bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing visions: schooling the nation and the “revolt” at the Ockenden Tibetan school
Authors: Choedup Ugyan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article examines the incident of a “revolt” in the Ockenden Tibetan refugee school in the early 1960s. By analyzing this previously unknown incident of “revolt” in the Tibetan refugee school within the broader historical context of early years in exile, this article aims to underline the contested and contingent process of nation-building in exile. I argue that the Ockenden incident, as forgotten fragments of the Tibetan past, provides us a rare glimpse into the early history of contestation over the production of national history and discourse on Tibet, where exiled Bonpos, a non-Buddhist minority, attempted to renegotiate their marginality by producing alternative history and discourse on Tibet. By focusing on the history of the Ockenden incident as a forgotten fragment from the exile Tibetan past, this article aims to decenter the teleology of Tibetan nationalism by bringing to light one of the unrealized alternative future agendas different groups of exiled Tibetans had in those early moments of discursive formation.
Authigenic Formation of Clay Minerals in the Abyssal North Pacific
Authors: Steiner Zvi , Rae James W. B. , Berelson William M. , Adkins Jess F. , Hou Yi , Dong Sijia , Lampronti Giulio I. , Liu Xuewu , Achterberg Eric P. , Subhas Adam V. , Turchyn Alexandra V. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPresent estimates of the biogeochemical cycles of calcium, strontium, and potassium in the ocean reveal large imbalances between known input and output fluxes. Using pore fluid, incubation, and solid sediment data from North Pacific multi‐corer cores we show that, contrary to the common paradigm, the top centimeters of abyssal sediments can be an active site of authigenic precipitation of clay minerals. In this region, clay authigenesis is the dominant sink for potassium and strontium and consumes nearly all calcium released from benthic dissolution of calcium carbonates. These observations support the idea that clay authigenesis occurring over broad regions of the world ocean may be a major buffer for ocean chemistry on the time scale of the ocean overturning circulation, and key to the long‐term stability of Earth's climate.
Water Balance in Alpine Catchments by Sentinel Data
Authors: Perico R. , Brunner P. , Frattini P. , Crosta G. B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA comprehensive and reliable water balance of snow‐dominated alpine catchments is required for a holistic analysis of the hydrological and hydrogeological processes. A major limitation to the elaboration of this balance in alpine terrain is the difficulty of data acquisition as well as the limited presence of meteorological stations. Remotely sensed data can provide valuable information for the water balance assessment on a regional scale. We exploited Sentinel‐satellite data to estimate the groundwater storage for one hydrologic year in an extensive Alpine catchment located in northern Italy by means of the residual water balance approach. In particular, Evapotranspiration (ET) and Snow Water Equivalent were estimated with the combined use of Sentinel data, at a spatial resolution of 20 and 30 m, respectively. The results show that the adopted satellite‐based methods allow obtaining consistent and physically realistic values to describe the groundwater storage dynamics. In the period 2018–2020, a positive storage occurred only during the snowmelt period and the overall storage was negative, leading to a net lowering of the groundwater level in the floodplain. In addition, the influence of physiographic parameters (altitude, slope, and aspect) and seasonality on the estimates of ET and snow‐depth were investigated.
Effect of Amplitude and Duration of Cyclic Loading on Frictional Sliding Instability in Granular Media: Implication to Earthquake Triggering of Landslides
Authors: Hu Wei , Luo Hui , Xu Qiang , McSaveney Mauri , Huang Runqiu , Zheng Jie , Wang Yujie , Jia Xiaoping 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStrong earthquakes with larger magnitude and longer durations trigger many landslides, however, how magnitude and duration affect landslides is still unclear. Many factors could contribute to this, including additional shear stress provided by strong ground motion, or “seismogenic liquefaction”; herein, we hypothesize that the dynamic weakening of sliding zone gouge is important. We explored the influence of earthquake magnitude and duration on landslide triggering by simulating the seismic response of sliding zone gouge using a dynamic ring‐shear device and glass spheres. The experiments showed that vibration with larger amplitudes and longer durations more easily trigger deformation and even instability in dry granular materials. We used a dynamic triaxial‐bender system to find that the shear modulus of these materials decreased with the increase in duration and amplitude of cyclic loading. We suggest that this universal decrease in shear modulus is an important landslide‐trigger mechanism. Our results revealed how magnitude and duration of earthquakes affect co‐seismic landslides and why earthquakes with larger magnitude and long durations can trigger more co‐seismic landslides.
Power‐Law Viscoelastic Flow of the Lower Accretionary Prism in the Makran Subduction Zone Following the 2013 Baluchistan Earthquake
Authors: Cheng Guo , Barnhart William D. , Li Shaoyang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSubduction zone accretionary prisms are commonly modeled as elastic structures where permanent deformation is accommodated by faulting and folding of otherwise elastic materials, yet accretionary prisms may exhibit other deformation styles over relatively short time scales. In this study, we use 6.5‐year (2014–2021) Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time‐series of post‐seismic deformation in the Makran accretionary prism of southeast Pakistan to characterize non‐linear viscoelastic deformation within an active accretionary prism on short timescales (months to years). We constructed a series of 3‐D finite‐element models of the Makran subduction zone, including an accretionary prism, and constrained the elastic thickness of the upper wedge and the flow‐law parameters (power‐law exponent, activation enthalpy, and pre‐exponential constant) of the lower wedge through forward model fits to the InSAR time‐series. Our results show that the prism is elastically thin (8–12 km) and the non‐linear viscoelastic relaxation of the deep portions of the prism alone can sufficiently explain the post‐seismic surface deformation. Our best fitting flow‐law parameters (n = 3.76 ± 0.39, Q = 82.2 ± 37.73 kJ mol−1, and A = 10−3.36±4.69) are consistent with triggering of low temperature dislocation creep within fluid‐saturated siliciclastic rocks. We believe that the fluids necessary for this weakening originate from sedimentary underplating and/or the presence the hydrocarbons. The presence of power‐law rheology within the lower wedge impacts the estimated plate coupling and the stress state in the subduction system, with respect to the conventional elastic wedge model, and hence should to be considered in future earthquake cycle models.
Alpine Fault‐Related Microstructures and Anisotropy of the Mantle Beneath the Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors: Shao Yilun , Prior David J. , Scott James M. , Kidder Steven B. , Negrini Marianne 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMantle xenoliths from the Southern Alps, New Zealand, provide insight into the origin of mantle seismic anisotropy related to the Australian‐Pacific plate boundary. Most xenoliths from within 100 km lateral distance of the Alpine Fault are coarse grained, but a small number are finer grained protomylonites. The protomylonites contain connected networks of fine grains with a different crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) to coarse porphyroclasts in the same xenolith, suggesting that protomylonites and coarse‐grained samples record different deformation kinematics. The CPOs of fine grains in protomylonites have monoclinic symmetry, with the 2‐fold rotation axis normal to a plane that contains olivine [010] and orthopyroxene [100] maxima, suggesting that the protomylonite deformation involved significant simple shear. Some coarse‐grained samples contain unconnected lenses and layers of fine grains with the same CPO as the coarse grains. Microstructures suggest that these fine grains formed by subgrain rotation recrystallization and that protomylonites may represent an up‐strain progression of this microstructure, where the connectivity of fine grains has allowed them to localize shear and develop a new Alpine Fault CPO. The samples tell us about the state of the mantle at 25 Ma, in the early history of the plate boundary. If this suite of samples is representative of the mantle beneath the Alpine Fault in the present day, then we can interpret the complex seismic anisotropy patterns in the lithospheric mantle as representative of blocks containing variably rotated older CPOs juxtaposed by narrow shear zones associated with Alpine Fault deformation.
Imaging of Small‐Scale Heterogeneity and Absorption Using Adjoint Envelope Tomography: Results From Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Zhang Tuo , Sens‐Schönfelder Christoph , Epple Niklas , Niederleithinger Ernst 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo complement the information provided by deterministic seismic imaging at length scales above a certain resolution limit we present the first application of adjoint envelope tomography (AET) to experimental data. AET uses the full envelopes of seismic records including scattered coda waves to obtain information about the distribution of absorption and small‐scale heterogeneity which provide complementary information about the investigated medium. Being below the resolution limit this small‐scale structure cannot be resolved by conventional tomography but still affects wave propagation by attenuating ballistic waves and generating scattered waves. Using ultrasound data from embedded sensors in a meter‐sized concrete specimen we image the distribution of absorption and heterogeneity expressed by the intrinsic quality factor Q−1 and the fluctuation strength ɛ that characterizes the strength of the heterogeneity. The forward problem is solved by modeling the 2‐D multiple nonisotropic scattering in an acoustic medium with spatially variable heterogeneity and attenuation using the Monte‐Carlo method. Gradients for the model updates are obtained by convolution with the back‐propagated envelope misfit using the adjoint formalism in analogy to full waveform inversion. We use a late coda time window to invert for absorption and an earlier time window to infer the distribution of heterogeneity. The results successfully locate an area of salt concrete with increased scattering and concentric anomalies of intrinsic attenuation. The resolution test shows that the recovered anomalies constitute reasonable representations of internal structure of the specimen.
Cascading Delays in the Monsoon Rice Growing Season and Postmonsoon Agricultural Fires Likely Exacerbate Air Pollution in North India
Authors: Liu T. , Mickley L. J. , Patel P. N. , Gautam R. , Jain M. , Singh S. , Balwinder‐Singh  , DeFries R. S. , Marlier M. E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, smoke aerosols from crop residue burning have increasingly degraded postmonsoon (October‐November) air quality in north India. We use satellite data and atmospheric modeling to investigate whether cascading delays in monsoon rice growth and postmonsoon fires over 2003–2019 have exacerbated the already poor urban air quality downwind of the fires. Beginning in 2008, a government effort to combat groundwater depletion in Punjab mandated rice sowing until closer to the arrival of monsoon rains. We find evidence of district‐level delays in the timing of both monsoon rice growth and postmonsoon fires, which vary from 1 to 4 weeks with largely an east‐west gradient. These delays are correlated spatially (r = 0.51–0.77), with northern and western districts in Punjab, which rely less on groundwater for irrigation, tending to have the greatest delays. Had the delays in fire activity not occurred, we estimate that cities downwind and near the fire source would have consistently seen less smoke‐related fine particulate matter (PM2.5), on average ranging from 11% to 21% for New Delhi, Bathinda, and Jind during 2008–2019. This net benefit of earlier postmonsoon burning could have been even larger given that (a) a longer rice‐to‐wheat transition could incentivize farmers to find alternatives to burning crop residues; and (b) background PM2.5 is less abundant earlier in the season, decreasing the likelihood of extreme pollution episodes. Strategies aiming to mitigate air pollution while conserving groundwater may be more effective by promoting an earlier monsoon growing season in districts with less groundwater depletion.
Full‐Tracking Algorithm for Convective Thunderstorm System From Initiation to Complete Dissipation
Authors: Yin Jianhua , Pan Zengxin , Rosenfeld Daniel , Mao Feiyue , Zang Lin , Zhu Yannian , Hu Jiaxi , Chen Jiangping , Gong Jianya 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAccurate tracking of all components (including core, anvil, and cirrus) of deep convective systems (DCSs) throughout their lifecycle is key to quantifying their impacts on radiative forcing, especially of the anvil and cirrus. Here, a new Full‐tracking Algorithm for Convective Thunderstorm System is developed based on geostationary satellite. It successfully tracks DCSs starting from the initial core to complete dissipation of cirrus detrained from them, and integrates all the related components that split from the initial convective core into a whole DCS. Results show that more than half of the tracked DCSs experience splitting evolutions, with an average of eight sub‐cores during their lifetime. With tracking cirrus generated by DCSs, the lifetime of DCSs is lengthened by up to 10 hr, and their area is enlarged by 16% on average. Generally, long‐lived DCSs have lower cloud top temperature, greater rainfall, and larger area, with more frequent splitting evolutions than short‐lived DCSs. Additionally, DCSs always reach their peaks within 6 hr after initiation regardless of their lifetime. This paper provides a basis for further quantifying the evolution of DCS properties, their impacts on the global radiation budget, and the water cycle in the climate system.
The Origin of the Fracture Networks in the Mudstones of Gale Crater Mars; Their Implications Regarding the State of Stress and Fluid Pressure During Their Formation and the Depth to Which They Were Buried
Authors: Cosgrove John W. , Banham Steven G. , Gupta Sanjeev , Barnes Robert 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe aim of this article is to establish what can be determined about conditions on Mars during the formation of the fractures and veins that characterize the mudstones which crops out in Gale crater, and to determine whether these rocks represent superficial, alluvial deposits which have remained close to the surface or whether they have been subjected to significant burial and compaction. Spectacular, close‐up images of the fracture and vein networks on horizontal bedding planes reveal their geometries in great detail and this facilitates fracture analysis, a technique that can be used to determine the order in which the various fractures were formed and the stress field operating during their formation. The veins and their textures give an indication of the mechanism of formation of the fractures and of the possible role of high fluid pressures. In addition, the geometry of the veins when viewed in a vertical section can be used to indicate the amount of compaction that the mudstones have experienced which can be used to estimate the minimum depth of burial that has occurred.
Magnetic Evidence for an Extended Hydrogen Exosphere at Mercury
Authors: Schmid D. , Lammer H. , Plaschke F. , Vorburger A. , Erkaev N. V. , Wurz P. , Narita Y. , Volwerk M. , Baumjohann W. , Anderson B. J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRemote observations by the Mariner 10 and MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEophysics, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft have shown the existence of hydrogen in the exosphere of Mercury. However, to date the hydrogen number densities could only be estimated indirectly from exospheric models, based on the remotely observed Lyman‐α radiances for atomic H, and the detection threshold of the Mariner 10 occultation experiment for molecular H2. Here, we show the first on‐site determined altitude‐density profile of atomic H, derived from in situ magnetic field observations by MESSENGER. The results reveal an extended H exosphere with densities that are ∼1–2 orders of magnitude larger than previously predicted. Using an exospheric model that reproduces the H altitude‐density profile allows us to constrain the so far unknown H2 density at the surface, which is ∼2–3 orders of magnitude smaller than previously assumed. These findings demonstrate the importance of (a) in situ measurements supporting remote observations of Mercury's exosphere that will be realized in the near future by the BepiColombo mission and (b) that dissociation processes play a crucial role in Mercury's exosphere.
Daily Dynamo Electric Fields Derived by Using Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crests of the Total Electron Content
Authors: Cheng Ching‐Chung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Lin Charles C. H. , Cheng Yin‐Chen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLatitudinal distances between the two equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests in total electron content (TEC) of global ionosphere map (GIM) are used to derive the daily dynamo eastward electric field by comparing the eastward electric field calculated by ROCSAT‐1 vertical ion velocity in four seasons. The electric fields derived by the EIA crests of GIM TEC, ROCSAT‐1 ion velocity, and the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observations at Jicamarca are generally in good agreement in longitudes and seasons. Meanwhile, the electric fields derived by the EIA crests agree well with those by ROCSAT‐1, FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2, and Jicamarca ISR on individual days. A long‐term study of the GIM‐TEC crest distance reveals obvious solar activity dependency of the daily dynamo electric field during 1999–2020. These agreements confirm that the EIA crest can be used to derive the daily eastward dynamo electric field and the associated vertical ion velocity which is responsible to the strength of equatorial plasma fountain and the latitudinal extend of the EIA. Moreover, the vertical ion velocity derived by the GIM‐TEC crest distance is further used to improve the SAMI2 model for space weather applications.
ICESat‐2 Based River Surface Slope and Its Impact on Water Level Time Series From Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Scherer Daniel , Schwatke Christian , Dettmering Denise , Seitz Florian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe water surface slope (WSS) of rivers is essential for estimating flow velocity and discharge. It is also helpful as a correction applied to range measurements of satellite altimetry missions to derive water level time series at a virtual station. Using radar altimetry, WSS can only be roughly estimated and is limited to wide rivers because of its coarse spatiotemporal resolution. In contrast, the lidar sensor onboard Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat‐2) can also observe small rivers. Using ICESat‐2's unique measurement geometry with six parallel laser beams, we derive instantaneous WSS along and across the satellite's ground track, time‐variable WSS (with an average of 5 days of records in the studied epoch between October 2018 and October 2021), and average WSS on reach‐scale. Although the method can be applied globally, this study is limited to 815 reaches in Europe and North America where sufficient validation data is available. We compare the ICESat‐2 WSS with time‐variable WSS derived from multiple gauges and constant data from the “SWOT River Database.” For 89% of the studied reaches, ICESat‐2 can be used to estimate the average WSS with a median absolute error of 23 mm/km. We also show the possible performance gain at multiple virtual stations (VS) in the “Database for Hydrological Time Series of Inland Waters” (https://dahiti.dgfi.tum.de), applying the WSS as a correction for altimetry satellites' ground track variability. We correct 137 VS for the derived ICESat‐2 WSS and yield improvements in the root mean square error by up to 30 cm or 66%.
PIK3CA mutations are associated with pathologic complete response rate to neoadjuvant pyrotinib and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Shi Qiyun , Xuhong Juncheng , Luo Tao , Ge Jia , Liu Feng , Lan Yang , Chen Qingqiu , Tang Peng , Fan Linjun , Chen Li , Liang Yan , Wang Minghao , Hu Ying , Zhang Yi , Bian Xiuwu , Qi Xiaowei , Jiang Jun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundNeoadjuvant treatment with a dual anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) blockade with pyrotinib and trastuzumab has been shown to be effective for HER2-positive breast cancer.MethodsThe genomic characteristics of 425 cancer-related genes from the archived tumour blocks of 50 patients enrolled in a prospective neoadjuvant pyrotinib and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy clinical trial (ChiCTR1900022293) were assessed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The relationship between tumour biomarkers and the postoperative pathological complete response (pCR) were explored.ResultsForty-five patients completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and final surgery, of which 26 (58%) achieved a pCR. Among all driver gene mutations, PIK3CA mutation was screened out for having a significant relationship with the treatment response. The pCR rate of patients with wild-type PIK3CA was significantly higher than patients with mutated PIK3CA (80.8% vs. 26.3%;P = 0.00057), and remained significant after a multiple comparison adjustment (Padjusted = 0.024). We further evaluated the predictive value with logistic regression model of clinical features, genetic biomarkers or both, an AUC of 0.912 (95% CI: 0.827−0.997) was achieved in the integrated model.ConclusionsOur data suggest that HER2-positive breast cancers with activating mutations in PIK3CA are less likely to benefit from pyrotinib combined with trastuzumab neoadjuvant therapy.
Bottom-up assembly of viral replication cycles
Authors: Staufer Oskar , Gantner Gösta , Platzman Ilia , Tanner Klaus , Berger Imre , Spatz Joachim P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBottom-up synthetic biology provides new means to understand living matter by constructing minimal life-like systems. This principle can also be applied to study infectious diseases. Here we summarize approaches and ethical considerations for the bottom-up assembly of viral replication cycles.