bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of background diffusivity and mean subsidence in the temperature stratification in the Mozhaysk reservoir according to the LAKE 2.3 model
Authors: Lomov V A , Stepanenko V M , Gladskikh D S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of numerical experiments carried out with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model, LAKE 2.3. To accurately reproduce the cycle of biological processes in a reservoir, correct calculation of the thermodynamic regime is necessary. This paper considers the influence of background diffusion, vertical advection, and the inflows, outflows, and level fluctuations on the formation of a thermal regime in a reservoir using data on the Mozhaysk artificial reservoir as an example. A series of numerical experiments has been carried out to switch on/off these effects in the model and subsequently compare the results with the measurement data. The model adequately reproduces the field observations for the surface water horizon. For the near-bottom horizon, the quality of the simulation results strongly depends on the stratification. Also, in order to correctly reproduce the temperature variability near the bottom, it is necessary to calibrate the parameters of an empirical function that defines the additive background diffusion coefficient. In the future, the calibration of these parameters will make it possible to obtain results that are in better agreement with the field measurements, and thus improve the quality of the model reproduction of the thermal regime and, as a result, improve the accuracy of estimates of methane emissions into the atmosphere from reservoirs.
Dissipation process in eternal black holes
Authors: Tanaka Izumi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We consider the effect of the double trace deformation on the eternal black hole. On the boundary CFTs, the deformation can be considered the dissipation in the thermofield dynamics framework. In this framework, the entanglement operator describes the dissipation effect in boundary CFT. Corresponding to CFTs, the wormhole in spacetime and the defect in code subspace are formed as dissipative structures. These dissipative structures realize efficient processing through hierarchical information in the gravitational system. Further, the Fisher information metric renders the Lyapunov functional, which gives a criterion for the stability of the eternal black hole.
Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide
Authors: Nyenah Emmanuel , Sterl Sebastian , Thiery Wim 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Moving from fossil fuel-based electricity generation to renewable electricity generation is at the heart of current developments in power sectors worldwide. In this context, synergy assessment between renewable electricity sources is of great significance for local and regional power planning. Here we use synergy metrics (stability coefficient (Cstab) and normalised Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to a state-of-the-art reanalysis product from 2011–2020 to preliminarily assess solar-wind synergies globally on diurnal and seasonal time scales assuming equal installed capacities of solar and wind hybrid system. Our results suggest that medium-to-good diurnal and seasonal complementarities between solar photovoltaic and wind power potential are the norm, rather than the exception, which could help many countries in achieving balanced power mixes based on renewable resources. Our results also suggest that many regions in the tropics and sub tropics may need to explore synergic benefits of other renewables in addition to solar power. An open-access application is now available on the European Copernicus cloud to explore solar and wind synergies on diurnal and seasonal time scales worldwide.
Invited Commentary: The Use of Population Attributable Fractions in Studies of Vaccine Hesitancy
Authors: Wagner Abram L 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy—the delay or refusal of vaccines despite their availability—has been linked to lower vaccination rates and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Using cross-sectional surveys of 78,725 parents and other family members in the United States, Nguyen et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(9):1626-1635) calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of vaccine hesitancy on nonreceipt of recommended childhood vaccines, including influenza vaccine. The PAF is readily calculated: p(rr − 1)/rr, where p is the proportion of those hesitant among nonvaccinated individuals, and rr is the risk ratio of nonvaccination between those hesitant over those nonhesitant. By vaccine, the PAF ranged from 6.5% for nonreceipt of the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose to 31.3% for nonreceipt of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine dose 3. For nonreceipt of influenza vaccine, the PAF varied geographically, with relatively high values in some Northeast (e.g., New York at 22.6%) and Northwest (e.g., Oregon at 23.0%) states and lower values in certain Southern (e.g., Louisiana at 7.5%) and Mountain West (e.g., Utah at 8.8%) states. The PAF can elucidate the contribution of vaccine hesitancy on nonvaccination in different circumstances. Future studies can apply this technique in different populations and incorporate different measures of vaccine hesitancy.
Recent advances on the relationship between the delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 system and central precocious puberty
Authors: Lin Yating , He Yuanyuan , Sun Wen , Wang Yonghong , Yu Jian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Precocious puberty, as a common pediatric endocrine disease, can be divided into central precocious puberty and peripheral precocious puberty, even though most cases of precocious puberty are diagnosed as central precocious puberty. According to its etiology, central precocious puberty can be further divided into organic and idiopathic central precocious puberty. However, the mechanisms of idiopathic central precocious puberty have not yet been fully elucidated. Currently, four genes, including the kisspeptin gene, the kisspeptin receptor gene, the makorin ring finger protein 3, and the delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1, have been implicated in central precocious puberty cases, of which delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 has been determined to represent a key, recently found central precocious puberty-related gene. In this review, we will not only highlight the latest discoveries on the relationship between the delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 system and central precocious puberty but also explore the involvement of the system as well as the Notch signaling pathway in central precocious puberty occurrence.
Reduced Odds of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection After Vaccination Among New York City Adults, July 2021–November 2021
Authors: Levin-Rector Alison , Firestein Lauren , McGibbon Emily , Sell Jessica , Lim Sungwoo , Lee Ellen H , Weiss Don , Geevarughese Anita , Zucker Jane R , Greene Sharon K 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Belief that vaccination is not needed for individuals with prior infection contributes to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy. Among individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before vaccines became available, we determined whether vaccinated individuals had reduced odds of reinfection.

Methods
We conducted a case-control study among adult New York City residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and had not died or tested positive again &gt;90 days after an initial positive test as of 1 July 2021. Case patients with reinfection during July 2021–November 2021 and controls with no reinfection were matched (1:3) on age, sex, timing of initial positive test in 2020, and neighborhood poverty level. Matched odds ratios (mORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.

Results
Of 349 827 eligible adults, 2583 were reinfected during July 2021–November 2021. Of 2401 with complete matching criteria data, 1102 (45.9%) were known to be symptomatic for COVID-19-like illness, and 96 (4.0%) were hospitalized. Unvaccinated individuals, compared with individuals fully vaccinated within the prior 90 days, had elevated odds of reinfection (mOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.70 to 3.82), of symptomatic reinfection (mOR, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.31 to 3.83), and of reinfection with hospitalization (mOR, 2.09; 95% CI, .91 to 4.79).

Conclusions
Vaccination reduced odds of reinfections when the Delta variant predominated. Further studies should assess risk of severe outcomes among reinfected persons as new variants emerge, infection- and vaccine-induced immunity wanes, and booster doses are administered.
Susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Acquisition Linked to Malaria Exposure: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kamau Edwin , Chaudhury Sidhartha , Bolton Jessica S , Slike Bonnie M , Jian Ningbo , Eller Michael A , Eller Leigh Anne , Ake Julie , Robb Merlin L , Krebs Shelly J , Bergmann-Leitner Elke S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria infection rates overlap across sub-Saharan Africa, but factors influencing their co-occurrence are unclear. In a case-control study, we investigated whether malaria exposure increases risk of type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition. Prior to seroconverting, HIV-positive cases had significantly higher malaria-associated antibodies compared to HIV-negative controls, linking malaria exposure to HIV-1 acquisition.
Screening for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Close Contacts of Individuals With Confirmed Infection: Performance and Operational Considerations
Authors: Zobrist Stephanie , Oliveira-Silva Michelle , Vieira Alexia Martines , Bansil Pooja , Gerth-Guyette Emily , Leader Brandon T , Golden Allison , Slater Hannah , Cruz Catherine Duran de Lucena , Garbin Eduardo , Sagalovsky Mariana , Pal Sampa , Gupta Vin , Wolansky Leo , Dall’Acqua Deusilene Souza Vieira , Naveca Felipe Gomes , Nascimento Valdinete Alves do , Salcedo Juan Miguel Villalobos , Drain Paul K , Costa Alexandre Dias Tavares , Domingo Gonzalo J , Pereira Dhélio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Point-of-care and decentralized testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to inform public health responses. Performance evaluations in priority use cases such as contact tracing can highlight trade-offs in test selection and testing strategies.

Methods
A prospective diagnostic accuracy study was conducted among close contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Brazil. Two anterior nares swabs (ANS), a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), and saliva were collected at all visits. Vaccination history and symptoms were assessed. Household contacts were followed longitudinally. Three rapid antigen tests and 1 molecular method were evaluated for usability and performance against reference reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens.

Results
Fifty index cases and 214 contacts (64 household) were enrolled. Sixty-five contacts were RT-PCR positive during ≥1 visit. Vaccination did not influence viral load. Gamma variants were most prevalent; Delta variants emerged increasingly during implementation. The overall sensitivity of evaluated tests ranged from 33% to 76%. Performance was higher among symptomatic cases and those with cycle threshold (Ct) values &lt;34 and lower among oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic cases. Assuming a 24-hour time to results for RT-PCR, the cumulative sensitivity of an anterior nares swab rapid antigen test was &gt;70% and almost 90% after 4 days.

Conclusions
The near-immediate time to results for antigen tests significantly offsets lower analytical sensitivity in settings where RT-PCR results are delayed or unavailable.
Impact of a telemedicine system on work burden and mental health of healthcare providers working with COVID-19: a multicenter pre-post prospective study
Authors: Kagiyama Nobuyuki , Komatsu Takayuki , Nishikawa Masanori , Hiki Makoto , Kobayashi Mariko , Matsuzawa Wataru , Daida Hiroyuki , Minamino Tohru , Naito Toshio , Sugita Manabu , Miyazaki Kunihisa , Anan Hideaki , Kasai Takatoshi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacts not only patients but also healthcare providers. This study seeks to investigate whether a telemedicine system reduces physical contact in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigates nurses’ distress and depression.

Methods
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in 4 hospitals and 1 designated accommodation measured and uploaded their vital signs to secure cloud storage for remote monitoring. Additionally, a mat-type sensor placed under the bed monitored the patients’ respiratory rates. Using the pre-post prospective design, visit counts and health care providers’ mental health were assessed before and after the system was introduced.

Results
A total of 100 nurses participated in the study. We counted the daily visits for 48 and 69 patients with and without using the telemedicine system. The average patient visits were significantly less with the system (16.3 [5.5–20.3] vs 7.5 [4.5–17.5] times/day, P = .009). Specifically, the visit count for each vital sign assessment was about half with the telemedicine system (all P &lt; .0001). Most nurses responded that the system was easy to use (87.1%), reduced work burden (75.2%), made them feel relieved (74.3%), and was effective in reducing the infection risk in hospitals (79.1%) and nursing accommodations (95.0%). Distress assessed by Impact of Event Scale-Revised and depression by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were at their minimum even without the system and did not show any significant difference with the system (P = .72 and .57, respectively).

Conclusions
Telemedicine-based self-assessment of vital signs reduces nurses’ physical contact with COVID-19 patients. Most nurses responded that the system is easy and effective in reducing healthcare providers’ infection risk.
Meta-analysis of the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations on performance, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Pech-Cervantes Andres A , Ferrarretto Luiz F , Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations (AMA) as a strategy to increase total tract starch digestibility (TTSD) and milk yield (MY) in dairy cows, but the results have been inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary application of AMA on the performance, digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows using a meta-analytic method. A total of 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts (N = 32 treatment comparisons) from 2003 to 2019 were systematically identified following the PRISMA method. The weighted raw mean differences between dietary AMA and control treatments were compared with a robust variance estimation. Likewise, diet characteristics like crude protein (CP) content, NDF content, starch content, days in milk (DIM), experimental design (Latin square and continuous), and AMA dose (0 to 732 Kilo Novo units [KNU]/kg TMR) were used as covariates in a meta-regression, subgrouping, and dose–response analysis. Compared to the control, dietary AMA increased (P &lt; 0.05) DM digestibility (69.32% vs. 68.30%), TTSD (94.62% vs. 94.10%), milk protein concentration and yield (3.11% vs. 3.08%; 1.14 vs. 1.10 kg/d) and tended to increase (P = 0.09) fat-corrected milk (35.96 vs. 35.10 kg/d), but no effects were observed on DM intake (22.99 vs. 22.90 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.50 vs. 1.48). Dietary AMA tended (P = 0.10) to reduce rumen pH (6.27 vs. 6.30). Both the enzyme dose and DIM strongly influenced (P &lt; 0.05) the effects of AMA on digestibility and performance. The dose–response analysis revealed that feeding 600 KNU/kg to high-producing early lactation (&lt; 70 DIM) dairy cows increased FCM and milk protein. Accounting for the type of experimental design was associated with a lower between-studies-variance among comparisons. Overall, this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that dietary AMA supplementation is associated with a better lactational performance in dairy cows. However, these effects are only suitable for high-producing early lactation dairy cows.
Stock Corporation and Securities Market Law
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Brazilian Stock Corporation Act was adopted in 1976 together with the Securities Market Act. Both acts were strongly influenced by US legislation and legal doctrine, the Stock Corporation Act, for example, being strongly influenced by the US Business Corporation Model Act. In fact, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (hereinafter SEC) supported the establishment of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (hereinafter CVM), the Brazilian Securities Commission. Both the US and the Brazilian laws on securities are of a rather generic nature but empower SEC and CVM to adopt regulations on specific issues that emerge in securities markets. Hence, both countries implemented a delegation-based regulation model in combination with the concept of regulatory agencies, though since the beginning of this century CVM has often modelled its regulations on the EU capital market law because market structures are comparable (high concentration). Corporate law practice has also been strongly influenced by US practice, and therefore this chapter will analyse Brazilian stock corporation law and practice against the background of US corporation law and practice.
Mergers & Acquisitions and Merger Control
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter on mergers and acquisitions (hereinafter M&A) is divided into four parts: acquisition of privately held corporations (private M&A), mergers by corporate reorganization, acquisition of publicly held corporations (public M&A), and merger control. The focus is on M&A because merger control is, in principle, very similar to US and EU antitrust or competition law and therefore only some distinct features of it will be discussed. The part on private M&A will provide an in-depth analysis of share purchase agreements, while the part on public M&A will mainly discuss the conflict between minority and controlling shareholders. The chapter will also present the different standard forms of corporate reorganization, such as merger by absorption, triangle merger, division (spin-off and split-up), and transformation (change of legal form). Thereby, comparison with US law and practice will be important.
Other Documents of Carriage
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates other documents of carriage, particularly sea waybills and ship’s delivery orders. Sea waybills, once described as the ‘modern contract of carriage of goods by sea’, are very much part of international trade today. A sea waybill performs two of the three functions that a bill of lading performs. It acts as a receipt for the goods and it evidences the contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier. A sea waybill is not, however, a document of title at common law; ownership of the goods represented in the sea waybill passes by reason of the underlying sales transaction. Meanwhile, A ‘ship’s delivery order’ may refer to a document issued by a carrier while goods are in its possession and containing an undertaking that the goods will be delivered to the holder or to the order of a named person. At common law, a ship’s delivery order is not a transferable document of title, unless there is proof of a custom to this effect.
Issue and Transfer of Bills of Lading
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the issue and transfer of bills of lading. In many instances, unless otherwise specified, a bill of lading will be required for shipment. Bills of lading are typically prepared by agents representing the shipper; if not making use of such agents, the mate’s receipts and bills of lading is prepared by the shipper who should present the bills of lading in a reasonable time after loading of the cargo for signature by the ship’s mate (or his agent) and the master, or his agent. It is essential that the bills of lading are only issued and dated once all the cargo covered by those bills of lading have actually been loaded. The chapter then considers the drawing of bills of lading in sets. It also looks at the negotiation (transfer) of bills of lading; the transfer of bills of lading to ‘order’; the transfer of bills of lading in blank; the transfer of bills of lading made out to bearer; and the transfer of straight bills of lading.
Third Parties and Bill of Lading Terms
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the solutions devised by the courts to remedy problems concerning bill of lading contracts and third parties. Apart from the original shipper and any named consignee, any person who becomes the holder of the bills of lading pursuant to the 1992 Act will also have contractual rights of suit vested in them. In certain circumstances, section 1 of the 1855 Act was ineffective in providing rights of suit as between the original contracting parties and third party consignees or endorsees. Where there was a bill of lading, the courts were willing to imply a contract between the consignee or endorsee and the carrier. This implied contract was a separate contract from the original contract between the shipper and carrier. The chapter also considers the special contract, suit in tort, bailment, the Himalaya clauses, and the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
The Carriers’ Delivery Obligation
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the carriers’ delivery obligation. Following from the recognition that the bill of lading is a document of title at common law, a further principle has evolved which requires the master only to part with the goods on presentation of the bill of lading by the holder. This delivery function has been described as the ‘principal role’ of the bill of lading. The obligation to effect delivery pursuant to the presentation rule embodies an obligation to place the goods under ‘the absolute dominion and control of the consignee’. The shipowner’s obligation under the bill of lading contract and in bailment is not discharged until it has actually surrendered possession to the holder and the divesting or relinquishing of the ‘power to compel any dealing in or with the cargo which can prevent the consignee from obtaining possession’. The chapter then looks at the Rotterdam Rules, which are unique among cargo conventions in making detailed, albeit controversial, provision for the delivery of goods.
Signing Bills of Lading, Alterations of Delivery Obligations, and Other Bill of Lading Issues
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the process of signing bills of lading, alterations of delivery obligations, and other issues concerning bills of lading. Following completion, the bills of lading must be signed. This may be done by the carrier but usually an agent, such as the master or a broker, does this. The master’s signature is sufficient to bind the shipowner in relation to freight to be paid, the external condition of the goods, and the time allowed for discharging cargo, but they cannot sign bills of lading for a greater quantity of goods than those on board or issue a second set of bills of lading for goods for which a bill of lading has already been issued and signed. One issue which may arise is whether mistakes on the face of the bills of lading can be amended after the bills of lading have been signed. The general principle is that this is possible, but it would not be wise for the shipowner to accede to making corrections unless all the bills of lading in the set are present. The chapter then considers switch bills of lading.