bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling for Germplasm Collections
Authors: Namkoong Gene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The person who samples for germplasm collections occupies a very narrow temporal interface between the genetic resources that history has left as our endowment, and the potential uses of those resources with which we endow the future. It is a narrow interface because the genetic resource is eroding rapidly, and because our future needs are large and unpredictable. Given the structural complexity of most plant populations and the many possible ways that they may be used in the future, it is obviously impossible to prescribe simple, optimal sampling schemes for all species. However, a single unstructured sample of modest size would be sufficient for a species that is structured simply. Such a species would have to be structured homogeneously with complete inbreeding or with independently and uniformly distributed alleles in Hardy–Weinberg genotypic frequencies. Future breeders would have to reassemble any allelic combinations. If specific alleles were identified as useful, the needed sample number might be smaller than if the allelic distribution was heterogeneous and unknown in the population and if the potential uses of many such alleles were uncertain. Unfortunately, we are usually in the latter position with respect to what is presently known about frequencies and distributions. We are often ignorant of which alleles are desirable at specific loci. Even for primary grain crops, little is known of which populations to target for sampling and enhancement for future development in breeding programs. For less-studied plant species, it is necessary to consider the biological problem of how alleles are distributed in populations and the kinds of collections that might be useful to future conservators, breeders, or other users. Nevertheless, it is possible to derive some bounds for requisite sample sizes, despite the complex factors that influence sampling design.
Intracellular Calcium Dynamics, Cell Development, and Stress Tolerance
Authors: Polito Vito S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ and regulation of cell Ca2+ play important roles in cell development and in the maintenance and modulation of various cell functions. This report will describe research on the role of membrane and free cytoplasmic Ca2+ in cell development and stress tolerance. Results to be presented include microscopic fluorometric data obtained using fluorescent probes for Ca2+ and cytoskeletal proteins within individual cells to investigate the role of Ca2+ in membrane organization, establishment of cell polarity, and maintenance of cytoplasmic streaming under stress conditions.
Challenges to Plant Growing in Space
Authors: Langhans R. W. , Dreesen D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Picture yourself a million miles from earth; it’s lunch time. What will you eat: meat, fish, bread, fresh vegetables (cooked or uncooked), or food from a tube? What will happen to the waste products from the processed food or even from yourself? What will you breathe? These and hundreds of detailed questions must be answered. At present, we have little knowledge about a totally closed environment life support system (CELSS). We have developed in this paper a list of references that are pertinent to the problem. It is divided into subject areas and listed chronologically, rather than alphabetically.
Growth and Root Colonization of Grapevines Inoculated with Different Mycorrhizal Endophytes
Authors: Schubert A. , Cammarata S. , Eynard I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grapevine seedlings (Vitis berlandieri Planch. × Vitis riparia Michx., 420 A) were inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerd., G. fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, G. monosporum Gerd. & Trappe, G. occultum Walker, and Glomus sp. E3 in three sterile soils. G. monosporum and G. occultum were the most infective endophytes. G. monosporum, G. occultum, and Glomus sp. E3 increased shoot dry weight and, to a lesser extent, root length. Some of the efficient symbionts in pot culture were not naturally present in the experimental soils. Significant growth responses could be observed also with endophytes inoculated at low concentration.
Yields of Tomato Phenotypes Modified by Planting Density, Mulch, and Row Covers
Authors: West Jennifer , Peirce L. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bare ground (BG), black polyethylene mulch (ML), and polyester row covers with mulch (MRC), combined with three planting densities, provided increasing levels of cropping intensity to study phenotypic response. Four tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) phenotypes, ‘Sub Arctic Maxi’ (SAM), ‘New Yorker’ (NY), UNH-328 (328), and ‘Westover’ (WVR) represented combinations of small and large plant size and early and late maturity. Early and total yield responses to planting density were linear whether in ML, MRC, or BG treatments, and each phenotype also showed predominantly linear yield increases with increasing density. These linear increases were enhanced in SAM by ML and MRC, but the same mulch and row cover treatments tended to reduce the density response in other phenotypes. The difference was believed to relate to flowering pattern and time relative to vegetative development. Within MRC, compact plants were the most responsive to density in total, but not in early, yield. The predominant effect of ML and MRC was to improve earliness, with each treatment contributing an increment increase in early yield. However, the performance of one phenotype (328) was unchanged by ML or MRC, perhaps reflecting inherent stability.
Thermal Properties of Wraps Used for Freeze Protection of Young Citrus Trees
Authors: Rieger Mark , Davies Frederick S. , Jackson Larry K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal properties of tree wraps commonly used for freeze protection of young citrus trees were measured in the laboratory using a newly developed method to determine which factors are most important in wrap design and performance. Thermal diffusivity was lowest for wet fiberglass and styrofoam wraps with water containers attached to their inner surface, intermediate for dry fiberglass, and highest for thin-walled polyethylene and polystyrene wraps. Thermal diffusivity was inversely related to freeze protection capacity observed under field conditions for the tree wraps tested. Addition of water, either throughout the wrap material or in containers inside wraps, decreased thermal diffusivity three- and ten-fold, respectively. Minimum trunk temperatures of 2-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] were up to 2°C lower under ventilated tree wraps compared to similar nonventilated wraps on mild freeze nights. An ideal tree wrap should have low thermal diffusivity and lack free airspaces and ventilation holes, while allowing for gas exchange and expansion of the tree trunk.
Temperature Affects Seed Germination of Four Florida Palm Species
Authors: Carpenter William J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Temperature ranges for seed germination were determined for palm species Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendle ex. Becc., Coccothrinax argentata (Jacq) L. H. Bailey, Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash, and Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl. Total germination was highest with fewest days to 50% of final germination at 35°C Temperatures 5° to 10° above or below 35° frequently caused delayed, irregular, and reduced total germination. Temperatures exceeding 10° from 35° generally were inadequate for germination.
Screening Rootstocks of Prunus for Relative Salt Tolerance
Authors: Ottman Yvonne , Byrne David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A nondestructive method for evaluating the salt tolerance of Prunus seedlings was devised for greenhouse sand-culture with 60 days of saline drip irrigation. The treatments contained half-strength Hoagland's solution using distilled water and supplementary chloride and sulfate salts of Na, Ca, and Mg to reach 1.5 dS·m–1 for control, 4.5 dS·m–1 for the first trial, and 6.0 dS·m–1 for the second and third trial screenings. After 60 days of irrigation with 6.0 dS·m–1 Nemaguard, the standard peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock averaged 46% of the fresh weight, 53% of the volume, 66% of the height, and 74% of the foliar health ratings of the control seedlings. Percent of control values were compared for a tentative ranking of salt tolerance: ‘Titan’ almond × Nemaguard and P. mexicana Wats. > Nemaguard and Nemared > Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera J.F.Ehrh.) and bitter almond (P. amygdalus var. amara Focke.). Correlation coefficients were used in selecting useful sets of evaluation parameters. Height was rejected as a screening parameter. Final fresh weight and a final foliar health rating are recommended for cursory screenings of Prunus germplasm. The last three weekly foliar health scores are useful for comparing rates of decline. Volume displacements are useful for comparing root vs. shoot growth.
Root Tissue Development Around Wire-Basket Transplant Containers
Authors: Lumis Glen P. , Struger Steven A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wire baskets are an integral part of transplanting landscape trees and are designed for many types and sizes of mechanical tree spades. The wire basket functions as support for the root ball and as a means of lifting the tree (3). Most baskets are made from galvanized wire and are left intact at planting (P. Braun, personal communication), although some specifications require their removal (1). The potential longevity of the wire in the soil has led to concern and speculation about adverse effects of the basket on tree growth (4). Root girdling, tree instability, reduced shoot growth, and premature decline have been suggested as possible effects on trees planted in intact wire baskets (2, 5).
Measuring Electrical Conductivity with an Inexpensive, Digital, Pocket-size Meter
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Electrical conductivity (EC) measurement is widely used in horticulture to estimate salinity and fertilizer levels in irrigation waters, nutrient solutions, soils, and growing media (1–4). EC often is referred to as specific conductance (5), conductivity (1), or soluble salts; however, the term EC has been used widely in scientific literature (2–4).
Effect of Mechanical Injury on Storability of ‘Georgia Jet’ Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Hall Melvin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poor cosmetic appearance of fresh-market sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] associated with harvesting injuries has led to the abandonment of mechanical sweet potato harvesters in some areas. There has been increased concern that damage associated with mechanical harvesting could be magnified during storage in cultivars such as ‘Georgia Jet’ (1), which are not suited for long-term storage even when properly cured. An additional concern is that mechanical harvesting may reduce the propagation potential of the bedded storage roots. This note describes the influence of dropping and washing on abrasion, cracking, percent weight loss during storage, and formation of sprouts on storage roots of ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato.
A Comparative Study of Two Consistometers for the Measurement of Tomato Paste Consistency
Authors: Wang Samuel L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The measurement of tomato paste consistency has become increasingly important due to food processors’ greater need for thicker tomato paste. Although several instruments have been used (1, 2, 4), the Bostwick consistometer (5) has been adopted by many laboratories and is considered to be the most reliable device available. Only the Adams consistometer, which is similar to the Bostwick in principle, has been reported to show a significant correlation (1).
AS11 Sweet Corn Population
Authors: Davis David W. , Zeyen Richard J. , Groth James V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sugary-1 breeding population of maize (Zea mays L.), AS11, has hypersensitive resistance (Rp1d gene) to common leaf rust (CLR) (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) and is resistant to maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) strains A and B. It is released for its potential value in sweet corn improvement.
‘Topaz’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Paterson D. R. , Earhart D. R. , Boswell T. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The ‘Topaz’ (Fig. 1) sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, combines high yield good sprout production, and excellent baking and canning quality.
Rose Germplasm L83
Authors: Svejda Felicitas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
L83 combines high levels of winter hardiness with recurrent flowering and resistance to blackspot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) and mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lév.]. It is crossable with an array of different rose hybrids as a pistillate and staminate parent and produces a high percentage of winter-hardy, recurrently flowering, and disease-resistant offspring.
‘NuMex Sundial’ and ‘NuMex Suntop’ Onion
Authors: Corgan J. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘NuMex Sundial’ and ‘NuMex Suntop’ are bolting-resistant, intermediate-day onion (Allium cepa, L.) cultivars developed for fall planting in areas where seeded onions are overwintered. The cultivars were released in Sept. 1986 by the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.
Paper Chase: Manuscript to Reprint
Authors: Martin George C. , Janick Jules , Evans Gwil 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
On 9 Mar. 1859, Alfred Russel Wallace dispatched a manuscript to Charles Darwin from the remote island of Ternate in the Moluccas. With his paper on species divergence, the young naturalist sent a request that, if the paper were judged to have merit, it should be passed on to Sir Charles Lyell, a leader in the English scientific establishment. When the paper arrived on 18 June, Darwin read it with dismay and distress (he had been preempted), but sent it the same day to Lyell, who also showed it to botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. The paper was read at the meeting of the Linnean Society of 1 July (along with some material of Darwin's) and appeared in print in the Journal of the Linnean Society the following month. Thus, 128 years ago, in the days of sailing ships and handset type, a manuscript sent from an obscure corner of the world took less than 6 months from manuscript to print and less than 3 months after arrival in England.
Pollenizer vs. Pollinator
Authors: Byrne David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
I would like to clarify the difference between two words that are frequently misused in our publications. I suppose the words “pollenizer” and “pollinator” have been confused since their invention, given their consistent misuse in at least one major pomology text (Tree Fruit Production by Tesky and Shoemaker). A pollinator is the agent of pollen transfer, which, in many species, are bees or some other insects; a pollenizer is the source of pollen, which is usually a flowerproducing plant. One recent paper talks of “planting of pollinators”, which brings up visions of planting bees in the orchard, and of “pollinator frequencies”, which indicates the author is referring to bee hive density, when the author was really referring to the density of trees as pollen sources. Another author was describing parentage of some tree fruits and said that cultivar A “was the progeny of unrelated unknown pollinators of” cultivar B. How fruit trees can be the progeny of fruit insects is beyond me! Of course, the authors meant to use the word “pollenizer”, not “pollinator”. Similar mistakes have been made throughout the literature equally by professionals in a range of disciplines.
Cultivar Registration at The Arnold Arboretum
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ. continues to serve as International Registration Authority for cultivar names in 11 genera of ornamental woody plants, and the following notes pertain to cultivar names that have been registered at the Arboretum since the last list was prepared (1). The 11 genera include Chaenomeles, Cornus, Forsythia, Gleditsia, Lantana, Malus (ornamental species), Philadelphus, Pieris, Ulmus, and Weigela. Inquiries concerning the registration of cultivar names in these genera should continue to be addressed to S.A. Spongberg, The Arnold Arboretum, The Arborway, Jamiaca Plain, MA 02130
Chemical Control of Vegetative Growth of Deciduous Fruit Trees with Paclobutrazol and RSW0411
Authors: Curry Eric A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of chemicals to control vegetative growth of fruit trees at the Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, Wash, began 25 years ago. Vegetative growth of apple seedlings in greenhouse trials was first controlled with foliar applications of butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) (B-9, Alar). Field trials then were conducted on both apple and young cherry trees (3, 4). Daminozide also has been used to improve annual return blooming and fruit set, promote red skin color development, delay maturity, and improve storability of apple cultivars. Often, the high rates needed to control vegetative growth have reduced fruit size and fruit length, resulting in flat fruit shape (4, 13, 28). The latter phenomenon is important, for ‘Delicious’ apple for which “typiness” is a strong marketing characteristic and therefore an economic benefit. This paper presents results of continuing research on the control of excessive vegetative growth of deciduous fruit trees.
Potato Production from True Seed: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Taylor Alan G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major food crops of the world and ranks fourth after rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) in production. Potato production is concentrated in the temperate zone and in tropical areas, especially at higher elevations. It is of vital interest to study cultural practices associated with potato due to the global importance of this crop. In particular, emphasis will be placed on methods to propagate the potato.
Cultural Practices in Use of True Seeds of Potato and Screening of Tuber-forming Solanum Species Under Hot Climatic Conditions
Authors: Jaworski Casimir A. , Phatak Sharad C. , Ghate Suhas R. , Gitaitis Ronald D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), the most important dicotyledonous food crop in the world, is grown mostly under temperate climatic conditions and is usually planted vegetatively with tubers (often called “seed” tubers) (12). Use of seed tubers for potato production has many advantages, including ease of planting, vigorous plant growth, uniform tubers, and high tuber yields (27). However, with increased interest in production of potatoes in warm regions, use of seed tubers often becomes costly and has disadvantages (1, 2, 23, 27, 30). Some of the disadvantages of seed tubers in warm or developing regions of the world are: there is a lack of seed tuber certification programs; imported seed tubers are expensive; seed tubers often are contaminated with plant pathogens and other pests; and available potato cultivars often are not adapted to warm regions (2, 18, 19). Consequently, during the past decade, research efforts on adopting true potato seed (TPS) instead of seed tubers for potato production were initiated in many areas of the world (5, 8, 16, 17, 20).
Regulation of Morphogenesis: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Sutter Ellen G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research on morphogenesis in vitro began in the early 1900s when Haberlandt theorized that entire plants could be produced from single living cells (2). Early studies on tobacco callus culture by Miller and Skoog (3, 6) indicated that auxins and cytokinins could be used to manipulate morphogenesis in vitro. In subsequent studies, critical factors were determined to be the types, concentrations, and ratios of various plant growth regulators used. However, scientists soon realized that a great many plants would not undergo morphogenesis under conditions being used at the time. Pioneering work by Steward et al. (7) and Reinert (4) on induction of embryogenesis in carrot suspension cultures introduced more questions than answers concerning the role of plant growth regulators and other controlling factors in morphogenesis.
Ecophysiology and Selection of European Urban Trees
Authors: Håbjørg Atle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Europe, the second smallest of the world's continents with a total area of 106 km2 and a population of about 700 million, is one of the most densely populated continents with about 80% of its population living in or adjacent to metropolitan centers. These centers are located from Gibraltar in the south (lat. 36°N) to Norway in the north (≈lat. 71°N), and from the Ural mountain range in the east (long. 55°E) to Iceland in the west, (≈long. 24°W).
Annual Bluegrass Control and Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass to Ethofumesate
Authors: Dernoeden P. H. , Turner T. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various rates of ethofumesate were evaluated for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fairway. The tolerance of ‘Merion’, ‘Mystic’, and a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L.) to ethofumesate also was assessed. Ethofumesate at 0.84, 1.1, and 0.84 + 0.84 kg·ha–1 provided poor annual bluegrass control; 2.2 and 1.1 + 1.1 kg·ha–1 provided good control; and 2.2 + 1.1 and 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 provided excellent control. Overall quality of Kentucky bluegrass was only slightly reduced by ethofumesate at 1.1 or 2.2 kg·ha–1; however, split applications at 2.2 + 1.1 and 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 severely reduced bluegrass cover and overall quality for 7 months. Foliar growth of sequentially treated Kentucky bluegrass appeared suppressed throughout fall and winter. Between January and April, Kentucky bluegrass plots treated with split applications of 2.2 + 1.1 or 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 had a dark-green color. No visual injury was observed in perennial ryegrass. Ethofumesate applied at 2.2 or 1.1 + 1.1 kg·ha–1 provided the best combination of safety to Kentucky bluegrass and control of annual bluegrass. Chemical names used: (±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate (ethofumesate).
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Requirements for Greenhouse Broccoli Production
Authors: Dufault Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Southern Comet’ broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica) was grown in a NP deficient soilless medium in 15-liter pots for 45 days in a greenhouse averaging 21°C during the growth period. Fertilizer treatments were split-applied and consisted of factorial combinations of 1.9, 3.7, 5.6 g N (total) per pot from urea and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21 g P (total) per pot from monocalcium phosphate. Potassium from KCl was split-applied at a constant rate of 1.6 g K (total) per pot. Increasing N rate increased head fresh weight, stem diameter, floret total chlorophyll, root and top dry weight (stem, petiole, leaf, and head), plant height, and head quality, and decreased days to heading and to harvest. Increasing P rates increased floret total chlorophyll, height, and root dry weight to a lesser degree than N. For quality broccoli production in the greenhouse, 5.6 g N, 0.21 g P, and 1.6 g K per 15 liter pot were required.
Response of Mature Avocado Fruit to Postharvest Ethylene Treatment Applied Immediately after Harvest
Authors: Zauberman Giora , Fuchs Yoram , Yanko Uri , Akerman Miriam 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ripening of mature avocado fruit was accelerated by 18- and 24-hr ethylene treatments which were applied beginning 1 hr after harvest. Exposure to ethylene for 12 hr or less, starting 1 hr after harvest, did not accelerate the respiration rate, ethylene evolution, or fruit softening. Ethylene treatment for 6 hr starting at 1, 6, 12, or 18 hr after harvest did not accelerate the onset of the ripening process. It is suggested that ethylene does not just “trigger” the ripening of avocado fruit but rather is involved in a relatively long (18 to 24 hr) process which requires its continuous presence.