bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greywater reuse: an assessment of the Jordanian experience in rural communities
Authors: Al Arni Saleh , Elwaheidi Mahmoud , Salih Alsamani A. M. , Ghernaout Djamel , Matouq Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Water conservation is a critical issue, particularly in arid countries and countries that suffer a lack of natural water resources. Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world; this fact has forced the search for alternative sustainable solutions. With the support of several regional and international organizations, tens of projects were implemented across the country over the past 30 years that aimed to reuse greywater in rural communities. The current review provides a wide overview of Jordan's experience in greywater treatment and its reuse for non-potable purposes in rural areas. To the best knowledge of the authors, the present review is the first to assess the Jordanian experience in this field. Many governmental authorities and non-governmental organizations have been involved in Jordan's experience. The greywater reuse systems were established to achieve advantageous environmental and socio-economic consequences on the rural communities. The strategy of greywater treatment was based on a local on-site greywater treatment system in households or the so-called ‘autonomous water management’. The applied greywater treatment technologies in households were found efficient in rendering greywater adequate for agricultural uses. However, further improvements and territorial expansion of the experiment are needed.
Sixteen Weeks of Aerobic Exercise does not Alter Resting-state Connectivity
of the Precuneus in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Musaeus Christian Sandøe , Johansen Louise Baruël , Hasselbalch Steen , Beyer Nina , Høgh Peter , Siebner Hartwig Roman , Frederiksen Kristian Steen 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
In healthy elderly persons and patients with mild cognitive impairment, physical
exercise can increase functional brain connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) measured by restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). However, no studies have so far investigated the
effect of physical exercise on functional resting-state connectivity in the DMN in patients with Alzheimer’s
disease (AD).

Objective:
In a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effects of an aerobic exercise
intervention of 16 weeks of physical exercise on DMN connectivity using rs-fMRI in patients with AD.

Methods:
Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to either a control or exercise group. The exercise
group performed 60-min of aerobic exercise three times per week for 16 weeks. All the patients underwent
whole-brain rs-fMRI at 3 T, at baseline, and after 16 weeks. Since the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and
adjacent precuneus constitute a central hub of the DMN, this parietal region was defined as region-ofinterest and used as the seed region for functional connectivity analysis of the rs-fMRI data treating age and
gender as covariates.

Results:
Neither seed-based analysis, seeded in the PCC/precuneus region nor ICA-based analyses, focusing
on components of the DMN network, showed any exercise-induced changes in functional resting-state connectivity from baseline to follow-up.

Conclusion:
16 weeks of aerobic exercise does not modify functional connectivity of the PCC/precuneus region in patients with AD. A longer intervention may be needed to show the effect of exercise on brain connectivity.

Clinical Trial Registration Number:
The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT01681602)
on September 10, 2012.
Polyethylene Glycol-400 Prompted an Efficient Synthesis of Thienyl Pyrazolo[
1,5‐a] Pyrimidines as Microbial Inhibitors
Authors: Konda Shankaraiah G. , Mandawad Gajanan G. , Chobe Santosh S. , Gosar Amit Kumar N. , Hote, Baliram S. 
Published: March 2022

Aim:
The aim of this present work was to design and establish an efficient synthesis of new thienyl pyrazolo[1,5‐a] pyrimidines using an environmentally friendly reaction solvent. Further, the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimi-crobial activity.

Materials and Method:
A series of thienyl pyrazolo[1,5‐a] pyrimidines have been syn-thesized by the condensation reaction of 4‐(4’‐chloro‐phenylazo)‐5‐amino pyrazole with α, β‐ unsaturated carbonyl composites (chalcones) using NaOH in polyethylene glycol-400 as a green reaction solvent. The dissemination technique recommended by the Na-tional Clinical Laboratory Standards Committee was used to study the antimicrobial ac-tivities of synthesized compounds.

Results and Discussion:
Polyethylene glycol-400 prompting an efficient synthesis of thienyl pyrazolo[1,5‐a] pyrimidines have been discussed. Excellent yields of the prod-ucts were obtained in a shorter reaction time using PEG 400 as a green reaction solvent. The reaction solvent was recovered and reused without the loss of its activity. The syn-thesized compounds have shown interesting antibacterial activity. Hydroxyl and halo substitution with thienyl moiety emerged as an active antibacterial and antifungal study.

Conclusion:
The advantage of this methodology is that it incorporates the green method, has excellent yields, easy workup, avoids toxic solvents, and an expensive catalyst. The new dimension pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives with thienyl moiety exhibit prom-ising anti-microbial activity.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Noninvasive Biomarker for the Early
Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Transcatheter Arterial
Chemoembolization Using Drug-eluting Beads
Authors: Wang Nan , Li Basen , Zhou Lei , Xu Anhui , Li Qin , Xiang Huihua , Huang Yanrong , Peng Ling , Xiang Kun , Zhang Mingfeng 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Prognostic evaluation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter
arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using drug-eluting beads (DEBs) is essential for guiding the personalized
treatment and follow-up strategy. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has been reported as
a biomarker in conventional TACE.

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of ADCbaseline, ADC change, and ADCratio
in predicting the early objective response for HCC after DEB-TACE.

Methods:
This prospective single-center study included 32 consecutive patients undergoing dynamic
contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging before and 1
month after DEB-TACE. After DEB-TACE, patients were grouped based on the modified Response
Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria into responders (complete response [CR],
partial response [PR]) and nonresponders (stable disease [SD], progressive disease [PD]). The Mann–
Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to assess the statistical
differences in ADCbaseline, ADC change, and ADCratio between responders and nonresponders.

Results:
At post-DEB-TACE follow-up MRI, 62.5% (n = 20, 11 CRs, and 9 PRs) of patients showed
objective response, and 37.5% (n = 12, 7 SDs, and 5 PDs) did not respond to chemoembolization. Nonresponders
had a significantly higher ADCbaseline value than responders (p < 0.001). The ROC for identifying
the response to chemoembolization demonstrated that the threshold ADCbaseline value of 0.920 ×
10−3 mm2/s had 100% sensitivity and 70% specificity. The ADC change and ADCratio of responders
were higher than that of nonresponders (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
ADCbaseline, ADC change, and ADCratio may be utilized as a noninvasive biomarker for
predicting the early response of HCC to DEB-TACE.
Selective Cytotoxic Constituents from Gardenia latifolia and their In Silico
Topoisomerase IIα Inhibition
Authors: Selim Asmaa M. , Bayoumi Soad A. L. , Mohammed Anber F. , Backheet Enaam Y. , Mohamed Shaymaa M. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The search for natural anticancer agents is a worthy scientific research goal, driven by the hope to lessen cancer's tremendous global burden.

Objective:
This study aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic activity of Gardenia latifolia Ait. (Rubiaceae) against lung (A549) and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity-guided isolation of the bioactive phytochemicals was conducted, followed by various mechanistic validations of the appealing cytotoxic metabolites.

Methods:
The cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay. The two most cytotoxic compounds were further evaluated for their effects on cell cycle progression and apoptotic capabilities using flow cytometry approach. Additionally, we conducted a molecular docking analysis to reveal their potential interactions with the human topoisomerase IIα.

Results:
The phytochemical investigation led to isolation of nine compounds including a new one, (-) 1-acetyl 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. The latter compound was the most cytotoxic against the colon cancer cell line (IC50 1.9 µg/ml) with a remarkable tumor-selectivity (SI ≈ 15). Moreover, the isolated glycoside, 1-O-[6-O-(5-O-vanilloyl-β-ᴅ-apiofuranosyl)-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene, showed selective cytotoxicity towards A549 and HCT116 cells (IC50 values of 3.8 and 3.3 µg/ml, respectively). Both compounds considerably affected the cell cycle distribution. They caused G2/M cell cycle arrest, showed apoptotic capabilities, and displayed significant in silico topoisomerase IIα inhibition.

Conclusion:
Two cytotoxic and apoptotic compounds were reported from Gardenia latifolia. Subsequent in vivo studies and clinical trials should be conducted to substantiate their anticipated therapeutic values.
Swarmed Grey Wolf Optimizer
Authors: Gulati Sumita , Pal Ashok 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is amongst the utmost favourable optimization algorithms often employed in hybrid procedures by the researchers considering simplicity, smaller count of parameters involved, convergence speed and capability of searching global optima. The PSO algorithm acquires memory and the collaborative swarm interactions enhances the search procedure. The high exploitation ability of PSO which intends to locate the best solution within a limited region of the search domain gives PSO an edge over other optimization algorithms. Whereas, low exploration ability results in lack of assurance of proper sampling of the search domain and thus enhances the chances of rejecting a domain containing high quality solutions. A perfect harmony between exploration and exploitation abilities in the course of selection of best solution is needed. High exploitation capacity makes PSO get trapped in local minima when its initial location is far off from the global minima.

OBJECTIVES:
The intent of this study is to reform this drawback of PSO of getting trapped in local minima. With an objective to upgrade the potential of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to exploit along with preventing PSO of getting trapped in local minima, we require an algorithm with a positive acceptable exploration capacity.

METHODS:
We utilized, the recently developed metaheuristic Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) emulating the seeking and hunting techniques of Grey wolves for this purpose. In our way, the GWO has been utilized to assist PSO in a manner to unite their strengths and lessen their weaknesses. The proposed hybrid has two driving parameters to adjust and assign the preference to PSO or GWO.

RESULTS:
To test the act of the proposed hybrid it has been examined in comparison with the PSO and GWO methods. For this, eleven benchmark functions involving different unimodal and multimodal functions have been taken. The PSO, GWO and SGWO pseudo codes were coded in visual basic. In all the functions parameters of PSO and GWO were chosen as: w = 0.7, c1 = c2 = 2, population size = 30, number of iterations = 30. Experiments were redone 25 times for each of the method and for each benchmark function. The methods were compared with regard to their best and worst values besides their average values and standard deviations. The obtained results revealed that in terms of average values and standard deviations our hybrid SGWO outperformed both PSO and GWO notably.

CONCLUSION:
The outcomes of the experiments reveals that the proposed hybrid is better in comparison to both PSO and GWO in the search ability. Though the SGWO algorithm refines result quality, the computational complexity also gets elevated. Thus, lowering the computational complexity would be another issue of future work. Moreover, we will apply the proposed hybrid in the field of water quality estimation and prediction.
Discussions of Asperger Syndrome on Social Media: Content and Sentiment Analysis on Twitter
Authors: Gabarron Elia , Dechsling Anders , Skafle Ingjerd , Nordahl-Hansen Anders 
Published: March 2022

Background
On May 8, 2021, Elon Musk, a well-recognized entrepreneur and business magnate, revealed on a popular television show that he has Asperger syndrome. Research has shown that people’s perceptions of a condition are modified when influential individuals in society publicly disclose their diagnoses. It was anticipated that Musk's disclosure would contribute to discussions on the internet about the syndrome, and also to a potential change in the perception of this condition.

Objective
The objective of this study was to compare the types of information contained in popular tweets about Asperger syndrome as well as their engagement and sentiment before and after Musk’s disclosure.

Methods
We extracted tweets that were published 1 week before and after Musk's disclosure that had received >30 likes and included the terms “Aspergers” or “Aspie.” The content of each post was classified by 2 independent coders as to whether the information provided was valid, contained misinformation, or was neutral. Furthermore, we analyzed the engagement on these posts and the expressed sentiment by using the AFINN sentiment analysis tool.

Results
We extracted a total of 227 popular tweets (34 posted the week before Musk’s announcement and 193 posted the week after). We classified 210 (92.5%) of the tweets as neutral, 13 (5.7%) tweets as informative, and 4 (1.8%) as containing misinformation. Both informative and misinformative tweets were posted after Musk’s disclosure. Popular tweets posted before Musk’s disclosure were significantly more engaging (received more comments, retweets, and likes) than the tweets posted the week after. We did not find a significant difference in the sentiment expressed in the tweets posted before and after the announcement.

Conclusions
The use of social media platforms by health authorities, autism associations, and other stakeholders has the potential to increase the awareness and acceptance of knowledge about autism and Asperger syndrome. When prominent figures disclose their diagnoses, the number of posts about their particular condition tends to increase and thus promote a potential opportunity for greater outreach to the general public about that condition.
Therapeutic Effect of a Soft Robotic Glove for Activities of Daily Living In People With Impaired Hand Strength: Protocol for a Multicenter Clinical Trial (iHand)
Authors: Kottink Anke Ida Roza , Nikamp Corien DM , Bos Foskea P , van der Sluis Corry K , van den Broek Marieke , Onneweer Bram , Stolwijk-Swüste Janneke M , Brink Sander M , Voet Nicoline BM , Buurke Jacob B , Rietman Johannes S , Prange-Lasonder Gerdienke B 
Published: March 2022

Background
Decline of hand function, especially reduced hand strength, is a common problem that can be caused by many disorders and results in difficulties performing activities of daily living. A wearable soft robotic glove may be a solution, enabling use of the affected arm and hand repeatedly during functional daily activities and providing intensive and task-specific training simultaneously with assistance of hand function.

Objective
We aim to investigate the therapeutic effect of an assistive soft robotic glove (Carbonhand).

Methods
This multicenter uncontrolled intervention study consists of 3 preassessments (T0, T1, and T2), a postassessment (T3), and a follow-up assessment (T4). Participants are patients who experience hand function limitations. For the intervention, participants will use the glove during activities of daily living at home for 6 weeks, with a recommended use of at least 180 minutes per week. The primary outcome measure is handgrip strength, and secondary outcome measures are related to functional arm and hand abilities, amount of glove use, and quality of life.

Results
The first participant was included on June 25, 2019. Currently, the study has been extended due to the COVID-19 pandemic; data collection and analysis are expected to be completed in 2022.

Conclusions
The Carbonhand system is a wearable assistive device, allowing performance of functional activities to be enhanced directly during functional daily activities. At the same time, active movement of the user is encouraged as much as possible, which has potential to provide highly intensive and task-specific training. As such, it is one of the first assistive devices to incorporate assist-as-needed principles. This is the first powered clinical trial that investigates the unique application of an assistive grip-supporting soft robotic glove outside of clinical settings with the aim to have a therapeutic effect.

Trial Registration
Netherlands Trial Register NTR NL7561; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7561

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/34200
Life Course Digital Twins–Intelligent Monitoring for Early and Continuous Intervention and Prevention (LifeTIME): Proposal for a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Milne-Ives Madison , Fraser Lorna K , Khan Asiya , Walker David , van Velthoven Michelle Helena , May Jon , Wolfe Ingrid , Harding Tracey , Meinert Edward 
Published: March 2022

Background
Multimorbidity, which is associated with significant negative outcomes for individuals and health care systems, is increasing in the United Kingdom. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the risk factors (including health, behavior, and environment) for multimorbidity over time. An interdisciplinary approach is essential, as data science, artificial intelligence, and engineering concepts (digital twins) can identify key risk factors throughout the life course, potentially enabling personalized simulation of life-course risk for the development of multimorbidity. Predicting the risk of developing clusters of health conditions before they occur would add clinical value by enabling targeted early preventive interventions, advancing personalized care to improve outcomes, and reducing the burden on health care systems.

Objective
This study aims to identify key risk factors that predict multimorbidity throughout the life course by developing an intelligent agent using digital twins so that early interventions can be delivered to improve health outcomes. The objectives of this study are to identify key predictors of lifetime risk of multimorbidity, create a series of simulated computational digital twins that predict risk levels for specific clusters of factors, and test the feasibility of the system.

Methods
This study will use machine learning to develop digital twins by identifying key risk factors throughout the life course that predict the risk of later multimorbidity. The first stage of the development will be the training of a base predictive model. Data from the National Child Development Study, the North West London Integrated Care Record, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, and Cerner’s Real World Data will be split into subsets for training and validation, which will be done following the k-fold cross-validation procedure and assessed with the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). In addition, 2 data sets—the Early-Life Data Cross-linkage in Research study and the Children and Young People’s Health Partnership randomized controlled trial—will be used to develop a series of digital twin personas that simulate clusters of factors to predict different risk levels of developing multimorbidity.

Results
The expected results are a validated model, a series of digital twin personas, and a proof-of-concept assessment.

Conclusions
Digital twins could provide an individualized early warning system that predicts the risk of future health conditions and recommends the most effective intervention to minimize that risk. These insights could significantly improve an individual’s quality of life and healthy life expectancy and reduce population-level health burdens.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/35738
The Representation of Children’s Deaths in Florentine Family Books. A Methodology of Researching Emotions in Renaissance Florence
Authors: Wichmann Hanna 
Published: March 2022

The article investigates the death of children and its emotional depiction in Florentine family books of the Tre- and Quattrocento. Following Barbara Rosenwein’s theory of emotional communities, as well as William M. Reddy’s emotives, the essay will present excerpts from the source material to examine the extent to which authors used emotions or “emotional language” to describe their own experiences and events and, if necessary, to communicate “emotionally” with the audience of their texts. Is it possible to identify similarities and differences in the narrative of children’s deaths and, if so, to what degree can these be interpreted? Furthermore, Philippe Ariès’ thesis of emotionally detached relationships of parents regarding their infants will be addressed and questioned.
Latvijas akadēmiski izglītoto sieviešu apvienība (1928–1940): īss ieskats tās darbībā
Authors: Rozīte Zane 
Published: March 2022

Ar neatkarīgas Latvijas valsts un demokrātiskas augstākās izglītības sistēmas izveidi sievietēm tika piešķirtas pilnvērtīgas tiesības uz augstāko izglītību – tas kļuva par vienu no galvenajiem faktoriem sievietes sabiedriskā stāvokļa uzlabošanai. Būtiski pieaugot izglītoto sieviešu skaitam un viņu pārstāvniecībai profesionālajā jomā, radās nepieciešamība pēc atsevišķas organizācijas, kas aizstāvētu akadēmiski izglītoto sieviešu profesionālās un ekonomiskās intereses. Kā nozīmīgākā šāda organizācija tika izveidota Latvijas akadēmiski izglītoto sieviešu apvienība. Raksts sniedz ieskatu apvienības ideoloģijā, struktūrā, aplūko darbības galvenos virzienus un problēmas, kā arī raksturo sadarbību ar Starptautisko Akadēmiski izglītoto sieviešu savienību, kuras dalībniece bija Latvijas apvienība.
Brote Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela, primeros casos de SARS-Cov2 en Costa Rica
Authors: Leandro Ulloa Marcela , Rodríguez Mora Gabriela , Arias Soto Andrea , Seing Murillo Evelyn , San Gil Caballero Enrique 
Published: March 2022

Objetivo. Describir el brote de SARS-Cov2, y las acciones realizadas para mitigarlo, ocurrido en el periodo del 24 de febrero al 28 de abril del 2020, entre los funcionarios, pacientes y cuidadores en un hospital periférico, en la ciudad de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Material y métodos. Se incluyó a todo funcionario, paciente y familiares que tuvieron contacto con caso índice positivo por PCR por COVID-19; además de los que presentaron síntomas compatibles con SARS-Cov2. Se les aplicó la ficha de investigación de caso sospechoso y probable de enfermedad respiratoria por 2019-nCov. Se tomaron dos muestras de aspirado nasofaríngeo. Resultados. De las 828 personas a quienes se les realizó la PCR, 37 fueron positivos. El brote inició en el Servicio de Ginecoobstetricia y Pediatría, todos en el II piso, todos contactos del caso índice. Conclusión. Este brote fue causado por caso índice como portados del virus SARS-Cov2, la causa del brote fue el contacto estrecho de los funcionarios y pacientes con personal positivo por COVID-19.