bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maggot Control in Radish, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Champion’ radish was seeded to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 16 Apr. Each plot consisted of 2, 25-ft-long rows on 5-ft-wide beds; rows were seeded in 30-inch centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were seeded with a Planet Junior single-row planter and granular in-furrow applications were made with a Noble applicator attached to the tool bar of a 5-ft-wide bicycle sprayer. Liquid treatments were applied with a sprinkler can at a rate of 150 gal/acre. After seeding, all plots were sprinkled with 30 fl oz of Atlas fish emulsion to attract adult maggot flies. On 28 May, 100 radishes/plot were harvested and examined for insect-damaged roots, including root maggots, cutworms, and grubs.
Zectran Efficacy Against Insect Pests of Summer Squash, 1984
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Prolific Straightneck’ variety squash was direct-seeded on 29 Aug at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Annex Farm, Mercedes, TX. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Five replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 50 ft by 2 beds and bordered by 1 row of a wheat-barley grass mixture to minimize drift. Squash was grown using standard commercial practices. Zectran rates were applied through a CO2-powered, back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 13 Oct. Efficacy was evaluated 3 days post-spray by counting insects on 5 plants per plot. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and fitted to a linear regression model for analysis where × = insecticide rate in lb (AI)/acre, and Y = insect or % damaged flower count.
Tomato Insect Control, Rocky Ford, CO, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Lordier Martha K. , Jagne Jarra F. , Pace Michelle , Wawrzynski Robert P. , Schweissing Frank C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘UC-280’ tomatoes were planted 30 May as seed at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, CO. Plantings were made as double bed rows spaced 60 inches between beds. Plot size was 3 beds, 25 ft in length and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made 31 Jul and 15 Aug using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre. Potato aphid and tomato psyllid control was evaluated 22 Aug by sampling 35 leaves/plot. Flower thrips were counted from a 25-blossom sample. Fruit scarring was evaluated on 24 fruit/plot 9 Sep using a 1 (no damage) to 4 (most scarring) scale. Even the most damaged fruit suffered only minor cosmetic injuries concentrated at the blossom end.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Pydrin in Conventional Till and No-Till Transplanted Toma Toes, 1985
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted both no-till and conventional till in 25-ft rows on 15 May ’85 with a 2-row Holland transplanter. The planter was equipped with a chisel in front of each planter shoe for no-till treatments. Plots consisted of 3 rows with the center row being the record row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. No transplanting was made in overwintered rye. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 7, 27 Jun and 3, 18 arid 23 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB larvae/10 plants were recorded.
Apple, Chemical Control of Codling Moth, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several insecticides were evaluated for their ability to provide seasonal control of the codling moth. This test was conducted in a 7-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. All materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Two applications were made against first generation. The first was timed to coincide with predicted 3% egg hatch or 250 degree days following first moth detected in a pheromone trap. The first cover was applied on 23 May. The second cover was applied 21 days following the first on 13 Jun. One application was made against second generation and timed at 1450 degree days after first moth on 23 Jul. This timing coincided with a predicted 28% hatch of second generation eggs. All fruit on each tree were examined after first generation. The number of shallow (stings) and deep entries were recorded. Following second generation, fruit were removed from each tree and counted. Injured fruit were collected, returned to the laboratory for examination to determine the number of shallow and deep entries. Live larvae found within fruit were saved and head capsules measured to determine instar. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and the number of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths. Mites were sampled from mid-Jun through mid-Sep. Twelve or 13 leaves were collected from each tree (total 50 leaves per treatment) and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomato, 1985
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes were transplanted on 7 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single, 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Between-row spacing was 5 ft with 12-inch spacing between plants. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water/acre at 41 psi. Applications were made on 16, 24 May, 3, 10, 17, and 24 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the no. of CPB on 10 plants per treatment.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Minnesota, 1985
Authors: Krueger Craig A. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN, on 2nd regrowth 2nd year alfalfa. Treatments were 52 ft × 52 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied Aug 14 with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 18 gal of water/acre at 200 psi. Plant height at spray application vas 8-10 inches. Insects were sampled 1, 3, 7, and 21 days posttreatment by taking 20 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam sweep net. Insects were not sampled 14 days posttreatment due to wet weather.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Nebraska, 1985
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Carter M. R. , Anderson B. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE in a second year stand of ‘Perry’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 × 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 9 insecticides and formulations, at various rates, was made on May 17 ’85. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5-ft boom. Each plot was sampled three times, 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-treatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm, Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Levine Eli 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted in 30-inch rows with a John Deere 7000 series 4-row planter on 26 Apr in a fall-plowed, spring-disked field at Champaign and on May 8 in a spring-disked (2x) field at Bloomington. Pioneer 3540 and Funks G-4326 hybrid seed corn was planted at Champaign and Bloomington, respectively. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble units mounted on each of the planter units. The granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the firming wheels, applied in a 7-inch band behind the firming wheels, or applied in the seed furrow. Dyfonate 15G and 20G were purposely applied in front of the firming wheels to see if phototoxicity would result. The granules in the banded treatments were incorporated with spring tines mounted behind the firming wheels. Dyfonate 4.6MS was applied in a 7-inch band over the row immediately following planting with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a single nozzle wand (Spraying Systems no. 8002E even flat fan nozzle, 3.0 ft/sec 20 psi, 10 gal water/acre based on a row width of 40 inches). Dyfonate 4.6MS and Dyfonate 4E cultivator treatments were applied in a 7-inch band over the row when corn was in the 3-leaf stage on May 28 (same spray system as above). All sprays were incorporated into the soil with a hand cultivator immediately after application. Each insecticide treatment consisted of a single 60-foot row arranged in a randomized complete block (Champaign) or a completely randomized (Bloomington) design with 4 replications per treatment. Root systems were evaluated for rootworm damage in mid-Jul by digging and washing 20 plants from each treatment (5 roots per row by 4 reps) and examining the roots for rootworm feeding damage. The standard Iowa 1 to 6 damage rating scale (1, little or no damage and 6, three or more nodes of roots destroyed) was used to measure damage.
European Corn Rorer First Brood Control in Northern Minnesota, Hand Plots, 1985
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nineteen insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against first brood European corn borer larvae near Gonvick, Clearwater Co, MN. Corn was in the late whorl stage when insecticides were applied on 25 Jul. Infestation was fairly uniform, averaging 68% shotholing and 2.4 larvae per shotholed plant. Larvae ranged from first to third instar, with the majority in the second instar. Treatments were applied to plots, measuring 2 rows (5 ft) × 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Liquid sprays were applied over the whorls with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by hand over the whorls with a calibrated shaker. Efficacy was evaluated on 29 Aug by dissecting 10 plants and recording both tunnel and larval frequency.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1985
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty in-whorl insecticide treatments were evaluated for first brood ECB control. ‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 14 Apr at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Plots were 30 ft × 3 rows (38-inch spacing) with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Plant population was 44 plants/30 row ft. Insecticides were applied on 4 Jun when 78% of the plants were infested with an average of 3.5 larvae/plant. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Newly damaged whorls were counted on jun 20. Mean cavities count (average number of tunnels/20 stalks) was made on 24 Jul and grain yield was measured on 25 Sep at 13.9% moisture. Soil type was Dickson silt loam, 2 to 5% slopes with a pH of 6.3.
Chemical Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Fitt Johnny , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Stoneville 213’ cotton was planted 7 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. The test area received 2 inches of rain on 8 May, 1 inch on 21 May, 0.1 inch on 19 Jun, and 0.8 inch on 20 Jul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 18 treatments. Treatment plots were 12 rows wide and 60 feet long. Insecticides were applied to the inner 6 rows of each plot, leaving a 6 row buffer between contigious plots. Insecticide applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal of solution per acre through two TX-3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 43 psi and 4 mph. Spray applications were made 12, 18, and 25 Jul, and 1 Aug. Damage assessments and density counts of bollworm/budworm eggs and larvae were made 11, 17, 23, and 30 Jul, and 6 Aug. Counts consisted of inspecting 30 plant terminals per plot for bollworm/budworm larvae and eggs. In addition, 30 squares, one-third grown or larger, per plot were selected at random and examined for bollworm/budworm damage. Yield was determined by hand harvesting cotton from plants in two, 20-ft row sections per plot.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 6-year-old trees in a randomized block design. The first application was made at either the tight cluster (8 Apr), pink (13 Apr) or petal fall (26 Apr) stage, depending upon treatment. All treatments received a second application on 5 Jul. Sprays were applied with a Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree (100/treatment), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bugs and Predaceous Insects in Cotton, 1985
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of insecticides for tarnished plant bug control and effects on predator populations was conducted at the Tennessee Valley Substation of Auburn University, Belle Mina, AL. Cotton was planted in 40-inch rows. Eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were ca. 0.37 acre. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 17 gal spray/acre (4 mph, 25 psi, 3 Teejet TX8 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 14 and 25 Jun. Insect data were collected on 26 Jun with a 3 × 3-ft drop cloth (3 samples/plot). Mean percent square set data were obtained by examining pinhead squares in the apical terminal growth and in the terminal growth of the first lateral branch.
Insecticide Treatments for Bollworm Control, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied 12 and 20 Jul, and 21 Aug at 8.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a 4-row CO2 pressurized boom attached to the back of a high clearance sprayer. Damaged square counts were made 27 Aug by examining 25 squares per plot. The 2 center rows of each plot were machine harvested 29 Oct and 13 Nov.
Pyrethroid Insecticide Rate Study for Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Lorenz Gus , Gary Debra , Luttrell R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A full season study was conducted at the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 Jun. All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows (38-inch rows) by 50 ft with 2 buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.1 gal/acre total volume at 30 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made 26 Jul, 2, and 14 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 22 and 31 Aug, 12, 20, and 28 Sep, and 3 Oct with Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 16 Aug by making 5-ft whole plant counts in each plot. Yield data were taken on 21 Nov by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Spider Mites in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Gary D. , Reed J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three separate field studies were conducted in the Delta region of Mississippi to study the relative efficacy of several insecticides for spider mite control. Since the species of mites were not determined, we assumed that the populations were predominantly composed of Tetranychus urticae. All 3 studies were conducted on grower farmers where spider mites were found at measurable levels. In each test the plot size was 2 rows × 50 ft. Applications were applied on 15 Jul in Test I and on 19 Jul in Test II with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Posttreatment counts were made on 18 and 29 Jul, respectively. Spray volume delivered was ca. 5.0 gpa. Treatments in Test III were applied on 21 Jul with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row that delivered a spray volume of ca. 3.0 gpa. Posttreatment counts were made on 27 Jul. In all 3 tests the aphid population prior to treatment was estimated to be between 300-400 mites/10 upper leaves. Posttreatment observations for the 3 studies were made at different times due to variable weather conditions and cultural activities. However, all 3 studies were evaluated using the same scouting procedures. Ten upper leaves were collected at random in each plot, and each leaf was classified as having (1) 0 mites, (2) 1-5 mites, (3) 6-15 mites, (4) 16-25 mites, or (5) 25+ mites. For purposes of comparing the various treatments, the data were converted to estimated number of mites/10 upper leaves by multiplying the mid-point of each classification by the number of observations for that classification.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were applied to Acala SJC-1 cotton at two locations, near Shafter, CA, and Five Points, CA, planted 5 Apr, and 3 Apr, respectively. Individual plots were 8 rows (40-inch) wide and 150 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied 20 Jun, at Shafter and 11 Jul at Five Points. Comite, Apollo and DPX Y5893 treatments were reapplied at Shafter on 8 Jul. Applications were made by high clearance sprayer equipped with drop booms using 5 hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 psi. Mainstem leaves (25 per plot, eighth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled on 6 posttreatment dates and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts were made of all active stages of the tetranychid complex and were transformed (\/x + 0.5) for analysis.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland with Cyfluthrin, Isofenfos, and Flucythrinate, 1981
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ground applications of 3 candidate insecticides were tested to determine their effectiveness in reducing grasshopper densities north of Lame Deer, MT during the summer of 1981. All tests were conducted on moderately infested (9.0-13.7 grasshoppers/sq yd), relatively flat rangeland. Each materia was applied in 8 fluid oz of water per acre in 30-foot swaths using a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, AL; mounted on a ¾ ton 4-wheel-drive truck. Each candidate was compared to a standard ULV treatment of 8 fluid oz of 95% technical malathion per acre, and to an untreated. The species listed above comprised 74, 19, 2, and 2% of the grasshopper infestation, respectively, with 35.1% being adults. Three other species each comprised less than 1% of the infestation. Mortality was determined at 1,3, and 7 days posttreatment by counting with a pointer the number of grasshoppers in 50 estimated one-sq-yd quadrats for 10-acre plots, or 25 estimated one-sq-yd quadrats for 2.5-acrt plots. The experimental design for cyfluthrin was 10-acre square plots of 3 rates replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The highest dosage crystallized in a mixing container during application, so data for that dosage were obtained from only 2 replicates. In a separate test the experimental design for isofenfos and flucythrinate was 2.5-acre square plots of 2 rates and, replicated 2 times.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Grain Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide-treated and untreated grain sorghum seed were planted in Pike Co, GA on 18 Jun. The test was arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. The soil type was a Cecil clay loam. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). Tht planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20 psi) and an electric metering unit for deliver, of granular insecticides. Liquid and granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 24-ft plots which were separated on each side by a border row which received the same treatment as the adjacent plot. The numbers of healthy and lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) damaged plants were counted in each plot 19 and 44 days after planting. Each plant with LCB damagi was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.
Sorghum Midge Control in Georgia, 1984
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots measuring 2 rows (32-inch centers) by 20 ft, with 2 border rows between plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 24 Aug ‘84 when plants were at 30-35% bloom. Hand-operated compressed-air sprayers were used to apply the insecticides in 20 gal of water per acre at 32 psi. Efficacy was evaluated by rating 30 randomly selected heads in each plot for midge damage using a scale of 1-10, based on the % seeds damaged on each panicle. Yields were taken on 18 Oct by cutting and threshing 1 row of each plot.
Sorghum Midge Control in Georgia, 1985
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated in 2 plantings (11 Jun and 20 Jun) of sorghum near Griffin, GA. Plots measuring 4 rows by 50 ft, with 1 border row between plots, were arranged in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were made on 13 Aug and 16 Aug in the first planting and on 21 Aug and 23 Aug in the second planting using 20 gal of water per acre with a hand-held compressed-air sprayer using 32 psi. Efficacy was evaluated by rating 20 heads in each plot for midge damage using a scale of 1-10 based on % seeds damaged on each panicle. Yields were not taken because of severe crop losses to plant disease(s).
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in Mississippi, 1984
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the White Sands Unit of the South Mississippi Branch Station of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS. Soybean plots consisting of 6 rows 50 ft long were planted 23 May. Four of the 6 rows were used as the test plot and the other 2 rows were unsprayed border rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made on 29 Aug, with a Hi-boy delivering 5 gal total volume/acre using CO2 as a propellant. Insect densities were estimated by making 25 sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net in each plot. Net samples were transferred to paper bags and killed. These samples were counted under laboratory conditions.