bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canaries or Colonials? The Reduced Prominence of the ‘Overseas Judges’ on Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal
Authors: Hargreaves Stuart 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTypically one member of a sitting panel of Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal is a senior jurist drawn from another common law jurisdiction. In the Court's early years, these ‘overseas judges’ were responsible for writing approximately one quarter of the lead opinions across a vast range of cases. This article demonstrates, however, that this practice has changed. The overseas judges now write a smaller share of lead opinions and no longer write lead opinions related to issues of fundamental human rights or the relationship between Hong Kong and the rest of China. This article suggests this change has been made for good reason. Though valid questions about the legitimacy of the role of the overseas judges can be made, they also continue to perform a valuable communicative role regarding the status of Hong Kong's judicial independence under the ‘one country, two systems’ framework. A recent rise in attacks on overseas and other ‘foreign’ judges in Hong Kong can be understood as part of a broader project that seeks to constrain the role of the independent judiciary. By continuing to invite overseas judges to sit on the Court of Final Appeal but reducing their public prominence, the Court has sought not only to reduce avenues for attacks on the legitimacy of particular decisions, but to protect the autonomy and independence of the judiciary more broadly.
Information structure effects on the processing of nouns and verbs: evidence from event-related brain potentials
Authors: Piciucco Emanuela , Masia Viviana , Maiorana Emanuele , Vallauri Edoardo Lombardi , Campisi Patrizio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectroencephalographic (EEG) signals can reveal the cost required to deal with information structure mismatches in speech or in text contexts. The present study investigates the costs related to the processing of different associations between the syntactic categories of Noun and Verb and the information categories of Topic and Focus. It is hypothesized that – due to the very nature (respectively, predicative and non-predicative) of verbal and nominal reference – sentences with Topics realized by verbs, and Focuses realized by nouns, should impose greater processing demands, compared to the decoding of nominal Topics and verbal Focuses. Data from event-related potential (ERP) measurements revealed an N400 effect in response to both nouns encoded as Focus and verbs packaged as Topic, confirming that the cost associated with information structure processing follows discourse-driven expectations also with respect to the word-class level.
Risk society and the politics of food safety problems in China
Authors: Han Guanghua , Zhai Yida 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn China, the public has gradually shifted their focus from GDP growth to quality-of-life issues, which imposes new challenges for the government. The food safety problem, as a salient issue, is one such example. This article analyzes how food safety problems affect ordinary Chinese people's trust in the government and their attribution of governmental responsibility using nationally representative survey data. As food safety risks are unequally distributed in China, the political impact of food safety problems varies among people of different socioeconomic statuses. The results show that food safety problems weaken the public's trust in both the central and local governments, but this negative effect is attenuated among people with a low level of education. Moreover, the Chinese public tends to attribute major responsibility to the central government rather than local governments when perceiving the severity of food safety problems, and this tendency becomes stronger for the low-income population. The results deepen the understanding of the local-central political trust patterns and the political implications of food safety problems in China.
Methane Occurrence and Quantification in a Very Shallow Water Environment: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Ferrante G. M. , Donda F. , Volpi V. , Tinivella U. , Adelinet M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the last decades, geological degassing in shallow marine environments has been recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric methane, hence to the global‐warming potential. Especially in shallow water environments, a proper assessment of the distribution, quantification and migration pathways of methane within the sediments is fundamental to help forecasting the amount that could leak and eventually reach the atmosphere. Traditionally, velocity anomalies from seismic data are the ones used to assess the occurrence of gas and its concentration. However, in shallow‐waters (<30 m), the post‐critical conditions make the near‐surface velocity estimation from P‐wave reflections extremely challenging, requiring an integrated approach. Here, we propose an original joint analysis of seismic data and geophysical logs, together with information from drilling reports, with the aim of characterizing and quantifying the gas along two crossing multichannel seismic profiles in the Northern Adriatic Sea, a very shallow marine basin where methane occurrence within the sedimentary succession is widespread. We estimated the gas distribution from resistivity anomalies, which are correlated with the seismic response associated with the presence of gas through the signal frequency content. Our results show a different concentration pattern in the two seismic profiles, revealing that gas is both diffuse ad concentrated in local accumulations, in agreement with the gas‐related features already identified on the seismic data. Gas concentration appears to be locally associated to the tectonic features identified in the area, indicating that faults act as preferential conduits for gas migration, locally reaching the seafloor and seeping in the water column.
The Seesaw Pattern of PM2.5 Interannual Anomalies Between Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei and Yangtze River Delta Across Eastern China in Winter
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Zhu Bin , Zhu Tong , Liao Hong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince 2013, the winter mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) had been decreased significantly due to stringent emission controls in most of China. Nevertheless, we found a seesaw pattern of PM2.5 interannual anomalies between Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Using the multiple linear regression method, meteorology‐driven PM2.5 interannual anomalies show that the low (high) PM2.5 relative difference between BTH and YRD (RDB&Y) was associated with the strong (weak) East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The strong EAWM transported more air pollutants from BTH to YRD. During the COVID‐19 lockdown period, due to the weak EAWM, air pollution still occurred in northern BTH, while the PM2.5 was relatively low in YRD, causing high RDB&Y values. Our results imply that the activity of EAWM and characteristics of regional transport have obvious interannual variations, which is indispensable in evaluating the achievements of PM2.5 quality management between up and downstream regions.
Orographic Flow Influence on Precipitation During an Atmospheric River Event at Davis, Antarctica
Authors: Gehring Josué , Vignon Étienne , Billault‐Roux Anne‐Claire , Ferrone Alfonso , Protat Alain , Alexander Simon P. , Berne Alexis 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntense snowfall sublimation was observed during a precipitation event over Davis in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, from 08 to 10 January 2019. Radar observations and simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting model revealed that orographic gravity waves (OGWs), generated by a north‐easterly flow impinging on the ice ridge upstream of Davis, were responsible for snowfall sublimation through a foehn effect. Despite the strong meridional moisture advection associated with an atmospheric river (AR) during this event, almost no precipitation reached the ground at Davis. We found that the direction of the synoptic flow with respect to the orography determined the intensity of OGWs over Davis, which in turn directly influenced the snowfall microphysics. We hypothesize that turbulence induced by the OGWs likely enhanced the aggregation process, as identified thanks to dual‐polarization and dual‐frequency radar observations. This study suggests that despite the intense AR, the precipitation distribution was determined by local processes tied to the orography. The mechanisms found in this case study could contribute to the extremely dry climate of the Vestfold Hills, one of the main Antarctic oases.
The Synoptic and Interannual Variability of Extreme Turbulent Heat Flux Events During Austral Winter in the Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Yang Jun , Cheng Xuhua , Qin Jianhuang , Zhou Guidi , Li Lanman 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExtreme turbulent heat flux (THF) event is a key linkage between the atmosphere and ocean. Based on ERA5 reanalysis data, this study investigates the synoptic and interannual variability of extreme THF events in the Southern Indian Ocean during austral winter (May–September) from 1979 to 2018. On synoptic timescale, the extreme THF events account for approximately 36% of total THF, with the duration of 20% within the total analysis period. The extreme THF events are induced by strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the oceanic front and synoptic eastward Rossby wave train with equivalent barotropic structure, associated with advecting relatively dry and cold air over warm SST at the edge of eddies. On interannual time scales, the occurrences of extreme THF events have a significant negative correlation with Southern Annular Mode (SAM). During the negative phase of SAM, a negative pressure anomaly is located in the Southern Indian Ocean, corresponding to a large cyclonic circulation anomaly. As a result, surface wind speeds and the differences of temperature and humidity between the atmosphere and ocean are strengthened over the warm flank of the oceanic front, leading to the onset of extreme THF event. Additionally, the accumulated effect of extreme THF events can not only deepen the oceanic mixed layer locally, but also have a downstream impact possibly through oceanic advection effect.
The Mid‐ to High‐Latitude Migrating Semidiurnal Tide: Results From a Mechanistic Tide Model and SuperDARN Observations
Authors: van Caspel Willem E. , Espy Patrick J. , Ortland David A. , Hibbins Robert E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSimulations of the solar thermal migrating semidiurnal (SW2) tide in the mesosphere‐lower‐thermosphere (MLT) are compared against meteor wind observations from a longitudinal chain of high‐latitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars. The simulations span the year 2015 and are performed using a mechanistic primitive equation model. The model employs a whole‐atmosphere tide forcing based on temperature tendency fields from the Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Thermosphere and Ionosphere Extension, and a background atmospheric specification based on zonal wind and temperature data from the Navy Global Environmental Model‐High Altitude meteorological analysis system. Results show that the model accurately reproduces the observed seasonal variability of the SW2 tide in both the amplitude and phase. Numerical experiments are performed to investigate how the tidal forcing, dissipation terms, and seasonal variations in the background atmosphere shape the seasonal variations of the simulated SW2 tide. Notable results are that the background atmosphere most strongly impacts the SW2 tide forced in the troposphere, and that the specification of a narrow surface friction profile enhances the net SW2 amplitude in the MLT between April and October. Eddy diffusion is found to damp the simulated tide predominantly around summer solstice and in December.
Analysis of HF Receiving Antenna SNR and Application
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Guo Lixin , He Shaolin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe relationship between the parameters of the high frequency (HF) antenna and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is studied in this paper. External and internal noise features of HF are studied and its relationship with the antenna is investigated. All the antenna parameters that influence the SNR were analyzed synthetically. The most important factor was deduced and pointed out by theoretical analysis and calculation to reveal the basis. A novel receiving HF antenna design with outstanding performance was proposed as an application of our study.
Intense, Long‐Duration Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) Caused by Intense Substorm Clusters
Authors: Hajra Rajkumar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGeomagnetically induced current (GIC) measurements at the Mäntsälä, Finland (57.9° magnetic latitude) gas pipeline from 1999 through 2019 are analyzed. It is found that the GIC events with peak intensity A are not individual peaks, but occur in clusters with duration from ∼5 to ∼38 hr when GIC values are almost continuously above ∼1.5 A. The intense, long‐duration GIC A clusters (ILG10) are characterized by average (median) duration of ∼17 ± 9 hr (∼14 hr), peak intensity of ∼21 ± 10 A (∼19 A), and time‐integrated current flows of ∼1.0 ± 0.7 A‐d (∼0.9 A‐d) for all events under study. An one‐to‐one correlation is observed between the ILG10 events and intense substorm clusters characterized by average (median) duration of ∼20 ± 10 hr (∼17 hr), peak westward auroral electrojet intensity (presented by SuperMAG AL or SML index) of ∼− 2,238 ± 843 nT (∼− 2,099 nT) for all events. About 10–60 min fluctuations in the ILG10 events are found to be induced by substorm (SML) activity, and geomagnetic pulsations. A detailed study is presented on the local time, solar cycle, and geomagnetic dependencies of the ILG10 events. This will hopefully augment the predictability of the intense GICs.
Conventional type 1 dendritic cells protect against age-related adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity
Authors: Hernández-García Elena , Cueto Francisco J. , Cook Emma C. L. , Redondo-Urzainqui Ana , Charro-Zanca Sara , Robles-Vera Iñaki , Conde-Garrosa Ruth , Nikolić Ivana , Sabio Guadalupe , Sancho David , Iborra Salvador 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConventional dendritic cells (cDCs) scan and integrate environmental cues in almost every tissue, including exogenous metabolic signals. While cDCs are critical in maintaining immune balance, their role in preserving energy homeostasis is unclear. Here, we showed that Batf3-deficient mice lacking conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1s) had increased body weight and adiposity during aging. This led to impaired energy expenditure and glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. cDC1 deficiency caused adipose tissue inflammation that was preceded by a paucity of NK1.1+ invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Accordingly, among antigen-presenting cells, cDC1s exhibited notable induction of IFN-γ production by iNKT cells, which plays a metabolically protective role in lean adipose tissue. Flt3L treatment, which expands the dendritic cell (DC) compartment, mitigated diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in a Batf3-dependent manner. This effect was partially mediated by NK1.1+ cells. These results reveal a new critical role for the cDC1-iNKT cell axis in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis.
Intelligibility Across a Reading Passage: The Effect of Dysarthria and Cued Speaking Styles
Authors: van Brenk Frits , Stipancic Kaila , Kain Alexander , Tjaden Kris 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
Reading a passage out loud is a commonly used task in the perceptual assessment of dysarthria. The extent to which perceptual characteristics remain unchanged or stable over the time course of a passage is largely unknown. This study investigated crowdsourced visual analogue scale (VAS) judgments of intelligibility across a reading passage as a function of cued speaking styles commonly used in treatment to maximize intelligibility.

Patients and Method:
The Hunter passage was read aloud in habitual, slow, loud, and clear speaking styles by 16 speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD), 30 speakers with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 32 control speakers. VAS judgments of intelligibility from three fragments representing the beginning, middle, and end of the reading passage were obtained from 540 crowdsourced online listeners.

Results:
Overall passage intelligibility was reduced for the two clinical groups relative to the control group. All speaker groups exhibited intelligibility variation across the reading passage, with trends of increased intelligibility toward the end of the reading passage. For control speakers and speakers with PD, patterns of intelligibility variation across passage reading did not differ with speaking style. For the MS group, intelligibility variation across the passage was dependent on speaking style.

Conclusions:
The presence of intelligibility variation within a reading passage warrants careful selection of speech materials in research and clinical practice. Results further indicate that the crowdsourced VAS rating paradigm is useful to document intelligibility in a reading passage for different cued speaking styles commonly used in treatment for dysarthria.
Individuals Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication and Participate in Active Recreation: Perspectives From Adults With Developmental Disabilities and Acquired Conditions
Authors: Hajjar David J. , McCarthy John W. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
The aim of the study was to gather the perspectives and lived experiences of 10 adults who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and participate in active recreation. Active recreational participation includes individual sports such as adaptive skiing, surfing, and cycling, as well as unified team sports such as soccer, bocce, and basketball.

Method:
This research involved a qualitative study with two separate asynchronous online focus groups each conducted over a 6-week span. The focus groups included literate individuals who use AAC and engage in active recreational pursuits across the United States. One focus group included five individuals with acquired conditions, and the other group included five individuals with developmental disabilities.

Results:
Thematic analysis of the data from both focus groups revealed five primary themes with corresponding subthemes: barriers (intrinsic and extrinsic), supports (intrinsic and extrinsic), benefits (intrinsic and extrinsic), communication (methods), and recommendations for communication partners and people who use AAC.

Conclusions:
This study provides important information to individuals who use AAC and their communication partners about the benefits of active recreation and the supports needed to make these experiences successful. As a result of this study, speech-language pathologists, related professionals, and caregivers will gain a better understanding of how they can support recreational participation for people who use AAC with a specific focus on enhancing communication and expanding social networks.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17701043
SOFIA/GREAT observations of OD and OH rotational lines towards high-mass star forming regions
Authors: Csengeri T. , Wyrowski F. , Menten K. M. , Wiesemeyer H. , Güsten R. , Stutzki J. , Heyminck S. , Okada Y. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Only recently, OD, the deuterated isotopolog of hydroxyl, OH, has become accessible in the interstellar medium; spectral lines from both species have been observed in the supra-Terahertz and far infrared regime. Studying variations of the OD/OH abundance amongst different types of sources can deliver key information on the formation of water, H2O.
Aims. With observations of rotational lines of OD and OH towards 13 Galactic high-mass star forming regions, we aim to constrain the OD abundance and infer the deuterium fractionation of OH in their molecular envelopes. For the best studied source in our sample, G34.26+0.15, we were able to perform detailed radiative transfer modelling to investigate the OD abundance profile in its inner envelope.
Methods. We used the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) to observe the 2Π3∕2 J = 5∕2−3∕2 ground-state transition of OD at 1.3 THz (215 μm) and the rotationally excited OH line at 1.84 THz (163 μm). We also used published high-spectral-resolution SOFIA data of the OH ground-state transition at 2.51 THz (119.3 μm).
Results. Absorption from the 2Π3∕2 OD J = 5∕2−3∕2 ground-state transition is prevalent in the dense clumps surrounding active sites of high-mass star formation. Our modelling suggests that part of the absorption arises from the denser inner parts, while the bulk of it as seen with SOFIA originates in the outer, cold layers of the envelope for which our constraints on the molecular abundance suggest a strong enhancement in deuterium fractionation. We find a weak negative correlation between the OD abundance and the bolometric luminosity to mass ratio, an evolutionary indicator, suggesting a slow decrease of OD abundance with time. A comparison with HDO shows a similarly high deuterium fractionation for the two species in the cold envelopes, which is of the order of 0.48% for the best studied source, G34.26+0.15.
Conclusions. Our results are consistent with chemical models that favour rapid exchange reactions to form OD in the dense cold gas. Constraints on the OD/OH ratio in the inner envelope could further elucidate the water and oxygen chemistry near young high-mass stars.
Advanced Endoscopic Technologies to Improve the Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps
Authors: Daca Alvarez Maria , Rivero-Sanchez Liseth , Pellisé Maria 
Published: January 2022

AbstractColonoscopy is the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. The main quality indicator of colonoscopy is the adenoma detection rate, which is inversely associated with the risk of interval CRC and the risk of death from this neoplasia. In the setting of CRC prevention, diagnostic colonoscopy has undergone a remarkable evolution in the past 20 years. Hand in hand with the implementation of CRC prevention programs and technological advances, we are now able to identify tiny and subtle neoplastic lesions and predict their histology with great efficiency. In this article, we briefly review the endoscopy technologies that can be used to improve the detection and characterization of colorectal polyps.