bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of clinically involved lymph nodes with deformable registration in breast cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Turna Menekse , Rzazade Rashad , Canoğlu Mehmet Doğu , Küçükmorkoç Esra , Küçük Nadir , Çağlar Hale Başak 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Modern radiotherapy (RT) techniques require careful delineation of the target. There is no particular RT contouring guideline for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). In this study, we examined the distribution of pre-chemotherapy clinically positive nodal metastases. Methods: We explored the coverage rate of the RTOG breast contouring guideline by deformable fusion of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan. We retrospectively evaluated neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients. All PET-CT images were imported into the planning software. We combined the planning CT and the CT images of PET-CT with rigid and then a deformable registration. We manually contoured positive lymph nodes on the CT component of the PET-CT data set and transferred them to planning CT after fusion. We evaluated whether previously contoured lymphatic CTVs, according to the RTOG breast atlas, include GTV-LNs. Results: All breast cancer patients between October 2018 and February 2021 were evaluated from the electronic database. There were 142 radiologically defined positive lymph nodes in 31 patients who were irradiated after NACT. Most LNs (70%) were in the level I axilla. Only 71.1% (n:101) of the whole lymph nodes in 10 patients were totally covered, 22.5% (n:32) partially covered and 6.4% %(n:9) totally undercovered. Conclusions: The extent of regional nodal areas in the RTOG atlas may be insufficient to cover positive lymph nodes adequately. For patients with nodal involvement undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, PET-CT image fusions can be helpful to be sure that positive lymph nodes are in the treatment volume. Advances in knowledge: RTOG contouring atlas may be insufficient to cover all involved lymph nodes after NACT. For patients with nodal involvement undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, PET-CT image fusions may help to be sure that positive lymph nodes are in the treatment volume.
ATM technique - a novel radiographic technique to assess the position of buccal shelf implants
Authors: Prasad Arya S , Sivakumar Arvind 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Success of the buccal shelf implants depends on its proper placement. Radiographic techniques like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), posteroanterior cephalogram (PA cephalogram) have been used to evaluate the position of buccal shelf implant placement. However, these techniques have disadvantages like increased radiation exposure, metal artifact, less availability in dental offices and are more expensive. The aim of Arvind’s Trans Mandibular (ATM) technique is to overcome this drawback by using an intraoral periapical radiograph (IOPA) film or radiovisiography (RVG) sensor to assess the post-operative placement of buccal shelf implants. Methods: Radiographs were taken for four patients after the placement of buccal shelf implants. The IOPA sensor was placed beneath the lower border of the mandible using this modified extraoral technique to assess the position of the buccal shelf implants in relation to the adjacent molars. The findings from the IOPA image were verified with CBCT images. Results: The radiographic images taken using ATM technique were compared with the gold-standard CBCT technique. The ATM technique was able to accurately assess the postoperative buccolingual position of the implant with respect to the roots of molars in all the four cases. The proximity of the implant to the roots of the molar can be clearly visualized in all the cases. Conclusions: ATM is a novel radiographic technique using IOPA radiographic film or RVG sensor to assess the post-operative buccolingual placement of buccal shelf implants in relation to lower molar roots.
Working Paper 2: Multistakeholder initiatives to combat money laundering and bribery
Authors: Pieth Mark 
Published: January 2022

Intensified economic globalisation has had positive and negative effects. It has left nation states struggling to deal with the negative fall-out. National regulation against abuses has, however, proven increasingly ineffective, especially since companies have the freedom to move their hazardous activities to under-regulated areas.
States have stepped up cooperation and coordination on a bilateral as well as a multilateral basis: international organisations and treaties become more and more relevant to the regulation of international trade relations. However, the traditional instruments of international law are frequently considered too cumbersome and slow.
Increasingly international law is created by unconventional means: ‘task forces’ prove to be far more expedient, since they prefer ‘soft law’ to treaty law. Political enforcement by peer-pressure becomes more relevant than by juridical instruments (e.g. courts and tribunals). Furthermore, regulation goes well beyond law-making by legislators and government bodies; non-state actors contribute extensively, especially in the area of regulating international trade relations.
Working Paper 8: The recovery of stolen assets
Authors: Attisso Kodjo 
Published: January 2022

The recovery of stolen assets is a fundamental principle of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). By including this element in the said Convention, the international community recognizes the negative impacts on countries and populations deprived of the billions of dollars that are diverted each year by their corrupt leaders and public officials.
The confiscation and restitution of these illicitly acquired funds may benefit affected, generally poor, countries in urgent need of resources to finance, for example, social programs or infrastructural projects. As these assets are essential for the well-being of the population, their repatriation can thus contribute to repairing the damage caused by the embezzlement.
This paper intends to analyze the way in which fundamental human rights are susceptible to being violated by the illegal acquisition of personal wealth; these are essentially economic, social and cultural rights. Furthermore, the paper tries to identify who the victims are. It shows not only the necessity of punishing the perpetrators of corrupt practices but also underlines the need to guarantee that their fundamental rights, such as the presumption of innocence and the guarantee of property rights, are respected in the process of asset recovery.
Approaching the issue of asset recovery with a human rights perspective it becomes clear that asset recovery is a process whereby it is essential to respect not only the victims’ interests but also to preserve the rights of all persons concerned.
Working Paper 19: High Level Reporting Mechanisms in Colombia and Ukraine
Authors: Wehrle Frédéric 
Published: January 2022

The responsibility for governments to address bribe solicitation derives from internationally recognised anticorruption standards all of which prohibit the ‘demand side’ of bribery, namely, the solicitation by a public official of an undue advantage.
So far however, most governmental anti-bribery efforts have focused on the offering or giving of bribes by companies and their employees. They have neglected practical solutions to support companies that are faced with explicit or implicit demands for bribes when dealing with public administrations, for example in the context of public contracts, business licensing or tax audits. Unless they pay these bribes, companies may risk losing business or face obstructions to doing business.
The concept of high level reporting mechanisms (HLRM) has been devised to help address this gap experienced by companies that are solicited for bribes or subject to other forms of extortion and unfair treatment. Two countries have pioneered the concept so far, namely Colombia and Ukraine.
This paper describes the underlying purpose and principles of the HLRM, reviews how this was translated into national mechanisms in these countries, and offers some initial comments on the lessons learned.
Working Paper 25: High Level Reporting Mechanisms
Authors: Aiolfi Gemma , Silva Valeria 
Published: January 2022

This report discusses the different contexts and processes through which a High Level Reporting Mechanism (HLRM) has been designed and implemented in Colombia, Ukraine, Panama and Argentina, as well as initial interest in the HLRM model in Peru.
Its aim is to understand the specificities of each case and draw lessons applicable to future projects in other countries, whilst respecting the commitment to develop an HLRM that takes account of the specific country’s context.
Working Paper 32: Private-sector engagement in the fight against illegal wildlife trade
Authors: Wannenwetsch Scarlet , Aiolfi Gemma 
Published: January 2022

This working paper explores efforts by and with private-sector organisations to combat the multibillion-dollar illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and/or strengthen their resistance to IWT risks, with a focus on the East Africa – Southeast Asia trading chain.
There is widespread and growing awareness of the need for greater involvement of the private sector in efforts to prevent IWT. The transport and financial industries are the most clearly affected: the illegal products are usually trafficked via commercial land, sea and air transport services, and financial transactions take place via regulated financial services providers and the global banking system.
For their part, companies are starting to perceive of IWT not just as a conservation issue, and therefore confined to corporate social responsibility departments, but in terms of the risks this illegal trade presents to their business. These risks are tightly intertwined with other risks, particularly corruption and security.
Current multi-stakeholder initiatives aimed specifically at tackling industry-specific IWT risks show great promise to create a virtuous circle of engagement and action, but are still in their infant stages. Challenges include getting all relevant stakeholders around the table and building a strong business case for engagement that takes into account companies' specific risks and needs. At the moment, key industry sectors remain unrepresented and will therefore act as a weak link that wildlife traffickers can exploit.
Companies' levels of engagement in multi-stakeholder initiatives vary wildly and most are still unclear as to which departments and job functions are the most relevant in this sphere. Action is often ad-hoc and driven by individual "champions", and funding is neither adequate nor sustainable.
Lastly, there is clearly difficulty in moving from commitment to action, in other words for companies to not only sign commitments on paper but operationalise them. Clearer monitoring and evaluation mechanisms would help to increase accountability in this regard.
A basic but major identified need is for more reliable, targeted and actionable information and intelligence on IWT, to enable companies to take informed internal measures, co-develop industry guidelines and effect real systems change. This can best be achieved through mechanisms that allow all stakeholders to pool information and resources in pursuit of their common goals.
These challenges echo some of the challenges addressed over the years by Collective Action initiatives focused on tackling shared corruption challenges.
This similarity, as well as the strong links between corruption and IWT, means that practitioners can benefit from lessons learned from anti-corruption Collective Action initiatives and do not need to reinvent the wheel.
Working Paper 37: The Green Corruption paradox
Authors: Grossmann Juhani , Suryandari Taradhinta , Halida Rizka 
Published: January 2022

This Working Paper details the findings of a survey of Indonesians’ perceptions of corruption, the economy and the environment in July 2021.
The survey was a joint initiative of the Green Corruption team at the Basel Institute on Governance and leading Indonesian pollster Lembaga Survei Indonesia (LSI). It consisted of a national public opinion survey covering 2,580 respondents and in-depth interviews with 30 private-sector representatives working in various natural resource sectors.
The survey reveals what we call the Green Corruption paradox: Conflicting, and arguably mutually exclusive, views on all three topics can co-exist. Despite seeing the presence of and being deeply concerned about corruption and environmental degradation, people tend to focus on livelihoods when times are hard.
People also, according to the survey data, favour economic structures that appear to channel the benefits of natural resource utilisation more directly to citizens. In Indonesia, this means rejecting private companies – particularly foreign-owned – in favour of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and people’s cooperatives.
The report ends with five key recommendations that can inform Indonesian policy and the interventions of donors and civil society organisations concerned with conservation, anti-corruption and sustainable development.
This research was made possible with the generous support of the American people through the USAID CEGAH programme.
Does the impact of medical publications vary by disease indication and publication type? An exploration using a novel, value-based, publication metric framework: the EMPIRE Index
Authors: Rees Tomas , Pal Avishek 
Published: January 2022

Background: The EMPIRE (EMpirical Publication Impact and Reach Evaluation) Index is a value-based, multi-component metric framework to assess the impact of medical publications in terms of relevance to different stakeholders. It comprises three component scores (social, scholarly and societal impact), each incorporating related altmetrics that indicate a different aspect of engagement with the publication. Here, we present an exploratory investigation of whether publication types or disease indications influence EMPIRE Index scores. Methods: Article-level metrics were extracted and EMPIRE Index scores were calculated for 5825 journal articles published from 1 May 2017 to 1 May 2018, representing 12 disease indications (chosen to reflect a wide variety of common and rare diseases with a variety of aetiologies) and five publication types. Results: There were significant differences in scores between article types and disease indications. Median (95% CI) social and scholarly impact scores ranged from 1.2 (0.3–1.6) to 4.8 (3.1–6.6), respectively, for phase 3 clinical trials, and from 0.3 (0.3–0.4) to 2.3 (1.9–2.6), respectively, for observational studies. Social and scholarly impact scores were highest for multiple sclerosis publications and lowest for non-small cell lung cancer publications. Systematic reviews achieved greater impact than regular reviews. Median trends in the social impact of different disease areas matched the level of public interest as assessed through Google search interest. Although most articles did not register societal impact, mean societal impact scores were highest for migraine publications. Conclusions: The EMPIRE Index successfully identified differences in impact by disease area and publication type, which supports the notion that the impact of each publication needs to be evaluated in the context of these factors, and potentially others. These findings should be considered when using the EMPIRE Index to assess publication impact.
Adolescencia y homosexualidad en las series de ficción: análisis narrativo de Esta mierda me supera y A Million Little Things
Authors: Martínez Natalia , Cuenca Orellana Nerea 
Published: January 2022

En las últimas dos décadas, las nuevas vías en las cuales se proyectan las series de ficción, tales como Internet y las plataformas Video On Demand (vod), han abierto el abanico de las representaciones de género. La inclusión de personajes lgbtq+ tanto protagónicos como secundarios en la narrativa serial parece estar superada. El presente trabajo ofrece un análisis de dos series de televisión recientes con personajes adolescentes homosexuales: A Million Little Things (abc, 2018) y Esta mierda me supera (I Am Not Okay with This, Netflix, 2020). Con la finalidad de observar el tratamiento que se da a estos personajes, se realizó un análisis narrativo desde el punto de vista de la dimensión psicológica. Los resultados demuestran ciertas diferencias de género en las representaciones de adolescentes lesbianas y gays, pero, en definitiva, ofrecen nuevos y positivos retratos de la homosexualidad alejados de estereotipos, que dan más visibilidad al colectivo lgbtq+ y brindan una mayor aceptación por parte de la audiencia.
Sex-based Variations in Clinical Manifestations, Co-morbidities, and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients in Baghdad, Iraq, 2020
Authors: Ali Nameer A. , Lami Faris , Salman Munir 
Published: January 2022

Background: Although it was reported that a higher percentage of the confirmed COVID-19 cases were males. the differences between males and females in clinical manifestations, comorbidities, severity, and outcome remain an area of active investigation.
Objective: To compare the clinical features, comorbidities, severity, and outcome between male and female COVID-19 patients, Baghdad, Iraq, 2020.
Methods: A records-based cross-sectional study was conducted by extracting sociodemographic, clinical manifestations, severity, and outcome data from the records of COVID- 19 patients admitted to two COVID-19 hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq during June through August 2020.
Results: The total number of patients was 2111; males were 1175 (55.7%). The mean patients’ age was 49.6 (±16.4) years with no significant difference between males and females (P=0.240). Respiratory symptoms, sore throat and gastrointestinal manifestations were significantly more common among females (90.5%; P= .034), (14.0%; P=.022), and (11.5%; P=.002), respectively. Males had significantly higher “other” manifestations (5.6%; P=0.024). No significant difference was noted for fever, nasal congestion, conjunctival congestion, headache, and musculoskeletal manifestations (P>0.05). Generally, female patients had a significantly higher proportion of comorbidities compared to males (42.7% vs 36.0%; P=0.002). The proportion of severe cases among males was 28.7% compared to 27.8% among females (P>0.05). Also, the critical cases were seen in 22.3% of males compared to 20.9% of females (P>0.05). The mean time from diagnosis to the outcome was 11.4±6.9 days; it was significantly longer in females (P=.034) while the meantime taken for hospital stay was 7.0±5.1days with no significant difference between males and females (P=0.476). The overall case fatality ratio was 14.8% (313/2111); it was higher in males (16.1%) than females (13.2%) (P= .202).
Conclusion: Gender affects the clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 patients. Male patients may need more attention considering the higher case fatality ratio.
Spectral and temporal behavior of a quasi-collinear AOTF in response to acoustic pulses: simulations and experiments
Authors: Arellanes Adan Omar , Quintard Véronique , Pérennou André 
Published: January 2022

This paper is dedicated to the study of an AOTF whose selectivity and side lobes are controlled thanks to acoustic square pulses with different and relatively low acoustic power. The behavior of the transmission function of a quasi-collinear acousto-optical tunable filter in

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is analyzed. The filter is used with acoustic pulses above 12 µs to manipulate the selectivity and with an electric power up to 600 mW to control the side lobes of the filtered spectrum. Using acoustic pulses requires working under a regime of a long optical pulse. The temporal response of the filter was considered to find the best parameters to perform the experiments. The selectivity was controlled from 1.3 nm to 2.5 nm with the use of acoustic pulses. The manipulation of the acoustic power applied to the filter improved the performance of the side lobe levels in regards to the main one from

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Anwendungsszenarien für AR in der Produktion: Use Cases und Technologielösungen
Authors: Deppe Sahar , Brünninghaus Marc , Voit Michael , Röcker Carsten 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungMit der steigenden Leistungsfähigkeit von mobilen Computern und Anzeigegeräten hat sich die Nutzung von Augmented-Reality-Technologien in den letzten zehn Jahren verstärkt. Augmented Reality (AR) ist eine Technik, die es den Nutzern ermöglicht, mit ihrer physischen Umgebung durch die Überlagerung digitaler Informationen zu interagieren. Diese Technologie hebt bestimmte Merkmale der physischen Welt hervor, verbessert das Verständnis für diese Merkmale und bietet intelligente und zugängliche Einblicke. AR-Anwendungen haben das Potenzial, enorme Auswirkungen auf Branchen wie Produktion, Medizin, Forschung, Ausbildung und Unterhaltung zu bewirken. Der Fokus dieses Artikels liegt auf den AR-Anwendungen im Bereich der Produktion, die vor allem in den Bereichen Montage, Reparatur, Diagnose und Schulung eingesetzt werden. Außerdem werden die Effektivität und Effizienz von AR-Technologien in diesem Bereich anhand von vier dieser Anwendungen vorgestellt.
Defining clinical trial quality from the perspective of resource-limited settings: A qualitative study based on interviews with investigators, sponsors, and monitors conducting clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: De Pretto-Lazarova Angela , Fuchs Claudia , van Eeuwijk Peter , Burri Christian 
Published: January 2022

Background
Increasing clinical trial cost and complexity, as well as a high waste of clinical trial investment over the past decades, have changed the way clinical trial quality is managed. Recent evidence has highlighted that the lack of a clear clinical trial quality definition may have contributed to previous inefficiencies. This study aims to support the understanding of what clinical trial quality entails from the perspective of resource-limited settings.

Methodology/Principal findings
We conducted 46 semi-structured interviews involving investigators, sponsors, and monitors with experience in conducting clinical trials in 27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The questionnaire addressed the overall meaning of clinical trial quality and a conclusive clinical trial quality definition, as well as specific aspects of resource-limited settings across the clinical trial process. We held the interviews either in person, via Skype or by phone. They were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and we performed the analysis using The Framework Method. The analysis of clinical trial quality definitions resulted in 11 elements, which were summarised into a clinical trial quality concept consisting of two components: 1) clinical trial quality building factors (Scientific factors and Moral factors) and 2) promoting factors (Context adaptation; Infrastructure; Partnership; Operational excellence; Quality system). 12 resource-limited settings specific themes were identified. These themes were all categorised under the promoting factors "Context adaptation", "Infrastructure", and "Partnership".

Conclusions/Significance
We found that in order to enable comprehensive clinical trial quality management, clinical trial quality should be defined by a multidimensional concept that includes not only scientific and ethical, but also quality-promoting factors. Such a concept is of general relevance and not limited to clinical trials in resource-limited settings, where it naturally carries particular weight. In addition, from the perspective of sub-Saharan Africa, we identified specific categories that appear to be critical for the conduct of clinical trials in resource-limited settings, and we propose respective changes to a particular existing clinical trial quality framework (i.e., INQUIRE).