bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Influenza and Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Hospitalizations Among Children Younger Than 18 Years Old in the United States: FluSurv-NET (October–April 2017–2021) and COVID-NET (October 2020–September 2021)
Authors: Delahoy Miranda J , Ujamaa Dawud , Taylor Christopher A , Cummings Charisse , Anglin Onika , Holstein Rachel , Milucky Jennifer , O’Halloran Alissa , Patel Kadam , Pham Huong , Whitaker Michael , Reingold Arthur , Chai Shua J , Alden Nisha B , Kawasaki Breanna , Meek James , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Anderson Evan J , Openo Kyle P , Weigel Andy , Teno Kenzie , Reeg Libby , Leegwater Lauren , Lynfield Ruth , McMahon Melissa , Ropp Susan , Rudin Dominic , Muse Alison , Spina Nancy , Bennett Nancy M , Popham Kevin , Billing Laurie M , Shiltz Eli , Sutton Melissa , Thomas Ann , Schaffner William , Talbot H Keipp , Crossland Melanie T , McCaffrey Keegan , Hall Aron J , Burns Erin , McMorrow Meredith , Reed Carrie , Havers Fiona P , Garg Shikha 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 are significant causes of respiratory illness in children.

Methods
Influenza- and COVID-19–associated hospitalizations among children &lt;18 years old were analyzed from FluSurv-NET and COVID-NET, 2 population-based surveillance systems with similar catchment areas and methodology. The annual COVID-19–associated hospitalization rate per 100 000 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (1 October 2020–30 September 2021) was compared with influenza-associated hospitalization rates during the 2017–2018 through 2019–2020 influenza seasons. In-hospital outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, were compared.

Results
Among children &lt;18 years, the COVID-19–associated hospitalization rate (48.2) was higher than influenza-associated hospitalization rates: 2017–2018 (33.5), 2018–2019 (33.8), and 2019–2020 (41.7). The COVID-19–associated hospitalization rate was higher among adolescents 12–17 years old (COVID-19: 59.9; influenza range: 12.2–14.1), but similar or lower among children 5–11 (COVID-19: 25.0; influenza range: 24.3–31.7) and 0–4 (COVID-19: 66.8; influenza range: 70.9–91.5) years old. Among children &lt;18 years, a higher proportion with COVID-19 required ICU admission compared with influenza (26.4% vs 21.6%; P &lt; .01). Pediatric deaths were uncommon during both COVID-19– and influenza-associated hospitalizations (0.7% vs 0.5%; P = .28).

Conclusions
In the setting of extensive mitigation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, the annual COVID-19–associated hospitalization rate during 2020–2021 was higher among adolescents and similar or lower among children &lt;12 years compared with influenza during the 3 seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 adds substantially to the existing burden of pediatric hospitalizations and severe outcomes caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses.
A case report of recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy including the rare ‘inverted’ form
Authors: Carey Charles , Nucifora Gaetano , Macnab Anita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a disease that causes transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in multiple vascular territories in the absence of coronary artery disease. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is typically associated with dilation and dyskinesia of the apical and mid-LV segments induced by acute emotional and/or physical stress. Here, we present a case of recurrent TC including one episode of inverted TC, which is a rare form where dyskinesia occurs in the basal segments with sparing of the apical segments.

Case summary
A 53-year-old female patient with a background history of chronic stress and anxiety was admitted with three episodes of recurrent TC over 4 years. The first episode in 2017 was triggered by an acute stressful event, but no major triggers were identified for the subsequent episodes. Although the first and third episodes displayed the signs of classical TC, the second episode was an inverted TC. Full cardiac function was restored after each episode. She now takes prognostic heart failure medications long term and mental health teams are trying to support her emotional wellbeing.

Discussion
This patient displayed a rare disease course involving three recurrent episodes of TC, including one instance of its inverted form. Although psychiatric conditions and emotional stress are acknowledged as risk factors for TC, further research is needed to assess whether mental health treatment following TC can prevent disease recurrence.
A case report of cardiac cysticercosis in a returning traveller: a rare cause of myocarditis
Authors: Littlewood Simon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
A 38-year-old male of Indian origin presented via ambulance directly to the cardiac catheter lab with chest pain and electrocardiogram changes suggestive of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Serum troponin was recorded at &gt;10 000 ng/L.

Case summary
Angiogram revealed normal coronary arteries. Echocardiography showed myocardial lesions and a subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed myocardial cysticercosis.

Discussion
This is a case of myocardial cysticercosis causing myocarditis. He was treated successfully with albendazole for Taenia solium infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine for myocarditis.
Data mining to retrieve smoking status from electronic health records in general practice
Authors: de Boer Annemarijn R , de Groot Mark C H , Groenhof T Katrien J , van Doorn Sander , Vaartjes Ilonca , Bots Michiel L , Haitjema Saskia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
Optimize and assess the performance of an existing data mining algorithm for smoking status from hospital electronic health records (EHRs) in general practice EHRs.

Methods and results
We optimized an existing algorithm in a training set containing all clinical notes from 498 individuals (75 712 contact moments) from the Julius General Practitioners’ Network (JGPN). Each moment was classified as either ‘current smoker’, ‘former smoker’, ‘never smoker’, or ‘no information’. As a reference, we manually reviewed EHRs. Algorithm performance was assessed in an independent test set (n = 494, 78 129 moments) using precision, recall, and F1-score. Test set algorithm performance for ‘current smoker’ was precision 79.7%, recall 78.3%, and F1-score 0.79. For former smoker, it was precision 73.8%, recall 64.0%, and F1-score 0.69. For never smoker, it was precision 92.0%, recall 74.9%, and F1-score 0.83. On a patient level, performance for ever smoker (current and former smoker combined) was precision 87.9%, recall 94.7%, and F1-score 0.91. For never smoker, it was 98.0, 82.0, and 0.89%, respectively. We found a more narrative writing style in general practice than in hospital EHRs.

Conclusion
Data mining can successfully retrieve smoking status information from general practice clinical notes with a good performance for classifying ever and never smokers. Differences between general practice and hospital EHRs call for optimization of data mining algorithms when applied beyond a primary development setting.
Local Adaptation and the Evolution of Genome Architecture in Threespine Stickleback
Authors: Li Qiushi , Lindtke Dorothea , Rodríguez-Ramírez Carlos , Kakioka Ryo , Takahashi Hiroshi , Toyoda Atsushi , Kitano Jun , Ehrlich Rachel L. , Chang Mell Joshua , Yeaman Sam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTheory predicts that local adaptation should favor the evolution of a concentrated genetic architecture, where the alleles driving adaptive divergence are tightly clustered on chromosomes. Adaptation to marine versus freshwater environments in threespine stickleback has resulted in an architecture that seems consistent with this prediction: divergence among populations is mainly driven by a few genomic regions harboring multiple quantitative trait loci for environmentally adapted traits, as well as candidate genes with well-established phenotypic effects. One theory for the evolution of these “genomic islands” is that rearrangements remodel the genome to bring causal loci into tight proximity, but this has not been studied explicitly. We tested this theory using synteny analysis to identify micro- and macro-rearrangements in the stickleback genome and assess their potential involvement in the evolution of genomic islands. To identify rearrangements, we conducted a de novo assembly of the closely related tubesnout (Aulorhyncus flavidus) genome and compared this to the genomes of threespine stickleback and two other closely related species. We found that small rearrangements, within-chromosome duplications, and lineage-specific genes (LSGs) were enriched around genomic islands, and that all three chromosomes harboring large genomic islands have experienced macro-rearrangements. We also found that duplicates and micro-rearrangements are 9.9× and 2.9× more likely to involve genes differentially expressed between marine and freshwater genotypes. While not conclusive, these results are consistent with the explanation that strong divergent selection on candidate genes drove the recruitment of rearrangements to yield clusters of locally adaptive loci.
A randomized controlled trial of everolimus for neurocognitive symptoms in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Authors: Srivastava Siddharth , Jo Booil , Zhang Bo , Frazier Thomas , Gallagher Anne Snow , Peck Fleming , Levin April R , Mondal Sangeeta , Li Zetan , Filip-Dhima Rajna , Geisel Gregory , Dies Kira A , Diplock Amelia , Eng Charis , Hanna Rabi , Sahin Mustafa , Hardan Antonio ,   the Developmental Synaptopathies Consortium, Sahin Mustafa , Eng Charis , Hardan Antonio , Martinez-Agosto Julian A , Frazier Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) overactivity. Limited data suggest that mTOR inhibitors may be therapeutic. No placebo-controlled studies have examined mTOR inhibition on cognition and behavior in humans with PHTS with/without autism. We conducted a 6-month phase II, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to examine the safety profile and efficacy of everolimus (4.5 mg/m2) in individuals (5–45 years) with PHTS. We measured several cognitive and behavioral outcomes, and electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers. The primary endpoint was a neurocognitive composite derived from Stanford Binet-5 (SB-5) nonverbal working memory score, SB-5 verbal working memory, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test hit reaction time and Purdue Pegboard Test score. Forty-six participants underwent 1:1 randomization: n = 24 (everolimus) and n = 22 (placebo). Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common in the everolimus group (P &lt; 0.001). Changes in the primary endpoint between groups from baseline to Month 6 were not apparent (Cohen’s d = −0.10, P = 0.518). However, several measures were associated with modest effect sizes (≥0.2) in the direction of improvement, including measures of nonverbal IQ, verbal learning, autism symptoms, motor skills, adaptive behavior and global improvement. There was a significant difference in EEG central alpha power (P = 0.049) and central beta power (P = 0.039) 6 months after everolimus treatment. Everolimus is well tolerated in PHTS; adverse events were similar to previous reports. The primary efficacy endpoint did not reveal improvement. Several secondary efficacy endpoints moved in the direction of improvement. EEG measurements indicate target engagement following 6 months of daily oral everolimus. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02991807 Classification of Evidence: I.
Genetic and pharmacological PARP inhibition reduces axonal degeneration in C. elegans models of ALS
Authors: Tossing Gilles , Livernoche Raphaël , Maios Claudia , Bretonneau Constantin , Labarre Audrey , Parker J Alex 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Axonal degeneration is observed in early stages of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This degeneration generally precedes apoptosis and therefore may be a promising therapeutic target. An increasing number of genes have been identified to actively regulate axonal degeneration and regeneration; however, only a few potential therapeutic targets have been identified in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigate DLK-1, a major axonal regeneration pathway and its contribution to axonal degeneration phenotypes in several Caenorhabditis elegans ALS models. From this pathway, we identified the poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerases (PARP) PARP-1 and PARP-2 as the most consistent modifiers of axonal degeneration in our models of ALS. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 and PARP-2 reduces axonal degeneration and improves related motor phenotypes.
Innovating in a crisis: a qualitative evaluation of a hospital and Google partnership to implement a COVID-19 inpatient video monitoring program
Authors: Gorbenko Ksenia , Mohammed Afrah , Ezenwafor Edward I I , Phlegar Sydney , Healy Patrick , Solly Tamara , Nembhard Ingrid , Xenophon Lucy , Smith Cardinale , Freeman Robert , Reich David , Mazumdar Madhu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
To describe adaptations necessary for effective use of direct-to-consumer (DTC) cameras in an inpatient setting, from the perspective of health care workers.

Methods
Our qualitative study included semi-structured interviews and focus groups with clinicians, information technology (IT) personnel, and health system leaders affiliated with the Mount Sinai Health System. All participants either worked in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unit with DTC cameras or participated in the camera implementation. Three researchers coded the transcripts independently and met weekly to discuss and resolve discrepancies. Abiding by inductive thematic analysis, coders revised the codebook until they reached saturation. All transcripts were coded in Dedoose using the final codebook.

Results
Frontline clinical staff, IT personnel, and health system leaders (N = 39) participated in individual interviews and focus groups in November 2020–April 2021. Our analysis identified 5 areas for effective DTC camera use: technology, patient monitoring, workflows, interpersonal relationships, and infrastructure. Participants described adaptations created to optimize camera use and opportunities for improvement necessary for sustained use. Non-COVID-19 patients tended to decline participation.

Discussion
Deploying DTC cameras on inpatient units required adaptations in many routine processes. Addressing consent, 2-way communication issues, patient privacy, and messaging about video monitoring could help facilitate a nimble rollout. Implementation and dissemination of inpatient video monitoring using DTC cameras requires input from patients and frontline staff.

Conclusions
Given the resources and time it takes to implement a usable camera solution, other health systems might benefit from creating task forces to investigate their use before the next crisis.
Predicting hospitalization of COVID-19 positive patients using clinician-guided machine learning methods
Authors: Song Wenyu , Zhang Linying , Liu Luwei , Sainlaire Michael , Karvar Mehran , Kang Min-Jeoung , Pullman Avery , Lipsitz Stuart , Massaro Anthony , Patil Namrata , Jasuja Ravi , Dykes Patricia C 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a resource-intensive global pandemic. It is important for healthcare systems to identify high-risk COVID-19-positive patients who need timely health care. This study was conducted to predict the hospitalization of older adults who have tested positive for COVID-19.MethodsWe screened all patients with COVID test records from 11 Mass General Brigham hospitals to identify the study population. A total of 1495 patients with age 65 and above from the outpatient setting were included in the final cohort, among which 459 patients were hospitalized. We conducted a clinician-guided, 3-stage feature selection, and phenotyping process using iterative combinations of literature review, clinician expert opinion, and electronic healthcare record data exploration. A list of 44 features, including temporal features, was generated from this process and used for model training. Four machine learning prediction models were developed, including regularized logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, and neural network.ResultsAll 4 models achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) greater than 0.80. Random forest achieved the best predictive performance (AUC = 0.83). Albumin, an index for nutritional status, was found to have the strongest association with hospitalization among COVID positive older adults.ConclusionsIn this study, we developed 4 machine learning models for predicting general hospitalization among COVID positive older adults. We identified important clinical factors associated with hospitalization and observed temporal patterns in our study cohort. Our modeling pipeline and algorithm could potentially be used to facilitate more accurate and efficient decision support for triaging COVID positive patients.
Generalizable prediction of COVID-19 mortality on worldwide patient data
Authors: Edelson Maxim , Kuo Tsung-Ting 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
Predicting Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality for patients is critical for early-stage care and intervention. Existing studies mainly built models on datasets with limited geographical range or size. In this study, we developed COVID-19 mortality prediction models on worldwide, large-scale “sparse” data and on a “dense” subset of the data.

Materials and Methods
We evaluated 6 classifiers, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), AdaBoost (AB), and Naive Bayes (NB). We also conducted temporal analysis and calibrated our models using Isotonic Regression.

Results
The results showed that AB outperformed the other classifiers for the sparse dataset, while LR provided the highest-performing results for the dense dataset (with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, or AUC ≈ 0.7 for the sparse dataset and AUC = 0.963 for the dense one). We also identified impactful features such as symptoms, countries, age, and the date of death/discharge. All our models are well-calibrated (P &gt; .1).

Discussion
Our results highlight the tradeoff of using sparse training data to increase generalizability versus training on denser data, which produces higher discrimination results. We found that covariates such as patient information on symptoms, countries (where the case was reported), age, and the date of discharge from the hospital or death were the most important for mortality prediction.

Conclusion
This study is a stepping-stone towards improving healthcare quality during the COVID-19 era and potentially other pandemics. Our code is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6336231.
Contract Law
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Brazilian contract law is part of the country’s Civil Code that was originally modelled on the German Civil Code of 1900. However, until 2002 the Brazilian Commercial Code of 1850 regulated commercial contracts separately and in a rather liberal way. That Code was revoked in 2002 and commercial contract law became subject to the general contract law as established in the revamped Civil Code of 2002. The new Civil Code emphasized general clauses such as good faith, financial-economic balance, the social functions of contracts, force majeure, excessively burdensome contracts (hardship), thereby fostering ‘corrective justice’ in contract law by facilitating court intervention. This approach is very problematic for businesses, for whom legal certainty is especially important for long-term planning and ‘big ticket’ deals. In 2019 the Law on Economic Freedom was adopted, which seeks to reemphasize party autonomy and pacta sunt servanda. It expressly limits court intervention, thereby facilitating risk allocation and tailor-made interpretation rules in contractual clauses. This chapter focuses on this controversial development and makes comparisons with German and English contract law, whenever appropriate.
Enterprise Law
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When the profoundly revamped Civil Code of 2002 came into force, the Commercial Code of 1850 was revoked and its provisions on partnership law were reformed and integrated into the new Code’s chapter on enterprise law. Thereby, the term ‘commercial’ disappeared from the Code(s). It was to some extent substituted by the expression ‘enterprise law’. However, the CC-2002 does not define an enterprise or business contract. It provides a definition for the terms ‘entrepreneur’ and ‘enterprise’. This makes sense because the Code’s chapter on enterprise law only addresses partnership and company law. Consequently, this chapter will focus on the characteristics of partnerships and limited liability companies. It will analyse these standard forms of business organizations and compare them with the stock corporation, which is regulated in a stand-alone act. Again, the aspect of risk allocation and the robustness of respective contractual clauses in potential conflicts will be a centre piece.
Agency
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Questions of agency regularly arise in the work of commercial practitioners. This book addresses these questions by offering clear and accessible analysis of the main principles and theory of agency law, as well as detailed explanation of the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations of 1993. Forensic analysis of case law is combined with a practical approach to the law which accurately reflects modern commercial realities, considering the application of agency principles according to particular classes of agents operating in the major commercial sectors. Areas discussed include actual and apparent authority of an agent, agency of necessity, want of authority and ratification looking at the legal relations between principal and agent, and between third party as well as the relations between agent and third party, sub-agency and termination of agency. This fourth edition has been updated to include significant new case law and legislation, while also considering its impact on the principles of agency law. This includes how the European Withdrawal Act (2018) will affect English courts’ interpretation of the Regulations, discussion of an agent’s apparent authority with examination of the disputed decision in East Asia Company Ltd v PT Satria Tirtatama Energindo, agents and contractual undertakings in restraint of trade, as well as the distinction between agents, employees and independent contractors with regards to vicarious liability, as exemplified in three Supreme Court decisions, Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society, WM Morrison Supermarkets Plc v Various Claimants and Barclays Bank v Various Claimants.
Termination of Agency
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers both how agencies come to be terminated and the effects of termination of agency. It notes ordinary course of events between principal and agent, wherein an agency will come to an end because the parties so wish it. It also refers to parties whose legal relations derive from agreement that are at liberty to release one another from their obligations. The chapter emphasizes how an agency may be terminated by operation of law if the contract between principal and agent is frustrated or if the principal loses legal capacity through death or supervening mental incapacity. It examines the effects of termination, wherein the rules that obtain at common law to reimburse agents apply to commercial agents operating under the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993.