bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of effects of antihypertensive agents on the quality of life in diabetic hypertensive patients
Authors: Panda Bijan Kumar , Jena Parsuram , Jena Dhaneswari 
Published: April 2022

Background: Hypertension affects a significant number of population and many of these affected individuals have no symptoms. The present study was conducted to assess effects of antihypertensive agents on the quality of life in diabetic hypertensive patients. Materials & Methods: 96 diabetic hypertensive patients of both genders were randomly divided into 4 groups based on antihypertensive medicines- group I comprises those taking amlodipine (2.5–10 mg/day), group II taking ramipril (2.5–10 mg/day), group III taking telmisartan (40–80 mg/day) and group IV taking combination of ramipril (1.25–5 mg/day) and telmisartan (20–40 mg/day) (RT). Parameters such as blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, blood sugar level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and QOLID-Punjabi version (PV) questionnaire at baseline and then at the 24th week of therapy. QoL of the patients was assessed by using the QOLID questionnaire Results: Group I had 12 males and 12 females, group II had 14 males and 10 females, group III had 15 males and 9 females and group IV had 10 males and 14 females.
Comparison of the effectiveness of savlon antiseptic with povidone-iodine for acinetobacter baumannii infected wounds in white rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: Pradnyana I Nyoman Esha , Zarasade Lobredia , Noer M Sjaifuddin 
Published: April 2022

Wound washing with antiseptic liquid is one step in the management of chronic wounds. In infected wounds, washing with antiseptic is expected to reduce bacterial colonies and help eradicate infection. One of the important pathogenic bacteria is Acinetobacter Baumannii. These opportunistic germs can form colonies, especially in patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, treatment in the ICU, and on skin affected by burns. Antiseptic commonly used to wash wound are Savlon and Povidone-iodine 10%. Both antiseptic are broad spectrum antisepctic, kill gram negative and gram positive bacteria. However Savlon could caused skin irritation. Therefore dilution is needed to prevent this effect. This study was intended to determine the difference and comparison of the effectiveness of Savlon and Povidone iodine antiseptic to bacterial growth on wound infected by Acinetobacter Baumannii. This study is an experimental study with a randomized controlled trial without blinding. The wound research procedure was made on the right and left sides of the rat's back with a size of 1x1 cm each. Wounds that have been contaminated with Acinetobacter Baumannii are left for 4 hours. After 4 hours the wound will be washed and irrigated. The wound that has been made is closed with a transparent dressing.
Transfrontier Shipments of Waste: A Bureaucrat's Dream?
Authors: O'Keeffe Jacqui 
Published: April 2022

In the April 1999 edition of European Environmental Law Review, AME Veldkamp analysed the implementation of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Waste within, into and out of the European Community (the "European Shipments Regulation") and the difficulties faced by Member States in seeking to develop "transnational enforcement cooperation".
Anyone involved with the movement of waste within, through, into or from Western Europe and in particular the European Community ("EC"), is faced with a myriad of legislation at international, European (and in some cases regional) and national levels. Not only is the volume of legislation daunting, but there appears to be no one coherent system of regulation. Recent attempts to simplify the procedure have, at least in the short term, only succeeded in making matters more complex.
The new Annex V to the European Shipments Regulation, introduced by Regulation 2408/98, governs the ban on exports of waste to non-OECD countries, and uses three systems for classifying waste: the Basel Convention, the OECD Control System and the hazardous waste list under the Hazardous Waste Directive (Council Directive 91/689/EEC). Annex V exposes the weaknesses in a system riddled with cross reference and contradiction. "Waste" for the purposes of Annex V, will be banned if "it displays any of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive 91/689/EEC taking into account as regards H3 to H8 of the said Annex, the limit values laid down in Decision 94/904/EC as provided for in Article 1(4) second indent of Directive 91/689/EEC and in the header of Annex II to Regulation (EEC) No 259/93".
Although the Basel ban has been implemented by European legislation it has not yet been brought into force at an international level. A controversial proposal for developing countries and exporters from the OECD, the ban exposes the weaknesses of the waste shipment system, and the lack of redress for a party aggrieved by a decision based on diverse definitions of "waste", "hazardous waste", "recovery" or "disposal", or on the absence of a definition. In this article, the evolution of the European and international systems for shipments of waste are discussed, uncovering a legislative maze.
Mining Waste: The Aznalcóllar Tailings Pond Failure
Authors: Ginige Tilak 
Published: April 2022

This two-part article is a case study of the European Union and Spanish legislation with respect to the protection of the environment from mining activity. Mining activity can have many negative impacts on the environment by changing the landscape, altering water tables, disrupting the local ecology, generating serious air and water pollution, and permanently degrading large areas of land. To prevent this from occurring it is important that there is wise management of every aspect of its operations using best applicable techniques. Within the mining process tailings have the highest potential to cause significant harm to the environment.
The article evaluates the measures taken by the European Union and its Member States, in particular Spain, to control and regulate harm caused to the environmental by mining activity. The study of the Aznalcollar tailings impoundment failure, near the Doñana National Park in Spain, will assist us to review the different aspects of the relevant International Conventions and European environmental legislation. The critical appraisal of applicable EU and Spanish legislation and the interplay between the different actors will allows us to establish the main issues with regard to the effective regulation of the mining waste.
This first part of the article discusses what tailing ponds are and their role in the mining process. It looks at the location of the mine in relation to the wetland Doñana and the failure of the tailings pond. It sets the frame within which the legal implications can be reviewed then provides a critical analysis of the European Directives and Regulations applicable at the time of the accident.
Glossaries are appended.
The second part of this article will provide a critical analysis of the Spanish legal system, relevant preventative and sanctioning legislation and the actors who participated in the Spanish environmental policy with regard to the case. Analysis of Judgement of the Aznalcollar Case; concentrates on the main implication flowing from the analysis of the EU and Spanish legislation. The second part will also contain the author’s conclusion and suggestions.
Sustainable Tourism and Taxes: An Insight into the Balearic Eco-Tax Law
Authors: Arino Omar Bouazza 
Published: April 2022

Summary: Using taxation, it being considered an efficient instrument to protect the environment, the Parliament of the Spanish Balearic Islands has tried to adopt measures to repair environmental damage directly caused by mass tourism.
The aim of this article is to present both the aims of the Balearic eco-tax and the recent Constitutional Court Order of 15 January 2002. This Order authorised the collection of the tax while the Court is deciding its constitutionality in the light of an appeal by the Central Government of Spain. As it stands, the Constitutional Court Order seems to be a fundamental criticism of the unsustainable position of the legal representative of the State, who appeared to be arguing to avoid the enforcement of the eco-tax Law and to continue the exploitation of the fragile Balearic natural resources, without regard to future generations.
European Water Law: Water Policy and Water Resources Management in France: The Projet de Loi Sur l'Eau
Authors: Bongaerts Jan C. 
Published: April 2022

After the adoption in October 2000 and the publication in December 2000 of the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD), Member States have to start with the transposition into national law and the actual implementation into national water policy and water resources management. For Germany, the EU WFD contains a new approach since the main principle is to integrate the ecological, economic and social aspects of water policy and water resources management at the level of river basins. Whereas some elements of current water policy in Germany take this principle into account, in many other parts this is not the case. For France, the EU WFD is familiar, because the principle of water resources management at the level of river basins has been established by the Water Act of 1964.
Hence, it is not surprising to notice that, just a little more than one year after the publication of the EU WFD, the Assemblée nationale already adopted a Proposal for a Water Act which is to replace the Act of 1964 (and the important amendments made in 1992). In fact, in terms of current practice, the basic structure of water resources management remains unchanged. This paper examines the Proposal and — incidentally and passim — also explains some of the institutional arrangements and instruments which characterise French water policy and water resources management.
In this two part article a short introduction deals with some of the basic principles of the Proposal for a Water Act. The next four sections deal with the four chapters of the Proposal which merit attention. In this first part first, the author investigates some general elements of decentralisation and planning, second, deals with the concept of “services publics” for the provision of water and waste water treatment; and third, looks at the reform of institutions, in particular of the agences de l'eau.
The Changing Role of Environmental Agencies
Authors: Bailey Patricia M. 
Published: April 2022

While both the European Community and the United States now have "environmental agencies", the European Environment Agency ( ("EEA") and the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA ") respectively, these agencies are at different stages of development and have been assigned significantly different tasks. With the recent emphasis on regulatory reform and alternatives/complements to command-and-control legislation, the roles of these agencies will likely change in the future. This article examines the changing role of the EPA and considers whether some of the methods used by the EPA could be developed by the EEA to expand its role in a similar fashion. The article begins with a brief analysis of why the roles of these agencies are changing. It continues with an overview of the EEA and the EPA. The article then looks at methods utilised by the EPA as alternatives and complements to traditional enforcement and considers how some of these methods could be employed by the EEA.
Amsterdam, the Intergovernmental Conference and Greening the EU Treaty
Authors: van Calster Geert 
Published: April 2022

The environment was not high on the IGC agenda. The environmental improvements of the Amsterdam Treaty are nevertheless remarkable. Sustainable development has been made a Union objective, together with the principle of a high level of environmental protection; the provisions of Article 100A (the environmental guarantee) have been clarified; the integration principle has been strengthened; all EC environmental legislation will now be drafted following the improved co-decision procedure; the horizontal principles of subsidiarity and proportionality will have to be tailored to environmental policy; the case for making the Union more transparent and the declaration on the improvement of Community legislation could benefit environmental policy; and finally, the uncertainty surrounding the "right to protection of the environment" prevented its inclusion in the Treaty. The changes made in Amsterdam with respect to environmental policy are more than merely cosmetic.
New Opportunities or Trade Barrier in Disguise? The EC Eco-Labelling Scheme
Authors: Driessen Bart 
Published: April 2022

The EC and other eco-labelling schemes; their voluntary nature; "cradle-to-grave" or "single-issue" bases.
Organisation of the EC scheme and the procedure for setting eco-labelling criteria. Applying for an eco-label Costs of participation. The Commission's proposal for a revised scheme.
Compatibility of the EC scheme with the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT); whether or not eco-labelling schemes fall within the Agreement; the requirements which would then apply and resulting legal problems. The inclusion in eco-labelling criteria of production processes and methods (PPMs) and consequent difficulties for producers based outside the EC.
Conclusion that despite current difficulties (lack of transparency, proliferation of schemes, slowness of implementation, questions of recognition of mutual equivalence of standards, reliance on PPMs, obtaining certification for exporters from developing countries, and the place of the TBT Agreement), the EC scheme remains a valuable marketing tool.
The Creation and Enforcement of Environmental Agreements
Authors: Bailey Patricia M. 
Published: April 2022

In response to the Community's promotion of alternative instruments, as evidenced by the Fifth Environmental Action Programme, the last decade has seen an increased use of environmental agreements. These agreements, which are known by several different names, including "voluntary agreements", "negotiated agreements" and "covenants", are typically executed between government and industry, although recent participants have also included NGOs, environmental interest groups and the general public. Yet, despite the successes of environmental agreements, they are not universally popular and, indeed, often suffer from a credibility problem. Part of this problem stems from the lack of enforceability of these agreements, which lack is in turn often caused by a failure to provide appropriate conditions for monitoring compliance or imposing sanctions. This article begins with a review of what environmental agreements are, why they are useful and how they are created. That is followed by an analysis of how provisions for monitoring and sanctions can be utilised to enhance the efficiency and credibility of environmental agreements. The article next considers whether intervention by the state is necessary, and concludes with a look at the concept of the environmental agreement as a private law contract.
Criminal Environmental Law and Community Competence
Authors: Comte Françoise 
Published: April 2022

Summary: The Treaty on European Union is divided into “pillars”: the original pillar of Community law (the “first pillar”), and two pillars establishing intergovernmental co-operation between Member States on the matters which they cover: common foreign and security policy (the “second pillar”) and police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters (the “third pillar”). There should be no conflict between the respective competencies defined under each of the three pillars. Indeed, the Treaty lays down a number of rules to prevent this. Nonetheless, this is precisely what has occurred in the conflict between the Commission and the Council over the issue of protection of the environment through criminal law. In 2001 the Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive on protection of the environment through criminal law under provisions of the “first pillar”. In 2003, the Council adopted a Framework Decision on the same subject under provisions of the “third pillar”. The two parallel texts have given rise to a serious inter-institutional conflict. The main point at issue is under which provisions of the Treaty a requirement to provide for criminal penalties for breaches of Community environmental law can be imposed on Member States. Following the adoption of the Framework Decision, the Commission decided to commence proceedings before the Court of Justice, seeking to establishing that the Council had breached the rules governing the division of powers between the first and third pillar.
Including Aviation into the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme
Authors: Schwarze Gisbert 
Published: April 2022

Although the aviation sector is one of the fastest growing climate change contributors in Europe, it is not covered by the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). Therefore the European Commission suggested including aviation in the EU-ETS and announced the aim of putting forward a legislative proposal by the end of 2006.
In this article the legal aspects, which have to be considered for an successful inclusion of aviation into the EU-ETS, will be reviewed. This includes the legal framework for the inclusion of aviation into the EU-ETS which consists of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and the Community Law. Important legal aspects are also possible legal obstacles like the existing traffic rights in the different Member States, bilateral air transport agreements like the Open Skies agreements and the Chicago Convention. Another crucial legal point of the inclusion of aviation into the EU-ETS is the interplay of the EU-ETS and the Kyoto Protocol. Furthermore the legal aspects regarding the scope and certain design points of emission trading scheme will be reviewed. This includes the obliged parties, the allocation and certain points of the administration.
Book Review: Global Climate Governance Beyond 2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptation, by Biermann, F., Pattberg, P. and Zelli, F. (Cambridge: University Press 2010)
Authors: Glatzel Katrin 
Published: April 2022

This book presents the research that has been carried out over the past three years by a team of 30 leading experts from seven different research institutions in Europe and India. It provides the reader with an up-to-date assessment of policy options for future global climate governance. The authors address three major questions throughout the book, which will arguably be at the heart of any future climate agreements: what is the most effective legal and institutional architecture for global climate politics? What role should non-state actors play? And lastly, what are the possibilities for the global community to adapt to a warmer world? The authors’ aim is to develop and generate new ideas that may assist future negotiations on a new global agreement on global climate governance for the period after 2012, when the current commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol expires. In the 19 chapters the authors seek to answer these questions by integrating a variety of approaches ranging from quantitative research to legal and policy analysis.
Environmental Law and Agroecology. Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Ecosystem Services as a New Challenge for Environmental Legal Doctrine
Authors: Monteduro Massimo 
Published: April 2022

Agriculture, one of the oldest activities subject to legal regulation, is undergoing a revolutionary redefinition of its own identity. From a monofunctional idea (in which agriculture was exclusively focussed on producing goods for private use and on the economic remuneration of the producers) we have now passed to a multifunctional idea (in which agriculture is perceived as a source of providing the community with a series of public ecosystemic services, whose global value is inestimable). This change has been accompanied by the birth of a new interdisciplinary science: agroecology, established in the 1980's. Agroecology has progressively integrated the viewpoint of disciplines like agronomy, ecology, sociology, economy, philosophy, until it has become fully transdisciplinary. However, law has remained outside the lines of research of the young science agroecology. It is important to attempt to include the viewpoint of law within agroecology. In order to do so, legal practitioners should go beyond the current limits of the academic sectors and exceed the distinction between agricultural law and environmental law. A new analysis is necessary. A law of sustainable agricultural ecosystems has to be drawn up. More radically, the whole environmental law field has to be re-thought and reconstructed as a general law and special law of ecosystems, meaning suppliers of diversified public services. The general part of law of ecosystems should determine the common legal principles, which are valid for protecting all ecosystems. The special part of law of ecosystems should be divided into homogeneous areas, which correspond to the different types of ecosystems according to the classifications of ecology.
A ‘Made in Qatar’ Energy Transition Strategy
Authors: O’Connell Brian 
Published: April 2022

Qatar is an independent constitutional monarchy and one of the world’s largest producers of natural gas. Qatar’s National Climate Change Plan commits the country to rapid decarbonisation of the energy system in line with the Paris Agreement. This analysis considers the international legal and regulatory frameworks that could enable the Qatari financial sector to support progress to domestic and global climate targets agreed to in the Paris Agreement.
energy transition, Paris Agreement, sustainable finance action plan, Qatar, European Commission
On Modern Threats to Environmental Sustainability in the Arctic: The Climate Change Factor
Authors: Noussia Kyriaki 
Published: April 2022

Given the high pace of acceleration with which climate change is occurring, the unprecedented amount of floods and fires and the extremely high temperatures of the last years, new habitable and exploitable areas are bound to increase as a result of the extremely rapid ice melting in the Arctic. These areas will allow the exploration of natural resources and the use of new navigation routes in shipping. The Arctic region is rich in natural resources, but, at the same time, faces challenges due to its sparse population, limited logistical networks, and fragile environmental conditions; hence, any future sustainable growth and development in it should address the need to build sustainable infrastructure and explore and expropriate the natural resources sustainably, in an effort to achieve transformation towards an inclusive green economy that respects the indigenous peoples and their communities and lifestyle. This article not only synthesizes the existing literature on the topic of the impact of climate change on the Arctic, but also discusses and analyses the ways in which any exploration and exploitation of natural resources and any increased shipping activity in the Arctic should take place, in the light of the impact of climate change. By bringing together different literatures – on the Arctic exploration, legal regulation and Arctic shipping – not usually considered together, it analyses and discusses the multiple social and environmental effects of climate change in the region and its indigenous populations, and, finally, proposes policy options and legislative and other measures so as to best meet the various challenges imposed.
climate change, sustainable development, Arctic oil and gas, Arctic shipping, environmental protection, Arctic