bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomics and biogeography of Torreya (Taxaceae)—Integrating data from three organelle genomes, morphology, and fossils and a practical method for reducing missing data from RAD‐seq
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Harris AJ , Xiang Qiu‐Yun (Jenny) 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRestriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) enables obtaining thousands of genetic markers for phylogenomic studies. However, RAD‐seq data are subject to allele dropout (ADO) due to polymorphisms at enzyme cutting sites. We developed a new pipeline, RAD‐seq Allele Dropout Remedy in our study of the gymnosperm genus, Torreya, to mitigate ADO in outgroups by recovering missing loci from previously published transcriptomes. By using RADADOR to supplement Rad‐seq data in combination with plastome and mitochondrial gene sequences, morphology, and fossil records, we reconstructed the phylogenetic and biogeographic histories of the genus and tested hypotheses on anomalies of biodiversity of the eastern Asian‐North American floristic disjunction. Our results showed that our pipeline recovered many loci missing from the outgroup, and the improved data yielded a more robust phylogeny for Torreya. Using the fossilized birth–death model and divergence–extinction–cladogenesis method, we resolved a detailed biogeographic history of Torreya that suggested a Jurassic origin spanning Laurasia and differential speciation and extinction among continents accounting for modern diversity, which is biased toward eastern Asia (EA). The biogeographic results also supported a vicariance origin of modern Torreya from a widespread ancestor in EA and North America (NA) in the mid‐Eocene, and cross Beringian exchange in the early Paleogene before the vicariant isolation, in contrast to the “out of NA” pattern common to gymnosperms and to the “out of EA” hypothesis previously proposed for the genus. Furthermore, we observed phylogenetic discordance between the nuclear and plastid phylogenies for Torreya jackii, suggesting differential lineage sorting of plastid genomes among species of Torreya or plastid genome capture in T. jackii.
Urinary cortisol‐creatinine ratio in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Del Baldo Francesca , Gerou Ferriani Magda , Bertazzolo Walter , Luciani Matteo , Tardo Antonio Maria , Fracassi Federico 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundBasal serum cortisol (BSC) ≥2 μg/dL (>55 nmol/L) has high sensitivity but low specificity for hypoadrenocorticism (HA).ObjectiveTo determine whether the urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio (UCCR) can be used to differentiate dogs with HA from healthy dogs and those with diseases mimicking HA (DMHA).AnimalsNineteen healthy dogs, 18 dogs with DMHA, and 10 dogs with HA.MethodsRetrospective study. The UCCR was determined on urine samples from healthy dogs, dogs with DMHA, and dogs with HA. The diagnostic performance of the UCCR was assessed based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, calculating the area under the ROC curve.ResultsThe UCCR was significantly lower in dogs with HA (0.65 × 10−6; range, 0.33‐1.22 × 10−6) as compared to healthy dogs (3.38 × 10−6; range, 1.11‐17.32 × 10−6) and those with DMHA (10.28 × 10−6; range, 2.46‐78.65 × 10−6) (P < .0001). There was no overlap between dogs with HA and dogs with DMHA. In contrast, 1 healthy dog had a UCCR value in the range of dogs with HA. The area under the ROC curve was 0.99. A UCCR cut‐off value of <1.4 yielded 100% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity in diagnosing HA.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe UCCR seems to be a valuable and reliable screening test for HA in dogs. The greatest advantage of this test is the need for only a single urine sample.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of azithromycin on antral motility and gastric emptying in healthy cats
Authors: Rutherford Stephanie , Gaschen Frederic , Husnik Roman , Fletcher Jon , Gaschen Lorrie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundErythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic with motilin agonist properties, shortens gastric emptying (GE) time in healthy cats. Azithromycin, another macrolide antibiotic, is effective for treatment of gastric paresis in people.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of azithromycin on GE and gastric motility in healthy cats in comparison with erythromycin (positive control) and placebo.AnimalsEight healthy purpose‐bred cats.MethodsProspective, blinded, crossover study. Cats received either azithromycin (3.5 mg/kg PO q24h), erythromycin (1 mg/kg PO q8h), or placebo for 24 hours before and during evaluation of GE. A validated method using ultrasound for sequential measurements of antral area as well as amplitude and frequency of contractions was used to assess GE and evaluate gastric antral motility postprandially over an 8‐hour period.ResultsGE was significantly faster (P < .05) after administration of azithromycin and erythromycin when compared to placebo in the late phase of fractional emptying from 75% (mean ± SD: 327 ± 51 minutes, 327 ± 22 minutes, and 367 ± 29 minutes, respectively), to 95% fractional emptying (399 ± 52 minutes, 404 ± 11 minutes, and 444 ± 24 minutes, respectively). The drugs had no significant effect on antral motility variables at any time point.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAzithromycin and erythromycin shorten GE time in a comparable manner in healthy cats. Evaluation of their efficacy in cats with gastric dysmotility is warranted.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeat dosing of gabapentin in adult horses
Authors: Gold Jenifer R. , Grubb Tamara L. , Cox Sherry , Malavasi Lais , Villarino Nicholas L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe repeated administration of high doses of gabapentin may provide better analgesia in horses than current clinical protocols.Hypothesis and ObjectivesAdministration of gabapentin at 40 and 120 mg/kg PO q 12 h for 14 days will not alter serum biochemistry findings or cause adverse effects. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of gabapentin on serum biochemistry, physical examination, and plasma pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.AnimalsSix healthy adult mares.MethodsHorses received 40 and 120 mg/kg of gabapentin orally q 12 h for 14 days. Horses were examined and scored for ataxia and sedation daily. Serum biochemistry variables were analyzed before treatment and days 7 and 14 after gabapentin administration. Plasma disposition of gabapentin was evaluated after the first and last drug administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis.ResultsNo changes occurred in physiologic or biochemical variables. Median (range) maximal plasma gabapentin concentrations (μg/mL) after the last dose (day 15) were 7.6 (6.2‐11) and 22 (14‐33) for 40 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg doses respectively. Maximal concentration of gabapentin was reached within 1 hour after drug administration. Repeated administration of gabapentin resulted in a median (range) area under the curve (AUC0‐12 hours) last/first dose ratio of 1.5 (1.00‐2.63) and 2.92 (1.4‐3.8) for the 40 and 120 mg/kg regimens, respectively.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceOur results suggest that horses tolerate gabapentin up to 120 mg/kg PO q 12 h for 14 days. The analgesic effect of the dosage regimens evaluated in our study warrants further research.
Muscarinic M3 positive allosteric modulator ASP8302 enhances bladder contraction and improves voiding dysfunction in rats
Authors: Okimoto Risa , Ino Katsutoshi , Ishizu Kenichiro , Takamatsu Hajime , Sakamoto Kazuyuki , Yuyama Hironori , Imazumi Katsunori , Ohtake Akiyoshi , Masuda Noriyuki , Takeda Masahiro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesMuscarinic M3 (M3) receptors mediate cholinergic smooth muscle contraction of the bladder. Current drugs targeting bladder M3 receptors for micturition disorders have a risk of cholinergic side effects due to excessive receptor activation and insufficient selectivity. We investigated the effect of ASP8302, a novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M3 receptors, on bladder function in rats.MethodsModulation of carbachol‐induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ was assessed in cells expressing rat muscarinic receptors. Potentiation of bladder contractions was evaluated using isolated rat bladder strips and by measuring intravesical pressure in anesthetized rats. Conscious cystometry was performed to investigate the effects on residual urine volume and voiding efficiency in rat voiding dysfunction models induced by the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist midodrine and muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine, and bladder outlet obstruction. To assess potential side effects, the number of stools and tracheal insufflation pressure were measured in conscious and anesthetized rats, respectively.ResultsASP8302 demonstrated PAM effects on the rat M3 receptor in cell assays, and augmented cholinergic bladder contractions both in vivo and in vitro. ASP8302 improved voiding efficiency and reduced residual urine volume in two voiding dysfunction models as effectively as distigmine bromide, but unlike distigmine bromide did not affect the number of stools or tracheal insufflation pressure.ConclusionsOur results in rats indicate that ASP8302 improves voiding dysfunction by potentiating bladder contraction with fewer effects on cholinergic responses in other organs, and suggest a potential advantage over current cholinomimetic drugs for treating micturition disorders caused by insufficient bladder contraction.
Suppression of XopQ–XopX‐induced immune responses of rice by the type III effector XopG
Authors: Deb Sohini , Gokulan C. G. , Nathawat Rajkanwar , Patel Hitendra K. , Sonti Ramesh V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEffectors that suppress effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) are an essential part of the arms race in the co‐evolution of bacterial pathogens and their host plants. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae uses multiple type III secretion system (T3SS) secreted effectors such as XopU, XopV, XopP, XopG, and AvrBs2 to suppress rice immune responses that are induced by the interaction of two other effectors, XopQ and XopX. Here we show that each of these five suppressors can interact individually with both XopQ and XopX. One of the suppressors, XopG, is a predicted metallopeptidase that appears to have been introduced into X. oryzae pv. oryzae by horizontal gene transfer. XopQ and XopX interact with each other in the nucleus while interaction with XopG sequesters them in the cytoplasm. The XopG E76A and XopG E85A mutants are defective in interaction with XopQ and XopX, and are also defective in suppression of XopQ–XopX‐mediated immune responses. Both mutations individually affect the virulence‐promoting ability of XopG. These results indicate that XopG is important for X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence and provide insights into the mechanisms by which this protein suppresses ETI in rice.
RXLR effector gene Avr3a from Phytophthora sojae is recognized by Rps8 in soybean
Authors: Arsenault‐Labrecque Geneviève , Santhanam Parthasarathy , Asselin Yanick , Cinget Benjamin , Lebreton Amandine , Labbé Caroline , Belzile François , Gijzen Mark , Bélanger Richard R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe use of resistance genes in elite soybean cultivars is one of the most widely used methods to manage Phytophthora sojae. This method relies on effector‐triggered immunity, where a Resistant to P. sojae (Rps) gene product from the plant recognizes a specific effector from the pathogen, encoded by an avirulence (Avr) gene. Many Avr genes from P. sojae have been identified in the last decade, allowing a better exploitation of this type of resistance. The objective of the present study was to identify the Avr gene triggering immunity derived from the soybean resistance gene Rps8. The analysis of a segregating F2 progeny coupled with a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach led to the identification of a putative Avr8 locus. The investigation of this locus using whole‐genome sequencing data from 31 isolates of P. sojae identified Avr3a as the likely candidate for Avr8. Long‐read sequencing also revealed that P. sojae isolates can carry up to five copies of the Avr3a gene, compared to the four previously reported. Haplotype and transcriptional analyses showed that amino acid changes and absence of Avr3a transcripts from P. sojae isolates caused changes in virulence towards Rps8. Functional analyses using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and constitutive expression demonstrated that Rps8 interacted with Avr3a. We also showed that a specific allele of Avr3a is recognized by Rps3a but not Rps8. While Rps3a and Rps8 have been previously described as closely linked, this is the first report of a clear distinction hitherto undefined between these two resistance genes.
Herbert McCabe's Realism
Authors: Dunch Matthew Ian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper defends Herbert McCabe OP against anti-realist charges, particularly Francesca Murphy's extended criticisms of McCabe as a ‘Story Thomist’. McCabe stands accused of reading Thomas Aquinas, in part through Wittgenstein, such that concern for method and language displaces concern for God. Rather, McCabe's story is one of God raising up human beings so that their language and activities develop as they grow in divine life. Beginning with his account of religious obedience, I argue that McCabe is a realist sensitive to the journey of finite creatures towards the mystery of God. Developing in divine life is not primarily informational, but is an entering into the mystery of God so as to share in God's own self-knowledge, a knowledge that humans cannot claim to possess on their own terms. McCabe's Wittgensteinian-inflected Thomism embraces the real gift of divine self-knowledge and the ongoing development of human language and activities in receiving this gift.
A comparison of COVID‐19 vaccination status among pregnant Israeli Jewish and Arab women and psychological distress among the Arab women
Authors: Taubman – Ben‐Ari Orit , Weiss Efrat , Abu‐Sharkia Salam , Khalaf Enas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe public debate surrounding the COVID‐19 vaccine is especially intense regarding pregnant women, who are concerned with its effects on themselves and their fetus, and a vulnerable at‐risk population for psychological distress. We aimed at describing differences in vaccination status between pregnant Jewish and Arab women and understanding factors contributing to psychological distress among Arab women. Pregnant women (n = 860) aged 19–46 completed self‐report questionnaires during the national vaccination program (March–April 2021). The questionnaires related to background, COVID‐19‐related vaccination status and intentions in this regard, COVID‐19‐related anxiety, and the Mental Health Inventory—Short Form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t‐ and chi‐square tests, Pearson correlations, and a hierarchical regression. Considerably fewer Jewish women had been infected and more were vaccinated than Arab women. Poorer health, lower economic status, being a mother, not being vaccinated, higher anxiety over economic damage, a family member being infected, delivery, and raising the baby contributed to higher distress. Findings offer novel insights for nurses in their efforts to encourage vaccination, highlighting the need to understand women's concerns during the vulnerable period of pregnancy.
Plant sizes and shapes above and belowground and their interactions with climate
Authors: Tumber‐Dávila Shersingh Joseph , Schenk H. Jochen , Du Enzai , Jackson Robert B. 
Published: February 2022

SummaryAlthough the above and belowground sizes and shapes of plants strongly influence plant competition, community structure, and plant–environment interactions, plant sizes and shapes remain poorly characterized across climate regimes. We investigated relationships among shoot and root system size and climate.We assembled and analyzed, to our knowledge, the largest global database describing the maximum rooting depth, lateral spread, and shoot size of terrestrial plants – more than doubling the Root Systems of Individual Plants database to 5647 observations.Water availability and growth form greatly influence shoot size, and rooting depth is primarily influenced by temperature seasonality. Shoot size is the strongest predictor of lateral spread, with root system diameter being two times wider than shoot width on average for woody plants.Shoot size covaries strongly with rooting system size; however, the geometries of plants differ considerably across climates, with woody plants in more arid climates having shorter shoots, but deeper, narrower root systems. Additionally, estimates of the depth and lateral spread of plant root systems are likely underestimated at the global scale.
The effect of mental load on psychophysical and visual evoked potential visual acuity
Authors: Mahjoob Monireh , Heravian Shandiz Javad , Anderson Andrew J 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeUnder real‐world conditions, tasks dependent on visual acuity may need to be performed in the presence of a mental load arising from concurrent, non‐visual tasks. Therefore, measuring visual acuity concurrently with mentally demanding tasks may reflect a patient's vision more accurately. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of task‐induced mental load on high contrast visual acuity, as measured using a letter chart and estimated via sweep visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP).MethodsVisual acuity was determined using the Freiburg Vision Test, and also using sweep VEP tested stepwise, from coarse to fine, over 13 spatial frequencies, in 31 healthy participants (aged 22.4 ± 3.6 years). Recordings were repeated while participants concurrently performed an auditory 2‐back task. Mental load of the n‐back task was confirmed through subjective ratings.ResultsVisual acuity determined with the Freiburg Vision Test worsened from −0.02 ± 0.12 to 0.04 ± 0.15 logMAR under mental load (p = 0.03). Visual acuities estimated by sweep VEPs worsened from 0.38 ± 0.1 to 0.47 ± 0.1 logMAR (p < 0.001). While the slope of the VEP amplitude versus spatial frequency function steepened significantly with mental load (p = 0.01), VEP noise levels were not significantly affected (p = 0.07).ConclusionVisual acuity reduces significantly with a concurrent task that produces mental load. At least part of this reduction appears to be related to alterations in responses within the visual cortex, rather than being purely attributable to higher‐level distraction effects.
Developing an Extubation strategy for the difficult pediatric airway—Who, when, why, where, and how?
Authors: Weatherall Andrew D. , Burton Renee D. , Cooper Michael G. , Humphreys Susan R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractComprehensive airway management of the pediatric patient with a difficult airway requires a plan for the transition back to a patent and protected airway. Multiple techniques are available to manage the periextubation period. Equally important is performing a comprehensive risk assessment and developing a strategy that optimizes the likelihood of safe extubation. This includes team‐focused communication of the desired goals, critical steps in the process, and potential responses in the case of failed extubation. This review summarizes extubation of pediatric patients with difficult airways along with one suggested framework to manage this challenging period.
Rice NIN‐LIKE PROTEIN 3 modulates nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under nitrate‐sufficient conditions
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Sheng , Xia Jin‐Qiu , Alfatih Alamin , Song Ying , Huang Yi‐Jie , Sun Liang‐Qi , Wan Guang‐Yu , Wang Shi‐Mei , Wang Yu‐Ping , Hu Bin‐Hua , Zhang Guo‐Hua , Qin Peng , Li Shi‐Gui , Yu Lin‐Hui , Wu Jie , Xiang Cheng‐Bin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for crop growth and yield. Improving the N use efficiency (NUE) of crops is important to agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NUE regulation remain largely elusive. Here we report that the OsNLP3 (NIN‐like protein 3) regulates NUE and grain yield in rice under N sufficient conditions. OsNLP3 transcript level is significantly induced by N starvation and its protein nucleocytosolic shuttling is specifically regulated by nitrate. Loss‐of‐function of OsNLP3 reduces plant growth, grain yield, and NUE under sufficient nitrate conditions, whereas under low nitrate or different ammonium conditions, osnlp3 mutants show no clear difference from the wild type. Importantly, under sufficient N conditions in the field, OsNLP3 overexpression lines display improved grain yield and NUE compared with the wild type. OsNLP3 orchestrates the expression of multiple N uptake and assimilation genes by directly binding to the nitrate‐responsive cis‐elements in their promoters. Overall, our study demonstrates that OsNLP3, together with OsNLP1 and OsNLP4, plays overlapping and differential roles in N acquisition and NUE, and modulates NUE and the grain yield increase promoted by N fertilizer. Therefore, OsNLP3 is a promising candidate gene for the genetic improvement of grain yield and NUE in rice.
The case against COVID‐19 vaccine mandates in pediatric solid organ transplantation
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman , Opel Douglas J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe American Society of Transplantation in conjunction with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation released a joint statement on August 13, 2021 in which they strongly recommend that solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and their eligible household members and close contacts be vaccinated against SARS‐CoV‐2 with an approved COVID‐19 vaccine. Some SOT programs have gone further and will refuse to list or transplant candidates unless the candidate and their household are vaccinated against SARS‐CoV‐2.MethodsTwo general pediatrician‐ethicists use current best evidence and moral theory to argue why it is unethical to mandate COVID‐19 vaccination for pediatric SOT candidates, their primary support person, and their households.ResultsPediatric vaccine mandates are most justifiable when they prevent the harm of a serious vaccine preventable disease (VPD) in children in settings where transmission is highly likely and there are no alternatives that are effective in preventing transmission that intrude less on individual freedom. An additional justification for a vaccine mandate in the SOT context is stewardship of a scarce resource if there is significant risk of graft loss from the VPD to an unvaccinated SOT candidate or recipient. Current evidence does not support fulfillment of these criteria in pediatric solid organ transplantation.ConclusionsMaking SOT listing contingent on COVID‐19 vaccination is problematic. Though there is some risk of harm to a pediatric SOT candidate in remaining unvaccinated, the risk of harm of not being listed and transplanted is greater and overriding.
The concept of relation and the explanation of the phenomenon of Entanglement
Authors: Stella Aldo , Cantalupi Tiziano , Ianulardo Giancarlo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe investigate from a philosophical point of view the concept of relation that is used to explain the physical phenomenon of Entanglement. If the concept of relation is understood in the ordinary sense of the mono‐dyadic construct, which requires a middle term between the two extremes, it is aporetic and, thus, incapable of explaining the phenomenon. To the contrary, we propose to think the relation as the act of self‐referring of related terms, which is unique and identical for both terms. In the unity of this act, the duality of terms disappears, so that the authentic unity is obtained. Moving from this concept of unity, the phenomenon of Entanglement becomes intelligible, since the two particles emerge as the two abstract sections of a unique reality.