bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rupture
Authors: Shant Rattan Lal , Bhat Javaid Iqbal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rupture is one long love letter to a partially lost relationship. The text resonates with a frail longing for deep bonds of centuries that were severed; the bonds that had somehow survived many a test in the past. However, with the storm which hit Kashmir in the 1990s, these bonds of common affection and love between Hindus and Muslims were violently shattered, to the overall discomfort and disadvantage of both. The stories in this collection yearn to reflect and expand on those connections which permeate collective memories. The characters in the stories are alive to the possibility of rift and tension in the bonds but long to maintain the bond nevertheless. The severance of the bond also re-characterizes the stories as gentle prose elegies to a homeland. Though members of the migrant Hindu community try to recreate home away from home but the pain remains. The issues of lost identity, home, nostalgia, every day ties between the two communities are immanent in this collection. Some of the characters, especially the elderly people, are on the verge of insanity because of a confusing feeling of alienation in a foreign place. They just bide their time in daily trivia in tents, rented accommodations or even ‘homes’ away from Kashmir. They watch helplessly as the younger generation slowly strays away from the antique rites and rituals and adopt a different identity. There is separation at several levels: the young from the old, Hindu from Muslim, home from its inhabitants, rituals from their connoisseurs, and sacred landscape from its enthusiasts. The hope is that this separation is not permanent but a temporary strain in the eternal bond.
Panj Tantra
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The story is that of a narrator and an imaginary listener. The narrator tells him about his wife who longs to go back to Kashmir after ten years in exile, to see the children playing under mulberry trees. Then he tells him how Thokar Chand got a helper for them in Jammu. The name of the helper was Bodhraj. Bodhraj later on, like the narrator’s wife, longs to find his cow in Kistawar, his native place, and hand it to his friends Hassan and Obul. If Bodhrajj’s desire to go back to his native home and find his white-spotted cow is futile, then how is the desire for a home in the narrator and his wife meaningful? The Listener calls the narrator’s tale a Panj Tantra because there are five characters and five associate segments: narrator, wife, Thokar Chand, Bodhraj, and Hassan and Obul taken as one.
Constitutional Provisions
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Indian Constitution is amongst the few in the world that contains specific provisions on environmental protection. Apart from enabling the enactment of environmental laws by supplying the requisite authority to the legislature, it silently weighs in on every case. The Constitution provides the moral foundation for these laws; elevates environmental protection to a high state purpose; defines principles of environmental law through constitutional courts; and gives an impetus for enforcement through the grant of constitutional writs. The chapter begins by looking at the Fundamental Duties, explaining the public trust doctrine, eco-centrism, and sustainable development. It then considers the division of legislative authority under India’s federal system, as well as the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act of 1976. Finally, the chapter studies the relationship between environmental protection and fundamental rights.
Legislative Provisions
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates how India’s vast body of environmental law is mostly statutory. Indeed, federal statutes set out the essential legislative policy, leaving it to the Central Government to work out the nuts and bolts. The primary legislative strategy is a system of licensing backed by criminal sanctions. The pollution control laws empower state agencies to shut down polluting industries or stop their supply of water and power. The chapter then explains the principles for interpreting environmental statutes, digests the primary regulatory statutes, and examines in some detail the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. Frequently, judges must choose between two possible interpretations of an environmental statute, one that advances environmental protection, and the other favouring some other interest such as industry, jobs, or the need for energy.
Large Projects
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses large development projects: dams, the river interlinking project, power stations, and large real estate development, and efforts to reduce their environmental impact. India ranks among the most important dam building nations. These dams are the cornerstones of large scale multi-purpose river valley projects intended to meet regional needs for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control. Since the 1970s, citizen protests and international human rights and environmental pressures have increasingly been brought to bear against these projects. The environmental harm from a large project could be reduced if the probable environmental impacts are explored before the project’s inception. The chapter then looks at the new land acquisition regime and important elements of this law that seek to dispel the harsh consequences that previously destroyed lives through displacement. It also reviews the legal dimensions of important environmental campaigns and cases which ran their course in parallel to the evolving environment impact assessment (EIA) regime.
Biodiversity Litigation in Australia
Authors: Young Margaret A , Vines Ella 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Australia’s biological diversity is world-renowned, unique, and vulnerable. It faces unprecedented threats from climate change, invasive species, and changing land use. Yet Australia’s laws—including its federal environmental statute, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)—are ill-equipped. This chapter assesses the role and contribution of litigation in efforts to protect Australia’s biodiversity. The analysis focuses on legal disputes arising from land clearing, mining, marine species protection, and climate change. Cases have sought to protect iconic native species, including the Tasmanian devil, while also addressing conflict between environmental protection and cultural heritage, such as threats to ecosystems caused by brumbies. The legal basis for the claims includes traditional judicial review grounds and novel conceptions of public duties owed variously to younger generations and to indigenous peoples. The chapter demonstrates that Australian courts have been relatively constrained in protecting biodiversity, due in part to judicial deference to Australia’s legislative and executive branches and the limited direct applicability of international environmental law. Recognition by judges of their role in protecting Australia’s biodiversity is more apparent within specialist courts at the subnational level. Achieving an effective national approach to biodiversity protection may be more attainable due to a change in government at the federal level, although major legal and political challenges remain.
Biodiversity Litigation in India
Authors: Kodiveri Arpitha 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biodiversity litigation in India has been an important source of shaping the present and future environmental jurisprudence. The typology of biodiversity litigation in India shows that the courts have been active in regulating biodiversity loss, the entrance of genetically modified organisms, and the rights of Adivasi and local communities. The central argument that the chapter makes is that Indian courts while ruling on issues of biodiversity are having to choose from a variety of environmentalism that underlies biodiversity law and jurisprudence. The three varieties of environmentalism identified in the chapter are environmentalism of the poor, ecocentric approaches, and exclusionary approaches to conservation. This tussle of the varieties of environmentalism is not restricted to biodiversity law and policy in India but can be seen in international biodiversity law too. The chapter concludes that biodiversity jurisprudence in India is trying to reconcile the competing forms of environmentalism by relying on ecocentric approaches to biodiversity law and policy.
Biodiversity Litigation in South Africa
Authors: Lubbe Willem Daniël 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the South African legal landscape for biodiversity litigation. The unique biodiversity found in South Africa is highlighted and the reliance of the people on it is underlined. An overview of the legal and institutional framework paves the way for a selection of cases discussed showcasing the unique litigation landscape in South Africa. These cases are presented through two main themes: specific environmental litigation and rights-based litigation. What is clear throughout the chapter is that the South African legal landscape presents litigants with ample opportunity to litigate in matters relevant to biodiversity conservation and protection. Also highlighted through the cases is the willingness of the courts to assist and enable individuals and NGOs in environmental litigation; assistance that is well embedded in the environmental legal framework in provisions favourable to locus standi and cost orders. The importance of the South African Constitution and the pivotal role of fundamental rights in biodiversity litigation are furthermore showcased through selected cases. A section discussing trends and general observations on litigation describes how both public and private law can be utilized for biodiversity litigation. The chapter is brought to a close by key findings and some thoughts on the way forward.
Biodiversity Litigation in the United States
Authors: Snape William J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The United States possesses considerable domestic biological diversity. Over the past century, the United States has also passed a series of laws to protect its biodiversity, almost always through the lens and label of ‘wildlife or habitat conservation’. Although the United States was a historic leader under early biodiversity treaties such as CITES, its record over the past several decades has waned, and it is currently the only UN member not party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Today, ‘biodiversity law’, both at the domestic and multilateral levels, plays little to no role in biodiversity litigation in the United States. This biodiversity litigation vacuum exists for two fundamental and interrelated reasons: first, when Congress was passing its historic slate of conservation and environmental laws in the 1970s, ‘biodiversity’ was not a recognized legal res, and, secondly, since the 1980s and continuing to the present, Congress has generally been hostile to international law and treaty ratification, and ambivalent towards wildlife or biodiversity conservation itself. Because Congress is largely stalemated on wildlife, habitat, and biodiversity, the President and his executive agencies possess significant legal powers to promote biological diversity protection that should be better utilized. The executive branch can strengthen rules on protected species and federal public lands; can prioritize funding for biodiversity, both domestically and abroad; can better support biodiversity during federal litigation; and can more positively participate in multilateral fora relating to biodiversity. Ironically, executive branch leadership on biodiversity might actually reduce litigation in the United States because most biodiversity litigation in the country is directed at agencies acting wrongfully against wildlife and habitat. In sum, to do its part on biodiversity, the United States must fundamentally change its developmental and spending policies. Otherwise, litigation under existing law will be one of the few remaining tools to save what is left.
Queer Origins
Authors: Butler Shane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Symonds’s long unpublished Memoirs, completed in the late 1880s and left partly unfinished, often seem to anticipate many of the themes and methods of Freud, especially in their meticulous attention to experiences in childhood and adolescence that Symonds presents as formative. Under close scrutiny, however, many of these often-cited experiences, including several that regard early encounters with classical art and literature, turn out have been altered and refashioned by Symonds. Detection of this manipulation invites us to reconsider the text’s seemingly etiological frame; it also raises queer questions about Freud’s own later quest for sexual origins. Beginning with a look at Freud’s annotations of his copy of Sexual Inversion (which Symonds wrote with Havelock Ellis), followed by close readings of key passages from the Memoirs, this chapter considers how the two men’s thinking both does and does not align, especially on the nature of fantasies and dreams.
Misanthropy in the Age of Reason
Authors: Harris Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ever since Timon of Athens shunned his fellow-countrymen and embraced a life of solitude in the wilderness, the misanthrope has proved to be a fascinating but troubling figure. This comparative study brings together a range of material from various genres, periods, and countries to explore the developing status of misanthropy in the European literary and intellectual imagination from the late Renaissance, through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to the dawn of Romanticism. During this period, the term ‘misanthropy’ shifts from being an obscure Greek calque to being almost banal in its ubiquity. In order to trace the contours of the period’s evolving attitudes towards misanthropy, this study takes a combined thematic and historical approach. After two chapters devoted to the period’s key icons of misanthropy—Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens and Molière’s Alceste—the remaining six chapters each explore different thematic issues of misanthropy as they surface across the period. Drawing on works by Shakespeare, Molière, Hobbes, Pascal, Rochester, Swift, Rousseau, Kotzebue, Schiller, Wollstonecraft, and Leopardi, as well as countless less canonical writers, this study demonstrates that the misanthrope is not a fixed, stable figure in early modern literature. Rather, he—or very occasionally she—emerges in many guises, from philosopher to comic grouch, from tragic hero to moral censor, from cynical villain to disappointed idealist, from quasi-bestial outsider to worldly satirist. As both critic of humanity and object of critical scrutiny, the misanthrope challenges straightforward oppositions between individual and society, virtue and vice, reason and folly, human and animal.
Theories of Exploitation
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the recent literature by painting a broad-stroke picture of the conceptual landscape on exploitation. It distinguishes between three species of exploitation theory: teleology-based, respect-based, and freedom-based accounts. Each class of theory is organized around an exploiter-archetype. Teleogical theory takes its archetype to be the feudal lord and monopolist; respect theory takes its archetype from the rentier and the patrimonial capitalist; freedom theory from the capitalist and banker who unilaterally subsume the purposiveness of the direct producer. The chapter addresses the implications of each theory, paving the way for the arguments that follow in the rest of the book.
Capitalist Exploitation: Its Forms, Origin, and Fate
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies capitalist economic structure through the lens of historical sociology. It kicks off by exploring the idea of capital—as monetary title to subsumed labour—through a series of historical examples. It then extends the model of capitalist accumulation introduced in chapter 2 by asking how exploitation becomes possible under capitalism and what historically specific forms it takes. Sophisticated answers to these two questions—of origin and form, respectively—have been provided by Karl Marx in volumes I and III of Capital. This chapter studies Marx’s answers, drawing extensively upon the contemporary debate on the origins of capitalism. It then shows how that debate can shed light on discussions about precarity and the ‘gig economy,’ as well as on post-capitalist democratic futures, including contemporary discussions on market socialism and the democratic firm.
Foreign Policy of Coalition Governments
Authors: Laskar Rejaul Karim 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter seeks to put the remaining chapters of this volume in proper context. The chapter begins with a survey of theoretical and empirical literature on the role of leadership in foreign policy. It, then, surveys theoretical and empirical literature on foreign policies of coalition governments—on differences between coalitions and single-party governments as well as on the relationship between a coalition’s ideology and foreign policy. This is followed by an overview of the Congress party’s foreign policy—i.e., the core values, evolution, distinguishing characteristics, basic principles, broad objectives, and major elements of the foreign policy of Indian National Congress—the leading party of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition. It then provides a brief overview of the salient features of India’s foreign policy under the two UPA governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh—in terms of the broader objectives they sought to achieve and the broader principles they adhered to. It then goes on to explain the rationale for undertaking this book project. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of the volume.
India-United States Relations during the United Progressive Alliance 2004–14
Authors: Lynch Timothy J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter audits India-U.S. relations under the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments at four levels of analysis: leader images, ideology and strategic culture, geopolitics, and economics and trade. The chapter finds that despite ongoing American frustration at the speed and depth of implementation of some of the agreements, the symbolic achievement of the agreements themselves—from nuclear energy and defence to trade to cultural exchange—is what is remarkable about the period. Using a neorealist lens, the chapter examines how the pursuit of national interest, of power and of security, remained the fundamental objective of both Washington and New Delhi. But also why these objectives were conditioned by the character, history, and institutions of the two states. The intervening unit-level variables—leader perceptions, ideological divisions, bureaucratic traditions, and historical experiences—impacted on how the UPA engaged with the Bush administration and the Obama administration.
India-China Relations
Authors: Kondapalli Srikanth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
India-China relations during the decade of 2004–14 expanded from tactical to strategic in nature reflecting the rise of these two Asian countries. The signing of the ‘strategic and cooperative partnership’ between the two in 2005 coincided with discussions in a number of areas including ushering in a modicum of confidence-building measures to stabilize and manage the territorial dispute, dialogue process on Afghanistan, Southeast and East Asia, Africa, strengthening multipolar and multilateral institutions, enhancing bilateral trade, and the like. However, irritants remained, such as issuing of ‘stapled visas’ by China to Kashmir residents. Also, while trade increased substantially, India faced a mounting trade deficit with China in this decade. Border transgressions in April-May 2013 and 2014 in the Western sector as well tested bilateral relations. However, overall, the bilateral relations were stable, forthcoming and remained in the configuration of ‘cooperation and competition’ during this decade.
India-Russia Relations during the United Progressive Alliance Governments, 2004–14
Authors: Bain Mervyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses India-Russia relations during the period of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first section of the chapter examines Russian strategic thought and introduces the analytical framework (defensive realism) to be used throughout the chapter; the second section charts the Indo-Soviet relationship from the time of Indian independence in 1947 until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991; the third section examines the relationship in the early post-Soviet period; the fourth and the fifth sections focus on the ‘Manmohan Doctrine’ and the ‘Putin Doctrine’; while the sixth section examines Indo-Russian relations during the 10-year period in which the UPA was in power. The chapter concludes that despite the apparent contradictions between the two doctrines, India-Russia relations actually strengthened during the period.
India-Africa Relations under the UPA Governments
Authors: Dye Barnaby , de Oliveira Ricardo Soares 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under the two UPA governments, India’s diplomatic and economic ties with Africa expanded. The governments launched flagship initiatives like the head-of-state India-Africa Forum Summits and large-scale development-cooperation programmes, including the formalization of a significant concessional-finance scheme. Using the rhetoric of South-South Cooperation, the UPA governments heralded these policies as generating win-win, mutually beneficial development partnerships. Did these initiatives match such rhetoric, and how responsible were the two UPA governments for booming India-Africa relations? The chapter demonstrates that although the two UPA governments upgraded India-Africa relations, the governments were often not central to increasing ties. The chapter emphasizes the role of the Indian private sector as a crucial actor driving India-Africa ties as they were the most organized and active group of agents. Thus, India-Africa relations under the two UPA administrations reached new heights but essentially followed the established trajectory, contributing to Africa’s experience of economic progress without industrialization.
Ideas under Pressure
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction as a research process isn’t enough and was criticized quite quickly by Enlightenment-era philosophers. It also doesn’t really distinguish true and false theories. Instead, the practice of falsification emerged—putting ideas under pressure through experiments. This chapter discusses the importance of the ‘hypothesis’ as a central feature of this process and considers the ways in which Isaac Newton’s theories of motion and light were put under pressure by later researchers. However, hypotheses have to be derived in the first place and the reality is that empirical research progresses by both inductive reasoning and experimental falsification, with an acceptance of ignorance as a common underlying principle.