bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEARNING ENGLISH IN TODAY’S GLOBAL WORLD
Authors: Köylü Zeynep , Tracy-Ventura Nicole 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn comparative studies focusing on context of learning, the main contexts under investigation have been study abroad (SA), at-home formal instruction (AH), and domestic immersion (IM). With the global status of English and its burgeoning popularity as a medium of instruction in countries where English only holds the status of a lingua franca, a new SA context has emerged. This study compares the L2 learning of English in this new English as a lingua franca study abroad (ELFSA) context to Anglophone SA and AH in terms of oral and written complexity, accuracy, and fluency gains. Participants’ perceptions of contextual differences concerning the amount of language contact, use, development, and their views toward English are also explored qualitatively. Apart from indicating equal development on most CAF measures after a semester, the qualitative findings highlight ELFSA as providing a low-anxiety atmosphere that helps sojourners gain ownership of English. Thus, ELFSA emerges as an appealing study abroad context for future sojourners.
The Experience of Older Adults Socially Distancing during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nelson Heather , Ziefflie Beverlee , Norton Deborah , Page Susan , Unique Rhonda , Mayer Paula 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals were asked to stay home and restrict outings to limit the spread of the virus. Physical isolation was particularly emphasized for older adults over the age of 60 who, because of their age and related medical conditions, were at increased risk of severe disease and death from the virus. This led to reduced spread of the virus but also to social and emotional health challenges for older adults. Protecting the physical health of older adults was of the utmost importance during the pandemic but supporting social and mental health must not be overlooked. This patient-oriented qualitative study involved 40 interviews with older adults, conducted in the early stages of the pandemic, followed by a thematic analysis. Three themes were derived from the findings: subverted life plan, emotional impacts, and creating a path forward. The findings from this study will help inform current physical and social distancing guidelines during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, findings indicate that social and emotional challenges with ongoing physical and social isolation must be taken into consideration for future pandemics.
Chevalier mult estes guariz and the ‘pre-chansonnier’ vernacular lyric
Authors: JACOB URI 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTChansonniers copied from the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries are the earliest extant sources to include an extensive corpus of lyrics in European vernacular languages. However, contemporary literary sources refer to the existence of earlier books of vernacular lyrics, and a handful of notated lyrics survive from as early as the twelfth century. This article explores a certain type of notated song that predates the relatively well-documented chansonnier tradition by some decades, specifically focusing on the case study of the crusader recruitment song Chevalier mult estes guariz (RS 1548a), composed around the mid-1140s. Probably the earliest extant copy of an Old French lyric (with or without musical notation), this unicum is distinct from songs of the kind preserved in the chansonniers in several respects, especially in its musical form, its manuscript appearance and its intended use in the Middle Ages. I examine this song from several angles, including its crusading theme, provenance, authorship, manuscript presentation, musical construction, intended audience, and the broader contexts of its composition and copying. Such close examination of a single song not only offers insights into the context of an early tradition of written-out vernacular monophony but also casts new light on the origins of the later chansonnier tradition.
Command Responsibility in the Times ofTokhang: Defining Military-likeness under Article 28(a) of the Rome Statute
Authors: PANGALANGAN Raphael Lorenzo A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPresident Rodrigo Duterte won on a law-and-order campaign promise to fatten the fish in Manila Bay with the corpses of criminals. By the time the Philippines withdrew from the Rome Statute, the body count stood at a reported 30,000, a fifth of whom were openly killed in Philippine National Police (PNP) anti-drug operations. Duterte has since been accused of Crimes Against Humanity,inter alia, as “a person effectively acting as a military commander” under Article 28(a) of the Rome Statute for failing to prevent, repress, and report the crimes of his police subordinates. This study tests the veracity of that claim. It seeks to determine whether Duterte, as the Chief Executive and overall superior of the PNP – statutorily, a civilian group – may be held liable as a military-like commander under the doctrine of command responsibility. At the core of this query lies a singular concern far from simple: the meaning of military-likeness.
Autonomous Wintertime Observations of Air‐Sea Exchange in the Gulf Stream Reveal a Perfect Storm for Ocean CO2 Uptake
Authors: Nickford S. , Palter J. B. , Donohue K. , Fassbender A. J. , Gray A. R. , Long J. , Sutton A. J. , Bates N. R. , Takeshita Y. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA scarcity of wintertime observations of surface ocean carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in and near the Gulf Stream creates uncertainty in the magnitude of the regional carbon sink and its controlling mechanisms. Recent observations from an Uncrewed Surface Vehicle (USV), outfitted with a payload to measure surface ocean and lower atmosphere pCO2, revealed sharp gradients in ocean pCO2 across the Gulf Stream. Surface ocean pCO2 was lower by ∼50 μatm relative to the atmosphere in the subtropical mode water (STMW) formation region. This undersaturation combined with strong wintertime winds allowed for rapid ocean uptake of CO2, averaging −11.5 mmol m−2 day−1 during the February 2019 USV mission. The unique timing of this mission revealed active STMW formation. The USV proved to be a useful tool for CO2 flux quantification in the poorly observed, dynamic western boundary current environment.
Earthquake‐Derived Seismic Velocity Changes During the 2018 Caldera Collapse of Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Hotovec‐Ellis Alicia J. , Shiro Brian R. , Shelly David R. , Anderson Kyle R. , Haney Matthew M. , Thelen Weston A. , Montgomery‐Brown Emily K. , Johanson Ingrid A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse produced extraordinary sequences of seismicity and deformation, with 62 episodic collapse events which significantly altered the landscape of the summit region. Despite decades of focused scientific studies at Kīlauea, detailed information about the internal structure of the volcano is limited. Recently developed techniques in seismic interferometry can be used to monitor the internal structure of an active volcano more directly by detecting subtle spatiotemporal changes in seismic wave velocity, but their utility relies on accurate interpretations of the underlying phenomena causing those velocity changes. Here, we retrospectively apply repeating‐earthquake‐based seismic interferometry to the 2018 Kīlauea eruption sequence. We find that seismic velocities changed over two distinct time scales: a sudden increase followed by a slower decrease in velocity in the hours following each collapse event, and a gradual, long‐term decrease in velocity over several weeks that ceased approximately 1 month prior to the end of the eruption. Modeling suggests that short‐term changes can be explained by magma reservoir pressurization which specifically closed vertical ring fractures. Long‐term changes are related to subsidence of the caldera and likely include the influence of inelastic strain from the formation of new fractures. These observations provide new insights into the evolution of Kīlauea during its progressive collapse and will inform future interpretations for near‐real‐time monitoring at hazardous volcanoes around the world using similar techniques, especially where a dominant fracture orientation is present.
Why do humans undergo an adiposity rebound? Exploring links with the energetic costs of brain development in childhood using MRI-based 4D measures of total cerebral blood flow
Authors: Aronoff Jacob E. , Ragin Ann , Wu Can , Markl Michael , Schnell Susanne , Shaibani Ali , Blair Clancy , Kuzawa Christopher W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals typically show a childhood nadir in adiposity termed the adiposity rebound (AR). The AR serves as an early predictor of obesity risk, with early rebounders often at increased risk; however, it is unclear why this phenomenon occurs, which could impede understandings of weight gain trajectories. The brain’s energy requirements account for a lifetime peak of 66% of the body’s resting metabolic expenditure during childhood, around the age of the AR, and relates inversely to weight gain, pointing to a potential energy trade-off between brain development and adiposity. However, no study has compared developmental trajectories of brain metabolism and adiposity in the same individuals, which would allow a preliminary test of a brain-AR link.MethodsWe used cubic splines and generalized additive models to compare age trajectories of previously collected MRI-based 4D flow measures of total cerebral blood flow (TCBF), a proxy for cerebral energy use, to the body mass index (BMI) in a cross-sectional sample of 82 healthy individuals (0–60 years). We restricted our AR analysis to pre-pubertal individuals (0–12 years,n = 42), predicting that peak TCBF would occur slightly after the BMI nadir, consistent with evidence that lowest BMI typically precedes the nadir in adiposity.ResultsTCBF and the BMI showed inverse trajectories throughout childhood, while the estimated age at peak TCBF (5.6 years) was close but slightly later than the estimated age of the BMI nadir (4.9 years).ConclusionsThe timing of peak TCBF in this sample points to a likely concordance between peak brain energetics and the nadir in adiposity. Inverse age trajectories between TCBF and BMI support the hypothesis that brain metabolism is a potentially important influence on early life adiposity. These findings also suggest that experiences influencing the pattern of childhood brain energy use could be important predictors of body composition trajectories.
Pharmacological inhibition of Ref-1 enhances the therapeutic sensitivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma to vemurafenib
Authors: Hu Linfei , Zhang Jun , Tian Mengran , Kang Ning , Xu Guangwei , Zhi Jingtai , Ruan Xianhui , Hou Xiukun , Zhang Wei , Yi Jiaoyu , Ma Weike , Chang Luchen , Tang Tao , Zheng Xiangqian , Wei Xi , Gao Ming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe use of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib exhibits drug resistance in the treatment of thyroid cancer (TC), and finding more effective multitarget combination therapies may be an important solution. In the present study, we found strong correlations between Ref-1 high expression and BRAF mutation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. The oxidative stress environment induced by structural activation of BRAF upregulates the expression of Ref-1, which caused intrinsic resistance of PTC to vemurafenib. Combination inhibition of the Ref-1 redox function and BRAF could enhance the antitumor effects of vemurafenib, which was achieved by blocking the action of Ref-1 on BRAF proteins. Furthermore, combination treatment could cause an overload of autophagic flux via excessive AMPK protein activation, causing cell senescence and cell death in vitro. And combined administration of Ref-1 and vemurafenib in vivo suppressed PTC cell growth and metastasis in a cell-based lung metastatic tumor model and xenogeneic subcutaneous tumor model. Collectively, our study provides evidence that Ref-1 upregulation via constitutive activation of BRAF in PTC contributes to intrinsic resistance to vemurafenib. Combined treatment with a Ref-1 redox inhibitor and a BRAF inhibitor could make PTC more sensitive to vemurafenib and enhance the antitumor effects of vemurafenib by further inhibiting the MAPK pathway and activating the excessive autophagy and related senescence process.
Increased MCL-1 synthesis promotes irradiation-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma radioresistance via regulation of the ROS/AKT loop
Authors: Liang Ying-Ying , Niu Fei-Yu , Xu An-An , Jiang Li-Li , Liu Chun-shan , Liang Hui-ping , Huang Yu-Fan , Shao Xun-Fan , Mo Zhi-Wen , Yuan Ya-Wei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWorldwide, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare head and neck cancer; however, it is a common malignancy in southern China. Radiotherapy is the most important treatment strategy for NPC. However, although radiotherapy is a strong tool to kill cancer cells, paradoxically it also promotes aggressive phenotypes. Therefore, we mimicked the treatment process in NPC cells in vitro. Upon exposure to radiation, a subpopulation of NPC cells gradually developed resistance to radiation and displayed cancer stem-cell characteristics. Radiation-induced stemness largely depends on the accumulation of the antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) protein. Upregulated MCL-1 levels were caused by increased stability and more importantly, enhanced protein synthesis. We showed that repeated ionizing radiation resulted in persistently enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at a higher basal level, further promoting protein kinase B (AKT) signaling activation. Intracellular ROS and AKT activation form a positive feedback loop in the process of MCL-1 protein synthesis, which in turn induces stemness and radioresistance. AKT/MCL-1 axis inhibition attenuated radiation-induced resistance, providing a potential target to reverse radiation therapy-induced radioresistance.
The regulation, function, and role of lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy, in metabolic disorders
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Peng Xueqiang , Yang Shuo , Li Xinyu , Huang Mingyao , Wei Shibo , Liu Jiaxing , He Guangpeng , Zheng Hongyu , Yang Liang , Li Hangyu , Fan Qing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved method of quality control in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded via lysosomes. Lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy and a novel type of lipid metabolism, has recently received much attention. Lipophagy is defined as the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). Although much remains unknown, lipophagy appears to play a significant role in many organisms, cell types, metabolic states, and diseases. It participates in the regulation of intracellular lipid storage, intracellular free lipid levels (e.g., fatty acids), and energy balance. However, it remains unclear how intracellular lipids regulate autophagy. Impaired lipophagy can cause cells to become sensitive to death stimuli and may be responsible for the onset of a variety of diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Like autophagy, the role of lipophagy in cancer is poorly understood, although analysis of specific autophagy receptors has helped to expand the diversity of chemotherapeutic targets. These studies have stimulated increasing interest in the role of lipophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer and other human diseases.
MYC-activated RNA N6-methyladenosine reader IGF2BP3 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Du Mingyu , Peng Yi , Li Yang , Sun Wenyue , Zhu Huanfeng , Wu Jing , Zong Dan , Wu Lirong , He Xia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractN6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells. IGF2BP3, a well-known m6A reader, is deregulated in many cancers, but its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. In this work, IGF2BP3 was upregulated in NPC tissues and cells. The high level of IGF2BP3 was positively related to late clinical stages, node metastasis, and poor outcomes. Moreover, IGF2BP3 accelerated NPC cell tumor progression and metastasis in vitro and vivo. Upstream mechanism analyses indicated that the high expression of IGF2BP3 in head and neck tumors was mainly due to mRNA level amplification. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (CHIP) depicted that MYC was effectively bound to the promoter of IGF2BP3, thereby improving its transcriptional activity. Results also showed that IGF2BP3 was not only positively correlated with KPNA2 expression but also modulated the expression of KPNA2. m6A RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) and RNA stability experiments verified that silencing IGF2BP3 significantly inhibited the m6A modification level of KPNA2, thereby stabilizing the mRNA stability of KPNA2. Rescue experiments proved that the effect of inhibiting or overexpressing IGF2BP3 on NPC cells was partly reversed by KPNA2. Collectively, MYC-activated IGF2BP3 promoted NPC cell proliferation and metastasis by influencing the stability of m6A-modified KPNA2. Our findings offer new insights that IGF2BP3 may serve as a new molecular marker and potential therapeutic target for NPC treatment.
Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies an Il1rn+/Trem1+ macrophage subpopulation as a cellular target for mitigating the progression of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection
Authors: Liu Xuanyu , Chen Wen , Zhu Guoyan , Yang Hang , Li Wenke , Luo Mingyao , Shu Chang , Zhou Zhou 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) is a life-threatening condition characterized by medial layer degeneration of the thoracic aorta. A thorough understanding of the regulator changes during pathogenesis is essential for medical therapy development. To delineate the cellular and molecular changes during the development of TAAD, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of thoracic aortic cells from β-aminopropionitrile-induced TAAD mouse models at three time points that spanned from the early to the advanced stages of the disease. Comparative analyses were performed to delineate the temporal dynamics of changes in cellular composition, lineage-specific regulation, and cell–cell communications. Excessive activation of stress-responsive and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways contributed to the smooth muscle cell senescence at the early stage. Three subpopulations of aortic macrophages were identified, i.e., Lyve1+ resident-like, Cd74high antigen-presenting, and Il1rn+/Trem1+ pro-inflammatory macrophages. In both mice and humans, the pro-inflammatory macrophage subpopulation was found to represent the predominant source of most detrimental molecules. Suppression of macrophage accumulation in the aorta with Ki20227 could significantly decrease the incidence of TAAD and aortic rupture in mice. Targeting the Il1rn+/Trem1+ macrophage subpopulation via blockade of Trem1 using mLR12 could significantly decrease the aortic rupture rate in mice. We present the first comprehensive analysis of the cellular and molecular changes during the development of TAAD at single-cell resolution. Our results highlight the importance of anti-inflammation therapy in TAAD, and pinpoint the macrophage subpopulation as the predominant source of detrimental molecules for TAAD. Targeting the IL1RN+/TREM1+ macrophage subpopulation via blockade of TREM1 may represent a promising medical treatment.
Versatile metal-wire waveguides for broadband terahertz signal processing and multiplexing
Authors: Dong Junliang , Tomasino Alessandro , Balistreri Giacomo , You Pei , Vorobiov Anton , Charette Étienne , Le Drogoff Boris , Chaker Mohamed , Yurtsever Aycan , Stivala Salvatore , Vincenti Maria A. , De Angelis Costantino , Kip Detlef , Azaña José , Morandotti Roberto 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWaveguides play a pivotal role in the full deployment of terahertz communication systems. Besides signal transporting, innovative terahertz waveguides are required to provide versatile signal-processing functionalities. Despite fundamental components, such as Bragg gratings, have been recently realized, they typically rely on complex hybridization, in turn making it extremely challenging to go beyond the most elementary functions. Here, we propose a universal approach, in which multiscale-structured Bragg gratings can be directly etched on metal-wires. Such an approach, in combination with diverse waveguide designs, allows for the realization of a unique platform with remarkable structural simplicity, yet featuring unprecedented signal-processing capabilities. As an example, we introduce a four-wire waveguide geometry, amenable to support the low-loss and low-dispersion propagation of polarization-division multiplexed terahertz signals. Furthermore, by engraving on the wires judiciously designed Bragg gratings based on multiscale structures, it is possible to independently manipulate two polarization-division multiplexed terahertz signals. This platform opens up new exciting perspectives for exploiting the polarization degree of freedom and ultimately boosting the capacity and spectral efficiency of future terahertz networks.
Hippocampal ensembles represent sequential relationships among an extended sequence of nonspatial events
Authors: Shahbaba Babak , Li Lingge , Agostinelli Forest , Saraf Mansi , Cooper Keiland W. , Haghverdian Derenik , Elias Gabriel A. , Baldi Pierre , Fortin Norbert J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe hippocampus is critical to the temporal organization of our experiences. Although this fundamental capacity is conserved across modalities and species, its underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unclear. Here we recorded hippocampal activity as rats remembered an extended sequence of nonspatial events unfolding over several seconds, as in daily life episodes in humans. We then developed statistical machine learning methods to analyze the ensemble activity and discovered forms of sequential organization and coding important for order memory judgments. Specifically, we found that hippocampal ensembles provide significant temporal coding throughout nonspatial event sequences, differentiate distinct types of task-critical information sequentially within events, and exhibit theta-associated reactivation of the sequential relationships among events. We also demonstrate that nonspatial event representations are sequentially organized within individual theta cycles and precess across successive cycles. These findings suggest a fundamental function of the hippocampal network is to encode, preserve, and predict the sequential order of experiences.
Optical charge injection and coherent control of a quantum-dot spin-qubit emitting at telecom wavelengths
Authors: Dusanowski Łukasz , Nawrath Cornelius , Portalupi Simone L. , Jetter Michael , Huber Tobias , Klembt Sebastian , Michler Peter , Höfling Sven 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSolid-state quantum emitters with manipulable spin-qubits are promising platforms for quantum communication applications. Although such light-matter interfaces could be realized in many systems only a few allow for light emission in the telecom bands necessary for long-distance quantum networks. Here, we propose and implement an optically active solid-state spin-qubit based on a hole confined in a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot grown on an InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer emitting photons in the C-band. We lift the hole spin-degeneracy using an external magnetic field and demonstrate hole injection, initialization, read-out and complete coherent control using picosecond optical pulses. These results showcase a solid-state spin-qubit platform compatible with preexisting optical fiber networks.