.099].

Conclusions:
PFAS may increase infant gut microbiome diversity and alter the relative abundance of biologically relevant bacteria. Additional analyses may identify related health outcomes.
Susceptibility of the Intact and Traumatized Feline Cornea to In Vitro Binding and Invasion by Acanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Dong Longying 
Published: December 2022

Purpose:

Acanthamoeba castellanii (A. castellanii) displays host specificity at the level of the ocular surface. This study determined the susceptibility of the intact and traumatized feline cornea to A. castellanii binding and invasion relative to other host species with established susceptibility and resistance to Acanthamoeba binding.

Methods:
Full-thickness buttons of fresh feline, porcine, and canine corneas were prepared. The corneal epithelium was confirmed intact by fluorescein staining or lightly scarified with a 25-G needle to simulate corneal trauma. Acanthamoeba castellanii was axenically cultivated. Corneal buttons were incubated with the parasite suspension or parasite-free medium for 18 hours at 35°C. Corneal buttons were rinsed, fixed, and processed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods of amoeba detection.

Results:
Numerous amoebae were bound to feline and porcine corneas incubated with parasites. In both intact and traumatized corneas, amoebae were detected at all levels in the corneal epithelium and within the anterior stroma. In traumatized corneal sections, amoebae were frequently present in regions of epithelial damage. Corneal architecture was well-preserved in sections incubated with parasite-free medium; however, epithelial cell sloughing, separation of epithelial layers, and epithelial detachment from the stroma were observed in corneas incubated with amoebae. Intact and traumatized canine corneas were relatively free of adherent amoebae, and corneal architecture was indistinguishable between sections incubated with the parasite suspension and parasite-free medium.

Conclusions:
The feline cornea is highly susceptible to in vitro binding and invasion by A. castellanii. Acanthamoeba binding to the feline cornea does not require a previous epithelial defect.