bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Portuguese Welfare State
Authors: Glatzer Miguel , Moreira Amílcar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key features and trends that shape the Portuguese Welfare State (PTWS). It starts by discussing how the PTWS developed into its current institutional design, and how it compares with alternative models of welfare provision in other advanced economies. We then examine the processes of institutional change over the last two decades. Here we show that, up to the end of the Sovereign Debt Crisis (2011–2014), consecutive governments pursued policies to deregulate the labour market and to contain the growth of social expenditure. This focus on deregulation and cost-containment was, however, punctuated by efforts to expand (albeit in a very targeted way) and recalibrate social protection. We also show that the policy reversals after 2015, while representing a clear break from the internal devaluation agenda pursued during the troika years, do not necessarily mean the pursuit of a new model of social protection. We further argue that this process of institutional change is fundamentally shaped by dynamics of partisan competition and multilevel governance. Moving beyond the focus on the dynamics of institutional change, the last section examines the role of the PTWS in redistributing economic opportunities across Portuguese society. Building on these findings, we conclude with a set of suggestions for future research on the PTWS.
Health Policies
Authors: Mateus Céu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Portuguese National Health Service (NHS) was created in 1979 and, like England’s NHS, it was universal in coverage, free at the point of use, and financed through taxation. It represented a major change in the way healthcare services were organized and delivered in Portugal, as it marked a shift from a Bismarckian perspective to a Bevanite one. This chapter aims to explain how the tensions between the features in both systems have been dealt with. What has been the role of private healthcare provision? What is the burden of out-of-pocket payments in households’ expenditures? Has equal access to care been achieved, as stated in the legislation? Were the driving forces behind major reforms based on evidence, or were we just following on others’ footsteps?
Bailout Politics in Portugal (2008–2020)
Authors: Moury Catherine , De Giorgi Elisabetta 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 2011, Portugal was one of the countries that were most dramatically hit by the emerging Eurozone crisis. As its cost of borrowing rose dramatically, the country faced both a political and an economic crisis, resulting in the fall of the government and in requesting a bailout. This bailout was conditional on Portugal undertaking public spending cuts and structural reforms across numerous sectors. In this chapter we show that, during this period, the Portuguese government had some room for manoeuvre to advocate for new policies, and to resist, shape or roll back some of the policies demanded by external actors. We also provide some examples of times when domestic actors were able to exploit the constraint of conditionality to their own advantage. The chapter concludes by looking at what happened after the bailout and showing that Portuguese governments could use their discretion to reverse measures in order to attain the greatest benefits at a lower cost.
Portuguese Foreign Policy
Authors: Freire Maria Raquel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Portugal has a remarkably complex foreign policy, balancing the demands of transatlantic relations, including the Atlantic Alliance; European commitments within the European Union; and deep cultural and economic ties with former colonies within different multilateral and bilateral frameworks. This chapter analyses the evolution and main lines adopted in Portuguese foreign policy, making three points. Firstly, with the country’s transition from dictatorship to democracy, foreign policy experienced a fundamental shift, and currently follows a principled and pragmatic line of action, whereby values-oriented approaches are informed by the country’s identity construct; secondly, foreign policy is multi-layered, which brings nuances to foreign policy alignments beyond the traditional triangular thematic focus; and thirdly, there have been efforts to turn what could be adverse factors into opportunities, thus ‘squaring the circle’ in Portuguese external relations. The chapter concludes by identifying future avenues for research.
Portugal and Brazil
Authors: Malamud Andrés , Seabra Pedro 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Relations between Portugal and Brazil are often characterized as much by political ambiguity as by a rhetoric that oscillates between fraternity in public speech, and condescendence in private conversation. These features can be found at the core of every advance and obstacle in the institutionalization of this bilateral relationship, and they help to explain the particularities of the political bond between Lisbon and Rio (initially) or Brasília (later). This chapter compares parallel political developments within both countries and highlights points of contention and attraction between the two countries. The chapter is divided chronologically into four sections: colonial rule; the Estado Novo regimes; the end of both dictatorships; and the democratic period. By exploring contrasts, similarities and reciprocal influences, we suggest that historical linkages have worked as a buffer rather than a driver towards a substantive common agenda.
RNA-binding protein MAC5A interacts with the 26S proteasome to regulate DNA damage response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Meng Xiangxiang , Wang Quanhui , Hao Ruili , Li Xudong , Li Mu , Hu Ruibo , Du Hai , Hu Zhubing , Yu Bin , Li Shengjun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) in eukaryotes is essential for the maintenance of genome integrity in challenging environments. The regulatory mechanisms of DDR have been well-established in yeast and humans. However, increasing evidence supports the idea that plants seem to employ different signaling pathways that remain largely unknown. Here, we report the role of MODIFIER OF SNC1, 4-ASSOCIATED COMPLEX SUBUNIT 5A (MAC5A) in DDR in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Lack of MAC5A in mac5a mutants causes hypersensitive phenotypes to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a DNA damage inducer. Consistent with this observation, MAC5A can regulate alternative splicing of DDR genes to maintain the proper response to genotoxic stress. Interestingly, MAC5A interacts with the 26S proteasome (26SP) and is required for its proteasome activity. MAC core subunits are also involved in MMS-induced DDR. Moreover, we find that MAC5A, the MAC core subunits, and 26SP may act collaboratively to mediate high-boron-induced growth repression through DDR. Collectively, our findings uncover the crucial role of MAC in MMS-induced DDR in orchestrating growth and stress adaptation in plants.
Latitudinal shifts of soil microbial biomass seasonality
Authors: Zhao Fazhu , He Liyuan , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Janssens Ivan A , Wang Jieying , Pang Guowei , Wu Yuwei , Xu Xiaofeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSoil microbes ultimately drive the mineralization of soil organic carbon and thus ecosystem functions. We compiled a dataset of the seasonality of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and developed a semi-mechanistic model to map monthly MBC across the globe. MBC exhibits an equatorially symmetric seasonality between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, MBC peaks in autumn and is minimal in spring at low latitudes (&lt;25°N), peaks in the spring and is minimal in autumn at mid-latitudes (25°N to 50°N), while peaks in autumn and is minimal in spring at high latitudes (&gt;50°N). This latitudinal shift of MBC seasonality is attributed to an interaction of soil temperature, soil moisture, and substrate availability. The MBC seasonality is inconsistent with patterns of heterotrophic respiration, indicating that MBC as a proxy for microbial activity is inappropriate at this resolution. This study highlights the need to explicitly represent microbial physiology in microbial models. The interactive controls of environments and substrate on microbial seasonality provide insights for better representing microbial mechanisms in simulating ecosystem functions at the seasonal scale.
CCL24, CXCL9 and CXCL10 are increased in synovial fluid in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring advanced treatment
Authors: Al-Jaberi Lina , Simonds Megan M , Brescia Anne Marie C 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
Oligoarticular JIA disease progression and outcomes are variable. Our objective is to detect protein markers that would allow for earlier intervention to potentially halt disease progression. In this retrospective study of serial SF samples, elevated expression of CCL24, CXCL9 and CXCL10 was linked to the eventual need for advanced medications.

Methods
Serial SF samples were selected from patients with persistent and extended oligoarticular JIA. The samples were separated into two groups: those who did and did not receive advanced medications throughout their disease course. Protein antibody arrays and Luminex assays were performed to determine changes in protein expression.

Results
CCL24, CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression levels were significantly higher in patients who eventually required advanced treatment than in those who did not. The expression levels of CCL24 and CXCL9 were consistently elevated in paired samples of those who later received advanced medications. In the persistent oligoarticular JIA group, CXCL10 levels remained elevated over time in those who required advanced treatment. Conversely, CCL24 levels decreased in patients who did not require advanced treatment. In the extended samples, the levels of CCL24 and CXCL10 expression increased significantly over time in the patients who ultimately required advanced treatment.

Conclusion
In patients with oligoarticular JIA, regardless of disease onset and progression, the consistent elevation of any or all three markers, the CCL24, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in SFs was associated with the future use of advanced therapy, which could be reflective of disease severity.
A Theory of the Nominal Character of Stock Securities
Authors: Dumas Bernard , Savioz Marcel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We construct recursive solutions for, and study the properties of the dynamic equilibrium of an economy with three types of agents: (i) household/investors who supply labor with a finite elasticity, consume a large variety of goods that are not perfect substitutes and trade government bonds; (ii) firms that produce those varieties of goods, receive productivity shocks and set prices in a Calvo manner; (iii) a government that collects an income-driven fiscal surplus and acts mechanically, buying and selling bonds in accordance with a Taylor policy rule based on expected inflation. In this setting, we show that stock market returns are much less than one-for-one related to inflation over a 1-year holding period, which means that stock securities have a strong nominal character. We also show that their nominal character diminishes as the length of the stock-holding period increases, in accordance with empirical evidence.
Policy-making and evaluation of gender equality programmes: Context, power, and resistance in the transformation process
Authors: Kalpazidou Schmidt Evanthia , Palmén Rachel , Bührer Susanne 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThrough exploring the links between policy, evaluation, and gender, using a gender-transformative lens, this article sheds light on policy and evaluation processes of gender equality programmes, such as the political nature of evaluation and power configurations, involving resistance in the change process. Two case studies of gender equality programmes are visited to explore the links between gender policy implementation in specific contexts, and power configurations and resistance as key factors in both implementation and evaluation. We benefitted from the theoretical insights of both the feminist and the theory of change approaches, which helped us to bridge the boundaries between policy, gender scholarship, and evaluation and allowed us to reflect upon systemic factors and underlying mechanisms that are either facilitating or hindering transformation. This article highlights the benefits of applying such an evaluation framework and demonstrates why factoring in power and resistance to evaluations of gender equality programmes is necessary to explain successes or failures.
An arrayed CRISPR screen reveals Myc depletion to increase productivity of difficult-to-express complex antibodies in CHO cells
Authors: Bauer Niels , Oswald Benedikt , Eiche Maximilian , Schiller Lisa , Langguth Emma , Schantz Christian , Osterlehner Andrea , Shen Amy , Misaghi Shahram , Stingele Julian , Ausländer Simon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Complex therapeutic antibody formats, such as bispecifics (bsAbs) or cytokine fusions, may provide new treatment options in diverse disease areas. However, the manufacturing yield of these complex antibody formats in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells is lower than monoclonal antibodies due to challenges in expression levels and potential formation of side products. To overcome these limitations, we performed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based knockout (KO) arrayed screening of 187 target genes in two CHO clones expressing two different complex antibody formats in a production-mimicking set-up. Our findings revealed that Myc depletion drastically increased product expression (&gt;40%) by enhancing cell-specific productivity. The Myc-depleted cells displayed decreased cell densities together with substantially higher product titers in industrially-relevant bioprocesses using ambr15 and ambr250 bioreactors. Similar effects were observed across multiple different clones, each expressing a distinct complex antibody format. Our findings reinforce the mutually exclusive relationship between growth and production phenotypes and provide a targeted cell engineering approach to impact productivity without impairing product quality. We anticipate that CRISPR/Cas9-based CHO host cell engineering will transform our ability to increase manufacturing yield of high-value complex biotherapeutics.
Phenotypically abnormal cotyledonaryVitis viniferaembryos differ in anatomy, endogenous hormone levels and transcriptome profiles
Authors: Ya Rong , Li Junduo , Zhang Ningbo , Yu Qinhan , Xu Weirong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn many perennial fruit species, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), the highly complex process of somatic embryogenesis (SE) can result in the formation of a deformed embryo, although the underlying reasons are still poorly understood. Here, V. vinifera cv. ‘Chardonnay’ cotyledonary embryos with distinct morphologies were used to address this issue. Normal cotyledonary embryos (NCEs) and elongated cotyledonary embryos (ECEs) were observed to have better-developed vasculature and shoot meristems than the vitrified cotyledonary embryos (VCEs) and fused cotyledonary embryos (FCEs), but ECEs were less developed. We determined that the morphological differences in these phenotypically abnormal embryos were likely associated with endogenous hormone levels, since concentrations of the phytohormones indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in NCEs were higher than in the other three types. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed large differences in gene expression of the hormone signaling pathways in normal and abnormal cotyledonary embryos. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the different cotyledonary types allowed the identification of co-regulated gene modules associated with SE, suggesting a role for ERF family genes and other transcription factors (TFs) in regulating morphology. Moreover, an analysis of morphology-specific gene expression indicated that the activation of a specific protein kinase, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and certain TFs was closely associated with the formation of normal cotyledonary embryos. Our comparative analyses provide insights into the gene networks regulating somatic cotyledon development and open new avenues for research into plant regeneration and functional genomic studies of malformed embryos.
Crop Host Influences on Outcomes of Competition Between Aspergillus Section Flavi Species Coinfecting Maize and Groundnuts
Authors: Ching'anda Connel , Bandyopadhyay Ranajit , Callicott Kenneth , Orbach Marc J. , Cotty Peter J. , Mehl Hillary L. 
Published: November 2022

Aspergillus section Flavi species co-occur and contaminate crops, including maize and groundnuts, with aflatoxins. Competition among A. flavus genotypes is influenced by crop host, but competition between Aspergillus species has not been examined. The objectives of the current study were to (i) assess competition among four aflatoxin-producing species on maize and groundnuts and (ii) evaluate within-species variation in competitive ability during coinfection with another species on the two crops. For the first objective, maize and groundnut kernels were coinoculated with all possible pairs of A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. aflatoxiformans, and an unnamed taxon known as the Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus (LAF). For the second objective, three isolates from each of the four species were coinoculated with a representative isolate of a competing species on the two hosts. In all experiments, isolates were cocultured for 7 days at 30°C, and then aflatoxins and total conidia were measured, and the percentages of each species within a treatment were assessed with quantitative pyrosequencing. Maize kernels supported greater aflatoxin production than groundnuts, whereas groundnuts supported greater sporulation than maize. Hosts differentially influenced competition between species, with A. flavus generally more competitive on maize and LAF more competitive on groundnuts. Overall, A. flavus and LAF were the most competitive species, whereas A. parasiticus was the least competitive. However, isolates within a species varied in competitive ability and in their response to host and competing species. Results suggest that although crop hosts influence Aspergillus community composition, within-species variability makes it difficult to predict outcomes of competition on a particular crop. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
How the Shift Toward Working From Home Has Impacted People's Work and Private Life
Authors: Samuelsson Jonas , Johansson Gun , Forsell Yvonne , Möller Jette 
Published: November 2022

Objective
In this study, we aimed to describe the effect of working from home on work conditions and private life by analyzing reported changes in different work-related factors.

Methods
We used descriptive analyses on cross-sectional data of 4985 people aged 20 to 67 years from Stockholm, Sweden collected in 2021. The prevalence of reported changes for factors related to work and private life was analyzed by degree of work from home and stratified by age, sex, and educational level.

Results
Participants who worked from home reported increased opportunities to structure the workday and combine work and private life, while at the same time experiencing increased isolation from the workplace. More females reported increased workload, whereas younger adults reported more changes overall.

Conclusions
Working from home was related to experiencing both positive and negative changes in work conditions and private life.
Attenuation by habitual alcohol drinking of the associations of obesity with blood pressure and pulse pressure
Authors: Wakabayashi Ichiro , Daimon Takashi 
Published: November 2022

Background
Obesity and alcohol drinking are known to be risk factors for hypertension. However, it remains to be determined whether alcohol affects the relationships of obesity with blood pressure and pulse pressure.

Methods
The participants in this study were 29 171 men who had received annual health checkups. Relationships of BMI with blood pressure and pulse pressure were investigated in four subject groups divided by average daily alcohol consumption (grams of ethanol/day), non-, light (<22), moderate (≥22 and <44) and heavy (≥44) drinkers.

Results
BMI was significantly correlated with SBP and DBP levels both in nondrinkers and drinkers. The strength of the correlations was significantly weaker in drinkers than in nondrinkers. Odds ratios for hypertension in subjects with vs. subjects without obesity tended to be lower with an increase in alcohol intake (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals: 4.09 (3.69–4.52) in nondrinkers; 3.11 (2.62–3.68) in light drinkers; 2.87 (2.61–3.16) in moderate drinkers; 2.81 (2.49–3.18) in heavy drinkers). Pulse pressure was weakly but significantly associated with BMI and obesity, and these associations were significantly weaker in heavy drinkers than in nondrinkers. There were significant odds ratios for hypertension and high pulse pressure of the interaction term between obesity and alcohol drinking.

Conclusion
The associations of BMI with blood pressure and pulse pressure and the associations of obesity with hypertension and high pulse pressure were weaker in drinkers than in nondrinkers. Thus, alcohol drinking attenuates the associations of obesity with hypertension and high pulse pressure.
Frequency of Medication Administration Timing Error in Hospitals
Authors: Pullam Trinity , Russell Cynthia L. , White-Lewis Sharon 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Medication administration timing error (MATE) leads to poor medication efficacy, harm, and death. Frequency of MATE is understudied.

Purpose:
To determine MATE frequency, and characteristics and quality of reporting studies.

Methods:
A systematic review of articles between 1999 and 2021 was conducted using the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ProQuest, and PubMed databases. Articles were scored for quality using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist.

Results:
Initially, 494 articles were screened; 23 were included in this review. MATE was defined as administration beyond 60 minutes before or after the scheduled time in 13 (57%) of the included studies. Measurement procedures included data abstraction, self-report, and observation. Frequency of MATE was 1% to 72.6%. Moderate study quality was found in 78% of articles.

Conclusion:
Research on MATE is characterized by inconsistent definitions, measurements procedures, and calculation techniques. High-quality studies are lacking. Many research improvement opportunities exist.