bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Men in the service of humanity: Sociocultural perceptions of the nursing profession in South Africa
Authors: Shakwane S 
Published: December 2022

Background. The classification of nursing as a female-gendered profession, along with patriarchally determined cultural gender roles, makes it difficult for men to select nursing as a career and to excel in their caring capacity as nurses.Objective. To gain in-depth insights into and an understanding of male nursing students’ perceptions of the nursing profession.Methods. A generic qualitative approach, which was explorative, descriptive and contextual, was used to conduct the study. Sixteen male nursing students at two nursing education institutions in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, were purposively sampled to participate in the study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and unstructured observation. Thereafter, thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.
Results. Three main themes were developed from the interview data. The participants perceived nursing as the extension of women’s work, with low social status ‒ nursing is not considered to be a profession for men. During the provision of nursing care, feelings of discomfort and embarrassment were experienced. They feared misinterpretation of their care, especially when caring for the naked body when alone with a patient. They resorted to the use of cautious caring, where they do not provide physical care alone, but seek support, especially from female nurses.
Conclusion. Male nursing students require role models to support them in their academic journey towards becoming competent practitioners. A male-friendly environment should be created to enable them to provide quality nursing care to all patients. The society needs to be empowered in understanding that men choose the nursing profession to provide care, and that they are capable of caring for the sick.
High-fidelity simulation: A practice model for nurse educators at a South African private higher education institution
Authors: Powell E , Scrooby B , Van Graan A 
Published: December 2022

Background. The clinical skills development of student nurses is one of many challenges facing nursing education owing to a lack of available clinical placements and learning opportunities. Simulation training as an optional teaching-learning method creates an environment where clinical skills are developed and students are prepared for the nursing profession. The successful implementation of high-fidelity simulation (HFS) strategies as part of the nursing curricula requires nurse educators to have knowledge and skills. At the South African private higher education institution (SAPHEI) where the research for this study was done, it became evident that nurse educators do not have the required knowledge, skills or support to implement HFS. The absence of evidence in the literature of a practice model for a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS reveals a gap in the practice base of nursing education.
Objective. To develop a practice model for nurse educators at a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS.Methods. The researcher used a theory-generative research design. The study was conducted in two phases, with two steps in each phase, to address four objectives in all.Results. Phase 1 identified and described the main and related concepts. A resulting conceptual framework was used for the development of the practice model. Phase 2 addressed the relational meaning of the main and related concepts, as well as the construction of the practice model through theory synthesis.Conclusion. The main aim of this research study was to develop a practice model for nurse educators at a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS as part of the clinical skills development of student nurses. The practice model offers a schematic outline that represents HFS as a teaching-learning method. The importance of the outline lies therein that it specifies the context and situations in which the model is useful.
Screening for maternal and congenital syphilis with a chemiluminescence immunoassay in a South African private specialist healthcare sector setting
Authors: Onyangunga O A , Moodley K , Moodley J 
Published: December 2022

Background. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is most frequently found in lower socio-economic groups globally and is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications. In South Africa (SA), the last two to three decades have seen a rise in the number of people in the low and middle economic social groups seeking private specialist healthcare services.Objective. To evaluate the prevalence rates of maternal and congenital syphilis in a private specialist healthcare setting.
Methods. The laboratory case records of women who had antenatal maternal syphilis (MS) screening using the automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (Architect Syphilis TP) in a private laboratory facility in Durban were reviewed.Results. A total of 9 740 individual maternal serum samples were analysed and 256 were Architect Syphilis TP positive, resulting in a MS prevalence rate of 2.7%. Of the less than three-quarters of exposed neonates tested (71.1%; n=182/256), 38.5% (n=70/182) were Architect syphilis TP positive. Less than a tenth of exposed neonates (2.43%; n=6) had only rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titers test whereas 26.6% (n=68/256) did not have a syphilis screen test. Based on the 182 exposed neonates tested, the congenital syphilis (CS) prevalence from the laboratory records was 7.7%. The highest rate of MS was in the ≥35 years age group.
Conclusion. The prevalence of MS in the private specialist healthcare sector in SA is relatively high and warrants continued maternal antenatal screening during early pregnancy across all socio-economic groups. The high rate of MS in the age group over 35 years warrants further investigations and explanation.
Anticancer Potential of Rhychosia beddomei: An In vitro and In silico Study
Authors: Madhuri M. Lakshmi , Reddy R. Raja 
Published: December 2022

Rhychosia beddomei is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Traditionally this plant has been used as a medicine for multiple ailments including cancer. The present study addresses the evaluation of In vitro anticancer activity by using MTT Assay of methanolic extracts of whole plant of Rhychosia beddomei in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cell line in comparison with standard drug doxorubicin as well as In silico analysis. Doxorubicin acts in the cancer cell by intercalation into DNA and disruption of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair and generation of free radicals and their damage to cellular membranes, DNA and proteins. Cytotoxicity studies have indicated that the phytoconstituents of Rhychosia beddomei have the ability to selectively target cancer, whereas minimal or negligible cytotoxic effects were observed on normal cells. The molecular docking approach was employed to check binding conformations of phytochemicals against human cyclin-dependent kinase 2, CDK-2 and Topoisomerase-2, Topo-II proteins (Protein Data bank-ID: 1DI8 and 1ZXM) through Mcule online molecular modelling tool. The docking revealed an encouraging binding score with a maximum score of -11.5 and -10.4 kCal/mol with CDK-2 and Topo-II respectively and all the selected ligands indicate promising anticancer activity. Molecular docking studies using the phytoconstituents were performed in order to gain a better understanding of the putative mechanisms of action leading to the development of improved and affordable therapies. This study paves a way to better understand the integration of molecular docking and in vitro studies can accelerate cancer drug discovery showing a good consistency of anticancer therapeutic drug potentials of Rhychosia beddomei by In vitro and In silico approaches.
Efficacy of New Herbicide Mixtures on Weed Control, Yield, and Economics in Transplanted Rice
Authors: Padmaja B. , Ramprakash T. 
Published: December 2022

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of new herbicide mixtures on the weed control and performance of transplanted rice.
Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design.
Place and Duration of Study: AlI India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management, PJTSAU, Hyderabad between August to December, 2021.
Methodology: The efficacy of herbicide mixtures either ready mix or as tank mixtures were evaluated for effective and broad spectrum weed control in transplanted rice during kharif season, 2021 at AICRP on Weed Management, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments included five ready mixes (RM) one tank mix combination of new herbicides tested against one single herbicide, weedy check and hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT.
Results: The results of the study revealed that bispyribac sodium 10% SC 25 g ha-1+ penoxsulam 1.02% (20 g ha-1) (tank mix) as post-emergence (POE) fb hand weeding (HW) at 40 DAT or penoxsulam 0.97% (20 g ha-1) + butachlor (38.8%) @ 820 g ha-1 (RM) as POE fb HW at 40 DAT or penoxsulam 1.02% (20g ha-1) + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% (100 g ha-1 ) (RM) as POE fb HW at 40 DAT or bensulfuron methyl 0.6% (60 g ha-1) + pretilachlor 6% (600g ha-1) GR (RM) as pre-emergence (PE) fb HW at 40 DAT were equally effective to hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT with respect to suppression of weeds at 60 DAT. The yield attributes like a number of tillers/m2, panicles no, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and test weight were found to be higher with penoxsulam 1.02% (20 g ha-1) + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% (100 g ha-1) as POE fb HW at 40 DAT which also recorded higher grain yield, straw yield, gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio but it was found to be at par with other herbicide combinations.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that new herbicide mixtures either as ready mix or tank mix performed better than sole application or hand weeding alone.
A Study of Fingernail Plate Shape and Fingerprint Pattern among the Yala Indigenes of Cross River State
Authors: Ugochi Chike Comfort , Chukwuemeka Okoye Augustine , Anyanwu Ammielshaddai C. , Chinonyerem Oteh Esther , Igbe Ejiro Utseritselaju , Okeke Clement Kelechi , Ukeh Ushie Raphael 
Published: December 2022

Background /Aim: The uniqueness and consistency of fingerprints throughout life are some of the features used for personal identification. This study aims to generate data for fingernail plate shape and fingerprint pattern to determine the following indices: Furuhata's index, Dankmeijer's index, and Pattern intensity index using the frequency distribution of the required fingerprint pattern of Yala indigenes in Cross River State.
Methodology: The three indices of the current research study for both males and females Furuhata's index for females was 39.7% and 24.57% for males, the Dankmeijer's index for females was 41.8% and 32% for males, while the Pattern intensity index for females was 4.58% and 7.11% for males, in contrast, the Dankmeijer's index shows a greater value in males. Four hundred and thirty subjects (258 males and 172 females) participated in the study. A conventional method of using an ink pad was used to collect the fingerprint of the ten digits; the vernier caliper was also used to measure the nail plate shape of the thumb, index, and middle finger.
Results: The result of the study showed that males had 50.5% ulnar loop pattern, 27.3% whorl pattern, 13.3% radial loop pattern, and 8.6% arches Pattern. For females, 61.2% ulnar loop pattern, 25.0% whorl, 10.5% arch pattern, 1.7% radial loop pattern, and 1.6% double loop whorl pattern, while comparing both sexes, the Female has a high percentage of ulnar loop than their male counterparts.
Conclusion: Furthermore, the finger's nail plate shape in both sexes of the Yala population is a rectangular-shaped pattern in the thumb, index, middle, and ring finger. These findings will help in creating a database of fingerprints for easy identification, reference purpose, research, and forensic investigation when the need arises.
Complications Following Elective Major Noncardiac Surgery Among Patients With Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Quinn Kieran L. , Huang Anjie , Bell Chaim M. , Detsky Allan S. , Lapointe-Shaw Lauren , Rosella Laura C. , Urbach David R. , Razak Fahad , Verma Amol A. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceThere is an urgent need for evidence to inform preoperative risk assessment for the millions of people who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection and are awaiting elective surgery, which is critical to surgical care planning and informed consent.ObjectiveTo assess the association of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and rehospitalization after elective major noncardiac surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study included adults who had received a polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 6 months prior to elective major noncardiac surgery in Ontario, Canada, between April 2020 and October 2021, with 30 days follow-up.ExposuresPositive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test result.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the composite of death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and all-cause rehospitalization within 30 days after surgery.ResultsOf 71 144 patients who underwent elective major noncardiac surgery (median age, 66 years [IQR, 57-73 years]; 59.8% female), 960 had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (1.3%) and 70 184 had negative test results (98.7%). Prior infection was not associated with the composite risk of death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and rehospitalization within 30 days of elective major noncardiac surgery (5.3% absolute event rate [n = 3770]; 960 patients with a positive test result; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.68-1.21). There was also no association between prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 and postoperative outcomes when the time between infection and surgery was less than 4 weeks (aRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.64-2.09) or less than 7 weeks (aRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.56-1.61) and among those who were previously vaccinated (aRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.52-1.26).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 was not associated with death, major adverse cardiovascular events, or rehospitalization following elective major noncardiac surgery, although low event rates and wide 95% CIs do not preclude a potentially meaningful increase in overall risk.
Acid–Base Catalysis – Biological
Authors: Williams A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAcid–base catalysis, the process where the transfer of a proton facilitates a reaction, is shown to play an important catalytic role across a wide range of organic and bioorganic reactions. The origins of the catalytic advantage of acid–base catalysis are described and the concepts are illustrated with examples taken form a spectrum of fields from synthetic organic chemistry to enzyme action.
Asymmetric Catalysis – Homogeneous
Authors: Consiglio Giambattista 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPossible applications of enantioselective catalysis, namely nucleophilic and electrophilic catalyses, as well as of coordination catalysis by transition metal complexes all published before June 2001 are summarized. Enantioface‐discriminating and enantiomer‐discriminating reactions are considered. The conditions under which enantioselective syntheses occur are briefly described. The most important class of reactions encompasses addition reactions of various addenda to CX double bonds, where X = C, N, and O, whereby either acyclic (e.g., in hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, hydrocarbonylation) or cyclic (e.g., epoxidation, cyclopropanation, Diels–Alder reaction) optically active reaction products are formed. Other reactions involving olefinic substrates, namely isomerization, metathesis, allylic oxidation, the Heck reaction, and conjugated addition, are presented. Furthermore, the Friedel–Crafts and aldol reactions, cross‐coupling, the insertion of carbenes into various bonds, the oxidation of CH bonds and sulfides, the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, and the ring‐opening reaction of oxiranes and aziridines are discussed. Some examples of enantioselective polymerization reactions are also given.
Bimetallic Catalysts – Heterogeneous
Authors: Sinfelt John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although early attempts to use metal alloys to probe the so‐called electronic factor in catalysis by metals did not meet expectations, investigations of bimetallic catalysts with other objectives have led to major advances. Such investigations have shown that bimetallic catalysts can exhibit selectivities for hydrocarbon transformations that are very different from those observed on monometallic catalysts, favoring the formation of valuable products such as aromatic hydrocarbons at the expense of less valuable ones such as methane. The number of contiguous atoms of a given metal component required in an active catalytic site is an important issue here. Investigations with bimetallic catalysts have also shown that systems of interest are not limited to combinations of metallic elements that are highly miscible in the bulk. For industrial applications of bimetallic catalysts, a crucial advance was the demonstration that highly dispersed bimetallic entities as small as 1 nm in size could be prepared within the pores of materials commonly used as catalyst supports. The term “bimetallic clusters” is used in referring to these entities. A very important industrial application of bimetallic catalysts has occurred on a huge worldwide scale in petroleum reforming processes. This application has played a vital role in making lead‐free gasoline a reality, an accomplishment of enormous environmental significance.
Biocatalytic One‐Carbon Conversion
Authors: Ragsdale Stephen W. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe review focuses on the biological machines that oxidize, reduce, and interconvert one‐carbon compounds. The focus is on the unusual cofactors and enzymes in methanogens and acetogens that are involved in anaerobic one‐carbon metabolism, which is key to the globla carbon cycle. A variety of autotrophic anaerobes can fix CO2into organic carbon as well as use the reduction of CO2as a source of energy. CO dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase are metalloenzymes that reduce CO2to the formate oxidation level (CO, formate, or formylmethyanofuran). At the formate level, the one‐carbon compounds are converted to a cofactor‐bound form, either the formyl‐ or methenyl tetrahydromethanopterin or tetrahydrofolate derivatives, before they undergo further reduction. The next stage, reduction from the formate to the formaldehyde level, is accomplished by either methylenetetrahydrofolate or methylenetetrahydromethopterin dehydrogenase. Metalloenzymes again enter the picture at the methanol oxidation level. Afer reduction of the methylene derivatives to methyltetrahydrofolate or methyltetrahydromethanopterin by a reductase, cobalamin‐dependent methyltransferases attach the methyl group to the cobalt as enzyme‐bound methyl‐cob(III)amide. The most reduced one‐carbon compounds are at the methane level. Reduction of the methyl‐Co(III) derivatives to methane is accomplished by methyl coenzyme M reductase. Alternatively, the methyl group is reduced by acetyl‐CoA synthase to acetyl‐CoA. The oxidation of methane back to CO2is initiated by methane monooxygenase, while there are various microbes that can use acetyl‐CoA as an energy source.
Catalyst Deactivation/Regeneration – Biological
Authors: Drevon Géraldine , Russell Alan J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBiocatalyst inactivation is caused by external stresses, including high pressures and temperatures, extreme pH's, organic media, freezing, drying, and oxidative, chelating, and denaturing agents. These stresses may result either in reversible or irreversible activity loss. The main structural and covalent mechanisms in biocatalyst inactivation such as the disulfide intra‐ and interexchanges, the deamidation of asparagine residues, the decomposition of disulfide bridges by β‐elimination, the hydrolysis of peptide chains, the β‐isomerization of asparagine and aspartic acid residues, and amino acid racemization are discussed. The strategies that have been developed to prevent biocatalyst inactivation, i.e. chemical modification immobilization, protein engineering, directed evolution, are briefly presented.
Catalysts for Fuel Cells – Heterogeneous
Authors: McNicol Brian D. , Williams Keith R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fuel cell catalysis has many similarities to normal heterogeneous catalysis, with the important exception that it often takes place in the aggressive environment of an electrolyte, which may be a strong acid, a strong alkali, or a fused salt. Additionally electrons are either added to or removed by external means during the reaction processes. The current state of the art in a variety of fuel cell systems is reviewed, and areas of catalysis in which further progess is needed before widespread commercial use is achieved are identified.
Electrocatalysis – Heterogeneous
Authors: Horányi G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe present article surveys the state of the art of electrocatalysis, laying stress on the present knowledge and understanding. The links between electrocatalysis and catalysis are analyzed, demonstrating the similarity of catalytic and electrocatalytic systems. Electrochemical methods for the characterization and preparation of catalysts are discussed. Results concerning electrochemical activation of catalysis are presented. Fundamental aspects of electrocatalysis are approached in terms of electrochemistry, analyzing the role of the nature and surface structure of the electrode/catalyst in electrocatalytic processes. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation/reduction processes are discussed in detail, with special attention to the reductive splitting of CO and COH bonds. Studies devoted to the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide are also considered with respect to the great practical importance of the transformation of CO2into useful organic materials and fuels. Results connected with the reductive dehalogenation of various halogenated derivatives are also presented as these compounds are among the most widespread pollutants of the environment. Importance of attempts devoted to the electrocatalytic reduction of anions, first of all to the reduction of nitrate, motivated by their relevance to pollution control is emphasized. Problems of electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules (formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol) are discussed in detail, considering the potential use of these molecules as fuels in direct fuel cells. Special attention is paid to the electrocatalytic oxidation of diols and polyols.